cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cohabiting couples’ economic circumstances and union transitions: a re-examination using multiple imputation techniques ☆

Abstract This study examines how sample attrition and missing partner data influence studies of cohabitors’ union transitions. We rely on data from both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH). Cohabitors with missing partner information or who were lost-to-follow-up have significantly fewer years of schooling and lower yearly earnings than cohabitors with complete data. Multiple imputation techniques are used to construct missing partner information and outcomes. Relying on prospective data from both waves of the NSFH that has not been corrected for selective data loss misrepresents cohabiting couple’s outcomes by: (1) overstating the extent to which cohabiting couples marry; (2) underestimating the amount of time spent in cohabiting unions; and (3) misrepresenting the effects of men’s economic characteristics on union transitions. Our results suggest that theories regarding how economic characteristics shape marriage transitions among singles may not be appropriate for those already living together.
Writing the history of Russian philosophy

This article addresses the writing of the history of Russian philosophy from the first of such works—Archimandrite Gavriil’s Russian Philosophy [Russkaja filosofija, 1840]—to philosophical histories/textbooks in the twenty-first century. In the majority of these histories, both past and present, we find a relentless insistence on the delineation of “characterizing traits” of Russian philosophy and appeals to “historiosophy,” where historiosophy is employed as being distinct from the historiographical method. In the 1990s and 2000s, the genre of the history of Russian philosophy has grown increasingly conservative with regards to content, with histories from this period demonstrating an almost exclusive Orthodox focus. This conservatism, in turn, has contributed to widespread contention in recent years over the status of these philosophical textbooks—disagreements that often lead to either (1) further appeals to “historiosophical” methods; or (2) denials of the domestic philosophical tradition altogether, where the response to the query “Is there philosophy in Russia?” is emphatically negative. This article argues that the contemporary disputes over the development and preservation of the Russian philosophical canon are in many ways part of a larger debate over the roles of Orthodoxy and the history of philosophy in post-Soviet philosophical thought.
Playing Patient, Playing Doctor: Munchausen Syndrome, Clinical S/M, and Ruptures of Medical Power

This article deploys sadomasochism as a framework for understanding medical practice on an institutional level. By examining the case of the factitious illness Munchausen syndrome, this article analyzes the operations of power in the doctor-patient relationship through the trope of role-playing. Because Munchausen syndrome causes a disruption to the dyadic relationship between physicians and patients, a lens of sadomasochism highlights dynamics of power in medical practice that are often obscured in everyday practice. Specifically, this article illustrates how classification and diagnosis are concrete manifestations of the mobilization of medical power.
Procedure to prevent cast breakage during separation from elastomeric impressions

Abstract This article describes a quick and simple procedure for removing dental stone casts from elastomeric impressions. Frequently, dental stone casts break at the time of separation because of the rigidity of the impression material. The materials used in this technique are inexpensive and easy to use. When this method is properly used, it simplifies the removal of the cast from the impression, decreasing the chance of fracture of the cast. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;81:37-8.)
The clinical impact of the radiology report in wheezing and nonwheezing febrile children: a survey of clinicians.

The chest radiograph is commonly used in the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with respiratory illness. The language used to describe the findings is important to ensure appropriate communication with the referring clinician and thereby optimize patient management. In this study we attempted to determine how clinicians interpret specific terms commonly used in a chest radiograph report, and to assess how these terms impact the management of children with respiratory symptoms. An online survey was distributed to 562 pediatric practitioners asking their interpretation of the terms “peripheral airway disease (PAD),” “focal airspace consolidation,” and “focal infiltrate” in a febrile child with or without wheezing. There were 112 respondents. Most practitioners defined the term “PAD” as viral pneumonia (61.5%) or asthma (56.9%), “consolidation” as atelectasis (83%) followed by pneumonia (69.6%), and “infiltrate” as pneumonia (100%), followed by atelectasis (22.3%). Practitioners were more likely to treat a nonwheezing child with antibiotics if the report stated “focal airspace consolidation” (80%) or “focal infiltrate” (100%; P=0.001). Some radiologic descriptors may lead to diverse and sometimes unintended diagnostic conclusions. Our findings support continued effort to structure and standardize the radiology report and our descriptive terminology.
Dynamic assembly of FtsZ regulated by GTP hydrolysis

FtsZ forms a cytokinetic ring, designated the Z ring, that directs cytokinesis in prokaryotes. It has limited sequence similarity to eukaryotic tubulins and, like tubulin, it has GTPase activity and the ability to assemble into various structures including protofilaments, bundles and minirings. By using both electron microscopy and sedimentation, we demonstrate that FtsZ from Escherichia coli undergoes a strictly GTP-dependent polymerization and the polymers disappear as the GTP is consumed. Thus, FtsZ polymerization, like that of tubulin, is dynamic and regulated by GTP hydrolysis. These results provide the basis for the dynamics of the Z ring and favor a model in which the Z ring is formed by a nucleation event.
COLONIC AND RECTAL ISCHEMIA FOLLOWING ABDOMINAL ANEURYSMECTOMY.

Six cases of ischemia of the colon and rectum, secondary to operations on the abdominal aorta, are reported, and added to the 33 cases already published.
Macrophage Polarization and Insulin Resistance: PPARγ in Control

Macrophages orchestrate an inflammatory response that contributes to glucose intolerance in diet-induced obesity and plaque instability in atherosclerosis. Within this heterogeneous group of cells are proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. Recent work has identified the nuclear hormone receptor PPARγ as a critical signaling molecule in determining macrophage phenotype in vitro and in adipose tissue. In the current issue of Cell Metabolism, Bouhlel et al. (2007) extend this paradigm to the vessel wall by showing that both M1 and M2 macrophages are present in atherosclerotic lesions and that activation of PPARγ polarizes circulating blood monocytes to become M2 macrophages.
Integration of inositol phosphate signaling pathways via human ITPK1

Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase (ITPK1) is a reversible, poly-specific inositol phosphate kinase that has been implicated as a modifier gene in cystic fibrosis. Upon activation of phospholipase C at the plasma membrane, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate enters the cytosol and is inter-converted by an array of kinases and phosphatases into other inositol phosphates with diverse and critical cellular activities. In mammals it has been established that inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate, produced from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, lies in a branch of the metabolic pathway that is separate from inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate, which inhibits plasma membrane chloride channels. We have determined the molecular mechanism for communication between these two pathways, showing that phosphate is transferred between inositol phosphates via ITPK1-bound nucleotide. Intersubstrate phosphate transfer explains how competing substrates are able to stimulate each others' catalysis by ITPK1. We further show that these features occur in the human protein, but not in plant or protozoan homologues. The high resolution structure of human ITPK1 identifies novel secondary structural features able to impart substrate selectivity and enhance nucleotide binding, thereby promoting intersubstrate phosphate transfer. Our work describes a novel mode of substrate regulation and provides insight into the enzyme evolution of a signaling mechanism from a metabolic role.
Domain walls in bcc to hcp reconstructive phase transformations

Abstract The bcc (body-centered cubic) phase to hcp (hexagonal closed pack) phase transformation in certain elements (e.g. Ti) and alloys is induced either by quenching or application of pressure. To study domain walls in these materials we have extended the Landau model of Lindgard and Mouritsen by including a spatial gradient (Ginzburg) term of the scalar order parameter. Through first-principles calculations, we show that the bcc structure is unstable with respect to the shuffle of atoms rather than the shear. Therefore, we can reduce the multiple (two) order parameter (OP) Landau free energy (LFE) to an effective one OP (shuffle) potential, which is a reasonable approximation. In general, the effective LFE is a triple-well potential. From the variational derivative of the total free energy we obtain a static equilibrium condition. By solving this equation for different physical parameters and boundary conditions, we obtain different quasi-one-dimensional soliton-like solutions which correspond to four types of domain walls between the bcc phase and the hcp phase.
Tricarbonylchromium complexes of some substituted 9,10-dihydro-9,10-o-benzenoanthracenes

Abstract Tricarbonylchromium complexes of 9,10-dihydro-l,4-dimethoxy-9,10-o-benzenoanthracene and 9,10-dihydro-l,4-dimethyl-9,10-o-benzenoanthracene have been prepared and characterized. Under the given experimental conditions, the dimethoxy ligand forms two isomeric complexes. These have been separated by both analytical and preparative scale liquid chromatography. Structures have been tentatively assigned on the basis of experiments with the NMR shift reagent EuFod3. The methyl substituted ligand forms three isomeric complexes.
Exploring the effectiveness of SiOx coatings in protecting polymers against photo-oxidation

Abstract Silicon oxide, SiO x , produced by UV-induced photo-oxidation of polysiloxanes, has been investigated as a means of protecting polymers from photo-oxidation. The protective effect was anticipated from the well-known barrier property of SiO x with respect to the migration of oxygen and water. Thin films of polydimethylsiloxane and poly(2-bromoethylsilsesquioxane) were utilized as precursors for SiO x . The conversion of the siloxanes with UV/ozone on silicon wafers was investigated and conditions for oxidation were selected to minimize conversion time and to produce an approximately 100 nm thick SiO x layer on top of the polysiloxane. Changes in transmission FTIR spectra were monitored to assess the effectiveness of the SiO x overcoat in protecting polypropylene films and automotive polyurethane coatings from photooxidation. SiO x from PDMS and PBESSQ protected polypropylene against photo-oxidation only slightly, if at all. On the other hand, SiO x from PDMS was found to be effective in protecting PUR automotive coatings, both alone and in conjunction with conventional photo-stabilizers.
Parkinsonism associated with fluoxetine and cimetidine: a case report.

Fluoxetine and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective for the treatment of depression in the elderly and offer a safer side-effect profile as compared to tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. We report a case in which a patient treated with fluoxetine developed parkinsonism following the introduction of cimetidine. Inhibition of hepatic P450 cytochrome enzymes by cimetidine with an increase in serum levels of norfluoxetine may have precipitated this extrapyramidal syndrome, which has been related to agonism of the serotonergic input to nigrostriatal tracts and basal ganglia. Parkinsonism as a side effect of SSRIs occurs infrequently, suggesting an idiosyncratic response resulting from a functional imbalance of serotonergic and dopaminergic activity in susceptible individuals. Careful monitoring of geriatric patients treated with fluoxetine is indicated, particularly for those on high doses, those with impaired hepatic functioning, or those treated with concurrent medica...
The British, Persecuted Foreigners and the Emergence of the Refugee Category in Nineteenth-Century Britain

For most of the nineteenth century, there were no barriers to immigration into Britain, and hence little need for the British to distinguish one foreigner from another. Despite this fact, philanthropists, officials and public commentators identified some foreigners as ‘refugees’, a designation that called for national sympathy. How and why did this category emerge? What were its inclusions and exclusions? This essay traces the expansion of the refugee category in the context of British commitments to European liberals and foreign slaves in the second quarter of the century. It argues that, by the 1840s, would-be refugees and their British supporters established a standard narrative from which audiences were meant to recognise particular foreigners as refugees and respond accordingly.
Proteomic Changes Induced by Effective Chemopreventive Ratios of n-3:n-6 Fatty Acids and Tamoxifen against MNU-Induced Mammary Cancer in the Rat

We used a proteomic approach to gain insights into the mechanisms of protection at the protein level by a high n-3:n-6 ratio in the absence and presence of Tamoxifen. Four groups were treated with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) and fed the following diets with varied n-3:n-6 ratios; Group 1 =1:1; Groups 2 and 3 =10:1 and 25:1, respectively; Group 4: (25:1) plus Tamoxifen(1 mg/kg diet). The plasma from 6 rats/group was pooled and analyzed with the isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation(iTRAQ) method; 148 proteins were identified with 95% confidence by ProteinPilot 4.0. In plasma of rats fed 10:1, 25:1 n-3:n-6, and 25:1 plus Tamoxifen the number of proteins that met our criteria(p≤0.05, error factor≤2) were 10, 14, and 19 proteins, respectively. Selected proteins were further validated by Western blotting. Compared to 1:1, both 10:1 and 25:1 diets up-regulated vitamin D binding protein, gelsolin, and 14-3-3 sigma, reported to have tumor suppressive effects, whereas A1BG, which has been reported to be elevated in the serum of breast cancer patients was decreased. Compared to 25:1, the 25:1 plus Tamoxifen diet down-regulated apolipoprotein E, haptoglobin, and ITIH4. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis determined that the trends of specific proteins were related to lipid metabolism in the 25:1 n-3:n-6 group, while the 25:1 n-3:n-6 plus Tamoxifen group included proteins involved in cancer and inflammation. Our results demonstrate that several proteins were altered in a manner consistent with chemoprevention; such proteins may serve as biomarkers to monitor efficacy of n-3 and Tamoxifen in future clinical chemoprevention trials.
Phase transition and heterogeneous/epitaxial nucleation of hydrated and anhydrous theophylline crystals

Abstract Theophylline crystallizes in the anhydrous or monohydrate form. The solubility of the anhydrous form exceeds the solubility of the monohydrate form below 60°C. The anhydrous: hydrate phase transition of theophylline in buffered suspensions has been studied by measurement of the supersaturation profile and the crystal size distributions. The role of crystallographic parameters in the nucleation and growth of monohydrate crystals, during dissolution of the anhydrous phase, has been investigated. A solvent-mediated route has been identified and can be described in terms of the dissolution kinetics of the anhydrous phase and the nucleation and growth kinetics of the hydrated phase. The growth rate of the monohydrate crystals depends on the square of the supersaturation and is independent of the stirring rate, which suggests a surface-controlled growth process. The dissolution rate of the anhydrous crystals depends on the 1.5 order of the undersaturation and is inversely proportional to the square root of the crystal size. Anhydrous theophylline crystals act as heterogeneous nucleation substrates for the crystals of the monohydrate phase and these grow epitaxially on the anhydrous crystals. Based on the kinetic equations for dissolution of the anhydrous form and crystallization of the monohydrate form, a computer simulation has been developed that predicts the changes in the concentration of theophylline in solution during the phase transition.
Virus carrier state suppresses tumorigenicity of tumor cells in athymic (nude) mice.

Summary Nude mice injected subcutaneously with normal uninfected BHK 21 cells or HeLa cells regularly develop large, rapidly-growing tumours at the subcutaneous site of inoculation. However, these same tumour cell lines when persistently infected with VSV or other enveloped RNA viruses are either rejected or form small nodules in nude mice. This rejection phenomenon probably involves some type of immunocyte since heavily-irradiated nude mice (500 rads) cannot reject persistently infected cells but develop large, rapidly-growing tumours which shed virus and defective interfering virus (DI) and which do not exhibit the lymphocytic infiltration observed in the nodules of unirradiated mice given persistently infected cells. Finally, it was possible to select a subline of BHK 21-VSV carrier cells which regularly produces large rapidly-growing tumours in normal unirradiated nude mice, although all these carrier cells express virus antigen and shed large amounts of mature infectious virus and DI both in vivo and in vitro.
Riparian shading and groundwater enhance growth potential for smallmouth bass in Ozark streams.

Moderation of stream temperatures by riparian shading and groundwater are known to promote growth and survival of salmonid fishes, but effects of riparian shade and groundwater on to be growth of warmwater stream fishes are poorly understood or assumed to be negligible. We used stream temperature models to relate shading from riparian vegetation and groundwater inflow to summer water temperatures in Missouri Ozark streams and evaluated effects of summer water temperatures on smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, growth using a bioenergetics model. Bioenergetics model simulations revealed that adult smallmouth bass in non-spring-fed streams have lower growth potential during summer than fish in spring-fed streams, are subject to mass loss when stream temperatures exceed 278C, and will likely exhibit greater interannual variation in growth during summer if all growth-influencing factors, other than temperature, are identical between the two stream types. Temperature models indicated that increased riparian shading will expand the longitudinal extent of thermal habitat capable of supporting adult smallmouth bass growth in spring-fed stream reaches when mean daily air temperatures exceed 278C. Optimum growth temperature (228C) will be present only in spring-fed streams under these conditions. Potential for increasing shade through riparian restoration is greatest for streams ,5 m wide and along north-south reaches of larger streams. However, temperature models also indicated that restoring riparian shading to maximum levels throughout a watershed would increase the total stream mileage capable of supporting positive growth of adult smallmouth bass by only 1-6% when air temperatures are at or near average summer maxima; increases in suitable thermal habitat would be greatest in watersheds with higher spring densities. Riparian management for maintenance or restoration of the thermal habitat of adult smallmouth bass during summer should be focused in areas strongly influenced by groundwater. Restoring riparian shading along spring-fed warmwater streams will likely benefit adult smallmouth bass growth and may ultimately influence population sizes.
Recent Studies of the Mineral Phase in Bone and Its Possible Linkage to the Organic Matrix by Protein-Bound Phosphate Bonds

The most widely accepted hypothesis to account for maturational changes in the X-ray diffraction characteristics of bone mineral has been the 'amorphous calcium phosphate theory', which postulates that an initial amorphous calcium phosphate solid phase is deposited that gradually converts to poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite. Our studies of bone mineral of different ages by X-ray radial distribution function analysis and 31P n.m.r. have conclusively demonstrated that a solid phase of amorphous calcium phosphate does not exist in bone in any significant amount. 31P n.m.r. studies have detected the presence of acid phosphate groups in a brushite-like configuration. Phosphoproteins containing O-phosphoserine and O-phosphothreonine have been isolated from bone matrix and characterized. Tissue and cell culture have established that they are synthesized in bone, most likely by the osteoblasts. Physiochemical and pathophysiological studies support the thesis that the mineral and organic phases of bone and other vertebrate mineralized tissues are linked by the phosphomonester bonds of O-phosphoserine and O-phosphothreonine, which are constituents of both the structural organic matrix and the inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.
Stimulation is necessary for the development of tolerance to a neuronal effect of ethanol

Ethanol accelerates the decay of post-tetanic potentiation at an identified synapse in Aplysia. We have previously shown that with repeated exposures the ethanol effect diminishes, a development termed "tolerance." Here we present evidence that the establishment of tolerance depends on a adequate stimulation of the presynaptic terminal in the presence of ethanol. Elevated magnesium in the perfusion medium prevents tolerance, whereas elevated calcium in the perfusion medium reduces the amount of stimulation required for tolerance to develop.
EXTENDING TORSION RADICALS

Over an arbitrary ring R, a symmetric radical is shown to be strongly normalizing. For a fully semiprimary Noetherian ring R, a symmetric radical is normalizing if and only if the class of torsion factor rings of R is closed under ring isomorphisms. In case S is a strongly normalizing or normalizing extension ring of R, a symmetric radical for S is constructed as an extension of a symmetric radical for R. Applications address questions concerning the behavior of Krull dimension and linked prime ideals of S.
Turbulent rotating flow calculations: An assessment of two-equation anisotropic and Reynolds stress models

The stress field in a rotating turbulent internal flow is highly anisotropic. This is true irrespective of whether the axis of rotation is aligned with or normal to the mean flow plane. Consequently, turbulent rotating flow is very difficult to model. This paper attempts to assess the relative merits of three different ways to account for stress anisotropies in a rotating flow. One is to assume an anisotropic stress tensor, another is to model the anisotropy of the dissipation rate tensor, while a third is to solve the stress transport equations directly. Two different near-wall two-equation models and one Reynolds stress closure are considered. All the models tested are asymptotically consistent near the wall. The predictions are compared with measurements and direct numerical simulation data. Calculations of turbulent flows with inlet swirl numbers up to 1.3, with and without a central recirculation, reveal that none of the anisotropic two-equation models tested is capable of replicating the mean veloci...
Trends and Issues in Technology Education in the USA: Lessons for the Caribbean

This paper traces various developments in technology education at the turn of the 21st century in the USA. It begins by highlighting issues that were being discussed in the 1990s among the technology educaton community, and the efforts by the science and engineering communities to help shape the content of technology education. The efforts of the International Technology Education Association (ITEA) to create standards for technological literacy in 2000 and supporting standards for assessment and professional development in 2003 are discussed. The recommendations from the report 'Technically Speaking' and the impact it had in defining how a technologically literate person is characterized are also presented. This paper also examines the work of the National Center for Engineering and Technology Education (NCETE) from 2005-2012 in spearheading an understanding of how engineering design can be infused in schools, and also how students learn engineering design. The role of pre-engineering curricula in STEM education is examined, and the various curricula that are being used in technology education classroooms since the publication of the 'Standards for Technological Literacy' are also traced. Finally, lessons that the Caribbean can learn from the recent evolution of technology education in the USA are discussed.
Procedure exlining: a transformation for improved system and behavioral synthesis

Abstract: We present techniques for solving the inverse problem of procedure inlining, namely the problem of replacing sequences of statements with procedure calls. Two techniques are provided, one for finding redundant sequences of statements that can be replaced by calls to one procedure, and another for dividing a large set of statements into several procedures, where each procedure performs a distinct computation. Such procedure exlining can transform a behavioral specification, originally written for readability, into a specification that can be implemented efficiently, because procedures can greatly improve the results of synthesis tools. We demonstrate the usefulness of the techniques on several examples. We have implemented the procedure exlining technique as part of a VHDL transformation tool.
What’s cooking in organizational discourse studies? A response to Alvesson and Kärreman

While Alvesson and Karreman’s (2000) ‘Varieties of Discourse’ essay was an important and oft-cited marker in the field of organizational discourse studies, I argue in this response that their rather gloomy, even curmudgeonly, updated reading of the field is not only misplaced but also rooted in their own reductionist conception of discourse — a charge that they themselves level against contemporary organizational discourse research. As a communication scholar who makes his interdisciplinary home in the area of organizational communication/organization studies, I argue that much of Alvesson and Karreman’s critique has its origin in a rather anemic, even wrongheaded, reading of the ‘linguistic turn’ — a reading that limits the generative and analytic possibilities of post-linguistic turn organizational discourse studies.
Using an alternative ethical paradigm for analysis: an example regarding e-mail privacy issues

This paper suggests that a less-traditional ethical analysis of computer-based technological issues might be rewarded by unexpected and useful results. As an example, this paper offers an ethical analysis of e-mail privacy issues within the framework of ethical principles based on the work of Habermas.
Modification of temperature dependence of myofilament Ca sensitivity by troponin C replacement.

The Ca sensitivity of chemically skinned right ventricular trabeculae from the rat heart was determined at 22 and 8 degrees C. Endogenous troponin C (TnC) was then extracted with EDTA and replaced ...
The Neoclassical Inversion of Classical Monetary Theory

Conversion of the commodity and quantity theories of money from complementary to competitive doctrines was the result of alternative distortions of classical analysis. The postclassical controversy between the commodity and the quantity schools of monetary theory originated as a contest between halftruths.2 Each side, ignoring the classical distinction between the long-run and short-run values of money,3 elaborated one aspect of classical monetary theory, to the exclusion of the other. After the skirmishing associated with the bimetallic controversy (Mason 1963, pp. 78–79, 190 [n. 15]), the commodity theory faction of the neoclassical school of monetary theorists succumbed to the quantity theorists, who inadvertently inverted the monetary theory they purported to preserve.
Automatic morphological analysis of learner Hungarian

In this paper, we describe a morphological analyzer for learner Hungarian, built upon limited grammatical knowledge of Hungarian. The rule-based analyzer requires very few resources and is flexible enough to do both morphological analysis and error detection, in addition to some unknown word handling. As this is work-in-progress, we demonstrate its current capabilities, some areas where analysis needs to be improved, and an initial foray into how the system output can support the analysis of interlanguage grammars.
AFM Measurements of Adhesion between Actual CMP Slurry Particles and Various Substrates

One of the critical parameters in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technology is adhesion between abrasive particles and surfaces being polished. Accumulated up to date theoretical and experimental facts insist that development of advanced material removal and cleaning methods requires understanding and evaluation of particle adhesion in these processes. To this end, our research focuses on AFM studies of interaction between the slurry particles and different substrates treated by CMP processes. To conduct adhesion measurements, the particles present in a CMP system and model latex particle were first attached to the surface of silicon wafer covered with monolayer of polymer(s) having high affinity to particles and the silicon wafer. Glass/quartz sphere (10-60 microns) was attached to AFM cantilever with appropriate spring constant. (The sphere represented the surface of material being polished and might be covered with various materials during future investigations.) Next, AFM force volume mode, which utilizes the collection of the force-distance curves over selected surface areas, was used for the adhesion measurements.
Supporting Policies, Regulations and Milestones for Government 2.0 in the United States of America : Report prepared for the European Commission tender

Government 2.0 the United States has evolved out of political, regulatory and ‘acceptable use’ changes, but also an increased level of maturity of social media tools. To highlight just the most prominent tools: LinkedIn, Friendster, and MySpace were launched in 2003, followed by Facebook in 2004, YouTube in 2005, and Twitter in 2006. We can add to this development the emergence of a whole conglomerate of other Web 2.0 tools, such as wikis, blogs or virtual worlds. This paper explores the supporting policies, regulations and milestones that have lead to Government 2.0 implementation in the United States of America.
Relaxation-time enhancement in the heavy-fermion systems CePd 3 and UPt 3

The frequency dependence of the electrical conductivity was measured at microwave- and millimeter-wave frequencies in the heavy-fermion materials ${\mathrm{CePd}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$. Although the conductivity is independent of the frequency at high temperatures, a substantial deviation from the dc conductivity develops in the low-temperature, ``coherent'' regime. The observed dependence on frequency agrees with a Drude expression ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{1}$(\ensuremath{\omega})=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{dc}}$/(1+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}^{\mathrm{*}2}$), incorporating a renormalized relaxation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ typically around ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}12}$ s. From ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and the measured ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{dc}}$, the renormalized plasma frequency, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{p}}^{\mathrm{*}}$=(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{dc}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$${)}^{1/2}$ is evaluated. By comparison of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}^{\mathrm{*}}$ with the plasma frequency obtained at optical frequencies, where renormalization effects do not occur, an enhanced mass is extracted. Similar results are found by comparison of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}^{\mathrm{*}}$ with the linear specific-heat coefficient. The enhanced relaxation time is approximately given by the expression ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{*}}$/\ensuremath{\tau}=${m}^{\mathrm{*}}$/${m}_{e}$, where \ensuremath{\tau} and ${m}_{e}$ refer to the unrenormalized quantities, supporting the conjectures of Varma and Fukuyama, and the theoretical models advanced by Millis and co-workers, Auerbach and co-workers, and Coleman. An internally consistent analysis of \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) in terms of an enhanced relaxation time also suggests that a frequency-dependent density of states does not play a dominant role in the frequency-dependent response measured in the millimeter-wave spectral range. Possible Fermi-liquid and low-energy density-of-state contributions to the frequency-dependent conductivity are also discussed.
Platelet Amino Acid Levels in Essential Thrombocytosis

Studies on the platelets from three patients with essential thrombocytosis were presented. The intraplatelet free amino acid levels were elevated and the pseudo-hyperkalemic phenomenon was present. In one subject the pseudohyperkalemic phenomenon was reversed after a therapeutic remission, but the elevation of amino acids persisted. The data suggest that a qualitative abnormality may exist in the platelets of patients with essential thrombocytosis.
Dehalogenation of arenes via SN2 reactions at bromine: competition with nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

The gas-phase reactions of carbon- and nitrogen-centered nucleophiles with polyfluorobromobenzenes were examined in a selected-ion flow tube (SIFT) and modeled computationally at the MP2/6-31+G(d,p)//MP2/6-31+G(d) level. In the gas-phase experiments, rate constants and branching ratios were determined. The carbon nucleophiles produce expected nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) and proton transfer products along with unexpected products that result from SN2 reactions at the bromine center (polyfluorophenide leaving group). With nitrogen nucleophiles, the SN2 at bromine channel is suppressed. In the SNAr channels, the “element effect” is observed, and fluoride loss competes with bromide loss. The computational modeling indicates that all the substitution barriers are well below the entrance channel and that entropy and dynamics effects control the product distributions.
LOCALIZATION OF CULPRIT ENDOTHELIAL SHEAR STRESS PATTERNS ALONG THE COURSE OF UNTREATED CORONARY LESIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR FUTURE MACE: THE PROSPECT STUDY

Low endothelial shear stress (ESS) is pro-inflammatory, and was an independent predictor of MACE in the PROSPECT study. The site of low ESS along the lesion course is unknown and may have important implications for evaluation of high-risk lesions. Baseline untreated non-culprit (nc) lesions in
Role of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Signaling in the Regulation of the Filamentous-Growth Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway

Reversible phosphorylation of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a key event in the determination of organelle identity and an underlying regulatory feature in many biological processes. Here, we investigated the role of PI signaling in the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that controls filamentous growth in yeast. Lipid kinases that generate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] at the Golgi (Pik1p) or PI(4,5)P2 at the plasma membrane (PM) (Mss4p and Stt4p) were required for filamentous-growth MAPK pathway signaling. Introduction of a conditional allele of PIK1 (pik1-83) into the filamentous (Σ1278b) background reduced MAPK activity and caused defects in invasive growth and biofilm/mat formation. MAPK regulatory proteins that function at the PM, including Msb2p, Sho1p, and Cdc42p, were mislocalized in the pik1-83 mutant, which may account for the signaling defects of the PI(4)P kinase mutants. Other PI kinases (Fab1p and Vps34p), and combinations of PIP (synaptojanin-type) phosphatases, also influenced the filamentous-growth MAPK pathway. Loss of these proteins caused defects in cell polarity, which may underlie the MAPK signaling defect seen in these mutants. In line with this possibility, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by latrunculin A (LatA) dampened the filamentous-growth pathway. Various PIP signaling mutants were also defective for axial budding in haploid cells, cell wall construction, or proper regulation of the high-osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) pathway. Altogether, the study extends the roles of PI signaling to a differentiation MAPK pathway and other cellular processes.
Frequency and phase noise of ultrahigh Q silicon nitride nanomechanical resonators

We describe the measurement and modeling of amplitude noise and phase noise in ultrahigh $Q$ nanomechanical resonators made from stoichiometric silicon nitride. With quality factors exceeding 2 million, the resonators' noise performance is studied with high precision. We find that the amplitude noise can be well described by the thermomechanical model, however, the resonators exhibit sizable extra phase noise due to their intrinsic frequency fluctuations. We develop a method to extract the resonator frequency fluctuation of a driven resonator and obtain a noise spectrum with ${k}_{B}T/f$ dependence, which could be attributed to defect motion with broadly distributed relaxation times.
Message Overload from the Inbox to Intelligence Analysis: How Spam and Blogs Point to New Tools

Patterns of responses to “message overload” can be seen in the ways in which people adapt messaging systems and capabilities. Blogging is an effective and increasingly popular decentralized form of group communication that is proving useful in helping people find and share what is informative. We look to blogging for clues to new solutions to the problem of “data overload” in the world of email. These design solutions to email overload go beyond efforts to block spam, and are based on shifting the basic unit of organization toward communication relationships that allow patterns in communications to emerge.
A Tool for assessing the value contributed by public purchasing departments throughout various stages of competitive acquisition processes for consulting services

Presented herein is a tool for assessing the value contributed by public sector purchasing departments throughout various stages of competitive acquisition processes for consulting services. Both direct and indirect measures are included in this assessment tool. Although direct contributions are particularly important in an environment where the public scrutinizes the way in which public organizations spend money, indirect contributions made by the purchasing department can be even more important due to the significance of these services in terms of the impact that they have on the functioning of organizations and their ability to serve the public. This tool provides a practical means by which to improve the way that public purchasing departments help make these traditionally difficult purchase decisions, and in doing so, positively affect departmental and organizational performance.
Association mapping of leaf traits in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an important leafy vegetable crop grown worldwide. Leaf traits, surface texture (smooth, savoy or semi-savoy), petiole colour (different shades of green vs. purple) and edge shape (serrate vs. entire), are important commercial traits of spinach. Association mapping for the three traits was conducted on 323 USDA spinach germplasm accessions, originally collected from 33 countries and representing the entire USDA spinach germplasm collection. The majority of accessions were from Europe (36.3%), Asia (25.3%) and North America (15.8%). The majority of the spinach accessions (82.0%) were smooth (unwrinkled types), whereas the savoy and semi-savoy types (wrinkled types) accounted for 18.0%. The collection contained 74.9% green petiole types, while the purple petioles consisted of 25.1%. The collection consisted of 27.2% serrated leaf types and 72.8% entire leaf edge types. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery, and SNPs were used as genotypic data to conduct genetic diversity and association mapping of the three leaf traits. Five genetic subpopulations and principal components (PCs) were postulated by structure 2 and JMP Genomics 7 for this association panel. Five, seven and 14 SNPs were identified to be associated with surface texture, edge shape and petiole colour, respectively. This study provides us an approach to identify SNP markers through association analysis in spinach and thus leads to select these three leaf traits through marker-assisted selection in spinach breeding programme.
Studies on the Proteolytic Degradation of theβ-Protein Precursor by Proteases Purified from Alzheimer's Disease Braina

In Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of Dutch origin, and normal aging, amyloid accumulates in the brain parenchyma and blood vessels. The major protein in the deposits is the beta-protein, a 4-kD peptide possibly generated by an abnormal degradation of its precursor, the beta-protein precursor (beta PP). We found, as a second component of the brain amyloid, the serine protease inhibitor alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT). Inasmuch as ACT is tightly associated with the beta-protein and is never found in other amyloidoses, we hypothesized a role for ACT in the degradation of the beta PP. We used synthetic peptides made according to the sequence flanking the N-terminus of the beta-protein to screen brain fractions for protease activity. After several purification steps, two protease fractions were found that can cleave the peptide between methionine and aspartic acid, aspartic acid being the N-terminus of the beta-protein. One protease is activated by calcium and inhibited by ACT, beta PP containing the Kunitz-type inhibitory domain, diisofluorophosphate, and 1,10-phenanthroline. This protease fraction is also able to degrade the beta PP in vitro. The second protease is a metal-dependent cysteine protease.
Racial differences in heritability of cigarette smoking in adolescents and young adults.

Introduction Although epidemiologic studies suggest low levels of cigarette use among African American adolescents relative to White U.S. adolescents, it is not known whether this may be due to racial differences in the relative contribution of genes and environment to cigarette use initiation and progression to regular use.
A Look at the Mobile App Identification Landscape

The number of mobile devices and apps have grown tremendously in recent years, resulting in a dramatic increase in mobile traffic. This trend is expected to create a nearly 10-fold increase in global mobile data over the next 5 years, bringing mobile traffic analysis into focus. However, traditional traffic analysis approaches don't work well for mobile traffic. Mobile apps possess unique characteristics that make it exceedingly difficult to determine which app generated a flow. Here, the author discusses the challenges in mobile traffic analysis and presents a survey of techniques that address these issues.
The Mentoring Process

This chapter provides an overview of the mentoring process, beginning with a theoretical background and research base. The theoretical background and research base establish a rationale for mentoring in higher education. The chapter then shares different mentoring relationships that exist in higher education. The stakeholders in mentoring relationships are described, including faculty, students, and professional colleagues. Characteristics of positive mentors are identified, which serve to provide qualities that potential mentors could develop in order to serve their proteges well. Examples of effective mentoring models and programs are discussed, along with the benefits of mentoring. This chapter serves as an overview for the book, before each chapter provides detailed information on specific mentoring topics.
Suppression of luteal and placental function in pregnant baboons with agonist analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormones.

Implantation of pelleted agonistic analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) into six pregnant baboons, ranging between 14 and 21days after mating in individual animals, resulted in two abortions: one at 39 and the other at 67days after mating. Plasma progesterone levels were low in treated animals through the 23rd day after mating, in spite of rising levels of plasma chorionic gonadotropin. Plasma levels of progesterone then rose rapidly to normal in five of six animals. Plasma estradiol levels were low from treatment on in the late-aborting animal but were normal until 5days before delivery in the early abortant. The profile of circulating chorionic gonadotropin was truncated in treated animals, which may be the first indication of a paradoxical effect of LH-RH agonist on the trophoblast.
Twin-mediated crystal growth

The structure and origin of twin defects have been studied over the past half-century. Recently, there has been renewed interest in investigating the mechanisms by which twin defects facilitate the growth of bulk and nanoscale systems. This article reviews our understanding and experimental advances to unravel the complex role that twin defects play during crystal growth. The following topics are addressed: growth promotion at single and multiple, parallel and antiparallel twin boundaries; the role of {100} and {111} solid–liquid interfaces during crystallization; the application of realtime imaging to the study of crystal growth in the presence of twin defects; and suggested future research needed to shed light on the driving forces for twin-related phenomena. By providing a broad survey of the existing literature on twin-assisted crystal growth, we anticipate that our review will aid researchers in deciphering various growth forms that arise in materials processing applications.
Risk of Nodal Metastasis in Major Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Objective To determine the risk of nodal metastasis, examine risk factors for nodal metastasis, and evaluate the impact of nodal metastasis on survival in patients with major salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. Study Design Retrospective cohort study from a large population- based cancer database. Methods Data were extracted from the SEER 18 database (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) of the National Cancer Institute. The study cohort included 720 patients diagnosed with major salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma between 1988 and 2013. Results The overall rate of lymph node metastasis was 17%. T3 disease (odds ratio, 4.74) and T4 disease (odds ratio, 9.24) were associated with increased risk of nodal metastasis. Age, sex, and site were not associated with nodal metastasis. Nodal metastasis was associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio, 2.56) and disease-specific survival (hazard ratio, 3.27), after adjusting for T stage, presence of distant metastasis, site, surgical resection, radiotherapy, neck dissection, age, sex, race, marital status, and year of diagnosis. Conclusion Major salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma carries significant risk of nodal metastasis. Advanced T stage is associated with increased risk of nodal metastasis. Nodal metastasis is associated with worse survival.