cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Myofibroblast in Pulmonary Fibrosis

The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis remains incompletely understood. Studies of associated inflammation have led to the discovery of a number of cytokines and chemokines that are found to be important either directly or indirectly for the fibrotic process. However, the importance of inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis is unclear, and at the time of diagnosis the inflammatory component is variable and usually not responsive to anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. Patients usually exhibit evidence of active fibrosis with increased numbers of activated fibroblasts, many of which have the phenotypic characteristics of myofibroblasts. At these sites, increased amounts of extracellular matrix deposition are evident with effacement of the normal alveolar architecture. Animal model studies show the myofibroblast to be the primary source of type I collagen gene expression in active fibrotic sites. In vitro studies show differentiation of these cells from fibroblasts under the influence of certain cytokines but indicate their susceptibility to nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis. In addition to promoting myofibroblast differentiation, transforming growth factor-β1 provides protection against apoptosis. Thus, this well-known fibrogenic cytokine is important both for the emergence of the myofibroblast and its survival against apoptotic stimuli. This is consistent with the critical importance of this cytokine in diverse models of fibrosis in various tissues. In view of these properties, the persistence or prolonged survival of the myofibroblast may be key to understanding why certain forms of lung injury may result in progressive disease, terminating in end-stage disease.
Mega-Dalton biomolecular motion captured from electron microscopy reconstructions.

The vibrational analysis of elastic models suggests that the essential motions of large biomolecular assemblies can be captured efficiently at an intermediate scale without requiring knowledge of the atomic structure. While prior work has established a theoretical foundation for this analysis, we demonstrate here on experimental electron microscopy maps that vibrational modes indeed describe functionally relevant movements of macromolecular machines. The clamp closure in bacterial RNA polymerase, the ratcheting of 30 S and 50 S subunits of the ribosome, and the dynamic flexibility of chaperonin CCT are extracted directly from
Analysis of Protein Complex Formation on Membrane Surfaces by Single Molecule Diffusion

Many signaling pathways are controlled by protein complexes assembled on membrane surfaces via collisions between diffusing membrane components. Subsequently, the active, membrane-bound complex often collides with other effector proteins or lipids on the membrane surface to transmit its essential downstream signal. Thus, 2D-diffusion of membrane-bound proteins, complexes and effectors plays a central role in signaling biology. We have proposed that single molecule analysis of membrane protein diffusion on supported lipid bilayers could provide a powerful approach for studies of complex formation between membrane-associated proteins (Knight, Lerner, Marcano-Velazquez, Pastor & Falke (2010) Biophys J 99:2879-87). In principle the approach could yield information about complex stoichiometry, stability, and kinetics, and about specific lipid requirements for complex formation. Here we test these ideas using a simple model system in which membrane-bound pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are forced to dimerize by the calcium-triggered association of calmodulin (CaM) and its target peptide from skeletal muscle light chain kinase (MLCKp). Two fusion protein constructs (CaM-PH) and (MLCKp-PH) have been generated and bind normally to the PH domain target lipid, PIP3. Single molecule TIRF analysis of CaM-PH diffusion reveals that in the presence of calcium and MLCKp-PH a stable CaM-PH/MLCKp-PH heterodimer is formed on the membrane surface that diffuses approximately 2-fold more slowly than the single CaM-PH molecule. Addition of excess EDTA to chelate calcium reverses the dimer back to monomers. Substoichiometric levels of MLCKp-PH yield a mixed population of monomers and dimers, and the two populations can be resolved by single molecule analysis. Overall, the findings indicate that single molecule diffusion provides a useful new window into many critical, molecular features of protein complex formation on membrane surfaces. [Supported by NIH grant GM063235.]
Impact of Medicaid Copayments on Patients With Cancer: Lessons for Medicaid Expansion Under Health Reform

Background The Medicaid program plays a critical role in providing insurance coverage for many low-income beneficiaries who are diagnosed with cancer. Several states have increased their copayment requirements in the past few years and this provides a natural experiment to study the impact of copayments. Methods We used Medicaid administrative data linked with cancer registry data for the years 1999 to 2004 from Georgia (intervention state with increases in copayments), Texas (control state A), and South Carolina (control state B) to study the impact of copayments on adult (aged from 18 to 64 y) Medicaid beneficiaries diagnosed with cancer (n=10,241). We report both pre/post and difference-in-difference assessments controlling for confounding factors including demographics, comorbidities, cancer site, and stage at diagnosis. Results After copayments were imposed, the number of days of supply of prescription drugs in the intervention state decreased by 127.4 and 150.1 days compared with control state A and B, respectively. Those with multiple comorbidities reduced their use of prescription drug the most. The proportion of beneficiaries with emergency room visits also increased in the intervention state compared with the control states. Overall, total 6-month cost was more than $2000 higher per patient in the intervention than the control states. Conclusions The results show that Medicaid patients with cancer when faced with even moderate copayments change their health-seeking behavior. State Medicaid programs should reconsider the use of copayments as they do not decrease overall cost, but instead could potentially result in negative consequences.
A Comparative Study of U.S and Japanese Generalized System of Preferences

Exports help developing countries to expand their production, promote industrialization and accelerate their economic growth. They played an important part in the economic transformation of Southeast Asian countries. The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is one of the ways in which developing countries can increase their exports to the markets of developed nations. The GSP, a unilateral, non‐reciprocal program agreed under the United Nations provides preferential duty entry to numerous products imported into developed countries by eligible developing countries. The objective of this study is to examine the role of GSP in stimulating exports of developing countries. It also provides a comparative appraisal of the GSP schemes of the United States and Japan. The paper also makes certain recommendations to make GSP schemes more efficient and applicable to particular situations.
Infection after blepharoplasty with and without carbon dioxide laser resurfacing

Abstract Purpose To determine the rate of infection in patients who underwent blepharoplasty with and without carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. Design A retrospective, nonrandomized, consecutive case series. Participants Eighteen hundred sixty-one patients who underwent upper or lower blepharoplasty, with or without carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. Methods Charts of patients who underwent blepharoplasty, with or without laser resurfacing, were analyzed for the presence of postoperative infection, method of treatment, and possible sequelae. Main outcome measures The rate of infection (%) was determined for each group of patients. Results Infection occurred in 0.2% of patients who underwent blepharoplasty without laser resurfacing and 0.4% of patients who had adjunctive laser resurfacing. No permanent functional or cosmetic sequelae resulted from the episodes of infection. Conclusions Infection after blepharoplasty without laser resurfacing is uncommon, indicating that topical antibiotic ointment prophylaxis is a sufficient postoperative regimen. The use of adjunctive laser resurfacing may increase the infection rate slightly.
Association between statin use and serum cholesterol concentrations is modified by whole-grain consumption: NHANES 2003–2006

Background: Statins are used to lower cardiovascular disease risk in part because of their effects on plasma lipid profiles. Dietary whole grains have been reported to improve plasma lipid profiles. Little is known about potential interactions between statins and whole grains.Objective: We aimed to assess the interaction between statin use and whole-grain intake in relation to serum lipid concentrations in adults.Design: In this cross-sectional study, we used data from 4284 adults aged ≥45 y with reliable and complete dietary data who were participating in the NHANES 2003–2006. Usual whole-grain intake was estimated from two 24-h diet recalls by using the MyPyramid Equivalents Database. Participants self-reported statin use. Total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were measured in all adult participants. The non-HDL-cholesterol concentration and total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio were calculated. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used for analyses.Results: Statin usage was 24.9% in all participants (n = 1065), and 31.0% of participants (n = 1327) consumed ≥16 g whole grains/d. After adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors, the non-HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in statin users than in nonusers. This difference was greater in participants who consumed ≥16 g whole grains/d (difference: 31 mg/dL; P < 0.001) than in those who consumed <16 g whole grains/d (difference = 20 mg/d; P < 0.001) (P-interaction = 0.03). Significant interactions were also observed between whole-grain intake and statin use in relation to the total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (P-interaction = 0.04) and elevated total cholesterol concentration (P-interaction = 0.02).Conclusion: In adults aged ≥45 y, the use of statins was associated with healthier lipoprotein profiles when combined with higher whole-grain intake relative to low whole-grain intake.
The StrongWomen–Healthy Hearts Program: Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Rural Sedentary, Overweight, and Obese Midlife and Older Women

Objectives. We tested a community-based intervention designed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in sedentary midlife and older women who were overweight or obese.Methods. In a randomized controlled trial conducted in 8 counties in Arkansas and Kansas, counties were assigned to the intervention (a 12-week twice-weekly heart health program) group or to the delayed-intervention control group. Ten to fifteen women were selected from each site, and participants' weight, waist circumference, diet, physical activity, and self-efficacy were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed with multiple regressions.Results. Compared with the control group, participants in the intervention group had a significant decrease in body weight (−2.1 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −3.2, −1.0), waist circumference (–2.3 in; 95% CI = −4.2, −0.5), and energy intake (–390 kcal/day; 95% CI = −598, −183); an increase in activity (+1637 steps/day; 95% CI = 712, 2562); and an increase in self-efficacy for die...
Spectral and Magnetic Properties of Some Dithioloxalato Complexes

The electronic spectra of the tris‐ (dithioloxalato) complexes of Cr III and Co III are reported and interpreted in terms of the simple crystal field picture. The magnetic susceptibility of the analogous Fe III compound is reported as a function of temperature, and interpreted by means of the theory of Figgis; this leads to an estimate of the parameters describing the covalency and axial field in the compound. Dithioloxalate is not a strong ligand, in the spectrochemical sense, but it does lead to an exceptional lowering of the electron—electron repulsions of the central metal ion.
Experimental studies and computer simulation of the preparation of nanoporous silicon-carbide membranes by chemical-vapor infiltration/chemical-vapor deposition techniques

Preparation of asymmetric nanoporous silicon-carbide membranes using chemical-vapor infiltration/chemical-vapor deposition (CVI/CVD) is described. We use macroporous SiC disks and tubes as supports, and tri-isopropylsilane as the precursor. Experimental data for the permeation and selectivity of the membranes are presented. We also develop two dynamic models to describe the preparation of the membranes. The models are shown to provide accurate predictions for the experimental data for the permeation characteristics of the membranes, as a function of the preparation conditions.
William Shipley’s Barometer (1748)

In 1748 William Shipley of Northampton wrote to his London friend Henry Baker proposing a type of barometer in which the variations of barometric pressure would be easier to read.1 His letter to Baker and Baker’s reply are printed in the reference cited. The proposal provides an interesting problem in elementary hydrostatics even though the barometer apparently was never constructed. The Shipley proposal for a barometer is shown in Fig. 1 which is reproduced from a sketch in his letter to Baker.
Kinetics of the in vivo labeling of the acyl groups of rabbit lung phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine.

Abstract The kinetics of labeling of lung phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine were studied for periods from 0.75–120 min following intravenous injection of radiolabeled palmitic acid and choline into 3-day-old rabbits. The labeled palmitic acid was cleared rapidly from plasma, and rapidly appeared with identical incorporation kinetics in both phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine. The 2-acyl positions of both phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine were labeled preferentially soon after [14C]palmitic acid injection. The specific activities of palmitic acid in the 2-acyl positions of phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine 0.75 min after injection of labeled palmitic acid were 3.4 and 1.9 times, respectively, the specific activities of palmitic acid in the 1-acyl positions. By 120 min the label had randomized between the 1-acyl and 2-acyl positions, and the kinetics of that randomization were defined for both phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine. Choline did not pulse label lung phosphatidylcholine or disaturated phosphatidylcholine. The choline label appeared with equal specific activities in both phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine. Thus no analysis of the de novo synthesized product via the CDP-choline pathway was possible.
Diverse sociopolitical reactions to the 9/11 attack and associations with religious coping

Abstract The September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks in New York City and Washington, DC brought a historical terror to the United States. The aftermath of 9/11 will be felt for decades in the way Americans view the world and the national political sphere. Yet, it is unclear in what direction 9/11 impacted American sociopolitical reactions and how their styles of spiritual or religious coping in their general life might influence such reactions. On the basis of the literature on terrorism, we developed a scale of sociopolitical reactions to the 9/11 attacks using a student sample at three American universities. The results indicate that responses to 9/11 are diverse and patterns of sociopolitical reactions are associated with gender, years of education, religiousness, peritraumatic emotional response, being a veteran, being close to a 9/11 victim, concerns about future attacks, and two types of religious/spiritual coping. Our study calls for more research that investigates sociopolitical reactions and the role ...
Improving Quality in Stroke Rehabilitation

Given the numerous quality improvement (QI) initiatives that have been undertaken in various medical fields, it is clear that inpatient rehabilitation services, particularly those geared toward stroke rehabilitation, can also benefit from these programs. To effectively evaluate the quality of rehabilitation services, indicators measuring structure, process, and outcomes must be included as part of any QI initiative. In addition to measuring quality, these indicators can be used to describe and address disparities in the provision of rehabilitation services on the basis of race, socioeconomic status, geography, disability status, and a multitude of other demographic factors. To improve quality and address health disparities associated with stroke rehabilitation, QI initiatives must be scientifically driven, continuing the trend of evidence-based practice in medicine. They must also remain flexible, because the science of quality improvement is an ever-changing field. It will be a challenge to convince physicians and other health care professionals that QI initiatives are a worthwhile investment of their limited time and resources, and further research is required to move the field of quality in stroke rehabilitation forward.
Potential new methods for antiepileptic drug delivery

Use of novel drug delivery methods could enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Slow-release oral forms of medication or depot drugs such as skin patches might improve compliance and therefore seizure control. In emergency situations, administration via rectal, nasal or buccal mucosa can deliver the drug more quickly than can oral administration. Slow-release oral forms and rectal forms of AEDs are already approved for use, nasal and buccal administration is currently off-label and skin patches for AEDs are an attractive but currently hypothetical option. Therapies under development may result in the delivery of AEDs directly to the regions of the brain involved in seizures. Experimental protocols are underway to allow continuous infusion of potent excitatory amino acid antagonists into the CSF. In experiments with animal models of epilepsy, AEDs have been delivered successfully to seizure foci in the brain by programmed infusion pumps, acting in response to computerised EEG seizure detection. Inactive prodrugs can be given systemically and activated at the site of the seizure focus by locally released compounds. One such drug under development is DP-VPA (or DP16), which is cleaved to valproic acid (sodium valproate) by phospholipases at the seizure focus. Liposomes and nanoparticles are engineered micro-reservoirs of a drug, with attached antibodies or receptor-specific binding agents designed to target the particles to a specific region of the body. Liposomes in theory could deliver a high concentration of an AED to a seizure focus. Penetration of the blood-brain barrier can be accomplished by linking large particles to iron transferrin or biological toxins that can cross the barrier. In the near future, it is likely that cell transplants that generate neurotransmitters and neuromodulators will accomplish renewable endogenous drug delivery. However, the survival and viability of transplanted cells have yet to be demonstrated in the clinical setting. Gene therapy also may play a role in local drug delivery with the use of adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus or other delivery vectors to induce brain cells to produce local modulatory substances. New delivery systems should significantly improve the therapeutic/toxic ratio of AEDs.
The role of plastoquinone and β-carotene in the primary reaction of plant Photosystem II

Abstract Extraction of Triton Photosystem II chloroplast fragments with 0.2% methanol in hexane for 3 h results in the removal of 90 to 95% of the plastoquinone in the original preparation. The extracted fragments (chlorophyll : plastoquinone ratio, 900 : 1) showed no P-680 photooxidation at 15 K after a single laser flash. The extracted fragments also showed no light-induced C-550 absorbance change at 77 K. Reconstitution of the primary reaction of Photosystem II, as evidenced by restoration of low-temperature photooxidation of P-680, could be obtained by the addition of plastoquinone A but not by the addition of β-carotene. The addition of β-carotene plus plastoquinone A restored the C-550 absorbance change. These results indicate that plastoquinone functions as the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II and that β-carotene does not play a direct role in the primary photochemistry but is required for the C-550 absorbance change.
Does democracy “suffer” from diversity? Issue representation and diversity in senate elections

Several recent studies examine the degree to which congressional behavior affects candidates’ electoral fortunes (e.g., Carson, 2005). Research examining electoral competitiveness (Bond, Campbell, & Cottrill, 2001; Koetzle, 1998) and roll call voting (Bailey & Brady, 1998; Jones, 2003) finds that diversity in the electorate mediates the impact of numerous variables upon election outcomes and representation. However, the influence of diversity on other modes of representation – such as the policy positions taken by Senate candidates–remains unexplored. We investigate the link between representation and Senate candidates’ policy positions and thereby examine the degree to which voter diversity affects candidates’ policy responsiveness. We find that diversity significantly influences responsiveness, both directly and indirectly – candidates in homogenous states are more responsive to constituents than are candidates in heterogeneous states.
Leonardo: why the inventor failed to innovate

Purpose – Aims to demonstrate how a foremost “Renaissance man”, Leonardo da Vinci, an artist who also fathered inventions by the score, was destined to have his conceptions remain largely either on paper or in his head.Design/methodology/approach – Describes the creative work of a major polymath of the Italian Renaissance: Leonardo was painter, sculptor, designer, geometer, architect, natural scientist, anatomist, physiologist, diarist and sometime chronicler.Findings – Leonardo was more than a painter and sculptor: he was a prolific inventor of tools, instruments, public works, even spectacles and occasionally entire festivals. Yet the author of so many novel contraptions, devices, systems and events left virtually no material trace of his inventiveness.Originality/value – An analytical portrait enables the author to proffer some answers to the question of why Leonardo's non‐artistic bequest to civilization remains so intangible.
Abstract 329: Rottlerin induced autophagy by targeting multiple sites that leads to the apoptosis in cancer stem cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular process that controls cells in a normal homeostatic state by recycling nutrients to maintain cellular energy levels for cell survival via degradation of aggregated proteins and damaged organelles. Autophagy is associated with the several catabolic and pathological processes, including cancer. Cancer is a multifaceted disorder involving the perturbation of several different pathways that regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival. However, persistent activation of autophagy can lead to excessive depletion of cellular organelles and essential proteins, leading to apoptosis in cancer stem cells. As such, inducing cell death through this autophagic mechanism could be an alternative approach to the treatment of cancers. Recently, we have identified a novel autophagic inducer, rottlerin, from a medicinal plant (Mallotus philippinensis) that induces autophagy in various types of cancer stem cells through the formation of autophagosomes as measured by electron microscopy and GFP-LC3 puncta formation. By computational virtual docking analysis, rottlerin was shown to interact directly with the protein kinase-C delta, beclin-1, and autophagy related proteins. By biochemical assays, rottlerin was shown to increase autophagy induction through the activation of the kinase-AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. In addition, rottlerin treatment causes the induction of apoptosis, which was associated with the suppression of phosphorylated Akt and mTOR, upregulation of phosphorylated kinase-AMP, downregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, XIAP, and cIAP-1. Rottlerin also proved to be a potent autophagy inducer in cancer stem cells, by knocking down beclin-1, protein kinase-C delta, or Agt7. These results provide a detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of rottlerin, as a novel autophagic inducer by targeting multiple sites to induce autophagy, which leads to the apoptosis in cancer stem cells. Rottlerin has the potential of being developed into an anti-cancer agent by targeting cancer stem cells. Citation Format: Dhruv Kumar. Rottlerin induced autophagy by targeting multiple sites that leads to the apoptosis in cancer stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 329. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-329
Impact of β-blocker therapy on functional capacity criteria for heart transplant listing

Abstract Background Peak exercise oxygen consumption is a widely used parameter to determine the need for transplant listing in patients with severe heart failure. Currently, β-blocker therapy is known to benefit patients with severe heart failure, although it has minimal or no effects on peak exercise oxygen consumption. This raises the hypothesis that peak exercise oxygen consumption transplant-listing criteria are not valid for patients with heart failure who receive β-blocker therapy. Methods We compared outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure who underwent heart transplant evaluation with peak exercise oxygen consumption ≤ 14.0 ml/kg/min and who were treated with β-blockers (n = 48) or who were not treated with β-blockers (n = 55). Results Outcomes were significantly better for patients treated with β-blockers (combined end-points of death, transplantation as United Network for Organ Sharing [UNOS] Status 1 or 2, and ventricular assist device placement, p = 0.0001). The 1-year survival was 92% and 3-year survival was 71% in the patients treated with β-blockers, and 69% and 48% in the patients not treated with β-blockers (compared with UNOS transplant survival data of 92% 1-year and 77% 3-year survival rates). Conclusions Patients with chronic heart failure and severe functional impairment who were treated with β-blockers have significantly better outcomes compared with similarly functionally impaired patients who were not treated with β-blockers, and these patients would not be expected to derive a survival benefit from transplantation. Thus, in patients treated with β-blockers, the use of peak exercise oxygen consumption as a criterion to list for heart transplantation may no longer be valid. Alternatively, non-usage of β-blockers may be a criterion to list for transplantation.
Elastic Scattering of Positrons from Hydrogen: An Optical Potential Calculation

The optical potential of Bell and Squires is used to formulate the problem of the elastic scattering of positrons from atoms. An application is made to the scattering of $S$-wave positrons from hydrogen below the threshold for positronium formation. The single-particle states of the electron are chosen to be the hydrogenic solutions, while the positron states are obtained by using a single-particle potential which includes the Hartree potential plus a model polarization potential. Various models are investigated and a choice is made which effectively maximizes the calculated phase shifts through second order in the perturbation expansion of the optical potential. Phase shifts thus obtained yield approximately 67-80% of the difference between the static Hartree results and the variational results of Schwartz. Higher-order effects are evaluated using the techniques of Kelly. Intermediate states of multipole $l\ensuremath{\le}3$ are included.
An investigation of synthetic fuel production via chemical looping.

Producing liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a reduced greenhouse gas emissions profile would ease the transition to a carbon-neutral energy sector with the transportation industry being the immediate beneficiary followed by the power industry. Revolutionary solutions in transportation, such as electricity and hydrogen, depend on the deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies and/or renewable energy systems. Additionally, high oil prices may increase the development of unconventional sources, such as tar sands, that have a higher emissions profile. One process that is gaining interest is a system for producing reduced carbon fuels though chemical looping technologies. An investigation of the implications of such a process using methane and carbon dioxide that is reformed to yield methanol has been done. An important aspect of the investigation is the use of off-the-shelf technologies to achieve the results. The ability of the process to yield reduced emissions fuels depends on the source for the fee...
Translational control of activin in Xenopus laevis embryos

Activin is a potent mesoderm inducing factor present in embryos of Xenopus laevis. Recent evidence has implicated activin in the inhibition of neural development in addition to the well-established induction of mesoderm in ectodermal explants. These diverse effects are critically dependent on the concentration of activin yet little is known about the mechanisms regulating the level of activin in the embryo. We report that the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of activin βB mRNA inhibits the translation of activin in embryos. Microinjection of activin mRNA from which the 3′ UTR has been deleted is 8–10-fold more potent in inducing mesoderm than mRNA containing the 3′ UTR. Truncation of the 3′ UTR also leads to a marked enhancement of activin protein levels in embryos but has no effect when the truncated mRNA is translated in vitro. The 3′ UTR also confers translational inhibition on a heterologous mRNA. These data show that a maternal factor(s) present in X. laevis regulates the translation of injected activin βB mRNA. This factor(s) could be responsible for regulating the levels of endogenous activin βB protein during mesoderm induction and the specification of ectodermal derivatives such as neural and epidermal tissues. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Robust nonlinear dynamic systems—the old question with a new answer

Abstract In this paper several upper bounds for parameter variations of a class of nonlinear (feedback) dynamic systems are presented. These sufficient conditions are used iteratively in a computer-aided algorithm to reach to the largest upper bounds or the stability robustness measure of such systems.
Survival of Oral Human Immune Serum Globulin in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Low Birth Weight Infants

Six immature infants were given oral feedings of 10% preservative-free human immune serum globulin ranging from 1 to 8 ml/kg/day. A seventh infant served as a control. Undigested and partially digested IgG was detected in the stools in significant quantities in all but the control infant. This coproantibody retained significant opsonic activity for type III group B streptococci as determined by a chemiluminescence assay, but lost most of its tetanus antibody activity. The newborn infants' enzymatic immaturity or rapid transit time permits the passage of intact IgG or partially digested IgG to pass throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
Successful recanalization of late portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation using systemic low-dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is an infrequent complication following hepatic transplantation. However, deterioration of liver function and accompanying complications may be life threatening. Several attempts of surgical or percutaneous transhepatic procedures have been described. In some cases high dose fibrinolytic regimens have been successful. We describe the case of a male liver recipient with recurrent liver fibrosis due to hepatitis B reinfection and late portal vein thrombosis 45 months after transplantation. Complete recanalization was achieved using systemic low dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA).
Optical spatial heterodyned interferometry for inspection of microelectromechanical systems

Interferometric imaging has the potential to extend the usefulness of optical microscopes by encoding small phase shifts that reveal information about topology and materials. At the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), we have developed an optical Spatial Heterodyne Interferometry (SHI) method that captures reflection images containing both phase and amplitude information at a high rate of speed. By measuring the phase of a wavefront reflected off or transmitted through a surface, the relative surface heights and some materials properties can be measured. In this paper we briefly review our historical application of SHI in the semiconductor industry, but the focus is on new research to adapt this technology to the inspection of MEMS devices, in particular to the characterization of motion elements such as microcantilevers and deformable mirror arrays.
Ni(II) Bis(oxazoline)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Syn Aldol Reactions of N-Propionylthiazolidinethiones in the Presence of Silyl Triflates

An enantioselective aldol reaction of N-propionylthiazolidinethione and representative aldehydes is disclosed. The reaction is catalyzed by [Ni(S,S)-t-BuBox](Otf)2. Enolization is effected by 2,6-l...
A Dual-Band Millimeter-Wave CMOS Oscillator With Left-Handed Resonator

A new technique using a left-handed (LH) resonator to generate a multiband millimeter-wave carrier signal is proposed in this paper. The LH resonator exhibits nonlinear dispersion characteristic, which enables uneven spacing between resonant frequencies. With N stages of the LH unit cell, there are N/2 +1 resonant frequencies from the nonlinear dispersion curve. Moreover, the band selection switches are not located in the signal path, which can, therefore, dramatically reduce the size of switches and improve the overall quality factor of the resonator. A dual-band millimeter-wave oscillator in digital 90-nm CMOS technology is implemented to demonstrate this new technique. Using a mode selection switch, the proposed oscillator operates at 21.3 and 55.3 GHz, respectively, with a total power consumption of 14 mW.
Structural features of the terminal loop region of frog retinal rod outer segment disk membranes: II. Organization of the terminal loop complex.

In addition to a lipid bilayer component (Corless, Fetter, and Costello: J. Comp. Neurol. 257:1–8, '87), the terminal loop region of frog rod outer segment (ROS) disks displays a clustering of discrete elements referred to as the terminal loop complex. It consists of (1) semicircular or crescentic densities within the terminal loop, (2) linear interdisk densities spanning the cytoplasm near terminal loops, and (3) distinctive freeze-fracture particles associated with the terminal loop, located between 1 and 2. The linear interdisk densities are organized on a two-dimensional lattice that appears to ensheath completely the lamellar domains of all ROS disks. Indirect evidence is presented for a net axial alignment of intraloop densities. We interpret the large freeze-fracture particles of the terminal loop region to reflect transmembrane components that connect the interdisk and intraloop densities. Thus, we propose that the entire terminal loop (TL) complex is organized on a two-dimensional net. We further infer that each TL complex is organized as a dimeric unit and that such dimers interact axially and laterally to generate the observed lattice structure. It is suggested that one component of the terminal loop complex is the high molecular weight protein localized along the disk perimeter by Papermaster, Schneider, Zorn, and Kraehenbuhl (J. Cell Biol 78:415–425, '78).
A home-based exercise program to improve function, fatigue, and sleep quality in patients with Stage IV lung and colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Context Exercise benefits patients with cancer, but studies of home-based approaches, particularly among those with Stage IV disease, remain small and exploratory. Objectives To conduct an adequately powered trial of a home-based exercise intervention that can be facilely integrated into established delivery and reimbursement structures. Methods Sixty-six adults with Stage IV lung or colorectal cancer were randomized, in an eight-week trial, to usual care or incremental walking and home-based strength training. The exercising participants were instructed during a single physiotherapy visit and subsequently exercised four days or more per week; training and step-count goals were advanced during bimonthly telephone calls. The primary outcome measure was mobility assessed with the Ambulatory Post Acute Care Basic Mobility Short Form. Secondary outcomes included ratings of pain and sleep quality as well as the ability to perform daily activities (Ambulatory Post Acute Care Daily Activities Short Form), quality of life (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General), and fatigue (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue). Results Three participants dropped out and seven died (five in the intervention and two in the control group, P =0.28). At Week 8, the intervention group reported improved mobility ( P =0.01), fatigue ( P =0.02), and sleep quality ( P =0.05) compared with the usual care group, but did not differ on the other measures. Conclusion A home-based exercise program seems capable of improving the mobility, fatigue, and sleep quality of patients with Stage IV lung and colorectal cancer.
Learning from Difference: The Potentially Transforming Experience of Community-University Collaboration:

The University of Michigan's Detroit Community Outreach Partnership Center generates faculty-student teams who work on community development projects with Detroit's community organizations. Projects are designed to enrich students' experiential learning in community settings and to help build communities' organizational capacity. This relationship has exposed a culture clash between universities and community organizations in at least three major areas: the style of work, social justice understanding, and power relations. Further, although the COPC is committed to a community-driven planning model, the nature of the community-university relationship tends to push the work toward a consultant-driven model. Improving community-university collaboration will require restructuring of university pedagogy.
Theoretical basis for numerically exact three-dimensional time-domain algorithms

In a one-dimensional (1D) homogeneous space, the classic Yee finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) algorithm is numerically exact when operated at the Courant stability limit. Numerically exact is taken to mean that, to within the sampling limit imposed by the discretization in space and time, the only errors are due to the finite precision of digital computer arithmetic. Unfortunately, the Yee algorithm is not numerically exact in two or more dimensions. However, using the design shown here, three-dimensional (3D) spatial differential operators can have 1D dispersion properties. Just as the space and time errors can be made to cancel in the 1D Yee algorithm, 3D algorithms (for hyperbolic systems of coupled first order equations) in an unbounded homogeneous space can be constructed which are, in theory, numerically exact. The differential operators presented here extend over a localized non-zero volume, unlike the usual nabla (or Del) operator which acts at a point. Our computer implementations are based on reconstruction methods, producing global range operators, thus our implementations of these operators are computationally expensive. A sample implementation of an approximate electromagnetic algorithms is described and is shown to produce results that are superior to the classic Yee algorithm for the cubic resonator problem.
An animation description language

This paper presents a language which specifies moving scenes by hooking up primitives of shapes in a manner similar to Narasimhan. Motion is achieved in two distinct ways- by hooking up these shapes at a specific rate, and by creating moving primitive shapes. The language can be used both for generating and for recognizing classes of time-varying pictures.
Closed-Form Isoparametric Shape Functions of Four-Node Convex Finite Elements

On arbitrary plane quadrilaterals, difficulties in integrating energy densities prevented analysts from directly using shape function expressions in terms of the physical coordinate variables ( x and y ). With the availability of an exact integration procedure, shape functions are sought here as explicit expressions (in x and y ). Conventional isoparametric (indirect) representation, via canonical coordinate variables ( η and ξ ) on a unit square in the computational domain, do not reveal the presence of irrational algebraic expressions that were first elaborated on by Wachspress. Computer algebra systems demonstrate that the isoparametric shape functions are: for a general quadrilateral—linear and a square root of a quadratic (in x and y ); for a trapezoid—identical to the Wachspress rational polynomials; for a parallelogram—bilinear functions; and, moreover, even valid for a triangle with a side node. The failure of the isoparametric formulation for concave domains is traced to the negative argument of ...
Starting flow in a rotating parallel plate channel

The starting flow due to a suddenly applied pressure gradient in a parallel plate channel which is rotating as a system is studied. Exact analytic series solutions to the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are found by both the Laplace transform method and the separation of parameters method, the latter is shown to be superior. Rotation not only induces a secondary transverse flow but also alters the character of the transient flow rate and velocity profiles. Back flow and inertial oscillations occur, especially at higher rotation rates.
Uncertain Paternalism: Tensions in Recent Regional Restructuring in China:

This paper explains the reform of the regional structure of the Chinese economy in the late 1970s and 1980s in light of the concept of uncertain paternalism. This qualified state protectivism encourages local dependence on the central government but also trains localities in tactics of encapsulation, self-reliance, and hoarding. The concept of uncertain paternalism is used to elucidate the dynamics operating in four classes of spatial economic reforms, and the progress and problems of these reforms are discussed, as well as their potential contribution to the modernization of the Chinese economy.
Potentiation of tumor responses to DNA damaging therapy by the selective ATR inhibitor VX-970

// Amy B. Hall 1,* , Dave Newsome 1,* , Yuxin Wang 1,* , Diane M. Boucher 1 , Brenda Eustace 1 , Yong Gu 1 , Brian Hare 1 , Mac A. Johnson 1 , Howard Li 1 , Sean Milton 1 , Cheryl E. Murphy 1 , Darin Takemoto 1 , Crystal Tolman 1 , Mark Wood 1 , Peter Charlton 2 , Jean-Damien Charrier 2 , Brinley Furey 1 , Julian Golec 2 , Philip M. Reaper 2 and John R. Pollard 2 1 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc, Boston, MA, USA 2 Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence: John R Pollard , email: // Keywords : ATR, DNA damage response, VX-970 Received : June 9, 2014 Accepted : July 2, 2014 Published : July 3, 2014 Abstract Platinum-based DNA-damaging chemotherapy is standard-of-care for most patients with lung cancer but outcomes remain poor. This has been attributed, in part, to the highly effective repair network known as the DNA-damage response (DDR). ATR kinase is a critical regulator of this pathway, and its inhibition has been shown to sensitize some cancer, but not normal, cells in vitro to DNA damaging agents. However, there are limited in vivo proof-of-concept data for ATR inhibition. To address this we profiled VX-970, the first clinical ATR inhibitor, in a series of in vitro and in vivo lung cancer models and compared it with an inhibitor of the downstream kinase Chk1. VX-970 markedly sensitized a large proportion of a lung cancer cell line and primary tumor panel in vitro to multiple DNA damaging drugs with clear differences to Chk1 inhibition observed. In vivo VX-970 blocked ATR activity in tumors and dramatically enhanced the efficacy of cisplatin across a panel of patient derived primary lung xenografts. The combination led to complete tumor growth inhibition in three cisplatin-insensitive models and durable tumor regression in a cisplatin-sensitive model. These data provide a strong rationale for the clinical evaluation of VX-970 in lung cancer patients.
Review of metformin and glyburide in the management of gestational diabetes

*Background: Worldwide, gestational diabetes affects 15% of pregnancies. It is recommended in patients with gestational diabetes to initiate diet therapy and if this is not adequate, insulin is the next treatment modality. While insulin is the preferred drug therapy to manage gestational diabetes in the majority of women, it may not always be the best option for all women. Objective: The purpose of this review is to assess the efficacy and safety of oral agents for treatment of gestational diabetes. Methods: A literature search of the MEDLINE, Ovid databases and Google Scholar was performed using the search term “gestational diabetes” combined with each “metformin” and “glyburide”. The time frame for the search was inception through August 2014. Randomized controlled trials and cohort (both prospective and retrospective) trials, published in English, with human participants were included. Studies included only pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Results: There were no significant differences in preterm deliveries, delivery modes, macrosomia, and birth weights and large for gestational age when utilizing glyburide vs insulin for gestational diabetes management. There were significantly higher neonatal intensive care unit admissions as well as longer lengths of stay for hypoglycemia and respiratory distress in babies whose mothers were treated with glyburide versus insulin. For the studies comparing metformin to insulin, there are no significant differences reported for birth weight, gestational age, delivery mode, prematurity and perinatal deaths. Women taking metformin may require supplemental insulin more frequently than those taking glyburide. Conclusion: Glyburide and metformin appear to be safe and effective to manage blood glucose in patients with gestational diabetes who prefer to not utilize insulin or who cannot afford insulin therapy. All other oral therapies to manage blood glucose levels during gestational diabetes should be reserved until additional evidence is available regarding safety and efficacy to both mother and fetus.
Resonant eddy current analysis: A selective screening method for electromagnetic shielding materials

The authors discuss both the principle and practice of resonant eddy current analysis (RECA) and its applicability as a screening agent for prospective electromagnetic shielding materials. The RECA methodology relies on the principle that a resonant RLC electrical circuit is detuned by inserting a sample into the coiled inductor. The change in capacitance needed to maintain the original resonant frequency and the change in impedance at resonance are measured. These measured changes define a constraint on an analytical relationship between the material's conductivity and permeability. In practice, however, measuring changes in frequency is more feasible than changing resonanting capacitors. The RECA methodology is contactless, timely, and efficient. It is inexpensive, requiring only an inductor, several capacitors, and an impedance meter. This method has been used to screen a variety of materials ranging from metals to composite materials. >