cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
mHealth approaches to child obesity prevention: successes, unique challenges, and next directions.

Childhood obesity continues to be a significant public health issue. mHealth systems offer state-of-the-art approaches to intervention design, delivery, and diffusion of treatment and prevention efforts. Benefits include cost effectiveness, potential for real-time data collection, feedback capability, minimized participant burden, relevance to multiple types of populations, and increased dissemination capability. However, these advantages are coupled with unique challenges. This commentary discusses challenges with using mHealth strategies for child obesity prevention, such as lack of scientific evidence base describing effectiveness of commercially available applications; relatively slower speed of technology development in academic research settings as compared with industry; data security, and patient privacy; potentially adverse consequences of increased sedentary screen time, and decreased focused attention due to technology use. Implications for researchers include development of more nuanced measures of screen time and other technology-related activities, and partnering with industry for developing healthier technologies. Implications for health practitioners include monitoring, assessing, and providing feedback to child obesity program designers about users' data transfer issues, perceived security and privacy, sedentary behavior, focused attention, and maintenance of behavior change. Implications for policy makers include regulation of claims and quality of apps (especially those aimed at children), supporting standardized data encryption and secure open architecture, and resources for research–industry partnerships that improve the look and feel of technology. Partnerships between academia and industry may promote solutions, as discussed in this commentary.
“Wet suction technique (WEST)”: a novel way to enhance the quality of EUS-FNA aspirate. Results of a prospective, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial using a 22-gauge needle for EUS-FNA of solid lesions

Background Contemporary EUS-guided FNA techniques involve the use of a needle, with an air column within the lumen, with or without suction. We describe a novel technique with an aim to improve the quality of the aspirate. Objective To compare a novel "wet suction" technique (WEST) with the conventional FNA technique (CFNAT) of EUS-guided FNA using a 22-gauge FNA needle. Design Prospective, single-blind, and randomized trial. Setting Two large tertiary-care hospitals. Patients All consecutive adult patients presenting for EUS with possible FNA of solid lesions were offered the chance to participate in the study. Methods All lesions were sampled with the same needle by using alternating techniques. Patients were randomized to the WEST versus the CFNAT for the first pass. If the first pass was made with the WEST, the second pass was made with the CFNAT, and subsequent passes were made in an alternating manner by using the same sequence. All FNAs were performed using 22-gauge needles. Main Outcome Measurements Specimen adequacy, cellularity, and blood contamination of EUS-guided FNA aspirates graded on a predefined scale. Results The WEST yielded significantly higher cellularity in a cell block compared with the CFNAT, with a mean cellularity score of 1.82 ± 0.76 versus 1.45 ± 0.768 ( P P Limitations Lack of cross check and grading by a second cytopathologist. Conclusion The novel WEST resulted in significantly better cellularity and specimen adequacy in cell blocks of EUS-guided FNA aspirate of solid lesions than the CFNAT.
A prospective, randomized trial of perioperative prophylactic cefamandole in elective colorectal surgery for malignancy

The impact on wound infection of the addition of perioperative cefamandole to a mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics was studied in a prospective randomized series of patients undergoing elective colectomy for biopsy-proven carcinoma or adenomatous polyps. Seventy patients were randomized, all underwent mechanical bowel preparation and received oral neomycin and erythromycin base. Thirty-four patients also received a preoperative and four postoperative doses of cefamandole, while 36 patients were randomized to receive no parenteral antibiotics. The two groups were well stratified for age, sex, and risk factors. The Dukes stage was similar and the surgical procedures were equally distributed in the two groups. There were no wound infections in the 34 patients receiving cefamandole and only one wound infection (2.8 percent) in the 36 control patients. Therefore, the addition of perioperative intravenous cefamandole to a good mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics was of no benefit in reducing wound infections following resection of colorectal malignancies in this select group of patients.
On the formation of a periodic surface structure on Zr3Al during anodic dissolution

Anodic dissolution of Zr3Al by electrochemical polishing was found to produce a periodic surface profile consisting of a sharply profiled peak and valley structure with a wavelength of the order of < 100 nm. This was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Partial amorphization of the alloy was often found to accompany the production of the periodic surface profile. In situ TEM annealing of the specimens resulted in the disappearance of the surface profile and the formation of hydrides of zirconium. It is known that Zr-based alloys are susceptible to hydrogen absorption during electropolishing and that hydrogen absorption can induce a crystalline to amorphous phase transformation. We have examined the possible mechanisms by which hydrogen absorption can influence the development of topography during anodic dissolution, and have identified the formation of a biaxial state of stress as being of significance.
Resource manager for an autonomous coordinated team of UAVs

A recently developed fuzzy logic resource allocation algorithm that enables a collection of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) to automatically cooperate as they make meteorological measurements will be discussed. The goal of the UAVs' coordinated effort is to measure the atmospheric index of refraction. Once in flight no human intervention is required. A fuzzy logic based planning algorithm determines the optimal trajectory and points each UAV will sample, while taking into account the UAVs' risk, reliability, and mission priority for sampling in certain regions. It also considers fuel limitations, mission cost, and related uncertainties. The real-time fuzzy control algorithm running on each UAV renders the UAVs autonomous allowing them to change course immediately without consulting with any commander, requests other UAVs to help, changes the points that will be sampled when observing interesting phenomena, or to terminate the mission and return to base. The control algorithm allows three types of cooperation between UAVs. The underlying optimization procedures including the fuzzy logic based cost function, the fuzzy logic decision rule for UAV path assignment, the fuzzy algorithm that determines when a UAV should alter its mission to help another UAV and the underlying approach to quantifying risks are discussed. Significant simulation results will show the planning algorithm's effectiveness in initially selecting UAVs and determining UAV routes. Likewise, simulation shows the ability of the control algorithm to allow UAVs to effectively cooperate to increase the UAV team's likelihood of success.
Resistance of Chickens to Cecal Coccidiosis

Abstract IT HAS been known for many years that chickens reared under average flock conditions develop a high degree of resistance to cecal coccidiosis. Recent studies have indicated that such a resistance may be produced experimentally by the administration to chickens of sporulated oocysts. Beach and Corl (1925) reported that a group of four-week-old birds that had survived an experimental infection with Eimeria avium 2 were resistant to a subsequent inoculation of oocysts, since they failed to develop symptoms of the disease. Johnson (1927b) presented data to show that a high degree of resistance to cecal coccidiosis could be produced experimentally by the inoculation of sporulated oocysts and that this resistance was closely correlated with the number of oocysts administered. This investigator demonstrated that the administration of 2,000 sporulated oocysts daily for a month or more produced a high degree of resistance in all surviving fowls. Two fowls to which he had . . .
Comparisons between dual-depletion-region and uni-travelling-carrier p-i-n photodetectors

Space-charge and thermal calculations are used to compare the performance of gigahertz-bandwidth, high-current p-i-n photodiodes utilising InGaAs absorbers and InGaAs/InP drift layers. By varying the percentage of InGaAs and InP in the drift layer, comparisons can be made between traditional p-i-n photodiodes (100% InGaAs drift layer), dual-depletion region photodiodes (part InGaAs, part InP drift layer), and uni-travelling-carrier (100% InP drift layer) photodiodes. A local maximum in the maximum photocurrent occurs when a charge balance is present in the depletion layer. The results from space-charge and thermal calculations show that traditional p-i-n and dual-depletion region designs can potentially provide performance that exceeds that of the uni-travelling-carrier design. Charge compensation is proposed as a means of increasing the space-charge-limited photocurrent and for controlling the peak electric fields within the depletion region.
The Effect of Prehabilitation Exercise on Strength and Functioning After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a preoperative exercise intervention on knee pain, functional ability, and quadriceps strength among patients with knee osteoarthritis before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery. Design A repeated-measures design was used to compare 2 groups over 4 data collection points. Setting and Patients Community-dwelling subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee who were scheduled for a unilateral TKA were recruited from a single orthopedic surgeon's office and were randomized into control (n = 28) or prehab groups (n = 26). Interventions The control patients maintained usual care before their TKA. The exercisers performed prehabilitation exercises, which included resistance training, flexibility, and step training, 3 times per week before their TKA. Outcome Measures Knee pain, functional ability, quadriceps strength, and strength asymmetry were assessed at baseline (T1), at 1 week before the patients' TKA (T2), and again at 1 (T3) and 3 (T4) months after TKA. Results The exercisers improved their sit-to-stand performance at T2, whereas the control group did not change their performance of functional tasks and had increased pain at T2. At T3 the exercisers demonstrated improved sit-to-stand performance. The control patients at T3 exhibited decreases in pain, their 6-minute walk, surgical leg strength and an increase in their nonsurgical leg strength and leg strength asymmetry. At T4 the exercisers improved in their performance of 3 of the 4 functional tasks, decreased all of their pain measures, and increased their surgical and nonsurgical quadriceps strength. At T4 the control group improved their performance on 2 of the 4 functional tasks, decreased all of their pain measures, increased their nonsurgical leg strength, and exhibited greater leg strength asymmetry. Conclusion These findings appear to indicate the efficacy of prehabilitation among TKA patients and support the theory of prehabilitation.
Electronic structure of amorphous semiconductors

Abstract The current theory of the electronic structure of amorphous semiconductors is reviewed. It is now clear that the properties of covalent amorphous solids simply represent the predominant mode of chemical bonding in the material. As in crystalline semiconductors, the electrical transport properties are controlled by the nature of the defects present. Two major classes of amorphous semiconductors have been studied intensively: amorphous silicon-based alloys and chalcogenide glasses. The properties of these materials is contrasted and the origin of the striking differences between these groups is analyzed.
The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): normative data from cognitively intact, cognitively impaired, and elderly patients with dementia

This research adds to the psychometric validation of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) by providing data for samples of elderly patients who are cognitively intact, cognitively impaired (non-dementia), and with dementia. Subjects were 78 individuals referred for evaluation of memory complaints. Significant group differences emerged between the dementia group and the two other groups (normals and cognitively impaired), although the latter two did not differ from each other. One hundred percent of normals and 92.7% of the cognitively impaired group made fewer than five errors (the suggested cut-off) on Trial 2 or the Retention trial of the TOMM, yielding an overall correct classification rate of 94.7%. However, the rate of misclassification for persons with dementia was high whether using a cut-point score of five, eight, or ten errors. This investigation extends the validity and clinical utility of this instrument. Results suggest that the TOMM is an useful index for detecting the malingering of memory deficits, even in patients with cognitive impairment, but only when dementia can be ruled out.
Aging is associated with decreased pancreatic acinar cell regeneration and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt activation.

Background & Aims: The effects of aging on pancreatic acinar cell proliferation have not been clearly defined. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mediated phosphorylation of Akt is a critical step for proliferation of various cell types and insulin secretion from pancreatic endocrine cells; however, its role in acinar cell proliferation is not known. The purpose of this study was to (1) delineate the effects of aging on pancreatic regeneration after partial pancreatectomy (Px) and (2) define the involvement of the PI3K/Akt pathway in pancreatic regeneration. Methods: Following partial Px, pancreatic regeneration and activation of the PI3K pathway were compared in young and aged mice. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was evaluated by Akt phosphorylation (pAkt). The role of the PI3K pathway in pancreatic regeneration after partial Px was assessed by effects of a pharmacologic PI3K inhibitor wortmannin or small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the p85α regulatory subunit. To confirm further the critical role of the PI3K/Akt pathway in pancreatic acinar cell proliferation, IGF-1-mediated cell proliferation was determined in cultured acinar cells pretreated with wortmannin or p85α siRNA. Results: Pancreatic regeneration and pAkt expression after partial Px were significantly decreased with aging. Treatment with wortmannin or p85α siRNA reduced pancreatic regeneration after partial Px. The IGF-1-mediated cell proliferation in vitro was completely blocked by wortmannin or p85α siRNA but not by the MEK/ERK inhibitor PD98059. Conclusions: PI3K/Akt activation plays a critical role in the regeneration of pancreatic acini after resection. Furthermore, pancreatic regeneration is markedly attenuated in the aged pancreas most likely because of decreased PI3K/Akt activation.
The effect of heating on the functional activity of iota carrageenan.

Abstract Iota carrageean is toxic to cells of the reticuloendothelial system. If carrageenan is dissolved at 40°C and injected intraperitoneally, it will induce a significant reduction of alveolar macrophages. Heating the carrageenan preparation to 121°C, however, results in a marked diminution of this in vivo cytotoxicity. This observation offers an explanation for the variability of effects previously attributed to carrageenan, and suggests that preparation methods should be standardized and carefully monitored.
A single layer open anastomosis for all intestinal structures

Dissatisfaction with time-consuming double layer anastomoses in intestinal surgery and with occasionally questionable stapled anastomoses prompted a review of available techniques for hand sewn suture lines. Single layer anastomoses have been used extensively and their integrity and safety have often been questioned. In 1951, Gambee described a method of single layer anastomosis which, in practice, is a double layer technique. His results at 10 years were comparable to those obtained with other techniques. We have sought a modification to decrease anastomotic complications and improve ease of suture insertion. Along with a description of technique, a review of 170 anastomoses performed from July 1982 to June 1984 is presented without a single clinically apparent leak.
Striking the Right Balance: Students' Motivation and Affect in Elementary Mathematics.

ABSTRACT The authors explored the relationship between motivation and affect in upper elementary mathematics classes from the perspective of flow theory. They also investigated the relationship between students' motivation and teachers' instructional practices. Students' reported classroom experiences formed 4 factors—Social Affect, Personal Affect, Efficacy, and Challenge/Importance. On the basis of student reports, the authors concluded that (a) affect is essential to student experience in mathematics lessons, (b) skill is perceived in conjunction with affective variables, (c) challenge is identified as a threat to students' efficacy, and (d) importance of a task is more relevant to motivation than is its challenge. A qualitative investigation of teacher instructional discourse suggested that the following teacher practices related to student motivation: (a) provision of substantive feedback and clarification of concepts; (b) support for autonomy, cooperation, and social relatedness; and (c) emphasis on...
Adhesion and friction studies of a nano-textured surface produced by spin coating of colloidal silica nanoparticle solution

This paper presents the results of adhesion and friction studies on a nano-textured surface. The nano-textures were produced by spin coating colloidal silica nanoparticle solution on a flat silicon substrate. Surface morphology was characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Adhesion and friction studies were conducted using a TriboIndenter employing diamond tips with 5 μm and 100 μm nominal radii of curvature. The results show that the adhesion forces and coefficients of friction of the nano-textured surface measured by the 100 μm tip were reduced up to 98 and 88%, respectively, compared to those of a baseline silicon oxide film surface.
Engineering applications of operations research

Abstract The need for operations research techniques is often felt in engineering design. While engineering design and operations research methods have developed considerably over the years, little attention has been given to the interaction of the two disciplines. This article aims to inform operations researchers of several distinct engineering design problems and to inform design engineers of the value of using operations research techniques in engineering design. It is impossible to cover in a single article the entire spectrum of engineering applications of operations research. The applications covered in this article should be considered only as samples from a much larger body of applications.
Considerations about retirement from clinical practice by obstetrician-gynecologists

Retirement of obstetrician-gynecologists is becoming a matter of increasing concern in light of an expected shortage of practicing physicians. Determining a retirement age is often complex. We address what constitutes a usual retirement age range from general clinical practice for an obstetrician-gynecologist, compare this with practitioners in other specialties, and suggest factors of importance to obstetrician-gynecologists before retirement. Although the proportion of obstetrician-gynecologists ≥55 years old is similar to other specialists, obstetrician-gynecologists retire at younger ages than male or female physicians in other specialties. A customary age range of retirement from obstetrician-gynecologist practice would be 59-69 years (median, 64 years). Women, who constitute a growing proportion of obstetrician-gynecologists in practice, retire earlier than men. The large cohort of "baby boomer" physicians who are approaching retirement (approximately 15,000 obstetrician-gynecologists) deserves tracking while an investigation of integrated women's health care delivery models is conducted. Relevant considerations would include strategies to extend the work longevity of those who are considering early retirement or desiring part-time employment. Likewise volunteer work in underserved community clinics or teaching medical students and residents offers continuing personal satisfaction for many retirees and preservation of self-esteem and medical knowledge.
Observation of oscillations between degenerate bound-state configurations in rapidly autoionizing two-electron atoms

The oscillation between bound-state configurations in a rapidly autoionizing three-body Coulomb system has been directly observed. Using a 500-fsec laser pulse, calcium atoms are excited to the pure ${4p}_{3/2}15d$ two-electron configuration at an energy greater than 3 eV above the ionization limit. As a result of configuration interaction, the electrons scatter coherently into multiple bound and continuum configurations. The oscillation between the degenerate ${4p}_{1/2}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}d$ and ${4p}_{3/2}\mathrm{nd}$ modes as well as autoionization into ${4s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\epsilon}\mathcal{l},$ ${3d}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\epsilon}\mathcal{l},$ and ${3d}_{5/2}\ensuremath{\epsilon}\mathcal{l}$ continua are observed explicitly using bound-state interferometry. The measured time dependence of the ${4p}_{3/2}15d$ character is in excellent agreement with the Fourier transform of the frequency domain excitation cross section. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of the equivalence of time and frequency domain spectra in a multiconfigurational system involving bound and continuum channels.
MECHANISM OF CARBURIZATION OF STAINLESS STEEL IN SODIUM AS IDENTIFIED BY A NEW CARBON METER.

Abstract Sodium, which is proposed as a coolant for fast breeders, may carburize or decarburize steels employed as cladding or structural materials. Until recently, it has not been possible to characterize the carburizing potential of the sodium, but a new continuous meter appears capable of measuring the thermodynamic activity of carbon is sodium. This device employs an iron septum as a sensing element and translates the flux of carbon through the iron into a measure of carbon activity in the sodium. The meter has been used to demonstrate that the early stages of the carburization of an austenitic stainless steel proceed by a precipitation mechanism.
M-estimation of wavelet variance

The wavelet variance provides a scale-based decomposition of the process variance for a time series or a random field and has been used to analyze various multiscale processes. Examples of such processes include atmospheric pressure, deviations in time as kept by atomic clocks, soil properties in agricultural plots, snow fields in the polar regions and brightness temperature maps of South Pacific clouds. In practice, data collected in the form of a time series or a random field often suffer from contamination that is unrelated to the process of interest. This paper introduces a scale-based contamination model and describes robust estimation of the wavelet variance that can guard against such contamination. A new M-estimation procedure that works for both time series and random fields is proposed, and its large sample theory is deduced. As an example, the robust procedure is applied to cloud data obtained from a satellite.
Mathematical problems of modeling stochastic nonlinear dynamic systems

The purpose of this report is to introduce the engineer to the area of stochastic differential equations, and to point out the mathematical techniques and pitfalls in this area. Topics discussed include continuous-time Markov processes, the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equations, the Ito and Stratonovich stochastic calculi, and the problem of modeling physical systems.
Large visuospatial sex difference in line judgment: possible role of attentional factors.

This article describes a large sex difference on a new, group-administered visuospatial task, the Judgment of Line Angle and Position (JLAP) test, and investigates the role of attentional factors in the difference. On the JLAP, adapted from a neuropsychological task (Benton et al., 1983), participants evaluate spatial attributes of lines. Study 1: College males (N = 48) outperformed females (N = 80), resulting in a large effect for sex (d = 0.85). Errors were more common on oblique (vs horizontal or vertical) lines, especially for females. Study 2: Task attributes were manipulated (N = 33 males and 36 females) to study the role of attentional factors. Findings suggest that males are more likely than females to normally attend to and be aided by geometrical reference cues.
Cardiovascular disturbances in chronic respiratory insufficiency

The mechanical factors by which chronic respiratory insufficiency may influence right and left ventricular performance during both spontaneous and mechanical ventilation are reviewed. During a spontaneous inspiration the right heart distends because of increased inflow and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. This decreases the effective left ventricular compliance, through ventricular interdependence, reducing the gradient for pulmonary venous return. The inspiratory decrease in pleural pressure also effectively increases the impedance to left ventricular ejection. An inspiratory increase in abdominal pressure further increases the left ventricular afterload. These factors combine to impair left ventricular performance. During intermittent positive pressure ventilation, left ventricular stroke volume increases early in inspiration. This increased inspiratory flow cannot be attributed to a phase lag in the right heart output reaching the left heart chambers because, even with a constant pulmonary arterial inflow, aortic flow increases during inspiration. Several factors may act in concert to improve left ventricular performance, despite the adverse effects of intermittent positive pressure ventilation on the right ventricle. These include (1) a decrease in right heart volume, increasing left ventricular compliance and hence the gradient for pulmonary venous return; (2) anterograde emptying of the alveolar capillary bed with lung inflation; (3) the increase in pleural pressure decreasing impedance to left ventricular emptying; and (4) physical compression of the heart by the lungs.
A high-performance active digital library

Abstract We describe Javaflow and Paraflow, the client and server parts of a digital library, providing high-performance data-retrieval and data-mining services, with emphasis on user interface as well as computing efficiency. Paraflow is a component model for high-performance computing, implemented as a thin layer on Message Passing Interface (MPI); it controls a heterogeneous metacomputer, allowing groups of processes (services) to work collectively and communicate with each other by parallel messaging links (channels). Javaflow is a straightforward, intuitive, loosely coupled component model for Java applets, allowing them to be combined into a GUI that can run on a thin client from a standing start. Javaflow controls Paraflow through a well-exposed text interface which is carried by authenticated telnet, while the output of the computation can be web-pages, files, or high-speed graphics. As an example, we discuss the SARA remote-sensing library, which provides public retrieval of multichannel images of the Earth, as well as private, authenticated access to a variety of image-processing services running on parallel supercomputers.
Impact of sediment partitioning methods on environmental safety assessment of surfactants

Selection of laboratory methods for partitioning and toxicity tests of sediments has a significant impact on interpretation of aquatic safety of surfactants. This is the case for the assessment of the sediment toxicity of C[sub 12] linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, LAS. In this study, the batch-equilibrium partition coefficient (K[sub d]) was measured as a function of organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and quantity of sediments. The quantity of sediment was varied from a low of 5 g per 1,000 ml of water to a level of 500 g to 500 ml of water. The measured K[sub d] decreased by an order of magnitude when the ratio of water to sediments increased to 1:1, and as a consequence of this observation, LAS on suspended solids was included in the quantitation of LAS in the water phase. When measured K[sub d] values were then used to predict the toxicity (based on known aquatic toxicity concentrations of LAS using Ceriodaphnia dubia), LAS was calculated to be an order of magnitude less toxic by the low-solids test compared to the high-solids test system. This work reaffirms that selection of a laboratory test to assess environmental safety must be made on the basis of its correlationmore » to the real-world behavior of the surfactant.« less
The Role of Recollection and Familiarity in the Context Variability Mirror Effect

Context variability refers to the number of preexperimental contexts that are associated with concepts. In four experiments, we investigated the basis for increased recognition memory for low context variability words. Low context variability was associated with greater recollection in the hit rates, and high context variability was associated with greater familiarity in the false alarms. Shortening the study time reduced recollection, but low context variability still influenced recollection in the hit rates. A modality change from study to test also reduced recollection but preserved recollective differences for low versus high context variability items. One interpretation of the results suggests that low context variability evokes more specific and, perhaps, idiosyncratic recollective associations during learning and that these associations support better recognition in the hit rates. By contrast, activating the larger number of associations for high context variability items may be mistaken for familiarity in the false alarm rates.
Reactive Ion Etching of MBE GaAs: A Raman Scattering Study

The effect of reactive ion etching (RIE) on Si-doped molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) grown GaAs has been studied by Raman scattering. The MBE samples were grown on doped substrates having a free carrier concentration of 1.5 x 1018 cm-3 . The ID phonon and coupled plasmon-ID phonon modes of reactive ion etched (RIE) GaAs were studied to determine both depletion widths and carrier concentrations. Measurable surface disorder, confined to within 10 nm of the surface, is observed for ion bombardment energies of > 300 eV. The Raman spectra of highly doped samples (N = 8 x 1018 cm-3 ), along with the I-V measurements of Schottky barriers made with RIE samples of lower free carrier concentration (N = 3 x 1017 cm-3 ), indicate that samples reactively ion etched with energies <200 eV provide a high quality GaAs surface.
Predicting Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Gangsta Rap

This article comments on Johnson, Jackson, and Gatto (this issue) and Zillmann et al. (this issue), each of which demonstrates effects from a brief exposure to "gangsta rap" music videos. Results from both experiments suggest that the social themes contained in rap music videos can produce potent and predictable effects on viewers' subsequent impressions and social judgments through the mechanism 'of cognitive priming. A critical examination of the strengths and weaknesses of both experiments—and resultant limitations to generalizability—is offered.
The relationship between ionization potential and horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide-catalyzed binding of aromatic hydrocarbons to DNA.

Abstract The ionization potentials (IP) of 91 alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined from the absorption maximum of the chargetransfer complex of each hydrocarbon and chloranil in chloroform. The extent of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed binding to DNA of 14 hydrocarbons of varying IP was measured. Only hydrocarbons with IP
The ethics of influenza vaccination.

In their Policy Forum “Who should get influenza vaccine when not all can?” (12 May, p. [854][1]), E. J. Emanuel and A. Wertheimer offer valuable contributions to a national discussion on vaccine rationing strategies that could take on tremendous importance if the present concerns of an avian flu
The Central Limit Theorem for Dependent Random Variables

The central limit theorem has been extended to the case of dependent random variables by several authors (Bruns, Markoff, S. Bernstein, P. Levy, Loeve). The conditions under which these theorems are stated either are very restrictive or involve conditional distributions, which makes them difficult to apply. In the present paper we prove central limit theorems for sequences of dependent random variables of a certain special type which occurs frequently in mathematical statistics. The hypotheses do not involve conditional distributions.
Cuprizone does not induce CNS demyelination in nonhuman primates.

Cognitive decline is a common symptom in multiple sclerosis patients, with profound effects on the quality of life. A nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis would be best suited to test the effects of demyelination on complex cognitive functions such as learning and reasoning. Cuprizone has been shown to reliably induce brain demyelination in mice. To establish a nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis, young adult cynomolgus monkeys were administered cuprizone per os as a dietary supplement. The subjects received increasing cuprizone doses (0.3–3% of diet) for up to 18 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging and immunohistological analyses did not reveal demyelination in these monkeys.
Equilibrium surface roughness of a strained epitaxial film due to surface diffusion induced by interface misfit dislocations

In recent years, developments in the microelectronics industry have led to extensive studies of the growth and characterization of thin solid films and their implementation in electronic and opto-electronic devices. A goal is to produce thin films with minimal bulk and surface defects. For those systems produced by epitaxial growth of a film on a substrate that has a slightly different lattice parameter, the stress associated with the elastic mismatch strain needed to satisfy the constraint of epitaxy provides a driving force for nucleation and growth of undesirable defects in the film material or on its surface. Among the most common defects are interface misfit dislocations, arranged more or less periodically on the film-substrate interface, which partially relax the elastic mismatch strain in the film. It has been observed that, for some material systems, surface roughness or waviness arises which correlates spatially with the positions of interface misfit dislocations. It is suggested here that the waviness along the surface may be a result of surface diffusion which is driven by a gradient in the chemical potential of the material along the surface. The chemical potential gradient arises from the nonuniform strain field of the interface misfit dislocations, as well as from the unrelaxed elastic mismatch strain. The focus here is on the development of a relatively simple model of this system which leads to an estimate of the magnitude and profile of surface waviness under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e., after the material responds to the chemical potential gradient by seeking out a new configuration for which stresses are redistributed and the chemical potential is again uniform. The condition of uniform chemical potential for the final shape leads to an integro-differential equation for the equilibrium surface shape which is solved numerically. For representative values of system parameters, estimates of equilibrium surface roughness are obtained which can vary from less than one percent of film thickness to a significant fraction of film thickness. Although transient aspects of the process are not studied here, the characteristic time for achieving an equilibrium configuration is estimated.
Long-term phorbol ester treatment dissociates phospholipase D activation from phosphoinositide hydrolysis and prostacyclin synthesis in endothelial cells stimulated with bradykinin.

Abstract Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) were prelabeled with [ 3 H]choline or [ 3 H]myristic acid to selectively label endogenous phosphatidylcholine. BPAEC were stimulated with ATP and bradykinin (BK), and phospholipase D (PLD) activation was detected as a 4-fold increase in [ 3 H]choline in cells prelabeled with [ 3 H]choline or as a 2- to 3-fold increase in [ 3 H]phosphatidylethanol in cells prelabeled with [ 3 H]myristic acid and stimulated in the presence of ethanol. Pretreatment of BPAEC with 0.1 μM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 22 hr completely inhibited agonist-induced PLD activation, whereas prostacyclin synthesis and [ 3 H]phosphoinositide ([ 3 H]PIns) hydrolysis were enhanced in pretreated cells. Long-term PMA treatment thus dissociates agonist-induced PLD activation from [ 3 H]PIns hydrolysis, and agonist-induced prostacyclin synthesis is not dependent upon PLD activation.
Exciton Structure in the Ultraviolet Spectra of KI and RbI

Absolute reflectance of RbI and KI between 300 and 77 degrees K, noting spin orbit interaction effects and values of dielectric parameters
Race-Class-Gender Theory: An Image(ry) Problem

For over 100 years, but particularly since the 1980s, scholars have heavily relied on images of race, class, and gender as “intersecting” and “interlocking” forms of oppression and disempowerment. This imagery has helped feminists develop the empirically grounded theoretical premises that (1) race, class, and gender are social structural locations, (2) structural locations shape perspectives, (3) no individual is all-oppressed or all-oppressing, (4) the meanings of race, class, and gender are localized, and (5) race, class, and gender depend on and (6) mutually constitute each other. In this article I synthesize these premises to reveal some opportunities for theoretical development that may inspire a new generation of race-class-gender scholarship. I argue that while intersection is fairly limited as a conceptual image, the interlocking imagery can help us identify how the relationships among these structures of oppression have become institutionalized.
Early Years of the Ohio State University Leadership Studies

A multidisciplinary program of leadership research was initiated at Ohio State in 1945. Leader behavior in organizations was the principal thrust with relationships shown to other sets of variables. The program had its roots in occupational research performed on a wide scale in the U.S. Department of Labor and the War Manpower Commission beginning in 1934.
Movement specification time with age.

Abstract An experiment is reported which localizes and compares movement specification times between three age groups, young (18–25 yrs.), middle (40–50 yrs.), and elderly (65–75 yrs.), in order to assess whether movement planning processes are partially responsible for the commonly observed slowing of response initiation time in the elderly. A movement precuing paradigm was used in which 24 subjects (8/age group) received either no, partial, or complete movement task information prior to the imperative response signal. The results established that the elderly had slower reaction times, movement times, information transmission rates and more errors. While the results indicated that the elderly could use precue information to prepare an upcoming movement, their specification times for arm, direction, and extent were markedly slower. The data are interpreted as providing evidence that part of the slowing in reaction time observed in the elderly is due to the increased time required to specify a dimension of...
Language Planning and Development in the Caribbean: Multi-Ethnic Suriname

RESUMENPlanification y desarrollo linguisticos en el Caribe: El Suriname multi-etnicoDespues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Suriname, como muchos otros territorios del Caribe, experimente un movimiento nacionalista y cultural creciente cuyos partidarios abogaban por un mayor papel para el sranan, la lengua franca criolla surinamense, en la vida nacional. Sin embargo, los prejuicios historicos desfavorables y la estigmatizacion del sranan dificul-taron los esfuerzos de promover y eleva r el idioma. Al contrario del mayor parte del Caribe, Suriname es una nacion etnicamente muy diversa. La asociacion del sranan como la propiedad de los criollos, una minoria dentro del pais, limitaron los exitos del nacionalismo cultural en la promocion del idioma. Tambien en contraste con el resto del Caribe, el sranan goza de un reconocimiento bastante difundido como una lengua autonoma del neer-landes, el idioma oficial. Este hecho ha facilitado la planificacion linguistica en favor del sranan. El nacionalismo cultural tuvo cierto exito en elevar la position social del sranan dentro de la poblacion general, pero fracaso en movilizar suficiente apoyo oficial sostenido por el idioma en la administration nacional y en las escuelas. Una politica oficial de monolinguismo neerlandes siguio rumbo ininterrumpida y inalterada, produciendo una generation multi-etnica de jovenes cuya lengua materna es el neerlandes. El debate sobre la planificacion linguistica se enfoca actualmente en la estan-dardizacion linguistica y en la adopcion del neerlandes-surinamense, la variante neerlandesa local fuertemente influida por el sranan, como el idioma oficial de Suriname.RESUMOLingvoplanado kaj evoluigo en Karibo: Multietna SurinamoPost la Dua Mondmilito, en Surinamo, same kiel en aliaj teritorioj en la kariba regiono, ekkreskis kulturnaciista movado, kies apogantoj pledis por pli granda rolo por Sranano, la surinama kreola interlingvo, en la nacia vivo. Tamen, la delonge ekzistantaj antaŭjuĝoj kaj anatemigo de Sranano malhel-pas klopodojn antaŭenigi la lingvon kaj plialtigi gian prestigon. Malkiel la plejparto de aliaj karibaj teritorioj, Surinamo rolas kiel hejmo al diversaj etnoj. La identigo de Sranano kiel kultura posedajo de la kreoloj limigis la sukceson de la kreola kultura naciismo en la antaŭenigo de la lingvo. Ankaŭ malkiel la plejparto de la kariba regiono, Sranano estas vaste konata en Surinamo kiel sendependa de la officiala lingvo, la nederlanda. Tiu fakto, tamen, faciligis lingvoplanadon favoran al Sranano. Kultura naciismo ja sukcesis levi la statuson de Sranano antaŭ la generala publiko, sed malsuk-cesis rikolti sufican officialan subtenon al la lingvo fare de la nacia registaro aŭ en la lernejoj. Officiala nur-nederlandlingva politiko dauras senŝanĝe, produktante generacion de denaskaj parolantoj de la nederlanda. La lingvo-plana debato nun centrigas je normigi kaj akcepti la surinam-nederlandan, t.e. la lokan nederlandan lingvovarianton forte influatan de Sranano, kiel la officialan lingvon de Surinamo.
Effects of ketorolac tromethamine on hemostasis in volunteers.

Ketorolac tromethamine, an analgesic agent with prostaglandin synthetase–inhibiting activity, is more active than aspirin in vitro in inhibiting collagen– or arachidonic acid–induced platelet aggregation. In this randomized, double-blind study, 26 volunteers received ketorolac, 30 mg intramuscularly four times a day for 5 days, and placebo, two capsules orally four times a day for at the last 2 study days. The effects of this treatment were compared with those of intramuscular placebo and oral aspirin, two 325 mg capsules, given on the same schedule to eight volunteers. Aspirin at a mean serum concentration of 84 μg/ml did not affect prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, or bleeding time. Ketorolac produced a modest prolongation of the bleeding time, from 4.9 ±1.1 minutes (mean ± SD) to 7.8 ± 4.0 minutes (p < 0.005). Ketorolac did not affect the prothrombin time or partial thromboplastin time but was associated with clinically insignificant change in the platelet count from 303 ± 57 × 103/m3 to 277 ± 56 × 103/mm3. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 43, 542–546; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.70
Some observations on microscope cover-glasses.

SYNOPSIS Measurements made on over 3400 cover-glasses of 16 different grades show that only 43 satisfied the Royal Microscopical Society's specification of thickness and only 18 of these were of the specified refractive index. Many cover-glasses are highly wedge-shaped and in some samples there is a significant high positive correlation between the mean thickness and the slope of the wedge.
Neuroscience: Map the other brain

The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative announced by US President Barack Obama in April seeks to map and monitor the function of neural connections in the entire brains of experimental animals, and eventually in the human cerebral cortex. Several researchers have raised doubts about the project, cautioning that mapping the brain is a much more complex endeavour than mapping the human genome, and its usefulness more uncertain.
Extra-pair paternity as the result of reproductive transactions between paired mates

Transactional ('optimal skew' or concessions') models of social evolution emphasize that dominant members of society can be favoured for donating parcels of reproduction to same-sexed subordinates in return for cooperation by the latter. We developed a mathematically similar model in which extra-pair paternity in broods receiving biparental care is viewed as emerging from a reproductive transaction between the paired mates. The model quantitatively predicted the maximum paternity that a male mate can demand before its female mate is favoured to break the pair bond and caring solitarily for a brood sired entirely by a neighbouring male. The model predicts that extra-pair paternity results when the neighbouring male is of sufficiently higher quality than the male mate. In such cases, the exact amount of extra-pair paternity will vary directly with the difference in quality between the two males and inversely with the value (fitness impact) of the male mate's parental care. Importantly, the transactional model provided a unified explanation for experimental and observational evidence that extra-pair paternity rises with decreasing quality of the male mate, increasing genetic variability among breeding males, increasing breeding density, increasing availability of food and decreasing involvement of the male mate in parental care.
A transcriptionally active estrogen receptor mutant is a novel type of dominant negative inhibitor of estrogen action.

We have characterized a human estrogen receptor (ER) mutant, V364E, which has a single amino acid substitution in its hormone-binding domain. This ER mutant is fully active or even superactive at saturating levels of estradiol (10(-8) M E2) yet has the capacity to act as a strong dominant negative inhibitor of the wild type ER. In transient transfection assays using ER-negative Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and two different estrogen response element (ERE)-containing promoter reporter genes, V364E treated with 10(-8) M E2 exhibited approximately 250% and 100% of the activity of the wild type ER with these two promoter contexts, respectively. Despite the high activity of V364E when present alone in cells, coexpression of both V364E and wild type ER causes a significant decrease in overall ER-mediated transcriptional activity. On the TATA promoter, where V364E was more inhibitory, estrogen-stimulated activity was reduced by approximately 50% at a 1:1 ratio of mutant to wild type ER expression vector, an...