cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutional Journey in Pursuit of Health Equity: Veterans Health Administration’s Office of Health Equity

The author reflects on efforts that the U.S. Veterans Health Administration and its Office of Health Equity are making to achieve health equity for all veterans. The author suggests that the administration and its offices and affiliates have conducted research and have implemented initiatives to address health disparities and promote health equity. The author argues that meaningful collaborations among researchers, policy makers and the community at large will be needed to achieve health equity.
Relationships of the Osmeroid Fishes and the Use of Reductive Characters in Phylogenetic Analysis

The phylogenetic relationships of the osmeroid fishes are examined in the context of character congruence. The Osmeroidei is monophyletic, and its sister taxon is the monophyletic Argentinoidei. The division of osmeroids into Northern and Southern Hemisphere groups is largely corroborated. Two problematic taxa, the neotenic Salangidae and the monotypic Lepidogalaxias salamandroides, are hypothesized to be members of the Southern Hemisphere clade, in which reductive evolution has been common
EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND DIET ON LIPOGENESIS IN ADIPOSE TISSUE.

In rats fed a standard labora- tory diet (Labena), hypophysectomy mark- edly depresses the incorporation of glucose- 14 C into fatty acids by epididymal adipose tissue in vitro. Feeding a synthetic, fat-free diet rich in sucrose (67 %) restores lipogenesis to normal. Reduction of the sucrose content of the diet by replacement with casein results in some reduction in lipogenic capacity. Ad- dition of corn oil to the diet (5 %) also mod- erately reduces the incorporation of l4 C into fatty acids. Replacing most of the sucrose with potato starch greatly decreases lipo- genesis in tissues from hypophysectomized but not normal rats. It is suggested that an impaired ability to utilize complex carbo- hydrates may account, at least in part, for the reduced lipogenesis in adipose tissue from hypophysectomized rats fed the standard laboratory chow. (Endocrinology 75: 140, 1964)
Mechanochemistry of a viral DNA packaging motor.

Abstract The pentameric ATPase motor gp16 packages double-stranded DNA into the bacteriophage ϕ29 virus capsid. On the basis of the results of single-molecule experimental studies, we propose a push and roll mechanism to explain how the packaging motor translocates the DNA in bursts of four 2.5 bp power strokes, while rotating the DNA. In this mechanism, each power stroke accompanies Pi release after ATP hydrolysis. Since the high-resolution structure of the gp16 motor is not available, we borrowed characterized features from the P4 RNA packaging motor in bacteriophage ϕ12. For each power stroke, a lumenal lever from a single subunit is electrostatically steered to the DNA backbone. The lever then pushes sterically, orthogonal to the backbone axis, such that the right-handed DNA helix is translocated and rotated in a left-handed direction. The electrostatic association allows tight coupling between the lever and the DNA and prevents DNA from slipping back. The lever affinity for DNA decreases towards the end of the power stroke and the DNA rolls to the lever on the next subunit. Each power stroke facilitates ATP hydrolysis in the next catalytic site by inserting an Arg -finger into the site, as captured in ϕ12-P4. At the end of every four power strokes, ADP release happens slowly, so the cycle pauses constituting a dwell phase during which four ATPs are loaded into the catalytic sites. The next burst phase of four power strokes starts once spontaneous ATP hydrolysis takes place in the fifth site without insertion of an Arg finger. The push and roll model provides a new perspective on how a multimeric ATPase transports DNA, and it might apply to other ring motors as well.
Statistical Problems of Size and Shape. II. Characterizations of the Lognormal, Gamma and Dirichlet Distributions

The lognormal distribution is characterized using the concepts of “multiplicative” isometry and neutrality, based on the regular sequence of size variables II 1 s X 1/s 1 , s = 1. …,k. There are corresponding characterizations of the Gamma and Dirichlet distributions, using “additive” isometry and neutrality, based on ∑ 1 s Xi, s = 1,…k. While the lognormal model is “rich”, still, no member of the lognormal family can exhibit additive isometry or neutrality.
Conformational sampling of peptides in cellular environments.

Biological systems provide a complex environment that can be understood in terms of its dielectric properties. High concentrations of macromolecules and cosolvents effectively reduce the dielectric constant of cellular environments, thereby affecting the conformational sampling of biomolecules. To examine this effect in more detail, the conformational preference of alanine dipeptide, poly-alanine, and melittin in different dielectric environments is studied with computer simulations based on recently developed generalized Born methodology. Results from these simulations suggest that extended conformations are favored over α-helical conformations at the dipeptide level at and below dielectric constants of 5–10. Furthermore, lower-dielectric environments begin to significantly stabilize helical structures in poly-alanine at ɛ = 20. In the more complex peptide melittin, different dielectric environments shift the equilibrium between two main conformations: a nearly fully extended helix that is most stable in low dielectrics and a compact, V-shaped conformation consisting of two helices that is preferred in higher dielectric environments. An additional conformation is only found to be significantly populated at intermediate dielectric constants. Good agreement with previous studies of different peptides in specific, less-polar solvent environments, suggest that helix stabilization and shifts in conformational preferences in such environments are primarily due to a reduced dielectric environment rather than specific molecular details. The findings presented here make predictions of how peptide sampling may be altered in dense cellular environments with reduced dielectric response.
Absolute photoluminescent efficiency and photon damage of sodium salicylate in the soft-x-ray regime

We have measured the absolute photoluminescent efficiency of sodium salicylate from 70 to 400 eV, as well as the inelastic electron-scattering spectrum from 0 to 200 eV. We find that features in the luminescence spectrum can be described well by using a model incorporating absorptance, reflectance, carrier-diffusion length, and reduced surface-recombination velocity. We have also measured the dose (total photons/unit area) dependence of the model’s efficiency at several photon energies. Results indicate a decrease in efficiency when dose and x-ray energy are increased, which makes this material a nonideal choice for long-term stable detection of high-intensity soft x rays. The decrease in efficiency is caused by a bulk-damage process that is second order in the number of electron–hole pairs produced by the incident x rays, as well as by changes in surface-recombination velocity.
Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine at rest and during exercise in primary pulmonary hypertension

The potential short-term pulmonary vasodilator effect of a calcium-channel blocker, nifedipine, was tested in seven patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Nifedipine (20 mg) produced a significant (p −5 ). Cardiac index increased from 2.5 ± 0.6 to 3.3 ± 0.8 L/min/m 2 (p
Parallelizing image feature extraction on coarse-grain machines

In this paper, we present a fast parallel algorithm for feature extraction on coarse-grain MIMD machines. By maintaining algorithmic threads at each node, our algorithm enhances processor utilization and obtains large speed-ups. Our implementations show that, given a 1,024/spl times/1,024 image, speed-ups of 27.6 and 56.0 on a 32-node SP2 and a 64-node T3D can be achieved.
Stove on Popper's Scientific Statements

D. C. Stove's analysis of Popper's theory of scientific statements1 is vitiated by at least three errors, all of which stem from a crucial omission: that whilst Popper's theory of scientific statements is a theory of statements in science, Stove's restrictive analysis ignores the context of the statements and proceeds as though they were related to each other by nothing more than the logic of propositions, i.e. they appear in Stove's analysis as atomistic, as distinct from scientific statements. Had Stove attempted a broader hermeneutic approach then perhaps he might not have failed to ignore Popper's fundamental principle that science begins with a problem, with a conjecture. Concomitant with this principle is the corollary that each theory relates to other theories, and each statement relates to other statements in ways which are theoretically specified by the meaning of the statements, or are assumed to be 'unproblematic'. They are not related simply by their logical form. In short, Stove ignores Popper's dictum that theories need to be considered in a contextual setting of influential 'background knowledge':
The Congressional Budget Office: An emphasis on cost‐effectiveness and cost‐benefit analysis

The Congressional Budget Office provides analytical advice to Congress on the development of the national budget. While its work is not strictly program evaluation, it does involve the use of analytical evaluation techniques, especially cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis, based mostly on secondary data.
Radiative energy transfer from a small sphere

Abstract : The emissive power and radiant heat flux are determined for a single sphere in a quiescent nonconducting grey gas when the radius of the sphere is small compared to a photon mean free path. It is shown by the method of matched asymptotic expansions that the leading term of the inner solution, which is valid near the sphere, corresponds to the solution with an optically thin gas. The leading term of the outer solution is for a point source in an infinite medium. Neutron transport theory provides the solution to this problem. A uniformly valid first approximation is found for the emissive power, while the first two approximations are determined for the heat flux. A comparison is made with other approximate and numerical solutions. (Author)
Quantification of Cerebral Perfusion With “Real-Time” Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound

Background—No noninvasive technique is currently capable of “real-time” assessment and monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF). We hypothesized that cerebral perfusion could be accurately measured and monitored in “real time” with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU). Methods and Results—Cerebral perfusion was assessed in 9 dogs through a craniotomy with CEU at baseline and during hypercapnia and hypocapnia while normoxia was maintained. Cerebral microvascular blood volume (A), microbubble velocity (), and blood flow (A) were calculated from time-versus–acoustic intensity relations. Compared with baseline, hypercapnia and hypocapnia significantly increased and decreased CBF, respectively, as measured by CEU. These changes in blood flow were mediated by changes in both A and. A good correlation was found between A derived from CEU and CBF measured by radiolabeled microspheres (y0.67x0.04, r0.91, P0.001). Conclusions—Changes in both cerebral microvascular blood volume and red blood cell velocity can be accurately assessed with CEU. Thus, CEU has the potential for bedside measurement and monitoring of cerebral perfusion in real time in patients with craniotomies or burr holes. (Circulation. 2001;104:2582-2587.) n current clinical practice, noninvasive assessment of cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be achieved by use of various techniques, such as CT, MRI, and single photon emission CT (SPECT). These techniques, however, are ill suited for measurement of CBF at the bedside or in the operating room. Furthermore, they cannot be used repeatedly, in rapid succession, to measure changes in CBF that may occur in the natural course of events or in response to treatment. In addition, these accurate, albeit expensive, modalities cannot be used for monitoring regional CBF in patients with acute ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage, or for the serial assessment of global CBF in patients with increased intracranial pressure. We have previously shown that blood flow to various tissues, including the myocardium,1 skeletal muscle,2 and kidney,3 can be measured by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU). This technique, which uses small gas-filled microbubbles, can provide an assessment of microvascular blood volume (MBV) as well as red blood cell velocity (RBCv). These parameters can be obtained during a continuous intravenous infusion of microbubbles. After steady state is achieved, the microbubbles within tissue are destroyed with high-energy ultrasound, and the rate at which they replenish the ultrasound beam is measured, which reflects RBCv. The concentration of microbubbles when the beam is fully replenished is proportional to MBV. We therefore hypothesized that CEU can be used to assess CBF noninvasively. We performed experiments in dogs in which CBF was measured with both CEU and radiolabeled microspheres during rest, hypercapnia, and hypocapnia. The aim was to demonstrate proof of principle so that future technical developments could assist in transferring this method to the clinical setting. Methods
CNS Transplants and the Host Immune Response: The Blood-Brain Barrier and Immunological Privilege within the Mammalian Brain

Survival of fetal mammalian brain tissue or of cell suspensions grafted into the adult mammalian brain is dependent upon the graft developing a vascular network supplied with host blood and failure of the host immune system to reject the graft as foreign tissue. The mammalian CNS has long been suspected to be a site of “immunological privilege” where constituents of the peripheral immune system do not venture. This suspected privilege is attributed to the absence of easily identifiable antigen presenting cells (e.g., cells expressing MHC class II antigen constitutively), the absence of lymphatic drainage, and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (for reviews see Head and Billingham, 1985; Widner and Brundin, 1988; Sloan et al., 1991).
Gene Expression Deficits in a Subclass of GABA Neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects with Schizophrenia

Markers of inhibitory neurotransmission are altered in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of subjects with schizophrenia, and several lines of evidence suggest that these alterations may be most prominent in the subset of GABA-containing neurons that express the calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV). To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the expression of mRNAs for PV, another calcium-binding protein, calretinin (CR), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD 67 ) in postmortem brain specimens from 15 pairs of subjects with schizophrenia and matched control subjects using single- and dual-label in situ hybridization. Signal intensity for PV mRNA expression in PFC area 9 was significantly decreased in the subjects with schizophrenia, predominately in layers III and IV. Analysis at the cellular level revealed that this decrease was attributable principally to a reduction in PV mRNA expression per neuron rather than by a decreased density of PV mRNA-positive neurons. In contrast, the same measures of CR mRNA expression were not altered in schizophrenia. These findings were confirmed by findings from cDNA microarray studies using different probes. Across the subjects with schizophrenia, the decrease in neuronal PV mRNA expression was highly associated ( r = 0.84) with the decrease in the density of neurons containing detectable levels of GAD 67 mRNA. Furthermore, simultaneous detection of PV and GAD 67 mRNAs revealed that in subjects with schizophrenia only 55% of PV mRNA-positive neurons had detectable levels of GAD 67 mRNA. Given the critical role that PV-containing GABA neurons appear to play in regulating the cognitive functions mediated by the PFC, the selective alterations in gene expression in these neurons may contribute to the cognitive deficits characteristic of schizophrenia.
Genetic Testing and Adverse Selection in the Market for Life Insurance

The human genome project is rapidly fueling the development of genetic tests for inherited diseases. Over 100 different genetic tests are currently available for a wide range of diseases including Huntington disease, hypercholesterolemia, sickle-cell trait, and selected forms of Alzheimer’s disease, colon cancer, melanoma, breast and ovarian cancer. The U.S. Congressional Office of Technology Assessment has projected that there will be a tenfold rise in the number of genetic tests that are available during the 1990s (U.S. Congressional..., 1988). Increasingly, a variety of public and private interest groups are raising questions about what individuals and society should do with such genetic information. Within the life and health insurance markets, ethical concerns regarding genetic discrimination are clashing with the underwriting needs of insurance companies.
Inversion of multicomponent, multiazimuth, walkaway VSP data for the stiffness tensor

Vertical seismic profiling (VSP), an established technique, can be used for estimating in‐situ anisotropy that might provide valuable information for characterization of reservoir lithology, fractures, and fluids. The P‐wave slowness components, conventionally measured in multiazimuth, walkaway VSP surveys, allow one to reconstruct some portion of the corresponding slowness surface. A major limitation of this technique is that the P‐wave slowness surface alone does not constrain a number of stiffness coefficients that may be crucial for inferring certain rock properties. Those stiffnesses can be obtained only by combining the measurements of P‐waves with those of S (or PS) modes.Here, we extend the idea of Horne and Leaney, who proved the feasibility of joint inversion of the slowness and polarization vectors of P‐ and SV‐waves for parameters of transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI symmetry). We show that there is no need to assume a priori VTI symmetry or any other specific typ...
Comparison of ocular aberrations measured by a Fourier-based Hartmann-Shack and Zernike-based Tscherning aberrometer before and after laser in situ keratomileusis

Purpose To assess agreement between a Hartmann-Shack aberrometer (Wavescan) and a Tscherning aberrometer (Wavelight Allegro Analyzer) and their respective agreement with manifest refraction before and after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Setting Stanford Eye Laser Center, California, USA. Design Prospective comparative observational study. Methods Multiple readings were obtained both aberrometers preoperatively and 12 months after wavefront-guided LASIK. Sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent (SE), defocus Z(2,0), astigmatism Z(2,2), spherical aberration Z(4,0), coma Z(3,1), trefoil Z(3,3), and total higher-order aberrations (HOAs) were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) (perfect agreement = 1; disagreement = 0). Results In the 100 study eyes, preoperative agreement was good to excellent between the aberrometers for the parameters of defocus, astigmatism, and spherical aberration (ICC: 0.8, 0.9, and 0.7, respectively) but was poor for coma, trefoil, and total HOAs (ICC: 0.6, –0.2, and 0.4, respectively). At 12 months, ICCs worsened for all parameters (ICC: defocus = 0.6; astigmatism = 0.2; spherical aberration = 0.6; coma = 0.4; trefoil = –0.3; total HOAs = 0.4). Preoperative agreement of sphere, cylinder, and SE was good to excellent between the manifest refraction and both aberrometers (ICC Hartmann-Shack: 0.98, 0.95, and 0.97, respectively; ICC Tscherning: 0.97, 0.92, and 0.98, respectively). However, agreement was poor to fair between the manifest refraction and both aberrometers at 12 months (ICC Hartmann-Shack: 0.4, 0.1, and 0.4, respectively; ICC Tscherning: 0.03, 0.02, and 0.2, respectively). Conclusions Although some HOAs measured with both aberrometers agreed preoperatively, such agreement might not persist after LASIK. Spherocylinder measurements with both aberrometers seemed to agree closely with the manifest refraction before LASIK, but not at 12 months. Financial Disclosure Dr. Manche has equity in Calhoun Vision, Inc., Krypton Vision, Seros Medical, LLC, and Veralas and is a consultant to Best Doctors, Gerson Lehrman Group.
Effects of Myristica fragrans fruit (family: Myristicaceae) to four species of stored-product insects

Acetone extracts of mace and nutmeg applied topically at dosages up to 50μg/insect were nontoxic to cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), slightly toxic to cigarette beetles, Lasioderma se...
Unifying the Concepts of Electoral Fraud and Preference Falsification: Case of Russia

This study throws new light on whether public opinion polls, namely, preference falsification, can affect the level of election fraud by employing Kuran's model of preference falsification, which is empirically tested using the data collected from the most recent presidential campaign in Russia (2012). My research findings reveal the presence of statistically significant effects of preference falsification on election fraud, thus enabling me to conclude that preference falsification is, indeed, conducive to election fraud. My findings are generalizable to a broad set of authoritarian regimes, enabling scholars to get a better understanding of the mechanism by which survey polls can incentivize officials to commit election fraud. Hopefully, these findings will also invite more interdisciplinary research within the fields of election forensics and survey methodology.
'All Our Hopes and Fears...': Thirty Years of Personnel Management Issues as Reflected in the Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1997

This paper will explore the evolution of the bill which was originally called the “Civil Rights Amendments of 1974" into the “Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1997." The principle focus will be on how the current version of this law can be characterized as a reaction to the controversies and developments in the broader field of personnel management and the way it is a reflection of American society’s “hopes and fears” about providing equal employment opportunity to not only lesbian and gay citizens, but to any protected class.
Mexicos Resilient Cast System: Managerial Implications For Foreign Firms

Ethnically, three groups form Mexican society: Indians, Mestizos and Creoles. The Mestizos have European and Indian ancestors, while the Creoles have an ancestry that is exclusively European. Until the advent of NAFTA, the managerial profession functioned as an aristocracy, excluded the Indians and was dominated by the Creoles. NAFTA and accompanying free market policies are, however, transforming the managerial profession into a meritocracy, thus bringing Mestizos and Indians into this profession. For foreign firms this transformation causes managerial problems such as the reluctant acceptance of executives of Indian appearance and ethnically based disparities in executives salaries.
New insights into short-term synaptic facilitation at the frog neuromuscular junction.

Short-term synaptic facilitation occurs during high-frequency stimulation, is known to be dependent on presynaptic calcium ions, and persists for tens of milliseconds after a presynaptic action pot...
482 INTESTINAL MATURATION; EFFECT OF PREDNISOLONE ON CALCIUM TRANSPORT

In the adult rat intestine, absorption of calcium (Ca) is decreased by administration of prednisolone in vitro but not in vivo. In suckling rats, serum corticol levels are low and intestinal absorption of calcium high, this provided an opportunity to investigate the effect of glucocorticoids in vivo. Test (T) rats were injected with methylprednisolone, 5 mg/kg/day for 5 days prior to the studies and control (C) rats with the solvent. The jejunum + ileum of anesthetized suckling (S) 14-15 day, weanling (W) 21-22 day and adolescent (A) 42 day old, T and C rats were perfused with isotonic NaCl solution containing CaCl2(3.4 mmoles/1), tracer 45Ca, and Phenol Red (20 mg/1). Net absorption of calcium (NA of Ca) was measured under steady state conditions. Lumen to mucosa (LM) flux of Ca was estimated from absorption of 45Ca. In C rats, NA of Ca (umoles/hr/g. dry wt.) decreased significantly (p < 0.01) with age (Mean ± S.E.; S, 23 ± 4; W, 14 ± 2; A, 2 ± 1). In T rats, NA of Ca was similar in S and W but significantly lower in A rats (S, 13 ± 3; W, 12 ± 1, A, 2 ± 1). The LM fluxes in C rats were: S, 53 ± 5; W, 26 ± 4; A, 7 ± 1; and in T rats: 23 ± 3, 20 ± 2 and 7 ± 1. Thus, administration of methylprednisolone significantly reduced the NA of Ca and the LM flux in S but not in W or A rats. These results suggested that prednisolone decreased the permeability of the small intestine to Ca in S but not in W or A rats. This effect could be mediated through a Vitamin D-independent mechanism.
Eleven New Species of Eurytoma from Mexico (Eurytomidae: Hymen.) Parts Iii and Iv. Breviura and Aureata Groups

In two preceding papers eleven new species of the genus Eurytoma were described from Mexico. The first paper dealt with 5 new species of the so-called Mucronura group (Bugbee, 1941a) and the second with 6 new species of the Atrateges group (Bugbee, 1941b). To conform with the others, the new species described herein are assigned to the Breviura and Aureata groups. No description or nomenclatorial standing has been given these four groups, as their correct status cannot be finally determined until all the North American species of the genus Eurytoma are studied and the genus revised. However, they are quite distinct as far as the Mexican material is concerned. It is probable that all four groups may extend into the southern part of the United States.
Rationalization of Electrical Properties of The NiS2-xSex System

The electrical and optical properties of the NiS2-xSex system are interpreted in terms of a band structure diagram that places a Mott-Hubbard, correlation-split Ni 3deg and the S 3pσ* band in the vicinity of the Fermi level. A variety of seemingly problematic experimental findings are resolved by adoption of this hypothesis.
Solution Processed ZnO Hybrid Nanocomposite with Tailored Work Function for Improved Electron Transport Layer in Organic Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate improved organic photovoltaic device performance using solution processed electron transport layers of ZnO nanoparticle (NP) films containing organic additives, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), or diethanolamine (DEA), that do not require post processing after film deposition. Inclusion of PVP or DEA decreased the ZnO work function by 0.4 eV through interfacial dipole formation. While PVP did not change the ZnO NP shape or size, DEA modified the ZnO shape from 5 nm × 15 nm nanorods to 5 nm nanoparticles. At an optimized PVP concentration of 0.7 wt %, ZnO NP:PVP electron transport layers (ETLs) improved the efficiency of inverted P3HT:PCBM devices by 37%, primarily through higher fill factor. ZnO NP:PVP and ZnO NP:DEA ETLs increased the open circuit voltage of inverted P3HT:ICBA devices by 0.07 V due to decreasing ETL work function, leading to enhanced built-in field. The relationship between ZnO nanocomposite ETL work function, donor–acceptor energy offset, and device performance is discussed....
RF switching network: a novel technique for IR sensing

Rapid sensing of near infrared (IR) energy on a composite structure would provide information that could mitigate damage to composite structures. This paper describes a novel technique that implements photoconductive sensors in a radio frequency (RF) switching network designed to locate in real time the position and intensity of IR radiation incident on a composite structure. In the implementation described here, photoconductive sensors act as rapid response switches in a two layer RF network embedded in an FR-4 laminate. To detect radiation, phosphorous doped silicon photoconductive sensors are inserted in GHz range RF transmission lines. Photoconductive sensors use semiconductor materials that are optically sensitive at material dependent wavelengths. Incident radiation at the appropriate wavelength produces hole-electron pairs, so that the semiconductor becomes a conductor. By permitting signal propagation only when a sensor is illuminated, the RF signals are selectively routed from the lower layer transmission lines to the upper layer lines, thereby pinpointing the location and strength of incident radiation on a structure. Simulations based on a high frequency 3D planar electromagnetics model are presented and compared to experimental results. Experimental results are described for GHz range RF signal control for 300 mW and 180 mW incident energy from 975 nm and 1060 nm wavelength lasers respectively, where upon illumination, RF transmission line signal output power doubled when compared to non-illuminated results. Experimental results are reported for 100 W incident energy from a 1060 nm laser. Test results illustrate that real-time signal processing would permit a structure or vehicle to be controlled in response to incident radiation
Adenosine 3',5'-,monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and secretion in the canine stomach.

We evaluated the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in the energetics of gastric secretion in the canine stomach in three ways: (1) by inhibiting the enzyme, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, which degrades cyclic AMP, (2) by determining the effect of a secretagogue, histamine, on activity of the cyclic AMP-forming enzyme, adenyl cyclase, and (3) by administering to the stomach a derivative of cyclic AMP which often elicits physiological responses more readily in intact tissue than cyclic AMP. Adenyl cyclase was assayed by the method of Krishna et al. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 163:379-385, 1968), and phosphodiesterase W as measured by modification of the methods of Butcher and Sutherland (J Biol Chem 237: 1244-1250, 1962) and of Buell et al. (J Biol Chem 232:979-987, 1958). The findings are as follows: (1) theophylline (12.5 ռա) inhibited gastric mucosal phosphodiesterase 50% and papaverine (1.25 mM) inhibited phosphodiesterase 90% in vitro but neither agent initiated gastric secretion in the anesthetized dog stomach. Phosphodiesterase activity was not significantly altered by in vivo administration of either of the drugs; (2) histamine, in all concentrations studied, did not increase gastric mucosal adenyl cyclase activity in vitro, and histamine in a dose (30 μg per kg-hr) which stimulated acid secretion from the anesthetized dog stomach did not increase mucosal adenyl cyclase activity in vivo; and, (3) dibutyryl cyclic AMP (0.1 and 0.2 mg per kg-min) infused intraarterially into a gastric artery for 60 min increased blood flow but did not initiate gastric secretion. Our results suggest that initiation of secretion in the canine stomach does not depend upon accumulation of cyclic AMP.
In Vivo Models of HIV Disease and Control

Understanding biology, replication, and pathogenesis of HIV have been to a greater extent hampered by not having an animal model that could simulate human disease, i.e., AIDS. A suitable model for AIDS would have also led to better and speedier development of vaccines and other treatment options. The animals most closely related to humans are apes and monkeys, but the infection of these animals with HIV-related viruses leads to different type of disease. Due to the lack of a suitable animal model for HIV, several strategies to recapitulate HIV disease in animals both large and small have been developed. Viruses related to and that behave like HIV, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), with their respective hosts, have been exploited to learn more about HIV. Additionally, chimeric viruses such as SHIV (recombinants between SIV and HIV) and chimeric animals, such as Hu-PBL SCID and Hu-Thy SCID mice, have been modeled to test HIV vaccine and therapy. Despite the limitations of animal models for AIDS, they do provide important insights as regards to infection, disease progression, prevention and treatment. In Vivo Models of HIV Disease and Control represents an excellent collaborative effort of experts in lentiviruses and their respective animal models.
Group therapy in prison.

(1971). Group Therapy in Prison. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 489-496.
The Birth of the Education President: From Local Control to Common Core

On November 20, 2007, then-Senator Barack Obama addressed a crowd in Manchester, New Hampshire. At the time, he was locked in a three-way battle in the Democratic primary, behind Senator Hillary Clinton and not far ahead of former Senator Jonathan Edwards. The next day, Oprah would announce that she planned to campaign with Obama in three early primary states, a move that was to elevate his campaign to a new level.
Genetically controlled resistance to viruses.

Historically, the first demonstrations of the existence of host genes that could control resistance to disease induced by an animal virus were reported independently by Lynch and Hughes (1) and Webster and Clow (2) in 1936. Subsequently, a number of other genes have been identified in various strains of inbred mice, each of which confers resistance to a specific type of virus infection (3,4,5). Since different families of viruses vary greatly in their modes of replication, it would be expected a priori that the various resistance gene products would also differ in their mechanisms of action. Host resistance genes may act on a particular virus infection at the level of receptors, intracellular replication, interferon inhibition, or the immune response. A host resistance gene can therefore be an important component in determining the outcome of a particular virus infection. However, the severity of a virus-induced disease is the result of the interaction between host resistance genes, viral virulence genes, and the host defense system.
Stress Increases Ethanol Self-Administration via a Shift toward Excitatory GABA Signaling in the Ventral Tegmental Area.

Summary Stress is a well-known risk factor for subsequent alcohol abuse, but the neural mechanisms underlying interactions between stress and alcohol remain largely unknown. Addictive drug reinforcement and stress signaling involve common neural circuitry, including the mesolimbic dopamine system. We demonstrate in rodents that pre-exposure to stress attenuates alcohol-induced dopamine responses and increases alcohol self-administration. The blunted dopamine signaling resulted from ethanol-induced excitation of GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Excitation of GABA neurons was mediated by GABA A receptor activation and involved stress-induced functional downregulation of the K + , Cl − cotransporter, KCC2. Blocking stress hormone receptors, enhancing KCC2 function, or preventing excitatory GABA signaling by alternative methods all prevented the attenuated alcohol-induced dopamine response and prevented the increased alcohol self-administration. These results demonstrate that stress alters the neural and behavioral responses to alcohol through a neuroendocrine signal that shifts inhibitory GABA transmission toward excitation.
“What Doraemon, the Earless Blue Robot Cat from the 22nd Century, Can Teach Us About How Japan’s Elderly and Their Human Caregivers Might Live with Emotional Care Robots.”

While immense literatures examine aging and robots in Japan separately, reality has not yet reached the point where robotic care for the elderly can be examined comprehensively. Disciplining imagination with method, structural analysis of the popular Japanese children’s animation series Doraemon , in which a slightly defective blue robot cat sent from the 22 nd century becomes the helper and companion to a similarly slightly defective ten-year-old boy, lets us peer into one possible future of this nexus. If Japan’s robotics engineers would consider Doraemon as a plausible model for a socially assistive robot (SAR), their result might replace today’s fraught, infantilizing relationships with youthful, elder-focused care relationships.
On defining resurgence.

Abstract A review of different investigators’ definitions of resurgence revealed several common features: First, characteristics of the resurgent, or target, response, such as its transience; magnitude; time course within and across sessions; and relativity to a baseline response rate are not mentioned. Second, the target response is described as being established through its reinforcement in the first, or Training, phase of a resurgence procedure. Third, the target response must be eliminated as an alternative response is reinforced in the second, Alternative Reinforcement, phase of a resurgence procedure. Fourth, the alternative response must be extinguished during the Resurgence Test phase. Fifth, none of the definitions allude to any contribution of stimulus variables to resurgence. When reconsidered in light of contemporary research germane to these features, none of the reviewed definitions sufficiently reflect important variables in the generation and assessment of resurgence. The review concludes with a proposed working definition that takes into account contemporary research involving all of the aforementioned factors.
Prevalence of Peyronie's Disease-Like Symptoms in Men Presenting With Dupuytren Contractures.

Abstract Introduction Peyronie's disease (PD) and Dupuytren contractures (DC) are often comorbid and are believed to have a similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanism. Aim To investigate the prevalence of PD-like symptoms (PDLS) in men with DC. Methods From October 2013 to December 2016, men who were seen and evaluated for DC were offered the opportunity to participate in an anonymous survey. The survey assessed several basic demographic and sexual health factors and included items from the International Index of Erectile Function and the Erection Hardness Scale. Men who reported PDLS were asked a series of questions derived from the Peyronie's Disease Questionnaire and for their opinions on theoretical treatment modalities for sexual problems and penile deformity. Main Outcome Measure Prevalence of PDLS in men with DC. Results One hundred forty men with DC were invited to participate; 85 surveys were returned (response rate = 61%). Twenty-two respondents (26%, 95% confidence interval = 17–35) reported PDLS. Approximately one fourth of all respondents had an Erection Hardness Scale score lower than 3. The most common specific PDLS concerns were penile curvature (91%), length loss (55%), narrowing (36%), and hinging (32%). In men with PDLS, 73% felt at least a little bothered by the symptoms when attempting sexual activity and 40% reported having sex less frequently because of the symptoms. Just 27% of men with PDLS had ever used a treatment for a sexual concern. In terms of treatments for penile deformities, 64% of men with PDLS expressed an interest in treatment administered in the form of an in-office procedure; 41% were potentially amenable to a surgical procedure. Conclusion The prevalence of PDLS in men with DC is similar to the prevalence of DC in men diagnosed with PD. A substantial number of these men have distress and would consider standard-of-care treatments for PD. Shindel AW, Sweet G, Thieu W, et al. Prevalence of Peyronie's Disease-Like Symptoms in Men Presenting With Dupuytren Contractures. Sex Med 2017;X:XXX–XXX.
Toward a Sustainable Method for Core Journal Lists: A Test Case Using Journals in Social Work

ABSTRACTDetermining the core journals in a discipline serves an important role for both academic librarians and departmental faculty. In addition to helping librarians build or weed journal collections, especially in difficult budget years, core lists help departments seeking accreditation, committees evaluating a candidate’s scholarship for tenure and promotion, and faculty choosing publications for their research. They also assist faculty guiding student research in the discipline. However, because of the inexorable changes that have occurred, and will continue to occur, in scholarly communication, no such list can be considered immutable. The purpose of this study is to identify a method by which individual librarians and/or libraries can create a list of journals considered important to a discipline, one that accurately reflects the state of scholarly communication in a field as it relates to the currency and quality of journal literature, and that is sustainable over time. More specifically, our purp...
Automatic keyword extraction: An ensemble method

We design and analyze an ensemble method for automatically extracting keywords from single documents. The automatic keyword extractors that we use in our approach are: TextRank [1] RAKE [2] and TAKE [3]. Each one of these automatic keyword extractors provides a set of candidate keywords for the ensemble method. Our approach then prunes this set of candidate keywords by applying a filtering heuristic and then recalculates their scores according to prescribed metrics. Then, dynamic threshold functions are applied to select a set of keywords for a given document. We used the data set in [4] to test the accuracy of our approach. We obtained a better overall performance when compared to each one of the individual keyword extractors that we used in constructing our ensemble method.
Demand Response Potential for California SubLAPs and Local Capacity Planning Areas: An Addendum to the 2025 California Demand Response Potential Study – Phase 2

Author(s): Alstone, P; Potter, J; Piette, MA; Schwartz, P; Berger, MA; Dunn, LN; Smith, SJ; Sohn, M; Aghajanzadeh, A; Stensson, S; Szinai, J
An improved novel key management protocol for RFID systems

The growing demand to organize resourceful ways of identification has made “Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)” technology universal. One of the key problems in RFID is security and privacy. Many RFID authentication protocols have been proposed to preserve security and privacy of the system. Nevertheless, most of these protocols are analyzed, and it is shown that they cannot provide security against some RFID attacks. In this paper, we introduce a novel cryptographic scheme, “Hacker Proof Authentication Protocol (HPAP)” that has been proposed by Hakeem et al. We improve the protocol for “Multiple Tags” authentication at a single time process. We simulated the system using Java Application, and it is a time-saving process. Simulation using Java shows our protocol is secure with the fastest updating timestamps.
Optimizing the information content of metasurface apertures for computational millimeter-wave imaging (Conference Presentation)

We analyze the information content of metasurface apertures in the context of a millimeter-wave computational imaging system. Each of the apertures consists of a waveguide- or cavity-backed metasurface layer, which produces a series of quasi-random field patterns as a function of the excitation frequency. The metasurface layer is a conducting surface patterned with subwavelength, metamaterial slots, each of which couples energy from the guided wave to the scene. A single measurement of a scene consists of illuminating the scene with a transmit aperture and detecting the back-scattered field at a receive aperture. Repeating this process over all combinations of transmit and receive apertures and over all frequencies produces a set of measurements that can be used to estimate the scene reflectivity using computational imaging methods. While the maximum number of independent measurement modes for a composite aperture is set by bandwidth and diffraction limits, the actual number of modes available from an aperture can be substantially smaller due to spatial correlation of the field patterns from one mode to another. To minimize this correlation, a variety of design steps can be taken, including optimizing the quality-factor of an aperture and optimizing the Fourier space coverage as determined by the specific number and arrangement of metasurface elements. These design considerations are quite general, and apply to a wide range of metasurface designs. We present several metasurface designs and show how their specific architecture relates to the overall imaging performance of the system.
Multiresonant Composite Optical Nanoantennas by Out-of-plane Plasmonic Engineering.

Optical nanoantennas can concentrate light and enhance light-matter interactions in subwavelength domain, which is useful for photodetection, light emission, optical biosensing, and spectroscopy. However, conventional optical nanoantennas operating at a single wavelength band are not suitable for multiband applications. Here, we propose and exploit an out-of-plane plasmonic engineering strategy to design and create composite optical nanoantennas that can support multiple nanolocalized modes at different resonant wavelengths. These multiresonant composite nanoantennas are composed of vertically stacked building blocks of metal–insulator–metal loop nanoantennas. Studies of multiresonant composite nanoantennas demonstrate that the number of supported modes depends on the number of vertically stacked building blocks and the resonant wavelengths of individual modes are tunable by controlling the out-of-plane geometries of their building blocks. In addition, numerical studies show that the resonant wavelengths ...
Intimate partner violence and mental health among transgender/gender nonconforming adults

There is significant evidence to suggest that intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with mental health problems including anxiety and depression. However, this research has almost exclusively been conducted through heteronormative and cisgender lenses. The current study is an exploratory, quantitative analysis of the relationship between experiences of IPV and mental health among transgender/gender nonconforming (TGNC) adults. A national sample of 78 TGNC individuals completed a survey online measuring participants' experiences with IPV and depression, anxiety, and satisfaction with life. Of the sample, 72% reported at least one form of IPV victimization in their lifetime: 32% reported experiencing sexual IPV, 71% psychological IPV, 42% physical IPV, and 29% IPV assault with injury. All four types of IPV were positively associated with anxiety, and all but physical abuse was significantly associated with depression. None of the four types of IPV was associated with satisfaction with life. In a canonical correlation, IPV victimization and mental health had 31% overlapping variance, a large-sized effect. Sexual IPV and anxiety were the highest loading variables, suggesting that TGNC individuals who have experienced sexual IPV specifically tended to have higher levels of anxiety. These findings support previous qualitative, small-sample studies suggesting that IPV is a pervasive problem in the TGNC community. TGNC individuals who have experienced IPV may be at increased risk for mental health problems, and therefore, IPV history may trigger appropriate mental health screenings and referrals for this population in health care settings.
Common Hip Injuries: Conservative Management

Full functionality of the hip is crucial in athletes who seek to optimize their performance. As the primary stabilizer of the body, a strong and pain-free hip is especially essential for master athletes. Unfortunately, athletes 35 years and older are prone to many hip pathologies that typically do not affect younger athletes due to various factors. Such factors include degenerative changes in the hip joint, overuse and secondary strain of the surrounding musculature, and great stress on the joint from many years of high activity. As such, this chapter will focus on the management of common hip injuries seen in aging athletes, both conservative and operative, and the success of these patients returning to sport following treatment.
Mothers’ perspectives on challenging behaviours in their children with fragile X syndrome

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities are more likely to engage in problem behaviours than peers with typical development. The purpose of this study was to provide descriptiv...