cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced wafer bonding and laser debonding

This paper describes the development of a wafer debonding process and tooling based on 355 nm UV laser ablation. While laser-assisted debonding of polyimide-based materials at shorter UV wavelengths has been described previously, this work describes a method having two major advantages over earlier methods: 1) a significantly more compact and affordable diode-pumped solid state 355 nm laser source is combined with a high-speed optical scanner to create a rapid debonding module with a small footprint, and 2) the addition of a very thin UV ablation layer to the glass handler ensures that release will occur, independently of the adhesive used to bond the wafer. The first enhancement is designed to enable high-throughput debonding at lower cost than earlier laser tools, while the second enhancement is designed to greatly expand the adhesive choices available to device manufacturers. Flexibility in material choice for both the release layer and the adhesive layer permits the manufacturer to meet post-wafer thinning process and temperature compatibility needs. In this research paper, the many benefits of this novel room-temperature debonding technology are reported along with examples of successfully demonstrated adhesives and release layers.
High-performance ester-crosslinked hollow fiber membranes for natural gas separations

Abstract A significantly improved defect-free ester-crosslinkable hollow fiber membrane was developed through simultaneous optimization of the spinning solution and dry-jet/wet-quench spinning process variables. The resultant ester-crosslinked hollow fibers show extremely high separation productivity and efficacy with CO 2 plasticization resistance under aggressive feed conditions. The CO 2 permeance was improved from 50 GPU to 117 GPU with a CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity of 37 in testing at 200 psi with 50/50 CO 2 /CH 4 feed, 35 °C. Moreover, the crosslinked hollow fibers maintain a high CO 2 permeance under highly aggressive feed pressures up to 800 psi of 50/50 CO 2 /CH 4 feed without CO 2 plasticization. A lower operating temperature can improve the CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity significantly without apparent loss of CO 2 permeance. The mixed gas permeation with high CO 2 feed pressure demonstrates that ester-crosslinked hollow fiber membranes provide a significant advance in the state of the art for CO 2 /CH 4 separations.
A projected hemispherical display with a gestural interface

We have recently built an inexpensive alternative to a volumetric display [Favalora 2005] based on video projector technology that supports omni-directional viewing (Figure 1). It can show mapped spherical surfaces, such as globes, and scenes composed of threedimensional objects. In the latter case, an algorithm was developed to perform hidden surface elimination in the hemisphere’s reference frame.
On the Application of the Kramers‐Kronig Relations to Evaluate the Consistency of Electrochemical Impedance Data

The use of the Kramers-Kronig (KK) relations to evaluate the consistency of impedance data has been limited by the fact that the experimental frequency domain is necessarily finite. Current algorithms do not distinguish between the residual errors caused by a frequency domain that is too narrow and discrepancies caused by a system which does not satisfy the constraints of the KK equations. A new technique is presented which circumvents the limitation of applying the KK relations to impedance data which truncate in the capacitive region. The proposed algorithm calculates impedance values below the lowest experimental frequency which "force" the data set to satisfy the KK equations. Internally consistent data sets yield low-frequency impedance values which are continuous at the lowest measured experimental frequency. A discontinuity between the calculated low-frequency values and the experimental data indicates inconsistency which cannot be attributed to the finite experimental frequency domain.
Modeling atopic dermatitis with increasingly complex mouse models.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder that affects approximately 15% of children in the United States. A complex disorder, AD is characterized by both skin barrier impairment and immunologic abnormalities, including decreased innate immune function and a polarized adaptive immune response. Mouse models have demonstrated the complex interdependence of immune cell–keratinocyte interactions and teased apart gene–environment relationships in a controlled setting. In this issue, Nagelkerken et al. present a mouse model with transgenic expression of apolipoprotein C1 that disrupts the skin lipid barrier and manifests many hallmark features of AD.
First-principles model hamiltonians for ferroelectric phase transitions

Abstract Formal aspects of the construction of model Hamiltonians for the study of ferroelectric phase transitions are reviewed. It is demonstrated that first-principles linear-response calculations and total-energy calculations with symmetry-constrained ionic relaxation are very useful in the determination of the local mode variable and of an explicit expression for the model Hamiltonian. Results of first-principles pseudopotential calculations of the lattice constant, distortion energies and Born effective charges Z* for the perovskite ferroelectric PbTiO3 are discussed. A test of the model Hamiltonian approach through application to a minimal rigid ion model and comparison with Monte Carlo simulation is outlined, and preliminary results described.
Structure-Property Relationships in Conventional and Nanocrystalline NiTi Intermetallic Alloy Wire

Homogeneous 177-μm diameter nanocrystalline Nitinol wires were produced and compared to microcrystalline Nitinol from equivalent ingot stock. Property measurement was carried out using cyclic tension testing, strain-controlled fatigue testing and bend and stress-free recovery testing (BFR). A B2 cubic structure of 5- to 60-nm grain size was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fatigue strain capability at 107 cycles is 30% greater in the nanocrystalline versus microcrystalline annealed wire. Grain size and residual strain are positively correlated in cyclic uniaxial tension testing within the superelastic temperature and strain regime. A transformation-induced loading plateau that is 40% longer than in standard superelastic polycrystalline wire is also reported for the first time.
Free vibration of piezoelectric laminates in cylindrical bending

Exact solutions are presented for the free vibration behavior of piezoelectric laminates in cylindrical bending. The laminates can be composed of an arbitrary number of elastic and piezoelectric layers. The natural frequencies and through-thickness modal distributions are computed for the case where the upper and lower surfaces of the laminate are traction free. The electrostatic potential or the normal electric displacement is specified to be zero at these surfaces. All appropriate interface conditions are also satisfied. The resulting determinant equation is iteratively solved for the resonant frequencies, with the mode distributions of the elastic and electric field variables also computed. Representative examples are studied for thick and thin laminate geometries.
Precipitating and non-precipitating anti-BSA antibody in mice.

Abstract It has been demonstrated that mice produce both precipitating and non-precipitating antibodies to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The total antibody content (precipitating plus non-precitating anti-BSA) of an unknown antiserum can be estimated using either immune degradation or ammonium sulfate precipitation of the antibody complexed 125I labeled antigen. In the latter case (Farr assay) the results can be expressed in quantitative terms, e.g. in μg of antibody per 0·2 ml of serum.
The standard enthalpy of formation of peroxymonosulfate (HSO5−) and the standard electrode potential of the peroxymonosulfate-bisulfate couple☆

Abstract The standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K of the aqueous peroxymonosulfate ion, HSO5−, has been determined by reduction of the ion in aqueous HI. The value obtained is ΔHfo(HSO5−, aq) = −(798.4 ± 2.5) kJ·mol−1. This enthalpy was combined with an estimated entropy for the aqueous ion to yield a standard electrode potential of (1.82 ± 0.03) V for the aqueous half-reaction: HSO 5 −> +2 H + +2 e − = HSO 4 − + H 2 O This potential is substantially greater than that derived from electrochemical measurements and implies that HSO5− is a considerably more powerful oxidant than has been generally recognized.
Postinfarction ventricular septal defect in the elderly: analysis and results

Abstract 1 Fifteen elderly patients (age more than 70 years) underwent surgical repair of postinfarction venricular septal defects during the years 1980 through 1992. The operative (to discharge or p = 0.15) and the need of an intraaortic balloon pump preoperatively ( p = 0.12) influence 30-day mortality, as previously described in larger series. Of 5 long-term survivors, 3 are in New York Heart Association functional class I and 2 are in class II. Our experience in this group of patients suggests that in the elderly, a very aggressive approach should be taken in recommending early surgical intervention for postinfarction ventricular septal defect before hemodynamic deterioration ensues and severely compromises chances for survival.
Elliptical nanowire bifocal lenses

Nano-structured lenses are designed to capture two different images of a scene depending on the polarization of the illumination. The polarization dependence is based on form birefringence found in elliptical cross-section silicon nanowires.
Stress-driven 3D-IC placement with TSV keep-out zone and regularity study

Through-silicon via (TSV) fabrication causes tensile stress around TSVs which results in significant carrier mobility variation in the devices in their neighborhood. Keep-out zone (KOZ) is a conservative way to prevent any devices/cells from being impacted by the TSV-induced stress. However, owing to already large TSV size, large KOZ can significantly reduce the placement area available for cells, thus requiring larger dies which negate improvement in wirelength and timing due to 3D integration. In this paper, we study the impact of KOZ dimension on stress, carrier mobility variation, area, wirelength, and performance of 3D ICs. We demonstrate that, instead of requiring large KOZ, 3D-IC placers must exploit TSV stress-induced carrier mobility variation to improve the timing and area objectives during placement. We propose a new TSV stress-driven force-directed 3D placement that consistently provides placement result with, on average, 21.6% better worst negative slack (WNS) and 28.0% better total negative slack (TNS) than wirelength-driven placement.
The variation of magma discharge during basaltic eruptions

The different types of magmatic flow in basaltic eruptions are discussed, and processes explaining the eruptive history of specific volcanoes are investigated. The effusion rate curve is divided into waxing and waning flow parts, and the ideal, elastic response of the reservoir in the waning phase is analytically shown. Historical eruption rates of Mauna Loa, Kilauea, and Etna are presented, demonstrating that for each volcano there is a trend of decreasing rate with increasing duration of eruption, a relationship not predicted by a simple elastic model of magma release. The eruptive histories of these volcanoes is explained by the processes of modification of the eruptive conduits and the continued supply of magma from depth during eruption. Discharge variations from Paricutin, Hekla, and Kilauea Iki are discussed in detail.
Shaking force balancing of planar linkages with force transmission irregularities using balancing idler loops

Abstract The article first shows 4-bar, 6-bar and 8-bar planar mechanisms with force transmission irregularities in which an unbalanceable shaking force is generated by a link or by a group of links that have connections to the fixed link through pairs permitting linear freedoms only. Complete shaking force balancing of such mechanisms with force transmission irregularities using the method of linearly independent mass vectors and the concept of balancing idler loops in presented. Design equations for the complete shaking force balancing of some 4-bar, 6-bar and 8-bar mechanisms with force transmission irregularities are given. A numerical example is included.
SYNTHESES OF ω-ALKYNYL ALDEHYDES AND KETONES via OXIDATION OF ω-ALKYNYL ALCOHOLS WITH PYRIDINIUM DICHROMATE

Pyridinium dichromate (PDC) is an effective reagent for the oxidation of alcohols and a number of modifications of the original procedure have been reported. Interestingly, PDC has never been used to oxidize non-conjugated acetylenic alcohols. As a part of a project involving the chemical preparation of a number of unsaturated amino acids, the authors investigated the synthesis of a series of [omega]-alkynyl aldehydes. The authors now report that the PDC oxidation of [omega]-alkynyl alcohols is an effective route to the corresponding [omega]-alkynyl carbonyl compounds.
Collapsing heat waves

In certain combustion models, an initial temperature profile will develop into a combustion wave that will travel at a specific wave speed. Other initial profiles do not develop into such waves, but die out to the ambient temperature. There exists a clear demarcation between those initial conditions that evolve into combustion waves and those that do not. This is sometimes called a watershed initial condition. In this paper we will show that there may be numerous exact watershed conditions to the initial-Neumann-boundary value problem u"t=Du"x"x+e^-^1^/^u-@s(u-@a), with u"x(0,t)=u"x(1,t)=0, on I=[0,1]. They are composed from the positive non-constant solutions of Dv"x"x+e^-^1^/^v-@s(v-@a)=0, with v"x(0)=v"x(1)=0, for small values of D. We will give easily verifiable conditions for when combustion waves arise and when they do not.
The True Cause of Business Cycle

Cause and impulse are different. Cause creates an economic mechanism in which impulses propagate effect. If we remove cause, impulses propagate nothing. In credit economy, I derive an economic mechanism from economic agents’ budget constraint interactively in which effects arising from impulses are co­movement. This economic mechanism does not exist in non­credit economy while all impulses are active. Thus, loan is the true cause of business cycle. Business cycle is inherent in credit economy. If we remove loan from the world we live in, we eliminate business cycle completely and permanently.
Correlation for the convective and diffusive evaporation of a sessile drop

Abstract A simple correlation is developed to compute the evaporation rates of sessile drops and small puddles which are evaporating under the influences of both diffusion and natural convection of the vapor–air mixture surrounding the drop. The correlation is based on experiments conducted with eight hydrocarbons, which provide a factor of 16.6 variation in volatility as indicated by the equilibrium vapor pressures, a factor of 3.6 variation in molecular mass, and a factor of 2.2 variation in mass diffusivity, and thus the correlation is applicable for liquids having a broad range of properties. The correlation predicts the evaporation rates to within a root-mean-square (RMS) error of 6.5% over the broad range of conditions. Limitations of the correlation are investigated, and when one of the species is excluded, the RMS error is reduced to 4.9%. There are two main differences between this new correlation and the correlations that have been published previously. The first difference is the new correlation reduces to an expression for diffusion-limited evaporation as the density difference between the vapor-air mixture at the surface of the drop and the ambient air becomes negligible, or when the drop size becomes very small. The second difference is the form of the dependency on the density difference ratio, which in previous correlations is obtained solely through the Rayleigh number ( Ra ). This new correlation contains a term which represents the influence of natural convection on the evaporation rate and this term provides insight into the nature of the coupling of the diffusive and convective transport of the vapor.
Optimization of chiral selectivity on cellulose-based high-performance liquid chromatographic columns using aprotic mobile-phase modifiers

Tris-3,5-dimethyl phenyl carbamate-derivatized cellulose HPLC columns and other cellulose-based columns are popular for the direct separation of many racemic drugs and agrichemicals. These columns exhibit good efficiency and stability under well-controlled chromatographic conditions. Cellulose-based chiral columns also exhibit high sample-load capacity with normal-phase solvents, which is particularly advantageous for isolating purified solutes. Several investigators have reported that the stereoselectivity of these columns can be varied by changing the type and composition of alcohol modifiers in the mobile phase, and by altering temperature. We now find that separation selectivity and resolution can be significantly increased, and often optimized, by modifying the nonpolar mobile phase with certain aprotic solvents. The potential of this new separation dimension greatly increases the general applicability of cellulose-based columns for analytical and preparative separations of racemates. A simple, systematic scheme is proposed for optimizing the separation of enantiomeric drugs with the Chiralcel OD column.
Circumvention and reactivation of the p53 oncogene checkpoint in mouse colon tumors.

Abstract The p53 tumor suppressor protein is sequence-normal in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced mouse colon tumors, making them a good model for human colon cancers that retain a wild type p53 gene. Cellular localization and co-immunoprecipitation experiments using a cell line derived from an AOM-induced colon tumor (AJ02-NM 0 cells) pointed to constitutively expressed Mdm2 as being an important negative regulator of p53 in these cells. Although the Mdm2 inhibitory protein p19/ARF was expressed in AJ02-NM 0 cells, its level of expression was not sufficient for p53 activation. We tested the response of AJ02-NM 0 cells to the recently developed Mdm2 inhibitor, Nutlin-3. Nutlin-3 was found to activate p53 DNA binding in AJ02-NM 0 cells, to a level comparable to doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In addition, Nutlin-3 increased expression of the p53 target genes Bax and PERP to a greater extent than doxorubicin or 5-FU, and triggered a G2/M phase arrest in these cells, compared to a G1 arrest triggered by doxorubicin and 5-FU. The differences in the cellular response may be related to differences in the kinetics of p53 activation and/or its post-translational modification status. In an ex vivo experiment, Nutlin-3 was found to activate p53 target gene expression and apoptosis in AOM-induced tumor tissue, but not in normal adjacent mucosa. Our data indicate that Mdm2 inhibitors may be an effective means of selectively targeting colon cancers that retain a sequence-normal p53 gene while sparing normal tissue and that the AOM model is an appropriate model for the preclinical development of these drugs.
In vitro proton spectroscopy of normal and abnormal prostate.

Previous biochemical and 13C NMR spectroscopic data have suggested that the metabolism of citrate, a secretory product of normal prostate, may be interrupted in prostate cancer. In the present study in vitro1H NMR spectroscopy was used to see if cell strains derived from prostate cancers could be reliably distinguished from those of normal prostate epithelium. High-resolution one-dimensional and two-dimensional J-resolved 1H NMR spectra as well as gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy were used to study extracts of highly defined cell strains from normal peripheral zone, normal central zone, adenocarcinoma, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Resonances assigned to citric acid and related metabolites were identified. Cell strains derived from prostate cancers tended to have smaller amounts of citrate than those from normal prostate epithelium. However, the differences were small and not statistically significant. The lack of statistically significant differences may reflect the variability present in both normal and abnormal cell strains and thus underscore the well-known difficulty in differentiating normal and cancerous tissues. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Mutational analysis of interactions between the Gag precursor proteins of murine leukemia viruses.

Abstract The yeast two-hybrid system was used to test for interactions among the Gag precursor proteins of three members of the murine leukemia virus family. These Gag proteins all interact with each other in all combinations, but do not interact with the distantly related HIV-1 Gag. A series of deletion mutants of Moloney MuLV were examined to determine the minimal interaction domain. Either one of two regions of Gag was independently sufficient to mediate homodimerization, suggesting multiple points of contact in the precursor. Analysis of a set of point mutations in the CA region revealed a complex pattern of effects on Gag–Gag interactions.
Nakazawa Keiji, Hiroshima: The Autobiography of Barefoot Gen

Life is short-fall in love, young woman Before the red fades from your lips Before the hot blood cools within you Before the hot blood cools within you There's no tomorrow. This simple song is the ...
Modeling seismic properties of a Gneiss

Seismic tests were conducted on two specimens of a highly metamorphosed granodiorite. Changes in velocity and attenuation with increasing axial stress were modelled in two ways: first using the crack density model of Hudson; and second by modelling the schistosity by displacement discontinuity theory. The crack density model was useful in determining crack density parameters that showed good agreement for velocity behavior for P, SV and SH waves; however, parameters derived from attenuation measurements of SH wavespredicted attenuation coefficients an order of magnitude less than those aredicted for P and SV waves. The disilacement discontinui$ model yielded parameters whose behavior with increasing stress corresponded well with an intuitive understanding of crack behavior.
The organization of collagen in bone: the role of noncovalent bonds in the relative insolubility of bone collagen.

The solubility of decalcified bone collagen was studied in various salts and nonelectrolytes. It was found that collagen was extracted as gelatin at low temperature and at near neutral pH by a number of salts known to promote the conversion of collagen to gelatin. Successive extractions by such reagents dissolved essentially all the bone collagen. The extracted gelatins representing ∼ 80% of the total amount of collagen present in the bone, consisted predominantly of a component having the characteristics of the single stranded α-chains. It was concluded that the stability to dissolution of the collagen in the native bone tissue in solvents such as cold NaCl or dilute acetic acid is due primarily to the way in which the collagen macromolecules interact in the fibrils. In contrast to the protein mediated solvent—solvent interactions which are thought to play a major role in stabilizing the three polypeptide chains in the collagen helical configuration, the intermolecular interactions are influenced primarily by stereochemical factors that control direct protein—protein interactions.
3D CAD model generation of mechanical parts using coded‐pattern projection and laser triangulation systems

Purpose – Investigate the use of two imaging‐based methods – coded pattern projection and laser‐based triangulation – to generate 3D models as input to a rapid prototyping pipeline.Design/methodology/approach – Discusses structured lighting technologies as suitable imaging‐based methods. Two approaches, coded‐pattern projection and laser‐based triangulation, are specifically identified and discussed in detail. Two commercial systems are used to generate experimental results. These systems include the Genex Technologies 3D FaceCam and the Integrated Vision Products Ranger System.Findings – Presents 3D reconstructions of objects from each of the commercial systems.Research limitations/implications – Provides background in imaging‐based methods for 3D data collection and model generation. A practical limitation is that imaging‐based systems do not currently meet accuracy requirements, but continued improvements in imaging systems will minimize this limitation.Practical implications – Imaging‐based approaches...
Remarks on an example of jantzen

Abstract The monoid J presented by the Thue system with the single rewriting rule ( abbaab , 1) is studied. It is shown that there is an equivalent Thue system that presents this monoid and has the property that every word has a unique normal form.
Essential role of neocortical acetylcholine in spatial memory

The cholinergic system plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Lesions of cholinergic nuclei, pharmacological manipulations of cholinergic systems, intracerebral transplantation of fetal tissue and anatomical changes in cholinergic pathways during ageing have all been correlated with altered cognitive behaviour. However, it has not been proved that regional acetylcholine is causally required for learning and memory. Here we describe how we achieved a permanent and selective impairment of learning and memory by damaging the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, a nucleus that provides the major cholinergic innervation of the neocortex, in adult rats. To test the hypothesis that acetylcholine is essential for restoration of cognitive function, we implanted genetically modified cells that produce acetylcholine into denervated neocortical target regions. After grafting, rats with increased neocortical acetylcholine levels showed a significant improvement in a spatial navigation task. Acetylcholine is thus not only necessary for learning and memory, as previously argued, but its presence within the neocortex is also sufficient to ameliorate learning deficits and restore memory following damage to the nucleus basalis.
Effect of homovalent ion substitution on phase transformations and conductivity in ionic solid solutions

Abstract Studies of the AgI-AgBr and KI-KBr solid solutions show that the substitution of ions with the wrong size but correct charge increases the electrical conductivity. Furthermore the first-order phase transformation temperature in AgI is lowered by the introduction of AgBr into AgI. The conductivity enhancements are attributed to a lowering of the enthalpies of formation and enthalpies of migration brought about by the resulting lattice strain. The phase transformation temperature decrease is a result of the increased concentration of lattice defects resulting from the lattice strain introduced by homovalent ion substitution.
A History of Massage in Nurse Training School Curricula (1860-1945)

Introduction: Guided by Florence Nightingale, massage nurse training instruction methods were duplicated in the U.S. nurse training curricula. In the 1880s to 1900s massage training and instruction was delivered by physicians, nurses, or masseurs for many disease conditions. In the 1930s to 1940s, influential nurse authors and educators began to recommend specialization in physiotherapy for nurses. Scientific and pharmacological solutions for symptoms of disease became popular, thus practicing basic nursing comfort measures using massage declined. Purposes: To trace roots of massage in the medical literature, the inclusion of massage in U.S. nurse training school curricula, and examine the historical shift from massage as a basic nursing comfort measure to a specialization of physiotherapy. Method: Primary text books by physicians, nurses, massage instructors; medical/nursing journals; nursing curriculum guidelines—archival collections of the Center for Historical Nursing Inquiry; Historical Collections a...
Ambient Temperature Deposition Of MgF2 With Noble And Fluorocarbon Ion Assistance

We have investigated the properties of magnesium fluoride films made using ion assisted deposition, with argon or Freon as the source gas. The effect of the ion species and residual gases on the chemical, physical, and optical properties have been determined. For all films, the optical performance is strongly depen-dent on the presence of residual oxygen-bearing gases. For the Freon bombarded films the incorporation of carbon is not seen to degrade their transparency, and a more stoichiometric Mg:F ratio is acheived.
Anti‐tumorigenic activity of five culinary and medicinal herbs grown under greenhouse conditions and their combination effects

BACKGROUND: Herbs and spices have been used as food preservatives, flavorings, and in traditional medicines for thousands of years. More and more scientific evidence supports the medicinal properties of culinary herbs. Colon cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the USA, and the fourth most common form of cancer worldwide. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antitumor activity of five selected herbs grown under greenhouse conditions, and to study the potential synergistic effects among different herbal extract combinations. RESULTS: Thyme, rosemary, sage, spearmint, and peppermint extracts significantly inhibited SW-480 colon cancer cell growth, with sage extracts exhibiting the highest bioactivity, with 50% inhibition at 35.9 µg mL−1, which was equivalent to 93.9 µg dried leaves mL−1 of culture medium. Some mixtures of different herbal extracts had combination effects on cancer cell growth. The inhibitory effects of peppermint + sage combinations at a 1:1 ratio were significantly higher than rosemary + sage combinations at 1:1 ratio, although peppermint extracts showed lower inhibition than rosemary extracts. CONCLUSION: Extracts from herb species (thyme, rosemary, sage, spearmint and peppermint) can significantly inhibit the growth of human colon cancer cells. Mixtures of herb extracts can have combination effects on cancer cell growth. The study suggests that these five herbs may have potential health benefits to suppress colon cancer. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
A parallel shuffled paging strategy under delay bounds in wireless systems

In sequential paging schemes, the paging process is considered on per user basis. When an incoming call arrives to a mobile terminal (MT), the associated location area is divided into several paging areas (PAs) and PAs are paged one by one until the MT is found. Even though sequential paging algorithms can reduce the paging cost compared to the blanket-paging scheme, they introduce extra and unnecessary delay due to the fact that, during each paging cycle, unpaged cells are idle and unused in terms of paging. In this letter, a simple parallel shuffled paging strategy is proposed to reduce delay and improve performance. In the proposed scheme, multiple MTs can be paged in difference PAs in parallel. Our study shows that the proposed scheme outperforms both the sequential paging and the blanket paging in terms of discovery rate and queueing delay.
Random Filters for Compressive Sampling and Reconstruction

We propose and study a new technique for efficiently acquiring and reconstructing signals based on convolution with a fixed FIR filter having random taps. The method is designed for sparse and compressible signals, i.e., ones that are well approximated by a short linear combination of vectors from an orthonormal basis. Signal reconstruction involves a non-linear Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithm that we implement efficiently by exploiting the nonadaptive, time-invariant structure of the measurement process. While simpler and more efficient than other random acquisition techniques like Compressed Sensing, random filtering is sufficiently generic to summarize many types of compressible signals and generalizes to streaming and continuous-time signals. Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate its efficacy for acquiring and reconstructing signals sparse in the time, frequency, and wavelet domains, as well as piecewise smooth signals and Poisson processes.
Caring for the terminally ill: experiences of Latvian family caregivers.

Aim: To increase understanding of the experiences and needs of family caregivers of terminally ill persons in Latvia. Background: Latvia has high death rates from cardiovascular disease and cancer, and families care for the terminally ill with little preparation and support. Health professionals also have little preparation in supporting these patients and families at the end of life. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in the summer of 2004 in Latvia. Data collection was by semi-structured interviews with caregivers (n = 18) whose care recipients died at least 1 year previously. Findings: The caregiver narratives addressed experiences that paralleled the trajectory of the patient’s illness: the disruption of normal life patterns; taking on the caregiver role; establishing new patterns and learning role competencies; engaging in preparation for dying; and the gains and losses of the caregiving experience as seen in retrospect. Conclusions: The caregiver narratives suggested a need for more education in practical caregiving; access to patient care equipment and supplies; and a need for ongoing support and guidance by knowledgeable medical personnel during caregiving.
Beyond DFM: when manufacturability has to be guaranteed by design

Designers and test engineers are increasingly being challenged to introduce new high performance products within ever tightening tolerance windows. Traditional production test solutions may not be able to deliver the required accuracy to guarantee performance by test without additional and often prohibitive investments in extreme high-end test systems. In order to maintain a reasonable cost of manufacturing, it is not sufficient that these parts be designed for manufacturability-they must be guaranteed by design. To be considered guaranteed by design, one needs to have the utmost confidence in their design for manufacturability system and particularly in the accuracy of their simulations. This paper describes multivariate analysis techniques, leveraging electrical test data on the process level, to accurately model the statistical variation of the process as well as provide the means for evaluating where any given ET sample falls within that distribution for validating simulations against actual measured performance data. A case study drawn from a recent product introduction in a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology is used for demonstration.
Efficient Delivery of Software Updates Using Advanced Compression Techniques

This paper will focus on the applications of advanced data compression technologies developed by Microsoft to efficiently deliver software updates for Windows, specifically CAB packaging and Binary Delta Compression technologies. These technologies are adaptable to other scenarios, and thus are also used by Windows Installer (MSI), Xbox 360 and Windows Media Player 11 to name a few. We will discuss how these technologies differ from ordinary compression, how they are used at Microsoft and how they can be used by the software community to improve customer satisfaction and reduce software maintenance costs.
Extracellular matrix-derived tripeptide proline-glycine-proline inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and migration.

Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in epidermis, and are primarily responsible for the epithelialization phase of wound healing. Previous studies by our group showed a positive correlation between IL-8 concentration and delayed healing of porcine cutaneous partial-thickness wounds. Interleukin-8 and collagen-breakdown product N-acetyl-Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) are known as chemoattractant molecules for neutrophils during inflammation. The activity of both molecules is dependent on chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. In addition to neutrophils, keratinocytes also express CXCR1 and CXCR2. Here we investigated the effects of IL-8 and PGP on keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Our results showed that IL-8 up to 100 ng/mL does not have any significant impact on keratinocyte proliferation or migration. ECM-derived tripeptide PGP chemotactically attracts neutrophils but not keratinocytes. PGP strongly inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and migration in a cell-type specific manner. Thus, collagen breakdown product PGP plays a key role in modulating both the inflammatory and epithelialization phases of wound healing.
Integration of Linear Dynamic Emission and Climate Models with Air Traffic Simulations

Future air traffic management systems are required to balance the conflicting objectives of maximizing safety and efficiency of traffic flows while minimizing the climate impact of aviation emissions and contrails. Integrating emission and climate models together with air traffic simulations improve the understanding of the complex interaction between the physical climate system, carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions and aviation activity. This paper integrates a national-level air traffic simulation and optimization capability with simple climate models and carbon cycle models, and climate metrics to assess the impact of aviation on climate. The capability can be used to make trade-offs between extra fuel cost and reduction in global surface temperature change. The parameters in the simulation can be used to evaluate the effect of various uncertainties in emission models and contrails and the impact of different decision horizons. Alternatively, the optimization results from the simulation can be used as inputs to other tools that monetize global climate impacts like the FAA’s Aviation Environmental Portfolio Management Tool for Impacts.
Partisan Politics in the Global Economy

Geoffrey Garrett challenges the conventional wisdom about the domestic effects of the globalization of markets in the industrial democracies: the erosion of national autonomy and the demise of leftist alternatives to the free market. He demonstrates that globalization has strengthened the relationship between the political power of the left and organized labour and economic policies that reduce market-generated inequalities of risk and wealth. Moreover, macroeconomic outcomes in the era of global markets have been as good or better in strong left-labour regimes ('social democratic corporatism') as in other industrial countries. Pessimistic visions of the inexorable dominance of capital over labour or radical autarkic and nationalist backlashes against markets are significantly overstated. Electoral politics have not been dwarfed by market dynamics as social forces. Globalized markets have not rendered immutable the efficiency-equality trade-off.
Sooner or later? The marital horizons of parents and their emerging adult children:

Grounded in a marital horizon theory of emerging adulthood, this article presents a study that provides an evaluation of the differences between parents’ and emerging adults’ views about marriage. Using a sample of 536 emerging adults and their parents (446 mothers, 360 fathers) recruited from five college sites from across the United States, the study sought to identify parents’ marital ideals for their children and to investigate how these attitudes compare to those of emerging adults themselves. Results demonstrated that there are significant differences between parents and emerging adults with regard to marital horizon factors. Specifically, parents reported a higher desired age for marriage, lower importance of marriage as a life goal, and emphasized different criteria of marriage readiness than their emerging adult children. Results also suggest that contemporary patterns of delayed marriage among emerging adults are generally supported, and perhaps encouraged, by parents.
Interstitial water chemistry of anoxic Long Island Sound sediments. 2. Nutrient regeneration and phosphate removal 1

The stoichiometry of nutrient regeneration in anoxic Long Island Sound sediments is examined through changes in the concentration of dissolved sulfate, ammonia, reactive phosphate, and other chemical species with depth in interstitial waters. In offshore sediments the mean AS04:ANH4:ACP ratio is -53:4.6:0.37; in shallow harbor sediment it is -53: 19:3.3 and ANI14:AZP ratios are half the offshore ratio. These indicated shoreward changes probably rcflcct more rapid deposition, and thus less preferential stripping of P and N from organic material before burial in shallow water harbor sediments, or selective stripping in the heavily bioturbated upper sediment layers offshore, or both. The effects of differential diffusion and adsorption of ammonia and phosphorus are considered. Phosphate concentration maxima in ammonia- and phosphate-rich shallow harbor sediments yield evidence for possible equilibrium with respect to vivianite, Fc3(P04)z*8Hz0, and struvitc, MgNI14P04+611z0. Martens and Berner (1977) reported on dissolved gases in the interstitial waters of nearshore Long Island Sound sediments. We here consider nutrient regeneration and phosphate removal in these same sediments, examine the stoichiometry of nutrient regeneration by using concentration vs. depth profiles of dissolved sulfate, ammonia, and reactive phosphate, and discuss possible authigenic phosphate mineral precipitation associated with high phosphate regcneration rates. We thank M. B. Goldhaber and J. Westrich for comments and discussion concerning this work. Remarks by J. Murray and S. Emerson led to significant improvements. A. Ruggiero provided analytical chemical assistance. M. Reed’s assistance with coring operations was indispensable.
Constructive belief and rational representation

It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to divide an agent’s explicit beliefs into two parts: the beliefs explicitly represented or manifest in memory, and the implicitly represented or constructive beliefs that are repeatedly reconstructed when needed rather than memorized. Many theories of knowledge view the relation between manifest and constructive beliefs as a logical relation, with the manifest beliefs representing the constructive beliefs through a logic of belief. This view, however, limits the ability of a theory to treat incomplete or inconsistent sets of beliefs in useful ways. We argue that a more illuminating view is that belief is the result of rational representation. In this theory, the agent obtains its constructive beliefs by using its manifest beliefs and preferences to rationally (in the sense of decision theory) choose the most useful conclusions indicated by the manifest beliefs.
An Internal Medicine Interest Group Research Program Can Improve Scholarly Productivity of Medical Students and Foster Mentoring Relationships With Internists

Background: Shortages in primary care careers such as internal medicine are projected in the future. Conducting research is an explicit requirement for graduate medical education and interest in research is growing in undergraduate medical education. Purpose: We hypothesized that a medical student research initiative could increase student research productivity and foster mentoring relationships with internists. Method: We compared the number of medical student presentations, awards, and peer-reviewed publications before and after a brief research initiative at a single institution and recorded comments from student participants; data collected before the initiative were retrospective, and data after the initiative were collected prospectively. Mann–Whitney U was used for statistical analysis. Results: Twenty-seven students participated in our workshop initiative during the study period (2000–2005). Eighteen (67%) subsequently had presentations, research awards, and/or publications during the study period...
A new variable step size method suitable for efficient VLSI implementation

The performance of stochastic gradient based adaptive algorithms depends on the selection of a step size parameter which must balance the conflicting goals of fast convergence and small steady state error. The author presents a novel variable step size algorithm that performs as well as previously proposed algorithms but is less complex to implement. In particular, the memory savings is substantial. A convergence analysis for this algorithm is also presented. >
Quantitative imaging of freezing at the millimeter scale using neutron radiography

Freezing of fluids in capillary structures affects systems that range from soils to the polymer membranes that are used in fuel cells. Neutron radiography can be used to image phase change within otherwise opaque structures and previous studies have shown the capability of quantitative imaging of freezing at � 3 mm scale. In this study, a 1.6 mm diameter water column within an aluminum rod was imaged using neutron radiography and fluid density information was extracted. A ray-tracing flux model was developed in order to correct for the effects of beam divergence on the acquired images. The model produced image intensity maps that fit experimental data with R 2 values of 0.98. Density measurements for water and ice within the capillary were found to be 1.0070.03 and 0.9370.03 g/cm 3 , respectively, which are within 1% of published density values for both phases.
Topology preserving maps from virtual coordinates for wireless sensor networks

A method of obtaining a topology preserving map from virtual coordinates of a sensor network is presented. In a Virtual Coordinate System (VCS), a node is identified by a vector containing its distances, in hops, to a set of nodes called anchors. VCS is a higher dimensional abstraction of the connectivity map of nodes, with dimensionality defined by the number of anchors. Physical layout information such as physical voids and even relative physical positions of sensor nodes with respect to X-Y directions are absent in a VCS description, and obtaining the physical topology has not been possible up to now. A novel technique, based on Singular Value Decomposition, is presented to extract a topology preserving map from VCS. Three options with different computation and communication complexities, as a result of using different subsets of coordinates as the input, are presented and analyzed; the input for the three cases consist of a) the entire virtual coordinate set, b)only the virtual coordinates of anchors, and c) virtual coordinates of a random set of nodes. Evaluation results indicate that last two approaches achieve comparable accuracy to the first, but with significantly less complexity. Topology preserving maps for networks representing a variety of topologies and shapes are extracted. A new metric termed Topology Preservation Error (E TP ) is defined to evaluate the topology preservation; it accounts for both the number of node flips and degree of the flips. The techniques extract topology preserving maps with E TP less than 2%