cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional evaluation of the Galileo attitude and articulation control subsystem using FUNSIM

The functional performance of the Galileo spacecraft's attitude and articulation control subsystem is evaluated. The tests are performed utilizing the simulation program developed on an IBM 370 system known as the Functional Simulation (FUNSIM). FUNSIM is an entirely software-based simulation which uses the actual flight software in HAL/S and simulated spacecraft dynamics in FORTRAN language. A description of how the test cases were selected to verify that the algorithms perform functionally correctly, and a summary of the problems encountered are included in the paper. The benefits of having an alternative test bed such as FUNSIM to the real-time simulation test beds which utilize the spacecraft hardware components in discovering the problems are described. A sample test case which shows that the desired tasks were performed functionally correctly is included in the paper. The commands in this test are selected to start the dual-spin spacecraft initially in launch mode and lead it all the way to inertial mode. Major attitude control algorithms such as rotor and platform attitude estimators, clock and core platform attitude estimators, clock and core platform controllers, and the command turn and burn are examined.
CONCEPTS: A Process-Based Computer Model of Instream and Riparian Processes

Channelization and floodplain development have disturbed many stream systems throughout the US. Channels have responded through incision and planform adjustment, discharging large quantities of fine sediments that are a leading source of river and stream impairment. Many federal, state, and local organizations are active in restoring damaged channel systems. A particular challenge we face today is the lack of integrated, comprehensive modeling tools to evaluate the long-term response of restored stream-riparian corridors. The CONCEPTS computer model has been developed to evaluate stream-corridor restoration designs. CONCEPTS simulates channel evolution by tracking bed changes and channel widening. It can predict the dynamic response of flow and sediment transport to instream structures. Recently, technology from the USDA-ARS Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) has been integrated with CONCEPTS. The integration has resulted in a comprehensive stream-riparian corridor model that can assess the effects of riparian buffer systems and forests on stream stability. Three studies using CONCEPTS are presented to demonstrate the capability of CONCEPTS to simulate channel morphology and response in diverse environments.
Undescribed Species of Synchytrium

In examining herbarium specimens in various herbaria, the author found several undescribed species of Synchytrium. These include S. polemonii Ell. & Everh., S. nitidum Ell. & Gall., Synchytrium spp...
Morphology of the Female Organs of Reproduction in the Miridae (Hemiptera)

This investigation was undertaken in order to provide a more complete understanding of the structure and function of the parts of the female reproductive system in Miridae. Special emphasis has been given to the structure of the genital chamber and to the possible homologies of its parts. Since certain structures of the genital chamber are now becoming important as taxonomic characters, there exists a definite need for a morphological study so that these structures may be adequately understood. When possible, it is highly desirable that names of structures used in taxonomy be standardized by determining the existing homologies in various groups of insects. This must be done to avoid adding to the abundant synonymy and excessive number of morphological names. Of course, in many instances structures apparently become differentiated out of relatively unspecialized areas and, therefore, no particular homologies exist. To such structures descriptive names can be applied. However, basing such descriptive names on the location relative to structures which can be homologized should avoid needless complexity in morphological names.
Lupus After Six Years of Mild Hypertension

(1985). Lupus After Six Years of Mild Hypertension. Hospital Practice: Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 58-60.
SNP-based heritability estimates of the personality dimensions and polygenic prediction of both neuroticism and major depression: findings from CONVERGE.

Biometrical genetic studies suggest that the personality dimensions, including neuroticism, are moderately heritable (~0.4 to 0.6). Quantitative analyses that aggregate the effects of many common variants have recently further informed genetic research on European samples. However, there has been limited research to date on non-European populations. This study examined the personality dimensions in a large sample of Han Chinese descent (N=10 064) from the China, Oxford, and VCU Experimental Research on Genetic Epidemiology study, aimed at identifying genetic risk factors for recurrent major depression among a rigorously ascertained cohort. Heritability of neuroticism as measured by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) was estimated to be low but statistically significant at 10% (s.e.=0.03, P=0.0001). In addition to EPQ, neuroticism based on a three-factor model, data for the Big Five (BF) personality dimensions (neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness) measured by the Big Five Inventory were available for controls (n=5596). Heritability estimates of the BF were not statistically significant despite high power (>0.85) to detect heritabilities of 0.10. Polygenic risk scores constructed by best linear unbiased prediction weights applied to split-half samples failed to significantly predict any of the personality traits, but polygenic risk for neuroticism, calculated with LDpred and based on predictive variants previously identified from European populations (N=171 911), significantly predicted major depressive disorder case–control status (P=0.0004) after false discovery rate correction. The scores also significantly predicted EPQ neuroticism (P=6.3 × 10−6). Factor analytic results of the measures indicated that any differences in heritabilities across samples may be due to genetic variation or variation in haplotype structure between samples, rather than measurement non-invariance. Findings demonstrate that neuroticism can be significantly predicted across ancestry, and highlight the importance of studying polygenic contributions to personality in non-European populations.
Stature, Maturation Variation and Secular Trends in Forensic Anthropology

A twentieth-century trend for increased stature has received considerable attention in the forensic literature with regard to its effects on stature estimation, but a secular trend for earlier maturation has received little attention. Current evidence indicates that within populations with similar climatic adaptation, truncation or extension of the same trajectory of ontogenetic allometry accounts for the secular trend and the within-cohort stature variation, as well as the scaling of limb proportion to stature and intralimb proportions. Since secular increase is small compared to interindividual variation, the Trotter and Gleser formulae are still appropriate as long as the 95% confidence intervals are applied. A secular trend for increasing childhood and adolescent obesity is associated with a trend for accelerated skeletal maturation, but does not predict a consistent direction or a quantitative correction for traditional standards. Secular trends for increased stature and earlier maturation are overshadowed by increasing nonsecular intrapopulational variation.
Harry Lee Parker and Paroxysmal Dysarthria and Ataxia (P05.254)

OBJECTIVE: To review descriptions of paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis (MS), with special attention given to Harry Lee Parker and his 1946 case series. BACKGROUND: Paroxysmal motor and sensory phenomena are well-described complications of MS. There is, however, disagreement about who first described paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia. DESIGN/METHODS: Evaluation of original publications describing paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia, bibliographic information, writings, and unpublished letters from the Mayo Clinic Historical Unit. RESULTS: In 1940, Gustav Storring described an MS patient with paroxysmal symptoms that included dizziness and trouble speaking, but also unilateral extremity weakness. In 1946, Parker published a series of 11 patients with paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia. Six of these patients had MS, and he recognized this phenomenon as a manifestation of the disease. The term "paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia" was first used in 1959 by Frederick Andermann and colleagues. Since that time, paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia has become a well-recognized phenomenon in MS. More recent reports have suggested that the responsible lesion is located in the midbrain, near or involving the red nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: Parker was the first to accurately describe paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis patients. Disclosure: Dr. Klaas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burkholder has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singer has received payments from Jacobus Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Boes has nothing to disclose.
WIDE Research Center as an Incubator for Graduate Student Experience

This article describes graduate mentorship experiences at the Writing, Information, and Digital Experience (WIDE) research center at Michigan State University and offers a stance on graduate studen...
Phase I/II study of paclitaxel plus ifosfamide (TI) followed by high-dose paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and carboplatin (TIC) with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) for salvage treatment of germ cell tumors (GCT).

4534 Background: High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) can achieve durable remissions in 30-60% of GCT patients (pts) requiring salvage treatment. This Phase I/II study investigated safety and efficacy of a novel high-dose regimen (TI-TIC) in this population. Methods: Pts age ≥18 with GCT and progression after ≥1 cisplatin-based regimen were eligible. TI-TIC consists of 1-2 cycles of conventional-dose paclitaxel plus ifosfamide (TI) q14-21 days followed by 3 cycles of high-dose TIC with ASCT q21-28 days. TI dosing was constant. In Phase I, high-dose TIC was administered in 1 of 5 cohorts (I: 6, 8 or 10g/m2; T: 200 or 250mg/m2; C: AUC=21 or 24) using a standard 3+3 dose escalation design to determine the maximal tolerated dose (MTD). In Phase II, Simon’s 2-stage optimal design was used to estimate the complete response (CR) rate at MTD. Results: Of 26 pts (25 male; median age 31; 21 nonseminoma, 5 seminoma) enrolled, 23 received ≥1 cycle of high-dose TIC. Primary sites included testis (n=15), mediastinum (n=6), ot...
Impact of cachexia on outcomes in aggressive lymphomas

Cancer cachexia is defined as a state of involuntary weight loss, attributed to altered body composition with muscle mass loss and/or loss of adiposity. Identifying the association between cancer cachexia and outcomes may pave the way for novel agents that target the cancer cachexia process. Clinical parameters for measurement of cancer cachexia are needed. We conducted a single-institution retrospective analysis that included 86 NHL patients with the aim of identifying an association between cancer cachexia and outcomes in aggressive lymphomas using the cachexia index (CXI) suggested by Jafri et al. (Clin Med Insights Oncol 9:87–93, 15). Impact of cachexia factors on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed using log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression. Patients were dichotomized around the median CXI into “non-cachectic” (CXI ≥49.8, n = 41) and “cachectic” (CXI <49.8, n = 40) groups. Cachectic patients had significantly worse PFS (HR 2.18, p = 0.044) and OS (HR = 4.05, p = 0.004) than non-cachectic patients. Cachexia as defined by the CXI is prognostic in aggressive lymphomas and implies that novel therapeutic strategies directed at reversing cachexia may improve survival in this population.
Expressive Arts Therapy

Expressive arts therapy addresses the natural human desire to create, and employs this to transform human suffering. It uses a multiarts approach, because creativity is not limited to one mode of expression. The thrust is to ignite the creative process by use of creative expressive techniques, with the objective to facilitate individual and collective healing and growth. The pioneers of expressive arts (EXA) therapy came from diverse disciplines inspired by distinct roots that embraced multiarts creativity as means of healing. The methods employed by expressive arts therapy integrate psychology with a multiarts based or intermodal approach. EXA therapy has grown extensively and has a professional organization, The International Expressive Arts Therapy Association (IEATA) and numerous applications.
Maximally recoverable codes: The bounded case

Modern distributed storage systems employ Maximally Recoverable codes that aim to balance failure recovery capabilities with encoding/decoding efficiency tradeoffs. Recent works of Gopalan et al [SODA 2017] and Kane et al [FOCS 2017] show that the alphabet size of grid-like topologies of practical interest must be large, a feature that hampers decoding efficiency. To bypass such shortcomings, in this work we initiate the study of a weaker version of recoverability, where instead of being able to correct all correctable erasure patterns (as is the case for maximal recoverability), we only require to correct all erasure patterns of bounded size. The study of this notion reduces to a variant of a combinatorial problem studied in the literature, which is interesting in its own right. We study the alphabet size of codes withstanding all erasure patterns of small (constant) size. We believe the questions we propose are relevant to both real storage systems and combinatorial analysis, and merit further study.
Characteristics of Contraction of Economic Agents in the Framework of Bankruptcy Institute

In modern conditions, bankruptcy institute is intended to preserve the balance of interests of the state and business, to regulate contractions between economic agents. At the same time, parties interacting within bankruptcy institute (a principal of an enterprise in default, shareholders, creditors, employees) have opposite interests, which lead to conflicts among them. In return, conflicts of interest have a big influence on the choice of the priority mechanism for solving the current crisis situation. The article studies the characteristics of economic agents in the situation of insolvency depending on targets and available information. It specifies the impact of identified conflict of interest based on the desire to obtain distributive advantages and the choice of a mechanism for resolving the current crisis situation: preference for rehabilitation or liquidation procedures.
Sedimentary architecture of the southern basin of Lake of the Woods, Minnesota and its relation to Lake Agassiz history and Holocene environmental change

Lake of the Woods (LOTW) is a large, complex lake basin once occupied by glacial Lake Agassiz. High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles and cores in the shallow, open southern basin of LOTW reveal a sedimentary architecture comprising four lacustrine units separated by three low-stand unconformities. These units represent several phases of Lake Agassiz and its changing configuration. One unconformity marks the Moorhead low phase and another marks the separation of LOTW from Lake Agassiz, perhaps ~10 cal ka BP, as the level of the latter fell, but before final drainage of Agassiz. Initially, the separate Holocene lake in the southern basin was broad and shallow, sometimes marshy or dry. Shortly after 8 cal ka BP, the southern basin dried up completely, despite the progressive rise of the northern outlet of the lake due to differential isostatic uplift. The resulting hiatus is related to the well-documented mid-Holocene arid interval in central North America. A return to wetter conditions in the late Holocene caused the southern basin of LOTW to refill since about 3800 cal yr BP. Late Holocene sediments have accumulated slightly asymmetrically in the basin, possible due to continued southward transgression of the lake as a result of isostatic tilting.
On-line learning for very large data sets: Research Articles

The design of very large learning systems presents many unsolved challenges. Consider, for instance, a system that ‘watches’ television for a few weeks and learns to enumerate the objects present in these images. Most current learning algorithms do not scale well enough to handle such massive quantities of data. Experience suggests that the stochastic learning algorithms are best suited to such tasks. This is at first surprising because stochastic learning algorithms optimize the training error rather slowly. Our paper reconsiders the convergence speed in terms of how fast a learning algorithm optimizes the testing error. This reformulation shows the superiority of the well designed stochastic learning algorithm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of Multifilamentary Strand for Superconducting Supercollider (SSC) Applications -- Reduction of Magnetizations Due to Proximity Effect and Persistent Current

Nonsuperconducting saddle magnets can in principle be designed to produce an undistorted dipolar magnetic field. But if the coils are wound from superconducting strands, residual magnetization, MR, (i.e. “persistent current”) resident in the filaments is responsible for multipolar distortions of the desired field. Recognizing that the height (or thickness) of the M(H) hysteresis loop -- ΔM(H) ≡ (MR+ - MR-) -- is proportional to the product of critical current density, Jc(H), and the filament diameter, d, there is a strong interest in producing, on a commercial scale, multifilamentary strands with smaller and smaller filaments. In order to preserve filament quality in small filaments, some authors have deemed it necessary to confine the ratio of filament spacing (s) to filament diameter (d) to s/d ≤ 0.15±0.02. The combination of small d with low s/d results in interfilamentary spacings sufficiently close to proximity-effect couple the filaments. But if the interfilamentary matrix is alloyed with ~0.5 wt.% Mn, coupling is barely perceptible even with 1 μm diameter filaments. But having disposed of excess, interfilamentary, magnetization one is still faced with the intrafilamentary magnetization of the NbTi filaments themselves. Since during the operating cycle (field-increasing) of the SSC magnet this magnetization is diamagnetic (throughout most of the winding) it can be neutralized by including in the superconducting strand a material with a large positive magnetization, such as Ni. Possible methods of deploying and administering the Ni are discussed.
On Back-Testing

"Zero-investment" strategies typically involve forming a long portfolio in one of a set of securities and a short portfolio in another, with the two identified by the use of some trading rule. When back-testing such strategies, the ex post difference in their abnormal returns represents an unbiased estimate of their economic profitability in perfect markets and thus serves as an indication of market efficiency. However, Regulation T's short-selling constraints are a potentially significant imperfection facing retail and institutional investors. After development of a procedure that recognizes these constraints in measuring returns, the impact of these constraints on economic profitability is analyzed.
Severe Brain Injury and Boundary Work

Based on the concept of boundary work, this chapter focuses on how survivors of severe traumatic brain injury construe themselves and the rest of society, and how enacting boundaries is especially important for these individuals’ constitution of self. The qualitative study features in-depth interviews with working-age people from across Denmark five years post injury. The data suggest two diverse age-related constructions of boundary work. The older respondents reinforced collective norms of the typical brain-injured individual, thus manifesting strong symbolic boundaries at the levels of both individual and collective identity. However, the younger respondents, who had more at stake, sought to challenge the predominant stereotypes of being unable to work and thus transform their collective identity. The chapter concludes that boundary work for survivors of severe traumatic brain injury is a continuous process even many years after their accident; these individuals must negotiate the official categories into which they are placed, along with the types of discourse that sustain them, despite being relatively well rehabilitated.
Supporting informed clinical trial decisions: Results from a randomized controlled trial evaluating a digital decision support tool for those with intellectual disability.

Background Informed consent requires that individuals understand the nature of the study, risks and benefits of participation. Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have cognitive and adaptive impairments that may affect their ability to provide informed consent. New treatments and clinical trials for fragile X syndrome, the most commonly known inherited cause of ID, necessitate the development of methods to improve the informed consent process. The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of a digital decision support tool with that of standard practice for informed consent and to examine whether the tool can improve decisional capacity for higher functioning individuals. Methods Participants (N = 89; mean age = 21.2 years) were allocated to the experimental group (consenting information provided via the digital decision support tool), or the comparison group (information provided via standard practice). Participants were assessed on four aspects of decisional capacity (Understanding, Appreciating, Reasoning, and Expressing a choice). We used regression analyses to test the impact of the tool on each outcome, repeating the analyses on the higher functioning subsample. Results No differences existed in any domain of decisional capacity for the sample in full. However, participants in the higher IQ subsample who used the tool scored better on Understanding after adjustment (β = 0.25, p = 0.04), but not on Appreciating or Reasoning. No differences by experimental group existed in the decision to join the hypothetical trial for the full sample or higher functioning subsample. Conclusions A decision support tool shows promise for individuals with fragile X syndrome with higher cognitive abilities. Future studies should examine the level of cognitive ability needed for sufficient understanding, whether these findings can be translated to other clinical populations, and the impact of the tool in larger trials and on trial retention.
System for Measuring Three-Dimensional Micro-Structure Based on Phase Shifting Fringe Projection

We have developed a telecentric three dimensional measurement system based on fringe projection techniques to measure the absolute phase corresponding to the three dimensional shape of micro structure profile, like micro bumps, pillars and solder bumps etc. Fringe projecting module with adjustable fringe density and projecting angles are designed to flexibly and accurately introduce the phase shifting algorithm. In tradition, all of the fringe projection techniques are used by two ways, which one is the tri-linear camera obtained three of fringe images by the separate line camera, and the other one is the three fringes image taken and processed through area camera one by one to measure three dimensional profiles. The advantage of the former can provide for high speed scanning phase measuring of an object, but it can't measure mirror like sample, like wafer bumps, because of the hardware limited. And the latter can measure mirror like sample but the technology need to be changed the phase module of the light source lead to the measurement speed to be slow. In this paper, we use the area camera to acquire three of fringe images with 120° phase shifting simultaneously by the pixels in each rows without changing the phase module of the light source are sufficient to reconstruct a 3D model. By using this technique, we can further improve the measuring speed of the structure light system, and the system will be more resistant to fast moving objects. The measurement accuracy for the height of the micro bumps range of $5-2000\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ is verified as less than $1\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ .
Disentangling individual and neighborhood differences in the intention to quit smoking in Asian American male smokers.

Numerous studies have assessed individual-level factors associated with intention to quit smoking. However, fewer studies have assessed how neighborhood and built environment also contribute towards individual-level behavior. We used baseline data of 340 Chinese and Vietnamese male daily smokers from August 2015 to November 2017 living in the San Francisco Bay Area, who enrolled in a lifestyle intervention trial. The outcome variable was intention to quit in 30 days. To understand the role of contextual factors participants' residential addresses were geocoded, and neighborhood median income, ethnic composition, and tobacco retail density were computed. Individual level analysis suggested that Vietnamese American men had greater intention to quit smoking (OR = 2.90 CI = 1.59, 5.26) in comparison to Chinese Americans. However, after adding neighborhood level factors to the model, no ethnic group difference was observed. Neighborhood household median income (OR = 0.74, CI = 0.64, 0.86) and tobacco retail counts (OR = 0.79, CI = 0.67, 0.94) were negatively associated with intention to quit. Years lived in the U.S. was the only individual level factor associated with intention to quit. By comparing two Asian American groups that live in heterogeneous neighborhoods, we identify key environmental and policy drivers that are associated with quit intention. Future studies aimed at influencing individual-level behavior should take into consideration the neighborhood context and built environment characteristics.
Enhancing Programming Variability in Multi-Bit Phase Change Memory Cells for Security

We performed gradual programming of phase change memory (PCM) line cells with repeated pulses to transition from the crystalline to the amorphous state through various intermediate states and analyzed the variability in programming trends for different cell shapes and sizes. The crystalline PCM cells experienced sequences of repeated applied voltage pulses of either identical amplitudes or gradually increasing amplitudes. With repeated identical amplitude pulses, large number of pulses (∼1,000) were required to reach a full reset of the cells through partial reset and partial set steps. With repeated increasing amplitude pulses, ∼20-30 pulses were sufficient to fully reset the cells through gradual partial reset steps. Both programming approaches resulted in significant cell-to-cell variability for all cells, with stronger variability for narrower cells. However, the latter pulsing approach was more practical and resulted in more uniform distribution of all states. The stronger cell-to-cell programming variability for the narrower cells is attributed to the smaller number of crystalline grains in each cell and to the larger relative impact of manufacturing process variations. Statistical analysis of two example data sets shows promise of PCM programming variability for hardware security applications.
Spatial characterization of high intensity focused ultrasound fields in the brain

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has seen widespread clinical adoption as a therapeutic tool, as it may be targeted noninvasively and without ionizing radiation. The converging sound waves induce thermal (e.g., ablation) and mechanical (e.g., radiation force) effects that may be localized to manipulate or destroy tissue. In addition to these primary effects, finite amplitude acoustic influences (e.g., second harmonic generation) become relevant due to the high pressure levels near the focal region. Specifically, improved localization of energy at sonic frequencies might be enabled by exploiting these effects. Here, through experimentally validated simulations, we demonstrate the relative importance of acoustical and material properties on the spatial and temporal properties of the resulting focal field, and the feasibility of attaining finite amplitude effects transcranially. While the relative amplitude of the second-order effect was found to scale with the source pressure and nonlinearity parameter, absorption and pulse modulation frequencies influenced both the distribution and spectral content of the field. These effects were observed for a water reference medium, and thus are likely to be even more prominent in tissue. Recent advancements in trans-skull focusing and understanding of the mechanical properties of neurons warrant further investigations, which will aim to explore these higher-order acoustic effects for noninvasive treatment of central nervous system diseases.
High-speed super-resolution imaging of rotationally symmetric structures using SPEED microscopy and 2D-to-3D transformation

Various super-resolution imaging techniques have been developed to break the diffraction-limited resolution of light microscopy. However, it still remains challenging to obtain three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution information of structures and dynamic processes in live cells at high speed. We recently developed high-speed single-point edge-excitation sub-diffraction (SPEED) microscopy and its two-dimensional (2D)-to-3D transformation algorithm to provide an effective approach to achieving 3D sub-diffraction-limit information in subcellular structures and organelles that have rotational symmetry. In contrast to most other 3D super-resolution microscopy or 3D particle-tracking microscopy approaches, SPEED microscopy does not depend on complex optical components and can be implemented onto a standard inverted epifluorescence microscope. SPEED microscopy is specifically designed to obtain 2D spatial locations of individual immobile or moving fluorescent molecules inside sub-micrometer biological channels or cavities at high spatiotemporal resolution. After data collection, post-localization 2D-to-3D transformation is applied to obtain 3D super-resolution structural and dynamic information. The complete protocol, including cell culture and sample preparation (6–7 d), SPEED imaging (4–5 h), data analysis and validation through simulation (5–13 h), takes ~9 d to complete. This protocol describes how to implement high-speed single-point edge-excitation sub-diffraction (SPEED) microscopy in combination with 2D-to-3D transformation to obtain 3D sub-diffraction-limited information about rotational symmetric structures.
NodeRank: Observation-Point Insertion for Fault Localization in Monolithic 3D ICs ∗

Monolithic 3D (M3D) ICs have emerged as a promising technology with significant improvement in power, performance, and area (PPA) over conventional 3D-stacked ICs. However, the sequential assembly of M3D tiers and immature fabrication process are prone to manufacturing defects and intertier process variations. Tier-level fault localization is therefore essential for yield ramp-up and diagnosis. Due to overhead concerns, only a limited number of observation points (OPs) can be inserted on the outgoing inter-layer vias (ILVs) of a tier to enable fault localization. We propose the computationally efficient NodeRank algorithm for observation-point insertion (OPI) on a small subset of outgoing ILVs. An ATPG-independent heuristic is presented, which is several orders-of-magnitude faster than ATPG fault simulation-based OPI. We introduce a metric called degree of fault localization to quantify the effectiveness of OPs. Evaluation results for two-tier M3D benchmark circuits show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Cigarette taxes and respiratory cancers: new evidence from panel co-integration analysis.

Using a set of state-level longitudinal data from 1954 through 2005, this study investigates the “long-run equilibrium” relationship between cigarette excise taxes and the mortality rates of respiratory cancers in the United States. Statistical tests show that both cigarette excise taxes in real terms and mortality rates from respiratory cancers contain unit roots and are co-integrated. Estimates of co-integrating vectors indicated that a 10 percent increase in real cigarette excise tax rate leads to a 2.5 percent reduction in respiratory cancer mortality rate, implying a decline of 3,922 deaths per year, on a national level in the long run. These effects are statistically signifi cant at the one percent level. Moreover, estimates of cointegrating vectors show that higher cigarette excise tax rates lead to lower mortality rates in most states; however, this relationship does not hold for Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, and Texas. Key words: cigarette tax, panel co-integration, panel unit roots.
Systematic comparison of high-throughput single-cell RNA-seq methods for immune cell profiling

Elucidation of immune populations with single-cell RNA-seq has greatly benefited the field of immunology by deepening the characterization of immune heterogeneity and leading to the discovery of new subtypes. However, single-cell methods inherently suffer from limitations in the recovery of complete transcriptomes due to the prevalence of cellular and transcriptional dropout events. This issue is often compounded by limited sample availability and limited prior knowledge of heterogeneity, which can confound data interpretation. Here, we systematically benchmarked seven high-throughput single-cell RNA-seq methods. We prepared 21 libraries under identical conditions of a defined mixture of two human and two murine lymphocyte cell lines, simulating heterogeneity across immune-cell types and cell sizes. We evaluated methods by their cell recovery rate, library efficiency, sensitivity, and ability to recover expression signatures for each cell type. We observed higher mRNA detection sensitivity with the 10x Genomics 5′ v1 and 3′ v3 methods. We demonstrate that these methods have fewer dropout events, which facilitates the identification of differentially-expressed genes and improves the concordance of single-cell profiles to immune bulk RNA-seq signatures. Overall, our characterization of immune cell mixtures provides useful metrics, which can guide selection of a high-throughput single-cell RNA-seq method for profiling more complex immune-cell heterogeneity usually found in vivo.
Bridging Inferences and Learning from Multiple Complementary Texts

The purpose of this study was to investigate bridging inferences and learning when students with low topic knowledge read multiple complementary biology texts. Using a think-aloud protocol, we asse...
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Infected Dendritic Cells Induce TNF-α-Dependent Cell Cluster Formation That Promotes Bacterial Dissemination through an In Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier.

CNS tuberculosis (CNSTB) is the most severe manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis infection, but the mechanism of how mycobacteria cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is not well understood. In this study, we report a novel murine in vitro BBB model combining primary brain endothelial cells, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin-infected dendritic cells (DCs), PBMCs, and bacterial Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. We show that mycobacterial infection limits DC mobility and also induces cellular cluster formation that has a similar composition to pulmonary mycobacterial granulomas. Within the clusters, infection from DCs disseminates to the recruited monocytes, promoting bacterial expansion. Mycobacterium-induced in vitro granulomas have been described previously, but this report shows that they can form on brain endothelial cell monolayers. Cellular cluster formation leads to cluster-associated damage of the endothelial cell monolayer defined by mitochondrial stress, disorganization of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5, upregulation of the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and increased transmigration of bacteria-infected cells across the BBB. TNF-α inhibition reduces cluster formation on brain endothelial cells and mitigates cluster-associated damage. These data describe a model of bacterial dissemination across the BBB shedding light on a mechanism that might contribute to CNS tuberculosis infection and facilitate treatments.
Baricitinib Attenuates the Proinflammatory Phase of COVID-19 Driven by Lung-Infiltrating Monocytes

COVID-19 patients are generally asymptomatic during initial SARS-CoV-2 replication, but may suffer severe immunopathology after the virus has receded and blood monocytes have infiltrated the airways. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with severe COVID-19, lung-infiltrating monocytes expressed high mRNA levels encoding inflammatory mediators, including CXCL8 and IL-1s, and contained SARS-CoV-2 transcripts. To study this process in more depth, we developed a novel organotypic model whereby primary human blood monocytes are transmigrated across a differentiated human lung epithelium infected by SARSCoV-2. Infiltrating monocytes acquired SARS-CoV-2 from the epithelium and upregulated expression and secretion of inflammatory mediators including CXCL8 and IL-1s, mirroring in vivo data. The JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib gained emergency use authorization by the FDA for the treatment of COVID-19 originally in combination with the antiviral remdesivir, and recently as a stand-alone treatment. To explore the mechanisms by which baricitinib alone or in combination with remdesivir may result in more favorable disease outcomes, we leveraged this model to characterize viral burden, gene expression and inflammatory mediator secretion by lung epithelial cells and infiltrating monocytes. As expected, remdesivir decreased viral burden in both the epithelium and monocytes, while baricitinib enhanced antiviral signaling and decreased specific inflammatory mediators in monocytes. Combined use of baricitinib and remdesivir enhanced the rate of virus clearance from SARS-CoV-2-positive monocytes. Taken together, baricitinib enhances the antiviral state of monocytes infiltrating the COVID-19 lung, while decreasing the expression of inflammatory mediators, thus limiting the likelihood of a cytokine storm and ensuing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Funding: This study was supported by NSF EAGER award 2032273 (to RT, RFS and KZ) and Woodruff Health Science Center COVID-19 CURE award (to RT, RFS, KZ, MB and VS). RFS is also funded in part by NIH grant R01MH116695. We thank Dr. Matt Frieman (University of Maryland) for sharing primer sequences targeting the N-subgenome of SARS-CoV-2. We thank Dalia Gulick and Gregory Gibson (Georgia Tech) for running the monocyte cDNA samples for multiplexed qRT-PCR. SARS-CoV-2, Isolate USA-WA1/2020 was obtained from BEI Resources, Manassas, VA. Declaration of Interests: RFS is the inventor of the use of baricitinib for coronavirus infections and receives royalties from Eli Lilly and Company. His conflict of interest has been reviewed and approved by Emory University. All other authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE

Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming . By Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway . 2010. Bloomsbury Press, New York (ISBN 7981596916104). 355 pp. Hardcover. $$27.00. Michael Behe, William Demski, Duane Gish –– biology teachers often know these names (notorious creationists). But what about Fred Seitz, Fred Singer, Robert Jastrow, Bill Nierenberg, or Steve Milloy? These less widely known individuals posed equal threats to good science. In their eye-opening book, historians Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway detail how these individuals (and others) deliberately orchestrated public skepticism about scientific consensus on tobacco, nuclear winter, acid rain, the ozone hole, second-hand smoke, global warming, and DDT. Time and time again, the same cast of characters effectively stalled timely political action. These critics were scientists, but scientists speaking outside their …
STATISTICAL FLUCTUATIONS IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS

The relevance of the statistical equilibrium limit to the description of substantially relaxed degrees of freedom is discussed. Fluctuations are considered specifically in the following processes: the correlation between entrancechannel angular momentum and exit-channel kinetic energy; the sharing of the dissipated kinetic energy between the two fragments; the magnitude and the alignment of the fragment angular momentum including the effect of shell structure. It is found that statistical fluctuations play a major role and that the statistical equilibrium limit seems to have been reached for a number of degrees of freedom.
A You Can Have It All: Less Sprawl and Property Rights Too

Some commentators believe that smart growth and property rights are at loggerheads - and to be sure, these theories do lead to differing positions on a few issues (most notably urban growth boundaries and similar anti-sprawl regulations). But as to a wide variety of issues, smart growth advocates and property rights theorists can find common ground. Both groups can support eliminating zoning regulations that mandate automobile-dependent, sprawling development, such as single-use zoning, minimum parking requirements and minimum lot size requirements.
Anoxic bioremediation of hydrocarbons

The contamination of soils and sediments by petroleum is a matter of international concern because of the toxicity and refractory character of the aromatic components in the absence of oxygen1. Gaseous oxygen can be injected into the anaerobic zone of a contaminated environment2 to stimulate biodegradation, but this is costly and inefficient. Other more soluble electron acceptors, such as nitrate or sulphate, can be used instead, but oxidation is slow and hydrocarbon degradation is incomplete3. Here we describe how chlorite dismutation by perchlorate-reducing bacteria can be used as an alternative source of oxygen for degrading contaminants. This dismutation of chlorite into molecular oxygen and chloride is an intermediate step in the microbial reduction of perchlorate or chlorate4.
A defect in fibroblasts from an unidentified syndrome with gingival hyperplasia as the predominant feature.

We have studied a child with severe gingival hyperplasia, hypertrichosis, macroglossia, and abnormal facial features. Hypertrichosis was present at birth and gingival hyperplasia appeared with eruption of the primary teeth. The collagens present in the hyperplastic gingival tissue were normal in type and amount. Fibroblasts obtained from an explant of the hyperplastic tissue and maintained in culture grew at a much slower rate than a cell strain obtained from a normal young adult, but in a manner comparable to an age- and sex-matched control child strain. The patient cells were abnormally fragile, they manifested an abnormal nuclear size, and they had an abnormally short life-span in culture. They did not contain inclusions indicative of the Hurler syndrome, and chromosomal analysis failed to reveal abnormalities. The amount of protein synthesized during a test period was the same as the normal control child cells, but the amount of collagen was only about one-half that produced by the control cells. In contrast, a cell strain obtained from an age-related individual with phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia, which is very similar clinically to the spontaneous lesion, exhibited greater rates of protein and collagen synthesis than either the normal control child strain or the patient strain. There were no significant differences among patient cells, control child cells, and phenytoin-induced lesion cells in the pattern of protein synthesis as revealed by one- and two-dimensional fluorography. Thus, fibroblasts obtained from both the spontaneously occurring and the drug-induced gingival hyperplasia appear to be abnormal and the abnormalities persist in culture; however, the defects are not the same.
Unilateral Coronal Synostosis: A Histomorphometric Study:

Abstract Objective: This histomorphometric study compared the open and prematurely fused side of the coronal suture in subjects with unilateral coronal synostosis (UCS). Methods: Sutures and parasutural bone were obtained from seven subjects with nonsyndromic UCS during operative correction at 3 to 24 months of age. Histological and cellular analyses were performed for the affected and open sutures. Specimens were examined by light and polarizing microscopy. Sutural patterns, osseous morphology, calvarial thickness, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells, and marrow spaces were evaluated histomorphologically, qualitatively, and semiquantitatively. Histomorphometry was performed to determine total projected area of marrow space as a percentage of unit area, total number of TRAP-positive cells per specimen, and perisutural cranial thickness. Results: Polarizing microscopy showed that affected sutures were composed of more lamellar bone than the normal sutures. By light microscopy, the cli...
Analytical Evaluation of Damping in Composite and Sandwich Structures

Two methodologies are outlined for the analytical evaluation of the loss factor in composite laminates and in sandwich structures. One of these methods is based on the analysis of free vibrations, whereas the second approach utilizes mechanics of materials. Both methods yield similar results. The loss factor is predicted both for specially orthotropic as well as for generally orthotropic laminas, subjected to axial stresses and/or transverse shear. The results for the loss factor of the laminas are in good agreement with available experimental data. As follows from the numerical analysis, the loss factor of laminas of the facings is significantly affected by the angle of lamination. The loss factor of a sandwich beam is relatively insensitive to the frequency of vibrations, although the effect of this frequency on the loss factors of constituent materials may alter this conclusion.
Positionality and Active Learning: Confronting Privilege in Field-Exercise Design

Abstract University instructors are increasingly drawing on active learning exercises to engender critical thinking skills among students. In this article, we introduce the design and implementation of an active learning exercise about mobility and transportation that we assigned in an introductory human geography class at the University of Georgia. The students' responses and the survey instrument we used to assess the effectiveness of the exercise revealed disappointing results and caused us to think carefully about the role of positionality in designing active learning exercises. In this article, we argue that we need to understand privilege—particularly class privilege—in order to design effective assignments.
Materials considerations related to sodium-based rechargeable cells for use above room temperature

Abstract Reversible sodium/Na β″-alumina/molten salt/metal chloride L/S/L/S cells operating above room temperature have been described recently and appear to be interesting alternatives to the conventional sodium-sulphur cell. Materials considerations related to the design and operation of such cells are described. As part of an investigation of possible modifications and improvements of this cell configuration, the preliminary characterization of several sodium alloy negative electrode cell components is described.
The distribution and impact of health resource availability in China.

Using cross-section data, this paper provides a statistical assessment of the extent to which health resources are evenly distributed in China, and the degree to which improvements in health resource availability may account for the observed variation in mortality levels. Contrary to expectation, the analysis finds that substantial inequalities do remain in the distribution of health resources, and that these differentials are principally associated with levels of urban income and urbanization. However, these differences in health resource availability do not appear to explain the significant variation which also persists in mortality levels, a finding consistent with the results of similar analyses for developed countries