cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of the Xia Scanning Photoemission Spectromicroscope for Element Identification on Material Surfaces

The Second Generation Scanning Photoemission Microscope at the beamline X1a of the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), X1A SPEM II, is designed for spatially resolved elemental and chemical analysis by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) on material surfaces. Based on Fresnel Zone Plate (ZP) microfocusing techniques with the use of a bright and coherent photon source, this microscope is capable of acquiring XPS spectra from a small area irradiated by the focused beam and taking element-specific (using photopeaks) or chemical-state-specific (by detecting the chemical core level shifts) images with a spatial resolution defined by the focused spot size.
Arteriovenous shunts in the human lung.

SummaryArteriovenous shunts, many times the accepted diameter of capillaries, were demonstrated in isolated human lungs with little or no pulmonary pathology, by the passage of glass spheres from the pulmonary artery to or through the pulmonary veins. Injection of these vessels with liquid latex or vinyl acetate indicates that the shunts are located at the apex of and within the lobular divisions of the lungs.
Abstract 4912: MELK-dependent phosphorylation of FOXM1 is essential for mitotic progression of glioma stem cells.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a life-threatening brain tumor. Accumulating evidence suggests that eradication of glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) in GBM is essential to achieve cure. The transcription factor FOXM1 has recently gained attention as a master regulator for mitotic progression of cancer cells in various organs. Here, we demonstrate that FOXM1 forms a protein complex with the serine/threonine kinase MELK in GSCs, leading to phosphorylation and activation of FOXM1 in a MELK kinase-dependent manner. The MELK-dependent activation of FOXM1 results in an increase of mitotic regulatory genes in GSCs. MELK-driven FOXM1 activation is regulated by the binding and subsequent trans-phosphorylation of FOXM1 by another kinase PLK1 (Polo-like kinase 1). Using neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from mouse brains, we found that transgene expression of FOXM1 enhances, while its siRNA-mediated gene silencing diminishes clonal neurosphere formation, suggesting that FOXM1 is required for NPC growth. During tumorigenesis, FOXM1 expression sequentially increases from NPCs, pre-tumorigenic progenitors, and GSCs. As expected, sensitivity of GSCs to pharmacological inhibition of MELK-mediated FOXM1 signaling via the thiazole antibiotic Siomycin A is substantially higher than NPCs. In addition, treatment with the first-line chemotherapy agent for GBM, Temozolomide, paradoxically enriches for both FOXM1 (+) and MELK (+) cells in GBM cell culture, and addition of Siomycin A to Temozolomide treatment to mice harboring GSC-derived intracranial tumors enhances the effects of the latter. Collectively, our data indicate that FOXM1 signaling through its direct interaction with the kinase domain of MELK regulates mitotic key genes in GSCs in a PLK1-dependent manner and thus, this protein complex is a potential therapeutic target for GBM. Citation Format: Kaushal Joshi, Ichiro Nakano. MELK-dependent phosphorylation of FOXM1 is essential for mitotic progression of glioma stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4912. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4912
Regulation of breast tumorigenesis through acid sensors

The low extracellular pH in the microenvironment has been shown to promote tumor growth and metastasis; however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Particularly, little is known how the tumor cell senses the acidic signal to activate the acidosis-mediated signaling. In this study, we show that breast cancer cells express acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1), a proton-gated cation channel primarily expressed in the nervous system. RNA interference, knockout and rescue experiments demonstrate a critical role for ASIC1 in acidosis-induced reactive oxidative species and NF-κB activation, two key events for tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, ASIC1 is required for acidosis-mediated signaling through calcium influx. We show that as a cytoplasmic membrane protein, ASIC1 is also associated with mitochondria, suggesting that ASIC1 may regulate mitochondrial calcium influx. Importantly, interrogation of the Cancer Genome Atlas breast invasive carcinoma data set indicates that alterations of ASIC1 alone or combined with other 4 ASIC genes are significantly correlated with poor patient survival. Furthermore, ASIC1 inhibitors cause a significant reduction of tumor growth and tumor load. Together, these results suggest that ASIC1 contributes to breast cancer pathogenesis in response to acidic tumor microenvironments, and ASIC1 may serve as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
The Empty Shrine: The Transfer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution to the National Archives

In 1952 the Library of Congress transferred the original engrossed copies of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution to the National Archives. Together with the Bill of Rights, they are the Charters of Freedom, the most precious documents in the National Archives of the United States. The story of why the shrine in the Exhibition Hall of the Archives Building, especially designed for the exhibit of these documents, was empty for almost twenty years, and how the Library of Congress finally transferred custody of the two great documents to the National Archives, has never before been told.1 The ceremony when they left the library on Saturday, December 13, 1952, was a spectacular event. Brigadier General Stoyte O. Ross, commanding general of the Air Force Headquarters Command, formally received the documents at the Library of Congress at 1 1 a.m. Twelve members of the Armed Forces Special Police carried the six parchment documents, encased in helium-filled glass cases and enclosed in wooden crates, through a cordon of eighty-eight servicewomen down the library steps. The boxes were placed on mattresses in an armored Marine Corps personnel carrier. A color guard, ceremonial troops, the Army Band, the Air Force Drum and Bugle Corps, two light tanks, four servicemen carrying submachine guns, and a motorcycle escort paraded down Pennsylvania and Constitution Avenues to the Archives Building. Both sides of the street along the parade route were lined by Army, Navy, Coast Guard, Marine, and Air Force personnel. General Ross and the twelve Special Policemen arrived at the National Archives Building at 11:35 a.m., carried the crates up the steps, and formally delivered them into the custody of Wayne Grover, the archivist of the United States. Two days later, at 10:15 a.m. on Monday, December 15, 1952, the formal enshrining ceremony was equally impressive. Officials of more than 100 national civic, patriotic, religious, veterans, educational, business, and labor groups crowded into the Exhibition Hall. Fred M. Vinson, chief justice of the United States, presided. After the invocation by the Reverend Frederick Brown Harris, chaplain of the Senate, Governor Elbert N. Carvel of Delaware, the first state to ratify the Constitution, called the roll of states in the order in which they ratified the Constitution or were admitted to the Union. As each state was called, a servicewoman carrying the state flag entered the Exhibition Hall and remained at attention in front of the display
Mechanistic Aspects of Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions of (Hetero)Aryl Carboxylic Acids

Copper-catalyzed oxidative decarboxylative coupling reactions of benzoic acids have emerged as attractive routes to access functionalized arenes. Unfortunately, substrate scope limitations and forcing reaction conditions have prevented the widespread implementation of these methodologies. A mechanistic understanding of these systems could enable the development of more robust reactions, yet few studies have targeted the mechanistic elucidation of these complex systems. This article reviews the copper-catalyzed decarboxylation reactions of hetero(aromatic) acids, including protodecarboxylations, redox-neutral decarboxylative couplings, and oxidative decarboxylative coupling reactions. We emphasize the mechanistic insights learned from each system to build a framework for understanding copper-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reactions.
eSplash: Efficient speculation in large scale heterogeneous computing systems

In this paper, we aim to develop an efficient speculation framework for a heterogeneous cluster. Speculation is a common mechanism that identifies ‘slow’ node in a cluster and starts redundant tasks on other nodes to guarantee the reliability. We consider MapReduce/Hadoop as a representative computing platform, and our general goal is to accurately and quickly identify the straggler nodes during the job execution. On the one hand, our approach significantly reduces unnecessary speculative executions that occupy system resources, but do not get finished. On the other hand, when a node is prone to failure, our solution is able to detect it at an early stage and effectively launch a speculative task to avoid the delay in the job execution. We implement our solution in Hadoop platform and evaluate it with extensive experiments. The results show that our solution is efficient and effective when handling the speculative execution. The job execution time in our system is superior to that in the current Hadoop distribution.
Abstract IA02: Advances in drug delivery

Advanced drug delivery systems are having an enormous impact on human health. We start by discussing our early research on developing the first controlled release systems for macromolecules and the isolation of angiogenesis inhibitors and how these led to numerous new cancer therapies. New drug delivery technologies including nanoparticles and nanotechnology are now being studied for use treating cancer and other illnesses. We will also discuss novel super long acting oral drug delivery systems as well as ways of developing novel microchips for drug delivery and how they also can be used for designing personalized cancer drug regimens. Finally, we will discuss new approaches for cell therapy based on a novel method of “squeezing” materials into cells. Citation Format: Robert S. Langer. Advances in drug delivery. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Engineering and Physical Sciences in Oncology; 2016 Jun 25-28; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA02.
The Complexities of Early Instrumentation: Winds and Brass by Beverly Jerold: (2015). (Musical Treatises, vol. 3). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. 160 pp., $98.00. ISBN 978-2-503-56479-1 (hardcover).

Many composers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries wrote parts that were beyond the capabilities of the instruments of the time, which led to poor performances and parts that were difficult ...
Simplicity Is the Point

I’ve been concentrating on mathematics for 52 years now, and I have a lot of opinions about it. I’ve tried to distill them down to a few things, which I want to share with you. That’s the nature of this talk.
Abstract 4215: Cancer-related fatigue and physical activity vary by age for black women with a history of breast cancer

Purpose: Cancer-related fatigue is the most discomforting symptom among women with a history of breast cancer. Black women are more likely to experience risk factors for cancer-related fatigue, like physical inactivity and obesity, yet cancer-related fatigue studies have not explicitly focused on Black women. This cross-sectional analysis assesses cancer-related fatigue and physical activity among Black female breast cancer survivors. Methods: In May and July of 2012, 266 members of the Sisters Network, Inc completed an online survey on: demographics, cancer history and treatment, fatigue using the 13-item Function Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Fatigue Scale, and engagement in ≥150 minutes per week of physical activity (CDC guideline). Multiple linear regression assessed relationships between fatigue and physical activity. Results: The average participant was 54 (SD=9) with a FACIT score of 13.63, indicating “severe fatigue”. Fatigue was greater (p=0.02) among the 56% of women meeting physical activity guidelines. Multivariable analysis showed that meeting physical activity guidelines (β=-3.01, p=0.01) and higher age group (50-59: -4.75, p=0.001; 60+: -4.38, p=0.01) were associated with greater fatigue. An interaction plot showed that differences in fatigue for those meeting or not meeting physical activity guidelines is largest among Black women under age 50. Conclusions: Meeting physical activity guidelines was associated with greater cancer-related fatigue, which was most pronounced for those under age 50. Interventions for Black breast cancer survivors with cancer-related fatigue should consider physical activities that can be integrated into existing tasks and provide age-appropriate resources to address physical and emotional fatigue domains. Keywords: breast cancer; fatigue; age; Black/African-American; physical activity Citation Format: Melody A. Swen, Amandeep Mann, Raheem Paxton, Lorraine T. Dean. Cancer-related fatigue and physical activity vary by age for black women with a history of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4215. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4215
Remarkable Longevity of the Chemically Defended Moth, Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and the Factors that Affect it

Most butterflies and moths, with the exception of Heliconius, live only a week or two in their non-hibernating state. In the present study, we evaluated the longevity of the chemically defended Ornate Bella Moth, Utetheisa ornatrix, using a sample of 214 individuals from two broods. On a diet of 6% sugar water or Gatorade®, a quarter of the moths survived for one month or longer, with a maximum survival of 50 days. A glimpse into the genetic component offered by using two broods suggests that one can expect to find greater variability in longevity between different populations of this species. Males lived on average longer than females, and moths from heavier pupae lived longer than their smaller siblings. The nutrition of caterpillars, translated into pupal weight, appears to have a positive effect on the longevity of resultant adults. While it was not surprising to find that sugar played a positive role in the longevity and fecundity of adult moths, the fact that Utetheisa ornatrix can subsist solely on water for up to 36 days and that males tended to live longer than females, which is reverse of most species for which such data is available, were intriguing findings. The chemically defended nature of this species, its high fecundity (251±64 eggs in this study) paired with its habit of laying eggs in small batches, and its propensity to disperse as adults help explain why these moths evolved prolonged life spans.
A Physician’s Guide to Social Security Disability Determinations

An explanation of how individuals qualify for Social Security disability benefits and the roles physicians play in the process.
A Comparison of Standard and Interval Association Rules

The standard formulation of association rules is suitable for describing patterns found in a given data set. A number of difficultiesarisewh enthestandardrul esareusedtoinfer about novel instances not included in the original data. In previous work we proposed an alternative formulation called interval association rules which is more appropriate for the task of inference, and developed algorithms and pruning strategies for generating interval rules. In this paper we present some theoretical and experimental analyses demonstrating the differences between the two formulations, and show how each ofthetwoapproach escanbebene ficia lunderdifferentc ircumstances.
New amino acid derivatives formed by alkaline treatment of proteins.

Intense heat treatment of proteins at high pH favors formation of transient, reactive intermediates derived from serine and cystine. The postulated dehydroalanine intermediate reacts further with the e-amino groups side chains and sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues to form derivatives of lysinoalanine and lanthionine. Recent studies indicate that besides these crosslinked products, several others are formed, by reaction of histidine, arginine, and possibly other residues. For this reason, caution should be exercised in assigning the prelysine peak(s) of an amino acid chromatogram to lysinoalanine. These results suggest that unnatural amino acid derivatives, other than lysinoalanine, may also contribute to the toxic effects reported from studies in which alkali-treated protein was fed to rats.
The L1 Theory of the Scalar Conservation Law

The theory of the scalar balance law has reached a state of virtual completeness. In the framework of classical solutions, the elementary, yet effective, method of characteristics yields a sharper version of Theorem 5.1.1, determining explicitly the life span of solutions with Lipschitz continuous initial data and thereby demonstrating that in general this life span is finite. Thus one has to deal with weak solutions, even when the initial data are very smooth.
Ten Tips for Effective Leadership Communication: Rules of the

This short note introduces some principles of direct communication designed to help students develop influence. The note encourages, inter alia, description over judgment, elimination of "but," avoidance of self-discounting, and use of "I" statements, and offers other useful tips for communicating effectively. Excerpt UVA-OB-0684 TEN TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP COMMUNICATION: RULES OF THE “DANCE” Language is one of the primary tools of the effective leader. Establishing good communication habits significantly strengthens your ability to influence others. Here are some tips for effective leadership communication. We invite you to consider incorporating them into your daily language and practice. We expect if you do so, you will notice that your accuracy in communication and your influence have grown. 1. USE “I” STATEMENTS. Speak in the first-person singular (“I”) to describe your own conclusions, connections, and emotions rather than imputing absolute truth to your statements. For example, say “I believe” instead of “It is” That makes for a more accurate statement of what “is.” Realize your “truth” may not be what others see or believe. Similarly, using the second-person singular or plural (“you”) (for example, “You have a problem…”) tends to create immediate if subtle defensiveness in others. Much of communication theory argues the opposite, that we should avoid saying or writing “I” too much, claiming it is too “self-centered.” The challenge is to be accurate, to say what you mean, and mean what you say. That does not mean that you start each sentence or each paragraph with “I,” but it does mean that you acknowledge your opinions and perspectives as exactly that—and don't state them as “fact.” 2. FRAME STATEMENTS AS STATEMENTS, NOT AS QUESTIONS. The most common manifestation of this is the oft-used “Don't you think that…?” construction. That common construction shifts the spotlight of attention from the speaker to the listener, which tends to create defensiveness and is a subtle means of avoiding responsibility for one's own beliefs and conclusions. The “Don't you think…?” form tends to paint people into corners or to manipulate them into agreeing, which can leave them feeling uncomfortable and unheard. A more influential, courageous leadership point of view would be to acknowledge your statement as your own perspective: “My belief is…” or “I believe…” There is a big difference between the kinds of responses each of those approaches elicits. One creates defensiveness; the other respects the listener's viewpoint and allows him or her to speak it as he or she wishes. Listen for the next time you say, “Don't you think that…?” and watch the immediate reaction in the person you're talking with. . . .
IMPACT OF VASOPRESSORS ON POSTOPERATIVE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN CARDIAC SURGERY

Few data are available to assess the effect of vasoactive agents on the development of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in the cardiac surgery population. The goal of this study was to evaluate vasoactive agent selection on the development of POAF after cardiac surgery. This retrospective
The Limits of Mobility and the Persistence of Urban Inequality

David Schleicher’s Article, Stuck! The Law and Economics of Residential Stagnation, draws much needed attention to the consequences of declining interregional mobility of low-income workers. However, this Response argues that his policy prescriptions evince a blind spot for the economic and racial stratification of disadvantaged populations within the successful metro regions these new migrants would enter. The concentration of highly skilled, educated, and affluent populations in the urban core, and the segregation and isolation of disadvantaged populations outside of it, impose additional costs on new migrants to access economic opportunities. Schleicher fails to sufficiently account for these costs, which offset the potential wage gains from mobility. Moreover, his focus on a few select “hot” metro areas ignores the resurgence of other cities that can, with the right policy interventions, expand economic opportunities for disadvantaged populations. If the federal government is to play a renewed role in redistributing economic opportunity, as Schleicher proposes, then it should do so by helping to bridge the spatial gap between that opportunity and disadvantaged populations both from within and outside cities and metro regions.
Stroke: An Overview

The Ischemic Ocular Disease symposium will begin with an introduction of Russel Patterson, who will give the Parker Heath Memorial Lecture. Dr. Patterson is Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at Cornell New York Hospital. He has had a abiding interest in not only the surgical, but also the medical management of cardiovascular disease and carotid artery disease. His scientific credentials are clear. The usual more than 100 scientific articles, book chapters, and the like. In addition, he is the past President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (the Harvey Cushing Society) as well as the American Academy of Neurological Surgeons. And his AMA tickets are also in order. He currently serves as Chairman of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association. One additional tidbit-he was Vice Chairman of the American Board of Neurological Surgeons. So, I think you can see we are wired in here to a neurosurgical establishment figure. One final personal note. When Russel Patterson was an awesome neurosurgery resident, I was an impressionable medical student. I can tell you firsthand, he was great from the beginning.
Characteristics of adult out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in the National Emergency Medical Services Information System

Background The national incidence and characteristics of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States is unclear. We sought to describe the national characteristics of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest reported in the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS). Methods We used 2016 NEMSIS data, consisting of most emergency medical services (EMS) responses from 46 states and territories. We limited the analysis to adult (age ≥18 years) emergency "9-1-1" events. We defined out-of-hospital cardiac arrest as: (1) patient condition reported as cardiac arrest, (2) EMS reported attempted resuscitation of cardiac arrest, (3) EMS performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), or (4) EMS performance of defibrillation. We determined the incidence of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest among EMS responses. We also determined patient demographics (age, sex, race, ethnicity, location, US census region, and urbanicity), response characteristics (dispatch complaint and elapsed time) and clinical interventions (medications and procedures) of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. We analyzed the data using descriptive techniques, calculating binomial proportions with exact 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Among 18,679,873 adult 9-1-1 responses, there were 224,992 with patient condition cardiac arrest, 344,274 with EMS-reported attempted cardiac arrest resuscitation, 149,775 with EMS performance of CPR, and 185,388 cases with EMS performance of defibrillation, resulting in a total of 574,824 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (incidence 30.8 per 1000 EMS 9-1-1 responses, 95% CI = 30.69-30.85). Among identified out-of-hospital cardiac arrest responses, most involved patients who were older (mean = 62.4 ± 20.1 years). Most out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occurred at home (58.8%), in the South census region (65.4%), and in urban settings (79.8%). The most commonly reported medications used in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were: epinephrine (22.5%), amiodarone (2.9%), sodium bicarbonate (6.2%), glucose (3.0%), and naloxone (5.1%). Commonly reported procedures included CPR (26.1%), orotracheal intubation (14.2%), bag-valve-mask ventilation (10.1%), manual defibrillation (29.3%) and automated external defibrillation (5.6%). Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest EMS treatment times were: elapsed response time (median = 7 minutes [interquartile range (IQR) = 5-10]), scene time (median = 17 minutes [IQR = 12-25]), and elapsed transport time (median = 11 minutes [IQR = 6-17]). Conclusions Using information available in the 2016 NEMSIS data, we estimate that there were over 570,000 reported adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the United States. These results highlight the challenges of characterizing the epidemiology of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States.
Optimal UAV Positioning for a Temporary Network Using an Iterative Genetic Algorithm

Efficient arrangement of UAVs in a swarm formation is essential to the functioning of the swarm as a temporary communication network. Such a network could assist in search and rescue efforts by providing first responders with a means of communication. We propose a user-friendly and effective system for calculating and visualizing an optimal layout of UAVs. An initial calculation to gather parameter information is followed by the proposed algorithm that generates an optimal solution. A visualization is displayed in an easy-to-comprehend manner after the proposed iterative genetic algorithm finds an optimal solution. The proposed system runs iteratively, adding UAV at each intermediate conclusion, until a solution is found. Information is passed between runs of the iterative genetic algorithm to reduce runtime and complexity. The results from testing show that the proposed algorithm yields optimal solutions more frequently than the k-means clustering algorithm. This system finds an optimal solution 80% of the time while k-means clustering is unable to find a solution when presented with a complex problem.
Surgical management of a massive choledochal cyst.

Choledochal cysts (CC) are congenital bile duct anomalies, typically present in children. The size of CC vary, but they rarely exceed 9 cm. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment. This case report presents 18-year-old female with jaundice and abdominal pain. On imaging she was found to have a type I CC versus a type IVa CC. She was taken to the operating room where she was found to have a 20 cm type I CC. The patient experienced complete recovery after total resection of the extrahepatic cyst with reconstruction with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Preoperative diagnosis of the type of CCs can be challenging. Proper imaging preoperatively can aid in diagnosis of these cysts, but delineation of anatomy and type may not always be possible. If treated in a timely manner, it can help prevent both long- and short-term complications.
High turnover for ambulatory orthopedic surgery.

Purpose of review The trend in the perioperative management of patients having orthopedic surgery in the ambulatory setting emphasizes time-efficiency and rapid turnovers. Anesthetic techniques and management continue to evolve to increase efficiency and decrease time spent in recovery. Recent findings Minimizing time patients spend in phase 1 recovery or bypassing phase 1 altogether, known as fast-tracking, has become an important goal in containing costs in high turnover, ambulatory settings. Anesthetic techniques, particularly implementation of regional anesthesia and multimodal analgesia, have evolved to maximize efficiency. Summary Anesthetic goals in the setting of high-turnover orthopedic surgery include effective multimodal analgesia, decreasing monotherapy with opioids, and patient education. Regional anesthesia as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen is increasingly used in ambulatory surgery fast-tracking protocols.
Health Effects of E-Cigarettes and Other Vaping Devices on Non-users

Although electronic cigarettes and other vaping devices are an emerging exposure, accumulating evidence suggests that secondhand exposure to their emissions is not benign. Secondhand exposures may be more problematic in developing fetuses and growing children, with potentially life-long effects. Still, many of the potential long-term risks of secondhand exposure, such as cardiovascular disease and malignancy, remain unknown, due to the frequently long lag time necessary to develop such complications. In this chapter, we discuss the science behind secondhand exposures to electronic cigarettes and other vaping devices, groups experiencing secondhand exposure, effects on various organ systems, regulations protecting non-users, non-inhalational exposures, and the potential for thirdhand exposure.
Demonstrating Equitable and Inclusive Crisis Leadership in Higher Education

Academic leadership faces tremendous pressure to build sustainable environments that demonstrate a commitment to the principles of inclusive excellence. Currently, the convergence of dual global crises—the COVID-19 pandemic and reckoning of systemic violence and racism toward individuals from historically marginalized and oppressed groups—has led to prioritizing impactful inclusive excellence leadership processes that address justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion. However, too often, in times of crisis, the strategic prioritizing and, more importantly, allocation of resources to support inclusive excellence initiatives are seen as secondary, tangential, or nonessential to the core operational mission of academic units. In this article, the authors discuss the unique realities, challenges, and opportunities academic leaders face when leading an equitable and inclusive academic workplace and culture during and after a crisis. The authors provide fundamental inclusive excellence and justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion terminology and definitions. In addition, the authors provide attributes, behaviors, and action steps for demonstrating equitable and inclusive crisis leadership.
An evaluation of integer programming models for restaurant reservations

A notable difference in rooms (hotel) revenue management reservations versus table (restaurant) revenue management (TRM) reservations is the variation that occurs in duration. In the hotel setting, durations are explicit in the reservation itself: a stay of a specified number of nights. In restaurants, by contrast, there is a natural variation in the amount of time parties are at the table. This duration variation presents interesting challenges to TRM. Dealing with these challenges is our goal in the article. Specifically, we introduce and evaluate 10 different models for restaurant capacity and reservations, five each of two different types. In one type of model, tables are pooled and parties are not explicitly matched to tables; in the other parties are matched to specific tables. The objective is to maximize revenue (or contribution) from known reservation demand. Variables are both the mix of tables in the restaurant and the reservations accepted. An important ancillary goal we have is to evaluate the effectiveness of the models from the perspective of customers, specifically examining whether a table is ready for them at the time of the reservation, an issue of high importance to restaurant patrons. Of the 10 models, seven define a pareto frontier between revenue and service; of those seven, five are pooling models. We use this frontier to offer advice to restaurateurs looking to better manage reservations.
Multiple Determinants of a Stigmatized Speech Style: Women's Language, Powerless Language, or Everyone's Language?.

Previous research identifies a number of factors associated with a socially stigmatized speech style known initially as "women's language" and subsequently as "powerless language." This study exami...
Auction design with fairness concerns: Subsidies vs. set-asides

Government procurement and allocation programs often use subsidies and set-asides favoring small businesses and other target groups to address fairness concerns. These concerns are in addition to standard objectives such as efficiency and revenue. We study the design of the optimal mechanism for a seller concerned with efficiency, subject to a constraint to favor a target group. In our model, buyers' private values are determined by costly pre-auction investment. If the constraint is distributional, i.e. to guarantee that the target group wins `sufficiently often', then the constrained efficient mechanism is a flat subsidy. This is consistent with findings in the empirical literature. In contrast, if the constraint is to ensure a certain investment level by the target group, the optimal mechanism is a type dependent subsidy. In this case a set aside may be better than a flat or percentage subsidy.
A Protocol Layer Survey of Network Security

It is difficult to estimate how much more the Internet will impact modern society. The use of this ubiquitous computing and communication platform to provide instant worldwide communication, increase business productivity, create more effective markets, and overcome geographical boundaries, is only now starting to be fully appreciated. Unfortunately, all of the benefits mentioned above, and the potential for any future benefits, are at risk of being lost due to security vulnerabilities. Cybercriminals and cyberterrorists, including both state-sponsored and individual, are attacking computing and networking systems at an increasing rate. And all individuals, corporations and governments who utilize these systems are at risk. This chapter provides a survey of this electronic information battlefield. This survey differs from others in that it presents common categories of attacks from the perspective of the TCP/IP protocol stack layers. By presenting categories of attacks by protocol layer, one may focus on the nature of the vulnerabilities, rather than become mired in the minutiae. After presenting categories of attacks, an overview of the techniques that has been created to defend against the various attack categories is presented.
Compositional Modeling in Metropolis

METROPOLIS is an environment for the design of heterogeneous embedded systems. The framework is based on a general system representation called the METROPOLIS meta-model. This model forms the backbone of the software system and is used to integrate a variety of analysis and synthesis tools. Compositional modeling is a powerful method for assembling components so that their composition satisfies a set of given properties thus making the verification problem much simpler to solve. We use the meta-model to integrate the PROMETHEUS tool in METROPOLIS for supporting compositional modeling and verification of METROPOLIS specifications and present a first set of results on a nontrivial example, a micro-kernel real-time operating system, TinyOS.
Natural history of S-adenosylmethionine-binding proteins

S-adenosylmethionine is a source of diverse chemical groups used in biosynthesis and modification of virtually every class of biomolecules. The most notable reaction requiring S-adenosylmethionine, transfer of methyl group, is performed by a large class of enzymes, S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases, which have been the focus of considerable structure-function studies. Evolutionary trajectories of these enzymes, and especially of other classes of S-adenosylmethionine-binding proteins, nevertheless, remain poorly understood. We addressed this issue by computational comparison of sequences and structures of various S-adenosylmethionine-binding proteins. Two widespread folds, Rossmann fold and TIM barrel, have been repeatedly used in evolution for diverse types of S-adenosylmethionine conversion. There were also cases of recruitment of other relatively common folds for S-adenosylmethionine binding. Several classes of proteins have unique unrelated folds, specialized for just one type of chemistry and unified by the theme of internal domain duplications. In several cases, functional divergence is evident, when evolutionarily related enzymes have changed the mode of binding and the type of chemical transformation of S-adenosylmethionine. There are also instances of functional convergence, when biochemically similar processes are performed by drastically different classes of S-adenosylmethionine-binding proteins. Comparison of remote sequence similarities and analysis of phyletic patterns suggests that the last universal common ancestor of cellular life had between 10 and 20 S-adenosylmethionine-binding proteins from at least 5 fold classes, providing for S-adenosylmethionine formation, polyamine biosynthesis, and methylation of several substrates, including nucleic acids and peptide chain release factor. We have observed several novel relationships between families that were not known to be related before, and defined 15 large superfamilies of SAM-binding proteins, at least 5 of which may have been represented in the last common ancestor.
Load balancing from a Unix shell

A local area network of workstations often has a number of idle workstations that could be used to lower the load of active workstations. Widely used operating systems, such as Unix, often have the capability of remotely executing a program, but no automatic load balancing facilities. The authors report on a low-cost solution to workstation load redistribution by allowing the shell to select an alternate host for command execution. >
Wavelet transform and frequency domain kurtosis: application to assessment of hearing hazard from noise exposure

Research on the effects of noise on the auditory system has shown that the frequency domain kurtosis (FDK) statistic could be a useful metric in quantifying a noise environment for hearing conservation purposes. Joint time-frequency analytical methods used in signal processing may be of use in the extraction of such information from an exposure environment characterized by nonstationary signals. This paper shows that the FDK metric can be efficiently computed by applying the wavelet transform to the analysis of an acoustic signal.
Explanatory Power and Statistical Significance

Summary Very little explanatory power is required in order for regressions to exhibit statistical significance. This article discusses some of the causes and implications.
Attempts to fabricate thick HgPb1223 superconducting films on silver

Abstract The influence of the silver interface on the formation and growth of Hg 0.8 Pb 0.2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O y (HgPb1223) superconductor was studied using dip-coated films. The formation of even small amounts of BaCO 3 or (Ba,Ca)PbO 4 during the heat treatment of dip-coated PbBaCaCuO precursor films inhibits their conversion to HgPb1223 in the following reaction with mercury. The heat treated precursor films were reacted in sealed tubes using CaHgO 2 as the mercury source. The temperature window for the processing of thick HgPb1223 films on silver is very narrow due to the lowering of melting temperature of silver to 765°C after extensive amalgamation during the reaction. The HgPb1223 films reacted at 2–3°C below the melting temperature exhibited optimum superconducting transition temperature of 135 K. The silver interface was shown to have a positive influence in lowering the reaction temperature and promoting grain growth. The superconducting layer at the silver interface had superior texture and magnetization hysteresis compared to that of the surface.
A single-vial analytical and quantitative gas chromatography–mass spectrometry assay for terpene synthases

A quantitative assay for the analysis of sesquiterpene synthases, wherein each reaction mixture is formulated in glass gas chromatography vials, overlaid with organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, and subsequently vortexed to extract hydrocarbon reaction products into the organic phase after a suitable incubation period, was developed. The product-enriched organic phase is then sampled in an automated fashion and injected directly into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer without further workup for analysis and quantification of hydrocarbon products. Application of the vial assay to the analysis of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a sesquiterpene synthase, demonstrated the sensitivity of the assay for detection of major and minor reaction products and most notably for the identification of several sesquiterpene products that had escaped previous detection. A steady-state kinetic analysis of tobacco 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS), another sesquiterpene synthase, validated the quantitative nature of the assay, providing an alternative means to the established method of using radiolabeled substrate, extraction, and scintillation counting. This simplified assay provides a standardized method to facilitate analysis of terpene synthases and diverse mutant enzyme libraries by supplanting the common practice of using larger scale reactions, multiple extractions, and evaporative concentration of the organic phase prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
The development of some procedures for the assessment of risk.

(1968). The Development of some Procedures for the Assessment of Risk. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 21-32.
Cone emission from laser-pumped two-level atoms. II: Analytical model studies

We establish a mechanism, which supports Cherenkov-type radiation, as a source of cone emission. This can be considered as an additional mechanism to the previously discussed four-wave mixing (4WM) and initial encoding and follow-up refraction effects. The radiation source is provided by spontaneous emission of the driven atoms at the frequencies of interest. Due to the medium dispersion, the pump field propagates faster than the phase velocity of the field that is generated at the Rabi sideband at lower frequency. Cherenkov radiation is then possible if the source has a long correlation length, which is indeed the case despite the random nature of spontaneous emission. Coherent superposition of the source for the lower-frequency field is in an off-axis direction given by the Cherenkov radiation condition. Differences between 4WM and Cherenkov-type models are consequently resolved.
A computational framework for topographies of cortical areas

Self-organizing feature maps (SOFMs) represent a dimensionality-reduction algorithm that has been used to replicate feature topographies observed experimentally in primary visual cortex (V1). We used the SOFM algorithm to model possible topographies of generic sensory cortical areas containing up to five arbitrary physiological features. This study explored the conditions under which these multi-feature SOFMs contained two features that were mapped monotonically and aligned orthogonally with one another (i.e., “globally orthogonal”, as well as the conditions under which the map of one feature aligned with the longest anatomical dimension of the modeled cortical area (i.e., “dominant”. In a single SOFM with more than two features, we never observed more than one dominant feature, nor did we observe two globally orthogonal features in the same map in which a dominant feature occurred. Whether dominance or global orthogonality occurred depended upon how heavily weighted the features were relative to one another. The most heavily weighted features are likely to correspond to those physical stimulus properties transduced directly by the sensory epithelium of a particular sensory modality. Our results imply, therefore, that in the primary cortical area of sensory modalities with a two-dimensional sensory epithelium, these two features are likely to be organized globally orthogonally to one another, and neither feature is likely to be dominant. In the primary cortical area of sensory modalities with a one-dimensional sensory epithelium, however, this feature is likely to be dominant, and no two features are likely to be organized globally orthogonally to one another. Because the auditory system transduces a single stimulus feature (i.e., frequency) along the entire length of the cochlea, these findings may have particular relevance for topographic maps of primary auditory cortex.
Conservation Tillage and Herbicide Management for Two Peanut Cultivars

To reduce production costs and soil erosion and aid in management of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) farmers in Florida are converting to conservation tillage systems. A split-split plot experiment with six replications was conducted over 2 yr to evaluate pod yield and grass control from five tillage systems, two peanut cultivars ('Georgia Green' and 'Andru 93'), and two postemergence herbicide programs (paraquat plus acifluorfen plus bentazon and imazapic). Peanut planted into rye (Secale cereale L.) with strip-till management yielded (5280 to 5480 kg ha - 1 ) similar to those in conventional tillage (5140 kg ha - 1 ). Georgia Green (5500 kg ha - 1 ) yielded higher than Andru 93 (5100 kg ha - 1 ). Yields were greater for paraquat plus acifluorfen plus bentazon than for imazapic in 1999, but gross value was equivalent. Yields and gross value were higher for imazapic in 2000. Grass weeds included fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.), Texas panicum (Panicum texanum L.), and large crabgrass [Digitana sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], which were controlled more effectively with imazapic both years (18% greater control in 1999 and 52% greater control in 2000). The difference in yields between herbicide treatments for the 2 yr is attributed to replanting and drastically lower levels of grass control in 2000. These results support the claim that reduced tillage systems, with proper cultivar and herbicide selection, provide advantages over conventional tillage systems.
Material-smart analysis of textile-reinforced structures

Abstract A methodology of the material-smart structural analysis proposed in this paper links micromechanical modelling of a complex fibrous reinforcement to a three-dimensional analysis of a structural part. The geometry of the reinforcing textile varies throughout the entire volume of a part, thus its stiffness characteristics are dependent on the spatial coordinates. The methodology addresses this by determining elastic properties of the textile composite in a local region (a ‘meso-volume’) through a processing science model. The ‘global’ structural analysis incorporates a variational formulation of the three-dimensional elasticity problem for an inhomogeneous anisotropic body, a division of the body into meso-volumes having individual elastic properties, further partition of each meso-volume into sub-elements, and application of special deficient spline functions for a local approximation of displacements with respect to all three coordinates. All the necessary external and internal boundary conditions can be satisfied with any prescribed accuracy in the proposed numerical procedure. Several numerical examples for woven and braided composite plates are considered to illustrate the applicability of the methodology and the calculational procedure.