cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daring to Lead with Hope: Association of Professors and Researchers in Religious Education Presidential Address November 3, 2002.

Current relational crises in the global village and the damaging treatment of Mother Earth challenge religious educators to be leaders who will not shrink back from the responsibility of helping to create a better world. There is an intensifying call for these educators to carry out vocations that contribute to a sustainable communal and earth environment in which peace, love, justice, reconciliation, and the care of the environment reside. Religious educators are called on to dare to lead in ways that also kindle similar leadership in others. This address invites religious educators into a self-reflection process on their identity and vocation and proposes practices of hopefilled leadership that center on a quest for a better world.
Resistance of grain boundary array to cleavage cracking in free-standing thin film

In a previous experimental study on free-standing silicon thin film, it was observed that cleavage front transmission across a through-thickness grain boundary could be considerably constrained by film surfaces. As a result, the boundary toughness was much lower than its bulk counterpart. In this study, inspired by the observation of crack front behaviors at triple grain boundary junctions, we perform a theoretical analysis on the fracture resistance of a regular grain boundary array in a thin film. The result indicates that as the cleavage front breaks down into a number of sections by the grain boundaries, the overall fracture resistance can be increased by nearly 60%. However, if the grain size is too small, the fracture resistance may decrease. The optimum grain size is around 1/5 to 1/4 of the film thickness. This finding provides a scientific basis for further experimental investigation on advanced processing techniques.
Arsenic inhibits hedgehog signaling during P19 cell differentiation

Arsenic is a toxicant found in ground water around the world, and human exposure mainly comes from drinking water or from crops grown in areas containing arsenic in soils or water. Epidemiological studies have shown that arsenic exposure during development decreased intellectual function, reduced birth weight, and altered locomotor activity, while in vitro studies have shown that arsenite decreased muscle and neuronal cell differentiation. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays an important role during the differentiation of both neurons and skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether arsenic can disrupt Shh signaling in P19 mouse embryonic stem cells, leading to changes muscle and neuronal cell differentiation. P19 embryonic stem cells were exposed to 0, 0.25, or 0.5 μM of sodium arsenite for up to 9 days during cell differentiation. We found that arsenite exposure significantly reduced transcript levels of genes in the Shh pathway in both a time and dose-dependent manner. This included the Shh ligand, which was decreased 2- to 3-fold, the Gli2 transcription factor, which was decreased 2- to 3-fold, and its downstream target gene Ascl1, which was decreased 5-fold. GLI2 protein levels and transcriptional activity were also reduced. However, arsenic did not alter GLI2 primary cilium accumulation or nuclear translocation. Moreover, additional extracellular SHH rescued the inhibitory effects of arsenic on cellular differentiation due to an increase in GLI binding activity. Taken together, we conclude that arsenic exposure affected Shh signaling, ultimately decreasing the expression of the Gli2 transcription factor. These results suggest a mechanism by which arsenic disrupts cell differentiation.
Analysis of conformationally restricted alpha-ketoglutarate analogues as substrates of dehydrogenases and aminotransferases

Five synthetic, conformationally restricted alpha-ketoglutarate analogues were tested as substrates of a variety of dehydrogenases and aminotransferases. The compounds were found not to be detectable substrates of glutamate dehydrogenase, L-leucine dehydrogenase, L-phenylalanine dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamine transaminase K, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. However, two thermostable aminotransferases were identified that catalyze transamination between several L-amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine, glutamate) and the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues of interest. Transamination between L-glutamate (or L-phenylalanine) and the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues was found to be 0.13 to 1.08 micromol/h/mg at 45 degrees C. The products resulting from transamination between L-phenylalanine and the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues were separated by reverse-phase HPLC, and the newly formed amino acid analogues were analyzed by LC-MS in an ion selective mode. In each case, the ions obtained were consistent with the expected product and a representative example is provided. The possibility existed that although the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues are not substrates of the dehydrogenases and most of the aminotransferases investigated, they might be good inhibitors. Weak inhibition of aminotransferases and glutamate dehydrogenase was found with some of the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues. The newly available thermostable aminotransferases may have general utility in the synthesis of bulky L-amino acids from the corresponding alpha-keto acids.
Extra Rabs unsnarl a lipid traffic jam

Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is a fatal lipid-storage disorder caused by a 'lipid traffic jam' in late endosomes and lysosomes. A recent study indicates that overexpression of the vesicular transport proteins Rab7 or Rab9 increases the flow of traffic, allowing accumulated lipids to leave the endosomes and reach the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.
Studies concerning the effect of ferric ferrocyanide, beet pulp, and fluoride upon 137cesium retention in the rat.

SummaryThe individual and additive effects upon the elimination of 137cesium from the body of supplementation of the diet with 1% ferric ferrocyanide (Prussian blue), 20% beet pulp, and 0.007% sodium fluoride was determined in rat muscle, femur, and carcass 30 days following a single intraperitoneal injection of the isotope. Ferric ferrocyanide showed a significant effect in reducing 137Cs retention in each of the examined tissues. Beet pulp showed a significant effect in reducing 137Cs retention in muscle tissue when used separately, and a greater effect when used in combination with ferric ferrocyanide and fluoride. Fluoride significantly reduced 137Cs retention in the femur when used separately. The combination of all dietary regimens resulted in the removal of 98.7 and 97.0% of the 137Cs in muscle and femur, respectively, and in the complete elimination of 137Cs from the remaining carcass of the rat.
Approximation rates for interpolation of Sobolev functions via Gaussians and allied functions

Abstract A Riesz-basis sequence for L 2 [ − π , π ] is a strictly increasing sequence X : = ( x j ) j ∈ Z in R such that the set of functions ( e − i x j ( ⋅ ) ) j ∈ Z is a Riesz basis for L 2 [ − π , π ] . Given such a sequence and a parameter 0 h ≤ 1 , we consider interpolation of functions g ∈ W 2 k ( R ) at the set ( h x j ) j ∈ Z via translates of the Gaussian kernel. Existence is shown of an interpolant of the form I h X ( g ) ( x ) : = ∑ j ∈ Z a j e − ( x − h x j ) 2 , x ∈ R , which is continuous and square-integrable on R , and satisfies the interpolatory condition I h X ( g ) ( h x j ) = g ( h x j ) , j ∈ Z . Moreover, the use of the parameter h gives approximation rates of order h k . Namely, there is a constant independent of g such that ‖ I h X ( g ) − g ‖ L 2 ( R ) ≤ C h k ∣ g ∣ W 2 k ( R ) . Interpolation using translates of certain functions other than the Gaussian, so-called regular interpolators, is also considered and shown to exhibit the same approximation rates.
Detection of Staphylococcus Enterotoxin I. Flotation Antigen-Antibody System

SUMMARY Staphylococcus enterotoxin B has been concentrated and removed from aqueous solution by froth flotation. An anionic wetting agent and an enterotoxin B antiserum labeled with Rhodamine are added to the toxin solution. Compressed air is blown through the mixture and a foam is produced. The dye-toxin complex, located in the top layer of the foam, separates from the remainder to give a distinctly red-colored fraction. With a slight increase in air pressure, the red fraction is removed. The toxin is identified by taking' one drop of the foam fraction, one drop of buffer at pH 4.5, and one drop of latex polystyrene suspension. Within 1 min a heavy agglutination occurs.
Joint protected area management: a proposal for the management of Sanctuaries and National Parks in India

SUMMARY With the aim of evaluating the biotic pressure on a protected area, Kuldiha Sanctuary in Orissa, India was taken as a case study. In the 19 villages lying within a 1 km radius of the Sanctuary, there are 9814 people with 19% literacy. Tribals constitute 73.3% of the population. Some 7507 head loaders collect firewood from the Sanctuary every day. In addition, 37 297 cattle enter the forest for grazing. Consequently alienating the people depending on the Sanctuary in the management and conservation of wild flora and fauna is not only futile but also detrimental to the socio-cultural-economic fabric of the ecosystem of the people. In this study, involvement of the local community in the protection and management of the Sanctuary and National Park is proposed and methods of implementation, funding and a legal framework are discussed.
Application of auxiliary Markov chains to start-up demonstration tests

We use auxiliary Markov chains to derive probabilistic results for five types of start-up demonstration tests, with start-ups that are Markovian of a general order. Four of the tests are based on consecutive (or total) successful start-ups and consecutive (or total) failures; the fifth has two rejection criteria. For each test type, we obtain the probability of the test ending with acceptance of the unit, the probability distribution and moments of the number of start-ups in the test, the probability of acceptance (or rejection) of the equipment in a specified number of trials, and the conditional distribution of the number of start-ups in the test given that the unit is accepted or rejected. Numerical examples are given. Though the results are for these specific types of start-up demonstration tests, the method of derivation may be used for tests with other stopping criteria, and in other situations as well.
Wavelet packets for error control coding

This paper introduces a class of wavelet packets based upon a set of biorthogonal basis functions. Using a Kronecker product formulation, we develop a self-similar factorization that obeys a set of perfect reconstruction conditions. This construction is then identified as a wavelet packet decomposition and is applied to the finite field case. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proposed wavelet packets can be applied as a well-known class of error control codes.
Statistical intensity correction and segmentation of MRI data

Many applications of MRI are facilitated by segmenting the volume spanned by the imagery into the various tissue types that are present. Intensity-based classification of MR images has proven to be problematic, even when advanced techniques such as non- parametric multi-channel methods are used. A persistent difficulty has been accommodating the spatial intensity inhomogeneities that are due to the equipment. This paper describes a statistical method that uses knowledge of tissue properties and intensity inhomogeneities to correct for these intensity inhomogeneities. Use of the Expectation-Maximization algorithm leads to a method (EM segmentation) for simultaneously estimating tissue class and the correcting gain field. The algorithm iterates two components to convergence: tissue classification, and gain field estimation. The result is a powerful new technique for segmenting and correcting MR images. An implementation of the method is discussed, and results are reported for segmentation of white matter and gray matter in gradient-echo and spin-echo images. Examples are shown for axial, coronal and sagittal (surface coil) images. For a given type of acquisition, intensity variations across patients, scans, and equipment have been accommodated without manual intervention in the segmentation. In this sense, the method is fully automatic for segmenting healthy brain tissue. An accuracy assessment was made in which the method was compared to manual segmentation, and to a method based on supervised multi-variate classification, in segmenting white matter and gray matter. The method was found to be consistent with manual segmentation, and closer to manual segmentation than the supervised method.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fabrication and Characterization of Spin-On Silica Xerogel Films

Xerogel films of high porosity were fabricated using an ambient pressure technique. The same porosity can be obtained with different microstructures by varying the aging time of the films. The dielectric constant of these films as a function of porosity at 1 MHz follows correlations originally developed for bulk aerogels. Diffusion of copper is orders of magnitude faster in these xerogels than in the corresponding thermal oxide. An activation energy of 0.9 eV was estimated based on a convective diffusion model.
Children Who Are Learning Disabled Gifted: Where Do They Belong?.

Summary Though they have characteristics common to both exceptionalities, children who are learning disabled/gifted (LDG) are usually known by those they share with the learning‐disabled population. More than likely, they are identified by the weaknesses they display, and thus are inappropriately served. This pilot study was an investigation of those characteristics they share with children who are gifted through the use of instruments which focus on their strengths instead of weaknesses. Three groups of children in West Virginia who are: gifted, learning disabled/gifted (LDG), and learning disabled (LD), were assessed on measures of (a) Higher cognitive processes, (b) Creativity, (c) Divergent feeling and (d) Motivation. On all measures, the LDG group resembled the gifted group more than they did the LD group. Differences were statistically significant between gifted and LD and between LDG and LD groups on all cognitive characteristics except Deductive reasoning and Verbal creativity. On several cognitiv...
Are there knobs on energy transducing membranesin situ

It is argued here that the projections which are frequently seen on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membranes and which are characterized as globules or spherical projections or as knob-on-stalks are an artifact of the preparation and/or of the staining of the submitochondrial particles or mitochondria. In sectioned or freeze-fractured preparations of intact cells or mitochondria, the externalized spheres are rarely seen on the membranes. They are, however, almost always seen on fragmented preparations, especially if they have been negatively stained with phosphotungstate.
The effects of fat-free, saturated and polyunsaturated fat diets on rat liver and plasma lipids.

The liver and plasma lipids and fatty acid composition of rats fed synthetic diets of differing fat type and content were studied. All animals were starved for 48 hr and then refed a high carbohydrate, fat-free diet for 48 hr. They were then divided into three groups and fed for an additional 48 hrs the following: group 1, the fat-free diet; group 2, a diet containing 44% of calories from corn oil; and group 3, a diet containing 44% calories from completely hydrogenated soybean oil. The total lipid concentration of the liver in the animals on the fat-free diet was elevated at 72 and 96 hr. The addition of either saturated or unsaturated fat in the diet at 48 hr prevented this accumulation. The total phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations of the liver were relatively uninfluenced by any diet in this study. Plasma total fatty acid concentration was elevated at 72 hr in the animals on a fat-free diet compared to those fed the stock diet, starved for 48 hr or fed the fat-containing diets. By 96 hr, however plasma fatty acid concentrations in all groups were similar to those in animals fed only the stock diet. The release of de novo synthesized fatty acids into plasma from the liver was strongly inhibited by dietary fat, either saturated or polyunsaturated. With the fat-free diet there was a significant increase in the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in both liver and plasma. The addition of corn oil to the diet facilitated a reversion of the fatty acid composition in liver and plasma to that found in the animals fed the stock diet ad libitum, but saturated fat did not. No effect of diet on the fatty acid composition of the red cells was observed during the course of this study. Exogenous saturated fatty acids, although similar chemically to the fatty acids synthesized by the liver, may have physiological actions that differ from endogenously synthesized fat.
MASS AND SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS IN THE COMPLETED MASS 21 AND 37 ISOSPIN QUARTETS

Low-lying $T=\frac{3}{2}$ levels of the mass-21 isospin quartet ($^{21}\mathrm{F}$, $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$, $^{21}\mathrm{Na}$, and $^{21}\mathrm{Mg}$) and of three members of the mass-37 quartet ($^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$, $^{37}\mathrm{K}$, and $^{37}\mathrm{Ca}$) have been investigated. An improved particle-identification system which employs two transmission ($\ensuremath{\Delta}E$) detectors and one stopping ($E$) detector and which permits the measurement of low-yield nuclear reactions was used to determine the masses of the ${T}_{z}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}$ nuclei $^{21}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{37}\mathrm{Ca}$ via the ($^{3}\mathrm{He}$, $^{6}\mathrm{He}$) reaction on $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ at ${E}_{^{4}\mathrm{He}}=56$ MeV. The complete experimental procedures followed in these three-neutron transfer investigations are discussed. The first three $T=\frac{3}{2}$ levels in $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$ were established by a simultaneous study of the $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(d, t)^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$ and $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(d, ^{3}\mathrm{He})^{21}\mathrm{F}$ reactions at 39.6 MeV, while the $^{22}\mathrm{Na}(d, t)^{21}\mathrm{Na}$ reaction at 42 MeV was utilized to observe the lowest $T=\frac{3}{2}$ level in $^{21}\mathrm{Na}$. Excitation energies of the lowest $T=\frac{3}{2}$ levels in $^{37}\mathrm{K}$ and $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ were determined via the $^{39}\mathrm{K}(p, t)^{37}\mathrm{K}$ and $^{39}\mathrm{K}(p, ^{3}\mathrm{He})^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ reactions induced by 45-MeV protons. Data from the complete quartets were used to test the isobaric-multiplet mass equation and the various predictions of the masses of neutron-deficient nuclei.
The effect of organophosphorous insecticides upon catecholamine fluorescence in the corpus centrale and frontal ganglion of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.)

Abstract Treatment of the house cricket Acheta domesticus (L.) with tetraethyl pyrophosphate and dicrotophos causes a depletion of the catecholamine stores of the central nervous system. Fluorescence microscopy of the brain and frontal ganglion 30 min after knock-down revealed a reduction in the catecholamine-specific fluorescence of the corpus centrale and frontal ganglion neuropile. In the corpus centrale the effect was much more pronounced and less variable with dicrotophos than with tetraethyl pyrophosphate, whereas both compounds appeared to have similar effects on the frontal ganglion. The possible relationship of this depletion to symptoms of intoxication requires further investigation.
Design solutions for thermal imaging devices in military vehicles

Designing infrared driver viewers for use in military vehicles poses a unique set of technical challenges to ensure operational usability. This paper describes driver, operational, and technical considerations that must be addressed for successful integration of infrared driver viewers in military vehicles. Discussed are requirements derived from user testing that influenced driver viewer design. The Driver's Vision Enhancer sensor and display are described. Also discussed are considerations that derive from the state of flat-panel display technology, including image intensity, field of view, and magnification. Relevant vehicle issues such as sensor position, and parallax are described. Driver issues such as display resolution, brightness, and symbology are addressed. Finally, design alternatives, solutions, and ongoing challenges are presented and discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cyr61 promotes breast tumorigenesis and cancer progression

Cyr61, a member of the CCN family of genes, is an angiogenic factor. We have shown that it is overexpressed in invasive and metastatic human breast cancer cells and tissues. Here, we investigated whether Cyr61 is necessary and/or sufficient to bypass the ‘normal’ estrogen (E2) requirements for breast cancer cell growth. Our results demonstrate that Cyr61 is sufficient to induce MCF-7 cells to grow in the absence of E2. Cyr61-transfected MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/Cyr61) became E2-independent but still E2-responsive. On the other hand, MCF-7 cells transfected with the vector DNA (MCF-7/V) remain E2-dependent. MCF-7/Cyr61 cells acquire an antiestrogen-resistant phenotype, one of the most common clinical occurrences during breast cancer progression. MCF-7/Cyr61 cells are anchorage-independent and capable of forming Matrigel outgrowth patterns in the absence of E2. ERα expression in MCF-7/Cyr61 cells is decreased although still functional. Moreover, MCF-7/Cyr61 cells are tumorigenic in ovariectomized athymic nude mice. The tumors resemble human invasive carcinomas with increased vascularization and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our results demonstrate that Cyr61 is a tumor-promoting factor and a key regulator of breast cancer progression. This study provides evidence that Cyr61 is sufficient to induce E2-independence and antiestrogen-resistance, and to promote invasiveness in vitro, and to induce tumorigenesis in vivo, all of which are characteristics of an aggressive breast cancer phenotype.
The growing role of NGOs in ASEAN

The role and activities of nongovernment organizations (NGOs) in Southeast Asia are increasing, says JoAnn Fagot Aviel, Professor of International Relations at San Francisco State University. This growth is being encouraged both by the increasing emphasis, world‐wide, on regionalization and by the attempts by the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to promote regional economic cooperation. Although in the past NGOs have been on the periphery of ASEAN, Aviel argues that the future of the Association may depend as much on the activities of NGOs as on those of ASEAN's governments and private enterprises. In this article, Aviel focuses on the role played by NGOs in the Asian region and their relationship with ASEAN. She predicts that NGO activity in Southeast Asia will continue to grow and forge links between people in the region.
In vivo and in vitro dopaminergic effects of three ergoline fragments

The pharmacological effects of three ergoline ftagments (BD-179, BD-271 and BD-214) were studied in vivo using the cat cardioaccelerator nerve preparation and in vitro using field stimulated isolated cat right atria. BD-179 and BD-271 produced dose dependent inhibition of tachycardia due to electrical stimulation of the right postganglionic cardioaccelerator nerve in anesthetized cats, BD-214 was inactive. BD-179 produced primarily hypotension, BD-271 produced a transient pressor response followed by hypotension and BD-214 produced only pressor effects. The tachycardia inhibitory effects and hypotension produced by BD-179 and BD-271 were antagonized by the dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride. BD-179, BD-271 and BD-214 antagonized the presynaptic inhibitory effects of the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine in vitro on field stimulated isolated cat right atria. All three ergoline fragments facilitated stimulation-induced increases in systolic tension development and BD-214 facilitated stimulation-induced tachycardia in isolated cat right atria.
Kinetic partitioning during folding of the p53 DNA binding domain.

The DNA-binding domain (DBD) of wild-type p53 loses DNA binding activity spontaneously at 37 °C in vitro , despite being thermodynamically stable at this temperature. We test the hypothesis that this property is due to kinetic misfolding of DBD. Interrupted folding experiments and chevron analysis show that native molecules are formed via four tracks ( a – d ) under strongly native conditions. Folding half-lives of tracks a – d are 7.8 seconds, 50 seconds, 5.3 minutes and more than five hours, respectively, in 0.3 M urea (10 °C). Approximately equal fractions of molecules fold through each track in zero denaturant, but above 2.0 M urea ∼90% fold via track c . A kinetic mechanism consisting of two parallel folding channels (fast and slow) is proposed. Each channel populates an on-pathway intermediate that can misfold to form an aggregation-prone, dead-end species. Track a represents direct folding through the fast channel. Track b proceeds through the fast channel but via the off-pathway state. Track c corresponds to folding via the slow channel, primarily through the off-pathway state. Track d proceeds by way of an even slower, uncharacterized route. We postulate that activity loss is caused by partitioning to the slower tracks, and that structural unfolding limits this process. In support of this view, tumorigenic hot-spot mutants G245S, R249S and R282Q accelerate unfolding rates but have no affect on folding kinetics. We suggest that these and other destabilizing mutants facilitate loss of p53 function by causing DBD to cycle unusually rapidly between folded and unfolded states. A significant fraction of DBD molecules become effectively trapped in a non-functional state with each unfolding–folding cycle.
The shoreline preservation index as a relative-age dating tool for late pleistocene shorelines: An example from the bonneville basin, U.S.A.

This paper evaluates the utility of the shoreline preservation index (s.p.i.) for estimating the age of late Pleistocene palaeolake shorelines, the relative influence of various factors on shoreline preservation, and whether shoreline preservation varies significantly with shoreline aspect. Sampled shorelines from the 3300 km2 study area, which includes the Skull, Tule and Puddle Valley portions of the Lake Bonneville basin, range in age from approximately 26 to 12 ka. Their total s.p.i. values range from 23 to 69 per cent, average 46 per cent, and do not vary significantly with shoreline aspect. The data from Skull and Tule Valleys, where studied shorelines are of known age, are analysed first in order to determine if there are statistically significant associations between variables representing shoreline preservation, age, degree of geomorphic development and duration of subaerial exposure. Pairwise correlation is then repeated using observations from all three valleys in order to determine how data from the Puddle Valley shorelines, whose hypothesized ages are not supported by radiocarbon analyses, affect the results. Results show that s.p.i. is useful as a relative-age dating tool, that the postulated ages of the Puddle Valley shorelines are ordinally correct, and that geomorphic development is not an important influence on the preservation of these late Pleistocene shorelines. The relative importance of shoreline age and the relative unimportance of duration of subaerial exposure with respect to shoreline preservation suggest that subaqueous processes play a more substantial role in shoreline obliteration than is generally suggested.
Pressure Transients Occurring in Diastole in the Central Aorta

From the observations noted and from physical considerations, the following may be concluded: Cardiac events of sufficient energy content to cause sudden displacement of the heart and great vessels give rise to pressure transients that may be seen in all chambers if carefully looked for. These are, in reality, "acceleration" waves superimposed upon otherwise smooth pressure functions. Such an oscillation occurs normally at the time of isometric ventricular contraction. The energy content of isometric ventricular contraction results in an induced pressure wave in all chambers, but is most prominently seen in the low pressure atria as the "c wave, " and in the aorta and pulmonary artery as small, relatively high frequency, presystolic impulses. The event is obscured in the ventricles by the rapidly rising intraventricular pressure but may be identified when the ventricular pressure is differentiated. Under pathological circumstances, atrial contraction and early ventricular filling may result in peripherally recordable pressure deflections.
Mature Clinical Outcomes of Proton Radiation for Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas

Hippocampi (ipsi/contralateral) (N Z 8) 0.17/0.049 0.13/0.051 +28.0 (P Z .08)/ 4.9 (P Z .78) 2590.7/ 705.56 2191.94/ 1309.91 + 18.2 (P Z .31)/ 46.14 (P Z .09) Optic nerves (ipsi/contralateral) (N Z 8) 2552.85/ 1999.81 2914.35/ 2110.11 12.4 (P Z .21)/ 5.2 (P Z .70) Chiasm (N Z 10) 2510.31 2659.55 5.6 (P Z .31) Cochleae (ipsi/contralateral) (N Z 8) 2441.59/ 666.3 2929.95/ 1454.65 16.7 (P Z .25) 54.2 (P Z .015) 1582/ 422.33 2115.4/ 1011.08 25.2 (P Z .14)/ 58.2 (P Z .03)
A Flexible Route to (5R)-Thiolactomycin, a Naturally Occurring Inhibitor of Fatty Acid Synthesis

A new and efficient asymmetric synthesis of naturally occurring (5R)-thiolactomycin (1) using d-alanine as the source of chirality is described.
Knowledge Base in Physical Education Teacher Education: A Proposal for a New Era

Physical education in schools is in crisis and, although the causes for this crisis are many, this paper argues that Physical Education Teacher Education's present knowledge base contributes to it because it does not prepare teachers to be transformative agents. This paper proposes an alternative knowledge base to that articulated for PETE by NASPE in 1995 (i.e., Beginning Teacher Standards). Two premises frame this proposal: first, that knowledge is partisan and dynamic and hence must be conceptualized within a multidimensional sociocultural matrix including ethical and political matters. Second, that teachers must be viewed not as technicians merely transmitting their subject matter but as transformative intellectuals able to engage in professional reform. With these two premises in mind, this proposal presents five PETE knowledge areas intended to better prepare novices for teaching in today's and tomorrow's schools and lift physical education out of the crisis
Health-related quality of life in childhood cancer: discrepancy in parent-child reports.

The purpose of our study was to describe reports of parents and of children with cancer on items taken from 4 domains of health-related quality of life (HRQL), bodily pain/distress, general health perceptions, physical functioning and limitations in role/social functioning as a result of physical health, and to examine whether differences in parent-child reports varied as a function of the child's health condition (cancer vs. healthy). Twenty-seven child-parent dyads with cancer and 27 child-parent dyads who were healthy (child ages 8 to 18 inclusive) completed measures of child HRQL [Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form (CHQ-PF50) and Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-CF87)] and demographic information at a scheduled out-patient general pediatric or pediatric oncology clinic appointment. Sixteen items included on both the CHQ-CF87 and CHQ-PF50 were examined to compare parent and child reports of child HRQL. As hypothesized, greater discrepancies were evident in the reports of parents of children with cancer than parents of children who are healthy [F(16,31) = 3.98, p < 0.0001]. Statistically significant discrepancies emerged in parent and child responses on 50% of the items in the sample of children with cancer, with parents reporting that their children experience more limitations in their lives than did the children themselves. In the healthy group, statistically significant discrepancies emerged on only 1 of the 16 items (6.3%).
Q‐factors and designs of CP microstrip antennas

This paper discusses simple designs for circularly polarized antennas without the need of phase shifters and power dividing networks. In particular, design formulas of several commonly used microstrip antennas are derived and quantitative information on the antenna Q-factor is presented to facilitate the design. Design examples are given to illustrate the proposed design procedure.
Interactions between Goal Instability and Social Support on College Freshman Adjustment.

The authors examined the moderating effect of goal instability on the benefits of components of perceived social support on entering freshmen's academic and personal adjustment. A significant interaction was identified between goal instability and two components of social support: appraised and belonging. Low goal-directed individuals reporting low appraised social support reported lower levels of personal adjustment than did high goal-directed individuals with the same level of appraised social support. In addition, high goal-directed individuals reporting a high sense of belonging reported greater personal adjustment than did high goal-directed individuals with low reported sense of belonging. Implications for the role of goal directedness and social support on improving college adjustment are discussed.
Genetic association studies in cardiology

The last decade has witnessed the emergence of the genetic association study into the mainstream clinical literature. Technological advances and the Human Genome Project have resulted in widespread interest in exploring these new variables in clinical disease. Although the concept of relating genetic variation to disease is exciting, this excitement must be tempered by the many limitations of such analyses. Here we offer a perspective piece on genetic association studies in cardiology. We begin with a fundamental research and clinical interest—linking genes with disease. We then concentrate the body of the article on the statistical aspects of these studies that are often overlooked or underemphasized. We then use specific examples from the literature to illustrate some of our statistical considerations. We then focus on the distinction between association and causation and conclude with perspectives on how this field of study may move forward in a productive manner.
Relative navigation and control of a hexacopter

This paper discusses the progress made on developing a multi-rotor helicopter equipped with a vision-based ability to navigate through an a priori unknown, GPS-denied environment. We highlight the backbone of our system, the relative estimation and control. We depart from the common practice of using a globally referenced map, preferring instead to keep the position and yaw states in the EKF relative to the current map node. This relative navigation approach allows simple application of sensor updates, natural characterization of the transformation between map nodes, and the potential to generate a globally consistent map when desired. The EKF fuses view matching data from a Microsoft Kinect with more frequent IMU data to provide state estimates at rates high enough to control the vehicles fast dynamics. Although an EKF is used, a nodes and edges graph represents the map. Hardware results showing the quality of the estimates and flights with estimates in the loop are provided.
Ionic Liquids of Chelated Orthoborates as Model Ionic Glassformers

Ionic liquids based on various chelated orthoborate anions of different N-containing onium cations have been synthesized using an economic synthesis strategy. Most orthoborates do not crystallize. They are found to have much higher glass transition temperatures and room-temperature viscosities than those with perfluorinated anions such as TFSI-, BF4-, and CF3SO3- (Tf-), as predicted from anion polarizability arguments. The ambient conductivities of the new ionic liquids are low relative to those with perfluorinated anions. The transport properties all show that cohesion in these liquids increases, and ionic mobilities decrease, as anion size increases, implying that van der Waals interactions, not Coulomb interactions, have become the controlling influence. In view of their resistance to crystallization, the large range of temperature over which these liquids can be studied, their hydrophobic properties, and their high fragilities, these liquids may provide good model systems for fundamental liquid state ...
Some properties of trapped electrons, radicals and H atoms in glassy hydrocarbons☆

Abstract This autoreview summarizes studies made in the author's laboratory of the properties and reactions of electrons, radicals and hydrogen atoms produced in organic glasses at 77 K and below by γ-radiolysis and photolysis. The goal of the work has been to advance understanding of the mechanisms of formation, trapping and reaction of these intermediates. Optical and E.S.R. spectrometry, electrical conductivity and differential thermal analysis have been the techniques of analysis. The work has included selective wavelength bleaching of the I.R. spectra of trapped electrons in organic glasses: investigation of electron capture by free radicals and subsequent photodetachment from the carbanions; and determination of the heats of reaction of trapped electrons, ions and radicals when the glass is photobleached or warmed to permit diffusion. The effects of γ dose on the yield of trapped electrons, and of light intensity on the photobleaching of the et− are considered. The data on electrons are discussed with respect to the evidence which they give on the electron trapping mechanism, the variety of trap depths, electron tunneling and multiple retrapping without neutralization. Evidence is given on the fraction the radicals produced by γ-irradiation of a hydrocarbon glass which decay by random diffusive encounters as compared to intraspur reaction. CH3 radicals produced from methyl halides in 3-methylpentane glass by dissociative electron capture are shown to decay by abstraction of H from the C6H14 molecules, whereas in C6D14 the decay is attributable to geminate recombination (CH3+I−→ CH3I−). An example is given of the use of radical decay kinetics in hydrocarbon glasses to determine diffusion coefficients of small molecules which can react with the radicals. Hydrogen atoms are shown to be absent in the radiolysis of glassy hydrocarbons. These and related observations are discussed with respect to the information they give on the properties of the intermediates and on the total radiolytic process in the glasses.
Surface Form Memory in NiTi: Energy Density of Constrained Recovery During Indent Replication

Spherical indentation of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMA) to depths greater than about 3% of the indenter radius results in two-way shape-memory training in a deformation zone beneath the indent. If deep spherical or cylindrical indents are subsequently machined away just sufficiently to remove traces of the original indent (in the martensitic condition), a thermally induced and cyclically reversible flat-to-protruded surface topography is enabled. We term the phenomenon surface form memory. The amplitude of cyclic protrusions, or ‘exdents’, is related to the existence of a subsurface deformation zone in which indentation has resulted in plastic strains beyond that which can be accomplished by martensite detwinning reactions. Dislocation generation in this zone is thought to underlie the observed two-way shape-memory (TWSME) training effect. In this article, we show that these cyclic exdents can perform appreciable mechanical work when displacing under load against a base-metal substrate (constrained recovery). This “non-Hertzian” indentation, which appears to be able to exert the full energy density of SMA actuation, may have use for assembly of micromachines, bond-release, microforging, microjoining, electrical switching, microconnectors, and variable heat transfer devices, among many other potential applications.
Markov finite approximation of Frobenius-Perron operator

THE PROBLEM of existence and computation of absolutely continuous invariant measures for nonsingular transformations on measure spaces is one of the main concerns in the modern ergodic theory [3]. Lasota and Yorke have established the existence of the invariant measures for a class of nonsingular measurable transformations S from [0, l] to itself [4]. Later in [6], Li and Yorke gave a sufficient condition for the uniqueness of this invariant density and thus for the ergodicity of the mapping. The classical Birkhoff’s Individual Ergodic Theorem says that, if ,U is an ergodic invariant probability measure under S, then for any measurable set A C [0, 11, the time average lim .+,(1/n) C~:AX~(S~(X)), which measures the “average time” spent in A under iteration of S, exists to be &I) for p-almost all x, where xA is the characteristic function of A (= 1 on A and = 0 off A). This seems to suggest that we may use the Cesaro sum of the above form to calculate the invariant measure. A simple and important example in [5], however, shows that the computer round-off error can completely dominate the calculation and make the implementation difficult. In order to overcome this difficulty, Li [5] proposed a rigorous numerical procedure which can be implemented on a computer with negligible round-off error problem. A mapping S: [0, l] + [0, l] is called piecewise C2, if there is a partition 0 = a,, < a, < ... < a, = 1 of [0, l] such that for k = 1, . . . , r, the restriction Sk of S on (uk_, , a,) is a C2-function which can be extended to the closed interval [ak_i, ak] as a C2-function. S need not be continuous at the point ak. For A c [0, 11, we write S-‘(A) for (x: S(x) E A). Throughout the paper we assume S is a nonsingular measurable transformation, i.e. S is measurable and for any measurable subset A c [0, l] with m(A) = 0, m(S-‘(A)) = 0. Here, m denotes the Lebesgue measure on (0, 11. The operator Ps: L'(0, 1) + L’(0, 1) defined by
Impact of highly basic solutions on sorption of Cs+ to subsurface sediments from the Hanford site, USA

The effect of caustic NaNO3 solutions on the sorption of 137Cs to the Hanford site micaceous subsurface sediment was investigated as a function of time, temperature (10 C or 50 C), and NaOH concentration. At 100C and 0.1 M NaOH, the slow evolution of [Al]aq was in stack contrast to the rapid increase and subsequent loss of [Al]aq observed at 50 C (regardless of base concentration). At 50 C, dissolution of phyllosilicate minerals increased with [OH], at 1 and 3 M NaOH solutions, almost complete dissolution of clay-sized phyllosilicates occurred. At 0.1 M NaOH, a zeolite (tetranatrolite) precipitated after about 7 days, while an unnamed mineral phase (Na2Al2Si3O10?2H2O) precipitated after 4 and 2 days of exposure to 1 M and 3 M NaOH solutions. At 100C there was no conclusive evidence of secondary mineral precipitation. The effect of base dissolution on Cs+ sorption by the Hanford sediment was investigated via (1) Cs+ sorption over a large concentration range (10-9 ? 10-2 mol/L) to sediment after exposure to 0.1 M NaOH for 56, 112, and 168 days, (2) Cs+ sorption to sediment in the presence of NaOH (0.1 M, 1 M, and 3 M NaOH) at Cs+ concentrations selected to probemore » high affinity, transition, and low affinity cation exchange sites, and (3) the application of a two-site numeric ion exchange model (Zachara et al. 2002a). No effect on Cs+ sorption to the Hanford sediment was observed during the 168 days sediment was exposed to 0.1 M NaOH, at 10 C; Cs+ sorption in the presence of base was well described by the ion exchange model when enthalpy effects were considered. In contrast, at 50 C, there was a trend toward slightly lower (log {approx} 0.25) conditional equilibrium exchange constants over the entire range of surface coverage, and a slight loss of high affinity sites (15%) after 168 days of exposure to 0.1 M base solution. However, model simulations of Cs+ sorption to the sediment in the presence of 0.1 M base for 112 days were good at the lower Cs+ surface densities. At the higher surface densities, model simulations under predicted sorption by 57%. This under prediction was surmised to be the result of tetranatrolite precipitation, and subsequent slow Na ? Cs exchange. At higher OH concentrations, Cs+ sorption in the presence of base for 112 days was unexpectedly equal to, or slightly greater than that expected for a pristine sediment. The presence of neoforms, coupled with the fairly unique mica distribution and quantity across all size-fractions in the Hanford sediment, appears to mitigate the impact of base dissolution on Cs+ sorption.« less
Trio engagement via plasma membrane phospholipids and the myristoyl moiety governs HIV-1 matrix binding to bilayers

Localization of the HIV type-1 (HIV-1) Gag protein on the plasma membrane (PM) for virus assembly is mediated by specific interactions between the N-terminal myristoylated matrix (MA) domain and phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. The PM bilayer is highly asymmetric, and this asymmetry is considered crucial in cell function. In a typical mammalian cell, the inner leaflet of the PM is enriched in phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and contains minor populations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and PI(4,5)P2. There is strong evidence that efficient binding of HIV-1 Gag to membranes is sensitive not only to lipid composition and net negative charge, but also to the hydrophobic character of the acyl chains. Here, we show that PS, PE, and PC interact directly with MA via a region that is distinct from the PI(4,5)P2 binding site. Our NMR data also show that the myristoyl group is readily exposed when MA is bound to micelles or bicelles. Strikingly, our structural data reveal a unique binding mode by which the 2′-acyl chain of PS, PE, and PC lipids is buried in a hydrophobic pocket whereas the 1′-acyl chain is exposed. Sphingomyelin, a major lipid localized exclusively on the outer layer of the PM, does not bind to MA. Our findings led us to propose a trio engagement model by which HIV-1 Gag is anchored to the PM via the 1′-acyl chains of PI(4,5)P2 and PS/PE/PC and the myristoyl group, which collectively bracket a basic patch projecting toward the polar leaflet of the membrane.
Making Transfer Climate Visible: Utilizing Social Network Analysis to Facilitate the Transfer of Training

In this article the authors introduce social network analysis (SNA) as a methodology for analyzing transfer climate prior to training. The literature has indicated that transfer climate is critical to a trainee’s ability to apply the new knowledge, skills, behaviors, and attitudes they gain through training back to the workplace. SNA serves as a tool for analyzing a participant’s organizational network relationships prior to training to help the facilitator, trainee, and supervisor gain an accurate picture of the transfer climate. Based on this analysis, measures can be taken to develop strategies to deal with relational barriers prior to training that will facilitate the participant’s transfer of learning back to the work environment. The process of conducting SNA is described and illustrated using a case example. The benefits of using SNA to enhance transfer climate and the implications for further research and practice are discussed.
Sortals and criteria of identity

In a recent article, Harold Noonan argues that application conditions and criteria of identity are not distinct from one another. This seems to threaten the standard approach to distinguishing sortals from adjectival terms. I propose that his observation, while correct, does not have this consequence. I present a simple scheme for distinguishing sortals from adjectival terms. I also propose an amended version of the standard canonical form of criteria of identity.