cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved treatment of pelvis and inguinal nodes using modified segmental boost technique: dosimetric evaluation.

Abstract Purpose To describe a novel, yet simple, modified segmental boost technique (MSBT) and to compare the dosimetry of our method with that of other traditional methods of treatment for the pelvis and inguinal nodes. Methods and materials We developed a radiotherapy technique that uses linear accelerators with multileaf collimators to treat the pelvis and sequentially boost the inguinal regions, while minimizing “hot spots” across the match-line. This was achieved by angling the gantry for the inguinal fields so that their medial borders aligned with the divergence of the posterior pelvic field. Film dosimetry was performed to compare the MSBT with the traditional segmental boost technique, partial transmission block, and photon/electron combination techniques. These treatment techniques were scored on the basis of the dose homogeneity index, defined as the ratio of match-line maximum dose to the average dose at a given depth in the groin treatment area. Results The values of the dose homogeneity index were the same (1.04) for MSBT and partial transmission block, and 1.21, 1.39, and 1.18 for the segmental boost technique, photon pelvis with electron tags, and photon pelvis with electron boost, respectively. Conclusion The MSBT proved to be technically simple while optimizing dose homogeneity compared with the other techniques and allows for maximum use of the features of modern linear accelerators.
Causal versus noncausal description of nonlinear wave mixing: Resolving the damping-sign controversy

Frequency-domain nonlinear wave mixing processes may be described either using response functions, whereby the signal is generated after all interactions with the incoming fields, or in terms of scattering amplitudes where all fields are treated symmetrically with no specific time ordering. Closed Green's function expressions derived for the two types of signals have different analytical properties. The recent controversy regarding the sign of radiative damping in the linear (Kramers-Heisenberg) formula is put in a broader context.
Polarization-ratio reflectance for determining optical constants using laser high-order harmonics

We describe a method for deriving optical constants in the extreme ultraviolet from the measured ratio of p- to s-polarized reflectance curves (as a function of angle). These measurements use laser-generated high-order harmonics, which have the advantage of easily rotatable linear polarization. We show that this ratio technique markedly reduces sensitivity to possible systematic brightness and alignment drifts of the harmonic signal during measurement. We also demonstrate that optical constants can be extracted from ratio reflectance measurements as well as they can from absolute reflectance measurements.
Standardized Training Examinations among Ophthalmology Residents and the American Board of Ophthalmology Written Qualifying Examination First Attempt: The Morsani College of Medicine Experience

Purpose The aim of the study is to demonstrate whether resident performance on the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 and the Ophthalmology Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) correlates to American Board of Ophthalmology Written Qualifying Examination (ABO-WQE). Design This is a retrospective cohort study. Participants Forty-one residents who completed their postgraduate training between 1999 and 2011 from our institution were included in the study. Methods Percentiles on the USMLE Step 1, OKAP, and ABO-WQE first attempt were recorded and analyzed for possible correlations among scores across examinations using Pearson rank correlation, chi-square analysis, Fisher exact test, and Student t-test. Results The percentile score on the USMLE Step 1 was the only standardized test that had a statistically significant association with the percentile score on the ABO-WQE (Pearson rank coefficient = 0.45, p = 0.01). Not achieving a score of 20th percentile on the OKAP examination among second-year residents had the highest statistical association with failing the ABO-WQE on first attempt (p = 0.001) with an odds ratio of 20.4, and the relative risk of failing the ABO-WQE was 11.3; however, the relative risk of passing if the cutoff was achieved was only 1.8, and a positive predictive value for failing the ABO-WQE on first attempt of 0.47. Conclusions Percentile scores on the OKAP are not indicative of percentile scores on the ABO-WQE. While OKAP examinations in the second and third year appear to separate out residents at risk of failing the ABO-WQE, there is a large disparity between the risk of passing and failing which is likely due to the inadequate prognostic value of the test. It is likely OKAP examinations may be a useful tool to identify residents who are at low risk for failing the ABO-WQE on first attempt, but much less useful for identifying residents who are at high risk for failing the ABO-WQE.
Applicability of Central Limit Theorem on Machine-generated Random Variables for Regression Model

Time series literatures assume that central limit theorem will still holds evenif the random errors are replaced by pseudo random numbers generated bya computer. The study focused on the asymptotic characteristics of the leastsquaresestimates of the parameters of regressionmodels when the errortermsweregenerated bythe usual machine congruentialgenerator and byusing known chaoticdynamical system. The study also consideredthe normal approximation error |P(tn≤t)-φ(t)| , where φ is the cdf of the standard normal distribution.The magnitude of this error provides a measure on how the central limit theoremapplies for machine-generated errors. The result of the study showed that theestimate of the parameters of the regression model were distributed normal whenthe error terms were generated by congruential generator and by a tent map. Keywords: Mathematics, central limit theorem, machine-generated random variables,regression model, congruential generator, descriptive design, Philippines
Measurement of Serum Ionized Calcium with the Ion-Exchange Electrode

We found no differences in pH or ionized calcium concentration of serum from blood either collected into evacuated tubes or collected with syringes and separated under oil. Sera can be stored frozen in 1-ml plastic insulin-type syringes for one to three days without significant changes in pH or ionized calcium concentration, whereas storage under oil with or without re-equilibration with CO2 is associated with significant changes in both. Standards prepared with trypsin and triethanolamine give faster electrode response, and their ionized calcium concentrations remain unchanged for 6 h at room temperature. We suggest a not entirely satisfactory control solution of buffered protein, for use in assessing reproducibility of results.
Evaluating the Diagnostic Yield of Computed Tomography-Guided Aspirations in Suspected Post-operative Spine Infections

BackgroundEarly detection of surgical site infection (SSI) following spinal surgery would allow for prompt treatment and would improve overall outcome, yet early diagnosis is a challenge. Computed ...
Dead or Alive?: A Comparative Approach to Dead Hand Proxy Puts in Delaware

Recent litigation surrounding the use of change in control provisions, known as proxy puts, has created a debate as to whether these provisions are valid under Delaware Law. With a rise in shareholder activism, these provisions are becoming more popular. Moreover, companies and lending institutions have morphed the provisions into a more restrictive form, known as dead hand proxy puts. The controversy analyzed in this Note arises out of the use of dead hand proxy puts in debt agreements. The Delaware Chancery Court has considered the issue of proxy puts in three recent cases. On no occasion has the court declared traditional or dead hand proxy puts invalid; however, the court expressed grave skepticism towards these provisions. With a recognized entrenchment effect on management, and a deterrent effect on the stockholder franchise, the court indicated that they could potentially be invalid in Delaware, as a matter of public policy. This Note considers the rise of shareholder activism in the United States and the use of both proxy puts and poison pills to defend against activist investors and hostile takeovers. It analyzes the current debate over dead hand proxy puts and compares these provisions to the already illegal dead hand poison pills. It ultimately concludes by arguing that dead hand proxy puts should be outlawed in Delaware on the same basis as dead hand poison pills.
Identification and characterization of human dendritic cell subsets in the steady state: a review of our current knowledge

Dendritic cells (DC) are generally categorized as a group of rare antigen presenting cells that are to the crucial development of immune responses to pathogens and also of tolerance to self-antigens. Therefore, having the ability to identify DC in specific tissues and to test their functional abilities in the steady state are scientific gaps needing attention. Research on primary human DC is lacking due to their rarity and the difficulty of obtaining tissue samples. However, recent findings have shown that several different DC subsets exist, and that these subsets vary both by markers expressed and functions depending on their specific microenvironment. After discriminating from other cell types, DC can be split into myeloid and plasmacytoid fractions. While plasmacytoid DC express definite markers, CD123 and BDCA-2, myeloid DC encompass several different subsets with overlapping markers expressed. Such markers include the blood DC antigens BDCA-1 and BDCA-3, along with Langerin, CD1a and CD14. Marker specificity is further reduced when accounting for microenvironmental differences, as observed in the blood, primary lymphoid tissues, skin and lungs. The mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) has been used to measure the strength of antigen presentation by specific DC subsets. Surface markers and MLR require standardization to enable consistent identification of and comparisons between DC subsets. To alleviate these issues, researchers have begun comparing DC subsets at the transcriptional level. This has allowed degrees of relatedness to be determined between DC in different microenvironments, and should be a continued area of focus in years to come.
Identity as a resource to shape mediation in dialogic interaction

This article examines how mediators contribute to formulating a particular type of interactivity by bringing to the forefront institutionally appropriate identities of participants. An existing collection of 18 transcripts from audio recordings of mediation sessions at a mediation center in the western United States serves as a source of interactional data. The study shows that mediators act as designers to construct mediation as a collaborative activity. They invoke identities as an exercise in articulating what is possible in this interaction and exerting control over interactants. Mediators are not just doing what is appropriate for this institutional context; their actions are an act of constructing identities out of what is available there. Participants can act in different ways (e.g., as an ex-husband and an ex-wife). However, relative to the institutional agenda of the meeting, they are encouraged to perform in the capacity of parents and to be collaborators.
Toward reversing Joule heating with a phonon-absorbing heterobarrier

Using a graded heterobarrier placed along an electron channel, phonons emitted in Joule heating are recycled in situ by increasing the entropy of phonon-absorbing electrons. The asymmetric electric potential distribution created by alloy grading separates the phonon absorption and emission regions, and emission in the larger effective-mass region causes momentum relaxation with smaller electron kinetic energy loss. These lead to smaller overall phonon emission and simultaneous potential-gain and self-cooling effects. Larger potential is gained with lower current and higher optical-phonon temperature. The self-consistent Monte Carlo simulations complying with the lateral momentum conservation combined with the entropy analysis are applied to a GaAs:Al electron channel with a graded heterobarrier, and under ideal lateral thermal isolation from surroundings, the phonon recycling efficiency reaches 25% of the reversible limit at 350 K, and it increases with temperature. The lateral momentum contributes to the transmission across the barrier, so partially nonconserving lateral momentum electron scattering (rough interface) can improve efficiency.
Microfilmed African Materials from the Archive of the Sacred Congregation “De Propaganda Fide”

More than sixty years ago, in his preface to Carl Russell Fish's excellent Guide to the Materials for American History in Roman and Other Archives , the General Editor, J. Franklin Jameson, wrote as follows. In any series of guides to the materials for American history in foreign archives, the Roman archives deserve a prominent position and early treatment. Two reasons justify this statement. In the first place, although the documents in those archives relate primarily to ecclesiastical affairs, yet religious history constantly deserves the attention of the student of civil as well as of ecclesiastical history, and the influence of the Catholic Church and the scope of its operations can never be appropriately defined within confessional limits. In the second place, of all the great national archives of Europe there are none that have been so little exploited for purposes of American history as those of Rome and Italy. Although these words were written decades ago, it still remains true that too little use is made of such archival materials, and not only by American historians. One of the microfilm additions to the collections at Saint Louis University includes precisely this type of material in a collection that runs to about 250,000 manuscript pages from the Archive of the Sacred Congregation de Propaganda Fide (for the propagation of the faith). The congregation was definitively established by Gregory XV (1621-1623) in his constitution Inscrutabili of June 22, 1622, although there had been some discussion about the formation of such a congregation for almost fifty years. This brief note description will be oriented toward the African materials only, but a general description of the indexes is necessary that the Africanist may be able to use them.
Free Markets and Economic Development

Us poor neoclassical economists. Two decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall, which to the naked eye seemed to demonstrate the victory of free market economies over planned economies, we find ourselves beleaguered at every turn. The free market was already in full retreat in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, the former Soviet Union, and parts of Asia. As if that was not bad enough, the Crash of 2008 discredited free markets even in its original home of Europe and North America.
Identification of the STEMI-equivalent de Winter Electrocardiogram Pattern After Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest: A Case Report

Abstract Background Patients with chest pain who have ST elevations on electrocardiogram (ECG) are at high risk for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Recent literature has reported various STEMI equivalents, which may be equally threatening. One STEMI equivalent, previously named the de Winter pattern, describes ECG changes where there are ST-segment depressions in the precordial leads in association with tall, symmetrical, hyperacute T-waves. These changes have been connected with proximal left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Case Report We have identified a case of the de Winter ECG pattern immediately after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. A 33-year-old man presented with waxing and waning severe substernal chest pain. The patient was on no prior medications, and had no risk factors for acute coronary syndrome. The initial ECG showed ST depression, which was followed by normalization in a repeat ECG only minutes later. The patient then developed ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. After defibrillation, return of spontaneous circulation was achieved and subsequent ECGs demonstrated the de Winter ECG pattern. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? The characteristic ECG changes within the de Winter ECG pattern may be missed or misdiagnosed as nonspecific, reversible ischemia. This can significantly lengthen the transportation to a center equipped with a percutaneous coronary intervention laboratory, and thus the start of reperfusion therapy. It is imperative that all practitioners learn to identify this novel ECG pattern as a STEMI equivalent to ensure appropriate intervention in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Aldosterone and insulin stimulate amiloride-sensitive sodium transport in A6 cells by additive mechanisms.

The individual effects of aldosterone and insulin on amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport in model renal epithelia have been well characterized. However, in the physiological state, many hormones are ...
STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS

Abstract The catalyst system used to polymerize acetylene has been characterized. The molecular weight of poly(acetylene) was determined by radio-tagging method. In situ ultra-thin film was prepared and the nascent morphology of the cis-(CH) x , trans-(CH) x , and iodine and AsF 5 doped specimen has been obtained. The crystal structures have been determined by electron diffraction for aligned fibrils. A doping mechanism was proposed based on EPR results. The importance of interfibril contact and bond alternation has been investigated by the preparation of variable density poly(acetylene) and copolymers of acetylene and methyl acetylene and the study of their properties.
Collaboration and Commitment in a Regional Supermarket Supply Chain

This article presents findings from a longitudinal case study of efforts by a 100-store regional grocery store chain to localize its supply of fresh produce. The study was conducted to better understand the development of collaborative supply chains between farmers and grocery stores, and the broader potential that grocery store chains might play in localizing food systems. Data consists of three years of the chain's local produce purchases via direct-store-delivery from farms to stores; a survey of store managers and farmer-vendors; and interviews with farmers and grocery store and chain-level management. Analysis is structured by a conceptual framework that links collaboration to trust, which undergirds mutual commitment and mutual dependency between supply chain members, and which is dependent upon effective communication and positive prior market exchanges. The study finds that organizational structures constraining single-store autonomy in purchasing and pricing, coupled with supply variability from farms, limits trust-building and the establishment of mutual commitments and dependencies. These constraints, however, do not completely exclude direct-store-delivery as a strategy for food system localization and grower market diversification. Practitioners can support the building of collaborative supply chains through capacity-building and shepherding of early market exchanges between growers and stores, and supporting individual growers or groups of growers to become "preferred vendors" for regional grocery chains. See the press release for this article.
CMOS system-on-chip techniques in millimeter-wave/THz instruments and communications for planetary exploration

This article discusses the applicability of system- on-chip communication and radar and spectrometer millimeter-wave and terahertz solutions to the exploration of planets and moons in the outer solar system. Specifically discussed are techniques and calibration approaches on how to deal with the harsh deep space environment including temperature and radiation effects, as well as monitoring component and system health and reliability.
Information Literacy Instruction in an English Capstone Course: A Study of Student Confidence, Perception, and Practice☆

ABSTRACT An English professor and an instruction librarian at the University of New Hampshire at Manchester felt that the college's new English Capstone course for majors provided a unique opportunity to assess the information literacy skill levels of graduating English majors. They therefore engaged in a three-year study to evaluate the IL competency of these students, to gauge their perceptions of library instruction provided during the Capstone course and throughout their academic careers, and to determine students' confidence and self-efficacy with respect to these skills. The researchers sought to determine the ways in which the IL program for English majors effectively met established IL goals and to identify areas for improvement.
Bacteria and yeast on the surface and within non-inflamed hair follicles of skin biopsies from cats with non-neoplastic dermatoses.

Coccoid bacteria and/or yeasts were found in the surface keratin or exudate and/or in the pilar canal of non-inflamed hair follicles upon light microscopic examination of skin biopsies from 191 of 3,387 dogs (5.6%) with non-neoplastic skin disorders. The presence of surface cocci and/or yeast did not appear to suggest a specific dermatosis, nor the existence of a clinically relevant infection in the majority of cases. However, follicular cocci and/or yeast almost always indicated the presence of a clinically relevant infection.
Recent Advances in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma

The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has risen sharply by 400 % over the past two decades in the western world [1]. Barrett’s oesophagus (BE) is believed to be the precursor lesion for EAC. EAC develops via the metaplasia–dysplasia–carcinoma sequence as a consequence of long standing gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Caucasian race and male gender are associated with a greatly increased risk of EAC [2]. GERD, obesity, smoking and H. pylori treatment have been implicated as risk factors for the development of EAC [3]. Over the past decade several advances have been made in the assessment and management of BE and EAC. We briefly summarize the same.
Improving the Replicability of Psychological Science Through Pedagogy

Replications are important to science, but who will do them? One proposal is that students can conduct replications as part of their training. As a proof of concept for this idea, here we report a ...
The effect of anti-thymocyte globulin on outcomes of reduced intensity conditioning for acute myelogenous leukemia.

7034 Background: Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) has been administered to patients considered high risk for graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), such as those receiving HLA-mismatched...
Synexin (annexin VII) and membrane fusion during the process of exocytotic secretion.

Publisher Summary Synexin is a cytosolic protein, which in the presence of increased calcium can undergo a conformational change that renders it highly hydrophobic. This chapter discusses some of the assumptions to model the fusion process in vitro, the ways in which synexin promotes different aspects of the model, and some of the physical and chemical evidence underlying the present understanding of synexin action during membrane fusion. The ability of synexin to fuse target membranes lies in the fact that once activated by calcium, the synexin monomers form oligomers, which are capable of interacting with two membranes simultaneously. While the hydrophobic bridge hypothesis has been developed to explain the process of fusion driven by synexin, it need not be limited in principle to just this fusion event. It may be anticipated that any fusion event in which a hydrophobic environment is introduced to the potential fusion site, may proceed by the hydrophobic bridge mechanism and is exemplified by studies on calcium-dependent, synexin driven membrane contact and fusion of chromaffin granules, chromaffin granule ghosts, and phospholipid bilayer liposomes.
Tumor Volume on Biopsy of Low Risk Prostate Cancer Managed with Active Surveillance

Purpose: Contemporary clinical guidelines recommend active surveillance of men with low risk prostate cancer. Low risk disease spans any potential volume of Gleason score 6 cancer without sufficient attention to tumor volume in the past. Therefore, we compared tumor characteristics in men at low risk on active surveillance to men treated with radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We evaluated an institutional cohort of 1,633 men with very low risk disease (clinical stage T1c, prostate specific antigen density less than 0.15 ng/ml/cm3, 2 or more positive cores and 50% or greater core involvement) and low risk disease (clinical stage T2a or less, prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng/ml and Gleason score 6 or less). Among patients at low risk we calculated the proportion who failed to meet very low risk volume criteria (greater than 2 positive cores or greater than 50% core involvement). Clinical and pathological metrics in the active surveillance cohort were compared to those in a cohort of men ...
Understanding perception of algorithmic decisions: Fairness, trust, and emotion in response to algorithmic management:

Algorithms increasingly make managerial decisions that people used to make. Perceptions of algorithms, regardless of the algorithms' actual performance, can significantly influence their adoption, ...
Nokaa-Zagaakwa’on Gaawiin Zagaakwasiiaag: Tender Buttons Unfastened

This essay is a digression Gertrude Stein might have enjoyed if an Anishinaabe poet had joined her Saturday salons in Paris with Pablo Picasso, Ezra Pound, Mildred Aldrich and others who practiced modern ways of fastening and unfastening words and images. The act of translating Stein’s English into Anishinaabemowin serves as a method of linguistic and artistic analysis. The Anishinaabemowin lines offered here are experimental word play in response to the spirit of her work, not definitive equivalents. Stein evokes the senses in writing. She centers identity around angles and dimensions not often included in verse. She offers social commentary in the form of images that can benefit from a range of diverse readings. Anishinaabe-based explorations of the way she combines sensation, location, and history are not lessons in grammar or explication; they are ventures into a territory co-created by Stein’s imagination and the over-arching aesthetics of Anishinaabemowin. The essay is an example of nindinendaamin izhitwaawinan epiichi gaawiin zagaakwa’igaadesinoog gaye geyabi zagaakwa’igaazoyaang, unbuttoning and rebuttoning ideas across traditions.
Effect of fluoropolymer composition on topochemical synthesis of SrMn O 3 − δ F γ oxyfluoride films

We report the synthesis of $\mathrm{SrMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\delta}}{\mathrm{F}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ perovskite oxyfluoride thin films using a vapor transport method to fluorinate as-grown $\mathrm{SrMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.5}$ epitaxial thin films. The influence of the fluoropolymer, which acts as a fluorine vapor source, was investigated by utilizing polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the reaction. The same process was carried out with polyethylene to isolate the role of carbon in the vapor transport process. The F distribution was probed by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, which confirmed the incorporation of F into the films and revealed higher F concentrations in films exposed to PVF and PVDF compared to PTFE. The $c$-axis parameter expands after fluorination, a result consistent with density functional theory calculations that attribute the volume expansion to elongated Mn-F bonds compared to shorter Mn-O bonds. Using x-ray absorption spectroscopy, we show that the fluorination process reduces the nominal Mn oxidation state suggesting that F substitutes on O sites in the lattice as opposed to filling anion vacancy sites, a finding further supported by calculated formation energies of different F site occupancies. These results provide insights into topochemical fluorination of perovskite oxides, which should enable future synthesis and design efforts focused on oxyfluoride heterostructures.
Preventing the Delayed Diagnosis of Breast Cancer through Medical Litigation Analysis

Breast cancer has been the focus of civil litigation for nearly a century. During these 100 years, the theories of medical liability have evolved significantly. Beginning with trauma as a compensable cause of breast cancer in the early part of the century, negligence litigation thereafter has been based upon technical misadventures of surgery, delays in diagnosis of cancer, and, more recently, on the specific loss of chance for survival resulting from failure to diagnose breast cancer promptly. Tracing the evolution of this litigation, through an analysis of clinical factors presented in actual civil court decisions, provides a method of understanding the changing basis for medical liability in breast cancer. In clarifying the principles behind these changes, this historical review suggests an approach to controlling the contemporary problem of breast cancer malpractice litigation.
Cervical slide tracheoplasty in adults with laryngotracheal stenosis.

OBJECTIVES 1) Evaluate success rates for adults undergoing cervical slide tracheoplasty. 2) Examine complication rates of slide tracheoplasty in adults. METHODS A retrospective cohort of adults > 21 years of age undergoing cervical slide tracheoplasty for tracheal stenosis between October 2011 and August 2017 was reviewed. Comorbidities, stenosis grade, etiology of stenosis, primary versus revision surgery, complications, and number of adjunct endoscopic procedures required postoperatively were evaluated. RESULTS Nineteen patients (63% female) underwent cervical slide tracheoplasty during the study period (median age 30 years, range 21-70). The most common etiology of stenosis was iatrogenic (68%), followed by congenital etiologies (26%). Fifty-eight percent of patients had undergone a previous open airway procedure. Thirty-nine percent were tracheostomy-dependent prior to surgery, and the remainder had severe exercise intolerance. Sixty-three percent were successfully extubated on the operating room table at the end of the procedure. Six (32%) patients experienced surgical complications, including one anastomotic dehiscence, three neck abscesses requiring incision and drainage (I&D), and replacement of adjunctive airway device in two patients. Seventy percent of the patients required ≥ 1 endoscopic dilation in the first 12 months following surgery, with a median of one (range 1-8) procedure. At most recent follow-up (median 8 months, range 4-64 months), 18 of 19 (95%) of patients had minimal airway symptoms without need for tracheostomy. The one patient who was not decannulated expired of a presumed cardiac event prior to decannulation. CONCLUSION Cervical slide tracheoplasty is an excellent reconstructive option for adult patients with tracheal stenosis, including those with history of previous airway reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 129:818-822, 2019.
Sustainability and Energy Services: A Framework for Discussion

Current energy services provide incalculable benefits, but they are not sustainable. Several factors cause unsustainability, but climate change is the most important and immediate risk. Moving to new energy systems requires focus on investment: the steady stream of monetary and social capital to build, maintain, operate, regulate, and decommission energy infrastructure. Investments develop primary energy sources and make them available to societies as energy services. Almost without exception, an investment must focus on a fuel–technology pair. An investment to develop natural gas, for example, cannot yield PV electricity, nor can an investment in wind turbines make coal into a useful source. Only nine primary energy sources are usable for energy services, and widespread assumptions hold that investments in renewable energy are more sustainable than investments in the currently dominant nonrenewable sources. Moving to higher dependence on renewable energy, however, requires the development of a finer analysis of the sustainability of the nine different energy sources. This paper proposes an energy–sustainability matrix, composed of five criteria currently in use, supplemented by four new criteria drawn from the concept of sustainability. Qualitative, ordinal standards then enable ranking of each of the nine primary energy sources, plus energy efficiency, with the nine criteria for investments. A complete analysis indicates the comparative strengths and weaknesses of each energy source. This matrix usefully frames a sociopolitical discussion for public policy and investment decisions.
Soils: Soil geomorphology and hydrology

Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the evolution of the Earth's surface. Because soils are so strongly linked to the landforms upon which they develop, a discipline has emerged that deals with those relationships: soil geomorphology . Birkeland (1999) defined soil geomorphology as the study of soils and their use in evaluating landform evolution, age and stability, surface processes and past climates. Wysocki et al . (2000) more broadly defined it as the scientific study of the origin, distribution and evolution of soils, landscapes and surficial deposits and the processes that create and alter them. Perhaps the definition we like best is that soil geomorphology is an assessment of the genetic relationships between soils and landforms (Gerrard 1992). Soil geomorphology was first studied as a project area by the US National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) program in the 1930s, as interests had developed among geographers, geologists and soil scientists on the relationships between soils and landforms (Effland and Effland 1992). Seeing the merit in this type of approach, the NCSS adopted soil geomorphology as a paradigm for studying and classifying soils. Early soil geomorphology studies were grounded in the work of Carl Sauer, a geographer at the University of California (Effland and Effland 1992). Many focussed on soil erosion. Later, under the leadership of Charles Kellogg, assisted by Guy Smith, the NCSS program embarked upon a research mission to understand soil–landform relationships in the major climatic areas of the United States, in support of its soil mapping program.
HP1 reshapes nucleosome core to promote phase separation of heterochromatin

Heterochromatin affects genome function at many levels. It enables heritable gene repression, maintains chromosome integrity and provides mechanical rigidity to the nucleus1,2. These diverse functions are proposed to arise in part from compaction of the underlying chromatin2. A major type of heterochromatin contains at its core the complex formed between HP1 proteins and chromatin that is methylated on histone H3, lysine 9 (H3K9me). HP1 is proposed to use oligomerization to compact chromatin into phase-separated condensates3-6. Yet, how HP1-mediated phase separation relates to chromatin compaction remains unclear. Here we show that chromatin compaction by the Schizosaccharomyces pombe HP1 protein Swi6 results in phase-separated liquid condensates. Unexpectedly, we find that Swi6 substantially increases the accessibility and dynamics of buried histone residues within a nucleosome. Restraining these dynamics impairs compaction of chromatin into liquid droplets by Swi6. Our results indicate that Swi6 couples its oligomerization to the phase separation of chromatin by a counterintuitive mechanism, namely the dynamic exposure of buried nucleosomal regions. We propose that such reshaping of the octamer core by Swi6 increases opportunities for multivalent interactions between nucleosomes, thereby promoting phase separation. This mechanism may more generally drive chromatin organization beyond heterochromatin.
“What Gives Pause or Impetus”: The Double Bind of Labor in Rodrigo Toscano’s Poetics

In “12 riddles of spirit, crook in hand,” Rodrigo Toscano writes that “MACHINE’S REVELATION / is not enough / What gives pause / or impetus / to my hand or mouth / in culture / interests me.” These lines speak to a predominant concern in Toscano’s work: the division of labor at the idiomatic level of the human body’s cognizance of its own enjambment (or dis-enjambment) to late-capitalist cultural life. This chapter tracks what Toscano calls a “poetic-critical double bind” in the spaces of labor that poetry is often striving to populate with bodies, energies, and “occupations”. It reads across Toscano’s early works, analyzing various pressures Toscano makes on the machinic potential of the body to enjamb with what Antonio Negri, Michael Hardt, Paolo Virno, and others have called “the multitude”. In what ways does Toscano’s praxis of lyric (dis)enjambment echo the double bind of late-capitalist (dis)enchantment, and how does it typify the reduction of labor practices to guttural, often voiceless, biopoliticized existence? This chapter argues that Toscano’s poetry works to reintegrate human collectives within the unsurveilled apertures of cognitive capitalism’s assault on labor, by interrogating and disassembling the alienated, clockwork features of human performance and its affective topologies.
Seeing Is Believing: The Disruptive Effect of Sustainable and Functional Product Design in Electric Bikes for Emerging Economies

The bicycle industry has improved over the years. Manufacturers have created different types of new bikes such as the Juliet bike for women and the Revive E-bike. Sustainability and convenience are key in a world where innovations benefit not only consumers, but also the economy and the world. Product design is the detailed specification of a manufactured item’s parts and how the item will perform its intended functionality in an efficient, safe, and reliable manner. E-bikes by design can become a sustainable solution for consumers in an emerging economy that has low monetary wealth. This research addresses the following questions. How important is a product’s design to a product’s value and lifespan? How does implementing innovations in E-bikes affect emerging economies?
5nm CMOS Production Technology Platform featuring full-fledged EUV, and High Mobility Channel FinFETs with densest 0.021µm 2 SRAM cells for Mobile SoC and High Performance Computing Applications

A leading edge 5nm CMOS platform technology has been defined and optimized for mobile and HPC applications. This industry-leading 5nm technology features, for the first time, full-fledged EUV, and high mobility channel (HMC) finFETs with densest 0.021µm2 HD SRAM. This true 5nm CMOS platform technology is a full node scaling from our successful 7nm node [4] in offering ~1.84x logic density, 15% speed gain or 30% power reduction. The 5nm platform technology successfully passed qualification [3] with consistently high yielding 256Mb HD/HC SRAM, and large logic test chip consisting of CPU/GPU/SoC blocks. Currently in risk production, this true 5nm platform technology is on schedule for high volume production in 1H 2020.
MEASUREMENT-TO-MEASUREMENT BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY AS A PREDICTOR OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE OUTCOMES

Short-term fluctuations in blood pressure (BP) reflect autonomic regulation stability and arterial elasticity. We hypothesized that short-term, measurement-to-measurement blood pressure variability (BPV) has an independent association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes in a nationally
What drives disease flows between locations

Communicable diseases 'flow' between locations. These flows dictate where and when certain communities will be affected. While the prediction of disease flows is essential for the timely intervention of epidemics, few studies have addressed this critical issue. This study predicts disease flows during an epidemic by considering the epidemiological, network, and temporal contextual factors using a deep learning approach. A series of scenario analyses helps identify the effects of these contextual factors on disease flows. Results show that the extended spatial-temporal effect of the epidemiological factors stimulates disease flows. The compound effects of the network factors enhance the transmission efficiency of these flows. Lastly, the temporal effect accelerates the combined effects of epidemiological and network factors on the flows. Findings of this study reveal the intricate nature of disease flows and lay a solid foundation for real-time surveillance of epidemics and pandemics to inform timely interventions for a broad range of communicable diseases.
Characteristics of Children and Adults Treated with Rituximab for Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)

Background:As the treatment options for ITP continue to expand, identifying which patients to treat with rituximab has become more complex. Recent guidelines for treatment with rituximab differ for ITP in adults as compared with children; thus, the decision to treat with rituximab may vary by age group. Objective:To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of adult and pediatric patients with ITP treated with rituximab over the last 10 years. Methods:A retrospective review identified 64 patients with ITP who received rituximab at two tertiary academic medical centers. Eligibility included diagnosis of ITP and treatment with rituximab for ITP between January 2010 and December 2019. Demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory studies, and treatments were collected. Rituximab response was defined as a platelet count ≥100 x 109/L within 6 months after first rituximab dose and the absence of treatment with steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or second-line therapies in those 6 months. Results:The demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort are described in the Table. In this cohort, 38% (24/64) of patients were Forty-four patients (69%) met criteria for rituximab response, which did not differ between children and adults (children 63% vs adults 73%, p=0.42). Rituximab response did not significantly correlate with the phase of ITP with a 90% (9/10) response rate in those with newly diagnosed ITP, 50% (7/14) in persistent ITP, and 69% (27/39) in chronic ITP (p=0.09). Response also did not correlate with the number of prior treatments (p=0.86). Rituximab response correlated with a lack of IVIG response (p=0.04) but did not correlate with response to any other prior treatments. Of those who responded to steroids (43/60), 32 (74.4%) responded to rituximab. Conclusions: The overall rituximab response (69%) was not significantly different between children and adults in this cohort. Laboratory testing prior to rituximab differed between children and adults. Secondary ITP was more commonly diagnosed in children treated with rituximab; however, adults were more likely to be ANA and DAT positive. Immunologic labs were evaluated prior to treatment with rituximab more often in children than adults. The variability in the approach to testing prior to rituximab suggests that guidance in this patient population would be useful. Download : Download high-res image (598KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Al-Samkari:Agios:Consultancy, Research Funding;Dova:Consultancy, Research Funding;Amgen:Research Funding;Argenx:Consultancy;Rigel:Consultancy.Grace:Pfizer:Research Funding;Novartis:Research Funding;Agios:Research Funding;Dova:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. OffLabel Disclosure: Rituximab for treatment of immune thrombocytopenia
Research Recruitment: A Case Study on Women with Substance Use Disorder

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The full spectrum of random walks on complete finite d-ary trees

In the present paper, we determine the full spectrum of the simple random walk on finite, complete d-ary trees. We also find an eigenbasis for the transition matrix. As an application, we apply our results to get a lower bound for the interchange process on complete, finite d-ary trees, which we conjecture to be sharp.
The influence of calyx removal and fruit bagging on carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), infestation in pomegranate

Abstract Carob moth [Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)] is a serious pest of pomegranate orchards in several parts of the world, including Turkey. Insecticides are often not a viable option to manage this pest as the larvae are protected inside the pomegranate fruit. This study evaluated the potential of fruit bagging (B), calyx removal (RC) and fruit bagging after calyx removal (BRC) for managing carob moth during 2016–2018 in two districts of Sanliurfa Province, Turkey. Fifty trees were randomly selected from each location when pomegranate fruits reached the size of a walnut, i.e., approximately 3–5 cm diameter (end of May to start of June). Two fruits were marked for each method on each selected tree, whereas two fruits were reserved for control treatment. All fruits were examined during mid-August and late-September to determine carob moth infestation. The tested methods significantly (p
An mHealth Approach to Addressing Health Inequity

Little is known at the local level how mHealth interventions support consumers’ goal of a healthy lifestyle and the impact of mHealth interventions on providing equitable care. This paper investigates: 1) the social determinants of health (SDOH) that affect the ability of people to be healthy and 2) clinicians use of mHealth interventions to facilitate equitable provision of healthcare. Socioeconomic and health data was collected from all 93 Nebraska counties. A positive correlation was found between the ability of people to be healthy and their access to health insurance and fresh food. A correlation was also discovered between poverty and the ability of people to be healthy and access food. A mobile app was then developed to provide information on available community resources for patients of a student-run free clinic. The contribution of this study is determining how mHealth can be used as a sustainable health equity intervention.
The Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships: Understanding Power and Control Tactics Among College Students:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem among college students and many students have difficulty identifying unhealthy and abusive behaviors. The aims of this mixed methods study are to: (a) create an inclusive tool that illustrates the power and control experiences of a diverse group of young adult college students, (b) ensure a broad scope of tactics are illustrated (related to technology and different types of relationships), and (c) measure the experience of these tactics, including how IPV knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy are influenced by a more inclusive tool. In Phase I, semi-structured interviews were conducted with students (n = 33) and staff (n = 10) at campus sexual assault centers at the three University of Michigan (UM) campuses to explore power and control tactics utilized by perpetrators on college campuses. Content analysis revealed 13 categories of tactics in college relationships. A draft tool was created and assessed for accuracy using cognitive interviews with students (n = 20) from all three campuses in Phase II. Cognitive interviews resulted in the following changes to the final tool: (a) new presentation of the Socioecological Model, (b) identification of substance use as a facilitator for multiple forms of violence, and (c) edits to tactic descriptions. In Phase III, 250 students at UM-Ann Arbor participated in a quasi-experimental evaluation in which 133 interacted with the tool and 117 received access to usual care (campus sexual misconduct policy). Both groups answered survey questions about IPV knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and experiences at baseline, and after one month and five months. Among all college participants in Phase III, 33.5% had experienced lifetime IPV and 25.2% had experienced IPV in the past year. There were no significant differences among IPV knowledge, attitudes, or self-efficacy by group. The Dynamics of Interpersonal Coercion Among College Students tool was created by incorporating current tactics utilized among a diverse college population.