cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glomerular deposits and hypoalbuminemia in acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

In a search for correlations between glomerular morphology and clinical manifestations in acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, data for 40 biopsied patients were reviewed. A major correlation was observed between severe hypoalbuminemia and the absence of deposits on the paramesangial portion of the glomerular basement membrane. Subepithelial deposits were present on both the capillary loop and paramesangial segments of the basement membrane in 29 patients, whereas in 11 the deposits were present only on the capillary loop. Patients with paramesangial segments devoid of deposits had a mean (±1 SD) nadir serum albumin level of 1.90 (±0.40) g/dl, whereas the mean nadir level in those with deposits in both locations was 2.83 (±0.64) g/dl (P 2.5 g/dl. The amount of subepithelial deposit on the capillary loop was not significantly different in the two groups, and no correlation was found between loop deposits and serum albumin levels. Except for greater edema and significantly less-frequent gross hematuria in those with absent paramesangial deposits, clinical and laboratory findings for the two groups did not differ.
Pegvisomant bioavailability of single 30 mg/mL subcutaneous injection compared to two 15 mg/mL subcutaneous injections: a pharmacokinetic, safety and tolerability study.

Abstract Objective The study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), relative bioavailability (relBA), safety and tolerability of two single-dose pegvisomant subcutaneous (SC) administrations: one injection of 30 mg/mL (1 × 30 mg/mL) versus two injections of two 15 mg/mL (2 × 15 mg/mL). Design This was a 2-period, single-dose, crossover study in 14 healthy male and female subjects. All subjects received both administrations during the two treatment periods separated by a two-week washout. Serum samples were collected intensively up to 360 h post injection and were assayed by a validated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for pegvisomant. PK parameters including AUC and Cmax were derived by noncompartmental analyses. Mixed effects model was used to obtain bioavailability estimates. Safety and tolerability were assessed by clinical monitoring, including adverse events, laboratory assessments and injection site reactions. Results All subjects completed the study. The relBA of 1 × 30 mg/mL relative to 2 × 15 mg/mL was 123.89% with a 90% CI (112.91–135.93%). Adjusted for the difference in actual pegvisomant amounts in both formulations the dose-adjusted relBA reduced to 112.97% with a 90% CI (103.09–123.80%). Single injection with a higher drug concentration in injection solution might have a role in this 13% higher bioavailability for 1 × 30 mg/mL administration. Other PK parameters for the two administrations were comparable. No laboratory abnormalities, vital signs, ECG, or injection site reactions of clinical concern were observed in either treatment. Conclusions Comparable BA, safety and tolerability of the new 30 mg/mL strength to the currently marketed 15 mg/mL strength were established in this study.
Parents'/guardians' willingness to vaccinate their children against genital herpes.

Abstract Purpose To describe parents’ acceptance of a hypothetical herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) vaccine, attitudes toward vaccine legislation, beliefs regarding appropriate timing of vaccination and correlates of vaccine acceptance. Methods A telephone survey of 315 parents/guardians in the Southeast United States. Descriptive statistics describe the sample’s overall attitudes toward HSV-2 vaccination, vaccine legislation, and age preferences. A logistic regression model tested the correlates of intention to vaccinate their children against HSV-2. Results A majority of parents (69%) said they would have their children vaccinated. Nearly one-third (29.3%) thought genital herpes vaccination should take place between the ages of 11 and 13 years. Logistic regression revealed that females, single parents, parents whose children had influenza shots, those with more favorable attitudes to vaccination in general, and those who believed sexually transmitted disease (STD) vaccines would be beneficial were more likely to state they would vaccinate their children. Conclusions Overall, a large proportion of parents indicated they would accept HSV-2 vaccination for their children. These results help identify those parents who may or may not be open to vaccinating their children against HSV-2 and inform future interventions to encourage HSV-2 vaccination. This research highlights the need for interventions that differentially target those who would and would not be likely to support vaccination of their children. Results also indicate that many parents believe vaccination should be given after an age when many adolescents have initiated sexual activity. Interventions to promote STD vaccines should not only encourage vaccination, but should also seek to change parental attitudes about optimal timing of the vaccination.
The isolation and immunolocalization of iron-binding compounds produced by Gloeophyllum trabeum

Low molecular weight iron-binding compounds are produced by the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. These chelators may function in scavenging transition metals for fungal metabolism and extracellular enzyme production. Because of the low molecular mass of the chelate-metal complex (below 1000 Da), and the oxidizing potential of the bound transition metals, certain chelating compounds could also play a role in the early stages of cellulose depolymerization by brown-rot fungi. High-affinity iron-binding compounds were isolated and partially purified from both liquid cultures of the brown-rot Gloeophyllum trabeum and from infected wood. Chelating compounds purified by thin-layer chromatography were used to prepare specific antibodies. These antibodies were shown to detect the chelator in infected wood and liquid fungal cultures by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and could be used in immunotransmission electron microscopy to visualize the high-affinity iron-binding compounds in situ. Elucidating the physiological roles of fungal chelate-metal complexes and determining their function in lignocellulose depolymerization will help us to better understand the mechanism of wood biodegradation.
Human and mouse eLOX3 have distinct substrate specificities: implications for their linkage with lipoxygenases in skin.

Abstract Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests a functional link between human 12 R -lipoxygenase (12 R -LOX) and epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3) in normal differentiation of the epidermis; LOX-derived fatty acid hydroperoxide is isomerized by the atypical eLOX3 into a specific epoxyalcohol that is a potential mediator in the pathway. Mouse epidermis expresses a different complement of LOX enzymes, and therefore this metabolic linkage could differ. To test this concept, we compared the substrate specificities of recombinant mouse and human eLOX3 toward sixteen hydroperoxy stereoisomers of arachidonic and linoleic acids. Both enzymes metabolized R -hydroperoxides 2–3 times faster than the corresponding S enantiomers. Whereas 12 R -hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12 R -HPETE) is the best substrate for human eLOX3 (2.4 s −1 ; at 30 μM substrate), mouse eLOX3 shows the highest turnover with 8 R -HPETE (2.9 s −1 ) followed by 8 S -HPETE (1.3 s −1 ). Novel product structures were characterized from reactions of mouse eLOX3 with 5 S -, 8 R -, and 8 S -HPETEs. 8 S -HPETE is converted specifically to a single epoxyalcohol, identified as 10 R -hydroxy-8 S ,9 S -epoxyeicosa-5 Z ,11 Z ,14 Z -trienoic acid. The substrate preference of mouse eLOX3 and the unique occurrence of an 8 S -LOX enzyme in mouse skin point to a potential LOX pathway for the production of epoxyalcohol in murine epidermal differentiation.
Symmetric vortices for the Ginzberg-Landau equations of superconductivity and the nonlinear desingularization phenomenon☆

Abstract The existence of countably many distinct symmetric vortices for the nonlinear Ginzberg-Landau equations of superconductivity with an arbitrary positive parameter λ is proven. We then prove the existence of a linearization phenomenon as the parameter λ → ∞. In this case the linearized equations contain an appropriate Dirac delta function. These equations are known as the London equations.
Estimating bladder pressure from sacral dorsal root ganglia recordings

Individuals with dysfunctional bladders may benefit from devices that track the bladder state. Recordings from pelvic and sacral nerve cuffs can detect bladder contractions, however they often have low signal quality and are susceptible to interference from non-bladder signals. Microelectrode recordings from sacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons may provide an alternate source for obtaining high quality sensory signals for bladder pressure monitoring. In this study, penetrating microelectrode arrays were inserted in the S1 and S2 DRG in two cats to record afferent spiking activity at different bladder pressures. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate bladder pressure from the spiking activity of DRG neurons. The best estimates were obtained with populations of 5–10 units primarily from the S2 DRG, with root mean square errors of 3.0–3.2 cm H 2 O (correlation coefficients of 0.5–0.9). This work demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring bladder pressure from DRG recordings.
Applications of a High-Altitude Powered Platform (HAPP)

A list of potential uses for the (HAPP) and conceptual system designs for a small subset of the most promising applications were investigated. The method was to postulate a scenario for each application specifying a user, a set of system requirements and the most likely competitor among conventional aircraft and satellite systems. As part of the study of remote sensing applications, a parametric cost comparison was done between aircraft and HAPPS. For most remote sensing applications, aircraft can supply the same data as HAPPs at substantially lower cost. The critical parameters in determining the relative costs of the two systems are the sensor field of view and the required frequency of the observations being made. The HAPP is only competitive with an airplane when sensors having a very wide field of view are appropriate and when the phenomenon being observed must be viewed at least once per day. This eliminates the majority of remote sensing applications from any further consideration.
Tanycytes in long-term ovariectomized ewes treated with estrogen exhibit ultrastructural features associated with increased cellular activity

Ependymal tanycytes on the floor of the third ventricle of longterm ovariectomized (OVX) female sheep (ewes) and OVX ewes treated with 17β-estradiol (E2β) were investigated with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) for evidence of differences in ultrastructure. Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the same ewes that were analyzed ultrastructurally were 45.1 ± 28.7 ng/ml in the nontreated OVX group, and 2.2 ± 1.3 ng/ml in the OVX + E2β group, confirming the widely reported negative feedback effect of estrogen on LH. With SEM, the most prominent difference between groups was that tanycytes on the floor of the third ventricle in OVX ewes had very few surface membrane modifications, particularly microvilli, and appeared relatively bare-surfaced compared to those from the estrogen-treated group. Tissues from estrogen-treated OVX ewes were, for the most part, covered with a fuzzy nap of delicate microvilli. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed and extended this impression. With TEM, tanycytes in E2β-treated ewes exhibited not only a more luxurious display of microvilli but also a much richer complement of welldeveloped organelles including rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complexes, microtubules, and filaments than tanycytes in OVX alone ewes. Collectively, the fine structural data indicates a positive correlation between tanycytes displaying well-developed features associated with heightened cellular activity – synthesis, secretion and/or absorption – and the presence of estrogen.
Effect of Castration and Steroid Replacement on Immunoreactive Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Hypothalamus and Preoptic Area*

The effect of castration alone or castration and subsequent administration of testosterone propionate to males or estradiol benzoate (EB) to females on the content and distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) was studied in rats and mice. Specimens were labeled with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of imrnunocytochemistry using an antiserum to synthetic GnRH conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Five weeks after castration, the content of immunoreactive GnRH in the median eminence of rats and mice of both sexes was markedly depleted. The reduction in GnRH stores was most obvious in axons and nerve endings in the middle and caudal regions of the median eminence. Replacement therapy with gonadal steroids reversed the castrationinduced reduction in GnRH content. EB failed to completely restore GnRH in the median eminence of ovariectomized mice to control levels, but otherwise there were no differences in the effectiv...
Activation of Protein Phosphatase 1 FORMATION OF A METALLOENZYME

The recombinant catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 is produced as an inactive enzyme which can be activated by Mn2+ (Zhang, Z., Bai, G., Deans-Zirattu, S., Browner, M. F., and Lee, E. Y. C. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1484-1490). In this report, we have investigated the effects of divalent cations on the activity of recombinant catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1. Latent phosphatase 1 can be activated by Co2+ or Mn2+, whereas other metal ions tested including Fe2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, or Ni2+ were not effective or were only weakly effective in activating the enzyme. The Mn(2+)-stimulated activity was susceptible to inactivation by EDTA; however, the Co(2+)-activated phosphatase was stable after dilution and chelation of the Co2+ with excess EDTA. After stable activation of phosphatase 1 using 57Co2+, a stoichiometric amount of 57Co2+ was shown to be tightly bound to phosphatase 1. These findings demonstrate for the first time the generation of a stable metalloenzyme form of phosphatase 1. Fe2+ reversibly deactivated the Co(2+)-stimulated activity, but did not displace the bound Co2+. Interestingly, treatment of the enzyme with a combination of Fe2+ and Zn2+ (but not the individual metal ions) significantly activated phosphatase 1. These results suggest that at least two metal binding sites exist on the enzyme and that protein phosphatase 1 may be an iron/zinc metalloprotein in vivo.
A Clinical Approach to the Child with Seizures and Epilepsy

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children may have different causes and a different natural history than seizures and epilepsy in adults. The effects of medication may also be of greater importance during childhood. In making decisions about whether or not to treat a child who has had only one or a few seizures, the physician must consider the chance of further seizures and the possible consequences of further seizures. Since the major consequence of seizure recurrence is psychosocial, and since the psychosocial consequences of infrequent seizure recurrence vary with age during childhood and differ from those in adults, decisions about therapy should take these differences into account. The potential effects of anticonvulsants on learning and behavior should also be considered. Seizures should not be treated just "because they are there," but rather only when the risks and consequences outweight the benefits of being free of medication and its effects.
Hamiltonian structures for homogeneous spaces

The definition and classification of classical relativistic particles requires the classification of certain invariant tensor fields on the inhomogeneous Lorentz group. The entire 10-parameter set is exhibited. At the same time, a much larger class of Lie groups is treated. The connection with particles will be presented in the succeeding article.
IFN‐γ activation of mesenchymal stem cells for treatment and prevention of graft versus host disease

Graft versus host disease (GVHD), mediated by donor T cells, is a significant source of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can successfully treat ongoing graft versus host disease, presumably due to their ability to suppress donor T cell proliferation. Little is known about the potential of MSC to prevent GVHD. Here we show that bone marrow-isolated MSC can suppress the development of GVHD if given after donor T cell recognition of antigen. IFN-gamma was required to initiate MSC efficacy. Recipients of IFN-gamma(-/-) T cells did not respond to MSC treatment and succumbed to GVHD. MSC, pre-treated with IFN-gamma, became immediately active and could suppress GVHD more efficiently than a fivefold-greater number of MSC that were not activated. When given at the time of bone marrow transplantation, activated MSC could prevent GVHD mortality (100% survival, p=0.006). MSC activation was dependent on the magnitude of IFN-gamma exposure, with increased IFN-gamma exposure leading to increased MSC suppression of GVHD. Activated MSC present a new strategy for preventing GVHD using fewer MSC.
The Articulation of Sauropod Necks: Methodology and Mythology

Sauropods are often imagined to have held their heads high atop necks that ascended in a sweeping curve that was formed either intrinsically because of the shape of their vertebrae, or behaviorally by lifting the head, or both. Their necks are also popularly depicted in life with poses suggesting avian flexibility. The grounds for such interpretations are examined in terms of vertebral osteology, inferences about missing soft tissues, intervertebral flexibility, and behavior. Osteologically, the pronounced opisthocoely and conformal central and zygapophyseal articular surfaces strongly constrain the reconstruction of the cervical vertebral column. The sauropod cervico-dorsal vertebral column is essentially straight, in contrast to the curvature exhibited in those extant vertebrates that naturally hold their heads above rising necks. Regarding flexibility, extant vertebrates with homologous articular geometries preserve a degree of zygapophyseal overlap at the limits of deflection, a constraint that is further restricted by soft tissues. Sauropod necks, if similarly constrained, were capable of sweeping out large feeding surfaces, yet much less capable of retracting the head to explore the enclosed volume in an avian manner. Behaviorally, modern vertebrates generally assume characteristic neck postures which are close to the intrinsic curvature of the undeflected neck. With the exception of some vertebrates that can retract their heads to balance above their shoulders at rest (e.g., felids, lagomorphs, and some ratites), the undeflected neck generally predicts the default head height at rest and during locomotion.
Prophylactic chemotherapy with acyclovir for recurrent herpes simplex labialis

The medical literature was reviewed and 11 clinical trials of prophylactic topical or peroral acyclovir for the suppression of recurrent herpes simplex labialis were identified. The results of these trials showed that prophylactic topical acyclovir was mostly ineffective, but that prophylactic peroral acyclovir, in doses ranging from 400 to 1,000 mg/day, reduced the frequency of herpes labialis during treatment by 50-78%. The reduction in the frequency of episodes of herpes labialis with acyclovir prophylaxis is less than the suppressive effect that has been reported for herpes genitalis (50-78% vs. 80-90%). In trials of prophylactic acyclovir for herpes labialis induced by experimental ultraviolet radiation, 26% of induced lesions developed within 48 hours of radiation exposure ("immediate" lesions) and, in contrast to "delayed" lesions that developed 2-7 days post-irradiation, were not suppressed by the antiviral compound. It is proposed that these treatment-unresponsive immediate lesions have an atypical pathogenesis, possibly involving latency of herpes simplex virus in the labial epithelium, and that these may be responsible for the apparent difference between herpes labialis and genitalis in the degree of benefit from prophylactic acyclovir therapy.
The Relationship between the Child Support Grant and Teenage Fertility in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Governments often provide some form of social assistance to vulnerable groups. The right to social security is enshrined in the South African Constitution and the Social Assistance Act 13 of 2004. The country provides for a child support grant to single parents or caregivers who are low-income earners. The impact of the child support grant on teenage pregnancy in South Africa has aroused interest in the last couple of years, sparking debate that it may be encouraging teenage pregnancy. However, empirical evidence has been produced to confirm this relationship. This study examines the relationship between receiving the child support grant and being pregnant with another child in two national data sets using logistic regression analysis and empirical data. The results indicate that teenagers who receive the child support grant are significantly less likely to be pregnant with another child compared with teenagers who do not receive the child support grant.
Is Developmentally Appropriate Practice for Everyone

(1998). Is Developmentally Appropriate Practice for Everyone? Childhood Education: Vol. 74, Continuing Tensions in Education, pp. 283-292.
Correlates of student performance in Business and Economics Statistics

Over the years many studies have been done to investigate the determinants of student performance in courses of particular fields of study. However, this is not true of Introduction to Business and Economics Statistics. Our objective is to identify the correlates of student performance both overall, and on individual exams, in an Introduction to Business and Economics Statistics course. A wide variety of variables are found to significantly influence the performance of students, including their grades on previous exams and examination design. Our results indicate that it is important to isolate performance on individual exams.
The criminal investigative process: Toward a conceptual framework

Abstract There have been few attempts to develop a conceptual framework of the criminal investigation process. This article attempts to develop such a framework through use of a criminal act continuum to identify intervention points as these relate to investigative techniques and information sources. Criminal investigation is then considered within a political context to identify eight investigative subprocesses, each of which poses varying degrees of risk to democratic social systems.
Body Composition of Pigeons

Abstract The carcasses of sixteen caged and of seven free-flying pigeons were analyzed for moisture, protein, fat and in some cases also for ash. Free-flying birds had lower levels of body fat than caged ones. The following are average rounded figures for all samples analyzed (%): moisture 60, protein 22, fat 15, ash 3. Feathers constituted close to 7% of the body weight of adult birds, and contained close to one fourth of total carcass protein.
Coxsackie B viral myocarditis and valvulitis identified in routine autopsy specimens by immunofluorescent techniques

Abstract From a survey of 55 routinely autopsied hearts, studied by means of the immunofluorescent antibody techniques, Coxsackie B group virus antigens were found in the myocardium in 17 cases (30.90 per cent) and in both the myocardium and mitral valve in 3 cases (5.45 per cent). A chronic focal, interstitial myocarditis was noted in all 17 cases upon routine histologic study. A high percentage of positive viral antigen was found in hearts of children (75 per cent) and infants (35.71 per cent). The criteria for positive immunofluorescent identification of antigen consisted of intracytoplasmic localization of the fluorescence in the affected myofibers and in fibrocytes of the mitral valves. Chronic Coxsackie virus valvulitis is shown to be present in man in certain types of unexplained chronic valvular heart disease. It is postulated that some instances of chronic valvular disease previously thought to be post rheumatic in origin may represent chronic viral valvulitis. These studies also suggest a possible role of the Coxsackie virus as a cause of some congenital cardiac defects and stillbirths.
Efficiency of the Cyber 205 for Stochastic Simulations of a Simultaneous, Nonlinear, Dynamic Econometric Model

A code for carrying out stochastic simulations of the MPS econometric model, a simultaneous, nonlinear, dynamic system of equations involving approximately 600 variables, was adapted to run on the CYBER 205 vector processor. The effi ciency gained relative to performance on an IBM 3081-GX was significant: the CPU time re quired for a given simulation was reduced by a factor of 10 to 12. However, this is considerably smaller than the theoretical gain expected from the manufacturer's ratings. The basic causes of this smaller gain are the fairly small real memory of the CYBER 205 and the inefficiency of the CYBER 205 vector processor in performing ele mentary function look-up. The primitive nature of the operating system and some aspects of the FORTRAN compiler on the CYBER 205 required more reprogramming of our large code than such a conversion should demand. However, potential gains from such a conversion will be great once the deficiencies described above are eliminated.
The demise of the criminological imagination: A critique of recent criminology

While there have been some imaginative theoretical works in the past decade, little of that work has become accepted by the criminological field. Instead, the focus has been on the development of methodological and technical tools, even to the extent that theory development itself has been tied to the general movement. The argument presented here is that more useful and insightful theories are products of imagination and speculation. Thus, the current movement is largely useful for testing theories of the past, but not for developing theories of the future. Three general explanations for this state of affairs are provided: the specificity of empirical theory, the implications of the sociologies of the 1960s, and the rise of criminal justice vis-a-vis criminology. The answer to this problem lies in the development of critical and creative thought within our field and graduate schools in particular.
A Performance-based Evaluation of Superpave Design Gyrations for High Traffic Surface Mixes

The number of design gyrations (Ndes) is an extremely important parameter in the asphalt concrete mix design procedure using the Superpave method. The choice of Ndes is a function of total traffic during the pavement service life, expressed in ESALs. Asphalt concrete mixes for higher traffic levels are compacted to a higher Ndes as a denser mix resists rutting more effectively. However, this leads to a lower design asphalt content, which decreases fatigue performance of the mix. Therefore, a performance-oriented approach to determine Ndes was developed that optimizes mix performance with respect to both rutting and fatigue cracking. In this paper, the research methodology adopted to compare the relative performance of surface mixes with 12.5 mm nominal maximum aggregate size is presented, along with recommended Ndes values for C and D-level mixes, designed to handle traffic levels of 3-30 Million and greater than 30 Million ESALs, respectively. Asphalt concrete mixes were designed at Ndes levels of 50, 75, 100 and 125 gyrations to determine asphalt content using Superpave design method. Dynamic modulus (E*) was measured at design asphalt content for different gyration levels using the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester device. The E* data and corresponding binder properties were used as input in the AASHTO Darwin-ME software to predict rutting and fatigue performance of the mixes by assuming a model pavement section and appropriate traffic levels. Relative performance indicators were developed for both rutting and fatigue, and plotted against the asphalt content to determine optimum Ndes. For both surface mixes, the optimum Ndes value was determined to be 85 gyrations.
Perspectives on: SGP symposium on mitochondrial physiology and medicine: mitochondria take center stage.

Mitochondria are the ubiquitous power units of animal cells, responsible for “oxphos,” the aerobic synthesis of most of the ATP that serves as the common coin of cellular metabolism. To perform their primary task of oxidative phosphorylation and to manage many secondary tasks, mitochondria use
Pattern recognition analysis and classification modeling of selenium‐producing areas

Established chemometric and geochemical techniques were applied to water quality data from 23 National Irrigation Water Quality Program (NIWQP) study areas in the Western United States. These techniques were applied to the NIWQP data set to identify common geochemical processes responsible for mobilization of selenium and to develop a classification model that uses major-ion concentrations to identify areas that contain elevated selenium concentrations in water that could pose a hazard to water fowl. Pattern recognition modeling of the simple-salt data computed with the SNORM geochemical program indicate three principal components that explain 95% of the total variance. A three-dimensional plot of PC 1, 2 and 3 scores shows three distinct clusters that correspond to distinct hydrochemical facies denoted as facies 1, 2 and 3. Facies 1 samples are distinguished by water samples without the CaCO 3 simple salt and elevated concentrations of NaCI, CaSO 4 , MgSO 4 and Na 2 SO 4 simple salts relative to water samples in facies 2 and 3. Water samples in facies 2 are distinguished from facies 1 by the absence of the MgSO4 simple salt and the presence of the CaCO 3 simple salt. Water samples in facies 3 are similar to samples in facies 2, with the absence of both MgSO 4 and CaSO 4 simple salts. Water samples in facies 1 have the largest selenium concentration (10 μg 1 -1 ), compared to a median concentration of 2.0 μg 1 -1 and less than 1.0 μg 1 -1 for samples in facies 2 and 3. A classification model using the soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA) algorithm was constructed with data from the NIWQP study areas. The classification model was successful in identifying water samples with a selenium concentration that is hazardous to some species of water-fowl from a test data set comprised of 2,060 water samples from throughout Utah and Wyoming. Application of chemometric and geochemical techniques during data synthesis analysis of multivariate environmental databases from other national-scale environmental programs such as the NIWQP could also provide useful insights for addressing 'real world' environmental problems.
Conformational analysis of α-trifluoroalanine: a theoretical study

Abstract Eleven optimized conformations of trifluoroalanine (NH2CH(CF3)COOH) have been obtained from high-level ab initio calculations (MP2/6-31+G∗). Several conformers are exceptionally stable, compared to the analogous conformers of alanine (NH2CH(CH3)COOH). Anomeric effect, which plays a role in the stabilization of the hypothetical α-fluoroglycine, does not appear to play a role in the stability of trifluoroalanine conformers. Anomeric effect exhibited by the CF3 group is highly attenuated compared to that of fluorine. The unusual stability of some α-trifluoroalanine conformers (relative to alanine) arises from differences in dipole moments caused by the very inductive trifluoromethyl substituent and from the formation of favorable hydrogen bonds. The results of this study also indicate that the trifluoromethyl substituent participates in intramolecular hydrogen bond interactions (F⋯H–O). This type of interaction results in conformers that are more stable than those of alanine, which cannot exhibit such interactions.
Efficient disc on pillar substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

In this work, geometrical optimizations of Ag disc on pillar (DOP) hybrid plasmonic nanostructures were conducted and allowed us to achieve reproducible average enhancement factors of 1 × 109 and greater.
Global Analysis of Peptide Cyclization Efficiency

Cyclic peptides are of considerable interest in drug discovery and nanotechnology. However, macrocyclization of peptides and other compounds has often been perceived as synthetically challenging and the cyclization yields are affected by several factors including the ring size, peptide sequence, and the reaction conditions. Through the screening of combinatorial peptide libraries, we analyzed the cyclization efficiency of >2 million peptide sequences to determine the effect of ring size, peptide sequence, and solvent on the backbone (N-to-C) cyclization of peptides. Our results show that on-resin cyclization of medium- and large-sized rings (cyclohexapeptides and above) with PyBOP is essentially quantitative for ≥ 99.96% of the sequences, with small amounts of dimer formation observed for <4% of these sequences. Cyclization of small rings (cyclotetrapeptides and cyclopentapeptides) is considerably more difficult and accompanied by significant cyclic dimer formation. Peptides that are difficult to cyclize are generally rich in Lys(Boc) and Arg(Pbf) residues as well as sterically hindered residues [e.g., Thr(tBu)] at the N-terminus. The majority of these difficult sequences can be cyclized to completion by the addition of aqueous additives to the cyclization reaction.
Severe prolonged cholestatic hepatitis caused by exemestane.

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are used as first-line adjuvant hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, either as monotherapy or sequential therapy after tamoxifen [1–6]. Unlike tamoxifen, the former gold standard adjuvant hormonal therapy, AIs cause musculoskeletal symptoms, osteoporosis, and bone fractures [1–6]. Although AIs such as letrozole and anastrozole also cause liver enzyme elevation unrelated to liver metastasis in 3–5% patients,1,2 severe hepatotoxicity has rarely been associated with AIs. We report a case of severe prolonged cholestatic hepatitis caused by exemestane.
Teaching a rational approach to career decision making: Who benefits most?

Abstract Who benefits most from rational decision-making training? Rational, intuitive, fatalistic, and dependent decision makers were compared on how much they learned from a rational decision-making training intervention. A Decision-Making Questionnaire was administered to 255 community college students to determine which style each used predominantly in three past career-related decisions. Subjects were randomly assigned to instruction in rational decision making or to a placebo intervention and later completed the Career Decision-Making Skills Assessment Exercise , a paper and pencil test on the application of rational decision-making principles. Individuals who had been highly impulsive, dependent, or fatalistic in prior course selections and those who exhibited dependency in prior job choices appeared to learn most from the rational training curriculum. Implications for when rational decision-making training should be prescribed are discussed.
De opbouw van een onderzoeksartikel

huisarts-epidemioloog huisarts en hoofdredacteur H&W De serie Praktische epidemiologie laat zien dat er een wetenschappelijke onderbouwing bestaat voor veel handelingen die de huisarts in de dagelijkse praktijk intuitief uitvoert. Aan de hand van een herkenbaar praktisch gegeven in de praktijk geven we kort aan hoe de wetenschap achter dit praktijkprobleem in elkaar zit. Correspondentie: j.eekhof@nhg.org
A high order time splitting method based on integral deferred correction for semi-Lagrangian Vlasov simulations

Semi-Lagrangian schemes with various splitting methods, and with different reconstruction/interpolation strategies have been applied to kinetic simulations. For example, the order of spatial accuracy of the algorithms proposed in Qiu and Christlieb (2010) [29] is very high (as high as ninth order). However, the temporal error is dominated by the operator splitting error, which is second order for Strang splitting. It is therefore important to overcome such low order splitting error, in order to have numerical algorithms that achieve higher orders of accuracy in both space and time. In this paper, we propose to use the integral deferred correction (IDC) method to reduce the splitting error. Specifically, the temporal order accuracy is increased by r with each correction loop in the IDC framework, where r=1,2r=1,2 for coupling the first order splitting and the Strang splitting, respectively. The proposed algorithm is applied to the Vlasov–Poisson system, the guiding center model, and two dimensional incompressible flow simulations in the vorticity stream-function formulation. We show numerically that the IDC procedure can automatically increase the order of accuracy in time. We also investigate numerical stability of the proposed algorithm via performing Fourier analysis to a linear model problem.
The Pontrjagin class of a homotopy complex projective space

Abstract We develop a formula for the Pontrjagin class of a PL homotopy complex projective n -space and offer two applications. If n = 4, 5, or 6, we characterize the Pontrjagin classes of those PL homotopy complex projective n -spaces which admit a locally linear PL Z 3 -action with a codimension-2 fixed submanifold. If n is odd and n ⩾ 5, we show that there are infinitely many PL homotopy complex projective n -spaces with no compatible differentiable structure and integral Pontrjagin class.
Control of fleas on naturally infested dogs and cats and in private residences with topical spot applications of fipronil or imidacloprid.

Abstract Thirty-four flea-infested dogs and cats residing in 20 homes in Tampa, FL were randomly placed into 1 of 2 treatment groups during the summer of 1997. Pets were treated topically with either 10.0% w/v imidacloprid or 10% w/v fipronil spot-on on day 0, then once for every 28–30 days for 90 days. Flea populations were assessed in the environment using an intermittent-light trap, while pet flea burdens were assessed using visual area counts. A single application of imidacloprid was 95.3 and 97.4% effective in reducing flea populations on pets at 7 and 28 days, respectively. A single application of fipronil was 97.5 and 97.0% effective in reducing flea populations on pets at the same time points. Following 3 monthly applications of either imidacloprid or fipronil, flea burdens on pets were reduced by 99.5 and 96.5%, respectively. In addition, flea numbers in the in-home environment were reduced by 99.0 and 98.6% in homes, where pets were treated with imidacloprid or fipronil, respectively.
Two New Species of Hartmannella Amebae Infecting Freshwater Mollusks

SYNOPSIS. Two new species of small amebae, Hartmannella biparia n. sp. and Hartmannella quadriparia n. sp., were 1st observed in the freshwater mollusks Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pallida, respectively. The amebae multiplied in cytoplasmic vacuoles in host cells, particularly in foci in the mantle collar, foot, and intestinal wall. Both amebae had functional contractile vacuoles while within host cells. H. biparia emerged from intracytoplasmic vacuoles in pairs, H. quadriparia in fours, suggesting characteristic reproductive stages. H. biparia had limax-type motility by smooth lobopodia, was 22 μ long; with vesicular nucleus 3 μ and central endosome 1.5 μ, multiplied by binary fission and formed spherical, smooth-walled cysts 11 μ in diameter. H. quadriparia had limax-type motility by lobopodia with fine, acute projections; was 10 μ long, with vesicular nucleus 2 μ and central endosome 0.75 μ, multiplied and formed spherical, smooth-walled cysts 5 μ in diameter. Neither species multiplied in cysts outside the host. H. biparia was found infecting 12 species and experimentally transferred to 4 more species of freshwater snails; H. quadriparia was found in one species and experimentally transferred to 6 other species.
Classification of grass pollen through the quantitative analysis of surface ornamentation and texture

Taxonomic identification of pollen and spores uses inherently qualitative descriptions of morphology. Consequently, identifications are restricted to categories that can be reliably classified by multiple analysts, resulting in the coarse taxonomic resolution of the pollen and spore record. Grass pollen represents an archetypal example; it is not routinely identified below family level. To address this issue, we developed quantitative morphometric methods to characterize surface ornamentation and classify grass pollen grains. This produces a means of quantifying morphological features that are traditionally described qualitatively. We used scanning electron microscopy to image 240 specimens of pollen from 12 species within the grass family (Poaceae). We classified these species by developing algorithmic features that quantify the size and density of sculptural elements on the pollen surface, and measure the complexity of the ornamentation they form. These features yielded a classification accuracy of 77.5%. In comparison, a texture descriptor based on modelling the statistical distribution of brightness values in image patches yielded a classification accuracy of 85.8%, and seven human subjects achieved accuracies between 68.33 and 81.67%. The algorithmic features we developed directly relate to biologically meaningful features of grass pollen morphology, and could facilitate direct interpretation of unsupervised classification results from fossil material.
Bumpy Journeys: A Young Chinese Adolescent's Transitional Schooling Across Two Sociocultural Contexts

This qualitative case study explores one young adolescent's transitional schooling from an American context to a Chinese context. Although the student was bilingual and bicultural, she experiences multiple struggles, triumphs, and dilemmas across the two educational settings. These findings have implications for those adolescents and parents who journey through different sociocultural spaces in the complex process of schooling, immigration, and acculturation and for classroom teachers who teach such students.
Annual warm-season grasses vary for forage yield, quality, and competitiveness with weeds

Warm-season annual grasses may be suitable as forage crops in integrated weed management systems with reduced herbicide use. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine whether tillage system and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application method influenced crop and weed biomass, water use, water use efficiency (WUE), and forage quality of three warm-season grasses, and seed production by associated weeds. Tillage systems were zero tillage and conventional tillage with a field cultivator. The N fertilization methods were urea broadcast or banded near seed rows at planting. Warm-season grasses seeded were foxtail (Setaria italica L.) and proso (Panicum mileaceum L.) millets, and sorghum–sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudenense Stapf.). Density of early emerging weeds was similar among treatments, averaging 51 m−2. Millets exhibited higher weed density and weed biomass than sorghum–sudangrass. At harvest, sorghum–sudangrass produced significantly greater biomass and N accumulation than either...
Conservative dilations of dissipative multidimensional systems: The commutative and non-commutative settings

We establish the existence of conservative dilations for various types of dissipative non-commutative N-dimensional (N-D) systems. As a corollary, a criterion of existence of conservative dilations for corresponding dissipative commutative N-D systems is obtained. We point out the cases where this criterion is always fulfilled, and the cases where it is not always fulfilled.
Evolutionary optimization of electronic circuitry cooling using nanofluid

Liquid cooling electronics using microchannels integrated in the chips is an attractive alternative to bulky aluminum heat sinks. Cooling can be further enhanced using nanofluids. The goals of this study are to evaluate heat transfer in a nanofluid heat sink with developing laminar flow forced convection, taking into account the pumping power penalty. The proposed model uses semiempirical correlations to calculate effective nanofluid thermophysical properties, which are then incorporated into heat transfer and friction factor correlations in literature for single-phase flows. The model predicts the thermal resistance and pumping power as a function of four design variables that include the channel diameter, velocity, number of channels, and nanoparticle fraction. The parameters are optimized with minimum thermal resistance as the objective function and fixed specified value of pumping power as the constraint. For a given value of pumping power, the benefit of nanoparticle addition is evaluated by independently optimizing the heat sink, first with nanofluid and then with water. Comparing the minimized thermal resistances revealed only a small benefit since nanoparticle addition increases the pumping power that can alternately be diverted towards an increased velocity in a pure water heat sink. The benefit further diminishes with increase in available pumping power.
The grammaticalization of the particle le in Mandarin Chinese

This article investigates the grammaticalization process of liao as a main verb in 10th-century vernacular texts to le as an aspectual particle in modern Chinese. I propose that two processes are involved. First, with the “resultative construction” coming into existence in the language, some instances of liao were reanalyzed as the phase complement of the new morphological construction. Second, other instances of the verb began to lose their verbness by taking sentential subjects and occurring in temporal clauses only. These processes gave rise to the positional change of liao from after the complement of the verb to before the complement of the verb of le.
Optimal mobile actuator/sensor network motion strategy for parameter estimation in a class of cyber physical systems

This paper introduces a framework to solve the problem of determining optimal sensors and actuators trajectories so as to estimate a set of unknown parameters in what constitutes a cyber-physical system (CPS). Given a distributed system's set of partial differential equation describing its dynamic behavior, the optimal steering of a team of sensors and actuators is obtained by minimizing the D-optimality criteria associated with the expected accuracy of the obtained parameter values. The problem is then reformulated into an optimal control one, whose solution can be computed by readily available commercial softwares. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.
Eigenphenotypes: towards an algorithmic framework for phenotype discovery

Studying the genetic control of molecular, anatomical and/or morphological phenotypes in model organisms is a powerful tool in the functional analysis of a gene. The goal of our research is to develop algorithms that discover phenotypes of behavior in model organisms, which may identify, categorize, and quantify these phenotypes under conditions of minimal a priori information. Starting from a non-invasive video monitoring of a model organism, we propose an eigen-decomposition of the organism's behavior captured in video. Traditional clustering techniques in space, time, and frequency can utilize this decomposition to characterize the categorical behaviors of an animal, and for an analysis of the behavioral repertoire. This supplies a quantified analysis of behavior with minimal assumptions, a crucial first step in the genetic analysis of behavior.