cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salary Disparities Based on Gender in Academic Emergency Medicine Leadership.

Objective There are significantly fewer women than men in leadership roles in healthcare. Previous studies have shown that, overall, male physicians earn nearly $20,000 more annually than their female physician colleagues after adjusting for confounding factors. However, there has not been a description of physician leadership compensation in relation to gender. Methods This was a successive cross-sectional observation study design of 154 Emergency Departments (EDs) in the U.S. from five years (2013, 2015-2018) using Association of Academic Chairs in Emergency Medicine & Academy of Administrators in Academic EM survey data. The primary variable of interest, leadership role, was attained by re-coding the survey responses to assign primary job duty into four main categories: no leadership role, operations leadership, education leadership, and executive leadership. Results Overall, 8,820 responses were included. Across all survey years, the average percentage of women in any leadership role was significantly less than men (44.5% [95% CI: ± 1.7%]) vs. 55.3% [95% CI: ± 1.2%]). Women in leadership roles worked more clinical hours than men in the same position (female median = 1,008; male median = 960). Women also had significantly lower salaries than men at each of the five-year time points that data are reported, with unadjusted average salary differences of $-54,409 per year for executives, $-27,803 for operational leaders, and $-17,803 for education leaders. Conclusions Female physicians hold fewer leadership roles in academic EM, and when they do, they work more clinical hours and are paid less than male physicians. As a specialty, emergency medicine should continue to investigate and report out gender achievement disparities as work is done to rectify the system inequalities.
Russian Industrial Sector In April 2021: Indications of Crisis Resolution

In April 2021, the Russian industrial sector continued its confident recovery from the crisis. Positive dynamics of demand accompanied by high optimism in sales forecasts and a shortage of finished goods stocks allow the enterprises to maintain growth of the output and increase demand for labor. The inflation expectations of industrial enterprises continue to rise surpassing the levels of 2010 and 2015. The fact that investment plans of enterprises turned a profit and the pre-crisis credit availability restored with the rates remaining at the minimum level in April, were indications of the pandemic crisis resolution.
Die Motive des Gehorsams bei Max Weber: eine Rekonstruktion

Zusammenfassung: Der Aufsatz behandelt ein ebenso zentrales wie vernachlassigtes Thema der Weberschen Herrschaftssoziologie: die Unterscheidung verschiedener Motive der „Fugsamkeit". Webers Liste der Gehorsams motive weist ein wichtiges Problem auf: Sie scheint inkoharent zu sein, ohne einheitlichen Gesichtspunkt der Unter scheidung. Dies stellt den besonderen Stellenwert des Legitimationsglaubens unter den Gehorsamsmotiven und seine zentrale Bedeutung fur stabile Herrschaftsverhaltnisse in Frage. Der Aufsatz unternimmt eine Rekonstruk tion, die zeigt, das es Weber in erster Linie um die Unterscheidung normativer und nicht-normativer Gehorsams motive ging. Die rekonstruierte Typologie ist nicht disparat und erlaubt auserdem, die besondere Stellung des Legi timatsglaubens zu erklaren.
History with an Impact: The Most Cited Articles in the Journal of Library History and Its Successors over the Past Fifty Years

The Journal of Library History established itself in 1966 as a leading venue for publishing scholarship addressing libraries and librarianship. In recognition of the journal’s 50th anniversary, this study uses data derived from Google Scholar to identify the articles in JLH and its successors that have been cited most often. Additionally, this essay reveals the journal has contained scholarship that cites library history both inside and outside the discipline of library and information science.
Inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐dependent Ca2+ signalling in cat atrial excitation–contraction coupling and arrhythmias

Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent Ca2+ release represents the major Ca2+ mobilizing pathway responsible for diverse functions in non-excitable cells. In the heart, however, its role is largely unknown or controversial. In intact cat atrial myocytes, endothelin (ET-1) increased basal [Ca2+]i levels, enhanced action potential-evoked [Ca2+]i transients, caused [Ca2+]i transients with alternating amplitudes (Ca2+ alternans), and facilitated spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the form of Ca2+ sparks and arrhythmogenic Ca2+ waves. These effects were prevented by the IP3 receptor (IP3R) blocker aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), suggesting the involvement of IP3-dependent SR Ca2+ release. In saponin-permeabilized myocytes IP3 and the more potent IP3R agonist adenophostin increased basal [Ca2+]i and the frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ sparks. In the presence of tetracaine to eliminate Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptor (RyR) SR Ca2+ release channels, IP3 and adenophostin triggered unique elementary, non-propagating IP3R-dependent Ca2+ release events with amplitudes and kinetics that were distinctly different from classical RyR-dependent Ca2+ sparks. The effects of IP3 and adenophostin were prevented by heparin and 2-APB. The data suggest that IP3-dependent Ca2+ release increases [Ca2+]i in the vicinity of RyRs and thus facilitates Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release during excitation–contraction coupling. It is concluded that in the adult mammalian atrium IP3-dependent Ca2+ release enhances atrial Ca2+ signalling and exerts a positive inotropic effect. In addition, by facilitating Ca2+ release, IP3 may also be an important component in the development of Ca2+-mediated atrial arrhythmias.
E-Rate Program on Hold: New E-Rate Accounting Rules

The Federal E-rate program was established in 1996 as part of a broad effort to bring high-speed Internet access to schools and libraries around the country, particularly in rural areas. Under the program, schools and libraries can receive grants which cover up to 90% of their Internet service and telecommunications costs. Funding for the program comes from “Universal Service Fees” assessed on telecommunications services. The program is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), but is administered by the Universal Service Administrative Company (USAC), a federally chartered, non-profit corporation.The $2.5 billion program is considered a success. USAC processes over 35,000 applications per year for new and continuing E-rate support. Statistics from 2002 (the most recent year available) show that 99% of public schools and 92% of public school classrooms have Internet access, with much of that access being through broadband connections funded in part by the E-rate program. Until recently, the only significant glitch in the program was the Children’s Internet Protection Act (see, Living in a Post-CIPA World, Information Today, September 2003), which added a requirement that all public school and library E-rate recipients must install and use filtering software on their Internet accessible computers.Recently, however, a more significant series of glitches has ground the program to a halt. In August, 2004, the FCC ordered a number of changes in the accounting, disbursement and audit practices of both the FCC and the USAC. Complications ensued.
Covariance tracking from sketches of rapid data streams

Estimating and tracking the covariance matrix of high-dimensional data streams with low complexities in acquisition, storage and computation are of great interest in modern data-intensive applications. This paper develops an online covariance estimation and tracking algorithm for a recently developed covariance sketching framework that requires a single sketch per sample [1], by leveraging the low-rank structure of the covariance matrix. In particular, we devise a discounting mechanism in the aggregation procedure to enable faster tracking when the covariance structure changes over time. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated through numerical examples.
The Protean Programmable Network Architecture: Design and Initial Experience

This paper presents Protean, a programmable network architecture for future networks. Protean is an event-driven network architecture that allows service providers, applications, and even individual flows to customize the network services, while at the same time providing efficient data paths for flows that use default services. A key feature of Protean is the support for state management. A service that is invoked at one node has the ability to access and update non-local state, and the management of distributed network state is achieved by a core-based self-configuring infrastructure in Protean.
Leadership in Public Administration: Creative and/or Ethical?

Is it possible for a leader to be both ethical and creative? Assuming you don’t think the categories are mutually exclusive, have you ever wondered about what creative leadership is and how it migh...
The Social Scholar: Re-interpreting Scholarship in the Shifting university

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a re-envisioning of traditional conceptualizations of scholarship informed by knowledge assets theory, trends shaping the modern university and technological advancements. We introduce social scholarship, a set of scholarly practices being envisioned within the conventional four domains of scholarship (i.e. discovery, integration, teaching and application). This paper provides concrete examples of the benefits and challenges of enacting social scholarly practices in light of Boisot’s theory of information flows, proprietary knowledge and the social learning cycle. Design/methodology/approach – This article is a cross-disciplinary conceptual exploration. Findings – In the model of social scholarship, access to knowledge is spreading faster than ever before; information flows are bi-directional in each domain (discovery, teaching, integration and application) where previously knowledge resided with the institution, flowing out to the public. Relationships between scholar...
Long-term outcome of aqueous shunt surgery in ten patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome.

Abstract Purpose To report the long-term outcome of ten patients with iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome who underwent aqueous shunt surgery for uncontrolled glaucoma. Design Noncomparative, retrospective case series. Participants The authors reviewed charts of ten patients with ICE syndrome-related glaucoma who underwent aqueous shunt surgery at one institution between 1987 and 1996. Main outcome measures Intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, and further surgical interventions were measured. Results With a median follow-up of 55 months, four eyes had adequate IOP control (IOP Conclusion Aqueous shunt surgery appears to be an effective method for IOP lowering in some eyes with ICE syndrome-related glaucoma when medical treatment or conventional filtration surgeries fail, but additional glaucoma procedures and/or aqueous shunt revisions and tube repositionings are not uncommon.
A Comparison of Oral and Written English Styles in African American Students at Different Stages of Writing Development.

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to compare the rates of using African American English (AAE) grammatical features in spoken and written language at different points in literacy develo...
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the renal transplant.

Abstract Ultrasonography is an excellent tool for evaluation of the renal transplant in the immediate postoperative period and for long-term follow-up. In this article, normal imaging findings and complications of renal transplantations are described. Disease processes are divided into vascular, perinephric, urologic and collecting system, and parenchymal abnormalities. Attention is paid to the time of occurrence of each complication, classic imaging findings, and potential pitfalls.
Real wages, employment and macroeconomic policy in a structuralist model for South Africa

It is now commonplace to argue that in South Africa, like many developing countries, higher wages will lower employment. This paper shows that it is difficult to extricate the relationship between wages, employment and output from the macropolicy environment. Dynamic computable general equilibrium simulations show that the employment effects of nominal wage increases depends on induced monetary and fiscal policy when there is monetary 'policy dominance'. While wage-led growth is inefficient, increasing the wages of unskilled workers can improve the distribution of income, when the induced changes are neutralised.
A survey of common security vulnerabilities and corresponding countermeasures for SaaS

Software as a Service (SaaS) is the most prevalent service delivery mode for cloud systems. This paper surveys common security vulnerabilities and corresponding countermeasures for SaaS. It is primarily focused on the work published in the last five years. We observe current SaaS security trends and a lack of sufficiently broad and robust countermeasures in some of the SaaS security area such as Identity and Access management due to the growth of SaaS applications.
Photomodulated PPV Emission in a Photochromic Polymer Film

We present studies of fluorescence intensity modulation in neat films of a photochromic poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) derivative. Poly(2-hexyloxy-5-((10-(4-(phenylazo)phenoxy)decyl)oxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (HPA-10-PPV), a PPV derivative functionalized with photoaddressable azobenzene side chains, is known to undergo modulated changes in fluorescence intensity upon azobenzene isomerization in solution. These changes are caused by nonradiative transfer of excitation energy from the PPV backbone to the azobenzene moiety. The efficiency of energy transfer is higher for the cis azobenzene isomer than for trans, a difference that enables fluorescence intensity modulation. Upon film formation, the fluorescence spectra of neat HPA-10-PPV films undergo a red shift of ca. 30 nm compared to those measured in dilute solution. Application of ultraviolet irradiation to induce trans → cis azobenzene isomerization yields a reduction in fluorescence intensity in HPA-10-PPV films that is reversed upon azobenzene cis →...
A Population of Linear, Second Order, Elliptic Partial Differential Equations on Rectangular Domains. Part 1

Abstract : We present a population of 56 linear, two-dimensional elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) suitable for evaluating numerical methods and software. Forty two of the PDEs are parameterized which allows much larger populations to be made; 189 specific cases are presented here along with solutions (some are only approximate). Many of the PDEs are artificially created so as to exhibit various mathematical behaviors of interest; the others are taken from real world problems in various ways. The population has been structured by introducing measures of complexity of the operator, boundary conditions, solution, and problem. The PDEs are first presented in mathematical terms along with contour plots of the 189 specific solutions. Machine readable descriptions are given in Part 2, MRC Technical Summary Report no. 2079; many of the PDEs involve lengthy expressions and about a dozen involve extensive tabulations of approximate solutions.
The role of GABAB mechanisms in animal models of absence seizures

Generalized absence seizures in humans are a unique type of epilepsy characterized by a synchronous, bilateral 3-Hz spike and wave discharge emanating from a cortical and thalamic network within the brain. The availability of a number of pharmacological and genetic animal models has provided us with the means with which to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these seizures. Over the last few years a significant amount of research in these models has focused on the role of the inhibitory GABAB receptors, which have been previously described in a number of brain areas as being responsible for a long-lasting hyperpolarization and depression in neurotransmitter release. Initial studies provided evidence that the GABAB receptor was capable of generating the low threshold calcium spike required for initiation of the burst firing, leading researchers to hypothesize that the GABAB receptors, played a significant role in these seizures. Subsequent research took advantage of the new generation of GABAB antagonists that became available in the early 1990s and demonstrated that in a number of models the seizures could be abolished by the administration of one of these compounds. Further biochemical, molecular, and electrophysiological experiments have been carried out to determine the exact involvement of GABAB receptors and their mechanism of action. The current evidence and interpretations of this work are presented here.
Regulation of milk ingestion in the infant rat

Abstract The aim of this study was to differentiate between maternal and offspring factors involved in the control of milk ingestion. Specifically, we investigated: (1) the temporal pattern of milk ingestion in fasted and non-fasted sucklings; (2) the amount of milk released as compared to that of milk available; and (3) the roles of the age of pups and the lactational stage of the dam as determinants of milk release. There were three general findings. First, the temporal pattern of milk letdown following a 5-hr accumulation consisted of an initial rapid phase followed by a slow “maintenance” phase. Second, a limiting factor in the amount of milk released is the dam's sensitivity to the suckling stimulus which changes as lactation progresses. Third, the age of the pups does not appear to play a determining role in milk release, but the degree of their deprivation does. In summary, it is suggested that compensation for weight loss during a fast in infant rats depends on an interplay between the pups' ability to increase their own intake, the milk availability, and the maternal sensitivity to suckling.
Feeding and reproductive biology of the currito, Hoplosternum littorale , in the Venezuelan llanos with comments on the possible function of the enlarged male pectoral spines

For one year, Hoplosternum littorale were sampled monthly from Cano Maraca, a seasonal swamp-creek of the western llanos of Venezuela. H. littorale exhibited a more or less synchronized burst of reproductive activity that coincided with the onset of the rainy season. Spawning was preceded by gradual gonadal recrudescence and a decline in visceral fat deposits during the 5 month dry season. The species is sexually dimorphic with adult males being of larger average size, attaining a larger maximum size, and possessing elongate, recurved pectoral spines and fat deposits on the pectoral fins just prior to and during the spawning season. Aquarium observations revealed that male H. littorale can use the enlarged pectoral spines as weapons during aggressive attacks. This form of aggressive behavior is most likely a component of the brood defense behavior of the species. Both immature and adult H. littorale were microphagous scavengers, taking a variety of food items from the soft mud substrate. Aquatic microcrustacea were the major item in the diet of immature fish. During the late wet and dry seasons, 61% of the stomachs sampled were empty and the intestines air- filled, indicating active use of the gut for aerial respiration.
Steady state EP is not responsible for hearing loss in adult chickens following acoustic trauma

Abstract The steady state DC endocochlear potential (EP) in young chicks shows a large decrease after acoustic overstimulation followed by a rapid recovery that parallels the recovery of threshold (Poje et al., Hear. Res. 82 (1995) 197–204). These results raise a question as to whether or not the EP could account for the hearing loss and make a significant contribution to the recovery of the threshold. In contrast to results in young chicks, we show that acoustic overstimulation, which causes extensive hair cell damage, does not cause a decrease in the steady state EP in adult chickens. However, there is a significant reduction in the negative EP seen during anoxia which persists even after 4 weeks of recovery. Thus, our results indicate that the steady state EP cannot account for the hearing loss observed in adult chickens.
William Cobbett's "Grammar" and its Purchasers

Osbornes writes about the great popularity and many editions of William Cobbett's "A Grammar of the English Language." As an outspoken advocate of radical change inEngland, the "Grammar" was to have been a weapon against his country's system of government and its rulers and its intended readers were the working class.Â It is more than likely, however,Â that the majority of buyers were ambitious members ofthe lower middle-class plus some relatively well-off artisans.
21+ mixing at isobaric analog resonances in N ≈ 82 nuclei

Abstract Evidence is discussed for the mixing of single particle configuration built on the 2 1 + core into the isobaric analog resonances formed by proton scattering on nuclei in the N ≈ 82 region. Analysis of on-resonance angular distribution data for decay to the 2 1 + state has provided inelastic proton partial widths and spectroscopic factors. It is shown that the parent analog wave functions are well described by including the above mixing.
Decreased cell membrane magnesium in some essential hypertension patients.

The concentrations of total ([T-Mg]), ultrafilterable ([UF-Mg]), and protein-bound or nonfilterable ([NF-Mg]) magnesium were measured in the plasma and in the intracellular compartment of blood from 8 essential hypertensive patients and 9 normotensive subjects. In the former, [T-Mg] was unchanged in the plasma but decreased in whole blood due to decreases of both [UF-Mg] and [NF-MG]; [UF-Mg] was increased in plasma but decreased intracellularly while [NF-Mg] was decreased in plasma and unchanged intracellularly. These concentrations correlated significantly with the average blood pressures. Decreased Mg binding to the erythrocyte membrane was also observed in 13 additional essential hypertensive patients. This decreased binding may well be responsible for the decreased intracellular [UF-Mg] in the blood of such patients. The cause of the decreased Mg binding to the erythrocyte membrane is unknown, but the binding is returned to normal by incubating erythrocytes from essential hypertensive patients with bl...
Evaluation of the influence of shutdowns of a technological process on changes in the in-service state of the metal of main steam pipelines of thermal power plants

To take into account startups and shutdowns of power-generating units of thermal power plants on the in-service state of the degraded metal of steam pipelines, we propose an approach that assumes the construction of basic relations that take into account the mechanical and process indices of the operated metal. The mechanical index is the efficient threshold of cyclic crack resistance ∆K th eff, and the process index is the effective operating time τeff. Basic dependences ∆K th eff – τeff are constructed from cyclic crack resistance test results of 12Kh1MF and 15Kh1M1F after their different operation histories. It is shown that the modeling of degradation under laboratory conditions can be used for the determination of the current in-service state of the metal after its long operation without mechanical tests.
Case/control family study of autonomic nervous system dysfunction in idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome

Children with idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) have a complex phenotype consistent with an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Since CCHS may be genetic in origin, we hypothesized that relatives of individuals with CCHS may exhibit symptoms of ANS dysfunction (ANSD), albeit in a milder form. We tested this hypothesis by assessing aspects of ANS function in relatives of CCHS cases vs. relatives of matched controls with a scripted questionnaire. Only those 35 symptoms of ANSD exhibited by > or =5% of the CCHS cases were included in the analysis as the basis for determining ANSD affection status. Two different arbitrary ANSD affection status definitions are presented in detail: any case, control, or relative with positive findings (1) in two or more symptoms, or (2) in two or more systems. The subjects included in the analysis totaled 2,353, including 56 CCHS cases, 56 age-, gender-, and race-matched controls, and their families. Under each of the two arbitrary ANSD affection statuses, CCHS cases and parents of cases were more likely to be affected than controls and parents of controls (P < 0.001 for both comparisons), 16% of the CCHS siblings had the ANSD phenotype with two or more symptoms, compared to 4% of control siblings (P = 0.03). Aunts and uncles of the CCHS cases were also significantly more likely to have two or more ANSD symptoms than were aunts and uncles of the controls (P= 0.009). These results support our hypothesis and also indicate that relatives of the CCHS cases tended to manifest a milder spectrum of ANSD, with fewer systems and/or fewer symptoms than the cases.
Anatomy of the rectourethralis muscle.

Abstract Objectives: To define the true anatomic structure of the rectourethralis muscle. Methods: Cross-sectional images of fresh tissues from the Visible Human Data set were reviewed. Three-dimensional computer reconstructions of the rectourethralis and surrounding structures were generated from these data using a high speed computer and imaging software. The structure of rectourethralis was confirmed by dissection of fresh cadavers. Results: The rectourethralis arises deep within the substance of the smooth muscle of the rectal wall as two limbs of muscle which face posterolaterally. These limbs fuse into a single thick muscle which inserts into the perineal body. Conclusions: In contrast to all previous descriptions in the literature, the rectourethralis is a Y-shaped muscle which arises within the substance of the rectal wall deep to the outer longitudinal smooth muscle. This shape is consistent with the muscle's embryologic origin. Knowledge of the structure of the rectourethralis muscle will help urologists avoid rectal injuries during perineal approaches to the prostate.
Fer cryin' out loud—there is a sex difference.

Self-reported crying behavior of 307 female and 285 male university students was studied. Female subjects reported crying significantly more frequently and intensely than did male subjects. In all six interpersonal situations female subjects indicated greater likelihood of crying than did male subjects. Significantly more females than males indicated they would cry in 17 of 20 stimulus situations. Where there were significant sex differences in reporting of postcrying affect, a higher percentage of females than of males indicated that they experienced the feelings described. The sample, with few exceptions, viewed females as crying more frequently than males. Despite these sex differences, many evidences of similarity between the sexes in crying behavior were found.
North American lithospheric discontinuity structure imaged by Ps and Sp receiver functions

[1] Sp and Ps converted seismic waves at 93 permanent seismic stations are used to image upper mantle velocity discontinuities across the contiguous United States and portions of southeast Canada and northwest Mexico. Receiver functions are calculated with frequency-domain deconvolution and migrated with 1D models that account for variations in crustal structure and mantle velocities between stations. Strong positive Ps phases from the Moho are observed and agree well with previous crustal thickness estimates. In the tectonically active western U.S., high amplitude, negative Sp phases are interpreted as the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) at depths of 51–104 km. These phases indicate a large and rapid LAB velocity gradient and are consistent with an anomalously hot asthenosphere that is rich in water or contains partial melt. In the regions of the Phanerozoic southern and eastern U.S where Sp phases are interpretable as the LAB, the discontinuity lies at depths of 75–111 km and is also too sharp to be explained by temperature alone. In contrast, no Sp phases are observed at depths comparable to the base of the thick high velocity lithosphere that lies beneath cratonic North America and certain portions of the Phanerozoic eastern U.S. At these stations, negative Sp phases occur at depths of 59–113 km and are interpreted as the top of a low velocity zone internal to the lithosphere. The absence of an observable LAB discontinuity in regions of thick lithosphere indicates that the LAB velocity gradient is distributed over more than 50–70 km in depth and is consistent with a purely thermal boundary.
Cooperativity in Amide Hydrogen Bonding Chains. A Comparison between Vibrational Coupling through Hydrogen Bonds and Covalent Bonds. Implications for Peptide Vibrational Spectra

Vibrational frequencies of the coupled N-H, C=O stretches (amide I), and C-N stretch/CNH bend (amide II) have been calculated by density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/D95** level and compared for polyglycines in β-strands and chains of H-bonding formamides. The amide groups of the polyglycines are connected by covalent bonds but not by extended H-bonding interactions. Conversely, the H-bonding chains are connected by an extended H-bonding interaction, but not by covalent bonds. All three types of vibrations couple more strongly and are more red (amide I and N-H) or blue shifted (amide II) in the formamide chains than in polyglycine. In contrast to polycglycine chains, the C=O's nearest the center of the formamide are elongated compared to those near the ends. As a result, the C=O's near the center of the chain of 10 formamides no longer couple effectively with the C=O's near the ends. Isotopic substitutions of 1 3 C, 1 4 C, 1 8 O, and 2 H (deuterium) at individual sites allowed us to probe the natural frequencies of individual C=O's and N-H's. The central 1 3 C=O's and 1 4 C=O's of the formamide chains (but not polyglycine) are significantly more shifted than those at the ends from those of a model containing only one C=O. The greatest intensity for the H-bonded C=O's comes from the lowest frequency fully delocalized stretch. 1 4 C isotopic substitution confines the vibrations to either side of the position of substitution, effectively restricting the extent of delocalization and lowering the intensity of the vibration. In general, the vibrations studied couple more effectively through the H-bonds than through the covalent bonds.
Crystallization of Tin-Implanted Amorphous Silicon Thin Films

The crystallization of Sn-implanted amorphous silicon was studied as a function of tin implant dose and annealing conditions by transmission electron microscopy. The films were implanted at an energy of 110 keV with a dose in the range of 5 × 10 14 to 5×10 16 cm −2 and were annealed at a temperature in the range of 450°C to 550°C. An enhanced rate of crystallization in amorphous Si-Sn films compared to the non-implanted amorphous silicon films during thermal annealing was observed. The crystallization process of Si films implanted with tin at a dose of 2.5×10 16 cm −2 or less is very similar to unimplanted silicon films except higher nucleation rates and shorter crystallization time were observed with increasing tin dose. Films implanted with tin at a dose of 2.5×10 16 cm −2 or more display extremely rapid crystallization (3 hours at 450°C) and very fine grain structure (10 nm); no substantial grain growth has been observed during lurther annealing, but some single crystal-like areas were formed. In-situ annealing of silicon implanted to 5×10 16 cm −2 showed that the crystallization process is enhanced by the formation of the liquid tin phase.
Aqueous phase methylation as a potential source of methylmercury in wet deposition

Abstract The source of monomethylmercury (MMHg) in wet deposition is unknown. Volatilization of gaseous MMHg, evasion and demethylation of dimethylmercury, and methylation of Hg0 have been either proposed or tested unsuccessfully as potential sources. Here, we show that MMHg in precipitation, sampled across a wide geographical range in North America, is related positively to an operationally defined and measured reactive Hg species (HgR), but connected weakly to total Hg. The mean molar ratio of MMHg:HgR measured in continental precipitation (0.025±0.006) is comparable to the MMHg:Hg(II) ratio estimated from first-order rate constants for acetate-mediated Hg methylation and MMHg photolysis (0.025±0.002). This suggests MMHg may be formed in the atmosphere through a reaction between labile Hg(II) complexes and an unknown methylating agent(s), potentially acetate or similar molecules. Availability of Hg(II) appears to limit the reaction, and accordingly, increased atmospheric loadings of Hg could lead to enhanced MMHg in precipitation.
Evolution of diversity at the major histocompatibility complex

Recent evidence from both population data and DNA sequence analyses indicates that the unprecedented genetic diversity found at MHC loci is selectively maintained in contemporary natural populations, although the strength and nature of this selection are currently unclear. Due to the critical role played by MHC molecules in immune recognition, it is generally assumed that some form of parasite-driven selection is operating. However, the general failure to implicate MHC in the susceptibility to specific infectious diseases has been troubling, and may indicate that selection is too weak to detect directly. Alternatively, strong selection can be reconciled by a variety of factors including the amplification of minor (disease-based) vigor differences into large fitness differences by intraspecific competition, or non-disease-based selection such as mating preferences and selective abortion.
Gender Identity and Adjustment in Black, Hispanic, and White Preadolescents

The generality of S. K. Egan and D. G. Perry's (2001) model of gender identity and adjustment was evaluated by examining associations between gender identity (felt gender typicality, felt gender contentedness, and felt pressure for gender conformity) and social adjustment in 863 White, Black, and Hispanic 5th graders (mean age = 11.1 years). Relations between gender identity and adjustment varied across ethnic/racial groups, indicating that S. K. Egan and D. G. Perry's model requires amendment. It is suggested that the implications of gender identity for adjustment depend on the particular meanings that a child attaches to gender (e.g . the specific attributes the child regards as desirable for each sex); these meanings may vary across and within ethnic/racial groups. Cross-ethnic/racial investigation can aid theory building by pointing to constructs that are neglected in research with a single ethnic/racial group but that are crucial components of basic developmental processes.
Naphthalene and Donor Cell Density Influence Field Conjugation of Naphthalene Catabolism Plasmids

We examined transfer of naphthalene-catabolic genes from donor microorganisms native to a contaminated site to site-derived, rifampin-resistant recipient bacteria unable to grow on naphthalene. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) was demonstrated in filter matings using groundwater microorganisms as donors. Two distinct but similar plasmid types, closely related to pDTG1, were retrieved. In laboratory-incubated sediment matings, the addition of naphthalene stimulated HGT. However, recipient bacteria deployed in recoverable vessels in the field site (in situ) did not retrieve plasmids from native donors. Only when plasmid-containing donor cells and naphthalene were added to the in situ mating experiments did HGT occur.
Estimating eigenvalues for a class of dynamic systems

Abstract In a previous work an approach was presented for extracting information about the eigenvalues of a linear, time-invariant dynamic system directly from a graphical model. In this paper a generalization is given of the results previously obtained. For some particular cases we can give the entire spectrum. For these cases the spectrum is shown as a function of the structure of an abstract form of the bond graph model. For more general cases, we give upper limits on the imaginery part, and upper and lower limits on the real parts, of the eigenvalues. In contrast to most existing methods, the information about the eigenvalues is generated prior to deriving the state equations. When suitably automated, the results obtained here can provide a considerable reduction in the computational effort required to get information about eigenvalues. This feature is particularly useful in an interactive design context.
SAM: a Simple Averaging Model of Impression Formation:

A Simple Averaging Mode (SAM) of impression formation was developed as an institutional demonstration. One-digit demographic or descriptive traits and an affective reaction are input for each perceived encounter. The model uses a weighted averaging procedure similar to that suggested by Anderson (1965), to combine these trait perceptions into an affective response. Traits are weighted according to (a) the frequency of past experience relative to present encounters, (b) the degree to which experiences observed can be matched to existing traits of the perceived person, and (c) as internal program state or "mood."
1387 THYROID STATUS OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) INFANTS AFTER ACUTE NEONATAL INTRACRANIAL ULTRASOUND (US) ABNORMALITIES

Acute intracranial disturbances such as periventricular (PVH), intraventricular (IVH), parenchymal hemorrhages {PH) and ventricular dilatation (VD) are, theoretically, expected to disturb the hypothalamopituitary-thyroid axis in LBW infants. This possibility is particularly true since both intracranial hemorrhage and abnormal values of thyroid hormones are common in LBW infants. Thyroid status of 71 LBW infants who had State recall for repeat thyroid screening was the subject of this study in which we had 30 infants with abnormal and 41 normal cranial US. Gestational ages (X) of infants with normal US, VD and the hemorrhage were 31.9, 32.5 and 30.1 wks, respectively. Comparative hormonal status of the groups follows: There appears to be a trend towards a lower TSH (μu/ml), T4 and Free T4 with an increasing intracranial involvement, yet the values are not significantly different. The results may be interpreted as a slightly lesser activity of hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in LBW infants probably secondary to the factors developmental in nature and/or neonatal sicknesses.
Electron States near Boundaries

There are three surface effects which may penetrate many shielding lengths into a metal. These are a charge-density oscillation, the addition of evanescent parts to the wave function, and a distortion of the momentum distribution of electrons. The amplitude of the charge oscillations is quite small and in most cases probably negligible. The additional evanescent parts may have a significant effect on the properties of a solid near its surface. They can cause optical transitions which do not conserve crystal momentum, a buildup of negative charge in the vicinity of the boundary, and a change in the electron wave functions at the surface. The characteristics of the evanescent parts are discussed in detail in the nearly free-electron approximation. They are dependent on the orientation of the boundary relative to the crystal axes and on the energy of the state. The same physical situation that adds evanescent parts to the wave function also distorts the momentum distribution of the electrons at a surface so that more electrons are moving parallel to the boundary than is the case in the interior. The momentum distortion penetrates into the interior a distance of the order of a mean free path of the electrons.
On the thermodynamics of microbial growth processes

In this article, we provide a rigorous thermodynamic analysis of microbial growth process, clarify the role of the generalized degree of reduction concept as it is used in both stoichiometric equations and as a characterizing factor for thermophysical properties, and introduce a classification method to account for errors when using the generalized degree of reduction to estimate the energy and free energy contents of molecules. We maintain the advantages of using the generalized degree of reduction while correcting for the large errors in the principle of energy regularity, especially for small molecules and for nitrogen-source compounds. As a result, we obtain more accurate energy balances (heat loads) and second law constraints, and are able to clarify contradictory statements in the literature as to whether nonphotosynthesis fermentation process can produce oxygen or absorb rather than produce heat. Indeed, the answers to such questions become evident using the classification system introduced here.
Propofol inhibits epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices.

Abstract Propofol (2,6 di-isopropylphenol) is an intravenous general anesthetic used widely in neuroanesthesia, as a sedative in intensive care units, and has successfully aborted refractory status epilepticus. We investigated the effects of propofol on epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. Interictal epileptiform activity was produced by bath applying one of the following: picrotoxin (PTX; 10 and 50 μM), bicucculine methiodide (BMI; 10 and 50 μM), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 50 μM), 8.5 mM [K+]0 or 0 [Mg2+]0 artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Propofol was then added in increasing concentrations and the effect on the rate of extracellular field epileptiform discharges was measured. Ictal-like discharges (> 2 Hz for > 2 s) were produced by 7.5 mM [K+]0 and pilocarpine (10 μM). Propofol (30 μg/ml, 168 μM) completely abolished discharges induced by 8.5 mM [K+]0 and at 60 μg/ml (337 mM) completely suppressed discharges induced by 4-AP and 0 [Mg2+]0. Propofol was less effective in reducing discharges produced by GABAA/Cl− receptor complex antagonists. Propofol at a concentration of 300 μg/ml (1.7 mM) was needed to reduced BMI-induced (50 μM) discharges by 77% and only reduced PTX-induced (50 μM) discharges by 20%. Ictal-like discharges produced by pilocarpine were disrupted by low concentrations of propofol (3–10 μg/ml, 16.9–56.2 μM) and the duration of the ictal-like discharge period was signficantly reduced. We found that propofol has significant in vitro antiepileptic effects. Additionally, propofol was less effective against GABAA antagonists suggesting that the GABAA receptor complex is the site of its action.
Positron annihilation in xenon: The path-integral approach

Experimental studies of the annihilation of positrons in xenon show an anomalously large decay rate coupled with unusual nonlinear dependence on the density. In this work we use the path-integral Monte Carlo technique to study the equilibrium properties of a positron that has thermalized in xenon fluid. The decay rate and the correlation functions that describe the equilibrium structure of the interacting positron-xenon system are calculated on the isotherm T=340 K for the range of xenon densities studied experimentally. In contrast to density-functional theory, the most successful theory to date, path-integral Monte Carlo results give an accurate description of the positron-fluid system over a wide range of thermodynamic variables. In direct agreement with experiment, the calculations show that the decay rate increases nonlinearly with xenon density and that the degree of localization of the positron is a continuous function of the fluid density. The anomalous behavior of the decay rate with fluid density, strongly nonlinear at low density and then saturating at higher densities, is demonstrated to be a manifestation of the clustering of xenon atoms around the positron at low to moderate densities. The calculations clarify the connection between the localization of a positron and its annihilation in a highly polarizable fluid.
Investigation of an aqueous lithium iodide/triiodide electrolyte for dual-chamber electrochemical actuators

Abstract Electrochemical pumping, the electromigration-driven flow of ions and their associated solvent molecules across a permselective membrane, is investigated for the construction of dual-chamber electrochemical actuators. Important features include large volumetric strain, significant pressure generation, and minimal pressure-driven backflow. Aqueous electrolytes have a number of advantages over organic electrolytes such as dimethylformamide; four concentrations of a lithium iodide/triiodide electrolyte are investigated here. Fluid transport decreases as the ionic strength increases, with the waters associated with each cation decreasing from 16 to 6 as [Li + ] increases from 0.5 to 3.5 M. As a result, the maximum volumetric strain which might be achieved in a symmetric dual-chamber actuator, about 18%, is for an electrolyte of intermediate concentration, 2 M LiI + 0.5 M I 2 . Pressure generation experiments using this electrolyte reached 295 psig (∼20 atm) in 10 min, with about 50% of the available charge consumed. For this pressure, losses measured at open circuit, ca. 13 psi/min, are lower than previously measured losses using a dimethylformamide electrolyte. Simultaneous measurement of pressure generation and fluid transport provides a measure of the pressure-driven backflow, 0.13 μL/min, which compares favorably with those estimated for the porous separators used for electroosmotic-driven flow.
Improving Immunotherapy: Revisiting the Immunologist’s Little Secret

Synergy between intracellular and extracellular sensing mechanisms of the innate immune system improves adaptive immune responses to cancer vaccines and clearance of tumors.
Supportive parenting, Ecological Context, and Children's Adjustment: A seven-Year Longitudianl Study

Two major questions regarding the possible impact of early supportive parenting (SP) on children's school adjustment were addressed:(1) Does SP assessed prekindergarten predict grade 6 adjustment after controlling for early barsh parenting (HP)? (2) Does SP moderate (buffer) the impact of early family adversity on grade 6 adjustment? Parenting and family adversity data were drawn from home-visit interviews with 585 mothers conducted prekindergarten. Four SP measure were derived: mother-to-child warmth, proactive teaching, inductive discipline, and positive involvement. HP was indexed as the use of harsh, physical disciple. Family adversity indicators were socioeconomic disadvantage, family stress, and single parenthood. Children 's adjustment (behavior problems, social skills, and academic performance) in kindergarten and grade 6 was assessedvia teacher ratings and school records. SP predicted adjustment in grade 6, even after controlling for kindergarten adjustment and HP. High levels of SP mitigated the effects of family adversity on later behavior problems. These findings implicate both direct (main effect)and indirect (moderator of adversity) processes in the linkage between positive and supportive aspects of parenting and children's school adjustment.