cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of HIV infection and alcohol on cognition: a review

Both alcohol and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can affect the structure and function of the central nervous system. What they have in common is that the white matter of the brain is principally affected, and the direct neuronal injury does not appear to be a consequence of either HIV infection or alcohol use. There is evidence that the cognitive effects of both HIV and alcohol are potentially reversible with treatment or abstinence. There is only limited overlap in terms of the actual brain regions or structures affected, which may account for the observa- tion that the combined effects of alcohol and HIV are largely additive. Although the incidence of alcohol-related Korsakoff amnesia has declined, alcohol use nonetheless is associated with decreased cognitive performance. In the context of HIV infection, very heavy alcohol use in individuals with advanced HIV disease appears to have synergistic effects. Because current studies on the combined effects of alcohol and HIV infection are limited by several issues, including the use of relatively small sample sizes and nonuniform definitions of what constitutes heavy alcohol use, our understanding of the neurological and behavioral complications of this problem still remains incomplete.
Numerical optimization studies of axi-symmetric unsteady sprays

Theoretical modeling of the realistic two spray combustion problem generally leads to a large complex system of partial differential equations. In order to find an optimal way of handling a large complex system of equations, numerical experimentation appears to be not only useful but a necessary exercise for this purpose, a system of nonlinear, axisymmetric, unsteady model equations, which retain the mathematical character of the parent equations but are considerably simplified otherwise, is considered. The numerical experiments on these equations indicate that, for parabolic equations, an efficient finite difference approach is the one based on an ADI scheme involving the solution of a set of tridiagonal matrices. 6 refs.
XML indexing and retrieval with a hybrid storage model: 252

XML DTD (Document Type Declaration) puts two distinctive entities (attribute and element content) together into one framework for representing different document features. The notion of attribute in the XML DTD is similar to the field representation in the database, whereas the element content corresponds to the full text. In this paper, we view these two entities as different, each of which requires a different model for storage and retrieval. Attributes are stored in a database system, whereas the element contents and their indices are saved in files. We present a technique that puts together those two in an efficient way and builds an XML retrieval system on top of that. Such a system can achieve a reasonable trade-off between performance and cost in indexing and retrieval.
A web-based intelligibility evaluation of sign language video transmitted at low frame rates and bitrates

Mobile sign language video conversations can become unintelligible due to high video transmission rates causing network congestion and delayed video. In an effort to understand how much sign language video quality can be sacrificed, we evaluated the perceived lower limits of intelligible sign language video transmitted at four low frame rates (1, 5, 10, and 15 frames per second [fps]) and four low fixed bitrates (15, 30, 60, and 120 kilobits per second [kbps]). We discovered an "intelligibility ceiling effect," where increasing the frame rate above 10 fps decreased perceived intelligibility, and increasing the bitrate above 60 kbps produced diminishing returns. Additional findings suggest that relaxing the recommended international video transmission rate, 25 fps at 100 kbps or higher, would still provide intelligible content while considering network resources and bandwidth consumption. As part of this work, we developed the Human Signal Intelligibility Model, a new conceptual model useful for informing evaluations of video intelligibility.
Hand-foot and stump syndrome to sorafenib

A 47-year-old white man, who had an above-the-knee amputation of his left leg, was treated with single-agent sorafenib 400 mg orally twice daily for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The patient regularly wore a prosthesis that encases his left stump. After approximately8weeksonsorafenib,thepatientdevelopedatinglingsensation of bilateral hands, his right sole, and his left stump. These quickly progressed to well-demarcated, tender, erythematous, scaling lesions on his palms, right sole (Fig 1) and left stump (Fig 2). Painless distal subungualsplinterhemorrhageswerealsoseeninallofhisfingernails. Based on clinical findings and history, a diagnosis of hand-foot and stump syndrome (HFSS) secondary to sorafenib therapy was made. Like hand-foot syndrome, the mechanism by which sorafenib induces the HFSS variant remains only speculative. However, the observed results of this case indicate a possible relationship between the direct toxic effect of the chemotherapeutic drug delivered by the high concentration of eccrine glands in the palms and right sole, and the hyperhidrosis of the encased left stump, which may have contributedtothedevelopmentoftheHFSSonthesesitesandsupportingthe
Structure of colicin I receptor bound to the R‐domain of colicin Ia: implications for protein import

Colicin Ia is a 69 kDa protein that kills susceptible Escherichia coli cells by binding to a specific receptor in the outer membrane, colicin I receptor (70 kDa), and subsequently translocating its channel forming domain across the periplasmic space, where it inserts into the inner membrane and forms a voltage-dependent ion channel. We determined crystal structures of colicin I receptor alone and in complex with the receptor binding domain of colicin Ia. The receptor undergoes large and unusual conformational changes upon colicin binding, opening at the cell surface and positioning the receptor binding domain of colicin Ia directly above it. We modelled the interaction with full-length colicin Ia to show that the channel forming domain is initially positioned 150 A above the cell surface. Functional data using full-length colicin Ia show that colicin I receptor is necessary for cell surface binding, and suggest that the receptor participates in translocation of colicin Ia across the outer membrane.
Fluorescence lifetime-resolved imaging

This is a short account of fluorescence lifetime-resolved imaging, in order to acquaint readers who are not experts with the basic methods for measuring lifetime-resolved signals throughout an image. We present the early FLI (fluorescence lifetime imaging) history, review shortly the instrumentation and experimental design, discuss briefly the fundamentals of the measured fluorescence response, and introduce the basic measurement methodologies. We also emphasize the complex nature of the fluorescence response in FLI signals, and introduce certain analysis methods that are appropriate and informative for complex fluorescence decays. The advantages of model independent analyses are discussed and examples given.
Gene Amplification in the Oocytes of Dytiscid Water Beetles

A conspicuous mass of extrachromosomal DNA (Giardina's body) is found in oogonia and oocytes of Dytiscid water beetles. Since in older oocytes this DNA is associated with numerous nucleoli, it seemed probable that the ovary might contain extra copies of the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). This hypothesis has been confirmed by centrifugation and molecular hybridization studies. —In Dytiscus marginalis and Colymbetes fuscus a high density satellite DNA is found in somatic cells and in sperm. Hybridization experiments show that all of the rDNA, i.e., those sequences complementary to rRNA, are located in this satellite, although quantitatively they make up only a small fraction of the satellite. In both species the DNA isolated from ovariole tips is enriched with respect to the satellite. A parallel enrichment of the rDNA has been shown in ovariole tips of Colymbetes, but for technical reasons has not been examined in Dytiscus. —The following model is proposed. In somatic cells and sperm the rDNA is part of an extensive region of high density DNA in one or more chromosomes. In oogonia and oocytes the entire high density region is replicated extrachromosomally and appears cytologically as Giardina's body.
Physics of the Earth

Writing an introductory textbook in theoretical geophysics is no doubt a daunting challenge. Frank Stacey's Physics of the Earth, a classic textbook now in its third edition, is a book everyone interested in deep Earth should own, but it is certainly not the only one. The overall structure and major themes of the third edition are the same as those of the second, but some material has been reorganized, updated, and expanded. For example, the two chapters in the second edition on geomagnetism and paleomagnetism are combined into one chapter with subsections covering the geomagnetic field, paleomagnetics, and an overview tying the two subjects together.
Graph algorithms for biological systems analysis

The post-genomic era has witnessed an explosion in the quality, quantity and variety of biological data---sequence, structure, and networks. However, when building computational models on these data, some abstractions recur often. In particular, graph-based computational models are a powerful, flexible and efficient way of modeling many biological systems. Graph models are used in systems biology where the goal is to understand relationships among biological entities, and in structural bioinformatics where a graph is used to represent the amino acid (or atom) interaction relationships in a protein or the secondary structure base-pairing relationships in RNA. For many of these problems, we can develop algorithms that explore the fact that certain key parameters have complexity dependent on the treewidth of the system, which is typically very small for a variety of biological systems. When treewidth is large, we can still use spectral methods to find biologically sound solutions in an efficient manner.
A model of biofilm detachment

A general mathematical framework for modeling biofilm detachment is presented. The approach is founded on a material balance on biomass that equates the detachment rate to the product of a detachment frequency and a detaching particle mass. The model provides a theoretical basis for deriving many of the empirical detachment rate expressions in common use and can thus lend some insight into their physical and biological significance. By allowing for variation in the detachment frequency with depth in the biofilm, the model permits derivation of detachment expressions that reflect a dependence on chemical or physiological gradients in the biofilm. Analysis of literature data sets from two different biofilm systems suggests, in both cases, that detachment is a growth-associated phenomenon. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CORR Insights ®: The Oxford unicompartmental knee fails at a high rate in a high-volume knee practice.

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “The Oxford Unicompartmental Knee Fails at a High Rate in a High-volume Knee Practice” by Schroer and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3174-5. The author certifies that he, or a member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3174-5.
An optimization technique for dual-output domino logic

Dynamic logic circuits are used in high-performance circuits due to their speed and area advantage over static CMOS circuits. One well-known dynamic logic family is the domino CMOS family, which, however, suffers from its inability to perform inversions. Various methods have been proposed to overcome this restriction. One such method is the dual-output domino logic family. The authors discuss an optimization technique for this logic family.
Microelectromechanical (MEMS) Optical Beam Control

This experiment explores the manufacturability of controllable Micro-electromechanical (MEMS) mirrors to direct optical signals. Design includes four separate mirrors which independently control vertical displacement, horizontal displacement, vertical pitch and horizontal pitch. Such devices could be used for a variety of applications but were specifically intended for future use in communications between optical based circuits residing on separate chips. Prototype devices were built in PolyMUMPs to test the feasibility of this process for applications such as this, including a full outgoing beam path with mirror orientations and actuation designs to accomplish this. Several elements of this outgoing beam path were successful and those which needed improvement indicate a high probability of success with limited trials needed. Improvement recommendations on currently successful design elements which could still be improved within the scope of PolyMUMPs have been identified. Originally intended only to direct the outgoing beam, this design could be used on the incoming path as well. Such a design would ensure that the receiving device only requires a target location and not that a specific incoming vector be obtained. This would thus comprise all the elements needed for a prototype proof of concept device to be built. More sophisticated fabrication processes could provide drastic improvements to both transmission and reception beam paths and potentially allow for a variety of more sophisticated designs to improve compactness, controllability, tighten tolerances on moving parts, increase mirror quality, and improved productivity of large quantities of devices.
Contribution of tubular injury to loss of remnant kidney function

Contribution of tubular injury to loss of remnant kidney function. Background The remnant kidney model has been widely used to identify mechanisms responsible for the progression of renal disease. However, the structural changes associated with progressive loss of function in this model have not been well characterized. Methods Kidney function and structure were assessed at 10weeks (REM 10) and 25weeks (REM 25) after five-sixths renal ablation and in control rats (Control). Serial sections were examined to relate glomerular and tubular structure in individual nephrons. Results Remnant kidney function declined between 10 and 25weeks after ablation (GFR 0.90 ± 0.34 vs. 0.23 ± 0.07 ml/min, REM 10 vs. REM 25, P P P P Conclusions These findings indicate that tubular injury contributes to progressive loss of renal function following reduction in nephron number.
Interspecific communication in mixed-species groups of tamarins : evidence from playback experiments

Long-call vocalizations have been hypothesized to serve as communicative signals both within and between tamarin species. Prior evidence for the use of long calls as interspecific signals, however, is based solely on observations of apparent countercalling between species. I conducted playback experiments with groups of wild saddle-back tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis, and emperor tamarins, S. imperator, to test the hypothesis that long calls function as interspecific signals between tamarin species forming polyspecific associations. Results show that in the absence of any other external cues, lone groups of saddle-back tamarins and emperor tamarins respond to the playback of long calls from both conspecific group members and heterospecific tamarins with which they associate. Playback of long calls from heterospecific tamarins elicited long calls and approaches towards the speaker. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that long calls serve as interspecific signals between associating tamarin species.
Sensory Evaluation of Hearts of Palm

Hearts of palm were evaluated for their sensory properties using descriptive analysis and consumer appeal using consumer acceptance tests. Four varieties of canned product, two from wild species and 2 from cultivated species and 1 fresh cultivated variety were evaluated. Important sensory terms for texture, aroma and flavor were determined. Differences were observed between fresh and canned samples, with fresh samples firmer, sweeter, and less briny tasting. In spite of this difference, consumer reaction to the fresh samples was mixed, with a marked bimodal trend for acceptability of the firmer texture. Acceptability of the product in general (probed after the sensory test) was related to consumers previous exposure. A majority of those previously familiar with the vegetable expressed liking, while about half those who never tried the product before expressed liking.
Mechanical Analysis of Devices in the Control Cabin of Oil and Gas Drilling Unit

The dynamic behaviour of electronic circuit boards and electronic devices of the console of oil and gas drilling units is investigated using an analytical model. This new analytical method confirms the modification of electronic device dynamic behaviour in the console of the drilling unit due, to dynamic interaction. It is in agreement with experimental results that show electronic circuit board failure in the oil driller console when dynamic loading is considerably less than dynamic loading values during the board vibration test.
Determinants of response to anorexiants.

We analyzed data from an 81-patient clinical trial of anorexiant medication, searching for the predictors of response. In the trial we assigned treatments to participants by minimization, a process that decreases differences between treatment groups. Based on the literature, the investigators' experience, and the pharmacologie properties of the medications, we selected 25 factors for use in the minimization process. Retrospective examination by contingency-table analysis indicated that the most important predictors of weight loss in this study were weight loss during the 3-wk diet-only run-in period (X2, P < 0.001), physician estimation of patient motivation (X2, P < 0.003), participant eating habits (nighttime “binge” eaters responded best; X2, P < 0.003), adherence to treatment (X2, P < 0.01), and type of treatment (X2, P = 0.05). When multiple regression analysis was applied, several other factors aided in explaining the variance in the weight loss results. For example, duration of obesity was inversely related to weight loss and weight loss during the study increased with family income. Depending on the treatment used, anxiety and depression visual analogue scores also explained some of the variance. Failure to account for factors such as these in treatment assignment may account for the low discriminant power of clinical trials of anorexiants. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 528–533; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.198
When Self-Censorship Norms Backfire: The Manufacturing of Positive Communication and Its Ironic Consequences for the Perceptions of Groups

Do norms compelling self-censorship of negative communication work? An attributional analysis suggests that awareness of self-censorship norms causes people to be suspicious of other people's positive communications about groups, thus causing the norms to backfire. Three studies tested this informational contamination hypothesis. Participants read stories in which they imagined that some friends' conversations painted a particular fraternity in a good light. Results from all three studies revealed that when participants were exposed to a cue encouraging self-censorship—the presence of a member of the talked-about fraternity—this self-censorship norm backfired, instead leading them to talk disparagingly about the fraternity in a different context. Mediation analyses implicate an informational contamination explanation for the backfiring effect more so than a reactance-based explanation.
Reduced surgical site infections in patients undergoing posterior spinal stabilization of traumatic injuries using vancomycin powder

Abstract Background context Despite improvements through the use of prophylactic systemic antibiotics, surgical site infections remain a significant problem in the treatment of traumatic spine injuries. Infection rates as high as 10% have been reported in this population. The impact on patients and cost of treating such infections is profound. Local delivery of antibiotics has been found to be efficacious in animal and human studies as an adjunct to systemic antibiotics in surgical site infection prophylaxis. Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of using vancomycin powder in surgical sites to prevent infections. Study design Retrospective case review. Patient sample Patients who underwent posterior spine fusions for traumatic injuries over a 2-year period at a single academic center. Outcome measures Clinical outcome determined was the incidence of either superficial or deep postoperative wound infections. Methods A retrospective review of 110 patients with traumatic spine injuries treated with instrumented posterior spine fusions over a 2-year period at a single academic center was performed. One group (control group) received standard systemic prophylaxis only, whereas another (treatment group) received vancomycin powder in the surgical wound in addition to systemic prophylaxis. Patient demographics and perioperative information obtained included history of previous spine surgeries, substance use, diabetes, body mass index, level of injury, presence of neurologic deficit, operative time, and estimated blood loss. Incidence of infection was the primary outcome evaluated. Results The control (N=54) and treatment groups (N=56) were statistically similar. A statistically significant difference in infection rate was found between the treatment group (0%) and control group (13%, p=.02) without any adverse events. No adverse effects were noted from use of the vancomycin powder. Conclusions The use of vancomycin powder in surgical wounds may significantly reduce the incidence of infection in patients with traumatic spine injuries treated with instrumented posterior spine fusion. Applying vancomycin powder to surgical wounds is a promising means of preventing costly and harmful postoperative wound infections in high-risk populations.
Sulfate Adsorption at the Buried Fluorite–Solution Interface Revealed by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy

Understanding the structure and energetics of adsorbed ions at buried mineral/solution interfaces has great importance to the geochemical and atmospheric chemistry communities. Vibrational spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the study of mineral/solution interfaces as these techniques can be applied in situ, are sensitive to surface structures, and are generally nondestructive. The use of vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy (VSFG), which is inherently interface-specific, is applied here to study the adsorption of sulfate at the buried fluorite (CaF2)/Na2SO4 solution surface at pH 7 and 298 K in the presence of an aqueous background electrolyte, NaCl. The use of VSFG allowed for the resolution of adsorbed sulfate complexes from sulfate molecules which reside in the interfacial electric double layer yet remain fully solvated. The sulfate anion is found to adsorb with a bidentate inner-sphere structure at the fluorite surface with an average surface free energy of adsorption of −31 ± 3 kJ/mol f...
Francis Lieber and the Interpretation of American Political Science

This essay hopes to contribute to the revival of interest in the history of American political science. In particular, it focusses on the hermeneutical conception of political science as found in the nearly-forgotten work of Francis Lieber, especially in his Legal and Political Hermeneutics of 1837. The Hermeneutics traced out a set of elementary principles and regulative rules for the interpretation and construction of words, acts, and texts. The previous debates on the meaning and scope of "political science" and the Constitutional turmoil in and around 1837 help establish the context. This essay also reconstructs the linguistic foundations of Lieber's hermeneutics, as well as the republican political commitments which made his science of politics a science for politics. Recovering this textual episode in our discipline's past may yet be put to historiographical and methodological use.
Shortening the questionnaire for identifying children with chronic conditions: what is the consequence?

Objective. To determine whether a reduced item set can identify children who have chronic conditions with a level of at least 90% accuracy compared with the complete Questionnaire for Identifying Children With Chronic Conditions (QuICCC). Background. The QuICCC was developed to operationalize a conceptually based, noncategorical definition of chronic conditions developed by Stein et al. It contains 39 item sequences administered to a parent that assess 3 types of consequences: functional limitations; reliance on compensatory mechanisms or assistance; and service use or need above usual for age. The QuICCC has been validated and widely adopted as a means of identifying children without using a diagnosis checklist, but there is considerable interest in shortening it. Design/Methods. Through secondary analyses of 3 data sets (Ns = 1265, 1388, and 4831), we identified a short list of items that identified >90% of children who were identified by the 39-item QuICCC. We administered these 16 items to 2 new samples of parents. In Study 1 we administered the 16 items in the shortened version first, followed by the other 23 items, and compared the results on the short and reordered long versions. In Study 2, the 39- and 16-item versions were each administered, one in person and the other by phone, in random order to the same respondent within a 2-week period. These data were analyzed to compare the short and longer versions at the 2 time points and within the single, longer 39-item format (simultaneous data). Results. In Study 1 ( N = 630) only 4 children were missed by the 16-item version who were identified by the longer version (sensitivity 98.6%; specificity 100%; positive predictive value 100%; negative predictive value 98.8% κ 0.987). In Study 2 ( N = 552), no children were missed by the 16-item subset of the 39 items when looking at the simultaneous data. When the two forms were administered 2 weeks apart, the 16-item version had a sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 90%, positive predictive value of 93%, negative predictive value of 82%, and κ of 0.78 compared with the longer QuICCC. These results correspond exactly to the data obtained in a 2-week test-retest study for the QuICCC itself. The new form (the QuICCC-R) takes Conclusions. The results met our criteria for agreement, and we conclude that the QuICCC-R is a satisfactory alternative for screening populations. However, the full QuICCC has other applications beyond screening that may not apply to the QuICCC-R, the shorter version.
Vitamin D Needs of Preterm Infants

The 2008 revised American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendation for 400 IU/day vitamin D intake makes progress toward achieving infant vitamin D sufficiency in the United States. Further study, however, is needed both to define vitamin D sufficiency for preterm infants based on markers of vitamin D biologic function and to develop supplementation strategies to ensure adequate vitamin D intake and, thus, vitamin D sufficiency in this at-risk population. In this review, we highlight some of the issues surrounding vitamin D status of the neonate and the particular risks for the preterm infant. We review the evidence regarding the impact of vitamin D deficiency in this population and the safety and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation. Based on previous study in preterm infants, the current AAP guidelines to achieve serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status of at least 50 nmol/L and to receive at least 400 IU/day are safe and possibly adequate. Because of the nutritional difficulties in achieving consistent delivery of 400 IU/day of vitamin D in the preterm infant, it is imperative to devise strategies for close monitoring of each preterm infant9s vitamin D status and consider oral vitamin D supplementation as an important adjunct to dietary sources and multivitamin preparations.
Molecular Strategies in the Interaction Between Agrobacterium and Its Hosts

Agrobacterium induces plant tumors by inserting a fragment (T-DNA) of its tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid into the plant chromosome. Some understanding of the functioning of genes required for this process is being elucidated. The vir genes are activated by two classes of plant signal molecules, plant phenolic compounds and a variety of plant sugars. These molecules interact with the VirA protein which then activates the VirG protein, which in turn transcriptionally activates all of the vir genes following binding to their promoter regions. The VirA and VirG proteins, members of a two component regulatory system undergo the phosphorylation and phosphate transfer demonstrated by other members of the group. The virD operon is concerned with early stages in the processing of T-DNA. The VirD 1 protein has topoisomerase activity for the Ti plasmid. The virD2 locus codes for a site specific endonuclease which nicks at the right and left borders of the T-DNA. The VirC 1 protein interacts with the overdrive sequence and in conjunction with the VirD 1 and VirD2 proteins promotes T-strand formation and the efficiency of transfer of the T-DNA. The virE operon codes for a single stranded DNA binding protein which associates with the T-DNA. The virB operon has now been sequenced and many of its protein products have been shown to be associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. Presumably these protein components provide the pore through the bacterial envelope for the exit of the T-DNA. The virB11 gene product has ATP’ase activity and autophosphorylates. Its DNA sequence is similar to that of a gene in B. subtilis required for development of competence. The VirB 10 protein is oligomeric and anchored in the inner membrane. Open reading frames 9, 10 and 11 all code for gene products which are essential for tumor formation.
Expression of constitutively active cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits glucose-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation

Previously, we have demonstrated that cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activity is downregulated in vessels from diabetic animals or in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exposed to high-gluco...
Modulating the transcriptional control of adipogenesis

Current evidence indicates that much of the regulation of adipocyte differentiation serves to modulate a common adipogenic transcriptional control pathway, comprising members of the C/EBP and PPAR families. Hormonal regulators have been found to control expression of these factors and to alter their activity through ligand binding, post-transcriptional modification, and protein-protein interactions.
Teachers' Knowledge Development and Change: Untangling Beliefs and Practices

Through a case-study approach, the authors focus on understanding the complexity of teachers' knowledge development, particularly as it pertains to teachers' beliefs about literacy development and their teaching practices in literacy. Participants of the study are middle-school teachers who shared their beliefs and practices through (1) a semi-structured interview, (2) responses to an instrument designed to reveal teachers' beliefs about literacy, and (3) classroom observations. The case study of a teacher is presented to illustrate factors that can play a role as teachers strive to incorporate instruction compatible with their beliefs, thereby having implications for the professional development of teachers.
Making Decisions: Using Electronic Data Collection to Re-Envision Reference Services at the USF Tampa Libraries.

Declining reference statistics, diminishing human resources, and the desire to be more proactive and embedded in academic departments, prompted the University of South Florida Library to create a t...
Asymmetry in pollen flow promotes gender specialization in morphs of the distylous neotropical herb Arcytophyllum lavarum (Rubiaceae)

Distyly is a floral polymorphism, characterized by a reciprocal positioning between stigmas and anthers in different flowers, where two floral morphs, long-styled (pin) and short-styled (thrum) occur within the population. Distyly is suggested as one of the routes leading to the evolution of separate sexes in plants. In this evolutionary pathway, pollinators may disrupt the complementarity of pollen transfer between morphs. Consequently, the floral morphs gradually specialize as either male or female. A key process required for gender specialization in distylous plants is a deviation of the realized functional gender (i.e. the proportion of genes transmitted to the next generation via pollen donation and seed production) from the potential functional gender (i.e. the expected contribution of male and female function to reproductive success from the number of ovules or pollen grains produced by each morph). I selected the distylous herb Arcytophyllum lavarum (Rubiaceae) to determine if asymmetry in pollen flow promotes differences in seed production, pollen donation and a discrepancy between the potential and the realized functional genders in pin and thrum floral morphs. Pollen flow in A. lavarum is asymmetric and the pin morph is more efficient at performing cross-pollination than the thrum morph. Conversely, the thrum morph produced two times more seeds than the pin morph. Male and female contributions to the potential functional gender were equivalent in both morphs. However, the pin morph transmitted more genes through pollen donation and the thrum morph more through seed production than expected from their potential functional genders. These results support the hypothesis that if pollinators consistently promote asymmetric pollen flow between morphs over generations, it is possible that gender specialization may evolve to the extreme of dioecism from an original distylous condition.
Developers ask reachability questions

A reachability question is a search across feasible paths through a program for target statements matching search criteria. In three separate studies, we found that reachability questions are common and often time consuming to answer. In the first study, we observed 13 developers in the lab and found that half of the bugs developers inserted were associated with reachability questions. In the second study, 460 professional software developers reported asking questions that may be answered using reachability questions more than 9 times a day, and 82% rated one or more as at least somewhat hard to answer. In the third study, we observed 17 developers in the field and found that 9 of the 10 longest activities were associated with reachability questions. These findings suggest that answering reachability questions is an important source of difficulty understanding large, complex codebases.
The effect of HIPAA security standards on electronic transmission and maintenance of health information

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effect of the HIPAA security standards on the electronic transmission and maintenance of health-related data in management information systems. Administrative considerations from the perspective of the laboratory, issues pertaining to information systems security, and managerial responsibilities regarding implementation of the HIPAA security standards will be addressed.
Effects of methyl mercury on testicular functions in Macaca fascicularis monkeys.

: These studies were performed to investigate the effects of MeHg on testicular function in Macaca fascicularis monkeys. In an in vivo study involving oral treatment of adult males Macaca fascicularis monkeys with MeHg for 20 weeks, changes in spermatozoal production, motility and morphology and in serum testosterone were followed before, during and after treatment. MeHg treatment significantly decreased% motile spermatozoa and scores for sperm speed and forward progression and increased % abnormal sperm tail forms, at sub-neurotoxic levels. The MeHg-induced increase in semen abnormalities was not accompanied by any significant changes in serum levels of testosterone. No consistent histological abnormalities were detected in testicular biopsies from the treated animals at the end of the treatment period. A good recovery pattern was observed for the MeHg effects on sperm motility while this was unclear for the effects on sperm morphology.
A Matter of Distinction: On Recent Work by Jan Assmann

The study of memory and its collaborators (history, narrative, and trauma) has been at the center of both the German- and English-language academic worlds for at least the last fifteen years. While many of the “canonical” texts overlap, the anxieties and implications of recent scholarship have often been quite distinct, particularly in discussions of the memory and history of the Holocaust, and more generally, anti-Semitism, Jews, and Judaism. This phenomenon is played out in the debates about Jan Assmann's work, particularly since the publication of Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism (1997).
A performance evaluation of emerging Ethernet technologies: switched/high-speed/full-duplex Ethernet and Ethernet LAN emulation over ATM

The advent of switched LAN and ATM technology is dramatically altering today's networking environment. Given the preponderance of existing Ethernet networks today, high-speed, switched and/or full-duplex Ethernet and Ethernet LAN emulation over ATM are extremely important, as is bridging between Ethernet and ATM. We evaluate the performance of these newly emerging technologies, using measurements from actual Ethernet and ATM products. The specific technologies evaluated include: 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet, switched or unswitched, half-duplex or full-duplex; Ethernet LAN emulation over ATM (with comparisons to token ring LAN emulation); bridging between Ethernet and ATM, comparing a native Ethernet server vs. an ATM server. A mathematical model is presented to explain observed performance.
P-Sensitive K-Anonymity with Generalization Constraints

Numerous privacy models based on the k-anonymity property and extending the k-anonymity model have been introduced in the last few years in data privacy research: l-diversity, p-sensitive k-anonymity, (α, k) anonymity, t-closeness, etc. While differing in their methods and quality of their results, they all focus first on masking the data, and then protecting the quality of the data as a whole. We consider a new approach, where requirements on the amount of distortion allowed on the initial data are imposed in order to preserve its usefulness. Our approach consists of specifying quasiidentifiers' generalization constraints, and achieving p-sensitive k-anonymity within the imposed constraints. We think that limiting the amount of allowed generalization when masking microdata is indispensable for real life datasets and applications. In this paper, the constrained p-sensitive k-anonymity model is introduced and an algorithm for generating constrained p-sensitive k-anonymous microdata is presented. Our experiments have shown that the proposed algorithm is comparable with existing algorithms used for generating p-sensitive k-anonymity with respect to the results' quality, and obviously the obtained masked microdata complies with the generalization constraints as indicated by the user.
Gain and phase error-free LINC transmitter

This paper presents a new correction technique for linear amplification with nonlinear component transmitters. During the transmit mode, the algorithm modulates and filters the baseband signal as a normal signal component separator, while during the correction mode, by use of a downconversion mixer, the gain and phase imbalance are measured and compensated by introducing a correction. This system is free of adjacent channel interference during the correction period. Analytical results and simulations demonstrate that this system is sufficient to suppress the out-of-band spectrum for mobile communications.
The Significance of HER-2/neu Receptor Positivity and Immunophenotype in Ductal Carcinoma In-Situ with Early Invasive Disease

Introduction Biologic markers that predict development of invasive breast cancer (IBC) in patients diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are needed to improve personalized therapy. In this study, we examined the incidence of early IBC in DCIS subgroups defined by immunophenotype. Methods Clinical and histologic materials of 143 patients with radiographically suggesting DCIS without obvious evidence of IBC were reviewed. All patients underwent initial biopsy followed by short-term subsequent resection. The presence of IBC, histopathologic features of DCIS and IBC, when present, and their estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 phenotypes were evaluated. Results Early IBC was identified on initial biopsy in 6 (4%) and subsequent resection in 24 (17%) patients. HER2 positivity in DCIS was the dominant factor associated with IBC. There was also a significant association between ER/PR/HER2+ DCIS and the presence of IBC. The ER/PR/HER2+ DCIS appeared to be the most unstable precursor, because of the highest invasion rate and frequent association with a discordant phenotype. Conclusions HER2 positivity and ER/PR/HER2 phenotype may be used to identify DCIS patients at higher risk of harboring or potentially developing IBC. Strategies targeting HER2 in DCIS may be of potential benefit in preventing IBC in patients with DCIS. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:458–465. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interactional Positioning and Narrative Self-construction

Many have proposed that autobiographical stories do more than describe a pre-existing self. Sometimes narrators can change who they are, in part, by telling stories about themselves. But how does this narrative self-construction happen? Most explanations rely on the representational function of autobiographical discourse. These representational accounts of narrative self-construction are necessarily incomplete, because autobiographical narratives have interactional as well as representational functions. While telling their stories autobiographical narrators often enact a characteristic type of self, and through such performances they can become that type of self. A few others have proposed that interactional positioning is central to narrative self-construction, but none has given an adequate, systematic account of how narrative discourse functions to position narrator and audience in the interactional event of storytelling. This article describes an approach to analyzing the interactional positioning accomplished through autobiographical narrative, and it illustrates this approach by analyzing data from one oral autobiographical narrative.
An Analysis of Closures for Pressure-Scalar Covariances in the Convective Boundary Layer

Abstract Perhaps the most commonly used closure in second-moment models of turbulence is Rotta's return-to-isotropy expression, which was originally developed to pararmeterize the pressure-velocity gradient correlation in the Reynolds stress conservation equations. It is not clear that this closure alone is adequate for application to convective turbulence, however, because of the pervasive effects of buoyancy on turbulence structure. We study the closure problem for the pressure covariance in the scalar flux equation using a data set we generated through large-eddy simulation (LES) of a convective boundary layer. We resolve the pressure field into turbulence–turbulence, mean-shear, buoyancy, Coriolis, and subgrid-scale components, and find that the buoyancy and turbulence–turbulence components dominate in the convective boundary layer. The buoyancy contribution to the pressure-gradient/scalar covariance is one-half of the buoyant production term in the flux equation, to a good approximation, while the tu...
Local Equivalence of Surfaces and Parametrized Surfaces

In this chapter we shall establish two theorems which show that, locally, n-surfaces and parametrized n-surfaces are the same. In order to do this, we will need to use the following theorem from the calculus of several variables.
Learning the Type of the Opponent in Imperfectly Discriminating Contests with Asymmetric Information

In a competitive environment players often face uncertainty about the relative strength of their opponents. This paper considers a winner-take-all rent-seeking contest between two players with different costs of effort. Costs of effort are private knowledge, however, players have an opportunity to learn the opponent's type by engaging in either private (the opponent does not know about the information acquisition) or public (the opponent knows about the information acquisition) learning. We show that a situation, when one player learns the type of the opponent privately while the opponent abstains from learning cannot be an equilibrium. Yet, there exists an equilibrium, when one player engages in public learning and the other refrains from learning.
Guidelines for the management of extremely preterm deliveries in the grey zone of viability between 23 and 24 weeks' gestation vary widely in developed countries

Commentary on: Guillen U, Weiss EM, Munson D, et al. Guidelines for the management of extremely premature deliveries: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2015;136:343–50[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2]. Progress in neonatology over the past 40 years has led to unprecedented survival rates of extremely preterm infants. Survival of infants considered to be previable in the late 1980s (ie, 26 weeks’ gestation) has now become the rule. At the same time, the limit of viability has continued to shift towards lower gestational ages, reaching 22–23 completed weeks in some countries. Published data on survival rates of extremely preterm infants vary widely between industrialised countries. This systematic review assesses whether variations in national recommendations for the treatment of borderline viable infants might in part be responsible for the observed differences in survival rates. Using EMBASE, PubMed and … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1542%252Fpeds.2015-0542%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26169424%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pediatrics&resid=136/2/343&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F6%2F227.atom
Extended follow-up of outcome measures and analysis of prognostic factors in multiple myeloma patients treated on a phase I study with bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin

7617 Background: Preclinical studies of bortezomib (bort) with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) showed enhanced anti-tumor efficacy compared with either single agent. This led to a phase I tri...
The definition of human locomotion on the basis of measurement; with description of oscillographic method.

This paper may be regarded as a progress report on a study of human locomotion which has been under way for twenty years. The reason for this study is that improvement in the treatment of dysfunction in other fields of medicine has followed in the wake of a quantitative definition of normal function. By the application of special resources, herein described, human locomotion has been recored. The normal characteristics have been measured, and the stance phase has been expressed in a single curve, as related to time and pressure. Likewise, it has been shown that any significant dysfunction of human locomotion is characterized by a gross departure from the normal curve of the stance phase. The application of these resources to clinical problems provides for the evaluation of therapeutic results on the basis of measurement instead of memory.