cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The enchantment of reason

"The Enchantment of Reason" is a lively critique of American legal thought and the American legal system's deification of reason. In an attempt to understand the current malaise of American law and the depressed condition of American intellectual life in general, Pierre Schlag diagnoses what he believes is an epidemic of pathological reliance on the principle of reason. Contending that legal thinkers continually fail to recognise the aesthetic and ethical prejudices of rationalism, Schlag creates a genealogy that shows how the call to reason has become a manipulative vehicle of power, faith, and prejudice. In examining the fierce resistance to questioning reason's primacy, this renowned critic and professor of American law demonstrates how those who use and study the law perpetuate their own methodological blind spots. Claiming that reason has been endowed with a virtually mystical power to organise social life, Schlag unravels the seemingly rational world of judicial opinions, statutes, doctrines, and legal principles. In the process, he paints a shocking - and sure to be controversial - picture of the chaos and, indeed, violence of the American legal tradition. This bold commentary on the irrationality of reason in American law and legal studies will interest not only legal scholars and philosophers but also serious thinkers across a broad disciplinary spectrum.
Simulation-based design error diagnosis and correction in combinational digital circuits

This paper describes an approach to design error diagnosis and correction in combinational digital circuits. Our approach targets small errors introduced during the design process or due to specification changes. We incrementally use simulation to identify suspect nets, and then attempt correction based on our error model. We use multiple iterations to handle multiple errors. Experimental results on ISCAS'85 benchmarks are shown for circuits containing up to four random errors. Diagnosis and correction can be done quickly, with the bulk of the time going to diagnosis. Our tool is accurate in that even with multiple errors present, the corrected circuit is identical to the original most of the time.
Unbiased Group-Level Statistical Assessment of Independent Component Maps by Means of Automated Retrospective Matching

This report presents and validates a method for the group-level statistical assessment of independent component analysis (ICA) outcomes. The method is based on a matching of individual component maps to corresponding aggregate maps that are obtained from concatenated data. Group-level statistics are derived that include an explicit correction for selection bias. Outcomes were validated by means of calculations with artificial null data. Although statistical inferences were found to be incorrect if bias was neglected, the use of the proposed bias correction sufficed to obtain valid results. This was further confirmed by extensive calculations with artificial data that contained known effects of interest. While uncorrected statistical assessments systematically violated the imposed confidence level thresholds, the corrected method was never observed to exceed the allowed false positive rate. Yet, bias correction was found to result in a reduced sensitivity and a moderate decrease in discriminatory power. The method was also applied to analyze actual fMRI data. Various effects of interest that were detectable in the aggregate data were similarly revealed by the retrospective matching method. In particular, stimulus-related responses were extensive. Nevertheless, differences were observed regarding their spatial distribution. The presented findings indicate that the proposed method is suitable for neuroimaging analyses. Finally, a number of generalizations are discussed. It is concluded that the proposed method provides a framework that may supplement many of the currently available group ICA methods with validated unbiased group inferences.
Mechanisms underlying reduced responsiveness of neonatal neutrophils to distinct chemoattractants.

Potential mechanisms underlying im- paired chemotactic responsiveness of neonatal neu- trophils were investigated. Two distinct chemoattrac- tants were compared: bacterially derived N-formyl- methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and a unique chemotactic monoclonal antibody, designated DL1.2, which binds to a neutrophil antigen with an apparent molecular mass of 120 kDa. Chemotaxis of neutro- phils toward fMLP, as well as DL1.2, was reduced in neonates when compared with adult cells. This did not appear to be a result of decreased fMLP receptor or DL1.2 antigen expression by neonatal neutro- phils. fMLP, but not DL1.2, induced a rapid increase in intracellular calcium in adult and neonatal cells, which reached a maximum within 30 s. The calcium response of cells from neonates to fMLP was reduced when compared with adult cells, and an unresponsive subpopulation of neonatal neutrophils was identified. NF-kB nuclear binding activity induced by fMLP and DL1.2, as well as expression of the p65 NF-kB sub- unit and IkB-a, was also significantly reduced in neo- natal cells, when compared with adult cells. In con- trast, although fMLP, but not DL1.2, activated p42/44 and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in neutrophils, no differences were observed between adults and neonates. Chemotaxis of adult and neonatal neutrophils toward fMLP and DL1.2 was also blocked to a similar extent by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, as well as an inhibitor of NF-kB. These findings indicate that reduced che- motactic responsiveness in neonatal neutrophils is a result of, at least in part, aberrations in chemoattrac- tant-induced signaling. However, the biochemical pathways mediating this defect appear to be related to the specific chemoattractant. J. Leukoc. Biol. 70: 969-976; 2001.
tla1, a DNA insertional transformant of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a truncated light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna size.

DNA insertional mutagenesis and screening of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was employed to isolate tla1, a stable transformant having a truncated light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna size. Molecular analysis showed a single plasmid insertion into an open reading frame of the nuclear genome corresponding to a novel gene (Tla1) that encodes a protein of 213 amino acids. Genetic analysis showed co-segregation of plasmid and tla1 phenotype. Biochemical analyses showed the tla1 mutant to be chlorophyll deficient, with a functional chlorophyll antenna size of photosystem I and photosystem II being about 50% and 65% of that of the wild type, respectively. It contained a correspondingly lower amount of light-harvesting proteins than the wild type and had lower steady-state levels of Lhcb mRNA. The tla1 strain required a higher light intensity for the saturation of photosynthesis and showed greater solar conversion efficiencies and a higher photosynthetic productivity than the wild type under mass culture conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the tla1 mutation, its phenotype, and the role played by the Tla1 gene in the regulation of the photosynthetic chlorophyll antenna size in C. reinhardtii.
Treatment of post traumatic stress disorders: part I.

Edited by Marian Roman, PhD, RN, PhD, PMHCNS-PCUniversity of Tennessee, School of Nursing, Knoxville, Tennessee, USAIt has been 30 years since the diagnostic classification of Post Traumatic Stress...
Microstructural Characterization of Al2O3 Following Simultaneous Triple Ion Bombardment

The through-range microstructure of polycrystalline alumina has been examined by cross-section TEM following simultaneous implantation of 2.0 MeV Al/sup +/, 1.44 MeV O/sup +/, and 0.2 to 0.4 MeV He/sup +/ ions at room temperature to a dose of 3.1 keV/atom. The specimen remained crystalline following the irradiation, and four distinct radiation-induced defect features were observed: network dislocations, dislocation loops, small cavities, and oblong clusters that may be aluminum colloids. The microstructure near the implanted ion region was qualitatively similar to that observed in irradiated regions far from the implanted zone. 12 refs., 7 figs.
The Problem of Endless Joy: Is Infinite Utility Too Much for Utilitarianism?

What if human joy (more technically, utility) went on endlessly? Suppose, for example, that each human generation were followed by another, or that the Western religions are right when they teach that each human being lives eternally after death. If any such possibility is true in the actual world, then an agent might sometimes be so situated that more than one course of action would produce an infinite amount of utility (or of disutility, or of both). Deciding whether to have a child born this year rather than next is a situation wherein an agent may face several alternatives whose effects could well ramify endlessly on such suppositions, for the child born this year would be a different person—one who preferred different things, performed different actions, and had different descendants—from a child born next year. It has recently been suggested that traditional utilitarianism stumbles on such cases of infinite utility. Specifically, utilitarianism seems to require, for its application, that all experience of pleasure and pain cease at some time in the future or asymptotically approach zero.2 If neither of these conditions holds, then the utility (and disutility) produced by each of two alternative actions may turn out to be infinite, and utilitarianism thus loses its ability to discriminate morally between them.
River-Induced Flow Dynamics in Long-Screen Wells and Impact on Aqueous Samples

Previously published field investigations and modeling studies have demonstrated the potential for sample bias associated with vertical wellbore flow in conventional monitoring wells constructed with long-screened intervals. This article builds on the existing body of literature by (1) demonstrating the utility of continuous (i.e., hourly measurements for ∼1 month) ambient wellbore flow monitoring and (2) presenting results from a field experiment where relatively large wellbore flows (up to 4 L/min) were induced by aquifer hydrodynamics associated with a fluctuating river boundary located approximately 250 m from the test well. The observed vertical wellbore flows were strongly correlated with fluctuations in river stage, alternating between upward and downward flow throughout the monitoring period in response to changes in river stage. Continuous monitoring of ambient wellbore flows using an electromagnetic borehole flowmeter allowed these effects to be evaluated in concert with continuously monitored river-stage elevations (hourly) and aqueous uranium concentrations (daily) in a long-screen well and an adjacent multilevel well cluster. This study demonstrates that when contaminant concentrations within the aquifer vary significantly over the depth interval interrogated, river-induced vertical wellbore flow can result in variations in measured concentration that nearly encompass the full range of variation in aquifer contaminant concentration with depth.
Network performance variability in NOW clusters

Performance management of clusters and grids poses many challenges. Sharing large distributed sets of resources can provide efficiencies, but it also introduces complexity in terms of providing and maintaining adequate performance. Current application requirements focus on the amount of resources needed without explicitly characterizing the performance required from those resources. In clusters and grids, inconsistent or highly variable application run-time is an indication of systemic inconsistency, with ramifications for those running the application and those managing the resources. We are focusing on the contribution of the interconnection network to application run-time variability. This work presents experimental results characterizing parallel application run-time sensitivity to communication performance variability using an application communication emulator (ACE).
Transaction-Level Modeling for Sensor Networks Using SystemC

As sensor networks are finding widespread use across many applications, designers increasingly must not only focus on application development, but also on sensor network optimizations. Given the complexities of sensor networks and the difficulty of analyzing the long-term effects of design changes within a deployed system, simulation is often the only feasible option for evaluating such optimizations. The Arizona Transaction-Level Simulator for Sensor Networks (ATLeS-SN) is a transaction-level modeling based sensor network simulation environment emphasizing modular design for modeling various components within sensor nodes and across the sensor network. We provide an overview of our proposed ATLeS-SN simulation framework and highlight the benefits of this framework for a building monitor application and a forest fire detection and propagation tracking application.
Evaluating anycast in the domain name system

IP anycast is a central part of production DNS. While prior work has explored proximity, affinity and load balancing for some anycast services, there has been little attention to third-party discovery and enumeration of components of an anycast service. Enumeration can reveal abnormal service configurations, benign masquerading or hostile hijacking of anycast services, and help characterize anycast deployment. In this paper, we discuss two methods to identify and characterize anycast nodes. The first uses an existing anycast diagnosis method based on CHAOS-class DNS records but augments it with traceroute to resolve ambiguities. The second proposes Internet-class DNS records which permit accurate discovery through the use of existing recursive DNS infrastructure. We validate these two methods against three widely-used anycast DNS services, using a very large number (60k and 300k) of vantage points, and show that they can provide excellent precision and recall. Finally, we use these methods to evaluate anycast deployments in top-level domains (TLDs), and find one case where a third-party operates a server masquerading as a root DNS anycast node as well as a noticeable proportion of unusual DNS proxies. We also show that, across all TLDs, up to 72% use anycast.
Shared Neural Mechanisms Underlying Social Warmth and Physical Warmth

Many of people's closest bonds grow out of socially warm exchanges and the warm feelings associated with being socially connected. Indeed, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying thermoregulation may be shared by those that regulate social warmth, the experience of feeling connected to other people. To test this possibility, we placed participants in a functional MRI scanner and asked them to (a) read socially warm and neutral messages from friends and family and (b) hold warm and neutral-temperature objects (a warm pack and a ball, respectively). Findings showed an overlap between physical and social warmth: Participants felt warmer after reading the positive (compared with neutral) messages and more connected after holding the warm pack (compared with the ball). In addition, neural activity during social warmth overlapped with neural activity during physical warmth in the ventral striatum and middle insula, but neural activity did not overlap during another pleasant task (soft touch). Together, these results suggest that a common neural mechanism underlies physical and social warmth.
Monitoring the Long-Distance Transport of Fusarium graminearum from Field-Scale Sources of Inoculum

Abstract The fungus Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. Little is known about dispersal of the fungus from field-scale sources of inoculum. We monitored the movement of a clonal isolate of F. graminearum from a 3,716 m2 (0.372 ha) source of inoculum over two field seasons. Ground-based collection devices were placed at distances of 0 (in the source), 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 m from the center of the clonal sources of inoculum. Three polymorphic microsatellites were used to identify the released clone from 1,027 isolates (790 in 2011 and 237 in 2012) of the fungus. Results demonstrated that the recovery of the released clone decreased at greater distances from the source. The majority (87%, 152/175 in 2011; 77%, 74/96 in 2012) of the released clone was recaptured during the night (1900 to 0700). The released clone was recovered up to 750 m from the source. Recovery of the released clone followed a logistic regression model and was significant (P < 0.041 for all slope term ...
The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: a comparison of standard scoring and latent class analysis approaches.

The classification of being tobacco dependent obtained via the established scoring method of the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) is compared to a method that bases classification on the pattern of item responses. Young adults participating in a longitudinal study, who indicated they had ever smoked, were asked six standardized items (n = 962; mean age 21 years). By standard scoring, the mean FTND score was 1.9 (S.E.= 2.3): 66% of the smokers qualified for a very low level of dependence, 17% low, 9% moderate, and 9% a high level of dependence. Response patterns detected by latent class analysis (LCA) indicated class differences based on severity gradations and of qualitative content. Three profiles of tobacco dependence were found: a non-dependent class (50%), a class manifesting a moderate number of dependence features (31%), and more severely affected class (19%). The vast majority of smokers (three-fourth) were classified congruently by these two methods. Discrepancies involved LCA classifying smokers into a higher level of dependence when compared to the conventional scoring classification. Patterns of dependence features obtained from population samples that include a wide range of smokers may provide insight into possible phenotypic differences among tobacco smokers, particularly when LCA methods are used to complement standard scoring methods.
Society of Pediatric Nurses 23rd Annual Convention In Harmony—Pediatric Nurses Collaborating for Change

Pediatric nurses are challenged with orchestrating the care of their patients and maintaining harmony in the everchanging world of healthcare. The 2013 Society of Pediatric Nurses (SPN) convention will feature speakers whose expertise will address current and future challenges facing the specialty of pediatric nursing. The keynote address will feature Selinza Mitchell, LVN, CNE, who is known for her moving interactive sessions that open the audience's hearts and minds. Ms. Mitchell's presentation, The Art of the Exceptional Professional Performance is said to echo her quote “if you knew you could make a difference, what difference would it make?” Robin Newhouse PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN, a well accomplished nurse researcher and contributor in the area of evidence-based practice (EBP) will be featured during the breakfast symposium. As a key developer of the Johns Hopkins Nursing Model of Evidence-Based Practice, Dr. Newhouse will share her experiences in implementing EBP in her presentation, Implementing Evidence: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. The convention closing speakers include Amy Garcia, MSN, RN, CAE and Faith Roberts, BSN, RN, FCN. Ms. Garcia is the Chief Programs Officer for the American Nurses Association and believes this is an exciting time for nursing. Her presentation will focus on the recent report by the Institute of Medicine on the future of nursing. Ms. Roberts, Director of Magnet/Professional Practice and Parish Nursing at Carle Foundation Hospital in Urbana, IL will blend theory, reality, humor and drama together in her presentation entitled, Keeping a Professional Presence in Times of Change.
Random Walks and Probabilities of Genetic Identity in a Tree

The purpose here is to discuss isotropic random walks on a set of graphs called infinite homogeneous trees, and to describe a population genetics model on these graphs such that migration between generations is represented by an isotropic random walk. The population model is of “Stepping Stone” type, which are used in Biology to model selectively neutral gene flow in a stationary interbreeding population. Here the main influences are local migration and the consolidative effects of random finite offspring distributions. In one or two dimensions, these random effects cause expanding waves which can mimic the “waves of advance” of epidemiological models or genetic models with selection. In three or more dimensions, or in infinite trees, there are still waves of advance but they do not exclude other types behind the “wave” (see §3 below).
One Small Step: Beginning the Process of Institutional Change to Integrate the Law School Curriculum

Moving one small rock can cause a landslide. Taking “one small step” can change the law school curriculum. A small step requires no faculty vote, no committee review, and no administrative approval of additional funds or resources. A small step can be implemented by a single person with a vision. This person may be a professor, a dean, a member of the bench or bar, an alumnus, or a student. Small steps can be tiny, almost imperceptible at the time. But they begin to change views about the curriculum at one law school.4 And they begin the
Analysis of call centre arrival data using singular value decomposition: Research Articles

We consider the general problem of analysing and modelling call centre arrival data. A method is described for analysing such data using singular value decomposition (SVD). We illustrate that the outcome from the SVD can be used for data visualization, detection of anomalies (outliers), and extraction of significant features from noisy data. The SVD can also be employed as a data reduction tool. Its application usually results in a parsimonious representation of the original data without losing much information. We describe how one can use the reduced data for some further, more formal statistical analysis. For example, a short-term forecasting model for call volumes is developed, which is multiplicative with a time series component that depends on day of the week. We report empirical results from applying the proposed method to some real data collected at a call centre of a large-scale U.S. financial organization. Some issues about forecasting call volumes are also discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Wild Wild West: A Framework to Integrate mHealth Software Applications and Wearables to Support Physical Activity Assessment, Counseling and Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction

Physical activity (PA) interventions constitute a critical component of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction programs. Objective mobile health (mHealth) software applications (apps) and wearable activity monitors (WAMs) can advance both assessment and integration of PA counseling in clinical settings and support community-based PA interventions. The use of mHealth technology for CVD risk reduction is promising, but integration into routine clinical care and population health management has proven challenging. The increasing diversity of available technologies and the lack of a comprehensive guiding framework are key barriers for standardizing data collection and integration. This paper reviews the validity, utility and feasibility of implementing mHealth technology in clinical settings and proposes an organizational framework to support PA assessment, counseling and referrals to community resources for CVD risk reduction interventions. This integration framework can be adapted to different clinical population needs. It should also be refined as technologies and regulations advance under an evolving health care system landscape in the United States and globally.
Inferring Intra-Myocardial Electrical Wave Orientation from Epi-Fluorescence Recordings in Cardiac Tissue: Sensitivity to the Photon Transport Model

The subsurface electrical wave orientation in cardiac tissue is inferred from epi-fluorescence measurements. It is calculated using coupled electrophysiological and photon transport models. We compare Monte Carlo and diffusion based models, showing only minor differences.
Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of NaCuO2

NaCuO2 has been prepared via electrodeposition from a sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide melt and characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, and resistivity. Clusters of blue-black plate-like and needle crystals are grown at positive potentials on a platinum anode with a platinum or a zirconium crucible serving as the cathode and a platinum reference electrode. Details of the electrochemical procedure are described, along with a cyclic voltammogram. NaCuO2 exhibits temperature independent paramagnetism over the temperature range 30–300 K. Its room temperature resistivity is greater than 106 Ω-cm.
Why Intelligence Analysis has Limited Influence on American Foreign Policy

Strategic intelligence analysis frequently does not influence the creation and implementation of American foreign policy. This is contrary to an expectation that intelligence analysis should matter in the making of foreign policy and national security. Better intelligence analysis should lead to better policy. Ideally, independent and objective intelligence analysts provide the information and assessments that decisionmakers use to make the best possible decisions.
Mechanism of Lysine 48 Selectivity during Polyubiquitin Chain Formation by the Ube2R1/2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme

Lysine selectivity is of critical importance during polyubiquitin chain formation because the identity of the lysine controls the biological outcome. Ubiquitins are covalently linked in polyubiquitin chains through one of seven lysine residues on its surface and the C terminus of adjacent protomers. Lys 48-linked polyubiquitin chains signal for protein degradation; however, the structural basis for Lys 48 selectivity remains largely unknown. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ube2R1/2 has exquisite specificity for Lys 48, and computational docking of Ube2R1/2 and ubiquitin predicts that Lys 48 is guided to the active site through a key electrostatic interaction between Arg 54 on ubiquitin and Asp 143 on Ube2R1/2. The validity of this interaction was confirmed through biochemical experiments. Since structural examples involving Arg 54 in protein-ubiquitin complexes are exceedingly rare, these results provide additional insight into how ubiquitin-protein complexes can be stabilized. We discuss how these findings relate to how other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes direct the lysine specificity of polyubiquitin chains.
Realization of Communication Between Super-computer and Controlled Devices in a Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) System Under the Environment of VB

CNC system of FANUC-0 series being taken an example, the method of realizing the communication between the super-computer and numerical control machines is illustrated. It is discussed how to compile the serial communication program by using Microsoft Communication Control under the environment of VB. The study in the paper has a reference value to the realization of the communication in other types of CNC systems.
Atmospheric science: Ancient air caught by shooting stars.

Ashes of ancient meteors recovered from a 2.7-billion-year-old lake bed imply that the upper atmosphere was rich in oxygen at a time when all other evidence implies that the atmosphere was oxygen-free. See Letter p.235
The Relationship between the Expression of DNA Methyltransferase and Multidrug Resistance Gene ABCG2 in Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We investigated the relationship between the expression of DNA methyltransferase(DNMT) and multidrug resistance gene ABCG2 in breast cancer,in order to further study the epigenetic mechanism of ABCG2 expression.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Use real-time transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) to quantify DNMTs and ABCG2 mRNA expressions in 22 breast cancer and their matching adjacent tissues.We also used Spearman rank test to analyze the relationship between mRNA levels of the DNMTs and target gene ABCG2 involved in the DNMT pathway.RESULTS:Compared with adjacent tissues,the mRNA expressions of DNMTs and ABCG2 were markedly higher in breast cancer,especially DNMT3B,which was significantly higher than that of DNMT1 and DNMT3A.There was a negative relationship between DNMT3B and ABCG2(r=-0.664,P0.01) in breast cancer.CONCLUSION:DNMT3B may play an important role in the epigenetic mechanism of ABCG2 expression in breast cancer,providing new scientific basis for searching the therapeutic target to reverse the multidrug resistance caused by ABCG2.
Crystal Chemistry of Cerium Oxyfluorides: ACe3OF11 and A2Ce3OF12 (A = K, Rb, Cs, NH4)

The study of Ce4+ as a building block using CeF4 as a reagent in hydrothermal synthesis has resulted in several new cerium oxyfluorides that have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Two families of compounds are represented: ACe3OF11 (A = K, Rb, NH4), and A2Ce3OF12 (A = Cs). The ACe3OF11 compounds represent a new structure type crystallizing in space group P-6m2 with a = 7.9794(11) A and c = 8.2513(17) A for KCe3OF11, a = 8.0351(11) A and c = 8.3077(17) A for RbCe3OF11, and a = 8.0457(11) A and c = 8.2918(17) A for (NH4)Ce3OF11. The structure of Cs2Ce3OF12 conforms to the same structure type as several other A2M3OF12 (A = K, Rb, Tl; M = Hf, Zr) compounds in space group R-3m, and has unit cell parameters of a = 8.2663(12) A and c = 31.851(6) A. The two structures form different cerium oxyfluoride frameworks to accommodate the monovalent cations in different ways. Formation of the different oxyfluoride phases is thus sensitive to the size ratio of the monovalent and tetravalent cations. Synthesis of the ACe3OF11 phases has enabled a comparative analysis of the crystal chemistry across these two families of compounds, and several trends and limitations of the two structure types are identified. The hydrothermal synthesis of oxyfluorides having compositions ACe3OF11 (A = K, Rb, NH4) and A2Ce3OF12 (A = Cs) is described. Structural comparisons are made between the two structure types, and crystal chemical relationships pertaining to their preferential formation are identified based on a broader examination of their constituent monovalent and tetravalent cations. The ACe3OF11 structure type is a new structure type enabled by the size of the Ce4+ cation.
Health anxiety in the digital age

Identify a model that examines factors that impact information seeking behaviors.Heath anxiety serves as a mediator between neuroticism and information seeking.Internet efficacy serves as a mediator between Internet experience and seeking.Identify an association between health anxiety and use of online support groups. This study examined factors that may influence health information seeking behaviors among adults. A sample of 245 American adults participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was used to model the relationships between gender, neuroticism, health anxiety, Internet efficacy, Internet use and health information seeking. Results support a model in which health anxiety mediates the relationship between neuroticism and information seeking. In this model, Internet efficacy was also identified as a mediator between Internet experience and information seeking. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify an association between health anxiety and the use of online support groups. The implications of these findings are discussed.
A Multilocation Capacity Expansion Model for Hospital Based Health Maintainance Organizations

The health maintenance organization (HMO), an organized system for the delivery of comprehensive medical services, is an alternative to the traditional fee-for-service medical system in the United States. It is characterized by a voluntarily enrolled population which is assessed a fixed periodic payment independent of the amount of service consumed. This capitation payment acts as a budget constraint promoting efficient acquisition and allocation of resources.
The Rise of the Global Manager

Many multinational organizations today have expanded the role of their global managers from the traditional expatriate model to a variety of global roles, the most common of which include the following: (1) a senior-level individual in headquarters heading a function or a product division; (2) a senior-level individual outside headquarters heading a country or region, or both; (3) a global team leader, not necessarily at a senior level, who heads a face-to-face global or virtual team; and (4) a manager, not necessarily at a senior level, who interacts with various stakeholders globally and who has the potential to make a positive impact through his/her leadership actions. Henson defines a global leader as one who influences and inspires a group of people to pursue organizational objectives while fostering individual and collective growth in a multi-cultural context characterized by significant levels of ambiguity, uncertainty, complexity, and distance.
In Vitro Investigation to Determine if Vitamin E-Blended UHMWPE Has the Ability to Prevent Bacterial Attachment and Biofilm Formation

Introduction: Periprosthetic infections that accompany the use of total joint replacement devices cause unwanted and catastrophic outcomes for patients and clinicians. These infections become particularly problematic in the event that bacterial biofilms form on an implant surface. Previous reports have suggested that the addition of Vitamin E to ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) may prevent the adhesion of bacteria to its surface and thus reduce the risk of biofilm formation and subsequent infection. 1–3 In this study, Vitamin E was blended with two types of UHMWPE material. It was hypothesized that the Vitamin E blended UHMWPE would resist the adhesion and formation of clinically relevant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms. Methods and Materials: Five sample types were manufactured, machined and sterilized (Table 1). To determine if MRSA biofilms would be reduced or prevented on the surface of the Vitamin E (VE) loaded samples (HXL VE 150 kGy and HXL VE 75 kGy) in comparison to the other three clinically relevant material types, each was tested for biofilm formation using a flow cell system. 4 Direct Bacterial Quantification – An n = 7 samples of each material type were placed individually into a chamber of the flow cell. A solution of 10% modified brain heart infusion (BHI) broth containing 10 5 MRSA cells/mL was flowed through each chamber. Using previously established protocols, 4–7 after 48 hours of growth, each sample was removed, and the number of colony forming units (CFU) determined using a 10-fold dilution series. SEM Imaging – Using the same protocol as above, after the 48-hour incubation period, an n = 7 of each material type were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethanol, coated with carbon and imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Results indicated that the Vitamin E blended materials did not resist the attachment/formation of MRSA biofilms to any greater degree than the other three material types. All materials had greater than 10 7 CFU/cm 2 (Figure 1). SEM images corroborated with the quantification data (Figure 2). Discussion: In contrast to previously published results, 1–3 these data indicated that Vitamin E blended UHMWPE may not have the ability to prevent biofilm formation of a clinical MRSA isolate from occurring.
Treatment or Monitoring for Early Prostate Cancer

The “best” initial approach to early (low-risk or intermediate-risk)1 prostate cancer remains unknown. Specifically, does active monitoring with the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing as opposed to treatment lead to increased metastasis and death from prostate cancer? If yes, then which treatment, radical prostatectomy or radiation with or without short-term (3 to 6 months) androgen-suppression therapy, minimizes metastasis and death from prostate cancer? Hamdy and colleagues now report in the Journal the results of a randomized comparison of three of these four approaches after a median follow-up of 10 years,2 and Donovan and colleagues present data on patient-reported health-related . . .
Control of Junction Temperature and Its Rate of Change at Thermal Boundaries via Precise Loss Manipulation

To optimize the lifetime of switching power semiconductors, this paper presents a methodology to control power device junction temperature T j and its change during power cycles ΔT j at thermal boundaries. This paper proposes a supervisory state machine to interrupt nominal system-level control only when temperature bounds are exceeded, and coordinates smooth transitions as T j (k) and ΔT j (k) approach their respective boundaries. To ensure that thermal states are regulated via precise and independent modulation of conduction and switching loss elements, decoupling methods are proposed. Also proposed is a ΔT j control law that closes a control loop on the rate of change state Ṫ j , and introduces active thermal capacitance and conductance into the closed-loop thermal system dynamics. Experimental evaluation of the proposed system illustrates well damped T j (k) and ΔT j (k) responses, and gradual adjustment of the manipulated inputs switching frequency and duty ratio. Finally, comparison with a current limit-based T j regulation method illustrates how the proposed system allows power converters to push harder against their thermal limits.
Not All Outgroups Are Equal: Group Type May Influence Group Effect on Matching Behavior

People tend to match the behaviors and expressions of ingroup members or cooperative others more than outgroup members and competitors. We call this the group effect on interpersonal matching. Our review examines different types of groups to identify when different psychological factors may influence this group effect on matching. Specifically, research demonstrates that affiliation goals increase interpersonal matching; however, other factors such as attention and emotional reaction also appear important. We argue that which of these factors enhance the group effect varies depending on whether group categories are based on minimal, incidental, interdependent, or socially consequential differences. In addition, which expressions (e.g., smiles vs. frowns) are matched varies across group types. To facilitate more directed research, this review describes three key factors and provides a framework to consider which may be involved at different levels of groups. By examining different types of groups, a more complete understanding of how group differences increase or decrease interpersonal matching can be uncovered, providing additional insight into the factors influencing interpersonal matching.
Toward a General Theory of Optimal Checkpoint Placement

Checkpoint/restart has been widely used to cope with fail-stop errors. The checkpointing frequency is most often optimized by assuming an exponential failure distribution. However, field studies show that most often failures do not follow a constant failure rate exponential distribution. Therefore, the optimal checkpointing frequency should be computed and tuned considering the different distributions that failures follow. Moreover, due to operating system and input/output jitter and hybrid solutions that combine checkpointing with other techniques, such as data compression, checkpointing time can no longer be assumed constant. Thus, time varying checkpointing time should be accounted for to realistically model the application execution.In this study, we develop a mathematical theory and model to optimize the checkpointing frequency with respect to arbitrary failure distributions while capturing time-dependent non-constant checkpointing time. We show that we can provide closed-form formulas for important failure distributions in most cases. By instantiating our model, we study and analyze 10 important failure distributions to obtain the optimal checkpointing frequency for these distributions. Experimental evaluation shows that our model is highly accurate and deviates from the simulations less than 1% on average.
Protective Behavioral Strategies and Alcohol Consumption: Are All Strategies Equal?

Given inconsistent findings regarding relations between specific types of alcohol-related protective behavioral strategy use and alcohol outcomes, the current study aimed to examine whether specifi...
Nitrogen-fixation Activity and the Abundance and Taxonomy of nifH Genes in Agricultural, Pristine, and Urban Prairie Stream Sediments Chronically Exposed to Different Levels of Nitrogen Loading

Small streams exert great influences on the retention and attenuation of nitrogen (N) within stream networks. Human land use can lead to increased transport of dissolved inorganic N compounds and downstream eutrophication. Microbial activity in streams is important for maintaining an actively functioning N cycle. Chronically high N loading in streams affects the rates of the central processes of the N cycle by increasing rates of nitrification and denitrification, with biota exhibiting decreased efficiency of N use. The LINXII project measured N-cycle parameters in small streams using 15NO3- tracer release experiments. We concurrently measured N2 fixation rates in six streams of three types (agricultural, pristine, and urban prairie streams) as part of this broader study of major N-cycle processes. Nitrogen fixation in streams was significantly negatively correlated with nitrate levels, dissolved inorganic N levels, and denitrification rates. Algal mat and leaf litter samples generally exhibited the highest rates of N2 fixation. The abundance of nifH genes, as measured by real-time PCR, was marginally correlated with N2-fixation rates, but not to other N-cycle processes or stream characteristics. The nifH sequences observed were assigned to cyanobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Methylococcus, and Rhizobia. Seasonal changes, disturbances, and varying inputs may encourage a diverse, flexible, stable N2-fixing guild. Patchiness in the streams should be considered when assessing the overall impact of N2 fixation, since algal biomass exhibited high rates of N2 fixation.
An examination of nonconsensual pornography websites

Nonconsensual pornography, sometimes referred to as “revenge porn,” refers to the distribution of sexually explicit photographs or videos without the consent of the individual in the image. These i...
Management of Isolated Capitate Nonunion: A Case Series and Literature Review.

Background Isolated capitate nonunion is rare. No consensus on the appropriate treatment for this condition exists. Case Description We reported two cases of capitate fracture nonunion presenting several months after untreated high-impact wrist trauma. Treatment was delayed as both patients' nonunions were missed on conventional radiographs. Both were ultimately diagnosed with advanced imaging and successfully treated with internal fixation and autogenous bone grafting. The relevant literature pertaining to capitate nonunion was reviewed. Literature Review Immobilization and internal fixation with bone grafting for capitate nonunion have been described in the literature. Loss of vascular supply and progression to avascular necrosis is a concern after capitate nonunion. Clinical Relevance We present two cases and review the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of this rare injury to guide management. Internal fixation with autogenous bone grafting could play a role in management for this rare condition.
Elastic Identification of Composite Materials from Vibration Test Data of Thin and Thick Plates

In many applications, composite materials are preferred to monolithics because of significant advantages such as higher specific strength and specific stiffness, better resistance to fatigue and impact damages and to corrosion, as well as greater liberty for multifunctional design whereby the design serves many purposes at once. These advantages account for the widespread use of composites in the marine, aerospace and consumer goods areas. Established standards by various testing organizations for elastic identification of materials are destructive and are relatively costly and time-consuming. Besides this, in modern industry, net and near-net production methods are becoming more necessary as increasing effort is made to avoid waste. This has made nondestructive testing methods to gain more importance. Vibration test methods are among the simplest and most indicative available. This paper describes the basic approach of this strategy, and recent further work in the use of vibration test data to predict elastic constants of these materials.
Complete elimination ('cure') of progressively growing intraocular tumors by local injection of tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine if anterior chamber tumors could be eliminated by adoptive immunotherapy. METHODS Precursor T cells were recovered from lymph nodes draining subconjunctival space or anterior chamber tumors and restimulated in vitro to obtain fully functional tumor-specific CD8+ cytolytic T cells. RESULTS Subconjunctival space tumor-derived cytolytic T cells eliminated tumors completely when injected simultaneously into the eye with the tumor cells, or when the anterior chamber injection was delayed for up to 3 days. In vitro restimulated cytolytic T cells obtained from lymph nodes draining progressively growing anterior chamber tumors were as effective as those obtained from lymph nodes draining subconjunctival space tumors, indicating that mice with anterior chamber tumors possess precursor cytotoxic T cells with the potential to differentiate into cytolytic T cells capable of eliminating intraocular tumors. By determining the frequency of tumor-specific cytolytic T cells in the effector cell inocula, it was estimated that cures of intraocular tumors are possible when the ratio of cytolytic T cells to tumor cells is less than 1:50, and the total tumor burden at the time of adoptive immunotherapy is less than 80,000 viable tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that terminally differentiated, antigen-specific, cytotoxic T cells injected directly into an intraocular tumor site are capable of eliminating the tumor, and may represent a mode of ocular tumor immunotherapy in the future.
ENERGY USE OF NON-RESIDENTIAL EARTH-SHELTERED BUILDINGS IN FIVE DIFFERENT CLIMATES*

ABSTRACT Computer predicted HVAC energy consumption of earth-sheltered single story office buildings and dry-storage warehouses indicate that increased earth-sheltering may significantly reduce energy requirements and peak demand. Buildings in Boston, Massachusets; Washington, D.C.; Jacksonville, Florida, and San Diego, California in the United States and Manila in the Philippines were modeled. For the office building in Boston where the largest heating energy reductions were calculated, the heating energy for the bermed and covered building was reduced to 45% of that calculated for the slab-on-grade configuration. The corresponding peak load was reduced to 35% of the slab-on-grade value. Cooling energy reductions were also predicted for the office buildings. The Washington, D.C. bermed and covered office building had predicted cooling energy requirements that were 61% of those for the slab-on-grade building. Warehouse results are dominated by uncontrolled infiltration at the loading dock doors. Consequently, the impact of earth-sheltering is less on a percentage basis than for the office building. For Boston weather conditions, the bermed and covered warehouse has a heating energy requirement that is 70% of that for the slab-on-grade building. However, wall, roof and floor thermal performance improved dramatically with increased earth-sheltering because the low 55°F heating thermostat setting, which is suitable for the dry-storage warehouse, is close to the annual mean ground temperature. Computer analysis is used to associate energy loads with the wall, floor, roof and windows, to determine the energy load due to infiltration and ventillation, and to estimate the internal load. Systematic changes in the energy requirements associated with these components of the HVAC load that correspond to changes in the degree of earth-sheltering are analyzed to quantify the improvements in thermal performance due to the major features of earth-sheltering.