cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Case of Gaël

Abstract The Theory of Didactical Situations has had a central position in French mathematics education research since the early 1970s. A major component of this theory is the didactical contract, a completely implicit but highly powerful aspect of the relationship between teacher and student. In this article we relate the series of tutorial sessions which provoked the original formulation of that theory, and in which the theory was validated by its first application. Gael was an intelligent child who was failing exclusively in mathematics. He was one of nine cases studied between 1980 and 1985 (at the Bordeaux COREM 3 ). After observing him in class and offering him various learning situations, both didactical and adidactical, we arrived at the hypothesis that Gael was implementing a strategy of avoidance of the “conflict of knowing,” which we characterized as “hysteroid type avoidance,” whereas the others exhibited “obsessional type avoidance” (note that these behaviors should not be confused with the psychiatric categories of the same name, which are serious personality disorders). It was possible to offer psychological explanations for this behavior, but they did not provide the means for correcting the avoidance, and they focused the interest of the researchers on a characteristic of the child or on his competencies, rather than remaining at the level of his behavior and the conditions which provoked it or which might modify it. This behavior demonstrated the refusal, conscious or not, of the child to accept his share of the decision-making responsibilities in a didactical situation and hence to learn while working with an adult. Studying Gael's behavior enabled the experimenters to explore and understand the constraints of the didactical situation, interpreted as a “didactical contract.” It is the simulacrum of a contract, an illusion, intangible and necessarily broken, but a fiction that is necessary in order for the two protagonists, the teacher and the learner, to engage in and carry out the didactical dialectic. The didactical means to get a student to enter into such a contract is devolution . It is not a pedagogical device, because it depends in an essential way on the content. It consists of putting the student into a relationship with a milieu from which the teacher is able to exclude herself, at least partially (adidactical situation). The mechanism implemented was devised to engage Gael progressively but explicitly in a challenge in which the teacher could be “on the student's side.” The mathematical aspects of this situation subsequently proved to be one of the fundamental didactical situations of subtraction.
Obesity, Comorbidities, and the Cesarean Delivery Rate

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of comorbidities and induction of labor (IOL) on the cesarean delivery (CD) rate in an obese nulliparous cohort. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective review of medical records of patients who delivered at our institution from January 1, 2010, to January 18, 2011. Nulliparous patients were identified with a body mass index of ≥ 30.0 kg/m2. The rates of IOL and CD for patients with a comorbidity were compared with those patients without a comorbidity. RESULTS Among 1908 patients, 105 met inclusion criteria. The CD rate was significantly higher in the comorbid group (58.5%) than in the control group (34.6%) [odds ratio (OR) 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21 to 5.87, p = 0.019] [corrected].The IOL rate was significantly higher in the comorbid group (71.7% versus 15.4%; OR 13.93, 95% CI 5.33 to 36.46, p < 0.0001). Preeclampsia (44.7%) was the most common indication for IOL in the comorbid group, whereas postterm pregnancy (50%) was the most common indication in the control group. CONCLUSION The CD rate in obese women with comorbidities is higher than that of obese women without comorbidity. These results suggest that the higher IOL rate and subsequent failed induction in obese women with comorbidities is a significant factor contributing to this association.
Classification of Complex Features of Febrile Seizures: Interrater Agreement

Summary: As part of a prospective study of febrile seizures, three independent pediatric neurologists rated each of 100 febrile seizures for the presence of complex features: focality, long duration (≥10 min), and occurrence of multiple seizures. Seizure descriptions were assembled from all information available in the medical record and from a semistructured interview of a person who had witnessed the seizure. Interrater agreement assessed by kappa indicated excellent agreement with regard to whether the seizures were multiple or prolonged (kappa ≥ 0.85) and fair to good agreement with regard to focality (kappa = 0.61–0.78). Disagreement occurred most often regarding assessment of focality. Reasons for disagreement included variation in interpretation of lateral eye deviation, staring episodes, and motor asymmetries in the context of a bilateral convulsion. RESUMEN Formando parte de un estudio prospectivo de ataques febriles, tres neurologos infantiles, independientemente analizaron 100 ataques febriles para determinar la presencia de datos complejos: focalidad, larga duracion (> = 10 m) y la presencia de multiples ataques. La descripcion de los ataques se consiguio de la informacion disponible en las historias clinicas y en una entrevista semi-estructurada con la persona que habia presenciado los ataques. El acuerdo conseguido entre los neurologos (calculado por Kappa) indico un acuerdo excelente con referencia a si los ataques fueron multiples o no o prologngados (Kappa gt; = 0.85) y acuerdo de moderado a bueno para la focalidad (Kappa = 0.61–0.78). El desacuerdo courrio mas frecuentemente al determinar la focalidad. Las razones para este desacuerdo consistieron en una variacion en la interpretacion de la lateralizacion de la desviacion de los ojos, la mirada perdida en el vacio y las asimetrias motoras en el contexto de una convulsion bilateral. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Fieberkrampfstudie teilten 3 unabhangige Kinderneurologen 100 Fieberkrampfe ein in Bezug auf folgende Symptome: Herdzeichen, Anfallsdauer (= > 10 Min.) und Auftreten mehrerer Anfalle. Die Anfallsbeschreibungen wurden aus allen verfugbaren Informationsquellen zusammengestellt (Krankenblattaufzeichnung) und durch ein halbstrukturiertes Interview von einer Person, die den Anfall beochtet hatte. Die nach dem Kappa-Test berechnetet ubereinstimmung der Untersucher war ausgezeichnet in Bezug auf mehrere oder prolongiert Anfalle (Kappa gt; 0.85) und maβig gut bezuglich der Herdzeichen (Kappa = 0.61–0.78). Unterschiede traten vor allem bei der Einordnung von Herdzeichen auf. Die Grunde fur nicht ubereinstimmung lagen in unterschiedlicher Interpretation von Augenbewegungen, starren und motorischen Asymmetrien bei bilateralen Krampfen.
A Phenomenological Investigation of the Psychology of Big-Wave Surfing at Maverick’s

Extreme sport athletes perform in environments that are characterized by danger, unpredictability, and fear, and the consequences of a mistake include severe injury or death. Maverick’s is a big-wave surfing location in northern California that is known for its cold water temperatures, dangerous ocean wildlife, deep reef, and other navigational hazards. The purpose of this study was to use a phenomenological framework to understand the psychology of big-wave surfing at Maverick’s. Seven elite big-wave surfers completed in-depth phenomenological interviews and discussed the psychology related to various stages of big-wave surfing, including presurf, in the lineup, catching the wave, riding the wave, wiping out, and postsurf. Big-wave surfers described a variety of experiences associated with surfing at Maverick’s and discussed several ways that they coped with its challenges. The results provide a greater understanding of the psychology of participating in an extreme environment.
Community-based care and risk of nursing home placement

Objective. To test the substitution hypothesis, that community-based care reduces the probability of institutional placement for at-risk elderly.Research Design. The closure of the Social Health Maintenance Organization (Social HMO) at HealthPartners (HP) in Minnesota in 1994 and the continuation of
Attenuation of dopamine-induced renal vasodilation in the dog by phenothiazines.

Abstract The effects of five substituted phenothiazines and haloperidol on dopamine induced renal vasodilation were investigated in the anesthetized dog. Dose response curves of dopamine and bradykinin were constructed by injecting the vasodilators into the renal artery and without the neuroleptic agents. Chlorpromazine trifluoperazine prochlorperazine and fluphenazine in a dose of 2.5 × 10 -7 moles attenuated the renal vasodilation produced by dopamine without affecting bradykinin. A dose of 5 × 10 -7 moles of thioridazine was required to produce a similar effect. Haloperidol selectively attenuated dopamine vasodilation in a dose of 1.4 × 10 -7 . These experiments support the concept that there is a specific receptor for dopamine in the dog renal vascular bed and suggest that this receptor is similar to the dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia.
An analysis of reinforcement sensitivity theory and the five‐factor model

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) and the Five‐Factor Model (FFM) are two prominent personality accounts that have emerged from different backgrounds. Although the two accounts are applied to ...
A magnetic investigation of a tectonic problem: The propagating rift, Galapagos 95°30′W

Abstract The propagation of an oceanic rift is an important tectonic problem, with a bearing on the reorganization of plate motion and on the early opening of oceanic basins. At the propagating rift at 95°30′W near the Galapagos Islands, we can use magnetic methods to determine the tectonic origin of a set of important sea floor features. The observed 27 km offset between the axes of the propagating rift and the dying rift presents us with an ideal situation, in which the oceanic crust created by the opposing systems has been magnetized in opposite directions. The normally magnetized crust of the propagating rift tip penetrates into older crust, which created when the earth's main field was reversed. A combined Deep Tow and Sea Beam investigation at 95°30′W on the Cocos-Nazca spreading center has revealed the crustal contact between the propagating rift and the dying rift systems. The inherent magnetic labelling of the crust has been recovered by performing inversions on the gridded representations of the observed magnetic field and bathymetry, working in the Fourier domain. The result is a gridded rock magnetization distribution. The inversion of the surface data covers a large area, 6000 km 2 , and demonstrates close agreement with magnetization amplitudes of rock samples at existing dredge sites. In general, the propagating rift process appears to be much more orderly than the dying rift process. The magnetic polarity transition widths are narrower, and the boundaries have fewer undulations than the dying rift, which appears to be quite episodic in behavior. The average propagation rate is 52 mm/yr, compared to the average spreading half-rate of 29 mm/yr. The locations of the boundaries suggest that the acceleration to the normal spreading rate on the propagation rift requires about 250, 00 years. The inversion of the Deep Tow data, near the sea floor, provides a high resolution definition of the tip of the propagation rift, at 2°38.1t'N, 95°30.0′W.
Improving MIS education in an online learning environment through course-embedded measurement

Enrolment decline in Information Systems (IS)-related programmes has been a hot issue in academia and this affects the prominence of the Management Information Systems (MIS) course in the Masters of Business Administration (MBA) core curriculum. This paper uses a course-embedded measurement model based on Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) programme assessment steps to investigate the possibility of attracting more online students to MIS courses via providing quality education in the Online Learning Environment (OLE). The data analysis results reveal that course-embedded measurement and the related closing-loop efforts assure learning in MIS classes in an OLE mode. Providing quality OLE classes seems to be an effective channel for enhancing and maintaining MIS enrolment and, in turn, contributes to the double-loop learning and continuous improvement desired in the entire MBA programme.
Emergency shelter 80acement of rural children: Placement and discharge patterns

Abstract The crisis in social work services to families and children, is reflected in the growing numbers of children being placed out of their homes (Allen, 1991), adolescents running away from home (Simons & Whitbeck, 1991), and homeless youth (Bass, 1992). In this context, identifying children likely to be referred for emergency services is especially crucial because these children are at heightened risk for out of home placement. This paper thus examines some of the patterns associated with placement and subsequent discharge of rural children in emergency shelter care.
Plant and soil responses to salvaged marsh surface and organic matter amendments at a created wetland in central Pennsylvania

To evaluate the efficiency of different methods of wetland plant establishment and different soil amendments, 16 experimental plots in 4 treatment groups were established at a 6-ha created palustrine wetland in Tipton, PA. Response of vegetation, soil, and hydrology were evaluated. The first objective of the study was to determine if salvaged marsh surface (SMS) from a donor wetland can be used to effectivly vegetate experimental plots. The results were compared with control plots. In addition, the possibility of using a non-toxic organic waste (leaf litter compost) as a soil amendment to created wetland projects was examined. Lurid sedge (Carex lurida) tubers were hand-planted in the leaf litter plots and in the existing mineral soils of the remaining experimental plots. SMS plots had significantly greater plant species richness, total vegetative coverage, and diversity than control plots. SMS plots contained more hydrophytic vegetation and less undesirable vegetation than control plots. SMS added significant amounts of organic matter and soil nutrients (e.g., nitrogen) to the soils in treated plots. Survivorship of hand-plantedCarex was greater (79.0 ±5.0 % for both July and August 1992) on plots treated with leaf litter compost than on plots with existing mineral soils (45.0±20.0% in July and 38.0±20.0% in August 1992). Organic matter, pH, total N, and N03 levels were all significantly greater on leaf litter plots than on hand-planted plots after the 1991 growing season. At the end of the 1992 growing season, organic matter, pH, NO3, and NH4 levels were significantly greater on leaf litter plots than on hand-planted plots. The results of the study suggest that SMS can be used as a method to successfully revegetate created wetlands. Also, the addition of leaf litter compost to experimental plots helped to retain soil moisture and provide nutrients that enhanced survivorship of hand-plantedCarex.
The measurement of diurnal variations of electron concentration in the 60–100 km ionosphere at Arecibo

Abstract The Arecibo 430 MHz incoherent scatter radar was used to observe the diurnal variation of electron concentration in the 6–100 km altitude region on 14 August 1977. This report is an evaluation of the technique and includes a fairly complete discussion of errors involved. Although interference remains a serious problem, the results are useful down to about 60 km altitude and a minimum density of about 50 electrons cm−3. Characteristic statistical plus systematic errors indicate that an observed 100 electrons cm−3 value actually lies between 50 and 180 electrons cm−3 assuming no interference. Observed variations of electron concentration include not only those due to basic solar control but also at least one wavelike feature characterized by phase shift with altitude. These results should prove particularly useful as constraints to time dependent models of the D-region chemistry.
Determining spatial modes of lasers with spatial coherence measurements

We explain a technique that extracts both the structure and the modal weights of spatial modes of lasers by analyzing the spatial coherence of the beam. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that an experimental method is being used to measure arbitrary forms of the spatial modes. We applied this method to an edge-emitting Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser with a stripe width of 5 mum and extracted fundamental and first-order lateral modes with relative power weights of 96.2% and 3.8%. There was a single transverse mode.
The cardiac homeobox gene Csx/Nkx2.5 lies genetically upstream of multiple genes essential for heart development.

Csx/Nkx2.5 is a vertebrate homeobox gene with a sequence homology to the Drosophila tinman, which is required for the dorsal mesoderm specification. Recently, heterozygous mutations of this gene were found to cause human congenital heart disease (Schott, J.-J., Benson, D. W., Basson, C. T., Pease, W., Silberbach, G. M., Moak, J. P., Maron, B. J., Seidman, C. E. and Seidman, J. G. (1998) Science 281, 108-111). To investigate the functions of Csx/Nkx2.5 in cardiac and extracardiac development in the vertebrate, we have generated and analyzed mutant mice completely null for Csx/Nkx2.5. Homozygous null embryos showed arrest of cardiac development after looping and poor development of blood vessels. Moreover, there were severe defects in vascular formation and hematopoiesis in the mutant yolk sac. Interestingly, TUNEL staining and PCNA staining showed neither enhanced apoptosis nor reduced cell proliferation in the mutant myocardium. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated that, among 20 candidate genes examined, expression of ANF, BNP, MLC2V, N-myc, MEF2C, HAND1 and Msx2 was disturbed in the mutant heart. Moreover, in the heart of adult chimeric mice generated from Csx/Nkx2.5 null ES cells, there were almost no ES cell-derived cardiac myocytes, while there were substantial contributions of Csx /Nkx2.5-deficient cells in other organs. Whole-mount b-gal staining of chimeric embryos showed that more than 20% contribution of Csx/Nkx2. 5-deficient cells in the heart arrested cardiac development. These results indicate that (1) the complete null mutation of Csx/Nkx2.5 did not abolish initial heart looping, (2) there was no enhanced apoptosis or defective cell cycle entry in Csx/Nkx2.5 null cardiac myocytes, (3) Csx/Nkx2.5 regulates expression of several essential transcription factors in the developing heart, (4) Csx/Nkx2.5 is required for later differentiation of cardiac myocytes, (5) Csx/Nkx2. 5 null cells exert dominant interfering effects on cardiac development, and (6) there were severe defects in yolk sac angiogenesis and hematopoiesis in the Csx/Nkx2.5 null embryos.
Récit de crimes sans châtiment : éléments d’une esthétique pragmatiste

Cet article entend montrer comment une esthetique pragmatiste inspiree de Peirce peut etre appliquee aux etudes cinematographiques et comment cette approche peut nous aider a reevaluer certains lieux communs a propos du cinema classique. En offrant une nouvelle perspective sur la culture cinematographique classique, l’esthetique pragmatiste d’inspiration peirceenne pourra aussi nous aider a comprendre un corpus de films recents que je nomme “les recits de crimes sans châtiment”. On considere souvent ces films comme refletant certains problemes contemporains relatifs a la perte des valeurs fondamentales dans le contexte de la diversite postmoderne. Nous verrons comment une nouvelle interpretation d’un genre classique peut nous aider a reevaluer cet ecueil fondamentalement dualiste. L’approche proposee nous permet aussi d’evaluer de facon precise la contribution du pragmatisme a l’esthetique philosophique et de clarifier son rapport a l’ethique et a la logique.
A Null Mutation in a bZIP Factor Confers ABA-Insensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana

We have used a modification of the classical ABA-insensitive screen (Koornneef et al. 1984) to isolate novel mutations in the ABA signal transduction pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana. In our screen, mutants were recovered on the basis of their growth-insensitivity to ABA (GIA) rather than germination-insensitivity. Here we present the isolation of the gia1 mutant as well as the identification of the gia1 gene by positional cloning and complementation studies. GIA1 is predicted to code for a bZIP transcription factor with high homology to previously characterized plant bZIP transcription factors (DPBF1, ABFs and TRAB1) known for their ability to bind ABA-responsive DNA elements. Our results provide in vivo evidence that a bZIP factor may indeed be involved in ABA signaling. Since GIA1 turned out to be identical to ABI5, we designated GIA1 as ABI5 in the present paper.
Chemoattractant-Induced Signaling via the Ras–ERK and PI3K–Akt Networks, along with Leukotriene C4 Release, Is Dependent on the Tyrosine Kinase Lyn in IL-5– and IL-3–Primed Human Blood Eosinophils

Human blood eosinophils exhibit a hyperactive phenotype in response to chemotactic factors after cell "priming" with IL-5 family cytokines. Earlier work has identified ERK1/2 as molecular markers for IL-5 priming, and in this article, we show that IL-3, a member of the IL-5 family, also augments fMLP-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in primary eosinophils. Besides ERK1/2, we also observed an enhancement of chemotactic factor-induced Akt phosphorylation after IL-5 priming of human blood eosinophils. Administration of a peptide antagonist that targets the Src family member Lyn before cytokine (IL-5/IL-3) priming of blood eosinophils inhibited the synergistic increase of fMLP-induced activation of Ras, ERK1/2 and Akt, as well as the release of the proinflammatory factor leukotriene C(4). In this study, we also examined a human eosinophil-like cell line HL-60 clone-15 and observed that these cells exhibited significant surface expression of IL-3Rs and GM-CSFRs, as well as ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to the addition of IL-5 family cytokines or the chemotactic factors fMLP, CCL5, and CCL11. Consistent with the surface profile of IL-5 family receptors, HL-60 clone-15 recapitulated the enhanced fMLP-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation observed in primary blood eosinophils after priming with IL-3/GM-CSF, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Lyn expression completely abolished the synergistic effects of IL-3 priming on fMLP-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Altogether, our data demonstrate a central role for Lyn in the mechanisms of IL-5 family priming and suggest that Lyn contributes to the upregulation of the Ras-ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt cascades, as well as the increased leukotriene C(4) release observed in response to fMLP in "primed" eosinophils.
Using location based social networks for quality-aware participatory data transfer

The sensing systems that monitor physical environments rely on communication infrastructures (wired or wireless) to collect data from the sensors embedded in the environment. However, in many urban environments pre-existing communication infrastructures are not available, and installing and using new infrastructures is unjustifiably expensive and/or technically infeasible. For such environments, we envision Participatory Data Transfer (PDT) as an alternative communication medium that leverages LBSN (Location Based Social Networks) for data collection. With PDT, LBSN users use their mobile devices to receive data from sensors, and forward the sensed data through the physical network of their mobile devices as well as their connections in the online/virtual social network until the data is received by the data aggregators (data collectors). In this paper, we elaborate on this vision in the context of Quality-aware Participatory Data Transfer (Q-PDT), where PDT must be designed such that it ensures quality guarantees for the sensed data (e.g., sufficiently covering and accurately sensing, timely delivery). In particular, we define and discuss variations of the Q-PDT problem and study its computational complexity.
Videodisc Research at the MITRE Corporation.

The MITRE Corporation has several projects underway focusing on applications of videodisc technology for both civilian and military applications. Current projects include: (1) using analog videodisc technology in association with an office work station on a local area network, and (2) storing individual map feature separation plates for a digital map display system.
Effects of eccentrically and concentrically induced unilateral fatigue on the involved and uninvolved limbs.

Abstract This study extended findings of others related to the fatigue resistance of maximum voluntary knee extension contractions performed eccentrically on an isokinetic dynamometer. Twelve subjects performed either 75 unilateral isokinetic concentric MVCs or 75 unilateral isokinetic eccentric MVCs at 30°s −1 . A uniquely-configured dynamometer provided the opportunity to describe the effect of the concentric or eccentric fatigue protocol on the concentric or eccentric MVC force of the contralateral limb, which was not involved in the fatigue protocol, immediately following the conclusion of the fatigue protocol. Eccentric MVC of the eccentrically fatigued group decreased significantly (13%, p =0.001) although the decrease was significantly smaller than that of the concentric MVC of the concentrically fatigued group (39%). Concentric MVC of the contralateral limb was unaffected following the concentric fatigue protocol but the eccentric MVC of the contralateral limb increased 11% ( p =0.028) following the eccentric fatigue protocol. These results suggest that eccentric MVCs are not resistant to fatigue but do follow a different time course than fatigue induced with concentric contractions. The extent to which eccentrically performed MVCs fatigue may reflect the influence of protocol parameters such as the isokinetic speed, the number of repetitions, the criteria by which the protocol is terminated and the subject selection. However, the explanations for why eccentric MVCs fatigue to such a smaller extent necessitate further systematic investigation including electrophysiologic methods, as do the results relative to the contralateral leg. Both results can be considered within the framework of current thought about the disparate nature of nervous system control of eccentric contractions.
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension among young women.

Numerous cross-sectional studies demonstrate an inverse association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and blood pressure or hypertension. Prospective data, however, are limited. Among 14...
Ethics, metaphysics, and psychoanalysis∗

An attempt is made to point out some of the moral presuppositions and implications of psychotherapy in theory and in practice. In the various forms of dynamically oriented psychotherapy, the setting of goals and decisions concerning maturation and health have value components. Even in psychoanalysis in its strict sense, decisions made in accepting or rejecting contracts and determination of the terminating point of analysis are value laden. Finally, in the theorizing of Freud and others about psychotherapy moral positions are assumed.
Development of a Supported Emulsion Liquid Membrane System for Propionic Acid Separation in a Microgravity Environment

Perstractive fermentation is a good way to increase the productivity of bioreactors. UsingPropionibacteria as the model system, the feasibility of using supported emulsion liquid membrane (SELM) for perstractive fermentation is assessed in this study. Five industrial solvents were considered as the solvent for preparing the SELM. The more polar a solvent is, the higher the partition coefficient. However, toxicity of a solvent also increases with its polarity. CO-1055 (industrial decanol/octanol blend) has the highest partition coefficient toward propionic acid among the solvents that has no molecular toxicity towardPropionibacteria. A preliminary extraction study was conducted using tetradecane as solvent in a hydrophobic hollow fiber contactor. The result confirmed that SELM eliminates the equilibrium limitation of conventional liquid-liquid extraction, and allows the use of a non-toxic solvent with low partition coefficient.
Language Production and Reception: A Processability Theory Study.

Pienemann's Processability Theory (PT) predicts an order of emergence of morphosyntactic elements in second language (L2) production data. This research investigates whether the same order of emergence can be detected in L2 reception data, specifically, data from a timed audio grammaticality judgment task (GJT). The results from three related studies are reported. Overall, evidence from two groups of learners of English as an L2 who took an audio GJT does not demonstrate the order of emergence predicted by PT. However, results from a production task followed the predicted order. These findings suggest that the processing routines in PT are operative during production only, raising questions about PT and the interconnectedness of the productive and receptive systems.
Elliptic curve for data protection

The cryptography of elliptical curve (ECC) is an approach in cryptography public key based on the algebraic structure of elliptical curves on the finished fields; a smaller group can be used to obtain the same level of security as RSA-based. In this article a simple presentation on cryptography with focus on elliptic curve algorithm, examine its security, benefits and its functions with privacy issues. The last part of this article is "protection and privacy components", for each component the article look at privacy issue then examine the elliptic curve angle to be used with the component. These work results in using elliptic curve in multipart security (or single party) is more efficient in key size, speed and retrieve encrypted information.
Forming Al2O3–Al Composites with Controlled Compositions by Reactive Metal Penetration of Dense Aluminosilicate Preforms

Alumina–Al composites with controlled compositions containing 17 to 31 vol% Al were formed by reactive metal penetration (RMP) of molten Al into dense aluminosilicate preforms. A reaction model has been developed to accurately predict composite Al content from the SiO2:Al2O3 ratio of the preform. The model was tested and validated by comparing predicted composite compositions to those measured for RMP composites made from preforms of known compositions. Aluminosilicate preforms containing 28.1, 39.0, and 54.1 wt% SiO2 were reacted with Al to produce composites with 17, 25, and 31 vol% Al, respectively. These values compare favorably to Al contents of 17.7, 22.7, and 28.6 vol% Al predicted using the reaction model. The differences between predicted and measured values are attributed to the presence of porosity and Si in the composites, as well as impurities in the SiO2 glass phase and porosity in the preforms, none of which is specifically accounted for in the reaction model.
Does Combining the CEO and Chair Roles Cause Poor Firm Performance

We use over 22,000 firm-year observations from 1995-2010 to investigate whether combining roles of CEO and board-chair causes poor performance. Our research design allows us to reconcile disagreement in the literature about whether CEO-chair duality impacts shareholder value. CEOs are awarded the additional title of board-chair following superior firm performance. A naive analysis indicates a drop in firm performance following CEO promotion to chair. However, a research design that controls for the propensity to combine roles and performance mean-reversion reveals no post-appointment underperformance. Consistent with a learning explanation, investors react positively to combining both roles early in CEO’s tenure, but exhibit no reaction to combinations later in CEO’s tenure. Increases in post-combination compensation are unrelated to proxies for managerial power. Overall, there is no evidence that combining the CEO-chair positions hurts shareholder interests.
Rapid Survey of the Other Methods of Plasma Diagnostics

As far as diagnostics is concerned, a considerable number of problems remain unsolved in Arc Physics. The spectroscopic method is of wide interest, but of considerable practical complication. The Langmuir probe is a powerful tool, but its behavior in a high-pressure arc is very imperfectly understood. Besides, even in low-pressure arcs, many instances are known where it cannot be used, either because the probe would melt or otherwise be damaged, or because its presence would introduce intolerable perturbations.
Teaching Human Rights in Jail

The essay discusses the differences between teaching human rights in an elite college and an elite graduate school compared with teaching the same matrial to incarcerated students. The latter experience the dramatic absence of rights, both in jail and often as well in their previous lives, which almost inevitably were marked by poverty and deprivation. The different life experiences of the majority of incarcerated students as compared with the majority of college and graduate students positions them very differently when they study human rights and think about the implications of particular rights. In jail, discussions end to be concrete, personal and sometimes transformative. In tradtional classrooms, the conversations are more theoretical, less personal, and more skeptical.
A fluctuating elastic plate and a cell model for lipid membranes

Abstract The thermal fluctuations of lipid bi-layer membranes are key to their interaction with cellular components as well as the measurement of their mechanical properties. Typically, membrane fluctuations are analyzed by decomposing into normal modes or by molecular simulations. Here we propose two new approaches to calculate the partition function of a membrane. In the first approach we view the membrane as a fluctuating von Karman plate and discretize it into triangular elements. We express its energy as a function of nodal displacements, and then compute the partition function and co-variance matrix using Gaussian integrals. We recover well-known results for the dependence of the projected area of the membrane on the applied tension and recent simulation results on the dependence of membrane free energy on geometry, spontaneous curvature and tension. As new applications we compute the fluctuations of the membrane of a malaria infected cell and analyze the effects of boundary conditions on fluctuations. Our second approach is based on the cell model of Lennard-Jones and Devonshire. This model, which was developed for liquids, assumes that each molecule fluctuates within a cell on which a potential is imposed by all the surrounding molecules. We adapt the cell model to a lipid membrane by recognizing that it is a 2D liquid with the ability to deform out of plane whose energetic penalty must be factored into the partition function of a cell. We show, once again, that some results on membrane fluctuations can be recovered using this new cell model. However, unlike some well established results, our cell model gives an entropy that scales with the number of molecules in a membrane. Our model makes predictions about the heat capacity of the membrane that can be tested in experiments.
In the spirit. A review of four books on religion in Jamaica during the pre to post emancipation Era

(2002). In The Spirit—A Review of Four Books on Religion in Jamaica During the Pre to Post Emancipation Era. Caribbean Quarterly: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 71-81.
Time-frequency analysis of thin slabs subjected to dynamic ring loads

Fourier transform is used to obtain the analytical solution of a slab on a viscoelastic foundation subjected to impulse and harmonic ring loads. The solution is given as a convolution of the Green's function of the plate. Poles of the integrand are identified for different cases with respect to load frequency and foundation damping. Both impulse response function and frequency response function (FRF) are obtained. Theorem of residue is utilized to evaluate the FRF analytically. A closed-form solution in terms of Bessel and Hankel function is obtained, which enables one to construct algorithms for parameter identification of the inverse problem involved in pavement nondestructive test. The result is partly verified by comparing the static solution of a point load derived from this paper to a well-known result.
Interaction and Second Language Development: A Vygotskian perspective

This volume addresses the role of communicative interaction in driving various dimensions of second language development from the perspective of Vygotskian sociocultural psychology. Emphasizing the dialectical relationship between the external-social world and individual mental functioning, the chapters delve into a wide range of topics illustrating how the social and the individual are united in interaction. Themes include psychological and human mediation, joint action, negotiation for meaning, the role of first language use, embodied and nonverbal behaviors, and interactional competencies. Theoretical discussions and key concepts are reinforced and illustrated with detailed qualitative analyses of interaction in a variety of second language contexts. Each chapter also includes pedagogical recommendations. Supplemental materials or ‘data sessions’ that engage the readers with the themes presented in the book through sample analytic exercises are included, while videos have been made available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.44.video .
Application of the electron microscope to mineralogic studies

A discussion of the use of the electron microscope in mineralogic studies and of sample preparation is followed by a series of electron photomicrographs showing the size, shape, and crystal habit of fine fractions of some uranium-bearing minerals from the Colorado Plateaus, lignite from North and South Dakota, phosphate minerals from Florida, and minerals synthesized in the laboratory. The information obtained from these photographs is use{ul in establishing paragenetic relations of associated minerals in uranium deposits, in supplementing mineralogic descriptions, and in guiding and checking separation techniques.
Clinical Pharmacology and Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

This review informs clinicians about current clinical usage and pharmacokinetics of newer NSAIDs and aspirin. To understand the effects of these drugs, a review of prostaglandin synthesis and actions is provided.
Speaking up behaviours (safety voices) of healthcare workers: A metasynthesis of qualitative research studies.

Abstract Background A critical characteristic of effective teams in any setting is when each member is willing to speak up to share thoughts and ideas to improve processes. In spite of attempts by healthcare systems to encourage employees to speak up, employee silence remains a common cause of communication breakdowns, contributing to errors and suboptimal care delivery. Nurses in particular have reported low confidence in their communication abilities, and cite the belief that speaking up will not make a difference. Objective To develop an understanding of how nurses and other healthcare workers relate to safety voice behaviors and how this might influence clinical practice. Data Sources: A search of the PubMed, CINAHL, and Academic Search Premier databases was conducted using keywords employee, nurse, qualitative, speak up, silence, safety, voice, and safety voice identified 372 articles with 11 retained after a review of the abstracts. Studies took place in Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Hong Kong, East Africa, Ireland, Korea, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States representing 504 healthcare workers including 354 nurses. Methods This interpretive meta-synthesis of 11 qualitative articles published from 2005 to 2015 was conducted using a social constructivist approach with thematic analysis. Results The four themes identified are: 1) hierarchies and power dynamics negatively affect safety voice, 2) open communication is unsafe and ineffective, 3) embedded expectations of nurse behavior affect safety voice, and 4) nurse managers have a powerful positive or negative affect on safety voice. Conclusions Healthcare workers worldwide report multiple social and hierarchy related fears surrounding the utilization of safety voice behaviors. Hesitance to speak up is pervasive among nurses, as is low self-efficacy related to safety voice. The presence of caring leaders, peer support, and an organizational commitment to safe, open cultures, may improve safety voice utilization among nurses and other healthcare workers.
Accounting for heterogeneous private risks in the provision of collective goods: Controversial compulsory contracting institutions in horizontal hydrofracturing

Abstract Common pool resources are frequently analyzed with a simple template: the problem is the tragedy of the commons, and the solution is political institutions. Thus the tragedy of the commons is resolved by governing the commons. In this paper we argue that there is also the possibility of a tragedy of governing the commons. If political institutions lock participants into a certain pattern of resource use, and then there is an exogenous shock – say, a technological change – that increases the risks to one group, then the situation may no longer be a classic common-pool situation and institutions may actually exacerbate, rather than ameliorate distributional conflict. We develop a general model showing that whenever there is heterogeneity in private risks, some technological innovation could potentially turn a previously stable institution into a source of conflict. We take the compelling recent example of horizontal hydrofracturing changing the welfare implications of the institution of compulsory pooling, and use a new individual-level dataset of landowners affected by compulsory pooling in New York to demonstrate the empirical support for our model.
Initial Cervical Spine Management

Initial management of trauma begins with the primary survey before orthopedic intervention is performed. All trauma patients are assumed to have cervical spine injury until proven otherwise. The decision between early definitive surgical treatment and initial damage control orthopedics hinges on the physiologic state of unstable or polytrauma patients.
Emotional Labor Within Teams: Outcomes of Individual and Peer Emotional Labor on Perceived Team Support, Extra-Role Behaviors, and Turnover Intentions:

We investigated the relationship of emotional labor to perceived team support, extra-role behaviors, and turnover intentions. Our primary research question involved whether the relationships of individual deep acting with perceived team support and extra-role behaviors were conditional on the level of peer deep acting in the team. The possibilities were explored in two field studies. Study 1 sampled 195 students in 47 project teams multiple times over the course of a semester. Study 2 surveyed 202 nurses and their supervisors within 35 teams in a hospital. The multilevel results of both studies showed that the relationships between individual deep acting and outcome variables were dependent upon the level of peer deep acting in the team. As expected, individual and peer surface acting had only direct relationships with the same outcomes. These findings provided general support for our model and suggested that team-level effects are an important theoretical and practical consideration for understanding emo...
Swing up control of the acrobot using partial feedback linearization

Abstract In this paper we study the swing up control problem for the Acrobot using partial feedback linearization. We give conditions under which the response of either degree of freedom may be globally decoupled from the response of the other and linearized. This result can be used as a starting point to design swing up control algorithms. Analysis of the resulting zero dynamics shows interesting and rich behavior. Simulation results are presented showing the swing up motion resulting from the partial feedback linearization design.
Suicide in Children and Adults with Epilepsy: A Complex Relationship

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, with approximately 50 million people worldwide diagnosed with epilepsy. Suicide is a potentially preventable cause of death in epilepsy, yet it accounts for a large proportion of mortality in epilepsy with rates reported to be three to five times higher compared to healthy controls in population-based studies. In this chapter, we reviewed a number of the complexities involved in suicide among people with epilepsy, including the following: (a) prevalence of suicide compared to the general population in adults and children, (b) risk factors for suicidal behavior, (c) the bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and suicide, (d) the role of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in suicide risk, and (e) assessment of suicidal behavior as well as a review of clinical interventions aimed at treatment and prevention of suicidal behavior and its risk factors in epilepsy.
Toe walking after three: how serious could it be?

A 4-year-old girl with no significant medical or family history presented with toe walking, leg pain, unsteady gait and frequent falls for 2 months. Examination revealed upper motor neuron signs in the lower extremities. Laboratory tests were normal including creatinephosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Brain and lumbar spine MRI were normal. MRI cervical and thoracic spine showed a large intradural and extradural mass arising from the right C7 nerve root, widening of the neural canal with evidence of cord compression. She underwent C6–C7 laminectomy with excision of the tumour. Pathology revealed spindle cell tumour with extensive expression of S100 protein and CD56, with Ki-67 proliferation index of 1%–2% consistent with benign schwannoma. She made an excellent recovery following surgery and physiotherapy sessions. Review of literature shows rare reported case of schwannoma prior to the third decade of life.
Herbicide options for weed control in papaya

This paper reviews the literature on weeds and weed control in papaya. There is limited research on this topic, and nearly all of the research focuses on herbicides. Effective use of paraquat and glyphosate in papaya is dependent on avoidance of spray contact to green bark and foliage. Pre-emergence herbicide tolerance is dependent on papaya age, size and maturity, and soil type. Only one herbicide, oryzalin is shown to be tolerated by papaya immediately after transplanting. Herbicides such as diuron and oxyfluorfen with a broader spectrum of weed control generally injure young papaya, however they can be effectively used if the initial application of these herbicides is delayed until papaya attains certain size or maturity indices. There is a need for further research on weeds and weed control to improve the efficiency of papaya production
Immune Capabilities of Germ-Free Animals

Publisher Summary This chapter presents details of the workshop focusing on immune capabilities of germ-free animals. It highlights that germ-free animals are improved experimental subjects for studies on host-environment interactions. The most frequently used current species for immunological studies were mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and pigs. They were derived from full-term mothers by aseptic caesarian delivery directly into a sterile enclosure (isolator) in which they were maintained, propagated, and used under controlled conditions as regards to microbial flora, diet, temperature, humidity, light, and noise. They were free of horizontally-transmitted microbes and thereby manifested a low profile of activity in the lymphoreticular system. That is, except for the thymus, the immunological system, in general, was small and relatively inactive but functionally intact. The lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches contained small cortical follicles, few plasma cells, and low levels of serum globulins. Following exposures to antigenic stimuli, they became hyperplastic, germinal zones and plasma cells appear in them, and serum globulins were elevated.