cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemically suppressed anion chromatography based on macrocycle—cation complexation

Abstract A novel ion chromatographic technique is described using macrocyclic ligand—cation complexes as anion-exchange sites, yielding columns of variable capacity and chromatograms independent of sample cation. Hydrophobic macrocycles are coated onto commercially available C18-derivatized silica or polystyrene columns. The aqueous eluent contains cations that bind dynamically to the macrocycle, forming positively charged exchange sites. The nature of the ion-exchange sites, and thus the column characteristics, can be altered simply by changing the eluent cation.
Cumulative Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders by Young Adulthood: A Prospective Cohort Analysis From the Great Smoky Mountains Study.

Objective No longitudinal studies beginning in childhood have estimated the cumulative prevalence of psychiatric illness from childhood into young adulthood. The objective of this study was to estimate the cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorders by young adulthood and to assess how inclusion of not otherwise specified diagnoses affects cumulative prevalence estimates. Method The prospective, population-based Great Smoky Mountains Study assessed 1,420 participants up to nine times from 9 through 21 years of age from 11 counties in the southeastern United States. Common psychiatric disorders were assessed in childhood and adolescence (ages 9 to 16 years) with the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment and in young adulthood (ages 19 and 21 years) with the Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment. Cumulative prevalence estimates were derived from multiple imputed datasets. Results By 21 years of age, 61.1% of participants had met criteria for a well-specified psychiatric disorder. An additional 21.4% had met criteria for a not otherwise specified disorder only, increasing the total cumulative prevalence for any disorder to 82.5%. Male subjects had higher rates of substance and disruptive behavior disorders compared with female subjects; therefore, they were more likely to meet criteria for a well-specified disorder (67.8% vs 56.7%) or any disorder (89.1% vs 77.8%). Children with a not otherwise specified disorder only were at increased risk for a well-specified young adult disorder compared with children with no disorder in childhood. Conclusions Only a small percentage of young people meet criteria for a DSM disorder at any given time, but most do by young adulthood. As with other medical illness, psychiatric illness is a nearly universal experience.
The formation of two-dimensional arrays of isometric plant viruses in the presence of polyethylene glycol

Abstract The formation of two-dimensional arrays of isometric plant viruses using the negative staining carbon-film technique has been extended to include experiments on the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The original negative staining carbon-film method depended on the availability of freshly prepared highly concentrated plant virus suspensions, as material stored at 4°C from 24hr to several weeks resulted in a considerable reduction in the areas of crystalline arrays. The addition of PEG, mol. wt. 6000, to stored plant virus suspensions containing cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, broad bean mottle virus, turnip rosette virus and southern bean mosaic virus has resulted in the formation of extensive continuous areas of crystalline arrays.
Construction of the adiabatic connection

Two models for the change in the λ-dependent exchange-correlation energy upon atomization ΔExc,λ = Excλatoms − Excλmolecule are proposed, where Exc,λ = 〈ψλ|Vee|λλ〉 - ʃ d3r d3r′ p(r)p(r′)/2|r − r′|. The wavefunction ψλ yields the ground-state density ϱ adn mininizes T + λVee. These models (ΔExc,λmodel) make use of the exact Ex and generalized gradient approximations (GGAs) to Exc. The construction of the simplest model is verified by calculating the exact dΔExc,λ/dλ|λ=0 from density functional pertubation theory and comparing it to dΔExc, λmodel/dλ|λ=0. For systems with strong static correlations, explicit inclusion of dΔExc,λ/dλ|λ=0 further improves the approximation to ΔExc, λ. Atomization energies calculated from ΔExc,λmodel show a significant improvement over GGA.
The initial kinetics of enzyme induction

Abstract Kinetics of induction of several enzymes of Escherichia coli have been investigated under conditions where non-specific nutrient effects and permeability mechanisms are not important. Measurements made over time intervals of a few minutes permitted detection of initial events brought about by addition or removal of inducers or inhibitors. With each enzyme a lag of about 3 min between addition of inducer and appearance of enzyme at 37° was noted. This lag was dependent on temperature and independent of inducer concentration, in contrast to an inhibitor which showed the opposite behavior. The induction lag, therefore, does not represent the time required for penetration of the inducer. Studies with inhibitors suggest that some metabolism involving the synthesis of a ribonucleic acid is required before enzyme synthesis can proceed. The formation of enzyme ceased about 5 min after inducer was removed or after glucose was supplied to the culture, suggesting that the enzyme-forming system is unstable. A model for the enzyme forming apparatus of the cell is suggested which is consistent with the kinetic data and with other information regarding induction. A repressor prevents function of the genetic material of the bacteria. The inducer is thought to prevent the repressor from acting. This freed genetic material forms a special, unstable ribonucleic acid which interacts with the ribosomes to provide an active template for enzyme synthesis. The time required for enzyme formation to commence is attributed principally to the interval during which the repressor is lost and the unstable ribonucleic acid is formed. A possible similarity between repressor and unstable ribonucleic acid is suggested. Instability appears to be spontaneous at temperatures where metabolism goes on, rather than being caused by use of the system for enzyme production.
An Analytical Investigation of Interfacial Dissipation in Piezoelectric Block Resonators

This paper presents an analytical investigation of interfacial dissipation in piezoelectric block resonators. Interfacial dissipation is the loss of vibration energy at the interface between two successive layers in such devices. The physical mechanism of interfacial dissipation is examined within the framework of continuum mechanics. This dissipation is further mathematically formulated in terms of a stress jump across the interface and its accompanying interfacial slip. By assuming the block resonator is an ideal rectangular block, the expressions for interfacial dissipation in two typical types of piezoelectric block resonators are derived. The calculated results are validated by comparison with experimental data in the literature. For the first time, this analytical investigation not only sheds insight on how interfacial dissipation occurs but also provides design guidelines on reducing this dissipation.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Model-independent extraction of |Vcb| using dispersion relations

Abstract We present a method for parametrizing heavy meson semileptonic form factors using dispersion relations, and from it produce a two-parameter description of the B → B elastic form factor. We use heavy quark symmetry to relate this function to B → D ∗ l ν form factors, and extract | V cb | = 0.037 −0.002 +0.003 from experimental data w least squares fit. Our method eliminates model-dependent uncertainties inherent in choosing a parametrization for the extrapolation of the differential decay rate to threshold. The method also allows a description of B → Dl ν form factors accurate to 1% in terms of two parameters.
Peat formation concentrates arsenic within sediment deposits of the Mekong Delta

Abstract Mekong River Delta sediment bears arsenic that has been released to groundwater under anaerobic conditions over the past several thousand years. The oxidation state, speciation, and distribution of arsenic and the associated iron bearing phases are crucial determinants of As reactivity in sediments. Peat from buried mangrove swamps in particular may be an important host, source, or sink of arsenic in the Mekong Delta. The total concentration, speciation, and reactivity of arsenic and iron were examined in sediments in a Mekong Delta wetland by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and selective chemical extractions. Total solid-phase arsenic concentrations in a peat layer at a depth of 6 m below ground increased 10-fold relative to the overlying sediment. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy revealed that arsenic in the peat was predominantly in the form of arsenian pyrite. Arsenic speciation in the peat was examined further at the micron-scale using μ XRF and μ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis. The multiple energy μ XRF mapping and μ XANES routine was repeated for both iron and sulfur phase analyses. Our μ XRF/ μ XANES analyses confirm arsenic association with pyrite – a less reactive host phase than iron (hydr)oxides under anaerobic conditions. The arsenian pyrite likely formed upon deposition/formation of the peat in a past estuarine environment (∼5.5 ka BP), a process that is not expected under current geochemical conditions. Presently, arsenian pyrite is neither a detectable source nor a sink for aqueous arsenic in our sediment profile, and under present geochemical conditions represents a stable host of As under the reducing aquifer conditions of the Mekong Delta. Furthermore, organic carbon within the peat is unable to fuel Fe(III) reduction, as noted by the persistence of goethite which can be reduced microbially with the addition of glucose.
Authoring “Race”: Writing Truth and Fiction after School

This article examines the process a diverse group of eighth grade students go through when charged with writing about the ways in which race might matter at their desegregated school. Students' articulations are bounded by a school culture of silence around race. The regulatory aspect of this school culture was enacted when students first make racism visible through exaggerated writing in a fictional play about school life, only to later censor themselves in an effort to more accurately portray the implicit nature of racialized relations at the school. As the students talked and wrote about their understandings of race and racism at their school, we listened carefully to what they said and also to their silences, paying attention to the erasures. The article concludes that such findings invite us to think about the value of alternative spaces for students to talk and write as well as a consideration of how the school sphere itself might be made more accepting of diverse perspectives on race outside of the dominant colorblind discourse. In addition, we suggest the power of fiction for eliciting conversation among youth.
One hundred five penetrating cardiac injuries: a 2-year prospective evaluation.

Objectives: To analyze the parameters measured in the field, during transport, and upon arrival of the physiologic condition of patients sustaining penetrating cardiac injuries, along with the Cardiovascular Respiratory Score (CVRS) component of the Trauma Score, the mechanism and anatomical site of injury, operative characteristics, and cardiac rhythm as predictors of outcome. We also set out to identify a set of patient characteristics that best predict mortality outcome and to correlate cardiac injury grade as determined by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale (AAST-OIS) with mortality. Methods: This report was a prospective study at American College of Surgeons Level I urban trauma center. Interventions included thoracotomy, sternotomy, or both, for resuscitation and definitive repair of cardiac injury. The main outcome measures used were those parameters measuring physiologic condition of patients, CVRS, mechanism and anatomical site of injury, mortality, and grade of injury. Results: A total of 105 patients sustained penetrating cardiac injuries: 68 injuries (65%) were gunshot wounds and 37 injuries (35%) were stab wounds. The mean Injury Severity Score was 36. Of the 105 wounds, 23 wounds (22%) involved multiple-chamber injuries. The overall survival was 35 of 105 patients (33%): survival of gunshot wound victims was 11 of 68 patients (16%); survival of stab wound victims was 24 of 37 patients (65%). Emergency department thoracotomy was performed in 71 of the 105 patients (68%) with 10 survivors (14%). CVRS: 94% mortality (50 of 53) when CVRS = 0, 89% mortality (57 of 64) when CVRS = 0 to 3, and 31% mortality (12 of 39) when CVRS 4 to 11 (p < 0.001). The presence of sinus rhythm when pericardium was opened predicted survival (p < 0.001). Anatomical site of injury (injured chamber) and the presence of tamponade did not predict survival. Stepwise logistic regression analysis identified gunshot wound, exsanguination, and restoration of blood pressure as most predictive variables of mortality. AAST-OIS injury grade and mortality: grade I, 0 of 1 (0%); grade II, 1 of 2 (50%); grade III, 2 of 3 (66%); grade IV, 28 of 50 (56%); grade V, 29 of 38 (76%); grade VI, 10 of 11 (91%). Overall incidence: grades IV-VI, 99 of 105 (94%). Conclusions: Parameters measuring physiologic condition, CVRS, and mechanism of injury are significant predictors of outcome in penetrating cardiac injuries. AAST-OIS injury grades I-III are rare in penetrating cardiac trauma. AAST-OIS Injury grades IV-VI are common in penetrating cardiac trauma and accurately predict outcome.
Phase field theory of surface- and size-induced microstructures

New surface- and size-induced microstructures are found as analytic solutions to a phase field theory of first-order phase transformations. A recently developed exact stability criterion, based on most destabilizing fluctuations, is used to analyze the stability and physical interpretation of each microstructure. Conditions for barrierless surface nucleation, i.e. relationship between surface energy, driving force for the transformation and sample size, are found. If they are met, some of these microstructures are destroyed resulting in the barrierless transformation to alternative phases.
Numerical renormalization-group calculations for similarity solutions and traveling waves

We present a numerical implementation of the renormalization group (RG) for partial differential equations, constructing similarity solutions and traveling waves. We show that for a large class of well-localized initial conditions, successive iterations of an approximately defined discrete RG transformation in space and time will drive the system towards a fixed point. This corresponds to a scale-invariant solution, such as a similarity or traveling-wave solution, which governs the long-time asymptotic behavior. We demonstrate that the numerical RG method is computationally very efficient.
Behavioral and serotonergic response changes in the Dhcr7-HET mouse model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Abstract Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a developmental disorder resulting from mutations to the Dhcr7 gene, which is required for cholesterol synthesis. Patients with SLOS typically exhibit a number of severe behavioral deficits and many are diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder. Although the molecular pathophysiology underlying behavioral changes in SLOS and autism spectrum disorders is poorly understood, there is evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic system in SLOS and autism in general. Behavioral testing was undertaken to ascertain the basal behavioral differences between Dhcr7-heterozygous (HET) and wild-type control mice and explore the utility of a Dhcr7-HET mouse line in the development of new treatments for this disorder. Dhcr7-HET mice did not differ from wild-type control mice on basic measures of locomotor activity, anxiety and neuromuscular ability. However, female Dhcr7-HET mice at 6 months of age or older were significantly more likely to win on the social dominance tube test against an unfamiliar mouse. Pharmacological testing, using the 5-HT 2A agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), showed increased head-twitch response in Dhcr7-HET mice, which was apparent from 6 months of age. No differences were found between the genotypes in testing for 5-HT 1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia. These data indicate an underlying dysfunction of the 5-HT 2A receptors in Dhcr7-HET mice that warrants further investigation to establish how this may relate to behavioral disturbances in human patients carrying Dhcr7 mutations.
Reflective terahertz (THz) imaging: system calibration using hydration phantoms

Terahertz (THz) hydration sensing continues to gain traction in the medical imaging community due to its unparalleled sensitivity to tissue water content. Rapid and accurate detection of fluid shifts following induction of thermal skin burns as well as remote corneal hydration sensing have been previously demonstrated in vivo using reflective, pulsed THz imaging. The hydration contrast sensing capabilities of this technology were recently confirmed in a parallel 7 Tesla Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging study, in which burn areas are associated with increases in local mobile water content. Successful clinical translation of THz sensing, however, still requires quantitative assessments of system performance measurements, specifically hydration concentration sensitivity, with tissue substitutes. This research aims to calibrate the sensitivity of a novel, reflective THz system to tissue water content through the use of hydration phantoms for quantitative comparisons of THz hydration imagery.Gelatin phantoms were identified as an appropriate tissue-mimicking model for reflective THz applications, and gel composition, comprising mixtures of water and protein, was varied between 83% to 95% hydration, a physiologically relevant range. A comparison of four series of gelatin phantom studies demonstrated a positive linear relationship between THz reflectivity and water concentration, with statistically significant hydration sensitivities (p < .01) ranging between 0.0209 - 0.038% (reflectivity: %hydration). The THz-phantom interaction is simulated with a three-layer model using the Transfer Matrix Method with agreement in hydration trends. Having demonstrated the ability to accurately and noninvasively measure water content in tissue equivalent targets with high sensitivity, reflective THz imaging is explored as a potential tool for early detection and intervention of corneal pathologies.
Bias reduction for jackknife skewness

It has been found in simulation studies(Beran, 1984; Tu and Zhang, 1992a) that the jackknife skewness estimators have large downward biases. In this paper a method to reduce the biases of negative jackknife skewness estimators is suggested. The performance of the bias reduced estimators is assessed by Monte Carlo simulations for both small and moderate sample sizes.
Meta-modeling: a knowledge-based approach to facilitating process model construction and reuse

In this paper, we introduce a new modeling approach called meta-modeling and illustrate its practical applicability to the construction of physically-based ecosystem process models. As a critical adjunct to modeling codes meta-modeling requires explicit specification of certain background information related to the construction and conceptual underpinnings of a model. This information formalizes the heretofore tacit relationship between the mathematical modeling code and the underlying real-world phenomena being investigated, and gives insight into the process by which the model was constructed. We show how the explicit availability of such information can make models more understandable and reusable and less subject to misinterpretation. In particular, background information enables potential users to better interpret an implemented ecosystem model without direct assistance from the model author. Additionally, we show how the discipline involved in specifying background information leads to improved management of model complexity and fewer implementation errors. We illustrate the meta-modeling approach in the context of the Scientists' Intelligent Graphical Modeling Assistant (SIGMA) a new model construction environment. As the user constructs a model using SIGMA the system adds appropriate background information that ties the executable model to the underlying physical phenomena under investigation. Not only does this information improve the understandability of the final model it also serves to reduce the overall time and programming expertise necessary to initially build and subsequently modify models. Furthermore, SIGMA's use of background knowledge helps eliminate coding errors resulting from scientific and dimensional inconsistencies that are otherwise difficult to avoid when building complex models. As a. demonstration of SIGMA's utility, the system was used to reimplement and extend a well-known forest ecosystem dynamics model: Forest-BGC.
The staircase test: some evidence of nonspecificity for anxiolytics.

In the staircase test, a naive mouse is placed in a Plexiglas chamber containing a five-step staircase, and the number of rearings and steps climbed are recorded for 3 min. A claim for drug-class specificity has been made because conventional anxiolytics reduced rearings at doses that did not reduce steps climbed, while non-anxiolytics affected both measures in parallel. In the present study chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate, and ethanol registered the expected true positive effect by reducing rearings at doses that did not reduce steps climbed. Nicotine, which has some clinical anxiolytic action, registered a small true positive. The benzodiazepine anxiolytic alprazolam reduced both measures, a false negative, although it reduced rearings more than steps climbed. The putative novel anxiolytics CGS 9896, ketanserine, and tracazolate registered negatives, as did the known clinical anxiolytic buspirone. The non-anxiolytics phencyclidine and phenacetin registered true negatives, but morphine registered a clear false positive. The anxiogenics FG 7142 and pentylenetetrazol produced no significant effects. Because of the equivocal false negative for alprazolam, the clear false negative for buspir-one, and the clear false positive for morphine, we concluded that the test lacks the degree of therapeutic-class specificity previously proposed but may still be useful in basic research.
Women physicians as teachers, administrators, and researchers in medical and surgical specialties: Kanter versus “Avis” as competing hypotheses

According to Kanter and others, when women represent a very small proportion of a profession their performance will be affected—“tokens” often are afraid of achieving outstanding performance. On the other hand, rather than small proportions lowering role performance, perhaps the “Avis syndrome” operates; perhaps women who enter male professions try harder as they perceive that they are on trial. The present study tests the relation between percentage of women in 17 medical and surgical specialities and percentage of women within each specialty who select the nontraditional roles of teacher, administrator, and researcher [as contrasted to practitioner]. Neither the Kanter hypothesis of direct relationship, nor the Avis hypothesis of inverse relationship was supported. Results indicated that women physicians tend most likely to be overrepresented as teachers and underrepresented as administrators, regardless of their proportion in the specialty. The most powerful position of administrator is primarily occupied by male physicians; perhaps even in medicine, teaching remains a traditional role for women.
Multiple isotope forensics of nitrate in a wild horse poisoning incident.

Multiple stable isotope analysis can be a powerful technique in forensic sciences. Oxygen and nitrogen isotopes were used to determine the source of nitrate that was responsible for the poisoning deaths of 71 wild horses in the Nevada desert. The nitrate was present in a water-filled hole known as 'the Main Lake depression.' Nitrate from the Main Lake depression had d 18 O and d 15 N values that were very positive (+32%, +37%), and D 17 O values of approximately +2%. The isotopic data suggested that the most probable source of the nitrate was nitrification of nitrogen from horse manure and urine that had leached into the pond. The d 18 O signal suggested that extreme evaporative concentration had occurred, resulting in toxic levels of nitrate accumulating in the Main Lake depression. The study demonstrates the utility of the multiple stable isotope analysis approach for characterizing sources of nitrate.
Sexual harassment of students by professional psychology educators : A national survey

Perhaps the finding that men were less uncomfortable than women when sexual advances were made by a person of greater power is explained by previous research documenting that men are rarely the recipients of sexually harassing behaviors (Fitzgerald et al., 1988). Additionally, increased vulnerability among women may contribute to the likelihood of experiencing sexual harassment (Robinson & Reid, 1985), and may serve to elevate the level of discomfort for women, but not for men, during sexual advances. This lack of discomfort for many men may simply reflect an underdeveloped sensitivity to the actual experience of sexual harassment. Gender awareness training and the cultivation of empathy and understanding for the experience of sexual harassment may enable men to imagine what it is like to be the target of sexually harassing behaviors. For instance, creating in vivo scenarios in which an authority figure subjects men to the actual experiences of cornering, leering, fondling, sexual insults, threats of penalty if sexual demands are not met, and prominently displayed male pornography may help to develop understanding and empathy. Such training models, designed to sensitize men to the psychological discomfort created by a sexually harassing environment, may serve to increase awareness and may, in turn, reduce occurrence. Additional training recommendations designed to sensitize professors and graduate students to sexual harassment have been posited by Pyke (1996) and emphasize enhanced education on increasing awareness of sexual harassment, recognizing the importance of boundaries and power differentials in professional relationships, and providing information on managing and reporting sexual harassment. The need for departments of psychology to encourage other university departments to attend to these issues was also suggested.
Psychological and physical distress are interdependent in breast cancer survivors and their partners

Objective: Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment negatively affect quality of life in survivors and their supportive partners. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the degree of dyadic interdependence in psychological and physical symptom distress in dyads adjusting to breast cancer. Method: Participants were 49 breast cancer survivors and their partners, who were spouses, other family members, or friends of the survivor. Psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and negative affect) and physical symptom distress were measured at three points in time, each separated by eight weeks. Results: Survivors and partners exhibited significant interdependence in psychological and physical symptom distress over the four-month course of the investigation. This was evident in longitudinal partner effects in actor–partner interdependence models as well as in significant T1→T3 indirect effects mediated by partner distress. Conclusions: The course of breast cancer survivors’ psychological and physical symp...
Purification and partial characterization of feline classical pancreatic lipase

Classical pancreatic lipase has been purified and partially characterized in many species. The objective of this project was to purify feline classical pancreatic lipase (fPL) from pancreatic tissue and partially characterize this protein. Pancreata were collected from cats (Felis catus) euthanized for unrelated research projects. Fat was removed by trimming away grossly visible fat and by extraction in organic solvents. The delipidated pancreatic extract was further purified by extracting the enzymes in a Tris-buffer containing two different protease inhibitors, benzamidine and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, followed by anion-exchange, size-exclusion, and cation-exchange chromatography. Feline pancreatic lipase was successfully purified from feline pancreatic tissue. The purified product showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular mass of approximately 52.5 kDa. Exact molecular mass was determined by mass spectrometry as 52.4 kDa. Approximate specific absorbance at 280 nm of fPL was 1.18 for a 1 mg/ml solution. N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 25 amino acid residues showed the sequence Lys-Glu-Ile-?-Phe-Pro-Arg-Leu-Gly-?-Phe-Ser-Asp-Asp-Ala-Pro-Trp-Ala-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gln-Arg-Pro-Leu. This sequence showed close homology with the amino acid sequence of classical pancreatic lipase in other species.
On occurrence of subpattern and method of gambling teams

The expected value and generating function of the number of overlapping occurrences of a pattern P in a Markov chain until the first occurrence of a member from a finite collection of patterns that start with P is obtained. A martingale technique is employed to address the problem.
WoM-SET: low power proactive-SET-based PCM write using WoM code

The emerging Phase Change Memory (PCM), while having many advantages, suffers from slow write operations. This is mainly due to its asymmetric write characteristic, i.e., for two types of write operations of PCM, SET is much slower than RESET. Recent study has shown that proactively setting dirty memory lines to all `1's can enable RESET-only writes when these lines are written back from the cache, which helps to reduce the effective write latency. Unfortunately, it results in higher write power demand. In this paper, we propose WoM-SET, a low power proactive-SET-based write strategy. By exploiting the WoM (write-once memory) code, we greatly reduce the number of RESETs per write and hence the write power demand. By applying our design only to write-intensive pages, we restrict the extra space requirement in WoM-SET. Our experiments show that WoM-SET achieves 40% RESET bit reduction, 40% write power reduction, and 12% energy-delay-product improvement over the PreSET scheme.
Improving I/O Throughput with PRIMACY: Preconditioning ID-Mapper for Compressing Incompressibility

The ability to efficiently handle massive amounts of data is necessary for the continuing development towards exascale scientific data-mining applications and database systems. Unfortunately, recent years have shown a growing gap between the size and complexity of data produced from scientific applications and the limited I/O bandwidth available on modern high-performance computing systems. Utilizing data compression in order to lower the degree of I/O activity offers a promising means to addressing this problem. However, the standard compression algorithms previously explored for such use offer limited gains on both the end-to-end throughput and storage fronts. In this paper, we introduce an in-situ compression scheme aimed at improving end-to-end I/O throughput as well as reduction of dataset size. Our technique, PRIMACY (Preconditioning Id-MApper for Compressing incompressibility), acts as a preconditioner for standard compression libraries by modifying representation of original floating-point scientific data to increase byte-level repeatability, allowing standard loss less compressors to take advantage of their entropy-based byte-level encoding schemes. We additionally present a theoretical model for compression efficiency in high-performance computing environments and evaluate the efficiency of our approach via comparative analysis. Based on our evaluations on 20 real-world scientific datasets, PRIMACY achieved up to 38% and 22% improvements upon standard end-to-end write and read throughputs respectively in addition to a 25% increase in compression ratios paired with 3-to-4-fold improvement in both compression and decompression throughput over general purpose compressors.
A strong pumping lemma for context-free languages

Abstract A context-free language is shown to be equivalent to a set of sentences describable by sequences of strings related by finite substitutions on finite domains, and vice-versa. As a result, a necessary and sufficient version of the Classic Pumping Lemma is established. This result provides a guaranteed method of proving that a language is not context-free when such is the case. An example is given of a language which neither the Classic Pumping Lemma nor Parikh's Theorem can show to be non-context-free, although Ogden's Lemma can. The main result also establishes {anbamn} as a language which is not in the Boolean closure of deterministic context-free languages.
On the use of the Boussinesq equations, the reduced system, and the primitive equations for the computation of geophysical flows

Abstract Motivated in part by the mathematical problems associated with the application of open boundary conditions to the hydrostatic primitive equations (PE), Browning et al. (1990, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 14: 303–332) proposed the use of the reduced system (RS) of equations to replace PE for oceanographic problems. The RS are essentially the Boussinesq equations (BO) with the non-hydrostatic terms in the vertical momentum equation multiplied by a constant δ2 ⪢ 1. This artificially alters the physics (e.g. changing the intemal-inertial wave properties) to facilitate numerical integration, but the changes are assumed to have negligible effects on the dynamics of interest. We assess the accuracy and utility of the RS (following the guidelines for the choice of δ) by comparing numerical finite difference solutions of RS, PE and BO for initial-value problems involving three-dimensional instability of an ocean front and atmospheric frontal development in a two-dimensional Eady wave. Both explicit (BO, PE) and semi-implicit (BOSI, PESI) time-difference schemes are used for the Boussinesq and primitive equations. For RS, the same explicit scheme as for BO is used where δ ⪢ 1 allows larger time steps than with the other explicit models. It is found that relative to BO solutions, the errors for RS are small but increase rapidly and monotonically with increasing δ (over a range consistent with the guidelines) and are greater than the errors for the other models. The use of BOSI allows time steps at least as large as those for RS and results in smaller errors than RS. For these problems, BOSI is the preferable model to replace PE.
Testicular tumors in prepubertal children.

Abstract A clinical analysis was made of 556 prepubertal children with testis tumors. Germinal tumors comprised 76 per cent of this group, and the most common of these tumors was the yolk sac carcinoma. Although many appellations have been used to describe this tumor, experimental and clinical evidence support the use of this term. The over-all two-year survival was 72 per cent and was better in children less than two years of age. The tumor is distinctly different from the embryonal carcinoma of the adult. The role of lymphadenectomy needs to be reassessed in view of the low incidence of lymph node metastases and the propensity for pulmonary metastases. Chemotherapy appears to be of benefit. Tumor markers, particularly alpha-fetoprotein, may be of assistance in planning therapy. The other germinal tumor is the teratoma. This is a benign, nonmetastasizing disease in children and requires only orchiectomy. Nongerminal tumors comprised 24 per cent of tumors and require only orchiectomy. Sertoli cell tumors are rare, and there has been only one report of metastatic disease. Leydig cell tumors present with endocrine manifestations and are benign in children. They may be difficult to distinguish from tumors associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Rhabdomyosarcomas should be treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. The over-all survival of 74 per cent for these patients indicates the benefits of aggressive therapy.
Packaging technology for a low temperature astrometric sensor array

An advanced astrometric sensor array (AASA) of charge-coupled device (CCD) chips was constructed using thin-film hybrid multichip packaging technology for operation at -140 degrees C. A series of AASA prototypes were fabricated with various epoxies, circuitry layouts, and substrate thicknesses in order to determine materials, fabrication processes, and structures suitable for construction of the AASA. A silicon template was fabricated by anisotropic etching and used to align the sensors. The AASA samples were evaluated by thermal cycling (27-138 degrees C) and die shear tests. Computer modeling was used for thermal stress analysis of the mechanical behavior of the AASA as a function of temperature. The coupled noise between long parallel lines (1.5 cm) on the AASA was investigated by circuit simulation and experimental measurements. The experimental and modeling results are presented. >
Sex-related variation in the production of predicate types in Japanese

Abstract This paper deals with sex-related syntactic differences in Japanese speech. Examined specifically is the claim that there is a marked sex-specificity in the use of predicates, with men tending to use verbs and women more often employing adjectives, the difference being attributed to the more ‘emotional’ and ‘subjective’ nature of female speech. The data used consists of large samples of everyday, informal speech obtained from five male white-collar workers and five middle-class housewives, groups considered to be the most representative or typical in Japanese society. An analysis of the data reveals little, if any, support for the claim that the use of verbal or adjectival sentences is related to the sex of the speaker. The reasons given for expecting women to use adjectival sentences are also examined in some detail.
SAD kernels: a software tool to evaluate synchronization behavior of multiprocessors

The authors propose a method to characterize the performance of multiprocessor systems at the level of a single grain, called a unit grain, of execution. The characterization is via experimental measurement of individual components of performance. The authors introduce a family of artificial workload kernels, called SAD-kernels, as an effective tool for measuring this performance. The usefulness of these kernels lies in their ability to selectively assess a given shared-memory multiprocessor along several performance dimensions that can be controlled by the person performing the evaluation. The proposed methodology was demonstrated by measuring and comparing the performance of two commercial shared-memory machines currently in use. >
Stability of the Peierls instability for ring-shaped molecules

We investigate the conventional tight-binding model of L π electrons on a ring-shaped molecule of L atoms with nearest-neighbor hopping. The hopping amplitudes t(w) depend on the atomic spacings w with an associated distortion energy V(w). A Hubbard-type on-site interaction as well as nearest-neighbor repulsive potentials can also be included. We prove that when L =4k +2 the minimum energy E occurs either for equal spacing or for alternating spacings (dimerization); nothing more chaotic can occur. In particular, this statement is true for the Peierls-Hubbard Hamiltonian, which is the case of linear t(w) and quadratic V(w), i.e., t(w)=t o−αw and V(w)=k(w −a)2,but our results hold for any choice of couplings or functions t (w) and V(w). When L =4k we prove that more chaotic minima can occur, as we show in an explicit example, but the alternating state is always asymptotically exact in the limit L→∞. Our analysis suggests three interesting conjectures about how dimerization stabilizes for large systems. We also treat the spin-Peierls problem and prove that nothing more chaotic than dimerization occurs for L =4k +2 and L =4k.
Myth of the molecule: DNA barcodes for species cannot replace morphology for identification and classification

So-called DNA barcodes have recently been proposed to answer the problem of specimen identification and to quantify global biodiversity. We show that this proposition is wanting in terms of rationale, methodology and interpretation of results. In addition to falling short of all its stated goals, the method abandons the benefits of morphological studies in favor of a limited molecular identification system that would ultimately impede our understanding of biodiversity.
High-resolution elasticity imaging for tissue engineering

An elasticity microscope provides high resolution images of tissue elasticity. With this instrument, it may be possible to monitor cell growth and tissue development in tissue engineering. To test this hypothesis, elasticity micrographs were obtained in two model systems commonly used for tissue engineering. In the first, strain images of a tissue-engineered smooth muscle sample clearly identified a several hundred micron thick cell layer from its supporting matrix. Because a one-dimensional mechanical model was appropriate for this system, strain images alone were sufficient to image the elastic properties. In contrast, a second system was investigated in which a simple one-dimensional mechanical model was inadequate. Uncultured collagen microspheres embedded in an otherwise homogeneous gel were imaged with the elasticity microscope. Strain images alone did not clearly depict the elastic properties of the hard spherical cell carriers. However, reconstructed elasticity images could differentiate the hard inclusion from the background gel. These results strongly suggest that the elasticity microscope may be a valuable tool for tissue engineering and other applications requiring the elastic properties of soft tissue at high spatial resolution (75 /spl mu/m or less).
Indium arsenide quantum wire tri-gate metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor

We present the results of a three-dimensional, self-consistent ballistic quantum simulation of an indium arsenide (InAs) quantum wire metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) with channel lengths of 30 nm and 10 nm. We find that both devices exhibit exceptional I/sub on//I/sub off/ ratio, reasonable subthreshold swing and reduced threshold voltage variation. Furthermore, we find that the current in the 30 nm case is reduced at the end of the sweep due in part to tunneling through lateral states set up in the channel of the device, but in the shorter channel case we do not find this effect for the voltages swept. This effect can be easily seen in the electron density as the perturbations in the density. We also find these tunneling states present in the drain voltage sweeps as well. These tunneling states present a possible problem for use in CMOS architectures.
Patterns of intra-osseous transmigration and ectopic eruption of mandibular canines: review of literature and report of nine additional cases.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to (1). investigate the patterns of transmigration and eruption of permanent mandibular canines, plus the mechanisms affecting the eruption path, (2). classify the transmigration paths. MATERIAL AND METHODS :A retrospective radiographic study using full mouth (FMX) and panoramic radiographs of dental radiology patients between July 1996 and July 2000. Transmigrated canines were identified from the radiographic records of 2150 new patients. The literature was reviewed regarding the individual patterns of canine transmigration and their final position within the mandible. A pattern classification was developed using literature data and the additional nine cases reported here. RESULTS In the present study, mandibular canines were found transmigrated on nine occasions and, in a further six cases, found impacted without transmigration. Out of the nine cases, seven were female (ages 17-38) and two were male (ages 20 and 69). One female patient had a bilateral transmigrati...
Uniform Multi-commodity Flow in Wireless Networks with Gaussian Fading Channels

Starting with the seminal work of Gupta and Kumar (2000), there have been many interesting results that give information theoretic outer and inner approximations to the rate region for wireless networks. While these bounds are almost tight for geometric random networks, not much is known about their tightness for arbitrary wireless networks. In contrast, Leighton and Rao (1988) established a powerful result that uniform multi-commodity flow (UMCF) is within a factor of log n of the natural min-cut capacity for any graph (equivalent to a wireline network) of n nodes. Our motivation is to obtain a similar simple and general characterization for UMCF (shown to be equivalent to the characterization for a much wider class of traffic models) for any wireless network. In this paper, we apply and extend known results to obtain such characterization for networks with Gaussian fading channels. For channel state information (CSI) only at the receivers, we establish that UMCF is within a Delta2 log n factor of the information theoretic min-cut capacity of a wireless network, where Delta is the max-degree of a sub-graph induced by the underlying wireless network. For deterministic AWGN channels, we show that UMCF is within square root of the min-cut bound for any network
Mathematics, poetry, fiction: the adventure of the Oulipo

The basic matter of language—sounds, letters, words—and the basic matter of mathematics—numbers—have been in constant interaction since time immemorial. In two ancient cultures that remain close to...
Overwinter survival of stocked age‐0 lake sturgeon

Summary Knowledge of age-specific survivorship is critical when developing management prescriptions for imperiled species such as the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Management has focused on population restoration through hatchery supplementation, largely in the absence of data about relationships between hatchery rearing conditions, size/age at release, and estimates of overwinter survival for stocked age-0 lake sturgeon. Young of the year lake sturgeon were reared from egg to age 3 months in two separate hatchery environments: a streamside hatchery on the natal Upper Black River, Michigan, and a traditional hatchery environment. From age 3 to 6 months all fish were reared in the traditional hatchery. Fish (n = 20) originating from each rearing environment were surgically implanted with ultrasonic transmitters at 6 months of age (mean total length: 31.4 cm; mean weight: 106.4 g) and released into Black Lake in December 2005. Tracking using manual and automated hydrophones was conducted during April and May 2006 to estimate overwinter survival and to test for differences in survival of fish reared in different hatchery environments. Eighteen fish (45%) were detected, 16 (40%) of which survived the winter (range of distance traveled between observations of surviving fish was 0.09–0.55 km). The remaining fish were not detected. No significant differences in survival were documented due to rearing environment or size at release. This study represents the first quantified estimate of overwinter survival for stocked age-0 lake sturgeon. The minimum estimate of 40% survival through the first winter is encouraging for hatchery programs, and will aid in the development of management prescriptions for this species.
Soapbox for the Automobile: Bumper Sticker History, Identification, and Preservation

First produced in the late 1940s, the bumper sticker quickly gained prominence in the early 1950s and over the years has served a wide range of purposes—from advertising tourist attractions and pro...
Feedback linearization of discrete-time systems

We use the geometric approach to develop a sufficient condition for feedback linearizability of multi-input discrete time systems. When this condition is satisfied the linearizing transformation and feedback are obtained by solving a set of partial differential equations. >