cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulsed Laser Photolysis Time-Resolved FT-IR Emission Studies of Molecular Dynamics

Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) emission experiments are used to study photofragmentation processes, single collision reactions, energy transfer events, and laser-initiated radical-radical reactions. In the experimental apparatus, a 200-Hz ArF excimer laser is coupled to a commercial 0.01-cm−1 resolution Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Fringes from the He:Ne reference laser are used for time synchronization of the laser pulses to the FT-IR mirror retardation. Following a short delay after the laser pulse, the analog-to-digital converter samples the signal on the infrared detector at several time delays. A number of fringes are then skipped and the process is repeated. At the start of the next mirror sweep, data for the first time points are acquired at different mirror positions, and the process is repeated until multiple interferograms are obtained at all time delays. Through the use of improved background-limited detectors and multipass collection optics, spectra from a number of small molecules have been obtained in various processes. We report here on the comprehensive details of our experimental apparatus and discuss several of the processes studied with the use of this apparatus.
Outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with previous coronary bypass surgery.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine the contemporary clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and previous coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), including those with a saphenous vein graft culprit lesion. Background The outcome of STEMI patients with previous CABG is reported to be inferior to those without previous CABG, but limited data is available from the primary percutaneous coronary intervention era. Methods Data was extracted from a large, regional STEMI system’s prospective database, which contained 3,542 unique STEMI episodes from March 4, 2003 through April 22, 2012. Results Previous CABG was present in 249 patients (7%). Despite higher comorbidity, patients with versus those without previous CABG had similar in-hospital (4.8% vs. 5.2%; p = 0.82) and 1-year (10.8% vs. 9.1%; p = 0.36) mortality, but 5-year (24.9% vs. 14.2%; p Conclusions Patients with previous CABG treated in a regional STEMI system have similar outcomes as patients without previous CABG, although 5-year mortality is higher. The most common culprit location was a native vessel (42%). Outcomes have improved significantly compared with historical reports.
Abdominal sacral colpopexy with Mersilene mesh in the retroperitoneal position in the management of posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse and enterocele

Abstract During a 12-year study period from 1972 to 1984, 56 patients underwent abdominal sacral colpopexy with retroperitoneal interposition of a suspensory hammock between a prolapsed vaginal vault and the anterior surface of the sacrum. They were followed from 6 months to 12 1 2 years , and constitute the basis of this report. In most patients, a synthetic mesh was the material interposed. Hysterectomy had previously been performed on 53 patients, and in two patients there was congenital absence of the uterus. Indications for abdominal sacral colpopexy, surgical technique, complications, and results of operation are discussed. Seven additional patients underwent this operation after termination of the defined study period.
Studies of the Avian Respiratory Quotient

Abstract THE time-honored and still useful methods of indirect animal calorimetry are based on measurement of the respiratory exchange and urinary nitrogen excretion, followed by conversion of oxygen consumption values to Calories. This procedure involves determination of the non-protein respiratory quotient (RQ), followed by reference to the classical Zuntz-Schumberg table of heat values of oxygen at various RQ’s. In practice, the protein metabolism is often assumed to be negligible, especially under basal conditions, and the total RQ is used to estimate the heat production. Possible confounding sources of variation in RQ have been described, and the dangers inherent in an over-simplified interpretation of the RQ pointed out (Cathcart and Markowitz, 1927; Richardson, 1929; Mitchell, 1935). Nevertheless, as Mitchell (1935) has stated, accurate estimates of heat production can be obtained from measurements of the gaseous exchange, “at least within the RQ limits of 0.707 and 1.000.” Except for hibernants, normal fasted mammals …
Toward a Biorelevant Structure of Protein Kinase C Bound Modulators: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Labeled Bryostatin Analogues for Analysis with Rotational Echo Double Resonance NMR Spectroscopy

Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators are currently of great importance in preclinical and clinical studies directed at cancer, immunotherapy, HIV eradication, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the bound conformation of PKC modulators in a membrane environment is not known. Rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) NMR spectroscopy could uniquely address this challenge. However, REDOR NMR requires strategically labeled, high affinity ligands to determine interlabel distances from which the conformation of the bound ligand in the PKC–ligand complex could be identified. Here we report the first computer-guided design and syntheses of three bryostatin analogues strategically labeled for REDOR NMR analysis. Extensive computer analyses of energetically accessible analogue conformations suggested preferred labeling sites for the identification of the PKC-bound conformers. Significantly, three labeled analogues were synthesized, and, as required for REDOR analysis, all proved highly potent with PKC affinities (∼1 nM)...
Improving Writing Instruction in Second and Third Grade Classrooms: The Fossil Creek Writing Project

This article presents research findings from a professional development project initiated by one rural Illinois primary school to improve writing instruction in 2nd and 3rd grade classrooms. During the 2010–11 academic year, the school partnered with a private university to provide customized, year-long professional development that integrated preparation for the state writing assessment and a writing process approach. Simultaneously, a study was conducted to identify and describe teacher thinking and practices related to writing instruction during participation in the project. Data were collected through a pre/post teacher survey and written teacher reflections. Participating teachers indicated 15 improvements in their thinking and practices related to writing instruction. However, confidence in their students’ likelihood to perform well on the state writing assessment decreased during the project, and changes in thinking and practices varied from teacher to teacher, possibly due to varying levels of teacher readiness to change.
Proposal of a topological insulator based magnetoelectric transistor

A new type of transistor is proposed based on wave-guiding phenomena of topological insulator (TI) surface electrons for applications in CMOS-like circuits and switchable interactions in spin logic circuits. The carrier channel is patterned by the magnetic strip and the ON/OFF switch is achieved by the electrically controlled magnetic valve (Fig. 1A). We characterized the current-gate voltage (I d -V g ) relation and the time resolved performance. Very low subthreshold swing (below 10 mV/dec) and operating frequency above 1 GHz are expected.
Rotation and postural deviation elicited by microinjections of dopamine into medial and lateral regions of dorsal striatum

Unilateral microinjections of DA (25 μ g/0.25 μ l) into several medial to lateral regions of the dorsal striatum of female rats produced both contralateral postural deviation and rotation. However, injections of DA into the medial striatum were more effective in producing rotation than postural deviation, whereas the opposite was the case for lateral striatal injections.
Specific self-esteem and sexual permissiveness.

Summary.-The present paper reports the results of two studies using different methods, different measures of sexual permissiveness, and different measures of specific self-esteem. Both studies yielded a positive relationship between self-esteem and permissiveness for males but not for females. The results were consistent with the idea that males are socialized to associate dating success with sexual permissiveness, while females are not. Suatton and Spitzer (1967) found that college students with low selfesteem were more sexually permissive than college students with high selfesteem; and this relationship held for several different measures of general or over-all self-esteem. They explained their results by arguing that, since people internalize the dominant cultural norms and evaluate themselves on the basis of how well they conform to these norms, those who deviate from the sexual mores evaluate themselves negatively. The recent trend among personality theorists to look at behavior as situation specific rather than as an indication of pervasive cross-situational personality traits (cf. Mischel, 1969) suggests a different point of view. Here, self-esteem can be thought of as people's opinions of how well or poorly they perform in dating situations rather than how much they like themselves in general. It can then be predicted that for males high dating self-esteem is associated with increased premarital sexual permissiveness because society teaches males that one of the goals to be achieved in a dating relationship is sexual activity, preferably sexual intercourse, and that the "truly" masculine bachelor has very liberal
Camel: collective-aware message logging

The continuous progress in the performance of supercomputers has made possible the understanding of many fundamental problems in science. Simulation, the third scientific pillar, constantly demands more powerful machines to use algorithms that would otherwise be unviable. That will inevitably lead to the deployment of an exascale machine during the next decade. However, fault tolerance is a major challenge that has to be overcome to make such a machine usable. With an unprecedented number of parts, machines at extreme scale will have a small mean-time-between-failures. The popular checkpoint/restart mechanism used in today's machines may not be effective at that scale. One promising way to revamp checkpoint/restart is to use message-logging techniques. By storing messages during execution and replaying them in case of a failure, message logging is able to shorten recovery time and save a substantial amount of energy. The downside of message logging is that memory footprint may grow to unsustainable levels. This paper presents a technique that decreases the memory pressure in message-logging protocols by only storing the necessary messages in collective-communication operations. We introduce Camel, a protocol that has a low memory overhead for multicast and reduction operations. Our results show that Camel can reduce memory footprint in a molecular dynamics benchmark for more than 95 % on 16,384 cores.
Multicellular Rosette Formation Links Planar Cell Polarity to Tissue Morphogenesis

Elongation of the body axis is accompanied by the assembly of a polarized cytoarchitecture that provides the basis for directional cell behavior. We find that planar polarity in the Drosophila embryo is established through a sequential enrichment of actin-myosin cables and adherens junction proteins in complementary surface domains. F-actin accumulation at AP interfaces represents the first break in planar symmetry and occurs independently of proper junctional protein distribution at DV interfaces. Polarized cells engage in a novel program of locally coordinated behavior to generate multicellular rosette structures that form and resolve in a directional fashion. Actin-myosin structures align across multiple cells during rosette formation, and adherens junction proteins assemble in a stepwise fashion during rosette resolution. Patterning genes essential for axis elongation selectively affect the frequency and directionality of rosette formation. We propose that the generation of higher-order rosette structures links local cell interactions to global tissue reorganization during morphogenesis.
Serial thyroid function measurements in children with Hodgkin disease

Thyroid function was measured serially in 28 children with Hodgkin disease diagnosed from 1971 to 1978. The patients' ages ranged from 4 to 16 years at diagnosis, and treatment consisted of chemotherapy only (four patients), radiation alone (15), or radiation plus chemotherapy (nine). None of the four children given chemotherapy only developed thyroid hypofunction, in contrast to 21 (88%) of the 24 children given high doses of radiation (P
High pressure study on Li 1+ x Ti 2- x O 4

The resistanceR and the superconducting transition temperatureT c of Li1+x Ti2−x O4 has been investigated under pressure up to 150 kbar. TheT c is enhanced andR is suppressed by pressure. The results indicate that the superconductivity in this oxide system is ofd character associated with the Ti sublattice, and that the composition-induced disappearance of superconductivity is caused by the accompanying valence change of Ti ions rather than by the volume reduction.
Sources of variation in pollinator contribution within a guild : the effects of plant and pollinator factors

Among plants visited by many pollinator species, the relative contribution of each pollinator to plant reproduction is determined by variation in both pollinator and plant traits. Here we evaluate how pollinator movement among plants, apparent pollen carryover, ovule number, resource limitation of seed set, and pollen output affect variation in contribution of individual pollinator species to seed set in Lithophragma parviflorum (Saxifragaceae), a species visited by a broad spectrum of visitors, including beeflies, bees and a moth species. A previous study demonstrated differences among visitor species in their single-visit pollination efficacy but did not evaluate how differences in visitation patterns and pollen carryover affect pollinator efficacy. Incorporation of differential visitation patterns and pollen carryover effects —commonly cited as potentially important in evaluating pollinator guilds — had minor effects (0–0.6% change) on the estimates of relative contribution based on visit frequency and single-visit efficacy alone. Beeflies visited significantly more flowers per inflorescence than the bees and the moth. Seed set remained virtually constant during the first three visited flowers for beeflies and larger bees, indicating that apparent pollen carryover did not reduce per-visit efficacy of these taxa. In contrast, Greya moth visits showed a decrease in seed set by 55.4% and the smaller bees by 45.4% from first to second flower. The larger carryover effects in smaller bees and Greya were diminished in importance by their small overall contribution to seed set. Three variable plant traits may affect seed set: ovule number, resource limitation on seed maturation, and pollen output. Ovule number per flower declined strongly with later position within inflorescences. Numbers were much higher in first-year greenhouse-grown plants than in field populations, and differences increased during 3 years of study. Mean pollen count by position varied 7-fold among flowers; it paralleled ovule number variation, resulting in a relatively stable pollen:ovule ratio. Resource limitation of seed set increased strongly with later flowering, with seed set in hand-pollinated flowers ranging from 66% in early flowers to 0% in the last two flowers of all plants. Variation in ovule number and resource limitation of seed maturation jointly had a strong effect on the number of seeds per flower. Visitation to early flowers had the potential to cause more seed set than visitation to later flowers. Overall, the most important sources of variation to seed production contribution were differences among pollinators in abundance and absolute efficacy (ovules fertilized on a single visit) and potentially differential phenology among visitor species. These effects are likely to vary among populations and years.
Laughter Punctuates Speech: Linguistic, Social and Gender Contexts of Laughter

The relation between laughter and speech was investigated by describing the position of naturally occurring laughter in the speech stream of anonymous young adults observed in public places. Laughter of both speaker and audience occurred during pauses at the end of phrases or sentences in over 99 % of the sample of 1200 episodes of laughter, indicating that speech has priority access to the single vocalization channel and that a lawful process governs the placement of laughter in speech. Laughter is not randomly scattered throughout the speech stream. Laughter followed both statements and questions and material that did not seem humorous outside of the conversational context. Speakers, especially females, laughed more than their audiences, but the relative amount of speaker and audience laughter depended on the gender composition of a group. Audiences of both males and females laughed more to male than female speakers. These baseline data provide insights into gender differences, normal and abnormal emotional behavior and define variables for future studies of neuro-and psychopathology.
Financialization of the US Economy

“Financialization” describes the increasing centrality of finance and financial considerations to the workings of the economy. This essay reviews the evidence that (i) creating shareholder value became a predominant concern for corporations since 1980, particularly in the United States, and (ii) the financial sector gained increasing prominence and power in the economy, with a number of consequences for the operations of corporations and the organization of society. Opportunities for future research are discussed including documenting the rise of securitization and its effect on the finance industry; understanding the emergence of new noncorporate forms of organization not tied to financial markets; finance and social movements; and finance and culture. Keywords: financialization; shareholder value; corporate governance; corporations; economy
Dynamic oxidation of a Fe2+-bearing calcium–magnesium–aluminosilicate glass: the effect of molecular structure on chemical diffusion and reaction morphology

Abstract Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to characterize the oxidation process in a homogeneous, well-annealed, ferrous iron-bearing calcium–magnesium–aluminosilicate (Fe–CMAS) glass. Suites of specimens were exposed to oxidizing environments of air ( p O 2 =0.21 atm) or of argon ( p O 2 ∼10 −6 atm) within a time range 1–200 h and a temperature of ∼750°C (near the glass transition). Oxidation causes: (1) formation of crystalline Mg/Fe oxides on the free surface of the glass, and (2) an internal region that is depleted of divalent cations. In general, this morphology is unequivocal evidence of the oxidation being rate-limited and dominated by the chemical diffusion of divalent, network-modifying cations out of the glass; the cation flux is charge-compensated by an inward flux of electron holes (polarons). Specifics of the reaction morphology vary for the two oxidation atmospheres. In the case of the Ar environment, outfluxing Mg 2+ and Fe 2+ form discrete particles of crystalline (Mg,Fe) 3 O 4 on the free surface of the glass; in air, a continuous surface film forms that contains cubic γ-Fe 2 O 3 . In both cases, nm-scale ferrites precipitate at an internal reaction front; the air-oxidized case sees the presence of a second front that changes the ferrite precipitates to γ-Fe 2 O 3 . The air-oxidized case also sees substantial outfluxing of Ca 2+ . Consistent with rate-limitation by chemical diffusion, parabolic reaction kinetics characterize the oxidation reaction. The different reaction morphologies seen for the different oxidizing environments demonstrate directly the applicability of the Modified Random Network (MRN) model to the structure of the oxidized (residual) glass. Removal of Mg 2+ and Fe 2+ in the case of Ar oxidation creates internal ferrite precipitates and a residual glass that retains interconnected channels for the network-modifying cations, hence the formation of discrete crystalline oxide precipitates on the surface. In air, the internal transformation of the ferrite to γ-Fe 2 O 3 , by requiring the outward flux of Ca 2+ , sees the collapse of the interconnected channels in the remnant glass, and so a continuous oxide film forms on the free surface. The threshold network-modifier-oxide content for the existence of the interconnected channels of modifiers in the CMAS residual glass is thus estimated as ∼10 vol.%.
Can Modal Intuitions be Evidence for Essentialist Claims

In Naming and Necessity, Kripke argues that intuitions about what is possible play a limited, but important, role in challenging philosophical theses, counting as evidence against them only if they cannot be reconstrued as intuitions about something else, compatible with the thesis in question. But he doesn't provide clear guidelines for determining when such intuitions have been successfully reconstrued, leading some to question their status as evidence for modal claims. In this paper I focus on some worries, articulated by Michael Della Rocca, about whether modal intuitions can be evidence for claims about essential properties, and argue that there is a way of viewing the role of modal intuition in philosophical argument that can preserve their evidential force.
Heart sarcolemmal Ca2+ transport in endotoxin shock: I. Impairment of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport.

Effects of endotoxin administration on the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in canine cardiac sarcolemma were investigated. The results show that the sidedness of the sarcolemmal vesicles was not affected but the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in cardiac sarcolemma was decreased by 22 to 46% (p < 0.05) at 4 h following endotoxin administration. The kinetic analysis indicates that the Vmax for ATP and for Ca2+ were decreased by 50% (p < 0.01) and 32% (p < 0.01), respectively, while the Km values for ATP and Ca2+ were not significantly affected after endotoxin administration. Magnesium (1–5 mM) stimulated while vanadate (0.25–3.0 μM) inhibited the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport, but the Mg2+-stimulated and the vanadate-inhibitable activities remained significantly lower in the endotoxin-treated animals. These data demonstrate that endotoxin administration impairs the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in canine cardiac sarcolemma and that the impairment is associated with a mechanism not affecting the affinity towards ATP and Ca2+. Additional experiments show that the Ca2+ sensitivity of the Ca2+-ATPase activity was indifferent between the control and endotoxic groups suggesting that endotoxic injury impairs Ca2+ pumping without affecting Ca2+-ATPase activity. Since sarcolemmal ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport plays an important role in the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis, an impairment in the sarcolemmal ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport induced by endotoxin administration may have a pathophysiological significance in contributing to the development of myocardial dysfunction in endotoxin shock.
Bradykinin causes a prolonged increase in skin microvascular permeability.

Abstract Bradykinin is an endogenous inflammatory mediator, and its mechanism of action is incompletely understood. It is controversial whether bradykinin causes a sustained increase in microvascular permeability, or has only a transient effect. In anesthetized dogs intraarterial infusion of bradykinin (0.14 to 0.54 μg/kg/min) produced an immediate increase in flow of protein-rich, hindpaw lymph. After 210 min of bradykinin infusion lymph flow was threefold greater than baseline, lymph protein concentration remained doubled, and in a dose-related fashion bradykinin produced a sustained increase in lymph protein flux. Lymph flow was then further increased with venous hypertension, and after 4 hr lymph protein flux remained greater from the bradykinin paws than from the control paws. This sustained increase in protein flux indicates that bradykinin produces an increase in permeability at the microvascular membrane by a mechanism that is different from how the initial increase in permeability was produced.
Cystic metastasis versus branchial cleft carcinoma: a diagnostic challenge.

Objectives There is controversy regarding the existence of branchial cleft carcinomas. The objectives are to familiarize the clinician with the presentation and treatment of cystic metastases from head and neck primary sites and differentiate these from primary branchial cleft cyst carcinomas. Study Design Retrospective case study and literature review. Methods Published reports of branchial cleft carcinomas were reviewed in conjunction with a unique case presenting at the University of Texas Medical Branch (Galveston, TX). Results Most cases of branchial cleft carcinomas are probably cystic metastases from head and neck primary sites. Cutaneous involvement with primary branchial cleft carcinomas is rare but may occur in recurrent lesions. Conclusions The diagnosis of a primary branchial cleft cyst carcinoma requires the fulfillment of strict criteria. Cystic metastases from head and neck primaries can mimic branchial cleft carcinomas histologically. Correct diagnosis is important so that appropriate surgical and radiotherapeutic treatment can be delivered.
Race and the accumulation of human capital across the career : A theoretical model and fixed-effects application

The authors develop an explicitly sociological variant on human capital theory, emphasizing that most human capital acquisition is a social product, not an individual investment decision. The authors apply this model to racial earnings inequality, focusing on how exposure to discrimination influences both human capital acquisition and earnings inequalities as they develop across the career. The authors estimate models of career earnings trajectories, which show flatter trajectories for black and Hispanic men relative to white men, partial mediation by human capital acquired inside the labor market, and much larger race/ethnic career inequalities among the highly educated.
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE STAINING OF FIBER COMPONENTS IN FELINE AND HUMAN RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE Topography of Laryngeal Motor Fiber Regions

The amount of epineurial connective tissue in the human recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) (87.65.8% S.D. of x.s. area; 0-3 cm inferior to cricoid) was greater than in most other human nerves (generally 30-75 % of x.s. area). This probably makes the RLN resistant (viscoelastic properties) to stretch and other mechanical trauma. Two types of nerve fiber population groups were found in the human RLN. One type of grouping (group 1) included primarily nerve fibers (4-12 urn diameter) that stained moderately or intensely for axonal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with very few unstained axons. Experimental studies using the cat indicated that this group provides mainly motor innervation to the human intrinsic laryngeal muscles. in other regions of the human RLN the populations of nerve fibers (group 2) differed from group 1 in that myelinated axons of the same size (4-12 fim diameter) were almost entirely unstained for AChE while smaller myelinated axons (1-5 p.m diameter) were either darkly or moderately stained. Gr...
Mass loss, shape change and real-gas aerodynamic effects on a Jovian atmospheric probe.

Abstract A survey of the effects of mass loss, shape change and real-gas aerodynamics on a Jovian atmospheric reconstruction experiment is carried out. Techniques used to reconstruct atmospheric profiles from entry probe measurements are discussed and some of the parameters which affect their accuracy are identified. Trajectory analyses and real-gas, radiatively-coupled flow field analyses (which include the effects of mass loss and shape change) are carried out for several candidate probe configurations. From these analyses, uncertainties in the atmospheric reconstruction procedure are estimated. Finally, the prospects for reducing these uncertainties by optimizing probe configuration and by instrumentation of the probe heat shield to measure actual shape change are considered.
Perinatal hormonal exposure and the development of neuroendocrine regulatory processes.

The concept that certain sexual differences in brain function are established by exposure of the brain to a particular hormonal environment during early perinatal development of the intrinsically female, or at least undifferentiated, brain is reviewed. Since sexual differentiation of the brain is a normal function of the neonatal testis, it had been (1) assumed that the ovary is hormonally quiescent perinatally and (2) argued that the effectiveness of exogenous estrogen in masculinizing the brain is a pharmacological oddity. However, recent studies from several laboratories indicate that endogenous estrogen levels in perinatal plasma are very high. Since a peculiar estrogen‐binding protein is present in the neonatal rat, it may be that the high plasma titers of estrogen, whatever their source, are sequestered by this protein and prevented from exerting a masculinizing action. The importance of this putative protective mechanism is emphasized by the currently popular view that estrogen is the effective mol...
High fluence laser damage precursors and their mitigation in fused silica

The use of any optical material is limited at high fluences by laser-induced damage to optical surfaces. In many optical materials, the damage results from a series of sources which initiate at a large range of fluences and intensities. Much progress has been made recently eliminating silica surface damage due to fracture-related precursors at relatively low fluences (i.e., less than 10 J/cm2, when damaged by 355 nm, 5 ns pulses). At higher fluence, most materials are limited by other classes of damage precursors which exhibit a strong threshold behavior and high areal density (>105 cm−2); we refer to these collectively as high fluence precursors. Here, we show that a variety of nominally transparent materials in trace quantities can act as surface damage precursors. We show that by minimizing the presence of precipitates during chemical processing, we can reduce damage density in silica at high fluence by more than 100 times while shifting the fluence onset of observable damage by about 7 J/cm2. A better understanding of the complex chemistry and physics of cleaning, rinsing, and drying will likely lead to even further improvements in the damage performance of silica and potentially other optical materials.
Action pattern of polysaccharide lyases on glycosaminoglycans.

The action pattern of polysaccharide lyases on glycosaminoglycan substrates was examined using viscosimetric measurements and gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Heparin lyase I (heparinase, EC 4.2.2.7) and heparin lyase II (no EC number) both acted on heparin in a random endolytic fashion. Heparin lyase II showed an ideal endolytic action pattern on heparan sulphate, while heparin lyase I decreased the molecular weight of heparan sulphate more slowly. Heparin lyase III (heparitinase, EC 4.2.2.8) acted endolytically only on heparan sulphate and did not cleave heparin. Chondroitin ABC lyase (chondroitinase ABC, EC 4.2.2.4) from Proteus vulgaris acted endolytically on chondroitin-6-sulphate (chondroitin sulphate C) and dermatan sulphate at nearly identical initial rates, but acted on chondroitin-4-sulphate (chondroitin sulphate A) at a reduced rate, decreasing its molecular weight much more slowly. Two chondroitin AC lyases (chondroitinase AC, both EC 4.2.2.5) were examined towards chondroitin-4- and -6-sulphates. The exolytic action of chondroitin AC lyase A from Arthrobacter aurescens on both chondroitin-4- and -6-sulphates was demonstrated viscosimetrically and confirmed using both gradient PAGE and gel permeation chromatography. Chondroitin AC lyase F from Flavobacterium heparinum (Cytophagia heparinia) acted endolytically on the same substrates. Chondroitin B lyase (chondroitinase B, no EC number) from F.heparinum acted endolytically on dermatan sulphate giving a nearly identical action pattern as observed for chondroitin ABC lyase acting on dermatan sulphate.
Formation of a nine-subunit complex by HLA class II glycoproteins and the invariant chain.

HLA CLASS II molecules are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that bind and present processed antigenic peptides to CD4-positive T lymphocytes. Intracellularly, class II molecules associate with a third subunit termed the invariant (I) chain. Here we describe the physical characteristics of the intracellular class II αβI complex. Chemical crosslinking, size exclusion chromatography and sedimentation velocity studies demonstrate that the αβI complex is a nine-subunit transmembrane protein that contains three αβ dimers associated with an I chain trimer. The organization of class II α-and β-subunits in such a multimer may have a role in the documented ability of the I chain to inhibit peptide binding to class II molecules1–3. In addition, the formation of the nine-chain complex may induce the structural changes necessary to overcome the cytoplasmic retention signal responsible for the localization of free I chain in the endoplasmic reticulum, releasing class II-I chain complexes for transport to endosomes4–6.
Reimagining professional competence in physical education

Physical educators have critical roles to play in assisting communities and schools to increase physical activity for all citizens. They can assist classroom teachers in increasing physical activity in the academic school day and can serve as school wellness directors to increase the amount of physical activity students and school staff members receive during the day. Additionally, physical educators can implement innovative approaches to physical education curricula to enhance students' opportunities to be active and to learn concepts to assist them to be physically active now and for a lifetime. When implementing evidence-based approaches to physical education, teachers need to teach the curriculum coherently and with fidelity. New programs such as Science, PE, & Me! and the Science of Healthful Living provide opportunities for students to examine the effects of exercise on their bodies in a physically active, learning-oriented approach to physical education.
The role of activated astrocytes and of the neurotrophic cytokine S100B in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Activated astrocytes, overexpressing the neurotrophic signaling molecule S100beta, are invariant components of the Abeta plaques of Alzheimer's disease. Even early, nonfibrillar amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease contain such astrocytes, and the numbers and degree of activation of these wax and wane with the subsequent neuritic pathology of plaque evolution. Astrocytic overexpression of S100B in the neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease correlates with the degree of neuritic pathology in Abeta plaques in this disease, suggesting a pathogenic role for S100B's neurotrophic properties in the evolution of these lesions. Astrocytic overexpression of S100B, in turn, is promoted by high levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), originating from activated microglia that are also constant components of Abeta plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Similar patterns of astrocyte activation, S100B overexpression, microglial activation, and IL-1 overexpression are seen in conditions that confer risk for Alzheimer's disease (aging, head trauma, Down's syndrome), in conditions that predispose to accelerated appearance of Alzheimer-like neuropathologic changes (chronic epilepsy, HIV infection), and in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. These cells and molecules are an important components of a cytokine cycle of molecular and cellular cascades that may drive disease progression in Alzheimer's disease.
Changes in rat cardiac myosin during development and in culture.

Abstract Developmental changes in the subunit composition and ATPase activity of myosin isolated from rat ventricular myocardium and 5-day-old myocardial tissue cultures were examined. Electrophoretic analysis of cardiac myosin from 12-week-old adults, 9-, and 16-day neonates, and 5-day tissue cultures demonstrated two light chains (Mol. wt 25 500 and 20 000) with a molar ratio of 1: 1. In 21-day fetal myosin, three light chains were observed (Mol. wt: 25 500; 24 500; 20 000), with a molar ratio of 0.82:0.15: 1.0. Analysis of ATPase activity in the presence of three activators (Ca 2+ , K + , and F-actin) showed significant differences between these myosin preparations, though the time course of the change was activator specific. The change in K + -activated ATPase activity occurred soon after birth and correlated with the disappearance of the third light chain (Mol. wt 24 500) and a partial isozymic shift from V 3 to V 1 myosin. The Ca 2+ - and actin-activated ATPase activities increased more slowly and were accompanied by continuation of the V 3 to V 1 myosin shift. Thus, it appears that V 3 myosin is heterogeneous. Moreover, kinetic analysis of tissue culture myosin is consistent with the predominance of V 3 myosin with low K + -activated ATPase activity.
Model-based approach to automated hazard identification of chemical plants

A prototype hazard identification system, qualitative hazard identifier (QHI), works by exhaustively positing possible faults, automatically building qualitative process models, simulating them, and checking for hazards. QHI matches a library of general faults such as leaks, broken filters, blocked pipes, and controller failures against the physical description of the plant to determine all specific instances of faults that can occur in the plant. Faults may perturb variables in the original design model or may require building a new model. Fault models are automatically generated using the qualitative process compiler and simulated using QSIM. Hazards including overpressure, overtemperature, controller saturation, and explosion are identified in the reactor section of a nitric acid plant using QHI.
Configurational force on a lattice dislocation and the Peierls stress

The solution for a crystalline edge dislocation is presented within a framework of continuum linear elasticity, and is compared with the Peierls–Nabarro solution based on a semi-discrete method. The atomic disregistry and the shear stress across the glide plane are discussed. The Peach–Koehler configurational force is introduced as the gradient of the strain energy with respect to the dislocation position between its two consecutive equilibrium positions. The core radius is assumed to vary periodically between equilibrium positions of the dislocation. The critical force is expressed in terms of the core radii or the energies of the stable and unstable equilibrium configurations. This is used to estimate the Peierls stress for both wide and narrow dislocations.
Networked control system wind tunnel (NCSWT): an evaluation tool for networked multi-agent systems

Cyber-physical systems, such groups of unmanned aerial vehicles, are often monitored and controlled by networked control systems (NCS). NCS are deployed in many environments subject to realistic, complex network interactions, so evaluation of NCS is crucial to ensuring that NCS function as intended. Given the varied nature of NCS, it is appropriate to use a heterogenous simulation environment to capture the dynamics; however, the design and integration of heterogeneous simulation environments is a complex problem. In this work we present the Networked Control System Wind Tunnel (NCSWT), an integrated simulation environment for NCS. The NCSWT integrates MATLAB/Simulink and ns-2 according to the High Level Architecture standard. We demonstrate the convenience and efficiency of the NC-SWT using several case studies where realistic network effects such as data drops and delays are introduced. We also demonstrate the flexibility and power of the tool in modeling realistic NCS.
Dialyzer-dependent changes in solute and water permeability with bleach reprocessing

Abstract The effects of bleach reprocessing on the performance of high-flux dialyzers have not been comprehensively characterized. We compared the effects of automated bleach/formaldehyde reprocessing on solute and hydraulic permeability for cellulose triacetate (CT190) and polysulfone (F80B) dialyzers using an in vitro model. Dialyzers were studied after initial blood exposure (R0) and after 1 (R1), 5 (R5), 10 (R10), and 15 (R15) reuse cycles. Ultrafiltration coefficient (K uf ), serial clearances, and/or sieving coefficients (SCs) of urea, creatinine, vancomycin, inulin, myoglobin, and albumin were determined. Urea, creatinine, and vancomycin clearances and SCs did not significantly differ from R0 to R15 with either dialyzer. Inulin clearances and SC also did not significantly change from R0 to R15 for the CT190. However, these same values for the F80B significantly increased ( P P P P uf for R0 and R15 were 52.3 ± 3.3 and 52.6 ± 7.6 mL/h/mm Hg for CT190 ( P = not significant) and 48.8 ± 4.4 and 87.3 ± 7.0 mL/h/mm Hg for F80B ( P
A concept analysis of personal transformation

Personal transformation, a multidimensional concept, is applicable to nursing practice, education, and research. Using a modified version of Walker and Avant's concept analysis model, personal transformation was analysed relative to Newman's Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness. By integrating common themes from definitions of several disciplines with Newman's theory, a definition of personal transformation was derived. Personal transformation is a dynamic, uniquely individualized process of expanding consciousness whereby individuals become critically aware of old and new self-views and choose to integrate these views into a new self-definition. A conceptual map depicts the defining attributes, antecedents and consequences of personal transformation. A model case illustrates the applicability of the concept to nursing education. Because the transformation process is revealed through individual patterns, qualitative research for further analysis of the concept is recommended.
A fracture mechanics approach to haptic synthesis of tissue cutting with scissors

An analytical model for cutting of a plate of material with a pair of scissors is presented in terms of concepts of contact and fracture mechanics. The forces of contact between the blade of the scissors and the plate are expressed by a nonlinear function of deflection at the crack front multiplied by the length of the contact region between the blade and the plate. The cutting model captures the combined effect of multiple fracture modes. The level of deflection that causes fracture is obtained using an energy approach. The cutting model predicts that, during fracture, force and torque responses of the scissors depend on the toughness and geometry of the plate, but do not depend on the stiffness of the plate. The model is used for haptic synthesis of interaction between a pair of scissors and a virtual plate. An implementation of the model is presented for the case of surgical scissors in contact with skin. The simulation results are compared to previous experimental data, demonstrating the realism of the cutting model behavior. This haptic rendering technique is computationally efficient and can be applied to real-time simulation.
Life Satisfaction in Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors

Adult survivors of childhood brain tumors experience multiple, significant, lifelong deficits as a consequence of their malignancy and therapy. Current survivorship literature documents the substantial impact such impairments have on survivors' physical health and quality of life. Psychosocial reports detail educational, cognitive, and emotional limitations characterizing survivors as especially fragile, often incompetent, and unreliable in evaluating their circumstances. Anecdotal data suggest some survivors report life experiences similar to those of healthy controls. The aim of our investigation was to determine whether life satisfaction in adult survivors of childhood brain tumors differs from that of healthy controls and to identify potential predictors of life satisfaction in survivors. This cross-sectional study compared 78 brain tumor survivors with population-based matched controls. Chi-square tests, t tests, and linear regression models were used to investigate patterns of life satisfaction and identify potential correlates. Results indicated that life satisfaction of adult survivors of childhood brain tumors was similar to that of healthy controls. Survivors' general health expectations emerged as the primary correlate of life satisfaction. Understanding life satisfaction as an important variable will optimize the design of strategies to enhance participation in follow-up care, reduce suffering, and optimize quality of life in this vulnerable population.
Nalmefene or naloxone for preventing intrathecal opioid mediated side effects in cesarean delivery patients

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of nalmefene vs. naloxone in preventing side effects resulting from intrathecal opioids, in patients undergoing cesarean delivery. Eighty patients who were scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were included in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients were randomized into four groups: saline; intravenous nalmefene 0.25 micro.kg(-1) every 12 h x 2; intravenous nalmefene 0.5 microg.kg(-1) every 12 h x 2; and naloxone infusion 48 microg.h(-1) (1.2 microg.ml(-1)). There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to pain, sedation, satisfaction, or the occurrence or treatment of pruritus or nausea. There was a significant difference among the groups with respect to the occurrence of vomiting (P < 0.03): both nalmefene groups had a higher rate of vomiting than did the control group; the 0.25 microg.kg(-1) nalmefene group had a higher rate than did the naloxone group. The use of narcotic antagonists does not result in improved comfort in obstetrical patients receiving intrathecal morphine and fentanyl.
Arab American entrepreneurship in Detroit, Michigan

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the pathways to success of Arab American entrepreneurs in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, and how Arab American businesses impact the local Detroit economy.Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted extensive search of literature and in‐depth interviews with experts, entrepreneurs, CEOs and other senior executives of two large Arab and Chaldean community organizations. In addition, the authors also conducted site visits at community centers and the Seven Mile project in Detroit and Dearborn, Michigan.Findings – The authors discovered several pathways to success important to Arab American entrepreneurship: start‐up capital provided by families and friends, training and education, support networks and support organizations in Detroit. In addition, some organizations, local churches and mosques have provided many essential services needed by new Arab American entrepreneurs. The authors found that the theory of middleman minority and the enclave econom...
Some in Vitro Effects of Chlorpromazine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and 5-Hydroxytryptamine on the Respiration of Rat Brain*

Chlorpromazine, in vitro , produced a marked inhibition of oxygen uptake of brain homogenates while serotonin elicited only a slight inhibition. Lysergic acid diethylamide did not alter respiration nor did this compound evoke any effect on the inhibition caused by chlorpomazine or serotonin. It was found that the intra-peritoneal administration of chlorpromazine did not alter brain serotonin levels and that brain from the treated animals respired at the same rate as that from untreated animals.