cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Longitudinal Impact of Screen Time on Adolescent Development: Moderation by Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia.

Abstract Purpose To date, little is known about underlying psychophysiological contributions to the impact of media content and overall screen time on adolescent psychological functioning. In the present study we examine respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as a moderator of the link between specific types of media content use, overall media exposure, and the development of internalizing and aggressive symptoms in youth. Methods A sample of 374 adolescents (mean age = 15) reported on their media use, internalizing behavior, and aggressive behavior at time 1 (2011) and 1-year follow-up (2012). RSA reactivity was gathered during a challenging laboratory task. Path analyses were conducted to test the hypothesized three-way interaction model between media use, media content, and RSA reactivity, separately for internalizing and aggressive problems. Results Significant interactions were found for aggressive, but not prosocial, media content. For aggressive content, youth exhibiting RSA withdrawal reported significantly greater internalizing and aggressive symptoms when exposed to higher amounts of screen time and aggressive content. Conclusions These findings suggest that profiles of heightened RSA withdrawal may place adolescents at greater risk to the negative impact of violent media, whereas prosocial media content may not significantly impact youth development of psychopathology. Implications for the role of psychophysiology in our understanding of media effects are discussed.
House and Home: Cultural Contexts, Ontological Roles

House and home are words routinely used to describe where and how one lives. This book challenges predominant definitions and argues that domesticity fundamentally satisfies the human need to create and inhabit a defined place in the world. Consequently, house and home have performed numerous cultural and ontological roles, and have been assiduously represented in scripture, literature, art, and philosophy. This book presents how the search for home in an unpredictable world led people to create myths about the origins of architecture, houses for their gods, and house tombs for eternal life. Turning to more recent topics, it discusses how writers often used simple huts as a means to address the essentials of existence; modernist architects envisioned the capacity of house and home to improve society; and the suburban house was positioned as a superior setting for culture and family. Throughout the book, house and home are critically examined to illustrate the perennial role and capacity of architecture to articulate the human condition, position it more meaningfully in the world, and assist in our collective homecoming.
Implementation of the transient fixed-source problem in the neutron transport code PROTEUS-MOC

Abstract A spatial kinetics transport method based on the transient fixed-source problem has been implemented as the first step in the development of kinetics capabilities for the neutron transport code PROTEUS-MOC. The 2-D and 3-D cases of the C5G7-TD transient benchmark problems were used to verify the implementation. Benchmark results obtained by the new kinetics solver in PROTEUS-MOC are in good agreement with the results of other transport kinetics codes.
GADOLINIUM CONTRAST INDUCED KOUNIS SYNDROME

Kounis syndrome [KS] is a hypersensitivity coronary disorder induced by various allergens. It is a rare condition. The presentation of the detrimental effects of KS on coronary arteries ranges from vasospastic angina to allergic myocardial infarction. A 52-year-old female who developed KS after
Craniofacial Interventions in Children

Craniofacial interventions are common and the surgical options continue to grow. The issues encountered include micrognathia, macroglossia, midface hypoplasia, hearing loss, facial nerve palsy, hemifacial microsomia, and microtia. In addition, a unifying theme is complex upper airway obstruction. Throughout a child's life the focus of interventions may change from airway management to speech, hearing, and language optimization, and finally to decannulation and procedures aimed at social integration and self-esteem. Otolaryngologists play an important role is this arena and provide high-quality care while continuing to expand what can be done for our patients.
L’idéologie de la mort dans la propagande de l’État islamique

Depuis 2014, le groupe arme Etat islamique a reussi a recruter un grand nombre de combattants etrangers occidentaux. La diffusion de son message via les medias sociaux ainsi qu’au moyen d’applications cryptees a permis au groupe d’attirer plusieurs membres et sympathisants. La propagande mediatique de l’Etat islamique aborde plusieurs facettes de son ideologie, dont une des plus significatives concerne l’ideologie de la mort. La valorisation de la mort est en fait dictee par une interpretation particuliere de la tradition du djihad et inspiree des recits martyrologiques contemporains. Dans cet article, nous utilisons le cadre de Renseignement d'origine source ouverte (ROSO) pour observer comment le groupe reussit a communiquer son ideologie par la production de videos, par des manuels d’instructions sur la maniere de mourir et des chants religieux. Par le biais de tels espaces mediatiques, on assiste a la construction d’une identite sociale chez les membres et les sympathisants de l’Etat islamique, menant a une appropriation collective des valeurs et des actions du groupe. Il n’est donc pas etonnant que certains de ses membres se donnent la mort pour la cause du groupe, et que ses sympathisants celebrent les vertus de leurs martyrs.
Neuroimaging of septo-optic dysplasia-plus with midbrain hypoplasia and ophthalmoplegia

Septo-optic dysplasia is a rare brain malformation that can be associated with anomalous cortical development, such as schizencephaly, which is referred to as septo-optic dysplasia plus. This report describes septo-optic dysplasia-plus associated with unilateral atrophy of the midbrain and oculomotor nerve deficiency, which was diagnosed on MRI in a teenage male who presented with ophthalmoplegia.
Mortality Due to Mitral Regurgitation Among Adults in the United States: 1999-2018.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the nationwide trends in mortality due to mitral regurgitation (MR) among American adults from 1999 to 2018. Patients and Methods Trends in mortality due to MR were assessed using retrospective cross-sectional analyses of nationwide mortality data from death certificates of all American residents between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2018, using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database. Piecewise linear regression was used to evaluate the trends in the overall population and in subgroups. Results Among 45,982 deaths due to MR during the study period, higher mortality rates were seen in older White females from the western United States. In 1999, the crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were 27.4 (95% CI, 26.3 to 28.4) and 27.5 (95% CI, 26.4 to 28.5) per 1,000,000 persons, respectively. By 2018, these rates declined to 18.0 (95% CI, 17.3 to 18.7) and 17.7 (95% CI, 17.0 to 18.4) per 1,000,000 persons, respectively (P Conclusion Mortality due to MR in American adults declined at an annual rate of approximately 4% until 2012 and has since then increased by about 1.5% annually. These mortality trends warrant further investigation.
The Judicial Tug of War: How Lawyers, Politicians, and Ideological Incentives Shape the American Judiciary

Why have conservatives decried 'activist judges'? And why have liberals - and America's powerful legal establishment - emphasized qualifications and experience over ideology? This transformative text tackles these questions with a new framework for thinking about the nation's courts, 'the judicial tug of war', which not only explains current political clashes over America's courts, but also powerfully predicts the composition of courts moving forward. As the text demonstrates through novel quantitative analyses, a greater ideological rift between politicians and legal elites leads politicians to adopt measures that put ideology and politics front and center - for example, judicial elections. On the other hand, ideological closeness between politicians and the legal establishment leads legal elites to have significant influence on the selection of judges. Ultimately, the judicial tug of war makes one point clear: for good or bad, politics are critical to how judges are selected and whose interests they ultimately represent.
Intranasal Oxytocin Improves Lean Muscle Mass and Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Older Adults with Sarcopenic Obesity: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Objectives Obesity is associated with sarcopenia in older adults, and weight loss can lead to further muscle mass loss. Oxytocin decreases with age, and animal studies suggest that oxytocin administration has trophic effects on skeletal muscle cells and reduces adiposity. We conducted a clinical trial to examine the safety and preliminary efficacy of intranasal oxytocin for older adults with sarcopenic obesity. Design A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial of intranasal oxytocin (24 IU 4 times per day) for 8 weeks. Setting and Participants Twenty-one older (67.5 ± 5.4 years), obese (30–43 kg/m2), sedentary ( Measures Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the effect of oxytocin on safety/tolerability of oxytocin administration and whole body muscle and fat mass. Results At baseline, body mass index (BMI) was 36.8 ± 3.6 kg/m2, fat mass 46.09 ± 6.99 kg, lean mass 50.98 ± 11.77 kg, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 92.0 ± 8.9 mg/dL, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 5.7% ± 0.4%, low density lipoprotein (LDL) 111.3 ± 41.5 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 47.85 ± 10.96 mg/dL, and triglycerides 140.55 ± 83.50 mg/dL. Oxytocin administration was well tolerated without any significant adverse events. Oxytocin led to a significant increase of 2.25 kg in whole body lean mass compared with placebo (P Conclusions and Implications This proof-of-concept study indicates that oxytocin may be useful for the treatment of sarcopenic obesity in older adults. Oxytocin administration may also provide additional cardiovascular benefits.
Neonatal Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuit Blood Prime Quality Analysis

Blood-primed cardiopulmonary bypass circuits are frequently necessary to achieve safe support during pediatric open-heart surgery. Literature is lacking regarding suitable prime constituents or methods for achieving a physiologically appropriate blood-primed circuit. We examined the chemistry and hematology of neonatal blood-primed circuits from the conclusion of the priming procedure until the initiation of bypass. Base deficit/excess, pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3, glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium, hematocrit, lactate, and osmolality were analyzed. Any deviation over time from the original prime value was compared for significance. Statistically significant changes were found between T0 and all time points for all parameters, except for pH and pO2 out to 1 hour. Among all parameters, various rates of change were observed. Although most changes in the parameters were found to be statistically significant, those changes may not be clinically significant based on clinician interpretation. Attention to the prime quality beyond the immediate post-priming period may be beneficial. Should the time period between validation of the prime quality and initiation of bypass be extended, it may be advisable to reevaluate the prime quality.
Is the Family at Odds with Equality? The Legal Implications of Equality for Children

The family seems to pose an insoluble dilemma for liberal society, because it pits liberal values of freedom and equality against each another. When family life privileges adult freedom, children's life chances become unequal, due to their parents' different choices and unequal circumstances. But any effort to enact equality of opportunity for children, it seems, would demand such heavy-handed state regulation of the family that it would end family life as we know it. This is an old problem, and theorists who have grappled with it have found themselves caught between two unappealing alternatives: rampant inequality for children, on the one hand, and Brave New World-style institutionalized child-rearing, on the other.This essay revisits the opposition between the family and equality and suggests that there is a way out of the liberal dilemma, at least in principle. The family is compatible with equality of opportunity in theory, although the legal changes necessary to achieve equality would face practical and political difficulties. Politics and administration pose one set of challenges: an egalitarian regime would require new redistributive programs and tax increases to fund them. The law itself poses another challenge: a commitment to children's equality would require revision of constitutional and state-law doctrines that prize parental authority and family economic self-sufficiency and disclaim positive obligations of the state toward children. The aims of this essay are primarily theoretical rather than practical. The analysis here draws on liberal political theory to outline a conception of the "egalitarian family" that can reconcile the liberal values of freedom and equality of opportunity. Outside the United States, legal principles and initiatives such as those developed here might seem relatively familiar. In the U.S. context, however, these reforms would require a thorough revision in legal institutions and in legal principles.
Jeremy Davies, Bodily Pain in Romantic Literature

Review by Megan Quinn (Princeton University) of Jeremy Davies, Bodily Pain in Romantic Literature . New York & London: Routledge, 2014. Pp. 169. £80. ISBN 9780415842914
Earthquake impact mitigation in poor urban areas: The case of Metropolitan Manila

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that the Philippines is often described as the melting pot of natural disasters (typhoons, floods and torrential rains). As part of the Pacific ring of fire, the Philippines is also prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In the current disaster management scheme, the poor are likely to be put last. Conventional risk reduction mitigation methods (such as land use and building codes) are failing. A paradigm shift is needed – one that enables poor communities to maximize their limited resources and contribute to risk reduction.Design/methodology/approach – Interviews and field investigations were conducted between 2001 and 2006 in three case study neighborhoods in Metro Manila to understand the risk components that exist and the resources (or lack of) for dealing with them.Findings – Field surveys highlighted three major risk components: liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), illegal electrical connections, and residential buildings. Mitigation efforts need to be ...
Strategies for Environmental Policy in Transition Economies: Command Versus Market Instruments

Glasnost' revealed extensive environmental damage in all centrally planned economies. Using an established framework for evaluation of policy instruments, this essay provides a structured assessment of the environmental-control policy choice problem for transition economies, briefly reviews existing policies in select transition economies, and makes some policy recommendations. The goal is to inform and stimulate a policy debate toward adopting effective environmental policies that will serve these societies under the new form of economy they are seeking to build.
Cobalt dicarbollide containing polymer resins for cesium and strontium uptake

Metals have been incorporated into polymers in a variety of ways. In this study cobalt will be indirectly attached to a polymer matrix via cobalt diacarbollide. Cobalt dicarbollide, [(C2B9H11)2Co]_M+ (CoB2), is a sandwich molecule analagous to ferrocene where Co3+ is sandwiched between two carbollide (C2B9H11 =) cages as depicted in Figure 1. Cobalt dicarbollide has been chosen for its demonstrated ability to selectively extract cesium and strontium from solutions containing a mixture of metals. Unfortunately hazardous organic solvents such as nitrobenzene or ethyl acetate are utilized in the extraction process. It is hoped that by incorporating CoB2 into a polymer matrix that it will act as an ion exchange resin selective towards cesium and strontium, without the need of any organic solvents.
Databasing fMRI studies — towards a 'discovery science' of brain function

Enormous progress has been made over the past decade in the development of neuroimaging technology to study in vivo brain function. But as was once the case in genomics, much of the raw functional imaging data that are collected and described in the literature have not been made available to other researchers. The fMRI Data Center aims to archive raw functional imaging data from peer-reviewed publications, making it freely available to researchers from all disciplines to confirm conclusions, test new methods and generate new hypotheses. This bold project hopes to open up new vistas of understanding of complex cognitive processes and usher in the study of 'neuronomics'.
Brain, heal thyself.

The brain cannot repair itself after injury. Or so goes the dogma. In his Perspective, Lowenstein outlines recent results that indicate that quiescent progenitor cells and the growth factors to bring them to maturity are actually present, sequestered and silent, in the adult brain. Injury may partially trigger their activation. The current research challenge is how to persuade them to fully repair injured brain tissue.
THEORETICAL MODEL FOR FARADAY WAVES WITH MULTIPLE-FREQUENCY FORCING

A simple generalization of the Swift-Hohenberg equation is proposed as a model for the pattern-forming dynamics of a two-dimensional field with two unstable length scales. The equation is used to study the dynamics of surface waves in a fluid driven by a linear combination of two frequencies. The model exhibits steady-state solutions with 2-, 4-, 6-, and 12-fold symmetric patterns, similar to the periodic and quasiperiodic patterns observed in recent experiments.
Spatial navigation and multiscale representation by hippocampal place cells

Hippocampal lesions are known to impair success in navigation tasks. While such tasks could be solved by memorizing complete paths from a starting location to the goal, animals still perform successfully when placed in a novel starting position. We propose a navigation algorithm to solve the latter problem by exploiting two facts about hippocampal organization: (1) The size of the place fields of hippocampal place cells varies systematically along the dorsoventral axis, with dorsal place cells having smaller place fields than ventral (Kjelstrup et. al. 2008); and (2) the theta oscillation propagates as a traveling wave from dorsal to ventral hippocampus (Lubenov and Siapas, 2009). Taken together, these observations imply that the hippocampal representation of space progresses from fine- to coarse-grained within every theta cycle.The algorithm assumes that place cells can be activated by the animal's imagining a goal location, in addition to physically standing in the appropriate location. In the proposed algorithm, place cell activation propagates from small scale to large scale until place cells are found which respond strongly to both the physical location and the goal location. These place fields have their centers aligned roughly in the direction of the goal, providing a crude estimate of which direction the animal should step to approach the goal. Fine-grained directional information is contained in the smaller scale place fields within these large ones. Our algorithm therefore identifies a sequence of place cells, one from each scale, whose centers lie roughly along the line to the goal.Simulations reveal successful navigation to the goal, even around obstacles. By minimizing the number of steps the animal takes to reach the goal, we predict the organization of the optimal place field "map"; specifically the fraction of place cells which should be allocated to each spatial scale. This prediction is, in principle, experimentally testable.The set of place fields with centers lying along a line to the goal is used to compute a step direction by maximizing the probability that those cells will be active in the next time step, given that a particular step direction is chosen.The proposed algorithm handles navigation around obstacles by including "border cells" (Solstad et. al. 2008) which inhibit place cells in proportion to the degree of overlap between the place field and the obstacle. Furthermore, including firing rate adaptation of place cells prevents the animal from getting stuck in one spot.
Resumption of ovarian function in autumn lambing Dorset, Rambouillet and Finnish Landrace ewes

Abstract The establishment of ovarian activity during lactation was studied in the postpartum period of Rambouillet, Dorset and Finnish Landrace ewes following lambing during the month of October (1981). The mean postpartum intervals to first ovulation and first estrus were 22.7 and 53.0 for Rambouillets, 25.2 and 51.0 for Dorsets, and 22.5 and 49.7 days for Finnish Landrace ewes. Estrus was not associated with the first ovulation postpartum in any breed. The number of silent ovulations prior to the first estrus was highest in the Rambouillet and lowest in Finnish Landrace breeds. Of the 18 ewes in the project, 14 had normal luteal phase lengths, 1 had a possible short luteal phase and 3 had prolonged luteal phases following the first ovulation postpartum. The first service conception rate of all ewes bred was 82% ( 14 17 ) at an average of 52 days postpartum. The lambing rate following the autumn breeding was higher (2.14 ± 0.14) than the lambing rate which followed the previous spring breeding (1.28 ± 0.11).
Optimal Power Dispatch

This paper presents an economic dispatch procedure for allocating generation in a power system by the use of the Jacobian matrix. The major advantage of the procedure over other optimal dispatch procedures is its inherent simplicity and rapid convergence behavior which are characteristics particularly omportant for on-line implementation. Results obtained from an investigation of its convergence for the 118 bus IEEE system are given. Comparisons with the classical approach are conducted and logic for on-line implementation is presented.
Irreversible inactivation of lysozyme by copper.

Abstract Copper ions were found to inactivate lysozyme in weakly alkaline solution rapidly and irreversibly. The over-all reaction was noncatalytic in that approximately two copper atoms were required per molecule of lysozyme. The energy of activation for the reaction was approximately 30,000 cal. In addition to destruction of the biological activity, copper inactivation also caused extensive changes in the physical properties but only relatively minor changes in the chemical properties or composition. The observed changes included: decreased solubility, inhomogeneity and high molecular weight, and increased digestibility with chymotrypsin. It was suggested that the action of the copper ion was possibly catalytic and that it complexed with the inactivated products.
Hydrodynamic Modeling of Laser Ablation

We present a hydrodynamic model to simulate laser ablation. The model consistently takes into account the main physical phenomena involved in laser ablation: heating, thermal conduction, hydrodynamics and atomic kinetics. It computes the ionization balance, plasma formation and expansion, and the attenuation of the laser light as it travels through the plasma. Preliminary results are presented.
Subgrid resolution of fluid discontinuities, II

Abstract In computation of discontinuities in solutions of hyperbolic equations, the random choice method gives a zero viscosity numerical solution with perfect resolution but first-order position errors ∼±2.5Δx. The Lax-Wendroff scheme gives very small first-order position errors, but resolution errors ∼±2.5Δx. We propose two very simple tracking methods in the context of the random choice method, which combine the best features of both methods: perfect resolution and good accuracy. We compare the above with tracking in the context of the Lax-Wendroff scheme. The latter method is morre complicated, but much more accurate than any of the other methods considered here.
Measurements of the skylight scattering function.

A small, handheld skylight photometer, incorporated into a sun photometer and capable of measuring sky radiation to within 2° of the sun at λ 0.50 and 0.93 μm is described. Calibration procedures are discussed; solar measurements in the wideband 0.93-μm channel show the expected influence of water vapor. Formulas to obtain the aerosol scattering function are presented. Samples of measured and theoretical aerosol scattering functions are discussed.
Oculomotor Nerve Regeneration After Aneurysm Surgery

A 57-year-old woman had symptoms of oculomotor nerve palsy first appearing one year before successful surgical ligation of a saccular aneurysm arising from the right posterior cerebral artery. During the subsequent postoperative period of two years, oculomotor nerve functions improved as the result of regeneration. Extensive morphometric evaluation of the regenerated nerve was compared to the normal side at the light microscopic level. The affected nerve showed a reduction in the transverse area (62%), estimated number of fibers (49%), and mean diameter of myelinated axons (23%). The normal g-ratio of axon to total diameter was almost constant at 0.64, but on the regenerated side it increased to 0.73. An increase in unmyelinated axons and connective tissue endoneurium was evident at the ultrastructural level. The significance of these marked quantitative changes was compared to the partial return of oculomotor nerve function.
Thiopental inhibition of γ-aminobutyrate transaminase in rat brain synaptosomes

Abstract The kinetic parameters for thiopental inhibition of γ-aminobutyrate: 2-oxoglutarate transaminase solubilized from rat brain synaptosomes were studied, V max is 0.76 μmole/hr/mg of protein. K m for GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is 16.0 mM and K m for 2-OG (2-oxoglutarate: α-ketoglutarate) is 0.35 mM. Thiopental inhibition is noncompetitive and K i 1.1 mM. is similar when either GABA or 2-OG is the limiting substrate. The implication of these findings in clinical anesthesia is discussed.
On-demand business collaboration enablement with web services

Businesses are increasingly outsourcing key operations and interacting with ever extending nets of partners. Running extended business-to-business (B2B) operations creates the need for more advanced human interaction while advancing the automation base of B2B functions. In this paper, we introduce a model for on-demand business process-based collaboration, namely, Extended Business Collaboration (eBC), and its major elements of modeling, and a configurable business protocol-enabling framework. We discuss some of the major research issues associated with facilitating extended business collaboration, and present our proposed Annotated Business HyperChain technology leveraging Web services and semantic annotation model. A research prototype is described, followed by some observations and discussion of open research issues requiring further exploration.
Age of Certain Gravels in the New Forest Area.

I WAS much interested in reading Mr. Burkitt's letter under the above heading,1 since some of his conclusions coincide with those that I had formed after a study of similar deposits in the basins of the Thames and Kennet in Berkshire.2 He suggests that implements of St. Acheul type were deposited in the gravels when the coast-line stood about 100 ft. above its present level. It is reasonable to suppose that at that time our rivers were flowing about the same height above their present beds. Gravels about 100 ft. above the present rivers occur in the Upper Thames basin and beside the Kennet, but have produced no implements. East of the Goring Gap, however, where the terrace is usually 80 ft. above the river, and is known as the Boyn Hill terrace, they are numerous.
Validity of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) in Diabetes Mellitus.

Background:The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) has been shown to be reliable, valid, and responsive in a general orthopaedic population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate validity for...
Brush plating: Recent property data

The information presented in this article provides quantitative property data on a variety of brush-plated deposits and shows that these coatings offer promise in applications involving wear and corrosion. CoMo, CoW, CoWP, NiCoZrO2, and NiP improved wear resistance and service life of hot work dies. The CoWP alloy provided the best results. Trivalent Cr had a hardness similar to that of hexavalent tank-plated Cr and improved wear resistance in Taber tests. Cu was quite effective in preventing environmental embrittlement of iron aluminides. With 304 stainless steel, a sandwich coating of Cu and Ni inhibited stress corrosion cracking, thus indicating that this coating may be useful for field service protection against SCC and crevice corrosion at flange joints. NiCo deposits were worn to a much lesser extent than Ni or NiW in ball on disk tests. Hexavalent tank-plated Cr performed better than Ni and NiCo coatings in wear tests. Hard Ni, NiW, and CoW deposits were not deemed ready for replacement for tank-plated hexavalent Cr at Tinker Air Force Base. The tensile properties of a medium carbon steel were not markedly affected by plating with Ni, although there was some reduction in ductility; however, a marked reduction in fatigue strength was obtained. Shot peening, whether before or after brush plating, noticeably minimized the fatigue strength reduction. The weight loss in wear testing of a NiCoSiC deposit was only one third that of a Ni deposit. The SiC coating showed good results when used on ship engines. A NiFeWP deposit was noticeably more corrosion resistant in NaCl and H2SO4 than tank-plated Ni or hexavalent Cr. An alloy containing NiFeWS was superior to tank-plated hexavalent Cr under high load dry friction wear testing. NiP and NiCuP showed promising friction coefficients on 1045 steel. A PbSn alloy on 1017 steel noticeably reduced hydrogen permeation. An alloy containing PbSnNi exhibited a much lower friction coefficient and a better scuffing resistance than PbSn alloys.
STIMULUS AVAILABILITY AND BACKWARD ASSOCIATION: MEANING, FREQUENCY, AND ASSOCIATIVE BOND STRENGTH

It was found that increasing stimulus availability by manipulating stimulus meaning and frequency, increased the manifestations of backward association (Exp. I). In Exp. II, to determine whether increased stimulus availability increased backward association as a performance phenomenon or whether the backward associative bond was actually strengthened, results were indeterminate because over-all interference effects were obtained. It was concluded that stimulus availability was only one contributor to backward association and must be considered in relation to the strength of the forward associative bond, method of test, and test-list context.
The effect of pressure on the age-hardening characteristics of a copper-beryllium-nickel alloy

Abstract The effect of pressure during heat-treatment on the optical microstructure and microhardness of a commercial copper-2.1 per cent beryllium-0.4 per cent nickel alloy was studied. It was found that the application of 69–75 k-atm pressure during aging at about 390°C reduced the growth rate of discontinuous precipitate nodules by a factor of about 18, and reduced the rate of general precipitation by a factor of about 5 without significantly changing the peak hardness. Pronounced localized precipitation occurred on aging under high pressure. The application of 69–75 k-atm pressure during solution treatment at about 825°C apparently sub-stantially reduced the solubility of beryllium in copper, in agreement with theoretical prediction, and gave an unusually fine-grained structure due to the inhibition of grain growth.
Identification and validation of shrimp-tropomyosin specific CD4 T cell epitopes.

Background Shellfish allergy is an immune-mediated adverse reaction to allergenic shellfish and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. CD4 T cell responses play an important role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of sensitization and in production of IgE.
Asymptotic Growth of Free Spectra of Band Monoids

For a positive integer $k\geq 3$ , the finite band monoid ${\bf B}_k$ , a subdirectly irreducible band monoid defined by J.A. Gerhard, it is shown for $(f_n^{\mbox{\scriptsize\bf B}_{\mbox{\tiny\bf k}}})$ , the free spectrum of the variety generated by ${\bf B}_k$ , that $(\log(f_n^{\mbox{\scriptsize\bf B}_{\mbox{\tiny\bf k}}}))$ is in the asymptotic class of $n^{k-1}\log n$ , thereby answering in the negative a question in "64 Problems in Universal Algebra" from the 2001 Budapest conference, A Course in Tame Congruence Theory.
Instability and Oil: How Political Time Horizons Affect Oil Revenue Management

While economic explanations for the “resource curse” are well established, the political factors explaining why governments fail to take corrective action remain poorly understood. Research demonstrates that if governments save oil profits abroad and slowly re-introduce the oil-generated revenue into the domestic economy once the rate of return on investment is greater at home than abroad and the quality of project implementation developed, many of the economic problems that plague oil-rich countries can be avoided. Political time horizons shape the incentives of governments to pursue this strategy. Unstable leaders rely on oil revenue to maintain positions of power. They also have less incentive to save oil windfalls abroad as they fear they will not be in office long enough to benefit from such decisions. This paper uses both quantitative data and case study analysis of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan to demonstrate that leaders with longer time horizons save a greater proportion of oil windfalls abroad than their less stable counterparts, helping avoid the economic pitfalls of oil abundance.
Regional mutagenesis of the gene encoding the phage Mu late gene activator C identifies two separate regions important for DNA binding

Lytic development of bacteriophage Mu is controlled by a regulatory cascade and involves three phases of transcription: early, middle and late. Late transcription requires the host RNA polymerase holoenzyme and a 16.5-kDa Mu-encoded activator protein C. Consistent with these requirements, the four late promoters P(lys), P(I), P(P) and P(mom) have recognizable -10 hexamers but lack typical -35 hexamers. The C protein binds to a 16-bp imperfect dyad-symmetrical sequence element centered at -43.5 and overlapping the -35 region. Based on the crystal structure of the closely related Mor protein, the activator of Mu middle transcription, we predict that two regions of C are involved in DNA binding: a helix-turn-helix region and a beta-strand region linking the dimerization and helix-turn-helix domains. To test this hypothesis, we carried out mutagenesis of the corresponding regions of the C gene by degenerate oligonucleotide-directed PCR and screened the resulting mutants for their ability to activate a P(lys)-galK fusion. Analysis of the mutant proteins by gel mobility shift, beta-galactosidase and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assays identified a number of amino acid residues important for C DNA binding in both regions.
Characterization of Myoelectric Signals Using System Identification Techniques

Human muscle motion is initiated in the central nervous system where a nervous signal travels through the body and the motor neurons excite the muscles to move. These signals, termed myoelectric signals, can be measured on the surface of the skin as an electrical potential. By analyzing these signals it is possible to determine the muscle actions the signals elicit, and thus can be used in manipulating smart prostheses and teleoperation of machinery. Due to the randomness of myoelectric signals, identification of the signals is not complete, therefore the goal of this project is to complete a study of the characterization of one set of hand motions using current system identification methods. The gripping motion of the hand and the corresponding myoelectric signals are measured and the data captured with a personal computer. Using computer software the captured data are processed and finally subjected to several system identification routines. Using this technique it is possible to construct a mathematical model that correlates the myoelectric signals with the matching hand motion.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Cultural barriers to asthma management.

This article reviews published evidence which addresses the relevance of cultural factors in the delivery of health services for asthma patients. In addition, it suggests a framework within which further research could be carried out to advance our knowledge on this topic.
CRYSTALLINE DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE: I. ISOLATION AND GENERAL PROPERTIES SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY

A crystalline enzyme capable of digesting thymus nucleic acid (desoxyribonucleic acid) has been isolated from fresh beef pancreas. The enzyme called "desoxyribonuclease" is a protein of the albumin type. Its molecular weight is about 60,000 and its isoelectric point is near pH 5.0. It contains about 8 per cent tyrosine and 2 per cent tryptophane. It is readily denatured by heat. The denaturation is reversible if heated in dilute acid at pH about 3.0. The digestion of thymus nucleic acid by crystalline desoxyribonuclease is accompanied by a gradual increase in the specific absorption of ultraviolet light by the acid. The spectrophotometric measurement of the rate of increase in the light absorption can be conveniently used as a general method for estimating desoxyribonuclease activity. Details are given of the method for isolation of crystalline desoxyribonuclease and of the spectrophotometric procedure for the measurement of desoxyribonuclease activity.
Glucose-stimulated Expression of Txnip Is Mediated by Carbohydrate Response Element-binding Protein, p300, and Histone H4 Acetylation in Pancreatic Beta Cells

Recently, we identified Txnip (thioredoxin-interacting protein) as a mediator of glucotoxic beta cell death and discovered that lack of Txnip protects against streptozotocin- and obesity-induced diabetes by preventing beta cell apoptosis and preserving endogenous beta cell mass. Txnip has therefore become an attractive target for diabetes therapy, but although we have found that txnip transcription is highly induced by glucose through a unique carbohydrate response element, the factors controlling this effect have remained unknown. Using transient transfection experiments, we now show that overexpression of the carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) transactivates the txnip promoter, whereas ChREBP knockdown by small interfering RNA completely blunts glucose-induced txnip transcription. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that glucose leads to a dose- and time-dependent recruitment of ChREBP to the txnip promoter in vivo in INS-1 beta cells as well as human islets. Furthermore, we found that the co-activator and histone acetyltransferase p300 co-immunoprecipitates with ChREBP and also binds to the txnip promoter in response to glucose. Interestingly, this is associated with specific acetylation of histone H4 and recruitment of RNA polymerase II as measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Thus, with this study we have identified ChREBP as the transcription factor that mediates glucose-induced txnip expression in human islets and INS-1 beta cells and have characterized the chromatin modification associated with glucose-induced txnip transcription. In addition, the results reveal for the first time that ChREBP interacts with p300. This may explain how ChREBP induces H4 acetylation and sheds new light on glucose-mediated regulation of chromatin structure and transcription.
Comparison of costs for testing a wide variety of drugs of abuse per urine specimen in a drug abuse rurine screening program and frequent urine collections

Abstract Existing urine testing techniques in a drug abuse urine screening program with their capacity to analyze urine specimens per day are discussed. The start-up cost using each technique and cost per specimen are presented. A single step extraction technique using ion-exchange paper to absorb drugs prior tot hin-layer chromatography (TLC) as reported by these laboratories will cost $0.58 per specimen, detecting opiates and performing at least four tests per specimen, and $0.82 per specimen, for testing the entire array of drugs of abuse (at least 9–14 tests per specimen). Sensitivity reported using TLC technique for the morphine base is 0.15 μg/ml (minimum volume of urine needed 20 ml), 0.10 μg/ml if the volume of urine available is 30–35 ml, and 0.07 μg/ml if the volume of urine available is 43–50 ml.
Calorific study of the smectic A—smectic C transition in TBBA

Abstract An a.c. calorimetric technique has been used to measure the heat capacity variation associated with the smectic A—smectic C transition in terephthal-bis-(4n)-butylaniline (TBBA). Contrary to expectations based on the recent observation of petransitional acoustic effects in the semectic-A phase, the heat capacity shows no evidence of critical fluctuations and can be well described by a Landau mean-field model.
Turbulence compensation using micromirror arrays: the array design

An array of micromirrors can be used to correct the wavefront aberrations due to atmospheric turbulence. A simple method is presented for estimating the number of piston-only micromirrors needed to correct the seeing. We also compute how many piston-tip-tilt micromirrors are required. The three-actuator micromirrors are found to produce a more efficient solution, requiring 4X fewer actuators for the same improvement in the Strehl ratio.
Meeting the developmental needs of a child in a body cast

Summary Caring for a child in a body cast is difficult for most families and parents are concerned about the impact of a cast on their child's normal growth and development. The lengthy time in the cast makes this concern very real. Yet there are activities parents can facilitate to promote development, and nurses need to be aware of the developmental needs of their young patients to provide appropriate suggestions. This article reviews normal developmental needs of young children in casts and provides suggestions for activities to meet these.
Synthesis and structure of the edge-bridged open zirconocene, Zr(6,6-dmch)2(PMe3)2 (dmch=dimethylcyclohexadienyl), and its imine coupling product

Abstract The reaction of ZrCl4 with four equivalents of the 6,6-dimethylcyclohexadienyl anion (6,6-dmch−) in the presence of PMe3 leads to the 18 electron Zr(6,6-dmch)2(PMe3)2. This complex was found to undergo a coupling reaction with two equivalents of PhCHNPh, such that the couplings involved the two termini of the same dienyl ligand, yielding a formal Zr(η5-dienyl)(η3-allyl)(π-amide)2 complex. Both metal complexes have been structurally characterized.
Photoluminescence from Localized Excitons in Si/Ge Superlattices

Short period strained-layer Si/Ge superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been investigated by photoluminescence spectroscopy. In 16×4, 15×4 and 12×4 superlattices with 80 or 120 periods two new luminescence peaks appear. From their separation in photon energy, the two peaks are assigned to a no-phonon transition and its silicon transverse optical phonon replica. Detailed photoluminescence investigations have confirmed that the new peaks which appear at energies between 0.85 and 1.05 eV give evidence for radiative recombination in the superlattices. From their luminescence intensity as well as lineshape dependence on the excitation power we attribute the new peaks to localized excitons.
The Relationship of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection with circulatory IFN-α levels and IL-7 receptor α expression on CD8+ T cells in Human Aging

Abstract The IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) is the high affinity receptor for IL-7 which is essential for T cell homeostasis. We recently reported an age-associated expansion of human effector memory (EM) CD8 + T cells expressing IL-7Rα low (IL-7Rα low ), which could be detrimental to hosts by occupying “immunological space”. We investigated the potential mechanisms for this phenomenon, focusing on cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and INF-α. In the elderly (age ⩾ 65), CMV infection was associated with a decreased frequency of naive CD8 + T cells as well as with an increased frequency of total EM and IL-7Rα low EM CD8 + T cells. However, in the young (age ⩽ 40), this viral infection was associated only with an increased frequency of IL-7Rα low EM CD8 + T cells. There was no association found between CMV immune status and plasma levels of IFN-α. In CMV-infected young and elderly people, INF-α levels had no correlation with the frequency of IL-7Rα low EM CD8 + T cells although this cytokine levels correlated with the frequency of IL-7Rα low CD45RA + EM CD8 + T cells in CMV-uninfected elderly people. Our findings suggest that the effect of CMV infection on the frequency of CD8 + T cell subsets may begin with IL-7Rα low EM CD8 + T cells and spread to other subsets with aging. Also, IFN-α could be associated with the expansion of IL-7Rα low CD45RA + EM CD8 + T cells in the CMV-uninfected elderly.
Nuts and dilemmas: A research note

Dilemmas have been modeled in many systems; the present study addressed human groups in an empirical comparison of Nuts and n-PD, two commons dilemma games. Results of a repeated measures design indicated similarity in first-period choices but less cooperation in n-PD play across periods. Results also substantiated predictions for the effect of individualistic or group-oriented instructions and for the probability of n-PD game continuation.
Three-dimensional color models constructed on the CIE and Munsell systems.

A model of the Munsell color solid has been constructed. It differs from the models of a psychological color solid described by Nickerson and Newhall in that the value planes are thin sheets of transparent Lucite acrylic resin spaced apart from one another. This allows small transparent colored samples to be placed on the model at approximately their correct color coordinates. A similar model has been constructed on the CIE system.
Robust output feedback using sliding mode control

A general sliding mode output feedback algorithm is developed that takes into account parametric uncertainty and external disturbances provided certain bounds are known. It has been assumed that the number of states is greater than the number of sensors and that there can be a mismatched disturbance. The details of an eigenvalue perturbation analysis for an uncertain matrix are presented. A boundary layer has been introduced around each sliding surface to eliminate the chattering phenomenon. The results from numerical simulations are presented to corroborate the validity of the proposed controller.
An improved synthesis of ethyl cis-5-iodo-trans-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, a potent attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly

Abstract Both racemic ethyl 5-iodo-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate ( 1 ), known as Mediterranean fruit fly attractant ceralure B 1 , and its (−)-(1 R ,2 R ,5 R ) enantiomer 1a were conveniently synthesized from commercially available racemic trans -6-methyl-3-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid 2 or its (1 R ,6 R ) enantiomer 2a . Key steps included an asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction using a sultam auxiliary and cyclization of the unwanted trans -5-iodo- trans -2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid ( 8 ) to the intermediate lactone 7 (or 8a to 7a ). The new method may circumvent chromatographic separations and seems amenable to scale-up.