cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of molybdenum fluoro-bronzes

Abstract Partial substitution of fluorine for oxygen in MoO3 was achieved by reacting Mo and MoO3 under 2-kb pressure in the presence of concentrated HF. Two new bronze-like phases having the compositions Mo4O11.2F0.8 (orthorhombic) and MoO2.4F0.6 (cubic) were prepared. X-ray diffraction data show the structure of the cubic phase to be similar to that of ReO3 while the orthorhombic phase has a structure similar to that of Mo4O10(OH)2. Single crystal resistivity data show the cubic phase to be metallic and the orthorhombic phase to be a sermiconductor.
Doxorubicin retention and chemoresistance in human mesothelioma cell lines.

Eight cell lines were established from the pleural effusion of 4 patients with malignant mesothelioma. The most sensitive (FCCMES-4) and the most resistant (FCCMES-2) mesothelioma cell lines had IC50 of 0.66 and 1.85 μM for doxorubicin in clonogenic assays, respectively. In comparison with murine leukemic P388 cells, mesothelioma cell lines were 7.5- to 21 -fold more resistant to doxorubicin. Co-incubation with verapamil significantly increased doxorubicin retention in one of the cell lines (FCCMES-2) expressing P-glycoprotein in 16.8% of the cells. These results indicate that doxorubicin resistance may be intrinsic in refractory mesothelioma patients and P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux may be involved in resistance of some of the mesotheliomas. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measuring strategy production during associative learning: The relative utility of concurrent versus retrospective reports

Strategy production during associative learning can be measured by self-reports made either concurrently with study or retrospectively. Both kinds of report presumably have strengths and weaknesses, yet a systematic comparison has not been conducted. Younger and older adults studied paired associates and reported strategy production using one or both kinds of report. Participants either received or did not receive descriptions of mediational strategies prior to study. Retrospective reports were not completely consistent with concurrent reports, suggesting that the validity of retrospective reports is somewhat diminished by forgetting. Making concurrent reports did not affect subsequent retrospective reports, but describing strategies affected reported strategy production for both age groups and paired-associate recall for older adults. A production deficiency constrained older adults' performance when they did not receive strategy descriptions prior to study. Discussion focuses on the relative utility of concurrent and retrospective reports of strategy production.
Special Series on Harsh Chips [Guest editors' introduction]

This introduction to the special series discusses the emerging field of harsh-environment-capable chips, or harsh chips. It also introduces the first two Harsh Chips articles in the issue.
Cell-wall structure in Chlamydomonas

Abstract Cell-walls of Chlamydomonas moewusii exhibit under electron microscopy a regular striation with a period of 233 A. It is presumed that this indicates parallel orientation of cellulose fibrils.
Cystic and Cavitary Lung Diseases: Focal and Diffuse

Cysts and cavities are commonly encountered abnormalities on chest radiography and chest computed tomography. Occasionally, the underlying nature of the lesions can be readily apparent as in bullae associated with emphysema. Other times, cystic and cavitary lung lesions can be a diagnostic challenge. In such circumstances, distinguishing cysts (wall thickness 4 mm or a surrounding infiltrate or mass) and focal or multifocal disease from diffuse involvement facilitates the diagnostic process. Other radiological characteristics, including size, inner wall contour, nature of contents, and location, when correlated with the clinical context and tempo of the disease process provide the most helpful diagnostic clues. Focal or multifocal cystic lesions include blebs, bullae, pneumatoceles, congenital cystic lesions, traumatic lesions, and several infectious processes, including coccidioidomycosis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and hydatid disease. Malignant lesions including metastatic lesions may rarely present as cystic lesions. Focal or multifocal cavitary lesions include neoplasms such as bronchogenic carcinomas and lymphomas, many types of infections or abscesses, immunologic disorders such as Wegener granulomatosis and rheumatoid nodule, pulmonary infarct, septic embolism, progressive massive fibrosis with pneumoconiosis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, localized bronchiectasis, and some congenital lesions. Diffuse involvement with cystic or cavitary lesions may be seen in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, honeycomb lung associated with advanced fibrosis, diffuse bronchiectasis, and, rarely, metastatic disease. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest frequently helps define morphologic features that may serve as important clues regarding the nature of cystic and cavitary lesions in the lung.
Cultural Views, Language Ability, and Mammography Use in Chinese American Women

Mammography screening rates among Chinese American women have been reported to be low. This study examines whether and how culture views and language ability influence mammography adherence in this mostly immigrant population. Asymptomatic Chinese American women (n = 466) aged 50 and older, recruited from the Washington, D.C. area, completed a telephone interview. Regular mammography was defined as having two mammograms at age-appropriate recommended intervals. Cultural views were assessed by 30 items, and language ability measured women's ability in reading, writing, speaking, and listening to English. After controlling for risk perception, worry, physician recommendation, family encouragement, and access barriers, women holding a more Chinese/Eastern cultural view were significantly less likely to have had regular mammograms than those having a Western cultural view. English ability was positively associated with mammography adherence. The authors' results imply that culturally sensitive and language-appropriate educational interventions are likely to improve mammography adherence in this population.
Inventing industrial research: Thomas Edison and the Menlo Park laboratory

In the 1870s, American inventor Thomas Edison forged the first industrial research. At his laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey, Edison merged the machine shop with sophisticated electrical and chemical laboratories and employed teams of researchers who could experiment on all aspects of his inventions and move them rapidly from research to development and commercialization.
Extending the viability theory framework of resilience to uncertain dynamics, and application to lake eutrophication

Resilience, the capacity for a system to recover from a perturbation so as to keep its properties and functions, is of growing concern to a wide range of environmental systems. The challenge is often to render this concept operational without betraying it, nor diluting its content. The focus here is on building on the viability theory framework of resilience to extend it to discrete-time stochastic dynamical systems. The viability framework describes properties of the system as a subset of its state space. This property is resilient to a perturbation if it can be recovered and kept by the system after a perturbation: its trajectory can come back and stay in the subset. This is shown to reflect a general definition of resilience. With stochastic dynamics, the stochastic viability kernel describes the robust states, in which the system has a high probability of staying in the subset for a long time. Then, probability of resilience is defined as the maximal probability that the system reaches a robust state within a time horizon. Management strategies that maximize the probability of resilience can be found through dynamic programming. It is then possible to compute a range of statistics on the time for restoring the property. The approach is illustrated on the example of lake eutrophication and shown to foster the use of different indicators that are adapted to distinct situations. Its relevance for the management of ecological systems is also discussed.
Corrosion Behavior of Q235 Steel in Industrial Atmosphere of Tangshan City

With the deterioration of atmosphere pollution, the polluted atmosphere makes a great impact to steel materials. The corrosion behavior of Q235 in industrial atmosphere is investigated by weightlessness curve analysis, SEM analysis and IR analysis. The experimental results indicate that, the corrosion process of Q235 steel can be divided into three stages with the variation of the industrial atmosphere. And the sulphate ions derived from the sulfur dioxide make an important role in the steel corrosion.
Imaging Nanoscale Magnetic Structures With Polarized Soft X-Ray Photons

Imaging nanoscale magnetic structures and their fast dynamics is scientifically interesting and technologically of highest relevance. The combination of circularly polarized soft X-ray photons, which provide a strong X-ray magnetic circular dichroism effect at characteristic X-ray absorption edges, with a high-resolution soft X-ray microscope utilizing Fresnel zone plate optics allows, in a unique way, the study of the stochastical behavior in the magnetization reversal process of thin films and the ultrafast dynamics of magnetic vortices and domain walls in confined ferromagnetic structures. Future sources of femtosecond-short and highly intense soft X-ray photon pulses hold the promise of magnetic imaging down to fundamental magnetic length and time scales.
BRST Quantization of the Gauged WZW Action and Coset Conformal Field Theories

The relation of the gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten models describing G/H conformal field theories and the GKO construction is investigated in the BRST framework. A nilpotent operator Q is constructed and the physical spectrum and unitarity of the theory is analyzed. When H is the Cartan subalgebra of G the BRST invariant current operators (the physical currents) are shown to be the parafermionic operators.
Withdrawal of the Concept of the Occurrence of Classical Mitosis in Bacteria

I WISH to retract the concept previously presented by me1, and to which I have been committed, that classical mitosis occurs in bacteria. This interpretation of cytological material was developed on the basis of routine microscopy on stained preparations. The configurations observed were interpreted using instrumentation of inadequate resolution to solve the problem of the mechanism of division of this group of organisms. It seems likely that this interpretation of structures by white-light microscopy does in fact depend on the presence of not only nuclear material which can assume a multiplicity of forms, but also on the presence of membranous bodies in the cytoplasm which accept stain and at low resolution could be misinterpreted as centrioles. The application of the electron microscope in the hands of many others2,3, as well as more recently by us4,5, has demonstrated that a classical form of mitotic division in these organisms cannot occur. Details of the ultrastructure of bacteria are now becoming resolved, and what is presently known precludes the possibility of a classical mitotic mechanism.
Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots

Material on the surface of hyphal walls of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) during active colonization of plant roots was detected by a monoclonal antibody. Pot-cultured isolates of Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Entrophospora had immunofluorescent material (IM) on younger, thinner, intact hyphae, but IM was scant to absent on thicker, melanized or lysing hyphae. Colonization of corn (Zea mays L.), Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Staph.) or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was examined during 5 months of plant growth by removing cores and performing an indirect immunoassay on roots with attached hyphae. Fresh spores of some Glomus spp. had IM on the outer layer of the spore wall. Abundant IM was seen on root hairs of plants colonized by some isolates, and some IM was detected on root surfaces of all plants examined even during early colonization. After cultures were dried, hyphae, roots and spores had little to no IM. Uninoculated control roots had very rare, small patches of IM. An immunoreactive protein was extracted from hyphae of Gigaspora and Glomus isolates by using 20mM citrate (pH 7.0) at 121°C for 90 min. Gel electrophoresis profiles indicated that all isolates tested had the same banding patterns. Lectin-binding of extracted protein is suggestive of a glycoprotein. The immunofluorescence assay can be used to examine root sections for active colonization by AMF, and the potential use of the protein to quantify AMF activity in soil is discussed.
The roles of various biochemical effects produced by 5-fluorouracil in early growth inhibition of Bacillus cereus☆

Abstract By the utilization of uracil and thymidine to selectively protect against some of the inhibitory effects of 5-fluorouracil (FU) in Bacillus cereus, it was demonstrated that the early phases of growth inhibition produced by FU could not be correlated with inhibition ofDNA synthesis, or with the quantity of FU incorporated into the whole cell or the ribosomal fraction. By contrast, cultures grew at control rates only when the quality and quantity of ribosomes synthesized appeared normal, suggesting that an effect of FU on ribosome synthesis was most closely related to the rapid onset of growth inhibition.
Strategies for tissue and organ decellularization

Decellularized tissues have been successfully used in a variety of tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications, and more recently decellularized organs have been utilized in the first stages of organ engineering. The protocols used to decellularize simple tissues versus intact organs differ greatly. Herein, the most commonly used decellularization methods for both surgical mesh materials and whole organs are described, with consideration given to how these different processes affect the extracellular matrix and the host response to the scaffold.
Metallothermic reduction as an electronically mediated reaction

The commonly held view that metallothermic reduction is strictly a chemical reaction and that the process is rate limited by mass transfer has been found to be incomplete. In a study of the production of tantalum powder by the reaction of K2TaF7 with sodium, it has been shown that there are two dominant kinetic pathways, both involving electron transfer. Furthermore, the overall rate of reaction is limited by electron transport between the reactants. This indicates that metallothermic reduction is an “electronically mediated reaction” (EMR). Experiments found that the location of the tantalum deposit and its morphology are governed by the reaction pathway.
Experimental and Numerical Cross-Over Jet Impingement in an Airfoil Trailing-Edge Cooling Channel

Technological advancement in gas turbine field demands high temperature gases impacting on the turbine airfoils in order to increase the output power as well as the thermal efficiency. Leading-edge is one of the most critical and life-limiting sections of the airfoil which requires intricate cooling schemes to maintain a robust design. In order to maintain coherence with a typical external aerodynamic blade profile, cooling processes usually take place in geometrically complex internal paths where analytical approaches may not provide a proper solution. In this study, experimental and numerical models simulating the leading-edge and its adjacent cavity were created. Cooling flow entered the leading-edge cavity through the crossover ports on the partition wall between the two cavities and impinged on the internal surface of the leading edge. Three flow arrangements were tested: 1,2) flow entering from one side (root or tip) of the adjacent cavity and emerging from either the same side or the opposite side of the leading-edge cavity and 3) flow entering from one side of the adjacent cavity and emerging from both sides of the leading-edge cavity. These flow arrangements were tested for five crossover-hole settings with a focus on studying the heat transfer rate dependency on the axial flow produced by upstream crossover holes (spent air). Numerical results were obtained from a three-dimensional unstructured computational fluid dynamics model with 1.1 million hexahedral elements. For turbulence modeling, the realizable k–e was employed in combination with enhanced wall treatment approach for the near wall regions. Other available RANS turbulence models with similar computational cost did not produce any results in better agreement with the measured data. Nusselt numbers on the nose area and the pressure/suction sides are reported for jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 8000 to 55000 and a constant crossover hole to the leading-edge nose distance ratio, Z/Dh , of 2.81. Comparisons with experimental results were made in order to validate the employed turbulence model and the numerically-obtained results. Results show a significant dependency of Nusselt number on the axial flow introduced by upstream jets as it drastically diminishes the impingement effects on the leading-edge channel walls. Flow arrangement has immense effects on the heat transfer results. Discrepancies between the experimental and numerical results averaged between +0.3% and −24.5%, however correlation between the two can be clearly observed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Phospholamban interacts with HAX-1, a mitochondrial protein with anti-apoptotic function.

Abstract Phospholamban (PLN) is a key regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis and contractility in the heart. Its regulatory effects are mediated through its interaction with the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, (SERCA2a), resulting in alterations of its Ca2+-affinity. To identify additional proteins that may interact with PLN, we used the yeast-two-hybrid system to screen an adult human cardiac cDNA library. HS-1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) was identified as a PLN-binding partner. The minimal binding regions were mapped to amino acid residues 203–245 for HAX-1 and residues 16–22 for PLN. The interaction between the two proteins was confirmed using GST-HAX-1, bound to the glutathione-matrix, which specifically adsorbed native PLN from human or mouse cardiac homogenates, while in reciprocal binding studies, recombinant His-HAX-1 bound GST-PLN. Kinetic studies using surface plasmon resonance yielded a KD of ∼ 1 μM as the binding affinity for the PLN/HAX-1 complex. Phosphorylation of PLN by cAMP-dependent protein kinase reduced binding to HAX-1, while increasing concentrations of Ca2+ diminished the PLN/HAX-1 interaction in a dose-dependent manner. HAX-1 concentrated to mitochondria, but upon transient co-transfection of HEK 293 cells with PLN, HAX-1 redistributed and co-localized with PLN at the endoplasmic reticulum. Analysis of the anti-apoptotic function of HAX-1 revealed that the presence of PLN enhanced the HAX-1 protective effects from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death. These findings suggest a possible link between the Ca2+ handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and cell survival mediated by the PLN/HAX-1 interaction.
Sarcoidosis with Neovascularization of the Optic Nerve Head

A 25-year-old man with systemic sarcoidosis had neovascularization of the optic nerve heads and associated bilateral vitreous hemorrhages. Oral administration of prednisone produced a prompt resolution of these unusual neovascular fronds and cleared the vitreous hemorrhages.
RECORD-SETTING COSMIC-RAY INTENSITIES IN 2009 AND 2010

We report measurements of record-setting intensities of cosmic-ray nuclei from C to Fe, made with the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer carried on the Advanced Composition Explorer in orbit about the inner Sun-Earth Lagrangian point. In the energy interval from ~70 to ~450 MeV nucleon^(–1), near the peak in the near-Earth cosmic-ray spectrum, the measured intensities of major species from C to Fe were each 20%-26% greater in late 2009 than in the 1997-1998 minimum and previous solar minima of the space age (1957-1997). The elevated intensities reported here and also at neutron monitor energies were undoubtedly due to several unusual aspects of the solar cycle 23/24 minimum, including record-low interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) intensities, an extended period of reduced IMF turbulence, reduced solar-wind dynamic pressure, and extremely low solar activity during an extended solar minimum. The estimated parallel diffusion coefficient for cosmic-ray transport based on measured solar-wind properties was 44% greater in 2009 than in the 1997-1998 solar-minimum period. In addition, the weaker IMF should result in higher cosmic-ray drift velocities. Cosmic-ray intensity variations at 1 AU are found to lag IMF variations by 2-3 solar rotations, indicating that significant solar modulation occurs inside ~20 AU, consistent with earlier galactic cosmic-ray radial-gradient measurements. In 2010, the intensities suddenly decreased to 1997 levels following increases in solar activity and in the inclination of the heliospheric current sheet. We describe the conditions that gave cosmic rays greater access to the inner solar system and discuss some of their implications.
Brain arachidonic acid incorporation and precursor pool specific activity during intravenous infusion of unesterified [3H]arachidonate in the anesthetized rat.

: Brain fatty acid incorporation into phospholipids can be measured in vivo following intravenous injection of fatty acid tracer. However, to calculate a cerebral incorporation rate, knowledge is required of tracer specific activity in the final brain precursor pool. To determine this for one tracer, unesterified [3H]arachidonate was infused intravenously in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats to maintain constant plasma specific activity for 1–10 min. At the end of infusion, animals were killed by microwave irradiation and analyzed for tracer specific activity and concentration in brain phospholipid, neutral lipid, and lipid precursor, i.e., unesterified arachidonate and arachidonoyl-CoA, pools. Tracer specific activity in brain unesterified arachidonate and arachidonoyl-CoA rose quickly (t1/2 85% of brain tracer was present in phospholipids at 1 min of infusion. The results demonstrate that unesterified arachidonate is rapidly taken up and incorporated in brain but that brain phospholipid precursor pools fail to equilibrate with plasma in short experiments. Low brain precursor specific activity may result from (a) dilution of label with unlabeled arachidonate from alternate sources or (b) precursor pool compartmentalization. The results suggest that arachidonate turnover in brain phospholipids is more rapid than previously assumed.
Scattering of 65-Mev Pions in Hydrogen

A measurement has been made at approximately 65 Mev of the differential cross sections in the processes ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+p$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+n$ using a liquid hydrogen target and scintillation counter detectors. The measured cross sections in the center-of-mass system are $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})=\left[0.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03\ensuremath{-}(1.38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09)cos\ensuremath{\theta}+(0.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.24)\frac{3{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{-}1}{2}\right](1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10) (\mathrm{at} 65 \mathrm{Mev}).$ Because of Coulomb interference effects, the experiment, affords the opportunity of determining the signs as well as the magnitudes of the phase shifts in an analysis including only $s$ and $p$ waves. It is found that two very markedly different sets of phase shifts fit the data. Each of these sets includes subsets of the Fermi and Yang type. The results of this experiment, in conjunction with those of similar experiments, favor a set characterized by a strong attractive $p$ wave interaction in the $T=\frac{3}{2}$ isotopic spin state.
Cortical Plasticity Induced by Inhibitory Neuron Transplantation

Critical periods are times of pronounced brain plasticity. During a critical period in the postnatal development of the visual cortex, the occlusion of one eye triggers a rapid reorganization of neuronal responses, a process known as ocular dominance plasticity. We have shown that the transplantation of inhibitory neurons induces ocular dominance plasticity after the critical period. Transplanted inhibitory neurons receive excitatory synapses, make inhibitory synapses onto host cortical neurons, and promote plasticity when they reach a cellular age equivalent to that of endogenous inhibitory neurons during the normal critical period. These findings suggest that ocular dominance plasticity is regulated by the execution of a maturational program intrinsic to inhibitory neurons. By inducing plasticity, inhibitory neuron transplantation may facilitate brain repair.
Energy and pressure requirement for compression of Miscanthus giganteus to an extreme density

To achieve optimal use of transportation infrastructure in general, the bulk density of the material being transported must be such that the containment structure reaches its weight and volume limits simultaneously. As an example, “gondola type” coal railcar dimensions are designed to precisely accommodate the density of coal in a pile, which is 850 kg m −3 . Compressing biomass to the bulk density of coal would have the advantage of potential utilisation of the existing coal logistics infrastructure, as well as allowing co-combustion by adding biomass directly to the coal stream. However, the required material density could be as high as 1657 kg m −3 , owing to post-compression rebound and a limited particulate packing density. This paper describes an experiment in which a sample of biomass ( Miscanthus giganteus ) weighing 230 g was compressed to 1767 kg m −3 , at an applied pressure of 519 MPa. The test was conducted using a very large Universal Testing Machine, capable of generating a force of 13 MN. The sample was further compressed to a pressure of 756 MPa, shortly after which an explosion occurred, presumably caused by ignition of volatile gases generated by localised pyrolysis through frictional heat generation in the biomass. At the point of explosion, the height of the sample was 8.9 mm. Upon reducing the load to zero, the sample was retrieved and the height was measured at 10.7 mm, yielding an instantaneous rebound percentage of 20.2%. After three weeks, the measured sample height was 11.8 mm, yielding a long-term rebound of 32.6%.
Strategic Orientation of Businss [sic] Enterprises: The Construct, Dimensionality, and Measurement

This paper reports the results of a research study aimed at conceptualizing and developing valid measurements of key dimensions of a strategy construct-termed Strategic Orientation of Business Enterprises. This construct is first defined by addressing four theoretical questions of scope; hierarchical level; domain; and intentions versus realizations, and then conceptualized in terms of six dimensions. Subsequently, operational indicators are developed for the six dimensions in terms of managerial perceptions across 200 business units in a field study. An evaluation of the measurement properties within an analysis of covariance structures framework indicated that the operational measures developed here largely satisfy the criteria for unidimensionality, convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. Implications and lines of extensions are outlined.
Mentoring: the value of a personal connection.

d Atop priority of the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) is recruiting and retaining orthodontic faculty. For the past 2 years, the Task Force on Recruitment and Retention of Orthodontic Faculty has worked on strategies to attract interested people to academic careers and then keep them there by facilitating their development. One factor that many senior faculty members list as important in helping them flourish in their career is a mentor. What is a mentor? Instinct tells us that a mentor is someone older and more experienced who guides a younger person. But is there more to it? It is worth examining this model to see how it might be used to assist young faculty members. The term “mentor” originated in Homer’s Odyssey, when Odysseus, leaving for the Trojan wars, asked his friend Alimus whether Alimus’s son Mentor could act as an advisor to his own son, Telemachus. 1 Whether structured or spontaneous, mentorship arrangements contain some common elements: guidance, support, and advice. The specific information conveyed during the mentoring depends on the people involved. Mentoring a faculty member begins with recruitment, either uncovering a latent desire to enter academia or inspiring a talented student to do so. The mentor can provide help in 3 important areas: The junior faculty member must be carefully nurtured as a teacher and researcher, and should have a structured program to develop skills, be evaluated, and gain experience. The mentor can also pave the way for a junior faculty member’s involvement in outside organizations, as long as these activities do not distract the young academician from primary responsibilities. Identifying resources is also an important aspect of mentoring, particularly financial resources. The mentor should be able to direct the junior faculty member to the AAO, the AAOF, the home institution, and other resources for research seed money, continuing education, or salary supplement.
The effect of yeast extract on the fermentation of glucose to 2,3-butanediol by Bacillus polymyxa

The fermentation of glucose to 2,3-butanediol by Bacillus polymyxa was improved by increasing the amount of yeast extract in the culture medium. A level of 1.5% (w/v) resulted in optimal 2,3-butanediol production. A comparable fermentation could be achieved with 0.5% yeast extract if the phosphate level of the medium was increased from 0.0026 to 0.078 M and the medium was supplemented with 40 μM iron and 1.7 μM manganese.
The God issue: We are all born believers

Our minds solve fundamental problems in a way that leaves a god-shaped space just waiting to be filled by religion
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia-Causing Mutations in Amish and Mennonite Communities

Objective To determine whether individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) from unrelated Amish and Mennonite families harbor a single and unique founder mutation. Study design Subjects from Amish and Mennonite communities in several states were enrolled in the study. All subjects were clinically characterized, and nasal nitric oxide levels were measured. Nasal epithelial scrapings were collected from several subjects for ciliary ultrastructural analyses. DNA was isolated from patients with PCD and their unaffected first- and second-degree relatives. Genome-wide homozygosity mapping, linkage analyses, targeted mutation analyses, and exome sequencing were performed. Results All subjects from Old-Order Amish communities from Pennsylvania were homozygous for a nonsense mutant DNAH5 allele, c.4348C>T (p.Q1450X). Two affected siblings from an unrelated Mennonite family in Arkansas were homozygous for the same nonsense DNAH5 mutation. Children with PCD from an Amish family from Wisconsin had biallelic DNAH5 mutations, c.4348C>T (p.Q1450X) and c.10815delT (p.P3606HfsX23), and mutations in other genes associated with PCD were also identified in this community. Conclusion The Amish and Mennonite subjects from geographically dispersed and socially isolated communities had the same founder DNAH5 mutation, owing to the common heritage of these populations. However, disease-causing mutations in other PCD-associated genes were also found in affected individuals in these communities, illustrating the genetic heterogeneity in this consanguineous population.
Growth hormone secretion and ultradian rhythms in growth-retarded rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions.

Rats with lesions of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMN-L) are hypophagic and have reduced linear growth and body weight, but normal body composition. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (170–190 g) housed individually under a 12:12 L:D schedule with lights out at 1430 hr received jugular cannulas, and on return to precannulation body weight (4.2±0.6 days), they received bilateral electrolytic DMN-L or sham-operations (SHAM). Rats with DMN-L (n=8) were hypophagic postsurgery and weighed less (p<0.05) than SHAM at six days postlesion surgery. The difference in body weight between the two groups continued to expand over the next four weeks. Six days postsurgery, the rats were bled (RBC's returned in 10% BSA-saline) every 15 minutes between 0600–1215 hr and growth hormone (GH) subsequently assayed. The total GH secretion, as computed from the area under each rat's ultradian pattern, was similar in both groups (DMN-L versus SHAM, 2952.2±346.5 versus 2950.4±337.5). Using the PULSAR computer program, the baseline secretion (12.2±4.0 versus 11.8±2.7 ng/ml), total number of peaks (2.4±0.4 versus 2.4±0.2), and interpeak interval (2.8±0.5 versus 2.7±0.4, hr) were not significantly different between the DMN-L and SHAM rats, respectively. These data show that the growth-retarded DMN-L rat does not have a deficiency in total growth hormone secretion or an altered ultradian pattern, at a time when their body weight is diverging from the sham-operated controls. These data give further support to the previously suggested concept of a DMN-L reduced change in body weight ‘set-point’ or the alteration of an, as yet, undefined growth factor.
Repairing Alliance Ruptures in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy: A Preliminary Task Analysis

For mental health professionals, navigating ruptures in the therapeutic alliance can be difficult. In order to aid practitioners through this therapeutic impasse, the development of an alliance rupture repair model in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) was achieved by conducting a preliminary task analysis. A rational model of alliance rupture repair in EFT was formulated from data analysis of a thought experiment with four experienced certified EFT therapists. The rational model was then compared with the empirical analysis of alliance rupture repair sequences during EFT sessions with a certified EFT therapist. The final rational-empirical model and treatment implications are discussed.
Changing environments and structure--property relationships in marine biomaterials.

Most marine organisms make functional biomolecular materials that extend to varying degrees ‘beyond their skins’. These materials are very diverse and include shells, spines, frustules, tubes, mucus trails, egg capsules and byssal threads, to mention a few. Because they are devoid of cells, these materials lack the dynamic maintenance afforded intra-organismic tissues and thus are usually assumed to be inherently more durable than their internalized counterparts. Recent advances in nanomechanics and submicron spectroscopic imaging have enabled the characterization of structure–property relationships in a variety of extra-organismic materials and provided important new insights about their adaptive functions and stability. Some structure–property relationships in byssal threads are described to show how available analytical methods can reveal hitherto unappreciated interdependences between these materials and their prevailing chemical, physical and ecological environments. * AFM : atomic force microscopy BESSY : Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft fur Synchrotronstrahlung EDX : energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EXAFS : extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy FECO : fringes of equal chromatic order MALDI : matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy PIXE : proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy SAXS : small angle X-ray scattering SFA : surface forces apparatus ssNMR : solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance WAXS : wide angle X-ray scattering XANES : X-ray absorption for near edge structure XAS : X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Medical screening in the emergency department for psychiatric admissions: a procedural analysis

Patients who are admitted to psychiatric inpatient wards often undergo a medical screening examination in the emergency department to rule out serious or underlying medical conditions that may be better treated elsewhere. Unfortunately, prior research has been conflicting on the relative merits of various screening procedures, making it difficult to implement guidelines. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to research the current state of knowledge in medical screening procedures. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library for publication years 1966-2003. No restrictions were placed on language or on quality of publications. Twelve studies were found that reported specific yields of various screening procedures. Results indicate that medical history, physical examination, review of systems, and tests for orientation have relatively high yields for detecting active medical problems in patients presenting with psychiatric complaints. Routine laboratory investigations generally have a low yield for clinically significant findings. However, these should be added selectively for four groups at higher risk of serious medical conditions, i.e., the elderly, substance users, patients with no prior psychiatric history, and patients with preexisting medical disorders and/or concurrent medical complaints.
Social Networks and Employment: Outcomes (Part 2)

In this second article, we continue to survey research that addresses work and employment from a social network perspective. Building on a companion article in this volume, which explores in-depth the main network mechanisms presented in the literature, this article reviews studies addressing how social networks may shape key employment outcomes for both individuals and organizations. Network access and activation may shape individuals' selection into employment opportunities in addition to a variety of post-hire outcomes including employee performance, promotion, rewards, job satisfaction, and termination. Organizations too may be influenced by their network position and by the activation of certain ties, ultimately affecting key outcomes such as firm performance, innovation, and learning measures. We conclude by discussing promising areas for future research on how social networks interact with employment.
Are International Remittances Altruism or Insurance? Evidence from Guyana Using Multiple-Migrant Households

Abstract While international remittances provide significant disposable income for many households in less-developed countries, there is no consensus on migrants’ remittance motivation. Two principal competing explanations for remittances are altruism and risk sharing. This paper employs previously unanalyzed data to bring new evidence to the debate. We develop a simple theoretical model that yields distinct testable predictions for each motivation. Among the model’s testable predictions is differential remittance behavior by migrants from households with multiple versus single migrants under altruism and risk sharing. Our estimation finds significant differences in remittance behavior of multiple and single migrants and these differences support the altruistic incentive to remit.
Combat, Display and Ritualization in Fiddler Crabs (Ocypodidae, Genus Uca)

The principal elements of fighting and display in the genus Uca are surveyed from the point-of-view of their apparent evolutionary origins. The components include combat behaviour between males, threat postures, acoustic signals and visual displays. The latter are characterized by rhythmic motions of the large cheliped and other appendages. Combat between males is highly ritualized, with morphological and behavioural deterrents to maximum intensity. When the deterrents are effective the fights are usually without noticeable results. Although serious injury virtually never occurs, when the deterrents are inadequate the loser sometimes gives up his burrow and occasionally does not court for varying periods thereafter. Combat seems to have evolved directly from the decapod motion of grasping combined at low intensities with an appeasement element in which the major cheliped--a releaser of aggressive behaviour--is turned away from the opponent. Threat postures are primarily intention motions of fighting. Both in the burrows and occasionally on the surface stridulation and other acoustic signals are used in threat, courtship or both. Unlike combat behaviour and threat postures, visual display is species-specific. The twenty-odd elements most often occurring in both acoustic and visual display seem clearly to be derived chiefly from feeding, cleaning and threat movements, usually through the intermediary of displacement activities; sometimes the display elements apparently evolved from conflict between feeding and threat tendencies and sometimes from intention motions. Even in species with the most advanced displays, ritualization of some elements is often only partly or temporarily achieved, while the corresponding displacement motion, unaltered and uncomplicated, is frequently elicited. Parallelisms are evident between the courses of evolution in the social behaviour of fiddler crabs and vertebrates.
Harvestmen as predators of bird nestlings

Abstract We report the first confirmed cases of harvestmen (Opiliones) feeding upon live vertebrates. In June and July of 2007, in two independent studies of the ecology of Swainson's warblers (Limnothlypis swainsonii Audubon) in Arkansas and North Carolina, we recorded predation of nestlings at two separate nests by harvestmen. Both events were nocturnal, involved relatively young and dependent nestlings, and contributed to or resulted in the death of one or more nestlings. One event involved a group of at least four harvestmen with one to four individuals feeding upon a brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) nestling at one time, and the other involved up to two harvestmen present at the nest, but only one individual fed upon the two Swainson's warbler nestlings.
APROS: algorithmic development methodology for discrete-continuous optimization problems

APROS represents an algorithmic development procedure for classes of mathematical programming problems that involve some form of decomposition technique and require extensive communication of data between a set of subproblems whose sizes and structures may vary during the solution procedure. Examples include most classes of mixed-integer nonlinear programming problems and large-scale mixed-integer linear programming problems as well as a wide variety of algorithms for large-scale nonlinear and linear programming problems exhibiting special structure. APROS works through the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) to provide exact syntactic statement of algorithmic solution procedures. APROS procedures are implemented through GAMS which is interfaced with nonlinear, linear and mixed-integer linear programming solvers to provide completely general automated implementations of many well known algorithms including the Generalized Benders Decomposition, the Outer Approximation/Equality Relaxation and Dantzig-...
Evolving multimodal behavior with modular neural networks in Ms. Pac-Man

Ms. Pac-Man is a challenging video game in which multiple modes of behavior are required to succeed: Ms. Pac-Man must escape ghosts when they are threats, and catch them when they are edible, in addition to eating all pills in each level. Past approaches to learning behavior in Ms. Pac-Man have treated the game as a single task to be learned using monolithic policy representations. In contrast, this paper uses a framework called Modular Multiobjective NEAT to evolve modular neural networks. Each module defines a separate policy; evolution discovers these policies and when to use them. The number of modules can be fixed or learned using a new version of a genetic operator, called Module Mutation, which duplicates an existing module that can then evolve to take on a distinct behavioral identity. Both the fixed modular networks and Module Mutation networks outperform traditional monolithic networks. More interestingly, the best modular networks dedicate modules to critical behaviors that do not follow the customary division of the game into chasing edible and escaping threatening ghosts.
The power7 TM processor SoC

Introducing POWER7TM the latest member of the IBM POWERTM processor family. A 567mm² chip implemented in 45nm SOI technology, holding eight quad threaded cores, a 32MB shared eDRAM L3, two memory controllers and high bandwidth SMP interfaces. The new out of order, shallow pipeline core with 12 execution units, multiport L1 caches and a private 256kB L2 offers the efficiency to support 4x the number of cores within the same power envelope as its predecessor. Supporting over 4GHz, the L1 data cache loop is kept to 2 cycles. Data from the L2 can be returned to the core at a rate of 32B per cycle.
Simulation of transmission line transients with a distributed-parameter model using a personal computer

This paper presents a state space technique for the solution of electromag netic traveling wave equations. By dividing the transmission line into a series ofπ-section segments, a set of state equations is written in vector-matrix form. Each section segment consists of a series resistance and inductance with a shunt conductance and capacitance placed at the terminal ends of the segment. The state variables are chosen as the inductor currents and the capacitor voltages. The trapezoidal method of numerical integra tion is used to convert the state equations to a set of linear difference equations. Finally, LU factorization is used to update the difference equations. The state space technique presented is readily imple mented on a personal computer.
Feasibility conditions for circle criterion designs

We derive necessary and su1cient conditions for the existence of a control law that renders the closed-loop system strictly positive real with respect to a disturbance input. The result is used to establish feasibility of recent nonlinear controller and observer designs based on the circle criterion. c 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Biological control mechanisms for oscillation and locomotion

Oscillations are often observed in nature at multiple levels, and form a basis for sustained operation of various functionalities. The objective of this plenary lecture is to introduce biological principles for coordinated oscillations to the control engineering community, and to provide a tutorial overview of recent developments on the analysis and design of dynamical mechanisms for oscillations, inspired by biological control systems. A particular focus will be placed on rhythmic body movements observed in animal locomotion, controlled by neuronal circuits called central pattern generators. We will discuss what periodic body motion (or gait) achieves efficient locomotion, and how neuronal interconnections can be designed to yield a given oscillation pattern as a stable limit cycle. In a more general context, the results will contribute to understanding of the mechanisms underlying global pattern formation of multiple agents through local interactions, and form a basis for developing a distributed feedback control theory to achieve coordinated oscillations.