cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P300 HABITUATION PATTERNS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FROM ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were elicited with auditory stimuli from normal subjects every 10 min. for 10 successive trial blocks to assess ultradian influences on the P300 component. Based on a theoretical analysis of the underlying relationship between background EEG activity and P300 variability, subjects were divided into two groups according to whether P300 amplitude increased or decreased initially over trial blocks. P300 amplitude habituated across trial blocks. P300 latency produced systematic cyclical variation with approximately a 90-min. period that was opposite in phase for the different subject groups. The findings suggest that ultradian rhythms contribute to P300 latency variability. The implications of the results for P300 in applied settings are discussed.
Acyclovir in the Treatment of Bell's Palsy

Objective: To examine the role of acyclovir in the treatment of Bell's palsy. Data Sources: A search was performed using MEDLINE (1966-September 2002) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews with the search terms acyclovir, antiviral, idiopathic facial paralysis, Bell's palsy, herpes simplex virus, and corticosteroids. Data Synthesis: Treatment of Bell's palsy is controversial. Recent research has indicated that herpes simplex virus type 1 may be the likely causative agent. Clinical trials and review articles focusing on the use of acyclovir in the treatment of Bell's palsy were reviewed and evaluated. Conclusions: More solid evidence is necessary to validate whether herpes simplex virus type 1 causes Bell's palsy. Limited published clinical studies exist that have used acyclovir for the treatment of Bell's palsy. The results of available trials are contradictory. The American Academy of Neurology's practice parameter states that acyclovir, in combination with steroids, is safe and possibly effective for Bell's palsy treatment. Further information is needed from larger prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trials to clarify the ultimate therapeutic role of acyclovir for Bell's palsy.
INCREASING THE VALUE OF USER TIME

The time that library users spend in the library may be the most important element in the production of information services. If all library users were salaried library employees, the “user payroll” in a typical library would exceed any other library expenditure; at Vanderbilt, such a payroll would be more than twice that of the library staff's payroll. Because the way users spend their time is so crucial in library service, library managers may want to help manage users' time as they do staff time; that is, by recognizing how library users value their time, library managers can introduce innovations to make user time more efficient, more productive, and more enjoyable.
Applying machine learning to electronic form filling

Forms of all types are used in businesses and government agencies and most of them are filled in by hand. Yet much time and effort has been expended to automate form-filling by programming specific systems on computers. The high cost of programmers and other resources prohibits many organizations from benefitting from efficient office automation. A learning apprentice can be used for such repetitious form-filling tasks. In this paper, we establish the need for learning apprentices, describe a framework for such a system, explain the difficulties of form-filling, and present empirical results of a form-filling system used in our department from September 1991 to April 1992. The form-filling apprentice saves up to 84% in keystroke effort and correctly predicts nearly 90% of the values on the form.
On quasi-local inversion of spiral CT data

Let f be a function supported in an open set U, which is located strictly inside the spiral trajectory C of the X-ray source. Proposed is an algorithm for computing a function f 0 which retains all the sharp features off More precisely, if f ∈ H a 0 (U), then f - f 0 ∈ H a+1 loc (U). The algorithm is quasi-local in the sense that for each reconstruction point x one uses the cone beam data corresponding to X-ray sources y ∈ C located close to x. The detector array is two-dimensional, but of limited extent along the axis of the spiral. Stability of the algorithm is studied and results of numerical testing on the simulated data are presented.
Adaptive Feature-Specific Spectroscopy

We introduce the Adaptive Feature-Specific Spectrometer (AFSS), a chemical-detection methodology that uses an adaptively reconfigured set of signal projections to drastically shorten time-to-identification in low-SNR situations.
Validity of the Kindergarten Teachers' Rating Scale for Estimating Reading Readiness for Preschool Students

This paper reports the results of a concurrent validity study of the Kindergarten Teachers' Rating Scale (1) with a sample of 20 white, middle-class, preschoolers (11 girls, 9 boys) ranging in age from 49 mo. to 70 mo. The mean IQ (4) for the sample was 131.25, and IQs ranged from 109 to 158. The scale has six performance scales, Reasoning, Ability, Speed of Learning, Number and Space Relations, Psychomotor Abilities, Verbal Comprehension, and Verbal Expression. Teachers rate students on a 5-point scale, with descriptors "very high" and "very low" as end points. Selders (3) reported a coefficient of stability of .95 over a 2-mo. interval. The internal consistency reliability (coefficient alpha) for samples of kindergartners was estimated as .94 for boys and .96 for girls (5). The teacher completed the scale at the end of the school year. At the same time, the Basic School Skills Inventory (2) was given individually to each preschooler. The Reading Readiness subtest score of the inventory and the Total Score were regressed on age, IQ, and the six rating scale subtest scores. Separate analyses were conducted for the Reading Readiness score 2nd the Total Score. When eight independent variables were regressed on the Reading Readiness Score, the multiple R was .86. Number and Space Relations explained 49% of the variance in reading readiness scores. When age was added to the equation, 63% of the variance was explained. The addition of Verbal Comprehension increased the explained variance to 74%. The only independent variable which significantly predicted the Total Score was Speed of Learning; it accounted for 39% of the variance in the Total Score. Rating scales are cost efficient and require less time to administer and score than do traditional readiness tests. This study supports the use of one such rating scale in estimating reading readiness for preschool students of high ability. A combination of the students' age and the rated Verbal Comprehension and Numerical Reasoning scores provides a reasonable estimate of preschool studena' readiness to begin reading activities as measured by the Basic School Skills Inventory.
Integration and weighting of remotely sensed energy balance fluxes

Many studies in the past have used remote sensing techniques to estimate evapotranspiration from cropped and naturally vegetated surfaces. These studies have reported differences between estimated values and ground measured evapotranspiration rates using a variety of methods such as Bowen ratio and eddy covariance flux systems. The mixed results of this body of research could be due to the fact that remotely sensed latent heat fluxes generally were integrated using simple arithmetic averages of pixel values, around the reference flux stations. Recently, techniques have been developed 1 to properly weight and integrate remotely sensed distributed heat fluxes according to the contributing areas upwind from ground-based flux stations. This paper describes the application of a 2-D source area (footprint) function for the integration of remotely sensed latent and sensible heat fluxes estimated from short-wave and thermal high-resolution airborne multispectral digital imagery as well as Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. Comparisons are made against heat fluxes measured over corn and soybean fields using thirteen eddy covariance flux towers. The data were collected over a period of three weeks during the summer of 2002 close to Ames, Iowa as part of the SMACEX/SMEX02 experiment funded by NASA. The rain fed corn and soybean crops were in their vegetative stage of growth during the period, presenting considerable surface heterogeneity in plant cover and leaf area. Results show that remotely sensed fluxes integrated using the footprint functions compared well to the ground measured fluxes and that the methodology was valid for satellite-based fluxes.
Inverse method for estimating elastic modulus of arterial walls

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is widely used for estimating the stiffness of an artery. It is well known that a stiffened artery can be associated with various diseases and with aging and disease. Usually, PWV is measured using the “foot-to-foot” method. The “foot” of the pressure wave is not clear due to reflected waves and blood noise. Also, PWV is an average indicator of artery stiffness between the two measuring points, and therefore does not identify local stiffness variations. We propose producing a flexural wave in the arterial wall using low frequency localized ultrasound radiation force and measuring the wave velocity along the arterial wall. The wave velocity can be measured accurately over a few millimeters. A mathematical model for wave propagation along the artery is developed with which the Young’s modulus of the artery can be determined from measured wave velocities. Experiments were conducted on a pig carotid artery in gelatin. The wave velocity was measured by the phase change at a known distance for a given frequency. The measured wave velocity is about 3 m/s at 100 Hz and 6.5 m/s at 500 Hz. The real part of complex elastic modulus of the artery is estimated to be 300 kPa.
Emotional responses to frustration of approval seeking and personal identity.

Several emotional responses may be made to frustration depending on the type of goal frustrated. Two types of broad goals are approval and personal identity seeking. 32 male and 38 female undergraduates participated in this role-playing study. 43 Ss were oriented toward approval seeking and 27 Ss were oriented toward personal identity. Sadness was a more dominant response (104 responses) than anger (34 responses) for high approval-seeking Ss. Approval-seeking Ss also showed more rejection of other groups on the Bogardus social-distance scale. For such Ss the inhibiting effects of approval seeking may lead to the displacement of anger toward potential outgroups.
Expression and activity of pulmonary endothelin converting enzyme in heart failure: relation to endothelin biosynthesis and receptor distribution.

Abstract Background: Although reduced pulmonary clearance of endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been suggested to contribute to increased circulating levels in congestive heart failure (CHF), the regulation of the pulmonary ET system with CHF remains to be defined. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to investigate the expression and activity of the ET system with the development of CHF. Methods and Results: Pulmonary tissue samples were collected from pigs with pacing CHF (240 bpm, 3 wks, n = 10) and controls (n = 10). The pulmonary messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) subisoforms, ET-1, and ET receptor profiles were determined. The gene expression of ET-1 precursor, ECE-1a, and ET A was upregulated 4-, 3-, and 2-fold, respectively, with CHF. Pulmonary tissue ET-1 was increased to 13 ± 2 fmol/mg protein from control values of 5 ± 1 fmol/mg protein ( P P B receptor density decreased, whereas ET A receptors were increased in CHF, indicating a shift in the ET A to ET B ratio. Conclusions: Both the increased synthesis and the decreased clearance of ET-1 via ET B receptors may contribute to the increased systemic and pulmonary ET-1 levels in CHF.
Dynamical basis sets for algebraic variational calculations in quantum-mechanical scattering theory

New basis sets are proposed for linear algebraic variational calculations of transition amplitudes in quantum-mechanical scattering problems. These basis sets are hybrids of those that yield the Kohn variational principle (KVP) and those that yield the generalized Newton variational principle (GNVP) when substituted in Schlessinger's stationary expression for the T operator. Trial calculations show that efficiencies almost as great as that of the GNVP and much greater than the KVP can be obtained, even for basis sets with the majority of the members independent of energy.
Protocol for high-fidelity readout in the photon-blockade regime of circuit QED

The driven-damped Jaynes-Cummings model in the regime of strong coupling is found to exhibit a coexistence between the quantum photon blockaded state and a quasicoherent bright state. We characterize the slow time scales and the basin of attraction of these metastable states using full quantum simulations. This form of bistability can be useful for implementing a qubit readout scheme that does not require additional circuit elements. We propose a coherent control sequence that makes use of a simple linear chirp of drive amplitude and frequency as well as qubit frequency. By optimizing the parameters of the system and the control pulse, we demonstrate theoretically very high readout fidelities ($g$$98%$) and high contrast with experimentally realistic parameters for qubits implemented in the circuit QED architecture.
Quantum Feedback in a Cavity QED System with Trapping Potentials

We consider feedback on a cavity QED system to capture a particular state, and consider the effect of external trapping forces.
Generalized schemes for access and alignment of data in parallel processors with self-routing interconnection networks

Abstract In this paper, we give a generalized solution to the problem of conflict-free access of various templates of data of a matrix, when they are stored in memory units in a parallel processor. The important features of our method are: (a) compact representation of a skewing scheme, (b) simple address computation, (c) use of self-routing schemes to set up the interconnection network, and (d) a general framework for the study of skewing schemes. In our method, each template access of interest will be a linear permutation on the processor address. The linear permutation involved determines the types of templates accessible. For parallel access of the most important templates, namely, row, column, main diagonal, and square blocks, the interconnection network needs to realize only the class of linear-complement permutations. It is known that with Benes or Omega as the interconnection network, one can efficiently self-route these permutations; this compares favorably with the schemes proposed by other researchers who assume that a crossbar is available for processor-memory interconnections. Hence, the approach given in the paper can be used to solve the data alignment problem for the existing parallel machines such as IBM RP3, Cedar multiprocessor, and NYU Ultracomputer. This is a generalized solution to the data skewing problem and encompasses the previous efforts by other researchers as special cases.
Redistribution of aluminum in MODFET ohmic contacts

Abstract Ohmic contacts consisting of AuGe on MODFETs have been investigated as a function of sintering temperature. It is shown that aluminum from the GaAlAs layers is redistributed to the top contact surface. AES sputter profiles also show the distribution of Ge toward the GaAs substrate. Minimum values of source resistance and contact resistivity have been determined.
Changes in stoichiometric Si, N and P ratios of Mississippi River water diverted through coastal wetlands to the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract During the spring of 2001, we monitored nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry of diverted Mississippi River water as it flowed through the Breton Sound estuary, Louisiana, USA. River water was discharged through a diversion structure at Caernarvon as a two-week pulse that peaked at 220 m 3 s −1 . There were reductions in observed concentrations of TN, TP, DIN, DIP and DSi, of up to 44%, 62%, 57%, 23%, and 38%, respectively, as water flowed through the estuary. TN, TP, DIN, DIP and DSi concentrations in the river were 137–140, 5.0–5.1, 104–153, 1.1–1.3 and 114–121 μM, respectively, and 36–122, 1.8–3.6, 13–119, 0.3–1.8 and 29–110 μM, respectively, at the Gulfward end member stations. The DSi:DIN ratio rose from 0.9 at the Caernarvon diversion to 2.6 at the Gulf end member station, while the DIN:DIP ratio fell from 107 to 26. This study shows that freshwater diversions can significantly alter riverine nutrient concentrations and ratios and reduce the overall amount of exported nitrogen.
Patterns of resource distribution in a decentralized urban public school system

Decentralization in the Detroit Public Schools resulted in the establishment of administrative regions and the sharing of responsibility for resource allocation among regional and central administrators. This study examines the relationship between resource levels (measured by per pupil spending and pupil-teacher ratios) and demographic characteristics of schools in each region. Regression analysis revealed differences among regions, with some allocating more resources to schools in lower-income neighborhoods and others favoring middle-income areas. Variations were also found in patterns of distribution of federal and state compensatory funds. These differences, the study concludes, were the consequence of utilization of different decision rules and responsiveness by regional administrators to different population groups.
Effect of a perfluorocarbon emulsion (Fluosol-DA) on reticuloendothelial system clearance function

To study the effect of a perfluorocarbon oxygen transport emulsion (Fluosol-DA) on reticuloendothelial system (RES) function, we measured the blood clearance of human erythrocytes transfused to rats. Compared with saline treatment, Fluosol-DA at 30 ml/kg doses significantly increased both the percent 20-hour blood recovery (mean 8.9% +/- 2.7 SEM vs 1.3% +/- 0.25 SEM) and 51Cr t1/2 survival (mean 14.0 hours +/- 2.7 SEM vs 3.5 hours +/- 0.33 SEM) of the human red cells. This suppression of RES clearance function was transient and no longer detectable seven days after single Fluosol-DA doses. The Fluosol-DA-induced RES block was about three times greater than that obtainable with 4 g/kg of a soybean oil emulsion used for clinical hyperalimentation. On the other hand, the effect of ethyl palmitate (0.5 g/kg), a potent but toxic RES blocker, was 3.5 times greater than that of Fluosol-DA in this test system. If Fluosol-DA also induces RES block in humans, this emulsion could be explored as a therapeutic RES blocker in certain immune cytopenias.
A review of entrepreneurship research published in the hospitality and tourism management journals

Abstract This research evaluates the entrepreneurship research in field of the Hospitality and Tourism Management to obtain a better understanding of its progress and potential. The study examines entrepreneurship articles published in seven leading hospitality and tourism management journals from 1986 to 2006. Findings indicate that Tourism Management, International Journal of Hospitality Management, and International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management are the top three journals that publish entrepreneurship research. However, the amount of entrepreneurship research in the leading hospitality and tourism management journals appears less than expected. Publication of empirical work has not increased over time over the past 21 years, and theoretical work remains at a consistently low level. Even for empirical studies, there is a lack of methodological sophistication of analytical and statistical tools. The results suggest a concern that entrepreneurship research remains under studied; therefore, more theoretical work is needed to map a course of study and to develop a framework unique to the entrepreneurship domain of hospitality and tourism research. The good news is that there are abundant opportunities for scholars in hospitality and tourism management to explore the field of entrepreneurship as a viable research paradigm.
International Debt and the Price of Domestic Assets

This paper examines the behavior of indebtedness, consumption, and asset prices in a small open economy in which the foreign real interest rate depends not only on an exogenous world interest rate and on indebtedness, but also on the value of the capital stock, viewed as an implicit "collateral," and hence on the price of capital. The paper finds that the collateral effect magnifies the intensity of shocks to the economy and the duration of their impact. The collateral effect also generates additional distortions that could lead to overborrowing. The paper discusses the policy responses to these distortions.
Illuminating the role of caspases during Drosophila oogenesis

Cell death is a prominent feature of animal germline development. In Drosophila, the death of 15 nurse cells is linked to the development of each oocyte. In addition, females respond to poor environmental conditions by inducing egg chamber death prior to yolk uptake by the oocyte. To study these two forms of cell death, we analyzed caspase activity in the germline by expressing a transgene encoding a caspase cleavage site flanked by cyan fluorescent protein and yellow fluorescent protein. When expressed in ovaries undergoing starvation-induced apoptosis, this construct was an accurate reporter of caspase activity. However, dying nurse cells at the end of normal oogenesis showed no evidence of cytoplasmic caspase activity. Furthermore, although expression of the caspase inhibitors p35 or Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 blocked starvation-induced death, it did not affect normal nurse cell death or overall oogenesis in well-fed females. Our data suggest that caspases play no role in developmentally programmed nurse cell death.
Optimal Operating Point in MIMO Channel for Delay-Sensitive and Bursty Traffic

We consider a system with a bursty and delay-sensitive data source to be transmitted over a constant-rate MIMO channel with no CSI information at the transmitter. Given the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff region of the MIMO channel, we find the optimal multiplexing rate that optimizes the end-to-end loss probability. Based on the effective bandwidth model of the source, we present an analytical tradeoff between the error probability over the MIMO channel and the probability of delay violation. We illustrate the optimal operating points for i.i.d. sources and Markov-modulated sources and show the relation between source burstiness, delay bound, and optimal multiplexing rate.
Adding aliphatic C-H bond oxidations to synthesis

Aliphatic C–H bonds are among the least reactive in organic chemistry, yet enzymes have evolved that not only oxidize them, but can discriminate between individual tertiary (3°) and secondary (2°) C–H bonds in complex molecules. Chemists considered reactivity differences between these inert bonds too minor for a small-molecule catalyst to discriminate ( 1 ); bio-inspired catalysts with intricate binding pockets were thought to be the only viable solution ( 2 ). This view pervaded because the reported examples of selective aliphatic C–H oxidations [halogenations ( 3 ), alkylations ( 4 ), aminations ( 5 ), hydroxylations ( 6 ), and dehydrogenations ( 7 )] were not sufficiently high in yield or predictable in site selectivity to be useful in synthesis, except in some special cases such as steroids (see below). In the past several years, however, aliphatic C–H oxidations and simple rules for predicting their selectivities have been emerging prominently in synthetic planning. Powerful small-molecule catalysts have been invented that furnish high enough yields (>50%) to be preparatively useful and can predictably discriminate between aliphatic C–H bonds even within complex molecules that have many possible sites of oxidation.
Schizophrenic Patients' Perceptions of Stress, Expressed Emotion, and Sensitivity To Criticism

This study was designed to get an “insider's view” of expressed emotion (EE) from the perspective of schizophrenic patients. Thirty-two patient and “influential other” pairs participated in the study. Patients' perceptions of EE attitudes in influential others were examined to determine whether they corresponded with actual EE ratings. Patients also rated how “stressed” they felt when interacting with their influential others, and patients' general sensitivity to criticism (STC) was assessed. As predicted, patients' perceptions of critical attitudes were related to actual EE ratings of criticism, although patients' perceptions of emotional overinvolvement (EOI) were not related to EOI ratings. Patients reported feeling more stressed when interacting with high-EE influential others, supporting an “EE as stressor” hypothesis. Finally, patients' STC influenced the level of stress they reported.
MIGRATORY ECOLOGY OF THE BLACK CUTWORM

▪ Abstract The long-range migration of insects in general is briefly discussed here and serves as an introduction for in-depth inquiry into the migratory ecology of Agrotis ipsilon, the black cutworm. Zoogeography, pest status and injury, and seasonal occurrence of the species are reviewed. Circumstantial evidence of long-range movement of A. ipsilon moths within both hemispheres is presented, followed by experimental evidence of long-range movement of A. ipsilon moths in China and North America. Based upon experimental evidence published by several investigators, a theory is proposed of the existence of a thermal range (0–36°C) for A. ipsilon pupae that acts as the precursor for adult (moth) migration. This theory should help explain the circumstantial and empirical evidence gathered upon the annual appearance and disappearance of this species over large geographic areas.
Lateral Opening-wedge Distal Femoral Osteotomy: Pain Relief, Functional Improvement, and Survivorship at 5 Years.

Background Distal femoral varus osteotomy may be used to treat valgus knee malalignment or to protect a knee compartment in which cartilage restoration surgery (such as osteochondral or meniscus allografting) has been performed. Medial closing-wedge osteotomy has demonstrated good success in treatment of osteoarthritis in published series, but few studies have evaluated distal femoral lateral opening-wedge osteotomy in terms of correction of deformity, pain and function, and survivorship.
BIOGENESIS OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MEMBRANES : II. Synthesis of Constitutive Microsomal Enzymes in Developing Rat Hepatocyte

The constitutive enzymes of microsomal membranes were investigated during a period of rapid ER development (from 3 days before to 8 days after birth) in rat hepatocytes. The activities studied (electron transport enzymes and phosphatases) appear at different times and increase at different rates. The increase in the enzyme activities tested was inhibited by Actinomycin D and puromycin. G-6-Pase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities appeared first in the rough microsomes, and subsequently in smooth microsomes, eventually reaching a uniform concentration as in adult liver. The evidence suggests that the enzymes are synthesized in the rough part, then transferred to the smooth part, of the ER. Changes in the fat supplement of the maternal diet brought about changes in the fatty acid composition of microsomal phospholipids but did not influence the enzymic pattern of the suckling. Microsomes from 8-day-old and adult rats lose 95% of PLP and 80% of NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity after acetone-H2O (10:1) extraction. However, one-half the original activity could be regained by adding back phospholipid micelles prepared from purified phospholipid, or from lipid extracts of heart mitochondria, or of liver microsomes of 8-day or adult rats, thus demonstrating an activation of the enzyme by nonspecific phospholipid. The results suggest that during development the enzymic pattern is not influenced by the fatty acid or phospholipid composition of ER membranes.
Characterization of the cvaA and cvi Promoters of the Colicin V Export System: Iron-Dependent Transcription of cvaA Is Modulated by Downstream Sequences

Secretion of the Escherichia coli toxin colicin V was previously determined to be iron regulated via the Fur (ferric uptake regulator) protein, based on studies in fur mutants. The iron dependence of transcription and expression of cvaA, which encodes a transporter accessory protein, and cvi, encoding the colicin V immunity protein, was assessed under conditions of iron excess or depletion. Immunoblots showed that production of both Cvi and CvaA is iron dependent. The iron-dependent transcriptional start for cvaA identified by primer extension and S1 nuclease analysis, P1, lies 320 bp upstream of the translational start and is associated with a newly identified Fur binding site. Beta-galactosidase activity in transcriptional lacZ fusions with the P1 promoter alone is higher than with downstream sequences present and is induced 10-fold by iron depletion. Including immediate downstream regions with P1 enhances activity from P1 even more but reduces the induction by iron depletion fivefold. Including subsequent downstream sequences, however, down-modulates overall transcription from P1 almost fourfold. Deletion of a long stem-loop structure in this region alleviates the down-modulation by increasing transcription, indicating that the sequences or structure of this element may contribute to this down-regulation. Characterization of the cvi promoter by primer extension showed that it resides where predicted, about 50 bp upstream of cvi associated with a previously identified Fur binding site. The cvi promoter is also inducible by iron depletion. The modulating sequences from cvaA were placed downstream of the cvi promoter to test their effects in transcriptional fusions of the cvi promoter to lacZ. The fusion results showed that these sequences also modulate transcription of the cvi promoter in a manner similar to that of the cvaA promoter. The potential for up- and down-regulation within the long untranslated region downstream of the cvaA promoter suggests a novel mechanism that fine-tunes expression of the colicin V secretion genes.
Hydrogen bonding properties of N-palmitoyl-l-serine

Abstract 1. 1. A lipo-amino acid, N-palmitoyl- l -serine, has been synthesized and purified by methods designed to avoid degradation reactions. The compound is structurally similar to other amino acid derivatives extracted from biological systems during the transport of amino acids 2. 2. NPS easily forms hydrogen bonds, as shown by the displaced frequencies in infrared spectra. The contribution of this bond towards membrane reactions is discussed.
Pediatric Head Trauma: Parent, Parent–Child, and Family Functioning 2 Weeks After Hospital Discharge

Objective To investigate effects of pediatric head trauma on parent mental health, parent–child relationship and family functioning 2 weeks after discharge. Methods Ninety-seven mothers and 37 fathers of 106 preschool children hospitalized with head injury completed Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Parenting Stress Index, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II (FACES II) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) 2 weeks after discharge, and perceived injury severity, Parental Concerns Scale (PCS), Parental Stressors Scale: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PSS: PICU), and MHI 24–48 h after hospital admission. Results Mental health after discharge was related to social support and baseline mental health. Mothers’ parental distress was related to perceived injury severity and social support. Greater family cohesion was related to baseline mental health, social support, and being in a two-parent family for mothers, and to social support for fathers. Conclusions Parents’ mental health and social support were important for parent mental health and family cohesion after discharge. Perceived injury severity and parent reactions to hospitalization also played a role.
A Dynamic Actin Cytoskeleton Functions at Multiple Stages of Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells is critical for a variety of cellular processes including nutrient uptake and cell surface receptor down-regulation. Despite the findings that numerous endocytic accessory proteins directly or indirectly regulate actin dynamics and that actin assembly is spatially and temporally coordinated with endocytosis, direct functional evidence for a role of actin during clathrin-coated vesicle formation is lacking. Here, we take parallel biochemical and microscopic approaches to address the contribution of actin polymerization/depolymerization dynamics to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. When measured using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, disruption of the F-actin assembly and disassembly cycle with latrunculin A or jasplakinolide results in near complete cessation of all aspects of clathrin-coated structure (CCS) dynamics. Stage-specific biochemical assays and quantitative fluorescence and electron microscopic analyses establish that F-actin dynamics are required for multiple distinct stages of clathrin-coated vesicle formation, including coated pit formation, constriction, and internalization. In addition, F-actin dynamics are required for observed diverse CCS behaviors, including splitting of CCSs from larger CCSs, merging of CCSs, and lateral mobility on the cell surface. Our results demonstrate a key role for actin during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells.
Robust scheduling of moldable parallel jobs

Moldable job scheduling has been shown to be promising compared with traditional job scheduling policies. In contrast to rigid job scheduling where the number of processors for a job is fixed by the user, with moldable job scheduling the number of processors allocated to each job is chosen by the scheduler from a given range. Using simulation-based experiments, we show that previously proposed moldable scheduling strategies are not very robust overall performance improves in some circumstances, but worsens under other circumstances, and considerably degrades performance for some categories of jobs. This paper proposes a more robust strategy for scheduling moldable jobs, which outperforms the rigid scheduling scheme and previous moldable scheduling strategies. The new strategy performs well under different load conditions and for jobs of different scalabilities.
The Evolution of Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Alcohol Research

Animal models have been widely used to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the acute and long-term effects of alcohol exposure. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster encounters ethanol in its natural habitat and possesses many adaptations that allow it to survive and thrive in ethanol-rich environments. Several assays to study ethanol-related behaviors in flies, ranging from acute intoxication to self-administration and reward, have been developed in the past 20 years. These assays have provided the basis for studying the physiological and behavioral effects of ethanol and for identifying genes mediating these effects. In this review we describe the ecological relationship between flies and ethanol, the effects of ethanol on fly development and behavior, the use of flies as a model for alcohol addiction, and the interaction between ethanol and social behavior. We discuss these advances in the context of their utility to help decipher the mechanisms underlying the diverse effects of ethanol, including those that mediate ethanol dependence and addiction in humans.
Bipartisan Governing: Possible, Yes; Likely, No

University of California, Los Angeles A president who received fewer popular votes than his chief opponent, a House with a razor thin majority for the president's party, and a Senate evenly split-this is not most political scientists' prescription for policy success and certainly not what Republicans had in mind when they dreamed of unified Republican government. During the campaign, George Bush proposed a policy agenda that was ambitious if often vague about details and promised to change the often nasty and bitterly partisan tone in Washington. Are these now impossible dreams? As the contest for the presidency played itself out after the election, a consensus emerged that getting anything accomplished legislatively in the next two years would require bipartisanship, if not a form of coalition government. What strategies are possible and how likely are they to work?
Integrating intrusion alert information to aid forensic explanation: An analytical intrusion detection framework for distributive IDS

The objective of this research is to show an analytical intrusion detection framework (AIDF) comprised of (i) a probability model discovery approach, and (ii) a probabilistic inference mechanism for generating the most probable forensic explanation based on not only just the observed intrusion detection alerts, but also the unreported signature rules that are revealed in the probability model. The significance of the proposed probabilistic inference is its ability to integrate alert information available from IDS sensors distributed across subnets. We choose the open source Snort to illustrate its feasibility, and demonstrate the inference process applied to the intrusion detection alerts produced by Snort. Through a preliminary experimental study, we illustrate the applicability of AIDF for information integration and the realization of (i) a distributive IDS environment comprised of multiple sensors, and (ii) a mechanism for selecting and integrating the probabilistic inference results from multiple models for composing the most probable forensic explanation.
Structural Basis for Activation of an Integral Membrane Protease by Lipopolysaccharide

Omptins constitute a unique family of outer membrane proteases that are widespread in Enterobacteriaceae. The plasminogen activator (Pla) of Yersinia pestis is an omptin family member that is very important for development of both bubonic and pneumonic plague. The physiological function of Pla is to cleave (activate) human plasminogen to form the plasma protease plasmin. Uniquely, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is essential for the catalytic activity of all omptins, including Pla. Why omptins require LPS for enzymatic activity is unknown. Here, we report the co-crystal structure of LPS-free Pla in complex with the activation loop peptide of human plasminogen, its natural substrate. The structure shows that in the absence of LPS, the peptide substrate binds deep within the active site groove and displaces the nucleophilic water molecule, providing an explanation for the dependence of omptins on LPS for enzymatic activity.
Children's Weighting Strategies for Word-Final Stop Voicing Are Not Explained by Auditory Sensitivities.

Purpose It has been reported that children and adults weight differently the various acoustic properties of the speech signal that support phonetic decisions. This finding is generally attributed t...
Women and the Islamic Revolution

Defining the role of women in Islamic society has been an issue for debate in post-revolutionary Iran, particularly in light of recent rulings affecting women. This is not merely a theoretical debate but a crisis situation where some women who participated in the revolution alongside men now find themselves in a peculiarly difficult position in relation to society and the current government. Ali shariati (d. 1977), through his publihsed works and transcribed lectures during the 1960s and 1970s, has had a tremendous impact on the direction of this debate. Completely rejecting the role of women in both western and traditional societies, Shariati offers a third alternative: the figure of Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Mohammad and wife of Ali, the first Imam of the Shi'is as the personification of women's role.
Differentiation of three brain injury family types

The purpose of this study was to advance the research on brain injury families by differentiating between families with one of three family types. Participants were 76 primary caregivers of individuals with brain injuries recruited through the brain injury association of a Southern state in the US. Families were classified as Balanced (n = 33), Mid-range (n = 24), or Extreme (n = 19) type using the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II (FACES II). Three two-way discriminant analyses were performed using eight variables to discriminate between the family types. Results indicated that the affective and cognitive functioning of the family members with the brain injuries, family adaptation, and primary caregiver age were the strongest factors that differentiated the three family types. These findings suggest that Balanced, Mid-range, and Extreme families are distinct subgroups within the brain injury family population. The results, thus, may be beneficial for improving the efficacy of family intervention following brain injury and facilitating the development of long-term family supports.
New aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the United States.

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 166 THE VIRUS 166 EPIDEMIOLOGY 167 CLINICAL DISEASE 171 DIAGNOSIS 173 PREVENTION AND CONTROL 173 Humans 173 Domestic Animals 173 Wildlife 174 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 175 REFERENCES 175
Plasminogen activator: Induction of synthesis by DNA damage

Abstract We have studied plasminogen activator (PA) synthesis in fibroblast cultures exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) and to several agents that produce DNA damage. PA synthesis was induced by UV in chicken, hamster, rat, mouse and human fibroblasts. The rate of enzyme synthesis, like the inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation, was a first-order function of UV fluence, and the UV sensitivity of these responses was very similar. The kinetics of PA induction after UV were much slower and the duration of synthesis much longer than following brief exposure to other inducing agents such as hormones, retinoids, tumor promoters or transforming viral genes; the ultimate level of PA production was in the same range as that induced by tumor promoters or viral transformation. PA synthesis was also induced by other agents that produce DNA damage. Those tested were neocarzinostatin, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, arabinosyl cytosine, mitomycin C and methyl methanesulfonate, some of which induce DNA repair of the "long" and others of the "short" type. These effects were not due merely to inhibition of DNA synthesis since they did not occur in cultures exposed to 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine or methotrexate. Chick myotubes are post-mitotic cells in which DNA replication is permanently repressed, and they did not synthesize PA following exposure to DNA-damaging agents or UV. We discuss the potential relationship of PA production to post-irradiation inflammation and to the induction of DNA repair functions of the "SOS" type.
Possible role of oxidized lipids in osteoporosis: could hyperlipidemia be a risk factor?

Several years ago we hypothesized that products of lipid and lipoprotein oxidation may contribute to pathophysiology of osteoporosis (F. Parhami, Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 8 (1997) 312), and that their effects on artery wall and bone cells may explain the parallel development of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis in the same subjects (R. Boukhris, JAMA 219 (1972) 1307; M.A. Frye, Bone Miner. 19 (1992) 185). Since then, new evidence has accumulated in support of this hypothesis and its possibility is being further tested by investigators in both vascular and bone fields (A.D. Watson, J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 13597). This review will summarize the evidence to date that support the role of oxidized lipids in osteoporosis, and will address some of the issues that need further examination in order to establish whether hyperlipidemia and susceptibility to lipid oxidation may serve as risk factors for osteoporosis.
In-situ Observation of Selenization of Cu-Ga-In Metallic Precursors

The reaction pathway of Cu(In1-x,Gax)Se2 formation by the selenization of Cu-Ga-In/Mo/glass precursors was investigated using in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD). The room-temperature XRD pattern shows that Cu11In9, CuIn, and pure In formed during MBE-deposition of the precursor. Selenium powder was placed in wells on the HT-XRD sample holder to provide a Se ambient during selenization. The in-situ HT-XRD observation of selenization of precursors showed that the selenization process of Cu-Ga-In/Mo/glass produces an intermediate CuSe phase in the temperature range of 260 to 370degC. The formation of CIGS is initiated at approximately 260degC, which is close to the initial appearance of CuSe. MoSe2 formation was detected at temperature above approximately 400degC. The Ga composition (x= 0.35~0.39) of the resulting CIGS as estimated by the cell refinement method of XRD data suggests partial evaporation of indium during the temperature ramp annealing
Motility and Flow in Small Intestine

Longitudinal and ring contractions of the small intestine have been investigated experimentally and analytically. Main results of research work are summarized. Models - both mathematical and physical - have been developed to investigate and describe the flow induced by the complex wall motion of the small intestine. A stochastic description of the intestinal motility has been developed and applied to predict flow. The present status of pertinent knowledge on intestinal motility is reviewed. A summary review of all papers available on all kinds of peristaltic flow is also included. Areas in need of research are critically considered.
Improving Student Achievement by Infusing a Web-Based Curriculum into Global History

AbstractEducators continue to look for instructional practices that will contextualize learning, motivate students, individualize instruction, and increase the number of students attaining mastery levels of achievement. Simultaneously, Internet use has arrived in today’s classrooms, which has moved the learning environment beyond the drill and practice use of computers. The creation of a Web-based curriculum has the potential to enable students to have access to the global network of multimedia information while being engaged in self-directed learning activities.
SINC INDEFINITE INTEGRATION AND INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS

The Sinc indefinite integral has been discussed by several authors: by Kear-fott (1983), by Haber (1991), and by Stenger (1981). The following presentation summarizes some of the results in the monograph (Stenger, 1991), involving both Sinc indefinite integration and the application of this formula to the solution of initial value problems in ordinary differential equations.