cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Simulated Wind Data Requirements for Wind Integration Studies

Wind integration studies are now routinely undertaken by utilities and system operators to investigate the operational impacts of the variability and uncertainty of wind power on the grid. There are widely adopted techniques and assumptions that are used to model the wind data used in these studies. As wind penetration levels increase, some of the assumptions and methodologies are no longer valid and new methodologies have been devised. Based on involvement in conducting studies, reviewing studies, and/or developing datasets for studies in the Western Interconnect, the Eastern Interconnect, Hawaii, and other regions, the authors report on the evolution of techniques to better model the wind power output for cases with high penetrations of wind energy.
Cell cycle regulation during growth-dormancy cycles in pea axillary buds.

Accumulation patterns of mRNAs corresponding to histones H2A and H4, ribosomal protein genes rpL27 and rpL34, MAP kinase, cdc2 kinase and cyclin B were analyzed during growth-dormancy cycles in pea (Pisum sativum cv. Alaska) axillary buds. The level of each of these mRNAs was low in dormant buds on intact plants, increased when buds were stimulated to grow by decapitating the terminal bud, decreased when buds ceased growing and became dormant, and then increased when buds began to grow again. Flow cytometry was used to determine nuclear DNA content during these developmental transitions. Dormant buds contain G1 and G2 nuclei (about 3:1 ratio), but only low levels of S phase nuclei. It is hypothesized that cells in dormant buds are arrested at three points in the cell cycle, in mid-G1, at the G1/S boundary and near the S/G2 boundary. Based on the accumulation of histone H2A and H4 mRNAs, which are markers for S phase, cells arrested at the G1/S boundary enter S within one hour of decaptitation. The presence of a cell population arrested in mid-G1 is indicated by a second peak of histone mRNA accumulation 6 h after the first peak. Based on the accumulation of cyclin B mRNA, a marker for late G2 and mitosis, cells arrested at G1/S begin to divide between 12 and 18 h after decapitation. A small increase in the level of cyclin B mRNA at 6 h after decapitation may represent mitosis of the cells that had been arrested near the S/G2 boundary. Accumulation of MAP kinase, cdc2 kinase, rpL27 and rpL34 mRNAs are correlated with cell proliferation but not with a particular phase of the cell cycle.
Screening for hypertension in an elderly population: report from the Dunedin Program.

: Hypertension detection and follow-up programs have recently received increased attention. The authors studied the effect of screening for hypertension in a geriatric screening program for a large ambulatory elderly population in Dunedin, Florida, over a three-year period. Of the 4,247 participants initially screened, 39 percent had some form of hypertension, and 15.6 percent of these had not received any form of treatment. At the time of the first year follow-up, the proportion of participants with treated, controlled hypertension had increased from 14.7 to 21 percent. These data lend support to the value of hypertension screening among persons over 65 years of age.
DIALECTIC OPERATIONS: THE FINAL PERIOD OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT1

Arguments for an extension of Piaget's theory of cognitive development have been derived from philosophical and historical consideration of modern natural sciences. Implicit contradictions, which characterize these sciences as well as common thought, can be systematically apprehended only through a dialectic reinterpretation. The dialectic basis of Piaget's theory is expressed in his assimilation-accommodation paradigm. But development is interpreted as a continuing alienation from this basis culminating in the noncontradictory thinking of formal operations. Although Piaget's interpretations capture a rich variety of performances during childhood they fail to represent adequately the thought and emotions of mature and creative persons. For an interpretation of adulthood and aging, a return to the dialectic basis is necessary. Such a reorganization can proceed from any of the four major levels of development. It introduces intra- and interindividual variations into Piaget's theory. Individuals may operate simultaneously or in short succession at different cognitive levels. The ceaseless striving toward formal operations becomes inappropriate and ineffective for the level of dialectic maturity.
Hybrid-dependent effect of lactic acid on corn starch yields.

ABSTRACT The effect of lactic acid on starch yields of different corn hybrids was determined by wet-milling 18 commercial corn hybrids at three levels of lactic acid. All 18 hybrid samples tested had higher starch yields when lactic acid was added to the steep solution, although the magnitude of the increased starch yields varied between 2.9 and 12.0%. The optimal lactic acid concentration for maximum starch recovery was found to be between 0.55 and 1.67% lactic acid, by wet-milling nine of the same 18 corn hybrids with seven levels of added lactic acid. Between 0.83 and 1.67% lactic acid, the starch yields of eight of the nine hybrids were constant (within ±0.5%). Results showed that the average starch yield across all hybrids decreased with a lactic acid concentration 1.67%.
Global identification of warm cloud microphysical processes with combined use of A‐Train observations

[1] The layer-mean radar reflectivity e observed by CloudSat and the columnar effective particle radius Re obtained from a combined microwave-shortwave analysis are combined to investigate the joint relationships between e and Re for warm clouds. Global statistics for seasonally averaged data reveals that radar reflectivities e less than about −10 dBZ tend to relate to the effective radius via a sixth-power dependency, corresponding to a constant number concentration implying that the condensation particle growth process mainly takes place within the cloud layer for e −10 dBZ, e depends on Re through a cubic relation, corresponding to a constant mass concentration implying coagulation as the dominant particle growth process. These microphysical regimes so identified are shown to be consistent with CloudSat-inferred rainfall rate.
Regulation of melatonin production by light, darkness, and temperature in the trout pineal.

The pineal gland of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, when kept under in vitro perifusion culture conditions, displays a consistently elevated level of melatonin production in darkness (Gern and Greenhouse 1988). Upon light exposure melatonin production falls and stabilizes at a new lower level that is dependent upon the irradiance of the stimulus. To achieve the maximal response for each irradiance, the duration of the stimulus must exceed 30 min. The response amplitude is maximally sensitive to photons presented over durations of 30–45 min; is very insensitive to shorter light exposures; and is maintained with no evidence of adaptation over longer exposures. Temperature plays a role in regulation of melatonin production both in darkness and during light exposure; increased temperature increases melatonin production in darkness and also increases the sensitivity of the response to light. The action spectrum for the response is best fit by the Dartnall nomogram for a vitamin A1 based rhodopsin with peak sensitivity near 500 nm. The possible adaptive significance of control of melatonin synthesis by light and temperature is considered.
Rapid hot-pressing of ultrafine PSZ powders

The process of compaction and densification of ultrafine (40- to 60-nm grain size) powder of partially stabilized zirconia with 3 mol% of Y2O3 (Y3-PSZ) during rapid hot-pressing was investigated. A special apparatus was designed to allow rapid application of 1.6 GPa of quasi-isostatic pressure at temperatures of 1100° to 1300°C to powder compacts encapsulated in glass under vacuum. Pressure was applied for 10 s, then the samples were rapidly cooled to room temperature, removed from the encapsulating glass, and characterized using SEM, TEM, and X-ray diffraction. Density and mechanical properties of the prepared materials were measured and compared with those of similar materials fabricated using conventional hot-pressing. SEM and TEM observations revealed that the ultrafine grains of the starting powder coarsened rapidly during the initial heating, and the compacts developed large (> 10 μm) and small (< 1 μm) pores. The process of densification under pressure consisted of closing of the large pores, whereas the small pores were relatively unaffected by the application of pressure at all investigated temperatures. The major mechanism of densification during the rapid pressing appears to be rearrangement and sliding of grains around the large pores. The material prepared by rapid pressing at 1300°C had higher hardness (Hv= 1400 versus 1300 kg/mm2) but somewhat lower fracture toughness (KIC= 5.5 versus 6.0 MPa · m1/2) compared with the conventionally hot-pressed Y3-PSZ. Density of the material pressed at 1300°C was 97% of theoretical density.
Challenge of optical imaging through biological tissue

ABSTRACT The use of optical radiation for imaging through biological tissue has developed into a major activity. There is now a whole range of methods employed by the many groups auempting to use light toaccomplish this formidible objective. We have pursued electronic holography, which has some significant advantages, but also presents several special challenging problems. We describe variousideas we have developed to overcome them. Finally, we speculate on the ultimate capabilites of theseambitious imaging methods.1. INTRODUCTIONRecent years have produced a flurry of scientific activity in optical biomedical imaging. There hasbeen a figurative explosion of scientists who strive to substitute light for the X-rays used in the earlydetection of human breast cancer. Since X-rays pass through human tissue without deviation from astraight-line path, the X-rays that emerge can form a clear shadow of any absorbing objects embeddedinside the tissue. The radiation hazard, however, makes frequent use of X-ray mammography at an earlyage prohibitive.Unfortunately, extension of this idea to optical illumination is neither simple nor straightforward. Atthese wavelengths, biological tissue severely scatters light in all directions. In this way, the diffusingtissue blurs or entirely obscures from view those objects that are either inside the tissue or upstream. Ofthe light that enters the severe diffuser, nearly all scatters many times before emerging from the diffuser.It is these light rays that the diffuser most severely distorts and will form a very poor image. Light raysthat scatter less, or scatter mostly in the forward direction, will form better images. Those light rays that
Refinement of the bulk defect model for LaxSr1 − xMnO3 ± δ

Abstract The literature nonstoichiometry data for bulk defects in LaxSr1 − xMnO3 ± δ (LSM) has been analyzed using a rigorous inverse-problem methodology. A solver–optimizer combination of Newton's method and the particle swarm optimizer (PSO) was developed, along with a rigorous method for determining local identifiability in the comparison between defect models and experimental data. It was found that previous models, which do not account for any excess free energy for defects, cannot adequately replicate nonstoichiometry data at low temperatures. A revised model is proposed that includes excess free energy due to strain field interaction between cation defects. The revised model was shown to be consistently distinguishable from the earlier model (a better fit) even when using a model structure containing fewer parameters. It was also identifiable for 10 and 20% Sr-doping. Data for activation energies and vibrational entropy for the various defect reactions was compiled.
Temperature dependences of the electron–phonon coupling, electron heat capacity and thermal conductivity in Ni under femtosecond laser irradiation

The electron temperature dependences of the electron–phonon coupling factor, electron heat capacity and thermal conductivity are investigated for Ni in a range of temperatures typically realized in femtosecond laser material processing applications, from room temperature up to temperatures of the order of 10 4 K. The analysis is based on the electronic density of states obtained through the electronic structure calculations. Thermal excitation of d band electrons is found to result in a significant decrease in the strength of the electron–phonon coupling, as well as large deviations of the electron heat capacity and the electron thermal conductivity from the commonly used linear temperature dependences on the electron temperature. Results of the simulations performed with the two-temperature model demonstrate that the temperature dependence of the thermophysical parameters accounting for the thermal excitation of d band electrons leads to higher maximum lattice and electron temperatures achieved at the surface of an irradiated Ni target and brings the threshold fluences for surface melting closer to the experimentally measured values as compared to the predictions obtained with commonly used approximations of the thermophysical parameters.
Dissolution and Growth Kinetics of Small Crystals in Liquids

Molecular Dynamics simulations of the melting of small crystalline clusters (≃800 atoms) in the liquid have been performed at various temperatures above the equilibrium melting point. The melting rates as functions of size and temperature are derived and compared to that predicted by Classical Nucleation Theory. It is found that the driving force for the melting of clusters does not follow the form assumed in the theory, and that this difference is most apparent for clusters containing less than 300 atoms. The implications of these findings on nucleation phenomenon and possible sources for the discrepancies are discussed.
Recent Advances in Cardiac Myocyte Biology and Function

Cardiac myocyte dysfunction is the underlying cause of changes in cardiac contractility associated with several pathological conditions. Hence, the physiology of cardiac myocytes has been the subject of intense investigation and much attention has been paid to important questions such as the following: what maintains and regulates the structural and functional integrity of cardiac myocytes?; how do myocytes respond to stress?; what are the molecular changes that contribute to myocytes dysfunction in cardiac disease?; how can pathological changes in myocytes be prevented or attenuated?; what determines myocyte life and death?; and can adult myocytes be renewed or replenished? Recent advancements in the field continue to address these important issues.1–18 Cardiac myocyte hypertrophy has been an area of intense interest for a long time,19 because it is well-known that maladaptive cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and accompanying cardiac remodeling often lead to heart failure.20,21 Recent studies have uncovered new mechanisms of myocyte hypertrophy. For instance, Matsushima et al22 showed that increased nuclear oxidative stress caused by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) leads to oxidation and nuclear export of histone deacetylase 4 (a class II histone deacetylase), which is a repressor of transcription factors involved in hypertrophic response (eg, nuclear factor of activated T-cells); this suggest that inhibition of Nox4 can be another avenue for dampening maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy. G-protein–coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) is another important regulator/kinase of a class II histone deacetylase 5 and its contribution to cardiac hypertrophy had been implicated previously.23 Recently, Gold et al24 have used both global and cardiac-specific Grk5 knockout mice to test the requirement of this protein for pathological hypertrophy. In response to pressure overload, Grk5 knockout mice showed attenuated hypertrophy, remodeling, and hypertrophy-related gene expression, clearly demonstrating the essential role of this protein in …
Double Z-Pinch-Driven Hohlraums: Symmetric ICF Capsule Implosions and Wire-Array Z-Pinch Source Physics

Summary form only given. There continues to be dramatic progress in applying pulsed-power driven wire arrays to research in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). The Z facility at Sandia National Laboratories delivers -20 MA to a wire-array z pinch that supersonically implodes the wire-array plasma, and ultimately produces a 100-200 TW X-ray source at stagnation. Wire array X-ray sources appear to be an excellent match to the driver capital cost, hohlraum size, and radiation pulse lengths required to implode the large-diameter (ges 2.65 mm) ICF capsules necessary to achieve high-yield (ges 400 MJ) fusion. Two different z-pinch driven ICF concepts are being studied: the dynamic-hohlraum and the double-ended z-pinch-driven hohlraum (DEH). This talk will focus on progress in achieving radiation symmetry of 2-4% for ICF capsule implosions with the DEH and in our understanding and scaling of the wire-array source. The DEH is the first pulsed power concept to demonstrate ICF-relevant radiation symmetry. In this concept, two wire-array pinches heat two separate primary hohlraums located at either end of a central coaxial secondary hohlraum containing the ICF capsule. X-ray backlighting measurements show control of low-mode radiation symmetry with 2.2-4.7 mm capsule diameters. High radial capsule-convergence ratios of 14-21 have been achieved. Scaling to capsule drive temperatures relevant for fusion will require total X-ray powers of ~2 PW. The DEH approach largely decouples the z-pinch source physics (in the primary hohlraum) from capsule implosion physics (in the secondary hohlraum), allowing independent study of both. This has enabled rapid progress in our understanding of high-current single and nested wire array physics. Experiments have studied the scaling of wire array ablation and implosion dynamics and X-ray power with current, array mass, and current rate of rise. The mass distribution of single and nested arrays has been measured with monochromatic X-ray backlighting and laser shadowgraphy. Our improved understanding has led to z-pinch designs with control of radiation pulse shaping appropriate for low-entropy ICF capsule compression.
Simultaneous computation of right and left ventricular systolic function

Computer software for the IBM PC was developed to assess the contractile properties of the right and left ventricles simultaneously. Four indices of systolic function were computed from pressure and volume data. These four indices consist of the slopes and x intercepts of lines fitted to different aspects of the pressure-volume relationship. A shell-subtraction model was utilized to compute the dynamic right and left ventricular volumes from sonometric dimensions. The visual display of pressure-volume loops was emphasized to assist in the data analysis. >
Increased expression of ADAMTS13 mRNA correlates with ischemic cerebrovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Objective: We investigated ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) messenger RNA levels as a biomarker of disease features in systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: We measured and compared messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of ADAMTS13 in peripheral blood cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy control subjects by whole-genome microarray. We retrospectively analyzed the correlations of ADAMTS13 mRNA expression with clinical features, laboratory parameters, therapeutic features, and disease activity (according to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index). We also examined the association of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs4962145, rs2285467, and rs685523) of the ADAMTS13 gene with patient characteristics. Results: In 309 patients, the median ADAMTS13 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in blood cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients than in 23 healthy controls (p = .03). Notably, ADAMTS13 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with a history of stroke (p = .02) or transient ischemic attack (p = .02). Among the three single nucleotide polymorphisms analyzed, rs2285467 was significantly associated with stroke (p = .03) and anticardiolipin antibodies (p = .04). Conclusions: Increased expression of ADAMTS13 mRNA in blood cells is associated with the presence of ischemic cerebrovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and suggests a potential role for ADAMTS13 in the pathogenesis of ischemic cerebrovascular disease in these patients.
Effects of silk maturity and pollination on infection of maize ears by Ustilago maydis.

Host resistance is the most efficient method of controlling common smut of maize (Zea mays), caused by Ustilago maydis. Precise timing of ear inoculations with U. maydis relative to silk maturity and pollination may improve the ability to screen maize germ plasm for resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the length of time maize kernels can be infected by U. maydis through silks, and to examine the effects of pollination on infection through silks. Two field studies were done in 1995, 1996, and 1997 at the University of Illinois South Farms. In the date-of-inoculation study, ears were inoculated at 2- to 3-day intervals from early silk emergence until 16 days after silk emergence. In the date-of-planting study, hybrids were planted on four dates and ears were inoculated on the same day for all planting dates. In each study, ear shoots were covered with shoot bags prior to silk emergence to prevent pollination, or ear shoots were left uncovered to allow silks to be pollinated normally. Maize ears were susceptible to infection by U. maydis from silk emergence until 8 to 14 days after silk emergence. During this period of susceptibility, incidence of ears with galls decreased as silks aged. Incidence of ears with galls on plants inoculated 7 days apart differed by as much as 70%. The period that maize ears were susceptible to infection by U. maydis was shorter and incidence of ears with galls decreased more rapidly when silks were exposed to pollen than when silks were not exposed. The silk channel method of inoculating for common smut does not appear to be practical for large-scale evaluations of numerous lines. The method is practical for evaluating a limited number of lines or for inducing ear galls for commercial production of huitlacoche (smut galls eaten at an immature stage).
JGR‐Solid Earth and Planets editor Steven W. Squyres

Planetary science is in a time of transition from a descriptive science to a more quantitative and analytical field of study, according to Steven W. Squyres, one of the editors of the Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets. This transition is “moving the discipline solidly into the realm of science traditionally covered by JGR,” Squyres said. “My objective as editor for planetology is to assure that JGR is the premier journal for the publication of scientifically rigorous work on the solid bodies of the solar system.”
Genomic cloning, physical mapping, and expression of human type 2 cystatin genes.

Humans carry one gene encoding cystatin C and six to eight genes with homology to an S-like cystatin hybridization probe. However, the precise composition and organization of the cystatin gene family remains to be established. Further, the pattern of tissue-specific expression has not been fully defined. We have previously shown that the type 2 cystatin genes are clustered together in a ca. 270 kb region (the CST locus). To determine the structure of this region, we have sought to clone the entire CST locus. Our approach has been to isolate cosmid and lambda genomic clones carrying cystatin genes and then to use "walk" probes derived from the end regions of these clones to identify other clones, which extend them. To date, we have obtained over 320 kb of distinct sequences. Based on restriction maps, sequencing, and hybridization analyses, we have identified eight apparently nonallelic copies of cystatin genes. These include one gene for cystatin C, four closely related genes encoding S-like cystatins, an...
curatedOvarianData: clinically annotated data for the ovarian cancer transcriptome

This article introduces a manually curated data collection for gene expression meta-analysis of patients with ovarian cancer and software for reproducible preparation of similar databases. This resource provides uniformly prepared microarray data for 2970 patients from 23 studies with curated and documented clinical metadata. It allows users to efficiently identify studies and patient subgroups of interest for analysis and to perform meta-analysis immediately without the challenges posed by harmonizing heterogeneous microarray technologies, study designs, expression data processing methods and clinical data formats. We confirm that the recently proposed biomarker CXCL12 is associated with patient survival, independently of stage and optimal surgical debulking, which was possible only through meta-analysis owing to insufficient sample sizes of the individual studies. The database is implemented as the curatedOvarianData Bioconductor package for the R statistical computing language, providing a comprehensive and flexible resource for clinically oriented investigation of the ovarian cancer transcriptome. The package and pipeline for producing it are available from http://bcb.dfci.harvard.
Localization and Intensity Tracking of Diffusing Point Sources Using Sensor Networks

We consider a network of spatially distributed sensors deployed to track the intensity of a diffusing source whose location is fixed, but unknown. The sensors make discrete time concentration measurements and communicate them to a fusion center. We propose a recursive algorithm that can be used at the fusion center, which takes in the latest concentration measurements as input and produces an estimate for the source location and latest intensity as the output. The performance of the algorithm is verified through simulations.
A note on maximal triangle-free graphs

We show that a maximal triangle-free graph on n vertices with minimum degree δ contains an independent set of 3δ − n vertices which have identical neighborhoods. This yields a simple proof that if the binding number of a graph is at least 3/2 then it has a triangle. This was conjectured originally by Woodall. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developmental and seasonal expression of PtaHB1, a Populus gene encoding a class III HD-Zip protein, is closely associated with secondary growth and inversely correlated with the level of microRNA (miR166)

In contrast to our knowledge of the shoot apical meristem, our understanding of cambium meristem differentiation and maintenance is limited. Class III homeodomain leucine-zipper (HD-Zip) proteins have been shown to play a regulatory role in vascular differentiation. The hybrid aspen (Populus tremulaxPopulus alba) class III HD-Zip transcription factor (PtaHB1) and microRNA 166 (Pta-miR166) family were cloned from hybrid aspen using a combination of in silico and polymerase chain reaction methods. Expression analyses of PtaHB1 and Pta-miR166 were performed by Northern blot analysis. The expression of PtaHB1 was closely associated with wood formation and regulated both developmentally and seasonally, with the highest expression during the active growing season. Also, its expression was inversely correlated with the level of Pta-miR166. Pta-miR166-directed cleavage of PtaHB1 in vivo was confirmed using modified 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The expression of Pta-miR166 was much higher in the winter than in the growing seasons, suggesting seasonal and developmental regulation of microRNA in this perennial plant species.
Attachment in boys with early onset conduct problems

Few studies have examined the association between attachment and psychopathology in samples of clinically diagnosed children or the relation between attachment variables and the continuity of clinical symptoms. Clinic-referred preschool boys (n = 80) with early onset conduct problems (as indicated by diagnoses of Oppositional Defiant Disorder) were compared with a case-matched group of 80 nonproblem boys to determine whether observed attachment behaviors could: (a) differentiate the groups, (b) explain concurrent variation in problem severity within the clinic group, and (c) predict the outcomes of clinic boys 1 and 2 years later. Over half of the clinic boys with early onset conduct problems (54%) exhibited an insecure attachment strategy during reunion, as opposed to 18% of comparison group boys. All insecure patterns were overrepresented in the clinic group. Clinic boys were more likely than comparison boys to engage in provocative behavior when separated from their mothers. Contrary to our hypothesis, attachment variables showed little ability to explain concurrent or future variation in the problem severity or diagnostic status of clinic boys. We conclude that observable attachment behaviors exhibited during the preschool years are related to the initial identification of early onset conduct problems but may have little value by themselves in predicting the subsequent course and severity of problems in the 2 years following clinic referral.
A theoretical analysis of optimization by gaussian continuation

Optimization via continuation method is a widely used approach for solving nonconvex minimization problems. While this method generally does not provide a global minimum, empirically it often achieves a superior local minimum compared to alternative approaches such as gradient descent. However, theoretical analysis of this method is largely unavailable. Here, we provide a theoretical analysis that provides a bound on the end-point solution of the continuation method. The derived bound depends on a problem specific characteristic that we refer to as optimization complexity. We show that this characteristic can be analytically computed when the objective function is expressed in some suitable basis functions. Our analysis combines elements of scalespace theory, regularization and differential equations.
In Situ Raman Spectroscopy of Oxidation of Carbon Nanomaterials

In situ Raman spectroscopy during heating in a controlled environment allows for a time-resolved investigation of the oxidation kinetics of carbon nanomaterials and can identify changes in material structure and composition during oxidation. In this chapter, we describe the application of in situ Raman spectroscopy to determine conditions for selective oxidation and purification of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanodiamond (ND).
Limitations, Legacies, and Lessons Post-Katrina Rebuilding in Retrospect and Prospect

Over the past two decades, federal block grants and spatially targeted tax subsidies have become popular forms of federal assistance to disaster-affected areas. This article provides an overview an...
Mercuric Chloride-Induced Immunologically Mediated Diseases in Experimental Animals

Large doses of cadmium, gold, or mercury salts produce acute toxic lesions, e.g., renal tubular necrosis (Gritzka and Trump, 1968). Administration of low doses of heavy metals may induce immunologically mediated diseases. Thus, membranous nephropathy has been described in humans in association with administration of mercury-containing compounds (Mendema et al., 1963). During the last decade, several animal models of chronic mercuric chloride-induced, immunologically mediated diseases have been established (Bariety et al., 1971; Roman-Franco et al., 1976, 1978; Sapin et al., 1977; Albini and Andres, 1982). In these models, pathogenesis involves autoimmunization to connective tissue components and development of immune complex-mediated pathology.
Differential responsiveness of Holstein and Angus dermal fibroblasts to LPS challenge occurs without major differences in the methylome

We have previously found substantial animal-to-animal and age-dependent variation in the response of Holstein fibroblast cultures challenged with LPS. To expand on this finding, fibroblast cultures were established from dairy (Holstein) and beef (Angus) cattle and challenged with LPS to examine breed-dependent differences in the innate immune response. Global gene expression was measured by RNA-Seq, while an epigenetic basis for expression differences was examined by methylated CpG island recovery assay sequencing (MIRA-Seq) analysis. The Holstein breed displayed a more robust response to LPS than the Angus breed based on RNA-Seq analysis of cultures challenged with LPS for 0, 2, and 8 h. Several immune-associated genes were expressed at greater levels (FDR < 0.05) in Holstein cultures including TLR4 at all time points and a number of pro-inflammatory genes such as IL8, CCL20, CCL5, and TNF following LPS exposure. Despite extensive breed differences in the transcriptome, MIRA-Seq unveiled relatively similar patterns of genome-wide DNA methylation between breeds, with an overall hypomethylation of gene promoters. However, by examining the genome in 3Kb windows, 49 regions of differential methylation were discovered between Holstein and Angus fibroblasts, and two of these regions fell within the promoter region (-2500 to +500 bp of the transcription start site) of the genes NTRK2 and ADAMTS5. Fibroblasts isolated from Holstein cattle display a more robust response to LPS in comparison to cultures from Angus cattle. Different selection strategies and management practices exist between these two breeds that likely give rise to genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to the different immune response phenotypes.
Ongoing Trends in Pediatric Hospitalizations

Surveys indicate a loss of community hospital pediatric units and crowding of pediatric beds at larger hospitals. Shifts in hospitalizations towards larger hospitals may impact health care costs and pressure pediatric bed space availability, ultimately affecting pediatric access to care. Using data through 2009, our team previously confirmed the shift in pediatric hospitalizations from smaller to larger hospitals. …
Degradative Effects of Guayule Resin on Natural Rubber

Abstract This study indicates that the degradative effects of guayule resin on natural rubber are due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the resin. Since linoleic acid is, by far, the mo...
Decentralized Governance, Expenditure Composition, and Preferences for Public Goods

The literature on decentralization has long asserted that decentralized governance increases public sector allocative efficiency. We offer an indirect test of this hypothesis by examining how decen...
Online Performance Monitoring and Quality Prediction for Batch Processes

Abstract Two different quality prediction techniques are incorporated with online MSPM through PLS modeling in this study. The first technique is based on unfolding a hatch data array by preserving variable direction. An MPLS model between this matrix and vector of elapsed local batch times is developed to reflect the batch progress. More data partitions hecome available as the batch progresses and these partitions are rearranged into a matrix to develop local MPLS models predicting quality online. The second technique uses hierarchical PLS rnodeling in an adaptive manner resulting in a model that can be used to predict end-of-batch quality online. Neither technique requires estimation of future portions of variable trajectories and both are suitable for online multivariate statistical process monitoring and fault diagnosis. Case studies from a simulated fed-batch penicillin fermentation illustrate the implementation of the methodology.
Herpes Zoster in the elderly.

Herpes zoster may attack 1 or 2 percent of geriatric patients every year. The elderly patient is often ravaged by the disease or its complications. The cornerstones of management are control of pain and prevention of complications. Postherpetic neuralgia is a frequent, distressing and pertinacious complication which may be prevented by early aggressive treatment. Various modalities of therapy including systemic corticosteroids are discussed.
Amniotic fluid amylase.

The concentration of amylase in amniotic fluid during the last half of pregnancy was studied. Single determinations were done in 180 patients and serial determinations in 7 patients. The results have been correlated with gestational age and fetal weight. Amylase concentration increased very gradually up to approximately 36 weeks and after this time abrupt increases were observed. When the amylase level is 200 I.U. per liter or greater, the correlation with a mature fetus is very good. However, values less than 200 I.U. per liter are associated with both mature and immature infants. No correlation was found between amniotic fluid and maternal serum amylase levels.
Phase transformations at interfaces: Observations from atomistic modeling

Abstract We review the recent progress in theoretical understanding and atomistic computer simulations of phase transformations in materials interfaces, focusing on grain boundaries (GBs) in metallic systems. Recently developed simulation approaches enable the search and structural characterization of GB phases in single-component metals and binary alloys, calculation of thermodynamic properties of individual GB phases, and modeling of the effect of the GB phase transformations on GB kinetics. Atomistic simulations demonstrate that the GB transformations can be induced by varying the temperature, loading the GB with point defects, or varying the amount of solute segregation. The atomic-level understanding obtained from such simulations can provide input for further development of thermodynamics theories and continuous models of interface phase transformations while simultaneously serving as a testing ground for validation of theories and models. They can also help interpret and guide experimental work in this field.
Small Groups and Shared Constructions

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the use of instructional groups within a constructivist framework and considers critical questions regarding the nature of knowledge, the roles of teachers and learners, and the organization of classroom experiences. The cooperative learning movement provided educators with new models that emphasized achievement of objectives while also including the diversity of perspectives and learning strategies that group work provides. The greatest advantage of group work is the role that another individual plays in creating a cognitive conflict or dissonance. The first step in any construction process is contingent upon the blueprint or building plans for construction. In order to participate in the building of a viable structure, the builder must understand the building plan as provided by the architect and have some fundamental idea of how the building task is accomplished. On the most basic level, in order to construct meaning, students must share some common understandings of the words and symbols that are used in the context of the science classroom.
Modulation of Zn–C Bond Lengths Induced by Ligand Architecture in Zinc Carbatrane Compounds

Bond lengths between pairs of atoms in covalent molecules are generally predicted well by the sum of their respective covalent radii, such that there are usually only small variations in related compounds. It is, therefore, significant that we have demonstrated that the incorporation of appropriately sized linkers between carbon and a metal center provides a means to modulate the length and nature of a metal–carbon interaction. Specifically, X-ray diffraction studies on a series of tris(1-methylimidazol-2-ylthio)methyl zinc complexes, [TitmMe]ZnX, demonstrate how the Zn–C bond lengths are highly variable (2.17–2.68 A) and are up to 0.67 A longer than the average value listed in the Cambridge Structural Database (2.01 A). Furthermore, density functional theory calculations on [TitmMe]ZnCl demonstrate that the interaction is very flexible, such that either increasing or decreasing the Zn–C length from that in the equilibrium structure is associated with little energy change in comparison to that for other c...
The Efficiency Challenge: Creating a Transformative Learning Experience in a Principles of Management Course:

This article describes the results of the “Efficiency Challenge,” a 10-week, Principles of Management course activity that uses reflection and goal setting to help students understand the concept o...
Regularizing Biomechanical Maps for Partially Known Material Properties

We present the solution of the inverse problem for partially known elastic modulus values, e.g., the elastic modulus is known in some small region on the boundary of the domain from measurements. T...
Parent-Reported Severity and Health/Educational Services Use Among US Children with Autism: Results from a National Survey.

ABSTRACT:Objective:Little national data exist regarding service use patterns for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) of varying severity. This study aimed to assess the relationship between parent-reported severity and use of educational and health care services.Methods:Data from the 2011 S
Introduction: Synthesizing a political ecology of education

Educational scholars face a challenge. Critical pedagogues acknowledge that “education, every aspect of it one can imagine, is political” (Apple & Aasen, 2003, p. 1). Yet, this understanding of edu...
Chartering Super-Special Banks: Firm Formation and the Federal Reserve Act

There is not an overwhelming case to be made that the Federal Reserve System (FRS) should be analyzed as a bureau instead of as a firm or set of firms. Accordingly, I discuss the formation of the FRS in relation to the framework developed by William Gartner for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. This framework illuminates the role played in the passage of the Federal Reserve Act by non-politician planners, some of whom knew well that they were destined to hold desirable positions within the incipient FRS. The role of such planners is not well illuminated by the conventional public choice framework, in which politicians are viewed as more or less acting alone in directing the formation of bureaus to enforce the parameters demanded by voters.
The impact of advanced age on the results of carotid endarterectomy: an outcome analysis.

BACKGROUND This study examined whether advanced age adversely influences the outcome of carotid endarterectomy. STUDY DESIGN The records of 173 patients who underwent 187 carotid endarterectomies performed by the author from January 1990 through December 1995 were retrospectively reviewed. Group 1 included 58 patients, ranging in age from 75 to 92 years (mean, 79.4 years), who underwent 63 procedures, and group 2 included 115 patients, ranging in age from 41 to 74 years (mean, 66.3 years), who underwent 124 procedures. The operation was performed for symptomatic disease in 67 percent of the cases in each group. The operated lesion was more than 80 percent stenotic in 85 percent of the group 1 and 79 percent of the group 2 cases. RESULTS No significant differences were found in the operative mortality (1.6 percent compared with 1.6 percent), incidence of perioperative stroke (4.8 percent compared with 1.6 percent), or rate of major cardiac complications (7.9 percent compared with 7.3 percent) between groups 1 and 2. No significant difference was found in the mean postoperative length of hospital stay between the group 1 and group 2 patients (4.13 +/- 2.58 days compared with 3.68 +/- 1.40 days). However, during the last 2 years of the study, the mean postoperative length of stay among the group 2 patients (3.06 +/- 1.44 days) was significantly shorter than among the group 1 patients (4.15 +/- 1.45 days) (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Advanced age does not adversely affect the results of carotid endarterectomy. However, the very elderly may be expected to experience a longer postoperative length of stay because of associated comorbid conditions.
Abstract P6-03-05: Risk of needle-track seeding with serial ultrasound guided biopsies in triple negative breast cancer

Background: Image-guided percutaneous needle biopsy of the breast is a common procedure. In breast cancer patients (pts) undergoing core biopsies and surgical resection on the same day, the rate of tumor cell displacement along the needle track has been reported to be up to 50%. However, the clinical significance of this finding in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (pts) undergoing serial biopsies while receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is unknown. Here we report the incidence of needle-track seeding (NTS) in a cohort of TNBC pts enrolled on a molecular triaging protocol involving serial biopsies of the index breast lesion. Methods: We reviewed the clinical records of 144 consecutive TNBC pts enrolled on a molecular triaging protocol at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Per protocol, all pts underwent a pre-treatment research biopsy and were initiated on anthracycline based NACT (AC). Pts with inadequate response to front-line NACT were encouraged to undergo additional biopsies of the index breast lesion prior to switching therapies. Serial breast ultrasound (US) was performed to monitor therapeutic response and incidental evidence of needle-track seeding noted on US was documented. Results: Clinicopathological characteristics of the pts are summarized in Table 1. 89% (128/144) of pts had a diagnostic breast biopsy done at another center prior to presenting at MDACC. To date, we have performed 209 US guided biopsies of index breast lesions in 144 pts. 92% (193/209) of these biopsies were done mainly for research purposes. 1.4% (2/144) of pts were found to have evidence of NTS on follow up US. The first pt had a T1N0 (1.9cm), grade 3, invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) at diagnosis. She underwent a diagnostic biopsy followed by a research biopsy before initiating AC. She was found to have NTS as well as progression of disease (PD) on follow up US after 2 cycles of AC. The second pt had a T2N0 (3cm), grade 3 IDC at diagnosis. She underwent a diagnostic biopsy at another center, followed by a research biopsy before initiating AC. Like the first pt, she was found to have NTS and PD on follow up US after 2 cycles of AC. Both pts are currently on neoadjuvant clinical trials of novel agents. Conclusion: The rate of NTS detected on US in TNBC pts undergoing serial biopsies of index breast lesions while receiving NACT is low and further studies are needed to determine the impact of serial biopsies on long term outcomes in TNBC. Citation Format: Yam C, Santiago L, Candelaria RP, Adrada BE, Rauch GM, Hess KR, Litton JK, Piwnica-Worms H, Mittendorf EA, Ueno NT, Lim B, Murthy RK, Damodaran S, Helgason T, Huo L, Thompson AM, Gilcrease MZ, Symmans WF, Moulder SL, Yang W. Risk of needle-track seeding with serial ultrasound guided biopsies in triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-03-05.
Cerebral Parenchymal Lesions: I. Metastatic Neoplasms

After one has reasonably ruled out the possibility of a nonneoplastic diagnosis (see Chap. 3), one is left with considering a diagnosis of tumor. The first question one needs to ask along these lines is whether or not the neoplasm could represent a ­metastasis. Metastatic neoplasms are the most commonly encountered tumors in the central nervous system. Because the appearance of these lesions often mimic their appearance elsewhere in the body, most pathologists are relatively more comfortable with evaluating metastases. Metastases are commonly multifocal lesions that are well circumscribed (Fig. 4.1). This is in contrast to many gliomas, which tend to be infiltrative in nature and more typically unifocal. Metastases may be either parenchymal or leptomeningeal in location.