cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fluid Dynamic Model for T-Junctions

Motivated by real road junctions, we consider a new fluid dynamic model for traffic flow on networks. In particular at T-junctions, beside some flows distribution and/or merging, there happen some interactions of cars coming from different roads and going to different destinations. After determining some rules to uniquely solve Riemann problems, we prove existence of solutions on complete networks for initial data with bounded variation (and their limits in $L^1_{loc}$).
A new hypothesis for organic preservation of Burgess Shale taxa in the middle Cambrian Wheeler Formation, House Range, Utah

Cambrian konservat-lagerstatten are the most significant fossil deposits for our understanding of the initiation of Phanerozoic life. Although many modes of preservation may occur, these deposits most frequently contain nonmineralized fossils preserved in the form of kerogenized carbon films, a rare yet important taphonomic pathway that has not previously been explained for any unit by a comprehensive model. The middle Cambrian Wheeler Formation of Utah, one of these lagerstatten, contains abundant kerogenized preservation of nonmineralized tissues, which occurs within a distinctive taphofacies that accumulated under the following conditions: (1) domination of the siliciclastic fraction by clay-sized particles, (2) close proximity to a carbonate platform, which resulted in mixed carbonate-clay sediments, (3) a well-developed oxygen minimum precluding benthic colonization and burrowing, and (4) relative proximity to oxic bottom-waters, facilitating transport of organisms from a habitable environment to one that favored their preservation. We propose that preservation of nonmineralized tissues in the Wheeler Formation may have resulted from a combination of influences that reduced permeability and, thus, lowered oxidant flux, which in turn may have restricted microbial decomposition of some nonmineralized tissues. Those influences include near bottom anoxia, preventing sediment irrigation by restriction of bioturbation; reducing conditions near the sediment–water interface that may have acted to deflocculate aggregations of clay minerals, resulting in low permeability face-to-face contacts; early diagenetic pore occluding carbonate cements; and an absence of coarse grains such as silt, skeletonized microfossils, fecal pellets, or bioclasts. This model may be applicable to kerogenized preservation of macrofossils in other fossil lagerstatten.
A Statistical Analysis of the Relation between Cost and Price

Marginal cost and price, 265. — Bulk-line cost, 267. — Dispersions of costs in different interests, 268. — Relations of price, cost, and gross profit on investment, 270. — Difficulties in using the Commission's costs, 271. — Book paper, 273. — Newsprint paper, 278. — Canned salmon, 281. — Sugar beets, 283. — Copper, 285. — Conclusions, 286.
Improved extreme wind speed estimation for wind engineering applications

Abstract The description of the extreme wind climate is an important step in the process of determining wind loads on structures. Factors that affect the estimation of extreme wind speeds include spatiotemporal data resolution, micrometeorological characterization, and extreme value statistics. Accounting for these factors inadequately can result in estimation differences that can exceed 50%. Issues associated with these factors are explained in detail and improvements in current estimation practice are outlined. Research presented in this paper shows that recent and ongoing progress makes it possible to produce significantly improved extreme wind speed estimates.
Cross‐talk between IGF‐1 and estrogen receptors attenuates intracellular changes in ventral spinal cord 4.1 motoneuron cells because of interferon‐gamma exposure

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a neuroprotective growth factor that promotes neuronal survival by inhibition of apoptosis. In order to examine whether IGF-1 exerts cytoprotective effects against extracellular inflammatory stimulation, ventral spinal cord 4.1 (VSC4.1) motoneuron cells were treated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Our data demonstrated apoptotic changes, increased calpain:calpastatin and Bax:Bcl-2 ratios, and expression of apoptosis related proteases (caspase-3 and −12) in motoneurons rendered by IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner. Post-treatment with IGF-1 attenuated these changes. In addition, IGF-1 treatment of motoneurons exposed to IFN-γ decreased expression of inflammatory markers (cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B:inhibitor of kappa B ratio). Furthermore, IGF-1 attenuated the loss of expression of IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1Rα and IGF-1Rβ) and estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) induced by IFN-γ. To determine whether the protective effects of IGF-1 are associated with ERs, ERs antagonist ICI and selective siRNA targeted against ERα and ERβ were used in VSC4.1 motoneurons. Distinctive morphological changes were observed following siRNA knockdown of ERα and ERβ. In particular, apoptotic cell death assessed by TUNEL assay was enhanced in both ERα and ERβ-silenced VSC4.1 motoneurons following IFN-γ and IGF-1 exposure. These results suggest that IGF-1 protects motoneurons from inflammatory insult by a mechanism involving pivotal interactions with ERα and ERβ.
Mapping the blood vessels with paracellular permeability in the retinas of diabetic rats.

PURPOSE. Diabetic retinopathy increases the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier, but the specific vessels that become permeable have not been identified. Both transcellular and paracellular pathways of vascular solute flux have been proposed. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that paracellular flux contributes to increased retinal vascular permeability after VEGF treatment or diabetes, and to map the types of vessels that became permeable. METHODS. Regions of paracellular flux were identified by perfusion with fluorescent concanavalin A (ConA). Rats were injected intravitreally with VEGF or made diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ). After specified times, the rats were perfused with fixative followed by ConA, which binds to the basement membrane but not the luminal surface of endothelial cells. With this approach, ConA labels only blood vessels with paracellular permeability. Retinas were also labeled by immunofluorescence for the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-5 and examined by confocal microscopy. RESULTS. ConA labeling increased in the superficial arterioles and postcapillary venules, 2 weeks after the onset of diabetes. After 1 month, ConA labeling dramatically increased and extended to the capillaries of the outer plexiform layer. There was an inverse relationship between occludin immunoreactivity and ConA binding, but no change in claudin-5 immunoreactivity was detected. Injection of VEGF gave similar results. CONCLUSIONS. Diabetes and VEGF increase paracellular vascular permeability in the retina, associated with redistribution of occludin. This permeability begins in the superficial arterioles and postcapillary venules and progresses to the capillary bed.
Use of Calibrated HVAC System Models to Optimize System Operation

A calibrated simplified engineering modeling method has been developed to optimize HVAC system operation. This method can be used to optimize operating strategies and control schedules. It has also served to identify malfunctioning components on occasion. This method has been successfully applied to 18 LoanSTAR buildings where over $2.0 million per year in potential savings have been identified, and over $1.4 million per year have been implemented. The method is described in the context of a case study.
Conversion of vertical banded gastroplasty to stand-alone sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch.

Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) originated as a simplified bariatric operation to avoid malabsorption and provide lasting results due to a fixed stoma. Short-term results were excellent (50–70 % excess weight loss); however, patients often displayed maladaptive eating behaviors, and many failed to either achieve or sustain adequate long-term weight loss. Complications were also common including severe reflux and regurgitation, gastric outlet stenosis or stricture, gastrogastric fistula, and breakdown of the staple line. VBG conversions to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy as well as endoscopic interventions such as band removal have been described but have very high complication rates. We describe conversion of VBG to biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch using endoscopic guidance to take down the VBG staple line and the mesh around the outlet. This technique can also be used to safely convert a VBG to a stand-alone sleeve gastrectomy. Complication rates have been low by this technique, and we encourage others to adopt this technique.
Suprathermal electrons produced by beam‐plasma‐discharge

Experiments conducted with a low energy plasma lens, HARP, in the electron beam of the large vacuum chamber at Johnson Space Center indicate that an enhanced population of 50 to 300 volt electrons appear when the beam goes into the Beam-Plasma Discharge (BPD) mode. Below the BPD instability the electron distribution appears to be characterized as non-energized single particle scattering and energy loss. At 100 cm from the beam core in the BPD mode the fluxes parallel to the beam are reduced by a factor of 20 with respect to the fluxes at 25 cm. Some evidence for isotropy near the beam core is presented.
General Educators' Attitudes Toward Students with Mild Disabilities and Their Use of Instructional Strategies Implications for Training

In today's schools the demands of general educators to meet the diverse needs of their students have greatly increased. General educators need to have an increasingly large repertoire of instructional strategies to effectively meet their students' needs. In this study the frequency of several instructional strategies used by general educators at the middle school level (Grades 6, 7, and 8) was investigated. The frequency of the use of these instructional strategies by middle school teachers was compared to the amount of time they spent collaborating with special educators and also to the number of courses taken related to specialized techniques. This study also examined the attitudes general educators have toward the inclusion of students with mild disabilities. Findings indicated that the number of instructional strategies general educators use increases with the number of special education courses taken and the number of hours spent with special educators. In addition, some general educators may not hav...
Virtual reality based robotics learning system

The paper describes a system which integrates the virtual reality technology with the robotics for education purposes. Robotics is an important area in science and technology. The virtual reality technology allows users to interact efficiently with 3D computerized environments in real time using their natural senses and skills. VR is a suitable tool for developing a robotics education system due to its inherent simulation and modeling capabilities. In the system, three virtual robots were modeled with 3ds max. The kinematics simulation including forward kinematics and inverse kinematics was implemented on all three virtual robots. Collision detection was calculated in the kinematics simulation. The developed program is intended to provide an authentic context and generate high levels of motivation. Since robots are expensive and often beyond the resource of many universities, well design virtual robots with useful instructions of operation can overcome this challenging problem. At the same time, students gain a realistic experience in simulation and modeling with this program.
Copyright Use and Excuse on the Internet

1998 ended with voluminous copyright legislation, pompously titled the "Digital Millennium Copyright Act" ["DMCA"], and intended to equip the copyright law to meet the challenges of online digital exploitation of works of authorship. 1999 and 2000 have brought some of the ensuing confrontations between copyright owners and Internet entrepreneurs to the courts. The evolving caselaw affords an initial opportunity to assess whether the copyright law as abundantly amended can indeed respond to digital networks, or whether the rapid development of the Internet inevitably outstrips Congress' and the courts' attempts to keep pace. This Article addresses recent Internet-related controversies concerning technological protection measures and copyright management information; fair use and linking; "private" copying online services; and choice of law issues posed by foreign websites accessible in the U.S. The Internet copyright cases this Article examines call not only for interpretation of the provisions of the DMCA, but also for application of principles developed in pre-DMCA cases involving digital media and digital networks. What may make the current controversies different is the intensity of their impact on end-users. While the defendants in the current cases are generally, albeit not exclusively, commercial intermediaries, many of the practices here at issue pose the prospect of mass uncompensated copying by the public. Hence the feeling of desperation and even moral outrage that one senses pervades many of the copyright owners' actions. From the user perspective, digital media offer unparalleled opportunities to access and enjoy copyrighted works; copyright owners' endeavors to staunch the free (as in unpaid) flow of works are misguided attempts to stop the inexorable forward march of technology for the sake of preserving mastodontic business models of distribution. Certainly the Internet will compel adoption of new business models, and the sooner copyright owners adapt, the better. The tools the DMCA and copyright caselaw give copyright owners to confront copyright use on the Internet should be employed to promote broad distribution of works of authorship at reasonable, and variable, prices. If copyright owners instead wield these tools to enhance control without facilitating dissemination, we can expect to see courts expand the zones of excused uses, whether or not the excuses are doctrinally persuasive. Copyright owners cannot, and should not, control every Internet use, but neither should every use prompt an excuse, lest we undermine the ability of copyright owners, and especially of individual creators, to make a living from their creativity.
Elucidating endometrial function in the post‐genomic era

The post-genomic era has now arrived, and science and biology are on the threshold of a transition from understanding functions of single molecules and pathways in cells, tissues and whole organisms to understanding integrative systems. The endometrium is a dynamic tissue that responds to multiple stimuli, depending on physiological and environmental conditions, including steroid hormones, an implanting conceptus, withdrawal of steroid hormones, contraceptive steroids, selective steroid hormone receptor modulators, infection, transient cell populations, and metaplastic and neoplastic agents. High throughput technologies with regard to DNA, RNA and proteins are well positioned to enable a thorough understanding of the dynamic changes and integrative systems involved in endometrial maturation, desquamation, receptivity to implantation, infertility, pregnancy maintenance and failure, inflammation and infection, and malignant transformation. This monograph reviews some of the salient features of the new technologies and summarizes current information on endometrial biology derived from these approaches.
The General Structure of Fiscal Decentralization in Four African Countries

One of the key aspects of decentralization is fiscal decentralization. Fiscal decentralization refers to the degree of discretion devolved to subnational governments to make decisions on fiscal issues, including overall policy to be pursued, the amount of revenue to be raised, and the allocation of available resources. [The process is successful therefore if] subnational governments have the power, given to them by the constitution or particular laws, to raise (some) taxes and carry out spending activities within clearly established legal criteria. (Tanzi, 1996, 297, ref. in Abedian and Biggs, 1998, 59). The exact structure of fiscal decentralization depends on the functions that have been assigned to each tier of government. According to Burki, Perry and Dillinger (1999), different sources of revenue have different effects on behavior and different patterns of incidence. For instance, user charges impose direct costs on individual consumers and cause (through price effect) a rationing of consumption. Hence, an argument can be made for assigning user charges to finance services whose benefits are confined largely to individual consumers (P 27). Such services may include water supply and transportation. Furthermore, there are some forms of direct taxation that are appropriate for financing services whose benefits cannot be confined to individual consumers but do not extend beyond the boundaries of individual subnational jurisdictions (P 27).
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Presenting as Osteomyelitis-Like Syndrome

An 8-year-old boy presenting with fever, neck pain, and torticollis was eventually diagnosed as having fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). The initial bone scan was interpreted as being suggestive of vertebral osteomyelitis. Subsequent computerized tomographic studies (CT scan), however, demonstrated paravertebral soft-tissue calcification adjacent to, but not involving, intact cervical vertebrae. The acute process of FOP was thereby distinguished from that of osteomyelitis by use of CT scan.
Implementation in stochastic dominance Nash equilibria

We study solutions that choose lotteries for profiles of preferences defined over sure alternatives. We define Nash equilibria based on “stochastic dominance” comparisons and study the implementability of solutions in such equilibria. We show that a Maskin-style invariance condition is necessary and sufficient for implementability. Our results apply to an abstract Arrovian environment as well as a broad class of economic environments.
Malalignment: signs and significance

Malalignment of the vertebrae, in patients suspected of blunt spinal trauma, is the quintessential sign of spinal injury. Malalignment is obvious in displaced fractures and dislocations but is rarely considered in the diagnosis because of the obvious injury. In patients with more subtle injuries such as those limited to ligamentous structures, vertebral malalignment is the only radiographic sign that leads one to the recognition of the injury. Equally important is the fact that vertebral malalignment may be congenital and may be due to physiologic movement as well as radiographic patient positioning. Recognition of the pattern of traumatic malalignment as distinguished from the appearance of non-traumatic malalignment is essential to accurate radiologic diagnosis. Because malalignment is critical to the radiographic assessment of blunt cervical spine injury, this presentation is limited to the cervical spine. The format of the article includes signs of physiologic and traumatic malaignment as seen on antero-posterior and lateral radiographs of the cervico-cranium and the lower cervical spine.
The effects of valence and arousal on the neural activity leading to subsequent memory

This study examined how valence and arousal affect the processes linked to subsequent memory for emotional information. While undergoing an fMRI scan, participants viewed neutral pictures and emotional pictures varying by valence and arousal. After the scan, participants performed a recognition test. Subsequent memory for negative or high arousal information was associated with occipital and temporal activity, whereas memory for positive or low arousal information was associated with frontal activity. Regression analyses confirmed that for negative or high arousal items, temporal lobe activity was the strongest predictor of later memory whereas for positive or low arousal items, frontal activity corresponded most strongly with later memory. These results suggest that the types of encoding processes relating to memory (e.g., sensory vs. elaborative processing) can differ based on the affective qualities of emotional information.
Thermal Decomposition of Manganous and Ferrous Carbonates

The mechanism of decomposition of manganous and ferrous carbonates has been explored by high-temperature X-ray diffraction in controlled atmospheres, by differential thermal analysis, and by thermogra vimetric analysis. The heat effects of the series of reactions which occur are calculated from thermochemical data. The heat effects observed in differential thermal analysis agree reasonably well with the calculated heats of the proposed reactions. The manner in which the techniques used in obtaining differential thermal analysis patterns may affect the results is discussed.
Flow of elastic compressible spheres in tubes

The flow of closely fitting neutrally buoyant elastic spheres through a circular cylindrical tube is considered under the assumptions that the Reynolds’ equation is valid in the fluid and equations of linear elasticity hold in the solid. Computations are carried out for several values of Poisson's ratio. The results are compared with the results of previous models on elastic compressible particles.
The Use of Financial Ratio Models to Help Investors Predict and Interpret Significant Corporate Events

A firm in steady state generates predictable income and investors can generally agree on valuation. However, when a significant corporate event occurs this creates greater uncertainty and disagreement about firm valuation and investors could prefer to avoid holding such a stock. We examine research that has developed financial ratio models to (i) predict significant corporate events; and (ii) predict future performance after significant corporate events. The events we analyze include financial distress and bankruptcy, downsizing, raising equity capital, and material earnings misstatements. We find that financial ratio models generally help investors avoid stocks that are likely to have significant corporate events. We also find that conditional on a significant event occurring, financial ratio models help investors distinguish good firms from bad. However, we find that research design choices often make it difficult to determine model predictive accuracy. We discuss the role of accounting rule changes and their impact overtime on the predictive power of models and provide suggestions for improving models based on our cross-event analysis.
A tale of two health literacies: public health and clinical approaches to health literacy

SUMMARY Public health concerns underlie a considerable portion of the global burden of disease, increasing the utility and need for promoting and assessing the knowledge about public health issues. Health literacy is generally agreed upon as a means to find, understand, analyze and use information to make better decisions about health and to ultimately reduce inequities in health. A public health literacy knowledge scale was tested in China, Mexico, Ghana and India. A somewhat unexpected finding, which was that experts ‘scored’ less on the scale than the general public, led to consideration of differences between clinical and public health approaches to health literacy and their implications. These differences in perspective, for instance consideration of single case effects versus impacts at the societal level, pose significant challenges to developing and assessing health literacy. We suggest that a comprehensive approach to health literacy will include both clinical and public health approaches.
Non-invasive spatio-temporal temperature estimation using diagnostic ultrasound

A method for non-invasively estimating tissue temperatures using 2D diagnostic ultrasound imaging arrays is presented in this paper. It is based on a linear relationship between the apparent speckle pattern displacements and temperature, as seen on acquired A-lines when the sample is heated by external heating fields. The proportionality constant between speckle displacement and temperature is determined by the differential change in the speed of sound due to temperature and the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the material. Accurate estimation of the displacements and proportionality constant translates into accurate, calibrated, high-resolution (2 mm spatial, sub-/spl deg/C) noninvasive 2D spatio-temporal sample temperature estimates. The mathematical background of this method and experimental results are shown.
Oxidative Stress Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Subset of Autism Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines in a Well-Matched Case Control Cohort

There is increasing recognition that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the autism spectrum disorders. However, little attention has been given to the etiology of mitochondrial dysfunction or how mitochondrial abnormalities might interact with other physiological disturbances associated with autism, such as oxidative stress. In the current study we used respirometry to examine reserve capacity, a measure of the mitochondrial ability to respond to physiological stress, in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from children with autistic disorder (AD) as well as age and gender-matched control LCLs. We demonstrate, for the first time, that LCLs derived from children with AD have an abnormal mitochondrial reserve capacity before and after exposure to increasingly higher concentrations of 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-napthoquinone (DMNQ), an agent that increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Specifically, the AD LCLs exhibit a higher reserve capacity at baseline and a sharper depletion of reserve capacity when ROS exposure is increased, as compared to control LCLs. Detailed investigation indicated that reserve capacity abnormalities seen in AD LCLs were the result of higher ATP-linked respiration and maximal respiratory capacity at baseline combined with a marked increase in proton leak respiration as ROS was increased. We further demonstrate that these reserve capacity abnormalities are driven by a subgroup of eight (32%) of 25 AD LCLs. Additional investigation of this subgroup of AD LCLs with reserve capacity abnormalities revealed that it demonstrated a greater reliance on glycolysis and on uncoupling protein 2 to regulate oxidative stress at the inner mitochondria membrane. This study suggests that a significant subgroup of AD children may have alterations in mitochondrial function which could render them more vulnerable to a pro-oxidant microenvironment derived from intrinsic and extrinsic sources of ROS such as immune activation and pro-oxidant environmental toxicants. These findings are consistent with the notion that AD is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Binary Self-assembled Monolayers for Surface Control of Liquid-Crystal Orientation: An X-ray Study

Chemisorbed monolayers of decyltrichlorosilane, [11-(2-Naphthyl)undecyl]trichlorosilane, and a coadsorbed binary mixture of the two were prepared and subsequently investigated using lowangle x-ray reflectivity. Electron density profiles calculated from this data combined reveal well-defined naphthyl and alkyl regions in the [11-(2-Naphthyl)undecyl]trichlorosilane monolayer indicating a high degree of registry along the film normal. These conclusions are consistent with previous spectroscopic measurements of the same system.
Distribution, abundance and growth of juvenile salmonids off the coast of Oregon and Washington, summer (1980)

Juvenile salmonids (< 50 cm) were sampled by purse seine off the Pacific coast from Tillamook Bay, Oregon, to Copalis Head, Washington, during the period May through September (1980). Temporal distribution and abundance of the major Columbia River species were determined. Spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshatuytscha) and steel head (Salmo gairdneri) were present only during early cruises and were distributed almost entirely in the Columbia River plume and the sample area to the north. Coho salmon (O. kisutch) and fall chinook salmon were distributed more uniformly throughout the sampling area and were relatively abundant throughout the sampling period. Concentrations of fish were found only within 28 km of the shore. A number of fish that had been marked before or during their outmigration from the Columbia River system were recaptured. It appeared possible that with concentrated sampling in areas with high fish abundances, sufficient numbers of marked juvenile salmonids could be captured to provide relative survival estimates between different stocks of Columbia River fish.
New Math on Drug Cost-Effectiveness

With more expensive drugs being introduced, some of them for highly prevalent conditions, and the pace of generic conversion slowing, policymakers may want to consider cost-effectiveness analyses for coverage decisions — but there would still be a budgetary problem.
Vesicoureteral Reflux and Radionuclide Cystography

Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is caused by failure of the ureterovesical valve mechanism. This failure may be due to a congenital variation, pathologic process, infection, or immaturity that distorts the anatomy or function (or both) of the ureterovesical junction. Passive and active factors characterize the normal valve mechanism of the ureterovesical junction. Passive factors include the oblique entry of the ureter into the bladder; the length of the intramural ureter, particularly of its submucosal segment; and the ratio of the length of the submucosal tunnel to the diameter of the ureter. The active factors include contraction of the ureterotrigonal muscles, which close the ureteral meatus and the submucosal tunnel, and active ureteral peristalsis, as seen during diuresis.33 The intravesical ureter becomes longer with age, often producing sufficient length to convert a refluxing ureterovesical junction into a nonre-fluxing one.
Abstract 3030: Regulation of EGFR in pancreatic cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC EGFR and EGFR ligand upregulation has been widely seen in both human chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) for many years; however the role of EGFR in PDA was poorly understood. Recently we and others have shown that genetic ablation of EGFR effectively prevents both spontaneous and cerulein induced tumorigenesis in the pancreas of the LSL-KrasG12D/+;Ptf1aCre/+ (KC) mouse model of pancreatic tumorigenesis. Pockets of EGFR upregulation localized in single acini of KC mice appear to precede pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) formation in spontaneous tumorigenesis, coupled with a distinct spatially localized immune response. Ubiquitous EGFR upregulation is observed throughout the pancreas upon induction of pancreatitis in wild-type (WT) and KC mice, returning to normal levels in WT mice but continuing to increase along with the widespread tumorigenesis in cerulein treated KC mice. Comparison of cerulein treated KC mice with the EGFRf/f;LSL-KrasG12D/+;Ptf1aCre/+ mice (EKC), which are largely resistant to cerulein induced pancreatitis, offers an opportunity to identify signals in the KC mouse which could be responsible for the upregulation of EGFR and subsequent tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Christopher J. Halbrook, Kenneth K. Takeuchi, Howard C. Crawford. Regulation of EGFR in pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3030. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3030
The Formation of Porous Silicon Layers Formed in a Non-Aqueous Electrolyte

The formation of porous silicon layers was examined with respect to crystal orientation and the presence of water. Unlike the etching of (111) silicon in aqueous HF solutions, no pores were formed in HF-MeCN. The etching of (111) silicon in HF-MeCN resulted in the formation of triangular pits defined by the (111) planes. A mechanism for the etching is proposed where steric hindrance of the surface terminated hydrogens induces bond strain and enhances the chemical reactivity. The mechanism also accounts for the formation of pores in (100) silicon, and the formation of a highly branched microporous structure when silicon is etched in an aqueous solution.
Endoscopic evaluation of small intestine transplant grafts.

BACKGROUND The management of small bowel transplantation is unique because signs of rejection can be obtained visually by endoscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of endoscopic appearance in assessing histologic evidence of acute cellular rejection (ACR). METHODS Endoscopies were performed in 66 asymptomatic "surveillance" small bowel transplant recipients and 71 symptomatic recipients from a single center. For surveillance patients, 125 ileoscopies were performed to collect 590 biopsies, and for the symptomatic group, 229 ileoscopies and jejunoscopies were conducted to obtain 434 biopsies. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic visualization in detecting ACR was 50% and 91.5% for the surveillance group and 43% and 67% for the symptomatic patients. In surveillance, visual impression alone would have missed three cases of moderate and no cases of severe ACR, whereas in the symptomatic group, visual inspection alone would have missed 20 cases of moderate ACR, and findings from visual inspection of the chimney were normal in 55% of cases with proximal ACR. However, chimney biopsy was generally representative of biopsy findings in the proximal graft but would have missed moderate to severe rejection in three patients (1%). In a subset of 23 endoscopies, zoom endoscopy did not improve visual discrimination. The only complication was a biopsy-related non-life-threatening bleed. CONCLUSIONS In symptomatic patients, visual inspection detected all cases of severe rejection but would have missed patients with early readily treatable rejection and thus making biopsy mandatory in clinical practice. Our results support the current practice of ileoscopic biopsy alone for graft surveillance in asymptomatic patients.
Role of H2-Air Chemistry Models in Reacting and Radiating Nozzle Flows

The two dimensional spatially elliptic NavierStokes equations have been used to numerically investigate the effect of radiative, interactions in chemically reacting compressible flows of premixed hydrogen and air in expanding nozzles. The system of governing equations are solved using explicit, unsplit MacCormack predictor-corrector scheme. The chemistry source term is treated implicitly to alleviate stiffness associated with fast chemical reactions. Four different chemistry models are used to investigate the effect of finite rate chemical processes in expanding nozzles. Radiative interactions are considered in all cases. Results obtained for a nozzle under specific conditions indicate that the chemistry models can have significant influence on chemically reacting and radiating expanding flowfields and wall quantities.
Toward a Better Etomidate

More than 45 years after its development, etomidate still sees widespread use as a hypnotic agent for single-dose sedation of critically ill and hemodynamically unstable patients. Potent and prolon...
GENE FLOW IN HOUSE MICE: INTRODUCTION OF A NEW ALLELE INTO FREE-LIVING POPULATIONS.

It is a widespread view that house mice, Mus musculus, live in behaviorally isolated tribes or demes often simply referred to as social groups. However, several problems with the basis for this view may be identified: (1) no trapping system can show that mice restrict their breeding to a particular tribe; (2) low vagility is not equivalent to an exclusive home range: an occasional copulation between groups is very hard to disprove; and (3) sampling by removal disrupts existing social groups by selectively removing dominant mice which causes immigration into the area where removal occurred (Adamczyk and Walkowa, 197 1; Baker, 1980, provides extensive references that are omitted throughout this report). Studies of the genetic and population structure in house mice that are reported here grew out of the need to resolve a paradox. Whereas the observed segregation ratio of the lethal alleles (tlu) at the T locus predicted high frequencies of tl' in natural populations, field data revealed low frequencies (Bruck, 1957; Bennett, 1975). This difference between observed and expected gene frequencies was explained by assuming that house mice lived in semiisolated, small, tribal groups, in which genetic drift would play a major role in determining gene frequencies bringing the expected gene frequencies into concordance with observations (Lewontin and Dunn, 1960). Levin et al. (1969) simulated
Prophylactic central lymph node dissection: continued controversy.

Low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), by definition, requires careful balancing of the risks of treatment and the risks of the disease.
Bound on the Secular Variation of the Gravitational Interaction

Analysis of several thousand radar observations of the inner planets, spanning the period from 1966 through 1975, discloses no significant change with (atomic) time of the gravitational constant, G. Consideration of this result in combination with those of lunar and other planetary data leads to the (one-standard-deviation) bound $$ \left| {\frac{{\dot G}}{G}} \right| < {10^{ - 10}}y{r^{ - 1}}. $$ Continued radar observations appear to offer the best hope for a significant improvement in this bound.
Emerging high-throughput screening methods for asymmetric induction

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physical separation of enantiopure compound. The importance and value of chiral molecules to the drug discovery industry has provided the impetus for much research in asymmetric organic synthesis. While many drug molecules are chiral and most of these have the desired function in only one enantiomer, the synthesis of large and diverse libraries of enantiopure compounds is not practical. Accordingly, initial screens for drug-like properties are almost always done on racemates. Enantiopure structures of interest are then identified after rounds of winnowing, and the challenge of asymmetric synthesis is directed at particular targets of high value. The physical separation of enantiomers, either by classical resolution techniques or by chromatography over chiral stationary phases, is often a preferred method of preparation of enantiopure molecules. The chapter surveys techniques that are being developed for the rapid measurement of enantiomeric excess of chiral nonracemic organic compounds, and thus serves as an introduction to the later chapters in this volume.
Der Vorgang des Maßschneiderns

Andere Autoren und wir haben also vorgeschlagen, das therapeutische Masschneiderungen, die die Qualitat des Ergebnisses therapeutischen Handelns steigern, die fur einen bestimmten Klienten optimale Auswahl und Kombination von Eigenschaften des Klienten, des Therapeuten und der Behandlung darstellen. In Hinblick auf den Vorgang des Masschneiderns sind verschiedene Methoden vorgeschlagen und verwendet worden.
Results of a Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Fractionated Hyperthermia in Combination with Low Dose Ionizing Radiation

This paper addresses, in part, the current status of hyperthermia as a new clincal modality and reports the results of a large, prospective clinical trial employing microwave hyperthermia in combination with low doses of ionizing radiation. In the protocol employed, each treated area received 8 hyperthermia treatments of 1.5 hour combined with 1600 rad over a total period of 5 weeks. Patients were heated with microwaves of 915 or 300 MHz employing external applicators or internal intracavitary antennas. The results of this fractionation scheme are encouraging since in 121 fields that were treated completely according to protocol and were available for follow-up for at least 2 months, complete responses were observed in 65% of all cases, partial response in 30% and no response in only 5%. It is also important to note that toxicity was minimal throughout the study.
Palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC21 mediates endothelial dysfunction in systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Breaking down the endothelial barrier is a hallmark of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Here the authors show that palmitoylation, a post-translational modification of proteins, plays a critical role in altering endothelial function during inflammation, and suggest the targeting of palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC21 as potential disease therapy.
Assessing the universal health coverage target in the Sustainable Development Goals from a human rights perspective.

The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in September 2015, include a comprehensive health goal, “to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being at all ages.” The health goal (SDG 3) has nine substantive targets and four additional targets which are identified as a means of implementation. One of these commitments, to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), has been acknowledged as central to the achievement of all of the other health targets. As defined in the SDGs, UHC includes financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services, and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. This article evaluates the extent to which the UHC target in the SDGs conforms with the requirements of the right to health enumerated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and other international human rights instruments and interpreted by international human rights bodies. It does so as a means to identify strengths and weaknesses in the framing of the UHC target that are likely to affect its implementation. While UHC as defined in the SDGs overlaps with human rights standards, there are important human rights omissions that will likely weaken the implementation and reduce the potential benefits of the UHC target. The most important of these is the failure to confer priority to providing access to health services to poor and disadvantaged communities in the process of expanding health coverage and in determining which health services to provide. Unless the furthest behind are given priority and strategies adopted to secure their participation in the development of national health plans, the SDGs, like the MDGs, are likely to leave the most disadvantaged and vulnerable communities behind.
Absolute Minimum Weight Structures by Dynamic Programming

The structures considered herein are assumed to subject to fixed loads and design based on flexure. Furthermore, it is assumed that the cross-sectional area is proportional to the absolute value of the bending moment. The purpose of this note is to apply a sequential decision technique to minimize the area under the moment diagram directly and thereby considerably simplify the identification of the absolute minimum weight structure. The determination of the absolute minimum weight structure becomes an unconstrained minimization problem, and thus represents an entirely different approach from those that consider the kinematic or static criteria in a direct manner. Numerical solutions to a computationally difficult problem of the calculus of variations can be obtained by applying sequential decision theory. The selection of indeterminate forces as the state variables is an efficient means for describing the structural system. More general applications in absolute minimum weight design, including span length as a variable, can be formulated as dynamic programs.
Abundance and habitat associations of tuna larvae in the surface water of the Gulf of Mexico

Summer ichthyoplankton surveys were conducted in the northern Gulf of Mexico from 2007 to 2010 to characterize the distribution and abundance of tuna larvae. Larval assemblages of tunas were comprised of four genera: Thunnus, Auxis, Euthynnus, and Katsuwonus. Thunnus were the most abundant and four species were detected; T. atlanticus [blackfin tuna], T. obesus [bigeye tuna], T. albacares [yellowfin tuna], and T. thynnus [bluefin tuna]. Intra- and inter-annual variability in the distribution and abundance of Thunnus species were observed with higher densities in 2008 and 2009, with a decline in abundance observed in 2010. Distribution and abundance of Thunnus larvae were influenced by physical and chemical conditions of the water mass, notably sea surface temperature and salinity. Distinct species-specific habitat preferences were observed and the location of mesoscale oceanographic features influenced larval abundance with higher densities of T. atlanticus, T. obesus, and T. albacares near anticyclonic (warm core) regions and the Loop Current, while T. thynnus was observed in higher densities near cyclonic (cold core) regions. This study demonstrates that spatial and temporal variability in the location of mesoscale oceanographic features may be important to partitioning nursery habitat among Thunnus species.
Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Rocking Building Systems

This paper investigates the effectiveness of various ground motion intensity measures (IMs) in estimating the structural response of two types of rocking systems: (a) a controlled rocking steel bra...
Virtual mentoring in nursing education: A scoping review of the literature

Background and objective: Large numbers of nurse educators are retiring, creating a paucity of experienced advisors and research investigators to mentor nurse educators. The guiding of doctoral students in nursing is at a demanding crossroad. A new mentoring approach is needed within nursing education to support doctoral students who wish to transition to nursing education and current nurse educators who wish to further the science of nursing education. A scoping review was conducted to determine what is currently known from the existing literature about virtual mentoring in nursing education. Methods: Literature published between 2012 and 2017 was reviewed from two electronic databases using the key words virtual mentoring, e-mentoring, cyber mentoring, online mentoring, tele-mentoring, nursing education, and college or university or higher education. The framework from Arksey and O’Malley was utilized for this study. Results: Two themes have been identified: Technological Support for the Virtual Mentoring Role and Evolving Virtual Mentoring Programs in Nursing Education. Conclusions: The available current research fails to adequately answer the research question. Further research into doctoral nursing graduates lived experience of a formal virtual mentoring program and building upon the virtual mentoring experience is needed.