cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anneal behavior of defects in ion-implanted GaAs diodes

Doping of semiconductors by implantation of high-energy ions creates lattice damage which in general must be removed by annealing to form good qualityp-n junctions. Implantation of zinc or cadmium ions inton-type gallium arsenide substrates held at 400°C produces ap-n junction after the samples are annealed at elevated temperature (≥500°C for zinc, ≥600°C for cadmium). However, the resulting junctions are not abrupt; they contain a semiinsulating (I) layer and have ap-i-n structure. The thickness of the semiinsulating layer changes with annealing. For example, an implant of 1.3×1015 per sq cm, 20 kv, Zn+ ions produced a junction with an I layer of 28 μ thickness after annealing for 10 min at 600°C. An identically implanted sample, annealed for 10 min at 900°C, had an I layer thickness of 120 μ. A similar increase in I layer thickness with annealing was observed for samples implanted with 20 kv Cd+ ions at 400°C. Implantation of Zn+ and Cd+ ions into GaAs substrates held at room temperature produced junctions with much thinner I layers after annealing than those observed for the 400°C implants. The formation of the semiinsulating layer in the junction and its subsequent variation of thickness with annealing are attributed to deep diffusion of defects during the implantation or subsequent anneal, which produces compensation to the depth where the concentration of defects equals the substrate impurity concentration. The compensating centers are thought to be arsenic vacancy-substrate dopant atom complexes.
Mantic Wisdom in the Dead Sea Scrolls

In biblical studies and related areas the term wisdom calls to mind primarily the contents of books such as Proverbs, Job, Wisdom, and Sirach. One often gets the impression that wise sayings and extended discourses on practical and, at times, weighty themes were the essence of ancient wisdom in the biblical and post-biblical periods. If one surveys the entire ancient Near East, however, the picture is considerably different. There is widespread evidence from Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Syria that another form of wisdom-mantic wisdom or divinationwas widely practiced. Its learned lore was deposited in a volurninous literature, a large amount of which has survived. There is extensive documentation for the mantic arts not only in the other cultural areas of the ancient Near East but also in Israel, as many passages in the Hebrew Bible show. F.H. Cryer concluded from his recent study of the subject that "Israelite divination corresponded broadly in the range of its uses to the utilisation of divination in Mesopotamia and elsewhere in the Near Eastern environment."' In his summary of the biblical passages that deal with divinatory techniques, Y. Kaufmann divided the evidence into two categories: the types of divination that are approved and the types rejected in the Hebrew Bible. The legal means for making inquiry of God were: the urim and tummim, the ephod, the lot, dreams, prophecy, and some temporary signs such as Gideon's fleece. Forbidden means or ones considered to be the ways of the nations were types that fell within the range of the cover terms Orr and COP; thus, the Bible forbids divining, practicing magic, and making inquiry of a medium, a soothsayer (wizard), or the dead. Kaufmann also noted the references to pagan forms of divination such as divining with a cup
Weaver syndrome: Autosomal dominant inheritance of the disorder

Weaver syndrome (WS), a condition first described in 1974 by Weaver et al., consists of macrosomia, advanced skeletal age, characteristic pattern of facial and radiographic anomalies, and contractures. Although there have been three reports of close relatives (sibs or both parent and offspring) affected with this condition, the syndrome generally occurs sporadically, and the recurrence risk in sporadic cases appears to be low. We report here on a family in which the propositus and his sister were born with the facial phenotype, club feet, and macrosomia characteristic of WS. Their father had macrosomia and macrocephaly as an adult, and childhood photos show clearly that he has WS. Two sisters of the propositus have had normal growth and development. The syndrome in this family appears to be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.
Categorical obligation in international law

International Law in its current form is dominated by positivism and voluntarism; yet, it has accepted a number of concepts from the Natural Law tradition that seem on the face of things to ill-fit the dominant normative complex. Of primary concern here are the Natural Law notions of categorical obligation that have been brought into International Law in the form of jus cogens rules. A number of interesting questions present themselves. What are positivists doing talking about categoricals? How have they found a way to make this fit within their larger doctrine? Have positivists adopted the language of categorical obligation, but only the language, not the correlative practices? Is it simply a matter of smuggling in alien concepts and shoehorning them despite the lack of fit, or have they created something new that only seems not to fit? Ultimately, what we find is that International Law has accepted this idea in a form that ultimately is limited by voluntarism's insistence on the voluntary and specific character of all obligations.
Knowledge representation and acquisition in the LOOS system

Abstract LOOS is a generative expert system for the design of two-dimensional layouts of rectangles that can be adapted to different domains. The system is able to systematically enumerate alternative solutions with interesting trade-offs, taking into account a broad spectrum of criteria and practical concerns. The paper describes the overall architecture of the system, in which domain knowledge is incorporated as test rules , and adaptations to two domains, the remodelling of residential kitchens and the layout of service cores for high-rise office buildings. It argues that domain knowledge is particularly easy to elicit, represent and use in this form and indicates directions for further research based on the experience gained in the two domains.
Effect of Fetal Adrenalectomy on Messenger Ribonucleic Acid for Proopiomelanocortin in the Anterior Pituitary and for Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Ovine Fetus*

In the ovine fetus, adrenalectomy at 90-120 days gestational age (dGA) results in a gradual increase in basal concentrations of fetal plasma ACTH beginning at approximately 122 dGA. Bilateral adrenalectomy at 116-119 dGA also results in an increase in POMC mRNA in the fetal pituitary. It is not known whether both the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary of the ovine fetus are responsive in late gestation to the removal of cortisol negative feedback. The purpose of this study was to determine the subsequent effect of fetal adrenalectomy at 118-121 dGA on the CRH mRNA content in fetal PVN and on POMC mRNA in the fetal anterior pituitary at 134 dGA. Mature Rambouellet-Columbia cross-bred ewes (n = 10), bred on a single occasion only and carrying fetuses of known gestational ages, were used. Both fetal adrenal glands were exposed via a retroperitoneal approach and removed [adrenalectomized (ADX); n = 5]. In control fetuses (CONT; n = 5) adrenal glands were exposed and isolated, but not removed. At 134 dGA, fetal plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly greater in CONT fetuses (7.2 +/- 2.5 ng/ml) than in ADX fetuses (mean +/- SD, 1.97 +/- 0.9 ng/ml; P less than 0.025). At 134 dGA the fetal PVN was removed by micropunching, and the anterior pituitary was separated from neurointermediate and posterior lobes after necropsy. Total RNA was prepared by the guanidium isothiocyanate-cesium chloride method and subjected to Northern analysis using specific cDNA probes to CRH and POMC. After autoradiography, quantification of mRNA was performed by scanning densitometry. Quantities of specific hybridization signal for POMC and CRH were normalized to the content of actin mRNA in each individual sample. RNA prepared from PVN exhibited a single specifically hybridizing band for CRH of approximately 1300 nucleotides. RNA prepared from anterior pituitary exhibited a single specifically hybridizing band for POMC at approximately 1300 nucleotides. Anterior pituitary POMC mRNA was significantly increased (P less than 0.025) in ADX fetuses (236 +/- 32% of CONT). CRH mRNA in PVN was greater in ADX fetuses than in CONT fetuses (P less than 0.05; mean +/- SEM, 179 +/- 21% of CONT). Adrenalectomy in fetal sheep significantly increased expression of CRH and POMC. We conclude that the increased levels of mRNA for CRH and POMC indicate that both the fetal PVN (CRH) and the anterior pituitary (POMC) are responsive to removal of the primary source of circulating glucocorticoid at this gestational age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Exploring the gender gap and the impact of residential location on environmental risk tolerance

Abstract To explore the effects of the gender gap and differences in residential location on environmental risk tolerance, we analyze data from the US general population and from households living with 50 miles of a US nuclear facility. We hypothesize that a potentially hazardous facility in close proximity to a residential community generates a constant risk signal that conditions and desensitizes that local population, causing the gender gap to converge and causing overall higher risk tolerance levels. We find support for this “context matters” hypothesis, i.e., that in environmentally stressed communities, the gender gap does converge, and males and females exhibit approximately equal levels of risk tolerance greater than those in non-stressed communities. We conclude that when modeling environmental risk tolerance both gender and place of residence should be considered potentially meaningful explanatory variables.
Corrosion kinetics in low conductivity media—I. Iron in natural waters

Abstract Potentiodynamic polarization curves with automatic compensation of the ohmic drop and a.c. impedance spectra have been obtained for rotating cylinder iron electrodes in tapwater and ASTM corrosive water with and without addition of 1 M NaClO 4 and 0.1 w/o NaNO 2 , and in 1 M NaClO 4 with and without 1.0 w/o NaNO 2 . In tapwater and corrosive water free of additives, passivation is not observed up to 10 mA cm −2 . NaClO 4 leads to passivation, but in corrosive water containing NaClO 4 reactivation occurs in the passive region followed by repassivation. Addition of NaNO 2 leads to passivation at low current densities, but pitting occurs at about + 0.22 V vs SCE. In the presence of NaClO 4 and NaNO 2 , the peculiar effect of ClO 4 − occurs again in the passive region. From the impedance data recorded at E corr the polarization resistance R p could be determined for solutions free of NaNO 2 . Good agreement was found with the R p values determined from linear sweeps at E corr . In the presence of NO 2 − , only a lower estimate of R p could be given since the impedance was capacitive at the lowest frequencies studied. The capacitance decreased in the presence of NO 2 − due to adsorption of the inhibitor. Similar values of R p were obtained in tapwater and ASTM corrosive water on the one hand and in the same solutions with the various additions on the other hand despite the different anodic polarization behavior.
Cognitive impairment associated with adjuvant therapy in breast cancer.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether cognitive function changes over time in women with breast cancer who received adjuvant therapy as compared to women with breast cancer who received no adjuvant therapy. Three groups of women (n=46) were studied; groups 1 and 2 consisted of women with stage I or II breast cancer. Group 1 received chemotherapy and group 2 received chemotherapy plus tamoxifen. Group 3 consisted of women with ductal carcinoma in situ who received no chemotherapy or tamoxifen. Cognitive function was evaluated at three timepoints. Time 1 occurred after surgery and before chemotherapy initiation in groups 1 and 2. Time 1 for group 3 occurred post-surgery. Time 2 occurred within 1 week after the conclusion of chemotherapy for groups 1 and 2 and at a comparable time for group 3. Time 3 occurred 1 year after Time 2. Women who received chemotherapy plus tamoxifen exhibited deterioration on measures of visual memory and verbal working memory and reported more memory complaints. Women who received chemotherapy alone also exhibited deteriorations in verbal working memory. Conversely, cognitive function scores improved in women who received no therapy, indicating practice effects. In conclusion, adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer can be associated with deteriorations in memory and this may persist over time. The addition of tamoxifen may lead to more widespread memory deficits. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sterically encumbered chiral amino alcohols for the titanium catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of benzaldehyde

Abstract Sterically encumbered chiral l -amino alcohols with secondary amines and tertiary alcohols catalyze the enantioselective alkylation of benzaldehyde with diethyl zinc. Using 2 mol % of amino alcohol catalyst predominantly gave (R)-1-phenylpropanol with enantiomeric excesses of up to 61%. Using the in situ prepared titanium complex at 2 mol % as catalyst also favored the (R)-enantiomer with enantiomeric excesses of up to 73%. In almost all cases, the addition catalyzed by the titanium complex exhibited higher enantioselectivity than that of the amino alcohol ligand alone.
Adverse Effects of Large Doses of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) in Idiopathic Isosexual Precocity

Three girls and one boy with isosexual precocity were treated with large intramuscular doses of MPA, 200–300 mg q. 7–10 d., in an attempt to control the rapid advancement of skeletal maturation. Although secondary sexual development regressed, all four developed signs suggestive of corticoid excess. These included rapid weight gain, mild hypertension, plethoric facies, increased body hair, and inappropriate insulin responses to glucose and arginine. In the presence of these signs of corcoid exctiess, rapid linear growth and skeletal maturation continued in all patients. Fasting growth hormone levels and acute responses to insulin and 1-arginine remained within normal limits. Urinary testosterone in the boy decreased from 15.1 μg/24 h before treatment to 1.2 μg/24 h; however, further testicular enlargement occurred during therapy. Adrenal function in the two patients so studied revealed pituitary-adrenal suppression. Excretion of Porter-Silber (P-S) chromogens was within normal limits and not suppressed by dexamethasone. Neither patient responded to metyrapone or ACTH. Thus, it is likely that the urinary steroids measured as P-S chromogens were derived from MPA rather than from endogenous adrenal corticoids. Experience with these patients suggests that bone advancement cannot be arrested with larger doses of MPA without producing potentially hazardous side effects.
Mask cost and cycle time reduction

In the IC industry the mask cost and cycle time have increased dramatically since the chip design has become more complex and the required mask specification, tighter. The lithography technology has been driven to 65-nm node and 90-nm product will be manufacturing in 2004, according to ITRS's roadmap. However, the optical exposure tools do not extend to a shorter wavelength as the critical dimension (CD) shrinks. In such sub-wavelength technology generation, the mask error factor (MEF) is normally higher. Higher MEF means that tighter mask specification is required to sustain the lithography performance. The tighter mask specification will impact both mask processing complexity and cost. The mask is no longer a low-cost process. In addition, the number of wafers printed from each mask set is trending down, resulting in a huge investment to tape out a new circuit. Higher cost discourages circuit shrinking, thus, prohibits commercialization of new technology nodes.
Cardiorespiratory effects of pressure controlled inverse ratio ventilation in severe respiratory failure.

Cardiorespiratory values were measured in nine patients with severe respiratory failure before and following initiation of pressure controlled inverse ratio ventilation (PC-IRV) at an inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 2:1. All patients showed increases in PaO 2 , with the mean PaO 2 rising from 63±4 (mean±SEM) to 76±8 mm Hg. Peak inspiratory pressure fell from 44±4 to 39±2 cm H 2 O. There were no significant changes in any hemodynamic or oxygen metabolism variable associated with the institution of PC-IRV. In particular, no significant alteration in cardiac index, pulmonary artery pressures, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, or oxygen extraction ratio occurred with the use of PC-IRV. These results suggest that PC-IRV may be a useful ventilatory modality in the treatment of severe respiratory failure since it results in improvement in arterial oxygenation without any deterioration in hemodynamic or tissue oxygen metabolism parameters.
Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in patients with lupus nephritis.

Lupus nephritis is associated with urinary protein excretion, hypoalbuminemia, and renal function declines, which may impact the pharmacokinetics (PK) of mycophenolic acid (MPA). The primary study objective was to evaluate and describe the PK of MPA and its glucuronide (MPAG) in lupus nephritis. Secondary objectives were to determine the single and/or multiple effects of clinical parameters (urinary protein excretion, serum albumin, and creatinine clearance) and demographic variables (age, race, and gender) on total and unbound MPA and MPAG PK. Plasma and urine were collected for 24-hours and assayed by HPLC with UV detection. Noncompartmental PK analysis was performed using WinNonlin v4.1. Statistics included descriptive analyses, urivariate and multiple regression tests, and T-test or nonparametric equivalent. Time to maximal concentration (0.5 to 8 hrs) was variable. Unbound MPA was 2.6±1.9% and oral clearance (Cl/F 343 ± 200 mL/min) was ~ 2-fold higher than previously reported. Multiple regression showed MPA Cl/F was predicted by creatinine clearance (Clcr) and serum albumin (MPA lnCl/F = 5.358 + 0.0092 (Clcr) − 0.078 (ranked albumin), R2 51.1%, p = 0.0195). UP:Cr ≥ 1 g/d had lower trough and area under the curve (AUC 0-12) and higher Cl/F versus UP:Cr < 1 g/d. Serum albumin < 4 g/dL had higher MPA Cl unbound and MPAG Clr 0-12 versus serum albumin ≥ 4g/dL. Recycling AUC (AUC6-12) and equally gender and age predicted renal clearance of MPAG. Clcr and serum albumin were identified as primary contributors to MPA exposure and should be considered when evaluating dosages. The results of future studies should clarify the interactions of other variables on drug exposure and treatment responses. Clinicians need to be mindful of clinical changes that occur throughout the course of lupus nephritis in order to maintain efficacy and reduce toxicity from MPA therapy.
Functional capacity is a better predictor of coronary heart disease than depression or abnormal sleep duration in Black and White Americans.

Objective To assess whether functional capacity is a better predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD) than depression or abnormal sleep duration.
On evolution of particle size distribution functions of incipient soot in premixed ethylene-oxygen-argon flames

Abstract The evolution of the soot particle size distribution function (PSDF) and particle morphology are studied for premixed ethylene–oxygen–argon flat flames at equivalence ratio ϕ = 2.07 over the maximum flame temperature range of 1600–1900 K. Experiments were carried out using an in-situ probe sampling method in tandem with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), yielding the PSDF for various distances from the burner surface. The morphology of the particles was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Within the particle size range that can be detected, the PSDF transitions from an apparent unimodal PSDF for high temperature flames ( T f > ∼ 1800 K ) to a bimodal PSDF at lower temperatures ( T f ∼ 1800 K ). The bimodal PSDF has a noticeable trough that separates the nucleation tail and log-normal mode. This mode-transition trough had been previously thought to occur at a fixed particle size, but these results show a continuous shift of the trough location towards smaller sizes with increasing flame temperature. TEM images show that the particles are spherical, even when the PSDF is bimodal, suggesting that the bimodality occurs as the primary particles undergoes mass and size growth, and is not a result of particle aggregation. Atomic force microscopy of substrate deposited particles shows that particles spread and form hill like structures upon impact with the substrate surface, indicating that the particles are liquid-like at the time of impact.
The cost and effectiveness of retrofit programs for used cars

Estimates are made of the cost and effectiveness of available retrofit devices. These estimates are used in a linear programming model to determine the combination of devices applied to specific model year automobiles which will reach various specified emission reduction goals at least cost. The results are presented in terms of the South Coast Air Basin (Los Angeles) in 1975. A method of generalizing the results to other air basins is presented in an appendix.
Testing lumpability in Markov chains

The chi-squared test of Markov chain lumpability is shown to operate reliably under a corrected derivation of the degrees of freedom. The test is used to screen out lumping schemes that corrupt the Markov property and give rise to higher order dependence.
A note on salam’s compositeness conditions

The behavior of Regge trajectories is studied for certain classes of potentials. The asymptotic properties are found to depend on the behavior of the potential at the origin as expected. In particular weak potentials with attractive and repulsive cores are studied. In all cases there are indeterminacy points (crossings of alpha /sub n/ (k) and alpha /sub m/(-k)) at positive and negative energies and branch points (crossings of alpha /sub n/(k) and alpha / sub m/(k)). Some trajectories are seen to lie down at negative integer and half- integer 1-values. (auth)
GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENTIAL ITEM FUNCTIONING ON A MIDDLE-SCHOOL MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

Will performance assessments in mathematics have gender DIF? Do male and female examinees provide similar solution strategies?
Estimation of emission adjustments from the application of four-dimensional data assimilation to photochemical air quality modeling

Abstract Four-dimensional data assimilation applied to photochemical air quality modeling is used to suggest adjustments to the emissions inventory of the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. In this approach, a three-dimensional air quality model, coupled with direct sensitivity analysis, develops spatially and temporally varying concentration and sensitivity fields that account for chemical and physical processing, and receptor analysis is used to adjust source strengths. Proposed changes to domain-wide NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO emissions from anthropogenic sources and for VOC emissions from biogenic sources were estimated, as well as modifications to sources based on their spatial location (urban vs. rural areas). In general, domain-wide anthropogenic VOC emissions were increased approximately two times their base case level to best match observations, domain-wide anthropogenic NOx and biogenic VOC emissions (BEIS2 estimates) remained close to their base case value and domain-wide CO emissions were decreased. Adjustments for anthropogenic NOx emissions increased their level of uncertainty when adjustments were computed for mobile and area sources (or urban and rural sources) separately, due in part to the poor spatial resolution of the observation field of nitrogen-containing species. Estimated changes to CO emissions also suffer from poor spatial resolution of the measurements. Results suggest that rural anthropogenic VOC emissions appear to be severely underpredicted. The FDDA approach was also used to investigate the speciation profiles of VOC emissions, and results warrant revision of these profiles. In general, the results obtained here are consistent with what are viewed as the current deficiencies in emissions inventories as derived by other top-down techniques, such as tunnel studies and analysis of ambient measurements.
Role of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in BCG-induced IFN-γ production: cytokine promotion and simulation of BCG effect

Induction of a T-helper-type 1 (Th1) immune response is indispensable for successful treatment of superficial bladder cancer with BCG. In this study possible involvement of various cytokines in BCG action as well as their potential roles in enhancing and mimicking BCG effect were explored. In immunocompetent cell cultures, IFN-gamma, a major Th1 cytokine, appears to be a late responsive cytokine to BCG stimulation. Its induction requires involvement of various endogenously produced Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Functional abolishment of any one of these cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, GMCSF, TNF-alpha, or IFN-alpha, except IL-10) by neutralizing antibodies leads to reduced IFN-gamma production (19-82% inhibition in mouse and 44-77% inhibition in human systems, respectively). In mice cytokines IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, and GMCSF are observed to synergize with BCG for IFN-gamma production, whereas in human cytokines IL-2, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IFN-alpha exhibit similar synergistic effects. Rational combinations of these Th1-stimulating cytokines (IL-12 plus IL-18 in mice and IL-2 plus IL-12 in humans, respectively) dramatically up-regulate IFN-gamma production that is incomparably superior to BCG for induction of this cytokine. These results suggest that combined Th1-stimulating cytokines and combinations of BCG plus selected Th1-stimulating cytokines are rational candidates for further study in the treatment of bladder cancer patients.
Diagnostic maxillofacial coronal images reformatted from helically acquired thin-section axial CT data.

OBJECTIVE. This study was undertaken to determine the sensitivity and specificity of coronal images reformatted from helical thin-section axial CT data obtained for the evaluation of maxillofacial fractures.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Multiple fractures were created in nine cadaver heads by blunt trauma and were then evaluated using a late-generation helical CT scanner. Two neuroradiologists then independently evaluated the axial and reformatted coronal maxillofacial images. Subsequently, they reviewed the axial and direct coronal CT images, which were considered the criterion standard.RESULTS. A total of 87 fractures were identified. An experienced neuroradiologist failed to identify one displaced fracture and two nondisplaced fractures when evaluating the reformatted coronal and direct axial images for an overall sensitivity of 97%. A less experienced neuroradiologist failed to identify a total of five minimally displaced or nondisplaced fractures for an overall sensitivity of 94%. For each radiologist, no s...
Impact of external-beam radiation therapy on outcomes among patients with resected gastric cancer: A multi-institutional analysis.

Background Use of perioperative chemotherapy (CTx) alone versus chemoradiation therapy (cXRT) in the treatment of resectable gastric cancer remains varied. We sought to define the utilization and effect of CTx alone versus cXRT on patients having undergone curative-intent resection for gastric cancer.
Energy arguments in the theory of algorithms

My goal is to convince you that physical arguments can provide valuable insight into the behavior of algorithms. In particular, several classic results from combinatorics and the theory of algorithms are easy to prove, once you have an appropriate physical model. These demonstrations have as their theme the simple but powerful idea of energy conservation: in any closed physical system, the total energy is constant. Certainly, physical ideas have influenced the theory of algorithms in other ways. One famous example is the concept of entropy, which has found wide use in information theory. For example, you are probably familiar with the result that °g2 n! comparisons are required to sort n keys. I would like to argue here that energy is equally useful, and deserves a permanent place in your toolbox. Furthermore, abstracting the essential ideas in energy conservation arguments leads to the method of amortized analysis, for which this article can serve as an introduction.
Biological delignification of plant components by the white rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyathus stercoreus

Lignocelluloses from diverse plant types were treated with the white rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (strains CZ-3-8497 and FP-90031-sp) and Cyathus stercoreus. Sources of lignocellulose included: the warm-season grasses sorghum (leaf blades, sheaths, and stems), pearl millet, napiergrass, and maize (stems); the cool-season grass wheat (leaf blades, sheaths, and stems); the legumes alfalfa (stems) and lespedeza (leaflets and stems). Fungus-treated residues were compared with untreated, control samples and with plants treated with a non-delignifying isolate of Trichoderma. Residues were evaluated for improved biodegradability by ruminal microorganisms and modifications in cell wall chemistry by nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography, and ultraviolet absorption microspectrophotometry. Specific plant—fungus interactions were identified that resulted in selective removal of lignin and improved biodegradability by white rot fungi but not the Trichoderma sp. All white rot fungi removed ester-linked p-coumaric and ferulic acids from grass stems, and this phenomenon appeared to account for the significant reduction in aromatic components and improved biodegradability of fungus-treated grass lignocellulose. Cell walls in alfalfa stems were more resistant to biological delignification than those in grasses, with only C. stercoreus removing significant amounts of aromatics and improving biodegradability. All white rot fungi improved the biodegradability of tannin-rich lespedeza samples.
Fathers’ Experiences With the Special Education System The Overlooked Voice

Research about parent experiences with the special education system is largely dominated from mothers’ perspectives. This article will present a qualitative interview study of the overlooked voice:...
Geometric retrieval of cloud top height from MISR imagery

The multi-stage imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) instrument, a part of NASA's the Earth Observing System (EOS), is to be launched in 1999 aboard the EOS AM-1 satellite. The MISR instrument consists of nine pushbroom cameras pointing at discrete view angles. Multi-angle imagery form MISR creates opportunities to retrieve new scientific parameters relating to the earth's aerosols, clouds, and surface. This paper focuses on the accurate geometric retrieval of cloud top height from MISR data. It consists of three major processing steps. The first process projects and registers multi-angle MISR radiance imagery to an ellipsoidal earth surface represented by the WGS-84 ellipsoid. The results of this processing provides not only surface registration but also near epipolar imaging geometry. The next processing step separates the cloud motion and cloud height. Traditionally, this has been considered a singular problem in photogrammetry even with stereo imagery. However, a separation condition does exist with satellite imaging and multiple MISR camera look-angles. The last processing step automatically retrieves cloud-top height field in high resolution from ellipsoid-projected MISR radiance imagery. This paper present the above three processing steps starting from an accurate and efficient projection of multi-angle MISR image data to the ellipsoid surface, followed by a mathematical derivation which separates the cloud motion and height, and finally an automatic image matching and ray intersection algorithm for high resolution cloud top height retrieval.
Literacy and Mothering: How Women's Schooling Changes the Lives of the World's Children

This is an immensely valuable book for demographers in general and especially for the many demographers who have long been fascinated by the black box of the education of females (see, for example,...
The nucleocytoplasmic distribution of 3-0-methylglucose in the amphibian oocyte

Ultra-low temperature microdissection was employed to determine the in situ nucleocytoplasmic distribution 3-0-methylglucose in the amphibian oocyte. The nucleocytoplasmic partition ratio, Kn/c, for this non-metabolizable monosaccharide was 1.54±0.08. The observed asymmetry could be explained by the differential solubility of the solute in the water of the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.
18β-glycyrrhetinic acid delivered orally induces isolated lymphoid follicle maturation at the intestinal mucosa and attenuates rotavirus shedding.

Glycyrrhizin, an abundant bioactive component of the medicinal licorice root is rapidly metabolized by gut commensal bacteria into 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA). Either or both of these compounds have been shown to have antiviral, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-ulcerative, anti-tumor, anti-allergenic and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro or in vivo. In this study, the ability of GRA to modulate immune responses at the small intestinal mucosa when delivered orally was investigated. Analysis of cytokine transcription in duodenal and ileal tissue in response to GRA treatment revealed a pattern of chemokine and chemokine receptor gene expression predictive of B cell recruitment to the gut. Consistent with this finding, GRA induced increases in CD19+ B cells in the lamina propria and B220+ B cell aggregates framed by CD11c+ dendritic cells in structures resembling isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF). Using a mouse model of rotavirus infection, GRA reduced the duration of viral antigen shedding, and endpoint serum antibody titers were higher in GRA-treated animals. Together the data suggest GRA delivered orally augments lymphocyte recruitment to the intestinal mucosa and induces maturation of B cell-rich ILF independently of ectopic antigenic stimulus. These results provide further support a role for dietary ligands in modulation of dynamic intestinal lymphoid tissue.
Prostate Cancer Managed with Active Surveillance: Role of Anatomic MR Imaging and MR Spectroscopic Imaging

Adjusted multivariate models used to evaluate anatomic MR imaging indicated that the presence of a lesion that was suggestive of cancer conferred a greater risk (hazard ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 14.9) of Gleason score upgrade at subsequent biopsy.
Syntheses of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-βD-galacto-pyranosyl-D-mannose and -D-glucose and of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-βD-mannopyranosyl-D-mannose and -D-glucose☆

Abstract 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4- O -β- D -galactopyranosyl- D -mannose (6) and - D -glucose (7) were prepared by addition of nitromethane to 3- O -β- D -galactopyranosyl- D -arabinose, followed by acetylation, ammonolysis, and application of the Nef reaction. Similarly, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4- O -β- D -mannopyranosyl- D -mannose (14) and - D -glucose (15) were prepared by the same scheme from 3- O -β- D -mannopyranosyl- D -arabinose. In the two series of experiments, 6 and 14 were the respective major products. Epimerization of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -mannose residue in 6 and 14 yielded 7 and 15, respectively.
When Less Signaling Is More

A crowded party means lots of sensory inputs and the need to “tune out” distracting signals to have productive interactions. On page 1178 in this issue, Khalil et al. ( 1 ) suggest that in a crowded environment, B cells too must tune out distracting inputs so that they can be responsive to key interactions.
Cosmological models and non-denumerable singularities

A review of the standard cosmological models shows that the positive cosmological constant gives rise to exponential increase in spatial extension. Such an increase is contradictory if extended over infinite future time, since even in an infinite universe there can only be a denumerable infinity of finite spatial units. The argument against exponential expansion is among the processes forbidden by the steady-state postulate of MacMillan.
Ozone in Michigan's Environment 1876–1880

Abstract Atmospheric ozone was monitored in Michigan during the late 1880's using Schoenbein's test paper. A conversion chart was constructed to relate the Schoenbein ozone scale at various relative humidifies to ozone levels indicated by a Dasibi ozone monitor. Average monthly ozone values were highest during the spring months and lowest during the winter season. Highest recorded ozone levels accompanied southwest wind flow into Michigan. Ozone level increased with time as an air mass passed over Michigan and dropped immediately after frontal passage. These patterns are similar to patterns observed in today's data. These results strongly suggest that anthropogenic nitrogen emitted by actively growing green plants and soils is the major source of photochemical ozone precursors in earth's boundary layer.
Thyroxine stimulation of rat liver microsomal NADH-cytochrome c reductase in vitro.

Abstract Rat liver microsomal NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity is stimulated by 20 μM thyroxine in vitro . Thyroxine does not influence microsomal NADH-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, or NADPH-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity. Stimulation of NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity is not mediated by super-oxide and is likely due to enhanced reduction or oxidation of cytochrome b 5.
Gravitons and light cone fluctuations.

Gravitons in a squeezed vacuum state, the natural result of quantum creation in the early Universe or by black holes, will introduce metric fluctuations. These metric fluctuations will introduce fluctuations of the light cone. It is shown that when the various two-point functions of a quantized field are averaged over the metric fluctuations, the light cone singularity disappears for distinct points. The metric-averaged functions remain singular in the limit of coincident points. The metric-averaged retarded Green's function for a massless field becomes a Gaussian which is nonzero both inside and outside of the classical light cone. This implies some photons propagate faster than the classical light speed, whereas others propagate slower. The possible effects of metric fluctuations upon one-loop quantum processes are discussed and illustrated by the calculation of the one-loop electron self-energy.
Effect of deuterium on the kinetics of 1,5-hydrogen shifts: 5-dideuteriomethylene-2,4,6,7,9-pentamethyl-11,11a- dihydro-12H-naphthacene.

To obtain a more reliable temperature dependence of the kinetic deuterium isotope effect in a 1,5-hydrogen shift, the title compound has been designed to repress compromising side reactions, arguably arising from second-order ene−ene unions. The values of kH/kD, 4.58−5.15, in the range 185.8−153.8 °C, on extrapolation by the derived Arrhenius equation, lead to 8−14 at 25 °C. Another goal is the evaluation of the effect on rates of the free rotation available to the phenyl groups in 2,4-diphenyl-1,3(Z)-pentadiene compared to the constraint to coplanarity of the phenyl groups in the title compound. The effect is insignificant. Incidental to the presence of the sterically effective methyl groups in the title compound, participation of the hydrogen atoms of an aromatic methyl group as part of the 1,3(Z)-pentadienyl system has been uncovered in 6,8-dimethyl-1-methylene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. The rate of the rearrangement is too slow to compromise the kinetics of the hydrogen shifts in the title compoun...
VLBI observations of the 3C 111 jet

VLBI observations have been made of the central component of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 111 at 1.7 GHz and 5.0 GHz. High-dynamic-range maps at both frequencies show a one-sided jet in PA 62 + or - 1 deg but no counterjet. The lower limit to the jet/counterjet ratio is 30:1 at 5 GHz and 15:1 at 1.7 GHz. The jet is initially straight, but beyond 15 marcsec from the core it exhibits small bends or wiggles. Their onset corresponds to a sharp reduction in the rate of intensity falloff along the jet, suggesting that an instability in the jet is causing substantial particle acceleration.
Combination therapy of dyslipidemia

Clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduction and, with less robust evidence, reduction of triglyceride levels and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although the statins are the cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy, they may not be adequate to accomplish all of the changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels called for in current guidelines. Combinations of one or more lipid-modifying drugs in addition to lifestyle changes are now part of clinical guidelines and are being used extensively in practice. Clinicians need to be familiar with the individual drugs and how they interact. There is also a need for outcome data with combination therapy, especially for statin-fibrate and statin-niacin combinations. Several clinical trials are underway and should provide further evidence for the benefit of combination therapy of dyslipidemia. New drug classes have the potential to provide additive effects with currently available medications to provide substantial LDL reduction and increased HDL level that may lead to a substantial reduction in the burden of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
Energy Storage and Waste Heat Recovery: A Synergistic Effect Benefiting Renewable Energy

In order for renewable energy to displace 20% or more of the conventional power generating base without depending on significant hot spinning reserves, reliable and cost effective energy storage will be needed at the utility scale. Developing and deploying practical energy storage at this level is a major challenge and no single technology appears to have a dominant position. Storing electrical energy by way of thermal storage at moderate-to-low temperatures has not received much attention in the past. In fact, the conventional thinking is that heat pump/heat engine mediated energy storage is too inefficient (round trip efficiency of 30% or lower) to be practical. However, an innovative and efficient storage approach is proposed in this paper by incorporating sensible heat storage in a Rankine-type heat pump/heat engine cycle to increase the round trip efficiency. Furthermore, by using a source of waste (or otherwise low-grade) heat, round trip efficiencies can be enhanced further. Currently, there appears to be no significant linkage between waste heat recovery and grid-level energy storage, although the market opportunity for each is considerable. Using the thermal approach described here, a system can be created that uses very low-grade heat in the range between 50 to 70 °C. Furthermore, conventional technology can be used to implement the system where no extreme conditions are present anywhere in the cycle. Hence, it is thought to have advantages over other energy storage concepts being developed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Menstrual bleeding from an endometriotic lesion

We present a case in which endometriotic lesions were observed to be focally hemorrhagic at laparoscopy performed during menstruation. Red vesicular lesions likely represent early disease with intact capacity for hormonally induced menstrual bleeding.
Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005–2006 eruption at the East Pacific Rise, 9°46′N–9°56′N: Implications for ridge crest plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions

Detailed mapping, sampling, and geochemical analyses of lava flows erupted from an ∼18 km long section of the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9°46′N to 9°56′N during 2005–2006 provide unique data pertaining to the short-term thermochemical changes in a mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. The 2005–2006 lavas are typical normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt with strongly depleted incompatible trace element patterns with marked negative Sr and Eu/Eu* anomalies and are slightly more evolved than lavas erupted in 1991–1992 at the same location on the EPR. Spatial geochemical differences show that lavas from the northern and southern limits of the 2005–2006 eruption are more evolved than those erupted in the central portion of the fissure system. Similar spatial patterns observed in 1991–1992 lavas suggest geochemical gradients are preserved over decadal time scales. Products of northern axial and off-axis fissure eruptions are consistent with the eruption of cooler, more fractionated lavas that also record a parental melt component not observed in the main suite of 2005–2006 lavas. Radiogenic isotopic ratios for 2005–2006 lavas fall within larger isotopic fields defined for young axial lavas from 9°N to 10°N EPR, including those from the 1991–1992 eruption. Geochemical data from the 2005–2006 eruption are consistent with an invariable mantle source over the spatial extent of the eruption and petrogenetic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and magma mixing) operating within the crystal mush zone and axial magma chamber (AMC) before and during the 13 year repose period. Geochemical modeling suggests that the 2005–2006 lavas represent differentiated residual liquids from the 1991–1992 eruption that were modified by melts added from deeper within the crust and that the eruption was not initiated by the injection of hotter, more primitive basalt directly into the AMC. Rather, the eruption was driven by AMC pressurization from persistent or episodic addition of more evolved magma from the crystal mush zone into the overlying subridge AMC during the period between the two eruptions. Heat balance calculations of a hydrothermally cooled AMC support this model and show that continual addition of melt from the mush zone was required to maintain a sizable AMC over this time interval.
Supersaturation and crystal growth in the roof-zone of the Skaergaard magma chamber

The coarse-grained Upper Border Series rocks of the Skaergaard intrusion contain abundant skeletal crystals of magnetite and ilmenite, skeletal and hopper crystals of apatite, and less abundant sector-zoned augite crystals and hopper zircon crystals. In addition, the melanogranophyres which occur as pods and lenses in the lower part of the Upper Border Series and the upper part of the Layered Series are characterized by very coarse-grained dendritic ferrohedenbergite crystals. Skeletal, hopper, and sectorzoned crystals are not present in the Layered Series gabbros. The development of these unusual crystal morphologies in the Upper Border Series requires that the roof-zone magma was intermittently supersaturated and indicates that the Skaergaard magma chamber was compositionally zoned and that heat loss through the roof maintained a temperature gradient in the magma that was greater than the adiabatic gradient. It is suggested that supersaturation developed in the roof-zone of the intrusion as a result of convective overturn and magma mixing during the early stages of crystallization, and as a result of sudden volatile loss during the later stages of crystallization when the Upper Border Series rocks became rigid enough to fracture.