cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIY Judaism: How Contemporary Jewish Young Adults Express their Jewish Identity

Contemporary Jewish young adults, like other Americans of their generation, often eschew traditional religious and communal institutions. The term “Do-It-Yourself” (DIY) Judaism has emerged to describe alternative ways of engaging in Jewish life. Although much discussed, little is known about the extent or prevalence of DIY Judaism. Using a large sample of applicants to Taglit-Birthright Israel, the current study explores respondents’ current Jewish activities though quantitative measures as well as through responses to open-ended questions which capture unique ways of engaging with Judaism. The analysis captures both current involvement and how childhood experiences impact adult Jewish engagement. The results indicate that although these young adults are unlikely to be a member of a synagogue, they are attending events sponsored by a wide array of other Jewish organizations, including many small, niche organizations, and some celebrate Shabbat. The majority of young adults also celebrated Hanukkah and attended a Passover seder during the past year. Home-based or self-organized ritual practice appears more appealing for the current young adult generation and far exceeds engagement with traditional Jewish organizations. As expected, current engagement is strongly predicted by respondents’ background and intervening Jewish experiences, such as participation in Taglit. Those with stronger Jewish backgrounds are significantly more likely to celebrate Shabbat and holidays and participate in Jewish-sponsored events. Single young adults with minimal Jewish background, however, remain an especially disconnected segment of the Jewish population, and practices of DIY Judaism have yet to capture this particular demographic.
Brincando el Charco Portrait of a Puerto Rican (1995)

Brincando el Charco: Portrait of. Puerto Rican (1995) Frances Negron-Muntaner (Producer/Director/Writer). Coproduction of the National Latino Communications Center (NLCC) and the Independent Television Service (ITVS). 57 Minutes, Color/BW. 16 mm/Video. Distributed By Women Make Movies, (212) 925-0606.
Optimizing appointment template and number of staff of an OB/GYN clinic – micro and macro simulation analyses

The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) tested various, new system-restructuring ideas such as varying number of different types of nurses to reduce patient wait times for its outpatient clinic, often with little or no effect on waiting time. Witnessing little progress despite these time-intensive interventions, we sought an alternative way to intervene the clinic without affecting the normal clinic operations. The aim is to identify the optimal (1) time duration between appointments and (2) number of nurses to reduce wait time of patients in the clinic. We developed a discrete-event computer simulation model for the OB/GYN clinic. By using the patient tracker (PT) data, appropriate probability distributions of service times of staff were fitted to model different variability in staff service times. These distributions were used to fine-tune the simulation model. We then validated the model by comparing the simulated wait times with the actual wait times calculated from the PT data. The validated model was then used to carry out “what-if” analyses. The best scenario yielded 16 min between morning appointments, 19 min between afternoon appointments, and addition of one medical assistant. Besides removing all peak wait times and bottlenecks around noon and late in the afternoon, the best scenario yielded 39.84 % (p<.001), 30.31 % (p<.001), and 15.12 % (p<.001) improvement in patients’ average wait times for providers in the exam rooms, average total wait time at various locations and average total spent time in the clinic, respectively. This is achieved without any compromise in the utilization of the staff and in serving all patients by 5pm. A discrete-event simulation model is developed, validated, and used to carry out “what-if” scenarios to identify the optimal time between appointments and number of nurses. Using the model, we achieved a significant improvement in wait time of patients in the clinic, which the clinic management initially had difficulty achieving through manual interventions. The model provides a tool for the clinic management to test new ideas to improve the performance of other UAMS OB/GYN clinics.
Vasopressin mRNA changes during kindling: the effects of kindling site and stage

Because of the many anatomical and functional links to the limbic system, the neuroendocrine system is often affected by limbic disturbances. Limbic seizures in humans and animals alter neuroendocrine function and hormone levels. We have shown that in an animal model for partial seizures, the amygdala kindled rat, plasma vasopressin levels are elevated and a sustained increase in vasopressin (VP) mRNA follows stage 5 kindled seizures. In the present experiments we sought to determine when during the course of amygdala kindling the VP mRNA increase occurs and whether specific anatomical pathways mediate this increase. Animals kindled to early seizure stages (stages 1, 2 or 3) had no consistent increase in VP mRNA in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) while animals kindled to generalized seizures, stages 4 or 5, invariably had increased VP mRNA relative to controls. Electrical kindling to stage 5 seizures from two other brain sites, the dorsal hippocampus and the anterior olfactory nucleus, consistently resulted in a significant increase in VP mRNA one week after completing kindling. In all experiments the increase in VP mRNA in the SON showed no differences related to the side or proximity of the electrodes used for kindling. Measures of water balance did not change following kindling. These results indicate that kindled seizure generalization is a prerequisite for the long-term increase in VP mRNA. Furthermore, the VP mRNA increase appears to involve polysynaptic pathways accessible from different limbic kindling sites. These studies support the hypothesis that changes in mRNA regulation may contribute to the neuroendocrine pathophysiology accompanying limbic seizures.
Atomic arrangement in the c ( 2 × 2 ) structure of Cl on Ag(100)

A LEED (low-energy electron diffraction) structure analysis is described of the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ superstructure obtained by reacting a clean Ag(100) surface with Cl. Two of the structural models considered in the analysis produce encouraging agreement between theory and experiment for some LEED beams: the overlayer model with Cl adsorbed on the fourfold symmetrical hollows of the Ag(100) surface in the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ arrangement and the mixed-layer model with non-coplanar Ag and Cl atoms. The full analysis of 21 beams at three different angles of incidence and one azimuth, however, leads to rejection of the mixed-layer model and adoption of the simple overlayer model. Refinement of the structure with regard to several nonstructural parameters reveals an interference between the choice of the potential for the adsorbed Cl and the value of the distance ${d}_{z}^{S}$ between overlayer and first substrate layer. For the proposed structure, ${d}_{z}^{S}=1.72$ \AA{}, corresponding to a hardsphere Cl radius of 1.23 \AA{}, but range of acceptable ${d}_{z}^{S}$ values extends from 1.57 to 1.78 \AA{}, depending on the Cl potential used in the intensity calculations.
DNA reveals high dispersal synchronizing the population dynamics of Canada lynx

Population dynamics of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) have been of interest to ecologists for nearly sixty years1,2,3,4. Two competing hypotheses concerning lynx population dynamics and large-scale spatial synchrony are currently debated. The first suggests that dispersal is substantial among lynx populations5, and the second proposes that lynx at the periphery of their range exist in small, isolated patches that maintain cycle synchrony via correlation with extrinsic environmental factors2. Resolving the nature of lynx population dynamics and dispersal is important both to ecological theory and to the conservation of threatened lynx populations: the lack of knowledge about connectivity between populations at the southern periphery of the lynx's geographic range delayed their legal listing in the United States6. We test these competing hypotheses using microsatellite DNA markers and lynx samples from 17 collection sites in the core and periphery of the lynx's geographic range. Here we show high gene flow despite separation by distances greater than 3,100 km, supporting the dispersal hypothesis. We therefore suggest that management actions in the contiguous United States should focus on maintaining connectivity with the core of the lynx's geographic range.
Neurogenetic gradients in the hamster visual pathway

The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and superior colliculus of the hamster were examined autoradiographically after administration of [3H]thymidine for the presence of spatiotemporal gradients of neuron production and for the relationship between neuron cell body size and birthdate. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus had a dorsolateral-to-ventromedial (superficial-to-deep) gradient of neuron production, the suprachiasmatic nucleus had a caudoventral to rostrodorsal gradient, and the superior colliculus had a complex laminar gradient. In the lateral geniculate nucleus and in the superior colliculus, labeled neurons were typically larger than unlabeled neurons at early stages and unlabeled neurons were typically larger than labeled neurons at late stages; however, variation in neuron size does not account for the neurogenetic gradients in hamsters.
Asteroid Orbit Determination Using Bayesian Probabilities

Bayesian a priori and a posteriori probability densities are employed to determine asteroid orbital elements from optical astrometric observations. For near-earth asteroids and Jupiter Trojans, the two-body approximation can yield grossly erroneous uncertainty estimates because of the scattering effect of close planetary encounters or prolonged weak planetary perturbations. For main-belt asteroids, the two-body approximation works efficiently, from which it is inferred that, although the ephemeris must be computed from an integrated orbit, only approximate partial derivatives are needed to attain sufficient accuracy in predicting ephemeris uncertainties. The semimajor and semiminor axes of the 2D 1-sigma sky-plane uncertainty ellipse during the years 1993 to 2005 in the many-body and two-body linear approximations are shown.
How Social Media Will Change Public Health

Recent work in machine learning and natural language processing has studied the health content of tweets and demonstrated the potential for extracting useful public health information from their aggregation. This article examines the types of health topics discussed on Twitter, and how tweets can both augment existing public health capabilities and enable new ones. The author also discusses key challenges that researchers must address to deliver high-quality tools to the public health community.
Effects of polyamines on NMDA-induced currents in rat hippocampal neurons: A whole-cell and single-channel study

Abstract Actions of the polyamines spermine and spermidine on NMDA-induced currents were examined in cultured hippocampal neurons from embryonic rat. In whole-cell patch experiments using voltage-clamp, spermine (300 μM) produced about a two-fold potentiation of responses to NMDA (at −70 mV in the presence of saturating glycine); half-maximal potentiation was elicited at 207 μM. The potentiation produced by spermine was somewhat greater at positive potentials. The onset of potentiation was fast ( t 1 2 s ), indicative of an extracellular site of action. Spermidine was of comparable potency but less efficacious than spermine in potentiating NMDA responses. In excised outside-out patches, spermine exhibited two actions on NMDA-induced single-channel responses. In some patches, it increased the channel open probability; both frequency of channel opening and burst length were increased with no significant change in the mean open duration, which accounted for much of the potentiation seen in whole-cell experiments. In all patches, spermine decreased channel conductance at negative voltages, an effect ascribable to fast channel block (with a possible contribution by charge screening). These results are consistent with opposing actions of polyamines mediated at distinct sites on the NMDA receptor.
Assessing food system attitudes among youth: development and evaluation of attitude measures.

Abstract Objective To design and pilot a questionnaire for assessing youth attitudes about the food system. Design Nutrition educators provided important topics for food system education through a survey using the Delphi method. The resulting questionnaire of attitude scales was piloted with high school students. Setting The Delphi survey of nutrition educators was conducted through the mail and electronically. A paper and pencil questionnaire was administered to high school students in Family and Consumer Science classes. Participants Delphi participants were members of the Society for Nutrition Education’s Division of Sustainable Food Systems. A convenience sample of high school students completed the pilot questionnaire. Variables Measured Scales measured attitudes about farmland protection, participation in the local food system, hunger in the United States, organic agriculture, and environmental issues related to food. Analysis Factor analysis was used to identify constructs. The internal consistency of each resulting scale was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Results Reliability of attitude scales ranged from .59 to .73. Conclusions and Implications Attitude scales were created for the purpose of assessing youth thoughts and beliefs about the local or regional food system. Such assessments can serve as a starting point for food system educators interested in developing effective curricula on food system topics.
Incorporation of Line Quantities in the Continuum Description for Multiphase, Multicomponent Bodies with Intersecting Dividing Surfaces: I. Kinematics and Conservation Principles

Abstract In this paper, we develop the continuum description for dynamic, multiphase, multicomponent systems with intersecting dividing surfaces, taking into account the contribution of line excess quantities (line mass density, line velocity, .[xf9[rf.[xf9[rf.) associated with the common line. Starting with the standard postulates of mechanics, we derive the governing equations for a common line (the species mass balance at the common line, the momentum balance at the common line, .[xf9[rf.[xf9[rf.).
2-Amino-5-arylbenzoxazole derivatives as potent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)

2,5-Disubstituted benzoxazole derivatives were evaluated for their ability to inhibit hFAAH. Structure–activity studies indicated that an isoindoline group at the 2-position of the benzoxazole ring gave rise to particularly potent inhibitors. Further refinement resulted in compounds, such as 50, with low nanomolar potencies against hFAAH. Preliminary biochemical experiments revealed that model benzoxazole FAAH inhibitors inhibited the enzyme in a manner consistent with a reversible mechanism. Additionally, the species dependency of FAAH inhibition was measured. Of the species tested, inhibition of rabbit FAAH, but not rat and guinea pig FAAH, appeared to show close alignment to human FAAH. These results may suggest similarities between the active sites of the FAAH enzyme for these two species, and may also suggest that rabbit could be a viable species with which to conduct preclinical testing with benzoxazole FAAH inhibitors.
Preliminary clinical results of pulsed dye laser therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a viral disease characterized by the growth of benign tumors on the vocal cords. Standard management of RRP currently consists of CO2 laser microsurgical ablation of the papillomas. Because of the recurrent nature of this disease, patients are often faced with significant cumulative risk of soft tissue complications such as vocal cord scarring. As a minimally traumatic alternative to management of RRP, we have investigated the use of the 585 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) to cause regression of the papillomas by selective eradication of the tumor microvasculature. Three patients have been treated with the PDL at fluences of 6 J/cm2 (double pulses per irradiated site), 8 J/cm2 (single pulses), and 10 J/cm2 (single pulses), at noncritical areas within the larynx, using a specially designed micromanipulator. Lesions on the true cords were treated with the CO2 laser. Clinical examination showed that PDL treatment appeared to produce complete regression of papillomas. Unlike the sites of lesions treated by the CO2 laser, the epithelial surface at the PDL treatment sites was preserved intact. The presumed mechanism for papilloma regression following PDL treatment involves acute or chronic localized hypoxia caused by loss of tumor microvasculature.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bioturbation of sediments in a northern temperate estuary

Abstract This study showed that the amount of bioturbation decreased up the estuary as the salinities became lower and the bottom-dwelling fauna changed in composition. In the Great Bay estuarine system of New Hampshire, species of the polychaete genus Nereis appeared to be the most important turbation agents. Four different levels of bioturbation were observed during the course of the study ranging from highly turbate in a sandy bottom, marine environment near the mouth of the estuary to non-turbate in a silty bottom, brackish water environment near the head of the estuary.
Materially uniform simple bodies with inhomogeneities

The basic concepts of the theory of simple materials have been introduced in reference [1] (see also the exposition in [2], Chapter C III). Here I present a detailed study of the structure of bodies that consist of a uniform simple material yet are not necessarily homogeneous.
Health care reform: Can a communitarian perspective be salvaged?

The United States is culturally oriented more toward individual rights and values than to communitarian values. That proclivity has made it hard to develop a common good, or solidarity-based, perspective on health care. Too many people believe they have no obligation to support the health care of others and resist a strong role for government, higher taxation, or reduced health benefits. I argue that we need to build a communitarian perspective on the concept of solidarity, which has been the concept underlying European health care systems, by focusing not on individual needs, but rather, on those of different age groups--that is, what people need at different stages of life.
Sexual competition and courtship disruptions: why do male bowerbirds destroy each other's bowers?

Abstract Abstract. In the species of bowerbirds that build bowers, males frequently attempt to maraud and destroy each other's bowers and steal decorations. A series of game-theory models was developed to examine disruptive behaviour in bowerbirds under different mechanisms of male choice. By measuring the costs and benefits of alternative behaviour patterns in terms of access to females, the models demonstrate that, under most circumstances, strategies of marauding bowers and/or stealing decorations are stable against a strategy of guarding bowers and not disrupting. The range of conditions in which guarding was stable increased if intruders had to travel long distances between bowers or if residents were able to quickly repair damaged bowers. Male bowerbirds, however, may be in a prisoner's dilemma with respect to disruptive behaviour patterns. That is, marauding and/or stealing are always the best individual strategies, but neighbouring males that guard their bowers and do not disrupt each other always do better than neighbouring males that disrupt each other. Under these circumstances, conditional strategies may evolve and one such tactic that bowerbirds may employ is discussed. It is suggested that the nature of bower-building and the importance of bowers in inter- and intra-sexual interactions dramatically affect each species' behavioural and activity patterns, spatial dispersion, and social organization.
Stoichiometry of the short-range solvation of diethylamine in proton transfer reactions with 2,4-dinitrophenol and solvation by ethers☆

Abstract Equilibrium constants were determined at 25°C for the formation of the proton transfer complex between 2,4-dinitrophenol and diethylamine in mixed solvents of benzene and small amounts of the following electron-donating solvents: nitrobenzene, n -propyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydropyran, and 1,3-dioxalane. These solvents form hydrogen bonds with the amine proton of diethylamine, resulting in an increased effective basicity for the amine. In every case the stoichiometry of the interaction is found to be diethylamine: solvent = 1:2, inferring the existence of a bifurcated hydrogen bond in solution. Dioxane had previously been shown to be a dramatically effective short-range solvent. Of the several ethers that were studied to determine what structural aspect of dioxane is responsible for its solvation powers, only 1,3-dioxalane, another cyclic diether, shows similar properties.
Novel Types of Superconductivity in F‐Electron Systems

During the last one and one‐half decades, experiments on compounds and alloys of rare earth and actinide elements with partially filled f‐electron shells have revealed novel superconducting phenomena. Among these are the reappearance of resistance at a second critical temperature due to the interaction of magnetic moments with conduction electrons, the coexistence of superconductivity and antiferromagnetism, superconductivity induced by magnetic fields and superconductivity due to electrons with large effective masses.
Psychiatric genetics gets a boost.

Defining the molecular nature of the genetic risk of psychiatric disorders has been notoriously difficult. Now, a flurry of genome-wide association studies for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder provides preliminary evidence for replicated signals.
Gold and platinum benzenehexathiolate complexes as large templates for the synthesis of 12-coordinate polyphosphine macrocycles

Abstract A general strategy for the synthesis of large-ring, poly-donor macrocycles using multi-metal ion templates is outlined. This strategy is illustrated in the design and synthesis of the hexanuclear (divinyl)(phenyl)phosphine gold complex of benzenehexathiolate, {[(C2H3)2(Ph)P]Au}6(C6S6) (1), which undergoes macrocycle formation upon reaction with PhPH2 in the presence of AIBN ( Scheme 1 ). NMR spectra (1H and 31P) and elemental analyses indicate that the resulting macrocycle is a 36-membered ring containing 12 phosphorus donors, six of which are coordinated to the six Au atoms in the Au6(C6S6) core. A series of tri-platinum complexes, [(P∩P)Pt]3(C6S6) (16–19), where (P∩P) is a bidentate phosphine ligand, with three (P∩P)PtII units coordinated to a C6S6 6− core, were also prepared as models for templated formation of other poly-phosphorus macrocycles.
Synthesis of adjustable function generation linkages using the optimal pivot adjustment

Desired functions can be generated precisely by adjustable four-bar linkages. A revolute joint is used to adjust the fixed pivot location of the driven link. The synthesis model is established based on the optimal adjustment. Desired functions can be generated precisely by continuous adjustment or approximately by fixing adjustment joint. The optimal fixed location of the adjustment joint is selected by minimizing the maximum absolute structural error. The effectiveness of the proposed synthesis approach is verified by demonstrated examples.
Measurement of the 3He(n, gamma )4He cross section at thermal neutron energies.

We have measured the cross section for radiative capture of thermal neutrons on $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. The measured cross section of 54\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 \ensuremath{\mu}b is used to estimate the astrophysical S factor for the reaction $^{3}\mathrm{He}$(p,${e}^{+}$\ensuremath{\nu}${)}^{4}$He which gives rise to high-energy neutrinos from the Sun.
Effects of excitatory amino acids on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the neonatal rat

Abstract Most stimuli that elicit a response by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis of adult rats fail to do so in infant rats aged 4–14 postnatal days (pnd). This interval is termed the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP). The present study examined the development of the HPA response to the excitatory amino acids (EAAs), N -methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA), at 3 ages (i.e., pnd 6, 12, 18) during or immediately after the SHRP. Results indicate that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 2.5 mg/kg KA or 5 mg/kg NMDA is capable of inducing age- and time-dependent elevations of ACTH and CORT, with KA being the more potent of the two EAAs. In contrast to other stimuli which are capable of eliciting an HPA response during the SHRP, NMDA and KA appear to possess more potent effects at earlier ages. Administration of lower doses of these EAAs did not elicit an HPA response. Pretreatment with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNOX; 0.69 mg/kg i.p.), a KA receptor-specific antagonist, attenuated the effects of KA. These results suggest that KA exerts its effects via the KA receptor and that this receptor appears to be mature at both pnd 12 and 18. In contrastm pretreatment with d,l -2-amino-5 phosphonovaleric acid (APV; 7.5 mg/kg i.p.), an NMDA receptor-specific antagonist, was only effective at pnd 18 suggesting that the NMDA receptor is not yet mature at pnd 12. Finally, EAAs induce age- and time-dependent behavioral modifications (i.e., hindpaw scratching and hyperlocomotion). These effects, however, appear to only contribute to, but not cause, the endocrine responses.
NMAB Report on Ductile Ordered Alloys

The incidence of order in alloys affects most properties, including the mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties. The development of the currently available ductile ordered alloys grew out of scientific programs at Wright-Patterson and at Oak Ridge, which were painstakingly developed over many years before the new alloys were considered.
Shear modulus at all pressures: Generalized Guinan–Steinberg formula

Abstract The Guinan–Steinberg (GS) formula for the shear modulus at all pressures is widely used in material strength studies. As we demonstrate here, the GS formula predicts a value for the shear modulus that is higher than its actual value at low to moderate compressions, even if it has the correct ultrahigh pressure limit. We show that the reason for this shortcoming is insufficient negative curvature in the GS shear modulus as a function of pressure, and propose a generalized GS formula which corrects this inaccuracy. Both the (standard) GS formula and new generalized formula are compared to the experimental data and ab initio calculations on the shear moduli of gold, aluminum, cobalt and beryllium. While the standard formula fails, the generalized one is in good agreement with data in each of the four cases.
Exciton annihilation on dendrimeric trees

Abstract Exciton–exciton annihilation on Cayley tree like dendrimer molecules are investigated via Monte Carlo simulations. Annihilation reaction of the type A + A → 0 is considered to calculate the exciton density decay for multiexciton diffusion on dendrimers. Exciton density decays as a power law with a continuously varying exponent in a linear potential. For the case of realistic nonlinear potential of phenylacetylene dendrimers (Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1998) 4656) the excitons accumulate around the free energy minimum and annihilate each other quickly.
Locally factorial integral domains

Following Fossum (9, p. 8 11, we define an integral domain R to be locally factorial if R, = R [ l/f] is factorial for each nonzero nonunit f E R. For example, any factorial integral domain or one-dimensional quasilocal integral domain is locally factorial. We show that a locally factorial integral domain R which is not quasilocal is a Krull domain, and R, is factorial for each maximal ideal M of R. We will be mainly interested in locally factorial Krull domains. In this case we can relate divisibility properties of R to group-theoretic properties of Cl(R), its divisor class group. The first examples of Dedekind domains which are locally factorial (PID), but not factorial (PID), are due to Claborn [6]. We know of no locally factorial Krull domains which are neither factorial nor Dedekind domains. Most of our results will be stated for arbitrary locally factorial Krull domains and subintersections of Krull domains. However, major emphasis will be towards Dedekind domains. In this case a factorial overring is just a PID, and each overring is a subintersection. In Section 2, we prove several basic results about locally factorial integral domains and give several examples of locally factorial Krull domains. Claborn’s examples actually satisfy the stronger property that each proper overring of R is factorial (PID). In Section 3, we study those Krull domains each of whose proper overrings is factorial. Such an integral domain which is not quasilocal is necessarily a Dedekind domain with cyclic divisor class 265
Observations of crack initiation in low-cycle fatigue specimens of type 304 stainless steel

The procedure for obtaining crack-initiation life is based on the plots of ln a versus N (where a is the crack length after N strain cycles). Information on crack growth is obtained from fatigue-striation spacing measurements with the assumption that each striation is caused by one strain cycle. Using this procedure, in Type 304 stainless steel specimens tested at 593/sup 0/C under strain-controlled and fully reversed cyclic-loading conditions at a total strain range of 1.0 percent, the life to crack initiation is observed to be 69 percent of total life and, at a strain range of 0.5 percent, 91 percent of total life consists of crack initiation. The purpose of the present note is to report some observations of surface damage in Type 304 stainless steel low-cycle fatigue specimens for which tests were interrupted after a significant fraction of life had elapsed and discuss whether the observations are consistent at least qualitatively with the crack-initiation life N/sub 0/ determined previously.
Conditioned stimulus duration in classical trace conditioning: test of a real-time neural network model.

In classical trace conditioning, the interstimulus interval (ISI) is equal to the conditioned stimulus (CS) duration plus the trace interval (TI), the interval between CS offset and unconditioned stimulus (US) onset. The Sutton-Barto-Desmond neural-network model of classical conditioning predicts that, with a sufficiently long TI, conditioning will be faster with a CS of relatively long duration than with one of shorter duration. This prediction is illustrated with simulations and tested with the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Animals were trained with a tone CS of 350- or 700-ms duration. The TI was fixed at 300 ms, so that the ISI for the two durations was 650 or 1000ms, respectively. Another factor in the experimental design was tone intensity (63 or 83 dB). Consistent with the model's prediction, conditioning was faster with the longer ISI, but only with the louder tone. The results have implications for computational models of classical conditioning.
Synthesis of diastereomeric bis-unsaturated prostaglandins.

Abstract With the report given herein all diastereomers of PGF2, PGE2, and PGD2 which bear the naturally recognized 15-S hydroxylated center, whether in the natural or ent -prostanoic acid skeleton, have been prepared by a route involving initial introduction of the carboxyl (α) chain (1). A major advantage of the initial α-ylation + route is the facile reduction of the 13,14-en-15-one system with methanolic NaBH4 which proceeds without competing 1,4-reduction. The products are thus free of 13,14-dihydro-PG2 contaminants (2). The initial pharmaco logical evaluation of these diastereomers will be submitted for publication in this journal (3).
Two-qubit state engineering in the telecom O-band

We build and characterize a fiber-based source of 1310-nm polarization entanglement with the highest reported fidelity to a maximally entangled state, 99.6% ± 0.15% as characterized via coincidence basis tomography.
The heterogenic properties of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils in inflammatory response in diabetes

Inflammation is a complicated biological process in response to harmful stimuli, which involves the cooperation of immune system and vascular system. Upon pathogen invasion or tissue injury, resident innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are activated and release inflammatory mediators, which result in the vasodilation and recruitment of leukocytes, mainly monocytes and neutrophils. As two of the most important inflammation-mediating immune cells, macrophages and neutrophils have long been regarded to have a pro-inflammatory effect. However, increasing evidences suggest the role of macrophage and neutrophil in inflammation is more complicated and diversified than we thought. Differently activated macrophages and neutrophils lead to diverse even opposite activities. Precise understanding of the role of different subpopulations is critical to achieve the effective treatment for inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the two potentially distinct activation routes of macrophages and neutrophils in obesity and diabetes.
Gestural text entry on multiple devices

We present various adaptations of the EdgeWrite unistroke text entry method that work on multiple computer input devices: styluses, touchpads, displacement and isometric joysticks, four keys or buttons, and trackballs. We argue that consistent, flexible, multi-device input is important to both accessibility and to ubiquitous computing. For accessibility, multi-device input means users can switch among devices, distributing strain and fatigue among different muscle groups. For ubiquity, it means users can "learn once, write anywhere," even as new devices emerge. By considering the accessibility and ubiquity of input techniques, we can design for both motor-impaired users and "situationally impaired" able-bodied users who are on-the-go. We discuss the requirements for such input and the challenges of multi-device text entry, such as solving the segmentation problem. This paper accompanies a demonstration of EdgeWrite on multiple devices.
Effect of syngeneic tumor tRNA on MOPC 315 myeloma in BALB/cCR mouse

Experimental tumor immunotherapy using syngeneic histiocytes and tumor tRNA was carried out on MOPC 315 transplantable myeloma of BALB/cCR mouse. Syngeneic histiocyte-tumor tRNA complex demonstrated strong cytotoxic effects against MOPC 315 cells in vitro. Administration of this complex resulted in prolongation of survival in the tumor-bearing mice. Injection of syngeneic tumor tRNA alone apparently caused tumor growth enhancement.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Device in a Viscous Fluid for High Amplitude Vibration Application

The fragile nature of ceramic piezoelectric cantilevers limits their ability to withstand high acceleration amplitudes in vibration energy harvesting applications. This study reports a potential solution, which is vibrating the fragile power generator in a viscous fluid. The changes in resonant frequency, Q-factor, damping ratio, and power output of a bimorph piezoelectric cantilever prototype, as well as the relationship of power output vs the vibration acceleration were investigated. The broadened application frequency spectrum and the increased maximum operational acceleration demonstrate the potential of the bimorph piezoelectric cantilever operating in a viscous fluid for high amplitude vibration applications.
A STRAND OF CARDIAC MUSCLE Its Ultrastructure and the Electrophysiological Implications of Its Geometry

The structure of a small strand of rabbit heart muscle fibers (trabecula carnea), 30–80 µ in diameter, has been examined with light and electron microscopy. By establishing a correlation between the appearance of regions of close fiber contact in light and electron microscopy, the extent and distribution of regions of close apposition of fibers has been evaluated in approximately 200 µ length of a strand. The distribution of possible regions of resistive coupling between fibers has been approximated by a model system of cables. The theoretical linear electrical properties of such a system have been analyzed and the implications of the results of this analysis are discussed. Since this preparation is to be used for correlated studies of the electrical, mechanical, and cytochemical properties of cardiac muscle, a comprehensive study of the morphology of this preparation has been made. The muscle fibers in it are distinguished from those of the rabbit papillary muscle, in that they have no triads and have a kind of mitochondrion not found in papillary muscle. No evidence of a transverse tubular system was found, but junctions of cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the sarcolemma, peripheral couplings, were present. The electrophysiological implications of the absence of transverse tubules are discussed. The cisternae of the couplings showed periodic tubular extensions toward the sarcolemma. A regularly spaced array of Z line-like material was observed, suggesting a possible mechanism for sarcomere growth.
Adaptive Bayesian Signal Reconstruction with A Priori Model Implementation and Synthetic Examples for X-Ray Crystallography

A signal-reconstruction problem motivated by x-ray crystallography [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A8, 1207 ( 1991)] is (approximately) solved in a Bayesian statistical approach. The signal is 0–1 and periodic, and substantial statistical a priori information is known, which is modeled with a Markov random field. The data are inaccurate magnitudes of the Fourier coefficients of the signal. The solution is explicit, and the computational burden is independent of the signal dimension. I propose a detailed parameterization of the a priori model appropriate for crystallography and use symmetry-breaking parameters in the solution to perform a data-dependent adaptation of the estimator. With this adaptation I attempt to minimize the effects of the spherical model approximation used in the solution. Several examples in one and two dimensions based on simulated data are presented.
Inhomogeneously broadened spin masers

Hyperpolarized ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ gas, where the nuclear spin polarization has been increased to several tens of percent by optical pumping, can couple such a large negative resistance into an external circuit that masing can ensue. The masing threshold can be suppressed by application of a magnetic field gradient. However, edge enhancement, that is, the less effective diffusional damping of the precessing magnetization at the container walls, can lower the masing threshold. The edge enhancement of the masing is greatly modified by magnetic self-interactions of the spins.
A peak in the tritium content of atmospheric hydrogen following the accident at Windscale

IN October 1957 Gonsior and Friedman1 observed a strong peak in the tritium content of molecular hydrogen for air samples taken at Hamburg, Germany. They attributed this peak to the direct admixture of tritiated hydrogen produced on October 7, 1957, by a large thermonuclear explosion in the U.S.S.R. However, the mean monthly concentration of long-lived fission products in surface air showed no unusual increase during October 1957 (ref. 2). Additionally, no other such peaks have been observed to occur following the other thermonuclear test explosions during that period.
A strongly nonlinear elliptic boundary value problem

associated with .G! is defined for all u, v of some Sobolev space V = Wt*ysZ), 1 , 0 (t E R); no restriction on its growth is made. If the form a(v, v) + snp(v) v dx (v E C,“(Q)) is coercive, we prove that the Dirichlet problem for the equation &U + p(u) = f has a variational solution for each f E V*. Boundary-value problems for this type of equation were already investigated in our previous paper [5]. As an application of abstract existence theorems for a new class of mappings of monotone type we obtained there
Neural Network Normalization (N3) to Uncover the Differential Signal of cDNA Microarrays

cDNA microarray is a high throughput technology for gene expression analysis. Differing from conventional molecular approaches, which detect molecular targets on a one-by-one basis, cDNA microarray monitors gene expressions of living organisms on a global scale. However, the signal detected by a microarray assay contains a significant amount of noise. Certain types of noise are introduced by the systematic variations that are hardly avoidable by experimental approaches. Significant biological information can only be recognized after the original or raw data sets of microarray assay have been effectively processed. We report here our progress in establishing a Neural Network Normalization (N3) approach to cDNA microarray data processing. With the strong learning ability of the artificial neural network, the trained N3 algorithm is capable of the detection and suppression of systematic variations during microarray data processing and has plasticity in handling both linear and non-linear microarray data sets. The potential of this system in signal processing for other types of biochips, including nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid-based biochips, is yet to be explored.
Pulmonary manifestations of heartworm disease

The clinical signs associated with heartworm disease are the result of changes in the pulmonary arterial system. These clinical signs are the result of either pulmonary hypertension or lung parenchymal disease associated with vascular changes. An increase in pulmonary arterial pressure produces an increase in right ventricular afterload, which may lead to exercise intolerance, syncope, and right-sided congestive heart failure. Coughing, dyspnea, and hemoptysis are the results of pulmonary parenchymal disease.
Archaeology as a Means for Peace or a Source of Violence? An Introduction

The papers in this theme issue derive from a session held at the Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting in Austin, Texas, in April 2007. I discuss the main goals of the session, issues raised by these papers, as well as some facets of the organizational challenges and conduct of the session that add further insight into the themes of politics and ethics that we wished to raise.
Inside-out engineering: characterizing the holographic stereogram printer at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago

The evolution of The School's Stereogram Printer is traced, with individuals' contributions delineated. The optical performance of the machine is characterized through a series of tests, looking at the system's aberrations and resolution.
Ecology of dogs in the Central Philippines in relation to rabies control efforts.

Abstract Rabies is endemic in dogs but has no other host as reservoir in the Philippines. Essential to programmes of rabies control is an understanding of the ecology of dogs and their relationships to human society. In the central Philippines, where this study was conducted before and during rabies control efforts, most households in rural ‘barangays’ or communities owned one or more dogs which served as guards, as scavengers and, in some, as a source of meat—but not as pets to be handled and played with. A second important category of dogs comprised those which foraged semi-self-sufficiently but were recognized by the barangay residents as belonging to the community. The number of these dogs was determined by the carrying capacity of the community, but their population was dependent upon cast-off owned dogs as their fecundity was below maintenance levels. Killing of any dogs, except for meat or in the event of suspicion of rabies, was of low social acceptance. In urban centres, upper class residents owned dogs as guards or pets but their employees, who often lived within their compounds, related to their dogs as did rural residents. Middle class families maintained greater control over their dogs. In lower class urban districts, a continual influx of dogs which on occasion were incubating rabies, plus the large size of many such districts, enabled them to serve as continual foci of infection. In this setting, rabies control was most effectively achieved by teams of vaccinators going house to house, capturing and injecting all dogs whether owned or belonging to the community. The immunization of 80% or more of the dogs was readily achieved and brought rabies under complete control.
Newton's Principia and inverse-square orbits: The flaw reexamined

Abstract After a brief review of the flaw in the treatment of inverse-square orbits in Newton's Principia, there follow a detailed presentation and an analysis of the most interesting approach that has been offered in defense of that treatment. The defending approach is based on a cogent argument constructed from ingredients taken from Propositions XI–XIII cum Corollary 1 of Principia Book One and one additional ingredient; but the claim that it accurately reflects the argument outlined in the Principia is here shown to be spurious. As a by-product of the analysis there emerges a refutation of the Principia-defending claim presented by E. J. Aiton (Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences 38, 271–276 (1988)) . Finally, it is pointed out that the conclusion one must draw in Propositions XI–XIII is different from that which has been drawn for the past three centuries—a fact which has, however, no direction-altering impact on the main thrust of this paper.
Daily assessment of Alcohol Consumption and Condom Use with Known and Casual Partners among Young Female Bar Drinkers

The relationship between alcohol and condom use has been studied extensively over the past several decades. Reviews of event-level studies suggest that alcohol's effect on risky sexual behavior are not due to simple main effects, but appear to be dependent upon individual characteristics, and situational or contextual factors. In the current study, we assessed the temporal relationship between daily alcohol consumption and unprotected sexual behavior, taking into account sexual partner type (casual or known) as well as individual and situational characteristics among a group of young female bar drinkers. Greater alcohol consumption was not associated with unprotected sex. However, greater alcohol consumption was associated with an increase in sex (protected and unprotected) with casual partners. Having less HIV knowledge was associated with increased unprotected sex, while greater frequency of drinking in bars was associated with increased protected sex with casual partners. These findings are discussed in terms of possible prevention programs that increase HIV knowledge and decrease alcohol consumption to reduce young women's risky sexual behavior.
Imitation, interaction and imagery: Learning to improvise drawing with music

This article describes a project in which undergraduate students of beginning drawing were brought together with free improvising musicians to explore interaction in collective real-time art-making. Following a series of guided rehearsals, the students were free to choose their own strategies for interactive group projects. We discuss these strategies based on video documentation as well as the students’ written reports and discussion comments. Overall, the students gradually shifted the emphasis of their work from temporally differentiated, imitative parallelisms between drawing and music toward more conversational and socially oriented strategies as well as more global strategies of representation employing common mental images. These findings are discussed with a view to future pedagogical work incorporating music with visual art, arguing that interactive contexts not only provide understanding of the temporal, processual, and social potential of visual art, but also hold a key to the students’ explora...