cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow as a Function of Age Throughout the Lifespan.

Background Understanding the influence of aging on the brain remains a challenge in determining its role as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Objective To identify patterns of aging in a large neuroimaging cohort. Methods A large psychiatric cohort of 31,227 individuals received brain SPECT at rest and during a concentration task for a total of 62,454 scans. ANOVA was done to identify the mean age trends over the course of the age range in this group, 0-105 years. A regression model in which brain SPECT regions of interest was used to predict chronological age (CA) was then utilized to derive brain estimated age (BEA). The difference between CA and BEA was calculated to determine increased brain aging in common disorders in our sample such as depression, dementia, substance use, and anxiety. Results Throughout the lifespan, variations in perfusion were observed in childhood, adolescence, and late life. Increased brain aging was seen in alcohol use, cannabis use, anxiety, bipolar, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and in men. Conclusion Brain SPECT can predict chronological age and this feature varies as a function of common psychiatric disorders.
PENGAMATAN INFEKSI JAMUR PATOGEN SERANGGA Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch. Sorokin) PADA WERENG COKLAT

Observation on infection of fungus entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae on insect brown plant hopper was carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM).The infection of M. anisopliae on insect bodies was shown by conidia sporulation on divergent chain with conidia size of 1.6 x 7.8 urn. Based upon SEM observation, the results revealed that fungus hyphae of M.anisopliae was found on insect body i.e. on cuticle as well as on segment between abdomen, legs and insect facet eyes.In epizootic condition, the cadavers were shown can act as source of fungus dissemination on healthy insect when environment (temperature and humidity) was suitable for primary infection.
Physicochemical characterization of ferric pyrophosphate citrate

Iron deficiency is a significant health problem across the world. While many patients benefit from oral iron supplements, some, including those on hemodialysis require intravenous iron therapy to maintain adequate iron levels. Until recently, all iron compounds suitable for parenteral administration were colloidal iron–carbohydrate conjugates that require uptake and processing by macrophages. These compounds are associated with variable risk of anaphylaxis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, depending on their physicochemical characteristics. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC) is a novel iron compound that was approved for parenteral administration by US Food and Drug Administration in 2015. Here we report the physicochemical characteristics of FPC. FPC is a noncolloidal, highly water soluble, complex iron salt that does not contain a carbohydrate moiety. X-ray absorption spectroscopy data indicate that FPC consists of iron (III) complexed with one pyrophosphate and two citrate molecules in the solid state. This structure is preserved in solution and stable for several months, rendering it suitable for pharmaceutical applications in solid or solution state.
Correlation between hospital finances and quality and safety of patient care.

Background Hospitals under financial pressure may struggle to maintain quality and patient safety and have worse patient outcomes relative to well-resourced hospitals. Poor predictive validity may explain why previous studies on the association between finances and quality/safety have been equivocal. This manuscript employs principal component analysis to produce robust measures of both financial status and quality/safety of care, to assess our a priori hypothesis: hospital financial performance is associated with the provision of quality care, as measured by quality and safety processes, patient outcomes, and patient centered care. Methods This 2014 cross-sectional study investigated hospital financial condition and hospital quality and safety at acute care hospitals. The hospital financial data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) cost report were used to develop a composite financial performance score using principal component analysis. Hospital quality and patient safety were measured with a composite quality/safety performance score derived from principal component analysis, utilizing a range of established quality and safety indicators including: risk-standardized inpatient mortality, 30-day mortality, 30-day readmissions for select conditions, patient safety indicators from inpatient admissions, process of care chart reviews, CMS value-based purchasing total performance score and patient experience of care surveys. The correlation between the composite financial performance score and the composite quality/safety performance score was calculated using linear regression adjusting for hospital characteristics. Results Among the 108 New York State acute care facilities for which data were available, there is a clear relationship between hospital financial performance and hospital quality/safety performance score (standardized correlation coefficient 0.34, p<0.001). The composite financial performance score is also positively associated with the CMS Value Based Purchasing Total Performance Score (standardized correlation coefficient 0.277, p = 0.002); while it is negatively associated with 30 day readmission for all outcomes (standardized correlation coefficient -0.236, p = 0.013), 30-day readmission for congestive heart failure (standardized correlation coefficient -0.23, p = 0.018), 30 day readmission for pneumonia (standardized correlation coefficient -0.209, p = 0.033), and a decrease in 30-day mortality for acute myocardial infarction (standardized correlation coefficient -0.211, p = 0.027). Used alone, operating margin and total margin are poor predictors of quality and safety outcomes. Conclusions Strong financial performance is associated with improved patient reported experience of care, the strongest component distinguishing quality and safety. These findings suggest that financially stable hospitals are better able to maintain highly reliable systems and provide ongoing resources for quality improvement.
Online Social Networking and Transnational-Competence Development among International Students from Japan.

Social media has become the window to the world near and far for international students. Apart from socializing and connecting with friends, what educational outcomes can be attributed to social networking sites (SNS)? This study examines the possibility that intercultural interactions on SNS can serve as a means of developing the transnational competence required for effective participation in an interconnected world. In this exploratory study, Japanese students studying in the United States participated in a mixed method study involving (1) a structured questionnaire about their perceived empowerment benefits of frequenting global SNS and (2) semi-structured interviews about the nature of these intercultural interactions on SNS. The implications of Facebook use for transnational-competence development are explored.
Abstract C40: Dissecting key biologic processes in pancreatic cancer metastasis using a genetically defined 3D organoid model

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of 6-8% due to its late detection and limited response to treatment (1,2). Multiple combinations of genetic alterations are frequently found in human PDAC, with KRAS activating mutation representing the main driver, followed by loss of tumor-suppressor genes CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4 as the disease progresses (3). 90% of PDAC patients die of metastatic disease (1); however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in establishing the metastatic disease are understudied compared to those involved in tumor initiation. Owing to this, improved biologic understanding of PDAC metastasis remains warranted in order to develop effective therapeutic regimens for this disease. 3D organoid cultures derived from human and mouse PDAC tumors have recently become a model of choice to study PDAC tumorigenesis, gradually replacing more commonly used 2D cancer cell lines. Organoids maintain similar gene expression profiles as the in vivo situation when cultured in a 3D matrix, and genetic manipulation is feasible. We generated a panel of isogenic murine pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and PDAC organoids containing genetic mutations commonly found in human PDAC (KRAS, TP53, SMAD4, CDKN2A), either alone or in combination, using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Since large-scale in vitro production of these PDAC organoids is achievable, the platform can be used for a multitude of downstream analyses in vitro and in vivo, such as drug screening and metastasis-related studies. The parental of these organoids is isolated from C57/Bl6 mice, which can be orthotopically transplanted into immunocompetent mice, and the resulting tumor recapitulates human and GEMM PDAC development. In the process of systematic characterization of these organoid lines, we found that organoids with more mutations exhibit higher proliferation rates in vitro and tumor formation rates in vivo. These organoids also showed genotype-dependent organotropism during metastatic colonization. We further used this unique tool to systematically address if each combination of tumor suppressor loss utilizes distinct molecular mechanisms to drive metastasis initiation and invasion. This will allow us to identify druggable pathways that could inhibit metastasis initiation/invasion and progression. Thus, these organoids provide a powerful platform for disease modeling and drug discovery both in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: Fong Cheng Pan, Angie Ai-Nok Chong, Steven D. Leach, Shuibing Chen, Todd Evans. Dissecting key biologic processes in pancreatic cancer metastasis using a genetically defined 3D organoid model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr C40.
Association of Take-Home Naloxone and Opioid Overdose Reversals Performed by Patients in an Opioid Treatment Program

Importance The US opioid crisis was deemed a public health emergency in 2017. More than 130 individuals in the US die daily as a result of unintentional opioid overdose deaths. Objective To measure use of take-home naloxone for overdose reversals performed by study participants with opioid use disorder receiving treatment at an opioid treatment program. Design, Setting, and Participants In a year-long cohort study, between April 4, 2016, and May 16, 2017, 395 study participants enrolled at the University of New Mexico Addiction and Substance Abuse Opioid Treatment Program, an outpatient clinic treating substance use disorders. Inclusion criteria included all patients enrolled at University of New Mexico Addiction and Substance Abuse Opioid Treatment Program during the study enrollment period; positive history of opioid use disorder treated with methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone; and age 18 years or older. Exclusion criteria included allergy to naloxone and age younger than 18 years. The study closed 1 year after enrollment, on May 17, 2018. Data analysis was performed from May 2018 to July 2019. Exposure Two doses of take-home naloxone combined with opioid overdose education were provided to study participants. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was to measure the association of take-home naloxone with overdose reversals performed by patients with opioid use disorder enrolled in an opioid treatment program. Results We enrolled 395 study participants (270 female [68.4%]; mean [SD] age, 35.4 [12.6] years; 260 [65.8%] with Hispanic white race/ethnicity) in the 1-year prospective trial. Sixty-eight female participants (25.2% of all female participants) were pregnant at the time of enrollment. Seventy-three of the 395 study participants (18.0%) performed 114 overdose reversals in the community. All community reversals were heroin related. Most study participants (86.8%) stated that the person on whom they performed an overdose reversal was a friend, relative, acquaintance, or significant other. In the year before enrollment, only 18 study participants (4.5%) had been prescribed naloxone. Conclusions and Relevance Take-home naloxone as part of overdose education and naloxone distribution provided to patients in an opioid treatment program may be associated with a strategic targeted harm reduction response for reversing opioid overdose–related deaths. Policy makers may consider regulations to mandate overdose education and naloxone distribution in opioid treatment programs.
Newer Generation of Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

Introduction Although the use of cementless implants in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has increased in recent years, there is still ongoing debate regarding the optimal method of fixation. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the evidence regarding cementless versus cemented total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with regard to: (1) all-cause survivorship and aseptic survivorship; and (2) patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of newer generation TKAs. Materials and methods A systematic review of all reports on cementless TKA published from January 2010 to February 2019 was performed. A total of 221 articles were evaluated and 39 studies met inclusion criteria for final analysis. Metrics evaluated included all-cause survivorship, aseptic survivorship, and Knee Society Scores (KSS). Results Modern cementless TKA provides excellent survivorship and patient-reported outcomes as compared to cemented designs. Conclusions Recent studies have demonstrated that newer generation cementless TKAs provide similar functional outcomes and survivorship as compared to cemented TKA. However, additional prospective, randomized trials with long-term follow up are necessary to further compare the outcomes of cementless versus cemented TKA.
The influence of early education on parents' mental health

Objective To investigate the mental health status of parents who adhere to participate in early education class.Methods By use of Symptom check list-90 (SCL-90),we assessed mental health status of parents who adhered to participate in early education class when their babies were 4,6 months old,which was compared with that of parents who did not adhere to participate in early education.Results There were differences in positive cases in terms of somatization,obsessive-compulsive symptom,depression,anxiety between two groups when their babies were 4,6 months old (40 vs.119,20 vs.81,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Early education has a positive impact on mental health of parents,can effectively alleviate symptoms of somatization,OCD,anxiety and depression. Key words: Early education; Parents; Mental health
The New NASA Approach to Reliability and Maintainability

The new NASA technical standard on R&M has moved away from requiring specific R&M activities during each of the traditional project phases to instead developing and planning the implementation of the R&M requirements to meet the top-level project R&M objectives. The emphasis is on providing the evidence to show that the R&M requirements are met, rather than on conducting specific prescribed R&M activities. The technical standard on R&M defines a comprehensive hierarchy of specific R&M objectives and identifies particular strategies to implement them at each level. That is, the top level R&M objective is defined and then one or more design strategies to implement it are developed immediately before the next lower objectives are defined and the strategies to achieve those are designed. The objectives are the R&M requirements, and the strategies are the hardware designs or operations plans developed to meet these requirements. The new R&M process is aligned with the systems design process and helps ensure that the methods to meet the R&M requirements are built into the design.
The Natural World: The Role of Ecosocial Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased social isolation and separation from the natural world. Social work practices should be more inclusive of the natural environment in the person-in-environment framework. Ecosocial work addresses the importance of the natural environment in social work practice. Interventions for engaging the natural environment in social work practice are explored. Connecting to the natural environment can be beneficial for personal and professional growth. The COVID-19 pandemic is a crisis that has provided time for reflection to reassess our relationship to nature. Social workers have the opportunity to incorporate biophilia and deep ecology for personal and professional growth. Moving forward to a post-pandemic world, recommendations to further engage with nature, particularly in urban settings, are considered.
Readmission after epilepsy monitoring unit discharge in a nationally representative sample.

Abstract Objective To determine the 30-day readmission rate after Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) discharge in a nationally representative sample, as well as patient, clinical, and hospital characteristics associated with readmission. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of adults discharged from an elective hospitalization with continuous video electroencephalography (vEEG) monitoring, sampled from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify and characterize readmission within 30 days and logistic regression models were built to examine factors associated with readmission. Results 6869 admissions met inclusion criteria, with 292 people (4.2 %) readmitted within 30 days. 79.5 % (n = 232/292) of all readmissions were non-elective. Patient characteristics associated with readmission included a higher Elixhauser comorbidity score [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.03, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.04 per 1 point increase in Elixhauser score], a longer length of stay [AOR 1.05, 95 % CI 1.02–1.09 per one day increase in length], non-routine discharge [AOR 1.85, 95 %CI 102−3.38], and comorbid brain tumor diagnosis [AOR 2.55, 95 %CI 1.46–4.46]. Female sex was inversely associated with 30-day readmission [AOR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.54−0.85]. The most common reason for readmission was epilepsy or convulsion (27.6 %), followed by sepsis (5.8 %) and complications of surgical procedures or medical care (5.5 %). Conclusions Patients electively admitted for continuous vEEG monitoring are infrequently readmitted. These data provide a preliminary national readmission benchmark for patients with elective admissions for vEEG monitoring.
Transform Domain Temporal Prediction and Geodesic Motion Compensation in Spherical Video Coding

This paper considers spherical videos dominated by camera motion, which are prevalent in many virtual and augmented reality applications whose deployment critically depends on efficient compression that is tailored to the signal characteristics. Existing approaches project the spherical video onto a plane (or planes) via one of several known projection geometries, followed by compression by a standard 2D codec. However, performance is compromised by the fact that motion in the projected domain is warped by the projection, and is not effectively compensated with the simple motion model employed. This paper leverages our recently proposed geodesic translation motion model to capture the exact pixel-wise motion on the sphere, and embeds it within a transform-domain temporal prediction framework, which is designed to disentangle spatial and temporal correlations. The approach circumvents a major shortcoming of standard temporal prediction, which effectively consists of simple pixel-copying (after motion compensation) from the reference frame, and thus largely ignores underlying spatial correlations. Transform-domain temporal prediction exploits the (spatial) decorrelating properties of the transform, accounts for both spatial and temporal correlations, and explicitly captures variations in temporal correlations across frequencies. We design the correlation filters by using an iterative open loop procedure that asymptotically converges to closed loop operation. Experimental results provide evidence that the overall approach, comprising geodesic motion compensation in conjunction with transform domain temporal prediction, offers considerable gains over the state-of-the-art.
“I Wanna Be Somebody by the Time I Turn 25”: Narratives of Pathways into Crime and Reentry Expectations Among Young Men in Germany and the United States

Using in-depth interviews with forty-seven German and American young men who have been sentenced for severe criminal offenses, we show how contextual differences shape their reflections on their behavioral choices and their expectations for the future. Taking a comparative approach emphasizes the context dependency of marginalization and criminalization, while also demonstrating the similarities between young people labeled as “outsiders” in their respective societies.
Multiple Routes to Animal Consciousness: Constrained Multiple Realizability Rather Than Modest Identity Theory.

The multiple realizability thesis (MRT) is an important philosophical and psychological concept. It says any mental state can be constructed by multiple realizability (MR), meaning in many distinct ways from different physical parts. The goal of our study is to find if the multiple realizability thesis applies to the mental state of consciousness among animals. Many things have been written about MRT but the ones most applicable to animal consciousness are by Shapiro in a 2004 book called The Mind Incarnate and by Polger and Shapiro in their 2016 work, The Multiple Realization Book. Standard, classical MRT has been around since 1967 and it says that a mental state can have very many different physical realizations, in a nearly unlimited manner. To the contrary, Shapiro’s book reasoned that physical, physiological and historical constraints force mental traits to evolve in just a few, limited directions, which is seen as convergent evolution of the associated neural traits in different animal lineages. This is his mental constraint thesis (MCT). We examined the evolution of consciousness in animals and found that it arose independently in just three animal clades---vertebrates, arthropods, and cephalopod mollusks---all of which share many consciousness-associated traits: elaborate sensory organs and brains, high capacity for memory, directed mobility, etc. These three constrained, convergently evolved routes to consciousness fit Shapiro’s original MCT. More recently Polger and Shapiro’s book presented much the same thesis but changed its name from MCT to a “modest identity thesis.” Furthermore, they argued against almost all the classically offered instances of MR in animal evolution, especially against the evidence of neural plasticity and the differently expanded cerebrums of mammals and birds. In contrast, we argue that some of these classical examples of MR are indeed valid, and that Shapiro’s original MCT correction of MRT is the better account of the evolution of consciousness in animal clades. And we still agree that constraints and convergence refute the standard, nearly unconstrained, MRT.
N-Terminal Hypervariable Region of Muscle Type Isoforms of Troponin T Differentially Modulates the Affinity of Tropomyosin-Binding Site 1.

The troponin complex plays a central role in the contraction and relaxation of striated muscle by enacting Ca2+-regulated allosteric changes in the sarcomeric thin filaments. The troponin T subunit (TnT) contains two binding sites for tropomyosin (Tm) and is responsible for anchoring the troponin complex to the thin filament. While the amino acid sequences of the regions containing the Tm-binding sites are highly conserved among the three muscle type isoforms of TnT, previous studies have observed significant discrepancies in the affinity of Tm-binding site 1 in the chymotryptic fragment T1 of different TnT isoforms. Here we cross-examined the Tm-binding affinity of TnT isoforms and molecular engineered fragments using affinity chromatography and microplate protein binding assays to investigate the effects of the evolutionarily diverged N-terminal region that is significantly variable among muscle type isoforms. The results demonstrated that the C-terminal T2 fragment of TnT containing the Tm-binding site...
Microdeletions and Microduplications: Mechanism

Microdeletions and microduplications in the genome are caused by chromosome misalignment between blocks of region-specific low copy repeats and result in genomic disorders. Keywords: chromosome rearrangements; genomic disorders; 22q11; low copy repeats; congenital anomaly disorders; homologous recombination
ATP sensitivity of ATP-sensitive K+ channels: role of the γ phosphate group of ATP and the R50 residue of mouse Kir6.2

ATP-sensitive K (KATP) channels are composed of Kir6, the pore-forming protein, and the sulphonylurea receptor SUR, a regulatory protein. We and others have previously shown that positively charged residues in the C terminus of Kir6.2, including R201 and K185, interact with the α and β phosphate groups of ATP, respectively, to induce channel closure. A positively charged residue in the N terminus, R50, is also important, and has been proposed to interact with either the γ or β phosphate group of ATP. To examine this issue, we systematically mutated R50 to residues of different size, charge and hydropathy, and examined the effects on adenine nucleotide sensitivity in the absence and presence of SUR1. In the absence of SUR1, only the size of residue 50 significantly altered ATP sensitivity, with smaller side chains decreasing ATP sensitivity. In the presence of SUR1, however, hydrophathy and charge also played a role. Hydrophilic residues decreased ATP sensitivity more than hydrophobic residues for small size residues, and, surprisingly, negatively charged residues E and D preserved ATP sensitivity and increased ADP sensitivity relative to the wild-type residue R. These observations suggest that a negative charge near position 50, due to either mutation of R50 or the interaction of the γ phosphate group of ATP with R50, facilitates closure of the ATP-dependent gate. Mutation of the nearby positively charged residue R54, known to be involved in stabilizing channel opening via electrostatic interactions with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), also caused increased ADP sensitivity as compared with ATP, suggesting a loss of function of ATP's γ phosphate. Based on these results, we propose that a phosphate group or a negative charge at position 50 initiates channel closure by destabilizing the electrostatic interactions between negative phosphate groups of PIP2 and residues such as R54.
A View From the Inside Out: Recipients' Perceptions of Welfare

Beneficier d'aide publique expose a une forte stigmatisation aux Etats-Unis : la plupart des americains expriment du dedain a cet egard. Comment les beneficiaires percoivent-ils cette attitude et comment reagissent-ils ? Pour repondre a cette question, sans oublier la perception qu'ont les beneficiaires de leur propre situation, cet article se base sur des interviews en profondeur. Il examine egalement l'influence des attitudes de stigmatisation sur leur comportement face a l'assistance
Smurf2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of Id1 regulates p16 expression during senescence

The inhibitor of differentiation or DNA binding (Id) family of transcription regulators plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and senescence. However, regulation of Id expression during these processes is poorly understood. Id proteins are known to undergo rapid turnover mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Anaphase-promoting complex has been shown to ubiquitinate Id2, but E3 ubiquitin ligase(s) that ubiquitinate other Id family members are not known. Here, we report for the first time the identification of Smurf2 as the E3 ligase that ubiquitinates Id1 and Id3. Smurf2-mediated ubiquitination and consequent degradation of Id1 or Id3 plays an important role in the regulation of Id expression in senescent cells. Furthermore, we found that Id1 is the mediator through which Smurf2 regulates p16 expression, providing a mechanistic link between Smurf2 and p16 expression during senescence.
Electrochemical Contact Adsorption Site Changes Driven by Field and Charge Fact and Theory

When solvated anions like chloride or cyanide adsorb on metal electrodes from aqueous media they lose part of their solvation shell yielding a direct metal-ion bond. For certain anions this ‘contact’ adsorption can occur even when the electrode carries net negative charge. On the basis of classical electrochemical measurements and deductive reasoning using simple models, electrochemists have evolved a detailed ‘standard model’ of the disposition of ions, water, and organics adsorbed on the electrode in the range of potentials where the electric double layer is thermodynamically stable. There is evidence that the anions are physisorbed. However, it is only in more recent years through a variety of in situ probes of vibrational properties (ftir and raman) and geometry (sexafs and gixs) that this model is being really tested.
Summary of ISO Detector Workshop

The Infrared Space Observatory successfullycarried out a wide range of astronomical observations in thewavelength range 2.4 μm to nearly 200 μm. To coverthis extremely broad range, a variety of detector technologies wereused by the instruments teams. As such ISO also proved to bean important test bed for the operation of these detectors ina low-background space environment. Over the two year mission,all the detector types have proven to be quite stable, withonly the Si:As IBC showing any long term degradation.Significant effort has been expended to cope with thebehaviour of the detectors under the space conditions bothoperationally and in ground processing. The main undesirableeffect can be classified as either transient responseanomalies or radiation effects. Overall sensitivity of theISO detectors was generally worse than predicted fromground-based measurements due to combinations of these twoclasses of phenomena. Splinter meetings were held to exchangespecific strategies for dealing with glitches, radiation curing,and transient effects. Plans for future actions were initiated.
Dynamic Evolution of Low‐Energy Ions in the Terrestrial Magnetosphere

Results of a statistical study of low-energy (0-50 eV) field-aligned ion pitch angle distributions for H(+), He(+), and O(+) observed by the Dynamics Explorer retarding ion mass spectrometer instrument are presented. Ion distributions are characterized as uni- and bi-directional field-aligned and bi-directional conic distributions. The spatial relationships of these distributions can be interpreted as dynamic evolution of low-energy ion flow in which injected unidirectional field-aligned streams originating in the nightside auroral zone evolve first into bi-directional flows under the influence of convection in the mirror magnetic field configuration. Characteristic convection times are evaluated with a pitch angle diffusion model in which field-aligned flows evolve into conical distributions through charge exchange loss of particles to the atmosphere during particle mirroring periods.
2-(3-Bromo-4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)acetic acid

The title compound C9H9BrO3, was synthesized by the regioselective bromination of 4-meth­oxy­phenyl­acetic acid using bromine in acetic acid in a 84% yield. In the mol­ecular structure, the meth­oxy group is almost coplanar with the phenyl ring within 0.06 A; the acetic acid substituent is tilted by 78.15 (7)° relative to the ring. The C—C—C angles at the OMe, acetyl and Br substituents are 118.2 (2), 118.4 (2) and 121.5 (2)°, respectively, indicating that the Br atom is electron-withdrawing, whereas the other substituents possess electron-donating properties. In the crystal, the mol­ecules form centrosymmetric strongly O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded dimers of the type R22(8).
The dual spectral set conjecture

Let a,b, c, dbe real numbers with a 0 andc0. Suppose aℤ +b and cℤ + d are disjoint. Let Λ =(aℤ + b) ∪ (cℤ + d). It is shown that if \({{e}_{\lambda }}(x) = {{e}^{{i2\pi \lambda x}}}\), λ ∈ Λ form an orthogonal basis for some bounded measurable set Ω then the translates Ω + λ, λ ∈ A, tile the real line for some bounded measurable set Ω’.
Expression of protein gene product 9.5 in epithelioid and conventional malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

Abstract Context.—Due to the frequent lack of S100 protein expression in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), especially the epithelioid variant, these tumors are difficult to diagnose without the aid of electron microscopy or a clinical history of neurofibromatosis. Methods.—Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), a broad neural marker, is expressed in nerve fibers and neurons of both the peripheral and central nervous systems. We compared its expression to that of S100 protein in 16 cases of MPNST. As controls, 6 monophasic synovial sarcomas, 9 leiomyosarcomas, and 5 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans were included. Results.—Expression of PGP9.5 was seen in 15 MPNSTs, with 3 to 4+ positivity in the majority of the cases. Ten cases, 2 epithelioid and 8 conventional MPNSTs, were reactive with PGP9.5, but were negative for S100 protein. Five cases were immunoreactive for both S100 protein and PGP9.5. One case was negative for PGP9.5 but demonstrated focal S100 protein positivity. Expression of PGP9.5...
Legal Research Readings to Inspire and Inform Students

Supplemental readings that are informative, interesting, and brief can do wonders in a legal research course. I use them to emphasize important points, facilitate interesting discussion, and provide a "real world" view of legal research. Students enjoy the change of pace and are generally engaged by the articles - something I can't say about textbooks. This paper is a selective annotated bibliography of articles that could be used as supplemental readings in introductory and advanced legal research courses. The fourteen articles listed cover the importance of legal research, the research process, electronic legal research, and researching primary sources. As part of each annotation I have included my "two cents" about when and why these articles might be used in a legal research course.
FIRST TEST EFFECT IN INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTING

Aims Intravenous glucose tolerance testing (IVGTT) is a common test of β-cell function in which a glucose load is administered and insulin and/or C-peptide responses are monitored. Since the first IVGTT may be more stressful and stress may alter β-cell secretion or hepatic insulin extraction, we asked whether there was a first test effect. Methods Insulin and C-peptide responses were compared from two sequential IVGTTs performed within 6 months during staging for the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) in 368 people at high risk for type 1 diabetes. Insulin data (1+3 min) were used because the first phase insulin response (and peak insulin concentration) occurs within this time frame. Areas under the curve (AUC) calculations represent early insulin or C-peptide responses from 0 through 10 min post-glucose challenge. Results More than half of all subjects were found to have first test values lower than the second. This was true for all measures of both insulin and C-peptide but the frequency was significantly different only for insulin measures corrected for basal and for insulin AUC (p < 0.05). However, for subjects (n = 99) whose 1+3 min insulin response was <10th percentile on the first test, there was a significant increase on the second test (p < 0.05). The C-peptide: insulin ratio did not change significantly between tests, indicating that differences are due to changes in β-cell secretion rather than hepatic insulin uptake. Conclusions A statistically significant first test effect occurs during the IVGTT attributable to variations in insulin secretion rather than hepatic uptake.
Phosphorus Cycling in Aquatic Environments: Role of Bacteria

Background Bacterial P Cycling in Nature Keywords: biogeochemical cycles; phosphorus cycling
Probable reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the penis

Since Mitchell’s classic description of brachial plexus causalgia resulting from gunshot wounds during the Civil War [6], numerous articles have appeared that have added to the clinicai iabeis for syndromes relating to dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system. A number of terms, including reflex sympathetic dystrophy {RSD), minor causalgia, major causalgia, and Sudeck’s atrophy have been genericajty applied, and various parts of the body have been shown to be affected. We are not aware of a previous report in which the penis has been involved by RSD, but the following illustrates such a case.
The treatment of tuberculous meningitisin children

Summary Of forty cases of tuberculous meningitis in children, eighteen (45 per cent) survive. The marked difference in mortality of white and Negro children in this series suggests that Negro children bear a more serious prognosis, although the paucity of white children does not allow statistical comparison. The addition of isoniazid to the therapeutic armamentarium seems to be helpful. Those patients who have miliary tuberculosis in addition to tuberculous meningitis have a worse prognosis.
pH dependence of histidine affinity for blood-brain barrier carrier transport systems for neutral and cationic amino acids

The effects of pH (3.5-7.5) on the brain uptake of histidine by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) carriers for neutral and cationic amino acids were tested, in competition with unlabeled histidine, arginine, or phenylalanine, with the single-pass carotid injection technique. Cationic amino acid ( [14C]arginine) uptake was increasingly inhibited by unlabeled histidine as the pH of the injection solution decreased. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of unlabeled histidine on neutral amino acid ( [14C]phenylalanine) uptake decreased with decreasing pH. Brain uptake indices with varying histidine concentrations indicated that the neutral form of histidine inhibited phenylalanine uptake whereas the cationic form competed with arginine uptake. Since phenylalanine decreased [14C]histidine uptake at all pH values whereas arginine did not, it was concluded that the cationic form of histidine had an affinity for the cationic carrier, but was not transported by it. We propose that the saturable entry of histidine into brain is, under normal physiological circumstances, mediated solely by the carrier for neutral amino acids.
Aerodynamic Design of Non-Axisymmetric Fuzes for Guided Munitions

The aerodynamic behavior of two classes of non-axisymmetric projectile geometries is parametrically investigated through computational fluid dynamic simulations. The sliced and bent configurational asymmetries examined are both denned by two parameters: an incidence angle and a pivot point location. The performance of each design has been evaluated by a trim lift figure of merit derived from static aerodynamic coefficients. The aerodynamic characteristics of the augmented projectiles have been computed with a three-dimensio nal structured Navier-Stokes solver, which has been validated against experimental results for both distributed and integrated quantities. The results show that the bent configuration is more effective than the sliced configuration due the larger volumetric asymmetry generated by the bend. The results also show that the effects of the pressure recovery from the high-pressure asymmetry surface dominate the performance of both configurations.
Cardiac Arrest in Patients Who Smoke Crack Cocaine

The aim of the study is to determine the clinical features and outcomes of cocaine users admitted to the hospital after cardiac arrest and compare them with nonusers. Cocaine is associated with cardiovascular complications, including ventricular arrhythmias; however, resuscitated cardiac arrest in relation to cocaine use is not a well-defined clinical entity. We reviewed available hospital charts at San Francisco General Hospital with the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis of cardiac arrest and cocaine use from 1994 to 2006. Clinical features and outcomes of cocaine users were compared with those of randomly selected control patients and age-matched controls with resuscitated cardiac arrest without cocaine use. We identified 22 patients with resuscitated cardiac arrest in the setting of cocaine use. Their average age was 42 ± 10 years, >20 years younger than nonusers (68 ± 16 years, p
Management of the design of large turbine generators

The paper is concerned with the management of the design of large capital plant, in particular, large turbine generators. Formal planning, monitoring and communication systems are necessary for such plant, but these do not diminish the role of the engineers and engineering managers. The systems must be operated by competent engineers, and management must create the right environment for the engineers to operate effectively.
Opiates suppress carrageenan-induced edema and hyperthermia at doses that inhibit hyperalgesia.

This study determined whether opiates alter vascular components of inflammation (hyperthermia, edema and plasma extravasation) in addition to the suppression of hyperalgesia. Rats were administered carrageenan into one hind paw and saline into the other hind paw, followed by i.p. injection of morphine (0.2–5.0 mg/kg) or saline at 60 min, and testing at 90 min after hind paw injections. Morphine produced a dose-dependent reduction in carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia (17–53%), hyperthermia (39–53%) and edema (24–36%). Morphine treatment did not alter the temperatures of the contralateral saline-injected paws, indicating that opiate suppression of hyperthermia was not confounded by alterations in systemic body temperature or blood flow. The opiate effects on inflammation were stereospecific since levorphanol (1 mg/kg), but not dextrorphan (1 mg/kg), suppressed carrageenan-evoked hyperalgesia, hyperthermia and edema. Pre-treatment with naltrexone (1.5 mg/kg) blocked the effects of a 5 mg/kg dose of morphine sulfate on hyperalgesia, hyperthermia and edema. In a separate study, i.v. injection of morphine sulfate (2 mg/kg) reduced plasma extravasation by 41% (P < 0.01). Morphine administration resulted in significantly greater increases in paw withdrawal latencies in the inflamed (38–139%) than the contralateral, saline-treated paws (4–19%). The results indicate that opiates exert a moderate, though significant, reduction in the vascular signs of inflammation in addition to their reduction of hyperalgesia. The mechanisms for this vascular effect involve inhibition of both vasodilation (as indicated by a decrease in hyperthermia) and inhibition of vascular permeability. In addition, opiates exhibit enhanced antinociceptive effects in inflamed paws, even when compared to uninjured paws in the same animal.
Ammonia losses from surface-placed mixtures of urea-calcium-potassium salts in the presence of phosphorus

Phosphorus compounds frequently are mixed with urea containing materials for economy in fertilizer operations. There is little published information on NH3 losses from surface application of these mixtures. However, there is evidence that P can react and precipitate with adsorbed and added Ca and increase the potential for NH3 loss. This paper compares NH3 losses from surface applied urea plus KCl or CaCl2 in the presence of 5 common P sources. The N, with Ca, K, and P salts, was surface-applied to a calcareous (Harkey) and an acid soil (Cuthbert) in a laboratory and the NH3 losses determined by passage of the exhaust air through a 2% boric acid solution. Ammonia losses were increased with (in the presence of KCl or CaCl2) KH2PO4 (KP) (calcareous soil only) and K2HPO4 (K2P), unaffected by Na5P3O10 (PP) but decreased with Ca(H2PO4)2 (CaP) and H3PO4 (HP) (No HP or PP applied to the acid soil). Urea which hydrolyses in environments with lower soluble and desorbable Ca levels is susceptible to higher NH3 losses. The effectiveness of KCl for control of NH3 loss depended on the existence of desorbable Ca to react with the decomposing urea. Therefore the deleterious impact of P on NH3 loss was greater with KCl than with CaCl2. Adding Ca directly with the urea made additional Ca available for reaction with P and urea. Monocalcium phosphate (CaP) alone with urea, in a calcareous soil, did not reduce NH3 loss; however, NH3 loss was reduced in the acid soil. The addition of CaCl2 with urea + CaP reduced NH3 loss more than CaCl2 with urea. The HP reaction with CaCO3 was more rapid and complete than occurred with the acidic CaP. Sodium tripolyphosphate (PP) with urea had little impact on NH3 loss over that produced by the KCl or CaCl2 salts alone. The HP and CaP chemicals did not appear to function strictly as acid sources (calcareous soil). The Harkey soil has 8% CaCO3 which would appear adequate to neutralize any acidity introduced by the P fertilizers. The explanation may lie in double salt formation between the Ca-urea-P materials.
Confronting the science/value split: notes on feminist economics, institutionalism, pragmatism and process thought

What changes must economics undergo, if it is to become a more adequate discipline, furthering of survival and flourishing? This essay argues that a break must be made from contemporary mainstream economics at the level of ontology (i.e., about the nature of reality). Drawing on neglected traditions of pragmatist philosophy and process metaphysics, some elements of 'old' institutionalist economics, and late-twentieth century natural science, it demonstrates that ample argument exists for a view of the world as open, evolving and permeated with value. Furthermore, feminist scholarship offers an explanation for why such a worldview faces an uphill battle for acceptance. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Heterogeneity and degradation in brittle materials

Abstract The concept of state of degradation is employed in order to consider the initial material (structure) inhomogeneity. Then, degradation and its patterning in simulated rock specimens subjected to external load are modeled numerically by implementing the theory for damage and surface degradation with incorporation of the initial state. The theoretical results are compared with experimental observations obtained through ultrasonic scanning tests.
Depth‐First Branch‐and‐Bound versus Depth‐Bounded IDA: New Results

In a real-time task an action must be executed given limited computation. One approach to limited computation is to search a tree of possible action sequences to a fixed depth and then execute an action with the lowest associated backed-up cost. The standard algorithm for such a search is Depth-First Branch-and-Bound (DFBB), also known in the Artificial Intelligence literature as Minimin with Alpha Pruning. This article shows that a depth-bounded extension of a popular iterative algorithm called IDA has a surprisingly large range of search trees on which it outperforms DFBB—something previous analytical results do not predict. We prove that the extended algorithm, which we call DIDA, is correct, is guaranteed to terminate, and is asymptotically (i.e., on its last iteration) as efficient as DFBB—assuming a consistent heuristic is used. We also prove that both algorithms are guaranteed not to decrease their accuracy with a deeper search, assuming a consistent heuristic. Because accuracy is generally correlated with decision quality, the time saved by visiting fewer states translates to deeper searches which translates to better decisions. Results from random search trees show that DIDA is most efficient when the path cost + leaf node heuristic value is distributed with low variance; as branching factor increases, the range for which DIDA is more efficient also increases. Results with Eight, Fifteen, Twenty-four, and Ninety-nine Puzzle implementations of both algorithms—all domains with low variance of path cost + leaf node heuristic value—show that DIDA significantly outperforms DFBB.