cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacogenomic considerations for antiplatelet agents: the era of precision medicine in stroke prevention and neurointerventional practice

Antiplatelet drugs are widely utilized in the setting of primary stroke prevention, secondary stroke prevention, and neuroendovascular device-related stroke prevention. These medications are effective in general, although significant variability in drug activity exists between patients. Although this variation may be related in part to a multitude of factors, a growing body of evidence suggests that individual genotypes are a main contributor. The PharmGKB database was mined to prioritize genetic variants with potential clinical relevance for response to aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor. Although variants were reported for all drugs, the highest level of evidence was found in cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genotype variation related to clopidogrel response. Individual genetic influences have an impact on the pharmacodynamics of antiplatelet agents. Current clinical practice for stroke prevention is primarily empiric or guided by functional assays; however, there now exists a third potential pathway to base treatment decisions: genotype-guided treatment.
Mental Health Assistance to Families and Communities in the Aftermath of an Outbreak

Families of patients affected by pandemic disease and their entire communities experience profound emotional responses during an outbreak and in its wake. Those responses can range from grief and bereavement to profound loss of sense of purpose and pervasive hopelessness and despair. Families of the deceased may require assistance with grief and loss, while families of survivors may have to deal with disability-induced burden, painful and sometimes slow recovery, economic burden, and the shroud of the stigma that surrounds the afflicted and their loved ones. Communities in the aftermath face a disruption of infrastructure and social fabric and, at a larger scale, deal with the same issues of loss and recovery as families do. The absence or disruption of mental health and psychosocial support systems and a dearth of well-trained mental health professionals in affected communities may amplify the risks of enduring psychological distress. Public mental health surveillance as a part of disease surveillance can help identify looming issues and allow for formulation of an adequate public mental health response. Public psychoeducation and integrated care that takes into account cultural and spiritual aspects of community trauma can help overcome many of the issues that families of the patient and entire communities are dealing with during the aftermath of an outbreak.
A Double-blind Evaluation of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Without Glucose and a Standard Solution of Hyperbaric Tetracaine

The effect of a 0.75% glucose-free solution of bupivacaine and a standard solution of 0.5% tetracaine in 5% dextrose with 0.2 mg of epinephrine were compared following subarachnoid administration in 60 healthy orthopedic surgical patients. Each anesthetic solution was randomly injected into 30 patients and the anesthetic profile of the two solutions were evaluated in a double-blind fashion. Frequency of adequate anesthesia, onset and regression of anesthesia, and onset, intensity, and duration of motor block were assessed. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored prior to and throughout the duration of anesthesia. Tetracaine produced a significantly shorter latency, higher maximal level of anesthesia, and longer duration of sensory anesthesia. Duration of complete motor blockade was also significantly longer in the tetracaine treated group. On the other hand, the frequency of tourniquet pain was lower and the degree of hypotension was less in the patients in whom bupivacaine was administered intrathecally. The results of this double-blind study suggest that glucose-free bupivacaine may be a useful spinal anesthetic agent for orthopedic surgical procedures of 2 to 4 hours duration.
Revivifying socialist realism: Lukács’s Solschenizyn

In the wake of Stalin’s death and the publication of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s early fictions, Georg Lukacs claimed to discern a revivification of socialist realism, the officially-sanctioned school of Soviet literature. A furtherance of that process was integral to the “renaissance of Marxism” and vitalization of socialist democracy that he hoped would restore the faith in socialism shaken by the Stalinist era. Although he dared not admit it, he envisioned a socialist realism cast in the image of bourgeois “critical realism.”
Policy mix and the U.S. trade balance

The strong policy response of the United States to the 2008–2009 financial crisis raised concerns about its spillovers on other countries. The effects of the monetary stimulus received significant attention, while those of fiscal policy were largely overlooked, despite the combined deployment of these two policy instruments. This paper studies the trade spillovers of the post‐crisis policy mix. We find that overall effects were positive in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, reflecting positive spillovers of fiscal policy that outweighed the negative impact of monetary policy. More generally, our results highlight (i) the importance of studying fiscal and monetary policy spillovers jointly, as models with both instruments produce very different (and arguably more accurate) estimates of the effects of fiscal and monetary policy shocks, and (ii) that exchange rate regimes of trading partners are first‐order determinants of the extent of policy spillovers.
Education in Precolonial/Colonial North America (Pre-1776)

This chapter explores education in the United States prior to the Revolution. It begins by exploring the multitude of Native American methods of educating their youth. It continues a roots-based examination of the European models of schooling brought into the United States by European colonists. It concludes with a discussion on the educational legacies of this period and recommendations for further reading.
The Effect of Reentry Court Participation on Post-Release Supervision Outcomes and Re-Arrest

ABSTRACTThis research examines the impact of participation in a federal reentry court program on supervision violations, revocations, and re-arrest. We evaluate a federal reentry court that utilize...
A certificate program in computer forensics

Computer Forensics is a new career that formed in response to high technology crimes. Research was performed to determine the training needed to prepare people for positions in the field of computer forensics. A curriculum was developed, and practitioners in the field were hired to teach the program.
Policy and Technology: The Employed Inventor

An important issue of modem public policy is the creation of instruments which can operate as incentives for the achievement of social goals. Organizations can be stimulated in many ways such as legal compulsion, public pressure, or self-motivated initiative. It is important for policymakers to consider which type of stimulus will produce the desired objectives.
An Exploratory Study on Use of Sun Protective Apparel for Children: Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, Role Identity, and Purchase Intentions

This research address this important research gap and had a three-fold purpose: 1) to descriptively explore parents’ sunprotective apparel knowledge, frequency of child overexposure's, types of sunprotection used, awareness of sun protective apparel, and attitudes toward sunprotective apparel; 2) to investigate the effect of parental role identitysalience (high/low) on compliance in usage of sun protective apparel forchild(ren); and 3) to examine the effects of child’s level of sun sensitivity(low/moderate/high) on parents’ purchase intentions for sun protective apparel. It was revealed that a majority of children are still experiencing sunoverexposure and a majority of parents are not aware that sun protectiveapparel is the best form of sun protection. Participants had favorable attitudetowards sun protective apparel, and yet a third of the participants relied onsunscreen for sun protection, followed by other types of sun protective apparel.Participants with high parental role identity salience were more likely to maketheir child comply with wearing sun protective apparel than parents with lowsalience. This indicates that additional education of the benefits of sunprotective apparel can increase overall usage in caregivers with high parentalrole identity salience. Additionally, parents of children with high sunsensitivity are more likely to purchase sun protective apparel compared toparents of children with low sun sensitivity. Findings from this study could beused increase awareness of the benefits of sun protective apparel in childrenthrough education, marketing, and apparel labeling.
Observations of the seasonal buildup and washout of salts in urban bioswale soil.

Abstract The objective of this study was to quantify the seasonal risk of salt damage to bioswale plants, soil, microbes, and downstream waterbodies. To do so, we measured sodium, chloride, and electrical conductivity levels at seven bioswales located in the Bronx, New York City, over 42 storm events during a three-year monitoring period. The bioswale with the greatest salt contamination (median 206 mg/L chloride) had a unique inlet design without any possibility of inlet bypass. The most severe effects at all sites were found during the winter season, as infiltrate concentrations frequently (40% of winter samples) exceeded 1000 mg/L chloride, a level lethal to aquatic plants and invertebrates, and electrical conductivity exceeded 1500 μS cm−1 (50% of winter samples), a level that may displace bound metals from bioswale soils and into the subsurface. However, low levels of permanent salt contamination may be expected all year, as concentrations frequently (87% of all samples) exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standard of 20 mg/L sodium. A regression of chloride washout over the year yielded concentrations greater than those damaging to soil structure and soil microbes (90 mg/L) until August 20th, and above those damaging to roadside vegetation (30 mg/L) for the entire year. Today, the vast majority of bioswales in cold climates are built with salt-tolerant vegetation, but prior to this study, it was unclear to what degree this was, in fact, necessary. Our findings confirm salt-tolerant vegetation to be optimal, as winter de-icing salts are not sufficiently flushed from soils by the spring growing season. Our findings also demonstrate how bioswale inlet design and site location can influence soil contamination.
A Multi-Cluster Tracking Algorithm with an Event Camera

Robotic perception continues to be one of the main challenges in autonomous robotics. Accurate and real-time perception is very important as it constitutes the basis of important tasks such as decision making and control. The latency of the sensing pipeline is a major limiting factor for the agility of a robot. A novel sensor called an event camera has been recently developed to overcome the limitations of traditional frame-based ones. Event cameras mimic the human perception system as they measure the per-pixel intensity change rather than the actual intensity level. This paper presents our initial investigation of this novel sensing modality by building an event-based dynamic multi-cluster tracker. This can constitute a building-block for higher-level event-based multi-object trackers. The clustering algorithm will be experimentally evaluated in different scenarios including its use for mapping.
Deliberate Practice in Simulation: Evaluation of Repetitive Code Training on Nursing Students’ BLS Team Skills

Abstract Background Basic life support (BLS) skills decline rapidly without frequent practice. Deliberate practice (DP) and simulation scenarios have been shown to increase BLS skill retention for nursing students. In addition, BLS implementation in the hospital setting requires effective team skills, which are infrequently addressed in resuscitation courses or in nursing students’ practice. An exploratory study to determine the impact of recurrent simulations with DP on BLS team skills was designed for senior nursing students. Method Seven teams of students were followed over the course of one semester examining the impact of DP in recurrent simulation codes on BLS team skills. Results Students attained effective BLS team performance after three hours of DP and sustained these skills over the semester with recurrent code practice. Conclusion Recurring code team DP sustains BLS skills and is recommended for nursing students.
GABA administration prevents severe illness and death following coronavirus infection in mice

There is an urgent need for new treatments to prevent and ameliorate severe illness and death induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 patients. The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-1 causes pneumonitis in mice which shares many pathological characteristics with human SARS-CoV infection. Previous studies have shown that the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has anti-inflammatory effects. We tested whether oral treatment with GABA could modulate the MHV-1 induced pneumonitis in susceptible A/J mice. As expected, MHV-1-inoculated control mice became severely ill (as measured by weight loss, clinical score, and the ratio of lung weight to body weight) and >60% of them succumbed to the infection. In contrast, mice that received GABA immediately after MHV-1 inoculation became only mildly ill and all of them recovered. When GABA treatment was initiated after the appearance of illness (3 days post-MHV-1 infection), we again observed that GABA treatment significantly reduced the severity of illness and greatly increased the frequency of recovery. Therefore, the engagement of GABA receptors (GABA-Rs) prevented the MHV-1 infection-induced severe pneumonitis and death in mice. Given that GABA-R agonists, like GABA and homotaurine, are safe for human consumption, stable, inexpensive, and available worldwide, they are promising candidates to help prevent severe illness stemming from SARS-CoV-2 infection and other coronavirus strains.
Rehabilitation of Tendinopathy in Basketball

Tendinopathy is one of the most common overuse injuries in basketball players, with patellar and Achilles tendinopathy occurring most frequently. In athletic populations, these injuries typically result from excessive load (acute or chronic) placed upon the tendon with inadequate time for recovery. A variety of non-invasive treatment options are available for tendinopathy, but controlled tendon loading is supported by the highest level of evidence. In this chapter, we will describe key tendinopathy rehabilitation principles. Furthermore, we will describe how these principles are applied to patellar and Achilles tendinopathy.
How Insurance Recoveries are Taxed under the IRC

This article defends the premise that the exclusion of insurance proceeds from the income of the insured depends on the deductibility by the insured of the covered obligation.
Early Life Exposure to Green Space and Childhood Cognition: A mediation analysis of physical activity and air pollution

Background: Natural vegetation, or “greenness,” may influence cognition by increasing physical activity or buffering air pollution exposure. Early life influences of greenness on cognition, and the...
Advances in Debating Technologies: Building AI That Can Debate Humans

The tutorial focuses on Debating Technologies, a sub-field of computational argumentation defined as “computational technologies developed directly to enhance, support, and engage with human debating” (Gurevych et al., 2016). A recent milestone in this field is Project Debater, which was revealed in 2019 as the first AI system that can debate human experts on complex topics. Project Debater is the third in the series of IBM Research AI’s grand challenges, following Deep Blue and Watson. It has been developed for over six years by a large team of researchers and engineers, and its live demonstration in February 2019 received massive media attention. This research effort has resulted in more than 50 scientific papers to date, and many datasets freely available for research purposes. We discuss the scientific challenges that arise when building such a system, including argument mining, argument quality assessment, stance classification, principled argument detection, narrative generation, and rebutting a human opponent. Many of the underlying capabilities of Project Debater have been made freely available for academic research, and the tutorial will include a detailed explanation of how to use and leverage these tools. In addition to discussing individual components, the tutorial also provides a holistic view of a debating system. Such a view is largely missing in the academic literature, where each paper typically addresses a specific problem in isolation. We present a complete pipeline of a debating system, and discuss the information flow and the interaction between the various components. Finally, we discuss practical applications and future challenges of debating technologies.
Heterogeneous Effects of Monetary Policy on Industries: Evidence from Publicly Traded Firms in Peru

In this paper I study the heterogeneous effects of a monetary policy shock on industries through Publicly Traded Firms in Peru. For this purpose I elaborate five types of measures of a monetary policy shock, four of these measures try to correct two possible risks as the endogeneity that a monetary policy may have with the economic activity or the Central Bank's anticipation of certain events. The dependent variables I use are Total Assets, Total Income, Net Worth and Net Utilities. The methodology I use is Local Projections (LP), because it allows to control for the persistence of monetary policy shocks, in case of the presence of biases, it is usually smaller than the traditional methodologies used such as vector autoregressive (VAR), and because they are parsimonious. The results I find are heterogeneous across industries, with positive, negative and null impacts on the same variable. Also in different magnitudes of impacts.
Protecting others, compassion, and sacrifice: The toll of disaster policing on law enforcement officers in the United States:

This study used a qualitative grounded theory approach to explore disaster experiences of law enforcement officers (LEO)s (n = 56), in two high disaster areas of the United States. Respondents indi...
How Not to Read the Hebrew Bible

Not the assertion that J was a woman but the manner in which Bloom interprets J's Yahweh is what is truly provocative about The Book ofj. As Bloom sees it, J's Yahweh is: "impish," "outrageous," "irascible," "a lively fellow," "childlike," "a bungler," "overwhelmingly self-contradictory," "a mischief-maker," "an intensely nervous leader," and "outrageously volatile." By the time Bloom sums up his presentation by observing that J's Yahweh encompasses Lear, Hamlet, Prospero, and "even a Falstaff," the reader understands that this is no hyperbole designed to draw our attention to what follows. This is "what follows." Instead of Yahweh, David is J's hero because his life-giving, life-enhancing vitality lifts him above such distinctions as the good and the bad. Bloom is aware, of course, that David the great warrior king is also depicted not only as a freebooter but as a liar, adulterer, and murderer. What Bloom believes J finds so attractive about David is not his moral fiber but his exuberant
An Analysis of the FBAR High-Penalty Regime

Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (“FBAR”) requirements seek to solve a pressing information asymmetry problem relating to U.S. persons’ investment in non-U.S. financial accounts. FBAR reporting requires U.S. taxpayers themselves to disclose offshore account information to the U.S. government. Noncompliance with FBAR requirements carries high potential penalties. These high penalties could serve some or all of the goals of deterrence, separation or signaling. To maximize the chance that a high-penalty regime will succeed at one or more of these goals, taxpayers should perceive that they actually face painful penalties for noncompliance and/or worthwhile rewards for compliance. They should lack close-substitute choices not subject to penalties. Finally, they should believe that the government has an effective mechanism for detecting noncompliers who attempt to masquerade as compliers. The FBAR reporting regime could include all of these features. Publicity and audit efforts have enhanced and can continue to enhance taxpayers’ perception of the likelihood of penalty imposition and noncompliance detection, and it is possible to remove the problematic close substitute of quiet disclosure.
Influence of Dietary Electrolytes on Childhood Blood Pressure

Although the prevalence of hypertension (HTN) is relatively low during childhood and adolescence (1), an estimated 2.6–3.4% of children and adolescents have hypertensive blood pressure (BP) levels and 5.7–13.6% have prehypertensive BP levels (2,3). BP patterns have been shown to track from childhood to the third and fourth decades of life (1,4), and elevated BP levels have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and renal diseases (5). Hypertension and cardiovascular risk also increase with increasing rates of overweight and obesity, and prevention programs are needed to reduce these risks in youth (5–7). Modifying intake of dietary electrolytes such as sodium and/or potassium has been shown to be an effective approach to BP reduction in adults (8–10), but there is less evidence for the benefit of this approach in children and adolescents (11). Current recommendations for primary prevention of HTN, published by The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee (12), involve a population approach and an intensive strategy for targeting individuals who are at increased risk for developing HTN in early adulthood. The Committee outlines a number of approaches that have proven effective for prevention of HTN. Two of these approaches include reducing sodium intake and maintaining an adequate intake of potassium. Evidence also suggests that addressing obesity-related hypertension through weight reduction and maintenance programs may be more efficacious when physical activity is incorporated into the intervention, and regular aerobic activity is strongly recommended for improving BP (13–15).
TUP1 disruption reveals biological differences between MATa and MATα strains of Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans exists in two mating types MATa and MATalpha. Although the morphology, growth characteristics and genetic segregation patterns among MATa and MATalpha strains are indistinguishable in the laboratory, the predominance of MATalpha strains in nature suggests that MATalpha strains are better suited for survival in nature. We disrupted the TUP1 gene, a global repressor, to find the possible biological differences in congenic MATalpha and MATa cells of C. neoformans. Disruption of TUP1 affected neither the yeast nor the hyphal cell morphology but resulted in a similar reduction of mating frequencies in both MATalpha and MATa cells. Disruption of TUP1, however, functionally manifested itself in several mating type-dependent phenotypes: (i) MATalpha cells became more sensitive to 0.8 M KCl while MATa cells showed no change in sensitivity, (ii) a temperature-dependent growth reduction was exhibited at both 30 degrees C and 25 degrees C in MATa but a similar growth reduction was not observed in MATalpha cells until the temperature was lowered to 25 degrees C and (iii) the transcriptional level of genes in several different biological pathways was markedly altered in a mating type-dependent manner. This work is the first case in which non-mating-related biological differences are observed between two congenic mating partners in yeast.
THE CLASH BETWEEN THEATER AND FILM

This essay examines approaches to theater‐to‐film adaptation in the 1920s by focusing on Germaine Dulac's writings and films, in particular La Souriante Madame Beudet (1923). It analyzes the systematic nature of Dulac's translation of Denys Amiel's and Andre Obey's homonymous play to film form, suggesting that her picture maintains a respect for the play up until the concluding moments when her feminist perspective refused to sanction the play's happy outcome. Dulac uses cinematic technique to explore the inner life and drama of her characters (particularly Madeline Beudet), rather than present their exterior actions as in the theater. At the same time she fosters a sense of the theatrical space—the Beudet household—as a claustrophobic, prison‐like locale in which Madeline Beudet has been trapped. The essay also points toward a group of silent films that share a radical approach to the adaptation of theatrical texts. It suggests that these films constitute a formation comparable in important ways to a gro...
Immunologic suppression after oral administration of antigen: III. Activation of suppressor-inducer cells in the Peyer's patches

Mice were orally administered sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in a regimen previously known to produce systemic tolerance to SRBC. Cellular interactions and movement from the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) to the spleen were found to occur using both in vivo and in vitro transfer systems. The cell in the GALT which initiates the suppression circuit migrates from the GALT to the spleen shortly after contacting antigen. This cell is a T suppressor-inducer (Tsi) cell which interacts with splenic lymphocytes to induce the formation of an effector T suppressor cell (Ts). The Tsi and Ts can be separated from each other by their differential sensitivities to cyclophosphamide. In addition, the Tsi can be separated from other GALT T cells by its inability to bind the lectin, peanut agglutinin. Thus, cell migration and cellular interaction among T cells must occur to result in orally induced tolerance.
Staying Alive: On Popular Culture, Dance Education and Generation Why

ABSTRACT This article considers major trends in contemporary popular culture, media, and technology as they impact dance and dance education. I ask how do we keep informed, relevant, and rigorous dance instruction staying alive? One possible answer is to consider what dance offers, mentally and physically, to the “digital natives” of generation “why?” I argue that the nature of dance as an artistic, individual, and relationship-based practice is uniquely situated to take advantage of large-scale trends and central themes of immediacy, connectedness, and transparency in 21st-century America. I examine one potential culture–dance–media–technology intersection that lies in the pervasive feeling of immediacy that drives multitasking in our contemporary world of work. Examples of new directions for dance education are discussed.
Stochastic computation of dominant eigenvalue and the law of total variance

Oja's neuron is extended to find the dominant eigenvalue alongside the computation of the dominant eigenvector. This is achieved through a stochastic gradient descent learning rule that computes the second moment of the neuron output. The effectiveness of this family of learning rules is further demonstrated in a network that verifies the law of total variance. The inputs are generated by a doubly stochastic process, and conditional means and variances are accurately computed and propagated in the network. The law of total variance has been recently used in the analysis of biological experiments to explain neural processes.
Thyroid hormone action: early calorigenic effect on dispersed rat liver cells in the absence of protein synthesis

Isolated dispersed rat liver cells were prepared by hypothyroid Sprague-Dawley rats. The cells were incubated under 95% O2/5% CO2 in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer at pH 7.3-7.4 at 37 degrees C. The medium had been enriched with 2% bovine serum albumin (previously stripped of thyroid hormone) and 5-10 mM alanine as substrate. Two hour incubations were carried out with or without added triiodothyronine (T3) at 3 nM or 300-1,000 nM concentrations. Oxygen consumption determined at the end of the period of incubation with the Clark oxygen electrode showed stimulation above control values in the hormone treated flasks; parallel studies in which cycloheximide (100 microM) had been added to cells to block protein synthesis also showed enhanced oxygen consumption in response to T3. The results indicated a response to the hormone not dependent on new protein formation.
Political Power and Judicial Power: Some Observations on Their Relation

This Essay summarizes and perhaps extends slightly some important recent work, mostly by political scientists, on the structural relation between the array of political power in a nation’s nonjudicial branch or branches and the way in which judicial review is exercised in relatively stable democracies. Robert Dahl’s classic article identified one such relation.1 According to Dahl, “[e]xcept for short-lived transitional periods when the old alliance is disintegrating and the new one is struggling to take control of political institutions, the Supreme Court is inevitably a part of the dominant national alliance.”2 What, though, if there is no “dominant” national political alliance? Can anything systematic be said about the courts’ role during transitional periods? Recent scholarship suggests that Dahl describes only one part, albeit perhaps a large one, of a more complex picture. This Essay draws on that scholarship, dealing with constitutional adjudication around the world, to describe three patterns of relationship. Part I describes a form of partisan entrenchment similar to the one Dahl described. Part II describes a more dynamic form of such entrenchment. Part III describes a pattern of consensual delegation of policy-making authority to the courts.3 A brief conclusion suggests that the type of analysis in which I engage in this Essay will produce useful insights into constitutional law and politics if that analysis is extended and elaborated. Two preliminary comments on method are appropriate. First, sometimes I use terms suggesting that these patterns result from intentional choices by politicians and judges. At times the choices are indeed intentional, but at times they are not. Sometimes the outcomes result from the overall structures of politics and institutions and the incentives they set up for
Inhibition of Gastric Secretion in the Rat by Normal Human Gastric Juice.

SummaryHuman gastric juice from subjects free of gastrointestinal pathology was collected, pooled, dialyzed and lyophilized. The material thus obtained consistently inhibited gastric secretion of pylorus ligated rats when administered intravenously in amounts of 2 or 6 mg at time of pyloric ligation.
Acceptability of child treatment techniques: The influence of treatment efficacy and adverse side effects*

Acceptability of alternative treatments for deviant child behavior was evaluated in two experiments. In each experiment, undergraduate students rated four different treatments applied to clinical case descriptions of children. The treatments (reinforcement of incompatible behavior, positive practice, time out from reinforcement, and medication) were presented in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin Square design. The investigations evaluated the effects of treatment efficacy (Experiment 1) and the influence of adverse side effects associated with treatment (Experiment 2) on ratings of treatment acceptability. Treatments were consistently different in their acceptability ratings. In both experiments, reinforcement was rated as more acceptable than the other treatments which followed in order, positive practice, time out, and medication. The effectiveness of treatments in altering behavior did not influence acceptability ratings, although they did influence perceptions of strength of treatment. In contrast, the presence of undesirable side effects markedly influenced acceptability ratings. Stronger adverse side effects reduced acceptability ratings of all treatments.
A Behavioral Perspective on Negotiating International Alliance

This study examines the influence tactics of senior U.S. executives in negotiating international business alliances. The strategy literature on alliances and the behavioral literature on negotiations were incorporated into a behavioral model of alliance negotiations. Constructs identified from transaction cost, power dependence and game theories were integrated and linked to hypotheses describing negotiators' influence tactics in alliance negotiations. In examining eighty-three alliance negotiations, negotiator trust, perception of a partner firm's alternatives, conflict frame, time horizon, and cultural distance were found to affect negotiators' tactics.
Fastener Tightening Beyond Yield

The effect of fastener tightening beyond yield on the amount of clamp load loss, due to the application of a separating force, is investigated for a system in which the bolted joint remains within its elastic range. After the initial assembly, the joint is subsequently subjected to a tensile separating force, which increases the tensile stress in the fastener further into the plastic range. Simultaneously, the separating force reduces the clamping force. Upon the removal of the separating service load from the system, the system reaches a new equilibrium point between the fastener tension and the joint clamping force. At the new equilibrium point, the tension in the fastener is reduced due to its plastic elongation. The reduction in fastener tension translates to a partial, yet permanent, reduction in the clamping force. Excessive loss of the clamp load is a failure mode that may lead to joint leakage, loosening, or fatigue failure. Additionally, the loss of the clamp force reduces the mean stress, which may significantly affect the fatigue performance of the system under subsequent cyclic loads. A discretized non-linear model is established in order to describe the fastener behavior, and to determine the clamp load loss due to the permanent set in the fastener. The effect of two non-dimensional variables on the amount of clamp load loss is investigated. The first variable is the fastener-to-joint stiffness ratio, and the second is the ratio of initial fastener tension to its yield strength. Analytical results are presented for a range of stiffness ratios that simulates both soft and hard joint applications.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
INVITED REVIEW STABILITY OF COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS

The stability of colloidal dispersions has traditionally attracted considerable attention in the chemical literature because of its origins in the physical chemistry of electrostatic and steric interactions between surfaces immersed in liquids. Moreover, progress in the physics and chemistry of stability phenomena has a direct impact on chemical engineering research, since stability of dispersions plays an important role in the rheology and transport properties of charged particles in liquids, separation processes (such as membrane filtration and solid/liquid separation), deposition and particulale fouling phenomena and numerous other processing operations. This paper presents a discussion of physical and chemical factors that affect colloidal stability and, in addition, presents an overview of the status of current research needs in this area. In addition to electrostatic and steric effects, some recent studies on the role of bulk motion of the supporting liquid on stability are also discussed. The empha...
Chemical heterogeneity of ribosomal protein of Escherichia coli examined by electrofocusing.

We have characterized the total protein of Escherichia coli ribosomes by electro-focusing and found them to be predominantly basic. Close to half of the proteins (i.e., on a weight basis) concentrate in the pH gradient in the region pH 8–10, and therefore we assume they have isoelectric points in this range. Approx. 20% of the proteins concentrate in the region pH 4.7–7 and are accordingly considered acidic. We estimate that 15% of the proteins may be extremely basic with pI's greater than pH 11. Accordingly the isoelectric points of E. coli ribosomal proteins range from close to pH 5 to greater than pH 11. Analysis of heterogeneity of protein by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed that the heterogenous mixture of proteins in the original sample (i.e., total ribosomal protein) were separated by electrofocusing into fractions containing species with widely different isoelectric points. Most fractions contained several proteins that exhibited different mobilities in acrylamide gel, although they presumably have similar isoelectric points. However, a few acidic fractions contained only a single or few electrophoretic separable components. Comparison of results obtained with protein isolated from ribosomes at various stages of purification revealed that ribosomes prepared essentially by method of Tissiere et al.12 were heavily contaminated with acidic proteins that concentrated in the pH gradient in the region pH 5–6. The contaminating protein was solubilized by washing the ribosomes with 2 M NH4Cl or by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.
HEMODYNAMIC STUDIES IN DOWN'S SYNDROME PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

The early development of pulmonary vascular disease in cardiac patients with Down's syndrome has been suspected but few hemodynamic studies have been reported. We have studied by cardiac catheterization 47 patients aged seven weeks to 22 years with a variety of cardiac defects including 22 with some form of an A-V cushion defect (AVC), 17 with a ventricular septal defect (VSD), four with Tetralogy of Fallot, three with isolated patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and one with total anomalous pulmonary venous return to the coronary sinus. Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) was present in 41 of the 47 patients. The pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was at least moderately elevated in 23 patients and normal or slightly raised in 18. Of interest was the demonstration of a PDA in 11 patients. Systemic PAH was found in one of the three with an isolated PDA while all eight patients, including six under age six years with a VSD (4 of 17) or AVC (4 of 21), had severe PAH with a mean PA pressure ranging from 60-84 mm Hg. and an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. This unexpected high incidence of associated PDA in patients with Down's syndrome may be one explanation for the frequent and early development of pulmonary vascular disease. Significant pulmonary disease was a problem in seven patients but was not clearly related to a high PVR.
Variational theory for Lennard-Jones chains

The Helmholtz energy and pressure for Lennard-Jones chains are derived using a variational first-order perturbation theory. The reference system, comprising freely jointed tangent hard-sphere chains is solved in the Percus-Yevick approximation. The optimal diameter of segments in the hard-sphere chain reference is determined by minimizing the free energy through the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality. Unlike previous perturbation theories for non-aggregated Lennard-Jones spheres, the resulting hard-sphere segment diameter depends on chain length in addition to density and temperature. The resulting theory exhibits excellent agreement with MC simulation, over a wide range of conditions, without adjustable parameters.
Interpersonal predictors of onset of depression during the transition to adulthood

There is evidence that depression during adolescence and early adulthood is marked by deficits in interpersonal functioning. However, few studies have prospectively examined whether interpersonal difficulties are a risk factor for depression onset, so it is unclear whether these deficits in interpersonal functioning are products or predictors of depression. The present study aimed to clarify the direction of association between interpersonal factors and depression by examining whether social factors longitudinally predicted onset of depression in a diverse sample of young women with no history of depression. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for baseline depressive symptoms indicated that poorer family relationship quality and anxious attachment cognitions predicted onset of depressive episodes during the 2-year period. Further, a wide variety of interpersonal factors predicted depressive symptoms over 6 months, including poor peer and family relationship quality, difficulty being close to others, and difficulty depending on others, controlling for baseline depressive symptoms and college attendance. The results provide evidence for the importance of an interpersonal perspective on vulnerability to depression.
Cloud data center networks: technologies, trends, and challenges

Large scale data centers are enabling the new era of Internet cloud computing. The computing platform in such data centers consists of low-cost commodity servers that, in large numbers and with software support, match the performance and reliability of expensive enterprise-class servers of yesterday, at a fraction of the cost. The network interconnect within the data center, however, has not seen the same scale of commoditization or dropping price points. Today's data centers use expensive enterprise-class networking equipment and associated best-practices that were not designed for the requirements of Internet-scale data center services -- they severely limit server-to-server network capacity, create fragmented pools of servers that do not allow any service to run on any server, and have poor reliability and utilization. The commoditization and redesign of data center networks to meet cloud computing requirements is the next frontier of innovation in the data center.Recent research in data center networks addresses many of these aspects involving both scale and commoditization. By creating large flat Layer 2 networks, data centers can provide the view of a flat unfragmented pool of servers to hosted services. By using traffic engineering methods (based on both oblivious and adaptive routing techniques) on specialized network topologies, the data center network can handle arbitrary and rapidly changing communication patterns between servers. By making data centers modular for incremental growth, the up-front investment in infrastructure can be reduced, thus increasing their economic feasibility. This is an exciting time to work in the data center networking area, as the industry is on the cusp of big changes, driven by the need to run Internet-scale services, enabled by the availability of low-cost commodity switches/routers, and fostered by creative and novel architectural innovations.What the Tutorial will cover: We will begin with an introduction to data centers for Internet/cloud services. We will survey several next-generation data center network designs that meet the criteria of allowing any service to run on any server in a flat unfragmented pool of servers and providing bandwidth guarantees for arbitrary communication patterns among servers (limited only by server line card rates). These span efforts from academia and industry research labs, including VL2, Portland, SEATTLE, Hedera, and BCube, and ongoing standardization activities like IEEE Data Center Ethernet (DCE) and IEEE TRILL. We will also cover other emerging aspects of data center networking like energy proportionality for greener data center networks.
Imaging signal transduction via arachidonic acid in the human brain during visual stimulation, by means of positron emission tomography.

Abstract Background: Arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), an important second messenger, is released from membrane phospholipid following receptor mediated activation of phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ). This signaling process can be imaged in brain as a regional brain AA incorporation coefficient K *. Hypothesis: K* will be increased in brain visual areas of subjects submitted to visual stimulation. Subjects and methods: Regional values of K* were measured with positron emission tomography (PET), following the intravenous injection of [1- 11 C]AA, in 16 healthy volunteers subjected to visual stimulation at flash frequencies 2.9 Hz (8 subjects) or 7.8 Hz (8 subjects), compared with the dark (0 Hz) condition. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with intravenous [ 15 O]water under comparable conditions. Results: During flash stimulation at 2.9 Hz or 7.8 Hz vs. 0 Hz, K* was increased significantly by 2.3–8.9% in Brodmann areas 17, 18 and 19, and in additional frontal, parietal and temporal cortical regions. rCBF was increased significantly by 3.1–22%, often in comparable regions. Increments at 7.8 Hz often exceeded those at 2.9 Hz for both K* and rCBF. Decrements in both parameters also were produced, particularly in frontal brain regions. Conclusions: AA plays a role in signaling processes provoked by visual stimulation, since visual stimulation at flash frequencies of 2.9 and 7.8 Hz compared to 0 Hz modifies both K* for AA and rCBF in visual and related areas of the human brain. The two-stimulus condition paradigm of this study might be used with PET to image effects of other functional activations and of drugs on brain signaling via AA.
The awkward hallway: getting inside an applicant's head

Hiring new student employees is a task that many IT help desks face every semester, and finding quality applicants can often be a chore. How do you pick the best candidates from a pool where everyone seems so similar?The interview process at the CITES Help Desk at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has been designed to accomplish two things. The first goal is to get to know the applicant and ascertain whether they would be a good fit for the Help Desk. The second is to sell the Help Desk's role on our campus. If the applicant isn't buying our customer service philosophy, we can avoid later headaches.Our three-part interview weaves together both these goals. Students are asked to complete a hands-on "technical" portion, a rapid-fire Q&A about IT services on campus and then answer some scenario based questions. Each piece gives us an idea of the applicant's knowledge, poise, attitude, communication abilities and customer service skills. But, we can also learn a lot about the applicant from the subtleties. Does the number of tabs they open in a browser matter? What does their choice of search engine tell us? Do they show composure during the walk down the long, awkward hallway on the way to the interview room? These questions and answers help us get into the head of the applicant.This paper will explore the interview questions we ask and the answers that give us the best impressions of an applicant. We'll also discuss the little things that may go unnoticed that can add up to make the difference between hiring or passing on an applicant.
Second Harmonic Generation Studies Of Liquid Crystal Monolayers And Films

Optical second harmonic generation can be used to probe a number of important properties of liquid crystals, including polar ordering, orientation of molecules in monolayers, and the in-plane symmetry of the molecular arrangement at various interfaces. We have used second harmonic generation to investigate the effects of liquid crystal/substrate interactions on the alignment of bulk liquid crystal.
Taxing Snack Foods: Manipulating Diet Quality or Financing Information Programs?

This paper investigates consumers' likely response to a proposed tax on snack foods that addresses public health issues generated by rising U.S. obesity rates. We estimate demands for particular snack foods and show they are price inelastic after accounting for quality variation. We calculate impacts of a range of ad valorem taxes on the demand for salty snack food. The impacts on dietary quality are small, and negligible at the lower tax rates. If taxes were earmarked for funding information programs, as several proponents suggest, taxes would generate a revenue stream the public health community could use for nutrition education.
Elemental and isotopic heterogeneities of rare gases in the solar system.

Some investigators argue that there exist large-scale elemental and isotopic heterogeneities of rare gases in the solar system. It can be shown, however, that their conclusions are based on the use of an overly-simplified model and a careless interpretation of the existing rare gas isotope data.