cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acculturation, Access, and Alcohol in a Tri‐Ethnic Community

Gross ethnic differences in excessive drinking and other forms of social-problem behavior among Indians, Spanish-Americans, and Anglo-Americans living in a single Southwestern community, as well as a wide range of within-group differences in such behavior, serve as the confronting problem. A random sample of all adults in the community was interviewed, using a variety of structured and semistructured procedures. The differential effects of acculturation and economic access on social and psychological pressures for and controls against engaging in deviant behavior among the two minority groups are analyzed for their explanatory power. An initial paradox involving differences in Spanish and Indian response to acculturation is resolved, and implications of the results for general acculturation theory are then drawn.
Investigation of tribological behaviors of annular rings with spiral groove

Abstract A series of experiments is conducted to study the tribological behavior of spiral groove thrust bearings. The experimental system consists of a nominally flat upper ring mating with a stationary spiral groove lower ring in fully flooded lubrication environment. Spiral groove thrust bearings with different spiral angles subjected to different loads and speeds are tested. Stribeck-like curves are obtained and their characteristics are discussed. Transition points from mixed to hydrodynamic lubrication are experimentally established. In addition, a theoretical model is developed to gain further insight into the frictional characteristics of spiral grooves in both the hydrodynamic regime and the mixed lubrication regime.
Enterprise responses to price and output shocks in transitioning economies: The case of the Czechoslovak machine-building sector

The behavior of a sample of 161 state-owned, Czechoslovak machine-building enterprises for the period 1985–89 is examined by means of simulation techniques based on the estimated dynamic factor demand equations. The simulations of input utilization for 1990–92 indicate that the state-owned firms have been less responsive to market signals and to output changes during the transition period of 1990–92 than they were in 1985–89. This may reflect either a change in decision-making regime at the firm level or the magnitude of changes in prices and output levels that occurred in 1990–92. We also find that the output shocks were much more important for the changes in input utilization during the transition than were input price shocks.
A pulsed-leak valve for use with ion trapping mass spectrometers.

A pulsed-leak valve that allows the introduction of a prolonged, flat, and controllable pulse of gas is described. Test results from the valve that utilized a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with Ar and C2H6 as the sample gases indicate that the valve functions as expected and yields basically rectangular pressure profiles in the cell region. The rise and fall times are similar to those of just the stand-alone pulsed valve and are believed to be determined mainly by the design of the vacuum system, rather than the design of the pulsed-leak valve. Kinetic data for the reaction of Nb+ with C2H6, acquired with the use of the pulsed-leak valve to introduce the C2H6 gas, demonstrates the practical application of this valve for kinetic and other analogous studies. Use of the pulsed-leak valve greatly reduces the loss of the reactant ion signal during the cooling period.
Evidence for a power law intensity code in the coupled cones of the turtle.

The hyperpolariring responses to light were recorded intracellularly from red cones of the turtle, Pmys script0 elegum. Pairs of slit stimuli were gashed alone or together at various intensities, one slit positioned on the receptive field center and the other displaced 30 pm. The peak amplitude of the response was measured, and the results analyzed to quantify the relationship between the light intensity and the sine of the neural signal evoked prior to the spatial interactions occurring in the network of coupled cones. This signal, E, was found to be described by a compressive power law, E = R. IO.', where I is slit intensity. Evidence that the inferred excitation function describes a local me&an&m independent of the slit position was obtained by measuring the responss and the sensitivity receptive Beld pro&es. The response and the sensitivity fields both denma. expottentially, but with space constants that differed by a factor of two, indicating in still another way the existence of an early square-root transformation.
What do students think when teachers make adaptations

Abstract Eight hundred and seventy-six high school and middle school students provided information on their perceptions of adaptations teachers may make to accommodate the individual needs of their students. Additionally, achievement and social alienation were examined to determine the extent to which these variables relate to students' perceptions of teacher adaptations. Overall, students preferred teachers who made adaptations; however, item analyses revealed that students find some adaptations more desirable than others. Students felt positively about many adaptations that promote learning, but preferred that no adaptations be made to textbooks and materials, tests, and homework. While students' perceptions followed the same overall pattern for low and high achieving students, those students who preferred adaptations demonstrated significantly higher reading and mathematics achievement scores. Students who felt more alienated (less socially accepted) from their teachers were more likely to view favorably teachers who made adaptations. Students' comments about teachers who make adaptations indicate that they perceive these teachers as better able to meet the individual needs of students, caring and understanding of students, and willing to provide extra help.
Lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism in rabbit arterial endothelial cells in culture

Like all other peripheral cells types thus far studied in culture, endothelial cells derived from the rabbit aorta bind, internalize and degrade low density lipoprotein (LDL) at a significant rate. At any given LDL concentration, the metabolism by rabbit endothelial cells was slower than that by fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells. Thus, longer incubations were required to achieve a net increment in cell cholesterol content or to suppress endogenous sterol synthesis; after 18-24 h incubation in the presence of LDL at 100 microgram LDL protein/ml inhibition was greater than 80% relative to the rate in cells incubated in the absence of lipoproteins. High density lipoproteins (HDL) were also taken up and degraded but did not inhibit sterol synthesis. Studies of LDL binding to the cell surface suggested the presence of at least two classes of binding sites; the high-affinity binding sites were fully saturated at very low LDL concentrations (about 5 microgram LDL protein/ml). However, the degree of inhibition of endogenous sterol synthesis increased progressively with increasing LDL concentrations from 5 to 100 microgram LDL/ml, suggesting that uptake from the low affinity sites in this cell line contributes to the suppression of endogenous sterol synthesis. The internalization and degradation of LDL also increased with concentrations as high as 700 microgram/ml. Thus, in vivo, where the cells are exposed to LDL concentrations far above that needed to saturate the high affinity sites, most of the LDL degradation would be attributable to LDL taken up from low affinity sites. As noted previously in swine arterial smooth muscle cells and in human skin fibroblasts, unlabeled HDL reduced the binding, internalization and degradation of labeled LDL. Cells incubated for 24 h in the presence of high concentrations of LDL alone showed a net increment in cell cholesterol content; the simultaneous presence of HDL in the medium significantly reduced this LDL-induced increment in cell cholesterol content. The possible relationship between LDL uptake and degradation by these cells in vitro is discussed in relationship to their transport function in vivo.
A feature in the X-ray spectrum of Cygnus X-1 - A possible positron annihilation line

The paper presents a 10 keV to 1 MeV X-ray spectrum of Cyg X-1 in its low state, accumulated over 3 months in 1977 and 1978. The spectrum is smooth up to 300 keV. The excess at higher energy may be interpreted as a broad 511 keV emission line from the annihilation of positrons. The width and centroid of the line indicate that the temperature of the line-emitting region is 20-200 keV. The feature could also be caused by Comptonized emission from a 165 keV region.
Time bounds on synchronization in a periodic distributed system

This paper studies the time required to solve the session problem in a new timing model, called the periodic model, for shared memory distributed systems. In the periodic model, each process runs at a constant unknown rate and different processes may run at different rates. Nearly matching upper and lower bounds are shown on the time complexity of the session problem in the model. These bounds indicate the inherent cost of synchronizing periodic processes in shared memory distributed systems, and the existence of time complexity gaps among the synchronous, periodic, and asynchronous timing models.
A reversible model of acute lung injury based on ozone exposure.

In this study inflammatory responses were determined in rat lungs 0, 1, 3, and 8 days following single 2- and 4-hr exposures to 1.8 ppm ozone. Analysis of lavage fluid immediately following exposure demonstrated enhanced lactate dehydrogenase activity and decreased numbers of lavageable macrophages but no alterations in albumin content. Similar analyses at one day postexposure demonstrated 282% and 456% increases in albumin content and enhanced numbers of lavageable neutrophils from a control value of 0.01 ± 0.01 to 0.27 ± 0.10 and 0.78 ± 0.11 million cells per lung for 2-hr and 4-hr exposures, respectively. The observed increased levels of albumin were also present at 3 days, at which time the number of lavageable neutrophils was not significantly different than control. At both one and 3 days postexposure, lavageable lymphocytes were significantly increased 10-fold from a control value of 0.03 ± 0.01 million cells per lung. However, the number of lavageable macrophages was unaltered on day 1, but enhanced on day 3, giving values of 0.67 ± 0.05 (control), 2.25 ± 0.46 (2 hr), and 2.70 ± 1.05 (4 hr) million cells per lung. By 8 days both inflammatory cell numbers and albumin levels had returned to control values. Since these data demonstrated different time courses for each inflammatory cell type, this reversible model of acute lung injury should be useful for establishing possible involvement of these cells in processes of lung injury.
Sentencing Guidelines and the Transformation of Juvenile Justice in the 21st Century

As we enter the 21st century, many states have introduced fundamental changes to their juvenile justice systems. The changes focus on jurisdictional authority, especially transfer to adult court; sentencing guidelines and options; correctional programming; interagency information sharing; offender confidentiality; and victim involvement. At the same time, attention has turned increasingly to prevention, early intervention, rehabilitation, and the use of specialized courts. Because of their special significance in the historical context of the juvenile court, this article focuses on the emergence of sentencing guidelines to identify underlying trends and issues in the transformation of juvenile justice. In so doing, the article argues that the considerable attention given by policy makers and researchers to transfer rather than other changes provides a distorted picture of current juvenile justice practice.
Sex Difference in Sensitivity to Allopregnanolone Neuroprotection in Mice Correlates with Effect on Spontaneous Inhibitory Post Synaptic Currents

Abstract Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a neurosteroid that has many functions in the brain, most notably neuroprotection and modulation of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. Using a mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, we have previously demonstrated that ALLO protects cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) from ischemia in a GABAA receptor-dependent manner. In this study we examined the effect of sex on ALLO neuroprotection, observing that low dose ALLO (2 mg/kg) provided greater neuroprotection in females compared to males. At a higher dose of ALLO (8 mg/kg), both sexes were significantly protected from ischemic damage. Using an acute cerebellar slice preparation, whole cell voltage clamp recordings were made from PCs. Spontaneous inhibitory post synaptic currents (IPSCs) were analyzed and the response to physiological ALLO (10 nM) was significantly greater in female PCs compared to male. In contrast, recordings of miniature IPSCs, did not exhibit a sex difference in response to ALLO, suggesting that ALLO affects males and females differentially through a mechanism other than binding postsynaptic GABAA receptors. We conclude that the female brain has greater sensitivity to ALLO mediated potentiation of GABAergic neurotransmission, contributing to increased neuroprotection.
Induction of Apoptosis by the Anti-Tubulin Drug Colcemid: Relationship of Mitotic Checkpoint Control to the Induction of Apoptosis in HeLa S3 Cells

We have studied the relationship between apoptosis and drug-induced cell cycle perturbation in HeLa S3 cells when treated with the anti-tubulin drug colcemid. We found that at least two distinct mechanisms contributed to colcemid cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Continuous exposure to concentrations of colcemid sufficient to block cells at the mitotic checkpoint led to the appearance of apoptotic cells approximately one cell cycle after their initial accumulation in mitosis. Continuous exposure to concentrations sufficient to delay mitotic progression but insufficient to cause mitotic arrest, or pulse exposure to concentrations of colcemid sufficient to induce mitotic block, led to the generation of multipolar mitoses and genetically deficient hypodiploid daughter cells which underwent apoptosis while in interphase. The fact that aberrant spindle function delayed but did not block cells at the mitotic checkpoint indicates that the mitotic checkpoint senses the presence or absence of the spindle but not spindle abnormalities. In both mitotic and interphase cells, colcemid-induced apoptosis occurred after a period of cell cycle stasis during which cells failed to complete an initiated cell cycle. These results are discussed with reference to understanding the relationship between apoptosis and the regulation of cell cycle progression.
Sister Chromatids Fail to Separate during an Induced Endoreplication Cycle in Drosophila Embryos

When mitosis is bypassed, as in some cancer cells or in natural endocycles, sister chromosomes remain paired and produce four-stranded diplochromosomes or polytene chromosomes. Cyclin/Cdk1 inactivation blocks entry into mitosis and can reset G2 cells to G1, allowing another round of replication [1]. Reciprocally, persistent expression of Cyclin A/Cdk1 or Cyclin E/Cdk2 blocks Drosophila endocycles [2, 3]. Inactivation of Cyclin A/Cdk1 by mutation or overexpression of the Cyclin/Cdk1 inhibitor, Roughex (Rux), converts the 16th embryonic mitotic cycle to an endocycle [4–6]; however, we show that Rux expression fails to convert earlier cell cycles unless Cyclin E is also downregulated. Following induction of a Rux transgene in Cyclin E mutant embryos during G2 of cell cycle 14 (G214), Cyclins A, B, and B3 disappeared and cells reentered S phase. This rereplication produced diplochromosomes that segregated abnormally at a subsequent mitosis. Thus, like the yeast CKIs Rum1 and Sic1, Drosophila Rux can reset G2 cells to G1 [7–9]. The observed cyclin destruction suggests that cell cycle resetting by Rux was associated with activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), while the presence of diplochromosomes implies that this activation of APC outside of mitosis was not sufficient to trigger sister disjunction.
Oligomers containing carbocyanine/flexible chain segments as non-linear optical materials

As part of a search for new non-linear optical (NLO) materials, we have synthesized new oligomers containing carbocyanine units linked by flexible chain segments. The oligomers can be cast into films and have an improved miscibility with other host polymer matrices compared to the simple carbocyanine molecules. Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) measurements showed that a pure oligomer film has a χ(3)α value of 9.0 · 10−13 esu cm at λ = 532 nm. Furthermore, the reaction of acidic protons in a quinolidine quaternary salt with diethyl squarate has been utilized to synthesize a polymer. The polymer, containing 13 repeat units, has a diffuse and strong absorption in the visible region and does not exhibit a detectable DFWM signal at 532 or 1064 nm.
The Marketing of Neuromarketing: Brand Differentiation Strategies Employed by Prominent Neuromarketing Firms to Attract Media Clients

AbstractMany media-based companies, such as networks, program producers, and production studios, are captivated by the promises made by the burgeoning field of neuromarketing. Market research firms specializing in brain-imaging techniques claim to reveal powerful subconscious audience dispositions and motivations unobtainable from conventional self-report research methods. A qualitative content analysis of the marketing strategies of 22 prominent neuromarketing websites discovered an array of brand differentiation techniques intended to either (a) legitimize the underlying science of neuromarketing or (b) attract clients through proprietary services. The study concludes with some applied and conceptual criticism of this research tool and a cautionary note for media firms interested in adopting it.
Oxidative degradation of hydrocortisone in presence of attapulgite

Degradation of hydrocortisone in attapulgite suspensions was monitored by high-pressure liquid chromatography and UV spectrophotometry. The rate of oxidative degradation of hydrocortisone was accelerated significantly in the presence of attapulgite. In addition, degradation appeared to be composed of two apparent first-order reactions rather than the single apparent first-order degradation reaction observed for hydrocortisone solutions. However, the same degradation products were obtained in both hydrocortisone solutions and attapulgite suspensions, indicating that interaction with attapulgite did not alter the degradation pathway. Kinetic and adsorption studies suggested that hydrocortisone is adsorbed weakly by attapulgite and undergoes oxidative degradation, which is catalyzed by adsorbed iron oxides or hydroxides as well as by structural ferric iron at the clay surface. Since clay minerals generally contain surface ferric iron, the potential for accelerating the oxidative degradation of drugs should be considered whenever clays and drugs are combined.
Effects of a protein synthesis inhibitor on the hormonally mediated regression and death of motoneurons in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

The larval–pupal transformation of Manduca sexta is accompanied by the loss of the abdominal prolegs. The proleg muscles degenerate, the dendritic arbors of proleg motoneurons regress, and a subset of the proleg motoneurons dies. The regression and death of proleg motoneurons are triggered by the prepupal peak of ecdysteroids in the hemolymph. To investigate the possible involvement of protein synthesis in these events, we gave insects repeated injections of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), during the prepupal peak. Examination of insects 3–5 days following CHX treatment showed that CHX inhibited the death of proleg motoneurons and the production of pupal cuticle in a dose-dependent fashion. When insects were allowed to survive for 10 days after the final CHX injection, motoneuron death and pupal cuticle production sometimes occurred belatedly, apparently in response to the ecdysteroid rise that normally triggers adult development. CHX treatments that inhibited motoneuron death were less effective in inhibiting dendritic regression in the same neurons. In another set of experiments, abdomens were isolated from the ecdysteroid-secreting glands prior to the prepupal peak, and infused with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE). Single injections of CHX delivered just prior to the start of the 20-HE infusion inhibited motoneuron death and pupal cuticle production, but in the range of doses tested, did not prevent dendritic regression. Our findings suggest that protein synthesis is a required step in the steroid-mediated death of proleg motoneurons, and that dendritic regression is less susceptible to inhibition by CHX than is motoneuron death. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Peptide YY augments postprandial small intestinal absorption in the conscious dog

Abstract Since feeding increases intestinal fluid and electrolyte losses in short bowel syndrome, an agent increasing postprandial small bowel absorption might have a therapeutic role. Peptide YY (PYY) has recently been shown to increase net small bowel absorption under basal conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether PYY can also augment postprandial absorption. Exteriorized, neurovascularly intact jejunal and ileal segments (25 cm Thiry-Vella loops) were created in dogs (n = 6) and gastrointestinal continuity was restored. Luminal perfusion with [14C]polyethylene glycol was used to calculate the change in water (H2O) and sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl−) ion fluxes after an oral meal. Changes in fluxes were also determined after a 2-hour infusion of a physiological dose of PYY (100 pmol/kg per hour). In a third series of experiments, fluxes were measured after a meal, during PYY infusion. Feeding increased small bowel absorption of fluid and electrolytes independent of the luminal content. This effect persisted for 2 hours after the meal. PYY infusion significantly augmented this proabsorptive response in both jejunum and ileum. These results suggest that PYY-agonists may have a therapeutic role in conditions such as short bowel syndrome where postprandial absorption is reduced.
Synthesis and application of a 5'-aldehyde phosphoramidite for covalent attachment of DNA to biomolecules.

We recently reported the use of covalently attached DNA as a structural constraint for rational control of macromolecular conformation. Reductive amination was employed to attach each strand of the duplex DNA constraint to RNA, utilizing an aldehyde tethered to the 5‘-terminus of the DNA. Here we describe the synthesis of a thymidine phosphoramidite that has the 5‘-tethered aldehyde masked as a 1,2-diol. We also describe optimized reductive amination conditions for linking 5‘-aldehyde-DNA with 2‘-amino-2‘-deoxy-RNA. These procedures should be generally applicable for attaching DNA to biomolecules.
Role of the optic ganglia in learning in the crayfish Procambarus clarki (girard)

Abstract Normal, one eye-covered and one eye-removed crayfish were presented a target with food on it 5 trials a day for 7 days (phase A). They were then presented the target alone 5 trials a day for 3 days (phase B) to determine whether any association between target area and food had occurred in any of the groups as a result of the previous pairing of the two in phase A. In phase A all three groups performed significantly better than a control group in which target and food were presented separately. In phase B an association between the target area and food was found to occur whether visual input could occur through one (eye-covered) or both (normal) eyes, as long as both sets of optic ganglia were intact, but did not occur under these conditions if one eye and its associated ganglia were removed (eye-removed).
Understanding Third‐Person Perception Processes: Predicting Perceived Impact on Self and Others for Multiple Expressive Contexts

This article examines the role of message context in third-person perceptions. Results challenge the assumption that context desirability is linearly related to the magnitude of self-other disparities. Rather, the interplay between message context and specific "others" who may be in the audience is an important determinant. Judgments about perceived exposure are one way this interplay manifests itself, but stereotypes about the relative susceptibility of particular groups may also play a role.
Efficiencies and size effects in radiative association of NO+ with Lewis bases

Abstract Radiative association of NO + was observed with several Lewis bases. The association efficiencies were in good order-of-magnitude accord with the approximate RRKM-based theoretical picture previously described for hydrocarbons Along the series of ketones from acetone to 3-pentanone the efficiency was observed to increase rapidly, in reasonable accord with theory. The association reaction with 3-pentanone is unusual in that it occurs in competition with the slightly endothermic charge-transfer channel.
Designing an interdisciplinary graduate program in knowledge management

Designing an interdisciplinary graduate program in knowledge management requires a good understanding of knowledge processes and the ability to differentiate between information management and knowledge management. Given the complexity of knowledge and the nature of its existence, there is a need for graduate programs to go beyond information management and include in the curriculum disciplines that deal with social, cultural, and economic issues such as communication, cognitive science, and business. An understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of knowledge management is necessary for a more balanced and practical approach to the development of a knowledge management curriculum. In this article, the design and development of an interdisciplinary graduate program in knowledge man-agement at Nanyang Technological University in Singa-pore is reported. The initiation of the program was influenced by the strong demand from the public sector in Singapore for knowledge management professionals. It was developed in close association with the information studies program at Nanyang Technological University. In the first year, the program attracted 230 applicants, of which 45 were selected—22 students came from the public sector and 23 students came from the private sector.
Optimum zone plates for the soft X-ray range

Abstract Transmission zone plates composed of materials describable by the complex index of refraction n ( n = 1 − δ) + i k) modulate both the amplitude and phase of the light passing through them. In this paper, a general variational approach to the design of zone plate profiles which maximize system transfer functions like I(m)/IINor I(m)/IOUT (where IINandIOUT are the total input and output powers, and I(m) is the mth order diffracted power) is presented in terms of the real and imaginary components of n . The variational problem, as formulated here, is shown to generate some important classical zone plate configurations as special solutions and to lead naturally to the derivation of the most general zone plate configurations possible. Some specific optimum solutions are derived for gold in the soft X-ray range and tabulated for convenient reference.
Culturing of primary hepatocytes as entrapped aggregates in a packed bed bioreactor: A potential bioartificial liver

Conventional culture systems for hepatocytes generally involve cells cultured as flat, monolayer cells, with limited cell-cell contact, in a static pool of medium, unlike the liver in vivo where the parenchymal cells are cuboidal, with extensive cell-cell contact, and are continuously perfused with blood. We report here a novel bioreactor system for the culturing of primary hepatocytes with cuboidal cell shape, extensive cell-cell contact, and perfusing medium. The hepatocytes were inoculated into the bioreactor and allowed to recirculate at a rate optimal for them to collide and form aggregates. These newly-formed aggregates were subsequently entrapped in a packed bed of glass beads. The bioreactor was perfused with oxygenated nutrient medium, with controlled oxygen tension, pH, and medium perfusion rate. The hepatocytes were viable for up to the longest time point studied of 15 days in culture based on urea synthesis, albumin synthesis and cell morphology. Light microscopy studies of hepatocytes cultured for 15 days in the bioreactor showed interconnecting three-dimensional structures resembling the hepatic cell plate in the liver organ. Electron microscopy studies on the same cells revealed ultrastructure similar to the hepatocytes in vivo, including the presence of plentiful mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen granules, peroxisomes, and desmosomes. We believe that our hepatocyte bioreactor is a major improvement over conventional culture systems, with important industrial applications including toxicology, drug metabolism, and protein/peptide synthesis. The hepatocyte bioreactor concept may also be used as the basis for the development of a bioartificial liver to provide extracorporeal hepatic support to patients with hepatic failure.
Disturbances in glucose tolerance test in patients with gastric carcinoma.

Disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism in patients with gastric carcinoma can be supposed to be related to the tumour tissue, because other factors that might interfere with the carbohydrate metabolism were excluded. No significant differences in the average blood glucose level on an empty stomach were found between the patients with gastric carcinoma and the controls. The coefficient K was lower in patients with gastric carcinoma than in the healthy subjects. The coefficient K may be an additional indication in the early diagnosis of tumours.
The differential effect of aldosterone and dexamethasone on pressor responses in adrenalectomized rats.

The effect of selective glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid replacement on pressor responses to angiotensin I and II and norepinephrine was studied in adrenalectomized rats given high salt intake. Four groups were prepared by 1) adrenalectomy only (n = 5); 2) adrenalectomy plus aldosterone, 6 micrograms/24 hr i.p. (n = 5); or 3) adrenalectomy plus dexamethasone, 10 micrograms/24 hr i.p. (n = 5), using miniosmotic pumps; and 4) sham adrenalectomy (controls; n = 5). Plasma corticosterone was undetectable in all three adrenalectomized groups. Plasma aldosterone concentration was similar in aldosterone-replaced and sham-operated controls. Pressor responses to various doses of angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and norepinephrine were determined in unanesthetized, undisturbed rats. Compared with both control and dexamethasone-replaced rats, pressor responses to all three agonists were significantly reduced in both nonreplaced adrenalectomized and aldosterone-replaced groups. Comparing the ratios of the pressor responses to angiotensin I and angiotensin II in the four groups over the entire dose range suggests that a greater fraction of injected angiotensin I was converted to angiotensin II in nonreplaced adrenalectomized rats than in the other three groups. We conclude that glucocorticoid action markedly contributes to the systemic pressor effect of angiotensin and norepinephrine. However, glucocorticoid deficiency does not impair in vivo conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Brain metastasis localized to an area of infarction

A patient with adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix developed brain metastases limited to an area of evolving infarction. This preferential localization of tumor in an area of previous tissue injury with neovascularization provides support, in the human, for the importance of local vascular factors in the development of brain metastases.
Crustal accretion at high temperature spreading centres: Rheological control of crustal thickness

Abstract New determinations of lateral crustal thickness variations at anomalous oceanic spreading centres such as Iceland have shown that the crust may be thinner at the ridge axis above the plume thickening towards the sides ( Bjarnason and Schmeling, 2009 ). To understand this behaviour crustal accretion models have been carried out solving the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy with melting, melt extraction, and feedback of extracted material as newly formed crust for an extending lithosphere system underlain by a hot mantle plume. The dynamics of rifting are thermally and rheologically controlled by the feedback due to accreted new crust. Four accretional modes with characteristic crustal thickness variations are identified depending on the width of the volcanic emplacement zone, the accretional heating rate, which can be associated with the thickness of the surface layer in which magmatic emplacement takes place, and the spreading rate. Mode 1: zero crustal thickness at the spreading axis develops for cool accretion and a wide emplacement zone. Mode 2: strongly or moderately crustal thickening away from the axis develops in case of warm (deep reaching) accretion and wide emplacement zones. Mode 3: nearly constant crustal thickness develops in case of warm (deep reaching) accretion but narrow emplacement zones. Dynamic topography of mode 3 shows only a weak or no regional minimum at all near the axis. Modes 2 or 3 may be identified with the situation in Iceland. Mode 4: a stagnating central crustal block evolves for cool accretion and narrow emplacement. This mode disappears for increasing spreading rates. No accretional mode with maximum crustal thickness above the plume at the rift axis has been found. The absence of mode 1 accretion (with zero crust at ridge axis) on earth may be an indication that in general crustal accretion is not cold (and shallow). The model is also applied to other hotspot-ridge settings (Azores, Galapagos) and suggests modes 2–3 accretion.
Dynamic resource management in QoS controlled networks

This paper addresses the problem of resource fragmentation (RF) in QoS controllednetworks. Resources are said to be fragmented when they are available in non-contiguousblocks and hence cannot be utilized by incoming calls with high resource demands. This paper shows the effect of resource fragmentation on QoS controlled networks and presents the Dynamic Resource Redistribution (DRR) algorithm to counteract RF. The DRR algorithm reduces the effects of RF by attempting to redistribute resources in different paths to make resources to incoming calls. A variety of simulation experiments were conducted to study the performance of the DRR algorithm on different network topologies with varying traffic characteristics. The DRR algorithm, when used, increased the number of calls accommodated in the network as well as the overall resource allocation in the network.
Isolation of human T and B lymphocytes by rosette formation with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) — Treated sheep red blood cells and with monkey red blood cells

Abstract Purified human B and T lymphocytes were obtained by rosetting HPL with AET-SRBC or MRBC and separating the non-rosetted from the rosetted cells on Filcoll—Hypaque gradient. 92 ± 3% of the purified B cells were fluorescent positive for MBIg and 95 ± 2% of the purified T cells rosetted with AET-SRBC. 69 ± 5% of the B cells and 61 ± 8% of the T cells present in the unfractionated HPL were recovered in the purified fractions.
Black, and Navy Too: How Vietnam Era African-American Sailors Asserted Manhood through Black Power Militancy:

In the early 1970s, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, the Chief of Naval Operations, launched a recruitment program targeted at black men, so that the Navy could attain sufficient manpower to meet the needs of its increasing role in the Vietnam War. Rather than experiencing manly fulfillment through rank and status, black sailors felt emasculated by the discriminatory treatment they received. This essay explores how African-American sailors asserted their manhood through racial militancy and violent protest.
Role of Electrostatic Interactions in the Anchoring of Dengue E Protein to Lipid Membranes

Infection of host cells by Dengue virus occurs in the late endosome, where the viral envelope protein, E, mediates the fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes. The low pH triggers a conformational change that first causes the tip of E to project out from the surface of the virus and bind the endosomal membrane. E forms trimers during this process and further conformational changes in the protein force the viral and endosomal membranes into contact. Binding of E to the endosomal membrane has been largely attributed to the hydrophobic fusion loop at the tip of E, as several residues in this region are highly conserved. However, fusion requires anionic lipids in the endosomal membrane, suggesting that binding of E may also be modulated by electrostatic interactions. Here, we use atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to study the interaction between Dengue E trimer and various lipid membranes composed of POPE, POPC, POPG (anionic), and cholesterol. We use a truncated E trimer consisting of roughly 1/3 of the residues (those near the tip). Truncated E retains the structural features of the full protein and significantly reduces the computational costs. We find that E inserts into all membranes tested regardless of the presence of anionic lipids or cholesterol. During insertion, the dominant interactions occur hydrogen bonds between the positively charged lysines and oxygens of the lipid headgroups. These interactions induce tilting of the protein that is accompanied by a large deformation of the membrane. This local deformation of the membrane (inducing negative curvature) produced by electrostatic interactions may play an important role during fusion. The simulations may also suggest that the hydrophobic residues in the fusion loop make only a small contribution to the binding energy.
Learning what to learn: The effects of task experience on strategy shifts in the allocation of study time

Learners typically allocate more resources to learning items that are higher in value than they do to items lower in value. For instance, when items vary in point value for learning, participants allocate more study time to the higher point items than they do to the lower point items. The current experiments extend this research to a context where the value of items is not explicitly labeled by evaluating whether learners' study decisions are sensitive to statistical regularities in the testing environment that signal which items are valuable to learn. In 4 experiments, participants studied English-English and Swahili-English paired associates across 4 study-test trials. On each trial, they were tested on only 1 type of item (e.g., only Swahili-English pairs), and, hence, only 1 type of item was valuable for performance. Some participants were cued to which information was valuable, and other participants had to learn from task experience. Experiment 2 examined the effect of performance incentives on study decisions, and Experiment 3 examined how the organization of the task environment influences learners' decisions. Finally, Experiment 4 examined the role of working memory span, fluid intelligence, and need for cognition on decisions. Findings indicated that some people can learn from task experience which items are important to study. However, many learners fail to do so (in particular, learners with low working memory spans); as a consequence, they dysregulate their study by allocating time to items that are not valuable to performance.
Interactions of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with G- and F-actin predicted by Brownian dynamics.

Brownian dynamics (BD) was used to simulate the binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to G- and F-actin. High-resolution three-dimensional models (X-ray and homology built) of the proteins were used in the simulations. The electrostatic potential about each protein was predicted by solving the linearized Poisson–Boltzmann equation for use in BD simulations. The BD simulations resulted in complexes of GAPDH with G- or F-actin involving positively charged surface patches on GAPDH (Lyses 24, 69, 110 and 114) and negatively charged residues of the N- and C-termini (Asps 1, 25 and 363 and Glus 2, 4, 224 and 364) of actin. The actin residues all belong to subdomain 1. Although the positively charged surface patches of GAPDH are not close enough to each other to enhance their electrostatic potential, occasionally two subunits of the GAPDH tetramer may simultaneously interact with two neighboring monomers of F-actin. These results are different from those of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, where quaternary structure directly influenced binding by two subunits combining their electrostatic potentials (see previous study, Ouporov et al., 1999, Biophys. J. 76: 17–27). Instead, GAPDH uses its quaternary structure to span the distance between two different actin subunits so that it can interact with two different actin subunits simultaneously. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Abbreviations used: aldolase fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase BD Brownian dynamics COM center of mass EP electrostatic potential GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase MD molecular dynamics PB Poisson–Boltzmann equation.
A Burning Desire for Social Justice

We live in a world of paradox where wealth coexists with poverty, peace is sought yet people often turn to violence, and justice strives to overcome oppression. Opposites of such magnitude can lead...
Dietary Intake, Food Processing, and Cooking Methods Among Amish and Non-Amish Adults Living in Ohio Appalachia: Relevance to Nutritional Risk Factors for Cancer

This study's purpose was to examine the source, storage, preparation, and intake of food among Amish and non-Amish adults to understand dietary practices as a potential contributing factor to lower cancer incidence rates. Interviews were conducted with a random sample of 134 Amish and 154 non-Amish adults including questions about dietary practices and a 24-h dietary recall. Amish compared to non-Amish adults reported (1) less refrigeration in homes (85% vs. 100%, P < .01); (2) rarely/never obtaining food from restaurants and grocery stores (P < .01); (3) consuming less alcohol (P < .01); (4) consuming fewer daily servings of vegetables (males: 1.2 vs. 1.9 servings/day, P < .01; females: 1.0 vs. 2.1 servings/day, P < .01); and (5) a greater percentage of energy from saturated fat (males: 16.7% vs. 12.6%, P < .01; females: 16.3% vs. 12.0%, P < .01). Amish males reported greater amount of energy intake (2780 kcal vs. 2298 kcal, P = .03) compared to non-Amish males. Amish and non-Amish dietary patterns show some differences that may impact cancer although neither group achieves current diet and cancer prevention guidelines. Lifestyle factors, screening, and healthcare access may be contributing to the lower cancer incidence rates among the Amish and these results suggest areas of intervention to reduce the cancer burden.
Calculation of serum "total lipid" concentrations for the adjustment of persistent organohalogen toxicant measurements in human samples

Persistent organohalogen toxicants such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or polychlorinated biphenyls measured in human serum are often expressed on a lipid weight basis, most commonly by dividing the toxicants' concentration by the weight of total lipids in the sample. Therefore, the manner in which this lipid adjustment is calculated may influence the final reported result. Gravimetric total lipid assays have been used, but they are time-consuming and sometimes may be ill-defined. Consequently, alternative methods using enzymatic assays have been developed based on summing the individual lipid species measured. Recent reports, however, have suggested that significantly different total lipid results may be obtained when using alternative formulae in a summation approach. In this report, we summarize the results obtained from lipid measurements of nearly 900 samples made as part of a study of a group of older American men (mean age 62 years), and we compare our total lipid estimates obtained by using both our standard and "short" formula (the latter based on total cholesterol and triglycerides only) with results obtained using the recently proposed alternative formulae. Our findings indicate that both our long and short formulae provide similar estimates of serum total lipid concentrations, and that differences observed in lipid estimates when using the newer alternative summation methods may reflect differences in how the term "total lipid" is defined, especially with regard to the need to include the contribution of the weight of the cholesterol ester fatty acids in the calculation.
Perspectives on pain: A qualitative analysis of the Hispanic pain experience

As a primarily subjective phenomenon, pain expression may vary among different populations. Patients from minority populations may be more likely to have poor pain management, less analgesia prescr...
Effects of ischemia on capillary density and flow velocity in nailfolds of human toes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate reactive hyperemia in the capillary network of human skin in terms of the flow per capillary and the density of flow-active capillaries. Seventeen male subjects 20 to 40 years of age were seated with their right foot placed on the stage of a Leitz epi-ilumination microscope such that the nailfold capillary field in their large toes could be viewed. These vessels were video taped while flow velocity in the right posterior tibial artery was recorded via Doppler ultrasound at rest, then following a 45-sec period of arterial occlusion to the foot. Subsequent to experimentation flow velocity in single nailfold capillaries was measured via video densitometry and the number of flow-active capillaries in the field of view were counted. Following the release of arterial occulsion arterial flow velocity increased 142% above rest, the velocity in single capillaries increased by 54%, and the density of flow-active capillaries, as identified by the presence of red cells, decreased by 37%. The fact that capillary flow velocity increased to a lesser degree than arterial velocity during reactive hyperemia vis-a-vis a decrease in the number of flow-active capillaries indicates that ischemia to the foot elicits a smaller dilatory effect in vascular elements controlling blood flow to the superficial cutaneous region of the toe as compared to other regional vascular networks.
Anaerobic codigestion of municipal solid waste and biosolids under various mixing conditions-II : microbial population dynamics

Microbial population dynamics were evaluated in anaerobic codigesters treating municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. Ribosomal RNA based oligonucleotide probes were used to characterize changes in population abundance of syntrophic volatile fatty acid degrading bacteria and methanogens. Changes in community structure were linked to traditional performance parameters during the recovery of previously unstable codigesters induced by a reduction in mixing levels. Methanosarcina spp. were the most abundant aceticlastic methanogens in unstable codigesters with high acetate concentrations, while Methanosaeta concilii was dominant in stable systems with low levels of acetate. Growth of Syntrophobacter wolinii was enhanced during stabilization of a codigester with a well-developed population of Methanobacteriaceae, possibly because the presence of adequate numbers of these hydrogenotrophic methanogens encouraged the syntrophic oxidation of propionate. Mesophilic saturated fatty acid beta-oxidizing syntrophs were most abundant in previously unstable codigesters. One minimally mixed reactor became unstable after switching to continuously mixed conditions. After the switch, total archaeal abundance decreased sharply, though Methanobacteriaceae and Methanosarcina spp. levels increased as the fermentation became unbalanced. Based on the results presented here, mixing appears to inhibit the syntrophic oxidation of volatile fatty acids, possibly by disrupting the spatial juxtaposition of syntrophic bacteria and their methanogenic partners.