cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational Modeling of Lauric Acid at the Organic−Water Interface

Where water meets an immiscible liquid, the orientation and hydrogen bonding patterns of the molecules nearest the interface differ significantly from those in the bulk. These differences drive important interface-specific phenomena, including interfacial tension and the adsorption of other molecular species. Additionally, surfactants and other amphiphilic molecules present at the interface interact with both the aqueous and hydrophobic layers in a complex fashion that can dramatically change the characteristics of the interface as a whole. In this study, classical molecular dynamics computer simulations have been employed to investigate the accommodation of lauric acid at the water–hexane and water–carbon tetrachloride interfaces. Our results show that the behavior of surfactant molecules in the interfacial region is strongly influenced by the protonation of their headgroups. Deprotonated lauric acid molecules cause a larger increase in interfacial width than their protonated counterparts. The carboxylat...
Does clearing of axillary lymph nodes contribute to accurate staging of breast carcinoma

The major prognostic indicator in carcinoma of the breast is the presence of metastases in axillary lymph nodes. However, 25% of patients with negative axilliary nodes by standard pathologic techniques are dead of metastatic breast carcinoma within 10 years. "Clearing" of the axillary fat has been shown to increase the yield of lymph nodes. Forty-two pathologic Stage I and II breast carcinoma specimens were cleared following routine pathologic examination to determine whether stage was changed by the clearing procedure. A total of 857 lymph nodes were recovered from 42 patients by routine techniques. Clearing increased the number of nodes found by 30%, to 1114. In the 31 node-negative patients an additional 178 nodes were identified, increasing the mean number of nodes per patient from 20 to 26. The number of additional nodes found per specimen ranged from 0 to 19. None of the additional nodes identified contained metastases. In the node-positive patients, 79 additional nodes were found by clearing, including 33 with metastases. No change in stage resulted, although the mean number of nodes per patient was increased from 22 to 30. Although an occasional positive lymph node may be overlooked by manual dissection, the rarity of this event makes routine clearing of the axillary contents impractical for carcinoma of the breast except in a research setting. Whether this conclusion applies equally to other tumors and other lymph node groups requires further study.
Signals for Double Parton Scattering at the Fermilab Tevatron

Four double parton scattering processes are examined at the Fermilab Tevatron energy. With optimized kinematical cuts and realistic parton level simulation for both signals and backgrounds, we find large samples of four-jet and three-jet + one-photon events with signal to background ratio being 30{percent}{endash}50{percent}, and much cleaner signals from two-jet + two-photon and two-jet + {ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}} final states. The last channel may provide the first unambiguous observation of multiple parton interactions, even with the existing data sample accumulated by the Tevatron collider experiments. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Home Environment and Home Social Behavior Data from the Elementary School Success Profile for Families.

The purpose of the current study was to test the factor structure and scale quality of data provided by caregivers about the home environment and child behavior at home using the Elementary School Success Profile (ESSP) for Families. The ESSP for Families is one component of the ESSP, an online social–environmental assessment that also collects information from students and teachers. Confirmatory factor analyses with Mplus and weighted least squares means and variances adjusted estimation took into account the hierarchical nature and ordinal level of the data. The sample comprised caregivers of 692 third- through fifth-grade students from 13 elementary schools in four districts. A primary model and an alternative model were tested. Models were tested on a random calibration sample and validated with another sample. A nine-factor first-order solution demonstrated superior fit to the data. Scores from the nine scales also demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability. Implications for practice and further research are presented.
The biconjugate gradient method for electromagnetic scattering

The biconjugate gradient (BCG) method for solving linear systems is shown to be more efficient than the conjugate gradient (CG) method for several examples from electromagnetic scattering. A remedy for the occasional stagnation of the algorithm is proposed. The potential flaw in the BCG algorithm may be avoided when encountered by restarting the algorithm with a perturbed estimate of the solution. >
THE CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF TWO DERIVATIVES OF WERNER'S HEXOL CLUSTER CATION: [Co{(OH)2Co(NH3)4}3](NO3)5 (OH) · 4H2O(I) AND [Co{(OH)2Co(NH3)4}3](NO3)6 · 2H2O(II)

Abstract Crystals of compound (I) and (II) are black in reflected light and brown‐ black in transmitted light. The 1H-nmr of the cations of (I), recorded in D6-DMSO, show peaks, relative to the 1H of D6-DMSO, at + 0.46 ppm(rel. int. = 3); + 0.85 ppm(rel. int. = 1.2); + 1.80 ppm (rel. int. = 3); and −4.18 ppm(rel. int. = 1). The magnetic susceptibility of (I) is C′m (293.18 K) = 588.45×10−6 c.g.s. units, which corresponds to a m eff = 0.295 B.M. per Co ion; however, the small shifts and sharp 1H-nmr lines in the DMSO spectrum preclude the presence of paramagnetic clusters. Cyclic voltametry of the cation present in (I) shows highly distorted, irreversible, oxidation and reduction waves which indicate the lack of stability of any oxidized or reduced form ‐ a fact which accords with the sharp lines of the NMR spectra; e.g., no stable paramagnetic species are present in (I). Compound (I), M.W. = 941.24, crystallizes in P21/n (No. 14), with cell constants a = 11.789(2), b = 13.855(2), c = 21.534(3) A, β = 91.9...
DP2: Distributed 3D image segmentation using micro-labor workforce.

Summary: This application note describes a new scalable semi- automatic approach, the Dual Point Decision Process (DP2), for segmentation of 3D structures contained in 3D microscopy. The segmentation problem is distributed to many individual workers such that each receives only simple questions regarding whether or not two points in an image are placed on the same object. A large pool of micro-labor workers available through Amazon's Mechanical Turk system provide the labor in a scalable manner. Availability and Implementation: Python based code for non- commercial use and test data are available in the source archive at http://cytoseg.googlecode.com/files/imageprocessing.tar.gz. Contact: rgiuly@ucsd.edu Supplementary information: Test result information, discussion, and a DP2 process flowchart are available at Bioinformatics online.
Qualitative Research in Emergency Care Part I: Research Principles and Common Applications

Qualitative methods are increasingly being used in emergency care research. Rigorous qualitative methods can play a critical role in advancing the emergency care research agenda by allowing investigators to generate hypotheses, gain an in-depth understanding of health problems or specific populations, create expert consensus, and develop new intervention and dissemination strategies. This article, Part I of a two-article series, provides an introduction to general principles of applied qualitative health research and examples of its common use in emergency care research, describing study designs and data collection methods most relevant to our field, including observation, individual interviews, and focus groups. In Part II of this series, we will outline the specific steps necessary to conduct a valid and reliable qualitative research project, with a focus on interview-based studies. These elements include building the research team, preparing data collection guides, defining and obtaining an adequate sample, collecting and organizing qualitative data, and coding and analyzing the data. We also discuss potential ethical considerations unique to qualitative research as it relates to emergency care research.
Minor versus major hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhotic patients: a 20-year experience.

Background The choice between minor versus major resection or anatomic versus nonantatomic resection for small ( Methods Between January 1983 and December 2002, patients with solitary HCC of ≤5 cm in size who had histologically proven liver cirrhosis and microscopically tumor-free margin were included. These selected patients underwent either minor (≤2 segments) or major (≥3 segments) hepatectomy. Results In 373 patients, 259 underwent minor and 114 underwent major hepatectomy. Patients in the minor resection group had more severe underlying liver disease (P = .005). Therefore, only 29.3% received anatomic resection in the minor resection group in comparison with 72.8% in the major hepatectomy group (P = .0001). No difference was found in postoperative morbidity (P = .105), mortality (P =.222), intrahepatic recurrence (P = .742), and 5-year DFS and OS (31.6% vs 31.8%, P = .932 and 50.7% vs 44.0%, P = .114) in both groups. The type of operative resection was not found to be a significant factor affecting survival in univariate analysis, but the preoperative liver function (alanine aminotransferase [AST] or alanine aminotransferase [ALT], serum albumin, or Child-Pugh status), tumor characteristics (alpha-feto protein, size, and presence of daughter nodules), and blood transfusion were found to be independent factors that affect the DFS and OS in a multivariate analysis. Conclusion The severity of cirrhosis and tumor characteristics depicts long-term survival rather than the type of resection in HCC.
Strengthening governance of ocean fishery resources

Abstract Governance of the world’s marine fisheries is ill-adapted to sustainability. Twenty years after the expansion of exclusive economic zones over most of the continental shelves, fisheries worldwide face problems of stock depletion, declining yields and increasing conflict. Other human activities in the ocean compound the effect. What is wrong? This paper is about the internal workings of fishery governance and their links to fishery outcomes. The theme of this paper is that there are fundamental weaknesses in the way fishery governance works that contribute to sustainability problems. Basic requirements for healthy ocean fishery governance are not being met because the scope and structure of governance are weak. Although the particular forms of weakness vary with fisheries and with geopolitical regions, the substance of the weakness is common across all regions. What we ask of fishery governance is that it coordinate institutional rules and individual actions by performing certain functions: incorporate multiple objectives representing different types of conservation and use; bring the time horizons of private individuals into line with those of the public; send signals of resource scarcity and enable effective adaptive responses; promote legitimacy by reflecting accepted norms of equity and by controlling harmful opportunism; contain both the level and distribution of transactions costs. Fishery governance is failing to adequately perform these functions as a result of the attributes of management scope and management structure. At both national and international levels, improvement of governance will rest on the adoption of a stable long-term management scope and the construction of flexible management structures.
Hydration and dewetting near fluorinated superhydrophobic plates.

The water dynamics near nanoscale fluorinated (CF3(CF2)7(CH2)2SiH3) monolayers (plates) as well as possible dewetting transitions in-between two such plates have been studied with molecular dynamic...
Multiphase flow dynamics during CO2 disposal into saline aquifers

Injection of CO2 into saline aquifers is described by mass conservation equations for the three components water, salt (NaCl), and CO2. The equations are discretized using an integral finite difference method, and are solved using methods developed in geothermal and petroleum reservoir engineering. Phase change processes are treated through switching of primary thermodynamic variables. A realistic treatment of PVT (fluid) properties is given which includes salinity and fugacity effects for partitioning of CO2 between gaseous and aqueous phases. Chemical reactions and mechanical stress effects are neglected. Numerical simulations are presented for injection of CO2 into a brine aquifer, and for loss of CO2 from storage through discharge along a fault zone. It is found that simulated pressures are much more sensitive to space discretization effects than are phase saturations. CO2 discharge along a fault is a self-enhancing process whose flow rates can increase over time by more than an order of magnitude, suggesting that reliable containment of CO2 will require multiple barriers.
Estimation of Genetic Diversity Among Strains and Breeds of Chickens by Lymphocyte Increases Following Skin Grafting

Abstract INTRODUCTION A TISSUE homograft generally elicits an immune reaction on the part of the host animal, marked by a rise in the percentage of lymphocytes in the circulating blood, whereas autografts have little or no effect, Blumenthal (1939). Craig and Hirsch (1957), using skin grafts exchanged between chickens, obtained significant negative correlation coefficients, averaging —0.64, between the relative increase in lymphocytes, measured on the fifth postoperative day, and the relationship coefficient between host and donor. Berry et al. (1958) obtained an average correlation coefficient of—0.49 (P
Clarification of the relationship between Apiaceae and Araliaceae based on matK and rbcL sequence data

Apiaceae and Araliaceae (Apiales) represent a particularly troublesome example of the difficulty in understanding evolutionary relationships between tropical-temperate family pairs. Previous studies based on rbcL sequence data provided insights at higher levels, but were unable to resolve fully the family-pair relationship. In this study, sequence data from a more rapidly evolving gene, matK, was employed to provide greater resolution. In Apiales, matK sequences evolve an average of about two times faster than rbcL sequences. Results of phylogenetic analysis of matK sequences were first compared to those obtained previously from rbcL data; the two data sets were then combined and analyzed together. Molecular analyses confirm the polyphyly of apiaceous subfamily Hydrocotyloideae and suggest that some members of this subfamily are more closely related to Araliaceae than to other Apiaceae. The remainder of Apiaceae forms a monophyletic group with well-defined subclades corresponding to subfamilies Apioideae and Saniculoideae. Both the matK and the combined rbcL-matK analyses suggest that most Araliaceae form a monophyletic group, including all araliads sampled except Delarbrea and Mackinlaya. The unusual combination of morphological characters found in these two genera and the distribution of matK and rbcL indels suggest that these taxa may be the remnants of an ancient group of pro-araliads that gave rise to both Apiaceae and Araliaceae. Molecular data indicate that the evolutionary history of the two families is more complex than simple derivation of Apiaceae from within Araliaceae. Rather, the present study suggests that there are two well-defined "families," both of which may have been derived from a lineage (or lineages) or pro-araliads that may still have extant taxa.
Introduction: finding the future of international palliative care.

At an international meeting sponsored by the Clinton Foundation in the fall of 2009, many attendees were struck by the breadth of innovative projects that were represented. A report on a pediatric palliative care program in South Africa was followed by a description of low-cost opioid production facilities in Ethiopia, and then by an overview of advocacy efforts related to drug pricing and availability. As we listened to the reports of this steady stream of ideas and projects, and problems and solutions, it became obvious to many of us that these presentations offered a unique glimpse of the future of global efforts in hospice and palliative care. It also became obvious, though, that these presentations were reaching only a small group of like-minded experts. Many attendees had at least a glancing familiarity with the projects that were being discussed, so these innovations were not reaching all those who needed to hear about them. Eventually, during a break in the agenda, Dr. Kathy Foley suggested that they coulddand shoulddhave a wider audience. That became the goal of this special section. We wanted to highlight the innovations we heard about in that conference room and, if
MK2-induced tristetraprolin:14-3-3 complexes prevent stress granule association and ARE-mRNA decay

Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic cytoplasmic foci at which stalled translation initiation complexes accumulate in cells subjected to environmental stress. SG‐associated proteins such as TIA‐1, TIAR and HuR bind to AU‐rich element (ARE)‐containing mRNAs and control their translation and stability. Here we show that tristetraprolin (TTP), an ARE‐binding protein that destabilizes ARE‐mRNAs, is recruited to SGs that are assembled in response to FCCP‐induced energy deprivation, but not arsenite‐induced oxidative stress. Exclusion of TTP from arsenite‐induced SGs is a consequence of MAPKAP kinase‐2 (MK2)‐induced phosphorylation at serines 52 and 178, which promotes the assembly of TTP:14‐3‐3 complexes. 14‐3‐3 binding excludes TTP from SGs and inhibits TTP‐dependent degradation of ARE‐containing transcripts. In activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, endogenous TTP:14‐3‐3 complexes bind to ARE‐RNA. Our data reveal the mechanism by which the p38‐MAPK/MK2 kinase cascade inhibits TTP‐mediated degradation of ARE‐containing transcripts and thereby contributes to lipopolysaccharide‐induced TNFα expression.
Prototyping self in Silicon Valley: Deep diversity as a framework for anthropological inquiry:

High-technology work fuels a dynamic global exchange from technopoles throughout the world, but especially between East and South Asia and the northern Californian region of Silicon Valley. This migration drives an expanded number of ancestral identities. Professional and activity-based identities flourish as Silicon Valley’s strong narrative of meritocracy loosens the grip of birth ascription on the creation of identities. These achieved identities proliferate as people experiment on their own sense of self. Traditional conceptual tools related to immigration, and even such contemporary approaches as Appadurai’s ethnoscapes, do not adequately illuminate the ethnographic data on Silicon Valley workers, families, and especially youth. The concept of deep diversity, first posed by philosopher Charles Taylor and reified by anthropologist Clifford Geertz, reinterprets the interactions of traditional ethnic identity categories, providing a powerful framework with which to think.
High resolution adaptive beamforming for a three dimensional sonar imaging system

Investigates the use of adaptive beamforming techniques to increase the resolution of a sonar imaging system. The sonar hardware (FTV) developed by a group at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography uses eight transmit beams and eight receive beams, each of which is oriented in a slightly different direction, to image a volume using an 8/spl times/8 grid of beams in elevation and azimuth. Imaging currently performed with the FTV system is limited by a 2 degree resolution in both azimuth and elevation. Both a Bartlett beamformer and a minimum variance beamformer are applied to the FTV sonar system to increase resolution and reduce sidelobe interference. Through simulation it is shown that by using adaptive beamforming, the image resolution can be improved to 1 degree in azimuth and elevation. Adaptive beamforming is applied to real data made available by Jaffe et al. The beamformed results are compared to the original images of the FTV sonar system.
Unmet Need for Treatment of Substance Use Disorders and Serious Psychological Distress Among Veterans: A Nationwide Analysis Using the NSDUH

Many veterans returning from Afghanistan and Iraq experience serious mental health (MH) concerns including substance use disorders (SUD), post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, depression, or serious psychological distress (SPD). This article uses data from the 2004 to 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to examine the prevalence of unmet MH needs among veterans aged 21 to 34 in the general population. The prevalence of untreated SUD among veterans (16%) was twice as high as untreated SPD (8%), a nonspecific diagnosis of serious MH concerns. Surprisingly, similar rates of untreated SUD and SPD were found among a nonveteran comparison sample matched on gender and age. These findings suggest that reducing unmet need for MH treatment for veterans in the general population may require improving outreach to all Americans and creating greater acceptance for MH treatment. The need for further analyses of reasons for not obtaining treatment is discussed.
Evolution of methods to measure student information use

Abstract Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the application of the case study method to investigate the process used by students in secondary school and undergraduate academic settings to locate and use information through the library. The case study method has, in most recent years compared to investigations of 20 to 30 years ago, become established as the primary research technique used to document student thought processes in topic focus and in source selection. Direct observation and interviewing successful library users, two tools common to the case study method, may also lead to examination of student selection and critical use of evidence for research projects as students move beyond the traditional library collection. These tools have also proven to be useful as researchers in recent studies are more interested in an analysis of student use of information as evidence rather than conducting studies which only document student location and citation of resources. Selected studies which illustrate this evolution are drawn from the dissertations and field studies related to secondary school and undergraduate bibliographic instruction.
On the “NPD Ratio” as a Test for Crossover Interference

The “NPD ratio,” widely used by yeast geneticists, is of limited applicability and is prone to falsely indicate significant crossover interference in a chi-square test. A simple, better chi-square test for interference in two-factor crosses is described.
The herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivation function lies outside the latency-associated transcript open reading frame ORF-2

The latency-associated transcription unit has been shown to be important for in vivo reactivation of herpes simplex virus from the latent state. A recombinant virus was constructed to alter the largest open reading frame in this region. This virus had a wild-type reactivation phenotype, suggesting that herpes simplex virus does not require a protein function from this reading frame for efficient reactivation from latency.
A review of comparative responses of men and women to heat stress

Most of our present knowledge regarding human responses to thermal stress is primarily a result of research conducted on male subjects. Recently, as women have moved into the industrial workplace and forefront of athletic activity, attention has turned to comparative responses of men and women. Very limited research on preadolescent children suggests no physiological thermoregulatory sex differences except for a slightly higher sweat rate in lean boys as compared to lean girls of a similar age. Boys also tended to be more tolerant of higher temperatures. Current beliefs regarding men and women are: Women, as a population, are less tolerant to a given imposed heat stress; however, if cardiovascular fitness level, body size, and acclimation state are standardized, the differences tend to disappear; women have a lower sweat rate than men of equal fitness, size, and acclimation which is disadvantageous in hot-dry environments, but advantageous in hot-wet environments; and menstrual cycle effects are minimal. It is concluded that aerobic capacity, surface area-to-mass ratio, and state of acclimation are more important than sex in determining physiological responses to heat stress.
The importance of pharmacological synergy in psychoactive herbal medicines.

The therapeutic effects of many herbal medicines have been well established; however, definitive mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated for many psychoactive herbal medications. Although several mechanisms have been identified, they are often insufficient to account for the observed effects of the plant or its extracts. This review emphasizes that, in addition to searching for more potent mechanisms, one must consider the additive and supra-additive effects of a plant’s multiple constituents. Synergy may occur through pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interactions. Examples are given that illustrate synergistic actions in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), kava kava (Piper methysticum), and valerian (Valeriana officinalis). (Altern Med Rev 2002;7(2):130-137)
Signature sequence selection in a CDMA system with orthogonal coding

In code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems, recent attention has focused on the use of orthogonal coding to provide spreading. Each signal is coded with the same orthogonal or biorthogonal code, followed by a modulo-2 addition of a unique signature sequence. The set of signature sequences used determines how much signals interfere with each other at a receiver, thus determining the performance of the system. An analysis is presented to determine the properties of an optimal set of signature sequences for such a system. Using a Kerdock code, a set of signature sequences is presented which optimizes performance in a direct sequence CDMA system with (a) synchronous transmission, (b) no multipath time dispersion, and (c) orthogonal or biorthogonal Walsh-Hadamard coding as a means of spreading the information signal. For a length-N-binary code (where N is an even power of two), the set contains N/2 signature sequences. Approaches are discussed for the cases when N is an odd power of two and when more sequences are needed. >
Slow recolonisation of deep-sea sediment

USING the submarine ALVIN, experiments on deep-sea benthic communities have been designed to follow the recolonisation of defaunated deep-sea sediments and to provide estimates of growth rates and time to maturity in individual species. Small brood size and the high proportion of adults in a number of deep-sea benthic taxa suggest relatively low rates of recruitment, growth and mortality in the deep sea1. Large individuals (8.4 mm) of the deep-sea bivalve, Tindaria callistiformis, have been estimated to be at least 100 yr old2. Measurements of microbial activity and community respiration indicate rates one to three orders of magnitude lower than in shallow water3,4. In contrast with the view that there is a general slowing of life processes, the first in situ deep-sea measurements on molluscan borers in wood panels have indicated rapid rates of recruitment, growth and maturation. Wood is, however, an ephemeral resource and its occurrence in the deep sea is unpredictable, while the majority of deep-sea habitats are thought to be highly predictable, therefore favouring less opportunistic life histories.
Transport and dispersion simulation in downtown Oklahoma City and New York City

In this video, we showcase two atmospheric dispersion simulations in an Oklahoma City dataset and a New York City (NYC) dataset. These simulations are created using a robust and efficient framework that generates seamless 3D architectural models from overlapping 2D footprints. These footprints with elevation and height information are commonly used to depict various components of buildings in GIS software such as ESRI ArcGIS and urban model synthesis methods, and usually contain small, sharp, and various (nearly) degenerate artifacts due to machine and human errors. In the first part of the video showing a simulation in Oklahoma City, the location is south of the public library in an area where there is a building currently. Two iso-surfaces of 10-4 and 10-5 ppm are shown in green and the brown clouds. The inflow is a westerly wind with a wind speed of 5 m/s at 10 meters above ground level. In the second part of the video showing a simulation in NYC, the location is the Financial District, Manhattan. The simulation assumed a boundary condition for the inflow of a logarithmic profile of 2 m/s with a velocity at 10 meters from the ground. An iso-surface of 10-5 ppm is shown. The final volume mesh produce contains 333 million tetrahedra, and 59 million points. The total time of the NYC simulation, including the initialization time and dispersion, took approximately two days on a high performance computing system running 2048 cores in a CRAY XK6 nodes. In both simulations, the release is continuous.
Solubility of Alkyl Benzoates II: Effect of Dielectric Constant on the Solubility of Substituted Alkyl Benzoates

The solubility of a homologous series of alkyl parabens, ranging from methyl to butyl together with benzyl paraben and methyl p-methoxybenzoate, were evaluated in solvents consisting of polyethylene glycol and water in various proportions. The relationship between dielectric constant value and mutual solubilizing effect, which was observed upon combining two parabens (benzyl paraben with any one of the parabens in the series), was evaluated. Decreasing the dielectric constant value of the solvent induced solubility of these esters. The dielectric constant, however, was observed to be not the sole factor, and there seems to exist a concentration effect of one paraben on the solubility of the other.
PCBs refocused: Correlation of PCB concentrations in Green Bay legacy sediments with adjacent lithophilic, invasive biota

Abstract Green Bay sediments exhibit a gradient of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations from the mouth of the Fox River to the northern end of the bay. This study explored whether the sediment concentration gradient was reflected along Green Bay's rocky (non-depositional) eastern coast in a suspension feeder, the invasive quagga mussel ( Dreissena bugensis ), as well as in the main predator on quagga mussels, the invasive round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ). We performed congener-specific PCB analyses on quagga mussels and round gobies collected from ten sites along the east shore of Green Bay. PCB results were compared with sediment data. Regression analyses showed that mussel tissue PCB concentrations followed sediment PCB concentrations (F 1,6 = 16.4, P = 0.007) except at two sites near Sturgeon Bay where cleaner Lake Michigan water enters in tidal pulses. Round goby PCB concentrations also followed the sediment trends (F 1,7 = 8.17, P = 0.024). However, only a weak relationship between PCB concentrations in quagga mussel and round goby was found (P = 0.085), even though the species are trophically linked. Here, ontogenetic and seasonal details of round goby diet strongly influenced PCB concentrations such that in areas adjacent to high sediment PCB concentrations, fish length dictated round goby's PCB concentration (F 1,14 = 7.46, P = 0.016). Overall, our findings indicate that these exotic benthos refocus PCBs in near-shore regions in a pattern similar to that observed in sediments. Our results also highlight the need to understand trophic details in order to track contaminant bioaccumulation accurately.
Naltrexone for impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: A placebo-controlled study

Objective: Impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson disease (PD) are common and can be difficult to manage. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, for the treatment of ICDs in PD. Methods: Patients with PD (n = 50) and an ICD were enrolled in an 8-week, randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled study of naltrexone 50–100 mg/d (flexible dosing). The primary outcome measure was response based on the Clinical Global Impression–Change score, and the secondary outcome measure was change in symptom severity using the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson9s Disease–Rating Scale (QUIP-RS) ICD score. Results: Forty-five patients (90%) completed the study. The Clinical Global Impression–Change response rate difference favoring naltrexone in completers was 19.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] −8.7% to 44.2%). While this difference was not significant (odds ratio = 1.6, 95% CI 0.5–5.2, Wald χ 2 [ df ] = 0.5 [1], p = 0.5), naltrexone treatment led to a significantly greater decrease in QUIP-RS ICD score over time compared with placebo (regression coefficient for interaction term in linear mixed-effects model = −7.37, F [ df ] = 4.3 [1, 49], p = 0.04). The estimated changes in QUIP-RS ICD scores from baseline to week 8 were 14.9 points (95% CI 9.9–19.9) for naltrexone and 7.5 points (95% CI 2.5–12.6) for placebo. Conclusions: Naltrexone treatment was not efficacious for the treatment of ICDs in PD using a global assessment of response, but findings using a PD-specific ICD rating scale support further evaluation of opioid antagonists for the treatment of ICD symptoms in PD. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class I evidence that in patients with PD and an ICD, naltrexone does not significantly increase the probability of achieving response. However, the study lacked the precision to exclude an important difference in response rates.
Changes in obstructive sleep apnea severity, biomarkers, and quality of life after multilevel surgery

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate the impact of multilevel obstructive sleep apnea surgical treatment on sleep-disordered breathing severity, health-related measures, and quality of life, and to examine the association between changes in sleep-disordered breathing severity and these other outcomes. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Subjects with obstructive sleep apnea unable to tolerate positive airway pressure therapy and with evidence of multilevel (palate and hypopharynx) obstruction underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, tonsillectomy, and genioglossus advancement, with or without hyoid suspension. All subjects had preoperative and postoperative study assessments, including blood draw for C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, homocysteine, homeostasis model of insulin resistance, and leptin, and evaluation with the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire. Results: Thirty subjects underwent multilevel surgical treatment. The mean apnea-hypopnea index decreased from 44.9 ± 28.1 to 27.8 ± 26.4 events/hour (P = .008). Thirteen (43%) subjects in this heterogeneous sample achieved a response to surgery (defined as an apnea-hypopnea index reduction of ≥50% to an absolute level <15 events/hour), and body mass index ≤32 kg/m2 was associated with a higher likelihood (55%, 12/22) of response (P = .04). There was no overall change in C-reactive protein levels, but responders demonstrated a decrease (−1.02 ± 0.98 mg/L, P = .003) that was independent of changes in body weight. There were no significant changes in other health-related measures. Responders and nonresponders both demonstrated improvements in sleep-related quality of life. Conclusions: This multilevel surgery was associated with a low likelihood of response in subjects with body mass index >32 kg/m2. Responders had decreased C-reactive protein levels that were independent of changes in body weight. Laryngoscope, 2010
A parallel multifrontal algorithm and its implementation

Abstract In this paper, we describe a multifrontal method for solving sparse systems of linear equations arising in finite element and finite difference methods. The method proposed in this study is a combination of the nested dissection ordering and the frontal method. It can significantly reduce the storage and computational time required by the conventional direct methods and is also a natural parallel algorithm. In addition, the method inherits major advantages of the frontal method, which include a simple interface with finite element codes and an effective data structure so that the entire computation is performed element by element on a series of small linear systems with dense stiffness matrices. The numerical implementation targets both distributed-memory machines as well as conventional sequential machines. Its performance is tested through a series of examples.
Multivariate Kernel Estimation of Functions of Space and Time Hydrologic Data

A nonparametric methodology for exploring multivariate hydrologic data is presented. A multivariate kernel estimator for estimating the joint probability density function of a set of random variables is developed. A multivariate Gaussian kernel is used with its covariance matrix specified through a truncated singular value decomposition of a robust, local data covariance matrix. Estimators for conditional probabilities and expectations are also presented.An application to data from the Great Salt Lake is presented.
Secondary Malignancy Risk Following Proton Radiation Therapy

Radiation-induced secondary malignancies are a significant, yet uncommon cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors. Secondary malignancy risk is dependent upon multiple factors including patient age, the biological and genetic predisposition of the individual, the volume and location of tissue irradiated, and the dose of radiation received. Proton therapy (PRT) is an advanced particle therapy with unique dosimetric properties resulting in reduced entrance dose and minimal to no exit dose when compared with standard photon radiation therapy. Multiple dosimetric studies in varying cancer subtypes have demonstrated that PRT enables the delivery of adequate target volume coverage with reduced integral dose delivered to surrounding tissues, and modeling studies taking into account dosimetry and radiation cell biology have estimated a significantly reduced risk of radiation-induced secondary malignancy with PRT. Clinical data are emerging supporting the lower incidence of secondary malignancies after PRT compared with historical photon data, though longer follow-up in proton treated cohorts is awaited. This article reviews the current dosimetric and clinical literature evaluating the incidence of and risk factors associated with radiation-induced secondary malignancy following PRT.
Minimally Invasive Treatment of Spondylolisthesis.

Degenerative spondylolisthesis and isthmic spondylolisthesis have a number of features in common. Both are characterized by a vertebral slip that narrows the central canal and the foramen on either side. Both are associated with instability, in that the slip may be visibly dynamic or glacially progressive. In both varieties, the disc plays a role, offering stability by
Losses and Lies: The Effects of Framing on Negotiator Ethics

We find that negotiators behave less ethically when they perceive the outcome of the negotiation to be a potential loss instead of a potential gain. Furthermore, negotiators assess the outcome of the negotiation to be more important and the future relationship with the other party to be worse, in the loss condition. We tie these findings to the deep literature on Prospect Theory and the nascent literature on behavioral ethics.
Mapping Inferential Domains

This paper is an extended defense of pluralism in formal theorizing about factual inference. To that end the paper examines (i) the role of subjective partitioning and shaping of evidence (ii) the character of inferences about human meaning.
Quantitative imaging of 2 nm monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle distributions in tissues using laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

Functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique properties that make them important biomedical materials. Optimal use of these materials, though, requires an understanding of their fate in vivo. Here we describe the use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to image the biodistributions of AuNPs in tissues from mice intravenously injected with AuNPs. We demonstrate for the first time that the distributions of very small (∼2 nm core) monolayer-protected AuNPs can be imaged in animal tissues at concentrations in the low parts-per-billion range. Moreover, the LA-ICP-MS images reveal that the monolayer coatings on the injected AuNPs influence their distributions, suggesting that the AuNPs remain intact in vivo and their surface chemistry influences how they interact with different organs. We also demonstrate that quantitative images of the AuNPs can be generated when the appropriate tissue homogenates are chosen for matrix matching. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of LA-ICP-MS for tracking the fate of biomedically-relevant AuNPs in vivo, facilitating the design of improved AuNP-based therapeutics.
Cellular Automata: Dying to Live Again, Architecture, Art, Design

As in our own lives, outcomes are not predictable. We start in a simple unknown state and through multiple growth and death cycles of individual cells, we become something that could never have been predicted. Can design be explored using a similar process? Can design and art be driven by forces that are unrelated, unattached to preconceptions, unpredictable, and able to explore possibilities not foreseen? What to do you when you don’t know what to do? Let the process of life and death take over?
Adaptive linking between text and photos using common sense reasoning (keynote talk)

In a hypermedia authoring task, an author often wants to set up meaningful connections between different media, such as text and photographs. To facilitate this task, it is helpful to have a software agent dynamically adapt the presentation of a media database to the user's authoring activities, and look for opportunities for annotation and retrieval. However, potential connections are often missed because of differences in vocabulary or semantic connections that are obvious to people but that might not be explicit. ARIA (Annotation and Retrieval Integration Agent) is a software agent that acts an assistant to a user writing e-mail or Web pages. As the user types a story, it does continuous retrieval and ranking on a photo database. It can use descriptions in the story to semi-automatically annotate pictures. To improve the associations beyond simple keyword matching, we use natural language parsing techniques to extract important roles played by text, such as who, what, where, when. Since many of the photos depict common everyday situations such as weddings or recitals, we use a common sense knowledge base, Open Mind, to fill in semantic gaps that might otherwise prevent successful associations.
Depth-resolved optical measurements of cerebral hemodynamics

We apply a two-layer diffusion model to multi-distance optical data collected on the forehead of a human subject for depth-resolved measurements of the cerebral hemodynamic perturbations induced by a fast release of thigh cuffs.
Perfomance Analysis of Optical Fiber Composite Low-Voltage Cable

Optical fiber composite low-voltage cable(OPLC) is a new type of optoelectric composite cables.There is no relative experience in domestic and overseas construction.The optoelectric composite cables were only used in submarine cable and have never been applied to the access network.Accordingly,there are no criteria and performance test data of optoelectric composite cables.This paper summarizes the configuration design,technical index,experimental requirement,package and carriage of OPLC by testing and analyzing on OPLC with different types,different materials and different structures.They are the research basis of optimization,application and performance characteristics analysis of OPLC.
Protection of Collective Forestland Property Right based on Development Right

Analysis on collective forestland property right system in China at present demonstrated problems such as unclear subject of ownership of collective forestland,ambiguous property right boundary,incomplete income distribution system,unreasonable circulation system,causing farmer’s development rights neither complete nor stable.For building new socialist villages and promoting development of forestland,suggestions were forwarded like clearing subject of collective ownership and its structure,improving power and function of the collective forestland property rights,protecting disposition and profit right,establishing an reasonable forestland circulation mechanism.
Kinetic studies of ICF implosions

Here, kinetic effects on inertial confinement fusion have been investigated. In particular, inter-ion-species diffusion and suprathermal ion distribution have been analyzed. The former drives separation of the fuel constituents in the hot reacting core and governs mix at the shell/fuel interface. The latter underlie measurements obtained with nuclear diagnostics, including the fusion yield and inferred ion burn temperatures. Basic mechanisms behind and practical consequences from these effects are discussed.
Universal Scaling of Cavity Volume Pathways in Globular Proteins

Molecular packing is studied over a dataset of crystal structures representing 500 diverse globular proteins in their native state ranging in size from 34 to 839 residues. Different size cavities are ubiquitously present due to the presence of void between atoms not accessible to solvent. Using a new algorithm we recently developed, void within a protein is classified as a cavity when large enough to hold a spherical shaped probe of radius, R, otherwise a microvoid. Although microvoid cannot fit an object (e.g. molecule or ion) that is the size of the probe or larger, total microvoid volume is a major contribution to protein volume. As microvoid volume increases the free volume of solution decreases. Importantly, the cavity and microvoid classification depends on probe radius. As probe size decreases, less microvoid forms in favor of more cavities, and vice versa. Microvoid is partitioned into distinct clusters, where a cluster is defined by a contiguous region of space that allows a minimum size object of width, w, to transverse. Cavity and microvoid pathways are visualized and their cluster statistics collected. The linear length scale of a protein, L, is also defined. Universal scaling is demonstrated through data collapse in microvoid cluster statistics as a function of probe size, R, spatial resolution, w, and protein size, L. Characteristics for microvoid, cavity, and solvent accessible boundary volumes are quantified. As probe size is varied from large to small, many disconnected cavities merge to form a percolating path. For fixed probe size, microvoid, cavity and solvent accessible boundary volume properties reflect conformational fluctuations. These results suggest interconversion between microvoid and cavity pathways regulate the dynamics of solvent and substrate penetration that are important to protein function, as well as crowding and pressure effects.
Whole-Bowel Irrigation

Whole-bowel irrigation (WBI) should not be used routinely in the management of the poisoned patient (because there is no clinical proof it will change clinical outcome).