cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Index and Subtest Scatter in Healthy Adults

Clinicians use statistical data to identify patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses (e.g., statistical significance and base rates). The statistical data typically represent pairwise comparisons between specific cognitive abilities (e.g., intelligence versus memory). Therefore, the statistical data reflect a specific cognitive strength or weakness but not variability in cognitive functioning more generally. Most healthy individuals have cognitive strengths and weaknesses and variability is greater in individuals with above-average intelligence. Statistical and base rate criteria do not account for the large number of potential pairwise comparisons that can be evaluated. Therefore, healthy individuals may have some statistically significant pairwise comparisons but do not show a greater than expected level of cognitive variability. Normative and clinical data are presented to help the clinician identify normal and atypical variability. This represents a new approach to the interpretation of variability on the WAIS–IV and WMS–IV.
Developmental experience-dependent plasticity in the first synapse of the Drosophila olfactory circuit

Evidence accumulating over the past 15 years soundly refutes the dogma that the Drosophila nervous system is hardwired. The preponderance of studies reveals activity-dependent neural circuit refine...
Design of a trapezoidal slat crystal (TSC) PET detector for small animal PET/MR imaging

The aim of this work is to develop a high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, compact PET detector for small animal PET/MR imaging. The key design features are the use of trapezoidal slat crystals (TSC), the use of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays, and the use of a 3D statistics based positioning (SBP) algorithm. Through simulation, the performance of a detector module consisting of 8 trapezoidal 0.92 mm (0.63 mm) by 47.52 mm by 12 mm crystals readout by a 2×12 SiPM array was evaluated. A PET detector ring with a 57 mm inner ring diameter could be built using 32 of these detector modules. The average intrinsic spatial resolution in Y and X were 0.84 mm and 0.72 mm FHWM, respectively. There was a 28% miscoding error in X, mainly from Compton scatter in the crystal array. The Z or depth of interaction (DOI) resolution is 1.74 mm. The intrinsic spatial resolution is reasonably uniform across the whole detector module.
Time reversal of a wave packet with temporal modulation of gauge potential

We show that time reversal can be achieved with a spatially uniform temporal modulation of the gauge potential. The method can be applied to the quantum wave function of electrons where there are natural gauge potentials, and to classical waves such as the acoustic and optical waves where effective gauge potentials have been demonstrated recently. This time-reversal process can provide a compensation of higher-order dispersion effects. Moreover, our approach can be used to time reverse the propagation of a wave packet in three dimensions, as well as a topologically protected one-way edge state where the underlying Hamiltonian does not have time-reversal symmetry. Our work shows that modulation of gauge potentials provides a versatile approach for dynamically controlling wave propagation.
Simulation analysis on FDS of power transformer by FEM approach

In order to get more effective and accuracy results of condition evaluation for transformer, the FDS characteristics of oil-paper insulating systems are studied by using Finite Element Method (FEM) in this paper. Firstly, the FDS properties of oil-immersed paper (OIP) are measured in lab. Secondly, a model based on 110kV transformer's actual dimensions is proposed by FEM and XY model, respectively. By comparing the results of two methods, the validity and accuracy of the FEM for solving FDS characteristic is verified. Finally, the impact that moisture content in pressboard and the pressboard aging on FDS characteristics of oil-paper insulating systems is investigated by FEM approach. The results indicate that the electric field distortion due to the dielectric materials' discontinuous effect is taken into consideration in FEM simulation. And the FEM model can be used to analyze the FDS of complex structures. The influence of moisture on FDS is mainly reflected in low frequencies. The influence of oil conductivity on FDS moves to higher frequencies with oil conductivity increasing. As the aging proceeds, the dielectric loss factor increases in low frequencies below 0.01Hz due to moisture produced from aging of pressboard. And it also increases in high frequencies of 1Hz to 100Hz determined by dielectric polarization.
The Rise of Battlefield Private Contractors: An Analysis of Military Policy

This article examines the large increase in the use of private military contract firms in the Iraq theater of war. The conditions under which policy was changed to allow for growth in this area make it an interesting case study to apply Kingdon's multiple streams framework. This theoretical framework, typically applied to policy-making within the legislative branch, is used in this study to examine policy change within the executive branch. By focusing on the administration of George W. Bush, Kingdon's framework allows for insight into agenda setting and policy formulation/adoption. By identifying the elements of each of the streams in the framework, an understanding can be reached regarding how and why the policy of increased use of private military firms emerged as a viable option after the attacks of 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq. Further, in uncovering the rationality behind the policy adoption, ethical concerns and the impact of these decisions on the U.S. Army are considered.
Aeroacoustics Simulation for Pulsated Exhaust Flow

Exhaust systems need to increase their after treatment efficiency in order to meet the future emissions regulations. This involves complex systems containing multiple catalysts and a filter, which damp the engine order pulsations. Consequently, the flow-induced noise is increasing its contribution to the emitted sound. These noise sources are based on multiple physics phenomena, and therefore require new measurement methods and complex flow simulation with acoustic propagation: the CAA (Computational Aeroacoustics). Currently the Mach number or similar analogies are commonly used in industry with defined targets in order to prevent flow noise issues. Even if this easy simulation process helps to find the best geometry among others, it is not accurate enough and does not permit a good understanding of the noise sources. The DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation) is a CAA approach based on a compressible and transient calculation of Navier-Stokes equations that can directly model the pressure fluctuation and therefore predict the SPL (Sound Pressure Level) and its spectrum. It requires high computational resources, which are today available thanks to faster and cheaper processors along with optimized CFD algorithms.
Post-Traumatic Headaches

The authors evaluate and analyze post-traumatic headaches by type, exploring clinical treatment and the patient-physician relationship.
Assessment of bone scan image quality based on Tc99mMDP dose amount

2408 Objectives To determine whether lowering the dose of Tc99mMDP affects the image quality of the bone scan procedures. During the Tc99m shortage many hospitals were forced to change their protocols that involved using Tc99m. Lower doses, as we know, can result in a decreased radiation dose to the patient. If image quality were unaffected, this practice would benefit the patients and the staff. Methods A random sampling of patients having a bone scan between October 2009 and July 2010 within NorthShore University HealthSystem were retrospectively reviewed using our electronic medical record (EPIC). Patients who had at least two Tc99m MDP bone scans during this period where the dose varied by at least 2mCi, had no infiltration of the dose, and had no irregular femur uptake were included in this study for a total of 30 patients. The patients’ bone scans were then analyzed to determine if there was any significant difference in the count density of the bones between patient’s “higher dose” scan and the “lower dose” scan. The count density was determined by first finding the half way point between the femoral head and patella on each femur, and then drawing a region of interest (ROI) on this spot. The average counts of the ROIs were recorded. This was repeated for both femurs on each of the bone scans. The percent difference between the average femoral counts for the high dose and low dose scans was calculated for the right and left femur separately for each patient. These two data sets were plotted against the percent difference of the dose for each individual patient. An r squared value was obtained for both plots. Results The correlation coefficient for the percent difference in average counts of the left femur and right femur against the percent difference in dose were 0.037 and 0.026 respectively. Conclusions Using statistical analysis, no significant correlation could be found between the femoral average counts and Tc99m dose. This suggests that the image quality was not altered with respect to the Tc99m dose within the guidelines of this study
Foreword to LEO Article

As part of the reorganization of the JAIS Journal in 2002 the newly formed editorial team has decided to open the pages of the JAIS journal to the recipients of the Leo awardthe most distinguished award of AIS. The LEO Award was established in 1999 by the Council of the Association for Information Systems and the Executive Committee of the International Conference on Information Systems. Named after one of the world's first commercial applications of computing (The Lyons Electronic Office), the purpose of the LEO Award is to recognize truly outstanding individuals in the Information Systems community, both academics and practitioners, who have made exceptional contributions to research in and/or the practice of Information Systems. They are truly outstanding scholars or practitioners who have made exceptional global contributions in the field of Information Systems.
The aerodynamics, sources and control of airborne dust

The physical characteristics of aerosols have been subjected to intensive study for the free surface atmosphere. This is an important area in meteorology and investigations of the behaviour of contaminant plumes in the atmosphere. Somewhat less attention has been paid to the aerodynamic characteristics of dust when the carrying airstream is confined within the boundaries of ducts or tunnels.
Meta-analysis of genotype-phenotype analysis of OPA1 mutations in autosomal dominant optic atrophy

Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (ADOA) is a neuro-ophthalmic disease characterized by progressive bilateral vision loss, pallor of the optic disc, central vision loss, and impairment of color vision. Additionally, a small percentage of patients experience hearing loss and ataxia, while recent studies suggest disruption of cardiac and neuromuscular functions. In order to obtain a better understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation of the various mutations in the optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) gene, we obtained both clinical and genetic information of ADOA patients from published reports. We conducted a systematic review of published OPA1 literature and identified 408 individuals with confirmed OPA1 mutations, 120 of whom reported extra-ocular (ADOA 'plus') manifestations through their descriptions of visual and multi-systemic symptoms. Our results show that there is a significant variation in frequency of the specific exons involved between the ADOA classic and ADOA 'plus' patients. Classic ADOA groups were more likely to have mutations in exon 8 and 9, while ADOA 'plus' groups were more likely to have mutations in exons 14, 15 and 17. Additional comparisons revealed significant differences between mutation types/domains and specific ADOA 'plus' manifestations. We also found that individuals with maternally inherited OPA1 mutations were significantly more likely to develop 'plus' manifestations than those with paternally inherited mutations. Overall, this study provides novel information regarding genotype-phenotype correlations of ADOA which warrants additional recommendations added to the current clinical management of ADOA patients.
The Space Station Decision

In the final months of 1983, Gil Rye was joined by Cabinet secretary Craig Fuller in pushing for bringing the issue of the space station before the president in a positive context. They decided to use the Cabinet Council on Commerce and Trade, rather than SIG (Space), as the forum for briefing the president on the space station. That briefing took place on December 1, 1983. Reagan at that briefing heard a full range of views in support of and opposed to going ahead with the station. In parallel, the Office of Management and Budget, whose leaders and staff were skeptical of the wisdom of approving the station, recognized that the president favored going ahead with the program and prepared a NASA budget option that reflected space station approval. At a December 5, 1983, budget review meeting, Reagan approved that option. Last minute protests by the secretary of defense and the director of central intelligence did not persuade the president to change that decision.
Mode locking in periodically forced gradient frequency neural networks.

We study mode locking in a canonical model of gradient frequency neural networks under periodic forcing. The canonical model is a generic mathematical model for a network of nonlinear oscillators tuned to a range of distinct frequencies. It is mathematically more tractable than biological neuron models and allows close analysis of mode-locking behaviors. Here we analyze individual modes of synchronization for a periodically forced canonical model and present a complete set of driven behaviors for all parameter regimes available in the model. Using a closed-form approximation, we show that the Arnold tongue (i.e., locking region) for $k:m$ synchronization gets narrower as $k$ and $m$ increase. We find that numerical simulations of the canonical model closely follow the analysis of individual modes when forcing is weak, but they deviate at high forcing amplitudes for which oscillator dynamics are simultaneously influenced by multiple modes of synchronization.
Playing against Complexity: Board Games as Social Strategy in Bronze Age Cyprus

Abstract Social complexity requires people to create new ways of interacting with one another to counteract new social boundaries. Board games provide one avenue by which archaeologists may examine the ways in which people interacted. The act of play is liminoid, allowing for people to more easily overcome social boundaries to interaction, while also creating a shared experience for the process of grounding. Thus, games provide an opportunity for people to build relationships and also to negotiate their identity. This research counters previous assertions that only complex societies play strategy games. In Bronze Age Cyprus, middle-range society became increasingly complex with the development of urbanism and differential access to wealth, while also producing a particularly large corpus of ancient board games. Determining where games were played, and then analyzing the social context of games in those spaces using multiple correspondence analysis, it was found that people were more likely to be playing in public during periods of greater complexity. This is likely due to the performative aspects of play, allowing for the communication of status in different ways when games are played in public spaces. The pattern found shows the variation in the ways people incorporated games into their social strategies during periods of different types of complexity.
For the Many, Not the One: Designing Low-Cost Joint VR Experiences for Place-Based Learning

The paper details the design and evaluation of a joint, multi-user immersive virtual field trip (iVFT). The setting for our work centers on academic disciplines that value place-based education. The reported user study is embedded into a developing research framework on place-based learning and the role immersive experiences play as supplement, proxy, or through providing experiences physically not possible. The results of this study are both practical as well as theoretical, demonstrating the feasibility of using entry level immersive technologies in regular classroom settings and showing that even low-cost VR experiences strongly relying on \(360^{\circ }\) imagery add value to place-based education. With quantitative analysis, we also identify potentially critical aspects in how individual differences shape the adoption of this technology. Finally, we report insights gained through two qualitative analyses on how to improve the design of future iVFTs for educational purposes.
The health carer.

When Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus took office as director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) on 1 July 2017, he brought an ambitious to-do list: Reform WHO, strengthen evidence-based decision-making, highlight the health impact of climate change, and provide 1 billion more people with health coverage. But now, the rapid spread of a novel coronavirus, declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern last month, will overshadow his stated priorities. It puts Tedros in a difficult position: If he wants WHO to stay informed about what9s happening in China and influence how the country handles the epidemic, he cannot afford to antagonize the notoriously touchy Chinese government—even though it is clear the country has been less than fully transparent about the outbreak9s early stages, and perhaps still is. And how Tedros handles the unfolding crisis will shape not just his legacy, but the future of WHO.
Artificial Intelligence and the Transformation of Humans, Law and Technology Interactions in Judicial Proceedings

The paper connects the potentially disruptive effects of Artificial Intelligence (AI) deployment in the administration of justice to the pre-existing trajectories and consequences of court technology development. The theoretical framework combines Luhmann’s theory of technology with actor–network theory to analyse how the new digital environment affects judicial agency. Then, it explores law and technology dynamics to map out the conditions that make legal the use of technologies in judicial proceedings. The framework is applied to analyse ‘traditional’ digital technologies (simple online forms and large-scale e-justice platforms) and AI-based systems (speech-to-text and recidivism assessment). The case comparison shows similarities and dynamics triggered by AI and traditional technologies, as well as a radical difference. While system developers and owners remain accountable before the law for the functioning of traditional systems, with AI, such accountability is transferred to users. Judges—users in general—remain accountable for the consequences of their actions supported or suggested by systems that are opaque and autonomous. This contingency, if not adequately faced with new forms of accountability, restricts the areas in which AI can be used without hampering judicial integrity.
Synthesis strategies for non-symmetric, photochromic diarylethenes

Diarylethenes (DAEs) represent an important class of photochromes with notable characteristics, like thermally irreversible photoisomerization and high fatigue resistance. Structural diversification of the DAE scaffold has enabled further refinement of photochromic properties and realization of new applications, ranging from advanced materials to tools for studying biological systems. In particular, methods for synthesizing non-symmetric DAE scaffolds, which are typically more challenging to synthesize than their symmetric counterparts, have grown over the past 20 years. These developments are surveyed in this review, with discussion of how access to these compounds has contributed to the improvement of photochromic properties and paved the way for exploring new applications of DAEs. First, non-symmetric DAE structures are classified and their uses and applications are overviewed. Subsequent sections discuss the main strategies that have been used to access non-symmetric DAEs with examples illustrating the impact of non-symmetric DAEs in the growing field of light-controlled molecular systems.
Landschaft als Ressource für die Psyche, Physis und soziales Miteinander

Naturnahe Landschaften konnen das menschliche Wohlbefinden steigern, die Konzentration erhohen, Stressempfinden und negative Emotionen verringern.
Evaluation of a Serious Video Game to Facilitate Conversations About Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Preteens: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: In the United States, the most common sexually transmitted infection, human papillomavirus (HPV), causes genital warts and is associated with an estimated 33,700 newly diagnosed cancer cases annually. HPV vaccination, especially for preteens aged 11 to 12 years, is effective in preventing the acquisition of HPV and HPV-associated cancers. However, as of 2018, completion of the 2- or 3-dose HPV vaccination series increased only from 48.6% to 51.1% in teens aged 13 to 17 years, and this increase was observed only in boys. By comparison, 88.7% of teens had more than one dose of the recommended vaccine against tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap), and 85.1% of teens had more than one dose of meningococcal vaccine. Immunizations for Tdap, meningococcal disease, and HPV can occur at the same clinical visit but often do not. Objective: Vaccination against HPV is recommended for routine use in those aged 11 to 12 years in the United States, yet it is underutilized. We aimed to develop an educational video game to engage preteens in the decision to vaccinate. Methods: Land of Secret Gardens is a metaphor for protecting seedlings (body) with a potion (vaccine). We screened 131 dyads of parents and preteens from 18 primary practices in North Carolina who had not initiated HPV vaccination. We measured vaccination intentions, story immersion, and game play and documented HPV vaccination rates. A total of 55 dyads were enrolled, and we randomly assigned 28 (21 completed) to play the game and 27 (26 completed) to the comparison group. Results: In total, 18 preteens reported playing the game. The vaccination self-efficacy score was higher in the comparison group than the intervention group (1.65 vs 1.45; P=.05). The overall mean decisional balance score trended toward greater support of vaccination, although differences between the groups were not significant.. Vaccine initiation and completion rates were higher in the intervention group (22% vs 15%; P=.31) than in the comparison group (9% vs 2%; P=.10), although the difference was not significant. Conclusions: Video games help preteens in the decision to pursue HPV vaccination. A serious video game on HPV vaccination is acceptable to parents and preteens and can be played as intended. Gamification is effective in increasing preteen interest in HPV vaccination, as game features support decision making for HPV vaccination. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04627298; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04627298
How Much Taxes Will Retirees Owe on Their Retirement Income

To evaluate their retirement resources, households approaching retirement will examine their Social Security statements, defined benefit pensions, defined contribution balances, and other financial assets. However, many households may forget that not all of these resources belong to them; they will need to pay some portion to federal and state government in taxes. It is unclear, however, just how large the tax burden is for the typical retired household and for households with different income levels. This project aims to shed light on the tax burdens that retirees face by estimating lifetime taxes for a group of recently retired households. The project uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) linked to administrative earnings to determine Social Security benefits and administrative records on state of residence to estimate state tax liabilities. Income is then projected over the expected retirement of each household. Federal and state taxes, are estimated with TAXSIM, for each household on its reported and projected income. The paper found that: • These estimates show that households in the aggregate will have to pay about 6 percent of their income in federal and state income taxes. • But this liability rests primarily with the top quintile of the income distribution. • For the lowest four quintiles, taxes are negligible – ranging from 0 percent to 1.9 percent. • In contrast, the average liability is 11.3 percent for the top quintile, 16.4 percent for the top 5 percent, and 22.7 percent for the top 1 percent. The policy implications of the findings are: • Taxes are meaningful for the top quintile, who are mostly married couples with average combined Social Security benefits of $50,900, 401(k)/IRA balances of $325,400 and financial wealth of $441,400. • If these retirement and financial assets were fully annuitized, the amount a household would receive is equivalent to about $3,000 a month, and these households face tax liabilities of about 11 percent. • Thus, for many households reliant on 401(k)/IRA or financial assets for security in retirement, taxes are an important consideration.
Severe Maternal Morbidity Associated with Hospital NICU Level in Washington State.

Objective Rising maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity (SMM) rates have drawn increasing public health attention. We evaluated patterns of SMM across the Washington State Perinatal Regional Network, in which neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) levels correlate with maternal level of care. Study Design Retrospective cohort study using de-identified patient and hospital-level rates of SMM diagnoses and procedures for all women who delivered at 58 hospitals from October 2015 to September 2016. Data were obtained from the Washington State Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System, which includes inpatient diagnosis with associated Present on Admission flags, procedure, and discharge information derived from hospital billing systems. Deliveries were stratified by having or not having SMM. For each SMM diagnosis, POA rates were tabulated. Hospital SMM rates (all SMM, transfusion only, and SMM excluding transfusion) were grouped according to their NICU level of care (critical access [CA] and 1–4). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results Of 76,961 deliveries, 908 women (1.2%) had any SMM including 533 with transfusion only and 375 with all other SMM diagnoses/procedures. Rates of SMM were highest at level 1 and level 4 hospitals at 1.3 and 1.5%, respectively. Level 1 and CA hospitals had the highest transfusion rate (1.0%), while level 2, 3, and 4 hospitals had progressively lower rates (0.8, 0.7, and 0.5%, respectively; p Conclusion SMM diagnoses occur most frequently at the centers providing the highest level of care, likely attributable to the regional referral system. However, transfusion rates are increased in level 1/CA hospitals. Efforts to decrease SMM should focus on equipping level 1/CA hospitals with tools to decrease maternal morbidity and improve referral systems. Key Points
Impact of a Palliative Care Nurse Practitioner in an Oncology Clinic: A Quality Improvement Effort.

PURPOSE:Guidelines support early integration of palliative care (PC) into standard oncology practice; however, little is known as to whether outcomes can be improved by modifying health care delive...
Effects of vegetation feedback on future climate change over West Africa

This study investigates the impact of climate-vegetation interaction on future climate changes over West Africa using a regional climate model with synchronous coupling between climate and natural vegetation, the RegCM4.3.4-CLM-CN-DV. Based on the lateral boundary conditions supplied by MIROC-ESM and CESM under the greenhouse gas Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, significant increase of vegetation density is projected over the southern part of Sahel, with an increase of leaf area index and a conversion from grass to woody plants around 7–10°N of Sahel. Regardless of whether the model treats vegetation as static or dynamic, it projects an increase of precipitation in eastern Sahel and decrease in the west. The feedback due to projected vegetation change tends to cause a wet signal, enhancing the projected increase or alleviate the decrease of precipitation in JJA in the areas of projected vegetation increase. Its impact is negligible in DJF. Vegetation feedback slightly enhances projected warming in most of West Africa during JJA, but has a significant cooling effect during DJF in regions of strong vegetation changes. Future changes of surface runoff are projected to follow the direction of precipitation changes. While dynamic vegetation feedback enhances the projected increase of soil water content in JJA, it has a drying effect in DJF. The magnitude of projected ET changes is reduced in JJA and increased in DJF due to vegetation dynamics. A high sensitivity of climate projection to dynamic vegetation feedback was found mainly in semiarid areas of West Africa, with little signal in the wet tropics.
The Rise of Atmospheric Oxygen

When did atmospheric oxygen rise to near present concentrations? And what led to this rise? As Kasting explains in his Perspective, recent results have provided stronger-than-ever evidence that the switch from an anoxic to an oxic atmosphere occurred around 2300 millions years ago, but researchers remain divided over the mechanism. Catling et al . resurrect a previously proposed mechanism involving hydrogen escape to space, with a couple of new twists. Whether their mechanism is viable depends on the oxidation state of the continental and oceanic crust at this crucial time of Earth9s evolution.
“Uncle Sam Modernizes His Justice”: Inventing the Federal District Courts of the Twentieth Century for the District of Columbia and the Nation

The celebration of the 200th birthday of the courts of the District of Columbia offers an opportunity to focus on the diversification and proliferation of the federal institutions of judging. During the twentieth century, the federal courts and Congress worked together to create a host of statutory federal judges, including magistrate and bankruptcy judges who serve through appointments from Article III judges, as well as administrative law judges and hearing officers working within agencies. In addition to inventing this array of judicial officers, the federal judiciary also redefined the work of judging to include efforts to settle cases and to influence congressional deployment and allocation of jurisdiction. The innovations have many sources. One is doctrinal. The authority of statutory judges stems from a rereading of Article III to license a great deal of federal adjudication without Article III's structural protections. As litigants challenged the devolution of judicial power, their claims became an occasion to explore the import of judicial independence. In general, the life-tenured judiciary permitted (and sometimes welcomed) congressional generation of many adjudicative forms, seen not to pose a threat to "Article III values." The doctrine in turn was crafted in the face of pressures from an expanding federal docket that required some form of change. The particular programs chosen were based in part on perceptions of the lessening utility of adjudicatory methods, in part on a sense of varying levels of import of cases within the federal docket, and in part on incentives created by legal rules and practices. For example, magistrate judgeships are particularly useful for the Article III judiciary, which has the power to create slots without the need to obtain specific lines from Congress. As of 2000, the number of non-life-tenured judgeships was roughly equal to the number of life-tenured trial judgeships. Moreover, in some twenty federal districts, the number of magistrate judges equaled or exceeded that of district judges. What are the effects of such innovations on the constitutional commitment to, and the prudential belief in, judicial independence? In addition to focusing on the import of contemporary doctrine, I examine the relatively new practices of the appointment and reappointment of judges by judges. After showing the degree to which the life-tenured judiciary is dependent on, and its fortunes are linked with, its non-life-tenured siblings, I argue that Article III judges ought to learn to relax their own status privileges and attempt, self-consciously, to blur distinctions among kinds of judges so as to broaden the embrace of Article III. "Article III values" are, in my view, at stake, and their preservation requires life-tenured judges to attempt to infuse these values into all aspects of federal judging.
Transposable elements and the evolution of genome size in eukaryotes

It is generally accepted that the wide variation in genome size observed among eukaryotic species is more closely correlated with the amount of repetitive DNA than with the number of coding genes. Major types of repetitive DNA include transposable elements, satellite DNAs, simple sequences and tandem repeats, but reliable estimates of the relative contributions of these various types to total genome size have been hard to obtain. With the advent of genome sequencing, such information is starting to become available, but no firm conclusions can yet be made from the limited data currently available. Here, the ways in which transposable elements contribute both directly and indirectly to genome size variation are explored. Limited evidence is provided to support the existence of an approximately linear relationship between total transposable element DNA and genome size. Copy numbers per family are low and globally constrained in small genomes, but vary widely in large genomes. Thus, the partial release of transposable element copy number constraints appears to be a major characteristic of large genomes.
Why Is the Patient Out of Breath? Collagen V(α1) and K‐α1‐Tubulin Take Center Stage in Lung Transplantation

Largely driven by the problem of obliterative bronchiolitis, a major form of chronic allograft dysfunction, in the lung transplant patient, the twin topics of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and autoimmunity have finally entered into the mainstream of transplantation immunobiology research (1). In doing so, lung transplantation has raised fundamental new questions about self-tolerance and its stability, such as: (i) How is selftolerance disrupted so easily in the setting of lung transplantation?, (ii) What do the major self-antigens that are recognized by lung transplant patients during chronic rejection, Collagen type V (Col-V) (2) and K-alpha-1-tubulin (Ka1T) (3), have in common? (iii) Is this response an example of classical epitope spreading typical of a de novo autoimmune disease, or is it the result of a tissue homeostatic mechanism gone awry? and finally, (iv) Why the bias toward Th17?
Cosmological Shells and Blast Waves

The microwave background is extremely smooth, showing possible deviations from isotropy at only two scales. The dipole anisotropy (cf. Lubin, this conference) is attributable to the motion of the Local Group with respect to the background at approximately 600 km/s. At a much smaller scale (1’) Partridge et al. (1986) may have found fluctuations attributable to the era of galaxy formation (Ostriker, Vishniac and Sunyaev, 1986). But fluctuations in the background at intermediate scales due to initial density perturbations have not been detected, implying (cf. DeZotti, this conference) embarrassment for some of the standard models for the development of large-scale structure.
Curative Resection of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Rates and Patterns of Postoperative Recurrence

Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and patterns of recurrence after curative-intent surgery for ACC.
Sustainable and rural development policy in the context of human resources

Policy of Rural Area is playing an important role in helping to meet the economic, social and environmental challenges. The actions supported available are concentrated on promoting sustainable growth, competitiveness and employment. It is necessary to create more and better jobs for participation more people into employment or entrepreneurial activity so as not to leave rural areas. Eco - farmers in LFA are very important part of sustainable development of rural areas. Important position of institutions in both the central and local, they are able to manage these processes.
Metformin monotherapy in youth with recent onset type 2 diabetes: experience from the prerandomization run-in phase of the TODAY study.

Background TODAY (Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth) is a federally-funded multi-center randomized clinical trial comparing three treatments of youth-onset type 2 diabetes.
Adult Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) Metabolically Adapt to High Protein Diets

To determine the ability of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), a granivorous avian species, to adapt metabolically to high dietary protein levels, adult males (n = 26) were fed isocaloric diets containing 11, 20, 35 or 70% crude protein (CP) for 11 mo. Throughout the trial, body weight and breast muscle weight were maintained by 11, 20 or 70% CP. The 35% CP diet resulted in significantly greater body weight (P < 0.05) and whole-body lipid content (P < 0.05) compared with the 11 % CP diet. The 20% CP diet resulted in greater breast muscle mass compared with 70% CP (P < 0.05). Activity of the amino acid catabolic enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and arginase as well as the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were significantly increased with 70% CP (P < 0.05). Serum essential amino acids, urea and uric acid were also increased with 70% CP (P < 0.05), but the magnitude of their increase was similar to that found in omnivorous chickens fed a similar diet. There was no evidence of visceral gout, articular gout or renal pathology; however liver lesion severity, and specifically liver lipogranuloma severity, was significantly increased above 11 % CP (P < 0.05). We conclude that cockatiels are able to up-regulate enzymes for amino acid catabolism as well as mechanisms for nitrogen excretion in response to high dietary protein levels, and that high dietary protein levels are not associated with kidney dysfunction in this avian species.
An investigation of the nomological network of social interest

Abstract This paper presents the results of three studies relating a composite measure of social interest to numerous variables within the nomological network of social interest. Study 1 found that social interest is positively related to sex-role femininity, androgyny, positive ambition, other-centered life goals, and, surprisingly, sex-role masculinity. Study 1 also found social interest negatively related to a narcissistic life goal, personality rigidity, and negative interpersonal behavior (Drivenness). Study 2 correlated social interest with the Personality Research Form and found, as expected, that social interest is correlated with the Affiliation and Nurturance scales. Unfortunately, social interest was not negatively related to Aggression. Finally, Study 3 provided generally positive support for the hypothesized relationships between social interest and several variables from the Life Styles Inventory (e.g., Humanism, Affiliation, etc.). Implications of the results for the construct validity of Adlerian social interest theory and current measurement of social interest are presented.
Laminin distribution in developing glomerular basement membranes

Laminin distribution in developing glomerular basement membranes. The renal glomerular basement membrane (GBM) separates two distinctly different cell layers: the vascular endothelium, and visceral epithelial podocytes. When initial vascularization of the forming glomerulus takes place during nephrogenesis, the early GBM forms by fusion of a dual basement membrane between endothelial cells and podocytes. As glomerular capillary loops blossom, newly synthesized basement membrane segments derived from podocytes are then inserted or spliced into the fused GBM. The molecular processes accounting for either basement membrane fusion or splicing are unresolved. Using monoclonal anti-mouse laminin antibodies (mAbs) against the end of the laminin long arm (5D3), we have shown in adult mice that peripheral loop GBM is only weakly immunoreactive but the mesangial matrix and tubular basement membrane (TBM) is intensely positive. In contrast, mAbs against domains in the center of the laminin cross only label TBMs and mesangial matrices of mature mice and GBMs are negative. Immunofluorescence microscopy of neonatal mouse kidneys showed, however, that anti-laminin mAbs brightly labeled developing GBMs of glomeruli undergoing initial vascularization and capillary loop formation. Post-fusion GBMs of maturing stage glomeruli became unreactive for most anti-laminin mAbs but remained positive for 5D3. Our results therefore show that some GBM laminin epitopes are transiently expressed during glomerular development. These changes in GBM immunoreactivities may reflect proteolytic processing during basement membrane fusion and splicing, or temporally controlled synthesis of different laminin isoforms.
Research on attitude change in U.S. students who participate in foreign study experiences: Past findings and suggestions for future research

Abstract Little research has been conducted on attitude change in U.S. students who participate in foreign study experiences. This is especially disconcerting given the number of programs available and participants involved. This research review includes five studies utilizing one-time questioning of program participants and 15 articles employing analysis of pre- and postsojourn questionnaires. Unfortunately, attitude change is seldom verified empirically in these works. Possible explanations include loosely structured experimental designs, infrequent use of follow-up studies, the lack of an established theoretical base, and perhaps most importantly, the lack of a consensus concerning what to measure. Suggestions for future research include: the study of specific variables thought to facilitate attitude change, analysis of subgroups of students similar on a particular characteristic or ability, and measurement of behavioral competencies.
Molecular Compasses and Gyroscopes: Engineering Molecular Crystals with Fast Internal Rotation

Crystals of 1,4-bis[3,3,3-tri(3,4-ditertbutyl)phenylpropynyl]benzene 1c may be viewed as a collection of molecular gyroscopes having a central p-diethynylphenylene as a rotary element encased by two bulky triarylmethyl groups. Single-crystal X-ray analysis, 13C CPMAS NMR, and 2H NMR quadrupolar-echo line-shape analysis revealed a lattice of molecules with phenylene groups experiencing rotary motion in the gigahertz regime near ambient temperature.
Developmental expression of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase in the rat: Enzyme and mRNA levels in embryonic dorsal root ganglia

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in the adult rat contain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), enzymes implicated in neural morphogenesis. We used quantitative histochemistry, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and in situ hybridization histochemistry to study cholinesterase expression during embryogenesis. Longitudinal sections of rat embryos, embryonic day 9 (E9), E11-E17, and E19, were studied by video microscopy of the stained enzyme reaction products. Both enzymes were detectable in the early DRG (E11-E12), with BChE being most prominent. There was a spatiotemporal change in expression of each cholinesterase within the DRG. From E13 on, AChE expression predominated, especially in the neuronal cell bodies, while BChE was more highly expressed in the surrounding neuropil and the ganglionic roots. This distribution resembled the pattern in adult DRG. AChE mRNA levels, as determined by RT-PCR from DRG collected at days E12-E17, and E19, varied in parallel with the intensity of enzyme stain in the DRG. Overall, these results demonstrate temporally regulated ganglionic expression of cholinesterases, which may be important in the development of the sensory nervous system.
Glassy carbon paste electrodes

A new carbon composite electrode material, based on mixing glassy carbon (GC) microparticles with an organic pasting liquid is described. The resulting glassy carbon paste electrode (GCPE) combines the electrochemical properties of GC with the various advantages of composite electrodes. Glassy carbon pastes (GCPs) offer high electrochemical reactivity, a wide accessible potential window, a low background current, and are inexpensive, easy to prepare, modify, and renew. The new material has a lower double-layer capacitance and a higher heterogeneous rate constant (for ferricyanide) compared to conventional carbon pastes (CPs). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicate significant differences in the structure of GCPE and carbon paste electrode (CPE). Factors influencing the electrode kinetics of GCPE surfaces are discussed. The electrochemical properties and advantages of GCPE should be of broad utility in electroanalysis.
Induction of hamster T cell-specific antiserum in rabbits using hamster brain tissue.

Antiserum specific for hamster thymus-derived lymphocytes, prepared by immunizing rabbits with hamster brain tissue, was cytotoxic to hamster thymocytes > lymph node cells > spleen cells, while virtually non-reactive against bone marrow. This antiserum inhibited spleen cell response to the T cell mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, but not to lipopolysaccharide, a B cell mitogen.
Creep anisotropy of a metal-matrix composite containing dilute concentration of aligned spheroidal inclusions

Abstract The influence of aspect ratio of inclusions on the overall creep strain and creep anisotropy of a metal-matrix composite is investigated at the level of dilute concentration and small strain. The creep rate of the ductile matrix, as for most metals, depends nonlinearly on the stress and the primary creep, resulting from the work-hardening of creep deformation, is also considered in addition to the usual steady state, or secondary, creep. The method developed for the calculation of incremental process is based upon Eshelby's (1957) equivalence principle of an inhomogeneity-transformation problem and Mori and Tanaka's (1973) concept of mean-field stress. It is demonstrated that this simple, albeit approximate theory is capable of predicting the aspect-ratio dependence of the time-dependent creep, with a characteristic consistent with the known elastic behavior. The creep anisotropy of the composite as the shape of the aligned inclusions changes from a thin disc to a sphere, and all the way to a long fiber, is also uncovered by comparing the developments of creep strain in various loading directions.