cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Difficulties with portable suction equipment used for prehospital advanced airway procedures

Introduction. Airway management is the highest priority for prehospital personnel. While different modalities for airway management are under investigation, endotracheal intubation remains the standard for definitive airway protection. Currently, airway adjuncts such as portable suction remain relatively unstudied.Objective. To identify utilization and complications associated with portable suction equipment used by prehospital medical personnel.Methods. Fifty-one paramedics serving a Level I urban trauma center were anonymously surveyed to determine types of equipment used, maintenance and utilization patterns, difficulties encountered, and training received with that equipment.Results. The paramedics reported carrying suction equipment to the scene of medical aid calls less than 25% of the time. Once on scene, suction equipment is utilized during 50% of advanced airway procedures. Half of the paramedics reported complications affecting patient care at least once during their careers due to equipment mal...
Concept analysis of family homeostasis.

Aim To report a concept analysis of family homeostasis. Background As family members are a majority of informal caregivers, negative consequences from caregiving duty create a vicious cycle in the family unit resulting in ongoing health crises and care challenges. Design Concept analysis. Data Sources Forty empirical studies published from 1956–2012 were selected by searching five electronic bibliographical databases and by a manual search conducted from 2012–2013. Search terms included ‘family homeostasis’, ‘homeostasis in family’, ‘homeostatic care’ and ‘family equilibrium’. Clinical experiences in nursing practice were used for constructing cases and clinical implications. Methods Walker and Avant's method guided this analysis. Results Family homeostasis is defined as the capacity and mechanisms by which equilibrium is re-established in the family after a change occurs. Five critical attributes are identified: (1) predetermined setpoint; (2) self-appraised antecedents; (3) interdependence; (4) tendency to stability; and (5) feedback mechanisms. Antecedents include any type of causative change beyond the tolerable limit, while consequences encompass intermediate and long-term outcomes as well as equilibrium itself. Conclusion Family homeostasis provides a conceptual rationale of family caregiving. While care recipients remain the primary beneficiaries of healthcare provision, homeostatic mechanisms are required to support the family caregiver's valuable contribution in the caring process to enhance family well-being. Further study should expand the definition and settings of family to reflect healthcare needs of diverse types of families and from the perspectives of different healthcare providers.
Prisoner's paradoxes

As levels of trust decrease and the necessity for trust increase in our society, we are increasingly driven toward the untoward, even disastrous, outcomes of the prisoner's dilemma. Yet despite the growing evidence that (re)building conditions of trust is increasingly mandatory in our era, modern moral philosophy (by default) and the social sciences (implicitly) legitimize an instrumental rationality which is the root problem. The greatest danger is that as conditions of trust are rationalized away through the progressive institutionalization of an instrumental rationality, we are driven towards the most virulent form of the prisoner's paradox — ethical relativism and its nihilistic consequences.
Measurement technique for characterizing constitutive material properties of thin films

A transmission reflection based waveguide technique has been proposed to calculate the permittivity and permeability of thin film samples. Known thin film materials have been studied to validate the technique. The measurements have been carried out in the frequency range from 5.85 GHz to 12.4 GHz. The possible sources of errors in the measurement of scattering parameters have been identified and methods to eliminate these errors have been proposed.
Heterogeneity, Irreversible Production Choices, and Efficiency in Emission Permit Markets

Abstract This paper investigates a class of market mechanisms for environmental regulation based on the Clean Air Act tradable discharge permit program. Laboratory market experiments capture some of the more salient institutional features and focus on issues of firm technological heterogeneity and irreversible investment regarding the operation of the permit market. Experimental results suggest that higher degrees of abatement cost heterogeneity may lead to reduced trade volume, while the implications of increased cost heterogeneity regarding price volatility are mixed. Finally, increased cost heterogeneity appears to result in decreased “laboratory efficiency.”
Proton demand inversion in a mutant protein tyrosine kinase reaction

In contrast to previous studies that have shown that the neutral phenol serves as the nucleophile for WT Csk-promoted phosphorylation of a tyrosine-containing substrate, the phenolate ion acts as p...
Developments in Federal Whistleblower Protection Laws

This brief highlights several important developments in the area of whistleblower protection law. In particular, the brief describes the significance for whistleblowers of new federal laws enacted in 2002, including the Notification and Federal Employee Antidiscrimination and Retaliation Act, the Corporate Fraud and Accountability Act, and the Homeland Security Act.
The flat-trace asymptotics of a uniform system of contractions

We develop a variant of the Taylor approximation approach to the periodic points of systems of contraction mappings [Rl] that does not invoke compactness conditions. Our presentation is simpler, in that certain steps are bypassed and only one basic estimate is used (Lemma 1). We also study the distribution of the discrete spectrum for the relevant transfer operators (Proposition 2).
7Li, 11B and 19F NMR in amorphous alkali halogen borate solid ionic conductors

Abstract A study of the 11B NMR spectra from several glasses having the composition x(Li2Z)-(1-x) B2O3, where Z=F2, Cl2, O and 0.2 ≤x≤0.5, indicate that the 11B coordination number is determined solely by the boron/oxygen ratio of the material. This suggests that all of the alkali-halide present in the melt enters the network interstitially and so does not participate in network formation. Motional narrowing studies of the 7Li NMR spectra for one of these glasses show that the 7Li ion is mobile with a characteristic activation energy of 0.2 eV/ion. Similar studies of the 19F spectra indicate either fluorine ion mobility or a very strong dependence of the shape of the 19F spectrum on the lithium ion motion.
Calcium in aging and fertilized frog eggs

Abstract Fat-soluble, water-soluble and insoluble fractions of unfertilized eggs and developing frog embryos were analyzed for calcium at various times up to 93 hours. Sections of the eggs and embryos were tested for calcium by the microincineration method. No significant amounts of calcium were found in fat-soluble fractions. Changes in water-soluble and insoluble fractions suggested an interchange between the fractions, and showed many similarities between unfertilized eggs and developing embryos. By 93 hours the insoluble calcium per unfertilized egg was about 9 times that in the embryo. The possible significance of calcium in cellular aging is discussed.
Equilibrium Metal Binding of the Translational Activating Protein, COM

The control of mom (COM) protein from bacteriophage Mu, a translational activator of the mom gene, is 62 amino acids in length. We have shown previously that COM binds a single Zn(II) ion using four cysteine residues as ligands. COM regulates the translation initiation of the mom mRNA in bacteriophage Mu. In this study the metal specificity of COM for Zn(II), Cd(II), and Co(II) was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance and UV/vis spectroscopic methods. The conditional stability constants were obtained and compared to those of other zinc fingers. The results show that the relative metal specificity is quite similar to that of other classical zinc fingers. (Zn(II) ≫ Cd(II) ≫ Co(II), Fe(II)). However, COM shows an unusually high relative affinity for Zn; it binds Zn(II) 100 000-fold more strongly than it binds Co(II). Thus, strong binding is retained at pH 4, where Zn(II) binding is abolished for the other zinc finger binding domains. We speculate that this affinity is important for the physiological f...
Secant method for nonlinear semi-rigid frames

Abstract A large-deformation inelastic formulation based on the secant method is proposed for the limit load analysis of planar frames with partially restrained connections. Four test problems are solved to demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Mapping short sequencing reads to distant relatives

Numerous different algorithmic approaches have been developed to map the short-reads produced by next-generation sequencing technologies onto reference genome sequences. When sufficiently close reference genomes do not exist, less rigorous approaches must be taken, as is the case for analysis of diverse environmental samples. We have developed a new suite of data structures and algorithms specifically for the mapping of reads from environmental sequencing projects. A pipeline was developed which can rigorously map reads to genomes with many mismatches between the two. Using 50+ million reads generated from soil samples, we present the results of our performance analysis of our approach.
Elastic constants of gadolinium molybdate

Abstract Ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements at 10 MHz have been used to measure the temperature dependence of the diagonal elements of the elastic constant tensor of gadolinium molybdate, Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 , in the neighborhood of the ferroelectric phase transformation at 159°C. The paraelectric (tetragonal) phase is characterized by four independent diagonal constants: C 11 , C 33 , C 44 , C 66 . Of these only C 11 exhibits a significant anomaly at the Curie point, where it undergoes a pronounced ‘softening’.
Avoiding the projective hierarchy in expansions of the real field by sequences

Some necessary conditions are given on infinitely oscillating real functions and infinite discrete sets of real numbers so that first-order expansions of the field of real numbers by such functions or sets do not define N. In particular, let f: R → R be such that lim x→+∞ f(x) = + ∞ , f(x) = O(e xN ) as x → +∞ for some N ∈ N, (R,+,·,f) is o-minimal, and the expansion of (R, +,·) by the set { f(k): k ∈ N } does not define N. Then there exist r > 0 and P ∈ R[x] such that f(x) = e P(x) (1 + O(e -rx )) as x → +∞.
Improving last level cache locality by integrating loop and data transformations

Motivated by the observation that most existing data locality optimizations do not specifically target shared last-level caches of emerging multicores and that even multicore-specific locality-oriented techniques employ either loop or data layout optimizations but not both, in this paper we present an integrated loop and data layout optimization strategy, with the goal of improving the last-level cache performance of multicores that execute multithreaded applications. We present a detailed mathematical formulation of our locality optimization strategy and present experimental data from our current implementation. Our results, collected using 14 application programs, clearly show that the proposed integrated approach is very successful in practice, and outperforms both pure loop optimization and pure data layout optimization based alternatives. Our results also indicate that the savings achieved increase with increased core count and larger data set sizes.
Los arrendamientos operativos: impacto de su reconocimiento en los estados financieros y en la política de financiación de las compañías españolas y del Reino Unido

Resumen El proceso de reforma de la normativa contable de arrendamientos, por parte del International Accounting Standard Board, esta siendo muy controvertido por sus consecuencias sobre los estados financieros de las sociedades, que utilizan esa formula de control y financiacion de activos. Diversos estudios previos detallan el impacto del reconocimiento de los arrendamientos operativos en balance y sus consecuencias en los resultados de la compania y ratios basicas para el analisis como las de endeudamiento y rentabilidad, asi como en su estructura financiera. En este trabajo, a partir de una elevada muestra en cuanto a numero de sociedades, analizamos el impacto en sociedades cotizadas de 2 ambitos culturales contables diferentes, como son el espanol y el britanico, demostrando que en ambos casos el impacto es significativo, siendo mas relevante el sector de actividad que el pais, a la vez que abrimos una linea futura para analizar la evolucion en el tiempo del impacto y si las companias varian sus politicas de financiacion una vez se publique la nueva norma de arrendamientos definitiva.
Overcoming the Outcome Bias: Making Process Matter

People often make the well-documented mistake of paying too much attention to outcome information, even when good process data is available—an error known as the outcome bias. This error has important implications for organizations, as it may lead employers to reward lucky employees and punish unlucky ones. In three laboratory studies, we examine ways of reducing this bias. In particular, we show that how processes and outcomes are presented affects the extent to which individuals are biased towards outcomes when distributing rewards and punishment. Contrary to our initial predictions, joint evaluation strengthens— rather than weakens—the outcome bias (Study 1). That is, individuals are more likely to overweigh outcomes when fair intentions leading to undesirable outcomes and selfish intentions leading to desirable results are presented simultaneously; in contrast, individuals are more likely to consider process when these situations are presented separately. In part because this pattern of results contra...
Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996

Part I. Introduction: 1. Argument 2. Rethinking the ideology debate Part II. The Whig-Republican Party: 3. The national epoch (1828-1924) 4. The neoliberal epoch (1928-92) Part III. The Democratic Party: 5. The Jeffersonian epoch (1828-92) 6. The populist epoch (1896-1948) 7. The universalist epoch (1952-92) Part IV. Conclusion: 8. What drives ideology change? 9. Does ideology matter? Epilogue.
External and internal sprouts in potatoes dipped in low-concentration CIPC-water emulsions

Irish Cobbler potatoes were dip-treated with isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC)-water emulsions, ranging in concentration from 1,000 to 0.0005 parts per million (ppm), and stored 4 months at 61 F and 85 to 95% relative humidity. In previous tests, dipping potatoes in 5,000 ppm (0.5%) CIPC-water emulsion prevented all external and internal sprouting. In current tests, some tubers sprouted after dipping in 1,000 ppm emulsion; an average of 2.5 grams of external sprouts per dipped tuber developed, and 6.8% of the dipped tubers had internal sprouts. Most of the tubers sprouted externally after dipping in 500 ppm emulsion; an average of 3.5 grams of external sprouts per tuber developed, and 13% of the tubers had internal sprouts. All tubers sprouted externally after dipping in emulsions containing 100 ppm or lower concentrations of CIPC; external sprout weight averaged about 5 grams increasing to 6 grams per tuber as CIPC concentration decreased from 100 ppm to below 100 ppm; and percent of tubers with internal sprouts decreased from 10% to 4%. Maximum internal sprouting occurred when treatments inhibited external sprout weight about 50%. CIPC did not reduce decay.
Unbiased minimum-variance linear state estimation

Abstract A method is developed for linear estimation in the presence of unknown or highly non-Gaussian system inputs. The state update is determined so that it is unaffected by the unknown inputs. The filter may not be globally optimum in the mean square error sense. However, it performs well when the unknown inputs take extreme or unexpected values. In many geophysical and environmental applications, it is performance during these periods which counts the most. The application of the filter is illustrated in the real-time estimation of mean areal precipitation.
Far-field control of the radiative lifetime of an individual optical nanocavity

Using a scanning metallic probe we demonstrate the first long-range control of the radiative lifetime of an optical nanocavity resonant near 1.5 microns. Changes in lifetime are observed for probe-cavity separations up to 70 microns.
Aneurysmal Dilatation of the Ductus Arteriosus in a Neonate

Fetal ultrasound provides the capacity for early detection of a variety of congenital heart diseases. We report a case of aneurysmal dilatation of a patent ductus arteriosus detected in utero and subsequently confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography in the neonatal period. Prompt recognition of the ductus aneurysm with resultant surgical ligation may have averted potentially serious complications from this condition.
Current perspectives of the roles of the central norepinephrine system in anxiety and depression

Norepinephrine (NE) is a major monoamine neurotransmitter that has widespread effects across multiple brain areas to regulate arousal and stress responses. The underlying function of the NE cortical system is to balance vigilance/scanning behavior with focused attention on novel environmental stimuli and the state of arousal. The central NE system is involved intrinsically with the stress response system, and dysregulation within the NE system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety and depressive disorders. Central NE activity paradoxically has either anxiogenic or anxiolytic effects, depending on whether the time course of the stress is acute or chronic, whether the stress is predictable or unpredictable, and which underlying brain regions are affected. Under conditions of chronic stress, NE system activity dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system may turn a homeostatic stress response into a pathological stress response. Data suggest that the NE interplay with the serotonin system may exert neurobiological normalization of the pathophysiological state of anxious depression. Accordingly, pharmacological interventions targeting the NE system can result in anxiolytic, rather than anxiogenic, outcomes when used to treat patients with anxiety and depression.
Line shifts in the first overtone of DF broadened by HF

Line shifts in first overtone band of DF perturbed by HF, studying pressure induced transitions and partial pressures
Using Fluorescent Post‐Labeling To Probe the Subcellular Localization of DNA‐Targeted Platinum Anticancer Agents

Adducts in nuclear DNA are the major cause of cancer cell death triggered by platinum-based anticancer drugs.[1] Thus, cellular uptake and accumulation, distribution and trafficking between subcellular compartments and, ultimately, localization to the nucleus are crucial parameters in the mechanism of these agents. Several techniques have been used to monitor intracellular platinum. These include element-specific analytical methods and nondestructive absorption or emission-based imaging techniques, as well as electron microscopy.[2,3] Fluorophore-tagged derivatives have provided insight into uptake, distribution, and intracellular transformation of platinum.[2] Such an approach has to take into consideration the organelle selectivity of the fluorophore, which may vary widely depending on parameters such as molecular weight, partition coefficient (log P), amphiphilic character, and pKa value.[4] Thus, one drawback of modifying platinum drugs with organic fluorophores is that such conjugates may, at least in part, mimic the properties of the reporter molecule.[5] This would be an undesired feature unless the fluorescent group itself is a functionally important part of the bioactive molecule. Likewise, bulky fluorophores may interfere with the DNA binding mechanism of platinum. To circumvent these problems, we have developed a method based on bioorthogonal ligation chemistry, which allowed us to fluorescently label platinum–acridine hybrid agents in lung cancer cells. Here, we report the development of this technique and demonstrate, for the first time, that post-labeling is a powerful tool for detecting DNA-targeted platinum in subcellular structures.
Assessing the treatment alternatives for acute otitis media.

Antimicrobial resistance is no longer a mythical concern for the practicing clinician. The impact of three decades of overuse of amoxicillin is now manifest in the form of the emerging and increasing presence of beta-lactamase-resistant Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. 1-5 More recently trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 4,6 and penicillin-resistant 6,8,9 Streptococcus pneumoniae have been observed. In some communities 20 to 30% of the pneumococci in the nasopharynx of children attending day care are resistant to penicillin (and amoxicillin), 6-8 and 30% are resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. 6
Human dignity's false start in the Supreme Court of Canada: equality rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Human dignity functions largely as a rhetorical trope in contemporary human rights jurisprudence. In 1999 the Supreme Court of Canada began a jurisprudential experiment in which the concept of dignity was elevated to the status of a legal rule in interpreting the equality rights provision of the charter. Equality rights challenges to laws and programmes were to be judged largely on the basis of the feelings of affront experienced by claimants. This dignity test proved to be highly subjective and hence judicially unmanageable. While the politics of human dignity are effective precisely because rights claims are emotionally charged, a human dignity test based on feelings of affront has operated poorly in the Canadian constitutional context. Canada serves as a cautionary tale in the maturation and institutionalisation of the human rights movement.
Genes and Mutations Underlying Domestication Transitions in Grasses

Over the past several years, our understanding of plant domestication has advanced substantially at the gene and genome levels. This is due largely to the rapid accumulation of genomic resources that provided genome-wide markers for population and molecular genetic analyses of crops and their wild
Analysis of Closed-Loop Performance and Frequency-Domain Design of Compensating Filters for Sliding Mode Control Systems

For a sliding mode (SM) system containing parasitic dynamics, a model of chattering and a model of the averaged motions of the order equal to the original order of the system are obtained via the use of the locus of a perturbed relay system (LPRS) method. The latter model proves that the averaged motions in an SM system differ from those in the reduced-order model. In particular, such phenomena as the nonideal disturbance rejection and the nonideal input tracking are observed. It is shown that the non-reduced-order model transforms into the reduced one when the parasitic dynamics are removed. Yet, the chattering and the averaged motion - being the two components of the motion in the SM system - belong to two different frequency ranges (spectra). As a result, a frequency characteristic shaping aimed at achieving the desired frequency of chattering and enhancing the closed-loop performance becomes possible. This opportunity is explored in this paper. Examples that illustrate the proposed approach are provided.
FRA: Teaching Financial Accounting with a Goal-Based Scenario

This paper reports on the development of FRA Financial Report Analyst, an intelligent, multimedia educational software system which is designed to teach financial statement analysis to business students and professional trainees. FRA is based on a new kind of teaching architecture called a goal-based scenario, a "learning by doing" environment in which the student acts in a realistic role and obtains helpful coaching while performing assigned tasks. In FRA, the student plays the role of a lending analyst at a bank who must make important commercial lending decisions. Usability tests of FRA have been conducted with students in the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University. The paper discusses: theoretical advantages of goal-based scenarios; the architecture of FRA; and ongoing and future research.
Heat Treatment Effects on Warmed-Over Flavor in Chicken Breast Meat

The effects of various heat treatments on warmed-over flavor (WOF) in ground chicken breast meat were examined. WOF was measured by thiobarbituric acid test and taste panel. Integral temperature-time history functions (TTH) were used to quantify constant and variable temperature-time heat treatments. The effect of processing on WOF was modeled as a modified first-order kinetic absolute reaction. A reaction threshold temperature of 74°C and an activation energy of 15,000–20,000 Cal/g-mole were calculated. The accumulated TTH value above 74°C was found to have a major effect on WOF development. WOF in precooked chicken breast meat can be controlled by choice of processing conditions.
The effect of oral isoxsuprine and pentoxifylline on digital and laminar blood flow in healthy horses

Objective— To quantitate blood flow in the palmar digital artery and dorsal laminae of the hoof in standing, unmedicated, nonsedated horses, and in horses treated with oral isoxsuprine, oral pentoxifylline, and intravenous acetylpromazine as a positive control. Study Design— Experimental study; treatments administered in a random cross-over design. Animals— A total of 6 healthy horses selected with at least one nonpigmented forelimb hoof wall and determined to be free of laminitis. Methods— All horses were instrumented with a flow probe placed around one palmar digital artery under general anesthesia and a laser doppler flow probe placed within a hole in the dorsal hoof wall to measure digital blood flow and laminar perfusion respectively. Baseline readings of palmar digital blood flow and laminar perfusion were recorded before and between treatments. Horses were randomly assigned to one of two groups and treated with either isoxsuprine (1.2 mg/kg, orally twice daily for 10 days) or pentoxifylline (4.4 mg/kg, orally every 8 hours for 10 days) in a random cross-over design. Digital blood flow (DBF) and laminar perfusion (LP) were measured on days 2, 5, 7, and 10 of treatment. Horses also received acetylpromazine as a positive control (0.066 mg/kg, intravenously) during the washout period, and measurements were taken every 15 minutes until measurements returned to baseline readings. Data were analyzed by using repeated measures ANOVA. Results— Digital blood flow (11.2 to 97.7 mL/min) and laminar perfusion (1.0 to 11.1 Capillary Perfusion Units) differed between horses. No statistically significant increases in DBF or LP were detected over the 10 day treatment period with either isoxsuprine or pentoxifylline. Acepromazine resulted in a significant increase (P= .0007) in DBF for approximately 75 minutes beginning 15 minutes after treatment. A mild but insignificant increase in LP was identified after acetylpromazine treatment. Conclusion— Neither isoxsuprine nor pentoxifylline increased blood flow to the digit or dorsal laminae in healthy horses. Acepromazine caused an increased blood flow to the digit. Based on the results of this study acetylpromazine potentially would have a greater effect on improving digital blood flow than oral isoxsuprine or pentoxifylline when treating ischemic conditions of the foot in horses.
Liver regeneration in children after major hepatectomy for malignancy--evaluation using a computer-aided technique of volume measurement.

Purpose: The time course of hepatic volume regeneration and return of excretory and synthetic function was studied in eight children undergoing lobar or extended lobar liver resections for hepatoblastoma (n= 5), hepatoma (n= 1), and recurrent nephroblastoma (n= 2). Five patients received preoperative and all were administered postoperative chemotherapy. Whole-liver irradiation was administered to one patient. One additional patient who underwent an extended hepatic resection for benign disease and did not receive chemotherapy was included for comparison. Methods: A previously validated technique of computer-aided volume measurement was used to measure liver volumes from serial CT scans obtained after hepatic surgery. Normal liver volume as a function of age was determined from the literature and the time course of regeneration was compared to normal liver growth. Postoperative serum albumin, total bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels were recorded and correlated with volume regeneration. Results: In six patients hepatic regeneration had progressed to normal volume by 90 days after resection (normal volume for age was achieved by 50 days in three patients). There was an initial rapid rate of regeneration (>10 cc/day) which declined to a normal rate of less than 0.5 cc/day at 90 days after surgery. Two children with failure to thrive displayed the same pattern of rapid regeneration, attaining a volume appropriate for weight but less than that expected for age. The shape of the liver volume regeneration curve was similar in one additional patient undergoing an extended left lobectomy for benign disease. A brief rise in bilirubin occurred during the first week and a transient fall in serum albumin was followed by resumption of normal synthetic capacity within 6 weeks in all but two patients. Conclusions: Liver regeneration in children is a rapid process occurring despite the administration of cytotoxic agents and hepatic irradiation.
Crystal structure and low-temperature emission of 2,9-dimethyl-1, 10-phenanthrolinebis(triphenylphosphinesulfide)copper(I)

The synthesis and crystal structure of a luminescent Cu(I) complex containing triphenylphosphine sulfide and the α-diimine 2,9-dimethyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (dmp) is described. The coordination geometry about the Cu(I) center is pseudo-tetrahedral. Interplanar interactions between phenyl groups on the phosphine sulfide ligands and the phenanthroline exist, but are significantly less than those previously reported for the Cu(I) triphenylphosphine analog. The complex displays emission from a single metal-centered charge-transfer state at 77K in a 4∶1 ethanol/methanol (v/v) glass. This is in contrast to the triphenylphosphine complex, which exhibits dual luminescence from a charge-transfer and an intraligand state at 77K. Crystal data: orthorhombic, P212121,a=9.4226(9) A,b=15.757(1) A,c=30.494(6) A,V=4527.4(6) A3, andR=0.053 (1021 reflections).
Modulation Spectroscopy of Layered Structures

Modulation spectroscopies, such as electroreflectance and photoreflectance have become popular as room temperature probes of layered structures. Because of their derivative nature, one observes sharp optical features related to critical points in the dielectric function of the material under study. This allows us to obtain information such as alloy concentration, carrier density, well widths of quantum wells and thicknesses of the constituent layers in superlattices. In this paper, we will review the application of modulation spectroscopy to the study of optical and electronic properties of layered structures.
Intracellular signaling of tumor necrosis factor-α in brain microvascular endothelial cells is mediated by a protein tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C-dependent pathway

The intracellular signaling pathways responsible for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha stimulation of lymphocyte adhesion to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) were studied using inhibitors of protein kinase C (bisindolylmaleimide HCl, H-7, or staurosporine), or protein tyrosine kinase (genistein). Each of these blocked the ability of BMEC to respond to TNF-alpha. In contrast, BMEC treated with H-89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, or the adenylate cyclase inhibitor, dideoxyadenosine, responded normally to TNF-alpha. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase agonist, significantly increased lymphocyte adhesion to BMEC. These data indicate that intracellular signaling by TNF-alpha in BMEC is mediated through a protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase dependent pathway.
The distribution of peroxidases in extreme dwarf and normal tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.)

Abstract Studies of the peroxidases in various parts of dwarf ( d x ) and normal ( d + ) tomato plants showed that the peroxidase activities of the pith, cortex and leaf of the dwarf are about 3 times greater than those of respective normal tissues. The dwarf and normal roots, however, have essentially the same peroxidase activity. In both the dwarf and normal plants, the peroxidase activity is lowest in the leaf tissue. Electrophoretic studies indicate that different tissues and organs possess different peroxidases. It is suggested that these various peroxidases have different substrate (hydrogen donor) requirements and carry out different reactions in vivo . No qualitative electrophoretic differences between dwarf and normal peroxidases were found.
U1 small nuclear RNA plays a direct role in the formation of a rev-regulated human immunodeficiency virus env mRNA that remains unspliced.

Abstract rev-regulated expression of HIV-1 envelope proteins from a simian virus 40 late replacement vector was found to be dependent on the presence of a 5' splice site in the env mRNA in spite of the fact that this mRNA remains unspliced. When the 5' splice site upstream of the env open reading frame was deleted or mutated, expression of envelope protein was lost. RNA analysis of cells transfected with 5' splice-site mutants showed a dramatic reduction in the steady-state levels of env mRNA whether or not rev was present. Envelope expression could be restored in one of the 5' splice-site mutants by cotransfection with a plasmid expressing a suppressor U1 small nuclear RNA containing a compensatory mutation. These experiments show that U1 small nuclear RNA plays a direct and essential role in the formation of an unspliced RNA that is subject to regulation by rev.
Management of hepatitis C virus in special populations: Patient and treatment considerations

The most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United States is caused by hepatitis C virus. An estimated 3.9 million people (1.8%) in the United States have been infected with the hepatitis C virus, excluding certain subpopulations who are at high risk for hepatitis C virus infection. Among these subpopulations are an estimated 255,000 (15%) of prison inmates and 175,000 (22%) of homeless people. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection is also high among veterans (6.6% overall and even higher among homeless veterans). The single most important risk factor for hepatitis C virus infection is injection drug use; up to 90% of illicit injection drug users are infected with hepatitis C virus. This review describes the prevalence of hepatitis C virus in special populations and discusses the treatment options for patients with severe disease, transplant recipients, and patients at high risk for infection. Close monitoring and management of therapeutic side effects are required to assist these patients in adhering to therapy.
Retinal motion estimation in adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

We apply a novel computational technique known as the map-seeking circuit algorithm to estimate the motion of the retina of eye from a sequence of frames of data from a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. We also present a scheme to dewarp and co-add frames of retinal image data, given the estimated motion. The motion estimation and dewarping techniques are applied to data collected from an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.
Neutron production from 7Li(d,xn) nuclear fusion reactions driven by high-intensity laser–target interactions

Numerical simulations of neutron production from deuterium-lithium nuclear fusion reactions have been performed. A set of differential cross sections for the Li-7(d,xn) reaction for incident deuteron energies of up to 50MeV is assembled. The angular distribution of neutrons from a thick lithium target is simulated and benchmarked against experimental data. Two-stage neutron production from laser-target experiments has been studied as a function of laser intensity and energy. During the first stage a well collimated deuteron beam is generated using a high-intensity ultrashort pulse laser. During the second stage it is transported through a lithium target using a 3D Monte-Carlo ion beam-target deposition model. The neutron yield is estimated to be similar to 10(8) neutrons J(-1) laser energy. Some 10(10) neutrons can be expected from a similar to 100 J petawatt-class laser. For incident deuteron energies above 1 MeV the proposed scheme for neutron production from d-Li reactions is superior to that from d-d reactions, producing a collimated beam of neutrons with higher neutron yield.
Objectives and trends in feedback control systems progress

Future progress in control systems design will include such activities as data processing, energy controlling, computation, and instrumentation. Control system reliability and higher quality production are also included as general objectives.
Polycross designs with complete neighbor balance

Polycross designs for n clones in n2 replicates, composed of n n×n squares, are presented, n being any positive integer. The method depends on whether n is odd or even, and for even n the squares are Latin. In either case, each clone has every other clone as a nearest neighbor exactly n times in each of the four primary directions (N, S, E, W) and n−2 times in each of the four intermediate directions (NE, SE, SW, NW). Also, each clone has itself as nearest neighbor n−1 times in each intermediate direction.
Stages of moral development of corporations

Drawing from the Boulding's (1956) framework for general systems theory, the need to employ richer paradigm in the study of organizations (Pondy and Mitroff, 1979) is reiterated. It is argued that a better understanding of organizational ethical behavior is contingent upon viewing organizations as symbol processing systems of shared language and meanings. Further, it is proposed that organizations, like individuals, develop into collectivities of shared cognitions and rationale, over a period of time. The study adapts Kohlberg's (1983) model of moral development to examine if organizations can be viewed as passing through different stages of moral development depending on the type of moral reasoning employed to explain their behaviors in the face of ethical crises. Several cases raising questions about the ethics of corporate behavior were researched. An instrument entitled Organization Response Analysis was constructed using statements made by various spokespersons representing five of these organizations. The instrument was administered to 246 graduate and undergraduate students of business (N = 246). Results indicated a great degree of concurrence among respondents of differing genders, levels of education and work experience in determining the stages of moral development of organizations. Limitations of the current study and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Computing the weak limit of KdV

Computing the Weak Limit of KdV DAVID W. McLAUGHLIN AND JOHN A. STRAIN Princeton Universiw Abstract The solution of the KdV equation with single-minimum initial data has a zero-dispersion limit characterized by Lax and Levermore as the solution of an infinite-dimensional constrained quadratic minimization problem. An adaptive numerical method for computing the weak limit from this charac- terization is constructed and validated. The method is then used to study the weak limit. Initial simple experiments confirm theoretical predictions, while experiments with more complicated data display multiphase behavior considerably beyond the scope of current theoretical analyses. The method com- putes accurate weak limits with multiphase structures sufficiently complex to provide useful test cases for the calibration of numerical averaging algorithms. @ 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1. Introduction The Korteweg-de Vries equation + E 2 uxXx U(X,O) V(X) - ~UU, (1 .a x E Iw appears as an asymptotic model in physical systems ranging from water waves to plasma physics. This ubiquity is partly explained by the fact that it is the simplest model for dispersive regularization of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. In the absence of the regularizing term ( E = O), equation (1.1) reduces to a scalar conservation law, whose solutions steepen and develop infinite derivatives in finite time. Regularizing terms, such as E*u,,, prevent the development of such singularities. The most common regularization is Burgers’s equation ut - ~ U U - , E U ~ , = 0 , in which dissipation is modeled by the EM,, term. This term smooths the shock into a transition front of spatial width O(E). In the limit as E-0, this front converges strongly to the discontinuous shock profile which itself is a weak solution of the conservation law. When the physical situation is dispersive rather than dissipative, the simplest regularization is the KdV equation (l.l), with its third-order term E~u,,,. This dispersive term also prevents the development of singularities, but in an entirely different manner than the dissipation in Burgers’s equation. In the KdV situation, the steepening profile is smoothed by the onset of short wavelength [O(sl)] finite Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. XLVII, 1319-1364 (1994) CCC 0010-3640/94/1013 19-46 0 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Use of computer modelling in the long-range planning for extended library services

Abstract This paper describes the development and implementation of a computer simulation model designed as an aid to the human decision-maker responsible for developing plans to extend library services to geographical areas now unserved. An application to a planning region in the state of Washington is presented.
Notch-TIP Deformation of Ni3Ai Single Crystals

The notch-tip deformation field of Ni3AI single crystals doped with boron is characterized by fan-shaped sectors within which one slip system dominates. Cracks initiate and propagate along slip planes on both sides of the notch plane.
Factorial invariance and significance

It is shown that invariance requirements remove the indeterminacy in factor determination and lead to an integration of factorial studies with promise of considerable reduction in computational labor. The selection of significant primary factors is discussed, with special reference to Thurstone's simple structure criterion.
Linear modeling algorithm for tracking time-varying signals

This paper presents a new algorithm for tracking the spectrum of non- stationary signals. In general there is no law relating frequency and time, and therefore, the frequency-time curves are usually approach dependent. The algorithm described here is an extension of the well-known Levinson model for estimating the spectra of stationary signals. The signal parameters are estimated by fitting the model with time-varying coefficients based on an exponential forgetting factor that is introduced to the autocorrelation function. The first operation is the excitation with the input sequence y(n), n equals 0, 1, 2, ..., N, to produce a scalar output, then time-updating by incrementing the previous value with a scalar. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm, some numerical examples are considered: chirp signal in white noise, two sinusoids, and speech signals.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Insider trading in loss firms

Abstract This study investigates whether insiders in loss firms trade their company stock differentially around new loss and loss reversal earnings announcements. Research suggests that the likelihood of litigation influences managers' stock trading decisions prior to material events. I hypothesize and find that insiders reduce their net stock sales in a monotonic manner before a new loss announcement presumably to avoid improper trading allegations before bad news. This decrease is more pronounced if the new loss is the start of a multiple loss sequence. In contrast, there is no significant change in net trading patterns in the quarters prior to a loss reversal announcement irrespective of whether the loss reversal is the start of a single profit or multiple profit sequence indicating that insiders seem less concerned about legal implications when trading before good news. The results suggest that insiders in loss firms perceive asymmetric litigation risks to trading stock in the quarters before bad news relative to good news and act accordingly.
Is the evolution of bacterial pathogens an out-of-body experience?

It has long been believed that the complex interactions between pathogens and the hosts they infect are the primary driving forces that determine the strategies used by microorganisms to counter host defenses. However, new evidence suggests that the external environment, including other hosts, might have a greater role in the evolution of certain pathogens than previously thought. In particular, acquisition of virulence traits through horizontal gene transfer might occur at high frequency through microbial contacts in the environment, either as mixed microbial soups in the guts of insects or other vectors, or as soil or aquatic biofilms. Should microbiologists be alarmed about the unknown risks posed by bacteria gaining potentially dangerous traits from external environmental, or even extraterrestrial, sources?
Hypertension-associated expenditures for medication among US adults.

BACKGROUND We sought to estimate how much the presence of hypertension adds to annual per capita and total expenditures for medication among US adults.
The Black Worker, Economic Justice and the Speeches of Sadie T.M. Alexander

This paper examines Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander's challenge to racial oppression within the US. In 1921, Alexander became the first African American woman to earn a PhD in economics. The author links Alexander's arguments for black political rights to the provision of economic justice for working class Americans.
Mapping Hurricane Rita inland storm tide

1 1. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA ABSTRACT: Flood-inundation data are most useful for decision makers when presented in the context of maps of effected communities and (or) areas. But because the data are scarce and rarely cover the full extent of the flooding, interpolation and extrapolation of the information are needed. Many geographic information systems (GIS) provide various interpolation tools, but these tools often ignore the effects of the topographic and hydraulic features that influence flooding. A barrier mapping method was developed to improve maps of storm tide produced by Hurricane Rita. Maps were developed for the maximum storm tide and at 3-hour intervals from midnight (0000 hour) through noon (1200 hour) on September 24, 2005. The improved maps depict storm-tide elevations and the extent of flooding. The extent of storm-tide inundation from the improved maximum storm-tide map was compared to the extent of flood-inundation from a map prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The boundaries from these two maps generally compared quite well especially along the Calcasieu River. Also a cross-section profile that parallels the Louisiana coast was developed from the maximum storm-tide map and included FEMA high-water marks.
Differential Thermal Analysis Above 1200°C.

Differential thermal analysis techniques and equipment for use at temperatures up to 1550°C. are described. Proper electrical shielding eliminates the spurious effects ordinarily encountered above about 1200°C. For nonvolatile materials a pellet method requiring no container and only 0.1 to 0.2 gm. of sample has been developed. For systems containing volatile components, covered crucibles are used. Examples are given of typical DTA curves obtained from pellets of CaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3 mixtures. The interpretation of DTA heating curves to give precise solidus and liquidus data is discussed briefly.