cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enlazando/rompiendo fronteras in curriculum theory: Testimonio research’s aesthetic dimensions

Guest Editors Basta de gritar contra el viento toda palabra es ruido si no esta acompanada de accion… (Anzaldua & Moraga, 1983, p. iv) This special issue is a collective effort toward blurring the ...
Femtosecond dynamics and coherence of ionic retro-Diels-Alder reactions.

Ultrafast tunnel ionization enables femtosecond time-resolved dynamic measurements of the retro-Diels–Alder reactions of positively charged cyclohexene, norbornene, and dicyclopentadiene. Unlike the reaction times of 500–600 ps that are observed following UV excitation of neutral species, on the ionic potential energy surfaces, these reactions occur on a single picosecond timescale and, in some cases, exhibit vibrational coherence. In the case of norbornene, a 270 cm−1 vibrational mode is found to modulate the retro-Diels–Alder reaction.
Overview of Dissemination Mechanisms of Genes Coding for Resistance to Antibiotics

This chapter provides an overview of dissemination mechanisms of genes coding for resistance to antibiotics. The emergence of antibiotic resistance determinants would not be as devastating if it were not for the inherent ability of bacteria to exchange genes at the cellular and molecular level. A plasmid genome database containing all sequenced plasmids was recently established. While plasmids participate in bacterial antibiotic resistance mainly by disseminating genes coding for drug resistance at the cellular level, other elements promote gene exchange at the molecular level. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) encode diverse excision, recombination, and conjugation systems, in addition to specific functions, including resistance to antibiotics. The combination of dissemination at the cellular level through conjugation, natural transformation, transduction, with dissemination at the molecular level, and mutagenesis permits genes coding for antibiotic resistance to reach virtually all bacterial cells, resulting in a virtual elimination of barriers between types of bacteria. However, while the acquisition of resistance genes provides an advantage to the bacterial cells when in the presence of antibiotics, it has been shown that their presence comes with an associated fitness cost when the cells are growing in the absence of antibiotic selective pressure.
R&D Investments of Multinational Corporations

This paper investigated the influence of country-level factors that have led to shifts in the patterns of international R&D investments made by Multinational Corporations (MNCs), from an exclusive focus on developed countries to a broader scope that also includes developing countries. Differences in a country’s national technological innovation capability, that comprised the country’s capacity for the creation of technology, technology infrastructure and the development of human skills, were the most important factors in attracting R&D investments. Different strategic motivations like home-base exploiting versus home-base augmenting foreign R&D investments are attracted to countries with differing national innovation capabilities. The country’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) score was also an important influence on R&D investments. International investor’s experience with the country, as measured by prior FDI inflows, was a critical element in attracting R&D investment inflows.
Infrared Surveys: A Golden Age of Exploration

The next decade promises an explosion of information about the infrared sky from wavelengths from 1 μm to 1,000 μm, in the continuum and in spectral lines. Measurements of objects ranging from comets in the Kuiper Belt to newly-forming galaxies will be useful for almost every branch of astrophysics. The number of catalogued infrared sources will increase a thousand-fold from the 600,000 presently known from IRAS. This talk addresses the compelling scientific interest of the infrared and describes why, years from now, astronomers will view this decade as a golden era for the exploration of the infrared sky.
From loading coils to microwaves: The rise and fall of Bell

Abstract AT & T's 60-year monopoly on intercity service in the USA was founded on its sole ownership of patents on the loading coil and the electronic amplifiers that made long-distance telephony possible. The monopoly lasted in spite of social, economic and political pressures for a free market only as long as there was no technical alternative to wireline systems for large capacity telecommunications. When microwave radio relay was developed, it proved to be less expensive than wireline, and AT & T did not control the patents on it. The technical foundation of the monopoly vanished and the structure crumbled.
Localization of bound water in the solution structure of the immunoglobulin binding domain of streptococcal protein G: Evidence for solvent-induced helical distortion in solution☆

Abstract The presence of bound water in the solution structure of the IgG binding domain of streptococcal protein G has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance using three-dimensional 1 H rotating frame Overhauser 1 H- 15 N multiple quantum coherence spectroscopy. The backbone amide protons of three residues, Ala20, Gln32 and Tyr33, are found to be in close proximity to bound water. Examination of the three-dimensional structure of the IgG binding domain indicates that in the vicinity of these three residues there are no backbone groups that do not already participate in hydrogen bonding and there are no suitably placed side-chain groups available for hydrogen bonding with water. As the lifetime of the bound water detected in this nuclear magnetic resonance experiment is greater than about one nanosecond, it is likely that the two bound water molecules participate in a bifurcating hydrogen bonding network comprising a CONH hydrogen bonded pair, such that the water molecule accepts a hydrogen bond from the NH proton and donates one to the carbonyl oxygen with the result that the amide proton is involved in a three center hydrogen bond. On the basis of the structure, one water molecule participates in such an interaction with the Ala20(NH)Met1(CO) hydrogen bonded pair at the beginning of an anti-parallel β-sheet, and the other with the Tyr33(NH)Val29(CO) hydrogen bonded pair in the single α-helix. The latter, which is external and solvent accessible, is associated with a distortion in the α-helix centered around Tyr33 which consists of a significant increase in the CO(i-4)N(i) and CO(i-4)NH(i) distances relative to those in the rest of the helix, as well as a significant departure in the φ, ψ angles of Tyr33 relative to regular helical geometry. Such solvent induced distortions in α-helices have been previously noticed in crystal structures and were postulated as possible folding intermediates for helical structures. The present observation of this phenomenon in solution indicates, however, that these water molecules are tightly bound and represent an integral part of the protein framework.
Optimization of silicon microstrip detector design for the CLEOIII vertex detector

We present measurements from prototype silicon microstrip detectors for the CLEOIII silicon vertex detector. Noise and capacitance optimization is discussed. We also present a design to achieve 10pF total capacitance on a double sided, double metal silicon detector.
IL-17 Activates the Canonical NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Autoimmune B Cells of BXD2 Mice To Upregulate the Expression of Regulators of G-Protein Signaling 16

We previously identified that autoreactive B cells from BXD2 mice can be targeted by IL-17, leading to upregulation of the expression of regulators of G-protein signaling (Rgs) genes that facilitated the development of spontaneous germinal centers. Little is known about the signaling pathway used by IL-17 to upregulate RGS. In the current study, we found that IL-17 rapidly activates the canonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway and that BXD2 B cells exhibit higher basal and activated phosphorylated p65 levels than B6 or BXD2-Il17ra(-/-) B cells. Inhibition of p65 phosphorylation downregulated RGS16 expression and abrogated the IL-17-induced chemotactic arrest of B cells in response to CXCL12. Knockdown of TNFR-associated factor 6 or NF-kappaB activator 1 in 70Z/3 pre-B cells led to decreased Rgs16 expression, indicating that both of these two genes are involved in IL-17-mediated activation of NF-kappaB signaling in B cells. These findings identify the signaling pathway regulated by IL-17 to contribute to the development of spontaneous germinal centers in autoimmune BXD2 mice.
Generation and propagation of ultrashort pulses in nonlinear media

Generation of ultrashort optical pulses through nonlinear optical processes such as optical parametric interactions, second harmonic generation, and stimulated Raman scattering is a subject that has been intensely studied. The results of recent investigation on how the generation efficiency and propagation characteristics of ultrashort optical pulses in nonlinear media depend on the pulsewidth are discussed. Quantitative understanding of such dependence allows us to optimize the design of nonlinear optical devices which use ultrashort pulses.
Multiculturalism and Intergroup Relations: Psychological Implications for Democracy in Global Context

Applying psychological themes and theories to various cultural conflicts across the globe, this book explores the large sclae migration of refugees fleeing international conflict, as well as 9/11 and its aftermath.
Types and programming languages: the next generation

Summary form only given. This tutorial surveys the state of the art in type systems for programming languages, focusing on the achievements and changes in emphasis during the past decade. The first part of the talk considers the trajectory of work on object types, one of the major hot topics of the early and mid-'90s. Following some fundamental conceptual breakthroughs, the focus of attention in this area has shifted from foundational research to applications to the development and analysis of real-world language designs. The next part outlines recent progress on a number of "bread and butter" type systems topics and their applications in new programming languages: subtyping, polymorphism, type inference, effect systems, dependent types, and type systems for modular programming. The final section introduces some newer topics that have emerged (or gained unexpected prominence) in the past few years, including type systems for concurrent and distributed languages, high-level type systems for low-level languages such as assembly and C, substructural type systems based on linear logic and its relatives, modal type systems, the burgeoning area of language-based security, and native language support for statistically typed XML processing.
Production and preliminary characterization of monoclonal antibodies to rat plasma fibronectin.

Abstract We have produced several monoclonal antibodies which appear to be directed against different antigenic determinants of rat plasma fibronectin. Fibronectin was purified from rat plasma by affinity chromatography on gelatin-Sepharose and arginine-Sepharose columns. Mice were immunized and hybridomas were prepared by fusing spleen cells with Sp2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells using poly(ethylene glycol). Three hybridomas (RFN1, RFN2 and RFN3) were selected for characterization. All are IgG molecules, one is IgG2a, one IgG2b and one IgG1. Titers of ascites fluids produced using these hybridomas range from 102 400 to greater than 409 600. The anitibodies cross-reacted to different degrees with human fibronectin. Rat fibronectin was radioactively labeled and cleaved using human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase. Four major peptides, Mr approx. 160 000, 140 000, 60 000 and 30 000 were produced. Each of the hybridoma antibodies immunoprecipitated different elastase peptides. RFN1 precipitated the Mr 160 000 peptide, RFN2 precipitated the Mr 160 000 and the Mr 140 000 peptide and RFN3 precipitated the Mr 60 000 peptide as well as low molecular weight material migrating at the buffer front. These antibodies will be useful in studies of structure/function relationships of rat fibronectin.
C-->U editing of neurofibromatosis 1 mRNA occurs in tumors that express both the type II transcript and apobec-1, the catalytic subunit of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme.

C→U RNA editing of neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) mRNA changes an arginine (CGA) to a UGA translational stop codon, predicted to result in translational termination of the edited mRNA. Previous studies demonstrated varying degrees of C→U RNA editing in peripheral nerve–sheath tumor samples (PNSTs) from patients with NF1, but the basis for this heterogeneity was unexplained. In addition, the role, if any, of apobec-1, the catalytic deaminase that mediates C→U editing of mammalian apolipoprotein B (apoB) RNA, was unresolved. We have examined these questions in PNSTs from patients with NF1 and demonstrate that a subset (8/34) manifest C→U editing of RNA. Two distinguishing characteristics were found in the PNSTs that demonstrated editing of NF1 RNA. First, these tumors express apobec-1 mRNA, the first demonstration, in humans, of its expression beyond the luminal gastrointestinal tract. Second, PNSTs with C→U editing of RNA manifest increased proportions of an alternatively spliced exon, 23A, downstream of the edited base. C→U editing of RNA in these PNSTs was observed preferentially in transcripts containing exon 23A. These findings were complemented by in vitro studies using synthetic RNA templates incubated in the presence of recombinant apobec-1, which again confirmed preferential editing of transcripts containing exon 23A. Finally, adenovirus-mediated transfection of HepG2 cells revealed induction of editing of apoB RNA, along with preferential editing of NF1 transcripts containing exon 23A. Taken together, the data support the hypothesis that C→U RNA editing of the NF1 transcript occurs both in a subset of PNSTs and in an alternatively spliced form containing a downstream exon, presumably an optimal configuration for enzymatic deamination by apobec-1.
Characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation in uniaxially anisotropic left-handed materials

We investigate the characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation in uniaxially anisotropic left-handed media. We discuss mainly under what conditions anomalous reflection or refraction shall occur at the interface when propagating waves pass from one isotropic regular medium into another uniaxially anistotropic left-handed medium and under what conditions anomalous transmission shall occur when an evanescent wave is transmitted through a slab of uniaxially anisotropic left-handed medium. We show that the characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation in uniaxially anisotropic left-handed media are significantly different from that in isotropic left-handed media.
New nuclear physics for big bang nucleosynthesis

We discuss nuclear reactions which could play a role in big bang nucleosynthesis. Most of these reactions involve lithium and beryllium isotopes and the rates for some of these have not previously been included in BBN calculations. Few of these reactions are well studied in the laboratory. We also discuss novel effects in these reactions, including thermal population of nuclear target states, resonant enhancement, and nonthermal neutron reaction products. We perform sensitivity studies which show that even given considerable nuclear physics uncertainties, most of these nuclear reactions have minimal leverage on the standard BBN abundance yields of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$. Although a few have the potential to alter the yields significantly, we argue that this is unlikely.
Development of Adsorbent Hollow Fibres for Environmental Applications

In this paper, a new generic synthesis route for the single-step production of adsorbent hollow fibres, based on polymer dry/wet spinning followed by a phase inversion process, is presented. This main advantage of this preparation technique is that it avoids impregnation of precursors or the use of chemicals for zeolite deposition, while dramatically reducing production times and costs. Primary factors (polymer, solvent and temperature) affecting the structure and adsorption performance of adsorbent hollow fibres are studied. The adsorptive properties of HiSiv 3000 hollow fibres and their commercial particulate counterpart have been obtained in a laboratory-scale flow system using n-butane as the adsorbate. The fibres prepared from solvents such as N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and from three types of polymers, namely, polysulfone, polyethersulfone (PESF) and polyvinylidenefluoride, are compared. The adsorbent hollow fibre prepared from NMP/PESF gave the s...
Remembering as organizational memory

Reform efforts increasingly promote collaboration among faculty and staff in schools with the intent to increase student achievement. Central to this literature is a focus on the members of the school's community to learn as individuals and as a community. Called organizational learning, this discussion has most commonly developed notions of knowledge acquisition and use, this study extends existing theory in organizational learning to include the construct of memory as an important organizational tool for staff and faculty to advance innovation and student achievement. Key to the school organization's ability to use memory in ways that foster the potential for change are the organizational member's capacity for using data within the school structure, to develop both information systems and knowledge structures, the group's ability to develop a coherent and shared memory of events and practices and school leader's capacity to apply aspects of wisdom theory to each problem resolving opportunity.
TEMPORAL DYNAMICS IN THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A DESERT RODENT COMMUNITY

The rank-abundance distribution (RAD) represents the manner in which spe- cies divide resources. Community-specific division rules that determine resource allocation among species, and thereby the shape of the RAD, have been hypothesized to account for observed stability of local species richness over time. While the shape of the RAD has been well studied, the temporal dynamics of this distribution have received much less attention. Here we assess changes in the shape of the RAD through time in a desert rodent community in Arizona (USA). Because energy use may be more appropriate for studying resource division than abundance, we also evaluate an energetic equivalent of the RAD. Significant, directional trends in the shapes of both distributions are present in this com- munity. These changes are driven by trends in the relative abundances (or energy use) of Ranks 2, 3, and 4, and are significantly correlated with variation in total energy use by the community and with compositional change. Our results suggest that (1) rank-abundance and rank-energy distributions are not static and can change directionally through time, (2) species richness and rank distributions are not necessarily as intimately connected as early studies assumed, and (3) rank-abundance and rank-energy distributions are influenced by both the amount of energy available to the community and species-specific interactions.
Skin reactions to tobacco antigen in smokers and nonsmokers

Abstract 1.Nonsmokers, Female.—One hundred and twenty-six adult nonsmoking women were tested with five different tobacco antigens: Burley, Coca, Maryland, Virginia, and Xanthis (Turkish). Sixteen, or 12 per cent, were found to give positive skin reactions. Five of the sixteen reacted also to ragweed antigen, and two of the five according to their histories were constitutionally allergic. Eleven of the sixteen, or 9.2 per cent, gave only one-plus or plus minus reactions to tobacco. 2.Smokers, Male.—Of 319 male smokers excluding individuals suffering with thromboangiitis obliterans 65, or 20 per cent, reacted to tobacco. 3. Of the 65 control smokers who reacted to tobacco 18 were normal individuals or patients suffering from miscellaneous disorders. Thirty-one were individuals with coronary artery disease presenting symptoms of angina pectoris. Sixteen were cases with gastric or duodenal ulcer. The incidence of positive skin reactions to tobacco in patients with coronary artery disease or gastroduodenal ulcer is definitely larger than that among normal people or control patients with other diseases. 4. Out of the 103 cases with thromboangiitis obliterans, 89, or 86 per cent, reacted to tobacco.
Temperature dependence of HOMO-LUMO levels and open circuit voltage for P3HT:PCBM organic solar cells

In this study, the open circuit voltage (VOC) of poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells was measured at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 400 K. The temperature dependence of the vacuum shift and of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of P3HT and PCBM were measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) in the same temperature range. The temperature dependence of the absorption edge was also studied in the same temperature range to obtain the temperature variation of the optical band gap energy (Eg). The measured VOC of the devices showed a clear decreasing trend with increasing operating temperature and the total decrease was found to be about 0.1 V. Although the origin of VOC is still not fully understood it is generally believed that the energy level offset between the HOMO of the donor and the LUMO of the acceptor minus the exciton binding energy (0.3 eV) directly determines the value of VOC. However, by utilizing the measured values of the HOMO for the P3HT (donor) and of the LUMO for the PCBM (acceptor), we have found that the calculated values of VOC and its temperature dependence do not agree with the measured VOC values. This indicates that factors other than the offset between the HOMO of the donor and the LUMO of the acceptor materials are impacting VOC.
A TM-TE decomposition of the electromagnetic field due to arbitrary sources radiating in unbounded regions

A decomposition of the electromagnetic field in unbounded homogeneous isotropic regions into transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) parts is presented. The form obtained is distinctive in that the potentials generating the decomposition are explicitly expressed in terms of source currents.
In situ male breast carcinoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database of the National Cancer Institute

BACKGROUND In situ breast carcinoma is not so well characterized for men as for women. METHODS Therefore, the authors of the current study compared male and female in situ and invasive breast carcinomas in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute to document these patterns. RESULTS In situ breast carcinomas composed 9.4% of all male (n = 280 of 2984) and 11.9% of all female breast carcinomas (n = 53,928 of 454,405) during the years 1973–2001. In situ rates rose 123% for men and 555% for women over this time period; whereas distant disease rates fell for both genders. Median ages at diagnosis were 62 years for in situ and 68 years for invasive breast carcinoma among men, compared with 58 years for in situ and 62 years for invasive breast carcinoma among women. Papillary in situ and invasive architectural types were more common among men than women. In contrast, lobular tumors were more common among women than men. Breast cancer-specific survival was similar among men and women, whereas overall survival was worse for men than women. CONCLUSION In situ male breast carcinoma is a rare disease, occurring at older ages and with different architectural types than its more common female counterpart. Gender-specific histopathologic differences probably reflect anatomic differences among the normal female and vestigial male breast. Rising in situ male breast carcinoma incidence rates over the past three decades suggest earlier detection over time, irrespective of mammography, because men do not participate in routine screening mammography. Worse overall survival for men than women possibly results from age-dependent comorbid illnesses. Cancer 2005. Published 2005 American Cancer Society.
Local Power Structures and Their Effect on Forest Land Allocation in the Buffer Zone of Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam

This article examines how household property claims over forest land used for economic production were established in communes bordering Tam Dao National Park in northern Vietnam under the decentralized implementation of forest land allocation policies. Using data from surveys of households living on the edge of Tam Dao National Park, this study examines “who got what” when household access to forest land used for production was established. This demonstrates the community interests that constitute the local power structures affecting distribution of access to forest land. In this case, household access to forest land used for production is determined greatly through entrepreneurial and institutional factors. If decentralized forest land allocation policies have any hope of circumscribing land use so that it corresponds to the uses laid out in land use plans, we must first understand how local power structures affect household access to forest land.
The Satisficing Principle in Capability Learning

Whether an organization has a certain capability is often a matter of degree. Thus, in the context of initial learning of a capability, there is generally no clear-cut or automatic answer to the question of when an organization should be expected to cut back its learning efforts and affirm that the desired capability has been achieved. This paper offers a simple conceptual model for this question, based on the satisficing principle. More specifically, the question addressed is: ‘When does overt learning stop?’—where ‘overt’ learning is understood as being marked by observable allocation of attention and resources to the task of acquiring the capability. The model provides the framework for a discussion of various influences on the aspiration level in the satisficing model, and hence on the nature of the capability that has been achieved when learning stops. Overt learning efforts may be resumed at some time later if external factors operate to lift aspiration levels relevant to the capability. The paper discusses how such ‘re-ignition’ of learning may occur as a result of an organizational crisis, or of the institution of a quality management program. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY CONFERRED BY NATURAL RSV INFECTION AND KILLED VACCINE

In attempts to understand the apparent “sensitization” of individuals to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) after inactivated RSV vaccine, in vitro lymphocyte transformation studies were carried out as a measure of cell mediated immunity in infants who had received inactivated RSV vaccine and infants who had received a similar Darainfluenza 1 virus vaccine. Some infants in each group had, and others had not, undergone natural RSV infection prior to the lymphocyte studies. All infants who had received the RSV vaccine and/or who had undergone RSV infection showed RSV specific lymphocyte transformation. These findings strongly suggest that svstemic RSV-specific cell mediated immunity developed after immunization with killed RSV vaccine and after natural RSV infection. As applied to understanding the pathogenesis and prevention of RSV disease these findings: 1) are consistent with the hypothesis that systemic cell mediated “sensitization” may be responsible for the altered response to natural infection occurring following use of inactivated RSV vaccine. 2) are opposed to the hypothesis that cell mediated immunity per se is important in protection against RSV infection. 3) suggest the hvpothesis that transplacentally conferred lymphocyte sensitization to RSV might play a part in the pathogenesis of first infection RSV bronchiolitis.
Controlling Modular Reconfigurable Robots With Handheld Smart Devices

Highly reconfigurable modular robots face unique teleoperation challenges due to their geometry, configurability, high number of degrees of freedom and complexity. Current methodology for controlling reconfigurable modular robots typically use gait tables to control the modules. Gait tables are static data structures and do not readily support realtime teleoperation. Teleoperation techniques for traditional wheeled, flying, or submerged robots typically use a set of joysticks to control the robots. However, these traditional methods of robot teleoperation are not suitable for reconfigurable modular robotic systems which may have dozens of controllable degrees of freedom. This research shows that modern cell phones serve as highly effective control platforms for modular robots because of their programmability, flexibility, wireless communication capabilities, and increased processing power. As a result of this research, a versatile Graphical User Interface, a set of libraries and tools have been developed which even a novice robotics enthusiast can use to easily program their mobile phones to control their hobby project. These libraries will be beneficial in any situation where it is effective for the operator to use an off-the-shelf, relatively inexpensive, hand-held mobile phone as a remote controller rather than a considerably heavy and bulky remote controllers which are popular today. Several usage examples and experiments are presented which demonstrate the controller’s ability to effectively control a modular robot to perform a series of complex gaits and poses, as well as navigating a module through an obstacle course.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Coalescent theory for a monoecious random mating population with a varying size

Consider a monoecious diploid population with nonoverlapping generations, whose size varies with time according to an irreducible, aperiodic Markov chain with states x 1 N ,…, x K N , where K ≪ N . It is assumed that all matings except for selfing are possible and equally probable. At time 0 a random sample of n ≪ N genes is taken. Given two successive population sizes x j N and x i N , the numbers of gametes that individual parents contribute to offspring can be shown to be exchangeable random variables distributed as G ij . Under minimal conditions on the first three moments of G ij for all i and j , a suitable effective population size N e is derived. Then if time is recorded in a backward direction in units of 2 N e generations, it can be shown that coalescent theory holds.
Identification of kin structure among Guam rail founders: a comparison of pedigrees and DNA profiles

Kin structure among founders can have a significant effect on subsequent population structure. Here we use the correlation between DNA profile similarity and relatedness calculated from pedigrees to test hypotheses regarding kin structure among founders to the captive Guam rail (Rallus owstoni) population. Five different pedigrees were generated under the following hypotheses: (i) founders are unrelated; (ii) founders are unrelated except for same-nest chicks; (iii) founders from the same major site are siblings; (iv) founders from the same local site are siblings; and (v) founders are related as defined by a UPGMA cluster analysis of DNA similarity data. Relatedness values from pedigrees 1, 2 and 5 had the highest correlation with DNA similarity but the correlation between relatedness and similarity were not significantly different among pedigrees. Pedigree 5 resulted in the highest correlation overall when using only relatedness values that changed as a result of different founder hypotheses. Thus, founders were assigned relatedness based on pedigree 5 because it had the highest correlations with DNA similarity, was the most conservative approach, and incorporated all field data. The analyses indicated that estimating relatedness using DNA profiles remains problematic, therefore we compared mean kinship, a measure of genetic importance, with mean DNA profile similarity to determine if genetic importance among individuals could be determined via use of DNA profiles alone. The significant correlation suggests this method may provide more information about population structure than was previously thought. Thus, DNA profiles can provide a reasonable explanation for founder relatedness and mean DNA profile similarity may be helpful in determining relative genetic importance of individuals when detailed pedigrees are absent.
A Machine Learning Approach to Combining Individual Strength and Team Features for Team Recommendation

In IT strategic outsourcing businesses, it is critical to have competent deal teams design competitive service solutions and swiftly respond to clients' requests for proposals. In this paper we present a general team recommendation framework for finding the best deal teams to pursue such engagement opportunities. Little previous work on team recommendations considers both individual and team-level features at the same time. Our proposed framework can take into account diverse individual and team features, and accommodate various cost or feature functions. We introduce a team quality metric based on a weighted linear combination of these features, the weights of which are learned using a machine learning approach by leveraging historical project outcomes. A combinatorial optimization algorithm is finally applied to search the possible solution space for the approximate best team. We report a preliminary evaluation of our framework by applying it to real-world data from strategic outsourcing businesses at a large IT service company. We also compare our approach with other existing work by using the public DBLP dataset for recommending teams in academic paper authoring.
FROST RING FORMATION IN SOME WINTER–INJURED DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS

Winter injury, occurring either in late fall or early spring, has ever been a serious menace to vegetation, and the injurious effects frequently incurred by freezing are well knownl. The latter part of February, 1932, was characterized throughout Illinois by the prevalence of temperature conditionls so exceptionally mild that growth activities were initiated in a number of kinds of woody perennlials which would have maintained, otherwise, a more prolonged period of dormancy. The occurrence of a sudden freeze in early March, however, abruptly checked and injured this premature vegetative growth; and continuation of low temperatures into late March caused vegetative activity to remain in a state of dormancy for almost a month. In the vicinity of Champaign and Urbana, winter injury was manifested in various trees and shrubs in that their subsequent growth was conspicuously altered upon the recurrence of temperatures favorable to growth. This injury ranged in extent from only slight to very severe and was exhibited particularly by elm, pussy willow, poplar, and privet, and to a lesser extent by maple and other plants. In view of the general prevalence of winter injury the past spring, its occurrence in past years, and the probability of its recurrence in the future, it seems advisable to present herewith some studies and observations made in relation to winter injury in the Champaign and tTrbalna vicinity as an aid toward a fuller knowled;e of its character. Accordingly, the general symptoms of winter injury are described, as well as some of the special symptoms exhibited by a few of the more severely and commonly injured trees and shrubs. Histological studies of frost ring formation in Ligustrwui have been made, with a comparative histological treatment of Ulmtus, Popults, and Salix.
Invar model for δ-phase Pu: thermal expansion, elastic and magnetic properties

We present a statistical mechanical model for the anomalous thermodynamic properties of fcc δ-phase Pu and Pu–Ga alloys. The model is based on the addition of a two-level ‘Invar’-like electronic energy structure to the ordinary Debye model for the lattice, there is no assumption of magnetic character of these electronic levels. Together with the usual Debye temperature Θ and lattice Gruneisen constant γ the model includes two additional parameters, the energy spacing ΔE and an electronic Gruneisen constant Γ. ΔE is 1400 K, and Γ is negative and depends strongly on the Ga content. The model accounts satisfactorily for thermal expansion, and it accounts for the anomalous decrease in the bulk modulus with temperature provided that one assumes zero elastic stiffness for the excited electronic state. This assumption is consistent with the results of the dynamic mean-field theory for Pu. We found some evidence for the hypothetical two-level structure using inelastic neutron scattering.
Synergistic effects of anacardic acids and methicillin against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

The synergistic effects of 6-alk(en)ylsalcylic acids, also known as anacardic acids, in combination with methicillin against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 (MRSA) was investigated. The double bond in C15-anacardic acids is not essential in eliciting the antibacterial activity but is associated with increasing the activity. The synergistic effects decreased with increasing the number of double bonds in the alkyl chain. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity of anacardic acids possessing different alkyl chain lengths against the same MRSA strain was found to be a parabolic function of their lipophilicity and maximized with the alkyl chain length of C10 and C12. Notably, the synergistic effects were noted to increase with increasing the alkyl chain length.
Two 3-D Cluster-Based Frameworks: Highly Eight-Connected Molecular Topology and Magnetism

A couple of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed from rigid bicarboxylates are presented herein, namely, Co3(ndc)3(bbi)(CH3CN)2 (1) and Dy2Mn3(ndc)6(bipy)2 (2), where H2ndc = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, bipy = 2,2′-pyridine, and bbi = 1,1′-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(imidazole). These two coordination polymers have been prepared through solvo/hydrothermal reactions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray study, TG, IR, and elemental analysis. Polymer 1 features a novel self-penetrating network mediated by flexible long-chain ligand and well defines a unique 416·58·64 topology with the treatment of Co3 unit as an 8-connected node, which equals the highest connectivity for monometallic self-penetrating system so far. Polymer 2 represents the first example of a MnII−DyIII (3d-4f) heteropentanuclear complex showing an intriguing 3-D 36·418·53·6 framework upon the assignment of Dy2Mn3 cluster to an 8-connected node. In addition, magnetic studies of 1 reveal that the antiferromagnetic behavior is operati...
Inhibition of human class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, and sensitization of tumor cells that express significant amounts of this enzyme to oxazaphosphorines, by chlorpropamide analogues☆

Abstract In some cases, acquired as well as constitutive tumor cell resistance to a group of otherwise clinically useful antineoplastic agents collectively referred to as oxazaphosphorines, e.g. cyclophosphamide and mafosfamide, can be accounted for by relatively elevated cellular levels of an enzyme, viz. cytosolic class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-3), that catalyzes their detoxification. Ergo, inhibitors of ALDH-3 could be of clinical value since their inclusion in the therapeutic protocl would be expected to sensitize such cell to these agents. Identified in the present investigation were two chlorpropamide analogues showing promise in that regard, viz. (acetyloxy)[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]carbamic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl ester (NPI-2) and 4-chloro-N-methoxy-N-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide (API-2). Each inhibited NAD-linked benzaldehyde oxidation catalyzed by ALDH-3s purified from human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7/0/CAT cells ( ic 50 values we were 16 and 0.75 μM, respectively) and human normal stomach mucosa ( ic 50 values were 202 and 5 μM, respectively). The differential sensitivities of stomach mucosa ALDH-3 and breast tumor ALDH-3 to each of the two inhibitors can be viewed as further evidence that the latter is a subtle variant of the former. Human class 1 (ALDH-1) and class 2 (ALDH-2) aldehyde dehydrogenases were much less sensitive to NPI-2; ic 50 values were >300 μM in each case. API-2, however, did not exhibit a similar degree of specificity; ic 50 values for ALDH-1 and ALDH-2 were 7.5 and 0.08 μM, respectively. Each sensitized MCF-7/0/CAT cells to mafosfamide; the lc 90 value decreased from >2 mM to 175 and 200 μM, respectively. Thus, the therapeutic potential of combining NPI-2 or API-2 with oxazaphosphorines is established.
Predictions on Wall Pressure Fluctuations for a Backward-Facing Step

Time-mean flow fields and turbulent flow characteristics obtained from solving the Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations with a k-e turbulence model are used to predict the frequency spectrum of wall-pressure fluctuations for flow past a backward facing step. The linear source term of the governing fluctuating pressure equation is used in deriving the final double integration formula for the fluctuating wall pressure. The integrand includes the RANS mean-velocity gradient, modeled turbulence normal fluctuation, Green’s function and the spectral model for the interplane correlation. An anisotropic distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy is implemented using a function named anisotropic factor. This function represents a ratio of the turbulent normal Reynolds stress to the turbulent kinetic energy and is developed based on an equilibrium turbulent flow or flows with zero streamwise pressure gradient. The spectral correlation model for predicting the wall-pressure fluctuations is obtained through modeling of the streamwise and spanwise wavenumber spectra. The non-linear source term in the original governing equation is considered following the conclusion of Kim’s direct numerical simulation (DNS) study. Predictions of frequency spectra for the reattachment flow past a backward facing step (BFS) are investigated to verify the validity of the current modeling. Detailed turbulence features and wall-pressure spectra for the flow in the reattachment region of the BFS are predicted and discussed. The prediction results based on different modeling characteristics and flow physics agree with the observed turbulence field.© 2005 ASME
Established genetic risk factors do not distinguish early and later onset Crohn's disease.

Background: Early-onset disease is frequently examined in genetic studies because it is presumed to contain a more severe subset of patients under a higher influence of genetic effects. In light of the dramatic success of Crohn's disease (CD) gene discovery efforts, we aimed to characterize the contribution of established common risk variants to pediatric CD. Methods: Using 35 confirmed CD risk alleles, we genotyped 384 parent–child trios (mean age of onset 11.7 years) along with 321 healthy controls. We performed association tests on the independent pediatric cohort and compared results to those previously published.1 We also computed a weighted CD genetic risk score for each affected person. Six variants not previously validated in children (at 5q33, 1q24, 7p12, 12q12, 8q24, and 1q32) were significantly associated with pediatric CD (P < 0.03). Results: We detected no significant association between risk score and age at onset through age 30. This analysis illustrates that the genetic effect of established CD risk variants is similar in early and later onset CD. Conclusions: These results motivate joint analyses of genome-wide association data in early and late onset cohorts and suggest that, rather than established risk variants, independent variants or environmental exposures should be sought as modulators of age of onset. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009)
Amyloidosis in Association with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Amyloidosis has not been previously reported in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. An HIV-infected patient with hemophilia who developed nephrotic syndrome due to amyloidosis is described. Amyloid disease has been observed in monkeys with AIDS, and patients with AIDS have had elevated levels of amyloid A protein, findings that suggest a pathogenetic linkage between the two disorders. Amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy and the nephrotic syndrome in HIV-infected patients.
Level of education, diagnossi and race‐related differefnces in MMPI performance

MMPIs were obtained from eight groups of black and white, schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic, and highly educated and poorly educated psychiatric patients. Profiles were classified blindly by use of two rules (Sc greater than 70; Sc greater than PT). All but poorly educated blacks were classified correctly beyond a chance level. Almost half of the poorly educated black nonschizophrenics were misclassified as schizophrenic. Implications for diagnostic work were discussed.
Antimotility activity of equitoxic doses of anticholinergic agents.

Using 100 mg. of Banthine as a standard of reference, the doses of atropine, Bellafoline, Pamine, Elorine, and Pathilon that gave similar side effects (the equitoxic dose) were determined. This dose was found to be 2–8 times the amount usually used clinically or experimentally. The small-intestine antimotility activity of this dose was then measured by balloon kymography in the same subject. Considerable variation in degree of side effects, dose required to produce side effects, and antimotor response to a particular dosage of drug was observed from subject to subject.
Dispersion in round tubes and its implications for extracolumn dispersion

Abstract Dispersion in connecting tubing represents a major contribution to extra-column band broadening in liquid chromatography, a factor that is particularly important in miniaturized high-performance liquid chromatographic systems. Although most analyses of extra-column effects are based on the Taylor—Aris theory of dispersion in tubes and the additivity of variances, these approaches are known to be inaccurate under some conditions, but alternative theoretical methods have not been verified experimentally. These aspects have been addressed by a combination of theory and experiment. Experimental elution curves in single tubes are shown to match closely the theoretical predictions based on solutions to the convective diffusion equation, without the need for any adjustable parameters. For tubes in series, use of a convolution relationship allows the accurate prediction of the response of the overall system when radial mixing between the two tubes is present. Although injection and detection systems have not been analysed in detail, they may contribute to discrepancies between theory and experiment if they are not well matched with the remainder of the chromatographic system.
A comparison of the social media consumer and the non-social media consumer

This study focused on the characteristics of the social media consumer and the non-social media consumer, and then compared the two groups. The exploratory study used two versions of a questionnaire, in which one version was directed to those who registered for at least one of the social media and a second version, which was directed to those who did not register for any of the social media. Several hypotheses were proposed to compare these two groups. The hypotheses examined innovativeness, risk aversion, brand loyalty, and internet satisfaction. There were significant differences for innovativeness, risk aversion, and internet satisfaction. The findings provide support for this latest internet communications vehicle as a viable tool for marketers, particularly those who introduce new products and services to the marketplace.
Overcoming Racism in Environmental Decisionmaking

(1994). Overcoming Racism in Environmental Decisionmaking. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 10-44.