cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 283: Target cell-derived, G401-CLENs for selective delivery of model therapeutics to rhabdoid tumors

One of the rarest and most aggressive pediatric cancers to date is the malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT), maintaining a survival rate of 16%. Considered a renal cancer, approximately 20-25 new cases are diagnosed in the USA each year, with the average age of diagnosis being about 11 months old. Conventional strategies for treating MRT are limited due to several factors including off-target associated toxicities, patient population, age, metastasis to brain tissue, and diminished survival rates. CLENs (cell membrane lipid-extracted nanoliposomes), a novel drug delivery system, was previously developed and evaluated for selective delivery of cytotoxic drug agents to breast cancer cells and compared to more conventional liposomes. The purpose of this investigation was to optimize and characterize G401-CLENs for selective targeting and delivery of model payloads to a cellular model of rhabdoid tumors. The MRT cell line (G-401 [G401] (ATCC® CRL-1441™) was cultured in McCoy9s 5A Medium (ATCC® 30-2007™), supplemented by 10% FBS. The G401 cellular lipid materials (otherwise known as lipid extracts (LE)) were derived from G401 cells. Follow up studies include the incorporation of G401-LE in liposomes to form G401-CLENs. For development, special consideration was given to distinct determinants of targeting (i.e., particle size and zeta potential) and cellular uptake by G401-CLENs. Other analyses include a comparison of delivery of model and functional siRNA (BRD9 Silencer Select Pre-designed, siRNA ID s35295, Ambion) to G401 target cells using G401-CLENs, and conventional nano-preparations in vitro. G401-LE cell membrane components were extracted from rhabdoid G401 cells. On-going physiochemical characterization studies of G401-CLENs and functional in vitro and fluorescence microscopic analyses are currently underway. Citation Format: Lindsay Bourdeau, Carlos Cruz, Taylor Williams. Target cell-derived, G401-CLENs for selective delivery of model therapeutics to rhabdoid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 283.
Mid-IR Gain of Tensile Germanium Waveguide Lasers with SiNx Stress Liners

We used ab-initio and finite element strain modeling to explain high threshold current densities in reported tensile Ge lasers. Anisotropic strains improve carrier confinement but reduces optical confinement, and intervalence band absorption still dominates. Strain anisotropy increases Jth compared with simple slab models.
Benchmarking Scholarly Activity by Pharmacists Who Are Fellows Within the American College of Critical Care Medicine.

Quantify scholarly activity by pharmacists who are Fellows within the American College of Critical Care Medicine and to develop a potential publication benchmark for fellowship application. Design Review of the Scopus and PubMed online citation databases. Setting None. Patients None. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Pharmacists designated Fellow of Critical Care Medicine (FCCM) were identified in January 2021 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Pharmacists designated Master of Critical Care Medicine (MCCM), without an active license, or were not identified in either online citation database were excluded. Practice setting characteristics were obtained from the American Hospital Association including country, state, geographic region, number of staffed beds, and hospital designation. Two online citation databases (Scopus and PubMed) were queried in February 2021, and year of first publication, total publications, citations, and Hirsch index were recorded. Of the 152 pharmacists designated FCCM, 138 (91%) were evaluable. Reasons for exclusion included MCCM designation (n = 7; 5%), lack of data in either online citation database (n = 4; 3%), and no active pharmacist license (n = 3; 2%). Most pharmacists were practicing in the Southern geographic region of the United States (n = 62; 45%) and at an academic medical center (n = 116; 84%). The median year of FCCM convocation was 2016 (2012-2019) and of the first publication was 2007 (2002-2011). After removing duplicates, 4,488 unique publications were identified. The median number of publications per individual pharmacist was 20 (9-43) with 10 (5-19) between the year of their first publication and FCCM convocation. Most scholarly activity was in the form of original research (n = 3,173; 71%) or reviews (n = 795; 18%). Individual pharmacists have 244 (99-661) citations and an h-index of 8 (5-13). Conclusions Pharmacists designated FCCM have maintained a high level of scholarly activity. Pharmacists pursuing fellowship may use these data as a benchmark for fulfilling aspects of the core area of scholarly activities related to critical care medicine prior to application.
Introduction to Needle Electromyography

The electrodiagnostic (EDX) examination is an extension of the clinical examination. When used correctly it defines the location, pathophysiology, severity, and chronicity of a wide array of neuromuscular disorders. It is comprised of two parts: nerve conduction studies (NCS) and needle electromyography (EMG). While both portions are performed differently and have individual advantages and disadvantages, together they provide complimentary information on the integrity of the peripheral nervous system (Table 4.1). The needle EMG is most likely to be tolerated and helpful when the examiner uses a gentle and informed approach, wisely selects muscles to examine in order of greatest yield, and understands the value and limitations of this technique.
Long-term variation in polar bear body condition and maternal investment relative to a changing environment

Abstract In the Arctic, warming air and ocean temperatures have resulted in substantial changes to sea ice, which is primary habitat for polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Reductions in extent, duration, and thickness have altered sea ice dynamics, which influences the ability of polar bears to reliably access marine mammal prey. Because nutritional condition is closely linked to population vital rates, a progressive decline in access to prey or an increase in the energetic cost of accessing prey has the potential to adversely affect polar bear population dynamics. We examined long-term (1983–2015) patterns of spring body condition (indexed using residual body mass) and maternal investment (i.e., litter mass of cubs-of-the-year and yearlings; COY and YRL) of polar bears from Alaska’s southern Beaufort Sea to evaluate potential relationships with regional- and circumpolar-scale sea ice conditions and atmospheric patterns. The length of the summer open-water (OW) season (i.e., the period of time the sea ice is mostly absent from the continental shelf) increased at a rate of 18 days decade-1 over the study period. However, the OW season duration was not a strong determinant of spring residual body mass or litter mass. Residual body mass of independent (i.e., subadults and adults) female bears varied relative to age class, reproductive status, and the strength of the prior winter’s Arctic Oscillation (i.e., a circumpolar-scale mode of climate variability driven by long-term atmospheric patterns). Spring residual mass of independent males varied with age class and variation in wind speed (i.e., regional-scale short-term atmospheric patterns) during the winter of the year preceding capture. Over the study period, mean annual body mass of adult females unaccompanied by COY declined by 4 kg/ decade-1, while no temporal trends were evident in the mean annual body mass of adult females with COY, adult males, and subadults. Litter mass of COY varied relative to capture date, maternal age class and mass, litter size, and year of capture. Litter mass of YRL varied with capture date, maternal age class and mass, litter size, variation in winter wind speed (the year of and year preceding capture), and the strength of the prior winter’s Arctic Oscillation. Mean annual litter mass of COY decreased at a rate of 2.6 kg decade-1 and declined 0.68 kg for every 10 kg reduction in maternal mass. No trend was evident in the mean annual litter mass of yearlings. These findings suggest a nuanced response of the southern Beaufort Sea polar bears to environmental change, where some demographic groups (e.g., adult males and subadults) are presently more resilient than others to changes in the Arctic marine ecosystem.
A Collaborative Framework for Air Pollution Simulations

Simulation, now well-accepted as the third paradigm of science in support of theory and experimentation, holds great promise as a powerful tool for modeling complex systems. Simulating the pollution in the atmosphere is a big, difficult and scientifically interesting problem with substantial impact to both the national economy and the public health. The air pollution process is very complex and several important aspects of it are understood vaguely, at best. As such its modeling requires substantial computational and experimental facilities to support theoretical and experimental researchers.
Molecular analysis of Sindbis virus pathogenesis in neonatal mice by using virus recombinants constructed in vitro.

Genetic loci affecting Sindbis virus pathogenesis in neonatal mice have been examined by using a full-length cDNA clone of the virus (Toto1101). The full-length cDNA is linked to a bacteriophage SP6 promoter to facilitate the synthesis of infectious RNA transcripts in vitro. Virus derived from Toto1101 showed reduced virulence (attenuation) in neonatal mice. Replacement of the E1 glycoprotein and 6K genes of Toto1101 with cloned E1 and 6K genes derived from a virulent Sindbis virus strain, AR339 (SB), resulted in a new construct, TR2000, that gave rise to virulent virus. Sequence determinations for the entire substituted regions of TR2000, Toto1101, and related virulent and attenuated strains identified three coding differences in E1 between Toto1101 and TR2000. These differences, individually or in combination, may be responsible for the attenuated phenotype. Previous studies in this laboratory identified another attenuating mutation at amino acid position 114 of the E2 glycoprotein (N.L. Davis, F.J. Fuller, W.G. Dougherty, R.A. Olmsted, and R.E. Johnston, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:6771-6775, 1986). Substitution of Arg-114 in the mutant SB-RL for Ser-114 of SB appears to confer three distinguishing phenotypes: attenuation in neonatal mice, increased sensitivity to specific E2 monoclonal antibodies, and accelerated penetration of BHK cells. Replacement of TR2000 sequences containing the codon for amino acid 114 of E2 with corresponding fragments from cDNA clones of SB or SB-RL produced two strains of Sindbis virus (TR2100 and TR2200) which were isogenic except for the E2 114 codon (Ser and Arg, respectively). The three diagnostic phenotypes cosegregated according to the origin of the codon for amino acid 114 of E2, confirming the dramatic effect of this single amino acid substitution on these three phenotypes.
Does the Lack of Coupling in SST-Forced Atmosphere-Only Models Limit Their Usefulness for Climate Change Studies?

AbstractAtmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) are often considered inadequate for studying natural climate variability because of their lack of coupling with an underlying ocean. This lack of two-way air–sea coupling results in an inconsistency in surface energetics. This study aims to determine whether the lack of two-way air–sea coupling also undermines an AGCM’s ability to simulate anthropogenic climate change. A comparison between coupled and atmospheric GCM simulations shows that anthropogenic climate change can be well reproduced by an AGCM and that errors due to the lack of two-way coupling are primarily limited to internal variability. Simulations using a stochastic linear model are shown to further support this conclusion. These results suggest a greater utility for AGCMs as computationally efficient tools for understanding and downscaling coupled model simulations of anthropogenic climate change.
Continental degassing flux of 4He and its variability

[1] The existing measures of the 4He flux from the Earth's continental solid surface have been evaluated collectively. The lognormal mean of continental crustal flux measurements (n = 33) globally covering many geological environments is 4.18 × 1010 4He atoms m−2 s−1 with an estimated one sigma variance of */45X based on an assumption of symmetric error bars (lognormal distribution provides a standard deviation with a multiplication or division factor (*/) by which the mean may statistically vary). The range of the continental 4He degassing flux (95th percentile) increases with decreasing time scales (to */∼106X at 0.5 year) and decreasing space scales (to */∼106X at 1 km). The statistics can be interpreted as reflecting natural variability and suggest that the mechanisms transporting the crustal helium degassing flux contain a high degree of both spatial and temporal variability. This lognormal mean of the continental degassing flux of 4He as well as the (n = 271) estimate of degassing from Precambrian Shield lakes are both approximately equivalent to the radiogenic production rate for 4He in the whole crust. Large-scale vertical mass transport in continental crust is estimated as scaled values of the order 10−5 cm2 s−1 for helium (over 2 Gyr and 40 km vertically) versus 10−2 cm2 s−1 for heat. This rate of mass transport requires not only release of He from the solid phase via diffusion, fracturing, or comminution but also an enhanced rate of mass transport facilitated by some degree of fluid advection. This further implies a separation of heat and mass during transport which will significantly influence the interpretations of heat and 3He/4He relations.
Auxotroph Accumulation in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymeraseless Strains of Escherichia coli K-12

Spontaneous auxotrophs are found with high frequency in several strains of Escherichia coli K-12 deficient in Kornberg deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase. These include amino acid-, vitamin-, purine-, and pyrimidine-requiring strains. Although this was suggestive evidence that these strains might be mutators, reconstruction experiments demonstrate that auxotrophs possess a selective advantage over prototrophs in the same culture. Thus, despite the high frequency of auxotrophs in polymerase-deficient strains, it is not yet clear whether they have elevated mutation rates.
Observations of trends for singular values and eigenvectors from library searching ultraviolet-visible spectra with spectral subtraction

Abstract A promising procedure for computerized library searching and identification of ultraviolet-visible spectra for one- and two-component mixtures is evaluated. The procedure is based on singular value decomposition and utilizes band position and shape. Searching more than one library spectrum at a time is possible. Library spectra which have similar spectra (collinear) with the sample and each other are indicated by two measures. First, a large condition index must be obtained, and second, two or more large variance-decomposition proportions in the same row need to be associated with the large condition index. The searching procedure has a significant degree of differentiation between the actual sample and potential candidates and is compared with the dot product, Euclidean distance and the correlation coefficient.
Sufficient conditions of optimal control based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle for use in hybrid electric vehicles:

Over 10 years ago, the equivalent consumption minimization strategy was introduced as an effective approach, using the concept of equivalent fuel consumption for electricity use, to solve a control problem for hybrid electric vehicles. Although numerous studies have documented outstanding results as a consequence of applying the concept and have shown that the equivalent consumption minimization strategy could be explained on the basis of an optimal control concept such as Pontryagin's minimum principle, few studies have proven, mathematically, its optimal performance when solving the control problem of hybrid electric vehicles. The present research builds upon previous research studies that proved that the control based on Pontryagin's minimum principle can be a global optimal solution for hybrid electric vehicles under the assumption that the battery efficiency is not a function of the state of charge. In this paper, the authors expand upon the original concept, deriving the optimality within more generalized cases than previously reported. In conclusion, if the battery efficiency is a concave function of the state of charge, which is possibly a natural characteristic of the battery, the optimal control based on Pontryagin's minimum principle enables optimal performance to be achieved. Therefore, this control concept can be applied to hybrid electric vehicles which use a wide range of states of charge, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
Partitioning of tetrachlorophenol into lipid bilayers and sarcoplasmic reticulum: effect of length of acyl chains, carbonyl group of lipids and biomembrane structure.

We report results of a partitioning study of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (TeCP). In the study we explored (1) the effect of the length of acyl chains of lipids (C16:1 – C24:1) and alkanes (C6–C16), (2) the role of the carbonyl group of lipids, and (3) the effect of molecular structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane on TeCP partitioning. Mole fraction partition coefficients have been measured using equilibrium dialysis for un-ionized (HA), and ionized (A) species, Kp x HA , Kp x A . Their values are concentration-dependent. Partition coefficients were analyzed in terms of a model that accounts for saturation of membrane associated with the finite area of partition site, and electrostatic interactions of (A-) species with charged membrane. Limiting values of partition coefficients, corresponding to infinite dilution of solute, Kp x0 HA , Kp x0 A were obtained. Kp x0 HA and Kp x0 A measure the strength of solute-membrane interactions. Studies were done with single-layered vesicles of lipids with variable chain length: 1,2-dipalmitoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16:1), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C18:1), 1,2-dierucoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C22:1), and 1 ,2-dinervonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C24:1), and egg-PC. Kpx0 for transfer of TeCP from water into lipid membranes was found to be independent of the length of acyl chains, whereas Kpx0 for transfer from water into alkanes increased with the length of alkane. The effect of the carbonyl CO group of lipids on partitioning was measured using 1,2-di-o-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (CO absent) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (CO present) liposomes. Carbonyl groups, known to change dipolar potential, had no effect on partitioning. Partition coefficients of un-ionized and ionized forms of TeCP were invariant to the presence of proteins and other membrane components of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane.
What's in a Drink? Class Struggle, Popular Culture and the Politics of Akpeteshie (Local Gin) in Ghana, 1930–67*

This article examines the history of akpeteshie (local gin) in Ghana from its illicit origins and widespread distillation in the 1930s to about 1967, when the Convention People's Party – seen as the ‘champion’ of the akpeteshie industry – was overthrown. Akpeteshie distillation proliferated when temperance interests succeeded in pressuring the colonial government into raising tariffs on imported liquor in 1930, just before the onset of a world-wide depression. Urban and rural workers, unable to afford expensive imported gin, became the patrons of akpeteshie. For urban workers, akpeteshie came to underpin an emerging popular culture.Akpeteshie distillation threatened the colonial government's prior dependence on revenue from imported liquor, raised the specter of crime and disorder, compromised colonial concerns about urban space, exposed the weakness of colonial rule and eventually led the British government into the embarrassing diplomatic position of seeking an alteration of the Saint Germain Convention of 1919 that had banned commercial distillation of spirits in the African colonies.By the 1940s, akpeteshie had emerged as an important symbol of African grievances under colonial rule. It became entwined in nationalist politics from the 1940s, and its legalization was one of the first legislative acts passed by the independent Ghanaian government. But the overwhelming African support for akpeteshie as an indigenous drink aside, the drink conjured images of class and popular protest that divided Ghanaian society and would unnerve independent African governments. As a cheap drink, akpeteshie became associated with the working-class experience, reflecting the social inequities within Ghanaian society and the undelivered promises of the independence struggle.
Appearance of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in North Carolina.

In the summers of 2000 and 2001, tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) with symptoms of stunting, curling, and marginal chlorosis of leaves, reduced leaf size, and marked reduction in fruit number, similar to those caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), were seen in Henderson County, NC. In 2001, symptomatic plants appeared in a 40-A (18.2 ha) field in 12 foci of ≈12 plants each, at a total incidence of less than 1%. In August 2001, DNA was extracted from leaf samples from four symptomatic plants and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for the presence of one or more geminiviruses. Two sets of primers were used to test for begomoviruses, AC1048 and PCRv181 (3,4), which amplify a 1,020-bp DNA product from a wide range of monopartite and bipartite (A component only) begomoviruses, and C473 and PTYC1v2406, which preferentially amplifies a 859-bp DNA product from the monopartite TYLCV (1,2). Fragments of the expected size were obtained from all four samples, and all PCR product...
Determination of solute ion-biomolecule association by a radiometric recoil atom tracer technique

A radiometric recoil130Im+130I atom tracer technique was developed for determining iodide ionbiomolecule association in liquid and frozen aqueous solutions of slightly soluble biomolecule solutes. It was found that the iodide ion associates with 5-iodouracil and 3-iodo-L-tyrosine, but exhibits no association with uracil and 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine.
Reduction of fibrous adhesion formation by a copolymer possessing an affinity for anionic surfaces

Postsurgical adhesions represent a common complication following a variety of surgical procedures. We sought to develop and evaluate a water-soluble polymer that could self-assemble onto tissue surfaces, forming a barrier on the surface. A copolymer was synthesized so as to contain two components: one component adsorbed to the tissue surface, and the other created a steric barrier, thereby preventing cell interactions with the tissue surface, and perhaps altering the wound-healing response that leads to the formation of fibrous adhesions. The component selected for tissue binding was a water-soluble polycation, poly-L-lysine, which can bind to negative sites on glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and cells; and the component selected for steric stabilization was polyethylene glycol, a nonionic polymer that interacts poorly with proteins. Efficacy of lavage with an aqueous solution of the copolymer for the prevention of postsurgical abdominopelvic adhesions was assessed following a standard electrocautery injury of the uterine horns of rats. The copolymer resulted in an 88% reduction in the extent of adhesions that formed. In vitro studies designed to investigate the mechanism of this efficacy indicated that the copolymer may both hinder cell-tissue adhesive interactions and alter the process of fibrin formation.
AN INVERSE DESIGN METHOD FOR METAMATERIAL SHRINKING DEVICE

In this paper, an inverse method to determine the parameters of metamaterial shrinking device is developed. Different from the traditional design method, of which the transformation function must be known in advance, this method allows us to directly obtain material parameters of device without any knowledge of the corresponding transformation function. Moreover, to further remove the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of material parameters, layered device composed of only homogeneous and isotropic materials is presented based on effective medium theory. The validity of such a method and shrinking effect of designed device are confirmed by full-wave simulations.
EPA rule could cut pollutants

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued a rule on November 14 that it claims could nearly eliminate dioxin discharges into waterways and reduce other toxic pollutants into the air and water from 155 pulp and paper mills. EPA estimates that results will include a 96% reduction in dioxin and a nearly 60% reduction in toxic air pollutants. Also, volatile organic compounds and sulfur emissions could be cut in half, with particulate matter cut by 37%.
Interhemispheric collaboration in response to simultaneous bilateral input

Abstract Two experiments tested whether processing is speeded when inputs are divided between the hemispheres rather than projected to a single hemisphere. Bilateral (bihemispheric) vs unilateral (single hemisphere) word pairs were tachistoscopically presented. Subjects responded when the words semantically matched. Irrespective of distance, visual angle and compatibility with reading biases, bilateral/bihemispheric performance was as fast as the better of the two individual unilateral/single hemisphere comditions and faster than their average. This pattern occurred only at the beginning of each experiment. With practice, performance significantly improved in the single but not the bihemispheric conditions. The excellent initial performance during the bihemispheric condition and its lack of improvement with practice are discussed with reference to models of interhemispheric collaboration.
Relationship between pattern of occurrence of atrial fibrillation and surface electrocardiographic fibrillatory wave characteristics

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess whether surface ECG fibrillatory (f)-wave characteristics reflect clinical variables, especially pattern of occurrence. Background In clinically stable patients, f waves have fairly constant quantitative characteristics. Both electrophysiologic and structural remodeling might modify f waves. Methods We analyzed f waves from 238 patients (120 men and 118 women; age range 30–97 years, mean 77 ± 12) with atrial fibrillation identified by retrospective chart review as paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent fibrillation. Analysis was performed in the time and frequency domains on ECGs after QRS-T cancellation. Student's t-test and multivariate analysis were used for comparison. Results The f waves of 12 patients taking rhythm control drugs had lower frequency ("slower" fibrillation) than the f waves of patients not taking such drugs (5.3 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.7 Hz, P P P = .01 for paroxysmal vs persistent and P P = .01). Using multivariate analysis, the overall pattern-frequency relationship was significant ( p = .014). There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between frequency and age (R = .27, slope=−0.017 Hz/year, P Conclusions ECG f-wave frequency reflects specific clinical variables, with higher frequency in permanent than paroxysmal fibrillation but lower frequency in older than younger patients. These findings are consistent with the idea that fibrillatory waves are modified by both electrophysiologic and structural remodeling.
Hemispheric specialization for processing of visually presented verbal and spatial stimuli

Two “same-different” reaction time experiments, analogous in task demands made on the S, were designed to test laterality differences in. perception. Ten normal right-handed Ss performed a verbal task in which they decided whether or not two three-letter words belonged to the same conceptual class. Ten different Ss performed a spatial task in which they decided whether two 16-cell matrices with 3 blackened cells were identical. Reaction times were found to be sensitive to laterality differences in perception. Verbal stimuli were processed faster when presented in the right visual field, and thus projected directly to the left cerebral hemisphere; spatial stimuli were processed faster when presented in the left visual field, and thus projected directly to the right cerebral hemisphere. These results were analyzed in terms of implications regarding hemispheric asymmetries for processing of verbal and spatial material and the nature of interhemispheric transfer of information.
Chile’s new entrepreneurs and the “economic miracle”: The invisible hand or a hand from the state?

The Chilean economy has grown by leaps and bounds over the last decade, thanks to a dramatic increase in export activities (and earnings), and the emergence of a more entrepreneurial capitalist class. This article attempts to explain that remarkable phenomenon using original data on entrepreneurs in one of Chile’s most important new export industries, namely, fishing. The central argument of the article is that domestic entre-preneurship flourished during the Pinochet period not because the state “got the economic environment right,” as the neoliberal ideologues are wont to argue, but rather because the Pinochet government behaved, in several important senses, like a “developmental state,”a la the states of East Asia. The analysis also reveals a heretofore ignored role of a developmental state, which is to help produce a new capitalist class culture. In the Chilean case, it was state policy as well as ideology that gave rise to a new generation of entrepreneurs.
Representation of a 1 N Power Law Boundary Layer in the Sheared Flow Acoustic Transmission Problem

Abstract A method is developed by which a 1 N power law boundary layer profile can be conveniently represented in studies of the transmission of sound in ducts with sheared flow. The method consists of an analytical solution near the duct walls which circumvents the singular behaviour in the conventional numerical solution arising because of the infinite velocity gradient introduced by the assumed boundary layer profile. Numerical results are compared with results obtained using the sinusoidal boundary layer profile. It is found that at a given boundary layer thickness the 1 N power law boundary layer behaves like a much thinner shear layer of sinusoidal type.
Otologic Surgery in Patients with HIV-1 and AIDS:

Abstract Otologic disease in patients infected with HIV occurs frequently and usually represents rhinologic disease and associated eustachian tube dysfunction rather than manifestations of HIV infection. As in all patients, the decision to operate on an HIV-infected individual who would benefit from major otologic surgery is a balance between the risks of the procedure and the possible benefits to the patient. Many concerns regarding wound infection and healing have been raised. The objective of this study is to evaluate the outcome of otologic procedures in this population. The charts of 9 men and 4 women were reviewed. Seven patients (54%) met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for AIDS. Patients with chronic otitis media (46%) underwent tympanomastoidectomies, and the cases of acute mastoiditis (31%) were managed with simple mastoidectomies. Other procedures included repair of cerebrospinal fluid leak (15%) and stapedectomy (8%). Two patients had early complications and died during their hospitalizations. Three patients had prolonged hospital courses requiring long-term antibiotics. These 5 patients underwent urgent procedures and were severely immunocompromised. Of the remaining 8 patients only 2 had AIDS, and all had an uncomplicated postoperative course. Six of these patients were followed up for more than 1 year, and only 2 developed subsequent otologic disease. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:355-60.)
Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Partial Reinforcement Before and after Continuous Reinforcement in a Human Operant Task

Summary Ninety male and female undergraduates engaged in a simple operant bar press response were given either partial reinforcement (PR), partial followed by continuous reinforcement (P-C), or partial preceded by continuous reinforcement (C-P), and were then extinguished. Results indicated that the P-C group was significantly more resistant to extinction than the C-P group. The present study is the first operant experiment employing human Ss clearly to support the stimulus analyzer theory to account for the partial reinforcement effect. Results were found to be inconsistent with explanations which include the discrimination hypotheses, cognitive dissonance theory, and an interpretation involving conditioning of the instrumental response to stimuli from either nonreward, competing responses, or anticipatory frustration.
Positive and Negative Events Experienced by Parents With Acquired Physical Disabilities and Their Adolescent Children

Research on the positive and negative events experienced by parents with acquired physical disabilities is limited, and research on their children’s experiences is even rarer. Thus, with this project the author merged stress-and-coping research with the social model of disability to develop two specifically tailored profiles of life events specific to the experiences of these family members. Fifty knowledgeable informants (parents with acquired disabilities, their spouses, their adolescent children, and professionals) were interviewed about the positive and negative aspects of being or living with a parent with a physical disability. From these discussions, the author identified samples of meaningful positive and negative events so that future researchers can examine the associations among the experiences of these events and adolescents’ and parents’ coping and adjustment as well as evaluate social policy to reduce barriers and create supports for parents with physical disabilities and their families.
NMR and studies of non-Fermi-liquid behaviour in disordered heavy-fermion systems

Evidence has emerged from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and muon spin-rotation experiments that non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) behaviour in heavy-fermion alloys can in some cases be due to an inhomogeneous distribution of Kondo temperatures arising from disorder in the random alloy. Such `Kondo disorder' implies a broad distribution of the heavy-fermion spin polarization, which is reflected in the widths of NMR and lines. A simple model for the shape and width of the distribution of accounts for the temperature and field dependence of the bulk susceptibility in the NFL alloys , x = 1.0 and 1.5, and then agrees with NMR values of the width of the susceptibility distribution with no further adjustable parameters. Comparison of NMR and estimates of indicates that the susceptibility is disordered on an atomic length scale. In contrast, lines in are too narrow for Kondo disorder to account for NFL properties unless, as seems unlikely, the correlation length is long in this alloy. Similarly, small low-temperature NMR linewidths make it unlikely that Kondo disorder is the origin of NFL behaviour in .
Rattlesnake bites and surgical decompression: Results using a laboratory model

Studies were performed on the hind limbs of dogs and their anterolateral compartments to evaluate the effect of fasciotomy on tissue pressure and necrosis following pit viper envenomation. Venom from the southern Pacific rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis helleri, was injected into either the subcutaneous tissues, the intact anterolateral compartment or the anterolateral compartment following fasciectomy. Interstitial fluid pressure measurements, as well as limb girth and surface temperatures, were obtained over the first 48 hr following venom injection, after which time the compartment contents were examined microscopically. The results demonstrated intracompartment tissue pressure elevations only following intracompartment injections. Fasciectomy prior to injection did not prevent muscle necrosis, though it did reduce maximum compartment pressures. Clinically the limbs in each group could not be differentiated. Intracompartment pressure measurements were able to distinguish between muscle and subcutaneous envenomations by the differences in compartment pressures. These results demonstrate the value of tissue pressure measurements in the evaluation of patients envenomated by rattlesnakes. They also indicate the objectivity necessary to determine the need for surgical decompression.
Efficiency of robust standard errors for regression coefficients

The standard errors of least squares regression coefficients can be estimated in such a way as to be robust to heteroscedasticity of errors. The possible inefficiency of these robust standard errors is investigated and illustrated. A compromise standard error calculation, based on local smoothing of squared residuals, is also analyzed.
Nature of soft tissue calcification in uremia

Nature of soft tissue calcification in uremia. The chemical and crystalline composition of metastatic calcification was studied in 21 uremic patients. Nonvisceral calcification has a calcium/magnesium/phosphorus (Ca:Mg:P) molar ratio of 30/1/18 and an apatitic x-ray diffraction pattern. The molar ratio of Ca/Mg/P in 33 tissue specimens (heart, lung and skeletal muscle) with calcification obtained from 19 uremic patients was 4.9/1/4.6, and x-ray diffraction showed only an amorphous pattern. Following incineration at 500°C, the diffraction pattern of magnesium whitlockite (CaMg) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 was found. This study demonstrates two distinct forms of calcium phosphate deposits in uremic patients. Nonvisceral and arterial calcification are hydroxyapatite. Calcification in heart, lung and skeletal muscle is an amorphous or microcrystalline compound composed of Ca/Mg/P in a constant molar ratio and is somewhat like whitlockite. The different tissue response incited by these two compounds is probably related to the larger crystal size found in nonvisceral calcification. Nature des calcifications des tissus mous au cours de l'uremie. La composition chimique et cristalline des calcifications metastatiques a ete etudiee chez 21 malades atteints d'uremie. Les calcifications non viscerales ont un rapport molaire Ca:Mg:P de 30:1:18 et un spectre apatitique de diffraction des rayons X. Le rapport molaire Ca:Mg:P dans 33 echantillons de tissus (cœur, poumon et muscle squelettique) calcifies provenant de 19 malades uremiques est de 4,9:1:4,6 et la diffraction des rayons X montre une structure amorphe. Apres incineration a 500°C le spectre de diffraction du (Ca, Mg) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 est obtenu. Ce travail met en evidence deux formes distinctes de depots de phosphate de calcium chez les malades uremiques. Les calcifications extra-viscerales et arterielles sont de l'hydroxyapatite. Les calcifications du cœur du poumon et du muscle squelettique sont un compose amorphe ou microcristallin de calcium-magnesium-phosphate dans un rapport molaire constant et semblable au (Ca, Mg) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 . Les differences de la reponse tissulaire induite par les deux types de composes est probablement liee a la taille plus grande des cristaux trouves dans les calcifications non viscerales.
Questions from Quebec

Platelets promote hemostasis by releasing plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), which protects the clot against premature lysis. Platelet-rich arterial clots require high concentrations of plasminogen activators to be lysed. What would happen if platelets began to express antithrombotic or
Spectra of singular measures as multipliers on Lp

Abstract Stein's theorem on the interpolation of a family of operators between two analytic spaces is generalized, both to a multiply connected domain and to an interpolation between more than two spaces. The theorem is then applied to get setwise upper bounds for spectra of convolution operators on L p of the circle. In particular the spectra of operators given by convolution by Cantor-Lebesgue-type measures on L p are determined. The same is done for certain Riesz products. These results are used to derive a result on translation-invariant subspaces of L p of the circle.
Modeling art history: exploring Edward Hopper's Nighthawks outside and ...IN!

How can teachers get students to explore art and art related fields and have or learn the process of critical analysis and critical thinking in an educational curriculum that is heavy on the engineering and technology courses? Inevitably these students are asked to be artistic and to have knowledge of disciplines outside computer graphics technology. Indeed, they will seek employment in the entertainment industry, where they will work on films that have an artistic, literary and historical component. Additionally, how can we expose them to the working methodologies of group or collaborative learning while still advancing their knowledge base in computer graphics-specifically three dimensional modeling, texturing and lighting. This paper outlines and describes one approach that is immersive in the outside disciplines while still utilizing the tools of computer graphics to solve the visual problem. It also contains the collaborative learning elements and critical thinking components that students need to be successful in these endeavors.
Hormonal regulation of rat kidney transamidinase; effect of growth hormone in the hypophysectomized rat.

Transamidinase activities have been demonstrated to be markedly lower in kidneys from hypophysectomized rats, than in kidneys from intact or sham-hypophysectomized rats. Adrenalectomy, thyroidectomy, or castration of the male rat is without any effect on the enzyme activity. Hypophysectomized rats given 3 daily doses of small amounts of growth hormone have greater kidney transamidinase activities than untreated hypophysectomized rats. The administration of a number of other hormones is without any effect on the enzyme activity. The use of the enzyme assay as a sensitive and specific measurement of growth hormone activity is suggested. The role of blood and kidney creatine and food deprivation in the alteration of kidney transamidinase activities was investigated. The loss of enzyme activity in the first 3 days following hypophysectomy can be attributed to food deprivation and the high levels of blood and kidney creatine. Food consumption and blood and kidney creatine of the hypophysectomized rats returned...
Chemistry of Thienopyridines. XXIV. Two Transformations of Thieno[ 2,3‐b] pyridine 7‐Oxide

Refluxing thieno[2,3-b ]pyridine 7-oxide (1) with aeetic anhydride plus subsequent hydrolysis produced a mixture of thieno[2,3-b]pyrid-6(7H)one (2) (13%) and 5-hydroxythieno[2,3-b]-pyridine (4) (4%). Refluxing 1 with phosphorus oxychloride yielded a mixture of 4- and 6-chloro-thieno[2,3-b]pyridines, (5) (54%) and (6) (31%), respectively. Compound 6 was also obtained directly from 2 (31%). A mechanistic rationalization for the isomerization of 1 to form 2 and 4 is presented. Marked differences in the mass spectral fragmentations of these three isomeric compounds are noted.
Use of Aprotinin in Pediatric Organ Transplantation

Abstract Background . Pediatric thoracic organ transplantation is associated with an increased risk of perioperative bleeding. Many of these patients are undergoing repeat surgical procedures and in general require cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods . This article reviews the efficacy and safety of the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin in improving hemostasis in pediatric transplantation. Results . A review of the literature and investigations from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia suggest that aprotinin is beneficial in pediatric lung transplantation: high-risk patients do as well as low-risk patients. Aprotinin also appears to be of benefit in redo heart transplantations, particularly in patients who have had previous sternotomy or previous transplantation. Repeat use of aprotinin appears to be safe and does reduce blood loss in retransplantation patients. Use in the pump prime and a maintenance dose of aprotinin may be the most effective protocol. At this time, however, it is uncertain whether aprotinin is valuable in primary heart transplantation in low-risk patients. Conclusions . Current practice at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia is to use aprotinin in all lung and heart-lung transplantations and in all redo transplantations: lung, heart-lung, and heart. The use of aprotinin in primary heart transplantations is limited to patients who have had previous sternotomies or thoracotomies.
Light-scattering test of parametric equations of state near the critical point of carbon dioxide.

Light-scattering measurements are reported for densities and temperatures close to the critical point of ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ in the range \ensuremath{\Vert}(T-${T}_{c}$)/${T}_{c}$\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$. A contour of constant scattering was determined in the z-T plane, where z is the vertical distance from the point of maximum scattering or from the meniscus at the given temperature. The contour was found to be fitted by a cubic model parametric equation with a=22.3, \ensuremath{\gamma}=1.22, \ensuremath{\beta}=0.347, ${b}^{2}$=3/(3-2\ensuremath{\beta})=1.30, ${T}_{c}$=31.011 55 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and r=6.45\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$. The measured contour was also compared with predictions of a parametric equation of state representing interferometric measurements made very close to the critical point and with linear model equations that have been used to describe thermodynamic measurements made farther from the critical point. Disagreements amounted to as much as 4%, a portion of which may be attributed to the difficulty of completely eliminating vertical temperature gradients in the scattering cell. Data are also presented for several profiles of scattering intensity versus height and for maximum scattered intensity versus temperature near the critical point.
Interfacial Flow and Evaporation of Sessile Drops on a Vertical Surface

Etude par ombroscopie laser de la dynamique d'evaporation de gouttes de differents liquides a bas point d'ebullition (acetone, methanol, ethanol, cyclohexane, tetrachlorure de carbone, etc...) placees sur une plaque verticale
Theoretical model for the morphotropic phase boundary in lead zirconate–lead titanate solid solution

A statistical model is proposed to address the problem of two-phase coexistence near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) in Pb(${\mathrm{Zr}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ti}}_{\mathit{x}}$)${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ solid-solution series. Functional forms for the molar fractions of tetragonal and rhombohedral phases inside the coexistence region are obtained, which may be used to replace the lever rule to describe the phase mixing in a complete binary solid-solution series without solubility gap. The model predicts that the width of this coexistence region is inversely proportional to the volume of each element in the statistical ensemble. In addition, the shift of the MPB composition from the composition of equal molar fraction of the two coexisting phases is found to be proportional to the width of the coexistence region. Several existing controversial experimental observations can be reconciled by this model.