cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaled MOS and Bipolar Technologies for VLSI

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the results of a coordinated program to develop an advanced prototyping capability and to demonstrate this capability by scaling large scale integration (LSI) metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) and bipolar circuits to very large scale integration (VLSI) density. The program encompassed a myriad of tasks, including the design of scaled circuits, device structure optimization, micrometer and submicrometer lithography development, and dry-etch process development as well as other support work that involves scaled MOS and bipolar process optimization. The intent of the program was to address the generic process issues associated with the fabrication of LSI circuits at VLSI density. The chapter also discusses the issues, problems, and results in scaling MOS and bipolar circuits to VLSI density. It describes several generic processes common to both MOS and bipolar device fabrication and briefly reviews critical technology issues, such as lithography, pattern transfer, device isolation, and interconnect. It discusses l μ m MOS and bipolar technology development and also discusses the specific application of e-beam lithography in the scaling of a 4-K-bit static MOS random access memory and a 5-K-gate bipolar microprocessor to VLSI density.
Systemic and cardiac susceptibility of immune compromised mice to doxorubicin.

Anthracycline chemotherapy is an effective and widely used treatment for solid tumors and hematological malignancies regardless of its known cardiotoxicity. The mechanisms of the cardiotoxicity are not fully understood and methods to protect the heart during or following anthracycline chemotherapy are currently unclear. In order to examine the efficacy of human cell based therapy in anthracycline-induced injury, we characterized a mouse model using an immune compromised strain of mice capable of accepting human cells. Immune compromised mice (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) were repeatedly exposed to pharmaceutical grade doxorubicin (0.5 mg/kg – 4 mg/kg). Cardiotoxicity was assessed by echocardiography and μCT imaging of the coronary vascular bed as well as by flow cytometry and by histological assessments of anthracycline-induced cardiac tissue damage. The immune compromised mice were highly susceptible to doxorubicin treatment. Doxorubicin induced both systemic and cardiac toxicities. Gastrointestinal and hepatic injury occurred at 4 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg dosing while mice receiving 0.5 mg/kg weekly only displayed hepatic damage. Repeated exposure to 0.5 mg/kg anthracyclines resulted in cardiac toxicity. Flow cytometric analysis of hearts indicated a loss in endothelial and cardiac progenitor cells after doxorubicin treatment. This endothelial loss is corroborated by the lack of small vessels detected by μCT in the hearts of mice exposed to doxorubicin. Histological assessment shows no overt cardiomyocyte injury but livers from mice treated with doxorubicin show marked hepatic plate atrophy with intracytoplasmic and canalicular cholestasis, rare pericentral hepatocellular necrosis and significant zone 3 iron accumulation, likely an indication of metabolic injury due to doxorubicin toxicity. Immune compromised mice are sensitive to doxorubicin therapy resulting in systemic complications in addition to cardiovascular toxicity. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is observed at very low doses in NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice.
Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometric method for targeted analysis of 111 nitrogen-based compounds in weight loss and ergogenic supplements.

Abstract The use of supplements for weight loss and in sports as pre-workout (ergogenic) products is widespread. Many of these supplements were found to contain active components, which were not claimed on the products labels. A validated liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight (LC-QToF-MS) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 111 amine-based compounds belonging to ergogenics, anorectics and other active components including phenethylamines (amphetamines, ephedrines), sibutramine or yohimbine. This method involves the detection of [M+H]+ ions and the separation was achieved using a C18 column, water/acetonitrile gradient as the mobile phase. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, accuracy, stability, system suitability, limits of quantification (LOQ) and limits of detection (LOD). The limits of detection were in the range from 0.001-0.5 μg/mL. The validated method was applied to the analysis of twenty-seven weight loss and ergogenic dietary supplements. Two-thirds of the supplements contained compounds that were not listed on the product’s label. These include several phenethylamines (PEA) such as demelverine, hordenine, N, N-dimethyl-phenethylamine, synephrine, N-methyl-β-phenethylamine, and methylsynephrine. In addition, the PEA mimics such as dimethylamylamine, dimethylbutylamine other stimulants including fursultiamine, evodiamine, phenibut and theophylline were also observed. One or more of the ingredients listed on the labels were not detected in forty-four percent of the products analyzed. Positive identification was based on retention time, accurate mass and fragment ions in comparison with the respective reference standards. Development of such methods is anticipated to be of aid to regulatory agencies for the identification of undeclared exogenous components that are found in many dietary supplement products.
Impact of vitamin and mineral supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion on finishing pig growth performance, fecal mineral concentration, carcass characteristics, and the nutrient content and oxidative stability of pork.

A study was conducted to determine if supplement withdrawal (omission of dietary vitamin and trace mineral premixes and a two-thirds reduction in dietary inorganic phosphorus) for 28 d preslaughter and the feeding of wheat middlings (dietary concentrations of 5, 15, and 30% from weaning to 16, 16 to 28, and 28 kg to slaughter, respectively) affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fecal mineral concentrations ofthe pig, as well as the nutrient content and oxidative stability of the longissimus dorsi muscle. Crossbred pigs (n = 64) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design (with or without supplement withdrawal, and with or without wheat middlings). Supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion did not influence average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, gain/feed, or carcass traits, except for a decrease (P 0.05) longissimus dorsi Ca, P, Fe, and Zn concentrations. Dietary treatment did not affect either Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase activity in the longissimus dorsi. The results from this study indicate that supplement withdrawal and dietary wheat middling inclusion alter pork nutrient content and fecal mineral concentration, but not the oxidative stability of pork.
Functional “omics” for systems medicine

Abstract Many doctors face the challenge of patients with common diseases who do not respond to certain treatments with important clinical implications. This is likely due to alterations in the patient's genomic profile. In the era of precision medicine, high-throughput techniques (omics) allow to identify group of patients who respond or do not respond to a specific treatment. This chapter will provide a general overview of the benefit of functional omics in medicine.
War, Masculinity, and the Ambiguity of Care

This paper makes the case that to the extent that churches and military chaplains leave the command-obedience relationship of soldiers and the state unchallenged they are complicit in structures that put their care to potentially abusive ends. The paper provides an analysis of the civil-military distinction, in light of which soldiers are subject to patriarchal dynamics by the state. Thomas Aquinas’s moral psychology is used to argue that the command-obedience relationship of soldiers and the state is deeply problematic. Moral injury phenomena are perhaps best understood in this context. Churches and chaplains are unwittingly caught up in the command-obedience dynamic and potentially reinforce its abuses. This paper presses pastoral caregivers to acknowledge their fraught position and provide a prophetic witness that prioritizes obedience to God.
Mucocutaneous Manifestations of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance To date, no study has characterized the mucocutaneous features seen in hospitalized children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or the temporal association of these findings with the onset of systemic symptoms. Objective To describe the mucocutaneous findings seen in children with MIS-C during the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in New York City in 2020. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective case series was conducted of 35 children admitted to 2 hospitals in New York City between April 1 and July 14, 2020, who met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and/or epidemiologic criteria for MIS-C. Main Outcomes and Measures Laboratory and clinical characteristics, with emphasis on mucocutaneous findings, of children who met criteria for MIS-C. The characterization of mucocutaneous features was verified by 2 board-certified pediatric dermatologists. Results Twenty-five children (11 girls [44%]; median age, 3 years [range, 0.7-17 years]) were identified who met definitional criteria for MIS-C; an additional 10 children (5 girls [50%]; median age, 1.7 years [range, 0.2-15 years]) were included as probable MIS-C cases (patients met all criteria with the exception of laboratory test evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] infection or known exposure). The results of polymerase chain reaction tests for SARS-CoV-2 were positive for 10 patients (29%), and the results of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G tests were positive for 19 patients (54%). Of the 35 patients, 29 (83%) exhibited mucocutaneous changes, with conjunctival injection (n = 21), palmoplantar erythema (n = 18), lip hyperemia (n = 17), periorbital erythema and edema (n = 7), strawberry tongue (n = 8), and malar erythema (n = 6) being the most common findings. Recognition of mucocutaneous findings occurred a mean of 2.7 days (range, 1-7 days) after the onset of fever. The duration of mucocutaneous findings varied from hours to days (median duration, 5 days [range, 0-11 days]). Neither the presence nor absence of mucocutaneous findings was significantly associated with overall disease severity. Conclusions and Relevance In this case series of hospitalized children with suspected MIS-C during the COVID-19 pandemic, a wide spectrum of mucocutaneous findings was identified. Despite their protean and transient nature, these mucocutaneous features serve as important clues in the recognition of MIS-C.
Temporal Behavior in Network Traffic as a Basis for Insider Threat Detection

Insider threats are a costly and dangerous problem for government and non-government organizations alike. Considering an insider’s inherently privileged level of access on a network, the main principle of network defense-keep potential threats and outsiders out-does not apply to insider threats. Current defenses are largely based on the detection of insider threat indicators which are often manually compiled from past events. This approach is limited in scalability, has difficulty generalizing to new threats, and fails to consider the wide range of behaviors within an organization. In this work, we describe a system that detects potential insider threats through the characterization of temporal behavior on a network. Our approach is completely unsupervised, based on the assumption that there are many different behavioral norms within a network. After testing the system on an operational network with over 8,000 hosts, we show through a series of case studies that the approach is effective in detecting behavioral anomalies suitable for follow up by a human analyst.
Community-As-Difference: Non-Black Students in One Black University Space

In this article, we draw from a larger qualitative study to examine how racial encounters are experienced for three non-Black members in a university-based historically-Black student organization. ...
γδ T cells regulate the intestinal response to nutrient sensing

The intestine is a site of direct encounter with the external environment and must consequently balance barrier defense with nutrient uptake. To investigate how nutrient uptake is regulated in the small intestine, we tested the effect of diets with different macronutrient compositions on epithelial gene expression. We found that enzymes and transporters required for carbohydrate digestion and absorption were regulated by carbohydrate availability. The "on-demand" induction of this machinery required γδ T cells, which regulated this program through the suppression of interleukin-22 production by type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Nutrient availability altered the tissue localization and transcriptome of γδ T cells. Additionally, transcriptional responses to diet involved cellular remodeling of the epithelial compartment. Thus, this work identifies a role for γδ T cells in nutrient sensing.
0070 Association between clinical injury characteristics and health-related quality of life in traumatic brain injury patients in Eastern Europe and central Asia

Statement of purpose Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect later health-related quality of life (HRQoL), but there is little research to assess clinical characteristics that may improve or hinder HRQoL among TBI patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Europe and Asia. This research aims to assess how clinical characteristics of TBI are associated with differences in HRQoL in patients from LMICs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Methods/Approach This study uses data from the International Collaboration to Increase Traumatic Brain Injury Surveillance in Europe (INITIatE), an NIH-funded project focusing on improving TBI research in Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova. At the time of the injury, data were collected on patient demographics, characteristics of the injury event, symptoms and diagnoses post-injury, and inpatient interventions. At discharge, patients completed the five-level, five-dimension EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L), a survey intended to measure HRQoL across five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Clinical injury characteristics and HRQoL were compared using univariate analyses and will be further compared using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Univariate analyses found that posttraumatic amnesia, skull fracture, traumatic cerebral edema, hematoma, use of antiseizure medications, daily therapy intensity level, country of residence, employment status, and alcohol use prior to injury were all significantly associated with differences across all dimensions of EQ-5D-5L. Preliminary multivariate models indicate that these characteristics remain significant for overall scores, with various permutations predicting the five component scores. Significance While conclusions from multivariable analyses are pending, a few important clinical injury characteristics are univariately associated with differences in HRQoL among TBI patients in three LMICs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This research will help medical professionals in these three countries to more effectively care for potential injuries with an aim to preserve HRQoL for the injured patients.
Study of inherited thrombocytopenia resulting from mutations in ETV6 or RUNX1 using a human pluripotent stem cell model.

Summary Inherited thrombocytopenia results in low platelet counts and increased bleeding. Subsets of these patients have monoallelic germline mutations in ETV6 or RUNX1 and a heightened risk of developing hematologic malignancies. Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9, we compared the in vitro phenotype of hematopoietic progenitor cells and megakaryocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines harboring mutations in either ETV6 or RUNX1. Both mutant lines display phenotypes consistent with a platelet-bleeding disorder. Surprisingly, these cellular phenotypes were largely distinct. The ETV6-mutant iPSCs yield more hematopoietic progenitor cells and megakaryocytes, but the megakaryocytes are immature and less responsive to agonist stimulation. On the contrary, RUNX1-mutant iPSCs yield fewer hematopoietic progenitor cells and megakaryocytes, but the megakaryocytes are more responsive to agonist stimulation. However, both mutant iPSC lines display defects in proplatelet formation. Our work highlights that, while patients harboring germline ETV6 or RUNX1 mutations have similar clinical phenotypes, the molecular mechanisms may be distinct.
Analysis of bacterial pathogens and clinical characteristics of children with respiratory tract infections in Tianjin

Objective: To analyze the pathogenic bacteria and epidemiological characteristics in children with respiratory tract infection in Tianjin area. Methods: Retrospective case analysis was performed on 2 392 hospitalized children in the wards of respiratory diseases, intensive care unit and special care ward of Tianjin Children's Hospital from June 2018 to May 2019. Thirteen pathogenic bacteria in deep sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were detected by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. The laboratory data and clinical characteristics of the infected children were analyzed, and the comparison between groups was performed by t test or χ2 test. Results: Among 2 392 cases, 1 407 were males and 985 females. There was no significant difference in the detection rate between males and females (72.5% (1 020/1 407) vs.74.2% (731/985), χ2=0.87, P=0.35). A total of 1 751 strains and 12 kinds of positive respiratory pathogens were detected, with a detection rate of 73.2%. Among them, 913 (38.2%) strains were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), 514 (21.5%) were Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp), 381 (15.9%) were Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 279 (11.7%) were Hemophilus influenzae (Hi). There was significant difference in the detection rate of pathogens among different age groups (χ²=83.67, P<0.01). The positive rate of alveolar lavage fluid group was higher than that of deep sputum fluid group [81.6% (614/752) vs. 69.3% (1 137/1 640), χ2=39.89, P<0.01]. The length of hospital stay of children infected with different pathogens was significantly different (all P<0.01). There was significant difference in duration of fever among children infected with different pathogens (χ²=228.69,103.56, 3.96, 27.38,24.50,41.66, all P<0.05). There were 63 (7.7%) cases of atelectasis, 260 (31.9%) cases of pleurisy and 120 (14.7%) cases of pleural effusion in MP children. Children with Sma were most likely to involve the heart system (2/9), and children with Eco infection had a higher incidence of complications such as those of blood (3/19), urinary (2/19), digestive systems(4/19), systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis (1/19). Conclusions: The main bacterial pathogens of respiratory tract infection in children in Tianjin were MP, Sp, MRSA and Hi. It is suggested that clinicians should not only pay attention to the respiratory symptoms of children, but also pay attention to the complications caused by bacterial pathogen infection, so as to prevent the deterioration of the disease and improve the prognosis.
Dropping Out: Why Students Drop Out of High School and What Can Be Done About It

The vast majority of kids in the developed world finish high school--but not in the United States. More than a million kids drop out every year, around 7,000 a day, and the numbers are rising. Dropping Out offers a comprehensive overview by one of the country's leading experts, and provides answers to fundamental questions: Who drops out, and why? What happens to them when they do? How can we prevent at-risk kids from short-circuiting their futures? Students start disengaging long before they get to high school, and the consequences are severe--not just for individuals but for the larger society and economy. Dropouts never catch up with high school graduates on any measure. They are less likely to find work at all, and more likely to live in poverty, commit crimes, and suffer health problems. Even life expectancy for dropouts is shorter by seven years than for those who earn a diploma. Rumberger advocates targeting the most vulnerable students as far back as the early elementary grades. And he levels sharp criticism at the conventional definition of success as readiness for college. He argues that high schools must offer all students what they need to succeed in the workplace and independent adult life. A more flexible and practical definition of achievement--one in which a high school education does not simply qualify you for more school--can make school make sense to young people. And maybe keep them there.
Chromosomal localization of protooncogenes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of protooncogenes and describes the studies by which these genes have been located in a variety of species, with a marked emphasis on man. The chapter summarizes the chromosomal location of 22 protooncogenes in chicken, mouse, and human cells in tabulated form. It also lists the diseases associated with the homologous retrovirus oncogene and associations with naturally occurring tumors. The chicken protooncogenes were the first examined, mainly for determining the chromosomal association between endogenous retrovirus loci and protooncogenes. This examination, along with Southern blot analyses of diverse species, has revealed no correlation, and it is assumed that these protooncogenes are important growth and/or regulatory genes that infrequently act as nonspecific targets for exogenous retrovirus genomes. The localization of human protooncogenes has progressed at breakneck speed since the discovery that chicken c -myc was involved in avian leukosis virus-induced bursal lymphomas. The localization of c- myc and c- abl to the breakpoints of very consistent translocations in Burkitt's lymphoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia, respectively, support the importance of pursuing the localization of protooncogenes by linking specific genes with the disease state of human malignancies.
Effects of Noise Exposure on Auditory Sensitivity

The sections in this article are: 1 Decibels 2 The Ear as a Sound Detector and the Microtrauma Theory 3 Noise Levels and Exposures 4 Noise-Induced Threshold Shifts, Presbyacusis, Sociacusis, and Nosoacusis 5 Estimation of Noise-Induced Permanent Threshold Shifts 6 Temporary Threshold Shifts from Steady Noise Exposures 7 Temporary Threshold Shifts from Intermittent Exposures 8 Temporary Threshold Shifts from Impulse Noise 9 Damage-Risk Contours Based on Temporary Threshold Shifts 10 Government Standards 11 Implications of Extant Data on Permanent Threshold Shifts 12 Risk 13 The Biological Baseline — Its use and Misuse 14 Summary
The Condition‐Based Paradigm

The objective of this article is to introduce the condition-based paradigm for reliability and the use of condition information to assess and maintain product reliability. Repeated measurement of product condition parameters, also known as degradation data, can be used to assess the product reliability and make decisions about product maintenance. After describing several examples of degradation data, we introduce some statistical models and methods, including random effects models and stochastic models, for analyzing degradation data. These methods are illustrated with real examples. We conclude the article with a discussion of continuous monitoring of product condition and system health. Suggestions for further reading are also given. Keywords: condition-based maintenance; condition monitoring; degradation data; random effects model; reliability assessment; Wiener process
Building a campus wide computation initiative: panel discussion

In this panel we present a number of perspectives on the creation of a campus wide computation initiative. This work is begin carried out under an NSF CPATH grant to Union and Lafayette Colleges. The goal of the grant is to increase student involvement in computing by offering a computational science curriculum, directed toward students in the sciences and social sciences. By including an administrator, a social science faculty member, and the CS department chairs from both institutions, we will discuss the motivation for this initiative, how it fits into the departmental goals at each school, and the administrative support and faculty "buy-in" necessary for the success of the initiative.
Sources of Ethical Conflict in Service Channels of Distribution: Managerial Implications for Improving Client-Based Relationships

Abstract Service channels present intricate behavioral settings for understanding the sources of moral dilemmas that may arise between service providers and their customers. Examples of such services are psychiatric treatments, and consulting. The present manuscript empirically evaluates the sources of moral dilemmas in a healthcare channel setting. An Ethical Conflict Questionnaire, a 41-item, self-report attitude measure, was sent to a random national sample of healthcare workers. A factor analysis revealed six unethical practices; using punitive restraint, allowing patients to have sexual relations with others, using cameras, allowing patients to have sexual relations with professionals, manipulating patients, and controlling patients. A multivariate analysis of variance further indicated that age, gender, professional affiliation and specific referral of patients to one's healthcare institution significantly affected various studied practices. Implications for channel marketers are outlined.
Automated Reasoning About Parallel Algorithms Using Powerlists

Misra [Mi] recently introduced a regular data structure, called powerlists , using which he showed how many data parallel algorithms, including Batcher''s merge sort, bitonic sort, fast Fourier transform, prefix sum, can be described concisely using recursion. The elegance of these recursive descriptions is further reflected in deducing properties of these algorithms. It is shown in this paper how such proofs can be easily automated in a theorem prover RRL (Rewrite Rule Laboratory) based on equational and rewriting techniques. In particular, the cover set method for automating proofs by induction in RRL generates proofs which preserve the clarity and succinctness, to a large extant, of hand proofs given in [Mi]. This is illustrated using a correctness proof of Batcher''s merge sort algorithm. Mechanically generated proofs from specifications of powerlists and parallel algorithms using different approaches are contrasted. It is shown that one gets longer, complex proofs with many cases if powerlists are modeled as a subtype of lists. However, if powerlists are specified using a proposal by Kapur [Kapur] in which the algebraic specification method is extended to associate applicability conditions with functions of a data type thus allowing constructors of a data structure to be partial, then one gets compact and elegant proofs, similar to the ones reported in [Mi]. Applicability conditions can be used to provide contexts for axioms and proofs just like type information. The effectiveness of the proposed axiomatic method becomes all the more evident while reasoning about nested powerlists for modeling n-dimensional arrays, for example, in specifying and reasoning about a transformation for embedding a multi-dimensional array into a hypercube such that adjacency of nodes is preserved by the transformation. A mechanically generated proof of this property of the embedding transformation, which was not proved in Misra''s paper, is discussed in detail. This problem was presented as a challenge by Misra in private communication to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This suggests that the proposed approach for automating reasoning about data parallel algorithms and hardware circuits described recursively using powerlists should scale up, especially if structural properties of nested powerlists are built into RRL.
Large mode area guidance in a simple fiber structure

We demonstrate higher-order-mode (A eff ∼1800μm2) propagation in a 100-μm-OD pure-silica fiber with a low-index polymer jacket commonly used for fiber-laser pump-guidance. This simple structure obviates the need for complex designs deemed necessary for realizing large-mode-area fibers.
Utility of a near real-time emergency department syndromic surveillance system to track injuries in New York City

The New York City emergency department (ED) syndromic surveillance (SS) system provides near real-time data on the majority of ED visits. The utility of ED SS for injury surveillance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We created injury syndromes based on ED chief complaint information and evaluated their utility compared to administrative billing data. Six injury syndromes were developed: traffic-related injuries to pedal cyclists, pedestrians, and motor vehicle occupants; fall-related injuries; firearm-related injuries; and assault-related stabbings. Daily injury counts were compared for ED SS and the administrative billing data for years 2008–2010. We examined characteristics of injury trends and patterns between the two systems, calculating descriptive statistics for temporal patterns and Pearson correlation coefficients (r) for temporal trends. We also calculated proportions of demographic and geospatial patterns for both systems. Although daily volume of the injuries varied between the two systems, the temporal patterns were similar (all r values for daily volume exceeded 0.65). Comparisons of injuries by time of day, day of week, and quarter of year demonstrated high agreement between the two systems—the majority had an absolute percentage point difference of 2.0 or less. Distributions of injury by sex and age group also aligned well. Distribution of injury by neighborhood of residence showed mixed results—some neighborhood comparisons showed a high level of agreement between systems, while others were less successful. As evidenced by the strong positive correlation coefficients and the small absolute percentage point differences in our comparisons, we conclude that ED SS captures temporal trends and patterns of injury-related ED visits effectively. The system could be used to identify changes in injury patterns, allowing for situational awareness during emergencies, timely response, and public messaging.
The Gift of Enron: An Opportunity to Talk About Capitalism, Equality, Globalization, and the Promise of a North-American Charter of Fundamental Rights

In this article, Enron - using the word in its largest symbolic sense - is positioned as a promising opening in the debate about economic globalization and the regulation of capitalism. In order to advance that conversation, the author suggests that there are two aspects of advanced capitalism which call for coordinated intra-, inter- and supranational response and regulation. First, she notes that advanced capitalism is increasingly transnational, and that this brings unique regulatory challenges to the fore. Second, she suggests that the regulation of capitalism can be usefully understood as a substantive equality issue (as that concept in understood in Canadian law). The author concludes that these two aspects of advanced capitalism make international and supranational law increasingly relevant to the regulation of what were previously considered domestic issues (such as tax, family, immigration and labor law), and consideration of a North American Charter of Fundamental Rights especially promising. Core concepts such as equality, harmonization, globalization and capitalism are explored. Predictable objections to supra-national governance are canvassed. The author concludes that we should begin the complex discussions about a North American Charter, even if ratification of such a document proves impossible to attain.
Immortalization by c-myc, H-ras, and Ela oncogenes induces differential cellular gene expression and growth factor responses

Early-passage rat kidney cells were immortalized or rescued from senescence with three different oncogenes: viral promoter-driven c-myc, H-ras (Val-12), and adenovirus type 5 E1a. The normal c-myc and H-ras (Gly-12) were unable to immortalize cells under similar conditions. Quantitation of RNA in the ras-immortalized lines demonstrated that the H-ras oncogene was expressed at a level equivalent to that of the normal H-ras gene in established human or rat cell lines. Cell lines immortalized by different oncogenes were found to have distinct growth responses to individual growth factors in a short-term assay. E1a-immortalized cells were largely independent of serum growth factors, whereas c-myc-immortalized cells responded to serum better than to epidermal growth factor and insulin. H-ras-immortalized cells responded significantly to insulin alone and gave a maximal response to epidermal growth factor and insulin. Several cellular genes associated with platelet-derived growth factor stimulation, including c-myc, were expressed at high levels in the H-ras-immortalized cells, and c-myc expression was deregulated, suggesting that the H-ras oncogene has provided a "competence" function. H-ras-immortalized cells could not be morphologically transformed by secondary transfection with a long terminal repeat-c-myc oncogene, but secondary transfection of the same cells with H-ras (Val-12) produced morphologically transformed colonies that had 20- to 40-fold higher levels of H-ras oncogene expression. Thus, transformation in this system is dependent on high levels of H-ras oncogene expression rather than on the presence of activated H-ras and c-myc oncogenes in the same cell.
Improving the Resolution of X-Ray Telescopes with Occulting Satellites

Improving angular resolution is one of X-ray astronomy’s big challenges. While X-ray interferometry should eventually vastly improve broad-band angular resolution, in the near-term, X-ray telescopes will sacrifice angular resolution for increased collecting area and energy resolution. Natural occultations have long been used to study sources on small angular scales, but are limited by short transit times and the rarity of transits. We describe here how one can make use of an X-ray Occulting Steerable Satellite (XOSS) to achieve very-high resolution of Xray sources, conventional X-ray telescopes. Similar occulting satellites could also be deployed in conjunction with future space observatories in other wavebands.
Production of aflatoxins B1 and G1 by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus isolated from market pecans

One hundred and forty-eight isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were isolated from 5,608 pecans obtained from Chicago and Georgia markets. The percentage of internal contamination by these species was 7.3% in the Chicago market pecans and 1.7% in those from markets in Georgia. Of the 148 isolates, 93% of the A. parasiticus, but only 54% of the A. flavus, were capable of producing aflatoxin. Overall, 57% of the isolates were potentially aflatoxigenic. A. parasiticus isolates generally produced a greater amount of aflatoxins than A. flavus.
Increased ventricular contractility is not sufficient for effective positive inotropic intervention

Positive inotropic intervention with dobutamine in patients with congestive heart failure is accompanied by complementary vascular changes, as measured by the aortic input impedance spectrum, that promote the efficient transfer of augmented myocardial contractile power. It is unknown whether this is a nonspecific response to increased ventricular contractility or is a function of the properties of the positive inotropic agent employed. Therefore, the influence of two different positive inotropic interventions, dobutamine and dopamine, on ventricular-vascular coupling was examined in 15 patients with congestive heart failure. Significant reductions in characteristic aortic impedance, wave reflection, and low-frequency impedance moduli were noted with dobutamine and were not seen with dopamine. Consequently, a significantly (P = 0.0008) greater increase in pulsatile, rather than steady-state, power output was noted with dopamine that was reflective of a significantly diminished efficiency of power transfer. Therefore, optimal transfer of increased ventricular contractile power in patients with congestive heart failure requires increases in large vessel compliance and complementary changes in ventriculoarterial coupling.
The effect of malathion and malaoxon on esterases and gross development of the chick embryo.

Abstract Malaoxon applied to chick embryos by incorporation into yolk, which is then placed in the yolk-sac cavity of a fertile egg, is more teratogenic than malathion when used at a high level, but less so at a lower level. Plasma cholinesterase is more rapidly inhibited by malaoxon, but recovery from inhibition is more rapid than from inhibition by malathion. An unidentified esterase is inhibited more severely and for a longer time by malathion than by malaoxon. Malathion per se appears to inhibit the unknown enzyme. Nicotinamide prevents teratogenesis, but does not alter inhibition of cholinesterases or the unidentified esterase.
The synthesis of 3-nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate in rat liver mitochondria: The effect of Ca2+, Mg2+, chelators, and bacitracin on the activity of p-hydroxybenzoate-polyprenyl transferase☆

Abstract The formation of the first intermediate in ubiquinone-9 biosynthesis, 3-nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (NPHB), by the enzyme p -hydroxybenzoate:polyprenyl transferase, has been studied in isolated rat liver mitochondria using solanesol pyrophosphate and p -hydroxybenzoate as the substrates. Phosphate buffer (100 m m ) is inhibitory but at 20 m m inhibition is not apparent compared to other buffers at the same concentration. With various buffers at low concentration (20 m m ) both EDTA and Mg 2+ stimulate formation of NPHB while Ca 2+ inhibits. Release of Ca 2+ inhibition can be achieved by the addition of Mg 2+ , or EDTA, or EGTA, with EGTA being less effective than EDTA. When Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , and EDTA are present together, a two- to threefold increase in activity of the enzyme is observed. The antibiotic bacitracin inhibits the synthesis of NPHB and the inhibition is increased when divalent cations are present. EGTA is more effective than EDTA in overcoming inhibition due to bacitracin. The possibility that these effects are partially due to alteration of mitochondrial membrane conformation as well as a direct effect on the enzyme is evaluated. The possible role of polyprenylphosphates in mitochondrial membrane function is discussed.
Very high-pressure capillary liquid chromatography assisted by voltage.

Capillary liquid chromatography at moderately high pressures and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) have been combined to drive the mobile phase through capillary columns packed with small diameter particles. In a column packed with 1.5 μm nonporous particles, linear velocities near 3 mm/s were observed when combining inlet pressures of 690 bar (10,000 psi) and an applied voltage of 25 kV. Optimum linear velocity for the column was achieved using a pressure-voltage combination of 350 bar (5000 psi) and 5 kV. Separation efficiencies at near optimum linear velocity agreed with those predicted by the van Deemter equation for liquid chromatography. Retention factors were observed to decrease under pressure-voltage combination as the voltage was increased; such a behavior has been attributed to Joule heating effects.
Measurement of functional group and molecular weight interrelations by GPC/IR

When the effluent from a gel permeation chromatograph is analyzed by infrared absorbance on a continuous basis (GPC/IR), individual functional groups can be followed. Successive analyses at different characteristic wavelengths permit the estimation of group distribution within a molecular weight distribution. The use of low molecular weight internal standards that combine the functional groups of interest is shown to enhance the reliability of the method. A mixture of polymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate and a copolymer of the two have been analyzed with phenyl benzoate as an internal standard. It is demonstrated also that the relative concentration of hydroxyl and ether groups can be monitored in a mixture of poly(ethylene oxide) homologs. Among the polymer substituent groups successfully analyzed in GPC/IR with trichloroethylene as solvent are OH, COC, SiOSi, CF, CH2, carboxyl, and phenyl.
Workshop-based Training in Trauma-focused CBT: An In-depth Analysis of Impact on Provider Practices

Despite evidence that more intensive methods are more effective, many clinical settings continue to train practitioners using workshops. To more fully understand the strengths and limitations of workshops, the present investigation studied changes in practitioner behavior following a workshop in trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). A chart review indicated no changes in TF-CBT use following the training, although therapists indicated that CBT was the most effective treatment for traumatized youths and was their primary approach to treating trauma. Analysis of client factors indicated weak relationships between technique use and treatment need. Implications of these findings for future training efforts are discussed.
Specific molecular mass detection of endogenously released neuropeptides using in vivo microdialysis/mass spectrometry

Abstract The specific molecular detection of the endogenous neuropeptides methionine ([Met]5) enkephalin and neurotensin released in vivo in rat brain has been accomplished using microdialysis and mass spectrometry. Microdialysis probes were implanted in specific brain regions and were used to collect samples from brain extracellular fluids in unanesthetized, freely moving animals. Microelectrospray/tandem mass spectrometry was used to achieve molecular-specific identification of the neuropeptides with a sensitivity in the amol/μl range. Measurements of the amounts of neuropeptides in the dialysates obtained from studies of KCl-stimulated release showed that [Met]5-enkephalin from the globus pallidus/ventral pallidum region was present at a level of approximately 4–6 fmol/10 μl of dialysate and neurotensin from the hypothalamus of approximately 500 amol in 10 μl of dialysate. In this manuscript, we present the first data of a mass- and molecular-specific detection and quantitation of individual neuropeptides released in response to either intracerebrally or systemically administered compounds.
Rearrangement reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450s

Cytochrome P450s promote a variety of rearrangement reactions both as a consequence of the nature of the radical and other intermediates generated during catalysis, and of the neighboring structures in the substrate that can interact either with the initial radical intermediates or with further downstream products of the reactions. This article will review several kinds of previously published cytochrome P450-catalyzed rearrangement reactions, including changes in stereochemistry, radical clock reactions, allylic rearrangements, “NIH” and related shifts, ring contractions and expansions, and cyclizations that result from neighboring group interactions. Although most of these reactions can be carried out by many members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, some have only been observed with select P450s, including some reactions that are catalyzed by specific endoperoxidases and cytochrome P450s found in plants.
Predictors of Self-Reported Physical Symptoms in Low-Income, Inner-City African American Women: The Role of Optimism, Depressive Symptoms, and Chronic Illness.

In this study we examined the association of optimism and depressive symptoms with self-reported physical symptoms in 241 low-income, inner-city African American women with or without a chronic illness (HIV). Although optimism was not a unique predictor of self-reported physical symptoms over and above depressive symptoms, optimism interacted with depressive symptoms and health status. In the community sample, but not the chronically ill sample, optimism buffered the association between depressive symptoms and self-reported physical symptoms. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Social Anxiety and Speaker Gaze in a Persuasive Atmosphere

Abstract Twenty females scoring low and 20 females scoring high on a pretested measure of social anxiety participated in an experiment to investigate the role of social anxiety in a persuasive situation. Results supported the hypothesis that social anxiety mediates the tendency for subjects to direct their gazes at an agreeing or disagreeing confederate when expressing their views on a controversial topic. As expected, socially anxious Ss spent less time gazing at the other participants than did socially secure Ss. Moreover, socially anxious Ss spent significantly less time gazing toward a disagreeing confederate than did socially secure subjects. On the other hand, no significant differences were found between socially anxious and secure Ss′ gazes at an agreeing confederate. These results are interpreted from a social control perspective.
Metallurgical problems arising from the use of copper in electric equipment

Pure copper is used extensively in electric equipment because of its high conductivity, but its low tensile strength and its high specific gravity make it generally unsuitable for structural purposes. The author describes the problems involved in adjusting the various properties of copper so that the greatest efficiency in the use of the equipment can be achieved.
Shape analysis with conformal invariants for multiply connected domains and its application to analyzing brain morphology

All surfaces can be classified by the conformal equivalence relation. Conformal invariants, which are shape indices that can be defined intrinsically on a surface, may be used to identify which surfaces are conformally equivalent, and they can also be used to measure surface deformation. Here we propose to compute a conformal invariant, or shape index, that is associated with the perimeter of the inner concentric circle in the hyperbolic parameter plane. With the surface Ricci flow method, we can conformally map a multiply connected domain to a multi-hole disk and this conformal map can preserve the values of the conformal invariant. Our algorithm provides a stable method to map the values of this shape index in the 2D (hyperbolic space) parameter domain. We also applied this new shape index for analyzing abnormalities in brain morphology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Williams syndrome (WS). After cutting along various landmark curves on surface models of the cerebral cortex or hippocampus, we obtained multiple connected domains. We conformally projected the surfaces to hyperbolic plane with surface Ricci flow method, accurately computed the proposed conformal invariant for each selected landmark curve, and assembled these into a feature vector.We also detected group differences in brain structure based on multivariate analysis of the surface deformation tensors induced by these Ricci flow mappings. Experimental results with 3D MRI data from 80 subjects demonstrate that our method powerfully detects brain surface abnormalities when combined with a constrained harmonic map based surface registration method.