cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of tidally mediated litter moisture content on decomposition of Spartina alterniflora and S. patens

Relationships between flooding frequency, flooding duration, litter moisture levels, and litter decay rates were investigated across the natural hydrologic gradient common to intertidal salt marshes. The effects on litter decay of natural and experimental alterations of litter moisture content were assessed in both field litterbag experiments (conducted in a southern New Jersey salt marsh from 1989 to 1990) and laboratory incubations (1990). Overall, tidally mediated litter moisture content was the dominant factor controlling litter decay throughout the vegetated marsh. Rates of carbon loss were most closely related to litter moisture levels (r=0.84), which were directly related to flooding frequency (r=0.66) and duration (r=0.63). Litter moisture levels were related to elevation within the tidal range due to increasing surface levation from creekbank to high marsh (ca. 54 cm) and height of litter above the sediment surface. Carbon losses from litter of short and tall form Spartina alterniflora Loisel. and S. patens (Aiton) Muhl. along the marsh elevation gradient indicate that while some of the variations in decay rates may be due to litter type, litter moisture accounted for most of the observed variation between marsh zones and within each litter type. Mousture levels are also affected by the water retention capacity of each litter type, which may also secondarily influence decay rates. Short-term incubations of litter indicated that CO2 evolution was positively related to moisture content with negligible respiration at moisture levels below 15% (fresh mass), increasing to a maximum between 65 and 75% depending upon litter type. Since most Spartina spp. litter remains above the marsh surface where it maintains a lower moisture content than surface litter, the use of surface litterbags may overestimate rates of carbon loss in some systems. In addition, since changes in elevation of only a few centimeters had significant effects on both litter moisture levels and decay rates, slight changes in tidal regime may have important consequences for organic matter cycling in salt marshes by affecting litter decomposition processes.
Addendum to "Effects of transverse photon exchange in helium Rydberg states: Corrections beyond the Coulomb-Breit interactions"

We present numerical results for the correction potential beyond the Coulomb-Breit and the Araki-Sucher interaction potentials due to transverse photon exchange between the Rydberg electron and the core in helium Rydberg atoms.
Perpetuation of subgingival biofilms in an in vitro model.

SUMMARY This study evaluated the reproducibility of in-vitro-grown biofilms, initiated with subgingival plaque from patients with periodontal disease, and continued through several cycles by reinoculating new biofilms from previously grown biofilms. Subgingival plaque samples from bleeding pockets along with saliva samples were collected from three patients with chronic periodontitis and perpetuated through seven cycles. Calcium hydroxyapatite disks were coated with sterilized saliva inoculated with dispersed subgingival plaque. The biofilms were grown anaerobically at 37� C for 10 days, and at specific intervals total viable bacteria were enumerated and the species present were analysed by DNA‐ DNA checkerboard hybridization. All cycles of biofilm growth occurred at similar rates and reached steady-state at day 7. No statistically or microbially significant differences were found for viable counts or species present, at the same period of maturation, among the different cycles. This study demonstrated that growth of certain target subgingival periodontal species in this biofilm model was reproducible and could be perpetuated in vitro through several cycles. The model could be useful in future studies to characterize different periodontopathogenic properties and biofilm interactions, especially in recolonization studies.
The nitrofurans; a new type of antibacterial agent.

This report reviews the basis upon which the present status of Nitrofurazone (Furacin) depends. This compound is either bacceriostatic or bactericidal to a wide variety of organisms and possesses a low degree of systemic and local toxicity although sensitization may sometimes be encountered.
Problem-solving appraisal, gender role conflict, help-seeking behavior, and psychological distress among men who are homeless.

Men who are homeless experience pervasive psychological stressors that diminish their capacity to cope and navigate life problems. Yet some of these men possess skills, self-perceptions, and attitudes that allow them to survive. This study examined the contribution of gender role conflict, attitudes toward seeking professional help, psychological distress, and problem-solving appraisal among 126 men who are homeless. The results suggest that participants who reported higher gender role conflict scores, especially around restricting emotions, also reported negative appraisals of their skills, attitudes, and confidence to solve problems. In addition, these same men reported higher levels of psychological distress and negative attitudes toward seeking professional counseling. Research and clinical implications are presented.
Isolation of an ATP-Pi exchangease from lysolecithin-treated electron transport particles.

Summary A simple and rapid procedure has been developed for the isolation of an oligomycin-sensitive ATPase with a high level of ATP-Pi exchange activity using lysolecithin-treated ETP as the starting material. The ATP-Pi exchangease is deficient in electron transport components and is sensitive to uncouplers. Electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations show a variety of membrane fragments with attached headpieces. SDS gels show the presence of the same peptides found in an oligomycin-sensitive ATPase with no ATP-Pi exchange activity. The ATPase activity of the exchangease particles is stimulated by the uncoupler FCCP.
Grain-Size Heterogeneity and Subsurface Stratification in Air Sparging of Dissolved-Phase Contamination: Laboratory Experiments–Field Implications

Air sparging (AS) laboratory experiments were performed to assess the effects of grain-size heterogeneity and sediment stratification on air-flow geometry and area of impact. Results were interpreted in terms of the three air-flow geometries described in the literature: chamber flow, channelized flow, and pervasive/bubbly flow. Compared to sparging experiments in monostratigraphic layers, AS of coarsening-upward sequences can increase the extent of the sediment column affected by air because of changes in air-flow geometry and/or sparge angle at strata transition boundaries. AS of fining-upward sequences can also increase the extent of sediment affected in an overlying unit in which channelized flow occurs by generating multiple air-source points. Laboratory simulations of the AS injection interval, representative grain size, and stratified saturated zone of a field site were also performed. These experiments indicated the potential occurrence of chamber flow at the site and revealed the effect of pulsed AS. The effect is to fill in areas of the sedimentary column between air-flow chambers that otherwise would not be affected by air during continuous sparging. This phenomenon, observed in the laboratory, is a likely explanation for remediation performance at the site.
Temperature variation of surface phonon line width: low Miller index surfaces of Ag and Cu

Abstract We have calculated the line width of phonons of the (1 0 0), (1 1 0), and (1 1 1) surfaces of Ag and Cu resulting from anharmonic terms in the interaction potential using time-dependent perturbation theory. The third-derivative term of the Taylor expansion of an analytic representation of a reliable semi-empirical potential mediates the perturbation to lowest order. Surface phonons with frequency less than 4 THz are found to decay predominantly via the phonon–phonon “difference” process, while those of higher frequency respond to the “splitting” process. At 300 K, the phonon line widths range between 1.8 and 0.08 THz and are found to be in good agreement with experimental data where available, and with the values deduced from accompanying molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, with a few exceptions. At higher temperatures the predicted linear variation with temperature in the perturbative results differs from that obtained from MD simulations.
Observation of a Commercial Fluorinated Material, the Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphoric Acid Diesters, in Human Sera, Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge, and Paper Fibers

Sources of human exposure to perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are not well-characterized. Polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acids (PAPs) are fluorinated surfactants used in human food contact paper products. PAPs can migrate into food and food simulants, and their bioavailability and biotransformation into PFCAs has been demonstrated using a rat model. To characterize human exposure to PAP materials, we analyzed pooled human sera samples collected in 2004 and 2005 (n = 10) and 2008 (n = 10) from the midwestern United States for the 4:2 through 10:2 PAP diesters (diPAPs). The 2004 and 2005 sera samples contained 4.5 μg/L total diPAPs, with the 6:2 diPAP dominating the congener profile at 1.9 ± 0.4 μg/L. DiPAP concentrations observed in the 2004 and 2005 human sera samples were similar to those of the C8 to C11 PFCAs (0.13 ± 0.01 to 4.2 ± 0.3 μg/L) monitored in the same samples. 6:2 diPAP was also consistently observed in the 2008 human sera samples at a mean concentration of 0.63 ± 0.13 μg/L. As diPAPs hav...
Bathing the brain

Hippocrates observed that the brain is suspended in a fluid, but the functions of that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) vital to brain function have only been slowly revealed. Francois Magendie compared the brain suspended in CSF to the fetus suspended in amniotic fluid, and indeed, CSF does provide mechanical support for the brain. Since the brain is neutrally buoyant in this environment, CSF provides protection of neural tissue from the force of gravity and from sudden changes in velocity during head impact. The production of CSF by the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles, its transit through the third and fourth ventricles, its coursing over the exterior surface of the brain and spinal cord, and its ultimate uptake at the arachnoid granulations in the large draining veins was not fully described until the early 1900s (Figure ​(Figure1A1A and ref. 1). Figure 1 CSF and its traffic to the lymphatic system.
Macroeconomic modeling based on social-accounting principles

Abstract Using the example of a small comparative static model of Thailand for 1980, this article sets out an approach to macroeconomic model building that is based on two versions of a social-accounting matrix (SAM)—one version contains data for a base year, whereas the cell entries of the other are algebraic expressions for the determination of the corresponding transaction values. Thus the model is developed in transaction-value (TV) form, and this is one distinguishing feature of the approach. Other features derive from different aspects of the relationship between the two SAMs. We argue that the approach has distinct advantages for model description, calibration, and solution and that these are important if models are to be used for policy purposes that place a premium on intelligibility and replicability within the context of a flexible modeling capability.
Dexamethasone inhibits growth factor-induced type 3 deiodinase activity and mRNA expression in a cultured cell line derived from rat neonatal brown fat vascular-stromal cells.

Studies examining the regulation of the type 3 deiodinase (D3) have been hampered by the lack of cell lines that constitutively express this enzyme. To address this issue, a new cell line, designated brown fat vascular-stromal (BVS-1), was generated by continuous subculturing of precursor cells derived from the vascular-stromal fraction of rat neonatal brown fat. BVS-1 cells did not differentiate into adipocytes when cultured for 5 d in DMEM supplemented with 2% newborn calf serum, 4 nm insulin, 2 nm T3, and 10 nm dexamethasone (DEX). However, when cultured in regular medium, the cells expressed high levels of D3 activity (1–5 pmol/h per milligram protein) and mRNA. D3 mRNA was markedly induced by treatment for 6 h with epidermal growth factor, acid or basic fibroblast growth factors (10 ng/ml), or a 3-h treatment with a phorbol ester [12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), 1 μm] or 10% fetal bovine serum. However, preincubation of cells overnight with 50 nm DEX completely blocked the D3-inducing eff...
A model for wafer scale variation of material removal rate in chemical mechanical polishing based on viscoelastic pad deformation

It is well known that within-wafer nonuniformity (WIWNU) due to the variation in material removal rate (MRR) in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) significantly affects the yield of good dies. The process control for a batch CMP operation is further complicated by wafer-to-wafer nonuniformity (WTWNU) caused by MRR decay when a number of wafers are polished with the same unconditioned pad. Accordingly, the present work focuses on modeling the WIWNU and WTWNU in CMP processes. Various material removal models suggest that the MRR is strongly influenced by the interface pressure. It is also well known that the viscoelastic properties of the pad play an important role in CMP. In the present work, an analytical expression for pressure distribution (and its associated MRR) at the wafer-pad interface for a viscoelastic pad is developed. It is observed that under constant load, which is typical during main polishing in CMP, the spatial distribution of the interface pressure profile may change with time from edge-slow to edge-fast, depending on the combination of wafer curvature, down pressure, and pad properties. For constant displacement operations, the pressure profile retains its edge-slow or edge-fast characteristics over time. The analytical model predictions of MRR based on viscoelastic pad properties also correlate very well to existing experimental observations of MRR decay when an unconditioned pad is used to polish a number of wafers. Based on these observations, it may be conjectured that the viscoelastic material properties of the pad play a primary role in causing the observed MRR decay. The analytical results obtained in the present work can also provide an estimation of evolution of thickness removal distribution over the entire wafer. This may be used for determining the optimum thickness of the overburden material and its polishing time, and for effective control of CMP processes.
Function generation with band mechanisms

Abstract The design equations for band mechanisms closely resemble the design equations for cams, and as such they are solvable for a broad class of functional constraint. However, band mechanisms have more severe physical compatibility requirements than cams and all solutions to the design equations are not solutions to the design problem. In this paper the author investigates the use of band mechanisms for function generation between two parallel shafts. He further investigates the physical constraints on band mechanisms and the application of these constraints to the design equations. Example problems are presented.
Charging of aerosol particles by ionizing radiation in the presence of an electric field

Abstract An ionizing particle (alpha particle in the experiment) produces pairs of positive and negative ions along its trajectory until its kinetic energy is exhausted. The ion production field can be computed if the system geometry, disintegration rate and energy are known. Without an electric field, positive and negative ions are distributed isotropically around the trajectories of the ionizing particles. In this case aerosol particles are neutralized. When, however, a strong electric field is applied to the ion production field, it dominates ionic motion and creates regions where concentration ratios between positive and negative ions exist. In such a field, particles obtain charges depending on their size and dielectric constant, concentrations of positive and negative ions and electric field strength. Differential equations for impaction charging and diffusion charging were derived for this bipolar case. Solutions are for the most general cases when charging time is finite, and the initial charge is not zero. A simple electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was developed to test this equation for impaction charging. The test dust was lycopodium spores ( d = 28 μm). The agreement with theory and experimental results was good. Differences at higher field strengths appear to be due to secondary ionization.
Situation understanding bot through language and environment

This video shows a demonstration of a fully autonomous robot, an iRobot ATRV-JR, which can be given commands using natural language. Users type commands to the robot on a tablet computer, which are then parsed and processed using semantic analysis. This information is used to build a plan representing the high level autonomous behaviors the robot should perform [2] [1]. The robot can be given commands to be executed immediately (e.g., “Search the floor for hostages.”) as well as standing orders for use over the entire run (e.g., “Let me know if you see any bombs.”). In the scenario shown in the video, the robot is asked to identify and defuse bombs, as well as to report if it finds any hostages or bad guys. Users can also query the robot through this interface. The robot conveys information to the user through text and a graphical interface on a tablet computer. The system can add icons to the map displayed and highlight areas of the map to convey concepts such as “I am here.” The video contains segments taken from a continuous 20 minute long run, shown at 4× speed. This work is a demonstration of a larger project called Situation Understanding Bot Through Language and Environment (SUBTLE). For more information, see www.subtlebot.org.
Reflechi twòp—Thinking Too Much: Description of a Cultural Syndrome in Haiti’s Central Plateau

A rich Haitian ethnopsychology has been described, detailing concepts of personhood, explanatory models of illness, and links between mind and body. However, little research has engaged explicitly with mental illness, and that which does focuses on the Kreyol term fou (madness), a term that psychiatrists associate with schizophrenia and other psychoses. More work is needed to characterize potential forms of mild-to-moderate mental illness. Idioms of distress provide a promising avenue for exploring common mental disorders. Working in Haiti’s Central Plateau, we aimed to identify idioms of distress that represent cultural syndromes. We used ethnographic and epidemiologic methods to explore the idiom of distress reflechi twop (thinking too much). This syndrome is characterized by troubled rumination at the intersection of sadness, severe mental disorder, suicide, and social and structural hardship. Persons with “thinking too much” have greater scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. “Thinking too much” is associated with 8 times greater odds of suicidal ideation. Untreated “thinking too much” is sometimes perceived to lead to psychosis. Recognizing and understanding “thinking too much” may allow early clinical recognition and interventions to reduce long-term psychosocial suffering in Haiti’s Central Plateau.
Testicular and androgen dependence of skin gland morphology in the anurans, Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens.

In anuran amphibians, there is increasing evidence that exocrine glands dispersed throughout the general integument are secondary sex characters (SSC). Following the recent discovery of sexually dimorphic "breeding glands" in the dorsum of male Rana pipiens, we studied the effects of castration and testosterone treatment on the dorsal skin glands of male Xenopus laevis and R. pipiens to determine whether the dorsal breeding glands, or any other dorsal skin glands, are androgen dependent. The dorsal skin glands of X. laevis were unaffected by androgen status. By contrast, in R. pipiens, breeding, mucous, and seromucous glands responded to testosterone stimulation. Mucous glands were significantly (P < 0.05) larger in testosterone-treated frogs than in castrates. There was a large, but statistically insignificant, increase in the size of the dorsal breeding glands. Testosterone treatment also increased the epithelial cell height of breeding and seromucous glands (P < 0.05). In the skins of castrated and testosterone-treated frogs, there was a reciprocal relationship between the abundance of seromucous and breeding glands: in castrates, seromucous glands were abundant and breeding glands virtually absent, whereas in testosterone-treated frogs, breeding glands were abundant and seromucous glands less common. The total number of the two gland types was similar in both treatment groups. Glands that appeared to be intermediate in form between seromucous and breeding glands were observed in some frogs. These data suggest that seromucous glands may be the regressed form of breeding glands in the dorsal skin of R. pipiens and that the dorsal skin of R. pipiens is a SSC. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast contractile force is independent of the stiffness which resists the contraction.

Using a device named the cell force monitor, the contractile force developed by fibroblasts has been studied by measuring the macroscopic contraction of porous collagen-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) matrices over the first 24 h following cell attachment. In this paper, the effect of a variation in the stiffness that resists matrix contraction by cells on the contractile force generated by the cells was determined. Data from these experiments revealed that the contractile force generated by the fibroblasts was independent of the stiffness of the resistance within the range tested (0.7-10.7 N/m). These results suggest that during the time when fibroblasts are attaching to and spreading on collagen-GAG matrices the contractile forces they generate are force limited, not displacement limited. Therefore, the cytoskeletal mechanism of force generation, corresponding with cell elongation, is capable of increasing the displacement of adhesion sites in order to develop the same level of force. Although a detailed understanding of how the passive mechanical signals provided by substrate materials affect cell processes is still unavailable, in vitro modeling of cell-mediated contraction continues to provide useful information.
Menstrual mood disorders are associated with blunted sympathetic reactivity to stress.

Abstract Objective Few studies have directly compared women with a menstrually related mood disorder (MRMD) with women who have suffered from depression for stress reactivity phenotypes. It is unclear whether blunted responses to stress in women with a MRMD reflect a unique phenotype of MRMDs or may be explained by a history of depression. Methods We assessed cardiovascular reactivity to stress in four groups: 1) Women with a MRMD without a history of depression (n = 37); 2) women with a MRMD plus a history of depression (n = 26); 3) women without a MRMD and without a history of depression (n = 43); and 4) women without a MRMD but with a history of depression (n = 20). Results Women with a MRMD showed blunted myocardial (heart rate and cardiac index) reactivity to mental stress compared to non-MRMD women, irrespective of histories of depression. Hypo-reactivity to stress predicted greater premenstrual symptom severity in the entire sample. Women with a MRMD showed blunted norepinephrine and diastolic blood pressure stress reactivity relative to women with no MRMD, but only when no history of depression was present. Both MRMD women and women with depression histories reported greater negative subjective responses to stress relative to their non-MRMD and never depressed counterparts. Conclusion Our findings support the assertion that a blunted stress reactivity profile represents a unique phenotype of MRMDs and also underscore the importance of psychiatric histories to stress reactivity. Furthermore, our results emphasize the clinical relevance of myocardial hypo-reactivity to stress, since it predicts heightened premenstrual symptom severity.
Evaluation of methyl eugenol and cue-lure traps with solid lure and insecticide dispensers for fruit fly monitoring and male annihilation in the Hawaii areawide pest management program.

Methyl eugenol (ME) and cue-lure (C-L) traps with solid lure dispensers were deployed in areas with low and high populations of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), respectively. In low-density areas, standard Jackson traps or Hawaii Fruit Fly Areawide Pest Management (AWPM) traps with FT Mallet ME wafers impregnated with dimethyl dichloro-vinyl phosphate (DDVP) or AWPM traps with Scentry ME cones and vapor tape performed equally as well as standard Jackson traps with liquid ME/C-L and naled. Standard Jackson traps or AWPM traps with FT Mallet C-L wafers impregnated with DDVP or AWPM traps with Scentry C-L plugs with vapor tape performed equally as well as standard Jackson traps with a lure-naled solution. In high density areas, captures with traps containing FT Mallet wafers (ME and C-L) outperformed AWPM traps with Scentry cones and plugs (ME and C-L) with DDVP insecticidal strips over a 6-mo period. Captures of B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae with wafers containing both ME and raspberry ketone (FT Mallet MC) were equivalent to those containing separate lures. From a worker safety and convenience standpoint, FT Mallet ME and C-L wafers with DDVP or Scentry plugs, with or without DDVP vapor tape, are more convenient and safer to handle than standard liquid insecticide formulations used for monitoring and male annihilation programs in Hawaii, and for detections traps used on the U.S. mainland. Furthermore, the FT Mallet MC wafer might be used in a single trap in place of two separate traps for detection of both ME and C-L responding fruit flies.
Symmetric Active/Active Replication for Dependent Services

During the last several years, we have established the symmetric active/active replication model for service-level high availability and implemented several proof- of-concept prototypes. One major deficiency of our model is its inability to deal with dependent services, since its original architecture is based on the client- service model. This paper extends our model to dependent services using its already existing mechanisms and features. The presented concept is based on the idea that a service may also be a client of another service, and multiple services may be clients of each other. A high-level abstraction is used to illustrate dependencies between clients and services, and to decompose dependencies between services into respective client-service dependencies. This abstraction may be used for providing high availability in distributed computing systems with complex service-oriented architectures.
The Semantic Uniformity of Traces: Evidence from Ellipsis Parallelism

This article presents an argument from ellipsis parallelism that traces of all types of movement receive a bound variable interpretation at LF. MaxElide, a constraint on ellipsis, is used to probe the size of parallelism domains and detect the semantic contribution of a variety of traces. The data examined reveal a detailed interaction between wh -movement from various positions, T-to-C movement, and movement of subjects. I offer an analysis based on the overlapping variablebinder relationships created by these movements. The theoretical conclusion is that Ā-, A-, and head movement all produce traces that feed interpretation. This conclusion argues directly against several proposals that deprive non-Ā movements of (certain) semantic effects—for example, proposals that head movement occurs at PF, or that A-movement does not leave traces.
Corporate Chaplaincy and the American Workplace

Corporate chaplains are religious ministers trained in pastoral care, most often clinical pastoral education, paid by a company or staffing agency to serve the emotional and spiritual needs of workers at their jobsite. In the early 21st century, the secular vocation of corporate chaplaincy is a growing business and a booming enterprise. This essay traces the historical development of corporate chaplaincy from its earlier industrial forms and argues that corporate chaplains have influenced the development of the American workplace through their organizational mediation of spiritual meaning and economic productivity.
The Spectrum of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Report of Six Pediatric Cases and Review of the Literature

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract with eosinophilic leukocytes, accompanied by varying abdominal symptoms and usually by peripheral blood eosinophilia. We report our experience with six pediatric cases presenting to the Cleveland Clinic Foundation over the past eight years. Unusual findings in our patients included ascitic fluid without eosinophilia and eosinophilic pericarditis (one patient), and eosinophilic cholecystitis (one patient). Endoscopic examination and biopsy helped to establish the diagnosis in all patients. Bone marrow aspiration supported the diagnosis by demonstrating eosinophilia and identifying reactivation of the disease, even in cases without peripheral eosinophilia. All six patients responded promptly to prednisone. Diagnosis is challenging and eosinophilic gastroenteritis may be more common than is recognized. This series of cases significantly expands the spectrum of the disease in children, and documents the usefulness of diagnostic endoscopy in this condition.
Characterization Of Physically Vapor Deposited Af2400 Thin Films

Anti-reflective coatings made with Teflon AF2400 had the highest damage thresholds recorded for physical vapor deposited coatings at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory damage facility. Physical vapor deposited layers of Teflon AF2400, a perfluorinated amorphous polymer, maintained the bulk optical properties of a high transmittance from 200 nm to 1600 nm, and a low refractive index. In addition, the refractive index can be intentionally reduced by control of two common deposition parameters, deposition rate and substrate temperature. Scanning electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance observations indicated that morphological changes caused the variations in the refractive index rather than compositional changes. The coatings adhered to fused silica and silicon wafers under normal laboratory handling conditions.
The Behavior of Weakly Electric Fish (Sternarchus Albifrons) in Magnetic Fields.

(1972). The Behavior of Weakly Electric Fish (Sternarchus Albifrons) in Magnetic Fields. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 3-13.
Sub-Segmental Detail in Early Lexical Representations.

In previous studies of phonological sensitivity, toddlers have failed to differentiate mispronunciations of varying severity. We provide evidence of more sophisticated phonological knowledge. Nineteen-month-olds were presented with displays consisting of one familiar and one unfamiliar object. In Experiment 1, names of familiar objects were pronounced correctly or had onset mispronunciations of one, two, or three phonetic features. Under these referential conditions, subjects demonstrated linearly graded sensitivity to the degree of mismatch. In Experiment 2, mispronunciations involved one-feature place, voice, or manner changes; in Experiment 3, subjects heard three types of two-feature onset mispronunciations. Within each of these two experiments, responses were similar to the three types of mispronunciations. Moreover, the pattern across Experiments 2 and 3 confirmed the graded sensitivity observed in Experiment 1. These results converge to suggest that 19-month-olds’ representations of familiar words are quite mature and that lexical processing in toddlers (as in adults) is affected by sub-segmental detail. 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Association analysis reveals effects of wheat glutenin alleles and rye translocations on dough-mixing properties

The glutenin loci of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are important determinants of bread-making quality, although the effects of alleles at those loci are incompletely understood. We applied an association analysis method to assess the effects of glutenin alleles and 1RS wheat–rye (Secale cereale L.) translocations on dough-mixing properties in 96 wheat cultivars and advanced lines grown at three Colorado locations while accounting for population structure and relatedness of individuals in the population. The results indicated that (1) in the majority of cases, controlling relatedness of individuals reduced the significance of associations between glutenin loci and Mixograph traits; (2) the Glu-D1 and Glu-B3 loci and 1RS translocations had greater impacts on dough-mixing properties compared to other glutenin loci; (3) Glu-B1w, Glu-D1d, and Glu-B3b were consistently associated with greater (more favorable) Mixograph peak time (MPT) than other alleles at the respective loci, whereas Glu-B1e, Glu-D1a, and Glu-B3c were associated with reduced MPT; (4) the 1BL.1RS translocation was associated with a decrease in Mixograph properties. Our results indicate that taking multiple-level relatedness of individuals into account can improve the results of association analysis for wheat-quality traits.
Self-care and deviance in elementary school-age children

Fourth-, fifth- and sixth-grade students were surveyed to investigate whether self-care was related to self-reports of behavioral or attitudinal deviance, liking for school, or both. The Child Self-Care Measure (CSCM), a multiscale self-report instrument, measured self-care as a developmental task with four major dimensions: temporal, physical, structural, and psychological. Self-care in general was not linked to deviance. However, increases in psychological self-care were strongly correlated with reductions in children's liking for school. Additionally, children in self-care who cared for younger siblings for more than a year reported more deviant behaviors than those without responsibility for younger siblings; children in the care of older siblings less than 16 years old for more than 4 years reported more tolerance for deviance than peers in self-care without older sibling caregivers. Findings support earlier speculations that children in self-care may not be developmentally ready to take responsibility for elementary school-aged siblings. Results also indicated that although girls in self-care manifest problems earlier than boys, long term self-care may be more problematic for boys than girls.
Achieving controllability of plug-in electric vehicles

The paper presents a conceptual framework for actively involving highly distributed loads in system control actions. The context for load control is established by first reviewing system control objectives, including economic dispatch, automatic generation control and spinning reserve. Also, prior work on load control is reviewed. The load control strategy discussed in the paper builds on the concept of a load aggregator. The aggregator acquires data from plug-in electric vehicle loads in its area, and builds a consolidated model that describes overall load availability. When control actions are required, the aggregator broadcasts a common message to all loads, with the response of individual loads dependent upon their interpretation of that message. The interface between the aggregator and the system controller should have a form that allows load control to be integrated seamlessly into the legacy system. The paper discusses the communications infrastructure required to support such a load control scheme.
Sexual Maturation in Male Prairie Voles: Effects of the Social Environment

The effects of various social contexts on sexual maturation in captive male prairie voles were investigated. Sexual maturity was assessed as the ability of a young male to produce urine capable of activating a diestrous adult female into estrus, as females remain anestrus until they ingest a male urinary chemosignal. In five experiments the postweaning social environments of developing males were manipulated (e.g., presence or absence of dam, sire, or junior litter, exposure to unfamiliar adult voles, social isolation) to determine if the age at which males begin to produce potent urine was sensitive to social effects. In general, there was no difference in the age of potent urine production as a function of social environment. Findings are discussed in the context of dispersal, inbreeding avoidance, and mate acquisition.
Associative mechanism for phosphoryl transfer: a molecular dynamics simulation of Escherichia coli adenylate kinase complexed with its substrates.

The ternary complex of Esche- richia coli adenylate kinase (ECAK) with its sub- strates adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and Mg- ATP, which catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl group between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and AMP, was studied using molecular dynam- ics. The starting structure for the simulation was assembled from the crystal structures of ECAK com- plexed with the bisubstrate analog diadenosine pen- taphosphate (AP5A) and of Bacillus stearothermophi- lus adenylate kinase complexed with AP5A, Mg 2 , and 4 coordinated water molecules, and by deleting 1 phosphate group from AP5A. The interactions of ECAK residues with the various moieties of ATP and AMP were compared to those inferred from NMR, X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, and enzyme kinetic studies. The simulation sup- ports the hypothesis that hydrogen bonds between AMP's adenine and the protein are at the origin of the high nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) specific- ity of AK. The ATP adenine and ribose moieties are only loosely bound to the protein, while the ATP phosphates are strongly bound to surrounding resi- dues. The coordination sphere of Mg 2 , consisting of 4 waters and oxygens of the ATP - and -phos- phates, stays approximately octahedral during the simulation. The important role of the conserved Lys13 in the P loop in stabilizing the active site by bridging the ATP and AMP phosphates is evident. The influence of Mg 2 , of its coordination waters, and of surrounding charged residues in maintain- ing the geometry and distances of the AMP -phos- phate and ATP - and -phosphates is sufficient to support an associative reaction mechanism for phos- phoryl transfer. Proteins 2005;58:88 -100.
Amphenone: toxicity and effects on adrenal and thyroid function in man.

Amphenone1 has been found to alter thyroid and adrenal function in the rat and dog. In addition, this compound exhibits a weak progestational action on the rabbit uterus and an atypical folliculoid effect upon the genital tract of the rat (1). Of these multiple endocrinologic effects the most pertinent to the present report is the capacity of amphenone to cause a marked depression of adrenocortical secretion in the dog. This is manifested by a pronounced reduction in the corticosteroid content of the adrenal venous effluent in the hypophysectomized dog, even in the presence of high levels of exogenous corticotropin (2, 3).
Unambiguous Structure Determination of a New Flavonoid, 5,6,4′-Tnriydroxy-7,8,3′-Trimethoxyflavone, by the Use of INAPT NMR Techniques

Abstract The structure elucidation of a new flavone, 5,6,4′-trihydroxy-7,8,3′-trimethoxyflavone, was performed by the use of Insensitive Nuc1ei Assigned by Polarization Transfer (INAPT), a simple and sensitive NMR technique. Application of INAPT allowed the unambiguous identification of the new flavonoid. The use of this powerful method as a general tool for structure elucidations of flavonoids will be discussed.
Pressure and temperature effects on the vibrational frequencies of crystalline polymethylenes. II. Lattice anharmonicity and the equation of state

The lattice anharmonicity of crystalline polymethylene is interpreted from the observed pressure and temperature dependence of Raman active interchain lattice frequencies of the n-paraffins C23H48 and C44H90. The temperature dependence of the Lc′ interchain lattice frequency is separated into quasiharmonic and self-energy shifts. The former is due to the volume dependence of the force constant of the oscillator. The latter is due to the anharmonicity of the dynamic potential, and is obtained as a function of volume and phonon population. The setting angle of the carbon skeleton is predicted to be temperature-sensitive. While the potential surface of the crystal is asymmetric along the Lc′ normal coordinate, it is essentially symmetrical along the Tb′ coordinate. The well-known Mie–Gruneisen equation of state is generalized to include anharmonicities of oscillators through the temperature dependence of their vibrational frequencies.
Commentary on Sokal, Oden, and Thomson's "A Problem with Synthetic Maps" (1999)

The demographic impact of the origin of agriculture in Europe has been a long-standing area of interest and controversy in human genetics. For contemporary students of human population genetics, reviewing past work on this question can serve as a wonderful case study that illuminates different approaches that one can take to study historical processes by using genetics and can highlight the inherent challenges. One chapter in that history involves Robert Sokal’s contributions, including his critique of synthetic maps. Robert Sokal became keenly interested in this question, as well as other potential factors structuring genetic diversity in Europe, and he worked with great rigor and insight. His work spanned genetics (e.g., Sokal et al. 1991), linguistics (e.g., Sokal et al. 1990), and also included the analysis of a large-scale ethnohistorical database that he created (e.g., Sokal et al. 1991). Whereas most of his work on European human genetic diversity took place in the late 1980s and early 1990s, in 1999 he published a short piece in Human Biology revisiting and critiquing the analysis of synthetic maps (maps based on principal components analysis, PCA) that Cavalli-Sforza and his colleagues started using in the late 1970s (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994; Menozzi et al. 1978; Piazza et al. 1991). This made for a lively exchange in the pages of Human Biology. The original piece (Sokal et al. 1999a) was published with a response from Cavalli-Sforza’s group (Rendine et al. 1999), and later in the same year Sokal published a letter critiquing the Rendine et al. (1999) response (Sokal et al. 1999b). Previous to the 1999 exchange, both Sokal and Cavalli-Sforza’s groups had, in separate papers, agreed that population genetic data from Europe support the existence of clinal patterns in allele frequencies that align with the expansion of agriculture, and that such clinal patterns support the demic diffusion hypothesis. Cavalli-Sforza’s group argued this point most strongly by using synthetic maps, showing that in their data the PC1 map in Europe has a northwest/southeast gradient that mirrors the expansion of agriculture (e.g., Menozzi et al. 1978). In contrast, Sokal’s group used an analysis based on distance metrics (Sokal et al. 1991). Specifically, they assessed how genetic distances correlate with the timing of the origin-of-agriculture and found a correlation, even after accounting for the partial correlation due to geographic distance. So, whereas both groups
Randomized Phase II Trial of Docetaxel Plus Thalidomide in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer

Purpose Both docetaxel and thalidomide have demonstrated activity in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). We compared the efficacy of docetaxel to docetaxel plus thalidomide in patients with AIPC. Methods Seventy-five patients with chemotherapy-naive metastatic AIPC were randomly assigned to receive either docetaxel 30 mg/m2 intravenously every week for 3 consecutive weeks, followed by a 1-week rest period (n = 25); or docetaxel at the same dose and schedule, plus thalidomide 200 mg orally each day (n = 50). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) consensus criteria and radiographic scans were used to determine the proportion of patients with a PSA decline, and time to progression. Results After a median potential follow-up time of 26.4 months, the proportion of patients with a greater than 50% decline in PSA was higher in the docetaxel/thalidomide group (53% in the combined group, 37% in docetaxel-alone arm). The median progression-free survival in the docetaxel group was 3.7 months and 5.9 months in the...
The effect of informal social support: Face-to-face versus computer-mediated communication

Survey data were collected on a military sample to test two main hypotheses about the impact of face-to-face and computer-mediated social support following disruptive life events. We tested two main hypotheses: first, as previous research indicates, the impact of a disruptive life event is partially dependent upon the amount of social support one receives during the time of the event (H1). Second, the type of communication used will further impact the effectiveness of social support in comforting individuals following a negative life event. Results support both hypotheses, indicating that the buffering role of social support following a disruptive life event is not only dependent upon the amount of social support one receives, but is further affected by the type of communication that participants used to receive support. These findings provide support for the buffering hypothesis' utility in the realm of computer-mediated communication, as well as the application of the cues-filtered-out approach in the mediated social support domain.
Induced Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Dependence on Clinical Presentation and Response to Antiarrhythmic Agents

Thirty-one patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy either idiopathic or due to regurgitant valvular disease were studied in the cardiac electrophysiology lab. The indications for study were sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 16, ventricular fibrillation (VF) in 11, and syncope of unknown etiology in 4. Sustained VT was reproducibly induced in 17 patients, including 12 with a history of sustained VT, 2 with VF and 3 with syncope. Of 15 patients undergoing serial antiarrhythmic drug studies, sustained VT was rendered noninducible or nonsustained in 13. Three had recurrent arrhythmic events while on therapy predicted to be effective. One of 2 patients discharged on a regimen predicted to be ineffective had a recurrence of sustained VT that resulted in cardiac arrest. Of 14 patients in whom sustained VT could not be reproducibly induced, 2 subsequently had spontaneous occurrences of sustained VT, and 2 experienced aborted sudden death. These results suggest the following: (1) the induction of sustained VT in the setting of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy is dependent on the clinical presentation; (2) antiarrhythmic drugs frequently render sustained VT noninducible or nonsustained; (3) antiarrhythmic drug suppression of inducible sustained VT predicts long-term prevention of spontaneous recurrences; and (4) noninducibility of sustained VT in the baseline state does not predict freedom from subsequent episodes of VT or sudden death.