cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel treatments for autistic spectrum disorders

In no area of developmental pediatric practice is there more controversy regarding the choice of treatment than related to children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Complementary and alternative medical therapies (CAM) are often elected because they are perceived as treating the cause of symptoms rather than the symptoms themselves. CAM used for autism can be divided by proposed mechanism: immune modulation, gastrointestinal, supplements that affect neurotransmitter function, and nonbiologic intervention. Secretin as a therapy for autism is discussed as an example of how a clinical observation rapidly grew to a widespread treatment before well-designed studies demonstrated absence of effect. The plausibility for behavioral effect was not substantiated by clinical studies. CAM used for treatment of autism is examined in terms of rationale, evidence of efficacy, side effects, and additional commentary. Families and clinicians need access to well-designed clinical evidence to assist them in choice of therapies.
Developmental Time of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae) at High Latitudes

Rates of development of Melanoplus sanguinipes F. from Alaska were determined at eight constant temperatures between 21 and 42°C. Diurnally alternating temperatures were used to estimate rates of development at temperatures too low for nymphs to complete development under constant temperatures. Two previously published equations were fit to these data and used to predict developmental rates as a function of temperature. The first equation, nonlinear and only approaching zero rate of development asymptotically, was fit to the data from constant and alternating temperature treatments. The second equation, which included an intercept, was fit to the data from constant temperature treatments only. Estimated developmental times based on these equations were tested against observed developmental times in two fluctuating temperature regimes in growth chambers, and two seasons of field sampling. Elevation of body temperature of grasshoppers above ambient temperatures in the field was modeled as a linear function of solar irradiance, based on field measurements. The effect of behavioral thermoregulation on nymphal developmental times in the field was estimated using standard air temperatures and solar-adjusted temperatures. Rates of development under most of the constant temperature treatments were higher than any previously published for M. sanguinipes. Estimated rates of development in the field using air temperatures only were about one-half those using solar-adjusted temperatures. Observed developmental times in the field were 45 and 42 d in 2000 and 2002, respectively. Because of local adaptation and behavioral thermoregulation, duration of nymphal stages in M. sanguinipes is relatively independent of latitude.
The Design and Evaluation of a Computerized and Physical Simulator for Training Clinical Prostate Exams

The most effective screening for prostate cancer combines the prostate specific antigen blood test with the digital rectal examination (DRE). In performing a DRE, two sequential tasks are completed: ( task a) palpating the prostate to identify abnormalities and ( task b) linking identified abnormalities to a disease diagnosis. At present, clinicians find too few abnormalities and have variable rates of detection, due in part to the inadequacy of training simulators. The Virginia Prostate Examination Simulator (VPES) was designed, built, and tested to address the inadequacies of current simulators by incorporating the design requirements of the basic elements of accurate anatomy, multiple and reconfigurable scenarios of graded difficulty, and technique and performance feedback. We compared the training effectiveness of the VPES with two commercial simulators in an experiment of 36 medical and nurse practitioner students. Results indicate each type of training simulator-improved abilities, in general. Upon closer analysis, however, the following key patterns emerge: 1) Across all types of training, more deficiencies lie in skill-based rather than rule-based decision making, which improves only for VPES trainees; 2) only VPES training transfers both to other simulators and previously unencountered scenarios; 3) visual feedback may increase the number of abnormalities reported yet hinder the ability to discriminate; and 4) applied finger pressure did not correlate with the ability to identify abnormalities.
O3-S2.04 Cervical ectopy is not associated with acquisition of HPV infection

Background HPV infection and cervical cancer are often found at the cervical transformation zone. High rates of HPV in adolescents have been attributed to their greater extent of “cervical ectopy”, defined as areas of columnar and metaplastic epithelium visible on the ectocervix. The study aim was to examine associations between the extent of cervical ectopy and incident HPV infection in healthy adolescents. Methods Sexually active young women were enrolled as part of a prospective HPV Natural History Study. Women were eligible if they were 13–21 years old, sexually active (5 years maximum), and had no history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical procedures, or immunosuppression. At 4-month interval visits, we performed colpophotography to document the epithelium, HPV testing for 37 types by Roche Reverse Line Blot assay, and interviews to assess behaviours. This study selected women (N=147) who had negative HPV results at the first two consecutive visits. Epithelial areas of interest were measured in the digitised colpophotographs by using computerised planimetry to produce pixel counts. The extent of ectopy was measured as a percentage of the total cervical face. Cox proportional hazards models examined ectopy as a predictor for incident HPV, defined as the first positive HPV result following the initial two negative results, adjusted for the number of new sexual partners. Outcomes included incidence of any HPV type; α-9 HPV types (defined as 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58, 67); and a-3/15 HPV types (defined as 61, 71, 72, 81, 83, 84, 89). Results The 147 women attended a total of 545 visits. The mean age at baseline was 17.2 years, mean age of menarche was 12.8 years, and mean age of first sex was 15.4 years. Self-reported race/ethnicity was 35 (24%) Asian, 14 (10%) African-American, 43 (29%) Caucasian, 52 (35%) Latina, and 3 (2%) Other. The median ectopy measurement from the 545 visits was 14% (interquartile range 6–32%) of the total cervical face. Incident HPV of any type was found in 42 (29%) women. The extent of ectopy was not significantly associated with incidence of any HPV type (HR 1.004, p=0.63); α-9 HPV types (HR 0.99, p=0.43); or α-3/15 HPV types (HR 1.02, p=0.18). Results were unchanged when adjusted for new sexual partners in the past 8 months (HR 1.9, p Conclusions When measured quantitatively, the extent of cervical ectopy is not a risk factor for the acquisition of HPV infection in healthy adolescent women.
Abstract B64: Telomeric DNA sequence determines the mechanism of dysfunctional telomere fusion in human cancer cells

Cancer cells rely on the ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase to maintain their telomeres, which consist of tandem DNA repeats bound to protective protein factors collectively termed shelterin. Experimentally‐induced telomere dysfunction in cancer cells, either through critical telomere shortening or disruption of shelterin binding, typically leads to telomere fusions, ultimately resulting in genome instability and cell death. For reasons that are not well understood, the mechanism of telomere fusion varies depending on the cause of telomere dysfunction. We have investigated telomere fusions caused by overexpression of mutant telomerases that add mutated telomeric repeats, thereby disrupting shelterin binding and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. We previously showed that the effect of one such telomerase in human cancer cells is ATM dependent (Stohr BA and Blackburn EH, Cancer Research 68:5309–5317, 2008). Here, we have tested additional mutant telomerases that add either palindromic or non‐palindromic telomeric repeats. We show that while all mutant telomeric sequences tested induce heterodicentric chromosome fusions, only palindromic telomeric repeats induce ATM‐independent sister chromatid and isodicentric chromosome fusions in human cancer cells. Thus, the telomeric sequence itself influences the fate of telomeres that have become dysfunctional. These results implicate DNA strand annealing in an alternative telomere fusion pathway in human cells. The need to avoid genome instability caused by such fusions is one explanation for the characteristic lack of self‐complementarity in naturally‐occurring telomeric sequences. Finally, our results have significant implications for the translational application of mutant telomerases as a cancer therapeutic strategy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):B64.
Rapid Diagnosis of Viral Infection

Rapid diagnosis of viral infections has been a major area of concern for the past 20 years. This area of research is still critically important for many reasons.
Simulation of Ferroresonance Overvoltage Caused By Commissioning 500 kV Auto-transformer Based on the PSCAD

As the core material and technology optimization, the ferroresonance overvoltage caused by commissioning 500 kV auto-transformer gradually reduced. But in the thinner terminal station of the power grid structure, due to the improper way of debugging, the main transformer was still likely to inspire ferroresonance. To solve the above problems, the author take the terminal 500 kV Han-Ta stations of North China power grid as an example, on the research of the auto-transformer ferroresonance excitation characteristics, developed the BPA-PSCAD equivalent interface program, it modeled and calculated the possible ferroresonance overvoltage, natural resonant frequency, operating overvoltage and excitation inrush current in the starting mode of the long line and commissioning main transformer with no-load, to avoid the resonance failure occurs, it puts forward the right way to start debugging, the studyings for the debugging plans provides the feasible theory basis, it is significance for the terminal station of the main transformer to cut and run.
Numerical Simulation of Liquid-Solid Coaxial Annular Flow

A numerical simulation is done to the annular two-phase flow of solid-liquid using liquid-solid two phase flow theory and the IPSA solution of the Phoenics software.Further data processing is done using the Origin software.A series of rules goverening the liquid-solid two-phase annular flow in concentric annulus is revealed by analyzing the radial turbulent flow velocity distribution,radial concentration distribution of solid particles,the effect of particle sizes and solids concentration on slip velocity,providing a theoretical basis for research and analysis of the same flow pattern in industry.
Applying Amplatzer device for transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects

Objective To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the transcatheter closure on closing the secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) with Amplatzer device. Methods Seventy one children (33 males and 38 females) with secundum ASD were undergone the transcatheter closure of ASD by using Amplatzer device from Aug 1998 to Sep 2000 The patients′ age was from 2 to 15 years [average (7±4) years]. The body weight was from 10 to 50 kg [average (22±11) kg]. The echocardiography echo used to detect and measure the defect of patients. Monitored by the echo and X ray the balloon stretch diameter of the ASD was recorded. The size of device was selected according to the stretch diameter of ASD . All patients were followed up.Results The transcatheter closure in all cases was successful The rate of the residual shunt was 2 8% The complication was seldom The diameter of ASD measured by the trans thoracic echo (TTE) showed a better correlation with the diameter of ASD measured by the balloon stretch The stretch diameter was estimated by a formula, that is, 6 54+0 97×the diameter of ASD measured by TTE. Conclusions The suggested indicators of transcatheter closure in ASD should include: (1)The appropriate age is above 2 years old, the weight above 12 kg, the diameter of ASD30 mm and the defect belongs to simple secundum atrial septal defect (2) The diameter of internal atrial septum (IAS) is long enough to allow device standing, and the diameter of IAS the stretch diameter of ASD + 14 mm (3) The distance between the rim of ASD and import cardiac structures, such as mitral valve, superior and inferior vena cava, and the posterior edge should be 5mm. The echo could help to select patients and supervise the closure of ASD. The transesophageal echo (TEE) is very helpful during the procedure. Although transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect with Amplatzer device has been successfully employed, these patients should be long term followed up.
Luther H. Martin and Jesper Sørensen (eds), Past Minds: Studies in Cognitive Historiography (London and Oakville, CT: Equinox Publishing, 2011; republished in 2012 by Routledge, London and New York), xiv + 206 pp. ISBN: 978-1-84553-740-1. £70.00 (hbk)

Luther H. Martin and Jesper Sorensen (eds), Past Minds: Studies in Cognitive Historiography (London and Oakville, CT: Equinox Publishing, 2011; republished in 2012 by Routledge, London and New York), xiv + 206 pp. ISBN: 978-1-84553-740-1. £70.00 (hbk)
Chapter 7 – Retrieval Processes

Publisher Summary Processes of learning and memory are typically conceptualized as involving at least three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Retrieval refers to accessing the stored information. Retrieval processes are inextricably bound to those of encoding and storage. This chapter reviews two basic ways of studying retrieval processes: (1) giving retrieval cues during a test and (2) testing people repeatedly with the same cues. The methods of studying retrieval include (1) repeated testing (without intervening study opportunities); (2) presentation of cues at test; (3) judgments made during retrieval; and (4) comparison of different instructions at retrieval. The chapter describes one general principle that is considered as governing retrieval of memories; and presents two other principles that seem to apply. The encoding/retrieval paradigm is introduced that represents a fundamentally important method of studying retrieval processes and their interaction with encoding processes. The chapter then reviews how the encoding/retrieval paradigm has been applied to understand various phenomena; and discusses the effects of prior retrieval on later retrieval.
Benign Nocturnal Alternating Hemiplegia

Two brothers who developed recurrent attacks of alternating hemiplegia arising out of sleep, distinguishable from classical alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), are reported from Montreal Neurological and Children’s Hospitals, and Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
Spatial-Angular Sparse Coding for HARDI

High angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) can produce better estimates of fiber orientation and richer sets of features for disease classification than diffusion tensor imaging. However, existing HARDI reconstruction algorithms require a large number of gradient directions, making the acquisition time too long to be clinically viable. State-of-the-art compressed sensing methods can reduce the number of measurements needed for accurate reconstruction by exploiting angular sparsity at each voxel, but the global sparsity level is therefore bounded below by the number of voxels. In this work, we aim to find a significantly sparser representation of HARDI by exploiting redundancies in both the spatial and angular domains jointly with a global HARDI basis. However, this leads to a massive global optimization problem over the whole brain which cannot be solved using existing sparse coding methods. We present a novel Kronecker extension to ADMM that exploits the separable spatial-angular structure of HARDI data to efficiently find a globally sparse reconstruction. We validate our method on phantom and real HARDI brain data by showing that we can achieve accurate reconstructions with a global sparsity level corresponding to less then one atom per voxel, surpassing the absolute limit of the state-of-the-art.
Exposing Yiddish Paris: the Modern Jewish Culture pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair

ABSTRACTDuring the 1930s, Paris was home to approximately two million immigrants. Around 150,000 of these were Yiddish-speaking Jews from Eastern Europe who used Paris as the basis for a new Western European influenced Yiddishism and Diaspora Nationalism. This paper traces the high point of that interwar Parisian Yiddish internationalist cultural development, the Modern Jewish Culture pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair. Through an analysis that places the pavilion within its immigrant Jewish and interwar Popular Front Parisian contexts, this article argues that the Modern Jewish Culture pavilion represented the culmination of decades of leftist cultural work in Paris. The Modern Jewish Culture pavilion highlighted both universal and particular aspects of Yiddish culture and placed them on display in the most international way possible. Buttressed by the rise in European fascism, antisemitism, and antifascism, Yiddish culture-makers in Paris created a cultural display that presented a sophisticated, global,...
An in silico model of the effects of vitamin D 3 on mycobacterium infected macrophage

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global health concern, causing over one million deaths a year. Alveolar macrophages, as the primary host cell of this intracellular bacterium, play an important role in the course of disease. Vitamin D 3 is known to have a potent effect on macrophage behavior during infection, modulating the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immune effector molecules. In a vitamin D 3 deficient host, the immune systems response to infection is greatly impaired. We used a quantitative systems biology approach to model the intracellular effects of vitamin D 3 and compared our simulation output to our in vitro model of mycobacterium infection of macrophages in the presence and absence of Vitamin D 3 . Our in silico model results agreed with the in vitro assay results of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory protein whose production is known to be influenced by vitamin D 3 . This model will provide a platform for further investigation of the effects of vitamin D 3 deficiency on host immune response to infection.
Structure and function of JAM proteins

The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large class of proteins that includes the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family of proteins. The current nomenclature for JAM members designates the first three described JAM proteins as JAM-A, JAM-B, JAM-C. Two other related proteins have been reported that have not been included in the standard nomenclature and are termed JAM-4 and JAM-L (AMICA). In earlier studies, numerical designations were used to define JAM proteins according to the timing of initial characterizations. However, this early nomenclature led to confusion in terminology for JAM-B and C due to the timing in which human and murine JAM-B and JAM-C were reported. To avoid confusion, this review uses current nomenclature exclusively, as proposed originally by Muller, regardless of the designation given in the original reports [1].
Synthesis of Water-Sensitive Metal–Organic Frameworks within Fiber Sorbent Modules

We report a synthetic route for the production of water-sensitive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in polymer fiber sorbents by use of metal oxides as seeding intermediates. Cellulose acetate/ZnO (48 wt %) fibers were spun via a dry-jet wet-quench method and converted through hydroxy double salt (HDS) intermediates into HKUST-1 and ZIF-8. MOF loadings within the fiber sorbent reached 85 and 66 wt %, respectively. We demonstrate this process on module-packaged fibers, in which ready-to-use fiber sorbents are synthesized in a moisture-free environment. Modules are then employed in proof-of-concept CO2/N2 breakthrough experiments.
Dual inhibition of the Notch and Hedgehog developmental pathways in colon cancers suppresses viability by combined downregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway

1528 An urgent need exists for novel therapies to treat metastatic colon cancers. Because aberrant activation of the Notch and Hh developmental pathways may contribute to colon cancer progression through the induction of PI3K/Akt signaling, we hypothesized that inhibition of Notch and Hh activity may suppress tumor growth. The viability of six colon cancer cell lines was decreased up to 30% by single-agent treatment with gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), which suppress Notch, or with cyclopamine (CY), which inhibits Hh, but not with the inactive CY derivative tomatidine. However, combined treatment with GSIs and CY synergistically suppressed viability by more than 50% to 75% (p p
Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung presenting as deep vein thrombosis: an evidence of anchoring bias

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer and it is often diagnosed at the advanced stages of this disease. Although skeletal metastasis is a common manifestation of lung cancer, distal appendicular skeletal metastasis, especially distal to the knee and elbow joints, is relatively rare. Case representation: We described a 51-year-old female patient who had been admitted with a classical presentation and diagnosis of lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis that cannot be cured using conventional treatment. Further workup revealed a mass arising from the head of the fibula compressing the adjacent vasculature that was found to be metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: Identifying such uncommon presentations may be delayed or missed due to cognitive errors including anchoring bias. Knowledge and insight of such errors may possibly reduce their incidence and their consequent preventable patient injury.
Identifying mosquito species using smart-phone cameras

Mosquito borne diseases have been amongst the most important healthcare concerns since time. An important component in combating the spread of infections in any geographic region of interest has been to identify the type of species that are prevalent in that region. As of today, dedicated personnel are assigned in most (if not all nations) to trap samples and identify them. Unfortunately, the process of identifying the actual species of mosquito is currently a manual process requiring highly trained personnel to visually inspect each specimen one by one under a microscope to make the identification. In this paper, we propose a system to automate this process. Specifically, we demonstrate results of an experiment we conducted where learning algorithms were designed to process images of captured mosquito samples taken via a smart-phone camera in order to identify the actual species. Using a total sample size of 60 images that included 7 species collected by the Hillsborough County Mosquito and Aquatic Weed Control Unit (in the city of Tampa) our proposed technique using Random Forests achieved an overall accuracy of 83:3% in correctly identifying the species of mosquito with good precision and recall. While our proposed technique will greatly benefit the state-of-the-art in species identification, we also believe that common citizens can also use our proposed system to improve existing mosquito control programs across the globe.
Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy compared to total cholecystectomy: a matched national analysis.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy (LSC) is considered a safe alternative to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) if biliary anatomy is obscured by inflammation. While case series studies have observed low morbidity rates with LSC, the impact of operative conversion on patient outcomes is poorly understood. Methods A national analysis of all patients who underwent LC or LSC from 2009 to 2013 was performed using the University HealthSystem Consortium database. A 1:1 propensity score match was used to compare procedural outcomes accounting for clinical and demographic factors. Matched samples had Results A total of 131,082 LC and 487 LSC were performed during the study period. Compared with LC, patients undergoing LSC were more likely to be older (56 versus 48 years), male (54.2% versus 32.3%), and have higher severity of illness scores on admission (9.2% versus 3.5% extreme severity of illness; P Conclusions LSC is an important alternative to LC for the difficult gallbladder. Conversion to LSC is associated with increased patient morbidity and resource utilization leading to perceived poor outcomes, but this is due to patient factors at initial presentation. Health care providers should consider LSC if the patient may be at risk for iatrogenic injury to the biliary tract.
Evidence-based approaches to breaking down language barriers

LANGUAGE BARRIERS between nurses and patients increasingly affect nursing practice, regardless of where care is delivered. In the United States, a language other than English is now spoken at home in one of five households, the highest level since just after World War I.1 Patients with limited Engli
Evidence for a Novel Insecticidally Active Exotoxin Produced By the HD 116 Strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni

Liquid chromatographic and bioassay data provide evidence for a novel exotoxin produced by the HD 116 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni. The exotoxin from HD 116 differs from the well known beta-exotoxin produced by the HD 59 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis. Chromatograms of aliquots of filtered fermentation broth taken before and after inoculation with the organisms HD 116 and HD 59 were compared. Based on retention times of the obtained peaks, chromatographic fractions were obtained and activity against first instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was determined. Fractions based upon similar retention times that were active from var. morrisoni were not active from var. thuringiensis and vice versa. Our conclusion that the new exotoxin may be a diphosphate analog of thuringiensin is based on a comparison of relative retention times among several adenine nucleotides. We have tentatively named this new extracellular exotoxin sigma-exotoxin.
Obstacles to understanding the emergence and significance of the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons

This article examines the emergence of the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons from a critical perspective, including how and to what degree efforts to alter states’ framing of nuclear ...
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Employment Segmentation in New York City Agencies

Despite the media’s growing concern about Hispanic influence on the political process, very little has been written about their involvement in urban government (Mladenka, 1989). This omission has been especially noticeable for Puerto Ricans, whose association with big city government is one of the longest among Latino groups in the nation. Indeed, the Puerto Rican economic and political experience in the United States has largely been shaped by resource allocations in New York City. Given the lack of a viable entrepreneurial base and a continuing history of discrimination among private employers, the progress of a large segment of the Puerto Rican population has been influenced by local governmental decisions about resources for education, welfare, and jobs (Falcon, 1984; Rodriguez, 1989).
Readmissions Metrics in Hemodialysis: Do the Specifics Matter?

The 2010 Affordable Care Act required establishment of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program by 2012 in the United States. Under this mandate, which aimed to improve quality by reducing hospital readmissions, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS; the largest single payer in the
Developing a coherent approach to multiplication and measurement

We examine opportunities and challenges of applying a single, explicit definition of multiplication when modeling situations across an important swathe of school mathematics. In so doing, we review two interrelated conversations within multiplication research. The first has to do with identifying and classifying situations that can be modeled by multiplication, and the second has to do with identifying what is consistently characteristic of the operation when considering nonnegative real numbers. We review seminal lines of research––including those of Vergnaud and Davydov––and highlight ways that these lines do not provide a thoroughly unified view of multiplication. Then we offer our own approach based in measurement. To underscore consequences of the approach we outline, we use rectangular area and division to illustrate that, as a field, we may need to adjust how we think about connections between multiplication equations and at least some problem situations. We close with a set of questions about unified approaches to topics related to multiplication.
Are dialysis patients too frail to exercise

Clinical manifestations of functional and morphological muscular abnormalities in dialysis patients are muscle weakness and low exercise capacity, possibly leading to a sedentary life style with low physical activity. Low cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle atrophy and weakness contribute to the development of frailty and affect patients' ability to physically navigate their environment. While many dialysis patients may appear too frail to participate in moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise training, those who can complete such programs appear to derive substantial benefit. Less vigorous aerobic exercise, resistance training, and alternative forms of exercise can also be beneficial. Most patients on dialysis are not too frail to perform resistance exercise of adequate intensity to achieve increases in muscle size and strength, therefore, frailty should not be considered a contraindication to exercise.
Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy: A Rare Site of Implantation

Abstract Background Cervical ectopic pregnancies are rare, comprising Case Report This case report describes a presentation of cervical ectopic pregnancy. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? This case report reviews nonsurgical and surgical treatment options for patients with cervical ectopic pregnancies.
Une vie sur plusieurs continents: Microhistoire globale d’un agent arménien de la Compagnie des Indes orientales, 1666-1688

En 1666, Jean-Baptiste Colbert decidait d’engager Martin di Marcara Avachinz, un marchand armenien originaire de Perse et d’Inde, comme agent de la Compagnie francaise des Indes orientales nouvellement instituee. Ce dernier reussit a negocier, aupres du souverain du sultanat de Golconde, l’octroi d’un edit qui permettait aux Francais d’ouvrir un comptoir dans le port de Masulipatam en 1669. Cependant, peu de temps apres, Marcara fut brutalement arrete, torture et envoye en France par ordre de son superieur, Francois Caron. Cet article propose une analyse fouillee des factums, les memoires judiciaires produits durant son proces tenu a Paris a la suite de sa liberation en 1675. A travers une « microhistoire globale » de la vie de Marcara, suivie d’un continent a l’autre, il s’agit de mieux comprendre les mecanismes du commerce de longue distance dans l’ocean Indien. L’enjeu est d’abord de comparer le reseau de la Compagnie francaise des Indes orientales et des autres compagnies a charte avec celui des diasporas negociantes « sans Etat », representees ici par les marchands armeniens venus de la Nouvelle-Djoulfa, la ville d’ou est originaire Marcara, a la peripherie de la capitale safavide Ispahan. L’article examine ensuite le fonctionnement et le role des factums dans la France de l’epoque moderne. Enfin, il revient sur la facon dont l’histoire « exceptionnellement normale » de la vie de Marcara temoigne des perceptions francaises de l’Orient, notamment de l’hostilite et de la crainte a l’egard de certaines communautes de marchands, banquiers et courtiers armeniens et indiens.
WORLD BANK INSPECTION PANEL: RESPONSABILITÀ E APPRENDIMENTO

The World Bank's Inspection Panel was the first independent mechanism (IAM) to receive complaints from individuals who complained of damage resulting from a potential lack of support for the policies and procedures of international financial institutions. Since 1993, the Panel has dealt with complaints about World Bank projects at the request of affected communities and has helped to remedy the damage. The article describes these findings in detail, with particular emphasis on "institutional learning", and also highlights the Panel's Emerging Lessons Series, a series of recent publications summarizing experiences from cases related to involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, environmental assessment, consultation and dissemination. The article concludes with a discussion of recent improvements to the Panel's work, highlighting its role in promoting responsible behaviour through the operational procedures adopted and subsequent "institutional learning".
PROFESSIONAL ORIENTATION OF MATHEMATICAL TRAINING OF THE BACHELOR IN NAVIGATION

The article discusses the competences in Mathematics of a prospective Bachelor in Navigation. Mathematical competence is defined as a function of competencies: general and subject-specific. It’s manifested that mathematics acts as a fundamental discipline for the further mastering of specialized disciplines. The article suggests the competence approach to mathematical education based on the analysis of professional requirements as the methodology of the research. The article states the principal provisions of the competence approach in terms of the Tuning methodology; classification of the general and subject-specific competencies of the Bachelor in navigation required for successful professional activities; analysis of the structure and content of the mathematical training of the prospective Bachelor in Navigation in some Higher Maritime Educational Institutions in Ukraine and Europe. In accordance with the IMO (International Maritime Organization, 2014) standards, the requirements for teaching mathematics to the undergraduate students are presented. The analysis of the determined tasks as well as cooperation with the lecturers of the specialized disciplines allows to formulate the content of the Higher Mathematics course paying sufficient attention to those sections of mathematics that are necessary for vocational training of the navigators; the contribution of the mathematical competence to the integral, general and special competencies indicated in the profile of a higher educational institution is manifested. The article suggests that the tools and approaches of the Tuning project provide effective monitoring, evaluation and improvement of the curriculum for achieving the object and making pertinent changes in the relevant subject areas.
From Debunking Urban Legends to Political Fact-Checking

This chapter provides a new, broader understanding of the political fact-checking that has been so prominent in the United States since the 2016 presidential election but which is also becoming a major trend in many other countries. The major story line in this chapter is the emergence of snopes, one of the leading political fact-checking organizations today, out of the Usenet newsgroup alt.folklore.urban (AFU), when two of AFU’s most active members, David and Barbara (Hamel) Mikkelson, pulled their material from AFU to create snopes, taking advantage of the newly created public Internet. The chapter describes the creation and the culture of AFU, the concept of urban legends and the style, purpose, and methods used by AFU members to evaluate urban legends. The chapter then traces the history of snopes as it evolves from the study of urban legends to political fact-checking. The growth in popularity of snopes, the methods and practices it follows, and some criticism of these methods by information scholar Kalev Leetaru are considered. The chapter closes with the crisis for snopes that occurs when the two founders divorce and the organization is beset by legal challenges from its marketing and technology support organization.
Surface-Registration Frameless Stereotactic Navigation Is Less Accurate During Prone Surgeries: Intraoperative Near-Infrared Visualization Using Second Window Indocyanine Green Offers an Adjunct

Frameless neuronavigation allows neurosurgeons to visualize and relate the position of surgical instruments to intracranial pathologies based on preoperative tomographic imaging. However, neuronavigation can often be inaccurate. Multiple factors have been proposed as potential causes, and new technologies are needed to overcome these challenges. To evaluate the accuracy of neuronavigation systems compared to near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging using Second Window Indocyanine Green, a novel technique, and to determine factors that lead to neuronavigation errors. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 56 patients who underwent primary resections of intracranial tumors. Patients received 5 mg/kg ICG approximately 24 h preoperatively. Intraoperatively, neuronavigation was used to plan craniotomies to place the tumors in the center. After craniotomy, NIR imaging visualized tumor-specific NIR signals. The accuracy of neuronavigation and NIR fluorescence imaging for delineating the tumor boundary prior to durotomy was compared. The neuronavigation centers and NIR centers were 23.0 ± 7.7 % and 2.6 ± 1.1 % deviated from the tumor centers, respectively, relative to the craniotomy sizes. In 12 cases, significant changes were made to the planned durotomy based on NIR imaging. Patient position was a significant predictor of neuronavigation inaccuracy on both univariate and multivariate analysis, with the prone position having significantly higher inaccuracy (29.2 ± 8.1 %) compared to the supine (16.2 ± 8.1 %, p value < 0.001) or the lateral (17.9 ± 5.1 %, p value = 0.003) positions. Patient position significantly affects neuronavigation accuracy. Intraoperative NIR fluorescence imaging before durotomy offers an opportunity to readjust the neuronavigation image space to better align with the patient space.
Long Term Monitoring of Respiration and CO2 using Flexible Printed Sensors

Long term unobtrusive monitoring of respiration and environmental conditions is critical for tracking the health and psychophysiological state of astronauts. Wearable, flexible sensors provide increased comfort and improved human factors. Recent advances in additive manufacturing, such as printed electronics, allow miniaturization of sensors and implementation onto flexible, unobtrusive substrates. We developed a low power, flexible, sensor platform with wireless Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) interface. The platform integrates 9 Degrees of Freedom (DOF) inertial sensor, ambient sensor (temperature, humidity, and Carbon Dioxide/Volatile Organic Compounds - CO2/VOC sensor), and prototyping area for printed sensors. In this paper we present an implementation of a printed co-doped barium titanate capacitive sensor that is highly sensitive to water vapor as an unobtrusive breathing sensor. The 2×4mm sensor is highly sensitive to changes during breathing, even at distances of more than 20cm. Synergy of information from on-platform and printed sensors allows long term user monitoring both as wearable and ambient sensor. We demonstrate the results of sensor validation using 9 subjects. Average change of capacitance of the sensor during breathing at the distance of 7.5 cm was 6.2±3.5 pF. Our sensors represent very good option for low-power, wearable, and unobtrusive monitoring.
Predictors of school mobility from public school pre-K to kindergarten

Abstract Public school pre-k programs are not only effective in promoting children’s school readiness but are also potentially useful for easing the transition from pre-k to kindergarten. One possible reason for this ease of transition is eliminating the need for children to change schools when starting kindergarten. However, little is known about whether children actually stay at the same school for kindergarten that they attended for pre-k and what predicts school mobility between pre-k and kindergarten. Using data from a large (N = 18,775) and ethnically diverse (34.7% Black, 54.9% Latino, 10.3% White/other) sample of predominantly low-income children attending public school pre-k in Miami, we describe the prevalence, nature, and predictors of school mobility between the pre-k and kindergarten years. We found that 20.7% of students who attended public-school pre-k switched schools in the transition from preschool to kindergarten. Logistic regression analyses indicated that, before accounting for school quality, Black and Latino children (compared to White children) had higher odds of switching schools, as did children receiving free or reduced-price lunch. After accounting for school quality, Black children and children receiving free or reduced-price lunch no longer had higher odds of switching schools. Children attending lower-performing schools (compared to higher-performing schools) in pre-k had higher odds of switching schools. We also describe pre- and post-move school quality for different groups of children. Implications of school mobility between public school pre-k and kindergarten are discussed.
Radiation Therapy in the Management of a Pancreatic Cancer

Technological advances in imaging, including improvements in computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and endoscopic ultrasound, have been paralleled by improvements in delivery of radiation. These advances have led to a significant number of changes to the approach for the utilization of radiation, in terms of treatment volumes, radiation dose, and fraction number. Incorporation of radiation requires careful consideration by a multi-disciplinary team and often necessitates placement of fiducials, typically performed under EUS guidance, due to target ambiguity with kV imaging at the time of treatment. In this chapter, we will review the indications for radiation, which is largely determined by imaging performed at diagnosis, as well as the role of various imaging modalities and fiducials in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
The importance of trustworthy sources of scientific information in risk communication with the public

In the event of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency, effective communication with the public on radiation risks is important in order to contain and rein in damage to physical and mental health, and social and economic consequences. The purpose of this paper is to summarize features of trustworthy sources of scientific information, and to convey their importance in radiation risk communication by recalling other aspects influencing the effectiveness of that communication. This will draw on key references in the literature, augmented with some experience and insight gleaned from a professional career of more than 35 years at the national and international level, including contributing to the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) work on the consequences of the Chernobyl accident (1990-1995), heading its incident and emergency centre (1996-2005), and as the secretary (2005-2018) of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), which conducts scientific reviews on the levels and effects of radiation exposure. The paper highlights the necessity of sound science and trustworthy sources, and recapitulates the main elements needed both to ensure solid conclusions on radiation epidemiology and to foster trust. The paper concludes that, while sound science and trustworthy sources are necessary, they are in themselves to a greater or lesser degree insufficient to ensure fully effective risk communication. Some of the major problems in communicating this science are highlighted to help others charged with preparing for and conducting this onerous task in the future.
Investigational Agents for the Treatment of Resistant Yeasts and Molds.

This review summarizes the investigational antifungals in clinical development with the potential to address rising drug resistance patterns. The relevant pharmacodynamics, spectrum of activity, preclinical studies, and latest clinical trial data are described. Agricultural and medicinal antifungal use has been selected for inherently drug-resistant fungi and acquired resistance mechanisms. The rates of fungal infections and immunocompromised populations continue to grow as few new antifungals have hit the market. Several agents with the potential to address the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) molds and yeasts are in clinical development. Evolved formulations of echinocandins, polyenes, and triazoles offer less toxicity, convenient dosing, and greater potency, potentially expanding these classes’ indications. Ibrexafungerp, olorofim, oteseconazole, and fosmanogepix possess novel mechanisms of actions with potent activity against MDR fungi. Successful clinical development is neither easy nor guaranteed; thus, perpetual efforts to discover new antifungals are needed.
Microscopic grading, clinical staging, and survival in cervical carcinoma.

Abstract The cervical biopsies of 131 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were reviewed, graded microscopically, compared with the clinical staging, and both correlated with five year survival and no five year survival. Slightly fewer subjects with low microscopic grades of malignancy survived five years than did not survive. Considerably fewer individuals with higher grades of malignancy survived than did not survive. Almost equal numbers of patients with early clinical stages of disease survived as did not survive. Many more patients with late clinical staging did not survive than did. There appeared to be a better correlation with survival and no survival with higher grades of malignancy and later clinical staging than with either lower grades or early clinical staging. A better prognostic index combines both clinical staging and microscopic grading.
Intestinal Transport of Water-Soluble Vitamins

The sections in this article are: 1 L-Ascorbic Acid 2 Biotin 3 Folate 3.1 Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Folates 3.2 Transport of Folate 3.3 Proposed Mechanisms of Folate Transport 3.4 Alternate Views 4 Niacin 5 Pantothenic Acid 6 Riboflavin 7 Thiamine 8 Vitamin B6 9 Conclusion
testing hypotheses about the difference between the means of two populations

This chapter discusses the techniques needed to draw inferences about the difference between the means of two populations (μ 1 — μ 2 ), using a general strategy. It provides an illustration of procedure for obtaining the empirical sampling distribution of differences between two means. In practice, the behavioral scientist never has many paired random samples of a given size; he or she has just one. Therefore, it is impossible to compute the standard error of the difference empirically. To test null hypotheses about differences between the means of two populations using independent samples, first compute the estimated standard error of the difference, a measure of how accurate the observed difference between the two sample means is likely to be as an estimate of the difference between the population means. Then, the standard error of the difference is used to determine whether the difference between the observed sample means is or is not sufficiently unlikely if H O is true, using the t distributions. With matched samples, a difference score for each pair is computed and the procedures for estimating the mean of the single population of difference scores are used.