cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EMPIRICAL TESTS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE CURRENCY OPTION MARKET

Tests of a hedge and a rational boundary of the efficiency of the currency option market are conducted in this study. These tests use transactions data and account for the effects of currency and option bid/ask spreads, synchronization of option prices and underlying exchange rates, market depth, execution lags, and transaction costs. Currency options, unlike domestic stock options, exhibit continuous dividends. The nature of the option and of the data set employed makes the immediate exercise lower bound test one of the purest tests of market efficiency to date. Results reported here indicate no ability to earn abnormal economic or riskless arbitrage profit for the period when these tests are conducted.
Analyzing the Weyl–Heisenberg Frame Identity

Abstract In 1990, Daubechies proved a fundamental identity for Weyl–Heisenberg systems which is now called the Weyl–Heisenberg (WH)-frame identity. WH-frame identity: If g ∈ W ( L ∞ , L 1 ), then for all continuous, compactly supported functions f we have ∑ m , n ∣〈f,E mb T na g〉∣ 2 = 1 b ∑ k ∫ R f ( t ) f(t−k/b) ∑ n g(t−na) g ( t − na − k / b ) dt. It has been folklore that the identity will not hold universally. We make a detailed study of the WH-frame identity and show (1) The identity does not require any assumptions on ab (such as the requirement that ab ≤1 have a frame); (2) As stated above, the identity holds for all f ∈ L 2 ( R ); (3) The identity holds for all bounded, compactly supported functions if and only if g ∈ L 2 ( R ); (4) The identity holds for all compactly supported functions if and only if ∑ n ∣ g ( x − na )∣ 2 ≤ B a.e. Moreover, in (2)–(4) above, the series on the right converges unconditionally. We will also see that in general, symmetric, norm, and unconditional convergences of the series in the WH-frame identity are all different.
On the preservation of absolutely continuous spectrum for Schrödinger operators

Abstract We present general principles for the preservation of a.c. spectrum under weak perturbations. The Schrodinger operators on the strip and on the Caley tree (Bethe lattice) are considered.
Phase and doppler errors in a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar imaging the ocean surface

Data processing in a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging the ocean surface is affected by earth rotation, orbit eccentricity, and wave motion. Without compensation these sources will cause the images to shift in range and in-track positions and also cause defocusing. Ionospheric granularities may degrade image quality. Calculations of the magnitudes of these effects are presented.
Effect of neodymium:YAG laser on sodium hyaluronate in vitro as a model for postcapsulotomy intraocular pressure change

Abstract Purpose: To define one possible etiology for the rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) after neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy and provide information for the continued investigation of this process. Setting: Laser Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Methods: Samples of 1 % sodium hyaluronate or balanced salt solution (BSS®) (control) were placed in a closed system and exposed to varying amounts of Nd:YAG energy delivered by a Coherent YAG laser. This system was hydrostatically coupled to a pressure monitor, and changes in pressure were recorded as a function of time. Results: Average pressure increase was 0.140 mm Hg/mJ of YAG energy in the sodium hyaluronate samples and 0.017 mm Hg/mJ in BSS ( P Conclusions: Neodymium:YAG laser energy has a pronounced effect on sodium hyaluronate that exceeds the thermal effect seen with BSS when the pressure is monitored in a closed system. These structural changes might contribute to the IOP rise seen clinically.
Anisotropic mesh adaptation for evolving triangulated surfaces

Dynamic surfaces arise in many applications, such as free surfaces in multiphase flows and moving interfaces in fluid–solid interaction. In many engineering applications, an explicit surface triangulation is often used to represent dynamic surfaces, posing significant challenges in adapting their meshes, especially if large curvatures and sharp features may dynamically emerge or vanish as the surfaces evolve. In this paper, we present an anisotropic mesh adaptation technique to meet these challenges. Our technique strives for optimal aspect ratios of the triangulation to reduce positional errors and to capture geometric features of dynamic surfaces based on a novel extension of the quadrics. Our adaptation algorithm combines the operations of vertex redistribution, edge flipping, edge contraction, and edge splitting. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our anisotropic adaptation technique for static and dynamic surfaces.
k + 1 Heads Are Better than k

Abstract : There are languages which can be recognized by a deterministic (k+1)-headed one-way finite automaton but which cannot be recognized by a k-headed one-way (deterministic or non-deterministic) finite automaton. Furthermore, there is a language accepted by a k-headed nondeterministic finite automaton which is accepted by no k-headed deterministic finite automaton. (Author)
Sensitivity of VIIRS polarization measurements

The design of an optical system typically involves a sensitivity analysis where the various lens parameters, such as lens spacing and curvatures, to name two parameters, are (slightly) varied to see what, if any, effect this has on the performance and to establish manufacturing tolerances. A similar analysis was performed for the VIIRS instruments polarization measurements to see how real world departures from perfectly linearly polarized light entering VIIRS effects the polarization measurement. The methodology and a few of the results of this polarization sensitivity analysis are presented and applied to the construction of a single polarizer which will cover the VIIRS VIS/NIR spectral range.
The new goods margin in Japanese–Chinese trade

Abstract This paper uses the methodology developed in Kehoe and Ruhl (2013) to measure the change in the extensive, or new goods, margin of trade between Japan and China after China's entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001. The new goods account for 15.9% of Japanese exports to China and 22% of Chinese exports to Japan after trade liberalization. For the case of Chinese exports to Japan, a time series measure shows the growth in new goods coincides with the timing of the trade liberalization.
Diurnal and seasonal latitudinal variations in the upper atmosphere

Abstract The variations with solar and geomagnetic activity have been eliminated by the use of appropriate models, and the diurnal variation has been isolated in the densities derived from the drag of seven artificial satellites with perigees between 250 and 650 km. An analysis of the diurnal variations leads to the following conclusions: 1. A. Contrary to previous suggestions, the diurnal bulge does migrate in latitude in phase with the subsolar point at all heights. 2. B. The diurnal bulge peaks at 2 pm. local solar time (LST) irrespective of solar activity; the minimum density occurs between 3 and 4 am. 3. C. The amplitude of the diurnal variation seems to fluctuate in a manner that cannot be entirely accounted for by variations in solar activity. 4. D. The significant high-latitude residuals from the diurnal-variation model observed on the drag of Explorer 19 and Explorer 24 may be explained by the formation at exospheric heights of a region of greater helium density above the poles during the winter months, caused by a seasonal variation in the height of the turbopause.
Use of sputtered multilayers in a double-crystal monochromator

Abstract We report on the use of synthetic multilayers as diffracting elements in the double-crystal monochromator of an X-ray beamline to obtain focused, monochromatized synchrotron radiation below 1000 eV. A resolving power > 100 ( E / ΔE ) was observed at the fluorine K edge (690 eV) and the copper L 2.3 edges (930–950 eV) as demonstrated by absorption spectra of thin films.
NEAR-INFRARED PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF 130,000 QUASARS: AN SDSS-UKIDSS-MATCHED CATALOG

We present a catalog of over 130,000 quasar candidates with near-infrared (NIR) photometric properties, with an areal coverage of approximately 1200 deg2. This is achieved by matching the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) in the optical ugriz bands to the UKIRT Infrared Digital Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Large Area Survey (LAS) in the NIR YJHK bands. We match the 1 million SDSS DR6 Photometric Quasar catalog to Data Release 3 of the UKIDSS LAS (ULAS) and produce a catalog with 130,827 objects with detections in one or more NIR bands, of which 74,351 objects have optical and K-band detections and 42,133 objects have the full nine-band photometry. The majority (~85%) of the SDSS objects were not matched simply because these were not covered by the ULAS. The positional standard deviation of the SDSS Quasar to ULAS matches is δR.A. = 01370 and δdecl. = 01314. We find an absolute systematic astrometric offset between the SDSS Quasar catalog and the UKIDSS LAS, of |R.A.offset| = 0025 and |decl.offset| = 0040; we suggest the nature of this offset to be due to the matching of catalog, rather than image, level data. Our matched catalog has a surface density of 53 deg–2 for K ≤ 18.27 objects; tests using our matched catalog, along with data from the UKIDSS Deep Extragalactic Survey, imply that our limiting magnitude is i 20.6. Color-redshift diagrams, for the optical and NIR, show a close agreement between our matched catalog and recent quasar color models at redshift z 2.0, while at higher redshifts, the models generally appear to be bluer than the mean observed quasar colors. The gJK and giK color spaces are used to examine methods of differentiating between stars and (mid-redshift) quasars, the key to currently ongoing quasar surveys. Finally, we report on the NIR photometric properties of high, z > 4.6, and very high, z > 5.7, redshift previously discovered quasars.
Numerical Computations for the Schramm-Loewner Evolution

We review two numerical methods related to the Schramm-Loewner evolution (SLE). The first simulates SLE itself. More generally, it finds the curve in the half-plane that results from the Loewner equation for a given driving function. The second method can be thought of as the inverse problem. Given a simple curve in the half-plane it computes the driving function in the Loewner equation. This algorithm can be used to test if a given random family of curves in the half-plane is SLE by computing the driving process for the curves and testing if it is Brownian motion. More generally, this algorithm can be used to compute the driving process for random curves that may not be SLE. Most of the material presented here has appeared before. Our goal is to give a pedagogic review, illustrate some of the practical issues that arise in these computations and discuss some open problems.
Intramolecular formal iron-catalyzed ene reactions: The stereoselective and regiocontrolled formation of substituted tetrahydropyrans

Abstract The iron-catalyzed six-membered ring carbocyclizations of 5-oxa-2, 8, 10-undecatriene derivatives proceed with high regio- and stereoselectivity to yield trans -3, 4-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans. Substrates containing an alkyl substituent at the 4- or the 7-position of the starting triene ether cyclize with high secondary stereoinduction to produce trans , trans -trisubstituted derivatives. Diastereomeric (2 Z )- and (2 E )-substrates cyclize via complementary [4+4]- and [4+2]-ene reaction pathways.
On the Efficiency of Grain Alignment in Dark Clouds

A quantitative analysis of grain alignment in the filamentary dark cloud L1755 in Ophiuchus is presented. We show that the observed decrease of the polarization-to-extinction ratio for the inner parts of this quiescent dark cloud can be explained as a result of the decrease of the efficiency of grain alignment. We make quantitative estimates of grain alignment efficiency for six mechanisms involving grains with either thermal or suprathermal rotation, interacting with either magnetic field or gaseous flow. We also make semiquantitative estimates of grain alignment by radiative torques. We show that in conditions typical of dark cloud interiors, all known major mechanisms of grain alignment fail. All the studied mechanisms predict polarization at least an order of magnitude below the currently detectable levels of ~1%. On the contrary, in the dark cloud environments where Av < 1, the grain alignment can be much more efficient. There the alignment of suprathermally rotating grains with superparamagnetic inclusions, and possibly also radiative torques, account for observed polarization. These results apply to L1755, which we model in detail, and probably also to B216 and other similar dark clouds. Our study suggests an explanation for the difference in results obtained through polarimetry of background starlight and polarized thermal emission from the dust itself. We conjecture that the emission polarimetry selectively reveals aligned grains in the environment far from thermodynamic equilibrium, as opposed to starlight polarization studies that probe the alignment of grains all the way along the line of sight, including the interiors of dark quiescent clouds, where no alignment is possible.
An X-Ray Variable Millisecond Pulsar in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae: Closing the Link to Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries

We report the discovery of peculiar X-ray spectral variability in the binary radio millisecond pulsar PSR J0024-7204W in the globular cluster 47 Tuc. The observed emission consists of a dominant nonthermal component, which is eclipsed for a portion of the orbit, and a thermal component, which appears to be persistent. We propose that the nonthermal X-rays originate in a relativistic intrabinary shock, formed due to interaction between the relativistic particle wind from the pulsar and matter from the main-sequence companion star, while the thermal photons are from the heated magnetic polar caps of the millisecond pulsar. At optical wavelengths, the emission exhibits large-amplitude variations at the orbital period, which can be attributed to heating of one side of the tidally locked secondary star by the pulsar wind. The observed X-ray and optical properties of PSR J0024-7204W are remarkably similar to those of the low-mass X-ray binary and X-ray millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 in quiescence. This supports the conjecture that the nonthermal X-ray emission and optical modulations seen in the SAX J1808.4-3658 system in a quiescent state are due to interaction between the wind from a reactivated rotation-powered pulsar and matter from the companion star. The striking similarities between the two systems provide support for the long-sought connection between millisecond radio pulsars and accreting neutron star systems.
Gauge invariant computable quantities in timelike Liouville theory

Timelike Liouville theory admits the sphere ${{\mathbb{S}}^2}$ as a real saddle point, about which quantum fluctuations can occur. An issue occurs when computing the expectation values of specific types of quantities, like the distance between points. The problem being that the gauge redundancy of the path integral over metrics is not completely fixed even after fixing to conformal gauge by imposing ${g_{{\mu \nu }}}={e^{{2\widehat{b}\phi }}}{{\widetilde{g}}_{{\mu \nu }}}$ , where ϕ is the Liouville field and ${{\widetilde{g}}_{{\mu \nu }}}$ is a reference metric. The physical metric ${g_{{\mu \nu }}}$ , and therefore the path integral over metrics still possesses a gauge redundancy due to invariance under SL 2( $\mathbb{C}$ ) coordinate transformations of the reference coordinates. This zero mode of the action must be dealt with before a perturbative analysis can be made. This paper shows that after fixing to conformal gauge, the remaining zero mode of the linearized Liouville action due to SL 2( $\mathbb{C}$ ) coordinate transformations can be dealt with by using standard Fadeev-Popov methods. Employing the gauge condition that the “dipole” of the reference coordinate system is a fixed vector, and then integrating over all values of this dipole vector. The “dipole” vector referring to how coordinate area is concentrated about the sphere; assuming the sphere is embedded in ${{\mathbb{R}}^3}$ and centered at the origin, and the coordinate area is thought of as a charge density on the sphere. The vector points along the ray from the origin of ${{\mathbb{R}}^3}$ to the direction of greatest coordinate area. A Green’s function is obtained and used to compute the expectation value of the geodesic length between two points on the ${{\mathbb{S}}^2}$ to second order in the Timelike Liouville coupling $\widehat{b}$ . This quantity doesn’t suffer from any power law or logarithmic divergences as a na¨ive power counting argument might suggest.
Visible sector supersymmetry breaking revisited

We revisit the possibility of ``visible sector'' SUSY models: models which are straightforward renormalizable extensions of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), where SUSY is broken at tree level. Models of this type were abandoned twenty years ago due to phenomenological problems, which we review. We then demonstrate that it is possible to construct simple phenomenologically viable visible sector SUSY models. Such models are indeed quite constrained, and have some inelegant features. They also have interesting and distinctive phenomenology. Our models predict light gauginos and very heavy squarks and sleptons. The squarks and sleptons may not be observable at the LHC. The LSP is a stable very light gravitino with a significant Higgsino admixture. The NLSP is mostly Bino. The Higgs boson is naturally heavy. Proton decay is sufficently and naturally suppressed, even for a cutoff scale as low as 108 GeV. The lightest particle of the O'Raifeartaigh sector (the LOP) is stable, and is an interesting cold dark matter candidate.
Electrochemical studies on Mo2Cl4(PR3)4 compounds containing phosphines of varied basicity

Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of a series of Mo2Cl4(PR3)4 complexes (PR3 = PMe3, PEt3, PPrn3,PBun3, PH2Ph, PMe2Ph, PEt2Ph, PHPh2, PMePh2, PEtPh2, P(OMe)3, P(OMe)Ph2) has been examined by cyclic voltammetry in dichloromethane solution. The phosphines were chosen to provide a wide range of Lewis basicity/π acidity as reflected by Tolman's v co IR and Bodner's Δδco 13C NMR spectral parameters for Ni(CO)3(PR3). The Mo2 compounds undergo either quasi-reversible or irreversible one-electron oxidations except for P(OMe)3 and P(OMe)Ph2 for which no clectroactivity was observed before the solvent limit. The anodic peak potentials, Ep,a, span a range of nearly 700 mV. The half-wave potentials, E1/2,for the quasi-reversible couples and Ep,a for all were plotted against the IR and NMR values and against the δ → δ* transition energies for the Mo2 species in dichloromethane and in the solid state. For the organometallic spectral parameters excellent linear correlations were obtained while with the electronic spectral data fair correlations resulted. These results indicate that the Mo2Cl4(PR3)4 complexes become more difficult to oxidize as the electron-withdrawing nature of the PR3 substituents increases and the δ → δ* band energy decreases.
Estimation of thermal coefficients of magneto-optical media

Previously we described a method for estimating the thermal conductivity of magneto-optic recording media. The method relies on identifying the laser power that brings the maximum temperature of the TbFeCo layer to as high as the Curie temperature. We extensively use a similar method to estimate the heat capacity of a dielectric layer, a TbFeCo layer, and an aluminum alloy layer of magneto-optic recording media. Measurements are conducted on static disks with a beam of light focused on a TbFeCo layer. The method has the advantage of thermal diffusion depending on a multilayer structure and irradiation time.
Effect of Aluminum Fluoride on the Physical Properties and Stability of Fluorozirconate and Fluorozirco-Hafnate Glasses

The glass quality, physical properties, and thermal stability of fluorozirconate and fluorozirco-hafnate glasses were investigated as a function of the AIF3 content. The AlF3 concentration varied from 2 to 3.25 mol%. The ratio of the other components was constant, except for 50% substitution of ZrF4 by HfF4 in the fluorozirco-hafnate glasses. The physical properties of all the glasses were not affected strongly by the AlF3 content. However, the fluorozirco-hafnate glasses were prone to precipitate out AlF3 microcrystals for AlF3 contents greater than 3 mol%. The thermal stability of the glasses revealed a compositional dependence only in the case of the fluorozirco-hafnate glasses. The thermal stability decreased as the AlF3 content increased above 3 mol%. The authors concluded that the AlF3 microcrystals nucleated other fluoride phases such as zirconium-barium fluoride crystals.
Robustness of real and virtual queue-based active queue management schemes

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of both real and virtual queue-based marking schemes designed for use at routers in the Internet. Using fluid flow models, we show via analysis and simulations that Virtual Queue (VQ)-based marking schemes outperform Real Queue (RQ)-based marking schemes in terms of robustness to disturbances and the ability to maintain low queueing delays. In fact, we prove that a linearized model of RQ-based marking schemes exhibit a lack of robustness to constant but otherwise unknown levels of disturbances. The analytical results we present are applicable to combinations of proportionally fair and TCP-type congestion controllers at the source, and Random Exponential Marking (REM) and Proportional Control (PC) schemes at the router. The behavior of Random Early Discard (RED) and Proportional-Integral (PI) control schemes at the router are also studied via simulations.
Reinforcement learning for robot control

Writing control code for mobile robots can be a very time-consuming process. Even for apparently simple tasks, it is often difficult to specify in detail how the robot should accomplish them. Robot control code is typically full of magic numbers that must be painstakingly set for each environment that the robot must operate in. The idea of having a robot learn how to accomplish a task, rather than being told explicitly is an appealing one. It seems easier and much more intuitive for the programmer to specify what the robot should be doing, and let it learn the fine details of how to do it. In this paper, we describe JAQL, a framework for efficient learning on mobile robots, and present the results of using it to learn control policies for simple tasks.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Real-Space x-ray tomographic reconstruction of randomly oriented objects with sparse data frames

Schemes for X-ray imaging single protein molecules using new x-ray sources, like x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs), require processing many frames of data that are obtained by taking temporally short snapshots of identical molecules, each with a random and unknown orientation. Due to the small size of the molecules and short exposure times, average signal levels of much less than 1 photon/pixel/frame are expected, much too low to be processed using standard methods. One approach to process the data is to use statistical methods developed in the EMC algorithm (Loh & Elser, Phys. Rev. E, 2009) which processes the data set as a whole. In this paper we apply this method to a real-space tomographic reconstruction using sparse frames of data (below 10−2 photons/pixel/frame) obtained by performing x-ray transmission measurements of a low-contrast, randomly-oriented object. This extends the work by Philipp et al. (Optics Express, 2012) to three dimensions and is one step closer to the single molecule reconstruction problem.
Bismuth germanate scintillators: Applications in nuclear safeguards and health physics

Abstract Bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillators are preferable to NaI(Tl) scintillators or germanium detectors for some applications. We describe two systems based on BGO scintillators for applications in nuclear safeguards and health physics. The first system, which consists of eight scintillators and a computer-based data acquisition system, is very efficient. The second, which consists of one scintillator and a small analyzer, is less efficient but portable. A computer code that uses measured response functions and photopeak efficiencies, unfolds the BGO distributions measured with these systems to determine gamma-ray flux spectra and dose rates. One application of these systems is the accurate determination of flux spectra and dose rates from containers of uranium or plutonium. A second application determined these quantities from a replica of Little Boy, the device exploded over Hiroshima.
Toward a comprehensive theory for the sweeping of trapped radiation by inert orbiting matter

There is a need to calculate loss rates when trapped Van Allen radiation encounters inert orbiting material such as planetary rings and satellites. An analytic expression for the probability of a hit in a bounce encounter is available for all cases where the absorber is spherical and the particles are gyrotropically distributed on a cylindrical flux tube. The hit probability is a function of the particle's pitch angle, the size of the absorber, and the distance between flux tube and absorber, when distances are scaled to the gyroradius of a particle moving perpendicular to the magnetic field. Using this expression, hit probabilities have been computed in drift encounters for all regimes of particle energies and absorber sizes. This technique generalizes the approach to sweeping lifetimes, and is particularly suitable for attacking the inverse problem, where one is given a sweeping signature and wants to deduce the properties of the absorber(s).
Computational rim illumination with aerial robots

Lighting plays a major role in photography. Professional photographers use elaborate installations to light their subjects and achieve sophisticated styles. However, lighting moving subjects performing dynamic tasks presents significant challenges and requires expensive manual intervention. A skilled additional assistant might be needed to reposition lights as the subject changes pose or moves, and the extra logistics significantly raises costs and time.We present a new approach to lighting dynamic subjects where an aerial robot equipped with a portable light source lights the subject to automatically achieve a desired lighting effect. We focus on rim lighting, a particularly challenging effect to achieve with dynamic subjects, and allow the photographer to specify a required rim width. Our algorithm processes the images from the photographer's camera and provides necessary motion commands to the aerial robot to achieve the desired rim width in the resulting photographs. We demonstrate a control approach that localizes the aerial robot with reference to the subject and tracks the subject to achieve the necessary motion. Our proof-of-concept results demonstrate the utility of robots in computational lighting.
Correlation of the Quasi-Periodic Oscillation Frequencies of White Dwarf, Neutron Star, and Black Hole Binaries

Using data obtained in 1994 June and July with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer deep survey photometer and in 2001 January with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrograph, we investigate the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray oscillations of the dwarf nova SS Cyg in outburst. We find quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) at ν0 ≈ 0.012 and ν1 ≈ 0.13 Hz in the EUV flux and at ν0 ≈ 0.0090, ν1 ≈ 0.11, and possibly ν2 ≈ ν0 + ν1 ≈ 0.12 Hz in the soft X-ray flux. These data, combined with the optical data of Woudt & Warner for VW Hyi, extend the Psaltis, Belloni, & van der Klis νhigh-νlow correlation for neutron star and black hole low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) nearly 2 orders of magnitude in frequency, with νlow ≈ 0.08 νhigh. This correlation identifies the high-frequency quasi-coherent oscillations (so-called dwarf nova oscillations) of cataclysmic variables (CVs) with the kilohertz QPOs of LMXBs and the low-frequency QPOs of CVs with the horizontal branch oscillations (or the broad noise component identified as such) of LMXBs. Assuming that the same mechanisms produce the QPOs in white dwarf, neutron star, and black hole binaries, we find that the data exclude the relativistic precession model and the magnetospheric and sonic-point beat-frequency models (as well as any model requiring the presence or absence of a stellar surface or magnetic field); more promising are models that interpret QPOs as manifestations of disk accretion onto any low magnetic field compact object.
Evaluation and control of hot working environments: Part I — Guidelines for the practitioner

The audiences for this guideline are the practitioner at a hot work site who is responsible for the heat management program, as well as the individual who is working in the heat. Environmental heat is a commonly occurring working environment; it is found at outdoor worksites, at indoor worksites with natural ventilation, at heat producing operations, and even in air-conditioned work areas where mechanical failure occurs in the cooling system or where the total heat load exceeds the capability of the cooling system. This guideline includes information on the way the human body stores heat, on potential illnesses from overexposure, methods for measuring and estimating the various components of heat exposure, limiting values of thermal exposure and work times in the heat, how these limits are affected by levels of acclimatization and clothing, and means of controlling heat exposure and heat stress.
Multi-center clinical trials: Randomization and ancillary statistics

The purpose of this paper is to investigate and develop methods for analysis of multi-center randomized clinical trials which only rely on the randomization process as a basis of inference. Our motivation is prompted by the fact that most current statistical procedures used in the analysis of randomized multi-center studies are model based. The randomization feature of the trials is usually ignored. An important characteristic of model based analysis is that it is straightforward to model covariates. Nevertheless, in nearly all model based analyses, the effects due to different centers and, in general, the design of the clinical trials are ignored. An alternative to a model based analysis is to have analyses guided by the design of the trial. Our development of design based methods allows the incorporation of centers as well as other features of the trial design. The methods make use of conditioning on the ancillary statistics in the sample space generated by the randomization process. We have investigated the power of the methods and have found that, in the presence of center variation, there is a significant increase in power. The methods have been extended to group sequential trials with similar increases in power.
Continuity and equilibrium stability

Abstract This paper examines the problem of stability of equilibrium points in normal form games in the trembling-hand framework. An equilibrium point is called perfect if it is stable against at least one sequence of trembles approaching zero. A strictly perfect equilibrium point is stable against every such sequence. We generalize Okada’s sufficient condition (Okada, 1981) [12] for strict perfectness (and hence, perfectness). Particularly, we show that the continuity of the best response correspondence implies strict properness and, therefore, strict perfectness. The proposed condition is formulated in terms of the primitives of the game (payoffs and strategies), which suggests some potentially useful practical applications.
A Compiler with an Analog Oriented Input Language

Analog computation is, for many problems, more convenient than digital computation but lacks the precision obtainable from a digital-computer solution. A compiler has been developed which, for problems involving differential equations expressible in the form yi = f(y1, y2, ·, yn), i = 1, 2, ..., n (1) combines to a considerable extent the desirable attributes of both types of computation. The compiler achieves this by deducing from a description of an analog setup diagram the differential equations which the analog computer solves, and then compiling a program for solving the equations.
X-RAY CONSTRAINTS ON ACCRETION AND STARBURST PROCESSES IN GALACTIC NUCLEI. I. SPECTRAL RESULTS

The results of the analysis of 0.4-10.0 keV ASCA spectral analysis of a sample of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) (LLAGNs; M51, NGC 3147, and NGC 4258), low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs; NGC 3079, NGC 3310, NGC 3998, NGC 4579, and NGC 4594), and starburst galaxies (M82, NGC 253, NGC 3628, and NGC 6946) are presented. In spite of the heterogeneous optical classifications of these galaxies, the X-ray spectra are fitted well by a canonical model consisting of an optically thin Raymond-Smith plasma soft component with T ~ 7 ? 106 K and a hard component that can be modeled by either a power law with a photon index ? ~ 1.7 or a thermal bremsstrahlung with T ~ 6 ? 107 K. The soft-component absorption is typically less than 1021 cm-2, while the hard component is typically absorbed by an additional column on the order of 1022 cm-2. The soft-component 0.4-10 keV intrinsic luminosities tend to be on the order 1039?40 ergs s-1, while the hard-component luminosities tend to be on the order of 1040?41 ergs s-1. The abundances inferred from the fits to the soft component are significantly subsolar. The Fe abundance can be measured independently of the other elemental abundances (dominated by ?-process elements) in M51, M82, NGC 253, and NGC 4258. In these galaxies the Fe abundance relative to ?-process elements is also (statistically) significantly subsolar. There is some indication (at a low statistical significance) that the abundance properties of starburst emission from starburst galaxies differs from the starburst emission from low-luminosity AGNs. However, these results on abundances are model dependent. Significant Fe K line emission is observed in M51, M82, NGC 3147, NGC 4258, and NGC 4579. An analysis of the short-term variability properties was given in Ptak et al. and detailed interpretation of these results will be given in Paper II in this series.
Quantum quench across a zero temperature holographic superfluid transition

We study quantum quench in a holographic model of a zero temperature insulator-superfluid transition. The model is a modification of that of arXiv:0911.0962 and involves a self-coupled complex scalar field, Einstein gravity with a negative cosmological constant, and Maxwell field with one of the spatial directions compact. In a suitable regime of parameters, the scalar field can be treated as a probe field whose backreaction to both the metric and the gauge field can be ignored. We show that when the chemical potential of the dual field theory lies between two critical values, the equilibrium background geometry is an AdS soliton with a constant gauge field, while the complex scalar condenses leading to broken symmetry. We then turn on a time dependent source for the order parameter which interpolates between constant values and crosses the order-disorder critical point. In the critical region adiabaticity breaks down, but for a small rate of change of the source v there is a new small-v expansion in fractional powers of v. The resulting critical dynamics is dominated by a zero mode of the bulk field. To lowest order in this small-v expansion, the order parameter satisfies a time dependent Landau-Ginsburg equation which has z = 2, but non-dissipative. These predictions are verified by explicit numerical solutions of the bulk equations of motion.
Determination of convective diffusion heat/mass transfer rates to burner rig test targets comparable in size to cross-stream jet diameter

Two sets of experiments have been performed to be able to predict the convective diffusion heat/mass transfer rates to a cylindrical target whose height and diameter are comparable to, but less than, the diameter of the circular cross-stream jet, thereby simulating the same geometric configuration as a typical burner rig test specimen located in the cross-stream of the combustor exit nozzlle. The first set exploits the naphthalene sublimation technique to detetermine the heat/mass transfer coefficient under isothermal conditions for various flow rates (Reynolds numbers). The second set, conducted at various combustion temperatures and Reynolds numbers, utilized the temperature variation along the surface of the above-mentioned target under steady-state conditions to estimate the effect of cooling (dilution) due to the entrainment of stagnant room temperature air. The experimental information obtained is used to predict high temperature, high velocity corrosive salt vapor deposition rates in burner rigs on collectors that are geometrically the same. The agreement with preliminary data obtained from Na2S04 vapor deposition experiments is found to be excellent.
Phase stabilization through electronic tuning: electron-poorer alkali-metal-indium compounds with unprecedented In/Li clusters.

Three alkali-metal−indium compounds K34In92.30Li12.70 (I), K14Na20In91.82Li13.18 (II), and K14Na20In96.30 (III) (all R3m) have been synthesized and characterized by structural and physical property measurements and electronic structure calculations. Novel mixed In/Li anionic icosahedra and fused icosahedra form in I and II. All three contain In28 as the first triply fused In icosahedra, which are further linked into (In28)In(In28) sandwich adducts in compounds I and II and (In28)In2(In28) in III. Stabilization of these electron-poorer phases through electronic tuning occurs via two different structural (redox) perturbations, either by substitution of certain indium atoms in the clusters by electron-poorer lithium atoms or by the introduction of defects and disorder in the fused cluster (III). The preferential occurrence of either substitutions or defect formation in the clusters is consistent with extended Huckel band calculation results for both the ideal pure indium phase and the Li-substituted equival...
Chemical Solution Deposition of Lanthanum Zirconate Buffer Layers on Biaxially Textured Ni–1.7% Fe–3% W Alloy Substrates for Coated-conductor Fabrication

Sol-gel processing of La2Zr2O7 (LZO) buffer layers on biaxially textured Ni-1.7% Fe-3% W alloy substrates using a continuous reel-to-reel dip-coating unit has been studied. The epitaxial LZO films obtained have a strong cube texture and uniform microstructure. The effects of increasing the annealing speed on the texture, microstructure, and carbon content retained in the film were studied. On top of the LZO films, epitaxial layers of yttria-stabilized zirconia and Ceria (CeO2) were deposited using rf sputtering, and YBa2Cu3Ox (YBCO) films were then deposited using pulsed laser deposition. Critical current densities (Jc) of 1.9 MA/cm2 at 77 K and self-field and 0.34 MA/cm2at 77 K and 0.5 T have been obtained on these films. These values are comparable to those obtained on YBCO films deposited on all-vacuum deposited buffer layers and the highest ever obtained using solution seed layers.
Meson and tetra-quark mixing

The mixing between qq meson and qqqq tetra-quark states is examined within an effective QCD Coulomb gauge Hamiltonian model. Mixing matrix elements of the Hamiltonian are computed and then diagonalized yielding an improved prediction for the low-lying JPC=0±+,1– isoscalar spectra. Mixing effects were found significant for the scalar hadrons but not for the 1– states, which is consistent with the ideal mixing of vector mesons. A perturbative assessment of the exact QCD kernel is also reported.
The Other Side of the Hidden Curriculum: Correspondence Theories and The Labor Process.

Many analyses of the hidden curriculum have been strongly influenced by correspondence theories, theories which posit a mirror image relationship between the norms and values taught in school and t...
Postural Responses of Adults With Cerebral Palsy to Combined Base of Support and Visual Field Rotation

We employed a virtual environment to examine the postural behaviors of adults with cerebral palsy (CP). Four adults with CP (22-32 years) and nine healthy adults (21-27 years) were tested with a Rod and Frame protocol. They then stood quietly on a platform within a three-wall virtual environment. The platform was either kept stationary or tilted 3 into dorsiflexion in the dark or with pitch up and down visual field rotations at 30 /s and 45 /s. While the visual field rotated, the platform was held tilted for 30 s and then slowly returned to a neutral position over 30 s. Center of pressure (CoP) was recorded and center of mass (CoM) as well as trunk and ankle angles were calculated. Electromyography (EMG) responses of the ankle and the hip muscles were recorded and analyzed using wavelets. Larger angular deviations from vertical and horizontal in the Rod and Frame test indicated that adults with CP were more visually dependent than healthy adults. Adults with CP had difficulty maintaining balance when standing on a stationary platform during pitch upward rotation of the visual scene. When the platform was tilted during visual field rotations, adults with CP took longer to stabilize their posture and had larger CoM oscillations than when in the dark. The inability to compensate for busy visual environments could impede maintenance of functional locomotion in adults with CP. Employing a visual field stimulus for assessment and training of postural behaviors would be more meaningful than testing in the dark.
The safety of Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors

Abstract Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (MHTGRs) have an unprecedented degree of safety due primarily to coated-particle fuel retaining radiologically-significant nuclides within the fuel coatings. The practical ability of coated fuel particles to quantitatively retain important fission products up to 1600–1700°C has been demonstrated in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and the United States (USA) is proceeding with similar demonstrations. The USA program has placed emphasis on development of fuel performance models, using experimental data for that development. The mathematical models predict high retention of fission products for reference-quality MHTGR fuel, and the predictions are supported by the FRG experimental data. The performance of USA fabricated fuel has not been as high as expected, and additional development is needed. Specific safety analyses and results obtained from various “bounding” type accidents based on reference-quality fuel support the claimed high degree of inherent safety of MHTGRs.
Generic noncommutative surfaces

Abstract We study a class of noncommutative surfaces, and their higher dimensional analogs, which come from generic subalgebras of twisted homogeneous coordinate rings of projective space. Such rings provide answers to several open questions in noncommutative projective geometry. Specifically, these rings R are the first known graded algebras over a field k which are noetherian but not strongly noetherian: in other words, R ⊗ k B is not noetherian for some choice of commutative noetherian extension ring B . This answers a question of Artin, Small, and Zhang. The rings R are also maximal orders, but they do not satisfy all of the χ conditions of Artin and Zhang. In particular, they satisfy the χ 1 condition but not χ i for i ⩾2, answering a question of Stafford and Zhang and a question of Stafford and Van den Bergh. Finally, we show that the noncommutative scheme R -proj has finite global dimension.
Resonance control of aircraft instabilities by smooth and continuous feedback

Analysis and control of bifurcation phenomena occurring in high angle-of-attack aircraft flight have been the subject of a number of recent studies. It has been shown that smooth nonlinear feedback is capable of stabilizing nonlinear transient phenomena in a certain range of parameters of aircraft models. An integrated approach employing normal forms reduction methodology for both analysis and control of aircraft instabilities has been presented in our recent paper. In this paper we address a novel resonance control design approach which assumes feedback as a composition of continuous (non-smooth) and smooth nonlinear components. It is shown that such compound resonance control matches superior performance with a reduction of high feedback gain.
A Fast Data Structure for Disk-Based Audio Editing

For some time, ordinary personal computers have been powerful enough to allow people to edit, filter, and mix digital audio without any special added hardware. The earliest editors, such as those described by Freed (1987), Kirby and Shute (1988), and Moorer (1990), were modeled after tape-based editors, with similar control panels and basic operations; the main advantage of this is that edits could be performed non-destructively and then changed or "undone" later. However, these types of editors still force users to keep track of all of the original audio clips that are used to create the final mix, and once the editing is complete, an additional step is required to actually produce the output audio file from the originals. As personal computers have grown faster and more powerful, new audio editors have etnerged that more closely resemble a computer word processor or computer painting program than a reel-to-reel tape editor. These editors allow users to perform many operations on their audio files in place, with all changes affecting the original waveform data on disk. Furthermore, the visual display reflects the results of all edits, which is not always the case for nondestructive editors. This makes editing much simpler and faster, especially for small files, and eliminates the extra step at the end, because the current copy of the entire project is always stored on disk. However, these "in-place" audio editors are not usually able to provide more than a single level of undo, and they are often very slow in dealing with large files. Today, one can find a variety of both types of audio editors for personal computers. Some popular in-place editors are SoundEdit 16 from Macromedia, CoolEdit from Syntrillium, and Sound Forge from Sonic Foundry. Non-destructive editors include Cubase from Steinberg Media Technologies AG, Digital Performer from Mark of the Unicorn, Inc., and ProTools from Digidesign, a division of Avid Technology, Inc.
Accuracy Analysis of the Semi-Analytical Method for Shape Sensitivity Calculation∗

The semianalytical method of design sensitivity analysis that is widely used for calculating derivatives of static response with respect to design variables for structures modeled by finite elements is studied. It is shown that the method can have serious accuracy problems for shape design variables in structures modeled by beam, plate, truss, frame, and solid elements. Errors are shown to be associated with an incompatibility of the sensitivity field with the structure. An error index is developed to test the accuracy of the semianalytical method. It characterizes the difference in errors between a general finite-difference method and the semianalytical method. A method for improving the accuracy of the semianalytical method (when possible) is provided. Examples are presented to demonstrate the use of the error index.
The War of Information

We analyse political contests (campaigns) between two parties with opposing interests. Parties provide costly information to voters who choose a policy. The information flow is continuous and stops when both parties quit. Parties’ actions are strategic substitutes: increasing one party’s cost makes that party provide more and its opponent provide less information. For voters, parties’ actions are complements and hence raising the advantaged party’s cost may be beneficial. Asymmetric information adds a signalling component resulting in a belief threshold at which the informed party’s decision to continue campaigning offsets other unfavourable information.