cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disruption of medial septum and diagonal bands of Broca cholinergic projections to the ventral hippocampus disrupt auditory fear memory

In classical fear conditioning, a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US), which leads to a fear memory. If the CS is repeatedly presented without the US after fear conditioning, the formation of an extinction memory occurs, which inhibits fear memory expression. A previous study has demonstrated that selective cholinergic lesions in the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal bands of Broca (MS/vDBB) prior to fear and extinction learning disrupt contextual fear memory discrimination and acquisition of extinction memory. MS/vDBB cholinergic neurons project to a number of substrates that are critical for fear and extinction memory. However, it is currently unknown which of these efferent projections are critical for contextual fear memory discrimination and extinction memory. To address this, we induced cholinergic lesions in efferent targets of MS/vDBB cholinergic neurons. These included the dorsal hippocampus (dHipp), ventral hippocampus (vHipp), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and in the mPFC and dHipp combined. None of these lesion groups exhibited deficits in contextual fear memory discrimination or extinction memory. However, vHipp cholinergic lesions disrupted auditory fear memory. Because MS/vDBB cholinergic neurons are the sole source of acetylcholine in the vHipp, these results suggest that MS/vDBB cholinergic input to the vHipp is critical for auditory fear memory. Taken together with previous findings, the results of this study suggest that MS/vDBB cholinergic neurons are critical for fear and extinction memory, though further research is needed to elucidate the role of MS/vDBB cholinergic neurons in these types of emotional memory.
Genetics and Genetic Counseling Related Issues

One would hope that there would be few emergencies related to genetic testing for movement disorders, but we have reviewed below several situations that qualify, including perception of urgency around testing, family conflicts and psychosocial complications related to testing, and problems related to misunderstanding of genetic facts. The physician can minimize the potential for genetic emergencies through proper education of, and support for, patients and their families. The judicious use of genetics specialists, such as genetic counselors, is an invaluable asset to the neurologist.
The adult after kawasaki disease the risks for late coronary events.

Under what circumstances should a transient childhood illness be considered a lifelong potential cardiac risk factor? Do all patients who have had Kawasaki disease (KD) require special follow-up, intermittent cardiac testing, and preventive measures beyond the American Heart Association (AHA)
Use of research-based practices by oncology staff nurses.

Purpose/objectives To determine the extent to which oncology staff nurses adopted eight specific research-based practices and the impact of demographic and resource factors on adoption of these practices. Design Cross-sectional mail survey. Setting National. Sample 1,100. Methods Network sampling techniques: 2,000 Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) staff nurses were randomly and proportionally selected from seven practice setting categories; each ONS nurse was asked to recruit a non-ONS staff nurse colleague. Both groups completed the Oncology Nursing Practice Questionnaire, which measures adoption of eight research-based practices. Main research variables Extent of adoption, including awareness, persuasion, and implementation of eight specific practices; nurse demographics; and work-related resources. Findings Awareness was high, with 53%-96% of nurses reporting awareness of the eight practices. Overall, 28% were aware of all practices while 10% were aware of half or fewer. Less-aware nurses differed from other nurses in demographics and resources. Computed "extent of adoption" scores showed that almost 90% of aware nurses used seven of the practices at least sometimes. Conclusions Oncology staff nurses with awareness of a practice were implementing the practice in their organization. Implications for nursing practice The findings establish a need for developing educational programs to enhance awareness of specific practices and to creatively reach nurses who are unlikely to seek programs outside their employing agencies.
IL-1β Stimulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Production in Eutopic Endometriosis Stromal Cell Cultures: A Model for Cytokine Regulation of Neuroangiogenesis.

Endometriosis implants are comprised of glandular and stromal elements, macrophages, nerves, and blood vessels and are commonly accompanied by pelvic pain. We propose that activated macrophages are recruited to and infiltrate nascent lesions, where they secrete proinflammatory cytokines, promoting the production of chemokines, neurotrophins, and angiogenic growth factors that sustain an inflammatory microenvironment. Immunohistochemical evaluation of endometriosis lesions reveals in situ colocalization of concentrated macrophages, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve fibers. These observations were coupled with biochemical analyses of primary eutopic endometriosis stromal cell (EESC) cultures, which allowed defining potential pathways leading to the neuroangiogenic phenotype of these lesions. Our findings indicate that IL-1β potently (EC50 = 7 ± 2 ng/mL) stimulates production of EESC BDNF at the mRNA and protein levels in an IL-1 receptor-dependent fashion. Selective kinase inhibitors demonstrate that this IL-1β effect is mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), NF-κB, and mechanistic target of rapamycin signal transduction pathways. IL-1β regulation of regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), a prominent EESC chemokine, also relies on JNK and NF-κB. An important clinical implication of the study is that interference with BDNF and RANTES production, by selectively targeting the JNK and NF-κB cascades, may offer a tractable therapeutic strategy to mitigate the pain and inflammation associated with endometriosis.
Tamara McClintock Greenberg, Psychodynamic Perspectives on Aging and Illness

The second edition of Psychodynamic Perspectives on Aging and Illness provides a new paradigm for those working with older and/or medically ill adults, using, and adapting psychoanalytic techniques...
Adjoints of Composition Operators with Linear Fractional Symbols on the Dirichlet Space of the Disk or the Ball

In this paper, we discuss the relationship between the adjoints of linear fractional composition operators with respect to two equivalent norms on the Dirichlet space of the disk or the ball. We give a simple and insightful connection between these two norms using the backward shift and the Volterra integration operator. More explicit formulas for the adjoints of linear factional composition operators on the Dirichlet space of the disk or the ball are obtained.
Strain-level identification of bacterial tomato pathogens directly from metagenomic sequences

Abstract Routine strain-level identification of plant pathogens directly from symptomatic tissue could significantly improve plant disease control and prevention. Here we tested the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION™ sequencer for metagenomic sequencing of tomato plants either artificially inoculated with a known strain of the bacterial speck pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto), or collected in the field and showing bacterial spot symptoms caused by either one of four Xanthomonas species. After species-level identification using ONT’s WIMP software and the third party tools Sourmash and MetaMaps, we used Sourmash and MetaMaps with a custom database of representative genomes of bacterial tomato pathogens to attempt strain-level identification. In parallel, each metagenome was assembled and the longest contigs were used as query with the genome-based microbial identification Web service LINbase. Both the read-based and assembly-based approaches correctly identified Pto strain T1 in the artificially inoculated samples. The pathogen strain in most field samples was identified as a member of Xanthomonas perforans group 2. This result was confirmed by whole genome sequencing of colonies isolated from one of the samples. Although in our case, metagenome-based pathogen identification at the strain-level was achieved, caution still needs to be exerted when interpreting strain-level results because of the challenges inherent to assigning reads to specific strains and the error rate of nanopore sequencing.
Transform Role Modeling Into SUPERmodeling.

* Abbreviation: SUPER — : increasing self-awareness, helping the unconscious become conscious, plan debriefing, and encourage reflection Role modeling is the process by which a learner observes a clinical teacher to develop and refine his or her practice. Compared to other learning methods, role modeling is inherently student driven and may occur with or without the clinical teacher’s awareness.1,2 Perhaps this is why learners often experience poor role modeling behaviors,2 and clinician teachers struggle to identify role modeling opportunities.3 Although role modeling is traditionally considered a passive or implicit learning method, newer evidence suggests clinical teachers can transform the role modeling process into a more explicit teaching method to enhance the development of their leaners.2,4 Clinical teachers serve a critical role in shaping attitudes and behaviors of future generations of physicians. Role modeling can be effectively used to teach challenging clinical skills such as verbal and nonverbal communication, humanism, professionalism, and teamwork.1 Role modeling may also be the most effective and efficient learning method in busy clinical environments or when a patient care task is beyond the learner’s current clinical abilities.5 A learner’s observations of the clinician teacher’s behaviors may influence his or her professional development and career decisions.5,6 Unfortunately, not all experiences are positive. Learners commonly witness unprofessional behavior and report difficulty identifying positive role models.7 Furthermore, learners may perceive observation experiences as … Address correspondence to Nicholas M. Potisek, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. E-mail: npotisek{at}wakehealth.edu
A mobile telehealth program for behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence in women veterans: Development and pilot evaluation of MyHealtheBladder

Aim To develop and pilot test an interactive mobile telehealth program (mHealth) for behavioral treatment of women veterans with urinary incontinence (UI). Methods We developed an evidence-based 8-week behavioral mHealth program, MyHealtheBladder, with input from women veterans, behavioral medicine and health education experts, and clinical providers treating UI in the VA system. The program was story-based and included pelvic floor muscle exercises, bladder control strategies, fluid management, risk factor reduction, and self-monitoring. Participants were women veterans seeking outpatient treatment for UI occurring at least twice weekly. The primary efficacy estimate was the change in UI frequency, volume and impact on the quality of life as measured by the validated International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF; range: 0-21, 2.5 points for minimal clinically important difference [MCID]). Results We enrolled 29 women veterans (ages 29-77 years; mean = 54.4 ± 10.4), including 15 (52%) African-American women, 13 (45%) women with high school education, and 16 (55%) with a college degree. Twenty of 29 women (69%) completed all 8 weeks of the intervention with a 97% adherence rate to the daily sessions among completers. We found reductions in ICIQ-SF scores from a mean 12.6 ± 3.9 at baseline to 10.4 ± 4.11 at 5 weeks, to 8.7 ± 4.0 at the end of the 8-week intervention. Conclusions Women veterans using an 8-week behavioral mHealth program for the treatment of UI had symptom improvements that exceeded the MCID for the ICIQ-SF. Our next step involves comparing the effectiveness of MyHealtheBladder to usual care in a larger clinical trial.
Report on the Thirty-Fifth Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference (SFTIC 2019)

The 35th biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference (SFTIC) was held on the 4th and 5th day of June 2019, in Lexington, KY, USA. The theme of the conference was “Genetics and improvement of forest health and productivity”. Plenary speakers detailed significant progress in understanding forest tree genomes, identifying candidate genes for disease resistance and tree architecture traits and utilizing both genomic selection and genetic modification to advance forest health and productivity. Concurrent and general technical sessions provided additional evidence of progress in these areas as well as information on seed zone development for the eastern USA and species prioritization for conservation and restoration programs, in addition to advanced genome-assisted selection and breeding methods and programs in species of commercial interest including pines and eucalyptus. An interactive poster session provided each poster presenter an opportunity to speak in front of a general session audience and to take Q&A in a traditional poster session format. Pre-conference workshops and a post-conference field tour rounded out the 35th SFTIC with 88 registered for the conference, more than 60 participating in workshops and 33 attending the field tour. The conference program and proceedings are accessible through the SFTIC web site at http://www.sftic.org.
Quantitative 3D structural analysis of the cellular microstructure of sea urchin spines (II): Large-volume structural analysis

Biological cellular materials have been a valuable source of inspiration for the design of lightweight engineering structures. In this process, a quantitative understanding of the biological cellular materials from the individual branch and node level to the global network level in 3D is required. Here we adopt a multiscale cellular network analysis workflow demonstrated in the first paper of this work series to analyze the biomineralized porous structure of sea urchin spines from the species Heterocentrotus mamillatus over a large volume (ca. 0.32mm3). A comprehensive set of structural descriptors is utilized to quantitatively delineate the long-range microstructural variation from the spine center to the edge region. Our analysis shows that the branches gradually elongate (~50% increase) and thicken (~100% increase) from the spine center to edge, which dictates the spatial variation of relative density (from ~12% to ~40%). The branch morphology and network organization patterns also vary gradually with their positions and orientations. Additionally, the analysis of the cellular network of individual septa provides the interconnection characteristics between adjacent septa, which are the primary structural motifs used for the construction of the cellular structure in the edge region. Lastly, combining the extracted long-range cellular network and finite element simulations allows us to efficiently examine the spatial and orientational dependence of local effective Young's modulus across the spine's radius. The structural-mechanical analysis here sheds light on the structural designs of H. mamillatus' porous spines, which could provide important insights for the design and modeling of lightweight yet strong and damage-tolerant cellular materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Previous investigations on the cellular structures of sea urchin spines have been mainly based on 2D measurements or 3D quantification of small volumes with limited structural parameters. This limits our understanding of the interplay between the 3D microstructural variations and the mechanical properties in sea urchin spines, which hence constrains the derivation of the underlying principles for bio-inspired designs. This work utilizes our multiscale 3D network analysis, for the first time, to quantify the 3D cellular network and its variation across large volumes in sea urchin spines from individual branch and node level to the cellular network level. The network analysis demonstrated here is expected to be of great interest to the fields of biomineralization, functional biological materials, and bio-inspired material design.
Impacts of substitution of canola meal with soybean meal, with and without ruminally protected methionine, on production, reproduction and health of early lactation multiparous Holstein cows through 160 days in milk

Abstract Efficient production by dairy cows depends on optimal protein nutrition. Canola meal (CM) and dried corn distillers’ grains (DDGS) have been primary protein meals on Western USA dairies for >10 years, but a lower relative price of soybean meal (SBM) has created interest in how best to include it in diets containing CM and DDGS. Pens of ∼315 multiparous early lactation cows were fed rations with 145 g/kg CM and 0 g/kg SBM or 65 g/kg CM and 65 g/kg SBM of dry matter (DM). A methionine (Met) diet (SBM+M) was created by addition of ruminally protected Met to deliver ∼4.6 g of absorbable Met/cow/day. Body condition (BCS) was scored, and milk yields recorded for 5 months after treatment assignment at 13.2 ± 0.11 days in milk (DIM). Blood serum was collected for progesterone (P4), E2 and amino acid (AA) analyses, 24 h prior to 1st and 2nd artificial insemination (AI). The DM intake was unaffected by treatment, but milk yield and components had treatment*DIM interactions which indicated CM cows outperformed SBM cows at earlier DIM. The SBM+M cows produced more milk and milk protein than SBM cows, but at earlier DIM, while SBM+M cows produced more milk fat than SBM cows at later DIM. Rumen microbial protein (MCP) outflow was lower when SBM replaced CM, and MCP was lower in later lactation (i.e., 109 versus 51 DIM). Cows culled for clinical mastitis, lameness and physical injury were not treatment impacted. No aspect of 1st or 2nd AI pregnancy was treatment impacted with an overall 1st AI pregnancy rate of 52/100 cows. The E2 levels in serum collected 24 h prior to 1st AI were unimpacted by treatment or subsequent pregnancy outcome. However, E2 levels were lower in cows open at 32 days post 2nd AI compared to those pregnant. Substituting SBM for CM reduced performance in spite of no apparent Met limitation, with a likelihood that it was metabolizable protein which limited, primarily due to lower MCP outflow. Addition of Met to the SBM diet resulted in improvements, especially to milk protein content and yield, but not to the levels of the cows fed the CM ration. If phyto-estrogens in SBM interfered with E2 and P4 metabolism, it did not occur at a level which impacted pregnancy outcomes, suggesting it is of little concern to dairy farmers when fed to early lactation dairy cows, at least at this feeding level.
ETFs’ high overnight returns: The early liquidity provider gets the worm

Abstract I examine the extent to which exchange-traded funds’ (ETFs) unusually high overnight returns are distorted by market microstructure effects; specifically, positive order imbalances and overnight increases in bid-ask spreads. Introducing a model that isolates these effects, I show that they artificially increase ETFs’ overnight returns by an average of over 6% annually. I find that the ETF market is prone to these distortions because its rapid growth is accompanied by order imbalances exceeding 10%. I provide detailed intraday statistics on order imbalances and spreads, and an example of an overnight investment strategy selecting ETFs susceptible to overnight biases.
Unsupervised Mitral Valve Tracking for Disease Detection in Echocardiogram Videos

In this work, a novel algorithmic scheme is developed that processes echocardiogram videos, and tracks the movement of the mitral valve leaflets, and thereby estimates whether the movement is symptomatic of a healthy or diseased heart. This algorithm uses automatic Otsu's thresholding to find a closed boundary around the left atrium, with the basic presumption that it is situated in the bottom right corner of the apical 4 chamber view. A centroid is calculated, and protruding prongs are taken within a 40-degree cone above the centroid, where the mitral valve is located. Binary images are obtained from the videos where the mitral valve leaflets have different pixel values than the cavity of the left atrium. Thus, the points where the prongs touch the valve will show where the mitral valve leaflets are located. The standard deviation of these points is used to calculate closeness of the leaflets. The estimation of the valve movement across subsequent frames is used to determine if the movement is regular, or affected by heart disease. Tests conducted with numerous videos containing both healthy and diseased hearts attest to our method's efficacy, with a key novelty in being fully unsupervised and computationally efficient.
Region-specific regulation of central histaminergic H3 receptor expression in a mouse model of cow's milk allergy.

Abstract Central histaminergic H3 receptor (H3R) has been extensively investigated as a potential therapeutic target for various neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite promising results in preclinical rodent models, clinical trials have not provided conclusive evidence for the benefit of H3R antagonists to alleviate cognitive and behavioral symptoms of these disorders. Inconsistent pharmacological efficacies may arise from aberrant changes in H3R over time during disease development. Because H3R is involved in feedback inhibition of histamine synthesis and secretion, the expression of the autoreceptor may also be reciprocally regulated by altered histamine levels in a pathological condition. Thus, we investigated H3R expression in a mouse model of cow’s milk allergy, a condition associated with increased histamine levels. Mice were sensitized to bovine whey proteins (WP) over 5 weeks and H3R protein and transcript levels were examined in the brain. Substantially increased H3R immunoreactivity was observed in various brain regions of WP-sensitized mice compared to sham mice. Elevated H3R expression was also found in the thalamic/hypothalamic region. The expression of histaminergic H1, but not H2, receptor subtype was also increased in this and the midbrain regions. Unlike the brain, all three histaminergic receptors were increased in the small intestine. These results indicated that the central histaminergic receptors were altered in WP-sensitized mice in a subtype- and region-specific manner, which likely contributed to behavioral changes we observed in these mice. Our study also suggests that altered levels of H3R could be considered during a pharmacological intervention of a neurological disease.
Toward a Transformative Teacher Education Community

This chapter uses the theoretical framework of critical reflection for transformative learning and the research with prospective teachers, which forms the basis for Chaps. 2 through 6 to propose a new model for teacher education. Building on earlier ideas of community-oriented teacher education, this model for a transformative teacher education community would bring together university-based teacher educators and prospective teachers with mentor teachers, schools, students, parents, and the community to collaboratively prepare and support teachers for educational equity.
Fault Ride-Through Strategy of LCC-MMC Hybrid Multi-Terminal UHVDC System

This paper investigates a hybrid multi-terminal Ultra-High Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC) transmission system, the rectifier adopts line commutated converter (LCC) and two inverters adopt hybrid modular multilevel converter (MMC). Considering the lack of practical experience in such hybrid UHVDC system, many technical problems remain to be solved. This paper mainly studies the AC fault and DC fault ride-through strategy, which are two crucial threats to the safe operation of hybrid multi-terminal UHVDC system. According to the particularity of hybrid multi-terminal UHVDC, a fault ride-though control strategy is proposed. Simulation and real-time experiment results have demonstrated the feasibility and validity of the proposed strategies. The study results can provide an indispensable technical support to the application of LCC-MMC hybrid multi-terminal UHVDC project.
Health Care Reform and Health Care Stocks: Evidence from the Supreme Court Ruling

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 marked a substantial shift in U.S. health care policy. This paper creates an event study that measures the impact of the law by observing health care firm stocks in the S&P 500 when on June 28, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court very unexpectedly did not overturn key sections of the Affordable Care Act in their landmark ruling on NFIB v. Sebelius. This included upholding the individiual mandate, a provision requiring that Americans maintain a certain level of health insurance or face a monetary penalty. Following the upheaval, the paper finds cumulative average abnormal returns for managed care stocks of -6.7% (-$6.9 bn in total market capitalization). The same metric was -1.2% (-$1.5 bn) for biotechnology companies, +3.2% (+$0.4 bn) for hospitals, +1.9% (+$1.6 bn) for health care services, and +0.5% (+$4.8 bn) for pharmaceutical companies. Health care equipment, distribution, and technology stocks had flat cumulative average abnormal returns over the period.
Suppression of Circadian Timing and Its Impact on the Hippocampus

In this article, I describe the development of the disruptive phase shift (DPS) protocol and its utility for studying how circadian dysfunction impacts memory processing in the hippocampus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the Siberian hamster is a labile circadian pacemaker that is easily rendered arrhythmic (ARR) by a simple manipulation of ambient lighting. The DPS protocol uses room lighting to administer a phase-advancing signal followed by a phase-delaying signal within one circadian cycle to suppress clock gene rhythms in the SCN. The main advantage of this model for inducing arrhythmia is that the DPS protocol is non-invasive; circadian rhythms are eliminated while leaving the animals neurologically and genetically intact. In the area of learning and memory, DPS arrhythmia produces much different results than arrhythmia by surgical ablation of the SCN. As I show, SCN ablation has little to no effect on memory. By contrast, DPS hamsters have an intact, but arrhythmic, SCN which produces severe deficits in memory tasks that are accompanied by fragmentation of electroencephalographic theta oscillations, increased synaptic inhibition in hippocampal circuits, and diminished responsiveness to cholinergic signaling in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The studies reviewed here show that DPS hamsters are a promising model for translational studies of adult onset circadian dysfunction in humans.
Can Deep Neural Networks Predict Data Correlations from Column Names

For humans, it is often possible to predict data correlations from column names. We conduct experiments to find out whether deep neural networks can learn to do the same. If so, e.g., it would open up the possibility of tuning tools that use NLP analysis on schema elements to prioritize their efforts for correlation detection. We analyze correlations for around 120,000 column pairs, taken from around 4,000 data sets. We try to predict correlations, based on column names alone. For predictions, we exploit pre-trained language models, based on the recently proposed Transformer architecture. We consider different types of correlations, multiple prediction methods, and various prediction scenarios. We study the impact of factors such as column name length or the amount of training data on prediction accuracy. Altogether, we find that deep neural networks can predict correlations with a relatively high accuracy in many scenarios (e.g., with an accuracy of 95% for long column names).
One of the things we know that ain't so: Is US labor's share relatively stable?

Abstract Solow (1958) argued that, from 1929 to 1954, US aggregate labor’s share was not stable relative to what we would expect given individual industry labor’s shares. I confirm and extend this result using data from 1958 to 1996 that includes 35 industries (roughly two-digit SIC level) and spans the entire US economy. Changes in industry shares in total value-added are essentially unrelated to aggregate labor’s share movements. Industry labor’s shares comovements contribute positively to aggregate labor’s share movements. These findings give us a clearer perspective on one of the stylized facts of economic growth. If the great macroeconomic ratio is meaningful, it must be interpreted in terms of long-run, offsetting shifts in “services” industries versus “goods” industries, both in terms of their labor’s shares and shares in total value-added. At least at an annual frequency, there is nothing particularly stable about aggregate labor’s share.
The ERDs: Part One – The Social Mission of Catholic Health Care Services:

The Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services (ERDs) exist to guide administrators, providers, and patients regarding the Church’s principles for maintaining human dignity ...
Guest Editorial: Do We Dare Listen?

If we were talking music, we might say that that last 18 months have been like a “mashup.” When done well, a mashup can be a work of art. When DJ Kid Capri brought together Stephanie Mills’ “Someth...
Relative Infinity in Projective De Sitter Spacetime and Its Relation to Proper Time

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a relative infinity for de Sitter spacetime, and presents a similar modification for proper time. A simple spatial example may help to clarify the notion of a relative infinity. The real Mobius plane can be constructed from the real Euclidean plane by adjoining a single point at infinity. This point is assumed to be on all lines, which are then taken to be circles through the point at infinity. The crux of the idea of a relative infinity is the interpretation the “inhabitants” of Mobius plane gives this added point. The chapter also introduces a similar relative infinity for de Sitter spacetime. Such a relative infinity will result from two natural physical assumptions: (1) each observer coordinatizes the events of spacetime of which he is aware as those of ordinary de Sitter spacetime. (2) For events that they have in common, any two observers agree on which pairs of events can be connected by unreflected light signals. The chapter derives an appropriate invariant proper time parameter (to replace the usual proper time parameter that is not invariant under changes of infinity). It also discusses some of the physical implications of relative infinity and the new proper time parameter.
Heroes and Legends of Fin-de-Siècle France: Introduction: The Fin-de-Siècle Cult of Heroes

The French entered World War I with staunch and grim determination in the summer of 1914. Unlike the often-told story of British soldiers, isolated and alienated from king and country, who continued to fight out of loyalty to their comrades in the trenches rather than a belief in national solidarity, French poilus (soldiers), in touch literally and figuratively with the home front, maintained their resolve due to an unshakable faith in the nation. The unity of the French in war, however, belies the fragmented nature of French society during the preceding years, which were marked by political and social conflict. Violent industrial relations, the growth of radical political organizations on both the left and right, along with profound divisions in the body politic born of the Dreyfus Affair – in which a Jewish army officer was falsely accused of treason, culminating in the fiercely divisive separation of church and state in 1905 – all exemplified such disunity. The strong sense of national solidarity among the French during a time of crisis was in large part the result of the fin-de-siecle cult of the hero. Manifesting itself in all areas of national life, especially in the mass press and theater, this heroic cult allowed the French to overcome their differences and rally around the defense of the nation.
Graph Grammar Based Specification of Interconnection Structures for Massively Parallel Computation

Algorithms designed for highly parallel processing often require specific interprocess communication topologies, including vectors, meshes, trees, toruses and cubeconnected structures. Static communication structures are naturally expressed as graphs with regular properties, but this level of abstraction is not supported in current environments. Our approach to programming massively parallel processors involves a graph editor, which allows the programmer to specify communication structures graphically. As a foundation for graph editor operations, we are currently investigating properties of aggregate rewriting graph grammars which rewrite, in parallel, aggregates of nodes whose labels are logically related. We have found these grammars to be efficient in their description of many recursively defined graphs. Languages generated by these grammars can be associated with families of graphs. We also suggest extensions to the formalism that make use of extended labeling information that would be available in graph editors.
Crystalline copolymers of 3‐methyl butene‐1 and alkyl substituted 2,7‐octadienes

Crystalline copolymers of 3-methylbutene and 2,4-dimethyl-2,7-octadiene and 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadiene, respectively, were obtained in yields of 28 40%. The copolymers, which were prepared in n-heptane with ZIEGLER-NATTA catalysts at 25°C. were insoluble in chlorinated organic solvents, had sharp, crystalline melting points and were melt-spun into fibers. Quantitative analysis of the substituted double bond present in these copolymers were made by the bromination reaction and by use of the molar absorptivity of the R′CHCR′′R′′′ unsaturation using the 2,4-dimethyl-2,7-octadiene polymer as reference. The Chemical structure of these copolymers has been documented by their X-ray diagrams and infrared spectra. Kristalline Copolymere von 3-Methylbuten mit 2,4-Dimethyl-2,7-octadien oder 2,6-Dimethyl-2,7-octadien wurden mit 28–40-proz. Umsatz hergestellt. Die bei einer Temperatur von 25°C in n-Heptan mit ZIEGLER-NATTA-Katalysatoren hergestellten Copolymeren sind in chlorierten organischen Losungsmitteln unloslich, besitzen scharfe kristalline Schmelzpunkte und wurden aus der Schmelze in Fasern versponnen. Die quantitative Analyse der substituierten Doppelbindung in diesen Copolymeren wurde mit Hilfe der Bromierungsreaktion und durch Messung der molaren Absorption der R′CHCR′′R′′′-Doppelbindung im Vergleich mit 2,6-Dimethyl-2,7-octadien durchgefuhrt. Die chemische Struktur der Copolymeren wird mit Hilfe von Rontgendiagrammen und IR-Spektren aufgeklart.
Student Strategies for Learning Programming from a Computational Environment

This paper discusses the design and evaluation of a hypertext-based environment that presents instructional material on programming in Lisp. The design of the environment was motivated by results from studies investigating students' strategies for knowledge acquisition. The effectiveness of the design was evaluated by conducting a study that contrasted how subjects used and learned from the instructional environment compared to subjects using more standard, structured, linear instruction. The results showed an interesting ability by environment interaction: the higher ability subjects using the hypertext environment improved and made significantly less errors when programming new concepts while the lower ability subjects did not improve and made more errors. Meanwhile, subjects using the control environment did not show this ability-based difference. These results have implications for the design of intelligent tutoring systems. They affect decisions involving the amount of learner control that is provided to students and the way student models are constructed.
IMPACT OF REDUCING FEDERAL ORDER CLASS I DIFFERENTIAL ON REPRESENTATIVE TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO DAIRY FARMS

The General Accounting Office (GAO) recommended that the USDA substantially reduce or eliminate the extent of price discrimination practiced under federal milk marketing orders. The purpose of this study was to quantify the impacts of alternative means of implementing the GAO proposal on the economic viability of Texas and New Mexico dairy farms. Five dairy farms were simulated for six years under the current dairy policy and five alternative proposals. Results of the analyses indicate that large New Mexico dairies can remain economically viable under all of the alternatives. On the other hand, federal order policy changes would accelerate the loss of equity for moderate size Texas dairy farms.
Hate Speech and National Identity: The Case of the United States and Canada

US-Canadian differences in hate speech regulation represent a puzzle for comparative analysts. Doctrinal and historical approaches provide guidance but cannot explain how Americans justify the toleration of hate speech or Canadians justify its criminalization. To probe deeper, this paper looks at law review articles and book chapters written during the late 1980s and early 1990s, a time when the debate over hate speech was in flux. An examination of references to Canada and the United States in the sample reveals that the participants in the debate over hate speech frequently fall back on national tropes concerning ethnic relations, race relations, and popular attitudes toward the state. These tropes provide starting points for comparative historical research and demonstrate the role that national identity plays in comparative legal analysis.
Direct microscopic observation of lettuce leaf decontamination with a prototype fruit and vegetable washing solution and 1% NaCl-NaHCO3.

Efficacy of a prototype, food-grade alkaline surfactant washing solution and 1% NaCl-NaHCO 3 (pH 10.0) against Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells on lettuce leaves was evaluated. Lettuce was inoculated with 10 9 CFU/ml of E. coli O157:H7 for 24 ± 1 h at 4°C. Samples were rinsed and treated with the prototype washing solution containing lauryl sodium sulfate or NaCl-NaHCO 3 for 3 min at 22°C. Viability of E. coli O157:H7 cells was examined by plate counts at the surface and cut edge, and by confocal scanning microscopic (CSLM) observation of samples stained with Sytox green and Alexa 594 conjugated antibody against E. coli O157:H7 at intact leaf surface, stomata, and damaged tissue (0 to 10, 30 to 40, and 0 to 40 μm from the cut surface). Although both treatments caused significant log reductions in CFU at the surface and cut edge, log reductions were greater for the prototype washing solution (0.7 to 1.1 log CFU/cm 2 ) than for NaCl-NaHCO 3 (0.2 to 0.4 log CFU/cm 2 ) (P 0.05). However, CSLM indicated significantly greater percent viability than plate counts for lettuce treated with the prototype washing solution (P L'efficacite d'une solution de lavage alcaline a usage alimentaire ou de NaCl-NaHCO 3 a 1% (ph=10) sur Escherichia coli O157:H7 a la surface des feuilles de laitue est observee. La viabilite des E.coli est mesuree par comptage des colonies ou par observation des echantillons foliaires en microscopie confocale. L'efficacite des 2 types de produits est comparable, mais l'observation microscopique permet de conclure que la solution de lavage prototype est plus active.
Sliding Skis and Slipping Faults

The mechanisms of earthquakes are a matter of debate, with different models capable of explaining different aspects of the process. In his research commentary, Wiens discusses work reported in the same issue by [ Kanamori et al .][1] in which the authors propose that deep earthquakes occur through melting. As the fault ruptures, a thin layer of molten rock lubricates the sliding surfaces, much as a thin layer of water lubricates ski surfaces on snow. Wiens suggests that the model is best suited to explaining the deepest quakes, including the 1994 Bolivia event. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5352/839
Numerical simulations of electron-beam-heated solar flares

Using time-dependent numerical simulations and Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) observations of a solar flare on 1985 January 23, we examine the ability of an electron-beam-heated model to reproduce the rise phase of a flare as observed in soft X-ray lines of CaXIX. For a spectral index of 6, only models with a low-energy cutoff of 20 keV reproduce the observed peak emission in the CaXIX line complex. None of the models reproduces the temporal behavior of the soft X-ray emission.
Analysis of Network Flow Data

Many networks serve as conduits—either literally or figuratively—for flows , in the sense that they facilitate the movement of something, such as materials, people, or information. For example, transportation networks (e.g., of highways, railways, and airlines) support flows of commodities and people, communication networks allow for the flow of data, and networks of trade relations among nations reflect the flow of capital.
Irradiation-induced microchemical effects and IASCC initiation

Predicted irradiation-induced enrichment of silicon and depletion of chromium at grain boundaries were consistent with measurements of ion irradiated stainless steel grain boundary microchemistries. The calibrated solute drag mechanism for silicon enrichment and the inverse-Kirkendall mechanism for chromium depletion were then used to predict behaviors for neutron irradiation conditions relevant to irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking. A simple crack chemistry model illustrated how irradiation-induced chromium depletion might affect intergranular corrosion as a function of dose. 23 refs., 11 figs.
The impact of direct vertebral body derotation on the lumbar prominence in Lenke Type 5C curves.

Object The thoracic rib hump, caused by axial rotation of the spine, is one of the most dissatisfying cosmetic features associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, advances in instrumentation and surgical techniques, such as direct vertebral body derotation (DVBD), have allowed improved correction in the axial plane and the rib hump. In cases of thoracolumbar/lumbar curves (Lenke Type 5), the lumbar prominence can be equally disfiguring and is often associated with waist asymmetry, another cosmetic concern. Although DVBD has been evaluated in the thoracic spine, little is known about its impact on the lumbar spine. The authors investigated the outcomes of DVBD on the lumbar prominence. Methods A prospectively collected multicenter database was queried for pediatric patients with AIS and Lenke Type 5 curves. All patients who underwent thoracoplasty procedures were excluded. A total of 34 patients underwent surgical correction via a posterior-only approach using pedicle screw constructs....
Adaptive regulation of rigid-link electrically-driven manipulators

This paper considers the position regulation problem for uncertain rigid-link electrically-driven manipulators, and presents an adaptive control strategy as a solution to this problem. The proposed controller is computationally simple, requires virtually no a priori information concerning either the manipulator or actuator models, and ensures semiglobal stability and convergence of the manipulator position error to zero. Experimental results are presented for a Zebra Zero manipulator and demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides a simple and effective means of obtaining high performance position regulation. Additionally, the experiments indicate that accurate trajectory tracking can also be realized with this controller.
Genotypic tolerance to metals as indicated by ethylene production

To grow plants in high-metal environments, we need to be able to identify genotypes resistant to metal toxicity. The amount of ethylene evolved by plants may be one way to determine tolerant genotypes, because ethylene production increases when plants are stressed. Therefore, ethylene emitted by two genotypes of maize (Zeamays L.), one drought-resistant (‘H28’) and one drought-sensitive (‘K731’), was measured to see if ethylene might be an indicator of resistance to metal toxicity. Seedlings were grown for 22 days in nutrient solution with added levels of 1.8 mg L−1 Cd, 3.2 mg L−1 Cu, or 7.7 mg L−1 Zn. Throughout the experiment, H28 grew taller and had a higher shoot dry weight than K731. H28 emitted more ethylene than K731 under all treatments. K731 accumulated more Cd, Cu, and Zn than H28, when the two genotypes were grown with the elevated levels of the metals. Thus, with metal stress, a drought-resistant genotype of maize evolved more ethylene, grew larger, and accumulated less Cd, Cu, and Zn than a drought-sensitive genotype. The results suggested that genotypes that emit more ethylene may be more resistant to heavy metals than those that emit less ethylene.
Resource management for extensible Internet servers

With the continued spread of the Internet the typical computing model for servers is undergoing a drastic change. In the past, server systems have moved from providing interactive time-sharing service to providing fileserver and now more general back-office (mail, database, web, etc.) services. While the characteristics of the new Internet server systems are not yet clear, we expect that Internet servers will have at least three characteristics that distinguish them drastically from today’s servers: (i) high code mobility, (ii) large numbers of anonymous users, and (iii) significant concern for the efficient use of resources.
Unique reactive site domains of neuroendocrine isoforms of alpha1-antichymotrypsin from bovine adrenal medulla and pituitary revealed by molecular cloning

Abstract Molecular cloning of bovine adrenal medulla (AM) and pituitary (Pit)α 1 -antichymotrypsin cDNAs indicated novel isoforms of ACT. The deduced primary sequences indicated that the AM ACT and Pit ACT possess COOH-terminal reactive-site domains that are characteristic of serpins ( ser ineprotease in hibitors). Of high interest was the finding of unique reactive sites within AM ACT and Pit ACT which are predicted to possess Arg as P 1 residue. Arginine as P 1 residue parallels the cleavage specificity of neuroendocrine prohormone processing enzymes cleaving at basic residues. Furthermore, RT-PCR indicated tissue-specific expression of AM and Pit ACT mRNAs. The AM and Pit isoforms of ACT may regulate novel target proteases involved in neuroendocrine function.
The Impact of Metacognitive Instruction on Creative Problem Solving

This study examined the impact of teaching creativity in the form of associative thinking strategies within a metacognitive framework. A representative sample of 30 university design students was selected from a larger section (N = 122) to participate in a 16-week supplemental course. Each week a new creative thinking strategy was integrated with activities to encourage metacognitive skill development. Upon completion of the course the treatment group had significantly higher scores on fluency and originality measures compared with their matched peers. In addition, students in the treatment condition received higher ratings on a summative domain-specific project judged by external design experts. Metacognitive Awareness Inventory scores increased for the treatment group but were stable over time for the comparison group.
Evidence for autoploid evolution in the artemisia ludoviciana complex of the Pacific Northwest

TheArtemisia ludoviciana complex of the Northwest is considered to be an intervarietal autoploid complex on the basis of evidence obtained from cytogenetic analysis. The evidence includes the occurrence of chromosomal races within all but two of the inclusive taxa, the degree and constancy of multivalent formation in the polyploid races, and the high degree of homology among the genomes of the various taxa as demonstrated by the pairing relationships in the F1 progeny.