cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging derived septal curvature in neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia associated pulmonary hypertension.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Recent advances have allowed the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in the assessment of respiratory and cardiac disease in infants with BPD. In adults and older pediatric patients, decreased CMR interventricular septal curvature correlates with increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. The current study sought to determine the relationship of CMR derived septal curvature in neonates with BPD and BPD-PH with a need for PH therapy. Forty moderate or severe BPD and 12 mild BPD or control infants were imaged without contrast between 38 and 47 weeks post-menstrual age on a neonatal-sized, neonatal intensive care unit-sited 1.5 T CMR scanner. CMR indices including eccentricity index (CMR-EI) and septal curvature were measured and compared to BPD severity and clinical outcomes including hospital length of stay (LOS), duration of respiratory support, respiratory support level at discharge and PH therapy. CMR-EI was directly associated and septal curvature was inversely associated with BPD severity. In a univariate analysis, CMR-EI and septal curvature were associated with increased hospital LOS, duration of respiratory support, respiratory support at hospital discharge, and need for PH therapy. In multivariable analysis CMR-EI was associated with hospital LOS and duration of respiratory support and septal curvature was associated with respiratory support at hospital discharge. Septal curvature was the only clinical or CMR variable associated with need for PH therapy (R2 = 0.66, p = 0.0014) in multivariable analysis demonstrating improved discrimination beyond CMR-EI. CMR derived septal curvature correlates significantly with clinical outcomes including hospital LOS, duration of respiratory support, respiratory support level at hospital discharge, and PH therapy in neonates with BPD and BPD-PH. Further, CMR derived septal curvature demonstrated improved discrimination of need for PH therapy and respiratory support at discharge compared to clinical variables and other CMR indices, supporting septal curvature as a non-invasive marker of PH in this population with potential to guide management strategies.
Do invasive jumping worms impact sugar maple (Acer saccharum) water-use dynamics in a Central Hardwoods forest?

Although non-native earthworms are known to drastically change forest soils and understory plant communities, comparatively little is known about how the introduction of different earthworm groups may alter perennial plant functioning (i.e., physiological, morphological, and/or anatomical traits), or how these dynamics may vary between different earthworm groups. Our objective was to assess whether a recent replacement of European earthworms by Amynthas spp. (i.e., Asian “jumping worms”) in a Central Hardwoods forest of the Upper Midwest impacts patterns of water use in dominant overstory Acer saccharum Marshall (sugar maple). We found that (1) soil water content was often greater in Amynthas sites, (2) compared to those growing in sites with only European earthworms, A. saccharum growing with Amynthas had higher midday leaf water potential values (a measure of greater plant water status) early in 2017 but lower midday leaf water potential by the end of 2018, and (3) A. saccharum from Amynthas sites had fewer, but wider xylem conduits than trees from European sites, but this trend was not significant and was not associated with differences in stem hydraulic functioning between the two groups. Overall, these results suggest that Amynthas invasions may not impact the overstory of A. saccharum—dominated forests within the Upper Midwest, at least early during invasions of forests colonized by existing earthworms or during growing seasons with above-average precipitation. Future work should investigate the impacts of different earthworm groups on tree water and nutrient relations over longer periods of colonization and in different tree age classes.
Small Cartilage Defect Management.

Cartilage defects in the knee are common resulting in significant pain and morbidity over time. These defects can arise in isolation or concurrently with other associated injuries to the knee. The treatment of small (
Unbounded Procedure Summaries from Bounded Environments

Modular approaches to verifying interprocedural programs involve learning summaries for individual procedures rather than verifying a monolithic program. Modern approaches based on use of Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solvers have made much progress in this direction. However, it is still challenging to handle mutual recursion and to derive adequate procedure summaries using scalable methods. We propose a novel modular verification algorithm that addresses these challenges by learning lemmas about the relationships among procedure summaries and by using bounded environments in SMT queries. We have implemented our algorithm in a tool called Clover and report on a detailed evaluation that shows that it outperforms existing automated tools on benchmark programs with mutual recursion while being competitive on standard benchmarks.
Application of CO2 injection monitoring techniques for CO2 EOR and associated geologic storage

The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), through its efforts leading the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, has successfully developed practices and technologies that can be used in future commercial-scale CO2 storage projects in different geologic formations, including both dedicated CO2 storage in saline formations and associated CO2 storage incidental to enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In this work, reservoir monitoring activities have been conducted in a large-scale CO2 EOR project to understand performance and associated storage. The activities include pulsed-neutron well logs (PNLs), 4D (time-lapse 3D) seismic surveys, and numerical simulation of injection and production. This enabled monitoring at different scales, from individual wells to field-scale reservoir assessments. The oil, water, and CO2 saturations were profiled to identify bypassed oil and high-conductivity CO2 migration pathways in the reservoir. These techniques provided actionable information, enabling better management of CO2 flooding, diagnosing performance and sweep efficiency while ensuring injected CO2 remained within the reservoir.
Long Live the Common Law of Copyright!: Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org., Inc. and the Debate over Judicial Role in Copyright

In Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc., the Supreme Court resurrected a nineteenth century copyright doctrine — the government edicts doctrine — and applied it to statutory annotations prepared by a legislative agency. While the substance of the decision has serious implications for due process and the rule of law, the Court’s treatment of the doctrine recognized an invigorated role for courts in the development of copyright law through the use of principled reasoning. In expounding the doctrine, the Court announced a vision for the judicial role in copyright adjudication that is at odds with the dominant approach under the Copyright Act of 1976, which sees courts as limited to interpreting and deferring to the text of the statute. This Essay unpacks the longstanding debate about judicial role in copyright that manifested itself rather vividly in the majority and dissenting opinions in the case. In the process, it shows how Chief Justice Roberts’ opinion for the Court consciously unraveled a delicate — but undesirable — institutional balance that has come to be accepted within the world of copyright law, and imagines the consequences that it might have for the future of copyright adjudication and law-making.
Evaluation of the optimal dosage of BMP-9 through the comparison of bone regeneration induced by BMP-9 versus BMP-2 using an injectable microparticle embedded thermosensitive polymeric carrier in a rat cranial defect model.

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are well known as enhancers and facilitators of osteogenesis during bone regeneration. The use of recombinant BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) in bone defect healing has drawbacks, which has driven the scouting for alternatives, such as recombinant BMP-9 (rhBMP-9), to provide comparable new bone formation. However, the dosage of rhBMP-9 is quintessential for the facilitation of adequate bone defect healing. Therefore, this study has been designed to evaluate the optimal dosage of BMP-9 by comparing the bone defect healing induced by rhBMP-9 over rhBMP-2. The chitosan (CS) microparticles (MPs), coated with BMPs, were embedded in a thermoresponsive methylcellulose (MC) and calcium alginate (Alg) based injectable delivery system containing a dosage of either 0.5 μg or 1.5 μg of the respective rhBMP per bone defect. A 5 mm critical-sized cranial defect rat model has been used in this study, and bone tissues were harvested at eight weeks post-surgery. The standard tools for comparing the new bone regeneration included micro computerized tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis. A novel perspective of analyzing the new bone quality and crystallinity was employed by using Raman spectroscopy, along with its elastic modulus quantified through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Results showed that the rhBMP-9 administered at a dosage of 1.5 μg per bone defect, using this delivery system, can adequately facilitate the bone void filling with ample new bone mineralization and crystallinity as compared to rhBMP-2, thus approving the hypothesis for a viable rhBMP-2 alternative.
User-Generated Physician Ratings and Their Effects on Patients' Physician Choices: Evidence from Yelp

We examine whether user-generated physician ratings from online sources signal physician quality information and affect patients' physician choices. We collect physician rating and review data from Yelp, a leading online physician rating platform, and match the rating data with Medicare claims data. First, we empirically examine information included in physician reviews by using machine learning algorithms and Amazon Mechanical Turk. We find that although reviews primarily describe physicians' service quality and interpersonal skills, ratings are positively associated with important conventional measures of clinical quality, including physicians' credentials, their adherence to clinical guidelines, and their patients' risk-adjusted health outcomes. To examine the effects of online ratings on patients' physician choices, we examine the effects of ratings on patient flow, measured by physicians' patient revenue and patient volume. By instrumenting for physicians' ratings with reviewers' leniency (or harshness) in rating other businesses, we find that a 1-star increase in a physician's average rating increases physicians' patient revenue and volume by 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively. Overall, we find that online physician rating platforms can promote efficiency by disseminating important quality information to patients and directing patients to higher-quality physicians.
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis with Dermatomyositis-Like Features: A Case Report with Dermoscopy and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Findings.

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is an insidious-onset, non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis affecting joints and skin. Early diagnosis is important to prevent destructive arthritis and disease-related complications. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a technique that allows the visualization of the epidermis and superficial dermis non-invasively on a horizontal plane with quasi-histologic images of the skin. RCM features of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis including Rosai-Dorfman disease, adult xanthogranuloma (AXG) and, juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) have been reported. However, RCM features of MRH have not previously been described. Herein, we present the RCM features of a case of MRH with dermoscopic and histopathologic features. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Development of Representation from 10 to 28 Months

This paper is based on the premise that biological systems are self-regulating and self-organizing and that their functioning is governed by laws which are in principle understandable.
OpenJML: JML for Java 7 by extending OpenJDK

The Java Modeling Language is a widely used specification language for Java. However, the tool support has not kept pace with advances in the Java language. This paper describes OpenJML, an implementation of JML tools built by extending the OpenJDK Java tool set. OpenJDK has a readily extendible architecture, though its details could be revised to further facilitate extension. The result is a suite of JML tools for Java 7 that provides static analysis, specification documentation, and runtime checking, an API that is used for other tools, uses Eclipse as an IDE, and can be extended for further research. In addition, OpenJML can leverage the community effort devoted to OpenJDK.
Chapter 1 Fundamental Atomic-Scale Issues/Processes Pertinent to Dynamics at Surfaces

Abstract An introduction to some basic concepts and building blocks that facilitate the understanding of atomic scale dynamics at surfaces is presented. The focus is mainly towards processes defined in terms of both nuclear and electronic involvement. Reduction of the general quantum dynamics problem into something tractable is taken up first within the Born–Oppenheimer separation of fast and slow variables. The role of non-adiabatic processes is of special importance in condensed matter systems owing to the continuum of electron–hole pair excited states and this is a continuing theme throughout this introductory chapter. The basis for the commonly invoked trajectory model is examined. A paradigm-establishing example of a curve-hopping, diabatic transition model for the simple process of sticking is used to illustrate several points involving molecule–surface collisions. Surface processes involving significant dynamic charge transfer are dealt with taking advantage of both some unlikely similarities with fundamental processes triggered in core level spectroscopies and also the many modern advances in understanding the role of electron friction in condensed phase chemical dynamics. The importance of electron-resonance-enhanced dynamics is taken up and illustrated with a simple, generic, classical model for resonance-enhanced processes here applied to bond-breaking/desorption. This introduction concludes with some final historical thoughts.
Cross-National Comparison of Attitudes Toward Fathers' and Mothers' Participation in Household Tasks and Childcare

The purpose of this study was to explore attitudes toward the division of fathers' and mothers' participation in childcare/household tasks through a multilevel modeling approach. Data from the Euro-barometer surveys, including over 10,000 respondents from 13 European countries, were used. Respondents' attitudes were related to several individual-and macro-level factors. At the individual level (based on a separate regression equation for each country), it was found that respondents were most likely to hold egalitarian attitudes toward household work and childcare when they were younger, female, and politically liberal. At the macro level, countries' United Nations ratings on women's empowerment, Gross National Product, and cultural individualism were related to egalitarian attitudes. Study implications, strengths and weaknesses, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The Higgs boson decay H→Zgg

Abstract The decay mode H→Zgg is investigated using analytic results for the HZgg vertex in the minimal standard model. It is compared to the major decay channels of the Higgs boson in the window M W M H M W armand B (H→Zgg) −6 is found for the branching ratio.
Statics of SPT

The theory presented permits an engineer to estimate the static end bearing and side friction resistance stress components to the penetration of the SPT sampler from only SPT data. This theory follows from the proportionality between SPT and quasi-static Dutch cone test (CPT) resistance components, demonstrated by parallel quasi-static SPT sampling and CPT. The theory seems well confirmed by its correct predictions of the relative magnitude of blow counts over the three successive 6-in. increments of the SPT, the major importance of sampler side friction to the determination of the blow count N—especially in cohesive soils, the magnitude of the decrease in N and increase in sample recovery when removing the liners from an SPT sampler designed for liners, and the energy required for SPT sampling. This paper also demonstrates the importance of both vertical and horizontal effective stress on N-values, and that N depends inversely on the energy per blow delivered to the sampler by the drill rig hammer-anvil-rod-sampler system.
The Law and Economics of First-Party Insurance Bad Faith Liability

States differ in the legal avenues available to policyholders to pursue actions against their insurers for bad faith in claims settlement. This article discusses the various approaches to first-party insurance bad faith law that have been taken by the states, and discusses the potential benefits and costs of different approaches. Regimes that are likely to grant large damages awards to aggrieved policyholders provide the greatest deterrent to insurer bad faith; but such regimes may also create incentives for fraudulent insurance claiming and disincentives for rigorous claims investigations by insurers. The article evaluates the empirical relevance of these potential incentive distortions through an analysis of automobile insurance claim settlement data in states with different bad faith regimes. The data show that claim characteristics and claim investigations differ significantly in states that permit tort-based bad faith from those in other states, in ways consistent with the hypothesized effects.
Place, Silence, and Local Memory in Todo é silencio by Manuel Rivas

This article addresses issues of local memory in Manuel Rivas’s novel Todo e silencio ( 2010 ) and takes as its starting point Pierre Nora’s twin notions of lieu de memoire and milieu de memoire. By focusing on a specific site portrayed in the novel —the escola de indianos, a building that once housed a progressive school— we analyze the ways in which the author deploys the building not merely as a setting, but also as aestheticization of the interstices between history, memory, and forgetting.
Cooperative Effect of Calcium Binding to Adjacent Troponin Molecules on the Thin Filament-Myosin Subfragment 1 MgATPase Rate

The myosin subfragment 1 (S1) MgATPase rate was measured using thin filaments with known extents of Ca2+ binding controlled by varying the ratio of native cardiac troponin versus an inhibitory troponin with a mutation in the sole regulatory Ca2+ binding site of troponin C. Fractional MgATPase activation was less than the fraction of troponins that bound Ca2+, implying a cooperative effect of bound Ca2+ on cross-bridge cycling. Addition of phalloidin did not alter cooperative effects between bound Ca2+ molecules in the presence or absence of myosin S1. When the myosin S1 concentration was raised sufficiently to introduce cooperative myosin-myosin effects, lower Ca2+concentrations were needed to activate the MgATPase rate. MgATPase activation remained less than Ca2+ binding, implying a true, not just an apparent, increase in Ca2+ affinity. MgATPase activation by Ca2+ was more cooperative than could be explained by cooperativeness of overall Ca2+binding, the discrepancy between Ca2+ binding and MgATPase activation, or interactions between myosins. The results suggest the thin filament-myosin S1 MgATPase cycle requires calcium binding to adjacent troponin molecules and that this binding is cooperatively promoted by a single cycling cross-bridge. This mechanism is a potential explanation for Ca2+-mediated regulation of cross-bridge kinetics in muscle fibers.
Fine structural investigation of nuclear inclusions in plants.

Light microscopic observations dating back to 1859 have established that nuclear inclusions occur widely in plant and animal cells. The present fine structural investigation describes nuclear inclusions in thirteen species of plants representing ferns, a gymnosperm, and angiosperms. Ultrastructurally the inclusions are quite diverse and include several morphologically distinct types represented by crystalline, fibrous, or amorphous structures. In some species the inclusions commonly attain lengths of several microns and occupy as much as 20–40 % of the median nuclear cross sectional area. In several species inclusions identical to those in the nucleus have been encountered in the perinuclear space and cytoplasm. Histochemical staining indicates that most of the inclusions are proteinaceous, although spherosome-like bodies presumably consisting of lipid have been observed also. Dissimilarities between the proteinaceous inclusions described here and inclusions observed previously in virus-infected plants are summarized. In many species the inclusions appear to be related to the nucleoli, either through close association or through an inverse size relationship shown during development. In a fern, observations made during cell differentiation indicate that the appearance of nuclear inclusions may coincide with dissolution of the nucleolus. Attention is directed to the possible similarity between the formation of nuclear inclusions in plants and the segregation of material from the nucleolus in animal tissues treated with actinomycin D.
DELAYED BREEDING IN AVIAN SOCIAL SYSTEMS: THE ROLE OF TERRITORY QUALITY AND "FLOATER" TACTICS

Summary In many avian societies, young birds delay breeding beyond the age of sexual maturity. Most previous hypotheses of delayed breeding have emphasized forces that keep young birds from becoming breeders. We develop a model of delayed breeding which includes the future acquisition of a high quality territory as a potential direct benefit of delayed breeding. Strong differences in territory quality, age-correlated asymmetries in resource holding potential, and territory site tenacity set the stage for young birds to either breed immediately on a poor territory, or obtain a high quality territory through reproductive delay on or near the site. A wide variety of species and social organizations reveal common patterns of breeding status acquisition through behaviours as nonbreeders with site tenacity on or immediately near the breeding site. A review of 'floater' strategies reveals that nonbreeders frequently have restricted home ranges that encompass one or more breeding territories, and prior experience at a site improves their chances of acquiring a territory in future years. This pattern of territory acquisition argues for incorporating direct benefits into models of delayed breeding. We discuss the potential applications to understanding delayed breeding in social systems as apparently different as cooperatively-breeding birds, migratory passerines, colonial breeding gulls, and lek-breeding grouse and manakins.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism produced in kittens repeatedly given porcine calcitonin.

Calcitonin was administered to kittens for periods of 5–10 days; thereafter serial determinations of the serum calcium and phosphorus were made. Subsequently, groups of animals were nephrectomized or thy ropara thyroidectomized; the response to calcitonin was then measured. Calcitonin produced hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia initially; resistance to the hypocalcemic effect soon developed and was associated with an increasing hypophosphatemic response. The hypophosphatemic response to calcitonin was abolished within 24 hr after nephrectomy or thyroparathyroidectomy. Thyroparathyroidectomy abolished the return to normocalcemia. The results suggest increased parathyroid activity. Autoradiography and tetracycline labeling showed that both endochondral and diaphyseal bone formation rates were suppressed; linear bone apposition rates correlated with the fall in serum phosphorus. Increased osteoclastic activity associated with bone resorption was probably a manifestation of increased parathyroid activity. The ...
Soil, Climate, and Atmospheric Deposition Relationships with Elemental Concentrations in Annual Rings of Tuliptree

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships of contrasting soil properties, climate and atmospheric pollutant (especially S) deposition to elemental concentrations in tree ring. Concentrations of 12 elements were determined in annual ring of tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera L-) by proton-induced x-ray emission for the 50 even years from 1880 to 1980 within an urbanined-industrial region in northeastern Ohio. Xylem concentrations of nine elements were consistently and significantly greater on Site 1 where soils were coarse textured and base status was low, than on Site 2 where soils were medium textured and base status was greater []
Carbon-13 Chemical Shift Tensors in Methyl Glycosides, Comparing Diffraction and Optimized Structures with Single-Crystal NMR

Complete carbon-13 chemical shift tensors are measured in single crystals of methyl α-d-galactopyranoside monohydrate, methyl α-d-glucopyranoside, methyl α-d-mannopyranoside, methyl β-d-galactopyranoside, methyl β-d-glucopyranoside hemihydrate, and methyl β-d-xylopyranoside. The fits of the experimental data to the second-rank form of shift tensors reflect the accuracy of the measured tensors and yield standard deviations that range between 0.27 and 0.75 ppm. Ab initio gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) computations using the D-95 double-ζ basis set are used to assign the experimental tensors to the carbons in the unit cell. The root-mean-square (rms) deviation of the diffraction-structure-based GIAO shieldings fitted to all of the experimental shifts is 4.99 ppm. By optimizing the ring and methyl proton positions with the Gaussian-92 program and repeating the GIAO computations, the root-mean-square deviation is reduced to 2.40 ppm. These results illustrate that complete 13C chemical shift tensors meas...
Electrooptic effect in CdTe at 23.35 and 27.95 microns

The unlamped electrooptic coefficient r 41 of high-purity CdTe has been measured at 23.35 and 27.95 micros in the far infrared. The values obtained for n 0 3r 41 are 9.4 × 10-11m/V at 23.35 µ and 8.1 × 10-11m/V at 27.95 µ. Using previously reported values for n 0 , the electrooptic coefficients are found to be 5.5 × 10-12m/V at 23.35 µ and 5.0 × 10-12m/V at 27.95 µ. These measurements extend the region of observed electrooptic effect from 16 µ, previously obtained using GaAs, to 28 µ using CdTe.
A review and delineation of cooperation and coordination in marketing channels

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to delineate the similarities and distinctions between cooperation and coordinate and to present distinctive definitions for each.Design/methodology/approach – An extensive review of the extant literature was conducted to examine the precedents with regards to the conceptual domains of cooperation and coordination.Findings – This paper concludes that cooperation is an orientation that one firm has about working with another organization; whereas, coordination are joint activities. This is reflected in the definitions presented in this paper.Originality/value – Several researchers and practitioners alike view cooperation and coordination as synonymous. However, an organization's cooperative orientation about working with another organization does not inherently lead to coordination. This paper points out that it is necessary to consider cooperation and coordination as two separate but related issues in managing interorganizational relationships.
Analysis of nucleotides from Tetrahymena by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Procedures for the complete extraction and isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cellular nucleoside di- and triphosphate are reported. Maximum nucleotide recovery from cultures of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis is achieved if (a) cells are cooled to 4°C prior to harvest; (b) dicarbonic acid diethyl ester, a protein crosslinking reagent, is added prior to neurtralization of the cellular acid extract; and (c) 350 m m tri-n-octylamine in Freon is used as a neutralizing agent. These procedures also extend the useful lifetime of the Waters μBondapak NH 2 column used for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Nucleoside triphosphates are resolved on this column in under 25 min using 125 m m ammonium phosphate, pH 3.15. Nucleoside diphosphates are separated by reducing the buffer concentration to 75 m m .
A Concept for Efficient Signal Excess Calculation for Multistatic Operations Analysis

This paper presents a method for reducing the time required to calculate signal excess for multistatic sonar systems in support of operations analysis. Runtime can be improved by a factor of 10 to 50 by reusing modeled components that go into the signal excess equation. The presented method introduces errors into the acoustic calculation that, when managed by the analyst, will have negligible effect on the operations analysis result.
Toxicity of the photoisomers of cyclodiene insecticides to freshwater animals.

SUNLIGHT and ultraviolet light convert aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor to their corresponding isomers, photoaldrin, photodieldrin and photoheptachlor respectively, which are more toxic to mosquito larvae and housefly adults1–3. In these insects the onset of toxic symptoms is much faster with the photoisomers than the parent compounds and has been assumed to be due to their rapid oxidative dehydrochlorination to lipophilic ketones3,4. The effect of photoisomerization of isodrin is opposite to that seen with other photoisomers. Photoisodrin, because of its rapid detoxification, is far less toxic than isodrin to these two insects4,5.
Effect of variable solid phase thermal properties on propellant combustion

Abstract Mathematical models derived for describing the combustion of solid rocket propellants have in the past assumed that the thermal properties, specific heat, and thermal conductivity are constant throughout the solid phase portion of the combustion zone. The values for specific heat and thermal conductivity can vary as much as 50–100 percent for the temperatures in the solid phase combustion wave, values from about 250 to 1100 K. Thus, the variation in solid phase properties due to the temperature variation in the solid phase have significant effects on the burning rate, the temperature sensitivity and the pressure coupled response. The paper is concerned with predicting the effect of the variable solid phase properties on the combustion properties. Parametric calculations were made to illustrate the effect of the magnitude of the variation of solid phase properties with temperature. The results indicate that significant differences exist between the values for the combustion parameters calculated using variable thermal properties as compared to those calculated using constant thermal properties.
High-sensitivity stimulated-emission detector for soft-x-ray laser research

A novel, extremely sensitive system for the detection of stimulated emission is proposed. The principle of the detection method relies on the major difference between stimulated and spontaneous emission, its directionality. A unique feature of the system is the use of a separate spontaneous-emission source. The system is predicted to be sensitive to gain–length products down to 0.1 and below, a capability that would be useful in media in which stimulated emission is weak compared with spontaneous emission. This will have important applications to the development of soft-x-ray lasing in novel systems.
MHB1 Treatment Choice And the Incidence And Economic Intensity of Hospital Inpatient Use by Depressed Patients

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in hospitalization incidence and associated economic impact by depressed patients initially treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) versus those treated with tricyclic antidepressants (TCA). METHOD: A three-step regression analysis was conducted utilizing data from Marketscanâ. First, discrete outcome regression methods were used to test for a systematic relation between patient characteristics and initial antidepressant that may be a common factor, with hospital use forming the basis of an adjustment for a non-random drug assignment when studying hospital use. The second step was a discrete outcome regression for whether a depressed patient is hospitalized. The final step was a semi-logarithmic regression of hospital expenditures for admitted patients. RESULTS: The only control independent variable that mattered to depression-related hospitalizations was prior admissions. The number of pre-study comorbid conditions was the only significant predictor of drug use. People with more pre-study comorbidities were less likely to have an initial prescription for fluoxetine (t=3.33, p < 0.05). Applying statistical correction for this variable, the estimated relative likelihood of hospitalization with fluoxetine versus TCA was 0.47 (95% CI = 0.23–0.93) (t = 2.22, p < 0.05). The estimated hospitalization rates for sertraline and TCA were the same (b = 0.81, t = 0.54, p = 0.59). There was no differential effect of specific anti-depressant on resource use for patients once hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: Patients initially prescribed sertraline have the same likelihood of hospitalization for a mental health problem as patients prescribed a TCA. Patients initially prescribed fluoxetine are half as likely to be hospitalized as patients initially prescribed TCAs.
A pulsed system frequency analysis for device characterization and experimental design: Application to porous silicon sensors and extension

Methods of acoustic theory have been applied to signal analysis for improving device characterization on low-frequency timescales. The benefits of this approach include improved measurement sensitivity, isolation of periodic noise sources, and the ability to evaluate the trade-off between the precision and the duration of a measurement to aid the design of an experimental system. A defined gas pulsing technique is combined with FFT signal analysis to allow a sensor gas response to be measured, without saturation, and filtered on a drifting baseline, so as to eliminate false positives and the effects of external noise (as might be associated with pressure, temperature, and humidity variation). Significant advantages can be provided over traditional test-and-measure evaluation schemes, especially near the detection limit of a device, or in the presence of high amplitude noise. The technique, which has been implemented for a porous silicon sensor, shows the potential to improve a number of sensor and experimental systems. The range of applications is discussed.
Tumur induction by 7H-dibenzo(c,g)carbazole in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters

The respiratory tract of male and female Syrian golden hamsters was treated intratracheally with 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), a tobacco smoke component. The carcinogen was given by multiple instillations at two dose levels. At the lower dose (9 mg), 35 of 46 hamsters (72%) developed respiratory tract tumors. The group receiving treatment at the higher dose level (30 mg) died earlier because of the toxicity of the compound. In this group, 15 of 45 animals (33%) had respiratory tract tumors. These occurred in the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, but predominated in the trachea and bronchi. Morphologically, most tumors were papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas. This study indicates the highly potent carcinogenic effect of DBC and that respiratory tumors can be induced in this model system without any carrier dust.
Event-related potential changes in chronic alcoholics

Ten chronic alcoholics (10+ year alcoholic drinking history) and ten age and sex matched controls were tested on an ERP paradigm which elicited a large P3 component. The N1 and P2 sensory evoked potential components did not differ in amplitude or latency between the two groups. The latency of the P3 was significantly longer for the alcoholics than the controls for both a response and non-response stimulus. This finding is consistent with the results seen in a variety of dementias and is offered as evidence of the dementing effects of prolonged alcoholism in this group of subjects. While the P3 latencies were prolonged for the alcoholics, their reaction times were not different from the controls. Single trial analysis using Woody's adaptive filter also demonstrated that the single trial estimates for the 3 latency were significantly prolonged for the alcoholics. The single trial correlation between the P3 latency and each trial's corresponding reaction time was significantly greater for the alcoholics than for the controls.
Stereotypes of Scalp and Facial Hair as Measured by the Semantic Differential

36 male and 44 female college students were presented with a series of 15 stimuli which were designed to represent the variables of hair color, hair length, quantity of scalp hair, hair quality and amount of facial hair. Each stimulus was rated on scales representing the Evaluative, Potency, and Activity dimensions. The proposition that stereotypes are identifiable was strongly confirmed. Of 18 specific predictions 15 were also confirmed. Explanation in full of these findings was not effected.
The role of individual well-being in risk perception and evacuation for chronic vs. acute natural hazards in Mexico

This paper examines how situational and cognitive measures of well-being associated with chronic and acute hazardous conditions affect perception of risk. The research was conducted in two disaster sites in the state of Puebla, Mexico; risk perception from chronic exposure to volcanic eruptions of Popocatepetl was investigated in San Pedro Benito Juarez, and risk perception from acute exposure to a flood/mudslide event was explored in Teziutlan. The research employed structured questionnaire surveys in both communities to collect information that included demographic information (e.g., age, sex, affinity to place, etc.), evacuation history, hazard belief systems, social networks, and physical and mental health related to hazard exposure. While well-being scores were worse for Teziutlan residents than for people in San Pedro Benito Juarez, with few exceptions it was in the chronic hazard site of San Pedro Benito Juarez and not in Teziutlan that individual well-being predicted risk perception. The results of this research can be used to tailor risk communication and educational policies differently for acute disaster vs. chronic hazard settings, as well as identify subpopulations for specific kinds of support or education.
Suppression of Mixed Leukocyte Response by Plasma from Hemodialysis Patients

The plasma samples of 11 out of 16 cytotoxicity-negative hemodialysis patients were found to suppress 43% of 122 mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) combinations. An almost linear relationship was found between the number of transfusions and the blocking activity of the plasma. Plasma from parous women without cytotoxins suppressed 23% of 241 MLC combinations. With plasma from normal controls, only 2.8% of 140 MLC combinations tested were suppressed. The suppressive activity was found to be specific (though somewhat broad) and was absorbable from plasma by the stimulating cells. Inhibition could not be obtained by coating of the responding cells, although a weak degree of suppression was found by precoating the stimulating cells. If suppression of MLC can be explained by the presence of enhancing antibody, active production of such antibodies can be induced by transfusions. Unresponsiveness to incompatible transplants could then be attributed to preconditioning by transfusions.
Searching with cooperators

Abstract Biological evolution serves as a blueprint for the design of search and optimization algorithms, and has generated vast number of research prototypes as well as industrial implementations since it was first proposed to solve complex engineering problems the 1960s [1] , [2] , [3] . Underlying this is the idea that the evolutionary forces of mutation, recombination, reproduction and selection can drive the population towards better adapted solution over time, effectively solving an optimization problem by navigating the fitness landscape they inhabit. A much overlooked evolutionary force in the design of better algorithms so far has been cooperation, shown to be crucial to shape individual and group behavior at multiple scales of interaction. Here we explore the ability of cooperative dynamics to further increase the efficiency of evolutionary strategies. For this, we perform computer experiments on a variety of landscapes of increasing complexity. We present evidence suggesting that cooperative dynamics are able to naturally balance exploration and exploitation of local maxima, via endless cycles of cooperation (where local maxima are exploited) and defection (where new areas are explored). Cooperative strategies prove to be more robust to landscape ruggedness than evolutionary strategies which never cooperate, always cooperate, or cooperate randomly. Furthermore, our simulations show that the cooperative dynamics are invariant to the complexity of the landscape, hinting at the possibility that cooperation strategies may be able to absorb and exploit local information to keep the exploration–exploration tradeoff invariant across a range of environments.
Practical strategies for enhancing adherence to treatment regimen in inflammatory bowel disease

Promoting adherence to treatment among pediatric and adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a critical yet challenging task for health care providers. Several existing interventions to enhance adherence among individuals with IBD offer useful information about practical strategies to enhance adherence. The current review article has 3 goals. First, the review provides a context for understanding treatment regimen adherence in IBD by reviewing key definitional, measurement, and conceptual challenges in this area. Next, published studies focused on interventions to enhance adherence in IBD are briefly summarized, followed by a synthesis of practical adherence promotion strategies for use in IBD by health care providers. Strategies are distinguished by the level of evidence supporting their utility as well as by age group. Finally, recommendations for future research to facilitate the development and implementation of practical, evidence-based strategies for adherence promotion in IBD are provided. Findings from the literature review suggest that strategies including education, regimen simplification, and use of reminder systems and organizational strategies (e.g., pill boxes) are likely to be best suited for addressing accidental nonadherence. In contrast, addressing motivational issues, teaching problem-solving skills, and addressing problematic patterns of family functioning are more likely to benefit individuals displaying intentional nonadherence.
“Literally or figuratively?”: Embodied Perception and Figurative Prospect in Mansfield Park

When the mischievous Henry Crawford teases Maria Bertram about her “prospects” as they stand looking over the grounds of Sotherton, the estate of her betrothed, James Rushworth, she responds with a question: “Do you mean literally or figuratively?” (78). Beyond participating in the novel's contrast between the principled literalism of Fanny Price and the anarchic figurativeness of the Crawfords, Maria's question suggests that the prospect itself is a privileged site of intersection between material givenness and the figural power of the eye. Erasmus Darwin's account of the figurative nature of vision in Zoonomia (1794–1796), where the eye serves as his first and prime example of the mobile nature of both perceptual organs and their percepts, underwrites Austen's own optical experiments in representing this estate prospect, as do current cognitive accounts (Mark Johnson's, for instance) of the embodied qualities of perceptual situations. In addition, then, to the sexual and moral transgressions depicted in...
Spinal injection of IL-2 or IL-15 alters mechanical and thermal withdrawal thresholds in rats.

Abstract IL-2 and IL-15 were tested for effects on responses to mechanical or thermal stimuli when spinally administered to male Sprague–Dawley rats with surgically implanted intrathecal catheters. Restricted doses of both IL-2 and IL-15 produced increased responsiveness to mechanical stimulation of the hindpaws. This effect lasted up to 48 h. IL-2 had biphasic effects on thermal responses whereas IL-15 produced thermal hypalgesia alone. These effects dissipated within 24 h. These results suggest that IL-2 and IL-15 may participate in the generation of hyperalgesia in some pain conditions.
Reporting cutaneous melanoma to cancer registries in the United States.

Abstract Background Central cancer registries provide data to monitor incidence rates of cutaneous melanoma. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the completeness of melanoma reporting in the United States. Methods Data provided by central cancer registries were used to calculate age-adjusted, average annual incidence rates and were compared by time period (1992-1994, 1995-1997), stage, and program (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results [SEER] and National Program of Cancer Registries [NPCR]). Completeness was measured with incidence/mortality ratio. Results Incidence rates among whites for 1995-1997 from SEER registries ranged from 11.8 to 33.9 per 100,000 population; 18 of 40 NPCR registries were within this range. For 1992-1994, 8 of 30 NPCR registries were within the range of SEER incidence rates. NPCR registry incidence rates were generally higher for 1995-1997 than 1992-1994. The percentage of cases of localized melanoma did not increase substantially in most SEER registries over the study period, but some NPCR registries had substantial increases. Among NPCR registries that had incidence rates comparable with those of SEER in 1995-1997, the incidence/mortality ratios were generally lower among NPCR registries than SEER registries. Conclusion Although melanoma incidence rates are generally increasing, part of the increases in incidence rates reported by NPCR registries over the study time period are likely due to increased case ascertainment and reporting.
Technology Roadmapping for wind energy: case of the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Wind Energy has been existent for many centuries and has advanced in both products and technologies. The objective of this study is to identify the future adoption, products, and technologies for Residential and Industrial consumers in a form of a graphical Technology Roadmap. Technology Roadmapping (TRM) is a high level planning tool used for strategy planning, implementation and aligning technologies and products with overall business objectives. The study considered the following aspects as the basis of the roadmap (market drivers): environmental concerns, rising cost and dependency on fossil fuel, business opportunities, government involvement and availability of natural wind resources in the Pacific Northwest (NW). The results of this study show, as implementation and the shift towards renewable energies unfold, specifically wind energy, we will notice a considerable reduction in the fluctuation and high cost of utilities, increased efforts towards the alarming concerns of global warming and environment degradation, evolving technologies, and its products as a dependable alternative energy resource. This paper also highlights the benefits in utilizing wind energy to residential, commercial and industrial consumers within the Pacific NW.