cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of natural products on gut microbes in Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus

The ability of three natural products (neem extract, capsaicin, and gleditschia) to reduce the number of Formosan subterranean termite (FST) hindgut microbes was investigated. FSTs were placed in Petri dishes containing a food source soaked in one of these extracts/compounds. The numbers of three flagellated protozoan species that inhabit the FST hindgut (Pseudotrichonympha grassii, Spirotrichonympha leidyi and Holomastigotoides hartmanni) and spirochaetes were counted over a defined period and analysed for changes in abundance. The results indicated that the neem extract was capable of reducing the population of P. grassii and spirochaetes. Exposure to this extract resulted in significant FST mortality. However, gleditschia extract and capsaicin did not reduce the FST gut microbial population at the concentrations used in this study.
The dark matter distribution of M87 and NGC 1399

Recent X-ray observations of clusters of galaxies indicate that, outside the innermost about 100 kpc region, the ratio of dark matter density to baryonic matter density declines with radius. We show that this result is consistent with a cold dark matter simulation, suggesting the presence of dissipationless dark matter in the observed clusters. This is contrary to previous suggestions that dissipational baryonic dark matter is required to explain the decline in the density ratio. The simulation further shows that, in the inner 100 kpc region, the density ratio should rise with radius. We confirm this property in M87 and NGC 1399, which are close enough to allow the determination of the density ratio in the required inner region. X-ray mappings of the dark matter distribution in clusters of galaxies are therefore consistent with the presence of dissipationless dark matter.
Photobase generator and photo decomposable quencher for high-resolution photoresist applications

As the critical pitch continues to shrink for advanced technology nodes and the EUV tool is not yet mature, the demand for ArF high-contrast resist becomes stronger than ever. In this paper, we discuss the impact of photosensitive quenchers to lithographic performance. Two types of photosensitive quencher, photo-base generator (PBG) and photo decomposable quencher (PDQ), are studied for its ability to extend the life of immersion ArF lithography. With conventional photoresists using normal non-photosensitive quenchers, the aerial image was substantially linearly transferred to the acid image of the photoresist stimulated by photo acid generator (PAG). The new PBG or PDQ serves as one additional photosensitive component. Such photosensitive quencher changes its base level after exposure. Thus, it modifies the aerial image for better imaging performance. We will present and discuss the imaging results from various formulations of photosensitive quencher and variation in its concentration. The defect performance of these new approaches will also be characterized.
Potential competition and the factors influencing banking concentration

Multiple regression analysis is used to study the factors influencing market concentration in urban banking markets. The results indicate that independentdenovo entry and shifts in population from the central city to the suburbs can be important deconcentrating factors in urban banking markets. In terms of the potential competition doctrine, the results suggest that attractive banking markets are likely to attract enough actual and potential entrants to mitigate any problems associated with a leading bank acquisition by a potential entrant. On the other hand, potential competition is more likely to be an issue in less attractive banking markets where the probability of entry is low.
Cognitive impulsivity and social status in predelinquent pre-adolescent males

The relationship between cognitive impulsivity, as measured by Kagan’s Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF), and interpersonal popularity was investigated in a sample of 42 “predelinquent” preadolescent boys in a residential setting. Predictions that the relationship would vary with the specific sociometric situations sampled were generally not confirmed. In fact, both the latency and errors dimensions of the MFF proved to have comparatively little association with social status, with age and intelligence demonstrating much stronger correlations with sociometric scores. Similarities to, and differences from, results with nondelinquent populations are discussed, as are implications for attempts at modifying cognitive style.
Effects of vacuum on tetrakis-isocyanide complexes of silver(I) and copper(I): Implications for sims analyses.

Vacuum-promoted ligand loss has been detected for the complexes [Ag(CNMe)4]PF6 (Me = methyl), [Ag(CN-t-Bu)4]ClO4 (t-Bu = tert-butyl) and [Ag(CNCy)4]ClO4 (Cy = cyclohexyl). The analogous Cu(I) isocyanide complexes are stable under the same conditions. These conclusions are based on infrared spectroscopy, secondary-ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS) and weight-loss measurements.
Ascorbate Restores Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation Impaired by Acute Hyperglycemia in Humans

Background—Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired in patients with insulin-dependent and non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and restored by vitamin C administration, implicating a caus...
Longitudinal analysis of sarcoidosis blood transcriptomic signatures and disease outcomes

Previously, we demonstrated concordance in differentially expressed genes in sarcoidosis blood and lung, implicating shared dysfunction of specific immune pathways. In the present study, we hypothesised that expression levels of candidate genes in sarcoidosis blood could predict and track with disease outcomes longitudinally. We applied Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to a cross-sectional derivation microarray dataset (n=38) to identify canonical pathways and candidate genes associated with sarcoidosis. In a separate longitudinal sarcoidosis cohort (n=103), we serially measured 48 candidate gene transcripts, and assessed their relation to disease chronicity and severity. In the cross-sectional derivation study, pathway analysis showed upregulation of genes related to interferon signalling and the role of pattern recognition receptors, and downregulation of T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling pathways in sarcoidosis. In the longitudinal cohort, factor analysis confirmed coregulation of genes marking these pathways and identified CXCL9 as an additional candidate pathway. CXCL9 and TCR factors discriminated between chronic versus nonprogressive disease, and CXCL9 predicted disease outcomes longitudinally. Interferon factor was similarly increased in both disease phenotypes. Factors associated with lung function decline included decreased TCR factor and increased CXCL9. These findings demonstrate blood transcriptomic signatures reflecting TCR signalling and CXCL9 predict sarcoidosis chronicity and correlate with disease severity longitudinally. Blood gene transcript measurements predict sarcoidosis chronicity and severity longitudinally
Rational dosing of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine

See article on page 642 Metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and azathioprine (AZA) is complex. Azathioprine is a prodrug that is non-enzymatically converted to 6-MP. 6-MP is then either inactivated by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) to 6-methylmercaptopurine or by xanthine oxidase to 6-thiouric acid, or it is activated via a multistep enzymatic pathway to the putative active metabolites, the 6 thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN).1 The enzyme activity of TPMT is genetically determined. There is a trimodal distribution of TPMT activity in the general population: homozygous low activity occurs at a frequency of 0.3%; heterozygous or intermediate activity occurs at a frequency of 11%; and homozygous high or normal activity occurs at a frequency of 89%.2 At least 10 variant alleles for TPMT have been associated with decreased enzyme activity (*2, *3A, *3B, *3C, *3D, *4, *5, *6, *7, *10). Patients with low or intermediate TPMT enzyme activity shunt 6-MP away from the 6-methylmercaptopurine metabolite and towards 6-TGN. Excess concentrations of 6-TGN have been associated with leucopenia. The practical application of these clinical pharmacology discoveries and the results of randomised controlled trials in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who require treatment with AZA or 6-MP are reviewed below. The first question that clinicians must ask is which drug to use? There is virtually no published information regarding the relative immunosuppressive properties of AZA or 6-MP. Clinical experience suggests that they are equivalent if the doses are adjusted for differences in the content of 6-MP. Approximately 88% of AZA is converted to 6-MP. Azathioprine is 55% 6-MP by molecular weight. Thus a conversion factor of 2.08 will convert a dose of …
Role of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte in periodontal health and disease

This review presents evidence for lysosomal enzymes being at least partly responsible for the tissue destruction seen in periodontal disease. However, many other inflammatory and immunologic mechanisms have been identified that can contribute to tissue destruction (Nisengard 1977). The relationship of PMN to the periodontal tissues is equivalent to the proverbial double-edged sword. The localized tissue destruction that may be due to the extracellular release of PMN enzymes in individuals with normal cell function must be weighed against the role of PMN in containment of gingival bacteria and their products. The consequences of qualitative and/or quantitative abnormalities of neutrophils are far more undesirable for the periodontium. It therefore seems logical to propose that the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the gingival tissues is primarily a defensive one. The presence of neutrophils in the gingival crevice has been shown to reflect the inflammatory condition of the tissues. Due to their availability, it may prove beneficial to use gingival crevicular PMN activity as a reliable clinical index of disease activity. The development of appropriate tests to measure PMN may eventually lead to better diagnostic criteria, including the definition of active versus inactive disease.
Fuzzy LUM filters [image denoising/enhancement applications]

Fuzzy ranks are a component of fuzzy ordering theory developed to incorporate sample spread information into sample ranking. In this paper, the well-known lower-upper-middle (LUM) filters are generalized by utilizing the fuzzy ranks, which is called fuzzy LUM (F-LUM) filters. We develop the statistical and deterministic properties of the F-LUM filters and present their performance in image denoising and enhancing applications. As shown by the experimental results, the F-LUM filters inherit the simplicity and versatility of the LUM filters such that they can perform signal smoothing, sharpening and outlier rejection using a single filter structure, while having great improvement in detail preservation and robustness to noise.
A Closer Look at Homeostatic Proliferation of CD4+ T Cells: Costimulatory Requirements and Role in Memory Formation

Ag-specific proliferation of CD4 + T cells is regulated, in part, by costimulatory signals through CD28. The proliferative response during primary activation is an important determinant of the ability of the T cell to respond to Ag re-encounter. Proliferation of mature CD4 + T cells during lymphopenia (homeostatic proliferation) requires interaction with endogenous peptide MHC. However, the role of costimulation during homeostatic proliferation is unclear, as is the ability of homeostatic proliferation to regulate secondary T cell responses. Using a TCR transgenic system and serial adoptive transfers we find that homeostatic proliferation of CD4 + T cells occurs for at least 5 wk after adoptive transfer into recombination-activating gene (RAG) −/− recipients. Two discrete populations of proliferating T cells can be resolved, one that is highly proliferative and dependent on CD28 signaling, and the other that contains cells undergoing low levels of CD28-independent proliferation. Importantly, naive CD4 + T cells that have undergone homeostatic proliferation acquire both phenotypic and functional characteristics of true memory cells. These studies indicate that functional memory T cells can be generated by encounters with endogenous Ags only. This mechanism of T cell regeneration is possibly active during lymphopenia due to viral infections, such as HIV, transplantation, or cancer therapy, and may explain selected autoimmune diseases.
United States Congress, Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions: Introductory remarks

Employment rates for all individuals with disabilities can range from 34% to 39% in comparison to the employment rate of 76% to 79% for individuals without disabilities (Erickson, Lee, & von Schrader, 2010, 2011, 2012; Siperstein, Parker, & Drascher, 2013). For individuals with intellectual disabilities, the rate of employment has declined over the past five years. In 2008, the rate of employment was reported at 28% (Erickson et al., 2010; Siperstein et al., 2013), while recent numbers show it is anywhere from 18% to 23% (Erickson et al., 2012, Siperstein et al., 2013). The downward employment trend in this population will not improve until new ways are found to meaningfully integrate these individuals into the labor force. We know that higher education can lead to a variety of personal and financial benefits for all individuals seeking to learn new knowledge and skills. Advanced learning can lead to improved outcomes for all individuals; but the impact of higher education on individuals with disabilities is particularly evident. Individuals with intellectual disabilities who participate in any postsecondary education experience (not necessarily earning a degree or certificate) are employed at double the rate of those with just a high school diploma. Based on national data gathered by the Rehabilitation Services Administration, young adults with intellectual disabil-
Predictive value for infection of febrile morbidity after vaginal surgery.

Abstract Objective: To determine the screening value of febrile morbidity for detecting infections after vaginal surgery. Methods: A cohort of 431 consecutive women had vaginal surgery at the M. S. Hershey Medical Center from September 1988 through June 1995. Outcomes of febrile morbidity and infection were analyzed. Results: Fifty-four of 431 patients (12.5%) had febrile morbidity. Thirty-five infections (8.1%) were identified, of which only 13 were accompanied by febrile morbidity. Forty-one patients (9.5%) had unexplained fevers. The sensitivity of febrile morbidity for postoperative infection was 40%, specificity was 98%, positive predictive value was 26%, and negative predictive value was 94%. Stepwise logistic regression found blood loss (odds ratio 1.001/mL; confidence interval 1.0001–1.0035), uterine weight (0.987/g; 0.976–0.999), and parity (1.570; 1.146–2.050) as significant independent variables for developing fever. Patient weight (0.984/lb; 0.971–0.998) and type of procedure (2.16; 2.12–6.38) were confirmed as significant independent variables for postsurgical infections. Conclusion: Febrile morbidity had limited value as a screening test for postoperative infection, with poor sensitivity and positive predictive value after vaginal surgery.
Chapter 10: A Hilbert Space Approach To Variance Reduction

In this chapter we explain variance reduction techniques from the Hilbert space standpoint, in the terminating simulation context. We use projection ideas to explain how variance is reduced, and to link difierent variance reduction techniques. Our focus is on the methods of control variates, conditional Monte Carlo, weighted Monte Carlo, stratiflcation, and Latin hypercube sampling.
Genetic analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants of HSV-1: the combined use of complementation and physical mapping for cistron assignment.

To date, mutations in mutants representing 19 of the 33 recognized HSV-1 complementation groups have been mapped. The physical map locations of mutations in 10 ts mutants of HSV-1 strain KOS representing 8 of the 19 complementation groups are reported herein. The mutations in three mutants were found to lie between coordinates 0.086 and 0.194—two of these were mapped finely to between coordinates 0.095 and 0.108—and in seven mutants, between 0.301 and 0.448. The mutation in 1 of the 10 mutants tsQ26, was mapped finely to a sequence between 500 and 1000 base pairs to the left of the 3′ end of the TK gene (0.301–0.304). The availability of physical mapping data has (1) confirmed the usefulness of the complementation test as a means of identifying viral gene functions, (2) facilitated the rapid assignment of mutants to new and recognized cistrons, and (3) prompted a reevaluation of previously ambiguous complementation for mutants in 2 complementation groups. Thus, the 10 mutants whose ts mutations were mapped in this study had been assigned previously to 8 complementation groups based on the assumption that complementation indices of 2 or greater signified that 2 mutants were in different genes. Combined with physical mapping data, however, the results of complementation tests now indicate that indices between 2 and 10 may reflect either inter- or intragenic complementation. Thus, the 10 mutants have now been assigned to 7 complementation groups. Although physical mapping data have confirmed the results of previous complementation tests for 6 of 8 groups analyzed, reevaluation of complementation data in the light of physical mapping data has resulted in a more precise genetic definition of the locus for viral DNA polymerase and of a locus (represented by mutants in complementation group 1–10) which maps in the left hand portion of UL.
The Interaction of Cognitive Load and Attention-Directing Cues in Driving

Objective: This study investigated the effect of a nondriving cognitively loading task on the relationship between drivers’ endogenous and exogenous control of attention. Background: Previous studies have shown that cognitive load leads to a withdrawal of attention from the forward scene and a narrowed field of view, which impairs hazard detection. Method: Posner’s cue-target paradigm was modified to study how endogenous and exogenous cues interact with cognitive load to influence drivers’ attention in a complex dynamic situation. In a driving simulator, pedestrian crossing signs that predicted the spatial location of pedestrians acted as endogenous cues. To impose cognitive load on drivers, we had them perform an auditory task that simulated the demands of emerging in-vehicle technology. Irrelevant exogenous cues were added to half of the experimental drives by including scene clutter. Results: The validity of endogenous cues influenced how drivers scanned for pedestrian targets. Cognitive load delayed drivers’ responses, and scene clutter reduced drivers’ fixation durations to pedestrians. Cognitive load diminished the influence of exogenous cues to attract attention to irrelevant areas, and drivers were more affected by scene clutter when the endogenous cues were invalid. Conclusion: Cognitive load suppresses interference from irrelevant exogenous cues and delays endogenous orienting of attention in driving. Application: The complexity of everyday tasks, such as driving, is better captured experimentally in paradigms that represent the interactive nature of attention and processing load. Keywords: Driver distraction;
Aspergillus fumigatus in samples of moldy silage.

Abstract Samples of moldy and unmoldy corn silage submitted after several beef cows fed the moldy silage died were cultured for identification of fungi. Colonies of Aspergillus fumigatus were identified on dilution plates up to dilutions of 5×10 6 . Large numbers of A. fumigatus spores were in the samples of moldy corn silage. A. fumigatus is a pathogen of animals and man. Special precautions in handling of moldy silage are recommended. Analysis for aflatoxin by thin layer chromatography was negative.
Decoding synteny blocks and large-scale duplications in mammalian and plant genomes

The existing synteny block reconstruction algorithms use anchors (e.g., orthologous genes) shared over all genomes to construct the synteny blocks for multiple genomes. This approach, while efficient for a few genomes, cannot be scaled to address the need to construct synteny blocks in many mammalian genomes that are currently being sequenced. The problem is that the number of anchors shared among all genomes quickly decreases with the increase in the number of genomes. Another problem is that many genomes (plant genomes in particular) had extensive duplications, which makes decoding of genomic architecture and rearrangement analysis in plants difficult. The existing synteny block generation algorithms in plants do not address the issue of generating non-overlapping synteny blocks suitable for analyzing rearrangements and evolution history of duplications. We present a new algorithm based on the A-Bruijn graph framework that overcomes these difficulties and provides a unified approach to synteny block reconstruction for multiple genomes, and for genomes with large duplications.
Fibronectin fibrillogenesis facilitates mechano-dependent cell spreading, force generation, and nuclear size in human embryonic fibroblasts

Cells respond to mechanical cues from the substrate to which they are attached. These mechanical cues drive cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Previous studies have highlighted three specific mechanisms through which substrate stiffness directly alters cell function: increasing stiffness drives (1) larger contractile forces; (2) increased cell spreading and size; and (3) altered nuclear deformation. While studies have shown that substrate mechanics are an important cue, the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has largely been ignored. The ECM is a crucial component of the mechanosensing system for two reasons: (1) many ECM fibrils are assembled by application of cell-generated forces, and (2) ECM proteins have unique mechanical properties that will undoubtedly alter the local stiffness sensed by a cell. We specifically focused on the role of the ECM protein fibronectin (FN), which plays a critical role in de novo tissue production. In this study, we first measured the effects of substrate stiffness on human embryonic fibroblasts by plating cells onto microfabricated pillar arrays (MPAs) of varying stiffness. Cells responded to increasing substrate stiffness by generating larger forces, spreading to larger sizes, and altering nuclear geometry. These cells also assembled FN fibrils across all stiffnesses, with optimal assembly occurring at approximately 6 kPa. We then inhibited FN assembly, which resulted in dramatic reductions in contractile force generation, cell spreading, and nuclear geometry across all stiffnesses. These findings suggest that FN fibrils play a critical role in facilitating cellular responses to substrate stiffness.
Using Industry-Adjusted DuPont Analysis to Predict Future Profitability

Industry peer groups serve as both a theoretical and an intuitive benchmark in financial statement analysis. However, the practice of industry-adjusting financial ratios is sparse in existing financial statement analysis research. Much of the academic research on the mean reversion of profitability assumes economy-wide reversion targets. Economic theory supports the use of this target and empirical evidence is consistent with these predictions. However, some components of profitability may not revert to economy-wide averages because of structural differences across industries. For these components, industry averages serve as better long-term targets. DuPont analysis decomposes return-on-net-operating assets (RNOA) into two multiplicative components: profit margin and asset turnover, both of which are largely driven by industry membership. This paper investigates whether using industry-adjusted DuPont analysis is a useful tool in predicting future changes in RNOA. In contrast to prior research that used economy-wide targets and finds that these components are not useful in forecasting, I find that these components are informative when industry-adjusted and that using them helps predict future changes in RNOA in both in-sample and out-of-sample forecasting tests.
New Directions for the Sociology of Development

At the close of World War II, “development” began to evolve along two paths. On the first path, scholars aimed to generate theoretical understandings of social change, especially at the national level (development studies). On the second path, policy makers in governments and other development-focused organizations initiated actions to promote positive social change, especially in poor or war-torn nations (development practice). In this article, we review the recent trajectory of “development” in sociology, paying close attention to the intersections between development studies and development practice. Through explicit comparisons to economics and political science, we demonstrate how the prominence of development sociology has varied historically in relation to its proposed policy prescriptions. We conclude by highlighting five uniquely sociological contributions that could powerfully improve contemporary interdisciplinary development conversations, and by calling for greater sociological attention to t...
Brief Report: Weight Dissatisfaction, Weight Status, and Weight Loss in Mexican-American Children

Objective To assess the association between weight dissatisfaction, weight status, and weight loss in Mexican-American children participating in a weight management program. Methods Participants included 265 Mexican American children recruited for a school-based weight management program. All children completed baseline assessments and changes in standardized body mass index (zBMI) were monitored in at-risk for overweight and overweight children (i.e., >85th BMI percentile) who had been randomized to receive the weight loss intervention (n = 101). Results Participants classified as at-risk for overweight or overweight reported greater weight dissatisfaction than normal weight children. Lower weight dissatisfaction at baseline was associated with greater changes in zBMI at 6 months. Weight dissatisfaction did not change across the course of treatment. Conclusions Mexican-American children whose weight status is greater than normal have greater weight dissatisfaction. Children with greater weight dissatisfaction are less likely to lose weight in a weight management program and weight dissatisfaction remains stable over the course of treatment.
Lithium Cyclopropyl(phenylthio)cuprate

[84180-46-1] C9H10CuLiS (MW 220.72) InChI = 1S/C6H6S.C3H5.Cu.Li/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6;1-2-3-1;;/h1-5,7H;1H,2-3H2;;/q;;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = DORMTGRVQPTVPE-UHFFFAOYSA-M (heterocuprate useful in 1,4-addition–elimination reactions2 and annulations3) Solubility: sol THF; less sol ether. Analysis of Reagent Purity: an assay to determine relative thermal stabilities4 can be used to estimate reagent quality and concentration: a sample of known volume and temperature is quenched with excess PhCOCl, and the yield of cyclopropyl phenyl ketone is measured by GC, the response of which is calibrated using authentic product and n-dodecane as internal standard. Preparative Method: cyclopropyllithium5, 6 is prepared by cooling a 0.25 M THF solution of bromocyclopropane under Ar to −78 °C; dropwise addition of 1.0 equiv of a solution of sec-Butyllithium is followed by stirring for 2 h; this cyclopropyllithium solution is transferred by cannula to a stirred, −78 °C THF slurry of Phenylthiocopper(I)7 under Ar; the resultant mixture is warmed to −20 °C; a clear, light brown solution of cuprate forms after stirring for 20 min; it is cooled to −78 °C and is used directly.8 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: best results are obtained with PhSCu prepared from high purity CuI salts,9 dry, O2-free solvents, and alkyllithium solutions free of contaminating alkoxides or hydroxides;10 s-BuLi is pyrophoric;11 care must be exercised in its handling, and a fume hood should be used; the reagent is more stable than lithium dicyclopropylcuprate, which decomposes upon prolonged standing at −78 °C.5
Point force and point electric charge in infinite and semi-infinite transversely isotropic piezoelectric solids

Abstract For an infinite three-dimensional transversely isotropic piezoelectric material, Green's functions (which give the fuli set of electromechanical fields due to a point electric charge and an arbitrarily oriented point force) are derived in elementary functions in a simple way, using methods of the potential theory. For a semi-infinite transversely isotropic piezoelectric material. Green's functions are also derived, but in a limited way: a point force and a point electric charge are assumed to be applied at the boundary of the half-space. The latter solutions constitute a generalization of Boussinesqs and Cerruti's problems of elasticity for piezoelectric materials. The strength of the piezoeffect (the difference from the purely elastic case) is estimated for the example of the piezoceramics PZT-6B.
Partial trisomy 11q in a female infant with Robin sequence and congenital heart disease.

Abstract We describe the clinical and cytogenetic findings in a female infant with partial trisomy 11q, Robin sequence, cardiac anomalies, and other minor malformations. We compare the phenotypic similarities of our case to a series by Pihko et al. (1981), who reported on 20 cases with partial trisomy 11q with similar associated craniofacial and cardiac defects. We conclude that genetic etiologies for patients diagnosed with the Robin sequence may be more common than previously believed and that initial karyotyping should be performed to aid both diagnosis and clinical management. In addition, the pattern of Robin sequence and cardiac defects may be specifically suggestive of partial trisomy 11q.
Nanotechnology: a coming clinical laboratory revolution.

1. Linda L. Williford Pifer, Ph.D.,SM(ASCP), GS(ABB)[⇑][1] 1. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 2. Kathleen Kenwright, MS, MT,MP(ASCP) SI 1. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 1. Address for Correspondence: Linda L. Williford Pifer, Ph.D., SM(ASCP), GS(ABB) , Professor, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 672, Memphis, TN, 38163, 901-448-6338., lpifer{at}uthsc.edu 1. Discuss the history of nanotechnology. 2. Define nanotechnology. 3. Describe the innovative nature and unique features of nanotechnology. 4. List potential applications of nanotechnology in the coming years. “My own judgment is that the nanotechnology revolution has the potential to change America on a scale equal to, if not greater than, the computer revolution.” U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-Oregon).1 It is imperative that all generations of clinical laboratory scientists understand and appreciate the enormous potential for nanotechnology to solve problems and to improve the quality of our lives and of those receiving medical treatment. These include, but are not limited to, diagnosis, treatment and management of many conditions. Unique insight may be gained into infections, malignancies, genetic errors and enhanced, targeted drug-delivery systems. Nanotechnology is already revolutionizing communications, materials engineering, energy production and approaches to environmental issues. This is a “must know” technology and we need to understand how it will apply to life-changing advances in the clinical laboratory. Nanoscale refers to matter that occupies space equal to one to ten billionths of a meter (one billionth of a meter = 1 nanometer, Table 1). A red blood cell averages 7000 nanometers (nm), and a human hair measures approximately 50,000 nm in diameter.2 One nanometer is approximately equivalent to the diameter of three or four atoms.1 Nanotechnology is defined by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), as research in the range of 1–100 nm.3 One might say that the “nanoworld” lies in the “depths of inner space,” where the properties of matter are no longer what we have been taught. Tensile strength, chemical bonds, and magnetism display uncommon properties. An example would be the enormous strength of… ABBREVIATIONS: nm = nanometer; IBM = International Business Machines (IBM); AFM = atomic force microscope; 1. Discuss the history of nanotechnology. 2. Define nanotechnology. 3. Describe the innovative nature and unique features of nanotechnology. 4. List potential applications of nanotechnology in the coming years. [1]: #corresp-1
On the Ideal of Autonomous Science

In this article I first use Alasdair MacIntyre’s conception of a practice to develop a version of the common, although increasingly controversial, ideal of value-free, value-neutral, or autonomous science. I then briefly show how this ideal has been used by some philosophers to criticize both governmental and commercial funding of science. I go on to argue that, far from being value neutral, certain elements of this ideal strongly resemble some controversial elements of libertarian political philosophy. I suggest that alternative ideals for science might be developed by drawing on egalitarian liberal and communitarian political philosophy.
Using Textual Prompts to Teach Mands for Information Using "Who?".

Recent research on teaching mands for information to children with language deficits has focused on manipulating establishing operations (EOs). However, only a few of those studies have programmed both EO conditions (in which information is needed) and abolishing operation (AO) conditions (in which information has already been provided) to ensure functional use of the mand for information. Shillingsburg, Bowen, Valentino, and Pierce (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 47, 136–150, 2014) provided a successful demonstration of differential responding between EO and AO conditions demonstrating control of the response by the relevant EO. Echoic prompts resulted in successful mands for information “Who?” One limitation of this study was that the participants did not re-issue the initial mand upon approaching the named adult to retrieve the item. This may be problematic in the natural environment as it is unlikely that the named adult would know what the child was looking for. The current study sought to replicate and expand previous research by using textual prompts to teach the mand “Who?” in four children diagnosed with autism (Phase 1) and by requiring the mand for the item be re-issued upon approaching the named adult (Phase 2). Textual prompts resulted in differential use of the mand for information during EO and AO conditions for all of the participants. Additionally, three of the four participants who did not re-issue the mand to the named adult during the Phase 2 baseline did so following the intervention. Overall, results support the use of textual prompts to teach mands for information to children with autism.
Epidemiological Analysis on Measles in Guangyuan City During 1998-2007

Objective To find out the epidemiological character of measles in Guangyuan City,and provide scientific proof for controlling and eliminating measles. Method Descriptive epidemiological method was used. Result 3 174 measles cases were reported in Guangyuan during 1998-2007. The average annual incidence was 10.38/105. The seasonal peak could be observed at the end of spring and the beginning of summer. In terms of distribution of age group,2 809 cases (88.50%) was observed at the age of 0-14 years old. During the 10 years,43 outbreaks were observed,with totally 1 117 cases (35.19%). Annual outbreak peak was observed between March to June. Preschool and school children were in high risk.2 317 cases (73.00%) had no clear vaccination history. Conclusion Now there is the peak incidence of measles in Guangyuan City according to the forecast.So in order to control the outbreak of measles effectively,measles surveillance and a series of immunization activities in school-age children must be strengthened.
COHORT STUDY ABOUT THE EFFECT OF NEONATAL SUBEPENDYMAL CYSTS ON LATER GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Objective To observe the effect of subependymal cysts on later growth and development of infant. Methods About 1617 cases of neonatal subependymal cyst,diagnosed by B-mode ultrasound,were recruited into this cohort study,which including 1396 full-term and 221 premature newborns.Physical lever was measured at 4,8 and 12 months,respectively and development lever was evaluated by CDCC development scale at 12 month.Normal infants were received the same performed and were compared with these subependymal cyst infants at the same period. Results No significant difference between full-term subependymal cyst infants and control group for weight,length and head circumference on 4,8 and 12 months was observed(p0.05),but the values of weight and length of premature subependymal cyst infants were markedly lower than those of control group(p0.05).There was no significant difference of mental and physical scale on 12 month for full-term cyst group and control group(p0.05).But these scales for premature cyst group on 12 month were significantly lower than those of control group((p)0.05). Conclusion Subependymal cyst has little effect on full-term neonatal growth and development,but has obvious impact on premature More monitoring work should be strengthened to premature newborn with subependymal cyst for their later growth and development.
Microbial monitoring results of 13 kinds of commercially-available foods in a district of Beijing City

[Objective]To understand the microbial pollution status of 13 kinds of commercially-available foods in a district of Beijing City.[Methods]Microbiological monitoring was performed on 3 kinds of raw meat and 10 kinds of ready-to-eat foods collected from supermarkets,catering units,farmers markets and community stores in this district.[Results]The monitoring results of raw meat from 2009-2012 showed the detection rate of Salmonella was 5.00%,that of staphylococcus aureus was 15.00%,1.89% of Listeria monocytogenes,9.40% of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.The detection rate of total colonies in ready-to-eat foods was 45.00%,that of Coliform was 13.53%,1.00% of Staphylococcus aureus,0.69% of Listeria monocytogenes,0.14% of Salmonella.[Conclusion]The phenomenon of fresh meat polluted by pathogenic bacteria exists in this district,therefore,it is necessary to strengthen quarantining in raw meat slaughtering and processing,import and export and so on.The coliform group and total colonies pollution is serious in ready-to-eat foods.Salmonella,staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes can be still detected.it is suggested that the relevant supervisory department should strengthen supervision of ready-to-eat foods to reduce the occurrence of food-borne disease risk.
Temporary division of the superior vena cava for exceptional mitral valve exposure

Temporary division of the superior vena cava allows the performance of an extensive left atriotomy from anterior to the atrial appendage laterally, then inferiorly toward the inferior vena cava. Gentle retraction then gives exceptional exposure of the entire mitral valve area. This technique has been used effectively in three patients. Anticipated potential problems with division and reanastomosis of the superior vena cava have not occurred.
Interspecific Hybridizations in Ornamental Flowering Cherries Validated by Simple Sequence Repeat Analysis

Flowering cherries belong to the genus Prunus, consisting primarily of species native to Asia. Despite the popularity of ornamental cherry trees in the landscape, most ornamental Prunus planted in the United States are derived from a limited genetic base of Japanese flowering cherry taxa. Controlled crosses among flowering cherry species carried out over the past 30 years at the U.S. National Arboretum have resulted in the creation of interspecific hybrids among many of these diverse taxa. We used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to verify 73 of 84 putative hybrids created from 43 crosses representing 20 parental taxa. All verified hybrids were within the same section (Cerasus or Laurocerasus in the subgenus Cerasus) with no verified hybrids between sections.
Temporal and kinematic consistency predict sequence awareness

Many human motor skills can be represented as a hierarchical series of movement patterns. Awareness of underlying patterns can improve performance and decrease cognitive load. Subjects (n = 30) tapped a finger sequence with changing stimulus-to-response mapping and a common movement sequence. Thirteen subjects (43 %) became aware that they were tapping a familiar movement sequence during the experiment. Subjects who became aware of the underlying motor pattern tapped with greater kinematic and temporal consistency from task onset, but consistency was not sufficient for awareness. We found no effect of age, musical experience, tapping evenness, or inter-key-interval on awareness of the pattern in the motor response. We propose that temporal or kinematic consistency reinforces a pattern representation, but cognitive engagement with the contents of the sequence is necessary to bring the pattern to conscious awareness. These findings predict benefit for movement strategies that limit temporal and kinematic variability during motor learning.
Laser-induced fluorescence detection of dysplasia in rat urinary bladder

Despite extensive studies of tumor detection using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) the ability of the LIF technique to detect dysplasia, a premalignant flat lesion, has not been demonstrated. LIF has been used to diagnose adenomatous polyps from normal colon tissue with accuracies to 97%.1 The more difficult task of differentiating adenomatous polyps from hyperplastic polyps yields accuracies of 83%.2 The major difference in comparing the fluorescence spectra of normal colon, hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps is a relative decrease of fluorescence observed at 390 nm, attributed to a thickened mucosa which shields strong fluorescence from submucosal collagen.3
The Role of Marketing in Economic Development

Most writings on economic growth have focused on industrialization and increasing industrial productivity. This traditional approach neglects the role of marketing in stimulating economic growth via increasing productivity in all sectors of the economy and in integrating segmented markets in developing areas. Marketing by integrating the large rural sector into the national market converts a static system into a dynamic system.
Optimizing Notification Of Hospital Admission: A Fellow-Led Quality Initiative

Background There is increasing attention nationally to improve the continuum of care for patients. The advent of hospitalists has created significant challenges in effective communication of patient care. The quality and reliability of hospital admission notification of patients to primary hematologists/oncologists, including fellows, anecdotally was a concern. Objective To determine the current level of satisfaction for University of Kansas Cancer Center practice (faculty and fellows) with notification of admission to University of Kansas Hospital and determine desired means of notification by Cancer Center practice. Based on a survey, an intervention would be developed to improve quality and satisfaction. Methods A pre-intervention survey was administered to determine the desired means and satisfaction of KU Cancer Center faculty and fellows. Based on the results of the survey, an intervention was devised with the use of the Electronic Medical Records (EMR) to generate an inbasket message with desired details. A post-intervention survey will be administered to evaluate the intervention. Results Pre-intervention survey was completed by 23 of 51 (45%) invited participants. 16 of 23 (70%) who completed the survey were not notified of admissions. The remaining 7 (30%) participants were notified of admissions but there were no standard means of notification [[Fig 1][1]]. Only 4 (17%) of the participants were satisfied and 12 (52%) of the participants were dissatisfied and very dissatisfied with admission notification [[Fig 2][2]]. Only 3 (13%) were satisfied and 14 (60%) were dissatisfied and very dissatisfied with the timeliness of admission notification [[Fig 3][3]]. The top 3 preferred means of admission notification desired by participants included in-basket message in EMR (n=18), email (n=18), text page (n=14) [[table 1][4]]. The top 2 preferred content of the notification desired by participants included Admission Date (n=20) and Diagnosis (n=20) [[table 2][5]]. Post-intervention survey is yet to be completed but preliminary results are promising, and will be reported at the time of poster presentation. ![Figure 1][6] Figure 1 ![Figure 2][6] Figure 2 ![Figure 3][6] Figure 3 View this table: Table 1 Preferred Means of Admission Notification View this table: Table 2 Desired content in the Admission Notification Conclusion A key component of the continuity of care for patients is good, timely communication, including the notification of the admission of patients. A fellow-led intervention highlights opportunities for fellows to participate and execute quality initiatives that meet both educational and professional needs. Utilization of the EMR and technology can improve communication, as demonstrated by this initiative. We achieved great improvement in the provider satisfaction with the quality and timeliness of notification, which should facilitate better care for patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #F1 [2]: #F2 [3]: #F3 [4]: #T1 [5]: #T2 [6]: pending:yes
Defining the Role of Monocytes in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): Insights from a Murine HIT Model.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an iatrogenic disorder seen in 1–5% of patients exposed to unfractionated heparin. One unusual feature of HIT is that affected patients often have only moderate thrombocytopenia yet suffer severe, life-threatening thrombosis. We have previously defined the importance of PF4:glycosaminoglycan (GAG) antigenic complexes on the surface of circulating platelets in the development of thrombocytopenia using mice that express varying levels of human PF4 (hPF4+/+) as well as Fc γRIIA on the platelet surface after infusing the animals with a monoclonal antibody (KKO) that demonstrates HIT-like properties. Because HIT antibodies have been reported to activate monocytes to produce tissue factor in vitro, we further examined their role both in vitro and in vivo in the murine HIT model. Monocytes bind PF4 onto their surface forming antigenic PF4:GAG complexes recognized by KKO. Monocytes express antigenic complexes at low levels of PF4, a setting in which none can be demonstrated on platelets. Furthermore, monocytes express antigenic complexes at heparin concentrations that completely dissociate antigen from the surface of platelets. We then investigated the role of monocytes in a murine model of HIT. Monocytes were depleted by IV injection of 200 μL of clodronate-containing liposomes (Encapsula Nano Sciences) 12 hrs prior to IP injection of 200 μg of KKO. Over 92% of circulating monocytes were depleted for >24 hrs with a return to near baseline by 72 hrs. In co-transgenic hPF4+/+/FcγRIIA mice, clodronate did not cause a significant fall in platelet count at 4 hrs, but counts fell to 30 ± 14% of baseline by 24 hrs vs. 70 ± 23% of baseline after injection of control liposomes or no liposomes (p
Level-set simulations of soluble surfactant driven flows

Abstract We present an approach to simulate the diffusion, advection and adsorption–desorption of a material quantity defined on an interface in two and three spatial dimensions. We use a level-set approach to capture the interface motion and a Quad/Octree data structure to efficiently solve the equations describing the underlying physics. Coupling with a Navier–Stokes solver enables the study of the effect of soluble surfactants that locally modify the parameters of surface tension on different types of flows. The method is tested on several benchmarks and applied to three typical examples of flows in the presence of surfactant: a bubble in a shear flow, the well-known phenomenon of tears of wine, and the Landau–Levich coating problem.