cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of the P50 cerebral evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli: Results from the Consortium on Genetics of Schizophrenia

Inhibition of the P50 evoked electroencephalographic response to the second of paired auditory stimuli has been frequently examined as a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia. The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS), a 7-site study funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, examined this endophenotype in recordings from 181 probands with schizophrenia, 429 of their first degree relatives, and 333 community comparison control subjects. Most probands were treated with second generation antipsychotic medications. Highly significant differences in P50 inhibition, measured as either the ratio of amplitudes or their difference in response to the two stimuli, were found between the probands and the community comparison sample. There were no differences between the COGS sites for these findings. For the ratio parameter, an admixture analysis found that nearly 40% of the relatives demonstrated deficiencies in P50 inhibition that are comparable to the deficit found in the probands. These results indicate that P50 auditory evoked potentials can be recorded across multiple sites and reliably demonstrate a physiological abnormality in schizophrenia. The appearance of the physiological abnormality in a substantial proportion of clinically unaffected first degree relatives is consistent with the hypothesis that deficits in cerebral inhibition are a familial neurobiological risk factor for the illness.
Rocking the Boat but Keeping It Steady: The Role of Emotion Regulation in Employee Voice

Intense emotions such as frustration, anger, and dissatisfaction often drive employees to speak up. Yet the very emotions that spur employees to express voice may compromise their ability to do so constructively, preventing managers from reacting favorably. I propose that to speak up frequently and constructively, employees need knowledge about effective strategies for managing emotions. Building on theories of emotion regulation, I develop a theoretical model that explains the role of managing emotions in the incidence and outcomes of voice. In a field study at a health care company, emotion regulation knowledge (1) predicted more frequent voice, (2) mediated by the emotional labor strategies of deep acting and surface acting, and (3) enhanced the contributions of voice to performance evaluations. These results did not generalize to helping behaviors, demonstrating that emotion regulation uniquely affects challenging but not affiliative interpersonal citizenship behaviors. This research introduces emotion regulation as a novel influence on voice and its consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Grams, Calories, and Food: Languages of Victimization, Entitlement, and Human Rights in Occupied Germany, 1945–1949

By spring 1945 when the Allied Military Government and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) confronted the masses of refugees and displaced persons gathered in, or streaming toward, occupied Germany in the wake of the Third Reich's defeat, food—its supply, distribution, and, not least, symbolic meaning—had been clearly established as a key political and psychological issue for military and occupation policy. The rhetoric of allied war aims and of relief work posited food provision as a fundamental issue of human survival, development, and dignity. In 1943, the anthropologist Margaret Mead, deploying both political and psychoanalytically oriented social work discourses, cautioned American policy makers planning the future of a defeated Nazi Germany about the importance of rationing for establishing control over an occupied population. “Whenever a people feels that its food supply is in the hands of an authority,” she reminded them—in terms suffused with unarticulated gender assumptions, “it tends to regard that authority as to some degree parental.” Moreover she added, “probably no other operation, even the provision of hospitalization and emergency care, is so effective in proving to an anxious and disturbed people that the powers that be are good and have their welfare at heart.”
Subatmospheric burning rates and critical diameters for AP/HTPB propellant

T. D. McKay, Vol. 91, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics AIAA, New York, 1984, pp. 180-196; also AIAA Paper 83-1568, 1983. Niven, D. A., private communication, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. Benzel, J., private communication; Department of Ceramic Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 1989. Steiner, C. J.-P., Hasselman, D. P. H., and Spriggs, R. M., "Kinetics of the Gamma-to-Alpha Alumina Phase Transformation," Journal of American Ceramics Society—Discussions and Notes, Vol. 54, No. 8, Nov. 1971, p. 412.
1004 RETICULOENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION, DIVERSITY IN MACRO-PHAGE SUBPOPULATIONS

The effect of C. Parvum induced RES activation on la and Fc expression of hepatic nonparenchymal cells (NPC) and alveolar macrophage (AM) subpopulations was studied by flow microfluoremetry (FMF). DBA/2J mice were injected I.V. with 1.4 mg C.Parvum. After 14 days, NPC were isolated by collagenase perfusion of the portal vein followed by separation on Metrizamide and Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. AM from the same animals were then isolated by tracheal lavage. Fc expression was determined by incubating the cells with saturating concentration of rabbit IgG dimaers followed by FITC labelled goat anti-RIg. la expression was determined by H2-specific FITC or biotinylated anti-la and Texas Red Avidin. Percentage of positive cells is shown on following table: The intensity of la expression, as determined by median fluorescence intensity (FMI), increased over 20% in both AM and NPC after C.Parvum. Although Fc expression increased in AM, the fluorescence histogram for Fc expression of Fc+Ia+ NPC became variable with an overal decreased FMI in the C.Parvum treated mice. These data suggest a differential response to C.Parvum stimulation in number of Fc surface receptors expressed among RES subpopulations
Kin recognition in anuran amphibians

Abstract Anuran amphibians have emerged as model vertebrates for the study of kin recognition mechanisms. Larvae of most species reported to date discriminate between kin and non-kin, but anuran kin recognition systems show substantial interspecific variability. The ability to discriminate between kin and non-kin incorporates some form of learning in most, if not all, anuran species studied. Kin recognize one another through chemical cues which may incorporate environmental, genetic and maternal factors. The development of kin recognition is influenced by the rearing environment in some species, but in others, social factors have little effect. Kin recognition is context-dependent, however, and the failure to discriminate between kin and non-kin in laboratory tests may reflect artificial testing circumstances rather than differences in kin recognition abilities. Kin recognition mechanisms may have been selected because they enhance opportunities for cooperation among close relatives, but also might result incidentally from other life history processes. Larval growth and maturation may be accelerated when tadpoles recognize and preferentially associate with siblings. Moreover, kin recognition abilities sometimes are retained through metamorphosis. In natural populations, toads rarely mate with their siblings though close kin are readily accessible as mates. These findings suggest that kin recognition may facilitate optimal outbreeding.
Where has love gone? Reciprocity, redistribution, and the Nurturance Gap

Abstract An orderly free society requires the spontaneous cooperation of its citizens. This cooperation has to be continuously instituted in the dynamic social context by caring or nurturing labor. America at present is beset by a Nurturance Gap which is evident in growing social disorder and cultural disintigration and which is observed in the loss of childhood, intimacy, civility and dignity in American society. Careful examination of the place of economy in society is necessary to uncover the roots of this malaise. This examination must be based upon a transactional analysis of the integration of labor, including caring labor, by reciprocity, redistribution and exchange.
Analyses of mutation in pSV2gpt-transformed CHO cells.

Abstract We have developed a system to study mutations which affect expression of the E. coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XPRT) gene (gpt) in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase-deficient (HPRT−) Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that have been transformed by the plasmid pSV2gpt. Several gpt-transformed cell lines have been isolated and characterized with respect to integrated pSV2gpt sequences, expression of the gpt gene, and cytotoxic and mutagenic responses to UV light. While the gpt-transformed CHO and wild-type CHO-K1-BH4 cell lines have similar cytotoxic responses to UV light, the gpt-transformed cell lines respond differently from the parental CHO-K1-BH4 cell line in terms of mutation induction. As with CHO-K1-BH4 HPRT mutants, spontaneous or induced XPRT mutants derived from the gpt+ cell lines can be selected for 6-thioguanine resistance (TGr). Analysis of cell-free extracts from a number of these TGr clones indicates that the mutant phenotype is due to the absence of XPRT activity. One transformant, designated AS52, has previously been described in limited detail. Here we describe additional characteristics of this cell line, as well as several related transformants.
Convergence of Dirichlet quotients and selective decay of 2D magnetohydrodynamic flows

Abstract The selective decay phenomena have been observed by physicists for many dynamic flows such as Navier–Stokes flows, barotropic geophysical flows, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in either actual physical experiments or numerical simulations. In the previous paper (M.-Q. Zhan, 2010 [20] ), the author showed the validity of the selective decay principle for the 2D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in the case of small magnetic Prandtl number. In this paper, we shall show the validity of the selective decay principle for the 2D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows for any magnetic Prandtl number with periodic boundary conditions.
On the Generation of Some Dual Polar Spaces of Symplectic Type OverGF(2)

It is demonstrated that the dual polar space of typeSp(2n,2) can be generated as a geometry by Â?(n) =(2n+ 1)(2nÂ? 1+ )3points whenn= 4 and 5. In the latter case this affirmatively resolves a conjecture of Brouwer that the dimension of the universal projective embedding of this geometry is Â?(5).
The Role of BCNU Polymer Wafers (Gliadel) in the Treatment of Malignant Glioma

The 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU; carmustine) polymer wafer (Gliadel) was developed for use in malignant glioma to deliver higher doses of chemotherapy directly to tumor tissue while bypassing systemic side effects. Phase III clinical trials for patients with newly diagnosed malignant gliomas demonstrated a small, but statistically significant, improvement in survival. However, the rate of complications, including an increase in cerebrospinal fluid leaks and intracranial hypertension, has limited their use. This article reviews the current data for use of BCNU wafers in malignant gliomas.
Effects of an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on the cell division rate and plasma membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia

The eukaryotic protozoan, Paramecium, was examined as a model for effects of pulsated electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on cells. A 72-Hz PEMF similar to fields employed clinically increased cell division rates in Paramecium by 8.5%. Two calcium transport mutants of these organisms showed differential responses to the same field. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, abolished any effect of PEMFs on cell division rates. A fluorescent probe that is thought to sense changes in membrane potential also manifested an altered response in the PEMF-exposed cells whereas a fluorescent lipid bilayer fluidity probe produced evidence of decreased membrane fluidity in the exposed cells. An effect of PEMFs on ion transport mediated by either a direct or indirect effect on the cell membrane is suggested by these studies.
Photometric titrations-IV: The chelometric titration of cadmium in the presence of zinc

Abstract A new method for the photometric titration of cadmium in the presence of zinc using ethyleneglycol-bis(aminoethyl)-tetra-acetic acid is described. Copper ion in ammonical solution serves as photometric indicator. One ml of 0.01 Cd solution in a total volume of about 150 ml was determined in the presence of a 500-fold excess of zinc.
Growth suppression of established human osteosarcoma lung metastases in mice by aerosol gene therapy with PEI-p53 complexes.

Lung metastases are a frequent complication of osteosarcoma and a treatment that would reduce the severity of this complication would be of great benefit to patients. We have used a formulation consisting of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and a p53 gene administered in aerosol to treat established lung micrometastases as a model of human osteosarcoma in nude mice. The SAOS-LM6 cell line, a metastatic derivative of the p53 null SAOS-2 line, expresses high levels of p53 protein after in vitro transfection with PEI– p53 complexes as determined by ELISA, and transfection with both p53 wt and the p53 variant, p53 -CD(1–366) in vitro , results in a marked inhibition of SAOS-LM6 cell proliferation. Aerosol delivery of plasmid DNA containing either the p53 gene or a p53-CD(1–366) variant gene formulated with PEI to mice resulted in highly significant reductions in the numbers and size of tumors ( P <.001), the total number of tumor foci in the lungs ( P <.001) and the size of individual tumor nodules in treated animals compared to untreated, PEI only–treated and PEI–CAT–treated control animals. The different tissues examined did not reveal any signs of toxicity or inflammation after repeated exposure to PEI–DNA. The aerosol delivery of PEI-based formulations of p53 or synthetic p53 variant genes represents a promising new strategy for the treatment of established human osteosarcoma lung metastases. The noninvasive nature of aerosol delivery coupled with low toxicity also make this therapeutic approach potentially appropriate for combination therapy with either radio- or chemotherapy. Cancer Gene Therapy (2001) 8, 619–627.
Learning Style Preferences of Gifted Minority Students.

The purpose of this study was to compare the learning style preferences among gifted African-American, Mexican­ American, and American-born Chinese middle grade students, considering gender and grade levels. The subjects were randomly selected from seven Chicago public schools, and group-administered the Learning Style Inventory. A three-way analysis of variance revealed significant ethnic, gender and grade differences among gifted African­ American, Mexican-American and American-born Chinese students on several learning styles preferences. All three gifted groups were characterized by motivation, responsibility, and preferences for studying in the afternoon and bright light. A majority of the three groups also did not prefer noise, temperature (warm environment), auditory modality, struc­ ture, and authority figures. Findings of the study support and extend past research regarding the learning styles of gifted students. They render support for the provision of differen­ tiated curricula for gifted minority students.
Endogenous stem cell proliferation after central nervous system injury: alternative therapeutic options

The continuous regeneration of glial cells arising from endogenous stem cell populations in the central nervous system (CNS) occurs throughout life in mammals. In the ongoing research to apply stem cell therapy to neurological diseases, the capacity to harness the multipotential ability of endogenous stem cell populations has become apparent. Such cell populations proliferate in response to a variety of injury states in the CNS, but in the absence of a supportive microenvironment they contribute little to any significant behavioral recovery. In the authors' laboratory and elsewhere, recent research on the regenerative potential of these stem cells in disease states such as spinal cord injury has demonstrated that the cells' proliferative potential may be greatly upregulated in response to appropriate growth signals and exogenously applied trophic factors. Further understanding of the potential of such multipotent cells and the mechanisms responsible for creating a favorable microenvironment for them may lead to additional therapeutic alternatives in the setting of neurological diseases. These therapies would require no exogenous stem cell sources and thus would avoid the ethical and moral considerations regarding their use. In this review the authors provide a brief overview of the enhancement of endogenous stem cell proliferation following neurological insult.
PUF ROKs: a hardware approach to read-once keys

Cryptographers have proposed the notion of read-once keys (ROKs) as a beneficial tool for a number of applications, such as delegation of authority. The premise of ROKs is that the key is destroyed by the process of reading it, thus preventing subsequent accesses. While the idea and the applications are well-understood, the consensus among cryptographers is that ROKs cannot be produced by algorithmic processes alone. Rather, a trusted hardware mechanism is needed to support the destruction of the key. In this work, we propose one such approach for using a hardware design to generate ROKs. Our approach is an application of physically unclonable functions (PUFs). PUFs use the intrinsic differences in hardware behavior to produce a random function that is unique to that hardware instance. Our design consists of incorporating the PUF in a feedback loop to make reading the key multiple times physically impossible.
Solar cosmic ray effects in the lower ionosphere of Venus

Abstract The similarity of atomic parameters for the CO 2 atmosphere of Venus and that of the Earth is used to calculate the ionization and optical emission rate in the upper atmosphere of Venus resulting from a major solar cosmic ray event. The possibility of as much as 10 per cent of N 2 in the atmospheric composition of Venus does not change these effects appreciably.
Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in a cardiac transplant recipient: treatment with radiofrequency catheter ablation.

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Introduction: Two years after orthotopic cardiac transplantation, a 60-year-old man presented with unexplained congestive heart failure and an incessant atrial tachycardia. Methods and Results: Electrophysiologic evaluation identified the underlying arrhythmia as automatic atrial tachycardia with site of origin at the high anterior lateral right atrial wall. Radiofrequency catheter ablation successfully eliminated the tachycardia, which resulted in prompt improvement of this patient's congestive heart failure. Conclusion: This is the first reported case of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in a cardiac transplant patient. Radiofrequency catheter ablation can he used successfully in this patient population.
Molecular imaging of MMP expression and therapeutic MMP inhibition.

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a family of proteolytic enzymes, are critically involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis (1). A number of MMP-inhibitors have been developed as cytostatic and antiangiogenic agents. Direct imaging of enzyme activity has only recently been proposed using near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and enzyme-sensitive optical probes (2). The purpose of this study was to: (a) develop an imaging approach to visualize matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity in vivo and (b) apply this approach to monitor therapeutic MMP-inhibition in vivo.
A SIMPLE TRACE FORMULA

The Selberg trace formula is of unquestionable value for the study of automorphic forms and related objects. In principal it is a simple and natural formula, generalizing the Poisson summation formula, relating traces of convolution operators with orbital integrals. This paper is motivated by the belief that such a fundamental and natural relation should admit asimple and short proof. This is accomplished here for test functions with a single supercusp-component, and another component which is spherical and “sufficiently-admissible” with respect to the other components. The resulting trace formula is then use to sharpen and extend the metaplectic correspondence, and the simple algebras correspondence, of automorphic representations, to the context of automorphic forms with asingle supercuspidal component, over any global field. It will be interesting to extend these theorems to the context of all automorphic forms by means of a simple proof. Previously a simple form of the trace formula was known for test functions with two supercusp components; this was used to establish these correspondences for automorphic forms with two supercuspidal components. The notion of “sufficiently-admissible” spherical functions has its origins in Drinfeld's study of the reciprocity law for GL(2) over a function field, and our form of the trace formula is analogous to Deligne's conjecture on the fixed point formula in etale cohomology, for a correspondence which is multiplied by by a sufficiently high power of the Frobenius, on a separated scheme of finite type over a finite field. Our trace formula can be used (see [FK′]) to prove the Ramanujan conjecture for automorphic forms with a supercuspidal component on GL(n) over a function field, and to reduce the reciprocity law for such forms to Deligne's conjecture. Similar techniques are used in ['t'F] to establish base change for GL (n) in the context of automorphic forms with a single supercuspidal component. They can be used to give short and simple proofs of rank one lifting theorems forarbitrary automorphic forms; see [″F] for base change for GL(2), [F′] for base change forU(3), and [′F′] for the symmetric square lifting from SL(2) to PGL(3).
Fas-stimulated generation of reactive oxygen species or exogenous oxidative stress sensitize cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis

Inhibition of Fas-mediated apoptosis in B cell lymphomas by thiol antioxidants (glutathione and N-acetylcysteine) supported previous studies, suggesting that Fas-stimulated ROS generation may play a role in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Thus, the goal of the current study was to determine if Fas stimulation could induce ROS generation and what role, if any, it played in apoptosis. Fas crosslinking induced rapid generation of ROS (within 15 min) well before the appearance of characteristic apoptotic changes. Overexpression of catalase or superoxide dismutase suggested that Fas induced production of both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. ROS generation was only observed, however, in cells that were sensitive to apoptosis and not in B cells inherently resistant to anti-Fas or in those in which resistance was induced by B cell receptor crosslinking. The exogenous addition of 250 microM hydrogen peroxide could reverse the resistant phenotype and sensitize cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. In Fas-sensitive cells, depletion of endogenous antioxidant defenses with buthionine sulfoximine increased the sensitivity to Fas-induced apoptosis, while overexpression of antioxidant enzymes and antiapoptotic proteins suggested a role for Fas-induced production of hydrogen peroxide in apoptosis. Further analysis suggested a redox-sensitive step early in Fas signaling at the level of initiator caspase (caspase-8) activation. Thus, the data suggest that the level of oxidative stress, either from exogenous sources or generated endogenously upon receptor stimulation, regulates the sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis.
Mutual policing and repression of competition in the evolution of cooperative groups

EVOLUTIONARY theory has not explained how competition among lower level units is suppressed in the formation of higher-level evolutionary units1,2. For example, the key problem of early evolution is how small, individual replicators formed cooperative groups of sufficient complexity to allow accurate copying of the genetic material3. The puzzle is why parasites did not subvert the formation of cells by obtaining benetics benefits from the group without contributing to shared traits that enhance reproduction4. These parasites would outcompete other replicators within the cell, disrupting reproductive fairness among subunits and destroying the functional coherence of the group. A similar problem arose at a later evolutionary stage with the orderly mendelian segregation of subunits (chromosomes) within cells, and reproductive fairness continued to be a problem in the evolution of insect5 and human societies6. Here I present a simple model to show how reproductive fairness evolves among subunits to create functional coherence and higher-level units. Self-restraint, which evolves according to the kin-selection coefficient of relatedness, is not sufficient: mutual policing and enforcement of reproductive fairness are also required for the evolution of increasing social complexity.
An evaluation of the Garren-Edwards diet and behavior modification program

This study evaluated the efficacy of the Garren-Edwards Behavior Modification Program, which uses the Garren-Edwards Gastric Bubble as an adjunct to treatment. Group therapy sessions were conducted with 23 morbidly obese subjects for 6 months on a biweekly basis. Each therapy session used a five-stage problem-solving sequence designed to facilitate adaptive behavioral alternatives. In evaluating weight change, a multivariate analysis of variance was conducted along with two preplanned orthogonal comparisons. Patients lost significant amounts of weight between initial to 3-month (p<.0001) and 3- to 6-month intervals (p<0001). A similar treatment effect was noted in an additional sample of 24 morbidly obese subjects following 3 months of treatment (p<0005). The findings support the value of longer goal-oriented programs in promoting continued weight loss. Implications for treatment process and therapist interventions prompted by this new format are discussed.
Regulation of myogenic activation of p38 MAPK by TACE-mediated TNFα release

The activation of p38 MAPK in myogenic precursor cells (MPCs) is a key signal for their exit of cell cycle and entry of the myogenic differentiation program. Therefore, identification of the signaling mechanism that activates p38 MAPK during this process is important for the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of muscle regeneration. This article reviews recent findings regarding the role of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) as a key activator of p38 MAPK during myogenesis in an autocrine/paracrine fashion, and the signaling mechanisms that converge upon TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) to release TNFα from differentiating MPCs in response to diverse regenerative stimuli.
Owner Influence on Exploratory and Exploitative Joint Ventures: A Multiple Agency Perspective

This study contributes to multiple agency theory by unpacking how different ownership profiles have unique influences on managerial choices between exploratory and exploitative joint ventures (JVs). Testing our ideas on a sample of 1008 joint ventures among S&P 500 firms, we find that firms with a strong presence of only dedicated institutional investors (i.e., investors with long time horizons and concentrated portfolios) are more likely to engage in exploratory JVs than firms with a strong presence of only transient institutional investors (i.e., investors with short time horizons and high portfolio turnovers). When both dedicated and transient institutional investors are both present, managers appear to attend more to the preferences of the dedicated owners by engaging in more exploratory joint ventures. Further, we examine the boundary conditions of multiple agency theory by investigating the contingency effects of firm attributes (i.e., performance feedback and absorptive capacity) and the competitiv...
Electron transport properties of Ga/sub 0.51/In/sub 0.49/P for device applications

We present Monte Carlo calculations of steady-state and transient electron transport properties of Ga/sub 0.51/In/sub 0.49/P. We have made a simulation-based comparison between Ga/sub 0.51/In/sub 0.49/P and Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As(x=0.2, 0.3). Our Monte Carlo data show that transport properties of G/sub 0.51/In/sub 0.49/P are favorable, and when the other advantages of the GaInP/GaAs system are also taken into account, this material is a good choice to replace Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As(x/spl ges/0.3). We have also calculated electron drift and Hall mobilities in Ga/sub 0.51/In/sub 0.49/P as a function of impurity concentration and temperature, and determined the effects of different scattering mechanisms on the low-field mobility. Calculated results are in good agreement with the measurements on metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown samples with Hall mobilities within a factor of 0.5 of the calculated theoretical limit. It has also been found that alloy scattering is an important mobility degrading mechanism in lightly doped material at low temperatures. >
Ion Association by Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: A Study of V-P-O Catalysts

The oxidation catalysts (VO2)P207 and β-VOPO4 are studied by laser desorption time-of flight mass spectrometry. Mass spectra of both positive and negative ions are reported for these compounds. Individual scans are tested for ion association, that is, the consistent appearance of a given pair of ions in many scans. The structurally simpler ⨿-VOPO4 shows fewer associations than either (VO)2P207 or an 18O-substituted analogue of β-VOPO4 even though the overall spectra from the three compounds do not differ greatly. These results indicate that the associations observed between ions may be sensitive to small differences in structure in the original specimen. Thus, the identification of ion association may provide information to supplement the mass spectrum of the sample.
Depth distribution of ammonia oxidation rates and ammonia-oxidizer community composition in the Sargasso Sea

Ammonia oxidation rates and ammonia-oxidizer community structure were examined in a depth profile (20– 2000 m) at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study site in December 2009. Ammonia oxidation rates, measured from trace additions of 15NH z (12–18 nmol L21), ranged from undetectable at the surface and 2000 m to 2.0 6 0.1 nmol L21 d21 at 120 m, the depth of the primary nitrite maximum (PNM). Nitrification was not detectable in the photic zone in December, perhaps in part due to the density structure of the upper water column at this time. Ammonium oxidation rates varied with ammonium concentration and yielded an estimate for the half-saturation constant of 65 6 41 nmol L21 for the assemblage at 100 m. This value is similar to that reported for the cultivated marine ammonia-oxidizing archeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus (134 nmol L21), confirming the high affinity for ammonium of the in situ community in the Sargasso Sea. Ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) amoA gene copy numbers were two orders of magnitude higher than ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) amoA gene copy numbers at the PNM depth, suggesting that AOA were responsible for most of the ammonium oxidation, which was in turn responsible for the formation of the PNM. AOB abundance exceeded AOA at depths below 140 m, where both groups were much less abundant. Application of an AOA amoA functional gene microarray showed a diverse and even community distribution. A single archetype (AOA24, representing sequences originally from a coral reef) had the highest fluorescence ratio at depths of 0–1000 m.
Transition support for the newly licensed nurse: a programme that made a difference

dyess s. & parker c.G. (2012) Journal of Nursing Management 20, 615–623 Transition support for the newly licensed nurse: a programme that made a difference Aim To describe and evaluate a collaborative programme that supports newly licensed registered nurses (RNs). Background New RN transition is recognized globally as a challenge. Nurse managers desire successful programmes that support transition into professional practice. One community developed and implemented an on-going programme that supported the new RNs transition and leadership development. Methods One hundred and nine newly licensed nurses participated in a 10-month programme. Quantitative data were collected and analysed. The present study reports on the evaluation of the programme. Results Skill acquisition occurred, retention improved, and transition was supported. Leadership development and psychosocial and technical skills sets improved for participants involved with the programme. Conclusions and implications for Nursing Management The results of the present study suggest that transition support is valuable. Enhanced retention, improved transition and leadership development were noted. Newly licensed RNs gained leadership, patient care and professionalism skills, and were supported with their transition. The results demonstrate that Nurse Managers need to consider opportunities to offer their newly licensed nurses a programme that is targeted for transition support and leadership development.
Particle growth in the plumes of coal‐fired power plants

[1] Submicron particle-size distributions were measured with 10-s resolution aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D Orion research aircraft in the plumes downwind of coal-fired power generation plants in the eastern United States and the urban areas of Nashville, Tennessee, and Atlanta, Georgia. Recently formed particles were present at the edges of some power plant plumes within 2 hours of emission, coinciding with OH maxima predicted by a numerical plume photochemistry model. Clearly detectable increases in particle volume (mass) concentration with increasing plume age, indicating gas-to-particle conversion, were found in only those plumes from sources that emit substantial quantities of SO2. The observed growth in particulate volume could be explained by the calculated oxidation of SO2 by OH. However, the amount of volume growth varied substantially from day to day, even in the plume of the same power plant. In the only case in which a quantitative growth law analysis could be performed, the observed growth of particle size with increasing plume age was consistent with condensation and inconsistent with aqueous oxidation. The advected particle volume flux in SO2-rich power plant plumes substantially exceeded that measured in the urban plumes downwind of Nashville and Atlanta.
Spatial and Temporal Behavior of Microwave Backscatter Directional Modulation Over the Saharan Ergs

Radar backscatter (sigmadeg) from ergs is modulated with view direction [incidence (thetas) and azimuth (phi) angles], where the modulation characteristics reflect the surface geometry. sigmadeg also varies spatially and reflects the spatial inhomogeneity of the sand surface. We use sigmadeg measurements at different thetas and phi angles from the NASA, European Remote Sensing satellite, and SeaWinds scatterometers to understand the relationship between wind and erg bedforms. A model incorporating the sigmadeg phi-modulation and spatial inhomogeneity is proposed. Surface slope variations are related to the sigmadeg spatial inhomogeneity. We compare the backscatter model results with numerically predicted wind direction data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) over the erg surfaces. We use the maxima of the phi-modulation at thetas=33deg to infer the orientation of the dominant slip-sides on the sand surface. These orientations are consistent with the ECMWF wind directions spatially and temporally
Overview of the mucopolysaccharidoses

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorders that are clinically characterized by abnormalities in multiple organ systems and reduced life expectancy. The MPSs are heterogeneous, progressive disorders. Patients typically appear normal at birth, but during early childhood they experience the onset of clinical disease, including skeletal, joint, airway and cardiac involvement, hearing and vision impairment, and mental retardation in the severe forms of MPS I, MPS II and MPS VII and all subtypes of MPS III. There are two treatment options for patients with MPS that are directed at the underlying pathophysiology: haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is useful for selected patients, and recombinant i.v. enzyme replacement therapy, which is available for MPS I, II and VI. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve patient outcomes and may reduce the disease burden on patients and caregivers. As skeletal and joint abnormalities are characteristic of many patients with MPS, rheumatologists are positioned to recognize the features of the disease and to facilitate early diagnosis and referral. In this overview, the clinical features of the MPS disorders and a brief review of treatment options will be presented in order to aid the rheumatologist in recognizing the features of these rare genetic disorders.
Mixed-Gas Adsorption

The prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria from single-component data is one of the most challenging and important problems in adsorption. The chief obstacle to progress is a scarcity of accurate and consistent experimental data over a wide range of temperature and loading for testing theories. Several binaries and one ternary system on two types of zeolites (silicalite and faujasite) were studied in a combination calorimeter-volumetric apparatus. Activity coefficients and excess functions for enthalpy, free energy, and entropy were extracted from the binary data using a three-constant equation to represent nonidealities. The successful correlation of binary excess functions with pure-component properties for type I isotherms on zeolites is a first step toward predicting multicomponent adsorption from single-gas adsorption and a major advancement over the theory of ideal adsorbed solutions.
MEASURES OF RISK IN THE STOCK MARKET AND THE VALUATION OF CORPORATE STOCK

IN THIS WORK I have discussed three main questions: (a) What are the appropriate measures of corporate risk? (b) What is the appropriate form to test "the riskiness" of a suggested risk measure?; and (c) What are other determinants of a firm's market value? Three alternative measures of risk for individual stocks were compared: (a) the beta risk measure; (b) the turnover ratio of the firm's stock; and (c) the firm's size. The first two measures can be regarded as "market determined" measures of risk. The beta risk measure is derived from the now commonly accepted Sharpe-Lintner model. The turnover ratio can be regarded as a proxy for the differences among and the changes of investors' expectations and may measure the flow of new (not previously expected) information with regard to the stock. Firms with a higher flow of new information are predicted to have higher price fluctuations, and are considered riskier by investors. A similar association between "speculative trading" and risk was in fact suggested more than 80 years ago in the distinguished work of Grosvenor [1]. The size variable is basically a determinant of risk, and it is used to test a possible effect of size on the firm's risk, returns and market value. First, there is a clear positive association between the first two risk measures, and both bear a negative relationship to the firm's size. These results are consistent with the hypothesis.' Chapter II compared these three measures using a rate of return framework which tries to relate future return to current risk measure, in the context of a simple version of the "market model". The result indicates that the first two measures explain more consistently the return to individual stocks where more risky stocks rise more in a rising market and fall more in a falling market. There was no similar relationship between stock market return and the firm's size. Beta seems to be a slightly better measure than the turnover ratio in explaining market return. Note, however, that this test is clearly a biased test toward beta which is also estimated in a similar framework. Also, a time series comparison in Chapter III did not show any clear relationship between return and the turnover ratio of a given stock over time. Chapter IV compared the above risk measures in a valuation framework. The main idea was that given the stock earnings per share riskier firms will have lower prices. The results in this framework were quite different. Firms with higher turnover ratios apparently are considered riskier and have lower stock prices for given
Inhibition by Aminoguanidine of Glucose-Derived Collagen Cross-Linking in Skeletal Muscle of Broiler Breeder Hens

Abstract Aminoguanidine (AG) is a nucleophilic compound that inhibits nonenzymatic, glucose-derived collagen cross-linking in animal tissues. Whether AG can attenuate the accumulation of collagen cross-links in the Biceps femoris muscle of 64-wk-old broiler breeder hens as well as improve meat quality, was investigated. Eighty-four broiler breeder hens (30-wk-old) were divided into four equal groups. Each group was assigned randomly to diets supplemented with 0, 200, 400, or 800 ppm AG, respectively. Birds were fed individually, 150 g diet/d. After feeding AG for 34 wk, six birds from each group were killed and samples from the leg muscle were analyzed for changes in collagen content. Aminoguanidine decreased (P
Sequential Circuit BIST Synthesis Using Spectrum and Noise from ATPG Patterns

ATPG patterns of a digital sequential circuit contain temporally and spatially ordered bits as well as random (or donpsilat care) bits. We synthesize BIST hardware that mimics these characteristics by controlled mixing of spectral components and noise. A Hadamard digital wave generator circuit produces all required spectral sequences and a weighted pseudorandom bit generator provides random bits. While these two blocks serve the entire circuit under test, specific to each primary input are two small blocks, one that combines the required Hadamard sequences in proper proportions and the other a randomizer that adds the required amount of noise if necessary. As an example, the FlexTest ATPG produced 55110 patterns for s38417, detecting 15472 of 31180 stuck-at faults. Sixty four-thousand of our BIST patterns detected 17020 faults as compared to 4244 detected by a previously reported spectral BIST method utilizing similar hardware overhead.
The slot antenna with coupled dipoles

The problem of an array consisting of a slot antenna and two symmetrically-located cylindrical dipoles is formulated. The approximate distribution of the current along each antenna is obtained by a method of iteration. The radiation function, the coupling coefficients between the slot and the dipole, the relation between the magnetic current in the slot and the electric current in the dipole, and the input impedance of the slot in the presence of the dipoles have been obtained. An experimental setup for measuring the radiation patterns is described and measured and theoretical patterns are displayed.
Horizontal Gene Transfer: Evidence and Possible Consequences

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 237 TRANSFERS INVOLVING EUKARYOTES 239 Phylogenetic Congruency Test 239 Pitfalls Involving Paralogies 241 Pitfalls Involving Unequal Razes 242 Convergent Replacements 243 Tests of Significance 244 MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS 244 CHROMOSOMAL GENES IN BACTERIA 245 Mosaic Nature of the E. coli chromosome 245 Salmonella and the Criteria of GC Content 247 Codon Bias 249 Other Bacteria 250 ORGANELLAR GENOMES 251 THE ANGIOSPERM PARADOX 251 Classification Problem 251 Temporal Problem 253 CONCLUSION 255
Brief psychoses: do they contribute to the good prognosis and equal prevalence of schizophrenia in developing countries?

A high incidence of brief schizophrenia-like psychosis in Africa and other parts of the developing world has been repeatedly documented by many psychiatrists working in these regions (Dembovitz, 1945; Carothers, 1953; Jilek & Jilek-Aall, 1970; German, 1972; Leighton et al, 1963). This report does not deny that typical schizophrenia occurs in these countries, but the common culturally based schizophrenia like psychosis may be misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, and thus inflate prevalence and improve prognosis data.
Effects of immunosuppressive therapy in biopsy-proved myocarditis and borderline myocarditis on left ventricular function.

Twenty patients with decreased left ventricular (LV) function and endomyocardial biopsy-proved myocarditis (9 patients) or borderline myocarditis (11 patients) were studied to determine whether these 2 histologic subsets of patients with inflammatory heart disease differed in their response to a 6- to 8-week course of immunosuppressive therapy. All patients received a regimen of prednisone, 1.0 mg/kg/day, and azathioprine, 1.5 mg/kg/day, followed by repeat endomyocardial biopsy and reevaluation of LV function. LV function improved significantly in the group with borderline myocarditis, as assessed by LV stroke work--end-diastolic volume ratio (0.26 +/- 0.17 to 0.54 +/- 0.31 kg.m.ml-1, p less than 0.02), heart rate corrected velocity of circumferential shortening (0.49 +/- 0.30 to 0.80 +/- 0.29 circ.s-1, p less than 0.05), and LV ejection fraction (0.30 +/- 0.15 to 0.47 +/- 0.13, p less than 0.05). LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexes also decreased significantly from 129 +/- 40 to 94 +/- 38 (p less than 0.05) and 90 +/- 37 to 49 +/- 26 ml (p less than 0.02), respectively. No significant change in these indexes of LV function or volume occurred in the myocarditis group. Whereas salutory improvements in cardiac output and filling pressures were found in both groups, objective improvement in LV function assessed by complementary indexes of contractility was greatest in the borderline myocarditis group. It is concluded that short-term immunosuppressive therapy improves LV contractile function and appears to be associated with regression of ventricular dilatation in patients with borderline myocarditis to a greater extent than patients with myocarditis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of Optic Flow Speed and Lateral Flow Asymmetry on Locomotion in Younger and Older Adults: A Virtual Reality Study

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there are age-related differences in locomotion due to changes in presence of vision, optic flow speed, and lateral flow asymmetry using virtual reality technology. Gait kinematics and heading direction were measured using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Although older and younger adults were affected differentially by the availability of vision, a greater dependence on optic flow information in older adults during walking was not found. Linear relations were observed between walking performance and flow speed as well as heading direction and flow asymmetry. The findings suggest that the ability to integrate optic flow information into the multimodal system for assessment of walking speed and heading direction is comparable in older and younger adults.
Dibutyryl cAMP, aminophylline, and beta-adrenergic agonists protect against pulmonary edema caused by phosgene.

Phosgene is a toxic oxidant gas that causes the adult respiratory distress syndrome in exposed workers. Phosgene exposure markedly increased lung weight gain in buffer-perfused isolated rabbit lung...