Mechanism of Ca2+ Transport by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

The sections in this article are: 1 Structure of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Transverse Tubules 1.1 Structure of Plasmalemma and T Tubules 1.2 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 1.3 Junction Between T Tubules and SR 2 Mechanism of Excitation-Contraction Coupling 3 Isolation of SR, T Tubules, and Surface Membrane Elements from Skeletal Muscle 3.1 Separation of Membrane Fractions by Calcium Oxalate or Calcium Phosphate Loading 4 Protein Composition of SR 4.1 Structure of Ca2+-Transport ATPase and Its Disposition in SR Membrane 4.2 Fragmentation of Ca2+-ATPase With Proteolytic Enzymes 4.3 Primary Sequence of Ca2+-Transport ATPase From Rabbit SR 4.4 Structure of Proteolipids 4.5 Structure and Distribution of Calsequestrin and High-Affinity Ca2+-Binding Protein in SR 5 Lipid Composition of SR 5.1 Distribution of Phospholipids in Membrane Bilayer 6 Role of Phospholipids in Atpase Activity and CA2+ Transport 6.1 Boundary Lipids and the Problem of Lipid Annulus 6.2 Rate of ATP Hydrolysis and Physical Properties of the Lipid Phase 6.3 Mobility of Phospholipids and Ca2+-Transport ATPase in SR 7 Mechanism of ATP Hydrolysis and CA2+ Transport 7.1 Introduction of Reaction Sequence 7.2 Ca2+ Binding to SR 7.3 Binding of Ca2+ to Ca2+-Transport ATPase 7.4 Binding of Mg2+ to Ca2+-ATPase 7.5 Binding of ATP to Ca2+-ATPase 7.6 Binding of Various Substrates to Ca2+-ATPase 7.7 Influence of ATP on Mobility and Reactivity of Protein Side-Chain Groups 7.8 Formation of Enzyme-Substrate Complex 7.9 Formation and Properties of Phosphoproteins 7.10 Kinetics of E∼P Formation 7.11 Relationship Between Enzyme Phosphorylation and Translocation of Calcium 7.12 Changes in Ca2+ Affinity of Phosphoenzyme During Ca2+ Translocation 7.13 ADP-Sensitive and ADP-insensitive Phosphoprotein Intermediates 7.14 Effect of Potassium on ATPase Activity and Ca2+ Transport 8 Reversal of the CA2+ Pump 8.1 Ca2+ Release Induced by ADP + Pi 8.2 Ca2+ Gradient-Dependent Phosphorylation of ATPase by Pi 8.3 Arsenate-Induced Ca2+ Release 8.4 Mechanism of Ca2+ Release Induced by ADP + Pi 8.5 Ca2+ Gradient-Independent Phosphorylation of Ca2+-ATPase by Pi 8.6 Role of Ca2+-Protein Interactions in ATP Synthesis 8.7 Pi HOH Exchange 8.8 NTP Pi Exchange 9 Physical Basis of CA2+ Translocation 10 Protein-Protein Interactions in SR and Their Functional Significance 10.1 Electron Microscopy 10.2 Fluorescence-Energy Transfer 10.3 Electron Spin Resonance Studies 10.4 ATPase-ATPase Interactions in Detergent Solutions 10.5 Chemical Cross-Linking 10.6 Effects of Inhibitors on ATPase Activity 10.7 Possibility of Subunit Heterogeneity 10.8 Conclusion 11 Permeability of SR 11.1 Monovalent-Cation Channels in SR 11.2 Anion Channels in SR 11.3 Effect of Membrane Proteins on Permeability of SR Membranes 12 Relationship Between Membrane Potential and Calcium Fluxes Across SR Membrane 12.1 Probes as Indicators of SR Membrane Potential 12.2 Influence of SR Membrane Potential on Calcium Permeability 12.3 Influence of Membrane Potential on Active Calcium Transport 12.4 Effect of Calcium Uptake on Membrane Potential of SR 12.5 A Critical Analysis of Experimental Findings on Effects of Ca2+ Transport on Membrane Potential 12.6 Effect of Calcium on Optical Response of Positive Cyanine Dyes 12.7 Response of Negatively Charged Dyes to Calcium Transport by SR Vesicles 12.8 Membrane Potential of SR In Vivo 12.9 Effect of Ca2+ Release on Membrane Potential of SR 13 Transport of CA2+ by Cardiac SR 14 Kinetic Differences Between SR of Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Skeletal Muscles 15 Regulation of CA2+ Transport by Membrane Phosphorylation 15.1 Role of Protein Kinase-Dependent Membrane Phosphorylation in Regulation of Ca2+ Transport by Skeletal Muscle SR 15.2 Physiological Significance of Phospholamban Phosphorylation 16 Biosynthesis of SR 16.1 Studies on SR Development In Vivo 16.2 Assembly of SR in Cultured Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle 16.3 Synthesis of Ca2+-Transport ATPase in Cell-Free Systems and Its Insertion into the Membrane 16.4 Synthesis of Calsequestrin 16.5 Regulation of Synthesis of Ca2+-Transport ATPase 16.6 Myogenic Regulation 16.7 Neural Influence on Concentration of Ca2+-ATPase in Muscle Cells