cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Scattering and Integral Equations for Fluids

Critical scattering predictions of the Percus-Yevick, hypernetted-chain, and Yvon-Born-Green integral equations for fluids are described for general dimensions $d$. The first two equations are unsatisfactory. The Yvon-Born-Green equation predicts critical scattering of Ornstein-Zernike form for $dg4$, but for $dl~4$ the compressibility, ${K}_{T}$, remains bounded unless the net correlation function, $g(r)\ensuremath{-}1$, becomes negative near criticality for intermediate and large $r$: In that case scaling behavior occurs with $\ensuremath{\eta}=4\ensuremath{-}d$ and ${K}_{T}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+\ensuremath{\infty}$ for $dg{d}_{0}\ensuremath{\simeq}2.2$.
Too soon to dance

Letters from: [ Michelle Bowe ][1] [ James R. Thomen ][1] [ Sheldon Bryman ][1] [ Matt Lewin ][1] I was pleasantly surprised by M. R. C. Greenwood's 29 March Editorial ([p. 1787][2]); however, after attending a seminar where a representative group of about 15 white male and two female
Delay-Optimal Broadcast for Multihop Wireless Networks Using Self-Interference Cancellation

Conventional wireless broadcast protocols rely heavily on the 802.11-based CSMA/CA model, which avoids interference and collision by conservative scheduling of transmissions. While CSMA/CA is amenable to multiple concurrent unicasts, it tends to degrade broadcast performance significantly, especially in lossy and large-scale networks. In this paper, we propose a new protocol called Chorus that improves the efficiency and scalability of broadcast service with a MAC/PHY layer that allows packet collisions. Chorus is built upon the observation that packets carrying the same data can be effectively detected and decoded, even when they overlap with each other and have comparable signal strengths. It resolves collision using symbol-level interference cancellation, and then combines the resolved symbols to restore the packet. Such a collision-tolerant mechanism significantly improves the transmission diversity and spatial reuse in wireless broadcast. Chorus' MAC-layer cognitive sensing and scheduling scheme further facilitates the realization of such an advantage, resulting in an asymptotic broadcast delay that is proportional to the network radius. We evaluate Chorus' PHY-layer collision resolution mechanism with symbol-level simulation, and validate its network-level performance via ns-2, in comparison with a typical CSMA/CA-based broadcast protocol. Our evaluation validates Chorus's superior performance with respect to scalability, reliability, delay, etc., under a broad range of network scenarios (e.g., single/multiple broadcast sessions, static/mobile topologies).
The persistence of a long-term negative affective state following the induction of either acute or chronic pain

Clinically, pain is a complex phenomenon consisting of both sensory and affective aberrations that can persist indefinitely. Pre-clinically, several animal paradigms have been established that reliably mimic both the acute and chronic aspects of pain pertinent to the human condition; however, the commonly used behavioral models only assess the sensory component of pain elicited by an evoked nociceptive stimulus. Since the affective-motivational component of pain is an important determinant of the overall pain experience in man, we investigated how this aspect may be modeled long-term in rats using novel objects and a modified conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm. Findings demonstrate that animals subjected to either neuropathic injury or inflammatory insult display a significant conditioned place aversion to a pain-paired environment that is paralleled by an increased number of hind paw withdrawals and fewer number of novel object interactions during painful conditioning sessions. Moreover, this aversion is maintained for 1 month in the absence of further conditioning. We also determined that a non-analgesic, non-rewarding dose of morphine administered prior to pain-paired conditioning sessions attenuates the pain-induced aversion and its relative persistence in both pain models. Together, these findings underscore the importance of negative affect accompanying painful conditions and its long-term persistence even when the injury or insult has resolved. Lastly, these results suggest how both sensory and affective aberrations associated with neuropathic- and inflammatory-like conditions and the memory of such known to impact quality of life in man may be addressed pre-clinically in rodents.
Protection at the micromachine level

One possible reason that user writable control stores on microprogrammable computers are not used heavily, is the lack of a secure environment in which to run the WCS programs. This paper describes a simple method of adding hardware protection to the micromachine level of a computer.
Optical Harmonic Generation in Two Ferroelectric Crystals

The generation of the optical second harmonic by nonlinear dielectric response has been studied in crystals of guanidine aluminum sulfate hexahydrate (GASH) and triglycine sulfate (TGS). Optically, these crystals are uniaxial and biaxial, respectively. Crystal orientations and optical polarizations which maximized the traveling-wave interaction between the fundamental and harmonic were predicted on the basis of the birefringence and the nonlinearity tensor, and verified experimentally with a ruby optical maser. Two polarization arrangements for the maser signal in the crystal were demonstrated: a single plane polarized wave, or two waves polarized at right angles and traveling at different velocities. The harmonic output for GASH and TGS was a factor of 30 to 1000, respectively, below that for potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).
Alternative Routes to Teacher Preparation Gifted Education and the Political Scene

Alternative routes to teacher preparation that have been advocated by reformers have ramifications for gifted education. Issues such as recruitment, assignment, support, and mentoring also have been discussed with regard to educating teachers of the gifted. The article illustrates how general and gifted education share common concerns and pathways to identify and implement alternative routes to prepare teachers.
Paul Bunyan's Brachistochrone and Tautochrone

In this paper we concern ourselves with modified versions of the traditional brachistochrone and tautochrone problems. In the modified version of each problem the constant gravity model is replaced with an attractive inverse square law, consequently we name these the 1/{tau}{sup 2} brachistochrone and 1/{tau}{sup 2} tautochrone problems. With regard to the 1/{tau}{sup 2} brachistochrone problem, we show that the shape of the minimizing curve is formally constructed from an infinite series of elliptic integrals, and we use a numerical optimal control technique to generate the trajectories. The 1/{tau}{sup 2} tautochrone problem is solved using fraction calculus together with Lagrange's rule for tautochronous curves
The role of learning in logic synthesis

A model of logic synthesis that uses technology-specific design rules and extends rule-based search to functional decomposition and technology mapping is proposed. The problem of technology independence is addressed with the addition of a model of learning for automating the generation of design rules. While this model improves design quality by taking advantage of the target technology, it is not robust to technology changes. To improve robustness, the model is augmented with two learning components: one for acquiring rules that make use of physical cells in a technology library and another for acquiring rules that make use of appropriate design styles. These components are related to work in the learning of macro-operators and explanation-based learning. >
Flight of the Deities: Hindu Resistance in Portuguese Goa

As the capital of the Estado da India, the Portuguese colonial empire in Asia and East Africa, Goa was subjected to a blizzard of policies designed at once to transform and fossilize life there. Desiring to preserve much of the precolonial village economic structure, yet determined to force their Goan subjects to total conversion to Catholicism, the Portuguese created policies that had a dramatic impact on Goan culture and identity. The focus of this article will be on the Hindu resistance to the policies that were appiled by the colonial regime and its role in the shaping of the regional culture: in the face of over-whelming physical force, direct defiance revealed itself primarily in the religious life of Hindu Goa as archival records of the Portuguese rule and temple histories demonstrate. Even formsof religious syncretism that are pervasive in Catholic Goa and might initially be perceived as indications of the success of Portuguese repressive and discriminatory policies represent a subtle pattern of ‘everday resistnce’ and are not simply the blending of Portuguese Catholic and Hindu cultures.
Cherry: Checkpointed early resource recycling in out-of-order microprocessors

This paper presents checkpointed early resource recycling (Cherry), a hybrid mode of execution based on ROB and checkpointing that decouples resource recycling and instruction retirement. Resources are recycled early, resulting in a more efficient utilization. Cherry relies on state checkpointing and rollback to service exceptions for instructions whose resources have been recycled. Cherry leverages the ROB to (1) not require in-order execution as a fallback mechanism, (2) allow memory replay traps and branch mispredictions without rolling back to the Cherry checkpoint, and (3) quickly fall back to conventional out-of-order execution without rolling back to the checkpoint or flushing the pipeline. We present a Cherry implementation with early recycling at three different points of the execution engine: the load queue, the store queue, and the register file. We report average speedups of 1.06 and 1.26 in SPECint and SPECfp applications, respectively, relative to an aggressive conventional architecture. We also describe how Cherry and speculative multithreading can be combined and complement each other.
Overcoming Barriers to Long-Term Graft Survival

Although short-term kidney graft survival has improved in recent years, the focus has shifted to the challenge of improving long-term graft survival. Acute rejection, chronic allograft nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease are associated with graft loss and patient death. Reducing the potential for such posttransplantation complications may improve long-term graft survival. In addition, gaining a better understanding of the role that various immunosuppressive therapies have in decreasing the risk for graft injury will help clinicians make better-informed decisions about appropriate treatment regimens for individual kidney transplant recipients.
Mobility, Targeting, and Private-School Vouchers

simulations are derived from a three-district model of low-, middle-, and highincome school districts (calibrated to New York data) with housing stocks that vary within and across districts. In this model, it is demonstrated that school-district targeted vouchers are similar in their impact to nontargeted vouchers but vastly different from vouchers targeted to low-income households. Furthermore, strong migration effects are shown to significantly improve the likely equity consequences of voucher programs. (JEL 122, 128, H73) Persistent frustration with the perceived low quality of public education, exacerbated by concerns over the inherently unequal levels of public-school quality across school districts, has caused policy makers, courts, and researchers to investigate modifications and alternatives to the current public-school system. One idea that has received increasing academic and public attention is that of private-school vouchers, with proponents arguing that the competitive pressures of voucher programs would cause improvements in the efficiency of the publicschool system while at the same time addressing equity concerns if vouchers can be targeted to low-income households or low-income school districts. But aside from a few limited experiments in some U.S. cities, our experience with vouchers in the United States remains virtually nonexistent. This limits the amount of information researchers can derive from standard empirical analysis in that it forces them to rely on only current (nonvoucher-induced) differences in competition. Despite important suggestive results, such work may not anticipate all the impacts from a large-scale policy such as the voucher policies currently under discussion. At the same time, theoretical models of school finance are also limited in that they often either focus on only one particular aspect of the general-equilibrium school finance problem, or they are too rich and complex to yield crisp predictions.
SOME HYDRODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF SUPERFLUID HELIUM

A brief critical survey on the hydrodynamic formulations of the superfluid helium is given first. For the irreversible process, three major formulations, i.e. those due to Gorter-Mellink, Lin, and Hall-Vinen, Bekarevitch-Khalatnikov, are described, discussed and compared. Then some results of analyses based on the Gorter-Mellink formulation are presented. The paper concludes with some interesting findings resulting from the assumption that rotons are vortex rings.
Production contracts, risk shifting, and relative performance payments in the pork industry

Actual performance records of production contract farmers are used to assess the extent to which contract production reduces the risk borne by pork producers. Comparisons of contracting relative to independent market production reveal that farmers who enter into production contracts based on absolute performance measures reduce risks associated with variable income. Weak evidence is found that relative performance contracts, similar to those used in the broiler chicken industry, further reduce income variability. The effectiveness of such relative performance contracts will rely on several factors; among these are increased contract production and a more uniform pork production and processing system.
Quantum chaotic scattering with CsI molecules

A molecular beam of CsI molecules passed through the electric field created by a pair of charged wires is proposed as a laboratory experiment on quantum chaotic scattering. It is shown that the proposed experiment is realistic.
Upper atmosphere tidal oscillations due to latent heat release in the tropical troposphere

Latent heat release associated with tropical deep convective activity is investigated as a source for migrating (sun-synchronous) diurnal and semidiurnal tidal oscillations in the 80–150-km height region. Satellite-based cloud brightness temperature measurements made between 1988 and 1994 and averaged into 3–h bins are used to determine the annual- and longitude-average local-time distribution of rainfall rate, and hence latent heating, between ±40° latitude. Regional average rainfall rates are shown to be in good agreement with climatological values derived from surface rain gauge data. A global linearized wave model is used to estimate the corresponding atmospheric perturbations in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (80–150 km) resulting from upward-propagating tidal components excited by the latent heating. The annual-average migrating diurnal and semidiurnal components achieve velocity and temperature amplitudes of order 10–20 m s−1 and 5–10 K, respectively, which represent substantial contributions to the dynamics of the region. The latent heat forcing also shifts the phase (local solar time of maximum) of the semidiurnal surface pressure oscillation from 0912 to 0936 h, much closer to the observed value of 0944 h.
Microwave oscillators incorporating cryogenic sapphire dielectric resonators

Progress is reported on efforts to develop a commercially viable high-purity X-band signal source incorporating a cryogenic sapphire dielectric resonator. The resonator design is of the whispering gallery type to take advantage of the excellent electromagnetic field confinement offered by this geometry. Complications resulting from the high spurious mode density of this type of resonator have been eliminated by developing a very accurate and complete mode analysis program which fully incorporates the dielectric anisotropies of the sapphire ring. This program allows the design of a window in the frequency domain where no unwanted modes exist, with accurate placement of the desired mode at the center of this region. The phase noise properties of simple oscillators incorporating these resonators have been evaluated. Two-oscillator phase noise comparison measurements have yielded extremely encouraging results. >
Maturational Changes in Gene Expression for Adenine Nucleotide Translocator Isoforms and βF1-ATPase in Rabbit Heart

Maturational changes in myocardial respiratory control have been related to postnatal accumulation of adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Alternatively alterations in relative isoform distribution for this nuclear-encoded gene during myocardial maturation might be responsible for changing the kinetics of respiratory control. Rabbit hearts were analyzed for adenine nucleotide translocator isoform (ANT1, ANT2, ANT3) gene expression and distribution at four ages (fetal, 29/31 days of gestation; 1 h postnatal; 9 days postnatal; and 3-4 months postnatal). Transcript levels for the coordinately expressed betaF1-ATPase were also examined in these hearts. These studies demonstrated that mRNA expression for ANT1 in coordination with betaF1-ATPase increased substantially after 9 days of age in rabbit hearts. Expression of the minor isoform ANT3 parallels ANT1, though no change in expression of the kidney-specific isoform ANT2 occurs in heart during this developmental period. Previous work has demonstrated that ANT protein accumulation is closely coordinated with mRNA expression for ANT1. These results support previous studies, which indicate that the operational mode of myocardial respiratory control depends on adenine nucleotide mRNA expression. Changes in relative adenine nucleotide translocator isoform distribution do occur during fetal to mature transition and may contribute to observed changes in the mode of respiratory control.
International Institutions: Two Approaches

Contemporary world politics is a matter of wealth and poverty, life and death. The members of this Association have chosen to study it because it is so important to lives and those of other people — not because it is either aesthetically attractive or amenable to successful theory-formulation and testing. Indeed, we would be foolish if we studied world politics in search of beauty or lasting truth. Beauty is absent because much that we observe is horrible, and many of the issues that we study involve dilemmas whose contemplation no sane person would find pleasing. Deterministic laws elude us, since we are studying the purposive behavior of relatively small numbers of actors engaged in strategic bargaining. In situations involving strategic bargaining, even formal theories, with highly restrictive assumptions, fail to specify which of many possible equilibrium outcomes will emerge (Kreps 1984:16). This suggests that no general theory of international politics may be feasible. It makes sense to seek to develop cumulative verifiable knowledge, but we must understand that we can aspire only to formulate conditional, context-specific generalizations rather than to discover universal laws, and that our understanding of world poltitics will always be incomplete.
The structure of three-dimensional convection beneath oceanic spreading centres

The combined effects of buoyancy forces due to thermal expansion and compositional gradients in the mantle beneath spreading centers have been investigated in a series of numerical experiments. Compositional buoyancy leads to three-dimensional flow beneath the spreading axis, with along-axis variations in upwelling and melt production. Thermal buoyancy drives upwelling beneath the axis and convective overturn, which forms rolls aligned perpendicular to the spreading axis. The distance from the axis at which these rolls form is controlled by the spreading rate, mantle viscosity, and relative strength of compositional buoyancy. Implications of the results for the spreading center structure are examined.
Use and costs of ambulatory care services among Medicare enrollees with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify predictors of the use and cost of ambulatory care services among Medicare recipients with schizophrenia. METHODS: The design was a cross-sectional analysis of Medicare claims in 1991. The study subjects were a 5 percent random sample of all persons in the United States who had at least one Medicare service claim in 1991 and who were diagnosed as having schizophrenia in any care setting. Outcome measures included use and cost of any ambulatory care service, individual therapy, psychiatric somatotherapy, group therapy, or family therapy. RESULTS: For nearly 25 percent of the total sample of 12,440, no claims were filed for ambulatory care services in 1991. The mean±SD number of ambulatory care visits during the year was 7.9±21. The most frequently used type of therapy was individual therapy (5±14 visits). The mean±SD yearly cost of care for persons who received ambulatory care services was $470±$1,028. Among persons under 65 years of age, Caucasians wer...
The Feeding Efficiency of Insectivorous Bats

Griffin (1953) has recently suggested that insectivorous bats use their high frequency sounds not only for avoiding stationary obstacles but also for locating and capturing flying insects. Evaluation of this hypothesis requires accurate information about the sizes and sound reflecting properties of bats' insect prey, and this paper will assemble the pertinent data that I have been able to obtain both from previous papers and from the analysis of many digestive tracts of bats collected for this purpose. In addition to the types of insects captured the rate at which they are taken was measured whenever possible in order to judge whether a process of selective pursuit and capture is involved, or whether a random process akin to “filter feeding” could account for the efficiency actually attained. It would also be desirable to know the distances at which flying insects are detected; but to date no satisfactory methods have been developed for obtaining more than the rough estimate of this quantity included below for the red bat, Lasiurus borealis . I wish to acknowledge my gratitude for advice received from the following entomologists, who identified many of the insect remains from bat stomachs; Asher Treat, John G. Franclemont, Howard Ensign Evans, W. T. M. Forbes, Clifford 0. Berg, George Ball, Benjamin Henson, and Charles Wyttenbach. Encouragement and helpful criticism were also provided by Donald R. Griffin. This work was supported financially by contracts between the Office of Naval Research and Cornell University (Zoology Department) and Harvard University (Biological Laboratories). Data from previous work .—While many studies of bats’ feeding habits have been reported, the results are often useless for the present purpose either because the insects could be identified only to order or family, leaving a considerable range of uncertainty as to their actual sizes, or because the identity of …
Genetic Defects of Apoptosis and Primary Immunodeficiency

Programmed cell death is important for maintaining lymphocyte homeostasis. Several human-inherited diseases with impaired apoptosis have been identified at the genetic level: autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, caspase-8 deficiency state, and X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. These diseases feature excess lymphocyte accumulation, autoimmunity, or immunodeficiency. Elucidating their molecular pathogenesis has also provided new insights into the signaling mechanisms regulating apoptosis and lymphocyte activation.
Physico-chemical interaction between mineral admixtures and OPC–calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements and its influence on early-age expansion

Abstract The present study aims at examining the physico-chemical factors influencing the expansion characteristics of OPC–CSA blend in the presence of mineral admixtures. Three different admixtures: Class ‘F’ fly ash (‘F’FA), Class ‘C’ fly ash (‘C’FA) and silica fume (SF) were used as 15%, 15% and 5% replacement of total cementitious binder. Longitudinal expansion of cement pastes prepared at w/cm – 0.44 showed that the Class ‘F’FA increased the expansion whereas the Class ‘C’FA and SF reduced the expansion. The pore solution of the OPC–CSA cement pastes was extracted at different ages to monitor the concentration of various ionic species. The saturation level of ettringite was determined using a geochemical modeling program (GEMS). Furthermore, an upper bound of crystallization stress was estimated. The expansion behavior in the presence of Class ‘F’FA and SF was found to be influenced by the changes in the stiffness, whereas the expansion of the Class ‘C’FA-based mixture was governed by faster hydration of ye'elimite.
Transport bounds for a truncated model of Rayleigh-Bénard convection

Abstract We investigate absolute limits on heat transport in a truncated model of Rayleigh–Benard convection. Two complementary mathematical approaches–a background method analysis and an optimal control formulation–are used to derive upper bounds in a distinguished eight-ODE model proposed by Gluhovsky, Tong, and Agee. In the optimal control approach the flow no longer obeys an equation of motion, but is instead a control variable. Both methods produce the same estimate, but in contrast to the analogous result for the seminal three-ODE Lorenz system, the best upper bound apparently does not always correspond to an exact solution of the equations of motion.
Gender differences in a controlled pilot study of psychosocial treatments in substance dependent patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Design considerations and outcomes.

Abstract Co-existing substance dependence and post-traumatic stress disorder is a common comorbidity, lacking a standard treatment. This paper reports gender-related findings from an N = 19 controlled clinical trial using methadone maintained and primary-cocaine abusing subjects. Treatments contrasted were Substance Dependency-Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Therapy (SDPT), an integrated, two-phase cognitive-behavioral therapy which uses existing treatment techniques including coping skills treatment for addictions, stress inoculation therapy and in vivo exposure; and Twelve-Step Facilitation Therapy. Female subjects at baseline differed from males in having higher Addiction Severity Index (ASI), psychiatric composite severity scores. No differences were seen between genders at end of treatment or follow-up. Improvement was observed across the sample in current PTSD severity, number of PTSD symptoms, ASI psychiatric, drug composite severity scores and number of days using substances in the past 30 days. Th...
Tubular lysosomes in exocrine acinar cells : a review

Recently, attention has been focused on a distinct type of secondary lysosome, the tubular lysosome. These lysosomes have been reported in a number of different cell types. In most instances, the tubular lysosomes have been identified as a distinct population of lysosomes solely on the basis of their morphology. Thus, the question remains whether or not the tubular lysosomes are a separate population. In order to address this question, we have examined the tubular lysosomes in exocrine acinar cells. These cells are highly polarized, with the tubular lysosomes being concentrated near the basal surface of the cells and the more typical secondary lysosomes located near the Golgi apparatus. The tubular lysosomes often form an anastomosing network, are intercalated between cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and are frequently associated with mitochondria and microtubules. Cytochemically, these lysosomes are unique. In contrast to the typical secondary lysosomes, they appear to lack acid phosphatase, but they do react for trimetaphosphatase, aryl sulfatase B, and non-specific esterase. The tubular lysosomes in the exocrine acinar cells can also be distinguished on the basis of their participation in the endocytic process. When exocrine acinar cells are exposed in vivo to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase, the tracer is sequestered in the tubular lysosomes within 5-10 min after injection, while the peroxidase does not appear in the secondary lysosomes for 2-3 hr. In addition, the tubular lysosomes can be separated from the secondary lysosomes on Percoll density gradients. The presence of the tubular lysosomes is also related to the state of differentiation of the acinar cells. In undifferentiated AR42J cells, a pancreatic acinar cell line, tubular lysosomes are extremely rare, but when the cells are stimulated to differentiate with dexamethasone, tubular lysosomes are seen adjacent to the plasma membrane. These results confirm the fact that, at least in exocrine acinar cells, the tubular lysosomes are distinct from the typical spherical secondary lysosomes.
Declarative probabilistic programming for undirected graphical models: open up to scale up

We argue that probabilistic programming with undirected models, in order to scale up, needs to open up. That is, instead of focusing on minimal sets of generic building blocks such as universal quantification or logical connectives, languages should grow to include specific building blocks for as many uses cases as necessary. This can not only lead to more concise models, but also to more efficient inference if we use methods that can exploit building-block specific subroutines. As embodiment of this paradigm we present FAST FROWARD, a platform for implementing probabilistic programming languages that grow.
FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

This chapter discusses functions of several variables. The geometrical interpretation of definitions is exactly as one would expect, following the pattern already established for the plane. Thus, two given points P 1 ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and P 2 ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are located with respect to the familiar coordinate system. With this interpretation of a vector, the definition of the equality of two vectors states that two directed line segments are to be thought of as representing the same vector if they are parallel, have the same sense, that is, point the same way, and have the same length. Two vectors are considered as being equal if by sliding one of them through a parallel displacement, keeping it parallel to its original position, it can be made to coincide with the other. Because of this, one may never be sure where the initial or terminal point of a given vector is in a pictorial representation.
Geospatial Analysis of Pediatric EMS Run Density and Endotracheal Intubation.

Author(s): Hansen, MD, MCR, Matthew; Loker, MD, William; Warden, MD, MPH, MS, Craig | Abstract: Introduction: The association between geographic factors, including transport distance, and pediatricemergency medical services (EMS) run clustering on out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation isunclear. The objective of this study was to determine if endotracheal intubation procedures are more likely tooccur at greater distances from the hospital and near clusters of pediatric calls.Methods: This was a retrospective observational study including all EMS runs for patients less than 18years of age from 2008 to 2014 in a geographically large and diverse Oregon county that includes denselypopulated urban areas near Portland and remote rural areas. We geocoded scene addresses using theautomated address locator created in the cloud-based mapping platform ArcGIS, supplemented with manualaddress geocoding for remaining cases. We then use the Getis-Ord Gi spatial statistic feature in ArcGIS tomap statistically significant spatial clusters (hot spots) of pediatric EMS runs throughout the county. We thensuperimposed all intubation procedures performed during the study period on maps of pediatric EMS-runhot spots, pediatric population density, fire stations, and hospitals. We also performed multivariable logisticregression to determine if distance traveled to the hospital was associated with intubation after controlling forseveral confounding variables.Results: We identified a total of 7,797 pediatric EMS runs during the study period and 38 endotrachealintubations. In univariate analysis we found that patients who were intubated were similar to those who werenot in gender and whether or not they were transported to a children’s hospital. Intubated patients tendedto be transported shorter distances and were older than non-intubated patients. Increased distance fromthe hospital was associated with reduced odds of intubation after controlling for age, sex, scene location,and trauma system entry status in a multivariate logistic regression. The locations of intubations weresuperimposed on hot spots of all pediatric EMS runs. This map demonstrates that most of the intubationsoccurred within areas where pediatric EMS calls were highly clustered. By mapping the intubationprocedures and pediatric population density, we found that intubation procedures were not clustered in asimilar distribution to the pediatric population in the county.Conclusion: In this geographically diverse county the location of intubation procedures was similar to theclustering of pediatric EMS calls, and increased distance from the hospital was associated with reducedodds of intubation after controlling for several potential confounding variables. [West J Emerg Med.2016;17(5)656-661.]
Treatment of Anemia with Aranesp® (Darbepoetin-alfa) Given Once Every Two Weeks in HIV Seropositive Patients.

Abstract Background: Anemia is common in patients (pts) infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In these pts, anemia is associated with diminished quality of life (QoL) and is an independent prognostic factor for mortality. Aranesp® (darbepoetin-alfa) is a recombinant erythropoiesis-stimulating protein with extended serum half-life allowing for less frequent dosing than conventional recombinant erythropoietin. We studied Aranesp® in anemic HIV-positive pts to evaluate safety, hemoglobin (Hgb) response, and quality of life (QoL). Methods: Entry criteria included HIV infection, Hgb Results: Thirteen female and 10 male pts have been enrolled to date. Median age was 43 years (range 27–67), median entry Hgb was 10.6 g/dL (range 8.6–11.5), and median CD4 count was 197 cells/mm3 (range 29–821). Nine (39%) pts had a prior clinical AIDS-defining illness or opportunistic infection, 19 (87%) pts received concurrent HAART therapy; 11 (58%) were receiving a zidovudine- containing regimen with either combivir (n=6) or trizivir (n=5). Aranesp® was well tolerated. The only treatment-associated side effect was mild pain at the injection site. Pts who received ≥ 8 wks of Aranesp® were analyzed (n=20). 17 of the 20 pts (85%) had a Hgb response (median duration 12+ weeks [range 4+ to 22+]). One of these pts required a dose escalation. Evaluation of change in QoL using a Linear Analog Scale in 20 evaluable patients showed a mean improvement in energy level (+23.2 mm), activity level (+19.8 mm) and overall QoL (+15.5 mm) over the first 8 wks of treatment. Conclusions: In HIV-infected pts with anemia, Aranesp® at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg Q2W is well tolerated, is associated with a Hgb response in the majority of pts, effectively maintains Hgb levels, and improves QoL. Further work is on-going.
Microfluidic platforms for capturing circulating tumor cells

We present the results of a simple, low-cost microfluidic device that can be used to isolate and capture circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from whole blood. The device was made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) consisting of a microfluidic channel with microposts coated with ligand proteins. A total of 32 devices were designed, each containing different patterns in terms of shape, size, spacing, and arrangement of the microposts. The microposts were coated with anti-epithelial-cell adhesion molecule (anti-EpCAM) that has been extensively used in isolating CTCs from blood [1 - 4]. After flowing the blood sample through the devices, the captured cancer cells were quantified with optical microscopy. A comparative study of the capture efficiencies of the devices was performed based on the micropost features and sample flow rates. It was found that microposts with circular or square cross sections performed significantly better than triangular ones. Also, 100 μm posts arranged in an offset array with 50 μm gap was better than other designs in this study, reaching a capture efficiency of almost 50%.
All Roads Lead to Computing: Making, Participatory Simulations, and Social Computing as Pathways to Computer Science

Computer science (CS) is becoming an increasingly diverse domain. This paper reports on an initiative designed to introduce underrepresented populations to computing using an eclectic, multifaceted approach. As part of a yearlong computing course, students engage in Maker activities, participatory simulations, and computing projects that foreground the social and collaborative aspects of CS. Collectively, these activities are designed to introduce learners to the growing diversity of what CS looks like in the 21st century. This paper lays out the practical and theoretical motivations for the Computational Thinking for Girls (CT4G) project, specifically highlighting the use of Making through physical and social computing as ways to engage students in CS. A snapshot of one activity from the program is provided-Wearing the Web-in which students use open-hardware programmable badges to explore the underlying structure and technology that enables the Internet. Data from the first year of the CT4G program are presented to show the positive effects that this diverse introduction to CS is having on the students with respect to their attitudes toward CS.
3D Functional Corneal Stromal Tissue Equivalent Based on Corneal Stromal Stem Cells and Multi-Layered Silk Film Architecture

The worldwide need for human cornea equivalents continues to grow. Few clinical options are limited to allogenic and synthetic material replacements. We hypothesized that tissue engineered human cornea systems based on mechanically robust, patterned, porous, thin, optically clear silk protein films, in combination with human corneal stromal stem cells (hCSSCs), would generate 3D functional corneal stroma tissue equivalents, in comparison to previously developed 2D approaches. Silk film contact guidance was used to control the alignment and distribution of hCSSCs on RGD-treated single porous silk films, which were then stacked in an orthogonally, multi-layered architecture and cultured for 9 weeks. These systems were compared similar systems generated with human corneal fibroblasts (hCFs). Both cell types were viable and preferentially aligned along the biomaterial patterns for up to 9 weeks in culture. H&E histological sections showed that the systems seeded with the hCSSCs displayed ECM production throughout the entire thickness of the constructs. In addition, the ECM proteins tested positive for keratocyte-specific tissue markers, including keratan sulfate, lumican, and keratocan. The quantification of hCSSC gene expression of keratocyte-tissue markers, including keratocan, lumican, human aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1), prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTDGS), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4 (PDK4), within the 3D tissue systems demonstrated upregulation when compared to 2D single silk films and to the systems generated with the hCFs. Furthermore, the production of ECM from the hCSSC seeded systems and subsequent remodeling of the initial matrix significantly improved cohesiveness and mechanical performance of the constructs, while maintaining transparency after 9 weeks.
Caregivers’ perception of advanced cancer patients’ quality of death: Impact on caregiver suicidal ideation in bereavement.

9522 Background: Evidence suggests that patients’ quality of life (QOL) at the end of life (EOL), i.e., patients’ quality of death, may affect the health and well-being of informal family caregiver...
Not Just between but Within: Evaluating the Effects of Inter- and Intraparty Reforms on Party System Change

The literature on electoral reform has largely concentrated, until very recently, on reforms that focused on the interparty dimension of electoral systems. The general argument for such a focus revolved around the idea that the most important reforms a system could undertake were those that had a major impact on the resulting political party system and competition among parties within that system. More recently, the focus on only the interparty dimension has been called into question, through a range of diverse case studies of so-called ‘minor’ and intraparty dimension reforms and their impact on political competition. However, while case studies have demonstrated the importance of differentiating between the effects of both dimensions of reform, few have analyzed the impact of intraparty reform in an aggregate cross-national or cross-temporal comparison. Using an original dataset of electoral reform in 34 democracies from 1950 to 2010, this study represents the first systematic analysis of the impact of intraparty reform on party system change, as well as presents a comparison between the independent effects of interparty and intraparty reform on party system change. The findings suggest that candidate-centric intraparty reforms have a significant effect on party system change in subsequent elections while interparty reforms have a significant effect on change in electoral volatility, though that effect is dampened when also accounting for intraparty reforms.
The Role of Protective Behavioral Strategies, Social Environment, and Housing Type on Heavy Drinking among College Students.

Background: Though research has examined heavy drinking by housing type, the link between type of college student housing and protective behavioral strategies (PBS) has rarely been examined compari...
Inoculative release of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Oswego) and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (NY04) mixture can enhance biological control of soil-dwelling pests in turfgrass production systems

ABSTRACTIn this study, the utility of inoculative releases of local strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae isolated from northern New York (NY) State for managing soil-dwelling pests in sod (turfgrass production systems) was evaluated. The objectives of the project were to (a) quantify changes in biocontrol potential during the sod production process and (b) evaluate the potential for the nematodes to suppress populations of soil-dwelling turf pests following harvest and installation at a new site. A field study was conducted on four sod fields in central NY State on soils with varying texture and organic matter content, and a post-harvest sod installation study was performed in the greenhouse on a sandy loam soil. Nematode-induced mortality of Galleria mellonella was increased significantly one month following inoculation but differed between fields with different soil types, likely due to variation in soil organic matter content. In the following year, nematode persistence in s...
The Well-Posed Problem (1973)

The idea of assigning probabilities by the principle of group invariance developed in a way parallel to that of the principle of maximum entropy. In both cases the original motivation (at least for me) was that the principle expressed in mathematical terms what seemed intuitively the ‘most honest’ description of a state of knowledge. In neither case was there any connection with frequencies — or indeed any reference to a repetitive ‘random experiment’.
SolarPILOT: A power tower solar field layout and characterization tool

Abstract This paper develops and demonstrates a new Solar P ower tower I ntegrated L ayout and O ptimization T ool (SolarPILOT). The tool uses the analytical flux image Hermite series approximation originally implemented in the DELSOL3 software developed by Sandia National Laboratory in the early 1980s. By applying the analytical model to individual heliostat images rather than large groups or zones of heliostats, SolarPILOT can characterize a wide variety of heliostat field layouts. The individual heliostat modeling approach increases computational expense in comparison with DELSOL3, so SolarPILOT implements a number of improvements to the analytical approximation method to improve model accuracy and computational efficiency. This paper discusses several of these methods, including dynamic heliostat grouping to reduce the expense of intercept factor evaluation, approximation of annual productivity with a subset of time steps throughout the year, polygon clipping to accurately calculate inter-heliostat shadowing and blocking, receiver and tower geometry optimization, and a trigonometric image transformation technique that ensures model accuracy for small heliostats. SolarPILOT also integrates a Monte-Carlo ray tracing engine (SolTrace), providing improved receiver optical modeling capability, a user-friendly front end for geometry definition, and side-by-side validation of the analytical algorithms.
Magnetic Ions in Solids

This series of four lectures present in a comprehensive way the energy levels of ions in solids. The first lecture deals with basic concepts of group theory and with the interrelations between group theory and quantum mechanics. The second lecture starts with the consideration of the groups of interest for free atoms and atoms in a homogeneous magnetic field; the concept of a complete set of commuting operators is stressed. The energy levels of atoms are then considered with a perturbational approach making use of both symmetry and quantum mechanical concepts. The third lecture deals with magnetic ions in solids; the concept of crystalline field is introduced. By proper use of symmetry concepts and of the complete set of commuting operators, the various schemes (weak field, intermediate field, strong field) corresponding to the strength of the crystalline interaction are treated. The last lecture deals with the effect of covalent bonding on the energy levels of magnetic ions in crystalline solids; this more comprehensive treatment of ions in crystals illustrates the occurrence of states generally high in energy which produce very strong absorption transitions and that are associated with the phenomenon of charge transfer.
Learning and Participation in High School Classrooms

In this chapter, we report quantitative and qualitative findings of a curricular approach to investigating quadratic and exponential functions in conjunction with the representationally rich software. The quantitative findings we report demonstrate the positive effects SimCalc has on student learning in comparison to similar algebra classrooms, as measured by pre and posttests. The qualitative findings show us the positive effects SimCalc has on students’ participation in the SimCalc environment through participatory discourse where students partake in mathematical communication to add ideas, justify their ideas, and challenge one another’s ideas about varying rate using the various representations available in the SimCalc technology. We present our qualitative findings through two classroom case studies in which we analyze the classroom discourse.
Augmentation of Natural Enemies in the People’s Republic of China

Biological control has received effective emphasis in China. Since the Cultural Revolution government policy has decreed that scientists channel their research toward practical assistance of the communes. But importation of natural enemies from foreign lands has received almost no attention. Biological control has been used widely, although in limited ways. It has not been taken as the central feature of their integrated control approach. Cultural control occupies this role. Undoubtedly, greater use than was apparent to us is being made of indigenous natural enemies because much attention is given to selective pesticide technology to protect them. The development of pest resistant crops as a central or high priority component has had little active or organized support, although varieties of some crop species resistant to a variety of pests were reported (NAS, 1977).