cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Somatic neurons in the brainstem and neocortex projecting to the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus: An anatomical study in the opossum

Some brainstem and neocortical neurons projecting to the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus were identified by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Large pressure injections of HRP were used to define the population of cells in the dorsal column and trigeminal nuclei projecting to the entire inferior colliculus. Subsequently, tiny injections of HRP were delivered electrophoretically to various parts of the external nucleus using micropipettes. In each case the electrophoretic placements were made in sites identified as somatic by their response to foot shock or manual stimulation of the body. Receptive fields were found to be large and almost always bilaterally symmetric. Areas excitable by stimulation of the upper body were often found adjacent to areas excitable by stimulation of the lower body, tail, or, rarely, the face and head. In general, sites in the external nucleus which were identified by their responsiveness to stimulation of the body were not responsive to click stimuli. No topographic representation of the body was evident. After small electrophoretic injections of HRP absolutely restricted to the external nucleus, HRP-filled neurons were found bilaterally in the nucleus gracilis, nucleus Bischoff, (the midline and tail representation of the dorsal column nuclei), nucleus cuneatus, and nucleus trigeminalis, subnucleus caudalis. Ipsilateral neocortical cellular filling was found primarily in a continuous strip along the caudal and inferior margin of the parietotemporal cortex, in the area corresponding to SMII (Pubols, '77). Rarely, filled cells were found in the parietal area corresponding to SMI and in the temporal pole. In sum, small somatic-activated loci of the external nucleus receive bilateral, topographically convergent projections from hindbrain somatosensory structures and from the SMII cortex.
Developmental trends in children's typicality judgments

Category typicality norms from 12 natural language categories are presented for kindergarten, third-grade, sixth-grade, and college students. Subjects first selected examples of familiar word concepts and rated them on a 3-point scale in terms of category typicality. Age differences in the percentage of items included as category members were found primarily for the less typical items, with inclusion rates varying as a function of both age and typicality level. The absolute level of typicality judgments increased with age, although correlations between the children’s and college students’ ratings were generally significant for all three children’s groups, with average correlations increasing somewhat with age. It was suggested that the rating data would be useful to developmental investigators interested in children’s processing of category information.
CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID STIMULATION OF PITUITARY PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND GROWTH-HORMONE RELEASE IN VITRO

Abstract Measurements of growth-hormone release by monkey pituitary incubated with chemically normal human cerebrospinal fluid suggest that regulation of growth hormone extends beyond the hypothalamo-pituitary axis.
Uterine Development and Fertility Are Dependent on Gene Dosage of the Nuclear Receptor Coregulator REA

Although the effectiveness of nuclear hormone-receptor complexes is known to depend on coregulator partner proteins, relatively little is known about the roles of coregulators in uterine development and early stages of pregnancy and implantation. Because conventional genetic deletion of the coregulator, repressor of estrogen receptor activity (REA), was embryonic lethal, we here study REA conditional knockout mice generated by cre-loxP recombination, in which REA function was abrogated only in progesterone receptor-expressing tissues, to define the roles of REA in postembryonic stages and in a tissue-specific manner. We find that REA has gene dose-dependent activity impacting uterine development and fertility. Conditional homozygous mutant (REAd/d) mice developed to adulthood and showed normal ovarian function, but females were infertile with severely compromised uterine development and function characterized by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and altered adenogenesis (endometrial gland morphogenesis), resu...
Force field analysis: A new way to evaluate your strategy

Abstract Force field analysis has been widely used by organization development practitioners to plan and implement organizational changes. This paper extends force field analysis to strategic management by reviewing the concept of force field analysis, discussing internal and external forces for changes in strategy, and suggesting guidelines for the use of force field analysis in organizational planning.
Behavioral management of childhood headache: a pilot study and case history report

Many chronically recurrent disorders of children and adolescents are often unresponsive to standard medical therapy. The Stress and Headache Management Clinic was established as a prototype behavioral medicine clinic to provide integrated therapeutic modalities. Using biofeedback and relaxation/mental-imagery techniques, 119 patients with the chief complaint of recurrent headache were evaluated. This paper describes the use, application, and efficacy of behavioral techniques for the management of headache in children and adolescents. Relevant treatment factors in behavioral treatment of pediatric headache are also discussed.
Preparation and properties of some rare earth borates

Abstract Rare earth borates of the ABO3 type have been prepared by the reaction of the constituent oxides in equimolar ratios between 1200 and 1400° in air. The borates of yttrium and the smaller rare earth ions (samarium through lutecium) are isostructural with vaterite (μCaCO3). Melting points of the borates are greater than 1400° making them useful for applications at elevated temperatures.
The active inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1-induced cell fusion

Previous studies have demonstrated that syn mutant-infected cells fuse less well with nonsyncytial virus-infected cells than with uninfected cells, a phenomenon defined as function inhibition. The present study characterizes the kinetics as well as the requirements for expression of fusion inhibition. Initially, the capacity of sparse syn mutant-infected cells to fuse with uninfected surrounding cells was determined throughout infection. Of seven syn mutants examined, including representatives with alterations in two different viral genes that affect cell fusion, all showed an increase in fusion capacity up to 12 hr after infection and a decrease at later times. Fusion inhibition was examined in experiments employing sparse syn20-infected cells which had been incubated to a maximum fusion capacity; it was shown that surrounding cells infected with KOS, the parent of syn20, began to inhibit fusion by the syn20-infected cells at about 4 hr after infection, and that the maximum ability to inhibit fusion was attained at about 6 hr after infection. The metabolic blocking agents actinomycin D (RNA), cycloheximide (protein), 2-deoxyglucose, and tunicamycin (glycoslyation of glycoproteins) all showed the ability to inhibit the expression of fusion inhibition by KOS-infected cells if added shortly after infection. It is concluded that fusion inhibition is anmore » active process that requires the synthesis of RNA, proteins, and glycoproteins. 17 references, 3 figures, 2 tables.« less
Presence of elongation factor 1 in nuclei and nucleoli of rat liver

Purified rat liver nuclei contain 11% of the total cellular translation elongation factor 1 activity. Ninety percent of the nuclear EF-1 activity was in the nucleoplasm and 10% was nucleolar. The specific activities of the nuclear and nucleolar EF-1 were 2 to 3 times higher, respectively, than EF-1 activity of the liver homogenate. The presence of EF-1 in the purified nuclei did not result from cytoplasmic contamination since only 0.14% of the cellular lactate dehydrogenase was present in the nuclei. These results provide the first evidence for the presence in the cell nucleus of translational factors of protein synthesis.
Relationship Between Work-Home Conflicts and Burnout Among American Surgeons: A Comparison by Sex

Objectives To evaluate differences in burnout and career satisfaction between men and women surgeons and to determine the relationships among personal factors, professional characteristics, and work-home conflicts. Design Cross-sectional study, with data gathered through a survey. Setting The United States. Participants Members of the American College of Surgeons. Main Outcome Measures Burnout and career satisfaction. Results Of approximately 24 922 surgeons sampled, 1043 women and 6815 men returned surveys (31.5% response rate). Women surgeons were younger, less likely to be married, less likely to be divorced, and less likely to have children (all P P P P P = .01) and depressive symptoms (33.0% vs 29.5%; P = .02). Factors independently associated with burnout on multivariate analysis were generally similar for men and women and included recent experience of a work-home conflict, resolving the most recent work-home conflict in favor of work, and hours worked per week. Conclusions Work-home conflicts appear to be a major contributor to surgeon burnout and are more common among women surgeons. Although the factors contributing to burnout were remarkably similar among women and men surgeons, the women were more likely to experience work-home conflicts than were their male colleagues.
On the Origin of the External Genitalia of Insects

In a recent morphological study of the abdomen of a machilid and a rhaphidiid the writer (1957) found strong indications that the external insect genitalia are sternal in origin, as was maintained by Heymons (1896a–1899b). This is contrary to the currently accepted theory that the genitalia are modified limbs. The present essay is an attempt to investigate these indications further through search of as much pertinent literature as possible, so as to determine how well Heymons' original idea is supported. It also attempts to discover how and why, if the genitalia are of sternal origin, this theory has been neglected in recent years; or, if the limb theory of the origin of the insect genitalia can be justified, how secure are the grounds on which it rests. The present survey, therefore, is secondarily a search for the sources of confusion and discrepancies, and for the problems involved therein.
Reactive oxygen species production by monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes during dialysis.

Intradialytic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) was examined separately in six hemodialysis patients. Samples obtained 15 minutes after initiation of dialysis with new cuprophane membanes demonstrated significantly increased ( P P
From Basel to Brussels: the FIP Basel Statements as the foundation of the EAHP Statements of Hospital Pharmacy

The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) hosted the Global Conference on the Future of Hospital Pharmacy in 2008. Attended by 348 participants, representing 98 countries, the FIP Global Conference was a landmark event that produced what are now known as the FIP Basel Statements on the Future of Hospital Pharmacy. This paper provides a brief summary of the development and subsequent use of the Basel Statements on which the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP) statements are based.
Comment: Performance improvement with computer training in Parkinson disease

Computer-based memory and attention training methods improve episodic recall in older adults who have amnestic mild cognitive impairment.(1,2) Memory and attention are highly interactive and interdependent processes due to their shared circuitry. The cognitive benefits of computer-based memory training appear to persist for at least 6 months.(1) Traditional cognitive training programs are administered by professionals and may cost as much as $15 to $100 an hour, depending on the educational level of the staff member who delivers the training.(2) More cost-effective methods of computer-based memory training are needed. In the study by Zimmermann et al.(3) on patients with Parkinson disease (PD), 2 types of computer training were compared: a specific cognitive training method (CogniPlus) and a nonspecific method, Nintendo Wii, a game console.
The medical home, access to care, and insurance: a review of evidence.

Objective. To review the extent to which the literature supports the position that a medical home is important and to review the extent to which insurance is related to having a medical home. Methods. A review of literature concerning the benefits of a medical home on effectiveness, costs, and equity (reducing disparities) was conducted. Results. International and within-nation studies indicate that a relationship with a medical home is associated with better health, on both the individual and population levels, with lower overall costs of care and with reductions in disparities in health between socially disadvantaged subpopulations and more socially advantaged populations. Although important in facilitating use overall, insurance does not guarantee a medical home. Conclusions. A medical home, with its 4 key features, provides better effectiveness as well as more efficient and more equitable care to individuals and populations. A concerted attempt to provide a means of universal financial access as well as a medical home should be of high priority for the United States.
Climate and the U.S. distribution of C4 grass subfamilies and decarboxylation variants of C4 photosynthesis

I compared the C(4) grass flora and climatic records for 32 sites in the United States. Consistent with previous studies, I found that the proportion of the grass flora that uses the NADP malic enzyme (NADP-ME) variant of C(4) photosynthesis greatly increases with increasing annual precipitation, while the proportion using the NAD malic enzyme (NAD-ME) variant (and also the less common phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [PCK] variant) decreases. However the association of grass subfamilies with annual precipitation was even stronger than for the C(4) decarboxylation variants. Analysis of the patterns of distribution by partial correlation analysis showed that the correlations between the frequency of various C(4) types and rainfall were solely due to the association of the C(4) types with particular grass subfamilies. In contrast, there was a strong correlation of the frequency of the different subfamilies with annual precipitation that was independent of the influence of the different C(4) variants. It therefore appears that other, as yet unidentified, characteristics that differ among grass subfamilies may be responsible for their differences in distribution across natural precipitation gradients.
Dependency Parsing for Extracting Family History

Family history is an important part of the clinical record. Automatically extracting family history from clinical reports requires an understanding of how clinicians describe family history as well as an understanding of how they discuss diseases. We perform a characteristic analysis of family history sentences and compare them with sentences which contain a family member term but no family history. We observe the frequency of family history in clinical reports, the reliability of using family member mentions to indicate family history, as well as the frequency that family history is labeled. We develop a top down processing syntactic approach to extracting family history, perform an analysis on the distribution of syntactic context in family history, and compare the use of a phrase structure parser versus a dependency parser for extraction.
A first-order blending method for triangles based upon cubic interpolation

A new method for interpolating in triangles is described. Bivariate cubic polynomials are utilized to define an interpolant which assumes arbitrary position and slope on the entire boundary of a triangular domain. Some examples and applications are discussed.
The video server as a component in interactive broadband delivery systems

The video server is an essential component in a full service, broadband delivery network. The server must be capable of sourcing video, audio, still graphics, text, interactive scripts and general data in a low latency, interactive environment. For the general case there are eight interfaces to such a device. The article discusses each interface in relation to other components in the broadband system. >
Increased desire to smoke during acute stress

Conditions which promote smoking urges, or desire to smoke, are believed to be important in maintaining smoking behaviour, yet little controlled research has examined acute situational factors which increase desire to smoke. In this study, 16 male and 16 female smokers either smoked or sham-smoked with an unlit cigarette after brief abstinence during two sessions, one involving a stressful computer task and the other a non-stress task. Desire to smoke was greater during the stress vs. non-stress task for sham-smokers (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, although smoking desire decreased markedly after smoking in the smoking smokers (p less than 0.001), even this group tended to report greater desire to smoke during stress (p less than 0.10). There were no differences between males and females. These findings indicate that exposure to stressors increases desire to smoke, and suggest that such situations may be influential in maintaining smoking behaviour in smokers not attempting to quit.
Molecular orientation and alignment by resonant single-cycle THz fields

Molecular orientation is now feasible through the interaction of gas phase polar molecules with intense single-cycle THz fields. We explore the effects of resonant multi-rotational level excitation on the molecular angular distribution.
Chemical Signals for Early Evolution of Major Taxa: Biosignatures and Taxon-Specific Biomarkers

Chemical biosignatures may consist of biomarkers or nonrandom mixtures of lipids or other compounds that could not have been assembled by abiogenetic processes. The most obvious of these are repeat...
Comparison of stable-isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture and spectral counting for relative quantification of protein expression.

Protein quantification is one of the principal goals of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, and many strategies exist to achieve it. Several approaches involve the incorporation of a stable-isotope label using either chemical derivatization, enzymatically catalyzed incorporation of 18O, or metabolic labeling in a cell or tissue culture. These techniques can be cost or time prohibitive or not amenable to the biological system of interest. Label-free techniques including those utilizing integrated ion abundance and spectral counting offer an alternative to stable-isotope-based methodologies. Herein, we present the comparison of stable-isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) with spectral counting for the quantification of human embryonic stem cells as they differentiate toward the trophectoderm at three time points. Our spectral counting experimental strategy resulted in the identification of 2641 protein groups across three time points with an average sequence coverage of 30.3%, of which 1837 could be quantified with more than five spectral counts. SILAC quantification was able to identify 1369 protein groups with an average coverage of 24.7%, of which 1027 could be quantified across all time points. Within this context we further explore the capacity of each strategy for proteome coverage, variation in quantification, and the relative sensitivity of each technique to the detection of change in relative protein expression. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparisons of neural networks to standard techniques for image classification and correlation

Neural network techniques for multispectral image classification and spatial pattern detection are compared to the standard techniques of maximum-likelihood classification and spatial correlation. The neural network produced a more accurate classification than maximum-likelihood of a Landsat scene of Tucson, Arizona. Some of the errors in the maximum-likelihood classification are illustrated using decision region and class probability density plots. As expected, the main drawback to the neural network method is the long time required for the training stage. The network was trained using several different hidden layer sizes to optimize both the classification accuracy and training speed, and it was found that one node per class was optimal. The performance improved when 3/spl times/3 local windows of image data were entered into the net. This modification introduces texture into the classification without explicit calculation of a texture measure. Larger windows were successfully used for the detection of spatial features in Landsat and Magellan synthetic aperture radar imagery. >
Internal Caustic Structure of Illuminated Liquid Droplets

The internal electric field of an illuminated liquid droplet is studied in detail using both wave theory and ray theory. The internal field obtains its maximum values on the caustics within the droplet. Ray theory is used to determine the equations of these caustics and the density of rays on them. The Debye series expansion of the interior field Mie amplitudes is used to calculate the wave theory version of these caustics. The physical interpretation of the sources of stimulated Raman scattering and fluorescence emission within a liquid droplet is then given.
Antecedent-Contained Deletion and the Copy Theory of Movement

Antecedent-contained deletion poses a problem for theories of ellipsis, a problem that, according to much literature, is solved by Quantifier Raising. The solution, however, conflicts with the copy theory of movement. This article resolves this new conflict with the aid of a theory of extraposition and covert movement proposed by Fox and Nissenbaum (1999), together with certain assumptions about the structure of relative clauses and the way chains are interpreted. The resolution makes various new predictions and accounts for a range of otherwise puzzling facts.
The Viterbi decoding complexity of linear block codes

A given linear block code can be represented by many different trellises. In this paper, we will show that if these trellises are scored according to the complexity of implementing the Viterbi decoding algorithm on them, there is a uniquely optimal one, viz. The "Wolf (1978)-Massey (1978)-Muder (1988)" trellis. We will also introduce "minimal-span" generator matrices, which permit easy construction of WMM trellises. >
Reforming Social Security: The Case Against Individual Accounts

There have been many proposals for restoring financial balance to Social Security; this article presents a strong case for retaining the current defined benefit system and not replacing a portion or all of Social Security with a system of individual accounts.
Coherent Noise Suppression in Velocity Inversion

Data components with well-definedmoveout other than primary reflections are sometimes called coherent noise. Coherent noise makes velocity analysis ambiguous, since no single velocity function explains incompatible moveouts simultaneously. Contemporary data processing treats the control of coherent noise influence on velocity as an interpretive step. Dual regularization theory suggests an alternative, automatic inversion algorithm for suppression of coherent noise when primary reflection phases dominate the data. Experiments with marine data illustrate the robustness and effectiveness of the algorithm.
ViKI: A Virtual Keyboard Interface for the Handicapped

Although computerized assistive devices for most handicaps are becoming more widely available, one major drawback is that users must currently provide customized interfaces for every computer system they use. In addition to specialized input and output devices, such assistive devices also frequently require customized software. This paper proposes an alternative solution, by providing a customized interface (both hardware and controlling software) on a laptop computer that is then used to control standard software on any other host computer. In this way, the user can carry their specialized interface to essentially any general computer, and can interact with any standard software supported on the host. The laptop system becomes a virtual keyboard to the host machine.
Vulnerability of Riparian Vegetation to Catastrophic Flooding: Implications for Riparian Restoration

In this study, we examined the site-specific effects of a large episodic flood on the riparian vegetation within the floodplain of the San Luis Rey River in southern California. Using multispectral airborne videography, we quantified percent cover of riparian vegetation, cultivated agricultural land, urban surfaces, upland vegetation, bare soil, and water within 22 sections of flood-plain, both before and after a large flood (January 13, 1993). We also quantified the amount of these cover types within bands of the watershed 1 km wide × 5 km long directly upstream of each floodplain site. The amount of riparian vegetation destroyed by the flood within each section varied from nearly zero to almost 40% of pre-flood coverage. The magnitude of loss in riparian vegetation was most strongly related to the amount of riparian vegetation initially present in the floodplain and the amount of urban surfaces in the nearby watershed. These results suggest that riparian vegetation within the San Luis Rey River floodplain is generally at high risk of destruction from large floods, and that this risk is exaggerated in areas with high urban development. We infer from these results that sites near existing large areas of intact riparian vegetation and away from urban development will have the highest potential for successful long-term restoration.
Systematic monthly morphologic variation of assawoman inlet: Nature and causes

Assawoman Inlet, Virginia, U.S.A., representative of small mesotidal barrier island tidal inlets exhibits systematic variations of sediment volume among certain of its morphologic elements. Sediment volume variations were calculated from topographic-bathymetric maps of the inlet system, as surveyed on 11 occasions at approximately monthly intervals by a fathometer, and plane table and alidade. Of 36 pairings among nine morphologic elements, seven show statistically significant Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients. The southern ramp margin shoals are negatively correlated with the southern beach face and the northern ramp margin shoals are negatively correlated with the northern beach face on the northern spit. The southern and northern ramp margin shoals themselves are negatively correlated. The southern ramp margin shoals are negatively correlated with the fore flood tidal delta which is negatively correlated with a tidal channel on its landward side. The back flood tidal delta is positively correlated with the northern ramp margin shoals and negatively correlated with the back side of Wallops spit. These associations may be qualitatively explained using wave and tidal climate data during the sampling year plus megaripple and bedding orientations. Constructive waves tend to transfer sediment from the ramp margin shoals landward, building up the adjacent beach faces. Destructive waves tend to move sediment back to the ramp margin shoals. Waves striking the coast obliquely promote asymmetric growth of the shoals, causing the ebb jet to erode into whichever is the smaller shoal.
Two genomic paths to the evolution of complexity in bodyplans

Morphologically complex metazoans appear abruptly during the Cambrian explosion. Suggested measures of metazoan complexity include number of cell morphotypes and aspects of the genome such as the amount of DNA, the number of genes, and the information content of the genome or egg. Estimates of gene numbers are now available for metazoan species belonging to five different phyla or subphyla. There is little correlation between gene number and morphological complexity in the invertebrates: relatively complex forms can have fewer genes than relatively sim- ple forms. Presumably, the more complex forms use more gene-expression events during devel- opment, implying that, on average, cis-regulatory elements of more complex invertebrates are richer in binding sites than are those of simpler forms. Vertebrates have many more genes than inverte- brates and therefore have more total gene-expression events during development, although they may have, on average, fewer expression events per gene than the invertebrates. There are thus two genomic pathways in the evolution of metazoan complexity: one involves increasing the number of genes, the other involves increasing the number of cis-regulatory binding sites. Both modes were associated with the origin of bodyplans that first appear as fossils during the Cambrian explosion.
Preventing High-Risk Drinking among College Students: A Social Marketing Case Study

Investigators implemented a social marketing intervention to reduce alcohol consumption at a large university in the southeastern United States. The objective was to decrease high-risk drinking and drinking and driving and to change the perception that alcohol use increases sexual opportunities among college students. Formative research revealed that high-risk college students associate undesirable social consequences with excessive drinking (e.g., embarrassing oneself, annoying peers, offending the other sex, or burdening friends). An intervention was developed in which the product was avoiding the social stigma associated with excessive alcohol consumption. Promotional materials illustrating the social repercussions associated with excessive alcohol use and promoting the advantages of moderating one's drinking were disseminated in popular student venues; price was raised by increased law enforcement; and place was addressed by providing alcohol-free alternative activities. Evaluation included a time-ser...
Alteration of erythrocyte membrane fluidity by heavy metal cations.

Fluorescence polarization measurements were carried out on ery throcyte ghosts treated with heavy metal cations. Membranes labelled with the fluorescent lipid probe all-trans 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5- hexatriene (DPH) had increased DPH polarization (P) values, con sistent with increased membrane lipid viscosity, when treated with 10-3 -10-2 M of the chloride salts of cadmium, zinc or lead for 1 hour at 37° C, but not with calcium. Using cadmium as a prototype heavy metal, additional studies showed that exposure of ghosts to cadmium also increased the native protein fluorescence polariza tion. These increases in P values were observed at temperatures ranging from 15-40° C. These data suggest that interaction of cad mium and other heavy metals with cellular membranes may alter membrane lipid and possibly membrane protein fluidity, which may contribute to abnormal cellular function.
Refining the Candidate Environment: Interpersonal Stress, the Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism, and Gene-Environment Interactions in Major Depression

Meta-analytic evidence supports a gene-environment (G×E) interaction between life stress and the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on depression, but few studies have examined factors that influence detection of this effect, despite years of inconsistent results. We propose that the "candidate environment" (akin to a candidate gene) is key. Theory and evidence implicate major stressful life events (SLEs)-particularly major interpersonal SLEs-as well as chronic family stress. Participants (N = 400) from the Youth Emotion Project (which began with 627 high school juniors oversampled for high neuroticism) completed up to five annual diagnostic and life stress interviews and provided DNA samples. A significant G×E effect for major SLEs and S-carrier genotype was accounted for significantly by major interpersonal SLEs but not significantly by major non-interpersonal SLEs. S-carrier genotype and chronic family stress also significantly interacted. Identifying such candidate environments may facilitate future G×E research in depression and psychopathology more broadly.
The Instrument Synthesis and Analysis Laboratory At NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

This paper will address the development of a new instrument design laboratory at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Engineering studies for pre-proposal instrument designs had taken typically 6 months or more in the past. A rapid design capability was clearly needed in the new competitive arena in which Goddard finds itself today. The Instrument Synthesis & Analysis Laboratory (ISAL) has unprecedented resources and can provide a rapid and sustainable instrument-development environment. Typical studies are complete in two weeks. The ISAL supports instruments at different maturity levels such as direct AO response, trade studies in advance of AO and Instrument Incubator Program projects. The ISAL has been an operational facility since the spring of 1999 and has completed more than 50 studies since its inception. ISAL has experience with both Earth Science and Space Science instrument projects. A cadre of highly skilled discipline engineers is put together with the customer science team to develop the customer’s instrument concept. Detailed designs are derived with significant analysis of the design performed during the study. In Spring 2001, ISAL management and operations were unified with the Integration Mission esign Center (IMDC) to form the Integrated Design Capability (IDC).
Determination of Protocatechuic Aldehyde in Xiao'er Qingyan Mixture by HPLC

Objective To develop a method for the determination of protocatechuic aldehyde in Xiao'er Qingyan mixture.Methods The content of protocatechuic aldehyde was detected by HPLC.The column was Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm).The mobile phase was methanol/1% acetic acid solution(12∶88).The detection wavelength was 280 nm.The flow rate was 0.9 mL·min-1 and the injection volume was 20 μL.The column temperature was 35 ℃.Results The linear range of protocatechuic aldehyde was 1.3-15.6 mg·L-1(r=0.999 6,n=6).The average recovery rate was 99.03%(RSD=1.07%).Conclusion The method is simple,rapid,sensitive and accurate for determining protocatechuic aldehyde in Xiao'er Qingyan mixture,and can be used for quality control of protocat-echuic aldehyde.
The analysis on function of rural informatization for new rural reconstruction

Three rural questions have always been significant to the process of our building an all-round well-off and modernized society and the whole work of our Party and country.The rural informatization is the important aspects of economic and society informatization.The center make the policy of construction of new rural areas.Rural informatization is becoming the main content of new rural reconstruction.The paper discussed the concept of rural informatization and make an analysis of the function of rural informatization for new rural reconstruction.
Sports Economics: Introduction to Sports Economics

Introduction The term sports has many meanings encompassing a wide array of human activity that is neither work nor rest. Sports includes athletic competition, of course, but also recreational hunting and fishing, auto racing, exercise activities, and even poker. For the most part, in this book we focus on the activities covered in the sports section of local newspapers. Even this is fairly broad because that includes both amateur and professional sports, as well as recreational activities of all sorts: cycling, sailing, surfing, hiking, and many others. The coverage extends to both team and individual sports that are played in the United States and around the world. In our study, we touch on many of these, but our attention is largely on the major league professional team and individual sports that are most popular in the United States: football, baseball, basketball, hockey, golf, and tennis. Some additional attention is paid to intercollegiate sports under the auspices of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Studying the economics of sports does not involve much discussion of batting averages, field goal percentages, or rushing yardage. From an economic perspective, these performance statistics are important because they affect the outcomes of the games. To the extent that winning leads to more fans and greater attendance, athletic performance improves economic performance – that is, profit – of the team. This, of course, is important for the team and for the athlete because salaries and bonuses reward performance. Unlike many avid sports fans, however, we will not dwell on performance statistics for their own sake. The point is that we are interested in the business and economics of professional and amateur sports.
Refusal Self‐Efficacy Among SMART Recovery Members by Affiliation Length and Meeting Frequency

Using the Brief Situational Confidence Questionnaire, the authors examined the refusal self-efficacy of 105 Self-Management and Recovery Training (SMART Recovery) members according to their affiliation length and meeting frequency. Results demonstrated that longer affiliation with SMART Recovery and higher meeting frequency significantly enhanced substance refusal self-efficacy.
Too Inexpensive to Be Inexpensive: How Government Censorship Increases Costs by Disguising Them

Politicians often see price ceilings, subsidies and third-party payments as effective ways of reducing the amount consumers pay directly for goods and services and take credit for reducing their costs. While these policies may reduce prices, they are a form of censorship that invariably increases costs. Politically inspired interference in the communication that takes place through market prices reduces the information and discipline required to control costs. The most notable recent example of politicians trying to take credit for reducing costs with policies that increase them is found in their recommendations to reform health care. There are unfortunately a number of other examples such as price controls on apartment rents and subsidies to agriculture and education.
Natural killer T cells in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that develops in response to hyperlipidaemia. Cells from both the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The role of natural killer T (NKT) cells in response to microbial pathogens and inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis has received increasing attention in the past 10-15 years. Endogenous self-lipid antigens and exogenous lipid antigens, including those on microorganisms can activate NKT cells. CD1d molecules on antigen-presenting cells present these lipids to the T-cell receptor on NKT cells, which results in the rapid production of cytokines and cytotoxic proteins. NKT cells can also be activated in a CD1d-independent manner. Numerous studies have shown that NKT cells can promote atherogenesis. Various NKT cell sublineages have been described, but the participation of each in atherogenesis requires further characterization. In this Review, we provide an overview of NKT cells in the immune system, discuss CD1 molecules and lipid antigen presentation, and describe the interaction of the CD1d-NKT cell network with gut microbiota and its effect in modulating the activity or levels of NKT cells, which might in turn influence atherosclerosis. Although the exact mechanisms by which NKT cells promote atherosclerosis have not been fully elucidated, several potential mechanisms are proposed.
4-Dimensional imaging from interferometric synthetic aperture radar

Acquisition of a series of spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) scenes permits imaging of a surface in four dimensions, that is the several mm-level temporal evolution of the three dimensional structure of the ground surface. The spatio-temporal variations of a surface measured at mm accuracies not only reveals activity on the surface but also can indicate movement below the surface. To generate these multitemporal images, we use motion compensation techniques to precisely register multiple acquisitions, correct each radar scene for phase variations due to topographic features, and then generate many radar interferograms. Linear inversion methods then extract the temporal change of each point in the images over time, where we use singular value decomposition of an overdetermined system to filter the results for a stable solution. While our focus has been on naturally occurring phenomena such as natural hazards, aquifer modeling, and energy production, man-made subsurface activity such as tunneling and mining can readily be seen in precise surface deformation images. Here we present our imaging methodology and several examples of surface deformation time series demonstrating our ability to track cm-level surface change over time.
‘Asking for another’ online: Membership categorization and identity construction on a food and nutrition discussion board:

This discourse analytic study integrates theories of stance and membership categorization to investigate one online discussion thread initiated by a woman who asks for diet and health advice on beh...
Exploring dating practices and acceptability of a dating violence program with Karen youth

ABSTRACTTeen dating violence (TDV) negatively impacts the health of youth in the United States and internationally, but we know little about dating violence among resettled refugee adolescents in t...
The Effect of Aluminum Short-Range Ordering on Carbon Dioxide Adsorption in Zeolites

The distribution of Al in cationic zeolites is important in controlling the performance of these materials, but it is challenging to measure this distribution experimentally. We examine the effect of Al ordering in a range of industrially relevant zeolites on CO2 adsorption using molecular simulations based on high quality force fields. A Reverse Monte Carlo method is used to generate Al distributions with specified degrees of order or randomness. Results for a range of Na+-exchanged zeolites show that CO2 adsorption isotherms can be used to distinguish between different degrees of Al ordering. Good agreement with experiments is observed in the limited number of cases where information is available independently about Al ordering. The differences that exist among adsorption isotherms as a function of Al ordering can be understood in terms of the existence of single- and dual-cation sites as quantified by Na–Na radial distribution functions. Our results show that measurements of CO2 adsorption combined wit...
Visualization of the Phosphoproteomic Data from AfCS with the Google Motion Chart Gadget

Results from multivariate molecular biological experiments become increasingly complex. Hence, the challenge of projecting high-dimensional data onto few dimensions for effective data visualization is becoming increasingly important in Systems Biology. Effective data visualization can summarize the activity of many variables over time as well as display relationships between variables. Dynamic interactive visualization tools can provide scientists with ways of visually identifying relationship and patterns, and improve communication of results on the web and in presentations. For this, interactive systems with animation have great potential since they add dimensions to static images limited to two dimensions. Interactivity and animation is particularly useful for showing time-series trends in multi-dimensional data. The Flash-based Motion Chart Google Gadget available through GoogleDocs is a recent advance in multi-dimensional data visualization. The Motion Chart Gadget is a component of the Trendalyzer software, which was developed for web-based animation of statistical results. Here we demonstrate the use of this Gadget to visualize molecular biological data, the phosphoproteomics results published on the Data Center of the Signaling Gateway web-site.
The Role of Epigenetics in Radiation Therapy and the DNA Damage Response

The impact of epigenetics in the field of radiation oncology and the DNA damage response is an emerging area of research. Epigenetic mechanisms may potentially play a role in inherent or acquired radioresistance of tumors. In this section, we will discuss what is known about epigenetics, specifically DNA methylation and miRNAs, with regards to the DNA damage response and the exploitation of epigenetics therapeutically. Very little is known about histone modifications and the DNA damage response. Current research in radiation oncology and epigenetics is now at the level of basic science, but is beginning to move to the level of pre-clinical and translational research. The speed of research is accelerating since there are currently epigenetic therapies approved for treatment of certain cancers outside of the radiation oncology clinic.
The Ability to Elaborate in a Relatively Objective Manner

If a person is going to carefully scrutinize the arguments in a persuasive message and thereby follow the central route to persuasion, the person must have the ability to evaluate the arguments. Some people may have a greater ability to process a message than others, and some persuasion situations will provide a better opportunity for relatively objective elaboration than others. As we noted in Chapter 2, it is possible to tell whether a target variable enhances or reduces argument processing in a relatively objective manner by manipulating argument quality along with the target variable. If the variable enhances argument processing, subjects’ thoughts and attitudes should be more polarized when the variable is present rather than absent, but if the variable reduces argument processing, subjects’ thoughts and attitudes should be less polarized when the variable is present rather than absent. In this chapter, we first highlight three variables that appear to affect information processing in a relatively objective way—distraction, message repetition, and recipient posture. Then, we will briefly note some additional variables that may also affect relatively objective information processing.
Retinal blood flow changes in type I diabetes. A long-term follow-up study.

Purpose. The authors previously reported that blood speeds in the retinal arteries were significantly lower in patients with type I diabetes than in controls without diabetes. The purpose of this long-term, follow-up study was to characterize the natural course of changes in blood speed and blood flow in these patients. Methods. Twenty-four patients were followed up with serial annual measurements of the blood flow in a temporal retinal artery using the bidirectional laser Doppler technique and monochromatic photography. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 6 years (mean, 3.8 years). Using standardized color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography, a retinopathy score was generated for each eye studied. Linear regression analysis was used to compute the slope of the change in retinal blood flow for each patient during the follow-up period. Results. Retinal blood flow slopes were negative in 15 patients and positive in 9 patients. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the retinal blood flow slopes were significantly related to the retinal blood flow measured at entry to the study and to the median duration of diabetes during the follow-up period (R 2 = 0.56 ; P = 0.0002). There was a positive correlation between the retinal blood flow slopes and the median retinopathy score during the follow-up period (P = 0.47 ; P = 0.02). Conclusions. As duration of diabetes becomes longer and retinopathy becomes more severe, there is a transition from negative to positive retinal blood flow slopes. This bimodal relationship between the change in retinal blood flow and the duration of diabetes reflects the complex pathologic alterations that occur in the diabetic retina.