cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FIRST AMENDMENT INTERESTS AND COPYRIGHT ACCOMMODATIONS

Copyright law exists to encourage the creation of works of authorship by granting exclusive rights. But copyright’s incentive function seems in tension with the public’s First Amendment interests to use and freely hear copyrighted speech. Conventional wisdom holds, however, that copyright law serves to encourage much more speech than it discourages, and resolves First Amendment concerns with protections internal to copyright law like the fair use defense and the idea/expression dichotomy. This Article argues that the conventional wisdom no longer holds given the unprecedented expansion of copyright’s scope and cor-responding drastic diminution of the public domain in the last three decades. This Article extends the U.S. Supreme Court’s reasoning in Eldred v. Ashcroft, which rejected the notion that courts should never subject copyright laws to First Amendment analysis, to read First Amendment accommodations into copyright laws where use of copyrighted materials implicates significant speech interests.
On a proposed characterization of Schatten-class composition operators

For an analytic function φ which maps the open unit disc D to itself, let C φ be the operator of composition with φ on the Bergman space L 2 a(D, dA). It has been a longstanding problem to determine whether or not the membership of C φ in the Schatten class Cp, 1 < p < ∞, is equivalent to the condition that the function z → {(1 - |z| 2 )/(1 - |φ(z)| 2 )} p has a finite integral with respect to the Mobius-invariant measure dλ(z) = (1 - |z| 2 ) -2 dA(z) on D. We show that the answer is negative when 2 < p < oo.
Genetic Analysis Workshop II: sib pair screening tests for linkage.

For each marker locus and for every pair of sibs with data available in the 1983 workshop data, the proportion of genes identical by descent was estimated. The mean proportions were compared between concordant and discordant sib pairs, and the mean proportion for concordantly affected pairs was compared with one half. Together with standard tests of association, these were found to be sensitive screening tests for linkage.
Density functional studies of PbZrO3, KTaO3 and KNbO3

Abstract Density functional calculations are used to investigate the non-ferroelectric end-points of the KTN and PZT alloy systems and to address the errors in the local approximation for KNbO3. In PbZrO3, substantial hybridization is found between O 2p and Zr 4d states and between O 2p and Pb s and p states. A strong Γ point phonon instability is present for the cubic perovskite structure. Relaxation, allowing only zone center distortions, yields a large energy lowering of 0.253 eV and bond length changes in excess of 0.5 A. Two related R point instabilities are found; both are weaker. Calculations for 40 atom unit cells with orthorhombic Pba2 and Pbam space groups and previously reported experimental positions, yield energies close to but still above the relaxed Γ structure. However, after relaxation of the oxygen coordinates, the antiferroelectric structure is favored by 0.02 eV per formula unit, in accord with the PZT phase diagram. KTaO3 is found to be stable in the cubic perovskite structure. Phonon...
The γ-borel conjecture

In this paper we prove that it is consistent that every γ-set is countable while not every strong measure zero set is countable. We also show that it is consistent that every strong γ-set is countable while not every γ-set is countable. On the other hand we show that every strong measure zero set is countable iff every set with the Rothberger property is countable.
Economic Analysis of Cleft Palate Repair in International Adoptees

Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Major international tertiary care referral center for cleft palate repair. Patients: One hundred thirty-eight patients at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia who had palate repair performed between 2010 and 2013, excluding syndromic patients, patients undergoing palate revision, and patients with incomplete payment information. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measure: Fees and charges for procedures. Results: Surgeon payment was significantly higher for international adoptees (Δ = $2047.51 [$128.35 to $3966.66], P = .038). Medicaid-adjusted surgeon payments averaged $1006 more for adoptees ([–$394.19 to $2406.98], P = .158). Conclusions: Hospital and anesthesiology costs for adoptee palate repair were highly variable but did not differ significantly from those for nonadoptees. Partly due to payer mix, surgeon reimbursement was somewhat higher for international adoptees. No difference in total payment was found.
Symptomatic SLAP tear and paralabral cyst in a pediatric athlete: a case report.

Shoulder injuries in pediatric and adolescent athletes are being increasingly encountered by orthopaedic surgeons as early participation in throwing sports continues to grow at a rapid rate1-8. While shoulder pain is a common complaint of both adult and pediatric athletes, the etiology of their symptoms is often very different. Rotator cuff tears and labral pathology are common causes of shoulder pain in skeletally mature throwing athletes, yet these structures have rarely been reported as a cause of shoulder pain in the skeletally immature thrower9-13. Chronic overuse resulting in proximal humeral epiphysiolysis (Little League shoulder syndrome), osteolysis of the distal end of the clavicle, or injury to the capsulolabral complex have more frequently been implicated1-8. We present the case of an eleven-year-old baseball player with a symptomatic superior labral tear and paralabral cyst. The parents of the patient were informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and they consented. An eleven-year-old, right-hand-dominant, avid baseball player presented to our clinic with pain in the right shoulder. While he had no history of a single traumatic event or dislocation, the symptoms had developed over the previous three months with overhead throwing. He complained of diffuse soreness and weakness of the right shoulder precipitated by throwing and occasionally during batting practice. He was evaluated by his pediatrician, who diagnosed a Little League shoulder syndrome secondary to overuse and recommended a four-week period of rest with cessation of overhead sports. While the rest reduced the pain somewhat, the symptoms immediately recurred with his return to baseball and then precluded his completion of the season. He presented to our office as a normal-appearing adolescent in no apparent distress. Clinical examination revealed no gross atrophy of the deltoid, trapezius, or rotator …
Autonomous multilateral debridement with the Raven surgical robot

Autonomous robot execution of surgical sub-tasks has the potential to reduce surgeon fatigue and facilitate supervised tele-surgery. This paper considers the sub-task of surgical debridement: removing dead or damaged tissue fragments to allow the remaining healthy tissue to heal. We present an autonomous multilateral surgical debridement system using the Raven, an open-architecture surgical robot with two cabledriven 7 DOF arms. Our system combines stereo vision for 3D perception with trajopt, an optimization-based motion planner, and model predictive control (MPC). Laboratory experiments involving sensing, grasping, and removal of 120 fragments suggest that an autonomous surgical robot can achieve robustness comparable to human performance. Our robot system demonstrated the advantage of multilateral systems, as the autonomous execution was 1.5× faster with two arms than with one; however, it was two to three times slower than a human. Execution speed could be improved with better state estimation that would allow more travel between MPC steps and fewer MPC replanning cycles. The three primary contributions of this paper are: (1) introducing debridement as a sub-task of interest for surgical robotics, (2) demonstrating the first reliable autonomous robot performance of a surgical sub-task using the Raven, and (3) reporting experiments that highlight the importance of accurate state estimation for future research. Further information including code, photos, and video is available at: http://rll.berkeley.edu/raven.
Mid-infrared emission prior to strong earthquakes analyzed by remote sensing data

Abstract Solid Earth–atmosphere interactions and possibly solid Earth–seafloor interactions prior to major earthquakes are the subject of this study. Using data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard National Aeronautical Space Agency (NASA) Terra and Aqua satellites, we have begun to analyze infrared (IR) emissivity, land surface temperature (LST) and sea surface temperature (SST) data. Specifically, we look for correlations between solid Earth processes and atmosphere/ocean dynamics prior to strong earthquakes, selecting examples from 2001 and 2000. We find evidence for such correlations, specifically for a thermal anomaly LST pattern that is apparently related to pre-seismic activity. A new mechanism has recently been proposed based on positive hole-type charge carriers in rocks, which become activated when rocks are subjected to high levels of stress prior [J. Geodyn. 33 (2002) 545–572]. The appearance of these electronic charge carriers within a finite rock volume leads to enhanced IR emission from the rock surface in the 8–12 μm region.
A language for provenance access control

Provenance is a directed acyclic graph that explains how a resource came to be in its current form. Traditional access control does not support provenance graphs. We cannot achieve all the benefits of access control if the relationships between the data and their sources are not protected. In this paper, we propose a language that complements and extends existing access control languages to support provenance. This language also provides access to data based on integrity criteria. We have also built a prototype to show that this language can be implemented effectively using Semantic Web technologies.
Evaporative cooling of mushrooms

Temperature measurements from the spore-producing gills, spines, and tubes underneath fruit-body caps revealed cooling in 18 basidiomycete species growing in mixed deciduous woodland. The temperature of cultured fruit bodies of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus fell upon exposure to low velocity airflow, consistent with an evaporative mechanism of cooling. The mechanism of ballistospore discharge characteristic of basidiomycete fungi is dependent on condensation of water from the air surrounding the spores onto the spore surface. The current model for this process predicts that condensation, and therefore spore discharge, is enhanced by cooling of the fruit body.
A determination of relativistic shock jump conditions using Monte Carlo techniques

Monte Carlo techniques are used, assuming isotropic elastic scattering of all particles, to calculate jump conditions in parallel relativistic collisionless shocks in the absence of Fermi acceleration. The shock velocity and compression ratios are shown for arbitrary flow velocities and for any upstream temperature. Both single-component electron-positron plasma and two-component proton-electron plasmas are considered. It is shown that protons and electrons must share energy, directly or through the mediation of plasma waves, in order to satisfy the basic conservation conditions, and the electron and proton temperatures are determined for a particular microscopic, kinetic-theory model, namely, that protons always scatter elastically. The results are directly applicable to shocks in which waves of scattering superthermal particles are absent.
Large scale preparation of positively supercoiled DNA using the archaeal histone HMf

A technique to prepare relatively large quantities (>/=100 microg) of highly positively supercoiled DNA is reported. This uses a recombinant archaeal histone (rHMfB) to introduce toroidal supercoils, and an inexpensive chicken blood extract to relax unrestrained superhelical tension. Preparation of positively supercoiled pUC19 DNA molecules, >50% of which have linking number changes ranging from+8 to+17, is demonstrated. Advantages include the high degree of positive supercoiling that can be achieved, control over the extent of supercoiling, easy production of relatively large quantities of supercoiled DNA, and low cost.
Keeping the conversation going: Jane Addams’ rhetorical strategies in “A Modern Lear”

Thefirst noticeable thing about ahnost an)' situation of conflict is how soon con versation breaks down and the proverbial 'other means 'take the fore. This study explores how Jane Addams, a prominent Chicago mediator, crafted new rhetorical openings for conflict resolution. The bloody Pullman Strike of 1894 was a landmark event in Addams ' rhetorical career, since it was during this strike that she learned to negotiate the rhetorical space between labor and management, as well as learning how to enlist the public in the work of reconstructing severed human relationships. Using the lenses of invitational rhetoric andfantasy theme analysis, I show how Addams attempted to create a more conciliatory mode of speech for seemingly intractable situations.
Low-frequency electrical properties of polycrystalline saline ice and salt hydrates.

We measured the 1 mHz−1 MHz electrical properties of ice−hydrate binary systems formed from solutions of NaCl, CaCl2, and MgSO4, with supplementary measurements of HCl. Below the eutectic temperature, electrical parameters are well described by mixing models in which hydrate is always the connected phase. Above the eutectic temperature, a salt concentration threshold of ∼3 mM in the initial solution is required for the unfrozen brine fraction to form interconnected, electrically conductive networks. The dielectric relaxation frequency for saline ice increases with increasing impurity content until Cl− reaches saturation. Because there is insufficient H3O+ for charge balance, salt cations must be accommodated interstitially in the ice. Dielectric relaxations near the ice signature were identified for CaCl2·6H2O and MgSO4·11H2O but not for NaCl·2H2O. Ionic and L-defect concentrations in salt hydrates up to ∼10−4 and 10−3 per H2O molecule, respectively, follow from the electrical properties, Jaccard theory, ...
A sensitive microassay for the murine alternative compliment pathway

Abstract A microhemolytic assay for measurement of murine alternative complement pathway activity is described. The assay uses 51 Cr release from neuraminidase-treated rabbit erythrocytes incubated with Mg 2+ EGTA-chelated murine serum. Neuraminidase pretreatment of rabbit erythrocytes increases the sensitivity of the assay 8–10-fold, enabling the use of small volumes of individual mouse sera. The assay affords a simple, sensitive and reproducible method for measuring murine alternative complement pathway activity. Significant differences were found between strains when alternative complement pathway activity of serum from various inbred murine lines was measured.
Renormalization of one-dimensional avalanche models

We investigate a renormalization group (RG) scheme for avalanche automata introduced recently by Pietroneroet al. to explain universality in self-organized criticality models. Using a modified approach, we construct exact RG equations for a one-dimensional model whose detailed dynamics is exactly solvable. We then investigate in detail the effect of approximations inherent in a practical implementation of the RG transformation where exact dynamical information is unavailable.
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships of steroid aromatase inhibitors

Inhibition of aromatase, a cytochrome P450 that converts androgens to estrogens, is relevant in the therapeutic control of breast cancer. We investigate this inhibition using a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) method known as Comparative Molecular Field Analysis, CoMFA [Cramer III, R.D. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110 (1988) 5959]. We analyzed the data for 50 steroid inhibitors [Numazawa, M. et al., J. Med. Chem., 37 (1994) 2198, and references cited therein] assayed against androstenedione on human placental microsomes. An initial CoMFA resulted in a three-component model for log(1/Ki), with an explained variance r2 of 0.885, and a cross-validated q2 of 0.673. Chemometric studies were performed using GOLPE [Baroni, M. et al., Quant. Struct.-Act. Relatsh., 12 (1993) 9]. The CoMFA/GOLPE model is discussed in terms of robustness, predictivity, explanatory power and simplicity. After randomized exclusion of 25 or 10 compounds (repeated 25 times), the q2 for one component was 0.62 and 0.61, respectively, while r2 was 0.674. We demonstrate that the predictive r2 based on the mean activity (Ym) of the training set is misleading, while the test set Ym-based predictive r2 index gives a more accurate estimate of external predictivity. Using CoMFA, the observed differences in aromatase inhibition among C6-substituted steroids are rationalized at the atomic level. The CoMFA fields are consistent with known, potent inhibitors of aromatase, not included in the model. When positioned in the same alignment, these compounds have distinct features that overlap with the steric and electrostatic fields obtained in the CoMFA model. The presence of two hydrophobic binding pockets near the aromatase active site is discussed: a steric bulk tolerant one, common for C4, C6-alpha and C7-alpha substitutents, and a smaller one at the C6-beta region.
The concept of happiness: a multidimensional scaling investigation.

This study investigated the concept of happiness using multidimensional scaling analyses. Two samples were studied. The first contained 100 adult males and females, aged nineteen to ninety (M = 39.5). The second contained 126 female adults, aged twenty-six to eighty-nine (M = 61.3), all Catholic nuns. Respondents provided word associates to the words happiness and unhappiness during separate one-minute intervals. Subsequently, the twelve most frequent associates and the word happiness were used in a written paired comparison task of dissimilarities between all possible pairs. In both samples, a two-dimensional space was judged to optimally fit the data. The first dimension was interpreted as a bipolar affective dimension. The second dimension was one-fifth and one-third as salient as the first dimension in the respective samples, and was interpreted as representing personal independence. Two-dimensional spaces of young, middle-aged, and old subsamples of sample one were, in large part, similar to the tota...
A Transcultural Integrative Model for Ethical Decision Making in Counseling

The Transcultural Integrative Ethical Decision-Making Model in counseling addresses the need for including cultural factors in the process of ethical dilemma resolution. This transcultural model incorporates state-of-the-art concepts from multicultural theory into an ethical decision-making model that is adapted primarily from the Integrative Model developed by V. M. Tarvydas (1998). When appropriate, this transcultural model includes aspects of other ethical resolution models, such as R. R. Cottone's (2001) Social Constructivist Model and A. H. Davis's (1997) Collaborative Model. The proposed model is presented in a step-by-step, linear format that can be used by counselors facing ethical dilemmas in a variety of settings and with different cultural groups.
Brain segmentation performance using T1-weighted images versus T1 maps

The recent driven equilibrium single-pulse observation of T1 (DESPOT1) approach permits real-time clinical acquisition of large-volume and high-isotropic-resolution T1 mapping of MR tissue parameters with improved uniformity. It is assumed that the quantitative nature of maps will facilitate clinical applications such as disease diagnosis and comparison across subjects. However, there is not yet enough quantitative evidence on the actual benefit of adopting T1 maps, especially in computer-aided medical image analysis tasks. In this study, we compare methods with respect to image types, T1-weighted images or T1 maps, in automatic brain MRI segmentation. Our experimental results demonstrate that, using T1 maps, different segmentation algorithms show better agreement with each other, compared to that from using T1-weighted images. Furthermore, through multi-dimensional-scaling projection, we are able to visualize the relative affinity among segmentation results, which reveals that the projections of those segmentations using two different types of input images tend to form two separate clusters. Finally, by comparing to expert segmented reference segmentation of brain sub-regions, our results clearly indicate a better agreement between the manual reference and those automatic ones on T1 maps. In other words, our study provides an evidence for the hypothesis that compared to the conventionally used T1-weighted images, T1 maps lead to improved reliability in automatic brain MRI segmentation task.
Single-letter and digram frequency effects in immediate serial recall

Summary This study examined the immediate serial recall of letter strings as a function of the single-letter and sequential digram frequencies of the string. Three types of letter strings were constructed, high-frequency consonants combined with high-frequency digrams (HH), high-frequency consonants combined with low-frequency digrams (HL), and low-frequency consonants combined with low-frequency digrams (LL). Twenty-four Ss received six instances of each type of string and then were asked for their immediate serial recall after each string. The results, predicted on the basis of the “spew hypothesis” of Underwood and Schulz, were confirmed and showed recall to be best for the HH strings, intermediate for the HL strings, and poorest for the LL strings. Analysis of the error data provided further support for the “spew hypothesis,” and it was suggested that future investigations of the immediate serial recall of letter strings would need to account for both single-letter as well as digram frequency.
Outer-sphere Pb(II) adsorbed at specific surface sites on single crystal α-alumina

Abstract Solvated Pb(II) ions were found to adsorb as structurally well-defined outer-sphere complexes at specific sites on the α-Al2O3 (0001) single crystal surface, as determined by grazing-incidence X-ray absorption fine structure (GI-XAFS) measurements. The XAFS results suggest that the distance between Pb(II) adions and the alumina surface is approximately 4.2 A. In contrast, Pb(II) adsorbs as more strongly bound inner-sphere complexes on α-Al2O3 (1 1 02). The difference in reactivities of the two alumina surfaces has implications for modeling surface complexation reactions of contaminants in natural environments, catalysis, and compositional sector zoning of oxide crystals.
Cinephilia and History, or The Wind in the Trees by Christian Keathley. Indiana University Press, 2006

Keathley's book begins with a natural image in its subtitle and concludes with a natural image in its final sentence (Rohmer on Nicholas Ray: “Here, everything is circular, from the gestures of lov...
Evaluation of a nitrogen availability test

Abstract To evaluate a N availability test, we plotted corn (Zea mays L.) silage yields and N contents from several sites in Pennsylvania and Vermont against the total estimated available N (TEAN). Field N mineralization was estimated by using an empirical laboratory‐derived relationship between mineralized‐N (Nm) and the NH4‐N released by autoclaving (Ni). TEAN was calculated by summing estimated mineralized‐N of soil samples taken to 15 cm plus added inorganic‐N. By using a statistical procedure, we divided the data into two response populations with the critical value of 13.3 kg TEAN/ton maximum yield. Further field testing of the autoclaving N availability index is needed.
A note on the effects of feeding saw palmetto berries, serenoa repens (bartram) small, to rats

Abstract The growth of suckling rats was depressed when their dams were fed Saw Palmetto berries as 50 per cent by weight of their diet. Young rats fed a similar diet showed growth depression and developed gangrenous conditions. Adult rats did not lose weight nor develop gangrene when fed a diet containing Saw Palmetto berries for seventy‐five days.
Effect of α-Tocopherol, β-Carotene, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Lipid Oxidation of Refrigerated, Cooked Ground Turkey and Ground Pork

α-Tocopherol and β-carotene at 0.03% levels and sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) at 0.2% and 0.3% levels, alone and in combination, where added to ground turkey and ground pork. Hexanal was measured after cooking and storage at 4°C for 2, 4, or 6 d. α-Tocopherol alone significantly reduced hexanal of stored, cooked, turkey but had no effect in pork. STP was more effective than α-tocopherol and a combination of α-tocopherol with STP resulted in enhanced antioxidant activity. Hexanal of pork with 0.03% α-tocopherol plus 0.3% STP did not increase significantly during storage, and that of turkey increased only slightly. β-Carotene and salt (1% NaCl) had no effect on hexanal. L'α-tocopherol, le β-carotene et le tripolyphosphate de sodium (STP) sont rajoutes a la viande de porc ou de dinde hachee et refrigeree, seuls ou en combinaison. Le stockage a lieu a 4° pendant 2, 4 ou 6 jours. L'hexanal est dose, il reflete l'oxydation des lipides. L'α-tocopherol possede une activite antioxydante sur la viande dedinde, mais pas dans le porc. STP est plus actif que l'α-tocopherol, la combinaison des 2 ameliore l'activite antioxydante.
Sunflower Seed Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Their Parasitoids from Native Sunflowers (Helianthus) in the Northern Great Plains

Seed weevils and their associated parasitoids were collected from sunflower heads of eight Helianthus spp. in seven states of the northern Great Plains. Native Helianthus annuus L. constituted the majority of the populations. Weevil larvae collected included both the red and gray sunflower seed weevils, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte and S. sordidus LeConte, respectively. The gray sunflower seed weevils represented 92.4% of the adults collected. Weevil larvae occurred in most samples of sunflower heads; usually more than one-half of the samples contained one or both weevil species. Density of weevil larvae was low, usually less than one larva per sunflower head. Each native species of sunflower, except H. annuus , had a lower incidence of the red sunflower seed weevil than gray sunflower seed weevil. Populations of some sunflower species may possess genes offering resistance to the red sunflower seed weevil and should be evaluated further for resistance to the species. We identified five species of endoparasitic Hymenoptera from the two weevil species, Eutrichosoma mirabile Ashmead (Pteromalidae) and four species of Braconidae; Urosigalphus femoratus Crawford, Nealiolus rufus (Riley), N. curculionis (Fitch), and Triaspis aequoris Martin. U. femoratus was the most prevalent parasitoid species, representing ≈45% of the adults reared from the weevil larvae. These parasitoid species, except N. curculionis , represent new host records from the red and gray sunflower seed weevils. Parasitization rates averaged 0-18.0%. Weevil larvae in seeds of native sunflowers were parasitized more heavily than others have reported for larvae from seeds of cultivated sunflower.
Cyclopentane-1,3-dione: A Novel Isostere for the Carboxylic Acid Functional Group. Application to the Design of Potent Thromboxane (A2)-Receptor Antagonists

Cyclopentane-1,3-diones are known to exhibit pKa values typically in the range of carboxylic acids. To explore the potential of the cyclopentane-1,3-dione unit as a carboxylic acid isostere, the physical–chemical properties of representative congeners were examined and compared with similar derivatives bearing carboxylic acid or tetrazole residues. These studies suggest that cyclopentane-1,3-diones may effectively substitute for the carboxylic acid functional group. To demonstrate the use of the cyclopentane-1,3-dione isostere in drug design, derivatives of a known thromboxane A2 prostanoid (TP) receptor antagonist, 3-(3-(2-(4-chlorophenylsulfonamido)ethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (12), were synthesized and evaluated in both functional and radioligand-binding assays. A series of mono- and disubstituted cyclopentane-1,3-dione derivatives (41–45) were identified that exhibit nanomolar IC50 and Kd values similar to 12. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the cyclopentane-1,3-dione moiety comprises a no...
Sex-dependent effects of 56Fe irradiation on contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6J mice.

Effects of irradiation on hippocampal function have been mostly studied in male rodents and relatively little is known about potential effects of irradiation on hippocampal function in female rodents. Moreover, although the long-term effects of clinical radiation on cognitive function have been well established, the effects of other forms of irradiation, such as high charged, high energy radiation (HZE particles) that astronauts encounter during space missions have not been well characterized. In this study we compared the effects of 56Fe irradiation on fear conditioning in C57BL/6J female and male mice. Hippocampus-dependent contextual fear conditioning was impaired in female mice but improved in male mice following 56Fe irradiation. Such impairment was not seen for hippocampus-independent cued fear conditioning. Thus, the effects of 56Fe irradiation on hippocampus-dependent contextual fear conditioning are critically modulated by sex. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Petrology of the polymict eucrite Petersburg

Abstract The polymict eucrite Petersburg contains eucritic and diogenitic materials which span a broad range of compositions. The present study focuses on four eucritic clasts for which bulk compositions and mineralogical data were acquired; the broad compositional range of these clasts documents the diversity of the parent regolith. Clast A is REE-rich (~26 × chondrite) and magnesian (Mg# = 48.7); composition of this clast can best be explained by partial melting of a source region distinctly different from that of other noncumulate eucrites. Composition of eucritic clast B is similar to compositions of cumulate eucrites in REE and Sr abundances, but it has a much lower Mg# than Moore County. Clasts C and D are similar in texture, mineralogy, and composition to main group eucrites. The presence of anomalous clast A in the same polymict breccia as typical eucrite clasts C and D emphasizes the variability of source materials from which eucritic melts were derived on the HED parent body(ies). After final accretion, this breccia apparently was exposed to a minor episode of thermal metamorphism causing ~30 μm wide alteration rims around larger pyroxene fragments and causing alteration of pyroxenes at the edges of eucritic clasts. This metamorphism completely altered the Mg# of smaller matrix pyroxenes, less than 40–60 μm in size, to values closer to the bulk Mg# of the meteorite.
Rheological studies of the interactions in cellulose/ethylene diamine/salt systems

Degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose was measured to confirm that aging time and salt concentration did not cause cellulose degradation. Dynamic rheological studies of cellulose solutions were carried out to probe the evolving interactions between cellulose and ethylene diamine (EDA)/salt solvent system. Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) was used as the salt in these studies. Steady shear studies indicated that all solutions exhibited shear-thinning behavior. The empirical Cox-Merz rule did not hold true for the cellulose system with weak gel microstructure. The shear viscosities at the shear rates explored decreased with aging time. The zero-shear viscosity, however, increased with increasing salt concentration. Oscillatory shear studies were investigated and the time temperature superposition (TTS) method was used to extend the experimental frequency range of the instrument. The results showed that the average relaxation time of the cellulose system decreased as the sample aged and increased with increasing salt concentration, indicative of dynamic interactions between cellulose and the solvent system in solution. The conformations of cellulose chains were constantly changing over time. The system gelled when the salt concentration was increased to a critical point. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2326–2334, 2008
Lincoln's Theocentric Turn

In this essay I argue that Abraham Lincoln turned to a theocentric discourse to conceptualize the American Civil War. I attempt to address why he used a theocentric approach to the conceptualization of political problems and what the relationship is between that theocentric approach and his political principles, inspired policy outcomes, and the subsequent nature of American political culture and politics. It is my argument that Lincoln used a theocentric approach to enlarge and enhance his political ideals. As a result of this move, the relationship between the secular and the sacred has been dangerously distorted and liberalism itself, as presented by Lincoln, has been inappropriately sanctified.
Temperature dependence of the magnetoresistance in Co/Re superlattices on Al 2 O 3 ( 112 ¯ 0 )

Using a patterned hcp [Co (17 \AA{})/Re $(7\mathrm{\AA{}}){]}_{20}$ antiferromagnetically coupled superlattice, with the c axis in the film plane, magnetoresistance (MR) measurements were made in the temperature range between 5 K and room temperature. The MR was simulated and decomposed into its anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) and giant magnetoresistance (GMR) components using the magnetization as a function of angle determined from neutron reflectivity experiments. We find that the GMR is anisotropic and has a different temperature dependence than the AMR when $I\ensuremath{\perp}c$ and a similar dependence when $I\ensuremath{\Vert}c,$ where I is the applied current. This implies that interface spin-dependent scattering plays a more significant role when $I\ensuremath{\perp}c$ than when $I\ensuremath{\Vert}c.$
Effects of mutation of the conserved lysine-362 in cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides

We describe the effects of a mutation, K362M, of the conserved lysine in cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a residue located in a putative proton channel that may convey substrate protons to the binuclear center, Spectra of the ''as prepared'', ferricyanide-oxidized. and dithionite-reduced forms of the mutant protein confirm that the redox centers remain intact, Ligand binding kinetics of the ferricyanide-oxidized enzyme and of the dithionite-reducible fraction are similar to those of the wild type, indicating that the K channel is not the major route for CO, cyanide, formate, or peroxide entry into the structure. Protonation of the lysine residue is not redox-linked to heme a or Cu-B judged from the essentially unaltered midpoint potentials of these centers in the cyanide-ligated enzyme. A difficulty in electron transfer from heme a to the binuclear center is indicated by the slow and only partial reduction of heme a(3) by dithionite or ferrocytochrome c and by the presence of some reduced heme a in the as prepared mutant enzyme and under steady-state conditions. Further characterization of the K362M enzyme in the steady state shows that up to one electron, but not two, can enter the binuclear center easily. It is this inability to form the two-electron-reduced, oxygen-reactive R state that prevents activity. A model is proposed where the K channel serves as a dielectric well of high dielectric strength and low proton conductivity, rather than as a pathway for proton entry to the binuclear center. The function of this structure would be to decrease the cost of introducing a transiently uncompensated charge into the binuclear center prior to formation of a stable, charge-compensated R-state.
A survey and comparison on localisation algorithms for wireless ad hoc networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, node's location information is useful for efficient routing and location-aware applications. This paper surveys this active area of research and presents a detailed comparison of most localisation algorithms in literature. Hardware requirements, reliability and accuracy are reviewed. The localisation methods are evaluated and compared under the same network settings.
Investigational agents in metastatic basal cell carcinoma: focus on vismodegib

Vismodegib (GDC-0449, 2-chloro-N-(4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide, Erivedge™) is a novel first-in-human, first-in class, orally bio-available Hedgehog pathway signaling inhibitor of the G-protein coupled receptor-like protein smoothened (SMO) which was approved in the United States on January 2012. This signaling pathway is involved in the carcinogenesis of several types of tumor, as exemplified by basal cell carcinoma. This review focuses on the role of the Hedgehog pathway in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma, the pharmacology and the clinical activity of vismodegib, as well as a brief summary of investigational agents in development targeting this pathway.
Expression of p16INK4A variants in senescent human fibroblasts independent of protein phosphorylation.

Upregulation of the p16 tumor suppressor is a hallmark of senescence in human fibroblasts. In this study, we investigated potential protein modification of p16 in senescent human fibroblasts using 2D SDS–PAGE analysis. Three distinct p16 variants with isoelectric points of 5.2, 5.4, and 5.6, were consistently detected in normal human IMR90 fibroblasts that had undergone senescence due to forced expression of oncogenic H-ras or culture passage. Moreover, in contrast to short-term serum starvation, which induces quiescence, IMR90 fibroblasts cultured in low serum for a prolonged period exhibited senescent phenotypes and expression of the three p16 variants. All three p16 variants are unlikely phosphoproteins since they failed to react with antibodies against phospho-serine, and were resistant to the treatment with phosphatases. Functionally, co-immunoprecipitation assays using antibodies against cdk4 and/or cdk6 revealed that only the two most acidic p16 variants associated with cdk4/6. Moreover, senescence induced by the forced expression of p16 in early passage IMR90 fibroblasts or osteosarcoma U2OS cells was accompanied by expression of the two most acidic p16 variants, which also associated with cdk4/6. In summary, we report that prolonged serum starvation-induced senescence may provide an additional model for studying biochemical changes in senescence, including p16 regulation. Furthermore, induction of endogenous p16 in senescent human fibroblasts correlates with the expression of three distinct p16 variants independent of protein phosphorylation. Lastly, expression of the two cdk-bound variants is sufficient to induce senescence in human cells. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
KC-135 zero-G testing of a microsatellite docking mechanism

ABSTRACT Michigan Aerospace Corporation has developed a mechanism for micro satellite docking, which has been successfully demonstrated in a microgravity environment. This docking mechanism is specifically designed for soft-docking capability, tolerance to misalignment, and scalability. The current Autonomous Micro satellite Docking System (AMDS) design resulted from modifications to an earlier docking mechanism prototype that was tested at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Flat Floor Facility. The AMDS was tested in a microgravity environment through the NASA JSC Reduced Gravity Program, under funding from the Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate (AFRL/VS), Microcosm, Inc. and Spectrum Astro. The Reduced Gravity office operates a KC-135 aircraft that flies a series of parabolic zero-g maneuvers. The test objectives of the KC-135 flight were to determine the docking mechanism cable assembly behavior in zero-g, test the full range of the docking envelope in a six degree of freedom test setup and determine the undocking capability and stability. The nature of the Michigan Aerospace docking mechanism enabled the entire docking cycle, including soft dock, auto-alignment and hard dock, to be completed within the 20 seconds of zero-g time. Complete end-to-end docking and undocking was performed under a variety of initial conditions and docking parameters. The data collected during the KC-135 testing will be used to validate dynamic simulation models of the docking mechanism. The intent of these dynamic models is to examine a number of docking scenarios between a chaser and target satellite. This paper will discuss the results of the KC-135 docking tests and docking simulations. Keywords: docking, micro satellite, mechanism, rendezvous, KC-135, zero-g, microgravity, satellite, servicing
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in rat brain. I. Activities in homogenates and isolated fractions

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the rate-limiting and/or first committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Because fatty acids must be synthesized as components of the galactolipids and phospholipids in myelin, high specific activities of ACC would be expected in brain during myelination and in the myelinating cells, the oligondendroglia, in particular. Under reaction conditions where ACC was linear with time and protein concentration, we found specific activities of 1.7 and 3.1 nmol/min/mg protein in supernatants from forebrains and brainstems, respectively, of 20-day-old rats. In both regions, ACC declined during development, particularly after the age of 20 days. To separate forebrain into discrete fractions containing cells, membrane vesicles, and other components, without destroying the ACC, it was necessary to modify the published methods by adding citrate to the isolation medium and by omitting trypsin. A fraction which sedimented over 1.2 M sucrose showed the highest specific activities and recoveries of ACC. This fraction was rich in small cells, many of which immunostained with antibodies against galactocerebroside and carbonic anhydrase, both of which are localized in oligodendrocytes and immature glial cells. The cells in this fraction also immunostained with antibodies against ACC. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that ACC is an oligodendrocyte-associated enzyme, although it probably is not exclusive to cells of that type.
Probability distributions for photon exit

Abstract A linear integral equation is formulated for the probability that a photon in a spectral line formed at a specified depth in a scattering atmosphere eventually escapes at a particular frequency in the spectral line. Numerical solutions are obtained for an isothermal atmosphere and their physical meaning discussed under a variety of conditions.
Mean field solution of QCD2 in the large-N limit

Abstract Two-dimensional QCD in the large- N limit is formulated as a Hartree-Fock problem and solved numerically on a lattice. Calculation of single-particle wave functions and the one-body density matrix displays the structure of baryons. Insight into the Skyrme model is provided by showing that in the limit of small quark mass, the baryon is accurately approximated by a spatially varying chiral rotation of the vacuum wave function, where the chiral angle satisfies the sine-Gordon equation. The meson spectrum is calculated in the random phase approximation. The same mean field theory is also applied to chiral and non-chiral Gross-Neveu models, where it agrees with known analytical results.
Subacute measles encephalitis complicating Hodgkin's disease in an adult

A progressive neurological illness characterized by myoclonus, motor and sensory deficits, and lethargy occurred in a patient with Hodgkin's disease and was fatal within two months. A focal inclusion cell encephalitis was demonstrated by immunohistological means to be due to measles virus. Measles encephalitis must be considered a potential opportunistic agent in the immune-compromised host.
THE FATE OF QUINALDYLGLYCYLTAURINE IN THE CAT, RAT, AND RABBIT.

Abstract The metabolic fate of the quinaldic acid moiety of quinaldylglycyltaurine has been studied in the rat, rabbit, and cat. This compound usually was excreted as quinaldic acid and quinaldylglycine by the rat, while the majority was eliminated unchanged or as quinaldylglycylglycine whether given orally or by subcutaneous injection to the cat. Quinaldic acid and quinaldylglycine, which have never been detected in cat urine, were found in the feces of two of the three cats. When quinaldylglycyltaurine was given orally to the rabbit, the major urinary metabolite was quinaldic acid, but if given by subcutaneous injection, it was excreted unchanged. Thus, the three species converted an oral dose of quinaldylglycyltaurine to quinaldic acid.
Detection of clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis using light reflection rheography

Abstract Venography is the current standard for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Noninvasive tests have differing sensitivity and specificity, are technically demanding, and may be subject to variability in interpretation. Light reflection rheography (LRR) is a noninvasive method utilizing light-emitting diodes and a sensor to measure light reflected from the skin surface. The intensity of reflected light establishes a graphic pattern that indirectly quantifies parameters of venous function by measuring changes in the microcirculation. Seventy-two patients who underwent contrast venography at our institution were also evaluated with LRR. Twenty-four patients were found to have DVT as demonstrated by venography. Of these, 23 also had DVT detected by LRR. No evidence of thrombus was seen in 45 patients studied by venography; in this group, 35 had normal venous emptying indicated by LRR. Using LRR, a sensitivity of 96% was achieved in the evaluation of clinically suspected DVT. This sensitivity is comparable with other noninvasive tests. In addition, LRR is easy to operate, portable, inexpensive, and not technically demanding. Further investigation is needed to confirm these data and further define the role of LRR in the evaluation of clinically suspected DVT.