cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How) Does the Uptick Rule Constrain Short Selling

Regulation SHO is designed to allow for tests of how the uptick rule effects trading, as it temporarily suspends the rule for a pilot sample of NYSE-listed stocks. Relative to a matched control sample, pilot stocks have similar rates of return, short trading volume, price volatility, and measures of market efficiency. At the microstructure level, short sales for pilot stocks have (1) smaller trade sizes but more trades, (2) lower execution prices, (3) larger price impacts, and (4) similar effective spreads. Interestingly, these orders face significantly larger quoted spreads along with significantly smaller bid and, more notably, ask depths.
RUNX2 and the PI3K/AKT axis reciprocal activation as a driving force for tumor progression

From the first reported role of the transcription factor RUNX2 in osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and migration to its involvement in promigratory/proinvasive behavior of breast, prostate, and thyroid cancer cells, osteosarcoma, or melanoma cells, RUNX2 currently emerges as a key player in metastasis. In this review, we address the interaction of RUNX2 with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, one of the critical axes controlling cancer growth and metastasis. AKT, either by directly phosphorylating/activating RUNX2 or phosphorylating/inactivating regulators of RUNX2 stability or activity, contributes to RUNX2 transcriptional activity. Reciprocally, the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by RUNX2 regulation of its different components has been described in non-transformed and transformed cells. This mutual activation in the context of cancer cells exhibiting constitutive AKT activation and high levels of RUNX2 might constitute a major driving force in tumor progression and aggressiveness.
ETS-mediated cooperation between basic helix-loop-helix motifs of the immunoglobulin μ heavy-chain gene enhancer

The μE motifs of the immunoglobulin μ heavy-chain gene enhancer bind ubiquitously expressed proteins of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family. These elements work together with other, more tissue-restricted elements to produce B-cell-specific enhancer activity by presently undefined combinatorial mechanisms. We found that μE2 contributed to transcription activation in B cells only when the μE3 site was intact, providing the first evidence for functional interactions between bHLH proteins. In vitro assays showed that bHLH zipper proteins binding to μE3 enhanced Ets-1 binding to μA. One of the consequences of this protein-protein interaction was to facilitate binding of a second bHLH protein, E47, to the μE2 site, thereby generating a three-protein–DNA complex. Furthermore, transcriptional synergy between bHLH and bHLH zipper factors also required an intermediate ETS protein, which may bridge the transcription activation domains of the bHLH factors. Our observations define an unusual form of cooperation between bHLH and ETS proteins and suggest mechanisms by which tissue-restricted and ubiquitous factors combine to generate tissue-specific enhancer activity.
The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Study Group experience

The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) study group, an academic research organization, was formed in 1984 with initial support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Its initial goal was to compare the effects of the then-new thrombolytic agent, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, with streptokinase. The TIMI study group has remained active since then and has completed 50 multicenter clinical trials. The TIMI network now collaborates with more than 1000 separate sites in 45 countries on 5 continents. In addition to thrombolytic agents, TIMI has studied antithrombotic, antiplatelet, anti-ischemic, lipid lowering, and anti-inflammatory drugs. TIMI has also established robust biomarker and pharmacogenetics programs, and has devised a panel of risk assessment scores that are widely used. TIMI is currently conducting 7 large trials worldwide on novel agents designed to reduce the morbidity and mortality of a variety of cardiovascular disorders.
HISTORY AS ORIENTATION: RÜSEN ON HISTORICAL CULTURE AND NARRATION

Geschichte im Kulturprozes. By Jorn Rusen History: Narration, Interpretation, Orientation. By Jorn Rusen
Alteration of locomotor behavior in wolf spiders carrying normal and weighted egg cocoons

The slow locomotion (5–11 cycles/sec) of unloaded wolf spiders, Pardosa tristis, was compared with that of spiders moving at similar speeds supporting a normal or an artificially weighted egg cocoon attached to the opisthosoma or in the pedipalps. Spiders carrying an egg cocoon attached to the opisthosoma elevated the opisthosoma, while spiders carrying a cocoon in the pedipalps elevated the prosoma and curved the opisthosoma downward. Both loaded groups gathered their legs more closely under them and took shorter steps than unloaded spiders. Protraction/retraction ratios increased as a function of increasing walking speed and decreased as a function of increasing loads.
Abdominal ultrasonography in small animals: Examination of the liver, spleen and pancreas

Ultrasonography is an important diagnostic technique in veterinary medicine. It may be used to examine most structures in the small animal ahdomen, providing a rapid, non-invasive means of supplementing information obtained by physical examination and radiography. Limitations of ultrasonography include the non-specific nature of many observed abnormalities, which prevents a specific diagnosis, and the difficulty of identifying certain normal organs such as the pancreas. This paper reviews ultrasonography of the liver, spleen and pancreas, and ultrasound-guided biopsy in small animals, and indicates areas of potential future development.
Automation in air traffic control

A national Air Traffic Control automation system in the Federal Aviation Administration became a possibility with the advent of third generation computer hardware. By mid 1974, the FAA has implemented radar data processing in major terminals and four air route traffic control centers; within the next year all continental centers and high density terminals will be automated and interfaced. Key problems were in communications, interpretation of needs, continuity of intent. Managing the new system necessitated development of interpretative specialists, a new project-oriented management organization, a system of configuration control and a process for orderly functional change.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy at the new millennium: Mechanisms and prevention

Abstract Objectives: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)–induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity remains the most frequent adverse drug event in the United States. The objective of this review is to update clinicians in recent advances in basic and clinical investigation regarding the pathogenesis and management of NSAID gastropathy. Methods: Based upon an extensive review of the published literature and abstracts of key work within the past decade, the framework for new approaches to the prevention and treatment of NSAID-associated ulceration is summarized. Results: The pathophysiology of NSAID-induced injury to the GI tract is multifaceted and includes both prostaglandin-dependent and independent components. The pharmaceutical industry has capitalized on the identification of two different isoforms of cyclooxygenase, enabling the development of specific inhibitors of one isoform that minimizes prostaglandin-dependent mechanisms that contribute to NSAID-induced injury. Clinical trials support the efficacy and reduced toxicity of these agents. Because acid exacerbates the injury initiated by NSAIDs, potent acid suppressive therapy, typically with proton pump inhibitors, is another common approach to the treatment of NSAID-related dyspepsia as well as NSAID-induced ulcer disease. Conclusions: Recent improvements in the understanding of NSAID-induced damage and new drug development have provided the opportunity for effective anti-inflammatory therapy with reduced GI toxicity. This illustrates the importance of identifying patients at risk for potential complications and the appropriate use of strategies to prevent and treat NSAID-induced complications. Semin Arthritis Rheum 30:167-179. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
The corrosion resistance of high ZrO2 fusion-cast Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2 glass refractories in soda lime glass

The corrosion resistance to soda lime glass of fusion-cast high zirconia Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2 compositions is evaluated. It is concluded that these materials offer no improvement in corrosion resistance over the typical commercially available 40 wt% zirconia refractory in this glass. Furthermore, it is concluded that an optimum mixture of alumina and zirconia exists which has better corrosion resistance to soda lime glass than either end member. Finally, it is suggested that this trend in corrosion resistance is due to the interdependent solubilities of alumina and zirconia in the glass.
Paleoshoreline record of relative Holocene sea levels on Pacific islands

Abstract Understanding the history of relative Holocene sea levels on Pacific islands is important for constraining fundamental geodynamic theories, interpreting the environments of early human occupation sites, and forecasting future environmental conditions on the islands. An observational paleoshoreline record is provided by emergent paleoshoreline indicators formed at higher relative sea levels, hence standing at higher elevations than modern counterparts. Emergent paleoshoreline notches in limestone seacliffs record paleo-high-tide levels and emergent paleoreef flats record paleo-low-tide levels, whereas emergent paleobeachrock locally records paleo-intertidal levels. Both paleonotches and paleoreefs occur along the coasts of high-standing islands exposing volcanic bedrock and uplifted reef complexes, but low-lying coralline atolls lack sufficient relief to preserve paleonotches. Controls on relative Holocene sea level include global eustatic and regional hydro-isostatic changes in ambient sea level relative to island landmasses, and shifts in the elevations of islands relative to sea level caused by thermal subsidence of the oceanic lithosphere or thermally rejuvenated loci of hotspot volcanism, by flexure of the lithosphere under the load of growing volcanic edifices (Hawaii, Samoa, Society Islands), by arching of the lithosphere over trench forebulges (Loyalty Islands, Niue, Bellona–Rennell), and by tectonism within forearc belts between active volcanic chains and trenches (Mariana Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu). The dominant pattern of relative sea-level change, where not overprinted by local tectonism or lithospheric flexure, was a uniform early Holocene rise in eustatic sea level followed by a regionally variable late Holocene hydro-isostatic drawdown in sea level. The resultant was a mid-Holocene highstand in relative sea level that affected the development of shoreline morphology throughout the tropical Pacific Ocean. The earliest human migrations into intra-oceanic island groups of both the northwestern and southwestern Pacific Ocean followed close on the heels of the mid-Holocene sea-level highstand, and took advantage of newly attractive coastal environments engendered by sea-level drawdown. The effects of the mid-Holocene highstand were modified to varying degrees in different island groups by geodynamic uplift or subsidence.
Our current approach to drug abuse-progress, problems, proposals

Most drug-abuse experts and historians agree that we are in the declining phase of a drug epidemic that began about 30 years ago. Still, drug abuse remains one of the nation's critical domestic problems, linked to crime, neglect of children, family violence, incomplete education, homelessness, AIDS, high health care costs, urban decay, and diminished economic competitiveness. Until we reduce the current level of addiction and the experimentation that leads many people to that end, individual tragedies and profound social problems will continue to undermine the quality of our lives. Most people are poor judges of their own susceptibility to addiction. . . .
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIS- AND TRIS(CLOSO-1,2-C2B10H11-1-YL)-SUBSTITUTED BIPHENYL AND BENZENE

The synthesis and characterization of di-and tricarborane-substituted biphenyl and benzene derivatives are described. The direct reaction of aromatic alkyne with B10H12(Et2S)2 provides the title co...
CALCULATION OF WALL-BOUNDED COMPLEX FLOWS AND FREE SHEAR FLOWS

Various wall-bounded flows with complex geometries and free shear flows have been studied with a newly developed realizable Reynolds stress algebraic equation model. The model development is based on the invariant theory in continuum mechanics. This theory enables us to formulate a general constitutive relation for the Reynolds stresses. Pope (J. Fluid Mech., 72, 331–340 (1975)) was the first to introduce this kind of constitutive relation to turbulence modelling. In our study, realizability is imposed on the truncated constitutive relation to determine the coefficients so that, unlike the standard k–ϵ eddy viscosity model, the present model will not produce negative normal stresses in any situations of rapid distortion. The calculations based on the present model have shown encouraging success in modelling complex turbulent flows.
Ground-reference calibration results for Landsat-7 ETM+

Ground-reference techniques for the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) on Landsat 7 are described. The reflectance-based approach for vicarious calibration has been applied by the Remote Sensing Group of the Optical Sciences Center to 59 sets of ground-based data collected at large uniform test sites imaged by Landsat-7 ETM+. The results of this work coupled with the apparent stability of the ETM+ sensor shows that a one-sigma precision less than 3% is currently being achieved. Band-by-band analysis of the precision gives insight into the effects of atmospheric correction and surface reflectance uncertainties giving an understanding of the error sources in this approach. Variations in results are not seen between test sites and atmospheric effects are not the primary cause of day-to-day variability. These results are discussed with an emphasis on the current state of vicarious calibration accuracies/precision as well as areas for improvement and future accuracy expectations.
Effects of cilostazol on arterial wound healing: a retrospective analysis.

Background The vasodilator cilostazol (Pletal®), a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor, is approved in the United States for treatment of intermittent claudication. This study was aimed at evaluating its efficacy as an adjunct in the management of arterial ulceration. Methods The clinical records of patients treated with cilostazol from 2000 to 2010 at one institution were obtained. Of the 561 patients treated with cilostazol, we identified 82 (101 limbs) who started on therapy only after wounds were present and whose records were sufficient to assess healing. Only if all wounds in a limb completely healed without intervening arterial reconstruction, amputation, primary closure, or skin grafting, the limb was deemed healed with the assistance of cilostazol. With bilateral involvement, both limbs had to heal for the patient to be judged healed. Subjects who were lost to follow-up, died, or underwent surgical interventions other than debridement were deemed failures. Age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), creatinine, diabetes, insulin therapy, hemodialysis, smoking history, congestive heart failure, cilostazol dose, and length of therapy were compared, as well as, the number of wounds, size of largest wound, chronicity, ankle-brachial index, the presence of exposed bone/tendon/joint, or the presence of gangrene. Results Overall 30 of 82 patients (36.6%) and 41 of 101 (40.6%) limbs were deemed healed without surgical intervention or revascularization (open or endovascular). When 9 limbs that healed after skin grafts (n = 2) or foot-sparing amputations (n = 7) but without revascularization were considered, the overall rate of lower extremity limb salvage was 50.5%. Demographic characteristics were similar in the 2 groups except healed patients tended to be taller and weigh more but had similar BMI. The incidence of diabetes was higher in nonhealed limbs (73.3% vs. 50.0%, P = 0.0587). Gangrene was less common in healed patients (22.6% vs. 49.1%, P = 0.059) and healed limbs (22.0% vs. 48.3%, P = 0.027). Most subjects received 200 mg of cilostazol daily (healed:177 ± 53 mg vs. nonhealed: 172 ± 47 mg). Mean length of therapy in healed patients was 278 ± 302 days compared with 108 ± 129 days in nonhealed subjects before discontinuation of drug therapy or surgery, death, or loss to follow-up intervened. Conclusions The observed limb healing rate with cilostazol compares favorably to the ∼20% rate observed in subjects treated with placebo in multicenter trials of another vasodilator, iloprost. Although gangrene and diabetes correlate with lower prospects for healing, our data suggest that cilostazol helps promote healing of wounds when arterial insufficiency is present.
Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm to UV-A illumination over photocatalytic and non-photocatalytic surfaces

The susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01) bacteria to ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light in photocatalytic and non-photocatalytic systems was investigated. Thin films of TiO 2 were deposited on glass slides using a dip-coating method. Disinfection of both planktonic and biofilm bacterial cells was studied over both coated and uncoated slides exposed to low intensity (1.0 mW/cm 2 ) UV-A irradiation. Photocatalytic treatment of planktonic PA01 cultures pro-vided a 4-log reduction in the number of viable cells in 3 h whereas UV light alone produced a 1-log reduction. For biofilm bacteria, photocatalytic treatment did not enhance killing relative to UV treatment alone; however, the UV illumination resulted in a 2- to 3-log reduction in viable cells as compared with non-illuminated controls. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm bacteria to photocatalytic oxidation are discussed.
Inhibition of CNS myelin development in vivo by implantation of anti-GalC hybridoma cells.

Implantation of hybridoma cells that secrete a monoclonal antigalactocerebroside into the dorsal columns of ⩽ 9-day-old rat spinal cord results in failure of development of dorsal column myelin in the vicinity of the implant. Clusters of apparently undamaged amyelinated axons remain among the hybridoma cells. Ventral myelin is unaffected. These in vivo results support antibody-mediated inhibition of myelin formation as a potential mechanism underlying failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis.
Gambling: The misunderstood sport— a problem in social definition

Abstract The prevailing social science perspective views gambling as a socially deviant activity with detrimental consequences for the individual and society. This paper presents an alternative perspective which views gambling as human play sharing much of the structural and functional components of acceptable sport activity. Gambling has conventional rules for defining participation, for determining legitimate winning and losing, and for judging expert performance. It also has regulatory commissions, standardized equipment, symbols, an element of sociability, and it promotes a collective validation of the basic values of society. This perspective allows the social scientist to examine gambling behavior in a theoretical framework which focuses on the features of gambling shared in common with other legitimate sport activity. This paper explores two popular forms of social gambling, race track and casino, showing how they reflect contemporary American culture while they provide recreation for players. We h...
The controllability problem for nonlinear Volterra systems

We discuss the controllability of systems whose dynamics are governed by a large class of nonlinear Volterra integral equations. The property of controllability is shown to be equivalent to the existence of a fixed point of a certain set-valued map. We show that convexity and seminormality conditions intimately related to those assumed in proofs of existence theorems for optimal controls are sufficient to guarantee controllability. Approximate controllability results are obtained by first introducing generalized solutions and then showing, under only mild additional restrictions, that ordinary solutions are dense in this broader class of trajectories.
Another glance at the rainbow

Inflationary cosmology predicts the generation of both density perturbation and relic gravitons. Tests of these predictions, especially the relic gravitons, will be crucial to the verification of inflation. Efforts have been made to distinguish different inflation models using observed anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background radiation. However, the fact that both scalar and tensor modes contribute to the Sachs-Wolfe effect renders such determination difficult. We point out that, mediated by the primordial magnetic field, the relic gravitons can resonantly convert into photons at the same frequencies. Measurement of the spectrum of these long wavelength EM waves can help to determine the power law index directly, which will distinguish different inflationary models. This opens up a new window for another glance at “gravity's rainbow”.
Calcium Ionophore A23187 Stimulates Cytokinin-Like Mitosis in Funaria

The plant hormone cytokinin stimulates asymmetrical division in target cells of the protonema of the moss Funaria hygrometrica, leading to bud formation. The initial division can be induced in the absence of cytokinin by the calcium ionophore A23187 in medium containing calcium. These findings suggest that increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium are essential to bud initiation. Therefore mitotic regulation by cytokinin may be due, at least in part, to the modulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration.
Aged dialyzers and vision loss.

JAMA Acute Onset of Decreased Vision and Hearing Traced to Hemodialysis Treatment With Aged Dialyzers Joseph C. Hutter, PhD; Matthew J. Kuehnert, MD; Roland R. Wallis, PhD; Anne D. Lucas, PhD; Sumit Sen, PhD; William R. Jarvis, MD Context A recent event in which 7 patients at 1 hospital developed decreased vision and hearing, conjunctivitis, headache, and other severe neurologic symptoms 7 to 24 hours after hemodialysis drew attention to the issue of the long-term integrity of dialysis machines and materials. Objective To determine the cause of the adverse reactions that occurred during this event. Design, Patients, and Setting Retrospective cohort study of all 9 patients who received hemodialysis at hospital A on September 18, 1996, the day of the outbreak. A case-patient was defined as any hospital A patient with acute onset of decreased vision and hearing and conjunctivitis after dialysis on that day. Non–case-patients were all others who underwent dialysis on that day but did not develop adverse reactions. In an attempt to reproduce the conditions of the vent, cellulose acetate dialysis membranes of various ages were retrieved from other sources and tested for physical and chemical degradation, and degradation products were identified, characterized, and injected intravenously into rabbits. Main Outcome Measures Clinical signs and symptoms, time to resolution of symptoms, mortality, and dialyzer type and age, for case vs non–case-patients. Results Seven of the 9 patients met the case definition. In addition to diminished vision and hearing, conjunctivitis, and headache, some case-patients had blood leak alarm activation (n = 6), confusion/lethargy (n = 5), corneal opacification (n = 4), cardiac arrest (n = 2), or other neurologic signs and symptoms. One case-patient died during hospitalization after the event; 5 of 7 case-patients died within 13 months. Resolution of signs and symptoms varied but persisted more than 3 years or until death in 3 of the 6 patients who survived hospitalization. All case-patients but no non–case-patients were exposed to 11.5-year-old cellulose acetate dialyzers (all of these dialyzers were discarded by the hospital before our investigation). Laboratory investigation of field-retrieved 0- to 13.6-year-old dialyzers of similar type indicated significant chemical degradation in the older membranes. In vivo injection of extracts of membrane degradation products produced iritis and hemorrhages in rabbits' eyes. Conclusions Severe patient injury was associated with exposure to aged cellulose acetate membranes of dialyzers, allowing cellulose acetate degradation products to enter the blood. Clinicians should be aware that aged cellulose acetate membranes may cause severe adverse reactions. JAMA. 2000;283:2128-2134.
The PC as electronic nag

While often well-meant and sometimes unintended, nagging is an irritation we can easily do without. Whether personal or electronic, low-tech or high, it matters not. With PC proliferation, problem potential increases—even at home. Resisting the urge to telecommute unless anticipated gains can be “proved” in advance, and self-discipline if and when the PC becomes a “family member,” are urged.
Angiographic Features of Rheumatic and Nonrheumatic Mitral Regurgitation

Left ventricular cineangiography was performed in 37 patients with mitral regurgitation. Twenty-one patients had rheumatic mitral valve disease determined by careful surgical and pathologic examina...
Protein Composition of Synthetic Surfactant Affects Gas Exchange in Surfactant-Deficient Rats

Protein Composition of Synthetic Surfactant Affects Gas Exchange in Surfactant-Deficient Rats
The pulse coupled phasor measurement units

We propose a cross-layer sensor network architecture to convert measurements acquired by a population of sampling devices, into synchronous sensor array measurements, using a network synchronization protocol that is inspired by the dynamics of pulse coupled oscillators (PCO). We study the specific application of these sensors in the distribution section of the Smart Grid as low cost Phasor Measurement Units, that we refer to as the Pulse Coupled PMUs (PC-PMUs). The paper studies the impact of synchronization error on the quality of the phasor measurements analytically and via numerical simulations, considering a solution in which sensing and synchronization signals are both over the power-line medium. The analysis is valid for generic networks where the connectivity is radial, and the numerical results are carried on a 33-bus test network representing a typical distribution feeder.
Fractionation of mammalian DNA by zonal centrifugation.

COMMONLY used isolation procedures for mammalian DNA invariably give a product possessing a wide distribution of sedimentation coefficients1,2. We are interested in reproducibly obtaining finely cut fractions of such heterogeneous samples of DNA in order to study the production of such distributions, with the problems of shear degradation reduced to a minimum. Schumaker, Richards and Freer3 described the fractionation of calf thymus DNA. Their technique using rate zonal centrifugation in tubes, however, has inherent disadvantages. Tubes are low in capacity, zones may be subject to convection or anomalous sedimentation4–6, and problems of shear degradation may arise during fractionation7.
Cinnamon intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis.

Abstract Cinnamon, the dry bark and twig of Cinnamomum spp., is a rich botanical source of polyphenolics that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine and has been shown to affect blood glucose and insulin signaling. Cinnamon's effects on blood glucose have been the subject of many clinical and animal studies; however, the issue of cinnamon intake's effect on fasting blood glucose (FBG) in people with type 2 diabetes and/or prediabetes still remains unclear. A meta-analysis of clinical studies of the effect of cinnamon intake on people with type 2 diabetes and/or prediabetes that included three new clinical trials along with five trials used in previous meta-analyses was done to assess cinnamon's effectiveness in lowering FBG. The eight clinical studies were identified using a literature search (Pub Med and Biosis through May 2010) of randomized, placebo-controlled trials reporting data on cinnamon and/or cinnamon extract and FBG. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Biostat Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA) was p...
Lectin-mediated agglutination of preimplantation mouse embryos

Abstract Plant lectins were used to monitor qualitative changes in carbohydrate-containing receptors during preimplantation mouse development. Beginning at the morula stage, an age-related decline was observed in agglutination of early mouse embryos by concanavalin A (ConA). In contrast, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) agglutinated embryos strongly throughout preimplantation development.
Processes controlling recruitment of the marine Calanoid copepod Temora longicornis in Long Island Sound: Egg production, egg mortality, and cohort survival rates

Three phytoplankton blooms were observed during our 6-month study period and each resulted in increased rates of egg production (EPR) by female Temora longicornis. An EPR of 50 eggs female −1 d −1 was observed during the first bloom (spring bloom, March). The maximum EPR observed during the other blooms (May and July) was 20 and 30 eggs female −1 d −1 . At all other times the EPR was nearly zero. Each pulse in egg production initiated a distinct cohort. Survivorship from egg to adult was low: 3% for the first cohort and 0.8% for the second. The third cohort did not reach maturity. Mortality was highest in the egg stage ― only 10% of the eggs produced survived to first nauplius. Rates of egg mortality were positively correlated with clearance rates of T. longicornis, suggesting cannibalism as a cause of high mortality. However, the clearance rates required would be ∼ 34-fold too high, suggesting a different density-dependent factor, such as disease, viruses, ecto-parasitism or consumption by dinoflagellates. Advection and resting egg production do not appear to explain high rates of egg loss
GIS and Natural Resource Planning in Papua New Guinea: A Contextual Analysis

With the maturation of GIS technology, several planning scholars have turned their attention to the nature of the relationship between GIS technology and its “fit” into the planning process. Drawing various insights from the diverse fields of information systems, management information systems, and organizational theory, these scholars have started to assemble a theoretical framework from which to understand and manage the integration of GIS into the workplace. In this paper I will draw on these initial efforts to evaluate the relationship between “technology” and “process” in a Third World context. Using Nedovic-Budic's conceptualization of the process of “mutual adaptation” as a conceptual starting point, I will provide an in-depth analysis of GIS implementation in the southwest Pacific nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG). PNG's experiences offer a unique insight into the dynamics of mutual adaptation and also point out the limitations of this concept. I conclude by extrapolating beyond the “particular loc...
Investigating Co-Regulation Networks using Generative Models

Proteins, often referred to as the ‘workhorses of the cell’;, are produced through the process of gene expression, during which an organism turns its genetic code (DNA) into functional units. Regulation of this expression process increases the versatility of an organism, allows for adaptation to the environment, and in-creases the efficiency with which resources are metabolized by controlling when and in what quantities RNA molecules and proteins are pro-duced. Many diseases are related to failures in one or more components of this system. Examining regulation helps us to understand how an organism evolves and develops, and how malfunctions may break down this process. Much of the control of gene expression is believed to occur by the cell's adjustment of tran-scription initiation frequency. This level of control is carried out by transcription factors (TFs), and transcription factor networks (TFNs) can be used to describe the interactions between these transcription factors and their target genes. In this work we use generative networks to model the creation of TFNs during evolution in order to understand how these networks form and develop. In par-ticular, we examine how the number of TF partners (those that regulate common genes) scales with the number of genes a TF regulates. It has been observed that in several model organisms the degree distribution of this partnership net-work appears to follow an exponential saturation curve. The co-regulatory net-work of our generative model shows a trend similar to that of the model organ-isms. We show that through various modifications to our model we are able to identify the necessary conditions for this observed saturation curve characteristic. This indicates that the saturation curve seen in these co-regulatory networks could be a product of evolutionary development, during which regulators gain and lose interactions with targets over time.
Getting it Right the First Time: Predicted Performance Guarantees from the Analysis of Emergent Behavior in Autonomous and Semi-autonomous Systems

A crucially important aspect for mission-critical robotic operations is ensuring as best as possible that an autonomous system be able to complete its task. In a project for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) we are developing methods to provide such guidance, specifically for counter-Weapons of Mass Destruction (C-WMD) missions. In this paper, we describe the scenarios under consideration, the performance measures and metrics being developed, and an outline of the mechanisms for providing performance guarantees.
Ligand Interactions in the Adenosine Nucleotide-binding Domain of the Hsp90 Chaperone, GRP94: II. LIGAND-MEDIATED ACTIVATION OF GRP94 MOLECULAR CHAPERONE AND PEPTIDE BINDING ACTIVITY *

The N-terminal domain of eukaryotic Hsp90 proteins contains a conserved adenosine nucleotide binding pocket that also serves as the binding site for the Hsp90 inhibitors geldanamycin and radicicol. Although this domain is essential for Hsp90 function, the molecular basis for adenosine nucleotide-dependent regulation of GRP94, the endoplasmic reticulum paralog of Hsp90, remains to be established. We report that bis-ANS (1,1′-bis(4-anilino-5-napthalenesulfonic acid), an environment sensitive fluorophore known to interact with nucleotide-binding domains, binds to the adenosine nucleotide-binding domain of GRP94 and thereby activates its molecular chaperone and peptide binding activities. bis-ANS was observed to elicit a tertiary conformational change in GRP94 similar to that occurring upon heat shock, which also activates GRP94 function. bis-ANS activation of GRP94 function was efficiently blocked by radicicol, an established inhibitory ligand for the adenosine nucleotide binding pocket. Confirmation of the N-terminal nucleotide binding pocket as the bis-ANS-binding site was obtained following covalent incorporation of bis-ANS into GRP94, trypsinolysis, and sequencing of bis-ANS-labeled limit digestion products. These data identify a ligand dependent regulation of GRP94 function and suggest a model whereby GRP94 function is regulated through a ligand-dependent conversion of GRP94 from an inactive to an active conformation.
Why Do Bathrooms Matter

unlikely to be four separate bathrooms, only white women and men could depend on having someplace to pee when traveling (Cooper and Ruth 1999). Twenty years ago, the gendering of bathrooms became a contentious feminist issue. It was part of the fight for gender equality (Edwards and McKie 1996; Molotch 1988). Gendered bathrooms perpetuated gender inequality because there were never enough ladies' rooms to match their greater need. Arguing for unisex bathrooms, feminists put their bodies on the line by liberating men's rooms. Today, the battle has been taken up by transitioning transgenders and by genderqueers who do not identify as male or female, especially on college campuses (Brown 2005). Now, gender-neutral bathrooms are part of the battle for recognition of the rights of people with all sorts of bodies (Lucal 1999). Racial desegregation and mandated wheelchair-accessible bathrooms are
Modified procedure for assay of equine conjugated estrogens in tablets and powdered concentrates

The procedure developed by Carol et al. for the analysis of equine conjugated estrogenic preparations has been substantially modified at two major points: ( a ) the preparation of the extract of total estrogens and ( b ) the technique of color development. The net result of these changes along with other minor changes is a considerable saving of time and labor required to perform the analysis.
Effect of catalyst poisoning on the overall selectivity and activity

Abstract A mathematical model describing the pore-mouth poisoning of porous catalysts by a strongly adsorbed poison is presented. The effect of poisoning on catalyst selectivity and activity are examined for various pellet geometries; namely, an infinite slab, an infinite cylinder and a sphere. Three types of multiple reactions; independent, parallel and consecutive reactions are considered. For each type of multiple reaction, poisonings of the desired reaction, the undesired reaction and both the desired and the undesired reactions are treated separately. The variations in catalyst selectivity are discussed in terms of the reaction rate constants, the effective diffusities of reacting species, and the extent of catalyst poisoning. A criterion is given for selection of a catalyst that offers a high selectivity for the desired reaction.
TICK-RACCOON ASSOCIATIONS AND THE POTENTIAL FOR LYME DISEASE SPIROCHETE TRANSMISSION IN THE COASTAL PLAIN OF NORTH CAROLINA

Raccoons (Procyon lotor) were live-trapped and examined for ticks from July 1990 to July 1993 in the coastal plain of North Carolina on Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina (USA). Five species of ixodid ticks were found on 351 (78%) of 449 raccoons. Amblyomma americanum was the most abundant tick found on raccoons. Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes texanus, and Ixodes scapularis were frequently collected, while Ixodes cookei were rarely collected from raccoons. Tick burdens were not affected by the age, sex, or trap location of captured raccoons. Ticks parasitizing raccoons had varying seasonal patterns of abundance. Amblyomma americanum were generally collected from raccoons year around, but infestation intensities were greatest in summer from June to September. Dermacentor variabilis adults were most abundant in mid-summer while peak numbers of larvae were collected in the fall. Infestation intensities of Ixodes texanus larvae were greatest in fall and winter months while nymphs were most abunda...
Mitogen and antigen-specific induction of lymphoblast transformation in cats with subclinical toxoplasmosis

Lymphoblast transformation in whole blood was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation after stimulation by concanavalin A and Toxoplasma gondii secretory and intracellular antigens in samples from cats with experimentally induced toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, and circulating antigens were also measured throughout the study period. Lymphocytes from all cats were responsive to concanavalin A pre- and post-inoculation with T. gondii. Suppression of mitogen-stimulated lymphoblast transformation during the course of infection was not observed. Both the secretory and intracellular antigens stimulated lymphoblast transformation in many cats from Week 2 to Week 52 post-inoculation. Lymphoblast transformation was stimulated more frequently by intracellular antigens (66.25%) than by secretory antigens (48.75%). Lymphoblast transformation was not induced by T. gondii antigens in any cat prior to appearance of T. gondii-specific antibodies in serum or during the oocyst shedding period. Cats with persistent antigenemia had the most consistent lymphoblast transformation results induced by T. gondii-specific antigens.
Implication of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase membrane recruitment in hydrogen peroxide-induced activation of PI3K and Akt.

The effect of tyrosine phosphorylation of PI3K on its enzymatic activity is quite controversial, and the molecular mechanism by which ROS trigger PI3K membrane relocation is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of hydrogen peroxide-induced PI3K activation in DT40 cells, utilizing genetic and pharmacological approaches. Our results revealed that hydrogen peroxide induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the p110 but not the p85 subunit of PI3K in DT40 cells. This phosphorylation was intact in Btk- and Cbl-deficient DT40 cells, but was drastically suppressed in Lyn, Syk, or BCAP-deficient DT40 cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p110 did not alter its catalytic activity, and hydrogen peroxide stimulation did not cause an increase in the intrinsic PI3K activity; however, hydrogen peroxide stimulation did induce PI(3,4,5)P 3 accumulation and activate Akt. The activation of Akt, as monitored by its ability to phosphorylate GSK-3α/β and by its S 4 7 3 phosphorylation, was strictly dependent on PI3K activity. Under our conditions, hydrogen peroxide-induced PI3K and Akt activation was independent of Lyn, Syk, Cbl, BCAP, or Ras when each was eliminated individually either by mutation or by a specific inhibitor. In comparison, Akt activation by B cell receptor cross-linking was dependent on BCAP. In addition, hydrogen peroxide treatment caused an increase in the amount of p85 PI3K associated with the particulate fraction. Together, these results indicate that the hydrogen peroxide-induced PI3K and Akt activation in DT40 cells was achieved through PI3K membrane recruitment to its substrate site, thereby enabling PI3K to maximize its catalytic efficiency.
A new crystalline salt of oxytocin.

A CRYSTALLINE salt of oxytocin, its flavianate, was reported several years ago from this Laboratory1. The flavianate crystallized in long silky needles and, as was reported, was rather difficult to handle. Therefore a search was made for other crystalline salts of the hormone in the hope of obtaining crystals with more convenient properties.
Expression and phosphorylation of the mid-sized neurofilament protein NF-M during chick spinal cord neurogenesis.

The middle molecular weight polypeptide of neurofilaments (NF-M) is modified posttranslationally by extensive phosphorylation. This modification is slow in mature neurons, requiring approximately 24–48 hr for completion and probably occurs outside of the cell soma (Bennett and DiLullo: J Cell Biol 100:1799, 1985c). Thus, NF-M synthesis and phosphorylation are separate events both temporally and spatially. Although it is known that NF-M is among the earliest neuron-specific gene products to be expressed during nervous system development, it is not known what the temporal relationship is between the initiation of NF-M translation and its phosphorylation. To address this question, we have produced an antiserum against the dephosphorylated form of NF-M (NF-M130) and have used this antiserum, together with a previously characterized antiserum against completely phosphorylated NF-M (NF-M160), in an immunohistochemical examination of neurogenesis and the initial period of neuronal differentiation in chick spinal cord. We found that (1) nonphosphorylated and partially phosphorylated NF-M cannot be detected prior to the completion of the terminal mitosis; (2) most postmitotic neuroblasts begin expressing NF-M as they commence migration, but do not contain the completely phosphorylated polypeptide until some time after completion of migration; and (3) those precursor cells of a subpopulation of neuroblasts that begin expressing completely phosphorylated NF-M during their terminal cell cycle (Bennett and DiLullo: Dev Biol 107:94, 1985a) contain no detectable nonphosphorylated or partially phosphorylated NF-M. These cells probably complete the phosphorylation step more rapidly than do mature neurons.
Designing Energy-Storage Devices from Textile Materials

Research and development in textiles have gone beyond the conventional applications as clothing and furnishing materials; for example, the convergence of textiles, nanotechnologies, and energy science opens up the opportunity to take on one of the major challenges in the 21st century energy. This presentation addresses the development of high-energy lithium-ion batteries using electrospun nanofibers.
Preparative-scale separation of polymyxins with an analytical high-performance liquid chromatography system by using displacement chromatography

Abstract Polymyxin antibiotics were separated by using reversed-phase chromatography in the displacement mode with columns generally employed in analytical separations. By using an aqueous solution of dodecyloctyldimethylammonium chloride as the displacer more than 100 mg of commercial polymyxin B sulfate could be separated into its constituents on a 250 × 4.6 mm column packed with 5-μm octyl-silica. The results are compared to those obtained by elution chromatography and some of the main features of displacement chromatography are discussed.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Cimicomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a total-evidence analysis

Abstract A phylogenetic analysis for the Cimicomorpha was conducted using 92 taxa, including eight outgroups and six species of Thaumastocoridae. Density of taxon sampling allows for tests of relationships at the family level for most taxa, whereas in the Miridae denser sampling allows for doing so on the tribal level. This level of sampling also corresponds with the availability of testable published hypotheses of relationships. Morphological data for 73 characters are coded for all taxa. Approximately 3500 base pairs of DNA were sequenced for the following gene regions for 83 taxa: 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and COI. Results are presented for analysis of morphological data, individual molecular partitions, combined molecular data, combined morphological and molecular data for 83 taxa and combined morphological and molecular data for 92 taxa. Analyses of morphological data were performed using the parsimony programs nona and piwe: molecular and combined data were analysed using direct optimization with the program poy. Major conclusions of the present study include recognition of the following monophyletic groups: The Geocorisae is a monophyletic group. The monophyly of the Cimicomorpha – including Thaumastocoridae – is not supported in most analyses. The Reduviidae is monophyletic, with the Phymatinae Complex being the sister-group of the remaining subfamilies. The circumscription of the Cimiciformes is altered from the prior conception of Schuh and Stys to also include the Joppeicidae, Microphysidae and Velocipedidae, as well as the recently described family Curaliidae; the monophyly of the Cimiciformes is supported in most analyses; the Cimiciformes is treated as the sister-group of the Miroidea in most analyses. The monophyly of the Cimicoidea, including Curaliidae, is supported in all analyses including molecular data, whereas Curaliidae is treated as a more basal cimiciform in all other analyses. The monophyly and placement of the Thaumastocoridae is ambiguous across the range of analyses, and the monophyly of the Miroidea sensu Schuh and Stys receives limited support in the combined analyses of morphology + molecular data. The Tingidae and Miridae are each monophyletic and together almost invariably form a monophyletic group. Within the Miridae, several inclusive monophyletic groups at the subfamily/tribal level are more or less consistently recognized when molecular data are included; however, the interrelationships of the subfamilies vary substantially across the range of analyses. Of the individual molecular partitions, only 18S rDNA shows significant congruence with combined analyses of morphological, combined molecular or combined morphological and molecular data. Scenarios are discussed for the evolution of the metathoracic scent-efferent system and the origin of the fossula spongiosa.