cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Smart Gnutella Overlay Formation for Collaborative Virtual Environments over Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) such as massive multi-user 3D games and military training environments can place strict requirements on network when participating users are sharing the 3D virtual environment through mobile devices in an ad hoc network. This paper describes the proposal and evaluation of a peer-to-peer network over mobile Adhoc networks (MANETs) in order to support largescale CVEs. We show how a CVE application can be efficiently deployed on the Gnutella peer-to-peer network over an Ad-hoc network. The overlay network manages the mobile device resources with a fair workload by using mobile ultrapeers and a node gateway. The overlay also handles tolerance to mobility and routing recovery, which is based on a novel discovery technique, in which mobile nodes are found through both their state and position in the CVE.
Hospital and Surgeon Adherence to Pediatric Tonsillectomy Guidelines Regarding Perioperative Dexamethasone and Antibiotic Administration.

ObjectivesTo (1) determine adherence to American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation guidelines for pediatric tonsillectomy recommending routine administration of perioperati...
Survey of Primary Care Pediatricians on the Transition and Transfer of Adolescents to Adult Health Care

The transition and transfer from pediatrics to adult health care of youth with and without special health care needs has become a focus of professional organizations, health care insurers, national policy makers, and providers. To understand transition and transfer at a primary care practice level, all primary care pediatricians in Rhode Island were surveyed. Responses were received from 103 of 169 (60.9%) practicing pediatricians. Few responders had practice policies on transfer. Most reported that transition should begin later than recommended. Few practices communicated with adult providers at transfer. Most reported that health insurers were of little help in transfer. Many pediatric practices had young adults after age 22 and many with special needs. Responders reported adolescents left their practices by 1 of 6 methods. The survey indicates the need for further study of transition and transfer and the need for additional training and education if transfers are to be successful.
An Enterprise Level Security Requirements Specification Model

A formal model of security requirements for enterprise information technology protection is developed. The model is based on set theory and represented using an Entity-Relationship diagram. Components of the model include high level business objectives and their criticality, business requirements and their utilization, resources and their characterization as protector or protected resources, controls and their effectiveness, threats, vulnerabilities, potential exploits, and the resulting impact. An example representation of a formal relationship is provided. The model provides a canonical representation of enterprise security, enables automation and hence rigorous analysis of the security cost and effectiveness, provides for completeness and consistency checking, and offers a means for what-if as well as comparative analysis of security readiness.
Les figures du social dans la culture professionnelle psychiatrique

Parce que la psychiatrie, comme toute medecine, est un art, l’evolution de ses hypotheses et de ses connaissances est tributaire de son inscription dans un contexte social integrant des jeux de pouvoir et de competence. Depuis une quinzaine d’annees, alors que la psychiatrie publique voit son domaine de competence s’elargir a de nouvelles populations ou problematiques, les representations professionnelles ne vont pas dans le sens d’une identification des causalites sociales du trouble mental, mais d’incertitudes cliniques associees a un decloisonnement des champs du travail sanitaire et social. Cependant, les figures contemporaines du social faisant partie integrantes de telles representations se complexifient incontestablement tout en temoignant de la persistance d’une culture desireuse de maintenir, par une exigence de reforme juridique et politique, l’ecart entre la materialite du social et ses incarnations symboliques.
The Current Value of Frozen–Thawed Boar Semen for Commercial Companies

Opportunities for use of frozen-thawed semen (FTS) must address genetic advancement and fertility for developing practical models for use. Concerns about slowed genetic gains, lowered fertility and additional costs may limit use of FTS. However, FTS is presently used for international exchange among nucleus farms to help maintain genetic diversity. Use of FTS beyond several days can provide increased flexibility for on-farm use and allow additional time for disease tests. There may be potential for use of FTS for short-term banking during periods of low demand and while sires await breeding value tests. Opportunities exist for FTS use in long-term banking of sire lines, creation of semen pools for genetic progress evaluation and for use in emergencies. Advancing FTS technology will require the following: (i) more efficient production of doses; (ii) improved fertility with single sire or pooled matings; (iii) education and training; and (iv) models for FTS use and economics for use under various scenarios.
Leadership, governance, and organization in higher education: select books for administrators

Purpose – The purpose of this bibliography is to provide academic administrators, and those studying higher education administration, a targeted collection of recommended resources that inform the practice of academic management. Design/methodology/approach – Reading lists from two advanced educational programs were consulted: Indiana State University’s faculty training program, Leadership-ISU, sponsored by the Office of the President, and the Indiana State University doctoral program in higher education administration, taught by the Bayh College of Education. Criteria for selection were based on canonicity, comprehensiveness and the inclusion of useful bibliographies and practical appendices. Findings – Broad scholarship on management, traditionally focused on for-profit institutions, can sometimes be applied to academia. But management research specific to that of the higher education environment more fully addresses the corresponding information needs of the academic administrator. Research limitations...
A neuronal-specific mammalian homolog of the Drosophila retinal degeneration B gene with expression restricted to the retina and dentate gyrus.

Mutations in the Drosophila retinal degeneration B (rdgB) gene cause a rapid loss of the electrophysiological light response and subsequent light-enhanced photoreceptor degeneration. The rdgB gene encodes a protein with an N-terminal phosphatidylinositol transfer protein domain, a large C-terminal segment, and several hydrophobic regions thought to multiply span the subrhabdomeric cisternal membrane. A mammalian rdgB homolog (m-rdgB1) was previously identified and shown to exhibit widespread tissue distribution and functionally rescue theDrosophila rdgB mutant phenotypes. We describe a second mammalian rdgB homolog (m-rdgB2) that possesses 46% amino acid identity to Drosophila RdgB and 56% identity to M-RdgB1. M-RdgB2 possesses a neuronal-specific expression pattern, with high levels in the retina and the dentate gyrus mossy fibers and dendritic field. Using M-RdgB2-specific antibodies and subcellular fractionation, we demonstrate that M-RdgB2 is not an integral membrane protein but is stably associated with a particulate fraction through protein–protein interactions. Although transgenic expression of M-RdgB2 in rdgB2 null mutant flies suppressed the retinal degeneration, it failed to fully restore the electrophysiological light response. Because transgenic expression of M-RdgB2 does not restore the wild-type phenotype tordgB2 mutant flies to the same extent as M-RdgB1, functional differences likely exist between the two M-RdgB homologs.
Renewable carbohydrates are a potential high-density hydrogen carrier

The possibility of using renewable biomass carbohydrates as a potential high-density hydrogen carrier is discussed here. Gravimetric density of polysaccharides is 14.8 H2 mass% where water can be recycled from PEM fuel cells or 8.33% H2 mass% without water recycling; volumetric densities of polysaccharides are >100 kg of H 2 /m 3 . Renewable carbohydrates (e.g., cellulosic materials and starch) are less expensive based on GJ than are other hydrogen carriers, such as hydrocarbons, biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, and ammonia. Biotransformation of carbohydrates to hydrogen by cell-free synthetic (enzymatic) pathway biotransformation (SyPaB) has numerous advantages, such as high product yield (12 H2/glucose unit), 100% selectivity, high energy conversion efficiency (122%, based on combustion energy), high-purity hydrogen generated, mild reaction conditions, low-cost of bioreactor, few safety concerns, and nearly no toxicity hazards. Although SyPaB may suffer from current low reaction rates, numerous approaches for accelerating hydrogen production rates are proposed and discussed. Potential applications of carbohydrate-based hydrogen/ electricity generation would include hydrogen bioreactors, home-size electricity generators, sugar batteries for portable electronics, sugar-powered passenger vehicles, and so on. Developments in thermostable enzymes as standardized building blocks for cell-free SyPaB projects, use of stable and low-cost biomimetic NAD cofactors, and accelerating reaction rates are among the top research & development priorities. International collaborations are urgently needed to solve the above obstacles within a short time.
One- and two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: the effect of plate fixation

Abstract Background context: The success of arthrodesis for anterior cervical fusion depends on several factors, including the number of surgical levels. Internal fixation putatively improves the arthrodesis rate and outcome. Purpose: To provide medium-term follow-up data on the surgical success and patient outcome of one- and two-level anterior cervical discectomies and fusions and to determine the effect that plate fixation has on results. Study design: A prospective study of 40 patients who underwent modified Smith-Robinson anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at one or two operative levels. Patient sample: Forty patients. Outcome measures: Odom criteria, Nurick grading system, radiographs. Methods: Forty patients, with an average age of 44 years (range, 27 to 82), were followed for an average of 51 months (range, 24 to 85). All had an anterior discectomy, burring of the end plates and placement of an autogenous tricortical iliac crest graft at one (20 patients) or two levels (20 patients). Twenty-three were stabilized with the Cervical Spine Locking Plate (Synthes Spine, Paoli, PA), 4 single level, 19 two level. All patients had follow-up office visits with examinations and radiographs. Radiographic union, postoperative pain relief and neurologic recovery were evaluated. Results: Successful arthrodesis of single-level procedures occurred in 11 of 16 unplated and 2 of 4 plated fusions. Primary bony union in the two-level group was achieved in 15 of 19 plated patients and did not occur in the single unplated procedure. Clinically, there were 12 excellent, 5 good, 3 satisfactory and 0 poor outcomes among the single-level procedures. Among the dual-level procedures, there were 10 excellent, 5 good, 3 satisfactory and 2 poor results. Nine of 16 who developed adjacent-level degeneration had pain. Five of the 9 also had nonunions. Of the 40, 3 had fibrous union at final follow-up, and 10 had revision surgery. Conclusions: The Cervical Spine Locking Plate improved the outcome of two-level procedures to that of uninstrumented one-level fusions. Adjacent-level degeneration is associated with persistent pain, especially if there is also a nonunion. Primary bony union is paralleled by a better clinical outcome.
Patterns of guideline adherence and care delivery for patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative).

The Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines (CRUSADE) initiative is a prospective, rapid-cycle quality-improvement initiative that focuses on improving both the diagnostic evaluation of patients with non–ST-segment elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndromes (ACS; defined as ischemic ST-segment changes and/or positive cardiac markers) and the use of treatments recommended by the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for management of NSTE ACS. The ultimate goal of the CRUSADE initiative is to improve the quality of care among high-risk patients with NSTE ACS. At the same time, the CRUSADE initiative provides the unique opportunity to evaluate the pattern of NSTE ACS management in a large-scale, routine practice setting in the United States. Cumulatively, the CRUSADE initiative has collected data from >165,000 patients with NSTE ACS admitted at >400 US hospitals since 2001. This article reviews the major results from the CRUSADE initiative on risk stratification, gaps in guidelines adherence, paradoxical care, and the association of guideline adherence with outcomes.
Correlation of Lymphography Findings in the Abdomen with B-Scan Ultrasonic Laminography

Lymphography is presently the most popular method for the evaluation of pelvic and paraaortic lymphatic disease and appears to be the most reliable study short of open surgical inspection and biopsy. It is well known that a negative lymphogram is not conclusive evidence of absence of disease and that a positive lymphogram is a relatively more useful entity in the diagnosis and staging of disease. We have however, as others, been experiencing an increasing number of instances in which the lymphogram was positive radiographically but open surgical lymphoadenectomy results in a histological diagnosis of reactive hyperplasia with no evidence of tumor within the excised lymph nodes. Some of these false positives are due to errors on the part of the surgeon failing to remove the radiographically positive nodes.
Augmenting EHR interfaces for enhanced nurse communication and decision making

The use of electronic health records (EHRs) in clinical environments provides new opportunities for nurses to integrate data analyses into their practice. While having access to these records has many benefits, the act of recording, retrieving, and analyzing this data can nonetheless introduce communication issues, as navigating and interpreting large amounts of heterogeneous data can be difficult, and conclusions can be hard to validate. In this paper, we describe a series of integrated visual interfaces to help nurses document and reason about patient data and about clinicians' understanding of patient data. The interfaces present the output of a predictive algorithm that makes use of historical EHR data, patient vital signs, and nurse handoff reports in order to classify a patient in terms of their likelihood of experiencing clinical events. Furthermore, the interfaces enable the nurses to quickly explore the original data and to examine other nurses' interpretation of patient activity during previous shifts. We present a series of usage scenarios that introduce our interactive visualization tools in the context of real-world healthcare situations.
Differential effects of apical and basolateral uridine triphosphate on intestinal epithelial chloride secretion.

Our goal was to examine the sidedness of effects of the purinergic agonist, uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP), on Cl− secretion in intestinal epithelial cells. We hypothesized that UTP might exert both...
Studies on the intrinsic activity (efficacy) of human adrenergic receptors. Co-expression of beta 1 and beta 2 reveals a lower efficacy for the beta 1 receptor.

Abstract Through co-expression of the human beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors in a single tester cell (the murine L fibroblast) and through assaying the effect of the beta 1 and beta 2 selective blockers CGP 20712A and ICI 118551 on isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase, it is shown that the maximal stimulation achievable with a given cell density of beta 1 adrenergic receptor is less than that obtained with the same density of the beta 2 adrenergic receptor. It is concluded that the efficacy of the 2 receptors differs in that the beta 1 adrenergic receptor has a lower efficacy (or intrinsic activity) than does the beta 2 adrenergic receptor.
Effects of calcium montmorillonite clay and aflatoxin exposure on dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition

Fifteen primiparous crossbred dairy cows that were 114±14d in milk and weighed 533±56kg were used in a replicated 5×5 Latin square to test the efficacy of a calcium montmorillonite clay, NovaSil Plus (NSP; BASF Corp., Ludwigshaven, Germany), for the reduction of aflatoxin (AF) metabolite (AFM1) in milk and the effect of NSP on milk composition. Cows were housed in a freestall barn, fed once a day and milked twice a day. The experiment consisted of five 14-d periods: d 1 through 7 were considered for data collection, and d 8 through 14 were considered a wash-out phase. In each period, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: (1) control (CON), consisting of a basal total mixed ration (TMR); (2) high-dose NSP diet (NSP-1%), consisting of TMR plus 230 g of NSP; (3) aflatoxin diet (AFD), consisting of the TMR plus AF challenge; (4) low-dose NSP with AF (NSP-0.5%+AFD), composed of TMR plus 115 g of NSP and AF challenge; and (5) high-dose NSP with AF (NSP-1%+AFD), consisting of TMR plus 230 g of NSP and AF challenge. The AF challenge consisted of top dressing a daily dose of 100 µg/kg estimated dry matter intake (DMI); similarly, NSP was fed at 1.0 or 0.5% of estimated DMI. Milk yield and DMI were similar across treatments averaging 21.1±1.33 kg/d and 19.7±0.56 kg/d, respectively. Concentration of milk fat, protein, and lactose were similar across treatments with averages of 4.91±0.20%, 3.85±0.10%, and 4.70±0.06%, respectively. Concentration of vitamin A averaged 0.28±0.03 µg/mL and riboflavin concentration averaged 1.57±0.13 µg/mL across treatments. The concentration of minerals in milk were similar for all treatments. Cows fed CON and NSP-1% yielded the lowest concentration of AFM1 in milk with 0.03 and 0.01±0.06 µg/L. Addition of NSP reduced milk AFM1 from 1.10±0.06 µg/L with the AF diet to 0.58 and 0.32±0.06 µg/L with the NSP-0.5%+AF and NSP-1%+AF diets, respectively. Excretion of AFM1 was reduced by NSP; mean values were 24.38, 11.86, 7.38, 0.64, and 0.23, ± 1.71 µg/d, for AFD, NSP-0.5%+AFD, NSP-1%+AFD, NSP-1%, and CON, respectively. More specifically, 1.07±0.08% of the daily AF intake was transferred to the milk of cows consuming the AFD, whereas the AF transfer rates in milk from cows that consumed the NSP-0.5%+AFD and NSP-1%+AFD were 0.52 and 0.32±0.08%. Results from this research demonstrate that feeding NSP to lactating cows is an effective method to reduce the transfer and excretion of AFM1 in milk with no negative effects on dry matter intake, milk production, and composition.
Adaptive Power System for Managing Large Dynamic Loads

The Navy's future and near-term high-energy sensors and energy weapons will consume a large portion of the resources of the intended ship platform. Many of these new systems will have extreme dynamic power profiles, including both periodic and aperiodic characteristics. These dynamics can cause sudden changes in power at the prime power system that can be stressing to platform systems, both to the generators and prime movers as well as other loads sharing the common distribution bus. This paper presents the use of a new adaptive power system (APS) to mitigate the negative impacts levied on the platforms resulting from large dynamic loads. A notional size of the hardware required to implement the APS design is presented along with simulation results verifying the concept.
Quantitative assessment of the importance of dye switching and biological replication in cDNA microarray studies

Dye switching and biological replication substantially increase the cost and the complexity of cDNA microarray studies. The objective of the present analysis was to quantitatively assess the import...
Partial Inter sterility of Eastern and Western U. S. Strains of the Alfalfa Weevil

Cross matings between Eastern and Western United States populations of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), demonstrated that the two are partially intersterile. Eastern females crossed with Western males produced infertile eggs. The reciprocal cross produced fertile eggs, but progeny developing from them were preponderantly female, the ratio being 1 ♂ to 5.59 ♀. Hybrid progeny backcrossed to parent populations produced viable eggs, as did hybrid by hybrid crosses.
Enthalpy Recovery of Polystyrene: Does a Long-Term Aging Plateau Exist?

A glass is not in thermodynamic equilibrium below its glass transition temperature (Tg), and consequently, its properties, such as enthalpy, volume, and mechanical properties, evolve toward equilibrium in a process known as structural recovery or physical aging. Several recent studies have suggested that the extrapolated liquid line is not reached even when properties have ceased to evolve. In this work, we present measurements of the enthalpy recovery of polystyrene at an aging temperature 15 °C below the nominal Tg, for aging times up to 1 year. The results indicate that the equilibrium liquid enthalpy line can indeed be reached for aging 15 K below Tg. The results are analyzed in the context of the TNM model of structural recovery.
The Soil Fungi of a Pine Forest

In a comparative study of the micro-flora of soils of different plant associations (2), it was found that large numbers of fungi prevail in the soil of a pine-oak forest in Bastrop County, Texas. Of about forty square miles in extent this area stands out in contrast to the oak-hickory of the surrounding country, its habitat here marking the westernmost limit of loblolly pine in the state. The western limit of pine follows the contact of two geological formations, the pine being restricted to the Mt. Selman formation, which joins the Carrizo. The latter typically supports oak-hickory with mesquite in local areas, mesquite being rather uniformly found along the contact line. The present investigation is restricted to a taxonomic study of the soil fungi from the pine and environs.
Reliability Improvement for Low-Cost Attitude Sensing Using Redundant Calculations

Determination of attitude or Euler angles is essential in monitor and control of the ight of aerial vehicles like aircraft, missiles, rockets, UAVs, and ying munitions. The paper considers a low-cost small-size sensor system consisting of a 3-axis MEMS accelerometers and a 3-axis AMR magnetometers. A computational algorithm is proposed to improve sensor system reliability. The iterative algorithm based on Newton-Raphson’s search scheme computes the rotation angles in multiple ways using dierent subset of sensors. Simulations and real-time hardware-in-the-loop experiments are used to demonstrate how to detect the failed or contaminated sensors and how to determine the Euler angles using the healthy sensors.
Spatial memory using active allothetic place avoidance in adult rats after isoflurane anesthesia: a potential model for postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

Background We described a paradigm of active allothetic place avoidance (AAPA) as a measure of spatial memory in adult rats. We hypothesized that, pending successful AAPA training, treatment with isoflurane would trigger spatial memory deficits. Methods Fifteen of 20 adult rats were successfully trained and randomly allocated to control and isoflurane treatment groups. An additional 7 animals were used to demonstrate hemodynamic stability during general anesthesia. After training, experimental animals received a 2-hour isoflurane anesthetic. General endotracheal anesthesia was maintained at an isoflurane concentration of 1.8% to 2%. After intervention, retention of training was tested on postanesthesia days 1, 3, and 7. Results Animals treated with isoflurane displayed selected spatial memory changes up to postanesthesia day 7. There were 2 findings of decreased active avoidance behavior in rats receiving isoflurane: a significant (P=0.029) reduction in maximum path of avoidance in the isoflurane-treated rats compared with controls, and a significant (P=0.038) increase in total path length in the controls. No other measured AAPA parameters achieved statistical significance. Conclusions Control animals demonstrated increased active avoidance behavior in the AAPA task compared with isoflurane-treated animals. Animals exposed to 2-hour isoflurane general anesthetic had a reduction in the maximum path of avoidance measure up to 7 days postanesthesia, whereas gross spatial parameters such as number of entrances into the shock zone were not significantly different between groups. The AAPA model may prove useful in ascertaining the learning and memory deficits of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
Novel DLK-independent neuronal regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans shares links with activity-dependent ectopic outgrowth.

During development, a neuron transitions from a state of rapid growth to a stable morphology, and neurons within the adult mammalian CNS lose their ability to effectively regenerate in response to injury. Here, we identify a novel form of neuronal regeneration, which is remarkably independent of DLK-1/DLK, KGB-1/JNK, and other MAPK signaling factors known to mediate regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mammals. This DLK-independent regeneration in C. elegans has direct genetic and molecular links to a well-studied form of endogenous activity-dependent ectopic axon outgrowth in the same neuron type. Both neuron outgrowth types are triggered by physical lesion of the sensory dendrite or mutations disrupting sensory activity, calcium signaling, or genes that restrict outgrowth during neuronal maturation, such as SAX-1/NDR kinase or UNC-43/CaMKII. These connections suggest that ectopic outgrowth represents a powerful platform for gene discovery in neuronal regeneration. Moreover, we note numerous similarities between C. elegans DLK-independent regeneration and lesion conditioning, a phenomenon producing robust regeneration in the mammalian CNS. Both regeneration types are triggered by lesion of a sensory neurite via reduction of neuronal activity and enhanced by disrupting L-type calcium channels or elevating cAMP. Taken as a whole, our study unites disparate forms of neuronal outgrowth to uncover fresh molecular insights into activity-dependent control of the adult nervous system’s intrinsic regenerative capacity.
Estimating Soil Classification Via Quantitative and Qualitative Field Testing for Use in Constructing Compressed Earth Blocks

Abstract Compressed earth blocks (CEBs) represent a cost-effective and sustainable building material for construction in low-income areas. One challenge with CEB construction is the dependence of CEB unit strength on the character of soil, which varies based on location. Soil classification standards require laboratory testing; therefore standardized assessment of soil characteristics is difficult in the field. Typically, field tests provide primarily qualitative data collected by builders of varying experience; some crude quantitative data can also be collected. This research seeks to establish a framework for relating qualitative and quantitative field data to standardized soil classification methods. The framework is a neural evaluation system comprising artificial neural networks to compare input-output soil classification data and establish relationships between field data, laboratory data, and ultimately standardized soil classification. Soil samples from many regions around and outside of the United States were classified using results from both ASTM tests and field tests.
Spatially Nonuniform Heating and the Nonlinear Transient Response of Elastomeric Photomechanical Actuators

Recently various nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, have been added to rubbery elastomers, such as poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS), to enable generation of stress and displacement in response to remote illumination. While the response is primarily due to heat-induced generation of stress; i.e., the thermoelastic effect in rubbers, illuminated samples have shown unexpected deviations between the transient waveforms of sample temperature and induced stress. In this report we have created a new and simple lumped element model to explain the stress behavior of these photomechanical nanocomposites. The model consists of two parameters that describe the spatially averaged steady state temperature rise due to optical absorption of the structure (typically a long strip of pre-strained elastomer) and the spatially averaged convective cooling rate of the strip, together with a time-varying function that effectively represents the temperature distribution and thermal convection along the length of the strip. The model is used to compare two actuators that each have a thin embedded layer of carbon nanotubes, in which the one film consists of randomly aligned nanotubes and the other has a much more ordered alignment. The model not only fits both transient responses, but the differences between the parameters suggests that the ordered film conducts heat across the strip more rapidly than the disordered film, leading to it more rapidly reaching the steady state level of maximum stress. This model should be helpful in future experimental studies that work to observe, delineate and identify possible nanoscale and molecular contributions to photomechanical stress.
Services and Supports, Partnership, and Family Quality of Life Focus on Deaf-Blindness

In this, study, the authors examined the moderating effects of partnership on the relationship between services and supports adequacy and family quality of life (FQOL) for families of children with deaf-blindness ages birth to 21. A social-ecological approach enabled examining the impact of disability on the family system. A survey, consisting of four measures, was completed by 227 parents of children with deaf-blindness. Results suggest that FQOL for families of children with deaf-blindness is explained, in part, by satisfaction with the adequacy of friend and family supports and child-care services. Satisfaction with partnership also significantly predicted FQOL for these families. Significant interaction effects indicated that the relationships (a) between education services adequacy and FQOL and (b) between related services adequacy and FQOL are dependent on satisfaction with partnership. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Puritanism and the Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony

This chapter provides a brief history of the Puritan society established in Massachusetts Bay Colony during the seventeenth century. Its founder, John Winthrop, wanted to develop the Colony as a model Christian society—a theocracy that was deeply rooted in the Calvinist religious doctrine of predestination and whose franchise was limited to Puritan church members. The communities comprising the Colony were like many other colonial American communities in that they each were populated by people who sought to act as a single “body” where each person worked and lived for the sole purpose of the community’s survival. The Puritan church, however, was not without strife during the late 1600s, instead having to deal with problems arising in areas such as Salem Village, where citizens vehemently disagreed over the choice of Samuel Parris as its local minister. These disagreements set the stage for the witchcraft hysteria that began in 1691.
Latino Issues and Policy Preferences

It is not surprising that the unique place of Latinos in American society – as well as the variation within the group on many dimensions – serves to structure Latino opinion on important policy concerns. The Latino National Survey explored Latino opinion on several important policy dimensions. Over the past two decades, scholars examining Latino public opinion have consistently found certain response patterns on issues of public importance (see, e.g., Welch and Sigelman 1993; Branton 2007; Nicholson and Segura 2005; Branton 2007). Education, economic concerns, and crime have historically been considered the most important problems facing the nation and the most important problem confronting the Latino community specifically. Indeed, the California politician Cruz Bustamante, who was elected California's first Latino assembly speaker in the late 1990s and went on to two terms as lieutenant governor and an ill-fated run for governor, frequently articulated that the Latino agenda is “the American agenda,” ostensibly to emphasize Latinos’ common concerns with these bread-and-butter political issues.
Altered Chromatin Signaling in Cancer

Forty years ago Stehelin, Varmus, Bishop, and Vogt published the first evidence that genetic alterations could initiate cancer. Since this early work, the molecular characterization of cancer has largely focused on the changes in DNA sequences of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that ultimately result in an altered transcriptional program of the cell. With the growth in understanding how epigenetics allows for heritable changes in gene expression without alterations to DNA sequences, it is not surprising that the dysregulation of epigenetic programs is being discovered in a variety of cancers. This chapter highlights some of the major epigenetic mechanisms usurped by cancer cells. Examples will focus on large protein complexes that function in histone modification-based pathways and how changes in the activity of these complexes impact cancer biology.
Snow Water Equivalent retrieval using P-band signals of Opportunity

This paper talks about retrieval of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) using P-band Signals of Opportunity (SoOp). Modeling is done to show that the phase change in the observed signal is primarily due to change in SWE and is independent of snow density, soil moisture, snow grain size. In order to compare theory to experiment, experiment is conducted at Fraser, CO. Some preliminary data analysis from 1 week of data show that the phase changed when SWE changed.
Prader-Willi Syndrome

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a congenital condition due to loss of part or all of chromosome 15; specifically, the chromosome 15 from the father. It is characterized by hypotonia, hypogonadism, hypomentia, and obesity for which the acronym HHHO is given. It is usually associated with scoliosis, rarely kyphosis and spinal stenosis.
From Empowerment to Domesticity: The Case of Rosie the Riveter and the WWII Campaign

During WWII American women were asked to join in producing the “vital machinery of war” by working in factories building planes, by being nurses, and by being pilots among other jobs. Getting women to work in industries was a tremendous sales proposition as stated by Paul McNutt, the director of the War Manpower Commission in 1943. The war posters and magazine ads of the time reinforced the duty women had towards the war effort. Although women at the time were mostly occupying the private space, the war campaign of Rosie the Riveter inspired many of them to take their work to the public. This descriptive paper tried to answer the following two questions of inquiry: How did women’s employment during WWII become a temporary empowerment and what short and long-term changes in women’s lives were brought about by the war campaign of Rosie the Riveter. While the short-term changes brought women back to the private space and domesticity, some of the conclusions of the long-term changes in women’s lives dealt with variations in the workspace, salary, and military benefits. The influence of how empowered women felt following Rosie the Riveter is an inconclusive collection of the voices of those women during and after WWII.
Vascular KATP channels mitigate severe muscle O2 delivery-utilization mismatch during contractions in chronic heart failure rats

The vascular ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel is a mediator of skeletal muscle microvascular oxygenation (PO2mv) during contractions in health. We tested the hypothesis that KATP channel function is preserved in chronic heart failure (CHF) and therefore its inhibition would reduce PO2mv and exacerbate the time taken to reach the PO2mv steady-state during contractions of the spinotrapezius muscle. Moreover, we hypothesized that subsequent KATP channel activation would oppose the effects of this inhibition. Muscle PO2mv (phosphorescence quenching) was measured during 180s of 1-Hz twitch contractions (∼6V) under control, glibenclamide (GLI, KATP channel antagonist; 5mg/kg) and pinacidil (PIN, KATP channel agonist; 5mg/kg) conditions in 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats with CHF induced via myocardial infarction (coronary artery ligation, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure: 18±1mmHg). GLI reduced baseline PO2mv (control: 28.3±0.9, GLI: 24.8±1.0mmHg, p<0.05), lowered mean PO2mv (average PO2mv during the overall time taken to reach the steady-state; control: 20.6±0.6, GLI: 17.6±0.3mmHg, p<0.05), and slowed the attainment of steady-state PO2mv (overall mean response time; control: 66.1±10.2, GLI: 93.6±7.8s, p<0.05). PIN opposed these effects on the baseline PO2mv, mean PO2mv and time to reach the steady-state PO2mv (p<0.05 for all vs. GLI). Inhibition of KATP channels exacerbates the transient mismatch between muscle O2 delivery and utilization in CHF rats and this effect is opposed by PIN. These data reveal that the KATP channel constitutes one of the select few well-preserved mechanisms of skeletal muscle microvascular oxygenation control in CHF.
CXCR5-dependent entry of CD8 T cells into rhesus macaque B-cell follicles achieved through T-cell engineering

Follicular helper CD4 T cells, TFH, residing in B-cell follicles within secondary lymphoid tissues, are readily infected by AIDS viruses and are a major source of persistent virus despite relative control of viral replication. This persistence is due at least in part to a relative exclusion of effective antiviral CD8 T cells from B-cell follicles. To determine whether CD8 T cells could be engineered to enter B-cell follicles, we genetically modified unselected CD8 T cells to express CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), the chemokine receptor implicated in cellular entry into B-cell follicles. Engineered CD8 T cells expressing human CXCR5 (CD8hCXCR5) exhibited ligand-specific signaling and chemotaxis in vitro Six infected rhesus macaques were infused with differentially fluorescent dye-labeled autologous CD8hCXCR5 and untransduced CD8 T cells and necropsied 48 h later. Flow cytometry of both spleen and lymph node samples revealed higher frequencies of CD8hCXCR5 than untransduced cells, consistent with preferential trafficking to B-cell follicle-containing tissues. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of thin-sectioned lymphoid tissues demonstrated strong preferential localization of CD8hCXCR5 T cells within B-cell follicles with only rare cells in extrafollicular locations. CD8hCXCR5 T cells were present throughout the follicles with some observed near infected TFH In contrast, untransduced CD8 T cells were found in the extrafollicular T-cell zone. Our ability to direct localization of unselected CD8 T cells into B-cell follicles using CXCR5 expression provides a strategy to place highly effective virus-specific CD8 T cells into these AIDS virus sanctuaries and potentially suppress residual viral replication.IMPORTANCE AIDS virus persistence in individuals under effective drug therapy or those who spontaneously control viremia remains an obstacle to definitive treatment. Infected follicular helper CD4 T cells, TFH, present inside B-cell follicles represent a major source of this residual virus. While effective CD8 T-cell responses can control viral replication in conjunction with drug therapy or in rare cases spontaneously, most antiviral CD8 T cells do not enter B-cell follicles, and those that do fail to robustly control viral replication in the TFH population. Thus, these sites are a sanctuary and a reservoir for replicating AIDS viruses. Here, we demonstrate that engineering unselected CD8 T cells to express CXCR5, a chemokine receptor on TFH associated with B-cell follicle localization, redirects them into B-cell follicles. These proof of principle results open a pathway for directing engineered antiviral T cells into these viral sanctuaries to help eliminate this source of persistent virus.
Is Judicial Deference to Agency Fact-Finding Unlawful?

Judicial deference to fact-finding by federal administrative agencies took root and developed alongside the modern administrative state. This fact deference is of great consequence to people who are charged with regulatory violations by agencies. Such violations are often initially adjudicated, not in federal courts by Article III judges, but in administrative proceedings by employees of the agency that is seeking to impose fines or other penalties. While review can later be sought in federal court, judges broadly defer to the factual findings made by agency adjudicators in the course of administrative proceedings—and those findings can be determinative of whether a regulatory violation has taken place. Although fact deference was initially constructed by the Supreme Court, it now has the express command of the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 (APA) behind it. Section 706 (2)(E) of the APA provides that fact-finding in formal administrative adjudication may be overturned by reviewing courts only if an agency’s factual determinations are found to be "unsupported by substantial evidence." Yet, although longstanding administrative law doctrines that command judges to defer to agency interpretations of statutes and regulations have received intense academic and judicial scrutiny in recent years, fact deference has received comparatively little attention. This Article provides an overview of the origins, development, and present state of fact deference and subjects fact deference to a thorough constitutional critique, focusing on Article III and the Fifth Amendment's Due Process of Law Clause. It concludes that in cases involving administrative deprivations of core private rights to "life, liberty, or property," fact deference violates Article III's vesting of "[t]he judicial power" in the federal courts; constitutes an abdication of the duty of independent judgment that Article III imposes upon federal judges; and violates the Fifth Amendment by denying litigants "due process of law," which requires (1) judicial proceedings in an Article III court prior to any individualized deprivation of "life, liberty, or property"; and (2) fact-finding by independent, impartial fact-finders. It then proposes an alternative: de novo determination of questions of fact in Article III courts prior to any binding judgment that deprives people of core private rights.
Neonatal GLP1R activation limits adult adiposity by durably altering hypothalamic architecture.

Abstract Objective Adult obesity risk is influenced by alterations to fetal and neonatal environments. Modifying neonatal gut or neurohormone signaling pathways can have negative metabolic consequences in adulthood. Here we characterize the effect of neonatal activation of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R) signaling on adult adiposity and metabolism. Methods Wild type C57BL/6 mice were injected with 1 nmol/kg Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a GLP1R agonist, for 6 consecutive days after birth. Growth, body composition, serum analysis, energy expenditure, food intake, and brain and fat pad histology and gene expression were assessed at multiple time points through 42 weeks. Similar analyses were conducted in a Glp1r conditional allele crossed with a Sim1Cre deleter strain to produce Sim1Cre;Glp1rloxP/loxP mice and control littermates. Results Neonatal administration of Ex-4 reduced adult body weight and fat mass, increased energy expenditure, and conferred protection from diet-induced obesity in female mice. This was associated with induction of brown adipose genes and increased noradrenergic fiber density in parametrial white adipose tissue (WAT). We further observed durable alterations in orexigenic and anorexigenic projections to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). Genetic deletion of Glp1r in the PVH by Sim1-Cre abrogated the impact of neonatal Ex-4 on adult body weight, WAT browning, and hypothalamic architecture. Conclusion These observations suggest that the acute activation of GLP1R in neonates durably alters hypothalamic architecture to limit adult weight gain and adiposity, identifying GLP1R as a therapeutic target for obesity prevention.
Characteristics of Clinical Studies Used for US Food and Drug Administration Approval of High-Risk Medical Device Supplements

Importance High-risk medical devices often undergo modifications, which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through various kinds of premarket approval (PMA) supplements. There have been multiple high-profile recalls of devices approved as PMA supplements. Objective To characterize the quality of the clinical studies and data (strength of evidence) used to support FDA approval of panel-track supplements (a type of PMA supplement pathway that is used for significant changes in a device or indication for use and always requires clinical data). Design and Setting Descriptive study of clinical studies supporting panel-track supplements approved by the FDA between April 19, 2006, and October 9, 2015. Exposure Panel-track supplement approval. Main Outcomes and Measures Methodological quality of studies including randomization, blinding, type of controls, clinical vs surrogate primary end points, use of post hoc analyses, and reporting of age and sex. Results Eighty-three clinical studies supported the approval of 78 panel-track supplements, with 71 panel-track supplements (91%) supported by a single study. Of the 83 studies, 37 (45%) were randomized clinical trials and 25 (30%) were blinded. The median number of patients per study was 185 (interquartile range, 75-305), and the median follow-up duration was 180 days (interquartile range, 84-270 days). There were a total of 150 primary end points (mean [SD], 1.8 [1.2] per study), and 57 primary end points (38%) were compared with controls. Of primary end points with controls, 6 (11%) were retrospective controls and 51 (89%) were active controls. One hundred twenty-one primary end points (81%) were surrogate end points. Thirty-three studies (40%) did not report age and 25 (30%) did not report sex for all enrolled patients. The FDA required postapproval studies for 29 of 78 (37%) panel-track supplements. Conclusions and Relevance Among clinical studies used to support FDA approval of high-risk medical device modifications, fewer than half were randomized, blinded, or controlled, and most primary outcomes were based on surrogate end points. These findings suggest that the quality of studies and data evaluated to support approval by the FDA of modifications of high-risk devices should be improved.