cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endotoxin-induced arachidonic acid metabolism requires de novo protein synthesis and protein kinase C activation

The mechanisms whereby bacterial endotoxins stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages are uncertain. Both protein kinase C activation and de novo protein synthesis occur in macrophages in response to endotoxin. In this study we evaluated the time course and role of protein kinase C and de novo protein synthesis in endotoxin stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism in resident rat peritoneal macrophages. Thromboxane (TX) B 2 was measured as the representative arachidonic acid metabolite synthesized in response to Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin, calcium ionophore A23187, or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The effect of inhibition of protein kinase C by 1-(5-isoquinolinsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H-7) and staurosporine on endotoxin- and A23187-induced TXB 2 synthesis was examined. The potential roles of transcriptional and translational events in endotoxin- and A23187-stimulated TXB 2 synthesis were determined by utilizing the transcriptional inhibitors camptothecin (10 μM) or actinomycin D (0.08 μM), and the translational inhibitor cycloheximide (0.1 μM). Whereas, A23187 stimulated maximal TXB 2 synthesis within 15 min, endotoxin showed a more prolonged time course with a 12-fold increase in TXB 2 synthesis above basal levels after 3 h ( P 2 levels that was blocked by inhibition of transcription with actinomycin D. H-7 (10 μM to 50 μM) inhibited endotoxin- and A23187-stimulated eicosanoid synthesis. Staurosporine (0.2 μM) produced a selective 66% inhibition of endotoxin, but not A23187-stimulated TXB 2 synthesis. Endotoxin-induced TXB 2 production was significantly ( P
Majority of RNA which co-purifies with unactivated rat hepatic glucocorticoid-receptor complexes is nonspecific and not receptor-associated.

Abstract Molybdate-stabilized, unactivated rat hepatic glucocorticoid-receptor complexes were purified by a three-step procedure which includes affinity chromatography, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Following elution of unactivated steroid-receptor complexes from the final DEAE-cellulose column, RNA which remained bound to the anion exchange resin was eluted with l M KCl. This RNA was small and heterogeneous in size. Equivalent amounts of RNA were detected after a mock purification which was devoid of receptors, suggesting that the presence of this RNA is not dependent on that of receptors. Both a [ 32 P]DNA complementary to the RNA eluted from DEAE-cellulose and a [ 32 P]DNA probe synthesized from total rat liver RNA gave similar results when hybridized to total rat liver RNA. These data indicated that the RNA which co-purified with unactivated receptors through the first two steps was very similar to total RNA in overall composition. Virtually identical hybridization patterns were also detected when end-labeled probes generated from the DEAE-cellulose eluted RNA or total liver RNA were hybridized to total genomic rat DNA, suggesting that the RNA eluted from the anion exchange resin is not specific or unique. Although these results do not exclude the possibility that there could be specific RNA species associated with the unactivated glucocorticoid receptor, they do indicate that the majority of the RNA eluted from DEAE-cellulose following elution of receptor complexes appears indistinguishable from total rat liver RNA and can be detected in parallel mock purifications.
Residual specific heat and localized states of cluster formations in disordered superconductivity

Abstract The observed behavior of the residual specific heat of superconductors at very low temperatures with a single power-law term of the form αT n , where n
Computer technology for autistic students

The first purpose of this article is to review the literature related to the use of computers with autistic individuals. Although only a limited number of applications have been reported, the potential of the computer to facilitate the progress of autistic persons is promising. The second purpose is to identify specific learning problems or styles associated with autism from the research literature and link these with the unique aspects of computer-based instruction. For example, the computer's role in improving the motivation of autistic individuals is related to its capacity to analyze the reinforcing qualities of a particular event interactively and immediately for each user. Finally, recommendations that may enable computers to be maximally beneficial in assessing the learning process and remediating learning problems are offered. Two such recommendations are selecting appropriate software and integrating computer instruction within the classroom environment.
Hypopigmentation from UV resin additive

An employee formulating a UV-resin based vehicle developed hypopigmentation limited to the forearms without preceding overt dermatitis. Manual procedures in an automatic process provided opportunity for exposure and contact to various components. A non-resin additive, quinone, alone or in conjunction with a likely contaminant, hydroquinone, was the suspected agent. Patch tests to quinone caused severe irritation. Reactions to acrylic components were not felt to be directly pertinent.
Disaggregating The Agency Contract: The Effects Of Monitoring, Incentive Alignment, And Term In Office On Agent Decision Making

Using a laboratory design, we examined the simple and interactive effects of monitoring and incentive alignment on managerial decisions. Length of term in office was a third independent variable. R...
Long-term hand tele-rehabilitation on the playstation 3: Benefits and challenges

Rehabilitation interventions for the hand have shown benefits for children with Hemiplegia due to cerebral palsy or traumatic brain injury. Longer interventions are facilitated if training is provided in the patient's home, due to easier access to care and reduced impact on school or work activities. Providing remote rehabilitation over lengthy periods of time has however its own challenges. This paper presents two pediatric patients with hemiplegia, who practiced virtual hand rehabilitation games using a modified PlayStation 3 and 5DT sensing gloves. Despite severe initial hand spasticity, and occasional technology shortcomings, the subjects practiced for about 14 months, and 6 months, respectively. Game performance data for the second patient is presented. Follow-up evaluations 14 months from the removal of the PlayStation 3 from the home of the child with cerebral palsy showed that the patient had good retention in terms of grasp strength, hand function and bone health. Challenges of long-term home tele-rehabilitation are also discussed.
Human serum low-density lipoprotein protein: its conformation studied by circular dichroism.

THE low-density lipoprotein of d 1.019–1.063 (LDL2) is one of the principal lipoprotein classes of human serum. It contains about 23 per cent protein by weight and can be separated with a high degree of purity from other serum components (review in ref. 1). Several physical and chemical parameters of this lipoprotein have been determined and its antigenic specificity has been clearly documented1. The structural properties of LDL2 are largely unknown. Significant steps toward the elucidation of this problem have been the recent isolation of LDL2 protein in an essentially lipid-free form and the demonstration of its solubility in various aqueous media2,3. Such an observation has provided a means of assessing the physico-chemical and functional properties of this protein and its relative contribution to the overall structure of LDL2. We report here experiments carried out by the technique of circular dichroism (CD) in an attempt to define the conformation of LDL2 protein in its natural lipid environment and after the removal of lipids. Significant spectral differences were noted between lipid-rich and lipid-free products, and such differences could be markedly accentuated by either modifying the protein chemical or by changing the nature of the medium around the optically active chromophores.
Impact of China`s WTO Accession on East Asia

The industrialized and newly industrializing economies (NIEs) in East Asia will benefit from China`s WTO accession, and the developing economies in the region may incur small welfare losses. China will increase its demand for high-end manufacturing products from Japan and the NIEs and farm products, natural resources, and manufactured goods from developing East Asia. New foreign investment may flow into these expanding sectors. The overall impact on foreign investment is likely to be positive in the NIEs but negative in developing East Asia. The NIEs may face heightened competition in global markets as China`s comparative advantage shifts into high-end products. (JEL F11, F13, F15)
Can ion cyclotron waves propagate to the ground

This paper demonstrates how ion cyclotron waves generated in the equatorial magnetosphere can propagate to the ground and resolves a discrepancy between theory and observation that has lasted over a decade. We present a full wave analysis for ion cyclotron waves propagating from the equatorial magnetosphere to the ground. Our analysis demonstrates that strong mode coupling occurs near the He + and O + resonance locations which allows the equatorial waves to penetrate to ionospheric altitudes with substantial amplitude and shifted polarization consistent with observational studies.
Efficient hyperspectral image segmentation using geometric active contour formulation

In this paper, we present a new formulation of geometric active contours that embeds the local hyperspectral image information for an accurate object region and boundary extraction. We exploit self-organizing map (SOM) unsupervised neural network to train our model. The segmentation process is achieved by the construction of a level set cost functional, in which, the dynamic variable is the best matching unit (BMU) coming from SOM map. In addition, we use Gaussian filtering to discipline the deviation of the level set functional from a signed distance function and this actually helps to get rid of the re-initialization step that is computationally expensive. By using the properties of the collective computational ability and energy convergence capability of the active control models (ACM) energy functional, our method optimizes the geometric ACM energy functional with lower computational time and smoother level set function. The proposed algorithm starts with feature extraction from raw hyperspectral images. In this step, the principal component analysis (PCA) transformation is employed, and this actually helps in reducing dimensionality and selecting best sets of the significant spectral bands. Then the modified geometric level set functional based ACM is applied on the optimal number of spectral bands determined by the PCA. By introducing local significant spectral band information, our proposed method is capable to force the level set functional to be close to a signed distance function, and therefore considerably remove the need of the expensive re-initialization procedure. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique, we use real-life hyperspectral images and test our algorithm in varying textural regions. This framework can be easily adapted to different applications for object segmentation in aerial hyperspectral imagery.
A Comparison of Time Use on an Acute Rehabilitation Unit: Subjects With and Without a Stroke

This study describes the time use of subjects on a mixed diagnosis inpatient rehabilitation unit. Twelve subjects were observed during two days: one weekday and one weekend day for 8 hours each observational day. Seven subjects had sustained a stroke (CVA) and 5 subjects had other diagnoses (non-CVA). The observers used the behavioral mapping technique to obtain an objective description of the subject's time use and the admission, discharge, and efficiency scores of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to obtain a measure of functional activity level.During the weekday observations, the subjects who had a stroke spent more time inactive, 25.0%, as compared to the subjects who had other diagnoses, 15.0%. In addition, the subjects who had a stroke spent more time alone, 53.6%, while the other subjects spent 38.8% time alone. While both amounts of inactivity and time alone increased during the weekend observation, the pattern remained the same. All FIM measures were lower for the subjects who had a stro...
Review: Being an Older Woman: A Study in the Social Production of Identity

Book reviewed in this article: Isabella, Paoletti, Being an Older Woman: A Study in the Social Production of Identity
Ultraviolet A irradiation upregulates type VII collagen expression in human dermal fibroblasts.

Type VII collagen, a major component of skin-anchoring fibrils, is synthesized by both fibroblasts and keratinocytes, the two principal cell types in the skin. In this study, we examined the effects of ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation on the expression of type VII collagen in human fibroblasts. UVA irradiation (0–15 J/cm 2 ) caused a dose-dependent increase (5- to 10-fold) in type VII collagen mRNA levels as detected by northern blot analysis. The UVA-induced enhancement of type VII collagen gene expression correlated with an increase in its protein level by immunoblot analysis of proteins secreted into the conditioned medium. The effect of UVA was observed at 12h and reached its maximum by 18h. Under these conditions, however, the expression of fibronectin, a major dermal matrix protein, remained unchanged, suggesting that the induction of type VII collagen expression was selective. Actinomycin D, a transcription inhibitor, blocked the UVA-mediated induction of type VII collagen gene expression, whereas cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, superinduced the expression of type VII collagen, suggesting that de novo protean synthesis was not required for the action of UVA. Interestingly, in contrast to the increased type VII collagen expression in fibroblasts in response to UVA, a slight decrease in type VII collagen mRNA level was observed in the UVA-irradiated keratinocytes, suggesting that the effect of UVA on the type VII collagen expression is cell type specific.
ac Stark effect for short-range potentials with intense electromagnetic fields

The energy spectrum of a charged particle bound by a short-range potential and subjected to an intense ac electromagnetic field is computed by using complex coordinates within the Floquet formalism. As the field strength is raised, additional discrete states appear and the lifetime of the states increase. The adequacy of a high-frequency model of the strong-field spectra is assessed.
A 450ps Access-Time SRAM Macro in 45nm SOI Featuring a Two-Stage Sensing-Scheme and Dynamic Power Management

A 450 ps access-time 512 Kb SRAM macro is fabricated in a 45 nm SOI technology. The macro is adapted for use as the principal growable embedded-SRAM block in a 45 nm ASIC library. We describe a two-stage, body-contacted sensing scheme that, among other improvements, achieves a 58% reduction in read power consumption under constant voltage and frequency compared to the previous generation macro. Also described is a single-device dynamic-leakage-suppression scheme that reduces total leakage power consumption by 37% with no wake-up-cycle requirements.
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and contractility in the rabbit and rat uterus by ibuprofen.

Abstract Sixty uterine strips were excised from 8 pregnant and 7 post partum rabbits andstimulated electrically in vitro until they developed maximum isometric tension. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, Ibuprofen, at concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 μg/ml, signidicantly reduced tension of the 55 experimental uteri (P In a subsequent study, 36 rats were treated with Ibuprofen on days 20 and 21 of pregnancy, at the ineffective dose level of 4 mg/day and the effective levels of 12, 20 and 30 mg/day, In comparison with the first group. Spontaneous labor was significantly delayed in the other three groups (P
Inverting systems of demand functions

Abstract This note gives a set of sufficient conditions under which a system of demand functions for “gross substitutes” can be inverted to obtain an equivalent system of inverse demand functions, and vice versa. These conditions also ensure that either system can be inverted to obtain a system of “mixed” demand functions, i.e., a mixture of demand and inverse demand functions. In addition, the resultant functions possess intuitive properties expected of gross substitutes.
Ellagic acid production and phenolic antioxidant activity in cranberry pomace (Vaccinium macrocarpon) mediated by Lentinus edodes using a solid-state system

Abstract Cranberry pomace is a byproduct of the cranberry processing industry that can be targeted for production of value-added phenolic ingredients. Bio-processing of pomace by a solid state process using food grade fungi provides a unique strategy to improve nutraceutical properties and to produce functional phenolic ingredients. The investigation was carried out to understand the changes and mobilizations of simple phenolics and diphenyls and their antioxidant properties in cranberry pomace processed by solid-state growth using food grade fungus Lentinus edodes . The role of β-glucosidase in the mobilization of phenolic antioxidants by hydrolysis of the glycosides was also investigated. During the course of solid-state growth there was an increase in the extractable phenolic content. Antioxidant activity measured by both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) inhibition system and β-carotene oxidation model system increased over the course of growth. Both phenolics and antioxidant capacity correlated with the increase in the β-glucosidase activity and peaked in a similar manner, showing that the enzyme may play an important role in the release of phenolic aglycones from cranberry pomace and, therefore, increase the antioxidant capacity. In addition, HPLC analysis indicated that the cranberry pomace was enriched with ellagic acid to a level of 350 μg/g dw of pomace.
Computer-Aided Design of a Leg for an Energy Efficient Walking Machine

Abstract Vehicles with legs instead of wheels have been studied for a number of years. One of the reasons for interest in such vehicles is that animals use only 10% as much energy as wheeled or tracked vehicles when traveling over rough terrain. The leg geometry is the most crucial aspect of the design since it strongly influences the efficiency of the vehicle. The legs should be simple in structure, and when the motion of the body is on a horizontal straight line, only one actuator per leg should be active in order to have good energy efficiency. The design of an energy efficient walking machine leg is described in this paper. In the design procedure, the motion of the leg is considered first, and a very simple leg developed from a 4-bar linkage and designed using a computer-aided interactive program is described. Second, the forces on this leg during a typical motion cycle are discussed. The leg is driven by a primary actuator for straight line walking and two secondary actuators which vary working height and change direction. A prototype of the leg is being built in The Department of Mechanical Engineering at The Ohio State University.
Marriage, Parenting, and the Emergence of Early Self-Regulation in the Family System

The early years of toddlerhood mark the emergence of self-regulation and the child's ability to comply with parental requests. The current study examined young children's compliance and noncompliance in a family context by observing mothers, fathers, and two children in a family clean-up paradigm. Marital conflict and mutual responsiveness in the parent-child relationship were used as predictors of children's early self-regulation in an effort to explore risk and protective factors within the family. Several interactions between mother and father behavior as well as between marital conflict and parenting revealed how father-infant attachment moderates the effects of mother-infant attachment on children's compliance and how a close father-child relationship can protect children from the risks associated with high levels of marital conflict. Results indicate that future research on children's early self-regulation needs to be more systemic and move beyond the traditional mother-child dyadic context.
A note on the rate of convergence of Sturm-Liouville expansions

Abstract We give an extension of Jackson's theorem on the rate of convergence of eigenfunction expansions of Lip 1 functions to functions of bounded variation.
Glioblastoma multiforme regional genetic and cellular expression patterns: influence on anatomic and physiologic MR imaging.

Our findings suggest that the heterogeneous genetic and cellular expression patterns within glioblastoma multiforme, in part, influence anatomic and physiologic MR imaging.
Abstract 955: Role of cMYC as a critical determinant of estrogen-independent growth of estrogen deprivation-resistant breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Around two-third of all breast cancers express estrogen receptor alpha (ER), which depend upon estrogen for proliferation of the ER positive breast cancer cells. Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are used extensively to treat postmenopausal patients, which block the synthesis of estrogen and render an “estrogen-deprived” environment. Unfortunately, long-term treatment with AIs is associated with “AI-resistant” breast cancers, which by-passes the dependency on estrogen for the growth of the resistant breast cancer cells. To mimic these resistant breast cancers we have developed an estrogen-deprivation (ED) resistant cell line known as MCF7:5C cells from the parental ER positive MCF7 cells by propagating them in estrogen-free conditions for more than a year. MCF7:5C cells are ER positive and grow spontaneously in vitro as well as form xenograft tumors in the athymic mice in absence of estrogen (ref: Lewis et al., JNCI, 2005; 97(23):1746-59). To understand the underlying mechanism and identify the molecular determinant responsible for the estrogen-independent growth of these breast cancer cells we found that a critical estrogen-regulated gene, cMYC, is upregulated in these ED-resistant MCF7:5C cells. Basal levels of cMYC mRNA as well as the protein level were elevated three to four fold as compared to parental MCF7 cells which are dependent on estrogen for growth. Cell cycle analysis revealed twice as many “S” phase MCF7:5C cells as compared to MCF7 cells under basal condition. Treating the cells with a cMYC inhibitor, 10058-F4, decreased the number of ‘S’ phase cells and increased the cells in ‘G1′ phase in MCF7:5C cells but not in parental MCF7 cells, in a dose dependent manner. Interestingly, treatment with fulvestrant, a complete anti-estrogen, which inhibits the growth of the MCF7:5C cells by 50% also decreased the cMYC mRNA levels by similar extent. To understand the precise mechanism by which high levels of cMYC transcripts are synthesized in MCF7:5C cells we investigated the promoter of the cMYC gene and found that under basal conditions the recruitment of phosphor-serine-2-RNA polymeraseII, which is a marker of RNA elongation, was significantly higher in MCF7:5C cells as compared to the parental MCF7 cells. This study strongly indicates cMYC as a critical determinant responsible for estrogen-independent growth of ED-resistant breast cancer cells. Grant Support: This work (VCJ) was supported by the Department of Defense Breast Program under Award number W81XWH-06-1-0590 Center of Excellence; the Susan G Komen For The Cure Foundation under Award number SAC100009. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 955. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-955
Preferences Over Sets of Lotteries

This paper studies a model in which in period 1, a decision-maker chooses a set of lotteries and in period 2, Nature chooses a lottery from the set chosen by the decision-maker and the decision-maker consumes the lottery chosen by Nature. Larger sets are interpreted as representing more ambiguous objective information about the lottery that will be consumed. The axioms imposed on preferences over sets of lotteries generalize those often imposed on preferences over single lotteries in the existing literature. A decision-maker who satisfies these axioms evaluates sets of lotteries according to a weighted average of the expected utilities of the best and the worst lottery in a set, with the weights interpreted as a measure of (comparative) attitude to objective ambiguity. Copyright 2007, Wiley-Blackwell.
The performance of a computer system for metabolic assessment of patients with nephrolithiasis.

Abstract A logic-based computer program for metabolic assessment of patients with nephrolithiasis was used to evaluate 122 consecutive patients with that disease. Each patient was evaluated initially by a nephrologist, then retrospectively when more data were available. Diagnostic accuracy of computer and nephrologist were compared to the retrospective analysis, which was considered “correct”. The computer identified 94.6% of metabolic disorders present; the physician was less accurate, 81.6% ( P P > 0.1). Logic-based systems can assess exactly defined disorders, such as metabolic disturbances in stone patients, in a nearly perfect manner. When diagnostic endpoints are not well-defined, they perform poorly.
Fresh frozen plasma should be given earlier to patients requiring massive transfusion

Abstract : Acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy ,were identified more than 20 years ago as a deadly triad for patients presenting with exsanguinating hemorrhage. This led to fundamental changes in initial management of severely injured patients. Despite major advances, hemorrhage remains a leading cause of early death in trauma patients. Recent studies report most severely injured patients to be coagulopathic at admission, before resuscitation interventions, and that traditional massive transfusion practice grossly underestimates needs. The hypothesis for this study is that our pre-intensive care unit (ICU) massive transfusion (MT) protocol does not adequately correct coagulopathy, and that early uncorrected coagulopathy is predictive of mortality.
A field study of intergroup integration in technology-based organizations

Abstract Technology-based organizations depend on their ability to identify and respond quickly to changing market, technology, and environmental circumstances. These organizations find that the efficient and effective integration of groups and resources is necessary to perform the activities of general environmental awareness and rapid internal response. Unfortunately, many large technology-based organizations experience difficulties with their ability to integrate internally. This research reports the results of a study based on 86 field interviews with department heads and project managers in mature, technology organizations who regularly interact with other functional groups in carrying out their responsibilities. The results of the study include information about the major causes of intergroup problems; the differences and conditions encountered in highly important, yet difficult or easy functional relations; and internal contextual factors shaping an organization's intergroup relations. Several managerial and research implications are provided.
Effect of melanin on traumatic hyphema in rabbits.

Objective To investigate the role of melanin in influencing the clearance of traumatic hyphema and in the incidence of rebleeds following the hyphemas. Methods Hyphemas were induced in 30 eyes of New Zealand white albino rabbits using an Nd:YAG laser. A total of 3.75 mg of synthetic melanin suspended in 0.1 mL of balanced salt solution was introduced into the anterior chambers of 16 animals. A total of 0.1 mL of balanced salt solution was injected into 14 control eyes. Hyphema levels were measured by a masked observer (V.D.B.) daily for 15 days. Pairs of animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 days and the eyes studied histologically. Results Hyphemas were consistently produced in all eyes with mean ± SD levels of 1.44 ± 0.22 mm and 1.57 ± 0.24 mm in the melanin-treated and control eyes, respectively. The clearance of hyphemas in the melanin-treated eyes was significantly prolonged throughout the study (P Conclusions The presence of melanin results in a significantly prolonged course of hyphemas and may influence the rate of rebleeds. Occlusion of the trabecular meshwork with melanin-laden macrophages and inflammation may be the mechanisms responsible for these effects. Clinical Relevance The release of melanin into the anterior chamber during ocular trauma may be partly responsible for the susceptibility of darker-pigmented individuals to more serious complications following a traumatic hyphema.
Cogeneration—An energy alternative for the U.S.?

Abstract A Total Energy System (TES) is proposed to supply the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with its total electrical and steam energy needs at a cost below that of the present system of a steam-production facility and purchased electricity. Diesel-engine, steam-turbine, and gas-turbine plants, with supplementary or auxiliary fired boilers, are the design alternatives to the current boiler plant. Each system design is evaluated for economic potential using the net present value method of analysis. Results show that only the diesel engine may be competitive with the current cost of producing steam and purchasing electricity. Preliminary analysis indicates that the annual savings of this plant may be as high as $959,000. However, a more realistic figure of $278,000 results after considering the costs of back-up service, the use of higher priced fuel, and the savings due to peak-pricing plans. This figure is exclusive of the difficult-to-quantify variables such as the cost of emission controls and the future price of oil. The cost of fuel for each TES option accounts for over 81% of the annual cost (capital charge + fuel + operation and maintenance) indicating a higher degree of sensitivity to oil prices than for a utility. Because of the many uncertainties and the dependence on oil, such a system is not economically attractive for MIT. Our results are of general interest since many applications for which total energy systems and cogeneration have been suggested are less attractive, in terms of energy-demand schedules and initiallyinstalled equipment, than MIT. This work suggests that total energy and cogeneration proposals involving low demand-density and low capacity factors should be viewed with suspicion.
MC1R, Eumelanin and Pheomelanin: Their Role in Determining the Susceptibility to Skin Cancer

Skin pigmentation is due to the accumulation of two types of melanin granules in the keratinocytes. Besides being the most potent blocker of ultraviolet radiation, the role of melanin in photoprotection is complex. This is because one type of melanin called eumelanin is UV absorbent, whereas the other, pheomelanin, is photounstable and may even promote carcinogenesis. Skin hyperpigmentation may be caused by stress or exposure to sunlight, which stimulates the release of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) from damaged keratinocytes. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a key signaling molecule on melanocytes that responds to α-MSH by inducing expression of enzymes responsible for eumelanin synthesis. Persons with red hair have mutations in the MC1R causing its inactivation; this leads to a paucity of eumelanin production and makes red-heads more susceptible to skin cancer. Apart from its effects on melanin production, the α-MSH/MC1R signaling is also a potent anti-inflammatory pathway and has been shown to promote antimelanoma immunity. This review will focus on the role of MC1R in terms of its regulation of melanogenesis and influence on the immune system with respect to skin cancer susceptibility.
Reading Aloud to Children: Characteristics and Relationships between Teachers and Student Behaviors.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine teacher and child behaviors during story reading and how they are related. The study broadens the view of classroom storybook reading by examining differences across grade levels, specifically, kindergarten through sixth. Data were collected from 146 classrooms in urban and suburban school districts. The children were of mixed socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Classrooms were observed once with two types of data collected: (1) a storybook reading observation form was completed as an experimenter observed the storybook sessions, and (2) storybook reading sessions were audiotaped and transcribed. A factor analysis narrowed down the teacher behaviors to five categories: (1) pre‐discussion, (2) methods of book handling, (3) dramatic expression, (4) modeling interactions, and (5) post‐discussion. A factor analysis also narrowed down the child behaviors to five categories: (1) involvement in pre‐discussion, (2) types of participation during the reading, (3)...
HIPAA regulations - a new era of medical-record privacy?

The new privacy regulations of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) become effective April 14, 2003. This article outlines the implications of the new policy for practicing physicians. The regulations will affect virtually every physician, because they apply to any health care provider who conducts any business electronically, including billing. The regulations require health care providers to provide patients with a privacy notice that informs them who will have access to their records without their explicit consent and about patients' rights to inspect and amend their own records.
Optimization of the Hewlett-Packard particle-beam liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry interface by statistical experimental design.

Optimization of both sensitivity and ionization softness for the Hewlett-Packard particle-beam liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry interface has been achieved by using a statistical experimental design with response surface modeling. Conditions for both optimized sensitivity and ionization softness were found to occur at 55-lb/in.2 nebulizer flow, 35°C desolvation chamber temperature with approximately 45% organic modifier in the presence of 0.02-F ammonium acetate and a liquid chromatography flow rate of 0.2 mL/min.
The North American cranberry fruit rot fungal community: a systematic overview using morphological and phylogenetic affinities

Cranberry fruit rot (CFR) is caused by many species of fungi, with the contribution of any given species to the disease complex varying among plantings of Vaccinium macrocarpon within a site, sites within regions, and among regions and years. This study assessed the morphological and molecular variability of five widespread CFR-causing fungi: Phyllosticta vaccinii, Coleophoma empetri, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Physalospora vaccinii. Although the majority of isolates had morphological characteristics consistent with published descriptions, some were atypical. For example, non-chromogenic isolates of C. acutatum were recovered from British Columbia and white isolates of Physalospora vaccinii were recovered in addition to the more common dark isolates. On the basis of sequence analysis of the ITS and large subunit rDNA (LSU), it appears that Phyllosticta vaccinii, C. empetri, C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum are genetically uniform on cranberry in North America. This suggests the possibility that these fungal species were introduced to cultivated cranberries and concomitantly moved with planting material to new locations. In contrast, white isolates of Physalospora had ITS and LSU sequences distinct from those of their dark counterparts, with phylogenetic analyses suggesting that these isolates represent either different species or distinct members of highly divergent populations. Taxonomic placement of all species based on phylogenetic relationships was consistent with morphological placement, with the exception of Physalospora vaccinii. Unlike other Physalospora species, CFR isolates of Physalospora vaccinii were not allied with the Xylariomycetidae; instead, these fungi were members of the Sordariomycetidae. A deeper taxonomic analysis is needed to resolve this inconsistency in familial affiliation.
Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Experimental Mice.

SummaryBy employing conventional husbandry techniques and filter-capped cages, a breeding colony of mice from Caesarian-derived stock was maintained free from many infectious agents common to laboratory mice through seven generations. The system described prevented infections with pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and PPLO. Mice housed under these conditions remained healthy and fecund while being free of the morphological and physiological consequences of germfree environment. In addition, the expense and restrictions of conventional barrier-type operations were minimized.
Requirements for electronic note taking systems: A field study of note taking in university classrooms

Note taking is the core activity for students in a classroom. There has been a large amount of research conducted, both from industry and from academia, into facilitating the note-taking process. There is evidence that shows that note taking can be beneficial for the students' educational growth. There are also many available systems for taking notes electronically (e.g. Tablet PCs, PDAs). However, what has not been given as much attention is how these electronic devices affect (or support) the note taking task. In this paper, we study university students' current note taking behavior and the changes caused by the use of electronic systems for this activity. The goal of our work is to identify issues that should be considered when evaluating electronic note taking systems and to formulate requirements for future electronic note-taking systems. Our findings show that while the technological support for writing with pens on electronic surfaces is quite advanced, the task of note taking in the classroom is not well supported. We identify the limitations of typical note taking systems and discuss the implications for the design of future note taking systems. Our work consisted of three parts: a survey of current note-taking practices, an observational study in a classroom environment, and a semester long case study of students using electronic note-taking devices. All of these activities took place at a large 4-year university. We found that the people reacted to note-taking devices very differently and that their current practices were not always well supported. The users all wanted to input information as fast as possible, in the manner they wanted but they were not always able to achieve that. Hardware limitations (i.e. screen size, responsiveness) added to this issue. We also found that the features that are well supported in an electronic medium (i.e. modification, reorganizing, multiple pen colors/styles, handwriting recognition, sharing) were not commonly used or wanted.
Potential modularity for elliptic curves and some applications

Abstract In this paper we prove the simultaneous potential modularity for a finite number of elliptic curves defined over a totally real field. As an application we prove the meromorphic continuation of some L-functions associated to elliptic curves and Tate conjecture for a product of 2 or 4 elliptic curves defined over a totally real field.
Immunohistochemical Distribution of PlexinA4 in the Adult Rat Central Nervous System

PlexinA4 is the latest member to be identified of the plexin A subfamily, critical transducers of class 3 semaphorin signaling as co-receptors to neuropilins 1 and 2. Despite functional information regarding the role of PlexinA4 in development and guidance of specific neuronal pathways, little is known about its distribution in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Here we report an in depth immunohistochemical analysis of PlexinA4 expression in the adult rat CNS. PlexinA4 staining was present in neurons and fibers throughout the brain and spinal cord, including neocortex, hippocampus, lateral hypothalamus, red nucleus, facial nucleus and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. PlexinA4 antibodies labeled fibers in the lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, several thalamic nuclei, substantia nigra pars reticulata, zona incerta, pontine reticular region, as well as in several cranial nerve nuclei. This constitutes the first detailed description of the topographic distribution of PlexinA4 in the adult CNS and will set the basis for future studies on the functional implications of PlexinA4 in adult brain physiology.
Centralized Collection Development and Branch Library Acquisitions

Collection development is a cardinal responsibility of librarians. In the context of a library system with a main library and one or more branches, responsibility for collection development in many cases are centralized in the main library. In other cases, collection development responsibility rests entirely with the branch staff and primary clientele. Centralized collection development represents one extreme. Collection development autonomy for the site is seen as the other extreme. Responsibility shared by central and site staff is suggested as a more balanced and logical approach. Responsiveness to user needs is a key criterion of quality for branch library services. The close relationship between branch library staff and primary clientele produces a unique environment, including services expectations unfamiliar to and unacceptable to centralized operations. It is vital that branch librarians be involved if collection development is to be effective.
SEQUENCE OF REPETITION IN PAIRED-ASSOCIATES LEARNING.

(1965). Sequence of Repetition in Pairedassociates Learning. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 73-79.
Tellurium in a twist

Jim Ibers takes a look at the intriguing structures and bonding found in tellurium and its compounds, and considers their uses in a diversity of fields ranging from metallurgy to electronics.
Insulin-induced drinking: An analysis of hydrational variables

Abstract Male Long-Evans rats were used to study the effects of insulin on plasma volume, plasma osmolality and water intake. It was found that intraperitoneal injections of insulin elicited drinking in the absence of food. The insulin-induced drinking (IID) was dose-dependent and was not accompanied by either plasma hypovolemia or hyperosmolality, conditions traditionally known to produce increased water intake. Instead, the onset of drinking was associated with the reverse conditions, a state of absolute plasma hypervolemia and hypo-osmolality. Despite the absolute hypervolemia, insulin produced an efflux of water from the vasculature. In general, the magnitude of the IID appeared to be related to the magnitude of this efflux. It was also found that the plasma volume of these animals was controlled by two opposing processes: a handling-induced hypervolemia and an insulin-induced efflux of vascular water. Plasma osmolality also appears to be controlled by opposing processes: a hypo-osmolality related to an insulin-induced hypoglycemia and an adrenal medullary restoration of plasma osmolality despite the continuing loss of vascular glucose. Because the magnitude of the IID was related to the magnitude of the insulin-induced decrease in plasma volume and not the absolute level of plasma volume, it appears that under these conditions, drinking is controlled by the directional flux of vascular water.
Resonance Raman spectra and normal modes of vibration of 2,2′-bipyridine anion radicals

The resonance Raman spectra of the lithium complexes of the 2,2′-bipyridine anion radical and five isotopically labeled analogues, including the 15N-labeled species, are reported. All of the fundamental modes of vibration, excluding the CH stretching and several low-frequency modes, have been identified. Care must be taken to avoid contamination of the sample with the dianion Li2bpy. In order to eliminate possible misassignment of bands to traces of Li2bpy, the spectra of the latter species were also investigated. The assignments of the vibrational frequencies to the fundamental modes of Libpy are supported by a normal coordinate calculation and the structural implications of the vibrational frequency shifts, relative to the neutral parent, are discussed.
Decreased cerebrospinal fluid allopregnanolone levels in women with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Background Alterations in the γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system have been identified in some populations with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods To further investigate factors of relevance to GABAergic neurotransmission in PTSD, we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone combined (ALLO: congeners that potently and positively modulate effects of GABA at the GABA A receptor), 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP: the immediate precursor for allopregnanolone), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA: a negative modulator of GABA A receptor function), and progesterone with gas chromatography, mass spectrometry in premenopausal women with ( n = 9) and without ( n = 10) PTSD. Subjects were free of psychotropic medications, alcohol, and illicit drugs; all were in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle except three healthy and four PTSD subjects receiving oral contraceptives. Results There were no group differences in progesterone, 5α-DHP, or DHEA levels. The PTSD group ALLO levels were n = −.82, p n = −0.70, p Conclusion Low CSF ALLO levels in premenopausal women with PTSD might contribute to an imbalance in inhibitory versus excitatory neurotransmission, resulting in increased PTSD re-experiencing and depressive symptoms.
On the orientable genus of graphs embedded in the Klein bottle

Let G be a graph embedded in the Klein bottle with “representativity” at least four. We give a formula for the orientable genus of G, which also implies a polynomially bounded algorithm. The formula is in terms of the number of times certain closed curves on the Klein bottle intersect the graph. In particular, it shows that a cut-and-paste technique for re-embedding graphs is the best possible.