cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastroschisis: epidemiology and mode of delivery, 2005–2013

Background Gastroschisis is a severe congenital anomaly the etiology of which is unknown. Research evidence supports attempted vaginal delivery for pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis in the absence of obstetric indications for cesarean delivery. Objective The objectives of the study evaluating pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis were to determine the proportion of women undergoing planned cesarean vs attempted vaginal delivery and to provide up-to-date epidemiology on the risk factors associated with this anomaly. Study Design This population-based study of US natality records from 2005 through 2013 evaluated pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis. Women were classified based on whether they attempted vaginal delivery or underwent a planned cesarean (n = 24,836,777). Obstetrical, medical, and demographic characteristics were evaluated. Multivariable log-linear regression models were developed to determine the factors associated with the mode of delivery. Factors associated with the occurrence of the anomaly were also evaluated in log-linear models. Results Of 5985 pregnancies with gastroschisis, 63.5% (n = 3800) attempted vaginal delivery and 36.5% (n = 2185) underwent a planned cesarean delivery. The rate of attempted vaginal delivery increased from 59.7% in 2005 to 68.8% in 2013. Earlier gestational age and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with lower rates of attempted vaginal delivery. Factors associated with the occurrence of gastroschisis included young age, smoking, high educational attainment, and being married. Protective factors included chronic hypertension, black race, and obesity. The incidence of gastroschisis was 3.1 per 10,000 pregnancies and did not increase during the study period. Conclusion Attempted vaginal delivery is becoming increasingly prevalent for women with a pregnancy complicated by gastroschisis. Recommendations from the research literature findings may be diffusing into clinical practice. A significant proportion of women with this anomaly still deliver by planned cesarean, suggesting further reduction of surgical delivery for this anomaly is possible.
Supernumerary Robotic Limbs for Human Body Support

A robot attached to a human body can support the human when performing tasks in dangerous environments or when taking postures that are fatiguing and uncomfortable. This paper presents a new type of supernumerary robotic limbs (SRL) that supports the human body against floors, walls, and surrounding structures so that the human can perform a task safely, comfortably, and stably. First, the use of wearable robots for securing and supporting a human body is discussed, followed by an SRL design concept. The SRL is worn around the waist and can brace the human body by making contact with a wall, grasping a rail, or being anchored to the floor. Quasi-static stability and compliance with which the body is supported are analyzed. Two control methods for stabilizing the body support system are considered: one is null-space stabilization using Hessian matrices, and the other is joint servo stiffness, based on the Jacobian. A prototype robot is designed and tested. Potential applications of the SRL in diverse fields are discussed.
The Advanced Placement Arms Race and the Reproduction of Educational Inequality.

BackgroundAccess to Advanced Placement (AP) courses is stratified by class and race. Researchers have identified how schools serving disadvantaged students suffer from various kinds of resource dep...
Ozone Detection by Crack-Induced Opacity in Rubber

Abstract Initially transparent polybutadiene develops micron-sized surface cracks when stretched and exposed to ozone. The consequent reduction in the transparency of the rubber provides a facile method for quantifying the ambient ozone concentration. The rate at which opacity develops is linearly dependent on the amount of ozone, and increases with increasing strain. This method of detecting atmospheric ozone has high sensitivity (1 ppb), a broad dynamic range, and is unaffected by the presence of other chemicals. The surface morphology of exposed material can be interpreted in terms of crack nucleation and growth.
Formation of Rectangular Packing and One-Dimensional Lines of C60 on 11-Phenoxyundecanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111)

The behavior of C60 molecules deposited onto 11-phenoxyundecanethiol (phenoxy) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is studied using ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM) and spectro...
Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Transformations in early modern northeast Asia

The second half of the sixteenth century found the Portuguese cruising in waters off the coasts of Asia, the Spanish colonizing the Philippines, and Jesuit and Dominican missionaries evangelizing in Japan and China. How did these newcomers affect the maritime and coastal frontiers discussed in the last chapter? More specifically, was the European advent linked to regime change in Japan and China? In contrast to earlier accounts, which place the Tokugawa shogunate and the Qing conquest within separate national histories, this chapter demonstrates the importance of regional interaction in shaping these seemingly independent events. Additionally, it shows how introduction of a world history context that the national histories ignore advances our understanding of the dynastic transition in China, the reunification of Japan, and Korea's traumatic experience of three invasions. We begin with the 1592 invasion of Korea by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the culminating event of his successful military career, and the Ming military intervention that stymied Hideyoshi's initiative. Several decades later, another tripartite confrontation of forces involved the Ming, Chosŏn, and a new northeast regional power who would go on to conquer and rule China as the Qing empire. The chapter surveys the Jurchen origins of the Qing ruling house, traces its expanding influence, and chronicles its shifting relations with the Ming and the Chosŏn state. Initially regarded by the Ming and Koreans as mobile marauders on the northeast Asian frontier, the Jianzhou Jurchen successfully created a military force that eventually bested both regimes. Their story presents many elements familiar from the history of earlier conquest dynasties, but with a twist – the new opportunities for wealth accumulation provided by the expanding maritime frontier. Activities on the maritime frontier and the land frontier in Siberia stimulated political, cultural, and economic transformations in China, Japan and Korea that make the 1550–1650 period “early modern.” The European impact extended far beyond the introduction of improved firearms.
AIMU: Actionable Items for Meeting Understanding

With emerging conversational data, automated content analysis is needed for better data interpretation, so that it is accurately understood and can be effectively integrated and utilized in various applications. ICSI meeting corpus is a publicly released data set of multi-party meetings in an organization that has been released over a decade ago, and has been fostering meeting understanding research since then. The original data collection includes transcription of participant turns as well as meta-data annotations, such as disfluencies and dialog act tags. This paper presents an extended set of annotations for the ICSI meeting corpus with a goal of deeply understanding meeting conversations, where participant turns are annotated by actionable items that could be performed by an automated meeting assistant. In addition to the user utterances that contain an actionable item, annotations also include the arguments associated with the actionable item. The set of actionable items are determined by aligning human-human interactions to human-machine interactions, where a data annotation schema designed for a virtual personal assistant (human-machine genre) is adapted to the meetings domain (human-human genre). The data set is formed by annotating participants’ utterances in meetings with potential intents/actions considering their contexts. The set of actions target what could be accomplished by an automated meeting assistant, such as taking a note of action items that a participant commits to, or finding emails or topic related documents that were mentioned during the meeting. A total of 10 defined intents/actions are considered as actionable items in meetings. Turns that include actionable intents were annotated for 22 public ICSI meetings, that include a total of 21K utterances, segmented by speaker turns. Participants’ spoken turns, possible actions along with associated arguments and their vector representations as computed by convolutional deep structured semantic models are included in the data set for future research. We present a detailed statistical analysis of the data set and analyze the performance of applying convolutional deep structured semantic models for an actionable item detection task. The data is available at http://research.microsoft.com/ projects/meetingunderstanding/.
Factors associated with early marijuana initiation in a criminal justice population.

PURPOSE: Initiation of marijuana during adolescence is associated with negative outcomes and is more common among those with criminal justice involvement. We sought to determine demographics, psychosocial factors, mental health factors, and criminal outcomes associated with earlier age at first marijuana use in a criminal justice population. METHODS: Data from structured, in-person interviews of adults in a criminal corrections program were analyzed. Participants (689 men and women ages 19 and older) were recruited for a larger smoking cessation trial (2009-2013) as a volunteer sample by flyers at a community corrections site. 516 had smoked both nicotine and marijuana and were included in the analysis. We determined associations between self-reported age at first marijuana use and sex, race, income, educational attainment, history of abuse, family problems, psychiatric problems, criminal record, and age of nicotine and alcohol initiation. RESULTS: Of 516 participants, 68% were men, and 64.5% were Black. No participants were of Hispanic ethnicity. Average age of marijuana initiation was 15.1years (SD 3.7years). After linear regression, earlier age at marijuana initiation was associated with male sex and more criminal offenses (person/violent and court). Race and psychiatric problems were not associated with earlier marijuana initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier adolescent marijuana initiation is associated with more criminal offenses in a criminal justice population. Men initiate marijuana earlier than women. Adolescents at high risk of justice involvement may benefit from delayed initiation of marijuana, specifically men. Additional studies should examine prevention strategies for adolescent marijuana use that target those at highest risk.Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Language: en
Is Your Class Differently Aged? The Chi-Square Test

Not so many years ago, almost all college students were “traditional” college age. Today, about 39% of students enrolled in colleges in the United States are 25 years old or older. About 16% are 35 or older.
Low-cost truthful multicast in selfish and rational wireless ad hoc networks

It is conventionally assumed that all wireless devices will follow the prescribed routing protocols without any deviation. However, the scarcity of resources in wireless devices raises a concern about this assumption. Most often, instead of faithfully following the protocols, the owners of wireless devices will try to manipulate the protocols for their own benefits. We specifically study the multicast in selfish and rational wireless ad hoc networks. By assuming that each wireless node has a private cost of forwarding data for other nodes, we first give an efficient method to construct a multicast tree, namely VMST, whose cost is a 5-approximation of the optimum multicast tree's cost for homogeneous wireless networks. We then design a truthful payment scheme that pays minimum for any relay node among all truthful payment schemes based on VMST.
Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorders: Physicians' Perceptions and Practices.

Background and Objectives Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite the NIAAA’s recommendations that medications be considered for patients with alcohol dependence, the mainstay of treatment has been counseling. We designed a survey to assess the treatment practices of Psychiatrists and Family Medicine (FM) physicians, in an effort to identify barriers to the use of pharmacotherapy and develop strategies to increase physician knowledge and utilization of these medications. Methods An anonymous online survey was sent to FM physicians and Psychiatrists nationwide. The survey collected demographic information and assessed prescription of medications in treating AUDs, including FDA-approved medications and other medications used off-label for this purpose. We also examined factors that would lead to an increase in AUDs pharmacotherapy. Results A total of 491 surveys were completed, with 475 responses included in the final analyses. 45.5% of participants were Psychiatrists vs. 54.5% FM physicians. 74.7% respondents had used medications to treat AUDs, with Psychiatrists more likely to have prescribed acamprosate, naltrexone, and several off-label medications. FM physicians were more likely to report efficacy concerns. A majority of all physicians sampled would increase pharmacotherapy of AUDs with increased training. Discussion In our sample, most physicians have used medications to treat AUDs. There were concerns about efficacy with all non-FDA approved medications, but limited treatment success even with FDA-approved medications. Greater education about pharmacotherapy, including predictors for treatment response amongst patients, should help alleviate some of the uncertainties reported with medications’ efficacy and lead to a more
Distinct post‐translational features of type I collagen are conserved in mouse and human periodontal ligament

Background and Objective Specifics of the biochemical pathways that modulate collagen cross-links in the periodontal ligament (PDL) are not fully defined. Better knowledge of the collagen post-translational modifications that give PDL its distinct tissue properties is needed to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of human PDL destruction in periodontal disease. In this study, the post-translational phenotypes of human and mouse PDL type I collagen were surveyed using mass spectrometry. PDL is a highly specialized connective tissue that joins tooth cementum to alveolar bone. The main function of the PDL is to support the tooth within the alveolar bone while under occlusal load after tooth eruption. Almost half of the adult population in the USA has periodontal disease resulting from inflammatory destruction of the PDL, leading to tooth loss. Interestingly, PDL is unique from other ligamentous connective tissues as it has a high rate of turnover. Rapid turnover is believed to be an important characteristic for this specialized ligament to function within the oral-microbial environment. Like other ligaments, PDL is composed predominantly of type I collagen. Collagen synthesis is a complex process with multiple steps and numerous post-translational modifications including hydroxylation, glycosylation and cross-linking. The chemistry, placement and quantity of intermolecular cross-links are believed to be important regulators of tissue-specific structural and mechanical properties of collagens. Material and Methods Type I collagen was isolated from several mouse and human tissues, including PDL, and analyzed by mass spectrometry for post-translational variances. Results The collagen telopeptide cross-linking lysines of PDL were found to be partially hydroxylated in human and mouse, as well as in other types of ligament. However, the degree of hydroxylation and glycosylation at the helical Lys87 cross-linking residue varied across species and between ligaments. These data suggest that different types of ligament collagen, notably PDL, appear to have evolved distinctive lysine/hydroxylysine cross-linking variations. Another distinguishing feature of PDL collagen is that, unlike other ligaments, it lacks any of the known prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2-catalyzed 3-hydroxyproline site modifications that characterize tendon and ligament collagens. This gives PDL a novel modification profile, with hybrid features of both ligament and skin collagens. Conclusion This distinctive post-translational phenotype may be relevant for understanding why some individuals are at risk of rapid PDL destruction in periodontal disease and warrants further investigation. In addition, developing a murine model for studying PDL collagen may be useful for exploring potential clinical strategies for promoting PDL regeneration.
The Emerging Role of 7 Tesla MRI in Musculoskeletal Imaging

To describe the emergent role of ultra-high field (UHF) MR with respect to musculoskeletal MRI applications. With the recent US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and European Union (EU) approval of ultra-high field (UHF) MRI below 8T for clinical use, and the availability of clinical 7T MRI systems, there is a rising interest in the potential clinical and research applications in musculoskeletal MRI. With increases in field strength and SNR gains resulting in sharper and higher spatial resolution MRI images, there is increasing interest in UHF MRI. Although there are challenges and limitations in UHF, there are many new and unique musculoskeletal MR applications that UHF excels at such as morphological imaging, bone micro-architecture evaluation, biochemical imaging techniques such gagCEST, UTE/ZTE, T2 mapping, T2* mapping, T1ρ mapping, and multi-nuclear imaging and spectroscopy/imaging techniques with 23Na and 31P. The goal of this review is to highlight some of these recent findings in musculoskeletal MRI applications at UHF.
Effects of angiotensin II on insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose metabolism in rats.

The hypothesis that angiotensin II (AII) might play a role in glucose homeostasis was studied in eight paired male littermate rats who had fasted for 16 h and were infused with either AII (50 ng/kg/min) or saline for 60 min. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and plasma glucose (PG) did not change significantly in the saline-infused rats. In the AII-infused rats, however, MAP increased by 14.1 +/- 1.3 mm Hg and PG increased within 10 min to reach a new steady state that was approximately 10 mg/dL higher than the preinfusion PG (P < .001). Mean PG over 60 min was significantly higher during AII infusion compared to saline infusion (80.5 +/- 1 v 70.4 +/- 0.7 mg/dL, P = .0354 by repeated measures ANOVA), and plasma insulin was approximately 20 mu U/mL higher during AII infusion (66 +/- 6 v 46 +/- 2, P = .0023). Glucose turnover rate, determined isotopically from a single bolus injection of [3-(3)H]-glucose given after the new steady state was established, was no different in the two groups. However, insulin sensitivity declined by 33% in the AII-infused rats (0.116 +/- 0.012 v 0.152 +/- 0.016, P = .047). It is concluded that AII infusion at a dose that results in a physiologic increase in blood pressure acutely induces a new steady state of insulin resistance, from either reduced glucose utilization due to vasoconstriction or increased hepatic glucose production. The result of the insulin resistance is an increase in plasma glucose levels, and hyperinsulinemia, which overcomes insulin resistance, returning glucose turnover to normal despite continuing AII infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract WP218: EMS Based Telestroke Suggests Reduced Door to Needle Time Compared to Hospital Based Telestroke (REACHOUT Project)

Introduction: Implementation of telestroke in community hospitals and primary stroke centers has resulted in reduced door to needle times. Mobile stroke units equipped with CT scanners, also utiliz...
Dimensional Analysis and the Pi Theorem Units and Dimensions

Before starting a direct discussion of the pi theorem, which is central to dimensional analysis, it is necessary to remind ourselves, very briefly, of the nature of equations, units, and dimensions.
Practice measures for controlling and preventing hospital associated Clostridium difficile infections

Clostridium difficile (CD) is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. We aim to highlight practice measures for controlling and preventing Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in the hospital setting. Electronic databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Databases were searched for human studies that assessed strategic measures for the prevention of CDI. Bundled interventions can effectively reduce the rates of CDI. Current evidence support the implementation antibiotic stewardship programs, hygiene enhancement, dietary management with probiotics, use of copper surfaces, and the cautious use of PPIs. However, current guidelines do not advocate the use of copper, probiotics, or the discontinuation of PPIs as a means for reducing CDI. We review these practical and evidence-based approaches.
Does the Rank of the Perpetrator and Reporter Affect How Agencies Handle Workplace Aggression? A Test of Resource Dependence Theory:

Workplace aggression is a concern in many organizations. Despite this, research has not significantly examined whether or not organizations stop workplace aggression. Little is known about hierarch...
A Risk Assessment of an Airborne Disease inside the Cabin of a Passenger Airplane

Analytical calculations along with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of a Boeing 737-600 cabin with a single infector (a passenger) has been performed using a passive scalar gas with particle sizes similar to the sizes of influenza virus laden particles which are assumed to be comparable to the sizes of the Coronavirus laden particles CFD results of the virus transport and concentration were used in conjunction with the Wells-Riley (WR) quanta estimation from two well-documented cases of influenza infection on airplanes (with the assumption that the infections were primarily from the airborne route), to estimate the infectious rate The risk of infection is estimated by the quanta of viruses inhaled assuming 0 3 CFM of passive scalar gas corresponds to 1267 viruses/minute released Results indicate that with a 3-hour flight, the risk of infection is nearly 50% for those sitting in the vicinity of the infector which is equal to 2-3 infections for 131 passengers A comparison to a documented COVID-19 case shows that 4 symptomatic passengers could infect 2 others if the COVID-19 virus infectiousness lays mid-range of the influenza infectious doses The use of masks could dramatically reduce the risk of airborne infection When the infector wears a mask the virus concentration is reduced for all other passengers and the mask is more effective at catching the virus droplets before they dry out in the cabin air A significant reduction in virus transport and the infectious rate was observed with the N95 mask for a 3-hour flight With 2 9-ft social distancing (vacant middle seat) resulting in 2/3 cabin passenger capacity, the ventilation rate per person is increased by 45% and the risk of infection was dropped by more than 48% © 2021 SAE International All rights reserved
Parents' and children's gendered beliefs about toys and screen media

Abstract Contemporary discussions around gender roles, stereotypes, and play highlight the need for updated research on the influences of children's early play experiences and learning (Weisgram, 2018). Different types of play relate to different skills and vary by gender, such as spatial play and spatial skill (Jirout & Newcombe, 2015; Voyer, Voyer, & Bryden, 1995), and very little is known about gender and digital play. This study assessed parent and child gendered beliefs about play preference and ability with spatial and non-spatial toys and screen media, parent-rated educational value of toys, and frequency of child play (N = 60 parent-child dyads; Mage = 5.5). Though parents reported some stereotypical beliefs, especially for preferences, they considered screen media neutral. Children's responses only related to parents' for spatial preference, and were egocentric across toy types. Ratings of educational value related to play frequency and were lower for screen media than physical toys. Additional results and implications are discussed.
Neonatal Subpial Hemorrhage: Clinical Factors, Neuroimaging, and Outcomes in a Quaternary Care Children's Center.

Abstract Background Subpial hemorrhages are underrecognized, underreported, and poorly understood. The spectrum of their clinical manifestations and consequences in neonates has not been fully described. Here, we describe the demographic, clinical, and radiographic characteristics of neonates with subpial hemorrhages. Methods We reviewed the medical records and neuroimaging studies of neonates with subpial hemorrhage who were admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit between September 2009 and December 2020. Results Of 114 neonates with intracranial hemorrhage, 31 (27%) had subpial hemorrhage. The majority of neonates in our cohort were male (68%) and born at term (55%). The most common imaging indication was apneas and/or seizures in 58%. Common comorbid conditions included cardiorespiratory failure (42%), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (26%), and coagulopathy (23%). Subpial hemorrhages were multifocal in 45% of neonates, located in the temporal lobe in 45% of neonates, and tended to be larger in neonates with coagulopathy, birth trauma, or hydrocephalus requiring neurosurgical intervention. Subpial hemorrhage was associated with another type of intracranial bleed in 77% of cases and with arterial ischemic stroke in 16% of cases. Of 17 patients with more than one year of follow-up data, 14 (82%) have developmental delay and four (24%) have epilepsy. Of 14 patients with follow-up imaging, 10 (71%) had encephalomalacia subjacent to the subpial hemorrhage. Conclusions This is the largest cohort of neonates with subpial hemorrhages to date. Outcome data are limited by duration of follow-up and may be confounded by comorbid conditions and other concurrent hemorrhages. Further study is needed to define the spectrum of risk factors and expected neurological outcomes.
On Common Sense and the Thermodynamic Dogma of the Impossibility of Restoration of Mechanical Energy

The base of reasoning leading Thomson (Lord Kelvin) to his ‘impossibility of restoration of mechanical energy’ is here shown to be incorrect. When this base is properly re-conceptualized, the restoration of mechanical energy becomes a real possibility, and tied to the progress of mankind as measured by the efficiency of its energy transforming machines.
Digital Dictatorship: The System of Social Credit in China

The People's Republic of China is a country of advanced technologies, dictating digital trends of the future with the world’s fastest-growing economy. In the nearest future, we will become witnesses of another Chinese invention comparable in scale to paper, gunpowder, and the compass they once created. China is implementing the System of Social Credit, the system of total control of the citizens that will institute digital dictatorship by 2020. With the help of big data and advanced surveillance, the system will analyze each citizen’s behavior, assigning him an individual rating. Law-abiding citizens will become privileged, while the holders of a low social score will face inevitable hurdles and ostracism. Correspondingly, George Orwell’s 1984 depicted the relentless battle of the personality and the system, where the first is condemned to death. By establishing the System of Social Credit (SCS), the centralized Chinese leadership will interfere in citizens’ personal affairs, thus discrediting human freedoms and the right to individuality. Everything the Chinese people hold of worth will be violated once the state becomes an absolute; therefore, echoing the nightmare of 1984.
Fine Tuning a Generative Adversarial Network’s Discriminator for Student Attrition Prediction

Predicting if freshmen students will drop out of college or transfer to another is often difficult due to limited and anomalous data. This paper explores using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to learn the general features of student data and uses it to produce predictions with higher accuracy and lower false positive rates than neural networks trained with traditional techniques. Here we examine the differences between a classifier’s latent space when it is trained with a GAN architecture versus traditionally for predicting if a freshman student will leave Marist College within their first year. Our experimental results suggest that GANs are an alternative to training neural models for student dropout/transfer prediction.
Ku and Ki Autoantibodies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the pathogenetic role and methods of detection of Ku and Ki autoantibodies. Autoantibodies specific for Ku are associated strongly with an unusual disease subset in Japanese patients with systemic autoimmunity; whereas, they are associated primarily with systemic lupus erythematosus and overlap syndromes in Americans. Ki autoantibodies are associated with scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and other autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies to the Ku and p350 antigens are directed against DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a multiprotein complex consisting of a DNA-binding component, and a catalytic subunit. Autoantibodies reactive with p70, p80, p350, and antibodies that stabilize the quaternary structure of DNAPK constitute a linked set. The chapter clarifies the initial confusion regarding the relationship of the Ki and Ku antigens.
Theory of the Electrical Properties of Germanium and Silicon

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the general principles of energy band theory relevant to the semiconductor problem. It discusses the motion of electrons in energy bands under the influence of external electric and magnetic fields, presenting an elementary theory of the cyclotron resonance experiment as an example. This, in turn, serves as a natural point to summarize the current picture of the continuous energy levels of Ge and Si as it has developed quantitatively from the experiments, and in the light of theory. The theory of localized states is discussed with special emphasis on the influence of the complex structures of the valence and conduction bands in modifying the simple theory of hydrogen-like impurities. Qualitative discussion is also given of the localized levels provided by other than hydrogenic impurities, and of the levels produced by surfaces and by dislocations. The chapter also discusses how the energy level picture is to be used in the statistical mechanical calculation of the equilibrium properties of semiconductors. It presents the phenomenological theory of the electrical conductivity, Hall effect, magnetoresistance, and thermoelectric power of Ge and Si, stressing the influence of the complex band structure. The chapter reviews the optical properties of Ge and Si in terms of the different classes of allowed and forbidden transitions which may occur on the energy level diagram.
Chapter 7 Application of Single-Molecule Spectroscopy in Studying Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism

This chapter reviews recent developments in the application of single-molecule spectroscopy (SMS) to studies of enzyme kinetics and mechanism. Protocols for conducting single-molecule experiments on enzymes, based largely on the experience in our laboratory, are provided, including methods of sample preparation, instrumentation, and data analysis. We also address general issues related to the design of meaningful single-molecule experiments and include specific examples of the application of SMS to enzyme studies, which reveal new and intriguing aspects of enzyme behavior, including static and dynamic heterogeneity, as well as subunit cooperativity. Finally, we discuss the advantages of employing single-molecule approach in obtaining new information beyond ensemble studies.
Graphic Sequences Have Realizations Containing Bisections of Large Degree

A bisection of a graph is a balanced bipartite spanning sub-graph. Bollobas and Scott conjectured that every graph G has a bisection H such that degH(v) ≥ ⌊degG(v)/2⌋ for all vertices v. We prove a degree sequence version of this conjecture: given a graphic sequence π, we show that π has a realization G containing a bisection H where degH(v) ≥ ⌊(degG(v) − 1)/2⌋ for all vertices v. This bound is very close to best possible. We use this result to provide evidence for a conjecture of Brualdi (Colloq. Int. CNRS, vol. 260, CNRS, Paris) and Busch et al. (2011), that if π and π − k are graphic sequences, then π has a realization containing k edge-disjoint 1-factors. We show that if the minimum entry δ in π is at least n/2 + 2, then π has a realization containing edge-disjoint 1-factors. We also give a construction showing the limits of our approach in proving this conjecture. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Contract grant sponsor: Nebraska EPSCoR First Award; Contract grant sponsor: National Science Foundation; Contract grant number: DMS 0914815 (to S. G. H.).)
Hard Collisions of Spinning Protons - History and Future

There will be a review of the history of polarized proton beams, and a discussion of the unexpected and still unexplained large transverse spin effects found in several high energy proton-proton spin experiments at the ZGS, AGS, Fermilab and RHIC. Next there will be a discussion of possible future experiments on the violent collisions elastic collisions of polarized protons at the 70 GeV U-70 accelerator at IHEP-Protvino in Russia and the new high intensity 50 GeV J-PARC at Tokai in Japan.
A plan for curricular integration of interdisciplinary design

For many engineering students at Iowa State University College of Engineering, the only design experience previous to the capstone course occurred in a freshman graphics/design course. Unfortunately there is often a void between the freshman course and the senior capstone course. A plan is outlined to fill that void. The goals of the plan outlined are: (1) to provide for a multidisciplinary senior capstone design course; (2) to secure industrial involvement in providing projects and sponsoring teams; (3) to integrate design more fully into the four-year curriculum (4) to develop a practice-oriented Master of Science degree by involving master level students with capstone teams; and (5) to have each student develop a design toolbox of knowledge, experience, hardware, and software during the four-year curriculum. These goals and this plan grew out of the recent experiences in the capstone design course in the electrical and computer engineering department. The plan and experiences leading to its proposal are discussed. >
Difficult Patient Encounters: Medical Education and Modern Approaches

One might expect the physician–patient encounter to routinely be a rewarding experience. The patient needs help with a medical problem; the physician provides relief for that medical problem. However, conflict within these encounters continues to arise. Though research indicates physicians, medical systems, and patients contribute to potential conflict, medical education and practice provides limited guidance to physicians how to recognize and avoid these exhausting and sometimes confrontational experiences.
Neurobiologically informed treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa: a novel approach to a chronic disorder

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe and debilitating disorder with significant medical and psychological sequelae. To date, there are no effective treatments for adults, resulting in high rates of chronicity, morbidity, and mortality. Recent advances in brain imaging research have led to an improved understanding of etiology and specific neurobiological mechanisms underlying symptoms. Despite this, there are no treatments focused on targeting symptoms using this empirically supported mechanistic understanding of the illness. Updated treatment approaches focused on targeting neurobiological mechanisms underlying core AN symptomatology are necessary to improve treatment out-comes for this population. Neurobiologically Enhanced With Family Eating Disorder Trait Response Treatment (NEW FED TR) is a neurobiologically informed treatment targeting key temperament constructs associated with the illness through the delivery of psychoeducation and skills training to patients and nominated carers.
Lateral diffusion and local nonequilibrium in gas chromatography

Abstract The occurrence of local nonequilibrium in gas chromatography is investigated. The question as to whether liquid or gas-phase lateral diffusion is the rate-controlling step is discussed in the light of theoretical equations. It is found that this depends, to a large extent, on the distribution of stationary liquid over the solid support. Allowing for both liquid and gas diffusion, and also for the influence of tortuous streamlines leading to eddy diffusion, a new, approximate plate height equation is obtained. Finally, some of the important unsolved problems in the field of gas chromatography is discussed.
Engagement in Mental Health Treatment Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review

The purpose of the present study is to review empirical evidence of the effects of interventions designed to improve engagement in mental health services among adolescents, young adults and their families. Investigators searched relevant databases, prior reviews, and conducted hand searches for intervention studies that met the following criteria: (1) examined engagement in mental health services; (2) included a comparison condition; and (3) focused on adolescents and/or young adults. Effect sizes for all reported outcomes were calculated. Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria. Conceptualizations of engagement and measurement approaches varied throughout studies. Approaches to improving engagement varied in effectiveness based on level of intervention. Individual level approaches improved attendance during the initial stage of treatment. While family level engagement interventions increased initial attendance rates, the impact did not extend to the ongoing use of services, whereas service delivery level interventions were more effective at improving ongoing engagement. The review illuminated that engagement interventions framed in an ecological model may be most effective at facilitating engagement. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
An assessment of VoIP covert channel threats

A VoIP covert channel is a mechanism that utilizes an IP phone conversation to illicitly transfer information across a network. In this paper, we present a model of VoIP covert channels that explains their main components and functions. We provide a performance evaluation framework, and quantify the threat to users. Our results demonstrate that covert channels represent an immediate threat to VoIP users. We discuss possible course of actions to detect attacks and mitigate the risk of information leakage.
Interpreting Significant Left-Tailed Analysis of Variance F-Ratios

It is argued that analysis of variance F-ratios which are significant in the left tail of the appropriate central F distribution should be interpreted as indicating some inadequacy in the analysis of variance model being used to represent the properties of the data. Procedures for testing left-tailed F-ratios are indicated.
Naloxone alters locomotion and interaction with environmental stimuli

Abstract Rats were injected with saline or naloxone (0.5, 5.0 or 25 mg/kg) and monitored for locomotion and both frequency and duration of contact with stimuli in a multicompartment exploratory chamber. Naloxone produced a dose-related reduction in locomotion and in frequency of contact with stimuli. At the lowest dose tested this reduction was accompanied by an increase in total duration of contact and in time spent per contact with the stimuli. In contrast, the highest dose of naloxone decreased the duration of contact with stimuli and induced prolonged periods of inactivity. An intermediate response was observed with 5.0 mg/kg naloxone. These results indicate that lower doses of naloxone may enhance interaction with environmental stimuli while the predominant effect of higher doses is a general suppression in behavioral activity. Similarities with the antimanic agent lithium chloride and possible clinical implications are discussed.
Testing and Evaluation of Aircraft Tire Coupons

Abstract Coupons from unused aircraft tires were pre‐loaded in tension and conditioned in three ways: static thermal aging, room temperature dynamic aging, and dynamic thermal aging. The degradation of peel strength between plies was then studied. The results indicate that elevated temperature is more important than flexural stress or hoop stress in affecting the degradation of peel properties. A micrographic study indicates that there is a difference in failure mechanisms between unconditioned and conditioned coupons.
Liquid-gas and superconducting phase transitions of nuclear matter calculated with real time Green's function methods and Skyrme interactions.

Real-time finite temperature Green's function methods with pair cutoff approximations are applied to the calculation of the equation of state of symmetric nuclear matter. The liquid-gas and the superconducting second-order phase transitions of nuclear matter are studied using, respectively, the normal and abnormal pair cutoff approximations. Several versions of the Skyrme effective interactions are employed. Significant differences are found between the pressure-density isotherms at finite temperature given by different Skyrme interactions, although they give quite similar ground state nuclear matter properties. The critical temperatures ${k}_{B}$${T}_{c}^{(1)}$ for the liquid-gas phase transition given by various Skyrme interactions range from \ensuremath{\sim}15 to \ensuremath{\sim}20 MeV. A strong dependence of ${k}_{B}$${T}_{c}^{(1)}$ on the combination 3${t}_{1}$+5${t}_{2}$, ${t}_{1}$ and ${t}_{2}$ being two parameters of the Skyrme interaction, is observed. For nuclear matter at normal density, nonvanishing energy gap is obtained only for the Skyrme interactions SkI and SkVI. The critical temperatures for the superconducting second-order phase transitions for these two cases are, respectively, 0.5 and 0.345 MeV. Dependence of the energy gap on the nuclear matter density is discussed.
The Double Disadvantage Reconsidered: Gender, Immigration, Marital Status, and Global Labor Force Participation in the 21st Century

Although women's representation among international migrants in many countries has risen over the last 100 years, we know far less about gender gaps in the labor force participation of immigrants across a wide span of host societies. Prior studies have established that immigrant women are doubly disadvantaged in terms of labor market outcomes in the U.S., Canada, and Israel. These studies suggest an intriguing question: Are there gender gaps in immigrant labor force participation across destinations countries? In this paper, we investigate the extent to which the double disadvantage exists for immigrant women in a variety of host countries. We also examine how marriage moderates this double disadvantage. For the U.S., although we find that immigrant women have had the lowest labor force participation rates compared to natives and immigrant men since 1960, marital status is an important stratifying attribute that helps explain nativity differences. Extending the analysis to eight other countries reveals strong gender differences in labor force participation and shows how marriage differentiates immigrant women's labor force entry more so than men's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Approaches to stepping up and stepping down care in asthmatic patients

The variability in symptom control is a challenging feature of asthma that necessitates careful monitoring and the need to step up and step down individualized therapeutic regimens over time. This stepwise concept in asthma therapy can be considered in at least 3 contexts. For lack of control that is persistent over long periods of time, an increase in the overall medication or a step-up long-term strategy is indicated. A second approach, the step-up short-term strategy, can be used during a temporary loss of acceptable control, such as at the onset of a viral respiratory tract illness. In these cases a step-up in therapy is usually terminated in 3 to 10 days once asthma control has been satisfactorily achieved. Finally, for treating symptoms related to the variability of asthma on a day-to-day basis, inhaled corticosteroids used concomitantly with a β-agonist have been evaluated, although this treatment is not currently approved in the United States. We will term this particular intervention a step-up intermittent strategy. Here we summarize the existing data regarding these 3 approaches to step up care and step down management, as well as to identify areas where more comparative studies are necessary to provide further guidance to clinicians regarding proper step-up and step-down strategies in the care of asthma.
Phosphorylation of CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein α Regulates GLUT4 Expression and Glucose Transport in Adipocytes

The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) is required during adipogenesis for development of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Modes for regulating this function of C/EBPα have yet to be determined. Phosphorylation of C/EBPα on Ser-21 has been implicated in the regulation of granulopoiesis and hepatic gene expression. To explore the role of Ser-21 phosphorylation on C/EBPα function during adipogenesis, we developed constructs in which Ser-21 was mutated to alanine (S21A) to model dephosphorylation. In two cell culture models deficient in endogenous C/EBPα, enforced expression of S21A-C/EBPα resulted in normal lipid accumulation and expression of many adipogenic markers. However, S21A-C/EBPα had impaired ability to activate the Glut4 promoter specifically, and S21A-C/EBPα expression resulted in diminished GLUT4 and adiponectin expression, as well as reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. No defects in insulin signaling or GLUT4 vesicle trafficking were identified with S21A-C/EBPα expression, and when exogenous GLUT4 expression was enforced to normalize expression in S21A-C/EBPα cells, insulin-responsive glucose transport was reconstituted, suggesting that the primary defect was a deficit in GLUT4 levels. Mice in which endogenous C/EBPα was replaced with S21A-C/EBPα displayed reduced GLUT4 and adiponectin protein expression in epididymal adipose tissue and increased blood glucose compared with wild-type littermates. These results suggest that phosphorylation of C/EBPα on Ser-21 may regulate adipocyte gene expression and whole body glucose homeostasis.
Non-muffin-tin effects in the Xα treatment of Ne2☆

Abstract The total energy of Ne2 has been calculated in two realizations of the Xα model. Both the full non-muffin-tin correction to the MS Xα result and a high-precision LCAO Xα give overbinding, confirming an earlier, less-inclusive result.
Stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

Stem cells offer an enormous pool of resources for the understanding of the human body. One proposed use of stem cells has been as an autologous therapy. The use of stem cells for neurodegenerative diseases has become of interest. Clinical applications of stem cells for Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis will increase in the coming years, and although great care will need to be taken when moving forward with prospective treatments, the application of stem cells is highly promising.