cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Associations with Indoor Tanning Addiction among non-Hispanic White Young Adult Women.

BACKGROUND Some young people may become addicted to indoor tanning in a manner similar to other forms of addiction, but research on genetic associations with indoor tanning addiction remains limited. PURPOSE To examine if liabilities in genetic addiction reward pathways and psychiatric comorbidity influence the risk of indoor tanning addiction. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with a community sample of 292 non-Hispanic white young adult women aged 18-30 years who reported indoor tanning in the past year. Self-report measures included indoor tanning frequency, appearance orientation, depressive symptoms, and two screeners of tanning addiction. DNA samples were analyzed for 34 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes in addiction reward pathways. RESULTS No SNPs were significantly associated with tanning addiction in univariate analyses after multiplicity adjustment. In multivariable analyses adjusting for indoor tanning frequency, appearance orientation, and depressive symptoms, variant genotypes (CC or CT) in two DRD2 dopamine receptor gene SNPs were associated with increased odds of indoor tanning addiction (rs4436578, odds ratio [OR]: 2.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-4.77; rs4648318, OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.02-3.72). Variant SNP genotypes interacted with depressive symptoms to increase the risk of indoor tanning addiction: OR: 10.79, 95% CI: 3.25, 35.80, OR: 13.60, 95% CI: 4.13, 44.78, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that DRD2 dopamine receptor gene SNPs are associated with indoor tanning addiction and young women with variant genotypes and elevated depressive symptoms may be at higher risk. These preliminary results support a reward-based model for indoor tanning addiction and warrant further investigation.
Does prior knowledge of food fraud affect consumer behavior? Evidence from an incentivized economic experiment

This study uses a laboratory experiment to examine whether prior knowledge of food fraud persistently affects consumer behavior. We invited regular consumers of olive oil to participate in an olive oil valuation experiment. We used a within-subject design to compare consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for Italian extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) before and after receiving information about labeling scandals in the Italian olive oil industry. After the first round of bidding, but before introducing information about labeling scandals or otherwise mentioning food fraud, we surveyed participants about whether they had heard of food fraud. Results indicate that prior knowledge of food fraud plays an important role in explaining consumers’ valuation behavior, both in the pre-information baseline bidding and in how they update their valuation in response to information about a food fraud scandal. Consumers who reported prior knowledge of food fraud partially accounted for the possibility of food fraud in their initial pre-information valuation, submitting significantly lower bids than participants who did not report prior knowledge. They also reacted less to olive oil fraud information than consumers who reported no prior knowledge of food fraud. Findings of this study highlight the potential long-term consequences of increasing consumer awareness of food fraud incidents on consumer WTP for products in industries that have experienced food fraud scandals.
Evaluation of public dose from FHR tritium release with consideration of meteorological uncertainties.

Tritium management is a potentially significant issue in fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature reactors (FHRs), as these reactors can produce tritium at high rates. Potential impact of the tritium released into the environment needs to be investigated to help determine the maximum-allowable tritium-release rate from an FHR plant. In this study, a dose assessment on the public resulting from FHR tritium release was performed via computational modeling. Three potential locations for FHR construction, i.e., the Hanford site, Idaho Falls in Idaho, and Oak Ridge in Tennessee, were selected. Atmospheric tritium dispersion was modeled using computer code family GENII and a parametric study of key meteorological variables was carried out. An uncertainty analysis was performed to examine the reliability of the prediction of dose for the year 2020. It is discovered that conditions in favor of lower public dose level from FHR tritium release include low atmosphere temperature, high wind speed, high relative humidity, and high tritium release point. It is also discovered that for different geological locations, the dominance of meteorological parameters differs significantly. Among the three locations modeled, although the Hanford site might be the most suitable location for FHR construction in the past, in the near future, Oak Ridge would possess advantages in the dose assessment aspect over the other two. We assumed that the tritium release rate from an FHR plant is given at 18.5 TBq/day and compared the probability of the maximum individual dose exceeding the regulatory limit (0.4 mSv/y). According to the prediction of dose for the year 2020, this probability is extremely low. While for Idaho Falls, it is 91.62% and for the Hanford site, 44.27%. The results indicate that effective measures should be taken for tritium control in FHR.
You have been CAUTE!: early detection of compromised accounts on social media

Detection of compromised social media accounts is an important problem as the compromised accounts can be exploited by hackers to spread false and misleading information. In particular, early detection of compromised accounts is essential to mitigating the damages caused by the hackers' posts, which may range from victim shaming to causing widespread public panic and civil unrest. This paper proposes CAUTE, a deep learning framework that simultaneously learns the feature embeddings of the users and their posts in order to identify which, if any, of their posts were written by a different person, i.e. a hacker. Using Twitter as an example of the social media platform, CAUTE learns a tweet-to-user encoder to infer the user features from tweet features and a user-to-tweet encoder to predict the tweet content from a combination of the user features and the tweet meta features. The residual errors of both encoders are then fed into a fully-connected neural network layer to detect whether a post was published by the specified user or by a hacker. Experimental results showed that the features learned by CAUTE are more informative than those generated by conventional representation learning methods. Additionally, CAUTE outperformed several state-of-the-art baseline algorithms in terms of their overall performance and can effectively detect compromised posts early without generating too many false alarms.
Zirconium stable isotope analysis of zircon by MC-ICP-MS: methods and application to evaluating intra-crystalline zonation in a zircon megacryst

Zirconium (Zr) plays a key role in the development of phases like zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) in magmatic systems. These minerals are crucial for the study of geologic time and crustal evolution, and their high resistivity to weathering and erosion results in their preservation on timescales of billions of years. Although zircon and baddeleyite may also preserve a robust record of Zr isotope behavior in high-temperature terrestrial environments, little is known about the factors that control Zr isotope partitioning in magmatic systems, the petrogenetic significance of fractionated compositions, or how these variations are recorded in Zr-rich accessory phases. Here, we describe a new analytical protocol for accurately determining the Zr stable isotope composition of zircon by multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), using the double-spike method to correct for procedural and instrumental mass bias. We apply this technique to test whether zircon crystallization in carbonatite magmatic systems is a driver of Zr isotope fractionation by interrogating the internal zonation of a zircon megacryst from the Mud Tank carbonatite (MTUR1). We find the MTUR1 megacryst to lack internal zoning within analytical uncertainties with a mean μ94/90ZrNIST = −55 ± 28 ppm (2 SD, n = 151), which suggests that zircon crystallization is not a driver of Zr isotope fractionation in carbonatite magmas. This observation is in stark contrast with those made in silicate magmatic systems, raising the possibility that the bonding environment of Zr4+ ions may be fundamentally different in carbonatite vs. silicate melts. Because of its remarkable homogeneity, the MTUR1 megacryst is an ideal natural reference material for Zr isotopic analysis of zircon using both solution and spatially resolved methods. The reproducibility of a pure Zr solution and our chemically purified zircon fractions indicate that the external reproducibility of our method is on the order of ±28 ppm for μ94/90Zr, or ±7 ppm per amu, at 95% confidence.
An interprofessional education pilot project examining the issue of substance abuse with nursing and crime and justice students

Abstract Interprofessional education (IPE) and collaboration is an important component of nursing education but may be limited in schools of nursing with limited access to other health profession students. This paper describes an innovative pilot educational program whose purpose was to bring two seemingly disparate majors together in an interprofessional capacity to collaborate on their shared experience of caring for and interacting with individuals dealing with substance use disorder. At the end of this experience students majoring in nursing as well as students majoring in crime and justice recognized individuals impacted by substance use face many challenges both in and out of the acute care setting. Students also recognized the value of working together interprofessionally to facilitate positive outcomes.
Code Descriptions and data for “Comparing social constructions of wildfire risk across media, government, and participatory discourse in a Colorado fireshed

Data consists of: README, qualitative data files in nvpx and qdpx formats, codebook and zipped file of codes.
The 2015 Frank Stinchfield Award: Radiographic Abnormalities Common in Senior Athletes With Well-functioning Hips but Not Associated With Osteoarthritis.

Background It is not known whether morphological abnormalities of the hip are compatible with lifelong hip function and avoidance of osteoarthritis (OA). Our purpose was to investigate the prevalence of radiographic findings consistent with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and dysplasia (DDH) in senior athletes with well-functioning hips.
Adapting sustainable forest management to climate policy uncertainty: A conceptual framework

Abstract Sustainable forest management delivers ecological benefits critical to mitigating climate change impacts and can produce carbon offset credits tradable at the market price, generating additional income to forest landowners. However, due to high uncertainty in the climate policy of the United States, the economic potential of sustainably managing forests for offset credits is uncertain, discouraging landowners from participating in such practices. Also uncertain are the ecological consequences, especially in terms of forest carbon stocks. Here a conceptual framework was proposed which, with a regime-switching process, modeled the price of carbon credits as a proxy of the climate policy. Uncertainty in policy was translated into a limited number of scenarios regarding the timing and magnitude of policy regime switches. This model was then incorporated into a Markov decision process model of forest management, which accounted for multiple forms of risk and uncertainty affecting forest functioning and management. Using linear programming, this framework quantified the economic and ecological potentials of forest carbon management in various policy scenarios and determined optimal harvesting rules adaptive to policy shifts. A simple numerical example was provided to demonstrate the application of this framework.
G Protein Involvement in Signal Transduction

This chapter is concerned with the role of G proteins in the regulation of signal transduction by ligands which bind to high affinity receptor proteins on the cell surface. Some of these receptors transmit information from the exterior surface of the cell into internal signals or second messengers. Other receptors alter reactions such as ion fluxes without an intracellular messenger.
Isolation and Identification of Vibrio cholerae O1 from Fecal Specimens

The introduction of cholera into Latin America during 1991 and 1992 has underscored the need for public health and clinical microbiologists worldwide to be familiar with methods for the isolation and characterization of Vibrio cholerae. This chapter summarizes basic laboratory techniques for cholera and is intended to provide a reference for the microbiologist who has not specialized in these procedures. Isolates of V. cholerae serogroups other than O1 or O139 are occasionally associated with sporadic diarrheal illness, limited outbreaks of diarrhea, and extraintestinal infection. Fecal specimens (stool or rectal swabs) should be collected as early as possible in the illness, as the number of V. cholerae O1 in the stool begins to decrease soon after the onset of symptoms. Alkaline peptone water (APW) is a simple and inexpensive medium that has been used for transport as well as enrichment of specimens for V. cholerae. Although V cholerae O1 grows on a variety of commonly used agar media, isolation from fecal specimens is more easily accomplished by use of a selective plating medium. Typically, strains of V. cholerae ferment glucose and sucrose without producing gas. Fermentation tests should be read at 24 h but if negative may be incubated for up to 7 days. Blood agar plates containing 5 to 10% sheep blood may be used to test V. cholerae O1 for hemolysis.
Update on the spectrum of histoplasmosis among hispanic patients presenting to a New York City municipal hospital: A contemporary case series.

Histoplasma capsulatum is the most common endemic mycosis worldwide. Although most of the globe's largest urban hubs fall outside this organism's regions of endemicity, clinicians practicing in a metropolis like New York City or Los Angeles must nevertheless remain vigilant for histoplasmosis because of the large immigrant population that is served by its hospitals. H. capsulatum infection ranges from asymptomatic pulmonary infection to life-threatening diffuse pneumonia with dissemination. The early years of the AIDS epidemic first introduced U.S. clinicians working in areas previously unfamiliar with histoplasmosis to newly immunocompromised patients from endemic regions presenting with disseminated H. capsulatum originally acquired in their home countries. Improvement in HIV prevention and therapeutics has reduced the frequency of such cases. Herein we report three cases of histoplasmosis encountered in our New York City institution over the last three years to emphasize that awareness of this infection remains mandatory for the frontline urban clinician.
The Reactivity of the Tyrosyl Residues of Cytochrome b5

Abstract The reactivities of the tyrosyl residues of calf and rabbit cytochrome b5 have been examined by acylation, iodination, and titration of the proteins. These experiments distinguish residues 6 and 7 as the most exposed and reactive residues, which ionize normally and can be acetylated or iodinated to form the monoiodo or diiodo derivatives. Tyrosine 30, which is common to both cytochrome preparations and "buried" in a nonpolar environment according to x-ray data, is iodinated more slowly without affecting the heme binding. However, this latter iodination does produce a structural change reflected in a less stable protein conformation. The calf liver heme protein contains a fourth tyrosyl residue at position 27 in a nonpolar peptide sequence of nine amino acids which can be isolated as a tryptic peptide. This residue, either in the intact protein or the isolated peptide fragment, is extremely unreactive and can be iodinated or ionized only in concentrated urea solutions.
Metabolism of myofibrillar proteins in the normal and hypertrophic heart.

The pathways of myofibrillar assembly and degradation were studied in normal heart and during developing hypertrophy by two independent methods: amino acid incorporation kinetics and the double isotope technique.
Hydrogeochemistry of the New Jersey Coastal Plain

Abstract The New Jersey Coastal Plain (Pine Barrens) is an extensive region where inorganic interactions between the soils and shallow groundwater are at a minimum. This study compares the geochemistry of precipitation and surface water to analyze transport mechanisms of major elements and to evaluate hydrogeochemical balances in this relatively unusual system. Precipitation composition is controlled by proximity to the ocean and seasonal variability of storm movements. Total dissolved solids in precipitation are high (11.5 ppm) but decrease inland; Na + and Cl − are more abundant in winter precipitation whereas K + , SO 2− 4 , Ca 2+ , and NO 3 − exhibit greater concentrations during the summer months. Na + and Cl − are derived from marine aerosols; SO 2− 4 is a product of SO 2 pollution in the atmosphere; other ions have significant contributions from continental aerosols. Dissolved solids in rivers are low (20 ppm) compared with average river water and pH is acidic (4.5). Both reflect paucity of mineral-water reactions in the uppermost aquifer (Cohansey Formation — quartz sand and gravel). However, regional variations in river-water geochemistry suggest cross-aquifer migration of deep groundwaters into the Mullica River basin. Mass balances confirm that river-water composition is controlled principally by precipitation. However, Ca 2+ , PO 3− 4 , and SO 2− 4 are depleted in river waters, probably as a result of removal by biota or cedar swamp processes. Mg 2+ shows an excess in the rivers, suggesting a contribution from deep groundwater. The poor chemical buffering in the waters of this region render them highly susceptible to contamination.
Inline state of health estimation of lithium-ion batteries using state of charge calculation

Abstract The determination of state-of-health (SOH) and state-of-charge (SOC) is challenging and remains as an active research area in academia and industry due to its importance for Li-ion battery applications. The estimation process poses more challenges after substantial battery aging. This paper presents an inline SOH and SOC estimation method for Li-ion battery packs, specifically for those based on LiFePO4 chemistry. This new hybridized SOC and SOH estimator can be used for battery packs. Inline estimated model parameters were used in a compounded SOC + SOH estimator consisting of the SOC calculation based on coulomb counting method as an expedient approach and an SOH observer using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) technique for calibrating the estimates from the coulomb counting method. The algorithm's low SOC and SOH estimation error, fast response time, and less-demanding computational requirement make it practical for on-board estimations. The simulation and experimental results, along with the test bed structure, are presented to validate the proposed methodology on a single cell and a 3S1P LiFePO4 battery pack.
Implications of processed material in the atmospheres of LMC B supergiants

A high-dispersion study of 11 LMC B-type supergiants shows that the relatively rare nitrogen-weak stars (10–20% of LMC B-type supergiants) also have weaker helium lines and stronger oxygen lines than the more spectroscopically “typical” B supergiants. Such correlations in line strength are what would be expected from the contamination of the surfaces of the “typical” supergiants by material processed a hydrogen-burning core. The relatively rare “N-weak” stars likely have retained their original surface abundances.
Neonatal oxygen supplementation in mice leads to persistent modifications in NK cell functions during influenza A virus infection (INC8P.436)

Supplemental oxygen is used to treat preterm infants in respiratory distress. However, this treatment can disrupt normal lung development and alter responses to respiratory insults. Similarly, exposure of newborn mice to 100% oxygen leads to alveolar simplification and altered host resistance to respiratory infection. Upon challenge with influenza A virus, adult mice exposed to neonatal hyperoxia exhibit higher morbidity and mortality, and survivors display hallmarks of pulmonary fibrosis, indicative of atypical repair. Natural Killer (NK) cells are key players in antiviral immunity; identifying and killing infected cells. Emerging evidence suggest they also help maintain homeostasis in peripheral tissues, including the lung, by promoting epithelial cell regeneration via IL-22. We tested the hypothesis that adult mice exposed to hyperoxia as neonates have modified NK cell responses to infection. We found that mice exposed to neonatal hyperoxia had fewer IL-22 producing pulmonary NK cells during influenza virus challenge, but an increase in IFN-γ producing NK cells. In reciprocal bone marrow chimera mice, diminished IL-22+ NK cells aligned with hyperoxia-exposed donors, irrespective of the host’s exposure status. Overall, our findings suggest that neonatal hyperoxia leads to long-term changes in the reparative versus cytotoxic nature of NK cells, due in part to intrinsic changes in hematopoietic cells. These differences may contribute to altered host responses to infection.
Hegel and the Concept of Extinction

Part I discusses what kind of ‘advances’ occur in Hegel's works, particularly his Philosophy of Nature. I then discuss evolution and extinction in relation to these advances. I summarize Errol Harris' view that Hegel's advances are consistent with current evolutionary theory and then critique this view using articles by Cinzia Ferinni and Alison Stone. I discuss an alternative, post-Kantian Hegelianism which dialectically unites the nature of our cognition with us as subjects that cognize (spirit). For that, I draw on Hegel's claim that ‘The True is just as much Substance as Subject’, and I show how that claim is complicated in a helpful way when applied to the multiple kinds of ‘subjects’ in the Philosophy of Nature. Part II highlights the implications of biological mass extinction for these differing Hegelian theories. Part III brings the above post-Kantian dialectical Hegelianism together with the final chapter of the Phenomenology of Spirit in order to align Hegelian terminology with current solutions for mass extinction: ‘Absolute Knowing’ is a self-sacrificing and a recollecting that reinstates the subject in and through nature; such knowing generates dialectically holistic logics of survival. This recollection of life produces neither abstract spiritual self-consciousness nor a mere ‘gallery’ of extinct life forms. It is philosophical responsibility, identity through natural differences, Absolute Spirit ‘tarrying’ with its world. 21st century Hegelians should be environmentalists on Hegel's terms, a surprising conclusion given that Hegel did not anticipate environmental problems. Hegel's Philosophy of Nature may in turn help environmentalists argue against unacknowledged and badly conceived philosophies of nature. Hegel's work is not reducible to either naturalism or metaphysical idealism: reading Hegel's Philosophy of Nature in conjunction with his Phenomenology of Spirit reveals ways in which a subject, widely and complexly defined at different levels (including different species), is dialectically inseparable from substance, equally widely and complexly defined. This helps us to understand the natural depths of Spirit, which we are at risk of losing.
Orexin-1 receptor signaling increases motivation for cocaine-associated cues.

The orexin/hypocretin system is involved in multiple cocaine addiction processes that involve drug-associated environmental cues, including cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking and expression of conditioned place preference. However, the orexin system does not play a role in several behaviors that are less cue-dependent, such as cocaine-primed reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking and low-effort cocaine self-administration. We hypothesized that cocaine-associated cues, but not cocaine alone, engage signaling at orexin-1 receptors (OX1R), and this cue-engaged OX1R signaling increases motivation for cocaine. Motivation for cocaine was measured in Sprague-Dawley rats with behavioral-economic demand curve analysis after pretreatment with the OX1R antagonist SB-334867 (SB) or vehicle with and without light+tone cues. Demand for cocaine was higher when cocaine-associated cues were present, and SB only reduced cocaine demand in the presence of these cues. We then asked if cocaine demand is linked to cued-reinstatement of cocaine seeking, as both procedures are partially driven by cocaine-associated cues in an orexin-dependent manner. SB blocked cue-induced reinstatement behavior, and baseline demand predicted SB efficacy with the largest effect in high demand animals, i.e., animals with the greatest cue-dependent behavior. We conclude that OX1R signaling increases the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine-associated cues but not for cocaine alone. This supports our view that orexin plays a prominent role in the ability of conditioned cues to activate motivational responses.
Generation-recombination noise produced in the channel of JFET's

Measurements are presented of noise in JFET's at low temperatures (80-200 K) for devices having a low pinch-off voltage. The noise spectra show the presence of several types of generation-recombination g-r processes. Two processes are attributed to traps in the channel. Further, at the lowest temperatures a long plateau, associated with donor transitions, is observed.
Changing Patterns of Hospital Length of Stay After Orthognathic Surgery

Purpose The purpose of this study was to estimate the hospital length of stay (LOS) and identify factors associated with LOS in orthognathic surgery patients. Materials and Methods Using a retrospective cohort study design, we enrolled a sample composed of patients who underwent orthognathic surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital between January 1994 and July 2006. The primary predictor variables were fixation type (rigid/nonrigid), anesthesia technique (hypotensive/normotensive), and perioperative steroid use (yes/no). The outcome variable was LOS. Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables. Bivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with duration of LOS with P values less than .15. Multiple regression modeling was used to assess the relationship between the primary predictor variables and LOS. The level of statistical significance was set at P less than .05. Results The study sample was comprised of 627 subjects (58.5% female) with a mean age of 26.1 ± 10.2 years. The overall mean LOS was 1.7 ± 1.2 days. During the study period, LOS decreased from 2.3 to 1.3 days (P Conclusion The results of this study indicate that individual variables associated with duration of LOS are complexity of the orthognathic procedure and type of fixation used. In the multiple logistic regression model, LOS decreases significantly when rigid fixation, hypotensive anesthesia, and perioperative steroids are used in combination.
Actin Hydrophobic Loop 262-274 and Filament Nucleation and Elongation

The importance of actin hydrophobic loop 262-274 dynamics to actin polymerization and filament stability has been shown recently with the use of the yeast mutant actin L180C/L269C/C374A, in which the hydrophobic loop could be locked in a "parked" conformation by a disulfide bond between C180 and C269. Such a cross-linked globular actin monomer does not form filaments, suggesting nucleation and/or elongation inhibition. To determine the role of loop dynamics in filament nucleation and/or elongation, we studied the polymerization of the cross-linked actin in the presence of cofilin, to assist with actin nucleation, and with phalloidin, to stabilize the elongating filament segments. We demonstrate here that together, but not individually, phalloidin and cofilin co-rescue the polymerization of cross-linked actin. The polymerization was also rescued by filament seeds added together with phalloidin but not with cofilin. Thus, loop immobilization via cross-linking inhibits both filament nucleation and elongation. Nevertheless, the conformational changes needed to catalyze ATP hydrolysis by actin occur in the cross-linked actin. When actin filaments are fully decorated by cofilin, the helical twist of filamentous actin (F-actin) changes by approximately 5 degrees per subunit. Electron microscopic analysis of filaments rescued by cofilin and phalloidin revealed a dense contact between opposite strands in F-actin and a change of twist by approximately 1 degrees per subunit, indicating either partial or disordered attachment of cofilin to F-actin and/or competition between cofilin and phalloidin to alter F-actin symmetry. Our findings show an importance of the hydrophobic loop conformational dynamics in both actin nucleation and elongation and reveal that the inhibition of these two steps in the cross-linked actin can be relieved by appropriate factors.
Dual Receiver Communication System for DSRC

This is the first study and field test analysis for DSRC (Dedicated Short distance Radio System) Vehicle wireless communication system design with first prototype developed WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicle Environment) system platform in which IEEE802.11p and IEEE1609 standard software have been implemented. In the field test, packet reach ability as one of parameter for system evaluation has been measured for both WAVE announce frame and IP packet data between On-Board-Unit (OBU) and Road-Side-Unit (RSU). After basic WAVE functional test, it has been considered about safety application with this new DSRC technology and it is also evaluated in the field testing for informing road singe and camera steaming information transmission to vehicle. In this field testing, it is compared between single receiver concept in IEEE802.11p and dual receiver concept in Car to Car Communication Consortium (C2C-CC). Under the current existing IEEE802.11p specification, there are two types of communication channels i.e. Control Channel (CCH) and Service Channel (SCH). Those channels are sending during each 50 msec interval. The CCH is used for emergency information transmission basically and SHC is used for non- critical information such as video transmission for customer usage. Therefore it should be considered about time critical for sending CCH information. So it has been measured timing for each CCH and SCH frame arrival from RSU to OBU in real field testing as basic WAVE system functions.
N2O5 oxidizes chloride to Cl2 in acidic atmospheric aerosol.

Molecular chlorine (Cl2) is an important yet poorly understood trace constituent of the lower atmosphere. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed for the conversion of particle-bound chloride (Cl‐) to gas-phase Cl2, the detailed processes involved remain uncertain. Here, we show that reaction of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) with aerosol-phase chloride yields Cl2 at low pH (
TORQUE ACTION OF TWO-JOINT MUSCLES IN THE SWING PERIOD OF STIFF-LEGGED GAIT : A FORWARD DYNAMIC MODEL ANALYSIS

Stiff-legged gait, characterized by limited knee flexion during the swing period, is a common consequence of upper motor neuron injury. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the rectus femoris and hamstrings muscles (which act at both the hip and knee) contribute to stiff-legged gait if active during the swing period of the gait cycle. Ten subjects with unilateral stiff-legged gait due to stroke were evaluated. Swing period free gait data were obtained. A biomechanical model of the affected limb was developed for each subject. Muscle and tendon lengths were scaled to individual subjects while constant nominal values for maximum muscle forces were used for all subjects. Torque driven forward dynamic simulations were employed to determine the sensitivity of swing period maximum knee flexion angle to changes in hip and knee torques. Combined torque and muscle driven simulations were used to access the action of specific two-joint muscles. Both hip flexion torque and knee extension torque were found to influence knee angle, but knee angle was more sensitive to changes in torque at the knee joint. The actions of the rectus femoris and long hamstrings are most marked at the knee, although their action at the hip opposes their action at the knee. Rectus femoris activity during early swing acts to limit knee flexion and contributes to stiff-legged gait. Long hamstring activity in early swing contributes to knee flexion.
Sensory axon targeting is increased by NGF gene therapy within the lesioned adult femoral nerve

Even though peripheral nerves regenerate well, axons are often misrouted and reinnervate inappropriate distal pathways post-injury. Misrouting most likely occurs at branch points where regenerating axons make choices. Here, we show that the accuracy of sensory axon reinnervation is enhanced by overexpression of the guidance molecule nerve growth factor (NGF) distal to the bifurcation. We used the femoral nerve as a model, which contains both sensory and motor axons that intermingle in the parent trunk and distally segregate into the saphenous (SB) and motor branches (MB). Transection of the parent trunk resulted in misrouting of axon reinnervation to SB and MB. To enhance sensory axon targeting, recombinant adenovirus encoding NGF was injected along the SB close to the bifurcation 1 week post-injury. The accuracy of axon reinnervation was assessed by retrograde tracing at 3 or 8 weeks after nerve injury. NGF overexpression significantly increased the accuracy of SB axon reinnervation to the appropriate nerve branch, in a manner independent of enhancing axon regeneration. This novel finding provides in vivo evidence that gradient expression of neurotrophin can be used to enhance targeting of distal peripheral pathways to increase axon regeneration into the appropriate nerve branch.
Granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), survival and brood production following exposure to entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi

Abstract The granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus , is one of the most important exotic pests in orchards and nurseries in the US. The beetle has a wide host range, including some of the most popular and valuable trees in nurseries, and is difficult to control using chemical insecticides because of its cryptic habits. In this study we evaluated the susceptibility of X. crassiusculus to three commercial strains of entomopathogenic fungi and also examined gallery formation and brood production among females exposed to these biocontrol agents and a mycoparasitic fungus, Trichoderma harzianum . All three entomopathogens were virulent to X. crassiusculus : Beauveria bassiana strains GHA and Naturalis and Metarhizium brunneum F52 produced 76.7 ± 7%, 95.6 ± 1.1%, and 78.9 ± 7.8% mortality, respectively, among treated adult females at the highest dose (600 conidia/mm 2 ) 5 days after inoculation. Females exposed to beech stems treated with entomopathogenic fungi at the highest concentration had lower survival rates and produced fewer galleries. All concentrations tested, however, resulted in females with fewer offspring compared to control. Those exposed to T. harzianum strain KRL-AG2 produced galleries with sparse, patchy, or no symbiont growth, many of which had no or few brood present. Some of the females exposed to either B. bassiana or M. brunneum also had galleries with sparse mycelial growth. These results show the potential of entomopathogenic or mycoparasitic fungi in controlling X. crassiusculus , either directly by killing adult females and preventing or reducing brood production or indirectly by suppressing growth or establishment of their fungal symbiont in galleries.
LOW BACK PAIN AND ITS TREATMENT BY SPINAL MANIPULATION: MEASURES OF FLEXIBILITY AND ASYMMETRY

Nineteen low back pain patients and eight patients not suffering from low back pain were given several tests of flexibility and asymmetry by two different examiners. Three criteria of reliability and validity were used: (1) significant agreement between independent observers, (2) significantly different scores in the groups with and without low back pain, and (3) significant improvement following a successful spinal manipulation. Tests of anterior flexion and asymmetry of foot eversion met only the first and second criteria while tests of hamstring tightness and asymmetry of voluntary straight leg raising met only the first and third criteria. Passive and voluntary straight leg raising tests were the only measures that met all three criteria. Therefore, of the objective tests investigated here, only passive or voluntary straight leg raising can be strongly recommended for use in the evaluation of spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain.
Fear conditioning as a function of CS duration during acquisition and suppression tests

The effects of CS duration during fear conditioning were assessed using a secondary punishing technique. CS duration was not found to be an influencing variable. Inadequacies of the secondary punishment procedure utilized by Mowrer and his colleagues were noted and it was suggested that more ex­ tensive comparisons be made of the CER technique with an improved secondary punishing procedure. In investigating critical parameters of fear condi­ tioning, Mowrer & Aiken (1954) and Mowrer & Solomon (1954) used the technique of conditioned suppression via a secondary punisher. In this procedure a rat is trained to make an operantbarpressona CRF schedule for food. Concurrently, but in a different environment, a CS (light) is presented immediately prior to shock, i.e., a fear conditioning procedure. After several training sessions in each situation, the CS is used as a secondary punisher by being made contingent on the bar press. The fear arousing capacity of the light is inferred from the amount of response suppression which occurs during the secondary punishment phase. This procedure differs from the more widely used conditioned emotion response (CER) procedure (Estes & Skinner, 1941) in that in the CER technique the presen­ tation of feared stimulus is not contingent upon S's re­ sponse. It is programmed independently of the food rein­ forcement schedule. The amount of response suppres­ sion which occurs while the conditioned stimulus is pres­ ent is taken as an index of its fear arousing capacity. Kimble (1961, p. 270) states that " ... the function relating strength of fear to the time separating neutral and noxious stimuli resembles thatfor other classically conditioned responses." However, this generalization has a very limited empirical support being based pri­ marily on studies of avoidance conditioning rather than fear conditioning per se. Those experiments which have studied fear conditioning using a CER procedure have typically found optimal durations to be considerably longer than the .5 sec. which Kimble implies. Libby (1951) found that response suppression increased with increases in CS duration up to 7 sec., but observed no increases between 7 sec. and 30 sec., i.e., the function was a negatively accelerated increasing one which was asymptotic around 7 sec. Using pigeons, Lyon (1963) found that as the CS duration increased from 100 to 300 sec., the amount of suppression increased. Simi­ larly, Stein et al (1958) and Carlton & Didamo (1960) found relative CS duration to be an important parameter of conditioned suppression. The purpose of the present experiment was to de­ termine if similar results would be obtained if the CS
An Investigation of the Sequence of Catalan Numbers With Activities for Prospective Teachers

In The Handbook of Integer Sequence Numbers by N. J. Sloane (1973), the sequences of integers known as the Catalan numbers and the Bell numbers are called sequences 577 and 585, respectively. In this paper, several problems in which these sequences arise are investigated. These problems are appropriate for both pre- and in-service teachers, as well as students studying discrete mathematics.
Media events: On the experience of not being there

The viewing of television is a kind of liminoid activity in which masses of people routinely-even ritualistically-disconnect themselves from their everyday concerns, enter into a protected `time out', and allow themselves to be transported symbolically elsewhere.' Ironically, this very domain has given rise to a set of interruptions of itself that border on the liminal . These are the live broadcasts of great events that transform individuated and stratified masses into the communitas of whole societies, riveting them not just to programs in general but to the very same broadcast ; transporting them not just elsewhere but to `the center' . The reference is not to the live broadcasts of spectacular news breaks . These have to do, primarily, with accidents : the attempt on the life of a Pope or a President, or the leak in the atomic plant at Three Mile Island . We refer, rather, to the live broadcasts of ceremonial occasions that are preplanned and well advertised . They offer the audience a participatory role and propose the reintegration of society. An example would be the Kennedy funeral, not the Kennedy assassination . They constitute a genre reserved for very special occasions, taking advantage of the ability of television technology to transmit words and pictures simultaneously and universally. It is with such occasions that this paper is concerned . Our research began with the coming of Sadat to Jerusalem in 1977 . Thrilled as we were, together with millions of others, we began to study the event as a case of media diplomacy, in which the media-television in particular-can be said to have made a difference (Katz, Dayan, Motyl, 1983) . We soon came to realize that Sadat's heroic visit has parallels in events such as the Pope's first voyage to Poland, or the moonlandings, or DeGaulle's symbolic liberation of Quebec. We then joined these events to others that have stirred a nation or the world: the funerals of Kennedy and Mountbatten, the Royal Wedding, the Olympics, the Watergate hearings, the presidential debates and so on . Obviously there cannot be a very large number of such events, for they would be self defeating . In pluralist societies, establishment groups of all kinds
Design Of And Image Editing With A Space-Filling Three-Dimensional Display Based On A Standard Raster Graphics System

We are developing graphics systems, image preprocessing methods, and interactive manipulation techniques for a space-filling 3D display using a varifocal mirror principle. Our driving problem is a medical imaging need for presentation of three-dimensional intensity information. The major goal of both the image preprocessing and the interactive manipulation has been to overcome obscuration, which we feel is coming to be recognized as the central problem in any space-filling display. In our system, the preprocessing step highlights important image features such as surfaces. At display time, the object can be dynamically edited and rotated for convenient viewing from various directions. Our particular hardware design allows the 3D display to be constructed as an inexpensive add-on to a standard video graphics system. The interactive rotation and other manipulations are achieved by the standard built-in graphics processor.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Scale-free networks with a large- to hypersmall-world transition

Abstract Recently there has been a tremendous interest in models of networks with a power-law distribution of degree—so-called “scale-free networks.” It has been observed that such networks, normally, have extremely short path-lengths, scaling logarithmically or slower with system size. As an exotic and counterintuitive example we propose a simple stochastic model capable of generating scale-free networks with linearly scaling distances. Furthermore, by tuning a parameter the model undergoes a phase transition to a regime with extremely short average distances, apparently slower than log log N (which we call a hypersmall-world regime). We characterize the degree–degree correlation and clustering properties of this class of networks.
31 Year Evolution of the Rotating-Platform Total Knee Replacment: Coping With “Spinout” and Wear

Low-contact-stress rotating-platform knee replacements were the original mobile-bearing knees developed by the senior authors in 1978 to improve fixation and minimize wear, however, 1-2 % experienced “spin-out” and wear resulting in the development of a third generation rotating platform (Buechel-Pappas, or B-P) in 1991. The purpose of this study is to evaluate design modifications incorporated into the B-P device based upon clinical outcomes. Clinical results of the initial 310 cementless B-P rotating platform total knee replacements in 257 patients were analyzed using a strict knee scoring scale. Of that group, 259 total knees in 206 patients were followed for 2–18 years (mean: 7.6 years). The titanium alloy metallic implants had a 10 μm thick titanium nitride (TiN) coating on all bearing and fixation surfaces and sintered-bead porous-coating, pore size of 350 microns, on all fixation surfaces. The rotating-platform bearing allowed 45° of internal and external rotation with further rotation limited by a stop pin on the tibial component to block complete rotary subluxation/dislocation of the bearing in the event of significant flexion instability or rotational trauma. The study showed 86.4 % excellent, 12.3 % good, 0.3 % fair, and 1.0 % poor results using a strict knee scoring scale. Complications requiring revision included tibial component loosening in 2 super-obese (BMI >50), osteoarthritic patients (0.6%) and 1 late deep infection (0.3%) in a rheumatoid patient after 3.3 years. There were no cases of bearing wear, subluxation, or dislocation seen. Radiographic analysis, using >2 mm lucency in any implant zone, demonstrated 0 % of radiolucencies around femoral components, 2.6 % around tibial components, and 0 % around patella components. Survivorship, using an end point of revision for wear or component loosening was 99.4 % at the 18-year interval.
Work satisfaction among rural mental health staff

Previous studies demonstrating low levels of work satisfaction among mental health staff have failed to investigate specific correlates such as employment status, educational and caselood characteristics or to consider differences in a rural organizational context. Responses on 11 work satisfaction items were compared on 16 work and educational characteristics for 47 clinical staff in rural mental health facilities. The correlates of work satisfaction identified are compared to previous job satisfaction studies, and profiles of least and most satisfied staff are discussed.
A study of the Growth‐Temperature‐dependent Surface Morphology in InSb Liquid Phase Epitaxy

InSb LPE layers were grown on (111) InSb substrates, their phase diagram and growth rates studied. The InSb activity coefficient α(T), determined by fitting the experimental data, had a value of 2556–11.11 · T cal · mole−1. The terraces on the surface were reduced by increasing the temperature to 350 °C. Hall measurements of InSb/CdTe heterostructure failed due to the high Te segregation. The carrier concentration of these InSb epilayers, however, was determined by C-V measurements with values between 7.5 · 1014 cm−3 and 5 · 1015 cm−3.