cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
This Is a Different Patient Population: Opioid Prescribing Challenges for Patients With Cancer-Related Pain.

PURPOSE:Responses to the opioid epidemic in the United States, including efforts to monitor and limit prescriptions for noncancer pain, may be affecting patients with cancer. Oncologists' views on ...
Sourires gothiques et colère nomade : le fantastique selon Martine Desjardins

Martine Desjardins presente une oeuvre unique en son genre. Avec une plume extremement travaillee, elle inscrit le personnage au coeur de structures narratives complexes et d’un gothique metisse teinte d’humour. Son oeuvre etablit une cartographie de vices et de pouvoirs contre lesquels le personnage, sujet nomade, oppose sa vengeance. Apres nous etre interessee au travail formel et generique, nous examinerons les lieux de tension (la famille, la femme, le pouvoir et les vices) et la colere qu’ils engendrent.
Factor H: ß1H, FH

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the structure and the function of Factor H that includes 18 amino acid leader sequences. The tandem array of Complement Control Protein (CCP) repeat modules gives rise to an elongated flexible molecule that is creased at least once. The contour length is 49.5 nm and the cross-section thickness is 3.4 nm. The 5th and 16th CCP modules are solved by NMR. The general structure of a CCP module is an ellipsoid of maximal length of 38 nm, consisting of five β strands linked by two overlapping disulfide bonds. Factor H controls the activity of the alternative pathway C3/C5 convertase by competing with factor B for C3b binding, by displacing the Bb subunit from the convertase, and by serving as a cofactor for factor I to mediate the cleavage of C3b to iC3b. Factor H and thrombin-treated factor H are reported to be chemotactic for monocytes. Factor H also serves as an adhesion protein for neutrophils and a secretagogue of IL-1β from monocytes.
On fairness and application performance of active queue management in broadband cable networks

We evaluate the performance of modern delay-based active queue management (AQM) algorithms in downstream DOCSIS 3.0 cable environments. Our simulation-based study involves scenarios that include tiered service levels and application workloads that include FTP, HTTP-based adaptive streaming (HAS), VoIP, and web traffic.Our results show that AQM maintains target queuing delays and consequently provides strong isolation between responsive high bandwidth and low bandwidth latency sensitive flows. We also show that lowering target queuing delays exacerbates TCP's RTT unfairness. Nevertheless, in the scenarios that we studied, observed application performance was not significantly impacted by the specific AQM in use.With the potential large deployment of AQM imminent for DOCSIS 3.0, the analysis presented in this paper provides timely feedback to the community concerning how delay-based AQM can manage bandwidth allocation fairness and application performance in realistic downstream DOCSIS 3.0 cable network systems.
Iron homeostasis in host defence and inflammation

Iron is an essential trace element for multicellular organisms and nearly all microorganisms. Although iron is abundant in the environment, common forms of iron are minimally soluble and therefore poorly accessible to biological organisms. Microorganisms entering a mammalian host face multiple mechanisms that further restrict their ability to obtain iron and thereby limit their pathogenicity. Iron levels also modulate host defence, as iron content in macrophages regulates their cytokine production. Here, we review recent advances that highlight the role of systemic and cellular iron-regulating mechanisms in protecting hosts from infection, emphasizing aspects that are applicable to human health and disease.
The α2 integrin subunit-deficient mouse: A multifaceted phenotype including defects of branching morphogenesis and hemostasis

The α2β1 integrin is a collagen/laminin receptor expressed on platelets, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. To define the role of the α2β1 integrin in vivo, we created a genetically engineered mouse in which expression of the α2β1 integrin was completely eliminated. Mice deficient in the α2β1 integrin are viable, fertile, and develop normally with no excess lethality of homozygotes. Both α2β1-integrin protein and α2 mRNA were undetectable in the α2-null mice. Gross and histological evaluation of the heart, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, skin, and reproductive tracts revealed no abnormalities. However, quantitative analysis of mammary gland branching morphogenesis demonstrated that branching complexity is markedly diminished in the α2-deficient animals. Studies in the α2-deficient animals do not support the proposed roles for the α2β1 integrin on fibroblasts and keratinocytes in wound healing. When compared to platelets from wild-type littermates, platelets from α2-null mice failed to adhere to type I collagen under either static or shear-stress conditions. Although platelets from α2-deficient animals aggregated in response to collagen, they did so with prolonged lag time and lessened intensity. The α2β1 integrin-null mouse thus exhibits diverse, sometimes subtle, phenotypes consistent with the widespread pattern of α2β1 integrin expression.
The relationship between psychotherapist and prescribing psychiatrist. Some considerations.

The increasingly common arrangement of nonmedical psychotherapist and prescribing psychiatrist collaborating in the treatment of patients with psychiatric symptoms or disorders, prompted in good pa...
Salinity Tolerance and Competition Drive Distributions of Native and Invasive Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in the Upper San Francisco Estuary

Both abiotic and biotic factors govern distributions of estuarine vegetation, and experiments can reveal effects of these drivers under current and future conditions. In upper San Francisco Estuary (SFE), increased salinity could result from sea level rise, levee failure, or water management. We used mesocosms to test salinity effects on, as well as competition between, the native Stuckenia pectinata (sago pondweed) and invasive Egeria densa (Brazilian waterweed), species with overlapping distributions at the freshwater transition in SFE. Grown alone at a salinity of 5, E. densa decreased fivefold in biomass relative to the freshwater treatment and decomposed within 3 weeks at higher salinities. In contrast, S. pectinata biomass accumulated greatly (~4× initial) at salinities of 0 and 5, doubled at 10, and was unchanged at 15. When grown together in freshwater, S. pectinata produced 75 % less biomass than in monoculture and significantly more nodal roots (suggesting increased nutrient foraging). At a salinity of 5, a decline in E. densa performance coincided with a doubling of S. pectinata shoot density. Additional experiments on E. densa showed elevated temperature (26 and 30 °C) suppressed growth especially at higher salinities (≥5). We conclude that salinity strongly influences distributions of both species and that competition from E. densa may impose limits on S. pectinata abundance in the fresher reaches of SFE. With a salinity increase of 5, S. pectinata is likely to maintain its current distribution while spreading up-estuary at the expense of E. densa, especially if increased temperature also reduces E. densa biomass.
"If I Could Drive You Out of Your Mind": Anti-Rationalism and the Celebration of Madness in 1960s Counterculture

The article explores the glorification of madness within the 1960s counterculture. Given the movement’s appreciation for absurdity and nonconformity, it appeared natural that its members would come to applaud mental illness as the ultimate form of rebellion, embracing mad people as a group whose presence posed a collective challenge to “the Establishment.” Some counterculture members went so far as to embrace the anti-psychiatry movement, which sought to de-medicalize madness, and interpret psychotic episodes like spiritual journeys or acid trips. Literary works of the era upended the typical dichotomy of sanity and insanity by positing that it was the mad who better comprehended what was really happening in their society. However, while these works may have made some members of their audience more open toward madness as a concept, they did little to affect beneficial political change to reform conditions for those experiencing their daily reality with mental illness.
Building Blocs: The Group Origins of Cultural Conservatism in the Republican Party

Leading up to Ronald Reagan’s election in 1980, cultural conservatives felt excluded from major decisions in both parties. New developments in the Democratic Party, such as the increasing presence of women’s rights groups and teachers unions, created conflicts with party members with traditional religious beliefs. Estranged from the Democratic Party, evangelical Christians and culturally conservative pressure groups organized to influence Republican nominations. Despite the promises of a new voting base, many Republican politicians tried to block their influence, partly because they were reluctant to alienate existing voters and interests. A relatively unpopular group of cultural conservatives induced a large political party to address its concerns by mobilizing voters, issuing group-based appeals, and withholding votes. This study conflicts with other accounts by arguing that social group leaders, rather than politicians, were the most important “building blocs” on the assembly line of party transformation. Elected politicians, the public face of parties, impeded the efforts of underrepresented groups to change a party.
Questions for Bernard Spolsky

This essay is based on a June 2014 interview with Bernard Spolsky, in which he discussed his life with educational linguistics. A self-described “accidental professor,” Spolsky directed the first study of Navajo sociolinguistics, established educational linguistics as a field of study and practice, co-created a national language policy for Israel, conducted seminal language surveys of Māori and Samoan in support of Indigenous language revitalization efforts, and founded this journal. In the context of this work he has published 240 scholarly articles and book chapters and 35 books, including 66 “Recent Publications” written post-retirement. His recent work returns to his original interest in Jewish sociolinguistics. This article considers Spolsky’s remarkable legacy and his continuing contributions to the field of language planning and policy.
Quantitative in vitro and ex vivo autoradiography of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist [3H]atopamezole

Abstract Atipamezole is an α-adrenoceptor antagonist with high affinity and selectivity for the α 2 -receptor. In vitro autoradiography of [ 3 H]atipamezole on rat and human brain sections revealed a pattern virtually identical to the one observed using 3 H-labeled antagonists such as idazoxan or methoxyidazoxan or agonists such as p-aminoclonidine and 5-bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2-yl-amino-quinoxaline (UK-14304). In vivo studies of [ 3 H]atipamezole demonstrated good penetration into the brain (0.3–1.8% injected dose/g at 5 min, depending upon brain region). In addition, [ 3 H]atipamezole displayed rapid in vivo clearance of nonspecific binding such that at 1 h following an i.v. injection of the drug (100 μCi/animal, rat tail vein administration) the pattern of radioactivity in the brain correlated very well with the receptor distribution as seen by in vitro autoradiography. Atipamezole binding in vivo was displaceable by idazoxan. These results demonstrate the potential of suitably labeled atipamezole for regional studies of brain α 2 -adrenoceptors in vitro and in vivo, in experimental animals as well as in human positron emission tomography (PET) studies.
Mass and Momentum Flux Measurements With a High Pressure Common Rail Diesel Fuel Injector

The combined optimization of diesel engine power, fuel consumption, and emissions output significantly drives the development and tuning of engines. One leading subsystem that continues to receive major development and advancement is the fuel system. High pressure common rail systems lead fuel injection technology and utilize both solenoid and piezoelectric actuated injectors with a wide range of pressure and injection scheduling control. To optimize engine operation the fuel system’s capability is implemented through complex fuel scheduling coupled with charge preparation. With the number of parameters to control, fuel delivery (including dynamic flow characteristics) is one that must be well understood. Most rate of injection systems provide mass flow rate; however, studies have shown that momentum flux is a critical parameter controlling spray entrainment and penetration. To obtain the mass flow rate and momentum flux for a high pressure common rail diesel fuel injector, a rate of injection meter was designed, constructed, and tested allowing for the dynamic measurement of fuel injection with the capability of in-situ operation in a combustion vessel. Measurements were obtained by recording the force signal from a fuel spray jet impinging on the anvil of a force transducer. Combining the force signal with a measure of cumulative injected mass enables calculation of mass and momentum dynamics. The injection system consisted of a Bosch Generation 2 CRIP 2.2 solenoid controlled fuel injector with a single hole 0.129 mm diameter injector nozzle, driven by a custom programmable injector driver from Southwest Research Institute. Testing control variables were injection pressure and injection duration while using #2 ULSD fuel. Initial results showed high repeatability with a COV of less than 1.1 percent for all injection parameters with an average Cd of 0.92 and Ca of 0.97 for a mean injection pressure of 852 bar. A six point injection pressure sweep from 1000 to 1810 bar showed a 1.74 mg/ms overall increase in injection rate and a 0.16 ms overall decrease in fuel discharge duration. A six point injection duration sweep from 0.25 ms to 1.50 ms showed a 3.36 mg/ms total injection rate increase and a 0.68 ms overall increase in fuel discharge time while maintaining a consistent start-of-injection delay. The results show that this injection rate apparatus provides needed information on injection characteristics to assist engine manufacturers with achieving goals of high power with minimal emissions. Furthermore, it has been shown that this system is versatile for future injector characterizations over a wide range of pressures and durations, along with fuel type and injector parameters including nozzle hole diameter.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A simple phase transformation strategy for converting silicon nanowires into metal silicide nanowires: Magnesium silicide

The phase transformation of silicon nanowires is studied with the intent of developing a general route for the synthesis of compound semiconductor metal silicide nanowires. Specifically, the reaction of single-crystalline silicon nanowires with magnesium supplied via the vapor phase onto their surfaces for the formation of magnesium silicide (Mg2Si) nanowires is presented. These studies indicated that the nanowire morphology is preserved during the phase transformation process. These observations along with the nucleation and growth steps underlying the phase transformation process are discussed in detail in this manuscript. The results obtained coupled with the fact that electroless etching can be employed for the production of silicon nanowires powders on a large scale provide a path for the mass production of any metal silicide nanowire powder.
Similarities in the HIV-1 and ASV integrase active sites upon metal cofactor binding.

The HIV-1 integrase, which is essential for viral replication, catalyzes the insertion of viral DNA into the host chromosome thereby recruiting host cell machinery into making viral proteins. It represents the third main HIV enzyme target for inhibitor design, the first two being the reverse transcriptase and the protease. We report here a fully hydrated 2 ns molecular dynamics simulation performed using parallel NWChem3.2.1 with the AMBER95 force field. The HIV-1 integrase catalytic domain previously determined by crystallography (1B9D) and modeling including two Mg2+ ions placed into the active site based on an alignment against an ASV integrase structure containing two divalent metals (1VSH), was used as the starting structure. The simulation reveals a high degree of flexibility in the region of residues 140-149 even in the presence of a second divalent metal ion and a dramatic conformational change of the side chain of E152 when the second metal ion is present. This study shows similarities in the behavior of the catalytic residues in the HIV-1 and ASV integrases upon metal binding. The present simulation also provides support to the hypothesis that the second metal ion is likely to be carried into the HIV-1 integrase active site by the substrate,more » a strand of DNA.« less
Effects of methylphenidate on adolescents with a childhood history of attention deficit disorder: I. Clinical findings.

Abstract Nineteen adolescents with a childhood history of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) entered a double-blind crossover trial involving 3 weeks each of methylphenidate (40 mg/day) and placebo. Parents' and teachers' weekly ratings disclosed reductions of inattention/overactivity and noncompliance under methylphenidate. Assessments on the last day of each pharmacological phase yielded lower subjective ratings of Dysphoria and higher heart rate under the stimulant. Response to medication did not differ among patients with and without previous stimulant therapy. These findings support the continuing effectiveness of stimulant treatment for ADD adolescents.
Lightweight magnet for space applications

The use of cryogenic and superconducting magnets in space is being investigated for pulsed power generation, power conditioning and energy storage and could play a major role in the Strategic Defense Initative (SDI) program. Potential space magnet applications, current technological limits and areas where additional development is required have been identified. A short history of superconducting magnets in space is included. Technology study results, including consideration of zero-gravity conditions for magnet cooling, space-based refrigerator/liquefiers, advanced composites to reduce magnet weight and structures that satisfy launch and space environmental requirements are presented. Computer programs have been developed to optimize spaceborne magnet system weight with respect to the power supply, magnet operating current density, cooling scenario, charge and discharge rates, load characteristics and magnet configuration. Ground-based magnets built to date have stored energy to mass ratios (specific energies) of less than 3 J/gm ; it is expected that space-based magnets with specific energies of more than 50 J/gm can be designed and built in the near future.
Interactivity, information, and compliance cost in a consumer product warning scenario

The effects of information content, physical interactivity, and cost of compliance on safe behavior of 356 subjects were examined using a common consumer product. The use of gloves for a "new formulation" consumer cleaning product was tested along with subject perceptions of the risk associated with the product's use. Results indicated that cost of compliance was the only variable that significantly affected the safe use of the product. Implications for consumer product safety and regulation are discussed.
The human RD protein is closely related to nuclear RNA-binding proteins and has been highly conserved

Abstract We have isolated cDNA clones encoding the human RD protein, which is closely related to several known nuclear RNA-binding proteins. The RD protein contains a 60-amino acid (aa) tract almost entirely of alternating basic and acidic aa, (RD)n, primarily arginine (Arg; R) and aspartic acid (Asp; D). The protein also contains an ‘RNP sequence domain’. Arg-rich tracts and the RNP sequence domain are both features of nuclear RNA-binding proteins. However, we have been unable to detect RNA-binding by the human RD protein. The very strong evolutionary conservation of the mammalian RD protein as sequence suggests that it plays an important role in the cell.
In vitro studies of gastric juice in patients with food-cobalamin malabsorption

Food-cobalamin absorption depends on the initial release of cobalamin from its binders in food. Therefore, the characterization of patients' gastric juices and their behavior in this process was undertaken. Pentagastrin-stimulated gastric juice specimens from three patients with severe food-cobalamin malabsorption, six patients with mild malabsorption, and five patients with normal absorption were tested for pH, pepsin, intrinsic factor content, and anin vitro method that quantitates transfer of cobalamin from egg yolk to gastric R binder. Transfer of cobalamin correlated best within vivo egg yolk-cobalamin absorption test results in the 14 patients (r=0.731,P<0.005). Transfer also correlated inversely with gastric juice pH (r=−0.619,P<0.02). Basal gastric juice specimens, with their higher pH, from the same subjects failed to promote cobalamin transfer until their pH was lowered to 1.0–1.3. Pepsin levels did not correlate within vitro transfer or with absorptionin vivo; nevertheless, raising the low pepsin concentration of one stimulated gastric juice improved transfer, while inhibiting pepsin activity with pepstatin A inhibited transfer. Mixing experiments with selected stimulated gastric juices demonstrated that poorin vitro transfer, which in a few cases seemed unrelated to pH or pepsin levels, was not due to any inhibitory activity of such gastric juices. These studies confirm that gastric acid and pepsin play a central role in releasing food-bound cobalamin and transferring it to R binder, but suggest that other, still unidentified gastric defects occasionally contribute to impaired transfer; the latter defects are not inhibitory in nature but seem to involve the absence of a permissive activity. The finding that the ability of a gastric juice to promote the transfer of cobalaminin vitro was the best overall indicator of a patient's ability to absorb food cobalaminin vivo suggests that gastric juice defects are responsible for most cases of food-cobalamin malabsorption. The phenomenon may also provide a practicalin vitro estimate of a patient's ability to absorb food cobalamin.
Potential Intercontinental Movement of Influenza A(H7N9) Virus into North America by Wild Birds: Application of a Rapid Assessment Framework

A critical question surrounding emergence of novel strains of avian influenza viruses (AIV) is the ability for wild migratory birds to translocate a complete (unreassorted whole genome) AIV intercontinentally. Virus translocation via migratory birds is suspected in outbreaks of highly pathogenic strain A(H5N1) in Asia, Africa and Europe. As a result, the potential intercontinental translocation of newly emerging AIV such as A(H7N9) from Eurasia to North America via migratory movements of birds remains a concern. An estimated 2.91 million aquatic birds move annually between Eurasia and North America with an estimated AIV prevalence as high as 32.2%. Here, we present a rapid assessment to address the likelihood of whole (unreassorted)-genome translocation of Eurasian strain AIV into North America. The scope of this assessment was limited specifically to assess the weight of evidence to support the movement of an unreassorted AIV intercontinentally by migratory aquatic birds. We developed a rapid assessment framework to assess the potential for intercontinental movement of avian influenzas by aquatic birds. This framework was iteratively reviewed by a multidisciplinary panel of scientific experts until a consensus was established. Our assessment framework identified four factors that may contribute to the potential for introduction of any AIV intercontinentally into North America by wild aquatic birds. These factors, in aggregate, provide a framework for evaluating the likelihood of new forms of AIV from Eurasia to be introduced by aquatic birds into North America. Based on our assessment, we determined that the potential for introduction of A(H7N9) into North America through aquatic migratory birds is possible, but the likelihood ranges from extremely low to low.
Pointwise bounds of orthogonal expansions on the real line via weighted Hilbert transforms

We study pointwise bounds of orthogonal expansions on the real line for a class of exponential weights of smooth polynomial decay at infinity. As a consequence of our main results, we establish pointwise bounds for weighted Hilbert transforms which are of independent interest.
The effectiveness of behavioral parent training to modify antisocial behavior in children: A meta-analysis

From 117 studies on the outcome of behavioral parent training (BPT) to modify child antisocial behavior, 26 controlled studies met criteria for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Results support the short-term effectiveness of BPT to modify child antisocial behavior at home and school, and to improve parental personal adjustment. However, research still needs to examine if positive changes as a function of BPT are maintained over time, are comparable to changes resulting from other interventions for child antisocial behavior, and are related to important methodological and contextual variables. Findings and directions for future research are discussed in light of the limitations of the current literature on antisocial child behavior.
Bird, Dinosaur Link

Ann Gibbons's Research News article “Missing link ties birds, dinosaurs” about the discovery of the unusual Cretaceous bird Rahonavis (nee Rahona) (20 Mar., [p. 1851][1]) includes commentary from two scientists who doubt that the forelimbs and hindlimbs belong to a single animal. One of the authors of the original report (20 Mar., [p. 1915][2]), Catherine A. Forster, is quoted in response that a source from two different animals cannot be ruled out, although “she contends that the hind limbs are clearly bird legs.” In fact, the study itself shows a stronger test of this hypothesis (Forster et al.'s note 22, [p. 1915][2]) that was not reflected in the News article. Phylogenetic analyses were run twice, once including the questioned forelimb material, which was found “next to or touching the hind portion of the skeleton,” and once without it. In both cases the phylogenetic position of Rahonavis was the same, clustering with Unenlagia plus Archaeopteryx and other birds. This shows clearly that the fore and hind limbs belong to the same animal, unless they represent two different kinds of animals with exactly the same evolutionary relationships to other groups (which would amount to nearly the same thing). Critics of the dinosaurian ancestry of birds are quoted as characterizing Rahonavis as “a little dinosaur hindquarter, with a bird's forelimbs,” or as “another dinosaur trying to hit it big as a bird.” The kinds of analysis that Forster et al . carried out indicate that these critics are closer to the mark than they would like to be, because the overwhelming evidence indicates that birds did indeed evolve from dinosaurs ([2][3]). As evolutionary theory would predict, the most basal birds show a mosaic of retained theropod features and new avian characters. 1. 1. K. Padian, 2. L. Chiappe , Biol. Rev. 73, 1 (1998). [OpenUrl][4][CrossRef][5][GeoRef][6] 2. [↵][7]1. L. Dingus, 2. T. Rowe , The Mistaken Extinction (Prentice-Hall, New York, 1997). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.279.5358.1851 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.279.5358.1915 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBiological%2BReviews%2B%2528Cambridge%253B%2BPrint%2529%26rft.stitle%253DBiological%2BReviews%2B%2528Cambridge%253B%2BPrint%2529%26rft.volume%253D73%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D1%26rft.epage%253D42%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2Borigin%2Band%2Bearly%2Bevolution%2Bof%2Bbirds%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1017%252FS0006323197005100%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1017/S0006323197005100&link_type=DOI [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=1998038706&link_type=GEOREF [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text"
Scanning Flow CCN Analysis—A Method for Fast Measurements of CCN Spectra

The Continuous-Flow Streamwise Thermal-Gradient Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter is a commercially available instrument that is widely used for laboratory and field measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Typically, the instrument is operated at a constant flow rate, and supersaturation is adjusted by changing the column streamwise temperature difference, which is slow and may introduce particle volatilization biases. We present a new mode of operation, termed “Scanning Flow CCN Analysis” (SFCA), in which the flow rate in the growth chamber is changed over time, while maintaining a constant temperature gradient. This causes supersaturation to continuously change, allowing the rapid and continuous measurement of supersaturation spectra over timescales relevant for airborne measurements (∼ 10–60 seconds and potentially even less) without being affected by shifts in activation kinetics and aerosol composition. SFCA has been evaluated with both calibration and ambient aerosol with excellent results.
A Thin Film Flow Rupture Model for Newtonian and Viscoelastic Fluids

On considere le cas d'un fluide du second ordre de Rivlin-Ericksen entre un cylindre et un plan
Mapping a dominant negative mutation for triforine sensitivity in lettuce and its use as a selectable marker for detecting hybrids

Some lettuce cultivars are highly sensitive to triforine, an inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis found in some commercial systemic fungicides. First symptoms of a sensitive reaction are usually observed within 24–48 h after treatment and include severe wilting, necrosis and rapid plant death. We mapped a single dominant gene (Tr) that confers sensitivity of lettuce to triforine to linkage group 1 of the integrated genetic map of lettuce. The occurrence of sensitivity is not uniform across horticultural types of lettuce. While over 80% of green-romaine lettuce cultivars tested were sensitive, most cultivars of all other lettuce types were insensitive to triforine. All accessions of wild Lactuca spp. were insensitive to triforine. Allelism tests using F1 and F2 progeny revealed that sensitive cultivars of all horticultural types likely carry the same Tr gene. The dominant allele for sensitivity found in cultivated lettuce probably had a monophyletic origin. The reaction to triforine can be used as a marker for detecting hybrids originating from a cross between phenotypically similar parents with different responses to triforine treatment. It also provides an indication of genotypes for which applications of triforine-containing fungicides are inappropriate.
High-Flux Nanofiltration Membranes Prepared by Adsorption of Multilayer Polyelectrolyte Membranes on Polymeric Supports

Layer-by-layer deposition of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes readily converts polymeric ultrafiltration membranes into materials capable of nanofiltration. ATR-FTIR spectra confirm that layer-by-layer deposition occurs on the ultrafiltration substrates, and adsorption of as few as 2.5 bilayers of poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/protonated poly(allylamine) (PAH) or 3.5 bilayers of PSS/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) reduces the molecular weight cutoff of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration supports from 50 kDa to <500 Da. Deposition of multilayer polyelectrolyte films on 300 and 500 kDa membranes also decreases molecular weight cutoffs, but solute rejections are significantly lower when using these supports, suggesting that the polyelectrolyte films do not completely cover large (0.2−0.4 μm in diameter) pores. On the 50 kDa substrates, PSS/PDADMAC films containing 3.5 bilayers exhibit a 95% rejection of SO42- and a chloride/sulfate selectivity of 27, whereas 4.5-bilayer PSS/PAH coatings sh...
Human transferrin receptor gene as a marker gene for MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To quantitate and characterize the expression of an engineered human transferrin receptor (ETR) as a marker gene by using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat gliosarcoma 9L cells stably expressing ETR (ETR+) were used, with nontransfected (ETR−) cells serving as controls. A conjugate of transferrin and monocrystalline iron oxide (Tf-MION) nanoparticles was synthesized to probe for the activity of ETR. Accumulation of Tf-MION was examined by using cell internalization in culture and MR (n = 6) and nuclear (n = 4) imaging in a mouse model with ETR+ and ETR− tumors implanted in the opposite flanks. Autoradiographic and histopathologic results were correlated with MR findings. RESULTS: Tf-MION was internalized by ETR+ cells at 37°C but not at 4°C. Rhodamine-labeled Tf-MION and fluorescein-labeled antibody to ETR colocalized in small vesicle-like structures in the cytoplasm. Both findings were consistent with accumulation by the receptor-mediated endocytosis mechanism of ETR. C...
The effects of plyometric versus dynamic stabilization and balance training on lower extremity biomechanics

BackgroundNeuromuscular training that includes both plyometric and dynamic stabilization/balance exercises alters movement biomechanics and reduces ACL injury risk in female athletes. The biomechanical effects of plyometric and balance training utilized separately are unknown.HypothesisA protocol that includes balance training without plyometric training will decrease coronal plane hip, knee, and ankle motions during landing, and plyometric training will not affect coronal plane measures. The corollary hypothesis was that plyometric and balance training effects on knee flexion are dependent on the movement task tested.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsEighteen high school female athletes participated in 18 training sessions during a 7-week period. The plyometric group (n= 8) performed maximum-effort jumping and cutting exercises, and the balance group (n = 10) used dynamic stabilization/ balance exercises during training. Lower extremity kinematics were measured during the drop vertical jump ...
A modified equivalent-width technique for diode-laser line strength measurements

A modified equivalent-width method is introduced that improves the accuracy of spectral line strength measurements using diode lasers. This method differs from the standard method in that no attempt is made to calculate the true equivalent width in order to determine the line strength. Instead, the line strength is derived directly from a measurement of the area under the line close to the line center and ignore the normal correction terms. Tests with actual spectra and simulations indicate that this method is accurate to better than 1 percent with lines broadened by up to 50 percent by the laser instrument function.
The crystal structures and thermal shrinkage properties of aromatic polyimide fibers

Three aromatic polyimides based on 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyl-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and three different diamines 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (PFMB), 2,2′-dimethyl-4, 4′-diaminophenyl (DMB) or 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine (OTOL) have been synthesized. These polyimides are soluble in hotp-chlorophenol,m-cresol or other phenolic solvents. Fibers have been spun from isotropic solutions using a dry-jet wet spinning method. The as-spun fibers generally exhibit low tensile properties, and can be drawn at elevated temperatures (>380° C) up to a draw ratio of 10 times. Remarkable increases in tensile strength and modulus are achieved after drawing and annealing. The crystal structures of highly drawn fibers were determinedvia wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The crystal unit cell lattices have been determined to be monoclinic for BPDA-PFMB and triclinic for both BPDA-DMB and BPDA-OTOL. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) was used to measure thermal shrinkage stress and strain. A selfelongation has been found in the temperature region around 450°C. This phenomenon can be explained as resulting from the structural development in the fibers as evidencedvia WAXD observations.
Long-term effects of newer antipsychotic drugs on neuronal nitric oxide synthase in rat brain.

Abstract Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) catalyzes the synthesis of neuronal nitric oxide from l -arginine. Behavioral and neurochemical studies implicate neuronal nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and in the actions of standard antipsychotic drugs. However, involvement of nNOS in the actions of newer antipsychotic drugs requires further investigation. Accordingly, density levels of nNOS, a marker for neuronal nitric oxide production, were examined in rat forebrain regions by computed autoradiography after repeated treatment (28 days) with three newer antipsychotic agents, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine. No significant differences in nNOS levels were detected in representative cortical, limbic, and extrapyramidal brain regions of drug-treated vs vehicle-treated animals. The findings suggest that nNOS plays a minimal role in mediating the long-term actions of newer antipsychotic drugs.
Disposition kinetics of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in rats

One of the most potent carcinogens is 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (7,12-DMBA), which is used routinely to conduct studies to evaluate carcinogen inhibitors. Its pharmacokinetics have not been reported in the literature. In view of its significant effects on drug metabolizing enzymes and clearance mechanisms, it is important to know its disposition characteristics. In this study, we monitored the disposition characteristics of 7,12-DMBA in rats as a function of dose range commonly used in carcinogenesis studies. A mean residence time of 40-55 min was observed; the total body clearance ranged from 8-13 l kg-1. No effect of dose was observed on the pharmacokinetic parameters. This suggests that the dose-dependent effects of 7,12-DMBA carcinogenesis are related to its transient disposition characteristics.
Dissolution of human insulin.

Intermediate- (isophane or NPH) and long-acting (ultralente) insulins are injected every day by millions of diabetic patients. Surprisingly, little is known about the actual dissolution of the insulin crystal in subcutaneous tissue. However, it is known that the appearance of the free insulin into the circulation is erratic, resulting in as much as a 100% day-to-day variation in blood insulin levels from the same quantity of injected NPH insulin. 1 In an attempt to understand the initial steps in the dissolution of the insulin crystal, we perfused human NPH insulin crystals (recombinant DNA derived, Eli Lilly & Co, Indianapolis) with a physiological solution for four hours at a flow rate of 50 mL/h at 27°C. The solution contained sodium, 142 mmol/L (142 mEq/L); chloride, 121 mmol/L (121 mEq/L); bicarbonate, 25 mmol/L (25 mEq/L); and potassium, 4 mmol/L (4 mEq/L), at a pH of 7.4. The insulin crystals were perfused on a
Release of gaseous and particulate carbonaceous compounds from biomass burning during the SAFARI 2000 dry season field campaign

[1] Source strengths to the atmosphere for different forms of carbon (CO2, CO, CH4, nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and PM2.5) produced by biomass burning were calculated during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) intensive study period (August and September 2000) for Africa south of the equator. For a given pixel burned, these calculations are a product of the aboveground biomass before a fire, the proportion of biomass that is burned by the fire, and the emission factor for a given carbon compound based on the combustion efficiency. The total emission for the region is the summation of such calculations for all the burned pixels. Products used for these calculations are a prototype satellite-based burned area based on the SPOT-VGT-S1 satellite product, a fuel load map produced by a simulation model developed and applied to southern Africa at 1 km2 resolution, information from fire experiments from our own research in southern Africa to compute combustion completeness, and emission factors published for the region. Over August and September 2000, 31,067 fires detected by the SPOT satellite are calculated to have emitted 96.9 × 1012 g CO2, 4.6 × 1012 g CO, and lesser amounts of CH4, NMHC, and PM2.5. These calculations are in the range of previous estimates of the emissions of these compounds for southern Africa. Along with documenting the estimates of the emissions during the SAFARI 2000 campaign, regional emission estimates are very strongly controlled by the burned area of fires due to a correlation between the cumulative distribution of percent burned area and the cumulative distribution of percent emissions.
Wave Breaking Dissipation Observed with “SWIFT” Drifters

AbstractEnergy dissipation rates during ocean wave breaking are estimated from high-resolution profiles of turbulent velocities collected within 1 m of the surface. The velocity profiles are obtained from a pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler sonar on a wave-following platform, termed a Surface Wave Instrument Float with Tracking (SWIFT), and the dissipation rates are estimated from the structure function of the velocity profiles. The purpose of the SWIFT is to maintain a constant range to the time-varying surface and thereby observe the turbulence in breaking crests (i.e., above the mean still water level). The Lagrangian quality is also useful to prefilter wave orbital motions and mean currents from the velocity measurements, which are limited in magnitude by phase wrapping in the coherent Doppler processing. Field testing and examples from both offshore whitecaps and nearshore surf breaking are presented. Dissipation rates are elevated (up to 10−3 m2 s−3) during strong breaking conditions, which are confir...
Glass transition in SPC/E water and in a protein solution: A molecular dynamics simulation study

Abstract Molecular dynamic simulations of glass transitions in SPC/E water and tuna ferrocytochrome c solution have been performed. The results support the suggestion that glass transitions in proteins are driven by those in the surrounding solvent.
Determination of 17-ketosteroids in urine.

WITHIN the past few years increasing attention has been paid to the excretion of 17-ketosteroids as a diagnostic aid. In general, the methods proposed have been time-consuming and impractical for average hospital laboratory routine. There is a need for a simple and accurate procedure capable of yielding reproducible results in the hands of the average clinical laboratory technician. Such a method was proposed by Drekter et at. in 1952 (1). However, in duplication of this method, the authors found that the final color was markedly unstable, fading as much as 5 to 10 per cent in transmission readings in the first three to four minutes. In addition, recovery of added steroid varied from 20 to 150 per cent. Studies were undertaken in an attempt to increase the stability of the color, and to afford greater accuracy in recovery of added steroid and replicate determinations.
Peripheral Defocus and Myopia Progression in Myopic Children Randomly Assigned to Wear Single Vision and Progressive Addition Lenses

Purpose. To determine the effect of progressive addition lenses (PALs) and single vision lenses (SVLs) on peripheral defocus in myopic children, and to compare the effect of myopic versus hyperopic peripheral defocus on foveal myopia progression.
Surface specific heat of4He confined to 8-micron cylinders near the λ-point

We report measurements of the deviations from bulk heat capacity of4He confined to 8-micron cylinders in the cross-over region away from the lambda point on both sides of the transition. We compare our results with theoretical calculations based on the application of Dirichlet boundary conditions to the order parameter, and with extrapolations based on earlier measurements of the specific heat of confined helium. We find that our data somewhat favors the theoretical prediction.
Chemical and physical interactions at metal/self-assembled organic monolayer interfaces

Abstract The purpose of research on metals (M) deposited onto self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is to understand the interactions between metal (M) and eventually metal oxide overlayers on well-ordered organic substrates. Application of M/SAM and inorganic/SAM research results to the understanding of real inorganic/ organic interfaces in vacuum and under environmental conditions can potentially play a key role in the development of advanced devices with stable interfacial properties. The M/SAM approach to interface research is delineated as a new subfield in surface science in the context of other approaches to inorganic/organic interface research. Current issues in M/SAM research are outlined, including chemical compound formation, the morphology (spreading, clustering, or penetration) of the metal species, the kinetics of the metal morphology, the effect of the metal on the degree of order in the SAM, and the rate of metal penetration into the SAM. Probes are recommended that are suitable for M/SAM resea...
Building trustworthy software agents

As agents become more active and sophisticated, the implications of their actions become more serious. With today's GUIs, user and software errors can often be easily fixed or undone. An agent performing actions on behalf of a user could make errors that are very difficult to "undo", and, depending on the agent's complexity, it might not be clear what went wrong. Moreover, for agents to operate effectively and truly act on their users' behalf, they might need confidential or sensitive information. This includes financial details and personal contact information. Thus, along with the excitement about agents and what they can do, there is concern about the resulting security and privacy issues. It is not enough to assume that well-designed software agents will provide the security and privacy users need; assurances and assumptions about security and privacy need to be made explicit. This article proposes a model of the factors that determine agent acceptance, based on earlier work on user attitudes toward e-commerce transactions, in which feelings of trust and perceptions of risk combine in opposite directions to determine a user's final acceptance of an agent technology.
Significance of E point-septal separation by M-mode echocardiography in patients with aortic regurgitation.

for the adopted male offspring of an alcoholic biologic parent to develop alcoholism even when reared in homes where alcoholism is not present.g Further, behavioral and neurochemical studies have shown that certain genetic strains of mice prefer and seek out alcohol in laboratory feeding selections and become addicted when compared to other strains of mice. These addiction-prone mice have baseline deficiencies in whole brain met-enkephalin.rO Thus, there is evidence for a genetic neuroendocrinologic basis for the inability to control appetite for psychoactive drugs. MVP may be a marker for an increased risk of developing substance abuse and addiction. Further study directed toward identifying endorphin abnormalities in the disorder of MVP and in addiction-prone families may lead to a greater understanding of the personality prone to addiction. This study suggests that patients with MVP are overrepresented in the population of substance abusers requiring detoxification. Practitioners should try to identify these patients in order to evaluate and counsel them regarding symptoms and complications of the MVP syndrome. Particular attention should be paid to the risks of using intravenous drugs in patients with MVP because of the inherent risks of developing infective endocarditis.