cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LENS MODELS AND MAGNIFICATION MAPS OF THE SIX HUBBLE FRONTIER FIELDS CLUSTERS

We present strong-lensing models as well as mass and magnification maps for the cores of the six Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Frontier Fields galaxy clusters. Our parametric lens models are constrained by the locations and redshifts of multiple image systems of lensed background galaxies. We use a combination of photometric redshifts and spectroscopic redshifts of the lensed background sources obtained by us (for A2744 and AS1063), collected from the literature, or kindly provided by the lensing community. Using our results, we (1) compare the derived mass distribution of each cluster to its light distribution, (2) quantify the cumulative magnification power of the HST Frontier Fields clusters, (3) describe how our models can be used to estimate the magnification and image multiplicity of lensed background sources at all redshifts and at any position within the cluster cores, and (4) discuss systematic effects and caveats resulting from our modeling methods. We specifically investigate the effect of the use of spectroscopic and photometric redshift constraints on the uncertainties of the resulting models. We find that the photometric redshift estimates of lensed galaxies are generally in excellent agreement with spectroscopic redshifts, where available. However, the flexibility associated with relaxed redshift priors may cause themore » complexity of large-scale structure that is needed to account for the lensing signal to be underestimated. Our findings thus underline the importance of spectroscopic arc redshifts, or tight photometric redshift constraints, for high precision lens models. All products from our best-fit lens models (magnification, convergence, shear, deflection field) and model simulations for estimating errors are made available via the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes.« less
How to stop (worrying and love) the bubble: boundary changing solutions

We discover that a class of bubbles of nothing are embedded as time dependent scaling limits of previous spacelike-brane solutions. With the right initial conditions, a near-bubble solution can relax its expansion and open the compact circle. Thermodynamics of the new class of solutions is discussed and the relationships between brane/flux transitions, tachyon condensation and imaginary D-branes are outlined. Finally, a related class of simultaneous connected S-branes are also examined.
Robust graphical modeling of gene networks using classical and alternative t-distributions

Graphical Gaussian models have proven to be useful tools for exploring network structures based on multivariate data. Applications to studies of gene expression have generated substantial interest in these models, and resulting recent progress includes the development of fitting methodology involving penalization of the likelihood function. In this paper we advocate the use of multivariate t-distributions for more robust inference of graphs. In particular, we demonstrate that penalized likelihood inference combined with an application of the EM algorithm provides a computationally efficient approach to model selection in the t-distribution case. We consider two versions of multivariate t-distributions, one of which requires the use of approximation techniques. For this distribution, we describe a Markov chain Monte Carlo EM algorithm based on a Gibbs sampler as well as a simple variational approximation that makes the resulting method feasible in large problems.
Effective Number Theory: Counting the Identities of a Quantum State.

Quantum physics frequently involves a need to count the states, subspaces, measurement outcomes, and other elements of quantum dynamics. However, with quantum mechanics assigning probabilities to such objects, it is often desirable to work with the notion of a “total” that takes into account their varied relevance. For example, such an effective count of position states available to a lattice electron could characterize its localization properties. Similarly, the effective total of outcomes in the measurement step of a quantum computation relates to the efficiency of the quantum algorithm. Despite a broad need for effective counting, a well-founded prescription has not been formulated. Instead, the assignments that do not respect the measure-like nature of the concept, such as versions of the participation number or exponentiated entropies, are used in some areas. Here, we develop the additive theory of effective number functions (ENFs), namely functions assigning consistent totals to collections of objects endowed with probability weights. Our analysis reveals the existence of a minimal total, realized by the unique ENF, which leads to effective counting with absolute meaning. Touching upon the nature of the measure, our results may find applications not only in quantum physics, but also in other quantitative sciences.
Variability of the Great Disk Shadow in Serpens

We present multi-epoch Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the Great Disk Shadow in the Serpens star-forming region. The near-infrared images show strong variability of the disk shadow, revealing dynamics of the inner disk on time scales of months. The Great Shadow is projected onto the Serpens reflection nebula by an unresolved protoplanetary disk surrounding the young intermediate-mass star SVS2/CK3/EC82. Since the shadow extends out to a distance of at least 17,000 au, corresponding to a light travel time of 0.24 years, the images may reveal detailed changes in the disk scale height and position angle on time scales as short as a day, corresponding to the angular resolution of the images, and up to the 1.11 year span between two observing epochs. We present a basic retrieval of temporal changes in the disk density structure, based on the images. We find that the inner disk changes position angle on time scales of months, and that the change is not axisymmetric, suggesting the presence of a non-axisymmetric dynamical forcing on $\sim$1\,au size scales. We consider two different scenarios, one in which a quadrupolar disk warp orbits the central star, and one in which an unequal-mass binary orbiting out of the disk plane displaces the photo-center relative to the shadowing disk. Continued space-based monitoring of the Serpens Disk Shadow is required to distinguish between these scenarios, and could provide unique, and detailed, insight into the dynamics of inner protoplanetary disks not available through other means.
Surface Vacuum Energy in Cutoff Models: Pressure Anomaly and Distributional Gravitational Limit

Vacuum-energy calculations with ideal reflecting boundaries are plagued by boundary divergences, which presumably correspond to real (but finite) physical effects occurring near the boundary. Our working hypothesis is that the stress tensor for idealized boundary conditions with some finite cutoff should be a reasonable ad hoc model for the true situation. The theory will have a sensible renormalized limit when the cutoff is taken away; this requires making sense of the Einstein equation with a distributional source. Calculations with the standard ultraviolet cutoff reveal an inconsistency between energy and pressure similar to the one that arises in noncovariant regularizations of cosmological vacuum energy. The problem disappears, however, if the cutoff is a spatial point separation in a ?neutral? direction parallel to the boundary. Here we demonstrate these claims in detail, first for a single flat reflecting wall intersected by a test boundary, then more rigorously for a region of finite cross section surrounded by four reflecting walls. We also show how the moment-expansion theorem can be applied to the distributional limits of the source and the solution of the Einstein equation, resulting in a mathematically consistent differential equation where cutoff-dependent coefficients have been identified as renormalizations of properties of the boundary. A number of issues surrounding the interpretation of these results are aired.
Barium Surface Abundances of Blue Stragglers in the Open Cluster NGC 6819

We present a barium surface abundance of 12 blue stragglers (BSs) and 18 main-sequence (MS) stars in the intermediate-age open cluster NGC 6819 (2.5 Gyr) based on spectra obtained from the Hydra Multi-object Spectrograph on the WIYN 3.5 m telescope. For the MS stars we find [Fe/H] = +0.05 ± 0.04 and [Ba/Fe] = −0.01 ± 0.10. The majority of the BS stars are consistent with these values. We identify five BSs with significant barium enhancement. These stars most likely formed through mass transfer from an asymptotic giant branch star that polluted the surface of the BS with the nucleosynthesis products generated during thermal pulsations. This conclusion aligns with the results from the substantial work done on the BSs in old open cluster NGC 188 that identifies mass transfer as the dominant mechanism for BS formation in that open cluster. However, four of the BSs with enhanced barium show no radial-velocity evidence for a companion. The one star that is in a binary is a double-lined system, meaning the companion is not a white dwarf and not the remnant of a prior AGB star. In this paper we attempt to develop a consistent scenario to explain the origin of thesemore » five BSs.« less
2-subnormal quadratic offenders and Oliver's p-group conjecture

Bob Oliver conjectures that if p is an odd prime and S is a finite p-group, then the Oliver subgroup contains the Thompson subgroup Je(S). A positive resolution of this conjecture would give the existence and uniqueness of centric linking systems for fusion systems at odd primes. Using the ideas and work of Glauberman, we prove that if p ≥ 5, G is a finite p-group, and V is an elementary abelian p-group which is an F-module for G, then there exists a quadratic offender which is 2-subnormal (normal in its normal closure) in G. We apply this to show that Oliver's Conjecture holds provided that the quotient has class at most log2(p − 2) + 1, or p ≥ 5 and G is equal to its own Baumann subgroup.
Characterization of edge states in perturbed honeycomb structures

This paper is a mathematical analysis of conduction effects at interfaces between insulators. Motivated by work of Haldane and Raghu (2008), we continue the study of a linear PDE initiated by Fefferman, Lee-Thorp, and Weinstein (2016). This PDE is induced by a continuous honeycomb Schrodinger operator with a line defect.This operator exhibits remarkable connections between topology and spectral theory. It has essential spectral gaps about the Dirac point energies of the honeycomb background. In a perturbative regime, Fefferman, Lee-Thorp, and Weinstein constructed edge states: time-harmonic waves propagating along the interface, localized transversely. At leading order, these edge states are adiabatic modulations of the Dirac-point Bloch modes. Their envelopes solve a Dirac equation that emerges from a multiscale procedure.We develop a scattering-oriented approach that derives all possible edge states, at arbitrary precision. The key component is a resolvent estimate connecting the Schrodinger operator to the emerging Dirac equation. We discuss topological implications via the computation of the spectral flow, or edge index.
Geometric Inequalities for Quasi-Local Masses

In this paper lower bounds are obtained for quasi-local masses in terms of charge, angular momentum, and horizon area. In particular we treat three quasi-local masses based on a Hamiltonian approach, namely the Brown-York, Liu-Yau, and Wang-Yau masses. The geometric inequalities are motivated by analogous results for the ADM mass. They may be interpreted as localized versions of these inequalities, and are also closely tied to the conjectured Bekenstein bounds for entropy of macroscopic bodies. In addition, we give a new proof of the positivity property for the Wang-Yau mass which is used to remove the spin condition in higher dimensions. Furthermore, we generalize a recent result of Lu and Miao to obtain a localized version of the Penrose inequality for the static Wang-Yau mass.
A Construction of Metabelian Groups

In 1934, Garrett Birkhoff has shown that the number of isomorphism classes of finite metabelian groups of order p22 tends to infinity with p. More precisely, for each prime number p there is a family (Mλ)λ=0,...,p−1 of indecomposable and pairwise nonisomorphic metabelian p-groups of the given order. In this manuscript we use recent results on the classification of possible embeddings of a subgroup in a finite abelian p-group to construct families of indecomposable metabelian groups, indexed by several parameters, which have upper bounds on the exponents of the center and the commutator subgroup.
Multidimensional mode-separable frequency conversion for high-speed quantum communication

Quantum frequency conversion (QFC) of photonic signals preserves quantum information while simultaneously changing the signal wavelength. A common application of QFC is to translate the wavelength of a signal compatible with the current fiber-optic infrastructure to a shorter wavelength more compatible with high-quality single-photon detectors and optical memories. Recent work has investigated the use of QFC to manipulate and measure specific temporal modes (TMs) through tailoring the pump pulses. Such a scheme holds promise for multidimensional quantum state manipulation that is both low loss and re-programmable on a fast time scale. We demonstrate the first QFC temporal mode sorting system in a four-dimensional Hilbert space, achieving a conversion efficiency and mode separability as high as 92% and 0.84, respectively. A 20-GHz pulse train is projected onto 6 different TMs, including superposition states, and mode separability with weak coherent signals is verified via photon counting. Such ultrafast high-dimensional photonic signals could enable long-distance quantum communication at high rates.
One-pixel Signature: Characterizing CNN Models for Backdoor Detection

We tackle the convolution neural networks (CNNs) backdoor detection problem by proposing a new representation called one-pixel signature. Our task is to detect/classify if a CNN model has been maliciously inserted with an unknown Trojan trigger or not. We design the one-pixel signature representation to reveal the characteristics of both clean and backdoored CNN models. Here, each CNN model is associated with a signature that is created by generating, pixel-by-pixel, an adversarial value that is the result of the largest change to the class prediction. The one-pixel signature is agnostic to the design choice of CNN architectures, and how they were trained. It can be computed efficiently for a black-box CNN model without accessing the network parameters. Our proposed one-pixel signature demonstrates a substantial improvement (by around 30% in the absolute detection accuracy) over the existing competing methods for backdoored CNN detection/classification. One-pixel signature is a general representation that can be used to characterize CNN models beyond backdoor detection.
Differential encoding in prefrontal cortex projection neuron classes across cognitive tasks

Single-cell transcriptomics has been widely applied to classify neurons in the mammalian brain, while systems neuroscience has historically analyzed the encoding properties of cortical neurons without considering cell types. Here we examine how specific transcriptomic types of mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) projection neurons relate to axonal projections and encoding properties across multiple cognitive tasks. We found that most types projected to multiple targets, and most targets received projections from multiple types, except PFC→PAG (periaqueductal gray). By comparing Ca2+ activity of the molecularly homogeneous PFC→PAG type against two heterogeneous classes in several two-alternative choice tasks in freely moving mice, we found that all task-related signals assayed were qualitatively present in all examined classes. However, PAG-projecting neurons most potently encoded choice in cued tasks, whereas contralateral PFC-projecting neurons most potently encoded reward context in an uncued task. Thus, task signals are organized redundantly, but with clear quantitative biases across cells of specific molecular-anatomical characteristics.
Bifurcation of perturbations of non-generic closed self-shrinkers

We discover a bifurcation of the perturbations of non-generic closed self-shrinkers. If the perturbation is outward, then the next mean curvature flow singularity is cylindrical and collapsing from...
Interpretable Multi-headed Attention for Abstractive Summarization at Controllable Lengths

Abstractive summarization at controllable lengths is a challenging task in natural language processing. It is even more challenging for domains where limited training data is available or scenarios in which the length of the summary is not known beforehand. At the same time, when it comes to trusting machine-generated summaries, explaining how a summary was constructed in human-understandable terms may be critical. We propose Multi-level Summarizer (MLS), a supervised method to construct abstractive summaries of a text document at controllable lengths. The key enabler of our method is an interpretable multi-headed attention mechanism that computes attention distribution over an input document using an array of timestep independent semantic kernels. Each kernel optimizes a human-interpretable syntactic or semantic property. Exhaustive experiments on two low-resource datasets in English show that MLS outperforms strong baselines by up to 14.70% in the METEOR score. Human evaluation of the summaries also suggests that they capture the key concepts of the document at various length-budgets.
MaskedNet: The First Hardware Inference Engine Aiming Power Side-Channel Protection

Differential Power Analysis (DPA) has been an active area of research for the past two decades to study the attacks for extracting secret information from cryptographic implementations through power measurements and their defenses. The research on power side-channels have so far predominantly focused on analyzing implementations of ciphers such as AES, DES, RSA, and recently post-quantum cryptography primitives (e.g., lattices). Meanwhile, machine-learning applications are becoming ubiquitous with several scenarios where the Machine Learning Models are Intellectual Properties requiring confidentiality. Expanding side-channel analysis to Machine Learning Model extraction, however, is largely unexplored. This paper expands the DPA framework to neural-network classifiers. First, it shows DPA attacks during inference to extract the secret model parameters such as weights and biases of a neural network. Second, it proposes the first countermeasures against these attacks by augmenting masking. The resulting design uses novel masked components such as masked adder trees for fully-connected layers and masked Rectifier Linear Units for activation functions. On a SAKURA-X FPGA board, experiments show that the first-order DPA attacks on the unprotected implementation can succeed with only 200 traces and our protection respectively increases the latency and area-cost by $ 2.8\times$ and $2.3\times$.
Exact discretization of harmonic tensors

Furstenberg (1971) and Lyons and Sullivan (1984) have shown how to discretize harmonic functions on a Riemannian manifold M whose Brownian motion satisfies a certain recurrence property called ∗-recurrence. We study analogues of this discretization for tensor fields which are harmonic in the sense of the covariant Laplacian. We show that, under certain restrictions on the holonomy of the connection, the lifted diffusion on the orthonormal frame bundle has the same ∗-recurrence property as the original Brownian motion. This observation leads us to introduce a technique we call scalarization which reduces the problem of discretization for a tensor field to that of ordinary harmonic functions.
How issue framing shapes trade attitudes: Evidence from a multi-country survey experiment

Abstract This paper examines general support for trade at the individual level, measures its sensitivity to pro- and anti-trade framing, and relates these effects to how framing affects specific beliefs about trade. The data come from a randomized experiment we included in the 2018 Latinobarometro survey covering 18 countries. We find that respondents' high support for trade is based primarily on perceived employment gains. General support for trade is unaffected by consumption benefits framing, but is highly sensitive downward to employment loss framing. Positive framing does shift upward respondent beliefs that trade reduces consumption prices, but also raises concerns about low wages. Negative framing substantially weakens the prevailing beliefs that trade brings higher employment. Framing impacts reflect behavioral responses and depend on country-level factors, such as unemployment and import dependence, as well as individual-level factors, education in particular moderating framing responses in line with relative factor endowments theories of trade.
Degrees of Membership > 1 and < 0 of the Elements With Respect to a Neutrosophic OffSet

We have defined the Neutrosophic Over- /Under-/Off-Set and -Logic for the first time in 1995 and published in 2007. During 1995-2016 we presented them to various national and international conferences and seminars ([16]-[37]) and did more publishing during 2007-2016 ([1]-[15]). These new notions are totally different from other sets/logics/probabilities. We extended the neutrosophic set respectively to Neutrosophic Overset {when some neutrosophic component is > 1}, to Neutrosophic Underset {when some neutrosophic component is 1 and other neutrosophic component < 0}. This is no surprise since our real-world has numerous examples and applications of over-/under-/off-neutrosophic components.
WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE DECLINE IN CRIME

In this article we analyze recent trends in aggregate property crime rates in the United States. We propose a dynamic equilibrium model that guides our quantitative investigation of the major determinants of observed patterns of crime. Our main findings can be summarized as follows: First, the model is capable of reproducing the drop in crime between 1980 and 1996. Second, the most important factors that account for the observed decline in property crime are the higher apprehension probability, the stronger economy, and the aging of the population. Third, the effect of unemployment on crime is negligible. Fourth, the increased inequality prevented an even larger decline in crime. Overall, our analysis can account for the behavior of the time series of property crime rates over the past quarter century.
Multiple Faces of Codification: Organizational Redesign in an IT Organization

This paper details a longitudinal interpretative field study of an information technology (IT) organization in which a new chief information officer (CIO) implemented a major organizational redesign. The redesign increased the degree of codification in activities of the IT organization so as to control, coordinate, and deliver services more cost effectively to its business clients. We examine different stakeholders views of the change, the implementation processes, and the consequences of the redesign. The case analysis emphasizes specific challenges that designers of support organizations face when increasing the degree of codification. Key implications include the need for these designers to (1) pay as much, if not more, attention to the local organizational context as they do to the external environmental conditions; (2) communicate and negotiate constantly with various stakeholders concerning the appropriate degree of codification and control; (3) be wary of how a strict alignment of all design elements can blind the designer to important, unrecognized issues; and (4) consider that increased codification may help support organizations compete more efficiently with external vendors, but may also ease the process of outsourcing.
The effect of FDI on child labor

Abstract This paper examines the effect of FDI on child labor. Using 1995 data for 145 countries, we find that, contrary to common fears, FDI is negatively correlated with child labor. This effect disappears when controlling for per capita income. After doing so, we find no robust effect of either FDI or international trade on child labor. This result is robust to corrections for the endogeneity of FDI, trade, and income. Furthermore, this result is confirmed using data from earlier years. This suggests that the impact of FDI and trade on child labor, if any, is the increases in income they generate.
Legal Aid 1900 to 1930: What Happened to Law Reform?

This article offers a counter narrative to the conventional description of legal aid in the United States. By offering this counter narrative it focuses us on certain enduring difficulties that any legal aid or legal services program has to face if it wants to engage in reform efforts: problems of funding and problems of the social and historical context. Conventional wisdom has it that legal aid until the 1960s was largely devoted to individual cases and that it was not until the advent of federally-funded legal services that law reform and social change became part of the delivery of legal services to the poor. Contrary to this conventional wisdom, there is another story. As this article demonstrates, there was an aspiration toward using the legal system aggressively to achieve social justice during the period 1900 to roughly 1920. This changed during the 1920s. In presenting this counter-narrative, this article first looks at legal aid during the period 1900-1920 to support the thesis that during this period legal aid aspired toward using the legal system to achieve social justice. It then looks at that next decade, the 1920s, and describes how legal aid became the kind of organization that conventional wisdom describes: a legal aid organization devoted almost solely to individual cases with a large focus on domestic relations practice and abandoning any attempt to use law to achieve social justice. More importantly, this article explores why this change to a more traditional type of legal aid occurred. The most interesting theories blame Reginald Heber Smith and the American Bar Association. Smith is blamed because of his alleged emphasis on access to justice in a landmark study of legal aid called “Justice and the Poor” published in 1919. The ABA is blamed because of the alleged “takeover” of legal aid by the conservative bar in the 1920’s, enabled by the ABA’s establishment of a standing committee on legal aid. These theories, however, are too reductionist and overlook two more important explanations for this retreat from law reform: the need for funding and the social and historical context. These explanations are significant not only because they shed light on a neglected part of our past, but because they connect that past to issues that persist until today.
Disability Human Rights

[Excerpt] Responding to the absence of an international treaty expressly protecting people with disabilities, the United Nations General Assembly will soon adopt a disability-based human rights convention. This Article examines the theoretical implications of adding disability to the existing canon of human rights, both for individuals with disabilities and for other under-protected people. It develops a “disability human rights paradigm” by combining components of the social model of disability, the human right to development, and Martha Nussbaum’s version of the capabilities approach, but filters them through a disability rights perspective to preserve that which provides for individual flourishing and modifying that which does not. This Article maintains that Nussbaum’s capabilities approach provides an especially fertile space within which to understand the content of human rights. However, because her scheme excludes some intellectually disabled individuals and conditions the inclusion of others, it falls short of a comprehensive framework. Amending Nussbaum’s capabilities approach to develop the talents of all individuals results in a disability human rights paradigm that recognizes the dignity and worth of every person. This Article also argues that a disability rights paradigm is capable of fortifying human rights in two ways: first, it can reinforce protections afforded to groups already protected, such as women; and second, it can extend protections to people currently not protected, such as sexual minorities and the poor. Ultimately, the disability rights paradigm indicates that human rights protection can progress from a group to an individual basis. Repositioning disability as an inclusive concept embraces disability as a universal human variation rather than an aberration.
Comparative Law by Numbers? Legal Origins Thesis, Doing Business Reports, and the Silence of Traditional Comparative Law

The legal origins thesis—the thesis that legal origin impacts economic growth and the common law is better for economic growth than the civil law—has created hundreds of papers and citation numbers unheard of among comparative lawyers. The Doing Business reports—cross-country comparisons including rankings on the attractiveness of different legal systems for doing business—have the highest circulation numbers of all World Bank Publications; even critics admit that they have been successful at inciting legal reform in many countries in the world. Yet, traditional comparative lawyers have all but ignored these developments. This ignorance has at least three negative consequences. First, the economic debate will continue to ignore or misrepresent traditional comparative law knowledge if we do not bring our specific knowledge to the table. Second, comparative law as a discipline misses the opportunity to measure its own progress and shortcomings in view of a literature which, although on its face radically different, provides important challenges. This concerns especially the promises and shortcomings of interdisciplinarity. Third, and perhaps most importantly, our silence means that comparative law as a field remains (or increasingly becomes) irrelevant for political projects because its themes are discussed more and more by others. If we comparative lawyers want to retain (or regain) relevance, we need to bring our particular expertise to bear on projects as important as law reform. The first purpose of this essay is to introduce the legal origins literature to traditional comparative law and to show important con-
Law's Expressive Value in Combating Cyber Gender Harassment

The online harassment of women exemplifies twenty-first century behavior that profoundly harms women yet too often remains overlooked and even trivialized. This harassment includes rape threats, do...
Tenure and the Law Library Director

The status of librarians of any rank within a law school has been the subject of ongoing discussion.1 The major fault line in the debate has been whether librarians are administrators, faculty, or one of those imperfect hybrids that anthropologist Mary Douglas noted makes everyone uncomfortable.2 Depending on where a librarian lands, certain consequences follow. If he falls squarely within faculty, there are the added demands of performance and evaluation on tenure criteria, but also the benefits of full participation in the shared governance of the law school, an obvious value to the library. On the other hand, administrators are spared such heightened scrutiny, leaving them more time to run the library; again, in theory, a benefit to the organization. Reasonable people can disagree as to which choice better supports the mission of the institution. Always simmering just below a boil, this disagreement has generated new heat due to a review of American Bar Association (ABA) accreditation standards that began in earnest in 2008. As it presently reads, Standard 603 requires that the director have tenure or tenure-like protections. Factions within the ABA, especially law school deans, view such rules as intrusive, depriving them of needed flexibility to determine the terms of employment for their librarians. The first section of this article describes the current state of the Standard 603 review to identify the terms in which the discussion has been conducted and the positions of the major interested parties. Part II defends the present requirement that law library directors be appointed as tenure-track faculty on
"Passed Beyond Our Aid:" U.S. Deportation, Integrity, and the Rule of Law

Shortly before the enactment of the harshest package of U.S. deportation laws since the Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798, Barbara Jordan —then Chair of the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform—said, “We are a nation of immigrants, dedicated to the rule of law....” The following year, in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, laws were passed that raised serious questions about both clauses in her statement. Known by their acronyms AEDPA and IIRIRA, the 1996 laws reflected a strong “national security” and “crime control” orientation that radically changed and expanded the U.S. deportation system. Among other features, they dramatically (and retroactively) expanded many grounds for exclusion and deportation, creating mandatory detention for many classes of non-citizens; inventing new “fasttrack” deportation systems; eliminating judicial review of certain types of deportation (removal) orders; discarding some and limiting other discretionary “waivers” of deportability; vastly increasing possible state and local
Why Liberals Should Hate "Hate Crime Legislation"

This article takes issue with the claim that hate crime statutes are justified because hatred and bias constitute uniquely culpable mental states that merit increased punishment. It outlines three key differences between hatred and bias and the mens rea requirements with which the criminal law has traditionally measured the culpability of defendants. It then argues that because hatred and bias are uniquely dispositional, the enactment of hate crime statutes marks a shift from an act-centered theory of criminal punishment to a character-centered theory, and thereby, a move from a liberal theory of legislation to a perfectionist theory. It closes by critically examining the perfectionist’s claim that the criminal law should be in the business of punishing vice and cultivating virtue, arguing that we should be wary of using punishment to regulate not only what we do, but who we are.
Tom Sawyer and the construction of value

This paper challenges the common assumption that economic agents know their tastes. After reviewing previous research showing that valuation of ordinary products and experiences can be manipulated by non-normative cues, we present three studies showing that in some cases people do not have a pre-existing sense of whether an experience is good or bad—even when they have experienced a sample of it.
Worker Displacement and the Added Worker Effect

This article examines the “added worker effect,” which is the labor supply response of wives to their husbands' job losses. Unlike past studies, which focused on the husbands' current unemployment status, this article analyzes wives' responses before and after job losses to examine the life‐cycle labor supply adjustments. Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics data reveals small predisplacement effects and large, persistent postdisplacement effects. The timing of the responses differs with type of displacement, possibly because of differences in the information acquired before job loss. Long‐run labor supply increases compensate for over 25% of the husbands' lost income.
Fragmenting the Community: Immigration Enforcement and the Unintended Consequences of Local Police Non-Cooperation Policies

The role of local police in federal immigration enforcement remains a divisive issue, both within the legislative branch and among the public at large. Congress’s failure to enact meaningful reform coupled with a post September 11, 2001 increase in the federal government’s reliance on local police to shore up the country’s internal enforcement have transformed local police chiefs into the “public face of the immigration debate.” For these police executives, striking the proper balance between “community” and “policing” is a vexing challenge, one that raises the question of whether the two competing concerns are mutually exclusive. In an effort to establish and maintain trusting relationships with immigrants in their communities, police officials have adopted policies of non-cooperation with federal immigration authorities. Most recently, and in the face of heavy opposition, officials in several major cities notified federal authorities of their intent to “opt-out” of Secure Communities, a federal enforcement initiative that relies on local police departments to share arrestee fingerprint data with federal immigration authorities to assist in the detection and eventual deportation of undocumented immigrants with criminal records. This Article challenges the soundness of such non-enforcement policies and argues that any benefit the police hope to gain in the form of relationship building with immigrant communities must be counterbalanced against the potential fragmentation of the larger community where dissident voices are either ignored or derisively dismissed. By internalizing values that please some groups at the expense of and in opposition to others, the police risk eroding their legitimacy with both groups. If the establishment of enduring relationships of trust and cooperation with immigrant communities is truly the goal, the police must seek alternative roads to legitimacy that, while harder to achieve, are more likely to withstand the shifting political winds that grip our nation’s immigration reform debate. Otherwise, they risk missing the trees – the conceivable loss of their own legitimacy – in the forest of good will generated by their political benevolence.
Weather To Go To College

Does current utility bias predictions of future utility for high stakes decisions? Here I provide field evidence consistent with such Projection Bias in one of life’s most thought-about decisions: college enrolment. After arguing and documenting with survey evidence that cloudiness increases the appeal of academic activities, I analyse the enrolment decisions of 1,284 prospective students who visited a university known for its academic strengths and recreational weaknesses. Consistent with the notion that current weather conditions influence decisions about future academic activities, I find that an increase in cloudcover of one standard deviation on the day of the visit is associated with an increase in the probability of enrolment of 9 percentage points. When making decisions about future consumption, people must make predictions about the utility they will derive from it. While economic theory typically assumes away
Integrated regressors and tests of the permanent-income hypothesis

Abstract We use recent research on estimation and testing in the presence of unit roots to argue that Hall's (1978) t - and F -tests of whether consumption is predicted by lagged income, or by lags of consumption beyond the first, are asymptotically valid. A Monte Carlo experiment suggests that the asymptotic t - and F -distributions provide a good approximation to the actual finite-sample distribution.
Modularity and Organizations

Modularity describes the degree to which a complex system can be broken apart into subunits (modules) which can be recombined in various ways. Modularity is important for organizations and the economy because the boundaries of organizational units and corporations are likely to match the boundaries of underlying technological modules. (This correspondence is called ‘mirroring’.) In this article, I explain the concept of modularity and describe how systems can be modularized. I then explain why mirroring is likely to be a commonly observed organizational pattern, review the empirical evidence, and conclude with open research questions.
Government consumption, government debt and economic growth

This paper compares the effects of government consumption and government debt on economic growth using data from 83 countries, including both developed and developing markets, over the period from 1960 to 2014. Linear regressions reveal that the negative effects of government consumption are relatively higher than the negative effects of government debt. A nonlinear investigation further suggests that the restrictions on government expenditure to prevent negative growth are more important for countries with lower trade openness, lower inflation, or greater financial depth, whereas the restrictions on government debt are shown to be more important for countries with higher trade openness, lower inflation or greater financial depth.
The Trickle-Down War

The history of the European nation-state, wrote political sociologist Charles Tilly, is inextricably bound up with the history of warfare. To oversimplify Tilly’s nuanced and complex arguments, the story goes something like this: As power-holders (originally bandits and local strongmen) sought to expand their power, they needed capital to pay for weapons, soldiers and supplies. The need for capital and new recruits drove the creation of taxation systems and census mechanisms, and the need for more effective systems of taxation and recruitment necessitated better roads, better communications and better record keeping. This in turn enabled the creation of larger and more technologically sophisticated armies.The complexity and expense of maintaining more professionalized standing armies made it increasingly difficult for non-state groups to compete with states, giving centralized states a war-making advantage and enabling them to increasingly monopolize the means of large-scale violence. But the need to recruit, train and sustain ever-larger and more sophisticated armies also put pressure on these states to provide basic services, improving nutrition, education, and so on. Ultimately, we arrive at the late 20th century European welfare state, with its particular trade-offs between the state and its subjects.This essay focuses on policing, the state secrets privilege in civil litigation, classified information in criminal litigation, immigration, first amendment jurisprudence and surveillance issues.
The jointness of audit fees and demand for MAS: A self‐selection analysis*

. This paper has two objectives: (1) providing a method to evaluate directly the costs (benefits) of knowledge spillovers arising from purchasing MAS from the incumbent auditor, and (2) examining the effect of estimates of the cost of auditor change on clients' ability to capture the resulting cost savings. The first is achieved by using self-selection bias parameters estimated from switching regressions. The latter is based on data generated from clients' assessments of auditor change costs and the related economic conditions. For a sample of 84 companies, the results indicate that purchasing MAS from the incumbent auditor does not have a bearing on audit fees. The paper also provides an application of the Heckman-Lee method of correcting for self-selection bias. Resume. L'auteur vise deux objectifs: 1) presenter une methode permettant l'evaluation directe des couts (et des avantages) de la mise a contribution des connaissances acquises decoulant du recours aux conseils de gestion du verificateur en titre et 2) analyser l'incidence de l'estimation des couts que suppose un changement de verificateur sur la capacite du client de realiser les economies qui devraient en resulter. Pour atteindre le premier objectif, l'auteur utilise des parametres de distorsion d'autoselection estimes a partir de la commutation de regressions. Pour atteindre le second, il se fonde sur des donnees produites a partir de l'evaluation par les clients des couts que suppose le changement de verificateur et sur la conjoncture economique qui s'y rattache. Pour un echantillon de 84 entreprises, les resultats indiquent que le recours aux conseils de gestion du verificateur en titre n'a pas d'incidence sur les honoraires de verification. L'auteur applique egalement la methode Heckman-Lee de correction de la distorsion d'autoselection pour evaluer les avantages de la mise a contribution des connaissances acquises.
Juror Bias, Voir Dire, and the Judge-Jury Relationship

In the United States, voir dire is viewed as essential to selecting an impartial jury. Judges, lawyers, and the public fervently believe that a fair trial depends on distinguishing between prospective jurors who are impartial and those who are not. However, in England, Australia, and Canada, there are impartial jury trials without voir dire. This article challenges the assumption that prospective jurors enter the courtroom as either impartial or partial and that voir dire will reveal the impartial ones. Though voir dire fails as an “impartiality detector,” this article explores how voir dire contributes to the trial process in two critical, but unacknowledged, ways. First, voir dire helps to transform “reluctant citizens,” who might have biases into “responsible jurors,” who are able to perform their role impartially. Second, voir dire lays the foundation for the judge-jury relationship, which is aided by other practices during and even after the trial.
Deep Critique and Democratic Lawyering in Clinical Practice

The crisis in legal education has been defined and accentuated by urgent and existential critiques. This body of complaint and suggestion—in the form of books, foundation reports, law review articles, major media entries, and blog posts—has two gaping holes that this Essay seeks to fill. First, the critiques fail to attend to the diminishing of social justice values and commitments in legal education in the period leading up to the 2008 recession, especially as clinical education—often designated as the carrier of justice values in law schools—faced generational shifts and law schools extended “practical” education to more students. Second, with the exception of the work of Robin West, there is little in the way of a forward-looking, progressive, and justice-oriented response to the crisis of legal education. The reform discourse since the 2008 recession is composed almost exclusively of proposals, such as those by William Henderson and Brian Tamanaha, undergirded by neoliberal assumptions and constructs. Leading reformers accept the accelerated disaggregation and commodification of legal practice without attention to aspects of the profession that privilege the public good over market norms and rationales. This Essay draws on clinical practice rooted in pedagogies focused on the development of critical analysis and political engagement to make the case for a progressive
Making Waves: To Innovate or Be a Fast Second?

Internal finance leads to a stalemate in innovation games; each firm wants to free-ride on the others’ costly experimentation. When instead innovation is financed externally (e.g., with venture capital or initial public offerings), there is an endogenous cost to delay. Waiting to make risky irreversible investment conveys pessimistic information. I characterize the relative sizes of waves of leaders and followers in innovation cycles, and the endogenous, intertemporal distribution of quality as each wave builds and crashes. Finally, old waves leave an adverse selection “hangover,” such that too much early innovation can cause the market for future innovation to break down.