cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Affective and physiological reactivity to emotional comments in individuals at elevated risk for psychosis.

Abstract Background Individuals with schizophrenia are at increased risk of relapse when they live in highly critical (i.e., high expressed emotion; EE) family environments. It remains less clear, however, how individuals at elevated risk for a psychotic disorder react to the social stress of EE. Here we examined whether individuals at elevated risk for developing schizophrenia report greater subjective changes in affect and have increased physiological reactivity after hearing critical, praising and neutral comments. Method Measures of heart rate, heart rate variability, skin conductance, and self-reported affective ratings were used to assess differential responses to EE-type stimuli in 38 individuals at elevated-risk for psychosis and 38 low-risk controls. Results The elevated-risk group and low-risk controls, did not differ in their initial affective and physiological reactivity to criticism. However, during the recovery period following the criticism, the elevated-risk group demonstrated greater heart rate activation. They also showed more sensitivity to praise. Although elevated-risk participants initially had higher baseline levels of negative affect and heart rate, following praise, these levels reduced and became indistinguishable from the levels of low-risk controls. Conclusions These findings suggest that at-risk individuals may have more difficulty recovering from criticism than their self-report data might suggest. They may also derive physiological and affective benefits from praise. Important clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Algorithm for Tracking the Health of Multiple Induction Motors Using Bus- Level Current

This work presents a new online method for monitoring the health of multiple motors using only aggregate current measurements. The approach is attractive because it could significantly lower the cost of machinery monitoring. This work demonstrates that motor current signature analysis (MCSA)can be applied for fault detection using bus-level measurements. The primary contribution is a signal-detection algorithm that can accurately detect fault-related signals having nearly the same exact frequency. The approach has been tested in the laboratory using two identical motors connected in parallel, and it has successfully detected the existence of faults in both motors.
Total Syntheses of Herqulines B and C

An approach for the syntheses of herqulines B and C is reported that takes advantage of an l-tyrosine-derived diketopiperazine, a mycocyclosin analogue, as a synthetic precursor. The strategy relies on a series of consecutive reductions to adjust the mycocyclosin oxidation state to that observed in the herquline class of natural products. The strained and distorted l-tyrosine-based biaryl system characteristic for mycocyclosin is selectively converted to the 1,4-diketone structural motif common to the herqulines via initial hypervalent iodine-mediated dearomatization and a subsequent directed Birch reduction, enabled by an intramolecular H-source. Additionally, the piperazine oxidation state is accessible via an iron-catalyzed reduction of a diketopiperazine intermediate.
Poás Volcano Biodiversity

Stablished in 1971, Poas Volcano was the first Costa Rica National Park. Rich in biodiversity and landscapes due to the physiognomic characteristics and its outstanding attraction it has as an active volcano, Poas is the main protected area of the country and the Central American region in terms of touristic visitation. As protected area it is also important its contribution to the preservation of the Cordillera Volcanica Central native forest and the role that forest coverage plays, in the generation of water for human consumption.
Fundamental singularities of viscous flow

The image system for the fundamental singularities of viscous (including potential) flow are obtained in the vicinity of an infinite stationary no-slip plane boundary. The image system for a: stokeslet, the fundamental singularity of Stokes flow; rotlet (also called a stresslet), the fundamental singularity of rotational motion; a source, the fundamental singularity of potential flow and also the image system for a source-doublet are discussed in terms of illustrative diagrams. Their far-fields are obtained and interpreted in terms of singularities. Both the stokeslet and rotlet have similar far field characteristics: for force or rotational components parallel to the wall a far-field of a stresslet typeO(r −2) is obtained, whereas normal components are of higher orderO(r −3).
Structural failure performance of the encased functionally graded porous cylinder consolidated by graphene platelet under uniform radial loading

Abstract This paper investigates the structural failure mechanism of the functionally graded porous (FGP) cylinder consolidated by graphene platelet (GPL) encased in the rigid medium. Three porous distributions and three GPL dispersion patterns are discussed. The pressurized FGM-GPL cylinder may deform in the shapes characterized by “single-lobe” or “multi-lobe” due to the constraint of the medium. The nonlinear equilibrium equations are developed by the differential of the total potential energy function of the cylinder. The critical buckling pressure of the confined cylinder is obtained theoretically and increases with a higher value of the lobe number. The verification of the present analytical solution is conducted by establishing a two-dimensional (2D) finite element model (FEM). The pressure-displacement equilibrium paths are traced, from which, the maximum pressure (buckling pressure) is determined. Both the analytical and numerical results indicate that the confined FGP-GPL cylinder sustains its highest pressure capacity for the case that the porosity and the GPL are distributed symmetrically to the mid-surface, but non-uniformly through the cross-section. Finally, a full parametric study is mainly focused on the effects of porosity coefficient, and the weight fraction of the GPL on the buckling pressure, the hoop force, the bending moment, the stress and strain distribution on the crown position with the maximum deformation when the critical buckling occurs.
Variation in selective regimes drives intraspecific variation in life-history traits and migratory behaviour along an elevational gradient

Comparative studies, across and within taxa, have made important contributions to our understanding of the evolutionary processes that promote phenotypic diversity. Trait variation along geographic gradients provides a convenient heuristic for understanding what drives and maintains diversity. Intraspecific trait variation along latitudinal gradients is well-known, but elevational variation in the same traits is rarely documented. Trait variation along continuous elevational gradients, however, provides compelling evidence that individuals within a breeding population may experience different selective pressures. Our objectives were to quantify variation in a suite of traits along a continuous elevational gradient, evaluate whether individuals in the population experience different selective pressures along that gradient and quantify variation in migratory tendency along that gradient. We examined variation in a suite of 14 life-history, morphological and behavioural traits, including migratory tendency, of yellow-eyed juncos along a continuous 1000-m elevational gradient in the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona. Many traits we examined varied along the elevational gradient. Nest survival and nestling growth rates increased, while breeding season length, renesting propensity and adult survival declined, with increasing elevation. We documented the migratory phenotype of juncos (partial altitudinal migrants) and show that individual migratory tendency is higher among females than males and increases with breeding elevation. Our data support the paradigm that variation in breeding season length is a major selective pressure driving life-history variation along elevational gradients and that individuals breeding at high elevation pursue strategies that favour offspring quality over offspring quantity. Furthermore, a negative association between adult survival and breeding elevation and a positive association between nest survival and breeding elevation help explain both the downslope and reciprocal upslope seasonal migratory movements that characterize altitudinal migration in many birds. Our results demonstrate how detailed studies of intraspecific variation in suites of traits along environmental gradients can lend new insights into the evolutionary processes that promote diversification and speciation, the causes of migratory behaviour, and how animal populations will likely respond to climate change.
Peacebuilding through dialogue: education, human transformation, and conflict resolution: edited by Stearns, P. N, Fairfax, Virginia, George Mason University Press, 2018, 240 pp., $35.00 (paperback, e-book), ISBN 978-1-942695-11-0 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-942695-12-7 (e-book)

This book is published by George Mason University Press and developed in association with the Ikeda Centre for Peace, Learning, and Dialogue in Cambridge, MA. Through its various initiatives the Ce...
Pharmacy leaders’ beliefs about how pharmacies can support a sustainable approach to providing naloxone to the community

Abstract Background Naloxone is an antidote to opioid overdose, and community pharmacies nationwide now provide broad access to this medication. Objective The aim of this qualitative study was to understand how leaders in pharmacy organizations perceive pharmacies and pharmacy staff can optimize dispensing of naloxone. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 pharmacy leaders in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Participants were recruited from three types of community pharmacies: (1) chain; (2) independent; and (3) hospital outpatient. Theory-driven immersion crystallization, using Brownlee et al.'s model of healthcare quality improvement, was used to inform coding of the interview data, with predetermined categories of staff; organization; and process. Results Five main themes were identified: (1) Importance of staff training to increase comfort; (2) Strength through coordination of efforts; (3) Pharmacy as a community leader in the opioid crisis; (4) Persisting stigma; and (5) Ongoing workflow challenges. Conclusions The results uniquely reflect the experiences and insights of pharmacy leaders implementing public health initiatives during the opioid crisis and can be used for gaining insight into how pharmacists can efficiently provide naloxone to their communities.
Microraft array-based platform for sorting of viable microcolonies based on cell-lethal immunoassay of intracellular proteins in microcolony biopsies

The majority of bioassays are cell-lethal and thus cannot be used for cell assay and selection prior to live-cell sorting. A quad microraft array-based platform was developed to perform semi-automated cell sampling, bioassay, and banking on ultra-small sample sizes. The system biopsies and collects colony fragments, quantifies intracellular protein levels via immunostaining, and then retrieves the living mother colonies based on the fragments’ immunoassay outcome. To accomplish this, a magnetic, microwell-based plate was developed to mate directly above the microraft array and capture colony fragments with a one-to-one spatial correspondence to their mother colonies. Using the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) model pathway in basophilic leukemia cells, the system was used to sort cells based on the amount of intracellular STAT3 protein phosphorylation (pSTAT3). Colonies were detected on quad arrays using bright field microscopy with 96 ± 20% accuracy (true-positive rate), 49 ± 3% of the colonies were identified as originating from a single cell, and the majority (95 ± 3%) of biopsied clonal fragments were successfully collected into the microwell plate for immunostaining. After assay, biopsied fragments were matched back to their mother colonies and mother colonies with fragments possessing the greatest and least pSTAT3/STAT3 were resampled for expansion and downstream biological assays for pSTAT3/STAT3 and immune granule exocytosis. This approach has the potential to enable colony screening and sorting based on assays not compatible with cell viability, greatly expanding the cell selection criteria available to identify cells with unique phenotypes for subsequent biomedical research.
Vascular lesions of the head and neck: an update on classification and imaging review

Vascular lesions have a varied appearance and can commonly occur in the head and neck. A majority of these lesions are cutaneous and congenital; however, some may be acquired and malignant. The presentation and clinical history of patients presenting with head and neck lesions can be used to guide further imaging, which can provide important diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. This review discusses the revised International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification system for vascular tumors and malformations, as well as explores the most common vascular anomalies including their clinical presentations and imaging findings.
Genome‐Wide Occupancy Profiling Reveals Critical Roles of FoxO1 in Regulating Extracellular Matrix and Circadian Rhythm Genes in Human Chondrocytes

Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common age-related joint disease. With aging and in OA, the expression of FoxO transcription factors is reduced, diminishing their chondroprotective actions. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which FoxO1 protects chondrocytes, we sought to identify the genome-wide occupancy profile of FoxO1. Methods We performed FoxO1 chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) on human primary chondrocytes. ChIP-Seq data were integrated with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data sets. Bioinformatics results were confirmed in primary chondrocytes that were treated with a FoxO1 inhibitor. Results Analysis of FoxO1 ChIP-Seq on human primary chondrocytes showed that pathways implicated in OA pathogenesis are mainly regulated by FoxO1 binding to tissue-specific enhancers with suboptimal binding sites (20% of the peaks), while more ubiquitous FoxO1 pathways are regulated at the promoter level through interaction with its canonical binding motif (7% of the peaks). Integrating FoxO1 occupancy data with RNA-Seq data comparing OA and healthy human cartilage revealed 428 putative FoxO1 target genes that are dysregulated in OA. Pathway analysis showed enrichment for genes belonging to the senescence pathway (logP = -6.73), extracellular matrix (ECM) pathway (logP = -12.97), and circadian clock pathway (logP = -6.30), which suggests that FoxO1 dysregulation plays an important role in their abnormal expression in OA. Using an inhibitor of FoxO1, we confirmed that FoxO1 regulates these pathways in cultured human chondrocytes. Conclusion FoxO1 regulates ubiquitous and cartilage-specific genes in chondrocytes by using different mechanisms. The FoxO1 transcriptional network is a key player in regulating homeostasis, ECM, and circadian clock genes and plays an important role in the abnormal expression of these pathways observed in OA pathogenesis.
Guilt, Desert, Fittingness, and the Good

Desert-realists maintain that those who do wrong without an excuse deserve blame. Desert-skeptics deny this, holding that though we may be responsible for our actions in some sense, we lack the kind of responsibility needed to deserve blame. In two recent papers, Randolph Clarke (Philosophical Explorations 16:153–164, 2013 and Journal of Ethics 20:121–137, 2016) advances an innovative defense of desert-realism. He argues for deserved-guilt, the thesis that the guilty deserve to feel guilt. In his 2013 paper, Clarke suggests two strategies for defending deserved-guilt: the fitting-guilt strategy and the good-guilt strategy. In his 2016 paper, Clarke issues a challenge to the desert-skeptic: he calls on them to provide a non-desert based account of guilt’s fittingness. In the first two thirds of the paper, I respond to Clarke’s challenge to the desert-skeptic, showing that guilt felt by the guilty is alethic-fitting, reason-fitting, and value-fitting. None of these notions of fittingness, I argue, are desert based. In the last third of the paper, I show how the work done in previous sections affords us the tools to finely diagnose the failures of both the fitting-guilt and the good-guilt strategies. Here, I draw on one of Clarke’s own insights—namely, that desert is intimately connected to the value of justice. I propose that showing that guilt is fitting, or again non-instrumentally good, fails to show that it is deserved because to show that it is deserved one must show that guilt is fitting or good in a sense that implicates justice.
Modelling dislocation-graphene interactions in a BCC Fe matrix by molecular dynamics simulations and gradient plasticity theory

Abstract Graphene nanosheets (GNS) can enhance the strength and ductility of metal-based composites as they can obstruct the propagation of dislocations. The present article employs Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate dislocation-GNS interaction mechanisms and possible influencing factors, including the number of GNS layers, the thickness of the metallic amorphous layer and the C C bond strength. The results indicated that the shear strength of the metal/GNS interface and the bending stiffness of GNS determined the ability of GNS to block dislocation transmission. A physically based phenomenological parameter that can capture such dislocation-GNS interactions is the mechanical interface energy that has been put forth within gradient plasticity. By fitting the theoretical expressions to the simulation data, it was possible to obtain estimates for the mechanical interface energy for the GNS. It was found that increasing the GNS layers and adding an amorphous layer resulted in a strengthening in the stress–strain response and increased the value of this interfacial parameter. This indicates that the mechanical interfacial energy can be a unified measure for capturing and tuning the strength of various interfaces such as grain boundaries, GNS, amorphous-crystalline interface and bimetal interfaces.
Retinal ganglion cell loss and gliosis in the retinofugal projection following intravitreal exposure to amyloid-beta.

Abstract Pathological accumulations of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide are found in retina early in Alzheimer's disease, yet its effects on retinal neuronal structure remain unknown. To investigate this, we injected fibrillized Aβ1-42 protein into the eye of adult C57BL/6 J mice and analyzed the retina, optic nerve (ON), and the superior colliculus (SC), the primary retinal target in mice. We found that retinal Aβ exposure stimulated microglial activation and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss as early as 1-week post-injection. Pathology was not limited to the retina, but propagated into other areas of the central nervous system. Microgliosis spread throughout the retinal projection (retina, ON, and SC), with multiplex protein quantitation demonstrating an increase in endogenously produced Aβ in the ON and SC corresponding to the injected retinas. Surprisingly, this pathology spread to the opposite side, with unilateral Aβ eye injections driving increased Aβ levels, neuroinflammation, and RGC death in the opposite, un-injected retinal projection. As Aβ-mediated microglial activation has been shown to propagate Aβ pathology, we also investigated the role of the Aβ-binding microglial scavenger receptor CD36 in this pathology. Transgenic mice lacking the CD36 receptor were resistant to Aβ-induced inflammation and RGC death up to 2 weeks following exposure. These results indicate that Aβ pathology drives regional neuropathology in the retina and does not remain isolated to the affected eye, but spreads throughout the nervous system. Further, CD36 may serve as a promising target to prevent Aβ-mediated inflammatory damage.
Pre-Existing Inequality: The Impact of COVID-19 on Medicare Home Health Beneficiaries

There is significant data on the adverse impact of COVID-19 on persons who were poor, minorities, had compromised physical or mental health, or other vulnerabilities prior to the COVID-19 pandemic....
Revisiting “big questions” of public administration after COVID-19: a systematic review

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed changes on governments across the world. Scholars responded to this crisis with a wide range of comparative studies and theoretical alternatives that addressed “bi...
Body Mass, Food Habits, and the Use of Torpor in Birds

The sensitivity of birds to cold temperatures varies greatly. Some cannot tolerate temperatures below 0°C, while others can tolerate temperatures between -20 and -40°C (see Steen, 1958), even at high wind velocities. Various factors, including body size, rate of metabolism, and insulation, directly influence this sensitivity. Response to low temperatures, however, also includes their evasion by migration and by entrance into torpor. The selection of a response, itself, is influenced by many factors, including body size, food habits, and rate of metabolism. The object of this paper is to examine the physiological and ecological conditions that determine which response to cold is used by birds.
Small hole polarons in rare-earth titanates

We investigate the behavior of hole polarons in rare-earth titanates by combining optical conductivity measurements with first-principles hybrid density functional calculations. Sr-doped GdTiO3 (Gd1−xSrxTiO3) was grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We show that a feature in the optical conductivity that was previously identified with the Mott-Hubbard gap is actually associated with the excitation of a small polaron. The assignment is based on an excellent match between the experimental spectra and first-principles calculations for polaron excitation mechanisms.
International Arbitral Appeals: What Are We So Afraid Of?

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/drlj Part of the Civil Law Commons, Civil Procedure Commons, Commercial Law Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons, Foreign Law Commons, International Law Commons, International Trade Commons, Jurisdiction Commons, Litigation Commons, Other Law Commons, Remedies Commons, and the Transnational Law Commons
CMV Makes a Timely Exit

DNA viruses must first replicate their genome in the nucleus of the host cell before forming subviral particles that cross into the cytoplasm for the final stages of virion maturation. However, the nuclear envelope provides a physical barrier to the movement of subviral particles into the cytoplasm. In their Perspective, [Sanchez and Spector][1] discuss new work ([ Muranyi et al .][2]) that reveals how cytomegalovirus recruits a host cell protein kinase C to modify the nuclear lamin meshwork of the nuclear envelope, thus enabling subviral particles to exit the nucleus. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5582/778 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/297/5582/854
Comments on the Distribution of Molecules in Spiral Galaxies

Young and Scoville (1982) have argued that the CO distribution, and by inference the distribution, follows the shape of the blue luminosity of the disk, ana is thus exponential. However, full maps of bright-CO galaxies (Rickard and Palmer 1981) show considerable structure, with real peaks and depressions on scales as small as the telescope beam. This means that the noise in the determination of the underlying structure is dominated not by the instrumental contribution but by the intrinsic noise of the structure itself. A correct analysis of the axisymmetric structure requires the use of statistical tests comparing the observations with different hypothetical distributions. One finds that equally good fits can be obtained with exponential distributions, r −1 distributions, or even flat disks with central nuclei. However, profiles of the full map data averaged over azimuth, with “error” bars determined by the structural variation with azimuth, show a clear deviation from the optical luminosity profile in the outer disk of NGC 6946. Furthermore, if the profiles for NGC 6946 and IC 342 are fit with exponentials, the scale lengths are rather larger than previously suggested (8.9 and 6.6 kpc, respectively). By sampling only a few radii, one can miss much of the emission of the outer parts of the galaxies, and also underestimate the intrinsic noise of the structure.
Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Memory management

Welcome to the proceedings of the Fourth ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Memory Management (ISMM 2004). ISMM 2004 was held on October 24th and 25th in Vancouver, Canada and this volume contains the 15 papers presented at the symposium. The ISMM conferences are a forum for research into all aspects of memory management. Proceedings of prior ISMM conferences (1998 in Vancouver, Canada; 2000 in Minneapolis, MN; 2002 in Berlin, Germany) were published by the Association of Computing Machinery. Proceedings of IWMM workshops (1992 in St. Malo, France; 1995 in Kinross, Scotland) which were the predecessor to ISMM are available from Springer-Verlag. The papers presented here were selected by the program committee out of 43 submissions. Each submission was reviewed by at least 3 PC members. Submissions that included a program committee member or the general chair as an author received an additional review. The submissions were judged based on scientific merit, originality, relevance, and presentation. The reviews were discussed and papers accepted during a full-day meeting attended by the full program committee (two members participated via phone).
The Market-Timing Characteristics of Equity Carve-Outs

Equity carve-outs appear to accurately correlate with the peak in an overvalued stock market. We base this conclusion of market timing on four findings in a sample of 265 carve-outs undertaken by publicly traded parents between 1981 and 1995. First, the mean return on the value-weighted NYSE, AMEX and NASDAQ market over the year before the carve-out is substantially above the unconditional expected return on the market. Second, this same pre-carve-out mean market return is substantially greater than the mean return on the market over the year after the carve-out. Third, maximum likelihood estimation indicates that the return on the market drops 16 days prior to when the carved-out subsidiary stock is issued. Fourth, carve-outs are contrarian predictors of future one-year market-wide returns, even after controlling for rational determinants of future market returns.
Initial Rate Studies of Adenylosuccinate Synthetase with Product and Competitive Inhibitors

The kinetic mechanism of action of adenylosuccinate synthetase from Escherichia coli, strain B, was investigated from initial rate studies. The kinetic data are consistent with a sequential mechanism for the enzyme. A rapid equilibrium, fully random mechanism was found to be in harmony with the kinetic findings from studies with competitive and product inhibitors. This result serves to explain why partial exchange reactions are not observed with adenylosuccinate synthetase. It is not, however, possible to ascertain the nature of the catalytic transition state. It was observed that competitive inhibitors for a single substrate acted as noncompetitive inhibitors relative to the other substrates. Similarly, guanosine diphosphate functions as a competitive product inhibitor of GTP, but shows noncompetitive inhibition patterns for inosine monophosphate and aspartate. Adenylosuccinate was found to be competitive with respect to IMP and noncompetitive relative to the other substrates. A procedure is presented for replotting initial rate data for three-substrate systems which permits a choice of mechanism to be made from among sequential mechanisms.
Physicochemical characteristics of the Spirulina sp. dried in heat pump and conventional tray dryers

Summary A comparative study of Spirulina drying in heat pump dryer (HPD) and in conventional tray dryer (CTD) was performed. The effects of the methods used for the sample were evaluated in relation to the operation kinetics and the characteristics of the dehydrated microalgae. The air temperatures were 50 and 60 °C, and the absolute humidity of HPD was ten times smaller than in CTD. The values of the total drying time of HPD were 40% inferior to the found in CTD, for both air temperatures. The highest preservation of the Spirulina characteristics was found in HPD and air temperature of 50 °C, and in this condition, the values of phycocyanin, total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity were 14%, 60% and 10% higher than the values to the found in the same condition for CTD, respectively. These results are showing that the drying method is decisive in the product quality dehydrated.
On classical paths and the Wigner path integral

We ask and answer the question: How do we derive the approximation of Heller (that the Wigner function propagates along classical paths) from the path integral formulation of the Wigner kernel of Kitahara?.
The effect of novobiocin on solvent production by Clostridium acetobutylicum.

Cells ofClostridium acetobutylicum treated with novobiocin, a DNA gyrase inhibitor, produced higher butyrate levels and lower solvent levels with acetone being the most affected. Seven enzyme activities involved in acid and solvent production were analyzed. Among them, only CoA transferase, required for acetone formation and acid uptake, experienced a significant decrease in activity. As inEscherichia coli andBacillus subtilis, DNA fromC. acetobutylicum became less negatively supercoiled in the early stationary phase (solventogenic stage), as shown by analysis of linking number of a reporter plasmid by agarose gel electrophoresis in the presence of chloroquine.
Cell surface proteolytic activity of suspended embryonic cells isolated with and without proteolytic enzyme

Although trypsin-disaggregated embryonic chick neural retina cells are incapable while EDTA-disaggregated cells are capable of immediate aggregation in culture, cells from both populations exhibit equally negligible levels of cell surface proteolytic activity as measured by substrate assay. The trypsin-induced lag does not appear, therefore, to depend upon adsorbed enzyme.
The Behavior Assessment Battery: a preliminary study of non-stuttering Pakistani grade-school children.

Background: In recent years, the importance of a multimodal approach to the assessment of the person who stutters (PWS) has become increasingly recognized. The Behavior Assessment Battery (BAB), which is a normed test procedure developed by G. Brutten, makes it possible to assess the multidimensional facets of this disorder. The emotional and speech‐disruptive components that differentiate one who stutters from one who does not (PWNS) are evaluated by means of the Speech Situation Checklist (SSC), their use of behaviours secondary to stuttering are assessed through the Behavior Checklist (BCL) and the person's speech‐related attitude is determined via the Communication Attitude Test (CAT). Each of these BAB tests has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure whose obtained normative data are essentially equivalent in Western countries.Aims: Because of the lack of normative data on children from non‐Western cultures, the present preliminary study was aimed to investigate if the affective, behavioural a...
Nonlinear Regularization for Per Voxel Estimation of Magnetic Susceptibility Distributions From MRI Field Maps

Magnetic susceptibility is an important physical property of tissues, and can be used as a contrast mechanism in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recently, targeting contrast agents by conjugation with signaling molecules and labeling stem cells with contrast agents have become feasible. These contrast agents are strongly paramagnetic, and the ability to quantify magnetic susceptibility could allow accurate measurement of signaling and cell localization. Presented here is a technique to estimate arbitrary magnetic susceptibility distributions by solving an ill-posed inversion problem from field maps obtained in an MRI scanner. Two regularization strategies are considered: conventional Tikhonov regularization and a sparsity promoting nonlinear regularization using the l 1 norm. Proof of concept is demonstrated using numerical simulations, phantoms, and in a stroke model in a rat. Initial experience indicates that the nonlinear regularization better suppresses noise and streaking artifacts common in susceptibility estimation.
Two-dimensional imaging of OH laser-induced fluorescence in a flame.

A method for obtaining a two-dimensional image of laser-induced fluorescence of a naturally occurring flame radical is described. A tunable laser beam is focused by a cylindrical lens into a sheet that passes through the flame, exciting OH lying within the plane defined by the laser. The fluorescence at right angles is imaged onto an intensified vidicon tube, forming a map of the ground-state OH concentration within the flame. For a sheet 0.5 mm thick, up to 2800 counts/mm2 of flame area are obtained on a single laser pulse for an OH concentration of 700 parts in 106. The method holds considerable promise for imaging in time-varying systems, such as reactive turbulent combustion.
Relationships among tibial ultrasound velocity and bone mineral density of the tibia and hip

MINERAL DENSITY OF THE TIBIA AND HIP M. Bouxsein, B. Colin, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Orthopedic Biomedmnics Laboratory, Boston, MA The measurement of ultrasound velocity (SOS) in the cortical bone of the tibia is currently being investigated as a potential diagnostic tool for asteoporosis. This technique is of interest as it may reveal information about skeletal status without the use of ionizing radiation. However, it is not known whell~er massunng ultrasound transmission along the cortical bone at the mid-tibia will here the ability to predict fracture risk at other sites. The objective of this study was to assess the relationships among tibial SOS, tibial bone mineral density (BMD), and femoral BMD in human cadaverio specimens. In addition we daterminad the coefficient of variation (CV, %) end standardized CV (sCV, Miller el EJ, Ostcop Int, 3:31-35,1993) for tri~icate tibial SOS measurements. We obtained 20 in~ct legs from the local anatomic gifts program. The donom included 11 women and 9 men with 8 mean age of 82 years (range 62-98 yrs). The specimens were obtained fresh, stored frozen, End thawed before testing. We assessed tibtal SOS (m/s) using the Mydad SoundS(an 2000 system. For each specimen, scans were performed three limes with rspositioning. BMD (g/cm 2) of the mid-tibia End proximal femur were messed using DXA. Tibial BMD was very strongly correlated to femoral net;k, trechanteric, and total femoral BMD (r-0.81 0.85, p<0.01, Figure). Tibial SOS was strongly correlated with tibial BMD (r-0.72, p<0.01, Figure) and moderately correlatedwith femoral BMD (r=0.46-O.51, IO<0.05). The mean CV for triplicsts measurements of tibiE SOS was 0.62%. The sCV, defined as the mean SD divided by the sample range (taken to be the 5-95% range), was 2.9%. In condasion, we found slreng correlations between SOS and mid-tibial BMD, and between mid-tibial BMD and femoral BMD. Thus, tibial ultrasound measurements may be useful for assessing bone status to predict future hip fracture dsk. Tibial SOS explained only about 50% of the vEdation in tidal BMD. This may be because ultrasound reflects aspects of bone status that ~e, in part, independent of BMD, but that may be related to fracture risk.
Results from ASCA

The X-ray observatory Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA) (Astro-D) was launched in Feb 1993 and is now providing excellent spectro-imaging observations of objects from virtually every astronomical class. This paper reviews the scientific capabilities of ASCA using some of the first results from X-ray binaries, cataclysmic variables, and stars.
Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirements of tall fescue grown on blackland prairie soils

Abstract Dal‐100 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) was established by seeding into a prepared seedbed during the fall of 1987 at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Dallas, TX, to determine the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer requirements for seed and forage production. Fertilizer treatments consisting of 0, 67, 134, and 201 kg N ha‐1 at 0 or 56 kg P ha‐1 were applied in September of 1988, 1989, and 1990. Dry matter increased with increasing N rate during each year of the study with mean yields of 2,412, 3,756, 4, 344, and 4,936 kg ha‐1 for the 0, 67, 134, and 201 kg rates, respectively. No seed was produced in 1989, and N did not increase seed production in 1990. In 1991, the seed produced with ON was less than seed produced in plots having N, but seed production did not differ at 67, 134, and 202 kg N ha‐1. Protein concentration increased with increased N for each harvest, but the greatest difference in protein concentration was due to harvest date. No differences...
the “real” Haitian Creole: ideology, metalinguistics, and orthographic choice

In this article, we examine the cultural categories and the conceptual logic that underlie the orthography debates about kreybl that have taken place over the last 50 years.1 In Haiti, as in many countries concerned with nation building, the development of an orthography for vernacular literacy has been neither a neutral activity nor simply about how to mechanically reduce a spoken language to written form. The processes of transforming a spoken language to written form have often been viewed as scientific, arbitrary, or unproblematic.2 However, the creation of supposedly arbitrary sound/sign (signified/signifier) relationships that constitute an orthography always involves choices based on someone's idea of what is important. This process of representing the sounds of language in written form is thus an activity deeply grounded in frameworks of value. We suggest that arguments about orthography reflect competing concerns about representations of Haitianness at the national and international level, that is, how speakers wish to define themselves to each other, as well as to represent themselves as a nation. Because acceptance of an orthography is based more often on political and social considerations than on linguistic or pedagogical factors, orthographic debates are rich sites for investigating competing nationalist discourses. To draw on Anderson's (1983) evocative notion, orthographic choice is really about "imagining" the past and the future of a community. To understand the symbolic importance of the decisions taken in standardizing kreyol orthography, we have focused on the interconnectedness of speech practices, language ideologies, and nationalist agendas. We draw on Silverstein's notion of linguistic ideologies, which are "sets of beliefs about language articulated by users as a rationalization or justification of perceived language structure and use" (1979:193). Language ideology is the mediated link between social structures and forms of talk, standing in dialectical relation with, and thus significantly influencing, social, discursive, and linguistic practices. Research on language ideology is a bridge between language structure and language politics, as well as between linguistic and social theory (Woolard 1992:235-236). Language ideologies are likely places to This article analyzes competing representations of kreybl and the symbolic importance of decisions taken in standardizing a kreyol orthography. Kreybl, which educated Haitians claim to share with the masses, is an enduring symbol of Haitian identity, yet the image of this language is deeply contested in several arenas. Linking language ideology, in particular metalinguistic terms that refer to varieties of spoken kreybl, to orthographic choice, we view the debates as part of a nationalist discourse about Haitianness-what is authentic and legitimate-and examine the role of language in national identity formation. [Haitian Creole, language ideology, metalinguistics, orthography, national identity]
Dynamic image pre-compensation for computer access by individuals with ocular aberrations

Several image enhancement methods have been successfully used to improve the visual perception of patients with eye diseases, such as Age-related Macular Degeneration and Cataracts, on images displayed on TV and computers. However, few developments aim to enhance the visual performance of computer users with general ocular aberrations. This paper proposes an image enhancement approach based on dynamic pre-compensation for improving the visual performance of subjects with ocular aberrations, while interacting with computers. The degradation caused by ocular aberrations is counteracted through the pre-compensation performed on images displayed on the computer screen. As the ocular aberration initially measured as a priori information is related with a specific pupil size, real-time pupil size data are collected to recalculate and update the pre-compensation to match the corresponding aberrations. An icon recognition experiment, involving human subjects, was designed and implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed method significantly increased the number of icons correctly recognized, which confirmed that the dynamic pre-compensation is effective in improving the visual performance of computer users with ocular aberrations.
Characterization and multilayer coating of cylindrical X-ray optics for X-ray astronomy

We are engaged in a program to develop focusing hard x-ray optics for future x-ray astronomy missions. Optics are being developed to focus x-rays up to and beyond 80 keV. Emphasis is on the multilayer coating of integral cylindrical optics which will provide the highest spatial resolution. A chamber geometry has been designed to allow the uniform coating of the inside surface of integral cylinders. The building and testing of this system has taken place over the past year. Linear DC magnetron cathodes are used to sputter the multilayer films. Initial results from both longitudinal and azimuthal uniformity coating tests are presented.
Political variables in political socialization: Reply to “the dynamics of interpersonal attitudinal influence”

In this paper two arguments are advanced with regard to parental influence on adolescent political attitudes. First, variables like “parental affect,” which are of considerable theoretical interest to social psychologists, are of relatively little interest to the system-level concerns of political scientists because of their lack of variance. Second, the additive issue salience/perceptual accuracy model I proposed (1974) is a better fit to the data than a multiplicative cue-giving/parental affect model proposed in this journal by Cundy (1979). The fit of the two models is tested with the Jennings (1965) socialization data.
Model transformations for state–space self–tuning control of multivariable stochastic systems

The design of self-tuning controllers for multivariable stochastic systems is considered analytically. A long-division technique for finding the similarity transformation matrix and transforming the estimated left MFD to the right MFD is developed; the derivation is given in detail, and the procedures involved are briefly characterized.
Contractual stipulations, resource use, and interest groups: Implications from federal grazing contracts

Abstract The process of determining grazing fee levels for use of public lands has been highly controversial. Moreover, it has often been asserted that increases in grazing fees on federal lands will have no effect on stocking. Yet, environmental groups have advocated higher fees. In this paper we show that stocking does respond to changes in the grazing fee and the debate between environmental groups and livestock owners is not simply a question of distributional equity. Fees affect resource allocation and have become a focal point for both interest groups. The importance of the contractual stipulations between ranchers and the federal government to that outcome is demonstrated.
Rural and urban suicide in South Korea

Suicide rates in 2005 in South Korea were higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Those in rural areas more often used pesticides and chemicals as a method for suicide, and there was a greater proportion of men and the elderly, both groups at higher risk for suicide in South Korea. These three factors may account for the high rural suicide rate in South Korea.
Comparison of Modeling and Cognitive Rehearsal in Reduction of Snake Avoidance

The increased interest in cognitive activity among behavioral clinicians has led to the development of new treatment strategies incorporating these variables, such as cognitive rehearsal. The present study was designed to evaluate the relative contributions of cognitive rehearsal and modeling in the modification of phobic fear reactions. 60 female college students, previously screened for high levels of anxiety and avoidance behavior toward snakes, participated in a 19-step behavioral avoidance test. Subjects were divided into six groups: a no-modeling condition, a modeling only condition, two cognitive rehearsal only conditions (coping and distraction), and two cognitive rehearsal plus modeling conditions. Principal dependent variables were number of behavioral steps completed, degree of self-reported anxiety, and subjects' self-efficacy expectations. Between-group differences on these variables, although in the expected direction, did not reach statistical significance. A significant correlation of .83 ...
The modification of hemoglobin by a long crosslinking reagent: bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) sebacate.

Abstract Bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) sebacate is a bifunctional protein crosslinking reagent. It reacts with oxy form of human hemoglobin A to produce a crosslinked hemoglobin between two β chains in the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate binding cleft, decreasing the oxygen affinity. The oxygen binding curve of crosslinked hemoglobin had a P 50 of 18.5 mmHg compared to a P 50 of 11.0 mmHg for native hemoglobin and remains highly cooperative, n = 2.2. Crosslinking hemoglobin between the two β chains also results in a 12.5 °C increase in the thermal denaturation temperature. The crosslinked hemoglobin is oxidized more rapidly to methemoglobin. Its autoxidation rate in 0.01 M MOPS, pH 7.4, at 37 °C was 1.4 times as fast as that of Hb A.
On the Survivor Function of a Mixture in Life Testing

In reliability studies the survivor function plays a very important role. This paper considers the class of exponential type distributions and indicates a method for obtaining the survivor function of its mixture. Two examples are provided as illustrations from which some well known results follow trivially.