cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new gas to liquids (GTL) or gas to ethylene (GTE) technology

Abstract Natural gas is a clean-burning and abundant energy resource, but much of it resides in locations remote from an economic means of transporting it to market. A logical solution for the problem would be to liquefy the natural gas, but this option requires very low temperatures and involves considerable costs. Another solution is to convert the natural gas into hydrocarbon liquids using chemical processing. Fischer-Tropsch technology converts the natural gas into “syngas” (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) followed by reaction to liquid fuels. Unfortunately, Fischer-Tropsch technology is expensive. At Texas A&M University, a research team has conceived a radically new process for converting natural gas into hydrocarbon liquids. It is a “direct” conversion method that does not require producing syngas. The process is essentially three reaction steps and two separation steps to produce hydrocarbon liquids. The process consists of two reaction steps and one separation step to produce ethylene. The process can operate economically with natural gas flows of as low as 300 kSCMD up to any desired capacity. It is possible to use the GTL technology essentially anywhere natural gas exists from offshore platforms to relatively uninhabited onshore sites. This technology offers an alternative to flaring natural gas when pipelines do not exist. The liquids can be transported in liquid pipelines or in trucks or in tankers. Thus, it offers the opportunity to monetize a resource as well as to reduce undesirable emissions into the atmosphere. The GTE technology is more nearly suited to a location near an existing chemical industry that requires ethylene and/or hydrogen. SynFuels International Inc. has licensed the technology to commercialize it, and the company has constructed a pilot plant capable of processing 3 kMCMD. The cost of a commercial 300 kSCMD plant should be in the US$ 50–75 million range. The cost of the liquids should be about US$ 25–28 per barrel. Of course, larger capacity plants would require a larger investment but produce a less expensive product.
Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of the Activity State of Hepatic Branched‐Chain α‐Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexa

The hepatic branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex plays an important role in regulating branched-chain amino acid levels. These compounds are essential for protein synthesis but are toxic if present in excess. When dietary protein is deficient, the hepatic enzyme is present in the inactive, phosphorylated state to allow conservation of branched-chain amino acids for protein synthesis. When dietary protein is excessive, the enzyme is in the active, dephosphorylated state to commit the excess branched-chain amino acids to degradation. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide, even when the animal is starving for protein, results in activation of the hepatic branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex to prevent accumulation of branched-chain amino acids. Likewise, the increase in branched-chain amino acids caused by body wasting during starvation and uncontrolled diabetes is blunted by activation of the hepatic branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. The activity state of the hepatic branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex is regulated in the short term by the concentration of branched-chain alpha-keto acids (inhibitors of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase) and in the long term by alteration in the total branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase activity.
Physiologically relevant organs on chips

Recent advances in integrating microengineering and tissue engineering have generated promising microengineered physiological models for experimental medicine and pharmaceutical research. Here we review the recent development of microengineered physiological systems, or also known as "ogans-on-chips", that reconstitute the physiologically critical features of specific human tissues and organs and their interactions. This technology uses microengineering approaches to construct organ-specific microenvironments, reconstituting tissue structures, tissue-tissue interactions and interfaces, and dynamic mechanical and biochemical stimuli found in specific organs, to direct cells to assemble into functional tissues. We first discuss microengineering approaches to reproduce the key elements of physiologically important, dynamic mechanical microenvironments, biochemical microenvironments, and microarchitectures of specific tissues and organs in microfluidic cell culture systems. This is followed by examples of microengineered individual organ models that incorporate the key elements of physiological microenvironments into single microfluidic cell culture systems to reproduce organ-level functions. Finally, microengineered multiple organ systems that simulate multiple organ interactions to better represent human physiology, including human responses to drugs, is covered in this review. This emerging organs-on-chips technology has the potential to become an alternative to 2D and 3D cell culture and animal models for experimental medicine, human disease modeling, drug development, and toxicology.
Rhythmic Leaf Movements in Biloxi Soybean and Their Relation to Flowering

The rhythmic leaf movement of Biloxi soybean (Glycine max) and its relationship to the rhythmic flowering response were studied. The movements of fully expanded trifoliate leaves were recorded with kymographs and time lapse photography in growth chambers. A comparison between the leaf movement rhythm and the rhythmic flowering response indicates that a high degree of similarity exists between the two rhythms. A definite relationship was shown to exist between the direction of the leaf movement and the photophil-photophobe phases of the rhythmic flowering response.Short light perturbations may affect flowering by interacting directly with the flowering process while not affecting the basic endogenous rhythm. Long light perturbations may affect flowering by phase shifting the basic endogenous rhythm. Thus, light perturbations appear to have a dual effect on the flowering response of Biloxi soybean. The hypothesis that both the flowering rhythm and the leaf movement rhythm are coupled to the same basic oscillator is supported by the similarity of the phase shifts induced in the two rhythms by identical light perturbations.
The Spirit of Capitalism, Traditionalism, and Religiousness: A Re‐Examination of Weber's Concepts*

(1963). The Spirit of Capitalism, Traditionalism, and Religiousness: A Re-Examination of Weber's Concepts. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 243-260.
Recovery of clinically important microorganisms from the BacT/Alert blood culture system does not require testing for seven days

Abstract Recently, we published a comparison of the BacT/Alert blood culture system with the bactec 660/730 nonradiometric blood culture system using blood inocula of 5 ml per bottle. By reanalyzing data collected during that study, we found that, for true-positive isolates causing bacteremia or fungemia, 363 (97.6%) of 376 and 341 (97.7%) of 349 isolates were recovered by the end of day 5 of testing, and 364 (97.9%) of 376 and 343 (98.3%) of 349 isolates were recovered by the end of day 6 of testing for aerobic and anaerobic bottles, respectively. Most isolates recovered on days 6 (24 of 27) and 7 (20 of 25) of testing were either contaminants or indeterminate as a cause of sepsis. When used as recommended by the manufacturer, only six (1.3%) of 464 clinically important isolates recovered on test days 6–7 would have gone undetected had testing been limited to 5 days and four (0.9%) of 464 had testing been limited to 6 days. We conclude that BacT/Alert bottles can be tested for as few as 5 days and then discarded with minimal loss of true-positive isolates and maximal reduction of contaminants.
SPARC mediates Src-induced disruption of actin cytoskeleton via inactivation of small GTPases Rho–Rac–Cdc42

The matricellular glycoprotein Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) plays an important role in the regulation of cell adhesion and proliferation as well as in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Earlier, we reported that, in addition to its potent anti-angiogenic functions, SPARC also induces apoptosis in medulloblastoma cells, mediated by autophagy. We therefore sought to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism through which SPARC inhibits migration and invasion of Daoy medulloblastoma cells, both in vitro and in vivo. For this study, we used SPARC-overexpressing stable Daoy medulloblastoma cells. SPARC overexpression in Daoy medulloblastoma cells inhibited migration and invasion in vitro. Additionally, SPARC overexpression significantly suppressed the activity of Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which all regulate the actin cytoskeleton. This suppression was accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation of Src at Tyr-416, which led to a loss of actin stress fibers and focal contacts and a decrease in the phosphorylation level of cofilin. The reduced phosphorylation level of cofilin, which is indicative of receding Rho function, in turn led to inhibition of active Rho A. To confirm the role of SPARC in inhibition of migration and invasion of Daoy medulloblastoma cells, we transfected parental and SPARC-overexpressing Daoy cells with a plasmid vector carrying siRNA against SPARC. Transfection with SPARC siRNA reversed Src-mediated disruption of the cytoskeleton organization as well as dephosphorylation of cofilin and activation of Rho A. Taken together, these results establish SPARC as an effector of Src-induced cytoskeleton disruption in Daoy medulloblastoma cells, which subsequently led to decreased migration and invasion.
Electrocardiographic Differentiation Between Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Anterior Myocardial Infarction

Electrocardiograms recorded from patients with uncomplicated left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) often show loss of initial anteriorly directed QRS forces. An attempt was made to differentiate these records from electrocardiograms showing a similar pattern as a result of anterior myocardial infarction (MI). Orthogonal ECGs (Frank system) obtained from 103 patients with LVH were compared to ECG obtained from 327 patients with MI. The ECG were selected on the basis of absence of Q waves in lead Z which in the conventional ECG corresponds to absence of the R wave in right precordial leads. With two simple scalar measurements, namely R amplitude in lead X ≥ 1.2 mv and the sum of amplitudes of R in leads X and Z ≥ 2.5 mv, 66% of LVH cases were recognized. With these criteria, 88% of the MI records were also correctly classified. The same measurements identified 59% of an independent sample of 66 cases of LVH with no Q in lead Z. By utilizing linear discriminant function analysis, 75% of the cases of LVH, 80% of...
Dynamics of a heavy particle surrounded by a finite number of light particles

We consider a dynamic system consisting of a heavy particle of mass M and surrounding light particles moving independently with elastic reflections in the segment [0,1]. At a given total energy value independent of M, we find the dynamics of the heavy particle with respect to the slow time $$t/\sqrt M $$ .
Turning a College Around Through Planning, Governance, and Finance

In 1997 San Jacinto College North (SJCN) was in deep descent. The fall head count declined from a high in 1992 of 4,291 to a low of 3930. White flight in our supporting school districts and our are...
Growth hormone effects on essential amino acid absorption, muscle amino acid profile, N-retention and nutritional requirements of striped bass hybrids

Abstract Improvements in modern commercia1 aquacu1ture are linked to the uti1ization of biotechnologica1 methods and processes. The most visible approach has been the use of growth hormone (GH) and/or insu1in-1ike growth factor I and II (IGF-I and II), to accelerate the growth of fish. Previously we have reported that the injection of bovine GH, (bGH) in striped bass hybrids increased the specific growth rate and food conversion efficiency without significant a1teration of food consumption rate. In this paper we present the results of experiments in which growth, food consumption, conversion efficiency, ammonia excretion, and amino acid absorption were monitored for individua1 fish after bGH injection. The specific growth rate was stimulated by 50% without significant change in relative food consumption rate. Food conversion efficiency increased by 51%. Intestina1 L-leucine absorption was increased by 25–40% at various concentrations tested. The relative N-retention was stimulated by 20% when computed raw. When a correction factor derived from the elevated amino acid absorption was introduced into the computations, the ca1culated relative N-retention was increased by 56%. Muscle amino acid profile was appreciably altered. We conclude GH supplementation or over-expression in aquaculture profoundly alters the physiological and nutritional conditions of fish. Nutritional profiles of fish food must be altered relative to these physiological changes in order to maximize growth.
Asymptotically efficient estimation of a survival function in the missing censoring indicator model

We propose and analyze a new estimator of a survival function in the random censorship model when the censoring indicator is missing at random for some study subjects. The proposed approach appeals to a known representation for the survival function, expressible as a smooth functional of a certain conditional probability and the cumulative hazard function of the observed minimum. Well-known estimators are substituted into this representation leading to a simple estimator of the survival function. The new estimator, whose asymptotic variance reduces to that of the Kaplan-Meier estimator when all the censoring indicators are observed, is shown to achieve the efficiency bound derived by van der Laan and McKeague. This research was supported by the National Institute of Health grant CA103845.
Intraventricular ethanol and ethanol intake: A behavioral and radiographic study

Abstract Ethanol (10% w/v) was infused intraventricularly at a rate of 11 μl/hr, delivered over 50 sec every 10 min for 10 days into 5 Sprague-Dawley and 5 Wistar rats. Thereafter, preference testing with ascending concentrations of alcohol solutions vs. food gave no significant differences between treated and sham-operated controls, in contradiction to previously reported increases in alcohol consumption. Ethanol's rate of elimination from the ventricle and its pattern of diffusion into the brain were determined using radioactive ethanol: elimination from the brain is rapid with a half-life of 24 to 35 sec, and the amount diffused throughout the brain small, with a maximal concentration in any one sectionof 0.004% (such a concentration is at least 20 times less than would result from a moderately intoxicating parental dose of ethanol). The character of the elimination and the lack of effect on alcohol intake found here indicate that intraventricularly administered ethanol is a technique with no usefulness in elucidating the processes affecting alcohol addiction.
Confocal microendoscope for use in OB/GYN applications

A 3 mm catheter-based fluorescence confocal microscope has been developed for in vivo use. The catheter in this system fits through the therapeutic channel of a commercial endoscope. The catheter consists of a coherent fiber-optic imaging bundle, a miniature objective, and a focusing mechanism. The proximal end of the catheter is coupled to a slit-scan confocal microscope. Real-time images can be obtained of fluorescing tissue microstructures. The optical performance of the microendoscope is limited by the characteristics of the fiber bundle. The lateral resolution is 1.8 /spl mu/m and the axial resolution is 25 /spl mu/m. The field of view is 430 /spl mu/m. The maximum imaging depth is 200 /spl mu/m. The confocal microscope operates in both grayscale and multispectral modes. Images have been obtained of in vivo animal models and ex vivo human models. A portable confocal microscope system is under development for in vivo clinical evaluation.
Occupational necessity and educational invention: resident teaching of radiologic technologists.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Radiology faces a severe and growing shortage of radiologic technologists. One way of redressing this problem is to improve the quality of education provided to radiologic technology students. Yet growing clinical demands increasingly erode faculty time for teaching. This study examined whether radiology residents could provide equivalent instruction in radiologic technology at lower cost, and whether such experience could enhance residents' interest in teaching as part of their careers. Materials and Methods Course evaluation forms completed by the students in a required radiologic pathology course were reviewed, and student-reported faculty and resident performances in teaching were compared. Residents also were surveyed for their reactions to the experience of teaching this course. Results Ninety percent of students (27 of 30) either agreed or strongly agreed that the course was well taught by radiology faculty members, and 97% (29 of 30) either agreed or strongly agreed that the course was well taught by radiology residents. The total direct cost of instruction by radiology residents was 73% lower than the cost of instruction by faculty. Residents who participated in teaching found the experience worthwhile, and they described a wide variety of personal and educational benefits. Conclusion Involving radiology residents in teaching can help redress the growing shortage of radiologic technologists, relieve some of the pressure on faculty time, and contribute to the professional development of the next generation of radiologists.
Dynamic Range Extension Using Interleaved Gains

We present a methodology to sample signals in such a way so as to avoid the effects of signal clipping due to a limited dynamic range. We do so by attenuating a selective subset of the data before it gets sampled, so that if clipping is detected after the sampling process we can easily estimate the missing samples using the nonclipped samples that were attenuated. We show that under sparsity assumptions it is possible to reconstruct the clipped samples and recover a satisfactory representation of the original signal. We provide an analysis of the side effects of this process and show that on average when sampling signals with highly varying or unknown gain, we can guarantee a significantly lower potential for signal distortion and noise.
The first human trial for gene transfer therapy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: preliminary results.

Objective: To test the safety of a single intracavernous injection of a plasmid vector (hMaxi-K) that expresses the hSlo gene, that encodes the a-subunit of the Maxi-K channel, for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods: Six men, thus far have fulfilled the entry criteria of the protocol and had gene transfer with hMaxi-K. Three received a dose of 500 mg and three received a dose 1000 mg of the gene product, injected intracavernously as naked DNA. Dosing at 5000 mg and higher is planned. Results: The primary end point of the phase I trial is safety. No drug-related adverse events or significant laboratory changes have occurred after the gene transfer. Moreover, there is no evidence of the gene in semen at the one copy per mg total DNA in any of the participants. Conclusion: Preliminary results indicate that, in a single dose escalation study, ion channel gene transfer with hMaxi-K can be administered safely to men with ED without adverse events. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Growth factors mobilize CXCR4 low/negative primitive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow of nonhuman primates.

Abstract The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is expressed by CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC/HPC). Several investigators have suggested that expression of CXCR4 may be an important characteristic of HSC/HPC. We studied the dynamic expression of CXCR4 during growth factor-induced mobilization of HSC in a clinically relevant nonhuman primate model, Papio anubis (baboons). We evaluated whether CXCR4 expression in HSC/HPC varies during steady-state hematopoiesis as well as during growth factor-induced mobilization. Peripheral blood stem cells from 5 baboons were mobilized with growth factors. During mobilization, there was a consistent stepwise increase in the proportion of peripheral blood CD34+ cells that were CXCR4−. The highest number of CD34+CXCR4− cells appeared in the peripheral blood at the same time as the maximum number of assayable colony-forming cells. The cloning efficiency of the CD34+CXCR4− population was 3-fold greater than that of CD34+CXCR4+ cells, and the frequency of cobblestone area-forming cells was 6 times higher in the CD34+CXCR4− population in comparison to CD34+CXCR4+ cells. Furthermore, the most quiescent CD34+ cells isolated on the basis of low Hoechst 33342 (Ho) and rhodamine 123 (Rho) staining (HoLow/RhoLow) were highly enriched in the CXCR4Low/− cell population. Ex vivo incubation of mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells with growth factors for 40 hours resulted in increasing numbers of cells expressing CXCR4. Peripheral blood stem cell grafts containing CD34+ cells that consisted of predominantly CXCR4− cells were able to rapidly engraft lethally irradiated baboons. Because the overwhelming number of CD34+ cells within the mobilized peripheral blood grafts were CXCR4− and were capable of rescuing lethally irradiated baboons, it seems unlikely that the expression of CXCR4 in vitro is an absolute requirement for HSC homing and engraftment. In summary, our data suggest the dynamic nature of CXCR4 expression on CD34+ cells during growth factor-induced HSC/HPC mobilization. In addition, our data indicate that the lack of CXCR4 expression is possibly a characteristic of relatively more primitive HSC/HPC characterized by a higher proliferative capacity.
THE EFFECT OF DINITROPHENOL AND OTHER INHIBITORS ON THE UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID BY CHLORELLA

Summary The uptake of 2,4-D by Chlorella into a non-diffusible, non-exchangeable form as influenced by various inhibitors, substrates and environmental factors has been studied. Those factors which tend to increase the rate of glycolysis or to reduce the activity of the TCA cycle result in an increased uptake of 2,4-D. The addition of exogenous acetate or aspartate also causes an increase in the amount of 2,4-D retained in the cell. The influence of DNP on 2,4-D uptake has been given especial attention. Increasing concentrations of this inhibitor at first cause a progressive inhibition of 2,4-D uptake, which at higher concentrations, is reversed by a substantial stimulation. The data presented are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the first reaction undergone by 2,4-D in the cell is one in which acetyl CoA participates. The participation of aspartate in the metabolic process appears to follow that of acetyl CoA and may result in the formation of an aspartyl-2,4-D complex.
Nucleation and evolution of slag droplets in coal combustion

Nucleation and droplet growth were analyzed for the slag vapor and droplet ridden combustion gas stream in an MHD channel. Numerical solutions were obtained for environments representing the flows through the channel and diffuser. It was found that the partial differential equation governing the droplets is very unstable because of the precipitous manner in which the nucleation rate varies and the strong dependence of the droplet growth rate on the droplet size. This difficulty was circumvented by a logarithmic transformation of the independent variable, r. The numerical solutions showed that evolution of the droplet size distribution proceeds through a succession of rather delicate balances between the size-dependent condensation and evaporation rates and the nucleation rate. These balances are largely dictated by the supersaturation ratio. Growth at an early stage of the submicron size droplets and the subsequent nucleation of the extremely small droplets engender a bimodal size distribution at the end of the channel or at the beginning of the diffuser depending on the supersaturation ratio. This bimodal nature is preserved through the diffuser. Higher slag mass content of the gas stream was found to result in a more pronounced bimodal distribution at the end of the diffuser. Also, themore » higher slag content was found to accelerate the growth such that the entire spectrum is squeezed toward the larger-radius region of the size spectrum. Consequently, the average size of the droplets is larger at the end of the diffuser when the slag content is raised.« less
Compression of ultrasonic data using transform thresholding and parameter estimation techniques

In this paper, transform thresholding and parameter estimation techniques are studied to compress ultrasonic signals. Transform thresholding techniques are applied to select the frequency coefficients of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), the discrete cosine transform (DCT), and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Furthermore, a novel algorithm using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is also presented as a parameter estimation approach to compress ultrasonic data. The data compression performance of these algorithms is examined using both simulated and experimental ultrasonic signals.. The results show that the parameter estimation has superior compression performance when compared to the conventional transform thresholding techniques.
Adult Literacy Instruction: Degrees of Authenticity and Collaboration as Described by Practitioners

The degree to which U.S. adult literacy classes use materials and activities reflective of real-life literacy functions and the degree to which the relationships between teachers and students reflect mutuality and shared power were the foci of this exploratory study. Questionnaires were mailed to adult literacy programs across the United States requesting descriptions of these factors. Results were based on the responses from 271 adult literacy programs. Categorical coding of these responses revealed that the majority of the respondents described programs in which students are involved in literacy activities that do not reflect real-life literacy uses and in which the relationships between teachers and students are more teacher-directed than collaborative. These results are discussed in light of theory and implications for practice and research.
Abstract: TWENTY FIRST CENTURY ENERGY DECLINE OF FOSSIL FUELS INCREASE OF RENEWABLE NON-POLLUTING ENERGY SOURCES

The world must prepare for the transition to renewable non-polluting energy sources to ensure the continuous flow of energy to the world’s increasing population and expanding economies. World oil supply will meet demand until the peak plateau of world oil production is reached which is estimated to be between the years of 2010 and 2030. Ultimate oil recovery will range from a conservative 2700 GBO (billion barrels oil) or an optimistic 3640 GBO (billion barrels oil). Declining production after peak oil production occurs will cause a global energy gap to develop because energy demand will continue to grow. This energy gap can be avoided by forward planning. Energy conservation, improved energy efficiency, expanded production of unconventional oil and conversion of natural gas to liquids will help extend the time of peak oil production. The long-term solution to energy supply is conversion to renewable, non-polluting energy sources, which include, solar, nuclear, hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, biomass and hydrogen. Solar, nuclear and hydrogen should become major power source in the 21st century.
Limitations on orchid recruitment: not a simple picture

Mycorrhizal fungi have substantial potential to influence plant distribution, especially in specialized orchids and mycoheterotrophic plants. However, little is known about environmental factors that influence the distribution of mycorrhizal fungi. Previous studies using seed packets have been unable to distinguish whether germination patterns resulted from the distribution of appropriate edaphic conditions or the distribution of host fungi, as these cannot be separated using seed packets alone. We used a combination of organic amendments, seed packets and molecular assessment of soil fungi required by three terrestrial orchid species to separate direct and indirect effects of fungi and environmental conditions on both seed germination and subsequent protocorm development. We found that locations with abundant mycorrhizal fungi were most likely to support seed germination and greater growth for all three orchids. Organic amendments affected germination primarily by affecting the abundance of appropriate mycorrhizal fungi. However, fungi associated with the three orchid species were affected differently by the organic amendments and by forest successional stage. The results of this study help contextualize the importance of fungal distribution and abundance to the population dynamics of plants with specific mycorrhizal requirements. Such phenomena may also be important for plants with more general mycorrhizal associations.
Identity, Nostalgia and Leisure: Technology Use in Second Homes

i Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii List of Figures v Chapter I Introduction 1 Chapter II Nostalgia 23 Chapter III Identity 52 Chapter IV Technology and Space 87 Chapter V – Conclusion 119 References 126 Appendices A. Participant Release Form 138 B. Instruction List for Rentals 142
Intermediate-term clinical outcomes of primary biventricular repair for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and ventricular septal defect

Objective Primary biventricular repair for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and ventricular septal defect remains challenging. The intermediate-term outcomes and risk factors for mortality remain undefined. Methods All patients undergoing primary biventricular repair of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and ventricular septal defect from 1995 to 2008 at the C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Health Systems were analyzed. Results Thirty-one patients (mean age, 18 days; 20 male) with a median follow-up of 6.7 years (range, 0.3–13.5 years) were identified. The ventricular septal defect was enlarged in 15 patients, and a limited atrial septal defect was constructed in 16 patients. There were 6 hospital and 2 late deaths. Ten-year patient survival was 72.3%. Lower body weight ( P = . 040), complete atrial septal defect closure ( P = . 026), and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time ( P = . 026) were risk factors of hospital mortality. An atrial septal defect was patent in 16 patients at discharge, 2 of whom required later surgical closure. Relief of recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was performed in 1 patient. No patient required pacemaker implantation. Five-year freedom from right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit replacement was 39.3%. Smaller-sized conduit ( P = . 020) and use of aortic allograft ( P = . 048) were risk factors for early failure. Conclusion Primary biventricular repair for patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and ventricular septal defect provides good early and intermediate-term outcomes. Maintaining a small atrial septal defect may improve hospital mortality. Selective ventricular septal defect enlargement and careful construction of the intraventricular pathway result in a low incidence of recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, as well as avoidance of heart block. Maximizing valve diameter and avoiding aortic allografts may lengthen conduit longevity.
Increases in Parent Attendance to Behavioral Parent Training Due to Concurrent Child Treatment Groups

Though behavioral parent training has been demonstrated to be an effective intervention for child behavior problems, it continues to suffer from high attrition rates. Few variables have been found to predict or decrease high attrition rates from parent training classes. The present study found 43-52% increases in attendance rates for parents whose children were concurrently enrolled in child treatment groups (social skills training or homework skills training) in comparison to parents of children who received childcare only. Similar increases in homework completion were also found for these groups. Possible reasons for these increased attendance rates as well as implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames Using Non Linear Macro-Element Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the computation of reinforced concrete frame structures with a simplified method, using non linear macro-elements. A multi-level approach based on the notion of macro-element is discussed in the chapter. This approach brings the rapidity of an analysis with a reduced number of degrees of freedom, while relatively keeping the refinement of a local analysis. Concerning the dynamic aspect, a method of analysis that uses a step-by-step integration method and whose objective is an evaluation of the nonlinear seismic response of structural systems, using a modal superposition technique that greatly decreases the required computational effort, is passed. The assumption that is given out is that the non linear terms of the equations of motion can be considered, without any simplification, as additional external forces, and thus, the resulting equations of motion can be physically interpreted as the equations of motion of a conventional linear system excited in its base by a modified ground motion. The chapter presents some numerical examples that demonstrate the accuracy, as well as the effectiveness of the method. The approach proves effective for cyclic, as well seismic loadings, and allows a person to correctly describe the evolution of degradations.
Facile and rapid route for the synthesis of novel norstatine analogs via PADAM-cyclization methodology

The following report describes novel methodology for the rapid synthesis of unique conformationally constrained norstatine analogs of potential biological relevance. A PADAM (Passerini reaction–Amine Deprotection–Acyl Migration reaction) sequence is followed by a TFA-mediated microwave-assisted cyclization to generate the final benzimidazole isostere of the norstatine scaffold in moderate to good yields. The applicability of this solution phase methodology to the preparation of a small collection of compounds is discussed.
The Practice of Law at the Brigade Combat Team (BCT): Boneyards, Hitting for the Cycle, and All Aspects of a Full Spectrum Practice

The practice of law in a deployed unit is unique. The purpose of this article is to provide the Army Judge Advocate community with a survey of the legal issues in the Iraq theater of operations. This article focuses on deployment-specific issues that Brigade Judge Advocates frequently encountered and will likely encounter in the future. Particular emphasis is given to Operation Iraqi Freedom fragmentary orders (FRAGOs), policy letters, and other official guidance.
Reply to Discussion of "Effect of plasma donation and blood donation on aerobic and anaerobic responses in exhaustive, severe-intensity exercise".

We appreciate the comments from Dr. Mora-Rodriguez (Mora-Rodriguez 2014). He succinctly summarized the similarities between our study (Hill et al. 2013) and his (Mora-Rodriguez et al. 2012). He identified some apparent discrepancies in our findings and his, and he noted that there were important differences between our methods and his. We used an exhaustive, severe-intensity task, which engendered a maximal aerobic response (VO2max) that was associated, presumably, with maximal cardiac output and maximal oxygen extraction. After blood donation, neither cardiac output nor oxygen extraction could increase further to offset reductions in oxygen carrying capacity or cardiac output consequent to the loss of hemoglobin and blood volume. Thus, with severe-intensity exercise, the oxygen uptake (the VO2max) decreased after blood donation, meaning that the rate of aerobic energy provision was reduced, meaning that the rate of anaerobic energy provision must have been greater. The anaerobic capacity (the amount of energy provided anaerobically), which was quantified by the oxygen deficit and also by the peak blood lactate concentration, was not affected by blood donation (anaerobic capacity was affected by plasma donation). So, time to exhaustion was reduced after blood donation. Dr. Mora-Rodriguez argues that the “anaerobic energy contribution to exercise is increased after blood donation based on [his] submaximal exercise results”. We argue that the rate of anaerobic energy contribution to severe-intensity exercise is increased after blood donation, but the amount is unaffected. We have every confidence that his findings regarding the effects of blood donation on responses to heavy exercise and our findings regarding the effects of blood donation on responses to severe-intensity exercise can co-exist. They are complementary.
Life History of Scirtes Orbiculatus Fabius (Coleoptera: Helodidae)

In July 1937, some unknown aquatic insect larvae were found in the vicinity of the University of Virginia‗s Mountain Lake Biological Station, in Giles County, Virginia. On July 31, 1938, additional larvae were found, and a culture was established. Throughout August of that year weekly collections were made and specimens were added to the culture. This work was continued through the summers of 1938, 1939, and 1941. Larvae were first collected in the field on July 22 in 1939, and on August 1 in 1941. During the four summers observations were made on the feeding habits, locomotion, respiration, and ecdyses of the larvae, on pupation, and on the activities of the adults.
Repair of Porous Methylsilsesquioxane Films using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Porous methylsilsesquioxane (p-MSQ) films (JSR LKD 5109) were treated with alkyldimethylmonochlorosilanes having chain lengths of one, four, and eight carbon atoms dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide at 150-300 atm and 50-60°C to repair oxygen ashing damage. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), butyldimethylchlorosilane (BDMCS), and octyldimethylchlorosilane (ODMCS) reacted with silanol groups on the surfaces of the pores producing covalent Si-O-Si bonds. Selfcondensation between alkylsilanols produced a residue on the surface, which was partially removed using a pure scCO2 rinse. The hydrophobicity of the blanket p-MSQ surface was recovered after silylation treatment as shown by contact angles >85°. The initial dielectric constant of 2.4 ± 0.1 increased to 3.5 ± 0.1 after oxygen plasma ashing and was reduced to 2.6 ± 0.1 by TMCS, 2.8 ± 0.1 by BDMCS, and 3.2 by ODMCS.
Untersuchungen Über den Wanderungsweg und die Entwicklung von Fasciola hepatica L. im Endwirt

1. Um das fur die Durchfuhrung der Untersuchungen notige Leberegel-Cystenmaterial zu erhalten, waren zunachst vorbereitende Arbeiten und Beobachtungen erforderlich, die sich mit dem Vorkommen und Sammeln der Leberegelschnecken, deren Infektion und Haltung, dem Ausschwarmen der Cercarien und der Gewinnung von Cysten befa\ten. Hierbei gelang es, eine Methode der Schneckenhaltung auszuarbeiten, die es ermoglichte, jeweils zur gegebenen Zeit das erforderliche Cystenmaterial zu erhalten. 2. Zur Feststellung des fraglichen Einwanderungsweges wurden zunachst zahlreiche zeitlich fortlaufende Reihenversuche (1/2 Stunde bis 10 Wochen p. i.) unter gleichzeitiger Berucksichtigung aller Einwanderungsmoglichkeiten an Meerschweinchen und Kaninchen durchgefuhrt. Folgende Beobachtungen konnten hierbei gemacht werden: a) Schon 1/2 Stunde p. i. beginnt der junge Leberegel im Dunndarm seines Wirtes die Cystenhulle zu verlassen. Alsbald durchbohrt er die Darmwand und erscheint fruhestens 2 Stunden p. i. in der Bauchhohle. b) Etwa 24 Stunden p. i. hat sich der gro\te Teil der Leberegel in der Bauchhohle angesammelt und beginnt nach 48 Stunden sich in die Leber einzubohren. Nach 4–6 Tagen befinden sich nur noch wenige Parasiten in der Bauchhohle, die meisten sind in die Leber eingedrungen. c) Nachdem der junge Leberegel einige Zeit im Leberparenchym umhergewandert ist, sucht er die Gallengange auf. Durchschnittlich nach etwa 7 Wochen p. i. haben die Leberegel erst die Hauptgallengange erreicht. Nach der 7. Woche setzt die Geschlechtsreife ein. 3. Versuche am Schafe bestatigten — abgesehen von geringen zeitichen Verschiebungen — obige Befunde. Danach waren in der Bauchhohle des Schafes 48 Stunden p. i. die meisten Leberegel zu finden. Nach Erreichung der Leber hielten sich die Leberegel zunachst im Lebergewebe auf und konnten erst am 56. Tage p. i. in den Hauptgallengangen beobachtet werden. 4. In Verbindung mit diesen Befunden und unter gleichzeitiger Berucksichtigung der Tatsache, da\ in der Pfortader wie in den Gallenwegen niemals Jugendformen des Leberegels nachgewiesen werden konnten, ist der Weg Uber die Bauchhohle als Haupteinwanderungsweg anzusehen. Die gelegentliche Erreichung der Leber auf dem Blutwege fur verirrte Parasiten kann als Ausnahme gelten.
Information Communication System Supporting Smart Grid

On the basis of presenting business demands of information and communication system (ICS) for smart grid,the architecture of ICS supporting smart grids with Chinese characteristics is proposed and a standardized architecture of ICS supporting such smart grids is given. The architecture of ICS relates to the contents in information and communication technique,the frame of ICS as well as the network management and security protection of ICS. The research focus of information and communication technique supporting smart grids in China and the construction and pilot project of ICS are prospected. It is suggested that the network management,security and protection as well as the construction of technical standard system for the ICS supporting smart grids with China characteristics should be enhanced.
Aohan Chifeng City of esophageal cancer risk factors

Objective Aohan Chifeng major risk factors of esophageal cancer,esophageal cancer is to carry out prevention and control of Aohan provide a scientific basis.Methods A case control study of patients from the diagnostic investigation of 160 cases selected patients,the ratio of 1:1 were selected eligible conducted a questionnaire survey of 160 cases,the conditions used SAS9.13 software Logistic regression analysis,trend test using X2 test method. Results and Conclusions The main risk factors for esophageal cancer esophageal cancer family history,smoking,alcohol,spicy foods,lack of fresh vegetables,often eat smoked foods,pickled vegetables,mental stress,greater mental trauma,character stronger.
Evaluation of schistosomiasis education of schistosomiasis among residents in the three gorges reservoir area

Objective To ascertain the effects of schistosomiasis health education among residents in Kaixian in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and evaluate its effectiveness.Methods Cluster random sampling was used to survey 792 residents in villages in Kaixian and Yunyang,and a questionnaire was used to ascertain knowledge about schistosomiasis.Results After 1 year of health education,the passing rate for questions regarding knowledge about the prevention of schistosomiasis among residents in Kaixian increased from 8.70% to 68.91%(χ2=334.48,P0.01),and the rate was higher than that at internal and external control sites(P0.01).Of residents,95.77% had a "good" score for attitudes and beliefs regarding the prevention of schistosomiasis,and this figure was higher than that at internal and external control sites(P0.01).Of the residents,58.71% had not come in contact with the Yangtze River,and this figure was higher than that at the external control site(χ2=41.91,P0.01).Conclusion Schistosomiasis health education has improved the awareness of schistosomiasis prevention among residents in Kaixian in the Three Gorges area and is crucial to preventing the potential incidence and spread of schistosomiasis in the Three Gorges area.
Natriuretic response to preferential plasma volume expansion in normal unanaesthetized dogs.

1. The natriuretic response of normally hydrated unanaesthetized dogs to preferential plasma volume expansion was studied, comparing the response to infusion of hyperoncotic dextran in isotonic saline with that to infusion of an identical volume of isotonic saline. 2. Significant increases in urine flow, sodium excretion, sodium filtration and potassium excretion were observed with each type of infusion. 3. The changes with each type of infusion were not significantly different however, even though plasma volume increased significantly following dextran saline infusion. 4. The natriuretic response of normal dogs to preferential plasma volume expansion appears to be commensurate with the saline load infused rather than the induced plasma volume increase.
Mid-infrared laser filaments in air at a kilohertz repetition rate

Laser filamentation overcomes diffraction over a highly extended distance, making itself a powerful tool for long-range stand-off detection and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) applications. Mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths are optimal for detecting biochemicals and air pollutants due to molecular fingerprints. Here, we demonstrate mid-IR laser filamentations in ambient air at a kilohertz repetition rate for the first time. Laser filaments significantly longer than the linear confocal parameter are generated with a pump power exceeding the critical power in air using a kilohertz, 2.1 μm, femtosecond, multi-millijoule optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier. Odd-harmonic generation up to the ninth order at ultraviolet and the mid-IR spectral extensions up to 3.5 μm are observed. The highest third and fifth harmonic efficiencies from ambient air are obtained, to our knowledge, thanks to the extended interaction length within the filaments. Numerical simulations reproduce the harmonic generation with good agreement and confirm that the plasma effect dominates over the higher-order Kerr effect as the main defocusing mechanism of laser filamentation in our experiment. The detection of atmospheric CO2 is demonstrated via mid-IR absorption spectroscopy. High-flux ultrabroadband mid-IR filaments are useful for the fast and sensitive detection of multiple chemical species in air.
Culturally competent evidence-based behavioral health services for the transgender community: Progress and challenges

The presence of individuals who identify as transgender has emerged into public awareness in the United States in recent years. Celebrities who publicly transition have expanded the national conversation about gender variation beyond gender and women's studies classrooms and certain specialty health and mental health services. This increased public visibility has been accompanied by increased visibility in the mental health literature, including the publishing of competencies or guidelines for working with clients who identify as transgender by various professional organizations. However, rapid societal changes and increased understanding of the experience of being transgender in our society means literature can rapidly become dated. This commentary identifies key points that will move forward professional competency, both of the field and of individual practitioners, in the provision of psychological services. Topics discussed include (1) how mental health has contributed to trans stigma, (2) why more than good intentions are needed, (3) a research agenda for the development of high-quality evidence-based behavioral health care for the trans community, and (4) clinician recommendations. (PsycINFO Database Record