cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is a “Good Approximation”?

If you are trying to estimate a number, say, around ten thousand, and you get it right to within a hundred, let us celebrate this kind of accuracy by saying that you have made an approximation with square-root error (√10,000 = 100). Of course, we should really use the more clumsy phrase “an approximation with at worst square-root error .” Sometimes we'll simply refer to such approximations as good approximations . If you are trying to estimate a number in the millions, and you get it right to within a thousand, let's agree that – again – you have made an approximation with square-root error (√1,000,000 = 1,000). Again, for short, call this a good approximation . So, when Gauss thought his curve missed by 226 in estimating the number of primes less than three million, it was well within the margin we have given for a “good approximation.” More generally, if you are trying to estimate a number that has D digits and you get it almost right, but with an error that has no more than, roughly, half that many digits, let us say, again, that you have made an approximation with square-root error or synonymously, a good approximation . This rough account almost suffices for what we will be discussing below, but to be more precise, the specific gauge of accuracy that will be important to us is not for amere single estimate of a single error term, Error term = Exact value − Our “good approximation” but rather for infinite sequences of estimates of error terms. Generally, if you are interested in a numerical quantity q ( X ) that depends on the real number parameter X (e.g., q ( X ) could be π ( X ), “the number of primes ≤ X ”) and if you have an explicit candidate “approximation,” q approx ( X ), to this quantity, let us say that q approx ( X ) is essentially a square-root accurate approximation to q ( X ) if for any given exponent greater than 0.5 (you choose it: 0.501, 0.5001, 0.50001, . . . for example) and for large enough X – where the phrase “large enough” depends on your choice of exponent – the error term – i.e., the difference between q approx ( X ) and the true quantity, q ( X ), is, in absolute value, less than X raised to that exponent (e.g. X 0.501 , X 0.5001 , etc.).
What Risks are Associated with Primary THA in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Introduction As patients who receive hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are at increased risk of avascular necrosis (AVN) and subsequent degenerative arthritis, THA may be considered in some of these patients, particularly as overall patient survival improves for patients undergoing stem-cell transplants. Patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation theoretically are at increased risk of experiencing complications, infection, and poorer implant survivorship owing to the high prevalence of comorbid conditions, immunosuppressive therapy regimens including corticosteroids, and often low circulating hematopoietic cell lines; however, there is a paucity of studies elucidating these risks.
Generating Laplace process with desired autocorrelation from Gaussian AR processes

In this paper, we show a convenient way of generating a Laplace process of a desired autocorrelation. Our approach is based upon the fact that the real or imaginary component of the product of two independent complex Gaussian random variables has a Laplace marginal probability density function (pdf). We, therefore, generate a Laplace process by multiplying two independent complex Gaussian autoregressive (AR) processes. By establishing the relationship of the autocorrelation of the complex Gaussian AR processes with the autocorrelation of the resulting Laplace process, we show a convenient and simple method of selecting the parameters of the Gaussian AR processes to obtain desired autocorrelation values of the Laplace Process. To verify the method, we provide computer simulations of generating Laplace processes by the method using illustrative examples and compare their statistical characteristics to theoretical values.
Experimental evaluation of selectivity estimation on big spatial data

With the tremendous volume of spatial datasets, there is an increasing need to process and analyze spatial data. One of the fundamental spatial queries is the selectivity estimation problem where users want to quickly estimate the total number of records in a given query range. While there have been several approaches to solve this problem for big data, there is no systematic evaluation and comparison for these techniques.In this work, we experimentally examine three of the most widely used techniques for selectivity estimation, namely, sampling, uniform binning, and non-uniform binning. This evaluation will be a basis for deciding when to use each of these techniques based on the application requirements. Furthermore, we study the trade-off between memory usage, preprocessing overhead, online query time and the accuracy of the results. With extensive experiments on large datasets, we provide an evaluation of these techniques and we reveal their benefits and their weaknesses.
The Role of Digital, Learning by Design Instructional Materials in the Development of Spanish Heritage Learners’ Literacy Skills

This chapter investigates the role that pedagogical material based on the tenets of the Multiliteracies approach Learning by Design can play on the development of Spanish heritage speakers’ literacy skills and metalinguistic awareness. Twenty-nine students in an intermediate heritage Spanish class in an American Hispanic-serving university participated in this study. Throughout the course of a semester, they produced a variety of written and multimodal hybrid texts belonging to different genres, which became the data for this study. In addition, the participants also completed pre- and post-questionnaires that probed into the development of their metalinguistic knowledge. The results show promising growth in the participants’ level of literacy. However, the data also reveal the existence of gaps in the participants’ metalinguistic awareness.
A Martin boundary connected with the ∞-volume limit of the focussing cubic Schrödinger equation

The existence of a change of phase in the micro-canonical ensemble for the focussing cubic Schrodinger system was suggested by Lebowitz-Rose-Speer [1989]. Chorin [1994] disputes their numerical evidence; his own is based on a more sophisticated approximation to the micro-canonical distribution and leads him to the opposite conclusion. Perhaps the source of this contradictory testimony is the fact, proved here, that the ∞-volume limit does not exist at any temperature 0 < T < ∞ or density 0 < D < ∞. This does not preclude a more or less dramatic change in the ensemble, from high to low temperatures, but it does guarantee the existence of several distinct ∞-volume Gibbs states. These are related to a sort of “boundary” of the type introduced by Martin [1941] for the description of classical harmonic functions in general 3-dimensional regions, as will be explained below.
Towards Slack-Aware Networking

We are moving towards an Internet where most of the packets may be consumed by \emph{machines} -- set-top-boxes or smart-phone apps prefetching content, Internet of Things (IoT) devices uploading their data to the cloud, or data centers doing geo-distributed replication. We observe that such machine centric communication can afford to have \emph{slack} built into it: every packet can be marked as to when it will be consumed in future. Slack could be anywhere from seconds to hours or even days. In this paper, we make a case for slack-aware networking by illustrating slack opportunities that arise for a wide range of applications as they interact with the cloud and its pricing models (e.g., spot pricing). We also sketch the design of SlackStack, a network stack with explicit support for slack at multiple levels of the stack, from a slack-based interface to slack-aware optimizations at the transport and network layers.
Specifying the dimensions of aquatic life benchmark values in clear, complete, and justified problem formulations.

Nations that develop water quality benchmark values have relied primarily on standard data and methods. However, experience with chemicals such as Se, ammonia, and tributyltin has shown that standard methods do not adequately address some taxa, modes of exposure, and effects. Development of benchmark values that are protective requires an explicit description of the issues, a problem formulation. In particular, the assessment endpoints and other dimensions should be specified for each chemical so that the necessary data will be obtained and appropriate analyses will be performed. Assessment endpoints specify the entity and attribute to be protected. In addition, the level of protection, including the magnitude of effect and the proportion effected, is specified. Magnitude and proportion are included because they are used to calculate the benchmark concentration. If uncertainty is considered in the benchmark, the proportion of the uncertainty distribution that is protected should be specified. Because effects are related to the duration of exposure and time for recovery, temporal dimensions should be specified. Clearly described exposure metrics are also needed because the relevant exposure parameter is not always total aqueous concentration. Finally, the benchmark may be applicable to particular geographic or climatological areas, water chemistries, taxa, or habitat types. Considering and justifying all the dimensions is likely to result in protective and more easily communicated benchmarks. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:631-638. Published 2018. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Development and Initial Validation of the Collectivistic Coping Styles Measure with African, Asian, and Latin American International Students

We developed and provided initial empirical validation of the Collectivistic Coping Styles Measure (CCSM), a 9-item scale that assessed the degree to which African,Asian, and Latin American international students utilized social support seeking and forbearance to cope with their problems or concerns. We found evidence of good construct and concurrent validity and good internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the CCSM. Implications of the findings for mental health counseling are discussed.
The Chronological Assessment of Suicide Events: A Practical Interviewing Strategy for the Elicitation of Suicidal Ideation

Suicide assessment is one of the cornerstones of daily clinical practice for both mental health professionals and primary care clinicians. A practical interviewing strategy for efficiently eliciting valid suicidal ideation is presented. The strategy is illustrated via a reconstructed interview designed to highlight key teaching points. The strategy, the Chronological Assessment of Suicide Events (CASE Approach), helps the clinician to uncover critical data in four contiguous time frames: (1) presenting suicidal ideation/behavior, (2) recent suicidal ideation/behaviors, (3) past suicidal ideation/behaviors, and (4) immediate suicidal ideation. The CASE Approach is an easily learned interviewing strategy, designed for busy, frontline clinicians in both the mental health and primary care settings.
Neuroprotective Signal Transduction Pathways of sAPP and TNF

The pleiotrophic properties of cytokines and soluble growth factors, of which tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and secreted form of amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) are examples, can be appreciated by the variety of in vitroneuronal responses to these factors. TNF is mitogenic to astrocytes and neuronal progenitor cells, is neurotoxic to oligodendrocytes (1) and endothelial cells (2), and promotes the resistance and survival of mature neurons (3). Full length βAPP can influence neuronal cell adhesion via extracellular haparin-binding domains, while sAPP promotes neuronal survival and is mitogenic for many nonneuronal cells (4). The amyloidogenic βAPP product, Aβ, on the other hand, damages and kills neurons (5), (6), and induces a reactive morphology in astrocytes and microglia (7, 8). In light of the variety of effects of TNF and sAPP on neurons, it is important to dissociate the protective pathways from potentially toxic interactions, and pharmacological and biochemical tools are making this distinction possible. Both factors can instigate acute (i.e., electrophysiological) and long term changes (i.e., changes in gene expression) in neurons, and the relative importance of these two types of effects is still being resolved. For example, while we have shown TNF to be neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by a mechanism involving long-term (24 hour) exposure to TNF (3), other studies have demonstrated effects of TNF on synaptic transmission in hippocampal neurons (9), and increases in neuronal TNF after seizure activity in animals (10). Combined, these studies indicate that TNF could be of particular therapeutic importance to seizure disorders such as epilepsy through both acute effects on synaptic transmission and long term upregulation of neuroprotective genes. However, if one goal of research is to design therapeutic regimens to mimic or bolster endogenous modes of neuroprotection, then the elucidation of the exact neuroprotective pathways of either TNF or sAPP could be instrumental in the design of novel neuroprotective agants.
Lymph node ratio predicts recurrence in pediatric papillary thyroid cancer.

Abstract Background Regional lymph node (LN) metastasis at the time of presentation plays a significant role in predicting recurrence in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Multiple studies in the adult population have demonstrated that the lymph node ratio (LNR) in both the central and lateral neck can improve the accuracy of recurrence prediction, but this ratio has not been studied in the pediatric population. In this study, we sought to investigate the LNR in the central and lateral compartments as a prognostic predictor for recurrence in pediatric patients with PTC. Methods A retrospective analysis of pediatric patients (≤ 21 years old) at a single institution between 2002 and 2014 who underwent total thyroidectomy with prophylactic central neck dissection (TTpCND) with at least 3 sampled nodes or total thyroidectomy with unilateral modified radical neck dissection (TTMRND) with at least 10 sampled nodes, and on whom at least 24 months of follow up data were available was performed. The LNR was defined as the ratio of metastatic LNs to total number of investigated LNs. Recurrence after TTpCND and TTMRND was examined separately as a function of LNR, using the value of 0.45 as a cutoff. Results Forty-eight patients met inclusion criteria. Thirty-two underwent TTpCND, and sixteen underwent TTMRND. Median age at time of operation was 17 years (range 6–20), and median duration of follow-up was 53.5 months (range 24–183). In the TTpCND, LNR ranged from 0 to 1.0. There were two recurrences among the eight patients (25%) undergoing TTpCND in patients with LNRs > 0.45 and a single recurrence among the 24 patients (4.2%) undergoing TTpCND with an LNR ≤ 0.45. In the TTMRND, LNR ranged from 0.1 to 1.0. There were 3 recurrences in 12 patients with LNR ≤ 0.45 (30.8%%) and 4 recurrences in 4 patients with LNR > 0.45 (100%) (p = 0.03). Conclusions Although limited by small sample size, LNR may be a useful predictor to stratify the likelihood of recurrence in pediatric patients undergoing TTpCND or TTMRND for pathologic N1a or N1b PTC. Type of study Prognosis study / retrospective case series. Level of evidence Level IV.
Efficiently Simulating Personal Vehicle Energy Consumption in Mesoscopic Transport Models

Mesoscopic transport models can efficiently simulate complex travel behavior and traffic patterns over large networks, but simulating energy consumption in these models is difficult with traditiona...
Enumerating Unique Computational Graphs via an Iterative Graph Invariant

In this report, we describe a novel graph invariant for computational graphs (colored directed acylic graphs) and how we used it to generate all distinct computational graphs up to isomorphism for small graphs. The algorithm iteratively applies isomorphism-invariant operations, which take into account the graph structure and coloring, and outputs a fixed-length hash that is identical for all isomorphic computational graphs. While the algorithm cannot perfectly distinguish all pairs of non-isomorphic computational graphs, we suggest that it may be useful as a heuristic for comparing graphs.
Lymphodepletion (LD), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and high (HD-IL2) versus low-dose (LD-IL2) IL-2 followed by pembrolizumab (pembro) in patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma (MM).

9543Background: TIL adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy can produce durable responses for MM pts although efficacy appears lower in the era of checkpoint inhibitors. Toxicities from HD-IL2, includ...
Determination of Morphine, Fentanyl and Their Metabolites in Small Sample Volumes Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

The USA and numerous other countries worldwide are currently experiencing a public health crisis due to the abuse of heroin and illicitly manufactured fentanyl. We have developed a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS)-based method for the detection of morphine, fentanyl and their metabolites, including morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), normorphine, norfentanyl and deuterated internal standards in limited sample volumes with the limit of detection of 5.0/0.5 ng/mL (morphine, M3G, M6G, normorphine/fentanyl, norfentanyl). The inter-assay precision (%CV) was less than 12% for all assays, and the inter-assay bias (%) was less than 5%. The ruggedness of the method, dilution effect and carryover were also investigated as part of the study. The simultaneous quantification of morphine, fentanyl and its metabolites via this simple and time- and cost-efficient method could be successfully applied to samples taken for pharmacokinetic evaluation (antemortem and postmortem) after a single dose of morphine or co-administration of morphine with other drugs (e.g., fentanyl) in rats.
Embedding Binary Perceptrons in FPGA to improve Area, Power and Performance

For the flexibility of implementing any given Boolean function(s), the FPGA uses re-configurable building blocks called LUTs. The price for this reconfigurability is a large number of registers and multiplexers required to construct the FPGA. While researchers have been working on complex LUT structures to reduce the area and power for several years, most of these implementations come at the cost of performance penalty. This paper demonstrates simultaneous improvement in area, power, and performance in an FPGA by using special logic cells called Threshold Logic Cells (TLCs) (also known as binary perceptrons). The TLCs are capable of implementing a complex threshold function, which if implemented using conventional gates would require several levels of logic gates. The TLCs only require 7 SRAM cells and are significantly faster than the conventional LUTs. The implementation of the proposed FPGA architecture has been done using 28nm FDSOI standard cells and has been evaluated using ISCAS-85, ISCAS-89, and a few large industrial designs. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed architecture can be used to get an average reduction of 18.1% in configuration registers, 18.1% reduction in multiplexer count, 12.3% in Basic Logic Element (BLE) area, 16.3% in BLE power, 5.9% improvement in operating frequency, with a slight reduction in track count, routing area and routing power. The improvements are also demonstrated on the physically designed version of the architecture.
Motion of an arbitrarily shaped particle in a density stratified fluid

In this work, we theoretically investigate the motion of an arbitrarily shaped particle in a linear density stratified fluid with weak stratification and negligible inertia. We calculate the hydrodynamic force and torque experienced by the particle using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. We analyse our results for two classes of particles (non-skew and skew) depending on whether the particle possesses a centre of hydrodynamic stress. For both classes, we derive general expressions for the modified resistance tensors in the presence of stratification. We demonstrate the application of our results by considering some specific examples of particles settling in a direction parallel to the density gradient by considering both the limits of high () Peclet numbers. We find that presence of stratification causes a slender body to rotate and settle along the broader side due to the contribution of the hydrostatic torque. Our work sheds light on the impact of stratification on the transport of arbitrarily shaped particles in density stratified environments in low-Reynolds-number regimes.
“We’ll Burn the Whole Stinking Town Down”: Newspaper Coverage of Detroit’s Twelfth Street Riot

The July 1967 riot in Detroit, Michigan, was one of the most violent race-related conflicts in American history. Common themes developed in both local and national media coverage of the event, incl...
Neuronal Activity Distributed in Multiple Cortical Areas during Voluntary Control of the Native Arm or a Brain-Computer Interface.

Voluntary control of visually-guided upper extremity movements involves neuronal activity in multiple areas of the cerebral cortex. Studies of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that use spike recordings for input, however, have focused largely on activity in the region from which those neurons that directly control the BCI, which we call BCI units, are recorded. We hypothesized that, just as voluntary control of the arm and hand involves activity in multiple cortical areas, so does voluntary control of a BCI. In two subjects (Macaca mulatta) performing a center-out task both with a hand-held joystick and with a BCI directly controlled by 4 primary motor cortex (M1) BCI units, we recorded the activity of other, non-BCI units in M1, dorsal and ventral premotor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, dorsal posterior parietal cortex, and the anterior intraparietal area. In most of these areas, non-BCI units were active in similar percentages and at similar modulation depths during both joystick and BCI trials. Both BCI and non-BCI units showed changes in preferred direction. Additionally, the prevalence of effective connectivity between BCI and non-BCI units was similar during both tasks. The subject with better BCI performance showed increased percentages of modulated non-BCI units with increased modulation depth and increased effective connectivity during BCI as compared to joystick trials; such increases were not found in the subject with poorer BCI performance. During voluntary, closed-loop control, non-BCI units in a given cortical area may function similarly whether the effector is the native upper extremity or a BCI-controlled device. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reaching to and grasping a visible object involves neuronal activity in multiple areas of the cerebral cortex. Whether neurons in these areas are engaged similarly when a subject controls a brain-computer interface remains unknown. We found similar unit activity in multiple cortical areas as subjects performed a center-out task with either a hand-held joystick or a brain-computer interface controlled by only 4 BCI units in the primary motor cortex. Like the 4 BCI units, non-BCI units in most cortical areas showed changes in their preferred direction between joystick and BCI trials, with similar modulation depths and effective connectivity. We suggest that a given cortical area may function similarly during voluntary closed-loop control of either the upper extremity or a BCI.
Korean ‘Housewives’ and ‘Hipsters’ Are Not Driving a New Illicit Plant Trade: Complicating Consumer Motivations Behind an Emergent Wildlife Trade in Dudleya farinosa

Illegal trade in wild plants receives less scientific and policy attention than illegal trade in wild animals and animal-derived products. One exception to this generalizable trend is the recent emergence of an illegal trade in the California succulent species Dudleya farinosa. US officials and mainstream media reporting on these incidents suggest the final destination of these plants is succulent consumer markets in South Korea and other East Asian countries. It is believed that this illegal trade emerged in response to sudden and widespread consumer demand for succulents due to: 1) the increasing popularity of succulent plants in mainstream South Korean and East Asian cultures writ large; and 2) the preferential valuing of ‘wild’ versus cultivated plants by succulent consumers. Based on findings from content analysis of media reports and in-depth qualitative interviews in California and South Korea, I argue instead for a more nuanced perspective of the drivers of this emergent trade, with the primary motivational desire for these plants coming from a selective and highly skilled community of succulent enthusiasts, rather than mainstream plant consumer groups. In presenting these findings I demonstrate the importance of in-depth, critical qualitative research for exploring the emergence of particular trades in wildlife in order to inform more sustainable and legal trades. I clarify the primary drivers of this new trade in Dudleya farinosa as an illegal but logical response to the economics and temporalities of plant trade. I offer suggestions on how these findings can inform more sustainable solutions to the illicit extraction of wild plants in meeting consumer demand.
Sequence-based modeling of deep learning with LSTM and GRU networks for structural damage detection of floating offshore wind turbine blades

Abstract This paper proposes and tests a sequence-based modeling of deep learning (DL) for structural damage detection of floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) blades using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural networks. The complete framework was developed with four different designs of deep networks using unidirectional or bidirectional layers of LSTM and GRU networks. These neural networks, specifically developed to learn long-term and short-term dependencies within sequential information such as time-series data, are successfully trained with the sensor signals of damaged FOWT. The sensor data were simulated due to the limited availability of field data from damaged FOWTs using multiple computational methods previously validated with experimental tests. The simulations accounted for the damage scenarios with various intensities, locations, and damage shapes, totaling 1320 damage scenarios. Both the presence of damage and its location were detected up to an accuracy of 94.8% using the best performing model of the selected network when tested for independent signals. The K-fold cross-validation accuracy of the selected network is estimated to be 91.7%. The presence of damage itself was detected with an accuracy of 99.9% based on the cross-validation regardless of the damage location. Structural damage detection using deep learning is not restricted by the assumptions of the systems or the environmental conditions as the networks learn the system directly from the data. The framework can be applied to various types of civil and offshore structures. Furthermore, the sequence-based modeling enables engineers to harness the vast amounts of digital information to improve the safety of structures.
Five-Year Development and Usage Outcomes of eContour, a Web-Based Interactive Contouring Atlas.

Purpose/Objective(s) The delivery of safe and effective radiation therapy relies on accurate target delineation, particularly in the era of highly conformal treatment techniques. Contouring resources can improve accuracy but are fragmented and underused. We report the 5-year development and usage outcomes of a free, online, easily accessible web-based interactive contouring atlas. Materials/Methods eContour ( https://econtour.org ) was developed using modern web technologies, including HTML5, Python, and an interpreted computer programming language, to interactively display images and contours from real patient cases. The viewer has standard tools for image manipulation, contour display, image overlays, and radiation dose distribution. Information from evidence-based guidelines and clinical pearls are summarized and presented next to each case. Mixpanel software was used to collect web usage statistics, including user demographics, geography, and case views. Results In the first 5 years of operation (February 1, 2016 to February 1, 2021), a total of 22,889 users registered on eContour. Users represented a total of 146 countries, with the largest cohort from the United States (7,096, 31%). Other countries with > 700 registered users included Spain, India, Brazil, China, and Russia. The majority of registered users (58%) reported their profession as physicians, including 10,869 practicing radiation oncologists (47%) and 2,583 resident physicians (11%). There are 3,107 users who identified as physicians and were geographically within the US. The remaining users identified as radiation therapists (10%), dosimetrists (10%), medical physicists (8.7%), and medical students (6.6%). As of February 2021, a total of 65 cases have been developed covering 9 disease sites. The most commonly viewed disease site was head and neck (23% of all case views), followed by gynecological, gastrointestinal, and breast cancer. The most commonly viewed cases include pre-operative rectal cancer, head and neck organs-at-risk, and intact prostate cancer. Over 5 years, usage of eContour has increased both in terms of total users and case views. Total users have grown > 600% since 2017; 3,613 (2017), to 12,248 (2019), to 22,889 cumulative total users (2021). In the fourth quarter of 2020, eContour averaged 1,018 case views per weekday. Since the onset of the COVID pandemic, usage of eContour has accelerated. Annual case views increased 56% year-over-year from 2019 to 2020 (147,846 to 230,304 views) as compared to essentially stable from 2018 to 2019 (144,769 to 147,846). Conclusion With approximately 5,000 radiation oncologists in the US, we estimate 60% of US radiation oncologists are registered users. Growth in users and web site traffic over the first 5 years of eContour show its strong potential to increase the use of evidence-based contouring information at the point of care.
Designing an Arts-Based, Collaborative Mystery Game to Improve Players’ Motivation and Confidence as Storytellers

Literacy is a complex term that involves an array of intertwined processes, including motivation. Students who lack this internal willingness often fail to engage with books and other literacy-related content, which in turn negatively effects their learning outcomes. Murder on Mansion Hill is a digital tabletop game that weaves together arts-based strategies shown to improve students’ involvement in reading - including storytelling, collage, and co-design - in a cohesive manner. By blending these strategies with the motivational benefits of gameplay, Mansion Hill encourages players to take a highly active role in developing and sharing imaginative narratives, helping them to view stories as an enjoyable and rewarding outlet they can share with friends. In playtests, players overcame fear of judgment, enjoyed engaging with narrative in multimodal ways, and bonded with peers.
ACTH Stimulation Test for Late Onset (Nonclassic) 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

Indication To evaluate for androgen excess in diagnosing nonclassic CYP21A2 deficiency. If Basal 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17 OHP) < 2 ng/ml, diagnosis is unlikely and ACTH stimulation may not be necessary.
Asymmetric Iridium-Catalyzed C–C Coupling of Chiral Diols via Site-Selective Redox-Triggered Carbonyl Addition

Cyclometalated π-allyliridium C,O-benzoate complexes modified by axially chiral chelating phosphine ligands display a pronounced kinetic preference for primary alcohol dehydrogenation, enabling highly site-selective redox-triggered carbonyl additions of chiral primary-secondary 1,3-diols with exceptional levels of catalyst-directed diastereoselectivity. Unlike conventional methods for carbonyl allylation, the present redox-triggered alcohol C–H functionalizations bypass the use of protecting groups, premetalated reagents, and discrete alcohol-to-aldehyde redox reactions.
(LF)-spaces with more-than-separable quotients

Abstract The separable quotient problem remains open for Banach spaces. The recent solution for barrelled spaces counters Saxon–Narayanaswami's solution for (LF)-spaces. W.J. Robertson proposed properly separable quotients. We fully answer her quarter-century-old question, proving (LF)-spaces admit properly separable quotients with rare exception. Corollary: Every (LF)-space except φ admits properly separable quotients if and only if Banach's classic separable quotient problem has a positive solution.
Stream productivity analysis with DORM. II: parameter estimation and sensitivity

Abstract The dissolved oxygen routing model DORM, which determines productivity and respiration of a stream biological community, requires in addition to stream geometry and stream flow, parameter values for reaeration coefficients and temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) limitations on respiration. Illustrated are the methods used to obtain numerical values in a field study at the U.S. EPA Monticello Ecological Research Station. The calculated community productivity and respiration rates are sensitive to certain input parameters and assumptions. Analysis showed that, among the many parameters needed, hydraulic residence time and reaeration coefficients should be determined with utmost care. Other sensitivity tests included temperature effects, half-saturation values and longitudinal dispersion.
Lawmaking and Bounded Rationality

This Article applies the theory of bounded rationality developed within cognitive psychology to the lawmaking process. The Article posits that because (by hypothesis) human beings possess scarce cognitive resources, lawmakers - including appellate judges, legislators, Commissioners, and Restators - must construct legal rules in a cognitively frugal manner. The Article goes on to explore how various mental strategies for conserving cognitive resources - selective search, settling for satisfactory (rather than optimal) choice, attention rationing, and rules of thumb (or heuristics) that simplify cognitive tasks - affect the structure and interrelationship of rules within our legal landscape. The Article argues that such phenomena as structural inconsistency between rules, exceptions to rules, legal obsolescence, and the slipshodness of minor rules all trace to the bounded rationality of their authors. The Article proceeds to consider whether lawmakers' behavioral adaptations to bounded rationality are optimal (or meta-rational) and suggests reasons associated with attention theory to fear that those adaptations are in fact suboptimal. The Article concludes by contemplating what steps lawmakers might take either to enhance the quality of rules or, in the alternative, to adjust their norms and process to reflect lawmakers' own mental deficits.
The worldwide market for photovoltaics in the rural sector

The worldwide market for stand-alone photovoltaic power systems in three specific segments of the rural sector were determined. The worldwide market for photovoltaic power systems for village power, cottage industry, and agricultural applications were addressed. The objectives of these studies were to: The market potential for small stand-alone photovoltaic power system in specific application areas was assessed. Technical, social and institutional barriers to PV utilization were identified. Funding sources available to potential users was also identified and marketing strategies appropriate for each sector were recommended to PV product manufacturers. The studies were prepared on the basis of data gathered from domestic sources and from field trips to representative countries. Both country-specific and sector-specific results are discussed, and broadly applicable barriers pertinent to international marketing of PV products are presented.
The Roles of Attitude, Motivation, and Identity in Heritage Language Learning among Korean Americans

Much research has been conducted on learning English as an additional language both in the United States and around the world. However, there have been fewer studies focused on heritage language learners (HLLs) who have already acquired English as their native tongue and are learning their heritage language as an L2, or second language (Joo, 2009). The rapidly growing number of language minority individuals who have turned their attention towards learning their heritage languages have led both secondary schools and universities to restructure their foreign language classes in order to better address the needs of HLLs (Jensen & Llosa, 2007). Who exactly are HLLs and what defines them as such? What makes HLLs different from L2 learners? This paper will take a sociolinguistic and socio-psychological approach on HLLs with a particular focus on Korean Americans in the United States. How do attitude, motivation, and identity play a role in heritage language acquisition among Korean American learners? Do these socio-psychological factors affect one another in the learning process? What are the pedagogical implications for teachers and students?
Imaging of cerebrovascular disorders: precision medicine and the collaterome

Imaging of stroke and neurovascular disorders has profoundly enhanced clinical practice and related research during the last 40 years since the introduction of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enabled mapping of the brain. We highlight recent advances in neurovascular imaging. We describe how the convergence of readily available data and new clinical trial paradigms will recast our methods for studying the neurovascular patient. The application of a precision medicine approach to the collaterome, a comprehensive synthesis of neurovascular pathophysiology, will entail novel methods for clinical trial randomization, collection of routine and clinical trial imaging results, data archiving, and analysis.
Zinc regulation of aminopeptidase B involved in neuropeptide production

Aminopeptidase B (AP-B) is a metallopeptidase that removes basic residues from the N-termini of neuropeptide substrates in secretory vesicles. This study assessed zinc regulation of AP-B activity, since secretory vesicles contain endogenous zinc. AP-B was inhibited by zinc at concentrations typically present in secretory vesicles. Zinc effects were dependent on concentration, incubation time, and the molar ratio of zinc to enzyme. AP-B activity was recovered upon removal of zinc. AP-B with zinc became susceptible to degradation by trypsin, suggesting that zinc alters enzyme conformation. Zinc regulation demonstrates the metallopeptidase property of AP-B.
The Soviet combat readiness system

(1988). The Soviet combat readiness system. The Journal of Soviet Military Studies: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 231-242.
Aortic Valvular Surgery with Artificial Valves

An attempt has been made to present a profile of patients with aortic valvular disease who presented themselves for operative correction, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of prosthetic replacement in the surgical treatment. Experience to date, in 115 patients so treated, demonstrates the effectiveness of this technique. The operative mortality due to technical factors has been low, and the clinical results have been excellent. Since the operative mortality now occurs primarily in those patients with myocardial failure, its prevention, if possible, is advisable by earlier detection and surgical correction.
Lidar observations of elevated temperatures in bright chemiluminescent meteor trails during the 1998 Leonid Shower

Seven persistent trails associated with bright reballs were probedwith asteerable Nawind/temperature lidar at Starre Optical Range, NM during the 17/18 Nov peak of the 1998 Leonid meteor shower. These chemilu- minescence trails were especially rich in Na. The average Na abundance within the trails was 52% of the background Na layer abundance, which suggests that the corresponding massesofthemeteorswerefrom1gupto1kg. CCDimages showthatthechemiluminescentemissions(includingNaand OH)areconnedtothewalls ofatube, whichexpandswith time by molecular diusion. Lidar proles within the trails show that the temperatures are highest at the edges of the tube where the airglow emissions are brightest. Approxi- mately 3 min after ablation, temperatures at the tube walls are 20{50 K warmer than the tube core and background at- mosphere. Neither chemical nor frictional heating provides a satisfactory explanation for the observations.
Buprenorphine is a potent κ-opioid receptor antagonist in pigeons and mice

Buprenorphine was studied for its antagonist activity against the specific kappa-opioid agonist U-50,488H in pigeons responding under a multiple schedule of grain presentation and in mice in an antinociception test. U-50,488H decreased rates of responding of pigeons over the dose range (2.5-20 mg/kg i.m.). In the presence of 0.32 mg/kg of buprenorphine, the U-50,488H dose-effect curve was shifted to the right approximately two-fold. Buprenorphine alone (0.01-0.08 mg/kg s.c.) inhibited in mice the abdominal stretching induced by i.p. acetic acid. beta-Funaltrexamine pretreatment blocked the mu-like agonist analgesic effect of buprenorphine and revealed an antagonist action of buprenorphine against 2.5 mg/kg of U-50,488H over the same dose range that it produced antinociception at the mu-receptor. Thus, buprenorphine is a potent kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, producing the kappa-antagonist activity over the same dose range that it produces its mu-mediated partial agonist activity.
A remarkable operator version of the Navier-Stokes equation

The Navier-Stokes equation is transformed into a closed nonlinear equation for the convected curl operator. It is shown how Lie algebraic methods can be employed to solve the obtained double-commutator equation. The proposed operator equation provides a way to the further development of the Navier-Stokes fluid flow theory.
Heat-shock protein expression in a perennial grass commonly associated with active geothermal areas in western North America

Abstract Heat-shock protein (hsp) expression in response to short- (hours) versus long-term (weeks) heat was examined in Dichanthelium lanuginosum. Expression of cytoplasmic class I small hsps (shsps) and hsp 101 was elicited by 2 h above 40°C, along with an increase over basal levels of hsp 70. Elevated levels of heat-induced shsp and hsp 101 persisted for 5–7 days after plants were returned to control temperatures. Protein extracts from roots exposed to 42°C for several weeks displayed increased levels of shsp but decreased hsp 101 levels. This decrease in hsp 101 did not occur in D. lanuginosum from normothermic environments.
Testing of Convex Paraboloids

An optical test method for determining the optical quality of convex paraboloidal surfaces is described. Several test methods are described briefly; however, the optimum method using a collimator-reflector is described in more detail.
Effects of progesterone on postovariectomy bone loss in aged rats

The effects of progesterone on oophorectomy-induced bone loss in aged rats were evaluated. Female rats aged 12 months were divided into three groups: (1) sham-operated controls (SHAM); (2) oophorectomized (OVX); (3) OVX rats treated with progesterone (OVX + PROG). After 20 weeks the dry weight, bone ash, and calcium content of femur, tibia, and fourth lumbar vertebra were significantly lower in OVX than in sham rats. These reductions did not occur in OVX rats treated with PROG. There was no difference in the bone composition between the control and progesterone-treated rats. Vertebral bone histomorphometry showed increased bone resorption as well as increased bone formation parameters in OVX rats. Progesterone treatment inhibited the increased resorption indices, but the bone formation remained elevated. The results indicate that progesterone therapy prevents the postovariectomy bone loss in aged rats. The protective effect of progesterone is mediated by inhibition of bone resorption while maintaining the increased bone formation. These findings suggest that progesterone alone may be a valuable agent for management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Advising as Teaching: Establishing Outcomes, Developing Tools, and Assessing Student Learning

In every way that matters, advising is a form of teaching. Using Bloom's (1956) taxonomy of educational outcomes, I explain how to develop learning objectives within advising contexts. The article also suggests commonly available educational materials, such as university catalogs, as content delivery mechanisms for students; in addition, it offers ideas such as reading guides and on-line lectures. Finally, I explain how to assess student learning, that is, how to determine the extent to which students' learning outcomes mirror the objectives established by the advisor. Relative Emphasis: practice, theory, research
Identification of protein fragments as pattern features in MALDI-MS analyses of serum.

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI−MS) to acquire spectral profiles has become a common approach to detect proteomic biomarkers of disease. MALDI−MS signals may represent both intact proteins as well as proteolysis products. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS) analysis can tentatively identify the corresponding proteins Here, we describe the application of a data analysis utility called FragMint, which combines MALDI−MS spectral data with LC−MS/MS based protein identifications to generate candidate protein fragments consistent with both types of data. This approach was used to identify protein fragments corresponding to spectral signals in MALDI−MS analyses of unfractionated human serum. The serum also was analyzed by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and bands corresponding to the MALDI−MS signal masses were excised and subjected to in-gel digestion and LC−MS/MS analysis. Database searches mapped all of the identified peptides to abundant blood pr...
Knowing How to Navigate: Mechanisms of Semaphorin Signaling in the Nervous System

Neuronal connections are made during embryonic development with astonishing precision to ultimately form the physical basis for the central nervous system's main capacity: information processing. Over the past few decades, much has been learned about the general principles of axon guidance. A key finding to emerge is that extracellular cues play decisive roles in establishing the connections. One family of such cues, the semaphorin proteins, was first identified as repellents for navigating axons during brain wiring. Recent studies have implicated these molecules in many other processes of neuronal development, including axonal fasciculation, target selection, neuronal migration, and dendritic guidance, as well as in the remodeling and repair of the adult nervous system. It appears that responding neuronal processes sense these semaphorin signals by a family of transmembrane molecules, namely the plexins, even though neuropilins were also found to be required for mediating the interaction between plexins and class 3 semaphorins. Our understanding of the intracellular signaling machinery linking the receptors to the cytoskeleton machinery is still incomplete, but several molecules have been implicated in mediating or modulating semaphorin-induced responses. Adding to the complexity of semaphorin biology, new findings implicate semaphorins in functioning not only as signaling ligands, but also as signal-transducing receptors. Thus, semaphorins may serve as important probes for exploring the mechanisms of intercellular communication during the development and function of the nervous system.