cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of ketogenesis in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule.

Abstract A method has been devised to quantitate rates of ketogenesis (acetoacetate + β-hydroxybutyrate production) in discrete regions of the liver lobule based on changes in NADH fluorescence. In perfused livers from fasted rats, ketogenesis was inhibited nearly completely with either 2-bromooctanoate (600 μ m ) or 2-tetradecylglycidic acid (25 μ m ). During inhibition of ketogenesis, a linear relationship (r = 0.90) was observed between decreases in NADH fluorescence detected from the liver surface and decreases in ketone body production. NADH fluorescence was monitored subsequently from individual regions of the liver lobule by placing microlight guides on periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule visible on the liver surface. Rates of ketogenesis in sublobular regions were calculated from regional decreases in NADH fluorescence and changes in the rate of ketone body formation by the whole liver during infusion of inhibitors. In the presence of bromooctanoate, ketogenesis was reduced 80% and local rates of ketogenesis were decreased 31 ± 4 μmol/g/h in periportal areas and 28 ± 3μmol/g/h in pericentral regions. Similar results were observed with tetradecylglycidic acid. Therefore, it was concluded that submaximal rates of ketogenesis from endogenous, mainly long-chain fatty acids are nearly equal in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule in livers from fasted rats. Rates of ketogenesis and NADH fluorescence were strongly correlated during fatty acid infusion. Infusion of 250 μ m oleate increased NADH fluorescence maximally by 8 ± 1% over basal values in periportal regions and 17 ± 4% in pericentral areas. Local rates of ketogenesis, calculated from these changes in fluorescence, increased 35 ± 6 μmol/g/h in periportal areas and 55 ± 5 μmol/g/h in pericentral regions. Thus, oleate stimulated ketogenesis nearly 60% more in pericentral than in periportal regions of the liver lobule.
Postpartum mammary gland involution drives progression of ductal carcinoma in situ through collagen and COX-2

The prognosis of breast cancer in young women is influenced by reproductive history. Women diagnosed within 5 years postpartum have worse prognosis than nulliparous women or women diagnosed during pregnancy. Here we describe a mouse model of postpartum breast cancer that identifies mammary gland involution as a driving force of tumor progression. In this model, human breast cancer cells exposed to the involuting mammary microenvironment form large tumors that are characterized by abundant fibrillar collagen, high cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and an invasive phenotype. In culture, tumor cells are invasive in a fibrillar collagen and COX-2-dependent manner. In the involuting mammary gland, inhibition of COX-2 reduces the collagen fibrillogenesis associated with involution, as well as tumor growth and tumor cell infiltration to the lung. These data support further research to determine whether women at high risk for postpartum breast cancer would benefit from treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during postpartum involution.
Identification of calcium-activated neutral protease as a processing enzyme of human interleukin 1 alpha

We describe here the involvement of calcium-activated neutral protease (CANP or calpain, EC 3.4.22.17) in calcium-dependent proteolytic processing of the precursor of human interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) into mature IL-1 alpha. Calcium ionophore ionomycin enhanced proteolytic processing of pre-IL-1 alpha and the release of mature IL-1 alpha either from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human adherent mononuclear cells or from a human bladder carcinoma cell line (HTB9 5637) that constitutively produces human IL-1 alpha and -beta. The proteolytic processing of pre-IL-1 alpha was completely inhibited by EGTA. Similar calcium-dependent proteolytic processing of pre-IL-1 alpha was also observed with lysates of either LPS-activated human adherent mononuclear cells or HTB9 5637 cells. Since the optimal pH for processing was between 7 and 8, and E-64 (a cysteine protease inhibitor) and leupeptin (a serine and cysteine protease inhibitor) both inhibited this processing by cell lysates, we hypothesized that a calcium-activated neutral protease, CANP, might be responsible for this processing. This hypothesis was supported by data showing that the specific CANP inhibitor peptide inhibited this proteolysis in cell lysates in a dose-dependent fashion (IC50 = 0.05 microM) and that treatment of pre-IL-1 alpha with purified CANP yielded the 17-kDa mature form of IL-1 alpha, which has an amino terminus identical with that reported for mature human IL-1 alpha. Taken together, these findings indicate that calcium-dependent proteolytic processing of pre-IL-1 alpha is selectively mediated by CANP.
Fiber optic multichannel laser spectrometer system for remote fluorescence detection in soils

Fiber optic probes employing single channel laser excitation and fluorescence collection have been seeing increasing use for remote sensing applications. However, multi-channel systems offer enhanced capacity for qualitative and quantitative determination of analytes. We describe a system which employs simultaneous delivery of laser excitation wavelengths arising from stimulated Raman scattering. Separate fluorescence responses for each excitation channel are imaged through a spectrograph onto a CCD array detector. Each channel has a dedicated fiber optic pair to deliver and collect light. REsults will be presented which evaluate the capabilities of this type of spectrometer for determination of organic contaminant mixtures in various sample matrices.
Cognitive empathy presupposes self-awareness: Evidence from phylogeny, ontogeny, neuropsychology, and mental illness

We argue that cognitive empathy and other instances of mental state attribution are a byproduct of self-awareness. Evidence is brought to bear on this proposition from comparative psychology, early child development, neuropsychology, and abnormal behavior.
The development of community telecommunication infrastructure: An evaluation of rural telecommunications project

This study investigates the development, discourse, design, and social interactions within the Kutztown community network (CN). Drawing on the theory of Social Construction of Technology, the study employs an in-depth case study approach to investigate how the CN was designed and how the Kutztown community participated in the network development. The findings show that there was little societal input into the design process; the design process was influenced by political economy factors, which now threaten the viability of the network. The study highlights the significant role of intermediation in developing CNs and concludes that community participation should not be limited to particular development stages.
The venus radar mapper mission

The Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) Mission, in 1988, will be the next NASA mission to Venus. This paper describes the mission as it is currently planned, showing how the design of the science payload, the spacecraft, and the mission satisfies the science objectives and requirements as well as other programmatic constraints. The VRM mission is dedicated to obtaining Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of at least 70 percent of the surface of Venus at a resolution of 1 km per line pair or better (comparable to the coverage and resolution of the Mars Mariner 9 mission). Additional investigations will study the interior geophysical characteristics of the planet using altimetric data and gravity field measurements of the planet.
Images Can Be More Powerful Than Memories

There appear to be circumstances under which images are more powerful than memories. Research indicates that people who rate how easily concrete words (e.g., FLOWER) arouse images—rather than memories—give higher ratings and also subsequently show better word recall. The present study extended the above findings by having college students answer a variety of questions rating either images or memories (e.g., “How easily can you image [or remember] a FLOWER?”). The results consistently showed the superiority of imagery over memory ratings, and also that imagery superiority was not due to the self-reference effect, wherein students related information to themselves. Two alternative interpretations were proposed. First, imagery ratings may be special because they enhance processing, perhaps as suggested by the coding redundancy hypothesis. Alternatively, memory ratings may limit processing by contributing more to maintenance than elaborative rehearsal.
Fault Masking in Combinational Logic Circuits

An important problem in fault detection is to verify whether a single-fault test set is able to detect all multiple-faults. This paper provides a solution to the above problem. It is known that a test set derived for the detection of some fault may fail this purpose in the presence of an additional fault. This phenomenon is called masking among faults, and is of great importance in the derivation of a test set which detects all multiple-faults. This paper investigates the masking relations among faults in a combinational logic circuit. For this purpose a transform for the circuit is defined and a model for fault analysis is constructed. This transform and model reduce the number of faults which have to be considered in order to achieve the detection of all multiple-faults. An algebraic procedure yields the derivation of the masking relations. A problem which arises, namely the existence of a set of faults forming a loop of masking relations is considered. An application is presented: starting with a test set derived under the single-fault assumption it is shown how to extend this test set so that it detects all multiple-faults. All of the results in this paper are valid for general multiple-output circuits. For simplicity in the exposition, the single-output case is examined.
Staining of eosinophils with nitroblue tetrazolium in patients with chronic granulomatous disease.

ABSTRACT. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test is the primary screening test for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Neutrophils and other phagocytic cells readily reduce NBT to blue formazan after oxidative stimulation whereas CGD cells remain colorless. In the present study purified eosinophil populations were obtained from CGD patients and normals by exposing peripheral blood to the peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and then centrifuged over a discontinuous Percoll gradient. The eosinophils were then incubated in 0.1% NBT (37° C, 15 min) with either phorbol myristate acetate or buffer alone (HEPES with calcium and magnesium). Blue staining characteristic of NBT reduction occurred in the phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated eosinophils of half (4/8) of the CGD patients tested. The staining was most intense between the nuclear lobes of the eosinophil with little staining near the cell periphery. The staining pattern was present in 75.5 ± 5.3% of the purified eosinophils in those patients in which the phenomenon occurred and was reproducible in the same patients over a 6-month period. Eosinophils from normal individuals tested with NBT and phorbol myristate acetate showed intense staining over the entire cell cytoplasm as did normal neutrophils. Purified CGD eosinophils that did show the staining pattern were not able to produce superoxide (as measured by cytochrome C reduction) when stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate indicating the staining was probably not related to superoxide production. Patients with CGD have a mild eosinophilia (4.6 ± 0.7% in 11 patients at the National Institutes of Health) and eosinophil staining may account for the small number of positive NBT cells reported in some patients.
A PROSPECTIVE SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF HERPES SIMPLEX (HSV) INFECTIONS IN A COLLEGE POPULATION

A PROSPECTIVE SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF HERPES SIMPLEX (HSV) INFECTIONS IN A COLLEGE POPULATION
The Cost-Effectiveness of Acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and Selective COX-2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to conduct an economic evaluation of rofecoxib and celecoxib compared with high-dose acetaminophen or ibuprofen with and without misoprostol for patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods A decision analysis model was designed over 6 months using two measures of effectiveness: 1) number of upper gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events averted; and 2) number of patients who achieved perceptible pain relief. Separate analyses were conducted for all patients and for those who did not respond to acetaminophen. Outcome probabilities were obtained from a comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Costs were derived from actual resource utilization of OA patients. Results In terms of averting GI events, acetaminophen dominates the other options for an average risk patient population. For patients who did not respond to acetaminophen, rofecoxib had the lowest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per GI event avoided ($32,000) relative to ibuprofen. In terms of pain control, ibuprofen had an ICER of $610.77 per additional patient achieving minimal perceptible clinical improvement (MPCI) relative to acetaminophen, while rofecoxib had an ICER of $12,000 relative to ibuprofen. For patients who did not respond to acetaminophen and who are at high risk of developing an adverse GI event, rofecoxib dominates ibuprofen as the preferred alternative for both measures of effectiveness. One-way, two-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses established that these results were generally robust. Conclusions Our results suggest that for average-risk knee OA patients, acetaminophen dominates the other therapies in terms of cost per GI event averted. In terms of pain relief, cost-effectiveness acceptability curves indicate that if one values pain relief below $275 per patient achieving MPCI, acetaminophen is the therapy most likely to be optimal; between $275 and $14,150, ibuprofen is most likely to be optimal; and above $14,150, rofecoxib is most likely to be optimal.
CRITICAL IRRADIANCE LEVELS AND THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF QUANTUM IRRADIANCE AND DOSE ON GAMETOGENESIS IN THE GIANT KELP, MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA1

Gametophytes of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. were cultured under a series of quantum irradiances in three photoperiod regimes. The quantum irradiances in each photoperiod were adjusted to provide equal daily irradiation dosages between photoperiods which allowed a critical examination of the interactions between quantum irradiance and quantum dose in determining gametophyte fertility. The lowest quantum irradiance which stimulated gametogenesis in more than 50% of the female gametophytes was 5 μE·m−2·s−1. The saturating irradiance was ca. 10 μE·m−2·s−1 at photoperiods of 12 h or greater. In terms of daily quantum dose, the lowest dose at which greater than 50% gametogenesis occurred was 0.2 E·m−2·d−1. However, this critical quantum dose was higher (0.4 E·m−2·d−1) when instantaneous irradiances were less than 5 μE·m−2·s−1. The saturation quantum dose was also affected by the rate at which the quantum dose was received and varied from 0.4 to 0.8 E·m−2·d−1. Gametophytes in all three photoperiods reached 100% fertility at quantum irradiances above 5 μE·m−2·s−1. Photoperiod effects were small and could be accounted for by quantum dosage effects.
Islet cell tumour with vacuolated lipid-rich cytoplasm: a new histological variant of islet cell tumour

Aims: A previously unreported clear cell variant of islet cell tumour of the pancreas is described. Methods and results: By light microscopy, the cytoplasm of the clear cells was finely reticulated and vacuolated. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopy studies confirmed the endocrine nature of the tumour. Conclusions: The clear cell morphology was due to the accumulation of lipid in the cytoplasm.
Stimulus-Driven Attentional Capture and Attentional Control Settings

Jonides and Yantis (1988) found that abrupt-onset singletons capture attention in visual search when onset is orthogonal to the target's defining and reported attributes and that color and brightness singletons do not. They concluded that abrupt onset may be unique in capturing visual attention. Folk, Remington, and Johnston (1992) challenge this conclusion and argue that (a) the occurrence of attentional capture is contingent on the adoption of an appropriate attentional control setting by the observer and (b) properties other than onset (in particular, color) can capture attention involuntarily. In this article, each of these claims is critically evaluated, and it is argued that the results reported by Folk et al., though important, do not definitively corroborate either one. The available evidence concerning stimulus-driven attentional capture is summarized, and 3 empirical generalizations that characterize the evidence are advanced.
Group matrices for the quaternion and generalized dihedral groups

Abstract Properties of group matrices corresponding to the (non-Abelian) quaternion group Q 8 and of the generalized dihedral group are presented.
Glutamine synthetase and protease enzyme activities and growth response of ruminal bacterium Prevotella ruminicola strain B14 to nitrogen source and concentration

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of varying nitrogen sources and concentrations upon glutamine synthetase and protease activities in Prevotella ruminicola strain B(1)4. Based on growth response it appears that ammonium chloride or pepticase limited P. ruminicola becomes nitrogen limited when nitrogen concentration is at 0.5 mM. However, when casein was provided as the sole source of nitrogen P. ruminicola becomes nitrogen limited at 2.5 mM. Glutamine synthetase activity was measured from mid-log phase cells grown in either nitrogen-limited or non-limited conditions. No activity was detectable in the non-limited treatments. However, in the N-limited treatments, pepticase had the highest activity (20.76 units), followed by ammonium chloride (18.72 units) and casein (14.42 units). Protease activity assays indicated that nitrogen-limited cultures had higher proteolytic activity than non-limited cultures. Moreover, these activities appeared to follow the same response pattern as the previously observed glutamine synthetase activities. The results of this study indicate that P. ruminicola strain B(1)4 protease activity may be influenced by nitrogen concentration such that activity increases when nitrogen availability decreases.
The biharmonic obstacle problem with varying obstacles and a related maximal operator

It is well known that maximal functions of various types control various modes of convergence. From the classical Hardy-Littlewood maximal function to certain spherical maximal functions in Harmonic Analysis to maximal operators in Functional Analysis, this is an idea that has been played and replayed throughout analysis. Here, we wish to look at a version of the biharmonic obstacle problem with varying obstacles to again illustrate how a maximal function can control convergence. Our basic idea is to perturb a given fixed obstacle ψ — to the obstacles ψ k K = 1, 2, 3, … — and find conditions that insure that the sequence of solutions {u k } for the pertubed obstacles converge, in an appropriate sense, to the solution u corresponding to the original obstacle. An important feature here is, of course, the types of convergence given and required for the obstacle sequence as well as for the solution sequence. It can happen that if the obstacle sequence convergence is too weak, then the solution sequence may fail to converge to the solution of the expected limit obstacle problem, but rather converges to the solution of a “relaxed” problem. In fact, this seems to be the typical scenario for Γ-convergence methods used to treat sequences of variational problems in general; see [AP] and [DP]. But this is where the idea of using a maximal function, to control things, appears. The basic idea in this context was first proposed in [AV], where a similar problem was considered, but for the polyharmonic case and with the most general data (obstacles) possible. The simplified version presented here is used to highlight this approach with less technical difficulties and for clearity and ease of understanding. We also wish to make some further observations and conjectures.
Dichopic summation of information in the recognition of briefly presented forms

Visual form identification was studied under conditions where the forms to be identified were presented briefly to the right and left eyes alone, to the right and left eye simultaneously on corresponding areas, and to the right and left eye sequentially on corresponding areas. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) successive stimulation of the two eyes is better than either eye alone if the stimulation falls on corresponding areas; (2) successive stimulation of corresponding areas is about identical to simultaneously stimulated corresponding areas; and (3) the amount of gain in identification accuracy resulting from stimulation to the two eyes was not greater than can be attributed to two independent opportunities to perceive.
Elevated plasma free fatty acids increase cardiovascular risk by inducing plasma biomarkers of endothelial activation, myeloperoxidase and PAI-1 in healthy subjects

CVD in obesity and T2DM are associated with endothelial activation, elevated plasma vascular inflammation markers and a prothrombotic state. We examined the contribution of FFA to these abnormalities following a 48-hour physiological increase in plasma FFA to levels of obesity and diabetes in a group of healthy subjects. 40 non-diabetic subjects (age = 38 ± 3 yr, BMI = 28 ± 1 kg/m2, FPG = 95 ± 1 mg/dl, HbA1c = 5.3 ± 0.1%) were admitted twice and received a 48-hour infusion of normal saline or low-dose lipid. Plasma was drawn for intracellular (ICAM-1) and vascular (VCAM-1) adhesion molecules-1, E-selectin (sE-S), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and total plasminogen inhibitor-1 (tPAI-1). Insulin sensitivity was measured by a hyperglycemic clamp (M/I). Lipid infusion increased plasma FFA to levels observed in obesity and T2DM and reduced insulin sensitivity by 27% (p = 0.01). Elevated plasma FFA increased plasma markers of endothelial activation ICAM-1 (138 ± 10 vs. 186 ± 25 ng/ml), VCAM-1 (1066 ± 67 vs. 1204 ± 65 ng/ml) and sE-S (20 ± 1 vs. 24 ± 1 ng/ml) between 13-35% and by ≥ 2-fold plasma levels of myeloperoxidase (7.5 ± 0.9 to 15 ± 25 ng/ml), an inflammatory marker of future CVD, and tPAI-1 (9.7 ± 0.6 to 22.5 ± 1.5 ng/ml), an indicator of a prothrombotic state (all p ≤ 0.01). The FFA-induced increase was independent from the degree of adiposity, being of similar magnitude in lean, overweight and obese subjects. An increase in plasma FFA within the physiological range observed in obesity and T2DM induces markers of endothelial activation, vascular inflammation and thrombosis in healthy subjects. This suggests that even transient (48-hour) and modest increases in plasma FFA may initiate early vascular abnormalities that promote atherosclerosis and CVD.
The Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Adrenal Emergencies

Emergency medicine physicians should be able to identify and treat patients whose clinical presentations, including key historical, physical examination, and laboratory findings are consistent with diagnoses of primary, secondary, and tertiary adrenal insufficiency, adrenal crisis, and pheochromocytoma. Failure to make a timely diagnosis leads to increased morbidity and mortality. As great mimickers, adrenal emergencies often present with a constellation of nonspecific signs and symptoms that can lead even the most diligent emergency physician astray. The emergency physician must include adrenal emergencies in the differential diagnosis when encountering such clinical pictures.
A 20-Year-Old Woman With a Well-Circumscribed Lump in the Left Breast

We discuss a case of sclerosing lobular hyperplasia, an uncommon benign lesion of the breast. It occurs in young female patients, often of African American heritage. The incidence is about 3%. The patients may complain ofpain associated with the lump These lesions are usually not associated with microcalcifications. Grossly, they present as a well-circumscribed lump in the breast. Microscopically, they are composed of enlarged lobules of the breast that maintain architectural resemblance to normal breast tissue. No morphologic atypia is present in the lobules or the adjacent stroma. They may coexist with fibroadenoma. When they coexist with fibroadenomas, often the fibroadenoma overgrows the sclerosing lobular hyperplasia. Thus, this lesion may be seen in breast biopsies excised for fibroadenoma. Surgical excision is curative.
Vibrissa Movement Elicited by Rhythmic Electrical Microstimulation to Motor Cortex in the Aroused Rat Mimics Exploratory Whisking

The rhythmic motor activity of the vibrissae that rodents use for the tactile localization of objects provides a model system for understanding patterned motor activity in mammals. Evidence suggest...
Position and degree of mismatches and the mobility of DNA heteroduplexes

Heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) is a fast and inexpensive method for determining relatedness between DNA sequences. Rapidly evolving viruses such as HIV-1 develop marked sequence differences in their genomes over the course of the epidemic and infection in a single individual. HMA can be used to monitor both processes. Here, we systematically evaluated the influence of single base mismatches on heteroduplex mobility. The impact of mismatches at nine different positions in 559 bp double-stranded DNA molecules, within a background of overall sequence divergence ranging from 1.97 to 9.65%, was evaluated in both non-denaturing and partially-denaturing acrylamide gels. We found that the electrophoretic mobility of heteroduplexes was proportional to the level of mismatch when that level exceeded 4.5%. Overall, mismatches near the center of the fragment and clustered mismatches tended to have an exaggerated influence on the mobility of heteroduplexes. Thus, the use of HMA for quantitative inference of genetic distances under the conditions we describe is of greatest utility at levels of mismatch >5%.
IDENTIFYING OBJECTS IMPAIRS KNOWLEDGE OF OTHER OBJECTS: A RELEARNING EXPLANATION FOR THE NEURAL REPETITION EFFECT

Different items in long-term knowledge are stored in the neocortex as partially overlapping representations that can be altered slightly with usage. This encoding scheme affords well-documented benefits, but potential costs have not been well explored. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), neurocomputational modeling, and electrophysiological measures to show that strengthening some visual object representations not only enhances the subsequent ability to identify those (repeated) objects—an effect long known as repetition priming—but also impairs the ability to identify other (non-repeated) objects—a new effect labeled antipriming. As a result, the non-repeated objects elicit increased neural activity likely for the purpose of reestablishing their previously weakened representations. These results suggest a novel reevaluation of the ubiquitously observed repetition effect on neural activity, and they indicate that maintenance relearning may be a crucial aspect of preserving overlapping neural representations of visual objects in long-term memory.
Assessing Students' Career Needs at a Large State University

The results of this needs assessment indicate that not enough students used our departmental career advising program. Comparing our results with those at Creighton University underscored the necessity to increase student usage of all our sources of information (e.g., consulting with peer advisers and attending departmental presentations), as well as their usage of all types of information (e.g., finding out about career opportunities outside of human services and learning how to write a resume). This article offers practical strategies to promote greater use of both sources and types of information.
Mitochondrial Gene Transfer in Pieces: Fission of the Ribosomal Protein Gene rpl2 and Partial or Complete Gene Transfer to the Nucleus

Mitochondrial genes are usually conserved in size in angiosperms. A notable exception is the rpl2 gene, which is considerably shorter in the eudicot Arabidopsis than in the monocot rice. Here, we show that a severely truncated mitochondrial rpl2 gene (termed 5' rpl2) was created by the formation of a premature stop codon early in eudicot evolution. This 5' rpl2 gene was subsequently lost many times from the mitochondrial DNAs of 179 core eudicots surveyed by Southern hybridization. The sequence corresponding to the 3' end of rice rpl2 (termed 3' rpl2) has been lost much more pervasively among the mitochondrial DNAs of core eudicots than has 5' rpl2. Furthermore, where still present in these mitochondrial genomes, 3' rpl2 always appears to be a pseudogene, and there is no evidence that 3' rpl2 was ever a functional mitochondrial gene. An intact and expressed 3' rpl2 gene was discovered in the nucleus of five diverse eudicots (tomato, cotton, Arabidopsis, soybean, and Medicago). In the first three of these species, 5' rpl2 is still present in the mitochondrion, unlike the two legumes, where both parts of rpl2 are present in the nucleus as separate genes. The full-length rpl2 gene has been transferred intact to the nucleus in maize. We propose that the 3' end of rpl2 was functionally transferred to the nucleus early in eudicot evolution, and that this event then permitted the nonsense mutation that gave rise to the mitochondrial 5' rpl2 gene. Once 5' rpl2 was established as a stand-alone mitochondrial gene, it was then lost, and was probably transferred to the nucleus many times. This complex history of gene fission and gene transfer has created four distinct types of rpl2 structures or compartmentalizations in angiosperms: (1) intact rpl2 gene in the mitochondrion, (2) intact gene in the nucleus, (3) split gene, 5' in the mitochondrion and 3' in the nucleus, and (4) split gene, both parts in the nucleus.
Colonial Pediatrics in the 1600s: Governor John Winthrop the Younger of Connecticut

John Winthrop the Younger (1606–1676). > It is hard for us to imagine the experience of parenting in colonial New England, where infectious diseases such as smallpox, measles, and diphtheria swept through communities and over one-fifth of the infants in some communities never lived to see their first birthday. Evidence from the 17th century is particularly sparse. Physicians were almost nonexistent. Mothers no doubt provided much medical care on their own. Educated members of the community, notably clerics and even politicians, represented another source of medical knowledge. In this essay, Dr Howard Pearson uses the writings of one such community leader to provide a window on child health in this distant era. Despite many obvious differences from pediatrics today, the reader will also see points of continuity. Just as patients today seek to contact their physicians by e-mail, it is notable that this colonial “health care provider” conducted much of his practice by mail . > > Jeff Baker, MD, PhD The New England colonies were established in the early 17th century by English religious dissidents and families and individuals who were seeking new homes and opportunities. These were perilous times for children. Dr Ernest Caulfield vividly described the plight of colonial children: “In addition to lethal epidemics of measles, diphtheria (throat distemper), small pox and especially dysentery (bloody flux) a surprisingly large proportion of colonial children had worms. Death frequently followed from eating poisonous beans and so called ‘mushrooms.’ Hardly a year went by without reports of children fatally burned from playing with candles or falling into an open fire. More were drowned from falling off wharves or into unguarded wells. When one considers that, in addition to these hazards, an incalculable number suffered from serious noncontagious disease particularly ‘convulsive fitts,’ … Address correspondence to Howard A. Pearson, MD, FAAP, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510. E-mail: howard.pearson{at}yale.edu
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY : A. CHICKEN EMBRYOS. X. THE TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE CONTRACTION RATE OF ISOLATED FRAGMENTS OF EMBRYONIC HEART MUSCLE.

1. The Arrhenius equation giving the relationship between the velocity of chemical reaction and temperature, was found suitable for the special case of the contraction rate of embryonic heart muscle fragments. 2. There was no constancy in the values of µ for the rate of contraction in culture, nor was the scattering evenly distributed around certain (more than one) points. 3. There seemed to be no correlation between µ and other functions such as the contraction rate, the site from which the piece was removed, the age of the embryo, etc.
Conventionalization: A new agenda for im/politeness research

Abstract The first linguistic accounts of im/politeness were proposed to explain departures from the shortest, clearest, and most succinct way of speaking. While this early perspective tied politeness to indirectness, empirical studies from different cultures have shown that it is impossible to circumscribe a closed set of expressions whose utterance guarantees a polite effect in any single culture, let alone universally. I survey five types of evidence – from questionnaire and corpus studies, L1 and L2 acquisition studies and impoliteness studies – that lead me to place at the heart of im/politeness not indirectness but conventionalization as a three-way relationship between expressions, contexts and speakers. Unlike previous semantic-based definitions of conventionalization, this habit-based definition allows that any expression can be conventionalized to a speaker, and is inherently evaluative. The proposal presented in summary form here is that conventionalized expressions (whenever available for a situation or to a speaker) are used all else being equal, irrespective of the degree of face-threat. They can be adapted to a wide range of frequently experienced situations with minimal effort and, while they are the most expedient means of achieving im/politeness, departing from conventionalized expression is also possible and may be associated with either increasing politeness or increasing impoliteness.
TACROLIMUS DRUG LEVEL AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN IDIOPATHIC CHILDHOOD STEROID RESISTANT NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

Background: The management of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS) is an uphill task for paediatric nephrologists as immunosuppressive agents are the mainstay of treatment in these patients. Tacrolimus is used along with steroids. This study is conducted to see the relationship between the tacrolimus dose, drug level and response in the management of SRNS. Methods: This quasi experimental study was conducted at The Children’s Hospital Lahore over a period of one year. Patients with SRNS of either sex and 1–10years of age were included and those with secondary nephrotic syndrome were excluded. Tacrolimus was given at a dose of 0.05–0.1 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses along with steroids. The follow-up was done for six months with proteinuria monitoring and tacrolimus drug levels done two weeks after initiation of treatment. Results: Out of 42 patients, 27 (64.3%) were males and 15 (35.7%) were females. The most common histological diagnosis observed was mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis in 30 (71.4%) patients. The tacrolimus trough level range was 0.5–15.20 ng/ml with a mean value of 4.68 ng/ml±2.85. Forty-one (97.6%) children showed complete response to treatment while one patient showed partial response. Conclusion: This study suggests that tacrolimus is an effective drug for treatment of SRNS in paediatric patients and there is no linear relationship between the drug dose, response and drug level.
Reflections on Management Education and Development: Drift or Thrust Into the 21st Century?

The article reviews the book “Management Education and Development: Drift or Thrust Into the 21st Century,” by Larry Cummings.
Quantum Imagination

Computing is not about physicality--it's about imagination. The Web extra at https://youtu.be/dv-1OsAL6rI is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he talks about how computing is not about physicality--it's about imagination.
TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS AND UVEITIS SYNDROME WITH A PRIMARY PRESENTATION OF ACUTE POSTERIOR MULTIFOCAL PLACOID PIGMENT EPITHELIOPATHY

Purpose:To report a case of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome with a primary presentation of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy after use of lamotrigine.Methods:Retrospective case report with ultra-widefield fundus imaging, optical coherence tomography, and flu
Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Reentry Vehicles: Trajectory Optimization and Sensitivities

This paper presents a trajectory optimization method for reentry vehicles. Though the problem has been treated before, here we present a new way that is geared towards integration of the trajectory optimization problem with vehicle shape and structural sizing optimization problem. The gradient-based optimization techniques are used to obtain the optimal solution and its sensitivities with respect to problem parameters. The main thrust of this work is concentrated on finding an efficient way for solving the optimization problem and the sensitivity analysis. The new trajectory module is integrated into in a new tool for the preliminary design and optimization (PDOT) of launch and re-entry vehicles. As part of the solution the overall problem is simplified by switching from the time domain into a velocity domain. This reduces the number of constraints and allows efficient sensitivity analysis. Heat transfer constraints are imposed along the trajectory by using a cumulative constraint function. The sensitivity analysis is done throughout the search of a feasible direction providing good approximations to the optimal solution when vehicle shape or structural design parameters are changed.
Rapid S-phase determination of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with the use of an immunofluorescence bromodeoxyuridine labeling index procedure.

Cell kinetic measurements are currently being investigated to determine if they are useful in the clinical management of patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs). Although the tritiated thymidine labeling index (TLI) is the standard method of S-phase measurement, it is difficult to perform. The authors describe a slide-based immunofluorescence labeling index (LI) method that uses 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) as the pulsing medium and a monoclonal antibody (BU-1) to BrdUrd. The BrdUrd LI was performed on 217 NHLs and compared with routine histologic results. The authors found a median BrdUrd LI of 0.9% for low-grade NHLs; 7.5% for intermediate-grade; 10.4% for high-grade; and 2.2% for T-cell NHLs. This method provides a rapid, reliable S-phase measurement that can be easily performed in the clinical laboratory. It should replace the TLI and allow wider application of S-phase measurements in the NHL.
Early Intensive Chemotherapy for Children with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: The Pediatric Oncology Group Experience (1981–1991)

During the past decade, the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) clinical trials for childhood acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) have focused on the early phases of treatment since the median time to relapse tends to occur within the first six to nine months after diagnosis. The POG protocols have asked both remission induction and postremission questions with an emphasis on dose intensity of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and ’the use of “non cross-resistant pairs of drugs” [1,2]. The most recent POG protocol (AML 8821) asked a postremission question comparing autologous bone marrow transplantation to six months of multi-agent chemotherapy that included high dose ara-C. The long term results of the POG protocols 8101 and 8498 and the preliminary results from POG 8821 are reported in this manuscript.
Economics, management, and public health nutrition.

The quality of health care in this country is under fire—especially as costs continue to escalate. The author points out the cost-effective potential of a nutritional component in health care delivery and the importance of increasing nutritionists' productivity by using simple managerial techniques.
All That Glitters: Fund Raising for Special Collections in Academic Libraries

In the wake of inflation, the devaluation of the dollar against foreign currencies and a persistent decline of federal and state support, an increasing number of the nation’s research libraries have, over the past decade, sought outside funding to supplement their operational and acquisitions budgets. In that time, a small body of literature on the subject has accumulated, most of it practical or descriptive in nature, and some of it useful.1 Since the tenets of library fund raising for special collections essentially are the same ones employed in fund raising for research libraries generally, this body of literature can serve . . .
CD137 Stimulation Enhances Cetuximab-Induced Natural Killer: Dendritic Cell Priming of Antitumor T-Cell Immunity in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose: Cetuximab, an EGFR-specific antibody (mAb), modestly improves clinical outcome in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Cetuximab mediates natural killer (NK) cell:dendritic cell (DC) cross-talk by cross-linking FcγRIIIa, which is important for inducing antitumor cellular immunity. Cetuximab-activated NK cells upregulate the costimulatory receptor CD137 (4-1BB), which, when triggered by agonistic mAb urelumab, might enhance NK-cell functions, to promote T-cell–based immunity. Experimental design: CD137 expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was evaluated in a prospective cetuximab neoadjuvant trial, and CD137 stimulation was evaluated in a phase Ib trial, in combining agonistic urelumab with cetuximab. Flow cytometry and cytokine release assays using NK cells and DC were used in vitro, testing the addition of urelumab to cetuximab-activated NK, DC, and cross presentation to T cells. Results: CD137 agonist mAb urelumab enhanced cetuximab-activated NK-cell survival, DC maturation, and tumor antigen cross-presentation. Urelumab boosted DC maturation markers, CD86 and HLA DR, and antigen-processing machinery (APM) components TAP1/2, leading to increased tumor antigen cross-presentation. In neoadjuvant cetuximab-treated patients with HNC, upregulation of CD137 by intratumoral, cetuximab-activated NK cells correlated with FcγRIIIa V/F polymorphism and predicted clinical response. Moreover, immune biomarker modulation was observed in an open label, phase Ib clinical trial, of patients with HNC treated with cetuximab plus urelumab. Conclusions: These results suggest a beneficial effect of combination immunotherapy using cetuximab and CD137 agonist in HNC. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 707–16. ©2016 AACR.
Physical Activity for Strengthening Fracture Prone Regions of the Proximal Femur.

Purpose of Review Physical activity improves proximal femoral bone health; however, it remains unclear whether changes translate into a reduction in fracture risk. To enhance any fracture-protective effects of physical activity, fracture prone regions within the proximal femur need to be targeted.
Promoting Behavioral Change in Psychoanalytic Treatments.

One of the shibboleths of psychoanalysis is that treatment should not target behavioral change, focusing instead on gaining insight and the therapeutic relationship (Freud, 1917; 1923; Gabbard, 2014; Greenson, 1967). Such an approach is believed to be accompanied by disruptions of exploration or problematic distortions of the transference (Freud, 1917; 1923; Gabbard, 2014; Greenson, 1967). However, ignoring behavioral change can put patients at increased risk for stalemates in treatment and persistent problematic behaviors that interfere with improvement and impair relationships. This article suggests that rather than being at odds or disruptive, efforts at behavioral change can be part of the development and employment of a psychodynamic formulation, and can be used to enhance self-understanding and exploration of the transference. Psychoanalytic approaches provide strategies for behavioral change not included in other psychotherapeutic treatments. This article describes a variety of ways in which effort...
Research on long-range real-time visible light communications over phosphorescent LEDs

Breakthrough progresses had been achieved in high-rate visible light communications for the past several years, which employed advanced material LEDs and were processed off-line, but only in a short transmission range. It is an incentive to exploit a real-time visible light communication system with a long transmission range over a high-power commercial LED. This paper proposes the methods from baseband modem procedures to improvements in optical transceivers to obtain an on-line long-range transmission utilizing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and phosphorescent LEDs. Implementations verified the feasibility of extending the communication distance with a low-cost phosphorescent LED through those methods proposed.
Is it ‘just hair’ or is it ‘everything’? Embodiment and gender repression in policing

Police department policies often require women to engage in identificatory displays inconsistent with sex category expectations. Compliance, while potentially increasing acceptance within policing, may reflect a loss of agency in aesthetic choices that limits their ability to construct gender in both the professional and personal spheres. Some women may comply without experiencing negative consequences, while others may exhibit tacit or resistant compliance reflecting their loss of agency. Women's differential reactions in response to these policies may help explain how some women become the embodiment of mythic visions associated with the profession. Through greater acceptance related to this adaptation, these women may reinforce the hostile environment experienced by other women within policing thereby propagating the status quo. In-depth interviews with female officers and background investigators illustrate the impact of one such policy, a restrictive haircut requirement for female recruits. The results reveal that women are split in their reactions to the policy; some women comply willingly and choose to become the embodiment of the symbolic vision of policing. Others struggle with compliance as the loss of agency impacts their embodied selves through silencing their bodies.
Kidney cancer: PSMA: a potential therapeutic target in RCC.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed by prostate cancer cells as well as endothelial cells within the neovasculature of a number of malignancies including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PET radiotracers that target PSMA have shown great promise for imaging RCC. Agents that target PSMA also have the potential to be used as therapeutics in patients with this malignancy.