cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions and Experiences of Participants in a Study of In-Vehicle Monitoring of Teenage Drivers

Objectives: To assess the perceptions and experiences of participants in a study of a device that monitored teenagers’ driving. Methods: A device that continuously monitors and reports risky driving maneuvers was installed in vehicles of 84 newly licensed teenagers. Study groups varied by whether parents had access to a Web site that summarized their teenagers’ driving and by whether in-vehicle alerts provided feedback to drivers. Recruitment of subjects and problems with the device were documented. Teenagers and parents were interviewed after removal of the device. Results: Although the study was conducted in a large urban area, recruitment progressed slowly. Parents who declined to participate usually said their teenagers opposed it, or they were concerned about intruding on the privacy of their children or jeopardizing trust with them. Both parents and teenagers thought in-vehicle alerts helped teenagers drive more safely, although two thirds of teenagers tried to drown out the alerts with loud music. ...
Probabilistic, multidimensional unfolding analysis

A probabilistic, multidimensional version of Coombs' unfolding model is obtained by assuming that the projections of each stimulus and each individual on each axis are normally distributed. Exact equations are developed for the single dimensional case and an approximate one for the multidimensional case. Both types of equations are expressed solely in terms of univariate normal distribution functions and are therefore easy to evaluate. A Monte Carlo experiment, involving 9 stimuli and 3 subjects in a 2 dimensional space, was run to determine the degree of accuracy of the multidimensional equation and the feasibility of using iterative methods to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the stimulus and subject coordinates. The results reported here are gratifying in both respects.
Lack of mutagenicity of some phytoestrogens in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay

Abstract 8 phytoestrogens were tested for mutagenicity using a variation of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome (or Ames) assay. Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by a grain contaminant, Fusarium graminearum ( Gibberella zeae ) and the isomers of zearalanol are reduced derivatives of this compound. The remaining compounds are all flavonoids which occur naturally at relatively high concentrations in many plants, particularly legumes. 4 of these flavonoids (daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin-a) are isoflavones and the 5th, coumestrol, is a coumestan. Each compound was tested at several concentrations ranging from 1–500 μg per plate. The microsomal fraction was obtained from Aroclor 1254 (a PCB)-induced rat livers. None of the compounds tested was mutagenic to Salmonella strains TA1538, TA98 or TA100 at any concentration.
Reproductive Performance of Holstein Cows Receiving Somatotropin

Some dairy producers resist using bovine somatotropin (bST) beginning at 9 wk postpartum because of the concern that fertility is compromised. We conducted a trial with a total of 205 Holstein cows, 100 multiparous and 105 primiparous, to evaluate reproductive performance in two high producing herds in Arizona and southern California. Rolling herd averages for both herds for milk production exceeded 10,700 kg/yr. Data were collected for cows calving December 1996 through August 1997. The voluntary waiting period was 60 d postcalving, with cows randomly assigned to receive bST or no treatment (controls). In the 180-d interval after calving, 65.4% (68/104) of the control cows were diagnosed pregnant. With bST-treated cows, 48.5% (49/101) were pregnant in that same interval. A chi-square value from a linear model indicated that pregnancy outcome differed significantly between treatment groups. With a similar method of analysis, first-service conception rate was not significantly different between treatment groups. An extended voluntary wait and breeding interval is recommended for cows receiving bST, similar to suggestions from other published reports.
Influence of charge-density-wave structure on paramagnetic spin waves in alkali metals.

A spin-wave theory is developed for alkali metals having a charge-density-wave (CDW) structure. For simplicity the spin-dependent part of the many-body interaction between quasiparticles is taken as a constant, thereby neglecting Landau parameters ${B}_{n}$ with n\ensuremath{\ge}1. In a CDW state the velocity distribution is not only anisotropic, but open-orbit motion becomes possible. As a result, the motion of an electron is significantly modified. Since the known properties of alkali metals indicate charge-density-wave structure, the interpretation of experimental spin-wave data is reconsidered. The revised values of the Landau parameter ${B}_{0}$ and the fraction of electrons in open orbits \ensuremath{\eta} for potassium are found to be ${B}_{0}$=-0.252(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003) and \ensuremath{\eta}=0.048(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015) when only the open-orbit effect is included. ${B}_{0}$=-0.221(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002) and \ensuremath{\eta}=0.042(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013) if Fermi surface distortion is also included. It is also shown that observed splittings of spin-wave side bands can be explained when the effects of the CDW domain structure are recognized.
Pressure Ulcers: The Great Insult

Pressure ulcers are a common and frustrating problem. Pressure ulcers increase demands on health care resources and are sometimes a source of malpractice litigation. Skin breakdown, often an iatrogenic complication of hospitalization, increases the length of stay and contributes to mortality and morbidity. Long-term care facilities are under increasing regulatory pressure to reduce rates of pressure ulcer occurrence. The process-outcome link continues to escape us. Processes of care seem disjointed. Numerous studies show a failure to implement what we know. When pressure ulcer risk is identified, preventive measures often are not implemented. The literature is replete with reports of quality improvement activities that enumerate multiple opportunities to improve care related to pressure ulcers. Various quality improvement strategies for pressure ulcer prevention and management have been produced, but recommendations are not always applied to practice. When studies compared various outcomes before and after implementation of guidelines, most of the evidence was clinical audit data. Overall, active strategies were associated with better outcomes and passive strategies with poorer ones. Baier et al reported improvement in processes of care after using a structured quality improvement approach in the long-term care setting. Targeted education sessions were common to all studies reporting successful outcomes. Multidisciplinary wound care teams that conduct rounds at the bedside are highly recommended to enhance patient outcomes.Functioning interdisciplinary teams clearly represent an important approach to error reduction. To close the gap between risk identification and pressure ulcer prevention, we should develop active multidisciplinary wound care teams and "Strive for Six Sigma in Pressure Ulcer Care".
Radiation-convection interaction in the boundary layer regime of an enclosure

Abstract The interaction of thermal radiation and free convection in the boundary layer regime of a vertical enclosure is analytically and experimentally examined. The local heat flux from the highlyreflecting heated wall in the enclosure is obtained interferometrically; the second wall is a nearly-black cooled plate. The experimental data are compared to a boundary layer type analysis based on the exponential wide-band model. Experiments are presented for pure NH 3 , pureN 2 , and N 2 -NH 3 mixtures for pressures up to 2 bar at a temperature level near 300 K.
Mental disorders among alcoholics. Relationship to age of onset and cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides.

• Eighty-one percent of 339 alcoholics participating in a research program were found to have associated mental disorders. Alcoholics with onset of heavy drinking before 20 years of age had significantly more antisocial personality traits, drug abuse, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, suicide attempts, and paternal alcoholism than alcoholics with onset after age 20 years. Alcoholics with onset before and after 20 years of age also differed significantly from each other for cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of diazepam-binding inhibitor and somatostatin. These results support the notion that age of onset may delineate subgroups of alcoholics with significant clinical and neurochemical differences.
Rearrangement of Mouse Immunoglobulin Kappa Deleting Element Recombining Sequence Promotes Immune Tolerance and Lambda B Cell Production

Summary The recombining sequence (RS) of mouse and its human equivalent, the immunoglobulin (Ig) kappa deleting element ( IGKDE ), are sequences found at the 3′ end of the Ig kappa locus ( Igk ) that rearrange to inactivate Igk in developing B cells. RS recombination correlates with Ig lambda (Igλ) light (L) chain expression and likely plays a role in receptor editing by eliminating Igk genes encoding autoantibodies. A mouse strain was generated in which the recombination signal of RS was removed, blocking RS-mediated Igk inactivation. In RS mutant mice, receptor editing and self-tolerance were impaired, in some cases leading to autoantibody formation. Surprisingly, mutant mice also made fewer B cells expressing lambda chain, whereas λ versus κ isotype exclusion was only modestly affected. These results provide insight into the mechanism of L chain isotype exclusion and indicate that RS has a physiological role in promoting the formation of λ L chain-expressing B cells.
Abnormal Stat Activation, Hematopoietic Homeostasis, and Innate Immunity in c-fes−/− Mice

The c-fes protooncogene encodes a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (Fes) implicated in cytokine receptor signal transduction, neutrophil survival, and myeloid differentiation. To determine the role of Fes in embryonic development and hematopoiesis, we engineered a null mutation of the murine c-fes locus. c-fes-/- mice are viable but not born in the expected Mendelian ratios. Live born c-fes-/- mice exhibit lymphoid/myeloid homeostasis defects, compromised innate immunity, and increased Stat activation in response to GM-CSF and IL-6 signaling. Therefore, increased cytokine responsiveness in the absence of Fes leads to abnormal myeloid proliferation and functional defects in the macrophage lineage.
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a child

The syndrome of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is exceedingly rare in the United States. We have studied a 9-year-old child who fulfills all of the clinical and laboratory criteria of this syndrome, and who is believed to be the first patient in the pediatric age range reported in this country. Clinical and laboratory features include wheezing with fever, transient pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia of blood and sputum, septate hyphae and positive culture for Aspergillus fumigatus in the sputum, and skin-sensitizing antibody and precipitating antibody to Aspergillus fumigatus . Successful treatment included administration of corticosteroids orally and of amphotericin B by aerosol.
Computing the invariant zeros of multivariable systems

A computational procedure is given for computing the invariant zeros of equal-input/equal-output systems. The algorithm is conceptually simple and computationally easy.
Absence of sclerostin adversely affects B-cell survival

Increased osteoblast activity in sclerostin-knockout (Sost(-/-)) mice results in generalized hyperostosis and bones with small bone marrow cavities resulting from hyperactive mineralizing osteoblast populations. Hematopoietic cell fate decisions are dependent on their local microenvironment, which contains osteoblast and stromal cell populations that support both hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and facilitate B-cell development. In this study, we investigated whether high bone mass environments affect B-cell development via the utilization of Sost(-/-) mice, a model of sclerosteosis. We found the bone marrow of Sost(-/-) mice to be specifically depleted of B cells because of elevated apoptosis at all B-cell developmental stages. In contrast, B-cell function in the spleen was normal. Sost expression analysis confirmed that Sost is primarily expressed in osteocytes and is not expressed in any hematopoietic lineage, which indicated that the B-cell defects in Sost(-/-) mice are non-cell autonomous, and this was confirmed by transplantation of wild-type (WT) bone marrow into lethally irradiated Sost(-/-) recipients. WT→Sost(-/-) chimeras displayed a reduction in B cells, whereas reciprocal Sost(-/-) →WT chimeras did not, supporting the idea that the Sost(-/-) bone environment cannot fully support normal B-cell development. Expression of the pre-B-cell growth stimulating factor, Cxcl12, was significantly lower in bone marrow stromal cells of Sost(-/-) mice, whereas the Wnt target genes Lef-1 and Ccnd1 remained unchanged in B cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel role for Sost in the regulation of bone marrow environments that support B cells.
Validation of a self-administered instrument to assess stage of adolescent development.

Drawings were made from Tanner's photographs illustrating five stages of development each for male genitalia, testicular size, male pubic hair, female breasts, and female pubic hair. Forty-seven females and forty-eight males aged 12–16 years indicated on questionnaires which stage they were most like, and answered other questions related to their physical development. Afterwards they were examined by physicians who had not seen their answers. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.6 or above for the physician's observations compared with the adolescents' answers for the drawings, with the exception of testicular size. Answers to questions concerning amount of underarm hair and general development also yielded high correlations.
Polar copolymerization by a palladium-diimine-based catalyst. Influence of the catalyst charge and polar substituent on catalyst poisoning and polymerization activity. A density functional theory study

Combined gradient-corrected density functional theory and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) has been used to investigate the copolymerization of ethylene with the CH2CHX α-olefins, where X = −H, −Me, −CN...
945-622 Impaired Heart Rate Response to Graded Exercise: Prognostic Implications of Chronotropic Incompetence

Background and Methods To determine the associations between exercise heart rate response, mortality and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, 1617 male participants in the Framingham Offspring Study underwent treadill exercise testing (Bruce Protocol) and were followed for 7.7 years. Heart rate response was assessed in three ways: 1) failure to achieve age-predicted tar-get heart rate, 2) absolute increase in heart rate with exercise, and 3) percent increase in heart rate to stage 2 of exercise. The two main endpoints were all-cause mortality and incident CHD in subjects without CHD at baseline. Results During follow-up there were 60 deaths and 95 incident CHD events. 1) Failure to achieve target heart rate was associated with increased mortality (Hazards ratio [HR] = 2.63, 95% CI = 1.57-4.39. P = 0.0002) and increased CHD risk (HR = 3.49, 95% CI = 2.02-4.82, P = 0.0001). 2) Absolute increase in heart rate with exercise was independently and inversely related to mortality risk (HR for 12 beats per minute decrease 1.22. 95% CI 1.03-1.46, P = 0.02) and CHD risk (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.12-1.49. P = 0.0004) even after adjusting for age, ST segment response, baseline heart disease (for-mortality) and traditional coronary risk factors.3) Percent increase in heart rate to stage 2 of exercise was also independently and inversely predictive of mortality (HR for 25% decrease 1.30, 95% CI 1.00-l.70, P = 0.05) and incident CHD risk (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.06-1.63. P = 0.013) even after adjusting for age, exercise capacity, and (for CHD risk) traditional coronary risk factors. Conclusion An attenuated heart rate response to exercise, a manifestation of chronotropic incompetence, is predictive of increased mortality and coronary heart disease incidence
A Dose‐Ranging Study of Azathioprine Pharmacokinetics After Single‐Dose Administration of a Delayed‐Release Oral Formulation

6-Mercaptopurine and its prodrug azathioprine are an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease, but widespread use has been limited by concern about toxicity. Ileocolonic delivery of azathioprine as a 50-mg delayed-release oral capsule has been shown to decrease bioavailability, thus potentially decreasing toxicity. This study aimed to determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of delayed-release oral azathioprine capsules at doses of 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg relative to 100 mg of standard oral azathioprine tablets. Thirty healthy human volunteers each received delayed-release oral azathioprine at one of the three doses (n = 10 for each group). All participants also received a 100-mg tablet of standard oral azathioprine. Plasma concentrations of 6-mercaptopurine were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The relative bioavailabilities of 6-mercaptopurine after ileocolonic azathioprine administration via delayed-release oral capsules at doses of 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg (means of 15%, 15%, and 12%, respectively) were all significantly less than 100% compared with standard oral azathioprine at a 100-mg dose. Ileocolonic delivery of azathioprine by a delayed-release oral capsule formulation at doses up to 600 mg considerably reduces 6-mercaptopurine bioavailability, relative to standard oral azathioprine tablets. The therapeutic potential of this ileocolonic delivery formulation, which can limit toxicity by local delivery of azathioprine, should be investigated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Pericytosis and edema generation: a unique clinicopathological variant of meningioma.

OBJECTIVE : We report a group of eight patients with a distinctive histological variant of meningioma that is associated with severe peritumoral edema. The clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and histology of this type of tumor may lead to misdiagnosis as an aggressive or malignant process. METHODS : We reviewed the histology from patients who had removal of meningiomas performed in our institution between 1978 and 1992. Tumors having abnormal proliferation of cells in the intramural vascular spaces were selected for study ; case histories and radiographs were reviewed. Tumor material was subjected to special stains, immunocytochemical examination, and electron microscopy. RESULTS : Several lesions were misread radiographically as being malignant. Patients underwent craniotomy with complete excision of the tumor. All lesions were small (≤3 cm), and no brain invasion, unusual tumor vascularity, or dural sinus involvement was noted in any case. Histologically, the meningioma pattern in each case was meningothelial and benign in appearance. The immunocytochemical and electron microscopic features of the unusual cells in the blood vessel walls are most consistent with their being of pericytic origin. All patients have remained asymptomatic and without evidence of tumor recurrence with follow-up from 3 to 12 years. CONCLUSION : These tumors showed proliferation of pericytes in blood vessel walls and represent a new subtype of meningothelial meningioma. The apparently benign nature of these lesions necessitates their recognition. Characteristic findings of pericytic proliferation associated with edema generation have led us to descriptively term this the PEG variant of meningioma.
Living Independently as an Ethnic Minority Elder: A Relational Perspective on the Issues of Aging and Ethnic Minorities

This study examines the residential experiences of Korean ethnic elders in affordable housing in the greater Chicago area, focusing on how patterns of social relationships that evolved around a geographical location and its urban infrastructure enabled the elders to achieve their desire for residential independence. Based on the theoretical concept of activity settings and social capital, the study suggests an integrated theoretical model where social capital is understood as an embedded asset of an activity setting. Methodologically, this study uses a combined method of qualitative interviews with 138 Korean elders in affordable housing in the greater Chicago area and a geographic analysis of their social relationships in order to present associations among social relationships, urban infrastructures, and the shared value of independence within their residential communities. The study findings indicate that the elders mobilized ethnic businesses, urban infrastructures, and the collective efficacy of groups to achieve the shared goal of maintaining residential independence. In each community, a cultural broker acted as an important bridge between the community of ethnic minorities and the larger social networks coexisting within the community boundary. The relational perspective as a potent ground for understanding and further solving the issues of aging and ethnicity is highlighted.
A new knot pusher for secure slip knots in laparoscopic surgery

Objective To describe a new design of knot pusher which allows secure locking of some extracorporeal slip knots during a single pass. Design Description of the instrument and its use with review of the literature. Conclusion This instrument provides an effective method of making secure slip knots in laparoscopic surgery.
Forty-five years of chemical discovery including a golden quarter-century.

Inorganic chemistry became a passion for me as a graduate student in the 1950s. It was exciting to be part of the renaissance of the discipline, and I am pleased to have contributed to its strength. Physical concepts applied to the understanding of the properties of transition metal compounds guided our work initially. In the 1970s, probably as a direct result of the world abandoning the gold standard, the chemistry of gold was awakened after a long sleep. Much of the chemistry covered in this review of our work relates to novel compounds of gold and the properties they display which have been uncovered during the last 25 years of the 20th century. Stable metal−metal bonded Au(II) and organometallic Au(III) compounds, bi- and trimetallic oxidative addition, phosphorescent species with microsecond lifetimes, gold chains resulting from aurophilic bonding stronger than H-bonding, and recently, gold binding to organic π acids have intrigued my group and other gold chemists during this period.
Intelligent data fitting technique for 3D velocity reconstruction

Intelligent data fitting is often used in seismic data processing to reconstruct large three-dimensional data volumes based on relatively small amounts of 2D seismic and/or well- log data. This technique is useful for such applications because of the many different layers and lithologies in stratum. However, if such data fitting is performed over two different layers in the stratum, it often results in incorrect profiles. A more accurate way to perform such fitting is to first perform segmentation of the data into known classes, and then fit the data inside of each segmented class. In seismic data processing, interval velocity is one of the most important factors in rock type identification, i.e. lithology classification. To find a region with low velocity generally indicates a lithology of high porosity. Such a region is much more likely to contain oil and/or gas. Velocity data is more difficult to obtain than seismic waveform, which is obtained by 3D seismic prospecting. To obtain a vertical trace of interval velocity data requires extensive processing. Generally, such a velocity volume is obtained by means of a data fitting technique. This paper presents a general intelligent data fitting approach to reconstruct interval velocity volumes. This technique uses a process we term SEGFIT-segmentation followed by fitting. In SEGFIT, we use a fuzzy connected segmentation technique for the segmentation, which we term (lambda) -connected followed by a specialized fitting method which maintains the (lambda) -connectedness of the fitted data in each segmented class. In this paper we show that a real velocity volume can be obtained using this technique.
Human Violence and Evolutionary Consciousness

The evolution and development of adaptations results from the gradual selection of traits that enable organisms to acquire and maintain resources needed for survival and reproduction. We argue that instances of individual, regional, and global violence are rooted in our adaptations to seek, acquire, maintain, and utilize limited resources, regardless of whether such adaptations are currently successful at doing so. However, violence is not the only strategy employed by organisms to acquire resources; cooperation, reciprocity, and social bonding are behaviors that likewise may prove useful in this endeavor. We speculate about how individual adaptations and their byproducts may interact with the adaptations of other individuals and with societal and cultural phenomena, both violently and nonviolently. Finally, we discuss how individual decisions can affect higher level regional and global violence. Individual decisions carry moral weight for the individual in question and for society as a whole. We argue that individual decisions and behaviors can have far-reaching consequences on the well-being of others and that an evolutionary consciousness may help us to understand the effects of our personal choices on the existence of individual and group-level violence.
Structural and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of the Square Pyramidal to Trigonal Bipyramidal Distortion of Vanadyl Complexes Containing Sterically Crowded Schiff Base Ligands

[N,N‘-Ethylenebis(o-(tert-butyl-p-methylsalicylaldiminato)]oxovanadium(IV) (1), [N,N‘-propanediylbis(o-(tert-butyl-p-methylsalicylaldiminato)]oxovanadium(IV) (2), bis(N-methylsalicylaldiminato)oxovanadium(IV) (3), bis(N-isopropyl-o-methylsalicylaldiminato)oxovanadium(IV) (4), and, bis(N-methyl-o-(tert-butyl-p-methylsalicylaldiminato)oxovanadium(IV) (5) were prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography and EPR spectroscopy. Complexes 1 and 2 are best described as square pyramids, while complexes 3−5 are distorted trigonal bipyramids, demonstrating that oxovanadium(IV) complexes can readily adopt a trigonal bipyramidal geometry. All five compounds give nearly the same parallel hyperfine coupling constant (Az) regardless of the fact that the geometry about the vanadium changes from square pyramidal to trigonal bipyramidal. Crystal data for 1: space group P1, a = 7.9382(3) A, b = 12.6749(7) A, c = 13.8353(7) A, α = 109.608(5)°, β = 96.552(5)°, γ = 96.589(5)°, Z = 2. Crystal data for 2: space group I...
Studies of the development of congenital anomalies in embryos of riboflavin‐deficient, galactoflavin fed rats. II. Role of the terminal electron transport systems

Studies of the tissues of embryos and fetuses of rats treated with a riboflavin-deficient, galactoflavin-augmented diet during pregnancy were performed, and demonstrated that the activities of the succinic and DPNH oxidase systems (the terminal electron transport systems) were markedly reduced from control values during the critical period of development (days 12 thru 16 of gestation). The activities of the electron transport systems of placental tissue and maternal heart tissue were unaffected during the same period, suggesting that fetal tissue is particularly susceptible to the effects of riboflavin deficiency.
Hydroacoustics of a submarine eruption in the Northeast Lau Basin using an acoustic glider

A 1000-m Slocum glider® (Teledyne Webb Research Corporation) with CTD, turbidity, and hydrophone sensors was operated for two days in the Northeast Lau Basin. The survey was conducted near West Mata Volcano, where in November of 2008 the NOAA PMEL Vents program observed an active eruption emanating from near its summit at 1207 m—the deepest submarine activity ever to be witnessed. Our goal was to use the glider as a forensic tool to search for other nearby eruption sites with onboard sensors that detect the chemical and hydroacoustic signatures associated with the volcanic and hydrothermal plumes. The glider was launched on May 6, 2010 at 15° 8′3.60″S-174° 6′15.00″W, approximately 40 km to the west of West Mata. It flew toward West Mata and was recovered near the summit of the volcano after repeating 13 yos during a 41-hour mission. Although the recordings were affected by mechanical noise from the glider's rudder, the data demonstrate that the system can detect the wide-band noises (>1 kHz) associated with submarine volcanic and intense hydrothermal activity. The glider recorded variable acoustic amplitudes based on its distance from West Mata and temporal variations in the volcano's rate of activity, and demonstrated that these geologic processes contribute to the region's high ambient noise levels.
Vibration mode analysis using electronic speckle pattern interferometry

Abstract The use of electronic speckle pattern interferometry as a non-destructive testing technique has been widely reported for measuring a variety of objects. When used for vibration mode analysis, the only information presented to the operator was at the nodal area. The instrument has been developed so that, with the use of a microcomputer, the operator can now produce an isometric view of an object vibrating in a resonant mode, making the results easier to interpret. The instrument provides a real-time, non-contact alternative to other mode analysis equipment and can detect high-order modes as easily as low-order modes.
Coherent transient effects in Josephson junctions. Formulation

Coherent transient phenomena in superconducting tunnel junctions are investigated by means of a Gorkov-Nambu, Green's-function formulation, but without making the usual factorization. In this way we are led to and justify a pseudospin-angular-momentum formulation of junction dynamics. We find that for problems involving pair-current flow between weakly coupled superconductors the system can be conveniently represented by its position on a Bloch sphere in our pseudospin space. The magnitude of the Bloch vector is set by the total number of interacting Cooper pairs whereas its orientation is specified by two angles, $\ensuremath{\theta}$ and $\ensuremath{\varphi}$. The angle $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is the usual Josephson-pair phase, but the new angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ enters our calculations for transient situations. A comparison is made between the present angular-momentum formulation and the phenomenological number-phase-angle theory.
Models of the Io Torus

Results of calculations are given for three-dimensional models of the Io torus, to analyze the spectroscopic data reported by Morgan (1985). The calculations included variations in the torus plasma properties with longitude, latitude, and distance from Jupiter. The spectroscopic data are compared with the Oliversen's (S II) images and with the in situ measurements made by Voyager 1. The hypothesis is tested that the optical east-west variations reported in Morgan (1985) are consistent with the convective motions suggested by Barbosa and Kivelson (1983) and Ip and Goertz (1983). It is shown that the optical intensity asymmetry can be explained as a natural consequence of the suggested convective motions.
Functional consequences of repeated (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment in rhesus monkeys.

Six rhesus monkeys were trained to stable performance on neuropsychological tests of memory, reinforcer efficacy, reaction time and bimanual motor coordination. Three monkeys were then exposed to a high-dose, short course regimen of (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) (4 days, 10 mg/kg i.m., b.i.d.). Following treatment, concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were reduced by ∼50% in the treated animals, and this effect persisted for approximately three months post-MDMA. Behavioral performance was disrupted during acute MDMA treatment but returned to baseline within one week following treatment. MDMA also produced persistent alterations in late peak latencies of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BSAEP), lasting three months post-MDMA. Both CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and evoked potential latencies were normalized four months after treatment. These findings indicate that serotonergic alterations associated with MDMA use may result in persisting changes in brain function.
Pressure and velocity variation in a fabric air dispersion system

An experimental program was conducted to study pressure and velocity variations longitudinally along a fabric air dispersion system. The goal of these tests was to derive and experimentally verify a numerical model to predict these values to enhance the design of fabric air dispersion systems. Euler's method was used to solve coupled energy and mass flow equations. The resulting comparison of model predictions and experimental data agreed to within 3%. Additional analysis was performed regarding the effects of adding extra flow resistance to fabric air dispersion systems. It was determined numerically that additional flow resistance provided by an internal skeleton and/or a variable-area orifice for static pressure control increased the uniformity of axial flow for fabric air dispersion systems.
Pushing ASIC performance in a power envelope

Power dissipation is becoming the most challenging design constraint in nanometer technologies. Among various design implementation schemes, standard cell ASICs offer the best power efficiency for high-performance applications. The flexibility of ASICs allow for the use of multiple voltages and multiple thresholds to match the performance of critical regions to their timing constraints, and minimize the power everywhere else. We explore the trade-off between multiple supply voltages and multiple threshold voltages in the optimization of dynamic and static power. The use of multiple supply voltages presents some unique physical and electrical challenges. Level shifters need to be introduced between the various voltage regions. Several level shifter implementations will be shown. The physical layout needs to be designed to ensure the efficient delivery of the correct voltage to various voltage regions. More flexibility can be gained by using appropriate level shifters. We will discuss optimization techniques such as clock skew scheduling which can be effectively used to push performance in a power neutral way.
Examining the relationship between blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress-related traits

Emerging evidence suggests that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) resulting from blast exposure may contribute to the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related affective sequelae, such as anxiety and depression. Many studies have used survey techniques to describe blast exposure leading to comorbid mTBI and related persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS) with PTSD in military populations. Despite this, there is a lack of literature that examines possible biological mechanisms by which blast exposure contributes to the development of PTSD sequelae. This Mini-Review addresses the current literature on potential neurophysiological changes that may contribute to PTSD-like traits as a result of a single or multiple exposures to blast events. Evidence from clinical blast-induced mTBI populations and animal models of blast-induced mTBI was evaluated with an emphasis on behavioral and physiological symptoms similar to those seen in PTSD populations and models. From the analysis, we propose potential mechanisms that merit further investigation for better understanding of how blast exposures may produce a higher rate of comorbid PPCS, PTSD, and affective phenomena. An improved understanding of PTSD-like outcomes resulting from blast exposure will ultimately help facilitate the development of future treatments and contribute to a better understanding of PTSD sequelae that develop from physical trauma.
Chromium-induced production of reactive oxygen species, DNA single-strand breaks, nitric oxide production, and lactate dehydrogenase leakage in J774A.1 cell cultures.

The involvement of oxidative stress in the toxicity of chromium (VI) and chromium (III) has been proposed. We have therefore examined the effects of these cations on the production of superoxide anion, nitric oxide (NO), and DNA single strand breaks (SSB) in J774A.1 macrophage cells in culture as well as the effects on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and cell viability. Following a 48 hour incubation, over twofold increases in superoxide anion and NO production were observed at concentrations of approximately 0.30 and 50 μM for Cr (VI) and Cr (III), respectively. The patterns of cell viability and LDH leakage paralleled superoxide anion and NO production for Cr (VI) and Cr (III). A 50% decrease in viability was observed at approximately the concentrations that produced a twofold increase in superoxide and NO production. Concentration-dependent increases in DNA-SSB were observed after incubation with Cr (III) with maximum increases occurring at a concentration of approximately 60 μM. Cr (VI) had no effect on the incidence of DNA-SSB at any of the tested concentrations. The results indicate that Cr (VI) and Cr (III) are toxic to the J774A.1 cell line, and the toxicity may be due at least in part to an oxidative stress induced by the production of reactive oxygen species. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Time-frequency analysis of movement-related spectral power in EEG during repetitive movements: a comparison of methods.

During dynamic voluntary movements, power in the α-and β-bands resulting from synchronized neuronal activity is modulated in a manner that is time-locked to movement onset. These signals can be readily recorded from the scalp surface using electroencephalography. Abnormalities in the magnitude and timing of these oscillations are present in a wide variety of movement disorders including Parkinson’s disease and dystonia. Most studies have examined movement-related oscillations in the context of single discrete movements, yet marked impairments are often seen during the performance of repetitive movements. For this reason, there is considerable need for analysis methods that can resolve the modulation of these oscillations in both the frequency and time domains. Presently, there is little consensus on which is the most appropriate method for this purpose. In this paper, a comparison of commonly used time-frequency methods is presented for the analysis of movement-related power in the α-and β-bands during repetitive movements. The same principles hold, however, for any form of repetitive or rhythmic input-output processes in the brain. In particular, methods based on band-pass filtering, the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), continuous wavelet transform and reduced interference distributions are discussed. The relative merits and limitations in terms of spectral or temporal resolution of each method are shown with the use of simulated and experimental data. It is shown that the STFT provides the best compromise between spectral and temporal resolution and thus is the most appropriate approach for the analysis and interpretation of repetitive movement-related oscillations in health and disease. (250 words)
The Continuity of Mind

1. Toward a Continuity Psychology 2. Some Conceptual Tools for Tracking Continuous Mental Trajectories 3. Some Experimental Tools for Tracking Continuous Mental Trajectories 4. Some Simulation Tools for Tracking Continuous Mental Trajectories 5. Constructive Feedback for Modularity 6. On the Temporal Dynamics of Categorization 7. Temporal Dynamics of Language Comprehension 8. Temporal Dynamics of Visual Perception 9. Temporal Dynamics in Action 10. Temporal Dynamics in Reasoning? 11. Uniting and Freeing the Mind 12. Dynamical (Self-)Consciousness?
On Law, Organizations, and Social Movements

This review examines the complex interplay among social movements, organizations, and law. Although the sociological literature has recently been attentive to each pair of two of these social arenas—that is, to social movements and organizations, to organizations and law, and to law and social movements—there has been no effort to theorize the relationship among all three of them. We review the literature on each pair of institutions and then suggest ways in which insights about the omitted institution might inform extant work. Finally, we offer a new framework for examining social movements, organizations, and law together. Envisioning the three social arenas as overlapping and mutually constitutive social fields, we suggest that institutional change may occur when exogenous shocks produce contention and settlement in adjacent fields or when endogenous motion occurs as ideas within one field gradually influence practices in adjacent fields.
A Neonate With Hyperammonemia

1. What are this patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory findings? 2. How do you explain these findings? 3. What additional laboratory testing should be performed on this neonate and why? 4. What is the patient’s most likely diagnosis? 5. What is the biochemical and pathophysiologic basis of this disease? 6. What is the genetic basis of this disease? 7. How do patients with this disease usually present? 8. What is the appropriate management for patients with this disease?
Space-time coupled spectral/ hp least-squares finite element formulation for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

We consider least-squares finite element models for the numerical solution of the non-stationary Navier-Stokes equations governing viscous incompressible fluid flows. The paper presents a formulation where the effects of space and time are coupled, resulting in a true space-time least-squares minimization procedure, as opposed to a space-time decoupled formulation where a least-squares minimization procedure is performed in space at each time step. The formulation is first presented for the linear advection-diffusion equation and then extended to the Navier Stokes equations. The formulation has no time step stability restrictions and is spectrally accurate in both space and time. To allow the use of practical C0 element expansions in the resulting finite element model, the Navier-Stokes equations are expressed as an equivalent set of first-order equations by introducing vorticity as an additional independent variable and the least-squares method is used to develop the finite element model of the governing equations. High-order element expansions are used to construct the discrete model. The discrete model thus obtained is linearized by Newton's method, resulting in a linear system of equations with a symmetric positive definite coefficient matrix that is solved in a fully coupled manner by a preconditioned conjugate gradient method in matrix-free form. Spectral convergence of the L2 least-squares functional and L2 error norms in space-time is verified using a smooth solution to the two-dimensional non-stationary incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical results are presented for impulsively started lid-driven cavity flow, oscillatory lid-driven cavity flow, transient flow over a backward-facing step, and flow around a circular cylinder; the results demonstrate the predictive capability and robustness of the proposed formulation. Even though the space-time coupled formulation is emphasized, we also present the formulation and numerical results for least-squares space-time decoupled finite element models. The numerical results show that the space-time coupled formulation has superior predictive capabilities for flows demanding high space-time resolution, exemplified here by the transient flow over a backward-facing step.
Safety of single-site adenosine thallium-201 scintigraphy

Abstract The diagnostic accuracy, safety and tolerance of adenosine thallium scintigraphy have been reported using a 2-site intravenous infusion with either a titrated or fixed-dose protocol. A single-site infusion would considerably simplify the test procedure, but its safety must be established before it can be recommended. Accordingly, 400 consecutive patients who had adenosine and thallium-201 administered through the same intravenous line were classified into 2 groups. Group I (n = 201) patients received a 7-minute titrated intravenous infusion of adenosine, with an initial dose of 50 μg/kg/min that increased at 1-minute intervals to a maximum of 140 μg/kg/min. Group II (n = 199) patients received a fixed dose of adenosine at 140 μg/kg/min for 6 minutes. Adenosine significantly (p
Impact of Yesterday's Genes and Today's Diet and Chemicals on Tomorrow's Women

A previous editorial in this journal (Puberty - Whither goest?) discussed whether pubertal maturation was occurring earlier in U.S. girls, and the potential causes of those changes.1 Several original manuscripts, review papers, and convened consensus groups have discussed these topics, and most of the published works have accepted that 1) there is a decrease in the age of onset of puberty, as defined by breast development, and 2) there is a more modest decrease in the age of menarche (reviewed by Kaplowitz).2 Black women experience menarche approximately six months earlier than white women, whereas their breast development appears to be up to one year earlier than white women. When examining the potential causes of the continued decrease in age of onset of puberty in girls, many have noted that there has been a coincident epidemic in rates and degrees of obesity. They concluded that increased body mass index (BMI) accounts for much of the change in age of onset of puberty in girls; the changes in pubertal onset, and association with increased BMI, are not as clear in boys.
Gravitational Effects on the Gas Tungsten Arc Welds of 304 Stainless Steels

Abstract Gravitational effects on gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of 304 stainless steels were studied to determine the behavior of the weld pool geometry, and its impact on microstructure and solute distribution. This was accomplished through both a KC-135 flight experiment and a ground-based experiment. Gravitational level variation from low gravity (LG) (∼1.2 g) to high gravity (HG) (∼1.8 g) caused a 10% increase in weld width and a 10% decrease in depth, while maintaining the overall weld pool volume. Regardless of the gravitational level, the ferrite content and the solutes (Cr and Ni) distribution in the duplex microstructure remained constant within the measurement scatter.
Management of Cystinuria

Cystinuria is a monogenic disorder in which there is a transepithelial transport defect of di-basic amino acids, including cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine (COLA). This results in diminished reabsorption of these amino acids in both the intestine and renal proximal tubule. This article describes the disorder, reviews the mechanisms of normal COLA renal transport, and summarizes issues related to the disorder, such as the role of mutations, associated diseases, clinical manifestations, therapies, the renal impact, and handling of pediatric patients.
Scanning Health Information Sources: Applying and Extending the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking

Information scanning, or attention to information via incidental or routine exposure or browsing, is relatively less understood than information seeking. To (a) provide a more theoretical understanding of information scanning and (b) extend existing information seeking theory to information scanning, the current study used data from the National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey to examine cancer information scanning using the comprehensive model of information seeking (CMIS). Consistent with the CMIS, health-related factors were associated with the information-carrier factor of trust, and health-related factors and trust were associated with attention to information sources. Some of these associations differed between entertainment-oriented sources, information-oriented sources, and the Internet. The current findings provide a clearer picture of information scanning and suggest future avenues of research and practice using the CMIS.