cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal growth and magnetic behavior of R6T13−xAlxMy phases (R=La, Nd; T=Mn, Fe; M=main group) grown from lanthanide-rich eutectic fluxes

Abstract Binary eutectic mixtures of early lanthanide metals and late transition metals have been explored as media for crystal growth of new intermetallic phases. A large family of R6T13−xAlxMy phases (R=La or Nd; T=Fe or Mn; M=main group elements) with the La6Co11Ga3 structure type can be crystallized from La/Ni and Nd/Fe eutectics. The tetragonal structure of these compounds features slabs of transition metal atoms capped with mixed T/Al sites and separated by layers of lanthanide ions. The growth of large crystals of the lanthanum analogs allows for the study of the anisotropic magnetic properties of the transition metal slabs. For La6Fe13−xAlxMy analogs, these order antiferromagnetically with TN strongly dependent on the Fe/Al ratio on the mixed sites. Growth of Mn analogs is reported for the first time; the transition metal slabs in La6(Mn/Ni)10Al3 phases order ferromagnetically with a TC of 200 K.
Recommending Intervention for Toddlers With Specific Language Learning Difficulties

This paper presents a review of the literature designed to identify child behaviors that shape a profile of toddlers who should receive intervention. The review presents empirically documented predictors of language change and risk factors for language impairment. It examines research addressing the children having difficulty learning language and children developing typically. The argument presented is that toddlers who exhibit few positive predictors of change and many risk factors are more likely to have a true impairment and need intervention than toddlers who exhibit many predictors of change and few risk factors. The review attempts to paint a profile of toddlers for whom treatment should be recommended and those for whom a watch and see approach should be followed.
A set of plasmids constitutively producing different RNA levels in Escherichia coli.

New plasmids were developed for the in vivo expression of RNA in Escherichia coli. These plasmids combine constitutive promoters of different strengths with different origins of replication to provide a 75-fold range of expression of amber suppressor tRNA. The plasmids are either pMB1, p15A or temperature-sensitive SC101 replicons, and can be used in two plasmid systems for studying RNA-protein interactions. The temperature-sensitive SC101 plasmids may be useful as gene replacement vectors. Another vector that is suitable for generating lethal mutations was constructed in a plasmid containing a regulatable phage T7 promoter.
Dennett, Consciousness, and the Sorrows of Functionalism

Abstract Little is gained, and much lost, by casting an empirical theory of consciousness in a "functionalist" philosophical mold. Consciousness Explained is an instructive failure. It resurrects various behaviorist dogmas; it denies consciousness any distinct cognitive ontology; it obliquely adopts many long-standing research positions relating parallel and sequential processing to consciousness, yet denies the core assumption which produced this research; it takes parallel processing ("Multiple Drafts") to be incompatible with educated common-sense views of consciousness (the "Cartesian Theater"), while in fact parallel processing is compatible with some Cartesian Theater views. Contrary to Dennett, the Cartesian Theater does not necessarily imply that contents must fully "arrive" in consciousness at a single, specifiable instant; criticism of the Cartesian Theater based on this attribution is thus without force. And if consciousness is a distinct information-bearing medium, functionalist attempts to "explain" consciousness are inherently inadequate.
Pulsed Third Sound in the Presence of a Superfluid Flow

We report measurements of pulsed third sound in the presence of a uniform superfluid flow at T=0.89 K. The superfluid flow is created using a heater technique. For increasingly large values of power dissipated in the heater used to create the flow, the shapes of the received third sound pulses evolve. The pulses propagating parallel to the flow grow while the pulses propagating against the flow decrease. When the heater power is increased further such that film thinning effects occur, the pulses propagating antiparallel to the flow qualitatively resemble the derivative of the drive pulse. Similar effects were also observed in thin films at T=1.35 K. A possible explanation for the growth and decrease of the pulses will be discussed. The cause of the pulse shapes that resemble the derivative of the drive pulse is not understood.
The vibrational spectra of (HCC)2CO and (NC)2CO

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra are reported for diethynyl ketone, (HCC) 2 CO and for carbonyl cyanide, (NC) 2 CO. Both are planar C 2 v molecules. Assignments are made for all 18 fundamentals of the former, and for all 12 of the latter. All but two or three for each molecule are established beyond any doubt.
A Finite Element Approach to Transient Thermal Analysis of Work Rolls in Rolling Process

The three-dimensional transient thermal problem of work rolls in the entire rolling process has been formulated. It includes the time-varying boundary conditions specified at the roll surface taking the schedule of both rolling and idling cycles into consideration. The corresponding finite element equations are derived and solved by the Runge-Kutta-Verner method. The finite element solutions indicate that the temperature variations in the circumferential direction are overwhelming. Case studies unveil the thermal characteristics of the work rolls in various kinds of mill operations. The effects of the specific heat and the angular velocity of the work rolls are presented. Numerical results are compared with Guo's analytical solutions.
An optimization framework for cost effective design of refueling station infrastructure for alternative fuel vehicles

Abstract Historically, gasoline and diesel fuels have been used for transportation, but the possible decline of oil supplies in the future is forcing nations to consider alternative fuels. Most technically and economically feasible alternative fuels have a lower energy density than gasoline, which results in a shorter range for these vehicles. This necessitates a greater need for convenient access to refueling facilities for alternative fuel vehicles. Since infrastructure development is expensive, there is a need to direct investments towards the establishment of refueling facilities in areas which result in maximum impact. This can be addressed by locating facilities at sites which service as many vehicles as possible. This work deals with the use of mathematical programming for determining the best locations for establishing alternative transportation fuel stations. The objective was to site the refueling stations at locations which maximize the number of vehicles served, while staying within budget constraints. The model used here is a modified form of the flow interception facility location model. For the case study we used the transportation network of Alexandria, Virginia, as a test bed for our model. Origin-destination travel demand data for this city is simulated through a transportation simulator to determine the routes taken by individual vehicles. The results are then compared with the service level offered by conventional gasoline refueling stations already located in the city. This work integrates the use of transportation modeling with mathematical programming for the solution of a complex large-scale problem on a real-life transportation network.
The ballistic FET with a current injector

Abstract The mechanism of current modulation in a ballistic FET with a current injecting source is studied. Static solutions to Poison's equations, in the parabolic approximation, were studied under conditions of ballistic injection and it was found that the homogeneous solutions were symmetric about potential maxima or minima leading to a family of periodic solutions. Solutions were explored where the source was a perfect mono-energetic current injector and the drain a perfect source for or sink for electrons. Boundary conditions were developed matching the source and drain-derived current streams. Conditions for formation of a virtual cathode near the source were explored, leading to the determination of the ballistic injection ratio. Bistable switching between open channel and virtual cathode modes was found.
Growth behavior and structure of alkyltrichlorosilane monolayers bearing thioacetate and acetate tailgroups

Abstract The growth behavior of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films formed from Cl 3 SiC 11 H 22 OCOCH 3 (C 11 Ac) and Cl 3 SiC 16 H 32 SCOCH 3 (C 16 Sc) on oxidized Si wafers at room temperature was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle measurements, and ellipsometry. Both silanes form thin films via nucleation of islands, similar to the growth behavior of n -octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) SAMs, although the island morphology is distinct for each molecule. Near-confluent monolayer films are obtained for both C 11 Ac and C 16 Sc after substrate immersion periods of 10–60 min. The ellipsometric thickness of both types of SAMs is less than that expected for a close-packed, all- trans ensemble of methylene chains aligned parallel to the substrate surface normal, suggesting a liquid crystalline-like structure in which methylene groups are present at the outer film surface. This model is supported by surface wettability data obtained on C 11 Ac SAMs that were reduced in situ to generate hydroxy-terminated films. When the deposition time is greater than 1 h, C 11 Ac forms highly disordered films of multilayer thickness that are much rougher than the films obtained at shorter deposition times. Multilayer formation is not observed with C 16 Sc, although increased deposition times also result in adsorption of additional, submonolayer amounts of material.
Parental reflective functioning is associated with tolerance of infant distress but not general distress: Evidence for a specific relationship using a simulated baby paradigm

Parental reflective functioning represents the capacity of a parent to think about their own and their child's mental states and how these mental states may influence behavior. Here we examined whether this capacity as measured by the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire relates to tolerance of infant distress by asking mothers (N = 21) to soothe a life-like baby simulator (BSIM) that was inconsolable, crying for a fixed time period unless the mother chose to stop the interaction. Increasing maternal interest and curiosity in their child's mental states, a key feature of parental reflective functioning, was associated with longer persistence times with the BSIM. Importantly, on a non-parent distress tolerance task, parental reflective functioning was not related to persistence times. These findings suggest that parental reflective functioning may be related to tolerance of infant distress, but not distress tolerance more generally, and thus may reflect specificity to persistence behaviors in parenting contexts.
Tumor suppressor p16 methylation in multiple myeloma: biological and clinical implications

The biological and clinical implications of p16 gene methylation in multiple myeloma (MM) are still unclear despite previous studies. In this comprehensive study, using methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR), we show that p16 methylation is relatively common and occurs in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; n = 17), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM; n = 40), and MM (n = 522) at a prevalence of 24%, 28%, and 34%, respectively. However, p16 methylation does not appear to affect gene expression level. In a large cohort of patients with long-term follow-up information (n = 439), there was no difference in overall survival between patients with or without p16 methylation. We also found no association between p16 methylation and the main cytogenetic categories, although it was more common among patients with 17p13.1 deletions (p53 locus), a genetic progression event in MM. In addition, p16 methylation has no apparent effect on the cycle because there was also no difference in the plasma cell labeling index (a direct measurement of proliferation) between patients with and without p16 methylation. Our results question a major role for p16 methylation in the oncogenesis of the PC neoplasm, and we now believe p16 methylation may be a marker for overall epigenetic changes associated with disease progression, with no obvious direct biological or clinical consequences.
Hypoxaemia during anaesthesia in seven horses with colic

Summary Anaesthetic records of horses with colic anaesthetised between June 1987 and May 1989 were reviewed. pH and blood gas analyses were performed during 157 operations from which the horses were allowed to recover. A PaO 2 of 8.0 kPa or less was measured during anaesthesia in seven of these horses. The horses were of different breeds, ages and sexes. Anaesthesia was induced with xylazine, guaifenesin and ketamine in four horses and with xylazine, guaifenesin and thiobarbiturate in three horses. Anaesthesia was maintained with inhalation anaesthetic agent and oxygen: isoflurane in five horses, halothane in one horse, and initially halothane but later isoflurane in one horse. Systolic arterial pressures during anaesthesia ranged from 80 to 150 mmHg, diastolic arterial pressures were between 60 and 128 mmHg, and heart rates were between 28 and 44 beats /min. Controlled ventilation was initiated at the start of anaesthesia. PaCO 2 exceeded 6.7 kPa in three horses but was subsequently decreased by adjustment of the ventilator. PaO 2 of 8.0 kPa or less was measured during early anaesthesia, with one exception, and persisted for the duration of anaesthesia. The horses' inspired air was supplemented with oxygen during recovery from anaesthesia, at which time measurement of blood gases in three horses revealed no increase in PaO 2 . Recovery from anaesthesia was uneventful. The surgical problems involved primarily the large intestine in five horses and the small intestine in two horses. Six horses were discharged from the hospital alive; one horse was reanaesthetised later the same day and destroyed without regaining consciousness. We concluded that none of the objective values recorded during the pre-anaesthetic evaluation could have been used to predict the complication of intraoperative hypoxaemia. We observed that once hypoxaemia developed it persisted for the duration of anaesthesia and even into the recovery period when the horses were in lateral recumbency and regaining consciousness. We assume that the altered metabolism from anaesthetic agents and hypothermia combined with adequate peripheral perfusion contributed to the lack of adverse consequences in six of the horses. The contribution of hypoxaemia to the deteriorating condition of the seventh horse is speculative.
Age-Related Changes in Rate and Magnitude of Ankle Torque Development: Implications for Balance Control

Background. One of the key components of postural control is the motor system's ability to produce appropriate torques to counteract perturbations that may lead to a loss of balance. Evidence exists to show that there is an age-related decline in absolute strength and in the ability to rapidly produce torque. The relationship between age-related decreases in these voluntary torque production capabilities and the ability to rapidly produce torques in a reactive balance task has not been studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the magnitude and rate of torque production in younger and older adults under reactive balance conditions.Methods. Older (OA) and younger (YA) adults received forward and backward support surface translations of varying amplitudes and velocities. Maximum ankle muscle torque (maxMa) and rate of change of ankle muscle torque (Ma) following a perturbation were calculated.Results. Two balance responses emerged: a no-step and a step response. With increasing perturbation difficulty, YA and OA used different responses. The no-step and step responses were examined for age-group differences in the force characteristics. No significant age-group differences were found for maxMa or rate of change of Ma within either no-step or step responses.Conclusion. The results of this study suggest that neither the magnitude nor rate of ankle muscle torque production, as produced during the initial balance response in this set of reactive balance control tasks, determines the different balance responses seen in younger versus older adults.
Municipal Waste Management: Recycling and Landfill Space Constraints

Abstract Consider a municipality which must design a waste management program that integrates recycling and optimal landfill use. This paper provides a theoretical model of waste management which is dynamic, as it must be for landfill exhaustion problems, but is also simple enough that planners can readily adapt it to the problem at hand. A municipality that recycles (i) will always simultaneously recycle and use its landfill for some time interval during which (ii) recycling is always increasing while landfill use is declining and (iii) there exists an upper bound on the length of this interval which is independent of the size of the landfill and the municipality's planning horizon.
Media coverage of celebrity DUIs: teachable moments or problematic social modeling?

Aim: Alcohol in the media influences norms around use, particularly for young people. A recent spate of celebrity arrests for drinking and driving (DUI) has received considerable media attention. We asked whether these newsworthy events serve as teachablemomentsorproblematicsocialmodelingforyoungwomen.Method:QualitativeanalysisofUSmediacoverageoffourfemale celebrities (Michelle Rodriguez, Paris Hilton, Nicole Richie and Lindsay Lohan) was conducted over the year following their DUI arrest (December 2005 through June 2008). The media sample included five television and three print sources and resulted in 150 print and 16 television stories. Results: Stories were brief, episodic and focused around glamorous celebrity images. They included routine discussion of the consequences of the DUI for the individual celebrities without much evidence of a consideration of the public health dimensions of drinking and driving or possible prevention measures. Conclusions: Our analysis found little material in the media coverage that dealt with preventing injury or promoting individual and collective responsibility for ensuring such protection. Media attention to such newsworthy events is a missed opportunity that can and should be addressed through media advocacy efforts.
Oceanographic program at the University of Washington

The various phases of marine studies at the University of Washington were grouped together under one head about a year ago, upon the recommendation of Dr. M. Lyle Spencer, president of the University of Washington, to the Board of Regents. The new organization is known as the Oceanographic Laboratories of the University of Washington, and includes the former Puget Sound Biological Station located at Friday Harbor in the San Juan Archipelago. The main laboratories are situated on the campus of the University on the shore of Lake Union. Ready access to the sea is obtained through the Lake Washington ship-canal.
The Role of the White-Winged Guan (Penelope albipennis) in Seed Dispersal and Predation in Tumbesian Dry Forest, Peru

The white-winged guan (Penelope albipennis, Cracidae), thought extinct until 1979, today numbers <300 individuals. We investigated the role of the guans in seed dispersal and predation dynamics by recording seed germination from fecal samples of wild birds during the dry-season (May–December 2010). This study was conducted at Chaparri Ecological Preserve, in the critically endangered Tumbesian ecosystem on the western slope of the Andes. Field observations show that this bird is a frugivore; Cordia lutea (Boraginaceae) was the primary fruit consumed of the eight species of seeds collected from droppings. Collected seeds were sown in pots under nursery conditions and monitored for germination. Germination rates of passed seeds for Cordia lutea were compared to those that had been collected from a control group of trees. Germination was significantly different between fecal and control seeds, suggesting the plant germinated better after passing through the guans alimentary tract. The identification of flowe...
Dose inhomogeneities at various levels of biological organization.

Dose inhomogeneities in both tumor and normal tissue, inherent to the application of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), can be the result not only of ununiform distribution of /sup 10/B at various levels of biological organization, but also of the distribution of the thermal neutrons and of the energy depositions from more energetic neutrons and other radiations comprising the externally-applied beams. The severity of the problems resulting from such inhomogeneities, and approaches to evaluating them, are illustrated by three examples, at the macro, micro and intermediate levels.
Glucose-6-P control of glycogen synthase phosphorylation in yeast.

Abstract The SNF1 gene encodes a protein kinase necessary for expression of glucose-repressible genes and for the synthesis of the storage polysaccharide glycogen. From a genetic screen, we have found that mutation of the PFK2 gene, which encodes the β-subunit of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, restores glycogen accumulation in snf1 cells. Loss of PFK2 causes elevated levels of metabolites such as glucose-6-P, hyperaccumulation of glycogen, and activation of glycogen synthase, whereas glucose-6-P is reduced in snf1 cells. Other mutations that increase glucose-6-P, deletion of PFK1, which codes for the α-subunit of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, or of PGI1, the phosphoglucoisomerase gene, had similar effects on glycogen metabolism as did pfk2 mutants. We propose that elevated glucose-6-P mediates the effects of these mutations on glycogen storage. Glycogen synthase kinase activity was reduced in extracts from pfk2cells but was restored to that of wild type if the extract was gel-filtered to remove small molecules. Also, added glucose-6-P inhibited the glycogen synthase kinase activity in extracts from wild-type cells, half-maximally at ∼2 mm. We suggest that glucose-6-P controls glycogen synthase activity by two separate mechanisms. First, glucose-6-P is a direct activator of glycogen synthase, and second, it controls the phosphorylation state of glycogen synthase by inhibiting a glycogen synthase kinase.
A dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) study of polyethylenes

Abstract Differences in mechanical α and β relaxations for a family of six polyethylenes (PE) are discussed in terms of structural variations and immobilization of amorphous chains. An amorphous contribution has been identified in the α transition of high density polyethylenes (HDPE). Further, low density polyethylenes (LDPE) with long chain branches are found to sustain more amorphous tension than their linear low density analogs; such tension may be attributed to additional restraints in amorphous regions. Effects of CCl 4 plasticization on the two relaxations are discussed in terms of chain immobilization and free volume. Our data support the assignment of the β transition as the primary glass transition in PE. Relations between relaxation and mechanical toughness of the PE family are also discussed.
Differential activity of pro-angiogenic CXC chemokines

Abstract We showed previously in a mouse model of lung ischemia-induced angiogenesis, enhanced expression of the three ELR+ CXC chemokines (KC, LIX, and MIP-2) and that blockade of the ligand receptor CXCR2 limited neovascularization. The present study was undertaken to determine the relative abundance and angiogenic potential of the three CXC chemokines and whether RhoA activation explained the measured differences in potencies. We found that LIX showed the greatest absolute amount in the in vivo model 4 h after left pulmonary artery obstruction (LIX > KC > MIP-2; p
A single amino acid difference within the folate transporter encoded by the murine RFC-1 gene selectively alters its interaction with folate analogues. Implications for intrinsic antifolate resistance and directional orientation of the transporter within the plasma membrane of tumor cells

The apparent Km, but not Vmax, for influx of methotrexate (MTX) mediated through the plasma membrane of S180 cells by the one-carbon, reduced folate transporter as well as the KD for binding to the transporter were 4-fold higher than in L1210 cells correlating with the greater intrinsic resistance of the former to this folate analogue. In contrast, no difference was observed between each cell type with regard to efflux of [3H]MTX mediated by this same transporter in ATP-depleted cells. The difference in influx Km in the case of this 10-methyl substituted N1O analogue of folic acid was not seen with more effective permeants, such as the unsubstituted N1O aminopterin or C1O analogues. Thus, values for influx Km for aminopterin, which were 1-1.2 microM in each cell type, increased as a result of substitution at N1O (MTX) 3-fold in L1210 cells but 12-fold in S180 cells. Nucleotide sequencing of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-generated cDNA and of polymerase chain reaction-generated genomic DNA identified a single nucleotide difference between each cell type at +890 within exon 3 of the RFC-1 gene. This was in the form of a G (L1210 cells) to A (S180 cells) transition. Codon 297, the site of this transition, encodes either Ser or Asn in L1210 or S180 cells, respectively, which is located between the seventh and eight membrane-spanning helices. This amino acid difference had no effect on the electrophoretic mobility or amount of the transporter in each cell type that was shown by Western blotting with anti-RFC-1 peptide antibodies to migrate as 46 kDa in each case. Proof that this nucleotide difference alone accounted for the alteration in influx between each cell type was obtained by S180 RFC-1 cDNA versus L1210 RFC-1 cDNA transfection of an L1210 cell variant with undetectable MTX influx and RFC-1 gene expression. In this case, the higher Km for MTX influx associated with S180 cells was duplicated only in the S180 RFC-1 transfectants. These results appear to document the first example of a nucleotide alteration within the RFC-1 gene, which influences the interaction of MTX with the encoded plasma membrane transporter. An analysis of topology, in addition to other considerations, suggests that the site of the amino acid difference found in the transporter from L1210 and S180 cells occurs within or near the binding site on the external plasma membrane surface.
Analysis of some four-spin-1/2 NMR spectra using the “direct method”

Abstract We extend the “direct method” of Banwell and Primas to problems of two groups of two spins, including four different disubstituted-difluorobenzenes. We prove the selection rule that only those transitions are allowed whose eigenoperators are eigenoperators of q with eigenvalue 0, where qX = [F2, X]. The method is computationally effective, and allows us to explore the effect of symmetry on the transitions themselves, rather than the effect of symmetry on the states.
Improved anther culture of maize (Zea mays)

Abstract Culture of anthers of maize hybrids Dan-San 91, King Hwang 13 and Coe's inbred stock 6 in vitro was attampted. Dan-San 91 repeatedly performed efficiently; approx. 17% of the inoculated anthers of this hybrid on the average responded positively to culturing. It is now possible using this hybrid to produce enough calli and embryoids within a reasonable length of time for use in basic and applied research. Six different callus lines have been selected and these have been subcultured for more than 6 months. These callus lines vary in chloroplast content, growth rate and frequency of regeneration.
Effects of Flossing on Plaque and Gingivitis in Third Grade Schoolchildren

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether flossing, as an adjunct to toothbrushing, performed in a school-based program can contribute significantly to a reduction in gingivitis. Four volunteer third grade classrooms (n = 112) were randomly assigned to finger-floss, looped-floss, flossholder, and brushing-only control group. Measures taken at baseline and in four weeks included gingival (GI), plaque (PI), and flossing dexterity indices (FDI). Results using ANOVA showed no differences in PI among groups. However, both brushing-only and finger-floss groups showed GI scores significantly lower than the looped-floss group. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the finger-floss group improved gingivitis scores most over time, while the flossholder group improved scores the least. The ANCOVA results with FDI showed that at the final measurement, looped-floss manual dexterity was rated significantly better than finger-floss and that both groups were rated better than flossholder. Final indications are that toothbrushing alone can produce clinical results similar to use of a combination of toothbrushing and flossing.
Influence of Housing System, Grain Type, and Particle Size on Salmonella Colonization and Shedding of Broilers Fed Triticale or Corn-Soybean Meal Diets

Salmonella colonization in poultry may be influenced by grain type and particle size. Broilers reared either in nonlitter cage-based housing or in a conventionally floored litter house from 0 to 42 d were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 1) ground corn-soybean meal (C, 560 microm), 2) coarsely ground corn-soybean meal (CC, >1,700 microm), 3) ground triticale-soybean meal (T, 560 microm), or 4) whole triticale-soybean meal (WT). A 4-strain cocktail of Salmonella enterica was orally gavaged into each chick at placement. Growth performance, cecal and fecal Salmonella populations, gizzard and proventriculus pH, intestinal size, jejunum histomorphometry, and carcass yields were measured. Broilers responded differently to the dietary treatments according to the housing system used. At 42 d, birds reared on litter and fed ground grain had greater BW than those fed coarse grain (2.87 vs. 2.71 kg), whereas cage-reared broilers fed ground triticale were heavier than those fed corn (2.75 vs. 2.64 kg). Broilers raised on litter had a better feed conversion ratio than those raised in cages (1.71 vs. 1.81 g/g). Independent of the housing system, relative eviscerated carcass weights of birds fed T and C were heavier than those of CC- and WT-fed broilers (762 vs. 752 g/kg). Generally, the jejunum villus area and mucosal depth were larger, whereas the small intestine was lighter and shorter in broilers raised on litter. Relative gizzard weights of broilers raised on litter and fed the coarser diets were heavier than those of broilers reared in cages and fed finely ground diets. Feeding whole or coarsely ground grains decreased cecal Salmonella populations in 42-d-old broilers (3.8, 3.9, 4.4, and 4.4 log most probable number/g for CC, WT, C, and T, respectively). Additionally, 42-d-old broilers reared on litter had lower cecal Salmonella populations than those in cages (3.8 vs. 4.4 log most probable number/g). In conclusion, as a feed ingredient, triticale is a good alternative to corn, resulting in improved BW and reduced Salmonella colonization. Broilers raised on litter may have achieved lower cecal Salmonella populations than caged birds because access to litter may have modulated the intestinal microflora by increasing competitive exclusion microorganisms, which discouraged Salmonella colonization.
In-Plane and Through-Plane Porosity in Coated Textile Materials

Many industrially important textile materials are in the form of sheets. Their porosity is generally determined by measuring their flow characteristics parallel to the thickness. However, their properties parallel to the thickness direction (through-plane porosity) and parallel to the plane of the sheet (in-plane porosity) are not the same. For many applications, such porosity data are essential for designing more efficient materials. Equipment has been designed to measure pore characteristics in such materials in both in-plane and through-plane directions. The equipment yields reproducible data. The bubble points in the two directions are considerably different from each other. The results are consistent with the fibrous nature of the textile.
Satellite observations of deep-water convection

A key part of the global thermohaline circulation and hence the world's heat balance, deep ocean convection is the process by which the deep waters of the North Atlantic are renewed. This paper details the results of a study to identify remotely sensible surface signatures for deep ocean convection. Remote sensing efforts have focused on the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum due to the all-weather capability. In particular, the high resolution imaging capability of synthetic aperture radar is explored for the existence of convective signatures. Key findings are the existence of a definite identifiable radar surface signature in convective regions and a set of conditions under which one would expect to observe these signatures.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Palynofacies of some Miocene sands from the Gulf of Mexico, offshore Louisiana, U.S.A.

Abstract Diverse palynomorph assemblages of late early Miocene age were obtained from 19 conventional core samples taken from the Robulus “L”; #2 and #5 sands of Texaco Well #6, located offshore Vermilion Parish, Louisiana. Approximately 60 dinocyst, 100 miospore and 17 fungal spore taxa were recovered. Seven palynofacies were defined in the sands. These palynofacies are characterized sedimentologically by lithofacies distribution and palynologically by dinocyst distribution. The depositional sequences of the Robulus “L” sands were the result of cyclic deposition influenced by high energy events.
Multistatic polarimetric radar data modeling and imaging of moving targets

This paper advances the theory for multistatic imaging of non-interacting moving targets through the development of a vector radar data model for multiple transmitters and receivers and accompanying imaging operations for visualizing multistatic radar data in a common reference frame. The electromagnetic data model incorporates polarization and antenna effects, and the transmit waveform and scattering behavior of the target are left arbitrary for greater flexibility to model multiple scenarios. Two imaging operations are derived that combine the data collected at each receiver, first assuming that the contributions from all transmitters in the scene are separable and then assuming that the contributions from all transmitting antennas cannot be separated. The data model and imaging operations are used to simulate multiple antenna geometries and transmission schemes. Images produced from simulated data exhibit angle- and polarization-dependent scattering behavior consistent with the antenna geometry, transmit waveforms, and target specific to each scenario.
“Walking the Tightrope:” Clinical Social Workers’ Use of Diagnostic and Environmental Perspectives

The purpose of this study was to understand how clinical social workers think about and utilize two distinct worldviews: the psychiatric perspective of DSM diagnosis (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and the contextual person-in environment perspective. The former is a requirement for service and reimbursement in nearly every clinical setting, while the latter has always been the hallmark of a distinctively “social work” approach. Although there have been quantitative surveys of social workers’ use of the DSM, this is the first qualitative study to examine how social workers actually navigate these two worldviews. Thirty clinical social workers took part in individual interviews, and their responses were analyzed thematically using HyperRESEARCH, a qualitative data management program. Findings reveal an array of ethical and practical issues, including the central “tightrope” of balancing the need to “ramp up” problem formulation in order to access service with the desire to “damp down” in order to minimize stigma and avoid pathologizing problems in living. Implications are addressed for social work practice, policy, and education.
Multifunctional Surfaces with Discrete Functionalized Regions for Biological Applications

In this paper we describe a method for creating multifunctional glass surfaces presenting discrete patches of different proteins on an inert PEG-functionalized background. Microcontact printing is used to stamp the substrate with octadecyltrichlorosilane to define the active regions. The substrate is then back-filled with PEG-silane {[[2-methoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)]propyl]trimethoxysilane} to define passive regions. A microfluidics device is subsequently affixed to the substrate to deliver proteins to the active regions, with as many channels as there are proteins to be patterned. Examples of trifunctional surfaces are given which present three terminating functional groups, i.e., protein 1, protein 2, and PEG. These surfaces should be broadly useful in biological studies, as patch size is well established to influence cell viability, growth, and differentiation. Three examples of cellular interactions with the surfaces are demonstrated, including the capture of cells from a single cell suspension, the selective sorting of cells from a mixed suspension, and the adhesion of cells to ligand micropatches at critical shear stresses. Within these examples, we demonstrate that the patterned immobilized proteins are active, as they retain their ability to interact with either antibodies in solution or receptors presented by cells. When appropriate (e.g., for E-selectin), proteins are patterned in their physiological orientations using a sandwich immobilization technique, which is readily accommodated within our method. The protein surface densities are highly reproducible in the patches, as supported by fluorescence intensity measurements. Potential applications include biosensors based on the interaction of cells or of marker proteins with protein patches, fundamental studies of cell adhesion as a function of patch size and shear stress, and studies of cell differentiation as a function of surface cues.
Mutant Huntingtin Alters Cell Fate in Response to Microtubule Depolymerization via the GEF-H1-RhoA-ERK Pathway *

Cellular responses to drug treatment show tremendous variations. Elucidating mechanisms underlying these variations is critical for predicting therapeutic responses and developing personalized therapeutics. Using a small molecule screening approach, we discovered how a disease causing allele leads to opposing cell fates upon pharmacological perturbation. Diverse microtubule-depolymerizing agents protected mutant huntingtin-expressing cells from cell death, while being toxic to cells lacking mutant huntingtin or those expressing wild-type huntingtin. Additional neuronal cell lines and primary neurons from Huntington disease mice also showed altered survival upon microtubule depolymerization. Transcription profiling revealed that microtubule depolymerization induced the autocrine growth factor connective tissue growth factor and activated ERK survival signaling. The genotype-selective rescue was dependent upon increased RhoA protein levels in mutant huntingtin-expressing cells, because inhibition of RhoA, its downstream effector, Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), or a microtubule-associated RhoA activator, guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1), all attenuated the rescue. Conversely, RhoA overexpression in cells lacking mutant huntingtin conferred resistance to microtubule-depolymerizer toxicity. This study elucidates a novel pathway linking microtubule stability to cell survival and provides insight into how genetic context can dramatically alter cellular responses to pharmacological interventions.
Recent Decline in the Distribution and Abundance of Slender Madtom (Noturus exilis) in Wisconsin

ABSTRACT The slender madtom (Noturus exilis) experienced a drastic decline in distribution and abundance in Wisconsin between the late 1970s and early 1990s. The species disappeared from 67% of the sites and 81% of the streams from which it was previously known, and currently it persists at only 11 sites on four streams in the Rock River basin of southern Wisconsin. In some streams, loss of the slender madtom can be attributed to fish kills from agricultural runoff or channel dewatering from hydroelectric dam operation, but in other streams the cause of the disappearance remains unclear.
Festina lente: learning and inertia among Italian automobile producers, 1896–1981

Based on the premise that learning and inertia develop and operate in organizations simultaneously, this paper examines under what conditions adaptation or selection will take place. We have analyzed the process of technological scope expansion among Italian automobile firms, and found that firms prone to expanding their technological competencies tend to be either specifically organized to benefit from variation-based learning or do so in response to pressures from competitive intensity in their environment. But these effects hinge on the structure of the market that evolves as the industry consolidates. We also examine the failure rates of Italian auto firms and find that implementing a core change generates negative repercussions for survival but this effect can be countered by properties of the organizational design that facilitate variation-based learning. Our results suggest that organization theory will benefit if ecological and learning theories are further integrated in future research. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Block-by-Block Growth of Single-Crystalline Si/SiGe Superlattice Nanowires

Heterojunction and superlattice formation is essential for many potential applications of semiconductor nanowires in nanoscale optoelectronics. We have developed a hybrid pulsed laser ablation/chemical capor deposition (PLA-CVD) process for the synthesis of semiconductor nanowires with longitudinal ordered heterostructures. The laser ablation process generates a programmable pulsed vapor source, which enables the nanowire growth in a block-by-block fashion with a well-defined compositional profile along the wire axis. Single-crystalline nanowires with longitudinal Si/SiGe superlattice structure have been successfully synthesized. This unique class of heterostructured one-dimensional nanostructures holds great potential in applications such as light emitting devices and thermoelectrics.
Use of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin to characterize melatonin binding sites in chicken retina

2-[125I]Iodomelatonin binds with high affinity to a site possessing the pharmacological characteristics of a melatonin receptor in chicken retinal membranes. The specific binding of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin is stable, saturable, and reversible. Saturation experiments indicated that 2-[125I]iodomelatonin labeled a single class of sites with an affinity constant (Kd) of 434 +/- 56 pM and a total number of binding sites (Bmax) of 74.0 +/- 13.6 fmol/mg of protein. The affinity constant obtained from kinetic analysis was in close agreement with that obtained in saturation experiments. Competition experiments showed a monophasic reduction of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding with a pharmacological order of indole amine affinities characteristic of a melatonin receptor: 2-iodomelatonin greater than 6-chloromelatonin greater than or equal to melatonin greater than or equal to 6,7-dichloro-2-methylmelatonin greater than 6-hydroxymelatonin greater than or equal to 6-methoxymelatonin much greater than N-acetyltryptamine greater than N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine greater than 5-methoxytryptamine greater than 5-hydroxytryptamine (inactive). The affinities of these melatonin analogs in competing for 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites were correlated closely with their potencies for inhibition of the calcium-dependent release of [3H]dopamine from chicken and rabbit retinas, indicating association of the binding site with a functional response regulated by melatonin. The results indicate that 2-[125I]iodomelatonin is a selective, high-affinity radioligand for the identification and characterization of melatonin receptor sites.
Construction of Long-Transcript Enriched cDNA Libraries from Submicrogram Amounts of Total RNAs by a Universal PCR Amplification Method

Here we report a novel design of linker primer that allows one to differentially amplify long tracts (average 3.0 kb with size ranges of 1-7 kb) or short DNAs (average 1.5 kb with size ranges of 0.5-3 kb) from a complex mixture. The method allows one to generate cDNA libraries enriched for long transcripts without size selection of insert DNAs. One representative library from newborn kidney includes 70% of clones bearing ATG start codons. A comparable library has been generated from 20 mouse blastocysts, containing only approximately 40 ng of total RNA. This universal PCR amplification scheme can provide a route to isolate very large cDNAs, even if they are expressed at very low levels.
Further studies on the relationship of a rhabdomyosarcoma virus to muscle tissue.

The pathogenesis of a rhabdomyosarcoma virus isolate was studied in a total of 300 newborn BALB/c mice, 11 different routes of inoculation being used. The latent periods, or time in days to palpable tumor, varied over a wide range among the inoculated groups. The growth of the tumor was very rapid in the muscle tissue. Regardless of the route of inoculation, the neoplasms arose from the adjacent muscle tissue attaching to and proliferating into the different organs and from their surfaces. Secondary tumor nodules were also observed in different areas of muscle tissue demonstrating the affinity of this virus to muscle tissue. Exceptions were found in some of the intrasplenically and intramyocardially inoculated mice where primary tumor nodules were found within these organs. Histologically the tumor cells were less differentiated toward myocytes than those described in a previous study. It is suggested that this host response is a reflection of the high initiating virus dose employed. Increase in spleen and liver weights and decrease in hematocrit values correlated closely to the extent of tumor development.
On electron transport through geobacter biofilms

Geobacter spp. can form a biofilm that is more than 20 μm thick on an anode surface by utilizing the anode as a terminal respiratory electron acceptor. Just how microbes transport electrons through a thick biofilm and across the biofilm/anode interface, and what determines the upper limit to biofilm thickness and catalytic activity (i.e., current, the rate at which electrons are transferred to the anode), are fundamental questions attracting substantial attention. A significant body of experimental evidence suggests that electrons are transferred from individual cells through a network of cytochromes associated with cell outer membranes, within extracellular polymeric substances, and along pili. Here, we describe what is known about this extracellular electron transfer process, referred to as electron superexchange, and its proposed role in biofilm anode respiration. Superexchange is able to account for many different types of experimental results, as well as for the upper limit to biofilm thickness and catalytic activity that Geobacter biofilm anodes can achieve.