cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hyperfine Structure and Nuclear Moments of Pr 141

The hyperfine structure of the ground state of ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{141}$ has been studied by the atomic beam magnetic resonance method. It has been established that the electronic ground state of Pr is $4{f}^{3}6{s}^{2}$, $^{4}I_{\frac{9}{2}}$. Of the five hyperfine intervals arising from this electronic state and a nuclear spin of $\frac{5}{2}$, the lowest two have been observed. They are $W(F=4)\ensuremath{-}W(F=3)=3708.05$ Mc/sec and $W(F=3)\ensuremath{-}W(F=2)=2782.25$ Mc/sec. If the hfs is assumed to be entirely due to an interaction between the $^{4}I_{\frac{9}{2}}$ state and the nucleus, the observed intervals may be expressed in terms of a magnetic dipole interaction constant $A$ and a nuclear electric quadrupole interaction constant $B$. It is found that $A=926.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ Mc/sec and $B=\ensuremath{-}13.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0$ Mc/sec. From these constants, the nuclear moments have been evaluated by means of approximate methods. The values obtained are $\ensuremath{\mu}=+3.8 \mathrm{nm}, Q=\ensuremath{-}0.054\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}.$
Analysis of hourly generation patterns at large coal-fired units and implications of transitioning from baseload to load-following electricity supplier

Several factors have led to the decline of electricity generation from coal over the past decade, and projections forecast high rates of growth for wind and solar technologies in coming years. This analysis uses hourly generation data from large coal-fired power stations to determine how operations have been modified in recent years and describes the implications of these changes for plant equipment and unit reliability. The data shows increasing variability in intraday generation output that affects nearly all of the units in the sample, but the magnitude of increase varies widely among plants. Outage patterns were examined as was the relationship between renewable energy growth in a region and the changes in coal plant operations. Aggregate direct and indirect costs associated with running coal plants as load-following units have not yet been quantified in large-scale studies on a sector-wide basis, largely due to differences in how specific equipment responds to output fluctuations. Due to findings from the hourly generation data analysis and the high degree of potential impact on coal plant equipment, the study suggests the development of a new modeling tool that will represent the costs of running coal-fired power plants at lower capacity factors.
Treatment of the Motor Features of Huntington’s Disease

Huntington’s disease causes progressive deterioration of motor, behavioral, and cognitive systems. The motor signs, of which chorea is the hallmark, affect daily functioning, contribute to decline in quality of life, and pose safety risks. In addition to chorea, patients may also exhibit dystonia, ataxia, other movement disorders, and gait and eye movement abnormalities requiring treatment. This chapter will focus on identifying and addressing the therapeutic approach to motor aspects of HD.
Evaluating measurements of coral reef net ecosystem calcification rates

Monitoring the rates and drivers of coral reef net ecosystem calcification (NEC) under anthropogenic environmental change is critical for predicting associated changes in reef structures and ecosystem services. However, NEC studies to date show weak agreement between studies and notably reveal no relationship between NEC and benthic calcifier cover. In this study, we tested for the sensitivity of calculated NEC to uncertainties in seawater depths and residence times (± 83% relative to 6 m and 6 h, respectively) using a coral reef total alkalinity (AT) simulator (reefCATS) and found that these errors can interact to drive large asymmetric uncertainties ranging from − 91% to + 1000% in NEC. Furthermore, numerical simulations of hypothetical NEC for coral populations occupying reefs with increasing structural complexity (rugosity = 1–4) showed that the effects of reef-scale rugosity on NEC can be as important as benthic community composition. As a result, uncertainties in seawater depth, residence time, and/or reef structural complexity are enough to mask any potential real correlation between NEC and percent calcifier cover in the field. To improve comparability and validity of NEC studies, we recommend that future studies place a high degree of scrutiny on measurements of seawater hydrodynamics, report all NEC equation parameters ± uncertainties, and ideally include benthic community composition and structural complexity data to further explore the relationship between NEC and calcifier cover.
Herman Melville’s ‘Benito Cereno’: Rosamond, Sensational Anti-Catholicism, Religious Freedom, and Liberalism

This paper reads Herman Melville’s ‘Benito Cereno’ as a response to antebellum anti-Catholic fiction. Focusing on Rosamond Culbertson’s captivity narrative and its editor Samuel B. Smith’s remarks ...
Like a Lullaby: Song as Herding Tool in Rural Mongolia

This paper examines the application of song as a herding tool. Based on participant-observation and twenty semi-structured interviews in pastoral encampments in the Gobi Desert over four months, I explore what the practice of singing to sheep can elucidate about interdependent human-animal relationships. The livestock birthing season in rural Mongolia in early spring is a crucial time for humans and animals alike. While pastoralists throughout the country have many different approaches for managing the challenges they face during this time, herders in rural Dundgovi province have a special set of tools for adopting orphaned livestock to new mothers: species-specific, semi-improvisational songs. The herders I work with in this province report that these songs are their primary method for instigating nursing and developing parental bonds between orphaned newborns and foster mothers. This musical practice is interwoven with other forms of traditional musical performance intended for human audiences. This paper contributes to a growing body of literature in ethnobiology that examines the musical capacities of non-humans. I take instances of livestock-singing in the Gobi as opportunities for the creation of mutual empathy between herder and animal. These performances implicate humans in the emotional worlds of sheep and give sheep the role of consumers of music—a position usually reserved for humans.
Sex and Depot Differences in Palmitoleic Acid Content of Human Blood and Fat.

Palmitoleic acid has been classified as an insulin-sensitizing lipokine, but evidence for this from human studies has been inconsistent. We hypothesized that this is related to either the types of samples or conditions under which samples are collected. We measured plasma palmitoleic acid and total free fatty acids (FFA) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography in blood samples collected from 34 adults under a variety of conditions. We collected duplicate samples of adipose (n = 10), FFA (n = 9), and very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol (VLDL-TAG) (n = 7) to measure the palmitoleic acid as a percentage of total fatty acids. We tested whether the percentage of palmitoleic acid was correlated with insulin resistance, as measured by homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Adipose stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1) protein was measured by capillary Western blotting. FFA-palmitoleic acid percentage increased as a function of total FFA and was greater (p < 0.005) in females than males. Adipose palmitoleic acid percentage was greater in females than males (p < 0.001), as was adipose SCD-1. Palmitoleic acid was greater in femoral fat than in abdominal fat in both females and males (p < 0.001), and correlated positively with HOMA-IR only in females. The test-retest reliability values for percentage palmitoleic acid were 7 ± 10% for adipose, 24 ± 26% for VLDL, and 53 ± 31% for FFA. Because FFA-palmitoleic acid percentage varies as a function of total FFA, investigators should re-evaluate how palmitoleic acid data is presented. The positive relationship between adipose palmitoleic acid and HOMA-IR in females suggests that it is not a potent insulin-sensitizing lipokine in humans.
Frailty and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: Does the modified frailty index predict mortality?

Abstract Objective This study aims to elucidate the impact of frailty on spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) patient outcomes in the United States. Patients and methods This is a single center retrospective chart review of all adult patients (≥18 years old) admitted with a primary diagnosis of SICH due to hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, and coagulopathy from 2014−2017. The studied variables included length of stay, age, sex, ICH score variables, medications, and frailty as measured by the modified Frailty Index (mFI). Results A total of 240 patients with 248 SICH were included in the analysis. In this study, mFI was not predictive of overall mortality (p = 0.12). To further investigate this issue, patients with ICH scores of 2 or 3 were separately analyzed to assess the impact of mFI on moderate ICH cases. However, mFI was also not associated with increased hospital mortality in moderate ICH cases (p = 0.812). In bivariate Spearman analysis, mFI significantly correlated with several outcome measures including modified Rankin Scale (MRS) at discharge (p = 0.01), but ICH score also correlated with these outcomes (p Conclusion Frailty, as measured by the mFI, was not an independent risk factor for increased mortality or worse outcomes in SICH patients. This study does not support incorporating the mFI score for SICH patients for prognostication.
A Secure and Efficient Handover Authentication and Key Management Protocol for 5G Networks

As a major component of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks, network densification greatly increases the network capacity by adding more cell sites into the network. However, the densified network increases the handover frequency of fast-moving mobile users, like vehicles. Thus, seamless handover with security provision is highly desirable in 5G networks. The third generation partnership project (3GPP) has been working on standardization of the handover procedure in 5G networks to meet the stringent efficiency and security requirement. However, the existing handover authentication process in 5G networks has security flaws, i.e. vulnerable to replay and de-synchronization attacks, and cannot provide perfect forward secrecy. In this paper, we propose a secure and efficient handover authentication and key management protocol utilizing the Chinese remainder theory. The proposed scheme preserves the majority part of the original 5G system architecture defined by 3GPP, thus can be easily implemented in practice. Formal security analysis based on BAN-logic shows that the proposed scheme achieves secure mutual authentication and can remedy some security flaws in original 5G handover process. Performance analysis shows that the proposed protocol has lower communication overhead and computation overhead compared with other handover authentication schemes.
Unlearning racism: the classroom as a space for social transformation through borderlands pedagogy

The U.S.-Mexico borderlands are fraught with conflicts, metaphors, and euphemisms. As such, many students are cautious speaking to the complexities of the borderlands when they realize racist and a...
Chronic Ethanol Exposure Potentiates Cholinergic Neurotransmission in the Basolateral Amygdala.

Abstract Chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure dysregulates glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, facilitating basolateral amygdala (BLA) pyramidal neuron hyperexcitability and the expression of anxiety during withdrawal. It is unknown whether ethanol-induced alterations in nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) cholinergic projections to the BLA mediate anxiety-related behaviors through direct modulation of GABA and glutamate afferents. Following 10 days of CIE exposure and 24 h of withdrawal, we recorded GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic responses in BLA pyramidal neurons with electrophysiology, assessed total protein expression of cholinergic markers, and quantified acetylcholine and choline concentrations using a colorimetric assay. We measured α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) dependent modulation of presynaptic function at distinct inputs in AIR- and CIE-exposed BLA coronal slices as a functional read-out of cholinergic neurotransmission. CIE/withdrawal upregulates the endogenous activity of α7 nAChRs, facilitating release at both GABAergic’ local’ interneuron and glutamatergic synaptic responses to stria terminalis (ST) stimulation, with no effect at GABAergic lateral paracapsular cells (LPCs). CIE caused a three-fold increase in BLA acetylcholine concentration, with no changes in α7 nAChR or cholinergic marker expression. These data illustrate that α7 nAChR-dependent changes in presynaptic function serve as a proxy for CIE-dependent alterations in synaptic acetylcholine levels. Thus, cholinergic projections appear to mediate CIE-induced alterations at GABA/glutamate inputs.
Terrorism in armed conflict: new data attributing terrorism to rebel organizations:

The Terrorism in Armed Conflict project integrates the Uppsala Conflict Data Project sample of rebel organizations with START’s Global Terrorism Database, covering 409 organizations for 1970–2013. ...
Maintaining family stability in the age of digital technologies: An analysis of d/Discourse informing domestic screen media practices in three US families

This article examines d/Discourses about screen media and parenting as reflected in parents' discursive construction of their decision‐making processes connected with domestic media practices. The analysis focuses on three parent interviews from a dataset of 51 parent interviews conducted in three states in the USA. The article illustrates ways d/Discourses connected with health, education, ethnicity and disability that are specific to these three households intersect with d/Discourses concerning children and media. The article argues that general categories describing parenting practices overlook the microcultures of households, erasing the emotional labour embedded in processes of decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Children & Society is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Cryo-EM is a powerful tool, but helical applications can have pitfalls

In structural biology, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged as the main technique for determining the atomic structures of macromolecular complexes. This has largely been due to the introduction of direct electron detectors, which have allowed for routinely reaching a near-atomic resolution when imaging such complexes. In chemistry and materials science, the applications of cryo-EM have been much more limited. A recent paper (Z. Li et al., Chemically Controlled Helical Polymorphism In Protein Tubes By Selective Modulation Of Supramolecular Interactions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 19448-19457) has used low resolution cryo-EM to analyze polymorphic helical tubes formed by a tetrameric protein, and has made detailed models for the interfaces between the tetramers in these assemblies. Due to intrinsic ambiguities in determining the correct helical symmetry, we show that many of the models are likely to be wrong. This note highlights both the enormous potential for using cryo-EM, and also the pitfalls possible for helical assemblies when a near-atomic level of resolution is not reached.
Impact of a pollution breach at a coke oven factory on asthma control in nearby vulnerable adults.

Background Previous studies have related sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure to asthma exacerbations. We utilized the University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute registry to study associations of asthma exacerbations between 2 geographically distinct populations of adults with asthma. Objective Our objective was to examine whether asthma symptoms worsened following a significant fire event that destroyed pollution control equipment at the largest coke works in the United States. Methods Two groups of patients with asthma, namely, those residing within 10 miles of the coke works fire (the proximal group [n = 39]) and those residing beyond that range (the control group [n = 44]), were geocoded by residential address. Concentrations of ambient air SO2 were generated by using local University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute registry air monitoring data. Factory emissions were also evaluated. Data from a patient historical acute exposure survey and in-person follow-up data were evaluated. Inferential statistics were used to compare the groups. Results In the immediate postfire period (6-8 weeks), the level of emissions of SO2 from the factory emissions increased to 25 times more than the typical level. Following the pollution control breach, the proximal cohort self-reported an increase in medication use (risk ratio = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.1-2.8; P Conclusions Real-world exposure to a marked increase in ambient levels of SO2 from a pollution control breach was associated with worsened asthma control in patients proximal to the event, with the worsened control improving following repair of the controls. Improved spatial resolution of air pollutant measurements would enable better examination of exposures and subsequent health impacts.
Model-Driven Collection of Neural Modulation Data

Neural modulation has become a fundamental tool for treating neurological diseases and understanding their mechanisms. A significant challenge in neural modulation is understanding and characterizing the brain's response to stimulation parameters - a difficult problem when parameter spaces are very large, their evaluation is time-consuming, and their effects feature complex inter- and intra- subject variability. In this study, we first fit a model to optogenetic stimulation data to construct a simulation of a neural modulation experiment. We then show two ways that Gaussian process modeling can supplement neural modulation data collection procedures - by quantifying the uncertainty of standard sampling approaches and by selecting samples via active learning. We found that the active learning approach required 33% fewer samples than the other strategies to accurately learn the mean of the simulation function. We also show that the uncertainty estimate of the active learning model converged most similarly to the ground-truth error throughout the simulation. These results suggest that Gaussian process modeling can quantitatively improve data collection procedures in neural modulation.
Single Packet AS Traceback against DoS Attacks

The Internet is every facet of our daily lives and becomes more pervasive every day. It is designed to forward packets with minimal intervention, including malicious packets. This design enables different attack types including Denial of Service (DoS), which is one of the most harmful cyber-attack types in the Internet. In this work, we propose an Autonomous System (AS) traceback packet marking scheme to infer AS level forward paths from attackers towards a victim site. We utilize the Record Route option of the IP protocol to implement our packet marking scheme. Traceback on the AS level has many advantages, including a significant reduction in the number of required packets to construct forward-paths from attackers toward a victim site, reduction in the number of routers that involves in the packet marking process, and lower packet size overhead to routers, comparing to interface level traceback. Our results show that a victim site can construct the AS level forward path from an attacker site after receiving a single packet. In our marking algorithm, we provide an encoding method to reduce the bandwidth usage. The proposed technique uses 96.91 bits on the average in the Record Route options field, whereas the unencoded version uses 153.96 bits on the average.
Fostering Critical Thinking as a Life Skill to Prevent Child Marriage in Honduras: The Case of Holistic Education for Youth (HEY!)

This chapter presents findings from a design-based research project between the University of California, Berkeley and a Honduran non-governmental organization, Bayan Association called Holistic Education for Youth (HEY!). We explain why critical thinking is a crucial life skill to prevent child marriage in rural areas of Honduras and illustrate how critical thinking (specifically around gender inequality and marriage) was incorporated into a secondary school curriculum. We describe the pedagogies used to develop this curriculum and offer insights about its implementation. Finally, using classrooms observation and interview data, we discuss how students developed critical thinking and decision-making skills related to the gender inequality in society that has perpetuated the practice of child marriage.
An RDF NetAPI

This paper describes some initial work on a NetAPI for accessing and updating RDF data over the web. The NetAPI includes actions for conditional extraction or update of RDF data, actions for model upload and download and also the ability to enquire about the capabilities of a hosting server. An initial experimental system is described which partially implements these ideas within the Jena toolkit.
HfCo 2 Laves Phase Intermetallics - Part II: Elastic and Mechanical Properties as a Function of Composition

Abstract In efforts to establish and understand structure–property relationships in Laves phase intermetallics, elastic and mechanical properties are studied as a function of composition in the C15 HfCo2 system. Elastic constants and Debye temperatures are determined by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) at room temperature. A maximum near the stoichiometric Laves composition is revealed with the Young's modulus, bulk modulus, and Poisson's ratio. In addition, a slight drop in shear modulus is found with Co-rich compositions, and the Debye temperature increases with Co-content. Room temperature Vickers indentation is performed to assess the microhardness and fracture toughness of the HfCo2 alloys. A maximum in hardness occurs near the stoichiometric composition, which is contrary to the behavior displayed in most other classes of intermetallics. Slight improvements in the toughness are found with the Co-rich compositions of the Laves phase. Compositional trends of the properties are attributed to defect structures, and are analyzed with respect to the bonding of the structure and the ease in which the synchroshear deformation process proceeds. Toughening strategies and methodologies are then developed based upon these results.
Ammonia Production and Utilization in a Hybrid LNT+SCR System

A hybrid LNT+SCR system is used to control NOx from a light-duty diesel engine with in-cylinder regeneration controls. A diesel oxidation catalyst and diesel particulate filter are upstream of the LNT and SCR catalysts. Ultraviolet (UV) adsorption spectroscopy performed directly in the exhaust path downstream of the LNT and SCR catalysts is used to characterize NH3 production and utilization in the system. Extractive exhaust samples are analyzed with FTIR and magnetic sector mass spectrometry (H2) as well. Furthermore, standard gas analyzers are used to complete the characterization of exhaust chemistry. NH3 formation increases strongly with extended regeneration (or over regeneration ) of the LNT, but the amount of NOx reduction occurring over the SCR catalyst is limited by the amount of NH3 produced as well as the amount of NOx available downstream of the LNT. Control of lean-rich cycling parameters enables control of the ratio of NOx reduction between the LNT and SCR catalysts. During lean-rich cycling, fuel penalties are similar for either LNT dominant or LNT with supplemental SCR NOx reduction. However, stored NH3 after multiple lean-rich cycles can enable continued NOx reduction by the SCR after lean-rich cycling stops; thus, requirements for active regeneration of the LNT+SCR systemmore » can be modified during transient operation.« less
Trayectorias de negridad: disputas sobre las definiciones contingentes de lo negro en América Latina

This article traces a genealogy of the concept of blackness in Latin America by reviewing historical and anthropological literature that, though not always c...
Relapse on endocrine treatment in patients with stage d2 prostate cancer: Does second-line hormonal therapy affect survival?

Patients with Stage D2 prostate cancer relapsing on endocrine treatment have a grim prognosis. The role of a second-line hormonal treatment is debatable. We analyzed retrospectively, response and survival among 119 men (57 black, 62 white) progressing on a variety of first-line hormonal therapy. Sixty-one received a second-line hormonal treatment. Fifty-eight received only supportive therapy after first line therapy was discontinued. Age and race were not a factor in survival. Based on this retrospective study the optimal management for progressive metastatic prostate cancer cannot be delineated. However, the best results were in patients treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a single treatment or when employed as either first or second treatment in patients receiving two therapies. The other modalities, e.g., bilateral orchiectomy, LH-RH analogues, and anti-androgens resulted in comparable outcomes when used either as single treatment or in combinations. Further clarification of the trends shown in this report require randomized controlled studies.
The case for a relationship between human memory, hippocampus and corpus callosum

Unilateral brain damage which includes the hippocampus leads to memory impairments consistent with hemispheric specialization on the same side. Damage to the corpus callosum, the major connecting pathway between the left and right hemispheres, also leads to memory impairments. This suggests both hemispheric specialization on the hippocampal level and a critical role for the corpus callosum in memory functions. A complete hippocampal formation is present on either side of the brain but traditionally only one is studied. However, a comparison between the neuronal populations in the hippocampus on both sides revealed asymmetry in connectivity among hippocampal subfields. The profile of memory impairments of commissurotomy ('split-brain') patients is described. The results are discussed in terms of a relationship between hippocampus and corpus callosum in humans. As hemispheric specialization evolved, inter-hippocampal connections became less important and the corpus callosum became prominent in memory functions.
An introduction to the new UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative standards.

Last year’s UNICEF UK (United Kingdom) Baby Friendly Initiative conference in Cardiff saw the unveiling of the new Baby Friendly standards. Over the previous 18 months UNICEF had undertaken a major review of the Baby Friendly Initiative with the intention of ensuring that it delivers the best possible outcomes for all babies in the UK. Mothers clinicians academics and policy makers were all involved and the result is an updated program with four sets of bespoke standards for maternity neonatal health visiting and children’s centers (UNCIEF 2012). These new standards place the mother and baby at their heart and are intended to be easier to deliver and be more effective in terms of outcomes achieved. This report describes the new standards – including antenatal education responsive feeding and valuing continued breastfeeding - and explains how they will improve maternity and neonatal care.
Infrared Emission from Dust in Supernovae and Supernova Remnants

The need to replenish the reservoir of interstellar dust grains that are continuously being destroyed in the interstellar medium, and the presence of isotopic anomalies in meteorites, suggest that supernovae may be important sources of interstellar dust. Infrared observations of supernovae or their unmixed ejecta may provide the first direct evidence for newly-formed grains in this environment. The recently discovered supernova, SN 1987A, currently offers the best prospects for observing the actual process of dust formation in a supernova.
Flag Leaf Anatomy of Triticum and Aegilops Species in Relation to Photosynthetic Rate

Diverses especes diploides, tetraploides et hexaploides sont etudiees pour leur variation de taux de lumiere saturante pour la photosynthese. Les mesures sont realisees par rapport a l'ensemble de l'appareil photosynthetique par unite de surface de feuille ou pour le coefficient de resistance a la diffusion du gaz carbonique. L'un des facteurs impliques dans les differences mesurees entre les niveaux de ploidie semble etre la voie utilisee par le CO 2 jusqu'au site de carboxylation
Attitudes and Beliefs of African Immigrant Mothers Living in the US Towards Providing Comprehensive Sex Education to Daughters Aged 12-17 Years: A Pilot Study.

The literature currently contains no comprehensive sex education (CSE) interventions targeting the African immigrant population. African immigrant mothers have been inhibited by several factors from providing their daughters with CSE. The primary aim of this study was to identify attitudes and beliefs of Sub-Saharan immigrant mothers living in the United States towards providing comprehensive sex education to their daughters aged 12–17 years. The study utilized a one-time anonymous nine-question survey. Fifteen women who met the inclusion criteria completed the study survey online or via paper format. African immigrant mothers are willing to allow comprehensive sex to be taught in schools and at home. Accepted education appears to range from religious and moral teaching to some factual information. This research will potentially assist in the designing of more culturally appropriate comprehensive sex education programs for African immigrant mothers and their daughters.
Early-Life State-of-Residence Characteristics and Later Life Hypertension, Diabetes, and Ischemic Heart Disease

Objectives. We examined how state characteristics in early life are associated with individual chronic disease later in life.Methods. We assessed early-life state of residence using the first 3 digits of social security numbers from blue- and white-collar workers from a US manufacturing company. Longitudinal data were available from 1997 to 2012, with 305 936 person-years of observation. Disease was assessed using medical claims. We modeled associations using pooled logistic regression with inverse probability of censoring weights.Results. We found small but statistically significant associations between early-state-of-residence characteristics and later life hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic heart disease. The most consistent associations were with income inequality, percentage non-White, and education. These associations were similar after statistically controlling for individual socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and current state characteristics.Conclusions. Characteristics of the state ...
Guided Transient Waves in a Circular Annulus

Fatigue cracks have been found to initiate and grow in the radial direction in many annulus shaped components in aging helicopters. Detection of such radial cracks using conventional ultrasonic imaging techniques is rather ineffective. Recently, it has been proposed [1] that guided ultrasonic waves that propagate in the circumferential direction may be used for the detection of radial fatigue cracks in weep holes in airframes. Before such guided waves can be used effectively for detecting radial cracks in annulus components, their generation and propagation must be understood. The physics and mechanics of the wave fields must be carefully examined.
Chalcogenide glass based integrated photonics

Chalcogenide glasses, namely the amorphous compounds containing sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium, have emerged as a promising material candidate for integrated photonics given their wide infrared transparency window, low processing temperature, almost infinite capacity for composition alloying, as well as high linear and nonlinear indices. Here we present the fabrication and characterization of chalcogenide glass based photonic devices integrated on silicon as well as on flexible polymer substrates for sensing, optical interconnect and nonlinear optics applications.
Individual axon morphology and thalamocortical topography in developing rat somatosensory cortex.

The morphology of individual thalamocortical axons in developing rat primary somatosensory cortex was studied using lipophilic tracers. Anterograde labeling with lipophilic dyes demonstrated a topographical organization of thalamocortical projections exiting the thalamus as early as embryonic day (E)16; retrograde labeling studies demonstrated topography of these projections as they reached the cortex as early as E18. At E17, axons course tangentially within the intermediate zone and turn or branch near the deepest layer of cortex (layer VIb), suggesting the presence of guidance cues in this region. Axons appear to grow and branch progressively within layers VIb and VIa during the following days; axons in the intermediate zone may give rise to radially directed branches. Individual axons appear to grow steadily and progressively into the cortex, with the leading front of axons at the transition zone between the cortical plate (CP) and the differentiating cortical layers. At birth (PO), thalamocortical axons extend radially through layers VIa and V and emit branches within these layers; some axons reach the CP. By P1, layer IV has begun to differentiate and axons begin to form a few simple branches in the vicinity of the layer IV cells. Over the ensuing week, axons generate more branches within layer IV, but the tangential extent of individual axon arbors does not exceed the width of a barrel. By P7, individual axons overlap within barrel clusters, and individual axons span the width of a cluster. These observations indicate that thalamic afferents develop by progressive growth of arbors that remain spatially restricted, rather than by overbranching and retracting arbors. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stereospecific alkylation of alkynes by bis(π-allyl)nickel and the mechanism of oligomerization of alkynes by nickel(0)

Abstract Bis(π-allyl)nickel effects the stereospecific cis -diallylation of methyl(phenyl)acetylene and diphenylacetylene in 30–50% yield. The former acetylene also gives minor amounts of both cis -regioisomers of monoallylated product and some (allyl)propenyl adducts. The nickel(0) generated in the diallylation causes the reductive dimerization and cyclotrimerization of the alkyne. Since deuterolytic workup either of the allylation reaction mixture or of a mixture of alkyne and (c-C 8 H 12 )P 2 Ni leads to a 1,4-dideuterioalkadiene, it is proposed that the alkyne oligomerization proceeds via a nickelole intermediate.
Network thermodynamics: a simulation and modeling method based on the extension of thermodynamic thinking into the realm of highly organized systems

Abstract Network thermodynamic analysis is applied to the diffusion of a single nonelectrolyte through a system having the configuration of an epithelial membrane. The example is used to illustrate the methods of nodal, loop, and cut set analysis of the steady state as well as time dependent states of any linear network. The extension to the nonlinear case is also discussed. A discussion of the relation between network thermodynamics and compartmental analysis and other approaches using kinetics is given. Two examples of additional mathematical constraints inherent in the network thermodynamic approach are also given. These are the nonadditive terms in hybrid multiport representations of coupled systems (e.g., Kedem-Katchalsky) and the principle of detailed balance applied to systems containing cycles.
Religious Orientation and Coping with Cancer

In this study we investigated the role of religious orientation in coping with stresses associated with cancer. A measure of daily coping and the Religious Orientation scale were administered to forty hematology-oncology patients in order to examine frequency of eight coping responses across religious orientations. It was found that proreligious and intrinsic participants used religion significantly more often than nonreligious and extrinsic types to cope with stresses associated with their cancer. We concluded that religious orientation and commitment influence the coping process, and suggest that religious commitment be included in studies of coping with cancer.
Tumor necrosis factor-α induces pial arteriolar dilation in newborn pigs

Abstract The present study in piglets was designed to examine cerebrovascular effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and potential mechanisms involved. Anesthetized newborn pigs with closed cranial windows implanted were used. Effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, N G -nitro- l -arginine ( l -NNA) and aminoguanidine, and a prostaglandin H synthase inhibitor, indomethacin, on pial arteriolar responses to TNFα were determined. In addition, cortical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prostanoids (PGE 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α ) and cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) were examined as indices of local cerebral production. Diameters of pial arterioles were recorded every 5 min for 30 min following topical infusion of TNFα under the window. CSF was sampled at the end of the 30-min recordings. TNFα (10 −8 and 10 −7 M) caused dilation of pial arterioles and increased CSF prostanoids and cyclic nucleotides. Indomethacin blocked TNFα-induced vasodilation and the increase of prostanoids and cAMP, but not of cGMP. l -NNA and aminoguanidine blocked TNFα-induced vasodilation. Both inhibitors attenuated TNFα-induced prostanoid increase. Aminoguanidine blocked TNFα-induced increased cGMP and attenuated the increase in cAMP. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that TNFα increases cAMP via prostnoid synthesis. They also suggest that TNFα increases cGMP through nitric oxide synthesis, which, in addition, may promote production of prostanoids and, thus, cAMP.
Bark Banding of Pinus radiata with Morphactin (IT3456): Influence on Trunk Anatomy Assimilate Transport and Growth

A morphactin formulation containing methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate as the major component caused abnormal stem growth in Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings when applied as a bark band. The banded region swelled due to increased cell division in the periderm and cambium. The abnormal stem development in treated trees did not cause a localized girdling effect. The morphactin treatment inhibited shoot elongation and root growth. Treated trees exposed to 14CO2 translocated significantly less assimilate to the roots than did control trees although fixation of 14CO2 by the shoots was not reduced. Label from a bark band of 14C-morphactin was rapidly translocated to the roots indicating that direct inhibition of root growth by the inhibitor probably occurred.
An analysis of enterprise architectures using general systems theory

After repeated attempts to improve methods for developing the enterprise architectures used during complex Department of Defense (DoD) projects, consensus from project managers still indicates the architecture modeling process is costly and returns less that cost-effective benefits. A recent proposal from within the DoD to incorporate Semantic Web techniques into the process promises to resolve identified EA issues. The purpose of this study is to examine the proposed improvements using the Zachman Framework, regarded as a lexicon for understanding architectures; and systems principles as a qualitative predictor of the effectiveness of this approach. General systems theory is concerned with the wholeness of systems order not understandable by investigation of their respective parts in isolation. Conclusions of this analysis show that proposed changes should yield some improvement in the area of EA reusability, however, the methods fall short of incorporating major system principle aspects of hierarchy, and holism.
Visceral Leishmaniasis with Associated Common, Uncommon, and Atypical Morphological Features on Bone Marrow Aspirate Cytology in Nonendemic Region

Objectives. The present study was conducted to categorise the morphological features on bone marrow aspirate cytology into common, uncommon, and atypical features in a nonendemic region which would be helpful in clinching an early and correct diagnosis especially in clinically unsuspected cases. Methods. The morphological features on bone marrow were categorized into common, uncommon, and atypical in cases of leishmaniasis from non endemic region. Results. Out of total 27 cases, 77.7% were residents of places at the height of 500 m or above and fever was the most common presentation followed by hepatosplenomegaly. Plasmacytosis, hemophagocytosis were the common cytological features while dysmyelopoiesis, presence of leishmania bodies in nonhistiocytic cells, and granuloma with necrosis were uncommon features. Aggregates of LD bodies in form of ring, floret, or strap shapes along with giant cells constitute the atypical morphological features. Conclusion. The knowledge of common, uncommon, and atypical features on bone marrow aspirate cytology is helpful in clinching an early and correct diagnosis of leishmaniasis especially in non endemic areas where clinical suspicion is low. These features will guide the pathologist for vigilant search of LD bodies in the marrow for definite diagnosis and thus will also be helpful in preventing unnecessary workups.
Comment: The Uses of Reminiscence

Like Dr. Zenner, I have carried out field research in the Galilean region of Israel, and like him have had to rely mainly on older respondents—in my case, exclusively Druze—for basic data. But where Dr. Zenner is an anthropologist with historical interests, I am a psychologist; as such, my thoughts on the kinds of materials that we both collected may provide a worthwhile complement to his. Faced with the fact that memories of Aqiili Agha continue to echo through the Galilee long after his death, the historical scholar asks, ‘what manner of man engendered these accounts?’ while the psychologist asks, ‘why do these memories persist, and in what ways are these memories distorted by the same motives that keep them alive?’. Accordingly, Dr. Zenner uses his subjects as informants on an historic figure, Aqiili Agha, a person external to themselves. As a psychologist I use equivalent materials, from a similar respondent group, as projective data.
The Bells Are Ringing: Tinnitus in Their Own Words

Tinnitus, commonly known as "ringing in the ears," is the perception of a ringing noise or other sound within the head when none exists. It is a malady that affects millions, so its occurrence among the famous comes as no surprise. Beginning with Pliny the Elder, who coined the term, this essay describes the travails of a dozen well-known subjects afflicted with this disorder, through several centuries, principally in their own words. For some it was a burden to be endured; for others, it was unendurable. Suggested remedies were many and oft-times strange; cure, even now, is nonexistent.
Some observations on applications of microcomputers in teaching

Several useful and important observations appear in the papers in this symposium. This paper highlights some of those ideas and some of the underlying themes of the symposium papers. Finally, focusing on some of the problems of either selecting software or developing software, the paper suggests that the fundamental problems associated with developing a computer-based instructional laboratory are the same as those associated with developing any instructional laboratory: setting one’s instructional goals and then integrating the equipment and procedures into the instructional context.
Immune activation and HIV persistence: considerations for novel therapeutic interventions.

Purpose of review One of the potential barriers to current HIV cure strategies is the persistence of elevated levels of immune activation despite otherwise effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). The purpose of this review is to examine the relationship between immune activation and HIV persistence, and to review the novel therapeutic interventions that are currently being pursued to target immune activation in treated HIV disease. Recent findings Multiple groups have consistently observed that elevated levels of inflammation, immune activation, and immune dysfunction persist in ART-treated individuals, despite the successful suppression of plasma viremia. Increased immune activation may lead to viral persistence through multiple mechanisms. Several novel interventions aimed at decreasing persistent immune activation are being pursued and include studies aimed at decreasing low-level viral replication, approaches aimed at decreasing microbial translocation, interventions to treat co-infections, and therapies that directly target immune activation. Summary There appears to be a clear and consistent relationship between immune activation and viral persistence in treated HIV disease. Whether this relationship is causal or mediated through other mechanisms is still unknown. Small-scale, pathogenesis-oriented interventional studies are necessary to further evaluate this relationship and the effect of potential interventions.
Veterinary Students' Views Regarding the Legal Status of Companion Animals

ABSTRACTDevelopments in the law reflecting the legal status and value of animals have the potential to change veterinary medical practice; therefore, they impact veterinary education. An understanding of students' views is important in providing instruction in the non-technical aspects of the veterinary profession, but their views are unknown at this time. Using a paper-based survey, 151 third-year veterinary students (114 females, 33 males and 4 gender-unspecified students) were asked about their views regarding the legal significance, property status, and the damages valuation of dogs and cats. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Non-parametric tests were used to determine differences according to gender (Mann Whitney U) and preferred field of practice after graduation (Kruskal-Wallis). Students evidenced traditional views regarding the legal significance of companion animals. They saw companion animals and human beings as markedly distinct in terms of rights they should be accorded. Studen...
Noctilucent Clouds in Alaska during 1962

SINCE the first reported sightings of noctilucent clouds in 1885, there have been many subsequent observations of them from latitudes ranging between 45° and 63.3°. The majority of these observations have been made from north-western Europe and the U.S.S.R. There appear to be only three previously reported observations of noctilucent clouds from the North American continent: two of these from Canada and one from Alaska. Vestine's observation1 of the clouds from Meanook, Alberta (54° 37′ N., 113° 20′ W.), on July 20–21, 1933, was the first reported sighting from North America. The second reported sighting from Canada2 was made on the night of July 23–24, 1961, from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (52° 08′N., 106° 38′ W.). The one reported Alaskan sighting3 was made from Anchorage (61° 10′ N., 149° 59′ W.) on July 27–28, 1957. The lack of noctilucent cloud observations at latitudes higher than 63.3° (the latitude of Torsta, Sweden) was attributed by Ludlam4 to the lack of keen observers at these latitudes.