cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomous Oil Spill Detection: Mission Planning for ASVs and AUVs with Static Recharging

In this paper, a mission planning method for oil spill detection using multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs) is presented. Deploying multiple marine robots provides the opportunity for efficient autonomous water sampling and leak detection. Considering the large operation area of monitoring and survey missions, the endurance of marine robots and manual recharging is a big limitation. In this work, the energy constraints are considered and a planning approach for battery recharging using charging stations is proposed. The proposed method uses a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize the trajectories of ASVs and AUVs together with the locations of charging stations to minimize the mission completion time and energy cost. A realistic mission scenario is simulated to test the performance and show the capabilities. The presented mission planning algorithm is adaptable to different mission scales, environmental constraints, vehicle types and counts.
Wake Forest University long‐term follow‐up of type 2 myocardial infarction: The Wake‐Up T2MI Registry

Background The Wake-Up T2MI Registry is a retrospective cohort study investigating patients with type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI), acute myocardial injury, and chronic myocardial injury. We aim to explore risk stratification strategies and investigate clinical characteristics, management, and short- and long-term outcomes in this high-risk, understudied population. Methods From 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2010, 2846 patients were identified with T2MI or myocardial injury defined as elevated cardiac troponin I with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit and coefficient of variation of 10% (>40 ng/L) and meeting our inclusion criteria. Data of at least two serial troponin values will be collected from the electronic health records to differentiate between acute and chronic myocardial injury. The Fourth Universal Definition will be used to classify patients as having (a) T2MI, (b) acute myocardial injury, or (c) chronic myocardial injury during the index hospitalization. Long-term mortality data will be collected through data linkage with the National Death Index and North Carolina State Vital Statistics. Results We have collected data for a total of 2205 patients as of November 2018. The mean age of the population was 65.6 ± 16.9 years, 48% were men, and 64% were white. Common comorbidities included hypertension (71%), hyperlipidemia (35%), and diabetes mellitus (30%). At presentation, 40% were on aspirin, 38% on β-blockers, and 30% on statins. Conclusion Improved characterization and profiling of this cohort may further efforts to identify evidence-based strategies to improve cardiovascular outcomes among patients with T2MI and myocardial injury.
Future climate emulations using quantile regressions on large ensembles

Abstract. The study of climate change and its impacts depends on generating projections of future temperature and other climate variables. For detailed studies, these projections usually require some combination of numerical simulation and observations, given that simulations of even the current climate do not perfectly reproduce local conditions. We present a methodology for generating future climate projections that takes advantage of the emergence of climate model ensembles, whose large amounts of data allow for detailed modeling of the probability distribution of temperature or other climate variables. The procedure gives us estimated changes in model distributions that are then applied to observations to yield projections that preserve the spatiotemporal dependence in the observations. We use quantile regression to estimate a discrete set of quantiles of daily temperature as a function of seasonality and long-term change, with smooth spline functions of season, long-term trends, and their interactions used as basis functions for the quantile regression. A particular innovation is that more extreme quantiles are modeled as exceedances above less extreme quantiles in a nested fashion, so that the complexity of the model for exceedances decreases the further out into the tail of the distribution one goes. We apply this method to two large ensembles of model runs using the same forcing scenario, both based on versions of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), run at different resolutions. The approach generates observation-based future simulations with no processing or modeling of the observed climate needed other than a simple linear rescaling. The resulting quantile maps illuminate substantial differences between the climate model ensembles, including differences in warming in the Pacific Northwest that are particularly large in the lower quantiles during winter. We show how the availability of two ensembles allows the efficacy of the method to be tested with a “perfect model” approach, in which we estimate transformations using the lower-resolution ensemble and then apply the estimated transformations to single runs from the high-resolution ensemble. Finally, we describe and implement a simple method for adjusting a transformation estimated from a large ensemble of one climate model using only a single run of a second, but hopefully more realistic, climate model.
High Quantum Efficiency Hot Electron Electrochemistry.

Using hot electrons to drive electrochemical reactions has drawn considerable interest in driving high-barrier reactions and enabling efficient solar to fuel conversion. However, the conversion eff...
Zum Geleit: Kunden und Mitarbeiter als Markenbotschafter im Netz

„Kunden und Mitarbeiter als Markenbotschafter im Netz“ – diese Aussage schafft Assoziationen und Fragen: Segen oder Fluch? Ungewollt oder forciert? Und brauchen wir das uberhaupt? Durch den raschen Fortschritt der Digitalisierung, die rasante Entwicklung des Web 2.0 und folgende sowie Internet of things, die enorme Nutzung von Business- und sozialen Netzwerken stellen sich die oben angefuhrten Fragen jedoch gar nicht. Es passiert ganz selbststandig.
Twin cities: Urban communities, borders and relations over time, edited by John Garrard and Ekaterina Mikhailova: New York and London, Routledge, 2019

At a June 2015 conference in Manchester, England, a varied group consisting of economists, geographers, historians, political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, and urban and regional planner...
Sex-specific stress response and HMGB1 release in pulmonary endothelial cells

Women are known to be associated with a higher susceptibility to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In contrast, male PAH patients have a worse survival prognosis. In this study, we investigated whether the contribution of sex goes beyond the effects of sex hormones by comparing the ability of isolated male and female pulmonary endothelial cells to respire, proliferate and tolerate the stress. Mouse lung endothelial cells (MLEC) were isolated from the lungs of male and female 3-week old mice. Male MLEC showed an increased basal mitochondrial respiration rate, elevated maximal respiration, a significantly greater level of mitochondrial polarization, and a higher rate of proliferation. Exposure of cells to hypoxia (2% of O2 for 24 hours) induced a strong apoptotic response in female but not male MLEC. In contrast, treatment with mitochondrial respiratory Complex III inhibitor Antimycin A (AA, 50μM) mediated severe necrosis specifically in male MLEC, while female cells again responded primarily by apoptosis. The same effect with female cells responding to the stress by apoptosis and male cells responding by necrosis was confirmed in starved pulmonary endothelial cells isolated from human donors. Elevated necrosis seen in male cells was associated with a significant release of damage-associated alarmin, HMGB1. No stimuli induced a significant elevation of HMGB1 secretion in females. We conclude that male cells appear to be protected against mild stress conditions, such as hypoxia, possibly due to increased mitochondrial respiration. In contrast, they are more sensitive to impaired mitochondrial function, to which they respond by necrotic death. Necrosis in male vascular cells releases a significant amount of HMGB1 that could contribute to the pro-inflammatory phenotype known to be associated with the male gender.
ACA Medicaid Expansion and Insurance Coverage Among New Mothers Living in Poverty.

BACKGROUND: Medicaid plays a critical role during the perinatal period, but pregnancy-related Medicaid eligibility only extends for 60 days post partum. In 2014, the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA’s) Medicaid expansions increased adult Medicaid eligibility to 138% of the federal poverty level in participating states, allowing eligible new mothers to remain covered after pregnancy-related coverage expires. We investigate the impact of ACA Medicaid expansions on insurance coverage among new mothers living in poverty. METHODS: We define new mothers living in poverty as women ages 19 to 44 with incomes below the federal poverty level who report giving birth in the past 12 months. We use 2010–2017 American Community Survey data and a difference-in-differences approach using parental Medicaid-eligibility thresholds to estimate the effect of ACA Medicaid expansions on insurance coverage among poor new mothers. RESULTS: A 100-percentage-point increase in parental Medicaid-eligibility is associated with an 8.8-percentage-point decrease (P CONCLUSIONS: ACA Medicaid expansions are associated with increased Medicaid coverage and reduced uninsurance among poor new mothers. Opportunities remain for expansion and nonexpansion states to increase insurance coverage among new mothers living in poverty.
Application of Integrated Median Ranked Set Sample and Analytic Hierarchy Process to Enhance Decision Making Process in Environmental Issues-Selecting Best Wastewater Collection as a Case Study

Environmental issues usually have various aspects; criteria and it involves many stakeholders from various backgrounds and level. It is characterized as multi-criteria decision-making problem that requires extensive environmental, financial, social, operational and technical evaluations. Furthermore, the various background of involved stakeholders and conflict of interest complicate the decision-making process. The Median Ranked Set sample (MRSS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were integrated in this research. MRSS was used to enhance the weighting process and to minimize inconsistency and conflict of interest during the stakeholder’s involvement. The stakeholders were divided into four groups in which four experts to form 4-by-4 matrix. The environment got the highest importance followed by social and economic criteria, respectively. Furthermore, the most important criteria are outflow emissions (importance weight = 0.27) followed by public acceptance (importance = 0.22). The introduced integrated model may offer a promising tool to improve the decision-making process and help the environmental planners in term of reduction uncertainty and subjectivity of human judgments.
Oxygen isotope exchange kinetics between H2O and H4SiO4 from ab initio calculations

Abstract Oxygen isotope exchange between H 2 O and H 4 SiO 4 was modeled with ab initio calculations on H 4 SiO 4 + 7H 2 O. Constrained optimizations were performed with the B3LYP/6–31+G(d,p) method to determine reactants, transition states, and intermediates. Long-range solvation was accounted for using self-consistent reaction field calculations. The mechanism for exchange involves two steps, a concerted proton transfer from H 4 SiO 4 forming a 5-coordinated Si followed by a concerted proton transfer from the 5-coordinated Si forming another H 4 SiO 4 . The 5-coordinated Si intermediate is C2 symmetric. At 298K and with implicit solvation included, the Gibbs free energy of activation from transition state theory is 66 kJ/mol and the predicted rate constant is 16 s −1 . Equilibrium calculations between 298K and 673K yield α H4SiO4-H2O that are uniformly less than, but similar to, α qtz-H2O , and therefore α qtz-H4SiO4 is expected to be relatively small in this temperature range.
Using Functionality Rather than Elective Nature to Characterize Neurosurgeries During Pandemic Triage.

During extreme systemic disasters, choices of whether and when to offer neurosurgical procedures presents as complex ethical balancing of values. McQuire et al. include this ethical challenge in th...
AirMochi: a tool for remotely controlling iOS devices

This paper presents AirMochi, a tool that provides remote access and control of apps by leveraging a mobile platform's publicly exported accessibility features. While AirMochi is designed to be platform-independent, we discuss its iOS implementation. We show that AirMochi places no restrictions on apps, is able to handle a variety of scenarios, and imposes a negligible performance overhead. https://youtu.be/rhPz2Hs4Ius https://github.com/nkllkc/air_mochi
Leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease Study to appraise the potential impact of climate change

The global burden of disease (GBD) annually models deaths and diseases as disability adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lost due to disability (YLDs) for more ...
Relevance of Auditory Errors Decreases When Errors Are Introduced Suddenly

Purpose: When the speech motor system encounters errors, it generates adaptive responses to compensate for the errors. We previously showed that adaptive responses to task-irrelevant errors are significantly smaller than responses to task-relevant errors when errors are introduced gradually. The current study aimed to examine responses to task-irrelevant and task-relevant errors when errors are introduced suddenly. Method: We used an adaptation paradigm in which participants experienced task-relevant errors (induced by formant-shift perturbations) and task-irrelevant errors (induced by formant-clamp perturbations). For one group of participants (N = 30), we applied the perturbations gradually. The second group of participants (N = 30) received the perturbations suddenly. We designed the perturbations based on participant-specific vowel configurations such that a participant's first and second formants of /{varepsilon}/ were perturbed toward their /ae/. To estimate adaptive responses, we measured formant changes (within 0-100 ms of the vowel onset) in response to the formant perturbations. Results: We found that (1) the difference between adaptive responses to formant-shift and formant-clamp perturbations was the smallest for the suddenly introduced perturbations, and (2) responses to formant-shift perturbations positively correlated with responses to formant-clamp perturbations for the suddenly (but not gradually) introduced perturbations. Conclusions: These results showed that the speech motor system responds to task-relevant errors and task-irrelevant errors more differently when errors are introduced gradually than suddenly. Overall, the speech motor system evaluates the relevance of errors and uses its evaluation to modulate its adaptive responses to errors.
Lignin-containing micro/nanofibrillated cellulose to strengthen recycled fibers for lightweight sustainable packaging solutions

Abstract As e-commerce drives the packaging growth, consumers are pushing for more sustainable packaging solutions. Considering the current societal needs, we have been able to engineer a new pathway for sustainable packaging solutions by developing lignin-containing micro- and nano-fibrillated cellulosic (LMNFCs) materials to strengthen the recycled fibers. LMNFCs from unbleached softwood pulp containing 14.4% lignin at high and low fibrillation levels were produced. Packaging papers from recycled old-corrugated containers were strengthened with LMNFCs with varying addition levels of 1 wt% to 3 wt% at two basis weights. The results show 2 wt% addition of LMNFC can enhance strength at low levels of fibrillation, and that basis weight can be reduced by 16.7%, from 150 gsm to 125 gsm, while maintaining a burst strength of 49-53 lbf. Reduction in basis weight and high lignin content of LMNFC also enhanced dewatering during sheet formation with the lowest increase in drainage time, 9%, relative to the 150 gsm with no LMNFC. The techno-economic analysis supports the feasibility of using LMNFC to produce lightweight and sustainable packaging materials at industrial scale with an 8% reduction in fiber cost.
SU-E-T-505: Inter-Comparison of Clinical Plans Created On Truebeam with Trilogy and Clinac

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the dosimetric differences in clinical treatment plans when machine parameters are switched from Varian Truebeam to older Varian models and vice-versa. This is used to determine the clinically-safe limits to directly transfer patients from Truebeam to Trilogy or Clinac. Methods Thirty-two patients with cancer of different treatment sites such as lung, head-and-neck, prostate and breast were studied. The clinically approved IMRT, VMAT or 3D conformal treatment plans were delivered either on Truebeam or Clinac/Trilogy. Keeping the monitor units, fraction size and other machine parameters the same, the plans were recomputed on a different Varian linear accelerator (e.g., Truebeam plans were recomputed on Trilogy and vice-versa). The plans comparison was done using the target D98 and normal organ D2, D10, D20, D30, D50 and D70 dose metrics. Results The perfraction dose-difference in the PTV-D98 for all 32 patients varied from 0.01 to −0.06 Gy with median being −0.04 Gy. For a 2Gy/fraction treatment course, this would be maximum PTV-D98 dose-difference of 6 cGy/fraction or 30 cGy/5fractions. For organs-at-risks the maximum per-fraction dosedifference in D2, D5, D10, D20, D30, D50 and D70 between Truebeam and Trilogy/Clinac plans varied from 0.06 to −0.07 Gy with median being with — 0.02 Gy. The 3D-CRT plans had relatively lower dose-difference in comparison to IMRT and VMAT plans. The dose computed on Truebeam was systematically lower than the dose computed on Trilogy/ Clinac. Conclusions for conventional fractionation schedules, assuming the maximum uncertainty of <2%, it is clinically safe to switch the treatment machine for 5 fractions. For hypo-fractionated treatments with higher dose per-fraction, plans may need to be revisited before switching the linear accelerator from Truebeam to Clinac/Trilogy or vice-versa.
Satellite Observations of Solar Cosmic Rays

The first observations of solar cosmic rays were made by Lange and Forbush (1942) in February and March 1942 using sea level, shielded ion chambers with a mean threshold of some 6 GeV. There has been a steady improvement in detector techniques and an energy threshold of 600 keV is typical of many present day satellite experiments. With the higher sensitivity, and lower energy thresholds combined with the long term monitoring capability of satellite-borne particle detectors, it has become increasingly obvious that the solar production of energetic particles is not a rare, isolated occurrence but that the sun is essentially a continuous source of MeV particles. These appear to manifest themselves in four distinct types of phenomena.
Ancient blue oaks reveal human impact on San Francisco Bay salinity

San Francisco Bay is one of the most important estuaries on the west coast of the Americas. Its water quality is controlled primarily by streamflow from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. In fact, freshwater inflow from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta explains 86% of the salinity variability at the mouth of the San Francisco Bay estuary [Peterson et al., 1989]. The massive diversion of streamflow by the California State Water Project and the Central Valley Project, part of the largest manmade water control system on Earth [Reisner, 1988], has raised salinity in the estuary on daily, seasonal, and annual timescales [Nichols et al., 1986; Peterson et al., 1989].
Design, Machining and Production Integration Problems in Manufacturing Automation

This paper describes the process of integrating engineering design, manufacturing, and production in the area of manufacturing automation. The work was done within the scope of a Mechanical Engineering senior course that’s objective was to introduce students to the processes of advanced manufacturing and to solving practical engineering problems in manufacturing automation. The students’ efforts at integration covered automation of conceptual and geometric designs, automation of machining process, and machine sequence optimization. The CAD/CAM software, CAMM3 Micromodeler, G-code, NX8, Solid Works, DELMIA/QUEST, and Mastercam were used successfully in a sequence. A survey of the students’ opinions about the effectiveness and user friendliness of the software was summarized at the end of the semester. The elements of the course were integrated in the Final Project. Full automation of integrated design and manufacturing data exchange were found to be too difficult to accomplish. However, the use of the automation software in a sequence, together with data export and import, marks a significant step forward towards integrated manufacturing automation. The research to accomplish this will continue and the results will be applied in order to reinforce the teaching and practice of Manufacturing Automation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Nuclei segmentation via sparsity constrained convolutional regression

Automated profiling of nuclear architecture, in histology sections, can potentially help predict the clinical outcomes. However, the task is challenging as a result of nuclear pleomorphism and cellular states (e.g., cell fate, cell cycle), which are compounded by the batch effect (e.g., variations in fixation and staining). Present methods, for nuclear segmentation, are based on human-designed features that may not effectively capture intrinsic nuclear architecture. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, called sparsity constrained convolutional regression (SCCR), for nuclei segmentation. Specifically, given raw image patches and the corresponding annotated binary masks, our algorithm jointly learns a bank of convolutional filters and a sparse linear regressor, where the former is used for feature extraction, and the latter aims to produce a likelihood for each pixel being nuclear region or background. During classification, the pixel label is simply determined by a thresholding operation applied on the likelihood map. The method has been evaluated using the benchmark dataset collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms traditional nuclei segmentation algorithms and is able to achieve competitive performance compared to the state-of-the-art algorithm built upon human-designed features with biological prior knowledge.
A 300 MHz CMOS microprocessor with multi-media technology

This 7.5M transistor CMOS microprocessor is architecturally equivalent to, and the next generation superset of, a previous microprocessor with dynamic execution (Colwell and Steek, 1995). It implements Intel MMX/sup TM/ Technology instructions to enhance performance of media and communication applications. It doubles the on-chip instruction and data caches of the previous generation processor to 16 kB each and implements a dedicated bus to access large off-chip second-level caches. This processor also implements renaming of data segment registers. These and other features result in projected performance of /spl sim/ 12.0 Specint95 for this 300 MHz processor and 3-12/spl times/ performance improvement for kernels of multimedia and communication applications (for example DSP, video and voice) over a scalar implementation. It is the highest performance Intel-Architecture compatible microprocessor.
Using Speech Recognition Software to Increase Writing Fluency for Individuals with Physical Disabilities.

Students with physical disabilities often have difficulty with writing fluency, despite the use of various strategies, adaptations, and assistive technology (AT). One possible intervention is the use of speech recognition software, although there is little research on its impact on students with physical disabilities. This study used an alternating treatments design to compare the use of speech recognition software to word processing on first draft writing with students with physical disabilities. Areas examined were fluency, accuracy, type of word errors, recall of intended meaning, and length. The results of this study indicated that fluency and length were greater for all participants with speech recognition compared to word processing, but accuracy was lower using speech recognition.
Autoantibody in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice. A monoclonal antibody specific for the abnormal T cells from mice bearing the lpr/lpr gene.

We generated mAb from an unimmunized autoimmune MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mouse. One of these mAb A108, reacted with cell surface Ag present on abnormal T cells from MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr, C3H-lpr/lpr, and C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice. We failed to detect significant numbers of A108 bearing cells in the lymph nodes of MRL-Mp/+/+, normal C3H or normal C57BL/6 mice. Therefore, the expression of A108 correlates with the presence of the lpr/lpr gene. A108 binds to a variety of murine T cell tumor lines (e.g., EL4, BW5147, and YAC-1) and human T cell tumor lines (e.g., MOLT-3, Sup T1, and Jurkat). A108 does not bind to normal human PBL. Immunoprecipitation of surface iodinated EL-4 and BW5147 with A108 identified one major protein with a Mr of about 17.5-kDa. The significance of these findings with respect to the development of lymphoid proliferation and autoimmune disease in mice bearing the lpr/lpr gene will be discussed.
Using Portfolios to Enhance Student Learning & Assessment

(1997). Using Portfolios to Enhance Student Learning & Assessment. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 68, No. 7, pp. 29-33.
Does sea level influence mid‐ocean ridge magmatism on Milankovitch timescales?

Magma production at mid-ocean ridges is driven by seafloor spreading and decompression melting of the upper mantle. In the special case of Iceland, mantle melting may have been amplified by ice sheet retreat during the last deglaciation, yielding anomalously high rates of subaerial volcanism. For the remainder of the global mid-ocean ridge system, the ocean may play an analogous role, with lowering of sea level during glacial maxima producing greater magma flux to ridge crests. Here we show that the mantle decompression rate associated with changes in sea level is a substantial fraction of that from plate spreading. Modeled peaks in magma flux occur after sea level drops rapidly, including the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5/4 and 3/2 transitions. The minimum in simulated flux occurs during the mid-Holocene, due to the rapid sea level rise at the MIS 2/1 boundary. The model results are highly sensitive to melt migration rate; rates of ~1 m/yr produce small signals, while those >5 m/yr yield substantial anomalies. In the latter case, sea level-driven magma flux varies by 15–100% relative to the long-term average, with the largest effect occurring at slow-spreading ridges. We suggest that sedimentary time series of hydrothermal particle flux, oceanic Os isotopic ratio, and oceanic radiocarbon may serve as proxies for magma-flux variations at mid-ocean ridges. Although well-dated records are rare, preliminary data from the Pacific and Atlantic suggest hydrothermal metal flux was elevated during MIS 2 and 4, broadly consistent with our modeling results.
Symmetric and asymmetric tilt grain boundary structure and energy in Cu and Al (and transferability to other fcc metals)

Symmetric and asymmetric tilt grain boundaries in Cu and Al were generated using molecular statics energy minimization in a classical molecular dynamics code with in-plane grain boundary translations and an atom deletion criterion. The following dataset (NIST repository, http://hdl.handle.net/11256/358) contains atomic coordinates for minimum energy grain boundaries in three-dimensional periodic simulation cells, facilitating their use in future simulations. This grain boundary dataset is used to show the relative transferability of grain boundary structures from one face-centered cubic system to another; in general, there is good agreement in terms of grain boundary energies (R 2 > 0.99). Some potential applications and uses of this tilt grain boundary dataset in nanomechanics and materials science are discussed.
Optical properties and nonlinear effects in strain engineered semiconductor heterostructures

Discusses several novel kinds of strained structures: 1) anisotropically strained quantum well structures; 2) variable strain quantum well structures; 3) delta strained quantum well structures, concentrating mainly on the first one. These novel structures exhibit new electronic and optical properties not seen in the conventional strained materials; thus they offer new functionalities.
Exercise and exercise intentions among obese and overweight individuals

Purpose: To determine the relationship between exercise stage and decisional balance in overweight and obese individuals seeking advanced practice nurse (APN) care. Data sources: A convenience sample of 175 persons aged 40 or above with the values of body mass index (BMI) exceeding 25. Conclusions: One fourth of the respondents were considering beginning exercise within the next month; 23% had exercised regularly for more than 6 months and 39% indicated that they exercised regularly. Most respondents believed the pros of exercise outweighed the cons, and as the pros increased, so did the likelihood of exercising. Implications for practice: In approaching the subject of exercise among obese and overweight individuals it is important for the APN to understand behavioral change. Thus, it would be more fruitful to ask, “What would it take to move those who intend to begin exercising to the next stage?” For health behavior change to occur, the pros must be twice as numerous as the cons. In clinical practice, reviewing and adding to the pros of exercise as outlined by the patient might tip the decisional balance in favor of exercise.
ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF RECOMBINATION AND REPAIR IN MUTAGENESIS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI BY UV IRRADIATION

Multiple mutant strains have been tested for their mimicry of the UV-mutagenesis deficiency of a recA single mutant. Revertants to histidine prototrophy and clear plaque mutants of lambda were scored to determine capacity for UV-mutagenesis. Nearly normal capacity was shown by a uvr+ recB- recF - strain, which shows almost no recA-dependent recombination, by uvr- recB+ recF - strains, which show almost no recA-dependent repair and by a uvrA- recB- recF- strain, which shows neither recA-dependent recombination nor repair. Since the uvr mutants can be assumed to show additionally no excision repair, these results may mean that UV-mutagenesis occurs during processes other than recombination and repair. Alternative hypotheses are discussed. The slight difference in mutagenic capacity was traced to the recF single mutation, which blocks the production of unmixed bursts of clear-plaque lambda mutants. Since this accounts for only about 10% of the mutations leading to clear-plaque mutants, it is suggested that there is more than one UV-mutagenic process.
Cell Kinetics In Vivo and In Vitro for C3H/He Spontaneous Mammary Tumors

Cell kinetics in spontaneous C3H/HeJ mammary tumors of retired-breeder mice was studied by in vivo and in vitro techniques. The [3H]TdR labeling index (LI), the DNA synthesis time (TS), and the primer-dependent DNA polymerase assay LI [an in vitro estimate of tumor growth fraction (GF)] were compared to similar measurements made in vivo. These measurements as well as the calculated cell kinetic parameters derived from these data were not different in in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, the cell kinetic parameters in tumors classified histologically as type A or type B mammary tumors were also similar. Although considerable variation in volume doubling times (Td's), [3H]TdR LI's, potential doubling times, cell cycle times (Tc's), and cell loss was found, Ts's were similar in all mammary tumors. No correlation between tumor volume or tumor weight and cell kinetic parameters was seen. However, the most slowly growing tumors (i.e., tumors with the longest Td's) tended to have the lowest [3H]TdR LI's, the longest Tc's, and the highest cell loss factors. No correlation was found between the GF and Td. However, tumors with the most rapidly proliferating cell populations tended to have the highest GF's.
A study of edge detection algorithms

Abstract Edges are image attributes which are useful for image analysis and classification in a wide range of applications. The numerous applications and the subjective approach to edge definition and characterization have promoted the development of a large number of edge detectors (or operators) which may perform well in given applications but poorly in others. In this work we describe a variety of edge detectors and evaluate their performance in terms of some known performance measures. The study is based on computer simulated edges of different shapes, slopes and background noise levels. The performed evaluation together with results in other related works helps to categorize the different edge detection schemes, as well as to better understand the usefulness and limitations of the performance measures used.
Ikaros represses and activates PU.1 cell-type-specifically through the multifunctional Sfpi1 URE and a myeloid specific enhancer

Generation of myeloid and lymphoid cells from progenitors involves dynamic changes in transcription factor expression and use, and disruption of hematopoietic transcription factor function and expression can contribute to leukemic transformation. PU.1 and Ikaros are pivotal factors whose expression and utilization are dynamically altered during hematopoietic development. Here, we demonstrate that expression of PU.1, encoded by the Sfpi1 gene, is divergently regulated by Ikaros in distinct cell type-specific contexts. Chromatin immune precipitation analysis and functional perturbations revealed that Ikaros can directly repress or activate Sfpi1 transcription via different PU.1 cis-elements, with PU.1 and Ikaros collaborating at myeloid-specific elements but not at other elements. Our results thus shed light on how PU.1 and Ikaros can act as lineage competency factors to facilitate both myeloid and lymphoid developmental programs.
The Recognition of Host Cells by the Pathogenic Yeast, Candida albicans

Candida albicans is a pathogen of mucosal surfaces but can also cause systemic disease. Its evolution into a commensal and frequent pathogen of humans and animals progressed as the organism developed specific traits which allowed it to survive in a host. One can only speculate as to which traits promoted its survival; however, it would seem that recognition and colonization of host cells would afford a selective advantage over those organisms which could not adhere. Also, colonization could permit egress of the organism into tissues and, with that, escape from the competitive microbial ecology of mucosal surfaces. Recognition of host cells by C. albicans has been the focus of study by a number of investigators. Based upon a number of observations by several research groups, the recognition process appears complex and dependent upon the type of host cell studied. The C. albicans adhesins are cell surface macromolecules, one adhesin resembling the “integrin” receptors of mammalian cells. Based upon functional activity and the type of host cell molecule recognized by the organism, five adhesin systems have been described. Four of these adhesins are mannoprotein or mannan, while the fifth is thought to be chitin. The host cell ligand is either carbohydrate (fucosyl or glucosamine glycosides) or protein (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid, RGD peptide), depending upon the type of host cell, i. e., either epithelial or endothelial. The study of the Candida adhesins is now beginning to shift from its descriptive beginnings to molecular approaches with the ultimate intent of establishing the role of these molecules in virulence.
Engineering conformational flexibility in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli: use of glycine-scanning mutagenesis to rescue mutant Glu325-->Asp.

Lactose/H+ symport by lactose permease of Escherichia coli involves interactions between four irreplaceable charged residues in transmembrane helices that play essential roles in H+ translocation a...
CARBON CATABOLITE REPRESSION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND CONIDIATION IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Abstract Ebbole, D. J. 1998. Carbon catabolite repression of gene expression and conidiation in Neurospora crassa.
A method for the numerical solution of singular integral equations with a principal value integral

Abstract A method for the numerical solution of singular integral equations with kernels having a singularity of the Cauchy type is presented. The singular behavior of the unknown function is explicitly built into the solution using the index theorem. The integral equation is replaced by integral relations at a discrete set of points. The integrand is then approximated by piecewise linear functions involving the value of the unknown function at a finite set of points. This permits integration in a closed form analytically. Thus the problem is reduced to a system of linear algebraic equations. The results obtained in this way are compared with the more sophisticated procedures based on Gauss-Chebyshev and Lobatto-Chebyshev quadrature formulae. An integral equation arising in a crack problem of the classical theory of elasticity is used for this purpose.
Grain reserves — unresolved issues

Abstract The authors focus on three relatively neglected issues in the debate over grain reserves: the role of private stockpiling and its relation to publicly held (or subsidized) reserves; the nature of export demand for US wheat and its relation to reserves proposals; and the distribution of (wheat) crop yields as it may affect the operation of a reserves plan. It is argued that these crucial issues bear directly on the feasibility of any proposed scheme, and will determine important attributes of any feasible scheme.
A Comparison of Ionizing Radiation and Hot Electron Effects in MOS Structures

The authors use electron spin resonance to compare the effects of electron injection and gamma radiation on MOS devices. Electron injection is similar to ionizing radiation in that in both cases P /sub b/ centers are generated at the Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface. However, the effects are not identical; although ionizing radiation creates E' centers in the SiO/sub 2/, they are unable to observe any E' generation in oxides subjected to electron injection.
Requests for Help and Prosocial Behavior

Summary The study examined the effects of different requests for obtaining help. Using the “wrong number” procedure, a confederate (C) telephoned 180 Ss, whose numbers were randomly selected from the telephone directory, and presented himself as a bystander who had stopped to help a motorist in distress. He varied three types of appeal conditions—a worthy person, an empathy, or a control—which were combined with a direct request, an indirect request, or no request for help. Results showed that the highest level of help was received for the direct request, significantly less for an indirect request, and significantly least for no request. When the direct request was combined with the empathy appeal, only one of 20 Ss refused to help.
Quest for relevant tags using local interaction networks and visual content

Typical tag recommendation systems for photos shared on social networks such as Flickr, use visual content analysis, collaborative filtering or personalization strategies to produce annotations. However, the dependence on manual intervention and the knowledge of sufficient personal preferences coupled with the folksonomic issues limit the scope of these strategies. In this paper, we present a fully automatic and folksonomically scalable tag recommendation model that can recommend tags for a user's photos without an explicit knowledge of the user's personal tagging preferences. The model is learned using the collective tagging behavior of other users in the user's local interaction network, which we believe approximates the user's preferences, at least partially. The tag recommendation model generates content-based annotations and then uses a Naive Bayes formulation to translate these annotations to a set of folksonomic tags selected from the tags used by the users in the local interaction network. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons with 890 Flickr networks show that this approach is highly useful for tag recommendation in the presence of insufficient information of a user's own preferences.
STUDIES ON THE LOCALIZATION OF INTRACELLULAR CATALASE OF MOUSE LIVER.

Abstract The intracellular distribution of catalase isolated from 0.25 M sucrose liver homogenates was determined. The increase of mitochondrial catalase activity when pretreated with pH 2 phosphate, deoxycholate and 1.25 M sucrose was explained by the influence of these agents on the permeability of the membrane enveloping this enzyme. The total catalase activity was found in the particulate fraction when PVP was used in the isolation medium. Evidence is herein presented that this enzyme is adsorbed to the sedimented particles under the influence of PVP (Table II). The catalase and acid phosphatase activities were assayed from seven arbitrary fractions of mitochondria and compared. Changes in the activity curves were determined after pretreatment of the fractions with deoxycholate, pH 2 phosphate and 1.25 M sucrose. Evidence was thus obtained for the localization of catalase in a single type of particle differing from that associated with acid phosphatase activity.
Connectedness in topological linear spaces

The following properties, well known for normed linear spaces of dimension ≧2, are established for an arbitrary topological linear space of dimension ≧2: (a) every neighborhood of 0 contains one whose complement is connected; (b) the complement of a bounded set has exactly one unbounded component.
Active supports and force optimization for a 3.5-m honeycomb sandwich mirror

We describe the active support system and optimization of support forces for a 3.5-m honeycomb sandwich mirror. The optimization was based on interferometric figure measurements made in a vibration-isolated test tower. We obtained actuator influence functions by measurement and by finite-element analysis. The two sets of influence functions are similar in shape, but the computed figure changes are 25% smaller in magnitude than the measured figure changes. We achieved a figure accuracy of 25 nm rms surface error with the computed influence functions and only slightly worse with the measured influence functions, but were unable to reproduce the 21-nm rms surface error obtained on the passive polishing support. This implies that subtle differences between the polishing support and operational support caused small, uncorrectable figure changes. The optimization was performed by singular-value decomposition of the influence functions into normal modes. The best results were obtained using 20 - 30 out of a possible 37 modes.
BPAR: a bundle-based parallel aggregation framework for decoupled I/O execution

In today's "Big Data" era, developers have adopted I/O techniques such as MPI-IO, Parallel NetCDF and HDF5 to garner enough performance to manage the vast amount of data that scientific applications require. These I/O techniques offer parallel access to shared datasets and together with a set of optimizations such as data sieving and two-phase I/O to boost I/O throughput. While most of these techniques focus on optimizing the access pattern on a single file or file extent, few of these techniques consider cross-file I/O optimizations. This paper aims to explore the potential benefit from cross-file I/O aggregation. We propose a Bundle-based PARallel Aggregation framework (BPAR) and design three partitioning schemes under such framework that targets at improving the I/O performance of a mission-critical application GEOS-5, as well as a broad range of other scientific applications. The results of our experiments reveal that BPAR can achieve on average 2.1x performance improvement over the baseline GEOS-5.
A Study of Radiographic Variations of the Hip Joint

Anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis were studied in 920 patients free of hip joint diseases. The average joint space was between 3 and 4 mm in width. Narrowing of the superior joint space was seen in 13 percent of the hips and may represent the earliest finding in osteoarthritis. It was noted as early as the second and third decade in some patients. Other changes noted were narrowing of the lateral joint space, uniform narrowing of the space, an irregular joint space and tilting of the femoral head on the neck.
Simulation of robotic hysterectomy utilizing the porcine model.

Objective This article describes the simulation of robotically assisted hysterectomy utilizing the porcine model. Study Design Utilizing 3 domestic pigs, a technique for robotically assisted hysterectomy was developed. An edited video clip of the model was assessed by 6 gynecological surgeons. Results The steps of the operation are described in detail and are shown in a video clip. Overall the procedure simulated that done in the human both anatomically and surgically. Some of the evaluators rated the identification of the cervicovesical junction to be more difficult and division of the paracervical ligaments to be relatively easier in the model. Conclusion Reported here is a technique for robotically assisted hysterectomy in the domestic pig that may be useful for training purposes.
Competence With Demonstratives

Soulignant l'opposition entre perspective et reference dans le langage courant, l'A. examine le role de la competence linguistique dans les constructions demonstratives et indexicales et montre que la semantique des clauses complementaires supporte la metaphore de la transformation des systemes coordonnes.
Universal Noiseless Compression for Noisy Data

We study universal compression for discrete data sequences that were corrupted by noise. We show that while, as expected, there exist many cases in which the entropy of these sequences increases from that of the original data, somewhat surprisingly and counter-intuitively, universal coding redundancy of such sequences cannot increase compared to the original data. We derive conditions that guarantee that this redundancy does not decrease asymptotically (in first order) from the original sequence redundancy in the stationary memoryless case. We then provide bounds on the redundancy for coding finite length (large) noisy blocks generated by stationary memoryless sources and corrupted by some specific memoryless channels. Finally, we propose a sequential probability estimation method that can be used to compress binary data corrupted by some noisy channel. While there is much benefit in using this method in compressing short blocks of noise corrupted data, the new method is more general and allows sequential compression of binary sequences for which the probability of a bit is known to be limited within any given interval (not necessarily between 0 and 1). Additionally, this method has many different applications, including, prediction, sequential channel estimation, and others.
Growth of transformed roots in a nutrient mist bioreactor: reactor performance and evaluation

A nutrient mist bioreactor was modified for culturing transformed roots of Beta vulgaris and Carthamus tinctorius on a nylon support. Culture conditions of misting cycle, inoculum size, batch or continuous operation and sucrose concentration were varied in order to maximize growth over a 1-week period. Root tissue cultured in nutrient mists in a 1.8-1 culture chamber achieved levels of growth equivalent to hairy roots cultured in shake flasks with identical medium. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of nutrient mist culture as applied to hairy roots, thereby providing an alternative means for successful culture of these tissues.