cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Web-based (HTML5) interactive graphics for fusion research and collaboration

Abstract With the continuing development of web technologies, it is becoming feasible for websites to operate a lot like a scientific desktop application. This has opened up more possibilities for utilizing the web browser for interactive scientific research and providing new means of on-line communication and collaboration. This paper describes the research and deployment for utilizing these enhanced web graphics capabilities on the fusion research tools which has led to a general toolkit that can be deployed as required. It allows users to dynamically create, interact with and share with others, the large sets of data generated by the fusion experiments and simulations. Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), a general-purpose scripting language for the Web, is used to process a series of inputs, and determine the data source types and locations to fetch and organize the data. Protovis, a Javascript and SVG based web graphics package, then quickly draws the interactive graphs and makes it available to the worldwide audience. This toolkit has been deployed to both the simulation and experimental arenas. The deployed applications will be presented as well as the architecture and technologies used in producing the general graphics toolkit.
Applications of three completely mixed compartment models to the long-term fate of dieldrin in a reservoir

Abstract Three chemical fate models (SLSA, TOXIC and EXAMS II) were applied to a flood control/recreational reservoir in Iowa to assess the long-term fate of a persistent chemical, dieldrin. These models were validated via calibration, verification and sensitivity analysis based on 16 years of field data sets. The three models were calibrated interactively to supplement the shortcomings of an individual model and minimize differences between them. The results indicated that these models can serve as useful tools for assessing the long-term fate of persistent chemicals, as long as the user is fully aware of the model assumptions and limitations. The models were discussed in terms of differences, assumptions and limitations to aid model users in their understanding and in the proper choice of the models for their applications.
In Situ Burning: After-Action Review1(Successful Burn 48 Hours After Discharge)

ABSTRACT A spill in May 1997, forced responders to think “outside the box” and utilize ingenuity and skills learned from previous experiences. The Region VI RRT Guidelines for In-shore/Near-shore I...
Tectonic patterns on a tidally distorted planet

Abstract Tidal deformation of the lithosphere of a synchronously rotating planet or satellite produces stresses that may result in a distinctive tectonic pattern. The lithosphereis treated as a thin elastic shell which maintains the equilibrium shape of a tidally distorted body. Stresses develop as the equilibrium shape changes during orbital evolution. E. M. Anderson's theory of faulting is used to translate this stress pattern into a tectonic pattern of faults on the planet's surface ( The Dynamics of Faulting , Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 1951). On a body such as the Moon, which has receded from the Earth, an originally large tidal bulge has collapsed. The predicted tectonic pattern includes N-S striking thrust faults over an area extending roughly 30° in latitude and longitude around the sub-Earth point and its antipode. The polar regions above roughly 70° latitude exhibit normal faults striking from the near side of the Moon toward the far side. Strike slip faults, with offsets consistent with east-west compression, occur near the limbs. Stress differences are largest at the equator on the limbs, and may have reached several hundreds bars over the last few billion years of the Moon's history. The existence of such a tectonic pattern on the Moon can only be resolved by photogeologic mapping. At present, there is little evidence of this pattern; however, the crucial evidence probably lies in the poorly mapped lunar polar regions. These tectonic patterns, which could provide geologic evidence for large tidal distortions, may also be present on the Galilean satellites of Jupiter.
Non-sticking of helium buffer gas to hydrocarbons

Lifetimes of complexes formed during helium-hydrocarbon collisions at low temperature are estimated for symmetric-top hydrocarbons. The lifetimes are obtained using a density-of-states approach. In general the lifetimes are less than 10\char21{}100 ns and are found to decrease with increasing hydrocarbon size. This suggests that clustering will not limit precision spectroscopy in helium-buffer-gas experiments. Lifetimes are computed for noble-gas benzene collisions and are found to be in reasonable agreement with lifetimes obtained from classical trajectories as reported by J. Cui et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 141, 164315 (2014)].
A capacitance bridge circuit for broadband detection of ion cyclotron resonance signals

Abstract A capacitance bridge circuit has been developed for detecting ions stored in an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) analyzer cell. The circuit functions by accelerating ions at their cyclotron frequency and detecting the resulting ion image current which is induced by the coherent motion of the ions. The main feature of the capacitance bridge circuit is that a mass spectrum can be obtained at constant magnetic field. This not only improves the speed and flexibility of the ICR experiments, but also allows superconducting magnets to be used for greatly improved sensitivity and mass resolution. In our laboratory the capacitance bridge is used in place of a marginal oscillator for pulsed ICR studies of gas-phase ion chemistry and for rapid-scan ICR studies of low-volatility compounds. This paper presents a simplified theory of operation for the capacitance bridge detector and a description of the circuitry which we have developed. Performance tests have been conducted to establish a range of useful operating parameters for the detector. Using an electromagnet at 1.2 tesla, the minimum detectable signal (1 : 1 S/N) is ~7000 ions, and linear response is achieved up to the space-charge limit of ~350 000 ions.
The Functionally Active Mistic-Fused Histidine Kinase Receptor, EnvZ

Mistic is a small Bacillus subtilis protein which is of current interest to the field of structural biology and biochemistry because of its unique ability to increase integral membrane protein yields in Escherichia coli expression. Using the osmosensing histidine kinase receptor, EnvZ, an E. coli two-component system, and its cytoplasmic cognate response regulator, OmpR, we provide the first evidence that a Mistic-fused integral membrane protein maintains functionality both in vitro and in vivo. When the purified and detergent-solubilized receptor EnvZ is fused to Mistic, it maintains the ability to autophosphorylate on residue His(243) and phosphotransfers to residue Asp(55) located on OmpR. Functionality was also observed in vivo by means of a β-galactosidase assay in which RU1012 [Φ(ompC-lacZ)10-15, ΔenvZ::Km(r)] cells transformed with Mistic-fused EnvZ led to an increase in downstream signal transduction events detected by the activation of ompC gene expression. These findings illustrate that Mistic preserves the functionality of the Mistic-fused cargo protein and thus provides a beneficial alternate approach to study integral membrane proteins not only by improving expression levels but also for direct use in functional characterization.
Quantitative EEG correlates of crack cocaine dependence

Evidence for a distinctive syndrome of neuroadaptation in cocaine dependence has accumulated from behavioral, neurophysiological, and preclinical and clinical pharmacological studies. The authors report on the results of a preliminary investigation of the quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) correlates of severe DSM-III-R crack cocaine dependence in seven patients abstinent from cocaine for 1 to 68 days. The major QEEG finding was increased absolute and relative alpha power. Increased alpha power has also been reported in multiple previous studies of depressed patients. This series of crack-dependent patients showed significant depressive morbidity; four patients attempted suicide subsequent to initiating their use of crack and the group mean (± SD) Beck Depression Scale score was 18.9 (± 6.5). These results complement other studies that support the concept of neuroadaptation to chronic cocaine exposure. Prospective studies correlating QEEG measures with subsequent response to pharmacological interventions for cocaine dependence should be considered.
Surface modification of nanofiltration membranes by ion implantation

Abstract This study involves modifying the surface of nanofiltration (NF) membranes by ion implantation for increased salt rejection. F− ions were implanted on the surface of commercially available nanofiltration membranes to increase the negativity of the membrane surfaces. The objective was to increase the Donnan exclusion effect and thus increasing the salt rejection by the modified membranes. A composite polyamide NF membrane (NF 90 Filmtec) and a cellulose acetate NF membrane (SP 28 Osmonics) were implanted with F− ions at two different intensities—1E10 and 5E10 atoms/cm2. Zeta potential measurements of the unmodified membranes and modified membranes show higher negativity with an increased intensity of ion implantation. Multicomponent salt permeation experiments were performed with the three types of membranes—the unmodified membrane and the two types of modified ones for both NF 90 and SP 28. The results show a decrease of solute flux for all the ions through the modified membranes when compared to that with the unmodified membrane. Initial experiments show no leaching of F− ions into the solution. Therefore, ion implantation on nanofiltration membrane surfaces is a novel technique to increase the salt rejection property of membranes.
Analysis of cryotherapy penetration: a comparison of the plaster cast, synthetic cast, Ace wrap dressing, and Robert-Jones dressing

Four groups were studied to determine the cooling effect at skin level of ice application over common ankle bandages and casts. The plaster cast, synthetic cast, and Ace wrap dressing groups had 18 participants and the Robert-Jones dressing group had four participants. In a standardized fashion, ice bags were applied over each bandage or cast and skin temperatures were measured with a thermocouple over a 90-min period. The average final skin temperature was 16.5 degrees in the plaster cast, 18.8 degrees in the synthetic cast, 21.2 degrees in the Ace wrap dressing, and 28.7 degrees in the Robert-Jones dressing. The temperature curves showed that ice application effectively decreased skin temperatures through the plaster cast, synthetic cast, and Ace wrap dressing. The cooler temperature did not adequately penetrate the Robert-Jones dressing.
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION, LEGITIMACY OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS AND NEIGHBORHOOD CRIME: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ABSTRACT Despite a tendency in the past to emphasize the role of social networks in understanding neighborhood rates of social control and crime, recent work in social disorganization has begun to theorize about the role of institutions. In particular, in his 2002 presidential address Sampson (2002) argued that perceptions of institutions as legitimate are particularly important in shaping neighborhood levels of collective efficacy. In addition, Triplett, Gainey and Sun (2003) have argued that institutional strength is an important predictor of neighborhood crime rates. Within this framework, they predict that institutional strength is predictive of perceptions of public institutions as legitimate which in turn are predicted to affect neighborhood rates of crime. The purpose of this study is to provide an initial empirical assessment of the role of perceptions of two institutions - the police and local government - as legitimate on neighborhood rates of crime. Findings support the prediction that these pe...
Watchdog journalism: India's three largest English-language newspapers and the Right to Information Act

India's Right to Information Act (RTIA) has been described as one of the strongest laws in the world for access to public information. The preamble spells out its promise to expose government corruption. Given that the Indian news media is the largest in the world and has a storied history of unearthing public corruption, this exploratory study employed the normative theory of the monitorial role of the news media to examine the extent that the RTIA was used to uncover government corruption. This content analysis examined a census of 221 articles published in India's three largest English-language newspapers in the period after the RTIA was adopted in October 2005 and then five years later. Slightly more than 80% of the articles referencing corruption fell into four thematic categories: progress on implementing the law, public education about the legislation, the watchdog role of activists and other non-journalists, and a brief mention of the RTIA. During this period the English-language dailies reported ...
Analogue system for eigenvalue computation and sorting based on an isospectral matrix flow

An analogue system for the computation of the eigenvalues of symmetric matrices and for sorting lists is described. The computation is based on an isospectral matrix flow. A fully parallel continuous time implementation of the equations is presented. The implementation was simulated using PSPICE and the results of the simulation are described. >
Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract The use of a co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal (CEPM) and flashed dried poultry by-product meal (FD-PBM) was evaluated as replacements for fish meal in a practical diet formulated to contain 32% crude protein and 8% lipid. Each meal was substituted for menhaden fish meal on an iso-nitrogenous basis and offered to juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (mean initial wt.±S.D., 0.37±0.015 g) over a 6-week period. Inclusion levels ranged from 0 (30 g fish meal /100 g diet) to 80% replacement (6 g fish meal/100 g diet). Replacement of fish meal with CEPM resulted in equivalent values for final weight, percent weight gain and feed efficiency (FE) and a significant increase in protein conversion efficiency (PCE). Similarly, replacement of 40%, 60%, and 80% of the fish-meal protein in the basal diet with FD-PBM resulted in a significant increase in weight gain and FE. Although not significant, there was also a general increase in PCE when FD-PBM was included in the diet. Under the reported conditions, survival, FE, and PCE values were either improved or were not significantly influenced by the replacement of menhaden fish meal with either CEPM or FD-PBM. Hence, these products can be used to reduce the fish-meal content of practical diets from 30 to 6 g/100 g dry wt.
Robust incremental online inference over sparse factor graphs: Beyond the Gaussian case

Many online inference problems in robotics and AI are characterized by probability distributions whose factor graph representations are sparse. While there do exist some computationally efficient algorithms (e.g. incremental smoothing and mapping (iSAM) or Robust Incremental least-Squares Estimation (RISE)) for performing online incremental maximum likelihood estimation over these models, they generally require that the distribution of interest factors as a product of Gaussians, a rather restrictive assumption. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of performing efficient incremental online estimation over sparse factor graphs in the non-Gaussian case. Our main result is a method that generalizes iSAM and RISE by removing the assumption of Gaussian factors, thereby significantly expanding the class of distributions to which these algorithms can be applied. The generalization is achieved by means of a simple algebraic reduction that under relatively mild conditions (boundedness of each of the factors in the distribution of interest) enables an instance of the general maximum likelihood estimation problem to be reduced to an equivalent instance of least-squares minimization that can be solved efficiently online by application of iSAM or RISE. Through this construction we obtain robust, computationally efficient, and mathematically correct incremental online maximum likelihood estimators for non-Gaussian distributions over sparse factor graphs.
Diffusion creep and partial melting in high temperature mylonitic gneisses, Hope Valley shear zone, New England Appalachians, USA

Field, petrographic, microstructural and isotopic studies of mylonitic gneisses and associated pegmatites along the Hope Valley shear zone in southern Rhode Island indicate that late Palaeozoic deformation (c. 275 Ma) in this zone occurred at very high temperatures (>650 °C). High-energy cuspate/lobate phase boundary microstructures, a predominance of equant to sub-equant grains with low internal lattice strain, and mixed phase distributions indicate that diffusion creep was an important and possibly predominant deformation mechanism. Field and petrographic evidence are consistent with the presence of an intergranular melt phase during deformation, some of which collected into syntectonic pegmatites. Rb/Sr isotopic analyses of tightly sampled pegmatites and wall rocks confirm that the pegmatites were derived as partial melts of the immediately adjacent, isotopically heterogeneous mylonitic gneisses. The presence of syntectonic interstitial melts is inferred to have permitted a switch from dislocation creep to melt-enhanced diffusion creep as the dominant mechanism in these relatively coarse-grained mylonitic gneisses (200–500 µm syn-deformational grain size). A switch to diffusion creep would lead to significant weakening, and may explain why the Hope Valley shear zone evolved into a major regional tectonic boundary. This work identifies conditions under which diffusion creep operates in naturally deformed granitic rocks and illuminates the deformation processes involved in the development of a tectonic boundary between two distinct Late Proterozoic (Avalonian) basement terranes.
Nondispersive x-ray diagnostics of short lived plasmas

In this NATO Advanced Study Institute, we have discussed in detail the diagnosis of many pulse power machine properties, including their electrical behavior, grounding and shielding, and related data acquisition techniques. The purpose for many of these machines is to create high-temperature/high-density plasmas and, therefore, the subsequent behavior of these plasmas is of critical concern. The energy density of these plasmas is such that they will naturally radiate in the x-ray regime, and thus the diagnosis of their x-ray emission is a crucial measurement of the entire system performance. In this lecture, I will describe the general techniques used to perform nondispersive x-ray diagnostics of these short-lived plasmas.
Studies on urinary histamine in chronic myelocytic leukemia.

Summary1. While the blood histamine is markedly elevated in chronic myelocytic leukemia, fasting urine histamine excretion is in the normal range.2. Assuming a 24 hour life span for the white blood cell it is shown that conjugation and urinary excretion is not the mechanism of removing the large amount of blood histamine present in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Revisiting the stock price impact of quality awards

Abstract In an event study, Hendricks and Singhal [Hendricks KB, Singhal VR. Quality awards and the market value of the firm: an empirical investigation. Management Sci 1996;42:415–36.] find evidence that firms that win quality awards are further rewarded with a stock price increase on the day of the award announcement. We revisit Hendricks and Singhal (1996), extend their research and find four reasons why management, owners and analysts should be cautious about expecting an abnormal return when a firm wins a quality award. First, in our sample of Baldrige Award winners, the evidence of a stock price response on the announcement day is only marginally significant. Second, in our sample of State quality award winners, the announcement day relationship between stock returns and winning awards is not significant. Third, in the most recent subperiod, 1992–1997, we find no evidence of positive abnormal returns. Fourth, the marginally significant Baldrige results are actually driven by just four companies. A company-by-company microanalysis reveals that only 50% of the award winners experienced positive abnormal returns. The diminishing stock price response on event day does not necessarily imply a lack of stockholder rewards. Evidence from other studies suggests that the stockholders are rewarded for successful total quality management (TQM) implementation, but the rewards can come long before and after the formal award is presented. From a shareholder value perspective, TQM still matters but the award ceremonies may not.
REVS: a radar-based enhanced vision system for degraded visual environments

Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) has developed an enhanced vision system utilizing fast-scanning 94 GHz radar technology to provide three-dimensional measurements of an aircraft’s forward external scene topography. This threedimensional data is rendered as terrain imagery, from the pilot’s perspective, on a Head-Up Display (HUD). The image provides the requisite “enhanced vision” to continue a safe approach along the flight path below the Decision Height (DH) in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) that would otherwise be cause for a missed approach. Terrain imagery is optionally fused with digital elevation model (DEM) data of terrain outside the radar field of view, giving the pilot additional situational awareness. Flight tests conducted in 2013 show that REVS™ has sufficient resolution and sensitivity performance to allow identification of requisite visual references well above decision height in dense fog. This paper provides an overview of the Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS) concept, of the technology underlying REVS, and a detailed discussion of the flight test results.
Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on Antimitogenicity and Cell Cycle-related Proteins in MCF-7 Cells

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) demonstrated antimitogenic activity in MCF-7 cells (estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells) in a dose- and time-dependent manner (EC-50 of 2.5 ng/ml). This antimitogenic effect of TNF-alpha was accompanied by a decreased number of cells in S phase in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Based on growth arrest experiments using aphidicolin, it is apparent that TNF-alpha acted in early G1 phase. It did not show antimitogenic effects once cells reentered the S phase based on [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell cycle analysis. Specificity of TNF-alpha was established by using monoclonal anti-human TNF-alpha antibody. On the basis of Western immunoblot analysis of Rb, p53 and cell cycle inhibitory protein (Cip1) (p21) proteins, TNF-alpha decreased Rb protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner whereas it increased the expression level of tumor suppressor p53 protein. TNF-alpha also increased the expression level of Cip1 (p21) protein in a dose-dependent manner. This induction of Cip1 (p21) protein was preceded by the induction of p53 protein in MCF-7 cells. Cip1 (p21) protein associated with cyclin D was also increased. Tumor suppressor Rb protein expression was increased during G1 to S phase progression. Cyclin D protein expression levels were not changed in response to TNF-alpha treatment, although serine/threonine kinase inhibitors such as H7 and the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine decreased cyclin D expression levels in MCF-7 cells. Based on experiments with staurosporine, it appears that TNF-alpha does not utilize a protein kinase C pathway in MCF-7 cells. Other cell cycle-related proteins such as Cdk2, Cdc2, and Cdk4 did not show any change in response to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha did not affect complexes between cyclin D and Cdk2, Cdk4, and Rb proteins in MCF-7 cells. Taken together these results suggest that Rb, p53, and Cip1 (p21) proteins mediate TNF-alpha antimitogenic activity, and TNF-alpha induces growth arrest in the G1 phase in MCF-7 cells.
Geochemical fingerprinting of wilson Creek formation tephra layers (Mono Basin, California) using titanomagnetite compositions

Abstract Nineteen tephra layers within the Wilson Creek formation near Mono Lake provide a record of late Pleistocene to early Holocene volcanic activity from the nearby Mono Craters and are important chronostratigraphic markers for paleomagnetic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecologic studies. These stratigraphically important tephra deposits can be geochemically identified using compositions of their titanomagnetite phenocrysts. Titanomagnetite compositions display a broad range (XUsp 0.26–0.39), which allow the tephra layers to be distinguished despite the indistinguishable major-element glass compositions (76–77 wt% SiO2) of their hosts. The concentrations of Ti and Fe in titanomagnetite display geochemical and stratigraphic groupings that allow clear discrimination between older (> 57 ka) and younger (
Effects of Information Automation and Decision-Aiding Cueing on Action Implementation in a Visual Search Task

A visual search paradigm was used to examine the effects of status information as well as decision-aiding automation in a target detection and processing task. Manual, information automation, and decision-aiding automation conditions were manipulated with the size of the distractor set. Participants were required to respond to the presence or absence of a target in a time-limited trial. In the information automation condition, status information regarding target presence was presented to the participant. The participants were informed that the information automation was not perfectly reliable. A significant detection performance improvement was observed in the information automation condition. This improvement was more marked in the conditions with the higher number of distractors. Additionally, response times were improved when the information automation cue was present. Effects of cue validity and incorrect responses are presented. Implications of the results and future studies are discussed.
Rural, suburban, and central city children: sex-type roles in occupations.

Children's views of occupational roles which ate traditionally sex-typed by society were explored as differences among the views of children located in rural, suburban, or central city area. Their acceptance of occupational roles for men and for women was explored. For a sample of 270 children, 90 children at each of the location factors, rural, suburban, and central city, the occupational role views were measured. The degree of sex-typing was high among all subjects. Children viewed occupations as the role of one sex or the other, according to traditional sex-typed views.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a forest of a variety of trees.

This editorial refers to ‘Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction’, by V. Melenovsky et al. , on page doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu193 In heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), the magnitude of left ventricular (LV) contractile dysfunction which defines this group has proven an important prognostic marker and effective target for therapy. Measures of right ventricular (RV) contraction are not commonly quantified, but when they are they provide additional prognostic information. It is now well recognized that up to half of HF patients have more preserved contractile function as measured by LVEF (HFpEF),1 demonstrate rates of HF re-hospitalization and functional decline similar to HFrEF,2 and have a higher risk of death compared with age-matched controls.3 While abnormal cardiac performance is implied in the HF diagnosis, the mechanisms underlying HFpEF are clearly multifactorial, with contributions of age, arterial stiffening, renal dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, and obesity, among others ( Figure 1 ). Even within the heart, while LV diastolic dysfunction is an important underlying cardiac perturbation, additional abnormalities of cardiac function may contribute, including subtle abnormalities of LV systolic function, dyssynchronous ventricular contraction and/or relaxation, impaired left atrial (LA) function, pulmonary vascular dysfunction, chronotropic incompetence, and impaired peripheral oxygen extraction.4 In addition to aetiological heterogeneity, phenotypic heterogeneity and the prominent contribution of co-morbidities make understanding this syndrome particularly challenging. Melenovsky et al . now appropriately call our attention to the importance of RV dysfunction as a contributing mechanism.5 Operating in parallel with the left ventricle, the right ventricle is also intimately coupled to the left ventricle via the interventricular septum and pericardium. The right ventricle normally …
IDEOLOGY AND POLICY PREFERENCES ON LOCAL ISSUES: AN INTENSIVE ANALYSIS

This article examines ideological thinking about local political issues. An intensive analysis, using Q-technique, of how a small sample of citizens and government officials evaluated thirty-six local issues revealed four different perspectives on local politics. No single liberal-conservative bipolar continuum along which local issues could be arrayed emerged from the analysis. Instead subjects revealed points of views on local issues that seemed to mix conventional ideological perspectives.
Human and cattle population changes in deltaic West Bengal, India between 1977-1987

In 1967–1970, 3.81 km2 of a densely populated deltaic area of Hooghly district in West Bengal, India was intensively studied. This same area was resurveyed in 1977 and 1987. From 1977–1987, the human population has increased 10.1%, while the number of households has increased 25%. The total number of children below 10 years of age has diminished. The cattle have increased 26.5%. The number of working-age male cattle has dropped significantly with reliance, primarily on hand tractor power for field cultivation. The number of female cattle has increased substantially. Artificial insemination and the use of temperate breeds of bulls have had an obvious impact. Improvements in the general environment were observed.
R7, a spontaneous mutant of Moloney murine sarcoma virus 124 with three direct repeats and an in-frame truncated gag-mos gene, induces brain lesions.

Abstract We have isolated Recombinant 7 (R7), a spontaneous mutant of SV7, a molecular clone of MoMuSV124. Like SV7, R7 induces subcutaneous fibrosarcomas, spleen tumors, and mesentery tumors infiltrated by proliferating vessels lined by transformed endothelial cells. However, it also induces brain lesions. We have molecularly cloned and sequenced the R7 proviral DNA and shown that the R7 genome consists of 3401 bp. It has three direct repeats in each enhancer. Its coding sequence consists of only 176 bp of p15, 263 bp of p30, a 7-bp insertion, and 853 bp of an N-terminally truncated mos gene. From the sequence of R7 we have deduced that the truncated mos sequence is in-frame with all of the gag sequence and the 7-bp insertion. The incorporation of the 3′ end of the p15 sequence further suggests that the R7 Gag-Mos is myristylated. We have also shown that the molecularly cloned R7 virus transformed NIH/3T3 fibroblasts about sevenfold better than the parental SV7. We have also confirmed that molecularly cloned R7 induces the same disease phenotype as that induced by the nonmolecularly cloned R7.
Solvation of Substituted Phenoxide Ions in T‐Butyl Alcohol‐Water Mixtures, from Kinetic Studies of Proton Exchange

Rate constants (k2W or k2A) for proton exchange between a phenol, its conjugate base, and a water or t-butyl alcohol molecule have been measured in a t-butyl alcohol-water mixture by nuclear magnetic resonance. Since k2W and k2A are both high (k2W > 108 sec−1 M−1), the ratio k2W/k2A measures the selective solvation of the O−-site (of the phenoxide ions) by water and t-butyl alcohol. In 11.47 mole % t-butyl alcohol — 88.53 mole % water, k2W/k2A is found to be 14 ± 3 when the ionic reactant is ortho-bromophenoxide ion, and 32 ± 8 when it is meta-nitrophenoxide ion. The results suggest that substituents have a marked effect on the selective solvation of the O−-site.
Diltiazem hydrochloride: New technologies and evolution of diltiazem

Graded extended-release diltiazem (CARDIZEM® LA) (GRD) is a new formulation of diltiazem engineered to provide more precise blood pressure control than traditional antihypertensive agents. Unlike other diltiazem once-daily formulations, CARDIZEM® LA is a tablet formulation. Its pharmacokinetic profile differs from that of CARDIZEM® CD, another extended-release formulation of diltiazem, in that GRD exhibits a smoother drug-release profile with a “one-peak” plasma concentration time curve. Clinical results demonstrate therapeutic efficacy throughout its 24-h dosing interval, regardless of time of administration; however, compared with morning administration, evening dosing results in significantly greater bioavailability, especially during the morning hours, when blood pressure is highest in most individuals. In hypertensive patients, GRD has demonstrated dose-related efficacy superior to that of ramipril in patients with Stage I and II hypertension and superior to that of amlodopine in African American hypertensives during the critical morning period. In patients with chronic stable angina, evening doses of GRD have been shown to increase exercise tolerance and delay the time to onset of angina during the early morning hours and throughout the 24-h dosing interval. Trials in patients with hypertension or angina have consistently demonstrated a side effect profile with GRD similar to that observed with placebo. Adverse events do not appear to be dose related up to the highest recommended dose of 540 mg/day. These trial results, demonstrating consistent 24-h efficacy and excellent tolerability, suggest that GRD may be a beneficial option in the treatment of hypertension and angina.
Model calibration for pressure drop in a pulse-jet cleaned fabric filter

Abstract A model based on Darcy's law allows prediction of pressure drop in a pulse-jet cleaned fabric filter. The model considers the effects of filtration velocity, dust areal density added during one filtration cycle, and pulse pressure. Data used to calibrate the model were collected in experiments with three fabric surface treatments and three dusts conducted at three filtration velocities, for a total of 27 different experimental conditions. The fabric used was polyester felt with untreated, singed, or PTFE-laminated surface. The dusts used were granite, limestone and fly ash. Filtration velocities were 50,75 and 100 mm s −1 . Dust areal density added during one filtration cycle was constant, as was pulse pressure. Under these conditions, fabric surface treatment alone largely determined the values for two of the three constants in the model; the third constant depends on pressure drop characteristics of the venturi at the top of each filter bag.
Prognostic significance of residual breast disease and axillary node involvement for patients who had primary induction chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer.

Background We performed this study to determine the prognostic significance of clinical tumor size, pathologic measurement of residual tumor, and number of positive axillary nodes in the surgical specimen relative to overall survival for patients who underwent primary induction chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer.
Enthalpies of solution of carbon dioxide in aqueous diglycolamine solutions

Abstract An isothermal flow calorimeter was used to measure the enthalpies of solution of carbon dioxide in aqueous 10, 20, 40, and 60 wt.% diglycolamine (DGA) solutions. The experimental temperature and pressure ranges were 288.71–422.04 K and 156–1121 kPa, respectively. The experimental equipment and procedure are described, with emphasis on peculiarities originating from the difficulty of measuring the enthalpy of solution of a gas in a liquid. The calorimetric data were also found to be useful in determining the equilibrium concentrations of CO 2 in the DGA solutions. Both enthalpy of solution and equilibrium concentration data for CO 2 -aqueous DGA systems are reported and compared with existing values from other investigations. The enthalpy of solution of CO 2 in aqueous DGA solutions was found to be independent of temperature and pressure and linearly dependent on the concentration of DGA in solution. An equation is given for predicting the enthalpy of solution over the ranges of temperatures, pressures, and concentrations investigated.
Deconvoluting contributions of photoexcited species in polymer-quantum dot hybrid photovoltaic materials

Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy is used in conjunction with spectroelectrochemistry and chemical doping experiments to study the photogeneration of charges in hybrid bulk heterojunction (BHJ) thin films composed of poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4 H -cyclopenta[2,1- b :3,4- b′ ]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and CdSe nanocrystals. Chemical doping experiments on hybrid and neat PCPDTBT:CdSe thin films are used to deconvolute the spectral signatures of the transient states in the near infrared. We confirm the formation and assignment of oxidized species in chemical doping experiments by comparing the spectral data to that from spectroelectrochemical measurements on hybrid and neat PCPDTBT:CdSe BHJ thin films. The deconvolution procedure allows extraction of the polaron populations in the neat polymer and hybrid thin films.
Effect of the earth's rotation on the optical properties of atoms

Abstract Atoms in the noninertial reference frame of the rotating earth have chirally asymmetric electronic polarisabilities and should manifest a weak circular birefringence of which one example is a nonforbidden optical activity. This circular birefringence falls within the measurement capability of ring-laser polarimeters currently planned or under construction. A successful experiment would mark the first demonstration of the influence of planetary motion on the electronic structure of an atom.
Response of the NCAR Community Climate Model to the Radiative Forcing by the Naturally Occurring Tropospheric Aerosol

Abstract We insert the effect of naturally occurring tropospheric aerosols on solar radiation into the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM). The effect of the aerosol depends on concentration and type (continental, maritime), surface albedo, solar zenith angle and cloud cover. The experiments were performed for perpetual July boundary conditions. Globally averaged, the aerosol reduces the solar radiative flux absorbed at the top of the model atmosphere by 3.0 W m−2, at the surface by 4.4 W m−2 and in the lower troposphere it increases the flux absorbed by 1.4 W m−2. Owing to fixed sea surface temperatures the climate simulated by the CCM is hardly affected by these perturbations. The global surface temperature change is −0.08 K (−0.27 K for continents), zonal surface temperature changes are limited to a few tenths of a degree and regional surface temperature changes rarely surpass −1 K. Between 30°S and 60°N the aerosol suppresses convective activity by reducing solar beating for land surfaces. As a result ...
Bank Mergers Under a Changing Regulatory Environment

Over the last 30 years, American banks transformed their organization through mergers and concentration. Which organizational theory better fits banks' responses to the four distinctive regulatory policy environments they faced over these years? An event-history analysis of mergers suggests that resource-dependence theory has a better overall fit than organizational ecology theory. However, the balance of influence shifted from external environmental causes toward internal organizational causes as deregulation created competitive pressures. Organizational efficiency had little bearing on the likelihood of a bank's being involved in a merger.
Ending Mass Incarceration is a Moral Imperative

The movement against mass incarceration has made major strides in the past few years with politicians and the media becoming significantly less enthralled with prisons and prison populations themselves are dropping modestly. However further progress, let alone a major effort to reverse the explosive growth of imprisonment over the last three decades, is by no means assured. Many of the factors that produced mass incarceration, including the structure of sentencing laws, prosecutorial attitudes, policing practices and court routines remains very much intact. This essay recommends five strategies to increase the chance that the present conjuncture leads to deep change and avoids the stabilization of the prison population into "mass incarceration lite."
Differential Injury to Alfalfa by Male and Female Potato Leafhoppers

Virgin and mated adult female, Empoasca fabae (Harris) did about the same amount of damage to alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., plants, and both did significantly more damage than males in 3 tests, 1 made in a greenhouse and 2 made in a growth chamber. The eggs from virgin females were apparently infertile, but the rates of oviposition of virgin and mated females were about the same. The greater damage done by the females may be the result of oviposition, but greater feeding rate of the females was not eliminated as a factor.
Krüppel-like factor 5 incorporates into the β-catenin/TCF complex in response to LPA in colon cancer cells.

Abstract Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a simple phospholipid with potent mitogenic effects on various cells including colon cancer cells. LPA stimulates proliferation of colon cancer cells by activation of β-catenin or Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), but the functional relationship between these two transcription factors is not clear. Hence, we sought to investigate the mechanism of β-catenin activation by LPA and the role of KLF5 in the regulation of β-catenin by LPA. We found that LPA and Wnt3 additively activated the β-catenin/TCF (T cell factor) reporter activity in HCT116 cells. In addition to phosphorylating glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) at Ser9, LPA resulted in phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser552 and Ser675. Mutation of Ser552 and Ser675 ablated LPA-induced β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. Knockdown of KLF5 significantly attenuated activation of β-catenin/TCF reporter activity by LPA but not by Wnt3. However, nuclear accumulation of β-catenin by LPA was not altered by knockdown of KLF5. β-catenin, TCF, and KLF5 were present in a 250–300 kDa macro-complex, and their presence was enhanced by LPA. LPA simulated the interaction of β-catenin with TCF4, and depletion of KLF5 decreased β-catenin–TCF4 association and the transcriptional activity. In summary, LPA activates β-catenin by multiple pathways involving phosphorylation of GSK-3 and β-catenin, and enhancing β-catenin interaction with TCF4. KLF5 plays a critical role in β-catenin activation by increasing the β-catenin–TCF4 interaction.
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)-induced Calcium Influx and Intracellular Calcium Mobilization in 3T3 Cells Expressing NGF Receptors

The neurotrophins have been implicated in the acute regulation of synaptic plasticity. Neurotrophin-stimulated presynaptic calcium uptake appears to play a key role in this process. To understand the mechanism of neurotrophin-stimulated calcium uptake, the regulation of calcium uptake and intracellular mobilization by nerve growth factor (NGF) was investigated using NIH 3T3 cells stably transfected with either the high affinity NGF receptor p140(trk) (3T3-Trk) or the low affinity NGF receptor p75(NGFR) (3T3-p75). In 3T3-Trk cells, NGF increased both calcium uptake and intracellular calcium mobilization. In 3T3-p75 cells, NGF increased calcium uptake but not intracellular calcium mobilization. K-252a alone increased intracellular calcium in 3T3-Trk cells but not in 3T3-p75 cells. Nifedipine, an inhibitor of calcium uptake through L-type calcium channels, inhibited the action of NGF on both 3T3-Trk cells and 3T3-p75 cells, indicating that both p140(trk) and p75(NGFR) receptors are linked to nifedipine-sensitive L-type calcium channels. These studies show that either NGF receptor will support increases in intracellular calcium but that p140(trk) does so by increasing both uptake and mobilization, whereas p75(NGFR) does so by increasing uptake only.
Neutral and acid lipase of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts with increased adipose conversion.

Abstract In the resting state, 3T3-L1 fibroblasts become adipose converted and increase their fatty acid and triglyceride synthetase. We have found that they contain four times the neutral lipase activity and 1.5 times the acid lipase activity of logarithmically dividing cells. The activities of lysosomal acid β-galactosidase and N -acetyl- β -D-glucosaminidase were the same in the adipose converted and logarithmically dividing cells. The data suggest a possible relation between the increased neutral lipase activity in 3T3-L1 cells and their adipose conversion and demonstrates that the adipose converted 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, unlike true adipose cells, contain high levels of lysosomal acid hydrolases.
Hydraulic forces that play a role in generating fissures at depth

Throughout the southwestern US, fissures are observed to develop in sedimentary material in response to ground-water withdrawal. Traditionally, two competing mechanisms have been posited to explain their occurrence. One is the viscous drag of flowing water on solid particles caused by horizontal seepage forces. The other is horizontal tension caused by flexure of a bending elastic plate in response to differential vertical movement along the base. In the present paper both of these suggestions are shown to be unsatisfactory for an assemblage of granular particles. The actual driving force on the aquifer (saturated assemblage of solid particles) is shown to be the difference between the driving force on the bulk material of solids and water together and the driving force on water relative to the solids. The latter is the seepage force. What is new is the bulk driving force. In response to pumping a single well at a constant rate, the driving force on the aquifer turns out to be proportional to the gradient of excess porewater pressure, as used by geotechnical engineers. Another result of the present analysis is that when a pump is turned on, the aquifer is immediately set in motion towards the discharging well. Thismore » second result has far-reaching consequences. An external force is required to impede the inward radial motion of the aquifer. Such external forces can be supplied by the well screen itself, distant bedrock or heterogeneities--such as a subvertical heterogeneity that intersects the aquifer with cohesive or massive material on the far side. The fundamental question is consequently reversed. To find how fissures are generated at depth, one must search for forces that impede aquifer movement rather than for forces that drive it.« less
Information challenges in collaborative science

Collaborative research is on the rise, and presents difficult information challenges that must be overcome to make this mode of research effective. For instance distributed research is regularly plagued by the "distance matters" problem just as multi-disciplinary research is often plagued by misaligned terminology and assumptions. These problems can potentially be alleviated using information channels and mediation in new ways, as well as balancing technology with policy and incentives. In this panel we engage with information challenges in collaborative sciences from a variety of perspectives, with the hope that a rich discussion will emerge regarding these challenges.
Behind the Scenes of Heroic Abhimanyu

A behind-the-scenes look at a Parsi theatre–style revival of Pandit Radheshyam Kathavachak’s mythological play Heroic Abhimanyu details the challenges of financing and producing theatre in Uttar Pradesh, India.