cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Research in Social Development

Research in social development began more than a century ago. Its roots are much older, springing from enduring philosophical traditions, as well as from theory and research in other sciences such as biology and pedagogical studies (e.g., Dewey, 1899 ; Hall, 1904 ). Only in the most general way, however, can these distal inﬂ uences be discerned in the directions and concerns of social development research today. Much more visible are the intellectual currents within the social sciences themselves and themes arising from pressing social problems. The goal of this chapter is to detect those currents in this vital and increasingly diverse research enterprise. The traditional purview of research in social development is “ changes over time in the child ’ s understanding of, attitudes toward, and actions with others ” (Hartup & Laursen, 1991 , p. 253). Although interest in these phenomena was apparent from the earliest research on psychological development, no history of social development as a coherent ﬁ eld of inquiry has previously appeared. Rather, existing historical accounts have addressed particular research topics (e.g., Eisenberg, 2002 ; Hartup & Laursen, 1999 ; Maccoby, 1992a, 1992b ; Modell & Elder, 2002 ), the contributions of inﬂ uential researchers (e.g., Arnett & Cravens, 2006 ; Cahan, 2003 ; Cairns, 1992 ; Emde, 1992 ; Gusec, r 1992 ; Horowitz, 1992 ; White, 1992 ), and institutions and organizations that have shaped social development research (e.g., Hartup, Johnson, & Weinberg, 2002 ; Sears, 1975 ; Senn, 1975 ). This chapter aims to distill from these disparate efforts a historical perspective on contemporary research in the ﬁ eld. The chapter is divided into three sections: (a) a brief overview of historical trends, identifying signiﬁ cant shifts and transitions; (b) a descrip-tion of major historical transformations in the ﬁ eld during the past century; and (c) an
Growth of epitaxial diamond on silicon via iridium/SrTiO3 buffer layers

Large-area, single-crystalline iridium films are desired for the heteroepitaxial deposition of diamond. In the present work, we studied the potential of SrTiO 3 buffer layers for the epitaxial deposition of iridium on silicon. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) was used to deposit a 100-nm-thick SrTiO 3 layer. On top of this, iridium films were grown by e-beam evaporation. Subsequently, diamond was nucleated by the bias-enhanced nucleation procedure. The epitaxial orientation relationship of the resulting multilayer structure is diamond(001)[110] ||Ir(001)[110]||SrTiO 3 (001)[110]||Si(001)[100]. The Ir/SrTiO 3 buffer layers lower the misorientation of the epitaxial diamond films by nearly an order of magnitude as compared to deposition directly on silicon. Oxides like yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) or CeO 2 /YSZ prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) provide a viable alternative to the MBE-grown SrTiO 3 . The crystalline quality of the diamond films and their good adhesion on the silicon substrate suggest diamond/Ir/metal-oxide/Si as a promising means to a large-area, single-crystal diamond technology.
Structure of NF-κB p50/p65 Heterodimer Bound to the PRDII DNA Element from the Interferon-β Promoter

Upon viral infection, NF-kappaB translocates to the nucleus and activates the IFN-beta gene by binding to the PRDII element. Strikingly, NF-kappaB loses its ability to activate the IFN-beta gene when the PRDII element is substituted by closely related sites. We report here the crystal structure of NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimer bound to the PRDII element from the IFN-beta promoter. The structure reveals an unexpected alteration in configuration, in which the p50 specificity domain moves by as much as approximately 9 A when compared to NF-kappaB heterodimer bound to the immunoglobulin kappaB site (Ig-kappaB) while maintaining the same base-specific contacts with the DNA. Taken together, the structure offers new insights into the allosteric effects of closely related DNA sites on the configuration of NF-kappaB and its transcriptional selectivity.
Negotiations of `Tradition' in Nigeria Creation of States, the Military and Local Domains

This article explores the dynamism of traditional political institutions by examining the state-creation process in 1990s Nigeria. Struggles over the Nigerian political map have involved sometimes bitter contests over land, resources and identity. Traditional rulers and institutions have been key players in these struggles. The article analyzes two key relationships: negotiations of tradition with reference to new state proposals (with an emphasis on territorial boundaries and administrative headquarters), and the two-way negotiations of survival involving military rulers and traditional political leaders. Semi-structured interviews with key correspondents and archival work were employed in the research. The research includes a primary case study of Ekiti State from the Southwest, and complementary material from other areas of Nigeria.
Functional and phylogenetic characterization of proteins detected in various nematode intestinal compartments

The parasitic nematode intestine is responsible for nutrient digestion and absorption, and many other processes essential for reproduction and survival, making it a valuable target for anthelmintic drug treatment. However, nematodes display extreme biological diversity (including occupying distinct trophic habitats), resulting in limited knowledge of intestinal cell/protein functions of fundamental or adaptive significance. We developed a perfusion model for isolating intestinal proteins in Ascaris suum (a parasite of humans and swine), allowing for the identification of over 1000 intestinal A. suum proteins (using mass spectrometry), which were assigned to several different intestinal cell compartments (intestinal tissue, the integral and peripheral intestinal membranes, and the intestinal lumen). A multi-omics analysis approach identified a large diversity of biological functions across intestinal compartments, based on both functional enrichment analysis (identifying terms related to detoxification, proteolysis, and host-parasite interactions) and regulatory binding sequence analysis to identify putatively active compartment-specific transcription factors (identifying many related to intestinal sex differentiation or lifespan regulation). Orthologs of A. suum proteins in 15 other nematodes species, five host species, and two outgroups were identified and analyzed. Different cellular compartments demonstrated markedly different levels of protein conservation; e.g. integral intestinal membrane proteins were the most conserved among nematodes (up to 96% conservation), whereas intestinal lumen proteins were the most diverse (only 6% conservation across all nematodes, and 71% with no host orthologs). Finally, this integrated multi-omics analysis identified conserved nematode-specific intestinal proteins likely performing essential functions (including V-type ATPases and ABC transporters), which may serve as promising anthelmintic drug or vaccine targets in future research. Collectively, the findings provide valuable new insights on conserved and adaptive features of nematode intestinal cells, membranes and the intestinal lumen, and potential targets for parasite treatment and control.
Mechanical processing via passive dynamic properties of the cockroach antenna can facilitate control during rapid running

The integration of information from dynamic sensory structures operating on a moving body is a challenge for locomoting animals and engineers seeking to design agile robots. As a tactile sensor is a physical linkage mediating mechanical interactions between body and environment, mechanical tuning of the sensor is critical for effective control. We determined the open-loop dynamics of a tactile sensor, specifically the antenna of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, an animal that escapes predators by using its antennae during rapid closed-loop tactilely mediated course control. Geometrical measurements and static bending experiments revealed an exponentially decreasing flexural stiffness (EI) from base to tip. Quasi-static experiments with a physical model support the hypothesis that a proximodistally decreasing EI can simplify control by increasing preview distance and allowing effective mapping to a putative control variable--body-to-wall distance--compared with an antenna with constant EI. We measured the free response at the tip of the antenna following step deflections and determined that the antenna rapidly damps large deflections: over 90% of the perturbation is rejected within the first cycle, corresponding to almost one stride period during high-speed running (~50 ms). An impulse-like perturbation near the tip revealed dynamics that were characteristic of an inelastic collision, keeping the antenna in contact with an object after impact. We contend that proximodistally decreasing stiffness, high damping and inelasticity simplify control during high-speed tactile tasks by increasing preview distance, providing a one-dimensional map between antennal bending and body-to-wall distance, and increasing the reliability of tactile information.
Dissecting Global Diversity Patterns: Examples from the Ordovician Radiation

Although the history of life has been characterized by intermittent episodes of radiation that can be recognized in global compilations of biodiversity, it does not necessarily follow that these episodes are caused by processes that occurred uniformly around the world. Major diversity increases could be generated by the cumulative effects of different mechanisms operating simultaneously at several geographic or environmental scales. The purpose of this review is to describe ongoing research on the manifestations, at several scales, of the Ordovician Radiation, which was among the most extensive intervals of diversification in the history of life. Through much of the period, diversity was concentrated most heavily near regions of active mountain building and volcanism; differences in diversity patterns from continent to continent, and among regions within continents, reflect this overprint. While this suggests a linkage of the Radiation and tectonic activity, this is by no means the only mediating agent. Outcrop-based research in North America has demonstrated that tectonic activity was detrimental to some biotic elements, in contrast to its effects on other organisms. Moreover, in the Great Basin of North America where the local stratigraphic record is of particularly high quality, biotic transitions characteristic of the period occurred far more rapidly than observed in global compilations of diversity, suggesting that the global rate of transition may represent the aggregate sum of transitions that occurred abruptly, but at different times, around the world. Finally, it has been demonstrated that, in concert with an increase in average age, the environmental and geographic ranges of Ordovician genera both increased significantly through the period, indicating a role for intrinsic factors in producing Ordovician biotic patterns.
A computer study of a suspension formation in the masses of Josquin Desprez

The program is adequate testimony that the I.M.L.—M.I.R. system can handle complicated musical procedures, and that furthermore, the present computer staff-format can be easily modified to print “normal” music symbols once music type-bars can be added to the printer.
Staged Multiport Diffusers

A staged multiport diffuser is schematized as an equivalent line source of momentum, neglecting the effects of effluent volume and buoyancy fluxes. Center-line effluent concentrations inferred from the predicted volumetric dilution induced by the diffuser discharge are in good agreement with values observed in laboratory scale models of staged diffusers. The theory is found to be applicable to the design of staged diffusers in coastal receiving waters.
Biomarkers of ovarian reserve in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Recent years have seen an acceleration of research on biomarkers of ovarian reserve, with most inquiries targeted toward what these markers tell us about fertility and the reproductive lifespan. However, in the patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), ovarian reserve markers may provide information about the condition itself. This review will consider the use of common markers of functional ovarian reserve, including antral follicle count, ovarian volume, and anti-Mullerian hormone in the PCOS population for the purposes of diagnosing PCOS, characterizing the PCOS phenotype, and predicting response to fertility treatment.
Role of Expectancy, Motion and Overhead Lighting on Nighttime Visibility

More than half of the pedestrian fatalities occur at night. It is important to understand the factors that lead to pedestrian detection for designing and implementing effective countermeasures in order to reduce pedes-trian fatalities. Research has shown that expectancy, motion and overhead lighting affect pedestrian visibil-ity. This goal of this study is to understand the combined effect of these three factors on nighttime visibil-ity. Twenty four participants were recruited to drive on a test track under different conditions of expectancy and overhead lighting. The participants were asked to identify static and moving objects. The results showed that as the level of expectancy increases the detection distances also increase. Moving objects were detected from farther than static objects and presence of overhead lighting also increased the detection dis-tances. Motion tends to draw more attention than expectancy when detecting new objects. These results have implications in the areas of pedestrian safety...
Inulin Volume of Distribution as a Measure of Extracellular Fluid in Dog and Man

SummaryThe volume of distribution of inulin has been determined by a priming dose and a constant intravenous infusion to insure uniform distribution throughout the extracellular space, followed by collection of the total inulin excreted in the urine after the infusion is discontinued. The inulin space in the dogs ranges from 20.9 to 23.2% of the body weight (average 21.6) and in man from 15 to 16%, as compared with larger spaces obtained with thiocyanate, bromide and sodium.
A moving mass trim control system for reentry vehicle guidance

This paper describes the design of a movingmass, trim-control system for maneuvering antisymmetric reentry vehicles. The moving-mass trim controller is composed of three equal masses that are independently positioned in order to deliver a desired center of mass position. For a slowly spinning reentry vehicle, the mass offset creates a trim angle-of-at tack to generate modest flight path corrections. A proportional navigation guidance scheme is used to determine the desired lateral accelerations required to hit the target. Mass movements are calculated from the desired lateral accelerations. Simulation results for the integrated guidance and control system are presented for a typical reentry vehicle.
RTRB-05DEFINING THE ROLE OF PROPHYLACTIC CRANIAL IRRADIATION IN NSCLC: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD'S LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION: Brain metastases remain common in patients with non-small cell lung cancer despite markedly improved systemic therapy. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in NSCLC remains controversial even though nearly all studies show a clinically and statistically significant decrease in the rate of brain metastases. We present the results of a comprehensive meta-analysis to define the role of PCI in NSCLC. METHODS: An evidence-based literature search querying Medline and the Cochrane Database was completed with the assistance of an expert librarian using the search terms: "prophylactic cranial irradiation" AND "non-small cell lung carcinoma". Primary outcomes were 1-year survival and the rate of brain metastases. Included studies were graded for level of evidence using AAN criteria. One-year survival was determined using pixel coordinates when not explicitly stated. Meta-analyses using a random effects model were performed using Cochrane software. RESULTS: The systematic review produced 112 unique citations. Seventeen studies were identified as potentially eligible for analysis. Of these, twelve studies provided information on the rate of brain metastases, and five provided data on 1-year survival. No study provided greater than Class III evidence. The meta-analysis showed a relative risk of brain metastases (PCI versus non-PCI) of 0.34 [95% CI 0.25-0.45], p < 0.001, NNT = 10. The relative risk for 1-year survival (PCI vs. non-PCI) did not achieve statistical significance (RR = 1.04 [95% CI 0.95-1.13]). Confidence in these results using GRADE criteria was low to very low. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic review of the literature demonstrates a dramatic reduction in the frequency of brain metastases in patients with NSCLC receiving PCI without an increase in one-year survival. Despite multiple randomized controlled trials, the quality of the evidence is low, however the flaws in study methodology are easily remediable. A multi-national effort to resolve this critical question should be a worldwide priority.
Sub-Regional Court or Employment Tribunal? The Legacy and Legitimacy of the COMESA Court of Justice

African sub-regional courts present a paradox: They are established to ensure trade integration is rule-based, but they have overwhelmingly decided human rights rather than trade cases. The COMESA court of Justice is unique, rather than deciding human rights cases, it has overwhelmingly decided employment disputes between COMESA and its employees. This paper argues that assessing the legitimacy of newer courts such as the COMESA Court of Justice has to go beyond asking: First, whether the court is composed of competent and appropriate judges. Second, whether the court fulfills certain procedural requirements, such as providing due process for all affected parties. Third, whether the court properly applies the applicable law as consented through ratification by Member States. Last, whether the court produces judgments and rulings that are actually adhered to. Instead, to understand the trajectory of the COMESA Court of Justice which is only about a decade and a half old, other concerns have to enter into the picture. The reasons that account for the COMESA Court of Justice’s docket being dominated by cases filed by COMESA employees are: First, unlike other sub-regional courts in Africa, the court has lacked mobilized constituencies such as a regional bar association or NGOs to bring cases before the court, to lobby for court reform to make it more accessible, or to defend it when it gets into trouble with member governments. The court started its work in the 2000-2001 period when it was difficult for a new international court to begin exercising its authority in a context in which governments were particularly hostile to any form of judicial review. Second, the location of the court, first in Lusaka, Zambia and currently in Khartoum, Sudan has not provided a base with interlocutors in the same way Arusha, Tanzania has for the East African Court of Justice and Abuja, Nigeria has for the ECOWAS Community Court of Justice. Sanctions against the government of Sudan hampered fund-raising for the court’s new premises and have severely limited the ability of NGOs involved in human rights and the rule of law to be based in Khartoum further inhibiting the growth of the court along the lines other African sub-regional courts. Third, the court has adopted very restrictive interpretive approach particularly in the manner it has construed the requirement of exhaustion of domestic remedies that further compounds its other limitations and that makes it an unattractive litigation forum both for human rights groups and business actors.
Feasibility of malaria elimination in Chongqing

Objective To analyze the status of and trends in malaria outbreaks from 2002-2010 and to discuss the feasibility of malaria elimination in Chongqing.Methods Data on malaria cases were collected from annual reports of malaria in Chongqing.The status of,trends in,and spatial distribution of malaria outbreaks at the county level were analyzed by descriptive and spatial epidemiology.Results There were 654 reported cases of malaria from 2002-2010.Of the cases,36.39% were autochthonous while 63.61% were imported.Autochthonous cases were clustered in the west of Chongqing and the imported cases were randomly distributed.The rate of malaria incidence was 0.0075/10000 and the rate has tended to decline(F=28.08,P0.01).Thirty-eight of 40 counties in total had no autochthonous cases of malaria(95.00%) prior to 2010.Thirty-two counties had no autochthonous cases of malaria(80.00%) for 3 years running. Conclusion The prevalence of malaria is stable in Chongqing.The goal of malaria elimination at the county level can be achieved in Chongqing by 2020,but there are major difficulties.Therefore,malaria control must be enhanced in the future.
Discrete-time mixed-integer programming models and solution methods for production scheduling in multistage facilities

Abstract We address the problem of production scheduling in multi-product multi-stage batch plants. Unlike most of the previous works, which propose continuous-time models, we study discrete-time mixed-integer programming models and solution methods. Specifically, we discuss two models based on network representations of the facility and develop two new models inspired by the Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem. Furthermore, we propose different solution methods, including tightening methods based on processing unit availability, a reformulation based on processing unit occupancy, and an algorithm to refine approximate solutions for large-scale instances. Finally, we present a comprehensive computational study which shows that speedups of up to four orders of magnitude in are observed when our models and methods are compared to existing approaches.
Determination of Boron Concentration by Means of Direct Current Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

The accurate measurement of total boron content in biological samples with a sensitivity in the ppm range is essential for evaluating the potential usefulness of various tumor localizing boron-containing compounds for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT)1. Among the procedures that have been used are spectrophotometric analyses involving various complexing agents2–4. These methods are time consuming and require that the boron compounds can be oxidized to boric acid. Relatively low sensitivity and interference from various contaminants further limit their usefulness. Recently, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) has been shown to be sensitive enough for the detection of microgram quantities of boron in biological samples5,6, although the sensitivity is adversely affected by high concentrations of inorganic salts in the samples7. Since alkaline fusion is not suitable for use with ICP8, samples were digested by exposure to either perchloric acid5,6 or nitric acid6. There may be a danger of explosion with the former, and with the latter, it may be necessary to decompose the tissues in teflon-lined digestion bombs. Both procedures, therefore, have their limitations. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether DCPAES could be used to quantify boron in a variety of chemical compounds including polyhedral boranes and carboranes, to improve the procedure for the digestion of tissue samples, to determine if this method could be used to quantify cellular uptake of boron, and finally to define the limits of boron detection in biologic samples by means of this method.
Grainyhead-like-2 inhibits the coactivator p300, suppressing tubulogenesis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Developmental morphogenesis and tumor progression require a transient or stable breakdown of epithelial junctional complexes to permit programmed migration, invasion, and anoikis resistance, characteristics endowed by the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The epithelial master-regulatory transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) suppresses and reverses EMT, causing a mesenchymal-epithelial transition to the default epithelial phenotype. Here we investigated the role of GRHL2 in tubulogenesis of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, a process requiring transient, partial EMT. GRHL2 was required for cystogenesis, but it suppressed tubulogenesis in response to hepatocyte growth factor. Surprisingly, GRHL2 suppressed this process by inhibiting the histone acetyltransferase coactivator p300, preventing the induction of matrix metalloproteases and other p300-dependent genes required for tubulogenesis. A 13-amino acid region of GRHL2 was necessary for inhibition of p300, suppression of tubulogenesis, and interference with EMT. The results demonstrate that p300 is required for partial or complete EMT occurring in tubulogenesis or tumor progression and that GRHL2 suppresses EMT in both contexts through inhibition of p300.
Improving Social Security's Financial Capability Assessments.

When Social Security beneficiaries are incapable of managing their benefits, the agency can appoint a representative payee to administer benefits on their behalf. A committee of the Institute of Medicine was asked by the Social Security Administration to review the process by which financial capability determinations are made and to recommend improvements. The committee’s conclusions and recommendations include the following: giving priority to real-world financial performance in assessing capability, providing clearer instructions to informants, developing systematic approaches to identifying beneficiaries at risk of incapability, exploring the use of a supervised direct payment option, and instituting regular data collection to assist in improving operations.
Molecular Seesaw: How Increased Hydrogen Bonding Can Hinder Excited-State Proton Transfer

A previously unexplained effect in the relative rate of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in related indole derivatives is investigated using both theory and experiment. Ultrafast spectroscopy [J. Phys. Chem. A, 2015, 119, 5618–5625] found that although the diol 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)-4,7-dihydroxyisoindole exhibits two equivalent intramolecular hydrogen bonds, the ESIPT rate associated with tautomerization of either hydrogen bond is a factor of 2 slower than that of the single intramolecular hydrogen bond in the ethoxy-ol 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)-4-ethoxy-7-hydroxyisoindole. Excited-state electronic structure calculations suggest a resolution to this puzzle by revealing a seesaw effect in which the two hydrogen bonds of the diol are both longer than the single hydrogen bond in the ethoxy-ol. Semiclassical rate theory recovers the previously unexplained trends and leads to clear predictions regarding the relative H/D kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for ESIPT in the two systems. The theoret...
A Thermodynamics of Teams: Towards a Robust Computational Model of Autonomous Teams.

One of the great puzzles in social science is the failure of rational models of teamwork, a rising concern for Artificial Intelligence researchers. Social learning theory (i.e., rewards and punishments; associations; modelling) works partially with individuals, but not with teams. These theories of methodological individualism, including, but not limited to, game theory, have also failed to advance the field of economics. To address interdependence, the phenomenon central to teamwork, we explain why game theory, the first to study interdependence mathematically, has failed. As an alternative, we offer a non-rational theory composed at this time of three parts: quantum mathematics for interdependence (e.g., interference); biology for population effects; and min-max entropy production as a metric of good and unsatisfactory team performance for humans or artificial agents (with min entropy production as LEP, and maximum entropy production as MEP). We report on three mathematical breakthroughs: First, that the interdependence between an individual’s observations and actions, once measured, breaks the link known as intuition, leading to the measurement problem of incompleteness, accounting for the failure of survey instruments to predict human action; second, that at the team and larger levels of analyses, the ill-effects on min-max entropy production of consensus-seeking rules and authoritarian leadership serve to suppress the search for solutions to the problems that teams work to solve; and third, as a speculation to integrate group decision-making and a team’s emotions: with LEP as a team’s ground state versus a team with internal conflict at an elevated LEP state.
Real-time adaptive non-holonomic motion planning in unforeseen dynamic environments

This paper addresses the problem of real-time, non-holonomic motion planning in environments with moving obstacles of unforeseen, arbitrary motion. An approach is introduced to smoothly switch trajectories by generating feasible non-holonomic trajectory segments on the fly as the robot moves in such an environment, extending the real-time adaptive motion planning (RAMP) approach that is used for holonomic motion. It allows efficient on-line simultaneous planning and execution of non-holonomic trajectories and enables a robot to adapt to changes in the environment while taking into account robot motion uncertainty. The effectiveness and efficiency of the method has been verified through real experiments with a mobile robot and several dynamic obstacles of unforeseen motion to the robot.
Detection of Strong Coupling in Algebraic Multigrid Solvers

Based on abstract convergence theory for the smoothed aggregation multigrid method [6], we present a new method for detecting strong connections (couplings) in matrices obtained by discretization (and subsequent coarsening) of elliptic problems. Although the coupling evaluation given here has been derived in connection with smoothed aggregation algorithm, it is fully applicable in any AMG method, providing zero-energy modes are available in the solver.
Modeling of digital baseband interference canceler using Hilbert and Fourier Transforms

This paper presents a technique in detection and compensation of spurious signals, and a cancellation system for processing baseband signals. The proposed canceler detects standing spurious signals present in a sampled bandwidth through the digitization and processing of the incoming waveform. These spurs can come from sources such as internally generated spur from signal coupling, or external interference such as nearby transmission stations. This system aims to remove such spurious signals while minimizing distortion to the signal(s) of interest.
CD200 expression in mantle cell lymphoma identifies a unique subgroup of patients with frequent IGHV mutations, absence of SOX11 expression, and an indolent clinical course

CD200, a marker currently utilized in the diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma, is uniformly positive in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and is usually absent in mantle cell lymphoma. Over a 6 year-period, of 668 mantle cell lymphoma assessed by flow cytometry, CD200 expression was detected in 25 patients (~4%). All 25 patients had bone marrow involvement; however, 11 (44%) patients had no nodal or extranodal disease and belonged to non-nodal leukemic variant mantle cell lymphoma. Morphologically, bone marrow showed an unusual interstitial infiltrative pattern in 14/25 (56%) and small round cells resembling chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 9/25 (36%). CD23 was positive in 19/25 (76%) patients; and SOX11 was only positive in 5/21(24%). All 4 patients tested showed IGHV mutations. With a median follow-up of 23 months, 12/24 (50%) patients were not treated. These clinicopathological features were significantly different from 154 randomly chosen CD200-negative mantle cell lymphoma patients, in SOX11 positivity (24% versus 74%, P<0.0001), CD23 expression (76% versus 8%, P<0.0001), a non-nodal leukemic presentation (44% versus 2%, P<0.001), and therapy requirement (50% versus 92%, P<0.0001). This is the first study to show that CD200 expression in mantle cell lymphoma, though uncommon, identifies a subgroup of mantle cell lymphoma patients with characteristic pathological features, frequent non-nodal leukemic variant, and an indolent clinical course.
Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Pancreas: A Case Report

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare and aggressive variant of ductal adenocarcinoma which presents both glandular and squamous morphologic features. A cytologic diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma on fine needle aspirate preparations is dependent on the identification of both malignant glandular and squamous components. Diagnosis of the malignancy is not particularly difficult if both glandular and squamous components are abundant; however, diagnostic challenges may occur when there is scant cellularity of one of the components, or if one of the components is absent. Because a primary squamous carcinoma of the pancreas is non-existent, a careful search and identification of glandular malignant cells is essential in cases that are squamous dominant.In this report a case of adenosquamous carcinoma is presented in which a fine needle aspirate was performed. The cytologic and histologic features are described. The cytology findings showed a two cell population of malignant squamous and glandular cells. The histologic findings also showed both glandular and squamous malignant cells, thus confirming the diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma.
Configurations of Young Peoples’ Important Life Goals and Their Associations with Thriving

The aims of this study were to determine whether, and how, young people’s beyond-the-self life goals coexisted with other life goals, and whether having at least one beyond-the-self goal was associ...
A Bayesian explanation of the irrationality of sexist and racist beliefs involving generic content

Various sexist and racist beliefs ascribe certain negative qualities to people of a given sex or race. Epistemic allies are people who think that in normal circumstances rationality requires the rejection of such sexist and racist beliefs upon learning of many counter-instances. This is a common view among philosophers and non-philosophers. But epistemic allies face three problems. First, sexist and racist beliefs often involve generic propositions. These sorts of propositions are notoriously resilient in the face of counter-instances. Second, background beliefs can enable one to explain away counter-instances to one’s beliefs, thus making it rational to retain one’s beliefs in generics in the face of many counter-instances. The final problem is that the kinds of judgements epistemic allies want to make about the irrationality of sexist and racist beliefs upon encountering many counter-instances is at odds with the judgements that we are inclined to make in seemingly parallel cases about the rationality of non-sexist and non-racist generic beliefs. Thus epistemic allies may end up having to give up on plausible normative supervenience principles. In what follows I explain how a Bayesian approach to the relation between evidence and belief can neatly untie these knots. The basic story is one of defeat: Bayesianism explains when one is required to become increasingly confident in chance propositions, and confidence in chance propositions can make belief in corresponding generics irrational.
Cooperative tracking with binary-detection sensor networks.

We present a novel method for tracking the movement of people or vehicles in open outdoor environments using sensor networks. Unlike other sensor network-based methods, which depend on determining distance to the target or the angle of arrival of the signal, our cooperative tracking approach requires only that a sensor be able to determine if an object is somewhere within the maximum detection range of the sensor. We propose cooperative tracking as a method for tracking moving objects and extrapolating their paths in the short term. By combining data from neighboring sensors, this approach enables tracking with a resolution higher than that of the individual sensors being used. We employ statistical estimation and approximation techniques to further increase the tracking precision, and to enable the system to exploit the tradeoff between accuracy and timeliness of the results. We analyze the behavior of the cooperative tracking algorithm through simulation, focusing on the effects of approximation techniques on the quality of estimates achieved. This work focuses on acoustic tracking, however the presented methodology is applicable to any sensing modality where the sensing range is relatively
Changes in Gene Function: Mutations, Methylation, and Variation in Expression

Because each gene codes for a unique protein with a unique function, change in the way the genes are translated into protein may have important implications for cellular function. Genes may be abnormally activated, as with proto-oncogenes in their transformation to oncogenes, or genes may lose function, as with tumor suppressor genes. Genes may lose function by mutation, by loss of chromosomal material, or by promoter hypermethylation. In addition the expression of a normal gene may vary because of modifying genes or other factors in the cellular environment. Understanding how genes lose function is important in understanding how colorectal neoplasia develops.
Observations on the cooling and cryopreservation of pig oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage.

This study examined the viability of pig oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage following cooling or cryopreservation. Cumulus-intact oocytes (n = 641) were collected from slaughterhouse pig ovaries and used in two experiments. In Exp. I the viability of 1) control, 2) cryoprotectant control (CC, 1.5 M glycerol/.5 M sucrose), 3) cooled (0 degrees C) and 4) cryopreserved (-196 degrees C) oocytes was assessed after no incubation or a 24-h incubation. Survivability was judged by morphological appearance, trypan blue exclusion and fluorescein diacetate staining. Survival rate of control oocytes (90%; based primarily on morphological appearance of the cumulus) incubated 0 h was greater (P less than .05) than that of all other groups, whereas survival rate of -196 degrees C oocytes (57%) was less (P less than .05) than that of all other groups. However, vital staining of 0 degrees C and -196 degrees C oocytes showed 0% survival rate as evidenced by trypan blue uptake and lack of fluorescence. The cumulus cells surrounding oocytes that were stored at 0 degrees C or -196 degrees C survived freezing as evidenced by trypan blue exclusion and intense fluorescence. Similar differences among treatment groups were found for oocytes incubated 24 h. Exp. 2 examined the temperature at which oocytes became sensitive to cooling. Oocyte death occurred when oocytes were cooled to 15 degrees C or lower. These results demonstrate that pig oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage did not survive cooling to 15 degrees C or below. When assessing the viability of cryopreserved cumulus enclosed oocytes it is important to use vital stains in conjunction with morphological appearance.
Self-immolative polymers with potent and selective antibacterial activity by hydrophilic side chain grafting

We report the first example of a self-immolative polymer that exerts potent antibacterial activity combined with relatively low hemolytic toxicity. In particular, self-immolative poly(benzyl ether)s bearing pendant cationic ammonium groups and grafted poly(ethylene glycol) chains in their side chains were prepared via post-polymerization thiol–ene chemistry. These functional polymers undergo sensitive and specific triggered depolymerization into small molecules upon exposure to a designed stimulus (in this example, fluoride ions cleave a silyl ether end cap). The molar composition of the resulting statistical copolymers varied from 0 to 100% PEG side chains. The average molar mass of the pendant PEG chains was either 800 or 2000 g mol−1. The antibacterial and hemolytic activities were evaluated as a function of copolymer composition. Strong bactericidal activity (low μg mL−1 MBC) was retained in the copolymers containing 25–50% PEG-800, whereas hemolytic toxicity monotonically decreased (up to HC50 >1000 μg mL−1) with increasing PEG content. PEG-2000 was far less effective; both the MBC and HC50 decreased to a comparable extent with increasing PEGylation. Overall, the best cell type selectivity index (HC50/MBC ∼ 28) was obtained for the copolymer containing ∼50% cysteamine and ∼50% PEG-800 side chains, as compared to the cationic homopolymer (HC50/MBC < 1). Thus, the systematic tuning of the PEG graft density and chain length effectively enhances the cell-type selectivity of these self-immolative polymers by orders of magnitude.
Negative differential conductivity in liquid aluminum from real-time quantum simulations

The conduction of electricity in materials is usually described by Ohm’s law, which is a first order approximation to a more complex and non-linear behavior. It is well known that in some semiconductors, the conductivity, the constant that relates voltage and current, changes for high enough currents. In this work we predict for the first time that a metal, liquid aluminum, exhibits negative-differential conductivity, a non-linear effect where the current decreases as the applied voltage is increased. We observe this change in the conductivity for very high current densities of the order of 1012−1013 A∕cm2. Our predictions are based on a computational approach that can atomistically model, for the first time, non-linear effects in the conductivity from first principles by following in real-time the quantum dynamics of the electrons. From our simulations, we find that the change in the non-linear conductivity emerges from a competition between the current-induced accumulation of charge around the nuclei, which increases the scattering of the conduction electrons, and a decreasing ion-scattering cross-section at high currents. Our results illustrate how normal matter behaves under extreme fields that will become available from free electron lasers and other future experiments.
Estimated Prevalence of Opioid Use Disorder in Massachusetts, 2011–2015: A Capture–Recapture Analysis

Objectives. To estimate the annual prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD) in Massachusetts from 2011 to 2015.Methods. We performed a multisample stratified capture–recapture analysis to estimate O...
Potential of Determining Thermal Dose for Ablation Therapies Using Ultrasound Elastography: An Ex Vivo Feasibility Study

Thermal ablation therapy is a minimally invasive technique with the potential to allow eradication of tumors utilizing highly localized heating. Protein coagulation induced by heating is thought to induce a change at the microscopic level, thereby manifesting itself as measurable macroscopic changes of the tissue's viscoelastic properties. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between clinically relevant thermal doses and a novel biomechanical parameter measurable using ultrasound. Ex vivo porcine liver tissue samples were administered clinically relevant thermal doses via a temperature-controlled double immersive water bath. Stress and strain data obtained from unconfined uniaxial compression and stress-relaxation tests were fit to a Kelvin-Voigt fractional derivative (KVFD) model of tissue viscoelasticity. In the KVFD model, the alpha parameter is the order of the fractional derivative $(0 < \alpha < 1)$ and may represent the amount of collagen microstructure change due to protein coagulation. An analysis of experimental results suggests a predictable correlation between thermal dose received during a simulated thermal ablation therapy and the increase of the alpha parameter. In short, the relationship between thermal dose and the viscoelastic biomechanical parameters of thermally treated tissue may be used to develop new imaging techniques to reliably delineate ablated tissues and prevent damage to healthy surrounding tissues during thermal ablation therapies. In the future, ultrasound elastography techniques allowing for the measurement of the proposed alpha parameter in vivo will be determined since the correlation between thermal dosage and the alpha parameter has now been demonstrated.
Impaired Nuclear Export of Polyglutamine-Expanded Androgen Receptor in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the androgen receptor (AR). Prior studies have highlighted the importance of AR nuclear localization in SBMA pathogenesis; therefore, in this study, we sought to determine the role of AR nuclear export in the pathological manifestations of SBMA. We demonstrate here that the nuclear export of polyQ-expanded AR is impaired, even prior to the formation of intranuclear inclusions of aggregated AR. Additionally, we find that promoting AR export with an exogenous nuclear export signal substantially reduces its aggregation and blocks hormone-induced toxicity. Moreover, we show that these protective effects are conferred by destabilization of the mutant protein due to an increase in proteasomal degradation of the cytoplasmic AR. Despite a growing body of evidence that global disruption of nucleo/cytoplasmic transport occurs in ALS and HD, our data suggest that no such global disruption occurs in models of SBMA; rather, AR-specific mechanisms, including reduced phosphorylation at Serine 650, are likely responsible for the impaired nuclear export of polyQ-expanded AR.
The Oklahoma Chapter Aap Obesity Provider and Parent Handouts: tools to Encourage Lifestyle Changes to Manage and Prevent Pediatric Obesity

Purpose of Study: Studies show that pediatric primary care providers report concern for childhood obesity, yet lack resources to assist with behavioral counseling. In response, the Oklahoma AAP Chapter (OKAAP) Obesity Committee developed a toolkit consisting of provider and parent handouts to assist pediatricians in behavioral counseling on healthy habits. The goal of this advocacy project is to report on the process of the toolkit …
Effects of Errors on Optical Imagers Using Target Motion Compensation in Flyby Trajectories

Remote sensing is particularly useful in interplanetary observation where in-situ measurements are not yet possible. For flyby spacecraft to obtain accurate data during short windows with high relative velocities, target motion compensation is often required to preserve signal amplitude and prevent pixel smear. Effects of orbital determination errors, pointing accuracy error, and timing errors are exacerbated by use of target motion compensation to varying degrees. A Monte Carlo simulation was developed to determine trends in smear and required target motion capabilities for various flyby geometries, velocities, and exposure times for a selection of Jovian and Saturnian moons of exploratory interest. Case studies are presented for a range of potential missions and their simulation results compared to show variation in errors based on differences in input parameters. Results from the simulation can inform early choices in instrument and mission design, operations and mission planning.
Finite Reflection Groups

This book is about connections between groups and geometry. We begin by considering groups of isometries of Euclidean space generated by hyperplane reflections. In order to avoid technicalities in this introductory chapter, we confine our attention to finite groups and we require our reflections to be with respect to linear hyperplanes (i.e., hyperplanes passing through the origin). We will generalize this in Chapter VI, replacing “finite” by “discrete” and “linear” by “affine”.