cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What role does mitochondrial stress play in neurodegenerative diseases

The essential need for mitochondrial function has been extensively shown to relate to neuronal health. Neurodegeneration and neurodegeneration-related diseases have been associated with multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions. This review highlights key findings related to commonly studied mitochondrial dysfunctions: imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics, mutations in the mitochondrial genome, excessive reactive oxygen species, and misfolded protein associations/interactions with the mitochondria. Future research in mitochondrial function will help elucidate complex neurodegenerative events while impacting both individual and societal health.
Investigation of metal-dusting mechanism in Fe-base alloys using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy

The metal-dusting phenomenon, which is a metal loss process that occurs in hot reactive gases, was investigated in iron and certain iron-base alloys by Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning-electron microscopy (SEM). Coke from metal dusting exhibits six Raman bands at 1330(D band), 1580(G band), 1617, 2685, 3920, and 3235 cm-1. The bandwidths and the relative intensities of the 1330 and 1580 cm-1 bands are related to the crystallinity and defect structure of the coke. Both Raman and XRD analyses suggest that the metal-dusting process influences the catalytic crystallization of carbon. A new mechanism of metal dusting is, therefore, proposed, based on the premise that coke cannot crystallize well by deposition from carburizing gases at low temperature without catalytic activation because of its strong C–C bonds and high melting temperature. Cementite or iron participates in the coke-crystallizing process in a manner that tends to improve the crystallinity of the coke. At the same time, fine iron or cementite particles are liberated from the pure metal or alloys.
Competition at the Grid Edge: Innovation and Antitrust Law in the Electricity Sector

The advent of distributed energy technologies, most notably, distributed solar energy, poses a competitive threat to the electric utility industry. Here I provide a comprehensive assessment of the U.S. electric utility industry's regulatory response to this threat over the past three years. Electric utilities across the United States are asking their Public Utility Commissions for changes in rate structures that, depending on their details, may either reduce cross-subsidies to distributed energy resources or may be erecting much higher barriers to entry for innovative energy technologies and business models. Usually, a utility's actions are exempt from antitrust scrutiny under the State Action Immunity and Filed Rate doctrines. I argue that in the case of the utility response to distributed energy, this may not be the case. Because the risk exists, both electric utilities and their overseeing commissions need to make much greater efforts to evaluate the competitive impacts of changes in rates - a consideration that is largely absent from the proceedings to date. By doing so, they will both ensure that society’s interest in a cleaner, more innovative, more productive energy sector is protected and at the same time minimize their own risks of liability under the antitrust statutes.
The Relative Importance of Technical and Interpersonal Skills for New Information Systems Personnel

Computer personnel need a balance of both technical and interpersonal skills to develop information systems (ISs) that meet users' requirements. Organizations which recruit IS graduates were surveyed to better understand the necessary skills for new IS personnel, and the relative importance of those different skills.New IS graduates must have strong written and oral communication abilities. No single technical skill was rated above the interpersonal skills of writing and speaking. Additionally, new IS hires must be able to work in a crossfunctional group.New graduates should be proficient in client-server development, object-oriented programming techniques, third-generation languages, and systems development methodologies. Low-level languages, multimedia computing, desktop publishing, and experience with workgroup software received lower ratings than interpersonal skills and familiarity with contemporary development techniques. Because employers see the value of practical application of technical and inte...
Connecting Knowledge of Rule-breaking and Perceived Red Tape: How Behavioral Attribution Influences Red Tape Perceptions

ABSTRACTSince the 1990s, governmental strategies for enhancing organizational performance have sought to reduce the amount of red tape public employees face. These strategies assume that employees’ perceptions of rules as red tape stem solely from the actual content of rules, but a sizable body of public management research has revealed the psychological processes through which red tape perceptions develop. This article builds on psychological process models of perceived red tape by applying attribution theory to explore how an organization’s social context influences red tape perceptions. Findings illustrate that individuals will judge a rule to be red tape based on information conveyed second-hand regarding the rule-breaking behavior of others.
3D integrated photonic technologies for future functional microsystems

This paper discusses 3D photonic integration technologies and fabrication processes towards realizing advanced functional microsystems. Their applications in computing, networking, sensing, imaging, and biomedicine will also be discussed.
Tuberculous Meningitis in an Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report

BACKGROUND Tuberculous meningitis is very rare in the United States in immunocompetent hosts. Risk factors are similar to those of pulmonary tuberculosis, including poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, a compromised immune system, and coming from an endemic area. Meningeal tuberculosis mortality and other outcomes have changed little over time despite effective therapies due to delay in diagnosis because of its rarity, variable presentation, and often indolent course. CASE REPORT We describe a case of a 57-year-old male immigrant from Senegal with no significant past medical history and no previous history of tuberculosis or evidence of immune compromise. He presented to the hospital with headache and altered mental status and was subsequently diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis. CONCLUSIONS This is a rare case of tuberculous meningitis in an immunocompetent host, questioning the conventional view that tuberculous meningitis is a disease of immunocompromised individuals. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining a strong clinical suspicion of tuberculous meningitis even in an immunocompetent patient in a geographical area with low prevalence if the patient has risk factors. Missed or delayed diagnosis is commonly fatal.
Do Local Economic Conditions Affect Homelessness? Impact of Area Housing Market Factors, Unemployment, and Poverty on Community Homeless Rates

AbstractThis article estimates the impact of local housing and labor market conditions on area homelessness using the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD’s) annual point-in-time counts of homelessness from 2007 to 2014. In cross-sectional models, the median rent, the share of households in rental housing, and the poverty rate have strong positive impacts on homelessness. Once area-fixed effects are included, only the median rent remains positive and significant. However, fixed-effect models find a positive relationship between poverty and homelessness in communities that maintain right-to-shelter policies, suggesting constraints in shelter bed supply may limit responses of homelessness to changes in economic conditions.
A Unified Approach to Optimal Estimation for Stochastic Singular System

Abstract A simple and unified solution to the problems of filtering, prediction and smoothing for the discrete-time stochastic singular linear systems is presented by using innovation theory and projection method. Also, the asymptotic stability for the initial values is proved. The results of this paper can be applied to normal systems as the special case.
Sulfite Oxidase (Sulfite: Ferricytochrome C Oxidoreductase)

Publisher Summary The enzymatic oxidation of sulfite to sulfate has been demonstrated in animal tissues by researchers. The enzyme catalyzing the conversion of sulfite to sulfate has been termed sulfite oxidase. The oxidation of sulfite by the enzyme is efficient even at very low concentrations of substrate, occurs in the presence of electron acceptors other than oxygen, and is unaffected by the presence of free radical scavenging agents. These criteria distinguish the enzyme-catalyzed reaction from nonenzymatic aerobic sulfite oxidation that proceeds by a metal-catalyzed free-radical mechanism, requires high concentrations of sulfite and oxygen, and is inhibited by free radical scavengers. A pseudo-enzymatic mechanism of sulfite oxidation occurs when sulfite is present during the aerobic oxidation of hypoxanthine, xanthine, or other substrates by milk xanthine oxidase. The oxidation of sulfite in this system is by free-radical chain reactions initiated by superoxide anions generated by xanthine oxidase in the course of electron transfer to O2.
Size does matter: what is the corneo-limbal diameter?

This review surveys available literature for corneal and limbal dimensions. With modern scleral lenses, these measures have become central to determining the overall size of a lens for satisfactory fitting. In general, published values are not based on a definition of what is being measured. In addition, the most widely accepted average corneal diameter measurement, 11.7 × 10.6 mm, emanates from one source published more than 50 years ago. This value was not based on a measurement but appears to be the cumulative impression of measurements from seven studies conducted between 67 and 127 years ago. Furthermore, in most instances, if at all stated, quoted measures are based on horizontal visible iris diameter, providing limited acknowledgement of limbal width and its inclusion as part of the corneal diameter. The corneo-scleral sulcus from one side to the other has been measured, giving a larger diameter, but may include at least part of the limbus. More objective measurements are possible with modern ophthalmic instrumentation but the lack of structural definition and low magnification resolution with these techniques raises concerns with the accuracy of the results. Measurement of the horizontal visible iris diameter does not include the limbal width, which means that the horizontal visible iris diameter is an underestimate of the true corneo-limbal diameter. This review concludes that the width of the limbus has been neither structurally defined nor accurately measured and that there is a need for the development of new protocols for determining the dimensions of the average cornea and limbus. It is predicted that more accurate measures will indicate that to vault across cornea with limbus and provide excellent comfort, the average cornea will need a lens to have a diameter of 16.0 mm or larger.
Keratin biomaterials augment anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in vitro.

Abstract Tissue regeneration following injury is mediated by macrophage recruitment and differentiation in response to environmental signals. In general, macrophages adopt either a classically M1 (M[IFN-γ, LPS]) or alternatively activated M2 (M[IL-4, IL-13] or M[IL-10]) phenotype. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of alternatively activated macrophages in tissue remodeling and repair as well as the contribution of an imbalance of classically and alternatively activated macrophages to tissue degeneration and disease progression. Keratin biomaterials have recently demonstrated their ability to promote alternatively activated macrophage polarization in an in vitro model using a monocytic cell line. In the present study, the ability of extracted human hair keratins to influence alternative activation of human primary monocytes in vitro is assessed by evaluating changes in surface receptor expression, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and phagocytic activity. The impact of keratin molecular weight fractionation on these outcomes was also investigated. High and low molecular weight fractions of the oxidized form of extractable human hair keratins – referred to as keratose (KOSH and KOSP, respectively) – were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, and Western blot. Primary macrophages underwent traditional differentiation to the M[IFN-γ, LPS], M[IL-4, IL-13], or M[IL-10]) phenotypes or were plated on different molecular weight keratin coatings (KOSH and KOSP). Macrophages plated on keratin and analyzed via flow cytometry yielded the largest CD163+ cell populations and CD163 mean fluorescence intensities. Cells in the KOSP group were significantly more phagocytic than all other cell types at the 1.5 and 3 h time points and exhibited behavior and a cytokine production profile most similar to the M[IL-10] treated group. These findings may have important implications for understanding and evaluating the ability of keratin biomaterials to influence inflammation and tissue regeneration in disease and injury models. Statement of Significance Biomaterials made from human hair keratins have previously been shown to elicit anti-inflammatory responses from naive macrophages and polarize them toward an M2 phenotype. In this work we show for the first time that primary human cells respond similarly, that it is the M2c phenotype that predominates, that a sub-fraction of hydrolyzed keratin peptides are most likely responsible for the response, and that immobilization of the keratin peptides to a surface is required. Keratin biomaterials have been used to regenerate several tissues such as skin, muscle, bone, nerve, and cornea, in vitro and in animal studies. Our current findings will help guide the development of keratin-based biomaterials that seek to direct responses toward regenerative outcomes by attenuating inflammation.
Nutzen von WeChat für europäische Unternehmen

Auslandische Unternehmen in Festlandchina konnen WeChat fur ihre Marketingaktivitaten mit unterschiedlichen Zielen einsetzen, z. B. zur Erhohung des Bekanntheitsgrades oder als eine Service- und Recruiting-Plattform. Der WeChat-Onlineshop kann als ein Markteintrittspunkt genutzt werden. WeChat bietet nicht nur Unternehmen in Festlandchina, sondern auch Unternehmen im Ausland grosen Nutzen, z. B. fur Cross-Border Business und Tourismus. Wird WeChat auch den europaischen Markt erobern? Wie mussen sich europaische Unternehmen strategisch vorbereiten? In diesem Kapitel werden u. a. diese Themen besprochen und praktische Tipps fur europaische Unternehmen zum Umgang mit WeChat gegeben.
Drawing in the School Context as a Learning Resource in School Leader Development: Application-Oriented Projects in Active Learning Designs:

This article investigates a yearlong professional development experience provided to two cohorts within a doctoral program for early career school leaders. Drawing from situated learning theory, we...
Year One: Reflections on Turkey’s Second Founding and the Politics of Division

This essay analyzes Turkey’s contemporary moment in light of the significance of the coup attempt on July 15, 2016 and the countrywide state of emergency it precipitated. The essay specifically examines two different forces unleashed by July 15: on the one hand, an assertive raison d’etat that seeks to re-establish unity among state apparatuses and to enhance state power from above, and, on the other, the popular energies of resistance that have countered the coup attempt from below. Scrutinizing the conjuncture that has enabled the AKP to assume leadership over both forces, I investigate how a process of restoration has been transformed into a process of remaking the polity. In light of the crisis of hegemony of political Islamism, I explore both the nationalist politics of division that is mobilized to sustain the movement toward Turkey’s “second” founding and the possibilities for opposition that might counter it.
Optimal Adaptive Target Shooting with Imperfect Feedback Systems

In military combats, a common task is to destroy multiple targets with limited number of missiles. The weapons are not perfect and each can eliminate its target with a certain probability. Suppose after each shot we may receive some information on the state of the target. Realistically these feedbacks are subject to error, thus we will not know for sure whether the target is really destroyed. This research focuses on finding the optimal allocation of missiles so that maximum number of targets can be destroyed, or the probability of destroying all targets is maximized.
The Ayahuasca Patent Revocation: Raising Questions About Current U.S. Patent Policy

This Note explores the discriminatory effect of U.S. patent law and policy on indigenous communities in developing countries. For years, Western researchers have relied upon local people to point them to useful regional plants and animals so that they could then isolate, develop and patent the chemical compounds found in the organisms. Yet, the U.S. patent system does not recognize or value the traditional knowledge of indigenous groups regarding their regional biodiversity. Rather, the researchers who isolate the compounds can obtain a patent with no recognition for the indigenous knowledge upon which they relied. Recently, the World Trade Organization has succeeded at globalizing Western intellectual property systems through international treaties. These efforts have met with significant resistance in several developing countries. The controversy over the ayahuasca patent is one example of developing countries' opposition to Western-style intellectual property rights. By implementing the suggestions described in this Note, the United States could ensure that indigenous knowledge would be recognized and thus could avoid future controversies like the one surrollilding the ayahuasca patent.
Immune (γ) Interferon and Lymphotoxin Production by T Cell Lines and Hybrids

T cell functions have been immortalized in antigen-specific continual cell lines and hybrids. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized to produce delayed hypersensitivity by injection of NP-chicken gamma globulin (NP-CGG) subcutaneously in the tail. T cells have been maintained continuously for several months in the presence of CGG, x-irradiated syngeneic spleen cells and T cell growth factor (TCGF). These TCGF maintained cells produce lymphotoxin (LT), as assayed by killing of innocent bystander A9 or L929 cells, and immune interferon (IFN- γ), as assayed by inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus cytopathic effects in L929 cells. T cells (3 × 105 /ml) grown with CGG produce 256 IU IFN/ml after 96 hours of culture. Addition of CON A boosts this to 2048 IU/ml. LT of high titers was simultaneously produced by these cells. Growth and lymphokine production can be dissociated in these lines. CON A, normally mitogenic for primary T cells, though inhibitory for many T cell tumors, inhibits growth of T cell lines while stimulating LT and (IFN- γ) production.
Demon Landscapes, Sacrificial Architecture and Monumental Death

This paper examines some of the ways in which the memory and practice of violence becomes embedded in landscapes such that the landscape itself becomes a vehicle for meaning through time landscapes materialize meaning and thereby give particular stability and significance to the kinds of cultural significance that landscapes evoke
Structure of Microbial Nanowires Reveals Stacked Hemes that Transport Electrons over Micrometers.

Long-range (>10 μm) transport of electrons along networks of Geobacter sulfurreducens protein filaments, known as microbial nanowires, has been invoked to explain a wide range of globally important redox phenomena. These nanowires were previously thought to be type IV pili composed of PilA protein. Here, we report a 3.7 A resolution cryoelectron microscopy structure, which surprisingly reveals that, rather than PilA, G. sulfurreducens nanowires are assembled by micrometer-long polymerization of the hexaheme cytochrome OmcS, with hemes packed within ∼3.5-6 A of each other. The inter-subunit interfaces show unique structural elements such as inter-subunit parallel-stacked hemes and axial coordination of heme by histidines from neighboring subunits. Wild-type OmcS filaments show 100-fold greater conductivity than other filaments from a ΔomcS strain, highlighting the importance of OmcS to conductivity in these nanowires. This structure explains the remarkable capacity of soil bacteria to transport electrons to remote electron acceptors for respiration and energy sharing.
Indirect Effects of Family Cohesion on Emerging Adult Perfectionism Through Anxious Rearing and Social Expectations

Perfectionism is a potentially maladaptive personality trait that is associated with dysfunctional family of origin parenting practices. In this research, a structural model was tested in which family cohesion was predicted to have indirect effects on perfectionism in emerging adults though anxious parenting and parental conditional regard. The model was tested on a sample of 257 emerging adults attending universities in the U.S.A. Participants completed survey measures of perfectionism, their parents’ anxious parenting and conditional regard, and several indicators of family cohesion. The results supported the hypothesized indirect effects, consistent with the anxious rearing and social expectations theoretical pathways to perfectionism. Specifically, family cohesion was negatively associated with both anxious rearing and conditional regard, each of which were in turn positively associated with perfectionism. The findings suggest that perfectionism in young adults is linked with low levels of family cohesion that coexist in a network of dysfunctional parenting practices.
Design and characterization of solid articulated four axes microrobot for microfactory applications

In this paper, we present the design and experimental evaluation of a 3-dimensional microrobot called Solid Articulated Four Axes Microrobot (sAFAM). The sAFAM is fabricated using Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) technology, then assembled to achieve out-of-plane motion and perform micro and nano manipulation tasks relevant to future microfactories such as pick and place and applying controlled forces onto the environment. The paper discusses the design, fabrication and assembly processes for constructing sAFAM. Four in-plane electrothermal actuators drive the end-effector through a complaint mechanical coupling. The microrobot structure was simulated by finite element analysis (FEA), predicting a 13 μm × 47 μm × 115 μm workspace and verifying appropriate concentration of stresses during actuation. The resolution, repeatability, and workspace of the microrobot were then measured experimentally via optical microscopy and laser ranging, indicating a 16 μm × 20 μm × 118 μm dimension workspace. Experiments also indicate that the motion resolution and repeatability of the microrobot varies depending on the location of the end-effector in space, but generally range between 20 nm (minimum) and 150 nm (maximum). With FEA simulation result, the force output of sAFAM falls in the range of tens of micro Newtons. Thus, sAFAM has the potential for future use as an assist micro/nano manipulation tool in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) or in conjunction with an atomic force microscope (AFM).
Are masters athletic performances predictive of human aging in men and women

Human aging particularly after ∼70 years, is associated with declines in physical function and athletic performance, that are accelerated in part by age-associated declines in physical activity and exercise training. Because elite athletes maintain high levels of physical activity across the lifespan, older athletes (Masters) may present as a proxy for healthy human aging. Although longitudinal studies are most informative about human aging, there are substantial practical challenges to conducting longitudinally designed research. Masters athletic records and comparisons of performance across age groups can serve as a practical and unique probe to predict the trajectory of human function throughout the lifespan. While useful, the cross-sectional comparison of elite athletic performance across different age groups, however, has inherent limitations in predicting healthy human aging, particularly among women. This review presents evidence that (1) there is a progressive age-related decline in world class performances in freestyle swim swimming, marathon, and triathlon, that accelerates into very old age (∼70 years), and (2) lower participation rates of women relative to men results in an overestimation of the age-related decline in athletic performance particularly in very old women. Thus, while useful, there are some limitations to predicting biological aging among women using current Masters Athletic performances.
Language without words: A pointillist model for natural language processing

This paper explores two separate questions: Can we perform natural language processing tasks without a lexicon?; and, Should we? Existing natural language processing techniques are either based on words as units or use units such as grams only for basic classification tasks. How close can a machine come to reasoning about the meanings of words and phrases in a corpus without using any lexicon, based only on grams? Our own motivation for posing this question is based on our efforts to find popular trends in words and phrases from online Chinese social media. This form of written Chinese uses so many neologisms, creative character placements, and combinations of writing systems that it has been dubbed the “Martian Language.” Readers must often use visual queues, audible queues from reading out loud, and their knowledge and understanding of current events to understand a post. For analysis of popular trends, the specific problem is that it is difficult to build a lexicon when the invention of new ways to refer to a word or concept is easy and common. For natural language processing in general, we argue in this paper that new uses of language in social media will challenge machines' abilities to operate with words as the basic unit of understanding, not only in Chinese but potentially in other languages.
A Comparison between Domestic and International Graduate Students on their Work Readiness at a Research University

One critical issue in educational programs involves the extent to which graduates are ready to begin employment at program completion. Additionally, most research universities make deliberate efforts to enroll students from other countries. An important question regarding the effectiveness of the programs in these universities is whether the international students have comparable preparation and “Work-Readiness” as the domestic students. This study revealed that on several of the measures associated with “Work-Readiness“ international students had lower levels of “Readiness” than domestic students. Also, other differences were found in the groups on issues such as internship experiences and involvement in scholarly activities
Dupilumab Approved to Treat Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis.

Dupilumab (Dupixent) is now approved to treat adults with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.Nurses should note that the dose for this indication is different than the dose for treating asthma or atopic dermatitis.
Taxation in the Age of Digital Globalization

Innovations in finance and information technology have radically reduced transaction costs, thereby stimulating the globalization of goods, services and capital. Capital mobility, the growth of multinational corporations, high frequency trading, complex financial instruments, and global equity exchanges, have increased the risks of global financial instability, while making the identification and assessment of income and profits by national origin increasingly obscure and difficult. Tax avoidance and evasion behaviors drastically limit the revenues and hence social expenditures of national governments whose citizens perceive existing tax systems to be overly complex, inefficient, and inequitable with high costs of administration and compliance. In contrast to the speed of financial and technological innovation, tax systems remain mired in inertia, eluding global calls for tax reform. How then, can tax systems be adapted to the digital age? There is broad consensus on the objectives of tax reform: simplification, efficiency, equity, and reduced costs of administration and compliance. Simplification and reduction in administrative and compliance costs require abandoning the plethora of loopholes and tax expenditures that well-off stakeholders have lobbied politicians to introduce by supporting their campaigns for reelection. A reformed tax law requires a clear and simple statement of what is taxable, how much it will be taxed and how the tax will be collected. A small globally adopted Automatic Payment Transaction (APT) tax, is optimal for the digital age.
Enhancing the drug ontology with semantically-rich representations of National Drug Codes and RxNorm unique concept identifiers

The Drug Ontology (DrOn) is a modular, extensible ontology of drug products, their ingredients, and their biological activity created to enable comparative effectiveness and health services researchers to query National Drug Codes (NDCs) that represent products by ingredient, by molecular disposition, by therapeutic disposition, and by physiological effect (e.g., diuretic). It is based on the RxNorm drug terminology maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, and on the Chemical Entities of Biological Interest ontology. Both national drug codes (NDCs) and RxNorm unique concept identifiers (RXCUIS) can undergo changes over time that can obfuscate their meaning when these identifiers occur in historic data. We present a new approach to modeling these entities within DrOn that will allow users of DrOn working with historic prescription data to more easily and correctly interpret that data. We have implemented a full accounting of national drug codes and RxNorm unique concept identifiers as information content entities, and of the processes involved in managing their creation and changes. This includes an OWL file that implements and defines the classes necessary to model these entities. A separate file contains an instance-level prototype in OWL that demonstrates the feasibility of this approach to representing NDCs and RXCUIs and the processes of managing them by retrieving and representing several individual NDCs, both active and inactive, and the RXCUIs to which they are connected. We also demonstrate how historic information about these identifiers in DrOn can be easily retrieved using a simple SPARQL query. An accurate model of how these identifiers operate in reality is a valuable addition to DrOn that enhances its usefulness as a knowledge management resource for working with historic data.
Science Without Conscience Is but the Ruin of the Soul: The Ethics of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Perioperative Medicine

Artificial intelligence-driven anesthesiology and perioperative care may just be around the corner. However, its promises of improved safety and patient outcomes can only become a reality if we take the time to examine its technical, ethical, and moral implications. The aim of perioperative medicine is to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease. As we introduce new interventions or devices, we must take care to do so with a conscience, keeping patient care as the main objective, and understanding that humanism is a core component of our practice. In our article, we outline key principles of artificial intelligence for the perioperative physician and explore limitations and ethical challenges in the field.
Chapter 18 – Theta Oscillations

In this chapter, we will first examine rodent theta oscillations and learn about their roles in complex, hippocampus-dependent behaviors such as navigation and learning. We will then discuss what is known about theta oscillations in the more complex brains of primates, where theta oscillations have been found in various neocortical areas as a function of differing behavioral demands.
Operation opportunity for nephrectomy of transplanted kidney

Objective To explore the opportunity of nephrectomy of transplanted kidney. Methods The clinical data of 93 patients who underwent nephrectomy of transplanted kidney out of the 1769 patients who re4ceived kidney implantation between January 1996 and December 2006 were analyzed to discover the best opportunity of the nephrectomy of transplanted kidney. Results Thirty-four transplanted kidneys were resected within the three months after transplant, 25 implanted kidneys underwent resection during the period of 4 to 12 months after transplant, and 34 kidneys were resected one year after transplant. Serum creatinine before nephrectomy was above 115 μmol/L in 83 patients (89.25%). Urine quantity decreased in 62patients. 42 patients showed pain and swelling in the area of the transplanted kidney. Pathology of the reseeted implanted kidneys showed super-acute rejection (n=5) , accelerating-acute rejection (n=8),rupture of transplanted kidney (n=9), thrombus/embolism of transplanted kidney (n=6), aneurism of transplanted kidney (n=3), mycotic infection of transplanted kidney (n=2), CMV infection (n=2),acute necrosis of renal tubulus (n=1), interstitial pyogenesis of transplanted kidney (n=1) , inflammation of renal artery (n=1) , rupture of renal artery (n=1) , bleeding of transplanted kidney (n=1) , and chronic rejection and/or acute rejection (n=53). t5 patients died. 8 of which died due to multiple organ failure, 4 of which due to severe infection, 2 of which due to bleeding in encephala, and 1 due to heart disease. Conclusion Nephreetomy of transplanted kidney is a high risk operation, especially early after transplantation. Once complications occur to the transplanted kidney and/or other organ exploratory operation should be performed to rescue the life of the patients and to stop a vicious circle. Key words: Renal transplantation; Nehpreetomy; Opportunity
A Journey’s End: A Retrospective Analysis of a Tipasa Migration with an Assessment of Patron Experience

This is the second part of a two-part article detailing how Northeastern State University migrated from ILLiad to Tipasa in 2019. This article will detail the actual migration process and the chall...
A patient with tonsillar lymphoma with invasive listeriosis imitating acute ischemic stroke

Prior cytotoxic chemotherapy and the long-term use of prednisone can impair immunity. Listeria monocytogenes can cause invasive infections in these immunocompromised patients with a lower number of microorganisms. This can lead to central nervous system infections which may have similar initial clinical presentations to ischemic stroke.
Endorsing the Street Code: the impact of neighborhood gang activity on incarcerated youth

Extensive empirical research has demonstrated a strong association between the code of the street and gang violence among inmates within correctional settings. Largely absent from this literature i...
Simultaneous Use of Static Support and Free Muscle Transfer

The most important goals for facial palsy patients receiving treatment is to be perceived as “normal” by society, and subsequently this is the most important goal for the reconstructive surgeon. The literature is abundant in descriptions of dynamic reanimation techniques, but less detailed on addressing asymmetry at rest. Facial palsy treatment should therefore not solely focus on restoring facial motion but also tone to obtain an optimal result. The exact chosen surgical approach depends on several variables as patient presentation (flaccid vs. partial vs. synkinesis), palsy duration (acute vs. subacute, vs. longstanding) and etiology (cancer vs. benign vs. infectious), nerve continuity (residual vs. reconstructed nerve continuity vs. no nerve continuity), and more. These factors and their influence on facial palsy treatment, more specifically the use of static support in combination with free muscle transfer will be elaborated on in this chapter. The most important message of this chapter is that, to achieve an optimal outcome, all available reconstructive and aesthetic surgical tools and the combination thereof must be considered despite of their perceived “classification.”
Prevalence and nutritional quality of free food and beverage acquisitions at school and work by SNAP status.

Background The dual burden of poor diet quality and food insecurity makes free food—food acquired at no cost—a very important part of the nutrition safety net for low-income families. The goal of this study was to determine the national prevalence and nutritional quality of free food acquired separately in two settings: 1) by children at school; and 2) by employees at work; both stratified by participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Methods Using National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey data (2012; n = 4,826 U.S. households containing 5,382 employed adults and 3,338 school-aged children), we used survey-weighted proportions to describe free food acquisition and linear regression to compare the 2010 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) for free/non-free food acquisition events (i.e., meals) by SNAP status. Analyses were conducted in 2019–2020. Results SNAP households had more free acquisition events (29.6%) compared to non-SNAP households (<185% federal poverty level (FPL) = 22.3%; ≥185%FPL = 21.0%, p’s<0.001). For SNAP-participant children, free acquisition events at school had a higher mean HEI-2010 compared to non-free acquisition events at school (50.3 vs. 43.8, p = 0.033) and free acquisition events by SNAP-non-participant children ≥185%FPL at school (50.3 vs. 38.0, p = 0.001). Free and non-free acquisition events at work had relatively low HEI-2010s, with no differences by SNAP status. Conclusions Over one fifth of all food acquisition events were free, but free food acquisitions at school and work were relatively unhealthy. For children participating in SNAP, free food acquired at school had higher nutritional quality. Improving the dietary quality of free foods could improve the health of families, especially those participating in SNAP.
Right Hemisphere and Arousal

The basic arousal theory, discussed above, is largely axial in nature with brain-stem reticular formation activation of the arousal response and with the regulatory inhibition or modulation of arousal, through the descending fibers originating in the prefrontal region. Similarities, though, were apparent to some that the bilateral prefrontal lobectomized hyperkinesis demonstrated in nonhuman primates was more comparable, perhaps, to a right prefrontal lesion in a human (personal communication Walt Isaac). This relationship in lateralized energy level and regulatory control is discussed elsewhere in these writings. By the 1980s and through the contributions of Kenneth Heilman, Wendy Heller, and many others, it became clear that these brain systems were lateralized and especially in humans. Ken’s group was able to demonstrate this through several discussions within the neuroscience literature. But, most notable were the applications of the classic arousal theories discussed above to more modern constructs involved in unilateral neglect disordersand in the lateralization of emotion preferentially to the right cerebral hemisphere.
Simulation of Protein Hydrodynamic Changes Observed by Urea Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

The kinetics of protein conformational changes are normally monitored by absorbance or fluorescence measurements since spectral techniques are amenable to data collection on a rapid time scale. Unfortunately, these spectral techniques often reflect local changes in tertiary structure and cannot be assumed to reflect the initial hydro-dynamic collapse of a randomly coiled denatured polypeptide into a compact structure. Since such a collapse is likely an early event in protein folding, it would be useful to have a procedure available to observe the kinetics of the hydrodynamic change accompanying protein folding and unfolding. Creighton (1979, 1980) lias demonstrated that zone electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels containing a urea gradient can provide information regarding the kinetics of the hydro-dynamic changes accompanying unfolding or refolding in urea, the presence of multiple forms of the protein, and the transient accumulation of intermediate forms. Unfortunately, the protein profiles observed upon staining of urea gradient gels after electrophoresis can only be qualitatively interpreted. While Creighton has employed the equation of Mitchell (1976) to simulate such profiles, we find that this equation is awkward to use and can give unreliable results. In this report we illustrate the application of the equation of Endo et al. (1983) to such simulations.
Improvement in Motor Fitness Associated with Physical Education and Physical Fitness Clinic Work

(1943). Improvement in Motor Fitness Associated with Physical Education and Physical Fitness Clinic Work. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 154-157.
Antimicrobial Activity of Cetylpyridinium Chloride against Listeria monocytogenes on Frankfurters and Subsequent Effect on Quality Attributes

Frankfurters inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes were treated with 1% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) or with 1% CPC followed by a water rinse at various combinations of spray temperatures (25, 40, and 55 degrees C), spray pressures (20, 25, and 35 psi), and times of exposure (30, 40, and 60 s). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the reductions achieved by 1% CPC + water wash and those achieved with 1% CPC treatment alone. L. monocytogenes populations were reduced by ca. 1.7 log CFU/g immediately following treatment, with no differences (P > 0.05) observed for different spray temperatures, pressures, or exposure times. The effectiveness of 1% CPC spray treatment (at 25 degrees C, 20 psi, and 30 s of exposure) against L. monocytogenes on vacuum-packaged frankfurters stored at 0 and 4 degrees C for 42 days was then evaluated. Application of a 1% CPC surface spray to frankfurters immediately prior to packaging reduced L. monocytogenes concentrations by 1.4 to 1.7 log CFU/g and further restricted growth of the pathogen during 42 days of refrigerated storage, thereby meeting U.S. Department of Agriculture alternatives 1 and 2 criteria for Listeria control. CPC treatment reduced aerobic plate counts, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli populations on noninoculated frankfurters to below detectable limits. The 1% CPC treatment did not affect the color (L*, a*, and b* values) of frankfurters stored for 42 days at 0 or 4 degrees C (P > 0.05). The effect of 1% CPC treatment on the firmness of frankfurters was also negligible.
Recent Advances in Oxazolone Chemistry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the significant recent advances in oxazolone chemistry. Five different structures can be written for the oxazolones—namely, 5(4H)-oxazolone, 5(2H)-oxazolone, 4(5H)-oxazolone, 2(3H)-oxazolone, and 2(5H)-oxazolone. The methods of preparation of 2-oxazolin-5-ones [5(4H)-Oxazolone], the reactions related to it, and its stereochemistry are also reviewed in the chapter. The behavior of unsaturated azlactones with organometallic reagents has been described in the chapter. The 4-unsaturated-5-oxazolones provide convenient starting materials for the synthesis of several nitrogen-containing heterocyclic systems. The chapter also discusses the preparation of tetrazoles and isoquinolines and the isolation of several pairs of the geometric isomers of 4-unsaturated-5-oxazolones. The chemical properties of the pseudooxazolones depend to some extent on the type of substitution at the 2-position of the hetero ring; it is divided into two parts—(1) 2-arylidenepseudooxazolones and (2) 2-trifluoromethylpseudooxazolones.
Tale of two metal reducers: comparative proteome analysis of Geobacter sulferreducens PCA and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Geobacter sulfurreducens and S. oneidensis are the subjects of intense research efforts due to their potential applications to bioremediation. The characterization of their proteomes, being done in parallel with the analysis of their genome sequences, transcriptomes, and metabolomes, is providing valuable insights to both their similarities and their differences. A primary target of interest in the proteomes of both of these metal-reducing microbes is the characterization of their c-type cytochromes. The discovery of their full compliment of c-type cytochromes and the description of what growth conditions trigger their expression is central to harnessing their bioremediation potential. Proteome analyses thus far show that both G. sulfurreducens and S. oneidensis share the common location of a majority of their c-type cytochromes in their outer membranes. The c-type cytochromes of G. sulfurreducens, however, appear to be less soluble and therefore more difficult to isolate from the membranes than those expressed by S. oneidensis. The majority of the G. sulfurreducens c-type cytochromes also differ from those of S. oneidensis in that they have higher isoelectric points, most higher than pH 8.0. These characteristics of solubility and isoelectric point could be related and could indicate an underlying functional difference in the strategy for metal reduction between these two microbes. The global proteome results available for G. sulfurreducens and S. oneidensis at the time of this writing are primarily the result of 2DE analysis coupled to protein identification by LC-MS/MS of tryptic peptides from in-gel digests and represent the most abundant proteins detected by Coomassie blue or silver nitrate staining. Currently, several complimentary efforts utilising the 2D-LC-MS/MS approaches are in progress, promising a more complete protein inventory for these microbes in the near future. As these data are added to those already available, the intricate network of metabolic processes, regulation of protein synthesis and protein function, transport of nutrients, and signal transduction will be elucidated. The existing tools of proteomics will be complimented with newer methods such as protein chips and phage display to further characterize these microbial systems. The end result, in the not too distant future, will be predictive models of G. sulfurreducens and S. oneidensis behavior in their natural habitats under a variety of environmental conditions.
Educational Systems: North America

Education in North America, since colonial times, has been shaped by a cultural dynamic that promotes education as an essential good that is constantly being expanded while also seeing education as potentially disruptive, subversive, and decisive – hence something that must be controlled and regulated. The national systems of public, compulsory education in Canada and the USA have been largely shaped by this cultural dynamic with some differences in historical and cultural forces. In this article, shared cultural dynamics are discussed and an overview of other subsystems of education, such as military schools, tribal and historically black colleges, and religious schools, is provided.
Property rights, externalities, and resource degradation: locating the tragedy.

Abstract Resource degradation in the Third World is largely driven by the demands of farm households for fuelwood and land for agriculture. Since resources are often controlled through indigenous systems of property, the tragedy of the commons has been used to explain resource degradation. As a result, private property is suggested as a solution to resource degradation. A dynamic model capable of examining household incentives for resource use under private and common property is developed. Results of the model reject the conventional wisdom that gives rise to the presumed optimality of private (individual) property in natural resources, and the correlated indictment of group management regimes.