cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CUGBP1 Is Required for IFNβ-Mediated Induction of Dominant-Negative CEBPβ and Suppression of SIV Replication in Macrophages

Productive HIV replication in the CNS occurs very early after infection, yet HIV-associated cognitive disorders do not typically manifest until the development of AIDS, suggesting that mechanisms exist in the CNS to control HIV replication and associated virus-induced pathological changes during the acute and asymptomatic stages of disease. Using an established SIV/macaque model of HIV dementia, we recently demonstrated that the mechanisms regulating virus replication in the brain at these stages involve the production of IFNβ, which induces the truncated, dominant-negative isoform of C/EBPβ, also referred to as LIP (liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein). Alternative translation of C/EBPβ mRNA and increased production of LIP can be mediated by CUGBP1 (CUG-repeat RNA-binding protein 1). Because IFNβ induces the inhibitory C/EBPβ in macrophages, we considered the possibility that IFNβ signaling regulates the activity of CUGBP1, resulting in increased expression of LIP and suppression of SIV replication. In this study, we report that IFNβ induces LIP and suppresses active SIV replication in primary macrophages from rhesus macaques. Further, we demonstrate that IFNβ induces the phosphorylation of CUGBP1 and the formation of CUGBP1-C/EBPβ mRNA complexes in the human monocytic U937 cell line. Finally, we demonstrate that CUGBP1 is not only required for IFNβ-mediated induction of LIP but also for IFNβ-mediated suppression of SIV replication. These results suggest that CUGBP1 is a previously unrecognized downstream effector of IFNβ signaling in primary macrophages that likely plays a pivotal role in innate immune responses that control acute HIV/SIV replication in the brain.
A review of Hawaiian zoanthids with descriptions of three new species

This paper gives descriptions of zoanthids collected from coral reefs and shores of the Hawaiian Islands between June 1965 and June 1967. Isaurus elongatus Verrill (1928) and Palythoa tuberculosa Esper (1791) are redescribed and Zoanthus vestitus Verrill (1928) is reclassified as Palythoa vestitus. Zoanthus confertus Verrill (1928) and Z. nitidus Verrill (1928) are combined under the new species name Zoanthus paciflcus. New species described are P. psammophilia, P. toxica, and Z. kealakehuaensis. A list of zoanthid species from the south-western Pacific Ocean is given.
HIV‐1 pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention in the SCID‐hu Thy/Liv mouse: a model for primary HIV‐1 infection in the human thymus

The SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse is a model for the analysis of human thymopoiesis. It has been constructed by engrafting fragments of human fetal liver and thymus into the immunodeficient C.B-17 scid/scid (SCID) mouse. The resulting 'Thy/Liv' organ promotes long-term differentiation of human T cells. Given the apparently normal physiology of the SCID-hu Thy/Liv organ, it has been used to explore the pathophysiologic mechanisms of HIV-1 infection in vivo, and to test therapeutic modalities such as anti-HIV-1 drugs and haematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy. In this review, I will summarise what we have learned from the SCID-hu Thy/Liv model, with a focus on recent findings in HIV-1 replication and therapy. Unique HIV-1 determinants have been identified which are required for replication in the Thy/Liv organ but not for replication in PBMC or in T cell lines in vitro. The mechanism of HIV-1 induced thymus depletion is not clear. It is correlated with high levels of HIV-1 replication. Both direct and indirect mechanisms may be involved. In addition to preclinical evaluation of anti- HIV-1 drugs, the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse has also been successfully used to test the feasibility of HSC-based gene therapy. A number of improved SCID-hu models have been constructed to meet different requirements. Using these SCID-hu Thy/Liv models, current/future efforts will provide insightful information for understanding pathogenesis and designing therapeutic interventions against HIV-1 infection in humans, especially in paediatric patients. Copyright 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis Of Nonlinear Response Of An Articulated Tower

A semi-analytical method is employed to investigate stability of the nonlinear response of an articulated tower. Local and global bifurcations determine the possible existence of complex nonlinear and chaotic motions which cannot be obtained through evaluation of an equivalent linearised system.
“Physiologic” intracellular acidosis in pregnancy

Abstract To investigate acid-base homeostasis in pregnancy, we used phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure intracellular pH in erythrocytes from nonpregnant ( n = 33) and third-trimester pregnant women ( n = 22). Intracellular pH was lower in pregnant compared with nonpregnant controls (7.23 ± 0.15 vs 7.29 ± 0.012, p = 0.003). We hypothesize that this "physiologic" intracellular acidosis of pregnancy potentiates oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation and oxygen delivery across the placenta.
Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics

Twenty-five years ago, Paul Taylor probed principles for giving “wildlife...a chance to survive alongside the works of human culture” (299) and bringing “human civilization...into harmony with natu...
Reversible inactivation of the Escherichia coli RecBCD enzyme by the recombination hotspot chi in vitro: evidence for functional inactivation or loss of the RecD subunit

Abstract Genetic recombination in Escherichia coli is stimulated by a RecBCD enzyme-mediated event at DNA sequences known as Chi (chi) sites (5'-GCTGGTGG-3'). Previously, it was shown that chi acts to regulate the nuclease activity of RecBCD; here, we demonstrate that, under appropriate conditions, interaction with chi sites can also result in an inactivation of helicase activity of RecBCD. The unwinding of double-stranded DNA-containing chi sites, under conditions of limiting Mg2+ ion, results in the reversible inactivation of RecBCD; addition of excess Mg2+ to the reaction reactivates all activities of RecBCD. Inactivation is the consequence of a chi-dependent modification of RecBCD that appears to result from an inability of the chi-modified RecBCD to reinitiate unwinding of intact DNA molecules. This characteristic behavior of RecBCD and chi is displayed by the reconstituted RecBC (i.e., without the RecD subunit), except that it is not dependent on chi interaction. This biochemical similarity between the chi-modified RecBCD and RecBC enzymes implies that recognition of chi results in a dissociation or functional inactivation of RecD subunit and lends support to the hypothesis that interaction with chi results in ejection of the RecD subunit.
Coupling of Multiple Coulomb Scattering with Energy Loss and Straggling in HZETRN

The new version of the HZETRN deterministic transport code based on Green's function methods, and the incorporation of ground-based laboratory boundary conditions, has lead to the development of analytical and numerical procedures to include off-axis dispersion of primary ion beams due to small-angle multiple Coulomb scattering. In this paper we present the theoretical formulation and computational procedures to compute ion beam broadening and a methodology towards achieving a self-consistent approach to coupling multiple scattering interactions with ionization energy loss and straggling. Our initial benchmark case is a 60 MeV proton beam on muscle tissue, for which we can compare various attributes of beam broadening with Monte Carlo simulations reported in the open literature.
Risk Factors for the Development of Slow Flow During Rotational Coronary Atherectomy

We investigated the clinical and angiographic risk profile of slow flow during rotational atherectomy. Lesion length, angina at rest, and use of beta blockers correlated independently with slow flow in the univariate as well as in the multivariate analysis.
Asymmetry and variation in the normal hill of vision.

• This analysis describes the symmetry and variation in the shape and height of the "hill of vision" obtained from automated static visual field testing of 146 normal eyes of 81 people aged 20 to 78 years. Threshold values dropped from the center to the 30° periphery, with the greatest decrease occurring in the superior quadrant. Variability also increased with distance from the center of fixation, with the greatest variability occurring in the superior quadrant. Threshold values were lower throughout the field in individuals over age 60 years compared with those who were younger, with the greatest decrease in thresholds occurring in the superior quadrant. This age effect was not explained by differences in pupil diameter or central acuity. Variability was higher in the older group, but only in the periphery (>24° from fixation).
Development and comparison of a minimally-invasive model of autologous clot pulmonary embolism in Sprague-Dawley and Copenhagen rats

Experimental models of pulmonary embolism (PE) that produce pulmonary hypertension (PH) employ many different methods of inducing acute pulmonary occlusion. Many of these models induce PE with intravenous injection of exogenous impervious objects that may not completely reproduce the physiological properties of autologous thromboembolism. Current literature lacks a simple, well-described rat model of autlogous PE. Objective: Test if moderate-severity autologous PE in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Copenhagen (Cop) rats can produce persistent PH. blood was withdrawn from the jugular vein, treated with thrombin-Ca++ and re-injected following pretreatment with tranexamic acid. Hemodynamic values, clot weights and biochemical measurements were performed at 1 and 5 days. Infusion of clot significantly increased the right ventricular peak systolic pressure to 45-55 mm Hg, followed by normalization within 24 hours in SD rats, and within 5 days in COP rats. Clot lysis was 95% (24 hours) and 97% (5 days) in SD rats and was significantly lower in COP rats (70%, 24 hours; 87% 5 days). Plasma D-dimer was elevated in surgical sham animals and was further increased 8 hours after pulmonary embolism. Neither strain showed a significant increase in bronchoalveolar chemotactic activity, myeloperoxidase activity, leukocyte infiltration, or chemokine accumulation, indicating that there was no significant pulmonary inflammation. Both SD and COP rats exhibited near complete fibrinolysis of autologous clot PE within 5 days. Neither strain developed persistent PH. Experimental models of PE designed to induce sustained PH and a robust inflammatory response appear to require significant, persistent pulmonary vascular occlusion.
Caratheodory interpolation kernels

Kernels over the unit disk for which a version of Caratheodory interpolation is true are characterized in a simple computationally verifiable manner.
Hypertension in the neonatal period.

Purpose of reviewContinued interest in neonatal hypertension has led to generation of new data on normal blood pressure (BP) values in neonates, identification of new causes of hypertension in the neonatal period, and improved insights into therapy.Recent findingsNormal BP in neonates depends on a v
The feasibility of using video journaling to collect ecological momentary assessment data: application to health behavior change interventions

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) technique in a health behavior change intervention offered within university general health courses. A six-week health behavior change project was used with two groups: video journaling and traditional (pencil and paper) group. Research methodology employed was a quantitative, quasi-experimental, control and experimental group posttest comparison design. Stage of change data and program satisfaction surveys were collected from participants at a midsized southeastern university (n = 72; 36 video and 36 traditional). Participants were selected through non-probability, purposive sampling. Upon completion of the behavior change intervention 88.9 % (N = 32) of video journaling participants reported being in either the action or maintenance stage of change compared to 63.9 % (N = 23) of the traditional group. Significant difference was found between the video journaling and traditional groups in levels of satisfaction with the program (M = 3.96, SE = 0.79; M = 3.53, SE = .53 respectively; t = −2.74, p < 0.05). EMA techniques using video journaling to aid behavior change interventions among late adolescence showed promise with further research needed to focus on long-term effects of such interventions.
Data fusion using automated image corroboration

Automated all source data fusion primarily fuses analyst generated messages. These messages represent a small portion, albeit a highly reliable segment, of the available information resources. Task saturation and computational limitations often prevent volumes of raw collection data from reaching an analyst in a timely manner. Valuable intelligence information that at least corroborates an important time critical target may be present in unanalyzed raw data files. Analyst generated messages are shown to direct a focused search for additional corroborating evidence in a small spatial-temporal segment of raw data. Automatic corroboration processing simply confirms or denies the presence of a feature in a particular location. Corroboration is a much simpler process than automatic target recognition and requires significantly less processing and fidelity since other information products detect and identify the potential presence of a target or event and focus raw data processing. The new approach transforms previously disregarded raw data into associated corroborative information without increasing analyst tasking. Existing software fuses the corroborative information with analyst messages. An example demonstrates raw data corroboration using imagery. The approximate location, time, and target identity are determined using two associated analyst messages. Raw imagery processing confirms the target and associates an additional message. The fused target priority is amplified by the corroborative message.
Analytic minimum-norm solution for rate coordination in redundant manipulators

In this article, we present a novel method that results in efficient minimum norm solution for the rate coordination problem in redundant manipulators. The theory is developed based upon a geometric interpretation that, for minimum norm criterion, vectors orthogonal to constraint space should pass through the origin of the solution space. It is shown that, for any spatial manipulator with 1, 2, or 3 degrees of redundancy, the minimum norm rate solution can be derived in analytic closed form. An example of the analytic formulation is given for a 3R planar case, substantiated with simulation results. The behavior of this algorithm in nonredundant and near singular situations is also discussed. The method offers an equivalent but much more efficient alternative to using the pseudoinverse in redundancy resolution and, in fact, is applicable to any underdetermined linear system. An alternative formulation of pseudoinverse arrived at in the course of the development is also presented. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thermal wind forcing and atmospheric angular momentum: Origin of the Earth's delayed response to ENSO

[1] Interannual length-of-day variations and ENSO indices such as the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Nino 3.4 SST are well correlated as a consequence of angular momentum conservation. During an El Nino event, the westerly winds increase, which raises the atmospheric angular momentum (AAM); as a result, the solid Earth must slow down, which increases the duration of the day (length-of-day: LOD). However, a lag has been observed with the SOI and Nino 3.4 SST leading the LOD and AAM series by one–two months; to date no dynamical explanation has been offered. The dominant excitation mechanism of interannual LOD is the wind term, driven largely by thermal winds arising from the poleward gradient of tropical temperature (TT). We show that the TT gradient (TTG), which peaks 1–2 months after the Nino 3.4 SST anomaly, is the source of the thermal winds that drive the LOD anomaly and account for this well-known ENSO-Earth rotation lag.
Skeletal muscle aging and the mitochondrion

Decline in human muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia) is a hallmark of the aging process. A growing body of research in the areas of bioenergetics and protein turnover has placed the mitochondria at the center of this process. It is now clear that, unless an active lifestyle is rigorously followed, skeletal muscle mitochondrial decline occurs as humans age. Increasing research on mitochondrial biology has elucidated the regulatory pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, many of which are potential therapeutic targets, and highlight the beneficial effects of vigorous physical activity on skeletal muscle health for an aging population.
Anti-adipogenic action of pitavastatin occurs through the coordinate regulation of PPARγ and Pref-1 expression

Background and purpose: Adipocyte differentiation in vitro is coordinately activated by two transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), but it is inhibited by preadipocyte factor-1 (pref-1). Statins, inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase and de novo cholesterol synthesis, can have pleiotropic effects which influence adipocyte phenotype by ill-defined mechanisms. We investigated the effects of pitavastatin (NK-104) on adipocyte differentiation and the transcriptional pathways involved. Experimental approach: The effects of pitavastatin on adipocyte differentiation were evaluated by the formation of oil droplets, content of cellular triglyceride and expression of adipocyte-specific genes. Regulatory mechanisms were assessed by analysis of PPARγ, C/EBPα and pref-1 expression. Key results: Pitavastatin significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in response to adipogenic inducers. Evidence for inhibition included fewer Oil Red O positive droplets, less cellular triglyceride and decreased expression of adipocyte-specific genes, including fatty acid binding protein (aP2), CD36, adipsin and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). The inhibitory effects of pitavastatin on adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were time and concentration dependent. Pitavastatin significantly blocked induction of PPARγ expression, but not C/EBPα expression or DNA binding activity of PPARγ. Also, pitavastatin induced pref-1 expression in preadipocytes and maintained expression of pref-1 at high levels in differentiated cells. Conclusions and implications: Our data suggest that pitavastatin inhibits adipocyte differentiation by blocking PPARγ expression and activating pref-1 expression. These studies may have implications in the regulation of adipogenesis in response to statins. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 807–815; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707250
A new method for live-staining protists with DAPI and its application as a tracer of ingestion by walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas)) larvae

The efficacy of DAPI (2,4-diamadino-6-phenylindole), a fluorescent DNA-specific stain, to live-stain protists was evaluated for use as tracers in laboratory studies of feeding by larval pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas). At 4 μg · ml−1, DAPI effectively live-stained all eight species of heterotrophic protists examined. DAPI also stained four species of autotrophic protists although staining was more variable. No toxic effects of DAPI were detected. DAPI did not appear to alter the swimming behavior of stained protists. Further, the growth rates of a ciliate, Euplotes sp. and an autotrophic flagellate, Rhodomonas salina (Wislouch) Hill and Wetherbee, exposed to DAPI, did not differ significantly from growth in controls. When DAPI-stained Euplotes sp. were presented to larval pollock, ingested cells were easily seen in larval guts. This is the first report of ingestion of an aloricate ciliate by larval pollock. The lack of toxicity of DAPI and the easy visualization of ingested DAPI-stained protists, make this method a useful new tool for examining the ingestion of protists by metazoa and other protists.
Horseradish peroxidase study of the spatial and electrotonic distribution of group Ia synapses on type-identified ankle extensor motoneurons in the cat.

Eight functionally identified group Ia muscle afferents from triceps surae or plantaris muscles were labeled intraaxonally with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in seven adult cats. Subsequently, HRP was injected into two to six homonymous or heteronymous alpha-motoneurons per animal (total = 22), each identified by motor unit type and located near the site of afferent injection. The complete trajectories of labeled afferents were reconstructed, and putative synaptic contacts on HRP-labeled motoneurons were identified at high magnification. Dendritic paths from each contact were also mapped and measured. A total of 24 contact systems (the combination of a group Ia afferent and a postsynaptic motoneuron) were reconstructed, of which 17 were homonymous, and seven were heteronymous. Overall, homonymous contact systems had an average of 9.6 boutons, whereas heteronymous contact systems had an average of 5.9 boutons. The average number of boutons found on type S motoneurons in homonymous contact systems was smaller (6.4, range 3-17) than in systems involving types FF or FR motoneurons (FF: 10.4, range 4-18; FR: 11.3, range 4-32). Neither of these differences were statistically significant. In contrast to earlier reports, a majority (15/24) of contact systems included more than one collateral from the same Ia afferent. The complexity (number of branch points) in the arborization pathway leading to each contact (overall mean 8.4 +/- 3.3) was virtually identical in all contact systems, irrespective of the type of postsynaptic motoneuron. The three-dimensional distribution of group Ia contacts was not coextensive with the radially organized dendrites of motoneurons: Dendrites oriented in the ventromedial to dorsolateral axis had the fewest (8%) contacts, whereas rostrocaudal dendrites had the most (63%) contacts. Nevertheless, contacts were widely distributed on the motoneuron surface, with few on and near the soma ( or = 1,000 microns). The boutons in individual contact systems also showed wide spatial and estimated electrotonic distributions; only 3/24 systems had all contact located within a restricted spatial/electrotonic region. The relations between these anatomical results and existing electrophysiological data on group Ia synaptic potentials are discussed.
Responses of day-neutral, June-bearing and everbearing strawberry cultivars to gibberellic acid and phthalimide treatments

Abstract Field grown day-neutral, June-bearing and everbearing strawberry cultivars responded similarly to GA3 in most cases. GA3 stimulated daughter-plant production in ‘Hecker’ (DN) and suppressed it in ‘Guardian’ (June). Fifty mg l−1 GA3 increased initial runner production of all cultivars, while both 50 and 100 mg l−1 GA3 increased fruit yield the year following treatment. In greenhouse studies, GA3 initially increased leaf number, petiole length and runner production, but the effects diminished with time. Phthalimide at 1000 mg l−1 was most effective in increasing leaf number.
Measuring Business Student Satisfaction: A Review and Summary of the Major Predictors.

Many studies have examined the reasons for students' satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their higher educational experience. However, no single paper reviews the major attributes of an educational program that are most commonly found to be significant predictors of student satisfaction. This paper reviews the major attributes that most influence students' perceptions of overall satisfaction with particular emphasis on business students' satisfaction. Not surprisingly, academic factors such as the quality of teaching, skills and knowledge acquired and the curriculum itself are the most significant determinants of overall satisfaction. A number of other non-academic factors, however, such as the student's feeling of ‘belonging’ and perceptions of the institution's responsiveness and concern, also contribute significantly to overall satisfaction. This paper is intended as a starting point for those who may be designing a student satisfaction survey or those who simply wish to learn about the attributes of ...
Endothelial cell migration in human plasma is enhanced by a narrow range of added sphingosine 1-phosphate: Implications for biomaterials design

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) promotes endothelial cell migration in vitro and may potentially impact the endothelialization of implanted biomaterials. However, the effects of S1P on endothelial cells (EC) in flowing blood could be negligible due to preactivation of signaling cascades. We previously developed biomaterials that release S1P and wished to determine through in vitro experiments the extent to which EC respond to S1P added to human platelet poor plasma. We found that addition of 200 nM S1P to platelet poor plasma significantly increased cell migration in two migration models. A lower concentration of S1P added to plasma (100 nM) did not increase endothelial cell migration rates, while the cell migration response was saturated above 200 nM S1P. Expression of the main S1P receptor in EC, S1P(1), was elevated in plasma compared to low serum medium, but addition of VEGF or fluid flow elicited a further increase in S1P(1) mRNA, consistent with the synergistic effects observed between S1P, VEGF, and fluid flow. Thus, sustained delivery of S1P from biomaterials might only enhance endothelial cell migration if the concentration of S1P at the surface of the material stimulated adjacent EC to the same extent as approximately 200 nM S1P added to plasma.
The impact of minimum age and child access prevention laws on firearm-related youth suicides and unintentional deaths

Abstract The aim of the present study is to quantify the association between child access prevention (CAP) and minimum age laws and state-level youth firearm-related suicide and unintentional death rates. This paper differs from prior research in several ways. First, this is one of the few studies to focus exclusively on youth death rates. Second, this study looks at those laws with the most impact on youth suicides and unintentional deaths. Finally, this study uses one of the largest and most recent data sets of any study on this topic. In order to estimate the determinants of youth firearm deaths, a fixed effects regression model, controlling for both state-level and year-specific effects, is used. Results indicate that state-level minimum age laws have no significant effects on either youth suicides or unintentional deaths and that state-level CAP laws have no significant effects on unintentional deaths. States with CAP laws, however, have lower rates of youth suicide, and, after the enactment of the Federal minimum age requirement, both youth suicide and unintentional death rates fell. Given the mixed results regarding state-level juvenile firearm laws, national restrictions on juvenile handgun possession may be more effective in reducing both youth suicides and unintentional deaths than state-level regulations.
Is Staphylococcus aureus an intracellular pathogen

I am grateful to A. Zuger and J. Chan for their helpful suggestions concerning this manuscript. F.D.L. is supported by grants from the American Heart Association and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA09656 and DA11868).
Thyroid hormones and the treatment of depression: An examination of basic hormonal actions in the mature mammalian brain

Numerous clinical reports indicate that thyroid hormones can influence mood, and a change in thyroid status is an important correlate of depression. Moreover, thyroid hormones have been shown to be effective as adjuncts for traditional antidepressant medications in treatment-resistant patients. In spite of a large clinical literature, little is known about the mechanism by which thyroid hormones elevate mood. The lack of mechanistic insight reflects, in large part, a longstanding bias that the mature mammalian central nervous system is not an important target site for thyroid hormones. Biochemical, physiological, and behavioral evidence is reviewed that provides a clear picture of their importance for neuronal function. This paper offers the hypothesis that the thyroid hormones influence affective state via postreceptor mechanisms that facilitate signal transduction pathways in the adult mammalian brain. This influence is generalizable to widely recognized targets of antidepressant therapies such as noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission.
An experimental analysis of end‐user software training manuals*

. This paper describes two experimental studies that examine the difference between software training manuals for new users of a groupware software package. The manuals differed in terms of their elaboration of procedural, conceptual and usage information. It was expected that manuals with rich conceptual and usage elaborations would produce the best learning outcomes. No significant differences were found in the learning outcomes of subjects with either high or low levels of previous computer experience. The elements that influence the development of instructional manuals are analysed from the perspective of our findings. The paper suggests that examining the underlying relationships between procedural, conceptual and usage information is an important topic for understanding and evaluating design guidelines for instructional manuals. Research into the methods used to communicate this information may provide insight on the usage and development of instructional manuals.
Fluoride, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin: inter-relationships in bone calcium metabolism.

The influence of fluoride, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on bone calcium metabolism was investigated in a bone culture system using half-calvaria of five-day old mice. Fluoride levels in the ash of half-calvaria of 0.007% (low fluoride group), 0.041% (moderate fluoride group), and 0.107% (high fluoride group) were achieved by varying the maternal and neonatal intake of fluoride. Fluoride inhibited the loss of calcium from bones cultured in control medium and parathyroid hormone-containing media, and promoted the uptake of calcium by bones cultured in medium containing calcitonin. Dead bones of the moderate and high fluoride groups took up more calcium from the culture medium than bones of the low fluoride group. Fluoride appears to exert its effect on bone calcium metabolism predominantly via a reduction in mineral solubility.
In vitro transformation of C3H/10T1/2 and NIH/3T3 cells by acrylonitrile and acrylamide

Acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylamide (AM) are carcinogenic in a number of rodent organs and AN is a suspected human carcinogen. We sought to determine whether AN and/or AM could produce morphological transformation in vitro in C3H/10T1/2 and NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. Both AN and AM induced a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in C3H/10T1/2 and NIH/3T3 cells and readily transformed both cell lines. Our conclusions are based on the appearance of cells exhibiting a transformed phenotype and growth in soft agar. AN and AM transformed NIH/3T3 cells to a greater extent than C3H/10T1/2 cells. This is the first reported transformation of cells in vitro by AM.
LDC Savings Rates and Debt Crises

Abstract Conventional wisdom holds that LDC debt problems reflect, in part, the switch of foreign financing towards commercial loans. With no adequate supervision over the use of these funds, international finance may not have improved the capacity to repay external debt. This paper tests two aspects of this proposition. First, have commercial loans been directed more towards consumption and less to investment than official loans? We find no evidence to suggest this has been true. Second, does an increase in the marginal propensity to invest out of foreign loans improve creditworthiness? Again, we find no supporting evidence. We do find, however, that raising the marginal rate of domestic saving out of income does improve creditworthiness. This provides justification for policy conditionality associated with foreign borrowing that goes beyond concern with the uses of individual loans.
Enzymic reduction of codeinone in vitro cell-free systems from Papaver somniferum and P. Bracteatum

Abstract Cell-free extracts have been prepared from Papaver somniferum which catalyze the reduction of codeinone-[16- 3 H] to codeine. The methodology for examining this conversion has pointed to conditions for exploring the preparation of suitable enzyme extracts. P. bracteatum also yielded a cell-free system which reduced codeinone to codeine, both of which are foreign to this species.
Integrating static analysis and general-purpose theorem proving for termination analysis

We present emerging results from our work on termination analysis of software systems. We have designed a static analysis algorithm which attains increased precision and flexibility by issuing queries to a theorem prover. We have implemented our algorithm and initial results show that we obtain a significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art in termination analyses. We also outline how our approach, by integrating theorem proving queries into static analyses, can significantly impact the design of general-purpose static analyses.
Women Coping with a Partner’s Sexual Avoidance:

Causes and cures for sexual dysfunctions have preoccupied both charlatans and scientists for centuries. When in 1970 gynecologist William Masters studied normal men and women’s sexual responses in a lab setting, he also evolved brief (14 days) behavioral sex therapy, trained professionals, and recorded the technique in a bestseller. It was a true advancement in an arena where previously there was little knowledge or hope for improvement for problems of long duration. At the time, the symptom lack of sexual desire, sexual avoidance, or hypoactive sexual desire (HSD) was not defined, classified, or included. It was perhaps a decade later, after terms like frigidity and inhibited sexual desire were discarded as pejorative, that the 1987 DSM-III-R coded HSD applicable to both sexes. A separate code, female sexual arousal, was continued in the 1994 DSM-IV without a male component, although there are literally hundreds of males who present for treatment with this symptom.
XXXVII. On double refraction in matter moving through the Æther

(1904). XXXVII. On double refraction in matter moving through the AEther. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 7, No. 40, pp. 317-329.
Nonlinear stability of a viscous axisymmetric jet

The nonlinear temporal stability of a viscous axisymmetric jet is studied with respect to axisymmetric disturbances. The weakly nonlinear Stuart Watson perturbation expansion is used to study the self interaction of the fundamental in a neighborhood of the critical Reynolds number (Rc). The Landau constant is positive indicating there is a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. In order to extend these results pastR∼Rc, a severely truncated Fourier modal expansion using the Stuart Watson functions to represent ther dependence, exponentials inz and unknown amplitudes in time is substituted into the Navier-Stokes equation. A projection onto an appropriate subspace leads to a low dimensional (five) system of amplitude equations for the disturbance of the fundamental, harmonic and distortion to the mean flow.
Unicoherence at subcontinua

Abstract The notion of unicoherence at a subcontinuum of a metric continuum is defined, and relationships between this local form of unicoherence and certain existing forms of unicoherence are investigated. In particular, it is shown that strong unicoherence is equivalent to unicoherence at every subcontinuum and that weak hereditary unicoherence is equivalent to unicoherence at every subcontinuum having nonempty interior. Further, if every indecomposable subcontinuum of a continuum X has nonempty interior, then X is strongly unicoherent if and only if X is weakly hereditarily unicoherent. New characterizations of dendrites are obtained by requiring either aposyndesis or local connectivity and unicoherence at certain subcontinua.
Tobacco and alcohol sales in community pharmacies: Policy statements from U.S. professional pharmacy associations

Abstract Objective To characterize the extent to which state and national professional pharmacy associations have implemented formal policies addressing the sale of tobacco and alcohol products in community pharmacies. Methods To determine existence of tobacco and alcohol policies, national professional pharmacy associations (n = 10) and state-level pharmacy associations (n = 86) affiliated with the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) and/or the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) were contacted via telephone and/or e-mail, and a search of the association websites was conducted. Results Of 95 responding associations (99%), 14% have a formal policy opposing the sale of tobacco products in pharmacies and 5% have a formal policy opposing the sale of alcohol in pharmacies. Of the associations representing major tobacco-producing states, 40% have a formal policy against tobacco sales in pharmacies, significantly more than the 8% of non-tobacco state associations with such policies. Conclusion Among national professional pharmacy associations, only APhA and ASHP have formal policy statements opposing the sale of both tobacco and alcohol in pharmacies. Most state-level professional pharmacy associations affiliated with these two national organizations have no formal policy statement or position.
Cournot and Bertrand–Edgeworth competition when rivals' costs are unknown

Abstract We study a two-stage game with capacity precommitment followed by price competition where firms have incomplete information about their rival's marginal cost. The game has a Cournot outcome if and only if the lowest possible marginal cost is sufficiently high relative to the expected marginal cost.
Product tying and innovation in U.S. wire preparation equipment

Abstract This paper explores a possible correlation between product tying and innovation in manufacturing equipment. An original study of innovations in electronic wire preparation equipment, described herein, suggests a relationship between the two. Specifically, certain parts used in the wire preparation process are effectively tied to the equipment that handles them, and innovations in that equipment nearly always originated with firms that manufacture both the parts and the equipment. Literature is examined to reveal that other production processes characterized by part-equipment tying have also exhibited frequent innovation from the same type of firm. A preliminary explanation for the relationship, based on existing tying and innovation theories, is forwarded. It is based on the assumption that when parts and machines can be tied, firms that sell both can appropriate greater economic benefit from equipment innovation that can firms that sell equipment only. If this indeed explains the equipment innovation by part/equipment manufacturers, then product tying, generally considered a potentially harmful restraint of trade, may in some circumstances be an inducement to innovation.
Vancomycin-induced linear IgA disease manifesting as bullous erythema multiforme.

Background: Vancomycin-induced linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) disease, an autoimmune, blistering disease in response to vancomycin administration, is characterized by a subepidermal, vesiculobullous eruption and linear IgA deposition along the basement membrane zone on direct immunofluorescence. Case report: We report the case of an 81-year-old man treated with vancomycin who developed diffuse erythema multiforme and tense bullae involving the palmoplantar surfaces. Discontinuation of vancomycin therapy resulted in complete resolution of this patient's cutaneous eruption. Results: Biopsy of a representative skin lesion demonstrated lichenoid interface dermatitis with focal subepidermal clefting, dyskeratosis, and prominent eosinophils. Direct immunofluorescence showed linear basement membrane staining with immunoreactants to IgA; indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated the presence of circulating IgG antibodies binding in an intercellular pattern. Immunoprecipitation studies using the patient's serum revealed 210, 130, and 83 kDa target antigens. Conclusions: Presenting with an initial clinical picture suggestive of bullous erythema multiforme, this patient's subsequent clinical course and direct immunofluorescence confirm the diagnosis of linear IgA bullous disease (LABD). His indirect immunofluorescence findings and immunoprecipitation results suggest that circulating non-IgA antibodies may represent a newly recognized immunopathologic feature of vancomycin-induced linear IgA disease, underscoring the variable and unpredictable manifestations of this drug-induced cutaneous disease.
Optical control of photogenerated ion pair lifetimes: An approach to a molecular switch

A prototype molecular switch is demonstrated that works on the principle that the local electric field produced by one photogenerated ion pair (D1+-A1−) can influence the rate constants for photoinduced electron transfer and recombination in a second donor-acceptor pair (A2-D2). Two ultrafast laser pulses were used to control the rate of a photoinduced electron transfer reaction within a molecule that consists of two covalently linked electron donor-acceptor pairs fixed in a linear structure, D1-A1-A2-D2. This type of molecular architecture may lead to the development of electronic devices that function on the molecular length scale.
Studies on the role of sex steroids in the feedback control of gonadotropin concentrations in men. III. Androgen resistance in primary gonadal failure.

ABSTRACT The negative feedback control of serum gonadotropins by sex steroids was studied in eight men with Leydig cell insufficiency, four of whom had diminished and four with unmeasurable Leydig cell function. Mean serum LH and FSH concentrations, the pattern of LH pulsatile release, and the response of gonadotropins to LRH stimulation were studied before and at the completion of 4-day continuous infusions of testosterone (T; 15 mg/day), 17/S-estradiol (E; 90 μg/day), and 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 7.0 mg/day). Both T and E infusion resulted in approximately 30% suppression of mean serum LH and FSH concentrations in hypogonadal subjects; these responses were similar to those of normal men. Neither T nor E infusion produced a decrease in LH pulse frequency or amplitude in hypogonadal men. This differs from the decrease in LH pulse frequency seen with T and the fall in LH pulse amplitude during E infusion previously observed in normal men. The fall in mean serum LH concentration during infusion of the n...
FeII/α-ketoglutarate hydroxylases involved in nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and chromatin metabolism

FeII/α-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases uniformly possess a double-stranded β-helix fold with two conserved histidines and one carboxylate coordinating their mononuclear ferrous ions. Oxidative decomposition of the α-keto acid is proposed to generate a ferryl–oxo intermediate capable of hydroxylating unactivated carbon atoms in a myriad of substrates. This Perspective focuses on a subgroup of these enzymes that are involved in pyrimidine salvage, purine decomposition, nucleoside and nucleotide hydroxylation, DNA/RNA repair, and chromatin modification. The varied reaction schemes are presented, and selected structural and kinetic information is summarized.
Juche versus Sadae: Game-theoretic approach

Abstract We argue that to some degree Juche is represented by the concept of Nash equilibrium, and Sadae by Thompson and Faith's truly perfect information equilibrium. We characterize the latter, and show that for a Pareto optimal Nash equilibrium, Juche is as good as, or better than Sadae. This includes the game of brinkmanship.
A robust in-situ warp-correction algorithm for VISAR streak camera data at the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a 192-beam pulsed laser system for high energy density physics experiments. Sophisticated diagnostics have been designed around key performance metrics to achieve ignition. The Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR) is the primary diagnostic for measuring the timing of shocks induced into an ignition capsule. The VISAR system utilizes three streak cameras; these streak cameras are inherently nonlinear and require warp corrections to remove these nonlinear effects. A detailed calibration procedure has been developed with National Security Technologies (NSTec) and applied to the camera correction analysis in production. However, the camera nonlinearities drift over time affecting the performance of this method. An in-situ fiber array is used to inject a comb of pulses to generate a calibration correction in order to meet the timing accuracy requirements of VISAR. We develop a robust algorithm for the analysis of the comb calibration images to generate the warp correction that is then applied to the data images. Our algorithm utilizes the method of thin-plate splines (TPS) to model the complex nonlinear distortions in the streak camera data. In this paper, we focus on the theory and implementation of the TPS warp-correction algorithm for the use in a production environment.
Purification and biochemical characterization of actin from Caenorhabditis elegans: its difference from rabbit muscle actin in the interaction with nematode ADF/cofilin.

Biochemical analysis of cytoskeletal proteins of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can be combined with a vast resource of genetic information in order to understand the regulation and function of the cytoskeleton in vivo. Here, I report an improved and efficient method to purify actin from wild-type C. elegans and characterization of its biochemical properties. The purified actin was highly pure and free of several known actin-binding proteins. G-actin was polymerized into F-actin in a similar kinetic process to rabbit muscle actin. G-actin interacted with bovine DNase I and inhibited its activity. However, UNC-60B, an isoform of ADF/cofilin in C. elegans, showed a marked depolymerizing activity on C. elegans actin but not on rabbit muscle actin. The results indicate that C. elegans actin shares common biochemical properties with rabbit muscle actin, while actin-binding proteins can interact with C. elegans actin in a distinct manner from rabbit muscle actin. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 43:128–136, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Overview of active flow control at NASA Langley Research Center

The paper summarizes Active Flow Control projects currently underway at the NASA Langley Research Center. Technology development is being pursued within a multidisciplinary, cooperative approach, involving the classical disciplines of fluid mechanics, structural mechanics, material science, acoustics, and stability and control theory. Complementing the companion papers in this session, the present paper will focus on projects that have the goal of extending the state-of-the-art in the measurement, prediction, and control of unsteady, nonlinear aerodynamics. Toward this goal, innovative actuators, micro and macro sensors, and control strategies are considered for high payoff flow control applications. The target payoffs are outlined within each section below. Validation of the approaches range from bench-top experiments to wind-tunnel experiments to flight tests. Obtaining correlations for future actuator and sensor designs are implicit in the discussion. The products of the demonstration projects and design tool development from the fundamental NASA R&D level technology will then be transferred to the Applied Research components within NASA, DOD, and US Industry. Keywords: active flow control, separation control, MEMS, review