cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarization lidar measurements of honeybees for locating buried landmines

A polarization-sensitive lidar was used to detect honeybees trained to locate buried landmines by smell. Lidar measurements of bee location agree reasonably well with maps of chemical plume strength and bee density determined by visual and video counts, indicating that the bees are preferentially located near the explosives and that the lidar identifies the locations of higher bee concentration. The co-polarized lidar backscatter signal is more effective than the cross-polarized signal for bee detection. Laboratory measurements show that the depolarization ratio of scattered light is near zero for bee wings and up to approximately thirty percent for bee bodies.
DsbG, a Protein Disulfide Isomerase with Chaperone Activity

DsbG, a protein disulfide isomerase present in the periplasm of Escherichia coli, is shown to function as a molecular chaperone. Stoichiometric amounts of DsbG are sufficient to prevent the thermal aggregation of two classical chaperone substrate proteins, citrate synthase and luciferase. DsbG was also shown to interact with refolding intermediates of chemically denatured citrate synthase and prevents their aggregation in vitro. Citrate synthase reactivation experiments in the presence of DsbG suggest that DsbG binds with high affinity to early unstructured protein folding intermediates. DsbG is one of the first periplasmic proteins shown to have general chaperone activity. This ability to chaperone protein folding is likely to increase the effectiveness of DsbG as a protein disulfide isomerase.
Confidence bounds on component reliability in the presence of mixed uncertain variables

Uncertainties in a physical system can be modeled and analyzed by using probability theory or possibility theory, depending on the amount of information available. In probability theory, uncertain variables are modeled using probability density functions (PDFs) and then propagated through the system to obtain its reliability. In the absence of sufficient data to model a PDF, possibility theory, in which variables are represented using fuzzy membership functions, can be used to propagate uncertainty. However, when dealing with a combination of both probability distributions and fuzzy membership functions, the computational cost involved in estimating the membership function of reliability increases exponentially because one reliability analysis, which is a computationally expensive procedure, is performed at each possibility level to obtain the bounds on the reliability of the structure. To improve the computational efficiency, a technique that uses response surface models and transformations of possibility functions is presented in this paper. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using numerical examples.
Have national suicide rates increased and converged over the last 100 years

The suicide rates of 14 nations were examined for 1875, 1952, 1962, 1975, and 1986 and found to have increased over this period. There was no change in the dispersions of the suicide rates over the years.
Electrocutting cervical skin incisions: A cosmetic assessment

Electrocautery allows for the dissection of tissues in the head and neck with minimal blood loss and with quicker operating time compared with the results of the scalpel. Electrocautery can potentially be a mechanism to minimize blood exposure while avoiding the use of the scalpel. This is a serious concern, particularly when treating patients with a high risk of having a blood-borne communicable disease such as hepatitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The greatest concerns in head and neck surgery are for major head and neck cancer procedures and maxillofacial trauma. Electrocautery is also useful in incising the cervical skin. There have been no clinical studies assessing the cosmesis of cervical skin after incision with electrocautery. This study reports the cosmetic evaluation of the cervical skin and scar after incision with electrocutting current in various head and neck procedures.
Homicide among pregnant and postpartum women in the United States: a review of the literature.

Eighteen articles that examined the extent of homicide among pregnant and/or postpartum women in the United States are reviewed, documenting the studies’ methods and findings. Results from proportional mortality analyses (studies that examined only deaths, rather than deaths within a larger population of living individuals) showed a modicum of support for the contention that homicide may account for a greater proportion of the deaths among pregnant/postpartum women than among other women of reproductive age. However, results from more comprehensive analyses that estimated homicide risks/rates (studies that examined deaths within the context of living populations) did not find any evidence to suggest that pregnant/postpartum women experience a greater risk/rate of homicide compared to other women of reproductive age. This difference in findings is discussed in light of the different methodological approaches.
Tailoring the Morphology and Structure of Nanosized Zn2SiO4: Mn2+ Phosphors Using the Hydrothermal Method and Their Luminescence Properties

Mn2+-doped Zn2SiO4 phosphors with nanoellipsoid or nanowire morphologies were synthesized at low temperature <200 °C by a hydrothermal method without any surfactants. The morphologies of the phosphors were easily tailored by varying the amount of hydroxide ions in the precursor solution before the hydrothermal reaction. Absolute ethanol was used as a solvent instead of distilled water to explore the effects of hydroxide ions on the morphology and crystal structure. We adjusted the amount of hydroxide ions by changing the pH of the precursor solution. Sheaves of powders with an ellipsoid shape were synthesized at low pH values of 7 and 9, at which only a few hydroxide ions were present, whereas powders with a nanowire shape were produced at a high pH of 11, at which many hydroxide ions were present. In addition to its morphology, the hydroxide ions also affect the crystal structure of the synthesized powder. Whereas a Zn2SiO4 phase with a willemite structure was formed at pH 7 and 9, a Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O ph...
Positive darwinian selection on two homologous fertilization proteins: what is the selective pressure driving their divergence?

Most examples of positive selection inferred from nucleotide sequence data involve host-pathogen interactions. However, positive selection also promotes the divergence of proteins mediating spermegg recognition in marine invertebrates. The abalone spermatozoon has a large acrosomal vesicle containing two proteins of 16 kDa and 18 kDa. Lysin, the 16-kDa protein, exhibits species-specificity in dissolving a hole in the egg vitelline envelope through which the sperm swims to reach the egg plasma membrane. The 18-kDa protein coats the sperm acrosomal process and probably mediates fusion of the two gametes. In this review, we compare sequences of both proteins from five species of California abalones. Both proteins show extensive divergence which has been promoted by positive Darwinian selection. The ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions may be the highest yet discovered for full-length sequences. Although extensive divergence has occurred, there is conservation of the shape and polarity of residues in both proteins. The two acrosomal proteins arose by a gene duplication followed by their extensive divergence. Five hypotheses are presented which attempt to explain the nature of the unknown selective force responsible for the robust positive selection. The positive selection may, in some unknown way, be related to the establishment of prezygotic barriers to reproduction. Because positive selection promotes the divergence of unrelated, species-specific gamete recognition proteins in both abalones and sea urchins, we predict that positive selection may be a general phenomenon in the evolution of gamete recognition systems in marine invertebrates.
Reflectance calibration of aerial video imagery with automatic gain compensation on and off

Abstract Video imaging systems are noi radiometrically calibrated, thus it is difficult to obtain quantitative remotely-sensed imagery for natural resource applications. Video camera automatic gain controls (AGC) present potential problems in calibrating video systems for quantitative analysis because they compensate for changing solar illumination conditions. In this experiment aerial video calibrations to ground reflectance standards were compared for AGC turned on and off, The calibrated aerial video was evaluated for guinea grass (Panicum maximum L.) biomass treatments on two dates. Results showed that there was more atmospheric light scattering in the red than in the NIR video band. Light scattering affects could be detected only when the AGC was ofT because when AGC was on light scattering affects were masked. These results also showed that video imagery produced significant correlations with guinea grass biomass that were comparable to ground reflectance measurements.
Wavelet image processing applied to hyperspectral images for foliage penetration

Detecting man-made objects concealed in dense foliage is an ongoing challenge in military imaging. There is a need to detect, recognize and classify objects and background. Wavelets will be combined with spectral derivatives to detect the 'red edge' to distinguish between foliage and camouflaged man-made objects.
Syntheses and characterization of Co(pydc)(H2O)2 and Ni(pydc)(H2O) (pydc=3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate)

Abstract The hydrothermal reaction of 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (pydcH2) and Co(NO3)2 or Ni(NO3)2 in the presence of 4,4′-bipyridine results in two novel compounds Co(pydc)(H2O)2 (1) and Ni(pydc)(H2O) (2). Crystal data: 1, monoclinic, C2/c, a=9.900(2), b=11.984(2), c=7.3748(15) A, β=105.37(3)°, V=843.7(3) A3, Z=4; 2, monoclinic, P21/c, a=7.7496(6), b=15.0496(11), c=6.4224(5) A, β=108.437(1)°, V=710.59(9) A3, Z=4. The structure of 1 is composed of honeycomb layers built up from {CoO4N} trigonal bipyramids and 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate bridges. The structure of 2 adopts a three-dimensional framework structure in which the Ni atoms are coordinated by the pydc bridges both within the honeycomb layer and between the layers. The magnetic properties of 1 and 2 have been investigated.
Regulation of axonal outgrowth and pathfinding by integrin–ecm interactions

Developing neurons use a combination of guidance cues to assemble a functional neural network. A variety of proteins immobilized within the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide specific binding sites for integrin receptors on neurons. Integrin receptors on growth cones associate with a number of cytosolic adaptor and signaling proteins that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion. Recent evidence suggests that soluble growth factors and classic axon guidance cues may direct axon pathfinding by controlling integrin-based adhesion. Moreover, because classic axon guidance cues themselves are immobilized within the ECM and integrins modulate cellular responses to many axon guidance cues, interactions between activated receptors modulate cell signals and adhesion. Ultimately, growth cones control axon outgrowth and pathfinding behaviors by integrating distinct biochemical signals to promote the proper assembly of the nervous system. In this review, we discuss our current understanding how ECM proteins and their associated integrin receptors control neural network formation.
Thermophysical Properties of AS4/3501-6 Carbon-Epoxy Composite

As today’s technology continues to develop at a rate that was once unimaginable, the demand for new materials that will outperform traditional materials also increases dramatically. To meet these challenges, monolithic materials are being combined to develop new unique materials called composites. Thermophysical properties of composite materials such as thermal conductivity, diffusivity, specific heat, and thermal expansion are very important in engineering design process and analysis of aerospace vehicles as well as space systems. These properties are also important in power generation, transportation, and energy storage devices including fuel cells. Thermal conductivity is the property that determines the working temperature levels of a material and plays a critical role in the performance of materials in high temperature applications. This parameter is important in problems involving heat transfer and thermal structures.The objective of this paper is to develop a thermal properties database for the carbon-epoxy AS4/3501-6 composite. The AS4 carbon fiber used is a unidirectional continuous PAN based fiber, and the 3501-6 epoxy resin is amine cured and provides low shrinkage during the curing process while maintain resistance to chemicals and solvents. The thermophysical properties of the AS4 composite have been investigated using experimental methods. The flash method was used to measure the thermal diffusivity of the composite based on the American Society for Testing and Materials standard, ASTM E1461. In addition, the Differential Scanning Calorimeter was used in accordance with the ASTM E1269 standard to measure the specific heat. The measured thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and density were used to compute the thermal conductivity, thus adding to the currently insufficient database for composite materials and foams.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
VEVA Discovery mission to Venus: exploration of volcanoes and atmosphere

Abstract Venus Exploration of Volcanoes and Atmosphere (VEVA) is a potential Discovery mission. It will provide a multidisciplinary investigation of the atmosphere and surface of Venus by returning the first-ever aerial photography of the surface and definitive, in situ determination of its atmospheric composition in the lower scale height. VEVA involves delivering an entry vehicle to Venus housing a payload consisting of an instrumented atmospheric sonde and a balloon–gondola system. After entry, the atmospheric sonde is released to fall to the surface, and the balloon package inflates, which arrests its descent at a 60-km float height. The balloon carries an instrumented gondola with battery power for 7 days as it circles Venus. The gondola carries four small imaging sondes for release and descent to the surface at different times during the 7-day mission. Data from the sondes are radioed to the gondola for relay to Earth.
“Kindergarten, can I have your eyes and ears?” politeness and teacher directive choices in inquiry-based science classrooms

This study explores elementary teachers’ social understandings and employment of directives and politeness while facilitating inquiry science lessons prior and subsequent to their participation in a summer institute in which they were introduced to the scholarly literature on regulative discourse (directives used by teachers to regulate student behavior). A grounded theory analysis of the institute professional development activities revealed that teachers developed an increased awareness of the authoritative functions served by impolite or direct directives (i.e., pragmatic awareness). Furthermore, a comparative microethnographic analysis of participants’ inquiry-based classroom practices revealed that after the institute teachers demonstrated an increased ability to share authority with students by strategically making directive choices that were more polite, indirect, inclusive, involvement-focused and creative. Such ability led to a reduced emphasis on teacher regulation of student compliance with classroom behavioral norms and an increased focus on the discursive organization of the inquiry-based science learning/teaching process. Despite teachers’ increased pragmatic awareness, teacher–student linguistic relationships did not become entirely symmetrical subsequent to their participation in the summer institute (i.e., teacher authority was not completely relinquished or lost). Based on such findings, it is argued that teachers need to develop higher levels of pragmatic awareness to become effectively prepared to engage in language-mediated teacher–student interaction in the context of inquiry-based science classroom discourse.
Polaronic Hole Localization and Multiple Hole Binding of Acceptors in Oxide Wide-Gap Semiconductors

Acceptor-bound holes in oxides often localize asymmetrically at one out of several equivalent oxygen ligands. Whereas Hartree-Fock (HF) theory overly favors such symmetry-broken polaronic hole localization in oxides, standard local-density (LD) calculations suffer from spurious delocalization among several oxygen sites. These opposite biases originate from the opposite curvatures of the energy as a function of the fractional occupation number $n$, i.e., ${d}^{2}E/d{n}^{2}l0$ in HF and ${d}^{2}E/d{n}^{2}g0$ in LD. We recover the correct linear behavior, ${d}^{2}E/d{n}^{2}=0$, that removes the (de)localization bias by formulating a generalized Koopmans condition. The correct description of oxygen hole localization reveals that the cation-site nominal single acceptors in ZnO, ${\text{In}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$, and ${\text{SnO}}_{2}$ can bind multiple holes.
Extension of the Bloch T 3/2 Law to Magnetic Nanostructures: Bose-Einstein Condensation

We report a newly observed phenomenon, namely, the observation of a visible anomaly in the Bloch T(3/2) law for the temperature dependence of magnetization of nanostructured ferromagnets, for which we give a thermodynamic explanation. Our interpretation extends the Bloch law by introducing the system's chemical potential and assumes a finite Bose-Einstein condensation temperature T(BE) of the magnons. Our extension involves accounting for the possibility of a magnon or magnetic entropy term, leading to a magnon chemical potential (hitherto omitted in the traditional derivation) which varies with temperature. The result is a subtle upturn of the magnetization curves of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in the 10 to 50 K temperature range. Here we show experimental data for nanomaterials and an outline of the extended theory which includes T(BE).
Characterization of the Performance of Coupled Heat Exchangers With an Intermediate Heat Load

Heat exchanger design is both an art and a science. The science part of it is premised on the fundamentals of convective and conductive heat transfer and the art part of it is based on determining how to effectively package the design to meet the process requirements with cost constraints. This paper is not concerned with the art portion of heat exchanger design. Rather, the paper presents a method of characterizing the performance of coupled heat exchangers with an intermediate heat load in process systems. In process plants, it is not uncommon to see heat exchangers that are coupled. Determining the performance of such heat exchanger arrangements can be daunting, but not insurmountable. Using first principles equations, engineers iteratively establish the performance of the heat exchanger arrangement. This process is time consuming. In this paper, we present a specific case of two coupled heat exchangers with an intermediate heat load in the intermediate system. The resultant model allows an engineer to perform sensitivity studies of the arrangement prior to investing resources in an actual design of the system. This method is expected to facilitate the process of examining the performance of similarly configured heat exchanger arrangements. Similar techniques can be used to simplify more complex heat exchanger arrangements.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Sorption properties of zeolite rho

Abstract Zeolite rho possesses an unusual combination of selectivity and activity for the synthesis of dimethylamine from ammonia and methanol. Sorption measurements were used to examine the synthesis of zeolite rho and how it evolves to become a superior catalyst, to distinguish various preparations, and to determine the effects of calcination under different conditions. A term “packing ratio” was defined as the ratio of adsorbed weights at equilibrium of different molecules for the same sorption volume and was shown to provide a measure of the steric constraints imposed on guest molecules by the host framework. Statistical analysis of the sorption data for many samples reveals that methanol fills the available framework volume and packs according to its liquid density. Because of this feature, methanol sorption provides a measure of the crystallinity of the rho framework. Larger molecules are constrained by the framework in the order: n-hexane>n-propanol > ethanol > methanol. Reproducible packing ratios, ethanol/methanol and n-propanol/ethanol, were determined for the rho framework. Rates of filling used in conjunction with the packing ratios show the presence of extra-lattice material and its proximity to the double 8-rings of rho.
Local Officials' and Citizens' Views on Freshwater Wetlands

This article explores wetlands knowledge, support, and management views of citizens and municipal officials in a New Jersey (U.S.) watershed. Surveys found local officials were more knowledgeable about wetlands' regulatory definitions, functions, and regulations, more positive about functions, and more supportive of preservation. However, citizens also strongly supported preservation and averaged weakly positive views of functions. Support for preservation stemmed from personal importance of wetlands, support for positive claims about wetlands, and knowledge of wetlands definitions. Many citizens did not know whether there were wetlands in their towns, believed permanent standing water defines wetlands, and knew little about water quality functions. These results extend earlier findings to underscore potential softness of public support if wetlands not recognized as such, or as yielding valuable services, are at issue in a development–preservation conflict. Yet they also suggest public education could hel...
Transnational Migration, State Policy and Local Clinician Treatment of Asylum Seekers and Resettled Migrants

Based on interviews conducted at five Finnish reception centers and in two municipal communes during summer 2002 with 93 migrants, mainly from a variety of Southern and Eastern countries of origin, and their ethnoculturally discordant clinicians, the article compares asylum seekers and foreign-born residents in terms of health care treatment and outcome perspectives. Comparative analysis suggests that context makes a difference in post-migration medical encounters. The legally admitted foreign nationals consulted at community facilities were considerably more likely than were asylum seekers assisted at reception centers to be satisfied with the health care they had received and to be confident that the attending physician's recommendations would serve them well in the future. Policy implications related to the study's findings are explored. In Finland and elsewhere, the education of general practitioners for transnational medical encounters needs to be enhanced. International and national efforts to promo...
A 2D Lumped Parameter Model for Prediction of Temperature in C/C Composite Disk Pair in Dry Friction Contact

In applications involving substantial friction, surface failure is an inevitable phenomenon. Friction induced failure typically involves the generation of considerable heat. Existence of significant frictional force leads to relatively high interface temperature as a result of dynamic nature of flash temperatures at the contact areas. A first step in predicting friction induced failure is to develop an accurate thermomechanical model of the friction system. A thermomechanical model is developed in this paper based on a lumped parameter representation of a two-disk brake. A disk is viewed as consisting of three main regions: (1) the surface contact, (2) the friction interface, and (3) the bulk. The lumped parameter model is obtained by dividing a disk into a number of concentric rings and stacked layers. The friction layer contains both the interface and contact elements, each includes the equivalent thermal capacitance and conductive resistance. The contact capacitance and resistance are described in terms of the elastic contact interaction between the surfaces of the two disks. Therefore, they are obtained using the Greenwood and Williamson model for contact of rough surfaces. Each is described as a statistical summation of the micron-scale interaction of the surfaces.
Calcium signals elicited by quisqualate in cultured Purkinje neurons show developmental changes in sensitivity to acute alcohol

The effect of acute alcohol (33 mM ethanol) on calcium signaling evoked by glutamate receptor activation was studied in cultured cerebellar Purkinje and granule neurons at different stages of development. Calcium signals were measured by microscopic imaging using the calcium sensitive dye fura-2. At an early stage in development (10 days in vitro), acute alcohol enhanced the calcium signals evoked in Purkinje neurons by exogenous application of quisqualate, an agonist at ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. In contrast, in mature cultured Purkinje neurons (21-24 days in vitro) the calcium signals produced by quisqualate were reduced by alcohol. At an intermediate stage of development (14 days in vitro) reflecting the main period of morphological and physiological maturation, alcohol had no significant effect on the response to quisqualate. Alcohol's actions were significantly altered by manipulation of the intracellular stores with caffeine, implicating intracellular stores in alcohol's actions. Calcium signals produced by quisqualate in the cultured granule neurons were also altered by acute alcohol, in a manner similar to that observed in the Purkinje neurons. These data demonstrate that calcium signaling pathways are a site of alcohol action in developing CNS neurons and that the cellular consequences of alcohol exposure can change with development. Such actions of alcohol could have significant effects on the immature nervous system, where the precise timing of appropriate signaling levels are important aspects of the maturation process.
A sensitive atomic fluorescence system for metals in biological systems

Abstract An atomic fluorescence spectrometric system for trace elemental determinations in biological samples is described. A heated graphite atomization furnace is used, with continuous sample introduction. Carbonic anhydrase and DNA dependent RNA polymerase enzymes are employed as application models, and accurate Zn determinations at the 10 −7 m level are made on enzyme samples of 0.1 mg and less with a precision of 1–2%. The instrumentation is relatively simple, the system is versatile and has excellent stability.
Intellectual Change in Black Studies: Evidence from a Cohort Analysis

Forty years after emerging from student protest, Black Studies continues to wrestle with its identity. While Black Studies established itself in academia, the racial–ethnic diversity of faculty began to change and the racial–ethnic composition of Black Studies departments changed as well. This study uses Mannheim’s theory of cohort driven social change to examine how Black Studies faculty members differ in their views of the field. The analyses suggest that differences in professional attitudes are related to demographic trends in the field: much of the disagreement over the field’s distinctiveness from other disciplines stems from an older cohort of non-African American professors. Recent cohorts of Black and non-African American Black Studies professors appear to have similar views of the field. We suggest that this may be a response to the political activism that motivated the field at its inception, which may not be a formative experience for recently hired professors.
Intellectual Role Taking: Supporting Discussion in Heterogeneous Elementary Science Classes

One of the major challenges of teaching whole class lessons in heterogeneous classrooms rests in finding ways to engage all participants in the conversation. Intellectual role taking, an approach developed and studied in the teaching of elementary science and history lessons, provides one possibility for handling this perennial pedagogical dilemma. Intellectual role taking builds on 2 wellknown and well-studied pedagogical approaches —complex instruction (Cohen, 1984, 1994) and reciprocal teaching (RT; Palincsar & Brown, 1984). Complex instruction provided a foundation for small group work time and RT informed the development of intellectual roles to be used during small group time and whole class discussions. This article provides a detailed description of the approach, highlighting the school contexts and research literatures that informed its development. Examples from elementary science lessons are included and suggestions for using it in elementary history lessons are discussed.
Amygdala reactivity to emotional faces at high and low intensity in generalized social phobia: A 4-Tesla functional MRI study

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured amygdala reactivity to faces varying on emotional intensity in subjects with generalized social phobia (GSP) and matched healthy controls, and observed greater bilateral activation to high (vs. low) intensity expressions in the phobic group, suggesting that more arousing social–emotional cues contribute to limbic hyperactivity in GSP.
Inhibition by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.

Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes were strongly inhibited by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid. With either3H2O or [2-14C]acetate as the labeled precursor, the concentrations of inhibitor causing 50% decrease in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis were, respectively, <0.005 mM and 0.020 mM. At 0.1 mM inhibitor, citrate concentration in cells from fed rats was increased by 75%; lactate and pyruvate concentrations were decreased by 30%; ethanol oxidation was decreased by 20%; with cells from starved rats, the mitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH] was decreased. Other parameters were unaffected. Both its potency and its specificity indicate that 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid will be useful in studies on the regulation of lipid biosynthesis.
Prejudice: The Role of the Media in the Development of Social Bias

Numerous studies document the existence of bias: bias against gender, race, sexual orientation, age, mental illness, and body shape or weight. This article presents a model of bias development, whi...
Scheduling Large-Scale Advance-Request Dial-A-Ride Systems

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThis paper examines the scheduling of large-scale advance-request dial-a-ride systems, describes two algorithms that have been developed recently to solve problems in this area, and provides analysis and insights into how these algorithms are expected to perform under various operational scenarios and in comparison with one another. The algorithms examined are the GCR (Grouping/Clustering/Routing) and ADARTW (Advanced Dial-A-Ride with Time Windows) procedures. The paper gives an overview of both algorithms, emphasizes the differences in their operational scenarios, describes computational experience with both procedures and includes worst-case considerations for ADARTW. Extensions and directions for further research are also discussed.
The cellular events associated with regression and progression of murine (Moloney) sarcomas.

Tumors were induced in adult and neonatal mice by intramuscular injections of either 104 or 106 cells from a cultured murine (Moloney) sarcoma line. Neoplasms that progressed were induced in neonates by either dose, and in adults only by the larger dose; adult mice receiving 104 cells usually developed tumors that regressed. Light microscopic examinations were performed at 2–3 day intervals throughout the course of tumor development and subsequent regression or progression. Initially all tumors became infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes—mainly neutrophils—and edema was extensive. By the end of the second week post inoculation, this acute inflammatory infiltrate had been replaced in adult mice by one consisting of mononuclear cells; neonatal mice never developed significant numbers of these inflammatory cells in their tumors. Of particular significance, since mononuclear inflammatory cells were associated intimately with tumors during the process of regression, was the disappearance of these cells 12–14 days post inoculation from tumors destined to progress in adult mice. Hyperplastic changes were found in the cortices and medullae of regional lymph nodes draining both progressing and regressing sarcomas. Secondary neoplasms developed commonly, and the distribution of these lesions was related to the ages of mice at the time of inoculation. Phenomenes Cellulaires Associes a la Regression et a la Progression des Sarcomes Murins (Moloney) Des tumeurs ont ete induites chez des souris adultes et nouveau-nees par injection intramusculaire de 104 ou 106 cellules d'une lignee de sarcome murin (Moloney) en culture. Les neoplasmes qui ont progresse avaient ete induits par l'une ou l'autre dose chez les nouveau-nes et seulement par la plus forte dose chez les adultes; les souris adultes qui ont recu 104 cellules ont generalement developpe des tumeurs qui ont regresse. des examens au microscope optique ont ete effectues a 2 ou 3 jours d'intervalle pendant le developpement tumoral et la regression ou la progression ulterieure. au debut, toutes les tumeurs ont ete infiltrees par des leucocytes polymorphonucleaires — surtout des neutrophiles — et l'œdeme etait etendu. A la fin de la deuxieme semaine apres l'inoculation, cette infiltration inflammatoire aigue a fait place, chez les souris adultes, a une infiltration de cellules mononucleaires; les tumeurs des souris nouveau-nees n'ont jamais contenu un grand nombre de ces cellules inflammatoires. Celles-ci ont disparu des tumeurs qui devaient progresser chez les souris adultes 12 a 14 jours apres l'inoculation, ce qui a un interět considerable puisque les cellules mononucleaires inflammatoires etaient intimement associees aux tumeurs pendant le processus de regression. des modifications hyperplasiques ont ete observees dans le cortex et la couche medullaire des ganglions lymphatiques regionaux drainant les sarcomes qui progressaient ou regressaient. des neoplasmes secondaires sont souvent apparus: la distribution de ces lesions etait liee a l'ǎge des souris au moment de l'inoculation.
Alterations in stress-induced prolactin release in adult female and male rats exposed to stress, in utero.

Abstract Prenatal stress alters the endocrine as well as the behavioral responses of rodents. Because of the reductions in both estradiol-induced and ether-induced prolactin (Prl) release reported in prenatally-stressed (P-S) rats, we were interested in whether prenatal stress might also modify the prolactin response of male and female rats to a moderate stressor in adulthood, viz., restraint stress. Timed-mated Sprague-Dawley females were exposed to a daily regimen of heat and restraint stress from days 15–22 of gestation. Control animals remained undisturbed throughout pregnancy. In adulthood, half of the male and female P-S and Control offspring were stressed by placing them in a Plexiglas restraint tube for 60 min (restraint stressed; S; referred to as P-SS and CS, respectively). The remaining half of the P-S and Control animals were left undisturbed (these were nonrestrained; NR; referred to as P-SNR and CNR, respectively). Blood samples (decapitation) were then collected from all animals and plasma was assayed for Prl content. P-SNR and CNR males did not differ in baseline Prl levels, nor did P-SNR and CNR females. Following the restraint stress in adulthood, P-SS males as well as PSS females exhibited significantly less of an increase in Prl relative to CS males and CS females, respectively. In addition, baseline Prl levels differed between the sexes, with females—regardless of prenatal condition—having higher plasma Prl levels than males. These sex differences were no longer evident following restraint stress. These data, in combination with other work in P-S animals in the areas of Prl release and stress responses, demonstrate that prenatal stress renders the rat less hormonally (Prl) responsive to stress, with the effect being more pronounced in the female.
The Production and Placement of Political Science Ph.D.s, 1902–2000

This paper is the second of a three-part series dealing with quantitative indicators of impact and prominence in the political science discipline. In these essays, we assess some of the changes in the discipline since the publication of the Somit and Tanenhaus (1963; 1964; 1967) studies that cover the first 60 years of the twentieth century. In the first paper of the series, published in the January 2007 issue of PS (Masuoka, Grofman, and Feld 2007), we focused on the individual visibility and impact of all regular faculty in Ph.D.-granting departments by using SSCI-based cumulative citation counts to their lifetime work. In particular, we identified the 400 most-cited faculty members in the discipline, and we found that citation counts are strongly influenced by factors such as date of Ph.D., subfield, and gender. This, the second paper in the series, shifts to departmental-level data and details the historical changes in Ph.D. production and placement rates from 1902–2000. The last paper in the series, to be published in the July 2007 issue of PS, will combine the individual-level citation data presented in the first paper with the Ph.D. production and placement data in the second paper to look at the factors that affect reputational rankings of Ph.D.-granting political science departments.The authors would like to thank Russell Dalton, Lee Sigelman, and the anonymous reviewers of PS for their helpful feedback and corrections. We are also indebted to the bibliographic assistance of Clover Behrend-Gethard and to the inspiration of Joe Tanenhaus' pioneering work. Any errors presented in this paper are the sole responsibility of the authors. The authors welcome corrections to the data that is presented in this series. Comments and corrections can be sent to Bgrofman@uci.edu.
How Institutional Cultures Affect Results: Comparing Two Old-Growth Forest Mapping Projects

This paper explores the institutional and geographic factors that affected the outcome of two old-growth forest mapping efforts undertaken in 1989–1990 in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The projects mapped old-growth forest stands within US National Forests that support the endangered northern spotted owl. The projects, conducted by the US Forest Service (the land manager) and the Wilderness Society (a conservation organization), obtained old-growth acreage totals that differed by a factor of two. This difference was largely attributable to the organizational context of each project. Both were constrained by short time lines imposed by the US Congress and by impending litigation. Motivations for the two organizations, however, were very different: Congress compelled the Forest Service to do the mapping, whereas the Wilderness Society used the geographic information for conservation advocacy. The two organizations also varied by the level of financial resources allocated and the methods...
Iron autoxidation and free radical generation: effects of buffers, ligands, and chelators.

The pH of the solution along with chelation and consequently coordination of iron regulate its reactivity. In this study we confirmed that, in general, the rate of Fe(II) autoxidation increases as the pH of the solution is increased, but chelators that provide oxygen ligands for the iron can override the affect of pH. Additionally, the stoichiometry of the Fe(II) autoxidation reaction varied from 2:1 to 4:1, dependent upon the rate of Fe(II) autoxidation, which is dependent upon the chelator. No partially reduced oxygen species were detected during the autoxidation of Fe(II) by ESR using DMPO as the spin trap. However, upon the addition of ethanol to the assay, the DMPO:hydroxyethyl radical adduct was detected. Additionally, the hydroxylation of terephthalic acid by various iron-chelator complexes during the autoxidation of Fe(II) was assessed by fluorometric techniques. The oxidant formed during the autoxidation of EDTA:Fe(II) was shown to have different reactivity than the hydroxyl radical, suggesting that some type of hypervalent iron complex was formed. Ferrous iron was shown to be able to directly reduce some quinones without the reduction of oxygen. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the complexity of iron chemistry, especially the chelation of iron and its subsequent reactivity.
Effects of Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus (Japanese Stiltgrass) on Native Hardwood Survival and Growth: Implications for Restoration

ABSTRACT: Invasive species are an increasing threat to native diversity and ecosystem function. Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus (Poaceae) is an annual invasive grass threatening native ecosystems of the eastern United States. While information regarding the invasion, spread, and general ecology of M. vimineum is readily available, few studies exist regarding habitat restoration following M. vimineum invasion. Thus, the objectives of this study were to examine the effects of M. vimineum removal on the growth and survival of native planted hardwood seedlings. Two-year-old hardwood seedlings (Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, and Liriodendron tulipifera) were planted in a split-plot (open vs. closed forest canopy) block design at Crummies Creek Tree Farm, Calhoun County, West Virginia, in an area that was heavily invaded by M. vimineum. Within each block, three treatments were employed: (1) chemical (Sethoxydim) control, (2) mechanical (hand pulling) control, and (3) no removal (experimental control). Th...
UNC93B1 delivers nucleotide-sensing toll-like receptors to endolysosomes

The membrane protein UNC93B interacts with intracellular Toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR9. This paper shows that UNC93B specifically controls TLR trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endolysosome but is not required for ligand recognition or signal initiation. Signalling by means of toll-like receptors (TLRs) is essential for the development of innate and adaptive immune responses1,2,3. UNC93B1, essential for signalling of TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 in both humans and mice, physically interacts with these TLRs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)4,5,6. Here we show that the function of the polytopic membrane protein UNC93B1 is to deliver the nucleotide-sensing receptors TLR7 and TLR9 from the ER to endolysosomes. In dendritic cells of 3d mice, which express an UNC93B1 missense mutant (H412R) incapable of TLR binding, neither TLR7 nor TLR9 exits the ER. Furthermore, the trafficking and signalling defects of the nucleotide-sensing TLRs in 3d dendritic cells are corrected by expression of wild-type UNC93B1. However, UNC93B1 is dispensable for ligand recognition and signal initiation by TLRs. To our knowledge, UNC93B1 is the first protein to be identified as a molecule specifically involved in trafficking of nucleotide-sensing TLRs. By inhibiting the interaction between UNC93B1 and TLRs it should be possible to achieve specific regulation of the nucleotide-sensing TLRs without compromising signalling via the cell-surface-disposed TLRs.
Recovery of Vitamin G from the Human Bladder.

SummaryWhen amounts of synthetic ascorbic acid varying from 0.5 to 30 mg were instilled into the human bladder, 92 to 107% was present in the urine after periods of 1 to 5 hours. It is, therefore, concluded that no appreciable destruction of ascorbic acid occurs in the human bladder.
Characterization of discoidal complexes of phosphatidylcholine, apolipoprotein A-I and cholesterol by gradient gel electrophoresis

Abstract Complexes of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and apolipoprotein A-I were prepared by a detergent (sodium cholate)-dialysis method and characterized by gradient gel electrophoresis, gel filtration, electron microscopy and chemical analysis. Multicomponent electrophoretic patterns were obtained indicating formation of at least eight classes of discoidal complexes. The relative contribution of the different classes to the electrophoretic pattern was a function of the molar ratio of phosphatidylcholine: apolipoprotein A-I in the interaction mixture. Molar ratios of phosphatidylcholine:apolipoprotein A-I in isolated complexes were strongly and positively correlated with disc diameter obtained by electron microscopy. Incorporation of unesterified cholesterol into phosphatidylcholine/apolipoprotein A-I interaction mixtures also resulted in formation of unique complexes but with considerably different particle size distributions relative to those observed in the absence of cholesterol. One common consequence of cholesterol incorporation into interaction mixtures of 87.5:1 and 150:1 molar ratio of phosphatidylcholine: apolipoprotein A-I was the disappearance of a major complex class with diameter of 10.8 nm and the appearance of a major component with diameter of approximately 8.8 nm. Electrophoretic patterns of cholesterol-containing complexes showed a strong similarity to patterns recently published for high density lipoproteins from plasma of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase-deficient subjects, suggesting that the complexes formed in vitro by the detergent-dialysis method may serve as appropriate models for investigation of the origins of the HDL particle size distribution.
Implementation of Argus

Argus is a programming language and system developed to support the construction and execution of distributed programs. This paper describes the implementation of Argus, with particular emphasis on the way we implement atomic actions, because this is where Argus differs most from other implemented systems. The paper also discusses the performance of Argus. The cost of actions is quite reasonable, indicating that action systems like Argus are practical.
Nano-Electro-Mechanical (NEM) relays and their application to FPGA routing

Nano-Electro-Mechanical (NEM) relays are nano-scale switches that can be mechanically actuated by an electrical signal. Unlike conventional CMOS transistors, NEM relays exhibit zero off-state leakage and very sharp on-off transitions. As a result, NEM relays can be potentially used to design highly energy-efficient digital systems. NEM relays are also excellent candidates for programmable routing switches in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) due to their potentially low on-state resistances despite their long mechanical delays. Low-temperature fabrication of NEM relays creates opportunities for their integration on top of silicon CMOS circuits. Hysteresis properties of NEM relays can enable their use as FPGA programmable routing switches without requiring additional routing SRAM cells. In this talk, we will present an overview of NEM relays and their use in digital system design, and discuss design considerations for hybrid CMOS-NEM FPGAs.
EFFECTS OF INJURIES CAUSED BY THE CICADA, MAGICICADA SEPTENDECIM, ON THE LATER GROWTH OF TREES

It is a well-known fact that branches attacked by cicadas often die beyond the point of injury. The effects of injuries too slight to cause the death of the branch, however, have been rarely investigated. Wilson (2) reported damage to asparagus. Wymore (3) also reported that prune and apricot trees were affected, and that the insect was apparently a carrier of disease to asparagus. The damage in these cases, however, was mainly the result of the feeding of the nymphs on the foliage or roots. The damage resulting to the trees in consequence of the egg-laying activities of the adults seemingly has been overlooked. Andrews (1), while pointing out that these injuries may hamper the trees more than seems to be the case at first sight, seems to think, however, that the biological curiosity aroused by the cicada more than compensates for the harm done.
Mean-field theory of quasicrystalline order

A simple natural Landau theory of two- or three-component systems is described, which appears to give a region of the phase diagram in which quasicrystalline ordering is the state of lowest free energy. The quasicrystals are stabilized by special geometric relations between the length scales characterizing the components. Three components are required to stabilize a two-dimensional quasicrystal (a Penrose tiling) but two components suffice to stabilize an icosahedral three-dimensional quasicrystal.