cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cavopulmonary pathway modification in patients with heterotaxy and newly diagnosed or persistent pulmonary arteriovenous malformations after a modified Fontan operation.

Objective Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are an important but uncommon complication of cavopulmonary connection, particularly in patients with heterotaxy. Absence of hepatic venous effluent in pulmonary arterial blood seems to be a predisposing factor. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are most common after superior cavopulmonary anastomosis, but may develop, progress, or persist in 1 lung after Fontan completion if hepatic venous blood streams completely or primarily to the contralateral lung. Methods Among 53 patients with heterotaxy and inferior vena cava interruption who underwent a modified Fontan procedure from 1985 to 2005, 8 had unilateral streaming of hepatic venous flow and clinically significant pulmonary arteriovenous malformations after hepatic venous inclusion and underwent reconfiguration of the cavopulmonary pathway. In all 8 patients, the hepatic vein-pulmonary artery pathway was contralateral to and offset from the pulmonary artery anastomosis of the single or dominant superior vena cava. Pathway reconfiguration included pulmonary arterial stenting (n = 2), revision of the superior vena cava-pulmonary artery connection (n = 1), construction of a branched hepatic vein-pulmonary artery conduit (n = 2), and surgical or transcatheter construction of a direct hepatic vein-azygous vein pathway (n = 5). Results Hepatic vein-azygous vein connection led to improvement in 4 of 5 patients; other approaches typically did not lead to improvement. Conclusions Resolution of hypoxemia after cavopulmonary pathway reconfiguration in patients with unilateral pulmonary arteriovenous malformations and hepatic venous flow-streaming after Fontan completion supports the importance of hepatic venous effluent in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations and the practice of cavopulmonary pathway revision in such patients. Completion or reconfiguration of the Fontan circulation with direct hepatic vein-azygous vein connection may provide the most reliable mixing and bilateral distribution of hepatic venous blood in this population of patients.
Standardizing Knowledge in a Multicultural Society

AbstractAcross the United States, in an attempt to raise standards for student learning, states have developed curriculum standards that specify what students are to learn. Raising standards has become synonymous with standardizing curriculum. This study critically examines the reading/language arts and history-social science standards documents in California to explore how the standards movement has reconfigured codes of power, and in whose interests. To address this question, we used Bernstein’s (1975) theory of codes of power in curriculum. Bernstein suggested that codes of power can be uncovered by examining how curriculum is classified and framed. Our analysis suggests that the state’s curriculum standards fit within a political movement to reconfigure power relations among racial, ethnic, language, and social class groupings. This is not simply about trying to improve student learning, but more important, about reasserting who has a right to define what schools are for, whose knowledge has most legi...
A portable user-level approach for system-wide integrity protection

In this paper, we develop an approach for protecting system integrity from untrusted code that may harbor sophisticated malware. We develop a novel dual-sandboxing architecture to confine not only untrusted, but also benign processes. Our sandboxes place only a few restrictions, thereby permitting most applications to function normally. Our implementation is performed entirely at the user-level, requiring no changes to the kernel. This enabled us to port the system easily from Linux to BSD. Our experimental results show that our approach preserves the usability of applications, while offering strong protection and good performance. Moreover, policy development is almost entirely automated, sparing users and administrators this cumbersome and difficult task.
An Application Architecture for E-Voting

Protocols for electronic voting are becoming popular with the widespread use of internet. In this paper we propose an e-voting protocol. Our architecture is unique in that it attempts to integrate two topics of much relevance in e-voting: secure coding and information security. The former - sometimes referred to as defensive programming - provides defense against certain exploits while the latter deals with confidentiality, integrity and availability of information.
MR imaging of tibial plateau fractures

Magnetic resonance (MR) images of five patients with acute tibial plateau fractures are presented and correlated with both clinical examination and findings at surgical intervention. The role of MR imaging in the evaluation of both osseous and soft tissue deformity in acute trauma, specifically in patients with tibial plateau fractures is discussed. The value of MR imaging as an alternative to computed tomography and arthroscopic evaluation of these patients is emphasized.
A finite element formulation for highly anisotropic incompressible elastic solids

A numerical approach is developed for the solution of problems of materials with extremely strong directions. Small deformations of a transversely isotropic linear elastic solid, reinforced by a single family of inextensible fibres, are considered. The kinematic constraint equations of incompressibility and inextensibility in the fibre direction lead to the appearance of an arbitrary hydrostatic pressure and an arbitrary tension stress in the constitutive equations. A Galerkin approach is used to discretize the virtual work and weak form of the constraint equations. Independent interpolation of the displacement, pressure and tension fields leads to a mixed system of equations, with characteristic zero-diagonal terms. The assumption of plane stress conditions in the plane of the fibres results in a simplified displacement-tension formulation, analogous to the primitive-variable formulation of Stokes flow. A mixed penalty approximation is then employed to solve for displacement and tension stress fields. Computations are carried out using a biquadratic displacement element with discontinuous bilinear tension stress interpolation. The formulation is used to solve a number of simple beam problems and the results compared to closed-form solutions.
The evolutionary and genetic origins of consciousness in the Cambrian Period over 500 million years ago

Vertebrates evolved in the Cambrian Period before 520 million years ago, but we do not know when or how consciousness arose in the history of the vertebrate brain. Here we propose multiple levels of isomorphic or somatotopic neural representations as an objective marker for sensory consciousness. All extant vertebrates have these, so we deduce that consciousness extends back to the group’s origin. The first conscious sense may have been vision. Then vision, coupled with additional sensory systems derived from ectodermal placodes and neural crest, transformed primitive reflexive systems into image forming brains that map and perceive the external world and the body’s interior. We posit that the minimum requirement for sensory consciousness and qualia is a brain including a forebrain (but not necessarily a developed cerebral cortex/pallium), midbrain and hindbrain. This brain must also have 1) hierarchical systems of intercommunicating, isomorphically organized, processing nuclei that extensively integrate the different senses into representations that emerge in upper levels of the neural hierarchy; and 2) a widespread reticular formation that integrates the sensory inputs and contributes to attention, awareness, and neural synchronization. We propose a two-step evolutionary history, in which the optic tectum was the original center of multi-sensory conscious perception (as in fish and amphibians: step 1), followed by a gradual shift of this center to the dorsal pallium or its cerebral cortex (in mammals, reptiles, birds: step 2). We address objections to the hypothesis and call for more studies of fish and amphibians. In our view, the lamprey has all the neural requisites and is likely the simplest extant vertebrate with sensory consciousness and qualia. Genes that pattern the proposed elements of consciousness (isomorphism, neural crest, placodes) have been identified in all vertebrates. Thus, consciousness is in the genes, some of which are already known.
Comparison of optic nerve head assessment with a digital stereoscopic camera (discam), scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and stereophotography.

Purpose To compare computer-assisted planimetry using the Discam system (Marcher Enterprises Ltd., Hereford, UK), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO), and stereoscopic disc photography with respect to optic nerve head (ONH) measurements and glaucoma status.
Sparse halves in triangle-free graphs

One of Erdos' favourite conjectures was that any triangle-free graph G on n vertices should contain a set of n/2 vertices that spans at most n2/50 edges. We prove this when the number of edges in G is either at most n2/12 or at least n2/5.
Developmental outcomes after pediatric heart transplantation.

Background Pediatric heart transplantation has now been successfully performed for more than 20 years. As survival rates have improved, more attention is now focused on long-term outcomes. Methods This report reviews the literature on developmental outcomes after pediatric heart transplantation. Results Pediatric patients undergoing heart transplantation generally can be expected to have developmental outcomes in the low-normal range, consistent with outcomes seen in other children with complex congenital heart disease requiring surgical intervention. When these children reach school age, or return to school, most can be expected to function reasonably well in mainstream school settings. A significant minority will require additional educational assistance. Approximately 10% will have significant neurologic impairment. In school, particular attention should be paid to evaluating the child for deficits in arithmetic and verbal skills. Performance may be better than predicted from IQ testing. Behavioral issues are common, with depression, concerns about social competence, and attention difficulties most frequently endorsed. This may pre-date transplantation in those who undergo transplantation during childhood and may improve with time. Parents more often report problem behaviors than teachers. Family resources and family coping skills are also strongly correlated with the child's emotions and coping skills. Conclusion The pediatric heart transplant recipient's ability to transition from childhood into a happy and productive adult life can be significantly affected by his or her cognitive abilities, learning experiences, sense of self, and emotions. Attention to these factors is an important part of caring for these children.
Genetic therapy for the nervous system

Genetic therapy is undergoing a renaissance with expansion of viral and synthetic vectors, use of oligonucleotides (RNA and DNA) and sequence-targeted regulatory molecules, as well as genetically modified cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells from the patients themselves. Several clinical trials for neurologic syndromes appear quite promising. This review covers genetic strategies to ameliorate neurologic syndromes of different etiologies, including lysosomal storage diseases, Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidopathies, Parkinson's disease, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and brain tumors. This field has been propelled by genetic technologies, including identifying disease genes and disruptive mutations, design of genomic interacting elements to regulate transcription and splicing of specific precursor mRNAs and use of novel non-coding regulatory RNAs. These versatile new tools for manipulation of genetic elements provide the ability to tailor the mode of genetic intervention to specific aspects of a disease state.
The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane with and without nitrous oxide in elderly versus young adults

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane with and without 65% nitrous oxide (N 2 O) in non-Asian patients at least 70 years of age, and in patients aged 18 to 35 years. Design: Randomized open-study design. The Dixon up-down method determined the target sevoflurane concentration for each patient. Setting: Operating rooms of a large university hospital. Patients: 27 ASA status I and II patients aged 18 to 35 years and 26 patients at least 70 years of age, who were free of any conditions or diseases that would interfere with MAC determination. Interventions: Unpremedicated patients breathed sevoflurane until the predetermined target end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was reached for at least 15 minutes before skin incision. Up-down sevoflurane increments were 0.25% after an initial target concentration of 2%. This continued until there were at least three crossover pairs in each of the four groups. Measurements and Main Results: Patients were observed for purposeful movement in response to a skin incision. End-tidal sevoflurane, N 2 O and oxygen (O 2 ) concentrations were measured by a calibrated infrared analyzer. MAC was determined by logistic regression analysis. The MAC of sevoflurane in O 2 /air for the mean age in each group was 2.6% in the younger group (age = 25 yr) and 1.45% in the elderly group (age = 76 yr). Nitrous oxide 65% decreased MAC about 50% in each group at any age studied. Conclusions: The MAC of sevoflurane determined in this study is similar to that determined in previous studies, including the MAC determined in an elderly Asian population. Increasing age and N 2 O decrease sevoflurane MAC similarly to that determined with other volatile anesthetics.
Local release of B cell-activating factor of the TNF family after segmental allergen challenge of allergic subjects.

Background Local production of IgA and IgE in the airways has been proposed to be an important event in both immune protection from pathogens and the pathogenesis of airway allergic diseases. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the production of B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), an important regulator of B-cell survival and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination, in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid after segmental allergen challenge of allergic subjects. Methods Segmental allergen challenge with saline or allergen was performed in 16 adult allergic subjects. BAL was performed at both saline- and allergen-challenged sites 20 to 24 hours after challenge. Concentrations of B cell–active cytokines, including BAFF, IL-6, and IL-13, were measured by using specific ELISA and cytometric bead array assays. Results Levels of BAFF protein were significantly increased in BAL fluid after allergen challenge (53.8 pg/mL [range, 0-407.4 pg/mL], P = .001) compared with those at saline-challenged sites (0 pg/mL [0-34.7 pg/mL]). In the BAL fluid after allergen challenge, BAFF levels were significantly correlated with absolute numbers of total cells ( r = 0.779, P r = 0.842, P r = 0.809, P r = 0.621, P = .010) but did not correlate with macrophages. Normalization to albumin indicated that BAFF production occurred locally in the airways. BAFF levels were also significantly correlated with the other B cell–activating cytokines IL-6 ( r = 0.875, P r = 0.812, P Conclusion The antigen-induced production of BAFF in the airway might contribute to local class-switch recombination and immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells.
Do Racial Attitudes Matter? A Look at Attitudes Toward Latinos, Immigrants, and African-Americans and Their Effect on Public Policy

Extant literature on racial attitudes and public policy tends to focus upon white racial attitudes toward African-Americans and how these attitudes mediate public policy. We argue that with our increasingly diverse country it is critical to examine different groups in order to get a comprehensive view of how racial attitudes mediate public policy. Using the 2008 Collaborative Multi-Racial Post Election Survey (CMPS), we test whether racial stereotypes toward Latinos, African-Americans, and immigrants mediate the electorate’s attitudes toward critical national public policies. Furthermore, we test various racial attitudes hypotheses (symbolic racism, group competition, racial context, and immigrant attitudes) in relation to one another, and in relation to various public policies. We find that racial attitudes are significant predictors of public policy, but they are complex in nature and vary by policy.
Using Diagnosis and DSM-III-R and IV in Marriage and Family Counseling and Therapy: Increasing Treatment Outcomes without Losing Heart or Soul

This article urges mamrage andfamily counselors/therapists (MFC/Ts) to become familiar with theDSM-III-Rand IV system as an important tool for effective diagnosis and tailored treatment. TheDSM-III-Rwith two additional assessment perspectives allows the counselor to rapidly integrate the large data base of couple and family work.
Differentiating the effects of status and power: a justice perspective.

Few empirical efforts have been devoted to differentiating status and power, and thus significant questions remain about differences in how status and power impact social encounters. We conducted 5 studies to address this gap. In particular, these studies tested the prediction that status and power would have opposing effects on justice enacted toward others. In the first 3 studies, we directly compared the effects of status and power on people’s enactment of distributive (Study 1) and procedural (Studies 2 and 3) justice. In the last 2 studies, we orthogonally manipulated status and power and examined their main and interactive effects on people’s enactment of distributive (Study 4) and procedural (Study 5) justice. As predicted, all 5 studies showed consistent evidence that status is positively associated with justice toward others, while power is negatively associated with justice toward others. The effects of power are moderated, however, by an individual’s other orientation (Studies 2, 3, 4, and 5), and the effects of status are moderated by an individual’s dispositional concern about status (Study 5). Furthermore, Studies 4 and 5 also demonstrated that status and power interact, such that the positive effect of status on justice emerges when power is low and not when power is high, providing further evidence for differential effects between power and status. Theoretical implications for the literatures on status, power, and distributive/procedural justice are discussed.
LONG-PERIOD VARIATIONS IN SEASONAL SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE OVER THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE1

The standardized departures of sea-level pressure from the normal over the Northern Hemisphere for each of the foiir seasons were examined by means of spectrum analysis. Emphasis was placed on interpreting the geographical distribution of relative spectral power at different periods, rather than the power distribution within the individual spectra. The predominant characteristic of the data was trend, found to represent real meteorological effects and not spurious results of changes in station locations or times of observation. Particularly in subtropical latitudes where the trend was greatest, the data were characterized by large 1- and 2-year-lag autocorrelations and pronounced “red noise” spectra. Exceptionally large 2-year-lag autocorrelation coefficients over several extensive regions of the hemisphere were related to marked departures of the data series from a linear first-order Markov process in those areas. Although not so strong in an absolute sense as the trend, several moderately strong quasi-periodicities were found that appeared to be related to specific geographical or climatological features. The seasonal sea-level pressure data from arid and semiarid regions in widely separated parts of the hemisphere displayed a rather strong peak of spectral power in the band centered near 21 yr. Data from an extensive area of the northern Pacific Ocean showed a broad spectral peak in the range of 5 to 6 yr, particularly in winter and summer. A pronounced spectral peak in the vicinity of 2 >$ yr was observed in the data series for winter over the Gulf of Alaska, the Mediterranean, and to a lesser extent off the east coast of the United States. All these areas are characterized by frequent and often intense cyclogenesis during the colder months. Although the large amount of trend in the data made if difficult to determine the significance of individual spectral peaks, the quasi-beinnial oscillation also appeared to be a real characteristic of the data. A moderate peak was observed in the spectrum of the data series for some subtropical and continental high-pressure areas, particularly in winter. A preponderance of the spectra at the individual Northern Hemisphere grid points displayed relative peaks in the range of 26 to 28 mo, most markedly for the winter data.
Management intelligence systems

Publisher Summary A management intelligence system (MINTS) is intended by the organization it serves to scan the organization's environment so that the management can better assess its position with a view to enhance the value of the organization and its services. The MINTS helps managers with strategic planning and professional strategists by offering research assistance that increases their productivity and performance. MINTS is required to support various marketing functions—such as market analysis, consumer analysis, trade analysis, and economic analysis. Predicting the success of attempts at commercialization is hard. The MINTS is required to screen, evaluate, interpret, and synthesize all these items into a coherent report. The use of advanced technology in production systems does not guarantee faster and more reliable delivery, better quality, lower inventories, higher throughput, greater flexibility, and lower cost. The MINTS of a firm is useful for assessing the quality of technology management, both by competitors and by their own firm.
ARTMAP: a self-organizing neural network architecture for fast supervised learning and pattern recognition

The authors present a neural network architecture, called ARTMAP, that autonomously learns to classify arbitrarily many, arbitrarily ordered vectors into recognition categories based on predictive success. This supervised learning system is built up from a pair of adaptive resonance theory modules that are capable of self-organizing stable recognition categories in response to arbitrary sequences of input patterns. Tested on a benchmark machine learning database in both online and offline simulations, the ARTMAP system learned orders of magnitude more quickly, efficiently, and accurately than alternative algorithms, and achieves 100% accuracy after training on less than half the input patterns in the database. It achieves these properties by using an internal controller that conjointly maximizes predictive generalization and minimizes predictive error by linking predictive success to category size on a trial-by-trial basis, using only local operations. >
A cdc2-like kinase phosphorylates histone H1 in the amitotic macronucleus of Tetrahymena

Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that cdc2 protein kinase plays a pivotal role in a highly conserved mechanism controlling the entry of cells into mitosis. It is generally believed that one function of cdc2 kinase is to phosphorylate histone H1 which in turn promotes mitotic chromosome condensation. However, direct evidence linking H1 phosphorylation to mitotic chromatin condensation is limited and the exact cellular function(s) of H1 phosphorylation remains unclear. In this study, we show that mammalian cdc2 kinase phosphorylates H1 from the amitotic macronucleus of Tetrahymena with remarkable fidelity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that macronuclei from Tetrahymena contain a growth-associated H1 kinase activity which closely resembles cdc2 kinase from other eukaryotes. Using polyclonal antibodies raised against yeast p34cdc2, we have detected a 36 kd immunoactive polypeptide in macronuclei which binds to Suc1 (p13)-coated beads and closely follows H1 kinase activity. Since macronuclei divide without mitotic chromosome condensation, these data demonstrate that H1 phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase may be necessary, but is not sufficient to promote mitotic chromatin condensation. The fact that an activity which strongly resembles mammalian cdc2 kinase is active during cell growth in a nucleus which does not undergo mitosis and chromosome condensation suggests that other factors are needed for a true mitotic division to occur. These data also reinforce the notion that H1 phosphorylation has important functions outside mitosis both in Tetrahymena and in mammalian cells.
Disease, War, Hunger, and Deprivation: A Cross-National Investigation of the Determinants of Life Expectancy in Less-Developed and Sub-Saharan African Nations:

Researchers note a recent trend of increasing inequality in cross-national life expectancy rates, largely due to conditions in the poorest of nations. Threats to life expectancy in less-developed nations include poverty, warfare, intense hunger, and disease, particularly AIDS/ HIV. This article utilizes structural equation models for a sample of less- developed nations and a subsample of Sub-Saharan African nations to test interrelationships among predictors. Findings indicate modernization to be the most robust predictor of life expectancy across less-developed nations and HIV to be the strongest determinant of life expectancy in Sub-Saharan African nations. Somewhat surprisingly, warfare and hunger do not have direct impacts on life expectancy among less-developed nations; however, important linkages among warfare, hunger, and disease are evidenced in the Sub-Saharan African sample, along with a notable positive influence of modernization on HIV rates. The findings demonstrate the significance of HIV on cross-national life expectancy scores and illuminate unique dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa.
EFFECT OF GALACTOSE ON URINARY ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION IN MAN.

SummaryA prompt, significant increase in urinary excretions of magnesium and calcium and a decrease in urinary excretion of potassium follows ingestion of ethanol and galactose. The oxidative metabolism of alcohol and galactose are rate-limited by the availability of the DPN-flavoprotein-cytochrome enzymes for hydrogen transport. If the cation transport mechanisms were dependent upon this same respiratory system, a competitive inhibition of magnesium and calcium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule might well explain our findings.
1D FEL Simulations Utilizing Laser Undulators

Here, we perform single-pass one-D FEL simulations using undulators that have interesing longitudinal field profiles. This has relevance when one thinks of using undulators based on lasers. Preliminary results and interpretations will be provided for a couple of interesting cases.
Determination of 8 pyrethroid pesticide residues in tea by QuEChERS-Gas Chromatography

[Objective]To establish the rapid QuEChERS-Gas Chromatography(GC) method for determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in tea. [Methods]The pyrethroid pesticide residues was extracted by 0.1% acetonitrile and acetic acid.Dispersive solid-phase extraction was performed by(N-propyl ethylenediamine filler) PSA powder,ODSC-18 and Graphitized carbon black powder.The purified solution was analyzed by GC-ECD. [Results]The recoveries of 8 pyrethroids were 78.2%-109.0%,the RSD was 1.5%-7.9%,the minimal detection concentration was 0.006-0.03 mg/kg. [Conclusion]The method is simple,rapid and convenient for simultaneous determination of 8 pyrethroids in tea. has better accuracy and recovery and is suitable for determining pyrethoid pesticides in tea.
Premixed Combustion of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Sub-Millimeter Channels

The miniaturization of combustors results in the surge of heat loss and the sharp decline of combustion residence time,which exerts a negative impact on the conditions of ignition and combustion,especially in the case of sub-millimeter scale.This work tested experimentally ignition limits for sub-millimeter rectangular combustors with carborundum material by changing three major parameters on ignition and combustion,namely hydrogen to oxygen mixing ratio,hydrogen volumetric flow rate and height of combustor.The combustion characteristics were then investigated by analyzing temperature distribution of outside wall and exit of the combustor.The results show thatstable combustions can be obtained under a proper condition although the lean ignition limit in sub-millimeter scale is higher than that in regular scale.High average wall temperature can be achieved at slightly oxygen rich mixing ratios.The outside wall temperature distribution of the combustor built with carborundum material is more uniform than that with quartz for different thermal conductivityies.
CHARACTERISTIC AND DEVELOPMENT TENDENCY ON SYSTEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN CHINA

The paper discusses the development course of the system of environmental impact assessment in China,and the paper also analysises the system characteristic and development tendeny.
Indexing immunity to malaria in South Africa in the 1920s and 1930s

During the 1920s and 1930s, medical authorities, municipal officials and employers of African farm labour in the lowveld regions of the former Transvaal constructed a system for classifying Africans in terms of their susceptibility or resistance to malaria. This classification system was based on imperfect knowledge about the actual distribution of malaria risk within the country. Yet it was employed to justify public health policies regarding malaria control and the segregation of urban communities in the lowveld region.
Sorting Through the Determinants of Local Government Competition

Competition among local governments for business investment and residents is a key feature of metropolitan governance scholarship. Despite the excellent work exploring interjurisdictional competiti...
Effects of chronic amphetamine administration on behavior and monoamine metabolism in cats

The various behavioral and physiological effects of amphetamines are thought to be mediated primarily through an action on brain catecholamines. The most important action appears to be that of releasing the endogenous stores of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), but amphetamines are also known to affect storage, reuptake and catabolism of central catecholamines (e.g., Carlsson, 1970; Van Rossum, 1970; Scheel-Kruger, 1972). These notions about the mechanism of action of amphetamine are so firmly established that the behavioral effects of chronic amphetamine administration to animals (Segal and Mandell, 1974; Ellinwood and Kilbey, 1977; Ellison, et al, 1978) and humans, “amphetamine psychosis” (Connell, 1958; Bell, 1965; Kalant, 1966), provides one of the basic foundations for the catecholamine theory of schizophrenia (Snyder, 1972, 1974). A recent report by Ellinwood and Kilbey (1977), however, led us to examine the effect of chronic amphetamine administration on brain serotonin (5HT) metabolism in the cat.
Eyes shut homolog is required for maintaining the ciliary pocket and survival of photoreceptors in zebrafish.

ABSTRACT Mutations in the extracellular matrix protein eyes shut homolog (EYS) cause photoreceptor degeneration in patients with retinitis pigmentosa 25 (RP25). Functions of EYS remain poorly understood, due in part to the lack of an EYS gene in mouse. We investigated the localization of vertebrate EYS proteins and engineered loss-of-function alleles in zebrafish. Immunostaining indicated that EYS localized near the connecting cilium/transition zone in photoreceptors. EYS also strongly localized to the cone outer segments and weakly to the rod outer segments and cone terminals in primate retinas. Analysis of mutant EYS zebrafish revealed disruption of the ciliary pocket in cone photoreceptors, indicating that EYS is required for maintaining the integrity of the ciliary pocket lumen. Mutant zebrafish exhibited progressive loss of cone and rod photoreceptors. Our results indicate that EYS protein localization is species-dependent and that EYS is required for maintaining ciliary pocket morphology and survival of photoreceptors in zebrafish.
Experiential avoidance in the vulnerability to depression among adolescent females.

Abstract Background Although various mechanisms in the maternal transmission of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) have been investigated, it is unknown whether experiential avoidance (EA) is a vulnerability factor in the development of depression or a consequence of the illness. The present study utilized a high-risk design to determine if EA indeed poses vulnerability to adolescent MDD. Secondly, we examined the means by which adolescent EA may come to pose vulnerability, namely that it explains the relation between maternal EA and adolescent depressive symptoms. Methods One-hundred and forty-six biological mother/adolescent daughter dyads comprised three diagnostic groups: mothers with a history of MDD and their depressed daughters (MDD; n=21), mothers with a history of MDD and their never-depressed daughters (high-risk, HR; n=69), and healthy controls (HCs; n=56). Results Groups differed on daughter EA such that the MDD group reported greater EA than the HR group, which in turn reported greater EA than HCs. Daughter EA mediated the relation between maternal EA and daughter depressive symptoms after controlling for maternal depressive symptoms. Limitations Strengths aside, this study included a relatively small group of depressed mother-daughter dyads and relied on cross-sectional self-report data. Conclusions EA appears to serve as a vulnerability factor for adolescent MDD, and the mechanistic role of daughter EA highlights the significance of intergenerational EA in the maternal transmission of depression. Therapeutic approaches may therefore consider reducing the transmission of EA from mothers to daughters.
Wave data analysis and Quality Control challenges

Since its inception in 1975, quality control has been at the forefront of the Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP). During the early days, with few pressure sensor stations deployed (Imperial Beach and Ocean Beach, CA), timely Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) checks were done manually. However, as the program grew, it became evident that in order to maintain high quality standards commensurate with real time data dissemination, it would be necessary to develop automated quality control checks designed to accept qualified data and reject sets that fail to meet minimum standards. Both categories were archived and are available, in the public domain, for further manual or machine processing and inspection.
Robotic Surgery for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The da Vinci robot was first applied to colorectal surgery in 2001, and since then has become increasingly utilized [3]. Several retrospective reviews looking at use of the robot in colorectal surgery have shown promising results including lower conversion rates and decreased postoperative complications[4]. It appears to be most advantageous for procedures requiring a low pelvic dissection, where traditional laparoscopy is very challenging. This chapter focuses on use of the robot in the surgical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Developing a Comprehensive Treatment Approach

Many families that participate in weight management treatment have multiple health behavior changes they could be making, but making all the changes at once can be overwhelming, especially when the youth who has been referred for weight management also has a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder or other neurodevelopmental disorder. A comprehensive treatment approach involves understanding the youth and the caregivers’ level of motivation and readiness to change with each goal, the potential barriers and the strengths and challenges of the family. Families and healthcare providers will need to work together in establishing the goals for treatment and which goal to begin addressing first. Taking small steps toward the ultimate goal will be necessary for many of the youths and their caregivers. Healthcare providers will need to utilize motivational interviewing, problem-solving strategies, and behavioral strategies to assist families in being successful in making health behavior changes.
Automatic Activity Profile Generation from Detected Functional Regions for Video Scene Analysis

The potential applications of video surveillance to the Business Intelligence domain continue to grow. For example, automatic computer vision algorithms can provide a fast, efficient process to screen hundreds of hours of video for activity patterns that potentially impact the business. Two such algorithms and their variants are discussed in this chapter. These algorithms analyze surveillance video in order to automatically recognize various functional elements, such as: walkways, roadways, parking-spots, and doorways, through their interactions with pedestrian and vehicle detections. The recognized functional element regions provide a means of capturing statistics related to particular businesses. For example, the owner may be interested in the number of people that enter or exit their business versus the number of people that walk past. Results are shown on functional element recognition and business related activity profiles that demonstrate the effectiveness of these algorithms. Experiments are performed using webcam video of a downtown main street in Ocean City NJ, and surveillance video from the CAVIAR shopping center dataset.
Natural Language Understanding (NLU, not NLP) in Cognitive Systems

Developing cognitive agents with human-level natural language understanding (NLU) capabilities requires modeling human cognition because natural, unedited utterances regularly contain ambiguities, ellipses, production errors, implicatures, and many other types of complexities. Moreover, cognitive agents must be nimble in the face of incomplete interpretations since even people do not perfectly understand every aspect of every utterance they hear. So, once an agent has reached the best interpretation it can, it must determine how to proceed – be that acting upon the new information directly, remembering an incomplete interpretation and waiting to see what happens next, seeking out information to fill in the blanks, or asking its interlocutor for clarification. The reasoning needed to support NLU extends far beyond language itself, including, non-exhaustively, the agent’s understanding of its own plans and goals; its dynamic modeling of its interlocutor’s knowledge, plans, and goals, all guided by a theory of mind; its recognition of diverse aspects human behavior, such as affect, cooperative behavior, and the effects of cognitive biases; and its integration of linguistic interpretations with its interpretations of other perceptive inputs, such as simulated vision and non-linguistic audition. Considering all of these needs, it seems hardly possible that fundamental NLU will ever be achieved through the kinds of knowledge-lean text-string manipulation being pursued by the mainstream natural language processing (NLP) community. Instead, it requires a holistic approach to cognitive modeling of the type we are pursuing in a paradigm called OntoAgent.
Modeling and Analysis of Power Amplifier Dissipation Energy in Wireless Handset Transceivers

The growing demand for high spectral efficiency in 5G communication systems imposes greater energy consumption requirements in wireless handsets. Using spectrally efficient modulations such as multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) introduces challenging requirements for the power amplifier (PA), which consumes the most energy in a wireless handset, and degrades the PA efficiency because of a higher peak-to-average ratio (PAR). In this paper, the impact of using MQAM on the energy dissipation of the PA is examined by capturing the impact of modulation order, PA type, and roll-off factor, along with all corresponding parameters such as PA drain efficiency, the modulation PAR, and the PAR due to the roll-off factor of the transmission pulse. We then investigate different methods for reducing the impact of PAR on PA efficiency. Our results also show that a roll-off factor of 0.42 for a square-root raised cosine (SRRC) pulse can be considered as the optimum choice for wireless communication systems in terms of energy and spectral efficiency. Further, our results show that the linearity and efficiency of class AB PAs can be maintained for very high modulation orders in 5G systems.
Why Does Theoretical Physics Fail to Explain and Predict Earthquake Occurrence

Several reasons for the failure can be proposed: 1. The multidimensional character of seismicity: time, space, and earthquake focal mechanism need to be modeled. The latter is a symmetric second-rank tensor of a special kind. 2. The intrinsic randomness of earthquake occurrence, necessitating the use of stochastic point processes and appropriate complex statistical techniques. 3. The scale-invariant or fractal properties of earthquake processes; the theory of random stable or heavy-tailed variables is significantly more difficult than that of Gaussian variables and is only now being developed. Earthquake process theory should be capable of being renormalized. 4. 4. Statistical distributions of earthquake sizes, earthquake temporal interactions, spatial patterns and focal mechanisms are largely universal. The values of major parameters are similar for earthquakes in various tectonic zones. The universality of these distributions will enable a better foundation for earthquake process theory. 5. The quality of current earthquake data statistical analysis is low. Since little or no study of random and systematic errors is performed, most published statistical results are artifacts. 6. During earthquake rupture propagation, focal mechanisms sometimes undergo large 3-D rotations. These rotations require non-commutative algebra (e.g., quaternions and gauge theory) for accurate models of earthquake occurrence. 7. These phenomenological and theoretical difficulties are not limited to earthquakes: any fracture of brittle materials, tensile or shear, would encounter similar problems.
The Limits of Empiricism: The Utility of Theory in Historical Thought and Writing:

In recent years, there has been a revival of emphasis in historical research and writing on the practice of empiricism, together with the rehabilitation of those ‘epistemic virtues’ of accuracy, im...
Overvoltage and Restriction of 1000kV Long-Distance Transmission Lines in Weak System

Power frequency and switching overvoltages may be high for long-distance transmission lines in the weak power systems, such as Southwest ultra high voltage (UHV) AC power grid at initial stage. On the other hand, discharge voltage of air gap decreases significantly with decrease of air pressure, and the cost of line insulation at high altitude occupy a large proportion in the UHV transmission project. Therefore, it is necessary to further restrict overvoltages in order to avoid large increase of insulation cost at high altitudes. Simulation models were established and overvoltage calculations were carried by using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). It is found that overvoltages are particularly serious when the weak system side is a switch station (or the unique main transformer is out of service). Under this condition, power frequency overvoltages could be limited by installing high voltage (HV) shunt reactors on the bus. Moreover, selection of the minimum air gap for 1000kV transmission lines under switching overvoltages is based on the statistical switching overvoltage level of 1.7p.u. according to the existing standards. However, in high altitude areas, the minimum air gap could be reduced (e.g. based on the statistical switching overvoltage level of 1.6p.u.) on the basis of deeply restricting switching overvoltage, thus effectively reducing the sizes of line towers.
Teacher beliefs and classroom practices regarding a curriculum that is multicultural and antibias

Early childhood teachers (N = 252) completed a survey that reflected their beliefs of importance and their perceived skill levels regarding a curriculum that is multicultural and antibias (CMA). Thirty of 252 early childhood teachers were selected for classroom observations followed by teacher interviews to examine the relationship between teachers' beliefs of importance, perceived skill levels, and observed teaching practices regarding the implementation of a CMA. The results indicated that early childhood teachers perceived a curriculum that is multicultural and antibias as high in importance and perceived their skill levels as moderate. Although early childhood teachers perceived a CMA as high in importance and perceived their skill levels as moderate, their professed beliefs and skill levels were not correlated with their observed teaching practices. Early childhood teachers with more heterogeneous classes were found to be more likely to demonstrate classroom practices of a curriculum that is multicultural and antibias. Implications of findings and directions for future research are discussed.
How Color Coding Encourages Emotional Interactions While Using Smartphones.

Human cognition involves highly interrelated mental processes. The essential mental process is connected with the environmental influences that helps to store and remember. Color is the essential optical experience to user experiences as an influential communication channel to the human cognition, which is a meaningful position in improving memory performance. However, color coding can be detrimental under certain circumstances. Can color coding improve memory capacity? Can color coding influence emotional arousal? Can color coding help to create a mental map to navigate information in apps? This research discusses the relationship between colors, attention, memory, and emotional arousal. It addresses the color coding in similar and different settings, an exploration on the human memory, and the role of emotional arousal and memory while using smartphones.