cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DuckCall: tackling the first hundred yards problem

[1] Fickas, S., Pataky, C., and Chen, Z. DuckCall: Tackling the First Hundred Yards Problem. To be presented in the Eighth International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Portland, OR, October 2006. [2] Sohlberg, M., Todis, B., Fickas, S., Hung, P., and Lemoncello, R. A Profile of Community Navigation in Adults with Chronic Cognitive Impairments. Brain Injury, 19, 14 (December 2005), pp. 1249-1259. [3] Chen, Z., Fickas, S. The Plain Old Television in a Smart Apartment. In Proceedings of International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborativeCom). San Jose, CA, December 2005.
Effects of gonadal steroid hormone treatments on opioid antinociception in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys.

Rationale: Gonadal steroid hormones altered opioid antinociception under some conditions in rodents, and we reported previously that chronic estradiol enhanced kappa but not mu opioid antinociception in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. Sex differences have also been observed in the antinociceptive effects of opioid agonists. These findings suggest that gonadal hormones may modulate opioid antinociception. Objectives: To extend our previous studies of estradiol by examining the effects of progesterone alone, estradiol in combination with progesterone, and testosterone alone on opioid antinociception in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. Methods: Opioid effects were studied during chronic treatment with vehicle (sesame oil) or with progesterone alone (P; 0.32 mg/kg per day), a combination of progesterone+estradiol (P+E; 0.32 mg/kg per day P + 0.002 mg/kg per day E), or testosterone alone (T; 0.32 mg/kg per day). Opioid antinociception in a warm-water tail-withdrawal procedure was examined with the selective kappa opioid agonist U50,488, the selective mu agonist morphine, and the two mixed-action opioids butorphanol and nalbuphine. Results: The steroid treatment regimens produced physiological levels of progesterone and estradiol similar to peak levels observed during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and physiological levels of testosterone similar to those observed in intact males. Treatment with P, P+E, or T did not alter baseline thermal nociception. P+E significantly increased the potency of U50,488 at 50°C but not at 54°C. Gonadal hormone treatments had little or no effect on antinociception produced by morphine, butorphanol, or nalbuphine at either temperature. Conclusions: These findings further suggest that chronic treatment with physiological levels of gonadal hormones may modulate the antinociceptive effects of U50,488 in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys.
The renal rheoplethysmogram of the dog.

The renal circulation of the dog was studied by a rheoplethysmographic method capable of simultaneously recording the time courses of volume, rate, and acceleration of inflow, outflow and difference between inflow and outflow of blood. The studies were done first under control conditions and then under conditions of relatively acute circulatory change induced by intravenous injection of norepinephrine and hexamethonium.
Mapping actual thermal properties to building elements in gbXML-based BIM for reliable building energy performance modeling

Abstract The ability to import building geometric and construction thermal data from building information models (BIM) has significant potential to reduce the time and uncertainty in building energy modeling process. In today's BIM-based energy modeling practice, thermal properties are mainly derived from generic building construction types in BIM. However, for energy modeling of existing buildings, such assumptions are often inaccurate as they do not account for diminishing thermal resistances of building materials instigated by their deteriorations. To improve the reliability of BIM-based energy modeling, we present a system, together with new methods for automated association and updating of actual thermal property measurements with BIM elements in gbXML schema. By leveraging collections of digital and thermal images and based on environmental measurements, our system first produces a 3D thermal model for the building under inspection and then derives the actual thermal resistances of the building assemblies at the level of 3D vertexes. By associating these measurements with their corresponding elements in gbXML, thermal properties of the BIM elements are automatically updated. Our experiments in real-world residential and instructional buildings show how actual thermal properties can be automatically associated with BIM elements and updated in gbXML. The proposed method shortens the gap between architectural information in BIM and the actual data needed for energy performance simulation, and enables reliable BIM-based energy analysis for retro-commissioning, continuous commissioning, and retrofit.
Managing webmavens: relationships with sophisticated customers via the internet can transform marketing and speed innovation

Purpose – A new player has emerged to influence the buying behavior of customers – the webmaven. Marketers and product developers must take in account that webmavens now have a huge potential audience for their reviews of products and services. An active program of tracking, measuring and marketing to these influential infomediaries is likely to reduce the risk of unpleasant surprises. For many firms, marketing to mavens, hobbyist and rating sites may also prove to be a strategic and cost effective means to stimulate innovation and revenue growth.Design/methodology/approach – Shows how marketing to mavens, hobbyist and rating sites can be implemented.Findings – The good news for decision makers is that access to comments from webmaven websites can provide product managers with fresh intelligence on the failures and successes that customers are experiencing with their offerings. The bad news is that the negative feedback from just one or two influential webmavens can influence a brand's reputation, sometim...
SMI 2011: Full Paper: View-independent contour culling of 3D density maps for far-field viewing of iso-surfaces

In many applications, iso-surface is the primary method for visualizing the structure of 3D density maps. We consider a common scenario where the user views the iso-surfaces from a distance and varies the level associated with the iso-surface as well as the view direction to gain a sense of the general 3D structure of the density map. For many types of density data, the iso-surfaces associated with a particular threshold may be nested and never visible during this type of viewing. In this paper, we discuss a simple, conservative culling method that avoids the generation of interior portions of iso-surfaces at the contouring stage. Unlike existing methods that perform culling based on the current view direction, our culling is performed once for all views and requires no additional computation as the view changes. By pre-computing a single visibility map, culling is done at any iso-value with little overhead in contouring. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm on a range of bio-medical data and discuss a practical application in online visualization.
Cognitive comparison of unique and intermediate hues

Eight panels were prepared using the most highly chromatic Natural Colour System (NCS) samples for each hue. Each panel consisted of a test hue and two reference hues, the samples representing either mean unique hues (uH) R, Y, B, or G as determined in earlier experiments or intermediate hues half way between them, (iHs) Or, Pp, YG, and BG. Subjects were asked to determine whether they considered it possible to match the test hue with the reference hues. A total of 45 color-normal subjects participated in the study in three separate trials with at least 24 h gap between consecutive trials. The results, with very few exceptions, showed that a match was considered possible for the four iHs based on a mixture of adjacent pairs of uHs, while the majority did not believe uHs could be matched based on amounts of adjacent iHs. Statistical analysis of the test results indicates that responses for the two sets of panels were significantly different (P ∼ 0, df = 539). The results provide support for Hering's uHs concept. However, a number of subjects believed that a mixture of adjacent iHs can result in a match of the reference uHs. Potential causes may include the use of experimental mean unique and intermediate hues and learned facts of colorant mixture. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 264–269, 2015
Communications solutions for the Prognostics & Health Management architecture

New DoD requirements to implement Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) capabilities are creating new demands on communication systems for collecting PHM data from fielded systems. This is a ldquoproactive equipment maintenance capability enabled by using Health Management indications to predict a functional failure ahead of the event and take appropriate actionrdquo. PHM involves the collection and processing of precursors to failure data from fielded platforms for the purpose of mitigating failures before mission loss. Although communication systems and networks have mainly been used for mission execution, there is a growing need to communicate predictive system health data in order to mitigate field failures before they affect mission success. These new PHM data requirements include Remaining Useful Life and configuration data to be collected from all fielded products using various communication devices and networks. The following PHM communication challenges and proposed solutions are discussed in this paper: (a) Collecting PHM data from field systems using Ad-hoc networks; (b) Mitigating bandwidth usage via data transformation techniques; (c) Prioritizing and provisioning high QoS for mission-critical data; (d) Managing health information using distributed databases.
Phase structure of the skyrme model

Abstract Using the Skyrme model of strong interactions we have found periodic static solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations having a rectangular symmetry similar to that found in studies of neutron crystals. These solutions are found to undergo a second-order phase transition from a low-density phase of isolated skyrmions to a high-density phase in which individual skyrmions lose their identity and in which the unit cell average of the scalar field is rigorously zero. These solutions have the lowest energy of any yet found for the Skyrme model. Connections to physically interesting phase transitions in nuclear and solid state physics are discussed.
Conditions of origin of natural diamonds of peridotite affinity

Studies of mineral inclusions in natural diamonds and rare diamondiferous xenoliths from kimberlites show that most diamonds are associated with a dunite or harzburgite paragenesis. The diamondiferous periodites and dunites have predominantly coarse or tabular textures that suggest low-temperature (less than 1100 C) equilibration. Application of the K(D) Fe/Mg(Ga/Ol) geothermometer of O'Neill and Wood to analytical data for the minerals in these rocks shows that most have equilibrated below 1100 C. Application of this thermometer to pairs of olivine and garnet crystals included in individual diamonds indicates that the diamonds have crystallized in the range 900-1300 C, with a majority of estimated equilibration temperatures falling in the range below 1150 C. Comparison of these estimates of equilibration temperature with the zone of invariant vapor composition solidus for kimberlite and garnet lherzolite determined by Eggler and Wendlandt (1979) suggests that many diamonds may have formed in subsolidus events.
How clicker use facilitates existing pedagogical practices in higher education: data from interdisciplinary research on student response systems

This article identifies how clicker use can support or augment existing principles of good teaching across different disciplines in higher education. While many of these principles will be familiar to instructors, the link between student response system (SRS) use and existing pedagogical methods is still often unclear, even for scholars who are well read in the literature. Functioning as a resource for both novices and instructors who have already incorporated clickers into their courses, this article synthesizes existing literature and offers empirical data from five courses in three disciplines to show how SRSs can be used to support contemporary pedagogical goals. The authors discuss five exemplary practices, providing sample clicker questions along the way, to show how clickers can be used to facilitate active learning in large courses.
Growth and nutrient concentrations of alfalfa and common bean as influenced by soil acidity

Growth and nutrient utilization of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Arc) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carioca) were studied in an acid soil adjusted to eight levels of soil acidity by lime addition. Application of lime significantly (P<0.05) increased shoot and root growth for both species. However, common bean was far less sensitive to soil acidity than alfalfa. Maximum alfalfa growth was obtained at a soil pH of 5.8 and maximum bean growth was achieved at pH 5.0. Root and shoot growth of both legumes was positively correlated (P<0.01) with soil pH, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg and negatively correlated (P<0.01) with soil exchangeable Al. Common bean had a lower internal P requirement for maximum growth and was more efficient than alfalfa in taking up Ca and Mg. These characteristics would contribute to the favorable growth of common bean in acid-infertile soils.
Studies in pollen potency

Abstract 1.1. A discrepancy exists between the number of pollen granules which produce hay fever by natural exposure and the amount of pollen extract that can be injected or applied locally to the nose or eye. 2.2. This variation cannot be explained by assuming that the usual gravity method of pollen counting is incorrect, since direct determination of the pollen in a measured quantity of air gave figures approximating the latter. 3.3. Although fresh pollen appears to be slightly more toxic than the stored pollen and although whole pollen is more potent than the extract in many instances, yet the variations are not sufficiently great to explain the clinical observations satisfactorily. 4.4. It is possible that the natural method of exposure by frequent contact with minimal doses of pollen may be more effective in producing hay fever than an application of a comparatively massive dose at one locus. This requires further investigation. 5.5. The possibility also exists that the nasal or bronchial mucosae, or their secretions, are capable of extracting a more potent fraction from pollen than is obtained with artifical solvents. 6.6. Incidental experiments with giant ragweed pollen collected at various stages of the season show very little variation in potency. 7.7. Comparison of potency of ragweed pollen collected during various seasons shows some distinct variations in potency. 8.8. The purpose of this paper is not to record a series of complete observations but to indicate some suggestive findings and theories which may stimulate further and more productive work in this field.
Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi VI. Electron Transport in Mutant Strains Lacking Either Cytochrome 553 or Plastocyanin.

A mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, ac-206 , lacks cytochrome 553, at least in an active and detectable form. Chloroplast fragments of this mutant strain are inactive in the photoreduction of NADP when the source of electrons is water, but they are active when the electron source is 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and ascorbate. The addition of either cytochrome 553 or plastocyanin, obtained from the wild-type strain, has no effect upon the photosynthetic activities of the mutant strain. Cells of the mutant strain lack both the soluble and insoluble forms of cytochrome 553, but they possess the mitochondrial type cytochrome c . Thus, the loss of cytochrome 553 appears to be specific. Another mutant strain, ac-208 , lacks plastocyanin, or possesses it in an inactive and undetectable form. Chloroplast fragments of ac-208 are inactive in the photoreduction of NADP with either water or 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and ascorbate as electron donors. However, these reactions are restored upon the addition of plastocyanin. The addition of cytochrome 553 has no effect. The measurement of light-induced absorbance changes with ac-208 reveal that, in the absence of plastocyanin, light fails to sensitize the oxidation of cytochrome 553, but it will sensitize its reduction. However, the addition of plastocyanin restores the light-induced cytochrome oxidation. A third mutant strain, ac-208 (sup.) carries a suppressor mutation that partially restores the wild phenotype. This mutant strain appears to possess a plastocyanin that is less stable than that of the wild-type strain. The observations with the mutant strains are discussed in terms of the sequence of electron transport System II → cytochrome 553 → plastocyanin → System I.
CEO Personality, Strategic Flexibility, and Firm Performance: The Case of the Indian Business Process Outsourcing Industry

We examine the relationships between CEO personality, strategic flexibility (ability to adapt quickly to environmental changes), and firm performance, using a sample of 195 small and medium-sized f...
Capacity of purified Lyt-2+ T cells to mount primary proliferative and cytotoxic responses to Ia− tumour cells

Allogeneic gene products of the major histocompatibility complex, the HLA complex in man and the H–2 complex in mice, induce T lymphocytes to exert powerful mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). In mice, the subset of T cells carrying the L3T4 surface antigen but lacking the Lyt-2 antigen responds predominantly to H–2 class II (la) differences whereas the L3T4− Lyt-2+ subset reacts to class I (K/D) differences1,2. For primary responses the stimulus for MLR and CML appears to be controlled by Ia+ cells of the macrophage/dendritic cell lineages, for both L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ cells3–6. The finding that la+ cells are required for responses involving Lyt-2+ cells has been taken to imply that triggering of these cells is controlled by la-restricted L3T4+ cells7,8. Lyt-2+ cells have thus come to be regarded as crippled cells which are heavily dependent on ‘help’ from other T cells9–11. This well-entrenched view is challenged by evidence presented here that purified Lyt-2+ cells can give high primary responses to certain Ia− tumour cells in vitro.
Pumice gravels in the Riviére Claire, Martinique: Selective sorting by fluvial processes

Abstract The Riviere Claire on the flank of Montagne Pelee, northern Martinique, displays remarkable selective textural and compositional sorting of pumice pebble and cobble-size material by fluvial processes. Pumice fragments are very well rounded, rather uniform in shape, and show moderate to good size-sorting; gravels are concentrated along channels as natural levee and overbank deposits. The low density of pumice to a considerable degree influences its transport, largely by suspension. Pumice pebble concentrations associated with more poorly sorted, denser volcanic debris record hydraulic equivalency.
Ocular manifestations of Lyme disease

Although ocular manifestations of Lyme disease have long been noted, they remain a rare feature of the disease. The spirochete invades the eye early and remains dormant, accounting for both early and late ocular manifestations. A nonspecific follicular conjunctivitis occurs in approximately 10% of patients with early Lyme disease. Keratitis occurs often within a few months of onset of disease and is characterized by nummular nonstaining opacities. Inflammatory syndromes, such as vitritis and uveitis, have been reported; in some cases, a vitreous tap is required for diagnosis. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations include neuroretinitis, involvement of multiple cranial nerves, optic atrophy, and disc edema. Seventh nerve paresis can lead to neurotrophic keratitis. In endemic areas, Lyme disease may be responsible for approximately 25% of new-onset Bell's palsy. Criteria for establishing that eye findings can be attributed to Lyme disease include the lack of evidence of other disease, other clinical findings consistent with Lyme disease, occurrence in patients living in an endemic area, positive serology, and, in most cases, response to treatment. Management of ocular manifestations often requires intravenous therapy.
Mechanisms for light charged particle emission in the reactions 247 and 337 MeV 40Ar+natAg.

Light charged particles from the reactions 247 and 337 MeV $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$${+}^{\mathrm{nat}}$Ag have been measured in singles and in coincidence with fission-like products. Most of the $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in coincidence with fusion-fission and quasifission can be accounted for by evaporation from the composite nucleus or by the fragments. Multiplicities are determined for $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in association with evaporation residues, fusion-fission, and quasifission. The probability for composite nucleus emission decreases with increasing spin zone of the emitter and gives a view of the role of emitter lifetime. The ratio of composite-nucleus multiplicities for quasifission/fusion-fission is about 1/2 ((1/4) for 337 MeV $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ (247 MeV $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$) which implies a similar ratio for the lifetimes of the respective composite nuclei between thermalization and scission. Energy spectra and angular distributions of particles (in coincidence with fusion-fission and quasifission) are consistent with emission from a strongly distorted nuclear system en route toward scission. Prethermalization emission of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is observed at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in comparable amounts for peripheral collisions (quasifission and fusion-fission) and for central collisions.
The reduced Parzen classifier

The Parzen density estimate is known to be an effective tool for estimating the Bayes error, given a set of training samples from the class distributions. An algorithm is developed to select a given number of representative samples whose Parzen density estimate closely matches that of the entire sample set. Using this reduced representative set, a piecewise quadratic classifier which provides nearly optimal performance is designed. >
Multivariate calibration of carbon Raman spectra for quantitative determination of peak temperature history

Abstract Multivariate calibration methods are shown to yield quantitative estimates of peak sample temperatures of carbonaceous materials based on their Raman spectra. Partial least-squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) multivariate calibration methods applied to uncorrected Raman spectra of carbon heat-shield materials yielded similar standard errors of predictions (SEP) of peak temperatures (SEP of 202°C for PLS and 191°C for PCR) for samples heated to temperatures ranging from 375 to 2700°C. Narrowing the range of peak temperatures of the calibration samples to 1200–2700°C improved the SEP for these samples by a factor of two. These analyses improved previous methods by eliminating tedious and subjective spectral baseline corrections and band fitting. Raman temperature determinations of future samples would, therefore, be more reliable and faster. The Raman analysis can proceed successfully in the presence of sample-dependent scattering efficiencies, baseline variations, and fluorescence. Useful qualitative information was also obtained by observing the pattern of temperature errors and by examining the loading vectors used to model the spectra. Finally, efficient outlier detection methods are available with these multivariate methods to identify problem samples. These same outlier detection methods could be used to improve the reliability of future analyses by identifying those samples which are different from the calibration samples and whose analysis by these multivariate methods might be considered suspect.
Endovascular management as first therapy for chronic total occlusion of the lower extremity arteries: comparison of balloon angioplasty, stenting, and directional atherectomy.

PurposeTo evaluate the role of endovascular therapy in the management of infrainguinal arterial chronic total occlusions (CTOs).MethodsData on all patients with CTOs treated at a single center from...
Control of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Era of Evolving Antimicrobial Resistance

Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to all previous first-line antimicrobial therapies over the past 75 years. Today the cephalosporins, the last available antibiotic class that is sufficiently effective, are also threatened by evolving resistance. Screening for asymptomatic gonorrhea in women and men who have sex with men, treating with a dual antibiotic regimen, ensuring effective partner therapy, and remaining vigilant for treatment failures constitute critical activities for clinicians in responding to evolving antimicrobial resistance. This article reviews the epidemiology, history of antimicrobial resistance, current screening and treatment guidelines, and future treatment options for gonorrhea.
Tyrosine hydroxylase gene regulation in human neuronal progenitor cells does not depend on Nurr1 as in the murine and rat systems

A previous study on the human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter revealed remarkable differences in the mechanism of TH gene regulation between the human and murine models. Indeed, a low degree of homology was observed in the sequence of TH promoters among human, mouse, and rat systems. Only five short conserved regions (CRs) could be identified among the three species. A human TH minimal promoter was engineered and assembled into a self-inactivating lentiviral vector system. This human TH minimal promoter contained the five CRs plus the first -194 bp from the transcription start of the human TH promoter and the first 35 bp of the untranslated messenger RNA leader of the human TH gene. A significant degree of specificity for this human TH minimal promoter was observed only for human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs), but not for TH-positive differentiated mouse primary striatal and substantia nigra cells, indicating a significant difference in TH gene regulation between the human and mouse systems. Not only is the degree of homology between the human and mouse promoters in the range of only 46%, but also those few elements that share a high degree of homology display totally different functions in human and mouse brain-derived cells. In the rodent system, NR4A2 (Nurr1) is required for the transactivation of TH minimal promoters. Intriguingly, neither the dimeric nor the heterodimeric binding sites for Nurr1 are present in the 13 kb DNA sequence that contains the human TH promoter. Instead, the CRs termed one and four of the human TH promoter encode only for a half palindromic binding site sequence for Nurr1, which failed to bind Nurr1 in an in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Additionally, of the three monomeric NGFI-B response element (NBRE) core sites (AGGTCA) and two NBRE-related sites present in the human TH promoter, only one core and two NBRE-related sites formed protein binding complexes. Interestingly, there was no increase of protein binding complex formation upon TH induction and in no case could antibodies supershift Nurr1 from the complex. These findings, taken together, demonstrate that NBRE-related binding sites for Nurr1 do not play a direct role in mediating an interaction between Nurr1 and the human TH promoter. Likewise, immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis have also confirmed that both endogenous and exogenous Nurr1 expression does not positively correlate with TH gene expression in hNPCs, in contrast to the mouse model. In addition, real-time PCR analysis revealed that the downregulation of human Nurr1 gene expression mediated by silencing RNA molecules did not affect human TH gene expression in differentiated hNPCs. A better understanding of human TH gene regulation may have important implications both for the development of novel therapeutic approaches and the study of the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological illnesses, including Parkinson's disease, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
Effects of phorbol diesters and teleocidin on normal human platelets.

Abstract Teleocidins are newly described indole alkaloid tumor promoters that are structurally distinct from phorbol diesters (PDE). We compared the effects of teleocidin and selected PDE on platelet aggregation, secretion and aspects of arachidonate metabolism. Three tumor-promoting PDE (phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) and 4-β-phorbol didecanoate (4-β-PDD)) and a non-tumor promoting PDE (4-α-phorbol didecanoate (4-α-PDD)) were used. Teleocidin and tumor promoting PDE caused platelet aggregation after a delay that was inversely related to tumor promoter concentration and also triggered secretion of α- and dense granules and selective release of lysoscmal enzymes. Aggregation and its associated 125I-fibrinogen binding to platelets were both inhibited by Na2EDTA. 4-α-PDD was ineffective. Analysis of platelet aggregation responses and activation kinetics revealed that PDBu was 11.7 times less potent than teleocidin4 PMA, or 4-β-PDD. Neither PDE nor teleocidin stimulated C-arachidonate release from normal human platelets, and both aggregated aspirin-treated platelets. These results show that representatives of two structurally distinct classes of tumor promoters, phorbol diesters and indole alkaloids, are potent activators of platelet aggregation, fibrinogen binding, and granule/lysoscmal secretion, by a mechanism that bypasses arachidonate release and formation of cyclooxygenase-dependent arachidonate metabolites.
The pattern, rate, and range of within-patch movement of a stem-galling fly

Summary 1. Information on the movement of insects is critical to understanding the spatial spread, dynamics, and genetic structure of their populations, as well as their interactions with other species. With this in mind, the movement behaviour of the stem-galling fly Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) was investigated. 2. Fluorescent-marked adults were released at a single location within pure patches of the host plant, tall goldenrod Solidago altissima, and their distributions censused repeatedly throughout the day. 3. Following their release, male and female flies redistributed themselves in a manner that was well described by a simple-diffusion model. The diffusion rate was independent of fly density and time since flies were released. 4. Female flies dispersed at a significantly faster rate, and therefore farther on average, than males. Based on the diffusion model, it was estimated that at 2.5–3.0 h post release, males and females had a median dispersal distance of only 2.0 and 2.5 m respectively. Furthermore, 95% of the males were estimated to have dispersed no more than 5.9 m, and females no more than 6.4 m. 5. Post-release censuses suggested that flies were most active during mid morning, disappeared from the site at a rate of 10–15% per hour (most likely due to mortality), and survived for less than 2 days. Based on the rate of spread, diel activity, and liberal estimates of longevity in the field, 50% of the ovipositing females were predicted to have had a maximum lifetime range of movement within a patch of hosts of ≤ 51 m (95% were expected to have been limited to ≤ 130 m). 6. These data are used to assess whether the absence of a positive correlation between host-plant preference and offspring performance in this system could be due to the limited scale of dispersal of this species relative to the spatial scale at which its oviposition behaviour has been studied.
The organization of community health programs: a prospective view from Cambridge.

(1999). The Organization of Community Health Programs: A Prospective View from Cambridge. Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 216-221.
A Convenient Synthesis of Trifluoromethane Thiol

Abstract The trifluoromethylthio functional group has been the subject of continuing active research interest for many years.1 Trifluoromethane thiol is useful as a source of the trifluoromethylthio moiety in synthesis reactions2,3 and as a means of obtaining structural information about compounds which contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
Extracellular-matrix gene expression during mouse submandibular gland development

Early morphogenesis of mouse submandibular glands begins on late day 11 of fetal development when the epithelium begins to bud from the surrounding mandibular mesenchyme. Using total RNA collected from fetal BALB/c submandibular glands, steady-state levels of mRNA expression for extracellular matrix molecules were measured using quantitative competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). By comparing the PCR amplification products of both the cellular mRNA and a synthetic template, pMATRIX, it was possible to measure the direct expression of collagens alpha2(I), alpha1(III), alpha1(IV), fibronectin, laminin B2, elastin and lysyl oxidase genes. There was an observed trend for an increasing concentration of collagen alpha2(I), collagen alpha1(III) and lysyl oxidase mRNA molecules per cell on day 16 of development. The relative abundance of elastin mRNA was detectable only on day 16. Fibronectin and laminin B2 were more constitutively present but had their highest copy number per cell on day 16. The presence of extracellular-matrix protein was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using day-16 fetal glands and adult glands. With the construction of the pMATRIX supertemplate and the advent of quantitative, competitive RT-PCR technology, it has been possible to measure small changes in the steady-state concentrations for extracellular-matrix mRNA during salivary gland development.
Relativity Precession of the Asteroid Icarus

The relativity precession of the asteroid Icarus is computed to be 10.05\ensuremath{''} per century. This value is about one-quarter that of Mercury and exceeds that of any major planet excluding Mercury. Consideration of a figure of merit, which determines the possible precision in measurement of the perihelion advance, indicates that the motion of Icarus can yield a further test of the precessional formula of general relativity.
Progress on binding CO2 in mineral substrates

Based on current estimates of reserves, coal could satisfy even a very much increased world energy demand for centuries, if only the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere could be curtailed. Here we present a method of CO2 disposal that is based on combining CO2 chemically with abundant raw materials to form stable carbonate minerals. A major advantage of this method is that the resulting waste product is thermodynamically stable and environmentally neutral. It is therefore possible to store large quantities permanently with minimal environmental impact and without the danger of an accidental release of CO2 which has proven fatal in quantities far smaller than contemplated here. The raw materials to bind CO2 exist in nature in large quantities in ultramafic rocks. They are readily accessible and far exceed what would be required to bind all CO2 that could possibly be generated by burning the entire fossil fuel reserves. In this paper we outline a specific process that we are currently investigating. Our initial rough cost estimate of about 3¢/kWh is encouraging. The availability of a CO2 fixation technology would serve as insurance in case global warming, or the perception of global warming, would cause severe restrictions on CO2 emissions. If the increased energy demand of a growing world population is to be satisfied from coal, the implementation of such a technology would be unavoidable.
Removal and recovery of acridine orange from solutions by use of magnetic nanoparticles.

Abstract Here we report a separation of a cationic dye, acridine orange (AO), by use of magnetic nanoparticles (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ). The particles were showed to capture 98% of the dye within the first 20 min of contact time. The maximum sorption capacity of the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for AO was 59 mg/g. The sorption isotherms fit well with the Freundlich model. The sorption kinetics fits well the pseudo-second-order rate equation model. 60–90% dye recovery was achieved by rotary evaporating the dye bearing nanoparticles in acetone. The nanoparticles were recycled for additional dye removal.
Vascular studies in the preoperative evaluation of pituitary adenomas before transsphenoidal surgery

The transsphenoidal approach is being increasingly utilized in the surgical treatment of pituitary microadenoma. Even with high-resolution and dynamic computed tomography (CT) scanning, subtle vascular anatomic variants and other vascular anomalies involving the parasellar carotid arteries cannot always be clearly defined. Five cases are described in which evaluation by digital intravenous subtraction angiography or standard carotid arteriography provided useful preoperative information before transsphenoidal surgery. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Using Instructional Discourse Analysis to Study the Scaffolding of Student Self-Regulation

This article describes how scaffolded instruction during whole-class mathematics lessons can provide the knowledge, skills, and supportive context for developing students' self-regulatory processes. In examining classroom interactions through discourse analysis, these qualitative methods reflect a theoretical change from viewing self-regulation as an individual process to that of a social process. This article illustrates how studying instructional scaffolding through the analyses of instructional discourse helps further the understanding of how self-regulated learning develops and is realized in mathematics classrooms. Qualitative methods, such as discourse analyses, and their underlying theoretical frameworks have great potential to help "unlock" theories of learning, motivation, and self-regulation through exploring the reciprocity of teaching and learning in classrooms.
WE-E-204B-04: TiO2 Nanotube Field Emitter as a New Cold Cathode for X-Ray Generation

Introduction/Purpose:Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) grown by anodization are proposed as a new candidate for a cold cathode X‐ray source. This kind of oxide nanotube can potentially be an excellent choice to overcome the major limitations that exist in relation to carbon nanotubes(CNT). Being an oxide, TiO2 is not affected by residual oxygen present in the tube in contrast to CNTs, which can severely degrade from exposure to oxygen. Second, since TiO2nanotubes are grown on a titanium (Ti) sheet as the latter oxidizes, a good electrical contact between TiO2nanotubefilm and conductive Ti substrate is guaranteed. On the other hand, poor electrical contact between CNT and deposited substrate causes heating effects. The goal of this work was to simulate the effect of the NT parameters on field TiO2 NT emission properties. Methods: The field emission from two sources was considered: 1) from the top of NTs, and 2) the bottom of the NTs which serve as a thin semiconductor layer. Numerical calculations were performed to study the dependence of field emission on NT parameters for each emission mechanism. The calculations were performed in Matlab. Results: It is shown that the current decreased significantly with an increase of NT diameter, while it increased with the height of NTs. The rate of current increase with diameter is stronger for smaller diameter NTs. Regarding field emission from the bottom of the TiO2 layer, this current is strongly dependent on the TiO2 layer thickness and decreases as the latter increases. This current linearly increases with an increase of TiO2 electron charge carrier concentration. Conclusions: Effect of TiO2 NT geometrical and physical parameters on field emission can be simulated and the results can be used as a guide for design purposes.
Interaction of local anesthetics with phospholipids in Langmuir monolayers.

We have used epifluorescence microscopy to study the interactions of two local anesthetics of the ``caine'' family (tetracaine and dibucaine), with Langmuir monolayers of the phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). These results show that incorporation of either dibucaine or tetracaine causes significant changes in the domain shapes of the liquid condensed phase in monolayers. In particular, at low $p\mathrm{H},$ where the charged cationic form of the local anesthetics predominates, local anesthetic: DPPC monolayers formed significantly less compact liquid condensed domains with highly ramified shapes, compared to DPPC-only controls. For high $p\mathrm{H}$ values at which both local anesthetics are electrically neutral, the liquid condensed domains in mixed monolayers resembled that of DPPC-only controls, indicating that these effects have their origins in electrostatic interactions between the local anesthetics and the phospholipid headgroups. Epifluorescence images obtained using the intrinsic fluorescence of dibucaine indicated that dibucaine partitions into both the liquid condensed and liquid expanded phases.
Emplacement of submarine lava flow fields: A geomorphological model from the Niños eruption at the Galápagos Spreading Center

In the absence of any direct observations of an active submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge (MOR), our understanding of volcanic processes there is based on the interpretation of eruptive products. Submarine lava flow morphology serves as a primary indicator of eruption and emplacement processes; however, there is typically a lack of visual observations and bathymetric data at a scale and extent relevant to submarine lava flows, which display meter to submeter-scale morphological variability. In this paper, we merge submersible-based visual observations with high-resolution multibeam bathymetry collected by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and examine the fine-scale geomorphology of Ninos, a submarine lava flow field at the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC).We identify separate morphological facies (i.e., morphofacies) within the lava flow field, each having distinct patterns of lava flow morphology and volcanic structures. The spatial and stratigraphic arrangement of morphofacies suggests that they were emplaced sequentially as the eruption progressed, implying that the Ninos eruption consisted of at least three eruptive phases. We estimate eruption parameters and develop a chronological model that describes the construction of the Ninos lava flow field. An initial phase with high effusion rates emplaced sheet flows, then an intermediate phase emplaced a platform of lobate lavas, and then an extended final phase with low effusion rates emplaced a discontinuous row of pillow lava domes. We then compare this model to mapped lava flow fields at other MORs. Despite disparities in scale, the morphological similarities of volcanic features at MORs with different spreading rates suggest common emplacement processes that are primarily controlled by local magma supply.
Capillary electrochromatography‐mass spectrometry of cationic surfactants

The Triton X (TX)-series are alkylphenol polyethoxylates -type nonionic surfactants of varying numbers of ethylene oxide units. Applications include industrial and household detergent formulations as well as emulsifying agents. For analysis of these surfactants, capillary electrochromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CEC-ESI-MS) offers several unique advantages over the traditional hyphenation methods based on HPLC-MS. These include higher plate numbers attainable in CEC-MS, as well as more compatible flow rate (submicroliter) when coupled to ESI-MS and, perhaps most importantly, less consumption of toxic and costly organic solvents. In this work, different CEC-ESI-MS parameters such as mobile-phase composition, sheath liquid, and spray chamber parameters were optimized to provide suitable and sensitive analysis of short-, medium-, and long-chain length (e.g., n = 1−16) TX-series nonionic surfactants. The optimized CEC-ESI-MS conditions were mobile phase containing 90/10 ACN/2.5 mM Tris...
You must be joking: the most serious editorial column ever

The goal of this column this time was to address major scientific issues and propose novel scientific methods for doing the same thing under different names. However, it turned out to be too compli...
Integrins and cancer

Abstract The past year or two has seen great advances in the elucidation of significant roles for integrins in cancer cells. These include roles in signal transduction, gene expression, proliferation, apoptosis regulation, invasion and metastasis, and angiogenesis. In particular, integrin αvβ3 has been implicated in the neovascularization of tumors. In addition, this integrin has been shown to contribute to the survival, proliferation and metastatic phenotype of human melanoma.
Observation of infrared forbidden transitions of H3

Abstract The ν 1 ← 0 and ν 1 + ν 2 ← ν 2 forbidden transitions of H 3 + have been observed. The former is induced by the rovibrational Birss resonance between the ν 1 and ν 2 states and the latter by Fermi resonance. The observation leads us to the determination of absolute values of vibration-rotation energy levels related to the ν 1 and the ν 1 + ν 2 states. The assignment of the spectrum was constantly helped by “first principles calculations” of Miller, Tennyson, and Sutcliffe. We give an interpretation of the spectrum also based on the traditional vibration-rotation formalism.
Conditions for neglecting ion motion for radio waves in a plasma

The conditions for ignoring the ion motion for radio waves in a partially ionized plasma are deduced from macroscopic equations by comparing the terms in the generalized Ohm's law. The conditions under which Ohm's law becomes uncoupled from the momentum transfer equation are distinguished for the three characteristic height intervals in the ionosphere. The conditions for neglecting ion motion in each region are discussed.
Indigo Carmine Inhibits Endothelium-Dependent and -Independent Vasodilation

To investigate the potential mechanisms by which indigo carmine produces hypertension, we tested the hypothesis that indigo carmine inhibits endothelium-dependent vasodilation and determined the possible site of the inhibition (endothelium versus smooth muscle). Using isolated rat thoracic aortic rings that were precontracted with phenylephrine, we examined vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine, histamine, and Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (in endothelium-intact rings) and sodium nitroprusside and isoproterenol (in endothelium-denuded rings) in the presence and absence of indigo carmine. In addition, the effects of methylene blue on the acetylcholine- and sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilation were compared with those of indigo carmine. Indigo carmine (10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) mol/L) significantly inhibited receptor- and non-receptor-mediated endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Indigo carmine (10(-4) mol/L) also inhibited endothelium-independent vasorelaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside (an activator of vascular smooth muscle soluble guanylyl cyclase), although to a lesser extent than vasodilation from acetylcholine, histamine, and Ca2+ ionophore A23187. In contrast, indigo carmine (10(-4) mol/L) had no effect on the vasodilation induced by isoproterenol (an activator of adenylyl cyclase), indicating that indigo carmine selectively inhibits nitric oxide-mediated responses. Methylene blue, a known inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, inhibited both acetylcholine- and sodium nitroprusside-induced vasorelaxation. The inhibition was also greater in the acetylcholine- than the sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilation. These results suggest that indigo carmine, like methylene blue, may inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation by a mechanism that involves two levels. The major action of indigo carmine appears to be at the level of nitric oxide generation and/or release from the endothelial cell. In addition, indigo carmine appears to inhibit vascular smooth muscle guanylyl cyclase. Thus, indigo carmine may elevate blood pressure by interfering with these nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatory mechanisms.