cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rice CYP734A cytochrome P450s inactivate brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis

Endogenous brassinosteroid concentrations are an important target for optimizing the growth of crop plants because these hormones influence yield and stress tolerance. The CYP734A subfamily of cytochrome P450 enzymes has been shown to inactivate brassinosteroid hormones in Arabidopsis and tomato. Rice has three genes for CYP734A enzymes whose expression appears to be up-regulated by exogenous brassinolide. The amino acids predicted to be in the active site of the rice enzymes vary when compared with the Arabidopsis protein sequence, suggesting that there could be differences in their ability to inactivate the hormone. We have cloned three CYP734A rice genes and expressed them in Arabidopsis to assess their efficacy as brassinosteroid-inactivating enzymes. We found that incorrect transcript splicing can complicate the expression of monocot genomic clones in a eudicot. However, the Arabidopsis system allowed us to characterize an atypical splice variant in one of the rice genes. cDNA clones produced high levels of expression and conferred the brassinosteroid inactivation phenotype. This study shows that Arabidopsis is a useful heterologous system for testing plant genes predicted to act in biochemical pathways that are conserved between monocots and eudicots.
Programming CMV for vaccine vector design

Viral vectors that elicit CD8 T-cell responses of unprecedented breadth and promiscuity may aid the design of improved HIV vaccines.
Renin and aldosterone and the pathogenesis of hypertensive vascular damage

Abstract Arterial hypertension often leads to vascular injury that clinically may be expressed as malignant hypertension, heart attack, stroke, or nephrosclerosis. Many different mechanisms have been suggested to operate in the various types of hypertensive disease that cause vascular lesions. Most of these incriminate either blood pressure elevations per se as a mechanical stress upon the arterial wall or the direct vasculotoxic action of an overactive renin-angiotensin system affecting the structure and the permeability of the small vessels, or a combination of these two factors. These theories are supported by the finding of more frequent cardiovascular complications in the high-renin hypertensive patients, while low-renin patients appear relatively protected. However, both experimentally and clinically similar types of vascular lesions may be encountered in conditions characterized by the absence of abnormally increased renin-angiotensin or even in the absence of blood pressure elevation. For the most part, however, vascular damage that is produced without the participation of the renin-angiotensin component can be directly related to salt excess induced by mineralocorticoid excess and amplified by attendant renal damage. This review analyzes the evidence accumulated from studying the sequence of events leading to vascular damage in experimental models that express pathogenetically different types of hypertension, i.e., vasoconstrictor hypertension due mainly to arteriolar constriction induced by clamping of a renal artery with angiotensinemia (renindependent) and volume hypertension due mainly to arterial overfilling, induced by administration of salt with a mineralocorticoid (salt-dependent). It is noteworthy that in both models, the onset of malignant vascular changes is marked by the sudden occurrence of profuse diuresis accompanied by loss of sodium, decrease in body weight, and evidence of hemoconcentration. On the basis of these observations, a unifying theory is presented to explain the occurrence of similar lesions as they develop in these two different types of hypertension. Both forms induce arteriolar narrowing, impaired arteriolar wall and tissue perfusion, transudation, plasmatic vasculosis, pressure natriuresis, hemoconcentration, fibrin deposition, and, finally, fibrinoid necrosis. In the case of salt hypertension, vasoconstriction may not be present, but it is replaced by edema of the arteriolar wall. With this hypothesis, all vascular changes in chronic hypertension can be explained in terms of an inappropriate interaction between a vasoconstrictor component (largely angiotensin) and a volume factor (determined by renal excretory capacity modulated by aldosterone).
Monte Carlo simulations for sintering of particle aggregates

A new Monte Carlo simulation procedure is developed for the initial stages of sintering of randomly packed particles. This simulation takes into account the possibility of crack initiation due to the stresses generated by the sintering particles and can accommodate both localized stresses and stress propagation. This procedure is used to investigate the sintering of two-dimensional aggregates of copper particles, and the results are compared with the results of model experiments available in the literature. The two-dimensional simulations presented here lead to shrinkage in area, decreases in perimeter, and particle rearrangements that are physically consistent with the expected behavior and experimental results. The proposed procedure can be extended to accommodate more complex features of sintering and to account for the material-dependent effects of stresses. It can also be used as a probe of sintering of bulk materials with random microstructure and to identify and design model experiments.
A study of the interaction of paper substrates on printed forensic imaging

At the microscopic level, printing on a substrate exhibits imperfections that can be used as a unique identifier for labels, documents and other printed items. In previous work, we have demonstrated using these minute imperfections around a simple forensic mark such as a single printed character for robust authentication of the character with a low cost (and mobile) system. This approach allows for product authentication even when there is only minimal printing (e.g. on a small label or medallion), supporting a variety of secure document workflows. In this paper, we present an investigation on the influence that the substrate type has on the imperfections of the printing process that are used to derive the character 'signature'. We also make a comparison between two printing processes, dry electro photographic process (laser) and (thermal) inkjet. Understanding the sensitivity of our methods to these factors is important so that we know the limitations of the approach for document forensics.
Roussin's red salt, [(μ-S)2Fe2(NO)4]2−; some chemistry and an interesting comparison with [(μ-S)2Fe2(CO)6]2−

Abstract Reactions of Roussin's red salt in THF with monofunctional electrophiles have given products of type (μ-RS) 2 Fe 2 (NO) 4 , with R = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , CH 2 CHCH 2 , PhCH 2 , Me 3 Sn, Ph 3 Sn, Ph 3 Pb, PhHg and ν 5 -C 5 H 5 Fe(CO) 2 , all of which are more or less air-sensitive, especially in solution. Similar reactionsattempted with difunctional electrophiles, L n n MX 2 , were unsuccessful except in the case of (Ph 3 P) 2 PtCl 2 which gave monomeric product, (Ph 3 P) 2 PtS 2 Fe 2 (NO) 4 of as yet unknown structure. A comparison is made between the reactivity of [(μ-S) 2 Fe 2 (NO) 4 ] 2− and [(μ-S) 2 Fe 2 (CO) 6 ] 2− .
Microscale Laser Shock Peening of Thin Films, Part 1: Experiment, Modeling and Simulation

Microscale Laser Shock Peening (LSP), also known as Laser Shock Processing, is a technique that can be potentially applied to manipulate residual stress distributions in metal film structures and thus improve the fatigue performances of micro-devices made of such films. In this study, microscale LSP of copper films on single crystal silicon substrate is investigated. Before and after-process curvature measurement verifies that sizable compressive residual stress can be induced in copper thin films using microscale LSP. Improved modeling work of shock pressure is summarized and the computed shock pressure is used as loading in 3D stress/strain analysis of the layered film structure. Simulation shows that the stress/strain distribution in the metal film is close to equi-biaxial and is coupled into the silicon substrate.
Nanoparticles Prepared by Salt Vapor‐Solvent Vapor Cocondensation and Controlled Nucleation: Metal Sulfides (ZnS, CdS, CdSe, PbS), and Metal Halide (LiF). Size, Aggregates, Structures, Digestive Ripening, Superlattices, and Impregnations

A versatile method for the production of gram quantities of nanocrystals of metal sulfides and metal halides has been developed, based on vaporization of the bulk materials followed by controlled nucleation of the molecular vapor species in cold solvent matrices (cocondensate). This approach worked well with ZnS, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, SnS, PbS, and LiF as examples, and is applicable for a large number of semiconductors, ionic salts, as well as metals. Choice of solvent (polar or non-polar), vaporization rate, and rate of warm-up of the cocondensate (period of nucleation) allows some control of crystallite size, aggregate size, and surface area. Interestingly, polar solvents lead to smaller nanocrystals, but larger, less porous aggregates. Also, molar mass of the molecular species has an effect on crystallite size, with heavier molecules giving smaller crystals, apparently due to slower migration in the warming cocondensate. Studies of sintering temperature and crystal growth have shown the nanocrystals are quite thermally stable. Addition of ligands, such as thiols, followed by heating in solvent (digestive ripening) has allowed more monodisperse materials to be formed. Finally, this molecular vapor synthesis approach can be used for impregnating semiconductors (CdS, CdSe) of controlled crystal size on solid supports, such as TiO2 or SiO2.
Commutators and localization on the Drury–Arveson space

Let f be a multiplier for the Drury–Arveson space Hn2 of the unit ball, and let ζ1,…,ζn denote the coordinate functions. We show that for each 1⩽i⩽n, the commutator [Mf⁎,Mζi] belongs to the Schatten class Cp, p>2n. This leads to a localization result for multipliers.
Photodeposition of Co-Based Oxygen Evolution Catalysts on α-Fe2O3 Photoanodes

Cobalt-based oxygen evolution catalysts contain-ing phosphates (Co-Pi OEC) were photochemically deposited onto the surface of n-type α-Fe2O3 electrodes to enhance solar O2 production. α-Fe2O3 films used in this study were prepared by electrodepositing Fe films followed by thermal oxidation at 500 °C. The use of a nonaqueous plating solution made it possible to deposit adherent and uniform Fe films, which is difficult to achieve in an aqueous medium. Photodeposition of Co-Pi OEC was carried out by using photogenerated holes in the valence band of α-Fe2O3 to oxidize Co2+ ions to Co3+ ions in a phosphate buffer solution, which resulted in the precipitation of Co-Pi OEC on the α-Fe2O3 surface. Two different deposition conditions, open circuit (OC) and short circuit (SC) conditions, were studied comparatively to understand their effect on the growth and composition of Co-Pi OEC deposits. The results showed that the SC condition where the photoreduction reaction is physically separated from the photo-oxidation ...
Uniform asymptotic expansions for oblate spheroidal functions. I : Positive separation parameter λ

In [ 3 ], uniform asymptotic expansions were derived for solutions of the oblate spheroidal wave equation ( z 2 − 1) d 2 p/dz 2 + 2 zdp/dz − (λ + μ 2 /( z 2 − 1)) p = 0, for the case where the parameter μ is real and non-negative, the separation parameter λ is real and positive, and γ is purely imaginary (γ = iu ). As u → ∞, uniform asymptotic expansions were derived involving elementary, Airy and Bessel functions, these being valid in certain subdomains of the complex z plane. In this paper the complementary case, where λ is real and negative, is considered. Asymptotic expansions are derived which are valid in certain subdomains of the half-plane |arg ( z )| ≦ π/2, uniformly valid for u → ∞ with λ / u 2 fixed and negative, and 0 ≦ μ/ u ≦ − ½λ / u 2 − δ, where δ is an arbitrary positive constant. Explicit error bounds are available for all the approximations.
Designing Space to Support Knowledge Work

Based on spatial analysis, network analysis, self-assessment questionnaires, field discussions and accounting documents, the authors discuss how workplace design and spatial layout support producti...
Childhood and Adolescent Mobility and Adult Relations With Parents

This study addresses three questions: Does earlier family mobility have long-term effects on later parent-adult offspring relations? Do differences in parenting behaviors and family social capital account for these effects? Does the family structure in which a move occurs matter? The author investigates these issues using 17-year longitudinal data from two generations. The results suggest that frequency of family mobility has no effects on parent-adult child relations. Instead, it appears that age at mobility matters most. Adult sons who moved during adolescence and during both childhood and adolescence have poorer relationships with their mothers and fathers. Earlier mobility, though, generally has no associations with an adult daughter’s relationship with her parents. For sons and daughters, moves that occur in divorced households are the most difficult on later parent-adult child relations. Some, but not all, of the long-term effects of family mobility are because of differences in parenting between mo...
Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in eyes with cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion

Abstract Purpose To evaluate treatment of cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Methods This study included 10 eyes of nine patients with perfused central retinal vein occlusion with visual acuity of 20/50 or worse. Following baseline evaluation, including best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), fluorescein angiography, and volumetric optical coherence tomography (VOCT), triamcinolone acetonide (4 mg in 0.1 ml) was injected into the vitreous cavity. Results Mean duration from the time of diagnosis to the intravitreal injection was 15.4 months. All 10 eyes demonstrated biomicroscopic improvement in cystoid macular edema with corresponding improvement in VOCT measurements from a mean of 4.2 mm 3 preinjection to a mean of 2.6 mm 3 at last follow-up ( P P = .01). Six eyes (60%) were ≥20/50. There were no significant complications. Three eyes (30%) without previous history of glaucoma required initiation of topical aqueous suppressant therapy for IOP elevation at last follow-up. One eye with a previous history of open-angle glaucoma required a trabeculectomy. Conclusion Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide appears to be effective in reducing cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion. This reduction often corresponded to an improvement in visual acuity. Further evaluation is warranted to assess its safety and efficacy in these eyes.
Thermal Modeling of a Sodium Borohydride-Based Hydrogen Storage System

On-board hydrogen storage has been identified as one of the most challenging technical barriers to the transition from gasoline- to hydrogen-powered vehicles. The Hydrogen-On-Demand system patented by Millennium Cell Inc. uses sodium borohydride as a hydrogen storage medium. Sodium borohydride generates hydrogen when it reacts with water in the presence of catalyst. This system is much safer than other types of storage methods, such as compressed hydrogen, liquid hydrogen and metal hydrides. Nevertheless, it suffers severe disadvantages of adding significant amount of additional heat load to the already challenging thermal management problem of fuel-cell powered vehicles. To make this hydrogen storage method attractive, innovative thermal management should be adopted. This paper models the thermal behavior of a sodium borohydride-based hydrogen storage system and considers various potential methods to reduce the on-board cooling load by increasing reactor pressure and decreasing fuel cell pressure.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Introduction to the supplement: a holistic approach to hypoplastic left heart syndrome and other evolving challenges in paediatric and congenital cardiac disease

This Supplement to Cardiology in the Young represents the ninth annual supplement generated from the two meetings that compose “HeartWeek in Florida”. “HeartWeek in Florida”, the joint collaborative project sponsored by the Cardiac Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, together with All Children's Hospital of Saint Petersburg and the Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, averages over 1000 attendees every year and is now recognized as one of the major planks of continuing medical and nursing education for those working in the fields of diagnosis and treatment of cardiac disease in the fetus, neonate, infant, child, and adult. “HeartWeek in Florida” combines the International Symposium on Congenital Heart Disease, now organised by All Children's Hospital and Johns Hopkins Medicine and entering its 12th year, with the Annual Postgraduate Course in Pediatric Cardiovascular Disease organised by Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and entering its 16th year. The theme of this supplement generated from the 2011 HeartWeek in Florida is “A Holistic Approach to Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Other Evolving Challenges in Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Disease”. We would like to acknowledge the tremendous contributions made to medicine by Martin Elliott and Gil Wernovsky; and therefore, we dedicate this HeartWeek 2011 Supplement to them.
Representations of a Weil Group

Let \(F = {\mathbb{F}}_{q}(C)\) be the field of functions on a smooth projective absolutely irreducible curve C over \({\mathbb{F}}_{q}\), \(\mathbb{A}\) its ring of adeles, \(\overline{F}\) a separable algebraic closure of F, G = GL(r), and ∞ a fixed place of F, as in Chap. 2. This section concerns the higher reciprocity law, which parametrizes the cuspidal \(G(\mathbb{A})\)-modules whose component at ∞ is cuspidal, by irreducible continuous constructible r-dimensional l-adic (l≠p) representations of the Weil group \(W(\overline{F}/F)\), or irreducible rank r smooth l-adic sheaves on SpecF which extend to smooth sheaves on an open subscheme of the smooth projective curve whose function field is F, whose restriction to the local Weil group \(W({\overline{F}}_{\infty }/{F}_{\infty })\) at ∞ is irreducible. This law is reduced to Theorem 11.1, which depends on Deligne’s conjecture (Theorem 6.8). This reduction uses the Converse Theorem 13.1, and properties of e-factors attached to Galois representations due to Deligne (SLN 349:501–597, 1973) and Laumon (Publ Math IHES 65:131–210, 1987). We explain the result twice. A preliminary exposition in the classical language of representations of the Weil group, then in the equivalent language of smooth l-adic sheaves, used e.g. in (Deligne and Flicker, Counting local systems with principal unipotent local monodromy. http://www.math.osu.edu/ flicker.1/df.pdf). Note that in this chapter we denote a Galois representation by ρ, as σ is used to denote an element of a Galois group.
Review of the Neotropical genus Flintiella (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae: Stactobiini)

The Neotropical genus Flintiella is reviewed and eight new species are described and illustrated: F. alajuela from Costa Rica, F. boraceia from Brazil, F. panamensis from Panama, F. tamaulipasa from Mexico, F. yanamona from Peru, F. heredia from Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Peru, F. astilla from Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela, and F. pizotensis from Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Peru. New illustrations are provided for F. andreae Angrisano. Keys are provided to separate the males and the associated females of the nine known species in the genus.
The importance of evidence-based disaster planning

Disaster planning is only as good as the assumptions on which it is based. However, some of these assumptions are derived from a conventional wisdom that is at variance with empirical field disaster research studies. Knowledge of disaster research findings might help planners avoid common disaster management pitfalls, thereby improving disaster response planning. To illustrate the point, this article examines several common assumptions about disasters, compares them with research findings, and discusses the implications for planning. These assumptions are that: 1. Dispatchers will hear of the disaster and send emergency response units to the scene. 2. Trained emergency personnel will carry out field search and rescue. 3. Trained emergency medical services personnel will carry out triage, provide first aid or stabilizing medical care, and--if necessary--decontaminate casualties before patient transport. 4. Casualties will be transported to hospitals by ambulance. 5. Casualties will be transported to hospitals appropriate for their needs and in such a manner that no hospitals receive a disproportionate number. 6. Authorities at the scene will ensure that area hospitals are promptly notified of the disaster and the numbers, types, and severities of casualties to be transported to them. 7. The most serious casualties will be the first to be transported to hospitals. The current status and limitations of disaster research are discussed, and potential interventions to response problems are offered that may be of help to planners and practitioners and that may serve as hypotheses for future research.
Childhood-onset Schizophrenia: A Followup Study

This paper presents results from the UCLA Follow-Up Study of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Eighteen children with schizophrenia (SZ) were assessed 1 to 7 years following initial project intake. Results demonstrated significant continuity between SZ spectrum disorders in childhood and adolescence. Although not all children who presented initially with SZ continued to meet criteria for SZ spectrum disorder as they progressed through the follow-up period, rates of SZ spectrum disorders ranged from 78–89% across the first three follow-up years. Rates of continuing SZ ranged from 67% to 78% across the three follow-up years and rates of schizoaffective disorder ranged from 11% to 13% across the three follow-up years. Variability in levels of functioning were observed with 45% of the sample showing deteriorating course or minimal improvement and 55% of the sample showing moderate improvement or good outcomes. This variability in outcome is comparable to that seen in adults with SZ, suggesting that with current treatments childhoodonset does not ensure a more severe disorder.
Low-rate TCP-targeted denial of service attacks: the shrew vs. the mice and elephants

Denial of Service attacks are presenting an increasing threat to the global inter-networking infrastructure. While TCP's congestion control algorithm is highly robust to diverse network conditions, its implicit assumption of end-system cooperation results in a well-known vulnerability to attack by high-rate non-responsive flows. In this paper, we investigate a class of low-rate denial of service attacks which, unlike high-rate attacks, are difficult for routers and counter-DoS mechanisms to detect. Using a combination of analytical modeling, simulations, and Internet experiments, we show that maliciously chosen low-rate DoS traffic patterns that exploit TCP's retransmission time-out mechanism can throttle TCP flows to a small fraction of their ideal rate while eluding detection. Moreover, as such attacks exploit protocol homogeneity, we study fundamental limits of the ability of a class of randomized time-out mechanisms to thwart such low-rate DoS attacks.
Peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD severity: do event-related fears about death and control mediate their relation?

Relations among peritraumatic dissociation, PTSD severity, event-related fear (i.e. fear experienced during traumatic event) about death, and event-related fear about losing control were examined in the current study. Particular emphasis was placed on testing whether or not fears about death and losing control mediate the relation between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD severity in a sample of 146 nontreatment-seeking university women. Results indicated that event-related fears about death and losing control accounted for the relation between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD severity; that is, the effect of peritraumatic dissociation on PTSD severity was eliminated after controlling for these fears. Speculations about findings are discussed.
Expression of Muc19/Smgc Gene Products During Murine Sublingual Gland Development: Cytodifferentiation and Maturation of Salivary Mucous Cells

Muc19/Smgc expresses two splice variants, Smgc (submandibular gland protein C) and Muc19 (mucin 19), the latter a major exocrine product of differentiated murine sublingual mucous cells. Transcripts for Smgc were detected recently in neonatal sublingual glands, suggesting that SMGC proteins are expressed during initial salivary mucous cell cytodifferentiation. We therefore compared developmental expression of transcripts and translation products of Smgc and Muc19 in sublingual glands. We find abundant expression of SMGC within the initial terminal bulbs, with a subsequent decrease as Muc19 expression increases. During postnatal gland expansion, SMGC is found in presumptive newly formed acinar cells and then persists in putative acinar stem cells. Mucin levels increase 7-fold during the first 3 weeks of life, with little change in transcript levels, whereas between postnatal days 21 and 28, there is a 3-fold increase in Muc19 mRNA and heteronuclear RNA. Our collective results demonstrate the direct transition from SMGC to Muc19 expression during early mucous cell cytodifferentiation and further indicate developmentally regulated changes in Muc19/Smgc transcription, alternative splicing, and translation. These changes in Muc19/Smgc gene expression delineate multiple stages of salivary mucous cell cytodifferentiation and subsequent maturation during embryonic gland development through the first 4 weeks of postnatal life.
BULK DENSITIES OF COOKIES UNDERGOING COMMERCIAL BAKING PROCESSES

The densities of food products undergoing baking processes in commercial multi-zone band ovens of a local plant were measured with a volume replacement method along with a photographic procedure. Three kinds of cookies were selected as the sample products. It was found that the densities are closely related to the temperature and moisture content of cookies during the baking processes. This relationship is statistically represented by polynomial regression equations. The correlation coefficients were better than 0.970. According to the examination of changes in volume of cookies undergoing baking processes, expansion ratios were found to be 2.0-2.5.
Feedback-based cooperative primary channel activity estimation for dynamic spectrum access

In dynamic spectrum access networks, spectrum sensing plays a key role in determining the reliability and efficiency of opportunistic spectrum utilization. However, when treating the transmission over a licensed bandwidth as a black box, most energy detection-based sensing methods lack the ability of adapting the sensor to the changes in channel condition. This paper introduces a feedback mechanism into the cooperative sensing framework for estimating the channel SNR and adapting the detector's parameters. The feedback mechanism provides information to local nodes that is used to dynamically control the decision threshold and maintain a stable performance level when channel condition changes. In this framework, the problem of balancing the channel detection opportunity and the interference risk is formulated by an optimization procedure based on a proposed weighted cost function. A queuing model of the primary user activity is employed to predict the channel state and assist grouping the detection samples for estimating the channel characteristics. Such an estimation mechanism requires no complex design and little a priori knowledge of the primary network. Simulation results show that the cooperative scheme improve performance from local decisions and that the introduction of a feedback mechanism results in a notable performance improvement over all schemes.
The bias of the MVDR beamformer outputs under diagonal loading

The MVDR beamformer is the most extensively used array processing algorithm and involves inverting the sample covariance matrix. In the snapshot deficient scenario, when the number of sensors is greater than or approximately equal to the number of snapshots, the eigenvalues of the resulting sample covariance matrix are poorly conditioned. Diagonal loading is then applied to the sample covariance matrix. Expressions for the bias of the resulting MVDR beamformer outputs in the sidelobe region are presented that are exact for asymptotically large arrays. Numerical simulations confirm the accuracy of these asymptotic expressions when predicting the bias of the outputs of moderately large arrays.
Finding a Job in the Internet Age

Internet job searching offers an empirical setting in which to explore the trade-off between quality and quantity of information. As both firms and workers turn to the internet for unprecedented amounts of labor market information, it is unclear whether this makes the matching process more efficient. Using longitudinal data on two samples of unemployed job searchers in 1998 and 2000, I establish the rise of the internet as a job-search strategy and assess whether searching online increased the short-term probability of finding a job. Results suggest the internet's contribution to an unemployed searcher's information pool may afford a small advantage only to the extent that other job searchers are not using it, perhaps due to an inverse relationship between search and screening costs in a two-sided market.
Effect of environmental temperature on the ability of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus.

Environmental temperature can affect the ability of mosquitoes to transmit an arbovirus. However, results of various studies indicate that these effects are not consistent among viruses or mosquito species, and there is no information available on the effect of environmental temperature on the ability of North American mosquito species to transmit West Nile (WN) virus. We evaluated the effect of incubation temperature (18, 20, 26, or 30°C) on the ability of Culex pipiens L. derived from specimens collected during the outbreak in New York in 1999 to transmit a strain of WN virus obtained from a crow that died during this outbreak. Although mosquitoes fed on the same viremic chickens, infection rates were directly related to subsequent incubation temperatures. In mosquitoes held at 30°C, virus was recovered from nearly all mosquitoes tested, disseminated infections were detected as early as 4 d after the infectious blood meal, and >90% of all mosquitoes had a disseminated infection 12 or more days after the infectious blood meal. In contrast, for mosquitoes held at 18°C, disseminated infections were not detected until 25 d after the infectious blood meal, and even after 28 d, <30% contained a disseminated infection. Results for mosquitoes held at 20 and 26°C were intermediate for both infection and dissemination rates. The effect of environmental temperature should to be considered when evaluating the vector competence of these mosquitoes and modeling risk of WN virus transmission in nature.
Aspirin Is as Effective as and Safer Than Warfarin for Patients at Higher Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background There is continued controversy regarding the optimal venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, particularly for total joint arthroplasty (TJA) patients at higher risk. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of aspirin (ASA) to warfarin in patients with higher risk of VTE. Methods This retrospective study examined 30,270 patients who received ASA or warfarin for VTE prophylaxis after TJA. Using a previously developed risk stratification model, patients were classified into low or high VTE risk categories. Postoperative 90-day VTE, periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), gastrointestinal complications, and mortality were recorded. Results The incidences of VTE, PJI, and mortality were higher in patients receiving warfarin compared to ASA. In multivariate analysis, warfarin was an independent risk factor for VTE, PJI, and mortality in the higher risk VTE patients ( P Conclusion Our study demonstrates that ASA is as effective as and safer than warfarin for VTE prophylaxis after TJA, even in patients at higher risk of VTE.
Magnitude and duration of antitoxic response to human infection with Vibrio cholerae.

Patients convalescent from cholera develop an elevated titer of circulating antitoxin directed against the vibrio exotoxin responsible for loss of fluid from the gut [1-4]. We have studied sera from patients with proven cholera to determine the magnitude and duration of this antitoxic response; we have examined factors that may influence this response; and we have compared this response with that of vibriocidal antibody and with antibody directed against the skin vascular permeability factor described by Craig [1]. Finally, the magnitude of antitoxic response to natural infection has been compared with that achieved by parenteral immunization of laboratory animals.
Ultra-high resolution snapshots of three multi-decadal periods in an Antarctic ice core

We offer the first sub-seasonal view of glacial age archives from the Siple Dome-A (SDMA) ice core using the ultra-high resolution capabilities of a newly developed laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS; 121 µm sampling resolution) system capable of conducting multi-element glaciochemical analysis. Our ultra-high resolution data demonstrates that: (1) the SDMA ice core record can be annually dated based on seasonality in chemical inputs at a depth not previously possible using previous glaciochemical sampling methods, (2) winter accumulation at the SD site was greater than summer accumulation during the three late glacial periods selected (~15.3, 17.3, 21.4 Ka ago) in this study and (3) resulting annual layer thicknesses results show greater variability than the current SD ice core depth/age model (Brook and others, 2005), possibly due to depositional effects such as wind scouring and/or decadal variability in snow accumulation that is not captured by the resolution of the current depth/age model.
A 3-D Drag Optimization Study of Variable Camber Continuous Trailing Edge Flap (VCCTEF) Using OVERFLOW

This paper reports the results of a computational study that was conducted to explore the effect of various Variable Camber Continuous Trailing Edge Flap (VCCTEF) configurations on the lift and drag of a NASA Generic Transport Model (GTM) wing section at a span-wise location called the break station that marks a sharp change in the wing trailing edge slope. The OVERFLOW solver with the the one-equation SpalartAllmaras (SA) turbulence model and the two-equation (k − ω) Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model was first applied to a NACA0021 airfoil case and the results were compared with experimental data of Harris and ARC2D results. The comparison showed good agreement between earlier results and the SA model. Therefore, SA model was used for all the simulations in this study. Design cruise condition at 36,000 feet at free stream Mach number of 0.797 and Reynolds number of 30.734x10 was simulated for an angle of attack (AoA) sweep from -3 deg. to 10 deg. Five VCCTEF configurations with varying camber in the flap region were considered along with an unmodified (no flap deflection) airfoil as the baseline case. Comparison of lift and drag corresponding to these configurations with baseline configuration (retracted flaps) showed a definite trend in the results. Although the baseline configuration produced the lowest lift at a given AoA among the set under investigation, it produces stall after about 5 deg AoA, whereas with the VCCTEF settings, stall occurs earlier between 3 and 4 deg AoA. The lift enhancement was significant with the extended flaps, but it was accompanied with a drag penalty, as expected. But, the lift versus drag L/D results showed that at the design cruise lift coefficient of 0.51, the L/D characteristics improved from the baseline to four of the five VCCTEF configurations. Among these four configurations, the configuration which reflects a parabolic-like camber is more optimal than the other three configurations in terms of improved L/D and well-behaved Cp distribution. The lift prediction is compared against theoretical lift prediction from potential flow theory. Excellent agreement between computed and theoretical incremental lift is shown.
Survey of cognitive attitude of medium-elderly men to AIDS in area with high incidence of AIDS

Objective To investigate the cognitive attitude of medium-elderly men to AIDS in the area with high incidence of AIDS and analyze the influencing factors of the disease symptoms and preventive measures. Methods Questionnaire survey of cognitive attitude of medium-elderly men to AIDS was made in a certain urban district with high incidence of AIDS. And the results were recorded properly. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to make the statistical analysis. Results The survey result showed that the effective respondents were 648 cases. Among which, 493 respondents had effective cognition to AIDS with 76.1% of awareness rate. 92% of respondents knew AIDS was contagious. 86% of respondents knew AIDS was preventable. 57% knew symptoms did not develop rapidly after infection. 78% knew no drug could heal this disease currently. 91% knew this disease could be transmitted by sexual intercourse. 75% knew that it could be transmitted by blood. 53% of respondents knew that it could be transmitted by drug needles. The cognitive cultural level ranked in descending order that above undergraduate coursesenior high school or technical secondary schooljunior middle school and below. Different occupation of cognitive level also is existing difference. Cognitive level ranked in descending order that on-the-job personnelretired personself-employedjoblesspeasant. Conclusion The propaganda of AIDS relevant knowledge in areas with high incidence of AIDS should be strengthened and do not treat such groups with discriminatory attitude are the key measures to reduce the morbidity of AIDS.
Framing Time: New Women and Cinematic Representation of Colonial Modernity in 1930 s Shanghai

The modernity features "New" and "New" means framing time.In films as visual media,this abstract-timed "New" has been materialized and visualized.This essay,through a close reading of New Woman's treatment of time,and by showing how different cinematic devices of framing work to contain,regulate and organize competing temporalities,elucidates the colonial modernity in 1930 s Shanghai.
Integrate Health into Policies and Promote the Equalization of Basic Public Health Services——Taking Wuhan City as an Example

With the deepening reforms on health facilities during the twelfth five-year,public health service work will usher in a good chance.Based on the opportunity of the reform,we should integrate health into all policies,with creative thinking,creative mechanism,and creative methods,so as to promote and improve the quality of the public health service work,and realize the equalization of basic public health services at an early date.
Study on Survival Time of Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus in Different Foods and Its Detection Methods

Objective To explore effective detection methods of Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus so as to improve detecting level.Methods Firstly we used finished product of 1% glucose broth,1% glucose broth made by ourself and pikshi broth to culture the germ.Then we polluted the foods with the germ and detected its survival time.Results The optimal media was pikshi broth,and Survival Time of Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus was longer in milk products and other foods the rich in nutrients.Conclusions From all above we could find the pikshi broth was the optimal media in culture germ.At same time we suggested that some foods which didn't include protein no needed to detect.
A Capacity Optimization Method of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Optimizing Tie-line Power in Microgrids

The introduction of battery-super capacitor hybrid energy storage into the microgrid can better regulate the tie-line power between the microgrid and the distribution network.This paper proposes a capacity optimization method of hybrid energy storage system for optimizing the microgrid tie-line power.Firstly,the capacity optimization method for hybrid energy storage is modeled.The whole life cycle net present value which takes the energy storage life and replacement into account is chosen as the objective function.The boundary frequency between different compensation frequency bands of hybrid energy storage is the optimization variable.In the constraints,the charging and discharging efficiency of non-ideal energy storage system and the state of charge(SOC)are considered as well.A genetic algorithm based approach to solve the model is then given.The key steps involved in the genetic algorithm are:calculation of the time constant of filter through boundary frequency to achieve power allocation of hybrid energy storage,capacity calculation and economic evaluation.Finally,a case of a microgrid system in Tianjin Eco-friendly City is used for verification,and the comparisons with the energy storage actually installed and the method of mainstream papers are made.The results show that the proposed method delivers better economy while achieving the same compensation effect.
As Time PASses: The First Mammalian Clock Gene

S everal molecular cogs of the circadian clock have been identified in the fungus Neurospora and the fruit fly Drosophila ([1][1]). One of these—the photoresponsive gene wc-2 from Neurospora ([2][2])—was recently described in Science and discussed in an accompanying Perspective ([3][3]).
Hemolytic anemia associated with heterograft replacement of the mitral valve.

The first case of overt hemolytic anemia following mitral valve replacement with a porcine heterograft is reported. Cardiac catheterization failed to reveal a paravalvular leak or valvular incompetence to account for the hemolysis. Red cell traumatization by the Dacron-covered Stellite ring and stent is suggested as the cause of hemolysis with the porcine heterograft
Community Profiles of Bacterial Endosymbionts in Four Species of Caulerpa

Caulerpa is a tropical marine coenocytic green alga that coexists with bacteria. The exact relationship between these bacteria and the plant has not been established. The bacteria may be associated with the plant surface or exist as endosymbionts. Electron micrographs revealed the presence of at least three different bacterial morphologies within the plant cell. Four Caulerpa species were examined for the existence of bacteria by the use of a culture-independent approach. A protocol was developed to extract plant cytoplasm that was free of contaminating surface materials. DNA was extracted from the cytoplasmic fraction, washed plant pieces, and resultant wash solution. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA was used as a molecular fingerprinting technique to profile the bacterial community. Individual DGGE bands representing unique bacteria were excised from the gel and sequenced to identify these organisms. Samples from four plant species were examined to determine if all Caulerpa species coexisted with same or different bacterial species. Preliminary results indicate that Caulerpa cytoplasm contains endosymbionts and the bacterial strains within individual Caulerpa species differed.
Promises and pitfalls of contracting for public services: the lawa case

Historically, public services were provided by public institutions because they were seen as either the best-insulated or most sensitive to public sentiments. Today, the fusing of public responsibility with private expertise draws on research and theory stretching from Taylor’s scientific management to Osborne and Gaebler’s reengineering of government. This paper focuses on the historical promises and pitfalls that have come to define public service contracting in the twenty-first century. It describes the experiences of the Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) with purchase of service contracts. The exploration of LAWA’s approach provides insight on how managers meet the community’s needs for efficiency and equity by capitalizing on contracting for public services.
Modernizing Distribution System Restoration to Achieve Grid Resiliency Against Extreme Weather Events: An Integrated Solution

Recent severe power outages caused by extreme weather hazards have highlighted the importance and urgency of improving the resilience of the electric power grid. As the distribution grids still remain vulnerable to natural disasters, the power industry has focused on methods of restoring distribution systems after disasters in an effective and quick manner. The current distribution system restoration practice for utilities is mainly based on predetermined priorities and tends to be inefficient and suboptimal, and the lack of situational awareness after the hazard significantly delays the restoration process. As a result, customers may experience an extended blackout, which causes large economic loss. On the other hand, the emerging advanced devices and technologies enabled through grid modernization efforts have the potential to improve the distribution system restoration strategy. However, utilizing these resources to aid the utilities in better distribution system restoration decision making in response to extreme weather events is a challenging task. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated solution: a distribution system restoration decision support tool designed by leveraging resources developed for grid modernization. First, we review the current distribution restoration practice and discuss why it is inadequate in response to extreme weather events. Then, we describe how the grid modernization efforts could benefit distribution system restoration, and we propose an integrated solution in the form of a decision support tool to achieve the goal. The advantages of the solution include improving situational awareness of the system damage status and facilitating survivability for customers. The paper provides a comprehensive review of how the existing methodologies in the literature could be leveraged to achieve the key advantages. The benefits of the developed system restoration decision support tool include the optimal and efficient allocation of repair crews and resources, the expediting of the restoration process, and the reduction of outage durations for customers, in response to severe blackouts due to extreme weather hazards.
Planting Seeds: Actively Developing Scholar-Practitioners:

The ProblemWe know much about who and what scholar-practitioners are, but we know little about how to develop individuals into scholar-practitioners. Given this, we need to move the conversation be...
The Concept of Defense

Since the presentation of the concept of defense by Sigmund Freud in 1894, the idea that the human mind may delude or deceive itself has gained widespread acceptance. We are familiar with the point of view that people defend themselves by failing to recognize painful events or feelings, and that people may be defensive about acknowledging interpersonal inadequacies. Despite this general understanding of defense, a number of issues frequently need clarification. It is to these issues that this chapter is devoted.