cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Always in flux: the role of attentional focus in emotion regulation dynamics.

Flexible emotion regulation (ER) in response to contextual changes is important for well-being. However, little is known about predictors of ER dynamics or their consequences. We investigated these...
Geometric Analysis and Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

Part 1 Geometric methods in nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations and applied problems: geometric inequalities and estimates of solutions for nonlinear Euler-Lagrange equations and applied problems, Ilya J. Bakelman and William L. Perry qualitative behaviour of solutions to a system of partial differential equations from nonlinear elasticity, Patricia Bauman asymptotic approximations to the fundamental solutions of differential equations on manifolds, S.A. Fulling harmonic maps with nontrivial higher-dimensional singularities, Guojun Liao and Nathan Smale elliptic systems for a medium with microstructure, R.E. Showalter and N.J. Walkington asymptotic behaviour of positive decreasing solutions of "y"=F(t,y,y')", Steven D. Taliaferro uniqueness of capillary surfaces in wedges and cones, Thomas I. Vogel a Neumann evolution problem for plastic antiplanar shear, Xiaodong Zhou. Part 2 Convex bodies and related topics: axiomatic convex potential theory, E.M.J. Bertin area-reducing flows, Xiaoxi Cheng double normals characterize bodies of constant width in Riemannian manifolds, Boris V. Dekster quasi-time functions in Lorentzian geometry, Paul E. Ehrlich and Gerard G. Emch the Weyl problem for surfaces in nonnegative curvature, Joseph A. Iaia singularities and the conformal scalar curvature equation, Robert C. McOwen. Part 3 Surveys devoted to geometric inequalities and convex bodies: geometric inequalities and existence theorems for convex generalized solutions of "n"-dimensional Monge-Ampere equations, Ilya J. Bakelman the isoperimetric problem for two-dimensional convex surfaces, Ilya J. Bakelman and Steven D. Taliaferro. Part 4 Problems: open problems in the geometry of equilibrium configurations, Robert Gulliver and Henry Wente.
Posture, Postural Discomfort, and Performance:

In order to justify the costs of using ergonomically designed workplaces, it is necessary to relate improved posture to improved performance. This experiment used twelve subjects, four in each of t...
Repeated games with incomplete information on one side

This paper studies repeated games with incomplete information on one side and equal discount factors for both players. The payoffs of the informed player I depend on one of two possible states of the world, which is known to her. The payoffs of the uninformed player U do not depend on the state of the world (that is, U knows his payoffs), but player I's behavior makes knowledge of the state of interest to player U. We define a finitely revealing equilibrium as a Bayesian perfect equilibrium where player I reveals information in a bounded number of periods. We define an ICR profile as a strategy profile in which (a) after each history the players have individually rational payoffs and (b) no type of player I wants to mimic the behavior of the other type. We show that when the players are patient, all Nash equilibrium payoffs in the repeated game can be approximated by payoffs in finitely revealing equilibria, which themselves approximate the set of all ICR payoffs. We provide a geometric characterization of the set of equilibrium payoffs, which can be used for computations.
Multiple Variable Pareto Analysis as Focal Point for Capital Project Selection with Multiple Objectives

Capital project proposals can include quantified impacts in customer, environmental and other nonfinancial objectives of the firm. This paper proposes Multiple Variable Pareto Analysis, an extension of pareto analysis used in quality management, which achieves something like 70% of benefits in each of multiple variables, for 30% of the total costs of all investments. Less than the proverbial 80/20 yield is expected for each variable when there is more than one objective. The paper proposes a linear programming approach that achieves equal benefits in each of multiple nonfinancial benefit dimensions and, in a second stage, can yield an internal pricing interpretation. Refinements can accommodate discreteness and interdependencies of projects, budget constraints, and use of external information on relative value of benefits. This is a prospective tool that, in combination with other decision support tools, may be widely applicable as a simple, interpretable starting point in facilitating rational decision-making in many managerial settings that involve multiple nonfinancial objectives.
Genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung disease

Susceptibility to infection by bacterium such as Bacillus anthracis has a genetic basis in mice and may also have a genetic basis in humans. In the limited human cases of inhalation anthrax, studies suggest that not all individuals exposed to anthrax spores were infected, but rather, individuals with underlying lung disease, particularly asthma, sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, might be more susceptible. In this study, we determined if polymorphisms in genes important in innate immunity are associated with increased susceptibility to infectious and non-infectious lung diseases, particularly tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, respectively, and therefore might be a risk factor for inhalation anthrax. Examination of 45 non-synonymous polymorphisms in ten genes: p47phox (NCF1), p67phox (NCF2), p40phox (NCF4), p22phox (CYBA), gp91phox (CYBB), DUOX1, DUOX2, TLR2, TLR9 and alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) in a cohort of 95 lung disease individuals and 95 control individuals did not show an association of these polymorphisms with increased susceptibility to lung disease.
Intracellular Distribution of Enzymes of Phospholipid Metabolism in Several Gram-Negative Bacteria

Cell-free extracts of Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Micrococcus cerificans contained the following enzymatic activities related to phospholipid metabolism: cytidine 5′-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDP-diglyceride):l-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase (phosphatidylserine synthase), phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, CDP-diglyceride:sn-glycero-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase (phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase), phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase, and CDP-diglyceride hydrolase. The intracellular distribution of these enzymatic activities as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of cell-free extracts was shown to be similar in each species investigated. The phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, and CDP-diglyceride hydrolase activities were all associated with the cell envelope fraction, whereas the phosphatidylserine synthase activity was associated mainly with the ribosomal fraction. These enzymatic activities are comparable and have an intracellular distribution similar to those found in Escherichia coli cell-free extracts. Therefore, the pathways established for phospholipid biosynthesis in E. coli can also account for the synthesis of the major phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol) in several other gram-negative organisms. In addition, the unusual ribosomal association of the phosphatidylserine synthase from E. coli (Raetz and Kennedy, J. Biol. Chem. 247:2008–2014, 1972) appears to be a general property for this activity in several other bacterial species.
Fatigue Life Prediction Scheme for Carburized Members Subjected to ln-Phase Multiaxial Stresses

A dimensionless fatigue life parameter is developed for the correlation of fatigue data of carburized and core material. It is shown that the Smith-Watson-Topper parameter can be generalized to account for the fatigue strength differentials of dissimilar materials such as the core and case-core interface. Fatigue data generated using circumferentially notched specimens was successfully correlated to the core material fatigue data using this parameter at low stresses. From these observations, a scheme is proposed to predict low-stress fatigue life of a carburized member experiencing multiaxial stresses based on the core material fatigue response only.
Riparian Wetland Plant Response to Livestock Exclusion in the Lower Columbia River Basin

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of riparian plant communities along a gradient of livestock exclusion in the Lower Columbia River Basin (LCRB) located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Livestock exclusion from riparian wetlands is a common passive restoration technique. Few studies, however, have focused on the effects of livestock grazing or the exclusion of livestock grazing on these ecosystems. Vegetation community composition was examined in two passive restoration sites, three and 13 years since livestock exclusion, and in a reference site with continued livestock grazing. We hypothesized native plant species richness would be lower in the excluded wetlands than in the grazed wetland due to the competitive exclusion from an increase in non-native plant dominance in the absence of grazing. The grazed wetland had significantly (P < 0.02) greater mean total species richness (23.3 ± 1.6; mean ± 1 standard error), native (10.2 ± 0.5), and non-nati...
Winckelmann divided: mourning the death of art history.

The discipline of art history is often said to have been invented in the writing of J.J. Winckelmann (1717-1768). In his Reflections on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture (1754) and History of Ancient Art (1764), Winckelmann dealt with the homoerotic meanings of Greco-Roman arts in complex ways. To do so, he imagined a split between his subjective position as an observer with specific erotic and political interests and his objective position as an historian. His importance for art historians today derives from his own recognition and further elaboration of his "division," an awareness manifested in his principal metaphor for the status of the art historian as a "maiden" mourning her "lover," the "lost object" of her desire, namely, ancient representations of beautiful young men. This metaphor and related features of Winckelmann's texts situated the homoeroticism of art and of the art historian in mutual relations that enable the art historian to reconcile, if not to resolve, his fundamental "division." Winckelmann's image of art history presents a more adequate sense of the enterprise than the misleading polarization of "objective" history and "subjective" interpretation frequently encountered today.
The volcanic history of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado

The San Juan Mountains, which are made up chiefly of volcanic rocks, are located in southwestern Colorado and occupy a rudely circular area of over 10,000 square miles, or larger than the state of Massachusetts. They have been studied and mapped geologically by the United States Geological Survey, chiefly by field parties under Whitman Cross and Esper S. Larsen.
Role of Parent-Child Relationships in Mediating the Effects of Marital Disruption

ABSTRACT Objective This study sought to explore the long-term effects of and relationships between parental divorce, interparental conflict, and parent-child relationships on interpersonal and generalized trust, empathy, dependency, and depressive affect among late adolescents. Method Self-administered questionnaire data were collected from a sample of 288 college students (including 60 children of divorce). Participants were asked to rate current and past levels of interparental conflict, the current affective quality of their parent-child relationships, and present adjustment. Results Path analyses revealed that the effects of interparental conflict on psychological well-being were mediated by parent-child relationships. For women, however, parental divorce also was found to affect adjustment indirectly (via disrupted father-daughter relationships), although no such path emerged for men. Conclusions The findings are part of a growing literature documenting the role of parent-child relationships in mediating the effects of marital disruption. In addition to efforts to resolve marital conflict, clinicians may want to focus on enhancing mother-child, father-child relationships as a way to modify the damaging effects of conflictual marital relations on children and adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1993, 32, 5:1019–1027.
Hsp70 mRNA induction is reduced in neurons of aged rat hippocampus after thermal stress.

Abstract Levels of heat-shock 70 mRNAs, relative to those of 18S rRNA, were quantitated in specific cell types of hippocampus of adult and aged rats subjected to identical heat shock regimens. Body temperature changes in response to the heat stress were no different in adult and aged rats. In control rats, as well as 3 h after initiation of heat shock in both adult and aged rats, relative levels of the constitutively synthesized heat-shock cognate 70 (hsc70) mRNA were highest in hippocampal neurons and much lower in glia. No heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) mRNAs were present in any cell type of control adult or aged rats. In heat-shocked adult rats, the relative levels of the heat-shock-inducible hsp 70 mRNAs were highest in a subpopulation of glia, intermediate in granule cells of the dentate gyrus, and lowest in pyramidalcells of Ammon's horn. Relative levels of hsp 70 mRNA were several-fold lower in the dentate gyrus granule cells of aged rats compared to relative levels in controls and were also reduced in many pyramidal cells of the hippocampus but not in hippocampal glia. These findings suggest that some neuronal populations in the hippocampus may be at increased risk for stress-related injury in the aged animal.
Growth and genetic stability of 4 temperature sensitive(ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in newborn ferrets

Four temperature sensitive(ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were evaluated for growth and genetic stability in newborn ferrets.ts-1, the mutant previously tested in children as a possible live virus vaccine and found to be insufficiently attenuated for the upper respiratory tract, grew in the lungs of newborn ferrets to the same peak titer as wild type RS virus. In addition some genetic alteration of thets-1 mutant occurred. Two more defective subclones ofts-1,ts-1 NG-1 andts-1 NG-16, were greatly restricted in growth in the ferret's lungs.ts-1 NG-16 was also restricted in the nasal turbinates, butts-1 NG-1 grew to high titer in the nasal turbinates. Growth ofts-1 NG-1, however, was delayed 2 weeks compared to the growth of wild type virus. Genetic alteration occurred during growth of either subclone; the virus isolated was intermediate between wild type and input virus in plaque forming ability at restrictive temperatures. In no instance was wild type virus isolated from the ferrets infected with either subclone.ts-2, a plaque morphology mutant that does not fuse cells to form syncytia even at the permissive temperature of 32° C, was restricted in growth in both the lungs and nasal turbinates, and genetically altered virus was not recovered from these animals. Of the mutants tested,ts-2 was the most restricted mutant in the newborn ferret and should be evaluated further as a candidate vaccine virus.
Hematopoietic stem cell: self-renewal versus differentiation

The mammalian blood system, containing more than 10 distinct mature cell types, stands on one specific cell type, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Within the system, only HSCs possess the ability of both multipotency and self-renewal. Multipotency is the ability to differentiate into all functional blood cells. Self-renewal is the ability to give rise to HSC itself without differentiation. Since mature blood cells (MBCs) are predominantly short-lived, HSCs continuously provide more differentiated progenitors while properly maintaining the HSC pool size throughout life by precisely balancing self-renewal and differentiation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of self-renewal and differentiation of HSC has been a central issue. In this review, we focus on the hierarchical structure of the hematopoietic system, the current understanding of microenvironment and molecular cues regulating self-renewal and differentiation of adult HSCs, and the currently emerging systems approaches to understand HSC biology.
Phase equilibria of benzene–cyclohexane binary mixtures using a solid–liquid–vapor equation-of-state

Abstract Based on our previously developed solid–liquid–vapor equation of state (EOS), we have calculated phase equilibria of benzene, cyclohexane, and their mixtures. The model predictions for phase behaviors of pure compounds and vapor–liquid phase equilibria of the binary system have been straightforward and agreed well with the reported data. However, solid–liquid phase equilibria of the binary system are not well correlated to the experimental data with the present unified EOS model. Then, from this fact, we have found that the coexisting solid phases in the present binary system exist in two different solid structures (or two different Gibbs free-energy curves). We have developed a model to overcome such a problem within the present unified EOS model and successfully correlated the experimental data for wide ranges of temperatures and pressures.
Modeling meadow distribution for conservation action in arid and semi-arid Patagonia, Argentina

Meadows are critical in arid and semi-arid Patagonia because of their importance for regional biodiversity. Despite this, little information on the spatial distribution of meadows is available, which hampers conservation planning. We modeled the spatial distribution of meadows across arid and semi-arid Patagonia, Argentina, and investigated conservation status of those areas predicted to contain meadows. We used high-resolution imagery available in Google Earth Software to visually estimate presence and absence of meadows. We used these observations and 11 socio-environmental predictor variables to model the distribution of meadows using generalized linear, additive, boosting, and random forest models, as the basis for a final mean ensemble technique. The final ensemble model improved accuracy over any of the single models, with an accuracy (area under the curve of the receiver-operating characteristic plot) of 0.97. Based on the final ensemble model, only 0.14% of predicted meadows occur inside current International Union for Conservation of Nature level I, II or III protected areas. Our final ensemble model was an accurate representation of the distribution of meadows in Patagonia and indicates they are severely under-represented within protected areas. This first regional map of meadow distribution across Argentinean Patagonia represents key information for planning actions to conserve this critical habitat.
Effect of PEG additive on anode microstructure and cell performance of anode-supported MT-SOFCs fabricated by phase inversion method

Abstract Anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (MT-SOFCs) have been fabricated by phase inversion method. For the anode support preparation, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), polyethersulfone (PESf) and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) were applied as solvent, polymer binder and additive, respectively. The effect of molecular weight and amount of PEG additive on the thermodynamics of the casting solutions was characterized by measuring the coagulation value. Viscosity of the casting slurries was also measured and the influence of PEG additive on viscosity was studied and discussed. The presence of PEG in the casting slurry can significantly influence the final anode support microstructure. Based on the microstructure result and the measured gas permeation value, two anode supports were selected for cell fabrication. For cell with the anode support fabricated using slurry with PEG additive, a maximum cell power density of 704 mW cm−2 is obtained at 750 °C with humidified hydrogen as fuel and ambient air as oxidant; cell fabricated without any PEG additive shows the peak cell power density of 331 mW cm−2. The relationship between anode microstructure and cell performance was discussed.
Sterically Hindered Esters of Vitamin A III: Biological Availability of Vitamin a from Sterically Hindered Esters

Previous studies demonstrated that sterically hindered esters of vitamin A, such as the α,α-dimethylpalmitate and α-methyl-α-ethyleaproate, had some superior chemical properties compared to the palmitate. The biological availability of vitamin A from these esters, compared with the palmitate and cod liver oil as controls, was determined in rats. Maximum availability of vitamin A was obtained with the palmitate followed by cod liver oil. Availability from the α,α-dimethylpalmitate was 71% that of the palmitate, while the α-methyl-α-ethyleaproate had a poor availability pattern.
Electromyographic activity controlled at different times in the human step cycle

Abstract Greater understanding of human stepping patterns will be gained when different successive portions of the step cycle can be attributed to specific origins. In this study the strength of a known behavior, an operant composed of a colored light as discriminative stimulus and electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris muscle as response, was compared with that of other ongoing behaviors at each of five times during the stance (down) and swing (up) phases. Under computer assistance, while subjects walked on a motorized treadmill a green light discriminated a burst of 100–400 msec within a performance duration of 700 msec, while a red light discriminated muscle silence. Red and green lights were scheduled first in systematic and later in random orders across the 10 consecutive steps of each successive trial. The green light produced large successful bursts in every position after relatively little training, to rule out any powerful competing source of reflexive or other stimulus control. These discriminated bursts were accompanied in some instances by longlasting low amplitude activity, either several hundred msec before heel strike or else prior to the colored light. Control for the first low EMG type might have been reflexive (built in) or acquired through conditioning, but control for the second was acquired and depended upon movement produced stimulation that was associated with each position of the light.
Closed and open nested atomic actions for Java: language design and prototype implementation

We describe the design and prototype implementation of a dialect of Java, XJ, that supports both closed and open nested transactions. As we have previously advocated, open nesting most naturally attaches to the class as the primary abstraction mechanism of Java. The resulting design allows natural expression of layered abstractions for concurrent data structures, while promoting improved concurrency for operations on those abstractions. Moreover, we describe our approach to constructing a prototype implementation of XJ that runs on standard Java virtual machines, by grafting support for transactions onto both application code and library code via load-time bytecode rewriting, for full execution coverage. We rely on extensions to the javac compiler, a JVMTI run-time agent to intercept and rewrite Java classes as they are loaded into the virtual machine, and a run-time library that tracks and manages all transaction meta-data. The resulting prototype will allow further exploration of implementation alternatives for open and closed nested transactions in Java. Our design also addresses the issue of internal deadlock caused by accessing the same data in both closed and open nesting fashion by carefully disallowing such access.
Analysis of DNA strand breaks induced in rodent liver in vivo, hepatocytes in primary culture, and a human cell line by chlorinated acetic acids and chlorinated acetaldehydes

An alkaline unwinding assay was used to quantitate the induction of DNA strand breaks (DNA SB) in the livers of rats and mice treated in vivo, in rodent hepatocytes in primary culture, and in CCRF-CEM cells, a human lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, following treatment with tri- (TCA), di- (DCA), and mono- (MCA) chloroacetic acid and their corresponding aldehydes, tri- (chloral hydrate, CH), di- (DCAA) and mono- (CAA) chloroacetaldehyde. None of the chloroacetic acids induced DNA SB in the livers of rats at 4 hr following a single administration of 1–10 mmole/kg. TCA (10 mmole/kg) and DCA (5 and 10 mmole/kg) did produce a small amount of strand breakage in mice (7% at 4 hr) but not at 1 hr. N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA), an established alkylating agent and a rodent hepatocarcinogen, produced DNA SB in the livers of both species. TCA, DCA, and MCA also failed to induce DNA strand breaks in splenocytes and epithelial cells derived from the stomach and duodenum of mice treated in vivo. None of the three chloroacetaldehydes induced DNA SB in either mouse or rat liver. The continuous exposure of mice to 5 g/L DCA in the drinking water for 7 and 14 days did not induce appreciable hepatic DNA SB (< 10% at 14 days), although peroxisome proliferation, as evidenced by an increased cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl CoA oxi-dase (PCO) activity, was stimulated to 490% (7 days) and 652% (14 days) of control. Under this protocol, DENA (0.1 g/L) produced DNA damage after both 7 days (73% of control) and 14 days (57% of control). Similarly, long-term exposure of rats (30 weeks) to 2 g/L DCA in the drinking water, a level that increased PCO activity to 364% of the control value, exhibited no DNA damage. Both the chloroacetic acids and the chloroacetaldehydes were ineffective in inducing DNA SB in cultured rat and mouse hepatocytes at concentrations below those that yielded cytotoxicity. The chloroacetic acids were also ineffective in the CCRF-CEM cells. However, two of the chloroaldehydes, DCAA and CAA, did induce DNA SB in the CCRF-CEM cells at concentrations that did not decrease the cell viability after 2 hr of treatment. Prior incubation of DCAA and CAA with a rat S9 liver homogenate eliminated much of the DNA damaging activity. These studies provide further evidence that the chloroacetic acids lack genotoxic activity not only in rodent liver, a tissue in that they induce tumors, but in a variety of other roden tissues and cultured cell types. Two of the chloroacetaldehydes, DCAA and CAA, are direct acting DNA damaging agents in CCRF-CEM cells, but not in liver or splenocytes in vivo or in cultured hepatocytes. CH showed no activity in any system investigated. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of intracellular peptidases of starter and adjunct cultures using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Abstract Selection of starter and adjunct cultures is important to minimize bitterness of Cheddar and Gouda cheeses. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry may be useful for rapid screening of cheese cultures for propensity to produce bitter cheese. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the application of MALDI-TOF for differentiating intracellular peptidase activities of starter and adjunct cultures on β -CN f193–209 under simulated cheese condition. Bovine β -casein was incubated with chymosin in 9.55 g/l citrate buffer (pH 5.4, 40 g/l sodium chloride) at 30°C for 24 h, followed by incubation with cell-free extract (CFE) of starter or adjunct culture. Mixed strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp. cremoris designated as 56 and 105 were the sources of nonbitter and bitter starter cultures, respectively. Lactobacillus helveticus WSU-19 and W900R represented adjunct cultures having high and low debittering activities, respectively. The degradation pattern of β -CN f193–209 by CFE of WSU-19 indicates general aminopeptidase and endopeptidase activities, while degradation of the peptide by CFE of W900R, 56, and 105 are mainly from endopeptidase activity. The rates of β -CN f193–209 hydrolysis by CFE of WSU-19, W900R, 56, and 105 are 6.90, 0.38, 0.39, and 0.23 mg/l per h, respectively.
Integrating systematic screening for gender-based violence into sexual and reproductive health services: results of a baseline study by the International Planned Parenthood Federation, Western Hemisphere Region

Three Latin American affiliates of the International Planned Parenthood Federation, Western Hemisphere Region, Inc. (IPPF/WHR) have begun to integrate gender-based violence screening and services into sexual and reproductive health programs. This paper presents results of a baseline study conducted in the affiliates. Although most staff support integration and many had already begun to address violence in their work, additional sensitization and training, as well as institution-wide changes are needed to provide services effectively and to address needs of women experiencing violence.
Symposium on phreatophytes phreatophytes and their relation to water in western United States

Phreatophytes, plants that depend on ground water for their water supply, cover about 15 million acres in the 17 western states, and may waste as much as 20 to 25 million ac ft of water into the atmosphere annually. There are many variable factors that affect the growth and use of water by the plants, but present-day knowledge of them is limited. The water used by these plants probably represents the largest source of reclaimable water in the arid western United States. Although it appears feasible to salvage a part of this water, methods for doing so have not passed the experimental stage. In Nevada, it is estimated that it would be practical to salvage about 25 pct of the water wasted annually, or about 400,000 ac ft. This would be sufficient to irrigate about 133,000 acres of alfalfa having a crop value of $10,000,000.
A Chemical Sensor for the Liquid-Ordered Phase

The mixing properties of exchangeable phospholipids, derived from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, with an exchangeable form of cholesterol have been used to monitor the transition from the liquid-disordered to the liquid-ordered phase in cholesterol-containing bilayers, made from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, respectively.
Numerical Investigation of Melting Inside a Horizontal Cylinder Including the Effects of Natural Convection

Heat transfer problems involving phase change occur in a large number of practical situations: solidification in casting processes, purification of silicon wafers using laser-induced melting, and in latent-heat storage devices. Latent heat storage device posses the advantages of a high density of energy storage and the ability to supply heat at a constant temperature. This allows the design of compact storage systems. For such a design the authors must know the duration of a complete melting cycle and the variation of the Nusselt number over time, given the storage configuration, the phase change material (PCM) used, and the heat transfer conditions at the boundary. The problem of melting inside a horizontal cylinder has been studied by several investigators. The earlier studies assumed that conduction was the only mode of heat transfer, while others assumed that the solid core was supported at the center, which prevented the unmelted solid from sinking to the bottom. Nicholas and Bayazitoglu performed experiments which confirmed that the solid core does move downward; they also solved the problem numerically, but without the presence of natural convection. Elmasry and Sengupta solved the problem numerically, taking all its features into account; however, their solution was handicapped by themore » presence of a singularity at the origin. Finally, Beer and Bareiss performed an analytical solution which was confirmed by experiments. In this study, the authors have considered all the features of the problem; they have also made use of Beer's results to model the melting in the contact zone.« less
Metalloproteinases regulate parietal endoderm differentiating and migrating in cultured mouse embryos

Extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and proteolysis play important roles in embryonic development. In previous work (Behrendtsen et al. [1992] Development 114:447–456) we showed that gelatinase B activity is rate-limiting for trophoblast-mediated invasion and degradation of ECM in culture. In the present study, we show that metalloproteinases (MMPs) have distinct roles in migration along ECM as opposed to invasion through ECM. We investigated the role of ECM proteolysis in the differentiation and migration of parietal endoderm (PE), the first embryonic migratory cell type, adhering to ECM surfaces. Gelatinase B was the major MMP of PE; mRNA and protein were detected in PE of 7.5- and 8.5-day embryos. Using cultures of inner cell masses (ICMs) isolated from mouse blastocysts, we found that inhibitors of metalloproteinases, specifically, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and a peptide hydroxamic acid stimulated outgrowth and differentiation of PE from ICMs cultured on fibronectin, but inhibitors of plasminogen activators did not. TIMP-1 increased the number of PE cells and mean distance migrated and increased expression of the PE differentiation marker vimentin; the increase in cell number was not at the expense of other cell types. The stimulatory effect of TIMP-1 was most marked on low concentrations of substrate fibronectin, decreasing as concentrations of fibronectin increased. TIMP-1 also stimulated the outgrowth of PE in blastocyst cultures and in ICM/trophectoderm co-cultures; in ICM/trophectoderm co-cultures TIMP-1 stimulated PE differentiation on higher concentrations of fibronectin than was permissive for ICMs cultured alone. These data indicate that metalloproteinase inhibitors preserved the migration-inducing status of the ECM. We conclude that metalloproteinases have distinct roles in invasive activity through ECM barriers and migratory activity along ECM surfaces. Dev. Dyn. 208:255–265 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Solution of the Fokker-Planck equation for the shock wave problem

An eigenexpansion solution of the time-independent Brownian motion Fokker-Planck equation is given for a situation in which the external acceleration is a step function. The solution describes the heavy-species velocity distribution function in a binary mixture undergoing a shock wave, in the limit of high dilution of the heavy species and negligible width of the light-gas internal shock. The diffusion solution is part of the eigenexpansion. The coefficients of the series of eigenfunctions are obtained analytically with transcendentally small errors of order exp(−1/M), whereM ≪ 1 is the mass ratio. Comparison is made with results from a hypersonic approximation.
Is there any economic justification for high-speed railways in the United States?☆

Despite intense media and political attention, the economic impacts of high speed rail (HSR) have been insufficiently addressed. This article discusses the benefits and costs of HSR from an economic perspective. Only two of HSR service in the world--the lines between Paris and Lyon in France and the line between Tokyo and Osaka in Japan-- cover their full costs without subsidies. The HSR services proposed for the United States differ significantly from these two lines in terms of geography and structure. These fundamental differences suggest that HSR in the United States might not be a success from a purely financial standpoint. HSR is often promoted in terms of improving social welfare, including shifting travelers from more congested and environmentally-harmful transportation modes. However, questions remain regarding whether even these social benefits will be significant enough to make HSR a worthwhile investment. The author concludes that any U.S. investment in HSR should be carefully targeted and customized to actual circumstances rather than given to meet the arbitrary goals of piecemeal projects.
Thirsty plants and beyond: structural mechanisms of abscisic acid perception and signaling

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone with important functions in stress protection and physiology. Recently, the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of intracellular ABA receptors was identified. These receptors directly link ABA perception to a canonical ABA signaling pathway, in which ABA-bound receptors bind and inhibit type 2C phosphatases. High resolution crystal structures of members of this family have been solved in all relevant states: as apo receptors, bound to ABA, and as receptor-ABA-phosphatase complexes. Together, these structures provide a detailed gate-latch-lock mechanism of ABA recognition, receptor-PP2C interaction, and inhibition of the PP2C phosphatase activity and provide a basis for the design of synthetic ABA agonists for stress protection of crop plants.
Is knowledge base development a necessary and sufficient condition for memory development

Abstract The hypothesis that knowledge base development is an important condition for memory development was tested in two experiments. In Experiment 1 subjects from grades K, 6, and college participated in an incidental learning task where they analyzed words according to one of four featural systems: physical, acoustic, semantic, and imagery. Large developmental differences in recall were found in the imagery and semantic conditions, small differences were observed in the acoustic conditions, and no developmental differences were found in the physical condition. Experiment 2 involved presenting college students and third graders words either from categories highly salient to third graders, e.g., cartoons, games, etc., or from corresponding Battig and Montague categories generated by college students. Free recall and clustering performances showed significant interactions, with third graders superior on the third-grade salient items, and college students superior on Battig and Montague items.
DIVERGENCE OF MEIOTIC DRIVE-SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS AS AN EXPLANATION FOR SEX-BIASED HYBRID STERILITY AND INVIABILITY.

Two empirical generalizations about speciation remain unexplained: the tendency of the heterogametic sex to be sterile or inviable in F1 hybrids (Haldane's rule), and the tendency of the X chromosome to harbor the genetic elements that cause this sex bias in hybrid fitness. I suggest that divergence of meiotic drive systems on the sex chromosomes can explain these observations. The theory follows from two simple facts. First, sex chromosomes are particularly susceptible to the forces of meiotic drive. Second, divergence of meiotic drive systems can cause hybrid sterility and in viability. The main objection to the theory is that meiotic drive is apparently rare, whereas the observed pattern of hybrid fitness is widespread. I answer this objection by showing that divergence of meiotic drive systems can explain the two generalizations even if large departures from Mendelian segregation are rarely observed.
Treatment of Acute Gouty Arthritis: One Physician's Approach and Where This Management Stands Relative to Developments in the Field

An attack of acute gouty arthritis is one the most painful episodes that can be experienced by humans. Fortunately, there are three classes of agents that can effectively terminate the acute attack. These include colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids. If therapy with any one of these is initiated promptly after the onset of symptoms, relief should occur quickly. Recent observations have increased the knowledge of crystal-induced acute inflammatory responses. These observations allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of these agents and provide the rationale for using them in combination in severe or refractory cases.
Stress in Residency

Excerpt To the Editor:In reviewing the report of the Resident Services Committee on stress and impairment in residency (1), I was reminded of the line attributed to the Israeli statesman, Abba Eban...
Heterogeneity of release probability, facilitation, and depletion at central synapses.

Abstract Previous studies of short-term plasticity in central nervous systems synapses have largely focused on average synaptic properties. In this study, we use recordings from putative single synaptic release sites in hippocampal slices to show that significant heterogeneity exists in facilitation and depletion among synapses. In particular, the amount of paired-pulse facilitation is inversely related to the initial release probability of the synapse. We also examined depletion at individual synapses using high frequency stimulation, and estimated the size of the readily releasable vesicle pool, which averaged 5.0 ± 3.0 quanta ( n = 13 synapses ). In addition, these experiments demonstrate that the release probability at a synapse is directly correlated with the size of its readily releasable vesicle pool.
Alkyl Complexes of Rare-Earth Metal Centers Supported by Chelating 1,1′-Diamidoferrocene Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Application in Methacrylate Polymerization

Conversion of 1,1′-dianilinoferrocenes of the composition [3,4-R2C5H2(NHPh)]2Fe (R = H, Ph) with 1 equiv of the rare-earth metal alkyl precursors Ln(THF)2(CH2SiMe3)3 (Ln = Lu, Y) affords [R4Fc(NPh)...
Utilization of Wind Energy in Optimal Guidance Strategies via Real-Time Control Methodologies

In this paper, a real-time, on-board methodology to utilize wind energy associated with air currents is proposed for saving power, minimizing fuel consumption and increasing endurance during flight of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The UAV is modeled as a 3D dynamic point mass and a non-linear receding horizon control algorithm is investigated for implementation of real-time guidance strategies developed for wind energy utilization.
Single-shot fluorescence spectra of individual micrometer-sized bioaerosols illuminated by a 351- or a 266-nm ultraviolet laser.

Reproducible fluorescence spectra of individual 2- to 5??m-diameter biological aerosol particles excited with a single shot from a Q-switched laser (266 or 351??nm) have been obtained with highly improved signal-to-noise ratios. Critical to the advance are crossed diode-laser trigger beams, which precisely define the sample volume, and a reflecting objective, which minimizes chromatic aberration and has a large N.A.??for collecting fluorescence. Several allergens (red oak, meadow oat pollen, paper mulberry pollen, and puffball spores) have different fluorescence spectra. Bacillus subtilis fluorescence spectrum deteriorates at high 266-nm incident intensity. Dry riboflavin particles illuminated with a 351-nm light exhibit a new 420-nm fluorescence peak that grows nonlinearly with laser pulse energy.
Stratification of risk factors in renal cell carcinoma

One hundred fifteen patients underwent surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Survival time was analyzed by statistical regression methods in order to determine the joint significance of stage, using both the Robson and TNM classifications, histologic grade, cell type, and demographic features of the patient sample. Grade and cell type were essentially interchangeable with respect to predicting survival in patients with and without metastatic disease. The strong association between these two factors explains and supports this result. The presence of metastases dramatically altered survival. Local extent of the tumor was an important indicator of survival in the nonmetastatic group of patients, but was not a statistically significant factor in those patients presenting with widespread disease. Venous involvement was not found to be of prognostic significance in either group. Age and weight loss contributed to predicting survival in the nonmetastatic patient group in addition to the measures of disease extent already discussed. Sex and race were not significant indicators of length of survival. In the group of patients with metastatic disease, no difference in survival was observed between soft tissue and bony metastases.
A Computational Model of Direct Infusion Into the Rat Brain: Corpus Callosum and Hippocampus

Despite the high therapeutic potential of many macromolecular drugs, it has proven difficult to apply them to treatment of cancer and other degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) due to low capillary permeability and low diffusivity. To overcome these barriers, recent experimental studies have shown local infusion, i.e., convection-enhanced delivery (CED), to be a promising delivery technique in the brain and spinal cord [1–3]. Predictive models of extracellular fluid flow and transport during CED would be useful for treatment optimization and planning.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A history of the I-V characteristic of CDW conductors

The humble current-voltage (I-V) measurement has proven to be an extremely powerful probe of the physics of condensed matter systems from bulk semiconductors and superconductors to quantum dots and nanotubes. However, doing these deceptively simple measurements right so as to unambiguously extract particular bits of physics is hard. This is especially true of charge and spin density wave (CDW and SDW) conductors and related collective transport systems, in part because of the tremendous richness of their physics. The central role of the CDW I-V characteristic in experiment has made it the focus of extensive theoretical study, and the ideas developed have spread to many areas of condensed matter physics. In this short review I discuss some highlights of the study of the CDW I-V characteristic. After nearly 30 years, the fundamental experimental features are finally becoming clear, and they are not accounted for by existing theories.
On empirical Bayes selection rules for sampling inspection

Abstract We study the problem of acceptance sampling for k independent hypergeometric populations, say π i = π ( M i , m i , d i ), i =1,…, k , where M i is the number of items in population π i , d i is the number of defectives in π i and m i is the number of items taken from π i for inspection. Let d i 0 be an integer such that 0 d i 0 M i , which is used to evaluate the quality of population π i . Population π i is said to be good and is acceptable if d i d i 0 and to be bad otherwise. Our goal is to select all good populations and to exclude all bad populations. This selection problem is formulated through the empirical Bayes approach. Two empirical Bayes selection rules, called as parametric empirical Bayes and hierarchical empirical Bayes, are studied. The asymptotic optimality of the proposed empirical Bayes selection rules are investigated. It is shown that for each empirical Bayes selection rule, the corresponding Bayes risk tends to the minimum Bayes risk with a rate of convergence of order O(exp(− ck +ln k )) for some positive constant c , where the value of c varies depending on the rule. A simulation study is also carried out to investigate the performance of the empirical Bayes selection rules for small to moderate k case.