cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulling Back the Curtain: Uncovering and Changing Students' Perceptions of Scientists

Although there have been numerous scientists-in-the-classroom initiatives in recent years, there is little research that documents whether or not these initiatives make an impact on students. This study examined 27 seventh-grade and 27 tenth-grade students' perceptions of scientists before and after a weeklong educational experience on nanotechnology, where students interacted with scientists. The data from this project included student interviews (pre and post intervention), field notes, student stories, and follow-up interviews conducted 1 year after the project. Results showed that fewer than 10% of participants reported ever interacting with scientists in school settings prior to this project, despite attending schools in areas surrounded by a high density of scientists. Students' perceptions of scientists changed as a result of the project. The implications for science instruction are discussed.
Complex Modal Extraction for Estimating Wave Parameters in One-Dimensional Media

A method of complex orthogonal decomposition is applied to the extraction of modes from simulation data of multi-modal traveling waves in one-dimensional continua. The decomposition of a transient wave is performed on a nondispersive pulse. Complex wave modes are then extracted from a two-harmonic simulation of a dispersive medium. The wave frequencies and wave numbers are obtained by looking at the whirl of the complex modal coordinate, and the complex modal function, respectively, in the complex plane. From the frequencies and wave numbers, the wave speeds are then estimated, as well as the group velocity associated with the two waves. The group velocity is also extracted directly from a decomposition of the traveling envelope of the waveform. The observations from the first two examples are used to help interpret the decomposition of a simulation of the traveling waves produced by a Gaussian initial displacement profile in an Euler-Bernoulli beam. While such a disturbance produces a continuous spectrum of wave components, the sampling conditions limit the range of wave components (i.e. mode shapes and modal coordinates) to be extracted. Within this working range, the wave numbers and frequencies are obtained from the extraction, and compared to theory. The frequency distribution is then approximated. The results are robust to random noise.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Creative Thinking in the Classroom

Schools generally undervalue creativity. Perhaps teachers think creativity is no different from general intelligence or that schooling cannot or should not value creativity, or perhaps they do not know how to teach for creativity. This essay first argues that creativity is different from general intelligence; second, that teaching in a way that encourages and rewards creativity can improve school performance; and third, that children can learn to make certain kinds of decisions that will enhance their creativity. Creativity can be of different kinds and it is important that teachers reward all kinds of creativity.
Electrical properties of plasma-deposited fluorinated silicon nitride

Abstract Electrical properties of fluorinated silicon nitride films deposited from glow discharges of SiH 4 -He-NH 3 -NF 3 and SiH 4 -He-NH 3 -F 2 mixtures are investigated via high frequency capacitance-voltage and current-voltage techniques. The results are compared with those for unfluorinated silicon nitride films deposited from SiH 4 -He-NH 3 plasmas. All films exhibit counterclockwise hysteresis, indicating charge trapping in the film. When fluorine is added to the film, the dielectric constant decreases and the dielectric strength increases. Bias temperature stress measurements are performed to determine flatband voltages and fixed charge densities for fluorinated and unfluorinated films. Fluorinated films have more negative charge than unfluorinated films.
Acanthocephala from China

The present report is confined to the species found in Chinese amphibians by Faust in his field studies during the period from 1920 to 1925. Two new species of the genus Acanthocephalus are described in this paper and notes on their geographical distribution and host relationships are included along with observations on the occurrence of undetermined species of encysted larval Acanthocephala in amphibian hosts.
The Peruvian Civil Code, Property and Plunder Time for a Latin American Alliance to Resist the Neo Liberal Order

In Latin America as elsewhere, legal institutions imported from the capitalistic center have legitimized and covered up a process of economic and political domination. Traditional civilian legal culture first, and U.S. dominated rhetoric of the rule of law later, have provided a degree of intellectual legitimization. By looking at global economic transformations in the lifetime of the Code, this paper attempts to show that the real issues crucial to property law in Peru: resource distribution, social inequality and ethnic segregation, as elsewhere in Latin America, have not been tackled and truly discussed by legal scholars. Legal scholars have become prisoners of the myth of political neutrality first by civilian private law and later by the technocratic ideology of American inspired law and economics in development. They should rather unite to develop a new social constitution of Property, perhaps in the form of a Pan Latin American Code, granting to the historically exploited a right to International debt default. This paper was presented at the Catholic University of Lima for the 20 year Anniversary of the Peruvian Civil Code at an International Conference held in Lima, Peru on November 12, 2003.
Amyloid-β1–42 Slows Clearance of Synaptically Released Glutamate by Mislocalizing Astrocytic GLT-1

GLT-1, the major glutamate transporter in the adult brain, is abundantly expressed in astrocytic processes enveloping synapses. By limiting glutamate escape into the surrounding neuropil, GLT-1 preserves the spatial specificity of synaptic signaling. Here we show that the amyloid-β peptide Aβ1-42 markedly prolongs the extracellular lifetime of synaptically released glutamate by reducing GLT-1 surface expression in mouse astrocytes and that this effect is prevented by the vitamin E derivative Trolox. These findings indicate that astrocytic glutamate transporter dysfunction may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and suggest possible mechanisms by which several current treatment strategies could protect against the disease.
Diagnostics for Reservoir Structure and CO2 Plume Migration from Multilevel Pressure Measurements

Abstract A monitoring method currently under investigation for CO 2 sequestration involves having multiple, vertically distributed pressure sensors in a monitoring well extending down to the bottom of the storage reservoir. While above- zone monitoring is useful for leakage detection, pressure sensors in the storage reservoir are needed to track CO 2 plume migration in the storage reservoir itself. This study examines how multilevel pressure measurements in the storage reservoir, caprock, and overlying aquifer can be used to identify diagnostics for reservoir structure and CO 2 plume migration. Through analyses of multilevel pressure data, we are able to locate the height of the CO 2 plume.
Relative complexity of algebras

A simple algebraic model is proposed for measuring the relative complexity of programming systems. The appropriateness of this model is illustrated by its use as a framework for the statement and proof of results dealing with coding-independent limitations on the relative complexity of basic algebras.
Effects of dimenhydrinate on electroencephalographic activity.

Spontaneous EEGs of 10 undergraduates showed no changes within 90 min. for peak frequency (Hz) of alpha band or for percentage distribution of alpha band between dimenhydrinate and placebo conditions.
The cellular site of virus replication in the intestine of chicks infected with an avian adenovirus.

The terminal ileum from 10 chicks infected orally with strain 93 avian adenovirus and 5 uninfected chicks were examined by the fluorescent antibody technique and conventional histologic methods. In the infected birds, cells containing viral antigen were scattered, relatively few in number, and present only in the epithelial layer forming the surface of the villi. Both columnar and goblet cells were infected. Neither clusters of infected cells nor contiguous infected cells were observed. On stained sections examined with the light microscope, hypertrophied epithelial cells containing nuclear inclusions were seen to have essentially the same sparse and scattered distribution as cells containing viral antigen as shown by fluorescence techniques. The overall architecture of the epithelium was normal and no lymphoid hyperplasia or inflammatory reaction was present. The fluorescent antibody localization and inclusions implicate the nuclei of epithelial cells as the site of viral replication in the intestine with the particular model employed.
Endovascular radiofrequency ablation: a novel treatment of venous insufficiency in Klippel-Trenaunay patients.

Introduction Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) is an uncommon congenital disorder of uncertain etiology that comprises the clinical triad of varicose veins, port wine stain, and bony or soft-tissue hypertrophy. The literature suggests that the deep venous system is often under-developed. We propose that duplex venous ultrasound can effectively demonstrate patent deep venous systems in KTS patients with mild to moderate disease, and that endovascular radiofrequency ablation can be utilized in a safe and appropriate therapeutic manner. Methods A single center retrospective review of three patients with KTS treated with endovascular radiofrequency ablation of the KT veins and/or great saphenous veins was conducted. Preoperatively, patients underwent both venography and were studied with color flow duplex ultrasound system iU22 with a 7-5 MHz linear array probe (Philips Medical Systems, NA, Bothell, Wash). The anomalous KT veins, great saphenous and saphenous tributaries, and associated incompetent perforators were ablated with radiofrequency catheters (VNUS Medical Technologies, Inc, San Jose, Calif). All the radiofrequency ablations were complimented by ultrasound guided sclerotherapy of the varicose tributaries and when evident, incompetent perforator veins. Results The diagnostic series of duplex ultrasounds performed on our KTS patients has demonstrated contiguous deep venous systems in the effected extremity and effectively recognized the associated anomalous superficial venous systems. Our treatment resulted in successful occlusion of the incompetent veins in all three patients. Discussion The three patients, females aged 39, 19, and 16, presented with port wine stains and many years of leg-swelling and varicose veins that were recalcitrant to conservative treatment measures, including compression stockings and pulsed-dye laser therapy. Venography initially revealed poorly developed deep venous systems. However, venous ultrasound demonstrated patent and competent deep venous systems in all of the affected limbs. Radiofrequency ablations were performed to manage the sequella of venous insufficiency. At short-term follow-up, all patients demonstrated markedly decreased leg pain, edema, and varicose vein bulging. Conclusions Three KTS patients were successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation of the incompetent great saphenous and/or anomalous superficial veins. Although the deep veins were poorly visualized on venography, they were clearly demonstrated with duplex ultrasound and functioned adequately once the incompetent superficial veins were ablated.
Osterix-Cre Labeled Progenitor Cells Contribute to the Formation and Maintenance of the Bone Marrow Stroma

We have carried out fate mapping studies using Osterix-EGFPCre and Osterix-CreERt animal models and found Cre reporter expression in many different cell types that make up the bone marrow stroma. Constitutive fate mapping resulted in the labeling of different cellular components located throughout the bone marrow, whereas temporal fate mapping at E14.5 resulted in the labeling of cells within a region of the bone marrow. The identity of cell types marked by constitutive and temporal fate mapping included osteoblasts, adipocytes, vascular smooth muscle, perineural, and stromal cells. Prolonged tracing of embryonic precursors labeled at E14.5dpc revealed the continued existence of their progeny up to 10 months of age, suggesting that fate mapped, labeled embryonic precursors gave rise to long lived bone marrow progenitor cells. To provide further evidence for the marking of bone marrow progenitors, bone marrow cultures derived from Osterix-EGFPCre/Ai9 mice showed that stromal cells retained Cre reporter expression and yielded a FACS sorted population that was able to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes in vitro and into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and perivascular stromal cells after transplantation. Collectively, our studies reveal the developmental process by which Osterix-Cre labeled embryonic progenitors give rise to adult bone marrow progenitors which establish and maintain the bone marrow stroma.
Reverse time migration with optimal checkpointing

Reverse time migration (RTM) requires that fields computed in forward time be accessed in reverse order. Such out-of-order access, to recursively computed fields, requires that some part of the recursion history be stored (checkpointed), with the remainder computed by repeating parts of the forward computation. Optimal checkpointing algorithms choose checkpoints in such a way that the total storage is minimized for a prescribed level of excess computation, or vice versa. Optimal checkpointing dramatically reduces the storage required by RTM, compared to that needed for nonoptimal implementations, at the price of a small increase in computation. This paper describes optimal checkpointing in a form which applies both to RTM and other applications of the adjoint state method, such as construction of velocity updates from prestack wave equation migration.
The Polonium-210 Public Health Assessment: The Need for Medical Toxicology Expertise in Radiation Terrorism Events

In 1989, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) brought together a group of subject matter experts to form the Radiation Studies Branch (RSB). CDC tasked the RSB staff with assessing potential environmental health impacts of radiation released from US Department of Energy nuclear weapons production facilities. Shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, however, the mission of the RSB expanded to include (and to focus on) preparing the nation’s public health community, healthcare providers and citizens for intentional (i.e., terrorism-related) radiological incidents, accidents involving exposures to radiation, and unintentional environmental releases of radioactive materials. In late 2006, an event occurred in the UK for which the RSB was uniquely suited to respond. The radioactive isotope polonium-210 (Po) was deliberately used as a weapon against one person and, perhaps accidentally, released into the environment. Initially, it was unclear how many bystanders might have been unintended victims of the radioactive chemical. Some of those bystanders included American citizens travelling abroad at the time. The health physics and medical staff of the RSB promptly responded to requests for assistance from the US Department of State and the Health Protection Agency (HPA) of the UK to screen American citizens who had possibly come into contact with Po during their travel abroad. RSB staff also provided guidance and advice to individual citizens and to their physicians, to the US Department of Health and Human Services, to the media, and to the public at large about potential risks of adverse health effects from internal contamination. Finally, RSB staff helped coordinate the collection of biological specimens from concerned US citizens and provided interpretation of those results. In the autumn of 2006, residents of and visitors to London were held hostage by something they could not see, hear, smell, or taste: the radioactive isotope, Po. The apparent target of this deadly substance was a single individual—a former KGB agent who was an outspoken critic of the Russian government, Alexander Litvinenko. Indeed, approximately 3 weeks after the isotope had been smuggled into England and poured into his tea, Mr. Litvinenko succumbed to Po poisoning. But although this Russian dissident was the specific target, by the end of November, British officials had identified others who had been contaminated—presumably inadvertently—with this radioactive material. In the interim, other officials were discovering a forensic trail of Po throughout London and its suburbs. The spread of radiological material into the environment (whether by means of explosion or by simple dispersion) is what defines a radiological dispersal device (RDD) event. Inadvertent releases of radiological material may reasonably be classified as RDD “type” events as well. In Goiânia, Brazil (1987), for example, metal scavengers
A technique for spatially-resolved contact resistance-free electrical conductivity measurements of aligned-carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites

Abstract The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as an additive in polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) is being driven by a need to improve the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of composite materials for a variety of applications including advanced aerospace vehicles. The magnitude of electrical conductivity in CNT-containing PNCs is primarily influenced by the volume fraction, dispersion, interconnectivity and alignment of CNTs as well as the individual CNT properties, which are a function of diameter, chirality, and defects. Measurement techniques used to quantify the electrical conductivity of composites containing CNTs suffer from a host of issues including the influence of contact resistance, poor sample preparation leading to inadequate electrical contact of all concentric shells in aligned multi-walled CNT PNCs, and poor spatial resolution, which can obscure the micrometer- to millimeter-scale effects of inhomogeneities. In this study we demonstrate a new technique for measuring the local (∼100 μm resolution) conductivity of PNCs fabricated by infusing aligned CNT arrays with a non-conductive polymer, where the CNTs are continuous through the thickness of the composite. The technique involves the use of improved surface preparation processes, prior to the formation of electrical contacts, to ensure good electrical engagement of the CNTs. Furthermore, this technique provides a systematic process to remove the contribution of contact resistance and therefore measure the conductivity of the polymer nanocomposite alone. Using this technique we have measured a conductivity of 2.2 × 10 4 S/m for aligned CNTs (20% volume fraction) in RTM-6 aerospace epoxy.
Inhibition of tumor rejection by γδ T cells and IL-10

Although many tumors express tumor-specific antigens, most fail to stimulate effective immune responses. Tumors generally lack co-stimulatory molecules, which can lead to tolerance of tumor-specific T cells and progressive tumor growth. Here, we demonstrate that the ovalbumin (OVA) transfected EL4 tumor, E.G7-OVA, grows progressively in syngeneic mice even though the tumor can be rejected if the mice are immunized with OVA in adjuvant. E.G7-OVA grew more rapidly in RAG-1 deficient than sufficient mice suggesting that normal mice make an abortive immune response to this tumor. Depletion of γδ T cells or IL-10 augmented the ability of B6 mice to reject E.G7-OVA. Spleen cells from normal, but not IL-10 knockout, mice reconstituted rapid tumor growth in γδ T cell-deficient mice. Thus, γδ T cells play an important role in preventing immune elimination of this tumor by a mechanism that directly or indirectly involves IL-10.
Hodgkin's Disease Involving the Large Bowel

Hodgkin's disease (HD) is a malignancy that rarely affects the gastrointestinal tract. We describe a patient with disseminated, relapsed HD, in whom HD was found in a colorectal polyp. We also review the literature regarding HD involving the colon. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of colonic HD presenting as a polyp.
From Cognitive Neuroscience to Geriatric Neuropsychology: What Do Current Conceptualizations of the Action Error Handling Process Mean for Older Adults?

The fields of cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology have contributed an extensive corpus of research to the study of error monitoring processes in younger adults; however, less is known about error handling in older adults. This paper highlights current conceptualizations of error detection and correction in healthy and impaired older adult populations. The literature suggests that some error handling processes require fewer processing resources than others and may be performed relatively automatically. Compared with young adults, older adults demonstrate a reduced ability to recognize errors, but exhibit similar rates of correction. Older adults diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease) show a reduced ability to detect and correct their action errors. Thus, neurodegenerative disease processes amplify the impairments in error identification associated with normal aging by disrupting both automatic and controlled error corrections. The clinical implications of our current knowledge are discussed, and directions for future neuropsychological research are offered.
Triangulating health: Toward a practice of a political ecology of health

Calls for a political ecology of health have recently emerged in geography. This article builds on these to suggest a practice of a political ecology of health by incorporating the insights of medi...
‘meta-Wurster's crowns’: The synthesis and properties of meta-Phenylenediamine-based macrocycles

Abstract meta-Wurster's crowns are a new class of hosts that incorporate the meta-phenylenediamine moiety within a macrocyclic framework. We have used a Pd-catalyzed amination procedure in the synthesis of representative m-Wurster's crown members containing aza-12-crown-4, aza-15-crown-5 and aza-18-crown-6 macrocycles and bis/tris(macrocycles) containing aza-15-crown-5 units with yields ranging from 70 to 86%. Competitive alkali metal ion binding experiments, monitored by electrospray mass spectrometry, revealed that the monocyclic crowns form 1:1 complexes with the cation that best matches the crown topology. 13C NMR studies confirm the results from mass spectrometry and show the m-phenylenediamine moiety to interact with the bound ions, thus, establishing its participation as a direct link in the stabilization of the complexes. The bis and tris(macrocycles) were shown by cyclic voltammetry and 13C NMR spectroscopy to coordinate two and three sodium ions, respectively. Anodic shifts in the oxidation potentials of the ligands upon complexation were driven by complex stability, not charge density, with the largest shifts resulting from the cation that appears to best fit the crown.
Preliminary results of Zenith Fenestrated abdominal aortic aneurysm endovascular grafts

Abstract Background Patients with juxtarenal aortic aneurysms who are unfit for open repair may be considered for fenestrated endovascular repair (fenEVAR). We report our initial experience with fenEVAR. Methods We reviewed the data on all our patients receiving fenEVAR for juxtarenal aortic aneurysms. Results Eight patients, average age 75 years, underwent fenEVAR. Endografts were designed from details obtained from preoperative computed tomography angiography. There were 6 grafts with superior mesenteric scallops and bilateral renal fenestrations, 1 with bilateral renal scallops, and 1 with a single renal fenestration. All patients survived 30 days. There was no renal failure requiring dialysis. At 10 weeks, 1 patient died from acute intestinal ischemia and multisystem organ failure, and another died from respiratory failure. Conclusions It is feasible to offer fenEVAR to patients who are poor candidates for open repair. However, these procedures are technically challenging. Early outcomes are less favorable than other aortic endovascular procedures.
Transcending an Urban-Rural Divide: Rural Youth's Resistance to Townization and Schooling, a Case Study of a Middle School in Northwest China.

Based on an ethnographic study in a rural middle school in Northwest China, the author explores how the transition of the rural countryside, specifically townization, has challenged the urban–rural...
Environmental effects of atlantic menhaden on surrounding waters

Schools of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, have measurable effects upon the estuarine waters of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island by their feeding, respiration, and excretion. The concentrations of phytoplankton and oxygen decreased and ammonia increased within the immediate vicinity of schools.
Rare Expression of KIT and Absence of KIT Mutations in High Grade Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: RCCs with sarcomatoid differentiation have been reported to frequently express KIT protein, suggesting that imatinib mesylate (STI-571 or Gleevec™) may be effective treatment for these aggressive tumors. We determined the frequency of KIT expression and mutation in a large series of high grade RCCs.Materials and Methods: We identified 194 patients who underwent nephrectomy for unilateral, sporadic nuclear grade 4 RCC between 1970 and 2002, including 123 with sarcomatoid differentiation. Sections from representative paraffin embedded tissue blocks were immunostained in an autostainer using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid antigen retrieval, a polyclonal KIT antibody and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. Mutational analysis was performed in all immunopositive and select negative cases by polymerase chain reaction amplification of KIT exons 9, 11, 13 and 17.Results: Only 7 tumors (3.6%) showed KIT expression, including 5 of the 123 (4.1%) with sarcomatoid differentiation. Four of the 7 tum...
Electron microscopy of poly(O‐acetyl hydroxy‐L‐proline) crystals

Single crystals of POAHP II were grown from acetic anhydride, a solvent in which POAHP I is thought to be stable. The single crystals gave an electron diffraction pattern which specified a hexagonal unit cell and the lateral spacing between molecular chains (11.4 A). There is reasonable indication that molecular chain folding occurs in the POAHP single crystals. Epitaxial crystallization of POAHP II has been observed in the [100] and [320] directions on NaCl, [110] direction on KCl, and [100] direction on KI. Evidence indicates that the molecular axis is normal to the long axis of the POAHP needles and parallel to the substrate surface.
A Statistic Model of Mold Filling through Fibrous Structures

Ising’s model, incorporated with Monte Carlo simulation, is applied to the investigation of the mold filling processes. The behavior of a fluid flowing through fibrous structures is determined by both the fiber–fluid interaction within the system and the applied pressure. When the pressure is comparatively small, interaction within the system is found to dominate the flowing behavior, as shown in the behavior of water flowing through the PET fiber mat in the first part of the study. Then, when the applied pressure increases, it produces an effect that exceeds, little by little, that of the interaction within the system, and becomes dominant in determining the flowing behavior of the fluid. And this applies to the behavior of unsaturated polyester resin flowing through glass fiber-woven fabrics, as described in the second part of the study.
Trajectory and System Analysis For Outer-Planet Solar-Electric Propulsion Missions

Outer-planet mission and systems analyses are performed using three next generation solar-electric ion thruster models. The impact of variations in thruster model, flight time, launch vehicle, propulsion and power systems characteristics is investigated. All presented trajectories have a single Venus gravity assist and maximize the delivered mass to Saturn or Neptune. The effect of revolution ratio - the ratio of Venusian orbital period to the flight time between launch and flyby dates - is also discussed.
Cross-linking characteristics of cardiac muscle collagen.

SummaryUtilizing an improved isolation procedure, interstitial connective tissue from cardiac muscle was isolated in yields of approximately 6% of the dry muscle mass. The amino acid composition of intact cardiac collagen was markedly different from that of skin collagen. Yields of acid-soluble tropocollagen from bovine and rat cardiac collagen were only 0.1 to 1% of that obtained from rat skin collagen. Disc gel patterns and carboxymethyl cellulose chromatograms of soluble cardiac collagen revealed a marked reduction in α and β-components and large quantities of higher molecular weight aggregates. These results suggest the presence of an extensive interchain cross-linking network in cardiac collagen.
Editorial Commentary: Getting Smart in How We Pay for HCV Drugs: KAOS vs CONTROL

who will progress (less than 50% of patients develop cirrhosis over 30 years) and the relatively slow progression of disease among those who do progress. The payer’s reluctance to pay for drugs created barriers for patients and providers to gain access to therapy. All involved called out for data on the cost-effectiveness of the new all oral regimens, which hereto
Entropy based quantification of Ki-67 positive cell images and its evaluation by a reader study

Presence of Ki-67, a nuclear protein, is typically used to measure cell proliferation. The quantification of the Ki-67 proliferation index is performed visually by the pathologist; however, this is subject to inter- and intra-reader variability. Automated techniques utilizing digital image analysis by computers have emerged. The large variations in specimen preparation, staining, and imaging as well as true biological heterogeneity of tumor tissue often results in variable intensities in Ki-67 stained images. These variations affect the performance of currently developed methods. To optimize the segmentation of Ki-67 stained cells, one should define a data dependent transformation that will account for these color variations instead of defining a fixed linear transformation to separate different hues. To address these issues in images of tissue stained with Ki-67, we propose a methodology that exploits the intrinsic properties of CIE L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ color space to translate this complex problem into an automatic entropy based thresholding problem. The developed method was evaluated through two reader studies with pathology residents and expert hematopathologists. Agreement between the proposed method and the expert pathologists was good (CCC = 0.80).
The DVR gene family in embryonic development.

Abstract The DVR gene family consists of at least 15 members, including decapentaplegic from Drosophila, Xenopus Vg1 and the mammalian bone morphogenetic protein genes, encoding secreted proteins closely related to transforming growth factor β Genetic and biochemical evidence supports the idea that DVR proteins form part of a cascade of extracellular signalling molecules mediating inductive tissue interactions during development.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Academic specialties in U.S. are shifting: Hiring of women geoscientists is stagnating’” by John C. Steinmetz]

We appreciate John C. Steinmetz's comments and would like to add that we reported numbers of women at different types of institutions, but offered no explanations for the numbers. We still lack critical data that would enable geoscientists to explain the numbers, but we do hope that the numbers generate discussion, self-examination, and more (and appropriate) data collection on this issue. Missing data that might help explain the numbers include, “How many women are in the applicant pool for a given academic/survey/industry/government position?” If an applicant pool does reflect the degree recipient pool appropriate to the position, but hiring rates are lower, then the kink in the pipeline is occurring at hiring. Is this due to low numbers of offers being made to women, or to women turning offers down? Each institution can collect and examine this data to find its unique answers and appropriate solutions.
Localization of linker histone in chromatosomes by cryo-atomic force microscopy.

Linker histones play a fundamental role in determining higher order chromatin structure as a consequence of their association with nucelosomal DNA. Yet the locations and structural consequences of linker histone binding are still enigmatic. Here, using cryo-atomic force microscopy, we show that the linker histone H5 in native chromatin and in chromatosomes reconstituted on the 5S rDNA template is located at the dyad of the nucleosome core particle, within the “stem” structure. Direct measurement also indicates that the length of free linker DNA between chromatosomes in native chromatin is ∼30 bp, slightly shorter than that estimated from nuclease digestion assays.
Electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide at gold electrodes

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide at gold electrodes in alkaline solutions has been studied by chronopotentiometric and galvanostatic me
Sequences of mRNAs derived from genome RNA segment 7 of influenza virus: colinear and interrupted mRNAs code for overlapping proteins

Abstract RNA segment 7 of the influenza A virus genome codes for at least two proteins, M1 and M2, which are synthesized from separate mRNA species. Sequence analysis of the M2 mRNA has shown that it contains an interrupted sequence of 689 nucleotides. The approximately 51 virus-specific nucleotides comprising the 5'-end leader sequence of the M2 mRNA are the same as those found at the 5' end of the colinear M1 mRNA. Following the leader sequence of the M2 mRNA, where is a 271-nucleotide body region that is 3' coterminal with the M1 mRNA. Another small potential mRNA (mRNA3) related to RNA segment 7 has been found. mRNA3 has a leader sequence of approximately 11 virus-specific nucleotides that are the same as the 5' end of the M1 and M2 mRNAs, followed by an interrupted sequence of 729 nucleotides, and then a body region of approximately 271 nucleotides that is the same as that of the M2 mRNA. The nucleotide sequences found at the junctions of the interrupted sequences in M2 mRNA and mRNA3 are similar to those found at the splicing points of intervening sequences in eukaryotic mRNAs. In addition, both mRNAs contain 10-15 heterogeneous nonviral nucleotides at their 5' ends that appear to be derived from cellular RNAs used for priming the transcription of viral RNAs. Because the 5'-end sequences of the M1 mRNA and the M2 mRNA are the same and share the 5'-proximal initiation codon for protein synthesis, the first nine amino acids would be the same in the M1 and M2 protein and then the sequences would diverge. The approximately 271-nucleotide body region of the M2 mRNA can be translated in the +1 reading frame, and the sequence indicates that M1 and M2 overlap by 14 amino acids. The coding potential of the mRNA3 is for only nine amino acids, and these would be identical to the COOH-terminal region of the membrane protein (M1).
Separation of mouse spleen cells by passage through columns of sephadex G-10.

Abstract A convenient simple method for preparing sterile subpopulations of mouse spleen cells is described. Passage of mouse spleen cells through a column of Sephadex G-10 beads results in the selective retention of antibody-forming cells and of accessory cells required for in vitro induction of primary and secondary humoral immune responses to sheep red blood cells. Restoration experiments with peritoneal cells and 2-mercaptoethanol show that normal and antigen-primed T lymphocytes with helper function and B lymphocytes which are precursors of antibody-forming cells are present in substantial quantity in the effluent population. In several restoration experiments, the effects of 2-mercaptoethanol and peritoneal cells were synergistic.
Finite element analysis in brittle material design

Abstract Analysis requirements for the design of structures composed of brittle materials are briefly reviewed and related to the capabilities found in the finite element method. The abilities of the method in dealing with the thermal and elastic analysis aspects of the overall brittle material design problem, as well as the amenability of results obtained with use of the method to interpretation in terms of pertinent failure theories, are emphasized. The scope and limitations of the method with respect to each of these aspects of the brittle material design problem are examined. Based on these examinations, suggestions are presented for future research and development activities.
Ethyl group decomposition kinetics following adsorption of diethylsilane, diethylgermane, and ethylsilane on Si(111)7 × 7

Abstract The kinetics of ethyl group decomposition on Si(111)7 × 7 were measured using laser-induced thermal desorption techniques following the adsorption of diethylsilane (DES), diethylgermane (DEG), and ethylsilane (ES). Earlier infrared spectroscopic studies have shown that ethyl species are present after the dissociative chemisorption of DES, DEG, and ES on silicon surfaces. As the ethyl groups decompose via a β-hydride elimination mechanism, the hydrogen coverage increases and ethylene desorbs into the gas phase, i.e. Si-CH2CH3(ad) → Si-H(ad) + CH2 = CH2(g). LITD measurements determined that the ethyl group decomposition kinetics consisted of a fast initial step, followed by a slower second step. Decomposition kinetics for DES, DEG, and ES could be described by a model consisting of two concurrent first-order decomposition processes. The similar ethyl group decomposition rate constants for DES, DEG, and ES suggested that both hydrogen and ethyl groups transfer upon adsorption to free dangling bonds on Si(111)7 × 7. Measured activation barriers for the β-hydride elimination reaction were slightly larger than the thermodynamic barrier, but much smaller than the calculated gas-phase barrier. The dependence of the β-hydride elimination mechanism on the availability of free dangling bonds was studied by adsorption of additional atomic hydrogen following ES and DES exposures. The presence of additional hydrogen adsorption did not significantly affect the ethyl group decomposition kinetics. These results suggested that β-hydride transfer occurs through a four-center transition state and is not dependent on adjacent free dangling bond sites.
Self-scaling of clipped photon correlations.

The estimates of photoemission rate correlations that are obtained by clipped, e.g., one-bit, correlation techniques are in general distorted by the clipping, unless scaling techniques are used. It is shown that the Pois-son statistics of photoemission processes are such that the processes are inherently self-scaling when the range of signal fluctuations is contained in the range of inherent noise fluctuations. Self-scaling occurs, for example, when the total mean emission rate is large compared with the time varying signal rate. It permits clipped correlation to be used without distortion.
Analysis Of Whole Genome Sequencing Data Of The Arabian, Percheron And Miniature Horse

Whole genome sequencing provides a rich and unprecedented collection of the existing genetic variation in a genome. The development of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has enabled a rapid and relatively inexpensive method for whole genome sequencing. The current archive of genetic variations in the horse is mostly based on the Thoroughbred mare used to generate the reference sequence (EquCab2.0). Therefore, we have used Illumina paired-end NGS technology to sequence three horse genomes from diverse breeds; an Arabian, a Percheron and an American Miniature Horse. Our objective is to catalog newly identified variations within these three individuals and in comparison to the reference. After filtering the reads, we used BWA to align them to the reference and the Genome Analysis Tool Kit (GATK) HaplotypeCaller to call Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion polymorphisms (In/Dels). We also used ControlFreec to obtain regions predicted to contain copy number variations on each of the three genomes. Finally, we used BreakDancer to detect structural variations like inversions and translocations. These newly detected variations will enrich the database of genetic variations in the horse and could potentially have a phenotypic impact related to the biology of each of the three horse breeds. Here we will be presenting preliminary findings on our analysis and highlight the important steps in our pipeline.
Variational Lyapunov method for fractional differential equations

In this paper the variational Lyapunov method is developed for Caputo fractional differential equations. Further, the comparison theorems are proved with a relaxed hypothesis: the assumption of local Holder continuity is relaxed to C"p continuity of the functions involved in the Riemann-Liouville fractional differential equations. In this process the Grunwald-Letnikov derivative is used to define Dini derivatives. Also, a relation between ordinary and fractional differential equations is given.
An Operational 40 kG Superconducting Beam Transport Magnet and its Cryogenic System

A superconducting 40 kG magnet system 4 meters long is now operating which bends the 30 billion electron volt primary proton beam produced by the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. The magnet design is unique in that commercially available niobium titanium composite superconductor and relatively high purity aluminum are used in combination with low carbon steel magnet cores to provide excellent magnetic and thermal stabilization. This magnet system is operating on line in a closed loop, zero loss helium refrigeration system. Details of the magnet structure, dewars, and cryogenic system will be discussed. (auth)
How Does Acculturation Affect the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Providers Among Mexican- and Asian- Americans?

Researchers have found that immigrants in the United States gradually relinquish cultural practices and adopt health behaviors similar to native born individuals as they acculturate. Few studies have looked at acculturation and Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use, particularly ethnic forms of CAM. This study uses data from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey—Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CHIS-CAM) supplement to estimate the prevalence of CAM provider use among Mexican- and Asian- Americans and examine the relationship of acculturation on use. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to predict the probability of provider use based on socio-demographic variables, health status and acculturation. Mexican- and Asian- Americans who have spent more time in the US were more likely to use chiropractors or massage therapists compared to no CAM provider. Both groups were less likely to use ethnic-specific CAM providers with more time in the US compared to chiropractors or massage therapists.
CD30 activates both the canonical and alternative NF-κB pathways in anaplastic large cell lymphoma cells

CD30 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily whose expression is up-regulated on anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cells. Many different outcomes of CD30 stimulation have been reported, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and activation of the prosurvival transcription factor, NF-kappaB, although this last activity is much less well defined in ALCL cells. In order to better understand the signaling properties of CD30 in cancer, we established a system for the stimulation of CD30 with its physiological ligand. Using this system, CD30 was stimulated on ALCL and HL cells, and the subsequent CD30 signaling properties were characterized. We show that a fraction of ALCL cells rapidly underwent apoptosis following CD30 stimulation, whereas HL cells were unaffected. The surviving ALCL cells exhibited robust activation of both the canonical and alternative NF-kappaB pathways as measured by nuclear translocation of RelA, p50, RelB, and p52, and this culminated in the transactivation of classical NF-kappaB-responsive genes. With prolonged CD30 stimulation, ALCL cells underwent cell cycle arrest that correlated with expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(waf1). Furthermore, p21(waf1) expression and cell cycle arrest were found to depend predominantly on the canonical NF-kappaB pathway, since it was reversed by RNA interference-mediated suppression of RelA. In contrast, suppression of the p100/p52 NF-kappaB subunit had little effect on p21(waf1). These data reveal that in ALCL cells, in contrast to other cell types, CD30 stimulation elicits p21(waf1)-mediated arrest through the canonical but not the alternative NF-kappaB pathway.
Mechanism of conduction block in amphibian myelinated axon induced by biphasic electrical current at ultra-high frequency

The mechanism of axonal conduction block induced by ultra-high frequency (?20 kHz) biphasic electrical current was investigated using a lumped circuit model of the amphibian myelinated axon based on Frankenhaeuser-Huxley (FH) equations. The ultra-high frequency stimulation produces constant activation of both sodium and potassium channels at the axonal node under the block electrode causing the axonal conduction block. This blocking mechanism is different from the mechanism when the stimulation frequency is between 4 kHz and 10 kHz, where only the potassium channel is constantly activated. The minimal stimulation intensity required to induce a conduction block increases as the stimulation frequency increases. The results from this simulation study are useful to guide future animal experiments to reveal the different mechanisms underlying nerve conduction block induced by high-frequency biphasic electrical current.
U.S. Policies to Enhance Older Driver Safety: A Systematic Review of the Literature

The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature related to state policies concerning older drivers and to draw policy conclusions about which policies appear to work to reduce older driver crashes and to identify areas needed for further research. Specific policies examined in this paper concern medical reporting and medical review, license renewal processes, and driver testing. A study was included in the systematic review if it met the following criteria: published in English between 1991and January 2013; included data on human subjects aged 65 and older residing in the United States; included information on at least one policy related to older drivers; and had a transportation-related outcome variable (e.g., crash, fatality, renewal). A total of 29 studies met inclusion criteria. Twenty-two studies investigated license renewal and seven articles examined medical reporting. In-person license renewal requirements were associated with reduced risk for fatal crashes. Restricted licenses were associated with reduced number of miles driven per week. More intensive renewal requirements and being the subject of a medical report to the licensing authority was associated with delicensure. Given the importance of driving to mobility, quality of life, and public safety, more research is needed.