cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kuhnian Values and Cladistic Parsimony

According to Kuhn, theory choice is not governed by algorithms, but by values, which influence yet do not determine theory choice. Cladistic hypotheses, however, seem to be evaluated relative to a parsimony algorithm, which asserts that the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest character changes. While this seems to be an unequivocal evaluative rule, it is not. The application of the parsimony principle is ultimately indeterminate because the choice and individuation of characters that figure in parsimony computations are indeterminate. The cladistic approach is Kuhnian because the application of parsimony depends on persuasion, background, training and tradition.
Hemiplegic migraine during pregnancy: unusual magnetic resonance appearance with SPECT scan correlation.

Objective.—This article discusses the pathophysiology and implications for treatment of hemiplegic migraine within a case study presentation. Background.—We evaluated a 31-year-old white woman for hemiplegia in her 36th week of pregnancy. She initially presented with severe headache, dysarthria, lethargy, and left-sided numbness and weakness. Hemiplegic migraine remains a diagnosis made by exclusion; neurologic examination of these patients is localizing, but nonspecific. Design.—Magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission computed tomography scanning were performed on this patient during an exacerbation of headache associated with dense hemiplegia. Results.—Magnetic resonance imaging showed a superficial cerebral hemispheric signal abnormality with enhancement. Single photon emission computed tomography scanning confirmed hyperperfusion of that hemisphere. Conclusions.—We believe the imaging evidence in our patient suggests that hemiplegia was caused and sustained by hyperperfusion. This case lends supportive evidence to a primarily vasodilatory mechanism and hyperperfusion as an etiology of the paralysis in such headaches and perhaps migraine with aura.
The problem with "problem behaviors": a systematic review of the association between individual patient behavioral and psychological symptoms and caregiver depression and burden within the dementia patient-caregiver dyad.

Background: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs) are routinely cited as important predictors of caregiver burden and depression. Although BPSDs include a wide variety of patient behaviors, they are routinely grouped together as one construct to differentiate them from cognitive symptoms of dementia. Determining the specific BPSDs that result in increased depression and burden for caregivers may elucidate the stress process for caregivers and facilitate the development of effective interventions for caregivers. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of English-language articles published from 1990 to 2010 to determine whether there are known symptoms or symptom clusters which exert undue negative impact on caregiver depression and burden. Additionally, we review systems used for classifying BSPD symptom clusters and determine whether there have been any mechanisms studied by which individual BPSD symptoms negatively affect caregivers. Finally, we examine how the role of timing of symptoms has been examined within the literature. Results: Thirty-five original research articles examined the impact of an individual behavior symptom on caregiver burden or depression/depressive symptoms. The studies had no consistent system for categorizing symptoms. Although depression, aggression, and sleep disturbances were the most frequently identified patient symptoms to impact negatively on caregivers, a wide range of symptoms was associated with caregiver burden and depression. Conclusions: The evidence is not conclusive as to whether some symptoms are more important than others. The studies reviewed were largely exploratory relative to the differential impact of individual BPSDs and did not focus on testing causal mechanisms by which specific symptoms exert more impact on caregiver mental health than others. Future research may benefit from the re-conceptualization of BPSDs from the perspective of their impact on the caregiver to examine hypothesis-driven differences among BPSD symptom clusters.
Quality matters in strengthening global laboratory medicine

Around 300 BC, during the time of the ancient Greek physician, Hippocrates, the first documented examination of human bodily fluids was conducted. This gave birth to laboratory medicine, which is the use of laboratory tests to guide clinical investigations. Ever since, as a result of its multi-faceted nature, ensuring the quality of testing in laboratory medicine has remained a challenge, but is an evolving practice in many countries. In the developed world, laboratory medicine has been transformative and, in most cases, is the science behind clinical care and disease surveillance. Central to the practice of laboratory medicine in the developed world is the recognition of the importance of quality assurance (QA). As such, there is regular review of existing policies in order to ensure the continuous improvement of quality systems. For instance, in the United States, reports by the Institute of Medicine, To err is human: building a safer health system (1999), and The Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century (2001), helped refocus attention on the need to minimise medical errors and improve quality.
Epsin binds to clathrin by associating directly with the clathrin-terminal domain. Evidence for cooperative binding through two discrete sites.

Epsin is a recently identified protein that appears to play an important role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The central region of epsin 1, the so-called DPW domain, binds to the heterotetrameric AP-2 adaptor complex by associating directly with the globular appendage of the α subunit. We have found that this central portion of epsin 1 also associates with clathrin. The interaction with clathrin is direct and not mediated by epsin-bound AP-2. Alanine scanning mutagenesis shows that clathrin binding depends on the sequence 257LMDLADV located within the epsin 1 DPW domain. This sequence, related to the known clathrin-binding sequences in the adaptor β subunits, amphiphysin, and β-arrestin, facilitates the association of epsin 1 with the terminal domain of the clathrin heavy chain. Unexpectedly, inhibiting the binding of AP-2 to the GST-epsin DPW fusion protein by progressively deleting DPW triplets but leaving the LMDLADV sequence intact, diminishes the association of clathrin in parallel with AP-2. Because the β subunit of the AP-2 complex also contains a clathrin-binding site, optimal association with soluble clathrin appears to depend on the presence of at least two distinct clathrin-binding sites, and we show that a second clathrin-binding sequence 480LVDLD, located within the carboxyl-terminal segment of epsin 1, also interacts with clathrin directly. The LMDLADV and LVDLD sequences act cooperatively in clathrin recruitment assays, suggesting that they bind to different sites on the clathrin-terminal domain. The evolutionary conservation of similar clathrin-binding sequences in several metazoan epsin-like molecules suggests that the ability to establish multiple protein-protein contacts within a developing clathrin-coated bud is an important aspect of epsin function.
Spin traps inhibit formation of hydrogen peroxide via the dismutation of superoxide: implications for spin trapping the hydroxyl free radical.

Abstract To enhance the sensitivity of EPR spin trapping for radicals of limited reactivity, high concentrations (10–100 mM) of spin traps are routinely used. We noted that in contrast to results with other hydroxyl radical detection systems, superoxide dismutase (SOD) often increased the amount of hydroxyl radical-derived spin adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) produced by the reaction of hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase and iron. One possible explanation for these results is that high DMPO concentrations (∼ 100mM) inhibit dismutation of superoxide (O 2−) to hydrigen peroxide (H 2O 2). Therefore, we examined the effect of DMPO on O 2− dismutation to H 2O 2. Lumazine ± 100mM DMPO was placed in a Clark oxygen electrode following which xanthine oxidase was added. The amount of H 2O 2 formed in this reaction was determined by introducing catalase and measuring the amount of dioxygen regenerated. Lumazine was used as the xanthine oxidase substrate to increase the percentage of H 2O 2 generated via O 2− dismutation as compared to direct divalent O 2 reduction. In the presence of 100 mM DMPO, H 2O 2 generation decreased 43%. DMPO did not scavenge H 2O 2 nor alter the rate of O 2− production. The effect of DMPO was concentration-dependent with inhibition of H 2O 2 production observed at [DMPO] > 10 mM. Inhibition of H 2O 2 production of DMPO was not observed if SOD was present or if the rate of O 2− formation increased. The spin trap 2-methyl-2-nitroso-propane (MNP, 10 mM) also inhibited H 2O 2 formation (81%). However, α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN, 10 mM), 3,3,5,5 tetramethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (M 4PO, 100 mM), α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN, 100 mM) had no effect. These data suggest that in experimental systems in which the rate of O 2− generation is low, formation of H 2O 2 and thus other H 2O 2-derived species (e.g., OH) may be inhibited by commonly used concentrations of some spin traps. Thus, under some experimental conditions spin traps may potentially prevent production of the very free radical species they are being used to detect.
Haptoglobin Concentrations in Free-range and Temporarily Captive Juvenile Steller Sea Lions

Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute-phase protein synthesized in the liver that circulates at elevated concentrations in response to tissue damage caused by inflammation, infection, and trauma. As part of a larger study, sera Hp concentrations were measured in temporarily captive (n=21) and free-range (n=38) western stock juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) sampled from 2003 to 2006. Baseline Hp concentration at time of capture was 133.3±17.4 mg/dl. Temporarily captive animals exhibited a 3.2-fold increase in Hp concentrations during the first 4 wk of captivity, followed by a return to entry levels by week 5. Haptoglobin levels were not influenced by age, season, or parasite load. There was a significant positive correlation between Hp concentrations and white blood cell count (P<0.001) and globulin levels (P<0.001) and a negative correlation to red blood cell count and hematocrit (P<0.001 for both). There was no correlation between Hp levels and platelet count (P=0.095) or hemoglobin (P=0.457). Rout...
Electrophysiological analysis of the cholinergic effects of cimetidine and ranitidine.

Summary The study takes the form of an analysis of the effects of cimetidine and ranitidine (2 × 10−4M) on 9 electrophysiological parameters, using a single frog sciatic nervesartorius muscle preparation. The parameters evaluated were: (i) mean end-plate potential (e.p.p.) amplitude, and mean 50%-corrected e.p.p. amplitude, (ii) mean rise time (RT), (iii) mean half-decay (HD), (iv) mean miniature end-plate potential (m.e.p.p.) amplitude, (v) mean resting membrane potential (RMP), (vi) mean m.e.p.p. frequency ( f ), (vii) mean quantal content ( m ), (viii) quantum release probability ( p ), and (ix) number of active sites ( n ) in the nerve terminal. Marquardt analysis was used in order to determine the effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on end-plate potential kinetics. At the concentration assayed only ranitidine showed a marked blocking effect at postsynaptic level as well as a less pronounced presynaptic effect. The time course of the e.p.p.'s is also more affected by ranitidine, though the kinetic behaviour observed is not a unique feature of this drug alone.
Vitamin E: good for the heart, bad for the bones?

Vitamin E is commonly taken as a dietary supplement because it has been shown to have cardioprotective effects. However, its effects on bone metabolism are unknown. A new study in mice shows that α-tocopherol, the main isoform of vitamin E, stimulates bone osteoclast fusion independently of its antioxidant activity, resulting in increased bone resorption (pages 589–594).
Experiencing Imminent Justice: The Presence of Hope in a Movement for Equitable Schooling

Recent scholarship on the affective dimensions of social change has pointed toward hope as an ethically promising form of belonging. In this article, the articulation of hope in the context of a reform-oriented social movement provides the basis for interrogating the political promise of hope. The author examines the ascent of a movement for small, equitable schools in Oakland, California, to explore the hopes and aspirations of its most ardent advocates. To do this, the author contrasts the movement's assertion of its equity-centered strategy with the complex race and class hierarchies that grounded power relations within the movement. The question that emerges from this discontinuity is how reformers come to experience the movement as equitable and unequivocally progressive. The author finds that the gap between reformers' ideals and their material circumstances is bridged by the movement's ample production of hope.
Experiential Correlates of Time Alone in Adolescence

Seven hundred and fifty-three observations were collected on 25 adolescents at random times during an average week. The observations consisted of self-reports completed in response to an electronic pager. The study was aimed at the question: What is the experience of time alone like for adolescents? The results suggest a complex but consistent relationship: while aloneness is generally a negative experience, those adolescents who spend a moderate amount of time alone (about 30 % of their waking time) tend to show better overall adjustment than adolescents who are either never alone or spend more than the optimal proportion of time alone. Alienation and average moods showed inverse linear or quadratic relationships with amount of time alone. These results are discussed in terms of the possible psychosocial functions of aloneness at the adolescent stage of the life cycle.
Overlapping dependent loads with addressless preload

Modern out-of-order processors with non-blocking caches exploit Memory-Level Parallelism (MLP) by overlapping cache misses in a wide instruction window. The exploitation of MLP, however, can be limited due to long-latency operations in producing the base address of a cache miss load. When the parent instruction is also a cache miss load, a serialization of the two loads must be enforced to satisfy the load-load data dependence. In this paper, we propose a mechanism that dynamically captures the load-load data dependences at runtime. A special Preload is issued in place of the dependent load without waiting for the parent load, thus effectively overlapping the two loads. The Preload provides necessary information for the memory controller to calculate the correct memory address upon the availability of the parent's data to eliminate any interconnect delay between the two loads. Performance evaluations based on SPEC2000 and Olden applications show that significant speedups up to 40% with an average of 16% are achievable using the Preload. In conjunction with other aggressive MLP exploitation methods, such as runahead execution, the Preload can make more significant improvement with an average of 22%.
Post-Incident Safety Analysis of an Automatic Train Protection System

Rail is used as a form of transportation by millions of people each day. Many of these rail transit systems utilize automatic operation. Automatic operation of rail transit vehicles is provided by an Automatic Train Control (ATC) system, which is typically partitioned into three subsystems: Automatic Train Protection (ATP), Automatic Train Operation (ATO), and Automatic Train Supervision (ATS). This paper discusses the results of a post-incident safety analysis performed on an ATP system. A Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) was performed on a vehicle ATP subsystem following several incidents involving a compromise in system safety. The results of the FTA showed that the vehicle ATP subsystem did not meet the “fail safe” design criteria. This paper uses the results of the FTA to identify possible safety improvements.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Electron beam induced crystallization of sputter deposited amorphous alumina thin films

Abstract Crystallization of amorphous alumina (Al2O3) in a thin film capacitor structure was induced by the electron beam of a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The crystallization was initially observed while collecting selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns after 2 min of beam exposure at an accelerating voltage of 200 keV and a beam current density of 13.0 A/cm2. After 16 min of beam exposure, distinct ring patterns associated with crystal growth were evident in the SAD pattern. Bright field and dark field TEM images confirmed that crystallization occurred, with crystals growing up to ~50 nm in diameter.
Auditorily paced keytapping performance during synchronous, decreased, and delayed visual feedback.

20 young adult female Ss tapped on a tapping key to low, mid, and high sensation-level pure-tone auditory-pacing stimuli while being exposed to synchronous visual-feedback, delayed visual-feedback,...
Calcium Helps Neurons Identify Synaptic Targets during Development

Correct wiring of brain circuitry during development involves the selective formation and retention of synaptic connections between neurons. In this issue of Neuron, Lohmann and Bonhoeffer show that dendritic filopodia can distinguish among prospective presynaptic axonal targets during development. Contact with the appropriate target triggers local calcium signals that stabilize the filopodia and tell them to form mature synapses.
Photo)isomerization dynamics of merocyanine dyes in solution

Abstract The dynamics for isomerization of the first excited singlet state and of an unstable ground state conformer have been measured for a merocyanine dye in a variety of solvents. It is shown that the rates of both isomerizations depend on the temperature, viscosity and polarity of the surrounding medium. These effects can be explained in terms of the large-scale torsional motion and change in dipole moment that accompany isomerization. As the barrier to isomerization of the first excited singlet state increases, fluorescence intensifies but there is no accompanying increase in triplet state population. The rate of decay of the triplet state depends on polarity of the solvent, due to solvent-induced changes in the energy gap, but not on viscosity. These various findings are discussed in terms of a potential energy diagram that involves intermediate population of a “twisted” excited singlet state.
Synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties of mixed-valent bis-bipyridine manganese carboxylate clusters

Abstract Procedures have been developed for the synthesis of complexes containing the cations [Mn4O2(O2CR)4(L)2]2+ (R=Me, Et, Ph) (1) and [Mn4O2(MeO)3(O2CPh)2(L)2(MeOH)]2+ (2). Treatment of the corresponding [Mn3O(O2CR)6(py)3](ClO4) complex with the ligand 1,2-bis(bipyridine-6′-yl)ethane (L) in MeCN or MeOH leads to the formation of 1 and 2, respectively. Both complexes contain [Mn4O2] cores. Complex 1 has overall antiferromagnetic coupling resulting in a S=1 spin ground state. The metal centers in the core of complex 2 are also antiferromagnetically coupled, but in this case the spin ground state is S=7/2. Complex 2 also displays an out of phase signal in the ac magnetic susceptibility study, indicating it to be a new example of single molecule magnet (SMM).
Measurement of Melt and Solidification Dynamics During Pulsed Laser Irradiation

When an absorbing solid is irradiated with a short pulse from a Q-switched or mode-locked laser, the temperature of the near surface region can be increased to values in excess of the melting temperature. Under these conditions, surface melting, followed by rapid solidification, can occur (1). Under normal conditions, melt initiates at the irradiated surface and propagates in to some maximum depth. After reaching this maximum depth, the liquid-solid interface returns to the surface as the molten region resolidifies. The well-defined and precisely-controlled temperature gradients afforded by surface melting permit melt and solidification to be investigated over an unprecedented range of solidification velocities (2). Real-time measurements of crystallization under rapid solidification conditions are providing unique insights into the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters which control the solidification process. Furthermore, the steep temperature gradients associated with pulsed surface melting can lead to the formation of novel non-equilibrium systems, including metastable phases and supersaturated solutions (3).
"Kankakee": An Old Etymological Puzzle

AbstractA clean linguistic analysis of a place name as important in history and geography as “Kankakee” is presented here. The original place name, from the Miami-Illinois language, while faithfully recorded in the early 1680s by the explorer Rene de La Salle, was distorted by the French in the years that followed. This article explains the original form of this place name and its development into the form “Kankakee.” It even shows how aspects of the original Indian and French pronunciation of the name are still with us in the English pronunciation of this name.
A nongray CO2H2O greenhouse model of Venus

Abstract Nongray greenhouse calculations are performed with CO2, H2O, and N2 as sources of the infrared opacity. Solar-energy deposition within the various atmospheric layers and at the ground is explicitly calculated. The pressure-induced transitions of N2 are found to be an unimportant source of opacity for the models considered. The atmospheric region between the bottom of the clouds and the surface exhibits an adiabetic profile, and about 0.5% of water vapor is required to achieve the desired greenhouse effect. Both these results are compatible with the Mariner 5 and Venera 4 results.
Regulatory networks that function to specify flower meristems require the function of homeobox genes PENNYWISE and POUND‐FOOLISH in Arabidopsis

Summary Flowering is a major developmental phase change that transforms the fate of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) from a leaf-bearing vegetative meristem to that of a flower-producing inflorescence meristem. In Arabidopsis, floral meristems are specified on the periphery of the inflorescence meristem by the combined activities of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)–FD complex and the flower meristem identity gene, LEAFY (LFY). Two redundant functioning homeobox genes, PENNYWISE (PNY) and POUND-FOOLISH (PNF), which are expressed in the vegetative and inflorescence SAM, regulate patterning events during reproductive development, including floral specification. To determine the role of PNY and PNF in the floral specification network, we characterized the genetic relationship of these homeobox genes with LFY and FT. Results from this study demonstrate that LFY functions downstream of PNY and PNF. Ectopic expression of LFY promotes flower formation in pny pnf plants, while the flower specification activity of ectopic FT is severely attenuated. Genetic analysis shows that when mutations in pny and pnf genes are combined with lfy, a synergistic phenotype is displayed that significantly reduces floral specification and alters inflorescence patterning events. In conclusion, results from this study support a model in which PNY and PNF promote LFY expression during reproductive development. At the same time, the flower formation activity of FT is dependent upon the function of PNY and PNF.
OPN03-2: MARIN: Metro-Access Ring Integrated Network

We propose a novel metro-access integrated network that integrates hybrid TDM/WDM optical access networks into MAN, such that the capacity upgrade in both networks can be achieved simultaneously. By interconnecting multiple access ring networks, MARIN provides alternative paths for MAN traffic to be routed on it with high aggregated throughput. Thus it enables the deployed infrastructure, installed hardware, and available bandwidth of the optical access networks to be shared and leveraged by MAN. Cyclic wavelength selective switch, fast tunable laser, and optical parametric wavelength conversion are used in MARIN system for network reconfigurability, resource sharing in the central office, and wavelength set conversion, respectively. The key components are demonstrated with experimental testbed and their performance is evaluated.
The effect of axial ligand on the oxidation of syringyl alcohol by Co(salen) adducts

Experimental work on the oxidation of the lignin model, syringyl alcohol, using oxygen and a Co(salen) catalyst has revealed variations in yield with different imidazole-based axial ligands. A reasonable linear relationship was found between product yield and pKa of the axial ligand. The current work, using density functional calculations, examined geometric, electronic, and energetic parameters to determine if additional quantitative relationships can be identified and used in subsequent catalyst design. Good relationships with yield were identified with the geometry of the salen ligand and the charge on the ligand nitrogen coordinated to the cobalt.
Integration of CMOS process-compatible optoelectronic interconnects for high-speed communications

The design and integration of a fully embedded Si-CMOS process-compatible optical interconnects are presented. The transmitting and receiving functions will be incorporated within the embedded optoelectronic interconnection layers of 3-D integrated multilayer boards and ASICs. All elements including waveguide, coupler, detector and laser for the fully embedded board-level optical interconnection system are developed. The propagation loss of waveguide is 0.58 dB/cm at 632.8 nm and 0.21 dB/cm at 850 nm. The 45-degree TIR (total internal reflection) micro-mirror couplers with high coupling efficiencies are formed by reactive ion etching. The MSM (metal-semiconductor-metal) photo-detector array is fabricated on a GaAs wafer by a CMOS compatible technique. The external quantum efficiency of 0.4 A/W and 3 dB bandwidth of the integrated MSM photo-detector of 2.648 GHz are experimentally confirmed. The VCSEL array with a sacrificial layer for the epitaxial liftoff of VCSEL from the GaAs substrate is designed and manufactured. A 1 X 12 array of VCSELs, MSM photo- detectors and polyimide channel waveguides via 45-degree TIR micro-couplers are integrated on Si wafer. The experimental performances of the highly integrated system are given.
International Human Rights to Early Intervention for Infants and Young Children with Disabilities: Tools for Global Advocacy

With almost universal ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the growing number of States Parties that have signed or ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the majority of countries in the world have now committed to implementing the human rights articulated in these treaties. In this article we first provide an overview of both Conventions, highlight the articles in the treaties that are relevant to early intervention for infants and young children with disabilities, and describe the specific duties required of States Parties to ensure compliance including international cooperation. Second, a series of early intervention action principles are put forward that can help States Parties translate the underlying values of the Conventions into practice.
School Counselors and Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Reconceptualizing and Advancing the Cure

School counselors increasingly will encounter childhood cancer survivors. This article explains why the cure for cancer consists of more than the eradication of the disease and includes the amelioration of academic, career, personal, and social concerns. Drawing on the research literature, the article discusses different stages of cancer survivorship and possible ways that school counselors may advance a cure for cancer as they meet the needs and encourage the development of every student survivor.
Assessing the publication productivity and impact of eminent geoscientists

Publication is a critical component of modern science. By publishing their findings, scientists can ensure that their results are disseminated and substantiated. This brief report analyzes the publication and citation histories of American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fellows to elucidate different styles of productivity in the geoscience community. AGU Fellows are arguably the most eminent Earth scientists, recognized by their peers for their leadership within and outside the community.
Short Range Structural Models of the Glass Transition Temperatures and Densities of 0.5Na2S + 0.5[xGeS2 + (1 – x)PS5/2] Mixed Glass Former Glasses

The 0.5Na2S + 0.5[xGeS2 + (1 - x)PS5/2] mixed glass former (MGF) glass system exhibits a nonlinear and nonadditive negative change in the Na(+) ion conductivity as one glass former, PS5/2, is exchanged for the other, GeS2. This behavior, known as the mixed glass former effect (MGFE), is also manifest in a negative deviation from the linear interpolation of the glass transition temperatures (T(g)) of the binary end-member glasses, x = 0 and x = 1. Interestingly, the composition dependence of the densities of these ternary MGF glasses reveals a slightly positive MGFE deviation from a linear interpolation of the densities of the binary end-member glasses, x = 0 and x = 1. From our previous studies of the structures of these glasses using IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopies, we find that a disproportionation reaction occurs between PS7/2(4-) and GeS3(2-) units into PS4(3-) and GeS5/2(1-) units. This disproportionation combined with the formation of Ge4S10(4-) anions from GeS5/2(1-) groups leads to the negative MGFE in T(g). A best-fit model of the T(g)s of these glasses was developed to quantify the amount of GeS5/2(1-) units that form Ge4S10(4-) molecular anions in the ternary glasses (∼ 5-10%). This refined structural model was used to develop a short-range structural model of the molar volumes, which shows that the slight densification of the ternary glasses is due to the improved packing efficiency of the germanium sulfide species.
Cytochrome P-450 4F18 Is the Leukotriene B4 ω-1/ω-2 Hydroxylase in Mouse Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes IDENTIFICATION AS THE FUNCTIONAL ORTHOLOGUE OF HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE CYP4F3A IN THE DOWN-REGULATION OF RESPONSES TO LTB4

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent chemoattractant for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and other cells. Human PMN inactivate LTB4 by ω-oxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 4F3A. The contribution of the enzymatic inactivation of LTB4 by CYP4Fs to down-regulating functional responses of cells to LTB4 is unknown. To elucidate the role of CYP4F-mediated inactivation of LTB4 in terminating the responses of PMN to LTB4 and to identify a target for future genetic studies in mice, we have identified the enzyme that catalyzes the ω-1 and ω-2 oxidation of LTB4 in mouse myeloid cells as CYP4F18. As determined by mass spectrometry, this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of LTB4 to 19-OH LTB4 and to a lesser extent 18-OH LTB4. Inhibition of CYP4F18 resulted in a marked increase in calcium flux and a 220% increase in the chemotactic response of mouse PMN to LTB4. CYP4F18 expression was induced in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a ligand for TLR4, and by poly(I·C), a ligand for TLR3. However, when bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells trafficked to popliteal lymph nodes from paw pads, the expression of CYP4F18 was down-regulated. The results identify CYP4F18 as a critical protein in the regulation of LTB4 metabolism and functional responses in mouse PMN and identify it as the functional orthologue of human PMN CYP4F3A.
On efficient calculations for Bayesian variable selection

We describe an efficient, exact Bayesian algorithm applicable to both variable selection and model averaging problems. A fully Bayesian approach provides a more complete characterization of the posterior ensemble of possible sub-models, but presents a computational challenge as the number of candidate variables increases. While several approximation techniques have been developed to deal with problems that contain a large numbers of candidate variables, including BMA, IBMA, MCMC and Gibbs Sampling approaches, here we focus on improving the time complexity of exact inference using a recursive algorithm (Exact Bayesian Inference in Regression, or EBIR) that uses components of one sub-model to rapidly generate another and prove that its time complexity is O(m^2), where m is the number candidate variables. Testing against simulated data shows that EBIR significantly reduces compute time without sacrificing accuracy, while comparisons to the results obtained by MCMC approaches on the Crime and Punishment data set show that model averaging yields improved predictive performance over two model selection approaches. In addition, we show that finite mixtures of centroid solutions provide a means to better characterize the shape of multimodal posterior spaces than any individual model. Finally, we describe how the BIC approximations employed in the BMA and IBMA algorithms can be replaced by an EBIR calculation of equal time complexity and illustrate the departure of the BIC approximation from the exact Bayesian inference of EBIR.
Resolving causes of developmental continuity or "tracking." I. Longitudinal twin studies during growth.

Models of developmental continuity and change in quantitative phenotypes may be tested using longitudinal data from twins. We illustrate a procedure for establishing the power and required sample sizes for detecting developmental transmission against an alternative common-factor hypothesis. We explore the general effects of different heritabilities, different fidelities of environmental and genetic developmental transmission, and varying numbers of occasions of measurement. In addition, a constraint of wide application is postulated for the action of the environment; either environmental effects are transmitted (learned) and occasion specific or they exert a constant influence which is not transmitted (learned). While the situations we examine are necessarily restricted here, our explorations of power show that, providing that we measure on at least four occasions, it is easy to detect developmental transmission with workable sample sizes.
Teaching and Learning Psychiatry

This article reviews the teaching-learning process in psychiatry. It describes eight attributes of a successful teacher, suggests ways that psychiatrists may improve their teaching skills, and delineates four stages (exposure, incorporation, integration, and mastery) of the learning process that have implications for how and what we teach. Methods to evaluate teaching rigorously so that it can be academically rewarded are described. At a time when the place of the psychiatric teacher in the academic medical center is precarious and often discouraging, the author discusses sources of support from students, fellow faculty, and national colleagues that can help sustain teaching in, and teachers of, psychiatry.
Making faces: posed facial expression, self-competence, and personality

This study examined the relationships between posed facial expression, childrens' perceived self-competence, and teachers' perceptions of competence. Third- and fifth-grade children completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Junior Self-Monitoring Scale for Children. Individual differences in posing accuracy were determined with a videotaped acting task. Children who were more able to produce prototypical expressions obtained higher teacher ratings of academic competence; however, posing ability bore little relationship to children's self-competence. Gender differences in feelings of self-competence, but not in sending ability, were observed. Extraversion and self-monitoring were unrelated to ability to pose emotional expressions.
Crystal structure and functional analysis of lipoamide dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We report the 2.4 A crystal structure for lipoamide dehydrogenase encoded by lpdC from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on the Lpd structure and sequence alignment between bacterial and eukaryotic Lpd sequences, we generated single point mutations in Lpd and assayed the resulting proteins for their ability to catalyze lipoamide reduction/oxidation alone and in complex with other proteins that participate in pyruvate dehydrogenase and peroxidase activities. The results suggest that amino acid residues conserved in mycobacterial species but not conserved in eukaryotic Lpd family members modulate either or both activities and include Arg-93, His-98, Lys-103, and His-386. In addition, Arg-93 and His-386 are involved in forming both "open" and "closed" active site conformations, suggesting that these residues play a role in dynamically regulating Lpd function. Taken together, these data suggest protein surfaces that should be considered while developing strategies for inhibiting this enzyme.
The history and future of direct manipulation.

Abstract The earliest interactive computer systems were based on a conversational mode of interaction in which user and computer communicated through the exchange of linguistic utterances. Since the advent of ‘direct manipulation’ technology there has been a tendency to develop and promote an alternative mode of interaction, based on the user's manipulation of computer-displayed objects. This paper reviews recent developments in the implementation and understanding of direct manipulation interfaces. These point to various limitations in manipulative interaction which might be overcome through the selective reintroduction of conversational interaction. A new philosophy of graceful interaction is suggested to accommodate these developments in which directness is said to be a property of both action and language based systems. A number of practical guidelines are offered to reduce the incidence of clumsy manipulation.
DEVELOPMENT AND FRACTURE OF A DISCIPLINE: LEGACIES OF THE SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY AT BERKELEY†

In the early twentieth century, the University of California-Berkeley opened its doors to police professionals for instruction in "police science." This program ultimately developed into the full-fledged School of Criminology, whose graduates helped shape American criminology and criminal justice until well into the 1970s. Scholarship at the School of Criminology eventually fractured into three distinct traditions: "Administrative criminology" applied scientific methods in pursuit of refining law enforcement practices, "law and society" coupled legal scholarship with social scientific methods, and "radical criminology" combined Marxist critiques of the state with community activism. Those scientific traditions relied on competing epistemic premises and normative aspirations, and they drew legitimacy from different sources. Drawing on oral histories and archival data permits a neo-institutional analysis of how each of these criminological traditions emerged, acquired stability, and subsided. The Berkeley School of Criminology provides fertile ground to examine trends in the development of criminal justice as a profession, criminology as a discipline and its place in elite universities, the uncoupling of criminology from law and society scholarship, and criminal justice policy's disenchantment with the academy. These legacies highlight how the development of modern criminology and the professionalization of American law enforcement find precedent in events that originate at Berkeley.
Primary and secondary in situ antibody response: abnormal affinity maturation pattern in mice carrying the xid gene.

The xid gene in mice controls a recessive defect resulting in the absence of a late maturing subset of B cells. Whereas the responsiveness pattern of these mice has been clearly defined in terms of their ability or inability to make antibodies to certain classes of thymus-independent antigens, there are conflicting reports in regard to affinity maturation of the antibody response to thymus-dependent antigens. To resolve this controversial issue, the two major isotypes of the IgG response, namely IgG1 and IgG2a were examined with a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay that measures both the magnitude and affinity of the anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl antibody of each isotype in individual serum samples. It was found that the xid gene reduced the amount but not affinity of the IgG1 antibody produced, whereas it impaired the whole IgG2a responses severely. In fact, mice carrying the defective gene were unable to mount a secondary IgG2a response, measured either quantitatively or qualitatively in terms of increased affinity. To test the possibility that Lyb3, an isogenic B celltriggering receptor lacking in xid-mutant mice, plays a direct role in the maturation of the immune response, the antibody profile in normal mice immunized either with antigen alone or in combination with anti-Lyb3 antiserum has been compared. It was found that triggering of the Lyb3 receptor substantially elevated and accelerated the primary IgG2a response, whereas it had little effect on the IgG1 response.
Data-Driven Analysis of Realtime Vocal Tract MRI using Correlated Image Regions

Realtime MRI provides useful data about the human vocal tract, but also introduces many of the challenges of processing highdimensional image data. Intuitively, data reduction would proceed by finding the air-tissue boundaries in the images, and tracing an outline of the vocal tract. This approach is anatomically well-founded. We explore an alternative approach which is data-driven and has a complementary set of advantages. Our method directly examines pixel intensities. By analyzing how the pixels co-vary over time, we segment the image into spatially localized regions, in which the pixels are highly correlated with each other. Intensity variations in these correlated regions correspond to vocal tract constrictions, which are meaningful units of speech production. We show how these regions can be extracted entirely automatically, or with manual guidance. We present two examples and discuss its merits, including the opportunity to do direct data-driven time series modeling. Index Terms: human speech production, phonetics, realtime mri, vocal tract, data reduction
An ERP study of conflict monitoring in 4–8-year old children: Associations with temperament

Although there is great interest in identifying the neural correlates of cognitive processes that create risk for psychopathology, there is a paucity of research in young children. One event-related potential (ERP), the N2, is thought to index conflict monitoring and has been linked cognitive and affective risk factors for anxiety. Most of this research, however, has been conducted with adults, adolescents, and older children, but not with younger children. To address this gap, the current study examined 26 4–8-year-olds, who completed a cued flanker task while EEG was continuously recorded. We assessed whether the N2 was detectable in this group of young children and examined associations between the N2 and factors reflecting affective risk (e.g., reduced executive attention, temperamental effortful control, and temperamental surgency). We documented an N2 effect (greater N2 amplitude to incongruent versus congruent flankers), but only in children older than 6 years of age. Increases in the N2 effect were associated with less efficient executive attention and lower temperamental effortful control. We discuss the implications of these findings and consider how they may inform future studies on biomarkers for cognitive and affective risk factors for anxiety.
A prospective study of the effects of female and male caffeine consumption on the reproductive endpoints of IVF and gamete intra-Fallopian transfer

Background This study evaluated the timing and amount of caffeine intake by women and men undergoing IVF and gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT) on oocyte retrieval, sperm parameters, fertilization, multiple gestations, miscarriage, and live births. Methods A prospective study of 221 couples was conducted in Southern California between 1993 and 1998. "Usual" caffeine intake during lifetime and 1 year prior to attempt, caffeine intake during the week of the initial clinic visit, as well as intake during the week of the procedure, was evaluated from beverages (coffee, soda, tea) and chocolates. Results Not achieving a live birth was significantly associated with "usual" female caffeine consumption [adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals): 3.1 (1.1, 9.7) and 3.9 (1.3, 11.6) for intake of >2-50 and 50 mg/day, compared with 0-2 mg/day] and consumption during the week of the initial visit [2.9 (1.1, 7.5) and 3.8 (1.4, 10.7)] female compared with 0-2 mg/day, although caffeine use was low. Infant gestational age decreased by 3.8 (-6.9, -0.7) or 3.5 (-6.7, -0.3) weeks for women who consumed >50 mg/day of caffeine "usually" or during the week of the initial visit. The odds of having multiple gestations increased by 2.2 (1.1, 4.4) and 3.0 (1.2, 7.4) for men who increased their "usual" intake or intake during the week of the initial visit by an extra 100 mg/day. Caffeine intake was not significantly associated with other outcomes. Conclusions This is the first IVF/GIFT study to report any effect of caffeine on live births, gestational age, and multiple gestations. If these findings are replicated, caffeine use should be minimized prior to and while undergoing IVF/GIFT.
Statistical Evaluation of Cloud Seeding Operations

Abstract Modern commercial cloud seeding dates from the discovery in 1946 that silver iodide crystals are good nuclei for the formation of precipitation from cold clouds. Whether silver iodide seeding does actually increase the precipitation over what would occur naturally has been a controversial question. In 1953 Congress established the Advisory Committee on Weather Control, one of its responsibilities being to determine whether the United States should experiment with activities designed to control weather conditions. In its Final Report, 1957, the Committee concluded on the basis of historical records that in mountainous areas commercial seeding produced an increase of 10 to 15 per cent in precipitation. The methodology of the Committee's analysis is reviewed in this paper, and it is concluded that possible selectivity on the part of the seeding operator could produce fictitious results. The Committee's Report denies the existence of such selectivity but there is reason to doubt the denial. In the re...
Replenishment Delays for Expensive Slow-Moving Items

Traditional single-item inventory control policies operating under continuous review call for the immediate placement of a replenishment order each time a demand causes the inventory position to drop to or below the order point. In an environment where lead times are small relative to the average time between demands, and holding costs are large relative to other inventory costs, it may be more economical to delay ordering to achieve holding cost savings with little additional risk or cost of shortages. This paper introduces the concept of delayed replenishment orders for expensive items subject to intermittent, unit-sized demands. The inventory system modeled is one with complete backlogging, constant lead times, arbitrary inter-demand distributions, linear carrying costs, and emergency handling of shortages at a premium cost. Results are given for the optimal delay for inter-demand distributions with increasing failure rates. Specific expressions for the optimal delay are given for several commonly used inter-demand distributions.