cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetical Processes of Evolution on High Oceanic Islands

The Hawaiian Drosophila project has been in progress for 20 years. Recently, emphasis has been placed on studies of genetic variability in natural populations. The data generated are of extraordinary interest for understanding the genetic basis of evolution. The findings are relevant not only to islands forms but also to species in continental ecosystems. Chromosomal, electrophoretic and morphometric studies of specimens from local populations (demes) of island species have shown them generally to be as rich in genetic variability as demes of widespread continental species. The main difference between continntal and insular species is that the latter have smaller total population sizes insular species have fewer demes. On high volcanic islands, the most striking mode of speciation is through one or a few inter-island or inter-volcano founders. The case of Drosophila silvestris from the island of Hawaii is presented. Enforced isolation appears to foster genetic divergence. An unexpected results is that the founder effect does not drasticaly reduce genetic variablity. Rather, it appears to induce a shift in the polygenic heterozygous balances that underlie the genetics of quantitative characters, especially those dealing with mating behavior.In view of these findings, the well-known exuberance of novel adaptations and species observed on isolated oceanic islands is understandable.
Some Properties of Superconductors below 1°K. III. Zr, Hf, Cd, and Ti

Using techniques for the measurement of the magnetic threshold curves of superconductors below 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K previously employed, investigations have been made on cadmium, zirconium, hafnium, and titanium, both before and after heat treatment. It was found that, in zirconium and hafnium, the magnetic superconducting properties were profoundly affected by heat treatment and that only after suitable annealing did these properties approach those of an ideal superconductor. The results for the annealed metals were as follows: the transition temperature, ${T}_{c}$ in zero magnetic field was 0.602\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for cadmium, 0.546\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for zirconium, 0.374\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for hafnium, 0.558\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for titanium and the slope of the magnetic threshold curves at $T={T}_{c}$ in gauss/degree was 112 for cadmium, 170 for zirconium, 230 for hafnium, and 450 for titanium. The magnetic threshold curves for cadmium and zirconium were parabolic with ${H}_{0}=33.8$ gauss for cadmium and 46.4 gauss for zirconium. The thermodynamically computed specific heat of the normal electrons was $1.54\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}T$ cal/mole-deg for cadmium and $3.92\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}T$ mole-deg for zirconium. No thermodynamic computations were made for hafnium and titanium owing to the irreversibility of their superconducting transitions.
Primary angiosarcomas of the anterior mediastinum: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 9 cases

We report 9 cases of primary angiosarcomas of the anterior mediastinum. Patient ages ranged from 25 to 62 years (mean, 40.7 years); 5 patients were male and 4 were female. Main presenting symptoms included chest pain, dyspnea, and cough. The tumor size ranged from 3 to 12.5 cm. Macroscopically, the lesions were ill-defined hemorrhagic masses. Histologically, the growth patterns ranged from large vascular spaces to capillary-like proliferations. These were either lined by bland or more pleomorphic endothelial cells. The mitotic activity was variable and corresponded to the degree of differentiation. A rim of thymic tissue was observed in 2 cases suggesting a thymic origin of the tumors. No teratomatous components were identified. Immunohistochemical studies showed that all 9 cases were reactive for vascular markers including factor VIII-related antigen, CD31, and CD34, and negative for cytokeratin CAM5.2. All cases were treated by complete resection and 3 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Follow-up information available for 6 patients revealed that 4 were alive and free of disease at intervals ranging from 6 to 36 months after diagnosis and 1 was alive with recurrence at 48 months. One patient had died of the disease 10 months after diagnosis. Primary angiosarcomas of the anterior mediastinum are rare tumors that need to be added to the differential diagnosis of primary anterior mediastinal neoplasms. Despite their histologic similarity to angiosarcomas at other sites, primary angiosarcomas of the anterior mediastinum appear to follow a more protracted clinical course than their counterparts in other organ systems.
Naloxone does not antagonize leukocytic pyrogen

Abstract In a crossover experiment, cats were given third cerebral ventricular injections of 500 μg naloxone hydrochloride or saline vehicle followed in 15 min by i.v. injections of saline solution or leukocytic pyrogen. The pyrogen produced comparable fevers after both saline and naloxone pretreatment. Intravenous administration of naloxone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) likewise did not prevent febrile responses to leukocytic pyrogen. These results indicate that endogenous opioid peptides are not likely central mediators of pyrogen-induced fevers.
The X-ray surface brightness distribution and spectral properties of six early-type galaxies

Detailed analysis is presented of the Einstein X-ray observations of six early-type galaxies. The results show that effective cooling is probably present in these systems, at least in the innermost regions. Interaction with the surrounding medium has a major effect on the X-ray surface brightness distribution at large radii, at least for galaxies in clusters. The data do not warrant the general assumptions of isothermality and gravitational hydrostatic equilibrium at large radii. Comparison of the X-ray surface brightness profiles with model predictions indicate that 1/r-squared halos with masses of the order of 10 times the stellar masses are required to match the data. The physical model of White and Chevalier (1984) for steady cooling flows in a King law potential with no heavy halo gives a surface brightness distribution that resembles the data if supernovae heating is present.
Comparison of methods for the determination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation chest compression fraction

Objective While cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) chest compression fraction (CCF) is associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) outcomes, there is no standard method for the determination of CCF. We compared nine methods for calculating CCF.
Mathematical formulation of optical multicast with loss-balanced light-forest

In wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks, multicast is implemented by constructing a light-forest, which is a set of light-trees with each light-tree rooted from the multicast source and terminated at a partition subset of the destination nodes. Quality of optical signal at each destination node is greatly affected by multicast routing scenario. To guarantee that different destinations in a multicast session can receive relatively equivalent optical signal quality, it is desirable to deliver the multicast traffic over a loss-balanced light-forest. A loss-balanced light-forest is composed of a set of light-trees with each light-tree having both bounded destination size and bounded source-destination distance. This paper studies multicast routing and wavelength assignment (MC-RWA) problem under loss-balanced light-forest constraint. The problem is formulated as an optimization model using integer linear programming (ILP). Numerical solutions to the optimization model can supply useful performance benchmarks for loss-balance-constrained optical multicast in WDM networks
Enhanced bio-mineralization by riboflavin photosensitization and its significance to detoxification of Benzo[a]pyrene.

In this study, 14C-benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was chosen as a model compound to investigate if photosensitization by riboflavin enhances the subsequent microbial mineralization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in natural aquatic environments. After photolysis, BaP showed an increased toxicity to human epithelial cell and natural microbial assemblage. However, BaP mineralization rate in a river water sample containing riboflavin is roughly twice of that without riboflavin after the 2-day incubation. Thus, the results imply that microbial assemblage can mineralize BaP photoproducts to carbon dioxide and a combination of riboflavin photosensitization and microbial degradation could lead to complete detoxification of PAHs.
Phenomenology of the Structural Relaxation Process and the Glass Transition

The glass transition is a kinetic phenomenon caused by the inability of the liquid structure to equilibrate on an experimental timescale at sufficiently low temperatures. This results in changes during hearing or cooling in the temperature dependence of macroscopic properties such as volume, enthalpy, dielectric constant and loss, etc., over a narrow range in temperature generally referred to as the glass transition region. During the past 25 years, fairly straightforward semi-empirical models have been developed for the behavior of liquids and glasses in the glass transition region. These models are able to describe both qualitatively and, if the system is not too far from equilibrium, quantitatively the time and temperature dependence of properties during cooling, heating, and annealing. In addition, analysis of the structural relaxation process using irreversible thermodynamics has shown that different properties, e.g., volume and enthalpy, are expected to exhibit different time dependencies in the glass transition region. The relevance of these models and theories to a meaningful assignment of a glass transition temperature is discussed.
Factors associated with colorectal cancer screening among Chinese-Americans.

Abstract Objective . To investigate factors associated with receipt of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among urban senior Chinese-Americans. Methods . Two hundred three men and women from three senior centers completed a questionnaire that included sections on demographics, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy use, and potential barriers to screening. Results . Receipt of a FOBT within the prior 12 months (37.9% of sample) was associated with fewer years of US residency, lower level of worries or fears of test results, and higher level of perceived susceptibility to CRC. Receipt of a flexible sigmoidoscopy within the past 5 years (22.2% of sample) was associated with higher levels of education, lower levels of worries or fears of test results, and higher level of perceived susceptibility of CRC . Conclusions . Intervention programs may target these areas to facilitate CRC screening in Chinese-Americans so that national goals can be met for all Americans.
Introduction: Specifying mothers/motherhoods:

The place of mothers and motherhoods in commercial life represents one of the great under-told stories of consumer culture. At once revered and despised as leisure shoppers, women nevertheless have borne the brunt of the labor of consumption for the household and thus have garnered the attention of advertisers and marketers since at least the early decades of the 20th century. During these formative years, the ‘mother’, as conceptual persona, can be found informing the design and staffing of retail spaces of urban department stores in the USA (Benson, 1986; Cook, 2004), completing the ‘family circle’ in depictions of the ‘housewife’ in advertising promotions (Marchand 1985) and occupying center stage in consumer education efforts of the time (Frederick, 1929). A good deal of the story of the mother– consumer – in both historical and contemporary treatments – has until recently remained enfolded into, and perhaps lost in, the general figure of a ‘female’ consumer with all if of its attendant ideologically inflected foibles and presumptions. Indeed, relatively recent key works focusing on women and shopping, such as those by DeVault (1991), Miller (1998) and Zukin (2004), tend to elide the specificities of what women do as mothers and thus of how constructs and understandings of motherhood may inform those of womanhood as well as those regarding consumption. Motherhood remains caught in the tussle between seemingly disparate forms of value and valuation. Abiding cultural norms continue to set expectations for mothers to defer some measure of personal gratification to their children’s ‘needs’, or at least to their wants, both at home and in the marketplace. Yet, it is in the regular handling of children’s desires that the sorting of priorities and the fabricating of value take place on a fundamental, everyday basis. It also is in the handling of such desires that various motherhoods come to be constituted as social practice (cf. Warde, 2005). As Douglas and Isherwood remind us, consumption, in the broad sense, constitutes the way the materials of culture become organized. It is ‘the very arena in which culture is fought over and licked into shape’ (1979: 57). Consumption here includes the sorting of values – of good from bad, of appropriate from
Colorectal cancer screening and familial risk: a survey of internal medicine residents' knowledge and practice patterns.

Colorectal Cancer Screening and Familial Risk: A Survey of Internal Medicine Residents’ Knowledge and Practice Patterns
The characterization of carbon monoxide electrosorbed on ordered rhodium(100) by in-situ infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Absolute surface infrared spectra for carbon monoxide on ordered Rh(100) in 0.1 M HClO4 are reported as a function of CO coverage, 0.1 ≲ θ ≲ 0.77, and electrode potential, 0.25 V to 0.2 V vs. SCE. While vibrational bands corresponding to both terminal and twofold bridging adsorption geometries are observed, unlike platinum low-index faces and Rh(111), the latter bonding configuration predominates, especially at lower coverages. For CO adlayers prepared by direct dosing using a dilute CO solution to form a given coverage, the bridging vco peak. frequency, vcob, increases substantially (up to ca. 100 cm−1) with increasing θ. In contrast, for adlayers formed by electrooxidative removal from an initial saturated CO layer, vcob diminishes little (
Association between implementation of CDC recommendations and ventilator-associated pneumonia at selected US hospitals.

Abstract Background: To assess whether selected recommendations in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia" were being implemented and having an impact on the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) at US hospitals, we surveyed hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system. Methods: We mailed a questionnaire to the infection control practitioner of each NNIS hospital in 1995 and used data from the NNIS system to calculate annual rates of VAP. Results: Of the 188 hospitals surveyed, 179 (95%) returned completed questionnaires. Of these, 175 (98%) had implemented the recommended change of mechanical-ventilator breathing circuits at 48-hour or greater intervals. Of 110 hospitals using the hygroscopic condenser-humidifiers or heat-moisture exchangers with ventilators, 102 (93%) changed the hygroscopic condenser-humidifiers or heat-moisture exchangers routinely, and of 98 hospitals using bubbling humidifiers, 96 (98%) used sterile water to fill these humidifiers. Other practices for which the guideline provides no recommendation and their frequency of use by NNIS hospitals include use of hygroscopic condenser-humidifiers or heat-moisture exchangers (110/179 [61%]) and use of bacterial filters in anesthesia machines (128/171 [61%]). There was a significant decrease in the VAP rate from 1987 to 1998. Conclusion: Most NNIS hospitals had implemented selected recommendations in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia" before the final publication of the revised guideline. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of these recommendations on the occurrence of VAP. (AJIC Am J Infect Control 2000;28:222-7)
Career Aspirations and Perceived Level of Preparedness Among Marriage and Family Therapy Doctoral Students

The authors conducted a survey of marriage and family therapy (MFT) doctoral students in programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education (COAMFTE). MFT doctoral students (N = 82) from across the United States responded to a web-based survey that focused on career aspirations, training opportunities, and the level of preparedness they experienced during their doctoral education. Results of this survey indicated that students felt they were well prepared for many aspects of their chosen career path. Some respondents desired more training to prepare them for careers in academia. More men than women indicated a career in academia as their primary career aspiration. While most of the respondents perceived that their internship experiences were beneficial, some expressed the desire for more opportunities to supervise master's-level students, to write grants, and to teach graduate-level MFT courses. The authors conclude with a discussion of how these findings may influence the development of core competencies specific to doctoral education in MFT.
Interaction of CO2 with oxygen adatoms on rutile TiO2(110)

The interactions of CO2 with oxygen adatoms (Oa's) on rutile TiO2(110) surfaces have been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. At 50 K CO2 is found to adsorb preferentially on five-coordinated Ti sites (Ti5c's) next to Oa's rather than on oxygen vacancies (VO's) (the most stable adsorption sites on reduced TiO2(110)). Temperature dependent studies show that after annealing to 100–160 K, VO's become preferentially populated indicating the presence of a kinetic barrier for CO2 adsorption onto the VO's. The difference between the CO2 binding energy on VO's and Ti5c sites next to the Oa's is found to be only 0.009–0.025 eV. The barrier for CO2 diffusion away from Oa's is estimated to be ∼0.17 eV. Crescent-like features of the images of CO2 adsorbed on Ti5c's next to Oa's are interpreted as a time average of terminally bound CO2 molecules switching between the configurations that are tilted towards Oa and/or towards one of the two neighbouring bridging oxygen (Ob) rows. In the presence of VO defects, the Ti5c bound CO2 is found to tilt preferentially away from the VO containing Ob row. If another CO2 is present on the neighbouring Ti5c row, both CO2 molecules tilt towards the common Ob row that separates them.
Viscoelastic flow in an undulating tube. Part II. Effects of high elasticity, large amplitude of undulation and inertia

Abstract A mixed pseudospectral/finite difference technique is used in the simulation of steady-state viscoelastic flow through an undulating tube. The viscoelastic fluid behavior is modelled by the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation. It is shown that for creeping flow, even at high values of elasticity and large amplitude values, the flow resistance does not differ substantially from the Newtonian value. However, when inertia is present, the flow resistance can increase appreciably. Moreover, it is shown that viscoelasticity can significantly affect the shape and the size of the recirculation vortex at large enough amplitude values. The mixed pseudospectral/finite difference numerical method has succeeded in providing accurate solutions (converged with mesh refinement), provided that the size of the numerical discretinization was fine enough, depending on the flow parameters investigated. Even when inertia was present, under conditions when the steady-state equations change type, oscillation-free solutions were obtained. These calculations have confirmed the presence of standing waves of the vorticity in the radial direction predicted by Ahrens, Yoo and Joseph, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 24 (1987) 67.
Modeling steady-state particle size spectra

Fractal dimensions of marine aggregates are often estimated from the measured slopes of particle size spectra. One technique uses dimensional analysis to determine the dependence of the spectrum's slope with fractal dimension. In this paper, we use numerical simulations to examine the assumptions underlying the dimensional analysis approach to particle size spectra. We find that the slopes of numerically computed steady-state particle size spectra disagree with those predicted by dimensional analysis. The assumptions underlying the dimensional analysis approach that are responsible for the disagreement are as follows: only one coagulation mechanism operates in each particular particle size range, particle loss through sedimentation occurs at particle sizes larger than those for which differential sedimentation dominates, particles only interact with like-sized particles. Including disaggregation steepens the slope of the particle size spectrum for both large and small particles and changes the shape of the spectrum. These results indicate that one should exercise caution when using the measured slopes of particle size spectra to estimate aggregate fractal dimension.
Iron withholding as an innate immune mechanism in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Pathogenic microbes require Fe and Zn for growth and proliferation. Upon infection, microbes produce proteins, called sidephores, designed to strip serum divalent metals away from host proteins. Higher vertebrates respond to infection by increasing the expression of proteins that sequester serum iron away from bacteria. As a result, host plasma Fe levels decrease during the initial phases of infection. This study was conducted to determine if the American alligator, an ancient reptile, exhibits the same innate immune mechanism to protect against in vivo microbial proliferation. Intraperitoneal injection of juvenile captive alligators with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in a time-dependent decrease in plasma Fe, as determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Plasma Fe levels decreased by 5.9, 10.6, and 18.6% relative to untreated control levels at 3, 6, and 12 hr post-injection, respectively, and remained decreased by 12.0% at 48 hr. Alligators injected with pyrogen-free saline did not exhibit statistically significant changes in plasma Fe concentrations at any time point observed. In contrast, serum Zn and Cu remained unchanged relative to untreated controls. To insure that the decreases in plasma Fe were not due to the repeated blood collections during the course of the kinetic study, another experiment was conducted in which plasma metals were measured at 24 hr post-injection. Once again, plasma Fe was reduced by 30.2%, whereas Zn and Cu did not exhibit appreciable changes. These results show that alligators exhibit low plasma Fe levels during an inflammatory response induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
Effect of grain boundary structure on plastic deformation during shock compression using molecular dynamics

Grain boundaries (GBs) can play an important role in governing the mechanical behavior and damage evolution of a material during both quasistatic and dynamic loading. However, the general consensus of the shock physics community has been that minute details about the GB structure should not affect the response of a material to dynamic loading. In this paper, we present results of molecular-dynamics simulations investigating whether or not small changes in boundary structure are 'recognized' by the shock wave and can in turn affect the spall strength of a material. As a test case, we study a Σ11 asymmetric tilt GB in copper with an ordered and a disordered structure. The results are also compared with face-centered-cubic single crystals which correspond to the crystal orientations of the two grains in the bi-crystal. These results show that ordered and disordered boundaries undergo dissimilar amounts of plastic deformation during shock loading, which leads to spall strengths that vary by 12%, likely due to differences in the GB structures.
Hyperecho in ultrasound images of HIFU therapy: Involvement of cavitation

High-intensity focused ultrasound (US), or HIFU, treatment of soft tissues has been shown to result in a hyperechoic region in B-mode US images. We report on detecting cavitation in vivo in correlation with the appearance of a hyperechoic region. The US system consisted of a HIFU transducer (3.3 MHz), a broadband A-mode transducer for active and passive cavitation detection and an US-imaging probe that were all confocal and synchronized. HIFU, at in situ intensities of 220 to 1710 W/cm(2), was applied for 10 s to pig muscles in vivo. Active and passive cavitation detection results showed a strong correlation between the onset of cavitation and the appearance of a hyperechoic region. Passive cavitation detection results showed that inertial cavitation typically occurred prior (within 0.5 s) to the appearance of a hyperechoic region. The observed cavitation activity confirms that bubbles are present during the formation of a hyperechoic region at the HIFU focus.
Limits on axions from nuclear decays

Abstract Recent heavy ion experiments at GSI have releaved anomalous electron-positron coincidences. The anomalous events seem to come from something that decays into a two-body final state. It has been proposed that a 1.8 MeV axion could explain the data. However, both conventional axion theory and more recent variants are inconsistent with existing measurements of electron-positron angular correlations in nuclei. Beam dump experiments also exclude the axion theories. We discuss the old data and new measurements in terms of the axion theory and a more general particle explanation for the GSI result.
Amphileptus branchiarum (Protozoa: Amphileptidae) in pond reared fish in Arkansas

Amphileptus branchiarum is a protozoan parasite of fish in North America, Europe and Asia. In North America (Arkansas) it usually occurs on the gills of cyprinids from July to October. It seldom causes disease epizootics but may be responsible for epithelial hyperplasia and cell displacement in branchial tissue.
Inhibition of noxious stimulus-evoked pain behaviors and neuronal fos-like immunoreactiivity in the spinal cord of the rat by supraspinal morphine

In previous studies, we reported that supraspinally administered DAMGO, a mu-opioid agonist, produces a dose-related, naloxone-reversible inhibition of formalin-evoked pain behaviors and spinal cord Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the rat spinal cord. Although these results support the hypothesis that activation of supraspinal mu-opioid receptors produces antinociception by increasing the activity of bulbospinal inhibitory pathways, other studies suggest that supraspinal morphine decreases rather than increases descending inhibitory control. In the present study, we specifically examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of morphine in the rat. Supraspinal morphine produced a dose-related, naloxone-reversible inhibition of both formalin-evoked behaviors and spinal cord FLI. Although the magnitude of the antinociception produced by i.c.v. morphine in the formalin test was significantly correlated with the numbers of FLI neurons in the spinal cord, the lowest dose of i.c.v. morphine tested (0.70 nmol) produced a significant reduction of FLI in the superficial laminae without producing behavioral antinociception, which is consistent with our hypothesis that noxious stimulus-evoked Fos expression in the superficial laminae is a poor predictor of the magnitude of pain behavior. These data support the hypothesis that the antinociceptive effects of supraspinally administered morphine result from an increase in descending inhibitory control.
Structure and dynamics of molecular liquids investigated by optical-heterodyne detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (OHD-RIKES)

Abstract Experimental femtosecond OHD-RIKES results of benzene, 1,4-cyclo-hexadiene, 1,5-cyclo-octadiene, benzonitrile, and o -methylbenzonitrile are reported. The goal of these experiments is to elucidate the structure and dynamics of aromatic liquids and to understand the underlying intermolecular forces. The experimental results are discussed in light of recent advances in theory and experiment that have contributed to our current understanding of the aromatic-aromatic intermolecular forces.
Revised Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition for staircase-structured linear programming

Staircase structured linear programs arise naturally in the study of engineering economic systems. One general approach to solving such LP's is the technique of nested decomposition of the primal or dual problem. The research described in this paper proposes a revised decomposition algorithm that incorporates knowledge of the structure of the staircase basis in forming the decomposed linear programs. Column proposals from the revised subproblems are shown to achieve maximum penetration against the master problem basis. The proposed algorithm resorts to the regular Dantzig-Wolfe subproblem to test for optimality. The algorithm is shown to be finite and is compared to the Abrahamson-Wittrock algorithm. Computational results indicate substantial improvement over the Dantzig-Wolfe algorithm in most cases. A numerical example of the algorithm is provide in the appendix.
Age-Dependent Changes in the Oligosaccharide Structure of the Major Myelin Glycoprotein, P0

The single oligosaccharide moiety of the major myelin glycoprotein, P0, resides in an immunoglobulin-like domain that appears to participate in homophilic binding. The studies presented here indicate that the structure of the P0 oligosaccharide from rat nerve changes as a function of Schwann cell age. Examination of 5-day-old nerve revealed that P0 contained predominantly endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo H)-resistant, complex-type oligosaccharide. In contrast, P0 from adult rats had mostly endo H-sensitive carbohydrate, indicating the presence of appreciable high-mannose and/or hybrid-type oligosaccharide on the glycoprotein. The endo H-sensitive and -resistant P0 of adult nerve could be readily phosphorylated by protein kinase C, as could the complex-type P0 from 5-day-old nerve. This suggests that the glycoprotein progresses to the plasma membrane and myelin regardless of the type of oligosaccharide chain. Analysis of 35SO4(2-)-labeled P0 showed that the sulfate group was found on both endo H-sensitive and -resistant oligosaccharide. The endo H-sensitive P0 carbohydrate from adult nerve appears to be primarily of the hybrid type, as evidenced by (a) the elution profile of [3H]mannose-labeled P0 glycopeptides from adult nerve during concanavalin A chromatography and (b) the inability of P0 from adult nerve to interact with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin. The observed age-dependent changes of P0 oligosaccharide may modify the binding properties of this myelin glycoprotein.
Spirituality in the Workplace: New Empirical Directions in the Study of the Sacred

In stark contrast to Weber's warnings about bureaucracies parceling out the soul of workers, several popular and business writers claim that spirituality is exploding in the workplace. Drawing on recent sociological research on spiritual practices, experiences, and discourse, we scrutinize this claim through a case study of a university hospital's nursing staff. We demonstrate that even in a workplace where a large majority of employees believe that their work practices are spiritual, they experience the sacred in a variety of ways, and are eager to talk about spirituality, many workers may still struggle to find opportunities to practice their spiritual beliefs, they may have other work experiences that cause them to doubt spirituality's relevance, and they may perceive talk about spirituality to be unwelcome. Implications of our findings for future sociological research on the sacred and the debate over secularisation are discussed.
Problems of Taxonomy and Distribution in Four Species of Chipmunks

Conventional taxonomic techniques using color, external, and cranial measurements are not adequate for identification and determination of distribution for chipmunks in northern California and southcentral Oregon. In the past, Tamias amoenus has been confused with Tamias speciosus and Tamias senex has not been clearly distinguished from Tamias quad-rimaculatus . Genital bones of each species are diagnostic and, along with statistical analysis of measurements, provide a start toward correction of errors in taxonomy and distribution of these four species.
On Quantum Unique Ergodicity for Locally Symmetric Spaces

We construct an equivariant microlocal lift for locally symmetric spaces. In other words, we demonstrate how to lift, in a semi-canonical fashion, limits of eigenfunction measures on locally symmetric spaces to Cartan-invariant measures on an appropriate bundle. The construction uses elementary features of the representation theory of semisimple real Lie groups, and can be considered a generalization of Zelditch’s results from the upper half-plane to all locally symmetric spaces of noncompact type. This will be applied in a sequel to settle a version of the quantum unique ergodicity problem on certain locally symmetric spaces.
Male−male competition, ornamentation and the role of testosterone in sexual selection in red jungle fowl

Abstract Ornamental traits related to success in male-male competition were studied in red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. In controlled fights between pairs of males, comb size was the only morphological trait that correlated with winning. Among free-ranging, socially integrated groups of 1-year-old males, body size and comb chroma (degree of saturation with pigment), in addition to comb size, were significantly related to dominance. In jungle fowl, the comb is strongly affected by blood testosterone level, which in turn reflects the current physical condition of the individual.
A meeting of the waters: Interdisciplinary challenges and opportunities in tidal rivers

At the interface of estuarine tides and freshwater rivers lie wetland and aquatic ecosystems, which experience dramatic effects of sea level rise. There, nontidal channels and riparian floodplains are transforming into tidal ecosystems, and tidal freshwater ecosystems are receiving increasing salinity. These river-floodplain systems have both fluvial characteristics, including meandering channels and expansive floodplain forests, and estuarine characteristics, including tides and intertidal wetlands [see Barendregt et al., 2009; Conner et al., 2007, and references therein]. Because tidal rivers lie at the disciplinary divide between fluvial and estuarine science, a knowledge gap has developed in scientists' understanding of the geomorphic and biogeochemical response of these environments to sea level rise, climate change, and anthropogenically driven variations in watershed exports.
Potassium-Argon Dating of Plutonic Bodies in Palmer Peninsula and Southern Chile

From the determination of the potassium-argon age of three plutonic bodies late Cretaceous to Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary ages have been calculated.
Rapid hypotensive response to fasting in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

This study examined changes in renal function and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats during 48 h of fasting, independent of changes in sodium intake. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (n = 17) and WKY rats (n = 10) were instrumented with artery and vein catheters and sodium intake was clamped at 2.1 mEq/day. By day 2 of fasting, MAP decreased −10 ± 1 mm Hg (P < .001) in SHR, but did not change significantly in WKY rats. Heart rate decreased significantly in both groups by day 2 of fasting and there was a significant increase in urine volume and sodium excretion. Thus, fasting caused a rapid decrease in MAP in SHR that was not due to decreased sodium intake, but may be related, in part, to volume loss and improved renal excretory function.
A NEW, PHYLOGENETICALLY SIGNIFICANT EARLY ORDOVICIAN ASTEROID (ECHINODERMATA)

Abstract A new monospecific family of asteroids (Echinodermata) is based on Eukrinaster ibexensis n. gen. and sp. from the Lower Ordovician of Utah and Nevada. Eukrinaster, Arenig in age, is one of the earliest of known asterozoans. The new, relatively well-preserved fossils yield important information on character state distribution that will be useful for the interpretation of phylogenetic relationships among the three asterozoan classes, the Somasteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Asteroidea. In addition, overall form is suggestive of certain living asteroids: to the extent that form equates with function, similarities suggest ecologic parallels in these only distantly related asteroids inhabiting ecologically distinct worlds.
Acetylcholine- and Dopamine-Induced Excitation of Cultured Newborn Rabbit Nodose Ganglion Neurons: Effects of Co-Culture with Carotid Body Fragments

With its various transmitters, modulator substances and cell types, the principal obstacle in understanding chemosensory transduction in the carotid body is the complex nature of the organ itself. By co-culturing carotid body fragments with sensory autonomic ganglion cells, in this instance from the nodose ganglion, we have attempted to construct a simplified, model glomus cell/ganglion cell system in which glomus cell-induced morphological and electrophysiological changes in ganglion cells can be observed. In this way we hope to gain further understanding of the interaction between glomus cells and neurons.
Psammomatous melanotic schwannoma : A distinctive, heritable tumor with special associations, including cardiac myxoma and the Cushing syndrome

Schwannoma, a benign tumor of peripheral nerve sheath, infrequently contains melanin and even less frequently features psammoma bodies. Forty schwannomas that displayed both findings were obtained from 31 patients, aged 10 to 63 years. Seventeen patients (55%) had the complex of myxomas, spotty pigm
Idiosyncratic deals in contemporary organizations: A qualitative and meta-analytical review

Summary Idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) research focuses on the emergence of customized work arrangements employees negotiate with their employers. This article provides a critical review and synthesis of i-deals research, combining a qualitative review of i-deals theory and research with a supplementary meta-analysis of 23 empirical studies (k = 27 samples, N = 8110 individuals). The qualitative review examines the conceptualization and measurement of i-deals and identifies patterns and gaps in i-deals research, while the quantitative meta-analysis tests the moderating effect of societal cultures on the predictors and consequences of ideals investigated to date. In each section, attention is given to strengths and weaknesses of current approaches to i-deals theory and research. Future research directions are identified with particular emphasis on the largely unexamined role of i-deals from a multilevel perspective. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and tolerability of ertapenem

Ertapenem is a Group 1 carbapenem that was licensed in the USA in November 2001 and in Europe in April 2002. Its safety profile has been assessed in 240 healthy volunteers participating in 12 clinical pharmacology studies and in 2046 patients enrolled in five Phase IIa and eight Phase IIb/III clinical trials. The most common drug-related adverse events (AEs) reported in trials comparing ertapenem and piperacillin-tazobactam and in trials comparing ertapenem and ceftriaxone were: diarrhoea (ertapenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam 5.0% versus 7.0%; ertapenem versus ceftriaxone 5.6% versus 5.9%); infused vein complications (ertapenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5% versus 7.9%; ertapenem versus ceftriaxone 3.2% versus 4.6%); nausea (ertapenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam 2.5% versus 3.4%; ertapenem versus ceftriaxone 3.4% versus 3.3%); and elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels (ertapenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam 8.8% versus 7.3%; ertapenem versus ceftriaxone 8.3% versus 6.9%). Most ertapenem-related AEs were reported as mild-to-moderate in intensity. Ertapenem was not associated with prolongation of the QTc interval. Local reactions of moderate-to-severe intensity at the infusion site were infrequent and occurred with similar frequency in the ertapenem and comparator treatment groups. No overall differences in safety were observed between elderly (aged > or = 65 years and > or = 75 years) and younger patients. Ertapenem, 1 g once a day given by intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection, was generally well tolerated and had overall safety and tolerability profiles similar to those of piperacillin-tazobactam and ceftriaxone.
Robust Shell Phenotype is a Local Response to Stream Size in the Genus Pleurocera (Rafinesque, 1818)

Although local correlations between shell phenotype and stream size have often been documented in freshwater mollusks, the species- and even genus-level taxonomy of pleurocerid snails has historically been based almost entirely on aspects of the shell. Here I test the hypothesis that lightly shelled pleurocerid populations inhabiting smaller rivers in east Tennessee and north Georgia, variously assigned to the genus Goniobasis or Elimia, may be local variants of heavily shelled Pleurocera populations downstream. Populations of the nominal species Goniobasis (“Elimia”) acutocarinata, G. clavaeformis, and Pleurocera unciale were sampled from the Powell, Little, and Hiwassee subdrainages of the Tennessee River, and populations nominally Goniobasis carinifera and Pleurocera vestita sampled from the Coahulla subdrainage of the Mobile Basin. A population of Goniobasis simplex was sampled from each of the four subdrainages to calibrate expected levels of genetic divergence. Gene frequencies at ten polymorphic allozyme-encoding loci (15 populations, 30 individuals per population) revealed that each population of Pleurocera was more closely related to its local populations of Goniobasis (or “Elimia”) than to any other population of Pleurocera. All nine populations identified as G. acutocarinata, G. clavaeformis, and P. unciale appear to be conspecific, their minimum genetic identity of 0.771 much greater than the 0.356 minimum identity among the four G. simplex controls. The specific relationship between the nine Tennessee populations and populations of G. carinifera and P. vestita from the Mobile Basin is ambiguous, with identities ranging down to 0.284. This larger set of 11 populations is here referred to as the carinifera group. Evidence that intraspecific variation in shell morphology has risen to the level of the genus suggests that Goniobasis, Elimia, and several other generic nomina be subsumed under Pleurocera (Rafinesque, 1818).
The size distribution and interaction of radioactive and natural aerosols in the stratosphere

Artificial radioactivity which persists in the stratosphere on a time scale of years is shown to be associated with particles below 0.02 μ radius above 27 km and with particles very nearly 0.1 μ radius between 21 km and the tropopause. Assuming the artificial radioactivity to be associated with natural aerosols at each level, the radioactive particle size data provide insight on the size distribution of micrometeorites and other particulates in the upper stratosphere and their interaction with sulfate particles in the lower stratosphere. The decrease in specific radioactivity with increased sulfate particle radius near 20 km suggests that the photochemical oxidation of SO2 may not be the important mechanism for large particle formation at this level. Chemical factors and residence time considerations support the view that Aitken nuclei in the upper troposphere are sulfate particles of sufficient size and population to account for the production of large sulfate particles near and above the tropopause by Aitken nuclei coagulation. Approximate estimation of the total sulfate mixing ratio with altitude above 5 km indicates a broad maximum in the upper troposphere. Photochemical and radiochemical evidence for the rapid oxidation of SO2 in the stratosphere reinforces these views. It is tentatively concluded that Aitken particles in the troposphere account for most of the sulfate in the atmosphere and that there is no stratospheric sulfate layer but only a stratospheric “large particle” layer. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00261.x
Obsessive-compulsive scale of the child behavior checklist: specificity, sensitivity, and predictive power.

Objective. To create an obsessive-compulsive disorder subscale (OCS) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and to determine its internal consistency, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive power to identify obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents. Methods. Three samples of equal size ( n = 73) of children and adolescents, matched for age, gender, and race, were selected for these analyses: 1) a clinically ascertained OCD group, 2) a psychiatrically treated group whose records revealed no evidence of OCD, and 3) a general population control group. An OCS was created by applying factor analysis to 11 CBCL items. Examinations of internal consistency, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value were undertaken. Results. Of 11 items hypothesized to predict OCD, 8 items were retained after factor analyses (smallest factor loading: 0.49) and used to calculate OCS scores. The retained items displayed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach9s α coefficient = 0.84). OCD participants had significantly higher OCS scores than either psychiatrically treated or general population control groups. With the use of the 2 cutoff scores closest to the true rate of OCD in the overall sample, sensitivity was 75.3% to 84.9%, specificity was 82.2% to 92.5%, positive predictive value was 70.5% to 83.3%, and negative predictive value was 88.2% to 91.6%. Conclusion. The performance of the proposed CBCL OCS compares favorably with that of the only previously studied screening instrument for OCD, the Leyton Obsessional Inventory–Child Version. Unlike the Leyton Obsessional Inventory–Child Version, the CBCL is already in widespread use as a screen for most other forms of psychopathology. As the performance of the CBCL OCS will need to be replicated in other sample populations, data with various cutoff levels are provided to enable investigators and clinicians to tailor its use to specific study populations.
Reduction of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice by passive administration of antiphospholipid antibody.

Objective Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are at a high risk of developing atherosclerotic complications. Conversely, individuals with primary atherosclerosis have an increased prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). Several studies suggest that these two antibody populations may in fact overlap, although it is unclear how aPL contribute to pathogenesis. In this study, we characterized an IgG monoclonal aPL and assessed its ability to modulate atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient (LDLR−/−) mice. Methods The cardiolipin-reactive monoclonal antibody FB1 was obtained from an (NZW × BXSB)F1 mouse, a strain with APS features that make it prone to fatal myocardial infarctions. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we investigated the binding of this antibody to phospholipid and LDL antigens. We also passively administered FB1 to atherosclerosis-prone mice to determine its effect on atherogenesis. Results In contrast to earlier studies of aPL that were specific for oxidized forms of LDL, FB1 cross-reacted with both native LDL and ox-LDL. In vivo, passive administration of FB1 significantly reduced plaque formation in atherosclerosis-prone LDLR−/− mice. Conclusion These results indicate that some aPL may play a protective role in atherogenesis and suggest a novel approach to the prevention of atherosclerosis.