cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Rural to Urban Migration in China and Social Challenges

The rural to urban migration in China represents one of the greatest internal migrations of people in history as rural populations have moved to cities in response to growing labour demand. One major cause of the increased labour demand was the “Reform and Open Market Policy” initiated at the end of the 1970s. The policy amplified the rural to urban divide by promoting a more thoroughly market-based economy with a corresponding reduction in the importance of agricultural production and a greater emphasis on non-agricultural market sectors. As a result, a series of economic reforms have drastically changed the cultural and social aspects of the rural area over the past three decades. Many social problems have been created due to rural to urban migration. These problems include institutional discrimination because of the restrictive household registration policies; social stigmatisation and discrimination in state-owned employment sectors and among urban residents; psychological distress and feelings of alienation.
Sport and the Neoliberal University: Profit, Politics, and Pedagogy

In Sport and the Neoliberal University, editor Ryan King-White presented a collection of chapters by various authors highlighting the complex nature of both current and developing issues in the wor...
Local enhancement of functional evaluation and adjoint error estimation for variational multiscale formulations

Abstract We develop superconvergent postprocessing techniques and accurate a-posteriori error estimators for variational multiscale formulations (VMS) of partial differential equations . We show that including VMS fine-scale information in the Quantity of Interest (QoI) approximation can provide a superior rate of convergence , including exact recovery for a non-trivial class of QoIs. Further improved postprocessing is achieved by reinterpreting the standard VMS fine-scale approximation via a local bubble-function projection. Decomposing the error in this modified QoI evaluation into an element-local component which depends only on the stabilization and a non-local dual-weighted residual component allows us to obtain accurate QoI error estimates. This analysis also leads to a new adjoint-based expression for the classic stabilization parameter, the intrinsic time ‘ τ ’. Numerical experiments on challenging boundary layer problems demonstrate the superior convergence of the modified QoI evaluation and the reliability of the adjoint error estimator for various QoIs. We also provide computational confirmation of exact recovery of an average value QoI using our estimator with the canonical ‘ τ ’ [Hughes (1995)], as predicted by our analysis.
How Often Do Oral Maxillofacial Surgeons Lose Malpractice Cases and Why

Purpose Although oral maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) carry high legal risk in malpractice lawsuits, data elucidating the reason behind those claims and their outcomes are scarce. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the trends, analyze the payouts, and determine the etiology of malpractice cases against OMSs. Materials and Methods A retrospective case series study was performed using the Westlaw database to access medical malpractice cases filed against OMSs from 1980 to 2017. The inclusion criterion was that the defendants had included an OMS. Two of us independently collected the demographic data, verdicts, payouts, and etiology of the litigation. Results The study sample included 183 cases adjudicated from 1980 to 2017. The results highlighted the temporal and geographic trends, payout information, and etiology of the cases. The total number of malpractice cases had decreased by 60% from 2011 to 2015 compared with the previous 5 years. The greatest incidence of malpractice cases filed per 100 practicing OMSs was in New York, followed by California and Massachusetts. Ruling in favor of the defendant OMS was noted in 55% of the cases, of the plaintiffs in 40% of the cases, and had reached a settlement before trial in 3% of the cases. In the cases in which the ruling had favored the plaintiff, the average payment was $812,449.08, with a median payment of $250,000.00 (range, $13,750.00 to $14,887,525.95). Extraction cases represented 53% of all malpractice litigations. Of these, 65% had been third molar extractions that had resulted in lingual nerve injury (26%), postoperative infection (17%), wrong site extractions (15%), and death or brain damage (10%), among other injuries. Conclusions Approximately one half of the malpractice cases favored the defendant OMS. Most cases were third molar extractions resulting in injuries ranging from lingual nerve injury to death. Complementary data from insurance companies would be helpful to provide more specific analysis of the etiology and trends of the malpractice cases.
Syncing Pre-Recorded Audio Description to a Live Musical Theater Performance Using a Reference Audio Recording

Audio description, an accessibility service used by blind or visually impaired individuals, provides spoken descriptions of visual content. This accommodation allows those with low or no vision the ability to access information that sighted people obtain visually. A method for deploying pre-recorded audio description in a live musical theater environment is presented here. This method uses a reference audio recording and an online time warping algorithm to automatically align audio description with repeated live performances of a theatrical production. This system is used in two evaluation experiments that show the method successfully aligns multiple recordings of works of musical theater in order to automatically trigger pre-recorded, descriptive audio in real time.
Credible Nuclear Security Commitments Can Backfire: Explaining Domestic Support for Nuclear Weapons Acquisition in South Korea:

How does the alliance between a client state and its nuclear ally influence support for proliferation in the client? Conventional wisdom suggests that when nuclear security guarantees are not credi...
AS-Quant: Detection and Visualization of Alternative Splicing Events with RNA-seq Data

Abstract A simplistic understanding of the central dogma falls short in correlating the number of genes in the genome to the number of proteins in the proteome. Post-transcriptional alternative splicing contributes to the complexity of proteome and are critical in understanding gene expression. mRNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) has been widely used to study the transcriptome and provides opportunity to detect alternative splicing events among different biological conditions. Despite the popularity of studying transcriptome variants with RNA-seq, few efficient and user-friendly bioinformatics tools have been developed for the genome-wide detection and visualization of alternative splicing events. We have developed AS-Quant (Alternative Splicing Quantitation), a robust program to identify alternative splicing events and visualize the short-read coverage with gene annotations. AS-Quant works in three steps: (i) calculate the read coverage of the potential splicing exons and the corresponding gene; (ii) categorize the splicing events into five different types based on annotation, and assess the significance of the events between two biological conditions; (iii) generate the short reads coverage plot with a complete gene annotation for user specified splicing events. To evaluate the performance, two significant alternative splicing events identified by AS-Quant between two biological contexts were validated by RT-PCR. Implementation AS-Quant is implemented in Python. Source code and a comprehensive user’s manual are freely available at https://github.com/CompbioLabUCF/AS-Quant
Local Ecosystem Uptake of Stocked Trout by Cambarus bartonii and the Relevance of Prior Exposure to Stocking

We assessed variation in feeding preference of Cambarus bartonii (Appalachian Brook Crayfish) for stocked Salmo trutta (Brown Trout) or wild Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook Trout) across 8 central Pennsylvania headwater streams with different recent exposures to trout stocking. In separate trials, we allowed crayfish to interact with and choose between fillets of stocked Brown Trout or wild Brook Trout in either a flowing Y-apparatus or a standing-water aquarium. In the Y-apparatus trials and standing water aquarium trials, crayfish exhibited no detectable feeding preference based on proximity to stocking sites from which they were collected. In the Y-apparatus trials, crayfish were more likely to move towards a fillet type than not. Overall, our results provide evidence that crayfish do not distinguish between stocked Brown Trout and wild Brook Trout as food sources, and history of exposure to stocked trout does not influence feeding preference. Specifically, crayfish accept stocked trout as a food source, even if this resource is new to the environment (i.e., with the additions of new stocking sites in previously unstocked streams). Acceptance of stocked trout as a food resource suggests crayfish may play an important role in the local incorporation of this significant allochthonous nutrient input. Future research should address if local uptake of stocked trout by crayfish is able to mitigate downstream nutrient loads related to stocking.
Beyond Skepticism or Compassion: A Critical Pedagogy of Gender-Based Violence

Gender-based violence is one of the most pressing social issues of our times. Yet undergraduate students often approach the problem from a place of either skepticism or compassion. Even when presented with startling empirical data and poignant first-person narratives, students tend to remain entrenched in these polarized positions. I discuss how experiential learning (EL) offers a pathway for deepened intellectual engagement by helping students to situate their own lives in relation to gender-based violence. This chapter is a case study of an EL project that I ran in a Sociology of Gender course in which I partnered with a local domestic violence resource agency. In this chapter, I describe the logistics of the EL activities, and then I discuss how students reported that for the first time, they saw violence operating in the lives of their friends, family members, and even in their own families of origin. Prior to this pedagogical experience, many had simply not noticed. To be sure, this intellectual process was decidedly not about personal disclosure or therapeutic recuperation. However, by locating themselves within social systems of gendered violence—as opposed to maintaining positions as outside observers—students created richer knowledge.
Psychiatric Consultation to the Emergency Department and Co-Management Model

There is an escalating issue of high volumes of psychiatric patients presenting to emergency departments. Therefore, many hospital systems have opted to employ in-house psychiatrists to evaluate and help manage these patients. Staffing of emergency psychiatrists can be challenging due to the shortage of psychiatrists and the nonstandard work hour requirements in the emergency department (ED). There are many unique challenges when treating these patients, including the difficulty of providing care in the emergency medicine environment and the relatively higher cost of providing psychiatric services in the ED. Personnel requirements in this model include emergency medicine providers, security officers, nurses, social workers, and psychiatric providers, all of whom require adequate training in the treatment of psychiatric disorders in the emergency setting. This type of training is not often addressed in traditional educational models. Safety is a particular concern and patients may receive sedating antipsychotics or other medications either during or before their ED stay. Patients in the ED may become violent, and hospital systems must be mindful to not normalize workplace violence for emergency healthcare workers. While not universally required, training programs exist for psychiatrists and Advanced Practice Providers (APP) who specialize in emergency psychiatry, though at this time none of these are Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) approved. This chapter addresses the co-management model of emergent psychiatric care in the emergency department.
Pedagogical Linguistics Training for Graduate Students

This commentary tries to address how we can foster diversity and inclusion among peers and potential peers in Japanese-language education based on my experience with providing pedagogical linguistics training to graduate students at The Ohio State University. Pedagogical linguistics training aims to instill future Japanese-language instructors with the knowledge of how the Japanese language works and to foster their ability to incorporate such knowledge into teaching. I would like to propose that pedagogical linguistics training can be a powerful tool to help individual teachers achieve their potential regardless of their prior experiences and backgrounds. I will discuss 1) the importance of pedagogical linguistics training and how it empowers future Japanese-language; and 2) issues in pedagogical linguistics training.
Late-Career Unemployment Shocks, Pension Outcomes and Unemployment Insurance

In response to unemployment shocks, older workers deplete their 401(k)s, particularly after the waiving of the early withdrawal penalty on unemployment-motivated withdrawals at age 55. This paper shows that Unemployment Insurance (UI) keeps older workers from depleting their 401(k) assets following job losses. UI also incentivizes older unemployed workers to delay claiming their Social Security (SS) benefits beyond the earliest age of eligibility, 62. Overall, UI enhances the retirement income of the individuals having a history of late-career layoffs by helping them preserve their 401(k) assets, the return on these assets and opt for a higher stream of SS benefits.
Evaluation of the Possible Contribution of Phenylpropanoids to Potato Discoloration

Potato is staple food that promotes global food security. One major source of waste are culls due to discoloration of the tubers, some types of which may be associated with nutritionally desirable phenylpropanoids. We examined blackspot bruising, and enzymatic browning of tuber slices and potato juice in 12 different cultivars. Discoloration was measured, along with polyphenol oxidase activity and total phenolics. A strong correlation was not observed between any of these factors. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between tyrosine and chlorogenic acid amounts in 56 varieties. These results suggest phenylpropanoids are not the major determinant of discoloration in these potatoes and suggested that potatoes can be developed with higher amounts of phenylpropanoids without inadvertently increasing the amounts of tyrosine. Collectively, this work supports the hypothesis that potatoes can be developed with higher amounts of health-promoting phenylpropanoids without increasing susceptibility to discoloration.
Surgical Insights for the Management of Variant Histology in Renal Cell Carcinoma.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To review the current literature regarding variant (non-clear) histology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the clinical management of these renal tumors. Material and Methods: A PubMed database search was performed in May 2020 focusing on variant RCC, its diagnosis and associated syndromes, tumor characteristics, and options for management. Results: A broad range of pathological, clinical and diagnostic characteristics amongst non-ccRCC variants were found to have an impact on the overall management of these tumors. The imaging modalities, frequency of surveillance, and timing for intervention were found to be dependent on the type of genetic alterations, type of histology, and tumor growth rates. The timing and type of surgery as well as the systemic therapy are tailored to the specific tumor type and patient. Conclusion: The findings of this review suggest that clinical management should be considered and adjusted for patients with non-ccRCC histological variants based on tumor subtype and genetic alterations.
Unraveling the structural and electronic properties of strained PbSe on GaAs

Abstract Thin films of PbSe have been synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy on both GaAs(1 0 0) and GaAs(1 1 1)B substrates. Despite the smaller lattice constant of GaAs, the PbSe layers are (0 0 1)-oriented and undergo in-plane tensile strain on both substrates due to the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the materials. High resolution transmission electron microscopy observations reveal an abrupt and highly crystalline interface, not impacted by the tensile strain. The impact of strain on the electronic band structure is computed and found to induce an increase in the energy gap by as much as 10%.
The potential positive epigenetic effects of various mind-body therapies (MBTs): a narrative review.

Mind-Body Therapies (MBTs), such as mindfulness, meditation, yoga, and tai-chi, are said to improve quality of life by contributing to positive thinking and reducing overall distress. MBTs not only play a role in reducing stress and anxiety, but they are also found to epigenetically affect genes and other areas in our genomes that are implicated in inflammation, stress, and distress. This review analyzes the role of MBTs in reducing the epigenetic changes as reported in five previously conducted controlled studies found in the NCBI PubMed database. The methylation of the tumor necrosis factor gene, implicated in psychological distress, was shown to significantly decrease for the women who performed yoga. For people who took part in mindfulness meditation, there was a significant alteration in a variety of modifications of histone deacetylase enzymes as well as their expression patterns when compared to the control group. Other studies found that long-term meditators had slower biomarkers of aging, known as epigenetic clocks, and methylation in genes associated with immune cell metabolism and inflammation. Different genomic regions known as CpG dinucleotide sites ("CpG islands") were also found to be epigenetically altered in participants of tai-chi. These controlled studies were promising evidence on the potential of MBTs to affect the epigenetics of an individual. This information will be useful in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative measures, and can be an addition to western medicine, in a way that is more holistic and beneficial to the individual.
Spherical Resonator for Vapor-Phase Speed of Sound and Measurements of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-methoxypropane (RE347mcc) and trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene [R1234ze(E)]

Abstract We describe an apparatus to measure the speed of sound of gas samples at temperatures from (265 to 500) K with pressures up to 10 MPa. The speed of sound was determined from the frequency of the three lowest-order radial resonance modes for the gas in a spherical cavity machined from type 321 stainless steel for corrosion resistance. The spherical resonator was contained in an isothermal copper block that was maintained at the temperature of interest by a multilayer thermostat with vacuum insulation. The dimensions of the spherical cavity were characterized as a function of temperature and pressure though calibration measurements with high-purity argon. The performance of the apparatus was demonstrated with measurements of high-purity methane and ethane. Measurements of the sound speed of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-methoxypropane (RE347mcc) are reported at temperatures from (325 to 500) K with pressures up to 1.6 MPa. Measurements on trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) are reported at temperatures from (280 to 420) K with pressures up to 2.8 MPa. The average relative combined expanded uncertainties of the measured sound speed for RE347mcc and R1234ze(E) are (0.029 and 0.041)%, respectively.
Hormonal Mechanisms Underlying Insect Behaviour

Publisher Summary The behavioral responses of an animal to its environment can be drastically modified by changes in its hormonal milieu. Hormonal effects on behavior have been long established in vertebrates, and have been studied primarily with respect to the effects of hormones on sexual behavior. This chapter is concerned with actions of the endocrine system on the nervous system, which lead to overt behavioral acts. Hormones are well suited for modulating the general responsiveness of the nervous system because they have access to all of the neurons. For a widespread change to be mediated through purely neural means, requires an extensive series of excitatory and inhibitory networks. The extra neural circuitry will provide rapid and “fine-tuned” modulation of response thresholds, but it will also increase the complexity and size of the CNS. Hormonal modulation, by contrast, apparently either facilitates or suppresses neural pathways, according to the response characteristics of the particular neurons involved. The manner by which hormones exert their effects on the nervous system is unknown. They may alter the permeability characteristics of the neurons, affect the level of transmitter synthesis, facilitate, or block synaptic transmission, etc. Invertebrates, with their simplified nervous systems and their large, identifiable neurons, have proved to be excellent animals in which to answer many questions concerning the functioning of the nervous system.
Adenocarcinoma arising within cervical endometriosis and invading the adjacent vagina.

From the Department of Pathology and the Department of Surgery,” University of Alabama in Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION of cndometriosis was first reported by Sampson’ in 1925. Since then, malignant change in endornetriosis has been noted in the ovary, obturator lymph node, rectasigmoid colon, and rectovaginal septum, but none has been demonstrated in the cervix, although cervical endometriosis is not uncommon.
Socialism Kills: The Human Cost of Delayed Economic Reform in India

As the world approaches the 20th anniversary of the fall of communism, it is worth investigating the costs borne by countries like India that did not become communist but drew heavily on the Soviet model. For three decades after its independence in 1947, India strove for self-sufficiency instead of the gains of international trade, and gave the state an ever-increasing role in controlling the means of production. These policies yielded economic growth of 3.5 percent per year, which was half that of export-oriented Asian countries, and yielded slow progress in social indicators, too. Growth per capita in India was even slower, at 1.49 percent per year. It accelerated after reforms started tentatively in 1981, and shot up to 6.78 percent per year after reforms deepened in the current decade. What would the impact on social indicators have been had India commenced economic reform one decade earlier, and enjoyed correspondingly faster economic growth and improvements in human development indicators? This paper seeks to estimate the number of “missing children,” “missing literates,” and “missing non-poor” resulting from delayed reform, slower economic growth, and hence, slower improvement of social indicators. It finds that with earlier reform, 14.5 million more children would have survived, 261 million more Indians would have become literate, and 109 million more people would have risen above the poverty line. The delay in economic reform represents an enormous social tragedy. It drives home the point that India’s socialist era, which claimed it would deliver growth with social justice, delivered neither.
Isolation methods I: Thin-layer chromatography

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a discussion on thin-layer chromatography. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is one of the most popular and widely used separation techniques because of its ease of use, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, speed of separation, as well as its capacity to analyze multiple samples simultaneously. TLC can be utilized for separation, isolation, identification, and quantification of components in a mixture. It can also be utilized on a preparative scale to isolate a particular component. A large variety of TLC apparatus is commercially available. In TLC, the sample is applied as a small spot or streak to the marked origin of stationary phase supported on a glass, plastic, or metal plate. TLC remains a valuable and commonly used separation technique because of its features complementary to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The majority of TLC applications use normal-phase methods for separation, whereas reversed-phase methods dominate in HPLC. TLC plays an essential role in the early stage of drug development when knowledge about the impurities and degradants in drug substance and drug product is limited. The chapter presents a discussion on determining the effect, if any, is seen when a saturated environment is utilized in comparison to an unsaturated environment. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline outlines four types of analytical procedures to be validated: (1) identification tests; (2) quantitative tests for impurities content; (3) limit tests for the control of impurities; (4) quantitative tests of the active moiety in samples of drug substance or drug product or other selected component(s) in the drug product.
Design of sparse FIR filters using linear programming

More efficient use of multipliers in finite impulse response (FIR) filters can be achieved at the expense of a slight increase in delay by designing sparse FIR filters. Two new methods of designing sparse linear phase FIR filters are reported. One results in sparse direct-form filters for a particular class of filters, and is based on Fourier analysis. The second method is heuristic in nature, and gives a relatively simple approach to designing sparse cascaded filters. Both methods use linear programming for the design. >
The effects of N, P and crude oil on the decomposition of Spartina alterniflora belowground biomass

We conducted a laboratory experiment to examine how the decomposition of particulate belowground organic matter from a salt marsh is enhanced, or not, by different mixtures of crude oil, nitrogen (N), or phosphorus (P) acting individually or synergistically. The experiment was conducted in 3.8 L sampling chambers producing varying quantities of gas whose volume was used as a surrogate measure of organic decomposition under anaerobic conditions. Gas production after 28 days, from highest to lowest, was +NP = +N >>> +P, or +oil. The gas production under either +P or +oil conditions was indistinguishable from gas production in the control chamber. Nitrogen, not phosphorus, or +NP, was the dominant factor controlling organic decomposition rates in these experiments. The implication for organic salt marsh soils is that shoreline erosion is enhanced by salt marsh oiling, presumably by its toxicity, but not by its effect on the decomposition rates of plant biomass belowground. Nutrient additions, on the other hand, may compromise the soil strength, creating a stronger disparity in soil strength between upper and lower soil layers leading to marsh loss. Nutrient amendments intended to decrease oil concentration in the marsh may not have the desired effect, and are likely to decrease soil strength, thereby enhancing marsh-to-water conversions in organic salt marsh soils.
Sojourns and extremes of Fourier sums and series with random coefficients

Abstract Let X(t) be the trigonometric polynomial Σkj=0aj(Ut cos jt+Vj sin jt), –∞ u}, and M(t) = max{X(s): 0⩽s⩽t}. Limit theorems for Lt(u) and P (M(t) > u) for u→∞ are obtained under the hypothesis that the distribution of the random norm (Σkj=0(U2j+V2j))1 2 belongs to the domain of attraction of the extreme value distribution exp{ e–2}. The results are also extended to the random Fourier series (k=∞).
An underwater neutron counter for estimating 252Cf in reactor targets

Abstract An underwater neutron counter was designed to assay nondestructively 252 Cf buildup in 242 Pu targets, by measuring spontaneous fission neutrons from the 252 Cf. The counter reliably measures up to 10 10 neutrons/second, and operates satisfactorily in the presence of gamma activities up to 4000 Ci at the target test position. The counter operates 30 ft underwater to permit measurements during short reactor shutdowns. The counter monitored the 252 Cf buildup in 242 Pu targets that were irradiated during the SRP High Flux Demonstration and the SRP 244 Cm campaign. The counter measurements of 252 Cf agreed with subsequent destructive chemical analyses within ±5%. Neutron counts from a given target were reproducible within ±2%.
STAT4 and the proliferation of artery smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis

Abstract Artery smooth muscle cell proliferation is of key importance in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis following PTCA. In order to understand gene regulation involved in these processes, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau (WC) and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer (SR) pigeons were used to identify transcription factors involved in the enhanced proliferation of WC VSMCs. With protein/DNA array, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) was found to have over a 10-fold increase in expression in WC compared to SR VSMCs. The difference was confirmed with electrophoretic-mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Western blot. Cells cultured under low serum had 5-fold higher levels of STAT4 in WC compared to SR. By Western analysis, aortic tissue from newly hatched WC pigeons had 1.7–2.0 times greater STAT4 expression than in SR pigeons. A pathway whereby enhanced STAT4 may be associated with enhanced proliferation was identified following IL-12 stimulation of WC VSMCs where 3-fold increases in proliferation and 2-fold higher expression of STAT4 were measured. The findings suggest STAT4 may play a role in VSMC proliferation and describe a unique pigeon model system in which to study STAT4 as a gene target for atherosclerosis therapy.
New mutants of bacteriophage λ with a specific defect in excision from the host chromosome

Abstract Mutants of bacteriophage λ have been isolated which are able to integrate efficiently into the host chromosome, but are unable to excise from the host chromosome when repression is released. These mutants ( xis − ) define a single complementation group distinct from the previously identified int gene (which appears to play a critical role in both integration and excision). The xis − mutations therefore probably affect a previously unidentified λ gene, which we designate xis . Functional complementation experiments with λ deletions indicate that xis is located on the λ genome between the int gene and the general recombination gene exo . The properties of xis − mutants are most easily explained if the xis gene specifies a protein required for the recombination event which excises the prophage DNA.
Price Flexibility and the “Degree of Monopoly”

Introduction: two approaches to the problem, 522. — I. Rigidity as a relative concept, 522; as a characteristic of the total system of prices, 524; as an indication of the degree of monopoly, 525. — Measurement of the degree of monopoly, 526. — II. The method employed: average prime costs vs. marginal costs, 527. — The statistical technique, 529. — Analysis of the data, 530.
Revisiting the intertemporal risk–return relation: asymmetrical effect of unexpected volatility shocks

We suggest that an unexpected volatility shock is an important risk factor to induce the intertemporal relation, and the conflicting findings on the relation could be attributable to an omitting variable bias resulting from ignoring the effect of an unexpected volatility shock on the relation. With the effect of an unexpected volatility shock incorporated in estimation, we find a strong positive intertemporal relation for the US monthly excess returns for 1926:12–2008:12. We also find a significant link between the asymmetric mean-reversion and the intertemporal relation in that the quicker reversion of negative returns is attributed to the negative intertemporal relation under a prior negative return shock.
The preparation and characterization of [3H] histamine.2HCl at high specific activity1

[3H] Histamine.2HCl will continue to play a key role in establishing the neurotransmitter status of histamine.2HCl. To more consistently achieve high specific activity in the preparation of the radioligand and incorporate as much tritium into the stable side chain positions as possible, we explored the use of alternative tritiation precursors. Imidazole 4-acetonitrile (5) and 2,5-diiodoimidazole-4-acetonitrile (6) were catalytically reduced with tritium gas and the radiolabeling specificity of the resulting [3H] histamine.2HCl produced was confirmed by 3H NMR.
A new nonlinear filtering algorithm via fourier series

In this paper, a novel nonlinear filtering algorithm is developed based on Fourier series. Since the Fourier series can be used to describe probability density function, it has been used by many researchers for filtering design. However, the original Fourier series based methods require a fixed computation domain, which cannot capture the true dynamic probability density function. The primary contribution of this paper is to design a new Fourier series based nonlinear filtering algorithm which can describe the probability density function at any given domain. Two efficient algorithms are given to adaptively determine the computation domain. The effectiveness of this new filter is evaluated in a benchmark problem and compared with the extended Kalman filter.
Transcriptomics of induced defense responses to greenbug aphid feeding in near isogenic wheat lines

The greenbug aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) is an important cereal pest, periodically threatening wheat yields in the United States and around the world. The single dominant gene, Gb3-based resistance is highly durable against prevailing greenbug biotypes under field conditions; however, the molecular mechanisms of Gb3-mediated defense responses remain unknown. We used Affymetrix GeneChip Wheat Genome Arrays to investigate the transcriptomics of host defense responses upon greenbug feeding on resistant and susceptible bulks (RB and SB, respectively) derived from two near-isogenic lines. The study identified 692 differentially expressed transcripts and further functional classification recognized 122 transcripts that are putatively associated to mediate biotic stress responses. In RB, Gb3-mediated resistance resulted in activation of transmembrane receptor kinases and signaling-related transcripts involved in early signal transduction cascades. While in SB, transcripts mediating final steps in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, redox homeostasis, peroxidases, glutathione S-transferases, and notable defense-related secondary metabolites were induced. Also transcripts involved in callose and cell wall decomposition were elevated SB, plausibly to facilitate uninterrupted feeding operations. These results suggest that Gb3-mediated resistance is less vulnerable to cell wall modification and the data provides ample tools for further investigations concerning R gene based model of resistance.
Trends in Selective Hydrogen Peroxide Production on Transition Metal Surfaces from First Principles

We present a comprehensive, density functional theory based analysis of the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, on 12 transition metal surfaces. We determine the full thermodynamics and selected kinetics of the reaction network on these metals, and we analyze these energetics with simple, microkinetically motivated rate theories to assess the activity and selectivity of hydrogen peroxide production on the surfaces of interest. By further exploiting Bronsted–Evans–Polanyi relationships and scaling relationships between the binding energies of different adsorbates, we express the results in the form of a two-dimensional contour volcano plot, with the activity and selectivity being determined as functions of two independent descriptors: the atomic hydrogen and oxygen adsorption free energies. We identify both a region of maximum predicted catalytic activity, which is near Pt and Pd in descriptor space, and a region of selective hydrogen peroxide production, which includes Au. The optimal catalysts r...
Validating the Why/How contrast for functional MRI studies of Theory of Mind

The ability to impute mental states to others, or Theory of Mind (ToM), has been the subject of hundreds of neuroimaging studies. Although reviews and meta-analyses of these studies have concluded that ToM recruits a coherent brain network, mounting evidence suggests that this network is an abstraction based on pooling data from numerous studies, most of which use different behavioral tasks to investigate ToM. Problematically, this means that no single behavioral task can be used to reliably measure ToM Network function as currently conceived. To make ToM Network function scientifically tractable, we need standardized tasks capable of reliably measuring specific aspects of its functioning. Here, our goal is to validate the Why/How Task for this purpose. Several prior studies have found that when compared to answering how-questions about another person's behavior, answering why-questions about that same behavior activates a network that is anatomically consistent with meta-analytic definitions of the ToM Network. In the version of the Why/How Task presented here, participants answer yes/no Why (e.g., Is the person helping someone?) and How (e.g., Is the person lifting something?) questions about pretested photographs of naturalistic human behaviors. Across three fMRI studies, we show that the task elicits reliable performance measurements and modulates a left-lateralized network that is consistently localized across studies. While this network is convergent with meta-analyses of ToM studies, it is largely distinct from the network identified by the widely used False-Belief Localizer, the most common ToM task. Our new task is publicly available, and can be used as an efficient functional localizer to provide reliable identification of single-subject responses in most regions of the network. Our results validate the Why/How Task, both as a standardized protocol capable of producing maximally comparable data across studies, and as a flexible foundation for programmatic research on the neurobiological foundations of a basic manifestation of human ToM.
Chronology of Fortified Settlements in East Timor

This paper presents new data on the possible ages and functions of stone structures in the eastern regions of East Timor. Radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates were obtained from samples from a number of these sites which suggest a late Holocene period construction and occupation. Results from small scale excavations at three sites suggest that these structures were fortified village sites. These social forces behind the building and use of these sites may be related to wider regional social and environmental factors over the last few thousand years.
The intramolecular nitrile oxide-olefin [3+2] cycloaddition route to the maytansinoids

Abstract The macrocyclization of the olefinic nitrile oxide 24 to the ansa-macrolide skeleton 26, a model for a novel approach to the maytansinoids, is described.
Unburned carbon loss from pulverized coal combustors

Abstract Because the amount of unburned carbon in fly ash from pulverized coal-fired boilers is such a small proportion of the combustibles in the fuel, its origin is usually in atypical properties of the fuel and furnace, rather than their average characteristics. Knowledge of the distributions of coal properties and combustion conditions is, therefore, one of the requirements for a useful simulation of carbon burnout. A reactor engineering approach to this problem, which accounts for the distributions of particle size, residence time, and mixedness of fuel and air has been adopted. The model was tested by comparison with measurements of combustibles in fly ash from a 136000 kg steam h−1 boiler firing medium (mvb) and high (hvb) volatile bituminous coals. Size distribution, as well as the concentration of unburned carbon in fly ash were used to test the accuracy of the simulation of char combustion. The key to the calculation is the allowance for distributions of residence time in the furnace and mixedness of coal and air, without which it is not possible to explain the presence of small unburned particles in fly ash. The coal and plant data required for the calculations are: proximate and ultimate analyses, heating value, screen analysis of the pulverized coal, the dimensions of the furnace, excess oxygen, air preheat, furnace exit gas temperature and a representative sample of the fly ash. The fly ash samples were screened and the carbon content determined for each size cut. The model reproduced the observed dependence of amount and size distribution of unburned combustibles on both grind and volatile matter. The principal adjustable parameters in the calculation are the rate coefficient for char combustion, the mixedness of fuel and air at the end of the volatiles flames, the characteristic mixing time in the post-flame region, and the average gas temperature in the furnace. Although no particle-to-particle variation of char reactivity was introduced, the slow char combustion rate required to fit the measurements suggests that unreactive char may have made a disproportionate contribution to the unburned. The model agrees with the dependences of unburned combustibles on volatile matter, furnace loading and coal fineness reported by Babcock and Wilcox. However, the model exhibits higher sensitivity to excess air than the Babcock and Wilcox correlation. The accuracy of the calculation might be improved by introducing a lower than first-order dependence of the char combustion rate on oxygen and by accounting for size reduction of char particles during burnout.
Bonding structure in nitrogen doped ultrananocrystalline diamond

The transport properties of diamond thin films are well known to be sensitive to the sp2/sp3-bonded carbon ratio, the presence of the grain boundaries and other defects, and to the presence of various impurities. In order to clarify the roles these factors play in the conduction mechanisms of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD), Raman scattering, near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), soft x-ray fluorescence (SXF), and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements were performed. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of nitrogen doped UNCD has previously indicated that the films are composed of crystalline diamond nano-grains with boundaries of amorphous carbon, and NEXAFS measurements reveal that the global amount of sp2-bonded carbon in these films increases slightly with nitrogen doping. The nitrogen content is quantified with high-resolution SIMS analysis, while NEXAFS and SXF indicates that the nitrogen exists primarily in tetrahedrally coordinated sites. These m...
The Zitterbewegung of the neutrino

The internal motion of the electron (i.e. Zitterbewegung) takes place in a hyperplane in the Minkowski space orthogonal to the four-vector p u. For a four-component massless Dirac neutrino it takes place on a two-dimensional plane perpendicular to the three-momentum p, and for a two-component Weyl neutrino it takes place along a straight line perpendicular to p. The kinematical algebras of the compact internal quantum systems are so(5), so(4), and so(2), respectively.
Calibrated dual porosity, dual permeability modeling of fractured reservoirs

In this paper we address the calibration of a classical dual porosity, dual permeability model which accounts for differences in matrix and fracture parameters. Fine scale benchmark solutions are obtained and we perform a comparison between dual porosity, dual permeability model solutions corresponding to a variety of possible parameter values. In the process, we describe an efficient method for solving the dual model pressure equations. We discuss applicable calibrations used for matching the dual porosity, dual permeability model results with those from the fine model and present a number of numerical examples to illustrate their performance.
Molten nitrate salts at 600 and 680 °C: Thermophysical property changes and corrosion of high-temperature nickel alloys

Abstract This paper examines the effects of long-term, high-temperature corrosion processes on materials used in concentrated solar power tower systems. More specifically, the heat transfer fluid and the containment metal are examined at operating temperatures of 600 and 680 °C. A 60/40% NaNO 3 /KNO 3 mixture of molten salt and nickel-based alloys HA230 and In625 were tested for up to 4000 h at the given temperatures. HA230 and In625 alloys showed metal losses of 688 and 594 μm/year, respectively, after 1000 h at 680 °C. The solar salt used in this study showed significant decreases (as much as 60 °C) in melting point. Further experiments showed that the primary reason for the decrease in melting point is due to high nitrite concentrations in the molten salt. However, other thermophysical properties of aged solar salt appear to change little during high-temperature corrosion tests.
Mufti ‘Iwāz and the 1816 “Disturbances at Bareilli”:Inter-Communal Moral Economy and Religious Authority in Rohilkhand

In the Spring of 1816, the North Indian town of Bareilli witnessed a series of protests following the imposition of a House Tax by the East India Company government. Under the leadership of Mufti ‘Iwāz, a local ‘ālem associated with reformist Sufi traditions, various Muslim and Hindu communities of Bareilli engaged in collective action which culminated in a violent confrontation. Reading court records against the grain, this paper argues that the protests represented a complex form of negotiation framed within Islamo-Persianate paradigms—including symbols, language, and authority ­structures—which continued to define modes of popular political expression in the early colonial period. By focusing on Mufti ‘Iwāz, the incident provides rare insights into the practical relationship between Muslim orthodoxy, communal dynamics, and political authority. I argue that with the collapse of Mughal rule, the mufti assumed a role as an intermediary between the people of Bareilli and Company officials derived from precolonial conceptions of moral, popular, and spiritual authority shared by Hindu and Muslim communities.
Chemical compositions of refractory inclusions from the Vigarano and Leoville carbonaceous chondrites

The contents of the major and the trace elements of three refractory inclusions from Leoville and two hibonite-rich refractory inclusions and a dark clast from Vigarano were investigated using INAA technique, and the results were compared with results reported for an Allende inclusion. It was found that two out of the three refractory inclusions from Leoville and both inclusions from Vigarano have lower Na and Au contents than the coarse-grained inclusion from Allende. It is shown that the concentrations of all volatile elements in refractory inclusions in the Leoville and Vigarano meteorites tend to be either below or at the low end of their concentration ranges in Allende coarse-grained inclusions. This is considered to be due to the fact that the former were altered in parts of the solar nebula where grain-bias separation processes removed the inclusions from chemical communication with the gas at a higher temperature or after a shorter time than for the inclusions from Allende.