cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
H-NS Represses inv Transcription in Yersinia enterocolitica through Competition with RovA and Interaction with YmoA

Yersinia enterocolitica is able to efficiently invade Peyer's patches with the aid of invasin, an outer member protein involved in the attachment and invasion of M cells. Invasin is encoded by inv, which is positively regulated by RovA in both Y. enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis while negatively regulated by YmoA in Y. enterocolitica and H-NS in Y. pseudotuberculosis. In this study we present data indicating H-NS and RovA bind directly and specifically to the inv promoter of Y. enterocolitica. We also show that RovA and H-NS from Y. enterocolitica bind to a similar region of the inv promoter and suggest they compete for binding sites. This is similar to recently published data from Y. pseudotuberculosis, revealing a potentially conserved mechanism of inv regulation between Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Furthermore, we present data suggesting H-NS and YmoA form a repression complex on the inv promoter, with H-NS providing the binding specificity and YmoA interacting with H-NS to form a repression complex. We also demonstrate that deletion of the predicted H-NS binding region relieves the requirement for RovA-dependent transcription of the inv promoter, consistent with RovA acting as a derepressor of H-NS-mediated repression. Levels of H-NS and YmoA are similar between 26 degrees C and 37 degrees C, suggesting that the H-NS/YmoA repression complex is present at both temperatures, while the levels of rovA transcript are low at 37 degrees C and high at 26 degrees C, leading to expression of inv at 26 degrees C. Expression of RovA at 37 degrees C results in transcription of inv and production of invasin. Data presented here support a model of inv regulation where the level of RovA within the cell governs inv expression. As RovA levels increase, RovA can successfully compete for binding to the inv promoter with the H-NS/YmoA complex, resulting in derepression of inv transcription.
Macromolecular technologies: applications and improvements.

A report on the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities (ABRF) meeting, San Diego, USA, 24-27 February, 2001.
Adrenal Vein Sampling for Conn’s Syndrome: Diagnosis and Clinical Outcomes

Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the gold standard test to determine unilateral causes of primary aldosteronism (PA). We have retrospectively characterized our experience with AVS including concordance of AVS results and imaging, and describe the approach for the PA patient in whom bilateral AVS is unsuccessful. We reviewed the medical records of 85 patients with PA and compared patients who were treated medically and surgically on pre-procedure presentation and post-treatment outcomes, and evaluated how technically unsuccessful AVS results were used in further patient management. Out of the 92 AVS performed in 85 patients, AVS was technically successful bilaterally in 58 (63%) of cases. Either unsuccessful AVS prompted a repeat AVS, or results from the contralateral side and from CT imaging were used to guide further therapy. Patients who were managed surgically with adrenalectomy had higher initial blood pressure and lower potassium levels compared with patients who were managed medically. Adrenalectomy results in significantly decreased blood pressure and normalization of potassium levels. AVS can identify surgically curable causes of PA, but can be technically challenging. When one adrenal vein fails to be cannulated, results from the contralateral vein can be useful in conjunction with imaging and clinical findings to suggest further management.
Modeling flow pattern transitions for upward gas-liquid flow in vertical concentric and eccentric annuli

Abstract Flow patterns were investigated in vertical upward gas-liquid flow in a concentric and an eccentric annulus (eccentricity 50%). A new method for flow pattern identification is proposed based on probability density function analysis of conductance probe signals. Flow pattern maps have been constructed and mathematical models are proposed which predict the flow pattern transitions.
What to do With Wake-Up Stroke

Wake-up stroke, defined as the situation where a patient awakens with stroke symptoms that were not present prior to falling asleep, represents roughly 1 in 5 acute ischemic strokes and remains a therapeutic dilemma. Patients with wake-up stroke were excluded from most ischemic stroke treatment trials and are often not eligible for acute reperfusion therapy in clinical practice, leading to poor outcomes. Studies of neuroimaging with standard noncontrast computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and multimodal perfusion-based CT and MRI suggest wake-up stroke may occur shortly before awakening and may assist in selecting patients for acute reperfusion therapies. Pilot studies of wake-up stroke treatment based on these neuroimaging features are promising but have limited generalizability. Ongoing randomized treatment trials using neuroimaging-based patient selection may identify a subset of patients with wake-up stroke that can safely benefit from acute reperfusion therapies.
Gas phase measurements of pyruvic acid and its volatile metabolites

Pyruvic acid, central to leaf carbon metabolism, is a precursor of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that impact air quality and climate. Although the pathways involved in the production of is...
When should a territory resident attack

Models of territorial defence tend to omit two characteristics of many territorial systems: repeated intrusions by the same individual and the learning processes of residents and intruders. Here we present state-dependent, dynamic models of feeding territories, designed to investigate temporal patterns of resident aggression towards intruders that are capable of spatial learning. We compare two types of models: (1) a nomadic intruder model, in which intruders never visit the same territory twice, and (2) a single, repeat intruder model, in which an intruder may repeatedly intrude into a given territory but is less likely to do so after being attacked. These two models produce qualitatively and quantitatively different patterns of aggression by residents. For instance, residents with intruders that may repeatedly intrude have high initial attack rates, regardless of initial probability of intrusion, but their attack rates decline over time. In contrast, residents in the nomadic intruder model do not attack intruders if intrusion rates are moderately high, and their attack rates are constant and high for most of the period of territory tenure. In addition, residents of both nomadic and repeat intruder scenarios stopped attacking intruders for a short period before voluntarily abandoning their feeding territories. The results of our models suggest that repeated intrusions and learning processes have a dramatic effect on territorial defence.
A USER-SESSION-BASED COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAY MANAGEMENT

The design and implementation of a user-session based computerized system for highway management is presented. The functionality required to accomplish concomitant methodologic tasks is implemented as computer sessions. Described are the analytical methods, algorithms, and user sessions involved in the goal-oriented optimization process that is used to analyze highway program scenarios. The computerized system is being developed in a phased manner to provide early products that assist the New York State Thruway Authority's operations. The system continues to evolve with user feedback and technology advancement. In the current phase, the system consists of graphic user interfaces and robust algorithms that are implemented efficiently using modeling and spreadsheet tools. The evolving computerized system has been used to conduct case studies, provide tabular and graphic summaries of specific highway program scenarios, and obtain feedback for future enhancements. It is concluded that the user-session-based design has provided an efficient approach to integrate the analysis methods and provide a user-friendly computerized system for highway program development.
Solution to problems from Part 2

We briefly describe, or give reference, to solutions of some of the open problems from Part 2 [1].
Multilevel streaming for out-of-core surface reconstruction

Reconstruction of surfaces from huge collections of scanned points often requires out-of-core techniques, and most such techniques involve local computations that are not resilient to data errors. We show that a Poisson-based reconstruction scheme, which considers all points in a global analysis, can be performed efficiently in limited memory using a streaming framework. Specifically, we introduce a multilevel streaming representation, which enables efficient traversal of a sparse octree by concurrently advancing through multiple streams, one per octree level. Remarkably, for our reconstruction application, a sufficiently accurate solution to the global linear system is obtained using a single iteration of cascadic multigrid, which can be evaluated within a single multi-stream pass. We demonstrate scalable performance on several large datasets.
Studies on ox brain aminopeptides

1. Mn2+-inhibited and Mn2+-activated aminopeptidases have been observed in ox brain and separated from one another by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. 2. The Mn2+-inhibited enzyme has been purified 36-fold; it exhibits a specificity for tripeptide substrates, whereas the Mn2+-activated aminopeptidase cleaves dipeptides as well as tripeptides. 3. Ammonium sulphate treatment generates a Mn2+-stimulated aminopeptidase that is stable to dialysis against EDTA and water, in contrast with an endogenous Mn2+-activated preparation that is irreversibly denatured by such dialysis against EDTA and water.
The Expanding Complexity of Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Cardiovascular System

Estrogen has important effects on cardiovascular function including regulation of vascular function, blood pressure, endothelial relaxation, and the development of hypertrophy and cardioprotection. However, the mechanisms by which estrogen mediates these effects are still poorly understood. As detailed in this review, estrogen can regulate transcription by binding to 2 nuclear receptors, ERα and ERβ, which differentially regulate gene transcription. ERα and ERβ regulation of gene transcription is further modulated by tissue-specific coactivators and corepressors. Estrogen can bind to ERα and ERβ localized at the plasma membrane as well as G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor to initiate membrane delimited signaling, which enhances kinase signaling pathways that can have acute and long-term effects. The kinase signaling pathways can also mediate transcriptional changes and can synergize with the ER to regulate cell function. This review will summarize the beneficial effects of estrogen in protecting the cardiovascular system through ER-dependent mechanisms with an emphasis on the role of the recently described ER membrane signaling mechanisms.
Wild Tomato (Solanum carolinense L.): Anther Culture and the Induction of Haploids

Solanum carolinense L. (wild tomato), a member of the Solanaceae, is a herbaceous perennial of southeastern Canada and the central and eastern United States (Britton and Brown 1970). The plant reproduces vegetatively and sexually (Ilnicki et al. 1962), is armed with prickles, and has been designated one of the ten most troublesome pasture weeds in the southeastern United States (Smith and Calvert 1980). S. carolinense contains the alkaloids solanine and solanidine and has been used pharmacologically as a sedative and antispasmodic (Culbreth 1927). Extracts from the fruits have been shown to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, although the active constituents of the extracts are not known (Pitts et al. 1969). This plant has been used in my laboratory to study various aspects of regeneration and differentiation from androgenic and somatic tissues in culture (Reynolds 1984 a, 1986 a, b, c, 1987 a, b, 1989 a, b). This chapter summarizes the work on anther culture and the regulation of androgenesis in this system.
Regionally Discrete Aqueous Humor Outflow Quantification Using Fluorescein Canalograms.

Purpose To visualize and quantify conventional outflow directly in its anatomic location. Methods We obtained fluorescein canalograms in six porcine whole eyes and six porcine anterior segment cultures. Eyes were perfused with a constant pressure of 15 mmHg using media containing 0.017 mg/ml fluorescein. Flow patterns were visualized using a stereo dissecting microscope equipped for fluorescent imaging. Images were captured every 30 seconds for 20 minutes for time lapse analysis. Anterior chamber cultures were imaged again on day three of culture. Canalograms were first analyzed for filling time per quadrant. We then wrote a program to automatically compute focal flow fits for each macropixel and to detect convergent perilimbal flow patterns with macropixels grouped into 3 equal-radial width rings around the cornea. A generalized additive model was used to determine fluorescence changes of individual macropixels. Results The resulting imaging algorithm deployed 1024 macropixels that were fit to determine maximum intensity and time to fill. These individual fits highlighted the focal flow function. In whole eyes, significantly faster flow was seen in the inferonasal (IN) and superonasal (SN) quadrants compared to the superotemporal (ST) and inferotemporal (IT) ones (p<0.05). In anterior chamber cultures, reduced flow on day 1 increased in all quadrants on day 3 except in IT (p<0.05). Perilimbal ring analysis uncovered convergent perilimbal flow. Conclusions An algorithm was developed that analyzes regional and circumferential outflow patterns. This algorithm found flow patterns that changed over time and differ in whole eyes and anterior segment cultures.
High-or Low-Temperature Treatments Affecting Alfalfa Weevil Fecundity Egg Fertility, and Longevity

High or low temperature treatments for sterilization or desemination of adult Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), reduced fecundity, fertility, and longevity. Females mated to males which had been exposed to 40°C for 24 hours prior to mating laid a reduced number of eggs, as did females mated before or after exposure at 40°C for 24 hours. Mated females kept at 35°C for 4 weeks, and 2 groups of mated females exposed to 47°C and –5, respectively, for 10 minutes showed a further reduction in fecundity. Females from all treatments except the one in which females were treated prior to mating showed reduced fertility, indicating that damage to sperm was the major factor reducing fertility. Untreated control weevils held at 23°C laid many more eggs of higher fertility, had a longer oviposition period, and had a greater longevity than treated weevils. Heat treatment of unmated males damaged sperm. Heat treatment of virgin females retarded oogenesis and possibly damaged eggs. Mated females exposed to high or low temperatures probably incurred damage to both eggs and stored sperm. Untreated females suffered reduced longevity when mated with heat-treated males.
DOES ECHO EQUIPMENT VINTAGE REFLECT COMMITMENT TO QUALITY? ASSESSMENT BY IAC ACCREDITATION STATUS

Investing in up to date echo equipment might reflect a commitment to quality. Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) accreditation is granted or delayed depending on the fulfilment of several quality metrics. Between 2012 and 2014, 3188 labs applied for echo accreditation. The number of echo
Phenol methylation over CrPO4 and CrPO4−AlPO4 catalysts

The vapor-phase catalytic alkylation of phenol with methanol and dimethyl carbonate on a series of differently prepared CrPO4 (Cr/P=1) and CrPO4-AlPO4 (CrAIP) catalysts, has been studied at different temperatures (473–673 K). The reaction is first order in phenol, giving a mixture of O- and C-alkylated products (C-alkylation taking place preferentially at theortho-position). Moreover, dimethyl carbonate is a better methylating agent than methanol.
Manufacturing Strategy, Competitive Strategy, and Performance: Testing Differences Between Family and Nonfamily Firms in Ghana

This chapter examines how manufacturing strategy influences both competitive strategy and performance in family firms (FFs) and nonfamily firms (NFFs). It also examines the differences in the impact of (1) manufacturing strategy on competitive strategy and (2) manufacturing strategy on performance between FFs and NFFs. Using data from 122 FFs and NFFs in Ghana, we find that delivery manufacturing strategy has a stronger influence on cost leadership strategy for FFs than for NFFs. The findings further show that flexibility manufacturing strategy has a stronger influence on differentiation strategy for FFs than for NFFs, while cost manufacturing strategy has a stronger effect on differentiation strategy for NFFs than for FFs. The findings also show that FFs experience greater performance benefits than NFFs when they use delivery manufacturing strategy, while NFFs benefit more from the utilization of flexibility and cost manufacturing strategies than FFs. Implications are discussed.
Pervasive Developmental Disorder and ADHD

The relationship between patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) was studied at Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
Bacterial Endocarditis and Cerebrovascular Disease

Cerebrovascular complications of endocarditis occur in 25-70% of patients with infective endocarditis. The cornerstone of treatment is early initiation of antibiotic treatment, which significantly reduces the risk of embolization after 1 week of treatment. In general, thrombolysis and anticoagulation of these patients should be avoided, while antiplatelet therapy may be considered in those with other indications. Endovascular treatment of acute septic emboli is uncertain, but a few case reports have demonstrated benefit. Other complications of infective endocarditis include intracerebral hemorrhage, which may be predicted by the presence of two or more cerebral microbleeds on gradient echo sequences. Intracranial mycotic aneurysms can often be managed with serial imaging and coiled if there is evidence of failure to reduce in size, or enlargement.
A Network Thermodynamic Model of Kidney Perfusion

Abstract A network thermodynamic model has been devised to describe the coupled movement of water and glycerol molecules within the kidney during perfusion with solutions of time-varying glycerol and impermeant comcentrations. Both flows are governed by a combination of the individual osmotic potential differences between compartments, the viscoelastic behavior of the tissue, and the momentum transferred between the two flows. The system is modelled using the bond graph technique and simulated with the ENPORT7 package (Rosencode Associates, 1993).
Double-Well Colloidal Nanocrystals Featuring Two-Color Photoluminescence

Ratiometric sensing strategy relies on the ratio of the two photoluminescence (PL) signals originating from the same nano-object for detecting the changes in the surrounding media. Recently, such dual-color emission has been demonstrated in semiconductor colloids, where the PL signal from a quantum-confined domain was complemented with the secondary emission from transition metal ions or a bulk-like structure. Here, we report on the development of dual-color nanocrystal colloids featuring a combination of two quantum-confined emitters within the same nano-object. The reported morphology relies on double-well core/barrier/shell arrangement, where zero-dimensional excitons of the core component (PbS) can coexist with two-dimensional excitons of the shell domain (CdSe). As a result, the core and shell emission bands can be independently tuned across 880–1500 nm and 600–650 nm spectral windows, respectively. A CdS potential barrier at the PbS/CdSe interface was designed to suppress the energy and charge diffu...
Methylglyoxal Requires AC1 and TRPA1 to Produce Pain and Spinal Neuron Activation

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a metabolite of glucose that may contribute to peripheral neuropathy and pain in diabetic patients. MG increases intracellular calcium in sensory neurons and produces behavioral nociception via the cation channel transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). However, rigorous characterization of an animal model of methylglyoxal-evoked pain is needed, including testing whether methylglyoxal promotes negative pain affect. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether methylglyoxal is sufficient to activate neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn, whether this requires TRPA1, and if the calcium-sensitive adenylyl cyclase 1 isoform (AC1) contributes to MG-evoked pain. We administered intraplantar methylglyoxal and then evaluated immunohistochemical phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and multiple pain-like behaviors in wild-type rats and mice and after disruption of either TRPA1 or AC1. Methylglyoxal produced conditioned place avoidance (CPA) (a measure of affective pain), dose-dependent licking and lifting nociceptive behaviors, hyperalgesia to heat and mechanical stimulation, and p-ERK in the spinal cord dorsal horn. TRPA1 knockout or intrathecal administration of a TRPA1 antagonist (HC030031) attenuated methylglyoxal-evoked p-ERK, nociception, and hyperalgesia. AC1 knockout abolished hyperalgesia but not nociceptive behaviors. These results indicate that intraplantar administration of methylglyoxal recapitulates multiple signs of painful diabetic neuropathy found in animal models of or patients with diabetes, including the activation of spinal nociresponsive neurons and the potential involvement of a TRPA1-AC1 sensitization mechanism. We conclude that administration of MG is a valuable model for investigating both peripheral and central components of a MG-TRPA1-AC1 pathway that contribute to painful diabetic neuropathy.
Fabrication and test of a tube shaped e-skin sensor on a colon simulator

Thin film stretchable sensors are believed to have great applications on devices with curved surface. Among them, electrical skin (e-skin) sensors for pressure measurement have the potential to provide protection to human body by feeding back the contact pressure. One of the applications is to monitor the contact pressure from colonoscope to the colonic wall during a colonoscopy to prevent perforation and hemorrhaging. Many researches have been reported about highly flexible and stretchable e-skin sensors. However, no effort has been made to investigate its performance in a colon simulator. In this work, we developed a new technique to make ultra-thin, highly stretchable electrodes on thin films. Then we successfully built a three-layer tube shaped tactile sensor with high conformability and stretchability. We then investigated the pressure generated by various bending curvatures on a colonoscope. Finally, we performed a real-time pressure measurement with the whole sensing system on a fake colonoscope in a colon-simulator. The measured pressure was obtained and visualized on a computer screen. These experiments validated the applicability of the designed sensor and revealed the actual stress distribution on a tube shaped e-skin sensor array in a colon-simulator. This research could be the starting point of the effort on upgrading the strategies of colonoscopy for safer operations and could provide new routines to optimize tactile sensor design for other medical applications.
An X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Phase Transformation Temperature of MnO

X-ray diffraction measurements of MnO confirm the hypothesis that the structural temperature and the magnetic transition temperature, or Neel temperature, are the same. The usefulness of X-ray diffraction intensity data of MnO, with respect to an atomic structural refinement problem involving α-Mn powders, is discussed. Lattice constant values of MnO are listed between 100 and 310°K.
High-intensity stretch-shortening contraction training modifies responsivity of skeletal muscle in old male rats.

Utilization of high-intensity resistance training to counter age-related sarcopenia is currently debated because of the potential for maladaptation when training design is inappropriate. Training design is problematic because the influence of various loading variables (e.g. contraction mode, repetition number, and training frequency) is still not well characterized at old age. To address this in a precisely controlled manner, we developed a rodent model of high-intensity training consisting of maximally-activated stretch-shortening contractions (SSCs), contractions typical during resistance training. With this model, we determined that at old age, high-repetition SSC training (80 SSCs: 8 sets of 10 repetitions) performed frequently (i.e. 3 days per week) for 4.5 weeks induced strength deficits with no muscle mass gain while decreasing frequency to 2 days per week promoted increases in muscle mass and muscle quality (i.e. performance normalized to muscle mass). This finding confirmed the popular notion that decreasing training frequency has a robust effect with age. Meanwhile, the influence of other loading variables remains contentious. The aim of the present study was to assess muscle adaptation following modulation of contraction mode and repetition number during high-intensity SSC training. Muscles of young (3 month old) and old (30 month old) male rats were exposed to 4.5 weeks of low-repetition static training of 4 (i.e. 4 sets of one repetition) isometric (ISO) contractions 3 days per week or a more moderate-repetition dynamic training of 40 SSCs (i.e. 4 sets of 10 repetitions) 3 days per week. For young rats, performance and muscle mass increased regardless of training protocol. For old rats, no muscle mass adaptation was observed for 4 ISO training while 40 SSC training induced muscle mass gain without improvement in muscle quality, an outcome distinct from modulating training frequency. Muscle mass gain for old rats was accompanied by decreased protein levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, a mediator of age-related chronic inflammatory signaling, to young levels. These findings suggest that while dynamic high-intensity training with a moderate number of repetitions has a limited capacity for altering muscle quality, such training is a viable strategy for countering age-related inflammatory signaling and modifying muscle mass.
Contraceptive Use Effectiveness and Pregnancy Prevention Information Preferences Among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority College Women

Abstract Background Previous research shows that sexual minority women have higher rates of unintended pregnancy than heterosexual women, but has not considered the wide range of contraceptive method effectiveness when exploring this disparity. We examine contraceptive use effectiveness and desire for pregnancy prevention information among college women across sexual orientation identity as a risk factor for unintended pregnancy. Methods Using the National College Health Assessment Fall 2015 dataset, restricted to women who reported engaging in vaginal sex and not wanting to be pregnant (N = 6,486), logistic regression models estimated the odds of contraceptive method effectiveness and desire for pregnancy prevention information by sexual orientation. Results Most women (57%) reported using a moderately effective contraceptive method (e.g., pill, patch, ring, shot) at last vaginal sex. Compared with heterosexual women, bisexual (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37–0.62), lesbian (aOR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02–0.06), pansexual/queer (aOR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.25-.56), and other (aOR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.30–0.81) women were significantly less likely to have used a moderately effective method compared with no method. Only 9% of the sample used a highly effective method; asexual (aOR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.37–0.92) and lesbian (aOR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03–0.20) women were significantly less likely than heterosexual women to have used these methods. Pansexual/queer and bisexual women were more likely than heterosexual women to desire pregnancy prevention information. Conclusions Several groups of sexual minority women were less likely than heterosexual women to use highly or moderately effective contraceptive methods, putting them at increased risk for unintended pregnancy, but desired pregnancy prevention information. These findings bring attention to the importance of patient-centered sexual and reproductive care to reduce unintended pregnancy.
Portraits of Ignobility: The Political Thought of Xenophon, and Donald Trump

Talking about “Trumpism” is probably the wrong approach to Trump, but there are other pitfalls when speaking about the 45th president’s impact on political life. Notably, partisan strife is held to an overly strict standard: it is as if the president could not be harming American politics unless there were pitched battles in the streets. Xenophon’s portraits of men who want or exercise power proves to be a middle ground between trying to examine any “Trumpist” ideology or the immediate political ramifications of Trump’s actions. I compare Trump to Glaucon in Memorabilia III.1–7, Meno from the Anabasis, and Hiero from the work of the same name. What I find is a man Xenophon would struggle to comment on—the president is not the sort of man who would easily qualify for the ranks of the unworthy. His shamelessness, greed, and lust for power reflect broader, complicated political vices we share.
The Sexual Cycle in Neurospora

Species of the genus Neurospora have been much studied as model systems for understanding metabolic pathways and their regulation, the processes and consequences of sexuality, and the natural history and evolution of a representative fungal genus. These subjects have been extensively reviewed in the literature, and there seems to be no urgent need to update them. The initiation and progression of events in fruiting bodies and asci has been the subject of a recent careful and scholarly review, to which the reader is enthusiastically referred (Raju, 1992). By contrast, the subject of nutrition of perithecia of developing asci, and of communication between nuclei as judged by dominance and by success or failure of complementation in the developing perithecial system has received little recent discussion. Much of the knowledge exists as unpublished bits of information, some of it from the laboratory of the author, or as minor observations made in connection with more substantial findings on other subjects. Such information is nonetheless useful in thinking about how development of fruiting bodies occurs. This review will be unabashedly eclectic, inferential, and anecdotal.
The Development of an in-Vessel Cryopump System for the DIII-D Tokamak

The design, testing and initial operation of the DIII-D advanced divertor cryocondensation pumping system is presented. The pump resides inside the tokamak plasma containment vessel where it provides particle exhaust pumping, and it is subjected to Joule heating and hot particle heat loads during each 10 second discharge. In addition, the pump must withstand plasma disruption induced electromagnetic forces and 400°C bake-out temperatures. Cooling is accomplished by forced flow liquid helium with the two-phase helium exhaust passing through a reliquefier for thermal efficiency. A prototype pump was constructed to study surface temperature rise as a function of flow geometry, applied heat load, helium mass flow rate, and pump outlet conditions. Prototype testing led to the development of a special geometry which was demonstrated to enhance two-phase flow stability and overall heat transfer. During initial operation, deuterium pumping speeds of 32,000 Lis at 2 mTorr pressure were achieved with a helium flow rate of 5 g/s. This speed was maintained during 300 W, 8 s long test heat pulses which meets operational goals.
Three Senses of “A is B” in Heidegger

It may be helpful to subdivide Heidegger’s view of “A is B” into three stages. However, such a subdivision is no more than a rhetorical device. The development of a person’s thought refuses linearization.
An Experimental Study on the Energy Consumption and Emission Profile of Fused Deposition Modeling Process

Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) is widely considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional processes. However, AM processes are not free of environmental impacts: they consume material and energy while emitting particulates and/or volatile organic compounds. Although there are efforts on characterizing energy consumption and air borne emissions, in depth analysis and understanding are generally lacking when compared with traditional processes, especially machining processes. Using fused deposition modeling (FDM) process as an example, this study explores how operating procedure and printing parameters affect the energy consumption and particulates emissions. Experimental data suggests that particle emission is mainly the result of condensing and agglomerating of semi-volatile organic compounds. The initial emission spike occurs when there is dripping of semi-liquid filament from heated nozzle and/or there is residue left in the nozzle. Printing speed and material flow have effects on particle emission rate but the effect is small. Power profile analysis indicates that print bed heating and temperature maintaining is the leading contributor to energy consumption.
Learning from Artificial Intelligence’s Previous Awakenings: The History of Expert Systems

This article frames and presents the discussion at an invited panel “AI History: Expert Systems” held at the AAAI-17 conference held in San Francisco. The panel’s purpose was to open up this history of expert systems, its transformational aspects, and its connections to today’s AI awakening.
Safety of Drilling 3-Dimensional–Printed Temporal Bones

Importance Three-dimensional (3-D) printing of temporal bones is becoming more prevalent. However, there has been no measure of the safety of drilling these models to date. It is unknown whether the heat and sheer from the drill may create harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Objective To determine the level of exposure to airborne contaminants when conducting high-speed drilling on 3-D–printed models and to explore whether there is a need for exposure control measures. Design, Setting, and Participants In this occupational safety assessment carried out in a temporal bone laboratory, 3 individual 3-D–printed temporal bones were made using 3 different materials commonly cited in the literature: polylactic acid (PLA), photoreactive acrylic resin (PAR), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Each model was drilled for 40 minutes while the surgeon wore a sampling badge. Sampling was conducted for airborne concentrations of VOCs and total particulate (TP). Monitoring for VOCs was conducted using Assay Technology 521-25 organic vapor badge worn at the surgeon’s neckline. Monitoring for TP was conducted using a polyvinyl chloride filter housed inside a cassette and coupled with an SKC AirChek 52 personal air-sampling pump. Samples were collected and analyzed in accordance with NIOSH Method 500. Main Outcomes and Measures Presence of VOCs and TP count exposures at Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) actionable levels. Results Results of the VOC sample were less than detection limits except for isopropyl alcohol at 0.24 ppm for PAR. The TP samples were less than the detection limit of 1.4 mg/m3. The results are below all applicable OSHA Action Levels and Permissible Exposure Limits for all contaminants sampled for. Conclusions and Relevance Drilling 3-D–printed models made from PLA, ABS, and PAR was safe by OSHA standards. Continued monitoring and safety testing are needed as 3-D–printed technologies are introduced to our specialty.
Novel formaldehyde-free electroless copper for plating on next-generation substrates

Abstract This work describes a new type of formaldehyde-free electroless copper electrolyte that can be used for a broad set of applications and materials, especially for the processing of next-generation substrates. The plating solution was successfully applied in both, a laboratory and production-scale environment. The results have been evaluated in detail and were benchmarked against a formaldehyde-based reference. A characterization of the obtained metal films was carried out by different analytical techniques, including microscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), adhesion tests and non-blister verification. Additionally, studies concerning chemical bath stability, throwing power and electrical reliability have been made. Based on the obtained data we believe that the current achievements represent a suitable technology to replace formaldehyde in existing printed circuit board (PCB) production without loss of process performance and thus provide a sustainable “green” alte...
Model-based material decomposition with a penalized nonlinear least-squares CT reconstruction algorithm

Spectral information in CT may be used for material decomposition to produce accurate reconstructions of material density and to separate materials with similar overall attenuation. Traditional methods separate the reconstruction and decomposition steps, often resulting in undesirable trade-offs (e.g. sampling constraints, a simplified spectral model). In this work, we present a model-based material decomposition algorithm which performs the reconstruction and decomposition simultaneously using a multienergy forward model. In a kV-switching simulation study, the presented method is capable of reconstructing iodine at 0.5 mg ml-1 with a contrast-to-noise ratio greater than two, as compared to 3.0 mg ml-1 for image domain decomposition. The presented method also enables novel acquisition methods, which was demonstrated in this work with a combined kV-switching/split-filter acquisition explored in simulation and physical test bench studies. This novel design used four spectral channels to decompose three materials: water, iodine, and gadolinium. In simulation, the presented method accurately reconstructed concentration value estimates with RMSE values of 4.86 mg ml-1 for water, 0.108 mg ml-1 for iodine and 0.170 mg ml-1 for gadolinium. In test-bench data, the RMSE values were 134 mg ml-1, 5.26 mg ml-1 and 1.85 mg ml-1, respectively. These studies demonstrate the ability of model-based material decomposition to produce accurate concentration estimates in challenging spatial/spectral sampling acquisitions.
92-Gbaud PAM4 Transmission using Spectral-Shaping Trellis-Coded-Modulation with 20-GHz Bandwidth Limitation

We propose a simple nonlinear trellis-coded-modulation to realize spectral-shaping for short-reach IM-DD transmission. Simulation results show the improvement of bandwidth-limitation and chromatic-dispersion tolerances. Experimental results show the achievement of 7% HD-FEC threshold in 184-Gb/s transmission.
Abstract 514: DUOX2-related H2O2production contributes to pro-inflammatory cytokine-related DNA damage and tumor cell growth in models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Chronic inflammation is an important risk factor for the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2), one of the seven NADPH oxidase (NOX) family members, by generating extracellular H2O2, is intimately involved in both host defense and chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Previously, we demonstrated that short (24 h) exposures of several human pancreatic cancer cell lines to pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4/IL-13, IL-17A) can effectively enhance expression of DUOX2 and its maturation factor DUOXA2. To better mimic chronic inflammation in vivo, a panel of human PDAC cell lines was exposed to the TH2 cytokine IL-4 (50ng/ml) for longer times (7 days); and the effect of cytokine treatment on Stat6 activation and DUOX2 mRNA and protein expression was explored. In BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cell lines, prolonged IL-4 stimulation results in a sustained activation of Stat6, dramatic induction of DUOX2 mRNA and protein expression, a 3-5-fold increase in extracellular H2O2 production compared to solvent-treated cells, and–most importantly–a robust DNA double strand break (DSB) response indicated by elevated levels of γH2AX. In marked contrast, for two JAK-Stat6 signaling defective PDAC lines, PANC-1 and CFPAC-1, no enhancement of DUOX2 expression with concomitant DSBs was observed under the same conditions. Moreover, when the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (Dex) was co-administered with IL-4 (for 48h), cytokine-related DUOX2 induction and DNA damage in BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cells was significantly diminished. Furthermore, in the KPC GEMM of PDAC, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that DUOX2 mRNA and protein expression in pancreatic tumor tissues were significantly increased compared to adjacent normal tissues and were associated with areas of chronic inflammation. Finally, xenografts established with BxPC-3 cell clones in which DUOX2 mRNA was silenced by stable expression of DUOX2-specific shRNAs demonstrated severely delayed growth in vivo compared to clones stably expressing scrambled shRNAs. These studies, coupled with our previous data demonstrating elevated DUOX protein expression in pancreatitis, pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and frank pancreatic cancers in humans, suggest that ROS- derived from cytokine-mediated DUOX2 up-regulation may initiate and promote pancreatic cancer progression through ROS-induced DNA damage. Citation Format: Yongzhong Wu, Jiamo Lu, Smitha Antony, Jennifer L. Meitzler, Agnes Juhasz, Guojian Jiang, Iris Dahan, James H. Doroshow. DUOX2-related H2O2 production contributes to pro-inflammatory cytokine-related DNA damage and tumor cell growth in models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 514.
INTERFERENCE SURFACE TESTING WITH QUARTER-WAVELENGTH SENSITIVITY

ABSTRACT A contactless interference surface testing method is described that is capable of creating fringe patterns with fringe separations corresponding to a surface deformation of a quarter-wavelength of the illumination light. Contrary to common Fizeau fringes where the interference pattern occurs by superposing two wavefronts, the described method is based upon a superposition of four wavefronts. These wavefronts are created by a diffraction transmission grating which is contactlessly placed over the surface to be tested. Basically, this technique provides a beat frequency pattern with adaptable fringe separation. Practical applications of this method to semiconductor silicon wafers are presented.
Variance in symptom assessment between patient and caregiver: A prospective study of patients staged as metastatic prostate cancer—An interim analysis.

56Background: Closely monitored and managed patient reported outcomes (PROs) can impact survival of cancer patients. However, the reliability and validity of patients’ self-reported symptoms are so...
Hepatitis C virus relapse after successful treatment with direct-acting antivirals, followed by sarcomatous changes in hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report

Combination therapy of interferon and ribavirin has traditionally been used to eradicate hepatitis C virus. The sustained virologic response achieved with interferon-related therapy is persistent, and late relapses after achieving sustained virologic response at 24 weeks using this therapy are reportedly rare (< 1%). In 2014, interferon-free therapy with direct-acting antivirals was developed, and the rate of sustained virologic response was improved. However, the persistence thereof remains uncertain, and the appropriate follow-up period for hepatitis C virus-positive patients is under discussion. A 74-year-old Japanese man who had hepatitis C virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma and was successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation four times underwent direct-acting antiviral therapy with daclatasvir and asunaprevir; sustained virologic response at 24 weeks was confirmed. However, although he had no high risk factors for reinfection, hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid was detected again 6 months after achieving sustained virologic response at 24 weeks. Moreover, he developed active hepatitis with an increased viral load. Five months after development of hepatitis, recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma emerged in segment II, where we had performed radiofrequency ablation 17 months previously. The recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma enlarged quite rapidly and induced multiple peritoneal disseminations and lung metastases. He died 3 months after the abrupt recurrence. A sarcomatous change in the hepatocellular carcinoma was identified during the autopsy. Although sustained virologic response at 24 weeks has generally been regarded to denote complete eradication of hepatitis C virus, we present a patient in whom hepatitis C virus recurred 6 months after achieving sustained virologic response at 24 weeks with direct-acting antiviral therapy. In addition, a sarcomatous change in hepatocellular carcinoma emerged 5 months after active hepatitis developed due to late hepatitis C virus relapse in this case. The sarcomatous change in hepatocellular carcinoma is generally thought to be related to anticancer therapies, such as radiofrequency ablation. However, in this case, late viral relapse and active hepatitis in addition to the previous radiofrequency ablation could have been the trigger. There may be a need for follow-up of hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid beyond sustained virologic response at 24 weeks with direct-acting antiviral therapy, owing to the possibility of late viral relapse and tumorigenesis.
Knowings and knots: Methodologies and ecologies in research-creation: edited by N. Loveless, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, University of Alberta Press, 2020, 350 pp., $39.99 paperback.

This book has everything to do with education; yet, some might think nothing to do with education. Afterall, the content centers on arts and humanities’ research-creation focusing on different disc...
Resisting Broken Windows

Concurrent housing and opioid crises have increased exposure to street-crime, homelessness and addiction in American cities. What are the political consequences of this increased neighborhood disorder? We examine a change in social context following the relocation of homelessness and drug treatment services in Boston. In 2014, an unexpected bridge closing forced nearly 1000 people receiving emergency shelter or addiction treatment to relocate from an island in the Boston Harbor to mainland Boston, causing sustained increases in drug-use, loitering, and other features of neighborhood disorder. Residents near the relocation facilities mobilized to maintain order in their community. In the subsequent Mayoral election, their turnout grew 9% points while participation in state and national elections was unchanged. However, increased turnout favored the incumbent Mayor, consistent with voter learning about candidate quality following local shocks. Voters responded to neighborhood changes at the relevant electoral scale and rewarded responsive politicians.
5.5 – Biomass Burning: The Cycling of Gases and Particulates from the Biosphere to the Atmosphere

Biomass burning is both a process of geochemical cycling of gases and particulates from the biosphere to the atmosphere and a process of global change. Biomass burning or vegetation burning is the burning of living and dead vegetation and includes human-initiated burning and natural lightning-induced burning. The bulk of the world's biomass burning occurs in the tropics − in the tropical forests of South America and Southeast Asia and in the savannas of Africa and South America. The majority of the biomass burning, primarily in the tropics, is believed to be human initiated for land clearing and land use change. A significant amount of biomass burning occurs in the boreal forests of Russia, Canada, and Alaska.