cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-harmonic body force loading of a mode-Ii penny-shaped crack in an elastic solid

Abstract The axisymmetric problem of determining the dynamic stress intensity factor for a penny-shaped crack in an infinite elastic medium subjected to the action of time-harmonic radial shear body forces is considered in the present paper. The solution of the problem is obtained by superposition of the solutions of two simpler problems. the first of these problems corresponds to the unperturbed or crackless infinite space under the prescribed body forces, while the second problem consists in determining the stress intensity factor for the penny-shaped crack whose faces are directly acted upon by some shear stresses. The form of these stresses is determined from the solution of the first problem. Fourier and Hankel transforms have been employed to solve the first problem. Next by means of Hankel transform, the second problem has been reduced to a pair of dual integral equations, which have been subsequently transformed into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind via an auxiliary function. The integral equation has been solved numerically to determine the variations of the dynamic SIF at the vicinity of the penny-shaped crack for the case where the elastic space is subjected to symmetrically placed time-harmonic radial shear body forces linearly varying with the radius of the crack.
The Neglected Problem of Measurement Error in Categorical Data

The problems created by measurement error are entirely ignored in the vast majority of statistical analyses. To adjust for the effects of measurement error requires both a theory, or model, of measurement and estimates of the relevant measurement parameters (e.g., reliability coefficients). A fairly well-developed measurement theory for interval level data has been known for quite some time. A corresponding measurement theory for categorical data is not widely known even though such data are at least as important in the social sciences as interval data. Nevertheless, such a theory exists in the statistical journals. The primary purpose of this article is pedagogical: that is, to present the foundation of this theory for binary variables, the simplest type of categorical variable, and to demonstrate that the consequences of measurement errors in binary data are different from and probably more serious than the effects of measurement errors in interval level data. The principal reason for this is that measu...
Research on Quality Management System for Individualized Customization Based-Customer Satisfaction

When quality assurance is used in customization production mode, the most critical problem is how to maintain stable product quality and meet the customer individualized requirements constantly, quality management system model of customization based customer satisfaction is set up, collaborative quality design, production process quality management, application and service quality management and quality evaluation etc., the key functions in the model, are analyzed in detail. More over the evaluation method of customization product quality is studied. The quality management prototype system of individualized customization based customer satisfaction is developed, which is used in some Heavy Machinery Ltd., and verified rationality and validity.
Sperm cryopreservation of a live-bearing fish, Xiphophorus couchianus: male-to-male variation in post-thaw motility and production of F1 hybrid offspring.

Abstract Fishes of the genus Xiphophorus are well-studied biomedical research models, and some species, such as X. couchianus, are currently listed as endangered in the wild. Sperm cryopreservation in these live-bearing fishes has begun recently. Thus far, live young have been produced with cryopreserved sperm only in one species (Xiphophorus helleri). In this study, the goal was to develop a practical protocol for sperm cryopreservation of Xiphophorus couchianus, and to produce live young with cryopreserved sperm. Sperm were collected by crushing of testis in Hanks' balanced salt solution at an osmolality of 500 mOsmol/kg (HBSS500), and were cryopreserved with 14% glycerol (v/v) as cryoprotectant at a cooling rate of 20 °C/min from 5 to − 80 °C in 250-µL French straws. For artificial insemination, samples were thawed at 40 °C for 5 s in a water bath, washed once using fresh HBSS500 by centrifuging at 1000 g for 5 min at 4 °C, concentrated into ~ 5 µL, and injected into virgin females of Xiphophorus maculatus. The inseminated females were monitored for 90 days for subsequent discharge of live young. Results from 2006 and 2007 showed considerable male-to-male variation in post-thaw motility (from 1 to 70%). Offspring were produced by cryopreserved sperm in two tanks (of three) at 36 and 66 days after insemination in 2007. Paternity was confirmed via phenotypes (body color) and genotypes (microsatellite genetic marker) of the hybrid offspring. Overall, a practical protocol for sperm cryopreservation and artificial insemination is provided to preserve X. couchianus, which is an important biomedical research model, and also currently listed as an endangered species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list.
Existence of solutions of the prescribed mean-curvature equation on unbounded domains

The existence of solutions of the Dirichlet problems for the prescribed mean-curvature equation on some unbounded domains in Rn(n ≥ 2) is proved. The results are proved using a modified version of the Perron method, where a subsolution is a solution to the minimal surface equation, while a supersolution is not constructed; instead, the role played by a supersolution is replaced by the estimates on the uniform bounds on the liftings of subfunctions on compact sets.
NCD activation of tubulin polymerization.

Abstract Tubulin dimer (tT) was purified from turkey erythrocytes. The motor domain of Drosophila non-claret disjunctional protein, NCD(335–700), was expressed in E. coli and purified. At 37°C in the presence of GTP, the rate of polymerization of tT to microtubule (tMt) is accelerated over threefold by the presence of NCD(335–700). At 10°C, the rate of tT polymerization is increased from zero, within experimental error, in the absence of NCD(335–700) to rates near those observed at 37°C when NCD(335–700) is present. The NCD(335–700) concentration dependence of the rate indicated the reactive species was NCD(335–700)n.tT, with n≈2. At 10°C in the absence of GTP, polymerization does not occur, but tT activates NCD(335–700) MgATPase activity 10-fold. For the same conditions, using mians-NCD(335–700), which is modified with 2-(4′-maleimidylanilino) naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid, the apparent KD for binding to tT is 2.3×10−5 M in the presence of MgADP. Replacing ADP with AMPPNP or ATP has a negligible effect on KD. Mians-NCD(335–700) binding to tMt is 10-fold stronger than to tT. The above data indicate NCD(335–700) binds at a functional site on tT. The stoichiometry is consistent with the formation of NCD(335–700)2.tT which in vitro accelerates self-assembly initiation and/or polymerization by binding a second tT in a position favorable for tubulin–tubulin interaction. The data suggest that in vivo functional NCD binding to microtubule involves one motor domain binding to α- and β-subunits at the interface of two different tubulin dimers in a protofilament.
Bank transformation and privatization in Brazil Financial federalism and some lessons about bank privatization

Abstract This paper identifies the socioeconomic factors that have impeded the Brazilian government’s attempts to privatize its banking sector in a privatizing global economy. It argues that the persistence of subnational claims, collapse and acquisition of private banks, market demand and supply, foreign participation, and a globally oriented financial market challenge Brazil’s federalism and embed the state as a financial entrepreneur. The study is based on a systematic survey and case studies of Brazilian private and public financial conglomerates as well as archival, media, and statistical reports.
Relationship Between Gender Role Conflict and Attitudes Toward Women and African Americans.

The relationship between gender role conflict and attitudes toward women and African Americans was explored using a sample of undergraduate men enrolled in a southern university. The 1st regression involved attitudes toward women as the dependent variable and gender role conflict as the independent
The enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, dl-α-difluoromethylornithine: A chemopreventive agent☆☆☆

dl-α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase. DFMO, when administered in drinking water, precludes increases in the levels of intracellular putrescine and spermidine and also inhibits the induction of skin, breast, colon, urinary bladder, and intestinal cancers in experimental animal models. DFMO may be a useful drug for cancer prevention in humans; however, long-term medication with higher doses (9 g/m2/day) of DFMO has resulted in several toxic side effects such as thrombocytopenia and reversible ototoxicity. Smaller doses (<1 g/m2/day), selected by our in vitro human skin punch biopsy assay, may be given for a longer period without appreciable toxicity. Further evaluation in human cancer prevention trials is indicated.
Signatures of carrier multiplication in the frequency resolved fluorescence spectra from polaritons

Using the micro-cavity coupled to weakly confined excitons in quantum dots we investigated the signatures of carrier multiplication in the single and two-photon emitted frequency resolved fluorescence. Those are compared to the spectra provided by the conventional multi-photon induced fluorescence. The two processes are distinguished by the statistics of the initial polariton distribution. We argue that exciton emission spectra turned out to be CM insensitive, while the polaritons emission demonstrates strong spectral signatures of the CM. When the polaritonic effect dominates the confinement-boosted excitons' nonlinearities, increasing quantum yield leads to consecutive appearance of Rabi multiplets. The correlation spectra reveal the formation of more multiplets as compared to the single photon emission. When the confinement increases the multiplets start to overlap and their classification requires transient measurements of the spectral snapshots. These are based on the discrete Auger lifetimes of the ...
Emergency medicine in the university hospital

The adminstrative complexities of the emergency department, comments on patient care, and the need for faculty supervision are presented. National trends in emergency care are explored along with opportunities for education and research in the field and thoughts on the overall approach, particularly in light of the reorganization of ambulatory care that appears to be taking place nationally.
Mathematical modeling of thiol-ene frontal polymerization

Frontal polymerization is a method of manufacturing polymers via a self-propagating reaction wave. A mathematical model that describes thiol-ene frontal polymerization is presented and studied, both numerically and analytically. Spatio-temporal profiles of the temperature and concentrations of the reactants as well as the propagation velocity of the wave are determined. Conditions for existence of polymerization fronts are discussed.
Floating Spatial Domain Averaging in Surface Soil Remediation

Cleanup plans for contaminated surface soil are frequently developed with the goal of ensuring that regulatory criteria for risk exposure are met after remediation. Currently, some of the plans for Superfund sites are based on the premise that a concentration equal to the average goal or based on a confidence level expression of the concentration measurements is not to be exceeded (NTE). However, in cases of widespread low-level contamination, the NTE constraint may result in lowering risk well below the regulatory criteria and substantially increasing remediation costs. Alternative methods based on spatial averaging are developed and explored in this paper. Floating spatial domain averaging (FSDA) is a multi-criteria decision-making tool in which concentrations or risk factors are averaged over domains that represent exposure areas. The domains are variable in space. The averaging domain floats over the surface in increments representative of the sample or cells spatially interpolated raster units. This ...
Differential sensitivity of two palmar sweat measures.

Two techniques for measuring palmar sweating were tested for their sensitivity to a standard anticholinergic agent. The finger sweat-print and palmar sweatweight methods were compared in a double-blind, crossover study by determining their relative sensitivity in detecting the antisweating effects of 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate. The sweat-print method was significantly superior in detecting drug-induced sweat reduction and hypothesized sex differences.
The Effect of Vertical Integration on the Production Efficiency of Beef Cattle Operations

Cattle feeding and cow-calf operations are high investment, high risk farm enterprises. Except for those which are integrated, beef cattle enterprises are essentially marginal operations (Breimyer, p. 1). Seckler indicates that costs associated with transportation, buying and selling commission, shrinkage and death loss from the time the animal leaves the ranch until it reaches the packers are estimated between $10-$35 per head, depending on how far the animal is transported and how often it changes hands. Farris and Williams estimate the gain of an additional $10 of net return per head by integrating from the cow herd to the packer. In general, all evidence points toward significant external economies associated with vertical integration in beef production. The internal effect of forward integration on production efficiency, however, has not been adequately analyzed. Internally, production efficiency is influenced by size of operation and complementary use of resources. Thus, efficiency in beef cattle production is hypothesized as a function of size and system of operation. However, while a large number of studies show that significant economies are associated with size in all systems of beef operations, little research effort was designed to evaluate the effect of size and system on the production efficiency of beef cattle operations. Johnson and Eckert' s cost analyses of four feeding systems in Nebraska showed that both system and size affected feeding efficiency, with system being the more important variable. That study, using simple regression, tested the relationship between size and input-utilization efficiency separately for each input and for each feeding system. Kearl, analyzing net income for nine feeding systems, demonstrated that the breeding system which marketed the major part or all of their young cattle as yearlings had a slight advantage over the cow-calf system. In general, available empirical evidence relative to the effect of size and system on the production efficiency of beef cattle operations is inconclusive. The primary objective of this paper is to estimate production efficiency coefficients for three systems of beef cattle operations (cow-calf, cow-yearling, and completely integrated) and evaluate the effects of size and system on the efficiency of beef production.
Technological applications of chlorophyll a fluorescence for the assessment of environmental pollutants

Chlorophyll a fluorescence has been extensively studied over the last few years. As demonstrated, this phenomenon is closely related to the state of photosystem II, which plays a leading role in the photosynthetic process, and therefore it has become a powerful tool to investigate this complex and any damage occurring in it as a result of physical or chemical stresses. This means that by using photosynthetic organisms as biological probes, one can consider chlorophyll a fluorescence as one of the techniques of choice to reveal the presence of some hazardous toxicants widely spread in the environment. Herbicides, pesticides, and heavy metals, whose concentration in water and food products is generally subject to extremely severe restrictions, are a concrete example of compounds detectable by chlorophyll a fluorescence. These dangerous substances react with the photosystem II, modifying the fluorescence emitted and giving responses which vary in a concentration-dependent manner. The possibility of performing easy, fast, and direct measurements of the fluorescence, even under light conditions, has opened new frontiers for the analysis in situ of pollutants. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the different techniques based on chlorophyll a fluorescence spectrometry, focusing in particular on those which represented the starting point for applications addressed to the assessment of toxic compounds in environmental samples.
Dislocation transport and hydrogen embrittlement

Tensile tests of several austenitic stainless steels show that when smooth bar samples are exposed to very high pressure hydrogen significant degradation in mechanical properties is observed. This degradation is accompanied by fracture along interfaces such as grain and twin boundaries although microvoid coalescence remains a prominent fracture feature. The interface cracking and loss in ductility increases as the exposure pressure increases to 172.5 MPa and at the higher pressures the adverse effects of hydrogen are enhanced by warm working operations. Rationalization of these data show that dislocation transport of hydrogen is not required in the embrittlement process; constraint, local lattice dilation, hydrogen content of interfaces are the dominant variables influencing the hydrogen affected fracture processes.
A relationship between growth and lipid accumulation in Candida curvata D

Abstract In batch fermentation of the lipid-accumulating yeast Candida curvata D the accumulation of cellular nitrogen, nonlipid biomass, and lipid were sequential. The specific rate of lipid accumulation (with respect to the cellular nitrogen concentration) increased dramatically during batch fermentation and with the dilution rate in the continuous fermentations, at the same time in which there was a decrease in the specific rate of non-nitrogenous nonlipid biomass accumulation. The rate of lactose use remained constant during the change in fermentation products.
Identification of copper-responsive genes in an early life stage of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas

While physiological changes associated with copper toxicity have been studied in adult fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, little is known about the effect of copper on newly hatched larvae. As a result we initiated an investigation on the mechanism of copper toxicity in 24 h post-hatch larvae using gene expression changes to identify responsive genes. Fish were exposed to copper concentrations of 0, 50, 125 and 200 μg/L in a 48 h toxicity test. Total RNA from survivors was used in a differential display assay to screen for differentially expressed gene products. Altogether, 654 copper-responsive differentially expressed bands were collected. Database searches found homology for 261 sequences. One hundred and sixty-one bands were homologous to NCBI genes of known function, of which 69 were individual genes. The most abundant categories of functional genes responding to copper were involved in protein synthesis/translational machinery and contractile proteins. Twenty-one dose-responsive genes were measured for expression changes using real-time quantitative PCR. Differential gene expression was validated for 11 of 13 genes, when a 1.2 times qPCR difference between the copper and control samples was observed. Transcripts identified as titin, cytochrome b, fast muscle specific heavy myosin chain 4, fast muscle troponin I, proteasome 26S subunit and troponin T3a were induced over twofold. Differential display bands identified as 60S ribosomal proteins L27 and L12 were repressed approximately threefold. We conclude that copper exposure affects several cellular pathways in larval fathead minnows with protein synthesis, ribosome structure, and muscle contractile proteins being the most sensitive to this stress.
Placing the choice between exploration and exploitation in context: a study of geography and new product development

Beginning with seminal research on organizational learning and continuing with the exploration versus exploitation and regional economics literatures, knowledge search has become central to innovation research. Drawing from these contributions, we examine the impact of a firm's geographic location munificence on benefits received either from exploiting its local knowledge base or from exploring for new knowledge beyond its local geographic boundaries. Results indicate that firm geographic context moderates the relationship between search strategies and new product development. In particular, firms located in munificent geographic locations benefit from geographically localized and international searches, while firms in less munificent geographic locations benefit from balanced and domestic search strategies. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
Impact of several water-miscible organic solvents on sorption of benzoic acid by soil

Sorption of benzoic acid by a surface soil was measured from several binary mixtures of water and various organic cosolvents spanning a wide range in solvent properties. For all solvents investigated, the addition to an aqueous solution resulted in an increase in solubility and an alkaline shift in the conditional ionization constant (pK{sub a}{sup c}) of benzoic acid. Sorption data were assessed using a cosolvency model that incorporated speciation of the organic acid as determined by the pK{sub a}{sup c} and soil-solution pH. The model provided reasonable predictions of the sorption trends observed from acetone/water, acetonitrile/ water, and 1,4-dioxane/water solutions. However, enhanced sorption observed from DMSO/water solutions was not well described by the cosolvency model similar to what was previously observed for the sorption of carboxylic acids from methanol/water solutions. The relative importance of cosolvent properties and various solvent-specific mechanisms is discussed. Hydrogen bonding along with preferential solvation are hypothesized as the primary mechanisms responsible for the observed deviations from the model. 36 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
Evolution of the phenomenon of drug-resistance III. The origin of the development of resistance to sulphathiazole in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

This study deals with the hourly determination of metabolic differences during growth with sulphathiazole (ST) between the ST-sensitive and ST-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus for the timing of the onset of resistance mechanism. The amounts of the extracellularly accumulated p-aminobenzoic acid (PAB), folic acid (FA) and citrovorum factor (CF) in the culture fluids and the growth rates are determined. As described in the preceding paper, the sequence of metabolic events with these strains is of the same pattern. The PAB curve in the resistant cell system with ST rises perpendicularly to a peak and then declines sharply followed by the rise of the growth curve. In contrast, in the sensitive cell system with ST, the PAB curve, after reaching a peak, forms a longlasting plateau or a dome-like plateau. During these plateau periods growth is absent. The decline in the plateau is followed by growth. In both the sensitive and resistant strains (E. coli ), the extracellularly accumulated PAB are quantitatively alike. Nevertheless, the PAB in the sensitive system is incapable of antagonizing ST which is of from 10- to 20-fold smaller amount than in the resistant system. As the antagonism of PAB to ST takes place the PAB curve declines and growth is initiated. These events are coincidental with the acquisition of resistance to ST during the PAB plateau period. The similar events in the ST-sensitive staphylococcal strain are associated with the development of the satellism .phenomenon. This phenomenon is manifested on the agar plates with ST until resistance is acquired. The resistant staphylococcal strain does not manifest the phenomenon of satellism. The data presented here and elsewhere are extrapolated to formulate the thesis that a drug or toxic agent exercises two roles on a living system: One, the role of a negative catalyst , and two, the role of a positive catalyst . The latter neutralizes the former giving rise to the phenomenon of resistance, or the evolution of biochemical mechanisms by which a living cell survives the action of toxic agents. A toxin of bacterial or other origins functions in a manner similar to the actions of drugs on bacteria giving rise to the immunological defence mechanism.
Adjoint sensitivity computations for an embedded-boundary Cartesian mesh method

We present a new approach for the computation of shape sensitivities using the discrete adjoint and flow-sensitivity methods on Cartesian meshes with general polyhedral cells (cut-cells) at the wall boundaries. By directly linearizing geometric constructors of the cut-cells, an efficient and robust computation of shape sensitivities is achieved for problems governed by the Euler equations. The accuracy of the linearization is verified by the use of a model problem with an exact solution. Verification studies show that the convergence rate of gradients is second-order for design variables that do not alter the boundary shape, and is reduced to first-order for shape design problems. The approach is applied to several three-dimensional problems, including inverse design and shape optimization of a re-entry capsule in hypersonic flow. The results show that reliable approximations of the gradient are obtained in all cases. The approach is well-suited for geometry control via computer-aided design, and is especially effective for conceptual design studies with complex geometry where fast turn-around time is required.
Determinants of the optimal first-line therapy for follicular lymphoma: a decision analysis.

Combination immunochemotherapy is the most common approach for initial therapy of patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma, but no consensus exists as to the optimal selection or sequence of available regimens. We undertook this decision analysis to systematically evaluate the parameters affecting the choice of early therapy in patients with this disease. We designed a Markov model incorporating the three most commonly utilized regimens (RCVP, RCHOP, and RFlu) in combinations of first- and second-line therapies, with the endpoint of number of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) until disease progression. Data sources included Phase II and Phase III trials and literature estimates of long-term toxicities and health state utilities. Meta-analytic methods were used to derive the values and ranges of regimen-related parameters. Based on our model, the strategy associated with the greatest number of expected quality-adjusted life years was treatment with RCHOP in first-line therapy followed by treatment with RFlu in second-line therapy (9.00 QALYs). Strategies containing RCVP either in first- or second-line therapy resulted in the lowest number of QALYs (range 6.24–7.71). Sensitivity analysis used to determine the relative contribution of each model parameter identified PFS after first-line therapy and not short-term QOL as the most important factor in prolonging overall quality-adjusted life years. Our results suggest that regimens associated with a longer PFS provide a greater number of total QALYs, despite their short-term toxicities. For patients without contraindications to any of these regimens, use of a more active regimen may maximize overall quality of life.
Estimate of Hubbard U for C60 by use of optical absorption.

We consider the optical absorption of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ within a simple tight-binding model. To obtain a reasonable agreement with experiment a sizable Hubbard U must be included. We estimate U to be in the range from one-half to the full ``bandwidth'' where the bandwidth is roughly 13 eV. In our picture the two lowest-energy large-absorption peaks are due to single-particle transitions: ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{u}}$ goes to ${\mathit{T}}_{1\mathit{g}}$ and ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{g}}$ goes to ${\mathit{T}}_{1\mathit{u}}$, respectively. The weak absorption from 3.0 to 1.9 eV is attributed to the dipole-forbidden transition: ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{u}}$ goes to ${\mathit{T}}_{1\mathit{u}}$ ``split'' by electron-electron repulsion.
Pharmacokinetic analysis of coronary venous retroinfusion: A comparison with anterograde coronary artery drug administration using metoprolol as a tracer☆

Plasma and myocardial tissue concentrations of metoprolol wre studied in ischemic and nonischemic areas of 22 pigs after 90 (n = 19) and 16 (n = 3) min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Group A (n = 6) received simultaneous intravenous metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg body weight) and tritium-labeled (3H)-metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg) retrogradely into the coronary vein. In group B (n = 5), metoprolol and 3H-metoprolol were administered in the same way, but at half the volume to study the influence of derived coronary venous pressure on the myocardial concentration of drug. In group C (n = 3), metoprolol was given retrogradely and saline solution was infused into the left anterior descending artery before induced death to wash out metoprolol from the coronary veins. To rule out a possible influence of the development of myocardial necrosis on drug distribution, metoprolol was retroinfused after 1 min of arterial occlusion in three pigs (group D). In group E (n = 5), metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg) was infused anterogradely into the left anterior descending artery. Peak plasma concentration was significantly higher after intravenous infusion of metoprolol (1,188 ± 503 nmol/liter) than after coronary venous infusion (417 ± 155 nmol/liter; p < 0.001). In groups A and B, the nonischemic myocardial concentration of metoprolol was 250 to 300 pmol/g, whether the drug was infused intravenously or into the coronary vein. Coronary venous retroinfusion, however, resulted in a substantial accumulation of metoprolol in the ischemic myocardium. In group A pigs, subendocardial myocardial concentration was 16,800 ± 7,774, midmyocardial 39,590 ± 18,043 and subepicardial 57,143 ± 29.030 pmol/g (mean ± SE). The ischemic myocardial concentration in pigs from group B was somewhat less pronounced, probably secondary to a lower coronary venous pressure (15 ± 3 mm Hg with the lower volume of infusion (6.1 ± 0.3 ml) in group B compared with 32 ± 5 mm Hg with a 14 ± 1 ml infusion in group A. Coronary artery anterograde administration resulted in myocardial ischemic and nonischemic zone drug concentrations similar to those observed after retroinfusion into the coronary vein. With both modes of administration, there was a transmyocardial gradient from a somewhat lower drug concentration in the subendocardium, toward an increasing level in the midmyocardium, to the highest concentration in the subepicardial zone of the ischemic myocardium. Coronary venous retroinfusion resulted in pronounced drug accumulation in the ischemic myocardium. The derived coronary venous pressure during infusion influenced the concentration of drug. The ischemic myocardial levels and distribution pattern were similar to those seen with coronary artery anterograde infusion. The high tissue levels of drug were not affected by saline solution flush. These findings suggest that coronary venous retroinfusion may deliver drugs to a microvascular level of ischemic myocardium, with a distribution similar to that achieved after direct arterial infusion.
Pink-collar medicine: Women and the future of medicine

The number of women in medicine is increasing. There is evidence that women practice in different ways than men; are interested in different aspects of medicine; work fewer hours; and receive less pay for equivalent hours than men. Women are also less likely to be represented in the higher echelons of power within academic medicine. Women’s carrers are adversely affected by pregnancy, childcare, family responsibilities, and gender role conflict although there is evidence that this does not need to be the case. This article reviews the current literature on gender differences in medicine and makes recommendations to ensure women have a voice to determine their place in medicine in the future. The positive changes that women bring to medicine are highlighted and the barriers for women in the profession are outlined.
Infrared Filters Based on Photomodification of Semicontinuous Metal Films

Broadband infrared long-pass filters were fabricated using semicontinuous silver films and subsequent photomodification with a pulsed CO2 laser operating at 10.6µm. This technique allows the creation of filters for wavelengths in the visible to mid-IR.
Extracellular redox modulation by regulatory T cells

We demonstrate that the mechanism of redox remodeling during mouse T-cell activation involves secretion of glutathione by dendritic cells and its subsequent cleavage to cysteine. Extracellular cysteine accumulation results in a lower redox potential, which is conducive to proliferation, and changes the net redox status of exofacial protein domains. Regulatory T cells inhibit this redox metabolite signaling pathway, which represents a previously unrecognized mechanism for immunosuppression of effector T cells.
Periodic Artifact Reduction in Fourier Transforms of Full Field Atomic Resolution Images

The discrete Fourier transform is among the most routine tools used in high-resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM). However, when calculating a Fourier transform, periodic boundary conditions are imposed and sharp discontinuities between the edges of an image cause a cross patterned artifact along the reciprocal space axes. This artifact can interfere with the analysis of reciprocal lattice peaks of an atomic resolution image. Here we demonstrate that the recently developed Periodic Plus Smooth Decomposition technique provides a simple, efficient method for reliable removal of artifacts caused by edge discontinuities. In this method, edge artifacts are reduced by subtracting a smooth background that solves Poisson’s equation with boundary conditions set by the image’s edges. Unlike the traditional windowed Fourier transforms, Periodic Plus Smooth Decomposition maintains sharp reciprocal lattice peaks from the image’s entire field of view.
A case-based system for trade secrets law

In this paper, we give an overview of our case-based reasoning program, HYPO, which operates in the field of trade secret law. We discuss key ingredients of case-based reasoning, in general, and the correspondence of these to elements of HYPO. We conclude with an extended example of HYPO working through a hypothetical trade secrets case, patterned after an actual case.
Paradoxical role of apoptosis in tumor progression.

Tumors frequently acquire resistance to apoptosis that is expected to contribute to malignant phenotype and reduce sensitivity to treatment. In fact, inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor gene resulting in suppression of apoptosis serves as a negative prognostic marker. Surprisingly, expression of a strong anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, another mechanism to avoid apoptosis, was found to be associated with a favorable prognosis. This paradoxical anti-progressor function of Bcl-2 has been explained in literature based on the negative effect of Bcl-2 on cell proliferation. Here, by analyzing accumulated experimental and clinical data, we provide evidence supporting another hypothesis that defines apoptosis as an accelerator of tumor progression. The mechanism of anti-progressor function of Bcl-2 is based on creation of tumors that maintain control of genomic stability by eliminating selective advantages for the cells that acquire resistance to apoptosis through loss of p53. Thus, inhibition of apoptosis does not lead to loss of genomic stability and creates tumor environment that no longer supports further tumor progression and inhibitors of apoptosis can be considered as factors suppressing tumor progression.
Cohort Changes in the Socio-demographic Determinants of Gender Egalitarianism.

Arguments about the spread of gender egalitarian values through the population highlight several sources of change. First, structural arguments point to increases in the proportion of women with high education, jobs with good pay, commitment to careers outside the family, and direct interests in gender equality. Second, value shift arguments contend that gender norms change with social and economic development among women and men in diverse positions—traditional and non-traditional alike. Third, diffusion arguments suggest that structural change leads to adoption of new ideas and values supportive of gender equality by non-traditional and innovative groups in society, but that the new ideas later diffuse to other groups through cultural processes. Using the General Social Survey from 1977 to 2006 and comparing the determinants of gender egalitarianism across 86 cohorts born from roughly 1900 through 1985, multilevel models support the diffusion arguments.
Approximate blocking probabilities in loss models with independence and distribution assumptions relaxed

Effective approximations are developed for the blocking probability in a general stationary loss model, where key independence and exponential-distribution assumptions are relaxed, giving special attention to dependence among successive service times, not studied before. The new approximations exploit recent heavy-traffic limits for the steady-state number of busy servers in the associated infinite-server model with the same arrival and service processes. In addition, a new heavy-traffic approximation is developed for the long-run proportion of time that all servers are busy. These new approximations are then combined to develop new approximations for the separate blocking probabilities of individual arrival streams in multi-class loss models. Simulation experiments show that these approximations are effective.
Optical wavelet transform for fingerprint identification

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has recently sanctioned a wavelet fingerprint image compression algorithm developed for reducing storage requirements of digitized fingerprints. This research implements an optical wavelet transform of a fingerprint image, as the first step in an optical fingerprint identification process. Wavelet filters are created from computer- generated holograms of biorthogonal wavelets, the same wavelets implemented in the FBI algorithm. Using a detour phase holographic technique, a complex binary filter mask is created with both symmetry and linear phase. The wavelet transform is implemented with continuous shift using an optical correlation between binarized fingerprints written on a Magneto-Optic Spatial Light Modulator and the biorthogonal wavelet filters. A telescopic lens combination scales the transformed fingerprint onto the filters, providing a means of adjusting the biorthogonal wavelet filter dilation continuously. The wavelet transformed fingerprint is then applied to an optical fingerprint identification process. Comparison between normal fingerprints and wavelet transformed fingerprints shows improvement in the optical identification process, in terms of rotational invariance.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Three dimensional image reconstruction from a limited field of view

Two transform techniques, a series expansion method and an iterative technique, are used to reconstruct 3-D images under the constraint of a limited field of view. The images under consideration are phase objects existing in an infinite environment. The procedures analyze the phase object by sequentially examining discrete planes through the object, resulting in 2-D functional estimates from multidirectional data. The input data are in the form of the Radon transform of the function describing the phase object. There is very good reconstruction for a 45 degrees angle of view provided the viewing direction is aligned with regions of local minima. Isolated views outside of the continuous viewing range, improve accuracy greatly. >
Phylogenetic relationships in the mushroom genus Coprinus and dark-spored allies based on sequence data from the nuclear gene coding for the large ribosomal subunit RNA: divergent domains, outgroups, and monophyly.

Phylogenetic relationships were investigated in the mushroom genus Coprinus based on sequence data from the nuclear encoded large-subunit rDNA gene. Forty-seven species of Coprinus and 19 additional species from the families Coprinaceae, Strophariaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Agaricaceae, Podaxaceae, and Montagneaceae were studied. A total of 1360 sites was sequenced across seven divergent domains and intervening sequences. A total of 302 phylogenetically informative characters was found. Ninety-eight percent of the average divergence between taxa was located within the divergent domains, with domains D2 and D8 being most divergent and domains D7 and D10 the least divergent. An empirical test of phylogenetic signal among divergent domains also showed that domains D2 and D3 had the lowest levels of homoplasy. Two equally most parsimonious trees were resolved using Wagner parsimony. A character-state weighted analysis produced 12 equally most parsimonious trees similar to those generated by Wagner parsimony. Phylogenetic analyses employing topological constraints suggest that none of the major taxonomic systems proposed for subgeneric classification is able to completely reflect phylogenetic relationships in Coprinus. A strict consensus integration of the two Wagner trees demonstrates the problematic nature of choosing outgroups within dark-spored mushrooms. The genus Coprinus is found to be polyphyletic and is separated into three distinct clades. Most Coprinus taxa belong to the first two clades, which together form a larger monophyletic group with Lacrymaria and Psathyrella in basal positions. A third clade contains members of Coprinus section Comati as well as the genus Leucocoprinus, Podaxis pistillaris, Montagnea arenaria, and Agaricus pocillator. This third clade is separated from the other species of Coprinus by members of the families Strophariaceae and Bolbitiaceae and the genus Panaeolus.
A New Approach to the Estimation of Cutting Dynamics Using Active Magnetic Bearings

A new experimental approach to identify the cutting dynamics in turning operations is presented. This method treats the problem as a closed-loop gray-box identification problem and is based upon spectral analysis and least squares estimation techniques. An active magnetic bearing is employed both to excite the system and to increase the tool’s damping. The inherent time delay of the cutting process is “removed” in identification by limiting the observation period to less than one revolution period of the workpiece. The coefficients of several cutting tests were identified. The methodology was validated by predicting the critical depth of cut from the identification results and comparing with the experiment result measured from a cutting test. DOI: 10.1115/1.2034509
Spin Polarization in Proton-Xenon Charge Exchange Collisions

The production of spin polarized particles by collisions between initially unpolarized particles has been of continuing interest since the early theoretical work of Mott1 on elastic electron scattering. In the subsequent forty years various experiments have been devised to polarize elementary particles, particularly electrons and nucleons, by this method. Compound systems including light nuclei can also be produced by scattering from unpolarized targets. Conspicuously absent from the list of particles which have been spin polarized by scattering are atomic atoms and ions, particularly the hydrogen atom. Their absence is due to the availability of other techniques for polarizing atoms, such as atomic beam and optical pumping techniques, and to the lack of a suitable reaction. In this paper we propose a suitable reaction,2 and report detailed calculations of the spin polarization.
The cannibal wave: the cultural logic of Spain's temporality of crisis (revolution, biopolitics, hunger and memory)

AbstractThis article analyses how hunger and guillotines, revolution and food, butchers and protests are connected in the Spanish collective imaginary during the current temporality of crisis (2008–2013), with the aim of establishing its cultural grammar. By examining different representations of the crisis by means of gastronomy – including examples of graffiti and slogans, cooking TV shows and horror movies – I will describe the existing tensions between practices of resistance and collective imaginations of violent political change. I will propose that the social circulation of food and food images is a decisive contributing factor in the symbolic landscape of the crisis, shaping divided political economies according to the role of the citizens, the state or the corporations in control and the management of the collective access to nutritional goods. Pig slaughter versus the supermarket of the gods: two political universes offer their opposing poetic poles. On one side we will find (i) the subaltern lo...
High-power harmonic gyro-TWT's. II. Nonlinear theory and design

For pt.I, see ibid., vol.20, no.3, p.155-162 (1992). Based on an analytical study of the stability problems of gyrotron traveling wave amplifiers (gyro-TWTs), an extremely high power second-harmonic gyro-TWT has been designed, evaluated and optimized with a self-consistent nonlinear numerical simulation code. The design, which is based on the magnetron-injection-gun (MIG)-type beam, is presented. Using a 100 kV, 25 A MIG beam with alpha =1 and an axial velocity spread of 5%, nonlinear self-consistent analysis of a three-stage second-harmonic gyro-TWT amplifier predicts a peak output power of 533 kW, peak efficiency of 21.3% and a 7.4% saturated bandwidth, which verifies the theoretical predictions that a stable harmonic gyro-TWT can generate power levels an order of magnitude higher than those possible from a fundamental gyro-TWT. It is shown that the positioning of the electron beam is very important. A multistage structure is used to recover the loss in gain resulting from shortening the interaction sections to ensure stability. >
Research and development for seamless mobility

Motorola has recently embarked on a corporate vision of Seamless Mobility. Briefly, Seamless Mobility refers to when a user experiences connectivity to anything, anywhere, and anytime. It is uninterrupted easy access to information, entertainment, communication, monitor and control. The elements of Seamless Mobility vision and the implications to the research and development will be reviewed. The role of R&D to successfully deliver a set of solutions for Seamless Mobility will be addressed.
Kawasaki Syndrome Masquerading as Bacterial Lymphadenitis

We present two case reports of older children who initially presented with cervical lymphadenitis and who were eventually diagnosed and treated for Kawasaki syndrome (KS). Both children presented with unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy and fever and later developed additional clinical features of KS, including cardiac aneurysms in one of the patients. Of the five KS clinical criteria which accompany fever for 5 days, cervical lymphadenopathy of ≥1.5 cm is the least commonly found. Both patients were treated as having bacterial adenitis prior to the diagnosis of KS. We hope to illustrate that in the case of atypical cervical lymphadenitis, KS should be carefully considered in the differential diagnosis.