cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programming faults and errors: Towards a theory of software incorrectness

Programming faults are defined in the framework of the program verification schema (proof outline). Component S in program P is faulty if P cannot be proved correct with the current implementation of S but it can be proved using the implementation specification for S. A programming error is a state that violates that specification. Conditions for error propagation and masking are expressed in terms of the relationships between the implementation and design specification of S, which defines the role of S in the overall design of P. Errors propagate due to the dependencies between program entities. It is shown that “classical” static dependencies, developed for the purpose of code optimization, are inadequate for the analysis of error propagation since they do not capture events that occur on individual paths through the program. A novel path analysis method is proposed to identify variables potentially corrupted on a same path due the existence of the fault. The method is based upon error propagation axioms. The axioms are used to define path relations for structured programming constructs. The relations provide a conservative structural approximation to the semantical theory of error creation and propagation and are shown useful in testing, debugging and static analysis.
Integrating Math and Nutrition Education

Abstract Overweight youths pose a public health crisis, and nutrition education is critical to addressing this problem. These activities utilize the FDA food label to integrate math and nutrition education for teaching youths how to make better food choices. Objectives: Students will locate nutrition information on the standard food label, compare that information to the Institute of Medicine’s Dietary Reference Intakes, and use mathematical skills to evaluate that information. Target Audience: Students in middle and high school.
Race, Culture, and Education: The Selected Works of James A. Banks

Part 1: Black Studies, the Teaching of History and Research 1. Teaching Black History with a Focus on Decision Making 2. Inquiry: A History Teaching Tool (with Ermon O. Hogan) 3. Varieties of History: Negro, Black, White 4. Remembering Brown: Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope 5. Black Youth in Predominantly White Suburbs Part 2: Teaching Ethnic Studies 6. Teaching for Ethnic Literacy: A Comparative Approach 7. Ethnic Studies as a Process of Curriculum Reform Part 3: Teaching Social Studies for Decision-Making and Citizen Action 8. Decision-Making: The Heart of the Social Studies 9. The Social Studies, Ethnic Diversity, and Social Change Part 4: Multiethnic Education and School Reform 10. Imperatives in Ethnic Minority Education 11. Pluralism, Ideology, and Curriculum Reform Part 5: Multicultural Education and Knowledge Construction 12. Multicultural Education: Dimensions and Challenges 13. Approaches to Multicultural Curriculum Reform 14. The Canon Debate, Knowledge Construction, and Multicultural Education Part 6: The Global Dimensions of Multicultural Education 15. Multiethnic Education Across Cultures: United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico, France, and Great Britain 16. Multicultural Education and Its Critics: Britain and the United States Part 7: Democracy, Diversity and Citizenship Education 17. Multicultural Citizenship Education 18. Democracy, Diversity, and Social Justice: Educating Citizens in a Global Age
Assessment of sub-surface mooring dynamics with acoustic Doppler current meters in high speed environments

Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) twenty-six streamlined underwater buoyancy systems (SUBS) were analyzed during the 2002-2005 field seasons in Southeast Alaska: Cook Inlet, Alaska and Humboldt Bay, California. SUBS have been deployed at various depths, current speeds, tidal ranges and other conditions. The performance of each SUBS deployment is evaluated by the pressure and tilts data recorded by the ADCP. Assessing the vertical movement of the SUBS is critical to evaluating the data quality. The tide signal as observed at a nearby NOAA National Water Level Observation Network station is subtracted from the pressure sensor record to approximate the vertical movement of the buoy. The mooring lengths range from 3 meters to 100 meters with speeds up to 3 meters per second
Pediatric ERCP in a multidisciplinary community setting: experience with a fellowship-trained general surgeon.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been used to evaluate and treat pancreaticobiliary disorders and trauma in the pediatric population. Still representing a small percentage of total pediatric endoscopies, this procedure has been performed most commonly by a small subset of adult and pediatric gastroenterologists at quaternary referral centers. Methods: In this study, we present a review of one fellowship-trained general surgeon’s experience with pediatric ERCP in a teaching community pediatric hospital for the purpose of comparison with national series. Results: All ERCPs performed by one general surgeon as part of a multidisciplinary team over a 5-year period in patients aged 16 years or less were reviewed. Success and complication rates were compared between our series and published pediatric and adult series using Fisher’s exact test. Comparisons were made of indications, type of anesthesia, final diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions to ensure similar study populations. A total of 26 ERCPs were performed in 19 patients ranging from 7 to 16 years old. Therapeutic procedures included sphincterotomy (11), stent placement (7), stone removal (3), and dilation (2). In one case, stone removal and stent placement were performed in conjunction with pancreatic lithotripsy. In two cases the involved duct was not visualized. There were no instances of pancreatitis, bleeding, or perforation related to ERCP. Conclusions: When compared with published series, our data demonstrated no significant difference in success or complication rates. Our study demonstrates that pediatric ERCP can be performed by fellowship-trained general surgeons with success and complication rates comparable to accepted standards. Integration of the ERCP-trained general surgeon into the pediatric team is a potential asset in the care of pediatric patients with pancreaticobiliary disorders.
Studies on the synthesis and degradation of proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver.

Abstract The turnover of the protein constituents of the endoplasmic reticulum and certain cell fractions of rat liver has been examined by following the decay in specific radioactivity after a single administration of either uniformly labeled 14C-l-arginine or 14C-guanidino-l-arginine. Significantly shorter half-lives were obtained for all cell fractions when proteins were pulse-labeled with the guanidino-labeled arginine. The mean half-life for both rough and smooth microsomal membrane fractions was 2.0 to 2.1 days with guanidino-labeled arginine compared to 5.2 to 5.8 days with uniformly labeled arginine. We ascribe such differences to differing degrees of isotope reutilization. A new technique using two administrations of the same amino acid but labeled with different isotopes was developed to examine relative rates of degradation of proteins of the microsomal membranes. Proteins of the membrane, including NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome b5, and protein fractions solubilized by detergent and separated on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, had different rates of degradation. The administration of phenobarbital to rats induces proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum in the liver. Phenobarbital increased the rate of synthesis of some but not all proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum. The rate of synthesis of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was increased 3- to 4-fold over the basal rate; the rate of cytochrome b5 synthesis was increased to an insignificant extent. The rate of synthesis of some membrane proteins was decreased during phenobarbital administration. Phenobarbital had no effect on the rate of degradation of total membrane protein. These results indicate that the endoplasmic reticulum is a dynamic system with a rapid rate of renewal and are consistent with a mosaic model of membrane biogenesis.
Simulation of multipath arrival times for wireless indoor networks

The propagation channel of wireless indoor networks can be modeled as a linear filter with a complex-valued impulse response. Due to the effect of indoor multipath fading, this linear filter is characterized by three sets of random variables-path arrival times, path amplitudes and carrier phase shifts. This paper discusses a simulation model for the distribution of path arrival times based on the modified Poisson or /spl Delta/-K model. We present a discrete-time non-homogeneous Markov description of the arrival process, and present results indicating potential improvements in estimation of the model parameters. We then describe an implementation of the model using the Ptolemy simulation environment which can be used for evaluation of wideband wireless indoor communication links.
Temporal Adaptive Changes in Contractility and Fatigability of Diaphragm Muscles from Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is characterized by ventilatory depression due to decreased diaphragm (DPH) function. This study investigated the changes in contractile properties of rat DPH muscles over a time interval encompassing from 4 days to 14 weeks after the onset of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, with and without insulin treatment for 2 weeks. Maximum tetanic force in intact DPH muscle strips and recovery from fatiguing stimulation were measured. An early (4-day) depression in contractile function in diabetic DPH was followed by gradual improvement in muscle function and fatigue recovery (8 weeks). DPH contractile function deteriorated again at 14 weeks, a process that was completely reversed by insulin treatment. Maximal contractile force and calcium sensitivity assessed in Triton-skinned DPH fibers showed a similar bimodal pattern and the same beneficial effect of insulin treatment. While an extensive analysis of the isoforms of the contractile and regulatory proteins was not conducted, Western blot analysis of tropomyosin suggests that the changes in diabetic DPH response depended, at least in part, on a switch in fiber type.
"Only God decides": young children's perceptions of divorce and the legal system.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe research on perceptions of children aged 6 and younger from 21 families of their parents' divorce, of its impact on their families, and of legal officials. Method Semistructured play interviews were conducted during home visits as parents were conjointly interviewed as part of a larger study on divorce in legal context. Results Children had much misinformation about divorce as an event and process. What they did know was often inappropriate, frightening, and confusing. They resented how the process “ruined their parents' being friends any more” and proposed reforms based on their wishes and observations. Conclusions Greater awareness is needed of the child's desire to be heard during the process, to feel safe and less lonely, and to stay in touch with both parents and extended families. Age-appropriate explanations of psychological and legal aspects of the divorce process are likely to support children's positive adjustment and mental health.
Evaluation of mineral substrates for in situ iron removal from groundwater

Calcium carbonate-based materials (CCBM) have been found to remove Fe(II) and other divalent metal cations from aqueous solution and thus have the potential for incorporation into remediation systems to remove Fe(II) from groundwater at landfills. Research was conducted to examine the ability of a range of CCBM to remove Fe(II) and assess the mechanism of removal. Different CCBM (limestone, concrete, dolomite, marble), as well as gypsum, witherite, and quartz sand, were tested for their ability to remove Fe(II) from water using batch tests conducted under anaerobic conditions. Limestone (specific surface area of approximately 0.46 m2/g) was found to have the best removal effectiveness, and the final Fe(II) concentration was reduced from 50 to <0.01 mg/L. Kinetics experiments conducted over a 72 h period indicated that the removal process of Fe(II) by CCBM was a two-step process. The first step is rapid sorption of Fe(II) onto the CCBM surfaces within the first hour, and the second step is relatively slow co-precipitation of iron-containing solids formed through various chemical reactions. The two best performing CCBM (limestone and concrete) were evaluated for their removal ability based on media particle size (diameters of 3–5, 7–10, 15–25, and 40–50 mm) and revealed statistically significant (p < 0.01) increases in Fe(II) removal for each particle size class examined. SEM analysis of reacted materials revealed visible precipitates on the reactive material surface; XRD analysis was not able to detect crystalline Fe minerals on limestone surface.
Growth and electronic properties of Ge-SixGe1-x core-shell nanowire heterostructures

We report the growth and characterization of Ge-Si x Ge 1-x core-shell nanowires. Using a combination of vapor-liquid-solid nanowire growth and ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition conformal growth, we demonstrate the realization of epitaxial Ge-Si x Ge 1-x core-shell nanowire heterostructures with tunable shell content. We investigate the intrinsic electronic properties of Ge-Si x Ge 1-x core-shell nanowires using back-gate dependent two- and four-terminal resistance measurements, and demonstrate high performance Ge-Si x Ge 1-x core-shell nanowire field-effect transistors with highly doped source and drain.
PolyPhred: automating the detection and genotyping of single nucleotide substitutions using fluorescence-based resequencing

Fluorescence-based sequencing is playing an increasingly important role in efforts to identify DNA polymorphisms and mutations of biological and medical interest. The application of this technology in generating the reference sequence of simple and complex genomes is also driving the development of new computer programs to automate base calling (Phred), sequence assembly (Phrap) and sequence assembly editing (Consed) in high throughput settings. In this report we describe a new computer program known as PolyPhred that automatically detects the presence of heterozygous single nucleotide substitutions by fluorescencebased sequencing of PCR products. Its operations are integrated with the use of the Phred, Phrap and Consed programs and together these tools generate a high throughput system for detecting DNA polymorphisms and mutations by large scale fluorescence-based resequencing. Analysis of sequences containing known DNA variants demonstrates that the accuracy of PolyPhred with single pass data is >99% when the sequences are generated with fluorescent dye-labeled primers and approximately 90% for those prepared with dye-labeled terminators.
Structure and vibrational frequency determination for α-poly(vinylidene fluoride) using density-functional theory

Abstract The structure of the non-polar α-phase of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is determined by density-functional methods. We find very good agreement between our relaxed structure and that of previous X-ray diffraction studies. Using the relaxed structure, we have determined the infrared and Raman frequencies for the material using density-functional perturbation theory. The resulting frequencies are in excellent agreement with experiment and are comparable in accuracy to semi-empirical values for most absorbencies. In addition, we find a better agreement to experiment than a previously reported Hartree–Fock determination of vibrational frequencies in finite isolated PVDF chains. The low-frequency portion of our spectra (50–300 cm−1) shows better agreement with experimental values than the same frequencies found semi-empirically. Improved accuracy in this frequency range will aid in modeling phase transitions and dielectric response in PVDF.
Hybrid NOTES transvaginal cholecystectomy: operative and long-term results after 18 cases.

Purpose Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a novel technique that aims at reducing or abolishing skin incisions and potentially also postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to analyse operative and long-term results of a series of hybrid transvaginal cholecystectomy.
Septum after-discharges and associated arterial pressure responses ☆

Abstract 1. 1. In twenty-five cats, after-discharges were induced by threshold electrical stimulation of the septum. Arterial pressure changes were correlated with the discharge frequency patterns. 2. 2. Pressor responses were associated with fast frequency and depressor responses with slow frequency discharge patterns. The response patterns appeared to be independent, in part, of the site of stimulation and the stimulation frequency used to induce the discharges. 3. 3. It was suggested that the limbic system by way of the septum participates in both sympathetic and parasympathetic realms of autonomic activity and that mechanisms exist in control of arterial pressure which are frequency modulated.
The relative stability of belligerent and peaceful societies: implications for SETI

Abstract Although initially we will know virtually nothing about any society that our microwave search detects, in all likelihood their society will be far older than ours. It will have evolved mechanisms to ensure longevity. A pessimistic hypothesis would lead us to expect a powerful, aggressive and self-serving society that has vanquished all challengers. If this hypothesis were true, a response by us to their signal could be dangerous. An optimistic hypothesis, that it is the peaceful societies that survive, would lead us to expect a benign or even friendly civilization. If this second hypothesis were true, our response would gratify their scientific curiosity and perhaps lead to a useful exchange of information. Convergent evidence from the quantitative analyses of long-term historical trends and computer modeling support the optimistic hypothesis. Although not conclusive, this analysis suggests that revealing our presence in the Universe is a low risk activity.
The alkanes of the ant, Atta colombica.

Abstract Two homologous series of trimethylalkanes, the 3,7,11-trimethylalkanes (C34H7), C36H74 and C38H78) and the 4,8,12-trimethylalkanes (C35H72, C37H76 and C39H80) are the major constituents of the cuticular alkanes of the ant, Atta colombica. Each of these structures combines a reduced polyketomethylene chain and a modified isoprenoid chain, and hence combine structural units from two major metabolic pathways. Hydrocarbons of this type have not been previously isolated from natural sources.
Ontogenetic and spatial variation in size-selective mortality of a marine fish

Although body size can affect individual fitness, ontogenetic and spatial variation in the ecology of an organism may determine the relative advantages of size and growth. During an 8-year field study in the Bahamas, we examined selective mortality on size and growth throughout the entire reef-associated life phase of a common coral-reef fish, Stegastes partitus (the bicolour damselfish). On average, faster-growing juveniles experienced greater mortality, though as adults, larger individuals had higher survival. Comparing patterns of selection observed at four separate populations revealed that greater population density was associated with stronger selection for larger adult size. Large adults may be favoured because they are superior competitors and less susceptible to gape-limited predators. Laboratory experiments suggested that selective mortality of fast-growing juveniles was likely because of risk-prone foraging behaviour. These patterns suggest that variation in ecological interactions may lead to complex patterns of lifetime selection on body size.
Immune mechanisms in uveitis.

Figure 2 : Schematic sequence of events in the progression ofuveitis, as deduced from numerous studies done in experimentalmodels. Lines ending with an arrow denote pathogenicinteractions; blunt-ended lines denote inhibitory interactions.T cells play a central role in EAU. The disease cannot be induced in T cell-deficient animalseven with repeated immunizations, is ameliorated by T cell targeting agents such as cyclosporin A,and can be transferred to genetically compatible, naive recipients with immune T cells, but notwith immune serum [24, 25]. The study of the T cells involved in EAU has been facilitated bydevelopment of retinal antigen-specific long term T cell lines.During the last several years much research has been done on T cell subsets. Mosmann andothers found that antigen-specific effector T cells are heterogeneous with respect to the effectorfunctions they mediate and the cytokine profiles that they produce [26, 27]. Effector T cells of theTh1 phenotype are associated with cellular immunity: in addition to producing lymphotoxin andIL-2 they produce large quantities of IFN-γ (but not IL-4, IL-5 or IL-10), thus stimulating thephagocyte functions, activation if iNOS, production of NO and other active oxygen intermediates,and promoting Ig switch to complement-binding and opsonizing antibody isotypes. The Type 1response, while it can be very effective in eradicating certain types of pathogens, is also verydamaging to the surrounding tissue. Effector T cells of the Th2 phenotype are associated withhumoral immunity and allergic responses, produce large amounts of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, but notof IFN-γ, and promote Ig switch to antibodies of the non-complement binding isotypes. The two
Compensating Differentials for Dangerous Work in a Labour Discipline Model

Wage compensation for occupational risk in Walrasian models has three properties: it generates efficient levels and allocations of risk, it enables workers in dangerous jobs to be just as well off, ceteris paribus, as workers in safe jobs, and it permits the estimation of willingness to pay schedules for safety from labour market data. This paper tests the status of these three properties under a simple model in which variable labour effort is induced by wage–safety rents and the threat of dismissal. It finds that all three must be modified, and that these results are robust over alternative specifications of labour market structure, the cost of providing safety, and the specification of the production function. The implications of this analysis are considered for both public policy questions and the interpretation of wage–risk studies.
Reframing the Female Client's Profile:

Utilizing Jean Baker Miller's ideas that the need to serve and the need to affiliate are the two most significant aspects of the psychic structure of women, the author argues that Miller's formulation can help the practitioner to reframe women's psychiatric symptoms and thus to understand the difficulty women have in moving from other-directed to self-enhancing activities.
Zeta-function derivation of Euler-MacLaurin sum rules

The Euler-MacLaurin summation formula and other sum rules of the same type are derived by the ζ-function method for infinite series.
Characterization of Novel Cell Lines From Pleomorphic Adenomas of the Parotid Gland Established in a Collagen Gel System

The pathobiology of salivary neoplasms can best be studied in a model system that reflects the native state of the tumor. The present study describes the use of a three-dimensional collagen gel (organoid) system in which pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland were propagated in vitro. Five pleomorphic adenoma cultures were established as organoid gels and compared with touch-preparations or cryopreserved specimens of native tumor. The organoid cultures demonstrated normal DNA content, the expression of myoepithelial cell proteins, and the production of sulfated acid mucins; these cellular and secretory features mimicked those found in the archival specimens. Further, organoid cultures of pleomorphic adenoma could be initiated after monolayer culture, demonstrating that culture on a plastic support does not alter the nature of the cells. Development of an in vitro culture system that maintains the native state of pleomorphic adenoma is an important tool for studying the pathobiology of these tumors.
Does Brief Aikido Training Reduce Aggression of Youth

Over 2 1/2 weeks, 21 youth trained in beginning principles of Aikido were not rated lower on the Teachers' Self-control Rating Scale and on aggressive behavior than 21 students on a waiting list for a class; however, the several methodological limitations suggested conclusions on the effects of brief Aikido training on youths' aggressive behaviors are premature.
Photoinactivation of photosystem II as studied with site-directed D2 mutants of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

To study the primary sites of photoinactivation in Photosystem II, electron transport stability in cells and thylakoids of wild type and four site-directed D2 mutants of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 with greatly increased rates of photoinactivation has been determined. In two mutants, E69Q and P161L, both impaired at or near the water-splitting complex, photoinactivation is very rapid. The cause of the high rate of photoinactivation probably is the lack of sufficient electron donation to highly oxidizing species, including Z+ and P680+. Addition of an artificial electron donor to Z+ causes a decrease in the rate of photoinactivation. Photoinactivation also is rapid in H197Q, a mutant in which one of the presumed ligands to P680 has been changed, leading to a decrease in the operating redox midpoint potential of the P680/P680+ couple, and thus to a higher steady-state radical concentration at the donor side (Z++P680+) in the light. In wild type and all mutants studied the rate of photoinactivation continued to increase upon increasing the light intensity beyond that required for maximal steady-state electron transport rates. We hypothesize that the Z+, P680+, or other radicals associated with the Photosystem II donor side are the main triggers for the photoinactivation process. To test the hypothesis of double-reduction of QA leading to loss of the quinone and to photoinactivation, the rapidly photoinactivating mutant G215W (which is mutated near the QA site) was illuminated in the presence and absence of DCMU. The rate of photoinactivation of PS II in G215W in the presence of DCMU was similar to that of wild type and of the other D2 mutants, even though in the presence of DCMU QA will tend to be more reduced than in its absence. Therefore, we do not find evidence for direct QA involvement in photoinactivation. In all of the mutants in vivo photodamage to PS II cannot be fully repaired without de novo protein synthesis.
Cut and trim: generating MHC class I peptide ligands

Progress in understanding how peptide ligands are generated for MHC class I molecules took several interesting leaps and twists in the past year. Two independent lines of evidence suggest that most peptides are generated by proteasomal digestion of nascent proteins. The amino-terminally extended cytosolic precursors of an antigenic peptide were identified, bound to a mysterious carrier protein. Knowledge about the role of immunoproteasomes in antigen processing was fortified, cellular locales specialized for proteasomal degradation (and possibly antigenic-peptide production) were discovered and novel cytosolic proteases potentially involved in generating and trimming antigenic peptides were identified. The field is poised for quantitative analysis of the various pathways that contribute to the pool of peptides presented to the immune system by MHC class I molecules.
Quantitative MALDI-TOF MS of oligonucleotides and a nuclease assay

Abstract DNA oligomers 8 and 12 nucleotides long have been detected quantitatively by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry using longer oligonucleotides as internal standards. Employing this method, the kinetics of the nuclease degradation of the octamer were analyzed. Reactions performed in the presence of the ssDNA-binding peptide KWK yielded a footprint based on fragments from both the 3′- and the 5′-terminus of the oligonucleotide.
Clock drawing, clock copying, and physical abilities in geriatric rehabilitation ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Ruchinskas RA, Singer HK, Repetz NK. Clock drawing, clock copying, and physical abilities in geriatric rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82;920-4. Objectives: To determine whether clock drawing and clock copying assess domains that are critical for successful rehabilitation and to evaluate the use of these tasks in predicting physical abilities during rehabilitation. Design: Observational survey study of geriatric cohorts. Setting: Inpatient university hospital rehabilitation unit. Patients: A total of 172 urban geriatric rehabilitation patients with orthopedic, neurologic, or medical diagnoses. Main Outcome Measures: Clock drawing and copying, FIM™ instrument, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, and Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination. Results: Clock drawing and copying correlated highly with other measures of general cognitive ability. Classifying patients according to established cutoffs on clock drawing and copying revealed that patients with cognitive impairment had poorer physical abilities at discharge. Conclusion: Clock drawing can be used as a brief screening measure to determine cognitive integrity. Clock copying can yield valuable information about geriatric patients' potential acute rehabilitation course and discharge status. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Minimizing actuator-induced errors in active space telescope mirrors

The trend in future space telescopes points toward increased primary mirror diameter, which improves resolution and sensitivity. However, given the constraints on mass and volume deliverable to orbit by current launch vehicles, creative design solutions are needed to enable increased mirror size while keeping mass and volume within acceptable limits. Lightweight, segmented, rib-stiffened, actively controlled primary mirrors have emerged as a potential solution. Embedded surface-parallel actuators can be used to change the mirror prescription onorbit, lowering mirror mass overall by enabling lighter substrate materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and relaxing manufacturing constraints. However, the discrete nature of the actuators causes high spatial frequency residual errors when commanding low-order prescription changes. A parameterized finite element model is used to simulate actuator-induced residual error and investigate design solutions that mitigate this error source. Judicious specification of mirror substrate geometry and actuator length is shown to reduce actuator-induced residual while keeping areal density constant. Specifically, a sinusoidally-varying rib shaping function is found to increase actuator influence functions and decrease residual. Likewise, longer actuators are found to offer reduced residual. Other options for geometric shaping are discussed, such as rib-to-facesheet blending and the use of two dimensional patch actuators.
The top 10 infectious disease pitfalls that hospitalists can avoid

Infectious diseases are commonly encountered by hospitalists in their day-to-day care of patients. Challenges involved in caring for patients with infectious diseases include choosing the correct antibiotic, treating patients with a penicillin allergy, interpreting blood cultures, and caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The evidence-based pearls in this article will help hospitalists avoid common pitfalls in the recognition and treatment of such disorders and guide their decision about when to consult an infectious diseases specialist. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:42–45. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Young Women's Perceptions of Print Cigarette Advertising

Twenty-eight middle-school-aged girls participated in focus group interviews designed to elicit their perceptions of images and messages embedded in print cigarette advertising directed at women. Five themes emerged from the transcribed group discussions: attraction of romantic partners, escape from stress, attraction of peers as friends, accumulation of material wealth, and health and vitality. We applied a critical feminist perspective to analyze the use of these five themes to appeal to an adolescent female audience.
Phase I–II Trial of Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Cisplatin-Associated Anemia

BACKGROUND Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy with cisplatin-containing regimens often develop anemia. Although the cause is multifactorial, erythropoietin deficiency appears to play an important role. Recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) has been reported to be effective in reversing cisplatin-associated anemia in animal studies but not in clinical trials. PURPOSE This pahse I-II clinical trial was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of treatment with epoetin for anemia associated with cisplatin chemotherapy. METHODS Twenty-one cancer patients treated with cisplatin and manifesting anemia (hemoglobin level less than 110 g/L) received epoetin at escalating doses (25, 50, 100, or 200 U/kg body weight) intravenously five times a week for 4 weeks. RESULTS Epoetin was well tolerated, and a maximal tolerated dose was not reached. Two patients experienced hypertension, which responded to standard antihypertensive therapy. No dose-dependent severe toxic effects were seen. The increase in hemoglobin levels from baseline on day 1 of the study was statistically significant after 4 weeks of epoetin therapy in the groups receiving 100 U/kg (mean change +/- SD = 19 +/- 13 g/L; P = .03) or 200 U/kg (mean change = 24 +/- 17 g/L; P = .007). A clinical response--an increase in hemoglobin level greater than 10 g/L--was achieved in 12 patients after 4 weeks of treatment. For these responders, the mean increase in hemoglobin level was 25 +/- 3.3 g/L over the level observed at the same time in the chemotherapy cycle preceding epoetin treatment, and this increase was statistically significant (P = .0001). Neither serum erythropoietin level nor hemoglobin level predicted a patient's response to epoetin. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that epoetin is effective and well tolerated for the reversal of cisplatin-associated anemia, with the 100-U/kg and 200-U/kg dose levels offering optimal clinical response. IMPLICATIONS We are conducting a phase III trial to determine the effect of epoetin on transfusion requirements in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
The service recovery paradox: justifiable theory or smoldering myth?

– The purpose of this study is to address the discrepancy between research that supports the service failure recovery and that which does not by examining customer satisfaction in the event of a service failure empirically., – The objective of the study was achieved by conducting role‐play experiments on undergraduate business students., – Analysis showed that a service recovery paradox is most likely to occur when the failure is not considered by the customer to be severe, the customer has had no prior failure with the firm, the cause of the failure was viewed as unstable by the customer, and the customer perceived that the company had little control over the cause of the failure., – This information should benefit service managers since service failures are common and typically trigger heightened customer attention. These findings may stimulate future research because the limitations of this study include the use of undergraduate business students and the examination of only one service setting. Nevertheless, this paper does demonstrate that, under the appropriate conditions, a customer can experience a paradoxical satisfaction increase after a service failure.
Lipoprotein metabolism in human peritoneal cells

Abstract The feasibility of using human cells isolated from peritoneal dialysis effluent as a model for studying lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism was investigated. Human peritoneal cells degraded low density lipoproteins (LDL) and acetylated LDL (acetyl-LDL) by saturable, high affinity receptor-mediated processes. Positive correlations of the percentage of macrophage cells with degradation rates of LDL (r=0.742; p in vivo maturated macrophages with available macrophage-like cell lines.
Eigenvalues of saturated hydrocarbons

A simplified Huckel-type molecular-orbital (MO) model for the valence electrons of saturated hydrocarbons is proposed and the consequent eigenvalue spectrum considered. A first foundational result is obtained, which every chemist “knows”, namely that: alkanes are stable, with half their (Huckel-type MO) eigenvalues positive and half negative.
Applications of similar solutions for calculation of laminar boundary-layer characteristics in the presence of a pressure gradient.

Similar calculation of hypersonic laminar boundary layer characteristics in presence of pressure gradient, specifically heat transfer, skin friction and boundary layer thickness
Temporomandibular disorders. Part 3. Surgical treatment

Surgery of the temporomandibular joint has a small but nonetheless important role in the overall management of temporomandibular disorders. Appropriate case selection is the mandatory requirement for successful surgical intervention in order to achieve the desired outcome of treatment, such as relief of symptoms and improved function. In this, the third article in the series, a general overview of the current surgical treatment modalities for temporomandibular disorders will be presented.
Group interpersonal skills training in a natural setting: an experimental study.

Abstract This study assessed effectiveness of group interpersonal skills training conducted in a natural setting with nonanalogue clients. Subjects (Ss) in a behavioral-training condition received 4 hr of instruction consisting of modeling, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, feedback and reinforcement. Training focused on positive and negative social responses and on initiating interactions, as well as reacting to interactions initiated by others. Subjects in a discussion-control condition engaged in focused discussion of interpersonal concerns but received no experiential practice. Within a pre-test-post-test control group design, subjective and objective measures were used to assess training effects. When compared to Ss involved in group discussion. Ss participating in group behavioral training revealed greater pre- to post-test changes on selfreported probability of engaging in selected interpersonal responses and on objective measures of eye contact, speech duration, positive affective responses, use of no-statements, compliance, refusals and requests for new behavior. Support for generalization of training is presented and methodological issues are discussed.
Acousto-optical four-wave-mixing processes in compressible artificial dielectrics

Compressible artifical dielectrics, such as bubbly fluids, have sufficiently large acousto-optical coefficients that they can be utilized as nonlinear media for acoustical-optical four-wave-mixing processes in which two of the input beams are sound waves and the other two are electromagnetic waves. We examine frequency shifting and acoustic-beam deflection at visible wavelengths as well as acoustically pumped optical phase conjugation at microwave frequencies in these media.
Characterization of the relationship between preshock state and virtual electrode polarization-induced propagated graded responses resulting in arrhythmia induction.

Background Studies have demonstrated that failed defibrillation shocks often are followed by an electrically quiescent period (isoelectric window); however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We recently suggested a new mechanism termed "virtual electrode polarization-induced propagated graded responses" (VEPiPGRs) that might play a role in the origin of the global postshock activation following the isoelectric window. Objectives The purpose of this study to elucidate the circumstances under which VEPiPGR activations originate for shocks given to paced right ventricular preparations. Specifically, we examined the dependence of VEPiPGRs on coupling interval (CI) and shock polarity and whether VEPiPGRs emerge preferentially on the epicardium or the endocardium. Methods Simultaneous endocardial and epicardial activity in isolated right ventricular preparations (n = 4) was imaged optically following shocks of strength ±5A. All VEPiPGRs were analyzed, and the time T from shock end to activation onset was recorded (isoelectric window is the smallest T among activations that propagated globally). Results VEPiPGR activations occurred for CIs in the range from 80 to 150 ms. Average duration of T was 64.5 ± 18.15 ms, with T decreasing as CI increased (T max = 82 ms, T min = 46ms, linear-fit slope=−0.675). The average earliest CI at which cathodal (+5A) shocks resulted in VEPiPGRs was 87 ms compared with 116 ms for anodal (−5A) shocks. All VEPiPGR activations emerged first on the epicardium in a focal pattern, and all induced ventricular fibrillation. Conclusion The global activation that terminates the isoelectric window could result from VEPiPGRs that find an exit pathway. VEPiPGRs originate at the sites of maximum action potential abbreviation by the shock, always on the epicardium for the preparation used here.
Deriving meaning through context: Interpreting bare nominals in second language Japanese:

Previous studies on the second language acquisition of telicity have suggested that learners can use morphosyntactic cues to interpret sentences as telic or atelic even in cases where the cues diff...
Differential effects of ovarian hormones on reactivity to electric footshock in the rat.

Abstract Flinch and jump thresholds in response to electric footshock were measured daily in estrous cycling female rats. Flinch thresholds fluctuated cyclicly with greatest sensitivity coinciding with periods of greatest estrogen activity. In ovariectomized animals estradiol benzoate increased flinch sensitivity while progesterone reduced it. In contrast, jump thresholds did not vary cyclicly in intact rats and were not influenced by estrogen or progesterone treatments in ovariectomized animals. These findings indicate that in female rats flinch thresholds are sensitive to ovarian hormone levels and that flinch and jump thresholds are independently modulated.
Further evidence on LIML/ME estimates

Abstract A simulation experiment suggests that LIML based on maximum entropy (ME) moments performs well in the case of correlated exogenous variables even when the sample is undersized. The asymptotic standard errors of LIML/ME are evaluated for the first time and appear to be accurate even in moderate sized samples.
The behavior of natural and anthropogenic osmium in Long Island Sound, an urban estuary in the eastern U.S.

Abstract The Os concentration and 187 Os/ 186 Os distributions in surface sediments of Long Island Sound (eastern U.S.) provide a way of determining the sources and estuarine transport of Os. The contribution of anthropogenic Os from sewer outfalls from the New York City region supplies a tracer with a characteristic 187 Os/ 186 Os of about 1. The Os concentration of the bulk surface sediment increases steeply moving toward New York City in the westernmost Sound and generally follows the concentration of organic carbon. The 187 Os/ 186 Os ratio of bulk surface sediment increases from west to east in the westernmost part of the Sound and is effectively constant in the central Sound. We interpret these results as indicating that the surface bulk sediments of the Sound contain a low 187 Os/ 186 Os component, perhaps as a reduced coating associated with organic remains from sewer outfalls. The acid hydrogen peroxide leach fraction has an average 187 Os/ 186 Os of 9.5 in the central Sound, significantly higher than both the bulk sediment value and the probable sea water value of about 8. The leach fraction in the westernmost part of the traverse is less radiogenic than the central Sound and follows the Os wsotope trend of the bulk sediment. Liquid effluent from a New York City sewer outfall contains 30 pg l −1 of dissolved Os with a 187 Os/ 186 Os of about 2.5, consistent with its being an end-member of the west-east sediment pattern recorded in the leach fractions of the westernmost cores. The leachable Os from the central Sound predominantly reflects Os in ferromanganese oxyhydroxide coatings from continentally derived sediments with 187 Os/ 186 Os ratios more radiogenic than seawater. The distribution patterns of anthropogenic and natural Os, with their characteristic isotopic signatures in the Sound, and the insights gained from the behavior of other particle-reactive species, indicates that very little Os in solution may pass through the estuarine gauntlet.
Eminent Social Scientists’ Views on Immigration Issues: 1985 and 2006

Following up on a research note by Stephen Moore published in 1985, this article compares the results of the survey conducted in 1985 against one carried out in 2006 on the views of eminent social scientists (economists, political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, historians and anthropologists) on immigration issues. Specifically, the surveys report on whether the respondents are likely to favor an increase in the number of immigrants who are allowed into the United States and other issues such as whether immigrants improve the economy.
Repeatability of spatial measures using figure-of-eight microphones

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement deviations of the spatial measures lateral energy fraction (LF) and late lateral energy level (GLL), obtained using figure-of-eight microphones. The following factors that may contribute to measurement deviations were evaluated: (1) microphone orientation, (2) spacing between figure-of-eight and omni-directional microphones, which varied from 64 to 152 mm, and (3) differences between individual microphones. Impulse response measurements were taken in a 100-seat lecture hall at four receiver positions using a total of eight figure-of-eight microphones. The average differences due to microphone orientation and spacing, were found to be relatively small: 0.20 ± 0.18 dB (4.3 ± 3.8%) for GLL and 0.02 ± 0.02 (2.0 ± 2.4 JNDs) for LF. (The just noticeable difference (JND) of LF has been established at 5%, however the GLL JND has not yet been established.) The largest differences were found when comparing the results between the individual microphones with differences on the order of 0.92 ± 0.73 dB (16 ± 13%) for GLL and 0.022 ± 0.018 (2.6 ± 1.9 JNDs) for LF. These larger differences are likely due to the variations in microphone sensitivity. Based on the measurement conditions used in this case study, it is possible to compare GLL and LF measurements with a given figure-8 microphone in order to evaluate relative differences, since the measurement deviations for a given microphone were found to be relatively low. However, it is difficult to compare the results of data obtained using different figure-8 microphones due to the measurement deviations of the microphones.