cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport and STM measurements of HCI modified materials

Abstract While more than a decade of work has provided glimpses into the physics of highly charged ion (HCI) neutralization on surfaces, two prominent objectives remain unfulfilled: (1) a unified, quantitative model for separating the kinetic energy response of a wide range of materials classes from the effects of HCIs’ potential energy effects and (2) insertion of HCI technology(s) as a cost-effective processing tool in a high-volume market sector. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) electron beam ion trap (EBIT) facility has recently incorporated tools for preparing clean, atomically flat surfaces of single crystals from gold to tungsten to silicon and for depositing and patterning thin films that range from high resistivity oxides to transition metals like cobalt and nickel. Current activities are focused on utilizing this unique capability to simultaneously address both of the objectives above by employing technologically important magnetic multi-layer systems to perform transport measurements that provide new insight into the fundamental processes that occur during HCI–surface neutralization. Specifically, we are producing Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) critical to both magnetic devices and incorporating HCIs in the processing recipe to adjust critical electronic properties that are currently inhibiting their advancement. In return, the electrical response of the tunnel junction to the HCI processing provides a novel approach to performing ensemble measurements of HCI–surface interactions. By varying the construction of the tunnel junction, critical tests of the role of electron density, densities of states and electronic structure in the HCI–surface charge exchange can be performed.
A novel fractional-N PLL based on a simple reference multiplier

A wide loop bandwidth in fractional-N PLL is desirable for good jitter performance. However, a wider bandwidth reduces the effective oversampling ratio between update rate and loop bandwidth, making quantization error a much bigger noise contributor. A successful implementation of a wideband frequency synthesizer is in managing jitter and spurious performance. In this paper we present a new PLL architecture for bandwidth extension. By using clock squaring buffers with built-in offsets, multiple clock edges are extracted from a single reference cycle and utilized for phase update, thereby effectively forming a reference multiplier. This enables a higher oversampling ratio for better quantization noise shaping and makes a wideband fractional-N PLL possible.
Positive inotropic and vasodilator effects of MDL 17,043 in patients with reduced left ventricular performance.

To assess the potential positive inotropic properties of the drug MDL 17,043, 10 patients were studied who had impaired left ventricular (LV) performance and who were undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization (LV ejection fraction 16 to 46%). MDL 17,043 was given in repeated i.v. doses of 0.5 mg/kg every 15 minutes until a maximal effect was observed or a total dose of 3 mg/kg was attained. Cardiac output increased from 3.5 +/- 1.0 to 5.3 +/- 0.7 liters/min (p less than 0.005); pulmonary artery wedge pressure decreased from 22 +/- 4 to 9 +/- 5 mm Hg (p less than 0.001); and total systemic resistance decreased from 2,335 +/- 1,147 to 1,310 +/- 365 dyne cm-5 (p less than 0.025). Also, maximal LV dP/dt increased from 1,011 +/- 301 to 1,243 +/- 330 mm Hg/s (p less than 0.001). No significant changes in heart rate, systemic blood pressure, routine blood chemistries, complete blood counts or platelet counts were observed. Thus, MDL 17,043 has hemodynamic effects consistent with positive inotropic and vasodilating properties in patients with reduced LV performance. Because this agent is effective orally, further evaluation in patients with overt congestive heart failure is warranted.
Tribological behavior of Ni/Sn metallic multilayer composites

The tribological behavior of Ni/Sn multilayer composites was studied. Composites with varied layer thickness and tin volume fraction were prepared by electrodeposition. The coefficient of friction and wear rate of these composites were characterized by pin-on-disk and block-on-ring tests. Both results suggested that soft tin acted as a solid lubricant between the contacting surfaces. Tin-rich films were detected on both the specimen and the steel wear pair surfaces, and wear resistance greatly depended on the thickness, area coverage, composition, and stability of this interfacial film. Specimens with a lower tin content and/or a thinner layer spacing exhibited enhanced wear resistance compared to those with a higher tin content and/or thicker layers. This was attributed to both the solid-lubricating effect of the tin and the enhanced mechanical properties of the multilayered composites.
Dynamic Correlation Functions for Quantum Spin Chains

New exact results are presented on the long-time asymptotic expansions of the $T=0$ autocorrelation functions, and on the leading singularities of their frequency-dependent Fourier transforms, for the one-dimensional $S=\frac{1}{2}$ isotropic $\mathrm{XY}$ model and the $S=\frac{1}{2}$ transverse Ising model at the critical field. High-precision numerical calculations of the latter functions are also given, and experiments are proposed to observe the functional behaviors that are found.
The stability and interrelationships of newborn sucking and heart rate

The sucking behavior of 44 newborns was recorded along with heart rate (HR) and respiration. These 3 systems showed stability over a 24-hr period. Sucking parameters varied markedly depending upon whether the infant was sucking for sucrose or under a no-fluid condition. Moreover, HR was strikingly affected by sweetness. The direction of HR change was toward increasing rates when sucking for sweet, even though sucking for sweet substances occurs more slowly than for no fluid.
In search of the 75 cents‐on‐the‐dollar woman

Although the data concerning the causes, and more importantly, the magnitude, of the gender‐wage gap arerelatively clear from empirical research in economics and business, significant misconceptions still exist. It is a general belief that a woman will earn significantly less for doing the same work as a man, 75 cents as compared to a man’s dollar. Following a review of the empirical literature describing the causes and magnitude of the gender‐wage gap, an exploration of the portrayal of the gender‐wage gap in management texts seeks to understand how this issue is explained to a student audience. Finally, the managerial implications concerning compensation management in organisations are discussed.
Comparison of Symptoms, Treatment, and Outcomes of Coronary Artery Disease among Rheumatoid Arthritis and Matched Subjects Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated the presenting symptoms of CAD, coronary anatomy (single versus multi-vessel CAD), and treatment among a group of subjects undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with angioplasty and/or stenting. Methods We evaluated a retrospective cohort of 43 RA subjects and 43 matched non-RA subjects undergoing PCI at 2 academic referral centers. RA subjects were matched to non-RA subjects on age, gender, history of coronary artery bypass grafting, date of PCI, and interventional cardiologist. We compared cardiac risk factors, presentation, treatment, and outcomes. Results The mean age of the study cohort was 71 ± 10 years, and the distribution of traditional cardiac risk factors was similar in the subjects with RA compared with the matched non-RA subjects (all P values > 0.05). Seventy-four percent of subjects with RA compared with 67% of those without RA presented with an acute coronary syndrome before PCI (P = 0.48). All subjects in this cohort undergoing PCI had at least 1 stenosis in a major epicardial vessel and similar percentages of subjects with RA (44%) and without RA (40%) had multi-vessel CAD (P = 0.66). The administration of cardiac medications both at PCI and at hospital discharge was not different among subjects with RA compared with matched non-RA subjects. Conclusions Among this cohort with significant CAD undergoing PCI, clinical characteristics, presentation, severity of CAD, treatment modalities, and outcomes were similar in subjects with RA and well-matched non-RA subjects.
Graphene nano-ribbon (GNR) interconnects: A genuine contender or a delusive dream?

This paper presents a comprehensive conductance and delay analysis of graphene nano-ribbon (GNR) interconnects. The conductance model of GNR is derived using a simple tight binding model and the linear response Landauer formula. Several GNR structures are examined, and the conductance among them and other interconnect materials (copper, tungsten and carbon nanotubes) is compared. Impact of different model parameters (mean free path, Fermi level and edge specularity) on the conductance is discussed. An RLC equivalent circuit model is defined to analyze both global and local GNR interconnect delays. The results reveal that till the very end of ITRS'07 roadmap, GNRs cannot match the performance of global level copper or SWCNTs, unless multiple layers along with proper intercalation doping is used and specular nano-ribbon edge is achieved. However, multi-layer zigzag edged GNRs (zz-GNRs) can be comparable to copper at the local level, and can have much better performance than that of tungsten, implying possible application as local interconnects.
Interspecies cytogenetic comparisons: studies with X-radiation and bleomycin sulfate.

A series of in vitro experiments were conducted to determine if there are innate differences in the sensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from different mammalian species to clastogens. Mouse, rat, and human whole blood samples were exposed to either 0, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5, or 3.0 Gy x-radiation or 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 [mu]g/ml bleomycin for 4 hr. Bromodeoxyuridine-containing cultures were initiated and the PBLs stimulated to divide with phytohemagglutinin. All cultures were harvested following a 3-hr colcemid treatment. Slides were made and differentially stained, and first-division metaphases were scored for chromosome aberrations. In the x-radiation studies human PBLs were significantly more sensitive than mouse PBLs which were in turn more sensitive than rat PBLs as measured by either the total percent aberrant cells or the number of dicentrics. Data from all three species could be fitted to a linear-quadratic model. Results with bleomycin suggest that the mouse and human PBLs are equally sensitive to the clastogenic effects of bleomycin. Both appeared to be more sensitive than the rat PBLs, but the variation between experiments was such that the results among species were not significantly different. These results indicate that there may be inherent differences in sensitivitymore » among PBLs of mammalian species; however, more studies are needed to determine if the differences presented here hold for other agents. 39 refs., 2 figs., 4 tabs.« less
THE STABILITY OF THE LAGRANGIAN POINT L4

The Hamiltonian function of the restricted problem of three bodies near the triangular Lagrangian point is normalized through sixth order terms with the help of MACSYMA. The same calculations were done previously with an algebraic processor in order to establish the stability at a critical value of the mass ratio.
Colostral Immunoglobulin Absorption Linearly Related to Concentration for Calves

Abstract This experiment shows colostral immunoglobulin concentration is a major factor in the rate of immunoglobulin absorption and the amount of absorption when it is fed to newborn calves. First-milking colostrum was collected from two cows and blended with fresh whole milk in immunoglobulin concentrations ranging from 7.5 to 123.8mg/ml for immunoglobulin G, .38 to 5.53 mg/ml for immunoglobulin A, and .46 to 11.19mg/ml for immunoglobulin M. Six batches of colostrum were prepared separately with each having a different range of immunoglobulin concentration. Calves were separated from their dams at birth and fed either 1 or 2 liters of the prepared colostrum at the appropriate concentration. Feeding was repeated after 12h. One-hundred and twenty Holstein-Friesian calves were fed in six blocks, a block for each freshly prepared colostrum, of 20 animals each. Blood samples were taken at prefeeding and at 12 and 24h postpartum. The three isotypes in serum and colostrum were quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion procedure. Immunoglobulin G and A concentrations in serum of the calf at 24h after feeding colostrum had a positive linear relationship with immunoglobulin G and A concentrations in the colostrum fed, whereas immunoglobulin M concentrations in the serum had a quadratic response. When compared on equal mass, the amount of colostrum fed, 1 or 2 liters, had less influence on immunoglobulin absorbed than did concentration.
Participatory Research in Systems of Care for Children’s Mental Health

The children’s system of care initiative in the United States requires the participation of caregivers of children with emotional or behavioral problems in conducting research and evaluation. This entails a restructuring of traditional power dynamics among families served by the community mental health system and other system stakeholders, including researchers. However, evidence indicates that system of care research may not currently embrace the different types of knowledge possessed by caregivers and may be frustrated by traditional power hierarchies, resulting in research findings that are not useful for the community. In this paper I examine a framework for power and knowledge and examine how, when viewed through this framework, participatory research in the system of care initiative thus far may be less than authentic. I conclude with improvements suggested by the framework that are expected to shift power to caregivers and result in more useful, actionable research findings for the community.
Radiographic incidence of multicentric malignant gliomas.

BACKGROUND Multicentric malignant gliomas are interesting yet uncommon clinical entities with an unknown rate of occurrence. METHODS We reviewed the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images of 100 consecutive patients with malignant gliomas to determine the incidence of multicentricity in malignant glial neoplasms. RESULTS Five patients had multiple lesions on their initial radiographic study (synchronous lesions) and in four patients multiplicity developed after initial diagnosis (metachronous lesions). MR imaging demonstrated one lesion not seen on CT. CONCLUSIONS Because synchronous or metachronous multicentricity was found in 9% of patients with malignant gliomas, treatment delivery should not be based on radiographic imaging without attempting to obtain an accurate diagnosis of the ongoing intracranial process.
Rehabilitation After Arthroscopic Decompression for Femoroacetabular Impingement

The use of arthroscopic technology to address pathologic conditions of the hip joint has become a topic of growing interest in the orthopedic community. Addressing femoroacetabular impingement through this method has generated additional attention. As surgical options evolve, rehabilitation protocols must meet the challenge of providing a safe avenue of recovery, yet meeting the goal of returning to high levels of functioning. Current rehabilitation concepts should be based on the growing body of evidence, knowledge of tissue healing properties, and clinical experience.
Radiologic volumetry on a personal computer with a stereologic method.

Rationale and Objectives. There is no universally accepted way to estimate organ and tumor volumes, and manual tracing of the outline of an organ or tumor is tedious, time-consuming, and therefore not widely used. The authors developed a stereologic method for estimating organ and tumor volumes with a personal computer and evaluated its accuracy and efficiency with computed tomographic images. Materials and Methods. CT images were obtained of a 200-cm3 phantom sphere, a normal liver, a normal spleen, a brain tumor, and a large abdominopelvic tumor. Volumes were estimated with a computer program developed on a personal computer. The estimated volumes were compared with those found with the manual tracing method, which was used as a standard of reference. The time to complete each procedure was recorded. Results. When approximately 200 grid points were used, the volumes estimated with the computer were varied from the reference by 1.9%–4.5%. The volumes ranged from 51 to 2,679 cm3, and the time to estimate these ranged from 42 to 96 seconds. Conclusion. Stereologic estimation of organ and tumor volumes from cross-sectional images with a personal computer can be accurate and efficient at a relatively low cost.
Direct resorption of bone by human monocytes

Cultured human peripheral blood monocytes stimulate the release of bone mineral and matrix from killed long bones of fetal rats. These effects were inhibited by cortisol but were not altered by hormones that normally stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption. There was no evidence of morphologic differentiation of the monocytes into osteoclasts during bone resorption.
Antibodies and a cysteine-modifying reagent show correspondence of M current in neurons to KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 K+ channels

KCNQ K+ channels are thought to underlie the M current of neurons. To probe if the KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 subtypes underlie the M current of rat superior cervical ganglia (SCG) neurons and of hippocampus, we raised specific antibodies against them and also used the cysteine-alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) as an additional probe of subunit composition. Tested on tsA-201 (tsA) cells transfected with cloned KCNQ1-5 subunits, our antibodies showed high affinity and selectivity for the appropriate subtype. The antibodies immunostained SCG neurons and hippocampal sections at levels similar to those for channels expressed in tsA cells, indicating that KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 are present in SCG and hippocampal neurons. Some hippocampal regions contained only KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 subunits, suggesting the presence of M currents produced by channels other than KCNQ2/3 heteromultimers. We found that NEM augmented M currents in SCG neurons and KCNQ2/3 currents in tsA cells via strong voltage-independent and modest voltage-dependent actions. Expression of individual KCNQ subunits in tsA cells revealed voltage-independent augmentation of KCNQ2, but not KCNQ1 nor KCNQ3, currents by NEM indicating that this action on SCG M currents likely localizes to KCNQ2. Much of the voltage-independent action is lost after the C242T mutation in KCNQ2. The correspondence of NEM effects on expressed KCNQ2/3 and SCG M currents, along with the antibody labelling, provide further evidence that KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 subunits strongly contribute to the M current of neurons. The site of NEM action may be important for treatment of diseases caused by under-expression of these channels. British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1173–1186. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704989
Yield, earliness, and fiber properties of cotton carrying combined traits for pink bollworm resistance

The nectariless (N) and okra-leaf (L) traits confer low levels of resistance in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., to pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). The semi-smoothleaf (SS) trait reduces the amount of leaf trash in mechanically harvested seed-cotton. The main objective of this study was to compare NL (or NSSL) isolines with N (or NSS) isolines and with check cultivars for resistance to PBW, lint yield, earliness, and fiber properties
The Effect of Er Concentration on the Morphology and Photoluminescence of GaN:Er

The surface morphology and the room temperature 1.54 μm photoluminescence (PL) intensity have been investigated as a function of Er flux in GaN:Er grown by metallorganic molecular beam epitaxy. Unlike AlN, GaN:Er showed improved surface smoothness as evidenced by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, with root mean square roughness values improving from 18.1 to 2.0 nm as the Er cell temperatures were increased from 1250 to 1450°C. Similarly the PL emission increased with increasing Er concentration and showed no evidence of saturation or concentration quenching. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Benzoyl Peroxide Resembling Impetigo

A 17-year-old boy presented with recurring severe dermatitis of the face of 5-months duration that resembled impetigo. He had been treated with several courses of antibiotics without improvement. Biopsy showed changes consistent with allergic contact dermatitis and patch testing later revealed sensitization to benzoyl peroxide, which the patient had been using for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Myopic Approximations for the Perishable Inventory Problem

Recent work in describing optimal ordering policies for perishable inventory casts the problem as a multi-dimensional dynamic program, the dimensionality being one less than the useful lifetime of the product, m. As m becomes large the computational problem becomes severe so that developing approximations is a key problem. A bound on the perishing cost is obtained that is a function only of the total inventory on hand. Substituting this bound and an approximate transfer function, optimal policies can be computed myopically for the new problem. When the demand density possesses a monotone likelihood ratio, it is shown the function to be minimized is strictly pseudo-convex. Sample computations for special cases indicate that the approximation results in costs which are generally less than one percent higher than the optimal.
Review of Postprocessing Techniques for Compression Artifact Removal

Low bit rate image/video coding is essential for many visual communication applications. When bit rates become low, most compression algorithms yield visually annoying artifacts that highly degrade the perceptual quality of image and video data. To achieve high bit rate reduction while maintaining the best possible perceptual quality, postprocessing techniques provide one attractive solution. In this paper, we provide a review and analysis of recent developments in postprocessing techniques. Various types of compression artifacts are discussed first. Then, two types of postprocessing algorithms based on image enhancement and restoration principles are reviewed. Finally, current bottlenecks and future research directions in this field are addressed.
Hybrid Calibration Models An Alternative to Calibration Transfer

A new procedure for calibrating multiple instruments is presented in which spectra from each are used simultaneously during the construction of multivariate calibration models. The application of partial least-squares (PLS) and genetic regression (GR) to the problem of generating these hybrid calibrations is presented. Spectra of ternary mixtures of methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and methanol were collected on a dispersive and a Fourier transform spectrometer. Calibration models were generated by using differing numbers of spectra from each instrument simultaneously in the calibration and prediction sets, and then validated by using a set of spectra from each instrument separately. Calibration models were found that perform well on both instruments, even when only a single spectrum from the second instrument was used during the calibration process. As a benchmark, comparison with PLS showed that GR is more effective than PLS in building these hybrid calibration models.
Prediction of pure‐component flash points for organic compounds

Published flash point prediction methods are evaluated for accuracy against experimental data from the DIPPR ® 801 database. The most accurate methods require a vapor pressure correlation, which is often not available. Two new methods are presented, one that uses the vapor pressure, and one based on the normal boiling point and enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point. The vapor pressure method shows little improvement over the previous methods unless group contributions are implemented. The boiling point method predicts the flash point within an absolute average deviation of 1.3% when compared with data for more than 1000 compounds. The previous most accurate method that was not based on vapor pressure exhibited an absolute average deviation of 1.84% for the same test set. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The geometry of the Gibbs-Appell equations and Gauss' principle of least constraint

We present a generalisation of the Gibbs-Appell equations which is valid for general Lagrangians. The general form of the Gibbs-Appell equations is shown to be valid in the case when constraints and external forces are present. In the case when the Lagrangian is the kinetic energy with respect to a Riemannian metric, the Gibbs function is shown to be related to the kinetic energy on the tangent bundle of the configuration manifold with respect to the Sasaki metric. We also make a connection with the Gibbs-Appell equations and Gauss' principle of least constraint in the general case.
Levels of cyclic AMP in murine L5178Y lymphoblasts grown in different concentrations of serum.

Abstract Murine L5178Y lymphoblasts were grown in different concentrations of horse and fetal calf serum. Intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, determined throughout the growth period of these cells, did not vary significantly. Furthermore, logarithmically growing cells that became stationary did not show the pronounced increase in levels of cyclic AMP that is characteristic of other cell types when they become confluent or quiescent. These results demonstrate that the unrestricted growth of lymphoblasts is independent of the serum concentration used and may be due to an aberration in the cyclic AMP system.
A “nuclear-spin spectrometer”: Theory and general characteristics of a 4 π gamma-ray multidetector system for investigations of nuclear structure and reactions at high angular momentum

Abstract The theory and properties of a new type of spectrometer for studying the properties of high-spin states in nuclei and the mechanisms of heavy-ion induced nuclear reactions are presented in some detail. The spectrometer consists of a high efficiency 4π NaI multidetector system with individual tightly packed detector elements. This instrument is capable of recording on an event-by-event basis: (a) the γ-ray multiplicity; (b) the pulse heights and under certain conditions the energies of individual γ-transitions; (c) the total pulse height and the associated γ-ray multiplicity; (d) the associated neutron multiplicity; (e) the angular correlations among most of the γ-rays in the cascade; and (f) the time correlations among the various groups of γ-rays in each cascade. This information is obtained simultaneously thus permitting many correlations to be made among several relevant physical parameters that will enable us to learn more about the properties of nuclei at high-spin and about the role of angular momentum on the mechanism of many types of nuclear reaction.
Fertility, Mortality, and the Mean Age at Death: A Model of a Population under Stress

A model of a stable native population under long-term stress from diseases incurred in the wake of the expanding Western civilization is presented. The model is based on the reconstructed demography of an Eskimo-speaking population of southwestern Alaska around 1880. Statistics of the Alaskan Russian Church were used to reconstruct the mortality (16.3 deaths annually over 10 years) and fertility of a small population (319 persons) living at the Naknek River. Life expectancy was calculated at 20 years and between ages 5 and 45 there was a noticeable upswing of deaths. A large percentage of mortality was caused by recently introduced respiratory diseases (including influenza and pneumonia) and by tuberculosis which affected mainly adults. Accordingly life expectancy was corrected to 31 years after removal of the adult group. This population had been decreasing at a rate of 1.5% a year for some decades although typhus malaria smallpox and measles were absent. Respiratory diseases were probably contracted via contact with the Russian trading network starting in the late 18th century and the Naknek people lost 2/3 of their population within a century. A pattern of mortality involving respiratory diseases as a result of expanding contracts also probably affected a prehistoric west-central Illinois population dating from the Middle Woodland to Mississippian times although on a smaller scale than in the case of the Naknek people. A decrease in mean age of deaths over age 5 and an increase in mean age of deaths at age 1-9 reduced life expectancy for the Illinois indigenous people so the it resembled the fate of the Naknek population
The influence of formaldehyde fixation time on the rate of nitrous acid deamination of erythrocytes and spinal cord proteins.

Alcohol fixed blood films and fresh blocks of spinal cord were immersed in phosphate buffered neutral 10% formol for graded intervals, the films for 10, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 hr; the blocks for 2, 4, 6, 24 hr at 3 and 24° C; 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56 da, 3 and 14 mo at 24–26°. Graded deaminations in 2 N NaNO2/HAc at 3° C were applied: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30 min; 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 hr. Blood films were stained at pH 6 and 6.5, tissue at pH 4.5 and 5.0, both in azure A eosin B. The point at which erythrocytes reached a slightly bluish green was taken as the end point, since no further color change occurred on further exposure and erythrocytes were the last of usually deamination susceptible tissue elements to lose their oxyphilia on deamination. Deamination of alcohol fixed blood films is completed in about 2 min, of sublimate fixed spinal cord in about 1 hr. Progressive formaldehyde exposure increased deamination time of blood films to 10–20 min in 1 hr, to 6–8 hr in 4 hr and to 12 hr in 24 hr. The tissue deamination showed similar progressive increase of deamination time, slower with 3° C fixation than with 24–26°, reaching 18–36 hr by about 3 days formol, and remaining about the same thereafter.
Catalytic activity of an RNA molecule prepared by transcription in vitro

Ribonuclease P is a ribonucleoprotein that cleaves precursors to transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to yield the correct 5' terminal sequences of the mature tRNA's. The RNA moiety M1 RNA of ribonuclease P from Escherichia coli and the unprocessed transcript prepared in vitro of the gene for M1 RNA can both perform the cleavage reactions of the canonical enzyme in the absence of the protein moiety. When the transcript of the M1 RNA gene is combined with the protein moiety not only is a tRNA precursor cleaved but also the precursor to 4.5S RNA from Escherichia coli.
Columnaris as a Disease of Cold-Water Fishes

Abstract A natural outbreak of columnaris disease among wild adult and hatchery-reared fingerling salmon in the State of Washington is described. The disease is identified by the recovery of the causative organism, Bacillus columnaris Davis, which may be readily identified by its characteristic action in forming columns on the surfaces of infected material held in a water mount on a microscope slide. The gross lesions vary in appearance according to the particular organ affected but are formed, essentially, by the progressive necrosis and disintegration of the tissues. The tissues primarily affected are skin, body musculature, and the gills. Cultivation of the causative organism in tryptone solutions is recorded. Controlled, laboratory-induced infections indicate that among the cold-water fishes, columnaris disease is of little consequence to fingerlings at water temperatures below 55° F., but becomes highly pathogenic at temperatures in excess of 70° F. Between these temperature thresholds, the degree an...
Regulation of Brain Neprilysin and ACE2 in Transgenic Rats During Aging

Angiotensinogen (Aogen), the precursor to angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang-(1–7) is expressed in astrocytes and neurons. Neprilysin and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are potential enzymes for Ang-(1–7) formation from Ang I and Ang II respectively. We assessed their regulation in brain during aging in transgenic rats (ASrAogen) with an Aogen antisense behind a glial-promoter. These exhibit a 90% reduction in brain Aogen levels and low blood pressure that is maintained during aging at 16 and 70 weeks in hypothalamus (HYPO) and medulla (MED). HYPO ACE2 mRNA was 45% higher in ASrAogen than control SD rats and higher in older ASrAogen vs. younger rats. Neprilysin mRNA tended to increase during aging and values were 80% higher in ASrAogen vs. SD. In MED, mRNA of both enzymes during aging tended to decrease with no difference between strains. Immunocytochemistry revealed ACE2-staining in both strains localized to circumventricular organs and plexus choroideus. Thus, the ACE2 distribution suggests the enzyme contributes to Ang-(1–7) in cerebrospinal fluid but not neural pathways. Up regulation of mRNA for both enzymes in HYPO of ASrAogen rats may represent compensation for loss of glial-derived peptides. Lack of differences in MED between strains may reflect distinct sources (neural vs. glial) of peptides responsible for enzyme regulation in the two brain areas.
Are blue land crabs ( Cardisoma guanhumi ) attracted to falling fruit

Many species rely on multiple modalities to acquire information about predation risk, potential mates, and food. We studied the sensory modalities of blue land crabs, Cardisoma guanhumi, used for food detection. We isolated the acoustic and seismic cues of falling fruit and measured latency to emerge from their burrows after hearing the sound of falling fruits, seismic signals associated with fruit drop, and a combination of both modalities. In contrast to a previous study, we found no support that either substrate-born vibration or sound-enhanced emergence time. In fact, the actual fruit drop caused slower emergence times at one site. This crab lives in a seismically variable environment and perhaps such species are likely to rely more on other modalities to identify food.
Dopaminergic Contributions to Hippocampal Pathophysiology in Schizophrenia: A Computational Study

Since the original formulation of the dopamine hypothesis, a number of other cellular-level abnormalities—eg, NMDA receptor hypofunction, GABA system dysfunction, neural connectivity disturbances—have been identified in schizophrenia, but the manner in which these potentially interact with hyperdopaminergia to lead to schizophrenic symptomatology remains uncertain. Previously, we created a neuroanatomically detailed, biophysically realistic computational model of hippocampus in the control (unaffected) and schizophrenic conditions, implemented on a 72-processor supercomputer platform. In the current study, we apply the effects of dopamine (DA), dose-dependently, to both models on the basis of an exhaustive review of the neurophysiologic literature on DA’s ion channel and synaptic level effects. To index schizophrenic behavior, we use the specific inability of the model to attune to the 40 Hz (gamma band) frequency, a finding that has been well replicated in the clinical electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography literature. In trials using 20 ‘simulated patients’, we find that DA applied to the control model produces modest increases in 40 Hz activity, similar to experimental studies. However, in the schizophrenic model, increasing DA induces a decrement in 40 Hz resonance. This modeling work is significant in that it suggests that DA’s effects may vary based on the neural substrate on which it acts, and—via simulated EEG recordings—points to the neurophysiologic mechanisms by which this may occur. We also feel that it makes a methodological contribution, as it exhibits a process by which a large amount of neurobiological data can be integrated to run pharmacologically relevant in silico experiments, using a systems biology approach.
Low Nutritive Quality as Defense Against Herbivores

Abstract Contrary to a widespread assumption in the literature on plant-herbivore interactions, individual plants do not necessarily benefit by possessing traits which lower herbivore fitness. In particular, genes conferring lowered nutritive quality could even increase herbivore damage under certain circumstances. Three special sets of conditions are outlined in which low nutritive quality would lower herbivore-induced damage to an individual plant. These sets are far from exhaustive. It is concluded that the adaptiveness of lowered nutritive quality in herbivore defense is widely possible but in no case demonstrated.
An isoperimetric inequality for the Heisenberg groups

We show that the Heisenberg groups $ \cal {H}^{2n+1} $ of dimension five and higher, considered as Riemannian manifolds, satisfy a quadratic isoperimetric inequality. (This means that each loop of length L bounds a disk of area ~ L 2.) This implies several important results about isoperimetric inequalities for discrete groups that act either on $ \cal {H}^{2n+1} $ or on complex hyperbolic space, and provides interesting examples in geometric group theory. The proof consists of explicit construction of a disk spanning each loop in $ \cal {H}^{2n+1} $ .
A comparison of electric and magnetic field data from the Ogo 6 spacecraft

Electric and magnetic field disturbance characteristics from OGO-6 were studied. Examination of simultaneous patterns of disturbance below 600 km over the summer polar cap showed that pattern changes in electric field and in the disturbance in magnetic field magnitude are highly correlated. This correlation extends to pattern shapes boundary locations, and to the amplitudes of the correlated quantities. In the winter hemisphere, at altitudes above 800 km, correlations between boundaries exist, pattern correlations are present, and amplitude correlations are essentially absent. Below 600 km the region of positive delta B, from 2200 to 1000 MLT, has a significant contribution from ionospheric and nonionospheric sources. Above 800 km the nonionospheric sources dominate.
Determination of velocity-squared fluid damping by resonant structural testing

Abstract A theory is developed for determination of velocity-squared fluid damping from peak amplitude and phase angle data by complex vector methods. Experimental results are presented indicating the usefulness of the theory, especially in identifying whether velocity-squared or viscous damping mechanisms are active.
Stochastic cash flow constraints and the term structure of interest

Abstract This paper attempts to provide a theoretical foundation for liquidity premia to be found in the term structure of interest rates. These premia arise from the borrowers' future availability of cash and from the lenders' future need for cash. In addition a third category of investors are active on the market: speculators who have no cash constraint and take positions on the basis of their expectations of future spot rates only. The interaction between these three groups yields an equilibrium term structure which is tested empirically; the test produces estimates of the relative weights of the groups in the determination of liquidity premia. Analysis of these weights indicates that there exists some market segmentation between bonds of different maturities.
The Repression-Sensitization Dimension and Emotional Response to Stimuli

The results of two experiments concerned with differential reaction patterns of repressors and sensitizers to threatening stimuli are reported. Contrary to expectation differences in duration of looking at unpleasant pictures between repressors and sensitizers did not attain statistical significance. Nor were there any systematic differences in autonomic, or other covert, response patterns found. Female Ss turned the unpleasant pictures off more quickly, gave larger GSRs during the word-association test and female repressors gave larger GSRs to the threatening words and had a higher incidence of “labile” GSR records. It is suggested that sex may be important in studying the effects of aversive stimuli.
Dynamic labeled 2-structures

The notion of a dynamic labeled 2-structure(dl2s) is introduced and investigated. It generalizes the notion of a labeled 2-structure (l2s) (Ehrenfeucht and Rozenberg 1990), by making it possible to change the (label) relationships between the nodes. This is achieved by storing in the nodes of a l2s output and input functions that can change the outgoing and incoming labels, respectively. The notion of a clan, which is central in the theory of l2s's is transferred to the framework of dl2s's, and the basic properties of clans of dl2s's are investigated.
Phospholipase D in brain function and Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although lipids are major constituents of brain, their role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is poorly understood. Much attention has been given to cholesterol, but growing evidence suggests that other lipids, such as phospholipids, might play an important role in this disorder. In this review, we will summarize the evidence linking phospholipase D, a phosphatidic acid-synthesizing enzyme, to multiple aspects of normal brain function and to Alzheimer's disease. The role of phospholipase D in signaling mechanisms downstream of beta-amyloid as well as in the trafficking and processing of amyloid precursor protein will be emphasized.
Stock Market Reactions and Information Transfer Due to Financial Instability in the Life Insurance Industry

: This study examines the stock market reactions and information transfer effects due to financial instability for four life insurance companies that eventually failed or were taken over by regulators. The four companies were First Executive Corporation, First Capital Holdings Corporation, Monarch Capital Corporation, and Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company. In general, significant negative capital market responses were found after a company released an announcement regarding financial instability. Information transfer effects of a negative announcement by one insurer were not found to have a significant impact on the other insurers. This study complements past studies of contagion effects within the insurance industry.
Oblique surface-wave diffraction by a cylindrical obstacle

Abstract The diffraction of a surface wave that is obliquely incident upon a small, cylindrical deformation of the bottom of a laterally unbounded ocean is calculated by small perturbation theory. The reflection coefficient is found to vanish for an angle of incidence of 45° independently of the shape of the obstacle.
Effect of interface design on high-temperature failure of laminated composites

The fracture strength and toughness of alumina can be increased by lamination with strategically placed nickel layers and with a modified Ni/Al2O3 interface through tape casting. In order to examine the potential of this type of laminated composite in high temperature applications, the laminates were tested at elevated temperatures. This paper describes how a modified tortuous interface, instead of a smooth interface, increases the creep resistance of the laminates. Interface modification can control high temperature laminate behavior and is critical to successful composite design.
Application of ordered probit techniques to analyze ratings of blissymbol complexity

This paper explores the application of ordered probit modeling, an econometric technique commonly used for the analysis of rating data in situations when respondents are asked to rate items (e.g., an object, service, or product), one at a time. To demonstrate the application of this methodology, an existing data set, originally collected to measure the perceived complexities for an array of Blissymbols, was used. Findings from the use of the ordered probit model are compared with those resulting from the earlier research that used regression procedures. Results from the use of ordered probit modeling indicate that variables that in the original study had been found nonsignificant were indeed accounting for differences in the perceived complexity of Blissymbols. Physical length of the symbol, number of semantic units, and number of strokes were found to be positively correlated with perceived Blissymbol complexity. The number of physical units, single configuration, and the word class “verb” were found to ...
A further remark on the problem of reliable stabilization using rectangular dilated LMIs

In this brief paper, an extension of the result of Fujisaki & Befekadu (2009, Reliable decentralized stabilization of multi-channel systems: a design method via dilated Linear Matrix Inequalities (LIMs) and unknown disturbance observers. Int. J. Contr., 82, 2040–2050.) concerning the problem of reliable stabilization for generalized multi-channel systems is given. Specifically, we use a rectangular dilated LMIs framework to provide a relaxed sufficient condition for the reliable stabilization of a multi-channel system both when all of the controllers work together and when one of the controllers ceases to function due to a failure.
A Real-Time Confocal Scanning Optical Microscope

A new type of real-time confocal scanning optical microscope, with the same measured resolution as a conventional confocal scanning optical microscope, is described. The system uses a rotating Nipkow disk with 150,000 pinholes etched in it, to yield a 640 frame/sec, 7000-line image. The transverse definition is of the order of 0.3 μm, and the 3 dB range resolution, with a 0.8 N.A. objective lens, is better than 0.75 μm.
Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling reveals parity-associated hypermethylation of FOXA1

Early pregnancy in women by the age of 20 is known to have a profound effect on reduction of lifelong breast cancer risk as compared to their nulliparous counterparts. Additional pregnancies further enhance the protection against breast cancer development. Nationwide trend of delayed pregnancy may contribute to the recently reported increase in the incidence of advanced breast cancer among young women in this country. The underlying mechanism for the parity-associated reduction of breast cancer risk is not clearly understood. The purpose of the current study is to use whole-genome DNA methylation profiling to explore a potential association between parity and epigenetic changes in breast tissue from women with early parity and nulliparity. Breast tissue was collected from age-matched cancer-free women with early parity (age < 20; n = 15) or nulliparity (n = 13). The methyl-CpG binding domain-based capture-sequencing technology was used for whole-genome DNA methylation profiling. Potential parity-associated hypermethylated genes were further verified by locus-specific pyrosequencing, using an expanded cohort of parous (n = 19) and nulliparous (n = 16) women that included the initial samples used in the global analysis. Our study identified six genes that are hypermethylated in the parous group (P < 0.05). Pyrosequencing confirmed parity-associated hypermethylation at multiple CpG islands of the FOXA1 gene, which encodes a pioneer factor that facilitates chromatin binding of estrogen receptor α. Our work identifies several potential methylation biomarkers for parity-associated breast cancer risk assessment. In addition, the results are consistent with the notion that parity-associated epigenetic silencing of FOXA1 contributes to long-term attenuation of the estrogenic impact on breast cancer development.
Can Better Teaching Be Learned

TEACHERS can develop and teaching can be improved if: (1) the teacher likes to teach, i.e., has a dedication; and (2) there is a favorable environment, including a renewal of emphasis on teaching vs. research. Emphasis at universities for the past 8 to 10 years has been to disfavor either improvement in teaching or a desire to teach. Rewards and promotions have been made largely on the basis of published papers. Hence, the slogan 'TPublish or Perish." However the current demand by students on university campuses calls for a better grade of teaching. This demand will increase.