cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disrupting the medial prefrontal cortex with designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug alters hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and their associated cognitive processes

The hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) interact during a myriad of cognitive processes including decision-making and long-term memory consolidation. Exactly how the mPFC and hippocampus interact during goal-directed decision-making remains to be fully elucidated. During periods of rest, bursts of high-frequency oscillations, termed sharp-wave ripple (SWR), appear in the local field potential. Impairing SWRs on the maze or during post-learning rest can interfere with memory-guided decision-making and memory consolidation. We hypothesize that the hippocampus and mPFC bidirectionally interact during SWRs to support memory consolidation and decision-making. Rats were trained on the neuroeconomic spatial decision-making task, Restaurant Row, to make serial stay-skip decisions where the amount of effort (delay to reward) varied upon entry to each restaurant. Hippocampal cells and SWRs were recorded in rats with the mPFC transduced with inhibitory DREADDs. We found that disrupting the mPFC impaired consolidating SWRs in the hippocampus. Hippocampal SWR rates depended on the internalized value of the reward (derived from individual flavor preferences), a parameter important in decision-making, and disrupting the mPFC changed this relationship. Additionally, we found a dissociation between SWRs that occurred while rats were on the maze dependent upon whether those SWRs occurred while the rat was anticipating food reward or during post-reward consumption.
Strategies in Overcoming Homologous Recombination Proficiency and PARP Inhibitor Resistance

Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States (US) and the most common cause of gynecologic cancer-related death. The majority of ovarian cancers ultimately recur despite excellent response rates to upfront platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy. Maintenance therapy after frontline treatment has emerged in recent years as an effective tool for extending the platinum-free interval of these patients. Maintenance therapy with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in particular has become part of standard of care in the upfront setting and in patients with platinum-sensitive disease. HR deficient (HRD) tumors have a nonfunctioning homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway and respond well to PARPi, which takes advantage of synthetic lethality by concomitantly impairing DNA repair mechanisms. Conversely, patients with a functioning HRR pathway, i.e. HR proficient (HRP) tumors, can still elicit benefit from PARPi, but the efficacy is not as remarkable as what is seen in HRD tumors. PARPi are ineffective in some patients due to HR proficiency, which is either inherent to the tumor or potentially acquired as a method of therapeutic resistance. This review seeks to outline current strategies employed by clinicians and scientists to overcome PARPi resistance - either acquired or inherent to the tumor.
Dietary Selenium Intake Controls Rat Plasma Selenoprotein P Concentration

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dietary selenium on selenoprotein P concentration. Selenoprotein P was quantitated in plasma by radioimmunoassay. Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma and liver 105,000 x g supernatant was measured for comparison. Weanling male rats were fed a selenium-deficient diet or a control diet that contained 0.5 mg selenium/kg as Na2SeO4. The concentration of selenoprotein P fell at approximately the same rate in the rats fed the selenium-deficient diet as did plasma glutathione peroxidase activity. Groups of weanling rats were fed different levels of selenium for 8 wk. Selenoprotein P concentration was proportional to dietary selenium level up to 0.1 mg/kg and was a greater percentage of control values than was glutathione peroxidase activity. No increment in selenoprotein P concentration occurred between 0.1 and 0.5 mg selenium/kg diet. These results indicate that the concentration of selenoprotein P in the plasma is directly dependent on selenium supply in the diet up to 0.1 mg/kg. There is overlap between the dietary selenium ranges in which selenoprotein P concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity increase, but the selenoprotein P range is lower than the glutathione peroxidase range.
Climate‐related variation in mortality and recruitment determine regional forest‐type distributions

Aim The geographic distributions of different forest types are expected to shift in the future under altered climatic conditions. At present, the nature, magnitude and timing of these shifts are uncertain because we lack a quantitative understanding of how forest distributions emerge from climate- and competition-related variation in underlying demographic processes. Forest dynamics result primarily from the manner in which the physical environment and competition for limiting resources affect tree growth, mortality and recruitment. We sought to uncover the relative importance of these processes in controlling the geographic limits of different forest types. Location Eastern USA. Methods We parameterized a climate-dependent forest dynamics model with extensive observations of tree growth, mortality and recruitment from forest inventory data. We then implemented the resulting demographic models in simulations of joint population dynamics for seven plant functional types (PFTs) across the region. By removing various climate effects in a series of simulation experiments, we assessed the importance of climate-dependent demography and competition in limiting forest distributions. Results Distributions that emerged from simulated population dynamics approximated the current distributions for all seven PFTs well and captured several known patterns of succession. Temperature-related increases in mortality determined the southern boundaries of three out of four boreal and northern temperate PFTs, whereas temperature-related decreases in recruitment controlled the northern limit of all three southern temperate PFTs. Changes in growth rates and competitor performance had only minor effects on the distribution limits of most PFTs. Main conclusions Our results imply that dynamic global vegetation models, which are widely used to predict future vegetation distributions under climate change, should seek to more appropriately capture the observed climate sensitivity of mortality and recruitment. Understanding the mechanisms controlling forest distributions will enable better predictions of their future responses to climate change.
Formal Connections between Modules of Inner Structures and Individuals

The ‘primitive’ individuals who are able to maximize an image of themselves have the following structure: $${S_1} = {a^{{a^a}^{*{b_*}}b}},$$ where a is either a or ā, b is either b or \(\overline b \), and * is either ‘+’ or ‘•’. These individuals contain such important structures for us as an image of oneself: $${S_2} = {a^{{a^*}b}},$$ and an inner world: $${S_3} = {a^{{a^*}{b_*}}}b$$
Safety Verification for Automated Platoon Maneuvers: A Case Study

A system consisting of two platoons of vehicles on a single track, plus controllers that operate the vehicles, plus communication channels, is modeled formally, using the hybrid input/output automaton model of Lynch, Segala, Vaandrager and Weinberg [7]. A key safety requirement of such a system is formulated, namely, that the two platoons never collide at a relative velocity greater than a given bound vallow. Conditions on the controller of the second platoon are given, designed to ensure the safety requirement regardless of the behavior of the first platoon. The fact that these conditions suffice to ensure safety is proved. It is also proved that these conditions are “optimal”, in that any controller that does not satisfy them can cause the safety requirement to be violated. The model includes handling of communication delays and uncertainty. The proofs use composition, invariants, levels of abstraction, together with methods of mathematical analysis.
Editorial - Sensors in Construction and Infrastructure Management

Construction project managers and infrastructure managers can benefit from utilizing a variety of sensors and wireless communication technologies on construction sites. Sensors are becoming an important item in construction project managers and infrastructure managers toolboxes. These sensors target getting relevant information about products that are being constructed, processes and equipment that are being utilized in constructing these products, and monitoring the as-is condition of an infrastructure throughout its service life. The nature of sensing can vary from embedded sensing that assesses some material characteristics of a product, to spatial sensing and imaging technologies that assess both the quality of products being constructed and the safety of processes being utilized during construction. Through the utilization of a wide array of sensors, both infrastructure components and processes of managing the construction and operations of those components can become intelligent, and as a result, project and infrastructure managers can have better situation awareness and can make more informed decisions. A variety of sensors is already being utilized on job sites and on infrastructure systems and it is expected that this trend is going to continue. Job sites and infrastructure systems are going to become more intelligent as sensing and wireless communication technologies get to be deployed ubiquitously. This special issue provides an opportunity to exchange ideas and research results to date in the area of sensing in construction and infrastructure management. It has brought together perspectives and research results obtained from usage of different types of sensors to streamline a variety of different decisions throughout the life-cycles of facilities and infrastructure.
Neuraminidase Activity in Diplococcus pneumoniae

Kelly, R. T. (Marquette University School of Medicine, Milwaukee, Wis.), D. Greiff, and S. Farmer. Neuraminidase activity in Diplococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 91:601–603. 1966.—A method for the quantitation of neuraminidase in the presence of N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase is described. The neuraminidase content of Diplococcus pneumoniae was found to be dependent on the media employed for growth; the highest enzyme activity per milligram of bacterial protein was obtained with Todd-Hewitt broth. Neuraminidase production was stimulated in D. pneumoniae by the addition of N-acetylneuraminlactose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, or N-acetylmannosamine to the growth medium. Three rough strains of D. pneumoniae, which were nonpathogenic for mice, lacked neuraminidase activity. Seven of 12 smooth strains contained neuraminidase; enzyme activity was not detected in the remaining 5 smooth strains. There was no correlation between the presence of neuraminidase activity and the capsular type or between neuraminidase production and animal virulence.
The Effect of Irradiation on the Mechanical Properties of 6061-T651 Aluminum

Critical components of the Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) reactor, to be built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), will be fabricated from 6061-T651 aluminum alloy. This alloy has been selected for its favorable neutronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. The effect of irradiation on the tensile properties and fracture toughness has been studied to allow the lifetime of these components to be estimated. Irradiations were carried out in the High Flux Isotope Reactor at ORNL at a temperature of approximately 95{degree}C to a fluence of approximately 10{sup 26} m{sup {minus}2} (thermal). Testing was conducted from room temperature to 150{degree}C. The yield and ultimate tensile strengths were increased by irradiation, and the total elongation decreased, but the fracture toughness at 26 and 95{degree}C was not degraded by irradiation, and decreased only slightly at 150{degree}C.
An ultra-wideband radar for vehicle detection in railroad crossings

This paper describes an ultra-wideband (UWB) radar system designed to detect motor vehicles such as cars and trucks when they are present in a railway crossing. Once fully developed, the detection performance of the system is to be compared against a video detection system in a test at a crossing in Maywood, Illinois. If the test is successful this system may be further developed and installed at a four-quadrant gate crossing to sense vehicles trapped in the crossing island (i.e. the area bounded by the gate arms). This paper describes the problem at hand and gives details of the radar system development to date. With the current prototype, a pulse width of 3 ns has been achieved which yields adequate range resolution for this application.
Supply chain coordination in buyer centric B2B electronic markets

Abstract While over the past 4 years more than 1000 B2B electronic markets that cater to a wide spectrum of industries have been established, many of them have already disappeared. This reality can be explained by several factors, two of which we think are important: the transaction fees that owners of these markets charge participants, and the supply chain coordination mechanisms that these markets do (or actually do not) facilitate. In this paper, we take the viewpoint of supply chain coordination to analyze the decision of suppliers and buyers to do or not do business in electronic markets while selling perishable products with random demand.
Estimates of Driver Mental Workload: A Long-Term Field Trial of Two Subsidiary Tasks

Two auditory subsidiary task measures of driver mental workload--delayed digit recall and random digit generation--were evaluated in a 4-year field trial. Van pool members performed the tasks for 2-minute periods while driving a mix of rural secondary roads, limited access expressways, high-density, limited-access urban drives, and downtown city streets on a daily commute from upstate New York to New York City. Data collected included the roadway being traveled, time of day, traffic conditions, vehicle density, speed, weather, brake applications, and driver's subjective difficulty rating. Subsidiary task degradation was a function of traffic density, average speed, and uncertainty. Weather conditions moderated these variables. Unpredictability of traffic appeared to be the major determinant of perceived difficulty. The digit recall task correlated with driver ratings of task difficulty and with a calculated driver workload index based on brake actuations per minute plus the log of vehicle speed. Although subjective difficulty ratings correlated with subsidiary task performance and with objective criteria of traffic density and speed, some dissociation was noted. Indications of workload homeostasis were evident, as drivers appeared to modify their performance to keep workload within a comfortable range.
An in vitro model of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: oxidation of unconjugated bilirubin by cytochrome oxidase

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a stroke subtype with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Cerebral vasospasm can lead to ischemic injury or death and is a common complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, usually occurring 3-9 days afterwards. The cause of vasospasm is not known. Recently, there has been strong evidence that vasoactive oxidation products of bilirubin may be involved. Currently, the factors that lead to bilirubin oxidation are poorly characterized. In this study, we have designed an in vitro model of hemorrhagic stroke in order to investigate conditions that promote the oxidation of bilirubin to form vasoactive compounds. Using our model, we created a basic hematoma system of blood, CSF, and hemeoxygenase-1. We manipulated this system in various ways, incubated it and determined the concentration of vasoactive bilirubin oxidation products that resulted. Conditions where cytochrome oxidase was stimulated caused an increase bilirubin oxidation products (292.6 +/- 39.9 micromol/L respectively, vs. 79.3 +/- 1.3 micromol/L for the basic reaction, p < 0.05), which was attenuated by cyanide. Our data suggest that bilirubin oxidation products may be produced by oxidation(s) requiring an oxygen-utilizing enzyme like cytochrome oxidase.
Collective Action: Adaptation, Mitigation, Innovation: The Case of the Chinese PV Industry

At the very beginning of this year, news that heavy pollution containing black carbon from Asia was drifting all the way to the Pacific coast of the United States made headlines in the news media. The pollution cloud was attributed to Chinese manufacturing. Old-fashioned air pollution, acid rain, and extreme weather events from climate change are just three of the consequences of intensive fossil fuel burning.
Accounting for population variation in targeted proteomics.

Individual proteomes typically differ from the reference human proteome at ∼10 000 single amino acid variants. When viewed on the population scale, this individual variation results in a wide variety of protein sequences. In targeted proteomics experiments, such variability can confound accurate protein quantification. To assist researchers in identifying target peptides with high variability within the human population, we have created the Population Variation plug-in for Skyline, which provides easy access to the polymorphisms stored in dbSNP. Given a set of peptides, the tool reports minor allele frequency for common polymorphisms. We highlight the importance of considering genetic variation by applying the tool to public data sets.
Sialyltransferase isoforms are phosphorylated in the cis-medial Golgi on serine and threonine residues in their luminal sequences.

ST6Gal-I (α2,6-sialyltransferase) is expressed as two isoforms, STTyr and STCys, which exhibit differences in catalytic activity, trafficking through the secretory pathway, and proteolytic processing and secretion. We have found that the ST6Gal-I isoforms are phosphorylated on luminal Ser and Thr residues. Immunoprecipitation of 35S- and32P-labeled proteins expressed in COS-1 cells suggests that the STTyr isoform is phosphorylated to a greater extent than the STCys isoform. Analysis of domain deletion mutants revealed that STTyr is phosphorylated on stem and catalytic domain amino acids, whereas STCys is phosphorylated on catalytic domain amino acids. An endoplasmic reticulum retained/retrieved chimeric Iip33-ST protein demonstrates drastically lower phosphorylation than does the wild type STTyrisoform. This suggests that the bulk of the ST6Gal-I phosphorylation is occurring in the Golgi. Treatment of cells with the ionophore monensin does not significantly block phosphorylation of the STTyrisoform, suggesting that phosphorylation is occurring in the cis-medial Golgi prior to the monensin block. This study demonstrates the presence of kinase activities in the cis-medial Golgi and the substantial phosphorylation of the luminal sequences of a glycosyltransferase.
Efficient computation of population distribution of microdefects at any location in growing Czochralski silicon single crystals

Abstract A computationally efficient model to quantify the distribution of microdefect population at any given location in Czochralski grown silicon crystals is proposed and numerically solved. For this purpose, all microdefects are approximated as spherical clusters and the concentration fields of intrinsic point defects and other intermediate species are evolved using a lumped model which eliminates the requirement to store formation and path histories of the clusters. The formation of all clusters is modeled by the classical nucleation theory, while they grow by diffusion-limited kinetics. The model is validated by comparing its predictions against that of a rigorous model, where actual cluster population distribution is captured on the basis of formation and path histories of the clusters.
A simple salt-enhanced surface-tension technique for detection of trace surfactants in water

A simple, relatively inexpensive DuNoy tensiometer can be used to detect small amounts of surfactants in water (at the μg l-1 level in many cases). The surfactant must be salted-out to produce the desired effect. Addition of salt to pure water produces a reproducible increase in surface tension, whereas addition of salt to a water sample containing traces of surfactant produces a distinct, reproducible decrease. For pure surfactant solutions, calibration curves can be constructed for quantitative work.
Effects of Support on Carbon Formation and Gasification on Nickel during Carbon Monoxide Hydrogenation

Abstract Rates of carbon deposition during carbon monoxide hydrogenation at 325–450°C and of carbon removal by oxygen at 300–350°C on unsupported Ni, Ni/Al 2 O 3 , Ni/SiO 2 , and Ni/TiO 2 were determined by in situ gravimetric measurements. Following an induction period, carbon deposits on these catalysts at very significant rates; the order of decreasing deposition rate is Ni/TiO 2 , Ni/Al 2 O 3 , Ni, Ni/SiO 2 . Rates of gasification of these deposits in oxygen decrease in the same order. The order of decreasing deposition rate is the same as for carbon monoxide dissociation and removal of carbidic carbon by reaction with hydrogen. Approximately 70–80% of the metal surface area for adsorption of oxygen is lost as a result of carbon formation. However, 90–99% of this surface area is restored by the treatment in oxygen. The results indicate that the first 1–2 monolayers of carbon deposited during reaction are responsible for deactivation; subsequent deposition presumably in the form of vermicular carbon is not responsible for loss of activity.
Relative involvement of supraspinal and spinal μ opioid receptors in morphine dependence in mice

Abstract Involvement of supraspinal and spinal μ opioid receptors in the development of morphine dependence were compared using β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA). The degree of morphine dependence was estimated by the ED 50 values of naloxone (s.c.) required to precipitate withdrawal jumping and diarrhea 72 hr after morphine-pellet implantation. β-FNA was administered 4 times (24 hr before, just before, 24 and 48 hr after morphine-pellet implantation) by the i.c.v. or i.t. route. β-FNA (both i.c.v. and i.t. routes) significantly increased the ED 50 values of naloxone for jumping and diarrhea and the increase in the ED 50 value of naloxone for jumping was much greater than that for diarrhea. I.c.v. administered β-FNA was more potent in increasing the ED 50 value of naloxone for jumping than i.t. administered β-FNA. On the other hand, i.c.v. administered β-FNA was equipotent with i.t. administered β-FNA in increasing the ED 50 value of naloxone for diarrhea. These results suggest that both supraspinal and spinal μ opioid receptors are involved in the development of morphine dependence and that supraspinal μ receptors play a more important role than spinal μ receptors in withdrawal jumping which may reflect an excitation of the central nervous system whereas supraspinal and spinal μ receptors have similar importance in withdrawal diarrhea which may reflect an abnormal function of the autonomic nervous system.
Net sugar transport is a multistep process. Evidence for cytosolic sugar binding sites in erythrocytes.

Human erythrocyte net sugar transport is hypothesized to be rate-limited by reduced cytosolic diffusion of sugars and/or by reversible sugar association with intracellular macromolecules [Naftalin, R.J., Smith, P.M., & Roselaar, S.E. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 820, 235-249]. The present study examines these hypotheses. Protein-mediated 3-O-methylglucose uptake at 4 degrees C by human erythrocytes and by resealed, hypotonically lysed erythrocytes (ghosts) is inhibited by increasing solvent viscosity. Protein-mediated transport and transbilayer diffusion of the slowly transported substrate 6-NBD glucosamine are unaffected by increasing solvent viscosity. These findings suggest that protein-mediated 3-O-methylglucose transport is diffusion-limited in erythrocytes. More detailed analyses of red cell 3-O-methylglucose uptake (at 4 degrees C and at limiting extracellular sugar levels) reveal that net influx is a biexponential process characterized by rapid filling of a small compartment (C1 = 29 +/- 6% total cell volume; k1 = 7.4 +/- 1.7 min-1) and slow filling of a larger compartment (C2 = 71 +/- 6% total cell volume k2 = 0.56 +/- 0.11 min-1). Erythrocyte D-glucose net uptake at 4 degrees C is also a biphasic process. Transmembrane sugar leakage is a monoexponential process indicating that multicomponent, protein-mediated uptake does not result from sugar uptake by two cell populations of differing cellular volume. Sugar exit at limiting 3-O-methylglucose concentrations is described by single exponential kinetics. This demonstrates that multicomponent sugar uptake does not result from influx into two populations of cells with widely different sugar transporter content. We conclude that biexponential sugar uptake results from slow (relative to transport) exchange of sugars between serial, intracellular sugar compartments. Biexponential sugar uptake is observed under equilibrium exchange conditions (intracellular sugar concentration = extracellular sugar concentration) but only at 3-O-methylglucose concentrations of less than 1 mM. Above this sugar concentration, exchange uptake is a monoexponential process. Because diffusion rates are independent of diffusant concentration, this suggests that multicomponent uptake results from high-affinity sugar binding within the cell. The concentration of cytosolic binding sites (30 microM, Kd(app) = 400 microM) was estimated from the equilibrium cellular 3-O-methylglucose space. Biexponential net 3-O-methylglucose uptake is also observed in human erythrocyte ghosts, in control human K562 cells, and in K562 cells induced to synthesize hemoglobin by prolonged exposure to hemin. This demonstrates that neither membrane-bound nor free cytosolic hemoglobin forms the sugar-binding complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adjustable stiffness of individual piezoelectric nanofibers by electron beam polarization

We present a method to adjust the stiffness of individual piezoelectric nanofiber by electron beam induced polarization under an in situ scanning electron microscopy. The lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanofibers were fabricated by an electrospinning process. The Young’s modulus was calculated from the resonant frequency excited by an oscillating electric field applied through a nanomanipulator. The stiffness can be adjusted up to 75% by induced polarization under the exposure of an electron beam to control the domain boundaries in single PZT nanofibers. Splitting effect of the resonant frequencies was observed due to anisotropic stiffness in polarized PZT nanofibers.
Acoustoelectric effect in anisotropic piezoelectric semiconductors

Abstract The phenomenological theory of the acoustoelectric effect has been generalized to take into account the anisotropic dielectric and piezoelectric properties of semiconductors. Results are given for CdS and the relevance of off-axis shear waves in recent experiments is pointed out.
Mastocytosis and the mast cell

Mastocytosis is a disease in which the mast cell population is increased in various tissues. Although the mechanism for the increased density of mast cells is not understood, recent research into mast cell structure and function has improved our understanding of the symptomatology and prompted newer and better approaches to treatment. To be discussed, and of particular interest to the dermatologist, is the management of, and evaluation for, systemic disease in a patient presenting with cutaneous findings.
Reocclusion following successful thrombolysis : emerging concepts

Thrombolytic therapy, through the restoration of coronary arterial blood flow and myocardial perfusion significantly improves outcome among patients with acute myocardial infarction. Despite its widel
Description of the IR sensor model for the countermine computational testbed

The goal of the Countermine Computational Testbed Sensor Model Development Program is to design a software simulation for candidate airborne imaging sensors suitable for use in the remote detection of mines. The simulation takes as input several sensor parameters and a time-dependent history of location and orientation of the sensor. A scene sampling module generates an array of query ray origins and directions from the view point through the image plane to obtain radiance values from other testbed modules. Blurring effects, including those from diffraction, aberrations, detector spacing, and digitization are accounted for by using results from the validated NVTherm model. In this way, the sensor system's modulation transfer function is imposed on the image. In addition, atmosphere effects are incorporated through the use of external scattering models. If necessary, the resulting radiance image is re-sampled at desired pixel locations. Finally, the detector response characteristics are applied to the radiance image for computation of signal voltages. A noise voltage is then added and the digitization process simulated to produce the final sensor output synthetic image. The model is implemented in C++ using object-oriented programming techniques that allow for flexible extension of the simulation to different types of sensors and geometries. Model design goals, techniques, components, and specific image synthesis algorithms implementations are discussed along with the presentation of example results.
A Single-Cavity Double-Frequency Buncher

A single-cavity buncher has been developed that resonates at both the fundamental and twice the fundamental frequency to form a more nearly ideal bunching voltage waveform in the gap. The cavity utilizes the TM020-like mode as the first harmonic of the fundamental TM010-like mode. Field distributions on or near the axis, which are seen by the beam, are essentially identical for the two modes. Many beam bunching applications require two bunchers with the harmonic buncher being physically as close as possible to the fundamental frequency buncher - the buncher described here accomplishes this property with a single cavity and excitation of two modes. Calculated parameters for cavity designs with a fundamental frequency of 0.45 GHz are presented for different cavity lengths which represent a range of interest for accelerators and rf tubes. Means of tuning and fabrication are described. A geometry chosen for PIGMI is described in more detail.
Lesions of glucose-responsive neurons impair synchronizing effects of calorie restriction in mice.

Abstract Calorie restriction can induce phase-advances of daily rhythms in rodents exposed to light–dark cycles. To test whether glucose-responsive neurons are involved in the synchronizing effects of calorie restriction, C57BL/6J mice were injected with gold-thioglucose (GTG; 0.6 g/kg) which damages glucose-responsive neurons, primarily located in the ventromedial hypothalamus. From the day of injection, GTG-treated and control mice received a hypocaloric diet (66% of ad libitum food intake) 2 h after lights on. When mice were transferred to constant darkness after 4 weeks and fed ad libitum, the onset of circadian rhythm of locomotor activity was phase-advanced by 1 h in control but not in GTG-treated mice. Therefore, glucose-responsive neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus may play a role in the synchronizing effects of calorie restriction on circadian rhythmicity.
Effect of Nommiform Nozzle Flow on Scramjet Performance

Introduction H YDROCARBON-FUELED scramjet propulsion appears to offer promising performance at hypersonic speeds. For example, Fig. 1 shows performance, measured by thrust coefficient and specific impulse, as functions of nozzle efficiency based on one-dimensional calculations provided in Ref. 1. However, up to the present time, the potential performance indicated by these predictions has not been demonstrated experimentally. Perhaps the sensitivity to nozzle efficiency provides a clue to the difficulty in actually achieving high propulsive efficiency. Possible sources of loss in nozzle efficiency include errors in nozzle design or manufacture, nonuniform entrance flow, shear in nonuniform streams, wall friction, separation, nonequilibrium flow, incomplete expansion, and shock waves. Some of these potential losses, such as errors in design or manufacture, can be avoided or minimized. The question addressed in this note is, to what extent might nonuniform flow entering a scramjet nozzle result in unavoidable loss of exit momentum? To answer this question, the following procedure has been adopted: 1) Specify a form of inlet nonuniformity. In this investigation, a so-called fictitious or average uniform axial entrance flow is subdivided into two adjacent streams having the same pressure, the same total momentum, and the same total energy as the average uniform stream, but different initial Mach numbers. 2) Approximate the nozzle flow by a model that will exhibit the effects of the entrance nonuniformity isolated from other flow parameters. To this end, the two streams, depicted in Fig. 2, are assumed to be nonmixing and inviscid. Then the unrecoverable loss will be measured by the difference between the exit momentum achieved when the average stream is expanded isentropically to exit pressure and the total combined exit momenta of the two adjacent streams when they are isentropically expanded to the same exit pressure. 3) Calculate the exit momenta by one-dimensional isentropic ideal gas formulas. This approximation would be inappropriate for the design of a scramjet nozzle, or the accurate analysis of the nozzle flow, but by treating each of the streams on the same approximate basis, the unrecoverable loss resulting from the specified entrance nonuniformity can be estimated as a function of chosen inlet parameters. Effects of nonuniform flow in convergent-divergent nozzles have been examined, using a one-dimensional model. The one-dimensional predictions show surprisingly good agreement with a three-dimensional analysis and with wind-tunnel tests. Decher also estimated the effects of flow nonuniformities on nozzle exit momentum for convergent-divergent nozzles. Initial conditions are prescribed in the subsonic part of the flow, and the analysis is linearized by assuming relatively small variations in initial profiles. In Ref. 4, the theory is applied to nozzle performance calculations and includes mixing effects.
Cross-Functional Operations Modeling as a Nexus of Commitments: A New Approach for Improving Business Performance and Value-Creation

Business processes have played a central role in improving enterprise performance. These improvements have taken place through the implementation of maturing processes with enterprise resource planning systems and the redesign of operations by using business process management methods. However, even in those organizations that have benefited from these practices, performance problems still persist. In particular, operations that go across the enterprise are a cause of bottlenecks. While this topic has been the target of models and consulting methods, performance shortfalls still persist, thus showing that organizations have not dealt with this integration challenge successfully. In this paper we introduce the notion of a Business Value Subject (BVS) endowed with a partially ordered set of Commitments as the modeling basis to establish a crossorganizational "contract" to be agreed upon by responsible role players as being essential in pursuit of sought business outcomes. We also introduce the notion of Nexus of Commitments across a family of BVSs as a governance mechanism for ensuring visibility and value-creation.This model of the enterprise operations departs fundamentally from workflows, cases, and other behavior-centric modeling principles. We also relate this model to other practical contributions in the context of the broad lean six-sigma techniques such as value-stream mapping (VSM) and SIPOC, as well as the fields of business process management and the resource-based view of organizations.In this paper, we address the foundational principles, formal definitions, and some examples. We introduce the main model by using a real-world example and also, present a rigorous formalization under the form of a metamodel. In addition, we present an Information System realization of the model with the goal of providing business visibility and performance management instrumentation.
Service-Learning and Philanthropy: Implications for Course Design

Developing good citizens is an historic role for higher education (Sullivan & Rosin, 2008) and the emergence of service-learning as a pedagogical strategy has heightened attention to the intentional educational objectives to be addressed in higher education. This article examines the role of service-learning in developing philanthropic values and behaviors in students that can influence their postgraduate years through careers, civic activities, and family life. Unlike other forms of community-based education (e.g., cooperative education, internship), service-learning extends beyond “serving to learn,” to “learning to serve” (see Chang, this issue) through being involved in community activities (e.g., advocacy, community organizing, volunteering). Two of the explicit dimensions of preparing civic-minded graduates are increasing knowledge of the nonprofit sector and volunteer opportunities and increasing commitment to be involved in the community, both of which can be achieved through service-learning (Ste...
Fascicular Arrangement in Partial Oculomotor Paresis

We treated two patients with partial oculomotor paresis who had pupillary mydriasis, marked inferior rectus muscle weakness, and medial rectus muscle paresis, which were attributed to an ipsilateral fascicular lesion, demonstrated on neuroimaging studies. These cases support the fascicular proximity of inferior rectus muscle and pupillary fibers and suggest that fascicular medial rectus and inferior rectus muscle fibers are adjacent to each other.
Repeated-batch fermentation in biofilm reactors with plastic-composite supports for lactic acid production

Novel plastic supports consisting of polypropylene blended with oat hulls/soybean flour or oat hulls/zein were evaluated as supports for mixed- and pure-culture, repeated-batch, lactic acid fermentations in biofilm reactors. Streptomyces viridosporus T7A (ATCC 39115) was used to form a biofilm for mixed-culture fermentations, and Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus (ATCC 11443) was used for L-lactic acid production. The pure- and mixed-culture biofilm reactors were operated as repeated-batch fermentors with pH controlled at 5 for more than 2 months in which each reactor's medium was changed every 3 days for 24 batches. The plastic-composite supports performed better than polypropylene-alone supports. Significantly (P<0.05) higher concentrations of lactic acid were produced by the mixed- and pure-culture biofilm bioreactors with corresponding plastic-composite supports (55 g/l and 60 g/l respectively) than with polypropylene-alone supports (48 g/l for both mixed and pure culture). However, the percentage yields, maximum productivity, glucose consumption rates, and growth rates (based on the mass of suspended cells only) were not significantly different between reactors. Maximum lactic acid concentration was consistently greater for the plastic-composite support biofilm reactors. In the suspension culture at pH 5 without plastic supports, maximum lactic acid concentration at days 3 and 5 was 48 g/l and 60 g/l, respectively. These results confirm that the use of plastic-composite supports is recommended for pure-culture lactic acid production in long-term repeated-batch fermentation, and that cell immobilization was occurring.
Teaming in the Design Laboratory

A sequence of senior design courses for electrical and computer engineering emphasizing the team concept is described. These courses build on the technical information and concepts developed in lower level required courses and add reality to the design process by using engineering teams. Each team in the class uses the same design specifications based on the IEEE Region 3 Student Hardware Design Contest. A discussion of grouping, managing, reporting, and evaluating teams for five successful semesters of this design experience is presented. Benefits of team-structured design courses are presented and discussed.
Atmospheric Velocity Spectral Width Measurements Using the Statistical Distribution of Pulsed CO2 Lidar Return Signal Intensities

A pulsed CO2 lidar with coherent detection has been used to measure the correlation time of backscatter from an ensemble of atmospheric aerosol particles which are illuminated by the pulsed radiation. The correlation time of the backscatter of the return signal, which is directly related to the velocity spectral width, can be used to study the velocity structure constant of atmospheric turbulence and wind shear. Various techniques for correlation time measurement are discussed, and several measurement results are presented for the technique using the information contained in the statistical distribution of a set of lidar return signal intensities.
NMR Determination of Lysine pKa Values in the Pol λ Lyase Domain: Mechanistic Implications

The base excision repair (BER) process requires removal of an abasic deoxyribose-5-phosphate group, a catalytic activity that has been demonstrated for the N-terminal 8 kDa domain of DNA polymerase β (Pol β), and for the homologous domain of DNA polymerase λ (Pol λ). Previous studies have demonstrated that this activity results from formation of a Schiff base adduct of the abasic deoxyribose C-1‘ with a lysine residue (K312 in the case of Pol λ), followed by a β-elimination reaction. To better understand the underlying chemistry, we have determined pKa values for the lysine residues in the Pol λ lyase domain labeled with [e-13C]lysine. At neutral pH, the He protons on 3 of the 10 lysine residues in this domain, K287, K291, and K312, exhibit chemical shift inequivalence that results from immobilization of the lysyl side chains. For K287 and K291, this results from the K287−E261 and K291−E298 salt bridge interactions, while for K312, immobilization apparently results from steric and hydrogen-bonding interac...
Remote sensing techniques in cultural resource management archaeology

Cultural resource management archaeology in the United States concerns compliance with legislation set in place to protect archaeological resources from the impact of modern activities. Traditionally, surface collection, shovel testing, test excavation, and mechanical stripping are used in these projects. These methods are expensive, time consuming, and may poorly represent the features within archaeological sites. The use of remote sensing techniques in cultural resource management archaeology may provide an answer to these problems. Near-surface geophysical techniques, including magnetometry, resistivity, electromagnetics, and ground penetrating radar, have proven to be particularly successful at efficiently locating archaeological features. Research has also indicated airborne and satellite remote sensing may hold some promise in the future for large-scale archaeological survey, although this is difficult in many areas of the world where ground cover reflect archaeological features in an indirect manner. A cost simulation of a hypothetical data recovery project on a large complex site in Mississippi is presented to illustrate the potential advantages of remote sensing in a cultural resource management setting. The results indicate these techniques can save a substantial amount of time and money for these projects.
Absolute and Relative Biases in Estimations of Personal Risk

Two studies examined the accuracy of personal risk estimates, as determined by comparing mean estimates made by college students with population statistics for college-educated individuals. Study 1 suggested that optimistic biases (the tendency for people to think they are less at risk than the average person) arise more because people overestimating the average person's risk than because they underestimate their own risk. In Study 2, subjects rated their risk after being presented with risk statistics that were 150%, 100%, or 50% of the true values. Subjects' estimates decreased with decreases in the comparison statistics, as if subjects attempted to preserve their "below-average" status, but they changed less than did the statistics and were actually pessimistic in comparison to the 50% values. Implications for interventions designed to influence risk perceptions are discussed.
Thiol and hydrogen peroxide modification of recA induction in UV-irradiated wild-type and catalase-deficient Escherichia coli K12.

Abstract Induction of recA in Escherichia coli , monitored as β- d -galactosidase (β-Gal) activity in recA-lacZ fusion strains, was shown to be elevated and prolonged by dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment after far-UV radiation. Pretreatment of UV-irradiated cultures using DTT led to a shortened recA response and little increase of β-Gal yield. Similar studies were performed using a catalase-deficient recA-lacZ strain in which the major feature was elevated levels of recA-lacZ induction. Catalase activity in UV-irradiated wild-type cells was reduced by DTT treatment to levels as low as in a katE mutant strain, leading to similar recA-lacZ induction patterns between the strains. Neither DTT nor H 2 O 2 treatment of cells could induce significant recA transcription in the absence of UV-radiation, implying that both agents modify recA activity primarily by interfering with repair of recA -inducingDNA lesions. The results confirm previous studies suggesting that modification of DNA repair is probably a significant portion of thiol radiation protection.
Comment on Z→π0γ and the axial anomaly

Abstract We examine the recent claim of a possible enhancement of the process enhancement of the process Z→ π 0 γ through the axial anomaly. A critical analysis of the question reveals the deficiency in the proof, and no enhancement is seen in a model calculation.
“Solubilized” vitamin K1 (phytonadione)in neonatal hypoprothrombinemia

Summary Solubilized vitamin K 1 (phytonadione)was administered to a group of 300 infants during the first day of life. One hundred and seventy-eight received 2 mg. orally via a specially designed disposable, sterilized plastic ampule, and 122 received 1 mg. intramuscularly. Capillary whole blood prothrombin times in all of the infants and serum bilirubin levels, indirect and total values, in a portion of them were determined within the subsequent 72 hours of life and compared to those of a control group. There were no significant differences between the prothrombin times or the bilirubin levels of the several groups. Two of the 52 control infants, however, had prolonged prothrombin times. The prothrombin times of all infants inthe vitamin K 1 -treated groups were within normal limits, and no bleeding tendencies were noted. No untoward reaction to either method of administration of vitamin K 1 was encountered.