cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered bone growth dynamics prefigure craniosynostosis in a zebrafish model of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome.

Some of the most common birth defects involve improper development of the head and face. One such birth defect is called craniosynostosis. Normally, an infant’s skull bones are not fully fused together. Instead, they are held together by soft tissue that allows the baby’s skull to more easily pass through the birth canal. This tissue also houses specialized cells called stem cells that allow the brain and skull to grow with the child. But in craniosynostosis these stem cells behave abnormally, which fuses the skull bones together and prevents the skull and brain from growing properly during childhood. One form of craniosynostosis called Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is caused by mutations in one of two genes that ensure the proper separation of two bones in the roof of the skull. Mice with mutations in the mouse versions of these genes develop the same problem and are used to study this condition. Mouse studies have looked mostly at what happens after birth. Studies looking at what happens in embryos with these mutations could help scientists learn more. One way to do so would be to genetically engineer zebrafish with the equivalent mutations. This is because zebrafish embryos are transparent and grow outside their mother’s body, making it easier for scientists to watch them develop. Now, Teng et al. have grown zebrafish with mutations in the zebrafish versions of the genes that cause Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. In the experiments, imaging tools were used to observe the live fish as they developed. This showed that the stem cells in their skulls become abnormal much earlier than previous studies had suggested. Teng et al. also showed that similar stem cells are responsible for growth of the skull in zebrafish and mice. Babies with craniosynostosis often need multiple, risky surgeries to separate their skull bones and allow their brain and head to grow. Unfortunately, these bones often fuse again because they have abnormal stem cells. Teng et al. provide new information on what goes wrong in these stem cells. Hopefully, this new information will help scientists to one day correct the defective stem cells in babies with craniosynostosis, thus reducing the number of surgeries needed to correct the problem.
Laparoscopic Decortication for Renal Cysts in Children

The kidney is one of the commonest organs for cyst occurrence [1]. Causes are listed in Box 57.1 [2]. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common renal cystic disease in the United States [3]. On the other hand, simple renal cysts are comparatively rare in children and adolescents up to 18 years of age. Incidence ranges from 0.1 to 0.45% with a mean of 0.22% without sex predilection [4]. The incidence, however, rises with age reaching 20% and 50% at 40 and 60 years of age, respectively, with apparent male preponderance [5]. Despite originating within the nephron, simple renal cysts lose communication later and become excluded. They usually range from 1 to 10 cm in size, the majority being less than 2 cm [6]. They are usually oval or rounded, solitary or multiple, and unilateral or bilateral. Most cysts are unilocular and cortical in location and, rarely, medullary. They look glistening blue usually distorting renal contour. They are lined by a single layer of flattened or cuboidal epithelium and filled with a clear serous fluid. However, some may become septated and fibrosed or calcified from previous hemorrhage or infection [7].
APPENDIX 3E Cryosectioning

This unit describes sample preparation and sectioning methods for frozen tissue. Sections of this type are used in a variety of light microscopic procedures including in situ hybridization immunohistochemistry, and enzyme histochemistry.
Isolated Segmental Humeral Shaft Fracture Without Vascular Compromise Complicated by Brachial Compartment Syndrome: A Case Report.

Case We report an unusual case of a closed humeral shaft fracture, with no vascular compromise, resulting in brachial compartment syndrome. Our patient was successfully treated with fasciotomy and external fixation, followed by staged open reduction and internal fixation and skin grafting. Conclusion Although uncommon in the upper arm, suspicion for compartment syndrome should remain high for patients with unrelieved pain and swelling after humeral shaft fracture. Serial physical examination and invasive monitoring can assist in the diagnosis. Fasciotomy and staged fracture repair can yield good results.
What are the reasons that smokers reject ENDS? A national probability survey of U.S. Adult smokers, 2017-2018.

Abstract Background The objective was to examine the reasons smokers have discontinued or chosen not to use electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Methods Data were obtained from a national probability sample of 1843 US adult current smokers who were not current ENDS users pooled from the 2017 and 2018 annual, cross-sectional Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Surveys. Participants reported their ENDS use, reasons for discontinuing or not initiating ENDS use, quit smoking intentions, perceptions, and use intentions. Weighted proportions and logistic regression models were estimated. Results Twenty-three percent of smokers were former ENDS users who reported prior "regular use", and 7.5% were former ENDS users who reported regular use. Three most cited reasons for discontinuing ENDS were: ENDS "didn't feel like smoking" (23%), "only ever tried them to see what they were like" (20%), and "didn't help me deal with cravings for smoking" (14%). Reasons for discontinuing ENDS were associated with the regularity of former ENDS use and ENDS type. Nearly 40% of current smokers had not tried ENDS with the most commonly cited reasons being not wanting to substitute one addiction for another (60%), concerns about their safety (53%), skepticism that ENDS could help them quit smoking (52%), and cost (43%). Reasons were associated with smoking quit intentions, harm perceptions, and age. Conclusion Whereas smokers who had formerly used ENDS cited inadequate craving reduction or incomparability to smoking for their discontinuation, the larger segment of smokers who have never used ENDS cited "safety," "effectiveness," and "costs" as reasons for non-use.
Peer Support Interventions in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: A Framework to Advance the Field.

Abstract Peer support is a central tenet of the Disability Rights Movement and is based on the recognition that experiential knowledge and shared experiences provide opportunities for informational, emotional, and appraisal support among people with physical disabilities. “Peer support interventions” is an umbrella term used to describe a range of ancillary services provided by people with disabilities to people with disabilities, including peer mentoring, peer health education, and peer health navigation. A growing body of research documents the development, implementation, and outcomes of peer support interventions for people with physical disabilities in physical medicine and rehabilitation. The organization, structure, and objectives of peer support interventions vary tremendously, making it difficult to synthesize findings across studies and establish best practices to support their systematic implementation across the continuum of care. This article is a call to action for greater conceptual clarity in how peer support interventions are developed, implemented, and evaluated. We propose a 9-part evidence-informed framework delineating both theory-driven and contextual considerations to help strengthen the evidence base of peer support interventions for people with disabilities in physical medicine and rehabilitation.
Pangenomic Analysis of Dickeya dianthicola Strains Related to the Outbreak of Blackleg and Soft Rot of Potato in USA

Dickeya dianthicola has caused an outbreak of blackleg and soft rot of potato in the eastern half of the United States since 2015. To investigate genetic diversity of the pathogen, a comparative an...
Combating Distance Limitation in Sub-Terahertz Frequency Band for Physical Layer Security in UAV Communications

Increasing the transmission range of a signal in sub-Terahertz (0.1-10 THz) frequency band has been a challenge due to its vapor loss and molecular absorption. It is more challenging in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications because of dynamic network topology and weather conditions. However, there are many attempts to tackle this issue. Ultra-massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication is studied in this paper and has been tested in an UAV communications scenario. Also, analysis and simulations are presented to illustrate the feasibility of improving the THz communications up to 60 meters in line of sight (LoS) and non-line of sight (NLoS) areas. Finally, an analysis for Secrecy Outage Probability is presented for 0.060.3 THz to illustrate the performance of a physical layer security added to sub-THz communication.
Use of Advanced Microgrids to Support Community Resilience

AbstractOver the last decade, it has been recognized that the resiliency of cities and communities relies on the efficient and effective operation of several lifeline infrastructures and services, ...
Phosphoranylations : Preparation of 5-membered cyclic oxyphosphoranes and spirooxyphosphoranes from the reaction of pentaphenoxyphosphorane with catechol

Abstract One mole of catechol displaced two moles of phenol from pentaphenoxyphosphorane (δ31P = + 85·6 ppm vs H3PO4) in CH2Cl2 and gave catecholtriphenoxyphosphorane (δ31 P = +60·8 ppm). Two moles of catechol displaced four moles of phenol from pentaphenoxyphosphorane and gave spirodicatecholphenoxyphosphorane (δ31P = +29·8 ppm). The 5-membered cyclic pentaoxyphosphoranes are more stable than the acyclic analogues because the intramolecular crowding present in the trigonal bipyramidal structure of pentavalent phosphorus is minimized when the groups on the phosphorus are held in a ring. The reaction of catechol with PCl5 was investigated in various solvents at several temperatures, using various mole ratios of the reactants. Previously suggested structures for trichlorocatecholphosphorane (δ31P = +26·5 ppm) and for chlorospirodicatecholphosphorane (δ31P = +9·4 ppm) were confirmed. However, the structure of a catechol-bis(spirodicatecholphosphorane) now in the literature, was shown to be in error. The procedures now in the literature for the synthesis of catecholtriphenoxyphosphorane and of spirodicatecholphenoxyphosphorane did not lead, in fact, to these substances.
Oedipus in Midian: Analyzing Ancient Israel

This study tests the existence of the Oedipus complex in ancient Israel by examining biblical texts. We find in various passages two key themes associated with Freud's theory: father-son competition for a mother's affection and a man's fear of castration. The most striking case is Exodus 4:24–26. In the manner of an initiation or a dream, the episode of the “Bridegroom of Bloodshed” clearly articulates the anxieties of the Oedipus complex. Exodus 4:24–26 is analyzed through two psychological-anthropological creative writing exercises: first as an ethnographer's description of an Israelite initiation ritual, then as a mock dream analysis by Freud. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat shock factor is required for growth at normal temperatures in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Abstract Schizosaccharomyces pombe is becoming an increasingly useful organism for the study of cellular processes, since in certain respects, such as the cell cycle and splicing, it is similar to metazoans. Previous biochemical studies have shown that the DNA binding ability of S. pombe heat shock factor (HSF) is fully induced only under stressed conditions, in a manner similar to that of Drosophila melanogaster and humans but differing from the constitutive binding by HSF in the budding yeasts. We report the isolation of the cDNA and gene for the HSF from S. pombe. S. pombe HSF has a domain structure that is more closely related to the structure of human and D. melanogaster HSFs than to the structure of the budding yeast HSFs, further arguing that regulation of HSF in S. pombe is likely to reflect regulation in metazoans. Surprisingly, the S. pombe HSF gene is required for growth at normal temperatures. We show that the S. pombe HSF gene can be replaced by the D. melanogaster HSF gene and that strains containing either of these genes behave similarly to transiently heat-shocked strains with respect to viability and the level of heat-induced transcripts from heat shock promoters. Strains containing the D. melanogaster HSF gene, however, have lower growth rates and show altered morphology at normal growth temperatures. These data demonstrate the functional conservation of domains of HSF that are required for response to heat shock. They further suggest a general role for HSF in growth of eukaryotic cells under normal (nonstressed) growth conditions.
Is It Better to Forget? Stimulus-Response, Prediction, and the Weight of Past Experience in a Fast-Paced Bargaining Task

Decision makers in dynamic environments such as air traffic control, firefighting, and call center operations adapt in real-time using outcome feedback. Understanding this adaptation is important for influencing and improving the decisions made. Recently, stimulus-response (S-R) learning models have been proposed as explanations for decision makers' adaptation. S-R models hypothesize that decision makers choose an action option based on their anticipation of its success. Decision makers learn by accumulating evidence over action options and combining that evidence with prior expectations. This study examines a standard S-R model and a simple variation of this model, in which past experience may receive an extremely low weight, as explanations for decision makers' adaptation in an evolving Internet-based bargaining environment. In Experiment 1, decision makers are taught to predict behavior in a bargaining task that follows rules that may be the opposite of, congruent to, or unrelated to a second task in which they must choose the deal terms they will offer. Both models provide a good account of the prediction task. However, only the second model, in which decision makers heavily discount all but the most recent past experience, provides a good account of subsequent behavior in the second task. To test whether Experiment 1 artificially related choice behavior and prediction, a second experiment examines both models' predictions concerning the effects of bargaining experience on subsequent prediction. In this study, decision models where long-term experience plays a dominating role do not appear to provide adequate explanations of decision makers' adaptation to their opponent's changing response behavior.
A new pathway for central B cell tolerance: interaction of AID, MyD88, and BCR (IRC3P.467)

Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in immature and transitional B cells in mice and humans is genetically linked to the first tolerance checkpoint. In the absence of AID, autoreactive immature/transitional-1 (T1) B cells are inefficiently purged and exhibit increased resistant to receptor-induced apoptosis. These substantial effects are surprising given that AID expression in the immature/T1 B cells is only 3% of that in germinal center B cells. We now show that in immature/T1 B cells, but not mature B cells, B-cell antigen receptor and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling synergize to elicit high levels of AID expression. This synergy is restricted to intracellular TLR ligands, requires the phospholipase D-dependent compartmentalization of intracellular TLR and activation of the TLR through acidification, and acts to ensure self-tolerance through a process that requires Myd88. In a 3H9 mouse model, we show that suppression of intracellular acidification by administration of chloroquine increased the generation of immature/T1 B cells in proportion to small pre-B cells, suggesting that chloroquine treatment support the survival of autoreactive 3H9 immature/T1 B cells in bone marrow. These findings identify a novel mechanism for central B-cell tolerance and resolve several weaknesses of current models for the first tolerance checkpoint. We suggest that this AID mediated pathway may be the primary mechanism for central B-cell tolerance by deletion.
In vitro analysis of jets by Doppler colour flow imaging: The importance of time to maximum jet area

Regurgitant jets were simulated in vitro and analysed using Doppler colour flow imaging. The regurgitant volumes were estimated using total jet area (JA), variance area (VA), and the maximum area of variance x time to maximum area of variance (MAVT). Both flow rate and injected volume were significantly correlated to area of variance (r = 0.89 and r = 0.98, respectively) for a given orifice size. When MAVT was analysed, it correlated better to injected volume (r = 0.97) at a fixed flow rate, than varying flow rate (r = 0.69) at a fixed injected volume. The relationship between MAVT and injected volume was also examined with varying flow rate. There was a highly significant correlation between MAVT and injected volume under these circumstances (r = 0.99). A similar relationship between MAVT and injected volume was found when the orifice size was altered. Using multivariate regression analysis the injected volume was best defined by MAVT (R2 = 0.88). The addition of orifice size only improved the fit to the model marginally (R2 = 0.90). These data document the importance of analysing the time to maximum area of variance when applying Doppler colour flow imaging to regurgitant jets. MAVT is a better predictor of regurgitant volumes in vitro compared with jet sizes alone and may have potential use in man to quantify the severity of regurgitant valve lesions.
Diode-Laser Measurements of N2-Broadening Coefficients in the ν2 Band of HCN at Low Temperature

Abstract N 2 -broadening coefficients have been measured for 28 lines of HCN at 203 K in the P , Q , and R branches of the ν 2 band, using a tunable diode-laser spectrometer. Semiclassical calculations of these collisional broadenings have been performed using two intermolecular anisotropic potentials as well as two isotropic potentials to describe the trajectory model: one is the Lennard-Jones potential, and the other is a spherical average of the atom-atom model. The parameters of the atom-atom model and those of the Lennard-Jones potentials have been calculated for HCN by fitting experimental values of second viral coefficients. The calculated broadening coefficients are significantly larger, especially for the lines with J > 10, than the experimental data. By comparing the results obtained at room and low temperatures. the temperature dependence of line widths has been determined both theoretically and experimentally.
Reply to the two Comments, by A. Serra, D. J. Bacon and R. C. Pond, and by H. El Kadiri and C. Barrett on B. Li, H. El Kadiri and M.F. Horstemeyer “Extended zonal dislocations mediating twinning in titanium”

Serra, Bacon and Pond argue that, when the direction of the resolved shear stress on the twinning plane is reversed, the K 2 plane for twinning changes from (0 0 0 1) to , and the core structure, configuration and magnitude of the twinning dislocation change from b ±1 to b ±3. I contend that such behaviour has not been observed in any twinning mode in metals. A twinning mode should have a K 2 plane and the corresponding twinning dislocation that is structurally and energetically favourable and independent of the direction of the resolved shear stress. El Kadiri and Barrett echo the Comment by Serra et al. and argue that the one-layer twinning dislocation is an “artifact”, disregarding the fact that all the simulation results converge to one conclusion, i.e. the one-layer twinning dislocation is more favourable than the three-layer zonal dislocation, irrespective of the interatomic potentials used in the simulations. In this Reply, I seek to clarify such misinterpretations regarding twinning dislocation, t...
Detecting and Measuring Fine Roots in Minirhizotron Images Using Matched Filtering and Local Entropy Thresholding

An approach to automate the extraction and measurement of roots in minirhizotron images is presented. Two-dimensional matched filtering is followed by local entropy thresholding to produce binarized images from which roots are detected. After applying a root classifier to discriminate fine roots from unwanted background objects, a root labeling method is implemented to identify each root in the image. Once a root is detected, its length and diameter are measured using Dijkstra’s algorithm for obtaining the central curve and the Kimura–Kikuchi–Yamasaki method for measuring the length of the digitized path. Experimental results from a collection of peach (Prunus persica) root images demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Automotive electronics I: Smaller and better: Electronics may be the only cost-effective solution to the performance challenge of today's autos

The paper looks at how electronics is meeting the demands that government restrictions in the USA are putting on automobiles. And such things as closed loop engine control spark timing control, knock limiting and electronic data centres are feasible and how they can be realized.
Substituent Effects on the Stereospecificity of Propylene Polymerization by Novel Asymmetric Bridged Zirconocenes. A Mechanistic Discussion

The synthesis and polymerization behavior of a new C1-symmetric bridged indenyl−fluorenyl zirconocene dimethylsilylene [9-fluorenyl][(2,4,7-trimethyl)indenyl]zirconium dichloride (5) is reported. The complex when activated by MAO was found to polymerize ethylene and propylene, although the activity and stereoselectivity of 5 for propylene were found to be lower than for the previously prepared ethylene-bridged analogue 4 and several other ethylene-bridged precursors. It has been found that, depending on both the substitution patterns on the indenyl ligand and the nature of the bridge in this series of asymmetric zirconocenes, polypropylenes with varying microstructures from aspecific to highly isospecific are obtained. The propylene polymerization behavior of the new complexes has been studied in detail, and the mechanistic aspects of polymerization are discussed.
Glycosylation of the murine estrogen receptor-α

Abstract O -linked N -acetylglucosamine ( O -GlcNAc) is a highly dynamic and abundant modification found on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins of nearly all eukaryotes. O -GlcNAc addition is required for life at the single cell level and is analogous to protein phosphorylation in most respects. In a previous study (M.S. Jiang, G.W. Hart, A subpopulation of estrogen receptors are modified by O -linked N -acetylglucosamine. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1997) 2421–2428), we demonstrated that a subpopulation of the murine estrogen receptor-α (mER-α) is modified by O -GlcNAc at Thr 575 . Here we mutated mER-α to convert Thr 575 and Ser 576 to Val and Ala, respectively. Surprisingly, this glycosylation-site mutant is still extensively modified by O -GlcNAc. Analyses of glycopeptides identified two additional sites of modification on mER-α, at Ser 10 and Thr 50 near the N-terminus. The major glycosylation sites are within or near PEST regions, suggesting that O -GlcNAc may regulate mER-α turnover.
Sequence, Secondary Structure, and Phylogenetic Analyses of the Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) in Members of the North American Signifera Group of Orthopodomyia (Diptera: Culicidae)

ABSTRACT Mosquitoes of the genus Orthopodomyia (Diptera: Culicidae) are little known and of uncertain epidemiological importance. In the United States, there are three Orthopodomyia species (i.e., Or. signifiera (Coquillett), Or. alba Baker, and Or. kummi Edwards); they are all members of the Signifera Group based on the current morphological taxonomy. In the course of identifying recently collected specimens, a problem was found with the current key morphological characters for separating the fourth instar larvae of Or. signifera and Or. kummi. Internal transcribed spacer two sequences of the rDNA were obtained to resolve the identities. The Orthopodomyia internal transcribed spacer two ranged in size from 193 (Or. kummi) to 244 bp (Or. signifera) (mean = 218 bp) and were slightly Adenine/Thymine enriched (44.7% Guanine/Cytosine on average). Putative secondary structures reveal structural homologies (four domains) consistent between species that also feature conserved sequences specific to mosquitoes (e....
Teaching as Performance: Connections between Folklore and Education

Drawing upon the literature in performance-centered folklore along with my experience as an elementary school teacher, I argue that teaching can be viewed as oral improvisational performance based on curricular themes. Five concepts from performance-centered folklore with apparent applicability to studies of the enacted curriculum are discussed. These concepts are: the redefinition of linguistic competence and linguistic community; the view of text as emergent from the social structure in which it is told; the emphasis on locally determined norms and rules for linguistic conduct; the role of tradition and innovation in folklore; and the feminist critique and revision of folklore.
Nonprofits, Funders, and Evaluation: Accountability in Action

This article examines the extent to which different types of funders are asking nonprofit organizations for evaluation and performance measurement data, and describes the many ways in which nonprof...
Photoionization of group-IIB elements

Theoretical photoionization cross sections, angular distributions, and spin-polarization parameters for outer ns and (n-1)d subshells of the group-IIB elements zinc, cadmium, and mercury are determined above their respective (n-1)d thresholds. Account is taken of electron-electron correlation and of the spin-orbit interaction by means of the relativistic random-phase approximation. Comparisons are made with previous theoretical work and with available experimental measurements.
Advanced models for propagation through inhomogeneously random media

Propagation through irregularly random media is addressed by using advanced models for the medium and the propagation. This problem is of importance in actual propagation scenarios, where small- and large-scale inhomogeneities, inadequate sampling, source and target fluctuations cannot be avoided. The paper reviews briefly the governing equations and the qualitative aspects of propagation. Propagation through burst-like medium, and a medium decomposed into stochastic and coherent structures are developed.
Cell division in kidneys of rats fed a potassium-deficient diet.

Mitoses is stimulated in the kidneys of adult rats fed a potassiumdeficient diet. A statistically significant increase in mitotic figures appears first in the collecting ducts of the inner stripe of the outer medulla after two days on the K+ deficient diet (P<0.05). After six days, mitosis also increases in the collecting ducts in the outer stripe and in the inner medulla (P<0.01). After eight days there is a significant rise in mitotic activity in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubuleP<0.01). There is a questionable increase in mitosis found only on the fifth day in the distal convoluted tubule. In all other cell types there is no statistically significant increase in cell division over the normal low levels that are observed in the cells of the control rats.
Recurrence of corneal stromal dystrophies after penetrating keratoplasty.

Purpose.To assess the rates of simple and clinically significant recurrences of stromal dystrophies in corneal grafts.Methods.We conducted a retrospective review of Wills Eye Hospital records from 1984 to 2001, identifying all patients with stromal corneal dystrophies who had penetrating keratoplast
Evaluation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Temperature to Control Mortality Caused by Saprolegniasis and to Increase Hatching Success of Largemouth Bass Eggs

Abstract We evaluated the use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), temperature, or both, to control mortality presumptively caused by fungus Saprolegnia in Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus eggs in a flow-through hatchery system. Four treatments—ambient water (AW; control), ambient water and H2O2 (AWHP), heated water (HW), and both heated water and H2O2 (HWHP)—were tested on each of 30 replicate spawns. Four 8 cm × 5 cm sections of spawning mat, one for each treatment, were cut from each of the 30 selected spawns. Egg counts on each cut mat section were recorded. Water temperature in all AW and HW trial tanks ranged from 17.9°C to 19.2°C and from 22.1°C to 23.6°C, respectively, during treatment. The water temperature difference between treatments averaged 4.4°C. Hydrogen peroxide trial tanks received two, 100 mg/L H2O2 treatments 8 h apart, until hatch. The 7.5 L/min incoming water flow was not reduced during treatment. The addition of HW, H2O2, or both, significantly increased mean percent...
Survival Word Acquisition In Mentally Retarded Adolescents With Multihandicaps: Effects Of Color-Reversed Stimulus Materials:

This study examined the effects of reversing the color of stimulus materials used to teach survival vocabulary to 16 spastic cerebral palsied and 16 other multihandicapped adolescents with mental retardation. Subjects were taught with standard black-on-white and with white-on-black, sight word cards. Order of administration, color presentation, and words were counterbalanced; trials to criterion was the dependent measure. Results indicated that white-on-black cards improved the acquisition performance of both groups, but did not affect retention. Findings are consistent with previous related research with cerebral palsied and nondisabled children. Implications for practice and for additional research are discussed.
A model of complex travel behavior: Part II—An operational model

Abstract Based on the theoretical model of complex travel behavior developed in a companion paper (Recker et al. , 1986), an operational system of models, STARCHILD (Simulation of Travel/Activity Responses to Complex Household Interactive Logistic Decisions), has been developed to examine the formation of household travel/activity patterns. The system employs a simulation approach in combination with techniques of pattern recognition, multiobjective optimization and disaggregate choice models. Initial empirical verification of the system of models is presented based on results obtained from a sample data set.
Mediastinitis After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Risk Factors and Long-term Survival

Background Mediastinitis is a severe complication of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The purpose of the present study was to determine preoperative and intraoperative variables that predict mediastinitis and to determine the impact of this complication on long-term survival. Methods and Results Data on 20 preoperative and intraoperative variables were collected prospectively on 6459 consecutive patients who underwent CABG between January 1987 and January 1994. Eighty-three patients (1.3%) developed mediastinitis postoperatively, and a total of 24 patients (29%) died. Multivariate analysis identified 4 of the 20 variables as highly significant independent predictors for the development of mediastinitis: obesity (P=.0002), New York Heart Association congestive heart failure class (P=.002), previous heart surgery (P=.008), and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (P=.05). A comprehensive review of the literature identified 13 other studies that evaluated 48 factors as predictors of mediastinitis; ...
Social navigation as a model for usable security

As interest in usable security spreads, the use of visual approaches in which the functioning of a distributed system is made visually available to end users is an approach that a number of researchers have examined. In this paper, we discuss the use of the social navigation paradigm as a way of organizing visual displays of system action. Drawing on a previous study of security in the Kazaa peer to peer system, we present some examples of the ways in which social navigation can be incorporated in support of usable security.
Chronic ACTH treatment increases striatal dopamine D-2 receptor binding in developing rat brain.

ACTH has been reported to decrease elevated levels of dopamine metabolites in the CSF of patients with infantile spasms who respond clinically to ACTH therapy. To study the possible role of dopamine receptors in the effect of ACTH, we treated rat pups for thirty days with 40 IU/kg subcutaneously of porcine ACTH or with normal saline. Using 10 nM 3 H-spiperone and sulpiride to determine nonspecific binding, specific binding of D-2 receptors increased significantly (46%) in the striata of A CTH-treated rats when compared to controls. No significant difference in specific binding was found in the nucleus accumbens. Protein concentration was sign ificantly decreased by ACTH treatment. Saturation studies will be necessary to determine if the increase in dopamine receptor binding induced by a high dose of ACTH represents a change in receptor density or affinity. The effect of lower clinical doses of ACTH on dopamine receptors warrants study.
Multi-ordered short-range mover prediction models for tracking and avoidance

This paper introduces a framework and methods that can be used to predict the movements of intelligent moving bodies in the presence of perceived static and dynamic environmental stimulus, such as terrain and weather influences. These methods are especially important for Intelligent-Autonomous Mobile (I-AM) Systems, where they can improve upon contemporary methods for tracking and avoidance by allowing I-AM systems to act or react based on enhanced predictions. These methods can also complement Cooperative Behavior Control (CBC) strategies of distributed, multi-agent systems wherein cooperation can be in the form of prediction rather than direct communication. Probability spatial distributions for intelligent moving objects, with respect to First-Order, Second-Order, and Third-Order predictions, have been formulated. This is a novel method since most prediction approaches use Kalman Filters to estimate future states based solely on previously observed states. Most prediction models do not take into consideration mobility characteristics (e.g., Ackermann Steering), nor the probable decision making capabilities of intelligent entities. By adding higher levels of fidelity to prediction models, more accurate and precise object tracking, and obstacle avoidance and/or engagement can be accomplished with already proven techniques.
Conjunctival oxygen tension monitoring during helicopter transport of critically III patients

To investigate the utility of conjunctival oxygen tension measurement during helicopter transport, we monitored conjunctival oxygen tension (PcjO 2 ) in 36 clinically unstable patients. Sixteen (44%) of the patients were found to have ventilatory or circulatory compromise as determined by PcjO 2
Tolcapone in stable Parkinson's disease: Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we investigated the effect of the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor tolcapone 100 or 200 mg three times daily on activities of daily living and motor function in 298 patients with parkinsonism receiving levodopa but without motor fluctuations. At 6 months, both dosages of tolcapone produced significant reductions in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores for activities of daily living (Subscale II) and motor function (Subscale III) and in the total score for Subscales I to III. These improvements were maintained up to the 12-month assessment. At 6 months, both tolcapone groups had changes in levodopa dosage that were significantly different from placebo: the tolcapone groups had decreases in mean total daily dose of levodopa, whereas the placebo group had a mean increase. Tolcapone was well tolerated. The principal adverse events were levodopa-related, but these were generally mild or moderate. Diarrhea was the most frequent nondopaminergic adverse event. Tolcapone appears to be beneficial in the treatment of patients with parkinsonism who have not yet developed motor fluctuations.
Adaptation to the Toxic Effects of Lead

Adaptation to the toxic effects of lead, mercury, and cadmium has been reported by several investigators. In this study, we examined the susceptibility of male white albino mice to lead toxicity after pretreaitment with a small intraperitoneal dose of lead nitrate. Indices of lead toxicity chosen for study were lethality, body weight loss, liver and kidney weight changes, hematocrilt, and inhibition of liver δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity. Pretreatment with lead nitrate (10 or 20 mg/kg i.p.) protected mice against the acute lethal effects of a 200-mg/kg i.p. dose of lead nitrate, the optimal time of pretreatment being 4 days before the challenge dose. Pretreatment with lead nitrate (20 mg/kg i.p) did not attenuate and may have exacerbated the subacute lead toxicity Induced by a 4% basic lead carbonate diet fed over a 12-day period. It appears that only selected biological parameters develop resistance to lead.
The Adaptive Evolution of Plasticity: Phytochrome-Mediated Shade Avoidance Responses

Abstract Many plants display a characteristic suite of developmental “shade avoidance” responses, such as stem elongation and accelerated reproduction, to the low ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (R:FR) reflected or transmitted from green vegetation. This R:FR cue of crowding and vegetation shade is perceived by the phytochrome family of photoreceptors. Phytochrome-mediated responses provide an ideal system for investigating the adaptive evolution of phenotypic plasticity in natural environments. The molecular and developmental mechanisms underlying shade avoidance responses are well studied, and testable ecological hypotheses exist for their adaptive significance. Experimental manipulation of phenotypes demonstrates that shade avoidance responses may be adaptive, resulting in phenotypes with high relative fitness in the environments that induce those phenotypes. The adaptive value of shade avoidance depends upon the competitive environment, resource availability, and the reliability of the R:FR cue fo...
Epidural hematoma in an ambulatory surgical patient

Epidural hematoma is a rare but potentially devastating complication of epidural anesthesia. We report a case of an epidural hematoma in an ambulatory surgical patient who received epidural anesthesia in the presence of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and low molecular weight heparin. The patient developed symptoms of an epidural hematoma after hospital discharge. An emergency decompressive laminectomy was performed, and the patient regained full motor and sensory function.
The effect of time-variable fluxes on mean wind and temperature profile structure

Synthetic wind speed and air temperature profiles based on the sensible heat flux density and stress at the surface are averaged for the four possible ways in which the suface stress and heat flux density can vary maintaining the same average values. The analysis of the averaged wind and temperature profiles shows that, when the surface stress and/or heat flux density are time-variable, and wind speed and air temperature are averaged linearly, an erroneous estimate of surface roughness, surface stress, heat flux density and profile structure parameters will result.
TIMMDC1/C3orf1 Functions as a Membrane-Embedded Mitochondrial Complex I Assembly Factor through Association with the MCIA Complex

Complex I (CI) of the electron transport chain, a large membrane-embedded NADH dehydrogenase, couples electron transfer to the release of protons into the mitochondrial inner membrane space to promote ATP production through ATP synthase. In addition to being a central conduit for ATP production, CI activity has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease. CI is built in a stepwise fashion through the actions of several assembly factors. We employed interaction proteomics to interrogate the molecular associations of 15 core subunits and assembly factors previously linked to human CI deficiency, resulting in a network of 101 proteins and 335 interactions (edges). TIMMDC1, a predicted 4-pass membrane protein, reciprocally associated with multiple members of the MCIA CI assembly factor complex and core CI subunits and was localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane, and its depletion resulted in reduced CI activity and cellular respiration. Quantitative proteomics demonstrated a role for TIMMDC1 in assembly of membrane-embedded and soluble arms of the complex. This study defines a new membrane-embedded CI assembly factor and provides a resource for further analysis of CI biology.
Isotropic Resolution in Localization-Based Super-Resolution Microscopy by Single Objective Emission Interference

The three-dimensional localization of single molecules is a key feature for localization based super-resolution microscopy. Simple methods for molecule localization along the optical axis typically provide a precision that is about 2.5 times worse than lateral. Dual objective microscopes with 4Pi emission detection can improve the axial localization precision to match the lateral. However, 4Pi detection requires complicated instrumentation, intricate maintenance and expensive parts. Therefore, dual objective 4Pi detection is not suitable for everyday biological use. We demonstrate that 4Pi detection for localization based super-resolution microscopy can be realized by using only one objective and a mirror, which eliminates the drawbacks of dual objective 4Pi detection, but still provides isotropic localization precision.
BPL: A set-based language for distributed system prototyping

Rapid prototyping of software and hardware is recognized as a very important step in timely, cost-effective system development. The complexity inherent in designing distributed computing systems and distributed problem solutions emphasizes the need for effective rapid prototyping tools. ADL/ADS is a testbed user interface tool for experimentation with critical research and design issues pertaining to distributed data processing (DDP). The experimenter expresses a candidate distributed system in terms of “experiment objects”, along with attributes and relationships. The experiment objects represent hardware, software, and “behavior”. This paper provides a brief overview of ADL/ADS, and gives especial emphasis to the Behavior Prototyping Language (BPL) within ADL/ADS. BPL is designed for expressing Behavior Modules (B_MODULEs)—the most versatile of the behavior objects. BPL incorporates set-theoretical approaches, and provides syntax designed for effectively describing manipulations of experiment objects, and their attributes and relationships.
How Perceptions of Mortality and HIV Morbidity Relate to Substance Abuse Problems and Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Former Juvenile Offenders

This study investigates whether high-risk young adults' perceptions of their likelihood of living to age 35 and of acquiring HIV are related to their substance abuse problems and risky sexual behaviors. The sample consists of data from the 72- and 87-month follow-up assessments of 449 juvenile offenders referred to probation in 1999 and 2000. Results indicate that believing one is likely to get HIV is associated with having more concurrent substance use problems and engaging in more risky sexual behaviors. Longitudinal analyses indicate that youth who think they are likely to get HIV are at greater risk for later substance abuse problems and risky sexual behaviors, though these results are only marginally significant. The results demonstrate that respondents are aware of some of the risks associated with their recent substance using and sexual behaviors, but that holding these perceptions does not result in a reduction of these behaviors.
Evaluation of thermal barriers for foamed plastic insulation

The effectiveness of a range of thermal barriers for preventing the involvement of plastic foam insulation in the propagation of fires in wall cavities was investigated. Tests carried out in a small furnace showed that, with a barrier of 15.9 mm fire-resistant gypsum board, the time required for a 140° temperature rise at the insulation-barrier interface was at least 22 minutes.
Implicit Models of Social Knowledge Use

Many studies tacitly view social knowledge use as a transaction between knowledge producers (social scientists) and decision makers (bureaucratic managers, judges), thus framing analysis within an implicit bipolar model of use. Although rarely explicit, such models do entail choices at different levels; they entail (1) methodological choices, (2) conceptual choices regarding how one will view social science's role in public decision making, and (3) choices among broader social philosophies. The choices at each level involve scientific as well as ethical judgments. This article explores an approach to evaluating such judgments. Suggestions for a broader definition of applied social science as praxis emerge from the analysis.
Social coping strategies associated with quality of life decrements among psoriasis patients

Background Individuals with psoriasis often report significant psychological distress, physical disability, social strain and reduced quality of life. Little is known about how they cope with the illness. Objective The primary aim of this study is to determine whether patients' efforts to cope with psoriasis are associated with better or worse health-related quality of life (HRQL). Methods Focus groups identified seven commonly used coping strategies that were subsequently measured, along with HRQL and other variables, in a survey of 318 individuals with psoriasis. Results Results revealed: (i) that psoriasis is associated with decrements in all quality of life domains that were assessed, and (ii) that commonly used coping strategies such as telling others about psoriasis, covering the lesions and avoiding people were associated with greater decrements in HRQL after controlling for covariates; however, telling others that psoriasis is not contagious was associated with smaller HRQL decreases. Conclusions How patients cope with the social aspects of psoriasis is associated with their quality of life.
Dispersion in groundwater

On June 1, 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Auburn University agreed on a joint project to study how pollutants spread in groundwater. This project is part of a large, ongoing, groundwater research program administered by EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory located in Ada, Oklahoma. At Auburn University the contract is administered by the Water Resources Institute. The research is entitled “Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Contaminant Dispersion in Groundwater.” Much of the planned work will center around the performance of a large field experiment at Auburn University's Mobile Field Test Facility. This facility was established over the past decade and now contains 40 water supply, injection, and observation wells. The Mobile site has been in operation since 1975 and the work performed there, related to thermal energy storage in aquifers, is well known.
Performance of spectrally selective collector surfaces in a solar-driven carnot space-power system

Performance of spectrally selective collector surfaces in a solar-driven carnot space-power system
Visual neural dynamics

The mental process has fascinated human beings for a long time. Neural dynamics which studies the dynamics of neurons and cell assemblies should play a key role in the mental process. Only recently, the relationship between neural dynamics and mental process are beginning to be established. This relies upon the interdisciplinary collaboration of behavioral, computational, and neurobiological sciences. This paper studies the relationship for the visual process or perceptual processes in general.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.