cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Stories of Nico and Brooke Revisited: Toward a Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue about Teaching and Learning.

In " A tale of two cases: Lessons for education from the study of two boys living with half their brains " ( M. H. Immordino-Yang, 2007 ), I showed that Nico (missing his right cerebral hemisphere) and Brooke (missing his left) had compensated for basic neuropsychological skills to previously unexpected degrees and argued that the ways they had compensated revealed general principles about the active role of the learner and the organizing role of emotion and so- cial interaction in development. Here, I briefl y review my fi ndings and interpretations of that work as background for readers to engage in the cross-disciplinary conversation that follows in this journal issue.
SU-E-J-69: Development of an Ambiguity-Free Optical Tracking System for SBRT.

Purpose: Commercial optical tracking system such as BrainLab ExacTrac© suffers from ambiguous markers which can cause significant delay in patient treatment. We developed an ambiguity‐free optical tracking system for high precision SBRT.Methods: The optical tracking system consists of a pair of camerasensors, 4∼8 infra‐red (IR) reflective markers affixed on patient skin and in‐house developed software. We developed an effective algorithm to automatically eliminate ambiguous markers. A recursive backtracking algorithm was developed to build one‐to‐one correspondence between reference markers and optical markers. The algorithm was able to deal with missing, misplaced, or occluded markers by introducing ‘dummy’ markers. Isocenter displacements were calculated in six‐degree of freedom through rigid‐body registration between reference markers and optical markers. The system accuracy was evaluated with a pelvis phantom against cone beam CT(CBCT) and ExacTrac. The impact of number of markers on tracking accuracy was also evaluated. The performance of automatic ambiguity elimination was assessed with synthetic and clinic marker patterns. Results: Difference of isocenter displacement reported by our system and commercial systems (CBCT, ExacTrac) were within 0.5 mm/0.1o. Impact of number of markers on tracking accuracy in our phantom test was negligible with isocenter displacement varying within 0.2 mm/0.2o when number of markers varied from 4 to 8. The system successfully identified and eliminated ambiguous markers in both synthetic and clinic marker patterns. Conclusions: An accurate optical tracking system free of ambiguous markers was developed for patient positioning and monitoring in high precision SBRT. The developed algorithms to eliminate ambiguous markers and to handle missing, misplaced or occluded markers were effective and efficient.
Human progressive-ratio performance: maintenance by pentobarbital.

Within a residential research ward, five human volunteers with histories of sedative drug abuse were exposed to progressive-ratio schedules of pentobarbital (200, 400, 600 mg) or placebo self-administration. All doses were letter-coded and administered under double-blind conditions. To obtain a single letter-coded dose, three subjects were required to press a set of buttons a specified number of times and two subjects were required to ride a stationary bicycle for a specified period of time. Only one dose could be obtained per day and the button-pressing or riding requirement for each letter-coded dose was increased over successive sessions until subjects failed to meet the progressive-ratio requirement (i.e., the subject chose not to work for the dose). Drug-effect ratings and subjective measures were taken 2 h after drug administration. Pentobarbital maintained dose-related increases in the maximum progressive-ratio requirement completed, the subject and staff ratings of drug effect, the subject ratings of drug ‘liking’, and the scores on the PCAG scale of the Addiction Research Center Inventory. The present study suggests that progressive-ratio schedules are sensitive and valid procedures for providing information about the relative reinforcing efficacy of drugs.
Affective reactions to interpersonal distances by friends and strangers

An experiment was conducted to determine affective reactions to interpersonal distances. Pairs of male-female friends or strangers were exposed to six interpersonal distances, and their reactions to each distance were assessed. The results showed that interpersonal distances could be “mapped” and that maps differed for friends and strangers. The results also showed that reactions increased in positivity as distance between friends decreased, but for strangers positivity increased, then decreased with decreasing interpersonal distance. The latter finding was interpreted as providing limited support for Sundstrom and Altman’s theory. It was suggested that future research might be improved by adopting a “zone approach” instead of the common “personal-space approach” and that more attention should be directed toward the analysis of affective responses to interpersonal distances.
Non-proteinogenic amino acids in the pThr-2 position of a pentamer peptide that confer high binding affinity for the polo box domain (PBD) of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1)

We report herein that incorporating long-chain alkylphenyl-containing non-proteinogenic amino acids in place of His at the pT-2 position of the parent polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) polo box domain (PBD)-binding pentapeptide, PLHSpT (1a) increases affinity. For certain analogs, approximately two orders-of-magnitude improvement in affinity was observed. Although, none of the new analogs was as potent as our previously described peptide 1b, in which the pT-2 histidine imidazole ring is alkylated at its π nitrogen (N3), our current finding that the isomeric His(N1)-analog (1c) binds with approximately 50-fold less affinity than 1b, indicates the positional importance of attachment to the His imidazole ring. Our demonstration that a range of modified residues at the pT-2 position can enhance binding affinity, should facilitate the development of minimally-sized Plk1 PBD-binding antagonists.
Seismic reflections from the near-vertical San Andreas Fault

Major near-vertical strike-slip faults should reflect seismic energy due to velocity contrasts within and across the fault zone, analogous to sub-horizontal faults commonly imaged by both multichannel and wide-angle reflection surveys. An increase of velocity with depth in the upper crust allows such reflections to be detected in surface seismic surveys. We have observed fault reflection events from both sides of the San Andreas Fault in long-offset common-receiver gathers acquired near San Francisco. The events can be traced to the known surface position of the fault and provide constraints on the subsurface position to 3–7 km depth. Such reflections can be used to find the geometry of major near-vertical faults, even in areas without active seismicity, providing information crucial to the understanding of the tectonics and seismic hazards of strike-slip faulting.
Proposal of the Name Chaetomorpha vieillardii (Kütz.), n. Comb., for a Large-Celled Tropical Chaetomorpha (Chlorophyta)

Type material of Bangia vieillardii Kutz. from New Caledonia has been studied and determined to belong to the green algal genus Chaetomorpha. The name Chaetomorpha vieillardii (Kutz.), n. comb., is effected, and this binomial is proposed to serve for what has previously been known in tropical seas as C. crassa. Genuine C. crassa (C. Agardh) Kutz., based on European type specimens, has been treated by others to be conspecific with C. linum (O. F. Mull.) Kutz.
The Cultural and Developmental Significance of Parenting Processes in Adolescent Anxiety and Depression Symptoms

This study examined the cultural and developmental significance of maternal and paternal parenting processes (closeness, support, monitoring, communication, conflict, and peer approval) for measures of anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents from Hungary, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States (N=6,935). Across all cultural contexts, measures of maternal and paternal support and conflict were most consistently associated with measures of internalizing behaviors. Few differences were observed in the importance of individual parenting processes for anxiety or depression symptoms across cultures. Additionally, with the exception of maternal conflict for anxiety and depression symptoms and paternal closeness for depression symptoms, none of the parenting process dimensions differed in importance for internalizing behaviors across developmental periods (middle versus late adolescence). The investigation provides evidence of great similarity in developmental processes, both across cultural contexts and developmental periods.
Hollow cathodes for arcjet thrusters

In an attempt to prevent exterior spot emission, hollow cathode bodies and orifice plates were constructed from boron nitride which is an electrical insulator, but the orifice plates melted and/or eroded at high interelectrode pressures. The most suitable hollow cathodes tested included a refractory metal orifice plate in a boron nitride body, with the insert insulated electrically from the orifice plate. In addition, the hollow cathode interior was evacuated to assure a low pressure at the insert surface, thus promoting diffuse electron emission. At high interelectrode pressures, the electrons tended to flow through the orifice plate rather than through the orifice, which could result in overheating of the orifice plate. Using a carefully aligned centerline anode, electron flow through the orifice could be sustained at interelectrode pressures up to 500 torr - but the current flow path still occasionally jumped from the orifice to the orifice plate. Based on these tests, it appears that a hollow cathode would operate most effectively at pressures in the arcjet regime with a refractory, chemically stable, and electrically insulating cathode body and orifice plate.
1192 F CINCINNATI : A NEW ALPHA 1 -ANTITRYPSIN VARIANT IN TWO NEGRO FAMILIES

Serum of children repeatedly hospitalized for asthma was compared with that of controls in regard to trypsin inhibitor capacity (TIC, normal 0.82mg/cc±0.21 1S.D.), α1-antitrypsin concentration (3.2mg/cc-0.9) and phenotype determined by thin layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAG-IEF). The same unusual phenotype was observed in two unrelated Negro families: In one the variant appeared in mother and son (the only ones examined), in the other the variant was present in twin brothers, their father and his brother. The twin's mother, however, and 7 paternal relatives had MM. Variant serum was submitted to outside laboratories and will be sent to others who express an interest. The variant band was labeled FCincinnati because of the proband's domicile and because it moved slower than F but faster than G on standard acid starch gel. On PAG-IEF this variant band moved faster than the F,G, and I bands. In the affected individuals concentration and TIC were reduced but not abnormally so (mean: 2.2 and 0.66mg/cc, respectively), and the complete phenotype was reported as ≥. This phenotype was also found in one other black man of whom we know only that he had pancreatitis. The significance of the α1-antitrypsin FCincinnati allele is unknown although 3 of the 7 affected individuals had asthma; 4 had repeated pneumonia and six had signs of allergic disease.
Neonatal Sepsis in the Emergency Department

Despite significant improvements in the care and management of acutely ill infants, septicemia remains one of the top 10 causes of neonatal death. Neonates can present either shortly after birth or later with subtle signs to suggest infection. Early diagnosis and prompt intervention are essential to prevent serious morbidity and mortality in neonates ( 28 days of age) with sepsis. Unlike older children, a young infant is often incapable of demonstrating clinical evidence of illness, and even a “well-appearing” infant may have a bacterial or viral disease. The immaturity of the newborn's immune system may increase the susceptibility of these patients to infections. The following article is a review of the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and evaluation and management of a neonate presenting to the emergency department with suspected sepsis.
Photoreactivation of tobacco mosaic virus and potato virus X ribonucleic acids inactivated by acetone-sensitized photoreaction.

— Acetone-sensitized photoinactivation and subsequent in vivo photoreactivation of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X (PVX) ribonucleic acids (RNA's) were demonstrated. The photoreactivable sectors were comparable to those obtained for the same RNA's irradiated at 253·7 nm. Only dimers were detected in these RNA's. Irradiation of E. coli rRNA at a higher dose indicated that photoreversible pyrimidine dimers were the main photoproducts detected in the sensitized reaction, whereas pyrimidine hydrates were formed only in negligible amounts. These results have led us to conclude that photoreversible pyrimidine dimers constitute both a lethal and photorepairable type of lesion in u.v.-damaged viral RNA.
Historical review: Opioid receptors

A historical review of the early phases of molecular investigations of opioid receptors is presented. The 'modern' era of molecular studies of neurotransmitter and drug receptor research commenced in the 1970s with the identification of receptors using ligand binding techniques. These findings had several ramifications. Reversible ligand binding to opioid receptors using simple, sensitive and specific techniques provided a paradigm for the study of receptors for the principal neurotransmitters in the brain. The relatively high-throughput binding techniques employed facilitated drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. Differentiation of agonist and antagonist receptor interactions by Na(+) ions and other substances helped elucidate how ligand recognition at receptors is translated into second messenger alterations. Localizations of opioid receptors clarified many of the pharmacological actions of opiate drugs. Differential binding interactions of various drugs led to the identification of opioid receptor subtypes. Receptor influences in binding paradigms and smooth muscle pharmacology permitted the identification and isolation of endogenous opioid peptides.
Coordinated rocket measurements on the D-region winter anomaly—II. Some implications

D region winter anomaly causes from coordinated rocket measurements, discussing electron density profiles and electron-ion recombination
Formation of bis (chloromethyl) ether in the vapor phase: a computational investigation

We present results from a computational investigation of the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions that may lead to the formation of the potent carcinogen bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) in a gas-phase environment that contains only monomeric formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, and water. All calculations were performed using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311++G**//B3LYP/6-311++G** computational level. We find no evidence that BCME forms spontaneously whenever formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride coexist in humid air.
AN IMPROVED POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACE FOR THE H2CL SYSTEM AND ITS USE FOR CALCULATIONS OF RATE COEFFICIENTS AND KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS

We present a new potential energy surface (called G3) for the chemical reaction Cl + H2 → HCl + H. The new surface is based on a previous potential surface called GQQ, and it incorporates an improved bending potential that is fit to the results of ab initio electronic structure calculations. Calculations based on variational transition state theory with semiclassical transmission coefficients corresponding to an optimized multidimensional tunneling treatment (VTST/OMT, in particular improved canonical variational theory with least-action ground-state transmission coefficients) are carried out for nine different isotopomeric versions of the abstraction reaction and six different isotopomeric versions of the exchange reaction involving the H, D, and T isotopes of hydrogen, and the new surface is tested by comparing these calculations to available experimental data. The theoretical data are also used to investigate the equilibrium constant and the branching ratio for the reverse reaction, and calculations of...
A SAS program for calculating cumulative incidence of events (with confidence limits) and number at risk at specified time intervals with partially censored data

Correct analysis and interpretation of longitudinal (cohort) studies with partially censored time-to-event data requires that the cumulative count of events and censored observations as well as the number at risk be calculated at appropriate time points (for example, every year), by baseline group or stratum. We present here a simple SAS program, for use in situations in which competing risks do not need to be accounted for, that calculates, by baseline group or stratum, the cumulative event count, cumulative event probability (with upper and lower 95% confidence limits), and number at risk at selected time points that can be chosen by the user. We demonstrate the use of the program in the analysis of longitudinal time-to-event data from a prospective study, the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study, for four groups and a 10-year follow-up. The SAS code presented here is easy to follow and modify and can be incorporated quickly by the user for immediate use. It provides an especially valuable tool for less experienced SAS users.
Sensitivity of large-scale control systems

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to consider sensitivity of suboptimal decentralized control schemes for large-scale systems composed of interconnected subsystems. It is shown that sensitivity of suboptimal systems with respect to distortions in the local control laws can be expressed in terms of the classical notions of the gain and phase margin measured directly by the degree of suboptimality of the decentralized control. This establishes the degree of suboptimality as an index of both the system performance regarding the optimality criterion and the robustness to uncertainties in the interconnections among the subsystems as well as distortions of the individual control laws, thus raising further the confidence in suboptimal designs of large-scale systems.
Infrared studies of high temperature superconductors

Abstract Infrared measurements have been used both to study the superconducting energy gap and the normal state electronic character of the high T c oxide superconductors. While the question of the existence of a gap is not yet completely resolved, we find strong evidence for a very large energy gap, 2†≌8kT c , in the a-b plane response of crystal Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 . Simple calculations also support the assertion that the much smaller gap values, 2†≾4kT c , inferred from polycrystalline data are associated with the c-axis response. The relationship between infrared, tunnelling and NQR measurements of the energy gap is not yet clear. The normal state conductivity, which is obtained from a Kramers-Kronig transform of the reflectivity, remains controversial. We find that the normal state conductivity above ≈ 1000cm -1 is primarily Durde-like with modest interband contributions beginning at about 6000cm -1 . The area of our Drude curve corresponds to a density of 5×10 21 cm-3 assuming a mass of 1 at high frequency. Below 1000cm -1 we suggest that a frequency dependent scattering rate will be required to obtain an appropriate correspondence between the infrared conductivity and the strongly temperature dependent d.c. conductivity. Reliably obtaining this frequency dependence should substantially improve our understanding of transport in the normal state.
Degradation of cucumber flavor aldehydes in juice

Abstract The effect of 1,10-phenanthroline (PTL) on stability of aldehydes, especially, ( E,Z )-2,6-nonadienal (NDEA) and ( E )-2-nonenal (NEA), produced during tissue disruption of cucumber fruit ( Cucumis sativus ) was studied. Volatiles in headspace of cucumber juice samples treated with 0 or 20 μg ml − 1 PTL were collected by SPME and analyzed by GC–MS. Within 4 h at 30 °C more than 90% of the initial NDEA, NEA, ( Z )-6-nonenal, ( E )-2-hexenal, hexanal, ( E )-2-pentenal, propanal and ethanal disappeared in juice without PTL. During the loss of these aldehydes, several alcohols were detected. In contrast, levels of NDEA, NEA and ( Z )-6-nonenal in PTL treated juice gradually declined during holding for 24 h at 30 °C; the amounts of other aldehydes remained relatively constant; and no alcohols were detected except for ethanol which was initially present. Therefore, inhibiting reduction of aldehydes to alcohols greatly hindered degradation of cucumber flavor aldehydes.
Synthesis of Nanostructured Titania Powders via Hydrolysis of Titanium Isopropoxide in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Titania powders were synthesized via hydrolysis of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TIP) in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCD). Injection of TIP into water-in-CO2 (w/c) dispersions resulted in precipitation of spherical titania particles, and free-flowing white titania powders were isolated in 65−70% yield by slow isothermal depressurization. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with and without the addition of an anionic phosphate fluorosurfactant (DuPont Zonyl FSP) to stabilize the w/c dispersions. The titania powders had broad particle size distributions (20−800 nm) and specific surface areas in the 100−500 m2/g range. Addition of Zonyl FSP resulted in a decrease in specific surface area at a given water-to-alkoxide molar ratio (hydrolysis level). The specific surface area increased as the hydrolysis level was increased, irrespective of the presence of surfactant. The surface area is associated primarily with internal porosity of the spherical titania particles, as evidenced by scanning transmission ...
TIMBER MANAGEMENT INFLUENCES ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

: Recent watershed research indicates that many timber management practices have profound effects on the water quality of small headwater streams. These streams often support fisheries of high value. Current knowledge seems to indicate that a definite potential exists for a symbiotic relationship between timber and fisheries management. Maximum development of both resources is attainable only if further research efforts recognize the mutually benefiting aspects of these heretofore separate disciplines. Future research should carefully examine the complex interrelationships between small headwater aquatic ecosystems and the riparian forest environment.
Abstract 2971: Hypothalamic beta-endorphin neuron transplants modulate colonic proinflammatory cytokines and epithelial-mesenchymal transition factors and suppress preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer

In recent years, experimental studies suggest that impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis modulates colonic motor function and pathologies. However, little is known about the functional role of beta-endorphin (BEP) neural populations, which control HPA function, on colonic function in response to inflammation or injury of colon. Based on our previous published work showing that transplantation of BEP neurons in the hypothalamus suppress tumor growth and development in numerous animal models including prostate, breast and liver cancer, we determined whether transplantation of BEP neurons into the hypothalamus suppress preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions and modulate colonic proinflammatory cytokines and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by enhancing innate immune response. Colon cancer (injury) was induced in Sprague-Dawley male rats with BEP or control cell transplants by injecting 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) for 16 weeks. Our results reveled that control groups developed tumors at 100% incidence, while BEP transplanted animals developed tumor only at 30% rate. The mean volume of tumor in colon was smaller in BEP neurons transplanted rats than in control cells transplanted rats. Furthermore, histological results revealed that BEP neurons transplanted animals had lesser histopathological lesions such as aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and adenocarcinoma development in the colon than the control groups. In addition, immunohistochemical and western blot analyses of colon showed that DMH treatment increased expression of Ki-67, TNF-α and NF-κB more in cortical cells transplanted animals than in BEP cell-treated groups. Also, splenic NK cells cytolytic proteins such as perforin, granzyme B and IFN-γ levels in BEP neurons transplanted rats were higher when compared to control groups. Interestingly, BEP neurons transplantation repressed the expression of Snail and Twist, transcription factors linked to EMT, and concomitantly maintained E-cadherin, an epithelial cell marker expression. These data suggest that the antitumor action of BEP neuron transplants are due to the suppression of inflammatory milieu and EMT as well as the activation of NK cells mediated innate immune responses. These data also identify the potential use of BEP cell therapy to combat tumor growth and progression. (Supported by R37 AA08757) Citation Format: Dipak K. Sarkar, Sengottuvelan Murugan, Yatee Dave, Ankush Rakhit. Hypothalamic beta-endorphin neuron transplants modulate colonic proinflammatory cytokines and epithelial-mesenchymal transition factors and suppress preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2971. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2971
Terminology of Interpenetrating Twins in α-Quartz

AMONG those concerned with piezo-electric applications, it would appear that there is some confusion in the terminology for describing the interpenetrating twins which occur in α-quartz. For piezo-electric purposes, the highest quality Brazilian quartz is normally used, and there are three types of twinning of importance. These are: type 1, the rotational (Dauphine) twin; type 2, the reflexion (Brazilian) twin; and type 3, a compound twin which can be regarded as a combination of types 1 and 2. Quartz technologists have their own terms for these twins; thus the first type is termed an 'electrical twin' the other two types are broadly spoken of as 'Optical twins', but their more exact descriptions are not well established.
Equilibrium and buckling stability for axially traveling plates

Abstract The methodology is presented in this paper through investigation of the equilibrium and stability of thin plate axially traveling with high-speed, which is applicable for traveling plate and shell structures. Equilibrium, membrane forces and buckling stability for the steady state motion of axially traveling, thin plates are obtained analytically. The equilibrium solutions and membrane forces for a single mode are discussed as a sample. The transverse displacement amplitude and the buckling stability are presented. The results are reducible to the linear, von Karman and nonlinear membrane theories. Finally, the application range of those analytical results is discussed. Such an investigation provides some useful results for numerical simulations and engineering design. For higher modes, the nonlinear plate theory should be used even if the deflection amplitude is very small compared to plate thickness.
High‐field domain solutions in a radial geometry

A method of describing the behavior of high-field domain solutions to the Poisson and transport equations for a radial geometry has been presented. This method is based on the field of directions techniques in a modified (n, r, F) space, and is applicable to materials exhibiting negative differential conductivity. The case of a small blocking cathode (e.g. point contacts) has been described for CdS as an example. Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, die das Verhalten von Hochfelddomanen als Losungen von Poisson- und Stromgleichung angibt. Diese Methode basiert auf der Richtungsfeld-Technik in einem modifizierten (n, r, F)-Raum, und sie ist in Substanzen mit negativer differentieller Leitfahigkeit anwendbar. Der Fall einer kleinen blockierenden Kathode (z. B. eines Spitzenkontaktes) wird fur das Beispiel CdS beschrieben.
The Effect of Elevated Water Content on Ethanol Combustion: A Feasibility Study

In order to make ethanol economically competitive, market forces are demanding that the fuel deliver more energy per dollar invested. The process of distillation accounts for as much as 37% of the energy cost associated with producing bio-ethanol. This paper investigates the possibility of sustaining a combustion reaction with fuel that has a higher water content than is currently accepted as standard. The use of such aqueous fuel in lieu of the more energy expensive alternative could reduce the overhead of producing the fuel and lead to a better financial return. In this study, hydrous ethanol is burned in a continuous flame using a swirl-stabilized combustor with a dump diffuser at the inlet and pressure-orifice atomizing nozzles for fuel injection. The flame is observed as air flow rate is held constant and water content varies from 0% to 40% water. Fundamental relationships between water content and flame temperature, NOx formation, and lean blow out conditions are presented. By characterizing these relationships effectively it may be possible to establish an optimum water content that yields the highest energy delivered per dollar invested.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Oblique-axis vs. short-axis view in ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization.

Abstract Background Ultrasound (US) guidance during central venous catheterization (CVC) reduces complications and improves success rates compared to landmark-guided techniques. A novel "oblique view" (US transducer held at approximately 45° with respect to the target vessel) has been suggested to be superior to the standard short-axis approach usually used during US-guided CVC. Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of posterior vessel wall puncture (PVWP) between the short-axis and oblique-axis approaches to US-guided CVC. Methods This was a prospective observational trial of emergency medicine residents and attending physicians, using gelatin models to simulate short-axis and oblique-axis US-guided CVC. Participants were blinded to the primary outcome of PVWP. Data collected included year in training/practice, number of central lines placed, time to successful "flash," and self-reported confidence of needle tip position using a Likert scale. After CVC simulation, models were deconstructed and inspected for PVWP. Results The rate of PVWP was 14.7% using short axis vs. 2.9% using oblique axis, resulting in a difference of 11.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] −4.7–28.3%, p = 0.10) and an odds ratio of 0.2 (95% CI 0.004–1.79). This difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.10). Mean time to flash was 11.9 s using short axis, and 15.4 s using oblique axis ( p = 0.14). Confidence in needle tip location was 3.63 using short axis, and 4.58 using oblique axis ( p Conclusions We found decreased PVWP using the oblique axis approach, though the difference was not statistically significant, and participants felt more confident in their needle tip location using the oblique axis view. Further research into the potential benefits of the oblique axis approach is warranted.
Interfacial cracking during thermal oxidation in a 30 vol% SiC-whisker reinforced alumina

Abstract The effect of thermal oxidation on fracturing along the scale/matrix interface was investigated in a 30 vol% SiC-reinforced Al2O3. In these regions, intergranular cracking was found to occur in specimens exposed to high temperature air for 48 h. Since relatively large volume increases develop during oxidation, internal stresses are expected to build up in the scale/matrix interface. Hence, it is suggested that on the matrix side, tensile stresses lead to intergranular fracturing when there is limited stress relaxation by accomodation mechanisms.
Anthracyclines in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer: state of the art

Abstract Anthracycline-based regimens form a cornerstone of the adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer. Extensive data from clinical trials with long-term follow-up have shown that such regimens significantly prolong overall and disease-free survival, compared with non-anthracycline-based regimens. In recent years, however, the proven benefits of anthracyclines have been challenged because of concerns over toxicity, and evidence that the benefits may be confined to certain patient subgroups, such as those with over-expression of the HER2 or TOP2A genes. Nevertheless, the available evidence suggests that it is premature to consider discarding anthracycline therapy. Although cardiotoxicity is a recognised limitation of long-term anthracycline treatment, clinically overt heart failure is uncommon and associated mortality is low. Similarly, the risk of acute myeloid leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome is low during anthracycline treatment. Although there are some data to suggest that the efficacy of anthracyclines may vary between patient subgroups, reliable prospective data to support this are sparse. Future prospective studies, and advances in the identification and validation of potential tumour biomarkers, can be expected to facilitate the targeting of anthracycline therapy to patients who are most likely to benefit.
Noise generated by STOL core-jet thrust reversers

An experimental investigation on the noise generated by target-type thrust reversers is discussed. The experimental data are normalized and scaled up to sizes suitable for reversing the core jets of a 100,000 lb augmentor-wing-type STOL airplane. The scaling calculations yield perceived noise levels well above the 95-PNdB design goal for both sideline and flyover at 500 ft. V-gutter and semicylindrical reversers were tested with a 5.24-cm-diameter circular nozzle, and a semicylindrical reverser was also tested with a 7.78-cm-diameter circular nozzle. The thrust reversers, in addition to being noisier than the nozzle alone, also had a more uniform directivity. The maximum overall sound pressure level and the effective sound power level both varied with sixth power of the nozzle jet velocity.
Avoiding and Managing Complications of Synthetic Midurethral Slings

Synthetic midurethral slings have become the most popular and efficacious surgical intervention for women suffering from urinary stress incontinence. They include retropubic, transobturator, and single-incision slings. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these procedures are minimally invasive with a very low morbidity. The most common complications include bladder perforation, mesh erosion, and voiding dysfunction, which can usually be appropriately managed without any significant long-term sequelae. Pain and dyspareunia will occur in a small percentage of women for a variety of reasons that will be discussed. Life-threatening complications such as vascular or bowel injury have been reported as rare complications of retropubic synthetic midurethral slings.
Relation Between Lipophilicity and Pharmacological Behavior of Minocycline, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, and Oxytetracycline in Dogs

Four tetracyclines were studied in dogs to determine the relation between their lipophilicity and various other pharmacological characteristics. Lipid solubility correlated inversely with the mean concentration of drug in arterial plasma and renal uptake and excretion, and directly with the biliary concentration gradient (level in bile/level of free drug in serum). Only the more lipophilic congeners minocycline and doxycycline passed the blood-brain and blood-ocular barriers in detectable concentrations. Mean levels of minocycline in the brain exceeded those of doxycycline by almost threefold; the difference was of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.05 to 0.1). Lipophilicity correlated inversely with the concentration of antibiotic in renal medulla but not in renal cortex or in the liver. When intestinal loops containing saline, milk, or 10% Gelusil were studied, the only combination exhibiting striking intraluminal accumulation was doxycycline in milk. These results indicate that lipophilicity correlates with many, but not all, of the transport characteristics of tetracycline antibiotics.
Processing, Microstructure, and Strength of Alumina–YAG Eutectic Polycrystals

Dense polycrystalline eutectics of alumina and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) were fabricated by hot-pressing powders of pulverized arc-melted buttons at homologous temperatures of 0.9Teu–0.93Teu (where Teu is the eutectic temperature). The eutectic microstructure of the arc-melted buttons was retained after densification, although the grain boundaries were decorated with equiaxed grains of alumina and YAG ∼1–5 μm in size; possible causes for their formation have been discussed. A comparison of the measured strength of the polycrystalline eutectics (274 ± 61 MPa) with grain size and fracture toughness suggests that the strength-limiting flaws are significantly smaller than the mean grain size and larger than the mean eutectic spacing.
Inhibition of low density lipoprotein uptake in confluent endothelial cell monolayers correlates with a restricted surface receptor redistribution.

Binding of either low density lipoprotein (LDL) or Concanavalin A (ConA) to actively growing vascular endothelial cells is associated with a redistribution of the appropriate cell surface receptor sites which form patches and caps. This receptor lateral mobility is greatly restricted when endothelial cells reach confluence and adopt the configuration of a cell monolayer composed of closely apposed and non-overlapping cells. In this case, although the cells still exhibit specific LDL binding to the appropriate cell surface receptor sites, neither the binding of LDL nor of ConA induces a receptor redistribution. The lack of LDL receptor redistribution correlates with a marked decrease in the rate of LDL internalization. In contrast, no such a density-dependent changes are observed in cell types which grow on top of each other and form multiple cell layers at confluence. Thus, neither LDL nor ConA induced cap formation in either sparse or confluent smooth muscle cell cultures and the same rate of LDL internalization is observed at both cell densities. Similarly, adsorptive endocytosis of cationized LDL (which enters the cell independently of the LDL receptor sites) was not correlated with a detectable receptor redistribution, nor was it significantly affected by changes in cell density and spatial organization. The formation of a confluent cell monolayer resting on an underlying basement membrane might therefore provide, via a change in membrane dynamics, a mechanism whereby the endothelium of large blood vessels can function as a protective barrier against the high circulating levels of LDL in plasma.
Is My Period Normal? How College-Aged Women Determine the Normality or Abnormality of Their Menstrual Cycles

ABSTRACT The purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study was to explore young adult women's conceptualizations of their menstruation experiences using a feminist approach. Grounded theory was used to understand how 15 college-aged women (ages 18–22 years, 86% white) evaluate their menstrual patterns as “normal” or “abnormal.” Data analysis of the semi-structured interviews revealed four themes that the women used to judge the pattern of their menstruation (i.e., interval, duration, discomfort, and volume) as normal: (1) Pattern resembled learned norms, (2) consistent pattern discordant from learned norms, (3) predictably variable pattern, and (4) absence of problems. Two distinct themes informed their decisions to consider a menstrual pattern as abnormal: (1) Unpredictable variability, and (2) extreme experiences. The core variable emerging from data analysis, establishing a personal norm, illuminated the two major sources that women relied on in trying to interpret their menstrual patterns: the limite...
[3+2]‐Anionic Electrocyclization Using 2,3‐Bis(Phenylsulfonyl)‐1,3‐Butadiene: trans‐4,7,7‐Tricarbomethoxy‐2‐Phenylsulfonylbicyclo[3.3.0]Oct‐1‐Ene

[3+2]-Anionic electrocyclization using 2,3-bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene: trans-4,7,7-Tricarbomethoxy-2-phenylsulfonylbicyclo[3.3.0]oct-1-ene intermediate: 2,3-bis(phenylsulfinyl)-1,3-butadiene reactant: 2,3-bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene intermediate: dimethyl (E)-5-methoxycarbonyl-2-hexenedioate product: trans-4,7,7-tricarbomethoxy-2-phenylsulfonylbicyclo[3.3.0]oct-1-ene Keywords: alkylation, C-alkylation; alkylation, C-alkylation; cyclization, cycloaddition; oxidation, miscellaneous; rearrangements; dichloromethane (methylene chloride); triethylamine
Radiotherapy and temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma: validation of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group-Recursive Partitioning Analysis in the IMRT and temozolomide era

Since the development of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group-Recursive Partitioning Analysis (RTOG-RPA) risk classes for high-grade glioma, radiation therapy in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) has become standard care. While this combination has improved survival, the prognosis remains poor in the majority of patients. Therefore, strong interest in high-grade gliomas from basic research to clinical trials persists. We sought to evaluate whether the current RTOG-RPA retains prognostic significance in the TMZ era or alternatively, if modifications better prognosticate the optimal selection of patients with similar baseline prognosis for future clinical protocols. The records of 159 patients with newly-diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM, WHO grade IV) or anaplastic astrocytoma (AA, WHO grade III) were reviewed. Patients were treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and concurrent followed by adjuvant TMZ (n = 154) or adjuvant TMZ only (n = 5). The primary endpoint was overall survival. Three separate analyses were performed: (1) application of RTOG-RPA to the study cohort and calculation of subsequent survival curves, (2) fit a new tree model with the same predictors in RTOG-RPA, and (3) fit a new tree model with an expanded predictor set. All analyses used a regression tree analysis with a survival outcome fit to formulate new risk classes. Overall median survival was 14.9 months. Using the RTOG-RPA, the six classes retained their relative prognostic significance and overall ordering, with the corresponding survival distributions significantly different from each other (P < 0.01, χ2 statistic = 70). New recursive partitioning limited to the predictors in RTOG-RPA defined four risk groups based on Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), histology, age, length of neurologic symptoms, and mental status. Analysis across the expanded predictors defined six risk classes, including the same five variables plus tumor location, tobacco use, and hospitalization during radiation therapy. Patients with excellent functional status, AA, and frontal lobe tumors had the best prognosis. For patients with newly-diagnosed high-grade gliomas, RTOG-RPA classes retained prognostic significance in patients treated with TMZ and IMRT. In contrast to RTOG-RPA, in our modified RPA model, KPS rather than age represented the initial split. New recursive partitioning identified potential modifications to RTOG-RPA that should be further explored with a larger data set.
Could a Subaltern Manage? Identity Work and Habitus in a Colonial Workplace

How did historically marginalized groups learn to become professional managers? This paper studies the identity work of a manager in a colonial work setting, focusing specifically on the aspirational quality of professional identity, and on the forms of subordination enmeshed in organizational work, through a close reading of an autobiography. Beyond Punjab describes the career of Prakash Tandon in the multinational Lever Brothers India. He eventually became its first Indian Chief Executive and a respected public figure. Studies of such colonial work settings can seem indebted to existing research within postcolonial studies in management. But I argue that the dominant attention of postcolonial studies in management has not been on identity work and practices, but the historical enduring force of representations. Therefore this paper offers a complementary engagement, developing Bourdieu’s concept of the habitus for a fuller understanding of how managerial identity was constituted in colonial work setting...
Regimes of axisymmetric flow in an internally heated rotating fluid

A boundary-layer scale analysis is presented for steady, zonally symmetric flow in a Cartesian channel of rectangular cross-section, subject to uniform internal heating, and cooling at the lateral boundaries, using an approach based on that of Hignett, Ibbetson & Killworth for a related system. Six main flow regimes are identified, depending chiefly upon the magnitude of the parameter ℙ defined as the square of the ratio of the (non-rotating) thermal-boundary-layer thickness scale to that of the Ekman layers adjacent to the horizontal boundaries. For , where [Aopf ] is the Rayleigh number and e the channel aspect ratio), the flow consists of an advectively dominated interior, characterized by a balance between vertical advection and internal heat generation, diffusively dominated thermal boundary layers adjacent to the sidewalls, and horizontal, viscously dominated Ekman layers (for non-zero rotation rate). If ℙ [Lt ] 1, the flow is only weakly modified by rotation, but as ℙ increases through unity, rotation tends to inhibit heat transfer and thickens the thermal boundary layers. Provided ℙ [Gt ] e2σ −2, (where σ is the Prandtl number), the zonal flow is predominantly geostrophic, though not given by the conventional thermal-wind scale (based on the total thermal contrast ΔT) unless ℙ [Gt ] 1.The results of the scale analysis are compared with laboratory measurements and numerical simulations of steady flow in a rotating, cylindrical annulus subject to (radially non-uniform) internal heating and sidewall cooling. Over the range of parameters accessible in the laboratory, the azimuthal velocity scale and thermal contrast were found to vary with rotation and heating rates in the way predicted from the scale analysis for the Cartesian system. Above a certain critical value of ℙ (for the geometry used here ℙt ≈ 1), the baroclinic wave regime was found to occur, corresponding to where rotational constraints first begin to influence significantly the heat transfer of the axisymmetric flow. The numerical simulations are compared with the laboratory measurements, and used to extend the ranges of rotation rate and aspect ratio over which the scale analysis could be verified. Good agreement was found for the dependence of globally averaged flow parameters on ℙ, and the dynamical characteristics of each regime were further verified using explicit calculations of the balance of terms in the basic equations from the numerical model.Further applications of the scaling technique to other, related systems are also discussed, together with a consideration of its generalization to systems of geophysical interest.