cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uniform biodegradable microparticle systems for controlled release

Abstract Drug delivery methods can impact efficacy as much as the nature of the drug itself. Microparticles made of biodegradable polymers such as poly(D, l -lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have been studied extensively for controlled release of diverse drugs. By using a modified solvent extraction/evaporation method called precision particle fabrication (PPF), uniform microparticles such as single-wall microspheres, double-wall microspheres and liquid-core microcapsules have been fabricated with precise control of their geometric structures. By producing particles of uniform size, which has crucial impact on drug release behaviors, PPF-fabricated microparticles provide unique insights about drug release mechanism. Using small-molecule and macromolecule model drugs, our group demonstrated that physicochemical properties of the polymers and drugs and structural properties of the matrix can greatly impact drug distribution within microparticles, particle erosion and drug release rates. By careful selection of particle size and shell thickness, uniform microparticles can achieve “zero-order”, pulsatile or tandem release of drugs.
Electrochemical oxidation of 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (5-MTHP) in aqueous solution has been studied. At, for example, pH 4.7 the primary oxidation reaction responsible for the first voltammetric oxidation peak appears to proceed by two pathways. The first of these is a 2 e −2H + process leading to a cationic intermediate that loses a methyl carbonium ion yielding the same quinonoid-dihydropterin formed on 2 e −2H + electrooxidation of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin. This quinonoid-dihydropterin then undergoes rearrangement to 7,8-dihydropterin that in its covalently hydrated form is further oxidized yielding pterin and 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin. The second route does not cause demethylation of 5-MTHP and yields 5-methyl-7,8-dihydroxanthopterin.
He I λ10830 as a Probe of Winds in Accreting Young Stars

He I λ10830 profiles acquired with Keck's NIRSPEC for six young low-mass stars with high disk accretion rates (AS 353A, DG Tau, DL Tau, DR Tau, HL Tau, and SVS 13) provide new insight into accretion-driven winds. In four of the stars, the profiles have the signature of resonance scattering, and they possess a deep and broad blueshifted absorption that penetrates more than 50% into the 1 μm continuum over a continuous range of velocities from near the stellar rest velocity to the terminal velocity of the wind, unlike inner wind signatures seen in other spectral features. This deep and broad absorption provides the first observational tracer of the acceleration region of the inner wind and suggests that this acceleration region is situated such that it occults a significant portion of the stellar disk. The remaining two stars also have blue absorption extending below the continuum, although here the profiles are dominated by emission, requiring an additional source of helium excitation beyond resonant scattering. This is likely the same process that produces the emission profiles seen at He I 5876 A.
Cell surface. Transfer of cellular adhesive properties from cell to cell by induced membrane alterations.

SummaryLymphocytes formed aggregates around Sepharose beads to which Concanavalin A had been coupled. Many of these aggregates consisted of multilayers of cells. The cell-cell interactions distal to the beads appeared to be a result of an induced membrane change at the cell-Sepharose bead interface.We thank Dr. Y. S. Kim and Dr. Normal Talal for their support of the work. This investigation was supported by a V.A. Research Grant.
Piezoelectric tubes and 1-3-type tubular composites as tunable actuators and sensors

Piezoelectric actuators and sensors made of tubular structure can provide a great agility of the effective response in the radial direction. For a radially poled piezoelectric tube, the effective piezoelectric constant in that direction can be tuned to be positive, zero, and negative by varying the ratio of the outer radius (R0) to the inner radius (r0) of the tube. For a suitable ratio of R0/r0, this effective constant can also be changed in sign or set to zero by adjusting the dc bias field level for tubes made of electrostrictive materials. Therefore, one can make a piezoelectric transducer with all the effective piezoelectric tensile constants having the same sign. The end capped thin wall tubes also exhibit exceptionally high hydrostatic response and the small size of the tubular structure makes it very suitable for integration into 1 - 3 composite which possesses low acoustic impedance and high hydrostatic response.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Contribution of Gastric Oxidation to Ethanol First Pass Metabolism in Baboons

Background: A portion of ingested alcohol does not reach the systemic blood, undergoing a first-pass metabolism (FPM) during gastric and hepatic circulation. Methods: To determine whether the stomach can metabolize sufficient ethanol to account for the FPM, and to what extent gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity is responsible, the hepatic vein, the portal vein, and the aorta were cannulated nonocclusively in baboons to measure the conversion of ethanol to acetate in vivo. 14C-ethanol (300 mg/kg as a 15% solution) was given intragastrically (IG) whereas 3Hacetate was continuously infused intravenously (IV).14C-acetate was measured after exhaustive evaporation of ethanol. Simultaneous sampling of hepaticvenous, portal and arterial blood was carried out for 3 hr, at the end of which the same alcohol dose was given IV to calculate the Michaelis-Menten parameters of elimination. Results: Analysis of the IV and IG ethanol curves revealed a FPM of 94 ± 11 mg/kg (31% of dose). The portal-arterial differences were negative for 3H-acetate (indicating net extraction) and positive for 14Cethanol and 14C-acetate (indicating net output). Portal acetate production (extraction plus net output multiplied by the portal plasma flow) increased with time and accounted, over the first 3 hr (82 ± 13 mg/kg), for 87% of the FPM. Alcohol oxidation by gastric ADH activity (28.7 ± 7.2 mg/kg) accounted for only 31% of the FPM. Conclusions: The in vivo oxidation of ethanol to acetate in the upper digestive tract accounts for the FPM of ethanol and is mediated, at least in part, by ADH activity.
The critical exponent for the spontaneous magnetization of iron-germanium alloys

Abstract The critical exponent β for the spontaneous magnetization near the Curie temperature has been measured for pure iron and binary iron alloys containing 5.7 5 at.% and 10.1 8 at.% germanium. It has been found that β slightly decreases with increasing germanium concentration.
Production of cocoa butter-like fat from interesterification of vegetable oils

Cocoa butter-like fat was prepared from completely hydrogenated cottonseed and olive oils by enzymatic interesterification. The optimum reaction time to produce the major-component of cocoa butter, 1(3)-palmitoyl-3(1)-stearoyl-2-monoolein (POS), was 4 hr. The cocoa butter-like fat was isolated from the reaction mixture by two filtration steps. The yield of cocoa butter-like fat was 19%, based on the weight of the original oils. Chromatographic analysis of the product by reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has shown it contains triglyceride components similar to those of cocoa butter, but that it has slightly more diglycerides. The melting point of this product, as measured by a differential scanning calorimeter, is 39°C, which compares well to the 36°C melting point of natural cocoa butter.
Magnetic erasures due to impact induced interfacial heating and magnetostriction

High-velocity intermittent contacts between a slider and a disk may lead to data erasure due to interfacial heating and high-speed mechanical contact stresses. These potential modes of erasure are investigated by artificially introducing high contact stresses that are not likely to be observed in disk drives. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of erasure are delineated in this study with little ambiguity by comparing the results from three different substrate materials, namely Al-Mg, glass, and Si. We show that written flux patterns can be erased if either the substrate material has low thermal conductivity or if the magnetic layer is damaged. We conclude that if the disk is not plastically damaged by high-speed contacts, then the magnetostriction effect or stress-induced erasure is insignificant. In this case, the dominant factor in erasure is a rise in the interfacial temperature, which is exacerbated by low thermal conductivity of the substrate.
Intracellular localization and surface expression of a stage-specific embryonic glycoprotein

The intracellular and cell surface localization of an embryonic glycoprotein antigen (BL) has been investigated in preimplantation mouse embryos using ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Several interesting points have emerged: (1) BL antigens are exclusively localized subjacent to the plasma membrane in the cortical region of cells, whereas antigens detected by a control antibody against mouse L cells are distributed throughout the embryo. (2) The distribution of BL antigens is polarized beginning with the first cleavage, with expression confined to the cortex underlying the free or apical portions of cells. No antigen is present underlying regions of cell contact. (3) Although embryonic synthesis of BL antigens does not begin until the two-cell stage, BL antigens are observed in unfertilized eggs, a fact verified by immunoblotting.
Development and validation of a Writing Dispositions Scale for elementary and middle school students

The authors report the development and validation of the Writing Dispositions Scale (WDS), a self-report instrument for measuring affective stances toward writing. The authors collected survey data from 854 elementary and middle school students and randomly split the data to facilitate both an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The findings of the EFA demonstrated that an 11-item WDS has desirable internal and content reliability and discriminant validity. The CFA supported the item selection of the EFA and demonstrated excellent factorial validity and reliability. The analyses confirmed that writing dispositions are related to 3 affective stances: confidence, persistence, and passion toward writing.
Interleukin-5 in growth and differentiation of blood eosinophil progenitors in asthma: Effect of glucocorticoids

1. There are increased numbers of circulating CD34(+) progenitor cells for eosinophils in patients with atopic asthma, with a further increase following allergen exposure or spontaneous worsening of asthma. We investigated the expression of IL-5 and IL-5Ralpha receptor in circulating CD34(+) progenitor cells in allergic asthmatics and the effects of corticosteroids. 2. Using double-staining techniques, up to 50% of CD34(+) cells expressed intracellular IL-5, and by RT - PCR, there was significant expression of IL-5 mRNA. When cultured in a semi-liquid methylcellulose medium, there were more eosinophil colony-forming units grown from asthmatic non-adherent mononuclear cell depleted of T cells in the presence of the growth factors GM-CSF, SCF and IL-3, but not of IL-5. 3. An anti-IL-5Ralpha receptor antibody and an anti-sense IL-5 oligonucleotide reduced the number of eosinophil colony forming units. No IL-5 mRNA or protein expression on T cells was observed in asthmatics or normal subjects. In the presence of growth factors including IL-5, there were significantly greater colony numbers with eosinophilic lineage grown from either asthmatics or normal subjects. 4. Dexamethasone (10(-6) M) suppressed IL-5 mRNA and protein expression in CD34(+) cells, and reduced eosinophil colony-forming units in asthmatics, but not in normal subjects. Dexamethasone did not change the expression of IL-5Ralpha on CD34(+) cells. 5. We conclude that there is increased expression of IL-5 on blood CD34(+) cells of patients with asthma and that this expression may auto-regulate eosinophilic colony formation from these progenitor cells. Corticosteroids inhibit the expression of IL-5 in circulating CD34(+) progenitor cells.
Autocorrelation and Dominance Ratio in Monte Carlo Criticality Calculations

The cycle-to-cycle correlation (autocorrelation) in Monte Carlo criticality calculations is analyzed concerning the dominance ratio of fission kernels. The mathematical analysis focuses on how the ...
Disassembly sequence planning for products with defective parts in product recovery

Recycling and remanufacturing are important forms of product/material recovery which involve product disassembly to retrieve the desired parts and/or subassemblies. Disassembly is a systematic method for separating a product into its constituent parts, components or other groupings. Efficient disassembly requires development of disassembly sequence plans (DSPs). Generating DSPs describing the sequence of parts during disassembly is not a trivial problem since DSP generation is described to be NP-complete. Further complicating matters is the presence of a high degree of uncertainty due to upgrading/downgrading of the product during its use by the customers and defects occurring either when in use or during disassembly. In this paper, we address the uncertainty related difficulties in disassembly sequence planning. To this end, we present a methodology to develop a framework for dealing with uncertainty in DSP implementation and demonstrate it using a simple example.
The interaction between nonmetric and metric cranial variation.

Cranial discrete or “epigenetic” traits have been analyzed for interrelationships with measurements of the skull in a sample of American Negro males. Univariate t and multivariate T2 tests are used. It has been the previous consensus view that nonmetric and metric characters are unrelated. Statistically significant associations between the total of 50 discrete and 23 metrical characters, however, are much more frequent than would be expected through random distribution. Multivariate analysis supplements simpler statistics by synthesizing patterns of variation within regions of the skull, identifying many interrelations of skull size and shape with discrete traits. A low but observable general influence is exerted upon nonmetric morphology by metrical variation of the human skull (or vice versa).
Receptor-like stereospecific binding of a pyrethroid insecticide to mouse brain membranes

Abstract A heterogeneous particulate fraction of mouse brain homogenates binds NRDC 157 (3-phenoxybenzyl [1 R , cis ]-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), a potent pyrethroid insecticide, stereospecifically and with high affinity. Stereospecific binding is a minor component of total binding (2.8%); the remainder of observed binding is predominantly nonspecific and unsaturable. Stereospecific binding is half-saturated at 4×10−8 M and fully saturated at concentrations in excess of 1×10−7 M . The stereospecific binding capacity of this preparation was 200–250 pmoles of NRDC 157 per gram equivalent of brain tissue (2.3–2.8 pmol/mg protein). This binding site may represent the neural receptor involved in the stereospecific toxic action of pyrethroids.
How superduper does a physicalist supervenience need to be

The standard formulations of the supervenience relation present the supervenience of one set of properties on another in terms of property correlations, without placing any constraints on the dependency relation concerned. This does not ensure that properties supervening upon phys-icalistically acceptable base properties are not themselves emergent in a way at odds with materialism. So physicalism needs ‘superdupervenience’. I argue that, where supervenient and base properties are instantiated in the same individuals, Horgan’s requirement of robust explanation is neither sufficient nor necessary for superdupervenience. His paradigm case is compatible with the supervenient property‘s being emergent. This and other unacceptable possibilities may be ruled out by means of a metaphysical constraint on the supervenience relation, which must be internal. Each individual causal power in the set associated with a given supervenient property must be numerically identical with a causal power in the set associated with its base property. Satisfying this condition is all that is needed to render supervenience superduper. In fact a wide variety of non-reductive physicalist accounts are implicitly or explicitly designed to meet this condition, and so are more similar than they seem.
Electrolytic determination of exposed tungsten on gold-plated tungsten☆

Abstract The relative area of exposed tungsten on gold-plated tungsten wire has been determined by measuring the corrosion potential in KOH. Calibrations were carried out using short-circuited gold and tungsten samples of various geometries and using gold-plated tungsten wire with spots etched through the gold. Differences in potential were found between flat gold foil and gold wires of various diameters unless vigorous air agitation was provided. Twenty two samples of commercially prepared Au plated tungsten wire were measured by this technique. The average surface fraction of tungsten exposed was 0·0014; with values observed from a minimium of 0·00025 to a maximum of 0·0047. The technique gives quantitative results, is rapid to use, and appears reasonable as a quality-control procedure.
Threshold condition and modal gain of rolled-up microtube lasers

Threshold conditions of rolled-up microtube lasers have been theoretically studied. The study reveals that threshold is inversely proportional to the radius of the microtube and is verified experimentally.
Mariner 6 and 7 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Implications of CO2 +, CO and O Airglow

The Mariner 6 and 7 UV spectrometer experiments observed intense emissions from CO, O, and CO2(+) in the Martian airglow. Analysis shows that they are excited predominantly by the absorption of solar EUV photons by CO2 and constitute a major energy-loss mechanism for the thermosphere. Models of the thermospheric temperature profile and the airglow layer that demonstrate the effects of neutral chemistry and ionospheric composition are developed. With their aid, the observed CO Cameron-band emission scale height of 19 (plus or minus 4.5) km is shown to suggest an exospheric temperature of 315 (plus or minus 75) K. Consideration of other data suggests a 'best' value of about 350 K. Within the uncertainties in the excitation efficiencies and in the thermospheric cooling mechanisms, the observations are consistent with the measured electron density. There is no indication in the data that the ionosphere is modified by the solar wind below 200 km.
Acute troponin elevation and the classification of myocardial infarction.

A52-year-oldwomanwith a history of hypertension presented to the emergency department with chest pain that started while sitting at work 2 hours previously. She described the pain as “someone sitting on her chest” and reported associated diaphoresis and shortness of breath. She reported nonadherence to bloodpressuremedications. Onphysical examination, the heart rate was 99 beats per minute and blood pressure was 247/130mmHg. An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and inferior T-wave inversion. Laboratory values are shown in Table 1. AnechocardiogramshowedmoderateLVHwithpreserved left ventricular systolic function and no segmental wall motion abnormalities. The following day she underwent coronary angiography,which revealed onlymild nonobstructive coronary artery diseasewith a 20% stenosis of the proximal left circumflex coronary artery.
Response of free-living adults to behavioral treatment of obesity: Attrition and compliance to exercise

The effects of a behavior modification program were studied in a free-living population of mildly obese adults over a one-year period. A total of 165 subjects were randomly assigned to control or to exercise-only, diet-only, or exercise-plus-diet behavior modification groups. The diet plan consisted of a prudent, reduced-fat regimen. Most subjects chose brisk walking for exercise. After the first 3 months, diet intervention was associated with a significant reduction in weight, percent body fat, and waist circumference. After 12 months, mean weight of the exercise-plus-diet group was lower than that of the exercise-only group. Interpretation of these results is difficult, because many of the subjects failed to adhere to the behavioral recommendations. Problems in treating obese adults without close therapist scrutiny are discussed.
Ultra-low-loss delay lines and resonators on a silicon chip

A monolithic, 27-meter long waveguide having optical loss of less than 0.1dB/m is demonstrated. The same process produces resonators having Q factors as high as 875 million. Applications are reviewed.
Comparative potency of gibberellins in inducing parthenocarpic fruit growth in Malus sylvestris Mill.

Die biologische Wirksamkeit der Gibberelline A1 bis A10, A13 und A14 wurde bei der Einsetzung von Parthenokarpie inMalus sylvestris Mill. festgestellt. Die Gibberelline A4 und A7 waren sehr wirksam, A1, A2, A3, A9, A10, A13 und A14 waren von mittelmassiger Wirksamkeit, wahrend A5, A6 und A8 waren unwirksam. Die mehr wirksamen Gibberelline besitzen, vom molekularen Standpunkt betrachtet, in der Stellung 7 keine OH-Gruppe.
β -Sn grain-boundary structure and self-diffusivity via molecular dynamics simulations

The self-diffusion properties of several $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{-Sn}$ symmetric tilt grain boundaries are examined using molecular dynamics simulations. The boundary types examined---(101), (201), (401), (310)-$\ensuremath{\Sigma}5$, and (410)---are chosen from those observed in experiment and from arbitrary Miller planes, giving a variety of tilt angles and interface properties. Planar structure factor and diffusivity profiles for each boundary are computed and a grain-boundary width, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{GB}$, is measured from these profiles. Larger diffusive widths $({\ensuremath{\delta}}_{GB})$ are exhibited by higher excess potential energy grain boundaries. Diffusivities $({D}_{GB})$ in the directions parallel to the interface plane are computed and activation energies are found with the Arrhenius relation. ${D}_{GB}$ (as ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{GB}{D}_{GB}$ normalized by ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{GB}$) is shown to agree well with experiment. We also investigate the anisotropic diffusive behavior of the (401) grain boundary and find that the low energy grain boundary exhibits very low activation energy diffusion, due to the development of diffusive channels.
Treatment of Sandifer Syndrome with an Amino-Acid–Based Formula

Objective To study the presentation and treatment in two infants who presented with refractory Sandifer syndrome (SS). Study Design We retrospectively reviewed the cases of two infants who presented to our outpatient clinic with SS who were refractory to conventional treatment. Results We report two patients with refractory SS who responded to treatment with hypoallergenic formula. Conclusion It is important to consider a diagnosis of milk protein allergy responsive to hypoallergenic formula in patients with SS who are refractory to conventional antireflux treatment.
State notation of behavioral procedures

State notation has been increasingly utilized to describe and implement behavioral procedures since its adaptation for this purpose in 1970. The original version describes states as unique segments of an experimental procedure, accompanied by specified stimulus conditions. Transitions among states are triggered by inputs from the subject, or by the passage of time, and may be the occasion for changing stimulus conditions, recording data, or per-forming other operations. Extensive usage has suggested a number of possible improvements, and the notation therefore has been expanded and modified. Revisions recently incorporated in state notation increase its power as a descriptive device for effectively communicating the procedural details of reinforcement contingencies.
Erythrocyte membrane docosapentaenoic acid levels are associated with islet autoimmunity: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young.

Aims/hypotheses We previously reported that lower n-3 fatty acid intake and levels in erythrocyte membranes were associated with increased risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) but not progression to type 1 diabetes in children at increased risk for diabetes. We hypothesise that specific n-3 fatty acids and genetic markers contribute synergistically to this increased risk of IA in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY).
Why Orton Was Right.

Two years ago, at the annual meeting of this Society, I was approached by someone who told me that she was distressed to discover that The Orton Society "had now adopted the medical model and had abandoned what should have been its major interest," i.e., the re-education of the dyslexic child. I replied with two statements. The first was that I had seen no evidence at all that the Society had given up its interest in developing training programs for the dyslexic, and, indeed, it is clear both from the program of that meeting and the program of this one that most of the presentations are devoted to this very topic. My second answer was that, after all, this was The Orton Dyslexia Society, and that if one were aware of just what Samuel Torrey Orton had said and done, it would become immediately obvi ous why The Orton Dyslexia Society had decided to devote a portion of its energy to the study of the brain. It is fascinating to reconstruct the history of the awakening of Dr.
Quality improvement in an inventory model with finite-range stochastic lead times

Typically, traditional inventory models operate under the assumption of perfect quality. In this paper we modify an inventory model with finite-range stochastic lead time to allow for a random number of defective units in a lot. However, there is an extra cost for holding the defective items in the lot for the period before it is returned to the supplier. This paper also considers the option of investment to improve quality. Closed-form relationships are obtained for a quality-adjusted model as well as a quality improvement model. Numerical examples confirm that the option of investment in quality improvement results in significant cost savings. Sensitivity analysis shows that the quality improvement model is robust.
A CYLINDRICAL CONTACT MODEL FOR TWO DIMENSIONAL MULTIASPERITY PROFILES

In practice, multi-asperity contact problems are often solved as two dimensional (2D) plane problems rather than true three dimensional (3D) problems. This is accomplished by assuming that each peak on a 2D scanned profile is the pinnacle of a half sphere. Hertz contact equations are then used to solve for the radius of contact and pressure profile. In reality, the local maximum in the plane may not be the maximum in the unmeasured depth direction, creating inherent errors in the contact model. This error is shown to be significant in contact problems when estimating the area of contact and total contact force over a single asperity. The pressure corrected Sternberg-Turteltaub model is introduced, in which a cylinder is used to model a sphere in a plane. This model is shown to improve the contact area and total force estimates for a range contact parameters.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
To Be A Slave in Brazil: 1550-1888

The book places the slave in the center of the history not simply as a type of labor, but as an actor whose culture, actions and decisions influenced the operation of the system. Written with verve and grace for a general readership.
A framework for trusted instruction execution via basic block signature verification

Most of today's computers are connected to the Internet or at least to a local network, exposing system vulnerabilities to the potential attackers. One of the attackers' goals is the execution of the unauthorized code. In this paper we propose a framework that will allow execution of the trusted code only and prevent malicious code from executing. The proposed framework relies on the run-time verification of basic block signatures. The basic block signatures are generated during a trusted installation process, using a signature function with secret coefficients and the address of the basic block within a program. The result of the trusted installation is the encrypted basic block signature table (BBST), which is appended to the program binary. The potential of the proposed framework is evaluated using traces of SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks. The results indicate that the proposed mechanism does not have a large negative impact on performance.
On the nonlinear Appell's equations and the determination of generalized reaction forces

Abstract This paper carries out the following tasks: (i) first, a vectorial derivation of the most general Appellian equations of motion for systems under nonlinear (first-order) nonholonomic constraints, and (ii) second, an extension of these equations, with the help of the “principle of freeing/relaxation of the constraints” (Hamel's “Befreiungsprinzip”), to include the reactions caused by these (virtual-) workless constraints. Section 1 summarizes the necessary analytical mechanics background and then proceeds to the derivation of the reactionless Appell's equations, while Section 2 combining the principles of d'Alembert/Lagrange (virtual work) and freeing/relaxation of constraints, arrives at the general Appellian equations including reactions. Section 3 ends the discussion with an application of this theory to the calculation of the reactions in the well-known (linear nonholonomic) knife edge/sled problem.
The use of oocytes for the bioassay of ras

Fully grown Xenopus laevis oocytes dissected from ovaries are at a stationary state of meiotic prophase arrest. They can be triggered to enter meiosis by various agents such as progesterone, which acts through the outer membrane, or oncogenic ras protein, which acts upon injection. This process, the meiotic maturation of the oocyte that results in the breakdown of the nucleus or the germinal vesicle, is the essence of the biological assay for ras activity.
Reduced T-lymphocyte subsets in systemic lupus erythematosus: Effects of immune complexes and lymphocytotoxic antibodies

Abstract Patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) show significant reductions of T cells with receptors for the Fc portion of IgG, Tγ cells, which have been found to suppress in vitro B-cell responses to pokeweed mitogen. T cells with receptors for the Fc portion of IgM, Tμ cells, which show both helper and suppressor functions, are also reduced in SLE. Levels of both Tγ and Tμ cells in patients with inactive disease are intermediate between those of patients with active SLE and normal individuals. In a majority of individual patients, levels of Tγ cells were found to fluctuate with disease activity. SLE patients with reduced levels of Tγ cells showed high levels of circulating immune complexes, although a uniform inverse correlation was not detected. The pathophysiologic mechanisms in the observed decrease of T-cell subsets in SLE patients were studied by determination of the effect of aggregated IgG (an in vitro model of immune complexes) and lymphocytotoxic antibodies on T-cell subsets from normal individuals. Addition of aggregated IgG led to irreversible reduction of Tγ cells with no effect on Tμ cells. By contrast, both types of T-cell subsets were reversibly decreased by SLE sera with lymphocytotoxic antibody activity. Thus the observed decrease in T-cell subsets appears to be secondary to both immune complexes and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in SLE patients, and is reversible with remission of disease activity. Analysis of T-cell subpopulations in SLE appears to reflect other laboratory parameters associated with disease activity in these patients.
Sociology and Public Theology: A Case Study of Pro-Choice/ Prolife Common Ground

Cet article examine les conditions dans lesquelles une sociologie des religions peut se developper dans une perspective neo-aristotelicienne. Pour ce faire, l'A. etudie la theologie publique du cardinal Joseph Bernardin dont il extrait la notion d'ethique coherente. Il met en evidence cette notion dans une etude de cas concernant la recherche d'un terrain d'entente entre adversaires de l'avortement et promoteurs d'une politique sociale dans l'Etat du New Jersey. Il fait appel a la sociologie de l'action d'Alain Touraine pour placer son etude dans un contexte sociologique general, de sorte que les associations de sociologie des religions (et en particulier l'ASR) puissent fournir des contributions appropriees aux theologies publiques
Impact of role in the decision to fail: An exploratory study of terminated projects

Abstract Our research examines factors used by public service personnel and their contractors to reach the decision to terminate a project. Two decision-making roles are studied: executives, those with the authority to start or cancel a project, and project managers, those who direct the day-to-day operations of the project. Our exploratory survey research, an initial step in this topic, suggests that different roles cluster critical termination factors uniquely and use different decision weighting levels on these factors. On a second construct, information gathering actions, such as scanning and interpretation, show an indication of bias, particularly sunk cost bias, and this bias is experienced differently by executives and project managers. Interestingly, the scale of a project, in terms of labor-hours, calendar time, or budget, does not appear to be related to perception of ‘failure’. The implications for the management of government safety projects are that care must be taken to understand the differing viewpoints of the two types of decision-makers and that the initial presentation of information concerning a project may influence the perception of a project's outcome. While there are several implications for operations management research, the most critical is that care must be given when surveying “managers” concerning subjective measures of ‘success’ or ‘failure’ as there can be radical perceptual differences by role.
Extraretinal feedback and visual localization

The effect of saccades on visual localization was tested before, during, and after the eye movements. After saccades, localization errors were much less than the distance that the eyes had moved. It is argued that these results demonstrate that extraretinal feedback affects visual localization. The results also suggest that the feedback is related to acceleration rather than to position. Implications for inflow and outflow theories are discussed.
Glucagon stimulation of plasma renin activity in humans.

Administration of 0.2 mg of glucagon by intravenous bolus resulted in an increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) in 2 of 5 normal volunteers on their usual diet. Two of the nonresponders subsequently showed a PRA response to glucagon after sodium depletion. A lower dose of glucagon (0.01 mg) had no effect on PRA despite a 31 mg/100 ml rise in blood glucose and a peak plasma glucagon of over 2000 pg/ml. In conclusion, glucagon can stimulate PRA but it is not a potent stimulator; its effect may be potentiated by sodium depletion.
Questionable efficacy of plasma exchange for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after bone marrow transplantation

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an uncommon complication presumably associated with extensive endothelial cell damage due to Cyclosporine, total body irradiation, or other drugs. While the majority of patients with primary TTP, which is considered to be an autoimmune process, respond to plasma exchange, TTP after BMT has a very poor prognosis. A total of 7 patients out of 307 patients who underwent BMT were diagnosed with TTP during 1989-1999. The diagnosis of TTP was made based on thrombocytopenia and microhemangiopathic hemolytic anemia characterized by an elevated LDH and the presence of schistocytes on the peripheral blood smear. Five patients were treated with plasma exchange (PE) using fresh frozen plasma and/or cryoprecipitate poor plasma as replacement fluid. One patient was treated using a protein A column. One patient did not receive plasma exchange because the 125 patient was clinically stable and was discharged. It was hard to assess the efficacy of PE due to the multiplicity of the patients' clinical condition and laboratory data. At least 4 patients did not respond to PE and 2 patients were not able to be evaluated due to multi organ failure. However, all patients died. It is not clear at this moment if PE for patients with TTP after BMT is truly beneficial.
Verbal mediation of transposition as a function of age level.

Abstract Previous experiments on transposition and reversal-shift have suggested that young children's verbalizations do not control their overt choice behavior. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine if overt verbalization elicited by instruction during training would control the choice during a transposition test and to determine if the amount of verbal control was a function of age level. The results indicated that the verbalization during training did control the amount of transposition in the two groups of older children but that very young children's choice is not controlled by their verbalization.
Human Factors Lessons Learned in Terminal Air Traffic Control System Procurement

The Federal Aviation Administration Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS) acquisition program will replace aging terminal radar workstations and computers at 172 US airports. In 1...
Choline incorporation into phospholipids by microsomal fractions from L5178Y lymphoma.

Abstract Microsomal fractions prepared from mouse lymphoma L5178Y grown in culture incorporated choline into cellular phospholipids when either choline or CDP-choline was used as the labeled precursor. Incorporation of label from CDP-choline was stimulated by Mg2+ and inhibited by Ca2+. In contrast, incorporation of label from choline required Ca2+ and was inhibited by EGTA. The characteristics of incorporation indicated that L5178Y cells have the capacity to utilize choline for phospholipid synthesis through both the Kennedy pathway and Ca2+-stimulated choline exchange.
Greatly increased cancellous bone formation with rapid improvements in bone structure in the rat maternal skeleton after lactation.

There is a decrease in cancellous bone mass and strength during lactation but these are partially or completely reconstituted in the postlactational period. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in cancellous bone structure and formation after lactation in established breeder rats. For this, rats were taken at the end of the second pregnancy (Preg-2) and second lactation (Lac-2) and 2, 4, and 6 weeks after weaning. Nulliparous (NP) groups were included for comparisons. Bone structure was measured using morphometric methods and bone dynamics by histomorphometry. Tibial metaphyseal cancellous bone was lost during the first reproductive cycle, as expected, and again depleted during the Lac-2. Bone formation indices were elevated at the end of Lac-2, compared with those at the end of the second pregnancy or in the nulliparous animals. Within 2 weeks after the second weaning, the amount of double-labeled surface (dLS) increased ∼800%, the mineralizing surface (MS) increased >400% with similar increases in bone formation rates (BFRs), compared with already elevated bone formation measured at the end of Lac-2. From 2 to 4 weeks after lactation, there were commensurate increases in cancellous bone mass and structural indices with essentially complete restoration of cancellous bone volume and structure compared with that measured at the end of Preg-2. The results show rapid and substantial increases in bone formation with reconstitution of cancellous bone mass and structure after lactation in rats. The skeletal changes that occur during the postlactational period may serve to prepare and protect the maternal skeleton for subsequent reproductive cycles.
A Recipe for Change: Promoting Connection Through Relational-Cultural Theory

This column is designed to underscore relationally-based creative interventions used by counselors and psychotherapists in their practices. Our intention is to provide examples of novel, innovative ways of working with clients in their efforts to deepen self-awareness and their connections with others. Although the interventions within this column will be presented in a linear “how to” manner, an essentional premise of this column is that interventions submitted for publication have a contextual and relational basis. Basic to this column is the therapeutic focus of working through latent hurts and impediments to our clients’ health and happiness. Client goals generally involve creating the requisite emotional space needed for genuine relational choice for connection to manifest. If you have created a useful therapy tool, or if you have adapted an existing creative tool that you would like to share with readers, please follow submission guidelines in the author information packet available at http://www.cr...
Phenomenal background frequency and the concreteness/imagery effect in verbal discrimination learning

College students gave frequency ratings for concrete and abstract words which were equated on normative frequency. The results replicated the finding of Galbraith and Underwood (1973) that abstract words are perceived to be higher in frequency than concrete words. Different subjects then learned verbal discrimination lists consisting of both abstract and concrete pairs. While the usual concreteness effect was obtained when abstract and concrete items differed widely on phenomenal frequency, it disappeared when these items were equated on perceived frequency. The finding that appropriate frequency manipulations can eliminate the concreteness/imagery effect, coupled with similar findings for other stimulus characteristics, lends strong support to the frequency theory of discrimination learning.
Better Capacity Planning with Queueing Network Models

Capacity planning is the key to orderly growth, and performance modeling is the key to orderly capacity planning. Queueing network models have emerged as the preferred performance modeling technology for many capacity planning applications. This article familiarizes data center operations managers with the capabilities of queueing network models and assists performance analysts in using this planning tool by developing and modifying a hypothetical system model using a typical software package for queueing network modeling.
CHEMICAL RESTORATION IN NITELLA : II. RESTORATIVE ACTION OF BLOOD.

Cells of Nitella exposed to distilled water lose their ability to produce action currents and to distinguish electrically between sodium and potassium. This ability was quickly restored by exposure to blood plasma deprived of calcium. Human blood and that of the cat, calf, and sheep gave essentially the same results. The active agents appear to be organic substances.
The social accomplishment of music in a symphony orchestra: A phenomenological analysis

The accomplishment of musical performance in a symphony orchestra is analyzed phenomenologically based on participant observation. Musicians rely on the we-relationship, gestural communication, common stock-of-knowledge, melody, and the conductor's hermeneutics to coordinate diverse perceptions and time structures. The self of the musician appears in codings of mistakes and in the orchestral hierarchy. Thelebensvelt of the rehearsal is directed towards its abandonment to the world-of-music.
Effects of intracellular Ca2+ depletion and glucocorticoid on stimulated adrenocorticotropin release by rat anterior pituitary cells in a microperifusion system.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), and angiotensin-II (All) elicit a biphasic ACTH secretory response by perifused anterior pituitary cells consisting of an initial transient (<3-min) spike phase and a subsequent sustained plateau phase. In contrast, CRF produces a monophasic sustained plateau type of ACTH secretory response. We have previously demonstrated that 1) influx of extracellular Ca2+ (Cae2+) via L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels is involved in both the response to CRF and the sustained phase of the response to AVP and OT; 2) release of intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+) is involved in the spike phase of the response to AVP, OT, and All; and 3) activation of protein kinase-C is required for the sustained phase, but not for the spike phase, of the response to AVP. CRF action is mediated by activation of protein kinase-A). In this study we further examined the role of Cai2+ by exploiting the fact that a low concentration (1 μM) of ionomycin, a potent Ca2+ ionophore, releases Cai2+ from nonmitoc...
Biofilms in nephrology

Background: Biofilms are bacterial communities ubiquitous to moist environments. Biofilm formation is a factor in the development and persistence of infectious diseases. In clinical nephrology, biofilms influence the development of kidney stones and affect dialysis systems, including peritoneal and central venous catheters. Biofilms also play critical roles in persistent and resistant renal and urinary tract infections. Objective: To describe the physiology of biofilms and potential effects of biofilms upon infectious diseases, focusing on the role of biofilms in kidney stones, indwelling catheters and dialysis equipment. Methods: A literature search with Medline to identify pertinent English language articles published up to early 2008 using the keywords biofilm, nephrology, renal, calculi and infection. Results/conclusion: Biofilms are ubiquitous in clinical nephrology and play a role in the pathogenesis of resistant infections. Strategies for reducing the effects of biofilms in nephrology are described.
Wave-equation tomography

The relation between ray-trace and diffraction tomography is usually obscured by formulation of the two methods in different domains: the former in space, the latter in wavenumber. Here diffraction tomography is reformulated in the space domain, under the title of wave-equation tomography. With this transformation, wave-equation tomography projects monochromatic, scattered wavefields back over source-receiver wavepaths, just as ray-trace tomography projects traveltime delays back over source-receiver raypaths. Derived under the Born approximation, these wavepaths are wave-theoretic backprojection patterns for reflected energy; derived under the Rytov approximation, they are wave-theoretic back-projection patterns for transmitted energy.Differences between ray-trace and wave-equation tomography are examined through comparison of wavepaths and raypaths, followed by their application to a transmission-geometry, synthetic data set. Rytov wave-equation tomography proves superior to ray-trace tomography in dealing with geometrical frequency dispersion and finite-aperture data, but inferior in robustness. Where ray-trace tomography assumes linear phase delay and inverts the arrival time of one well-understood event, wave-equation tomography accommodates scattering and inverts all of the signal and noise on an infinite trace simultaneously. Interpreted through the uncertainty relation, these differences lead to a redefinition of Rytov wavepaths as monochromatic raypaths, and of raypaths as infinite-bandwidth wavepaths (Rytov wavepaths averaged over an infinite bandwidth).The infinite-bandwidth and infinite-time assumptions of ray-trace and Rytov, wave-equation tomography are reconciled through the introduction of bandlimited raypaths (Rytov wavepaths averaged over a finite bandwidth). A compromise between rays and waves, bandlimited raypaths are broad backprojection patterns that account for the uncertainty inherent in picking traveltimes from bandlimited data.