cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Compassion: A Potential Shield Against Extreme Self-Reliance?

Can self-compassion protect young adults from the pitfalls of self-reliance? Emerging adults undergo a process of exploring their identities and establishing significant relationships that is vulnerable to stressors. Extreme self-reliance exacerbates this because of a lack of access to emotional support, threatening their well-being. Self-compassion facilitates emotional regulation and enhanced coping, which may protect young adults’ well-being from the consequences of self-reliance. We explored (a) the relationships among self-reliance, self-compassion and its elements (i.e., self-kindness, self-judgment, mindfulness, over-identification, common humanity, and isolation), and well-being, and (b) the potential of self-compassion as either a buffer or a mediator of the relationship between self-reliance and well-being. At an urban Midwestern public university, we recruited 208 young adults aged between 18 and 30 years (M = 21.94, SD = 3.49) with diverse backgrounds. We found that self-reliance, self-judgment, over-identification, and isolation were moderately-to-strongly negatively correlated with well-being, and that self-kindness, mindfulness, and common humanity were moderately-to-strongly (i.e., .30 < r < .63) positively correlated with well-being. Although we found no evidence that self-compassion acts as a buffer, we found good correlational evidence via path analysis that it acts as a mediator. Our findings suggest that the potential threat of extreme self-reliance to young adults’ well-being may be partially explained by self-kindness, mindfulness, and isolation.
Simulating the effects of chronic ozone exposure on hydrometeorology and crop productivity using a fully coupled crop, meteorology and air quality modeling system

Abstract In this study, the Noah-Multiparameterization with Crop land surface model in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model is modified to include the effects of chronic ozone exposure (COE) on plant conductance and photosynthesis (PCP) found from field experiments. Based on the modified WRF/Chem, the effects of COE on regional hydrometeorology and crop productivity have been investigated over the central United States. Our results indicate that the model in its current configuration can reproduce the rainfall and temperature patterns of the observations and reanalysis data, although it overestimates rainfall. The model underestimates daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations by 4–7 ppb compared with ozone observations from the Clean Air Status and Trend Network. The experimental tests on the effects of COE include setting different thresholds of ambient ozone concentrations ([O3]) and using linear regressions to quantify PCP against the COE. Compared with the WRF/Chem control run (i.e., without considering the effects of COE), the modified model at different experimental setups consistently improves the simulated estimates of rainfall and temperatures. The simulations in June, July, August, and September of 2009–2014 show that, over crop lands, surface [O3] decrease latent heat fluxes (LH) by 9 to 11 W/m2, increase surface air temperatures (T2) by 0.6 to 0.7 °C with the daily maximum temperature increasing up to 1 °C, and decrease rainfall by 0.15 to 0.21 mm per day by mostly reducing convective rainfall. Additionally, surface [O3] decrease crop yields by 18–23%, decrease Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) by 30%–38% in a domain average and up to 50% in some areas, and decrease crop yields by 30–45%, all of which highly depends on the precise experimental setup, especially the [O3] threshold. The mechanism producing these results is also discussed. Employing this modified WRF/Chem model in any high [O3] region can more precisely elucidate the interactions of vegetation, meteorology, chemistry/emissions, and crop productivity.
Crystal structures of four complexes produced by reaction of copper(I) cyanide with imidazoles

Four complexes of CuCN with imidazoles have been prepared by adding the ligand to a solution of CuCN in aqueous sodium thiosulfate. The imidazole ligands used were 2-methylimidazole (mim), 1,2-dimethylimidazole (dmim), 5-chloro-1-methylimidazole (clmim), and 2-phenylimidazole (phim). Complex 1, (CuCN)(mim) is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 9.565(3), b = 7.764(5), c = 8.983(8) A, β = 96.76(3)°, Z, = 4, Complex 2, (CuCN)(dmim) is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 8.120(2), b = 11.796(4), c = 16.375(9) A, β, = 100.87(4)°, Z = 8. Complex 3, (CuCN) (clmim) is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 24.907(4), b = 6.894(5), c = 18.259(4) A, β = 102.79(2)°, Z = 16. Complex 4, (CuCN)(phim) is orthorhombic, Pca21, a = 9.204(4), b = 8.125(2), c = 26.304(6) A, Z, = 8. Complexes 1, 2, and 4 have one-dimensional chains –Cu–CN–Cu– with an imidazole bonded to each Cu. Complex 3 has a two-dimensional sheet of CuCN, again with an imidazole bonded to each Cu. In 1 the imidazole group is disordered by a two-fold rotation approximately around the N···N direction in the imidazole group. In 3 one of the imidazole groups has a disorder involving exchange of the Cl and CH3.
Breeding Corn (Maize)

Indian corn, or maize (Zea mays L.), is the world’s second leading cereal crop, after wheat. Corn is the leading grain crop in the United States, with production more than 2.5 times that of wheat, the next leading cereal grain. The United States produces nearly one-half of the total world production. The next largest corn-producing countries are the Peoples Republic of China and Brazil. Corn is the primary food grain in Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America, China, and Africa. In the United States, it is used primarily as a feed grain for livestock, but it is also the source of an increasing number of important industrial products. Because of the important place of corn in U.S. agriculture, it is quite appropriate that the foremost contribution of U.S. scientists in plant breeding should be a system for breeding hybrid corn.
The Effect of Uncertainty in Vascular Wall Material Properties on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Wall Mechanics

Clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) can benefit from patient-specific computational biomechanics-based assessment of the disease. Individual variations in shape and aortic material properties are expected to influence the assessment of AAA wall mechanics. While patient-specific geometry can be reproduced using medical images, the accurate individual and regionally varying tissue material property estimation is currently not feasible. This work addresses the relative uncertainties arising from variations in AAA material properties and its effect on the ensuing wall mechanics. Computational simulations were performed with five different isotropic material models based on an ex-vivo AAA wall material characterization and a subject population sample of 28 individuals. Care was taken to exclude the compounding effects of variations in all other geometric and biomechanical factors. To this end, the spatial maxima of the principal stress (σ max), principal strain (e max), strain-energy density (ψ max), and displacement (δ max) were calculated for the diameter-matched cohort of 28 geometries for each of the five different constitutive materials. This led to 140 quasi-static simulations, the results of which were assessed on the basis of intra-patient (effect of material constants) and inter-patient (effect of individual AAA shape) differences using statistical averages, standard deviations, and Box and Whisker plots. Mean percentage variations for σ max, e max, ψ max, and δ max for the intra-patient analysis were 1.5, 7.1, 8.0, and 6.1, respectively, whereas for the inter-patient analysis these were 11.1, 4.5, 15.3, and 12.9, respectively. Changes in the material constants of an isotropic constitutive model for the AAA wall have a negligible influence on peak wall stress. Hence, this study endorses the use of population-averaged material properties for the purpose of estimating peak wall stress, strain-energy density, and wall displacement. Conversely, strain is more dependent on the material constant variation than on the differences in AAA shape in a diameter-matched population cohort.
Clinical practice. Irritable bowel syndrome.

A 28-year-old woman presents with a 7-month history of recurrent, crampy pain in the left lower abdominal quadrant, bloating with abdominal distention, and frequent, loose stools. She reports having had similar but milder symptoms since childhood. She spends long times in the bathroom because she is worried about uncontrollable discomfort and fecal soiling if she does not completely empty her bowels before leaving the house. She feels anxious and fatigued and is frustrated that her previous physician did not seem to take her distress seriously. Physical examination is unremarkable except for tenderness over the left lower quadrant. How should her case be evaluated and treated?
Charging More and Wondering Why Readership Declined? A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Newspapers’ Price Hikes, 2008–2016

Triggered by declines in newspaper circulation since the 2008 recession, “print is dying” is a prevailing assumption among journalism scholars and practitioners. However, circulation data are often...
Gradient based criteria for sequential design

Computer simulation experiments are commonly used as an inexpensive alternative to real-world experiments to form a metamodel that approximates the input-output relationship of the real-world experiment. While a user may want to understand the entire response surface, they may also want to focus on interesting regions of the design space, such as where the gradient is large. In this paper we present an algorithm that adaptively runs a simulation experiment that focuses on finding areas of the response surface with a large gradient while also gathering an understanding of the entire surface. We consider the scenario where small batches of points can be run simultaneously, such as with multi-core processors.
Results of the 2009 National Resident Matching Program: family medicine.

The results of the 2009 National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) reflect a persistently low level of student interest in family medicine residency training in the United States. Compared with the 2008 Match, 70 fewer positions (with 89 fewer US seniors) were filled in family medicine residency programs through the NRMP in 2009, at the same time that 18 fewer positions were filled in primary care internal medicine (11 fewer US seniors), one more position was filled in pediatrics-primary care (three more US seniors), and 13 more positions were filled in internal medicine-pediatrics programs (but with seven fewer US seniors). Multiple forces, including student perspectives of the demands, rewards and prestige of the specialty, the turbulence and uncertainty of the health care and economic environments, lifestyle issues, the advice of deans, and the impact of faculty role models, continue to influence medical student career choices. A total of 152 more positions (28 fewer US seniors) were filled in categorical internal medicine. Thirty-one more positions (72 more US seniors) were filled in categorical pediatrics programs. The 2009 NRMP results suggest that while interest in family medicine experienced a slight increase in the number of students choosing the specialty last year, overall interest in primary care careers continues to decline. With the nation continuing to call for the roles and services of family physicians, family medicine still matched too few graduates through the 2009 NRMP to effectively address the nation’s needs for primary care physicians.
Carcassonne: Using a Tabletop Game to Teach Geographic Concepts

Games have been used as instructional tools throughout history. Chess, for example, has been used to study battle tactics (Young 2004), and SimCity has simulated urban planning for students for man...
Total p-differentials on schemes over Z/p2

Abstract For a scheme X defined over the length 2 p-typical Witt vectors W 2 ( k ) of a characteristic p field, we introduce total p-differentials which interpolate between Frobenius-twisted differentials and Buium's p-differentials. They form a sheaf over the reduction X 0 , and behave as if they were the sheaf of differentials of X over a deeper base below W 2 ( k ) . This allows us to construct the analogues of Gauss–Manin connections and Kodaira–Spencer classes as in the Katz–Oda formalism. We make connections to Frobenius lifts, Borger–Weiland's biring formalism, and Deligne–Illusie classes.
The rates of G:C-->T:A and G:C-->C:G transversions at CpG dinucleotides in the human factor IX gene.

Abstract We have identified eight independent transversions at CpG in 290 consecutive families with hemophilia B. These eight transversions account for 16.3% of all independent transversions in our sample, yet the expected frequency of CpG transversions at random in the factor IX gene is only 2.6% (P T:A and G:C-->C:G) possess similar mutation rates (24.8 x 10(-10) and 20.6 x 10(-10), respectively), which are about fivefold greater than the comparable rates for transversions at non-CpG dinucleotides. The enhancement of transversions at CpG suggests that the model by which mutations occur at CpG may need to be reevaluated. The relationship, if any, between deamination of 5-methyl cytosine and enhancement of transversions at CpG remains to be defined.
NetML: An NFV Platform with Efficient Support for Machine Learning Applications

Real-time applications such as autonomous and connected cars, surveillance, and online learning applications have to train on streaming data. They require low-latency, high throughput machine learning (ML) functions resident in the network and in the cloud to perform learning and inference. NFV on edge cloud platforms can provide support for these applications by having heterogeneous computing including GPUs and other accelerators to offload ML-related computation. GPUs provide the necessary speedup for performing learning and inference to meet the needs of these latency sensitive real-time applications. Supporting ML inference and learning efficiently for streaming data in NFV platforms has several challenges. In this paper, we present a framework, NetML, that runs existing ML applications on an heterogeneous NFV platform that includes both CPUs and GPUs. NetML efficiently transfers the appropriate packet payload to the GPU, minimizing overheads, avoiding locks, and avoiding CPU-based data copies. Additionally, NetML minimizes latency by maximizing overlap between the data movement and GPU computation. We evaluate the efficiency of our approach for training and inference using popular object detection algorithms on our platform. NetML reduces the latency for inferring images by more than 20% and increases the training throughput by 30% while reducing CPU utilization compared to other state-of-the-art alternatives.
Faithful Presence: A Conceptual Model for Catholic Higher Education

This paper proposes a new model for Catholic educational institutions in secular culture. This model is premised on the reality that secular cultures place considerable challenges before religiously-affi liated colleges and universities. Following Hunter’s concept of cultural change, this paper proposes that the best way for religious institutions to both fl ourish and to positively influence culture is by offering a strong, coherent alternative, described here as a model of faithful presence. This approach recognizes that the key to cultural change is usually not a well-supported grassroots or popular movement, but rather the development of strategic social structures which are able to articulate and carry forward a distinctive program in a diverse ideological marketplace. This strategy is especially appropriate in dominant secular cultures that place great pressure on religiously-affi liated colleges and universities to assimilate at a time when many, due to the debilitating impact of secular contagions, have weak religious identity. By stressing “faithful presence” rather than relevance, Catholic colleges and universities have the potential to be transformative cultural agents.
Third-Order Ambisonic Extensions for Max/MSP with Musical Applications

This paper describes a package of extensions (externals) for Cycling ‘74’s Max/MSP software to facilitate the exploration of Ambisonic techniques of up to third order. Areas of exploration well suited to the Max/MSP environment and techniques for composition within the Ambisonic domain using the presented externals are described.
Various Quench Protection Methods for HTS Magnets

Quench protection is a major issue for high temperature superconductor (HTS) magnets that operate at high current densities with high stored magnetic energy. Quenches do not propagate rapidly in HTS coils and these coils heat up quickly because there isn't enough copper in the conductor. In addition, the conductor critical current and the engineering critical temperature will vary depending on the field orientation within the conductor. This paper points out the difference between current re-distribution within a magnet to keep a magnet from quenching and true quench protection where a portion of a coil has turned normal and the magnet stored energy is being deposited into the growing coil normal region. This paper discusses some magnet quench protection methods for both low temperature superconductor (LTS) and HTS magnets that are in the literature. A number of quench methods that work very well for LTS magnets may not work at all for an HTS magnet. The anisotropy of HTS conductors can be a limiting factor on whether a quench protection method works.
Análisis de los errores ortográficos en la escritura de los estudiantes de herencia

espanolLa constante exposicion a una o varias palabras conlleva el desarrollo de la habilidad para representar mentalmente la forma fonologica de una palabra hablada de una forma precisa. Esta habilidad se cultiva a lo largo de los anos de escolaridad al estar en contacto con esa lengua. Sin embargo, los estudiantes de herencia hispana (HH) en los Estados Unidos no han sido escolarizados lo suficientemente en esa lengua durante esos anos en los que tal adquisicion es esencial. Estos estudiantes retoman la escolaridad de la lengua en la universidad, donde buscan aprender ortografia para prepararse en areas academicas y profesionales (Beaudrie & Ducar, 2005 ) Este trabajo compara la frecuencia y tipologia de errores ortograficos en 40 ensayos clasificados en cuatro niveles. Se buscaba identificar el nivel que produce mas errores ortograficos y la categoria y grafema con mayor frecuencia de errores producidos por este grupo estudiantil. Los resultados confirmaron lo esperado: entre mas alto es el nivel, menor es el porcentaje de errores ortograficos. EnglishConstant exposure to one or more words involves developing the skill to mentally represent the phonological form of a word spoken in a precise way. This skill is grown throughout the years of schooling by being in contact with that language. However, Spanish heritage learners in USA have not been schooled enough in that language during those years when such acquisition is essential. Those students retake the schooling of the language at the university, where they seek to learn orthography to prepare academically and professionally (Beaudrie & Ducar, 2005). This work compares frequency and typology of misspellings in 40 essays which are classified in four levels. The aim is to identify the level with the most misspellings and the category and morpheme with the highest frequency of errors produced by this group of students. Results confirm what is expected: the higher the level, the lower the percentage of misspellings. portuguesA exposicao constante a uma ou mais palavras implica o desenvolvimento da capacidade de representar mentalmente a forma fonologica de uma palavra falada de maneira precisa. Essa habilidade e cultivada ao longo dos anos de escolaridade ao entrar em contato com esse idioma. No entanto, os estudantes do Hispanic Heritage (HH) nos Estados Unidos nao foram instruidos o suficiente nesse idioma durante os anos em que essa aquisicao e essencial. Esses estudantes retomam o ensino de idiomas na universidade, onde procuram aprender ortografia para se preparar para as areas academicas e profissionais (Beaudrie & Ducar, 2005). Este trabalho compara a frequencia e a tipologia dos erros ortograficos em 40 ensaios classificados em quatro niveis. O objetivo foi identificar o nivel que produz mais erros de ortografia e a categoria e grafema com a maior frequencia de erros produzidos por esse grupo de estudantes. Os resultados confirmaram o que era esperado: quanto maior o nivel, menor a porcentagem de erros ortograficos.
Clinical Issues for Pediatric Pulmonologists Managing Children With Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome

Thoracic insufficiency Syndrome (TIS) is a recently coined phrase to describe children with spine and chest wall deformities, inherited and acquired, who have respiratory impairment, and are skeletally immature. This population has both restrictive and less often obstructive lung disease due to changes in spine and rib configuration which reduce lung volume, stiffen the chest wall, and reduce respiratory muscle strength. Although the population is heterogeneous with regard to age of onset, etiology, severity of deformity, and rate of progression of the deformity, there are common issues that arise which can be addressed by pediatric pulmonologists. These are illustrated in this review by using Early Onset Scoliosis as a common form of TIS. The pulmonary issues pertaining to TIS require collaboration with multi-disciplinary teams, particularly spine surgeons, in order to make decisions about non-surgical and surgical strategies, timing of surgery and medical supportive care over time. Pulmonary input about respiratory function should be used in conjunction with structural features of each deformity in order to determine the impact of the deformity and the response to various treatment options. In those patients with residual lung function impairment as young adults, pediatric pulmonologists must also ensure successful transition to adult care.
Taken for Granted? Effects of Loan-Reduction Initiatives on Student Borrowing, Admission Metrics, and Campus Diversity

In recent decades, several dozen colleges and universities have instituted loan-reduction initiatives (LRIs), such as “no-loan” programs. Institutions frequently cast such initiatives as efforts to increase socioeconomic diversity on campus. Using a difference-in-differences analytic strategy with national institution-level data, we examine the effect of LRI adoption at 54 institutions on three sets of outcomes: student borrowing, admission metrics, and campus diversity. Our analysis suggests LRIs decreased institution-level borrowing rates at private institutions, with no detected change at public institutions. Consistent with stated program goals, LRI adoption increased the number of Pell Grant recipients at both public and private institutions. However, adopting LRIs at public institutions reduced racial/ethnic diversity, suggesting possible trade-offs for LRI adoption in terms of student body diversity.
Access to Justice for the Poor: Rethinking the Role of International Human Rights Organizations

This paper examined the concept of access to Justice and what it entails for marginalized groups. It discussed some of the cardinal principles involved in ensuring access to Justice within a society. Crucially, it highlights the challenges that international human rights organization face in supporting countries to improve access to justice for marginalized groups within their jurisdictions. More importantly, the paper identifies some of the less obvious ways through which access to Justice can be improved for poor people in many societies.
"Associations of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Depressive Symptoms over Time: Are there Differences by Education, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender?"

Objective To examine associations between changes in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) symptoms and depressive symptoms, adjusted for other time-varying characteristics, and to test if these associations differed by education, race/ethnicity, or gender. Methods Data from the 1988-98 United States National Rheumatoid Arthritis Study were analyzed (n = 854). Time-varying covariates included year of the study, pain, functional ability, household work disability, parental status, marital status, employment status, and social support. The time-invariant covariates included years since diagnosis, education, race/ethnicity, and gender. Multivariate multilevel-model analyses were used to estimate associations within people over time. Results People with RA experience considerable change in depressive symptoms, pain, functional disability and household work disability over the study period. Depressive symptoms were driven more by differences between people compared to changes within people over time. Findings show patients experienced increases in depressive symptoms over the study period. The rate of change in depressive symptoms did not differ by education, race/ethnicity, nor gender. Times of worse pain, functional disability, and household disability were associated with worse depressive symptoms. The association of functional disability and depressive symptoms was stronger for men than women. Conclusion Increases in pain and disability were associated with worse depressive symptoms, adjusted for co-variates. It is important to monitor and treat both mental and physical health symptoms. Future research efforts should focus on collecting data reflecting the educational, gender, and racial-ethnic diversity of people with RA.
A Line in the Water: Lake Erie Charter Captains and the 'Mexicanization' of the Northern Border

Prior to 9/11, there were a mere 334 US agents assigned to monitor the 4,000 mile-long northern border of the United States and 9,000 agents policing the 2,000 mile US-Mexico border. The low-intensity monitoring and de-politicized approach to international security of the past is rapidly acquiring the characteristics of the border to the south. Fueled by the current politics of fear and security anxieties, the northern border has become an increasingly politicized and militarized space with far reaching implications for international relations and the US-Canadian economies at both the macro and micro level. To examine the implications for and consequences of the hardening or “Mexicanization” of the northern border on the micro level, field research for a case study was conducted in the fall of 2011 with a group of Lake Erie charter fishing captains in northern Ohio. Accustomed to plying the internationally shared waters of the lake in search of productive fishing sites for their customers with little concern for the invisible ‘line in the water’ demarcating Canada from the US, the charter captains traditional economic patterns have been altered and constrained by the heightened security measures imposed and confusingly administrated by the multiple overlapping government agencies on the lake. Within this context of diminishing latitude and increased challenges to pursue their economic endeavors, the political question for the captains became, “is the need for national security — as symbolized by the hardening of the northern border with Canada—perceived as sufficient justification for the constraints imposed on the traditional economic activities and patterns for the charter captains?” The hypothesis is increases in security measures at the border have a negative effect on the economic patterns and activities of charter captains and, therefore, one would expect the captains’ support for border security measures would decrease as a result. The outcomes of the interviews in the 2011 study were noteworthy, mixed, and unexpected. With major expenditures and a vastly increased presence of border security agents in the study area since 2011, this longitudinal study of the captains’ perception of the accelerating "Mexicanization" of the northern border continued during the summer of 2014. In the context of the theme of national security and globalization, the findings of this 2012 and 2014 case study has utility for offering us insights into the experience of everyday people confronting these issues and their localized interpretation of progressively restrictive policies in an increasingly globalized economy.
Dynamic Processes and the Anthropology of Emotions in the Life Course and Aging: Late-Life Love Sentiments and Household Dynamics in Tuareg Psycho-Biographies

In a preliminary way, this vignette suggests a precarious balancing of personal love sentiments and larger economic considerations of benefit to the household over longterm—a reverberating theme in Tuareg love arrangements over the life course. More generally, the topic of love illustrates the limits of participant-observation in ethnography. Love, an affective personal experience whose semiotic signs are expressed in sociability, but are inwardly perceived very subjectively, but also subject to much outsider “meta-commentary” beyond the lovers themselves, is ambiguous. Dynamic study of this emotion poses analytical challenges, but also offers insights into inter-individual and intra-individual variation and change over time, the theme of the present volume. In keeping with this theme and its aim—to bring into one framework various directions of construction of methodology of dynamic processes in the social sciences—the present essay analyzes Tuareg cultural elaborations of late-life love sentiments and attachments in relation to age constructs, thereby situating persons and social groups in their individual cases as they work to produce performance differences (Valsiner, Molenaar, Lyra, & Chaudhary, this volume).
Dune Fields, Sand Seas and Transport Pathways

One of the most striking things about dunes is their tendency to congregate in awe-inspiring expanses, sand seas. These are reviewed in a paper (Wilson 1973) with the deliciously laconic title ‘ergs’, invoking the Arabic word often used to refer to a sand sea.
OLS OR GLS IN THE PRESENCE OF SPECIFICATION ERROR? An Expected Loss Approach

Omitted variables in regression analysis can lead to the erroneous conclusion that autocorrelation or heteroscedasticity is present. The common response is to use the suggested GLS procedure, even if it is suspected that the error is a non-zero disturbance mean. The question addressed here is whether one is better off with the GLS or with the OLS estimator when the omitted portion of the regression cannot be incorporated into the regression. Using a loss function this paper relates the seriousness of OLS and GLS loss to identifiable parameters. With consistent estimators of these parameters the researcher can choose between OLS and GLS.
Production in FL cells of infectious and potentially infectious reovirus.

Spendlove, Rex S. (California State Department of Public Health, Berkeley), Edwin H. Lennette, Charles O. Knight, and Jean N. Chin. Production in FL cells of infectious and potentially infectious reovirus. J. Bacteriol. 92:1036–1040. 1966.—A comparative study was made of the development in, and release from, FL cells of infectious and potentially infectious (chymotrypsin-activatable) reovirus (Lang strain). The latent period was shorter, the rate of synthesis was more rapid, and the total yield was more than 10-fold greater in potentially infectious virus as compared with infectious virus. Almost all of the potentially infectious virus, but only approximately one-third of the infectious virus, was released from the infected cells.
A Creep Damage Model for High-Temperature Deformation and Failure of 9Cr-1Mo Steel Weldments

A dislocation-based creep model combined with a continuum damage formulation was developed and implemented in the finite element method to simulate high temperature deformation behavior in modified 9Cr-1Mo steel welds. The evolution of dislocation structures was considered as the main driving mechanism for creep. The effect of void growth, precipitate coarsening, and solid solution depletion were considered to be the operating damage processes. A semi-implicit numerical integration scheme was developed and implemented in the commercial finite element code ABAQUS-Standard as a user material subroutine. Furthermore, several creep tests of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel welded specimens were conducted at temperatures between 550–700 °C and stresses between 80–200 MPa. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the finite element results with experiments. The comparison between the experimental and computational results showed excellent agreement. The model can be used to simulate and predict the creep-damage behavior of Cr-Mo steel components used as structural applications in power plants.
Measuring Oxygen Tension in the Anterior Chamber of Rabbits

PURPOSE. Measuring the concentration of oxygen in the aqueous humor without penetrating the eye would provide a new dimension in understanding aqueous humor and corneal dynamics. In this study a preinvasive method was developed for determining the cameral oxygen concentration in anesthetized rabbits by measuring the excited-state lifetime of a phosphorescent dye. METHODS. A scanning ocular fluorometer was designed to excite phosphorescence with a brief flash of light and to measure the decay of luminescence for as long as 1000 jasec after excitation. The measurement window was scanned through the depth of the anterior chamber or fixed at the midanterior chamber. A depot of the phosphorescent dye Pd-uroporphyrin was injected into the vitreous of eight pigmented rabbits, and within a few days the dye was measurable in the anterior chamber. The excited-state lifetime of this dye is inversely correlated to oxygen concentration and was calibrated by measuring the lifetime of dye in cuvettes equilibrated with oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. Oxygen tensions were determined from lifetimes measured in the open eye, under a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) contact lens, under two oxygen-permeable contact lenses, and immediately after lid closure. RESULTS. Oxygen tension in the mid-anterior chamber before placing a PMMA contact lens was 23 ± 3 mm Hg (mean ± SD; n — 6). After 20 minutes of PMMA lens wear, oxygen tension decreased to 4 ± 2 mm Hg. When the focal diamond was scanned through the anterior chamber, oxygen tension was 24 ± 5 mm Hg near the corneal endothelium and decreased to 17 ± 8 mm Hg near the crystalline lens. Under the PMMA contact lens this gradient reversed: Oxygen tensions near the endothelium and lens were 3 ± 2 mm Hg and 6 ± 2 mm Hg, respectively. Lid closure for 10 minutes or longer decreased the mid-anterior chamber oxygen tension from 21 ± 2 mm Hg (n = 19 measurements from seven animals) to 10 ± 3 mm Hg (n = 15 measurements from five animals). CONCLUSIONS. Measuring excited-state lifetime of phosphorescent dyes in the anterior chamber provides a useful method for determining oxygen concentration in vivo, without penetrating the eye. Cameral oxygen tension under PMMA contact lenses are significantly lower than in the uncovered eye. The profile of oxygen tension through the anterior chamber suggests that oxygen is supplied transcorneally to the aqueous humor. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1899-1909)
Sunspot Oscillations: a Review (Invited Review)

The current state of our knowledge, and ignorance, of the nature of oscillations in sunspots is surveyed. An effort is made to summarize the robust aspects of both the observational and theoretical components of the subject in a coherent, and common, conceptual framework. Detailed discussions of the various controversial issues are avoided except in instances where new viewpoints are advanced. Instead, extensive references are made to the growing literature on the subject, and generous explanatory remarks are made to guide the reader who wishes to delve more deeply into the underpinnings of the subject matter.
Building a Delirium Network

The experience of delirium, either having delirium or providing care to a person with delirium, produces a strong emotional reaction in people. The sudden onset and fluctuating course, the delirium knowledge gap, and the person not being in control create emotions of fear, isolation, and helplessness among patients, families, and professionals. These emotions create a common bond among delirium professionals and, when coupled with outlets for action, can lead to positive improvements in delirium knowledge and delirium care. The chapter highlights local, national, and international networks that have been developed from a common bond created by the experience of delirium.
Human sphincter of Oddi motility and cholecystokinin response following liver transplantation

The reported incidence of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction following orthotopic liver transplantation has ranged from 3% to 7%. If sphincteric dysfunction is unrecognized, therapy may be inappropriate; when recognized, extensive surgery may be required. To prospectively identify patients with sphincteric dysfunction, we performed sphincter of Oddi motility studies through the t-tube tract three months after transplantation. Baseline sphincter motility and response to intravenous cholecystokinin were evaluated. The results of 10 subjects are reported; nine had normal basal sphincter pressure (16±5.8 mm Hg), and all had normal frequency (3.6±1/min), amplitude (86±31 mm Hg), and duration (4.5±1 sec) of phasic contractions. One subject had an elevated basal pressure (47 mm Hg). All, including the subject with elevated basal pressure, demonstrated a normal response to intravenous cholecystokinin with significant inhibition of phasic contraction frequency and amplitude. We demonstrate that simultaneous studies of the sphincter and duodenum can be obtained via the t-tube tract, providing the opportunity for prospective evaluation of sphincteric function. We conclude that sphincter of Oddi function usually remains normal following liver transplantation with choledochocholedochostomy.
Cluster Headache As the Result of Secondhand Cigarette Smoke Exposure During Childhood

Unique to cluster headache (CH) compared with all other primary headache conditions is its association with a personal history of cigarette smoking. Studies have indicated that greater than 80% of CH patients have a prolonged history of tobacco usage prior to CH onset. How tobacco exposure can lead to CH has not yet been elucidated. As secondhand smoke exposure during childhood has been linked to multiple medical illnesses could CH also be the result of childhood exposure to tobacco smoke? The United States Cluster Headache survey is the largest survey ever done of CH sufferers living in the United States. The survey addressed various clinical, epidemiologic, and economic issues related to CH. Several survey questions dealt with the issue of personal and parental smoking history. Results from the survey suggest that CH can result from secondhand cigarette smoke exposure during childhood as greater than 60% of non-smoking CH patients had parents who smoked. Strengthening the probable association between secondhand smoke exposure and the development of CH is the fact that double the number of survey responders developed CH at or before 20 years of age if during their childhood they lived with a parent who smoked cigarettes.
An integrated, low noise patch-clamp amplifier for biological nanopore applications

We present an integrated, low noise patch-clamp amplifier for biological nanopore applications. Our amplifier consists of an integrator-differentiator architecture coupled with a novel opamp design in the CMOS 0.35 µm process. The post-layout full-chip simulation shows the input referred noise of the amplifier is 0.49 pA RMS over a 5 kHz bandwidth using a verified electrical model for the biological nanopore system. In our biological nanopore experiments studying protein-DNA interactions, we encounter capacitive transients with a nominal settling time of 5 ms. Our amplifier design reduces the settling time to 0.2 ms, without requiring any compensation circuitry.
Systolic architecture for finite field exponentiation

A systolic pipline architecture which can perform exponentiation function in a concurrent environment is presented. This function is computed in Galois fields. Under a steady-state condition the throughput of the architecture is shown to be the maximum, with the results appearing at every clock cycle. Being systolic in nature, the architecture is amenable to easy implementation in VLSI.
Genetic Variation in Running Buffalo Clover (Trifoflium stofoniferum, Fabaceae)

: Starch gel electrophoresis was used to examine the genetic variation in four species of Trifolium Two of these, T. stoloniferum and T. reflexum, are native, and, in Ohio at least, are considered rare. The genetic variation in these species was compared with that of two nonnative taxa, T. hybridum and T. pratense, which have similar life-history characteristics. The only known Ohio population of T. reflexum was completely homozygous across 14 loci. Three of the 20 loci examined for T. stoloniferum showed variation, with an average of 1. 10 alleles per locus. Trifolium hybridurn and T. pratense showed variation at 53.3% of the loci resolved with an average of 1.73 and 1.93 alleles per locus, respectively. Analyses of genetic structure show considerable differences between T. stoloniferum and the two nonnative species. In T. stoloniferum 33.9% of the genetic variation is partitioned between populations, in contrast to 11.9% and 8.5% for T. hybridum and T. pratense Genetic data suggest that gene flow in the endangered T. stoloniferum is severely limited, even across very short distances, and that conservation efforts should minimally include the preservation of genetic variation residing among various populations. Resumen: La electroforesis con gel de almidon fue utilizada para examinar la variacion genetica en cuatro especies de Trifolium. Dos de estas, T. stoloniferum y T. reflexum son nativas y, cuando menos en el estado de Ohio, son consideradas raras. La variacion genetica de estas especies fue comparada con dos taxa no nativos, T. hybridum y T. pratense las cuales tienen una biologia similar. La unica poblacion conocida de T. reflexum en Ohio fue completamente homocigota en 14 loci. Tres de los veinte loci examinados para T. stoloniferum mostraron variacion con un promedio de 1.10 alelos por locus. Trifolium hybridum y T. pratense mostraron variacion en el 53.3% de los loci resueltos con un promedio de 1.73 y 1.93 alelos por locus, respectivamente. Los analisis en la estructura genetica muestran considerables diferencias entre T. stoloniferum y las dos especies no nativas. En T. stoloniferum 33.9% de la variacion genetica esta dividida entre las poblaciones en contraste con 11.9% y 8.5% para T. hybridum y T. pratense. Los datos geneticos sugieren que el flujo genetico en la poblacion en peligro de T. stoloniferum esta limitada severumente, aun en distancias muy cortas, y que los esfuerzos de conservacion deben minimamante incluir la presmacion de la variacon genetica presente entre varias pobluciones.
IT curricular guidance for associate-degree granting institutions (abstract only)

At the direction of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Education Board, the ACM Committee for Computing Education in Community Colleges (CCECC), has undertaken a project to produce IT curricular guidance which defines core IT competencies accompanied by well-designed assessment measures. To that end, the ACM CCECC convened a task force of subject matter experts from both academe and industry to define core IT learning outcomes which should be common to all associate-degree IT programs. Assessment consultants worked alongside these subject matter experts to create easy-to-use evaluation rubrics. The session will include an overview of the findings from this project including mappings to other curriculum models, as well as a discussion concerning curriculum, assessment and pedagogy of IT courses and programs at associate-degree granting institutions.
Delayed Retrograde Embolectomy Performed at the Time of Open Mitral Repair

The successful application of retrograde embolectomy in clearing the aortic bifurcation five weeks following acute occlusion has been performed concurrently with open mitral repair. We believe that in certain selected cases of rheumatic mitral valve disease associated with peripheral embolism, this combined approach may be the procedure of choice.
Autonomic brainstem nuclei are linked to the hippocampus.

Vagal nerve stimulation has been reported to enhance memory in both rats and humans, and to be an effective treatment for epilepsy in some patients, but the underlying neuroanatomical substrate(s) responsible for these effects remains unknown. Since there is no direct anatomical projection from the nucleus tractus solitarius, the main vagal relay site of the brain, to the hippocampus, we tested whether a multisynaptic pathway exists. Pseudorabies virus, a pig herpesvirus that can be used as a retrograde transneuronal tracer, was injected into the ventral CA1 hippocampus of rats, and after 4 days, pseudorabies virus infected neurons were identified in the general visceral portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius, with the majority being localized in the A2 noradrenergic cell group. Other autonomic brainstem nuclei, including the parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, A1 and A5 noradrenergic cell groups, and C1 adrenergic cell group, were labeled. In order to identify some of the potential relay sites of the nucleus tractus solitarius→hippocampal pathway, immunotoxin lesions of the ventral CA1 region were made that selectively destroyed either the noradrenergic or cholinergic fibers. After 2 weeks' recovery, pseudorabies virus was injected in this same CA1 area, and 4 days later, the transneuronal labeling in the nucleus tractus solitarius was reduced by approximately 65%. These findings suggest that the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus and cholinergic neurons of the medial septum/diagonal band are likely to be relay sites for this pathway. Other potential linkages are discussed. In summary, this is the first anatomical report to show that the general visceral region of nucleus tractus solitarius is linked via multisynaptic relays to the hippocampus.
Haemolymph juvenile hormone esterase during the life cycle of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.).

Abstract Juvenile hormone (JH) esterase activity was found in the plasma of larvae, pupae and adults of wild-type tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta . There was a single peak of plasma JH esterase activity approx. 28 h prior to ecdysis in each instar from the second through the fourth instar and a peak of activity prior to both wandering and pupation in the fifth (last) instar. JH esterase activity was high in newly formed male and female pupae but declined to minimal levels by day 1 of the pupal stage. For the remainder of the pupal period, activity was at background levels. JH esterase activity increased again in newly emerged, virgin male and female adults but declined and remained at a low level 1 day after emergence through death. Gel filtration analysis of larval, pupal and adult plasma resolved a single peak of JH esterase activity with an apparent molecular weight of 66,000. However, isoelectric focusing revealed three forms with isoelectric points of 5.5, 5.8 and 6.1. These isoelectric forms were also found in black and white mutants of last instar M. sexta and in purified JH esterase from wild-type larvae. The plasma JH esterase activity metabolized JH I 2–3 times faster than JH III and was sensitive to inhibition by octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone and insensitive to O , O -diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate. Gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, substrate specificity and developmental studies suggest that the same JH esterases are found in the plasma of larvae, pupae and adults and appear to be different from general (α-NA) esterase.