cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoignition and front propagation in low temperature combustion engine environments

Abstract In this paper, we computationally investigate the fundamental aspects of autoignition and subsequent combustion phenomena in low temperature combustion (LTC) engine environments using direct numerical simulations (DNS). In particular, the effects of thermal and equivalence ratio stratification on the autoignition and subsequent front propagation in high pressure and stratified hydrogen-air turbulent mixtures are studied using detailed chemistry. Depending on fuel injection timing, exhaust gas recirculation, and wall heat loss, different correlations between temperature ( T ) – equivalence ratio ( ϕ ) fields can exist prior to the major heat release event. Here, we investigate three cases with different initial T – ϕ correlations: (A) a baseline case of a uniform composition with temperature inhomogeneities only, (B) uncorrelated T – ϕ fields, and (C) negatively-correlated T – ϕ fields. Numerical diagnostics are developed based on an appropriately defined Damkohler number to distinguish different modes of heat release. It is found that the majority of heat release in the baseline case and the uncorrelated case occurs during the front propagation in the form of both spontaneous ignition fronts as well as deflagration waves, whereas the negatively correlated case ignites predominantly homogeneously.
Heterotopic gastric mucosa of the anus associated with anal ulcer

Heterotopic gastric mucosa is a congenital anomaly that can occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. It has been reported in the tongue, duodenal bulb, small bowel, pancreas, gallbladder, and in the cervical esophagous ‘‘inlet patch.’’ Heterotopic gastric mucosa is extremely rare in the anorectal region [1]. We report the case of a 57-year-old man who presented with worsening anal pain and bleeding. Five years prior to current presentation, an 8-mm sessile polyp was noted in the distal rectum. Forceps biopsy of the lesion revealed heterotopic gastric mucosa. Since the patient’s symptoms were not severe, no further intervention was done. However due to the progression of his symptoms, colonoscopy was performed and revealed a flat lesion in the distal rectum (Fig. 1). Repeat biopsy confirmed benign heterotopic gastric mucosa. Because of his worsening symptoms, the patient was referred for colorectal surgical consultation. Upon further questioning, he reported a 10-year history of intermittent bright red blood per rectum, as well as post-defecation anal pain and burning. Anoscopy demonstrated a large posterior midline ulcer. Various treatment options were discussed with the patient, and he elected to proceed with surgical intervention. He underwent transanal excision of the distal rectal lesion in addition to debridement of the anal ulcer. Gross evaluation showed a 3.5 9 2.4 9 0.8 cm area of purple and pink smooth mucosa. Histopathologic assessment revealed an 8-mm focus of benign heterotopic gastric tissue. Within 2 months of the operation, the anal ulcer had healed completely and the patient’s symptoms have resolved. Heterotopic gastric mucosa has been reported throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Its presence in the anorectal region is extremely rare with only 43 cases described in the literature. Of these cases, only 11 occurred in the anal region [1]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of heterotopic gastric mucosa of the distal rectum associated with an anal ulcer. Of the 39 cases reviewed by Steele [2], the presenting symptoms included painless rectal bleeding (68%), perianal ulceration (24%), anal pain (11%), abdominal pain (11%), and melena (3%). The most
Mineralization of RDX by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide

Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in liquid cultures (initially at 62 mg/L) was studied using the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. With RDX as the main source of nitrogen, complete disappearance occurred after 60 d. The major products of RDX transformation were CO2 and N2O, and both gases appeared after a 2-d lag period. Following 60 d, an average of 52.9% [UL-14C]-RDX was mineralized to CO2, 10.7% was taken up as biomass by the fungi, and 28.3% remained in the aqueous phase as unidentified metabolites. Of the nitrogen in RDX, 62.0% was transformed to N2O. Transformation of ring-labeled [15N]-RDX, with subsequent analysis by GC−MS, indicated that the N2O was composed of one nitrogen atom from the RDX ring and the other nitrogen from one of the nitro group substituents. Oxidation of RDX was correlated with manganese peroxidase (MnP) enzyme activity (lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity was absent). Traces of 1-mononitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine were evident throug...
Non-redundancy within the RAS oncogene family: Insights into mutational disparities in cancer

The RAS family of oncoproteins has been studied extensively for almost three decades. While we know that activation of RAS represents a key feature of malignant transformation for many cancers, we are only now beginning to understand the complex underpinnings of RAS biology. Here, we will discuss emerging cancer genome sequencing data in the context of what is currently known about RAS function. Taken together, retrospective studies of primary human tissues and prospective studies of experimental models support the notion that the variable mutation frequencies exhibited by the RAS oncogenes reflect unique functions of the RAS oncoproteins.
A validation of a simple model for the calculation of the ionization energies in X-ray laser-cluster interactions

The outer-ionization of an electron from a cluster is an unambiguous quantity, while the inner-ionization threshold is not, resulting in different microscopic quantum-classical hybrid models used in laser-cluster interactions. A simple local ionization threshold model for the change in the ionization energy is proposed and examined, for atoms and ions, at distances in between the initial configuration of the cluster to well into the cluster's disintegration. This model is compared with a full Hartree-Fock energy calculation which accounts for the electron correlation effects using the coupled cluster method with single and double excitations with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)). Good agreement is found between the two lending a strong theoretical support to works which rely on such models for the final and transient properties of the laser-cluster interaction.
Electoral Context, Issues, and Voting for Women in the 1990s

Abstract This research hypothesizes that, because of the particular stimulation provided by the focus on candidate sex and gender-related issues in the electoral environment, there was a unique set of demographic and attitudinal variables related to voting for a woman candidate for the House of Representatives in 1992. Because the environments of the elections of 1994 and 1996 were relatively “gender-free,” these variables were not related to voting behavior in these years. The analysis supports the hypothesis that the determinants of support for women congressional candidates are different in 1992 than in subsequent elections. It also suggests that the differing environments of the three elections may be a contributing factor to these differences.
Dissociation of lactate dehydrogenase into subunits with guanidine hydrochloride.

Abstract Analysis of proteins commonly reveals that the functional molecule is a polymer or aggregate of smaller polypeptide chains. Furthermore, it is increasingly evident that many proteins with enzymatic activity exist in multiple molecular forms, or as isozymes, even within the cells of a single organism. Among these is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which has been extensively investigated and shown to be resolvable into numerous isozymes (Markert and Moller, 1959) . In searching for an explanation of this molecular heterogeneity we have subjected crystalline LDH to a variety of physico-chemical analyses. This report presents the results of treating the enzyme with guanidine hydrochloride — a hydrogen bonding reagent which effectively ruptures the hydrogen bonds responsible for the secondary structure of many proteins. With the destruction of their secondary structure the polypeptide chains unfold and aggregates of such polypeptide chains then commonly dissociate. LDH behaves in this way and appears to be dissociated into four inactive subunits by treatment with guanidine hydrochloride.
Small-Scale Wind Turbines Optimized for Class 2 Wind: A Wind Siting Survey and Annual Energy Production Analysis

A crucial step in evaluating a potential location for a wind turbine, especially small-scale wind turbines, is a proper wind site survey. Eventually the wind site survey is used to calculate the annual energy production (AEP) of the wind turbine and determine if this location will be profitable. Generally, a wind classification of 3 or above is recommended for any wind turbine site, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. Wind Classes of 1–2 are not considered suitable; however, data suggests that a wind site with Class of 2 wind has the potential to be more cost effective than even the least expensive offshore wind and deserves consideration. Wind data usually exists at locations such as local airports; however, the height at which this data are taken is not representative of the heights at which wind turbines will be installed and thus, airport wind data should not be used. Also, with the variability in wind from location to location, the airport data are generally not near the potential site for the wind turbine and thus, are not useful. A local wind site survey generally entails a two year study of the site using a meteorological (MET) tower. Waco, TX is being studied for the application of small-scale wind turbines. Waco is in a Class 2 wind area; however, no proper wind survey had ever been accomplished. Such a study was undertaken using a MET tower of 100 ft with two anemometers at 100 ft, one anemometer at 75 ft and one anemometer at 50 ft. This paper will describe the potential of Class 2 wind as an energy source, the erection of the MET tower, collection of the data and analysis of the data for the potential of locating a small-scale wind turbine at the site. Techniques for analyzing data when two anemometers are present will be discussed. Focus will be on identifying invalid data with an emphasis on correcting this invalid data. The data from two anemometers was then used in a novel way to identify and correct the invalid data found at both the 75 ft and 50 ft elevations. A filtering technique has also been developed to help identify invalid data. Based on the results of the wind survey, it will be shown that it is feasible to purposely design wind turbine blades for Class 2 wind which will perform better than commercially available small-scale wind turbines.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The effect of advancing paternal age on pregnancy and live birth rates in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to determine effects of male aging on sperm parameters, fertilization, pregnancy, and live birth rates among in vitro fertilization (IVF) or gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) couples. The impact of female age was also investigated. Study design Prospective study was made up of 221 IVF and GIFT couples. Results Pregnancy rates declined as the male subjects aged. Each additional year of paternal age was associated with 11% increased odds ( P =.007) of not achieving a pregnancy, and 12% odds ( P =.01) of not having a successful live birth. For first-time IVF/GIFT recipients, each additional year of paternal age was associated with a 5% increased odds of not achieving a pregnancy, whereas for repeaters it was 40% ( P =.01). Advancing maternal age was associated with decreased numbers of oocytes retrieved or fertilized. Women 40 years or older compared with younger than 35 years had greater than 4-fold risk of not becoming pregnant, and greater than 20-fold risk of not achieving a live birth. Conclusion Advancing paternal (and maternal) age had a deleterious effect on IVF and GIFT outcomes.
The symbiotic relationship between information retrieval and informetrics

Informetrics and information retrieval (IR) represent fundamental areas of study within information science. Historically, researchers have not fully capitalized on the potential research synergies that exist between these two areas. Data sources used in traditional informetrics studies have their analogues in IR, with similar types of empirical regularities found in IR system content and use. Methods for data collection and analysis used in informetrics can help to inform IR system development and evaluation. Areas of application have included automatic indexing, index term weighting and understanding user query and session patterns through the quantitative analysis of user transaction logs. Similarly, developments in database technology have made the study of informetric phenomena less cumbersome, and recent innovations used in IR research, such as language models and ranking algorithms, provide new tools that may be applied to research problems of interest to informetricians. Building on the author's previous work (Wolfram in Applied informetrics for information retrieval research, Libraries Unlimited, Westport, 2003), this paper reviews a sample of relevant literature published primarily since 2000 to highlight how each area of study may help to inform and benefit the other.
Radiologic comparison of erosive polyarthritides with prominent interphalangeal involvement.

Psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's disease, and multicentric reticulohistiocytosis may manifest prominent interphalangeal joint and cutaneous involvement. All three disorders may also affect the sacroiliac joints and spine. Despite these similarities, there are basic radiologic differences enabling distinction between the three disorders. Erosive osteoarthritis must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of interphalangeal erosive arthritis.
Supported chitosan-dye affinity membranes and their protein adsorption

Chitosan-dye affinity microporous membranes supported on polyethersulfone are suggested to be used for protein separation. They were prepared via the phase inversion method, followed by the coupling of the Cibacron Blue F3GA to the membranes. The effect of temperature on the coupling, the adsorption of human serum albumin on the coupled membrane and the effect of the flow rate through the membrane on the amount adsorbed were investigated.
Low birth weight, nephron number, and kidney disease.

Low birth weight, nephron number, and kidney disease. More and more evidence is emerging that highlights the far-reaching consequences of prenatal (intrauterine) programming on organ function and adult disease. In humans, low birth weight (LBW) occurs more frequently in disadvantaged communities among whom there is often a disproportionately high incidence of adult cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease. Indeed, many epidemiologic studies have found an inverse association between LBW and higher blood pressures in infancy and childhood, and overt hypertension in adulthood. Multiple animal models have demonstrated the association of LBW with later hypertension, mediated, at least in part, by an associated congenital nephron deficit. Although no direct correlation has been shown between nephron number and birth weight in humans with hypertension, nephron numbers were found to be lower in adults with essential hypertension, and glomeruli tend to be larger in humans of lower birth weight. An increase in glomerular size is consistent with hyperfiltration necessitated by a reduction in total filtration surface area, which suggests a congenital nephron deficit. Hyperfiltration manifests clinically as microalbuminuria and accelerated loss of renal function, the prevalence of which are higher among adults who had been of LBW. A kidney with a reduced nephron number has less renal reserve to adapt to dietary excesses or to compensate for renal injury, as is highlighted in the setting of renal transplantation, where smaller kidney to recipient body-weight ratios are associated with poorer outcomes, independent of immunologic factors. Both hypertension and diabetes are leading causes of end-stage renal disease worldwide, and their incidences are increasing, especially in underdeveloped communities. Perinatal programming of these 2 diseases, as well as of nephron number, may therefore have a synergistic impact on the development of hypertension and kidney disease in later life. Existing evidence suggests that birth weight should be used as a surrogate marker for future risk of adult disease. Although the ideal solution to minimize morbidity would be to eradicate LBW, until this panacea is realized, it is imperative to raise awareness of its prognostic implications and to focus special attention toward early modification of risk factors for cardiovascular and renal disease in individuals of LBW.
The Use of Internal Surface Reversed-Phase Packing for the Solid Phase Extraction of Drugs from Serum

Abstract The utilization of Internal Surface Reversed Phase (ISRP) packing as a solid phase extraction (SPE) matrix was investigated. Evaluation of the relative retention of nineteen medicinal agents on ISRP material was monitored using HPLC. The effects of altering pH and/or buffer concentration on retention were further studied using verapamil, phenelzine and tamoxifen as model compounds. Spiked serum samples containing the model compounds plus amitriptyline were also subjected to ISRP-SPE and HPLC. Verapamil, phenelzine, and tamoxifen were all strongly retained on ISPR as pH increased. The buffer concentration of the sample was not as critical on retention of these compounds as pH. Verapamil was quantitatively recovered from spiked serum samples (103 /pm 8.5%, n = 6), with a limit of detection of 10 ng/mL using fluorescent detection (γex = 280 nm, γem = 310 nm). Amitriptyline recovery was also quantitative (99.0/pm 5.3%, n = 6), and its limit of detection was 10 ng\mL employing short wavelength UV dete...
Maternal-placental insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling and its importance to normal embryo-fetal development.

As background for an antibody-based therapeutic program against the IGF receptor, we undertook a review of available information on the early pregnancy-specific regulation and localization of IGFs, IGF-binding proteins (BPs), IGFBP-specific proteases, and the type 1 IGF receptor relative to placental maintenance, function of placental nutrient transporters, placental cellular differentiation/turnover/apoptosis, and critical hormone signaling needed to maintain pregnancy. Possible adverse outcomes of altered IGF signaling include prenatal loss, fetal growth retardation, and maldevelopment are also discussed. It appears that the IGF axes in both the conceptus and mother are important for normal embryo-fetal growth. Thus, all molecules (i.e., both small and large) that disrupt the IGF axis could be expected to have some degree of fetal consequences. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:339–349, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expanding molecular transition metal cubane clusters of the form [M4(μ3-O)4]12+: syntheses, spectroscopic and structural characterizations of molecules M4(μ3-O)4(O2P(Bn)2)4(O4), M = VV and WV

Oxidizing the trimer V3(μ3-O)(O2)(μ2-O2P(Bn)2)6(H2O) in the presence of excess tBuOOH results in V4(μ3-O)4(μ2-O2P(Bn)2)4(O4) and heating W(CO)6 and bis(benzyl)phosphinic acid in 1 : 1 EtOH/THF at 120 °C produces W4(μ3-O)4(μ2-O2P(Bn)2)4(O4).
Current Practice Versus Willingness to Enroll in Clinical Trials Paradox Among Vascular Neurologists About Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose—Clinical trials are assessing the efficacy of fibrinolysis in extended time windows for acute ischemic stroke. Methods—An Internet-based survey was sent to 400 US vascular neurologists affiliated with a university to assess whether there are consensus opinions on how they treat patients beyond 3 hours from symptom onset and which patients they are willing to enroll into clinical trials of fibrinolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Results—We received 161 responses; 81% were male. Ninety-three percent of respondents treat patients with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator beyond 3 hours. More than 80% were treated beyond 3 hours with intra-arterial therapy (IAT). When asked if IAT improves stroke outcome, >50% selected the choice of “yes for middle cerebral artery and basilar occlusions” and only 2% selected the choice that “IAT does not improve outcome.” Over half believe that imaging could be used to approximate the penumbra but with improvements to better identify salvageable tis...
β1 adducin gene expression in DRG is developmentally regulated and is upregulated by glial-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor

Abstract Differential display technique has proven to be effective in identifying differentially regulated genes under a variety of experimental conditions. We identified β1 adducin as a target in primary rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures that is upregulated by exposure to nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). We used real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for quantitative measurement of β1 adducin gene expression both in DRG cultures and in vivo. Significant increase in β1 adducin expression level was observed in DRG cultures treated with either GDNF or NGF, compared to untreated cultures. The expression of β1 adducin in rat tissues was highest in the brain and high in the cerebellum, superior cervical ganglion and DRG tissues. By contrast, low expression levels of β1 adducin are detected in sciatic nerve and in non-neural tissues. Our study also showed that expression of β1 adducin gene is developmentally regulated in rat DRG and trigeminal ganglia, with a peak around P0 and significant attenuation by P21. The level of expression of β1 adducin in adult rat DRG and trigeminal ganglia may be maintained by the action of neurotrophic factors that are produced in innervated targets like skin and muscle.
Regulation of muscarinic receptor expression and function in cultured cells and in knock-out mice

We have investigated the molecular and cellular basis for the regulation of expression and function of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Treatment of cultured chick cardiac cells with the agonist carbachol results in decreased levels of mRNA encoding the m2 and m4 receptors. Treatment of chick embryos in ovo with carbachol results in decreased levels of mRNA encoding the potassium channel subunits GIRK1 and GIRK4 as well as the m2 receptor. There are thus multiple pathways for the regulation of mAChR responsiveness by long-term agonist exposure. Immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, and solution hybridization analyses have been used to quantitate the regulation of mAChR expression in chick retina during embryonic development. The m4 receptor is the predominant subtype expressed early in development, while the expression of the m3 and m2 receptors increases later in development. A cAMP-regulated luciferase reporter gene has been used to demonstrate that the m2 and m4 receptors have distinct specificities for coupling to G-protein subtypes to mediate inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. This system has also been used to demonstrate that beta-arrestin1 and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 act synergistically to promote receptor desensitization. We have isolated the promoter region for the chick m2 receptor gene, identified regions of the promoter required to drive high level expression in cardiac and neural cells, and have identified a region which confers sensitivity of gene expression to neurally active cytokines. Finally, in order to determine the role of individual receptor subtypes in muscarinic-mediated responses in vivo, we have used the method of targeted gene disruption by homologous recombination to generate mice deficient in the m1 receptor.
Restless legs syndrome: relationship between prevalence and latitude

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has a broad worldwide prevalence between 0.01% and 18.3%. While differences in RLS definitions and data ascertainment methods account for some variability, other factors likely contribute. The circadian nature of RLS and the fact that RLS symptoms track with endogenous melatonin levels suggest that light or ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may be related to RLS expression. As the amount of UVR decreases with latitude, we considered the potential effect of geography on RLS prevalence with the thought being that RLS prevalence rises with increasing latitude. RLS epidemiologic studies were sought via Pubmed search in the period between January 1, 1992 and November 15, 2010. Prevalence was mapped for each country or specific region studied and examined by continent. Pearson’s correlational testing was carried out for RLS prevalence and latitude of the region studied. Global RLS prevalence ranges from 0.01% in Africa, 0.7% to 12.5% in Asia, 2.0% to 18.9% in the Americas, and 3.2% to 18.3% in Europe. Mapping RLS prevalence by country or region in both the Americas and in Europe suggests increasing RLS frequency with greater northern latitude. RLS prevalence is positively correlated with northern latitude in both North America and Europe with correlation coefficients of r = 0.77 (0.15, 0.96; p = 0.02) and r = 0.74 (0.44, 0.89; p = 0.0002), respectively. In Europe, lower latitudinal countries like Greece and Turkey had RLS prevalence (per 1,000 persons) of 38 and 34, respectively, middle latitudinal countries like France and England of 108 and 86, respectively, and high latitudinal countries like Norway and Iceland of 143 and 183, respectively. RLS epidemiology indicates an increase in RLS frequency in northern latitudinal countries as a function of distance from the equator, an effect most evident in Europe. This suggests that factors that track with latitude like UVR may be involved in the expression of RLS.
Understanding the Organizational Behavior Classroom: An Application of Developmental Theory

Explorations of developmental theory at work in the OB classroom suggest there is much to learn from understanding the interaction between human development and an instructor's approach to the teac...
Radii, shapes, and topography of the satellites of Uranus from limb coordinates

The present use of limb coordinates to ascertain radii, shape and local topographic characteristics for the five large Uranian satellites directly measured satellite ellipsoidal shapes, determining radii with subpixel accuracy. While Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon are spherical, Miranda and Ariel are noted to be ellipsoids whose equatorial bulges agree with previously determined mean densities. Miranda's topography exhibits substantial deformation of cratered terrain and the younger coronae, as well as uplift and complex faulting at coronae margins.
Long waves and geography in the 21st century

Abstract Intersecting macrohistorical rhythms provide insights into the processes that will guide geographical change in the first half of the next century. The repetition of long-wave rhythms provides a key to what lies 25 and 50 years ahead, helping us to identify the patterns, determine the processes, and work out their logical consequences. To understand this it is necessary to clarify the concepts of ‘techno-economic systems’ and ‘long waves of prices’ and their interrelationships in ‘growth logistics’. A second key to the next half-century is provided by the baby boom-baby bust generational rhythms that interlock with long waves and growth logistics at double the frequency. Together, the two keys not only provide a macrohistorical framework for unraveling the course of economic and social history; they provide a basis for geographical anticipations.
Maximizing the return on taxpayers' investments in fundamental biomedical research

The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) at the U.S. National Institutes of Health has an annual budget of more than $2.3 billion. The institute uses these funds to support fundamental biomedical research and training at universities, medical schools, and other institutions across the country. My job as director of NIGMS is to work to maximize the scientific returns on the taxpayers' investments. I describe how we are optimizing our investment strategies and funding mechanisms, and how, in the process, we hope to create a more efficient and sustainable biomedical research enterprise.
Evaluating a clerkship curriculum: description and results.

Background: A comprehensive and up-to-date curriculum requires periodic formal review to ensure it continues to meet learners' needs. Purpose: This study describes a model for evaluating a surgery clerkship curriculum designed to determine the appropriateness of its learning objectives to the general professional education of a physician. Methods: A survey was mailed to graduates who pursued generalist residencies. Respondents estimated the number of patients encountered annually with specified presenting complaints or disease entities and the percentage of time these were referred to surgeons. For 23 technical procedures, respondents estimated the frequency done annually and whether remaining proficient in the skill was considered important. Results: The majority of graduates reported the need to remain proficient in 19 technical procedures. Numerous patient problems were identified as requiring careful instruction so that learners know when and when not to refer for surgical intervention. Conclusions: T...
Modification in diffusion kinetics and electro-optic behavior of holographic thin films with carbon nanotubes

This work focuses on the study of the modification in formation and electro-optic behavior of holographically formed polymer -liquid crystal thin film gratings doped with multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Results indicate a time delay in the evolution of the first diffraction order in the presence of carbon nanotubes when compared to ones with no nanotubes. An analysis is presented based on the modification of the diffusion kinetics in terms of photo induced phase separation. This slow down is attributed to the non-participation of the carbon nanotubes in the phase separation process, and acting as physical barriers to the counter diffusing liquid crystals. The diffusion constant of nanotubes, incorporating its shape anisotropy, is computed in such a photo polymerizable system and compared with those of the participating polymers and liquid crystals. An optimal concentration of carbon nanotube doping is arrived at which helps in improve the switching speed while maintaining diffraction efficiency. Improvement is switching speed is attributed to reduction in size of the liquid crystal droplets. Scanning electron microscopy results indicate a change in morphology of the gratings doped with carbon nanotubes. In specific, smaller droplet size and, beyond the optimal level of nanotube doping, imperfect liquid crystal phase separation with scarcity of liquid crystal droplets across the sample is seen.
Stereochemistry of β-diketone complexes of cobalt(III). XI. Synthesis and properties of some cyano bis(acetylacetonato)cobalt(III) complexes

Abstract K {cis[Co acac 2 CN) 2 ]}, [PPh 4 ]{cis[Co acac 2 (CN 2 ]}, trans and cis[Co acac 2 py(CN)] have been synthesized and characterized. The complex cis[Co acac 2 (CN) 2 ] − does not show any isomerization or solvolysis in chloroform or dimethylsulfoxide or water. The complexes cis and trans[Co acac 2 py(CN)] cannot be interconverted in refluxing chloroform or benzene. Although no isomerization is noted in dimethylsulfoxide solution for either isomer, the trans isomer does undergo solvolysis with partial loss of pyridine.
Synthesis of D- and L-Thalidomide and Related Studies

The optical isomers of thalidomide were synthesized by a route based on d- and L-isoglutamine. The thalidomide isomers were obtained in high yields by treating the optical isomers of N 2 -phthaloylisoglutamine at 0° with thionyl chloride in dimethylformamide. L-Thalidomide was also obtained by using N,N -carbonyldiimidazole to close the glutarimide ring. Application of these two methods, together with the active (cyanomethyl) ester method, to both N 2 -phthaloyl-L-isoglutamine and N 2 -phthaloyl-L-glutamine showed that L-thalidomide is formed more readily and with less risk of racemization from the isoglutamine derivative. DL-Thalidomide was also prepared under much milder conditions than those previously used.
Towards physically motivated proofs of the Poincaré and geometrization conjectures

Although the Poincare and the geometrization conjectures were recently proved by Perelman, the proof relies heavily on properties of the Ricci flow previously investigated in great detail by Hamilton. Physical realization of such a flow can be found, for instance, in the work by Friedan [D. Friedan, Nonlinear models in 2+e dimensions, Ann. Phys. 163 (1985) 318–419]. In his work the renormalization group flow for a nonlinear sigma model in 2+e dimensions was obtained and studied. For e=0, by approximating the β-function for such a flow by the lowest order terms in the sigma model coupling constant, the equations for Ricci flow are obtained. In view of such an approximation, the existence of this type of flow in Nature is questionable. In this work, we find totally independent justification for the existence of Ricci flows in Nature. This is achieved by developing a new formalism extending the results of two-dimensional conformal field theories (CFT’s) to three and higher dimensions. Equations describing critical dynamics of these CFT’s are examples of the Yamabe and Ricci flows realizable in Nature. Although in the original works by Perelman some physically motivated arguments can be found, their role in his proof remain rather obscure. In this paper, steps are made toward making these arguments more explicit, thus creating an opportunity for developing alternative, more physically motivated, proofs of the Poincare and geometrization conjectures.
The Marketing Research Course as Taught in U.S. Business Schools

This article describes the Marketing Research course, as taught in U.S. business schools. The results are based on responses by 229 faculty members at AACSB schools who have taught this class. The article presents, in substantial detail, the scope and depth of topics covered and the different types of assignments used. In addition, use of computer software to teach Marketing Research and availability of computer resources are discussed in substantial detail.
Dosage-dependent gene regulation in multicellular eukaryotes: implications for dosage compensation, aneuploid syndromes, and quantitative traits.

Evidence from a variety of data suggests that regulatory mechanisms in multicellular eukaryotes have evolved in such a manner that the stoichiometric relationship of the components of regulatory complexes affects target gene expression. This type of mechanism sets the level of gene expression and, as a consequence, the phenotypic characteristics. Because many types of regulatory processes exhibit dosage-dependent behavior, they would impact quantitative traits and contribute to their multigenic control in a semidominant fashion. Many dosage-dependent effects would also account for the extensive modulation of gene expression throughout the genome that occurs when chromosomes are added to or subtracted from the karyotype (aneuploidy). Moreover, because the majority of dosage-dependent regulators act negatively, this property can account for the up-regulation of genes in monosomics and hemizygous sex chromosomes to achieve dosage compensation.
Insertion of Björk-Shiley Aortic Prosthesis by Continuous Suture Technique

Abstract A new technique for insertion of the Bjork-Shiley aortic prosthesis using a continuous suture is described. This technique, which can be used in selected patients, cuts down bypass time and eliminates the need for coronary perfusion.
The use of silicon photodiodes in a CsI(Tl) calorimeter

Abstract The properties of silicon photodiodes and low-noise preamplifiers have been studied. The selection of optimal operating parameters for the use of photodiodes in a CsI shower detector is discussed.
Affinity Baits and the Interior Environment of Hydrogel Particles

Low molecular weight peptides and proteins can provide biomarkers that are diagnostic for diseases such as cancer. Unfor les can be difficult to isolate and analyze, hampering the identification of suitable biomarkers for many diseases. Thermoresponsive hydrogel particles based on a cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), pNIPAm, architecture can be used to harvest biomarkers from biological fluids. The hydrogel particles sequester and concentrate low abundance low molecular weight analytes that can be subsequently analyzed using methods such as mass spectrometry. Introduction of monomers such as acrylic acid and allylamine into the pNIPAm skeleton allows the particles to preferentially attract and concentrate analytes based on charge. Moreover, affinity dyes, such as Cibacron Blue F3G-A, have been added to enhance the harvesting capabilities of particles.[1]Particles based on pNIPAm shrink and swell in response to changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH and salt concentration. As the pNIPAm particles shrink, their interior environment becomes more hydrophobic, which likely impacts their binding, sequestration and release properties. Here, a phenolphtahlein uptake assay has been used to monitor the interior environment of pNIPAm-based hydrogel particles, and how it changes in response to alterations in the exterior environment. The study focuses on particle responses to changes in the concentration of salts that have been shown to impact particle size, such as guanidinium chloride and ammonium sulfate. The obtained uptake data has been correlated with particle composition and changes in size, allowing for comparisons among affinity baits and their effect on the interior environment of pNIPAm particles.Citations:[1] Longo C, Patanarut A, George T, Bishop B, Zhou W, et al. (2009) Core-Shell Hydrogel Particles Harvest, Concentrate and Preserve Labile Low Abundance Biomarkers. PLoS ONE 4(3): e4763. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004763
Cfh genotype interacts with dietary glycemic index to modulate age-related macular degeneration-like features in mice.

Purpose. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. Genetics and diet contribute to the relative risk for developing AMD, but their interactions are poorly understood. Genetic variations in Complement Factor H (CFH), and dietary glycemic index (GI) are major risk factors for AMD. We explored the effects of GI on development of early AMD-like features and changes to central nervous system (CNS) inflammation in Cfh-null mice.
Time-resolved shear behavior of end-tethered Nylon 6–clay nanocomposites followed by non-isothermal crystallization

Abstract Simple shear of end-tethered Nylon 6–clay nanocomposites and the preservation of these effects into the crystalline state is reported. Typical conditions leading to mesoscopic (clays) and molecular (polymer chains) orientation of these systems at relatively low shear rates and at temperatures immediately above the nominal melting point showed a morphological change proportional to the shear time in the molten state. Gradual alignment of the through-view SAXS patterns indicated the rotation of the end-tethered clay along the shear direction. High temperature relaxation of clay after shear was substantially longer than the polymer. Thus, non-isothermal crystallization into the crystalline state could be used to preserve the orientation of the clay induced by shear. It was found that most of the clay planar alignment in Nylon 6–clay nanocomposites rendered the γ crystal habit, which is typically associated with the extended chain crystallization. Nylon 6, on the other hand, crystallized into the α habit commonly associated with quiescent crystals involving folded chains. The shear results were compared with quiescent crystallization, where the Nylon 6 nanocomposites exhibited the preferential γ habit and the Nylon 6 homopolymer exhibited mixed α/γ habits.
Application of Wick's theorem in the strong-potential approximation

It is shown that in the strong-potential approximation using the full-peaking approximation the cross section for electron capture is invariant when any term which depends on the internuclear coordinate $R$ is added to the expansion potential. That is, Wick's theorem holds in the strong-potential approximation with full peaking.
Center of resistance of anterior arch segment

Abstract It is important to know the location of the center of resistance (CR) to control tooth movement. In this study, photoelastic techniques were used to determine the center of resistance. The photoelastic model included the anterior 4 maxillary teeth, which were interconnected firmly with 6 mm of space between lateral incisors and canines. Determination of the CR for the anterior arch segment was based on considerations of a wide variety of load conditions that generated the more uniform stresses in the supporting alveolar bone simulant. For the arch having the anterior 4 teeth connected, the CR was located within the mid-sagittal plane, 6-mm apical and 4-mm posterior to a line perpendicular to the occlusal plane from the labial alveolar crest of the central incisor. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;118:171-8)
Observations of Barred Spirals

Observations of barred spiral galaxies are discussed which show that the presence of a bar increases the likelihood for grand design spiral structure only in early Hubble types. This result is contrary to the more common notion that grand design spiral structure generally accompanies bars in galaxies. Enhanced deprojected color images are shown which reveal that a secondary set of spiral arms commonly occurs in barred galaxies and also occasionally in ovally distorted galaxies. 6 refs.
Dynamic behavior of a complete‐mixing activated sludge system

The dynamic behavior of a laboratory-scale activated sludge biological waste treatment process with recycle and wasting of sludge was investigated by subjecting the system to step changes in the influent waste concentration, the recycle flow rate, or the sludge wasting rate. The dynamic behavior of the system was examined by measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in addition to dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) and cell dry weight in the aeration tank. Cell dry weight of the recyle flow and effluent COD were also measured. Analysis of the results and estimation of time constants assuming first order responses showed that the time constants characterizing the dynamic responses of the sludge were directly related to the sludge mean residence time. The time constants estimated from dissolved COD measurements were of the same order of magnitude as the fluid residence time in the aeration tank. The ATP transient response was frequently different from that of the cell dry weight in the aeration tank.
Variations in the Diffusion of State Lottery Adoptions: How Revenue Dedication Changes Morality Politics1

Previous studies of morality policy adoption and diffusion often have failed to define the characteristics of a morality policy that result in certain kinds of politics. For example, studies of lottery diffusion include all lottery adoptions, treating them as possessing characteristics that render their politics similar. In this article we explore the possibility that different types of lotteries generate different types of politics. Although all lotteries involve considerations of morality, some types of lotteries can involve additional values beyond concerns about the “sin” of gambling. The dedication of lottery revenue to a specific purpose can arouse these additional concerns and change the politics of adoption. We hypothesize that dedication of lottery revenue to the general fund will therefore generate different politics of adoption than lotteries designed to fund education. We find that previous findings on lottery diffusion apply only to general fund lotteries. If lottery revenue is dedicated to education, the potent symbol of children's education significantly changes the politics of adoption.
IDENTIFICATION OF TRACE ELEMENT–CONTAINING PROTEINS IN GENOMIC DATABASES

Development of bioinformatics tools provided researchers with the ability to identify full sets of trace element-containing proteins in organisms for which complete genomic sequences are available. Recently, independent bioinformatics methods were used to identify all, or almost all, genes encoding selenocysteine-containing proteins in human, mouse, and Drosophila genomes, characterizing entire selenoproteomes in these organisms. It also should be possible to search for entire sets of other trace element-associated proteins, such as metal-containing proteins, although methods for their identification are still in development.
Application of superconducting RF to linear colliders

A workshop on a TeV energy superconducting linear accelerator (TESLA) is described. Parameter sets for five machines were generated, from 0.1 TeV to 1.5 TeV CM, including Z/sup 0/ and Top factories. Linear colliders have the advantage that the length can be extended periodically while using progressively higher gradients from 15 MeV/m to 40 MeV/m. The major challenges are to increase the gradients from the 5-10 MeV/m possible today and to lower the costs. Recently, at 1.5 and 3 GHz, several labs have provided existence proofs for Eacc>15 MeV/m in multicell structures. With specially developed heat-treatment techniques to reduce field emission, 1-cell Nb cavities regularly reach fields corresponding to Eacc=25 MeV/m. Many ideas were advanced at the workshop for lowering structure costs. >
Milk, Fat, Protein, Somatic Cell Score, and Days Open Among Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Their Crosses

The objectives of this study were to compare Holstein (HO), Brown Swiss (BS), and their crosses for milk, fat, and protein yields, somatic cell score (SCS), days open (DO), and age at first calving (AFC), and to estimate the effects of heterosis and recombination. First through fifth lactation records were obtained from 19 herds milking crosses among BS and HO. The edited data set included 6,534 lactation records from 3,473 cows of the following breed combinations: 2,125 pure HO, 926 pure BS, 256 BS sire x HO dam (SH), 105 backcrosses to BS (SX), 18 HO sire x BS dam, and 43 backcrosses to HO. Least squares means for daily milk, fat, and protein yields, mature-equivalent milk, fat, and protein yields, SCS, DO, and AFC were calculated for breed combinations with a model that included fixed effects of age within parity (except for AFC), days in milk for daily yield and SCS, herd-year-season of calving, and breed combination. Cow and error were random effects. Breed combination was replaced with regressions on coefficients for heterosis and recombination in a second analysis. Last, data were analyzed with a 5-trait animal model that included a single pedigree file for both breeds and coefficients for heterosis and recombination. The least squares means for fat production were 1.21, 1.15, 1.27, and 1.16 kg for HO, BS, SH, and SX, respectively, which corresponds to a heterosis estimate of 7.30% and a recombination estimate of -3.76%. Heterosis and recombination estimates for protein production were 5.63% and -3.31%, respectively. Heterosis estimates increased for fat yield (10.38%) and protein yield (7.07%) when maternal grandsire identification from a known artificial insemination sire was required. Regression coefficients indicated an 11.44-d reduction in DO due to heterosis. Heterosis estimates for SCS were inconsistent. Regression on heterosis for SCS was significant and favorable (-0.22) when the breed of sire was BS, but nonsignificant and unfavorable when sire breed was HO (0.43). Heterosis estimates were favorable for all traits, whereas recombination effects tended to be unfavorable for yield traits. Reduced performance of future generations did not appear to be the result of inseminating crossbred cows with inferior sires. Results indicated that first-generation crosses among BS and HO compared favorably with HO. Yield in subsequent generations was somewhat below expectations, perhaps due to recombination loss in HO.