cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of protein-crystal hydration and temperature on side-chain conformational heterogeneity in monoclinic lysozyme crystals.

The modulation of main-chain and side-chain conformational heterogeneity and solvent structure in monoclinic lysozyme crystals by dehydration (related to water activity) and temperature is examined. Decreasing the relative humidity (from 99 to 11%) and decreasing the temperature both lead to contraction of the unit cell, to an increased area of crystal contacts and to remodeling of primarily contact and solvent-exposed residues. Both lead to the depopulation of some minor side-chain conformers and to the generation of new conformations. Side-chain modifications and main-chain r.m.s.d.s associated with cooling from 298 to 100 K depend on relative humidity and are minimized at 85% relative humidity (r.h.). Dehydration from 99 to 93% r.h. and cooling from 298 to 100 K result in a comparable number of remodeled residues, with dehydration-induced remodeling somewhat more likely to arise from contact interactions. When scaled to equivalent temperatures based on unit-cell contraction, the evolution of side-chain order parameters with dehydration shows generally similar features to those observed on cooling to T = 100 K. These results illuminate the qualitative and quantitative similarities between structural perturbations induced by modest dehydration, which routinely occurs in samples prepared for 298 and 100 K data collection, and cryocooling. Differences between these perturbations in terms of energy landscapes and occupancies, and implications for variable-temperature crystallography between 180 and 298 K, are discussed. It is also noted that remodeling of a key lysozyme active-site residue by dehydration, which is associated with a radical decrease in the enzymatic activity of lysozyme powder, arises due to a steric clash with the residue of a symmetry mate.
Case 4: Muscle Rigidity in a 5-year-old Boy

1. Megan Ference, MD* 2. Emily Paprocki, DO* 3. Jennifer Boyd, DO* 4. David F. Butler, MD* 5. Denise Bratcher, DO† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 2. †Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO A previously healthy, unimmunized 5-year-old boy is found to have apnea, muscle rigidity, and trismus when paramedics arrive at his home. He has severe arching of his back, with only his head and buttocks touching the gurney. Symptoms began with an intermittent dry cough and worsening dysphagia 2 days ago. He has no history of fevers, vomiting, diarrhea, or headache. His family denies any recent medication exposures, wounds, or direct contact with animals or insects. He is intubated for respiratory failure but continues to have episodes of jaw clenching associated with bradycardia and desaturations. He is admitted to the PICU for further evaluation and management. On admission, he continues to have episodes of muscle spasm and spinal rigidity despite increasing dosing of continuous dexmedetomidine, fentanyl, and midazolam. The initial examination reveals a normal electrolyte panel, blood calcium level, C-reactive protein level, complete blood cell count, and head computed tomographic scan. His cerebrospinal fluid shows a white blood cell count of 2/μL (<.01×109/L), a glucose …
Nm23 as a Metastasis Inhibitor

Nm23 was first cloned from a murine melanoma cell line wherein its expression correlated inversely with metastatic potential (Steeg et al. 1988). While it is abundantly expressed in aggressive neuroblastoma, the NB alleles typically encode the S120G substitution, which is likely to be a hypomorphic variant with reduced function (Chang et al. 1994, 1996). Mutations in other members of Nm23 family proteins, although not complete loss of function, are thought to be hypomorphic as well. Furthermore, in colorectal cancers, the allelic deletions of Nm23-H1 gene have been associated with a more aggressive behavior of cancers in some studies (Campo et al. 1994) and loss of heterozygocity of Nm23-H1 gene contributes to the metastasis potential of hepatocellular carcinoma (Ye et al. 1998). The molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of Nm23 are delineated below.
Embryo-transfer twinning and performance efficiency in beef production.

Effects of twinning on efficiency of beef production were estimated from results of bilateral transfer of two Angus x Hereford (AxH) embryos into each of 241 heifers and 84 cows (H, A, HxA or Holstein x H) over 4 yr. Calves were weaned at 180 d and fed either 220 d in a feedlot (1977) or 170 d on forage and 140 d in a feedlot (1978 to 1980). Effects of parity, twinning and sex of calf were estimated as covariates within year-breed of dam. Pregnancy at 45 to 60 d of gestation was 68% in heifers (H) and 74% in cows (C), with 40% single (S) and 60% twin (T) births. Dystocia was 28% in H vs 10% in C (P less than .05), and tended to be less (P greater than .05) for T than S in H. More placentas were retained (P less than .05) for T than for S in both H (35 vs 12%) and C (24 vs 4%). Twin gestations averaged 3 d shorter and subsequent calving intervals 13 d longer (P less than .05), but total calf mortality was slightly higher (P greater than .05). Abortions were 4% in H only. Twinning females lost maternal weight during late gestation (P less than .05) when crowding limited voluntary feed intake, while fetal requirements were 60% higher (P less than .01). Twins increased milk output 25% (P less than .05), but 11% higher feed intake maintained cow weight during lactation. Twinning reduced birth weight 13% and weaning weight 17% (P less than .05), but 400-d feedlot weight only 9% because of compensating feedlot gain. Twins gained 18% faster than S during postweaning 170-d forage feeding, but 5% slower in feedlot to 8% lighter 490-d weight (P less than .05). Assuming 40% higher veterinary and labor costs for twins, estimated integrated herd costs per unit of age-constant output value would be lower for T than for S production by about 24% for marketing either at weaning or at 400 d.
Mechanosensitive Rap1 activation promotes barrier function of lung vascular endothelium under cyclic stretch.

Exposure of pulmonary endothelial cells to physiologically relevant cyclic stress stimulates the Rap1 signaling axis, leading to cytoskeletal remodeling, enhancement of cell junctions and monolayer...
Unreasonable Searches and Seizures: Rights and Liberties Under the Law, Chapter 2

Unreasonable Searches and Seizures examines the Fourth Amendment from its historical origins through its early development to current controversies. This book serves as a basis for evaluating the question of the Fourth Amendments continuing relevance in seeking the balance between the protection of individual liberty and the demand for effective law enforcement. In accomplishing its purpose the book examines five distinct areas of search and seizure law. First, it discusses the role of search and seizure law in our society and its implications for the American political system. Secondly, the book reveals the origins and early development of search and seizure law by looking at the English, colonial, and revolutionary experiences from which it arose. Thirdly, it explores the evolution and devolution of Fourth Amendment protections from the late nineteenth century through the opening years of the twenty-first century by analyzing significant judicial decisions. Lastly, the book speculates on recent trends in search and seizure jurisprudence by examining the issues and controversies that have been most visible in the last decade, with particular emphasis on the potential adverse effects of the USA PATRIOT Act on Fourth Amendment protections. Posted here are chapters 2, 3, and 4 from the book.
Pediatric-Type Follicular Lymphoma (PTFL)

Pediatric-type follicular lymphoma (PTFL), as defined in the recently updated 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, is a rare entity of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in childhood and adolescence accounting for less than 2% of all cases. PTFL is a mature B-cell neoplasm that is usually CD20+ and BCL2– and does not carry components of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or rearrangements of BCL2, BCL6, IRF4, and IG loci. The most important histopathological differential diagnosis is large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement, which may be clinically indistinguishable from PTFL. PTFL is associated with male gender, adolescent age, normal serum LDH levels, lack of B-symptoms and limited stage I or II disease, mostly involving peripheral lymph nodes in the head and neck region. Treatment outcomes in PTFL seem to be excellent with either complete resection and an observational strategy only, or with risk-adapted B-cell NHL-type chemotherapy resulting in overall survival rates >95%.
Thermal radiation measurements of downward spreading flames

Abstract Radiative emission from a flame is an important component of the heat transfer balance between flame and surroundings. When the residence time of the oxidizer increases radiation plays an important role, and a practical example is given by microgravity flames where the lack of buoyancy creates larger time scales of the problem. With a strong opposed-flow, however, radiation could become a secondary effect. This study presents experimental measurements of thermal radiation from downward spreading flames over thin sheets of PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) in a normal gravity environment and no forced flow. Radiation data from these downward spreading flames can serve as a baseline for future microgravity experiments. The presented experiments are performed in an apparatus called Flame Stabilizer where a spreading flame is turned stationary in laboratory coordinates by moving the sample upwards at the same velocity as the downward spreading flame. A radiometer, capable of line of sight measurement, is mounted on a x-y-z position controller and used to map the radiation emitted by the flame and the burning solid perpendicular to the fuel surface. After establishing repeatability and consistency of the results, a family of radiation profile curves is generated to map the radiation field. The experiments are then repeated by varying fuel thickness; larger fuel thicknesses are found to generate stronger radiation signals as the flame size becomes bigger. Furthermore, the radiative response to the presence of char in a flame is illustrated by comparing the PMMA results with a cellulosic fuel. With the unburnt solid in the flame region, radiative emissions significantly increase.
Responses of benthic algae to nutrient enrichment in a shallow lake: Linking community production, biomass, and composition

Understanding how nutrient limitation affects algal biomass and production is a long‐standing interest in aquatic ecology. Nutrients can influence these whole‐community characteristics through several mechanisms, including shifting community composition. Therefore, incorporating the joint responses of biomass, taxonomic composition, and production of algal communities, and relationships among them, is important for understanding effects of nutrient enrichment. In shallow subarctic Lake Mývatn, Iceland, benthic algae compose a majority of whole‐lake primary production, support high secondary production, and influence nutrient cycling. Given the importance of these ecosystem processes, the factors that limit benthic algae have a large effect on the function and dynamics of the Mývatn system. In a 33‐day nutrient enrichment experiment conducted in Lake Mývatn, we measured the joint responses of benthic algal biomass, primary production, and composition to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplementation. We enriched N and P using nutrient‐diffusing agar overlain by sediment, with three levels of N and P that were crossed in a factorial design. We found little evidence of community‐wide nutrient limitation, as chlorophyll‐a concentrations showed a negligible response to nutrients. Gross primary production (GPP) was unaffected by P and inhibited by N enrichment after 10 days, although the inhibitory effect of N diminished by day 33. In contrast to biomass and primary production, community composition was strongly affected by N and marginally affected by P, with some algal groups increasing and others decreasing with enrichment. The taxa with the most negative and positive responses to N enrichment were Fragilariaceae and Scenedesmus, respectively. The abundances of particular algal groups, based on standardised cell counts, were related to GPP measured at the end of the experiment. Oocystis was negatively associated with GPP but was unaffected by N or P, while Fragilariaceae and Scenedesmus were positively associated with GPP but had opposite responses to N. As a result, nutrient‐induced compositional shifts did not alter GPP. Overall, our results show that nutrient enrichment can have large effects on algal community composition while having little effect on total biomass and primary production. Our study suggests that nutrient‐driven compositional shifts may not alter the overall ecological function of algal communities if (1) taxa have contrasting responses to nutrient enrichment but have similar effects on ecological processes, and/or (2) taxa that have strong influences on ecological function are not strongly affected by nutrients.
Molecular entrapment by RNA: an emerging tool for disrupting protein–RNA interactions in vivo

mRNA function is controlled by RNA-binding proteins. The specificity of RNA-binding factors for their targets is critical in that it enables all subsequent regulation. Despite widespread recognition of the pervasive role RNA-binding proteins play in development and disease, they remain challenging to target with small molecules. A renaissance in RNA therapeutics has led to the identification of modifications that substantially increase RNA stability. When combined with information regarding specificity, a new class of oligonucleotide mimics has emerged as a means to competitively disrupt the regulation of endogenous substrates. These decoys have been used to inhibit RNA-binding proteins in living animals. Decoys will likely provide new insights into the expansive roles of RNA-binding proteins in biology and disease. Here, we describe examples where they have been used and discuss how they could be applied to new targets.
Potosí: Boom Town Supreme

No city in all the vast territory of America won for the King of Spain—save perhaps Mexico City—has had a more interesting or more important history than Potosi, located in the Viceroyalty of Peru. The colorful story of this great mountain of silver began when the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac started digging almost a century before the Spaniards arrived. He was halted—so legend has it— by a terrible noise and a mysterious voice which commanded, in the Quechua Indian language: “Take no silver from this hill. It is destined for other owners.”2 The conquistadores heard no such prohibitory voice in 1545 when they were told of the rich silver ore by Indians who had accidentally discovered it, and indeed, if they had, would doubtless have considered themselves the rightful owners. They immediately began to develop Potosi, which was to become one of the most famous mines in the history of the world.
Ethical Challenges of Nonmaleficence in Mental Health Care for Forcibly Displaced Children and Adolescents

Violent conflict and persecution have led to a record high of forcibly displaced children and adolescents. The disruptive impact of being uprooted from one’s culture and community due to traumatic events and prolonged exposure to conditions of precarity and insecurity can be devastating for children in the short and long term. Determining and meeting displaced children’s mental health needs that are shaped by a complex interaction of individual susceptibility, cultural norms, and structural forces remains a daunting challenge. The heterogeneity of children and adolescents on the move is evident. The term displaced children used for the purpose of this paper is a loosely defined umbrella term acknowledging that children’s motives for migration are complex composites and sometimes irrelevant to persecution (Bhabha, 2014). Forced displacement (due to conflict and trafficking) may intersect with distress migration (due to economic, environmental, or other hardships conditions) and include administrative reasons, such as statelessness. The intricacy of humanitarian settings gives rise to a myriad of ethical challenges. To not aggravate pre-existing complexities, the ethical principle of nonmaleficence—of avoiding unintentional harm—should be at the forefront of every clinician’s mind.
Multidisciplinary Management of Complicated Pancreatitis: What Every Interventional Radiologist Should Know

Management of acute pancreatitis is challenging in the presence of local complications that include pancreatic and peripancreatic collections and vascular complications. This review, targeted for i...
Compassionate Use of REGEN-COV® in Patients with COVID-19 and Immunodeficiency-Associated Antibody Disorders

Background: Patients with immunodeficiency-associated antibody disorders are at a higher risk of prolonged/persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, having no viable treatment options. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of patients with primary and/or secondary immunodeficiency-associated antibody disorders who received casirivimab and imdevimab (REGEN-COV®) under emergency compassionate use. The objectives were to describe safety and response to REGEN-COV, with a focus on the subset of patients who had disease duration ≥21 days prior to treatment. Quantitative (change in oxygenation status and/or viral load) and/or qualitative (physician-reported clinical status) patient outcomes data are reported. Results: Data is available from 64 patients who received REGEN-COV. Improvement in ≥1 outcome measure was observed in 90.6% of the overall patient group. Thirty-seven of these had COVID-19 duration ≥21 days prior to treatment, with a mean time from RT-PCR diagnosis to REGEN-COV administration of 60.5 days. Of the 29 patients with disease duration ≥21 days prior to treatment who had available outcome data, 96.6% showed improvement in ≥1 outcome measure evaluated following use of REGEN-COV. In the 14 patients who had post-treatment RT-PCR results available, 11 (78.6%) reported a negative RT-PCR following treatment with REGEN-COV, with 5 patients (45.5%) reporting a negative RT-PCR within 5 days of treatment and 8 (72.7%) reporting a negative RT-PCR within 21 days of treatment. Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis of immunodeficient patients who were granted REGEN-COV under the compassionate use program, REGEN-COV treatment was associated with rapid viral clearance and clinical improvement in the evaluable patients with long-standing COVID-19.
Contemporary Events: 1953–1965

While the experiments, analyses, formulations, and arguments described in the preceding chapters were underway, the fields of anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry were advancing at an accelerating pace. A few pertinent issues will be discussed here; parallel studies on oxidative phosphorylation will be covered in Chapter 16.
Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE): Proposed DSM-5 Diagnosis

Over the past 40 years, a significant body of animal and human research has documented the teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Neurobehavioral Disorder associated with PAE is proposed as a new clarifying term, intended to encompass the neurodevelopmental and mental health symptoms associated with PAE. Defining this disorder is a necessary step to adequately characterize these symptoms and allow clinical assessment not possible using existing physically-based diagnostic schemes. Without appropriate diagnostic guidelines, affected individuals are frequently misdiagnosed and treated inappropriately (often to their considerable detriment) by mental health, educational, and criminal justice systems. Three core areas of deficits identified from the available research, including neurocognitive, self-regulation, and adaptive functioning impairments, are discussed and information regarding associated features and disorders, prevalence, course, familial patterns, differential diagnosis, and treatment of the proposed disorder are also provided.
Exploring Relationship between Teaching Practice and Student Learning: Comparative Analysis Using Large Data Bases

This special issue introduction specifies several rationales for its focus on the relationship between teaching practice and student learning. Worldwide teaching reforms show some converging policy patterns with shared assumptions around the role of teaching practices in shaping students’ learning outcomes as their bases. These assumptions and policy patterns are seriously challenged by various countering arguments and critiques. Such a contentious situation demands extensive and solid empirical knowledge for its productive resolution at a conceptual level and for guiding the development of the relevant teaching reforms in different countries. However, such knowledge is not available readily in the exiting literature, which is fragmented and limited, with few studies based on large databases from a comparative perspective involving non-Western countries and regions. It goes on to introduce four studies in the special issue that use international databases and comparative analyses involving different countries/regions and highlights their contributions to the much-needed empirical knowledge. Finally, it calls for further and more extensive research along this line of empirical exploration.
Arrays and the Lambda Calculus

Why do functional languages have more difficulties with arrays than procedural languages? The problems arising in the designing of functional languages with arrays and in their implementations are manifold. They can be classified according to 1) first principles, 2) semantics, 3) pragmatics, and 4) performance. This paper attempts to give an outline of the issues in this area, and their relation to the lambda calculus. The lambda calculus is a formal system and as such seemingly remote from practical applications. However, specific representations and implementations of that system may be utilized to realize arrays such that progress is made towards a compromise of 1) adhering to first principles, 2) clear semantics, 3) obvious pragmatics, and 4) high performance. To be more specific, a form of the lambda calculus which uses a particular representation of variables, namely De Bruijn indices, may be a vehicle to represent arrays and the functions to manipulate them.
Comparison of key performance metrics in two- and three-dimensional integrated circuits

In this paper some key performance metrics in two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) integrated circuits (IC) are estimated for scaled technologies from 250-nm to 50-nm technology nodes using a system-level modeling approach. Considering a microprocessor as an example, projections are made for performance metrics such as clock frequency, chip area, interconnect delay and repeater's number for 2-D and 3-D implementation.
Warm Absorbers in Active Galactic Nuclei

Observations of warm absorbers provided new ways to study the nuclear environments of AGNs. I discuss basic properties of warm absorbers and early developments with ROSAT, ASCA and HST observations. I briefly touch upon recent advances made with Chandra and FUSE.
Missing Proofs Found

For close to a century, despite the efforts of fine minds that include Hilbert and Ackermann, Tarski and Bernays, Lukasiewicz, and Rose and Rosser, various proofs of a number of significant theorems have remained missing – at least not reported in the literature – amply demonstrating the depth of the corresponding problems. The types of such missing proofs are indeed diverse. For one example, a result may be guaranteed provable because of being valid, and yet no proof has been found. For a second example, a theorem may have been proved via metaargument, but the desired axiomatic proof based solely on the use of a given inference rule may have eluded the experts. For a third example, a theorem may have been announced by a master, but no proof was supplied. The finding of missing proofs of the cited types, as well as of other types, is the focus of this article. The means to finding such proofs rests with heavy use of McCune's automated reasoning program OTTER, reliance on a variety of powerful strategies this program offers, and employment of diverse methodologies. Here we present some of our successes and, because it may prove useful for circuit design and program synthesis as well as in the context of mathematics and logic, detail our approach to finding missing proofs. Well-defined and unmet challenges are included.
CD28 Signaling in T Regulatory Precursors Requires p56lck and Rafts Integrity to Stabilize the Foxp3 Message

Naturally occurring CD4+25highFoxp3+ T regulatory (T-reg) cells are critical for maintaining tolerance to self and non-self Ags. The Foxp3 master-regulatory gene and CD28 costimulation are both required for thymic development and suppressogenic function of CD4+25highFoxp3+ T-regs. Herein, we show that the sole CD28 stimulation of T-reg thymic precursors augments Foxp3 expression through the increase in Foxp3 mRNA span life by a mechanism involving p56lck and its binding motif on CD28 cytosolic tail, as well as the lipid rafts. We found that 1) the glycosphingolipids and cholesterol components of lipid rafts were highly expressed and unusually partitioned in T-reg thymic precursors as compared with the conventional T cell precursors, 2) the CD28 receptor density on cell membrane is proportional with the content of cholesterol in lipid rafts and with the level of Foxp3 mRNA expression in T-reg precursors, and 3) the CD28-mediated increase of Foxp3 mRNA span life was paralleled by an increased proliferative and suppressogenic capacity of terminally differentiated CD4+25highFoxp3+ T-reg precursors. Thus, the functional integrity of CD28 receptor p56lck and plasma membrane lipid rafts are all prerequisites for up-regulation and long-term expression of Foxp3 mRNA transcripts in CD4+25highFoxp3+ T-reg precursors.
Factors affecting in vitro phagocytosis by oyster hemocytes

Abstract Hemocytes withdrawn from the pericardial cavity of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica , were settled onto monolayers of immobilized fluorescent polystyrene microspheres (beads) in culture flasks. Phagocytosis was quantitated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after enzymatic detachment of the cells from unphagocytized beads and fixation of the cells. Unattached beads were removed by settling the mixture through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Internalization of the beads following this procedure was verified by transmission electron microscopy. Phagocytosis was evident within 15 min after addition of the cells to the monolayer. Flow cytometry showed distinct cell populations corresponding to cells containing one to five or more beads indicating that multiple particle phagocytosis occurs rapidly after contact between cells and particles. Hemocytes incubated with beads at various temperatures showed maximum phagocytic activity over a wide range (10°–37°C) with inhibition occurring below 8°C. Inhibition of cell attachment to the bead monolayer was evident at 0° and 4°C and is probably a major cause of the decreased amount of phagocytosis observed at low temperatures. Treatment of the cells with cytochalasin B prior to incubation inhibited phagocytosis. Incubation of the cells with beads under atmospheres of pure nitrogen or helium produced no inhibition of phagocytosis. These data suggest that the hemocytes of the American oyster are able to phagocytize particles rapidly at extremes of the range of biological temperatures and under completely anaerobic conditions.
XRF analysis: some sensitivity comparisons between charged-particle and photon excitation

A comparison is made between the limits of detection for trace elements when charged-particle and photon excited X-ray fluorescence analysis are performed on a specific type of sample (5 mg/cm/sup 2/ organic based). Large-scale analysis (approximately 30,000 samples per year) at levels of 1 ppM or lower is shown to be practical with either technique when well executed. Determining the physical reason for unexplained detector background is shown to be very important particularly for the potential improvement that might be realized in photon-excited analysis applications.
Improved frequency of transformation in rice and maize by treatment of immature embryos with centrifugation and heat prior to infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The efficiency of transformation was improved by treating immature embryos with heat and centrifugation before infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens in rice and maize. Because the effects were detected both in the levels of transgene expression after co-cultivation and in the number of independent transgenic plants obtained per embryo, conditions were first optimized based on the transgene expression, and then transformants were produced. The optimal conditions varied considerably depending on species and genotypes, but reasonably good parameters were identified for Japonica rice, Indica rice or maize. As a general tendency, the effect of centrifugation was greater than that of heat in Japonica rice, whereas that of heat was greater than that of centrifugation in Indica rice and maize A188, and the combination of the treatments was the most effective in all of the genotypes tested. The frequency of transformation was improved several fold in rice and maize. In addition, transformation of certain genotypes of maize, which were not transformable before, and transformation of maize with a less efficient vector, which could not transform maize before, became possible by these pre-treatments. In the highest case, 18 independent transgenic plants were obtained from a single immature embryo of Japonica rice. Although nothing is known about the mechanism, these pre-treatments seemed to render cells of rice and maize more competent for transformation mediated by A. tumefaciens.
Direct calculation of the scattering amplitude without partial-wave analysis. III. Inclusion of correlation effects

In the first two papers in this series, we developed a method for studying electron-hydrogen scattering that does not use partial-wave analysis. We constructed an ansatz for the wave function in both the static and static exchange approximations and calculated the full scattering amplitude. Here we go beyond the static exchange approximation, and include correlation in the wave function via a modified polarized orbital. This correlation function provides a significant improvement over the static exchange approximation: the resultant elastic scattering amplitudes are in very good agreement with fully converged partial-wave calculations for electron-hydrogen scattering. A fully variational modification of this approach is discussed in the conclusion.
A:V = 1:1 cardiac arrhythmia detection by VA interval analysis*

Dual-chamber-sensing implantable-cardioverter defibrillators are soon expected to replace ventricular sensing devices. The addition of an atrial sensing lead will dramatically improve the specificity of arrhythmia detection. Even when using combined ventricular and atrial rate criteria, ambiguity in the case of atrial tachycardia with: anterograde conduction versus ventricular tachycardia with: retrograde conduction still remains. The introduction of dual-chamber sensing in antitachycardia devices allows for additional features, such as the measurement of atrioventricular (AV) and ventriculoatrial (VA) intervals. This study investigated relationships between AV and VA intervals to address problems arising in tachycardias with confounding 1:1 relationships. Thirty-one passages of 1:1 anterograde conduction from nine patients during atrial pacing at cycle lengths of 600-300 ms and 24 passages of 1:1 retrograde conduction from eight patients during ventricular pacing at cycle lengths of 600-300 ms were analyzed. Moving averages of three successive VA interval measurements were used to develop a criterion to be implemented into an algorithm to reduce ambiguity. Five randomly selected ventricular pacing passages were used as a training set. Upper and lower VA interval boundaries (234 ms and 132 ms) determined from the training set were used to classify 1:1 retrograde activation. To account for premature beats and outliers, the boundary criterion required 9 of 12 of the most recent moving averages to fall within the upper and lower limits. Of the 19 analyzed passages of ventricular pacing, 18 (95%) were correctly classified using the VA interval as an added feature. Of the 31 atrial pacing passages, 24 (77%) were correctly classified. Using only atrial or ventricular rates, all 1:1 tachycardias in this patient sample would be classified as ventricular tachycardia, resulting in false shocks. Specificity of diagnosis in ambiguous 1:1 tachycardias can be increased using VA interval measurements at the cost of minimum loss in sensitivity for ventricular tachycardia detection. This algorithm imposes little in additional computation for dual-chamber-sensing implantable-cardioverter defibrillators and greatly reduces the possibility of false shocks in 1:1 supraventricular tachycardias.
Urate‐Mediated inflammation in nodal osteoarthritis: Clinical and roentgenographic correlations

We studied 25 patients with crystal-proven gout or roentgenographic evidence of gouty arthritis, or both, in finger joints involved with nodal osteoarthritis (OA). These patients were elderly (mean age 71.4 years), and 72% of them were receiving diuretic therapy. Roentgenographic findings, in addition to features typical of OA, included soft tissue densities (tophi), with or without calcification, large intraarticular erosions, characteristic nonmarginal cortical erosions, and periarticular osteolysis. We conclude that urate crystals mediate episodes of acute inflammation in certain patients with nodal OA. This association is noted primarily in elderly patients of both sexes, especially in those receiving diuretic therapy.
SEALED SILVER IN IRON AGE CISJORDAN AND THE ‘INVENTION’ OF COINAGE

Summary.Recent finds of hoarded silver in Cisjordan present new material for the consideration of the conceptual history of coined metals. When the fundamental concepts associated with coinage are abstracted from the various objects that express them, it is possible to see that a kind of coined metal existed in Cisjordan and other parts of the Near East prior to the traditional ‘invention’ of coinage by the Lydians and Greeks c.600 BC.1Both hoards and written sources indicate that seals affixed to precious metals at times qualified them in a numismatic sense by guaranteeing weights set to standards as well as controlled composition. What has been characterized as the ‘invention’ of coinage was rather an adaptation of these same principal concepts. The frequency and size of silver hoards from Cisjordan point to a proliferation in the ‘monetary’ use of silver in that region during the Iron Age and suggest a relationship to the overwhelming preference for silver coinages among the Greeks.
Comparing across Contexts

In a recent Research Assessment Exercise report in the United Kingdom, geographers working on development issues were accused of presenting “annotated fieldnotes” in place of research papers. Just ...
The diselanylbis(1,3-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) dication stabilized by the polymeric catena-pentachloridotricuprate(I) anion.

In the title compound, catena-poly[diselanylbis(1,3-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) [μ3-chlorido-tetra-μ2-chlorido-tri­cup­rate(I)]], {(C10H16N4Se2)[Cu3Cl5]}n, the diselenide dication is stabilized by catena-[Cu3Cl5]2− anions which associate through strong Cu—Cl bonds [average length = 2.3525 (13) A] to form polymeric chains. The polymeric [Cu3Cl5]2− anion contains crystallographically imposed twofold rotation symmetry, with distorted trigonal-planar and tetra­hedral geometries around the two symmetry-independent Cu atoms. Likewise, the Se—Se bond of the cation is centered on a twofold rotation axis.
MicroRNA-mRNA interactions in a murine model of hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease of premature neonates characterized by arrested pulmonary alveolar development. There is increasing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) during lung organogenesis. The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of BPD is unclear. Following exposure of neonatal mice to 80% O2 or room air (RA) for either 14 or 29 days, lungs of hyperoxic mice displayed histological changes consistent with BPD. Comprehensive miRNA and mRNA profiling was performed using lung tissue from both O2 and RA treated mice, identifying a number of dynamically regulated miRNAs and associated mRNA target genes. Gene ontology enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that hyperoxia modulated genes involved in a variety of lung developmental processes, including cell cycle, cell adhesion, mobility and taxis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. MiR-29 was prominently increased in the lungs of hyperoxic mice, and several predicted mRNA targets of miR-29 were validated with real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Direct miR-29 targets were further validated in vitro using bronchoalveolar stem cells. In newborn mice, prolonged hyperoxia induces an arrest of alveolar development similar to that seen in human neonates with BPD. This abnormal lung development is accompanied by significant increases in the levels of multiple miRNAs and corresponding decreases in the levels of predicted mRNA targets, many of which have known or suspected roles in pathways altered in BPD. These data support the hypothesis that dynamic regulation of miRNAs plays a prominent role in the pathophysiology of BPD.
Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Invar (Fe-36%Ni)

Two high-temperature pin tools, one a polycrystalline cubic BN and the other of W-25%Re, were used to friction stir weld 12.7 mm thick Invar (Fe-36%Ni) plate. Successful welds were produced at a rotational speed of 600 rev min−1 and travel speeds of 76, 102, and 127 mm min−1. The coefficient of thermal expansion, tensile strength, and microhardness of the welds were measured and found to be essentially unchanged from the parent material. The measured elongation was 52% for the parent material and 30 and 37% for welds made with the W-Re and the polycrystalline cubic BN pin tools. Both pin tools produced comparable welds but the W-Re tool exhibited more wear and left small wear remnants in the weld especially at the weld plunge.
Radionuclide imaging in the assessment of lung injury.

Nuclear medicine imaging techniques are being more widely applied to study a variety of lung injuries. Ventilation and perfusion imaging is often superior to other roentgenographic techniques for establishing the diagnosis and demonstrating the extent of such injuries. At several large burn centers, the Xe-133 washout technique has become the cornerstone for diagnosing early inhalation injury. The overall accuracy of this procedure is 92%. Regional decreases in ventilation and perfusion can reliably localize aspirated radiolucent foreign bodies. Disproportionate perfusion changes are often the earliest indicator of radiation pneumonitis and other forms of vascular injury. Other types of injury, such as gastropulmonary aspiration, blunt trauma, and neardrowning, require further evaluation before the ultimate role of nuclear imaging is defined. An imaging technique to assess capillary permeability in the adult respiratory distress syndrome would be of great clinical benefit.
A further localization of inhibitory deficits resulting from septal ablation

Abstract Separate groups of rats were subjected to bilateral lesions aimed at the dorsal fornix, ventral fornix, preoptic precommissural fornix, stria terminalis and diagonal band of broca. The operant responding for water reinforcement under a DRL 22-sec schedule of reinforcement was studied. Only lesions in the dorsal fornix and diagonal band region resulted in an increased responding. The effect of these two lesions was related to the reticulo-hippocampal afferent system.
The release of endogenous amino acids into the vitreous of the intact eye of the albino rat: effect of light, potassium, and ouabain.

Summary The vitreal space of the intact eye of albino rats was perfused in vivo. The concentration of several endogenous amino acids in the vitreal effluent was measured by the [ 3 H]microdansylation procedure. GABA was never detected despite a sensitivity of the method of 0.5 pmol. In contrast to previous results obtained in pigmented rats, photic stimulation with flashing white light did not alter the release of glycine or any of the other amino acids. Potassium (60 mM) and ouabain (0.1 mM) evoked a specific release of glycine. The potassium-evoked release was blocked by magnesium suggesting a neuronal site of origin of glycine. Ouabain-evoked release was not blocked by magnesium. The results were contrasted with experiments on radiolabeled amino acid release from retinas preloaded and superfused in vitro, a condition in which glial localization of exogenous amino acids predominates.
963 COMPLETE TUMOR ABLATION WITH IODINE 131 RADIOLABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (Mab) AGAINST HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA (NB) XENOGRAFTED IN NUDE MICE

The antibody 3F8, an IgG3 murine Mab we have developed to human NB, could specifically target iodine 131 to human NB xeno-xenograft with tumor to non tumor ratios of 10–100 and a relative radiation dose deposition to normal organs of 1 to 20% of that to the tumor. We therefore studied its efficacy in tumor therapy. Nude mice with actively growing so human NB (1–2 gm size) were injected with 0.125 to 1 mCi iodine carried on 100 to 200 ug Mab 3P8. Tumor size was followed by direct measurement. Actual tumor weight and measured size showed good correlation (r= 0.985). Tumor radioactivity over time was calculated from the gamma images using a known 131–I standard. All the tumors had effective half lives averaging 48 hours. Radiation dose to individual tumors were calculated. Tumor shrinkage only occurred with 131–1 3F8 Mab, but not with nonradioactive 3F8 or radiolabeled irrelevant Mab. While control mice tumor enlarged by 10 fold, treated tumor showed 95% shrinkage by 12 days. Both the rate of shrinkage and duration of response were dose dependent. Only those tumors that received 4700 rads were completely ablated without recurrence. There were no toxicities except reversible weight loss. Thus, human NB xenografts could be effectively eradicated using iodine 131 labeled Mab 3F8 with tolerable toxicities.
Effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic.

The objectives of this 27 month study were to document the positional behaviors used by lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Central African Republic and to compare the effects of body size dimorphism on the use of arboreal substrates. During this study, despite their great size, all gorillas used trees regularly. Predictions concerning the relationship of body size to arboreal behavior were generally upheld. Small branch and suspensory activities were rare for silverbacks. Females used smaller and multiple substrates and suspensory postures more frequently than males. Although females foraged in the periphery of trees, males stayed close to the cores and rarely used terminal branches. In addition to body size, this study found that party size, social rank, and tree structure all influence an animal's substrate choice and subsequent positional activities. Lone males typically remained in the cores of trees where substrates are large. Group males may have been forced to use all parts of trees because others were present. Lone males used small crown trees which provided easy access to terminal branch foods. Males and females foraging together used larger trees (containing more feeding sites) than single sex groups. Female positional behavior may have been affected by the presence of males. When apart from males, females used the cores of trees and larger substrates more than when foraging with males. As habitat and social context both influence substrate use, they should be considered essential components of body-sized based interpretations of the behavior of fossil or extant species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The lack of an effect of lead and acidity on leaf decomposition in laboratory microcosms

Green leaves from tree species representative of the central hardwood forest of eastern North America were collected and dried. The leaf mixture was then amended with Pb over the range from 0 to 1000 μg g−1 and incubated in laboratory microcosms. During the subsequent 18-week decomposition period, H2SO4 solutions (pH 3·0–5·0) were applied weekly to the leaf mixtures. The Pb and acid treatments had no effect on decomposition, as determined by weight loss at the end of the 18-week period. These results indicate that there is little influence of these pollutants on the early stages of deciduous leaf decomposition.
The UN and migration: falling behind

Abstract Subnational and international migration flows are becoming a growing problem for the United Nations and its member states. Four categories of migration—forced, voluntary, subnational and international—are used here as a framework for discussing the UN's half-century of efforts, manifested in the creation of specialized agencies, Security Council resolutions and international conferences. The paper concludes with a discussion of how current and future migration flows will be likely to affect and be affected by UN actions.
Experimental investigation of fabric-stress relations in granular materials

Abstract A brief summary of some relevant theoretical and experimental results on the microscopic aspects of the response of granular masses is presented. The results of a series of experiments involving simple shearing under a constant confining pressure, performed on photoelastic rod-like granules (plane strain) are reported. In these experiments, the components of various fabric tensors are measured, and their variations over one cycle of shearing are examined and compared. The orientations of the principal axes of all commonly used fabric tensors are observed to change sharply with the reversal of the shearing direction. It is also concluded that, in general, second-order fabric tensors are not adequate to accurately describe the distribution of fabric measures such as the distribution density function of unit contact normals or unit branches which are unit vectors along line segments connecting the centroids of adjacent contacting granules. This is particularly so when the response of the granular mass is highly anisotropic. Finally, the expression for the macroscopic stress in terms of the contact forces and other local quantities, is reviewed and its experimental verification is discussed.
Measuring Humanitarian Emergencies

The ability to monitor assistance, define humanitarian needs, and approach equity in the distribution of assistance has lagged behind the world's growing commitment to responding to humanitarian emergencies. This article highlights relevant data sources to elucidate elements of an operational definition of humanitarian need. New and refined measures are proposed to assist in assessing the level of need among affected populations. An original measure that combines data on conflict and disasters to summarize the cumulative magnitude of 4 types of humanitarian threats is presented.
Beethoven's Leonore and Fidelio

Ludwig van Beethoven's 1805/6 Leonore and its 1814 revision, Fidelio, had contrasting political, biographical, and cultural contexts. Leonore took form against the background of contemporary French rescue operas and of Beethoven's commitment to heroism as a personal and social ideal. The 1814 version shifted its perspective to celebrate the benevolence of rulers, in anticipation of the impending Congress of Vienna and the restoration of monarchies after Napoleon's downfall.