cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Authority to Court-Martial Non-U.S. Military Personnel for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed During Internal Armed Conflicts

This article analyzes the recent developments in international criminal jurisprudence establishing individual criminal responsibility for violations of the laws of war during non-international armed conflict. The article then analyzes the Uniform Code of Military Justice grants includes within the jurisdiction of the General Court-Martial the power to try any person who is subject trial by a military court for violation of the laws of war. The article demonstrates the distinction between this source of jurisdiction, which is based on violation of international law, and the traditional exercise of military jurisdiction, which is based on violation of the punitive articles of the code itself and restricted to individuals expressly subject to these criminal proscriptions. The article then asserts how the extension of the doctrine of individual criminal responsibility to the realm of non-international armed conflicts, when coupled with this statutory grant of jurisdiction, subjects any person who violates this law to trial by a United States General Court-Martial.
Response surface model for predicting the effects of temperature, pH, sodium chloride content, sodium nitrite concentration and atmosphere on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes

A factorial plus supplemental central composite experimental design was used to assess quantitatively the effects and interactions of temperature (5°-37°C), pH (4.5-7.5), NaCl (5-45 g/1), NaNO2 (0-1000 μg/ml), and atmosphere (aerobic vs. anaerobic) on the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in Tryptose Phosphate Broth. A total of 709 growth curves were generated, with individual curves fitted using non-linear regression analysis in conjunction with the Gompertz function. The results were analyzed by response surface analysis to generate a cubic model to predict the growth of L. monocytogenes in response to any combination of the variables within the specified ranges. Evaluation of the model indicated that it can be used to provide reasonable "first estimates" of the impact of food formulation and storage conditions on the growth of L. monocytogenes , and can be automated readily to develop "user-friendly" software.
Narrative Performance Predicts Psychopathology: A Preliminary Demonstration

AbstractThe goals of this study were: (a) to test whether objective narrative variables can be reliably applied to commonly used clinical assessment tasks, (b) to assess the relative stability and differences in mean levels of narrative performance in participants' stories across assessment tasks, and (c) to assess the degree to which levels of psychopathology can be predicted by objective narrative measures. Stories were elicited from 31 substance abuse patients using 4 different narrative tasks. The 124 stories were coded using 5 measures that assess levels of structural connectedness, subjectivity, and complexity. Results, based on the reliably coded narrative measures, indicated that (a) participants displayed stable individual differences, whereas mean performance levels varied systematically across the story-elicitation tasks; and (b) a substantial amount of variance in depressive, anxious, and cognitive mediation symptoms could be predicted using these measures. Results are discussed in terms of the need to further develop objective measures of narrative performance and narrative assessment tasks. (Psychology)
Optimal extent of lymphadenectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma: A 7‐institution study of the U.S. gastric cancer collaborative

Background and Objectives The optimal extent of lymphadenectomy in the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma is debated. We compared gastrectomy outcomes following limited (D1) or extended (D2) lymphadenectomy. Methods Using the multi-institutional US Gastric Cancer Collaborative database, we reviewed the morbidity, mortality, recurrence, and overall survival (OS) of patients receiving D1 or D2 lymphadenectomies. Results Between 2000 and 2012, 266 and 461 patients received a D1 and D2 lymphadenectomy, respectively. ASA class, mean number of comorbidities, grade, and stage were similar between groups. While major morbidity was similar (P = 0.85), mortality was worse for those receiving a D1 lymphadenectomy (4.9% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.004). D2 lymphadenectomy was associated with improved median OS in stage I (4.7 years for D1 vs. not reached for D2, P = 0.003), stage II (3.6 years for D1 vs. 6.3 for D2, P = 0.42), and stage III patients (1.3 years for D1 vs. 2.1 for D2, P = 0.01). After adjusting for predictors of OS, D2 lymphadenectomy remained a significant predictor of improved survival (HR 1.5, 95%CI 1.1–2.0, P = 0.008). Conclusions D2 lymphadenectomy can be performed without increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Additionally, D2 lymphadenectomy is associated with improved survival especially in early stages, and should be considered for gastric adenocarcinoma patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:750–755. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Further studies on the relationship between the genotype and the mammary tumor agent in mice.

This study investigates genetic control over the propagation and transmission of a mammary tumor agent. Strain C3H female mice with a mammary tumor agent were outcrossed to strain C57BL males without the agent and genetically resistant to it. The female offsprings were backcrossed to strain C57BL males through 7 successive backcross generations. By the 3rd backcross generation the agent has been eliminated by concentration of strain C57BL chromatin; this suggests that strains differed by only a few genes controlling the propagation and transmission of the agent and possibly by only a single pair of genes. Females of the 7th backcross generation were then outcrossed to C3Hf males (without the agent) and their female progeny backcrossed to C3Hf males through 4 backcross generations. With the concentration of C3H chromatin the mammary tumor agent did not reappear suggesting that the concentration of C3H chromatin the mammary tumor agent did not reappear suggesting that the concentration of C57BL chromatin had eliminated the agent rather than causing it to mutate to a latent or inactive form. Mammary tumors observed at an early age in females with the tumor agent were mainly adenocarcinomas of types A and B; some of the tumors occurred in older females with or without the agent. Type C adenocarcinomas and adenoacanthomas were observed mostly in females of an advanced age both with and without the agent. It is possible that this occurrence is associated with histologic changes of the mammary gland with advancing age rather than directly related to the agents absence.
Endocrine therapy of metastatic breast cancer.

The most unique aspects of metastatic breast cancer is its hormonal respon-siveness, which can be exploited in the treatment of patients with this disease. Previously used modalitis such as adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy seem to have been replaced by nonsurgical management with aminoglutethimide. Another drug, tamoxifen, has now been widely accepted, in place of treatment with andro-gens, since it has a relatively low frequency of side effects. Progestins, such as medroxyprogesterone or megesterol, have also now established themselves as agents of endocrine therapy. Newer compounds are also now being tested. These would include leuprolide to achieve ovarian suppression; 4-hydroxyandrostene-dione, which is an aromatase inhibitor; buserelin, a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist; and trilostane, a suppressor of adrenal steroidogenesis.
Augmentation of N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization of cranial, head, and neck tumors by simultaneous infusion of 5% dextrose solution

Background N-Butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) is an adhesive liquid embolic agent widely used for embolization of cranial, head and neck tumors. Adequate distal penetration of NBCA into vessels with the smallest possible diameter, while preventing its reflux, is still a challenge, even in experienced hands. Simultaneous infusion of 5% dextrose in water solution (D 5 W) through the guiding catheter has been described before as a technique for improving embolization of dural arteriovenous malformations. Objective To describe our experience with a modified D 5 W guide catheter push technique during embolization of hemorrhagic cranial, head and neck tumors. The embolization technique and pitfalls which might lead to complications are discussed in detail. Materials A retrospective series of 20 patients treated with the D 5 W push technique during embolization of cranial, head and neck lesions between 2007 and 2013 is presented. The goal of embolization was preoperative or palliative embolization of hemorrhagic tumors. Localization and histopathologic diagnosis of lesions, concentration of NBCA used, subsequent surgical treatment, intraoperative blood loss, and complications were evaluated. Results A total of 44 arterial pedicles were embolized during 22 treatment sessions. Adequate embolization of the lesions was achieved in all cases. Transient ischemic attack due to atheroma embolization (from the aorta) was seen in one patient (4%). Persistent vascularity of tumor associated with minimal intraoperative bleeding was reported in one patient (4%). Recurrence of epistaxis was reported in two patients diagnosed with Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome. Conclusions The D 5 W push technique during NBCA embolization of cranial, head and neck tumors is a safe and effective method to enhance penetration of the embolizing agent.
The major histocompatibility complex of the rat,RT1 : I. serological characterization of the MNR haplotype (RT1 ( m )) in regard to the cross-reacting haplotypesRT1 ( a ),RT1 ( c ), andRT1 ( b ).

The antigenic determinants expressed on RBC and lymphocytes and coded for by the MHC, RT1,of the MNR (RT1 m ) rat strain were compared to those of the BN.DA(RT1 a ), ALB (RT1 b ), and AUG (RT1 c ) strains by direct cytotoxicity and absorption analysis with RT1 typing sera, sera produced against MNR cells, and sera produced in MNR responders against cells carrying thea, b, andc haplotype determinants. The results indicate that MNR shares major class I (A) antigens with DA, and major class II (B) determinants with AUG, but that MNR differs from DA and AUG with respect to both classes of determinant. It appears, therefore, that the MNR haplotype does not represent a simple composite of the two other haplotypes,RT1 a andRT1 c , as reported earlier.
American Indian Literature

The topic of my discussion is American Indian literature in the 1980s, with some predictions for its future. I will begin with aspects of the traditional literature as it is the basis for analyzing modem American Indian literature. From this premise, I contend that American Indian writers in the 1980s project tribal ethos, regional identity, and their cultural heritage to relate Indian experiences in a modem context. American Indian literature has a unique characteristic in that it does not originate from any one national ethnic group such as Jewish, Chicano, Puerto Rican, and black writers project. Although the misnomer "Indian" implies that America's aborigines have a common ethnic background, that is not the consensus among most Native Americans. Rather, individuals of American Indian heritage do not identify with any national ethnic group; instead, individuals identify with one or more tribes in accordance with their parents' lineage, and in some instances, identify more specifically with village and band, such as in the Pueblo societies. It is essential, therefore, in any discussion about American Indian literature in the context of ethnicity that it be viewed as a multi-ethnic literature. Without seeming redundant, yet for clarification I point out that American Indian literature falls into two categories: traditional oral literature and modern fiction. As scholars of Indian Studies also know, the oral literature in the indigenous languages was recorded in the Bureau of American Ethnology series published by the Smithsonian Institution in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by anthropologists and ethnologists. Ritual narratives and poetic chants, folk tales, legends, and origin stories, usually classified as folklore in general among academicians in American Studies, were transcribed from Indian informants giving oral renditions and then translated by renowned anthropologists. It is generally accepted in the 1980s, however, that many of the translations are crude renditions of the originals. Yet in the recent past, many of the translations, especially poetic songs, were extracted from the B.A.E. text and published in anthologies for students of American literature. Naturally when the literature was lifted out of its significant cultural context, which in some instances was structured for ceremonial purposes, then the excerpts appeared trite or crudely vague, which also distorted the esthetic quality. The reaction to
Role of myelin auto-antigens in pain: a female connection.

Following injury to the peripheral nerve, pain secondary to low threshold innocuous mechanical stimulation (mechanical allodynia) is commonly observed. Its origins are poorly understood and the pain is often refractory to common analgesic therapeutics. The past two decades has brought major advances in our understanding of the complexity of systems that underlie processing of neuropathic pain (pain arising from damage or disease of the somatosensory system). Beginning with the argument by Robert Galambos in the 1960s that glia played a major regulatory role in neural function, current thinking has evolved to emphasize the major role of glia-mediated neuroinflammation in the development of a chronic pain state. Recent use of unbiased high-throughput genetic and proteomics screening technology in preclinical models of nerve injury associated with pain states, attention has become focused on the role of T cell related genes and adaptive immune pathways (Costigan et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2012). In this perspective, we discuss the organizing principle that following local nerve injury, the ability to evoke a pain state with low-threshold, otherwise innocuous, mechanical stimulation (light touch), represents a local, sex dependent, manifestation of an adaptive immune response mediated by myelin basic protein (MBP).
Discrete-Time Markov Models

Consider a system that is observed at times 0, 1, 2,.... Let X n be the state of the system at time n for n = 0, 1, 2,.... Suppose we are currently at time n = 10. That is, we have observed X 0, X 1,..., X 10. The question is: can we predict, in a probabilistic way, the state of the system at time 11? In general, X 11 depends (in a possibly random fashion) on X 0, X 1,..., X 10. Considerable simplification occurs if, given the complete history X 0, X 1,..., X 10, the next state X 11 depends only upon X 10. That is, as far as predicting X 11 is concerned, the knowledge of X 0, X 1,..., X 9 is redundant if X 10 is known. If the system has this property at all times n (and not just at n = 10), it is said to have a Markov property. (This is in honor of Andrey Markov, who, in the 1900s, first studied the stochastic processes with this property.)We start with a formal definition below.
IX Steady Navier–Stokes Flow in Bounded Domains

The objective of this and the following chapters is the study of steady motions of a viscous incompressible fluid described by the full nonlinear Navier–Stokes system. In the present chapter we shall focus on the case where the region of flow, Ω, is bounded. More specifically, we shall analyze the boundary value problem obtained by coupling the following system
The challenges of modulating the 'rest and digest' system: acetylcholine receptors as drug targets.

Acetylcholine, a major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, was discovered in the early 1900s. Over the years, researchers have revealed much about its regulation, properties of its receptors and features of the downstream signaling that influence its terminal effects. The acetylcholine system, traditionally associated with neuromuscular communication, is now known to play a crucial part in modulation of the immune system and other ‘rest and digest’ effects. Recent research seeks to elucidate the system's role in brain functions including cognition, sleep, arousal, motivation, reward and pain. We highlight clinically approved and experimental drugs that modulate the acetylcholine receptors. The complexities in targeting the acetylcholine receptors are vast and finding future indications for drug development associated with specific acetylcholine receptors remains a challenge.
Abstract 2063: The farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib causes dramatic tumor regression and increases survival in murine HrasG12Vdriven aggressive thyroid cancers: Consequent adaptive and acquired resistance mechanisms inform combination treatments with improved responses

Of the three RAS oncoproteins, only HRAS is delocalized and functionally inactivated by farnesyltransferase inhibition (FTI), an approach that has yet to be exploited clinically. We treated a murine model of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer (Tpo-cre/HrasG12V/p53flox/flox; Hras;p53) with the FTI tipifarnib, and observed sustained tumor regression and increased survival; however, tumors eventually recurred. Following HRAS delocalization by tipifarnib in vitro, ERK phosphorylation was only inhibited transiently in HRAS-mutant cell lines, which was associated with increased GTP loading of wild-type RAS proteins in the setting of RTK ligand stimulation. This adaptive reactivation of RAS-MAPK signaling was abrogated by selective RTK (i.e. EGFR, FGFR) inhibitors, or by MEK inhibitors. Importantly, tipifarnib combined with the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 led to improved responses in Hras;p53 mouse tumors, whereas combination with the EGFR/FGFR inhibitors erlotinib and ponatinib did not, suggesting heterogeneity of upstream inputs. In order to identify acquired resistance mechanisms, tumor-bearing Hras;p53 mice were treated with tipifarnib until resistance developed (6 months). Whole exome sequencing of resistant tumors identified a truncating NF1 mutation and an activating mutation in GNAS at high allelic frequency. Upon NF1 knockdown in the human HRAS- mutant cell line C643, tipifarnib failed to inhibit pERK in vitro and caused resistance to tipifarnib in xenografts. By contrast, activating GNAS mutations transduced into Hras;p53 mouse tumor cell lines produced tipifarnib-resistant xenografts that activated the GNAS-cAMP-CREB pathway and demonstrated signs of redifferentiation. These data show that pharmacological targeting of RAS in a genetically accurate, mouse model of a RAS-driven virulent cancer leads to objective major responses and improved survival. We identified adaptive and acquired resistance mechanisms, and show that combined treatment with selective MEK inhibitors are beneficial. These data should also inform a currently enrolling clinical trial of tipifarnib for HRAS-mutant malignancies. Citation Format: Brian R. Untch, Vanessa Dos Anjos, Maria ER Garcia-Rendueles, Jeff A. Knauf, Alan L. Ho, James A. Fagin. The farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib causes dramatic tumor regression and increases survival in murine HrasG12V driven aggressive thyroid cancers: Consequent adaptive and acquired resistance mechanisms inform combination treatments with improved responses [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2063. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2063
Review of strain rate effects for UHPC in tension

Abstract The superb mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has led to its rapid adoption within the industry. In addition to mechanical strength exceeding that of conventional concrete by an order of magnitude, UHPC exhibits improved energy absorption and ductility, making it an ideal material for resisting high-energy dynamic loads like impact and blast. A number of recent studies investigate the effect of strain rate on the mechanical response of UHPC in tension. These studies report dynamic increase factors for first cracking strength, ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, energy absorption, and a variety of other mechanical properties. This paper presents a review of these studies and an analysis of the data presented therein. Data from existing literature suggest that existing models underestimate the strain rate sensitivity of the tensile properties of UHPC, especially at high strain rates. Improved models based on existing data are proposed.
Enrichment of Putatively Damaging Rare Variants in the DYX2 Locus and the Reading-related Genes CCDC136 and FLNC

Eleven loci with prior evidence for association with reading and language phenotypes were sequenced in 96 unrelated subjects with significant impairment in reading performance drawn from the Colorado Learning Disability Research Center collection. Out of 148 total individual missense variants identified, the chromosome 7 genes CCDC136 and FLNC contained 19. In addition, a region corresponding to the well-known DYX2 locus for RD contained 74 missense variants. Both allele sets were filtered for a minor allele frequency ≤0.01 and high Polyphen-2 scores. To determine if observations of these alleles are occurring more frequently in our cases than expected by chance in aggregate, counts from our sample were compared to the number of observations in the European subset of the 1000 Genomes Project using Fisher’s exact test. Significant P values were achieved for both CCDC136/FLNC (P = 0.0098) and the DYX2 locus (P = 0.012). Taken together, this evidence further supports the influence of these regions on reading performance. These results also support the influence of rare variants in reading disability.
Quantification of the Disaccharide Trehalose from Biological Samples: A Comparison of Analytical Methods

Trehalose is a disaccharide that is biosynthesized by many different organisms subjected to extreme conditions, such as dehydration, heat, oxidative stress, and freezing. This disaccharide allows organisms to better survive these environmental stresses; however, the mechanisms by which trehalose exerts its protective effects are not well understood. Methods to accurately measure trehalose from different organisms will help us gain better understanding of these protective mechanisms. In this study, three experimental approaches for the quantification of trehalose from biological samples were compared: an enzymatic trehalose assay (Trehalose Assay Kit; Megazyme International), a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with refractive index detection-based assay, and a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)-based assay. Limits of detection and quantification for each assay were compared, as were the dynamic ranges for all three assays. The percent recoveries for known amounts of tre...
Communication Strategies to Counter Stigma and Improve Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorder Policy

Despite the high burden and poor rates of treatment associated with mental illness and substance use disorders, public support for allocating resources to improving treatment for these disorders is...
Evidence of a graft-versus-lymphoma effect associated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

The existence of an immunologic antileukemia reaction associated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is well established. However, a similar graft-versus-tumor effect against lymphomas has not been demonstrated. We analyzed the results of BMT in 118 consecutive patients with relapsed Hodgkin's disease or aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The 38 patients less than 50 years of age with HLA-matched donors had allogenic marrow transplants, and the other 80 patients received purged autologous grafts. The median age was 26 years in both the allogeneic and the autologous graft recipients. The patient's response to conventional salvage therapy before transplant was the only factor that influenced the event-free survival after BMT (P less than .001). Both the patient's response to salvage therapy before BMT (P less than .001) and the type of graft (P = .02) significantly influenced the probability of relapse after BMT. The actuarial probability of relapse in patients who responded to conventional salvage therapy before BMT was only 18% after allogenic BMT compared with 46% after autologous BMT. However, the actuarial probability of event-free survival at 4 years was the same, 47% versus 41%, for patients with responsive lymphomas who received allogeneic and autologous transplants, respectively (P = .8). The beneficial antitumor effect of allogeneic BMT was offset by its higher transplant-related mortality (P = .01), largely resulting from graft-versus-host disease. Allogeneic BMT appears to induce a clinically significant graft-versus-lymphoma effect. The magnitude of this effect is similar to that reported against leukemias.
Immunohistochemistry of Nervous System-Specific Antigens

In recent years, immunohistochemical detection and localization of specific antigens in tissue sections have had important clinical and experimental applications. Morphological information derived from these studies combined with biochemical data is proving to be an extremely valuable means for studying structural and functional components of tissue. Biochemical data describing brain antigens have prompted many immunohistochemical studies attempting to localize these factors. Whereas most studies have employed the immunofluorescence technique, the increasing requirement for high-resolution localization offered by electron microscopy (EM) necessitates the use of immunoperoxidase methods Immunocytochemical localization of brain antigens is lending a great deal to our understanding of brain morphology, organization, and function. Many but not all of the nervous system antigens being studied by immunohistochemical techniques have been cited in this chapter. The authors have attempted to concentrate on areas of most recent advances and of broad general interest.
Poisson Random Measures

The aim is to give a reasonably detailed account of Poisson random measures and their uses. Such random measures are often the primitive elements from which more evolved processes are constructed. We shall illustrate several such constructions which yield Levy processes and pure-jump Markov processes.
Robotic Devices for Overground Gait and Balance Training

In recent years, we have seen the emergence of numerous robotic technologies that focus on assisting individuals during overground gait and balance therapy following neurological injury and diseases. In general, these systems provide patients active body-weight support used for fall protection, to enhance postural stability, and to compensate for bilateral weakness during overground gait and balance training. As a result, such systems allow individuals the ability to practice the types of activities they will need to be competent in before returning to their home and into the community. The ability to walk overground, practice standing up and sitting down, climbing stairs, and other functional tasks are critical components of achieving functional independence yet are often difficult to safely practice for patients with significant levels of impairment. Not only is the patient at risk for injury but so too is the therapist. The integration of robotic technologies into neurorehabilitation can play a critical role in the safe and effective delivery of gait and balance therapy.
Statistical Issues Regarding the Use of Microsatellite Loci for Molecular Anthropological Studies

The class of polymorphic loci that are most abundant in the genome, yet have large number of segregating alleles, are called repeat loci. Of that class, the microsatellites have been the most popular in their use for gene mapping, studying evolutionary relatedness of populations, identifying the source of biological specimens and parentage testing. In this presentation the biological features of repeat polymorphism are briefly reviewed to illustrate that interpretation of data on repeat polymorphism in general, and microsatellites in particular, requires some statistical considerations that are different from the ones used in the context of blood group and protein polymorphism studies. In addition, issues with regard to sampling of individuals for using microsatellite loci for biological anthropological studies are discussed along with the choice of measures of genetic variation that derive the maximum information provided by this class of loci.
Abstract 17302: Validity of Discharge Diagnosis Codes for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Primary versus Secondary Positions: ARIC Study

Background: Discharge codes for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the primary position have declined since 2011 but increased in any secondary position among Medicare beneficiaries. The objective of this study was to assess validity of AMI hospital discharge codes in primary vs. secondary positions compared to adjudicated AMI criteria from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Methods: From ARIC, a continuous surveillance of hospital discharges for AMI among residents aged 35-74 years in 4 US communities between 2005-2013 was evaluated. Based on annual hospital discharges, a probability sample of AMI (ICD9-410) codes was captured, further sub-categorized into AMI in primary vs. secondary positions. The accuracy of ICD-9-CM codes for AMI in primary vs. secondary positions was compared to the gold standard, i.e. diagnosis of AMI by ARIC criteria (based on cardiac pain, electrocardiographic criteria and cardiac biomarkers). Results: The study population was 53% men, 72% white. After weighting for sampling probabilities, 15,097 AMI discharge codes were identified. When discharge diagnosis of AMI was coded in the primary position (n=9,968) 79% were identified as definite/probable AMI and 21% identified as suspected/no AMI using ARIC criteria (table). In contrast, when discharge diagnosis of AMI was coded in any secondary position (n=5,129), 43% were identified as definite/probable AMI and 57% as suspected/no AMI using ARIC criteria. The positive predictive value for ICD-410 in the primary position was 1.8 times higher than in any secondary position. Conclusions: The accuracy of a discharge code for AMI in a secondary position was low compared to AMI classification by ARIC criteria, indicating that this entity has different clinical, economic and epidemiological implications compared to AMI in a primary position. Researchers using claims data should be cautious about the use of ICD-9 code 410 in a secondary position to identify patients with AMI.
Extraneural perineurioma: CT and MRI imaging characteristics.

To examine the CT and MRI characteristics of extraneural perineuriomas. With IRB approval, our institutional imaging database was retrospectively reviewed for cases of pathologically proven extraneural perineuriomas. CT and MRI features were recorded, correlative imaging analyzed, and the electronic medical record cross-referenced. We identified ten patients [(seven males, three females, mean age 49.4 ± 18.3 years (range, 16–70 years)]. All cases were pathologically confirmed. Nine cases were conventional soft tissue extraneural perineuriomas, including one with “reticular” features and one with histologic features of malignancy; the tenth case contained admixed Schwann cells (hybrid perineurioma/schwannoma). Six out of ten patients underwent CT and ten of ten MRI evaluation. Nine out of ten MRIs were performed with IV contrast. Five lesions were subcutaneous, four intermuscular, and one intramuscular. Mean lesion diameter was 4.3 ± 2.7 cm (range, 0.9–10.2 cm). Nine out of ten lesions were well circumscribed; one had irregular margins. On CT, five of six were hypodense and one isodense compared to skeletal muscle. Most lesions were T1 isointense (5/10) or hypointense (4/10) and T2 hyperintense (7/10) relative to skeletal muscle, and demonstrated solid enhancement (6/9). There was no evidence of muscular denervation on any MRI exam, and a nerve of origin was identified in two out of ten cases. Extraneural perineuriomas have a distinctly different imaging appearance from intraneural perineuriomas, manifesting as rounded or ovoid soft tissue masses, without evidence of muscular denervation, and usually without an apparent nerve of origin. Because these features mimic other benign and malignant soft tissue lesions, including sarcomas, biopsy or excision is needed for definitive diagnosis.
TREE: A Variable Topology, Branching Continuum Robot

We describe the design and physical realization of a novel branching continuum robot, aimed at inspection and cleaning operations in hard-to-reach environments at depths greater than human arm lengths. The design, based on a hybrid concentric-tube/tendon actuated continuum trunk core, features two pairs of fully retractable continuum branches. The retractable nature of the branches allows the robot to actively change its topology, allowing it to penetrate narrow openings and expand to adaptively engage complex environmental geometries. We detail and discuss the realization of a physical prototype of the design, and its testing in a simulated glove box environment.
Representing UMLS knowledge using FHIR Terminological Resources

Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a world-renowned medical terminology that integrates multiple semantic standards into a single system enabling interoperability between the semantic standards, which in turn allows applications to translate medical codes from one source to another. Currently, users need to comprehend the complex UMLS knowledge structure and require technical skills to utilize UMLS. There exists no terminology service that expresses the UMLS captured knowledge in an interoperable format that is agnostic to UMLS knowledge structure, hides its complexity, and easy to comprehend. Thus, the goal of this work is to understand how the FHIR standard can be used for an interoperable representation of the knowledge captured by UMLS. This work provides the foundation to build a terminological service that allows interoperable access to UMLS knowledge hiding its complexity and structural details.
Occupational arbitrage equilibrium as an entropy maximizing solution

A standard critique of attempts to apply entropy-maximizing perspectives to income distribution phenomena in economics is that they do not have appropriate characterizations of individuals making choices, which is at the core of economic modeling. This paper presents a possible bridge between these two seemingly separate universes of discourse. With a specific illustration we show that a conventional model of choice between occupations by individuals can lead to an economic equilibrium which can also be characterized as an outcome which maximizes the entropy of the distribution of individuals across occupations (and hence across incomes). This occupational choice interpretation can provide economic and institutional basis to what has, up to now, often been characterized as somewhat mechanical translation of methods from one discipline to another, without substantive content. The illustrations provided in the paper are a first step in exploring the possible linkages between occupational choice and maximum entropy approaches in modelling income distribution outcomes.
Complete Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CMC-115, a Clinical Strain from an Acute Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Patient

We report the complete genome of clinical strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa CMC-115, which was isolated from an acute ventilator-associated pneumonia patient. Illumina sequencing reads were assembled using Geneious to yield a 6,375,262-bp circular chromosome that exhibited an unusual ferrichrome receptor in the pyoverdine synthesis locus and the absence of type 3 secretion system genes.
Risk models for predicting the health-related quality of life of caregivers of youth with gastrointestinal concerns

To determine the usefulness of cumulative and additive risk models in predicting the healthy-related quality of life (HRQOL) of caregivers of youth with chronic gastrointestinal conditions. 203 caregivers (82.8% mothers; 77.3% white) of youth (M = 11.27 years; 44.3% female; 78.8% White) completed self-report questionnaires focused on potential environmental, child health, and family risk factors that could impact caregiver HRQOL. Cumulative risk models, evaluating overall combined risk level, as well as an additive risk model, exploring individual risk variables, were evaluated. Higher levels of cumulative risk were associated with poorer caregiver HRQOL after controlling for child and caregiver sex. A linear cumulative risk model was a better fit than a quadratic cumulative risk model for predicting caregiver HRQOL, while an additive model identified child HRQOL, child pain interference and family functioning as the most individually impactful risk variables. This study illustrates the usefulness of both additive and cumulative risk approaches in identifying caregivers at risk for poor HRQOL. Provision of appropriate referrals and interventions based on the caregiver’s risk factors can help protect caregiver quality of life and, in turn, benefit the care children with chronic conditions receive at home.
Adventures in wonderland

A personal perspective on the many challenges faced by scientists when becoming bioentrepreneurs. These can be overcome with a little curiosity, creativity, and commitment.
Sub-Nano Clusters: The Last Frontier of Inorganic Chemistry

© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Sub-nano clusters often have unusual structures that do not obey our intuition. The language of chemical bonding in clusters is currently undergoing an explosive development, but it is far from being complete. So far, it is found that the bonding rules are more complex than in traditional molecules, and often unprecedented. This chapter discusses the main rules of chemical bonding in clusters developed to date. Then, it discusses some applications of clusters in technology, in a variety of structural contexts. The understanding of chemical bonding in clusters is ultimately needed for the development of applications of clusters in materials. Opportunities for cluster material science are virtually infinite, and many of them will emerge in the years to come. The chapter highlights just a few exciting applications illustrating the power of understanding electronic structure of clusters for rationalization and manipulation of their properties.
Biological Properties of α-Toxin Mutants of Staphylococcus aureus

McClatchy, J. K. (The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas), and E. D. Rosenblum. Biological properties of α-toxin mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 92:575–579. 1966.—Twenty nonhemolytic mutants of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated after treatment of a hemolytic strain with ultraviolet light or nitrous acid. Thirteen strains isolated were completely lacking in the synthesis of α toxin or immunologically related proteins, presumably the result of a single mutational event. Although the strains were nonhemolytic on rabbit blood-agar plates, six of them retained the dermonecrotic and lethal activities usually associated with staphylococcal α toxin, as well as slight hemolytic activity for rabbit erythrocyte suspensions. The active mutants and one inactive mutant produced a protein that reacted immunologically with antibody to α toxin. Mutations which alter the α toxin molecule can effect the lethal, dermonecrotic, and hemolytic activities separately or in varying ratios.
Rapid and slow-fill gas cystometry. Influence on bladder capacity and diagnosis of hyperreflexic bladder.

Abstract Rapid fill gas cystometry has been criticized for giving a falsely low value of bladder volume and for inducing an “artefact,” the hyperreflexic bladder. This study in 72 patients revealed that the average capacity with slow fill air cystometry was less than with rapid fill. The diagnosis of hyperreflexic bladder was made more often with slow fill than with rapid fill in these 72 patients.
The Rules Of Evidence Applicable In Maryland Trial Courts

This paper was prepared as a handout in conjunction with a presentation at the The Renaissance Institute, College of Notre Dame. The major sections of the paper are as follows: Why Do We Need Rules of Evidence, Anyway?; Respective Roles of the Judge and the Jury; Direct Evidence and Circumstantial Evidence; The Most Basic Rule: The Requirement of Relevance; The "Clean-Up Batter": Rule 5-403; An Example of a Specific Application of These General Principles: Character Evidence and the "Propensity Rule"; Exceptions to the Propensity Rule that are Available Only in Criminal Cases.
Radiofrequency renal nerve denervation decreases blood pressure, sympathetic activity and renal norepinephrine content in spontaneously hypertensive rats (72.1)

Radiofrequency renal denervation (RF-RDN) decreases blood pressure (BP) in patients with drug-resistant hypertension. This study investigated the effects of RF-RDN on sympathetic activity and BP (Systolic, SBP; Diastolic, DBP) in SHR. Methods Nineteen-week old male SHR were instrumented with telemetry probes for chronic measurement of BP and BP variability (BPV). After 1-week, control BP was measured in rats for 3 days. The next day SHR (n=6/group) were anesthetized and randomly received either bilateral Sham-RDN or RF-RDN of the renal arteries (Biosense Webster Stockert 70 generator and RF-probe). BP was then measured in SHR for 8 weeks. Results Following RF-RDN, SBP/DBP was significantly decreased the day after (153±8/102±4 mmHg) and throughout the post-RDN study (4-week SBP/DBP, 173±7/120±5; 8-weeks, 171±6/116±4 mmHg) compared to pre-RDN control levels (SBP/DBP, 187±9/130±5 mmHg). RF-RDN significantly decreased the low frequency component of BPV in SHR with the peak attenuation observed at 8 weeks (LF/...
Susceptibilities of Legionella spp. to Newer Antimicrobials In Vitro

The in vitro activities of 13 antimicrobial agents against 30 strains of Legionella spp. were determined. Rifapentine, rifampin, and clarithromycin were the most potent agents (MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited [MIC90s], < or = 0.008 microgram/ml). The ketolide HMR 3647 and the fluoroquinolones levofloxacin and BAY 12-8039 (MIC90s, 0.03 to 0.06 microgram/ml) were more active than erythromycin A or roxithromycin. The MIC90s of dalfopristin-quinupristin and linezolid were 0.5 and 8 micrograms/ml, respectively. Based on class characteristics and in vitro activities, several of these agents may have potential roles in the treatment of Legionella infections.
Role of design factors for improving moisture performance of plastic packages

The authors investigated both the chemical and physical nature of mold compound adhesion to the leadframe with the 32 lead SOP and 32 lead TSOP as the primary vehicles. The choice of molding compound is shown to be, a significant factor in enhancing the performance of plastic packages with respect to package cracking. The molding compound primarily determines the chemical adhesion between the leadframe and the molding compound, which prevents the initiation of delamination which eventually can result in package cracking. In terms of improving the mechanical adhesion between the molding compound and the leadframe, round and square shaped dimples if properly spaced seem to provide adequate mechanical adhesion to prevent delamination as well as package cracking in normal surface mount use conditions. >
Clonality analysis of B‐lymphoid proliferations using the polymerase chain reaction

BACKGROUND Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays are becoming more reliable, simpler, and faster alternatives to traditional Southern blot hybridization (SBH) analysis for the detection of clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements. However, a variety of technical approaches have been reported with markedly different results. METHODS We analyzed the frozen tissue of 147 neoplastic and hyperplastic lesions on which SBH had previously been performed. Semi-nested and single-step PCR methods were compared. Consensus primers to the joining segments and the framework region (FR) III of the variable segments of the IgH gene were used. All PCR products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Thirteen samples were re-analyzed using a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) system. RESULTS The overall concordance between SBH and semi-nested PCR assays was 80.2%. In the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) group, 75% of the cases with IgH rearrangements by SBH were found to be monoclonal by PCR. Regardless of type of lesion, 71.7% of the cases with IgH rearrangements by SBH were found to be clonal by PCR. The concordance between the semi-nested and single-step procedures was 87.1%. DGGE was helpful in clarifying the results for cases in which the PAGE analysis was difficult to interpret. CONCLUSIONS PCR analysis of IgH gene rearrangements was found to be an efficient technique for the initial determination of clonality in lymphoid proliferations. The single-step method had an advantage over the semi-nested method because of its simplicity and speed. The DGGE system was useful for the assessment of clonality in cases with equivocal results after PAGE. However, a combination of these techniques in specific cases may achieve higher specificity and sensitivity. Cancer 1996;77:1349-55.
Activation of Protein Kinase A Inhibits Interferon Induction of the Jak/Stat Pathway in U266 Cells

Activation of early response genes by interferons (IFNs) requires tyrosine phosphorylation of the Stat transcription factors and is mediated by the Jak family of tyrosine kinases. Recent evidence suggests that ERK2 serine/threonine kinase modulates the IFN-stimulated Jak/Stat pathway. In this report we show that in the myeloma cell line U266 protein kinase A specifically interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of the IFNalpha/beta receptor. Treatment of cells with the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin inhibits IFNbeta-, IFNgamma-, and hydrogen peroxide/vanadate-induced formation of complexes that bind to enhancers known to stimulate the expression of IFN-regulated genes. Immunoprecipitations followed by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblots indicate that tyrosine phosphorylation of the alpha chain of the IFNalpha/beta receptor, Jak1, Tyk2, as well as Stat1 and Stat2 is reduced as a consequence of incubation of cells with forskolin. In contrast, dideoxyforskolin, which fails to activate adenylate cyclase, has no effect on IFN induction of the Jak/Stat pathway. These results indicate a novel regulatory mechanism by which protein kinase A can modulate the Jak/Stat signaling cascade.