cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional-Behavioral Patterns in Children with Learning Disabilities Lateralized Hemispheric Differences

The relationships between lateralized left and right hemisphere cognitive impairments and various emotional/behavioral characteristics were examined retrospectively in 67 learning disabled children ages 7 to 10. Children with left hemisphere impaired cognitive profiles presented with dysphoria, anxiety, and social withdrawal, while children with right hemisphere impaired cognitive profiles showed low rates of dysphoria/anxiety and increased somatic complaints. Children with nonlateralized cognitive impairments evidenced characteristics of attention deficit disorder and more pervasive emotional disturbances. These relationships between lateralized cognitive impairments and emotional/behavioral patterns in non-neurologically involved learning disabled children parallel findings of emotional disturbance in adults with lateralized hemispheric lesions.
Variance component linkage analysis indicates a QTL for femoral neck bone mineral density on chromosome 1p36

Osteoporosis is a common condition characterized by reduced skeletal strength and increased susceptibility to fracture. Eight million Americans over the age of 50 have osteoporosis of the femoral neck. The most important risk factor for osteoporosis is low bone mineral density (BMD), and several epidemiological studies have shown the importance of genetic factors in determining variability of BMD. An initial genome screen in seven large pedigrees suggested that a candidate region conferring susceptibility to low BMD of the femoral neck was located on chromosome 1p36. We have now confirmed and extended this finding by analyzing nine microsatellite markers spanning a 40 cM interval across the candidate region in an expanded sample of 42 families. Heritability of femoral neck BMD was estimated as 0.51 +/- 0.13 in these families, after accounting for the effects of age, sex, body mass index, height and weight. Variance component linkage analysis yielded a maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.53 for linkage of femoral neck BMD to a quantitative trait locus (QTL) located near marker D1S214. The associated empirical P-value by simulation analysis was equal to 0.0001. The results strongly support the hypothesis that a major QTL controlling femoral neck BMD is located on chromosome 1p36.2-p36.3, and further analysis of candidate genes in this region is warranted.
AGAR: a single-layer router for gate array cell generation

AGAR is a single-layer router which does internal wiring of gate array cells for a variety of technologies and background cell images. It starts by using image-specific heuristics to do a partial routing. The heuristics can be supplied by the circuit designer and may be coded using a rule-based shell or a standard programming language. The routing is completed using an image-independent algorithm which systematically generates legal routings on a virtual grid, in increasing order of cost, until a complete legal routing is found or the search fails. AGAR was used to generate the majority of the cells in a CMOS gate array cell library and to complete partial routings of bipolar gate array cells. >
Oligomeric Benzimidazoles with Reactive End Groups

The condensation of aromatic diamines with aromatic dinitriles and the subsequent conversion of the amidines formed to benzimidazole units has been adapted to the preparation of oligomeric benzimidazoles with nitrile and carboxyl end groups. These are promising new dibasic acids for the preparation of heat-stable condensation polymers.
Interaction between maternal effects: onset of incubation and offspring sex in two populations of a passerine bird

Maternal phenotype and maternal environment can profoundly affect the phenotype and fitness of offspring. Yet the causes of variation in such maternal effects are rarely known. Embryos in avian eggs cannot develop without being incubated and this creates an opportunity for maternal control of duration and onset of offspring development. However, females might adjust the start of incubation (e.g., coincident with the first egg or delayed until after egg-laying) in response to environmental conditions that they experience at the time of breeding. We studied two populations of the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) that breed at the climatic extremes of the species' geographical range (Montana and Alabama) and found that in both populations, the timing of incubation onset was closely associated with the bias in the sequence in which male and female eggs were laid within a clutch. When females started incubation with the first egg, they produced sons and daughters in highly biased sequence, when females delayed the onset of incubation until after the egg-laying, the sequence of sons and daughters was not biased. Because in both populations, onset of incubation was associated with the ambient temperature, these results emphasize that maternal effects on offspring can be influenced by ecological conditions experienced by parental generation.
Estimating Premorbid Functioning in Huntington's Disease: The Relationship between Disease Progression and the Wide Range Achievement Test Reading Subtest

The estimation of premorbid abilities is an essential part of a neuropsychological evaluation, especially in neurodegenerative conditions. Although word pronunciation tests are one standard method for estimating the premorbid level, research suggests that these tests may not be valid in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the current study sought to examine two estimates of premorbid intellect, the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) Reading subtest and the Barona formula, in 93 patients with mild to moderate Huntington's disease (HD) to determine their utility and to investigate how these measures relate to signs and symptoms of disease progression. In 89% of participants, WRAT estimates were below the Barona estimates. WRAT estimates were related to worsening memory and motor functioning, whereas the Barona estimates had weaker relationships. Neither estimate was related to depression or functional capacity. Irregular word reading tests appear to decline with HD progression, whereas estimation methods based on demographic factors may be more robust but overestimate premorbid functioning.
Solid-Phase Proteoliposomes Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exterior envelope glycoprotein gp120 mediates receptor binding and is the major target for neutralizing antibodies. A broadly neutralizing antibody response is likely to be a critical component of the immune response against HIV-1. Although antibodies against monomeric gp120 are readily elicited in immunized individuals, these antibodies are inefficient in neutralizing primary HIV-1 isolates. As a chronic pathogen, HIV-1 has evolved to avoid an optimal host response by a number of immune escape mechanisms. Monomeric gp120 that has dissociated from the functional trimer presents irrelevant epitopes that are not accessible on functional trimeric envelope glycoproteins. The resulting low level of antigenic cross-reactivity between monomeric gp120 and the functional spike may contribute to the inability of monomeric gp120 to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. Attempts to generate native, trimeric envelope glycoproteins as immunogens have been frustrated by both the lability of the gp120-gp41 interaction and the weak association between gp120 subunits. Here, we present solid-phase HIV-1 gp160ΔCT (cytoplasmic tail-deleted) proteoliposomes (PLs) containing native, trimeric envelope glycoproteins in a physiologic membrane setting. We present data that indicate that the gp160ΔCT glycoproteins on PLs are trimers and are recognized by several relevant conformational ligands in a manner similar to that for gp160ΔCT oligomers expressed on the cell surface. The PLs represent a significant advance over present envelope glycoprotein formulations as candidate immunogens for HIV vaccine design and development.
Relevance and Responsibility in Sociological Research

Radical sociology is discussed in terms of the sociologist's relevance and responsibility to neglected and oppressed segments of the society. To illustrate these themes, the fate of a five-city community-survey and power-structure research project which was intended to have an impact upon patterns of school segregation is described. Examples of the use and disuse of data by those in positions of authority are provided as evidence of the need for closer articulation of research design and application. The need for a “participatory sociology” is asserted and its character briefly sketched.
Silane surface modification for improved bioadhesion of esophageal stents

Stent migration occurs in 10-40% of patients who undergo placement of esophageal stents, with higher migration rates seen in those treated for benign esophageal disorders. This remains a major drawback of esophageal stent therapy. In this paper, we propose a new surface modification method to increase the adhesion between self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) and tissue while preserving their removability. Taking advantage of the well-known affinity between epoxide and amine terminated silane coupling agents with amine and carboxyl groups that are abundant in proteins and related molecules in the human body; we modified the surfaces of silicone coated esophageal SEMS with these adhesive self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We utilized vapor phase silanization to modify the surfaces of different substrates including PDMS strips and SEMS, and measured the force required to slide these substrates on a tissue piece. Our results suggest that surface modification of esophageal SEMS via covalent attachment of protein-binding coupling agents improves adhesion to tissue and could offer a solution to reduce SEMS migration while preserving their removability.
Abused and neglected children in America: A study of alternative policies.

Both the print and electronic media recently have highlighted the problems faced by severely abased and neglected children in America. Many suggestions have been offered for ameliorating the conditions leading to child abuse and neglect, but few hard data exist to tell us which social policies can be most effective in combatting these conditions. In this article, several sources of data are examined to estimate the incidence of abuse, its social and demographic features, and the nature of available child abuse case reports. Three potential social policies are analyzed in detail: national health screening, education in child rearing, and the development of profiles of abusing families with the hope of offering them preventive help. Each analysis has two underlying themes. First, even with incomplete data it is often possible to evaluate the probable effectiveness of a social policy before it is implemented. Second, data initially collected in a non-experimental setting ran still be used to suggest improvem...
Light adaptation in the ventral photoreceptor of Limulus.

Light adaptation in both the ventral photoreceptor and the lateral eye photoreceptor is a complex process consisting of at least two phases. One phase, which we call the rapid phase of adaptation, occurs whenever there is temporal overlap of the discrete waves that compose a light response. The recovery from the rapid phase of adaptation follows an exponential time-course with a time constant of approximately 75 ms at 21°C. The rapid phase of adaptation occurs at light intensities barely above discrete wave threshold as well as at substantially higher light intensities with the same recovery time-course at all intensities. It occurs in voltage-clamped and unclamped photoreceptors. The kinetics of the rapid phase of adaptation is closely correlated to the photocurrent which appears to initiate it after a short delay. The rapid phase of adaptation is probably identical to what is called the "adapting bump" process. At light intensities greater than about 10 times discrete wave threshold another phase of light adaptation occurs. It develops slowly over a period of ½ s or so, and decays even more slowly over a period of several seconds. It is graded with light intensity and occurs in both voltage-clamped and unclamped photoreceptors. We call this the slow phase of light adaptation.
Challenges of Exploratory Visualization of Gene-environment Interaction in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States. Although several genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in AD risks, no single factor is found solely responsible for disease manifestation in all Alzheimer's cases. In cases when no single gene can explain causality, the scenario of a combination of factors with modest effect sizes has been suggested. Through means of visual analysis in Weave we uncovered and further strengthened growing evidence for the link between genetics, air pollution and an earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease as exemplified in US cities with the highest reported levels of toxicity. Major sources of bias impacting our dataset are examined to caution the reader about the value of correlation findings in this less than ideal study sample.
On the quality of viscoelastic flow solutions: An adaptive refinement study of a Newtonian and a maxwell fluid

SUMMARY Little adaptive finite element work has been done in the area of viscoelastic flow in complex geometries. In this paper an adaptive finite element mesh refinement study is carried out on a Newtonian fluid and a Maxwell fluid in an axisymmetric 4: 1 contraction. The error indicator used for the refinement is the local norm of the residual in an element. For the Newtonian fluid, steady improvement with refinement is seen, though this is not the case for the Maxwell fluid, which never achieves a solution of good quality.
Scattering by a helical sheath

A harmonic series solution is obtained for the scattering of electromagnetic waves by a unidirectionally conducting helical sheath when the incident field is E -polarized. Due to the anisotropic nature of the boundary, both E and H polarizations are present in the scattered and the transmitted fields. The expressions for the total scattering cross section, the backscattering cross section, the current, and the surface charge density are also obtained. Some numerical results are presented for a helical structure with a radius that is small or moderate in comparison with the wavelength. An interesting behavior as the pitch angle approaches \pi/2 is described.
Employment and quality of survivorship among women with cancer: domains not captured by quality of life instruments

Background: Many quality of life instruments assess the amount of paid work in combination with role function at home in the same items and do not specifically assess social support in the workplace. The goal of this study was to obtain women’s views on the relationship between employment and health-related quality of life. Methods: A focus group and questionnaire study was conducted among 73 women with gynecologic cancer who were employed at diagnosis and 25 people who provided them with psychosocial support. Results: The women held a variety of blue collar and white collar jobs at diagnosis. Employment provided a strong sense of accomplishment and a welcome distraction during treatment. The employment experience was described as distinct from role function at home. No one equated working more hours with better quality of life. Social support at work could be poor at the same time that support from family and friends grew stronger. Conclusions: The contribution to their quality of life that cancer survivors feel they receive from employment may not be linearly related to the quantity of their role function in the workplace. Employment-related items could be useful as an adjunct to standard quality of life measures.
Fledgling Double-crested Cormorants Rehearse a Food Manipulation Technique with Woody Debris, Algae, and Shells

Abstract Fledgling Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) were observed practicing food manipulation techniques with large sticks, algae, and shells at their respective natal colonies in eastern Lake Ontario, North Channel of Lake Huron, and Lake of the Woods. Although practice behaviors have been documented for other species of waterbirds, this behavior has not been recorded previously for Double-crested Cormorants.
Fractional Statistics in Quantum Mechanics

One usually does not think of quantum statistics in terms of a continuous parameter, such as a coupling constant. We are accustomed to the notion that many-particle wave functions are either symmetric or antisymmetric: $$ \psi ( \cdots j \cdots i \cdots ) = {e^{i\theta }}\psi ( \cdots i \cdots j \cdots ), $$ (1) where θ = 2nπ for bosons and θ = (2n + 1)π for fermions. Interpolating in θ, e.g., θ = π/2, seems to make no sense because iterating Eq. (1) twice gives $$ \psi ( \cdots j \cdots i \cdots ) = {e^{2i\theta }}\psi ( \cdots j \cdots i \cdots ) $$ (2) and the single-valuedness of Ψ demands that e^{2i\emptyset }= 1, so one concludes that Bose and Fermi statistics exhaust all the allowed values of θ.
Rapid Screening of Pharmaceuticals by Thin Layer Chromatography: Analysis of Essential Drugs by Visual Methods

A method for rapidly screening pharmaceuticals by thin-layer chromatography has been designed for use in areas with limited resources and by operators with limited training. An apparatus for performing the analysis in a plastic bag under equilibrium conditions was designed. Results can be reproduced by different operators and in different locations. The analysis can be performed without electricity or in a remote area, away from a laboratory. It is especially suited for field use in developing countries. The method is low cost, maintenance-free, fast, and reliable; it also uses limited volumes of solvents. The analyses can be performed without weighing if reference materials can be supplied in tablet form, provided the drug content is listed and only one unit is required for each analysis. All procedures were developed for the analysis of drugs from a partial list of essential drugs established by the World Health Organization. Three drugs were selected and prepared in the form of reference tablets. Comparisons with the analyses of the drugs in standard dosage forms were made by using reference tablets and primary USP standards. Comparable results were obtained, proving that the screening process can be conducted by using reference tablets and without weighing either the sample or the reference. The method has been successfully demonstrated and used in Swaziland, by high school teachers in the United States, and by personnel from the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. Personnel can be trained in a short time to perform screening analysis of drugs.
Phosphate Release and Sorption by Lake Mohegan Sediments

The release rate of phosphorus from lake sediments to the overlying water was measured in a laboratory experiment. The sediments were from Lake Mohegan, a eutrophic lake in northern Westchester County, New York. The sorption capacity for phosphorus of Lake Mohegan sediments depends on the oxygen concentration in the overlying water. When the phosphate concentration in the overlying water is high, above l-2 mg/l, the sediments will sorb phosphorus from the overlying water under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Below this phosphate value, the sediments will release phosphorus under anaerobic conditions while they will sorb phosphorus under aerobic conditions.
Effects of naloxone and D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 and the protein kinase inhibitors H7 and H8 on acute morphine dependence and antinociceptive tolerance in mice.

Previous studies measuring opioid inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in SH-SY5Y cells supported the hypothesis that continuous agonist stimulation causes a gradual conversion of the mu opioid receptor to a sensitized or constitutively active state termed mu*. Conversion to mu* was prevented by the kinase inhibitor H7, but not its close analog H8. Naloxone was proposed to act as a negative antagonist (inverse agonist) blocking mu* activity, whereas D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP) appeared to act as a neutral antagonist having no effect on mu* activity. Initial in vivo results indicated that mu* activity may play a role in narcotic tolerance and dependence (Wang et al., Life Sci. 54: PL339-PL350 1994). Our study explores the pharmacology of H7 and H8, naloxone and CTAP in mice after induction of acute tolerance and dependence induced by a single s.c. dose of morphine (100 mg/kg). Physical dependence was defined by withdrawal jumping induced by i.p. naloxone injections 4 hr after the morphine dose, the time of maximal physical dependence. Neither H7 nor H8 (50 nmol or less) induced jumping, affected morphine antinociception or produced significant behavioral effects, when injected by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.th.) routes. When given 30 min before the naloxone challenge, H7, but not H8, significantly reduced naloxone jumping by i.c.v. injection. Administration of naloxone into the central nervous system, rather than by i.p. administration, required coinjection by both i.c.v. and i.th. routes to elicit full withdrawal jumping (30 nmol at each site). In contrast, the putative neutral antagonist CTAP caused little withdrawal jumping when coinjected i.c.v. and i.th., as expected if modulation of mu* activity played a role in dependence. However, CTAP was capable of partially reversing naloxone (i.p.) induced jumping when given either i.c.v. or i.th., indicating that CTAP competes with naloxone at mu*. Moreover, these results demonstrate that both spinal and supraspinal sites are required for full opioid withdrawal jumping in mice. Antinociceptive tolerance was also evaluated by determining the response to morphine in the 55 degrees C warm-water tail-flick test. Morphine pretreatment (100 mg/kg, s.c., -5 hr) produced antinociceptive tolerance as shown by a 2.7-fold increase in the calculated morphine A50 value. Tolerance was reversed by H7, but not H8, treatment (50 nmol, i.c.v., -30 min). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a sensitized or constitutively active mu* state plays a role in narcotic tolerance and dependence.
Direct PET imaging of changes in CNS myelination in vivo

1885 Objectives Myelination is one of the fundamental biological processes in the central nervous system. Currently there is no PET imaging probe to directly monitor changes of myelination in vivo. We have developed a PET probe ([11C]MeDAS) that can readily enter the brain and selectively bind to myelin membranes. Here we reported its use in PET imaging of changes in myelination in different rodent models in vivo. Methods 1) Quantitative and longitudinal microPET studies using a lysolecithin (LPC)-induced rat model of focal demyelination in both the brain and spinal cord and subsequent remyelination were performed to evaluate pharmacokinetic profiles. 2) In vivo quantitative microPET studies using Cuprizone-treated rat and mouse models of demyelination (exposed to Cuprizon diet for 6 weeks) and remyelination (exposed to regular diet afterwards) were conducted. 3). In vivo quantitative microPET studies using MOG induced EAE demyelination mouse models were conducted. 4) Human radiation dose estimation based on the biodistribution of [11C]-MeDAS in mice was carried out. Results 1) Quantitative analysis showed that the uptake and retention of [11C]MeDAS correlate well with the level of demyelination/remyelination. 2) microPET studies in Cuprizone-induced models of demyelination/remyelination showed the uptake of [11C]MeDAS in corpus callosum were consistent with the level of demyelination/remyelination in the brain confirmed by histological tissue staining. 3) Quantitative microPET analysis of [11C]MeDAS in EAE mice demonstrated the uptake of [11C]MeDAS in both the brain and corpus callosum were significantly decreased compared with control mice. 4) Human radiation dosimetry estimations of [11C]MeDAS were all well fit with single exponential functions. Most organs appear to have received approximately 0.002-0.005 mGy/MBq, which is well below the FDA defined limits. Conclusions [11C]MeDAS-PET imaging can be used as an imaging marker to monitor the changes of myelination in living subjects
Development and Validation of Sequential Sampling Plans for Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in Alfalfa

Sequential sampling plans were developed for pest management decision making about potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris, in alfalfa. Sweep-net sampling of adult plus nymphal leafhoppers in five western Virginia counties was used for plan development. Validation of the plan using 3 years of data from the Virginia Alfalfa Pest Management Project resulted in an average error rate of 1.8%, with a range among years of 0.4 to 3.9%. Sampling requirements, in terms of the number of samples needed, were reduced by 55% in 1980, 53% in 1981, and 28% in 1982.
MS-07MENINGIOMA OF THE PEDIATRIC SKULL BASE: A REVIEW

Pediatric skull base meningiomas are rare and complex clinical entities. Meningioma is a relatively uncommon brain tumor in children, and only about 27% involve the skull base. Some evidence suggests that these tumors are more likely to be atypical or malignant in children than adults. The absence of female preponderance in pediatric meningiomas is reflected in the skull base subpopulation. Skull base meningiomas in children are most likely to be found in the anterior or middle fossa base, or involving the orbit and optic nerve sheath. Petroclival, suprasellar/parasellar, cerebellopontine angle, cavernous sinus, and foramen magnum tumors are very rare. Meningiomas constitute a small proportion of reported cases of pediatric skull base pathology, and are entirely absent from many case series. Initial gross total resection is consistently associated with superior outcomes. Surgical approaches to the pediatric skull base must take additional factors into consideration including relatively smaller anatomy, immature dentition, incompletely aerated sinuses and air cells, and altered configurations of structures such as the pterional bony complex. Multidisciplinary expertise is essential to optimizing treatment outcomes.
Distributed Management, Monitoring and Control of Manufacturing Shop Floors

This paper presents some results of our research on distributed management, monitoring and control of manufacturing shop floors using the Internet, Web and agent technologies. Two new concepts are proposed and developed: iShopFloor on the application of Distributed Artificial Intelligence to the shop floor for distributed intelligent manufacturing process planning, scheduling, sensing and control; eShopFloor on the development of a Web based collaborative environment for remote monitoring, control, diagnostics and maintenance of manufacturing devices (e.g., machines, robots) in the shop floor. Prototype implementation details are presented and key implementation issues are discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
"The Honor of Manhood:" Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and Notions of Martial Masculinity

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain is perhaps best known as the commander of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry during the Battle of Gettysburg. While depictions of Chamberlain's martial glory abound, little attention has been paid to the complicated motives of the man himself. This paper seeks to examine the unique ways in which Chamberlain interacted with Victorian conceptions of martial masculinity: his understanding and expression of it, his efforts to channel it, and his use of it as a guiding principle throughout the trials of both the American Civil War and his post-war life.
Creating the Foundation for Health System Resilience in Northern Nigeria

AbstractAbstract—The experience of a donor-supported Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (RMNCH) program in four states of Northern Nigeria illustrates how a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) approach to health system strengthening can lead to health systems becoming more resilient. The program worked with the array of political, cultural and social determinants which interact to shape the health system and its functionality. It worked in an environment marked by weak governance with little public accountability and by very limited management capability in inadequately regulated markets. To these conditions of fragility was added the shock from the rapidly deteriorating security situation caused in 2011 by the Boko Haram insurgency and the government's ensuing response.A CAS theory of change provided the basis for the multi-faceted approach that identified critical points of leverage among institutions in social as well as professional systems and helped achieve significant improvements in healt...
Challenges to Practicing HIV Sex-Risk Prevention Among People in Continuing Care for Cocaine Addiction.

ABSTRACTBackground: Intimate partnerships are discouraged during early recovery, despite research that highlights their capacity to be resources for change. Objective: This study seeks to provide descriptions of intimate partnerships and how such partnerships challenge and/or support minimizing HIV sex-risk among participants in continuing care for cocaine addiction in order to inform substance use programming. Methods: Forty-two recorded continuing care counseling sessions of 33 people who discussed HIV sex-risk behavior were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. This sample was derived from a larger randomized controlled trial that looked at the impact of a continuing care intervention for people with cocaine use problems. Results: Although participants expressed the desire for a primary intimate partnership, casual intimate partnerships that often involved HIV sex-risk behavior were more prevalent. Challenges to having a primary intimate partner included the belief that intimate partnership...
Generalization of Microdischarge Scaling Laws for All Gases at Atmospheric Pressure

The failure of traditional breakdown theories to predict breakdown voltage $V_{b}$ for microscale gaps motivates studies for more accurate approaches. We generalize scaling laws previously derived for argon at atmospheric pressure to model any gas at atmospheric pressure for gap distances from 100 nm to $30~\mu \text{m}$ and perform a matched asymptotic analysis to derive simple analytic equations for $V_{b}$ at critical limits. We obtain excellent agreement between numerical solutions, analytic equations, particle-in-cell simulations, and experimental data. Furthermore, we assess the relative contributions of field emission and Townsend discharge for gaps larger than 100 nm, demonstrating that the field emission contribution exceeds the Townsend contribution for gap distances smaller than several microns. For example, with argon, nickel electrodes, and a field enhancement factor of 55, the field emission contribution exceeds the Townsend contribution below $10~\mu \text{m}$ .
Profitability, Growth, and Average Returns

Valuation theory says that expected stock returns are related to three variables: the book-to-market equity ratio (B/M), expected profitability, and expected investment. Given B/M and expected profitability, higher rates of investment imply lower expected returns. But controlling for the other two variables, more profitable firms have higher expected returns, as do firms with higher B/M. These predictions are confirmed in our tests. Our results are qualitatively similar to earlier evidence, but in quantitative (economic) terms, there are some interesting surprises.
Additive manufacturing of biomedical devices: an overview

Additive manufacturing (AM) especially using CAD-directed laser or electron beam melting (EBM) of metal or pre-alloyed powder beds is able to produce complex, porous mesh or foam biomedical devices...
Surface modified liquid crystal droplets as an optical probe for the detection of bile acids in microfluidic channels

Abstract We report the surface modification of 4-n-pentyl-4’-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) droplets in aqueous solution by the adsorption of sulfated β-CD/tetradecyl sulfate sodium (SC14S) complexes at the 5CB-aqueous interface, followed by the coating of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) through electrostatic interaction. The PDADMAC/sulfate β-CD/SC14S complex-coated 5CB droplets are highly stable in aqueous solution. We show that bile acids are able to penetrate into the PDADMAC coating and displace the SC14S from the cavity of the β-CD immobilized at the surface of the 5CB droplets through the competitive host-guest recognition, consequently inducing the radial-to-bipolar configuration transition of the 5CB droplets. The integration of PDADMAC/sulfate β-CD/SC14S complex-coated 5CB droplets in microfluidic channels allows the selective detection of bile acids in a small sample volume (1 μL) in the presence of ascorbic acid, uric acid, creatinine and urea by observing the configuration transition of the 5CB droplets. The detection limit of the miniaturized 5CB droplet-based sensor platform for bile acids can be tuned by the number density of 5CB droplets.
Return to Play and Patient Satisfaction After ACL Reconstruction: Study with Minimum 2-Year Follow-up.

BACKGROUND Return to play and patient satisfaction after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) have been inconsistently studied. The purposes of this study were to (1) investigate rates and predictors of return to play after ACLR, (2) evaluate patient satisfaction after ACLR, and (3) analyze the relationship between return to play and satisfaction with the result of ACLR. METHODS Eligible patients were active athletes included in an institutional ACL registry who had undergone ACLR and had been followed for a minimum of 2 years. A questionnaire was administered to elicit information regarding factors associated with return to play, sports performance, reinjury, and overall patient satisfaction. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare return to play with patient satisfaction. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify demographic, sports, and clinical factors associated with return to play. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-two patients with a mean age of 26.7 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12.5 years) who had been followed for a mean of 3.7 years were enrolled. Of 231 patients who responded to the return-to-play question, 201 (87.0%) had returned to play, at a mean of 10.1 months; of 175 athletes eligible to return to their prior level of competition, 89.1% had done so. Overall satisfaction was high: 85.4% were very satisfied with the outcome and 98.1% stated that they would have surgery again. Patients were more likely to respond "very satisfied" if they had returned to play (p < 0.001). Use of a patellar tendon autograft (odds ratio [OR] = 5.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32 to 25.76) increased the chance of returning to play whereas playing soccer (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.66) or lacrosse (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.99) preoperatively decreased the likelihood of returning to play. CONCLUSIONS The rates of return to play and patient satisfaction are high after ACLR in active athletes. The use of patellar tendon autograft increased the likelihood of returning to play whereas preinjury participation in soccer and lacrosse decreased these odds. Additionally, patients who returned to play were more likely to be very satisfied with the result of the ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A Simple Method to Calculate Contact Factor Used in Average Flow Model

The average flow model proposed by Patir and Cheng offers a great convenience for the analysis of rough surfaces in lubrication. The contact factor introduced by Wu and Zheng helps to solve a difficulty in local film evaluation using the average flow model. This paper reports a simple method to calculate the contact factor. Method validation is demonstrated by the comparison of the contact factors for Gaussian surfaces obtained with the present method and the fitting formula of Wu and Zheng. The proposed method can not only easily compute the contact factor values for Gaussian surfaces, it can also be used for those of non-Gaussian and measured surfaces, especially those with unknown probability density distribution of the roughness height.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Asbestos-Induced Mesothelioma: Is Fiber Biopersistence Really a Critical Factor?

This Commentary highlights the research by Qi et al detailing the similarities and differences between crocidolite and chrysotile asbestos in terms of their transcriptional effects and transforming actions in human mesothelial cells.
Emission Phase of Extreme Ultraviolet High Harmonics from Bulk Crystals

We measure the chirp in extreme ultraviolet high-harmonics from bulk MgO crystals pumped by strong near-infrared pulses using the two-color approach. By performing measurements in both reflection and transmission we separate propagation effects.
Pressure ulcers. Local wound care.

Local care of pressure ulcers includes wound cleansing, debridement, and dressings. Wound cleansing should remove loose debris and exudate but should not damage viable tissue. Saline irrigation is the standard. Debridement is often necessary for Stage III and IV pressure ulcers and can be performed autolytically, mechanically, enzymatically, or sharply. Prompt debridement is essential for infected wounds. Dressings should keep the wound bed continuously moist, should not be toxic to granulation tissue, and should keep the surrounding intact skin dry. Randomized, controlled clinical trials are necessary to define optimal local wound care further.
Dopaminergic involvement in latent inhibition

It has been suggested (e.g., Gray, Feldon, Rawlins, Hemsley, & Smith, 1991; Weiner, 1990) that indirect DA agonists increase, and DA receptor antagonists decrease, attention to the preexposed CS, respectively impairing or facilitating LI. This attentional view was challenged by Killcross, Dickinson, and Robbins (1994a, b) who reported that the diminishing effects of amphetamine on LI could be reversed by reducing, and the enhancing effects of α-flupenthixol on LI could be averted by increasing, the intensity of the US used in conditioning. According to Killcross et al, these results would suggest that the abolition of LI by amphetamine and the enhancement of LI by haloperidol and α-flupenthixol is not mediated by changes in attentional processes, but rather by changes in the consequences of reinforcers. In turn, this notion of DA action was challenged by Ruob, Elsner, Weiner, and Feldon (1997) who reported that diminishing effects of amphetamine and enhancing effects of haloperidol on LI could also be averted by manipulating the characteristics of the CS, and by Ruob, Weiner, and Feldon (1998) who demonstrated that the enhancing effects of haloperidol can be precluded by decreasing the intensity of the US.
Associations between adverse childhood experiences and acquired brain injury, including traumatic brain injuries, among adults: 2014 BRFSS North Carolina

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can negatively affect lifelong health and opportunity. Acquired brain injury (ABI), which includes traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as other causes of brain injury, is a health condition that affects millions annually. The present study uses data from the 2014 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine the relationship between ACEs and ABI. The study sample included 3454 participants who completed questions on both ABI and ACEs. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the relationship between ACEs and ABI as well as ACEs and TBI. Sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical abuse, household mental illness and household substance abuse were significantly associated with ABI after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gender and employment. Compared with those reporting no ACEs, individuals reporting three ACEs had 2.55 times the odds of having experienced an ABI; individuals reporting four or more ACEs had 3.51 times the odds of having experienced an ABI. Examining TBI separately, those who experienced sexual abuse, physical abuse, household mental illness and had incarcerated household members in childhood had greater odds of reported TBI, after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gender and income. Respondents reporting three ACEs (AOR=4.16, 95% CI (1.47 to 11.76)) and four or more ACEs (AOR=3.39, 95% CI (1.45 to 7.90)) had significantly greater odds of reporting TBI than respondents with zero ACEs. Prevention of early adversity may reduce the incidence of ABI; however, additional research is required to elucidate the potential pathways from ACEs to ABI, and vice versa.
Application of a Simplified model of Solid State Transformer in Hybrid Residential Energy System - A Benchmark model

This paper presents a benchmark model for a hybrid residential energy system comprised of AC as well as DC loads, DG and, a storage unit. The benchmark is connected to the grid through a simplified model of a Solid State Transformer (SST), developed in MAT-LAB/Simulink. Distributed generation (DG) is established by modeling the PV using the solar irradiance information obtained by the SAM software. A battery is modeled to be present in the grid with State-of-Charge (SOC) battery controls governing its switching on and off times. Solar irradiance for various times of the year were collected from the SAM software and were used as in-feed for various simulation schemes to test the fidelity of the model, subject to the hybrid nature of loads. The results demonstrate the bi-directional power flow capability of the the simplified SST in the context of hybrid generation and uneven load demand, over a range of scenarios incorporating the variability in PV penetration and its effects on the distribution system.
205: The convergence of IL-1 and type I IFN on antiviral gene networks is regulated by distinct IRF family member cross-talk

We have previously observed that IL-1β and type I IFN (IFNβ) cooperate to control viral replication within the CNS of infected animals and in viral target cells after challenge with West Nile virus (WNV). However, the mechanism by which these cytokine signaling pathways cooperate to elicit this immune control is not clearly defined. Using global transcriptome analysis, we have identified a distinct and targeted IL-1-driven “antiviral signature” comprised of known and novel host restriction factors involved in WNV control. Remarkably, co-treatment of myeloid cells with both IL-1β and IFNβ induced the expression of distinct subsets of this signature, revealing IL-1β-dependent, IFNβ-dependent, or synergistically driven gene induction profiles. Furthermore, within this signature we observed specific requirements for IRF3, IRF5, IRF7 and IFNAR activation, demonstrating that IL-1 driven host restriction factors may be regulated by distinct IRF interactions. Together these data demonstrate that inflammatory and antiviral signals integrate at the level of IL-1β and IFNβ to elicit IRF-specific targeted ISG expression and control of WNV. Furthermore, these data illuminate the possibility that specific host-driven viral signatures exist in a pathogen-dependent manner. Thus, strategies to co-opt these cytokine activated antiviral signatures may increase our ability to generate novel targeted therapeutic strategies tailored specifically to individual pathogens.
Improved survival with adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation regardless of pathologic response.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to examine the effect of postoperative chemotherapy on survival in patients with stage II or III rectal adenocarcinoma who undergo neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) and surgical resection. Methods A retrospective review of the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2006 to 2013 was performed. Cases were analyzed based on pathologic complete response (pCR) status and use of adjuvant therapy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival probabilities. Results 23,045 cases were identified, of which 5832 (25.31%) achieved pCR. In the pCR group, 1513 (25.9%) received adjuvant chemotherapy, and in the non-pCR group, 5966 (34.7%) received adjuvant therapy. In the pCR group, five-year survival probability was 87% (95% CI 84%–89%) with adjuvant therapy and 81% (95% CI 79%–82%) without adjuvant therapy. In the non-pCR group, five-year survival probability was 78% (95% CI 76%–79%) with adjuvant therapy and 70% (95% CI 69%–71%) without adjuvant therapy. In the non-pCR and node-negative subgroup (ypN-), five-year survival probability was 86% (95% CI 84%–88%) with adjuvant therapy and 76% (95% CI 74%–77%) without adjuvant therapy. In the non-pCR and node-positive subgroup (ypN+), five-year survival probability was 67% (95% CI 65%–70%) with adjuvant therapy and 60% (95% CI 58%–63%) without adjuvant therapy. Conclusions Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II or III rectal adenocarcinoma is associated with increased five-year survival probability regardless of pCR status. We observed similar survival outcomes among non-pCR ypN- treated with adjuvant chemotherapy compared with patients achieving pCR treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.
Impact of Light Emitting Diodes (Led) On Beef Steaks from the Triceps Brachii; a Color Labile Muscle

ObjectivesColor of fresh beef is one of the economically important attributes and purchasing decision factors for consumers in a retail setting. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of modern light sources on surface color and lipid oxidation of fresh beef steaks from the Triceps brachii (TB) over retail display time. Materials and MethodsSteaks from the TB [low oxidative and color stabilities] (n = 20) were packaged on Styrofoam trays and overwrapped with oxygen permeable polyvinyl chloride. Steaks were then assigned to 1 of 3 lighting treatments (High UV fluorescent [HFLO], low UV fluorescent [FLO], and light emitting diode [LED]) within temperature controlled deli cases between 2 to 3°C. Steaks were removed on retail display d 1, 3, 5, and 7 for objective color determination, surface myoglobin redox forms, metmyoglobin reducing activity, and lipid oxidation levels. Objective color (L*, a*, and b*) values were determined utilizing a Hunter MiniScan. Following objective color determination, relative proportions of myoglobin redox forms were determined as a measure of myoglobin oxidation. Total myoglobin concentration and metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA) assays were performed on fresh meat samples. In addition, lipid oxidation was determined by quantification of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Statistical analysis was analyzed using the GLIMMIX function of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). ResultsObjective color measurements for redness, as indicated by a* values decreased daily (P < 0.05) for steaks produced from the TB with values of 22.14, 17.73, 15.72, and 13.49 for d 1, 3, 5, and 7, respectively. Light treatment also changed a* values for steaks with HFLO treated steaks having higher (P < 0.05) a* values than steaks treated with both FLO and LED light sources. Surface oxymyoglobin (MbO₂) contents were higher (P < 0.05) for steaks from the TB treated with HFLO lights than those treated with FLO (d 3 and 7) or LED (d 5 and 7) lights. Steaks treated with HFLO lights had less (P < 0.05) metmyoglobin (MMb) than those treated with both FLO and LED lights on retail display d 5 and 7. On d 7 of retail display, steaks treated with HFLO light sources had lower (P < 0.05) TBARS values than those treated with FLO or LED light sources. ConclusionData indicate that muscles with low oxidative and color stabilities, such as TB, are impacted by modern lighting technologies such as LED light sources.