cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Fe O 3 − δ and La 0.7 Sr 0.2 Fe O 3 − δ as a function of temperature by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

A temperature-dependent x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study was performed to investigate the changes in electronic and atomic structure of La-deficient ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (L7S2FO3) and stoichiometric ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (L8S2FO3). ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ is a promising cathode material for intermediate operating temperature $(700--800\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C})$ solid oxide fuel cells. Performance improvements have been shown by increasing the La- or A-site deficiency in this material but a clear understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this improvement are still needed. Here we report an x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study as a function of temperature to investigate electronic and atomic structure changes of La-deficient ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (L7S2FO3) and stoichiometric ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (L8S2FO3). In particular we have measured the temperature-dependent changes in oxidation state, bond distance, Fe coordination number, and oxygen vacancies for both compounds. L7S2FO3 contains 10% A-site vacancies compared to stoichiometric L8S2FO3, which has a fully occupied A site and thus some form of charge compensation is necessary in the former to maintain charge neutrality. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy shows the presence of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{4+}$ in both L7S2FO3 and L8S2FO3 (mixed valence) as established by comparison with model compounds. Studies from room temperature to $850\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ show that ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ dominates over ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{4+}$ in both materials with increasing dominance as the temperature is increased. Furthermore, the temperature-dependent study revealed the La-deficiency in L7S2FO3 leads to a higher concentration of both electron holes (i.e., more ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{4+}$ created) and oxygen vacancies, compared to the stoichiometric L8S2FO3. Analysis of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure shows that the Fe-O bond increases with the increase in temperature for both the systems.
LAPAROSCOPIC RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY FOR LARGE (GREATER THAN 7 CM, T2) RENAL TUMORS

ABSTRACTPurpose: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has emerged as a standard of care in appropriate candidates with clinical stage T1 renal tumors (7 cm or less). Herein we present our experience with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for clinical stage T2 tumors (greater than 7 cm).Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy between September 1997 and July 2003 were retrospectively subdivided into group LAPT1—166 with tumor size 7 cm and group LAPT2—65 with tumor size greater than 7 cm. Also, group LAPT2 was compared with a group of 34 contemporary, comparable patients undergoing open radical nephrectomy for tumor greater than 7 cm (group OPENT2).Results: Compared with group LAPT1, group LAPT2 had younger patients, larger tumors and greater blood loss (100 vs 200 ml) (each p <0.001). Importantly operative time, analgesic requirements, hospital stay, and convalescence and complication rates were comparable. Group LAPT2 and group OPENT2 patients had similar sized tumors (9.2 a...
Metanephric rat-mouse chimeras to study cell lineage of the nephron.

The nephron is derived from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme and devel- ops into a complex epithelial structure with a wide variety of phenotypes along its length. This segmental variation in expression of molecules provides an ap- proach to understand the lineage of unique segments. The present study evaluated the expression of four relatively well-localized molecules — renin, Tamm- Horsfall protein (THP), oxytocin receptor (OTR), and the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R) — in cultured mouse- rat chimeric metanephric kidneys using reverse transcrip- tion-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Chimeric kid- neys were formed by 1) separating the ureteric bud (U) from the metanephric mesenchyme (M) of mouse (m) at E11 and rat (r) at E13 days of gestation and 2) recombining the ureteric bud of one species with the metanephric mesenchyme of the other species (i.e., UrMm and UmMr), followed by filter culture until differenti- ated. Species-specific restriction enzymes for all four genes were chosen to digest the PCR product from either rat or mouse. RT-PCR was performed for each mRNA species and the products digested. The V2R product from the UrMm chimera was cleaved by a restriction enzyme known to digest only rat product, suggesting the PCR product was produced predominantly by cells derived from the ureteric bud. The renin, OTR, and THP products from both chimeras were cleaved equally well by species-specific restriction enzymes, suggesting the products were made by cells originating from both the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. These studies demonstrate that the cultured chimeric metaneph- ric model is useful to study segment lineage. The results suggest that the lineage of at least certain portions of the nephron is heterogenous. Dev. Genet. 24:230-240, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fuzzy-trace theory: Some foundational issues

Abstract We examine seven issues that are raised by the commentators: the relationship between memory and reasoning; constructivism; the nature of gist memories; rationality, consciousness, and transfer across tasks; basic and strategic processes in memory development; global versus local theories of development; and implications of fuzzy-trace theory for the study of individual differences.
Mixed adsorbent for cleanup during supercritical fluid extraction of three carbamate pesticides in tissues

Abstract A mixed selective adsorbent composed of 7% diol and 93% C18 has been used in a cleanup column to remove the supercritical fluid lipid extractables from tissues containing carbamate pesticides. Fatty acid and sterols observed in supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of supercritical fluid extracts of tissues were essentially eliminated. The supercritical fluid extraction recoveries of three carbamate pesticides (Bendiocarb, Methiocarb and Carbaryl) from chicken muscle ranged from 71 to 96%.
Organizational culture relationships with creativity and other job-related variables

Abstract The relationship between three types of organizational cultures and managerial creativity, motivation, and other job-related variables were examined. Respondents were 165 managers in a western metropolitan area (69 females, 96 males). Bureaucratic culture combined with high need for power was found to have significant positive relationships to job satisfaction and involvement, and negative connections to propensity to leave. Innovative culture combined with high need for achievement was significantly and positively related to job satisfaction and significantly and negatively to propensity to leave. Supportive culture combined with high need for affiliation was significantly and positively related to job satisfaction and negatively related to propensity to leave.
Child development and public policy: Toward a dynamic systems perspective

Little theoretical work exists that proposes general mechanisms for how public policies may influence child development. This article argues that dynamic systems theories may be useful in illuminating such processes, as well as highlighting gaps in current research at the intersection of public policy analysis and developmental science. A brief review of dynamic systems theories as they are currently utilized in other areas of developmental science is provided, as well as a statement of why they may help advance research in public policy and child development. Five principles of dynamic systems theories are presented and discussed using examples from research that address the question, "How do current antipoverty and welfare reform policies affect children?" Also presented are examples of hypotheses and research questions that each principle may generate for future work. The concluding section presents challenges that each principle poses for research methodology, and potential uses of the dynamic systems approach for developing and integrating policy and program initiatives.
Continuum of Conflict and Control: A Conceptualization of Intimate Partner Violence Typologies

Typologies of intimate partner violence were developed to describe the heterogeneity of abusive men. They contrast with the traditional feminist ideology of abuser etiology that holds all violence is the result of power and control. Over the past 15 years, a large body of knowledge about typologies has amassed, mostly in sociology journals. Thus, very little typology research has been published in counseling journals. This article synthesizes empirically based typological research and introduces the continuum of conflict and control—a conceptual training model to help couples counselors understand the differences among violence within relationships.
Effects of Sarcocystosis on Milk Production of Dairy Cows

Abstract Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows were allotted randomly to four groups of four cows each. Cows in 1 and 2 were uninfected. Those in 3 received 60,000 and those in 4 received 120,000 Sarcocystis bovicanis sporocysts per os approximately 30 days before the expected onset of lactation to produce nonclinical and clinical infections in 3 and 4, respectively. Combined stresses of infection, parturition, lactation, and high ambient temperatures caused all infected cows to develop clinical illness. Clinical signs included fever, anemia, glossitis, myositis, nasal discharge, hypersalivation, anorexia, and hind limb weakness; two cows died and two others were killed in extremis. Six cows in 3 and 4 developed high Sarcocystis specific immunoglobulin G j antibody. Uninfected control cows had no clinical signs and no rising concentrations of antibody against Sarcocystis antigen. When lactation began, cows were milked twice daily, and milk production was recorded for 70 consecutive days. All Sarcocystis-infected cows (3 and 4) decreased feed intake and milk production compared with uninfected controls. The Wisconsin Mastitis Test on milk samples at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk of lactation did not differ among groups.
Is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis really focal? Distribution of lesions in adults and children.

Is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis really focal? Distribution of lesions in adults and children. The distribution of lesions of glomerulosclerosis, whether focal or diffuse, has important implications for pathogenesis and potential therapeutic response. Determination of focal or diffuse nature of lesions from a single section, may, however, be misleading. We therefore evaluated the distribution of segmental glomerulosclerosis in patients with nephrotic syndrome and idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) by three-dimensional analysis. From our files, we identified all such biopsies with a diagnosis established by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and light microscopy that had >10 glomeruli and serum creatinine
On the Parsonian Approach to Theory Construction

(1967). On the Parsonian Approach to Theory Construction. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 37-50.
A granulosis virus of the almond moth, Cadra cautella.

Abstract A study of the pathogenicity and ultrastructure of a previously unreported granulosis virus of the almond moth, Cadra cautella, was conducted. The pathogen was found to be highly virulent to first-instar larvae when transmitted perorally. Electron micrographs showed the probable sequence of virogenesis and encapsulation in fat cells of infected larvae. Rodlike structures apparently composed of capsular protein distinguished this virus from a similar pathogen of the Indian-meal moth.
DrScheme: a programming environment for Scheme

DrScheme is a programming environment for Scheme. It fully integrates a graphics-enriched editor, a parser for multiple variants of Scheme, a functional read-eval-print loop, and an algebraic printer. The environment is especially useful for students, because it has a tower of syntactically restricted variants of Scheme that are designed to catch typical student mistakes and explain them in terms the students understand. The environment is also useful for professional programmers, due to its sophisticated programming tools, such as the static debugger, and its advanced language features, such as units and mixins. Beyond the ordinary programming environment tools, DrScheme provides an algebraic stepper, a context-sensitive syntax checker, and a static debugger. The stepper reduces Scheme programs to values, according to the reduction semantics of Scheme. It is useful for explaining the semantics of linguistic facilities and for studying the behavior of small programs. The syntax checker annotates programs with font and color changes based on the syntactic structure of the program. On demand, it draws arrows that point from bound to binding occurrences of identifiers. It also supports α-renaming. Finally, the static debugger provides a type inference system that explains specific inferences in terms of a value-flow graph, selectively overlaid on the program text.
A formative evaluation of a health education — water exercise program for class II and III adult rheumatoid arthritis patients

Abstract There is little scientific evidence to support the use of water-related rehabilitation programs for individuals with arthritis. This study was designed to conduct a preliminary assessment of the short-term impact of an 8-week, health education—water exercise program for 12 adults with rheumatoid arthritis. A one group pretest-posttest with repeated measures design was employed. Patient evaluation techniques included standard goniometric measurement of active range of motion of major joints, grip strength, timed functional tasks and a self-report questionnaire. All participants were evaluated on four separate occasions. The results of the evaluations revealed that, subjectively, all participants expressed physical and psychosocial improvement. Significant improvement for 8 of 12 selected physical impact variables was observed at the end of the program and for at least 4 weeks post-program. A sufficient degree of impact was noted to recommend proposing a larger, more rigorous evaluation study.
Examination of acylated 4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid residues in the phosphotyrosyl+1 position of Grb2 SH2 domain-binding tripeptides.

A 4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid residue was placed in the pTyr+1 position of a Grb2 SH2 domain-binding peptide to form a general platform, which was then acylated with a variety of groups to yield a library of compounds designed to explore potential binding interactions, with protein features lying below the βD strand. The highest affinities were obtained using phenylethyl carbamate and phenylbutyrylamide functionalities.
Ensemble analysis of primary microRNA structure reveals an extensive capacity to deform near the Drosha cleavage site.

Most non-coding RNAs function properly only when folded into complex 3D structures, but the experimental determination of these structures remains challenging. Understanding of primary miRNA maturation is currently limited by a lack of solved structures for non-processed forms of the RNA. SHAPE chemistry efficiently determines RNA secondary structural information with single-nucleotide resolution, providing constraints suitable for input into the MC-Pipeline software for refinement of 3D structure models. Here we combine these approaches to analyze three structurally diverse primary miRNAs, revealing deviations from canonical dsRNA structure in the stem adjacent to the Drosha cut site for all three. The necessity of these deformable sites for efficient processing is demonstrated through Drosha processing assays. The structure models generated herein support the hypothesis that deformable sequences spaced roughly once per turn of A-form helix, created by non-canonical structure elements, combine with the necessary single-stranded RNA:double-stranded RNA junction to define the correct Drosha cleavage site.
A queueing model for local area network bridges

The buffer needed to match the transmission speeds of two different local area networks interconnected by a MAC-layer bridge is modeled as a G/M/1 queue. To account for the problems caused by the arrivals of traffic bursts from the higher-speed network, traffic interarrival times are assumed to follow a hyperexponential probabilty density function. Selecting parameters for the hyperexponential distribution to model realistic traffic conditions is examined. A hypothetical bridge is discussed as an example. Queue length for the G/M/1 system with hyperexponential interarrivals is shown to depend primarily on the persistence of bursts on the higher-speed network.
Optofluidic Lasers and Their Applications in Highly Sensitive Intra-Cavity Biomolecular Detection

We report the progress of optofluidic lasers in the field of intra-cavity biosensing. Intra-cavity DNA detection is demonstrated with high differentiation between complementary sequence and single-base-mismatched sequence.
Comparison of radial distribution function for silica glass with those for various bonding topologies: Use of correlation function

Radial distribution functions (RDF's) calculated from the bonding topologies of quartz, cristobalite, tridymite and a 1412 atom model of silica glass (35 A in diameter) have been compared with the experimental RDF for silica glass. The functions, 4πr3(ϱ(r)−ϱ0), computed over the range 0 < r < 20 A from the known structures of quartz, cristobalite, tridymite and the 1412 atom model have been compared with the corresponding function for silica glass by means of correlation functions, giving 0.26, 0.69, 0.82 and 0.91, respectively (0.00 would indicate no correlation, and 1.00, perfect positive correlation). Cristobalite and tridymite are composed entirely of six-membered rings of silicate tetrahedra, whereas the model contains both six- and five-membered rings in a ratio of 2.6:1. The correlation coefficients suggest that the six-membered rings of the type present in tridymite play a dominant role in silica glass, but that other ring sizes are important and result in the higher correlation coefficient for the 1412 atom model. While the correspondence in RDF's is encouraging, the model RDF does not fit the experimental curve to within the accuracy of the experiment. Perhaps the model is not large enough to represent adequately, in a statistical fashion, all the configurations present in a macroscopic sample.
Copulatory behaviour of old-field mice (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus)

Abstract The copulatory patterns of old-field mice (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus) were studied in seventy tests, each continued either to a satiety criterion of 1/2 hr without an intromission or until the end of the dark phase of the light-dark cycle. Females were in hormone-induced oestrus. Initiation was unusually slow, the mean intromission latency exceeding 40 min. Once initiated, organized series continued for a mean of 5·4 ejaculations. Standard measures of copulatory behaviour closely resembled those of laboratory rats. At the conclusion of organized ejaculation series, there was a shift to a pattern of longer intromissions whose temporal pattern and typography were suggestive of ejaculations, although there was no evidence of sperm emission. Introduction of a different female did not produce a Coolidge effect, or resumption of copulation greater than that following the return of the original female.
The Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter: Mice can live and die without it

Calcium is of critical importance to mitochondrial and cell function, and calcium signaling is highly localized in the cell. When stimulated, mitochondria are capable of rapidly taking up calcium, affecting both matrix energetics within mitochondria and shaping the amplitude and frequency of cytosolic calcium "waves". During pathological conditions a large increase in mitochondrial calcium levels is thought to activate the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, resulting in cell death. The protein responsible for mitochondrial calcium uptake, the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), was identified in 2011 and its molecular elucidation has stimulated and invigorated research in this area. MCU knockout mice have been created, a variety of other regulators have been identified, and a disease phenotype in humans has been attributed to the loss of a uniporter regulator. In the three years since its molecular elucidation, further research into the MCU has revealed a complex uniporter, and raised many questions about its physiologic and pathologic cell roles. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
Experiments concerning the life testing of semiconductor devices—II. Life testing of transistors in switching operation mode

Abstract Usual methods of d.c. electrical stress applied on transistors as a means of long-run life test and bound mainly to thermally activated surface degradation processes, are less informative in relation to degradation in switching service. Here, a method is described where transistors are tested in c.b. switching circuit with a fixed 50 Hz repetition rate and exactly adjustable amount of switching-on-and-off transient energies, allowing large batches to be tested economically. The executed life-testing apparatus, employing an all-solid-state 250 A pulser, is also dealt with. Accelerated test experiments showed that temperature plays only a minor role and the main parameters influencing degradation are the magnitude and duration of turn-over transients as well as the collector pulse current stress level. Degradation is related chiefly to volumetric causes, e.g. structural failures only when the pulse current level is sufficiently high. Experiments showed that collector current stress levels within the data-sheet limits were inefficient for developing the characteristic volumetric failure mechanisms, the latter being “masked” by usual surface degradation mechanisms. The suggested method is of most use as a screen-test.
An empirical evaluation and comparison of two models for discriminability scales

Abstract Two models purportedly leading to discriminability scales are described: one proposed by Thurstone (Model I), the other by Bradley and Terry, by Ford, and by Luce. Procedures are presented for obtaining maximum likelihood scale values from pair comparison and ranking data for both models, and a goodness-of-fit statistic for testing either model is derived. Application of tests of the models on six sets of data indicated that (a) neither model provided uniformly satisfactory representations of the data, and (b) all six sets of data were more accurately represented by Model II than by Model I.
Taking Time to Care Making Ways to Help Teen Parents

The patient I had been assigned to observe that morning was a girl who conceived at 16 years of age. She was now 17 years of age and married. Her mother and younger sister were alternately at her bedside and in the waiting area watching cartoons. The patient's mother looked no older than 30 to 34 years of age, and the sister was pregnant as well. The patient's husband was also 17 years of age and was dressed in teenage‐fashionable baggy pants with a baseball cap twisted backward.
Changes in Mouse Uterine Transcriptome in Estrus and Proestrus

Changes in the CD-1 mouse uterine transcriptome during proestrus and estrus were investigated to help elucidate mechanisms of uterine tissue remodeling during the estrus cycle and their regulation by estrogen and progesterone in preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. Mice were staged beginning at 6 weeks of age, and uterine horns were harvested after monitoring two estrus cycles. Microarray analysis of whole uterine horn RNA identified 2428 genes differentially expressed in estrus compared to proestrus, indicating there is extensive remodeling of mouse uterus during the estrus cycle, affecting ~10% of all protein-encoding genes. Many (~50%) of these genes showed the same differential expression in independent analyses of isolated uterine lumenal epithelial cells. Changes in gene expression associated with structural alterations of the uterus included remodeling of the extracellular matrix, changes in cell keratins and adhesion molecules, activation of mitosis and changes in major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) presentation, complement and coagulation cascades, and cytochrome P450 expression. Signaling pathways regulated during the estrus cycle, involving ligand-gated channels, Wnt and hedgehog signaling, and transcription factors with poorly understood roles in reproductive tissues, included several genes and gene networks that have been implicated in pathological states. Many of the molecular pathways and biological functions represented by the genes differentially expressed from proestrus to estrus are also altered during the human menstrual cycle, although not necessarily at the corresponding phases of the cycle. These findings establish a baseline for further studies in the mouse model to dissect mechanisms involved in uterine tissue response to endocrine disruptors and the development of reproductive tract diseases.
Transcript profiles of two wheat lipid transfer protein-encoding genes are altered during attack by Hessian fly larvae.

Abstract A sequence encoding a putative type-1 lipid transfer protein from wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) was identified through ‘GeneCalling’, an mRNA profiling technology. The mRNA for the Hfr-LTP (Hessian fly-responsive lipid transfer protein) gene decreased in abundance (196-fold) in susceptible wheat plants over the first eight days of attack by virulent Hessian fly larvae ( Mayetiola destructor Say). Hfr-LTP encodes a putative protein containing eight cysteine residues that are conserved among plant LTPs and are responsible for correct protein folding through formation of disulfide bridges. Twelve hydrophobic amino acids in addition to arginine, glycine, proline, serine, threonine and tyrosine, plus an LTP signature sequence were present in conserved positions. A highly conserved signal peptide sequence was also present. Although attack by one virulent larva was sufficient to cause a decrease in Hfr-LTP mRNA abundance, higher infestation levels led to near silencing of the gene. Hfr-LTP transcript levels were not affected by other biotic factors (feeding by bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L., and fall armyworm larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) or abiotic factors tested (mechanical wounding or treatment with abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, or salicylic acid). Comparison to a previously described Hessian fly-responsive wheat LTP gene, TaLTP3 , confirmed an initial increase in TaLTP3 mRNA in resistant plants. However, when quantified through eight days after egg hatch, responsiveness to infestation level and a marked decrease in susceptible plant TaLTP3 mRNA abundance were detected, as was seen for Hfr-LTP . Possible functions of LTP gene products in wheat–Hessian fly interactions are discussed.
Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bone mass in adolescents: An NHANES study.

Abstract Context Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed medications to treat depression and anxiety. SSRIs exert their effects by inhibiting the serotonin transporter and modulating extracellular serotonin levels, a neurotransmitter that has been shown to affect bone metabolism in animals. Studies in adults suggest a negative association between SSRI use and bone mineral density (BMD), greater rates of bone loss with SSRI use and increased risk of fractures. However, the results on bone mass have been inconsistent. Furthermore, there is a dearth of studies examining an association between SSRI use and bone mass in the pediatric and adolescent age group. Objective To investigate associations between SSRI use and bone mass in adolescents. Design Cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES). Participants 4303 NHANES participants aged 12–20 years. The mean age was 15.65 ± 2.42 years. Main outcomes Total femur, femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results 62 out of 4303 subjects used SSRIs. SSRI use was an independent predictor of bone mass after adjusting for age, gender, height and weight Z score, socioeconomic status, physical activity, serum cotinine level and race/ethnicity. After multivariable adjustment, total femur BMC was 8.8% lower among SSRI users versus non-users (mean difference 2.98 g, SE ± 0.105 g, p = 0.0006), while total femur BMD was 6.1% lower (mean difference 0.06 g/cm2, SE ± 0.002 g/cm2, p = 0.016). Femoral neck BMC and BMD and lumbar spine BMC were similarly negatively associated with SSRI use. Compared to nonusers, lumbar spine BMC was 7% lower among SSRI users (mean difference 0.97 g, SE ± 0.048 g, p = 0.02) and BMD was 3.2% lower (mean difference 0.03 g/cm2, SE ± 0.015 g/cm2, p = 0.09). Sub-analysis of those individuals treated for more than 6 months yield similar results. Finally, the association of SSRIs with bone mass persisted after excluding individuals with Body Mass Index (BMI) less than 5th percentile thus accounting for the possible confounding effect of anorexia nervosa, which can be treated with SSRIs. Conclusion In this NHANES study, adolescents treated with SSRIs had lower DXA measurements of the total femur and lumbar spine compared to SSRI non-users. These findings support the need for future prospective studies to examine the effects of SSRI use on bone mass in adolescents.
Flow Regime Diagnosis in Bubble Columns via Pressure Fluctuations and Computer-Assisted Radioactive Particle Tracking Measurements

The importance of diagnosing the flow regime in bubble columns by noninvasive and easy-to-implement methods is well-known. Hence, the aim of this work is to diagnose the flow regime in a pilot scal...
Tokamak MHD equilibrium generation by narrow-spectrum fast-wave current drive

One key to achieving high beta in a tokamak may be the proper control of the plasma pressure and current density profiles. In principle, if steady-state RF current drive is used, the current density may be tailored by a careful selection of the wave frequency and the power spectrum. This study uses the selfconsistent theory of RF current drive in an axisymmetric torus to compute the MHD equilibrium generated by the fast (magnetosonic) wave current driver. This is accomplished by iterations in a calculation of the MHD equilibrium for a given diamagnetism function, F(ψ) = RBt, and a ray-tracing calculation which determines F(ψ). The various wave and plasma characteristics which determine the equilibrium are examined, and it appears possible to create a large diversity of equilibria.
Aquarium Studies on the Evaluation of Stocking Various Sizes of Channel Catfish with Established Largemouth Bass

Abstract One hundred and eight tank trials involving three sizes of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), three sizes of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and the presence or absence of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were analyzed for predation attempts and prey preference using a three-level nested ANOVA. This test showed a significantly lower (P < 0.05) predation rate by largemouth bass on the catfish when fathead minnows were present as compared to catfish alone. Predation rates of bass on catfish were not significantly affected by the three sizes of bass nor by the three sizes of catfish. Although direct pond stocking conclusions cannot be reached from these aquarium experiments, helpful information was gained regarding the stocking of channel catfish in confined largemouth bass populations with limited habitat structure. Based on predation rates from this study and production costs of channel catfish (as determined by a 1980-1981 mail survey of federal, state and private catfish farmer...
Area Health Education Center (AHEC) outreach librarian

Area Health Education Center (AHEC) librarians are first, and foremost, outreach librarians. Improving health care and the distribution of health‐care professionals in rural and under‐served areas is the origin of the AHEC program. AHEC librarians play an important role in clinical education and patient care. Their role has characteristics of both academic medical center and hospital librarians. Their primary clientele are clinicians and administrators who have patient care, professional development, or educational needs for information access. In addition, they provide curricular support to the clinical education of undergraduate and graduate health sciences faculty and students. AHEC librarians provide reference service, interlibrary loan, collection management, and perform many administrative tasks for the AHEC. Three areas of librarian expertise are particularly important. clinical reference, educational support, and outreach services.
Family Role Specialization and Self‐Attitudes in Children*

F OR those social psychologists subscribing to self-role theory, the proposition that the self arises through interaction is a crucial one. In the past few years there have been several procedures developed to put into operational form the concepts "self" and "role," thereby rendering them useful in the formulation of empirical propositions. One of these, the Twenty Statements Test (TST),' has been validated by the demonstration that dimensions of the self, abstracted from responses to the TST, are related to other aspects of behavior.2 In addition, Kuhn has found professional training, age, and sex to be related to the nature of the self as measured by the TST,3 while McPartland and Cumming report a relationship between social class and self-conception.4 The research reported here is a limited attempt to investigate a
In situ measurements of NO(x) in the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition

In situ measurements of NO and NO2 were made simultaneously from the NASA DC-8 aircraft as part of the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition. Mixing ratios of NO(x) (NO + NO2) were typically higher in the arctic troposphere than in the stratosphere, with median values of 59 and 40 pptv, respectively. In the stratosphere, there tended to be a positive correlation between NO(x) and water vapor and negative correlations between NO(x) and ozone and between NO(x) and total reactive odd-nitrogen, NO(y). The ratio of NO(x) to NO(y), in conjunction with NO(y), appears to be an excellent tracer of tropospheric or stratospheric air at northern latitudes during winter. Tropospheric NO(x) was typically 10 to 50 percent of gas-phase NO(y), while in the stratosphere, NO(x) was typically less than 10 percent, and frequently less than 5 percent of gas-phase NO(y).
Conditional survival in pancreatic cancer: better than expected

Background Traditional survival estimates after resection for pancreatic cancer are based on clinicopathological variables at the time of diagnosis. Estimates have not reflected time survived after resection, as investigated for other malignancies. The aim of the present study was to understand how survival estimates change after pancreatic resection for cancer based on time already survived (conditional survival).
Transformation of the Czech Automotive Components Industry Through Foreign Direct Investment

This paper traces the profound restructuring of the Czech automotive components industry during the 1990s and early 2000s through foreign direct investment (FDI), and the integration of Czech-based suppliers into European and global automotive supplier networks. The magnitude of change is highlighted by an initial characterization of the Czechoslovak state socialist automotive components industry prior to restructuring. The paper then focuses on the effects of price and trade liberalization and survival strategies employed by component suppliers during the early 1990s. It subsequently illustrates the effects of Volkswagen's investment in Skoda (a Czech passenger car maker) on Skoda's supplier network and the strategies employed by VW-Skoda to rapidly improve the quality of supplied components while keeping their prices low. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: D20, F21, L62. 5 figures, 4 tables, 65 references.
A Randomized Comparison of the Effect of Two Prelinguistic Communication Interventions on the Acquisition of Spoken Communication in Preschoolers With ASD

Purpose This randomized group experiment compared the efficacy of 2 communication interventions (Responsive Education and Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching [RPMT] and the Picture Exchange Communication System [PECS]) on spoken communication in 36 preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Method Each treatment was delivered to children for a maximum total of 24 hr over a 6-month period. Spoken communication was assessed in a rigorous test of generalization at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up periods. Results PECS was more successful than RPMT in increasing the number of nonimitative spoken communication acts and the number of different nonimitative words used at the posttreatment period. Considering growth over all 3 measurement periods, an exploratory analysis showed that growth rate of the number of different nonimitative words was faster in the PECS group than in the RPMT group for children who began treatment with relatively high object exploration. In contrast, analogous slopes ...
Synthesis and CMC studies of 1-methyl-3-(pentafluorophenyl)imidazolium quaternary salts.

Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, has been investigated in 30 mM aqueous solutions of 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (1) and 1-methyl-3-(pentafluorophenyl)imidazolium chloride (2). The CMC of SDS is significantly lower in the presence of 2 as compared to that of 1. The decreased CMC of SDS in the presence of 2 is in accordance with its increased hydrophobicity due to the fluorinated side chain. The thermogravimetric analysis of compounds 1 and 2 shows that they are thermally stable up to about 290 °C.
Large-Scale Educational Campaigns

Educational technology requires a delivery mechanism to scale. One method that has not yet seen widespread use is the educational campaign: large-scale, short-term events focused on a specific educational topic, such as the Hour of Code campaign. These are designed to generate media coverage and lend themselves nicely to collaborative or competitive goals, thus potentially leveraging social effects and community excitement to increase engagement and reach students who otherwise would not participate. In this article, we present a case study of three such campaigns that we ran to encourage students to play an algebra game—DragonBox Adaptive: the Washington, Norway, and Minnesota Algebra Challenges. We provide several design recommendations for future campaigns based on our experience, including the effects of different incentive schemes, the insertion of “tests” to fast-forward students to levels of appropriate difficulty, and the strengths and weaknesses of campaigns as a method of collecting experimental data.
Explanations for the Spring peak in Ground-level Ozone in the Southwestern United States

Many remote locations in the Northern Hemisphere have a spring peak, rather than a summer peak, in ground-level ozone concentrations, and the principal cause is presumed to be stratosphere-troposphere exchange (i.e., stratospheric intrusions). Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP) in northern Arizona also has a spring peak, and the purpose of this study is to explore the impact of stratospheric intrusions and another process synoptic-scale pollutant transport on ground-level ozone levels at GCNP from 1996 to 2000. The primary methods involve the stratification of days to identify stratospheric-intrusion days and the compositing of days to assess the impact of pollutant transport on ground-level ozone concentrations. Results indicate that stratospheric intrusions contributed little to the ozone budget at GCNP. In fact, atmospheric pollution originating in southern California was the likely cause of the May peak in ozone. The transported pollution also appeared to be responsible for high ozone days during all s...
Magnetic circular dichroism spectra of benzofurazan and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole in the vapor phase

Abstract Electronic spectra and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of benzofurazan ( 1 ) and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole ( 2 ) have been measured in the vapor phase. The vibronic structures of the first absorption band of 1 and 2 are analyzed. The vibrational frequencies of 480, 490, 680, 740 and 760 cm −1 and 1350 cm −1 are assigned to a 1 and b 2 symmetries, respectively. In the case of 2 , two electronic transitions ( 1 A 1 → 1 A 1 and 1 A 1 → 1 B 2 ) that exist in the first absorption band interact vibronically with each other through the vibrational b 2 mode.
Combined effects of ionizing-irradiation and different environments on Clostridium botulinum type E spores.

We examined the combined effects of γ-radiation (24 °C) on spores of Clostridium botulinum-type Eklund strain suspended in different gas-saturated Na-phosphate buffer in absence or presence of protectors or sensitizers. Response surface methodology (RSM) was also used to ascertain the effects of radiation on the recovery of spores using a medium containing various levels of NaCl or Na-thioglycollate. The former (<0.5%) decreased viable spore counts, but the latter (0.15%) did not. Irradiation inactivation of Eklund spores was most effective in air-saturated buffers compared to N2O and N2 gas. The Na2–EDTA (0.01 M) was the most efficient radioprotector of spores due to its reactivity toward hydroxy radicals, followed by t-butanol (0.1 M) in NO2 or N2-saturated buffers, respectively. Catalase (10.0 mg ml−1) and dl-cysteine (0.1 mM) sensitized the spores during irradiated N2O or N2-saturated buffers, and NaCl (0.01 M) only sensitized spores in N2 environment. Spores frozen at −75 °C for 30 days and thawed prior to use were more sensitive to radiation damage compared to freshly prepared spores. Glycerol (15%), in Na-phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.06 M), protected Eklund spores and increased the number of spores from 106 to 1011 colony forming unit (CFU) ml−1, and enhanced their radiosensitivities. Seven strains of C. botulinum type E were screened for plasmids and strain BL764 had two plasmids (15.8 and 46.8 mDa), BL4028 also had two (4.4 and 13.2 mDa), BL4850 contained only one (4.9 mDa), whereas EQA, BL211, Eklund, and Beluga had none. γ-Radiation (10 kGy, absorbed dose) cured the 15.8-mDa plasmid in strain BL764, but its absence yielded no changes in toxigenicity.
Increase in hepatic arterial blood flow after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation and its potential predictive value of postprocedural encephalopathy and mortality.

PURPOSE To determine (i) whether there is a significant increase in hepatic artery blood flow (HABF) after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation and (ii) whether the extent of incremental increase in HABF is predictive of clinical outcome after TIPS creation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective, nonrandomized, nonblinded duplex Doppler ultrasound (US) examinations were performed on 24 consecutive patients (19 men; Child Class A/B/C: 4/12/8, respectively) with a mean age of 52.8 years who were referred for TIPS creation for variceal bleeding. Peak hepatic artery velocity and vessel dimensions were used to calculate the hepatic arterial blood flow (HABF) before and after TIPS creation. Patients were clinically followed in the gastrohepatology clinic and TIPS US surveillance was performed at 1 and 3 months to assess shunt function. The extent of incremental increase in HABF was analyzed as a predictor of post-TIPS encephalopathy and/or death. RESULTS The technical success rate of TIPS creation was 100%. The shunt diameters were either 10 mm ( ns = 11) or 12 mm ( n = 13). TIPS resulted in a significant reduction in the portosystemic gradient from 24.3 mm Hg=5.7 to 9.3 mm Hg=2.9 ( P P P P = .86) between the two. All shunts were patent at 30 and 90 days without sonographic evidence of shunt dysfunction. After TIPS creation, new or worsened encephalopathy developed in five patients at 30 days and in an additional three at 90 days. They were all successfully managed medically. Three patients (12.5%) died within 30 days of the TIPS procedure. The extent of incremental increase in HABF after TIPS was variable and did not correlate with the development of 30-day and 90-day encephalopathy ( P = .41 and P = .83, respectively) or 30-day mortality ( P = .2). CONCLUSIONS HABF increases significantly after TIPS but is not predictive of clinical outcome. The significance of the incremental increase is yet to be determined.
Low-temperature properties of a two-level system interacting with conduction electrons: An application of the overcompensated multichannel Kondo model.

We consider an atom in a double-well potential [parametrized by a two-level system (TLS)] interacting with screened conduction electrons. The tunneling of the TLS is assisted by the Fermi gas. Close to the strong-coupling fixed point the renormalization-group equations for the noncommutative model in the case of spinless fermions, but an arbitrary number of relevant orbital channels, lead to the n-channel Kondo problem with S=1/2. By solving the thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz equations for the n-channel Kondo problem numerically in the presence of a magnetic field, we discuss the low-temperature properties of the TLS close to the fixed point. The Zeeman splitting corresponds to the energy difference between the two positions of the tunneling atom. The atom is not localized at one of the potential minima. The susceptibility diverges as H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 and T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, indicating that the symmetric TLS is unstable against a local lattice deformation via coupling to phonons. The lattice distortion disappears above a critical temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The ground-state equilibrium situation of the TLS corresponds to H\ensuremath{\ne}0 and a Fermi-liquid picture applies. The values for the specific heat become very large as H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. For small fields the specific heat shows a double-peak structure, which is particularly pronounced for n=2.
Cross-linking of phosphatidylethanolamine neighbors with dimethylsuberimidate is sensitive to the lipid phase

Dimethylsuberimidate was reacted with aqueous dispersions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine, and dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine at pH 10 and at pH 8. The amount of amidine dimer formation was about four times greater above the gel-to-fluid phase transition of each lipid than below the transition. The transition temperature of each phosphatidylethanolamine, measured by steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of cis-parinaric acid, was lower at pH 10 than at pH 8 or in water. The ability of dimethylsuberimidate to discriminate between phosphatidylethanolamines in the fluid and gel phases should allow use of this reagent to identify phosphatidylethanolamine species within the gel or fluid lipid phase.