cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustainable global economic growth

Abstract This survey highlights some recent advances on modeling the economic state of some nations of the world which are linked up in solidarity and competition or which are isolated. The problem of controllability, convergence, and permanence are explored. Some practical recent policy implications are deduced. Earth revolves around the sun in approximately circular orbit with radius r = a , completing a revolution in the time T = 2 π ( a 3 / GM ) 1 / 2 which is one earth year; here M is the mass of the sun and G is the universal gravitational constant. The gravitational force of the sun on the earth is given by GM m / r 2 where m is the mass of the earth. Therefore, if the earth “stood still” losing its orbital velocity, it will fall straight on a line into the sun in accordance with Newton's second law. M d 2 r d t 2 = - GM M r 2 . If this calamity occurred what fraction of the normal year T will it take for the earth to splash into the sun?” (Nagle, Saff, Snider) “Why did the earth stand still?” (Ndu Udo) “The symbol of Love and the earth's lover is the moon. With joy it dances around the earth in a circular orbit. When the inhabitants of the earth prefer hate and revenge to love, the moon stops to love, and stands still, losing its orbital velocity. It falls straight on a line into the earth in accordance with Newton's second law. The crash makes the earth stand still precipitating the Armageddon.” (Wisdom Goodness)
Supplemental Security Income Among Older Immigrants From Central and South America: The Impact of Welfare Reform

This article explores the impact of federal welfare policy changes on older immigrants born in Central and South America. Using data from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census 5% Public-Use Microdata Samples, the study examines (1) the change in Supplemental Security Income (SSI) uptake rate after welfare reform for noncitizens from Latin America, naturalized Latin Americans, and U.S.-born Hispanics and (2) how much of the change can be attributed to a change in behavior rather than to a change in eligibility rates. Findings show that the decline in SSI receipt after welfare reform was greater for Latin American noncitizens compared to naturalized citizens and Hispanic U.S.-born citizens. Decomposition analyses show that among eligible elderly noncitizens, the decline in recipiency rate was due mostly to a change in behavior rather than a change in eligibility. This pattern is not found for U.S.-born and naturalized citizens, where changes were mostly due to a decline in the proportion of persons eligible for SSI...
Democracy in the Middle East: The American connection

Over the last few years a number of Middle Eastern countries have experienced an important change from authoritarian to more liberal forms of government. In the post‐cold war era the United States is the only superpower in the world. Moreover, American interests in the area are tremendous. Consequently, the United States's choice is essential for development in the area and American interests there. This study examines the options available for policymakers.
When a Snail Dies in the Forest, how Long will the Shell Persist? Effect of Dissolution and Micro-bioerosion

Snail shells persist in the environment after death, but we know little about the rate at which shells decompose. Assumptions about the rate of shell decomposition are relevant to conservation biologists who find empty shells or biologists using empty shells to make inferences about assemblages of living individuals. I put shells in 1.6 mm mesh litter bags (excluding macro-grazers) in Delaware and northern Michigan, U.S.A. and monitored shell mass annually for 7 years. Decomposition rates differed among species, but I found no difference in rates at two sites with different habitats. Surprisingly, loss of periostracum had no effect on shell decomposition rate. At the locations and habitats studied, decomposition rate of snails averaged 6.4% per year, excluding shells that broke during the experiment (shell half life = 11.5 years), or 10.2%, including shell breakage (half life = 7.5 years). Half lives would likely be shorter if macro-grazers had access to shells. These results caution us to draw conclusions carefully when including empty shells in inferences about assemblages of living individuals.
The ethics of video games: Mayhem, death, and the training of the next generation

There is a significant and previously unidentified ethics problem with many e-games; many of them are designed in such a way that they encourage and train game players to follow a narrow and dangerous model of decision making. It is argued that extending this model of decision making beyond an e-game's virtual reality has significant negative societal consequences. Unfortunately most e-game courses focus primarily on game engine design and other technical issues. E-game curricula and e-game designers need to follow standards which recognize this ethical concern and recognize that their work is not independent from the societal impacts of the technology they develop. Modifying design approaches can reduce the problems caused by the ethical decision making model.
Metal Switch for Amyloid Formation: Insight into the Structure of the Nucleus

The role of Zn2+ in pre-organizing Aβ(10−21) amyloid formation is shown to preferentially alter the relative rate of fibril nucleation and to have little influence on fibril propagation. Fibril morphology, as determined by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), was unchanged in the presence and absence of Zn2+ in Aβ(10−21), as well as in a series of site-specifically altered variants. The metal-independence of the Aβ(10−21)H13Q peptide suggested that the increase in nucleation rate in Aβ(10−21) is due to Zn2+-mediated inter-sheet interactions, involving both histidine 13 and histidine 14.
Role of Echocardiography in the Assessment of Right Heart Disease: Update 2013

The right heart plays a significant role in overall cardiac function, with right heart diseases shown to have similar clinical impact as left heart diseases. Despite the availability of a number of imaging modalities for the assessment of the right heart, echocardiography remains the first line imaging modality of choice based on its advantages of being safe, readily accessible and cost effective. Currently, echocardiography whether by the transthoracic or transesophageal approach, plays an important role in the diagnosis and ongoing management of patients with right heart disease. While two dimensional imaging is the mainstay of echocardiographic assessment of the right heart, the availability of more advanced echocardiographic techniques has improved our ability to assess right heart function and a range of right heart pathologies. These techniques apart from overcoming some of the inherent challenges associated with two dimensional imaging of the right heart, have also provided invaluable insights into the physiology of the right heart and pathophysiology of a range of right heart related diseases.
Inpatient Initiation of Buprenorphine Maintenance vs. Detoxification: Can Retention of Opioid-Dependent Patients in Outpatient Counseling Be Improved?

Buprenorphine-naloxone is an office-based opioid agonist released in 2003 in the United States for the maintenance of heroin- and other opioid-dependent patients. Concern has been raised that the medication will distract or otherwise inhibit patients from participating in a holistic recovery program or abstinence-based counseling. Using a retrospective chart review, the first thirty opioid-dependent patients induced on buprenorphine maintenance therapy in an inpatient detoxification unit were compared to thirty age- and gender-matched patients who underwent detoxification (with a tramadol taper) and referral to intensive outpatient treatment. The clinical outcomes were a comparison of completion rates for an intensive outpatient program (IOP) and retention in treatment after twelve weeks of aftercare therapy. Patients induced on buprenorphine maintenance over three days had similar relief of withdrawal symptoms to patients detoxified from opioids over five days with tramadol. Patients maintained on buprenorphine had a markedly increased initiation of IOP and remained in outpatient treatment longer than patients who were detoxified (8.5 wks vs. 0.4 wks, p < 0.001). This study indicates that induction and maintenance on buprenorphine may be more effective than detoxification for engaging and retaining patients in abstinence-based comprehensive outpatient addiction treatment.
Temperature-insensitive long-period fiber gratings written in P 2 O 5 co-doped GeO 2 -SiO 2 core optical fibers

Here we report the possibility of phosphorus oxide (P205) as another candidate for a negative thermal coefficient material. Longperiod fiber gratings were successfully fabricated in P205 co-doped Ge02-SiO2 fibers employing a 193- nm ArF excimer laser, and it has been clarified that P205 is available for suppressing the thermal sensitivity of the gratings.
The Jump [Ethically Speaking]

At the age of 18, I attended the United States Army Airborne School at Fort Benning, GA. Our training was three weeks long. During Ground Week, we engaged in a challenging physical-fitness regimen, as well as intensive training for making parachute jumps and safe landings. We practiced the parachute landing fall (PLF) over and over again, so we would not get hurt when hitting the ground (this assumes your chute successfully deployed). This first week is like the first part of life: you learn and start becoming competent. During Tower Week, week two, we jumped from the 34-foot tower and the 250-foot tower. The 34-foot tower is probably similar to bungee jumping, because we jumped out a door with a strap attached to us. I probably looked pretty funny, screaming and fl ailing as I plummeted toward the ground in my first jump from the tower, before being saved by the strap attached to my harness. I got pretty good at it, though, and the fear went away. This week is similar to the middle of life: you get married, have kids, become productive members of society, etc. In Jump Week, week three, we completed five jumps from a C-130 or C-141 aircraft. Jumping from an airplane is a very unnatural thing to do. Jump week is like the last part of life after the kids graduate, parents die, friends get dreaded diseases, etc.
Effects of Narrow Grass Hedges on Nutrient Transport From Land Application Areas

The placement of stiff-stemmed grass hedges on the contour along a hill slope has been shown to decrease runoff nutrient transport. This study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of a narrow grass hedge in reducing runoff nutrient transport from plots with a range of soil nutrient values. Composted beef cattle manure was applied at dry weights of 0, 68, 105, 142, and 178 Mg ha-1 to a silty clay loam soil and then incorporated by disking. Soil samples were collected 243 days later for analysis of water-soluble phosphorus (WSP), Bray and Kurtz No.1 phosphorus (Bray-1 P), NO3-N and NH4-N. Three 30-min simulated rainfall events, separated by 24-hour intervals, were then applied. The transport of dissolved phosphorus (DP), total P (TP), NO3-N, NH4-N, total nitrogen (TN), runoff, and soil erosion were measured from 0.75 m wide x 4.0 m long plots. Compost application rate was found to significantly affect WSP, Bray-1 P, and NO3-N content of the soil. The transport of DP, TP, NO3-N, NH4-N, TN, runoff and soil erosion was reduced significantly on the plots with a grass hedge. Mean runoff on the hedge and no-hedge treatments was 17 and 29 mm, respectively, and soil erosion rates were 0.12 and 1.48 Mg ha-1. Compost application rate significantly affected the transport of DP, TP, and NO3-N in runoff. The experimental results indicate that stiff-stemmed grass hedges, planted at selected down slope intervals, can significantly reduce the transport of nutrients in runoff from areas with a range of soil nutrient values.
Fibrin Sheath Stripping versus Catheter Exchange for the Treatment of Failed Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters: Randomized Clinical Trial

PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of two treatments for tunneled hemodialysis catheter malfunction: percutaneous fibrin sheath stripping (PFSS) and over-the-wire catheter exchange (EX). MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult patients with poorly functioning tunneled hemodialysis catheters (flow rates RESULTS Overall technical success rate was 97%. Mean catheter patency for the PFSS group was 24.5 ± 29.3 days, and 52.2 ± 43 days for the EX group ( P P = .04, logrank test). Exchanged catheters were significantly more likely to be patent for as long as 4 months (23% versus 0%; P 2 test). CONCLUSIONS Malfunctioning tunneled hemodialysis catheters treated by means of EX are significantly more likely to remain patent for up to 4 months than are those treated by means of PFSS. According to the results of this trial, PFSS should not be performed as a routine therapy for catheter malfunction.
A Taxonomic Integrative Review of Short Message Service (SMS) Methodology: A Framework for Improved Diabetic Outcomes.

Background: To acquire self-management skills that affect clinical outcomes, collaboration and communication with one’s health care team is essential, yet many health care systems are not designed adequately to be responsive to a patient’s efforts to self-manage. This review synthesizes the intervention methodology of current studies facilitating the efforts of health care providers who wish to design, develop, and implement evidence-based SMS programs for patients with diabetes, focusing on clinical outcomes of A1C values, medication adherence rates, and participant satisfaction. Methods: This integrative review was conducted using an integrative taxonomic analysis approach. This approach involves creating a classification system with domains or characteristics, defining the relationships between those domains, and creating a foundation for new theories or constructs. Results: Synthesis of the evidence included in this integrated review suggests the best design for a SMS diabetes management program aimed at improving A1C levels, medication adherence rates, and participant satisfaction is an intervention providing weekly SMS education, with 2-way message direction, that is 3 months in length. Conclusions: The studies in this review have demonstrated that SMS interventions can be an important part of a viable and effective program in the effort to better manage adults with type 2 diabetes.
Geminate recombination of electrons generated by above-the-gap (12.4 eV) photoionization of liquid water

Abstract The picosecond geminate recombination kinetics for hydrated electrons generated by 200 nm two photon absorption (12.4 eV total energy) has been measured in both light and heavy water. The geminate kinetics are observed to be almost identical in both H2O and D2O. Kinetic analysis based upon the independent reaction time approximation indicates that the average separation between the electron and its geminate partners in D2O is 13% narrower than in H2O (2.1 vs. 2.4 nm). These observations suggest that, even at this high ionization energy, autoionization of water competes with direct ionization.
Determination of protein immobilized on solid support by tryptophan content.

Abstract The method of Gaitonde and Dovey [Biochem. J.117, 907 (1970)] for the determination of tryptophan by reaction with ninhydrin in acid is adapted for the measurement of protein bound to solid support materials, including collagen. DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose, polyacrylamide and collodion give negligible background absorbance with the reagent; collagen and activated agarose give some color, but this can be abolished by pretreating the collagen with H2O2. Collagen, Sephadex and agarose dissolve in the reagent. Levels of lactase (β-galactosidase) and glucoamylase were readily and linearly measured down to 0.2 mg in the presence of 21 mg collagen, and activity and immobilized protein content of lactase-collagen complexes were linearly related.
Résultat à long-terme du traitement endovasculaire des anévrysmes de l’artère poplitée

Objectifs Les anevrysmes de l’artere poplitee ont traditionnellement ete repares par voie chirurgicale ouverte. Cependant, la reparation endovasculaire de l’artere poplitee (REVAP) a ete employee chez des malades choisis en raison de sa nature moins invasive. Dans ce travail, nous presentons nos resultats a long terme pour REVAP. Methodes Une revue retrospective de tous les malades qui ont eu une REVAP dans une seule institution academique de septembre 2002 a mars 2006. Ces malades ont ete evalues pour la permeabilite, le besoin d’une intervention secondaire, la survie sans amputation, et la survie globale. Resultats Un total de 15 membres chez 13 malades ont ete traites par REVAP au cours de la periode d’etude. Toutes les REVAP ont ete faites avec des endoprotheses Viabahn ® , avec une moyenne de 1,67 stents par membre. L’âge moyen des patients etait de 74,6 ans (extremes, 66-84). Le succes technique a ete obtenu dans 100% des cas et tous les membres avaient des index cheville-bras postoperatoires initiaux ≥1,0. La duree moyenne du suivi etait de 54 mois (extremes, 42-70). Deux malades sont morts de causes independantes a 3 et 38 mois avec des membres intacts, et un malade a ete perdu de vue. Deux membres ont presente des endofuites de types I ou III, et ont ete traites avec succes par la mise en place endovasculaire d’un stent additionnel, ayant pour resultat un taux de permeabilite primaire de 84,6% et un taux de permeabilite secondaire de 100%. Il n’y avait aucune perte de membre au cours de la periode de suivi, avec des taux de survie sans amputation et de survie globale de 85,7%. Conclusions Le suivi a long terme de cette cohorte de malades REVAP suggere que chez des malades choisis, il s’agit d’une technique durable, capable d’obtenir d’excellents taux de permeabilite et de sauvetage de membre. D’autres etudes cliniques a plus grande echelle sont justifiees pour aider a definir les candidats optimaux pour cette technique.
Graph property recognition machines

A study is presented of machines that accept, as inputs, finite connected embedded graphs. These are, roughly, Turing machines in which the Turing tape is replaced by such a graph.
Fatty oxazolines and imidazolines

Fatty acids are converted, almost quantitatively, into oxazolines by reaction with 2-methyl-2-aminopropanol. These oxazolines are of high purity. They can be reacted further with paraformaldehyde to yield a mixture of mono- andbis-methylol derivatives in the α-position. Heating causes dehydration to form α-methylene oxazolines, which on hydrolysis provide good overall yields of α-alkylacrylic acids. Substituted anilides of the acrylic acids possess substantial antibacterial properties against Gram-positive microorganisms. The reaction of two moles of fatty acid with one of diethylenetriamine yields a primary amine with the structure of RCON(CH2CH2NH2)CH2CH2NHCOR, instead of a secondary amine as reported in the literature. Imidazoline is also formed. Removal of water by vacuum results in almost quantitative ring closure. The unquaternized imidazolines are highly unstable to hydrolysis and will revert to the above diamido amine at room temperature. Open-chain compounds are more water repellent than the imidazolines. Repellency of the saturated fatty acid derivatives increases with increasing molecular weight. Unsaturation decreases repellency, particularly for thecis derivative, whereas thetrans derivative (from elaidic acid) possesses better repellent properties. Branching of the alkyl chains is also detrimental to water repellency. Application of repellents to soil dramatically reduces water absorption and seed germination.
Automating the design of systolic arrays

Abstract Recently, many methods have been proposed for systematically designing systolic arrays from an algorithmic specification. Most of these are based on very similar foundations, but differ in subtle details that have some far-reaching implications. These differences affect the class of algorithms to which they are applicable, the degree to which they can be automated, and other such factors. These methods are briefly reviewed, and some fundamental questions are addressed regarding the synthesis problem. We then present a methodology for systematically synthesizing systolic arrays, and describe the scope of the methodology, the extent to which it may be automated, and open problems that still need to be solved.
Development and Challenges of Nanovectors in Gene Therapy

In recent years, hundreds of genes have been linked to a variety of human diseases, and the field of gene therapy has emerged as a way to treat this wide range of diseases. The main goal of gene therapy is to find a gene delivery vehicle that can successfully target diseased cells and deliver therapeutic genes directly to their cellular compartment. The two main types of gene delivery vectors currently being investigated in clinical trials are recombinant viral vectors and synthetic nonviral vectors. Recombinant viral vectors take advantage of the evolutionarily optimized viral mechanisms to deliver genes, but they can be hard to specifically target in vivo and are also associated with serious side effects. Synthetic nonviral vectors are made out of highly biocompatible lipids or polymers, but they are much less efficient at delivering their genetic payload due to the lack of any active delivery mechanism. This mini review will introduce the current state of gene delivery in clinical trials, and discuss t...
Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations of correlated electrons in solution. 2. A prediction for the observation of hydrated dielectrons with pump-probe spectroscopy

The hydrated dielectron is a highly correlated, two-electron, solvent-supported state consisting of two spin-paired electrons confined to a single cavity in liquid water. Although dielectrons have been predicted to exist theoretically and have been used to explain the lack of ionic strength effect in the bimolecular reaction kinetics of hydrated electrons, they have not yet been observed directly. In this paper, we use the extensive nonadiabatic mixed quantum/classical excited-state molecular dynamics simulations from the previous paper to calculate the transient spectroscopy of hydrated dielectrons. Because our simulations use full configuration interaction (CI) to determine the ground and excited state two-electron wave functions at every instant, our nonequilibrium simulations allow us to compute the absorption, stimulated emission (SE), and bleach spectroscopic signals of both singlet and triplet dielectrons following excitation by ultraviolet light. Excited singlet dielectrons are predicted to display strong SE in the mid infrared and a transient absorption in the near-infrared. The near-infrared transient absorption of the singlet dielectron, which occurs near the peak of the (single) hydrated electron's equilibrium absorption, arises because the two electrons tend to separate in the excited state. In contrast, excitation of the hydrated electron gives a bleach signal in this wavelength region. Thus, our calculations suggest a clear pump-probe spectroscopic signature that may be used in the laboratory to distinguish hydrated singlet dielectrons from hydrated electrons: By choosing an excitation energy that is to the blue of the peak of the hydrated electron's absorption spectrum and probing near the maximum of the single electron's absorption, the single electron's transient bleach signal should shrink or even turn into a net absorption as sample conditions are varied to produce more dielectrons.
Automated Quantification of Roots Using a Simple Image Analyzer

The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of an inexpensive commercial image analysis system for measuring the length of roots in samples washed from soil. Mathematical corrections are derived for overlapping roots in the sample and for limitations in system resolution. Errors due to nonrandom orientation of roots were minimized by scanning in two directions. Coefficients of variation (CV) for repeated measurements on a single, undisturbed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root sample were around 0.5%, while errors resulting from nonrandom dispersion of samples in the tray were 2-3%. The image analysis system therefore appears to be capable of providing reliable root measurements
A note on the mathematical biophysics of ameboid movements

Theoretical considerations lead to the expectation of some regularities in the apparently random changes of shape of an ameba. We should expect quasiperiodic fluctuations of the ratio of the perimeter to the area of the optical cross-section of an ameba, when plotted against time. The quasi-period should be characteristic of the species. Preliminary experiments appear to bear out that prediction.
Spread of Excitation During Premature Ventricular Systoles

Premature systoles were elicited at many points in the dog heart and the resultant pattern of excitation plotted in detail with a multipolar electrode and a 16-channel oscilloscope. In premature systoles, most of the mural endocardium is excited by a wave travelling at about 1 meter per second. These results indicate that in a normally originating beat the mural endocardium is excited by branched Purkinje tissue, the elements of which conduct at about 1 meter per second. The transmural velocity of the wave of depolarization in premature systoles is about 0.3 meter per second. No evidence was found for intramural penetration of Purkinje fibers. Intramural potentials recorded on stimulation give some insight into normal intramural potentials.
Infrared spectroscopic investigation of anion rotational disorder in sodium nitrate

Abstract Absorption spectra in the 5000 to 3000 cm −1 region of a basal section of NaNO 3 at temperatures of 20°C, 270 and 302, and of molten NaNO 3 are reported. Assignments of bands in this region are made as librational combinations with vibrational bands. These bands persist in the temperature range between the second order transition and the melting point, and disappear in the spectrum of the melt. This thermal behavior conclusively eliminates the hypothesis of free rotation of NO 3 − ions above the λ-point; the hypothesis may still be valid for the liquid state. The interpretation of the crystal structure above 275°C as disordered is in harmony with the data here presented.
Control of Heparinization by Activated Clotting Time During Bypass with Improved Postoperative Hemostasis

Abstract Heparin and protamine dosages monitored during open-heart operations by activated clotting time (ACT) have been reported to be superior to dosage schedules based on body weight or body surface area. To evaluate the automated ACT, 114 consecutive open-heart operations performed between October, 1974, and December, 1975, were studied. Fifty-eight operations prior to April, 1975, using a standard heparin-protamine protocol (Group I) were compared with 56 operations from April to December, 1975, monitored with an automated ACT (Group II). The two groups were similar with respect to surgical procedures, pump time, and perfusion techniques. The protamine/heparin ratio was 25% less in Group II compared with Group I, and the 12-hour postoperative blood loss was 48% less in Group II. The automated ACT is a reliable, rapid, and simple test that has resulted in improved hemostasis following cardiac operation.
Cosmic Radiation Intensity-Time Variations and Their Origin. II. Energy Dependence of 27-Day Variations

Cosmic-ray intensity-time variations recorded in the lower atmosphere by one neutron detector (D-1, Climax, Colorado) and three ionization detectors (Freiburg, Germany; Cheltenham, Maryland; and Huancayo, Peru) are compared. Irregular intensity variations characterized by time parameters of 27 days and 24 hours are shown to occur in coincidence in the records of both types of detectors. It seems reasonable to ascribe correlated neutron and ionization intensity variations to a common origin.It has been shown that 27-day neutron intensity variations are produced by primary intensity variations. The magnitude of these variations must be greater for low energy primaries as 27-day neutron intensity variations at Climax are \ensuremath{\approx}5 times larger than corresponding ionization intensity variations at Freiburg, Cheltenham, and Huancayo. These variations must extend, however, to high energy primaries, as their effects are observed at the geomagnetic equator. From the \ensuremath{\approx}5:1 relative response (Climax neutron to northern sea level ionization detector) one parameter describing the energy dependence of 27-day primary intensity variations can be empirically evaluated. Assuming a power law similar to that describing the energy dependence of the time average primary intensity spectrum, it is found that the amplitude of 27-day primary intensity variations is required to decrease with increasing primary energy approximately one power of energy more rapidly than the time average primary spectrum itself. The electric field acceleration process hypothesis predicts primary intensity variations with approximately this energy dependence.Twenty-four-hour neutron (Climax) and ionization (Freiburg) intensity variations are correlated in local time. It is not certain that these variations are produced by primary intensity variations. Even if this were the case, the relative response (Climax to Freiburg) to such primary intensity variations cannot be accurately determined from the data studied here.
Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis occurring in two patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

This report describes two patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in whom respiratory failure and opportunistic infection associated with secondary alveolar proteinosis developed. In one patient, the alveolar proteinosis was apparently secondary to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in the other to Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus infection. Both patients died of respiratory failure, and it was suspected that secondary alveolar proteinosis could have been a contributing cause of death.
Integrating artificial intelligence into the accounting curriculum

The development and use of artificial intelligence technologies continues to expand in accounting practice, industry and government, However, the exposure of accounting students to artificial intelligence remains almost non-existent. Accounting faculty should move towards integrating artificial intelligence topics into the curriculum so that students can begin learning about artificial intelligence before they encounter it in the workplace. Artificial intelligence techniques give computer systems human-like abilities to reason and learn. For accounting the most promising types of artificial intelligence are expert systems and neural networks. Artificial intelligence is used in auditing, fnancial and management accounting, taxation and government. The integration of artificial intelligence into the accounting curriculum befits the move for microcomputer integration and calls for the innovative use of technology in the accounting courses. Suggestions from the literature include using supplemental readings a...
Offenders Who Are Mothers with and without Experience in Prostitution: Differences in Historical Trauma, Current Stressors, and Physical and Mental Health Differences

Abstract Background Women offenders are a growing population in the criminal justice system; most are mothers. A subset of these women have a history of prostitution. Despite more recent research identifying the needs of women offenders who are mothers, those with and without experience in prostitution are still generally represented in the literature as a homogenous group. Methods This study examined the differences between mothers who indicated that they had engaged in prostitution with those who had not. The data were from a survey of offending mothers in a Midwestern city and was based on 889 respondents. Approximately 20% of the women indicated that they had engaged in prostitution at some point in their lives. Findings Mothers with histories of prostitution reported more exposure to violence, witnessing crime, living in areas with high drug activity, and having a higher rate of physical and mental health problems. Conclusions Health care professionals who interact with mothers in the criminal justice system who have histories of prostitution should be careful to assess for a history of trauma and its psychological consequences. Along with increased health care needs, interventions are needed to help these women obtain basic needs such as stable housing outside of high crime and high drug-use areas and to receive targeted psychological services that respond to the unique trauma suffered by this subpopulation of offenders.
New applications of gemcitabine and future directions in the management of pancreatic cancer.

Gemcitabine has been reported to be an active agent in pancreatic cancer. Recent applications have included the use of a fixed-dose rate regimen in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer based on the observation that deoxycytidine kinase is saturated at the plasma gemcitabine concentrations achieved with standard infusion, thereby limiting the accumulation of intracellular gemcitabine triphosphate. In a Phase II study, this regimen was associated with survival rates better than those typically observed in patients with advanced disease. Gemcitabine also has been assessed as a radiosensitizer in locally advanced cancer and although toxicity was significant, objective responses were observed and included tumor response, which permitted curative resection. Future directions in therapy for pancreatic cancer include the development of agents targeting signal transduction pathways and nuclear transcription factors based on the continually improving understanding of the role of molecular events in carcinogenesis. Cancer 2002;95:941–5. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10753
Inferring Movement Trajectories from GPS Snippets

Inferring movement trajectories can be a challenging task, in particular when detailed tracking information is not available due to privacy and data collection constraints. In this paper we present a complete and computationally tractable model for estimating and predicting trajectories based on sparsely sampled, anonymous GPS land-marks that we call GPS snippets. To combat data sparsity we use mapping data as side information to constrain the inference process. We show the efficacy of our approach on a set of prediction tasks over data collected from different cities in the US.
Pulmonary function in children. I. Determination of norms.

Abstract 1.1. Complete lung volume and ventilatory studies have been made in seventy normal children. 2.2. From statistical analysis of these data, tables of predicted normal values for vital capacity, total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and maximum breathing capacity have been prepared for boys and girls ranging in age from 6 to 14 years. 3.3. Comparison of these predicted normal values with previous similar investigations reveals good general agreement of all values. Present values for functional residual capacity were higher than those reported in previous studies. This was due to modification of technique and a different body position of the test subject. 4.4. Significance of residual volume, RV/TLC ratio, FRC/TLC ratio, and functional residual capacity as indices of hyperinflation have been discussed. Very low values for residual volume and RV/TLC ratio were encountered frequently in this study. The FRC/TLC ratio, contrary to experiences in the adult previously reported by others, is more valuable than the RV/TLC ratio, probably because the child is incapable of adequate expiratory reserve effort. 5.5. The mean one-second timed vital capacity was 86 per cent in this group. However, the slightly greater degree of variability encountered in children has suggested that this test may not always be used with confidence as an isolated index of pulmonary disease in childhood.
Report on agents

Recommendations were formulated on sampling strategies and characteristics of different sampling methods. Microbiological products, such as endotoxins and proteases were suggested to be included apart from traditional dust measurements. It was recommended that priority should be given to establishing dose-response relationships and that the importance of anaerobic organisms be evaluated. A summary of components within organic dust suspected of contributing to respiratory disease was presented.
Polaris: virus-safe computing for Windows XP

It limits the damage a virus can do by using the operating system's own security mechanisms to enforce the Principle of Least Authority on individual applications.
Effect of digitalis on human ventricular refactoriness

In order to evaluate the effect of digitalis on the effective refractory period of the human ventricle, 14 patients were studied with atrial or ventricular pacing and with the introduction of ventricular extra-stimuli. The ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) was recorded before and after 1.0 to 1.25 mg ouabain given intravenously and the results compared with similar changes in the Q-T interval. During atrial pacing (eight patients) at rates of 70 to 110 beats per minute, ouabain reduced the mean ventricular effective refractory period from 290 ± 13 ms to 260 ± 16 ms (P<0.01) and the mean Q-T interval was reduced from 372± 18ms to 359± 19ms (P<0.01); the mean VERP/Q-T ratio was 0.79 ± 0.04 before ouabain and 0.73 ± 0.04 after ouabain (P<0.01). Utilising ventricular drive pacing (six patients) the mean ventricular effective refractory period was reduced from 245 ± 16 ms to 226 ± 13 ms (P<0.01) and the mean Q-T interval reduced from 382± 18ms to 360± 29ms (P<0.01). There was no significant change in the mean VERP/Q-T ratio (0.63 ± 0.04 before vs 0.63 ± 0.04 after ouabain). The results demonstrate that clinically effective doses of ouabain produce a significant reduction of the effective refractory period of the human ventricle. This change is accompanied by a reduction in the VERP/Q-T ratio during atrial pacing.
Sexual interactions: why we should talk about sex in HCI

Within the CHI community there is growing interest in moving beyond cognition and expanding into the social, emotional, and bodily aspects of the human-computer experience. Sexuality Sex lies at the intersection of these concerns, and indeed outside of HCI, has become a central topic for anthropology, behavioral sciences, and other areas of intellectual inquiry. Examining sex and themes related to it has benefited these disciplines and we intend to understand how it can contribute to HCI.There is a tendency to desexualize technology, despite the presence of sex and sexuality in a variety of interactions, including the use of the internet for viewing pornography, building online communities, and facilitating intimacy. By rendering these interactions sexless, we risk gaining only a marginal understanding of technology's role in day-to-day life.
Treatment for pitted acne scarring--postauricular punch grafts followed by dermabrasion.

. A technique is described for treating pitted acne scarring which is not amenable to other forms of therapy. Punch grafts from postauricular skin are used to replace punch-excised facial scars. Dermabrasion of treated areas is accomplished 4 to 6 weeks after grafting. Very good results have been attained in three patients, each of whom needed more than 100 transplants.
Diketopiperazines as Advanced Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of Ecteinascidins

Abstract The diketopiperazines of phenylalanine, tyrosine and DOPA have been synthesized from 14 C-labeled amino acids and tested as intermediates in the biosynthesis of the ecteinascidins. Biosynthetic experiments were performed using an enzyme preparation of the tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata, the source of the ecteinascidins. Tyrosine and DOPA diketopiperazines were both transformed to the ecteinascidins whereas the diketopiperazine of phenylalanine was not modified. It is now apparent that the biosynthesis of the ecteinascidins is initiated by the condensation of tyrosine to its cyclic dipeptide followed by a subsequent oxidation to the diketopiperazine of DOPA.
Growth factor receptors, lipid rafts and caveolae: An evolving story

Growth factor receptors have been shown to be localized to lipid rafts and caveolae. Consistent with a role for these cholesterol-enriched membrane domains in growth factor receptor function, the binding and kinase activities of growth factor receptors are susceptible to regulation by changes in cholesterol content. Furthermore, knockouts of caveolin-1, the structural protein of caveolae, have confirmed that this protein, and by implication caveolae, modulate the ability of growth factor receptors to signal. This article reviews the findings pertinent to the relationship between growth factor receptors, lipid rafts and caveolae and presents a model for understanding the disparate observations regarding the role of membrane microdomains in the regulation of growth factor receptor function.
Grading the Severity of Drug-Drug Interactions in the Intensive Care Unit: A Comparison Between Clinician Assessment and Proprietary Database Severity Rankings

Background:Computerized provider order entry with decision support software offers an opportunity to identify and prevent medication-related errors, including drug-drug interactions (DDIs), through alerting mechanisms. However, the number of alerts generated can overwhelm and lead to “alert fatigue.” A DDI alert system based on severity rankings has been shown to reduce alert fatigue; however, the best method to populate this type of database is unclear.Objective:To compare the severity ranking of proprietary databases to clinician assessment for DDIs occurring in critically ill patients.Methods:This observational, prospective study was conducted over 8 weeks in the cardiac and cardiothoracic intensive care unit. Medication profiles of patients were screened for the presence of DDIs and a severity evaluation was conducted using rankings of proprietary databases and clinician opinion using a DDI severity assessment tool. The primary outcome measure was the number of DDIs considered severe by both evaluatio...
An Analysis of EMG Electrode Configuration for Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Based Neural Machine Interface

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a novel neural machine interface for improved myoelectric prosthesis control. Previous high-density (HD) surface electromyography (EMG) studies have indicated that tremendous neural control information can be extracted from the reinnervated muscles by EMG pattern recognition (PR). However, using a large number of EMG electrodes hinders clinical application of the TMR technique. This study investigated a reduced number of electrodes and the placement required to extract sufficient neural control information for accurate identification of user movement intents. An electrode selection algorithm was applied to the HD EMG recordings from each of four TMR amputee subjects. The results show that when using only 12 selected bipolar electrodes the average accuracy over subjects for classifying 16 movement intents was 93.0 (plusmn3.3)%, just 1.2% lower than when using the entire HD electrode complement. The locations of selected electrodes were consistent with the anatomical reinnervation sites. Additionally, a practical protocol for clinical electrode placement was developed, which does not rely on complex HD EMG experiment and analysis while maintaining a classification accuracy of 88.7plusmn4.5%. These outcomes provide important guidelines for practical electrode placement that can promote future clinical application of TMR and EMG PR in the control of multifunctional prostheses.
Ugly Betty goes global Global networks of localized content in the telenovela industry

Betty la Fea , the phenomenally popular Colombian telenovela, has been exported as both canned (e.g. either dubbed or unaltered) programming and format to approximately 70 countries, including the recent US prime-time hit Ugly Betty. Guided by an examination of the extended global success of this Colombian production, this article explores the telenovela as a cultural product that is successful because of its appeal on both the local and global level, and as an economic product traversing a global industry. Popular telenovelas succeed as both canned programming and formats because they combine universally appealing stories (rags-to-riches) and style (melodrama) with localizable specifics with which viewers can easily identify. While telenovelas are localized products produced to first achieve domestic success, the cross-ownership structure of and multinational flows that mark the telenovela industry render any conception of telenovelas as South-to-North contra-flows of culture inherently problematic. Inst...
Shoulder Surgery in the Beach Chair Position Current Anesthetic Concepts and Controversies in Hemodynamic Management and Cerebral Perfusion

thebeachchairposition(BCP),primarilyinpatientsundergeneralanesthesia,with positive pressure ventilation, which may be magnified by deliberate hypotension. � Interscalene brachial plexus blockade with sedation may protect against cerebral hypoperfusion by allowing preservation of autoregulation, as well as avoiding the diminished cardiac output that occurs with controlled ventilation. � The overall incidence of severe neurologic injury is quite low, but the occurrence of clinically subtle forms of neurologic dysfunction, such as delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, has not been well delineated. � Although its importance may be the subject of scientific debate, most clinicians consider that blood pressure measured at the arm level overestimates cerebral pressure in the upright position and so they deliberately correct for this factor in determining perfusion pressures of the brain. � The lower limit of autoregulation is likely variable between individuals and is altered by pathologic entities, such as chronic hypertension or preexisting cerebrovascular pathologic abnormality. � Monitors of cerebral perfusion have not been definitively shown to prevent central nervous system injury, but may be useful in vulnerable individuals.
Student Leadership Development and Orientation: Contributing Resources within the Liberal Arts

Research in higher education on leadership development and attributes has primarily concentrated on students currently engaged in campus experiences and programs (e.g., student government, volunteerism) that emulate leadership positions and opportunities that carry over to societal equivalencies. Thus, students who are not active in leadership activities are rarely assessed regarding their leadership-related development, perspectives, or preferences. The central purpose of this study is to explore students" disposition regarding leadership etiquette, behavior, and method in the context of leadership process theory. Using the Leadership Attitudes and Beliefs Scale III(27), how students think about leadership, irrespective of their perceived experience in leadership-based activities or positions, will be examined within the context of contributing university resources.