cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased risk for other cancers in individuals with Ewing sarcoma and their relatives.

Author(s): Abbott, Diana; O'Brien, Schuyler; Farnham, James M; Young, Erin L; Yap, Jeffrey; Jones, Kevin; Lessnick, Stephen L; Randall, R Lor; Schiffman, Joshua D; Cannon-Albright, Lisa A | Abstract: BackgroundThere are few reports of the association of other cancers with Ewing sarcoma in patients and their relatives. We use a resource combining statewide genealogy and cancer reporting to provide unbiased risks.MethodsUsing a combined genealogy of 2.3 million Utah individuals and the Utah Cancer Registry (UCR), relative risks (RRs) for cancers of other sites were estimated in 143 Ewing sarcoma patients using a Cox proportional hazards model with matched controls; however, risks in relatives were estimated using internal cohort-specific cancer rates in first-, second-, and third-degree relatives.ResultsCancers of three sites (breast, brain, complex genotype/karyotype sarcoma) were observed in excess in Ewing sarcoma patients. No Ewing sarcoma patients were identified among first-, second-, or third-degree relatives of Ewing sarcoma patients. Significantly increased risk for brain, lung/bronchus, female genital, and prostate cancer was observed in first-degree relatives. Significantly increased risks were observed in second-degree relatives for breast cancer, nonmelanoma eye cancer, malignant peripheral nerve sheath cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and translocation sarcomas. Significantly increased risks for stomach cancer, prostate cancer, and acute lymphocytic leukemia were observed in third-degree relatives.ConclusionsThis analysis of risk for cancer among Ewing sarcoma patients and their relatives indicates evidence for some increased cancer predisposition in this population which can be used to individualize consideration of potential treatment of patients and screening of patients and relatives.
Excessive to Whom?: Why Courts Should Adopt a Means-Based Proportionality Framework under the Excessive Fines Clause

The Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment has long been ignored relative to other criminal sentencing protections provided by the Constitution. But the Excessive Fines Clause finally enjoyed renewed attention after the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Timbs v. Indiana, where the Court unanimously incorporated the Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause protections against the states. Timbs was celebrated as a watershed victory for criminal defendants, but in reality the Court’s decision leaves much to be desired in combatting abusive fines and forfeitures. Timbs fails to provide any clarity on how exactly lower courts should determine whether a fine is “excessive,” continuing to leave that question for lower courts to puzzle over with mixed results. This Essay examines the Supreme Court’s line of Excessive Fines Clause cases leading up to Timbs, the various approaches federal and state appellate courts have adopted to determine “excessiveness,” and ultimately advocates for an approach that links “excessiveness” to an individualized consideration of the means of a criminal defendant at sentencing. This individualized approach best squares with both basic rationales of punishment theory and the original understanding of the Excessive Fines Clause.
Influence of polymorphisms in VEGF, TNF-α, and GSTP1 genes on retinopathy of prematurity risk: a Meta-analysis.

Purpose: To investigate the influence of polymorphisms in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and glutathione S-transferase Pi isoform (GSTP1) genes on retin...
Advances in activity-based sensing probes for isoform-selective imaging of enzymatic activity

The cell regulates complicated signaling and metabolism through strict transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation. Considerable advances have been made for monitoring transcription and translation over the past few decades. Until recently, there have not been generalizable methods for assessing the effects of post-translational regulation on enzymatic activity. Activity-based sensing (ABS) has emerged as a powerful approach for monitoring small-molecule and enzymatic activities within living systems. Initial examples of ABS were applied for measuring general enzymatic activity; however, a recent focus has been on increasing selectivity to monitor a single enzyme or isoform. The highest degree of selectivity is required for differentiating between isoforms, where the targets display significant structural similarities as a result of a gene duplication or alternative splicing. This review highlights key examples of small-molecule, isoform-selective probes with a focus on the relevance of isoform differentiation, design strategies to achieve selectivity, and applications in basic biology or in the clinic.
The Challenge of Teaching Mission in an Increasingly Mobile and Complex World

In a time when old groupings are breaking up, when people are on the move or fleeing conflict and settling elsewhere, when many people are multilingual and are competent in several cultural setting...
Constructing Span Categories From Categories Without Pullbacks.

Span categories provide an abstract framework for formalizing mathematical models of certain systems. The mathematical descriptions of some systems, such as classical mechanical systems, require categories that do not have pullbacks and this limits the utility of span categories as a formal framework. Given categories $\mathscr{C}$ and $\mathscr{C}^\prime$, we introduce the notion of span tightness of a functor $\mathcal F$ from $\mathscr{C}$ to $\mathscr{C}^\prime$ as well as the notion of an $\mathcal F$-pullback of a cospan in $\mathscr{C}$. If $\mathcal F$ is span tight, then we can form a generalized span category ${\rm Span}(\mathscr{C},\mathcal F)$ and circumvent the technical difficulty of $\mathscr{C}$ failing to have pullbacks. Composition in ${\rm Span}(\mathscr{C},\mathcal F)$ uses $\mathcal F$-pullbacks rather than pullbacks and in this way differs from the category ${\rm Span}(\mathscr{C})$ but reduces to it when both $\mathscr{C}$ has pullbacks and $\mathcal F$ is the identity functor.
One piece ceramic heat exchanger for concentrating solar power electric plants

Abstract Using additive manufacturing techniques, a ceramic heat exchanger was optimized for a concentrating solar power (CSP) electric power plant with a corrosive molten salt at atmospheric pressure as the solar field heat transfer fluid and supercritical carbon dioxide at 200 bar as the power block fluid. Temperatures ranged from 750 °C to 540 °C. The plant heat exchanger was optimized for heat transfer and stress using 1 m3 modules arranged in parallel. Heat transfer was optimized using COMSOL Multiphysics software resulting in a unique semi-elliptical cross section for the fluid flow channels in a counter-flow configuration. Counter-flow was made possible through additive manufacturing of the fluid headers as part of each modular heat exchanger thus producing the entire module as a single piece and minimizing cost. Using reasonable parametric values, a heat exchanger module was optimized to 0.5 MW/m3, and a section of it was manufactured including the fluid headers. Parametric studies showed the potential for a module to reach 3.5 MW/m3.
Talent Dispersion: Core/Periphery Distinctions, Team Performance, and Individual Talent Development

Talent dispersion, and the hierarchy it creates, has the potential to be both functional and dysfunctional in teams. We argue and demonstrate that an overly broad conception of talent dispersion co...
Lipaemic blood: alcohol-induced acute hypertriglyceridaemia.

Hypertriglyceridaemia (HT) is a metabolic disorder characterised by elevated synthesis of triglycerides (TG) or reduced catabolism of these molecules or a combination of both. TGs are usually 1000 mg/dL, the supernatant of serum samples can
A Rigged Game? How Candidate, Partisan, and Electoral Factors Shape Elite Support for the Party Nomination Process:

The 2016 presidential nominations revealed deep, yet distinct, divisions within each major party. These divisions persisted and permeated the general election campaign and were reflected in voters’...
Expected Returns and the Cross-Sectional Skewness of Book-to-Market Ratios

The skewness of the cross-sectional distribution of book-to-market ratios is shown to be an important state variable. It varies through time in correlation with the business cycle and with indicators of investor sentiment. When times are 'good' a tail of low book-to-market stocks causes a left skew in the distribution. In 'bad' times high book-to-market stocks make the distribution more symmetric. The variable is valuable for forming conditional expectations for returns on various long-short strategies. These include ones based on firm characteristics such as size, age, volatility, profitability and dividend payment, and ones based on book-to-market and momentum. It is also instrumental in predicting the excess return on the equal-weighted market portfolio.
Querying heterogeneous land use data: problems and potential

The proposed Wisconsin Land Information System (WLIS) will be a statewide access mechanism for land related data. It will be a distributed Web-based system with heterogeneous data residing on local and state servers. One of the most important functions for WLIS is to integrate land use data across jurisdictions to enable decision-making for comprehensive land use planning. Here, we describe the semantic problems of integrating land use codes. We then present the current state of our enhancements to an XML query engine to provide query processing over heterogeneous data sets. We also briefly describe the integration of XML databases based on a declaratively specified mapping from each database to a central and expert-defined authority.
Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in ground beef using lactic acid bacteria and the impact on sensory properties.

Studies were conducted to determine whether four strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inhibited Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella in ground beef at 5°C and whether these bacteria had an impact on the sensory properties of the beef. The LAB consisted of frozen concentrated cultures of four Lactobacillus strains, and a cocktail mixture of streptomycin-resistant E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella were used as pathogens. Individual LAB isolates at 107 CFU/ml were added to tryptic soy broth containing a pathogen concentration of 105 CFU/ml. Samples were stored at 5°C, and pathogen populations were determined on days 0, 4, 8, and 12. After 4 days of storage, there were significant differences in numbers of both pathogens exposed to LAB isolates NP 35 and NP 3. After 8 and 12 days of storage, all LAB reduced populations of both pathogens by an average of 3 to 5 log cycles. A second study was conducted in vacuum-packaged fresh ground beef. The individual LAB isolates resulted in an average difference of 1.5 l...
An SGML/HTML Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Library

The Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Project (ETD) was launched in 1987 at an Ann Arbor, MI, meeting arranged by UMI and attended by representatives of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VT), the University of Michigan (UM), SoftQuad, and ArborText. VT funded the development of a Document Type Definition (DTD) for dissertations and theses. The project continued at VT, with collaboration from the Coalition for Networked Information, the Council of Graduate Schools, and UMI, among others. Since 1994, many VT students have submitted their dissertations and theses in Adobe’s Portable Document Format (PDF). As of January 1997, VT requires its students to submit their projects in electronic form rather than in paper. The long-term plan is to have them submitted in both PDF and SGML. VT’s ETD Project is part of the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, funded by a grant from the U.S. Dept. of Education. VT has been joined by 25 universities in supporting this effort. The aim of my initial project was to describe a potential online library of dissertations and theses at the University of Michigan. The focus was on the SGML markup of sample dissertations using the TEI DTD and an HTML-based user interface for searching and retrieval. These latter elements will be developed as the body of electronic dissertations at UM grows. The electronic dissertations described here can be thought of as extensions of their print counterparts. Software, multimedia projects, and other natively electronic submissions are a different animal entirely and are not addressed in this project. The discussion of the initial project is followed by an update on the realized project at the University. I acquired four dissertations to show the breadth of types that would need to be covered by the selected DTD. The first is the doctoral dissertation of Rebecca Price-Wilkin on the architectural history of a French church, prepared for the UM Department of Art History. Price-Wilkin’s document was used as an example of an image-rich dissertation. The second is the doctoral dissertation of David Ruddy on the medieval travelogue Mandeville’s Travels, completed for the UM Department of History. Ruddy’s shows how historic texts can be represented in this model. A
Telling Stories Out of Court: Narratives About Women and Workplace Discrimination. By Ruth O'Brien, ed.

Telling Stories Out of Court: Narratives About Women and Workplace Discrimination. By Ruth O'Brien, ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008. 264 pp. $57.95 cloth. $18.95 paper. In Telling Stories Out of Court, Ruth O'Brien has compiled 12 fictional stories depicting situations in which various men and women experience workplace discrimination. Each story is a compelling piece of fiction. They are grouped together by topicFgender roles, unfair treatment, sexual harassment, and hidden obstaclesFwith each set of stories followed by commentary by legal scholar Risa L. Lieberwitz. With so many compelling and fascinating legal cases of workplace discrimination, readers might initially wonder why O'Brien chose to use fictional stories instead of discussing actual data. However, O'Brien explains that she did this for several strategic reasons: (1) to give ''readers room to relate to the characters without being distracted by the law'' (p. 5); (2) to provide the writers with the freedom to create without the confines of legal accuracy, and, thereby, creating more interesting stories; and (3) to be ''subversive'' by ''bring[ing] 'moral conflict to the forefront''' (p. 5). In creating this blend of fiction and fact, O'Brien hopes to ''evoke an emotional response from readers'' (p. 6) in order to inspire greater activism. This is a wonderful and creative concept, especially for a lay audience that might eschew fact-heavy reading. Lieberwitz's commentaries illuminate the shared legal themes and apply a scholarly discussion of the federal courts' interpretation of Title VII. Sometimes the commentary is closely confined to the facts of a story, while at other times it explores issues not raised within a story. Lieberwitz, a professor of industrial and labor relations at Cornell, while not a fiction writer, has a clear style of writing that complements the short stories. The legal commentary by Lieberwitz, bringing facts and legal analysis to the stories, is particularly useful for a lay reader in determining what the law would say about each case. The repetitive nature of Lieberwitz's commentary makes the book seem intended to be used piecemeal, so that readers of one section might never need to read other sections of the book. While this makes reading the book from cover to cover a bit tedious, the repetition is an insightful strategy for a book that professors might want to use in separate pieces. These short stories for the most part provide detail and circumstances that might not otherwise be found in court cases or social science data. …
Bubbly Flows with Gravity and Viscosity

A kinetic theory for bubbly flow is developed which accounts for weak viscous effects and gravity. It is shown that a uniform suspension of bubbles rising at a constant speed is a solution of the model. The calculated speed is in agreement with experimental findings. It is also shown that this steady solution is unstable.
Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry: Meaning and Measurement

Focusing on the hotel industry, this study builds a functional definition of customer satisfaction and a practical approach to facilitate its measurement. Field research conducted in the United Sta...
Alternative Dispute Resolution: An Empirical Analysis

Many analysts and courts have made alternative dispute resolution (ADR) a key feature of proposals for civil justice reform. The authors served as advisors to a task force, which commissioned a study of the ADR program in the Northern District of California. This article presents the authors' extensive findings and recommendations. During the four-year study period, the district used an ADR process called "early neutral evaluation" (ENE), to which half of the cases in certain types of suits were assigned. Two-thirds of those assigned to ENE were satisfied with the process and believed it was worth the resources devoted to it; half of those assigned to ENE saved money, with average savings exceeding ten times the cost of an ENE session; and about half of the cases in which ENE sessions were held were resolved more quickly than cases not assigned to the ENE program. Despite the fact that over 80 percent of attorneys assigned to ENE reported that they would select ENE in other cases, no one whose case was not automatically assigned to ENE asked to have the case assigned, even though that option was available and known. The key predictors of a successful ENE outcome were the attitude and skills of the neutral evaluator. A number of the authors' recommendations in this article thus focus on selecting and retaining effective neutrals.
Patterns of parental reaction to student grades

Factor analysis of questionnaire responses produced by over 6,000 individuals revealed parental reactions to good and bad grades grouped themselves into five categories: (1) Grades are important to me; bad ones lead to negative consequences; (2) Good grades are important to me, but I will support you regardless of grade; (3) Bad grades make me mad; (4) Do your best, but there is more to life than grades; and (5) Grades are important; you will know how I feel on the basis of a joking comment. When these patterns were related to reports of specific student actions in college, such as getting good grades, dropping a course, or cheating on an examination, results indicated only a few significant negative correlations, and only for students whose parents reacted to bad grades in a negative emotional way; i.e., in terms of categories 1 and 3. More benign reactions - categories 2, 4, and 5 - did not correlate either positively or negatively with student actions or grades. Results were taken to suggest that parental reactions to grades are not only attempts at changing student behavior but also may be viewed as emotional responses expressing personal needs and values.
Protein C anticoagulant and cytoprotective pathways

Plasma protein C is a serine protease zymogen that is transformed into the active, trypsin-like protease, activated protein C (APC), which can exert multiple activities. For its anticoagulant action, APC causes inactivation of the procoagulant cofactors, factors Va and VIIIa, by limited proteolysis, and APC’s anticoagulant activity is promoted by protein S, various lipids, high-density lipoprotein, and factor V. Hereditary heterozygous deficiency of protein C or protein S is linked to moderately increased risk for venous thrombosis, while a severe or total deficiency of either protein is linked to neonatal purpura fulminans. In recent years, the beneficial direct effects of APC on cells which are mediated by several specific receptors have become the focus of much attention. APC-induced signaling can promote multiple cytoprotective actions which can minimize injuries in various preclinical animal injury models. Remarkably, pharmacologic therapy using APC demonstrates substantial neuroprotective effects in various murine injury models, including ischemic stroke. This review summarizes the molecules that are central to the protein C pathways, the relationship of pathway deficiencies to venous thrombosis risk, and mechanisms for the beneficial effects of APC.
Response of Cottons to Chemical Treatments: Part IV: Single-Fiber Resin Finishing

Single fibers from six widely different cottons were subjected to a single-fiber resin- finishing treatment during which each fiber was maintained under a controlled tension of 100 mg. Dimethylol-e...
Land mine performance bounds in various background using airborne 808 nm laser imagery

This paper quantifies the overall detection performance for landmines in various background and solar conditions in an attempt to provide the performance bounds for airborne mine detection systems. Specifically, for comparison purposes, this paper quantifies the detection performance based on the RX detection algorithm implemented as the baseline LAMD approach, RX implementation as a correlation operator, and intensity thresholding approach using airborne laser imagery. The generated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, in turn, provide a good basis for system trade-off study in terms of computational time and complexity, and performance benefit for real-time systems. This paper includes the ROC curves with and without man-made objects to access the effect of the man-made objects based on these algorithms. The paper uses two subsets from the December 2000 and June 2001 airborne data collections using the SciTech Breadboard 808nm laser at a U.S. Army test site. The total mine opportunities and the area coverage are 1619 and 146,000 m2, respectively. The total number of man-made objects are 800 (approximately 137 images of which each image contains approximately 8 man-made objects). The man-made object list contains mine sized aluminum plates and wood, coke cans and others. Mine list contains M20, M19, TM62M, TM62P2, TM62P3, RAAM, VS1.b.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electronic spectra of protonated ferrocenes

Abstract The electronic absorption spectra of two protonated ferrocenes have been recorded and the results require a reaccessment of the identity of the species present in weak acid.
Consequences of Stop Codon Reassignment on Protein Evolution in Ciliates with Alternative Genetic Codes

Tetrahymena thermophila and Paramecium tetraurelia are ciliates that reassign TAA and TAG from stop codons to glutamine codons. Because of the lack of full genome sequences, few studies have concentrated on analyzing the effects of codon reassignment in protein evolution. We used the recently sequenced genome of these species to analyze the patterns of amino acid substitution in ciliates that reassign the code. We show that, as expected, the codon reassignment has a large impact on amino acid substitutions in closely related proteins; however, contrary to expectations, these effects also hold for very diverged proteins. Previous studies have used amino acid substitution data to calculate the minimization of the genetic code; our results show that because of the lasting influence of the code in the patterns of substitution, such studies are tautological. These different substitution patterns might affect alignment of ciliate proteins, as alignment programs use scoring matrices based on substitution patterns of organisms that use the standard code. We also show that glutamine is used more frequently in ciliates than in other species, as often as expected based on the presence of the 2 new reassigned codons, indicating that the frequencies of amino acids in proteomes is mostly determined by neutral processes based on their number of codons.
X-ray emission from Stephan's Quintet and other compact groups

A search for X-ray emission from five compact groups of galaxies with the Einstein Observatory revealed detections from three groups. Soft, extended X-ray emission was observed in Stephan's Quintet, which is most likely caused by hot intracluster gas. This provides evidence for dynamical interaction among the group galaxies. X-ray emission from the group Arp 330 may also originate in hot intracluster gas. Stephan's Quintet and Arp 330 have the largest velocity dispersions among the groups studied, suggesting a correlation between high velocity and the release (or properties) of hot gas. X-ray emission from Arp 318 may originate in its member galaxies.
Latina Spanish High School Teachers' Negotiation of Capital in New Latino Communities.

Based on a qualitative study documenting how Spanish teachers bear an especially heavy burden as unofficial translators, interpreters, and school representatives, this article documents how some Latina high school Spanish teachers struggle to form social networks with Latino students in new Latino school communities. Employing social frameworks, the author uses data from semi-structured interviews with six north Georgia Latina high school Spanish teachers to explore the types of capital these Latina high school Spanish teachers exchanged with Latino students in new Latino school communities. Additionally, she reveals how sociocultural forces impacted participants’ negotiation of capital in these contexts. Finally, the author provides suggestions and ideas for further study to better understand how Latina Spanish teachers might increase their own social networks in order to provide more capital to Latino students and their families.
Economic and technical aspects of repair, servicing, and retrieval of low earth orbit free flying spacecraft

The economic and technical aspects of the Solar Maximum Observatory Repair Mission at NASA are presented, in an effort to demonstrate the Space Shuttle capability to rendezvous with and repair on-orbit the Solar Maximum Observatory (SMM). A failure in the Attitude Control Subsystem (ACS) after 10 months of operation caused a loss in precision pointing capability. The Multimission Modular Spacecraft (MMS) used for the mission, was designed with on-orbit repairability, and to correct various instrument anomalies, repiar kits such as an electronics box, a thermal aperture closure, and a high energy particle reflection baffle will be used. In addition, a flight support system will be used to berth, electrically safe, and support all the repair activities. A two year effort is foreseen, and the economic return on SMM will be $176 M, in addition to two to three years of solar observation. The mission will eventually conduct studies on flare as a function of solar cycle.
GOAL: A parsimonious geographic routing protocol for large scale sensor networks

Geographic routing is well suited for large scale sensor networks, because its per node state is independent of the network size. However, the local minimum caused by holes/obstacles results in the worst-case path stretch of @W(c^2), where c is the path length of the optimal route. Recently, a geographic routing protocol based on the visibility graph (VIGOR) showed that a path stretch of @Q(c) can be achieved. This path stretch, however, is achieved at the cost of communication and storage overhead, which makes the practical deployment of VIGOR in large scale sensor networks challenging. To this end, we propose GOAL (Geometric Routing using Abstracted Holes), a routing protocol that provably achieves a path stretch of @Q(c), with lower communication and storage overhead. To compactly describe holes, we develop a novel distributed convex hull algorithm, which improves the message complexity O(n log^2n) of state of art distributed convex hull algorithm to O(n log n). The concise representation of a hole is used by nodes to make locally optimal routing decisions. Our theoretical analysis proves the correctness of the proposed algorithms and the path stretch of @Q(c). Through extensive simulations and experiments on a testbed with 42 EPIC motes, we demonstrate the effectiveness of GOAL and its feasibility for resource constrained wireless sensor networks; specifically, we show that GOAL eliminates part of communication overhead of VIGOR and reduces the memory overhead of VIGOR by up to 51%.
Accuracy and pitfalls of frozen section during thyroid surgery

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of frozen sections performed during thyroid surgery and to define any pitfalls they may have. The material includes a series of 190 frozen section examinations of thyroid pathology. The overall accuracy of frozen section in this series was 95%. There were no false positives in our series and false negatives related to only follicular adenomas. In two patients, the report was deferred for permanent slide examination. Nine patients had lesions reported as malignant; however, the distinct cell type was not designated on frozen section. Eight specimens initially reported to have follicular adenoma on frozen section turned out to have angioinvasion or capsular invasion indicative of follicular carcinoma. Minor discrepancies between frozen and permanent sections in the types of benign disease were noted occasionally, but were not clinically significant. There was a discrepancy in the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis on three occasions. The major discrepancy in patients with malignant pathology was related to the cell type. The diagnosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer, though suspected, was deferred for permanent sections in all cases. The diagnosis of medullary cancer of thyroid was difficult to make on frozen section. The major problem with frozen section was the diagnosis of follicular adenoma versus carcinoma. The benign diagnosis was changed in eight instances (out of 24 frozen sections) from follicular ademona to follicular carcinoma. Because of this experience, we do not provide the frozen section diagnosis to the patient and we wait until the final diagnosis is available.
Lightweight Location Verification Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks

The knowledge of sensors' locations is crucial information for many applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). When sensor nodes are deployed in hostile environments, the localization schemes are vulnerable to various attacks, e.g., wormhole attack, pollution attack, range enlargement/reduction attack, and etc. Therefore, sensors' locations are not trustworthy and need to be verified before they can be used by location-based applications. Previous verification schemes either require group-based deployment knowledge of the sensor field, or depend on expensive or dedicated hardware, thus they cannot be used for low-cost sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a lightweight location verification system that performs both “on-spot” and “in-region” location verifications. The on-spot verification intends to verify whether the locations claimed by sensors are far from their true spots beyond a certain distance. We propose two algorithms that detect abnormal locations by exploring the inconsistencies between sensors' claimed locations and their neighborhood observations. The in-region verification verifies whether a sensor is inside an application-specific verification region. Compared to on-spot verification, the in-region verification is tolerable to large errors as long as the locations of sensors don't cause the application to malfunction. We study how to derive the verification region for different applications and design a probabilistic algorithm to compute in-region confidence for each sensor. Experiment results show that our on-spot and in-region algorithms can verify sensors' locations with high detection rate and low false positive rate. They are robust in the presence of malicious attacks that are launched during the verification process. Moreover, compared with previous verification schemes, our algorithms are effective and lightweight because they do not rely on the knowledge of deployment of sensors, and they don't require expensive or dedicated hardware, so our algorithms can be used in any low-cost sensor networks.
Diamond exploration from the bottom up: regional geophysical signatures of lithosphere conditions favorable for diamond exploration

Abstract On a local scale, regional geophysical trends may be used to locate the sites of volcanism which transports diamonds to the surface. By studying the conditions under which carbon is stable as diamond, a new regional geophysical exploration philosophy is espoused based upon the search for lithospheric conditions favorable to diamond genesis and preservation. Surface heat flow values of less than 40–45 mW m −2 and lithospheric thicknesses of greater than 150 km meet these target conditions. An analysis of two-dimensional thermal heterogeneities in the lithosphere indicates that target areas should have low surface heat flow over an areas of at least 300 to 400 km diameter. In addition to having low surface heat flow, such target regions are likely to be characterized by a large depth to the Curie Point isotherm, relatively great depths to lithospheric electrical conductors, slow seismic velocities, and great depths to the seismic low velocity zone. The region is likely to be characterized by a paucity of seismicity with high maximum hypocentral depths. The primary problem with these techniques in regional diamond exploration is that they provide information about modern lithospheric structure. Changes in lithospheric structure through time may be detected as elevation changes. These conditions are most commonly found in regions of Archean and Early Proterozoic lithosphere, and are consistent with Clifford's Rule , an empirical diamond exploration strategy. The restriction of these conditions to these ancient terrains may be associated with special conditions required to form these terrains which only existed early in Earth history, or with an increase in the thermal heterogeneity of the lithosphere through time which results in, on average, thinner lithosphere in younger terrains.
Whatever happened to the 'microtrabecular concept'?

Abstract Keith Porter culminated his stellar career as the founding father of biological electron microscopy by acquiring, in the late 1970s, a high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM). With this magnificent instrument he examined whole-mounts of cultured cells, and perceived within them a structured cytoplasmic matrix he named the “microtrabecular lattice”. Over the next decade Porter published a series of studies, together with a team of outstanding young colleagues, which elaborated his broader “microtrabecular concept.” This concept posited that microtrabeculae were real physical entities that represented the fundamental organization the cytoplasm, and that they were the physical basis of cytoplasmic motility and of cell-shape determination. The present review presents Porter’s original images of microtrabeculae, after conversion to a more interpretable “digital-anaglyph” form, and discusses the rise and fall of the microtrabecular concept. Further, it explains how the HVEM images of microtrabeculae finally came to be considered as an artifact of the preparative methods Porter used to prepare whole cells for HVEM. Still, Keith's “microtrabecular concept” foretold of our current appreciation of the complexity and pervasiveness of the cytoskeleton, which has now been found by more modern methods of EM to actually be the fundamental organizing principle of the cytoplasmic matrix. During the impending eclipse of Porter’s microtrabecular concept in the late 1980s, many of Keith's colleagues fondly described the cell as being filled, not with protoplasm, but with “Porterplasm.” Despite the fact that Keith's view was clouded by the methods of his time, it would be fitting and apt to retain this name, still today, for the ordered matrix of cytoskeletal macromolecules that exists in the living cell. In the end, the story of what happened to Porter’s microtrabecular concept should be an object lesson in scientific hubris that should humble and inform all of us in cell biology, even today – particularly when we begin to think that our most recent methods and observations are achieving “the last word”.
Pretraining effects on the DRL performance of rats with septal lesions

Normal rats and rats with septal lesions were run on a DRL 20 schedule following 0, 1, or 10 days of CRF pretraining. Regardless of amount of pretraining, operated animals emitted more responses and obtained fewer reinforcements than did normals. Additionally, the extent of pretraining did not influence the final level of DRL performance. These results were contrasted with findings obtained previously with hippocampal lesions, and the differences in the nature of the dysfunction following septal and hippocampal lesions were explicated.
Evolutionary Potential of (β/α)8-Barrels: Functional Promiscuity Produced by Single Substitutions in the Enolase Superfamily†

The members of the mechanistically diverse, (β/α)8-barrel fold-containing enolase superfamily evolved from a common progenitor but catalyze different reactions using a conserved partial reaction. The molecular pathway for natural divergent evolution of function in the superfamily is unknown. We have identified single-site mutants of the (β/α)8-barrel domains in both the l-Ala-d/l-Glu epimerase from Escherichia coli (AEE) and the muconate lactonizing enzyme II from Pseudomonas sp. P51 (MLE II) that catalyze the o-succinylbenzoate synthase (OSBS) reaction as well as the wild-type reaction. These enzymes are members of the MLE subgroup of the superfamily, share conserved lysines on opposite sides of their active sites, but catalyze acid- and base-mediated reactions with different mechanisms. A comparison of the structures of AEE and the OSBS from E. coli was used to design the D297G mutant of AEE; the E323G mutant of MLE II was isolated from directed evolution experiments. Although neither wild-type enzyme c...
Limited Lead Selection for Estimation of Body Surface Potential Maps in Electrocardiography

Body surface potential mapping has shown promise as a technique to improve the resolution and accuracy of diagnostic electrocardiography, but the cost and effort required to obtain maps have made wide spread use impractical. As a step toward a practical system, the problems of redundancy and uniqueness of electrocardiographic signal information contained in large numbers of leads were investigated. An algorithm for optimal selection of a limited number of leads was developed. Data obtained from 132 human subjects including some with normal electrocardiograms (ECG) as well as some with abnormal ECGs, were used in the study. Estimation of body surface potentials from limited leads was evaluated using three criteria, including rms error, mean correlation coefficient between limited lead and total lead maps, and error to signal power ratio. Using 30 leads the average rms error was 32 ?V, average correlation coefficient was .983 and noise to signal power was 3.5% in the presence of 20 ?V rms noise. Another finding was that optimal sites are not unique, i.e., different sets of optimal sites may be found which perform equally well. This result has practical implications for the design of lead systems for estimating maps on the critically ill and on patients undergoing stress tests.
Deficiency of C1r in human serum. Effects on the structure and function of macromolecular C1.

The experiments presented here utilize a human serum markedly deficient in hemolytic complement activity to show that: (a) The hemolytic deficiency is the result of a selective deficiency in hemolytic C1. (b) The relative absence of hemolytic C1 is due to a profound deficit in C1r function associated with less than normal C1s protein and hemolytic function and normal C1q protein concentration and function. This deficit in C1r in the face of normal C1q suggests that different cell types are responsible for the synthesis of each of these components. (c) Whatever the basis for the deficiency of C1r function, this defect results in an inadequate association of the remaining C1 subcomponents, C1q and C1s, even in the presence of calcium ions, thus suggesting that C1r has an important role in the assembly and/or maintenance of macromolecular C1.
Automatic Titration and Calculation by Predictive Equations for the Determination of Therapeutic Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Background It is unknown to what extent therapeutic continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) levels obtained by various methods for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) differ. This study aimed to explore the relationships among pressures titrated by an automatic CPAP (APAP) device and those calculated using different predictive equations, and to compare different ranges of calculated pressures with pressure values titrated by APAP. Methods In 140 OSAS patients, the 95th percentile pressure delivered by an APAP device (AutoSet T; ResMed; Sydney, NSW, Australia) during polysomnography, and pressures calculated by three equations ( equation 1 , Hoffstein and Miljetig [1994]; equation 2 , Series et al [2000]; and equation 3 , Stradling et al [2004]) were compared. Results Titrated and calculated pressures were weakly correlated. Significant differences were found between the mean (± SD) pressures (11.1 ± 1.6, 8.3 ± 1.8, 10.5 ± 1.6, and 10.3 ± 1.3 cm H 2 O, respectively) for 95th percentile APAP, and pressures calculated by equations 1 , 2 , and 3 , except between values calculated by equations 2 and 3 . Differences between the calculated and APAP-derived pressures were negative for the low calculated values, and were progressively attenuated, or became positive, for the high values. The differences were smallest for calculated pressures from 11 to > 13 cm H 2 O, which were represented to a greater extent among the values calculated by equations 2 and 3 than by those calculated by equation 1 . Conclusions Considerably different therapeutic CPAP levels may be determined using various methods. The differences between the calculated and APAP-derived pressures are largest for calculated values of 15 cm H 2 O. The clinical consequences of these findings deserve further evaluation. Caution is still required before treating OSAS patients with calculated pressures.
The Dow Chemical Project: Creating a web‐based interface to a dynamic simulation

In this study we present a Web-based interface to a dynamic simulation. The simulation is based on an emulsion polymerization process operated by the Dow Chemical Company. We also describe the software architecture that allows simulation updates to be transmitted dynamically across a network, from a server-based simulation to a Web-based client. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 13: 250–256, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20049
Septorhinoplasty in children

Abstract The management of nasal deformities in children often presents the clinician with a challenging dilemma. In the younger child, emphasis should be placed on correction of the nasal airway whereas, in older children, external cosmetic deformity can be considered with safety. Appropriate surgical techniques will ensure an appropriate outcome. Careful planning, as well as sensitivity to growth and development of the nasal structures should be considered when such a procedure is to be undertaken. Older children and adolescents present no unique difficulties in septorhinoplasty and the usual principles commonly applied to adults may be followed. A safe and effective technique can be designed for each child and adolescent afflicted with both internal and external nasal deformities.
Selected pulmonary biochemical and hematological changes produced by prolonged hypoxia in the rat

Abstract Rats were exposed to 12% O 2 (1 atm) for 48 hr, then 10% O 2 for the duration of the exposures. Significant elevations in enzymes of the glutathione peroxidase system were found in the lungs of rats killed 3.5, 7.5, and 12.5 days of exposure compared to airbreathing controls. Superoxide dismutase was also elevated after hypoxia but nonsignificantly. Animals killed 12.5 days after exposures exhibited 75% ( P
A developmental study of visual ERP distributions during spatial and phonetic processing.

Abstract Ten adults (mean age 19.5 years; S.D. = 1.65) and 10 children (12.2 years; S.D. = 1.28) participated in a choice reaction time study of event-related potential (ERP) correlates of pattern and phonological discriminations of letters. In the form condition, the subjects responded discriminately to letters that did (e.g., b, p) and did not (e.g., f,h) have an enclosed area. Likewise, the subjects responded to letters that did and did not rhyme with “e” in the rhyme task. For both groups, the two late positivities (P600 and P3) were significantly later in the rhyme ERPs than the form as were the RTs associated with the tasks. Distribution and group differences were most notable for the positivity at 380 msec. The P380 distribution did not vary between the conditions for the adults, but there was a more negative distribution in the rhyme condition compared to the form at fronto-central sites for the children. The topographic differences between the form and rhyme tasks at 380 msec were consistent with the involvement of auditory areas in the rhyme task. Generally, however, the children's and adults' wave forms were similar in terms of morphology, peak latency and distribution.
Uranium-series fractionation in mafic extrusives

Abstract Based on U-series disequilibrium arguments there is good evidence for the presence of U-rich accessory minerals in the outer mantle. The very large excesses of 226Ra and 231Pa activity relative to 230Th, 238U, and 235U in most mid-ocean ridge basalts and some non-divergent plate-margin basalts are inconsistent with prevailing incompatibility models of U-series fractionation. Application of a fundamental principle of equilibrium balance reveals that in these instances more than half of the original U and Th remains behind in the residual outer mantle when basaltic magmas separate. One is forced to conclude that, in the outer mantle, U and Th do not occur primarily in major silicate minerals, where they would indeed be incompatible. Rather, they must be occurring as high concentration components in refractory accessory minerals. The precipitous concentration gradients bounding such minerals would allow for the operation of physical processes, such as alpha recoil and daughter diffusion, to produce paired disequilibrated phases. Daughter deficiencies would develop in the high concentration minerals, and daughter excesses in the surrounding low concentration major silicates. This would constitute a steady-state condition existing in the mantle before the onset of melting. Subsequent preferential melting of the matrix silicates would readily result in the disequilibria observed in basalts.
Complete vertical M-H loop shift in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrRuO3 thin film heterostructures

In the current work, we have epitaxially integrated La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrRuO3 (LSMO/SRO) BLs with the technologically important substrate Si (100) using pulsed laser deposition. Interestingly, at 4 K, under the magnetic field sweep of ±1500 Oe, a complete vertical M-H loop shift is observed in the sample prepared with 180 nm SRO thickness, which is unusual. This vertical shift persists even up to a field sweep range of ±6000 Oe, at which point the shift disappears and a symmetrical hysteresis loop centered at the origin is observed. In contrast, at the same temperature, under the same field sweep range, we observe a normal M-H loop (no or little vertical shift) from the sample with 45 nm SRO thickness. In both the cases, the LSMO thickness was held constant at ∼100 nm. It appears that SRO moment is frozen in place in the latter case, providing a clear demonstration of the effect that biasing layer (SRO) thickness can have on the magnetic characteristics of bilayer films. We attribute this vertical shift to the strong interplay between the uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy and microscopic interface domain structure.