cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MAEK: Intuitive Instructional Content Delivered on a Smartphone Platform

As new and better versions of smartphones come out, users increasingly have their old models of smartphones unused at home. Smartphones have remarkable capabilities, and it seems that these unused phones are a waste of potential. The MAEK project was inspired by the question: what if the computing power of a personal phone wasn’t handheld? Where else could this tech exist? If it were imbedded in a more public environment instead of contained to the hand or pocket, does it open up new interaction opportunities? The MAEK project at Draper explored these questions. Using a User-Centered approach, a team of designers at Draper researched, designed, prototyped, and tested a product (MAEK) that proved the new and exciting interactions of personal cellphone tech embedded in the environment. This project included 4 parts: the adhesive case hardware, the gesture recognition computer vision, the automatic video parsing, and the user experience of the application interface. This paper focuses on the user experience.
Structural and functional roles of ether lipids

Ether lipids, such as plasmalogens, are peroxisome-derived glycerophospholipids in which the hydrocarbon chain at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone is attached by an ether bond, as opposed to an ester bond in the more common diacyl phospholipids. This seemingly simple biochemical change has profound structural and functional implications. Notably, the tendency of ether lipids to form non-lamellar inverted hexagonal structures in model membranes suggests that they have a role in facilitating membrane fusion processes. Ether lipids are also important for the organization and stability of lipid raft microdomains, cholesterol-rich membrane regions involved in cellular signaling. In addition to their structural roles, a subset of ether lipids are thought to function as endogenous antioxidants, and emerging studies suggest that they are involved in cell differentiation and signaling pathways. Here, we review the biology of ether lipids and their potential significance in human disorders, including neurological diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders.
AmbientGAN: Generative models from lossy measurements

Generative models provide a way to model structure in complex distributions and have been shown to be useful for many tasks of practical interest. However, current techniques for training generative models require access to fully-observed samples. In many settings, it is expensive or even impossible to obtain fully-observed samples, but economical to obtain partial, noisy observations. We consider the task of learning an implicit generative model given only lossy measurements of samples from the distribution of interest. We show that the true underlying distribution can be provably recovered even in the presence of per-sample information loss for a class of measurement models. Based on this, we propose a new method of training Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) which we call AmbientGAN. On three benchmark datasets, and for various measurement models, we demonstrate substantial qualitative and quantitative improvements. Generative models trained with our method can obtain $2$-$4$x higher inception scores than the baselines.
Role of receptor internalization in insulin signalling.

Many hormones and nutrient molecules are internalized into their target cells by the common mechanism of receptor-mediated endocytosis. This process involves the clustering of receptors into invaginated regions of the plasma membrane coated on their intracellular surface by the protein clathrin which forms a basket-like casing. This pitted region internalizes to form an independent vesicle which eventually loses its clathrin coat. Movement through the vesicular pathway allows intracellular sorting. The uptake of insulin appears to follow this path. In a variety of tissues, insulin stimulates the internalization of its own receptor upon binding (Hedo and Simpson, 1984; Krupp and Lane, 1982; Knutson et al., 1983). At some point along the endocytotic path, the hormone dissociates from the receptor and is degraded (Krupp and Lane, 1982). The receptor recycles to the plasma membrane where it can bind another insulin molecule to reinitiate the cycle. Besides stimulating receptor internalization, insulin stimulates rapid receptor autophosphorylation (Kohanski et al., 1986; White et al., 1985) activating the tyrosine kinase. The receptor is internalized in this state’(Backer et al., 1989). However, prior to recycling, the receptor is dephosphorylated (Backer et al., 1989) which inactivates the catalytic activity (Klein et al., 1987). How this kinase activity and endocytotic cycle is involved in insulin signalling is not well defined.
Speech: A Different Look at Compliance in American Professional Sports: Why the NFL Personal Conduct Policy Might Be More Illegal than the Very Conduct It Seeks to Regulate

This speech discusses why the NFL Personal Conduct Policy, in itself, might be illegal, much like some of the behavior it seeks to regulate. The speech begins with a discussion of the NFL Personal Conduct Policy. It then turns to the underlying economic harms caused by the policy. Finally, the speech concludes with a brief discussion of Section 1 of the Sherman Act and why, by enforcing the NFL Personal Conduct Policy, the NFL team-owners themselves might be out of compliance with U.S. federal law.This speech is best read alongside Professor Edelman’s 2009 Catholic University Law Review article, entitled “Are Commissioner Suspensions Any Different from Illegal Group Boycotts?”
5.9 – Vascular Function: Hemodynamics

The chapter begins with a recapitulation of the overall function of the vasculature. It describes how pressure drives flow and because of flow the lateral pressure differs from the end pressure, but not by much at circulation speeds. It defines compliance for the vasculature and shows how veins are 19 times as compliant as arteries. It introduces the idea of mean arterial pressure and shows how pulse pressure derives from stroke volume and compliance. It describes the pressure pulse waveform and how it changes along the limb. It details how blood pressure is obtained using a sphygmomanometer, and the Korotkoff sounds. How blood pressure alters during the systemic and pulmonary circulations is shown. The use of Poiseuille’s law for flow in the vasculature is discussed.
Social interactions between high-risk infants and their mothers, fathers, and grandmothers

Social interactions between infants and adults are considered the foundation for later peer interactions (Mueller & Vandell, 1979). Disturbed behaviors noted during these early interactions correlate with later interaction problems (Bakeman & Brown, 1980; Field, 1979b; Sig-man, Cohen, & Forsythe, 1981). The purpose of this chapter is to review some of the literature about adult-infant interactions. After presenting an overview of the literature on harmonious and disturbed adult-infant interactions, studies from our laboratory will be reviewed, including those on infants’ early interactions with mothers, fathers, and grandmothers.
Diphyllobothrium latum (Linnaeus 1758)

Diphyllobothrium latum, which can grow to more than 10 m in length, is the longest of the tapeworms that parasitize the human small intestine. Like other tapeworms of humans, this parasite does little harm. Its location is in the upper part of the small intestine, which is rich in nutrients; its feeding mechanisms are similar to those of the other tapeworms. In addition, it has a unique affinity for vitamin B12.
Some Thoughts on the Integration of Narrative and Humanistic/Existential Approaches to Psychotherapy

Although humanistic and narrative approaches to psychotherapy make some different assumptions about the nature of the human condition and emphasize different aspects of human functioning in their therapeutic endeavors, I argue here that the underlying assumptions of these two approaches reflect a common view of humanness, thus making these two approaches candidates for attempts at integration. Four areas of commonality are discussed in detail: (a) life as a process of continual development, (b) the nature of experience and the process of meaning creation, (c) the nature of psychological dysfunction, and (d) the nature and importance of human relationships. The implications of these commonalities for the practice of therapy from an integrated perspective are explored in an extended case example.
Learning decision lists using homogeneous rules

A decision list is an ordered list of conjunctive rules (Rivest 1987). Inductive algorithms such as AQ and CN2 learn decision lists incrementally, one rule at a time. Such algorithms face the rule overlap problem — the classification accuracy of the decision list depends on the overlap between the learned rules. Thus, even though the rules are learned in isolation, they can only be evaluated in concert. Existing algorithms solve this problem by adopting a greedy, iterative structure. Once a rule is learned, the training examples that match the rule are removed from the training set. We propose a novel solution to the problem: composing decision lists from homogeneous rules, rules whose classification accuracy does not change with their position in the decision list. We prove that the problem of finding a maximally accurate decision list can be reduced to the problem of finding maximally accurate homogeneous rules. We report on the performance of our algorithm on data sets from the UCI repository and on the MONK's problems.
Membranes for industrial microfiltration and ultrafiltration

Abstract: In this chapter a general overview of industrial microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) processes is given. Basic principles, membrane materials, membrane preparation technologies, membrane module configurations and process designs involved in these operations are described. Membrane fouling and concentration polarization phenomena, as well as methods to control and reduce their effects on membrane performance, are also discussed. Finally the main applications of UF and MF membranes and their integration on a large technical scale are reviewed.
Comparison of Antibiotic Prescribing in Retail Clinics, Urgent Care Centers, Emergency Departments, and Traditional Ambulatory Care Settings in the United States.

This cohort study compares antibiotic prescribing in 2014 among retail clinics, urgent care centers, emergency departments, and traditional medical offices in the United States.
The Impact of Deceased Donor Liver Extraction Time on Early Allograft Function in Adult Liver Transplant Recipients.

BackgroundIn liver transplantation, both cold and warm ischemia times are known to impact early graft function. The extraction time is a period during the initial phase of organ cooling which occurs during deceased donor procurement. During this time, the organ is at risk of suboptimal cooling. Whet
Not Just Another "Found Down": Concomitant Upper Arm and Gluteal Compartment Syndrome.

Abstract Background Compartment syndrome is often considered in patients with long-bone fractures and soft-tissue injuries, but is not as commonly associated with a period of unconsciousness. Case Report A 65-year-old man was brought to our emergency department (ED) because he had lost consciousness for an unknown amount of time after snorting heroin. He had severe pain in his upper right arm. Physical examination revealed right arm edema, paresthesia, tenderness, and firmness to palpation. During the ED assessment, the patient began to experience pain in his right hip to a degree exceeding examination findings. We considered compartment syndrome affecting his upper arm as well as his gluteal muscles. The patient was taken to the operating room for fasciotomy. The triceps muscle was found to be bulging out of the compartment, demonstrating advanced compartment syndrome. A posterior approach to the hip allowed the gluteal sling and the fascia to be released, eliminating tension on the gluteus medius/minimus and gluteus maximus compartments. With physical therapy, the patient regained full flexion and extension in his arm at the elbow, partial extension of his wrist, and range of motion and strength in his hip. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? If not recognized, compartment syndrome can jeopardize limb and life. It should be considered in patients experiencing inordinate pain, especially if they were found unconscious at the incident scene. Pressure-induced ischemia can impair muscle function within hours. If it is not relieved with fasciotomy, the patient can sustain irreversible functional loss.
Why Women Are Not Talking About It: Reasons for Nondisclosure of Sexual Victimization and Associated Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression:

Disclosure of traumatic experiences is typically encouraged and associated with positive outcomes. However, there is limited research on nondisclosure of sexual trauma and consequent symptomology. ...
A Spatial Modeling and Reasoning System for Robotics Research

A new project is described whose goal is to build a software system which simulates, with appropriate simplifications, a complete robotic system. This system will serve, during its incremental development, as a research testbed for studying various pure and applied problems in perception, planning and learning in a three dimensional modeled world. Particular emphasis will be given to range-based vision, collision-free path planning, high-level task planning, and the application of machine learning techniques to these problems.
Altering States of Consciousness

This chapter discusses the way of altering states of consciousness. The studies indicate that caffeine has a stimulating effect on certain psychological functions, some of which may be related to creativity. Alcohol, when too much of it is taken, can have a debilitating effect on various psychological functions as well as on creativity. Indirectly, it may have positive effects for creativity in that it may provide the creative individual with relief from tensions and an opportunity for relaxation after time and effort has been spent in the creative process. The evidence relating to the psychedelic or mind-expanding drugs is quite varied. By the subjective reports of individuals who have taken these drugs, it is found that these people believe their creativity has improved and that they attribute this improvement to the drugs. There are studies indicating that certain psychological variables or functions that are related to creativity are sometimes positively affected by the drugs and in some cases negatively.
The biotech living and the walking dead.

A detailed look at the economic impact of university-licensed life science startups across the United States reveals vast differences in the effectiveness of different regions to create ventures and sustain them as viable entities.
Predictors of nodal metastasis in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma: A national cancer database analysis.

Objective We present the largest population based study of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to identify risk factors for presentation with nodal metastasis. Methods The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used for this study. Location codes corresponding to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and histology codes representing SCC malignancy were queried. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with presentation with nodal metastasis. Results 6448 cases met inclusion criteria. Nodal metastasis at presentation was seen in 13.2% of patients, with the sinus subsite (19.3%) being a significant risk factor for nodal metastasis at presentation when compared to the nasal cavity (7.9%). Logistic regression analysis showed black, uninsured and Medicaid patients were more likely than white and privately insured patients, respectively, to present with nodal metastasis. Conclusions In sinonasal SCC, the sinus subsite has a significantly increased risk of nodal metastasis compared to the nasal cavity. Black race, uninsured and Medicaid patients are more likely to have nodal metastasis at presentation.
89Zr-Labeled Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Fragment for Evaluating In Vivo PD-L1 Levels in Melanoma Mouse Model

The rise of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has been one of the most promising developments in melanoma research. However, not all the melanoma patients respond to such immune checkpoint blockade. There is a great need of biomarkers for appropriate melanoma patient selection and therapeutic efficacy monitoring. The objective of this study is to develop a novel radiolabeled anti-PD-L1 antibody fragment, as an imaging biomarker, for evaluating the in vivo PD-L1 levels in melanoma. The Df-conjugated F(ab')2 fragment of the anti-mouse PD-L1 antibody was successfully synthesized and radiolabeled with 89Zr. Both Df-F(ab')2 and 89Zr-Df-F(ab')2 maintained the nano-molar murine PD-L1 targeting specificity and affinity. 89Zr-Df-F(ab')2 showed less uptake in normal liver tissue in mice compared with its full antibody counterpart 89Zr-Df-anti-PD-L1. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography images clearly showed that 89Zr-Df-F(ab')2 possessed superior pharmacokinetics and imaging contrast over the radiolabeled full antibody, with much earlier and higher tumor uptake (5.5 times more at 2 h post injection) and much lower liver background (51% reduction at 2 h post injection). The specific and high murine PD-L1-targeting uptake at tumor foci coupled with fast clearance of 89Zr-Df-F(ab')2 highlighted its potential for in vivo PET imaging of murine PD-L1 levels and future development of radiolabeled anti-human PD-L1 fragment for potential application in melanoma patients.
Identification of rodent animals by DNA barcoding technology in Gansu Province

Objective To apply the DNA barcoding technology for identification of rodent animals and to establish a rodent animal DNA barcode database in Gansu Province. Methods A total of 54 rodent animals were detected. DNA barcoding technology was used to analyze the DNA mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (CO I) gene sequence in Gansu Province. Results The intra-specific genetic distance was 0-2% while the inter-specific distance ranged from 18% to 30%. Eight major clusters were apparently showed on a Neighbor joining tree. Conclusion DNA barcoding technology could overcome the shortcomings of the morphological identification, so it could be used to identify the rodent animals and has important implications for disease control and prevention in the natural focus of Gansu Province. Key words: Rodentia; DNA barcoding; Mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I; Species identification
Sediment record of mining legacy and water quality from a drinking-water reservoir, Aztec, New Mexico, USA

The record of mining legacy and water quality was investigated in sediments collected in 2018 from four trenches in the Aztec, New Mexico, drinking-water reservoir #1. Bulk chemical analysis of sediments with depth in the reservoir revealed variable trace-element (uranium, vanadium, arsenic, copper, sulfur, silver, lead, and zinc) concentrations, which appear to coincide with historical mining and milling operations. Cesium-137 age dating, which identified the location of the 1963 radioactive fallout maximum, combined with the known age of the bottom and top of the sediment trenches, was used to estimate a polynomial sedimentation rate (average rate = 1.7 cm/yr). The clay size fraction (< 0.004 mm) was the dominant grain-size fraction of the sediments. Abundant fine-grained phyllosilicate (clay) minerals, predominantly montmorillonite and kaolinite, may explain sorption properties of trace elements. Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of sediments from two trenches showed copper and zinc associated with sulfur, and arsenic associated with iron and aluminum oxides. Results from laboratory batch experiments indicated that uranium, vanadium, and arsenic were released when sediments were reacted with a 150 mg/L sodium bicarbonate solution whereas copper was released when sediments were reacted with 2 mMol/L acetic acid. Observed concentrations from the two leach tests were below regulatory thresholds for delivery of solids to a landfill and were below drinking-water standards. Diatom relative abundance indicates that the water quality in the reservoir was not impaired by high metal concentrations.
Teens’ Motivations to Spread Fake News on WhatsApp

Younger people are exposed to misinformation that circulates rapidly on their mobile devices through instant messaging applications such as WhatsApp. Under the guise of news, an attractive format a...
Secondary teachers’ meanings for function notation in the United States and South Korea

Abstract This study investigates what teachers in U.S. reveal about their meanings for function notation in their written responses to the Mathematical Meanings for Teaching secondary mathematics (MMTsm) items, with particular attention to how productive those meanings would be if conveyed to students in a classroom setting. We then report South Korean teachers’ responses to see whether the meanings U.S. teachers demonstrated are shared with South Korean teachers. The results show that many U.S. teachers use function notation to name rules instead of to represent relationships. The data from South Korean teachers indicates that the problematic meanings in U.S. teachers’ responses are shared with a minority of South Korean teachers. The results suggest a need for attention to ideas regarding function notation in teacher education for pre-service teachers and professional development programs for in-service teachers.
Sleep characteristics and problems of 2-year-olds with Williams syndrome: relations with language and behavior.

Sleep problems have been shown to have a negative impact on language development and behavior for both typically developing children and children with a range of neurodevelopmental disorders. The relation of sleep characteristics and problems to language and behavior for children with Williams syndrome (WS) is unclear. The goal of this study was to address these relations for 2-year-olds with WS. Associations of nonverbal reasoning ability, nighttime sleep duration, and excessive daytime sleepiness with language ability and behavior problems were considered. Ninety-six 2-year-olds with genetically confirmed classic-length WS deletions participated. Parents completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, which includes a Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder (SRBD) scale with a subscale measuring excessive daytime sleepiness, to assess sleep characteristics and problems. Parents also completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences to assess behavior problems and expressive vocabulary, respectively. Children completed the Mullen Scales of Early Learning to measure nonverbal reasoning and language abilities. Parents indicated that children slept an average of 10.36 h per night (SD = 1.09, range 7.3–13.3), not differing significantly from the mean reported by Bell and Zimmerman (2010) for typically developing toddlers (p = .787). Sixteen percent of participants screened positive for SRBD and 30% for excessive daytime sleepiness. Children who screened positive for SRBD had significantly more behavior problems on all CBCL scales than children who screened negative. Children with excessive daytime sleepiness had significantly more attention/hyperactivity, stress, and externalizing problems than those who did not have daytime sleepiness. Individual differences in parent-reported nighttime sleep duration and directly measured nonverbal reasoning abilities accounted for unique variance in expressive language, receptive language, and internalizing problems. Individual differences in parent-reported daytime sleepiness accounted for unique variance in externalizing problems. The relations of nighttime sleep duration, positive screens for SRBD, and excessive daytime sleepiness to language and behavior in toddlers with WS parallel prior findings for typically developing toddlers. These results highlight the importance of screening young children with WS for sleep problems. Studies investigating the efficacy of behavioral strategies for improving sleep in children with WS are warranted.
Ignorance and Indifference: Decision-Making in the Lab and in the Market. (Supplement)

Full paper available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3118395 These supplemental materials include additional bibliographical and technical details on the themes brought up in the main text: the consumption-based asset pricing models, as well as the concept of shrinkage. A description of data sources is also given here.
Neurochemically and Hodologically Distinct Ascending VGLUT3 versus Serotonin Subsystems Comprise the r2-Pet1 Median Raphe.

Brainstem median raphe (MR) neurons expressing the serotonergic regulator gene Pet1 send collateralized projections to forebrain regions to modulate affective, memory-related, and circadian behaviors. Some Pet1 neurons express a surprisingly incomplete battery of serotonin pathway genes, with somata lacking transcripts for tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) encoding the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] synthesis, but abundant for vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (Vglut3) encoding a synaptic vesicle-associated glutamate transporter. Genetic fate maps show these nonclassical, putatively glutamatergic Pet1 neurons in the MR arise embryonically from the same progenitor cell compartment-hindbrain rhombomere 2 (r2)-as serotonergic TPH2+ MR Pet1 neurons. Well established is the distribution of efferents en masse from r2-derived, Pet1-neurons; unknown is the relationship between these efferent targets and the specific constituent source-neuron subgroups identified as r2-Pet1Tph2 -high versus r2-Pet1Vglut3 -high Using male and female mice, we found r2-Pet1 axonal boutons segregated anatomically largely by serotonin+ versus VGLUT3+ identity. The former present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, and olfactory bulb; the latter are found in the hippocampus, cortex, and septum. Thus r2-Pet1Tph2- high and r2-Pet1Vglut3- high neurons likely regulate distinct brain regions and behaviors. Some r2-Pet1 boutons encased interneuron somata, forming specialized presynaptic "baskets" of VGLUT3+ or VGLUT3+/5-HT+ identity; this suggests that some r2-Pet1Vglut3- high neurons may regulate local networks, perhaps with differential kinetics via glutamate versus serotonin signaling. Fibers from other Pet1 neurons (non-r2-derived) were observed in many of these same baskets, suggesting multifaceted regulation. Collectively, these findings inform brain organization and new circuit nodes for therapeutic considerations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our findings match axonal bouton neurochemical identity with distant cell bodies in the brainstem raphe. The results are significant because they suggest that disparate neuronal subsystems derive from Pet1 + precursor cells of the embryonic progenitor compartment rhombomere 2 (r2). Of these r2-Pet1 neuronal subsystems, one appears largely serotonergic, as expected given expression of the serotonergic regulator PET1, and projects to the olfactory bulb, thalamus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus. Another expresses VGLUT3, suggesting principally glutamate transmission, and projects to the hippocampus, septum, and cortex. Some r2-Pet1 boutons-those that are VGLUT3+ or VGLUT3+/5-HT+ co-positive-comprise "baskets" encasing interneurons, suggesting that they control local networks perhaps with differential kinetics via glutamate versus serotonin signaling. Results inform brain organization and circuit nodes for therapeutic consideration.
Kinetically Controlled Formation of Semi-crystalline Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures

Conjugated polymer (CP) materials that are considered as an attractive choice for various electronic and optoelectronic applications possess highly heterogeneous complex structures that can span several orders of magnitude in length scale. This is due to the intricate coupling effects of weak secondary interactions and entropic forces that determine molecular organization in bulk polymer materials. Understanding the influence of molecular interactions on the emergence and evolution of nano- and microscale structures is of paramount importance to the guided design and development of condensed CP materials. Such understanding is even more critical for the rational design of hierarchical systems away from equilibrium, where weak molecular interactions can guide the system along competing kinetic pathways toward local energy minima and metastable architectures. In this work, we studied a promising concept for accessing various kinetically stabilized semi-crystalline CP nanostructures that are formed in the process of controlled chain-growth Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerization initiated by a small-molecule catalytic species which can exist in equilibrium between free and aggregated states. Specifically, we chose a small-molecule perylenedicarboximide (PDCI) polymerization catalytic initiator which has a strong tendency toward reversible supramolecular assembly–disassembly that can be controlled by temperature. Addition of a thiophene monomer to a solution of the PDCI initiator starts the chain-growth polymerization process, which produces distinct nanoscale semi-crystalline polythiophene structures formed under predominant kinetic control. We demonstrated that, depending on the reaction temperature (which affects the fine balance between the position of PDCI assembly–disassembly equilibrium, rate of polymerization, and solvent–solute interactions for the growing polythiophene chains), a range of kinetically trapped hierarchically organized semi-crystalline CP systems with substantially varying optoelectronic properties could be obtained. In addition to spectroscopic and electron microscopic studies, in order to better reveal the structural aspects of the generated polymer nanoscale systems, we carried out a series of X-ray diffraction and neutron scattering experiments which indicated complex hierarchical organization in these kinetically stabilized CP assembled materials. We expect that this in situ polymerization-based approach can lead to a general way to expand access to various semi-crystalline CP nanostructured materials with broadly tunable electronic and optical properties.
Undocumented Fears: Immigration and the Politics of Divide and Conquer in Hazleton: Jamie Longazel, (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2016, 204 pages, $27.95)

This excellent study analyzes important dynamics behind the current anti-immigrant backlash, particularly as it has been manifested in legislation on the state and local levels. Even though aimed a...
The Spatial Distribution of High Growth Entrepreneurship: Generative Mechanisms of Heavy Tails

Why does a disproportionate amount of high-growth entrepreneurship concentrate in a small number of geographical areas? Our research question is motivated by the heavy tails in the frequency-size d...
Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites Manufactured from Two Different Wood Feedstocks: Wood Flour and Wood Pellets.

Driven by the motive of minimizing the transportation costs of raw materials to manufacture wood–plastic composites (WPCs), Part I and the current Part II of this paper series explore the utilization of an alternative wood feedstock, i.e., pellets. Part I of this study reported on the characteristics of wood flour and wood pellets manufactured from secondary processing mill residues. Part II reports on the physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)-based WPCs made using the two different wood feedstocks, i.e., wood flour and wood pellets. WPCs were made from 40-mesh wood flour and wood pellets from four different wood species (white cedar, white pine, spruce-fir and red maple) in the presence and absence of the coupling agent maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP). With MAPP, the weight percentage of wood filler was 20%, PP 78%, MAPP 2% and without MAPP, formulation by weight percentage of wood filler was 20% and PP 80%. Fluorescent images showed wood particles’ distribution in the PP polymer matrix was similar for both wood flour and ground wood pellets. Dispersion of particles was higher with ground wood pellets in the PP matrix. On average, the density of composite products from wood pellets was higher, tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact strength were lower than the composites made from wood flour. Flexural properties of the control composites made with pellets were higher and with MAPP were lower than the composites made from wood flour. However, the overall mechanical property differences were low (0.5–10%) depending on the particular WPC formulations. Statistical analysis also showed there was no significant differences in the material property values of the composites made from wood flour and wood pellets. In some situations, WPC properties were better using wood pellets rather than using wood flour. We expect if the material properties of WPCs from wood flour versus wood pellets are similar and with a greater reduction in transportation costs for wood pellet feedstocks, this would be beneficial to WPC manufacturers and consumers.
Navigation evaluation for fast interstellar object flybys

Abstract With the discovery of 1I ’Oumuamua and 2I Borisov, interstellar objects (ISOs) have been thrust into the forefront of planetary science, and the robotic exploration of ISOs is now of significant interest. With current propulsion technology, rendezvous with these objects is likely infeasible, and thus the maximum science return results from a combination of flyby spacecraft and impactor spacecraft, as demonstrated by the Deep Impact encounter with comet Tempel 1. Interstellar objects by nature have hyperbolic orbits and pass through the inner solar system at extreme velocities, which presents several unique challenges to navigation. This paper first establishes the possible encounter space intercepts with ISOs may present. We then evaluate the ability for intercepting spacecraft to navigate to ISOs and autonomously track/impact targets across the possible encounter space, depending on key navigation hardware such as camera and attitude determination system.
Multiple alterations in metabolite uptake in a mutant of Neurospora crassa.

A temperature-conditional lethal mutant of Neurospora crassa, un-t ( 55701 ), was resistant to neutral amino acid analogues by virtue of a decreased ability to transport these analogues and their natural congeners across the cell membrane. The uptake of acidic, but not basic, amino acids was also impaired, as was the uptake of potassium ions. After preincubation above the tolerated temperature, the ability to take up a still wider variety of metabolites was greatly reduced. Protoplasts of the mutant were more osmotically fragile than those of wild type. The possibility that the mutant has a generalized membrane defect is discussed.
Changing Social Behavior and Cognitive Skills.

S tudents with severe behavioral problems, either social or academic, represent a particularly difficult challenge for the schools, since their presence may be of uncertain benefit to themselves and their classmates. Yet separating the student from the school has been increasingly viewed by the courts as a violation of the rights of the student. Heretofore, schools faced with "behavior problems" have lacked alternatives to turning them loose on the community. Encouraging developments in education and the behavioral sciences, however, have been integrated to provide educational programs for young citizens with severe learning problems. These compensatory programs, as they are called, have applied behavior analysis techniques to both social and academic behaviors of troubled students with encouraging results.
Development and stability of bacteriocin resistance in Campylobacter spp.

Aims: Several bacteriocins (BCNs) that were identified from chicken commensal bacteria dramatically reduced Campylobacter colonization in poultry and are being directed toward on-farm control of this important foodborne human pathogen. A recent study has shown that BCN resistance in Campylobacter jejuni is very difficult to develop in vitro. In this study, in vivo development and stability of BCN resistance in Campylobacter was examined. Methods and Results: Chickens infected with Camp. jejuni NCTC 11168 were treated with BCN E-760 at the dose of 5 mg kg−1 body weight day−1 via oral gavages for three consecutive days, which selected BCN-resistant (BCNr) mutants in the treated birds. However, all the in vivo-selected mutants only displayed low levels of resistance to BCN (MIC = 2–8 mg l−1) when compared to parent strain (MIC = 0·5 mg l−1). Inactivation of CmeABC efflux pump of the BCNr mutants led to increased susceptibility to BCN (8–32 fold MIC reduction). Three different BCNrCampylobacter strains (in vitro- or in vivo-derived) were examined for the stability of BCN resistance using both in vitro and in vivo systems. The low level of BCN resistance in these strains was not stable in vitro or in vivo in the absence of BCN selection pressure. Conclusions: Usage of BCN E-760 only selected low-level BCNrCamp. jejuni mutants in vivo, and the low-level BCN resistance was not stable in vitro and in vivo. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study provides helpful information for risk assessment of the future practical application of the anti-Campylobacter BCNs in animals.
Students assessing teams

Students in electrical engineering technology at Purdue take a required junior-year project course in which they build an electro-mechanical device (frequently a "mouse") over the course of 10-12 weeks in teams of 3 to 5 students. This paper discusses the assessment of the team experience based on an extra-credit "exit-interview" paper written by individual students just after the completion of the team phase of the course. After describing the team organization and course logistics, a summary of the students' comments and resulting recommendations are presented.
The effects of corn zein protein coupling agent on mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced composites

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zein protein treatments on the mechanical performance of flax fiber/thermoset resin composites. Flax fibers treated with corn zein protein to improve compatibility with epoxy and vinyl ester resin were processed into composites and tested under tensile, flexural, and short beam shear loadings. Pure zein treatments were tested at 1, 2.5, and 5% concentrations. Zein was also introduced to flax fibers through treatments with Corn Gluten Meal (CGM) and Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS). The addition of zein protein increased the strengths of the composite for all three tests. Results demonstrated that the 2.5% pure zein treatment produced the largest gains with an increase of tensile strength by 8%, flexural strength by 17%, and short beam shear strength by 30% compared to untreated samples. To further investigate the effectiveness of zein treatments, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), chemical analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques were used. Results showed promise of using zein protein as an all-natural, environmentally friendly, coupling agent for flax fiber composites.
The Plaquette Ground State of the Shastry-Sutherland Model

I use the two-step density-matrix renormalization group method based on two-leg ladder expansion to show numerical evidence of a plaquette ground state for $J_2=1.3J_1$ in the Shastry-Sutherland model. I argue that the DMRG method is very efficient in the strong frustration regime of two-dimensional spin models where a spin-Peierls ground state is expected to occur. It is thus complementary to quantum Monte Carlo algorithms, which are known to work well in the small frustration regime but which are plagued by the sign problem in the strong frustration regime.
Risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by inflammatory processes that lead to the destruction of myelin. Recently, several medications for MS that possess immune suppressing characteristics have been developed. As a consequence, cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been identified in MS patients. PML is potentially fatal, and specific strategies to minimize risk must be undertaken during therapy.Areas covered: A Medline search was performed to gather information about medications used to treat MS to assess the risk of PML with each. Specific risk factors for infection development are discussed and monitoring approaches are outlined.Expert opinion: Several medications have been associated with PML in MS patients, including natalizumab, fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate. Alemtuzumab and rituximab have been linked to cases of PML in other disease states. Consideration must be given to balancing efficacy with the potential for serious sid...
Rare Earth Metal Containing Polymers: Energy Transfer from Uranyl to Europium Ions in Ionomers

Various ratios of Eu and UO2 acetates were prepared by dissolving Eu and UO2 acetates in acetic acid and removing acetic acid in vacuum. The fluorescence intensities at 616 nm of these mixed acetates were measured under excitation at wavelength of 429 nm. Strong energy transfer from UO 2 2+ to Eu3+ was observed. This result indicated that these ions were in very close contact in this system. Various concentrations of Eu3+ and UO 2 2+ salts of polymers containing carboxyl ligands were prepared and fluorescence properties of these polymers were investigated. The polymers investigated were poly (methacrylic acid) (PMA), and copolymers of styrene-acrylic acid (PSAA) and methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMM/MA). When Eu3+ and UO 2 2+ were introduced to the polymers of PSAA and PMM/MA, very effective energy transfer from UO 2 2+ to Eu3+ was observed because of the proximity of these metal ions in ionic aggregates of these ionomers. However, the PMA-UO2 and Eu salts did not show energy transfer even when a large excess of UO2+ 2 was added to the polymer. The PMA salts are reported to have no ion aggregate structure; it is concluded that Eu3+ and UO 2 2+ ions were uniformly dispersed throughout the polymer system so that the distances between these ions were far beyond the energy transfer range.
Solution dynamics of tin and lead iron carbonyl compounds and the solid state structure of [Et4N]2[Sn{Fe2(CO)8}{Fe(CO)4}2]

Abstract The dynamic rearrangement processes of CO ligands on the Main Group-iron carbonyl compounds, E[Fe2(CO)8]2 (Ia, E  Pb), [Et4N]2[E{Fe2(CO)8}{Fe(CO)4}2]([Et4N]2[IIa], E  Pb; [Et4N]2[IIb], E  Sn) and [Et4N]2[Pb{Fe(CO)4}3] ([Et4N]2[IIIa], E  Pb; [Et4N]2[IIIb], E  Sn) were investigated by variable temperature 13C NMR spectroscopy. In Ia, all of the carbonyl ligands exhibit fast exchange over the entire temperature range studied. Limiting spectra were obtained for [Et4N]2[II] while the fluxional processes for [Et4 N]2[IIIa] were slowed but not completely resolved. Variable temperature spectra for [Et4N]2[II] provide evidence for the occurrence of two simultaneous independent carbonyl rearrangement processes, one centered on the Fe(CO)4 groups and one on the Fe2(μ-CO)2(CO)4 moiety. The dynamics of [Et4N]2[IIIa] suggest that the trigonal planar geometery is preserved in solution. Calculated activation energies for CO scrambling in [Et4N]2[II] and [Et4N]2[IIIa] range from 5.8 to 9.2 kcal/mol. The single crystal structure of [Et4N]2[IIb] was determined: monoclinic space group, Cc (No. 9) with a = 11.572(6) A, b = 22.46(1) A, c = 17.049(4) A, β = 103.00(3)°, V = 4318(3) A3 and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R = 4.8% and Rw = 5.5% for 2665 observed reflections. The anion exhibits a distorted tetrahedral configuration around Sn, with the Main Group element coordinated to two Fe (CO)4 groups and one Fe2(CO)8 unit.
Two-stage optimal control problems and optimality conditions

Abstract When an optimal investment decision is studied for a firm whose capital goods are subject to a delivery lag, a control problem with a time-delay argument in the objective function emerges. Such a problem under a set of simple assumptions is shown to be reducible to a two-stage optimal control problem. The significance of this is that familiar tools from standard optimal control theory are applicable to the resulting two-stage problem. Necessary conditions are presented for a general two-stage problem with an adjustable switching time. Some specific results are also obtained for several special cases.
A Multichannel Telemetry System for Use in Exercise Physiology

A four-channel frequency-modulation radio-telemetry system for the measurement of two electrocardiograms (EKGs), respiration rate, and pulmonary ventilation of human subjects during vigorous exercise is described. From the measurement of pulmonary ventilation, the oxygen uptake (and thus energy expenditure) was predicted. This is the first time (to the author's knowledge) that oxygen consumption has been predicted by telemetry of pulmonary ventilation for such sports as squash, handball, and track. The transmitter uses pulse-duration modulation. It has a range of approximately 100 meters, which may be extended by using a whip antenna. Linearity of the system is 2 percent or better from a best straight line, and baseline drift is less than 1 percent at 25°C. The telemetry transmitter weighs approximately 100 grams and is contained in two boxes measuring 5 by 5 by 1.25 cm. Construction of this system is considerably simplified through extensive use of integrated circuits. A complete transmitter costs about $50 (for components only) and dissipates approximately 60 mW. The batteries used provide a continuous life of 125 hours. The system has been used to obtain data from persons participating in squash, handball, track, and tennis. It may be used for many other physical activities.
Deafferentation pain after posterior rhizotomy, trauma to a limb, and herpes zoster

After incisional or alcoholic destruction of trigeminal posterior rootlets, constant dysesthesias of major degree referred to some part of the markedly denervated zone develop in 5 to 15% of the patients. The full severity may not appear for weeks or months. There is no allodynia or hyperpathia of the denervated zone. Bulbar trigeminal tractotomy with sparing of touch sensation produces severe dysesthesias in a tiny percentage of the patients, as does selective destruction of pain fibers by radiofrequency heating or glycerol. Spinal posterior rhizotomy elicits in less than 4% a lasting dysesthesia entirely different in temporal sequence, locus, and type of pain: (a) it tends to be maximal early after operation and to improve, (b) the spontaneous pain is accompanied by severe allodynia, and (c) the pain is usually referred beyond the margins of the insentient (rhizotomized) zone and may even be referred to the corresponding area on the opposite side. Sindou's "selective posterior rhizotomy," i.e., cutting of the small fiber lateral component of each rootlet as it enters the cord, has not given rise to dysesthesias. These do occur briefly in 50% of the cases following spinal ganglionectomy, the sensations being referred to the dermatomal segment of the ganglion in question. The secondary afferent neurons in the mesencephalic, principal, oral, and interpolar nuclei for the trigeminal posterior roots have no counterpart in the spinal cord for the spinal posterior roots. We suggest that the explanation for the fact that neither trigeminal neuralgia nor trigeminal anesthesia dolorosa have a spinal clinical counterpart is related to the as yet unexplained special functions of the elaborate trigeminal secondary afferent neuronal apparatus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)