cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons

Drugs without a strong evidence base and outside of recommendations are too often prescribed for older adults. Established guidelines such as Beers criteria have identified both specific medications and certain drug classes as inappropriate for older adults, primarily due to adverse effects. Age-related physiological changes in distribution, metabolism, and elimination often alter the effects of pharmacotherapies in older adults. When designing a therapeutic program, all elements contributing to the pathophysiology of painful conditions should be considered, as well as the mechanisms of action of analgesic drug classes. Both appropriate and inappropriate medications for older adults are detailed herein, as well as their contraindications and potential drug-drug or drug-disease interactions. The number needed to treat (NNT) can be useful in considering efficacy, while the safety of a pharmacotherapy is indicated by the calculated number needed to harm (NNH). The NNT is a measure describing the number of patients who require treatment for every 1 who reaches the therapeutic goal, and the NNH describes the number of participants who manifest side effects; these can further be segregated into numbers who withdraw from studies due to intolerable side effects. These parameters, along with a patient's comorbidities and concomitant medications, should be considered when selecting an analgesic and dose regimen. In addition, practitioners should avoid prescribing multiple-drug therapies that have overlapping pharmacodynamics or that may have an adverse pharmacokinetic interaction.
Studies on sensory feedback. 3. The effects of display gain on tracking performance.

Abstract Instrumentation is described which permits study of the effects of different forms of visual feedback display on the patterns of fine movement obtained from the extended human index finger when the subject is attempting to keep his finger at a fixed point in space. The task is a compensatory tracking task in which the only source of input to the system is the subject's own finger movement. The effects of increasing the gain (or amplification) of a proportional error signal on the pattern of finger movement was studied. Gains of 1, 2, 4, 10, 20 and 40 were studied with a group of 24 subjects. Increasing the gain of a proportional error signal resulted in a marked improvement in the ability of subjects to maintain their extended finger at a fixed point in space. As the gain of the error signal was increased, the subject's high-amplitude, low frequency errors were reduced, and there was a progressive appearance of high-frequency activity of low-amplitude, more accurately centred about the reference ...
Two-phase multi-objective evolutionary approaches for optimal generation scheduling with environmental considerations

This paper presents novel two-phase multi-objective evolutionary approaches for solving the optimal generation scheduling problem with environmental considerations. Two different multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) based on Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) and Archived Multi-objective Simulated Annealing (AMOSA) are presented in the paper. In the first phase, this approach formulates the hourly optimal generation scheduling problem as a multi-objective optimization problem which simultaneously minimizes operation cost and emission, while satisfying constraints such as power balance, spinning reserve and power generation limits. Results of the first phase are compared and SPEA2, which provided better results, is used for the second phase to obtain the optimal schedules for the 24 hours. The minimum up/down time and ramp up/down rate constraints are incorporated in the second phase. A case study for a 10-unit test system is carried out to illustrate the application and the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Switching immune signals on and off

Bruton's tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that is important for B cell function, can be activated in a number of ways.
Aligning Private Business Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria

Abstract This paper examines the different factors that have influenced the development of new types of entrepreneurship in Nigeria since 1986. It analyzes the problems Nigerians confront in trying to run small businesses as a result of the structural adjustment policy that was proposed by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and adopted by the military government in 1986. The major questions addressed in this study are: what are the economic and political situations in Nigeria between 1980-1997 and how have these situations forced the people of the nation to be entrepreneurs? What obstacles do entrepreneurs face in starting small businesses in Nigeria? What are the different types of entrepreneurship that have resulted in Nigeria due to the structural adjustment policies of this period? The paper demonstrates that economic difficulties were the major reasons for those who started their business between 1986 and 1995 in Nigeria. This supports the notion that entrepreneurship should not be viewe...
Influence of preform surface treatments on the strength of fluorozirconate fibres

Zirconium fluoride (ZrF4)-based glass preforms made by the rotational casting process were treated prior to fibre drawing to eliminate pre-existing defects. Emphasis was given to the removal of external defects by different surface preparation methods which include mechanical polishing, and chemical etching in 0.2m H3BO3 solution as well as microwave-assisted plasma fluorination. The strength of the fibres was measured using both bending and dynamic loading tests. Fluorine exposure increased the median tensile strength by an additional 20%. As expected, the Weibull distribution for bending tests was shifted to the higher strength range, and was generally a factor of two more than in the dynamic tensile measurements.
Mechanism of Hæmolysis caused by Freezing and its Prevention

WHEN whole blood or a suspension of erythrocytes is frozen and thawed, nearly all the erythrocytes are lysed. If glycerol is present in the suspension in a concentration of about two molar, then nearly all the erythrocytes remain intact after freezing and thawing1 and are apparently uninjured2,3. In addition to glycerol, several other polyhydroxy compounds which penetrate the erythrocyte are capable of preventing the lysis caused by freezing and thawing4,5. During the process of freezing, the formation of ice is simultaneously and unavoidably accompanied by an increase in the concentration of solutes in the still unfrozen fluid since only water is being removed from the original solution until a eutectic temperature is reached. Since these two events are not separable, the question arises as to whether the major cause of destruction of the cells is due to the mechanical forces caused by the formation of the ice, or to the changes in the composition of the fluid which remains in contact with the cells.
Laser forward transfer of solder paste for microelectronics fabrication

The progressive miniaturization of electronic devices requires an ever-increasing density of interconnects attached via solder joints. As a consequence, the overall size and spacing (or pitch) of these solder joint interconnects keeps shrinking. When the pitch between interconnects decreases below 200 μm, current technologies, such as stencil printing, find themselves reaching their resolution limit. Laser direct-write (LDW) techniques based on laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) of functional materials offer unique advantages and capabilities for the printing of solder pastes. At NRL, we have demonstrated the successful transfer, patterning, and subsequent reflow of commercial Pb-free solder pastes using LIFT. Transfers were achieved both with the donor substrate in contact with the receiving substrate and across a 25 μm gap, such that the donor substrate does not make contact with the receiving substrate. We demonstrate the transfer of solder paste features down to 25 μm in diameter and as large as a few hundred microns, although neither represents the ultimate limit of the LIFT process in terms of spatial dimensions. Solder paste was transferred onto circular copper pads as small as 30 μm and subsequently reflowed, in order to demonstrate that the solder and flux were not adversely affected by the LIFT process.
Juan Carlos Rodríguez y la renovación de marxismo althusseriano

In the immediate aftermath of 1968, a number of works on Marxist literary theory appeared that were destined to command the attention not only of writers who were re- cognizably ‘Marxist’ or ‘Marxian’ but of others who boasted little in the way of allegiance to the Marxist tradition, however broadly defined. Two such works were Terry Eagleton’s Criticism and Ideology (1976) and Fredric Jameson’s The Political Unconscious (1981). While deeply and confessedly indebted to Louis Althusser for kick-starting their careers, inspirationally speaking, both Eagleton and Jameson were subsequently to reveal an ambiguous, even troubled relation to the French Marxist: Eagleton, through a series of texts that, their unquestionable distinction notwithstanding, run hot and cold in their commitment to ‘Althusserianism’; Jameson, through a brand of Hegelianizing Marxism that finally proved unable to take on board the full complexity of the Althusserian legacy. Preceding both these scholars chronologically, and bearing comparison with them in terms of intellectual range, ambition, and productivity, was Juan Carlos Rodriguez, whose Teoria e historia de la produccion ideologica appeared in 1974. Except that there the similarities end, for whereas Eagleton and Jameson were destined to achieve star status within their profession, a rather different career trajectory awaited Rodriguez.
Physicians and Family Caregivers: A Model for Partnership

To the Editor. —The Council Report 1 on primary care physicians and family caregivers addressed two important aspects of the interaction between primary care physicians and caregivers: the detection of stress among caregivers and suggestions made by physicians to reduce stress. However, we were concerned that the proposed recommendations were more theoretical than practical. We offer several pragmatic applications of the model proposed in the report. The stability of the patient-caregiver unit is, indeed, critical to maintaining frail elderly persons in the community. However, the patient-caregiver unit might be difficult to identify. Some caregivers may be identified when they bring the elderly person to the physician's office, 2 but others may be overlooked. Physicians need to ask patients whether they have sole or shared responsibility for aging parents or other relatives, and what that responsibility entails. To evaluate the stability of the patient-caregiver unit, we have developed an instrument (the
High Repetition Rate Volumetric X-Ray CT Scanning

X-ray computed tomography (CT) has provided a means of solving the superposition problem inherent in conventional radiographic imaging. High repetition rate cylindrical volumetric scanning is a means of applying CT for the purpose of unambiguous visualization and quantitative measurement of moving organ systems such as the heart, lungs, and blood in intact animals and man. A scanning system capable of operating in this manner has recently become operational at the Mayo Clinic. This system, the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR), is capable of producing video radiographic images at a repetition rate of 60 times per second from which multiple CT slices may be produced. A stack of 60 contiguous, 1 mm thick, transverse sections spanning a 21 cm high volume containing the beating heart, for instance, can be generated every 1/60 second.
Fuel decomposition and hydrocarbon growth processes for oxygenated hydrocarbons: butyl alcohols

Abstract Society is shifting towards the utilization of biomass fuels, so the mechanisms that produce toxic byproducts and molecular soot precursors from oxygenated hydrocarbons are of great interest. In the experiments reported here, temperature, C1 to C12 hydrocarbons, and major species were measured in coflowing methane/air flames whose fuel was separately doped with 3500 ppm of each of the four isomers of butanol and the two isomers of butane. The relative decomposition rates of the dopants, two sets of simple kinetic calculations, and the dependence of the observed products on fuel composition all indicate that the dominant decomposition process was unimolecular dissociation, not H-atom abstraction. Two dissociation pathways were important: four-center elimination of H2O to produce butene, and C–C fission followed by β scission of the resulting radicals to produce alkenes, aldehydes, and ketones. Four-center elimination was dominant for tert-butanol, while C–C fission was dominant for the other butanols and the butanes. The butanols produced much higher concentrations of aldehydes and ketones than the butanes, which suggests that emissions of toxic byproducts may be an issue with oxygenated fuels. All of the dopants increased the benzene concentration, in the order iso-butane ∼ tert-butanol > iso-butanol > 2-butanol > 1-butanol ∼ n-butane; thus, the presence of a branch in the carbon backbone affected benzene formation much more than the presence of a hydroxyl group. The branched dopants produced more benzene because their dissociations led to more propene and butene relative to ethylene than did the linear dopants.
Structural Phase Transitions in Perovskite-Type Crystals

We introduce a simple model Hamiltonian for the study of phase transitions in perovskite compounds $\mathrm{AB}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ involving rotations of $B{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra. Depending on the relative magnitude of the anharmonic coefficients, we find a transition to the tetragonal or to the trigonal phase. We obtain the temperature dependence of the rotation angle below the transition temperature ${T}_{a}$, and of the soft-mode frequencies associated with the transition both above and below ${T}_{a}$. The coupling to an elastic deformation field is briefly discussed.
The Art of Creating Leaders: Popular Culture Artifacts as Pathways for Development

The problem and the solution. Leadership development is arguably one of the most important activities undertaken by human resource development (HRD) professionals.The process of leadership developm...
Enzyme transformation to modulate the ligand–receptor interactions between small molecules

Enzymatic transformation is a fundamental process to control ligand–receptor interactions among proteins for signal transduction in cells. Here we report the first example of enzymatic transformation regulated ligand–receptor interactions of small molecules, in which enzymatic reaction changes the stoichiometry of the ligand–receptor binding from 1 : 1 to 1 : 2. We also show that this unique integration of enzymatic transformation and ligand–receptor interactions of small molecules is able to affect the fate of cells.
Countertheses: Law and society: Necessities, impossibilities, and obscurities

(1970). Countertheses: Law and society: Necessities, impossibilities, and obscurities. The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 55-71.
Calculation of Purity and Yields in the Purification of b -Type Cytochromes from Etiolated Seedlings of Phaseolus aureus

Shichi and Hackett have isolated 3 b-type cytochromes from etiolated mung bean seedlings using conventional methods of ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography (3, 5). Because of the turbidity of some of their early extracts. they were unable to measure the difference spectrum of their samples and therefore could not calculate the overall yield and purity of their cytochrome preparations. We have repeated some of their work using the scattered transmission accessory (Cary model 1462) for the Cary Model 14 recording spectrophotometer to measure the difference spectra of strongly scattering suspensions. From the heights of the a bands we have calculated the b-type cytochrome content at each step during the purification procedure.
"An Almost Single Inference": Kant's Deduction of the Categories Reconsidered

By taking into account some texts published between the first and the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason that have been neglected by most of those who have dealt with the deduction of the categories, I argue that the core of the deduction is to be identified as the 'almost single inference from the precisely determined definition of a judgment in general', which Kant adumbrates in the Metaphysical Foundations in order to 'make up for the deficiency' of the A-deduction. Whereas the first step of the B-deduction is an attempt to show that the manifold of an intuition belongs to the 'necessary unity of self-consciousness' by means of the synthesis of the understanding, the second step has the task of showing that the very same synthesis is responsible for the spatio-temporal unity of the manifold. Thus, Kant's 'answer to Hume'is that no spatio-temporal objects of experience at all are merely 'given', independently of the conceptual activities of the understanding. Against the established view I substantiate the claim that with this 'almost single inference' of the second proof step the distinction between judgments of perception and judgments of experience consequently vanished from Kant's thinking.
Raritebe, an overlooked genus of the rubiaceae

Raritebe contains one species with two subspecies, the latter differing significantly in floral biology.Raritebe palicoureoides subsp.palicoureoides is heterostylous and is known from the Cordilleras Central and Oriental in Colombia and from east of the Andes in Ecuador and northeastern Peru;R. palicoureoides subsp.dwyeranum is homostylous and known only from west of the Andes in Colombia and from Panama and Costa Rica. The most probable hypothesis is that the selfincompatible subsp.palicoureoides gave rise to subsp.dwyeranum through genetic crossing over followed by long distance dispersal of the resulting self-compatible progeny. Coherent anthers with an unusual method of pollen release are characteristic of subsp.dwyeranum.Raritebe palicoureoides subsp.dwyeranum andR. palicoureoides subsp.palicoureoides var.antioquianum are described as new.
SIU's Curriculum in Agricultural Economics

N building curricula a number of factors provide limits as to what can be done. A program must be built to meet the needs of the students within the capabilities of the staff. The university prescribes certain requirements such as general education and grade point. The school prescribes certain other parameters. The goal of our teaching is to provide the student with (1) the background information so he knows what questions need to be answered to solve the problem, (2) what information is needed to answer the questions, (3) where to find the information, and (4) how to interpret the information. It might be well if everyone in teaching were to evaluate critically how their courses measure up to these criteria. The primary goal of examinations is to determine if the teacher is meeting the above criteria and if he is making the points he thinks he is. Secondarily, the examination permits the teacher to determine if the student understands the important topics covered, thus providing a basis for a grade. One of the first considerations is a look at the source of students. Over half of our students are transfers from community colleges, so we have only two years to complete their programs. This implies developing a working relationship with the community colleges to encourage attendance at these institutions and to minimize time lost in the process. There is also a need to know where our graduates (B.S. and M.S.) find employment (industry, government, education, graduate school, or farming). Shifts in employment should be analyzed frequently to obtain a first approximation as to what courses the curriculum should contain. Course content needs regular systematic review to be assured that the essentials are included. There is also a need to follow up graduates systematically and to talk with employers and prospective employers to determine strengths and weaknesses of students and how these might be corrected. When there is limited staff and the university is very cost conscious, as most universities now are, much more attention is paid to credit hours generated which becomes a function of class size. This has further implications because in many courses non-majors may outnumber majors. This may be true in a large number of undergraduate courses. Increasingly, we may be happy to have these non-majors in our classes. In addition, if we teach only for our majors, we may find other departments taking over these service functions, and their knowledge and background may shortchange their students. We recognize this service function as a major departmental responsibility. Probably every teacher needs to look at his material to determine how much and what is needed to understand the subject and to permit the student to use this information to achieve his
Heart rate variability as an index of autonomic imbalance in patients with recent myocardial infarction.

Autonomic nervous activities are estimated in three groups of patients; Group A consists of patients who had experienced myocardial infarction (MI) within 2–6 weeks before the tests; Group B consists of patients who had MI more than one year previously; Group C consists of matched controls, free of cardiac disease. Autonomic activity is estimated using postural effects on heart rate variability (HRV): a sympathetic activity index is defined as HRV power within a low frequency band (0·04–0·12 Hz) in the tilt position and a parasympathetic activity index is defined as HRV power in a high frequency band (0·18–0·28 Hz) in the supine position. Results show that, relative to controls, Group A patients have reduced parasympathetic activity index (5+3 against 13+8, normalised units; p<0·05) and an increased ratio of sympathetic to parasympathetic activity (17+17 against 4+2; p<0·05). Group B is not significantly different from Group A or C. The period of 2–6 weeks post-MI thus appears to be characterised by depressed parasympathetic nervous activity which can be measured using HRV analysis.
Side-chain torsional energies, conformer populations, and other tests of an improved conformational energy program for peptides: ECEPP83

Modifications made to potentials and partial atomic charges in the program ECEPP83 are shown to improve agreement between theoretical and experimental side-chain rotamer populations. The bond torsional model is used to examine the subtle combination of forces acting on amino-acid side-chains and new torsional potentials are obtained using protein data and statistical methods of analysis. A new conformational distribution function is defined and the effects of conformational entropy upon conformational preference is discussed. Comparison of computed side-chain populations to experimental data is made and selected results compared to n.m.r. 3JHNCαH coupling constants. New side-chain geometry for Phe and Tyr is given in Appendix I.
Using multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater major cation and trace element concentrations to evaluate groundwater flow in a regional aquifer

Groundwater samples were collected from 11 springs in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in southern Nevada and seven springs from Death Valley National Park in eastern California. Concentrations of the major cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K) and 45 trace elements were determined in these groundwater samples. The resultant data were subjected to evaluation via the multivariate statistical technique principal components analysis (PCA), to investigate the chemical relationships between the Ash Meadows and Death Valley spring waters, to evaluate whether the results of the PCA support those of previous hydrogeological and isotopic studies and to determine if PCA can be used to help delineate potential groundwater flow patterns based on the chemical compositions of groundwaters. The results of the PCA indicated that groundwaters from the regional Paleozoic carbonate aquifers (all of the Ash Meadows springs and four springs from the Furnace Creek region of Death Valley) exhibited strong statistical associations, whereas other Death Valley groundwaters were chemically different. The results of the PCA support earlier studies, where potentiometric head levels, δ18O and δD, geological relationships and rare earth element data were used to evaluate groundwater flow, which suggest groundwater flows from Ash Meadows to the Furnace Creek springs in Death Valley. The PCA suggests that Furnace Creek groundwaters are moderately concentrated Ash Meadows groundwater, reflecting longer aquifer residence times for the Furnace Creek groundwaters. Moreover, PCA indicates that groundwater may flow from springs in the region surrounding Scotty's Castle in Death Valley National Park, to a spring discharging on the valley floor. The study indicates that PCA may provide rapid and relatively cost-effective methods to assess possible groundwater flow regimes in systems that have not been previously investigated. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reciprocity Law for X-Rays.* Part II: Failure in the Reversal Region

Experimental data are presented that show the reversal behavior of the characteristic curves for one commercial x-ray film as a function of x-ray exposure rate and establish the presence of reciprocity-law failure and intermittency effect in the reversal region. Under the present experimental conditions, lower exposure rates of x-radiation are seen to favor reversal while the opposite is shown to be the case for visible light. Earlier work with different types of emulsions and under different developing conditions mentions an effect with visible light similar to the one here obtained with x-rays; however, a satisfactory interpretation of the basic mechanisms involved is still lacking and further experiments are required to establish the connection between the effects of x-rays and visible light.
Formation of β-Fluoroethyl Radical and Closed-Shell Products in Reactions of Photogenerated Fluorine Atoms with Ethene in Solid Argon

Solid-state reactions of F atoms with ethene molecules were initiated by UV photolysis of dilute solutions of F2 and C2H4 in solid Ar. Products stabilized in the matrix were detected by infrared spectroscopy. Experiments were conducted at different temperatures in order to distinguish reactions in matrix-isolated F2-C2H4 complexes (at 16 K) from reactions of diffusing thermal F atoms (at 26 K). Comparison with the kinetic EPR data (Benderskii, V. A. et al. Mendeleev Commun. 1995, 6, 245) permitted the identification of the infrared spectrum of the β-fluoroethyl radical, which is the main product of the F + C2H4 reaction. Frequencies and absolute absorption intensities of the eight strongest infrared bands of β-C2H4F are reported. Photolysis of isolated F2-C2H4 complexes forms the closed-shell products C2H3F−HF and trans- and gauche-1,2-C2H4F2 with relative yields 0.6:0.2:0.2. Successive addition of two thermal F atoms to an isolated C2H4 molecule forms only the two conformers of 1,2-C2H4F2. The difference...
Antihypertensive treatment alters the predictive strength of pulse pressure and other blood pressure measures.

Background The objective of this study was to assess whether antihypertensive treatment affects the predictive power of brachial pulse pressure. Methods Data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow Up Study were used to conduct Cox regression analyses. There were 487 cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 348 coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths during an 8.6-year follow-up among 2939 hypertensive subjects 33 to 87 years of age. A correction was made for the regression–dilution bias. Results Pulse pressure (PP) was a significant single predictor for treated, but not untreated, hypertensive subjects. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for CVD mortality for an 10–mm Hg increment of PP was 1.16 (95% CI = 1.08 to 1.25) for treated hypertensive subjects, and 1.12 (95% CI = 0.99 to 1.26) for untreated hypertensive subjects. Also, PP was a significant predictor after accounting for the effects of mean arterial pressure (MAP), but only in treated hypertensive subjects. The pattern was opposite for diastolic pressure (DBP). Analysis of antihypertensive treatment trends suggests that clinicians focused treatment more on hypertensive subjects with elevated DBP and low PP during the 1970s and early 1980s, thereby causing DBP to become a weak predictor and PP a strong predictor among treated hypertensive subjects. This tendency was particularly noticeable at higher ages. For instance, among hypertensive subjects ≥65 years of age during this period, the percentage who were treated increased from 7.6% to 45.0%, and the ratio of subjects with isolated systolic hypertension to those with isolated diastolic hypertension among those who were untreated increased from 11.2 to 45.1. Conclusions The findings of this prospective study suggest that antihypertensive treatment can alter the predictive strength of PP and other blood pressure measures.
Source apportionment of fine particulate matter over the Eastern U.S. Part II: source apportionment simulations using CAMx/PSAT and comparisons with CMAQ source sensitivity simulations

Abstract This Part II paper describes source apportionment (SA) for 10 source categories at a 12 km horizontal grid resolution over the eastern U.S. for January and July of 2002 using the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions/Particulate Source Apportionment Technology (CAMx/PSAT). SA results from CAMx/PSAT are contrasted with those from CMAQ/BFM in Part I. The top three sources domainwide in January are identified to be coal combustion (with a monthly–mean contribution of 14.0%, or 1.1 µg m –3 ), biomass burning (11.3%, 0.9 µg m –3 ) and other mobile sources (6.8%, 0.6 µg m –3 ) by CAMx/PSAT but biomass burning (13.7%, 1.1 µg m –3 ), miscellaneous area sources (11.8%, 0.9 µg m –3 ), and coal combustion (10.8%, 0.9 µg m –3 ) by CMAQ/BFM. Both agree that coal combustion, industrial processes, and miscellaneous area sources are the top three sources in July, though they differ in the magnitude of contributions. Both give similar contributions for primary PM, but they differ substantially in SA results for secondary PM, due primarily to their treatments for oxidant–limiting and indirect effects. While CMAQ/BFM inherently accounts for these effects and can provide useful information for primary and secondary PM species, CAMx/PSAT neglects them by linking each PM species only with its direct primary emission precursor. These effects are enhanced in January due to the increased importance of NO 3 – and lower concentrations of oxidants relative to July. CAMx/PSAT is thus accurate for SA of the primary PM species but incorrect in its SA for secondary PM species. For a highly non–linear system studied here, the true SA cannot be obtained with current SA methods. Policy–makers must be mindful of relative strengths and weaknesses of each method, as well as the limitation of current SA methods in the SA of secondary PM species, when using such information in support of state implementation plan and epidemiological studies.
Sediment concentration and turbidity changes during culvert removals

Abstract The concentrations of sediment and turbidity in stream water were monitored during culvert removals to determine the short term effects of road obliteration. Sediment concentration was measured at 11 stream crossings among two locations in Idaho and one in Washington. Sediment concentration immediately below the culvert outlet exceeded levels above the culvert outlet by at least three orders of magnitude at all stream crossings. Sediment yields ranged from 170 to less than 1 kg in the 24-h period following culvert removal. Turbidity exceeded the regulatory limits during culvert removal at all locations monitored in this study and remained above the limits beyond the monitoring periods of 24 h at four of the locations. Sediment concentrations 100 m downstream of the culvert outlet were reduced by an order of magnitude, but did not change the turbidity values sufficiently to meet regulatory limits. Sediment concentrations an average of 810 m downstream of the culvert outlet were similar to sediment concentrations above the culvert for the entire excavation period and turbidity regulations were met. Mitigation consisting of two straw bales placed in the stream caused a significant reduction in sediment yield from an average of 67 kg to an average of 1.6 kg.
Comparative molecular biology of lambdoid phages.

Lambdoid phages are natural relatives of phage ~,. As a group, they are highly polymorphic in DNA sequence and biological specificity. Specificity differences have played a key role in identifying the specific sequences recognized by the N and Q antitermination proteins, the initiator O for DNA synthesis, the terminase system Nvl-A for cutting DNA during packaging, and the cl repressor protein. Variations that go beyond specificity differences are seen in packaging mechanism (headful in P22, specific cutting in lambdoid
LEAST MEAN SQUARED BACKGROUND CALIBRATION FOR OFDM MULTICHANNEL RECEIVERS

This paper presents a data estimation scheme for wide band multichannel charge sampling filter bank receivers together with a complete system calibration algorithm based on the least mean squared (LMS) algorithm. A unified model has been defined for the receiver containing all first order mismatches, offsets, imperfections, and the LMS algorithm is employed to track these errors. The performance of this technique under noisy channel conditions has been verified. Moreover, a detailed complexity analysis of the calibration algorithm is provided which shows that sinc filter banks have much lower complexity than traditional continuous-time filter banks.
Use of nucleotide photoaffinity probes to study hormone action.

It has been clearly shown that the action of several hormones is differentially mediated intracellularly by nucleotides containing either adenosine or guanosine base units. To study the protein-nucleotide interactions involved in several complex biological systems our laboratory has synthesized several 8-azido-adenosine (8-N3 A) and 8-azidoguanosine (8-N3 G) derivatives of naturally occurring nucleotides. Modification of the nucleotides in the 8-position of the purine ring was done because: a) 8-substituted derivatives of cAMP and cGMP activated their respective protein kinases at physiological concentrations and were much less susceptible to hydrolysis by specific phosphodiesterases (PDE's) and b) substitution at the 8-position was much less likely to disturb the preferential and selective binding of adenosine versus guanosine nucleotides by enzymes that are specifically regulated by such interactions. This would allow studies of guanosine nucleotide specific binding in the presence of both adenosine nucleotides and adenosine nucleotide binding proteins, and vice-versa. In general, such has been the case and [32P] 8-N3 cAMP and [32P] 8-N3 cGMP have been used effectively to study their respectively activated protein kinases in several systems. Also, [32P] 8-N3 ATP has been used to study several ATPases and kinases while [gamma 32P] 8-N3 GTP has been shown effective for studies on tubulin and the G-regulatory protein (G/N) of adenylyl cyclase (A.C.). Several observations suggest that there must be important physical and energetic tie-ins between external hormone binding and the loading and unloading of specific internal nucleotide binding sites. These binding sites may be activator signals for protein kinases (e.g., cAMP protein kinase regulatory subunit), or cyclases (e.g., G/N proteins of A.C.) or catalytic sites involved in the production or hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides. The thrust of this article is to detail the use of 8-azidopurine photoaffinity analogs of ATP, GTP, cAMP and cGMP as they may be used to study hormone-mediated events which may or may not involve cyclic nucleotides as a second messenger.
Persistence of Xylella fastidiosa in Riparian Hosts Near Northern California Vineyards

Baumgartner, K., and Warren, J. G. 2005. Persistence of Xylella fastidiosa in riparian hosts near northern California vineyards. Plant Dis. 89:1097-1102. The spread of Pierce’s disease (PD) from riparian hosts to grapevines in California’s northcoastal grape-growing region is a function of the proportion of Graphocephala atropunctata (blue-green sharpshooters [BGSSs]) that acquire Xylella fastidiosa from infected plant tissue. Riparian hosts that do not maintain sufficient X. fastidiosa populations for acquisition may not be significant inoculum reservoirs. We examined X. fastidiosa populations in systemically infected riparian hosts (California blackberry, California grapevine, elderberry, Himalayan blackberry, periwinkle) at two coastal locations (Mendocino and Napa) with two methods of quantitation (culturing and real-time polymerase chain reaction) from 2003 to 2004. In summer and autumn, X. fastidiosa populations were above the threshold for BGSS acquisition in periwinkle, Himalayan blackberry, and California grapevine at both locations. The only X. fastidiosapositive plants detected in spring at both locations were periwinkle and Himalayan blackberry, suggesting that these species may contribute to long-term survival of X. fastidiosa. California blackberry and elderberry may not be important reservoirs of X. fastidiosa, given that very few plants of either species maintained infections. Higher X. fastidiosa populations in California grapevine, Himalayan blackberry, and periwinkle in Napa, relative to plants in Mendocino, may partially explain the higher PD incidence in Napa vineyards.
Voodoo Death: New Thoughts on an Old Explanation1

Extant physiological explanations of “voodoo death” are augmented with information about neurophysiological research on sensitization, or tuning, of the autonomic nervous system. The process of suggestion is defined as incorporating both an automatic and cognitive component in tuned individuals; the significance of autonomic tuning in cause and cure of psychosomatic illness and in voodoo death is explored.
The Relationship of Returns to Earnings and Cash Flows Before and After Restatement

Restatements create significant problems and uncertainties for the general investors. The goal of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of how investors use financial statements information to help in their capital allocation decisions. In particular, our study contributes to the body of research on restatements by examining whether investors place more (less) emphasis on cash flows (accruals) after companies restate and how long that relationship may last. We show that after companies restate the association between returns and cash flows increases and the association between returns and earnings decreases. This relation exists for a period of at least one year before the association reverts back to pre-restatement levels. The overall result is consistent with the notion that restatement creates uncertainty and investors question whether future earnings numbers are reliable.
Noble gas signatures in Greenland: Tracing glacial meltwater sources

This study represents the first comprehensive noble gas study in glacial meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet. It shows that most samples are in disequilibrium with surface collection conditions. A preliminary Ne and Xe analysis suggests that about half of the samples equilibrated at a temperature of ~0°C and altitudes between 1000 m and 2000 m, with a few samples pointing to lower equilibration altitudes and temperatures between 2°C and 5°C. Two samples suggest an origin as melted ice and complete lack of equilibration with surface conditions. A helium component analysis suggests that this glacial meltwater was isolated from the atmosphere prior to the 1950s, with most samples yielding residence times ≤ 420 years. Most samples represent a mixture between a dominant atmospheric component originating as precipitation and basal meltwater or groundwater, which has accumulated crustal 4He over time.
New Method for the Alignment of Inertial Navigation Systems

Before an inertial navigation system is used, an initialization procedure is required. The initialization procedure consists of alignment of the platform and the entry of position and velocity. A new method for the alignment of inertial navigation systems is presented in this paper. Alignment of the platform is usually accomplished by a procedure known as gyrocompassing. When gyrocompassing is employed, the inertial system is operated in a damped mode and relatively little base motion is tolerated. The well-known Kalman filter algorithm can also be used in a real time computer to align inertial navigation systems. The method discussed in this paper is in some respects similar to the Kalman filter; however, the definition of a co variance matrix is not required. Like the Kalman filter, the technique can be used to align damped and undamped inertial systems. It can be used to align inertial systems on moving or stationary vehicles. It can also be used to compute gyro drift biases in addition to platform misalignment angles. Computer simulations relating to a number of initial conditions and unmodeled error sources are discussed. It is shown that the algorithm can be used to align a system with considerable base motion.
Avalanche current induced hot carrier degradation in 200 GHz SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors

SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have been investigated under accelerated avalanche stress conditions, where the base-emitter junction is forward biased, while the collector-base junction is reverse biased under avalanche conditions. The high energy avalanche carriers (hot carriers) introduce damage at Si-SiO/sub 2/ interfaces and degrade the characteristics of the SiGe HBTs. A new model has been developed to predict the damage at the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface. The DC degradation of the base current is shown to correlate with the injected charge total and corresponding energy. The change of base current dependence on avalanche charges and applied voltage is shown, and a model is used to predict the parameter degradation within a typical digital switching application. The impact of this degradation mechanism to f/sub T/ has also been studied and found not to be significant.
Validation of the Evidence-Based Practice Process Assessment Scale-Short Version:

Objective: This report describes the reliability and validity of the Evidence-Based Practice Process Assessment Scale (EBPPAS)— Short Version, validated with three disciplines (Social Work, License...
Testing Assumptions About Cyberbullying: Perceived Distress Associated With Acts of Conventional and Cyber Bullying

Objective: Cyberbullying has received considerable attention, and experts have made several assumptions about this phenomenon. In particular, experts have speculated that the potential harm from cyberbullying is greater than that from conventional bullying, but this assumption has not been confirmed empirically. Method: In this study we tested this assumption by using a questionnaire with pairs of items describing similar experiences, one occurring in “traditional” ways and the other using digital technology. Respondents indicated the degree to which they would be upset by the incident on a scale from 1 (not at all upset )t o 7( extremely upset). Results: Findings from this study suggest that the distress associated with an incident of bullying is related to the nature of the bullying incident rather than the form. When comparing the parallel items, we discovered that although cyberactions and conventional actions were significantly different for most pairs, the form that was more upsetting varied across items, providing further evidence that the form is not the distinguishing feature. Finally, we found significant gender differences on all subscales, with females reporting more distress than males. Conclusion: We close with a discussion of implications for both typologies of bullying and interventions designed to reduce bullying. Because cyberbullying may not be uniformly more harmful than other types of bullying, strategies to assist victims may be implemented with regard to the context and severity of the bullying, rather than its method of delivery.
Pial vessel caliber and cerebral blood flow become dissociated during ischemia-reperfusion in cats

The relationship between pial arteriolar caliber and cerebral blood flow (CBF) was examined in 11 cats subjected to reperfusion for up to 120 min after 10 min of global cerebral ischemia induced by four-vessel occlusion and systemic hypotension. Thirty minutes after reperfusion CBF, as assessed by radiolabeled microsphere injection, had increased to 588% of control in middle cerebral artery (MSEC) cortical gray matter territory. The caliber of MSEC pial arterioles measured using the closed cranial window technique (greater than 33 to less than 213 microns) increased to 172% of baseline. By 60 min of reperfusion, CBF was 76% of basal levels, but pial arterioles remained 133% of baseline. After 120 min, CBF approximated baseline values, but pial dilatation persisted (115% of control). Intracranial pressure measurements did not differ significantly from resting values. At 45 min and beyond, total cerebrovascular resistance did not differ from resting values. The coexistence of vasodilatation within pial arterioles and normal blood flow in cortical gray matter indicates that pial vessels (greater than 33 microns) cannot be responsible for normal blood flow restoration following postocclusive hyperemia. Resistance during the posthyperemic phase must be increased selectively within parenchymal vessels to account for normal total cerebrovascular resistance, pial vessel dilatation, and normal-low parenchymal blood flow. Whether obstruction rather than vasoconstriction explains the resistance changes within intraparenchymal vessels remains for further study.
The Importance of Critical Environmental Studies in the New Environmentalism

Over the past few years, environmental studies has been pushed to the sidelines of political discourse as environmental challenges have been overshadowed in world affairs by issues of terrorism, national security and global economic stability. However, a new Democratic Congress in the US and anticipation of a new US president, intensifying global concern about climate change and forward-looking environmental initiatives at the municipal and regional levels the world-over suggest that we may be entering a new era of environmental concern. How should environmental scholars position themselves in the emerging political landscape? This essay argues that, while critical environmental scholarship often occupies the margins of disciplinary space, it is more relevant now than ever before. The essay explains why and how critical environmental studies can adopt the mantle of genuinely effective scholarly engagement.
Reimagining Consecrated Life in a Changing World

This address was given at the inauguration of the Center for the Study of Consecrated Life at Catholic Theological Union on February 12, 2015. It looks back at the conditions that led to the founding of different religious institutes throughout history, and then turns to the present. The current challenges include living in a postsecular society, dealing with pluralism, and looking to the new “peripheral” situations a postsecular, pluralist, and globalized world are creating. It closes with a vision of the church that will be needed to sustain religious institutes in this changing world.