cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The molecular structure of wild-type and a mutant Fis protein: relationship between mutational changes and recombinational enhancer function or DNA binding.

Abstract The 98-amino acid Fis protein from Escherichia coli functions in a variety of reactions, including promotion of Hin-mediated site-specific DNA inversion when bound to an enhancer sequence. It is unique among site-specific DNA-binding proteins in that it binds to a large number of different DNA sequences, for which a consensus sequence is difficult to establish. X-ray crystal structure analyses have been carried out at 2.3 A resolution for wild-type Fis and for an Arg-89----Cys mutant that does not stimulate DNA inversion. Each monomer of the Fis dimer has four alpha-helices, A-D; the first 19 residues are disordered in the crystal. The end of each C helix is hydrogen bonded to the beginning of helix B' from the opposite subunit in what effectively is one long continuous, although bent, helix. The four helices, C, B', C', and B, together define a platform through the center of the Fis molecule: helices A and A' are believed to be involved with Hin recombinase on one side, and helices D and D' interact with DNA lying on the other side of the platform. Helices C and D of each subunit comprise a helix-turn-helix (HTH) DNA-binding element. The spacing of these two HTH elements in the dimer, 25 A, is too short to allow insertion into adjacent major grooves of a straight B-DNA helix. However, bending the DNA at discrete points, to an overall radius of curvature of 62 A, allows efficient docking of a B-DNA helix with the Fis molecule. The proposed complex explains the experimentally observed patterns of methylation protection and DNase I cleavage hypersensitivity. The x-ray structure accounts for the effects of mutations in the Fis sequence. Those that affect DNA inversion but not DNA binding are located within the N-terminal disordered region and helix A. This inversion activation domain is physically separated in the Fis molecule from the HTH elements and may specify a region of contact with the Hin recombinase. In contrast, mutations that affect HTH helices C and D, or interactions of these with helix B, have the additional effect of decreasing or eliminating binding to DNA.
The Rtf1 Component of the Paf1 Transcriptional Elongation Complex Is Required for Ubiquitination of Histone H2B

In yeast cells, the Rtf1 and Paf1 components of the Paf1 transcriptional elongation complex are important for recruitment of Set1, the histone H3-lysine 4 (H3-Lys4) methylase, to a highly localized domain at the 5' portion of active mRNA coding regions. Here, we show that Rtf1 is essential for global methylation of H3-Lys4 and H3-Lys79, but not H3-Lys36. This role of Rtf1 resembles that of Rad6, which mediates ubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 123. Indeed, Rtf1 is required for H2B ubiquitination, suggesting that its effects on H3-Lys4 and H3-Lys79 methylation are an indirect consequence of its effect on H2B ubiquitination. Rtf1 is important for telomeric silencing, with loss of H3-Lys4 and H3-Lys79 methylation synergistically reducing Sir2 association with telomeric DNA. Dot1, the H3-Lys79 methylase, associates with transcriptionally active genes, but unlike the association of Set1 and Set2 (the H3-Lys36 methylase), this association is largely independent of Rtf1. We suggest that Rtf1 affects genome-wide ubiquitination of H2B by a mechanism that is distinct from its function as a transcriptional elongation factor.
Identification and molecular characterization of a new potyvirus infecting Triteleia species

Plants of Triteleia hyacinthina, Triteleia ixioides Starlight, and Triteleia laxa Corina with severe mosaic and yellow vein-banding were found to be infected with a potyvirus. The 3′-terminal region of the virus was amplified by RT-PCR from total RNA using a potyvirus-specific degenerate primer (poty5P: 5′ GGN AAY AAY AGY GGN CAR CC 3′) and an oligo-dTprimer. The sequence generated included the 3′-NIb protein coding region (680 nucleotides), the entire coat protein coding region (840 nucleotides), and 3’-untranslated region (UTR) (253 nucleotides). Amino acid identity of the whole CP between the triteleia virus and potyvirus member ranged from 54% Apium virus Y (ApVY) to 67% Auraujia mosaic virus (ArjMV) and Twisted-stalk chlorotic streak virus (TSCSV) and the core ranged from 59% (ApVY) to 75% (ArjMV). The 3-UTR showed no significant homology with other known potyviruses. Phylogenetic relationships suggest this triteleia virus is a new member of the Potyvirus genus and the name of “Triteleia mosaic virus” (TriMV) is proposed. This is the first report of a potyvirus infecting triteleia.
The frequency of Capgras delusions in a psychiatric emergency service.

During the 1983 year all patient presentations to the University of Miami Psychiatric Emergency Service (PES) at Jackson Memorial Hospital, a large county hospital, were screened by the author through patient rounds and chart review for the presence of the Capgras delusion (strictly defined). Within 4,200 unduplicated patient presentations, 6 cases were determined to have a Capgras delusion: i.e. 0.14% of all PES unduplicated presentations and 0.17% of all PES psychotic unduplicated presentations. These 6 cases are presented. The majority of these patients presented with the chief complaint of violent behavior towards a significant other and had organic factors as contributors to the psychopathology.
Oral-facial-digital syndrome: A family case report

Abstract A familial case report of oral-facial-digital I syndrome is presented. X-linked inheritance is implied by pedigree analysis. The affected patient's physical status and emotional reactions need to be considered in the over-all therapeutic approach.
Histogram-based I/O optimization for visualizing large-scale data

We present an I/O optimization method for parallel volume rendering based on visibility and spatial locality. The combined metric is used to organize the file layout of the dataset on a parallel file system. This reduces the number of small, noncontiguous I/O operations and improves load balance among I/O servers. The net result is reduced I/O time. Since large-scale visualization is data-intensive, overall visualization performance improves using this method. This paper explains the preprocessing of data blocks to compute feature vectors and the storage organization based on them. Run-time performance is analyzed with a variety of transfer functions, view directions, system scales, and datasets. Our results show significant performance gains over file layouts based on space-filling curves.
Experimental determination of the volumetric heat transfer coefficient between stream of air and ceramic foam

Abstract An experimental investigation is described that characterizes heat transfer between a heated air stream and ceramic foam. An apparatus is designed to determine the volumetric heat transfer coefficient between the foam and a stream of air using a single-blow transient technique. Experiments are reported on different mean pore diameter specimens. The governing conservation equations of energy for both the gas and the solid phases with appropriate boundary and initial conditions are solved using a finite-difference procedure. A nonlinear, least-square fit of predicted and measured gas temperatures is used to determine the volumetric heat transfer coefficient between air and ceramic foams. Two different types of ceramic foams are investigated, and the results obtained are compared. Heat transfer coefficient correlations are developed for each different mean pore diameter of ceramic foam and for the range of Reynolds numbers between 12 and 563 covered in the experiments.
Hyperspectral confocal microscope

We have developed a new, high performance, hyperspectral microscope for biological and other applications. For each voxel within a three-dimensional specimen, the microscope simultaneously records the emission spectrum from 500 nm to 800 nm, with better than 3 nm spectral resolution. The microscope features a fully confocal design to ensure high spatial resolution and high quality optical sectioning. Optical throughput and detection efficiency are maximized through the use of a custom prism spectrometer and a backside thinned electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) array. A custom readout mode and synchronization scheme enable 512-point spectra to be recorded at a rate of 8300 spectra per second. In addition, the EMCCD readout mode eliminates curvature and keystone artifacts that often plague spectral imaging systems. The architecture of the new microscope is described in detail, and hyperspectral images from several specimens are presented.
Hormonal treatment of an endometrial stromal nodule followed by local excision.

Abstract Background: Endometrial stromal nodule is a rare subtype of endometrial stromal tumor. Although such nodules are benign, hysterectomy has been considered the treatment of choice, because evaluation of the margin is required for diagnosis. The similarity between low-grade stromal sarcoma and stromal nodule suggests that stromal nodules might respond to hormonal management. Case: Twenty-one-year-old nulligravida, diagnosed with endometrial stromal nodule, which decreased in size with leuprolide acetate treatment, underwent local excision of the tumor with preservation of reproductive function. Conclusion: Hormonal therapy was successful in decreasing the size of this stromal nodule which allowed for conservative management.
The dependence of the velocity body of stars on space location

Abstract The velocity body of physically homogeneous subsystems of stars is assumed to be practically constant in space, because of the widely accepted so-called Dynamical Theory of a Stationary Galaxy. This theory can be considered today to be only one of many possible solutions of the dynamical equations. This solution is not fulfilled in our Galaxy. Thus no arguments can be stated in favor of the opinion that the velocity body in our surroundings does not depend on space location. On the contrary, some theoretical considerations, as well as observational implications, bring us to the conclusion that changes of parameters of the velocity body of homogeneous subsystems of stars can be significant even in distances as small as some hundred parsecs.
Affect, affective resonance and a new theory for hypnosis.

Recent experimental and theoretical work on the nature of emotion suggests a new theory for hypnosis. The emotion system is inherently complex, involving a wide range of neurological systems including what are described here as structural effectors and chemical mediators affecting specific sites of action. The nine innate affects elucidated by Tomkins are considered as organizers of the other moieties, genetically determined prewritten subcortical programs that convert quantitative stimuli into qualitative experience. Emotion in the adult involves subtle and complex combinations of innate affect with associations to previous experiences of affect provided by neocortical mechanisms. The infant initially expresses affect in an all-or-none fashion, while the caregiver, usually mother, acts as an external modulator of infantile affect display. All the techniques by which the mother learns to achieve affect mutualization and interaffectivity are analogues of what later may be seen as the techniques of hypnotic induction. Hypnosis may be viewed as the intentional alteration of neocortical cognition made possible by the state of primitive interaffectivity achieved when the hypnotic operator enters the central assembly system of the adult by techniques reminiscent of maternal modulation of infantile affect display.
Electrophoretic mobilities of tissue culture cells in exponential and parasynchronous growth.

IT has been reported1,2 that tumour cells have a higher net negative charge than their normal counterparts and that the net negative charge of tumour cells increases with increased invasiveness. It was further reported that decreased mutual adhesiveness of cells is correlated with increased surface charge3. From observations of electrophoretic mobilities of rat liver cells4 and mouse fibroblasts8 it was suggested that increased negative charge is associated with increased growth rate, and Eisenberg et al.6 showed that cell populations with increased growth rate have increased heterogeneity in electrophoretic mobilities. Cook et al.7 inferred from the small scatter of electrophoretic mobilities of individual Ehrlich ascites tumour cells that ‘the electrokinetic properties of the tumour cell surface were independent of the state of the nucleus’. This communication describes an attempt to relate the electrophoretic mobility of cells to their stage in the mitotic cycle.
Temporal and Taxonomic Patterns of Mouthpart Deformities in Larval Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Relation to Sediment Chemistry

Abstract Entire benthic communities of larval chironomids were sampled in the spring and fall of 1987 from the trace metals-impacted Empire Lake reservoir system, Cherokee County, Kansas. The frequency and severity of mouthpart deformities were calculated for each sample date at the subfamily level and analyzed for correlation with zinc, cadmium and lead concentrations in sediments of the lake. None of the trace metals was significantly predictive of mouthpart deformation, nor was location within the watershed. However, significant taxonomic and temporal patterns in deformation were observed independent of individual trace metals and sampling location. Larval mouthparts were approximately five times as likely to be deformed and three times as severely deformed in the subfamily Chironominae relative to larvae of the subfamily Tanypodinae (frequency = 14.9% vs. 3.1%; Mouthpart Deformity Score, MDS = 30.2 vs. 9.9) (p < 0.01). Similarly and regardless of taxon, the mouthparts of midge larvae present in the se...
Global information sampling in the honey bee

Central to the question of task allocation in social insects is how workers acquire information. Patrolling is a curious behavior in which bees meander over the face of the comb inspecting cells. Several authors have suggested it allows bees to collect global information, but this has never been formally evaluated. This study explores this hypothesis by answering three questions. First, do bees gather information in a consistent manner as they patrol? Second, do they move far enough to get a sense of task demand in distant areas of the nest? And third, is patrolling a commonly performed task? Focal animal observations were used to address the first two predictions, while a scan sampling study was used to address the third. The results were affirmative for each question. While patrolling, workers collected information by performing periodic clusters of cell inspections. Patrolling bees not only traveled far enough to frequently change work zone; they often visited every part of the nest. Finally, the majority of the bees in the middle-age caste were shown to move throughout the nest over the course of a few hours in a manner suggestive of patrolling. Global information collection is contrary to much current theory, which assumes that workers respond to local information only. This study thus highlights the nonmutually exclusive nature of various information collection regimes in social insects.
In vitro characterization of 6-[18F]fluoro-A-85380, a high-affinity ligand for α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors†

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are involved in tobacco dependence and several other neuropathologies (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), as well as in attention, learning, and memory. Performing in vivo imaging of these receptors in humans holds great promise for understanding their role in these conditions. Recently, three radiohalogenated analogs of 3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (A-85380) were used successfully for the in vivo visualization of α4β2* nicotinic receptors in the human brain with PET/SPECT. Herein, we present the results of the in vitro characterization of one of these radioligands, 6-[ 1 8 F]fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)-pyridine (6-[ 1 8 F]fluoro-A-85380), which is a fluoro-analog of the potent nonopioid analgesic ABT-594. In human postmortem cortical tissue, 6-[ 1 8 F]fluoro-A-85380 reversibly binds with high affinity to a single population of sites (K d = 59 pM at 37°C, B m a x = 0.7 pmol/g tissue). The binding is fully reversible and is characterized at 37°C by T 1 / 2 a s s o c = 2.2 min (at a ligand concentration of 39 pM) and by T 1 / 2 d i s s o c = 3.6 min. 6-Fluoro-A-85380 exhibits clear selectivity for α4β2* over the other major mammalian nicotinic receptor subtypes: a7, α3β4, and muscle-type. These results suggest that 6-[ 1 8 F]fluoro-A-85380 is a promising radioligand for in vivo imaging of brain α4β2* nicotinic receptors.
Tracing the best test mix through multi-variate quality tracking

The increasing multiplicity of defect types forces the inclusion of tests from a variety of fault models. The quest for test quality is checkmated though by the considerable and frequently unnecessary cost of the large number of tests, driven by the lack of a clear correspondence between defects and fault models. While the static derivation of the appropriate test mixes from a variety of fault models to deliver high test quality at low cost is a desirable goal, it is challenged by the frequent changes in defect characteristics. The consequent necessity for adaptivity is addressed in this paper through a test framework that utilizes the continuous stream of failing test data during production testing to track the varying test quality based on evolving defect characteristics and thus dynamically adjust the production test set to deliver a target defect escape level at minimal test cost.
Dynamics of Action Potential Backpropagation in Basal Dendrites of Prefrontal Cortical Pyramidal Neurons

Basal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons are relatively short and directly attached to the cell body. This allows electrical signals arising in basal dendrites to strongly influence the neuronal output. Likewise, somatic action potentials (APs) should readily propagate back into the basilar dendritic tree to influence synaptic plasticity. Two recent studies, however, determined that sodium APs are severely attenuated in basal dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells, so that they completely fail in distal dendritic segments. Here we used the latest improvements in the voltage-sensitive dye imaging technique (Zhou et al., 2007) to study AP backpropagation in basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex. With a signal-to-noise ratio of > 15 and minimal temporal averaging (only four sweeps) we were able to sample AP waveforms from the very last segments of individual dendritic branches (dendritic tips). We found that in short- (< 150 microm) and medium (150-200 microm in length)-range basal dendrites APs backpropagated with modest changes in AP half-width or AP rise-time. The lack of substantial changes in AP shape and dynamics of rise is inconsistent with the AP-failure model. The lack of substantial amplitude boosting of the third AP in the high-frequency burst also suggests that in short- and medium-range basal dendrites backpropagating APs were not severely attenuated. Our results show that the AP-failure concept does not apply in all basal dendrites of the rat prefrontal cortex. The majority of synaptic contacts in the basilar dendritic tree actually received significant AP-associated electrical and calcium transients.
Reactions of the tetramethylfulvene ligand coordinated to rhenium with hydrohalic acids and halogens: synthesis of dicarbonyl complexes with a 'four-legged piano-stool' structure containing mixed-halide ligands

Abstract The new tetramethylfulvene complexes of rhenium (η 6 -C 5 Me 4 CH 2 )Re(CO) 2 X, (X=Cl, Br, I) have been synthesized from (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(CO) 2 X 2 by a two step procedure and fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopies. Reaction of (η 6 -C 5 Me 4 CH 2 )Re(CO) 2 X (X=Br, I) with HX′ regenerated the (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 ) ligand with the formation of the mixed-halide complexes cis -(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(CO) 2 XX′ (X=I, X′=Br; X=I, X′=Cl; X=Br, X′=Cl), whereas, the reaction with halogens (X′ 2 ) gave analogous complexes containing a halide substituted tetramethylcyclopentadienyl ligand, cis -(η 5 -C 5 Me 4 CH 2 X′)Re(CO) 2 XX′ (X=Br, X′=I; X=I, X′=Br). In both types of complexes the cis stereochemistry have been assigned on the basis of ν (CO) IR intensities and δ (CO) 13 C-NMR. 4
The elevation history of ice streams and the spatial accumulation pattern along the Siple Coast of West Antarctica inferred from ground-based radar data from three inter-ice-stream ridges

Measurements of the surface and internal layer geometry from ice-penetrating radar and global positioning system surveys on three inter-ice-stream ridges in West Antarctica (Siple Dome, ridge DE and ridge BC) are examined with ice-flow models to infer (1) the history of the divide position at each site and (2) the spatial pattern of accumulation across the ridges. We find that the divide position is most steady at Siple Dome, somewhat steady at ridge DE and highly variable at ridge BC. Data from Siple Dome and ridge DE show evidence for steady northward motion of the ice divide for the past few thousand years. The layers beneath ridge BC suggest a 5 km northward shift of the divide position within the past several hundred years. Assuming the divide shifts are all due to changing elevation of the bounding ice streams, we infer the relative elevation history for segments of Ice Streams B-E. The northward displacement of the divide for all ridges implies a progressive relative thinning of the ice streams from E to B, with most dramatic recent thinning (100 m in <103 years) of Ice Stream B relative to Ice Stream C. Analysis of the internal layer pattern across the ridges indicates a south-north accumulation gradient with higher accumulation rates on the northern flanks of the ridges in all three cases. The inferred accumulation distribution is nearly uniform on the northern flanks, decreases sharply within a few ice thicknesses across the divides, and then decreases gradually farther to the south. The north/south decrease is strongest for ridge DE and weakest for ridge BC. This spatial pattern and the reduction in gradient strength with distance from the Amundsen Sea is consistent with the hypothesis that storms from the Amundsen Sea carry moisture first south then west over West Antarctica and deposit more snow on the windward side of ridges due to orographic lifting. This pattern has been stable for at least the past several thousand years.
Stopping power of C for210Po α-particles

The range of210Po α-particles has been measured in pure elemental carbon. The carbon foils were prepared by spraying colloidal graphite in isopropyl alcohol onto a glass plate, drying, and then floating on the surface of water. Semi-conductor counters were used as detectors. The range was found to be 4.43 mg/cm2, which corresponds to a value of 0.899±0.009 for the atomic stopping power of carbon relative to air. This agrees well with earlier values obtained from measurements with compounds by use of Bragg’s additive law.
Polyplex-induced cytosolic nuclease activation leads to differential transgene expression.

Cytosolic nucleases have been proposed to play an important role in limiting the effectiveness of polyplex-based gene delivery agents. In order to explore the effect of cell membrane disruption on nuclease activation, nuclease activity upon polyplex uptake and localization, and nuclease activity upon gene expression, we employed an oligonucleotide molecular beacon (MB). The MB was incorporated as an integral part of the polymer/DNA polyplex, and two-color flow cytometry experiments were performed to explore the relationship of MB cleavage with propidium iodide (PI) uptake, protein expression, and polyplex uptake. In addition, confocal fluorescence microcopy was performed to examine both polyplex and cleaved MB localization. The impact of cell membrane disruption was also probed using whole-cell patch clamp measurement of the plasma membrane’s electrical conductance. Differential activation of cytosolic nuclease was observed with substantial activity for B-PEI and G5 PAMAM dendrimer (G5), less cleavage for...
Basic unresolved teaching‐machine problems

Mr. Pressey, professor emeritus of psychology at The Ohio State University, devised and exhibited in 1925 what is now generally recognized as the first teaching machine. He raises some thought‐provoking questions about current methods and devices.
Effects of androgen on sexual behavior in hypogonadal men.

Abstract Despite the widespread use of androgen in the treatment of hypogonadal men, its efficacy in restoring sexual behavior to hypogonadal patients has not been established in appropriately controlled behavioral studies. Accordingly, testosterone enanthate or vehicle was injected once every 4 weeks im in a double blind experiment. The subjects were six adult males, aged 32–65 yr, two with gonadal failure and four with secondary hypogonadism. Two doses of testosterone (100 and 400 mg) were administered for approximately 5 months, with the treatments varied at random within and among subjects. Details of sexual activity and experience were followed by the use of daily logs. Frequencies of erections, including nocturnal erections and coitus, showed significant dose-related responses to androgen treatment which closely followed the fluctuations in the circulating testosterone level. As indicated by the Profile of Mood States test, behavioral responses did not appear to be mediated by changes in mood. We co...
Comparing the efficacy of ranking methods for multiple round-robin tournaments

Abstract A methodology is developed for comparing the efficacy of a number of multiple round-robin tournament ranking methods with respect to their ability to replicate the true rank order of players' strengths. Four new ranking methods are introduced in this paper. Different probability models for pairwise contests between tournament participants are considered. We consider the case in which there are multiple tournaments but not all players compete in all tournaments. Guidelines are provided for selecting a ranking method given some foreknowledge of the form of the distributions of the participants' strengths.
A quasiclassical trajectory study of mode specific reaction dynamics in the Cl+HOD and H+HOD reactions

Abstract We present the results of extensive quasiclassical trajectory studies of the reaction Cl + HOD → OH + DCl, OD + HCl and its counterpart with Cl replaced by H, based on the H3O potential surface of Schatz and Elgersma. Emphasis in this study has been given to studying the effect of vibrational excitation of the reagents on the branching between the OH and OD product channels. The specific initial vibrational states considered are (000), (100), (001), and (004), and we consider initial translational energies up to 2.7 eV. In the quasiclassical calculations, the initial vibrational states are defined using good actions which have been calculated using a Fourier series expansion method. We demonstrate that the initial states defined this way are close to being stationary for each vibrational mode. The resulting reactive cross sections for the Cl and H atom reactions are comparable in magnitude, with the Cl cross sections being systematically higher than the H cross sections. For both reagent atoms, branching to the OH product is enhanced when the (100) initial state is considered, and branching to OD is enhanced when the initial state is (001). Branching to OD is very strongly enhanced if the initial state is (004). The branching ratio is similar in magnitude for Cl and H atom reactions, though the energy dependence is different. No evidence is found that the Cl causes enhanced collision induced scrambling of the HOD vibrational excitation while the reagents approach. Product state distributions for both reactions are also presented at selected energies and compared with experiment and with previous calculations. Effects of zero point violation are studied, and it is found that requiring each product diatomic to have zero point energy leads to unphysically small cross sections and inaccurate cross section ratios. However, constraining just the zero point energy of the newly formed diatomic leads to accurate ratios and realistic cross sections.
Electronics: The new revolution

Abstract Electronics has produced a succession of remarkable accomplishments within the lifetime of living men. Yet, new developments in the field are so vast and exciting that they may be viewed as the advent of an Electronic Revolution comparable to the Industrial Revolution.
Phenotypic gain from introgression of two QTL, qSB9-2 and qSB12-1, for rice sheath blight resistance

F2:3 families from crosses between three rice indica introgression lines and their common japonica recurrent parent were used to evaluate two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for sheath blight (SB) resistance. Three selected TeQing-into-Lemont backcross introgression lines (TILs) were more resistant than their susceptible parent (Lemont) in inoculated field plots, and were molecularly verified to contain TeQing alleles at qSB9-2 and/or qSB12-1. F2 individuals homozygous for qSB9-2 and qSB12-1 provided F2:3 families that fit four genotypic classes: containing the resistant TeQing allele for qSB9-2TQ alone, qSB12-1TQ alone, both qSB9-2TQ and qSB12-1TQ, and neither SB QTL introgression. By comparing the SB resistance of these four genotypic classes in micro-chamber evaluations and inoculated field plots, the phenotypic values of the QTL were measured. Under both study conditions, disease resistance ranked qSB9-2 + qSB12-1 > qSB9-2 > qSB12-1 > no QTL, with both qSB9-2 and qSB12-1 acting as dominant resistance genes. In micro-chamber studies, qSB9-2TQ reduced disease an average of 1.0 disease index units and qSB12-1TQ by 0.7 using a scale of 0–9. Field effects of qSB9-2TQ and qB12-1TQ were less pronounced, with average phenotypic gains of 0.5 and 0.2 units, respectively. TIL:642 proved to contain qSB9-2TQ in an introgression so small it was tagged by just RM205 on the tip of chromosome 9. These studies verify that the indica introgression of qSB9-2TQ or qSB12-1TQ can measurably improve resistance to sheath blight disease in a highly susceptible tropical japonica cultivar, and fine-mapped the qSB9-2 locus. Markers presently verified as linked to these QTL can support marker-assisted breeding to improve disease resistance.
Analysis of the structure of a common cold virus, human rhinovirus 14, refined at a resolution of 3.0 A.

Abstract Human rhinovirus 14 has a pseudo T = 3 icosahedral structure in which 60 copies of the three larger capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 are arranged in an icosahedral surface lattice, reminiscent of T = 3 viruses such as tomato bushy stunt virus and southern bean mosaic virus. The overall secondary and tertiary structures of VP1, VP2 and VP3 are very similar. The structure of human rhinovirus 14, which was refined at a resolution of 3.0 A [ R = 0.16 for reflections with F > 3 σ ( F )], is here analyzed in detail. Quantitative analysis of the surface areas of contact (proportional to hydrophobic free energy of association) supports the previously assigned arrangement within the promoter, in which interactions between VP1 and VP3 predominate. Major contacts among VP1, VP2 and VP3 are between the β-barrel moieties. VP4 is associated with the capsid interior by a distributed network of contacts with VP1, VP2 and VP3 within a protomer. As the virion assembly proceeds, the solvent-accessible surface area becomes increasingly hydrophilic in character. A mixed parallel and antiparallel seven-stranded sheet is composed of the βC, βH, βE and βF strands of VP3 in one pentamer and βA 1 and βA 2 of VP2 and the VP1 amino terminus in another pentamer. This association plays an essential role in holding pentamers together in the mature virion as this contact region includes more than half of the total short non-bonded contacts between pentamers. Contacts between protomers within pentamers are more extensive than the contacts between pentamers, accounting in part for the stability of pentamers. The previously identified immunogenic regions are correlated with high solvent accessibility, accessibility to large probes and also high thermal parameters. Surface residues in the canyon, the putative cellular receptor recognition site, have lower thermal parameters than other portions of the human rhinovirus 14 surface. Many of the water molecules in the ordered solvent model are located at subunit interfaces. A number of unusual crevices exist in the protein shell of human rhinovirus 14, including the hydrophobic pocket in VP1 which is the locus of binding for the WIN antiviral agents. These may be required for conformational flexibility during assembly and disassembly. The structures of the β-barrels of human rhinovirus 14 VP1, VP2 and VP3 are compared with each other and with the southern bean mosaic virus coat protein.
Negative Symptoms: Are They Indigenous to Schizophrenia?

The sudden popularity of positive and negative symptoms (PNS) has probably arisen as a result of the need for an instrument for clustering schizophrenic patients into subgroups that would respond similarly to the various treatments. The relation of PNS to the three major models for the etiology of schizophrenia (disease, sodoenvironmental, and vulnerability) has been delineated. The question was raised regarding the indigenous nature of negative symptoms, their permanency, and whether they can be used to test the tenabllity of the three models. A strategy was suggested for determining whether the negative symptoms are permanent features of schizophrenia by providing techniques for attempting to eliminate them through therapeutic intervention. The need for developing operational criteria for the presence of each symptom was suggested to improve reliability of ratings, and construct validity designs were formulated for increasing their validity. The provision of a valid and reliable scale for negative symptoms and a scientific model for encompassing the various claims for negative symptoms is necessary before progress can be made.
Anti-Americanism, Political Cartoons, and a Socio-Geographic Imagination: An Invitation to Further Work*

This research note synopsizes previous studies to present future directions for the measurement of anti-Americanism within the United States and comparatively. We explain new vectors in our research design and posit new hypotheses for future research. The note highlights the importance of cross-national investigation of anti-Americanism, and suggests some methodological considerations in that endeavor.
Candidates and Policy in United States Senate Elections

This analysis demonstrates that policy issues play an important role in the selection of members of Congress. We differ with the conclusion of much of the existing research on congressional elections, which indicates that policy considerations are of minor importance. We have conducted an analysis of the 1982 U.S. Senate elections, drawing on data from the CBS News/New York Times 1982 congressional poll and from 23 statewide exit polls. We demonstrate that (1) candidates behave as though they believe issues are important to voters; (2) candidates' policy positions systematically influence voters' decisions; and (3) candidates' issue positions and voters' evaluations of the president and the economy interact to provide clear patterns of policy effects on Senate election outcomes. Policy effects are substantial and systematic in Senate elections, and cannot be omitted if we are to appreciate the importance of congressional elections in the national policy-making process.
Congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyl patterns in eggs of aquatic birds from the lower laguna madre, texas

Eggs from four aquatic bird species nesting in the Lower Laguna Madre, Texas, were collected to determine differences and similarities in the accumulation of congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and to evaluate PCB impacts on reproduction. Because of the different toxicities of PCB congeners, it is important to know which congeners contribute most to total PCBs. The predominant PCB congeners were 153, 138, 180, 110, 118, 187, and 92. Collectively, congeners 153, 138, and 180 accounted for 26 to 42% of total PCBs. Congener 153 was the most abundant in Caspian terns (Sterna caspia) and great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and congener 138 was the most abundant in snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and tricolored herons (Egretta tricolor). Principal component analysis indicated a predominance of higher chlorinated biphenyls in Caspian terns and great blue herons and lower chlorinated biphenyls in tricolored herons. Snowy egrets had a predominance of pentachlorobiphenyls. These results suggest that there are differences in PCB congener patterns in closely related species and that these differences are more likely associated with the species' diet rather than metabolism. Total PCBs were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in Caspian terns than in the other species. Overall, PCBs in eggs of birds from the Lower Laguna Madre were below concentrations known to affect bird reproduction.
Human Rhinovirus Type 16: Mutant V1210A Requires Capsid-Binding Drug for Assembly of Pentamers To Form Virions during Morphogenesis

Our laboratory has previously reported isolation of human rhinovirus type 16 (HRV16) mutants which depend on WIN 52035 to grow. A rapid rise of progeny virus infectivity occurred when drug was added late in growth cycles, suggesting that the drug-dependence lesion was at the step of virus assembly (W. Wang et al., J. Virol. 72:1210-1218, 1998). Here, we report that capsid subunits, 5S protomers and 14S pentamers, of a drug-dependent mutant were produced normally in the absence of drug, but mutant 80S empty capsids and 150S provirions were not formed, maturation cleavage of provirions (VP0 → VP2 + VP4) did not occur, and the unassembled mutant capsid subunits were degraded with a half-life of 15 min. Drug was not required by mutant virus for attachment, uncoating, RNA synthesis and protein synthesis, and polyprotein processing except maturation cleavage. The requirement of drug for assembly of mutant pentamers to form provirions and the rapid assembly of preformed subunits (synthesized in the absence of drug) after drug addition suggested that after native pentamers (P5) have been formed they must be converted to an assembly active state (P5∗), possibly by a conformational change induced by the binding of drug. We propose that pocket factor plays the same role in wild-type virus. In addition, we also report the construction and the properties of a full-length cDNA clone of HRV16, pR16.11, which produces in vitro transcripts with infectivity similar to that of virion RNA. This cDNA clone is available at the American Type Culture Collection.
Emergence of large-scale cell morphology and movement from local actin filament growth dynamics.

Variations in cell migration and morphology are consequences of changes in underlying cytoskeletal organization and dynamics. We investigated how these large-scale cellular events emerge as direct consequences of small-scale cytoskeletal molecular activities. Because the properties of the actin cytoskeleton can be modulated by actin-remodeling proteins, we quantitatively examined how one such family of proteins, enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP), affects the migration and morphology of epithelial fish keratocytes. Keratocytes generally migrate persistently while exhibiting a characteristic smooth-edged “canoe” shape, but may also exhibit less regular morphologies and less persistent movement. When we observed that the smooth-edged canoe keratocyte morphology correlated with enrichment of Ena/VASP at the leading edge, we mislocalized and overexpressed Ena/VASP proteins and found that this led to changes in the morphology and movement persistence of cells within a population. Thus, local changes in actin filament dynamics due to Ena/VASP activity directly caused changes in cell morphology, which is coupled to the motile behavior of keratocytes. We also characterized the range of natural cell-to-cell variation within a population by using measurable morphological and behavioral features—cell shape, leading-edge shape, filamentous actin (F-actin) distribution, cell speed, and directional persistence—that we have found to correlate with each other to describe a spectrum of coordinated phenotypes based on Ena/VASP enrichment at the leading edge. This spectrum stretched from smooth-edged, canoe-shaped keratocytes—which had VASP highly enriched at their leading edges and migrated fast with straight trajectories—to more irregular, rounder cells migrating slower with less directional persistence and low levels of VASP at their leading edges. We developed a mathematical model that accounts for these coordinated cell-shape and behavior phenotypes as large-scale consequences of kinetic contributions of VASP to actin filament growth and protection from capping at the leading edge. This work shows that the local effects of actin-remodeling proteins on cytoskeletal dynamics and organization can manifest as global modifications of the shape and behavior of migrating cells and that mathematical modeling can elucidate these large-scale cell behaviors from knowledge of detailed multiscale protein interactions.
Movements that are Both Variable and Optimal

This brief review addresses two major aspects of the neural control of multi-element systems. First, the principle of abundance suggests that the central nervous system unites elements into synergies (co-variation of elemental variables across trials quantified within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis) that stabilize important performance variables. Second, a novel method, analytical inverse optimization, has been introduced to compute cost functions that define averaged across trials involvement of individual elements over a range of values of task-specific performance variables. The two aspects reflect two features of motor coordination: (1) using variable solutions that allow performing secondary tasks and stabilizing performance variables; and (2) selecting combinations of elemental variables that follow an optimization principle. We suggest that the conflict between the two approaches (a single solution vs. families of solutions) is apparent, not real. Natural motor variability may be due to using the same cost function across slightly different initial states; on the other hand, there may be variability in the cost function itself leading to variable solutions that are all optimal with respect to slightly different cost functions. The analysis of motor synergies has revealed specific changes associated with atypical development, healthy aging, neurological disorders, and practice. These have allowed formulating hypotheses on the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the synergic control of actions.
A Response to Fodor and Lepore, “Impossible Words?”

In this response to "Impossible Words?" (Fodor and Lepore 1999), we begin by stating as clearly as we can the theoretical position we currently hold with respect to argument structure. We hope that it will become clear that although Fodor and Lepore's comments are relevant to a certain type of impossible-word argument, they are mistaken in assuming that our work is an example of that type. Our concern is "argument structure," by which we mean the syntactic configuration projected by a lexical item. Argument structure is the system of structural relations holding between heads (nuclei) and the arguments linked to them, as part of their entries in the lexicon. Although a lexical entry is much more than this, of course, argument structure in the sense intended here is precisely this and nothing more. In order to illustrate the problems we are concerned with, we offer the following three examples, representing three distinct and productive classes in the English verbal inventory:'
Gastrointestinal relapse of multiple myeloma and sustained response to lenalidomide: a case report.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal relapse in patients with multiple myeloma is very rare and, when reported, always associated with a poor prognosis. Case presentation: We describe the case of a 71-year-old Caucasian man who presented with life-threatening hematemesis and melena due to a digestive relapse of his multiple myeloma. Despite the active hemorrhage, we initiated a third-line treatment with lenalidomide. The response was spectacular and long-lasting.
Interwinding Distributed Capacitance and Guitar Pickup Transient Response

Simple RLC circuit models of guitar pickups do not account for audible features that characterize the pickup. Psychoacoustic experiments reveal that any acoustically accurate model has to reproduce the first 30 ms of the transient response with extreme precision. The proposed model is impractical for simple-minded model reduction or brute force numerical simulations yet, by focusing on modeling electromagnetic details and exposing a connection to spectral graph theory, a framework for finding the transient response to sufficient accuracy is exposed.
Section on urology response to new guidelines for the diagnosis and management of UTI

* Abbreviations: RBUS — : renal and bladder ultrasound UTI — : urinary tract infection VCUG — : voiding cystourethrogram VUR — : vesicoureteral reflux This commentary provides a summarized response regarding the newly published American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines on urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis and evaluation from the Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Although the section supports some aspects of the guidelines, the new recommendation not to perform a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) after a first febrile UTI is not supported. The section expresses significant concern that the recommendation is based on a flawed interpretation of limited data and that this stands to potentially harm significant numbers of children because of delayed diagnosis of harmful urinary tract conditions. The Section of Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics enthusiastically supports many aspects of the new Guideline on UTI evaluation and management. Specifically, when faced with a febrile sick child (aged 2 months to 2 years), UTI should be considered a significant cause and a urine culture be obtained by urethral catheterization or suprapubic aspiration. Bag urine cultures are not recommended. Antibiotic therapy should not be started without a urine culture. The presence of ≥50 000 CFU/mL is now considered to be diagnostic of UTI, and oral or parenteral antibiotic therapy, tailored to bacterial sensitivity and clinical efficacy, is adequate initial therapy. Under the 1999 Guideline, after a culture-proven febrile UTI, the recommended workup included a renal and bladder ultrasound (RBUS) and a VCUG.1 The new Guidelines recommend that an RBUS be performed but that a VCUG not be done if the RBUS is normal. This represents a paradigm shift in the evaluation of children with a febrile UTI. We agree that an ultrasound should be performed in a child after a febrile UTI; we do … Address correspondence to Craig A. Peters, MD, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 20010. E-mail: crpeters{at}childrensnational.org
Domestic Violence and Crime Victim Compensation

An analysis of state-by-state data available on the U.S. Department of Justice Web site revealed that more than 50% of clients served through federally funded crime victim assistance programs in 1999 were domestic violence victims. However, only 13.4% of all crime victim compensation claims were awarded to victims of domestic violence. This disparity provides the basis for a comprehensive research agenda to learn what barriers prevent domestic abuse victims from submitting eligible claims.