cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Envisioning Critical Social Entrepreneurship Education: Possibilities, Questions, and Guiding Commitments

Higher education institutions continue to be increasingly interested in examining how social entrepreneurship and community engaged approaches to education can work together. In light of the recent growth and interest in such programs, scholars and educators have called for attention to specific considerations when developing SE and community-based education, which can be summed up in three areas - pedagogy, relationships, and impact. The present essay builds on such propositions, and calls for a critically-orientated approach to SE, grounded in community engagement, collaborative dialogue among diverse voices, and a commitment to transforming oppressive structures.
Deep learning based medical image segmentation with limited labels.

Deep learning (DL) based auto-segmentation has the potential for accurate organ delineation in radiotherapy applications but requires large amounts of clean labeled data to train a robust model. However, annotating medical images is extremely time-consuming and requires clinical expertise, especially for segmentation that demands voxel-wise labels. On the other hand, medical images without annotations are abundant and highly accessible. To alleviate the influence of the limited number of clean labels, we propose a weakly-supervised DL training approach using deformable image registration (DIR)-based annotations, leveraging the abundance of unlabeled data. We generate pseudo-contours by utilizing DIR to propagate atlas contours onto abundant unlabeled images and train a robust DL-based segmentation model. With 10 labeled TCIA dataset and 50 unlabeled CT scans from our institution, our model achieved Dice similarity coefficient of 87.9%, 73.4%, 73.4%, 63.2% and 61.0% on mandible, left & right parotid glands and left & right submandibular glands of TCIA test set and competitive performance on our institutional clinical dataset and a third party (PDDCA) dataset. Experimental results demonstrated the proposed method outperformed traditional multi-atlas DIR methods and fully-supervised limited data training and is promising for DL-based medical image segmentation application with limited annotated data.
Non-Volatile Wideband Frequency Tuning of a Ring-Oscillator by Charge Trapping in High-k Gate Dielectric in 22nm CMOS

Process and parametric variation negatively impact the performance and yield of analog and digital circuits in advanced nodes. To alleviate this effect, we propose a technique to electrically adjust the threshold voltage of CMOS transistors in a post-fabrication setting in a non-volatile manner. This technique, which relies on self-heating assisted trapping of charge in high-k gate dielectric (e.g. HfOx) used in advanced CMOS nodes, does not require any extra fabrication step. In this letter, we use charge trapping for wideband non-volatile frequency tuning of a ring oscillator. We have demonstrated that the frequency of the ring oscillator can shift from 2075MHz to 1746MHz, when a supply voltage of 0.8V is used. This work serves as a foundation for non-volatile tuning, reconfiguration, and obfuscation of chips and IP blocks. The chip was fabricated in GlobalFoundries 22nm Fully-Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator (FDSOI) CMOS process.
Case Report: Comparison of Plasma Metagenomics to Bacterial PCR in a Case of Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis

Molecular assays for infectious diseases have emerged as important clinical decision-making tools. Unbiased, metagenomic next-generation sequencing is a novel approach holding promise to detect pathogens missed by conventional modalities and to deconvolute admixed nucleic acid sequences from polymicrobial infections in order to identify constituent pathogens. Recent studies have raised concerns about the clinical impact of metagenomics assays and whether their expense is justified. Here, we report a case of polyclonal Streptococcus cristatus endocarditis in a 14-year-old woman with a history of Tetralogy of Fallot. Three sets of admission blood cultures and a commercial plasma metagenomics assay were negative for pathogens, despite persistent vegetations observed on the valve during a later procedure. Multiple strains of Streptococcus cristatus were identified from the explanted valve by amplicon-based 16S rRNA sequencing, confirming the patient had received appropriate antibiotic therapy. This case highlights limitations in the use and interpretation of clinical metagenomics for infectious disease diagnosis and indicates that the clinical yield of these tools may depend upon infection type and anatomic location.
Es kam aus einer anderen Welt

Albert Einstein hielt am 14. April 1954 in Princeton die letzte Vorlesung seines Lebens. Es war ein Gastvortrag im Oberseminar uber Relativitat von John Wheeler, doch das Thema verschob sich auf die Rolle des Beobachters in der Quantenphysik. („Fur die Quantentheorie habe ich mehr Gehirnschmalz verbraucht als fur die Relativitat“, sagte Einstein einmal zu seinem alten Freund Otto Stern.(Otto Stern, Interview von Thomas S. Kuhn am 29. Mai 1962, Berkeley, CA, USA, mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, USA, https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4904.)) Einstein legte seine Argumente gegen die Quantenphysik dar, danach konnten die Studenten Fragen stellen. Sie versuchten dabei, Bohrs Ansichten zu verteidigen, wie sie es von Wheeler gelernt hatten. Einstein behandelte sie mit viel Geduld und fragte schlieslich mit einem leisen Lacheln: „Verandert es den Zustand des Universums, wenn eine Maus beobachtet?“(Isaacson 2007, S. 515.)
Finite wing lift during water-to-air transition

We report the experimental investigation of lift generation by an initially submerged aspect ratio 4 wing that translates through the water-air interface. Many animals, such as flying fish and diving seabirds, use wings or fins to produce lift forces as they transit the water-air interface, and cross-domain underwater-aerial vehicles were recently demonstrated, but lift production of a wing egressing from water had not yet been quantified. Our results show that the lift history is markedly different for low egress velocities versus high egress velocities, with low velocities exhibiting a large oscillation in lift coefficient and high velocities exhibiting a more linear lift attenuation.
Planetary Waves and the Extratropical Winter Stratosphere

The Stratosphere: Geophysical Mon Copyright 2010 b 10.1029/2009GM Planetary-scale Rossby waves dominate the dynamics of the winter stratosphere. In their classic analysis of the propagation of such waves on a mean state that varied only with height, Charney and Drazin (1961) concluded that deep vertical propagation is permitted only around the equinoxes,when themeanwinds arewesterly and sufficiently weak. Subsequent developments, especially by Matsuno, incorporated spherical geometry and latitudinal variations of the mean state into the analysis. A refractive index for the waves can be determined from the mean state; it has been widely used to diagnose wave propagation characteristics, and usually leads one to conclude that the winter westerlies, even in southern winter when the westerlies are strongest, are transparent to suchwaves.However, such conclusions rest onWentzelKramers-Brillouin (WKB) assumptions, which are often inappropriate in the presence of realistic latitudinal variations of the mean state. It is here argued that the original conclusions of Charney and Drazin are qualitatively correct and that in its undisturbed, radiative equilibrium state, thewinter stratosphere does not permit deep wave propagation. Such propagation requires the westerlies to be weakened by the waves themselves; it is argued that the consequent feedback between waves and the mean flow is at the heart of the strong variability of the stratospheric circulation, including the occurrence of major warmings, and may be central to stratospheretroposphere interactions.
The Enkratic Requirement

: Agents are enkratic when they intend to do what they believe they should. That rationality requires you to be enkratic is uncontroversial, yet you may be enkratic in a way that does not exhibit any rationality on your part. Thus, what I call the enkratic requirement demands that you be enkratic in the right way. In particular, I will argue that it demands that you base your belief about what you should do and your intention to do it on the same considerations. The idea is that, if you base your belief and your intention on different considerations, then you are inconsistent in your treatment of those considerations as reasons. The enkratic requirement demands that you be enkratic by treating considerations consistently as reasons.
Cost‐effectiveness of In‐home Automated External Defibrillators for Individuals at Increased Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: In-home automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are increasingly recommended as a means for improving survival of cardiac arrests that occur at home. The current study was conducted to explore the relationship between individuals’ risk of cardiac arrest and cost-effectiveness of in-home AED deployment.
Hearing on Stolen or Counterfeit Goods Legislation

On March 28, 2012, Professor Dervan was called to testify before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security (Judiciary Committee, U.S. House of Representatives) and offer his thoughts regarding proposed counterfeit goods legislation (The Safe Doses Act (H.R. 4223) and the Counterfeit Drug Penalty Enhancement Act of 2011 (H.R. 3668)). In his prepared statement, Professor Dervan examines the phenomenon of overcriminalization, the collapse of mens rea, the true impact of increased statutory maximums, plea bargaining, and the continued deterioration of our constitutionally protected right to trial by jury. His closing remarks to the Committee offer a poignant critique of modern-day criminal legislative practices and challenges us to consider this question: “As overcriminalization continues to create the incentives that make plea bargaining so prevalent and powerful, we must ask ourselves as a country what constitutional price is being paid when, even though we act with good and noble intentions, we create yet another law or increase yet another statutory maximum where is it not absolutely necessity to achieve our goals.”
Teleprogramming: Toward delay-invariant remote manipulation

This paper addresses the problem of teleoperation in the presence of communication delays. Delays occur with earth-based teleoperation in space and with surface-based teleoperation undersea using untethered submersibles and acoustic communication links. The delay in obtaining position and force feedback from the remote slave arms makes direct teleoperation infeasible. We are proposing a control methodology, called teleprogramming, which draws on the experience in the development of supervisory control techniques and robotics over the last three decades and introduces a number of new ideas in operator-model interaction as well as the nature and content of the information being sent to the slave robot. A teleprogramming system allows the operator to kinesthetically, as well as visually, interact with a graphic simulation of the remote environment and to interactively, online teleprogram the remote manipulator through a sequence of elementary robot instructions. A key feature and contribution of this work is the fact that these instructions are generated automatically, in real time, based on the operator's interaction with the simulated environment. The slave robot executes these commands delayed in time and, should an error occur, allows the operator to specify the necessary corrective actions and continue with the task. We will in this paper introduce the overall teleprogramming control concept, describe its main components, and report on the preliminary results using our experimental teleprogramming system.
Spinoffs, Selloffs and Equity Carveouts: An Analysis of Divestiture Method Choice

I analyze a sample of 187 spinoffs, 204 selloffs and 181 carveouts that occurred between 1981 and 1998. Using pre-divestiture operating data for the divested division and parent, I quantify the determinants of the chosen divestiture method. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression results show that the parent's need for external capital, coupled with the quality of the division being divested, are the primary factors determining whether a spinoff, selloff or carveout is chosen. Weaker evidence is found indicating that the parent's pre-divestiture level of focus and the degree of alignment of parent managerial incentives with shareholder interests influence the divestiture method choice.
Regulation of steady state filling in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Roles of back-inhibition, leakage, and slippage of the calcium pump.

Abstract Calcium filling of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles in the steady state is greatly increased by precipitation of lumenal calcium with oxalate. We find that low concentrations (1 mM) of Pi also allow greater loading by forming a soluble complex with lumenal calcium, an effect that is likely to be of physiological relevance. Furthermore, ADP scavenging by ATP regenerating systems favors calcium loading by preventing reversal of the pump. We also find that uncoupling of ATPase and transport activities is another factor limiting calcium loading. In fact, calcium uptake and ATP utilization occur with a molar ratio of 2:1 in the transient state following addition of ATP but decrease to much lower values in the steady state. Even in the absence of the highly conductive channel which is present only in "heavy" vesicles, "light" vesicles display calcium leakage which is inhibited by medium Ca2+ in the concentration range of ATPase activation and is likely related to an ATPase channel which is involved in calcium transport. It is apparent that, under conditions of ATPase turnover and in the presence of high lumenal Ca2+ and ADP, slippage of calcium through this channel produces true uncoupling of catalytic and transport activities. Coupling is improved by complexation of lumenal Ca2+ and by ATP regeneration and is influenced by the solvent characteristics of the reaction medium. The synergistic effects of lumenal Ca2+ and ADP, and the role of alternate pathways for phosphoenzyme cleavage, are clarified by steady state analysis of a multiple step reaction mechanism. It is concluded that the ideal (2:1) stoichiometric coupling of transport and ATPase activities is not insured by an obligatory pathway of catalysis (as predicted by all reaction schemes published so far); rather, coupling is influenced by the concentrations of ligands and their effects on second order reactions and the consequent distribution of intermediate states.
The curation guidelines of the immune epitope database and analysis resource.

The IEDB houses antibody and T cell epitope data and makes them accessible and searchable. The curation of literature references requires explicit guidelines in order to capture the data in an objective and consistent manner. Description of these guidelines ensures transparency of the database and facilitates direct submissions to the database. Author keywords: immunology, epitope, database, antibody, MHC.
Religious Views On Biotechnology, Buddhism

Introduction Origin and Spread Beliefs and Doctrines The Buddhist Posture Buddhist Medicine and Healthcare Medical Theory Caregiving Patient Responsibility Manipulation of Life Environmental Issues Brain-death and Organ Transplants Cloning Keywords: biotechnology; Buddhism
The Declining course of recognition memory.

Recognition memory for words can decline, sometimes precipitously, over the course of the recognition test. Decrements of as much as 75% in d’ have been observed from the first quarter of testing to the last. and decrements of 40%–50% are not uncommon. Proactive mechanisms, imperfectly understood, appear to underlie such declines: Processing early input renders late input less recognizable, and making early recognition judgments renders later judgments more difficult. At the same time, the processing of late-input words fails to inhibit the recognition of the words that preceded them.
Cross-sectional echocardiography in evaluating patients with discrete subaortic stenosis

Abstract Ten patients with discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis were examined using a real time, high resolution cross-sectional echocardiographic scanner. There were two patients (Group I) with a thin discrete subvalvular membrane, five (Group II) with a more extensive area of subvalvular narrowing and three with a residual area of outflow tract obstruction after surgical revision (Group III). In patients with a thin obstructing membrane (Group I), two distinct linear echoes were observed in the outflow tract. These echoes were not continuous with the walls of the outflow tract and showed some dynamic motion during the cardiac cycle. In four of the five patients with diffuse outflow tract narrowing (Group II), a relatively extensive area of inward bowing of both the anterior and posterior margins of the outflow tract was noted. In the fifth case, there was a prominent localized shelf-like increase in thickness of the basal portion of the muscular septum with a corresponding echo projecting anteriorly from the mid-portion of the anterior mitral leaflet. The three cases examined after surgical revision of the outflow tract (Group III), had different patterns of outflow tract narrowing, but narrowing was clearly demonstrated. This study suggests that cross-sectional echocardiography offers an alternative and probably improved method for the noninvasive visualization of the left ventricular outflow tract.
Strong limit theorems for oscillation moduli of the uniform empirical process

Let \(U_n (t) = n^{\tfrac{1}{2}} (\Gamma _n (t) - t), 0 \leqq t \leqq 1\), denote the uniform empirical process based on the first n of a sequence ξ 1, ξ 2, ... of iid uniform (0,1) random variables where \(\Gamma _n (t) = n^{ - 1} \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {1_{[0,t]} } (\xi _i )\) is the empirical distribution function. The oscillation modulus of U n is defined by $$\omega _n (a) = sup \{ |U_n (t + h) - U_n (t)|: 0 \leqq t \leqq 1 - h, h \leqq a\}$$ , and the Lipschitz-1/2 modulus of U n is defined by $$\tilde \omega _n (a) = sup \{ |U_n (t + h) - U_n (t)|/h^{\tfrac{1}{2}} : 0 \leqq t \leqq 1 - h, a \leqq h \leqq 1\}$$
On the statistical accuracy of biomarker assays for HIV incidence.

Objective To evaluate the statistical accuracy of estimates of current HIV incidence rates from cross-sectional surveys, and to identify characteristics of assays that improve accuracy. Methods Performed mathematical and statistical analysis of the cross-sectional estimator of HIV incidence to evaluate bias and variance. Developed probability models to evaluate impact of long tails of the window period distribution on accuracy. Results The standard cross-sectional estimate of HIV incidence rate is estimating a time-lagged incidence where the lag time, called the shadow, depends on the mean and the coefficient of variation of window periods. Equations show how the shadow increases with the mean and the coefficient of variation. We find with an assay such as BED capture enzyme immunoassay, if only 0.5% are elite controllers who remain in the window until death, then the shadow is over 2.3 years, implying that estimates reflect HIV incidence more than 2 years in the past rather than current levels. If even 5% of AIDS cases are unrecognized and not excluded from the numbers in the window, then the shadow is more than 2.2 years. Conclusions Small perturbations to the tail of the window period distribution can have large effects on the accuracy of current HIV incidence estimates. The shadow and mean window period are useful for comparing the accuracy of assays. The results help explain differences reported between cohort and cross-sectional HIV incidence estimates. Screening out elite or viremic controllers by RNA polymerase chain reaction testing, and persons with advanced HIV disease (with AIDS or on antiretrovirals) may considerably improve the accuracy of HIV incidence estimates based on BED or similar assays.
Free will and moral responsibility: does either require the other?

This article explores the conceptual connections between free action and action for which the agent is morally responsible. Questions addressed include the following. Can agents who are never morally responsible for anything sometimes act freely? Can agents who never act freely be morally responsible for some of their actions? Various compatibilist and incompatibilist responses to these questions are discussed, as is the control over their behavior that ordinary agents attribute to themselves.
In vitro analysis of germ cell genotoxicity in testis explant cultures: spermatid micronucleus assays

Explant cultures of testes from the frog Xenopus laevis have been employed to evaluate the application of testis culture to the routine screening of potential germ cell genotoxicants. Testis explants were incubated with varied concentrations of 3 model mutagens (9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin) and solvent controls. Round spermatids were isolated from testes cultured 2-30 days after exposure to each mutagen. The spermatids were then stained with Hoechst 33258 and spermatid micronuclei were scored with a fluorescence microscope. Acute exposure of testes to each mutagen resulted in a dose-dependent increase in spermatid micronuclei that was stage specific and proportional to the length of the exposure period. The assay sensitively detected clastogenic effects by 10(-7) M adriamycin (4-h exposure period) and 10(-6) M cyclophosphamide and dimethylbenzanthracene (24-h exposure). The results demonstrate the feasibility of in vitro approaches to the routine screening and investigation of genotoxicity in the premeiotic S through meiotic division stages of vertebrate spermatogenesis.
Methods for generating triploid green sea urchin embryos: An initial step in producing triploid adults for land-based and near-shore aquaculture

Abstract Here we provide methods for generating triploid green sea urchin embryos ( Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ). These are the first triploid sea urchins of any species that have been produced at any life stage and represent an initial step in a larger effort to yield triploid adult green sea urchins for large-scale land-based and near-shore commercial aquaculture ventures. Following fertilization, triploid mollusks and fish result by preventing release of the second polar body. Adult triploids in all of these organisms are sterile and may be larger than diploids based on accelerated growth of somatic tissues. Similar methods are impossible for sea urchins since haploid (1n) ova are released from the ovary after completion of both meiotic divisions. We have produced triploid green sea urchin embryos (3n = 63) by fusing two 1n ova (each n = 21) and fertilizing the diploid products of these fusions with highly diluted spermatozoa (n = 21). Mechanical, proteolytic and acidic treatments were employed to remove the jelly coat and vitelline membrane prior to fusion. Results indicate that acidic removal of the extracellular structures, subsequent fusion with poly(Arg) in 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes and fertilization with highly diluted sperm yield 60.64 ± 1.39% triploid embryos that reach prism pluteus stage (with spicules). Triploidy was verified at all developmental stages by counting chromosomes. We discuss scaling up our laboratory methods for embryos to the hatchery environment and also issues unique to the reproductive biology of sea urchins that will be vital for commercial aquaculture ventures to consider if triploid adult green sea urchins can ultimately be produced.
Serine 176 Phosphorylation Attenuates Kinesin's Stall Force and Biases Bidirectional Transport

In neurons, microtubule motor driven transport is crucial for communication between processes and the cell body. Disruptions in transport are associated with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies implicate phosphorylation of serine 176 in kinesin-1 in the impaired axonal transport associated with Huntington's disease. In isolated squid axoplasm, introduction of pathogenic huntingtin protein activates the kinase, JNK3, which specifically phosphorylates kinesin at S176 (Morfini, Nature Neuroscience, 2009). The mechanism by which S176 modification leads to impaired transport is not very well understood. It is not known whether phosphorylation of kinesin alone is sufficient to cause impaired cargo transport. To investigate the effect of residue 176 on kinesin transport, we use optical trapping and single-molecule fluorescence imaging to study purified kinesin. We employ two constructs, S176A and S176D, truncated at residue 888 to remove the autoinhibition domain, resulting in constitutively active motors. There is no significant difference in the processivity, ATPase, or microtubule binding activity between the phosphomimetic S176D construct and the non-phosphorylatable S176A construct. However, we find that S176D has an attenuated stall force (5pN) compared to S176A (7 pN). Furthermore, polystyrene bead cargos coated with dynein and S176D are transported preferentially in the minus direction in comparison with cargos coated with equivalent concentrations of dynein and S176A. We also perform phosphorylation assays using JNK3 on both 888-truncated and full-length wild-type kinesin in which radiolabeling is used to quantify the percentage of protein phosphorylated in the assay. The pattern of stall force attenuation and directional bias observed for the S176D mutant is also observed in JNK3 phosphorylated samples in which 60-80% of the wild type protein has been phosphorylated. These results show that modification of serine 176 alone is sufficient to alter the behavior of kinesin.
A Crude Threat: The Limits of an Iranian Missile Campaign against Saudi Arabian Oil

The United States and its Persian Gulf allies have been increasingly concerned with the growing size and complexity of Iran's ballistic missile programs. At a time when the United States and its allies remain locked in a standoff with Iran over the latter's nuclear program, states around the Persian Gulf fear that Iran would retaliate for an attack on its nuclear program by launching missiles at regional oil installations and other strategic targets. An examination of the threat posed by Iran's missiles to Saudi Arabian oil installations, based on an assessment of Iran's missile capabilities, a detailed analysis of Saudi Arabian oil infrastructure, and a simulated missile campaign against the network using known Iranian weapons, finds no evidence of a significant Iranian missile threat to Saudi infrastructure. These findings cast doubt on one aspect of the Iranian threat to Persian Gulf oil while offering an analytic framework for understanding developments in the Iranian missile arsenal and the vulnerability of oil infrastructure to conventional attack.
Age of acquisition estimates for 3,000 disyllabic words

Age of acquisition (AoA) ratings based on a 1-7 scale for 3,000 disyllabic words were obtained from 32 participants. We demonstrate that these estimates are both reliable and valid. These estimates add to those collected on monosyllabic words and are of value to researchers interested in factors that contribute to word processing. They also can be used in regression analyses on measures obtained from large databases, and can be used in conjunction with imageability ratings for the same word corpus to differentiate AoA from imageability.
Non-traded goods and the general equilibrium effects of tariffs in the short run

Abstract A short-run general equilibrium model with non-traded goods is developed and the response of the output of importables to an import tariff is examined. It is found that, under standard assumptions, the tariff always increases the output of importables.
Factors associated with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive smokers

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has markedly improved HIV disease management, and significantly reduced HIV/AIDS-associated morbidity and mortality. Although recent studies suggest a relationship between smoking and suboptimal adherence to ART, a more in-depth understanding of this relationship is needed. We conducted a secondary analysis using data from a randomized controlled smoking cessation trial to investigate the association of nonadherence to ART with potential demographic, psychosocial (perceived stress and depression), and substance use (nicotine dependence, illicit drug use, and alcohol use) variables among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who smoke. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of participants (n=326) was 45.9 years old (SD=7.6). Additionally, the majority were male (72.1%), self-identified as black (76.7%), and reported sexual contact as the mode of HIV acquisition (70%). Unadjusted logistic regression analysis indicated that depression (odds ratio [OR]=1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00, 1.04), illicit drug use (OR=2.39; 95% CI=1.51, 3.79) and alcohol use (OR=2.86; 95%CI=1.79, 4.57) were associated with nonadherence. Adjusted logistic regression analysis indicated that nicotine dependence (OR=1.13; 95% CI=1.02, 1.25), illicit drug use (OR=2.10; 95% CI=1.27, 3.49), alcohol use (OR=2.50; 95% CI=1.52, 4.12), and age (OR=1.04; 95% CI=1.00, 1.07) were associated with nonadherence. Nicotine dependence, illicit drug use, and alcohol use are potentially formidable barriers to ART adherence among PLWHA who smoke. Future efforts should investigate the complex relationships among these variables to improve adherence particularly among populations confronted with multifaceted health challenges.
Scalable universal holonomic quantum computation realized with an adiabatic quantum data bus and potential implementation using superconducting flux qubits

In this paper we examine the use of an adiabatic quantum data transfer protocol to build a universal quantum computer. Single-qubit gates are realized by using a bus protocol to transfer qubits of information down a spin chain with a unitary twist. This twist arises from altered couplings on the chain corresponding to unitary rotations performed on one region of the chain. We show how a controlled-not gate can be realized by using a control qubit with Ising-type coupling. The method discussed here can be extended to nonadiabatic quantum bus protocols. We also examine the potential of realizing such a quantum computer by using superconducting flux qubits.
Mineral and nitrogen balance study: Results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

The prediction that various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various balance-study observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, 28 days inflight, and 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative nitrogen and phosphorus balances inflight indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations of calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen loss, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur in the planed Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration.
Civic Networking in the United States: A Report by Columbia University Students.

During the 1994 spring semester, twelve students, enrolled in Columbia University′s graduate program in public policy and administration and explored the new phenomenon of civic networking for a workshop in applied public policy analysis. Each workshop is required to be sponsored by a governmental client, which in this case was the US National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. The commission was interested in ascertaining the range of activities sponsored by the networks and in determining their involvement or lack of involvement with local public libraries. Participating in this project were representatives of twenty‐four civic networks, who answered telephone queries covering a range of topics dealing with network services, users, goals, funding, governance, technical design, social benefits, government information provision, evaluation, and definition. This paper summarizes the findings of the students′ investigation.
PERFORMANCE MODELS FOR CONTINUOUS DIELECTRIC PASTEURIZATION OF MILK

The steady-state performance of a continuous parallel-plate heat exchanger was generally predicted for nonfat milk solutions of measured conductivity by a model equation obtained from energy balance on the exchanger. Electrical properties of the milk were determined from the Hasted-Debye models for aqueous ionic solutions. Heating characteristics of an experimental exchanger agreed closely with predicted values for various flow rates and voltage gradients at temperatures of interest in pasteurization of biological fluids. Such models could be employed in the development of electrical pasteurization or sterilization processes for a variety of food products. Electrical heating processes would reduce thermal denaturation of heat-labile food constituents, as compared with conventional heating processes, due to rapid heat penetration, uniform heating and low surface temperatures and would give products of improved nutritional value and organoleptic quality. Theoretical considerations also suggest that higher thermal death rates would be obtained for vegetative microbial contaminants at process temperatures and holding times comparable to those of conventional heating processes.
Evaluating the effectiveness of a perinatal outreach education program.

Quality care for high-risk mothers and neonates is achieved only after quality perinatal care on all levels can be realized. In order to attain this goal in southern Illinois, a perinatal outreach education program was designed for health professionals within the region. An evaluation provided documentation of changes in perinatal care at the community hospital level.
Modeling InGaAs/AlGaAs/Au distributed feedback lasers for biomedical applications

This work develops a model to compute mode-coupling coefficients of semiconductor-metal lasers for biomedical applications. Numerical results are verified by photonic and optical methods. Both methods have close results.
The reactions of ground and excited state sodium atoms with hydrogen halide molecules

Abstract The reactions of ground and excited state Na atoms with hydrogen halide (HX) molecules have been studied using the crossed molecular beams method. With both increasing translational and increasing electronic energy, the reactive cross sections increase in the reactions of HCl and HBr. From product angular and velocity distributions detailed center-of-mass information is derived. For the reactions of Na (3 2S 1 2 , 3 2P 1 2 , 4 2D 5 2 , 5 2S 1 2 ) with HCl, the product NaCl is back-scattered with respect to the incoming Na atom in the center-of-mass frame of reference. The reaction of each Na state studied with HCl is direct and proceeds via collinear and near-collinear Na-Cl-H approach geometries. For the Na (32P 3 2 ) and Na (42D 5 2 ) reactions with HCl the predominant transition state symmetry is 2Σ in a collinear (C∞ν) Na-Cl-H geometry. This is consistent with the reaction proceeding via electron transfer from the Na atom to the halide atom. Absolute reactive cross sections for each state of Na studied with HCl were determined by comparison with both small and large angle elastic scattering. We were unable to observe Na atoms with over 4 eV of electronic energy react with HF up to collision energies of 13 kcal/mole.
Copolymers of starch and polyacrylonitrile: The dilution effect

In the ceric ammonium nitrate-initiated graft polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) with starch, grafting frequencies and molecular weights of grafted polyacrylonitrile changed from 600 anhydroglucose units (AGU)/graft and 120000 to 280 AGU/graft and 36000 when concentrations of starch and AN were varied from 0.27 and 1.20 to 0.023 and 0.235 moles/l. of water, respectively. The influence of variety of starch, size of the starch granules, and reaction time was studied, and possible reasons for the influence of reactant concentration on the composition of the copolymer are considered.
Catching Relativity Violations with Atoms

Measuring quantum interference of atomic matter waves may help detect experimental signatures of a fundamental theory of physics.
Micro-opto-electro-mechanical devices and on-chip optical processing

Micro-optical components, such as diffractive and refractive microlenses, micromirrors, beamsplitters, and beam combiners, have recently received considerable attention in the optics R&D centers and finally in the manufacturing community. This achievement is due to micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) technology that has demonstrated major improvements in overall performance and cost of optical systems while offering the possibility of relativity rapid transition to products for military, industrial, and consumer markets. Because of these technology advances, an industrial infrastructure is rapidly becoming established to combine micro-optical components and MEM-based microactuators for on-chip optical processing. Optical systems that once were considered to be impractical due to the limitations of bulk optics can now easily be designed and fabricated with all required optical paths, signal conditioning, and electronic controls integrated on a single chip. On-chip optical processing will enhance the performance of devices such as focal-plane optical concentrators, smart actuators, color separators, beam shapers, fiber data distribution interface (FDDI) switches, digital micromirror devices (DMDs), and miniature optical scanners. We review advances in microoptical components developed at the Rockwell Science Center. We also review the potential of on-chip optical processing and the recent achievement of free-space integrated optics and micro-optical bench components developed at UCLA, and DMDs developed at Texas Instruments.
Acute glycemic and blood lipid response to the ingestion of a candy bar-like protein supplement compared to its candy bar counterpart

Background To meet the growing demand and market for protein supplements, sports nutrition companies and manufacturers have developed protein supplements in several forms, such as RTDs, bars, and powders. Recently, candy bar-like protein supplements have been developed using sugar alcohols instead of sugar to lessen the glycemic response. However, these candy bar-like substitutes usually have a high concentration of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. It is the purpose of this study therefore to determine the acute glycemic and blood lipid response to ingesting a candy bar-like protein supplement compared to its candy bar counterpart.
The decidual prolactin receptor and its regulation by decidua-derived factors

Decidualization of the endometrial stroma in the rat gives rise to two different cell populations, located either mesometrially or antimesometrially in the uterus. We have previously shown that the rat decidua is the site of production and action of a PRL-like hormone. In this investigation we examined, using reverse transcription-PCR, whether and which type of PRL receptor (PRL-R) messenger RNA (mRNA) is expressed in the decidua, whether the receptor is confined only to one cell population, and whether the PRL-R expression is regulated by decidua-derived factors. The results indicate that the uterus of pseudopregnant rats does not express the PRL-R and that decidualization does not trigger a rapid appearance of PRL-R mRNA. It is only 3 days after the induction of decidualization that the long form of the PRL-R was first expressed. Thereafter, mRNAs for both the short (PRL-RS) and the long (PRL-RL) form became detectable in both antimesometrial and mesometrial decidua, although PRL-RL mRNA was much more a...
Response to Letter to the Editor from Jan-Uwe Schreiber, MD and Thomas Fuchs-Buder, MD, PhD; Succinylcholine: the Dilemma with the Evidence

We appreciate the author's feedback. We have discussed their comments with our primary bariatric anesthesia group. Based on their clinical experience, 30 years in one case, they do not believe lidocaine to be very effective in eliminating the fasciculations from succinylcholine (SUX), and consequently postoperative myalgias. Rocuronium (ROC), on the other hand, is effective in eliminating the fasciculations, but it is painful on injection which is not easily prevented by lidocaine. They still prefer using ROC or other nondepolarizing agents for rapid sequence inductions with complete success. The difference in onset between SUX and ROC is 1–2 min which they consider trivial compared to the time taken to accomplish the intubation. Furthermore, if one prevents active vomiting by excellent anesthesia and paralysis, and passive regurgitation by “correct” cricoid pressure, then the amount of time required for intubation is no longer critical. To quote them directly: “The word ‘rapid’ in rapid sequence induction is one of the worst words in the lexicon of anesthesia”. Their preference is for “safe sequence inductions” so that time is no longer relevant. From a surgeon's standpoint, the additional side effects of SUX (as outlined in our paper) are of equal concern in this particular patient population. We agree that one case may not define the entire practice. However, when better drugs are available with a more favorable overall profile, we also don't see the need to use SUX instead of ROC.
The optimum pipeline depth considering both power and performance

The impact of pipeline length on both the power and performance of a microprocessor is explored both by theory and by simulation. A theory is presented for a range of power/performance metrics, BIPSm/W. The theory shows that the more important power is to the metric, the shorter the optimum pipeline length that results. For typical parameters neither BIPS/W nor BIPS2/W yield an optimum, i.e., a non-pipelined design is optimal. For BIPS3/W the optimum, averaged over all 55 workloads studied, occurs at a 22.5 FO4 design point, a 7 stage pipeline, but this value is highly dependent on the assumed growth in latch count with pipeline depth. As dynamic power grows, the optimal design point shifts to shorter pipelines. Clock gating pushes the optimum to deeper pipelines. Surprisingly, as leakage power grows, the optimum is also found to shift to deeper pipelines. The optimum pipeline depth varies for different classes of workloads: SPEC95 and SPEC2000 integer applications, traditional (legacy) database and on-line transaction processing applications, modern (e. g. web) applications, and floating point applications.
A critique of the molecular target-based drug discovery paradigm based on principles of metabolic control: advantages of pathway-based discovery.

Contemporary drug discovery and development (DDD) is dominated by a molecular target-based paradigm. Molecular targets that are potentially important in disease are physically characterized; chemical entities that interact with these targets are identified by ex vivo high-throughput screening assays, and optimized lead compounds enter testing as drugs. Contrary to highly publicized claims, the ascendance of this approach has in fact resulted in the lowest rate of new drug approvals in a generation. The primary explanation for low rates of new drugs is attrition, or the failure of candidates identified by molecular target-based methods to advance successfully through the DDD process. In this essay, I advance the thesis that this failure was predictable, based on modern principles of metabolic control that have emerged and been applied most forcefully in the field of metabolic engineering. These principles, such as the robustness of flux distributions, address connectivity relationships in complex metabolic networks and make it unlikely a priori that modulating most molecular targets will have predictable, beneficial functional outcomes. These same principles also suggest, however, that unexpected therapeutic actions will be common for agents that have any effect (i.e., that complexity can be exploited therapeutically). A potential operational solution (pathway-based DDD), based on observability rather than predictability, is described, focusing on emergent properties of key metabolic pathways in vivo. Recent examples of pathway-based DDD are described. In summary, the molecular target-based DDD paradigm is built on a naive and misleading model of biologic control and is not heuristically adequate for advancing the mission of modern therapeutics. New approaches that take account of and are built on principles described by metabolic engineers are needed for the next generation of DDD.
The water-binding reaction of the mercury-iodine thermochemical cycle ANL-4: precipitation of KHCO3 from a purely aqueous medium☆

Abstract Yields and compositions of the products of the reaction H2O + NH3 + CO2 + KI → KHCO3 + NH4I in aqueous solution are reported for the temperature range from 300 to 354 K. The effects of using pure water as a solvent for the water-binding reaction of the mercury-iodine thermochemical cycle ANL-4 are discussed.
A design method for mixed gas Joule-Thomson refrigeration cryosurgical probes

A cryosurgical probe is a medical instrument that is designed to kill cancerous tissue by exposure to cryogenic temperatures. The most important figure of merit for a cryosurgical probe of fixed size is the dimension of the cryolesion that can be generated within a specified time during a surgical procedure. The optimization of the cryoprobe, through variation of the geometry, operating conditions, or working fluid composition, should be aimed directly at this clinical goal rather than at maximizing the refrigeration capacity, COP, or minimizing the tip temperature. This unique optimization criterion has created the need for a design method that considers both the probe design and the heat transfer details external to the probe (e.g. the blood perfusion and metabolic heat rate in the patient). This paper outlines a design method that will allow manufacturers of cryosurgical probes to identify an optimum combination of refrigerant mixture, cryoprobe geometry, and other cycle operating conditions. Specifically, a numerical model of the development of a cryolesion has been developed and verified; this model relates the size of the cryolesion, refrigeration required, and tip temperature. A detailed model of the cryoprobe refrigeration cycle relates the refrigeration to the tip temperature that can be achieved. The integration of these models allows the designer to select the optimal cryoprobe based on cryolesion size. This paper focuses on optimizing the mixed gas composition; however, the design technique is generic and can be used to select other system parameters.
Amino acid sequences in the Fd of a rabbit antibody heavy chain.

Abstract This paper reports an extension of the amino acid sequence in the Fd portion of the heavy chain of a rabbit antibody (allotype a2) of restricted heterogeneity. The new sequence covers 53 residues of the constant region (positions 127–179) and 5 residues in the variable region (positions 66–70). The constant region sequence is identical to that of normal rabbit IgG (mainly allotype all), and suggests that if allotype-related sequence substitutions are present, they are probably in the variable region, or in the constant region before position 127 or beyond position 179.