cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Titan's thermospheric response to various plasma environments

[1] TheCassini‐HuygensmissionhasbeenobservingTitansinceOctober2004,resultingin over 70 targeted flybys. Titan’s thermosphere is sampled by the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) during several of these flybys. The measured upper atmospheric density varies significantly from pass to pass. In order to quantify the processes controlling this variability, we calculate the nitrogen scale height for a variety of parameters related to the solar and plasma environments and, from these, we infer an effective upper atmospheric temperature. In particular, we investigate how these calculated scale heights and temperatures correlate with the plasma environment. Measured densities and inferred temperatures are found to be reduced when INMS samples Titan within Saturn’s magnetospheric lobe regions, while they are enhanced when INMS samples Titan in Saturn’s plasma sheet. Finally the data analysis is supplemented with Navier‐Stokes model calculations using the Titan Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model. Our analysis indicates that, during the solar minimum conditions prevailing during the Cassini tour, the plasma interaction plays a significant role in determining the thermal structure of the upper atmosphere and, in certain cases, may override the expected solar‐driven diurnal variation in temperatures in the upper atmosphere. Citation: Westlake, J. H., J. M. Bell, J. H. Waite Jr., R. E. Johnson, J. G. Luhmann, K. E. Mandt, B. A. Magee, and A. M. Rymer (2011), Titan’s thermospheric response to various plasma environments, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A03318,
Large scale purification of the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor from rat liver and sequence-specific binding of the receptor to DNA.

Methodology is reported for extracting thyroid hormone receptors from rat liver nuclei and for purifying these such that certain receptor properties can be examined. The extraction technique resulted in 1700 pmol of receptor/2 kg of liver and bypasses centrifugation in dense sucrose. The receptor was then purified by sequential heparin-Sepharose, DEAE-Sepharose, and phospho-Ultrogel chromatography and size exclusion and hydrophobic interaction high performance liquid chromatography. These steps yielded 23-35 micrograms of receptor at 0.7-1.5% purity from two 2-kg liver preparations. The cross-linkers disuccinimidyl suberate and N-succinimidyl-6-(4-azido-2-nitrophenylamino)hexanoate were employed to covalently attach 125I-labeled 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) to the purified receptor. Autoradiography after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed major 49,000 Mr and minor 58,000 Mr specific T3-binding proteins. The purified receptors exhibited high affinity (Kd = 100 pM) single site T3-binding activity. Because of the high affinity and specificity of [125I]T3 for the receptor, it was possible to uniquely identify the receptor containing DNA-protein complexes in a gel retardation assay and thus directly demonstrate for the first time that the receptor can specifically recognize sequences in the 5′-flanking DNA of the rat growth hormone gene. [125I]T3-labeled receptor migrated at the same position as the major gel-retarded 32P-labeled DNA band. Specific DNA competed for the binding much more strongly than nonspecific DNA. Thus, the purification procedure results in relatively large quantities of receptor at a purity sufficient for detecting and studying a number of its properties including specific DNA binding activity.
The link between psychological abuse victimization and physical health in college students

Victims of intimate partner violence have a wide array of mental and physical health symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological abuse victimization and physical health symptoms among college students. Male and female college students completed a Web-based survey to assess victimization of different forms of psychological abuse, a variety of physical health symptoms, and current academic stressors. Results found that psychological abuse victimization in the form of dominance and intimidation provided incremental predictive power above and beyond that of academic stressors in determining physical health symptoms regarding the stomach and chest, muscles and skeleton, and nervous system. Future investigation of the role of intimate partner psychological victimization on physical health issues in college students is warranted.
Disordered Ripples Are a Common Feature of Genetically Distinct Mouse Models Relevant to Schizophrenia

We present results from a novel comparative approach to the study of mechanisms of psychiatric disease. Previous work examined neural activity patterns in the hippocampus of a freely behaving mouse model associated with schizophrenia, the calcineurin knockout mouse. Here we examined a genetically distinct mouse that exhibits a similar set of behavioral phenotypes associated with schizophrenia, a transgenic model expressing a putative dominant-negative DISC1 (DN-DISC1). Strikingly, the principal finding of the earlier work is replicated in the DN-DISC1 mice, that is, a selective increase in the numbers of sharp-wave ripple events in the local hippocampal LFP, while at the same time other LFP patterns such as theta and gamma are unaffected. Sharp-wave ripples are thought to arise from hippocampal circuits, and reflect the coordinated activity of the principal excitatory cells of the hippocampus, in specific patterns that represent reactivated memories of previous experiences and imagined future experiences that predict behavior. These findings suggest that multiple genetic alterations could converge on distinct patterns of aberrant neurophysiological function to give rise to common behavioral phenotypes in psychiatric disease.
Existence of Two Distinct Isomeric Forms of Me(OH)SiCH2. A Theoretical Confirmation

On the basis of the results of the experimental IR studies of matrix reactions between methylsilanes and oxygen atoms, Withnall and Andrews have postulated the possibility of the existence of equilibrium between two forms of Me(OH)SiCH2. In order to verify their supposition, an ab initio study at various levels of theory was performed. Two hydroxy forms of methylsilaethylene were fully optimized using the gradient procedures at the MP2 and DFT(Becke3LYP) approximations with the standard 6-311G(d,p), 6-311G(2d,2p), and 6-311G(2df,2pd) basis sets. Harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated at all levels. The MP4(SDQ)/6-311G(2df,2dp)//MP2/6-311G(2df,2pd) + ZPE(MP2) calculations establish the energy difference between cis and trans isomers at 1.9 kcal/mol, which makes both forms experimentally accessible. Vibrational frequencies and shifts of frequencies upon isotopic 18O and deuterium substitutions predicted at the MP2 and DFT levels correlate well with the experimental data, thus supporting assignment...
Plasmonic photonic crystals realized through DNA-programmable assembly.

Three-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals have well-established enhanced light–matter interactions via high Q factors. Their plasmonic counterparts based on arrays of nanoparticles, however, have not been experimentally well explored owing to a lack of available synthetic routes for preparing them. However, such structures should facilitate these interactions based on the small mode volumes associated with plasmonic polarization. Herein we report strong light-plasmon interactions within 3D plasmonic photonic crystals that have lattice constants and nanoparticle diameters that can be independently controlled in the deep subwavelength size regime by using a DNA-programmable assembly technique. The strong coupling within such crystals is probed with backscattering spectra, and the mode splitting (0.10 and 0.24 eV) is defined based on dispersion diagrams. Numerical simulations predict that the crystal photonic modes (Fabry–Perot modes) can be enhanced by coating the crystals with a silver layer, achieving moderate Q factors (∼102) over the visible and near-infrared spectrum.
Alterations in the haemocytes of Pseudoplusia includens after parasitism by Microplitis demolitor

Abstract Parasitism by the braconid Microplitis demolitor suppressed the encapsulation response of its host, Pseudoplusia includens. Total haemocyte counts were higher in parasitized larvae than unparasitized larvae. Differential haemocyte counts did not differ between parasitized and unparasitized hosts, but the in vitro spreading behaviour of haemocytes was altered significantly by parasitism. Greater than 80% of plasmatocytes and granular cells from P. includens were unable to spread in vitro 2 h after oviposition by M. demolitor, and spreading of plasmatocytes remained suppressed through the course of parasitoid development. In addition, phenoloxidase activity in haemolymph was greatly reduced in parasitized larvae when compared to unparasitized larvae. Similar alterations in haemocyte spreading behaviour, phenoloxidase activity and encapsulation response were observed after injection of calyx fluid or purified polydnavirus from M. demolitor. The activity of polydnavirus was abolished by pretreatment with psoralen and ultraviolet irradiation which suggests the virus must be transcriptionally active to alter the host encapsulation response. Injection of venom did not affect haemocyte spreading or phenoloxidase activity, but dose-response studies indicated venom synergized the effects of calyx fluid. At equal doses, injection of calyx fluid plus venom had a greater and more persistent effect on plasmatocyte and granular cell spreading than injection of calyx fluid alone.
Residents' perception of effectiveness of twelve evaluation methods for measuring competency.

Objective: The authors assessed residents’ perceptions of techniques used to evaluate competency. Methods: Psychiatry residents from a single program rated 12 evaluation techniques for their effectiveness to measure resident competency. They rated each method for 25 selected skills reflecting the six general competencies. Results: Sixteen residents (70%) completed the survey. Responses indicated that different methods were effective for different competencies. Residents saw objective structured clinical examinations and standardized patients as equally effective. They favored the 360° evaluation method for all competencies except medical knowledge. Resident perception of the effective techniques differed from preferred techniques identified by measurement experts. Conclusions: Residency program directors using guidelines from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to select preferred evaluations may find that residents do not have the same perceptions.
IQ Discrepancies between the Binet and WISC-R in Children with Developmental Problems.

Administered the Stanford-Binet and WISC-R to 121 children with developmental problems. Twenty-eight of the children received absolute differences of 12 points or greater between the Binet and WISC-R FSIQs, with a mean difference of 16.8 and range of 12 to 28 points. While most of these discrepancies were attributable to expected differences between the tests, there were 10 instances of complete incongruence between the Binet and all the WISC-R IQs. Clinical interpretations of four Binet/WISC-R discrepancy patterns were discussed.
Dimorphic male midshipman fish: reduced sexual selection or sexual selection for reduced characters?

In most taxa with male dimorphisms, some males are large in body size with exaggerated secondary sexual characters (exaggerated morph), whereas other males in the same population are small and have reduced secondary sexual characters (reduced morph). What selective pressures cause male dimorphisms? Reduced morphologies may result when a) some males develop a morphology that, in the absence of sexual selection pressures for an exaggerated morphology, reduces energetic and developmental costs and/or b) some males opt for an alternative morphology that does well at an alternative behavioral tactic such as cuckoldry. The 2 mechanisms could act together, but each alone is theoretically sufficient to drive dimorphisms. Here, we tested hypothesis "b" (sexual selection for reduced characters) in the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus. Behavioral plasticity between territoriality and cuckoldry in an exaggerated male morph (type I) allows for a direct comparison of cuckoldry by exaggerated morph males to cuckoldry by reduced morph (type II) males. Compared with type I cuckolders, type II cuckolders were able to remain near the nest for longer periods before being chased by the territorial type I male, suggesting that the reduced type II morphology allows type II males to prolong the time before attack by territorial males. Combined with other studies showing a role of sexual selection in maintaining the exaggerated morph, the data support the "sexual selection for reduced characters" hypothesis and elucidate how sexual selection can act in different ways on different males to maintain 2 male morphologies within a single species. Copyright 2006.
Limiting shapes for configurations

The transition rule F of a cellular automaton may sometimes be regarded as a “rule of growth” of a “crystal” from a “seed” ω. For certain such rules, it is shown that the limiting “shape” of such crystals is polyhedral and independent of ω. An algorithm is given for calculation of the limiting shape.
THE OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL WATERS BY MEANS OF AN “EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT”1

Natural waters are frequently characterized by an extinction coefficient that is generally recognized as a function of the spectral response of the photoprocess as well as of the spectral transmission of the water. The extinction coefficients for two distinct water types are calculated for three types of photorcccptors to demonstrate the manner in which the extinction coefficient dcpcnds upon the photoprocess. The visual response of the human eye and the photosynthetic response of Chlorella; have been chosen as examples of biological photo8processes: these are compared with a hypothetical receptor sensitive to the total radiant energy from 350, to 700 rnp. Extinction coefficients for the two water types have been calculated which relate specifically to: the total radiant energy within the limits 350 to 700 mp; the visibility of objects in the water; and the photosynthetic activity of the chosen plant. Support is given for the suggestion that the extinction coefficient for the total radiant energy bcween 350 and 700 mp provides tho most accurate method for characterizing the photosynthetically useful radiant energy in natural waters. Different wavelengths of radiant energy are not usually equally effective in promoting a photochemical or photoelectric response. A general equation relating the total response per unit time, R, of a photosensitive device or organism to the incident spectral irradiance is given in equation ( 1). R II response/time 1 [ = C response/time
Applying a conservation-criminology framework to common-pool natural-resource issues

Protection and management of common-pool natural resources are an international focus of government agencies and nongovernmental organizations. There is concern that an emphasis on protection has i...
A general iterative method for obtaining kinetic parameters from TG data

Abstract An iterative method is described for determining the reaction order and activation energy from TG curves. The method makes use of equations to represent the temperature integrals which are derived using numerical relationships in terms of E, T , and empirical constants. Like the method of Reich and Stivala, the computation involves varying the value of n until the appropriate linear relationship gives an intercept of zero. The slope of the line is YE x , where Y and X are constants in the equation -log I = YE x (1/ T ) +log E w + U The method is tested using data obtained by means of a fourth order Runge-Kutta solution of the rate law for both Arrhenius and non-Arrhenius cases.
Ultrastructure of Trypanosoma lewisi: Flagellum, Microtubules, and the Kinetoplast

SYNOPSIS. With the technique of preselecting pure suspensions of trypanosomes for subsequent electron microscopy and with epoxy resin embedding after glutaraldehyde fixation, we have re-examined the ultrastructure of Trypanosoma lewisi with particular reference to the flagellum and pellicle. The peripheral flagellar tubules exhibit clockwise asymmetry; however, sub-tubule B of the peripheral tubules is divided into a doublet by a diagonally running anti-clockwise arm that originates from the median diaphragm. Projections which seem to be continuous with the counter-clockwise arms extend into a “basket shaped” intra-flagellar structure. This structure, originating distal to the flagellar pocket and running anteriorly within the flagellar membrane, may play a role in maintaining the rigidity of the flagellum. The central flagellar tubules have a double helical substructure and dense cross-striae (diameter 50 A), and are regularly arranged at distances of approximately 250 A. The central tubules arise from separate kinetosomal plates that lie at two different elevations. One central flagellar tubule originates from a flattened kinetosomal plate which makes contact with the peripheral tubules. The other central tubule passes through the flattened plate to fuse with an underlying “disc-like” plate. The primary kinetosome exhibits the uniform triplet pattern of tubules at its most proximal region. A pair of tubules closely associated with one of the triplets represents two of the four subpellicular tubules which penetrate the cytoplasm in the region of the flagellar pocket. Sub-pellicular tubules of dimensions similar to the flagellar tubules form a uniform cytoskeleton in all regions of the cell except in the area of the flagellar pocket. A desmosome-like structure maintains continual cell membrane contact with the flagellum and the pellicle. This structure is designated the attachment zone. The fine structure of the kinetoplast is demonstrated. The dense intra-mitochondrial elements (presumably containing DNA) are actually tubules, embedded in a moderately dense matrix. Morphological observations indicate that this organelle is probably primarily concerned with the ontogenesis of mitochondria, and several mitochondria extend from it into the cytoplasm of the cell.
Interactivity and Soft Computing in Portfolio Management: Should Farmers Own Food and Agribusiness Stocks?

This article proposes a fully integrated and interactive elicitation-optimization procedure for portfolio management. A soft computing approach based on fuzzy logic is developed as an alternative to the traditional mean variance model and compromise programming approach. The models are applied to farmers to examine whether they should buy publicly traded food and agribusiness firms stocks rather than invest in a broader market stock portfolio. Results suggest that investments in publicly traded food and agribusiness stocks allow farmers to capture additional benefits beyond those of simply diversifying in the broader market. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Topological Dynamic Bayesian Networks

The objective of this research is to embed topology within the dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) formalism. This extension of a DBN (that encodes statistical or causal relationships) to a topological DBN (TDBN) allows continuous mappings (e.g., topological homeomorphisms), topological relations (e.g., homotopy equivalences) and invariance properties (e.g., surface genus, compactness) to be exploited. The mission of TDBN is not limited only to classify objects but to reveal how these objects are topologically related as well. Because TDBN formalism uses geometric constructors that project a discrete space onto a continuous space, it is well suited to identify objects that undergo smooth deformation. Experimental results in face identification across ages represent conclusive evidence that the fusion of statistics and topology embodied by the TDBN concept holds promise. The TDBN formalism outperformed the DBN approach in facial identification across ages.
Involvement of Workplace Superiors in the Lives of Youths Who Work

ABSTRACT Relatively little is known about the involvement of workplace superiors in the lives of youths who work. This study examines that influence from the perspectives of 127 high school students and 95 managers employed in four businesses characterized by youth employment. The independent samples of managers in interviews and high school students on written questionnaires were asked to rate the importance of the manager as a significant other and give opinions about the involvement of managers in the overall development of high school students who work. Although the results of the study suggest that the involvement of superiors in the lives of youths who work is desired by both groups, this influence may be limited by the negative opinion each group has of the other. These conclusions have policy implications for those concerned about the effective socialization of many contemporary youths.
Spatial Variation in the Bacterial and Denitrifying Bacterial Community in a Biofilter Treating Subsurface Agricultural Drainage

Denitrifying biofilters can remove agricultural nitrates from subsurface drainage, reducing nitrate pollution that contributes to coastal hypoxic zones. The performance and reliability of natural and engineered systems dependent upon microbially mediated processes, such as the denitrifying biofilters, can be affected by the spatial structure of their microbial communities. Furthermore, our understanding of the relationship between microbial community composition and function is influenced by the spatial distribution of samples. In this study we characterized the spatial structure of bacterial communities in a denitrifying biofilter in central Illinois. Bacterial communities were assessed using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis for bacteria and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of nosZ for denitrifying bacteria. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) analyses indicated that bacteria showed statistically significant spatial structure by depth and transect, while denitrifying bacteria did not exhibit significant spatial structure. For determination of spatial patterns, we developed a package of automated functions for the R statistical environment that allows directional analysis of microbial community composition data using either ANOSIM or Mantel statistics. Applying this package to the biofilter data, the flow path correlation range for the bacterial community was 6.4 m at the shallower, periodically inundated depth and 10.7 m at the deeper, continually submerged depth. These spatial structures suggest a strong influence of hydrology on the microbial community composition in these denitrifying biofilters. Understanding such spatial structure can also guide optimal sample collection strategies for microbial community analyses.
Long-Term Evolution of the Luteoviridae: Time Scale and Mode of Virus Speciation

Despite their importance as agents of emerging disease, the time scale and evolutionary processes that shape the appearance of new viral species are largely unknown. To address these issues, we analyzed intra- and interspecific evolutionary processes in the Luteoviridae family of plant RNA viruses. Using the coat protein gene of 12 members of the family, we determined their phylogenetic relationships, rates of nucleotide substitution, times to common ancestry, and patterns of speciation. An associated multigene analysis enabled us to infer the nature of selection pressures and the genomic distribution of recombination events. Although rates of evolutionary change and selection pressures varied among genes and species and were lower in some overlapping gene regions, all fell within the range of those seen in animal RNA viruses. Recombination breakpoints were commonly observed at gene boundaries but less so within genes. Our molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin of the currently circulating Luteoviridae species occurred within the last 4 millennia, with intraspecific genetic diversity arising within the last few hundred years. Speciation within the Luteoviridae may therefore be associated with the expansion of agricultural systems. Finally, our phylogenetic analysis suggested that viral speciation events tended to occur within the same plant host species and country of origin, as expected if speciation is largely sympatric, rather than allopatric, in nature.
Observations on surgical management of carcinoma of prostate with limited nodal metastases

Abstract One hundred patients with surgical Stage D1 (TXN + M0) adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy and were followed up for one-half to fifteen and one-half years. Forty-eight patients received “adjuvant” hormonal or radiation (or both) treatment; all patients were treated (“delayed”) hormonally on disease progression, when this treatment had not been administered initially. Tumor grade (Mayo 1 through 4), tumor bulk (measured in cm3), or seminal vesicle involvement alone and when considered with number of positive nodes was not related to survival or disease progression. Only number of positive nodes and bilateral orchiectomy as “adjuvant” treatment affected survival and progression. For the 52 patients without “adjuvant” orchiectomy, the overall five-year rate for nonprogression was only 18.5 per cent, and the five-year rates for nonprogression were, respectively, 26, 0, and 0 per cent when 1, 2, and ≥ 3 positive nodes were considered. However, for the 37 patients who received “adjuvant” orchiectomy, the overall five-year rate for nonprogression was 95 per cent, and the five-year rates for nonprogression were, respectively, 100, 100, and 80 per cent when 1, 2, and ≥ 3 positive nodes were considered. Prostatic cancer with positive pelvic lymph nodes treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy alone leads to rapid disease progression. “Adjuvant” bilateral orchiectomy is associated with projected five- and ten-year survival rates of 94 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively. Recommendation of other treatment modalities for patients with Stage D1 cancer of the prostate should be considered with reference to the results presented herein.
P01.15. Multiple Myeloma, chemotherapy and curcumin

Purpose Multiple Myeloma is one of the hematological malignancies that is caused by an unregulated proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells in the bone marrow leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, bone destruction and pathological fractures. Accumulation of M-protein in the plasma suppresses normal level of immunoglobulins. Chemotherapy is based on the combination of alkylating agents, use of high dose of corticosteroids, combination of antimitotic agents, proteosome inhibitors and immunomodulators. Large numbers of people with Multiple Myeloma are not sensitive enough to standard chemotherapy or develop severe side effects that lead to termination of conventional treatment. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound of turmeric that has diverse pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiproliferative and angiogenic activities. Several studies showed that curcumin can prevent drug resistance and increase the effect of several chemotherapeutic agents.
Lattice Boltzmann Computational Fluid Dynamics in Three Dimensions

The recent development of the lattice gas method and its extension to the lattice Boltzmann method have provided new computational schemes for fluid dynamics. Both methods are fully paralleled and can easily model many different physical problems, including flows with complicated boundary conditions. In this paper, basic principles of a lattice Boltzmann computational method are described and applied to several three-dimensional benchmark problems. In most previous lattice gas and lattice Boltzmann methods, a face-centered-hyper-cubic lattice in four-dimensional space was used to obtain an isotropic stress tensor. To conserve computer memory, we develop a model which requires 14 moving directions instead of the usual 24 directions. Lattice Boltzmann models, describing two-phase fluid flows and magnetohydrodynamics, can be developed based on this simpler 14-directional lattice. Comparisons between three-dimensional spectral code results and results using our method are given for simple periodic geometries. An important property of the lattice Boltzmann method is that simulations for flow in simple and complex geometries have the same speed and efficiency, while all other methods, including the spectral method, are unable to model complicated geometries efficiently.
Parameter Estimation of the Mechanical Behavior of the Artery Using a Nonlinear Least Square Method With a Noise Model

Although it is well known that blood vessels adapt and remodel in response to various biomechanical stimuli, quantifying changes in constitutive relation corresponding to environmental changes is still challenging. Especially, when the dimension of blood vessel is small, the uncertainties in experimental measurements become significant and make it difficult to precisely estimate parameters of constitutive relations for mechanical behavior of the blood vessel. Hence without considering measurement error in displacement, a conventional nonlinear least square (NLS) method results in a biased parameter estimation. In this paper, we propose a new parameter estimation method to eliminate such bias error and provide more accurate estimated parameters for a constitutive relation using a weighted nonlinear least square (WNLS) method with a noise model. We first applied the proposed technique to a set of synthesized data with computer generated white noises and compared the fitting results to those of the NLS method without the noise model. We also applied our method to experimental data sets from mechanical tests of rabbit basilar and mouse carotid arteries and studied parameter sensitivity of the constitutive model.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Some permutation problems

Abstract Put Zn = {1, 2,…, n} and let π denote an arbitrary permutation of Zn. Problem I. Let π = (π(1), π(2), …, π(n)). π has an up, down, or fixed point at a according as a π(a), or a = π(a). Let A (r, s, t) be the number of π ∈ Zn with r ups, s downs, and t fixed points. Problem II. Consider the triple π−1(a), a, π(a). Let R denote an up and F a down of π and let B(n, r, s) denote the number of π ∈ Zn with r occurrences of π−1(a)RaRπ(a) and s occurrences of π−1(a)FaFπ(a). Generating functions are obtained for each enumerant as well as for a refinement of the second. In each case use is made of the cycle structure of permutations.
Effects of cadmium on the population growth of a benthic invertebrate Aeolosoma Headleyi (oligochaeta)

A chronic toxicity test using population growth of an aquatic oligochaete, Aeolosoma headleyi, was evaluated for usefulness in determining the hazard of chronic exposures to cadmium. Tests were conducted in artificial hard water (180 mg/L hardness) and dechlorinated tap water (60 mg/L hardness). After 10 to 14 d of exposure, there were significant differences between groups in population growth rate or number of worms in both water types. The no-observable-effects concentrations (NOEC) for replicate tests in artificial hard water were 32.0 and 53.6 μg/L cadmium. The 48-h LC50 in artificial hard water was 4,980 μg/L, yielding acute/chronic ratios of 155 and 92, respectively. The oligochaete was more sensitive in the softer dechlorinated tap water, with a NOEC of 17.2 μg/L cadmium and a 48-h LC50 of 1,200 μg/L. The acute/chronic ratio was 70. Dose-response curves were linear at higher concentrations, but stimulation of reproduction was noted at low concentrations. A. headleyi was comparable in sensitivity to other organisms tested, as cited by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criterion document, in acute exposures but less sensitive in chronic exposures. The test proved to be short and simple, and provided useful data on an animal with a life history distinctly different from that of the most commonly tested aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia.
Focus issue: going for the gut.

This week’s issues of Science and Science’s STKE cover various aspects of gastrointestinal function and malfunction. Topics include the regulation of feeding behavior, host interactions with the organisms that colonize the gut, signaling pathways involved in gut barrier function and self-renewal, and factors associated with gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders and the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancers.
Interleukin-23 receptor ( IL-23R ) gene polymorphisms in acquired aplastic anemia

Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare disease with a complex pathogenesis. In most cases, T cell-mediated immune destruction of hematopoietic cells results in peripheral blood pancytopenia and bone marrow hypoplasia. A subset of the heterodimeric interleukin-23 receptor gene (IL-23R) is significantly associated with autoimmune-mediated diseases. To examine whether IL-23R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might contribute to AA, we selected three IL-23R SNPs with amino acid changes (rs11209026: p.Arg381Gln; rs41313262: p.Val362Ile; and rs11465797: p.Thr175Asn) and compared their frequencies in 279 AA patients and 184 ethnically matched healthy controls. The three SNP prevalences were similar between the AA patients and controls. The Arg381Gln variant, which has a strong protective effect against inflammatory bowel disease, showed no association with AA. Furthermore, IL-23 levels in sera were measured in the AA patients and in controls, and there were no significant differences among them. Our results indicate that these three IL-23R SNPs and serum IL-23 level have no apparent impact on susceptibility to AA.
Stimulation of critical thinking: An examination of the Eleventh Mental Measurements Yearbook

Abstract The Eleventh Mental Measurements Yearbook (11th MMY) includes descriptions and reviews of 477 tests published or substantially revised since 1989. Because no minimal standards were employed for inclusion in the 11th MMY , the psychometric merits of the tests are quite variable. In addition, variability in measurement expertise is evident among the 412 different authors who provided the 703 reviews. A nonrandom inspection of the independent reviews of the same tests revealed, in several instances, considerable lack of agreement. Furthermore, even within a given review, concluding statements regarding the worth of the test are often ambiguous. In summary, the 11th MMY does not necessarily provide consumer-oriented test reviews that substantially aid in test selection. It is recommended that future mental measurement yearbooks not include psychometrically weak tests. In addition, it is recommended that the editors consider employing expert comparisons of tests at least within each of the 18 major classifications. Comparison would allow a rank-ordering of the psychometric worth of the tests and would provide considerable assistance to school psychologists' test selection decisions.
The Effects of Cerebral Ischemia on the Rat Choroid Plexus

Although the blood-brain barrier effects of cerebral ischemia have been extensively examined, less attention has focused on ischemia-induced damage to the choroid plexuses that form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BSCFB). This study examined the rat lateral ventricle choroid plexuses (LVCP) in three ischemic models, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO)+hypotension with or without reperfusion and permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion with or without a tandem common carotid artery occlusion. Blood flow was assessed using [(14)C]-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine, and LVCP injury by tissue edema, alterations in [(14)C]glutamine transport and BSCFB disruption (measured with [(3)H]inulin). 2VO+hypotension caused an 87% reduction in LVCP blood flow (P<0.01) and a progressive reduction in LVCP glutamine transport. In contrast to cortex, there was no LVCP hyperemia or delayed hypoperfusion on reperfusion, but there was marked BSCFB disruption. After 30 mins of 2VO+hypotension with 6 h of reperfusion, the [(3)H]inulin entry into CSF was increased threefold (P<0.05). Blood-CSF barrier rather than blood-brain barrier disruption appeared to be the main cause of enhanced [(3)H]inulin entry into hippocampus. Middle cerebral artery occlusion with and without a tandem common carotid artery occlusion only caused 53% and 38% reductions in LVCP blood flow but induced LVCP edema. Results suggest that the LVCP is selectively vulnerable to ischemic injury in terms of the absolute blood flows or, for the MCA occlusion models, the % reductions in flows required to induce injury. BCSFB disruption early after ischemia may enhance the movement of compounds from blood to areas close to the ventricular system and participate in delayed neuronal death.
Assessment of cognitive organizatio in emotionally disturbed adolescents: A way of reducing parental perplexity?

Four adolescents of comparable age and IQ scores were described, two with primarily psychiatric diagnoses and two with additional CNS organic injuries. Despite the normal IQ scores, two had a combination of cognitive disabilities that make them highly suspect as being unabl to manage their own affairs without the massive support usually reserved for the retarded population. Piaget's description of the cognitive abilities developed during the concrete operational stage of development were found to be invaluable in separating these more perplexing adolescents. Their inability to decenter, to reverse, to conserve, and to classify and abstract from this classification leads to a major series of cognitive defects and difficulties, difficulties that if not clarified for the parents, will leave them as perplexed as the professionals working with these children.
Electrophilic superdelocalizability and the pullman theory of carcinogenesis

A correlation is demonstrated between the electrophilic superdelocalizability for the K region and carcinogenic potency for 1,2-benzanthracene and 5,6- and 7,8-benzacridine and a set of their methyl and dimethyl derivatives.
Emerging market strategy development and implementation

Developing and implementing business strategy to compete in this changing global landscape of emerging markets is a difficult task for organisational strategists throughout the world. The risks and opportunities associated with an emerging market is one of the most challenging problems in strategy development today. Ultimately, every organisation must develop a strategy that is different, attracts customers, and produces a sustainable competitive advantage. The theoretical framework for this conceptual paper is the rational view that organisations seek to increase profits and grow revenue. This conceptual paper reviews the organisational literature regarding the emerging market and its impact on the global landscape. In addition, it presents a conceptual process for corporate strategy development and implementation that includes emerging market strategy as a key component. This model was adapted from the basic five stage process model of strategy-making, strategy executing, as presented in Thompson et al. (2012).
Normal form representation of the aeroelastic response of the Goland wing

We follow two approaches to derive the normal form that represents the aeroelastic response of the Goland wing. Such a form constitutes an effective tool to model the main physical behaviors of aeroelastic systems and, as such, can be used for developing a phenomenological reduced-order model. In the first approach, an approximation of the wing’s response near the Hopf bifurcation is constructed by directly applying the method of multiple scales to the two coupled partial-differential equations of motion. In the second approach, we apply the same method to a Galerkin discretized model that is based on the mode shapes of a cantilever beam. The perturbation results from both approaches are verified by comparison with results from numerical integration of the discretized equations.
The value of sequential information in shortest path optimization

Consider an agent who seeks to traverse the shortest path in a graph having random edge weights. If the agent has no side information about the realizations of the edge weights, it should simply take the path of least average length, a deterministic optimization. We consider a generalization of this framework whereby the agent has access to a limited amount of side information about the edge weights as it traverses the graph. Specifically, we define a notion of side information and capacity, and we provide bounds on the agent's performance relative to the total amount of side information it receives. The results are based in a graph reduction for shortest path optimization and an abstraction of sequential decision-making.
Evidence of high-field radio-frequency hot spots due to trapped vortices in niobium cavities

Superconducting radio-frequency (rf) cavities made of high-purity niobium exhibit strong anomalous rf losses starting at peak surface magnetic fields of about 90‐100 mT in the gigahertz range. This phenomenon is referred to as ‘‘Q drop.’’ Temperature maps of the cavity surface have revealed the presence of ‘‘hot spots’’ in the high magnetic field region of the cavities. Several models have been proposed over the years to explain this phenomenon but there is still no experimental evidence on the mechanisms behind such hot spots. In this work we show that at least some of the hot spots are due to trapped vortices responsible for the anomalous losses. Here we report experiments in which a local thermal gradient was applied to the hot spot regions of a cavity in order to displace the vortices. Temperature maps measured before and after applying the thermal gradient unambiguously show that the hot spots do move and change their intensities, allowing us to determine changes in the hot spot positions and strengths and their effect on the cavity performance. Results on a large-grain niobium cavity clearly show a different distribution and in some cases a weakening of the intensity of the ‘‘hot spots,’’suggesting new ways of improving the cavity performance without additional material treatments.
A Comparison of Diversity Combining Techniques for Frequency-Hop Communications with Partial-Band Interference

Several diversity combining techniques are considered for applications to frequency-hop communications with partial-band interference. These diversity combining schemes are based on Viterbi's ratio threshold technique. The frequency-hop system considered has binary orthogonal signaling and noncoherent demodulation. A quiescent noise level is included in the analysis to account for thermal noise in the receiver and other wideband noise sources. The goal of this work is to find diversity combining techniques that perform well in partial-band interference without the need for side information.
Amalgams of prime index

This serves as a motivation for our main theorem from the theory of the classification of finite simple groups. Indeed, our result classifies all such configurations, and in particular it says that in all the interesting cases, we must have IP, n P,I d 2’* and IP,: P, n P,I = 3 or 5. The basic definitions we use are the same as in [Gs], which we quickly repeat for the convenience of the reader. An umalgatn consists of two monomorphisms 4, and dz of groups such that
Lessons from the 1%: Children with Labels of Severe Disabilities and Their Peers as Architects of Inclusive Education.

The 1% of US students with labels of severe disabilities including mental retardation have been historically excluded from ‘inclusive’ education, and from the important epistemological, political, pedagogical, and pragmatic currents in systemic education reform. They have been also been excluded from the design of, and participation in, the general academic curriculum. With ever increasing emphasis on academic goals, assessment and achievement standards are legally mandated to promote access to and progress in the general curriculum for ‘the 1%’. This study utilizes symbolic interaction to explore children’s construction of their own inclusive education in academic and social contexts. Symbolic Inclusion and Symbolic Exclusion are posited as constructivist definitions of inclusion, which transcend a traditional, one‐dimensional measure of time spent in the presence of children who do not have disabilities. Symbolic Inclusion and inclusive pedagogical practices are found to be instinctively and effectively...
Bisecting and behavior: Lateral inattention predicts 8-week academic performance

Converging evidence supports a left hemisphere role in defensive repression and sensation seeking. This led to the hypothesis that students with a relatively active left hemisphere would perform poorly during 8 weeks of a college class. The measure of relative hemispheric activation was the visual line-bisecting task given early in the course. The hypothesis was supported. Previous evidence that activation asymmetry is stable over time was supported because the single measurement of line bisecting was a longitudinal predictor of multiple behaviors. A temporal pattern of increasing correlation between the bisecting and performance measures favors a feedback repression model. Alternative explanations based on sensation seeking, subject-matter repression, and cooperation were considered but not eliminated.
Pictorial Presentation and Review Strategies in Science Learning.

To test the effects of pictorial presentation and a pictorial review task on science learning, all-verbal or verbal-pictorial presentation conditions were followed by either pictorial practice or a control task. The 96 undergraduate participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions presented on a computer-assisted instruction terminal. The groups differed significantly on a pictorial recognition test but not on a verbal posttest. The results favored the pictorial presentation with review condition. Experiment Two tested the effectiveness of the pictorial review task compared to a read-twice control. The same all-verbal presentation condition was given to 50 undergraduates who were then randomly assigned to the pictorial review task or to the re-read condition. The pictorial review condition facilitated performance on the pictorial posttest relative to the re-read condition and produced more favorable attitudes as well.
Accretion Disks in Two-dimensional Hoyle-Lyttleton Flow

We investigate the flip-flop instability observed in two-dimensional planar hydrodynamic simulations of Hoyle-Lyttleton accretion in the case of an accreting object with a radius much smaller than the nominal accretion radius, as one would expect in astrophysically relevant situations. Contrary to previous results with larger accretors, accretion from a homogenous medium onto a small accretor is characterized by a robust, quasi-Keplerian accretion disk. For gas with a ratio of specific heats of 5/3, such a disk remains locked in one direction for a uniform ambient medium. The accretion flow is more variable for gas with a ratio of specific heats of 4/3, with more dynamical interaction of the disk flow with the bow shock leading to occasional flips in the direction of rotation of the accretion disk. In both cases the accretion of angular momentum is determined by the flow pattern behind the accretion shock rather than by the parameters of the upstream flow.
Birth Weight and Gestational Age Specific Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Mortality: 1991 Vs 1995

Birth Weight and Gestational Age Specific Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Mortality: 1991 Vs 1995