cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On finding all suboptimal foldings of an RNA molecule

An algorithm and a computer program have been prepared for determining RNA secondary structures within any prescribed increment of the computed global minimum free energy. The mathematical problem of determining how well defined a minimum energy folding is can now be solved. All predicted base pairs that can participate in suboptimal structures may be displayed and analyzed graphically. Representative suboptimal foldings are generated by selecting these base pairs one at a time and computing the best foldings that contain them. A distance criterion that ensures that no two structures are "too close" is used to avoid multiple generation of similar structures. Thermodynamic parameters, including free-energy increments for single-base stacking at the ends of helices and for terminal mismatched pairs in interior and hairpin loops, are incorporated into the underlying folding model of the above algorithm.
A Counterpart of Occam’s Razor in Pure and Applied Mathematics; Ontological Uses

One of the most efficient methodological tools, Occam’s celebrated razor, is the maxim that it is vain to do with more what can be done with fewer. This principle is primarily ontological: Entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity. But the razor may also be construed as a semantic maxim opposing the use of synonyms. Occam’s principle is often called the Law of Parsimony.
The dynamic balance of internal waves

Abstract For oceanic internal waves with vertical scales larger than 1 m the evolution of the spectrum is adequately described by weak-interaction theory. Based on simple physical arguments, a model for internal-wave energy dissipation predicts dissipation as weak ever the some scales, for reasonable values of the total dissipation. Assuming dissipation at small scales, such as in our proposed model, and generation at large scales, a consistent dynamic balance with a constant downscale energy flux under nonlocal nonlinear interactions reproduces the observed spectral dependencies. A small-scale break point at which the total shear reaches a given value, and beyond which dissipation is important, is determined by the level and bandwidth of the energy-containing waves.
Tissue residues and urinary excretion of zilpaterol in sheep treated for 10 days with dietary zilpaterol.

Zilpaterol is a β-adrenergic growth promoter approved in Mexico and South Africa for use in cattle. Understanding the rates of zilpaterol depletion from tissues and urine is of interest for the development of strategies to detect the off-label use of zilpaterol. Eight sheep were fed 0.15 mg/kg/day dietary zilpaterol hydrochloride (Zilmax) for 10 consecutive days; two sheep each were slaughtered 0, 2, 5, and 9 days after discontinuation of exposure to the zilpaterol-containing diet. Tissue zilpaterol levels rapidly decreased during the withdrawal period. On the basis of LC-MS/MS-ES (external standard) measurements, liver zilpaterol residues in sheep were 29.3, 1.5, 0.13, and 0.10 ng/g after 0, 2, 5, and 9 day withdrawal periods, respectively; kidney residues were 29.6, 1.10, and 0.09 ng/g and below the detection limit; and muscle residues were 13.3, 0.86, 0.12, and 0.08 ng/g at the same respective withdrawal periods. Between-animal variation in urinary zilpaterol concentrations during the feeding period wa...
Luminescence as a probe of metal poisoning effects on a high-activity fluid cracking catalyst (FCC)

Abstract The effects of nickel and vanadium on the catalytic properties of a high-activity commercial fluid cracking catalyst (FCC) have been studied using surface area, X-ray analysis, fluorescence spectra, lifetime experiments and microactivity testing. Results show that loadings of up to 3% Ni have little effect on the catalyst surface properties and cracking activity for gas oil conversion. Nickel, however, affects product selectivities by cracking gasoline and generating high carbon, hydrogen, and light-gas yields. In contrast, the surface area, pore volume, crystallinity, and cracking activity of the vanadium-loaded catalyst monotonically decrease with V levels after aging at hydrothermal conditions; 2% V renders the catalyst totally inactive. X-ray analysis of these catalysts shows a decrease of crystallinity with increasing vanadium loadings and hydrothermal treatment; vanadium destroys the catalyst lattice and with it cracking activity. Luminescence spectra indicate movement of nickel on the fluid cracking catalyst surface. Vanadium loadings on the other hand give rise to a new luminescent specie, which is attributed to surface V2O5 species sensitive to catalyst treatment. Luminescence emission and lifetime experiments are useful in determining the identity of metal contaminants, quenching effects on rare earth zeolite Y emission and as indicators of degradation of initial cracking activity.
Polymer modification of antibody to eliminate immune complex and Fc binding

Antibodies are currently being explored as highly specific reagents for delivering toxins, drugs or radionuclides to a variety of cell populations including tumors. These in vitro and in vivo antibody techniques are however associated with several problems which must be overcome prior to the routine therapeutic or diagnostic use of antibody reagents. One of the major problems is that cellular Fc receptors can interfere with the specificity of binding. This report describes the use of covalent modification with monomethoxypolyethylene glycol as a method to suppress Fc binding and other non-specific interactions of antibody molecules. The results demonstrate that modification of less than 20% of an antibodies exposed lysine residues with the polymer eliminates Fc-dependent binding to a murine macrophage cell line and prevents non-specific and Fc-dependent binding of fluoresceinated antibodies to mouse splenocytes.
The IC50 of anti-Pfs25 antibody in membrane feeding assay varies among species

Abstract Plasmodium falciparum surface protein 25 (Pfs25) is a candidate for transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs). Anti-Pfs25 antibodies block the development of oocysts in membrane-feeding assays and we have shown the activity correlates with antibody titer. In this study, we purified Pfs25-specific IgGs to convert antibody titer to μg/mL and determined the amount of antibody required to inhibit 50% of oocyst development (IC 50 ). The IC 50 were, 15.9, 4.2, 41.2, and 85.6 μg/mL for mouse, rabbit, monkey and human, respectively, and the differences among species were significant. Anti-Pfs25 sera from rabbit, monkey and human showed different patterns of competition against 6 mouse monoclonal antibodies, and the avidity of antibodies among four species were also different. These data suggests that information obtained from animal studies which assess efficacy of TBV candidates may be difficult to translate to human immunization.
Selecting the Right Brand Name: An Examination of Tacit and Explicit Linguistic Knowledge in Name Translations

Organizations invest substantial resources and use numerous advisors — marketing consultants, lawyers and linguists — when creating brand names. Naming decisions are particularly important in international marketing where names must be adapted across markets. As Business Week reported, when Microsoft launched its new search engine, Bing, ‘it took six months and dozens of experts to settle on the name. Brand naming is serious business in an age when goods must have global appeal’ (Helm, 2009).
Trifluoroacetic acid pretreatment reproducibly disaggregates the amyloid β-peptide

Major problems exist with pharmacological and biophysical studies of the synthetic β(1-42) peptide, in that the results often lack reproducibility. The starting aggregation states and structures of the various synthetic commercial lots appear to vary, resulting in signijicant lot-to-lot variability. We describe here an easy, efficient trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) pretreatment method that renders the Aβ easily soluble both in aqueous, buffered solutions and in organic solvents such as hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The TFA treated Aβ exhibits the properties of monomeric, random coil structures and lacks pre-aggregated material that can act as seeds in fibrilization assays, thus reducing the batch to batch variation. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra recorded in deuterated TFA allow measurement of the peptide purity that is not obtainable with other analytical methods.
Deterring predation in telecommunications: Are line-of-business restraints needed?

We analyze whether lifting the remaining line-of-business restraints in the Modified Final Judgment (thus permitting the Regional Bell Operating Companies to provide interLATA calling services and to manufacture equipment) would plausibly lead the RBOCs to practice predatory pricing. We assume throughout that the regulated portions of the RBOCs' business would be subjected to price-cap or similar incentive-based regulation and that equal access to bottleneck services would be enforced. Despite employing a very broad definition of predation, we find that it is highly unlikely that the RBOCs would profitably engage in predatory pricing.
Lenalidomide modulates IL-8 and anti-prostate antibody levels in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND We retrospectively explored changes in immunological parameters in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer treated with either 5 or 25 mg of lenalidomide in a randomized phase 2 trial, and determined whether those changes correlated with disease progression. METHODS Cytokine levels were compared for each patient at baseline and after 6 months of treatment with lenalidomide. Regression models for correlated data were used to assess associations of cytokine levels with lenalidomide treatment effect. Estimates were obtained using generalized estimating equations. Changes in circulating anti-prostate antibodies were evaluated using a high-throughput immunoblot technique. RESULTS Treatment with lenalidomide was associated with global changes in immunoreactivity to a number of prostate-associated antigens, as well as with changes in circulating levels of the TH2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. Disease progression in treated patients was associated with an increase in circulating IL-8 levels, while IL-8 levels decreased significantly in non-progressors. CONCLUSIONS Lenalidomide demonstrates immunomodulatory properties in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. The induction of novel anti-prostate antibodies is a potential mechanism for lenalidomide response. Changes in serum IL-8 levels may serve as a potential biomarker in treated patients. These hypotheses require formal testing in future prospective trials. Prostate 72:487–498, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantum theory of a swept-gain amplifier. II

Small-signal-pulse growth in a homogeneously broadened amplifier with swept gain is discussed from a quantum-mechanical and a semiclassical treatment. The regime in which Beer's law fails is discussed analytically. There we find nonexponential growth and the formation of steady states in the small-signal regime.
The Mid-Infrared-emitting Dust around AB Aurigae

Using the Keck I telescope, we have obtained 11.7 and 18.7 microns images of the circumstellar dust emission from AB Aur, a Herbig Ae star. We find that AB Aur is probably resolved at 18.7 microns with an angular diameter of 1.2 in. at a surface brightness of 3.5 Jy arc/sq sec. Most of the dust mass detected at millimeter wavelengths does not contribute to the 18.7 microns emission, which is plausibly explained if the system possesses a relatively cold massive disk. We find that models with an optically thick, geometrically thin disk surrounded by an optically thin spherical envelope fit the data somewhat better than flared disk models.
Parasitic-aware analytical modeling of integrated CMOS inductively degenerated narrow-band low noise amplifiers

In this paper, we present an analytical modeling methodology for fully integrated inductively-degenerated CMOS narrow-band cascode Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA) that captures short channel transistor effects to enable rapid design space exploration in current and future process technologies. The modeling methodology captures the impact of parasitics on passive components, ESD-protection structures, and devices to accurately predict both impedance matching and noise figure. Our modeling is suitable for numerical optimization and fully automated synthesis for LNAs. The results indicate that the methodology models ESD-protected LNA circuits with 47.9% better accuracy in noise figure when compared with several current analytical modeling techniques with four orders of magnitude improvement in simulation time over circuit-level simulation. Given its speed and accuracy, the analytical modeling methodology is well-suited for design space exploration.
Shear induced simultaneous consolidation and alignment of silicon nanowires into ingots using equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE)

Shear induced simultaneous consolidation and assembly of nanowires accomplished using equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is studied and reported. The intent is to use processing of large quantities of nanowires directly in their original solid state to not only consolidate them, but also to align them, without destroying or altering their morphologies in the process. The results indicate that ECAE is useful to consolidate nanowire powders into mechanically robust pellets at room temperature, without the need for any elevated temperature processing. The preliminary results also indicate that in certain regions of the consolidated nanowire pellets, alignment of the nanowires is also possible. The interlocking of the rough surfaces of the silicon nanowires during ECAE is believed to be responsible for the mechanical robustness of the nanowire pellets. It is believed that such simultaneous consolidation and alignment of nanowires allows for using the anisotropic properties of nanowires in energy conversion device fabrication.
Amorphous solid water films: transport and guest-host interactions with CO2 and N2O dopants.

Guest−host interactions have been examined experimentally for amorphous solid water (ASW) films doped with CO2 or N2O. The main diagnostics are Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). ASW films deposited at 90 K are exposed to a dopant, and the first molecules that attach to a film enter its bulk until it is saturated with them. Subsequent dopant adsorption results in crystal growth atop the ASW film. There are distinct spectral signatures for these two cases: LO and TO vibrational modes for the crystal overlayer, and an easily distinguished peak for dopant molecules that reside within the ASW film. Above 105 K, the dopant surface layer desorbs fully. Some dopants residing within the ASW film remain until 155 K, at which point the ASW-to-crystalline-ice transition occurs, expelling essentially all of the dopant. No substantial differences are observed for CO2 versus N2O. It is shown that annealing an ASW film to 130 K lowers the film's capacity to inclu...
The case for massive, evolving winds in black hole X-ray binaries

Abstract In the last decade, high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy has revolutionized our understanding of the role of accretion disk winds in black hole X-ray binaries. Here I present a brief review of the state of wind studies in black hole X-ray binaries, focusing on recent arguments that disk winds are not only extremely massive, but also highly variable. I show how new and archival observations at high timing and spectral resolution continue to highlight the intricate links between the inner accretion flow, relativistic jets, and accretion disk winds. Finally, I discuss methods to infer the driving mechanisms of observed disk winds and their implications for connections between mass accretion and ejection processes.
SIGN‐TRACKING WITH AN INTERFOOD CLOCK

Food was presented to pigeons, irrespective of their behavior. The fixed 60-s interfood interval was segmented into ten 6-s periods, each signaled by a distinctive stimulus color, ordered by wavelength. This “interfood clock” reliably generated and maintained successively higher rates of key pecking at stimuli successively closer to food. Under extinction, key pecking ceased. When the standard stimulus sequence was changed to a different sequence for each bird, accelerated responding again emerged and was sustained under each of the new color sequences. However, responding was neither maintained nor acquired when each successive interfood interval provided a different random sequence of the ten stimuli. Thus, the interfood clock generated and maintained sign-tracking under stimulus control, and the resulting behavior was attributable neither to stimulus generalization nor to a simple temporal gradient.
Synergy with cefsulodin or piperacillin and three aminoglycosides or aztreonam against aminoglycoside resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Fifty-one strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with resistance to one or more amino-glycosides, were tested for synergy with cefsulodin or piperacillin plus amikacin, tobramycin, gentamicin or aztreonam by the agar dilution technique. Cefsulodin plus any one of the three aminoglycosides regardless of the degree of resistance to the aminoglycoside was synergistic against P. aeruginosa for two thirds of the isolates. In contrast, synergy rates with piperacillin were much less uniform. The highest rate of synergy with piperacillin (90.0%) was observed with gentamicin for the gentamicin resistant strains. The lowest rate of synergy was observed with piperacillin plus amikacin (32.2%) for isolates with moderate resistance to amikacin. Synergy for strains with moderate resistance to amikacin was observed more commonly with cefsulodin than with piperacillin. Synergy for strains with a known mechanism of resistance to amikacin was more common with cefsulodin regardless of the mechanism of resistance. Cefsulodin or piperacillin in combination with aztreonam was rarely synergistic (less than 12%).
Cranial Suture Biology: From Pathways to Patient Care

AbstractCraniosynostosis describes the premature pathologic partial or complete fusion of 1 or more of the cranial sutures. Over the past few decades, research on craniosynostosis has progressed from gross description of deformities to an understanding of some of the molecular etiologies behind prem
Evidence for the Presence of a Guanine Quadruplex Forming Region within a Polypurine Tract of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α Promoter

The promoter of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) gene has a polypurine/polypyrimidine tract (−65 to −85) overlapping or adjacent to several putative transcription factor binding sites, and we found that mutagenesis of this region diminished basal HIF-1α expression. Oligonucleotides representing this region of the HIF-1α promoter were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift, chemical probing, circular dichroism, and DNA polymerase arrest assays. The guanine-rich strand was found to form a parallel, unimolecular quadruplex in the presence of potassium that was further stabilized by two known quadruplex binding compounds, the cationic porphyrin TmPyP4 and the natural product telomestatin, while TmPyP2, a positional isomer of TmPyP4, did not stabilize quadruplex formation. These data suggest that a quadruplex structure may form in a region of the HIF-1α promoter that regulates basal HIF-1α expression.
Shear and Tension Hydraulic Fractures in Low Permeability Rocks

Laboratory hydrofracture experiments were performed on triaxially stressed specimens of oil shale and low-permeability granite. The results show that either shear or tension fractures could develop depending on the level of differentials stress, even in specimens containing preexisting fractures. With 1 kb of confining pressure and differential stress greater than 2kb, hydraulic fluid diffusion into the specimens reduced the effective confining pressure until failure occurred by shear fracture. Below 2kb of differential stress, tension fractures occurred. These results suggest that hydraulic fracturing in regions of significant tectonic stress may produce shear rather than tension fractures. In this casein situ stress determinations based on presumed tension fractures would lead to erroneous results.
Marihuana: much ado about THC.

Abstract 1. The availability of Δ 1 -THC, the major psychoactive component of marihuana, in pure form offered an opportunity for better understanding of the mechanism of action of this drug. 2. Two decades after the isolation of Δ 1 -THC its mode of action is still obscure despite the enormous amount of research invested in it. 3. Studying cannabis content as a whole offers a different approach for better understanding of this ancient weed and its effects.
Performance of capacitors under DC bias at liquid nitrogen temperature

Abstract Several commercially available capacitors were evaluated at the liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). Our primary interest was their performance under a bias voltage when used as DC link capacitors in cryogenic power electronics. In general, the performance of polymer capacitors and certain ceramic capacitors is almost independent of the temperature, DC bias, and frequency. On the other hand, ceramic capacitors based on high dielectric constant materials showed a strong dependence on the boundary conditions. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors showed a dramatic decrease of capacitance at 77 K, possibly due to the electrolyte being frozen and therefore losing its conductivity.
A study of church vulnerability to violence: Implications for law enforcement

Little research has been conducted on violence in churches. This study looked at the questions of whether pastors/ministers believed if violence was increasing in churches and were church clergy fearful? Have churches become more security conscious? A mail-out questionnaire was sent to a nationwide sample of 175 churches. The return rate was 29 percent. Southern Baptist ministers and United Methodist pastors, two of the largest religious denominations in the United States, were asked about assaults, drinking, drug use, youth gangs, juvenile problems, graffiti, vandalism, and types of security measures in their churches to get a descriptive picture of what violence, if any, was taking place in the sampled churches. Results showed low levels of violence, however, clergy thought violence, and anger was slowly increasing. Vandalism and stealing were the major violence reported; violence being defined as a destructive act towards persons or property. Churches had no plan of action if a violent act did occur; nor did they expect such an act, even at youth events. Results may be used to formulate a more comprehensive protection analysis for churches.
Rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells express inducible macrophage scavenger receptor messenger RNA that is absent from endothelial cells.

Abstract Scavenger receptors mediate uptake of modified low density lipoproteins by macrophages. The accumulation of lipids via this process is thought to lead to foam cell formation in developing atherosclerotic plaques. Smooth muscle cells, which can also be converted to foam cells in vivo, have not been shown to express the same scavenger receptor previously cloned in macrophages. We report the cloning of two cDNAs that encode type I and type II scavenger receptors isolated from rabbit smooth muscle cells. The deduced protein sequences of these isolates are highly homologous to the scavenger receptors previously isolated from macrophages. Treatment of smooth muscle cells with phorbol esters induced a marked increase in scavenger receptor mRNA and a fivefold increase in receptor degradation activity. Rabbit venous endothelial cells in primary culture and a bovine aortic endothelial cell line had no detectable scavenger receptor mRNA, despite having scavenger receptor degradation activity. The latter finding suggests that endothelial cells may possess a scavenger receptor which is structurally distinct from that found in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. The isolation of cDNAs encoding the rabbit scavenger receptor should prove useful for in vitro and in vivo studies that employ the rabbit as a model of human atherosclerosis.
Shoot growth dynamics and photosynthetic response to increased nitrogen availability in the alpine willow salix-glauca

Plants subjected to increases in the supply of resource(s) limiting growth may allocate more of those resources to existing leaves, increasing photosynthetic capacity, and/or to production of more leaves, increasing whole-plant photosynthesis. The responses of three populations of the alpine willow, Salix glauca, growing along an alpine topographic sequence representing a gradient in soil moisture and organic matter, and thus potential N supply, to N amendments, were measured over two growing seasons, to elucidate patterns of leaf versus shoot photosynthetic responses. Leaf-(foliar N, photosynthesis rates, photosynthetic N-use efficiency) and shoot-(leaf area per shoot, number of leaves per shoot, stem weight, N resorption efficiency) level measurements were made to examine the spatial and temporal variation in these potential responses to increased N availability. The predominant response of the willows to N fertilization was at the shoot-level, by production of greater leaf area per shoot. Greater leaf area occurred due to production of larger leaves in both years of the experiment and to production of more leaves during the second year of fertilization treatment. Significant leaflevel photosynthetic response occurred only during the first year of treatment, and only in the dry meadow population. Variation in photosynthesis rates was related more to variation in stomatal conductance than to foliar N concentration. Stomatal conductance in turn was significantly related to N fertilization. Differences among the populations in photosynthesis, foliar N, leaf production, and responses to N fertilization indicate N availability may be lowest in the dry meadow population, and highest in the ridge population. This result is contrary to the hypothesis that a gradient of plant available N corresponds with a snowpack/topographic gradient.
To belong, contribute, and hope: first stage development of a measure of social recovery

AbstractBackground: Recovery from mental health challenges is beginning to be explored as an inherently social process. There is a need to measure social recovery. Targeted measures would be utilized in needs assessment, service delivery, and program evaluation. This paper reports on the first stage of development of a social recovery measure.Aims: Explore the social aspects of recovery as reported by individuals with lived experience.Method: A qualitative study using thematic analysis of data from focus groups with 41 individuals in recovery.Results: Three meta-themes of social recovery emerged: community, self-concept, and capacities. Each theme contained a number of sub-themes concerned with a sense of belonging, inherent acceptability of the self, and ability to cope with mental distress and engage socially.Conclusions: Study participants clearly spoke to common human needs to belong, contribute, and have hope for one's future. Findings converged with results of consumer-led research that emphasize th...
S-wave non-leptonic decays and gauge fields

Abstract S-wave non-leptonic decay amplitudes are obtained from a gauge-field model and the results are also interpreted from the point of view of mixing of particle fields. The model gives different effective enhancements for K- and hyperon decays as required by experiment.
The effects of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) on testosterone transport into the cerebrospinal fluid

The movement of testosterone (T) from blood across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is thought to reflect the combined effects of T's lipid solubility and the presence of circulating binding proteins for T such as albumin or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Since the adult rat lacks a circulating specific high affinity sex steroid binding protein, examination of the disappearance from serum and uptake into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of [3H]T before and after SHBG or albumin infusion should provide insight into the function of these two proteins with respect T transport. Three groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated at the femoral vein and cisterna magna. In a control group (n = 8), [3H]T was given as an intravenous bolus beginning at time zero; multiple serum and CSF collections were assayed for counts per min (cpm) during the subsequent 45 min. Data from these animals were then compared to those seen in animals that received either purified human SHBG (hSHBG) (n = 7) or human albumin (hALB) (n = 6) 10 min prior to the [3H]T infusion. High performance liquid chromatography was used to monitor the metabolic fate of the steroid infusate at the end of each study period. Infusion of hSHBG increased serum concentrations from undetectable to 93.8 nM/l (mean +/- SEM, n = 6). Administration of hALB significantly increased (25.0 +/- 1.2 g/l at baseline, 33.4 +/- 1.6 g/l post-infusion, mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.03, n = 5) the circulating albumin concentration. Comparison of data from each group of animals demonstrated that (1) following an i.v. injection of radiolabeled T, the initial decline in serum [3H]T was significantly reduced (P less than 0.03) in the presence of hSHBG, (2) hALB did not affect the movement of [3H]T out of serum, (3) the time to peak appearance of [3H]T in the CSF was significantly delayed (P less than 0.02) by the presence of circulating hSHBG, and (4) the net quantity of [3H]T found in the cSF under steady-state conditions was not affected by serum SHBG or albumin levels. This study demonstrates that high-affinity steroid binding proteins do modulate the transport of sex steroids across the BBB. Specifically, SHBG delays the clearance of T from serum and slows the rate of T uptake into the CSF during non-equilibrium conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
O ( n ) Heisenberg Model Close to n = d = 2

The critical behavior of the $O(n)$ classical Heisenberg model in $d$ dimensions close to $n=d=2$ is discussed, assuming analyticity in $n$ and $d$ of the renormalization-group equations. In the ($d$,$n$) plane there is a line passing through (2,2) across which the critical exponents are nonanalytic. For $d=2 \mathrm{and} \ensuremath{-}2l~nl~2$, a conjecture is presented for the exact form of the leading and subdominant thermal eigenvalues.
Disk Diagrams, Tessellations of the 2-Sphere, and Equations over Torsion-Free Groups

This article deals with the question of solvability of equations over torsion-free groups. We first establish a result concerning tessellations of S 2 by certain finite, embedded graphs. This result is then applied to the study of such equations through their related patterns—essentially a geometric construction which carries the algebraic content of the equation. A sufficient condition for solvability is stated in terms of an equation's Magnus derivative, considerably enlarging the class of equations known to be solvable. Finally, the results of Klyachko, Clifford, and Goldstein, and Fenn and Rourke are derived as consequences.
Optical Polarization Measurements of Pulsar NP 0532

The linear polarization is of the order of 15 per cent and is variable, and the circular polarization is less than 5 percent.
The effects of adult and peer social initiations on the social behavior of withdrawn and aggressive maltreated preschool children

The effects of programmed peer- and adult-mediated play initiations were compared for socially dysfunctional, maltreated preschool children. An N = 1, alternating treatments design was used to compare these strategies. Two withdrawn nonmaltreated (control), two withdrawn maltreated, and three aggressive maltreated children served as subjects. Dyadic play sessions were videotaped and rated at the completion of the study by naive raters according to an 18-category observation system. Overall, the control children showed no difference in levels of interaction between peer and adult conditions. The withdrawn maltreated children showed a clear preference for interaction with the peer over the adult. The aggressive maltreated children showed a clear preference for interaction with the peer over the adult. The aggressive maltreated children showed a clear preference for interaction with the adult. They also demonstrated a decrease of positive behavior and increase in negative behavior in response to the programmed initiations. Implications of these differential responses were discussed.
Determining the Accuracy and Acceptance of Using Driver Interface Display Components and Fuel Economy Information Types

If novel displays in the vehicle are not easily understood, they may increase driver distraction and result in higher crash risk. In this way, improving the usability of in-vehicle displays may decrease crash risk. However when there are a large number of interface design options, it is difficult to quickly determine which will be the most beneficial. The goal of this evaluation was to identify fuel economy display components and information types that would have the highest potential to improve accuracy and acceptance. Participants were more accurate at identifying fuel economy level when viewing information presented on horizontal bar display components with reference points. Subjective scores suggested that a balance of instantaneous and long-term information types was associated with greater interface acceptance. Results of this rapid assessment show the utility of supplementing objective accuracy measures with subjective acceptance metrics when considering multiple user interface designs.
Analysis of geometrically nonlinear anisotropic membranes: application to pneumatic muscle actuators

Pneumatic muscle actuators are effective devices to generate tension forces by converting pneumatic energy into mechanical energy. They are currently being used in parachute systems for soft-landing and steering control applications. Therefore, the simulation of their nonlinear structural dynamic behavior is necessary for a complete evaluation of these parachute systems. In this paper, the working principles of pneumatic muscle actuators are reviewed; the application of pneumatic muscle actuators in parachute systems for soft-landing and steering control is described; and a new finite element model for pneumatic muscle actuators is presented. Geometrically nonlinear anisotropic membrane elements are used in this model to simulate the nonlinear structural dynamic behavior of pneumatic muscle actuators, which is different from previous approaches. A quasi-static pneumatic muscle actuator model is analyzed for validation and two dynamic applications of pneumatic muscle actuators in parachute systems are also presented.
Radiologist Compliance With Institutional Guidelines for Use of Nonroutine Communication of Diagnostic Imaging Results

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate radiologist compliance with institutional guidelines for nonroutine communication of diagnostic imaging results. Methods From July 2012 through September 2013, 7,401 completed advanced imaging cases were retrospectively reviewed by groups of 3 or more radiologists. The reviewing radiologists were asked to reach consensus on two questions related to nonroutine communication: (1) “Does the report describe a finding which requires nonroutine communication to the patient’s physicians?” and if so, (2) “Were the department’s guidelines for nonroutine communication followed?” Consensus judgments were aggregated and analyzed on the basis of subspecialty, level of acuity per the guidelines, and type of communication used. Results Of the 7,401 studies reviewed, 960 (13.0%) were deemed to require nonroutine results communication. The need for nonroutine communication was most frequent with CT (16.6%), followed by MRI (11.1%) and ultrasound (3.4%). For the divisions studied, nonroutine communication was most frequently needed in thoracic (37.9%), followed by neurologic (17.3%), emergency (15.8%), cardiac (13.7%), musculoskeletal (4.4%), and abdominal (0.7%) imaging. Of the cases requiring nonroutine communication, 39 (4%) yielded consensus that the guidelines were not appropriately followed: 21% (n = 8) involved level 1 findings (critical), 41% (n = 16) involved level 2 findings (acute), and 38% (n = 15) involved level 3 findings (nonacute). Failures of communication involving level 1 findings primarily involved neurologic imaging, including 4 cases of new cerebral infarct and 3 cases of new intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusions Established guidelines for nonroutine communication are appropriately applied and durable, underscoring the high yield of formalizing and implementing these guidelines across practice settings.
Comparison of lysis methods and preparation protocols for one‐ and two‐dimensional electrophoresis of Aspergillus oryzae intracellular proteins

Filamentous fungal fermentations are used to produce billions of dollars of biochemical and pharmaceutical products annually, yet are plagued by a number of poorly understood problems that would benefit from proteomic analysis. Unfortunately, few publications are available which describe extraction of filamentous fungal proteins for two-dimensional electrophoresis. The goal here was to develop protocols for extraction of fungal proteins, from both wild-type and a recombinant strain of the industrially important filamentous fungi Aspergillus oryzae, to be used for both one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE and 2-DE). Because fungal cell walls are exceptionally resistant to fragmentation, four lysis protocols were tested: (i) boiling in strong alkali solution, (ii) boiling in Sodium dodecyl surfate (SDS), (iii) chemical lysis in Y-PER(R) reagent, and (iv) mechanical lysis via rapid agitation with glass beads in a Mini-BeadBeater(R). For both 1-DE and 2-DE, rapid agitation with glass beads was found to be the most efficient extraction method, yielding both mini- and large-format gels with little streaking or spot tailing, and proteins comprising a broad range of molecular weights and pI values.
Positional specificity within plant cells

Abstract Plant cells are clearly definable polyhedra composed of discrete facets, edges and vertices. It is proposed that these three elements of geometry along with the mitotic spindle and certain cytoplasmic particles constitute an ensemble of structural entities with morphogenetic capacities. Facets, edges and vertices are programmed to assume various states as dictated by the nucleus, and according to the combination of these states within a cell, the cell will express specific patterns of growth, thickening and separation from adjacent cells. A number of examples of cell types in plants and their origins from generalized types of cells are examined by this model and it is recognized that each cell type does not represent a unique behavior but rather expresses a particular combination of changes from a total of about 20 fundamental processes. These five elements of form are viewed as composed of polymers with stereospecific receptors except that the elements collectively are an architectural continuum having both structural and formative features.
Self-Cleansing Flexible Stent for Prevention of Clogging of Blood Vessels

Different types of stents are available to be implanted into blood-vessels (e.g., cardiovascular stent) or organs to maintain unobstructed blood flow or flow of tissue fluid through ducts (e.g., biliary and uretic stents and others). On the one hand, it is imperative to use smart material such that its mechanical and elastic properties meet those of the ideal stent. A smart stent can change the orientation of the material(s) either by sensing control, temperature, or blood pressure, thus alter the overall shape of the stent (wiggling). These wiggling motions can prevent or reduce the deposit of cholesterol inside the stent’s lumen. On the other hand, there is a need for a better physiological model of how the tensile and shear stresses of a blood vessel are altered as the blood pressure changes along a defined length of that vessel and how the shape changes of the blood vessel could prevent the deposits of lipid material on the vessel wall thereby possibly decrease the likelihood of stenosis. However, the design of an ideal stent is complicated by the lack of proper materials and modeling studies, and difficulties to have an optimized design because of complexities of environmental factors. In this literature review, we therefore propose that an optimal stents design should incorporate the use of highly biocompatible material(s) of well characterized properties and with an adequately modeled mechanical design. We have discussed the importance and relevance of these issues for future stent design and fabrication.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Superior tolerance of Ag/Ni multilayers against Kr ion irradiation: an in situ study

Monolithic Ag and Ni films and Ag/Ni multilayers with individual layer thickness of 5 and 50 nm were subjected to in situ Kr ion irradiation at room temperature to 1 displacement-per-atom (a fluence of 2 × 1014 ions/cm2). Monolithic Ag has high density of small loops (4 nm in diameter), whereas Ni has fewer but much greater loops (exceeding 20 nm). In comparison, dislocation loops, ∼4 nm in diameter, were the major defects in the irradiated Ag/Ni 50 nm film, while the loops were barely observed in the Ag/Ni 5 nm film. At 0.2 dpa (0.4 × 1014 ions/cm), defect density in both monolithic Ag and Ni saturated at 1.6 and 0.2 × 1023/m3, compared with 0.8 × 1023/m3 in Ag/Ni 50 nm multilayer at a saturation fluence of ∼1 dpa (2 × 1014 ions/cm2). Direct observations of frequent loop absorption by layer interfaces suggest that these interfaces are efficient defect sinks. Ag/Ni 5 nm multilayer showed a superior morphological stability against radiation compared to Ag/Ni 50 nm film.
The Non‐swimming Chydorid Cladocera of Wet Forests, with Descriptions of a New Genus and Two New Species

Included among the diversified aquatic fauna occurring in the water associated with bryophytic coverings of cloud forests and rain forests and with the bottom litter of such forests are two closely related species of chydorid Cladocera – Bryospilus repens gen. et sp. nov. known from Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and New Zealand, and Bryospilus bifidus gen. et sp. nov. known only from New Zealand. Beyond the certainty that these species belong in the subfamily Aloninae because of the nature of their mandible articulation, the location of the minor headpores in a far lateral position, and the general pattern of setation on the trunk limbs, little more can be said. In several respects, most strikingly the lack of a compound eye and certain peculiarities of the mandible articulation, Bryospilus resembles Monospilus more closely than any other chydorid, although this may have resulted from convergence. The species are quite unique in their reduction of setation on the antennae and trunk limb I. The animals cannot swim. Instead they crawl about slowly but effectively in the wet bryophytes and forest litter. They have been collected from as high as 3–5 m above the forest floor, presumably having got there by their own efforts. This habitat is suspected to be comparable in its continuity over time to the ancient lakes of the World and hence can be expected to harbor other “endemic” species as well.
3D design activities at Fermilab: Opportunities for physics

Fermilab began exploring the technologies for vertically integrated circuits (also commonly known as 3D circuits) in 2006. These technologies include through silicon vias (TSV), circuit thinning, and bonding techniques to replace conventional bump bonds. Since then, the interest within the High Energy Physics community has grown considerably. This paper will present an overview of the activities at Fermilab over the last 3 years which have helped spark this interest.
Local Challenges in Global Korea : Rebalancing with Leverage

This paper analyzes the implications of global rebalancing in the post-crisis period for Korea and how high leverage in the household and SME sectors could affect this process. Consumption and investment in Korea appear in line with that of peers, but there are limits how much they could be sustained in the post crisis world to pick up the slack from a lower external demand. To avoid the build-up of vulnerabilities from high leverage, households have to increase their saving rate limiting consumption growth. On the other hand, exportoriented and large corporates may need to invest less with lower export demand increasing corporate savings further. This would leave SMEs in the non-tradable sector as the engines for investment, employment and household income growth, increasing the urgency to address their long-standing structural problems and weak balance sheets. Delaying the necessary adjustment would increase costs and financial vulnerabilities. Improving social safety nets and the pensions system would be important to manage the adjustment costs while increasing labor market flexibility.
Enhanced Reservoir Description: Using Core and Log Data to Identify Hydraulic (Flow) Units and Predict Permeability in Uncored Intervals/Wells

Understanding complex variations in pare geomet~ within different Iithofacies is the key to improved reservoir description and exploitation. Core data provide in~ornration on various depositional and diagenetic controls on pore geometry. Variations in pore geometrical attributes in rum, de$ne the existenceof distinct zones(hydraulic units) with similar f?uid-jlow characteristics. Classic discrimination of mck types has been based on subjective geological observations and on empirical relationships between the log of permeability versus porosity. Howevec for any porosity within a given mck type,permeability can vary by several orders of nragnitnde, which indicates the existenceof severalflow units. In this papec a new, practical and theoretically correct methodology is proposedfor identi$cation and characterization of hydraulic units widtin mappable geological units (facies). The technique is based on a modified Kozeny-Carmen equation and the conceptof mean hydraulic raditis. The equation indicatesIhat for any hydraulic unit, a log-log p!ot of a “Reservoir Quality index,” (RQI), which is equal to 0.0314 ~. versus a “Normalized PorosityIndex” (+=) which is equal to WI-W should yield a straight line with a unit slope. 7he intercept of the unit slope line with +Z = 1, designated as the “FIow Zme Indicator” (M), is a unique parameter for each hydraulic unit. RQI, 4, and FZI are based on stressed potvsity and permeability data measuredon core samples.