cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Deformation Response of L-Grade Stainless Steels Relative To IGSCC in 288C Water

Laboratory testing of L-grade stainless steels in representative boiling water nuclear reactor (BWR) core environments has shown that the intergranular (IG) cracking behavior is sensitive to the composition, corrosion potential and cold work. The objective of this study is to explore the deformation response of L-grade stainless steels to better understand its role on the IGSCC behavior. The deformation response was studied as a function of composition to evaluate the phase stability, susceptibility to sensitization and creep relaxation behaviors. The effect of deformation on 304, 304L, 316L and 316NG materials were evaluated metallographically and as a function of thermal treatment using the double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) technique. Metallographic results show that 304L is most likely to form deformation induced martensite, consistent with calculations. The DL-EPR response of 304L and 316L/NG materials increases significantly upon thermal treatment of cold worked material. These results are being used to determine the combinations of cold work and thermal treatment that promote IGSCC in 288 C high purity water at {approximately} +200mV{sub SHE} of 304L weld material obtained from an unirradiated nuclear station core shroud. The creep relaxation response of 304, 304L, 316L and 316NG materials were evaluated as a function of themore » stress intensity in 288 C air using compact tension specimens. The preliminary results suggest that the lower alloyed 304L exhibits more creep strain in the same period of time than higher alloyed 316L/NG and Alloy 600 materials. These results have implications in terms of the slip-oxidation model for crack advance where higher creep rates are expected to promote a higher crack tip strain rate and faster crack growth rates. Future work will study the crack growth rates of 304W316L/316NG in various states of cold work and thermal treatment to evaluate the roles of phase stability, sensitization and creep relaxation on the cracking susceptibility.« less
Contrasting patterns in growth and survival of Central Valley fall run Chinook salmon related to hatchery and ocean conditions

The objective of this study was to determine important ocean and hatchery covariates influencing early growth and survival of Central Valley fall run Chinook salmon. We used a dataset of recaptured coded wire tagged hatchery Chinook salmon to estimate early growth and cohort survival. Ocean conditions during the period of early ocean entry were based on output from a coupled physical-biogeochemical model configured for the broader California Current region. We built generalized additive and generalized linear models to describe growth and survival and used Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) model selection to determine which hatchery and ocean covariates related best to response variables. With regards to hatchery covariates, growth was best explained by release location, while survival was best explained by release weight and hatchery of origin. The ocean conditions included in the best models for both growth and survival included diatoms, predatory zooplankton, temperature, and currents. We observed the highest rates of salmon survival when in situ physical ocean conditions were indicative of relaxation events. For all four ocean covariates, the response curves illustrated opposite patterns between growth and survival models. This result implies that during periods of low survival, juvenile salmon were either 1) growing at a faster rate, or 2) growth appeared to increase because smaller fish had a higher mortality rate than larger fish. The first explanation would imply density-dependence, whereas the second explanation would imply size-selective mortality. These alternatives have implications on hatchery practices including salmon size at release and number of salmon in release groups.
Performance Characterization of Parallel Discrete Event Simulation on Knights Landing Processor

Performance and scalability of Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) is often limited by fine-grain communication, especially in execution environments with high communication cost. However, the low cost of on-chip communication in emerging many-core processors offers a promise to substantially alleviate conventional PDES bottlenecks. In this paper, we present a detailed evaluation and characterization of multi-threaded ROSS simulator on Intel's Knights Landing (KNL) processor. KNL is the second generation of the Intel Xeon Phi family of processors offering significant architecture improvements including 64 out-of-order multithreaded cores, sharing of some levels of the cache hierarchy among the cores, fast 2D mesh interconnect network and the ability to reconfigure the processor to support various clustering modes. We analyze the performance and scalability of ROSS simulator on KNL processor under different thread counts, communication patterns, event processing granularities, synchronization periods, thread placement policies, and workload partitioning schemes. We conclude that within a single KNL processor, up to 2X performance improvement can be achieved compared to commodity Xeon multicore processors. We show that in most cases the performance of ROSS scales well with the best results achieved when thread affinity is assigned, CPU cores are evenly loaded, cache sharing is exploited and communication is limited to small clusters of cores.
Symmetric analysis, categorization, and optical spectrum of ideal pyramid quantum dots

Self-assembled quantum dots possess an intrinsic geometric symmetry. Applying group representation theory, we systematically analyze the symmetric properties of the bound states for ideal pyramid quantum dots, which neglect band mixing and strain effects. We label each bound state by its symmetry group's corresponding irreducible representation and define a concept called the quantum dots' symmetry category. A class of quantum dots with the same irreducible representation sequence of bound states are characterized as belonging to a specific symmetry category. This category concept generally describes the symmetric order of Hilbert space or wavefunction space. We clearly identify the connection between the symmetry category and the geometry of quantum dots by the symmetry category graph or map. The symmetry category change or transition corresponds to an accidental degeneracy of the bound states. The symmetry category and category transition are observable from the photocurrent spectroscopy or optical spectrum. For simplicity's sake, in this paper, we only focus on inter-subband transition spectra, but the methodology can be extended to the inter-band transition cases. We predict that from the spectral measurements, the quantum dots' geometric information may be inversely extracted.
Abstract WP160: Delirium in Right Hemisphere Stroke

Introduction: Delirium, a disorder of attention and arousal, poses a large public health burden. Inattention and fluctuating cognitive status, two primary delirium symptoms, also occur when specialized right brain systems are impaired. Although right hemisphere stroke may predispose to delirium, systematic assessment methods and management of these patients are not yet available. We sought to characterize the incidence of delirium in right hemisphere stroke patients and explore whether stroke localization was associated with delirium. Methods: We identified consecutive patients admitted to our stroke service with acute right hemisphere stroke over a 6-month period from our prospective stroke registry. We reviewed the medical record for core delirium symptoms: inattention, cognitive fluctuation, and either disorganized thinking, or altered level of consciousness. Delirium was assessed by systematically screening for trigger words. We compared baseline characteristics with Fisher’s exact and t-tests and assessed relation of stroke localization to delirium with logistic regression. Results: Of 105 patients with acute right hemisphere stroke, 27 (26%) had delirium. Delirium patients were older (mean age 78 vs. 68, p Conclusion: The high delirium incidence we found supports routine delirium screening in acute stroke patients. Stroke localization may be one factor to incorporate into screening tools. Studies to prospectively identify and treat delirium in both right and left hemisphere stroke patients are warranted.
Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles released from vascular smooth muscle cells during initiation of phosphate-induced mineralization.

Purpose/Aim: Elevated serum phosphate is one of the major factors contributing to vascular calcification. Studies suggested that extracellular vesicles released from vascular smooth muscle cells si...
Active White Space (AWS) in Logo Designs: Effects on Logo Evaluations and Brand Communication

In this article, we explore Active White Space (AWS)—the space between individual logo design elements—as a stylistic modification that revamps a logo design yet preserves its extant associations. ...
Heat Exchangers for Vapor-Cooled Conducting Supports of Cryostats

The design of thermally efficient supports for cryogenic vessels is approached with renewed interest in view of today’s large-scale applications of superconductivity [1]. In large superconducting systems such as electric machines and magnetic energy storage units, the supports of the superconducting magnet must transmit considerable mechanical loads and, at the same time, provide adequate rigidity.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CATHEPSIN D

ABSTRACT Two cathepsin D isozymes, A and B, have been purified from bovine spleen using a large-scale purification scheme. The bovine isozyme have identical molecular weights of 46, 000 daltons. Each isozyme consists of a mixture of single-chain and two-chain species. The latter contains a light chain and a heavy chain, with molecular weights of 12, 000 and 34, 000 daltons, respectively. The N-terminal sequence of the light chain, after isolation from a Sephadex G-75 column chromatography in 6 M urea, is very homologous to that of other carboxyl proteases, such as pepsin. This homology includes the region near the known active site Asp-32. The N-terminal sequence of the single chain Is the same as that of the light chain. These results indicate that the two-chain isozyme must have been generated from the single-chain isozyme by specific proteolysis. Specific carboxyl protease inactivator, diazoacetyl norleucine methyl ester, incorporates one residue of norleucine in the heavy chain, which is consistent with the known active-site Asp-215 in other carboxyl proteases. These results indicate that the overall primary and three-dimensional structures of cathepsin D from bovine spleen are very homologous to other carboxyl proteases. Current results on bovine spleen cathepsin D were compared to our previous studies on cathepsin D isozymes from porcine spleen. The porcine organ contains 4 two-chain isozymes and 1 single-chain isozyme. The molecular weights, polypeptide chain arrangements, and N-terminal sequence data are similar to that of bovine. The porcine spleen, however, contains a high-molecular-weight cathepsin D of over 100, 000 daltons. This isozyme speciess cross-reacts with the antibody raised against the heavy chain. This high-molecular-weight species may be the precursor of the single- and two-chain cathepsin D isozymes.
Thermal Conductivity of Selected Stainless Steels

The available experimental data and information for the thermal conductivity of stainless steels have been exhaustively searched, comprehensively compiled, and critically evaluated. The analysis took into account factors such as amount and nature of alloying element, presence of cold-work, and thermal history. Also, a significant number of stainless steels produced in other nations were included as equivalent stainless steels in the thermal conductivity data base. Subsequently, recommended values were generated for selected stainless steels with austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and precipitation-hardening types being included. Results for AISI 302, 304, 310, 316, 321, 410, 430, 446, and 631 stainless steels are presented in survey fashion with AISI 304 steel being discussed in greater detail.
Pore saturation model for capillary imbibition and drainage pressures

Leaching and transport of radionuclides from cementitious waste forms and from waste tanks is a concern at the Savannah River Site and other Department of Energy sites. Computer models are used to predict the rate and direction for migration of these through the surrounding soil. These models commonly utilize relative permeability and capillary pressure correlations to calculate migration rates in the vadose (unsaturated) zone between the surface and the water table. The most commonly used capillary pressure models utilize two parameters to relate the pressure to the relative saturation between the wetting (liquid) and nonwetting (gas) phases. The correlation typically takes the form of a power law relation or an exponential equation. A pore saturation model is used to derive the secondary drainage pressure and the bounding imbibition pressure as functions of a characteristic pore pressure and the liquid saturation. The model utilizes singularity analyses of the total energies of the liquid and gas to obtain residual saturations for the two phases. The model successfully correlates a selected set of laboratory imbibition and drainage data for sand. The capillary pressure model utilizes a single fitting parameter, a characteristic pore pressure, which is related to a characteristic pore diameter by the Laplace equation. This pore diameter approximately equals the diameters predicted by two different geometric pore models based on the particle diameter.
Comparison of automated and manual drying in the elimination of residual endoscope working channel fluid after reprocessing (with video).

Background and Aims Residual fluid within endoscope working channels after reprocessing may promote growth of pathogens. Current reprocessing guidelines therefore recommend endoscope drying with administration of forced filtered air; however, the duration and modality of administered air are not specified. The new DriScope Aid device enables automated administration of filtered air at controlled pressure through all internal endoscope channels. We systematically compared, for the first time, the impact of manual drying and automated drying on retained working channel fluid and bioburden after reprocessing. Methods We assessed for residual working channel fluid after reprocessing and/or drying by using the SteriCam borescope. Drying was performed either manually (forced filtered air) or was automated (DriScope Aid) for either 5 or 10 minutes. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence testing was performed on working channel rinsates after drying, to evaluate for residual bioburden. Results Significantly more fluid droplets were evident after manual drying (4.55 ± 6.14) than with automated device–facilitated drying for either 5 minutes (0.83 ± 1.29; P = .007) or 10 minutes (0 ± 0; P = .001). ATP bioluminescence values were higher for manual drying compared with automated drying at 48 hours (P = .001) and 72 hours (P = .014) after reprocessing. Conclusions We demonstrate significantly fewer water droplets and delayed ATP bioluminescence values within endoscope working channels after automated drying compared with manual drying. In particular, virtually no retained fluid was evident within endoscope working channels after automated drying for 10 minutes. These findings support recommendations for automation of as many reprocessing steps as possible. Automated drying may decrease the risk of transmission of infection related to endoscopy.
Does Unemployment Steer Personal and Corporate Bankruptcies

When companies fail workers lose their jobs which raises the unemployment rate and some displaced workers with less financial wealth, larger financial obligations, and who are the sole bread winners in a family become likely candidates for a personal bankruptcy filing. The central role played by the unemployment rate in this nexus of decline – unemployment, corporate bankruptcy, and personal bankruptcy – is not well understood. This knowledge is critically important to policy makers seeking to predict when a weakened economy will emerge from the throes of an infectious cycle of economic despair. This paper documents a strong positive relationship between unemployment, personal bankruptcy and corporate bankruptcy. The relationship between unemployment and bankruptcy is contemporaneous with respect to consumer bankruptcies but is both contemporaneous and lagged with respect to business bankruptcies. That is, business bankruptcies are related to lagged unemployment while personal bankruptcies are related to the current unemployment rate. Unemployment’s lagged impact on business bankruptcies may result from consumer spending being slow to respond to changes in family circumstances similar to Duesenberry’s (1949) relative income hypothesis. In contrast, a rise in the current unemployment rate caused by people losing their jobs and income leads directly to personal bankruptcies. The three way relationship is tested with state level data in a 19 year panel study with coefficient estimates derived from OLS, 2SLS and 3SLS regressions. After controlling for other factors such as GDP, employment levels, and aggregate financial state variables, a 10% increase in current unemployment is found to increase corporate bankruptcies by 23.2%, while a 10% increase in lagged unemployment leads to a 4.6% increase in corporate bankruptcies. Similarly, a 10% increase in the current unemployment rate increases personal bankruptcies by 14.4%. These high elasticity values result from the extraordinary volatility in the two bankruptcy rates. Further, a 10% increase in the corporate bankruptcy rate increases personal bankruptcies by 2.2% , while a 10% increase in personal bankruptcies increases corporate bankruptcies by 7.8% and the unemployment rate by 0.4%. These results clearly demonstrate that the three rates are positively related and should be considered together when designing economic or social policy.
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE TEACHERS’ SELF-EFFICACY IN INDONESIAN INCLUSIVE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS A LITERATURE REVIEW

ABSTRACT Inclusive education (IE) has emerged worldwide since the United Nations held the international campaign of the World Declaration on Education for All. In 2003, the Indonesian government began to promote this new system by a new Law on the National Education System (Act N0. 20/ 2003) that directs its regions to have a minimum four inclusive schools. With the IE system, the school attendance of special need students (SNS) increased from 29,104 to 1,500,625. Previous studies suggest that the success of IE implementation depends on teachers. However, the results indicate that Indonesian teachers lack skills and knowledge that lead to their low levels of self-efficacy to support SNS in their classes. Many studies suggest the use of Bandura’s sources of self-efficacy theory to provide adequate related professional development programs for teachers. However, they partially discussed strategies to improve teachers’ self-efficacy. Thus, the current study aims to synthesize the existing literature on strategies to improve teachers’ self-efficacy. Adjustments to Indonesian inclusive education context are discussed. Keywords: Inclusive Education , Self-Efficacy , Elementary School .
Improving postural symmetry: The effectiveness of the CATCH (Combined Approach to Treatment for Children with Hemiplegia) protocol.

PURPOSE To evaluate postural symmetry in sitting and standing for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (hCP) following the Combined Approach to Treatment for Children with Hemiplegia (CATCH) protocol, an intervention combining Constraint Induced Movement Therapy, Bimanual Intensive Therapy and Neuro-Developmental Treatment. METHODS The study included 10 children with a diagnosis of hCP and 10 typically developing age-matched peers. Subjects participated in a CATCH camp for six hours daily for eight consecutive days. Postural symmetry measurements in quiet sitting and standing were obtained using a Boditrak pressure-mapping system at four time points: prior to start of camp (T1), first day of camp (T2), last day of camp (T3), and one month post-camp (T4). RESULTS Significant differences (p< 0.05) were found in quiet sitting when comparing postural symmetry pre-intervention and one-month post camp. In quiet standing, significant differences (p< 0.05) were found when pre-intervention was compared to one-month post-intervention. One month post-intervention, the intervention group showed no significant difference from the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS Children with hCP demonstrate improvement in postural symmetry in sitting and standing following participation in a CATCH camp. Following the intervention, children with hCP continued to improve postural symmetry and approach age-matched peers.
Spelling Doom? Shifts in Consensus on Time Horizons on VC-Backed Startup Boards

Venture capital backed startups aim for valuable exits. Yet, startup boards approve the low-valued exits. Why does this happen? This study explores an important but understudied factor: time horizo...
Which Reading Levels Work Best Together? Can we Include Students with Special Needs? The 2011–2013 Group Report

The study’s results suggest that the Reading Orienteering Club offers potential as an after-school community-based reading program. The Reading Orienteering Club uses group-centered prevention teaching techniques and employs intrinsic motivation and vowel clustering to address the needs of children presently failing in reading. Analysis of the data showed consistent improvement in spelling, reading, comprehension, and sight words for all students. Scores for students identified with special needs did not reflect as much improvement as the scores from other students, but this is to be expected. Every student is an individual and learns at their own pace. Students with special needs will obviously learn at a slower pace. We are encouraged by the improvement shown by the special needs students. Future research should examine teaching methods. The way that children are grouped together often determines their success or failure when they are learning to read.
The narrative that wasn’t: what passes for discourse in the age of Trump:

This article considers political discourse and the role it played in the 2016 US presidential election while paying particular attention to its construction of narrative. Foucault’s understanding o...
Can Privacy Nudges be Tailored to Individuals' Decision Making and Personality Traits?

While the effectiveness of nudges in influencing user behavior has been documented within the literature, most prior work in the privacy field has focused on 'one-size-fits-all' interventions. Recent behavioral research has identified the potential of tailoring nudges to users by leveraging individual differences in decision making and personality. We present the results of three online experiments aimed at investigating whether nudges tailored to various psychometric scales can influence participants' disclosure choices. Each study adopted a difference-in-differences design, testing whether differences in disclosure rates for participants presented with a nudge were affected by differences along various psychometric variables. Study 1 used a hypothetical disclosure scenario to measure participants' responses to a single nudge. Study 2 and its replication (Study 3) tested responses in real disclosure scenarios to two nudges. Across all studies, we failed to find significant effects robustly linking any of the measured psychometric variables to differences in disclosure rates. We describe our study design and results along with a discussion of the practicality of using decision making and personality traits to tailor privacy nudges.
Conductive filament shape in HfO2 electrochemical metallization cells under a range of forming voltages.

The development of neuromorphic computing architectures based on two terminal filamentary resistance switching devices is limited in part by the high degree of variability in resistance states and switching voltages. Because of the large role filament shape plays in directing thermal and electric fields around the filament (and thus switching parameters), unambiguous knowledge of filament morphology resulting from direct characterization of filament shape is essential to solve critical ongoing challenges of device switching variability. Here, we have utilized a conductive atomic force microscopy scalpel technique to simultaneously scribe through a polycrystalline dielectric layer in formed Cu/HfO2/p+Si electrochemical metallization cell devices. Filament tomograms reveal that when conductive filaments are formed at typical bias conditions (4 V, 100 μA), a variety of filament shapes result, which deviate from the inverse conical shape predicted by the phenomenological electrochemical model. Furthermore, the observation of an increasing spectrum of damage which scales with forming voltage (associated with compliance current overshoot), and which is uncorrelated with electric field or oxide microstructure, supports the role of thermal pulses in expanding filaments, leading to irreversible dielectric breakdown structures at the extreme. Overall, these findings suggest that the original conductive filament shape can be highly varied as a result of thermally driven expansion from joule heating during the forming step, which is not explicitly accounted for in the widely accepted electrochemical model.
System Performance with varying L1 Instruction and Data Cache Sizes: An Empirical Analysis

In this project, we investigate the fluctuations in performance caused by changing the Instruction (I-cache) size and the Data (D-cache) size in the L1 cache. We employ the Gem5 framework to simulate a system with varying specifications on a single host machine. We utilize the FreqMine benchmark available under the PARSEC suite as the workload program to benchmark our simulated system. The Out-order CPU (O3) with Ruby memory model was simulated in a Full-System X86 environment with Linux OS. The chosen metrics deal with Hit Rate, Misses, Memory Latency, Instruction Rate, and Bus Traffic within the system. Performance observed by varying L1 size within a certain range of values was used to compute Confidence Interval based statistics for relevant metrics. Our expectations, corresponding experimental observations, and discrepancies are also discussed in this report.
Patterns of inheritance of acylsugar acyl groups in selected interspecific hybrids of genus Nicotiana.

Glandular trichomes on the surface of Solanaceae species produce acyl sugars that are species-, and cultivar-specific. Acyl sugars are known to possess insecticidal, antibiotic, and hormone-like properties, and as such have great potential as a class of naturally occurring pesticides and antibiotics. The objective of this work was to analyze the acyl composition of acyl sugars in the leaf trichome exudate from selected Nicotiana species and to follow the inheritance of acyl content in their hybrids. Trichome exudates were collected, and the acyl profiles of acyl sugars were identified via GC–MS. The variations in acyl group inheritance in the hybrids (a single parent resemblance, missing, complementary, and novel groups) matched the patterns described in the literature for a variety of secondary metabolites. However, we did not find a complementation of major parental acyl groups. Instead, in some hybrids we observed a dynamic change in the proportions of acyl groups, distinguishing the acyl group profiles as novel. We observed paternal (i.e. N. tabacum cv. Turkish Samsun × N. benthamiana hybrids) and maternal (i.e. N. tabacum cv. Samsun-nn × N. otophora) inheritance patterns, novel acyl profiles (N. excelsior hybrids), and missing acyl groups (N. excelsiana). Selective inheritance of some acyl groups in the hybrids of N. benthamiana (4- and 5-methylheptanoic isomers) or N. alata (octanoate) was found. Suggestions are given to explain certain patterns of inheritance. The data presented here contribute to the body of knowledge about the effect of interspecific hybridization on the secondary metabolites by including acylsugar acyl groups that have not been studied previously.
Electric charge in hyperbolic motion: the early history

The study of an electric charge in hyperbolic motion is an important aspect of Minkowski’s geometrical formulation of electrodynamics. In “Space and Time”, his last publication before his premature death, Minkowski gives a brief geometrical recipe for calculating the four-force with which an electric charge acts on another electric charge. The subsequent work of Born, Sommerfeld, Laue, and Pauli filled in the missing derivation details. Here, we bring together these early contributions, in an effort to provide a more modern, accessible, and unified exposition of the early history of the electric charge in hyperbolic motion.
Quantifying Repugnance to Price Gouging with An Incentivized Reporting Experiment (preprint)

Anti-price gouging laws are ubiquitous and people take costly actions to report violators to law-enforcement agencies, which suggests that they value punishing price increases during emergencies. We argue with a model that consumer reports contain information about repugnance to price gouging, or willingness to prevent third-party transactions (Roth, 2007). We conduct a field experiment during the first wave of COVID-19 to measure individuals’ willingness to pay to report sellers who increase prices of personal protective equipment. The willingness to pay to report is non-negligible, polarized, and responsive to the seller's price. We also find that repugnance is partly due to distaste for seller profits, depending on the product.
SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Receptor Protein Expression Patterns Throughout Gestation.

We previously demonstrated that the late gestation placental expression pattern of ACE2 (the primary SARS-CoV-2 receptor) is localized to the villous syncytiotrophoblast (ST), usually in a polarized membranous pattern at the ST base sparing the apical surface (that directly exposed to maternal blood). We found that the late gestation placental expression pattern of TMPRSS2 (the spike proteinase required for SARS-CoV-2 cellular infection), is usually absent in the trophoblast but rarely, weakly expressed in the placental endothelium. We now show the developmental protein expression patterns of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 by immunohistochemistry throughout gestation, from first through third trimester. We found TMPRSS2 expression was rarely detectable in villous endothelium and very rarely detectable in the ST across gestation. We found ACE2 expression varied during gestation with circumferential ST expression more common in early gestations and polarized expression more common in later gestation. Although this study is small, these preliminary results suggest that earlier gestation pregnancies may be more vulnerable to infection than later gestation pregnancies.
On Commodity Prices and Factor Rewards: A Close Look at Sign Patterns

The effect of changes in commodity prices on factor rewards is studied in the multi-commodity, multi-factor case. It is shown that the inverse of the distributive share matrix must satisfy the following restriction: it cannot be anti-symmetric in its sign pattern. This means that one cannot partition the commodities into two groups (I and II) and factors into two groups (A and B), such that all factors in group A benefit (nominally) from all commodity price increases in group I, and simultaneously all factors in group B suffer from all commodity price increases in group II. It turns out that this is also the only sign-pattern restriction imposed by the general nature of the relationship of commodity prices and factor rewards.
Positive Allometry of Antlers in the “Irish Elk”, Megaloceros giganteus

Megaloceros giganteus, the famous Eurasian giant deer of Late Pleistocene times, possessed the largest antlers ever known: reliable estimates of their total span range up to 4 m.
The Development of an Efficient Numerical Orbital Algorithm for Polyatomic Systems: A Review of the Various Options

In most ab initio calculations, atomic and molecular orbitals are described by an expansion of simple basis functions e.g. Gaussians or Slaters. The nonlinear parameters in these basis functions are chosen using a variety of methods including optimized atomic calculations and various tempering schemes [1]. When only low to moderate accuracy is required (greater than 1 millihartree), an appropriate set of parameters can be easily selected and the desired calculation quickly completed. As the demand for higher and higher accuracy has grown, however, the limitation of these methods has become increasingly apparent. In particular, there is still no systematic way to increase the size of the basis set or to reliably estimate the basis set truncation error despite a number of recent studies [2].
Mechanics of Robotic Manipulation

"Manipulation" refers to a variety of physical changes made to the world around us. Mechanics of Robotic Manipulation addresses one form of robotic manipulation, moving objects, and the various processes involved---grasping, carrying, pushing, dropping, throwing, and so on. Unlike most books on the subject, it focuses on manipulation rather than manipulators. This attention to processes rather than devices allows a more fundamental approach, leading to results that apply to a broad range of devices, not just robotic arms. The book draws both on classical mechanics and on classical planning, which introduces the element of imperfect information. The book does not propose a specific solution to the problem of manipulation, but rather outlines a path of inquiry.
Teaching of uncertainty analysis and risk assessment in civil engineering

There have been many research results related to uncertainty analysis and risk assessment during the past several decades. However, practical applications of these results remain scarce. The slow growth in interest, both in academic and among practicing engineers, in rigorous risk assessment and uncertainty analysis signals a need to reexamine our current means and practice of delivering the risk assessment education to our students. In this paper, a discussion on various techniques in teaching uncertainty analysis and its applications to engineering decision-making are presented. In addition, steps are recommended to develop a decision making framework for the environmental and infrastructure systems.
Women’s Health Interventions

“Women’s health interventions” is a newly coined term in Interventional Radiology. It describes the group of Interventional Radiology procedures that are related to female pelvic structures and includes Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE) or Uterine Fibroid Embolization (UFE), Ovarian Vein Embolization for Pelvic Congestion Syndrome (PCS), and Fallopian Tube Recanalization. Each procedure will be ­discussed separately.
Spray Layer-by-Layer Electrospun Composite Proton Exchange Membranes

Polymer electrolyte films are deposited onto highly porous electrospun mats using layer-by-layer (LbL) processing to fabricate composite proton conducting membranes. By simply changing the assembly conditions for generation of the LbL film on the nanofiber mat substrate, three different and unique composite film morphologies can be achieved in which the electrospun mats provide mechanical support; the LbL assembly produces highly conductive films that coat the mats in a controlled fashion, separately providing the ionic conductivity and fuel blocking characteristics of the composite membrane. Coating an electrospun mat with the LbL dipping process produces composite membranes with “webbed” morphologies that link the fibers in-plane and give the composite membrane in-plane proton conductivities similar to that of the pristine LbL system. In contrast, coating an electrospun mat using the spray-LbL process without vacuum produces a uniform film that bridges across all of the pores of the mat. These membranes have methanol permeability similar to free-standing poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)/sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene oxide) (PDAC/sPPO) thin films. Coating an electrospun mat with the vacuum-assisted spray-LbL process produces composite membranes with conformally coated fibers throughout the bulk of the mat with nanometer control of the coating thickness on each fiber. The mechanical properties of the LbL-coated mats display composite properties, exhibiting the strength of the glassy PDAC/sPPO films when dry and the properties of the underlying electrospun polyamide mat when hydrated. By combining the different spray-LbL fabrication techniques with electrospun fiber supports and tuning the parameters, mechanically stable membranes with high selectivity can be produced, potentially for use in fuel cell applications.
Molecular mechanisms of functional rescue mediated by P53 tumor suppressor mutations.

We have utilized both molecular dynamics simulations and solution biophysical measurements to investigate the rescue mechanism of mutation N235K, which plays a key role in the recently identified global suppressor motif of K235/Y239/R240 in the human p53 DNA-binding domain (DBD). Previous genetic analysis indicates that N235K alone rescues five out of six destabilized cancer mutants. However, the solution biophysical measurement shows that N235K generates only a slight increase to the stability of DBD, implying a rescue mechanism that is not a simple additive contribution to thermodynamic stability. Our molecular simulations show that the N235K substitution generates two non-native salt bridges with residues D186 and E198. We find that the nonnative salt bridges, D186-K235 and E198-K235, and a native salt bridge, E171-R249, are mutually exclusive, thus resulting in only a marginal increase in stability as compared to the wild type protein. When a destabilized V157F is paired with N235K, the native salt bridge E171-R249 is retained. In this context, the non-native salt bridges, D186-K235 and E198-K235, produce a net increase in stability as compared to V157F alone. A similar rescue mechanism may explain how N235K stabilize other highly unstable β-sandwich cancer mutants.
Acyl Coenzyme A Binding Protein: CONFORMATIONAL SENSITIVITY TO LONG CHAIN FATTY ACYL-CoA

Cellular unbound long chain fatty acyl-CoAs (>14 carbon) are potent regulators of gene transcription and intracellular signaling. Although the cytosolic acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) has high affinity for medium chain fatty acyl-CoAs, direct interaction of ACBP with >14-carbon fatty acyl-CoAs has not been established. Steady state, photon counting fluorescence spectroscopy directly established that rat liver ACBP bound 18-carbon cis- andtrans-parinaroyl-CoA, K d = 7.03 ± 0.95 and 4.40 ± 0.43 nm. Time-resolved fluorometry revealed that ACBP-bound parinaroyl-CoAs had high rotational freedom within the single, relatively hydrophobic (e 14-carbon fatty acyl-CoAs with nanomolar affinity at a single binding site. Acyl-CoA-induced conformational alterations in ACBP may be significant to its putative functions in lipid metabolism and regulation of processes sensitive to unbound long chain fatty acyl-CoAs.
THE EFFECTS OF FEDERAL INCOME TAXATION ON THE FORM OF EXTERNAL FINANCING BY BUSINESS

The general problem of the sources and quantity of funds available for corporate investment has been discussed by the preceding speakers and in recent literature' and will not be explored here. A complete discussion of the problem requires a consideration of many factors, such as internal sources of funds, from retained earnings and depreciation, and external financing. The latter involves such questions as the federal budget, the size of the national income, gross and net capital formation, individual saving, as well as money market conditions.
Sample Entropy Statistics and Testing for Order in Complex Physiological Signals

Sample Entropy (SampEn) statistics have provided insight into the amount of order present in several types of complex physiological time series, particularly the heart rate dynamics of premature infants. Very little, however, is known of SampEn's statistical properties and this has hindered strategies for optimization and significance testing. This article shows that SampEn statistics are asymptotically Gaussian under general conditions. A straightforward point estimate of the statistic's variance is developed and compared to empirical results obtained from complex surrogate data. Statistical tests are developed to quantify the amount and scale of order detected in a signal. These tests are used to show that significant order is, in fact, being detected in the heart rate dynamics of neonates, and to suggest strategies for optimizing the analysis parameters.
Acoustic micromachining of three-dimensional surfaces for biological applications

We present the use of an accessible micromachining technique (acoustic micromachining) for manufacturing micron-feature surfaces with non-discretely varying depth. Acoustic micromachining allows for non-photolithographic production of metal templates with programmable spatial patterns and involves the use of standard acoustic, cutting and electroplating equipment for mass production of vinyl records. Simple 3D patterns were transferred from an acoustic signal into working nickel templates, from which elastic polymer molds were obtained, featuring deep surface grooves and non-discrete (smooth) variations in the z-dimension. Versatility and applicability of the method is demonstrated in obtaining microfluidics structures, manufacturing high-surface area wavy polymer fibers, assembly of cell networks on scaffolds with 3D topography, and microcontact printing of proteins and cells.
Environmental embrittlement of a third generation γ TiAl alloy

Abstract Exposure of a Ti-45Al-5Nb alloy to elevated temperatures has been shown to result in a loss of ductility resulting from a near surface effect involving diffusion of oxygen into the alloy. Local electrode atom probe analysis was conducted at 2, 13, and 25 μm distance from the oxide/base-metal interface. Oxygen was preferentially located in the α2 phase with concentrations up to 14.8 at.% and diminishing with increasing distance from the surface. Near surface microstructural changes were only visible up to 10 μm from the surface but the oxygen diffusion significantly exceeded that distance. The diffusion coefficient of oxygen into the α2 phase was estimated based on the oxygen concentrations obtained from local electrode atom probe analysis. Fluorine ion implantation on the surface was investigated as a possible solution to the embrittlement.
II — Tesla's contribution to high frequency

DURING the early part of the last decade of the 19th century the attention of the whole scientific world was challenged by Nikola Tesla's public demonstrations of the effects of high-frequency alternating currents. It was then very early in the commercial age of electricity. The incandescent light had not yet become commonplace, electric traction was just being introduced, and the controversy over the relative advantages of the a-c and d-c systems was at its height. Tesla's own contribution to this controversy — one destined to be largely influential in the ultimate establishment of the low-frequency a-c system of distribution — was fresh in mind. The scientific world, stimulated by the brilliant investigations of Hertz in the latter part of the previous decade, was just beginning to adjust itself to the actuality of electrical effects at a distance without the use of wires and to the explanation of them as due to electromagnetic radiation. Further, it must be remembered that the beautiful and curious phenomena of conduction through low-pressure gases at that time had neither lost their novelty nor received any convincing explanation.
Schottky Effect and Contact Potential Measurements on Thoriated Tungsten Filaments

The Schottky effect for thoriated tungsten filaments is investigated and Schottky's relation that $log i\ensuremath{\propto}{(V)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ is verified at high fields, but fails at gradients below 10000 volts/cm, even for fully activated surfaces. This lack of saturation at low fields is accentuated by the effect of bombardment with high velocity positive ions, such bombardment apparently producing a surface roughening and consequently increased fields in local areas. Investigation with low accelerating and retarding voltages, while varying the temperature and state of activation of the filament, allows a comparison of the contact potential and the work function at the absolute zero of temperature (${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$) for the thoriated surface. The two values (contact potential and ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$) are found to vary with a one-to-one correspondence if $\ensuremath{\varphi}$, the work function at the temperature of measurement, be allowed a temperature coefficient. This coefficient is much larger than can be attributed to the specific heat of the electrons in the metal. The electrons with high velocities show a Maxwellian velocity distribution. Near the zero of potential there are certain anomalous effects and a "patch surface" is postulated which, in a qualitative manner, explains this behavior and the lack of current saturation with voltage gradients below a limiting value.
Criminal Contemplation, National Context, and Deterrence

Using random samples of adults from three European countries rarely surveyed about crime-related issues, this study seeks to identify, with more extensive indicators than is typical, individuals who are likely to contemplate the commission of criminal acts. Then, it assesses the contextual universality of deterrence claims by estimating the deterrent effectiveness of perceived formal and informal sanctions for theft and violence among crime contemplators in Greece, Russia, and Ukraine. With criminal contemplation taken into account, our findings confirm the patterns established in past research. Whereas the threat of formal punishment shows little deterrent effect, perceptions of informal sanctions appear to influence projected crime. However, supportive findings hold only in Russia and Ukraine. Overall, it appears that the deterrent effectiveness of sanctions may be to some extent contingent on cultural or contextual characteristics.
Paleomagnetism in an accretionary margin Luzon, Northern Philippines

Abstract Paleomagnetic results from Northern and Central Luzon reveal clockwise rotated declinations for Late Miocene rocks. This is interpreted as a record of tectonic rotation when Luzon was a part of the Philippine Sea Plate, prior to the development of the East Luzon trench. To the south of Luzon a left lateral shear zone is required to separate it from regions which do not show Late Miocene clockwise rotations. Paleomagnetic data from older rocks do not give such clear regional patterns, as do the Late Miocene sites. However, both the Cretaceous Angat and the Eocene Zambales ophiolites appear to have originated at equatorial latitudes.
Geographical invariance and the strong-migration limit in subdivided populations.

Invariance under population subdivision and the strong-migration limit are investigated for digenic samples in neutral models. The monoecious, diploid population is subdivided into a finite number of panmictic colonies that exchange gametes. The backward migration matrix is arbitrary, but time independent and ergodic (i.e., irreducible and aperiodic). Results are derived for the distribution of the place and time of coalescence, for the probability of identity in the model of infinitely many alleles, and for the distribution of the number of nucleotide differences in the model of infinitely many sites without recombination.