cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Satellite Observations of Phytoplankton Functional Type Spatial Distributions, Phenology, Diversity, and Ecotones

Phytoplankton functional diversity plays a key role in structuring the ocean carbon cycle and can be estimated using measurements of phytoplankton functional type (PFT) groupings. Concentrations of 18 phytoplankton pigments were calculated using a linear matrix inversion algorithm, with an average r2 value of 0.70 for all pigments with p-values below the statistical threshold of 0.05. The inversion algorithm was then used with a chlorophyll-based absorption spectra model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS-Aqua) chlorophyll observations to calculate phytoplankton pigment concentrations in an area of the Atlantic Ocean off the United States east coast. Pigment distributions were analyzed to assess the distribution of PFTs. Five unique PFTs were found and delineated into three distinct offshore, transition, and open ocean groups. Group 1 (Diatoms) had highest abundance along the coast. Group 2 (prymnesiophytes, prokaryotes, and green algae) was a year-round stable offshore community that extended at reduced levels into the coast. Group 3 (dinoflagellates) dominated offshore between the Groups 1 and 2. Phytoplankton communities were delineated into coastal and offshore populations, with Group 2 having a dampened seasonal cycle, relative to the coastal populations. Shannon Diversity Indices (H) for the PFTs showed both spatial and temporal variability and had a clear non-linear relationship with chlorophyll. Diversity levels varied seasonally with changes in chlorophyll a levels. Peak PFT H was observed on the shelf where frontal features dominate, with diversity levels declining nearshore and offshore. This region marks an ecotone for phytoplankton in the study domain, and is associated with the coastal-side boundary of dinoflagellate dominance. Highest levels of diversity were observed in the tidally well-mixed regions of the Gulf of Maine and along a band that ran along the shelf region of the study area that was narrowest in the summer periods and broadened during the winter. These peak diversity zones were associated with moderate levels (~0.8 mg m-3) of chlorophyll a. While the sign in the linear trends in chlorophyll between 2002-2016 varied depending on the region, the trends in the PFT H values were nearly all negative due to the non-linear relationship between chlorophyll levels and H.
Convection at Reduced Pressures

Chapters 3 and 4 describe buoyancy-thermocapillary convection in a layer of volatile liquid subject to a horizontal temperature gradient at atmospheric conditions and under pure vapor, respectively. Recent fundamental studies of this problem were mainly motivated by applications to thermal management. Although the ideal operating conditions for two-phase cooling devices such as thermosyphons, heat pipes, and heat spreaders corresponds to the pure vapor case, noncondensables, such as air, tend to dissolve in liquids and be adsorbed into solids, and removing them completely is usually neither feasible, nor practical. Hence, the liquid almost always remains in contact with a mixture of its own vapor and some, usually small, amount of air. As the results of Chapter 4 indicate, noncondensables can have a rather significant effect on heat and mass flow, even in small amounts. Hence the limit when the gas mixture is dominated by the vapor, but nonetheless contains a (small) nonzero amount of noncondensables, should be investigated separately.
Abstract 2219: Cancer prevention using a novel fatty acid synthase inhibitor

Tumor growth and survival is dependent upon de novo fatty acid synthesis regulated via preferential upregulation of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in tumor cells. Here a novel FASN inhibitor that has shown antitumor activity in established tumor models (Alwarawrah Y et al., 2016), now shows promise blocking oncogene-induced cell transformation and significantly delaying time to tumor development in a prevention study using a GEMM of triple negative breast cancer. Non-malignant, immortalized MCF10A human breast epithelial cells were infected with lentivirus encoding for the highly oncogenic 110 kDa truncated form of HER2, herein referred to as p110, under a doxycycline inducible promoter. Lentivirus containing a sham insert served as a control. Forty-eight hours after lentiviral infection, p110 was induced by dox and cells treated with FASN (2 and 4 μM) or vehicle alone for 21 days, and then assessed for cell growth and evidence of senescence. The C3TAg GEMM model of triple negative breast cancer was used to study FASN in the prevention setting. The mice (FVB/N background) express C(3)SV40 T-antigen resulting in the inactivation of p53 and Rb. Eighteen mice were randomized to receive FASN treatment (15mg/kg/ 5 days per week) or control (non-treatment [NT]). The mice were randomized and started treatment at 6 weeks of age, and continued until tumors reached an average size of 87.5mm3. All mice were monitored (5 times/week) for weight loss and time to tumor development. Expression of p110 led to the transformation of MCF10A cells, as evidenced by the formation of plaques in cell culture. Treatment with FASN blocked transformation in p110 expressing MCF10A cells and instead induced growth arrest, expression of senescence associated β-gal, and morphologic appearance consistent with cell senescence. Analysis of viable p110 expressing MCF10A cells that were maintained in the continuous presence of FASN for 60 days led to the identification of a potential mechanism of therapeutic resistance. In the C3TAg in vivo prevention study, FASN resulted in a significant prolongation in time to tumor development (Log-rank (Mantel-Cox); p A novel small molecule FASN inhibitor blocked oncogenic cell transformation and induced a state of senescence. Moreover, FASN significantly delayed the onset of mammary tumors in a GEMM model of aggressive triple negative breast cancer. Identification of a mechanism(s) enabling tumor cells to survive long term FASN inhibition will provide rationale combination strategies to induce permanent senescence or apoptosis, and improve the efficacy of FASN inhibitors as preventative agents. Citation Format: Neil L. Spector, Tim Haystead, Sumin Zhao, Yazan Alwarawrah, David Alcorta, William Kim, Jose R. Roques, Michael Trinkler, David B. Darr. Cancer prevention using a novel fatty acid synthase inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2219. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2219
Dietary oxalate and its intestinal absorption

Dietary oxalate is currently believed to make only a minor contribution (< 20%) to urinary oxalate excretion. A recent prospective study of stone disease suggested that dietary oxalate may be a significant risk factor. This observation led us to re-evaluate the contribution of dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretion. Previous studies have been hampered by inaccurate food composition tables for oxalate and inadequate methods for studying intestinal oxalate absorption. This evidence as well as factors that modify oxalate absorption are reviewed. New approaches to measure food oxalate and intestinal oxalate absorption have been examined. Capillary electrophoresis appears to be well suited for the analysis of the oxalate content of food. Two individuals consumed an oxalate-free formula diet for 7 days. This diet decreased urinary oxalate excretion by an average of 67% (18.6 mg per 24 hours) compared to oxalate excretion on self-selected diets. The absence of detectable oxalate in feces by day 6 of the diet suggested that the intestinal absorption was minimal. However, an effect of the formula diet on endogenous oxalate synthesis cannot be excluded. Restoring oxalate to the formula diet increased urinary oxalate excretion and illustrates that this experimental protocol may be well-suited for studying oxalate absorption and factors that modify it. Our results suggest that the intestinal absorption of dietary oxalate makes a substantial contribution to urinary oxalate excretion and that this absorption can be modified by decreasing oxalate intake or increasing the intakes of calcium, magnesium, and fiber.
A Structured–Activity Relationship Study of Batracylin Analogues

A number of isoindolo[l ,2-b]quinazolines and some benzo[4,5]isoquinolino[l,2-b]quinazolines as structural modification analogues of the antitumor compound batracylin were synthesized and evaluated against HL-60 cell growth and in topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage assays. Of the compounds studied, 10,12-dihydro-7,8-methy lenedioxyisoindolo[ 1,2-b] quinazolin-12(10H)-one (1d), 2-amino-10,12-dihydroisoindolo[l ,2-b]quinazolin- 12(10H)-one (1p), and 2-amino-7,8-methylenedioxy-10,12-dihydroisoindolo[l ,2-b]quinazolin-12(10H)-one (1ab) exhibited good inhibitory activities against HL-60 cell lines as well as induction of topo II-mediated DNA cleavage activities.
Revisiting the temperature-economic growth relationship using global subnational data

Abstract Previous studies have used national data to demonstrate that higher annual temperatures negatively affect economic output and growth. Yet, annual temperatures and productivity can also vary greatly across space within countries. With this in mind, we revisit the relationship between temperature and economic growth using subnational short panel data for 10,597 grid cells across the terrestrial Earth. Our estimates from fitting a quadratic model to the data imply that cell-level economic growth in countries with below-median per-capita incomes is concave in temperature, with a maximum at about 16 °C. Our findings suggest that even with similar economic development within a country, climate vulnerability can vary at the regional level. Furthermore, as soon as we take into account the nonlinear relationship between temperatures and economic growth within countries, the impacts of temperature increases are found to be larger, compared to those that disregard such within-country heterogeneity.
Action of Parathyroid Hormone on Calcium Transport in Rat Brain Synaptosomes is Independent of cAMP

We previously investigated the effects of uremia on calcium transport in synaptosomes from rat brains and found that both the Na-Ca exchanger and the ATPdependent calcium pump were increased by uremia [1]. We also observed that parathyroidectomy of these rats before they were made acutely uremic resulted in correction of these transport defects [2]. Additionally, the administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to parathyroidectomized rats resulted in a return of the calcium transport abnormalities. In nonuremic rats, the absence or presence of PTH also affected calcium transport in a manner similar to that which we observed in uremia, in that parathyroidectomy and PTH administration decreased and increased calcium transport respectively [3]. Based on these observations we decided to investigate the mechanism of action of PTH on calcium transport in synaptosomes in order to determine whether its action was cAMP-mediated, as has been described in tissues such as bone [4] and kidney [5, 6, 7].
Dictionary coding via perfect polynomials

AbstractThe Perfect Polynomial Cryptosystem is a prototype for a private key cryptosystem which could be of interest to elite organizations. Let be a set of positive integers. The Perfect Polynomia...
Activating the Food-Water-Energy Nexus

Resource challenges are particularly dominant in expanding cities and include inefficient infrastructural systems which can lead to energy black-outs, urban flooding, water leakages, lack of recycling or increased emissions and air pollution. The Food-Water-Energy Nexus is a new field of research that studies the interrelated complex system where food, water, energy and waste treatment (material flow) systems intersect (Gold and Bass 2010). It is likely that this new field will have significant impact on the future re-engineering of our cities.
Electrical properties of copper-loaded polymer composites

3D printing of multi-material objects enables the design of complex 3D architectures such as printed electronics and devices. The ability to detect the composition of multi-material printed inks in real time is an enabling feature in a wide range of manufacturing sectors. In this study, dielectric properties of microscale embedded metal particles in a dielectric matrix have been characterized using impedance measurements as a function of particle size, shape, volume percentage and frequency. Measurements were found to agree well with calculations based on an anisotropic Maxwell-Garnett dielectric function model. Despite the metal loading exceeding the theoretical percolation threshold, a percolation transition was not observed in the experimental results. With this data, a calibration curve can be established to correlate metal loading with impedance or capacitance, which can be used with an in situ sensor for ink composition measurements during extrusion-based 3D printing. We demonstrate how an in situ sensor can locally measure the composition of the ink, allowing greater control over the resulting properties and functionality of printed materials.
Spatial Mode Dispersion Suppressed Randomly-Coupled Multi-Core Fiber in Straightened Loose-Tube Cable

We experimentally and numerically demonstrate, in a straightened loose-tube cable, fiber deformation can induce random mode coupling and the spatial mode dispersion of a coupled multi-core fiber can be suppressed to be 4.2 ps/√km.
Abstract P1120: Opioids Induce Proliferation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Leading to an Increase in Myogenic Tone in Resistance Arteries

The United States of America is currently undergoing an opioid crisis. According to the 2018 CDC Annual Surveillance Report of Drug Related Risks and Outcomes there were 78,840 hospitalizations and...
Voter intentions and political implications of legislated stadium subsidies

In the US, decisions to allocate public funding toward professional sports facilities are usually made not by voters via referendum or initiative, but rather by their elected representatives. We ex...
In vitro immunomodulatory effects of thymol and cinnamaldehyde in a pig intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2)

Thymol and cinnamaldehyde are phytogenic feed additives developed to improve gut health and growth performance in poultry and swine. This study evaluated the in vitro immune modulating effects of t...
Adding Common Randomness Can Remove the Secrecy Penalty in GDoF

In communication networks secrecy constraints usually incur an extra limit in capacity or generalized degrees-of-freedom (GDoF), in the sense that a penalty in capacity or GDoF is incurred due to the secrecy constraints. Over the past decades a significant amount of effort has been made by the researchers to understand the limits of secrecy constraints in communication networks. In this work, we focus on how to remove the secrecy penalty in communication networks, i.e., how to remove the GDoF penalty due to secrecy constraints. We begin with three basic settings: a two-user symmetric Gaussian interference channel with confidential messages, a symmetric Gaussian wiretap channel with a helper, and a two-user symmetric Gaussian multiple access wiretap channel. Interestingly, in this work we show that adding common randomness at the transmitters can totally remove the penalty in GDoF or GDoF region of the three settings considered here. The results reveal that adding common randomness at the transmitters is a powerful way to remove the secrecy penalty in communication networks in terms of GDoF performance. Common randomness can be generated offline before the real-time message communication. The role of the common randomness is to jam the information signal at the eavesdroppers, without causing too much interference at the legitimate receivers. To accomplish this role, a new method of Markov chain-based interference neutralization is proposed in the achievability schemes utilizing common randomness. From the practical point of view, we need to minimize the amount of common randomness used for removing the secrecy penalty in terms of GDoF performance. With this motivation, for most of the cases we characterize the minimal GDoF of common randomness to remove secrecy penalty, based on our derived converses and achievability.
“A Charge to Keep I Have”: Black Pastors’ Perceptions of Their Influence on Health Behaviors and Outcomes in Their Churches and Communities

The Black church has become a necessary refuge and haven for hope in turbulent times in the USA. In recent years, the Black pastors' role has evolved into the position of a leading figure in addressing health disparities in the church and community. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study was to gain a more extensive understanding of Black pastors' perceptions of their influence on health behaviors and outcomes in their churches and communities. Due to limited research in this area, a phenomenological qualitative paradigm was used to add to future research. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 Black pastors. Four themes emerged: Pastoral Self-Reflection of Health; Misperception of Health Awareness from Congregants; Pastoral Leadership that Encourages Health Promotion; and the Importance of Community Resources and Health Programs. Overall, pastors viewed health as a holistic approach and included the importance of spirituality in their perspectives. According to pastors, there are suggestions for more access to resources, community partnerships, and education to address the lack of participation among black congregants.
Teacher noticing from a sociopolitical perspective: the FAIR framework for anti-deficit noticing

In this paper, we respond to the continued harm of deficit discourses in mathematics education, focusing on discourses that systematically devalue the knowledge and abilities of students of color in classrooms in the United States. We specifically aim to (1) develop a sociopolitical framework for conceptualizing mathematics teacher noticing and (2) conceptualize and illustrate the enactment of noticing that challenges deficit discourses about these students and their communities—anti-deficit noticing—through the lens of our framework. We address our first research aim by introducing the FAIR framework, which foregrounds the role of sociopolitical Framing as an essential component of noticing that shapes and is shaped by Attending, Interpreting, and Responding, processes that have frequently been discussed in studies of teacher noticing. We show how an analysis using FAIR can contribute to understanding deficit noticing. We then conceptualize and illustrate anti-deficit noticing using the case of Oscar, a college mathematics instructor who worked with many Black and Hispanic students and himself identified as Hispanic. We discuss the local context that supported Oscar’s anti-deficit noticing and conclude with implications for future research and practice.
Examining the Effects of Changes in Classroom Quality on Within-Child Changes in Achievement and Behavioral Outcomes

This study examines whether changes in classroom quality predict within-child changes in achievement and behavioral problems in elementary school (ages spanning approximately 6-11 years old). Drawing on data from a longitudinal study of children in predominantly low-income, nonurban communities (n = 1,078), we relied on child fixed effects modeling, which controlled for stable factors that could bias the effects of classroom quality. In general, we found that changes in classroom quality had small and statistically nonsignificant effects on achievement and behavior. However, we found that moving into a high-quality classroom, particularly those rated as high in Classroom Organization, had positive effects on achievement and behavior for children with significant exposure to poverty in early life.
Inverse of the covariance matrix of an MA(2) process

Abstract A component-wise formula for the inverse of the covariance matrix of an MA(2) process is provided in Shaman (1973) requiring O ( n 3 ) calculations per column. This paper simplifies his formula resulting in only O ( n ) calculations per column. Using a well-known result concerning the inverse of symmetric Toeplitz matrices, we show that the inverse of the covariance matrix of an MA(2) process may be written as a function of its first column, requiring only O ( n ) calculations to obtain instead of the O ( n 2 ) calculations required from the Levinson–Durbin algorithm [1] .
Teaching economics of climate change and sustainability as an introductory interdisciplinary elective using critical reading of supplementary sources

Critical thinking skills are widely considered to be important transferable skills gained from taking college-level economics courses that are also highly valued by employers. Yet, the literature o...
A Needs Assessment For Annual Physical Examination For Selected Richmond Public School Children

Introduction: The following risk factors have found to be associated with inadequate health care and have been found to affect the well-being of children: racial or ethnic minority, poverty status, median family income, family structure of household, maternal education level, and parental employment status. Also, there has found to be health indicators including, teen pregnancy, asthma hospitalization, and lead poisoning cases that affect the well-being of a child and are associated with the presence of these risk factors in a population Objectives: The objectives of this study is to (1) compare the presence of risk factors and health indicators in Richmond, Virginia to two surrounding counties and with the state of Virginia and (2) to assess the need for a program designed to conduct an annual physical examination program for selected Richmond Public Schools. Methods: The United States Decennial Census data was collected for Richmond City, Chesterfield County, Henrico County, and for the state of Virginia. Also, data on health indicators was collected from Virginia Health Communities and Kids Count Data respectively. Ratios were calculated for the risk factors aforementioned, as well as for health indicators available. Poisson regression was used to determine the c~mulative ffect of a child have multiple risk factors. Results: There was a significant difference between the four localities in regards to distribution of raciallethnic minorities, poverty status of children, family structure of households with children, maternal education level, and parental employment status. Richmond was found to have higher ratios for all risk factors tested. In terms of the health indicators analyzed, there was a significant difference between Richmond, Chesterfield, Henrico, and Virginia in regards to teen pregnancy, asthma hospitalization, and lead poisoning cases, with Richmond having the highest prevalence of each of these indicators. Discussion: Because of the prevalence of risk factors in Richmond children for inadequate access to health care, a program was designed to conduct an annual physical examination program for select Richmond Public schools. The initiative would attempt to identify populations within the city at greatest risk and provide a program that would not only provide annual physical examinations, but also provide continual care for children with additional health needs. Conclusions: The use of public school systems for an avenue to provide needed health care for children has been found to be beneficial. The program described to provide annual physical examinations for children in selected Richmond Public Schools, can serve as a template for other communities with similar risk factors.
Battery Powered Jeep and Van Performance

A postal jeep and a commercial delivery van were evaluated. Energy data from operation over a test loop and various grades is presented for zero to 15 mph start/stop and 30 mph range runs. Test results are summarized in a graph for prediction of remaining miles based on route terrain. Jeep regenerative braking is discussed. A high power electrical simulator was used to reproduce a mountainous terrain load profile. The simulator was programmed with magnetic tapes made up from actual field recordings. This verified calculations, gave additional battery information and eliminated the need for a mountainous terrain test track.
A III-nitride polarization enhanced electron filter for controlling the spectral response of solar-blind AlGaN/AlN/SiC photodiodes

Heterogeneous aluminium gallium nitride (Alx Ga1-xN)/aluminium nitride (AlN)/silicon carbide (SiC) based n-i-p photodetectors have been demonstrated to effectively tailor the spectral response of SiC within the solar-blind regime. The differences in polarization at the hetero-interfaces resulting in negative polarization induced charge at the Alx Ga1-xN/AlN interface and positive polarization induced charge at the AlN/SiC interface has been exploited to create a large barrier to carrier transport across the interface. This barrier impedes the collection of photo-excited holes in the Alx Ga1-xN layers and enables the selective collection of electrons photo-excited to the Γ and L conduction band valleys of SiC while blocking the collection of electrons in the M valley. In this work, the influence of device design, including the AlN layer thickness and Alx Ga1-xN composition, on the spectral response is discussed. Thin AlN barrier layers are easily overcome by electrons generated in all valleys of 4H-SiC with increasing bias voltage while thicker barrier layers successfully minimize the collection of electrons in the M valley of SiC and therefore suppress the long-wavelength response >260 nm. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Excel Based Robust Design Tool for Vehicle Structural Optimization

To reduce the cost of prototype and physical test, CAE analysis has been widely used to evaluate the vehicle performance during product development process. Combining CAE analysis and optimization approach, vehicle design process can be implemented more efficiently with affordable cost. Reliability based design optimization (RBDO) formulation considers variations of input variables, such as component gauges and material properties. As a result, the design obtained by using RBDO is more reliable and robust compared to those by deterministic optimization. The RBDO process starts from running simulation at DOE sampling data points, generating surrogate models (response surface) and performing robust and reliability based design optimization on the surrogate models by using Monte Carlo simulation. This paper presents a RBDO framework in Excel enviroment. Within this framework, the engineer can perform DOE sampling, surrogate modeling, robustness assessment, Monte Carlo simulation, robust design and reliability-based optimization with any type of distribution.
CONSTANT OUTPUT TRACKING AND DISTURBANCE REJECTION FOR SYSTEMS WITH LIPSCHITZ NONLINEARITIES

Abstract In this paper, we consider nonlinear systems subject to unknown constant disturbance inputs. We wish to design state feedback and observer-based output feedback controllers which ensure that the system output asymptotically tracks a specified constant reference signal and all states are bounded. Our results establish design procedures of state feedback and observer-based PI controllers for a class of nonlinear systems with globally Lipschitz nonlinearities.
Procedural content creation and technologies for 3d graphics applications and games

The recent transformation of consumer graphics (CG) cards into powerful 3D rendering processors is due in large measure to the success of game developers in delivering mass market entertainment software that feature highly immersive and captivating virtual environments. Despite this success, 3D CG application development is becoming increasingly handicapped by the inability of traditional content creation methods to keep up with the demand for content. The term content is used here to refer to any data operated on by application code that is meant for viewing, including 3D models, textures, animation sequences and maps or other data-intensive descriptions of virtual environments. Traditionally, content has been handcrafted by humans. A serious problem facing the interactive graphics software development community is how to increase the rate at which content can be produced to keep up with the increasingly rapid pace at which software for interactive applications can now be developed. Research addressing this problem centers around procedural content creation systems. By moving away from purely human content creation toward systems in which humans play a substantially less time-intensive but no less creative part in the process, procedural content creation opens new doors. From a qualitative standpoint, these types of systems will not rely less on human intervention but rather more since they will depend heavily on direction from a human in order to synthesize the desired content. This research draws heavily from the entertainment software domain but the research is broadly relevant to 3D graphics applications in general.
Antenna analysis for space applications with the electromagnetic field solver FEKO

In this paper some typical antennas for space applications are analyzed by using the computational electromagnetic software FEKO, as released in Suite 7.0. First, an iterative MLFMM/PO hybrid method with bi-directional coupling between the two methods is introduced, very suitable for extremely large reflector antennas illuminated by a smaller (but also electrically large) and complex feed, drastically reducing the memory and run-times used. An antenna placement example on a generic satellite is also discussed, where different full wave and high frequency asymptotic methods are compared, such as MLFMM and PO or UTD. Finally, a more realistic application is shown, to calculate the influence of a patch array antenna on the Iridium satellite.
Standing Flexion Deficits Predict Self-Reported Outcomes in Women After Ipsilateral Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Purpose To profile the standing flexion angle and its association with subjective outcomes in ipsilateral hamstring tendon autograft anterior cruciate ligament–reconstructed patients. A secondary aim was to describe prone position–measured hamstring strength as a predictor of flexion angle. Methods Fifteen women (mean age, 20.47 ± 1.96 years; mean height, 1.69 ± 0.08 m; mean weight, 68.51 ± 12.64 kg; mean Tegner score, 6.80 ± 1.52), at a mean of 25.93 ± 11.25 months after surgery, were matched to 15 healthy participants by sex and approximate age, height, mass, and activity level (mean age, 20.93 ± 1.22 years; mean height, 1.65 ± 0.06 m; mean weight, 66.52 ± 10.69 kg; mean Tegner score, 6.13 ± 1.06). The independent variable was leg condition (involved, uninvolved, or matched). Dependent variables included goniometric flexion angle, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscale scores, and absolute isokinetic hamstring strength. We used 1-tailed paired and 2-sample t tests to analyze side and group differences, respectively. Corresponding effect sizes ( d ) were also quantified. Linear regression assessed relations between flexion angle and the KOOS, as well as strength and flexion angle. P Results The involved leg showed a significantly lesser flexion angle (112.9° ± 8.1°) compared with the uninvolved leg (116.1° ± 8.4°, P = .024) and matched leg (117.1° ± 4.5°, P = .044), with corresponding weak side ( d = 0.380) and strong group ( d = 0.958) effect sizes. Significant associations existed between flexion angle and subjective outcomes ( r 2 = 60.3% and P = .001 for KOOS pain subscale, r 2 = 37.8% and P = .015 for KOOS subscale for function in activities of daily living, and r 2 = 39.2% and P = .012 for KOOS subscale for function in sports and recreation) for the involved leg. Hamstring strength was not a significant predictor of flexion angle for all legs ( P > .05). Conclusions Our results support the hypotheses that standing flexion angle insufficiencies exist for the involved leg, superior subjective outcomes are associated with greater flexion capacity, and hamstring strength at deep knee angles does not predict the standing flexion angle. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic study, case series.
Topological modeling of amorphized tetrahedral ceramic network structures

Abstract The topology of the tetrahedral network compounds SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 and SiC is considered and applied to the potential for amorphization of these compounds. Local rules are devised for self-assembly modeling of crystalline polymorphs of the latter two, similar to those derived previously for SiO 2 , and modifications of these rules are applied to generate topologically disordered versions. Success in obtaining viable amorphous networks is assessed in terms of residual underconnection, tetrahedral distortion, partial radial correlations, and local clusters of tetrahedra that embody the local topology. Topologically assembled models of amorphous Si 3 N 4 are found to be constructible, but with radial correlations and local clusters much closer to those of the parent crystals than for assembled amorphous models of silica. Models of amorphous SiC remain substantially underconnected and highly distorted tetrahedrally; the seemingly contrary experimentally observed facile amorphization of SiC under irradiation is suggested to be facilitated by the potential for chemical disorder in SiC that alters the topological possibilities.
The phenomenon of conglomerate crystallization. XXXVI: The crystal and molecular structure of racemic [CIS-α-dinitro(1,8-diamino-3,6-dithiaoctane)cobalt(III)]Cl (I) and the absolute configuration of (+)546-Λ(δλδ)[cis-α-dinitro-1,8-diamino-3,6-dithiaoctane)cobalt(III)]ClO4 (II)

Abstract Compound I crystallizes as a racemate, as suggested earlier.3,5,14 Crystals of II were prepared from externally resolved material. In both, the organic ligand is quadridentate with two trans-axial nitrogen and two cis sulphur donor atoms located trans to the two basal NO2 ligands. Likewise, in both, the counter-anion is hydrogen bonded to the terminal NH2 hydrogens and the cations are in the cis-α configuration, with those of the former having Λ(δλδ) and Δ(λδλ) pairs related by the inversion centre; those of the (+)546 enantiomer of II are Λ(δλδ). These results fix the absolute configuration of II and establish the fact that the synthetic procedure for the preparation of the precursors of this compound, [Co(C6H16N2SP2)(XY)]A (X  Y  NO2−; X  Y  Cl; X  Cl, Y  H2O, etc. and A = an anion), contain exclusively racemic Δ(δλδ) and Δ(λδλ) pairs and no cis-β or trans isomers. Packing in the case of I consists of infinite strings of chloride-linked cations which are formed such that a given string contains [Co(1)Cl(1)Co(1)Cl(1)]n and of another string of [Co(2)Cl(2)Co(2)Cl(2)]n, and each chloride has three hydrogen bonds, two intra-string and a third linking adjacent strings. All Co(1) cations within the string defined by the current coordinates are Λ(δλδ); torsional angles = 42.3, −33.9 and 48.3°) and all Co(2) cations within the string defined by the current coordinates are Δ(λδλ); torsional angles = −27.1, 39.8 and −42.1°). Given the space group and the contents of the cell, it is clear that enantiomorphic pairs of infinite strings are present in the crystals. Crystals of enantiomorphic II were studied in order to show the relationship between the CD spectrum and the absolute configuration of the cation.
Complex morphologies in thin films of symmetric diblock copolymers as stable and unstable phases

Using real-space, parallel self-consistent field (SCF) calculations with high accuracy, we performed a detailed study on the self-assembled morphology of symmetric diblock copolymer thin films between two homogeneous surfaces. Even in this simplest case of block copolymers under nano-confinement, rich phase behavior is found with various complex morphologies having both parallel and perpendicular lamellar orientations. In addition to their interesting structures, the formation mechanisms and stability of these complex morphologies are also clearly revealed by the detailed free-energy data obtained from the SCF calculations.
WE‐A‐203‐01: X‐Ray Imaging Dose from IGRT

With the advance of technology, image guided radiation therapy(IGRT) has emerged as the new paradigm in radiotherapy. The increased clinical availability of new emerging image guidance procedures such as cone beam CT, etc., has resulted in a dramatic growth in its usage. The radiation exposure to patients resulting from x‐ray image guidance procedures may also entail risk to radiosensitive organs. Unlike diagnostic imaging in radiology, image guidance procedures are performed much more frequently. Knowledge of X‐ray ImagingDose from IGRT and accurate dosimetry of imagingdose to organs from different imaging procedures is becoming increasingly important for clinicians as information to make informed decisions and to manage the additional exposure to radiosensitive organs. This lecture will provide an overview of the commonly used image‐guided procedures and discuss recent developments in the dosimetry for these imaging procedures, especially for kilovoltage cone‐beam CT (kV‐CBCT) scans. The measurements and calculations of the imagingdoses resulting from these imaging procedures will be addressed. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the origin of dose distributions between kV and MV imaging, 2. Obtain the knowledge and have a perspective view on the magnitude of the imagingdose related to the therapeuticdose, 3. Learn the techniques to reduce the imagingdose in clinical applications.
The impact of alternative regional development strategies on crime rates: Tourism vs. agriculture in Hawaii

In recent years, Hawaii's exports have been dominated by tourism. Expansion of resort development, however, has frequently displaced agricultural land uses. This paper examines the hypothesis that an alteration in the composition of economic activity in the form of a displacement of agriculture by resort development will increase crime with a cross-section analysis of the determinants of crime rates for the island of Oahu in 1975 and a parallel time series analysis for Hawaii over the period 1961–1975. Empirical estimates indicate that a significantly greater amount of burglaries, rapes, and larcenies will occur. Policy implications are then explored.
High dietary fructose compared with corn starch does not heighten changes in copper absorption, retention, or status indicators in men fed low dietary copper

In experimental animals, high dietary fructose exacerbates signs of copper deficiency in rats. Thus, an experiment was performed to determine whether high dietary fructose affected copper metabolism and copper status indicators in healthy men who were fed low dietary copper. Six men aged 27 to 37 years completed a metabolic unit study divided into four 7-week dietary periods with a randomized, double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial design with variables of 0.6 or 2.6 mg Cu/2500 kcal and fructose or corn starch as 20% of energy. Twice during each dietary period the men consumed a standardized breakfast meal labeled with 2.5 μCi 67Cu, then were counted daily in a whole-body counter for 3 weeks after each meal. At the end of each dietary period, blood was collected to assess copper status. Neither type of dietary carbohydrate nor intake of copper significantly affected 67Cu absorption, but copper deprivation resulted in a negative copper balance. The source of dietary carbohydrate did not affect the biological half-life of copper, but it was significantly (P < 0.001) longer when dietary copper was low (35 ± 11 d; mean ± SD) than when supplemented (20 ± 5 days). The natural log of the biological half-life directly correlated with plasma copper (r = 0.498; P = 0.001) and immunoreactive, or radial immunodiffusion, ceruloplasmin (RID Cp; r = 0.394; P = 0.013), and was inversely related to glutathione (r = −0.510, P = 0.03). When high dietary fructose was fed, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and RID Cp was lower, and the enzymatic ceruloplasmin/RID Cp ratio was higher during copper depletion than during repletion; just the opposite occurred when corn starch was fed. No other copper status indicator was affected by an interaction between dietary carbohydrate and copper or was heightened by high dietary fructose. The results indicate that men fed approximately 0.6 mg Cu/d for 7 weeks attempted to adapt to this low intake by retaining absorbed copper longer. The adaptation was inadequate because copper balance became negative. However, although copper status was decreased, the response of men to short-term dietary copper deprivation was not heightened by high dietary fructose. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16:27–38, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of apolipoprotein C-II on the lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of dihexanoyl- and diheptanoyl-phosphatidylcholine

The effect of apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) on the lipoprotein lipase (LpL)-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids was studied using purified bovine milk LpL and dihexanoyl (diC6) and diheptanoyl (diC7) phosphatidylcholine. In contrast to porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2, the LpL-catalyzed hydrolysis of these short-chain lecithins was not enhanced at substrate concentrations above the critical micelle concentration of the lipids. Furthermore, apoC-II had no effect on enzyme catalysis.
Privatize your name: Symbolic work in a post‐Soviet linguistic market

This paper analyzes the new names given to Russian private businesses that have appeared after the collapse of the Soviet State in 1991. By naming new private ventures their owners - members of the new business class - attempt to privatize public space not only legally but also symbolically and linguistically. They strive to construct their particular new version of social reality, to represent it as positive and meaningful, and to impose themselves publicly as legitimate authors, owners, and masters of this new reality. This paper proceeds on several distinct levels of analysis. First, it analyzes a number of discourses, representing various subcultures and periods of Soviet and Russian history, from which new business names draw their complex meanings. Second, it considers concrete linguistic and semiotic techniques that are employed by the new names in this process. Third, it examines the cultural and social implications of this process of nomination for post-Soviet developments in the Russian society
Class D β-Lactamases: Are They All Carbapenemases?

ABSTRACT Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases (CHDLs) are enzymes of the utmost clinical importance due to their ability to produce resistance to carbapenems, the antibiotics of last resort for the treatment of various life-threatening infections. The vast majority of these enzymes have been identified in Acinetobacter spp., notably in Acinetobacter baumannii. The OXA-2 and OXA-10 enzymes predominantly occur in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and are currently classified as narrow-spectrum class D β-lactamases. Here we demonstrate that when OXA-2 and OXA-10 are expressed in Escherichia coli strain JM83, they produce a narrow-spectrum antibiotic resistance pattern. When the enzymes are expressed in A. baumannii ATCC 17978, however, they behave as extended-spectrum β-lactamases and confer resistance to carbapenem antibiotics. Kinetic studies of OXA-2 and OXA-10 with four carbapenems have demonstrated that their catalytic efficiencies with these antibiotics are in the same range as those of some recognized class D carbapenemases. These results are in disagreement with the classification of the OXA-2 and OXA-10 enzymes as narrow-spectrum β-lactamases, and they suggest that other class D enzymes that are currently regarded as noncarbapenemases may in fact be CHDLs.
Security considerations for computer personnel

White collar crime involving the use of computers is becoming a serious problem in today's business world, with losses estimated in the billions of dollars. In an attempt to combat computerized crime, a company must take into consideration a large number of potential risk areas and combat them with well designed security procedures and control systems. These areas include the computer software systems, the hardware, the physical environment in which the computer resides, the communication systems used by the computer, administrative procedures, and personnel policies. Most of these topics have been discussed in a number of recent journal articles and in computer security texts. One area which has not received the attention which it deserves is the relationship between computer crime and employee management.
Inflationary cosmology with five dimensional SO(10)

We discuss inflationary cosmology in a five dimensional SO(10) model compactified on $S^1/(Z_2\times Z_2')$, which yields $SU(3)_c\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y\times U(1)_X$ below the compactification scale. The gauge symmetry $SU(5)\times U(1)_X$ is preserved on one of the fixed points, while ``flipped'' $SU(5)'\times U(1)'_X$ is on the other fixed point. Inflation is associated with $U(1)_X$ breaking, and is implemented through $F$-term scalar potentials on the two fixed points. A brane-localized Einstein-Hilbert term allows both branes to have positive tensions during inflation. The scale of $U(1)_X$ breaking is fixed from $\delta T/T$ measurements to be around $10^{16}$ GeV, and the scalar spectral index $n=0.98-0.99$. The inflaton field decays into right-handed neutrinos whose subsequent out of equilibrium decay yield the observed baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis.
Marking an impasse: The use of anyway as a sequence-closing device

Based on a conversation analytic study of ordinary telephone conversations, the paper examines the use of anyway as a sequence-closing device in context in which the participants face an interactional impasse. The study suggests that the closure-relevant anyway, both as a stand-alone turn constructional unit (TCU) and a TCU initial component, has distinctive features. In contrast to ordinary methods of maintaining conversational coherence, the use of anyway is designed to indicate an impending break in contiguity. Further, the closure-relevant anyway is often produced in a dispreferred environment in which the participants are not in alignment. The ways the participants deploy anyway as a sequence-closing device to put an end to such interactional trouble, including a break in contiguity and misalignment, are discussed in detail.
Indications for control mechanisms in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis as revealed by studies with inhibitors.

Two contrasting responses to competitive inhibitors are presented. The first deals with inhibition of orotidylate decarboxylase in man. Although one or more strong inhibitors are involved, compensation through accumulation of precursors and some (probably) less important adjustments soon result in compensation to the presence of the inhibitor. In contrast, inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase in Escherichia coli results in cessation of growth and under some circumstances in cell death. Accumulation of the precursor of the blocked reaction could not be demonstrated.