cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1003-5 Feasibility of a Two Dimensional Echocardiographic Method for the Clinical Assessment of Right Ventricular Volume and Function

Obtaining non-invasive measurements of right ventricular (RV) volume and function has been a long standing challenge. Radionuclide techniques (MUGA) for RV evaluation are limited by problems of border recognition and chamber overlap. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measurements of ventricular volumes have been previously validated; however, this technique is limited by expense and time necessary for acquisition and analysis. A 2D echo technique has been previously described (Levine et al Circ 69: 497) that uses the simple product of length and area measurements of two orthogonal planes (apical 4 chamber and subxyphoid short). Apical (AP) and RV Outflow (OT) methods were used. Good correlation has been reported in vitro, however, no validation in a clinical setting has been reported to date. We obtained 20 echo measurements of RV volumes and election fraction (EF) by this method and compared our results to MRI data in patients over a wide range of volumes and function, 8 patients were studied, ages ranged from 5 to 42 years. Results Regression Bias (mean percent differences) Variability (intra- observer) 20 vs. MRI MRI range r SEE EDV (AP) 7 53–302 ml 0.99 13 l3 –24% 12% ESV (AP) 7 27–224 ml 0.99 9 ml –19% 13% EF (AP) 7 27–63% 0.99 4% –27% EDV (OT) 8 0.98 13 ml –24% 5% ESV (OT) 8 0.99 7 ml –30% 15% EF (OT) 8 0.96 4% –5% Conclusions Preliminary data show an excellent correlation and small SEE of 2d echo volumes and EF compared to MRI. There is a significant 2D echo bias underestimating MRI. Assessment of EF by this 2D method may be clinically useful for serial follow up of RV function.
Finiteness of the fixed point set for the simple genetic algorithm

The infinite population simple genetic algorithm is a discrete dynamical system model of a genetic algorithm. It is conjectured that trajectories in the model always converge to fixed points. This paper shows that an arbitrarily small perturbation of the fitness will result in a model with a finite number of fixed points. Moreover, every sufficiently small perturbation of fimess preserves the finiteness of the fixed point set. These results allow proofs and constructions that require finiteness of the fixed point set. For example, applying the stable manifold theorem to a fixed point requires the hyperbolicity of the differential of the transition map of the genetic algorithm, which requires (among other things) that the fixed point be isolated.
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is a limbic forebrain structure that receives heavy projections from, among other areas, the basolateral amygdala, and projects in turn to hypothalamic and brainstem target areas that mediate many of the autonomic and behavioral responses to aversive or threatening stimuli. Despite its strategic anatomical position, initial attempts to implicate the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in conditioned fear were largely unsuccessful. Recent studies have shown, however, that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis does participate in certain types of anxiety and stress responses. In this work, we review these findings and suggest from the emerging pattern of evidence that, although the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis may not be necessary for rapid-onset, short-duration behaviors which occur in response to specific threats, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis may mediate slower-onset, longer-lasting responses that frequently accompany sustained threats, and that may persist even after threat termination.
Space charge effects in Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry. I. Electrons

Abstract Extensive efforts to develop the theory of Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FTMS) have led to an understanding of the qualitative aspects of the technique and to quantitative predictions which have been experimentally verified. At the same time, a number of theoretical assertions have not yet been quantitatively tested. In particular, further quantitative comparisons between theoretical and experimental peak shapes, including determinations of height, width, area, and center position could prove useful to further development of the FTMS technique. All of these peak shape parameters are affected by the number of charged particles present in the analyser cell during FTMS analysis. Quantitative comparisons of experimental values of these parameters with the predictions of theory presumes accurate knowledge of the number of charged particles present in the analyser cell during the observation of ion cyclotron decay signals.
Orduighean: A Dominant Symbol in the Free Church of the Scottish Highlands

In this article I describe and interpret the Protestant ceremony of church communion called Orduighean, which has been made significant as a dominant symbol by the Free Church of the Scottish Highlands. Orduighean is a condensed representation of several themes and events in Highland social life and culture; I present examples of its multiple uses and meanings in a crofting village on the island of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides. A brief discussion of the political, economic, linguistic, and cultural history of the Scottish Highlands is also provided to show how Orduighean acquired its significance as a dominant symbol.
Age-dependent effects of hippocampal muscarinic receptor blockade on memory-based learning in the developing rat

The effects of ventral intrahippocampal injections of atropine sulfate on patterned single alternation (PSA), a discrimination task that requires intact short-to-intermediate-term memory, were examined in the developing rat at 16-17 and 28-32 days of age. Atropine treatment disrupted simple acquisition in some 16- to 17-day-old pups by interfering with approach to the goal, but did not eliminate PSA at either 8- or 15-s intertrial intervals when approach was normal. In the older rats, atropine treatment delayed the onset and reduced the magnitude of PSA, indicating a reduced memory-based discrimination. These results provide additional support for an increasing role of muscarinic receptors in learning and memory as this system matures in the developing rat, and suggest different mechanisms for PSA at the two ages.
Hong Kong managers' perceptions of American business values

This report describes empirical research conducted to study the research question, “To what extent do foreign managers' own cultural values influence their perceptions of the corporate values of companies in other cultures?” Using the authors' “Business Values Questionnaire,” business managers from Hong Kong gave their perceptions of publicly stated corporate values of very large U.S. service companies. A similar United States sample was used as a comparison group. Results gave partial support to the authors' hypotheses that an individual's own cultural values influence perceived values of another culture.
Detection of non-Gaussian signals

The resolution of closely spaced narrow-band signals is formulated as a probelm in multiple-hypothesis testing with non-Gaussian statistics. Two cases are considered. In the first, the noise model deviates from the Gaussian assumption. For the second, the signals contain random parameters which are governed by non-Gaussian distributions. It is shown that the optimum processor falls within the general estimator-correlator framework. Suboptimum detectors are investigated for the common situation where signal statistics are unknown or where the optimum processor is too complicated to implement. A hierarchy of non-linear processing is established which relates both to the implementation of the (conditional mean) estimator and to the degree of deviation from Gaussian statistics.
UV resonance Raman probe of heme-bound imidazole established by15N-labeling of hemoglobin

Recent studies of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, and of zinc-finger peptides have established that histidine ligands can be detected in ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectra, following NH/D exchange of the imidazole. UVRR spectroscopy therefore offers promise for monitoring histidine ligation in heme proteins. In this work, we characterize heme-bound histidine UVRR bands for N-acetyl-microperoxidase-8 (MP-8) and microperoxidase-11 (MP-11), and also for hemoglobin (Hb). The Hb UVRR spectra are dominated by tyrosine and tryptophan contributions, but a band appears at 1340 cm−1 in D2O solution, which is assigned to a mode of Fe-bound imidazole. This band shifted 24 cm−1 in protein which was labeled with 15N via expression of the Hb gene in E. coli grown on 15NH4+. In MP-11, the position of this band is insensitive to ligation or oxidation state changes, but it is 2 cm−1 lower in deoxyHb than in the CO adduct. This shift may reflect mechanical forces on the proximal histidine in the T state, and/or changes in its H-bonding.
The role of androgen receptors in the masculinization of brain and behavior: What we've learned from the testicular feminization mutation

Many studies demonstrate that exposure to testicular steroids such as testosterone early in life masculinizes the developing brain, leading to permanent changes in behavior. Traditionally, masculinization of the rodent brain is believed to depend on estrogen receptors (ERs) and not androgen receptors (ARs). According to the aromatization hypothesis, circulating testosterone from the testes is converted locally in the brain by aromatase to estrogens, which then activate ERs to masculinize the brain. However, an emerging body of evidence indicates that the aromatization hypothesis cannot fully account for sex differences in brain morphology and behavior, and that androgens acting on ARs also play a role. The testicular feminization mutation (Tfm) in rodents, which produces a nonfunctional AR protein, provides an excellent model to probe the role of ARs in the development of brain and behavior. Tfm rodent models indicate that ARs are normally involved in the masculinization of many sexually dimorphic brain regions and a variety of behaviors, including sexual behaviors, stress response and cognitive processing. We review the role of ARs in the development of the brain and behavior, with an emphasis on what has been learned from Tfm rodents as well as from related mutations in humans causing complete androgen insensitivity.
The plutonium-americium system

Abstract The plutonium-americium phase diagram has been determined by micrographic and X-ray diffraction methods, δ-plutonium and β-americium form a continuous series of solid solutions, which is stable at room temperature in the composition range from about 6 to 80 at % americium. No intermediate phases were found.
Cardiovascular Proteomics – Implications for Clinical Applications

Proteomics is fulfilling its potential and beginning to impact the diagnosis and therapy of cardiovascular disease. As de novo proteomics analysis gets more streamlined, and robust high-throughput methods are developed, more and more attention is being directed toward the field of cardiovascular serum and plasma biomarker discovery. To take cardiovascular proteomics from bench to bedside, great care must be taken to achieve reproducible results. Despite technical advances, however, the absolute number of clinical biomarkers thus far discovered by a proteomics approach is small. Although several factors contribute to this lack, one step is to build "translation teams" involving a close collaboration between researchers and clinicians.
Bone marrow involvement in small cell lung cancer. Clinical significance and correlation with routine laboratory variables

Of 129 patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) who underwent bone marrow examination for staging, 39 (30%) had bone marrow involvement. Only three of 129 patients (2.3%) had bone marrow involvement as the only site of metastatic disease. When patients with bone marrow metastasis were compared with patients whose bone marrow was normal, there were significant differences in serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), albumin, and sodium (Na). We found no clinically significant difference in survival between patients with extensive disease with or without bone marrow involvement. Serum Na, albumin, SGOT, and uric acid were important prognostic determinants of survival. Based on the results of this study, we do not recommend routine bone marrow examinations in the staging of SCLC.
Release of ethane and pentane from rat tissue slices: effect of vitamin E, halogenated hydrocarbons, and iron overload.

Abstract The effects of in vitro addition of halogenated hydrocarbons on the susceptibility of various rat tissues to lipid peroxidation and of iron overload and dietary vitamin E in the intact rat on subsequent lipid peroxidation in rat tissue slices were examined. The ease and speed of tissue slice preparation allowed testing of multiple tissues from the same animals. Total ethane and pentane (TEP) released from the slices was as reliable as and more sensitive than thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances as an index of lipid peroxidation. TEP was released by tissues from vitamin E-deficient rats in the following order of magnitude: intestine = brain = kidney > liver = lung > heart > testes = diaphragm > skeletal muscle. The potency of halogenated hydrocarbons for causing increased TEP release from vitamin E-deficient rat liver slices was CBrCl 3 > CCl 4 = 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane = 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane > perchloroethylene. CBrCl 3 also stimulated TEP release from kidney, intestine and heart slices, thus identifying these as potential target organs for CBrCl 3 toxicity. Dietary vitamin E decreased TEP release from liver and, to a lesser extent, from kidney. Iron overload in the rat increased TEP release by slices from all tissues tested except the brain.
Responses of rabbit corneal nociceptors to mechanical and thermal stimulation.

Abstract We recorded 116 units from dissected strands of the long ciliary nerve of rabbit and tested them with punctate mechanical, cool, or warm stimulation. Seventy-two percent of the units responded only to mechanical stimulation, 17% responded only to cooling, and 11% were bimodal, responding to both warming and mechanical stimulation. Mechanical responses were rapidly adapting and decreased on successive stimulation at the same locus. Conduction velocities determined for 43 mechanical units were in the same low range of the A-δ group ( x = 2.71 m/s ). Receptive fields for all classes of units found here overlapped and did not extend beyond the center of the cornea. Precise determination of field size for 20 mechanical units showed that most included 5 to 20% of the corneal surface and a few extended to about 40%. Activation of units responding to stimulation below the adapting temperature (33°C) showed them to be sensitive to cooling steps of 0.5°C. The average conduction velocity of five cold units was 0.94 m/s. Bimodal units were not active at 33°C and responded to warming above 39°C with an increased discharge frequency; however, the response did not include an initial high-frequency discharge as did that of the cool units.
Effects of topography on the circulation in and near the surf zone—Linear theory

Abstract Rhythmic variation in depth along the shoreline causes variations in the radiation stress components and in the mean sea level in the surf zone. In particular, the effect of ray deflection due to refraction affects the component S xy , only, where x is in the offshore and y in the alongshore directions respectively, and tends to oppose the influences of other components. A linearized theory for the mean current is given for normal incidence and small depth perturbation. Lateral turbulence is ignored. The positions of the rip currents are shown to depend on the surf zone width and the on-offshore variation of depth.
Dopaminergic terminals form synaptic contacts with enkephalinergic striatal neurons in pigeons: an electron microscopic study.

Abstract Medium spiny projection neurons of the striatum consist of two major neuropeptide-specific types, one type containing substance P and another type containing enkephalin. Both of these types have been shown to receive dopaminergic input onto their perikarya and proximal dendrites. However, whether each of these types receives direct dopaminergic input onto distal dendritic shafts and onto dendritic spines has not been explored in depth. In the present study, we used electron microscopic immunohistochemical double-label techniques to examine the synaptic organization of dopaminergic input onto enkephalin-positive (ENK +) striatal neurons in pigeons, in whom ENK + striatal perikarya, dendritic shafts and spines can be readily labeled. Antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase were used to label dopaminergic terminals using a silver-intensified immunogold method. ENK + neurons were labeled using diaminobenzidine. We found that dopaminergic terminals make appositions and form symmetric synapses with the perikarya, dendritic shafts, and dendritic spine necks of ENK + striatal neurons. Thus, nigral dopaminergic neurons provide a monosynaptic input onto ENK + striatal neurons in a manner similar to that described previously by us for substance P-positive striatal medium spiny neurons.
Long-term benefits of aggressive treatment for primary colorectal cancer.

The long-term follow up of 128 colorectal cancer patients is reported. Seventy-nine percent (101/128) of the patients had curative resections: 70 patients had radical lymphadenectomies with wide removal of tumor-adjacent nodes, and 31 patients had standard resections. The 5-year overall survival rates for Dukes' stage B and C patients and for all rectosigmoid cancer patients significantly favored radical resection (60% vs. 38%, 57% vs. 29%, respectively, P < 0.05). Tumor-free survival rates were also higher after radical lymphadenectomy but did not reach statistical significance. Eleven percent (14/128) of the patients required multiorgan resections, and/or preoperative radiation to render fixed cancers resectable, and these patients had a 10-year tumor-free survival rate of 45%, compared to zero % 5-year survival for the 27 patients who underwent palliative procedures (P < 0.01). These results confirm that many colorectal cancer patients will be cured with aggressive treatment and they support the need for a controlled trial for evaluation of lymphadenectomy for this disease. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Following Microscale Organic Reactions Using FT-IR

The progress of two microscale reactions, the reduction of cyclohexanone with sodium borohydride and the photochemical formation of benzopinacol, was monitored, qualitatively, using FT-IR. The disappearance of the carbonyl peak at 1700 cm^-1 was used to tell when either reaction was complete.
Innovation Diffusion: Proposal of an Organizing Theory on Which To Base Research into School Library Development.

Abstract Current research into national and international school library development tends to be fragmented and descriptive. Conceptualizing the spread of school librarianship as the diffusion of an innovation and encouraging inquiry framed by diffusion theory may result in research that involves formulating and testing hypotheses in a search for valid, useful generalizations and models. This article reviews existing research and discusses the general appropriateness of applying diffusion theory to the study of five factors that influence school library development globally: (1) the evolution of, acceptance of, and consensus on a viable service-delivery model; (2) the influence exercised by professional organizations; (3) the generation of acceptable standards; (4) overt government support; and (5) acceptance of a coherent educational rationale or mission, which can influence the receptivity of individual schools and systems.
Randomized experiments in the federal courts

This is an overview of recent experiments in the courts, and the factors that should be taken into account in conducting randomized tests in this setting.
Evidence-based Radiology: Step 4—Apply

thefourthstepofEBRisApply.Whenyouaresatisﬁedthat you have found the best evidence for your clinical ques-tion, the next step is to work out, using your own clinicalexpertise and taking into account the values and preferencesof the patient and local or individual factors, how the resultsofthesearch,aftertheyhavebeenexplicitlyappraised,applyto your individual patient.The issues that you should consider before you decide toapplytheresultsofthestudytoyourpatientarelistedbelow:
Stokes' first problem for viscoelastic fluids

Abstract The theory given in this paper is based on a generalization of Boltzmann's equation of linear viscoelasticity in which the presence of a Newtonian viscosity is acknowledged. The solution of Stokes' first problem for this kind of fluid, with a viscosity and a relaxation kernel, are derived here for the first time. The formulas given in this paper form a basis for the numerical interpretation of the idea of an effective viscosity and relaxation modulus.
Analysis of parenchymal deformation in excised canine lung lobes using rotationally-corrected strains

Abstract The pure deformation component of a general non-homogenous transformation of coordinates is used to obtain strains which are referenced to a local orthogonal coordinate system. The global orientation of the local coordinate system varies from point to point in a continuum, depending on the local rotation. By considering only pure strain, a much improved description of the deformation field in a highly deformable material such as lung parenchyma is obtained, compared to that calculated using classical elasticity strain components. This technique in part justifies the use of linear analyses to describe lung deformations, despite the presence of large strains.
Exit stratgies: American grand designs for postwar European security

(1999). Exit stratgies: American grand designs for postwar European security. Security Studies: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 1-43.
Language Experience Interviews: What Can They Tell Us about Individual Differences?.

Abstract While language learners and teachers have long known that individual differences (IDs) among students result in differential learning, we still do not know how traditional ID variables interact or the specific impact each one has on language learning. The present study proposes that instead of looking at isolated variables, researchers should instead take a top-down approach by starting at the level of students' overall experience of language learning. One way to investigate this is through language experience interviews, in which students are asked to reflect on general and specific aspects of their language experience. In the present study, language experience interviews were conducted with 12 beginning French learners at an American university, and six focal participants were selected based on their performance on spoken and written narrative tasks at the beginning and end of one semester. Qualitative analysis of the interviews revealed that high performing students seemed more focused on grammar learning and construction of meaning than low performing students, who were more focused on memorization and vocabulary. Case studies are presented to explore learner experience in more depth. Overall, the study provides support for language experience interviews as higher-level units that may relate individual differences to differential second language performance.
Planning, Implementing a Staff Development Program.

There are five common phases of staff develop ment: preplanning, planning, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance. This arti cle looks at each of these phases and provides a checklist for each. It also highlights the responsibili ties of the principal during each phase.
The solubility of methyl bromide in pure water, 35%. sodium chloride and seawater

Abstract A simple gas-liquid membrane equilibrator has been used to determine the solubility of methyl bromide in pure water, 35%. NaCl, and seawater over the temperature range from 0 ° to 30 °C. The measurements have an accuracy of ± 2% and a relative precision of 4%. The data have been fit to a temperature- and salinity-dependent expression to provide solubilities for methyl bromide in pure water, seawater, and NaCl solutions.
Strain differences in the influence of open field exposure on sleep in mice

Abstract The open field (OF) is thought to induce anxiety in rodents. It also allows an opportunity for exploration in a novel environment. Less activity in the OF is thought to indicate greater anxiety whereas more activity may reflect greater exploration, and possibly greater exploratory learning. Anxiety and learning have poorly understood relationships to sleep. In order to determine how anxiety and exploration in the OF could influence sleep, we recorded sleep in mouse strains (C57BL/6J (B6), BALB/cJ (C), DBA/2J (D2), and CB6F1/J (CB6)) with different levels of anxiety and exploration after 30 min in an OF. In all strains, OF exposure induced immediate decreases in rapid eye movement sleep (REM) followed by longer latency increases in REM. The time course and amount of REM decreases and increases varied among strains. Compared to less anxious B6, D2 and CB6 mice, C mice had greater and longer lasting immediate decreases in REM. C mice also displayed longer periods of decreases REM and a smaller, longer latency increase in REM. OF exploratory activity was positively correlated to percentage of REM increases from 6 to 10 h after OF exposure. The results suggest that the anxiogenic component of the OF produced an immediate decrease in REM that was greater in more “anxious” mice. In contrast, exploration in the OF was associated with increased REM, with the increase greater in less anxious mice. The results are discussed with respect to the potential influences of anxiety and learning on sleep.
Multicultural Graduation Requirements Among California's Community Colleges

This examination of the current status of multicultural education among California community colleges emerged from a perspective that the inclusion of multicultural education has become a major goal of California's leaders within the past five years. The literature revealed minority students tend to have lower retention rates because they become alienated and disconnected from the campus community, and many students enter college classrooms with stereotypes and negative attitudes towards individuals outside of their racial and ethnic groups. Multicultural education is important because it helps address this issue. The study revealed that of the 109 California community colleges, only 50 colleges had a multicultural graduation requirement, which means that less than half of California's community colleges had a multicultural graduation requirement. The type of multicultural requirement in far too many cases did not include higher order thinking skills concerning multicultural education. Additionally, stati...
Social and economic determinants of occupational health policies and services

Current changes in technology and in economic, social, and demographic trends must be taken into account in the formulation or reformulation and implementation of policies and programs for the prevention and control of occupational disease and dysfunction.
History, learning technology and student achievement: Making the difference?

The use of Web-based resources in higher education has been expanding at an exponential rate over recent years. It is having a significant impact on every discipline, not least in terms of enriching the store of accessible learning materials. Moreover, advocates of virtual learning environments have made strong claims that educational technology can enhance the quality of students’ critical thinking. This article examines these claims within the context of a WebCT-based project and the subject of history. It interrogates a body of evidence which suggests that technology can induce improvement to the quality of learning and cognitive achievement. But it also underlines the centrality of assessment practice and students’ perceptions of learning goals in shaping the impact of ‘online’ approaches on student attainment. To that extent, this study holds wider implications.
Patient views on smoking, lung cancer, and stigma: a focus group perspective.

Abstract Purpose Patients with lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death, are shown to have high levels of psychological distress and poorer quality of life as compared to patients with other cancer types. The purpose of this paper is to describe patient focus group discussions about the lung cancer experience in relation to perceived stigmatization, smoking behaviors, and illness causes; and to discuss implications of these findings relative to the role of the nurse as a patient advocate. Methods and sample Eleven adult lung cancer patients participated in audio taped focus group sessions. Discussion questions probed patient perceptions of lung cancer challenges and adaptation issues. Results Six primary themes from the qualitative analysis included: 1) societal attitudes; 2) institutional practices and experiences; 3) negative thoughts and emotions such as guilt, self-blame and self-deprecation, regret, and anger; 4) actual stigmatization experiences; 5) smoking cessation: personal choices versus addiction; and 6) causal attributions. Conclusions Patients with lung cancer uniquely experience an added burden from developing an illness that the public recognizes is directly associated with smoking behaviors. Stigmatization and smoking related concerns are of high importance. Oncology nurses must be at the forefront in ensuring that patients with lung cancer do not experience additional burden from perceptions that they somehow deserve and need to defend why they have the illness that they are facing.
Protein assay in the microgram range: modifications of the Hiraoka-Glick method

Abstract A method is described for the accurate estimation of protein samples ranging in size from 1 to 100 μg. It is based on fluorescence quenching of eosin Y by protein and modifies a method originally published by Hiraoka and Glick. The modified method is convenient to use. It is carried out with a stabilized reagent in cuvettes of standard size and permits the estimation of 5 μg or less of protein with precision of ± 9%. The measurements are shown to be sensitive to slight variations in ambient temperature and these contribute at least 3% to the error term shown. A graphical manner of presenting the data has been devised that provides a linear relationship over nearly 50-fold range of protein concentrations. Quenching is unaffected by presence of glucose or urea and partially inhibited by glycine or mercaptoethanol only if these are present in better than 100-fold excess over protein. Different proteins show different degrees of quenching and the method is thus most suitable for comparing quantitatively protein mixtures of similar composition. The modified method should be useful not only where microgram quantities of protein must be measured, but also with automated equipment or in cases where the Folin-Ciocalteau method cannot be employed due to presence of interfering substances.
Collaboration among state and local mental health organizations: Examples of knowledge utilization

The 1989 Spring issue of the JMHA focuses on knowledge utilization strategies leading to successfulcollaborations among state and local mental health organizations. Prepared by state (or large county) directors/commissioners, five articles in this issue reveal how organizational design, incentives, performance contracting, organizational control strategies, decentralization, and consensus building contribute toimprovements in local mental health services.
The clinical syndrome of Alzheimer's disease: aspects particularly relevant to clinical trials

This paper describes the natural history of the clinical syndrome of Alzheimer's disease (AD) including the cognitive deficit, the neuropsychiatric symptoms, impact on daily functioning, risk factors, medical complications and impact on the use of health-care resources. The clinical presentation of the disease varies greatly from the prodrome through end stage; instruments used to quantify the severity of each aspect of the disease have been developed and are described along with their use in clinical drug trials. Drug treatments for AD are usually developed by first showing a positive effect on the cognitive deficit, with later studies investigating drug effects on other clinical aspects of the disease.
Two-step regression procedure for the optical characterization of thin films

A diode array rapid scan spectrometer is used for measuring the intensity of polychromatic light in the 300–420-nm range reflected from a diamondlike carbon film as a function of wavelength. With a fixed grating setting, the wavelength range of 120 nm can be covered in 23 ms. From the reflected intensity, a new two-step regression procedure is utilized to determine refractive index, bandgap, slope of the absorption edge, and film thickness. The calculated parameters are independent of the starting set and the sequence of parameter estimation. The accuracy of the regression procedure is verified by comparison to the envelope method. It is shown using simulated data that, for strongly absorbing films, the new regression procedure is more accurate than the envelope method. The new regression method can handle very noisy reflectance spectra also.
Methodological frameworks for large-scale network analysis and design

This paper emphasizes the need for methodological frameworks for analysis and design of large scale networks which are independent of specific design innovations and their advocacy, with the aim of making networking a more systematic engineering discipline. Networking problems have largely confounded existing theory, and innovation based on intuition has dominated design. This paper will illustrate potential pitfalls of this practice. The general aim is to illustrate universal aspects of theoretical and methodological research that can be applied to network design and verification. The issues focused on will include the choice of models, including the relationship between flow and packet level descriptions, the need to account for uncertainty generated by modelling abstractions, and the challenges of dealing with network scale. The rigorous comparison of proposed schemes will be illustrated using various abstractions. While standard tools from robust control theory have been applied in this area, we will also illustrate how network-specific challenges can drive the development of new mathematics that expand their range of applicability, and how many enormous challenges remain.
Case study: obsessive-compulsive disorder after severe traumatic brain injury in an adolescent

ABSTRACT The neurological underpinnings of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are still largely undetermined. We report a prospective case study of a young subject who developed OCD and impulsive aggression after traumatic brain injury. The implications are that frontal and temporal lobe lesions may be sufficient to precipitate OCD in the absence of clear striatal injury and that compulsivity and impulsivity may represent different psychophysiological states.
Colonic chicken skin mucosa: association with juvenile polyps in children.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Chicken skin mucosa is a newly described endoscopic finding associated with colonic neoplasms in adults. Chicken skin mucosa was sought in children with juvenile polyps to determine the prevalence, endoscopic features, and location. An alternative theory is proposed for the pathogenic mechanism of this finding. METHODS: Children having colonoscopy and polypectomy were prospectively evaluated for the presence of chicken skin mucosa. The location of the polyps was determined at colonoscopy; the size of removed polyps was measured during processing of samples in pathology. Biopsies from colonic chicken skin mucosa were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and mucicarmine. RESULTS: Over a 1-yr period, 27 juvenile polyps were removed from 15 children at colonoscopy. Eleven of 15 children (73%) were found to have polyps with chicken skin mucosa; overall, 43% of the polyps had associated chicken skin mucosa. Chicken skin mucosa–positive polyps were larger than chicken skin mucosa–negative polyps and were only found in the rectosigmoid colon. Lipid-laden macrophages were found in all samples of chicken skin mucosa tested. CONCLUSIONS: Chicken skin mucosa is a common finding in children with juvenile polyps. It probably is the result of local mucosal trauma, rather than a preneoplastic lesion.
Rituximab administration following autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma is associated with severe IgM deficiency.

Clonotypic B cells are frequently isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma (MM).[1][1] These clonotypic B cells may be the clonogenic cells of MM. We have hypothesized that rituximab, a chimeric CD20 monoclonal antibody, may be a useful maintenance therapy in MM after
The prefrontal cortico-oculomotor trajectories in the monkey

Prefrontal corticofugal systems, as studied with anterograde HRP histochemistry, revealed projections to preoculomotor and oculomotor centers in the diencephalon and brainstem which may underlie direct cortical influence on eye movement. Because of the location of these preoculomotor trajectories, stimulation and lesion experiments affecting ocular motility may be explained by having involved prefrontal projections which have their origin in sulcus principalis or prearcuate area 8 (frontal eye field) cortex.
Model of plasmon excitations in a bundle and a two-dimensional array of nanotubes

We calculate the plasma excitations in a bundle as well as a two-dimensional (2D) periodic array of aligned parallel multishell nanotubes on a substrate. The carbon nanotubes are oriented perpendicular to the substrate. The model we use for the system is an electron gas confined to the surface of an infinitely long cylinder embedded in a background dielectric medium. Electron tunneling between individual tubules is neglected. We include the Coulomb interaction between electrons on the same tubule and on different tubules for the same nanotube and neighboring nanotubes. We present a self-consistent field theory for the dispersion equation for intrasubband and intersubband plasmon excitations. For both the bundle and 2D array of aligned parallel nanotubes, the dispersion relation of the collective modes is determined by a three-dimensional wave vector with components in the direction of the nanotube axes and in the transverse directions. The dispersion equation is solved numerically for a single-wall nanotube 2D array as well as a bundle, and the plasmon excitation energies are obtained as a function of wave vector. The intertube Coulomb interaction couples plasmons with different angular momenta $m$ in individual nanotubes, lifting the $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}m$ degeneracy of the single-nanotube modes. This effect is analyzed numerically as a function of the separation between the tubules. We show that the translational symmetry of the lattice is maintained in the plasmon spectrum for the periodic array, and the plasmon energies have a periodic dependence on the transverse wave vector ${\mathbf{q}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$. For the bundle, the Coulomb interaction between nanotubes gives rise to optical plasmon excitations.
UCP5/BMCP1 transcript isoforms in human skeletal muscle: relationship of the short-insert isoform with lipid oxidation and resting metabolic rates

Uncoupling protein 5 (UCP5) or brain mitochondrial carrier protein-1 (BMCP1) enhances mitochondrial proton leak in vitro and its hepatic and brain expression profiles are modulated by diet and cold exposure in mice. Alternative splicing generates three isoforms: a long form (UCP5L), a short form (UCP5S), and a short form with a 31 amino acid insert (UCP5SI). We investigated the relationship between skeletal muscle UCP5 expression and in vivo energy metabolism in 36 non-diabetic Pima Indians. We determined the expression levels of total UCP5 (UCP5T), and the isoforms UCP5L, UCP5S, and UCP5SI (66.8, 32.5, and 0.8% of UCP5T, respectively). None correlated with body weight or percent body fat. The transcript level of UCP5SI, but not the others, was positively correlated with resting metabolic rate (r=0.38, P=0.02, adjusted for age, sex, fat mass, and fat-free mass) and lipid oxidation rate (adjusted for age, sex, and percent body fat) during a euglycemic clamp with infusion of insulin at a physiologic concentration (r=0.42, P=0.01).
On the laboratory generation of two-dimensional, progressive, surface waves of nearly permanent form on deep water

Recent experiments by Hammack et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 532, 2005, p. 1) on deep-water waves with two-dimensional, periodic surface patterns showed several features, some of which were unsteady. Fuhrman & Madsen (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 559, 2006, p. 391) explained three of these as being the consequence of sinusoidal forcing by the wavemaker array that did not include forced harmonics, either in time or in the direction parallel to the wavemaker. They predicted that neglected third-harmonic terms cause more serious consequences than neglected second-harmonic terms when the generated wavefields have two-dimensional surface patterns. This paper presents experiments that provide strong evidence that their explanation is correct: including the third-harmonic terms in the wavemaker forcing results in wave patterns that propagate with nearly permanent form.
A Julia Set That Is Everything

We see unpredictable behavior around us every day: in the way weather patterns change, stock markets fluctuate, or wildfire spreads. We can also observe chaos in seemingly simple mathematical functions, and many recent undergraduate dynamical systems textbooks [5, 10, 11, 15] discuss chaotic systems. These texts all include chapters covering Julia sets, the part of the domain where a complex function behaves chaotically. A Julia set is usually an intricate and beautiful object, and images of Julia sets can be found on posters, book covers, T-shirts, screen savers, and web pages. Many books [10, 11, 15] focus on Julia sets of complex polynomials of degree 2 or 3, and even the casual reader will observe from the pictures that all of these Julia sets appear to have area zero. For polynomials, it turns out that there must always be some large region where the function has very predictable behavior. What if we examine other types of functions? Is there a complex function whose Julia set is everything? That is, does there exist a complex function that acts chaotically on its entire domain? The picture of such an example would be entirely black.
Differential binding and neutralization of activins A and B by follistatin and follistatin like-3 (FSTL-3/FSRP/FLRG).

Modulation of activin and other TGFβ superfamily signaling is the primary mechanism of action for both follistatin (FS) and FS-like 3 (FSTL-3). However, most studies of these ligands use activin A due to its wide availability. We have now tested the ability of FS288 and FSTL-3 to bind and neutralize activin B relative to activin A. Activin B bound to both FS and FSTL-3 at a potency approximately 10-fold lower than that of activin A. Moreover, whereas both activins had similar biological activity in 293 cell reporter assays, FS and FSTL-3 were approximately 3-fold more effective in neutralizing activin A relative to activin B. These results suggest that neutralization of activins A and B by FS and FSTL-3 are not identical, so that the relative activity of each activin in tissues where both are produced, such as in the ovary, could be quite different. In addition, biological systems that use primarily activin B, but which have been examined in vitro using activin A, may need to be reevaluated to determine t...
Guidelines for Neuropsychological Research in Multiple Sclerosis

Acquisition of scientific information regarding the neuropsychological aspects of multiple sclerosis has been hampered by studies using small, inadequately described patient and control samples and a wide array of cognitive test procedures that hinder multicenter data pooling. Based on a review of key issues of clinical need and experimental interest, research guidelines are proposed for investigations in this burgeoning research area. The guidelines include suggestions for sampling methods, population characterization, and control groups as well as a recommended core battery of neuropsychological tests for use in this population. It is hoped that these guidelines will advance knowledge about the neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis by helping to promote sound experimental design, facilitate cross-study comparison, and encourage multicenter collaborative efforts.
Solid-State Synthesis of a Conducting Polythiophene via an Unprecedented Heterocyclic Coupling Reaction

Prolonged storage (∼2 years) or gentle heating (50−80 °C) of crystalline 2,5-dibromo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DBEDOT) affords a highly conducting, bromine-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), as confirmed by solid-state NMR, FTIR, CV, and vis−NIR spectroscopies. The novel solid-state polymerization (SSP) does not occur for 2,5-dichloro-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DCEDOT), and requires a much higher temperature (>130 °C) for 2,5-diiodo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DIEDOT). X-ray structural analysis of the above dihalothiophenes reveals short Hal···Hal distances between adjacent molecules in DBEDOT and DIEDOT, but not in DCEDOT. The polymerization may also occur in the melt but is significantly slower and leads to poorly conductive material. Detailed studies of the reaction were performed using ESR, DSC, microscopy, and gravimetric analyses. SSP starts on crystal defect sites; it is exothermic by 14 kcal/mol and requires activation energy of ∼26 kcal/mol (for DBEDOT). The temperature dependence...
An Empirical Note on the Tiebout-Tullock Hypothesis

I. Introduction, 705. — II. The model, 707. — III. Empirical results, 708. — IV. Conclusion, 710.
Recent developments in the ROAMS planetary rover simulation environment

This paper describes recent developments in the ROAMS physics-based simulator for planetary surface exploration rover vehicles. ROAMS includes models for various subsystems and components of the vehicle including its mechanical subsystem, sensors, on-board resources, on-board control software, the terrain environment and terrain/vehicle interactions. The ROAMS simulator can be used in stand-alone mode, for closed-loop simulation with on-board software or for operator-in-the-loop simulations.
Genetic profiling reveals illegal international trade in fins of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias

Great white sharks are protected by national legislation in several countries, making this species the most widely protected elasmobranch in the world. Although the market demand for shark fins in general has continued to grow, the value and extent of utilization of white shark fins in trade has been controversial. We combine law enforcement with genetic profiling to demonstrate that illegal trade in fins of this species is occurring in the contemporary international market. Furthermore, we document the presence of fins from very young white sharks in the trade, suggesting a multiple-use market (food to trophies) exists for fins of this species. The presence of small fins in the trade contradicts the view that white shark fins have market value only as large display trophies, and not as food. Our findings indicate that effective conservation of protected shark species will require international management regimes that include monitoring of the shark fishery and trade on a species-specific basis.