cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE MILLIMETER WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM OF MWC 349.

The millimeter wavelength spectrum of MWC 349 has been measured and fit to an empirical spectrum: Snu = 0.0667 (nu/GHz) exp 0.6 Jy. It is suggested that objects like MWC 349 are attractive calibrators at millimeter, submillimeter, and far-infrared wavelengths.
A self-directed adherence management program for patients with heart failure completing combined aerobic and resistance exercise training

This study measured the impact of the Exercise Adherence Management Program (EAMP) provided to 20 patients with heart failure (HF) who participated in a combined resistance and aerobic exercise training program during two 12-week phases. The EAMP included strategies designed to support exercise self-efficacy and adherence. Results indicate that an improvement in exercise self-efficacy occurred during the study period, whereas exercise adherence declined during the unsupervised phase. The highest rated adherence strategy for helpfulness and self-efficacy was group sessions. The study supports the use of adherence strategies based on self-efficacy in exercise programs for patients with HF.
Acute injections of opiate peptides into the rat cerebral ventricle: A macrophage-like cellular response

Abstract Opiate peptides (β-endorphin, α-endorphin or met-enkephalin) were administered to the lateral cerebral ventricle of adult male rats via single injection into implanted cannulas. Scanning EM of the third ventricle above the median eminence of animals sacrificed approximately one hour after peptide injection revealed numerous free cells above the ependyma. Betaendorphin induced a significantly greater cellular response than other peptides or control injections. Transmission EM demonstrated that the cells had morphologic characteristics of macrophages. Opiate peptides in cerebrospinal fluid may act as “chemotactic” factors to induce the migration of macrophage-like supraependymal cells.
Kinetically stable complexes in water: the role of hydration and hydrophobicity.

We describe here the synthesis and characterization of a molecular receptor that forms kinetically and thermodynamically stable host−guest complexes in water. This cavitand-based host is composed of a preorganized aromatic pocket whose rim is decorated with four negatively charged carboxylate groups. 1H NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry have been used to characterize the behavior of the resulting complexes in response to changes in pH, buffer identity, and salt concentration and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles.
Relationships Between Simple Toe Elevation Angle in the Standing Position and Dynamic Balance and Fall Risk Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract Objective To investigate the relationships between toe elevation ability in the standing position and dynamic balance and fall risk among community-dwelling older adults. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting General community. Participants Community-dwelling older adults (N = 287). Main Outcome Measure Toe elevation angles in the standing position. Results Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of measurements of the toe elevation angle was high (internal coefficient of correlation [ICC] (1,2) = 0.94 for the former and ICC (2,1) = 0.90 for the latter). Significant correlations were found between the toe elevation angle and age ( r = −0.20, P r = −0.31, P r = 0.36, P r = −0.36, P r = 0.26, P t = 2.19, P P P Conclusions Toe elevation angle was an index of dynamic balance ability and appears to be a simple screening test for fall risk in community-dwelling older adults.
The effect of juvenile hormone and its antagonists on JH esterase activity in Tenebrio molitor

The hemolymph juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) and general carboxyl esterase activities in Tenebrio molitor show independent development-associated changes during larval-pupal and pupal-adult metamorphoses. JHE activity was high in pharate pupae and early pupae. Unlike in lepidopteran pupae that have been studied thus far, JH had no effect on JHE activity in pupae and pharate adults of Tenebrio. AJH antagonist, ethyl 4,2, tert butyl carboxy n benzoate (ETB), and 20-hydroxyecdysone had no effect on JHE activity. These observations suggest that although JHE activity in Tenebrio is precisely regulated during larval-pupal metamorphosis, JH and molting hormone do not appear to be involved in its regulation and that the proximate cues that influence JHE activity in Tenebrio pupae are different from that of lepidopterans. RESUME Action de l'hormone juvenile et de ses antagonistes sur l'activite JH esterase chez Tenebrio molitor Les activites JHE (esterase juvenile hormone) de l'hemolymphe et carboxyl esterase generale de T. molitor changent independamment du developpement pendant les metamorphoses larve-nymphe et nymphe-adulte. L'activite JHE est elevee chez les ‘prenymphes’ et les jeunes nymphes. Contrairement aux chrysalides de papillons, JH n'a pas d'effet sur l'activite JHE chez les nymphes et les ‘preadultes’ de Tenebrio. Un antagoniste de JH, l'ethyl 4,2, tert butyl carboxy n benzoate (ETB), 20-hydroxyecdysone et le precocene 2 – agent anti-allate chez plusieurs insectes –, n'ont aucun effet sur l'activite JHE. Ces observations suggerent que, bien que l'activite JHE chez T. molitor soit ajustee avec precision pendant la metamorphose larvo-nymphale, JH et hormone de mue ne paraissent pas etre impliquees dans sa regulation et que les signaux immediats, qui influent sur l'activite JHE de la nymphe de T. molitor, different de ceux des Lepidopteres.
Intraspecific differences for melatonin-induced reproductive regression and the seasonal molt in Peromyscus leucopus.

Laboratory-reared female Peromyscus leucopus from Connecticut (CT) and Georgia (GA) stocks were injected with 50 μg melatonin or saline for either 12 or 18 weeks at 12 hr after lights on (16L:8D). After 12 weeks 93% of the melatonin-treated CT mice exhibited an imperforate vagina and a reduced reproductive tract weight (31 ± 11, P < 0.01) and follicular index (6.0 ± 0.2, P < 0.001) relative to saline-injected mice (18%, 81 ± 11, 7.4 ± 0.2, respectively). Six of the 14 melatonin-treated CT mice molted to a winter pelt. Spontaneous gonadal recrudescence was occurring by Week 18 in CT mice injected with melatonin. In contrast, melatonin had little effect on these parameters in GA mice. Though a few GA animals exhibited a reduced reproductive tract weight and an imperforate vagina, follicular index was unaffected. Such differential sensitivity to melatonin injections is analagous to a previous report for differences in photoperiodic sensitivity between these two populations.
Thermomechanical feedbacks in magmatic systems: Implications for growth, longevity, and evolution of large caldera-forming magma reservoirs and their supereruptions

Abstract Large magma bodies that feed super-eruptions and build batholiths are not instantaneously emplaced. Many accumulate over time scales of 10 5 to 10 6 years as part of magmatic episodes that last 10 7 years and propagate a thermal and magmatic front through the crust to stabilize the reservoirs in the upper crust. This history imposes a rheological and thermodynamic conditioning on the host rocks that sets in motion three feedbacks that promote growth and longevity of large silicic magma reservoirs. Herein we review the development of ideas about the thermomechanical evolution of large silicic magma systems and explore the feedbacks and their implications for the growth, longevity, and evolution of large silicic magma reservoirs. Feedback 1 promotes increasing temperatures and consequent lower viscosities in the host rocks and the development of a ductile halo. Feedbacks 2 and 3 are feedbacks that result from the thermal dependence of the rheological properties of this ductile halo. In feedback 2 low wall rock viscosities lead to dissipation of strain in the host rocks reducing the likelihood of eruption. Feedback 3 is a negative loop between volume change and pressurization also reducing the likelihood of wall rock failure and eruption. We show that these feedbacks are most pronounced in larger reservoirs (> 500 km 3 ) and conspire to promote reservoir growth. Predicted imprints of these feedbacks are extended melt present lifetimes, complex heterogeneous age records and crystal-rich magma in some large silicic magma reservoirs. In this framework, interruption of the slow steady progress towards viscous death and solidification manifests as a supereruption. Second boiling and recharge (including buoyancy effects) acting in concert or independently lead to roof uplift and extension and eruptions are finally triggered by downward propagating faults from the extended and weakened roof. This connotes a thermomechanical division of calderas into those where eruptions are triggered “internally” by magmatic processes and those that are triggered “externally” by faulting related to roof uplift and attenuation. The division is controlled by size of magma reservoir, although, true to nature, exceptions exist, demonstrating interruption of the feedbacks by other processes like tectonism.
A Basis for Reduced Chemical Library Inhibition of Firefly Luciferase Obtained from Directed Evolution

We measured the "druggability" of the ATP-dependent luciferase derived from the firefly Photuris pennsylvanica that was optimized using directed evolution (Ultra-Glo, Promega). Quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) was used to determine IC(50)s of 198899 samples against a formulation of Ultra-Glo luciferase (Kinase-Glo). We found that only 0.1% of the Kinase-Glo inhibitors showed an IC(50) 100K compounds) in addressing important questions such as a target's druggability.
Colloquium paper: in the light of evolution II: biodiversity and extinction.

The Earth's biodiversity is a wellspring for scientific curiosity about nature's workings. It is also a source of joy Andy inspiration for inquisitive minds, from poets to philosophers, and provides life-support services. According to Kellert (2), biodiversity affords humanity nine principal types of benefit: utilitarian (direct economic value of nature's goods and services), scientific (biological insights), aesthetic (inspiration from nature's beauty), humanistic (feelings deeply rooted in our inherent attachment to other species), dominionistic (physical and mental well-being promoted by some kinds of interactions with nature), moralistic (including spiritual uplifting), naturalistic (curiosity-driven satisfaction from the living world), symbolic (nature-stimulated imagination, communication, and thought), and even negativistic (fears and anxieties about nature, which can actually enrich people's life experience). Whether or not this list properly characterizes nature's benefits, the fact is that a world diminished in biodiversity would be greatly impoverished. Many scientists have argued that, as a consequence of human activities, the Earth has entered the sixth mass extinction episode (and the only such event precipitated by a biotic agent) in its 4-billion-year history (3, 4). The last catastrophic extinction, which occurred ≈65 million years ago and was the coup-de-grace for non-avian dinosaurs, marine ammonites, and many other evolutionary lineages, happened rather suddenly after a large asteroid slammed into the planet. Today, most of the biotic holocaust is due—directly or indirectly—to local, regional, and global environmental impacts from a burgeoning human population. The first phase of the current extinction episode started ≈50,000–100,000 years ago, when modern humans began dispersing around the planet. The second phase started 10,000 years ago with further population increases and land-use changes associated with the invention of agriculture. A third phase of environmental alteration and bio diversity loss was ushered in by the industrial revolution. E. O. Wilson (5) estimated that the Earth is currently losing … [↵][1]†To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: javise{at}uci.edu or fjayala{at}uci.edu [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Motion-compensated visual pattern image sequence coding

This paper presents an improved motion compensated version of the Visual Pattern Image Sequence Coding (VPISC) paradigm. It is a high performance video codec that is easily implemented in software. Software video codecs are not only cheaper, but are more flexible system solutions because they enable multi-vendor computers to exchange encoded video information without requiring on-board protocol compatible video codec hardware. The codec is intended for real-time desktop computer applications like multimedia delivery, and local area network (as well as point-to-point) televideo conferencing. We describe a version of motion compensated VPISC (MCVPISC) that has achieved bit rates of 0.025 bpp or better for MPEG test sequences (source coding has further reduced the bit rate by about half). The computational complexity of the encoder is less than 3 integer operations per pixel. The decoder is bounded between 0.016 and 0.125 logical and integer operations per pixel.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An approach to containing computer viruses

This paper presents a mechanism for containing the spread of computer viruses by detecting at run-time whether or not an executable has been modified since its installation. The detection strategy uses encryption and is held to be better for virus containment than conventional computer security mechanisms which are based on the incorrect assumption that preventing modification of executables by unauthorized users is sufficient. Although this detection mechanism is most effective when all executables in a system are encrypted, a scheme is presented that shows the usefulness of the encryption approach when this is not the case. The detection approach is also better suited for use in untrusted computer systems. The protection of this mechanism in untrusted computing environments is addressed.
Cyclic crystal plasticity analyses of stationary, microstructurally small surface cracks in ductile single phase polycrystals

This paper explores the effects of microstructural heterogeneity on the cyclic crack tip opening and sliding displacements for stationary, microstructurally small transgranular surface cracks in a single phase metallic polycrystal using planar double slip crystal plasticity computations. Crack tip displacements are examined under plane strain conditions for stationary cracks of different lengths relative to grain size as a function of the applied nominal strain amplitude for tension-compression and cyclic shear. Nominal strain amplitudes range from well below to slightly above the nominal cyclic yield strength for each type of loading condition. Results indicate the complex nature of the crack tip sliding and opening displacements as functions of nominal strain amplitude and orientation of the nearest neighbour grains, the influence of the free surface in promoting the cyclic opening displacement even for cracks in the first surface grain, the rather restricted limits of applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics, and very interesting crack tip plasticity effects which include crack tip displacement ratcheting or progressive accumulation, even for completely reversed, proportional applied loading. Results are compared for cases with and without crack face friction.
Molybdenum and Copper Uptake by Forage Grasses and Legumes Grown on a Metal‐Contaminated Sludge Site

Abstract Wastes applied to agricultural land can contain significant concentrations of bioavailable molybdenum (Mo). Because Mo uptake by forage crops could lead to hypocuprosis in ruminants, more knowledge is needed about which crops are most efficient in accumulating Mo. At an old sewage sludge‐amended site, the concentrations of Mo, copper (Cu), and several other trace metals were measured in various grass species. Generally, the grasses grown on the sludge site contained higher Mo concentrations than the same species grown on a nearby control site. However, because Cu concentrations were also higher in the sludge‐grown grasses, Cu:Mo ratios in the grasses were frequently higher on the sludge site. In contrast, all legumes tested (alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, pea), as well as canola and beets, had lower Cu:Mo ratios when grown on the sludge site. Sulfur concentrations in the two crops analyzed for this element (canola and pea) were higher on the sludge site than the control. It is concluded ...
Label-Free Imaging and Biochemical Characterization of Bovine Sperm Cells

A full label-free morphological and biochemical characterization is desirable to select spermatozoa during preparation for artificial insemination. In order to study these fundamental parameters, we take advantage of two attractive techniques: digital holography (DH) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). DH presents new opportunities for studying morphological aspect of cells and tissues non-invasively, quantitatively and without the need for staining or tagging, while RS is a very specific technique allowing the biochemical analysis of cellular components with a spatial resolution in the sub-micrometer range. In this paper, morphological and biochemical bovine sperm cell alterations were studied using these techniques. In addition, a complementary DH and RS study was performed to identify X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm cells. We demonstrate that the two techniques together are a powerful and highly efficient tool elucidating some important criterions for sperm morphological selection and sex-identification, overcoming many of the limitations associated with existing protocols.
THE EFFECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON AVIATION WEATHER SAFETY -- METEOROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE NEW DENVER AIRPORT.

Abstract The new Denver International Airport currently under construction was the subject of rigorous environmental impact assessment by both the project sponsor and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Airport design is closely linked to regional (mesoscale) meteorolory, and the Denver region experiences a wide range of extreme weather conditions as a consequence of proximity to the Rocky Mountains as well as other topographic influences. Therefore, a comprehensive meteorological assessment was conducted to ensure that the new airport would be compatible with the meteorological regime of eastern Colorado. The meteorological assessment process not only assisted in the completion of the EA and EIS for the project, but also illuminated the new airport's capacity to operate efficiently despite the Denver region's variable weather. In addition, the assessment demonstrated the potential value of integrating climate and meteorological information into the development and rebuilding of the nation's infrastructure.
The role of dietary fat and hepatic triglyceride secretion in cancer-induced hypertriglyceridemia.

Growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma induces hyperlipemia in mice. In the present study using male Swiss-Webster mice, we examined whether the usual elevations of plasma triglyceride levels in cancerous mice would occur in the absence of dietary fat. Hypertriglyceridemia developed at a similar rate and to a comparable degree in tumorous mice eating a fat-free (58% glucose) diet and in those fed Purina chow. Maximal hyperlipidemia was observed on day 6 or day 8 in tumorous mice fed either diet. To determine whether the endogenous cancer-induced hyperlipidemia was due to hypersecretion of triglycerides by the liver, triglyceride secretion rates were studied 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days after tumor inoculation using Trition WR-1339. The secretory rates did not increase prior to or during the development of hypertriglyceridemia in tumorous mice and were not significantly different from those of control mice. On days 10 and 12, triglyceride secretion actually decreased in tumorous mice. Other possible causes for hypertriglyceridemia are discussed in light of the present findings of undetectable differences in triglyceride secretion rates accompanying growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice.
Therapist countertransference: in search of common themes and empirical referents.

Throughout this issue on countertransference (CT) and elsewhere, the multiple terms used to describe CT events provide rich conceptual diversity, but also result in theoretical isolation and clinical compartmentalization. Our study and understanding of CT would benefit remarkably if we could agree on empirical-therapist features that any CT conceptualization must target. Subsequent discussions of CT then could specify which of the respective empirical features are being addressed. Accordingly, I offer a descriptive framework that asserts that CT and its hypothesized subtypes (e.g., subjective and objective) can be detected empirically whenever a therapist's experiences and actions with a particular client assume one of several definable “deviations from baseline.” If, in our clinical or research pursuits, we are to understand CT, we have to take the time to assess the necessary behavioral baselines for therapists and their clients. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 1053–1063, 2001.
TEMPERATURE-RELATED TRENDS IN THE VERTICAL POSITION OF THE SUMMER UPPER TROPOSPHERIC SURFACE OF MAXIMUM WIND OVER THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

The surface of maximum wind (SMW) is used to examine spatial and temporal variability in the vertical position of jet streams and fast upper tropospheric wind maxima over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) in the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis for summers 1958–2004. At a given observation time in a gridded data set, the SMW is defined as the surface passing through the fastest analyzed wind above each grid node, with a vertical search domain restricted to the upper troposphere and any tropospheric jet streams extending into the lower stratosphere. The 47-year mean summer SMW generally resides below the tropopause, undulates in the tropics, and descends poleward in middle and high latitudes. Trends in the pressure of the summer SMW are primarily positive, exceed 30 hPa/decade at some locations, and are found over most of the tropics and subtropics for the period 1958–2004. The thermal wind relationship is used to establish links between the SMW pressure trends and temperature gradient changes in the upper troposphere. The changing temperature gradients are consistent with nonuniform tropospheric warming and are correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) variability related to El Ni˜ no and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Copyright  2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Something-We-Know-Not-What, Something-We-Know-Not-Why: Berkeley, Meaning and Minds

It is sometimes suggested that Berkeley adheres to an empirical criterion of meaning, on which a term is meaningful just in case it signifies an idea (i.e., an immediate object of perceptual experience). This criterion is thought to underlie his rejection of the term ‘matter’ as meaningless. As is well known, Berkeley thinks that it is impossible to perceive matter. If one cannot perceive matter, then, per Berkeley, one can have no idea of it; if one can have no idea of it, then one cannot speak meaningfully of it. But if this is Berkeley’s position, then there is a puzzle, because Berkeley also explicitly claims that it is impossible to perceive/have ideas of minds. So if he is relying on a criterion on which terms get their meaning by referring to ideas, then, just as Berkeley rejects talk of material substance, so, too, must he reject talk of mental substance. Famously, however, Berkeley insists that there is no parity between the cases of material and mental substance. It is typically suggested that the disparity between matter and minds rests on the fact that although one cannot strictly speaking perceive minds, nonetheless Berkeley thinks that one can have experiential access to minds via reflection, and that this access allows for meaningful talk of minds. Of course, one can only have reflective experience of one’s own mind. But what of other minds, which one cannot reflectively experience? Here the usual tactic is to suppose that, although one cannot have direct reflective experience of other minds, nonetheless one can indirectly experience such minds via analogy to our own minds, and that this indirect experience grounds the meaningfulness of talk of other minds. In this paper, I argue that the reasoning behind Berkeley’s ‘likeness principle,’ that an idea can only be like another idea, can be generalized to argue against this experience-based account of our access to other minds. I claim instead that Berkeley allows for the meaningfulness of talk of other minds by expanding the criterion of meaning in a different way. I argue that Berkeley holds a criterion of meaning on which a term is meaningful just in case it signifies either an object of experience or an object that one has reason to posit on the basis of experience, i.e., an object that is necessary to explain our experiences. When an object is neither experienced nor explains our experiences, then and only then is Berkeley willing to reject it as meaningless. Thus he writes of “the word matter,” that “it is no matter whether there is such a thing or no, since it no way concerns us: and I do not see the advantage there is in disputing about we know not what, and we know not why” (Principles, §77.) The word is not meaningless merely because we do not know what matter might be; it is meaningless because we also do not know why it should be. Correspondingly, I argue that the term ‘mind’ is meaningful because although we have no experience of minds, nonetheless they play an important role in explaining our experiences.
A-SOAP: Adaptive SOAP Message Processing and Compression

Adaptive SOAP (A-SOAP,) is a practical approach to SOAP message compression. A-SOAP separates mechanisms from policies and allows for incremental deployment. This paper focuses on its three underlying mechanisms: accelerating message composition, reducing parsing overheads, and compressing messages, which leverages the previous two mechanisms. In contrast to existing dictionary-based compression techniques, A- SOAP does not require dictionaries to be exchanged between the two endpoints in advance; its dictionaries are built incrementally, as the communication progresses. A- SOAP endpoints agree on the dictionary management policy using a mechanism similar to HTTP content negotiation, possibly using a dedicated HTTP header field. In experiments with short messages and a simple policy, an A-SOAP prototype reduces processing overheads by half and message sizes by an order of magnitude without increasing message latencies.
Functional and effective frontotemporal connectivity and genetic risk for schizophrenia.

Abstract Background Functional neuroimaging and electrophysiologic studies have found disturbed frontotemporal interaction in schizophrenia. We sought to determine whether abnormalities of frontotemporal connectivity are trait markers of genetic risk for schizophrenia. Methods We investigated 64 schizophrenia patients, 79 of their clinically unaffected siblings, and 88 unrelated normal controls with an auditory oddball electroencephalogram (EEG) evoked potential paradigm. We measured: 1) frontotemporal event-related EEG-coherence (i.e. a measure of functional connectivity); and 2) we performed structural equation modeling of the effective connectivity between the frontal P300 and temporoparietal P300-amplitude. Results Schizophrenic patients and their siblings showed a reduction of frontotemporal coherence. At peak activation during the P300 time-window, a negative (“inhibitory”) frontotemporal path coefficient was found in normal controls, whereas a positive coefficient was seen in schizophrenic patients with siblings being intermediate. Intra-class correlations between sib-pairs and relative risk estimates of the applied connectivity measures were non-significant. Topographic correlation matrix analyses suggested that the altered functional and effective frontotemporal connectivity indirectly reflect regional abnormalities of increased activation variance. Conclusions Impaired interaction of the frontotemporal macro-circuit indirectly reflects genetically determined abnormalities of frontal and temporoparietal microcircuits. The reasons why frontotemporal connectivity appears to be a poor predictor of genetic risk for schizophrenia are discussed.
The iPlant Collaborative: Cyberinfrastructure to Feed the World

As plant biology becomes a data-driven science, new computing technologies are needed to address many formidable challenges. The iPlant Collaborative provides cyberinfrastructure for researchers and developers to collaborate in creating better tools, workflows, algorithms, and ontologies.
The Entropy and Thermodynamic Potentials of Real Gases and Mixtures of Real Gases and a Mass Action Law for Chemical Reaction Between Real Gases: II. Integrated Equations

The general thermodynamic equations derived in the first paper are integrated by means of a new equation of state for gas mixtures. Thus the energy, heat content, entropy and thermodynamic potentials ${F}_{V,T}$ and ${F}_{p,T}$ of a mixture of real gases, and the chemical potential and fugacity of a gas in a mixture are expressed as integrated functions of $V, T, {n}_{1}, {n}_{2}, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, and the constants of the equation of state of the pure gases composing the mixture. The expression for the thermodynamic potential ${F}_{V,T}$ is a fundamental equation in the Gibbs sense. A mass action law for reactions between real gases is given, the "mass action constant" ${K}_{p}$ being expressed in terms of the variables $V, T, {x}_{1}, {x}_{2}, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}, {\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, and the equation of state constants of the pure gases composing the equilibrium mixture. The determination of the values of the various integration constants are discussed for the following cases: (a) non-isothermal and (b) isothermal variations in the state of a system composed of gases which react chemically, (c) non-isothermal and (d) isothermal variations in the state of a system composed of nonreacting gases.
An unusual cause of renal failure: Disseminated mucormycosis.

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Renal mucormycosis is a rare but important cause of acute renal failure in critically ill patient. However, control of underlying condition, intravenous Amphotericin B and debridement of infected tissues may be life saver. Please cite this paper as: Dalal P, Misra M. An unusual cause of renal failure: Disseminated mucormycosis. J Nephropathology. 2012; 1(3): 188-189. DOI: 10.5812/nephropathol.8121
Minimum-cross-entropy inversion, spectrum analysis, and classification. Introduction and discussion of possible geophysical applications

Abstract The principle of minimum cross-entropy (MCE) is a general method of inference about unknown probability densities given information in the form of constraints on expected values. The background, justification, and properties of MCE inversion are summarized briefly. Some recent applications in spectrum analysis and pattern classification are then summarized, and some speculations on the application of MCE to general inversion problems in geophysics are offered.
Gas sorption and transport in poly(alkyl (meth)acrylate)s. II. Sorption and diffusion properties

Abstract Gas sorption in amorphous ethyl and decyl acrylate polymers and semi-crystalline and molten octadecyl and behenyl acrylate polymers were measured as a function of temperature for CH4 and CO2. Diffusion coefficients, calculated based on permeability data for these polymers, are found to increase with increasing side-chain length. The large differences in permeability observed between poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(ethyl acrylate) are described in terms of the diffusion and solubility of gases in these polymers. Anomalous permeation switch behavior of poly(behenyl acrylate) is further analyzed using diffusion switch data. The solubility coefficients for CH4 and CO2 in amorphous poly(alkyl acrylate)s are correlated with alkyl content and extrapolated to the long side-chain limit. The extrapolated values are larger than those for amorphous polyethylene found by extrapolation to zero crystallinity using the traditional two-phase model.
Renal Thermal Ablative Therapy

Energy targeting is greatly enhanced through imaging modalities, which greatly assist needle placement or energy delivery to the optimal location for maximal effectiveness. When vital structures obscure access to the renal lesion, laparoscopic mobilization of these structures with direct visualization of the tumor can increase the likelihood of ablation success and minimize complication risk. Ablative therapies are attractive because of their minimal impact on patient quality of life in addition to their morbidity and cost. Although they show promise of efficacy, they must be evaluated with long-term follow-up before they are considered the standard of oncologic care. Renal masses can be treated with a laparoscopic or percutaneous approach depending on tumor location, size, and the available technology and experience of the center.
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and HPLC Determination of the Products in the Radiolysis of 5-Bromouracil, its Nucleoside and Nucleotide Derivatives

Abstract Radiolysis of 5-bromouracil (BrUr), 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate (BrdUMP) has been studied by high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Production of bromide ions and the complementary uracil, 2-deoxyuridine and 2-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate has been quantitatively examined. It is concluded that in the presence of hydroxyl radical scavenger, at pH 6 to 10, BrUr, BrdU and BrdUMP quantitatively react with hydrated electron. In the absence of hydroxyl radical (.OH) scavenger in N2-saturated solutions the yield of bromide ions is about 5.0, indicating that hydroxyl radicals also significantly react with BrUr, BrdU and BrdUMP to eliminate hydrogen bromide. Results from the radiolysis of 1 mM aqueous solutions of BrdU and BrdUMP suggested that abstraction of hydrogen by uracilyl radicals from the sugar moieties is not important. Our mass spectrometry experiments indicated that uracilyl radicals react with the s...
What can biomarkers tell us about the pathogenesis of acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, fibrosing interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology. An estimated 200,000 Americans are presently living with IPF, and the prevalence appears to be increasing. Mean survival from the time of diagnosis is only 2–3 years, and unfortunately there
Determination of The Local Atomic Structure of LA2-x(SR,BA)xCUO4 Materials From Neutron Powder Diffraction Data

We describe the use of neutron powder diffraction for studying the local structure of high-temperature superconductors. This is accomplished by carrying out a pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. This approach does not presume a periodic structure and allows short range deviations from perfect crystalline order to be observed. Data from a sample of La2CuO4 collected on two different diffractometers are compared to determine the degree of reproducibility of the results. It is found that the data reproduce very well; however, a model-PDF, fit to the data assuming the average crystal structure in the low-temperature-orthorhombic (LTO) phase, differs from the data in a number of significant ways. This is related to earlier observations that the local structure of the La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 compound differs from the average crystal structure.
Are there inescapable issues prohibiting the use of terrain-following coordinates in climate models?

Abstract The use of σ-coordinate ocean models has historically been considered a disadvantage for large-scale climate studies. The main reason resides in the non-alignment of the vertical coordinate isosurfaces with either geopotential surfaces or isopycnals making it harder to accurately compute the horizontal pressure gradient, advection, and isoneutral tracer diffusion. Moreover, this class of model requires a vertical mixing parameterization robust to large changes in the vertical resolution between shallow and deep areas. In this paper we show that, with some adjustments of the tracer advection, the surface boundary layer parameterization and the vertical grid, a σ-coordinate model can achieve an accurate representation of the oceanic interior and mixed-layer dynamics. To do so, a new way of handling the temporal discretization of the rotated biharmonic operator is used to achieve tracer variance dissipation in an adiabatic and computationally efficient way. Furthermore, a redesign of the K-Profile surface layer Parameterization (KPP) to improve the regularity of the solution and the overall numerical efficiency of the scheme is introduced. To validate the new algorithmic developments, we perform a set of coarse-resolution realistic basin-scale Pacific simulations. Besides improving the conservation of water mass properties, the use of an isoneutral tracer hyperdiffusion is shown to have a negative feedback on the circulation error growth rate, thus significantly reducing the sensitivity of the model solution to the degree of topographic smoothing. The overall validation of our simulations, focusing on the key characteristics of the circulation in the Pacific Ocean, provides some evidence of the efficacy of a terrain-following coordinate for large scale applications.
A discussion of the molecular mechanisms of moisture transport in epoxy resins

A typical epoxy formulation can absorb several weight percent of water, seriously degrading the physical properties of the resin. In two preceding publications (Soles, C. L.; Chang, F. T.; Bolan, B. A.; Hristov, H. A.; Gidley, D. W.; Yee, A. F. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 1998, 36, 3035; Soles, C. L.; Chang, F. T.; Gidley, D. W.; Yee, A. F. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 2000, 38, 776), the role of electron density heterogeneities, or nanovoids (as measured through positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy), in the moisture-transport process is elucidated. In this article, the influence of these nanovoids is examined in light of both the specific epoxy-water interactions and the molecular motions of the glassy state to develop a plausible picture of the moisture-transport process in an amine-cured epoxy resin. In this description, the topology (nanopores), polarity, and molecular motions act in concert to control trans- port. Water traverses the epoxy through the network of nanopores, which are also coincident with the polar hydroxyls and amines. In this respect, the nanopores provide access to the polar interaction sites. Furthermore, the sub-Tg (glass-transition temper- ature) molecular motions coincident with the onset of the b-relaxation process incor- porate these polar sites and, hence, regulate the association of water with the epoxy. In effect, the kinetics of the transport mirror the dynamics associated with the local-scale motions of the b-relaxation process, and this appears to be the rate-limiting factor in transport. The volume fraction of the nanopores does not appear to be rate-limiting in the case of an amine-cured epoxy, contrary to popular theories of transport. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 792- 802, 2000
Cultural Logics and Global Economies: Maya Identity in Thought and Practice.

Cultural Logics and Global Economies: Maya Identity in Thought and Practice. Edward F. Fischer. Austin: University of Texas Press,2001. xii. 287 pp., figures, photographs, notes, glossary, bibliography, index.
Do Mexican immigrants substitute health care in Mexico for health insurance in the United States? The role of distance.

Abstract Although language and culture are important contributors to uninsurance among immigrants, one important contributor may have been overlooked – the ability of immigrants to return to their home country for health care. This paper examines the extent to which uninsurance (private insurance and Medicaid) is related to the ability of immigrants to return to Mexico for health care, as measured by spatial proximity. The data for this study are from the Mexican Migration Project. After controlling for household income, acculturation and demographic characteristics, arc distance to the place of origin plays a role in explaining uninsurance rates. Distance within Mexico is quite important, indicating that immigrants from the South of Mexico are more likely to seek care in their communities of origin (hometowns).
Localization of the Mutation Responsible for Osteopetrosis in the op Rat to a 1.5-cM Genetic Interval on Rat Chromosome 10: Identification of Positional Candidate Genes by Radiation Hybrid Mapping

Osteopetrosis is caused by a heterogenous group of bone diseases that result in an increase in skeletal mass because of inadequate osteoclastic bone resorption. In the op osteopetrotic rat, the disease has been linked to a single genetic locus located at the proximal end of rat chromosome 10. In this study, we identified a 1.5-cM genetic interval that contains the mutation. We then generated an improved radiation hybrid (RH) map of this region to identify potential functional and positional candidates for the op gene. Using the rat genome radiation hybrid panel, we mapped 57 markers including 24 genes (14 that have not yet been mapped in the rat) and 10 expressed sequence tag markers. Included in the mapped genes are several candidate genes that might significantly influence the biochemical pathways involved in osteopetrosis. These include genes involved in osteoclast differentiation, apoptosis, and the functional capabilities of mature osteoclasts to resorb bone. Further analysis of the genes and expressed transcripts mapped to this region may yield important insights into the multifactorial control of osteoclast function and the mechanisms of failed bone homeostasis in diseases such as osteopetrosis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis in which failed bone homeostasis is an instigating or exacerbating circumstance of the disease process.
Formation of a ground state twisted-internal-charge-transfer conformer of 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde

Abstract Ultraviolet absorption spectra and visible Raman spectra were collected for 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde (DABA) in aqueous solution in the pH range of 9.56 to −1.08. Equilibrium arguments show that only the free base and the dimethylamino protonated species will be present in appreciable concentrations in this pH range. Protonation leads to increased sp3 hybridization about the amino nitrogen with rotation to form a twisted-internal-charge-transfer (TICT) conformer. Molar absorptivities were calculated for the 352 nm band and these values were used to calculate the angle of rotation of the dimethylamino group out of the ring plane. The Raman spectrum of DABA in concentrated hydrochloric acid solution is consistent with a TICT structure in which the amino group is rotated 90° out of the plane.
Do T Cells Have a Cilium

It is claimed that all mammalian cells express a single cilia. Although the origin of this idea is unclear, it hasn't stopped immunologists from looking for cilia on hematopoietic cells. But is this a fruitless search? On page 1247 of this issue, de la Roche et al. ( 1 ) suggest that a cilia equivalent does exist in T lymphocytes, perhaps masquerading as a structure associated with T cell activation.
Evaluation of the pathogenesis and treatment of Mycobacterium marinum infection in zebrafish

Mycobacterium marinum-infected zebrafish are used to study tuberculosis pathogenesis, as well as for antitubercular drug discovery. The small size of zebrafish larvae coupled with their optical transparency allows for rapid analysis of bacterial burdens and host survival in response to genetic and pharmacological manipulations of both mycobacteria and host. Automated fluorescence microscopy and automated plate fluorimetry (APF) are coupled with facile husbandry to facilitate large-scale, repeated analysis of individual infected fish. Both methods allow for in vivo screening of chemical libraries, requiring only 0.1 μmol of drug per fish to assess efficacy; they also permit a more detailed evaluation of the individual stages of tuberculosis pathogenesis. Here we describe a 16-h protocol spanning 22 d, in which zebrafish larvae are infected via the two primary injection sites, the hindbrain ventricle and caudal vein; this is followed by the high-throughput evaluation of pathogenesis and antimicrobial efficacy.
Defined Anaerobic Growth Medium for Studying Candida albicans Basic Biology and Resistance to Eight Antifungal Drugs

The polymorphic fungus Candida albicans is one of the most versatile opportunistic pathogens in humans. Many organs of the human body are potential targets for infection by this pathogen, but infection is commonly localized in the gastrointestinal tract, an environment providing anaerobic growth conditions. We describe a chemically defined anaerobic growth medium for four strains of Candida albicans (A72, SC5314, MEN, and 10261). It is a defined liquid glucose-phosphate-proline growth medium supplemented with oleic acid, nicotinic acid, and ammonium chloride. The cells did not require or respond to added ergosterol. Oleic acid and nicotinic acid are growth factors which are required only for the anaerobic growth of C. albicans. An important technical feature of this study was the use of anaerobically grown inocula to study anaerobic growth. Anaerobically, the cells grew exclusively as mycelia at 25, 30, and 37°C. The doubling time at 30°C was ca. 20 h. The cells did not produce farnesol and did not respond to exogenous farnesol, and they were resistant to the highest tested levels of amphotericin B and four of the azole antifungals. We suggest that the anaerobic growth of C. albicans may contribute to the trailing end point phenomenon and the resistance of C. albicans biofilms to antifungal drugs.
Placemaking and Latino Urbanism in a Phoenix Mexican immigrant community

Latino immigrants are remaking residential landscapes in Phoenix, Arizona. This case study explores Garfield, a Mexican immigrant neighborhood, where transformations to residential landscape have altered existing community space creating Latino cultural space. Landscape study and visual documentation in Garfield demonstrate how Latino immigrants transform the living environment of a once decayed inner-city neighborhood. Findings suggest that placemaking changes brought by Latino immigrants, particularly residential housescapes, can be a culturally sustainable practice that enhances the neighborhood aesthetic. It remains problematic whether Mexican housescapes can be successfully incorporated into Latino Urbanism because the creation process carries social meaning that is difficult to reproduce.
Artificial systems for software engineering studies

A description is given of techniques for the automatic generation of large artificial software systems that can be used for laboratory studies of testing and integration strategies, reliability models, etc. A prototype generator is described that produces code for such systems by constructing a large number of nearly identical modules. This generator has been used to construct a family of systems that in theory can be made arbitrarily large. Several experiments were conducted to explore the sensitivity of the Jelinski-Moranda model to violations of the assumption that all defects have equal probability of being discovered. >