cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The problem of lexical innovation

In a series of papers, Donald Davidson (Synthese 59(1):3–17, 1984, The philosophical grounds of rationality, 1986, Midwest Stud Philos 16:1–12, 1991) developed a powerful argument against the claim that linguistic conventions provide any explanatory purchase on an account of linguistic meaning and communication. This argument, as I shall develop it, turns on cases of what I call lexical innovation: cases in which a speaker uses a sentence containing a novel expression-meaning pair, but nevertheless successfully communicates her intended meaning to her audience. I will argue that cases of lexical innovation motivate a dynamic conception of linguistic conventions according to which background linguistic conventions may be rapidly expanded to incorporate new word meanings or shifted to revise the meanings of words already in circulation. I argue that this dynamic account of conventions both resolves the problem raised by cases of lexical innovation and that it does so in a way that is preferable to those who—like Davidson—deny important explanatory roles for linguistic conventions.
Addition of Aluminum and Gallium Species to Aromatic and Alkyl-Substituted 1,4-Diaza-1,3-butadiene Ligands

In this report, we investigate the interactions of MexMCl3–x (x = 0–3, M = Al, Ga) with various aromatic and alkyl-substituted 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene RDAB ligands (or α-diimine ligands) to give a variety of structures in solution and in the solid state. In combination with other previously reported structures, certain general trends of reactivity of these species can be deduced, although there are still some unexplained modes of reactivity. The methylated Al species react with aromatic-substituted RDAB ligands to provide final products that result from C═N insertion into the Al–CH3 group followed by rearrangement reactions. The addition of methyl groups onto the backbone of the RDAB ligand is insufficient to stop the insertion and rearrangement processes from occurring. In the case of MeAlCl2 with the bulky DiPPDAB ligand, the reaction could be followed spectroscopically from the monoadduct through the inserted/rearranged final product. Methylated Ga species, however, are much less predictable in their b...
Abstract 5164: Using metabolomic flux to uncover new targets for the modulation of breast cancer metastasis

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most deadly breast cancer because of its ability to rapidly metastasize, often before the primary lesion is detected. To better understand what drives this highly aggressive form of cancer, we studied central carbon metabolism in IBC. The Warburg effect, which is characterized by high rates of glucose uptake and glycolysis even under aerobic conditions, occurs in most cancer cells and plays an important role in the tumorigenic capacity of breast cancer. Specifically, we examined metabolic changes that occur when breast cancer cells switch from a proliferating phenotype to a highly motile phenotype. In primary tumor formation rapid proliferation is crucial, while in metastasis motility to new sites is critical. We hypothesize that alterations in the regulation of metabolic pathways leads to the direction of energy from proliferation to motility, and that this change is important in the progression of breast cancer towards metastases. Understanding if a coincident metabolic shift occurs when malignant cells switch from a proliferative to a more aggressive motile form may help identify new therapeutics for highly aggressive breast cancers. For our studies, we are using “normal-like” MCF-10A breast cells, which proliferate quickly and move slower than cancer cells, and two highly metastatic breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and the IBC-derived line SUM 149), which have the ability to move quickly and proliferate relatively slowly. Using these cell lines as a model, we have examined metabolic changes as cancer progresses. We are conducting targeted metabolomic studies to determine relative concentrations of metabolites in the glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and mevalonate pathway. In addition, we are using 13 C-labeled pyruvate and glucose to measure the transient and steady state flux through these metabolic pathways. Our preliminary results indicate interesting and unexpected changes in both the transient and steady state metabolic fluxes across the different cell lines. In addition, the metabolic flux through the TCA cycle is very active in the metastatic cancer cells despite an increase in glycolysis. In agreement with flux studies of other cancer cell lines, our results suggest that the cancer cells are likely using intermediates from the TCA cycle to generate nucleotides and fatty acids needed for replication. The results from this work, once validated, can be used to identify new therapeutic metabolic targets to modulate breast cancer metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5164. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5164
Preservice Teachers’ Perceptions of Teaching Effectiveness During Teaching Episodes With Positive and Negative Feedback:

The purpose of this study was to examine preservice teachers’ perceptions of teaching effectiveness when viewing teaching episodes with positive and negative feedback. A secondary purpose of the study was to examine several independent variables to determine whether they predicted perceptions of overall teacher effectiveness. Participants watched short teaching clips of eight experienced teachers in an applied teaching setting and rated them for overall teaching effectiveness, subject matter competence, modeling, appropriate feedback, teacher delivery, and teacher demeanor. Teacher videos included four high positive teaching episodes and four high negative teaching episodes and were counterbalanced for gender and instrument (trumpet, piano, voice, and violin). Participants rated positive teachers higher than negative teachers and females higher than males. Teacher delivery was the best predictor of perceptions of teaching effectiveness.
Photocatalyzed conversion of CO2 to CH4: an excited-state acid-base mechanism.

Photoinduced reduction of CO2 by H2O occurs in nanoporous Vycor glass doped with tungsten oxides derived from 312 nm photolysis of physisorbed W(CO)6. In polished forms of Vycor, a hydrated precurs...
A Game-Theoretical Propensity Score Analysis of Multimarket Contingencies

After two decades of multimarket competition studies in strategic management, this area has developed into two distinct streams: namely, multimarket collusion and competitive dynamics. While the fo...
Mobile-Assisted Language Learning in China’s College English Education: The Reality and Research

Due to the increased college enrollments in China in recent years, today’s college English teachers are facing more challenges than ever. Influenced by the traditional Chinese culture, mainly Confucian, current college English classes in China are often critiqued for their teacher-centered approach, the lack of student autonomy, as well as detachment from realistic social purposes. The use of mobile technologies in language acquisition has been explored by many researchers around the world, and has the potential to spark positive changes in China’s college English education, including enhanced teacher competencies, increased learner autonomy, and improved teacher–student interaction. This paper provides an overview of existing research and practices about mobile-assisted language learning in China’s college English education, and proposes that certain elements should be in place to ensure its successful integration.
Abstract A31: Genome-wide microRNA profiling analysis of breast cancer among African American and European American women

African American (AA) women are more likely than European American (EA) women to be diagnosed with aggressive, estrogen receptor (ER) negative breast cancer. Differences in microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns have not been well studied as potential mechanisms underlying this racial disparity. In this study, we performed a whole-genome miRNA expression profiling in 58 (29 AA and 29 EA) fresh-frozen breast tumors, with clinical characteristics (e.g., ER status, histological grade, stage) comparable between AA and EA samples, and in 10 (5 AA and 5 EA) normal breast tissues obtained from women undergoing reduction mammoplasty, with pathology determined free from any abnormalities. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed that miRNA expression patterns clearly distinguish breast cancer from normal breast tissue. In tumors, a number of miRNAs are significantly differentially expressed between tumor subtypes and are associated with other clinicopathological factors, such as tumor grade and lymph node status. We identified 64 differentially expressed (mean fold change>2 and FDR Citation Format: Zhihong Gong, Dan Wang, Allyson Espinal, Qiang Hu, Lara Sucheston-Campbell, Li Tang, Jo Freudenheim, Peter Shields, Carl Morrison, Steven Belinsky, Song Liu, Kitaw Demissie, Michael Higgins, Christine Ambrosone. Genome-wide microRNA profiling analysis of breast cancer among African American and European American women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer: Mechanisms to Medicines ; 2015 Dec 4-7; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A31.
Mortality risk factors in acute protein-energy malnutrition

The records of 45 children admitted to the Save The Children Fund (UK) Clinic, Dhankuta, East Nepal for nutritional rehabilitation, and who subsequently died, were compared with those of 200 survivors admitted during the same period. Children who died were more likely to have attended the clinic previously (P less than 0.02), and tended to be younger and lighter than controls. A poor outcome was associated with oedema (P less than 0.02), hepatomegaly (P less than 0.01), suspected tuberculosis (P less than 0.001) and various socioeconomic factors: children who died came from larger families, 'single parent' families (P less than 0.01), and were more likely to have lost a sibling (P less than 0.01). The irrigated landholdings of dying children's families were on average approximately half the size of those of survivors' families. These socioeconomic factors were associated with more severe malnutrition at presentation. The identification of factors associated with a poor prognosis can help to focus admission criteria and to monitor especially high-risk children where services for the acutely malnourished are limited.
Capturing Sub-Nanosecond Quenching in DualBeam FIB/SEM Serial Sectioning

Many events that happen (intentional or not) during thin film processing can be captured by cross section TEM. Dynamic possibilities often argue for in situ TEM, with two caveats: in situ experiments require care, and some reactions observed in situ do not capture materials phenomena the same as an ex situ manufacturing line. During TEM sample preparation, FIB/SEM serial sections add statistical meaning to a final single TEM image. Dynamic FIB/SEM movies also help interpret reactions. 3D data is often reconstructed to a tomogram of 3D microstructure. However, if events happen differently in the 3rd (z) dimension, this generally is due to local events happening at slightly different times. The “movie form” of a 3D dataset enables temporal differences to be considered in conjunction with spatial differences all at the nanoscale. Dynamic imaging often leads the observer to ask: “What is happening?” Interpretation of movies must abide two kinetic laws: Whatever happens, happens; and whatever happens first, happens first. The FIB/SEM dissection occurs long after any reaction(s) happened, but the movie provides dynamic clues as to what/how/when reactions happen.
EFFECTS OF DEPRIVATION OF VOMERONASAL CHEMORECEPTION ON PREY DISCRIMINATION IN RATTLESNAKES

It has been demonstrated that rattlesnakes can discriminate between envenomed and nonenvenomed rodent prey based on venom-related cues deposited during the strike. This behavior is crucial to the snake’s ability to choose the chemical trail left by an envenomed rodent fleeing the strike area and aids in the snake’s ability to relocate the rodent. The purpose of the current study was to assess the importance of the vomeronasal system (VNS) in mediating a rattlesnake’s ability to distinguish between envenomed and nonenvenomed prey items. The VNS in adult rattlesnakes was temporarily blocked with Xylocaine ointment, and the rattlesnakes were presented with two prey items, one envenomated and one manually killed by the experimenter and not envenomed. Rattlesnakes in the Xylocaine condition failed to discriminate between envenomed and nonenvenomed prey items, whereas this discrimination was evident in the control condition. These data provide direct evidence that the VNS plays a critical role in mediating poststrike prey discrimination in rattlesnakes.
Hypotheses, Models, Data, and Methodology

In the introductory section, this research highlighted the concept of competitive position, innovation, and national innovation system – IPR protection in developing countries. To examine how incremental and adaptive innovations advance a firm’s competitive positions in a developing country, this research attempts to investigate the discernible patterns and the interrelationships of a firm’s characters and its business environment factors.
Improvements in Global Climate Model Microphysics Using a Consistent Representation of Ice Particle Properties

AbstractThis paper describes a new approach for representing ice microphysics in climate models. In contrast with most previous schemes, this approach does not include separate categories for cloud and precipitating ice and instead uses a single two-moment category to represent all solid hydrometeors. Thus, there is no need for an ice “autoconversion” size threshold parameter, which has a critical impact on simulated climate in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) yet is poorly constrained by theory or observations. Further, in the new treatment, all ice microphysical processes and parameters, including ice effective radius and mean fall speed, are formulated self-consistently and flexibly based on empirical ice particle mass–size and projected area–size relationships. This means that the scheme can represent the physical coupling between bulk particle density, mean fall speed, and effective radius, which is not possible in current schemes. Two different methods for specifying these relationships based o...
Mitigating impacts of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on local distribution feeders using a Charging Management System

Number of Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEV) has increased significantly during the recent years, causing severe impacts on operation of power distribution systems. This study develops a new Charging Management System (CMS) to regulate PEV charging activities to minimize the PEV unwanted impacts. Its algorithm employs a 3-tier charging control mechanism that prioritizes low-battery vehicles and rolling switching of charging stations. The CMS is evaluated using a 14.4-kV distribution grid and PEV public charging station data of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). Results show that the CMS can regulate the PEV charging to raise the grid voltages effectively. Under a grid heavy loading condition where its feeder voltages drop to 0.93pu, the CMS can bring all critical voltages back to normal of 0.95pu after two control cycles. In addition, the CMS improves the grid load supply capability by up to 8.5%. It ensures better charging level for PEV. The battery state of charge under the CMS is 76% for 8-hour control, improved by 14.5%, as compared with a two-tier charging control system.
Abstract 17865: Leisure Time Physical Activity in Middle Age Participants and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

Background: While higher rates of atrial fibrillation (AF) have been observed among athletes, modestly higher levels of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) have been associated with a lower risk ...
VitroLib: From an ontology and instance editor to a linked data cataloging editor

The Mellon Foundation-funded Linked Data For Libraries Labs (LD4L Labs) and Linked Data For Libraries Production (LD4P) projects are exploring how to support library systems transition to the use of linked open data. As part of this work, we are developing a linked data cataloging editor called VitroLib. VitroLib extends Vitro, the open source ontology and instance editor that provides the ontology-agnostic semantic application underpinning VIVO, the researcher profiling system. VitroLib generates content display and content editing interfaces based on BIBFRAME, Bibliotek-o which extends BIBFRAME, and related ontologies. In this presentation, we will provide an overview of the design and implementation of VitroLib, results of usability testing exploring how catalogers can use VitroLib to catalog bibliographic metadata, and how VitroLib development has used application profiles.
Surgical technique for arthroscopic onlay suprapectoral biceps tenodesis with an all-suture anchor

The long head of the biceps is a frequent pain generator in the shoulder. Tendinopathy of the long head of the biceps may be treated with biceps tenodesis. There has been great debate about the optimal technique for biceps tenodesis, without a clear distinction between different techniques. Biceps tenodesis fixation may include interference fixation, suspensory fixation, all-suture anchors, and soft tissue fixation. In this technical note, we describe an all-arthroscopic onlay suprapectoral biceps tenodesis with an all-suture anchor.
Understanding body image among adults in mid-late life: Considering romantic partners and depressive symptoms in the context of diabetes:

Although our bodies change as we age, there is limited research exploring body image among middle-aged and older adults. This study considered 70 adults with diabetes' (Mage = 60.01 years) body image and revealed relatively high levels of body dissatisfaction in this sample. Furthermore, participants' own and perceptions of their partners' dissatisfaction with their bodies were moderately associated, and participants' body dissatisfaction was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the need for further research, exploring the social and psychological correlates of body image among men and women in mid-late adulthood.
Ohio Modified Arm–Motor Ability Test (OMAAT): An Optimized Measure of Upper Extremity Functional Limitation in Hemiparetic Stroke

This secondary analysis quantified the psychometric properties of the Ohio Modified Arm-Motor Ability Test (OMAAT) in a sample of neurologically stable chronic stroke survivors (n = 67, 40 men; mean age 59.8 yr, standard deviation = 12.8; 42 White, 23 Black, 2 other; 92.5% right-sided lesion; 44 ischemic stroke). Findings indicate high OMAAT internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .97, ordinal α = .98, Gugiu's bootstrap reliability = .97), unidimensionality, and strong positive factor loadings for all 20 OMAAT items. Convergent validity between OMAAT and Action Research Arm Test total scores was strong (r = .90, p < .0001). The OMAAT is the first short measure of upper extremity functional limitation available to clinicians and researchers that includes an administration manual and that has been examined using nonparametric psychometrics. A detailed administration manual is provided as a supplement to this article.
Linear-Nonparametric Low-Dose Disease Risk Estimation

Various mathematical functions have been used for low-dose extrapolation of carcinogenic risk estimates. Generally, experimental data fit various mathematical models about equally well in the experimental dose region, but low-dose risk estimates may vary by orders of magnitude for the various models. In the absence of convincing biological arguments, there generally is no basis for selecting the appropriate mathematical model for low-dose extrapolation. If the low end of the dose response curve is convex (curving upward), it is possible to obtain an upper limit on the risk at low doses by using linear extrapolation in the low-dose region.
Transformative Social Justice Learning as a New Lifelong Learning Paradigm

Transformative social justice learning as a social, political, and pedagogical practice takes place when people reach a deeper, richer, more textured and nuanced understanding of themselves and their world. Not in vain, Freire always advocated the simultaneous reading of the world and of the word. Based on a key assumption of Critical Theory that all social relationships involve a relationship of domination and that language constitutes identities, transformative social justice learning, from a meaning-making or symbolic perspective, is an attempt to recreate the various theoretical contexts for the examination of rituals, myths, icons, totems, symbols, and taboos in education and society, in essence an examination of the uneasy dialectic between agency and structure, setting forward a process of transformation (Torres, 2003).
Extrinsic Versus Intrinsic Determinants of the Diastolic Pressure—Volume Relation

The left-ventricular diastolic pressure—volume relation (LV-DPVR) is determined by intrinsic properties of the chamber as well as by forces that are external to the heart, principally resulting from pericardial and right heart loads. Intrinsic factors can be divided into passive and active components. Passive elements include myocardial viscoelasticity, caused by structural proteins within the sarcomere, extra-cellular matrix proteins, and coronary vascular turgor, and chamber geometric factors such as wall thickness, cavity shape, and filling deformation. Active components of chamber stiffness are principally related to calcium handling and neurohumoral activation. This can manifest as delayed isovolumic relaxation that influences the early portion of the LV-DPVR, or altered diastolic “tone” which influences overall chamber distensibility. Among these factors, the dominant determinants of the LV-DPVR appear to be structural, because the relation is generally unaltered by acute pharmacological or physiological manipulations. External influences on the LV-DPVR are primarily direct ventricular interaction and constraining forces from the pericardium. These external loads are more easily altered by acute interventions and likely underlie many reported upward or downward shifts in the LV-DPVR from various interventions (e.g., vasodilators, channel blockers, exercise, ischemia). External constraining forces contribute a substantial percent (≈35%) of the resting diastolic pressures in humans, and thereby play an important role in determining the net dependence of cardiac output on filling pressure. In this chapter, we review the determinants of the LV-DPVR and focus on the relative influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
The role of firm investment in momentum and reversal

Abstract We propose that the time delay inherent in firm investment is what creates the time delay in stock returns observed in the momentum and reversal regularities. We provide intuition for our hypothesis and show empirically that indeed the momentum and reversal effects occur not in isolation, but are concurrent with systematic patterns in firm investment. For example, winners only continue to win when there is also subsequent investment, and losers only continue to lose when there is also subsequent disinvestment. Although our paper is about understanding the nature of the price pattern delay rather than examining a trading strategy, our tests suggest ways to enhance trading returns. Our results provide novel evidence on a potential source of delay in momentum and reversals regularities.
CFD Simulation and Optimization of the Cooling of Open Compute Machine Learning “Big Sur” Server

In recent years, there have been phenomenal increases in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning that require data collection, mining and using data sets to teach computers certain things to learn, analyze image and speech recognition. Machine Learning tasks require a lot of computing power to carry out numerous calculations. Therefore, most servers are powered by Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) instead of traditional CPUs. GPUs provide more computational throughput per dollar spent than traditional CPUs. Open Compute Servers forum has introduced the state-of-the-art machine learning servers “Big Sur” recently. Big Sur unit consists of 4OU (OpenU) chassis housing eight NVidia Tesla M40 GPUs and two CPUs along with SSD storage and hot-swappable fans at the rear. Management of the airflow is a critical requirement in the implementation of air cooling for rack mount servers to ensure that all components, especially critical devices such as CPUs and GPUs, receive adequate flow as per requirement. In addition, component locations within the chassis play a vital role in the passage of airflow and affect the overall system resistance. In this paper, sizeable improvement in chassis ducting is targeted to counteract effects of air diffusion at the rear of air flow duct in “Big Sur” Open Compute machine learning server wherein GPUs are located directly downstream from CPUs. A CFD simulation of the detailed server model is performed with the objective of understanding the effect of air flow bypass on GPU die temperatures and fan power consumption. The cumulative effect was studied by simulations to see improvements in fan power consumption by the server. The reduction in acoustics noise levels caused by server fans is also discussed.
Visible light–gated reconfigurable rotary actuation of electric nanomotors

Highly efficient and widely applicable working mechanisms that allow nanomaterials and devices to respond to external stimuli with controlled mechanical motions could make far-reaching impact to reconfigurable, adaptive, and robotic nanodevices. We report an innovative mechanism that allows multifold reconfiguration of mechanical rotation of semiconductor nanoentities in electric (E) fields by visible light stimulation. When illuminated by light in the visible-to-infrared regime, the rotation speed of semiconductor Si nanowires in E-fields can instantly increase, decrease, and even reverse the orientation, depending on the intensity of the applied light and the AC E-field frequency. This multifold rotational reconfiguration is highly efficient, instant, and facile. Switching between different modes can be simply controlled by the light intensity at an AC frequency. We carry out experiments, theoretical analysis, and simulations to understand the underlying principle, which can be attributed to the optically tunable polarization of Si nanowires in an aqueous suspension and an external E-field. Finally, leveraging this newly discovered effect, we successfully differentiate semiconductor and metallic nanoentities in a noncontact and nondestructive manner. This research could inspire a new class of reconfigurable nanoelectromechanical and nanorobotic devices for optical sensing, communication, molecule release, detection, nanoparticle separation, and microfluidic automation.
Biological soil crust diversity and composition in southwest Idaho, U.S.A.

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) were sampled by habitat types within and adjacent to the Orchard Combat Training Center (OCTC) in southwest Idaho, U.S.A. Plots consisting of a 34.7 m radius circle, approximately equal to one acre or 0.38 hectares were sampled. We focused on five native vascular plant-dominated current habitat types within the OCTC, including: 1) Wyoming sagebrush, 2) saltbush, 3) rabbitbrush, 4) winterfat, and 5) Sandberg bluegrass. We describe how BSC cover and species richness varied with habitat types in the study area. We recorded the relative abundance of BSCs and vascular plant species and collected voucher specimens for each BSC. The biodiversity of each BSC in these arid habitat types was much greater than many ecologists have assumed. We found a total of 68 species of BSC across all 17 plots. BSC cover differed significantly across the different habitat types. BSC cover was significantly higher in sagebrush and saltbush as compared with Poa, rabbitbrush and winterfat habitat types. Overall, there was substantially more BSC richness (17–47 species) than vascular plant richness (4– 13 species), and BSC richness was positively related to vascular plant richness (R2=0.18, p=0.041). On average, each additional plant species was associated with 1.36 additional BSC species. BSC communities also varied across the habitat types with Buellia punctata as a significant indicator species for sagebrush, Toninia sedifolia for saltbush, and Cladonia pocillum for winterfat. Several BSC species were associated with 2 or 3 habitat types; for example, Cladonia fimbriata, Diploschistes muscorum, Leptogium lichenoides, Massalongia carnosa, Riccia sorocarpa and Trapeliopsis steppica were most common in the sagebrush, Poa, and rabbitbrush habitats. In contrast, Caloplaca tominii, Endocarpon loscosii, Placidium squamulosum and Psora tuckermanii were most common in winterfat and saltbush habitats.
Extended Versus Narrow-spectrum Antibiotics in the Management of Uncomplicated Appendicitis in Children: A Propensity-matched Comparative Effectiveness Study.

Objective:The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of extended versus narrow spectrum antibiotics in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) and hospital revisits in children with uncomplicated appendicitis.Summary of Background Data:There is a paucity of high-quality evidence in th
Hydrogen Bonding to a Dinitrogen Complex at Room Temperature: Impacts on N2 Activation

We report an experimental and computational analysis of the effects of hydrogen bonding to a metal dinitrogen complex. A series of H-bond donors over a wide pKa range (Δ 20) interact with the nitro...
Influence of Dynamic Automation Function Allocations on Operator Situation Awareness and Workload in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Control

The functional capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have dramatically expanded, placing substantial attentional and information processing demands on UAV operators. This study utilized a high-fidelity UAV flight simulation to explore the potential for DFAs in UAV control to reduce operator workload and support overall situation awareness. Three levels of UAV automation (LoAs) were compared, including DFA and static high and low level of automation. This research extended a preliminary investigation by Zhang et al. (2018). The present research addressed the limitations of the preliminary study by increasing the sample size and comparing effects of LoAs during ‘easy to hard’ and ‘hard to easy’ task difficulty transitions. Results of this study demonstrated the presence of “out-of-the-loop performance” issues under high LoA. Results also showed some support for use of DFAs to address out-of-the-loop problems in UAV operations. Findings of this study provide some guidance for design of DFAs in UAV control.
Gratitude enhances the beneficial effects of social support on psychological well-being

Receiving support during stress can have a positive psychological impact. Additionally, gratitude is associated with increased perceptions of support and strengthened social relationships. The purp...
Religion, Robots and Rectitude: Communicative Affordances for Spiritual Knowledge and Community

In light of growing concerns on AI growth and gloomy projections of attendant risks to human well-being and expertise, recent development of robotics designed to fulfill spiritual goals can help pr...
Bovine Tuberculosis: A Re-emerging Zoonotic Infection

Bovine tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), which infects both humans and cattle. In 2018, a dairy farm in Wisconsin was affected by M. bovis, including a farmworker with exposure to the affected herd. Largely eradicated by effective public health strategies in the United States, most cases are now associated with risk factors including occupational hazards, food consumption, and iatrogenic infections. M. bovis continues to cause disease worldwide affecting certain at-risk populations in the United States. Infections more often result in extrapulmonary sequelae and resistance to pyrazinamide is universal. Thus, successful treatment depends on early and correct identification of the mycobacterium species. A One Health approach to control this re-emerging disease is crucial.
Patterns and Predictors of Transitions Across Residential Care Settings and Nursing Homes Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the United States

Background and objectives Older adults prefer to age in place, but sociodemographic, health, and socioeconomic factors may influence their decision to remain in the community. Guided by Andersen's behavioral model, we characterize incident transitions out of the community into residential care settings or nursing homes and identify predictors of these transitions. Research design and methods Study participants include 2,725 (weighted n = 13,704,390) community-dwelling U.S. older adults of the National Health and Aging Trends Study from 2011 to 2018. We examined the associations between sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health factors and the probability of transition using a multinomial logit model. Results Over the study period, 86.2% of older adults remained in the community, whereas 9.0% and 4.9% transitioned to residential care settings and nursing homes, respectively. Older age, living alone, having functional and cognitive limitations, and hospitalization were associated with increased risk of transitioning to residential care settings or nursing homes from the community. Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to transition to residential care settings or nursing homes. Adults with lower income had a greater risk of transitioning to nursing homes. Medicaid enrollment did not affect the likelihood of transition. Discussion and implications Majority of older adults remained in the community, and incident transition to residential care settings was more common than to nursing homes. Policy should target sociodemographic, health, and socioeconomic factors that enable older adults to age in place. Future work should examine whether these new residential care settings enhance the quality of life or result in subsequent transitions back into the community.
Successful Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer in a Patient With Hereditary Coproporphyria.

Abstract Hereditary coproporphyria is an acute cutaneous porphyria presenting with cutaneous skin lesions and neuropsychiatric symptoms in sporadic attacks. Concern over the use of radiation therapy in inducing these attacks may provide some hesitancy in using radiation therapy in porphyric patients. We report the safe use of radiation therapy in a patient with breast cancer and hereditary coproporphyria without any acute or chronic toxicity, and conduct a literature review to contextualize the case. Our findings support most of the scarce literature in providing evidence for the safe use of Radiation Therapy in patients with hereditary coproporphyria.
Tackling modern‐day crises: Why understanding multilevel interconnectivity is vital

Complex crises like the coronavirus pandemic are showing us that modern societies are becoming increasingly unable to live in equilibrium with nature. These crises are the result of multiple causes, which interact at different scales and across different domains. Therefore, investigating their proximate causes is not enough to fully understand them. It is also crucial to take into account the structural factors involved. As concerns the global pandemic, I suggest four levels of analysis: (i) the surface or "proximate" level of the crisis; (ii) the human-environment-animal interface, as pointed out by the One Health approach; (iii) the broader socioeconomic context; and (iv) the deeper or worldview level. Furthermore, I argue that there is the need for a mindset shift if we want to properly trace causality. Much more attention must be given to the study of multilevel connecting patterns and nonlinear mechanisms as the producers of emergent global effects.
The influence of sowing and planting seedlings at different dates in autumn on the yield and quality of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Abstract Turkey is the world’s leading country in legal poppy cultivation and morphine production. As with other producing countries, the poppy is traditionally cultivated in Turkey through the sowing of seeds during the autumn. However, if the seasonal rains are insufficient and irregular, this can lead to problems with germination and emergence. In this research, the option of solving these problems by using seedlings in production, instead of seeds, was investigated. The study compares the yield and quality performance of the two production methods, planting seedlings and direct seed sowing in the poppy cultivar ‘Ofis-4’. Field experiments were conducted on three sowing/planting dates, namely October fifteenth, November first, and November fifteenth, during the growing seasons of 2017/18 and 2018/19 in the semi-arid ecological conditions of the southwestern region of Turkey. The plants produced by seedling transplantation and by sowing were compared in terms of the yields of seeds and capsules along with yield-related traits and the contents of seed-fixed oil and capsule opium alkaloids. The planting seedling method was seen to be an average of one week faster than the sowing method. In terms of the sowing/planting time delays in the autumn season, it was also observed that the ripening difference between both propagation methods started to narrow. If the general averages are considered, the highest capsule and seed yields were obtained from planting seedling on October fifteenth, the first planting date, in both years. Since the planting dates were late, the capsule and seed yield decreased while it was found that the contents of capsule alkaloids, except morphine and codeine, were not significantly affected by the production method and sowing/planting dates. On the other hand, the direct sowing method and first sowing date produced the highest morphine (0.53 and 0.58 %, respectively) and codeine (0.101 and 0.126 %, respectively) contents. It was therefore concluded that the seedling planting method can be recommended as an alternative to the direct sowing method traditionally applied in poppy production for the achieving of high capsule and seed yields.
3121 – ERYTHROPOIETIN DEPENDENT SIGNALING IN ERYTHROBLASTIC ISLAND MACROPHAGES INDUCES PGE2 DEPENDENT DIFFERENTIATION OF STRESS ERYTHROID PROGENITORS

Inflammation caused by infection or tissue damage has a profound effect on hematopoiesis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines skew hematopoiesis to increase the production of myeloid effector cells, but this change comes with a cost as erythropoiesis is inhibited by these signals. In order to compensate for the decrease in steady state erythropoiesis, stress erythropoiesis is induced. This process is distinct from steady sate erythropoiesis and shares many properties with other stem cell mediated tissue regenerative responses. It is conserved between mouse and human. Unlike steady state erythropoiesis which constantly produces new erythrocytes, the strategy of stress erythropoiesis is to produce a bolus of erythrocytes that will maintain homeostasis until steady state erythropoiesis can resume. Previous work showed that immature stress erythroid progenitors rapidly proliferate but do not differentiate, which generates a transient amplifying population of progenitors. These progenitors develop in close contact with macrophages in structures known as erythroblastic islands (EBIs). Erythropoietin (Epo) dependent signaling in EBI macrophages changes the signals made by the macrophages from those promoting proliferation (Wnt and Hedgehog) to those promoting differentiation (PGJ2 and PGE2). Here we report that PGE2 dependent mobilization of intracellular calcium activates the Perk kinase (Eif2ak3) mediated integrated stress pathway in stress erythroid progenitors. This pathway acts to increase the expression of amino acid transporters and tRNA synthases resulting in the activation of the mTorC1 complex. These two pathways drive the commitment to erythroid differentiation and are required for the generation of new erythrocytes that will maintain homeostasis until steady state erythropoiesis can resume.
Long-term consequences of peri-adolescent social isolation on social preference, anxiety-like behaviour, and vasopressin neural circuitry of male and female rats.

Social isolation during the juvenile and adolescent stages (peri-adolescent social isolation) can have long-term consequences for behavioural and neural development. Most of this research, however, has relied on data from males, and very few studies have included both sexes. The present study investigated the impact of peri-adolescent social isolation on social preference, anxiety-like behaviour, and vasopressin neural circuitry of male and female Long Evans rats. Rats were either housed alone for 3 weeks beginning at weaning (Isolated) or in groups (Group-housed). In adulthood, rats were tested in social preference, open field, marble burying, and light/dark box tests, and brains were processed for vasopressin immunohistochemistry. Isolated males exhibited a lower social preference score and spent more time in the light zone of the light/dark box than their group-housed counterparts. Isolated and Group-housed females did not differ in these measures. Peri-adolescent social isolation did not alter vasopressin fibre density in target areas known to influence social and anxiety-like behaviours (the lateral septum or lateral habenula), but increased fibre density in an output pathway of the circadian pacemaker (projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus); an effect detected across both sexes. A previously unreported sex difference was also detected for vasopressin fibre density in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (females > males). These findings demonstrate long-term consequences of peri-adolescent social isolation on social preference, anxiety-like behaviour, and the circadian vasopressin pathway and suggest that socio-affective development of males is more vulnerable to social stressors during the juvenile and adolescent stages.
Future Directions and Recommendations

There are both enormous challenges and opportunities in addressing the public health crisis of medication adherence. One important theme is that the multifactorial basis for nonadherence calls for a multifaceted solution. An initial step is a common understanding of some of the key issues among stakeholders and the need to routinely measure and track adherence in standard practice. Electronic health systems provide an important opportunity to address that gap, particularly with guidance from the HHS on defining meaningful use to include measurement and integration of tools that improve adherence within EHRs.
The effect of various metallurgical parameters on the flow and fracture behavior of polycrystalline NiAl near the brittle-to-ductile transition

An investigation of the effect of various metallurgical parameters such as interfaces, allowing additions, test temperature, and strain rate on the flow and fracture behavior of polycrystalline NiAl is summarized. From this study, a more complete understanding of the deformation and fracture behavior of polycrystalline NiAl near the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature has been developed. A mechanism for the BDTT is proposed that is based on the operation of localized dislocation climb processes that operate within the vicinity of the grain boundaries and provide the additional deformation mechanisms necessary for grain-to-grain compatibility during plastic deformation. Finally, methods for improving the low temperature mechanical behavior of NiAl were considered and reviewed within the context of the present knowledge of NiAl-based materials and the operative deformation and fracture mechanisms determined in this study. Special emphasis was placed on the use of second phases for improving low temperature properties.
Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Referrals in a Concussion Clinic Cohort: An Exploratory Analysis

Abstract Objective To assess the frequency and spectrum of referrals to rehabilitation disciplines in a concussion clinic population and factors associated with need for referral. Design Retrospective study. Setting Concussion clinic within the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of an academic medical center. Participants Patients receiving physiatric management for concussion care. Main Outcome Measures Referral to physical therapy (PT), occupational therapy, speech therapy (ST), neuropsychology, or any referral (Any), and reasons for referral. Interventions Demographic and clinical variables were analyzed for possible association with referral to rehabilitation disciplines. These independent variables included mechanism of injury, referral source, age, gender, provider, days since injury, presenting Sports Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2) symptom score, insurance type, clinical risk factors, whether the injury was work related and whether the patient had been hospitalized. Results Among 262 patients meeting inclusion criteria, the most commonly prescribed individual therapy was physical therapy (74 patients; 28%), followed by speech therapy (60 patients, 23%), neuropsychology (27 patients, 10.3%), and occupational therapy (19 patients, 7.2%). In all, 121 (46%) of patients were referred to one or more disciplines. The most common reasons for referral were cognitive strategies (54 patients, 21%), balance/vestibular therapy (50 patients,19%), and neck pain (32 patients, 12%). Per multivariate logistic regression analysis, covariates associated with PT: age, SCAT2 symptom score, gender, provider, and (inversely) cognitive/learning disorder; ST: time elapsed since injury, gender, and referral source of internal clinic; Any: SCAT2 symptom score. Referrals did not significantly vary by mechanism of injury (sports, fall, vehicular, etc), whether work-related, or whether the patient had been hospitalized. Insurance factors were significant for PT and Any on the univariate analysis but not logistic regression. Conclusions Relatively little has been described about the typical rehabilitation requirements of individuals recovering from concussion. Although rest and guided return to usual activities have been emphasized as mainstays of management, a large number of patients in this concussion cohort were determined to require additional rehabilitation services to assist in recovery.
How Life Makes Hard Stuff

Biomineralization. Patricia M. Dove, James J. De Yoreo, and Steve Weiner, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society, Washington, DC, 2003. 395 pp. Paper, $36. ISBN 0-939950-66-9. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, vol. 54. The contributors offer specialists and nonspecialists alike a comprehensive introduction to the processes of biological mineralization and to the effects of these processes on Earth history.
SNPs and human history

Evolutionary geneticists have shown great interest in using patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation to make inferences about models of human evolution. Although there is a large amount of variability in the patterns across regions, a couple of trends have emerged: overall levels of variability are low, indicative of a small historical effective population size, and there are systematic differences in the patterns of SNP variation both across different regions of the genome and across human populations. The connections between these broad patterns and models of human evolution are unclear, in part because of the difficulty in quantifying the verbal models of physical anthropology. This will change soon with the development of new analytical methods and the gathering of more human SNP data. Keywords: human evolution; Neanderthals; natural selection; population bottlenecks; population structure; SNPs
Watson, John Broadus (1878–1958)

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 24, pp. 16389–16391, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.