cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Decision Theoretic Approach to Crop Disease Prediction and Control

The pesticide application practices of California peach growers in controlling peach brown‐rot are used to demonstrate how Bayesian decision theory procedures can be used to arrive at optimal crop disease control practices. Subjective probabilities of disease loss intensity are measured and used in the decision model. Information from an analyst (this researcher) is combined with farmers' subjective probabilities of disease loss by means of Bayes' theorem. Optimal pesticide use actions are computed for three different objective functions—maximum subjective expected returns, mean‐standard deviation of returns, and maximum expected returns with a minimum income side condition.
Reduced-illuminance autofluorescence imaging in ABCA4-associated retinal degenerations

The health of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can be estimated with autofluorescence (AF) imaging of lipofuscin, which accumulates as a byproduct of retinal exposure to light. Lipofuscin may be toxic to the RPE, and its toxicity may be enhanced by short-wavelength (SW) illumination. The high-intensity and SW excitation light used in conventional AF imaging could, at least in principle, increase the rate of lipofuscin accumulation and/or increase its toxicity. We considered two reduced-illuminance AF imaging (RAFI) methods as alternatives to conventional AF imaging. RAFI methods use either near-infrared (NIR) light or reduced-radiance SW illumination for excitation of fluorophores. We quantified the distribution of RAFI signals in relation to retinal structure and function in patients with the prototypical lipofuscin accumulation disease caused by mutations in ABCA4. There was evidence for two subclinical stages of macular ABCA4 disease involving hyperautofluorescence of both SW- and NIR-RAFI with and without associated loss of visual function. Use of RAFI methods and microperimetry in future clinical trials involving lipofuscinopathies should allow quantification of subclinical disease expression and progression without subjecting the diseased retina/RPE to undue light exposure.
Accuracy and precision in the estimation of internuclear distances for structure determinations

Abstract We investigate systematic digitization errors in the estimation of peak areas in one-dimensional, and peak volumes in two-dimensional NMR spectra. These errors are due to the availability of data at discrete frequencies only, rather than as a continuous function of frequency. Under unfavorable but not unreasonable experimental conditions, these errors in one-dimensional experiments can be as large as 100%. With typical experimental parameters errors due to digitization are estimated to be around 10%. In two-dimensional experiments the corresponding errors in peak-volume estimates due to limited digital resolution can easily exceed 100%.
Evolution and Strain Reorganization within Late Neogene Structural Stepovers Linking the Central Walker Lane and Northern Eastern California Shear Zone, Western Great Basin

Late Neogene deformation between the eastern Sierra Nevada and the central Basin and Range province is localized within a boundary zone that contains the Eastern California shear zone and Walker Lane, and has been characterized by dextral strike-slip to oblique-slip displacement on NNW- to northwest-trending fault systems. At the latitude of the central Sierra Nevada, structures in the northern Eastern California Shear Zone and central Walker Lane are misaligned and have been linked kinematically since the mid-Miocene by a system of extensional stepover structures. The stepovers are localized along an ancient crustal boundary and record a complex deformation history marked by a major reorganization of structural geometry and kinematics in the mid-Pliocene. Displacement transfer was initially taken up by the Silver Peak-Lone Mountain extensional complex that passed motion on the Furnace Creek fault system in the Eastern California shear zone ENE into a system of en echelon transcurrent faults of the centra...
Snow Goose Hepatitis B Virus (SGHBV) Envelope and Capsid Proteins Independently Contribute to the Ability of SGHBV To Package Capsids Containing Single-Stranded DNA in Virions

Hepadnaviruses selectively package capsids containing mature double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes in virions. Snow goose hepatitis B virus (SGHBV) is the only known hepadnavirus that packages capsids containing single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in virions. We found that cells replicating SGHBV produce virions containing ssDNA as efficiently as virions containing mature dsDNA. We determined that SGHBV capsid and envelope proteins independently contribute to the production of virions containing ssDNA, with the capsid protein (Cp) making a larger contribution. We identified that amino acid residues 74 and 107 of SGHBV Cp contribute to this feature of SGHBV. When we changed these residues in duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) Cp, capsids containing immature ssDNA were packaged in virions. This result suggests that residues 74 and 107 contribute to the appearance of the “capsid packaging signal” on the surface of capsids and interact with the envelope proteins during virion formation. We also found that cells replicating SGHBV package a larger fraction of the total dsDNA they synthesize into virions than do those replicating DHBV. We determined that the SGHBV envelope proteins are responsible for this property of SGHBV. Determining if the ability of SGHBV envelope proteins to cause the formation of virions containing ssDNA is related to its ability to support high levels of virion production or if these two properties are mechanistically distinct will provide insights into virion morphogenesis. IMPORTANCE Cells replicating hepadnaviruses contain cytoplasmic capsids that contain mature and immature genomes. However, only capsids containing mature dsDNA genomes are packaged in virions. A mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon, which is currently lacking, is critical to understanding the process of hepadnaviral virion morphogenesis. In this study, we determined that the envelope proteins contribute to the ability of hepadnaviruses to selectively produce virions containing mature dsDNA genomes. Our finding sheds new light on the mechanisms underlying virion morphogenesis and challenges the dogma that “capsid maturation,” and therefore the capsid protein (Cp), is solely responsible for the selective production of virions containing mature dsDNA genomes. Further, we identified amino acid residues of Cp that contribute to its ability to cause the selective production of virions containing mature dsDNA genomes. Future studies on the role of these residues in selective secretion will broaden our understanding of this poorly understood aspect of virus replication.
Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by interferon-gamma in human lens epithelial cells: Apoptosis through the formation of 3-hydroxykynurenine

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is known to cause apoptosis of lens epithelial cells and cataract formation, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. IFN-gamma induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and thereby enhances the production of kynurenines from l-tryptophan. The present study was designed to investigate the role of IDO and kynurenines in the IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis of lens epithelial cells and to determine the signaling pathways involved. IFN-gamma stimulated the synthesis of IDO and activated the JAK-STAT1 signaling pathway in human lens epithelial cells (HLE-B3) in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, fludarabine, an inhibitor of STAT1 activation, blocked IFN-gamma-mediated IDO expression. N-Formylkynurenine, kynurenine (Kyn) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKyn) were detected in cells, with 3OHKyn concentrations being higher than those of the other kynurenines. The intracellular production of kynurenines was completely blocked by 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan (MT), an inhibitor of IDO. Kyn- and 3OHKyn-modified proteins were detected in IFN-gamma-treated cells. The induction of IDO by IFN-gamma in HLE-B3 cells caused increases in intracellular ROS, cytosolic cytochrome c and caspase-3 activity, along with a decrease in protein-free thiol content. These changes were accompanied by apoptosis. At equimolar concentrations, 3OHKyn caused higher levels of apoptosis than the other kynurenines in HLE-B3 cells. MT and a kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitor (Ro61-8048) effectively inhibited IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis in HLE-B3 cells. Our results show that the induction of IDO by IFN-gamma is JAK-STAT1 pathway-dependent and that this induction causes 3OHKyn-mediated apoptosis in HLE-B3 cells. These data suggest that IDO-mediated kynurenine formation could play a role in cataract formation related to chronic inflammation.
Multiple perspectives for the study of teaching: Knowledge, reason, understanding, and being

This study analyzes the participation of secondary school teachers in a U.S. science education curriculum reform effort. All participating teachers agreed to implement the curriculum in their classrooms; however, the level at which it was implemented varied significantly among teachers. This article reviews the available perspectives used to account for the behavior of these teachers—reliance on a knowledge base, practical reasoning and reflective practice, and sociocultural views—and argues they are incomplete. A fourth perspective is developed in which teaching is viewed as a way of being and teachers as meaning makers immersed in educational situations. The remainder of the article is a cross-case analysis of two teachers' use of the curriculum as seen from each of these perspectives on teaching. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 1032–1055, 2002
Enhanced Age Resolution of the Marine Quaternary Record in the Arctic Using Aspartic Acid Racemization Dating of Bivalve Shells

Abstract Aspartic acid (Asp) racemization occurs at a significantly higher rate than isoleucine epimerization and consequently provides better temporal resolution of Arctic marine deposits (from Alaska, Spitsbergen, and Baffin Island). Heating experiments (at 100°C) on the bivalvesMyaandHiatellashow the Asp racemization rate decreases with increasing D / L values, as is typical for biogenic carbonates. Based on these experimental racemization rates and rates determined from racemization of samples radiocarbon dated to ca. 10,000–12,000 yr B.P., activation energies forMyaandHiatellaare estimated to be 30.6 and 30.0 kcal/mol, respectively, for Asp racemization, and 29.0 and 29.5 for isoleucine epimerization. Analysis of a time series of Plio–PleistoceneHiatellafrom the north coast of Alaska shows that last-interglacial mollusks can be readily distinguished from modern samples by Asp but not by isoleucine. D / L Asp values indicate a younger age for the Fishcreekian transgression than does isoleucine epimerization. For Spitsbergen, D / L Asp shows a slight age difference (ca. 12,000 yr) between two units of the “episode B” interstadial and suggests that the age of these units may be closer to 65,000 than to 80,000 yr B.P., two possible ages suggested by other evidence. The age of the Loks Land Interstadial on Baffin Island is likely to be greater than that indicated by radiocarbon ages. Within deposits from each region, D / L Asp values are less variable among individual shells than isoleucine epimerization values. This may indicate better reliability of Asp for geochronology.
A New Rate Law Describing Microbial Respiration

The rate of microbial respiration can be described by a rate law that gives the respiration rate as the product of a rate constant, biomass concentration, and three terms: one describing the kinetics of the electron-donating reaction, one for the kinetics of the electron-accepting reaction, and a thermodynamic term accounting for the energy available in the microbe's environment. The rate law, derived on the basis of chemiosmotic theory and nonlinear thermodynamics, is unique in that it accounts for both forward and reverse fluxes through the electron transport chain. Our analysis demonstrates how a microbe's respiration rate depends on the thermodynamic driving force, i.e., the net difference between the energy available from the environment and energy conserved as ATP. The rate laws commonly applied in microbiology, such as the Monod equation, are specific simplifications of the general law presented. The new rate law is significant because it affords the possibility of extrapolating in a rigorous manner from laboratory experiment to a broad range of natural conditions, including microbial growth where only limited energy is available. The rate law also provides a new explanation of threshold phenomena, which may reflect a thermodynamic equilibrium where the energy released by electron transfer balances that conserved by ADP phosphorylation.
Indigenous Anthropology Beyond Barbados

The text traces the itinerary of Latin American Indigenous intellectuals from the early colonial period to contemporary times. The narrative follows the paralel development and intertwining of Indigneous People ideas and knowledge of their own history and cultures with the vision of non-Indigenous scholars.
Exploiting the large dimensions of space-time systems

Space-time codes are effective means by which to combat fading by exploiting diversity in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The paper proposes a fundamentally different approach to exploit the large dimensions of space-time codes by bridging the gaps between space-time block codes (STBC) and space-time trellis codes (STTC) through multiple trellis coded modulation (MTCM). Via distance preserving isometries, STBCs are constructed bottom-up; such STBCs are dubbed nonlinear hierarchical codes (NHCs). Systematic regular MTCM (RMTCM) design procedures are proposed to exploit the layered structure of NHCs which leads to optimized designs for various rates, block sizes and constellation sizes. RMTCM offers the best tradeoff between performance and complexity. The classical performance analysis criteria used for the inner code of the RMTCM design (the STBC) are diversity and coding gain. Although asymptotically tight, these criteria only account for the worst case pairwise error probability (PEP) between the codewords. We apply methods to achieve tighter bounds. NHCs optimized for low SNR are constructed based on these tighter bounds.
Design and Performance of a 30 kV Electron Gun with Ten Independent Cathodes & A Magnetic Lens

Measurements on a 30 kV electron gun with ten independent cathodes, operating in a 6.5 Tesla (T) magnetic field are presented. An earlier paper covered the design of this electron gun. Experimental results are compared to model predictions. Beam current is compared to theoretical space charge limited flow.
Response of rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), eggs to low pH

The eggs of rainbow smelt were incubated at pH c. 4.5, c. 5.5 and control (c. 6.8) for durations of 2-14 days to assess their vulnerability to acid precipitation. These eggs are likely to be exposed to marked pH depressions during their incubation in small streams owing to run-off from snow melt and spring rains. Survival after 48 h exposure was not related to pH, although longer exposure to low pH significantly decreased survival. The developmental stage at initial exposure was also important in determining survival. Overall egg survival varied from 0-87% at pH c. 4.5,0-89% at pH c. 5.5, and 44-100% at control pH levels, (c. 6.8).
Diminished Access, Diverted Exclusion: Women and Land Tenure in Sub-Saharan Africa

Increasing commercialization, population growth and concurrent increases in land value have affected women's land rights in Africa. Most of the literature concentrates on how these changes have led to an erosion of women's rights. This paper examines some of the processes by which women's rights to land are diminishing. First, we examine cases where rights previously utilized have become less important; that is, the incidence of exercising rights has decreased. Second, we investigate how women's rights to land decrease as the public meanings underlying the social interpretation and enforcement of rights are manipulated. Third, we examine women's diminishing access to land when the actual rules of access change. While this situation may sound grim, the paper also explores how women have responded to reductions in access to land. They have mounted both legal and customary challenges to inheritance laws, made use of anonymous land markets, organized formal cooperative groups to gain tenure rights, and manipulated customary rules using woman-to-woman marriages and mother-son partnerships. These actions have caused women to create new routes of access to land and in some cases new rights.
Cost comparison between uterine-sparing fibroid treatments one year following treatment

To compare one-year all-cause and uterine fibroid (UF)-related direct costs in patients treated with one of the following three uterine-sparing procedures: magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), uterine artery embolization (UAE) and myomectomy. This retrospective observational cohort study used healthcare claims for several million individuals with healthcare coverage from employers in the MarketScan Database for the period 2003–2010. UF patients aged 25–54 on their first UF procedure (index) date with 366-day baseline experience, 366-day follow-up period, continuous health plan enrollment during baseline and follow-up, and absence of any baseline UF procedures were included in the final sample. Cost outcomes were measured by allowed charges (sum of insurer-paid and patient-paid amounts). UF-related cost was defined as difference in mean cost between study cohorts and propensity-score-matched control cohorts without UF. Multivariate adjustment of cost outcomes was conducted using generalized linear models. The study sample comprised 14,426 patients (MRgFUS = 14; UAE = 4,092; myomectomy = 10,320) with a higher percent of older patients in MRgFUS cohort (71% vs. 50% vs. 12% in age-group 45–54, P < 0.001). Adjusted all-cause mean cost was lowest for MRgFUS ($19,763; 95% CI: $10,425-$38,694) followed by myomectomy ($20,407; 95% CI: $19,483-$21,381) and UAE ($25,019; 95% CI: $23,738-$26,376) but without statistical significance. Adjusted UF-related costs were also not significantly different between the three procedures. Adjusted all-cause and UF-related costs at one year were not significantly different between patients undergoing MRgFUS, myomectomy and UAE.
Power and performance analysis of network traffic prediction techniques

We study power and performance characteristics of different traffic predictors for online one-step-ahead predictions. The goal is to identify a predictor with reasonable accuracy and low power consumption. Our experiments on a large number of real network traces indicate that Double Exponential Smoothing and Auto-Regressive Moving Average are low cost predictors with reasonable accuracy.
A chondrosarcoma of the hand arising from an asymptomatic benign solitary enchondroma of 40 years' duration.

A chondrosarcoma arising from an asymptomatic benign digital enchondroma of 40 years' duration in a 47-year-old white female patient was removed by a ray amputation. The patient was last seen 10 years later when she was found to be free from malignant bone disease.
Erythrocyte survival in vitamin E-deficient monkeys.

SummarySurvival of Cr51 tagged erythrocytes, autologously transfused, is severely shortened in monkeys maintained on Vit. E-deficient diets. Maximal survival times of 35, 45, and 49 days were obtained after monkeys had been on the diet for 349 or more days, as compared with about 100 days for replete controls. The shortened survival time, associated with anemia, could be reversed upon addition of Vit. E. The mechanism is discussed.
Assessment of Agreement between the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test Versions 1.0 and 1.5

The agreement of the microwell plate AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.0 (MWP 1.0), the microwell plate AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.5 (MWP 1.5), and the COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.5 (COBAS 1.5) tests was evaluated using clinical specimens and well-characterized control material. Two hundred patient plasma specimens and a panel of known human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes were tested. All data were log10 transformed prior to analysis. The 95% limits of agreement for the three tests at the average of 3.66 log10 copies/ml were ± 0.28 log10, ± 0.34 log10, and ± 0.34 log10 copies/ml for MWP 1.0-MWP 1.5, MWP 1.0-COBAS 1.5, and MWP 1.5-COBAS 1.5, respectively. Ten specimens (6.1%) had differences exceeding the limits of agreement for the MWP 1.0 and MWP 1.5 tests. Correlation coefficients among the three tests were high (r ≥ 0.96). The viral-load values obtained with the MWP 1.0 test were only 2.1% higher on average than those measured with the MWP 1.5 test and 1.6% higher than those seen with the COBAS 1.5 test. The MWP 1.5 test values were 0.8% higher than the COBAS 1.5 test values. Overall, there was less agreement among the different tests for viral-load values near the lower limit of quantification. The MWP 1.0 test underquantified subtypes A, E, F, G, and H by 1.0 to 2.0 log10 copies/ml; this problem was not observed with the MWP 1.5 test. The close agreement among the results obtained with the different test versions and formats suggests that it is not necessary to reestablish a baseline viral load when changing AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR tests, unless the patient is known to be infected with a non-B subtype.
Comparison between sublobar resection and 125Iodine brachytherapy after sublobar resection in high-risk patients with Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background Sublobar resection (SR) can be performed in high-risk non–small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients but is associated with an increased local recurrence. This abstract reviews our intraoperative 125Iodine brachytherapy experience after SR in high-risk Stage I NSCLC patients and compares these results with our previous series of SR alone in similar patients. Methods One hundred two Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent SR alone were compared with 101 Stage I patients who underwent SR and intraoperative 125Iodine brachytherapy placed over the SR staple line. Conclusion Local recurrence after SR and 125Iodine brachytherapy (2%) in high-risk Stage I NSCLC patients was significantly less than after SR alone (18.6%). This safe, pulmonary function–preserving and practical intraoperative brachytherapy method should be considered when SR is used as a “compromise” therapy in these patients.
Performance of 10- and 20-target MSE classifiers

MIT Lincoln Laboratory is responsible for developing the ATR (automatic target recognition) system for the DARPA-sponsored SAIP program; the baseline ATR system recognizes 10 GOB (ground order of battle) targets; the enhanced version of SAIP requires the ATR system to recognize 20 GOB targets. This paper presents ATR performance results for 10- and 20-target mean square error (MSE) classifiers using high-resolution SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imagery.
Cocaine and Synaptic Alterations in the Nucleus Accumbens

In laboratory animals, repeated cocaine exposure produces long-lasting behavioral alterations such as psychomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP) that are thought to model various aspects of addictive behavior. A great deal of effort has gone into examining the relationship of electrophysiological, and particularly synaptic alterations, to psychomotor sensitization and CPP. Many of these studies have focused on alterations within the nucleus accumbens because it is one of the main targets of the mesolimbic dopamine system that originates with dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and is critical for many cocaine-induced behaviors. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which are the majority of nucleus accumbens neurons, also receive significant glutamatergic inputs from the prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, and hippocampus that convey information about drug-associated environmental stimuli. Thus electrophysiological and synaptic alterations within nucleus accumbens MSNs are likely to affect sensitization and CPP behavior.
Self-assembled Materials Containing Complementary Nucleobase Molecular Recognition

Here we report the nucleic acid/cationic amphiphile based-materials in which we exchange the counter-ions of the polyanionic backbone of the nucleic acids with the cationic amphiphiles to form self-assembled transparent films with the thickness of several microns. Predominantly, single stranded poly(A), poly(U) and double stranded poly(AU) were employed for these studies. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments suggested lamellar-like structure for all the film samples. However, the molecule length as well as the molecular structure of nucleic acids can affect the topology and mechanical properties of these films. Complementary base-paring of poly(AU) is reported here with comparison to poly(A) and poly(U) complexes.
Corn, Beans and Bison: Cultivated Plants and Changing Economies of the Late Prehistoric Villagers on the Plains of Oklahoma and Northwest Texas

The economies of past Native American societies on the southern Plains are often viewed as bison dependent based on historical descriptions of mobile, horse-based hunters and early excavations that recovered abundant bison bones but few plant remains. Very little historical description is available for the plants used by these people and little attention has been given to the time depth of this adaptation. Over the past 25 years, research on Plains Village and early contact sites in western Oklahoma and northwestern Texas has revealed evidence of a mixed economy with cultivated plants and bison as important elements. This paper reviews the paleobotanical data from sites covering the past 1,000 years and examines the role of cultivated and wild plants in these southern Plains societies. The importance of various cultivated plants for villagers in the wetter, eastern tall grass prairies is compared to the use of these plants by villagers in the dryer settings of the western mixed and short grass prairies. Some variations in the use of some cultivated plants are also documented through time, especially in the period after European contact.
CELL-WALL DEVELOPMENT AND BIPOLAR GROWTH IN THE DESMID PENIUM MARGARITACEUM (ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE, STREPTOPHYTA). ASYMMETRY IN A SYMMETRIC WORLD(1).

Cell-wall (CW) development in the desmid Penium margaritaceum (Ehrenb.) Breb. was studied using immunofluorescence labeling of living cells with the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) JIM5 and JIM7, which recognize unesterified and methyl-esterified homogalacturonan (HG), respectively. During cell expansion, HG was secreted in a high-esterified form at a narrow band, called the HG secretion band or HGSB, at the isthmus or the polar tip of a daughter semicell. As newly secreted HG is displaced outward on the cell surface, deesterification and subsequent calcium (Ca(2+) )-complexing occurred to yield a rigid covering. HG secretion and CW/cell expansion were reversibly inhibited by dark, brefeldin A (BFA), and incubation in 0.24-0.36 M sucrose but were not altered by treatment with actin/microfilament drugs. The HGSB was detected near the nucleus during most cell-cycle events. Centrifugation displaced the nucleus away from the HGSB, but HG synthesis was not affected. HGSB activity was preceded by, and coordinated with, Calcofluor labeling, which suggests that cellulose production in CW/cell-expansion sites was critical to expansion control. In many first-cell-division products, asymmetric patterning of HG was noted in the CW. These asymmetric patterns most likely were a result of timing mechanisms and displacement of the nucleus-HGSB during the cell cycle.
A REVIEW OF THE GENUS PTILOMERA (HETEROPTERA: GERRIDAE) IN INDOCHINA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

Abstract The water strider species of the genus Ptilomera occurring in Indochina are reviewed, and two new species are described and figured: P. fang from northern Thailand, and P. burmana from northern Burma. Keys to species for both males and females are provided for all taxa found in the region, accompanied by detailed distributional records and range maps.
Smooth bromegrass pasture beef growing systems: Fertilization strategies and economic analysis1

In recent years, prices for N fertilizer have increased dramatically, reducing net returns of fertilized pasture systems. A 5-yr study from 2005 to 2009 was conducted to evaluate management strategies and relative differences in profitability for 3 methods of backgrounding calves on smooth bromegrass pastures. Forty-five steers were used each year for a total of 225 animals in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included pastures fertilized in the spring with 90 kg N/ha (FERT), nonfertilized pastures with calves supplemented daily with dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) at 0.6% of BW (SUPP), and control (CONT) pastures that had no fertilizer or supplementation applied. Pastures were rotationally stocked and put-and-take cattle were used to maintain similar grazing pressure on all treatments. Forage production was greatest for the FERT paddocks, intermediate for SUPP paddocks, and least for CONT paddocks (P < 0.01). Stocking rates were greater for SUPP pastures compared with nonfertilized pastures because of increased forage production and replacement of approximately 0.79 kg of forage for each 1 kg of supplement fed. At the conclusion of grazing, SUPP steers were 40 kg heavier than either the FERT or CONT steers, which resulted in increased gross revenue of $44.14/steer for the SUPP treatment (P < 0.01). Net returns were greatest for SUPP at $17.55/steer (P < 0.01), whereas both the CONT and FERT treatments had negative net returns of -$6.20 and -$8.71/steer, respectively. In the future, the relationship between prices for land, N fertilizer, and DDGS will affect the net returns of all 3 treatments.
Analysis of bibliometric indicators to determine citation bias

Citations of research papers and citation-related indicators are frequently used factors in determining research priorities, allocating funding, and deciding appointments, promotions and tenures. The main problem with using citations for a variety of evaluations is a substantial difference in the average number of citations received by papers in different research fields and subfields. A large number of species are subjects of biological research, but the distributions of their citations have not been studied in detail. The key objective of the present work was to determine whether the choice of experimental subjects influence bias in citations. A case study was performed on papers from 108 plant species and five research fields. Funnel plot analyses and computer simulations identified species-related citation bias within all research fields. Relationships between bibliometric indicators imply that species with a fast growing number of publications in recent years (for example, new model organisms) generally have a higher average number of citations per paper than is the overall mean for the research field. In contrast, the average number of citations received by the five most prominent papers of the species was strongly correlated with the total number of published papers from laboratories working with the species. The current study indicates that despite the high frequency of cross-species citations, citations of species show a pattern similar to separate subfields. Although these analyses were performed on plant research papers, the findings have relevance for other areas of research where experimental subjects tend to form separate subfields. To reliably compare citations across subfields, a new type of bibliometric indicator is needed. In the meantime committees evaluating quality of research should take into consideration that citations of papers within a research field might be biased due to the experimental subjects used in the studies.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of a Two-Stage Microwave Electrothermal Thruster Plume

The operating characteristics of a prototype two-stage microwave electrothermal thruster (MET) have been investigated. The thruster incorporates a novel supersonic energy addition stage. A Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique was used to make measurements of temperature and velocity in the exhaust plume, with and without the supersonic energy addition. A numerical model was developed to simulate microwave-sustained discharge in the thruster with argon as the propellant gas. The simulation results agreed with the experimental observations of change both in temperature and plume velocity as energy is added to the supersonic stage of the thruster. In general, as a result of supersonic energy addition, a reduction in temperature and exhaust velocity along the centerline of the thruster was observed. It has been concluded that most of the energy added to the supersonic stage was deposited in the laminar boundary layer. It was also found that heat transfer to the thruster walls was much more significant than expected.
A Large Multicenter Experience With Endoscopic Suturing for Management of Gastrointestinal Defects and Stent Anchorage in 122 Patients: A Retrospective Review.

Goals To describe a multicenter experience using an endoscopic suturing device for management of gastrointestinal (GI) defects and stent anchorage. Background Endoscopic closure of GI defects including perforations, fistulas, and anastomotic leaks as well as stent anchorage has improved with technological advances. An endoscopic suturing device (OverStitch; Apollo Endosurgery Inc.) has been used. Study Retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic suturing for management of GI defects and/or stent anchorage were enrolled between March 2012 and January 2014 at multiple academic medical centers. Data regarding demographic information and outcomes including long-term success were collected. Results One hundred and twenty-two patients (mean age, 52.6 y; 64.2% females) underwent endoscopic suturing at 8 centers for stent anchorage (n=47; 38.5%), fistulas (n=40; 32.7%), leaks (n=15; 12.3%), and perforations (n=20; 16.4%). A total of 44.2% underwent prior therapy and 97.5% achieved technical success. Immediate clinical success was achieved in 79.5%. Long-term clinical success was noted in 78.8% with mean follow-up of 68 days. Clinical success was 91.4% in stent anchorage, 93% in perforations, 80% in fistulas, but only 27% in anastomotic leak closure. Conclusions Endoscopic suturing for management of GI defects and stent anchoring is safe and efficacious. Stent migration after stent anchoring was reduced compared with published data. Long-term success without further intervention was achieved in the majority of patients. The role of endoscopic suturing for repair of anastomotic leaks remains unclear given limited success in this retrospective study.
A New and Unique Method for Measuring Video Analog Component Signal Parameters

Systemes de representation vectoriels des composantes analogiques d'un signal de television (signal de luminance, signal de couleur ou difference de couleurs)
Some Physiological Parameters in Speech

A series of experiments has shown that: (1) Variations in articulation do not affect the subglottal pressure as long as the vocal cords are vibrating; but in voiceless sounds in which there is a hi...
Leak Localization Method Based on Infrared Thermography Using Local Entropy Difference Algorithm

Investigates the temperature characteristic of air leak flow and a novel leak localization method is put forward based on local entropy difference.The temperature drop in leak throttling process is derived from the expression of Joule-Thomson coefficient,which is corrected by compressibility factor.Test object is charged with cryogenic compressed air and its temperature field is acquired by infrared thermography.Leak positions can then be identified by local entropy calculation among multi-frame infrared images before and after inflation.It was proved by experiments that the method was effective and sensitive,especially in eliminating the influences of shape information and surface defects.
Current Patterns of Care for Patients with Extensive-Stage SCLC: Survey of U.S. Radiation Oncologists on Their Recommendations Regarding Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation

Abstract Introduction Conflicting data from randomized clinical trials incite the debate over the appropriate use of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) for patients with extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC) who achieve clinical response to systemic chemotherapy. The current pattern of practice among U.S. radiation oncologists is unknown. Methods We surveyed practicing U.S. radiation oncologists through a short online questionnaire. Respondents' characteristics and their self-rated knowledge base were analyzed for association with their treatment recommendations. Results We received 473 responses from practicing U.S. radiation oncologists. More than half of the respondents had been practicing for more than 10 years after completing residency training, and 70% had treated more than 10 patients with lung cancer per year. Of the respondents, 90% recommended brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before initiation of PCI and 98% recommended PCI for patients with ES-SCLC after systemic chemotherapy. Half of the respondents followed their patients with brain MRI after completion of PCI. One-third of the respondents prescribed memantine to patients undergoing PCI. Among the respondents, recent graduates ( p = 0.004) and physicians practicing in academic centers ( p = 0.005) were more likely to prescribe memantine. Self-rated knowledge base was not associated with any treatment recommendations. Conclusions Our analysis revealed that among the respondents, there was a very high adherence to current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, which recommend providing universal PCI and obtaining brain MRI before initiation of PCI for patients with ES-SCLC with clinical response to systemic chemotherapy. These guidelines and practice patterns are not supported by clinical evidence because patients in the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer trial did not undergo brain MRI before PCI and the Japanese randomized trial has shown a possible detrimental effect of PCI on overall survival when brain MRI was incorporated. A critical reevaluation of current guidelines is essential to determine the appropriate management of these patients.
Does Informal Employment Exist in the United States and Other Developed Countries

This editorial argues that informal employment does exist in developed countries and needs to be studied as such to complement the existing literature mostly published on informal work in developing countries.
Aristotelian Representations II

After collecting together the discussion so far, this chapter addresses the question of Aristotelian representations in cognitive neuroscience. Doing so involves looking not just at actual cases, but also considering the changes we need to make more generally in interpretative expectations. For example, we want to think about at least a range of cognitive successes as not involving content, aboutness or truth. For contemporary thinkers, that may involve quite a readjustment; how can one have cognition without content and truth-conditions, or at least satisfaction conditions? Accordingly, the project being proposed takes on very serious theoretical debts, and the final section looks at the motivations one can have for engaging in the venture.
From benchmarks to real apps

We considered four performance tips, eight Android applications, 17 usage scenarios, and two platforms.The performance tips are unlikely to impact the energy usage of Android applications.The impact of change on battery life is negligible for the performance tips.We demonstrate the particular importance of empirical studies using real applications. Battery life is an increasing concern for mobile devices. Recent studies have provided initial evidence that applying performance tips is an effective mechanism for decreasing energy usage. However, the generalizability of such studies to real applications is unclear. We aim to provide deeper insights into whether mobile application developers can effectively reduce the energy consumption of their applications by applying performance tips.We conducted an empirical study to investigate the energy impacts of applying four commonly suggested performance tips to eight real Android applications. Considered performance tips are unlikely to impact energy usage in a statistically significant manner and, even when the impacts are statistically significant, the change in battery life is around 1%. Mobile application developers cannot expect to improve the energy usage of their applications as a by product of performance improvements. Tools and techniques that specifically target energy usage are necessary for significant improvements.
THz Beam Sensors

We report the use of electro-optic crystals for THz beam detection. The electro-optic measurement with a chirped optical pulse allows us to capture a THz pulse with an unprecedented data acquisition rate. We use electro-optic crystals to generate and detect broadband mid-infrared THz pulses. We present the results of real-time, 2-D THz wave imaging. We also show the preliminary results of free-space magneto-optic sampling.
Abstract 5120: Using flow-proteometric platform to analyze individual signaling complexes in tumor tissue

Cellular signaling complexes, which are made up of mostly proteins and nucleic acids, play a major role in signal transduction by carrying and delivering messages that coordinate basic biological functions. These processes are mainly relayed through protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Delineating the underlying mechanisms of cancer signal transduction, which is often deregulated, relies highly on the analysis of specific protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Conventional methods for detecting protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions mostly rely on cells collected from two-dimensional cell cultures, which are very different from the natural cellular environment in organs or tissues. Therefore, we developed a multiplex flow-proteometric platform that can analyze individual signaling complexes directly from tissue to enable us to accurately acquire the information on in vivo signal transduction. To demonstrate that single signaling complexes can be directly detected in lysates from fluorescent-labeled frozen tissue sections, we selected STAT3, p300, and genomic DNA as targets to detect and quantify individual complexes in xenograft tumor tissues. Endogenous STAT3 and p300 in frozen tumor tissue were immunolabeled with A488 and QD605, respectively, and with TOTO3 to label genomic DNA. All the detected events were presented in a 3D fluorescence plot, revealing seven different types of events. A minimal number of non-specific control IgG events were detected, and no interactions events were observed, indicating low background noise. Among all of the detected STAT3 events, on average 7.04% interacted with both p300 and genomic DNA in the same complex, 2.99% interacted with p300 only, and 15.23% interacted with DNA only. Thus, in the frozen xenograft tissue section, around 22% of STAT3 (15.23% STAT3−DNA + 7.04% STAT3−p300 −DNA) interacted with DNA and 7.04% of STAT3 interacted with p300 when bound on DNA to activate gene transcription. Looking at the data from the standpoint of p300, on average 5.88% of total p300 protein molecules interacted with STAT3 and genomic DNA, 2.5% with STAT3 only, and 3.06% with DNA only. All these data simultaneously obtained in each experiment not only identified STAT3, p300, and DNA in a single complex but also quantified the distribution of lone proteins and population complexes, which cannot be analyzed by conventional methods. Thus, we expect that this technique may reveal new aspects of molecular interaction in tissue. Citation Format: Chao-Kai Chou, Heng-Huan Lee, Pei-Hsiang Tsou, Chun-Te Chen, Jung-Mao Hsu, Hirohito Yamaguchi, Ying-Nai Wang, Jennifer L. Hsu, Jin-Fong Lee, Jun Kameoka, Mien-Chie Hung. Using flow-proteometric platform to analyze individual signaling complexes in tumor tissue. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5120. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5120
From Galáctico to Head Butt: Globalization, Immigration and the Politics of Identity in Artistic Reproductions of Zidane

In 2013, an international committee of journalists and former players named “the best eleven players of all time” for World Soccer magazine. 1 Zinedine Zidane was selected for a midfield consisting of Alfredo di Stefano, Johann Cruyff and Diego Maradona; however, this recognition fails to reflect his legacy and cultural significance. Revered as a symbol of a racially integrated France due to his Algerian heritage, Zidane has been celebrated as a diplomat, “good Muslim” and inspiration to many throughout the world. Yet no discussion of Zidane is complete without mentioning the penultimate match of his career, the 2006 World Cup final where he was expelled for head-butting Italian defender Marco Materazzi. Thus, a player who dazzled the world with his footballing brilliance became immortalized through an act of violence, and a career marked by championships and personal honors became associated with failure. The complicated and enigmatic nature of “Zizou” perhaps accounts for his iconic status. His kit remains a bestseller nearly a decade after his retirement and he appears as a frequent subject in contemporary art. 2 Representations of Zidane extend beyond fan eulogies; instead, these artworks offer critical reflections about fame and publicity, gender norms and social taboos, the commodification of athletes and the politics of sport. In diverse ways, Zidane has become emblematic of globalization and contemporary life, a footballer utilized by artists to unpack histories of representation, immigration and colonization.
In vitro and in vivo activity of single and dual antimicrobial agents against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Objectives Options for treatment of infections due to KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae are limited and combination therapy is often recommended. In this report, the in vitro and in vivo activity of potential therapeutic agents and combinations was assessed against four KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates. Methods Using clinically relevant concentrations, time-kill experiments and the Galleria mellonella model of infection were used to examine the activity of polymyxin B, ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem, rifampicin and amikacin alone and in combination. Results Two K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to polymyxin B and had ceftazidime/avibactam MICs of 8/4 mg/L. When ceftazidime/avibactam was combined with either amikacin or meropenem, synergy was observed in vitro, and these combinations were associated with improved survival in the in vivo model. Improved survival was also observed using higher doses of ceftazidime/avibactam. The other two K. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B and had lower (1/4 mg/L) MICs of ceftazidime/avibactam. For these two isolates, bactericidal activity was observed in vitro at ceftazidime/avibactam concentrations four times the MIC. At one-quarter of the MIC, synergy was observed when ceftazidime/avibactam was combined with meropenem. In the in vivo model with the two susceptible isolates, improved survival rates were observed following therapy with ceftazidime/avibactam monotherapy. For all four isolates, polymyxin B with or without rifampicin or meropenem performed poorly in the in vivo model. Conclusions Pending clinical studies, combining ceftazidime/avibactam with another agent (e.g. a carbapenem) should be considered when treating serious infections due to these pathogens, particularly for isolates with ceftazidime/avibactam MICs near the susceptibility breakpoint.