cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role conflict and conformity in dress

In this study we proceeded from the general theoretical position that dress is a significant element in role enactment and addressed the specific question of why there is apparent conflict regarding what form of dress is appropriate to enactment of the role of the Roman Catholic priest. Data analyzed were drawn from a study of 5,475 American Catholic priests. Priests who conformed to church regulations regarding dress differed from nonconformists in their beliefs about their roles as priests and in their opinions of church reform, commitment to the priesthood, feelings of anomie, rank within the priesthood, and age.
Extended Kalman Filtering Applied to a Two-Axis Robotic Arm with Flexible Links:

An industrial robot today uses measurements of its joint positions and models of its kinematics and dynamics to estimate and control its end-effector position. Substantially better end-effector position estimation and control performance would be obtainable if direct measurements of its end-effector position were also used. The subject of this paper is extended Kalman filtering for precise estimation of the position of the end-effector of a robot using, in addition to the usual measurements of the joint positions, direct measurements of the end-effector position. The estimation performances of extended Kalman filters are compared in applications to a planar two-axis robotic arm with very flexible links. The comparisons shed new light on the dependence of extended Kalman filter estimation performance on the quality of the model of the arm dynamics that the extended Kalman filter operates with.
Representative doses to members of the public from atmospheric releases of 131I at the Mayak Production Association facilities from 1948 through 1972

Abstract Scoping epidemiology studies performed by researchers from the Southern Urals Biophysics Institute revealed an excess prevalence of thyroid nodules and an increased incidence of thyroid cancer among residents of Ozersk, Russia, who were born in the early 1950s. Ozersk is located about 5 km from the facilities where the Mayak Production Association produced nuclear materials for the Russian weapons program. Reactor operations began in June 1948 and chemical separation of plutonium from irradiated fuel began in February 1949. The U.S.–Russia Joint Coordinating Committee on Radiation Effects Research conducted a series of projects over a 10-year period to assess the radiation risks in the Southern Urals. This paper uses data collected under Committee projects to present examples of reconstructed time-dependent thyroid doses to reference individuals living in Ozersk from 131 I released to the atmosphere for all relevant exposure pathways. Between 3.22 × 10 16 and 4.31 × 10 16 Bq of 131 I may have been released during the 1948–1972 time period, and a best estimate is 3.76 × 10 16 Bq. In general, younger children incur greater thyroid doses from 131 I than adults. A child born in 1947 is estimated to have received a cumulative thyroid dose of 2.3 Gy for 1948–1972, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.51–7.3 Gy. Annual doses were the highest in 1949 and a child who was 5 years old in 1949 is estimated to have a received an annual thyroid dose of 0.93 Gy with a 95% confidence interval of 0.19–3.5 Gy.
Treatment of paracolostomy abscesses without proximal diverting colostomy: Report of two cases

Two patients had paracolostomy abscesses limited to the abdominal wall. Adequate drainage was obtained surgically using local anesthesia, but wound contamination from the fecal stream continued. Intravenous hyperalimentation and/or elemental diet reduced fecal volume, promoted wound healing and weight gain, and prevented the need for a proximal defunctionalizing colostomy. During follow-up periods of more than ten months, colostomy revision has not been necessary.
Prediction of High-Lift Flows Using Turbulent Closure Models

The flow over two different multi-element airfoil configurations is computed using linear eddy viscosity turbulence models and a nonlinear explicit algebraic stress model. A subset of recently-measured transition locations using hot film on a McDonnell Douglas configuration is presented, and the effect of transition location on the computed solutions is explored. Deficiencies in wake profile computations are found to be attributable in large part to poor boundary layer prediction on the generating element, and not necessarily inadequate turbulence modeling in the wake. Using measured transition locations for the main element improves the prediction of its boundary layer thickness, skin friction, and wake profile shape. However, using measured transition locations on the slat still yields poor slat wake predictions. The computation of the slat flow field represents a key roadblock to successful predictions of multi-element flows. In general, the nonlinear explicit algebraic stress turbulence model gives very similar results to the linear eddy viscosity models.
Consistent transmitting boundary with continued-fraction absorbing boundary conditions for analysis of soil–structure interaction in a layered half-space

Abstract A continued-fraction absorbing boundary condition (CFABC) is combined with a consistent transmitting boundary and applied to an analysis of soil–structure interaction in a layered half-space. In order to be a perfect absorber for in-plane waves with an arbitrary horizontal wavenumber in a layered half-space, it is proposed that the CFABC be used in the form of a 2-layer. A method for determination of parameters of the 2-layers was proposed for evanescent waves as well as propagating waves. Combined with consistent transmitting boundaries, the 2-layers of CFABC are applied to problems of dynamics of rigid strip and circular foundations on a layered half-space. The results demonstrate that the proposed 2-layers of the CFABC can represent a layered half-space accurately in the entire frequency range and absorb both evanescent and propagating P and S waves effectively.
The lion at the gate

Summary We wish to emphasize that our model, though it is based largely on the empirical research with TMD patients, should not be construed as pertaining only to TMD pain. We are encouraged by the clinical observations, shared by Rudy and Greco, pertaining to patients' beliefs that stress leads to increases in masticatory muscle tension and that muscle length-inducing function leads to pain perceptions. We hope that these kinds of observations made in the TMD population can be extrapolated to other chronic muscle pain populations, and then refined through appropriate experimental methodology.
USE OF ADULT RESPONSES TO CODIFY CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR IN A PLAY SITUATION.

A system for coding certain aspects of the child's verbal—and through the adult's verbalizations—non-verbal behavior, from tape recordings, is reported. Reliability, possible uses, and limitations ...
A geometric approach to a mixed pixel problem: detecting subpixel woody vegetation.

Abstract In digital satellite imagery, small fragments of woody vegetation are difficult to detect because they frequently are smaller than the pixel size and are mixed with other land cover classes. A method for detecting subpixel woody vegetation, which analyzes mixture phenomena at the individual pixel level, is presented. This method relies on a moving window to collect training sets for adjacent land cover. In order to locate pixels of interest and to decrease noise, image-derived masks are integrated with the original digital imagery in a geocoded information system. A rule-based scheme is employed to organize relative spatial and spectral information into classification decision procedures. Tests using simulated multispectral and panchromatic SPOT HRV imagery of lowland Britain have shown that the developed method discriminates significantly more woody vegetation than standard multispectral classification.
Echocardiographic manifestations of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture.

The echocardiographic features of three patients with postinfarction ventricular septal rupture are described. All patients showed a decreased or paradoxical motion of the ventricular septum, and two of the patients demonstrated an unusual motion of the tricuspid valve. There were no abnormalities in mitral valve motion. The echocardiogram can be helpful in the diagnosis of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture and can assist in distinguishing this condition from acute disruption of the mitral valve complex.
Evaluation of an index based on van't Hoff equation to predict PEG-drug eutectic composition

Five poorly soluble drugs namely hydrochlorothiazide, menadione, propylthiouracil, quinine sulfate and sulfamerazine were used to evaluate the ability of an index (Ic) based on the van't Hoff equation to predict the eutectic composition at a higher heating rate than previously published. The term Ic is a dimensionless index which has been defined in the literature and is used to predict eutectic composition. This current work uses this study to determine if the correlation holds true at the higher heating rate of 10°C min-1. The maximum deviation was observed for quinine sulfate, for which the predicted eutectic composition was 10% lower than what was observed with the DSC. It can be concluded that the Index developed here has a good correlation with the experimentally determined eutectic composition.
Affects of Larval Injury by Western Com Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Gas Exchange Parameters of Field Corn

The effect of larval-induced root injury by western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, on plant physiological parameters of field corn ( Zea mays L.) was examined in a 2-yr field study. Controlled infestations of 200,500, and 1,000 eggs per 30.5 row-cm were established in an irrigated, silty clay loam soil in 1989 and in silty clay loam, loam, and sandy loam soil textures with irrigated and dryland treatments in 1990. Infestations were made 16 d after planting and at planting in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Gas exchange parameters were examined before egg hatch, during the injury period, and ≈2 wk following the cessation of the injury. During both years, corn photosynthetic rates at full sunlight were reduced by an average of 7.9% coinciding with the initial period of larval injury; i.e., feeding by primarily first and second instars. During the periods of maximum injury and postinjury, western corn rootworm injury to corn roots resulted in either no significant effect on photosynthetic rate (1990) or in an apparent stimulatory effect (by up to 11.2%) on photosynthetic rate (1989). The photosynthesis effects were not consistently related to changes in stomatal conductance or intercellular CO2 concentration. Plant response to root injury was similar in all three soil textures and in differing soil moisture levels (occurring during postinjury period only) in 1990; however, soil texture and soil moisture did have significant direct effects on plant physiology. Plant developmental stage at the time of injury may be an important factor in determining the plant response to injury. Peak injury occurred in the VI2-V15 and V9-Vl 1 stages of development in 1989 and 1990, respectively. The increased amount of photosynthetically active biomass (i.e., leaf tissue) may have enhanced the plants’ compensatory response in 1989.
The diagnostic significance of the functional impairment and subjective distress criterion: An illustration with the DSM-III-R anxiety disorders

The assessment of subjective distress and functional impairment and its influence on DSM-III-R and DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders are considered. Patients (n=267) were diagnosed at an anxiety disorders clinic using a semistructured interview (Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Revised). DSM-III-R diagnoses that met the DSM-III-R distress/impairment criterion and subclinical diagnoses (those meeting all criteria except clinically significant distress or impairment) were compared. Of the DSM-III-R anxiety disorders, simple phobia and, to a lesser extent, social phobia frequently were diagnosed as subclinicals: Of 210 subclinical diagnoses assigned, 46% were simple phobia and 23% were social phobia. Also, test-retest reliability figures were significantly lower for diagnoses of social phobia when assigned at the subclinical rather than the clinical level. The difference approached significance for simple phobia. Overall, the findings support the DSM-IV Task Force's decision to explicitly include a distress/impairment criterion in the diagnostic criteria of most diagnoses in DSM-IV, despite the possible redundancy of doing so. In addition, the need to develop operational definitions for the distress and impairment criterion is noted.
V for Volunteer(ing)—The Journeys of Undergraduate Volunteers

This article studies undergraduate students journeys in volunteering, and details the motivations of and challenges that these volunteers face during the journey. We conducted five focus groups on a total of 38 undergraduate volunteers, and obtained seven themes as we undertook an investigation of our three research questions. Our findings revolved around these seven themes, which ranged from motivations to experiences to challenges. Our findings have helped us understand the motivations and challenges that undergraduate volunteers have and face during the journey of volunteering. Some of these challenges are particular to a university setting, but some others can certainly be generalized to other settings. Recommendations for future research are also included.
A small area profile system: Its use in primary care resource development

Abstract The use of secondary source data has been shown to be extremely valuable in site testing for development of rural primary care clinics. A computerized data system which produces small area demographic and primary care resource profiles in a fast, efficient manner has been effectively integrated into a voluntary planning and project review process. An expansion of the small area profile concept to larger health service regions provides a means to shift emphasis from a reactive mode in site testing to an active mode for area-wide plan development.
Engineering therapeutic processes: from research to commodity

Three of the most important forces driving medical care are: patient specificity, treatment specificity and the move from discovery to design. Engineers while trained in specificity, efficiency, and design are often not trained in either biology or medical processes. Yet they are increasing critical to medical care. For example, modern medical imaging at US hospitals generates 1 exabyte (10^18 bytes) of data per year clearly beyond unassisted human analysis. It is not desirable to involve engineers in the acquisition, storage and analysis of this data, it is essential. While in the past we have nibbled around the edges of medical care, it is time and perhaps past time to insert ourselves more squarely into medical processes, making them more efficient, more specific and more robust. This requires engineers who understand biology and physicians who are willing to step away from classic medical thinking to try new approaches. But once the idea is proven in a laboratory, it must move into use and then into common practice. This requires additional engineering to make the process robust to noisy data and imprecise practices as well as workflow analysis to get the new technique into operating and treatment rooms. True innovation and true translation will require physicians, engineers, other medical stakeholders and even corporate involvement to take a new, important idea and move it not just to a patient but to all patients.
The Evolutionary History of Daphniid α-Carbonic Anhydrase within Animalia

Understanding the mechanisms that drive acid-base regulation in organisms is important, especially for organisms in aquatic habitats that experience rapidly fluctuating pH conditions. Previous studies have shown that carbonic anhydrases (CAs), a family of zinc metalloenzymes, are responsible for acid-base regulation in many organisms. Through the use of phylogenetic tools, this present study attempts to elucidate the evolutionary history of the α-CA superfamily, with particular interest in the emerging model aquatic organism Daphnia pulex. We provide one of the most extensive phylogenies of the evolution of α-CAs, with the inclusion of 261 amino acid sequences across taxa ranging from Cnidarians to Homo sapiens. While the phylogeny supports most of our previous understanding on the relationship of how α-CAs have evolved, we find that, contrary to expectations, amino acid conservation with bacterial α-CAs supports the supposition that extracellular α-CAs are the ancestral state of animal α-CAs. Furthermore, we show that two cytosolic and one GPI-anchored α-CA in Daphnia genus have homologs in sister taxa that are possible candidate genes to study for acid-base regulation. In addition, we provide further support for previous findings of a high rate of gene duplication within Daphnia genus, as compared with other organisms.
A new search for skewsymmetric binary sequences with optimal merit factors

Previous results on skewsymmetric sequences with low autocorrelation obtained by making exhaustive searches for sequences with optimal merit factor are extended up to length 69. A sieve that required both the symmetric and antisymmetric components of a skewsymmetric sequence to have high merit factor to make limited searches up to length 117 was used, and many sequences with merit factor greater than 9 were found. >
The Influence of Syndicalism Upon Daniel DeLeon

(1958). The Influence of Syndicalism Upon Daniel DeLeon. The Historian: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 275-289.
Imaging results from Dynamics Explorer 1

An overview of several of the most significant results from the global imaging instrumentation on board the earth-orbiting spacecraft Dynamics Explorer 1 is provided. These topics include: (1) the evolution of the auroral oval during substorms; (2) fluctuations of the polar cap area encircled by the auroral oval during a magnetic substorm; (3) the mapping of poleward arcs of the auroral oval into the plasma sheet boundary layer; (4) the theta aurora; (5) atmospheric holes; (6) the geocorona; and (7) the rates of water loss from Comet Halley.
Fracture and Strain Energy Release in Prestressed Glass and Glass-Ceramics

The engineering strength of glasses and glass-ceramics has increased dramatically with the development of ion-exchange techniques which generate very high compressive surface stresses. As a result of the relatively low elastic moduli of these materials, the strain energy stored in the compressive layers can be quite high. For example, the energy in a 1-inch-diameter, l/8-inch-thick disc of an experimental Corning Glass Works material was found to be greater than 14 inch-pounds.1
Structural Origins of the Insulin-mimetic Activity of Bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV)

Abstract We have investigated the interaction of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) (VO(acac)2) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) by EPR and angle-selected electron nuclear double resonance, correlating results with assays of glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocytes. EPR spectra of VO(acac)2 showed no broadening in the presence of BSA; however, electron nuclear double resonance titrations of VO(acac)2 in the presence of BSA were indicative of adduct formation of VO(acac)2 with albumin of 1:1 stoichiometry. The influence of VO(acac)2 on uptake of 2-deoxy-d-[1-14C]glucose by serum-starved 3T3-L1 adipocytes was measured in the presence and absence of BSA. Glucose uptake was stimulated 9-fold in the presence of 0.5 mm VO(acac)2, 17-fold in the presence of 0.5 mm VO(acac)2 plus 1 mm BSA, and 22-fold in the presence of 100 nm insulin. BSA had no influence on glucose uptake, on the action of insulin, or on glucose uptake in the presence of VOSO4. The maximum insulin-mimetic effect of VO(acac)2 was observed at VO(acac)2:BSA ratios less than or equal to 1.0. Similar results were obtained also with bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV). These results suggest that the enhanced insulin-mimetic action of organic chelates of VO2+ may be dependent on adduct formation with BSA and possibly other serum transport proteins.
Phosphorus Management of Lucerne Grown on Calcareous Soil in Turkey

ABSTRACT Lucerne or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is grown as a forage crop on many livestock farms. In calcareous soils in eastern Turkey, lucerne production requires phosphorus (P) additions as the soils are naturally P deficient. Phosphorus sorption isotherms were used to estimate P fertilizer needs for lucerne grown for two years in a 3-cut system on a calcareous P deficient Aridisol in eastern Anatolia, Erzurum province, Turkey. Annual P applications ranged from 0–1200 kg P ha−1. The Langmuir two-surface adsorption equation was used to derive the maximum P sorption capacity of unamended soil and to determine soil solution P, maximum buffer capacity (MBC), equilibrium buffer capacity (EBC), and P saturation at the optimum economic P rate (OEPR) for dry matter (DM) production. Soils were tested for Olson P at the onset of the study and after two years of P applications. In both years, tissue was analyzed for P content at flowering prior to first cutting. The OEPR (2-year average) was 754 kg P ha−1 yr−1 ...
A Comparison of the Monti and Casale (Spiral Monti) Procedures

Purpose: We present our long-term followup and comparison of outcomes between the Monti and Casale (spiral Monti) procedures in a large group of children and young adults.Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was done, including all patients undergoing the Monti or Casale procedure at our institution with a minimum followup of 6 months. Age at surgery, the bowel segment used, stomal location, the number and type of revisions or endoscopic procedures required after channel creation, problems catheterizing and channel continence were documented, and a database was created.Results: Of 188 patients identified with at least 6 months of followup 109 underwent a Monti procedure, while 79 underwent a Casale procedure. Patient age at surgery was 10 months to 31 years (mean 10.2 years). Mean followup was 43 months for the entire cohort, and 47.2 and 37.2 months for the Monti and Casale groups, respectively. A total of 43 open revisions were required in 36 patients (19.1%). Stomal revisions accounted f...
The Nuclear Five-Body Problem

Perturbational and variational calculations with single-particle Legendre functions have been made for the nuclear five-body problem of ${\mathrm{He}}^{5}$. The symmetric Hamiltonian is employed; the values of the nuclear parameters chosen favor high binding. With a symmetric interaction, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{5}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{5}$ differ only in the Coulomb energy, states of the former lying about one Mev above those of the latter. The calculations show that there is no state of ${\mathrm{He}}^{5}$ which is stable against dissociation into an alpha-particle and a neutron. There are two low-lying virtual levels, one of $^{2}P$, the other of $^{2}S$ symmetry; according to the Hartree model, the energies of these states are -11.7 and -6.5 Mev, respectively. Second-order perturbation calculations diminish the interval $^{2}S\ensuremath{-}^{2}P$ radically and locate both the states in the neighborhood of -19.0 Mev. The last two results are roughly confirmed by variational calculations with two variation parameters (alpha-particle model), and -20 Mev may be set as a probable lower bound to the position of either state. These estimated values fall some seven Mev short of the experimental energy.
You can't leave your work behind: Employment experience and founding collaborations ☆

Abstract It is well known that founders typically seek assistance for their fledgling ventures, but what remains unclear are the reasons why some founders collaborate with more people than others in their startup efforts. Our study investigates the link between employment experience and the extent to which founders depend on others for assistance when starting businesses. Employment experience provides founders with opportunities to be exposed to and develop preferences for particular work environments and the conditions associated with certain organizational roles. Drawing on occupational socialization theory, we investigate why employment experience predicts founding collaboration size. Our analysis of a nationally representative sample of early-stage business founders in the United States reveals that the amount of business experience and the defining social and analytical requirements of a founder's occupational background affect the number of people founders choose to involve in their founding efforts in opposite ways: While founders possessing venture-specific industry experience are more likely to opt for solo ventures or smaller collaborations, founders with backgrounds in highly interactive occupations are more likely to recruit more collaborators as co-owners. We found this preference for collaboration is strengthened for founders with occupational backgrounds that called for both interactive and analytical work. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications on how founders' experience influences the extent to which they initiate collaborations with others.
The influence of grain size on the fatigue behavior of annealed 316 LVM stainless steel

Experimental tests demonstrate that there is a sharp drop in resistance to fatigue fracture when the grain size is increased from 75 to 150 micrometers. This is at least a partial explanation for fatigue fractures of the stems of total hip-joint prostheses reported in the literature. It is also shown that plastic strains associated with fatigue stressing increase with increasing grain size so that loosening of the bone cement embedment may also be part of the premature failure process.
Using Relative Position and Temporal Judgments to Identify Biases in Spatial Awareness for Synthetic Vision Systems

Synthetic vision systems (SVS) are cockpit displays that depict terrain ahead of ownship to prevent controlled flight into terrain. This work investigated how spatial biases manifest themselves in SVS displays. Eighteen pilots made spatial judgments (relative angle, distance, height, and abeam time) regarding the location of terrain points displayed in 112 5-sec videos of SVS displays. Judgment error characterized spatial biases related to between-map scale differences in geometric field of view, within-map differences in distance, within-map differences in orientation, the virtual space effect, the filled distance effect, and time. Recommendations for future experimentation and modeling are made.
The Thermal Performance of Residential Electric Water Heaters Subjected to Various Off-Peak Schedules

An increasing number of utilities control the supply of power to residential water heaters as one means of reducing peak electrical demand. Water heaters operated in this manner are referred to as off-peak water heaters. Several utilities are also considering the use of solar domestic water heaters as an additional means of limiting power demand during times of greatest electrical usage. The research described within this paper quantifies the variation in thermal efficiency attributable to subjecting residential electrical water heaters to various off-peak and water removal schedules and, thus, forms a basis of comparison to which the thermal efficiency of solar water heaters or other water heating technologies may be compared. Laboratory tests, where the off-peak period and hot water draw schedule were varied, were conducted on two residential storage water heaters. A computer model of an electric water heater was developed and validated. The laboratory tests and the model were used to quantify the effect that various off-peak and hot water draw schedules have on water heater thermal efficiency. Thermal efficiency was found to vary up to seven percent for water heaters which meet the present minimum efficiency standards as specified within the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act. Themore » energy factor, as measured using the Department of Energy Test Procedure for Water Heaters, is shown to be independent of the off-peak schedule because of a ``normalizing`` that occurs as part of the calculation procedure.« less
Routine ct scan in cystectomy patients: does it chance management?

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the practical use of a routine computed tomography (CT) scan in changing management of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer who are candidates for cystectomy. Methods One hundred five patients (52 with tumors confined to the bladder and 53 with extravesical spread) were evaluated for cystectomy. The presence of nodal metastasis at surgery or biopsy was correlated with preoperative CT findings. Results The CT scan was abnormal (nodes > 1.5 cm in size) in 32% and normal (nodes Conclusions A routine CT scan was not helpful in management of operable T2 tumors but might change therapy in selected patients with T3-4 tumors who are considered for cystectomy
New set of orthogonal protecting groups for the modular synthesis of heparan sulfate fragments.

Six strategically chosen monosaccharide building blocks, which are protected by a novel set of four orthogonal protecting groups (Lev, Fmoc, TBDPS, and All), can be employed for the efficient synthesis of the 20 disaccharide moieties found in heparan sulfate. The properly protected disaccharide building blocks can be converted into glycosyl donors and acceptors, which can be used for the modular synthesis of a wide range of well-defined oligosaccharides that differ in sulfation pattern.
Running in Circles: Chasing Dewey

This paper explores the impact of John Dewey on the field of educational psychology. Dewey raised issues and ideas, such as the role of context and the reapproximation of knowledge, that would come to haunt education and psychology for the next century. And yet soon after the turn of the twentieth century, Dewey abandoned psychology and redefined his role in education. This paper traces some of the reasons behind the schism between Dewey and his ideas and the fields of education and psychology. The demand for a methodological purity, pushed by G.S. Hall and his students into the mainstream of both fields, elbowed Dewey's ideas out to the distant margins and Dewey himself out altogether. I argue that because the ideas and issues Dewey raised were never resolved, they keep reemerging in different theoretical forms. In the second part of this paper I examine four theoretical models that, in many ways, mirror Dewey's early ideas: Piagetianism/constructivism, sociocultural theory, cultural historical activity theory, and postmodernism.
Asymmetric synthesis of 2-alkyl-perhydroazepines from [5,3,0]-bicyclic lactams.

The synthesis and utility of a novel class of [5,3,0]-bicyclic lactams are described. Produced by the cyclodehydration of (R)-phenylglycinol with ω-keto acids, lactams 4−6 were obtained as separable diastereomeric mixtures (∼2:1) in low yields (∼40%). Higher chemical yield (up to 61%) was realized via an alternate route involving ring closure metathesis of 2-allyl-N-acroyl oxazolidines, 8. Stereoselective reductions of the syn-bicyclic lactams, 4a and 5a, occurred with the use of alane or lithiumaluminum hydride, affording azepine alcohols, 11a and 15a, of the R configuration at the 2-position, in good to moderate yields (50−88%). High selectivity was also observed in the diisobutylaluminum hydride reduction of the epimeric anti lactams, 4b and 5b, affording azepine alcohols, 11b and 15b, of the S configuration at C-2. Hydrogenolytic cleavage of the N-benzyl moiety afforded chiral 2-substituted perhydroazepines, (R)- and (S)-12, in good yields and good enantiomeric excesses (84−94%).
EBSD characterization of dynamic shear band regions in pre-shocked and as-received 304 stainless steels

Abstract The microstructure and texture variations near adiabatic shear localization regions in as-received and pre-shocked 304 stainless steels were investigated using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Shear bands were developed in both steels during a forced dynamic shear deformation produced on a split-Hopkinson pressure bar. EBSD examination revealed large intragranular misorientation gradients toward the shear bands. Taylor factor and misorientation analyses were applied to explain deformation characteristics. Shear-induced deformation structure was observed to be sensitive to both initial microstructure and local orientation. Comparison of as-received and pre-shocked steels indicated that the pre-shocked condition yielded sharper shear band boundaries but moderate misorientation gradients, while the as-received condition led to substantial misorientation adjacent to the band. Shear-induced texture evolution generally resulted in the reorientation of 〈1 1 0〉 toward the shear direction for both cases. Grains with slip systems favorably oriented with respect to the applied shear path displayed less intragranular misorientation development compared to unfavorably oriented grains.
Genetic polymorphism of inosine-triphosphate-pyrophosphatase influences mercaptopurine metabolism and toxicity during treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia individualized for thiopurine-S-methyl-transferase status.

Importance of the field: Although genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding human thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) are known to have a marked effect on mercaptopurine metabolism and toxicity, there are many patients with wild-type TPMT who develop toxicity. Furthermore, when mercaptopurine dosages are adjusted in patients who are heterozygous at the TPMT locus, there are still some patients who develop toxicity for reasons that are not fully understood. Therefore, we recently studied the effects of a common polymorphism in another gene encoding an enzyme involved in mercaptopurine metabolism (SNP rs1127354 in inosine-triphospate-pyrophosphatase, ITPA), showing that genetic polymorphism of ITPA is a significant determinant of mercaptopurine metabolism and of febrile neutropenia following combination chemotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in which mercaptopurine doses are individualized based on TPMT genotype.Area covered in this review: In this review, we summarize the knowledge available a...
Comparison of Ent -kaurene synthetase A and B activities in cell-free extracts from young tomato fruits of wild-type and gib-1, gib-2 , and gib-3 tomato plants

The nonallelicgib-1 andgib-3 tomato (Lycopersion esculentum Mill.) mutants are gibberellin deficient and exhibit a dwarfed growth habit. Previous work has shown that this dwarfed growth pattern can be reversed by the application of a number of gibberellins and their precursors, includingent-kaurene (ent-kaur-16-ene). This indicates that they are blocked in gibberellin biosynthesis at a step prior toent-kaurene metabolism. The normal accumulation of carotenoids observed in these mutants suggests a functionally normal isoprenoid pathway.Ent-kaurene is synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in a two-step process with copalyl pyrophosphate as an intermediate.In vitro assays using young fruit extracts from wild-type andgib-2 plants resulted in the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to copalyl pyrophosphate, and the conversion of copalyl pyrophosphate toentkaurene. Similar assays usinggib-1 plants indicated a reduced ability for synthesis of copalyl pyrophosphate from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, and thus a reducedent-kaurene synthetase A activity. Furthermore,gib-3 extracts demonstrated a reduced ability to synthesizeent-kaurene from copalyl pyrophosphate, and thus a reducedent-kaurene synthetase B activity. These results establish the enzymatic conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to copalyl pyrophosphate, and copalyl pyrophosphate toent-kaurene, as the sites of the mutations ingib-1 andgib-3 tomatoes, respectively. We also note that tomato fruit extracts contain components which are inhibitory toent-kaurene synthesis.
Structure of the polymorphic feline c-myc oncogene locus.

Abstract Two feline c- myc DNA clones (CM-2 and CM-3), isolated from a cat DNA library, are structurally very similar. However, they differ at a Sma I site in exon III which is present only m CM-2. In the outbred feline population, cats heterozygous for this site or homozygous for the CM-3-type gene have been observed. The results provide a physical map of the feline c- myc locus, and define hitherto unidentified alleles of this gene.
Determinants of the new product screening decision A structural model analysis

Abstract Many criteria have been proposed to aid managers in the difficult and complex new product screening decision task. Corporate synergy, production synergy, marketing synergy, competitive advantage and expected performance are shown to be five critical causal determinants of managers' overall evaluation of a new product's likelihood of success.
Proteinuria and functional characteristics of the glomerular barrier in diabetic nephropathy

Fractional clearances of uncharged dextran 40 and anionic proteins were performed in an attempt to elucidate the defect in glomerular barrier function responsible for heavy proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Notwithstanding urinary albumin excretion (UalbV) at 3634 +/- 608 microgram/min, the fractional clearance for dextran molecules with Einstein-Stokes radii (r) between 22 and 36 A was depressed in 12 patients with advanced diabetic nephropathy, which suggests a reduction in mean glomerular pore size or density. Equivalent restriction to transglomerular passage of dextrans with a r < 36 A in 7 patients with minimal change nephropathy was associated with a similarly enhanced proteinuria (UalbV, 3333 +/ 759 microgram/min). The dissociation between fractional clearances for neutral and anionic macromolecules in both disorders is consistent with loss of glomerular electrostatic charge. In diabetic nephropathy, however, the fractional clearances for large dextrans and test proteins considerably exceeded corresponding values in minimal change nephropathy when r greater than or equal to 36 A. Furthermore, the fractional clearances for test proteins were two orders of magnitude smaller than that for equivalent-sized dextrans in minimal change nephropathy, whereas this difference was much less in diabetic nephropathy. Thus, a selective increase in transglomerular passage of large molecules and a progressive loss of ability to discriminate between large molecules of different configuration distinguish the glomerular capillary wall in diabetic nephropathy from that in minimal change nephropathy.
Analysis of heart rate and self-injury with and without restraint in an individual with autism

Abstract The relation between self-injury and heart rate was analyzed for an individual who appeared anxious while engaging in self-injury. The analysis involved manipulating the presence or absence of restraint while simultaneously measuring heart rate. The following findings were obtained and replicated: (a) when some form of restraint was applied, heart rate was typically within or close to the range of resting heart rate; (b) when restraint was removed or signaled to be removed, heart rate increased dramatically within a short time period; and (c) when restraint was re-applied, heart rate decreased and eventually returned to resting range within a couple of minutes. Recommendations for the assessment of anxiety in individuals with limited verbal skills are discussed.
Malaria epidemiology and detectability

Abstract Conventional malaria surveys based on the microscopic examination of blood do not always detect chronic, lowgrade infections caused by immunity. A model incorporating differences in detectability within the host population shows how the false negative tests caused by poor detectability confound measures of prevalence and the rates of infection and recovery. The model can also use multiple surveys on one group of individuals to estimate roughly the true prevalence. The form of data required is the number of times parasites are detected for each person; simply noting the cumulative proportion of individuals who show positive tests, as often reported in the literature, yields little information. Improved estimation of epidemiological variables awaits additional work on how best to analyse chronic malarial infection.
The clinical significance of p21WAF1/CIP‐1 and p53 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND Wild-type p53 protein activates the WAF1/CIP-1 (p21) gene, leading to G1 arrest after DNA damage. The authors investigated the relation of p21 and p53 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinomas to disease stage, overall patient survival, and survival when chemotherapy or radiation therapy was given. METHODS Paraffin embedded tissue sections of 75 ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas were immunostained for p53 and p21. Nuclear expression was scored as absent, focal ( 50%). RESULTS The median survival of patients whose pancreatic tumors expressed the p21 protein (43 of 75 cases, 57%) was better than that for patients whose tumors were p21 negative (32 of 75 cases, 43%) (median survival, 13.5 vs. 9.8 months, respectively; P = 0.23). No difference in survival was found with regard to p53 protein expression (43 of 75 cases, 57%); however, strong p53 expression was significantly associated with advanced disease stage (70% in Stage IV vs. 13-28% in lower stages). Expression of p21 correlated with earlier clinical stage. Stage specific comparisons showed a trend toward increased survival among p21 positive tumor patients diagnosed at clinical Stages I and III but not among those diagnosed at Stage IV. Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation improved survival significantly if tumors expressed p21 or no p53. CONCLUSIONS Expression of p21 is significantly associated with earlier clinical stage in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, perhaps accounting for the better survival observed in this patient group than among those whose tumors were p21 negative. Improved survival with either chemotherapy or radiation therapy was observed for patients whose tumors were p21 positive or p53 negative. Cancer 1997; 80:372-81. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of residual stability in thoracolumbar spine fractures using neutral zone measurements

Because treatment algorithms for spinal injuries depend largely on the clinical assessment of stability after injury, this study both quantified and compared the mechanical stability after three different patterns of injury in the thoracolumbar spine. We created compression fractures, burst fractures, and flexion-distraction injuries in 26 thoracolumbar specimens from human cadavers in order to compare residual stability as a function of type of injury. Spinal stability was evaluated using measurements of the boundaries of the neutral zone, which provide a measure of spinal laxity in various directions of motion. An increase after injury was indicative of greater spinal laxity and hence reduced residual stability. Geometric characteristics (or parameters) of the neutral zone boundaries were used for statistical comparison between the types of injury. Of the three groups, burst fractures retained the least residual stability and compression fractures, the greatest. The angular ranges of motion in the neutral zone for burst fractures demonstrated increases (compared with average values for intact specimens) of 154% in flexion-extension, 134% in lateral bending, and 108% in torsion after injury. The results for flexion-distraction injuries were similar to those for burst fractures in flexion-extension (126%) and torsion (62%); however, more residual stability was retained in lateral bending than was seen for burst fractures (48%). Compression fractures retained the most residual stability, with increases in motion of 40% in flexion-extension, 56% in lateral bending, and 3% in torsion. These findings may be useful in determining the necessity for surgical stabilization of the spine and selection of the appropriate system of fixation.
Systematic tuning of nonlinear power system controllers

Nonsmooth nonlinearities have a significant influence within many power system controllers, and hence affect overall system dynamic behaviour. This paper focusses on the output limiters of power system stabilizers (PSSs). Even though these limits play an important role in the response of generators to large disturbances, only ad hoc tuning procedures have been available. Therefore a systematic, optimization-based approach is proposed in this paper. Dynamic behaviour is improved by minimizing the deviation of generator angles and terminal voltages from their post-disturbance values. The algorithm builds on techniques for efficiently computing trajectory sensitivities for hybrid systems.
Distribution and location of genetic effects for dairy traits

Genetic effects for many dairy traits and for total economic merit are evenly distributed across all chromosomes. A high-density scan using 38,416 single nucleotide polymorphism markers for 5,285 bulls confirmed 2 previously known major genes on Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) 6 and 14 but revealed few other large effects. Markers on BTA18 had the largest effects on calving ease, several conformation traits, longevity, and total merit. Prediction accuracy was highest using a heavy-tailed prior assuming that each marker had an effect on each trait, rather than assuming a normal distribution of effects as in a linear model, or that only some loci have nonzero effects. A prior model combining heavy tails with finite alleles produced results that were intermediate compared with the individual models. Differences between models were small (1 to 2%) for traits with no major genes and larger for heavy tails with traits having known quantitative trait loci (QTL; 6 to 8%). Analysis of bull recessive codes suggested that marker effects from genomic selection may be used to identify regions of chromosomes to search in detail for candidate genes, but individual single nucleotide polymorphisms were not tracking causative mutations with the exception of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1. Additive genetic merits were constructed for each chromosome, and the distribution of BTA14-specific estimated breeding value (EBV) showed that selection primarily for milk yield has not changed the distribution of EBV for fat percentage even in the presence of a known QTL. Such chromosomal EBV also may be useful for identifying complementary mates in breeding programs. The QTL affecting dystocia, conformation, and economic merit on BTA18 appear to be related to calf size or birth weight and may be the result of longer gestation lengths. Results validate quantitative genetic assumptions that most traits are due to the contributions of a large number of genes of small additive effect, rather than support the finite locus model.
Using Foreign Forums

The paper considers the use of online technical discussions by software developers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, drawing on the results of a 5 month interview study. In the course of their daily work, Brazilian software developers routinely rely on online resources, which include as a key component foreign forum dedicated to technical questions. In rare cases, they actively participate in those forums; somewhat more often they "lurk." Even more often, however, forum posts are simply found while searching for a specific topic. Forums are thus experienced not as intertwining threads of conversations, but rather as a searchable collection of questions and answers free from conversational context, which is appreciated in a detached, asocial way. The paper thus looks at the use of persistent conversations by people who are not party to them - not even as lurkers. It considers some of the reasons for such non-participatory use, including the reasons one would presume to be universal (e.g., the ease of searching), as well as those that may be specific to members of peripheral communities. The paper contrasts the forms of engagement with foreign and local (or national) technical forums, showing how foreign conversations are construed as asocial "sources of knowledge" while local forums are seen as spaces that bring together national or local communities of developers