cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demanding deliberation: political liberalism and the inclusion of Islam

This article considers the extent to which principles of political liberalism are compatible with the commitments of Islam, especially with respect to Muslim citizens dwelling in pluralistic liberal democracies. It first articulates three cardinal principles of liberty of conscience, explaining their importance and relevance for adjudicating on difficult political and religious problems in the contemporary world. The case then turns to issues of democratic citizenship, focusing on the demands of democratic deliberation in particular. It investigates the compatibility of Islam with desirable deliberative procedures and ends, and considers the potential of Muslim minorities to ameliorate some of the deepest, most pressing challenges to liberalism and the legitimacy of liberal democracy. It argues that Muslims have special capacities to enliven the promise of democratic polities, especially when their efforts are joined with those of more liberal, non‐Muslim citizens, and that principles of liberty of consci...
Behavior of the lesser grain borerRhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) : Male-produced aggregation pheromone attracts both sexes.

Adult males of the lesser grain borer,Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), produce a pheromone that attracts both sexes. The volatiles from males collected on filter paper or Porapak-Q were attractive in two laboratory bioassays. The mating behavior is described and the function of the phen infested with the borer.
BMP signaling and spadetail regulate exit of muscle precursors from the zebrafish tailbud

The tailbud is a population of stem cells in the posterior embryonic tail. During zebrafish development, these stem cells give rise to the main structures of the embryo's posterior body, including the tail somites. Progenitor cells reside in the tailbud for variable amounts of time before they exit and begin to differentiate. There must be a careful balance between cells that leave the tailbud and cells that are held back in order to give rise to later somites. However, this meticulous process is not well understood. A gene that has shed some light on this area is the t-box transcription factor spadetail (spt). When spt is mutated, embryos develop an enlarged tailbud and are only able to form roughly half of their somites. This phenotype is due to the fact that some of the somitic precursors are not able to leave the tailbud or differentiate. Another factor involved in tail morphogenesis is the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway. BMPs are important for many processes during early development, including cell migration. Chordino (chd) is a secreted protein that inhibits BMP signaling. BMPs are upregulated in chd mutants, however, these mutants are able to form organized somites. In embryos where chd and spt are mutated, somites are completely absent. These double mutants also develop a large tailbud due to the accumulation of progenitor cells that are never able to leave or differentiate. To study the dynamics of cells in the tailbud and their role in somite formation, we have analyzed the genetic factors and pathway interactions involved, conducted transplant experiments to look at behavior of mutant cells in different genetic backgrounds, and used time lapse microscopy to characterize cell movements and behavior in wild type and mutant tailbuds. These data suggest that spt expression and BMP inhibition are both required for somitic precursors to exit the tailbud. They also elucidate that chd;spt tailbud mesodermal progenitor cells (MPC) behave autonomously and their dynamics within the tailbud are drastically different than WT MPCs.
Inhibitor of the DNA-dependent DNA Polymerase of Some RNA Tumour Viruses in Feline Sera

AN inhibitor of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerases1,2 of mammalian C-type viruses was found in sera from rats bearing transplantable tumours, induced by murine C-type RNA tumour viruses3,4. Partially purified polymerases of murine leukaemia virus3 and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)4 were shown to be antigenic in rabbits and a rat, respectively. We have detected an inhibitor of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase5,6 of feline and murine C-type viruses in the sera of cats inoculated in utero and/or postnatally with the Gardner-Arnstein strain of feline sarcoma virus (FSV)7 and in the sera of cats bearing spontaneous sarcomas, lymphomas or carcinomas.
Preventing Neurocognitive Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors

Neurocognitive late effects are common sequelae of cancer in children, especially in those who have undergone treatment for brain tumors or in those receiving prophylactic cranial radiation therapy to treat leukemia. Neurocognitive morbidity in attention, executive functioning, processing speed, working memory, and memory frequently occurs and contributes to declines in intellectual and academic abilities. Oncologists are faced with the challenge of using the most effective, often the most intense, therapy to achieve the primary goal of medical success, balanced with the desire to prevent adverse late effects. Not all children with similar diagnoses and treatment have identical neurocognitive outcomes; some do very poorly and some do well. Attention now turns to the reliable prediction of risk for poor outcomes and then, using risk-adapted therapy, to preserve neurocognitive function. Prevention of late effects through rehabilitative strategies, continuation of school, and pharmacotherapy will be explored.
THE HEALTH EXAMINATION OF THE PRESCHOOL CHILD.

well as in the most economic solution to be expected of what might otherwise have been a widely disseminated and protracted outbreak of a singularly fatal form of food poisoning. Here the vigilance is to be commended of the National Canners' Association in learning of the situation and starting the investigation; of the local health department in assisting the same; of the U. S. Bureau of Chemistry and the Cleveland Health Department in taking effective steps to limit further outbreaks; of the public press in constructively handling the news so as to warn the public against spoiled canned sardines, but in such a way as not to ruin a national industry otherwise not implicated; of the grocery company concerned in promptly facilitating evidence and recalling suspected stock; and the frankness of the afflicted family including the partes principes in supplying the details essential to establishing causal relations.
A preliminary investigation of the validity and reliability of the Brief‐Symptom Inventory‐18 in economically disadvantaged Latina American mothers

The purpose of the present study was to examine the construct validity and reliability of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) in 1,115 low-income Latina mothers. Exploratory factor analyses conducted in half of the sample supported a one-factor solution, which was subsequently confirmed in the remainder of the sample using confirmatory factor analyses. Contrary to its purported multidimensional structure, the BSI-18 measures a single dimension of general psychological distress in this sample of Latina mothers. Nevertheless, the results provide evidence that the symptoms composing the BSI-18 are meaningful expressions of general psychological distress among low-income Latina mothers. The validity of the BSI-18 as a measure of general distress was further supported by its correlations with theoretically relevant constructs. The BSI-18's reliability was evidenced in its demonstration of high internal consistency. The BSI-18 has utility for community psychologists and researchers as a general measure of psychological distress. For example, it could be given to low-income Latina samples in community-based interventions in which psychological distress might be a construct of interest. However, further research is needed to determine clinical cutoff scores for this population. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 139–155, 2005.
How examples may (and may not) constrain creativity

Three experiments were performed to test Smith, Ward, and Schumacher's (1993) conformity hypothesis-that people's ideas will conform to examples they are shown in a creative generation task. Conformity was observed in all three experiments; participants tended to incorporate critical features of experimenter-provided examples. However, examination of total output, elaborateness of design, and the noncritical features did not confirm that the conformity effect constrained creative output in any of the three experiments. Increasing the number of examples increased the conformity effect (Experiment 1). Examples that covaried features that are naturally uncorrelated in the real world led to a greater subjective rating of creativity (Experiment 2). A delay between presentation and test increased conformity (Experiment 3), just as models of inadvertent plagiarism would predict. The explanatory power of theoretical accounts such as activation, retrieval blocking, structured imagination, and category abstraction are evaluated.
Reassessment of the Lineage Fusion Hypothesis for the Origin of Double Membrane Bacteria

In 2009, James Lake introduced a new hypothesis in which reticulate phylogeny reconstruction is used to elucidate the origin of Gram-negative bacteria (Nature 460: 967–971). The presented data supported the Gram-negative bacteria originating from an ancient endosymbiosis between the Actinobacteria and Clostridia. His conclusion was based on a presence-absence analysis of protein families that divided all prokaryotes into five groups: Actinobacteria, Double Membrane bacteria (DM), Clostridia, Archaea and Bacilli. Of these five groups, the DM are by far the largest and most diverse group compared to the other groupings. While the fusion hypothesis for the origin of double membrane bacteria is enticing, we show that the signal supporting an ancient symbiosis is lost when the DM group is broken down into smaller subgroups. We conclude that the signal detected in James Lake's analysis in part results from a systematic artifact due to group size and diversity combined with low levels of horizontal gene transfer.
Analysis of the kinematics of different hip simulators used to study wear of candidate materials for the articulation of total hip arthroplasties

We developed an analytical technique to determine the paths traced by specific points on the femoral head against the acetabulum in the human hip joint during gait. The purpose of the study was to apply this technique to the mechanical hip simulators chosen to conduct wear tests on polymeric acetabular liners used in total hip replacements. These simulators differ from one another in the type of motion produced, apart from other variables such as type of lubricant and head position. Due to the variation in the kinematics between the machines, the paths traced by the points on the femoral head against the acetabular liner ranged from simple linear traces to figure-8 loops and quasi-elliptical paths during a single simulator cycle. The distances traveled by these points during the same period also varied appreciably among the different hip simulator designs. These results are important when combined with other studies that have shown that kinematics can play an important role in the outcome of in vitro wear experiments. The kinematic differences quantified in this study can partially explain the substantial differences in wear data reported from different simulator designs and also underscore the usefulness of the technique described in this study in judging the results from different hip simulator experiments.
Tumor skewing of CD34+ progenitor cell differentiation into endothelial cells

Tumor production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) results in the mobilization of CD34(+) progenitor cells into the peripheral blood and tumor tissue. Using the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model, in vitro studies showed that LLC cells could chemoattract CD34(+) cells predominantly through tumor production of VEGF. Addition of LLC-conditioned medium to CD34(+) cells that were cultured under conditions that support myeloid lineage cells skewed the differentiation of these precursor cells toward endothelial cells expressing CD31 and CD144. This differentiation of CD34(+) cells toward endothelial cells was attributed predominantly to angiopoietin-1 in the tumor-conditioned medium. The CD34(+) cells expressed the angiopoietin receptor Tie-2 and their differentiation into endothelial cells was blocked with neutralizing angiopoietin-1 antibodies. In vivo studies showed that infusion of lacZ(+) CD34(+) cells from the bone marrow of transgenic mice into wild-type mice bearing LLC tumors resulted in the accumulation of lacZ(+) cells within the tumor mass, particularly at the tumor's periphery. That these infused CD34(+) progenitor cells could develop into endothelial cells of the tumor vasculature was supported by their acquisition of the endothelial cell markers CD31 or CD144 within the tumor tissue. These studies demonstrate the capacity of tumor to attract CD34(+) cells to the tumor site and to direct the differentiation of these CD34(+) cells into endothelial cells that can become a component of the tumor vasculature.
41. Willingness to join an anal cancer screening and prevention trial

Background HIV-infected men and women are at elevated risk for developing anal cancer. The AIDS Malignancy Consortium is designing a 5-year randomised controlled trial to determine whether treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) can prevent anal cancer. HIV-infected men and women over 35 years of age will be screened and those with anal HSIL will be randomly assigned to have their HSIL removed (intervention arm) or not removed (monitoring arm). Both arms would be monitored for progression to cancer at regular intervals for 5 years, and cancer incidence in the two arms will be compared. Methods: The present study sought to assess willingness to participate in such a trial through focus groups with 241 HIV-infected men and women in 10 US cities, and a survey of 257 HIV-infected men and women in 20 cities. Results: 87% of survey respondents reported that they were ‘likely’ or ‘very likely’ to participate in the trial. Altruism and gratitude towards previous AIDS trial cohorts were the most cited motivations for participation. Over half (51.5%) of survey participants expressed equipoise, viewing participation in either arm as beneficial. Of the remaining respondents, 71.8% expressed a preference for the intervention arm if given a choice. Concerns expressed in the focus groups about randomisation to the monitoring arm centred on the conflation of HSIL with cancer, suggesting a need for ongoing education and psychological support. Conclusions: High levels of expressed interest and motivation to participate in the study suggest that recruitment and retention over 5 years will be feasible.
Pulmonary embolism: which pediatric trauma patients are at risk?

Abstract Background/Purpose Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE) are rare in pediatric trauma patients, and guidelines for prophylaxis are scarce. The authors sought to identify subgroups of patients who may be at higher risk of developing DVT/PE. Methods Case-control study of pediatric trauma patients with DVT/PE. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for known risk factors of PE using matched trauma controls (χ2 analysis). Results A total of 3637 pediatric trauma patients was admitted over the last 7 years. Three patients developed DVT/PE (overall incidence, 0.08%). There were 2 girls and 1 boy, aged 15, 15, and 9 years, respectively. All 3 had an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥25 and an initial Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) ≤8. None of the known and potential risk factors significantly increased the OR for developing DVT/PE: age 9 years or older (OR, 3.6; CI, 0.4-26), presence of head injury (OR, 2.9; CI, 0.3-22), female sex (OR, 1.2; CI, 0.15-9.1), GCS ≤8 (OR, 9.2; CI, 0.9-230), except ISS ≥25 (OR, 82; CI, 7.6-2058). The OR for a combination of age and GCS was 106, and the OR for the 3 risk factors (age, ISS, GCS) common to all 3 patients was 114 (CI, 10-5000; P Conclusions The overall incidence of DVT/PE in pediatric trauma patients is
A secure methodology for interchangeable services

Abstract Computing today requires the use of many software packages, but only a few packages are used on a daily basis. This infrequent usage pattern often does not justify purchasing full licenses and therefore motivates a need for a more flexible way to use and pay for the usage of software. This paper describes a design philosophy in which similar services provide the same interface to clients. Services based on this design are interchangeable, allow payment per use, handle payment conveniently and securely, are platform independent, and frequently do not require local installation. Clients can therefore easily utilize resources based on application needs and services available at the time that the application is executing. An example implementation using this methodology is also discussed.
Unsteady solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

The numerical scheme used by the present time-accurate FEM numerical method for incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, using primitive variables as the unknowns, is a Crank-Nicholson implicit treatment of all equation terms with central differencing for space derivatives. The introduction of a continuous auxilliary system in pseudo-time, with artificial compressibility, yields the incompressible solution at the advanced time level; time-accurate solutions are thereby obtained for two-dimensional fluid flows in a square cavity, in the cases of both an impulsively starting lid and an oscillating lid.
Residual stresses in reverse-bend test samples for stress-corrosion testing

Cracking of Inconel Alloy 600 (registered trademark) u-bend tubes used in pressure-water-reactor (PWR) steam generators has been a major concern in the nuclear-power industry over the past several years. The mechanism of cracking has been determined to be intergranular stress-corrosion cracking with residual stresses a major contributor. A simple specimen known as a reverse u-bend (RUB) has been used by a number of laboratories to simulate the high stresses and plastic strain extant in the most susceptible regions of the u-bend tubes. This paper presents the results of residual-stress measurements on four RUB samples, each from a different laboratory.
Refractory blood pressure in female SHR to increased oxidative stress is not mediated by NO or by upregulation of renal antioxidant enzymes

There is a sex difference in the blood pressure (BP) responses to prooxidants and antioxidants in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). In contrast to males, BP in female SHR does not decrease in response to antioxidants, such as tempol or apocynin, or increase in response to the prooxidant, molsidomine. Molsidomine decreases BP and increases expression of antioxidants in male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), but not male SHR. The present study tested the hypothesis that the mechanism responsible for the lack of a pressor response to molsidomine in females is due to higher endogenous nitric oxide (NO) or to compensatory upregulation of renal antioxidant enzymes. Female SHR were treated with molsidomine in the presence or absence of nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) for 2 wk. Molsidomine increased nitrate/nitrite (NOx) and F2-isoprostane (F2-IsoP) excretion, whereas l-NAME reduced NOx but increased F-Isop. Molsidomine and l-NAME together further reduced NOx and increased F2-IsoP. Molsidomine alone had no effect on BP; l-NAME alone increased BP. The combination of molsidomine and l-NAME did not increase BP above l-NAME alone levels. Whole body and renal oxidative stress increased, while renal cortical Cu,Zn-SOD expression was downregulated and catalase was upregulated by molsidomine; glutathione peroxidase expression was unaffected. These data support our previous studies suggesting that BP in female SHR is independent of either increases or decreases in oxidative stress. The mechanisms responsible for the sex difference in BP response to increase or decrease of oxidative stress are not due to increased NO in females or to compensatory upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in response to increases in oxidants.
Nonlinear reaction-diffusion models for interacting populations

Abstract This paper proves that several initial-boundary value problems for a wide class of nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations have solutions ci(x, t), 1 ⩽ i ⩽ N (with ci(x, t) representing the concentration of the ith species at position x in a set Ω at time t ⩾ 0), which exist for all t ⩾ 0 and are unique, smooth, nonnegative, and strictly positive for t > 0. The Volterra-Lotka predator-prey model with diffusion (to which the results above are proved to apply) is then studied in more detail. It is proved that any bounded solution of this model loses its spatial dependence and behaves like a periodic function of time alone as t → ∞. It is proved that if the spatial dimension is one or if the diffusion coefficients of the two species are equal, then all solutions are bounded.
It's Not the Book, It's Not the Author, It's the Award: The Lambda Literary Award and the Case for Strategic Essentialism.

On September 16, 2009, the Lambda Literary Foundation (LLF) released a statement revising their eligibility guidelines for the Lambda Literary Award, the most prestigious citation offered for LGBT books and authors. This criteria, which demands that an author must self-identify as a member of the LGBT family of writers, has been met with considerable disapproval within the field of children’s and young adult literature, with critics decrying the decision as unfair and essentialist. By arguing for the deployment of strategic essentialism as a discourse of resistance and by working to complicate discussions of essentialism within the field of children’s and young adult literature, the author of this article confronts the condemnation levied at the Lambda Literary Foundation and makes the case for the necessity of establishing the “Lammys” as an “insider-only” citation.
Effect of L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulphoximine, an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase on peroxynitrite- and endotoxic shock-induced vascular failure

Peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic oxidant formed from the reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide is a mediator of cellular injury in ischaemia/reperfusion injury, shock and inflammation. Here we investigated whether L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulphoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, alters endothelial and vascular smooth muscle injury in response to peroxynitrite in vitro and during endotoxic shock in vivo. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, BSO (1 mM, for 24 h) enhanced, whereas glutathione (3 mM) or glutathione ethyl ester (3 mM) attenuated the peroxynitrite (100–1000 μM)-induced suppression of mitochondrial respiration (measured by the conversion of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to formazan), formation of nitrotyrosine (detected by Western blotting), protein oxidation (measured by detection of 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine-reactive carbonyls), and DNA single strand breakage and activation of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) (measured by the incorporation of radiolabelled NAD+ into nuclear proteins and by the alkaline unwinding assay, respectively). Glutathione ethyl ester treatment reduced the BSO-induced enhancement of peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity. In rat isolated thoracic aortic rings, BSO treatment (in vivo, at 1 g kg−1 intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 24 h) enhanced, whereas pretreatment with glutathione (in vitro, 3 mM) attenuated the peroxynitrite-induced reduction of the contractions to noradrenaline, and the peroxynitrite-induced impairment of the endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine. In BSO-pretreated rats, treatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15 mg kg−1, i.p., for 6 h) caused a more pronounced vascular hyporeactivity and endothelial dysfunction ex vivo. BSO pretreatment also increased the degree of nitrotyrosine staining (detected by imunohistochemistry) in the aorta after LPS treatment. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulphoximine, an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase enhances peroxynitrite- and endotoxic shock-induced vascular failure. Based on these findings, we suggest that endogenous glutathione plays an important protective role against peroxynitrite- and LPS-induced vascular injury. British Journal of Pharmacology (1998) 123, 525–537; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701612
Nanoscale photovoltaic imaging using the scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract Optical interactions in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) have been considered. It is shown that when STM is used as a proximal probe of photovoltages it is possible to obtain local information about the physical properties of the subsurface semiconducting material. We find that photovoltaic STM measurements allow us to detect relative changes in bulk properties, such as band gap and doping density, on a nanometer scale. These results show that the combination of STM and surface photovoltage are capable of providing not only valuable information about the surface of a material, but also about its bulk properties.
Triggered creep as a possible mechanism for delayed dynamic triggering of tremor and earthquakes

The passage of radiating seismic waves generates transient stresses in the Earth’s crust that can trigger slip on faults far away from the original earthquake source. The triggered fault slip is detectable in the form of earthquakes 1‐3 and seismic tremor 4‐7 . However, the significance of these triggered events remains controversial 8,9 , in part because they often occur with some delay, long after the triggering stress has passed. Here we scrutinize the location and timing of tremor on the San Andreas fault between 2001 and 2010 in relation to distant earthquakes. We observe tremor on the San Andreas fault that is initiated by passing seismic waves, yet migrates along the fault at a much slower velocity than the radiating seismic waves. We suggest that the migrating tremor records triggered slow slip of the San Andreas fault as a propagating creep event. We find that the triggered tremor and fault creep can be initiated by distant earthquakes as small as magnitude 5.4 and can persist for several days after the seismic waves have passed. Our observations of prolonged tremor activity provide a clear example of the delayed dynamic triggering of seismic events. Fault creep has been shown to trigger earthquakes 10‐12 , and we therefore suggest that the dynamic
A process variation aware low power synthesis methodology for fixed-point FIR filters

In this paper, we present a novel FIR filter synthesis technique that allows aggressive voltage scaling by exploiting the fact that all filter coefficients are not equally important to obtain a "reasonably accurate" filter response. Our technique implements a Level Constrained Common Subexpression Elimination (LCCSE) algorithm, where we can constrain the number of adder levels required to compute each of the coefficient outputs. By specifying a tighter constraint (in terms of number of adders in the critical path) on the important coefficients, we ensure that the later computational steps compute only the less important coefficient outputs. In case of delay variations due to voltage scaling and/or process variations, only the less important outputs are affected, resulting in graceful degradation of filter quality. The proposed architecture, therefore, lends itself to aggressive voltage scaling for low-power dissipation even under process parameter variations. Under extreme process variation and supply voltage scaling (0.8V), filters implemented in BPTM 70 nm technology show an average power savings of 25-30% with minor degradation in filter response.
A Nonlinear Expenditure System Using a Linear Logit Specification

Recent literature on the estimation of models of consumer expenditure patterns indicates that Engel curves are nonlinear and demographic variables are important determinants of demand. A linear logit household expenditures model is presented which automatically displays “adding up” properties derived from the budget constraint while permitting great flexibility in the Engel curves. In addition, homogeneity and symmetry can be imposed and tested, and by a simple transformation the coefficients can be estimated by linear regression. Another advantage of the model is that demographic variables, such as household size and composition, can be introduced without sacrificing the “adding up” properties.
Human Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus: Review of Clinical Issues

This article provides an updated review of the clinical issues related to human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. The clinical data available to date are presented, as well as recent findings on the pathogenesis of and antiviral treatment and immunotherapy for H5N1 virus infection in humans and animal models.
On the hardness of 4-coloring a 3-collorable graph

We give a new proof showing that it is NP-hard to color a 3-colorable graph using just four colors. This result is already known, but our proof is novel as it does not rely on the PCP theorem. This highlights a qualitative difference between the known hardness result for coloring 3-colorable graphs and the factor n/sup /spl epsiv// hardness for approximating the chromatic number of general graphs, as the latter result is known to imply (some form of) PCP theorem. Another aspect in which our proof is different is that using the PCP theorem we can show that 4-coloring of 3-colorable graphs remains NP-hard even on bounded-degree graphs (this hardness result does not seem to follow from the earlier reduction. We point out that such graphs can always be colored using O(1) colors by a simple greedy algorithm, while the best known algorithm for coloring (general) 3-colorable graphs requires n/sup /spl Omega/(1)/ colours. Our proof technique also shows that there is an /spl epsi//sub 0/>0 such that it is NP-hard to legally 4-color even a (1-/spl epsi//sub 0/) fraction of the edges of a 3-colorable graph.
Roles and delivery mechanisms of fungal effectors during infection development: common threads and new directions

Fungal effectors have often been referred as a ‘sea of diversity’, but recently, experiments have shed some light onto effector biology, including discovery that unrelated fungi utilize some common methods for creating a more compatible host environment. A wheat pathogen and a rice pathogen, for example, have evolved mechanisms to suppress chitin-mediated basal defenses in their respective plant hosts. Smut fungi, on the other hand, might have evolved a unique mechanism to manipulate their host environment by altering cell metabolism. Genome mining and bioinformatics pipelines have streamlined the suite of effectors in important pathogen genomes, so researchers can make more targeted strikes on potentially important effectors. This combination of informatics and empirical studies will allow greater insight into effector function.
The intracellular domain of ErbB4 induces differentiation of mammary epithelial cells

Cell proliferation in the mammary epithelium is stimulated in part by EGF receptor activation, while differentiation requires ErbB4/HER4, prolactin and STAT5A [1]. Unlike other EGFR family members, HER4 undergoes ligand-dependent transmembrane domain cleavage, releasing a soluble 80 kDa tyrosine kinase (s80HER4) that localizes to the nucleus; the physiologic relevance of s80HER4 is unknown [2]. Using HC11 mouse mammary cells, we showed that EGF, HB-EGF and prolactin increased STAT5A phosphotyrosine and promoter transactivation, but only HB-EGF and prolactin induced differentiation markers and organization into polarized three-dimensional, lumen-containing structures in Matrigel. Heregulin did not stimulate lumen formation; rather, it increased and disorganized HC11 cell growth. Selective inhibition of ErbB1/ErbB2 activation unmasked heregulin-dependent differentiation and lumen formation. Kinase-dead HER4, or a HER4V675A mutant abolishing transmembrane cleavage, were expressed in HC11 cells. HC11 HER4kd or HER4V675A cells exhibited impaired HB-EGF and prolactin-dependent STAT5A translocation, promoter activation and lactogenic marker induction, indicating that both differentiation pathways need ErbB4 kinase activity and s80HER4 formation. HC11 cells constitutively expressing s80HER4 exhibited basal expression of differentiation markers, increased basal STAT5A activity and three-dimensional lumen formation. These results demonstrate that mammary cell differentiation can be stimulated by HER4 through a process requiring s80HER4 production.
Association of Partner Status and Disposition With Rehospitalization in Heart Failure Patients

BACKGROUND Sociodemographic variables that are predictors of rehospitalization for heart failure may better inform hospital discharge strategies. OBJECTIVES (1) To determine whether sociodemographic variables are predictors of hospital readmission, (2) to determine whether sociodemographic or laboratory variables differ by age group as predictors of readmission, and (3) to compare whether patients' discharge disposition differs by age group in predicting readmission. METHODS Retrospective chart review of hospitalized patients with heart failure admitted in 2007. RESULTS Mean age was 68 (SD, 17) years for the 809 patients, with slightly more than one-third (n = 311, 38%) reporting a legal partner. Fewer than half (n = 359, 44%) were white. Almost one-third (n = 261, 32%) were rehospitalized within 90 days. Multivariable analysis revealed that patients younger than 65 years old and not partnered were at 1.8 times greater risk for being readmitted 90 days after discharge (P = .02; 95% CI, 0.33-0.92). Patients who were 65 years and older and not partnered were at 2.2 times greater risk for readmission (P = .01; 95% CI, 0.25-0.85) after creatinine level and discharge disposition were controlled for. For older patients discharged to home or to home with home services, the risk of readmission was 2.6 times greater than that for patients discharged to a skilled nursing facility (P = .02; 95% CI, 1.20-5.56). CONCLUSIONS The absence of a partner was predictive of readmission in all patients. Older patients with heart failure who were discharged to a skilled nursing facility had lower readmission rates. The effect of partner and disposition status may suggest a proxy for social support. Strategies to provide social support during discharge planning may have an effect on hospital readmission rates.
Field evaluation of seed production, shattering, and dormancy in hybrid populations of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) and the weed, red rice (Oryza sativa).

The genetic and agronomic consequences of transferring glufosinate (Liberty™) herbicide resistance from transgenic rice (Oryza sati6a L.) lines to the noxious weed red rice (Oryza sati6a L.) were evaluated under field conditions. Replicated field trials in Louisiana (LA) and Arkansas (AR) were conducted in 1997 to evaluate ten vegetative and reproductive traits of eight F2 populations produced from controlled crosses of two transgenic, glufosinate-resistant rice lines and four red rice biotypes. Plant vigor and plant density at both locations were similar among populations derived from either transgenic or non-transgenic parents. Significant differences in plant height and maturity were observed among LA populations produced from transgenic lines when compared to corresponding populations developed from non-transgenic material. However, values for these traits were not greater than those detected in the red rice biotypes. Seed dormancy and seed production were not significantly different at either location among transgenic and non-transgenic populations. Dominant Mendelian segregation of glufosinate resistance was detected in 40% of the populations evaluated. Results of this study indicated that those populations segregating for glufosinate resistance responded in a location-specific manner with respect to life history and fecundity traits. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nutritional Value of 1,2-Dichloroethane Extracted Fish Protein Cencentrate for Young Calves Fed Milk Replacer Diets

Abstract Reasons for poor growth of calves fed milk replacers containing l,2-dichloroethane-extracted fish protein concentrate (DCE-FPC) were investigated in three trials of 58 Holstein calves which were fed experimental replacers as the only diet for 8 weeks starting at 3 to 7 days of age. In all comparisons, DCE-FPC was inferior to dried skimmilk as the only protein source in replacers, but DCE-FPC was superior to isopropanol-extracted FPC. Methionine addition to a replacer containing DCE-FPC did not increase calf growth. Known contaminants of DCEFPC (DCE and ehlorocholine chloride) were added to dried skimmilk rations at levels comparable to their presence in DCE-FPC with no marked effect on calf performance. Further extraction of DCE-FPC with ethanol slightly increased gains whereas water washing resulted in poorer growth (P
Surface Crystallography by Inverting Diffraction Spectra

New ideas on how to invert electron diffraction spectra to produce the atomic coordinates of surface region atoms are reviewed in this article. Some of the ideas are borrowed from optical holography while others are invented to deal with the strong multiple scattering and angular anisotropies present in electron diffraction in solids. The examples and references given in this and the accompanying two articles (by Heinz et al. and Wei et al. respectively) demonstrate that surface crystallography by data inversion is a viable method for a number of commonly used surface diffraction techniques.
Successful laparoscopic revision of distally obstructed ventriculo-peritoneal shunts

SummaryTwo patients with distally obstructed ventriculo-peritoneal shunts were successfully treated by laparoscopic intervention. A 72-year-old woman with normal pressure hydrocephalus and a 24-year-old woman with aqueductal stenosis became symptomatic because of distal obstructions of previously placed ventriculo-peritoneal shunts. Laparoscopic intervention enabled the efficient revision of the distal cannulae in both cases with prompt clinical improvement.
On-shell constraints for perturbative and nonperturbative quark masses in QCD

It is shown that the current, dynamical, and constituent quark masses, when anchored to the pole positions, are gauge-parameter independent both at the pole and in the deep-Euclidean region. The implications of theoretical and phenomenological quark-mass scales for chiral-symmetry breakdown and for the bridge between the relativistic theory of QCD and the nonrelativistic SU(6) quark model are discussed.
Use of the Beers criteria to identify potentially inappropriate drug use by community-dwelling older dental patients

Objective Recognizing drugs with serious adverse experience (AE) potential in an aging population would assist practitioners in preventing drug safety issues. This study identifies drugs with potential for causing serious AEs, describes the AEs, and estimates prevalent use among older adults visiting the dentist. Study Design Drugs with serious AE risk for older adults were identified with the use of the Beers criteria. Analyses of older adults visiting the dentist using the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey tested associations between demographic and health-related variables and use of these drugs. Potentially serious drug-related AEs are described. Results More than 3 in 10 older adults visiting the dentist were prescribed a Beers-criteria drug. Commonly prescribed Beers-criteria drugs used in dentistry include benzodiazepines and long-acting nonsteroidal antiinflammatory analgesics. Conclusions Awareness of potentially harmful drug-related AEs, their clinical consequences, and prescribing frequency for older adults will assist dentists in clinically managing patients and avoiding inappropriate prescribing.
Embryonic Development of Circadian Oscillations in the Mouse Hypothalamus

Circadian rhythms in mammals are regulated by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The generation of circadian oscillations is a cell-autonomous property, and coupling among cells is essential for the SCN to function as a pacemaker. The development of SCN anatomy and cytology has been extensively studied, but the point in development when the SCN first has the capacity to generate circadian oscillations has not been established. We therefore examined the development of circadian oscillations using per2::luc mice in which bioluminescence tracks the expression of the circadian clock protein, PER2. In vitro, hypothalamic explants first expressed consistent oscillations when isolated between 15 and 16 days postfertilization (e15). Oscillations were more robust at later ages. Explants from other brain areas did not express oscillations, indicating that the development of oscillations is not a general property of embryonic tissue. SCN explants obtained on e14 did not initially express oscillations but developed them in vitro over 4 to 6 d. Although coupling among cells is required for the long-term expression of tissue-level oscillations, explants from mice lacking the coupling peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide still developed oscillations. In the mouse, the capacity to generate molecular oscillations on e15 coincides with the completion of neurogenesis and SCN-specific transcription factor expression. Thus, within a day of its genesis at an age approximately equivalent to the end of the first trimester in humans, the SCN develops the capacity to express circadian oscillations and autonomously develops mechanisms sufficient to couple and synchronize its cells.
Formation and dynamic routing of part families among flexible manufacturing cells

Because of the nature of 0-1 part-family incidence matrix, a multi-cell flexible manufacturing systems (MCFMS) using conventional part-family formation algorithms, such as array-based clustering, similarity coefficient-based clustering, and mathematical programming, in a cellular manufacturing mode can assign a part only to one machine cell. The consequence is that each part type has a fixed route through the system. When each part is limited to a fixed route through the system, the performance of a MCFMS is diminished. This is because the inherent flexibility of the FMS is not fully utilized. This research proposes a dynamic routing method that applies a fuzzy clustering algorithm and certainty factors. The fuzzy clustering algorithm, in which a part can belong to all families with different degrees of membership, provides extra information that is not available in conventional algorithms. This information would permit managers to make better informed dynamic routing decisions and allow for more flexible assignment of parts to flexible manufacturing cells (FMCs). This is important information and would be especially useful in balancing machine cell workloads. A workload imbalance among FMCs can cause excessive flowtimes and tardiness, and low rates of machine utilization.
Faint scattering around pulsars: probing the interstellar medium on solar system size scales

We have made high-resolution, high-sensitivity dynamic spectra of a sample of strong pulsars at 430 MHz with the Arecibo radio telescope. For four pulsars we find faint but sharply delineated features in the secondary spectra. These are examples of the previously observed "crisscross" or "multiple drift slope" phenomenon presumed to be due to multiple imaging of the pulsar by the interstellar medium (ISM). The unprecedented resolution and dynamic range of our observations allow a deeper level of analysis. Distances to the dominant scattering screen along the line of sight are determined and are shown to agree well with those inferred from other scintillation phenomena. Multiple imaging of the pulsar by the ISM is required. A compact central image surrounded by a faint scattering halo, roughly circularly symmetric, is consistent with the data. Scattering from filaments may also be consistent. The angular extent of the scattering material parallel to the direction of the pulsar velocity is ~5 mas, corresponding to a linear extent of ~2 AU. Further observations of these features should allow better discrimination between models and an identification of the scattering structures.
Automating formal proofs for reactive systems

Implementing systems in proof assistants like Coq and proving their correctness in full formal detail has consistently demonstrated promise for making extremely strong guarantees about critical software, ranging from compilers and operating systems to databases and web browsers. Unfortunately, these verifications demand such heroic manual proof effort, even for a single system, that the approach has not been widely adopted. We demonstrate a technique to eliminate the manual proof burden for verifying many properties within an entire class of applications, in our case reactive systems, while only expending effort comparable to the manual verification of a single system. A crucial insight of our approach is simultaneously designing both (1) a domain-specific language (DSL) for expressing reactive systems and their correctness properties and (2) proof automation which exploits the constrained language of both programs and properties to enable fully automatic, pushbutton verification. We apply this insight in a deeply embedded Coq DSL, dubbed Reflex, and illustrate Reflex's expressiveness by implementing and automatically verifying realistic systems including a modern web browser, an SSH server, and a web server. Using Reflex radically reduced the proof burden: in previous, similar versions of our benchmarks written in Coq by experts, proofs accounted for over 80% of the code base; our versions require no manual proofs.
Clutch Size in the Great Basin Spadefoot (Spea intermontana), South Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada

Breeding wetlands and upland terrestrial habitat used by the Great Basin Spadefoot (Spea intermontana) are under intense pressure from the expansion of agriculture, urban development, and loss of grasslands throughout the species range (AmphibiaWeb 2012). At the northern edge of the Spea intermontana geographic range, the British Columbia population of the Great Basin Spadefoot is designated as a threatened Species At Risk (BC Southern Interior Reptile and Amphibian Recovery Team 2007; Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada [COSEWIC] 2007). In the South Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, approximately 90% of wetlands have been lost (Lea 2008). In the lowland Valley (,450 m elevation), metamorphic success of Spea intermontana has been observed in natural ephemeral wetlands, small agricultural ponds, and diverse anthropogenic sites (Ashpole and others 2012). Spadefoot developmental adaptation (either a delay or an increased rate of metamorphosis) in response to the larval habitat has been attributed to resource availability and consequently fitness (see overview by Morey and Reznick 2004). Morey and Reznick (2004) report wild populations of Spea intermontana development ranging from 36 to 60 d. In a comparative resource study, Spea intermontana metamorphic development was slowest (41 d) in individuals with the lowest food availability (Morey and Reznick 2004). Spea intermontana clutches are described in standard field guides as containing few eggs (5 to 40 eggs/clutch) in a randomly shaped grape-sized cluster, where 1 egg can easily be detached from the group (Corkran and Thoms 1996; Cannings and others 1999; Jones and others 2005; Matsuda and others 2007). Here we describe large clutch sizes of Spea intermontana not previously documented in the scientific literature or field guides. Egg clutches were oviposited in 3 human-made ‘ephemeral’ breeding sites, including a swimming pool (Site A), a constructed agricultural retention pond (Site B), and a cement irrigation ditch (Site C). Additionally, road kill samples of Spea intermontana provide a broader range of possible fecundity rates, and skeletocronology suggests that reproductive maturity occurs at 1 y of age.