cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of pure polyunsaturated fatty acids 1. Linolenic acid

Abstract An improved procedure is described for the preparation of pure linolenic acid from linseed oil. Crystallization of urea inclusion compounds is used to produce a concentrate of methyl linolenate. Adsorption chromatography then is employed to provide fractions with a purity of approximately 99%. After fractional distillation, concentrates of linolenic acid are purified further by repeated crystallizations at low temperature.
Complications with hydroxyapatite cement in mastoid cavity obliteration.

Objective To determine whether hydroxyapatite (HA) bone cement is a suitable material for mastoid cavity obliteration. Study Design & Setting Retrospective case review; tertiary care pediatric hospital. Patients Three patients, aged 11 to 16 years, underwent canal wall down mastoidectomy for removal of cholesteatomas. Intervention Mastoid cavity obliteration was performed with hydroxyapatite bone cement. Main Outcome Measures Failure was defined as the necessity for HA explantation. Results All three patients required revision surgery to remove the HA cement. Two patients (one primary and one second look with obliteration) presented with granulations in the mastoid cavity, surrounding the cement. The third patient's intraoperative findings included extensive skull base osteitis with erosion of the posterior and middle fossa dural plates, and fistulae of the lateral and superior semicircular canals. All patients recovered fully after removal of the HA cement. Conclusion This study raises concerns over the use of HA cement for mastoid cavity obliteration. Three of three implanted patients required revision surgery, two with delayed failure of integration and infection, and one with severe osteitis and significant complications.
Migration and the plasticity of physique in the Japanese-Americans of Hawaii

Certain anthropometric increases occur among the immigrant and subsequent two generations of Japanese-Americans in Hawaii. These changes are correlated with stature and appear to reflect a general increase in body size. The growth trend was more rapid in males and terminated after one American-born generation, suggesting that a maximization of hereditary growth potential may have been reached. For the females, however, metrical increases were more gradual and extended into the third generation. Ethnographic factors of cultural conservatism of women and male dominance in the Japanese family are discussed in connection with this sex difference.
Processes and Device Technologies for AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors

The AlInGaN-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has proven to be the leading candidate for simultaneously realizing ultra-high frequency and ultra-high power amplifiers. The potential for these devices extends into operation in the mm-wave regime. Processes and device technologies that have resulted in these tremendous improvements are addressed.
Optimal growth under uncertainty

Abstract This paper shows that under technological uncertainty optimal returns to capital should exceed, rather than equal, the rate of population growth. That is, optimal returns to capital should embody a risk premium, where risk is measured in part by the correlation of returns with aggregate marginal utility. These results generalize to a macroeconomy with endogenous growth the conclusions of the consumption-based capital asset pricing model.
Semiconductor manufacturing technology at IBM

IBM's current semiconductor manufacturing processes are summarized. Briefly outlined are highlights of salient features of semiconductor manufacturing that established IBM leadership and direction for embarking on VLSI production. Some of these features are taken from papers already published; others are from articles in this issue of the IBM Journal of Research and Development ranging from silicon crystal growth through quality control and automated logistics and dispositioning of tested product.
Use of repeated measures in an analysis of ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex in inbred long-sleep and short-sleep mice.

We present a repeated-measures analysis of ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex (LRR) in Inbred Long-Sleep (ILS) and Inbred ShortSleep (ISS) strains of mice and their F 1 and F 2 cross progeny. Mice were administered a 4.1 g/kg inbaperitoneal dose of ethanol at two times, 7-10 days apart. Repeatability is nonsignificant in ILS, ISS, and F 1 mice, but is highly significant (0.47, p<0.01) IN THE F 2 mice. Mean LRR does not differ between trials 1 and 2, with the exception of the ISS strain in which the interaction of sex with LRR sensitization is significant. This two-bial method leads to increased accuracy of genotype assessment for pharmacological or behavioral baits where trial 1 does not influence the outcome of trial 2. The repeatedmeasures design facilitates novel analyses of the duration of LRR, and results suggest that most environmental variance for LRR is due to nonreplicable influences
A Bidirectional Electronic Counter for Use in Optical Interferometry

A bidirectional electronic counter has been developed for both additive and subtractive counting of electrical impulses in either binary or decimal notation. Using two coherent syncopated sine-wave input signals, such as may be derived from a Twyman-Green interferometer with a stepped mirror and two phototubes, direction sensing is obtained by pulse forming and selecting circuits which feed pulses to either the “add” or “subtract” channel, depending on the phase relation between the two input signals.In the binary counting circuit, the add and subtract channels each operate separate coincidence amplifiers which select the proper phase for transferring the trigger pulses from one binary stage to the next. In the decimal counting circuit, which consists of a binary stage followed by a reversible ring-of-five, additional coincidence amplifiers determine the direction in which the trigger pulses transfer the count around the ring. Counting rates in excess of 150 kc have been achieved with both circuits and higher rates are possible with proper design.Although the bidirectional counting circuit was designed primarily for the purpose of eliminating the tedium of counting interference fringes visually, it can also be used for differential counting with two separate (incoherent) pulse inputs. A review of contemporary developments in this field is given, along with a discussion of applications of the circuit in interferometry and in analog-to-digital conversion devices.
RESPONSE OF SHALLOW MARINE BIOTAS TO SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS: A REVIEW OF FAUNAL REPLACEMENT AND THE PROCESS OF HABITAT TRACKING

Associations of fossil genera and species commonly display repeated and predictable patterns of change in stratigraphic sections. These changes exhibit some analogies with the phenomenon of ecological succession but are longer-term allogenic temporal changes, occurring over time scales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years, that should be referred to as biotic (faunal-floral) replacement. Habitat tracking is one of a suite of possible mechanisms of biotic replacement, but one that may be important in certain marine settings. Evidence of tracking includes (1) recurrence of similar replacement series of differing age; (2) mirroring of vertical replacement of faunas by lateral gradients of species associations along single time planes; (3) the occurrence of similar gradient transects at different time planes; (4) the correlatability of highs and lows of quantitative faunal curves (e.g., variations of detrended correspondence analysis scores) at different localities despite offsets of absolute scores; and (5) the high fidelity recurrence of stenotopic species in particular associations representing narrowly defined environments. The degree of ecological fidelity (e.g., similarity of species richness, guild structure) that is maintained during tracking is variable. Recurrent assemblages in different cycles, separated by as much as several million years, can be very similar in terms of species composition and trophic structure. Common species, however, may show significant differences in rank and relative abundances. This evidence indicates individualistic tracking of preferred habitat by various species. In shallow-shelf and ramp settings, sea-level fluctuations may produce approximately symmetrical patterns of biotic replacement where biofacies are arrayed typically in elongate belts parallel to depositional strike. Asymmetries, however, are common and may result from variations in sediment supply during sea-level fluctuation. Hence, the low siliciclastic input typical of transgressions predictably favors those organisms that require lower sedimentation or turbidity and perhaps firmgrounds to hardgrounds, whereas the regressive half cycle at analogous depths favors more eurytopic organisms that tolerate or prefer higher sedimentation or turbidity. The phenomenon of tracking may be of considerable importance in evolutionary paleoecology. Tracking implies that species commonly respond to long-term physical changes, not by adaptation, but primarily by migration of species to preferred habitats, if the rate or magnitude of environmental change is not too great. Provided that the same basic environment existed through time, despite lateral shifting by up to hundreds of kilometers, most species of benthic invertebrates were capable of surviving with little or no evolutionary change. Tracking may be the primary basis of patterns of morphological stasis, as well as relative stability in biofacies richness, composition, and trophic structure.
Properties of microsomal acyl-CoA: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase from liver of thermally-acclimated rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri

Acyl-CoA: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) (EC 2.3.1.23) activity was assayed in liver microsomes from rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri, acclimated to 5°C and 20°C to assess its contribution to the temperature-induced restructuring of phospholipid acyl chain composition. The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) (from lyso-PC) was threefold the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (from lyso-PE) under similar assay conditions. LPCAT activity (i) displayed an absolute requirement for lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and was enhanced by the presence of ATP, MgCl2 and CoA (which reduced the impact of endogenous acyl-CoA hydrolase activity by regenerating the acyl-CoA substrate) in the assay medium; (ii) remained linear with time up to 30 min; and (iii) increased linearly with microsomal protein concentration up to 0.2 mg/ml for the 20°C assay and 0.4 mg/ml for the 5°C assay. There was no difference in Km or Vmax values due to the acclimation history of the fish, but there were obvious differences due to assay temperature. The apparent Km values for LPC were 58.54±7.24 μM and 12.26±2.14 μM when assayed at 5°C and 20°C respectively; values for oleoyl-CoA were 9.11±0.78 μM and 1.23±0.25 μM under the same assay conditions. Activity was 1.99±0.31 nmol min−1 mg protein−1 when assayed at 5°C, and 3.8±0.45 nmol min−1 mg protein−1 when assayed at 20°C. These findings indicate that adjustments in the activity of LPCAT play no significant role in the temperature-induced restructuring of PC molecular species composition. However, the marked temperature dependence of the Km values for LPC and oleoyl CoA suggest that patterns of fatty acid incorporation (i.e. substrate preference) may vary with assay temperature, and in this way LPCAT could contribute to the restructuring response.
Elucidation of Amino Acid Residues Critical for Unique Activities of Rabbit Cytochrome P450 2B5 Using Hybrid Enzymes and Reciprocal Site-Directed Mutagenesis with Rabbit Cytochrome P450 2B4

The molecular basis for the unique activities of rabbit cytochrome P450 2B5, compared with the highly related rabbit 2B4, was investigated using hybrid enzymes and site-directed mutagenesis. Alterations in androstenedione hydroxylase profiles observed with 2B4-2B5 hybrids expressed in COS cells showed that key amino acids are present in both the N-terminal ApaI fragment (codons 1-122) and an internal SstI fragment (codons 220-393). Based on these results, data obtained with other cytochromes P450 2B, and correlation to the six substrate recognition sites proposed by Gotoh (1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 83-90), reciprocal 2B4-2B5 mutants were constructed at positions 114, 294, 363, and 367. Wild-type and mutant enzymes were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the oxidation of a number of substrates was analyzed. All residues studied were found to be important for regio- and stereospecificity of androstenedione hydroxylation. Mutations at these positions also caused alterations in the oxidation of progesterone, benzyloxyresorufin, pentoxyresorufin, ethoxycoumarin, and benzphetamine, with the magnitude and direction of the changes dependent upon the enzyme, residue, and substrate. Major changes in activity were consistently observed upon mutation of residues 114 and 294 in both enzymes, and some of these alterations were interpreted with the help of a 3-D model of P450 2B4. For example, in the 2B4 Ile-114--> Phe mutant, Phe prevents androstenedione from assuming a 16 beta-binding orientation and also hinders binding of benzyloxyresorufin, leading to a loss of activity. Conversely, the presence of Phe-114 stabilizes a 16 alpha-binding orientation of androstenedione, resulting in an increase in this activity.
Hexosamine in Bombyx mori Silk

CONSTITUENTS other than protein in Bombyx mori silk have received little attention1. The significant amounts of hexosamine found in hair and wool2 prompted this study to quantitate and to identify the amino-sugars in B. mori silk.
On-line state estimation of nonlinear dynamic systems with gross errors

Abstract State estimation is a crucial part of the monitoring and/or control of all chemical processes. Among various approaches for this problem, moving horizon estimation (MHE) has the advantage of directly incorporating nonlinear dynamic models within a well-defined optimization problem. Moreover, advanced step moving horizon estimation (asMHE) substantially reduces the on-line computational expense associated with MHE. Previously, MHE and asMHE have both been shown to perform well when measurement noise follows some known Gaussian distribution. In this study we extend MHE and asMHE to consider measurements that are contaminated with large errors. Here standard least squares based estimators generate biased estimates even with relatively few gross error measurements. We therefore apply two robust M-estimators, Huber's fair function and Hampel's redescending estimator, in order to mitigate the bias of these gross errors on our state estimates. This approach is demonstrated on dynamic models of a CSTR and a distillation column. Based on this comparison we conclude that the asMHE formulation with the redescending estimator can be used to get fast and accurate state estimates, even in the presence of many gross measurement errors.
Origins of life: An operational definition

Two very different models are used for the scientific study of life's origins: in the Troland-Muller model, life is molecular and its defining characteristic is gene function; in the Oparin-Haldane model, life is cellular and its defining characteristic is metabolic function. While each of these models implicitly defines the living, neither provides criteria by which theemergence of life could be recognized in the laboratory.
Using the Content Literacy Continuum as a Framework for Implementing RTI in Secondary Schools

This article discusses the Content Literacy Curriculum (CLC) as a framework for conceptualizing and implementing Response to Intervention (RTI) at the secondary level. It is our belief that the CLC offers an excellent RTI implementation framework for secondary schools interested in addressing literacy in the context of improved academic achievement as a schoolwide effort. CLC implementation can be accomplished within a general problem-solving approach to RTI. However, a few components may need amplification for the CLC to become a comprehensive RTI system: Universal screening must address all the important aspects of literacy, including writing; schools must develop a broader approach to progress monitoring; schools must pay closer attention to the scope and function of decision-making teams; and, although fluid movement across levels has always been an important component of the CLC, for RTI to work, greater attention to this aspect is needed.
Shape and surrounding flowfield of a drop in a high-speed gas stream

Liquid droplet shape effect flow field velocity and pressure distribution over windward surface in high speed gas streams
Codetermination: Union style

Many European countries have instigated a form of “industrial democracy” by legislating codetermination schemes. However, codetermination may also be accomplished without legislation. We show that unionizing an industry’s labor supply will also achieve much the same results as mandatory codetermination as long as unions are exempt from antitrust legislation. The value of “union codetermination” will yield returns beyond what economists have previously predicted.
Neuropeptide modulation of a lumbar spinal reflex: potential implications for female sexual function.

ABSTRACT Introduction Neuropeptides are known to modulate female receptivity. However, even though receptivity is a spinal reflex, the role of neuropeptides within the spinal cord remains to be elucidated. Aim The aims were to (i) investigate neuropeptides in the lumbosacral region; and (ii) determine how neuropeptides modulate glutamate release from stretch Ia fibers, touch sensation Aβ fibers and Aδ/C pain fibers. Main Outcome Measures Neuropeptide modulation of the lumbosacral dorsal-root ventral-root reflex in vitro. Methods Spinal cords were removed from Sprague-Dawley rats in compliance with UK Home Office guidelines. Hemisected cords were superfused with aCSF and the dorsal root (L4–S1) was stimulated to evoke glutamate release. A biphasic reflex response was evoked from the opposite ventral root consisting of a monosynaptic (Ia fibers) and polysynaptic (Aβ, Aδ/C fibers) component. Results The µ opioid receptor (MOR) agonist DAMGO inhibited the monosynaptic (EC 50 0.02 ± 0.02 nM) and polysynaptic area (EC 50 125 ± 167 nM) but not polysynaptic amplitude. Oxytocin and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) inhibited the monosynaptic amplitude (EC 50 , 1.4 ± 1.0 nM and EC 50 4.3 ± 3.5 nM, respectively), polysynaptic amplitude (EC 50 18.2 ± 28.0 nM and EC 50 , 9.5 ± 13.3 nM, respectively), and area (EC 50 11.6 ± 13.0 nM and EC 50 , 2.8 ± 3.3 nM, respectively); effects that were abolished by oxytocin and CRF 1 antagonists, L-368899 and 8w. Melanocortin agonists solely inhibited the monosynaptic component, which were blocked by the MC 3/4 receptor antagonist SHU9119. Conclusion These data suggest endogenous neuropeptides are released within the lumbosacral spinal cord. Melanocortin agonists, oxytocin, CRF, and DAMGO via MC 4 , oxytocin, CRF 1 , and MOR inhibit glutamate release but with differing effects on afferent fiber subtypes. Melanocortins, oxytocin, CRF, and DAMGO have the ability to modulate orgasm whereas oxytocin, CRF and DAMGO can increase pain threshold. Oxytocin and CRF may dampen touch sensation. Wilson LA, Wayman CP, and Jackson MV. Neuropeptide modulation of a lumbar spinal reflex: Potential implications for female sexual function. J Sex Med **;**:**–**.
Duty-cycle shift under asymmetric BTI aging: A simple characterization method and its application to SRAM timing

The effect of DC BTI stress on the clock signal's duty-cycle has been experimentally verified for the first time based on the precise frequency shift measurement from Ring OSCillators (ROSC). A simple and practical methodology based on the “silicon odometer” beat-frequency detection framework has been proposed for accurately measuring duty-cycle shifts while preventing unwanted BTI recovery. The measurement results from a 65nm test chip were used to further analyze the impact of asymmetric BTI aging during clock gated mode on SRAM timing signals.
Six vertex model on a fishnet

The flow of U(1) charge through dense fishnet diagrams, in a non-Hermitian matrix scalar field theory g{sub 1}Tr({Sigma}{sup {dagger}}{Sigma}){sup 2}+2g{sub 1}vTr{Sigma}{sup {dagger}2}{Sigma}{sup 2}, is described by a 6-vertex model on a ''diamond'' lattice. We give a direct calculation of the continuum properties of the 6-vertex model on this novel lattice, explicitly confirming the conclusions of Giles, McLerran, and Thorn, that, for 1/2{<=}v<{infinity}, they are identical to those of a world-sheet scalar field compactified on a circle S{sub 1}. The radius of the circle is related to the ratio v of quartic couplings by R{sup -2}=2T{sub 0}cos{sup -1}(1-1/2v{sup 2}). This direct computational approach may be of value in generalizing the conclusions to the non-Abelian O(n) case.
A student-centered approach to designing teaming experiences

In this workshop, we will explore the design of teaming experiences, and the tensions that arise as we try to address different student outcomes. We often approach teaming in course design with a very simple philosophy: if students are put on teams, they will learn teamwork skills and get the educational benefits of teaming. But the benefits of teamwork in an educational setting are multi-faceted. For example, team projects can be used to facilitate collaborative learning to develop a set of outcomes for all students. Alternately, team projects may be more performance-oriented to develop students' ability to work professionally on teams. In the former case, students may have the opportunity to develop new skills and strengths, and in the latter students must play to their strengths to meet performance goals. We will consider how to design teaming experiences in thoughtful ways that respond to students' needs, interests, and constraints, as well as a particular set of outcomes. Participants will employ design thinking tools (student personas, interaction narratives) in order to explore what a team, and the individual students on the team, might experience within a given teaming framework. We'll identify the team pitfalls, and share a broader set of insights about student engineering teams. Finally, we'll discuss specific approaches to scaffolding the development of teaming skills that responds specifically to the needs of your students and your institution.
Culture of soybean mesophyll protoplasts in alginate beads

Mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from leaves of 10 day old aseptically grown soybean seedlings, or from surface disinfested leaves of 3 week old plants grown in environmental chambers. The protoplasts were encapsulated in 2mm diameter Ca alginate beads. Immobilized protoplasts were induced to divide by culturing in shaker flasks containing an actively growing soybean cell suspension. The feeder cell suspension supported the division of protoplasts independent of the protoplast density in the Ca alginate beads. At day 18 after encapsulation, the alginate matrix was dissolved, releasing viable callus colonies. The feeder cell suspension obviated plating of protoplasts at high density which is usually required for subsequent cell division and colony development. Since the protoplasts were embedded at low density, the cell colonies were derived from single cells.
Increased reactivity of the *Cr(CO)3(C5Me5) radical with thiones versus thiols: a theoretical and experimental investigation.

2-Pyridinethione (2-mercaptopyridine, H-2mp) undergoes rapid oxidative addition with 2 mol of the 17-electron organometallic radical •Cr(CO)3Cp* (where Cp* = C5Me5), yielding hydride H−Cr(CO)3Cp* and thiolate (η1-2mp)Cr(CO)3Cp*. In a slower secondary reaction, (η1-2mp)Cr(CO)3Cp* loses CO generating the N,S-chelate complex (η2-2mp)Cr(CO)2Cp* for which the crystal structure is reported. The rate of 2-pyridine thione oxidative addition with •Cr(CO)3Cp* (abbreviated •Cr) in toluene best fits rate = kobs[H-2mp][•Cr]; kobs(288 K)= 22 ± 4 M-1 s-1; ΔH⧧ = 4 ± 1 kcal/mol; ΔS⧧ = − 40 ± 5 cal/mol K. The rate of reaction is the same under CO or Ar, and the reaction of deuterated 2-pyridine thione (D-2mp) shows a negligible (inverse) kinetic isotope effect (kD/kH = 1.06 ± 0.10). The rate of decarbonylation of (η1-2mp)Cr(CO)3Cp* forming (η2-2mp)Cr(CO)2Cp* obeys simple first-order kinetics with kobs (288 K) = 3.1 × 10-4 s-1, ΔH⧧ = 23 ± 1 kcal/mol, and ΔS⧧ = + 5.0 ± 2 cal/mol K. Reaction of 4-pyridine thione (4-mercaptopy...
A Statistical Theory of Equilibrium in Games

This paper describes a statistical model of equiliobrium behaviour in games, which we call Quantal Response Equilibrium (QRE). The key feature of the equilibrium is that individuals do not always play responses to the strategies of their opponents, but play better strategies with higher probability than worse strategies. we illustrate several different applications of this approach, and establish a number of theoretical properties of this equilibrium concept. We also demonstrate an equililance between this equilibrium notion and Bayesian games derived from games of complete information with perturbed payoffs
Effects of Cell-Free Hemoglobin on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF-1α) and Heme Oxygenase (HO-1) Expressions in Endothelial Cells Subjected to Hypoxia

We have investigated the impact of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DBBF-Hb), a blood substitute, on cell signaling pathways that are modulated in part by biological peroxides (i.e., hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxide, and peroxynitrite). Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) subjected to hypoxia expressed hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1alpha) in a time course that paralleled the expressions of heme oxygenase (HO-1). Co-incubation of the oxy form (HbFe(2+)) with hypoxic BAECs resulted in an increase in the expression of HIF-1alpha in a manner that corresponded linearly with the decay of HbFe(2+) and accumulation of the ferric form (HbFe(3+)). Inclusion of HbFe(3+) with hypoxic BAECs produced twice as much expression in the HIF-1alpha and HO-1 proteins as opposed to HbFe(2+) alone, or HbFe(2+) plus hypoxia. In addition, higher and more persistent levels of the ferryl form (HbFe(4+)), due to the consumption of endogenous peroxides, were found in the hypoxic media containing hemoglobin. Nitric oxide (NO) released from an NO donor reduced the levels of HIF-1alpha in the hypoxic cells treated with either HbFe(2+) or HbFe(3+), but had little or no effect on the levels of HO-1. DBBF-Hb modulates key cell-signaling pathways by competing with peroxides required for the deactivation of HIF-1alpha, which may modulate important physiological mediators.
Altered peptide ligands induce delayed CD8-T cell receptor interaction--a role for CD8 in distinguishing antigen quality.

How T cells translate T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of almost identical pMHC ligands into distinct biological responses has remained enigmatic. Although differences in affinity or off rate are important, they offer at best an incomplete explanation. By using Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), we have visualized the ligand-induced interaction between OT-I TCR and CD8. We found that both recruitment of TCR to the immunological synapse and the TCR-CD8 interaction induced by weak agonists (positive-selecting ligands) was delayed but not necessarily weaker than strong agonists (negative selectors). A delayed and perhaps longer lasting CD8-TCR interaction results in delayed phospho-ERK recruitment to the synapse. The kinetics of the TCR-CD8 interaction can reconcile previously anomalous data, where biological activity did not correlate with TCR-pMHC binding kinetics for certain ligands. Our findings indicate that the T cell translates antigen recognition into T cell responses by differential recruitment of CD8 to the TCR.
Interleukin-1 stimulation of human B-lymphoblast differentiation

Abstract Transformed B-cell lines have provided useful tools for analyzing B-cell responses to growth and differentiation factors. SKW 6.4 is a human B-lymphoblastoid line that differentiates in response to B-cell differentiation factor (BCDF) but not to other T-cell-derived lymphokines. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether monocyte-derived factors such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) could also promote the maturation of SKW 6.4 cells. Cells were cultured with and without supernatants derived from adherent monocytes of normal individuals. The number of Ig-producing plaque-forming cells in control media cultures gradually increased over a period of 4 days. Monocyte supernatants caused a 3- to 10-fold further increase in the number of IgM-secreting cells over that found in control media cultures. this stimulation by monocyte supernatants was maximal on the third or fourth day of culture and was not accompanied by an increase in proliferation. Recombinant IL-1 added to cultures of SKW 6.4 also produced a dose-related increase in the number of IgM-secreting cells without stimulating proliferation. A polyclonal antiserum against IL-1 prevented the increase in IgM-secreting cells which occurred with the addition of monocyte supernatants. Finally, IL-1 activity was detected in unstimulated SKW 6.4 supernatants. We conclude from these studies that SKW 6.4 cells both secrete IL-1 and differentiate in response to exogenous IL-1. SKW 6.4 may therefore provide a useful tool for future studies on mechanisms of IL-1-induced B cell maturation. It is possible that the basal numbers of IgM-secreting cells seen in unstimulated cultures results from an autocrine mechanism of IL-1-induced differentiation. Finally, care should be taken to exclude IL-1 from supernatants that are being tested for BCDF activity using SKW 6.4 cells.
Behavioral correlates of sexual differentiation in the zebra finch song system.

Abstract The capacity for song is masculinized in female zebra finches by exposure to 17β-estradiol at hatching, and requires continual exposure to androgen for its behavioral expression in the adult. The stereotypy of the song developed by estrogenized females can be as good as that of male song. The sexual dimorphism in behavioral capacity for song parallels morphological sex differences in the efferent motor pathway which participates in the production of song. Estradiol induces the cytoarchitectonic masculinization of the telecephalic nuclei within the motor system for song, and renders them able to respond morphologically when song is induced in estrogenized females by exposure to androgen as adults.
Advanced curing technologies using photo- and electron beam induced cationic polymerization

Abstract Diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salts mediate photo-, γ-ray and e-beam induced cationic polymerizations. Examples of these three types of polymerizations are described. The potential use of this new methodology for the rapid fabrication of carbon fiber reinforced composites is detailed.
Glut4 storage vesicles without Glut4: transcriptional regulation of insulin-dependent vesicular traffic.

Two families of transcription factors that play a major role in the development of adipocytes are the CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), in particular PPARγ. Ectopic expression of either C/EBPα or PPARγ in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts results in the conversion of these cells to adipocyte-like cells replete with fat droplets. NIH 3T3 cells ectopically expressing C/EBPα (NIH-C/EBPα) differentiate into adipocytes and exhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, whereas NIH 3T3 cells ectopically expressing PPARγ (NIH-PPARγ) differentiate but do not exhibit any insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, nor do they express any C/EBPα. The reason for the lack of insulin-responsive glucose uptake in the NIH-PPARγ cells is their virtual lack of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, Glut4. The NIH-PPARγ cells express functionally active components of the insulin receptor-signaling pathway (the insulin receptor, IRS-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Akt2) at levels comparable to those in responsive cell lines. They also express components of the insulin-sensitive vesicular transport machinery, namely, VAMP2, syntaxin-4, and IRAP, the last of these being the other marker of insulin-regulated vesicular traffic along with Glut4. Interestingly, the NIH-PPARγ cells show normal insulin-dependent translocation of IRAP and form an insulin-responsive vesicular compartment as assessed by cell surface biotinylation and sucrose velocity gradient analysis, respectively. Moreover, expression of a Glut4-myc construct in the NIH-PPARγ cells results in its insulin-dependent translocation to the plasma membrane as assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Based on these data, we conclude that major role of C/EBPα in the context of the NIH-PPARγ cells is to regulate Glut4 expression. The differentiated cells possess a large insulin-sensitive vesicular compartment with negligible Glut4, and Glut4 translocation can be reconstituted on expression of this transporter.
Cyclosporine-Induced Graft-versus-Host Disease after Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Rodents given cyclosporine (CSP) for several weeks after autologous or syngeneic bone marrow transplantation develop a syndrome that mimics allogeneic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Autologous GVHD has also been reported after administration of CSP in patients who have received autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) with untreated marrow for lymphoma or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our study was designed to determine whether CSP administration is associated with appearance of autologous GVHD in patients with AML receiving ABMT with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4HC)-purged marrow and whether there was a dose-dependent effect of CSP on development of the syndrome. Thirty-three patients with AML (18 in first remission [CR1], 10 in CR2, and 5 in CR3) received intravenous CSP, beginning on the day of ABMT, after a preparative regimen of busulfan and cyclophosphamide and ABMT with 4HC-treated marrow. Skin biopsies were obtained weekly after ABMT or on appearance of rash and were graded for GVH changes. In the first phase of this study, groups of patients received CSP dosages of either 1 mg/kg/day (7 patients), 2.5 mg/kg/day (8 patients), or 3.75 mg/kg/day (6 patients) for 28 days. Sixteen of the 21 patients (76%) developed cutaneous histopathologic grade 2 GVHD at a median of 34 days (range, 14-49) after ABMT, and cutaneous manifestation were present at time of positive biopsy in 11 of the 16 patients. There was no apparent difference in frequency, time to onset, or duration of GVHD among the three CSP dosage groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lifetime-aware intrusion detection under safeguarding constraints

This paper addresses the problem of maximizing the service lifetime of a distributed battery-powered sensor network in the context of the network interdiction problem under user-specified initial energy and probability of detection constraints. We consider a version of this problem where the probability distribution of selecting paths by the intruder is known to the interdictor. A two-step solution technique is proposed in whereby first the safeguarding constraints are satisfied and then the scheduling problem is solved. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two-step approach.
A Developmental Study of Children's Interpretation of Emotion in Music:

The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to determine whether develop- mental, gender-based, or emotion-based differences exist in children's ability to interpret emotion in music, and (2) to determine which musical elements contribute to children's interpretations of emotion. Subjects aged 6 to 12 (N = 658) were asked on two occasions to interpret the emotion present in 30 recorded musical excerpts. On one measure subjects were asked to respond by circling happy or sad faces as they listened, and on another measure subjects circled excited or calm faces. The data revealed that subjects of all age groups and both genders were highly consistent in their interpretations. No age or gender differences were found, although subjects were significantly more consistent in their distinction between happy and sad music as compared to their distinction between excited and calm music. Stepwise regression analysis showed that happy-sad distinctions were based largely on the rhythmic activity and articulation of the...
The Onset of Superconductivity at a Superconducting/Normal Interface

We analyze the onset of superconductivity, in a type II superconductor adjacent to a normal material, via a generalized Ginzburg–Landau energy functional, which models the effects of superconducting electron pairs diffusing into the normal part. We consider a superconductor and a normal material, each filling a half-space, in the presence of a constant magnetic field parallel to their interface. Among other results, we show that if the normal state conductivity of the superconductor is less than or equal to the conductivity of the normal material, then normal states are the only global minimizers down to the second critical field $H_{c_2}$ . Hence, we analytically confirm experimental predictions that surface superconductivity may be suppressed by coating a superconductor with a normal metal.
A Detailed Study of the Forming Stage of an Electrochemical Resistive Switching Memory by KMC Simulation

The forming stage characteristics of electrochemical-metallization resistive-switching-random-access-memory cells are studied with an improved kinetic Monte Carlo simulator. The filament topographies obtained at different forming voltage levels and the relationship between forming time and filament topographies are investigated in detail. The so-called “voltage-time dilemma” is simulated and studied. In addition, the various chemical and physical processes that produce these results are discussed. Finally, the simulated pattern is compared with experiments conducted on Cu/H2O and Ag/Ag2S systems.
Genes, Environment, and Cardiovascular Disease

In this essay, we call to attention what every medical researcher knows about the etiology of cardiovascular disease but most deny, or choose to ignore, when designing, carrying out, and reporting genetic studies. Medical research is entering an era of synthesis that will take advantage of the successes of reductionism over the past decade in defining and describing human genome variations. Meaningful insights into the role of such variation requires a biological model of genome-phenotype relationships that incorporates interactions between subsets of possible genetic and environmental agents as causations in particular contexts indexed by time and space. We make recommendations for what needs to be done to cope with these complexities.
Calorimetric Response of Fossil Fuel Systems: Prospects and Problems

It Is now clear that world production of conventional fossil fuels (mainly oil and gas) will be declining by the end of the century. Energy demands for the future, therefore, will have to be met, at least partially by alternative fuel supplies. In this respect, the United States and many other parts of the world contain substantial resources of coals, oil shales and oil sands which can be profitably tapped.
Emics and Etics for Organizational Studies A Lesson in Contrast from Linguistics

Pike spent his career addressing a practical problem in linguistics, one that has a close analogy in international organizational studies. It is the problem of how someone can enter an unfamiliar c...
Regulatory T cells reduce acute lung injury fibroproliferation by decreasing fibrocyte recruitment.

Acute lung injury (ALI) causes significant morbidity and mortality. Fibroproliferation in ALI results in worse outcomes, but the mechanisms governing fibroproliferation remain poorly understood. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important in lung injury resolution. Their role in fibroproliferation is unknown. We sought to identify the role of Tregs in ALI fibroproliferation, using a murine model of lung injury. Wild-type (WT) and lymphocyte-deficient Rag-1−/− mice received intratracheal LPS. Fibroproliferation was characterized by histology and the measurement of lung collagen. Lung fibrocytes were measured by flow cytometry. To dissect the role of Tregs in fibroproliferation, Rag-1−/− mice received CD4+CD25+ (Tregs) or CD4+CD25− Tcells (non-Tregs) at the time of LPS injury. To define the role of the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12)–CXCR4 pathway in ALI fibroproliferation, Rag-1−/− mice were treated with the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 to block fibrocyte recruitment. WT and Rag-1−/− mice demonstrated ...
Therapies aimed at airway inflammation in cystic fibrosis.

The progressive pulmonary disease associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) claims the lives of the majority of patients afflicted with this disorder. 13 Although airway obstruction and chronic endobronchial infection have long been recognized as major pathogenic factors, airway inflammation has more recently been recognized to play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease. The inflammatory response is excessive and persistent, and sets the stage for a vicious cycle of airway obstruction, infection, and inflammation that ultimately leads to lung destruction. Relieving obstruction and controlling infection have been cornerstones of therapy for many decades. Recent recognition of the prominent role of inflammation has prompted the investigation of treatments aimed at controlling inflammation in the CF lung. A more detailed description of inflammation in the CF lung and anti-inflammatory therapies currently in use and under investigation are discussed in this article.
Rebuilding the American State: Evidence from the 1940s

From the vantage point of a critical moment in the history of statebuilding in the United States, we wish to take a fresh look at questions about the resources and wherewithal of the national state. Within modern American political science, a focus on state capacity is at least as old as the landmark essay by Woodrow Wilson on “The Study of Administration” and as current as the important scholarly impulse that has revived interest in the state at a time of struggle about the size and span of the federal government. The dominant motif of these various accounts of American statebuilding has been a concern with organizational assets, which usually are assayed by their placement on a linear scale of strength and weakness.
Proposal of user-collaborative mobile object assignment system

Recently, mobile object sharing systems including car-sharing systems have been gathering more attention as an ecological activity. In this paper, we propose a user-collaborative mobile object assignment system using location information of users. The optimal mobile object assignment is to minimize travel distances of mobile objects in the existing mobile object assignment system, and the system controls allocation of mobile objects. The system recommends the two users to hand over the mobile object to each other if it is the optimal way for users, for example, one user gets off the car and another user rides on the same car continuously. Our proposed system uses the location information of both current and next users to find the optimal way for both users, and informs them the information. Then, the system can trigger the independent collaboration of users by leaving a final decision up to them. Firstly our system calculates optimal mobile object assignment for both current and next users. Secondly, if it is efficient for both current and next users to change the destination of the current user, the system recommends the current user to change the current destination to the calculated one. Thereafter, the system gets an extra fee from the next user, and gives a part of that to the current user as incentive for change of destination when it is needed. Our system can achieve a more friendly system for both user and environment than the current system and solve the distribution problem of mobile objects. Also, we did multi-agent simulations with basic scenarios including a part of proposed method, and got results showing that the system was effective at increasing the number of people who were collaborate with each other.
Antihypertensive Effect of Clonidine

Clonidine hydrochloride is a sympathetic inhibitor with central site of action. The antihypertensive effect in man in the supine position is associated with a decrease in cardiac output and no cons...
Experimental validation of 3D printed patient-specific implants using digital image correlation and finite element analysis

With the dawn of 3D printing technology, patient-specific implant designs are set to have a paradigm shift. A topology optimization method in designing patient-specific craniofacial implants has been developed to ensure adequate load transfer mechanism and restore the form and function of the mid-face. Patient-specific finite element models are used to design these implants and to validate whether they are viable for physiological loading such as mastication. Validation of these topology optimized finite element models using mechanical testing is a critical step. Instead of inserting the implants into a cadaver or patient, we embed the implants into the computer-aided skull model of a patient and, fuse them together to 3D print the complete skull model with the implant. Masticatory forces are applied in the molar region to simulate chewing and measure the stress-strain trajectory. Until recently, strain gages have been used to measure strains for validation. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method is a relatively new technique for full-field strain measurement which provides a continuous deformation field data. The main objective of this study is to validate the finite element model of patient-specific craniofacial implants against the strain data from the DIC obtained during the mastication simulation and show that the optimized shapes provide adequate load-transfer mechanism. Patient-specific models are obtained from CT scans. The principal maximum and minimum strains are compared. The computational and experimental approach to designing patient-specific implants proved to be a viable technique for mid-face craniofacial reconstruction.
Integrated near field transducer heat assisted magnetic recording head: Design and recording demonstration

We present a spin stand recording demonstration with an integrated near field transducer heat assisted magnetic recording head. An areal density of ∼ 240 Gbit/in2 at 15.5 dB ACSN was obtained on FeP t media spinning at 2700 rpm. The head design is discussed.