cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the survival of Salmonella on whole cucumbers as a function of temperature and relative humidity

Abstract Recent multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with fresh cucumbers underscore the importance of understanding Salmonella behavior on cucumbers under different conditions. This study developed mathematical models to predict the survival of four-strain cocktail of Salmonella on whole cucumbers at different temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. The strains were Salmonella Newport H1275 and Stanley H0558 (sprout outbreaks), Montevideo G4639 (tomato outbreak), and Saintpaul 02-517-1 (cantaloupe outbreak). Inoculated cucumbers were placed in desiccators containing saturated salt solution to create controlled RH environments (~15, 50, 100% RH) at 7, 14, and 21 °C, and enumerated at time intervals ranging from 0 to 240 h. Predictive models were developed using Baranyi and Roberts equation as a primary model and estimated kinetic parameters were fitted into a polynomial equation for secondary models. Reduced model polynomial equations which describe the maximum death rate and the log reduction of Salmonella on whole cucumber as a function of temperature and RH had high R2 values (>0.95). Validation results verified the performance and reliability of the predictive models. The models in this study will be useful for future microbial risk assessments and predictions of Salmonella behavior in the cucumbers to manage the risk of Salmonella on whole cucumbers.
Novel empirical likelihood inference for the mean difference with right-censored data.

This paper focuses on comparing two means and finding a confidence interval for the difference of two means with right-censored data using the empirical likelihood method combined with the independ...
The HIR filter: triggering reset with output slope

Filters are used to implement signal transforms, and filter design is a very important part of the signal processing field. There are currently 2 types of filters available: the finite impulse response (FIR) filter, and the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. While FIR filters have desirable traits such as stability (an absence of poles), IIR filters are able to generate outputs more efficiently. This paper combines the two types of filters by introducing an output slope trigger, to make a hybrid impulse response (HIR) filter with desirable traits from both FIR and IIR filters
Hepatitis Infection in the Treatment of Opioid Dependence and Abuse

Many new and existing cases of viral hepatitis infections are related to injection drug use. Transmission of these infections can result directly from the use of injection equipment that is contaminated with blood containing the hepatitis B or C virus or through sexual contact with an infected individual. In the latter case, drug use can indirectly contribute to hepatitis transmission through the dis-inhibited at-risk behavior, that is, unprotected sex with an infected partner. Individuals who inject drugs are at-risk for infection from different hepatitis viruses, hepatitis A, B, or C. Those with chronic hepatitis B virus infection also face additional risk should they become co-infected with hepatitis D virus. Protection from the transmission of hepatitis viruses A and B is best achieved by vaccination. For those with a history of or who currently inject drugs, the medical management of viral hepatitis infection comprising screening, testing, counseling and providing care and treatment is evolving. Components of the medical management of hepatitis infection, for persons considering, initiating, or receiving pharmacologic therapy for opioid addiction include: testing for hepatitis B and C infections; education and counseling regarding at-risk behavior and hepatitis transmission, acute and chronic hepatitis infection, liver disease and its care and treatment; vaccination against hepatitis A and B infection; and integrative primary care as part of the comprehensive treatment approach for recovery from opioid abuse and dependence. In addition, participation in a peer support group as part of integrated medical care enhances treatment outcomes. Liver disease is highly prevalent in patient populations seeking recovery from opioid addiction or who are currently receiving pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction. Pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction is not a contraindication to evaluation, care, or treatment of liver disease due to hepatitis virus infection. Successful pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction stabilizes patients and improves patient compliance to care and treatment regimens as well as promotes good patient outcomes. Implementation and integration of effective hepatitis prevention programs, care programs, and treatment regimens in concert with the pharmacological therapy of opioid addiction can reduce the public health burdens of hepatitis and injection drug use.
Stable Occupancy of Hydrogen Molecules in H2 Clathrate Hydrates and H2

Structure II clathrate hydrates of pure hydrogen and binary hydrates of T H F + H 2 are studied using ab initio calculations to determine the stable occupancies of small cavities. Ab initio calculations are carried out for a double cavity consisting of one dodecahedron (small cavity) and one hexakaidecahedron (large cavity). These two cavities are attached to each other as in sII hydrates to form a double cavity. One or two H 2 molecules are placed in the small cavity and one THF (or 4 H 2 molecules) molecule is placed in the large cavity. We have determined the binding energies of the double cavities at the MP2 level using various basis sets (3-21G, 3-21G(2p), 3-21 + + G(2p), 6-31G, 6-31G(2p), and 6-31 + + G(2p)). Different basis sets yield different stable occupancies of the small cavity. The results from the highest basis set (6-31 + + G(2p) with zero point energy corrections) indicate that the single occupancy is slightly more favorable than the double occupancy in both the cases of pure H 2 hydrates and THF + H 2 double hydrates.
Collective tree spanners in graphs with bounded genus, chordality, tree-width, or clique-width

In this paper we study collective additive tree spanners for special families of graphs including planar graphs, graphs with bounded genus, graphs with bounded tree-width, graphs with bounded clique-width, and graphs with bounded chordality. We say that a graph G=(V,E) admits a system of μcollective additive tree r-spanners if there is a system $\mathcal{T}(G)$ of at most μ spanning trees of G such that for any two vertices x,y of G a spanning tree $T \in \mathcal{T}(G)$ exists such that dT(x,y)≤ dG(x,y)+r. We describe a general method for constructing a ”small” system of collective additive tree r-spanners with small values of r for ”well” decomposable graphs, and as a byproduct show (among other results) that any weighted planar graph admits a system of $O(\sqrt{n})$ collective additive tree 0–spanners, any weighted graph with tree-width at most k–1 admits a system of k log2n collective additive tree 0–spanners, any weighted graph with clique-width at most k admits a system of k log3/2n collective additive tree (2w)–spanners, and any weighted graph with size of largest induced cycle at most c admits a system of log2n collective additive tree $(2\lfloor{c/2}\rfloor{\sf w})$–spanners and a system of 4log2n collective additive tree $(2(\lfloor{c/3}\rfloor{+1}){\sf w})$–spanners (here, w is the maximum edge weight in G). The latter result is refined for weighted weakly chordal graphs: any such graph admits a system of 4 log2n collective additive tree (2w)-spanners. Furthermore, based on this collection of trees, we derive a compact and efficient routing scheme for those families of graphs.
DUAL DOORS TO THE SYSTEMS SUITE

There are at least two doors into the chambers of systems engineering. One is the more traditional gateway of aerospace, big government systems and high-tech. The other is the more recent industrial portal of concurrent engineering and the quality movement. As we mix in the ‘big room’ there is often confusion among us. Has concurrent engineering replaced the older paradigms, such as the staircase (waterfall) model? Should conventional system design teams now become quality teams? What are the organizational implications? As we learn to do business differently, is there a generic structure to guide us? If so, what should we change and what should we keep? This paper examines the traditions of the past and the promise of the future and proposes a wedding that can guide our perspectives in the midst of dramatic change.
Noradrenaline in the ventral forebrain is critical for opiate withdrawal-induced aversion

Cessation of drug use in chronic opiate abusers produces a severe withdrawal syndrome that is highly aversive, and avoidance of withdrawal or associated stimuli is a major factor contributing to opiate abuse1,2. Increased noradrenaline in the brain has long been implicated in opiate withdrawal3, but it has not been clear which noradrenergic systems are involved. Here we show that microinjection of β-noradrenergic-receptor antagonists, or of an α2-receptor agonist, into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in rats markedly attenuates opiate-withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that numerous BNST-projecting cells in the A1 and A2 noradrenergic cell groups of the caudal medulla were activated during withdrawal. Lesion of these ascending medullary projections also greatly reduced opiate-withdrawal-induced place aversion, whereas lesion of locus coeruleus noradrenergic projections had no effect on opiate-withdrawal behaviour. We conclude that noradrenergic inputs to the BNST from the caudal medulla are critically involved in the aversiveness of opiate withdrawal.
MEASUREMENT OF CP ASYMMETRY IN $B^0 \to f_0 K^0_S$, B0 → ϕK0 AND $B^0 \to K^+K^-K^0_S$ DECAYS

We present results on time-dependent CP asymmetries in and B0 → K+K-K0. The measurements use a data sample consisting of approximately and 227(B0 → K+K-K0) million B-meson pairs recorded at the ϒ(4S) resonance with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II B-meson Factory at SLAC. From a time-dependent maximum likelihood fit, we measure for : the mixing-induced CP violation parameter and the direct CP violation parameter Cf0K = -0.24 ± 0.31 (stat) ± 0.15 (syst). From a simultaneous fit to and decays, we find: and CϕK = 0.00 ± 0.23 (stat) ± 0.05 (syst). For decays with decays excluded, we find: and . From the decays with decays excluded, we extract the fraction of CP-even final states from angular moments feven = 0.89 ± 0.08 ± 0.06.
Schwann Cells Increase Prostate and Pancreatic Tumor Cell Invasion Using Laminin Binding A6 Integrin

Human pancreatic and prostate cancers metastasize along nerve axons during perineural invasion. The extracellular matrix laminin class of proteins is an abundant component of both myelinated and non-myelinated nerves. Analysis of human pancreatic and prostate tissue revealed both perineural and endoneural invasion with Schwann cells surrounded or disrupted by tumor, respectively. Tumor and nerve cell co-culture conditions were used to determine if myelinating or non-myelinating Schwann cell (S16 and S16Y, respectively) phenotype was equally likely to promote integrin-dependent cancer cell invasion and migration on laminin. Conditioned medium from S16 cells increased tumor cell (DU145, PC3, and CFPAC1) invasion into laminin approximately 1.3–2.0 fold compared to fetal bovine serum (FBS) treated cells. Integrin function (e.g., ITGA6p formation) increased up to 1.5 fold in prostate (DU145, PC3, RWPE-1) and pancreatic (CFPAC1) cells, and invasion was dependent on ITGA6p formation and ITGB1 as determined by function-blocking antibodies. In contrast, conditioned medium isolated from S16Y cells (non-myelinating phenotype) decreased constitutive levels of ITGA6p in the tumor cells by 50% compared to untreated cells and decreased ITGA6p formation 3.0 fold compared to S16 treated cells. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis revealed loss of ITGA6p formation as reversible and independent of overall loss of ITGA6 expression. These results suggest that the myelinating phenotype of Schwann cells within the tumor microenvironment increased integrin-dependent tumor invasion on laminin.
Multivariate genetic determinants of EEG oscillations in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder from the BSNIP study

Schizophrenia (SZ) and psychotic bipolar disorder (PBP) are disabling psychiatric illnesses with complex and unclear etiologies. Electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillatory abnormalities in SZ and PBP probands are heritable and expressed in their relatives, but the neurobiology and genetic factors mediating these abnormalities in the psychosis dimension of either disorder are less explored. We examined the polygenic architecture of eyes-open resting state EEG frequency activity (intrinsic frequency) from 64 channels in 105 SZ, 145 PBP probands and 56 healthy controls (HCs) from the multisite BSNIP (Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes) study. One million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were derived from DNA. We assessed eight data-driven EEG frequency activity derived from group-independent component analysis (ICA) in conjunction with a reduced subset of 10 422 SNPs through novel multivariate association using parallel ICA (para-ICA). Genes contributing to the association were examined collectively using pathway analysis tools. Para-ICA extracted five frequency and nine SNP components, of which theta and delta activities were significantly correlated with two different gene components, comprising genes participating extensively in brain development, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Delta and theta abnormality was present in both SZ and PBP, while theta differed between the two disorders. Theta abnormalities were also mediated by gene clusters involved in glutamic acid pathways, cadherin and synaptic contact-based cell adhesion processes. Our data suggest plausible multifactorial genetic networks, including novel and several previously identified (DISC1) candidate risk genes, mediating low frequency delta and theta abnormalities in psychoses. The gene clusters were enriched for biological properties affecting neural circuitry and involved in brain function and/or development.
Amoeba taylorae n.sp

In material collected from Tannoch Loch, Dunbartonshire, a large free-living, hitherto undescribed amoeba was found. Individual specimens vary in length from 420 to 500µ and in width from 70 to 140µ. Viewed over a black background this amoeba looks dense, white, and opaque, while in transmitted light it has a dusky, almost black, hue, due to the presence in the endoplasm of a large number of small crystals uniform in size, slender and pointed at both ends. There is always a uroid at the hinder end surrounded by bits of debris. The one large nucleus is without a karyosome but has masses of chromatin scattered through the nuclear substance. As a rule there is only one large contractile vacuole, but occasionally a few small ones may be seen at the hinder end. A certain number of nutritive spheres are always present. The author considers this amoeba to be a new species and names it Amoeba taylorae.
Safety and efficacy of intravascular ultrasound-guided inferior vena cava filter in super obese bariatric patients

Abstract Background The morbidly obese (body mass index >40 kg/m 2 ) are at significant risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE). Pulmonary embolism is the leading cause of death after Roux-en- Y gastric bypass, approximating .5%. Because of the technical limitations with fluoroscopy and table weight limits, it has been our practice at our university-based bariatric center to offer intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) placement at Roux-en- Y gastric bypass to patients with a history of VTE, hypercoagulable state, or profound immobility. Methods The hospital and outpatient records of all 594 patients who underwent Roux-en- Y gastric bypass from January 1, 2004 to October 31, 2006 were reviewed. The patients who had undergone concurrent IVUS-guided IVCF placement were selected. The co-morbidities, outcomes, and complications were recorded. Results Of the 594 patients, 31 (mean body mass index 71.2 ± 2.96 kg/m 2 ) had undergone concurrent IVUS-guided IVCF placement. The indications included a history of VTE (n = 5), a known hypercoagulable state (n = 2), and profound immobility (n = 25). The technical success rate was 96.8%. One filter was malpositioned in the iliac vein. No catheter site complications occurred. A ventilation/perfusion scan and computed tomography scan each detected pulmonary embolism in 2 surviving patients within 2 months postoperatively. Two patients died, 1 on postoperative day 8 and 1 on postoperative day 15 (6.4%). The mean follow-up time was 262.8 ± 37.3 days. Autopsy excluded VTE or IVCF-related issues as the cause of death in both patients. Conclusion These results suggest the efficacy of IVUS-guided IVCF placement in preventing mortality from pulmonary embolism in high-risk bariatric patients. IVUS-guided IVCF placement can be safely performed with an excellent success rate in high-risk patients who would not otherwise be candidates for intervention because of the technical limitations of fluoroscopy.
Hydrocortisone and purinergic signaling stimulate sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated iodide transport in breast cancer cells

The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) mediates a remarkably effective targeted radioiodide therapy in thyroid cancer; this approach is an emerging candidate for treating other cancers that express NIS, whether endogenously or by exogenous gene transfer. Thus far, the only extrathyroidal malignancy known to express functional NIS endogenously is breast cancer. Therapeutic efficacy in thyroid cancer requires that radioiodide uptake be maximized in tumor cells by manipulating well-known regulatory factors of NIS expression in thyroid cells, such as TSH, which stimulates NIS expression via cAMP. Similarly, therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer will likely depend on manipulating NIS regulation in mammary cells, which differs from that in the thyroid. Human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells modestly express endogenous NIS when treated with all-trans-retinoic acid (tRa). We report here that hydrocortisone and ATP each markedly stimulates tRa-induced NIS protein expression and plasma membrane targeting in MCF-7 cells, leading to at least a 100% increase in iodide uptake. Surprisingly, the adenyl cyclase activator forskolin, which promotes NIS expression in thyroid cells, markedly decreases tRa-induced NIS protein expression in MCF-7 cells. Isobutylmethylxanthine increases tRa-induced NIS expression in MCF-7 cells, probably through a purinergic signaling system independent of isobutylmethylxanthine's action as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. We also observed that neither iodide, which at high concentrations down-regulates NIS in the thyroid, nor cAMP has a significant effect on NIS expression in MCF-7 cells. Our findings may open new strategies for breast-selective pharmacological modulation of functional NIS expression, thus improving the feasibility of using radioiodide to effectively treat breast cancer.
Effect of initial microbial density on inactivation of Giardia muris by ozone.

Abstract Inactivation of microorganisms by disinfectants frequently shows non-linear behavior on a semilogarithmic plot of log survival ratio versus time. A number of models have been developed to depict these deviations from Chick's Law. Some of the models predict that the log survival ratio (at a particular disinfectant dose and contact time, even in absence of demand) would be a function of the initial concentration of microorganisms (N0), while other models do not predict such an effect. The effect of N0 on the survival ratio has not been deliberately tested. This work examined the inactivation of Giardia muris by ozone in batch systems, deliberately varying the disinfectant dose and N0. It was found that the models predicting a dependency of survival on N0 gave a better description to the data than models that did not predict such a dependency. Hence there is an apparent decrease in disinfection efficiency of ozone against Giardia muris (at pH 8 and 15°C) as the initial microorganism concentration decreases. This phenomena should be taken into account by both disinfection researchers and by process design engineers.
The integration of a tracker into SPADE

Due to increased surveillance, information, and exploitation assets, and the wide variety of interfaces, protocols, etc. that these systems use, the interactions between these systems is rapidly growing more complex. Likewise, integrating a new component into existing systems is no longer a trivial challenge. In order to make modification and integration of components into a larger system easier, the Air Force Research Labs have developed Sensor Processing Architecture for Data Exploitation (SPADE). The contribution of this paper is to discuss the successful integration of a vehicle tracker into the SPADE architecture, using Pursuer as the user interface.
Effect of high CO2 tension on banked ACD blood

Sustained reduction in pCO 2 (hypocapnin) in dogs was associated with a progressive rise in lactic and pyruvic acids which accounted for a progressive bicarbonate deficit. Similar changes, i.e., rise in lactate and reduction in bicarbonate, are known to occur in banked ACD blood. The observed lactate-pCO 2 relationship in vivo is the basis for this study of the effect of variable CO 2 concentration on the metabolism of stored blood. Human blood was stored under standard blood bank conditions (4 C), except that one portion was stored in containers with high pCO2 content. Paired containers were analyzed at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days for pH, CO 2 content, lactate, pyruvate, glucose and electrolytes. The results showed a marked inhibition of glycolysis in the blood stored under conditions of high CO 2 . This inhibition was reflected by lower lactate and pyruvate levels, less reduction in bicarbonate and less accumulation of [H + ] in blood stored under CO 2 . The inhibition was not permanent. High pCO 2 was found to be the inhibitory factor in experiments designed to study the independent effects of pCO 2 and pH.
Shape Memory Property Alteration of Amorphous NiTi Thin Films Through Aging Heat Treatment

Thin film shape memory alloys have recently become a promising material for actuation of devices on the micro scale such as micro-pumps and micro-valves. Their utilization, however, has been limited due to the difficulty in tailoring their properties for different applications. Control over the transformation temperatures as well as mechanical and shape memory properties is required to enable their widespread use. This study examines the effects of heat treatment time and temperature on the properties of amorphous, Ti-rich NiTi thin films on silicon substrates. The effects on the transformation temperatures are investigated through the use of temperature dependent optical microscopy. The modulus and hardness, as well as dissipated energy and depth recovery are obtained through nano-indentation and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The role of microstructure and composition in altering both the mechanical and shape memory properties of the films is discussed.© 2009 ASME
The Impact of a Shrinking Cryosphere on the Form of Arctic Alluvial Channels

A shrinking cryosphere has important implications for the geomorphology of alluvial channels in arctic catchments because ice and permafrost alter the driving and resisting forces responsible for shaping local channel cross sections. For example, bedfast ice in shallow channels can suppress bedload transport during snowmelt events causing a reduction in the frequency of geomorphically effective flows, while cap ice in deeper channels can alter stream hydraulics. The impact of these local controls on catchment-scale geomorphic patterns, however, is less certain. A case study of one arctic river in northern Alaska, USA, reveals hydraulic geometry anomalies that can be reasonably explained by the influence of ice and permafrost on local channel form. However, there is a critical lack of data from rivers wholly contained in the continuous permafrost zone preventing comprehensive understanding of how arctic rivers might respond in a shrinking cryosphere. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of Nucleotide Substitution in Pseudogenes and Functional Genes

The pattern of point mutations is inferred from nucleotide substitutions in pseudogenes. The pattern obtained suggests that transition mutations occur somewhat more frequently than transversion mutations and that mutations result more often in A or T than in G or C. Our results are discussed with respect to the predictions from Topal and Fresco's model for the molecular basis of point (substitution) mutations (Nature 263:285–289, 1976). The pattern of nucleotide substitution at the first and second positions of codons in functional genes is quite similar to that in pseudogenes, but the relative frequency of the transition C→T in the sense strand is drastically reduced and those of the transversions C→G and G→C are doubled. The differences between the two patterns can be explained by the observation that in the protein evolution amino acid substitutions occur mainly between amino acids with similar biochemical properties (Grantham, Science 185:862–864, 1974). Our results for the patterns of nucleotide substitutions in pseudogenes and in functional genes lead to the prediction that both the coding and non-coding regions of protein coding genes should have high frequencies of A and T. Available data show that the non-coding regions are indeed high in A and T but the coding regions are low in T, though high in A.
Interactions between institutional and informal credit agencies in rural India

In an attempt to expand rural credit and displace the village moneylender, India created a system of rural cooperatives in the 1950s and expanded branch banking into rural areas in the 1970s. This article examines how these measures affected the rural market. It begins with the question of how large the expansion of institutional credit has been and the extent to which it has dislodged the village and nonresident moneylenders. A detailed comparison of three major surveys of the Indian rural credit market suggests that in various guises, the moneylender is still a major source of loans. The article also examines the (weak) evidence on intermediation between the formal and informal sectors. A formal model of the interaction between the informal moneylender and institutional lender is constructed under a variety of assumptions about the exclusivity of loan contracts and the competitive structure of the informal sector. The conclusions are drawn together in the form of five proposals for public policy.
Craniosynostosis: imaging review and primer on computed tomography

Craniosynostosis is encountered in the pediatric population in isolated or syndromic forms. The resulting deformity depends on the number and type of sutures involved and, in multi-sutural synostosis, the order of suture fusion. Primary craniosynostosis needs to be differentiated from the secondary variety and positional or deformational mimics. Syndromic craniosynostoses are associated with other craniofacial deformities. Evaluation with 3-D CT plays an important role in accurate diagnosis and management; however, implementation of appropriate CT techniques is essential to limit the radiation burden in these children. In this article, the authors briefly review the classification, embryopathogenesis and epidemiology and describe in detail the radiologic appearance and differential diagnoses of craniosynostosis.
Ultrasonic pulse spectroscopy of a solid inclusion in an elastic solid

Abstract Experiments were conducted to measure the arrival time and the power density spectra of wide-band ultrasonic pulses as scattered by a circular, cylindrical, solid inclusion in a matrix of aluminium. Cavities of 3.18 and 6.35 mm diameter were alternately filled with four different solids possessing a wide range of acoustic properties. Results show that the time history and the spectral analysis of the scattered pulses can be used to determine the size of the cavity or the wave velocity in the solid inclusion.
CorrigendumCorrigendum to “Preparation of activated carbon from forest and agricultural residues through CO2 activation” [Chem. Eng. J. 105 (2004) 53–59]

Corrigendum to “Preparation of activated carbon from forest and agricultural residues through CO2 activation” [Chem. Eng. J. 105 (2004) 53–59] Tengyan Zhanga, Walter P. Walawendera,∗, L.T. Fana, Maohong Fanb, Daren Daugaardb, R.C. Brownb a Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5102, USA b Center for Sustainable Environmental Technologies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Use of Brazilian disk test to determine properties of metallic-intermetallic laminate composites

Metallic-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites based on Ti-Al3Ti offer a unique combination of structural and ballistic/blast performance capabilities for many defense related platforms. In this study, the Brazilian splitting test was employed, under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions, using disk specimens cut from the laminate plates in orientations perpendicular (in-plane) and parallel (through-thickness) to the layers. Tests were conducted to evaluate the overall tensile mechanical properties of the Ti-Al3Ti MIL composite, both to determine in-plane tensile properties, as well as the more challenging through-thickness tensile properties. Experimental results indicate that when loaded parallel to the layers, the tensile strength in the through-thickness orientation, determined by Brazilian splitting test, is low, which is not surprising since it is only evaluating the tensile behavior of the brittle intermetallic phase. When loaded perpendicular to the layers, the in-plane tensile strength of the Ti-Al3Ti MIL composites is high due to the contribution of the reinforcement Ti plus the intermetallic component.
Music, lyrics, and dangerous things

In the traditional, information-processing model of cognition the human mind does well with lyrics, but it just can’t dance. Real life is like a musical, rich with elaborate sets, costumes, music, and movement as well as dialogue, and impossible to appreciate fully just by reading the script. That’s not to say that words are unimportant: They carry a huge amount of information, and language is a defining feature of our species. Language is especially important to academics since our own histories and battles take place largely through print. But people are actors in the show, not just readers in a library, and our minds must serve this performance. Whereas the traditional approach to cognition was all about the lyrics, the embodied cognition approach turns on the video and sound to help us understand how people feel the beat in their social interactions. As nicely articulated by Kaschak & Maner (2009) in the target article, the principle of embodied cognition is that nervous systems “evolved to allow organisms to successfully plan and execute action in the world”(p. 3). In other words, thinking is grounded in simulated physical experience, which informs our judgments and behaviors. The authors take a fresh approach in applying an evolutionary framework to the role of embodiment in social cognition, offering a rich basis for new research questions and hypotheses about how embodied cognition works. Our commentary explores three broad issues raised by the target article: (1) implications for the role of non-verbal communication in social cognition; (2) emotion as an important mechanism for embodied social cognition; and (3) the challenges of embodied cognition in an increasingly disembodied social world.
Metabolism of bifenox in soil and plants

Abstract The herbicide, methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate (bifenox), had a half-life of 3 to 7 days after preemergence application to a greenhouse soil mix. Metabolites identified included: 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenyl 4-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen), and 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)anthranilic acid over a 313-day sampling period. Comparison of the total 14 C in the soil to that extractable by methanol showed an increase in the proportion of bound material. The major metabolite eluted from a Frederick clay loam soil column was identified as the acid of bifenox and its mobility was associated with the short half-life of bifenox in soil. In vitro studies with shoot-tissue macerates showed that bifenox was not degraded by corn ( Zea mays L.) or soybeans ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and was degraded to less than 1% by velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic.).
Warp Bridge Sampling

Bridge sampling, a general formulation of the acceptance ratio method in physics for computing free-energy difference, is an effective Monte Carlo method for computing normalizing constants of probability models. The method was originally proposed for cases where the probability models have overlapping support. Voter proposed the idea of shifting physical systems before applying the acceptance ratio method to calculate free-energy differences between systems that are highly separated in a configuration space. The purpose of this article is to push Voter's idea further by applying more general transformations, including stochastic transformations resulting from mixing over transformation groups, to the underlying variables before performing bridge sampling. We term such methods warp bridge sampling to highlight the fact that in addition to location shifting (i.e., centering) one can further reduce the difference/distance between two densities by warping their shapes without changing the normalizing constan...
Three-dimensional parallel particle manipulation and tracking by integrating holographic optical tweezers and engineered point spread functions

We demonstrate an integrated holographic optical tweezers system with double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) imaging for high precision three-dimensional multi-particle tracking. The tweezers system allows for the creation and control of multiple optical traps in three-dimensions, while the DH-PSF allows for high precision, 3D, multiple-particle tracking in a wide field. The integrated system is suitable for particles emitting/scattering either coherent or incoherent light and is easily adaptable to existing holographic tweezers systems. We demonstrate simultaneous tracking of multiple micro-manipulated particles and perform quantitative estimation of the lateral and axial forces in an optical trap by measuring the fluid drag force exerted on the particles. The system is thus capable of unveiling complex 3D force landscapes that make it suitable for quantitative studies of interactions in colloidal systems, biological materials, and a variety of soft matter systems.
The gap lemma and geometric criteria for instability of viscous shock profiles

An obstacle in the use of Evans function theory for stability analysis of traveling waves occurs when the spectrum of the linearized operator about the wave accumulates at the imaginary axis, since the Evans function has in general been constructed only away from the essential spectrum. A notable case in which this difficulty occurs is in the stability analysis of viscous shock profiles. Here we prove a general theorem, the “gap lemma,” concerning the analytic continuation of the Evans function associated with the point spectrum of a traveling wave into the essential spectrum of the wave. This allows geometric stability theory to be applied in many cases where it could not be applied previously. We demonstrate the power of this method by analyzing the stability of certain undercompressive viscous shock waves. A necessary geometric condition for stability is determined in terms of the sign of a certain Melnikov integral of the associated viscous profile. This sign can easily be evaluated numerically. We also compute it analytically for solutions of several important classes of systems. In particular, we show for a wide class of systems that homoclinic (solitary) waves are linearly unstable, confirming these as the first known examples of unstable viscous shock waves. We also show that (strong) heteroclinic undercompressive waves are sometimes unstable. Similar stability conditions are also derived for Lax and overcompressive shocks and for nn
Comparison of Joule heating associated with high-speed solar wind between different models and observations

Abstract To gain an improved quantitative understanding of the solar wind/magnetosphere/ionosphere coupling processes, the capabilities of different models and observations to represent the variations of ionospheric forcing associated with high-speed solar wind streams are compared for year 2005. We investigate the high-latitude forcing from the measurements of DMSP satellite, empirical model Weimer05 and Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure, with ground magnetometer data only (AMIE 1) or with both ground magnetometer and DMSP convection data (AMIE 2). The yearly averages of the northern hemisphere integrated Joule heating (IJH) calculated from AMIE 1 and 2 are about 41% and 85% larger than that from Weimer05, respectively. A consistent 9-day periodicity is shown in both the cross polar cap potential and IJH, which corresponds to the 9-day oscillation in the high-speed solar wind streams. A band-pass filter centered at 9 day is used to examine the sensitivity of the IJH calculated from different sources to the solar wind condition. The comparison shows that the sensitivity of IJH from AMIE 1 and 2 are about 2.2 and 2.5 times larger than that from Weimer05, respectively.
Prolonged Effect of Postoperative Infectious Complications on Survival After Cardiac Surgery

Background Whether patients having infections after cardiac surgery are at a survival disadvantage after hospital discharge is unclear. Our objectives were (1) to identify characteristics of such patients and (2) to determine whether this complication is associated with increased mortality beyond hospital discharge. Methods In all, 30,414 patients were discharged after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, valve, ascending aorta repair, or combined procedures from January 2000 to January 2011. Surgical site infection, septicemia, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection occurred in 1,868 patients (6.1%). Propensity matching was used to account for differences in perioperative characteristics and postoperative in-hospital events between these patients and those not having postoperative infections, to give 1,593 propensity-matched pairs. Time-related mortality and instantaneous risk were compared. Results Surgical site infection occurred in 122 patients (0.40%), sternal wound infection in 263 (0.86%), septicemia in 656 (2.2%), urinary tract infection in 853 (2.8%), and pneumonia in 513 (1.7%). Infections were associated with older age, female sex, larger body mass index, and multiple comorbidities. Among 1,593 propensity-matched pairs, postdischarge survival at 6 months and at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively, was 89%, 86%, 67%, and 45% for patients without infections, and 86%, 83%, 63%, and 43% ( p = 0.008) for patients with infections. Survival differences resulted from a higher, but gradually declining, early instantaneous risk during the first year after surgery. Elevated risk was of shorter duration for surgical site infections than for other infections. Conclusions Postoperative infection is associated with a high-risk patient profile, and risk of death is elevated early after hospital discharge. Reasons for this prolonged effect are unclear.
Matriliny and modernity : sexual politics and social change in rural Malaysia

Tables and mapsAcknowledgmentsSelect glossaryIntroduction: A modern Malyasian matriliny1 People and places2 Past and present I: Gender and the remaking of adat perpatih3 Past and present II: Gender and the remaking of Rembau peasant economy4 Gender and a marginal village economy I: Women of property5 Gender and a marginal village economy II: Local production and income6 Gender, work and inequality in Rembau7 Rembau femininities8 Modernising kinship and family in contemporary RembauConclusion: Female autonomy in Rembau?NotesBibliographyIndex
Banach spaces embedding into L 0

Our main result in this paper is that a Banach spaceX embeds intoL 1 if and only ifl 1(X) embeds intoL 0; more generally if 1≦p<2,X embeds intoL p if and only ifl p(X) embeds intoL 0.
New developments in the treatment of actinic keratosis: focus on ingenol mebutate gel

Actinic keratosis is a common disease in older, fair-skinned people, and is a consequence of cumulative ultraviolet exposure. It is part of a disease continuum in photodamaged skin that may lead to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment options frequently used include cryosurgery and topical pharmacologic agents, which are examples of lesion-directed and field-directed strategies. Ingenol mebutate gel was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for topical treatment of actinic keratosis. While the mechanism of action of ingenol mebutate is not fully understood, in vitro and in vivo studies using tumor models indicate it has multiple mechanisms. Ingenol mebutate directly induces cell death by mitochondrial swelling and loss of cell membrane integrity preferentially in transformed keratinocytes. It promotes an inflammatory response characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and other immunocompetent cells that kills remaining tumor cells. The ability of ingenol mebutate to eliminate mutant p53 patches in ultraviolet-irradiated mouse skin suggests that it may have the potential to treat chronically ultraviolet-damaged skin. In human studies, ingenol mebutate achieved high clearance of actinic keratosis on the head and body after 2-3 consecutive daily treatments when measured by complete or partial clearance of lesions. Localized inflammatory skin responses were generally mild to moderate and resolved in less than a month.
Sensitivity of germinating spores of Mucor rouxii to chitosanase

Chitosan is a β-1,4-linked glucosamine polymer which is found in the Mucor cell wall. The primary purpose of the present investigation was to discover the nature of the role that this polysaccharide plays in the morphology and differentiation of Mucor cells. For that purpose, cells and isolated cell walls were treated under various conditions with a preparation of highly purified chitosanase specific for chitosan. Enzymatic lysis was followed by measuring a decrease in absorbance of treated cell and cell wall suspensions and by light and scanning electron microscopy. The rate of lysis was maximal at pH 7.5. The enzyme action was completely inhibited by CoCl2, HgCl2, and ZnSO4. This inhibition was removed by ethylenediamine tetraacetate, citrate, and cysteine and was found to involve the chelation of these metals by the cell wall, as opposed to a simple metal ion inactivation of the enzyme. Ungerminated sporangiospores were insensitive to the enzyme. Sensitivity appeared during germination at a stage preceding the emergence of the germ tube. The damage inflicted was generally lethal in the absence of osmotic protection. In most cases, the sites for enzyme action appeared to be randomly distributed on the cell wall surface and the original cell shape was partially retained even after prolonged contact with an excess of enzyme.
Modes of ectoparasite reinfestations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).

Modes of ectoparasite reinfestations were studied on ectoparasite-free deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) returned to their natural habitat on the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Siskiyou County, California, during the summer of 1977. The age of the host made no significant difference in the mode of reinfestation of lice, fleas, or mites. Flea reinfestation rates were related to the sex of the host, requiring 4 and 2 days, respectively, to reach control levels on male and female hosts. Mite populations reached the control level within 1 day, regardless of the sex of the host. No statistically significant louse reinfestations were noted within 8 days after the hosts were released. The percent of the host population reinfested with each ectoparsite followed the same patterns of reinfestation as the numbers of each parasite per host. It is suggested that the mode of ectoparasite reinfestation is a function of the behavior of the host relative to the lifestyle of the ectoparasite species.
Nonlinear pattern hypothesis generation for data mining

This paper reports on conceptual development in applications of neural networks to data mining and knowledge discovery. Hypothesis generation is one of the significant differences of data mining from statistical analyses. Nonlinear pattern hypothesis generation is a major task of data mining and knowledge discovery. Yet, few methods of nonlinear pattern hypothesis generation are available.This paper proposes a model of data mining to support nonlinear pattern hypothesis generation. This model is an integration of linear regression analysis model, Kohonen's self-organizing maps, the algorithm for convex polytopes, and back-propagation neural networks.
Selection of a suitable mobile phase for the speciation of four arsenic compounds in drinking water samples using ion-exchange chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Abstract The performance of two mobile phase buffers, phosphate and TRIS, were compared for the speciation of four arsenic species: arsenate (As(V)), arsenite (As(III)), mono methylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethyl arsinic acid (DMA) in drinking water, using ion-exchange chromatography inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectrometry (IEC-ICP-MS). The mobile phase containing TRIS acetate buffer (“TRIS”) demonstrated superior performance in baseline separation of all four arsenic species and the internal standard. It is also applicable to high-throughput sample analysis as it minimized the frequency required to clean the sampling interface due to salt build-up when compared to the phosphate mobile phase. The method was evaluated for its precision, accuracy, linearity and detection limits. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of drinking water samples.
'Their type of drugs': perceptions of substance use, sex and social boundaries among young African American and Latino gay and bisexual men

Studies of sexuality have increasingly shifted their attention towards understanding the social contexts that inform and organise sexual behaviour. Building on this work, we examine how substance use and sex are socially organised and meaningful activities for young African American and Latino gay and bisexual men who use substances with sex. Drawing on 30 qualitative interviews in Los Angeles and New York, we identify the ways in which social boundaries inform substance use among these young men. We find that many of them view the gay and racial/ethnic communities they belong to as differentiated by patterns of substance use. Further, they see these communities as actively constructing group boundaries through substance use, sanctioning the use of particular substances while simultaneously discouraging the use or discussion of others. For these young men, racial/ethnic and gay communities provide salient contexts in which the use of certain substances and not others is socially meaningful. Findings demonstrate the important and heretofore unrecognised ways that perceived social boundaries inform these young men's use of substances. As both protective and marginalising influences, perceptions of communities and social identities have real consequences for the sexual health of young African American and Latino gay and bisexual men.