cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of (E)-5-hydroxypyrrolizidin-3-one and (Z)-5-thioketalpyrrolizidin-3-one

The crystal structures of (E)-5-hydroxypyrrolizidin-3-one (2) and (Z)-5-thioketalpyrrolizidin-3-one (3) have been determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction techniques and refined by full-matrix least squares. Molecule2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/a(No. 14) witha=7.887(3) A,b=9.788(5) A,c=9.316(4) A,β=100.6(1), andZ=4. Molecule 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c witha=12.947(14) A,b=10.553(14) A,c=9.629(14) A,β=101.4(1), andZ=4. The calculated density for both molecules is 1.33 g cm−1. FinalR-factors were 5.1% for2 and 8.59% for3. The x-ray results showed that a change in configuration occurred in the reaction going from2 to3.
Description of the sub-miniature endplate potential distribution, determination of subunit size and number of subunits in the adult frog neuromuscular bell-miniature endplate potential

Abstract Miniature endplate potentials were recorded from the isolated pectoralis cutaneous muscle of the frog during very stable recording conditions and low noise levels. Two to 5 × 10 3 miniature endplate potentials were filmed at eight unstressed junctions that met rigorous experimental criteria for analysis. Seven junctions generated enough sub-miniature endplate potentials (1–3%) to produce a bell-shaped amplitude distribution. The sub-miniature endplate potential means were usually 9–10 times smaller than the modal bell-miniature endplate potential values. The standard deviation of the sub-miniature endplate potential class was calculated by subtracting the noise and measurement error from the measured sub-miniature endplate potential distribution. The coefficients of variation of the sub-miniature endplate potential distribution were 9–16%. Half of the bell-miniature endplate potential amplitude distributions showed 4–6 integral peaks in the central part of the distributions and the positions of these peaks were maintained with increasing sample size. The remaining distributions were not smooth and suggested integral peaks. The intervals between the peaks were about the same size as the sub-miniature endplate potential mode. These data provide further evidence for the subunit hypothesis of the quantum of transmitter release and describe the amplitude distribution of the sub-miniature endplate potential class of the adult preparation.
Connoisseur's Choice: Wavellite, Mauldin Mountain, Montgomery County, Arkansas

Phosphate minerals are a traditional favorite of many mineral collectors. They are colorful and of widespread geologic and geographic occurrence. Clearly, minerals such as pyromorphite, mimetite, o...
Mixing in a coastal environment: 1. A view from dye dispersion

[1] Dye release experiments were performed together with microstructure profiling to compare the two methods of estimating diapycnal diffusivity during summer and fall stratification on the continental shelf south of New England. The experiments were done in 1996 and 1997 as part of the Coastal Mixing and Optics Experiment. During the 100 hours or so of the experiments the area of the dye patches grew from less than 1 km2 to more than 50 km2 [Sundermeyer and Ledwell, 2001]. Diapycnal diffusivities inferred from dye dispersion range from 10−6 to 10−5 m2/s at buoyancy frequencies from 9 to 28 cycles/hour. Diffusivities estimated from the dye and those estimated from dissipation rates in the companion paper by Oakey and Greenan [2004] agree closely in most cases. Estimates of diffusivities from towed conductivity microstructure measurements made during the cruises by Duda and Rehmann [2002] and Rehmann and Duda [2000] are fairly consistent with the dye diffusivities. The dye diffusivities would be predicted well by an empirical formula involving shear and stratification statistics developed by MacKinnon and Gregg [2003] from profiling microstructure measurements obtained at the same site in August 1996. All of the measurements support the general conclusion that the diffusivity, averaged over several days, is seldom greater than 10−5 m2/s in the stratified waters at the site, and usually not much greater than 10−6 m2/s. Severe storms, such as a hurricane that passed over the CMO site in 1996, can dramatically increase the mixing at the site, however.
Forestry projects for climate change mitigation: an overview of guidelines and issues for monitoring, evaluation, reporting, verification, and certification

Abstract Monitoring and evaluation of forestry projects is needed to accurately determine their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that the global climate is protected and that country obligations are met. We present an overview of guidelines recently developed for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting, verification, and certification (MERVC) of forestry projects for climate change mitigation. 1 These guidelines are targeted to developers, evaluators, verifiers, and certifiers of forestry projects, and address several key issues, including methods for estimating gross and net carbon savings. The next phase of our work will be to develop a procedural handbook providing information on how one can complete monitoring, evaluation and verification forms.
What is business ethics? A reply to Peter Drucker

In his ‘What is “Business Ethics”?’ Peter Drucker accuses business ethics of singling out business unfairly for special ethical treatment, of subordinating ethical to political concerns, and of being, not ‘ethics’ at all, but ‘ethical chic’. We contend that Drucker's denunciation of business ethics rests upon a fundamental misunderstanding of the field. This article is a response to his charges and an effort to clarify the nature, scope and purpose of business ethics.
Plastic zones generated by cracks growing under load

Preliminary results are reported, describing experiments in which a slot is cut into a specimen under load. Under plane stress conditions this procedure produces a very diffuse plastic zone while under plane strain conditions a multiple series of hinge-type zones is formed. These results are contrasted with the behavior of specimens which are loaded after the slots are cut in. It is suggested that the differences are due to redistribution of stresses resulting from formation of the plastic zone.
Suppression of prostaglandin H synthase-2 induction in human monocytes by in vitro or in vivo administration of interleukin 4.

Abstract IL-4 is a potent modulator of monocyte function. Our previous studies demonstrated that the suppression of monocyte matrix metalloproteinase production by IL-4 is a result of its inhibition of PGE 2 synthesis, which was attributed to an effect on prostaglandin synthase. Here we report on the in vitro and in vivo effects of IL-4 on monocyte prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) and its regulation by second messengers. Stimulation of monocytes with either LPS or Con A resulted in the induction of PGHS-2 which was significantly inhibited by IL-4. Inhibition of PGHS-2 mRNA and protein was detected at 0.05 to 0.1 ng/ml of IL-4 with substantial suppression at 10 to 20 ng/ml. If added later than 2 hr after LPS, IL-4 failed to suppress PGHS-2, indicating that IL-4 acted early in the signaling cascade. Moreover, the ability of exogenously added PGE 2 or Bt 2 cAMP to restore PGHS-2 production in IL-4-treated monocytes further suggested early disruption of the pathway. The early event inhibited by IL-4 did not involve suppression of phospholipase activity, because LPS-induced arachidonic acid release was relatively unaffected by IL-4. Unlike PGHS-2, PGHS-1, the constitutively expressed PGHS, was not modulated by IL-4. Thus, IL-4 appears to selectively block PGHS-2 synthesis, thereby blocking subsequent steps in the pathway leading to the production of matrix metalloproteinases. In an extension of these findings, we examined peripheral blood monocytes from cancer patients undergoing IL-4 therapy. In these cells the induction of PGHS-2 expression by LPS was significantly reduced compared to that of monocytes obtained prior to IL-4 therapy. Although perhaps not relevant as an antitumor mechanism, these findings have important implications in defining the potent anti-inflammatory activities of IL-4 in vitro and in vivo.
Thin-Walled Carbon Microtubes as High-Capacity and High-Rate Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

In this article, we present a large-area synthesis of carbon microtubes (CMTs) with internal diameters of ∼1.5 μm and wall thicknesses on the order of 50 nm and their lithium ion intercalation and deintercalation properties for the first time. The results show that CMTs exhibit a good capacity retention of 443 mAh g−1 after 20 cycles, higher than the theoretical capacity of graphite and ∼1.5 times higher than the capacity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes at similar conditions. The high capacity retention is attributed mostly to the presence of nanodomains of graphite in the thin walls of the microtubes providing multiple pathways for lithium ion intercalation and the open ends of the CMTs providing additional surface area for intercalation. The CMTs show good rate capability with a capacity retention of 135 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1.5 A g−1.
Ainu illness and healing: a symbolic interpretation

Ainu “metaphysical illnesses” are characterized by the presence of spiritual beings such as demons or deities in illness causation or aggravation, or as a source of curing power. This paper offers a symbolic interpretation of Ainu metaphysical illnesses by reference to the basic cognitive structure of Ainu medical epistemology, which is founded upon sacred-profane dyads within a “social network” of cosmic organization. Pathogenic demons represent intrinsic, anarchic, and permanent structural anomalies. They contrast with extrinsic, creative, temporary cosmic disjunctions of the universe, which also cause illnesses. Anarchic anomalies of demons are differentiated from creative anomalies of mediation symbols, as embodied in the shaman's spirits. The power to counterattack structural anomalies (and to cure patients) derives from symbolism of the profane, which is tapped by nonformalized power of shamans and women in Ainu society. [symbolic anthropology, anomaly and mediation, ethnomedicine, women, Ainu]
Effect of Magnesia on Mass Transport at the Surface of Alumina

The modification of surface mass transport rates due to the presence of a divalent dopant in alumina has been studied. The composition of the prismatic (1010) surface of sapphire, doped with MgO by two different techniques, has been monitored with Auger electron spectroscopy. Mass transport at these doped surfaces has been measured by observing the rate of decay of a periodic surface profile. Short wavelength patterns were used so that the transport process would be dominated by solid state diffusion. The analysis assumes an isotropic surface free energy, the implications of which are discussed. It was found that during annealing in air, both surface and bulk diffusion mechanisms contribute to ionic mobility. The effect of Mg ions seems to depend on its thermodynamic activity. When the surface coverage is low, up to about 20%, the effect of the dopant is not significant. When the surface concentration of Mg increases to that corresponding to spinel (about 33%), the mass transport rate increases significantly. From these observations, it is implied that a second phase may be required to markedly enhance the surface mass transport rate of alumina in air. The results obtained in this study have been critically analyzed and are discussed in light of other data for mass transport in alumina.
The interpersonal meaning of sexual promiscuity

In order to investigate the interpersonal meaning of sexual promiscuity, the relations between various sexual activities and the Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC) were examined. Two hundred and ten participants (105 women and 105 men; mean age = 24.88 years) indicated the number of people they had engaged in various sexual activates with (e.g., oral manipulation of genitals, sexual intercourse, etc.). These participants’ interpersonal styles were also assessed using the primary dimensions of the IPC: dominance and warmth. As predicted, a positive linear relation was found, for men and women, between interpersonal dominance and the number of partners a person had for each type of sexual activity. Additionally, for both men and women, a curvilinear relation was found between interpersonal warmth and the number of partners a person had for each type of sexual activity. Specifically, participants who were either extremely warm or extremely cold tended to have more sexual partners than individuals who were moderately warm. These findings extend past research linking the Five Factor Model traits of extraversion and agreeableness to sexual promiscuity and also help illustrate the dual interpersonal meaning of sexual experience.
Exploring the interaction between the protein kinase A catalytic subunit and caveolin-1 scaffolding domain with shotgun scanning, oligomer complementation, NMR, and docking.

The techniques of phage-displayed homolog shotgun scanning, oligomer complementation, NMR secondary structure analysis, and computational docking provide a complementary suite of tools for dissecting protein–protein interactions. Focusing these tools on the interaction between the catalytic sub-unit of protein kinase A (PKAcat) and caveolin-1 scaffolding domain (CSD) reveals the first structural model for the interaction. Homolog shotgun scanning varied each CSD residue as either a wild-type or a homologous amino acid. Wild-type to homolog ratios from 116 different homologous CSD variants identified side-chain functional groups responsible for precise contacts with PKAcat. Structural analysis by NMR assigned an α-helical conformation to the central residues 84– 97 of CSD. The extensive mutagenesis data and NMR secondary structure information provided constraints for developing a model for the PKAcat–CSD interaction. Addition of synthetic CSD to phage-displayed CSD resulted in oligomer complementation, or enhanced binding to PKAcat. Together with previous experiments examining the interaction between CSD and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the results suggest a general oligomerization-dependent enhancement of binding between signal transducing enzymes and caveolin-1.
Recent Studies of the Cosmic-Ray Latitude Effect at High Altitudes

With an improved Geiger counter telescope, having an angular aperture of about ±15° from its axis, a series of balloon flights was made in August and September, 1947, at seven stations extending from San Antonio, Texas, to Saskatoon, Canada. The axis of the telescope in all cases was oriented in a vertical direction. All sets of equipment were compared with a standard to reduce all results to a common basis. The standard sets, in turn, were compared with an accurately constructed telescope which had been used to make an absolute determination of cosmic-ray intensity at the vertical in Pasadena. Two flights were made from each of the seven stations. The agreement between flights made within a few hours of each other at a given station is very good. Results from two flights made at a given station several days apart are not in general as consistent. Likewise, no monotonic increase of the radiation with increase of latitude was observed. Evidence is presented for rather large fluctuations at high altitudes of the lower energy components of cosmic rays. Some of the reasons for these fluctuations are discussed.
A Silicon Primitive for Competitive Learning

Competitive learning is a technique for training classification and clustering networks. We have designed and fabricated an 11- transistor primitive, that we term an automaximizing bump circuit, that implements competitive learning dynamics. The circuit performs a similarity computation, affords nonvolatile storage, and implements simultaneous local adaptation and computation. We show that our primitive is suitable for implementing competitive learning in VLSI, and demonstrate its effectiveness in a standard clustering task.
Incremental and General Evaluation of Reverse Nearest Neighbors

This paper presents a novel algorithm for Incremental and General Evaluation of continuous Reverse Nearest neighbor queries (IGERN, for short). The IGERN algorithm is general in that it is applicable for both continuous monochromatic and bichromatic reverse nearest neighbor queries. This problem is faced in a number of applications such as enhanced 911 services and in army strategic planning. A main challenge in these problems is to maintain the most up-to-date query answers as the data set frequently changes over time. Previous algorithms for monochromatic continuous reverse nearest neighbor queries rely mainly on monitoring at the worst case of six pie regions, whereas IGERN takes a radical approach by monitoring only a single region around the query object. The IGERN algorithm clearly outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms in monochromatic queries. We also propose a new optimization for the monochromatic IGERN to reduce the number of nearest neighbor searches. Furthermore, a filter and refine approach for IGERN (FR-IGERN) is proposed for the continuous evaluation of bichromatic reverse nearest neighbor queries which is an optimized version of our previous approach. The computational complexity of IGERN and FR-IGERN is presented in comparison to the state-of-the-art algorithms in the monochromatic and bichromatic cases. In addition, the correctness of IGERN and FR-IGERN in both the monochromatic and bichromatic cases, respectively, are proved. Extensive experimental analysis using synthetic and real data sets shows that IGERN and FR-IGERN is efficient, is scalable, and outperforms previous techniques for continuous reverse nearest neighbor queries.
Pequeños naufragios domésticos: crónica de la vida familiar en la obra de Germán Dehesa

Este ensayo traza la genealogia de la obra de German Dehesa en la frontera entre el periodismo y la literatura �una continuacion del costumbrismo decimononico y un avatar de la cronica del siglo XX� y analiza sus rasgos distintivos formales y tematicos. A traves del filtro humoristico, la obra de Dehesa retrata la vida cotidiana de la familia de clase media y esboza el contorno de una nueva forma de paternidad, cuyos antecedentes son tan escasos en la literatura mexicana como su aparicion es reciente en la historia.
Non‐parametric identification of a class of non‐linear close‐coupled dynamic systems

A non-parametric identification technique for the identification of arbitrary memoryless non-linearities has been presented for a class of close-coupled dynamic systems which are commonly met with in mechanical and structural engineering. The method is essentially a regression technique and expresses the non-linearities as series expansions in terms of orthogonal functions. Whereas no limitation on the type of test signals is imposed, the method requires the monitoring of the response of each of the masses in the system. The computational efficiency of the method, its easy implementation on analogue and digital machines and its relative insensitivity to measurement noise make it an attractive approach to the non-parametric identification problem.
Modulation of the rat stria vascularis in the absence of circulating adrenocorticosteroids.

Structural changes in the cellular morphology of the rat stria vascularis from a standardized region of the basal region and from a standardized region in the apical region of the rat cochlear duct were measured using stereological methods after removal of endogenous levels of adrenal steroids by bilateral adrenalectomy. Although there were some inconsistent and insignificant alterations in the volume density of intermediate and basal cells, a decreased volume density of marginal cells in both the basal region and in the apical region in adrenalectomized (ADX) animals as compared to sham animals was consistent with a concomitant significant increased (p≤0.05) volume density of intercellular space as observed in both the basal and apical regions of the stria vascularis of ADX animals. Findings of this study indicate that the strial cells of the stria vascularis react differently and independently in response to the removal of adrenal steroids, and such strial responses occur uniform in both the base and apex.
‘Other’ breast cancer susceptibility genes: searching for more holy grail

While germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for most, if not all families with autosomal dominant transmission of susceptibility to both breast and ovarian cancer, it has become clear that together these genes only account for a small proportion of hereditary site-specific breast cancer susceptibility. However, difficulties due to genetic heterogeneity, reduced penetrance and perhaps gene mutation frequency complicate ongoing efforts to identify additional susceptibility genes. Therefore, multiple approaches are being used to identify additional high and low penetrance genes. Families with three or more breast cancer cases are being used in traditional linkage studies, which are expected to yield only moderate or high penetrance susceptibility genes. Breast cancer case-control studies are being used to look for genetic variants or polymorphisms that confer an increased risk of breast cancer in a wide variety of cellular pathways, ranging from the detoxification of environmental carcinogens to steroid hormone metabolism, DNA damage repair and immune surveillance, an approach useful primarily to identify low penetrance susceptibililty genes. However, neither approach has yielded convincing results to date. A third approach, using BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers to identify genes that are associated with modification of breast cancer risk has met with some limited success, perhaps because effects on breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are more readily detected in smaller studies, given the much higher number of events in these cohorts at very high risk of breast cancer. Clearly, hereditary breast cancer susceptibility is a complex phenomenon, in which multiple genes may play a role. It will be necessary to use all of these approaches, as well as more comprehensive genomic studies, to identify additional breast cancer-related genes.
IL-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis is mediated by Janus kinase 3 (JAK3)

Abstract Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase vital to the regulation of T-cells. We report that JAK3 is a mediator of interleukin-8 (IL-8) stimulation of a different class of hematopoietic relevant cells: human neutrophils. IL-8 induced a time- and concentration-dependent activation of JAK3 activity in neutrophils and differentiated HL-60 leukemic cells. JAK3 was more robustly activated by IL-8 than other kinases: p70S6K, mTOR, MAPK or PKC. JAK3 silencing severely inhibited IL-8-mediated chemotaxis. Thus, IL-8 stimulates chemotaxis through a mechanism mediated by JAK3. Further, JAK3 activity and chemotaxis were inhibited by the flavonoid apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) at ∼5 nM IC 50 . These new findings lay the basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of cell migration as it relates to neutrophil-mediated chronic inflammatory processes.
Validation of an Epstein-Barr viral load assay using the QIAGEN Artus EBV TM PCR analyte-specific reagent.

We describe the validation of a test for the quantification of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA (viral load) using the Artus EBV TM PCR analyte-specific reagent (ASR; QIAGEN Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany). A dilution series demonstrated a limit of detection of 2.25 log10 copies/mL (>95% positivity rate). The limit of quantification was 3.90 log10 copies/mL based on an SD of less than 0.15. The assay was linear from 2.17 to 6.2 log10 copies/mL. Low (3.70 log10 copies/mL) and high (5.40 log10 copies/mL) patient samples had coefficients of variation (CVs) of 2.0% and 1.4%, respectively. The cycle thresholds of 4 points used to generate the standard curve had CVs ranging from 0.8% to 1.6%. A comparison of 35 matched samples showed a small positive bias (0.35 log10 copies/mL) for the Artus ASR relative to a laboratory-developed EBV viral load assay targeting the Bam H1-W region of the EBV genome.
Oxygen Reduction Activity of Vapor-Grown Platinum Nanotubes

The positive correlation between platinum crystallite size and specific activity for the oxygen reduction reaction has motivated an extensive search for functional catalyst structures that can rival the activity of polycrystalline Pt. One such class of catalysts, extended thin film electrocatalyst structures (ETFECS), make use of highaspect ratio morphologies to achieve high specific ORR activity while limiting sacrifices in electrochemical surface area (ECSA). Previously, electrochemical synthesis routes have been successfully used to make supportless ETFECS such as platinum nanotubes and nanowires.
Assessing and Inducing Neuroplasticity With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Robotics for Motor Function

Abstract O'Malley MK, Ro T, Levin HS. Assessing and inducing neuroplasticity with transcranial magnetic stimulation and robotics for motor function. Objectives To describe 2 new ways of assessing and inducing neuroplasticity in the human brain—transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and robotics—and to investigate and promote the recovery of motor function after brain damage. Data Sources We identified recent articles and books directly bearing on TMS and robotics. Articles using these tools for purposes other than rehabilitation were excluded. From these studies, we emphasize the methodologic and technical details of these tools as applicable for assessing and inducing plasticity. Study Selection Because both tools have only recently been used for rehabilitation, the majority of the articles selected for this review have been published only within the last 10 years. Data Extraction We used the PubMed and Compendex databases to find relevant peer-reviewed studies for this review. The studies were required to be relevant to rehabilitation and to use TMS or robotics methodologies. Guidelines were applied via independent extraction by multiple observers. Data Synthesis Despite the limited amount of research using these procedures for assessing and inducing neuroplasticity, there is growing evidence that both TMS and robotics can be very effective, inexpensive, and convenient ways for assessing and inducing rehabilitation. Although TMS has primarily been used as an assessment tool for motor function, an increasing number of studies are using TMS as a tool to directly induce plasticity and improve motor function. Similarly, robotic devices have been used for rehabilitation because of their suitability for delivery of highly repeatable training. New directions in robotics-assisted rehabilitation are taking advantage of novel measurements that can be acquired via the devices, enabling unique methods of assessment of motor recovery. Conclusions As refinements in technology and advances in our knowledge continue, TMS and robotics should play an increasing role in assessing and promoting the recovery of function. Ongoing and future studies combining TMS and robotics within the same populations may prove fruitful for a more detailed and comprehensive assessment of the central and peripheral changes in the nervous system during precisely induced recovery.
Comparison of complications and prolapse recurrence between laparoscopic and vaginal uterosacral ligament suspension for the treatment of vaginal prolapse

Our objective was to compare complications and prolapse recurrence between laparoscopic (L-USLS) and vaginal (V-USLS) uterosacral ligament suspensions. This is a retrospective study of USLS procedures performed at a large academic center from 2011 to 2014. Patient demographics, surgical data, complications, and prolapse recurrence of L-USLS and V-USLS were compared. Logistic regression identified predictors of operative time, complications, and prolapse recurrence. There were 54 L-USLS and 119 V-USLS procedures with median follow-up of 21.5 weeks (IQR 9.3–50.8). Women undergoing L-USLS were less likely to have medical comorbidities and had less severe prolapse, but were more likely to report prior hysterectomy. L-USLS had longer operative times (190.1 ± 46.8 vs 172.7 ± 47.3 min, p = 0.03), but after correcting for concomitant procedures, the operative times of the two approaches were not significantly different (adjusted OR 1.00, 95%CI 0.99–1.00). There was no significant difference in complications between groups (24.1 % vs 21.8 %, p = 0.75). However, there were nonsignificant trends toward more ureteral injuries and suture removals following V-USLS. Postoperative POP-Q points of the groups did not differ, except for total vaginal length (TVL), which was longer after L-USLS (8.3 ± 1.1 cm vs 7.4 ± 1.2 cm, p < 0.001). 19 patients met the composite definition of prolapse recurrence, with no significant difference between groups (16.2 % vs 16 %, p = 0.98). After adjusting for preoperative prolapse stage, route was not a significant predictor of prolapse recurrence (adjusted OR 0.39, 95 % CI 0.12–1.30). L-USLS has comparable clinical outcomes, with similar rates of complications and prolapse recurrence to the traditional vaginal approach.
A Criminological Profile Of White-Collar Crime

Using criminology as a foundation, this research explores the personality, psychology, and sociology of white-collar crime. While there has been much focus on various techniques (internal controls, prevention software, employee monitoring systems, etc.) to prevent fraud within companies and organizations, other important behavioral aspects have received less attention. The goal of this manuscript is to explore the literature from other disciplines to help better identify criminological personality profiles and incorporate different behavioral features such as personality characteristics, psychology, and sociology, with application to actual cases of white-collar fraud. Examining theory from other disciplines and merging it with the technical aspects of accounting and fraud prevention allows for a greater understanding of the motivations and processes behind these crimes and, hopefully, allowing for better prevention in the future.
Mild therapeutic hypothermia in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Aims: Guidelines recommend mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) for survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, there is little literature demonstrating a survival benefit. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of MTH in patients successfully resuscitated from OHCA. Materials and Methods: Electronic databases were searched for RCT involving MTH in survivors of OHCA, and the results were put through a meta-analysis. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, and the secondary endpoint was favorable neurological function. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using the Mantel-Haenszel method. A fixed-effect model was used and, if heterogeneity (I2 ) was >40, effects were analyzed using a random model. Results: Six RCT (n = 1400 patients) were included. Overall survival was 50.7%, and favorable neurological recovery was 45.5%. Pooled data demonstrated no significant all-cause mortality (OR, 0.81; 95% CI 0.55-1.21) or neurological recovery (OR, 0.77; 95% CI 0.47-1.24). No evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated that MTH did not confer benefit on overall survival rate and neurological recovery in patients resuscitated from OHCA.
Luminescent Properties of MgLaLiSi2O7:Eu3+ Phosphors via Sol-Gel Process

MgLaLiSi2O7:Eu3+ phosphors have been prepared through the sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and ddifferential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), FT-IR spectra and photoluminescence spectra were used to characterize the resulting phosphors. FT-IR spectra suggested that crystallized silicates have formed in the powders annealed at 1050°C. The results of XRD indicated that the phosphors crystallized completely at 1050°C. In MgLaLiSi2O7:Eu3+ phosphors, the Eu3+ shows its characteristic red (613nm, 5D0–7F2) emissions.
Changes in coming out milestones across five age cohorts

ABSTRACTThis quantitative study examined differences in the coming-out process between self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) participants in five age cohorts. An Internet survey and convenience sampling strategy was used to recruit 1,131 participants (ages 18 to 85). Participants provided demographic information and information about their home environment growing up, completed the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale (LGBIS) (Mohr & Fassinger, 2000), and shared ages that they achieved important milestones in the coming-out process. ANCOVA of differences between men and women in the five cohorts on the age that significant milestones were achieved resulted in significant findings for all comparisons (p < .001). In post hoc analysis, 52% of the 450 pairwise comparisons were significant at at least the .05 level. Generally speaking, two significant trends were found in this sample: (a) that the average age of achieving milestones has decreased over time; and (b) that a gender gap in the age ...
“I Suck at Everything”: Crime, Arrest, and the Generality of Failure

ABSTRACTIn this article, we advance the idea that getting arrested amounts to “failing at crime.” And akin to the notion of the generality of deviance—where those who engage in any given form of criminal behavior are also likely to engage in a wide array of other problematic behaviors—we examine whether failing at crime (getting arrested) is associated with other forms of life failure. Using data from multiple waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, our results reveal that, independent of one’s level of self-reported criminal behavior and other key potential confounders (IQ and self-control), being arrested is a significant predictor of a host of life failures related to education, employment, relationships, and health. The key implication of our study is that it highlights the need to develop a theory of the “generality of failure.”
Spectral distribution calculations of the level density of20Ne

A recent paper compared moment method and Lanczos method calculations of the level density of20Ne. The present work extends this comparison to include a new type of Lanczos expansion. This expansion procedure shares the advantage of the traditional Lanczos method of a positive definite level density, but unlike the latter, may be used in an essentially infinite basis. Calculations utilizing dsdf and ppdsd bases have been compared with experimental values for the level density, parity ratio and spin cutoff parameters to determine the appropriateness of the input parameters and the model, while calculations in a dsd basis are compared with exact calculated results to test the accuracy of representation provided by the expansion technique.
Structural Design Codes: The Bridge Between Research and Practice

Research on the behavior of structural components and systems has always played an important role on the development of the design standards that regulate and unify the work of structural engineers. After a review of the history of design code experience in North America, this paper discusses the tasks ahead for promulgating future standards for looming future design tasks. It is concluded that a new paradigm for these regulations must replace the current system with its many prescriptive rules. A case is made for Performance-Based Design as the future format to be implemented.
REPRESENTING ANIMAL MINDS IN EARLY ANIMAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY: CHARLOTTE TUCKER'S THE RAMBLES OF A RAT AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY NATURAL HISTORY

Animal autobiography – a first-person fictional narrative in which an animal tells its own story – emerged in the late eighteenth century as the first attempt to represent animal minds in extended narrative form. Authors of this genre were anxious to create accurate, believable animal characters, even as they afforded them human language and a habit of critical commentary. To do this, they wrote in sync with scientific understandings of animals as set out in books of natural history. A few authors are explicit about their debt to natural history, and their comments point to a broad but intended compatibility between the ideas of animal minds in animal autobiography and those in the popularized scientific discourse of the day.
Reading-Specific Flexibility Moderates the Relation Between Reading Strategy Use and Reading Comprehension During the Elementary Years

The goal was to test whether cognitive flexibility moderates the relation between reading strategy use and reading comprehension during the elementary years. Seventy-five second- through fifth-grade students completed a think aloud task and a metacognitive questionnaire to measure reading strategies, two card-sorting tasks to measure general and reading-specific cognitive flexibility, and one standardized measure of reading comprehension, as well as measures of oral reading fluency and vocabulary. As expected, oral reading fluency and vocabulary predicted reading comprehension, as did reading-specific flexibility. Importantly, reading-specific flexibility had a significant moderating effect, over and above the other effects. Specifically, weak reading-specific flexibility skills were associated with a negative relation between reading strategy use during think aloud and reading comprehension, suggesting that children with weak flexibility skills are less adept at using reading strategies effectively.
MOOCs and Educational Value

The term ‘educational value’ may be used to refer to several distinct kinds of value, which fit together in a complex pattern. This chapter reviews the most important kinds of value and then constructs a conception of educational value suitable for assessing the value of MOOCs as educational instruments. The key kinds of value of enduring importance in education are technical value – being good at various intellectual and practical arts, and use value – being good for some end. One subspecies of use value – beneficiality or being good for the good of a being – is of particular importance. Good education conduces to technical goodness that benefits learners. The book then addresses the twin questions: can MOOCs contribute to goodness at intellectual and practical arts, and are MOOCs beneficial – in the broadest sense – for learners?
A Monte Carlo model of crustal field influences on solar energetic particle precipitation into the Martian atmosphere

Solar energetic particles (SEPs) can precipitate directly into the atmospheres of weakly magnetized planets, causing increased ionization, heating, and altered neutral chemistry. However, strong localized crustal magnetism at Mars can deflect energetic charged particles and reduce precipitation. In order to quantify these effects, we have developed a model of proton transport and energy deposition in spatially varying magnetic fields, called Atmospheric Scattering of Protons and Energetic Neutrals (ASPEN). We benchmark the model's particle tracing algorithm, collisional physics, and heating rates, comparing against previously published work in the latter two cases. We find that energetic non-relativistic protons precipitating in proximity to a crustal field anomaly will primarily deposit energy at either their stopping altitude or magnetic reflection altitude. We compared atmospheric ionization in the presence and absence of crustal magnetic fields at 50° S and 182° E during the peak flux of the 29 October 2003 “Halloween storm” SEP event. The presence of crustal magnetic fields reduced total ionization by ~30% but caused ionization to occur over a wider geographic area.
Scared to Death: Reflections on Panic and Anxiety in the Field

This paper examines reflections about researcher emotions and the experience of having panic attacks and panic disorder as a result of fieldwork. Anxiety and panic are sparsely discussed in methodological appendices and handbooks about qualitative research, and the embodiment of mental health in the field has received even less attention. I have two aims in the paper: to describe the experience of panic attacks and to open a discussion about panic and anxiety attacks in the field. The failure to address mental health problems as a result of fieldwork can negatively impact expert and fledgling ethnographers, and should be remedied.
A geographical workforce analysis of hand therapy services in relation to US population characteristics.

Abstract Introduction A paucity of work force planning literature exists for hand therapy services. Purpose This descriptive study aimed to map the geographical distribution of US Certified Hand Therapists (CHTs) and describe characteristics of US populations living in respective CHT workplace Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Methods A de-identified Zip Code list of all active CHTs through April 2016 from the Hand Therapy Certification Commission, included 5572 CHTs with US ZCTAs. The CHT ZCTAs were matched with population parameters “rurality”, “poverty” and “race and ethnicity” from the 2010 US Census and 2014 American Community Survey. Results The 5,572 CHTs practice ZCTAs mostly overlapped with high density US population areas, covering just 9% of the total number of 33,120 US ZCTAs. The population in CHT ZCTAs was 1) urban in nature, 2) with lower poverty rates than ZCTAs without CHTs, and 3) mostly reflecting US race and ethnicity population distribution. Only 3.7% of CHTs worked in large concentrations of 11 to 26 CHTs per ZCTA near or in urban centers. Most CHTs, 67%, worked in one to three CHTs per ZCTA concentrations, contributing to a larger geographic spread of CHT locations than expected. Discussion and Conclusion This study provides a foundational snap shot of the distribution, the potential availability, of the 2016 CHT workforce in the context of US population characteristics. It may serve as baseline for supply and demand studies and interventions to grow the CHT profession and optimize the distribution of CHTs to better meet population needs.
Introduction to One-Parameter Models: Estimating a Population Proportion

On March 15, 2002, the Iowa City Press Citizen carried an article about the intended 19% tuition increase to go into effect at the University of Iowa (UI) for the next academic year. Let’s revisit that time and suppose that you wish to send the regents and the state legislature some arguments against this idea. To support your argument, you would like to tell the regents and legislators what proportion of current UI students are likely to quit school if tuition is raised that much.
The STAT3 inhibitor pyrimethamine displays anti-cancer and immune stimulatory effects in murine models of breast cancer

The transcription factor signal activator and transducer or transcription (STAT3), which regulates genes controlling proliferation, survival, and invasion, is activated inappropriately in many human cancers, including breast cancer. Activation of STAT3 can lead to both malignant cellular behavior and suppression of immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Through a chemical-biology screen, pyrimethamine (PYR), an FDA approved anti-microbial drug, was identified as an inhibitor of STAT3 function at concentrations known to be achieved safely in humans. We report that PYR shows therapeutic activity in two independent mouse models of breast cancer, with both direct tumor inhibitory and immune stimulatory effects. PYR-inhibited STAT3 activity in TUBO and TM40D-MB metastatic breast cancer cells in vitro and inhibited tumor cell proliferation and invasion into Matrigel basement membrane matrix. In tumor-transplanted mice, PYR had both direct and indirect tumor inhibitory effects. Tumor-bearing mice treated with PYR showed reduced STAT3 activation in tumor cells, attenuated tumor growth, and reduced tumor-associated inflammation. In addition, expression of Lamp1 by tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells was elevated, indicating enhanced release of cytotoxic granules. These findings suggest that PYR may have beneficial effects in the treatment of breast cancer.
The Myth of Air Power in the Persian Gulf War and the Future of Warfare

On February 24, 1991, U.S. ground troops, supported by British, French, and Arab forces, moved north from Saudi Arabia to liberate Kuwait and destroy the Iraqi military. Four days later the job was apparently done: The Kuwaiti oag once again oew over Kuwait City, and what remained of the Iraqi military was in full retreat. Astonishingly, only sixty-three Americans were killed in a ground operation that most analysts expected would cause thousands of U.S. casualties. How did the coalition’s ground forces destroy the Iraqi army so quickly and with so few coalition casualties? Does the Persian Gulf War herald a future of U.S. military dominance and low-cost U.S. military operations? What are the lessons from the aghting for U.S. foreign policy? The conventional wisdom among historians, military analysts, and foreign policy decisionmakers is that air power neutralized the Iraqi military before the ground war began. This interpretation of the Gulf War has important imTheMyth of Air Power in the Persian Gulf War and the Future ofWarfare Daryl G. Press
Development of an in vitro model for alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS)

1158 Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare malignant neoplasm constituting approximately 1 % of all soft tissue sarcomas. ASPS is found predominantly in adolescents and young adults, is refractory to existing chemotherapeutic agents and, at present, the primary treatment is surgery. In an attempt to gain insight into the biology of this unusual tumor we have undertaken studies with cellular preparations obtained from a 12 year old female diagnosed with ASPS. Cells were obtained both at the time of surgery for removal of the primary tumor from the soleus muscle in the right calf as well as from metastatic lung lesions 6 months later. The indolent, slow-growing nature of ASPS presents significant difficulties in adapting ASPS cells for culture in vitro, in medium containing serum which effectively promotes the growth of the more rapidly proliferating stromal elements such as fibroblasts. Consequently we have attempted to reduce the population of fibroblasts by utilizing magnetic cell sorting with an anti-human fibroblast antibody followed by culture in serum-free medium in which D-Valine replaces L-Valine (Cell 5:11, 1975). Cells isolated from both the primary tumor and lung metastases were positive (in situ immunofluorescence and Western Blot analysis) for several markers including the transcription factor, TFE3, the extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, EMMPRIN (CD147), and the monocarboxylic acid transporter, (MCT-1). The latter two proteins are found in the cytoplasmic crystals which are characteristic of many cases of ASPS. Cells from both the primary tumor and lung metastases exhibit multiple osmiophilic inclusion bodies which may be precursors to these crystals. Cells from the primary tumor grew slower than those from lung metastases and could be maintained in culture for several months without achieving confluency. Additionally we have observed that colony formation of both cell types on Matrigel in serum-free medium containing D-Valine is accompanied by the formation of clear zones around the growing colony suggesting secretion of enzymes which degrade components of the substratum. Analysis of gene expression using RNA extracted from 8 ASPS frozen tumors indicated increased expression of genes encoding both the tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT) receptor as well as the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) receptor (personal communication, Dr. Marc Ladanyi, MSKCC). Consequently, we investigated whether NT and IGF2 affected colony formation and growth of cells from both the primary tumor and lung metastases on Matrigel in serum-free medium containing D-Valine. Both cell types responded to NT (10-1000 nM) and IGF2 (10-100 ng/ml) as evidenced by an increase in the number and size of the colonies. The results of these studies suggest that it is possible to culture cells from both primary and metastatic ASPS and provide a basis for further investigation into the cell biology and therapeutic sensitivity of this enigmatic tumor.