cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Craniotomy for Treatment of Unruptured Aneurysms Is Not Associated With Long-Term Cognitive Dysfunction

Background and Purpose— Many studies have reported frequent cognitive deficits associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and aneurysm repair. One study found more severe cognitive deficits after clipping than coiling of aneurysms, raising the possibility that deficits are due to surgery instead of SAH itself. This possibility was directly addressed by evaluating the cognitive effects of surgery without SAH. The goal of this study was to identify changes in cognitive function associated with surgical clipping of unruptured intracerebral aneurysms. Methods— A consecutive series of 25 patients who underwent surgical clipping of ≥1 unruptured intracerebral aneurysm were tested within 1 week preoperatively and again postoperatively (before hospital discharge and at 3-month follow-up if they had deficits at discharge) on a neuropsychological battery. Different forms of each test were used preoperatively and postoperatively to reduce practice effects. Paired t tests were used to examine differences between p...
Von Willebrand factor antigen is not an accurate marker of rat and guinea pig liver endothelial cells

To determine whether von Willebrand Factor (vWF) is a valid marker of liver endothelial cells, we determined vWF immunoreactivity in rat and guinea pig liver sections and in smears of elutriated nonparenchymal cells isolated from these two species. In frozen sections, positive staining for vWF was seen only in the endothelium lining large hepatic vessels in both species, and no immunoactivity was detected in the sinusoids. On the other hand, immunohistochemical staining for vimentin (a marker of mesenchymal cells) showed positive reaction throughout the vascular and sinusoidal endothelial cells in both the rat and guinea pig liver. In fractions of elutriated rat and guinea pig nonparenchymal liver cells, which included almost exclusively liver endothelial cells, only 25-40% of the cells displayed a positive reaction for vWF. However, when these same fractions were stained for vimentin, 70-95% of the cells exhibited immunoreactivity. Most of the vWF-negative cells were not red and white blood cells, biliary epithelial and Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes, and had ultrastructural features of sinusoidal endothelial cells. We conclude that in both the rat and guinea pig, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells do not exhibit vWF immunoreactivity. Thus, in routine immunohistochemical assays, vWF is not an accurate marker of rat and guinea pig liver endothelial cells. Vimentin is more appropriate for this purpose, provided that other mesenchymal cells are separated or independently identified.
3, 4-Didehydroretinol Kinetics Differ during Lactation in Sows on a Retinol Depletion Regimen and the Serum:Milk 3, 4-Didehydroretinol:Retinol Ratios Are Correlated

3, 4-Didehydroretinol (DR) metabolism was previously followed in vitamin A (VA)-replete lactating sows. This study followed DR appearance and clearance after dosage in serum and milk during 2 lactation cycles in sows (n = 8) fed VA-free feed for 3 gestation-lactation cycles. During lactations 2 and 3, 35 μmol 3, 4-didehydroretinyl acetate was given orally after overnight food deprivation. Blood and milk were collected at 0, 1.5, 3, 5, 7, 9, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h; livers were obtained at kill. Samples were analyzed for DR, retinol (R), and 3, 4-didehydroretinyl esters. During lactations 2 and 3, the 5-h serum DR:R ratios were 0.028 ± 0.017 and 0.069 ± 0.042, respectively, and serum R concentrations were 0.75 ± 0.23 and 0.86 ± 0.37 μmol/L, respectively. The DR:R ratio and serum R were 0.018 ± 0.013 and 0.94 ± 0.12 μmol/L, respectively, in VA-replete sows from the same herd. After lactation 3, liver VA was 0.23 ± 0.05 μmol/g, indicating low-normal VA status. Serum DR area-under-the curve from 0 to 48 h increased as liver stores decreased. Thirteen to 23% of DR dose was secreted into milk, consistent with VA-replete sows. Milk DR concentrations were greater during lactation 3 than 2. Peak concentration occurred earlier and the half-life was shorter for milk DR in the more VA-depleted sows. The milk and serum DR:R were correlated from 3 to 9 h (r = 0.70; P < 0.0001) and increased as VA stores decreased regardless of serum R concentration. Milk DR:R may replace serum measurements during lactation.
INVESTIGATING THE NORMATIVE ASPECTS OF PUBLIC POLICY

This article challenges the idea that political philosophy must be of peripheral concern in the study of public policy through an exploration of the concept of harm and the debate over aggressive police patrol. This exploration begins with a brief discussion of the ways the concept of harm figures in the justification and administration of police work. It proceeds through an exposition of differing ways the concept of harm can be defined, the normative overtones of these varying definitions, and some of their policy ramifications with regard to police work. Finally, the way conceptual variation figures in policy debate is explored in the context of the debate over aggressive police patrol—the policy of maximizing the surveillance and criminal interception aspects of police activity as a patrol strategy.
A novel design concept for variable delivery flow external gear pumps and motors

This paper presents an original concept for variable delivery external spur gear machines, which combines the well-known advantages of these units (such as low cost, good reliability, acceptable efficiency) – traditionally fixed displacement – in a solution capable of varying the amount of flow displaced at each shaft revolution. The proposed design concept realizes a variable timing for the connections of each tooth space volume with the inlet and outlet ports, through a movable element (“slider”) placed at the gears lateral side. The position of the slider determines the amount of flow displaced by the unit per revolution. In order to extend the range of flow variation achievable by the unit, an asymmetric involute tooth profile for the gears was proposed. A multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to optimize the design of the gears along with the design of the timing grooves in the slider. This algorithm is based on the HYGESIM (HYdraulic GEar machines Simulator) tool developed by the authors’ resea...
Sustainability as a Small Business Competitive Strategy

In our global village, sustainability has been an important topic for all countries, and small businesses can create a competitive advantage through developing sustainability strategies. This conceptual article extends the current literature by presenting the case for small businesses to become integrated in the surrounding community and to make sustainability a strategic long-term competitive advantage and a critical co-producer of its long-term success. Implications and the need for further research are discussed.
Species-specific responses of resident crabs to vertical habitat complexity on intertidal oyster reefs

Abstract Habitat vertical complexity is an important physical feature of marine systems that can influence factors such as predator–prey interactions and recruitment. We examined how vertical structure on intertidal Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica reefs affected resident crab distributions by deploying trays of varying rugosity at two sites in Charleston, South Carolina. Trays were collected after fifteen weeks and oyster spat and resident macrofauna were counted and measured. Densities of oyster spat and the filter-feeding, invasive, green porcelain crab Petrolisthes armatus were strongly positively associated with rugosity. Flatback mud crab Eurypanopeus depressus densities were positively associated with rugosity and with scorched mussel Brachiodontes exustus densities. The common mud crab Panopeus herbstii exhibited a more even distribution across oyster rugosity treatments and was the only species that commonly occurred in the low rugosity treatment. Differences in crab sizes between sites were attributable to abundances of smaller individuals and may reflect spatial variation in recruitment potential. Differences in crab size distributions among treatments were caused by more relatively large crabs in the high rugosity treatments, where greater vertical structural complexity provided more refuge for larger individuals. The relationships between rugosity and faunal densities were consistent at both sites, indicating that the rugosity metric can be used to estimate changes in spat and associated faunal densities when vertical habitat complexity on oyster reefs is reduced, for instance, through harvesting or sedimentation.
Mini-review: diabetic renal complications, a potential stinky remedy

Chronic kidney disease is associated with vasculitis and is also an independent risk factor for peripheral vascular and coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Despite optimal management, a significant number of patients progress toward end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a suggestion that the disease mechanism is far from clear. A reduction in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been suggested to play a vital role in diabetic vascular complications including diabetic nephropathy (DN). This mini-review highlights the recent findings on the role of H2S in mitigating abnormal extracellular matrix metabolism in DN. A discussion on the development of the newer slow-releasing H2S compounds and its therapeutic potential is also included.
Patient and Provider Factors Associated With American Indian and Alaska Native Adolescent Tobacco Use Screening

Introduction: Tobacco use is the leading behavioral cause of death among adults 25 years or older. American Indian (AI) and Alaska Native (AN) communities confront some of the highest rates of toba...
A Critical Look at Methods for Calculating Charge Transfer Couplings Fast and Accurately

We present here a short and subjective review of methods for calculating charge transfer couplings. Although we mostly focus on Density Functional Theory, we discuss a small subset of semiempirical methods as well as the adiabatic-to-diabatic transformation methods typically coupled with wavefunction-based electronic structure calculations. In this work, we will present the reader with a critical assessment of the regimes that can be modelled by the various methods—their strengths and weaknesses. In order to give a feeling about the practical aspects of the calculations, we also provide the reader with a practical protocol for running coupling calculations with the recently developed FDE-ET method.
Efficient Allocation of Brains in Modernizing World Agriculture

WHEN prices become shadows, the allocation of resources becomes a fine art. When human resources become brawn or brains, the choice of language is that of the poet. But when we speak of wages and salaries and of unskilled and skilled workers, shadows become economics. If the poet would listen, we might say to him that the market for brawn is weak and that for brains is strong; he could then follow the market as Alice did her imaginary rabbit. Salaries are prices and they imply a market. For particular high skills the market is becoming international in scope. In response to salaries in this market, there are movements of persons among countries. Some human resources are thus allocated internationally. While these responses are viewed by some observers as bad-the pejorative is the "brain drain"the economist should be on his guard in condemning this market for brains. Although it is obviously an imperfect market, that there is such a market, however rudimentary, is an institutional achievement. Our proper task, as I see it, is to try to get at the sources of the imperfections of this market. We might learn how to make it work better than it does presently in allocating persons with skills that contribute especially to economic growth. It is my thesis that instead of impairing and weakening this market we should strengthen it and make it more efficient. The problem to which I turn is that of allocating efficiently the wares and the services of agricultural scientists and technicians among countries. Economists are excluded so that I can be unbiased, not because the skills of economists are of no value in modernizing agriculture, or because there is no international market for their skills, or because they are distributed efficiently. It is useful to think in terms of equality of returns as the test. I plan first to sketch alternative ways of equalizing the returns to this particular
Systematic Molecular Control of Interfacial Structure in Nanoporous Carbons

The present paper describes a new concept of synthesizing nanoporous carbons that allows control not only of the pore structure, but also of the molecular structure of the internal surfaces. Interfacial molecular control is achieved through the use of discotic liquid crystalline precursors whose molecular orientation on the substrate material is known or can be determined by simple measurements on flat substrate test samples. Here a suite of nanoporous (mesoporous) carbons are synthesized from various porous glass and silica gel templates, and a model is developed to predict the carbon properties from template properties thus allowing systematic template selection.
Study of a New Tricholoma

A white spored agaric growing in dense clumps from sclerotoid masses has been known to people in the University of California at Berkeley for approximately twenty-five years. Repeated attempts to identify it by means of the available literature failed, and, in the course of time, specimens were submitted to various specialists, namely, Doctors Jacob E. Lange, Carleton Rea, John Dearness and A. H. Smith. With one exception all reported the opinion that it is an undescribed species. Several collections of this same agaric have been made during recent years by A. H. Smith and H. E. Parks in northern California, and D. E. Stuntz and A. H. Smith in the region of Puget Sound, Washington. My study of this agaric has been greatly facilitated by the cooperation of the specialists mentioned above. Doctor Smith very kindly sent me his notes, specimens and photographs in order that I might compare the material collected in Washington and northern California with our collections from the San Francisco Bay region. Since all clearly apply to the one species under consideration, the following composite descriptions have been compiled:
Identification of sources of plant resistance to Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by three bioassays.

Host plant resistance to the root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) was assessed for 3 citrus rootstock cultivars, 5 promising hybrid rootstocks, and 3 citroid fruit trees using 3 bioassay methods: a pot bioassay with 1-yr seedlings; a new, 21-cm plastic cell bioassay with 5-mo seedlings; and a diet incorporation bioassay. The plastic cell bioassay is a more rapid screening method and is capable of evaluating a larger number of entries in a shorter period compared with current methods. The 3 bioassays yielded similar results. Larval growth was inhibited by 2 of the remote citroid fruit trees, Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel and Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retzius) Correa, compared with growth on commercial rootstock cultivars. Specifically, larvae allowed to feed on roots of M. koenigii or G. pentaphylla gained less weight compared with larvae fed on the commercial rootstock cultivar ‘Swingle’ [ Citrus paradisi Macfayden × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafinesque-Schmaltz]. The resistance of G. pentaphylla confirms previous reports. M. koenigii is a new source of resistance to D. abbreviatus.
Analysis of ADR Cases in Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan

OBJECTIVE:To set up the database for safety of patients and medication in Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital(CGMH),and to provide pharmaceutical warning for medical institutions.METHODS:Based on ADR Reporting and Responding System,ADR cases were collected from 2006 to 2008 retrospectively and analyzed statistically.RESULTS:A total of 1 129 cases were included and the number of ADR cases increased year by year.Most of ADR cases were reported by pharmacists(61.82%),followed by physicians(34.90%) and registered nurses(3.28%).Of 1 129 ADR cases,58.02% were male and 41.98% were female.31.09% of ADR cases were induced by antibacterial agents,22.76% drugs acting on central nerve system,21.35% drugs acting on circulatory system.Main clinical manifestations were symptoms of skin and its appendants(45.07%),digestive system(10.45%) and circulatory system(10.01%).Among 1 129 ADR cases,there were mild ADR cases of 50.13%,medium ADR cases of 49.07% and severe ADR cases of 0.80%.According to the disposal ways,40.83% stopped taking medicine and 30.56% were additionally given antidote.CONCLUSION:Pharmacists expect to transform ADR reporting into active prevention of ADR by case report,evaluation,identification,analysis,follow-up and automatic warning system.The incidence of predictable ADR can be reduced to guarantee the safety of drug use.
Monitoring and analysis of hepatitis C in Dalian City in 2012

[Objective]To analyze the epidemic situation of hepatitis C in Dalian City in 2012,understand the current situation of hepatitis C in Dalian City. [Methods]The data of hepatitis C from network report systems in 2012 were statistically analyzed. [Results]A total of 729 cases of hepatitis C were reported in 2012,with the average annual incidence of 10. 90/lakh,and the cases increased by 38. 33% as compared with that in 2011. There were no obvious seasonal characteristics. The incidence increased with increasing age,and most of patients were middle-aged and old people. The incidence in males was higher than that in females( 16∶ 1). There was an obvious regional difference,and the incidence in counties was higher than that in urban area. The case proportions of housekeeping,housework and unemployed people,farmers and retired personnel were higher.[Conclusion]Currently, the incidence of hepatitis C in Dalian shows a significant ascendant trend,so it is necessary to carry out comprehensive measures to prevent and control the hepatitis C.
Study on the Restrictive Factors of the Development of the Chinese Competitive Volleyball

By the method of questionnaire and factor analysis,the research takes the research objects of the officials of China Volleyball Management Center,volleyball scholar,national team coaches,coaches of men's and women's volleyball clubs participating in the National Volleyball League,international and national volleyball referees.Major restrictive factors in the development on the Chinese competitive volleyball have been researched and analyzed.The result shows that current major factors restricting the development of Chinese competitive volleyball are: management models,athletes' culture quality,volleyball club,training effect,the effect of reserve training and coaches.
Does Internet use provide a deeper sense of political empowerment to the Less Educated

In politics, there is an offline power imbalance between the Educated and the Less Educated caused, in part, by the fact that those individuals with more extensive levels of education are more equi...
Is the Brain a Chemical Computer

A widely prevailing view of the nervous system today is that it operates by constant monitoring of the environment and by “simulating”, in the manner of a computer, the relations of the organism with its universe. Like the previous models proposed for the nervous system (hydraulic machine, clockwork, telephone switchboard), the computer reflects the technological stage reached by society. It represents a considerable advance over its immediate predecessor, the switchboard, which could only transmit and direct the flow of information without actually “processing” it.
Non-Roman Language Cataloging in Bulk: A Case Study of Japanese Language Materials

ABSTRACTAozora Bunko is a Japanese full-text database of works that are in the public domain. The University of Florida libraries modified the approximately 5,000 Japanese language records into English language MARC records compatible with Resource Description and Access (RDA), and added those records to OCLC and their integrated library system (ILS). Thus, this analytical cataloging project makes it possible to introduce more users to these Japanese anthologies in full text. This article describes the methods used to convert spreadsheet data that contains non-Roman characters into MARC records and indicates the possibilities that are applicable to similar projects in other non-Roman languages.
Problemas bioéticos de la donación de órganos en la nueva ley chilena

La ley 20.673 de 2013 es la mas reciente modificacion a la ley de donacion de organos, y supone no solo consolidar el sistema de consentimiento presunto, introducido en la anterior modificacion legal, sino ademas incorpora el principio de reciprocidad, a proposito del cual surgen interesantes preguntas de fuerte contenido etico ?Es justo reemplazar el criterio de la “necesidad medica” por el de la reciprocidad? Las magras tasas de donacion han llevado a algunos autores a senalar que el modelo de donacion basado en el altruismo ha alcanzado su limite y a vislumbrar, entonces, nuevas perspectivas en la materia.
Safety and predictors of next-day discharge after elective transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Abstract Objectives We sought to determine the predictors of next-day discharge (NDD) for selected patients undergoing elective transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TF-TAVR). Background Techniques have rapidly evolved over the last several years to simplify TF-TAVR allowing for a subset of patients to be discharged the next day. Methods Baseline and procedural characteristics, in-hospital and 30-day follow-up outcomes, complications and readmission rates of 100 TF-TAVR cases were assessed. Patients selected for NDD all met the following criteria: no procedural complications, same day ambulation, strong family support with home supervision, and access to our valve coordinator post discharge. Results There were 22 patients in NDD and 78 in later-day discharge (LDD) groups respectively. The mean length of stay was 3.4days for LDD. There were no significant differences in baseline, pre-procedural characteristics, or frailty indices of the two groups. However, there were more baseline oxygen dependent patients in LDD (p=0.004). Procedural characteristics included more balloon expandable valves (p=0.005), less fluoroscopy time (p=0.008), and higher use of moderate sedation (p=0.0001) in NDD group. There were more minor vascular complications (p=0.04) and new permanent pacemaker implantations (p=0.016) in the LDD group. There were no vascular complications, stroke or blood transfusions in the NDD group. The 30-day re-admission and mortality rates were similar in both groups. In logistic analyses only moderate sedation was a strong predictor of next day discharge after TF-TAVR (p=0.003). Conclusion Carefully selected patients without complications following TF-TAVR can be discharged safely the next day.
Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis

Few spatial scales are as important to individual outcomes as the neighborhood. However, it is nearly impossible to define neighborhoods in a generalizable way. This article proposes that by shifting the focus to measuring neighborhood boundaries rather than neighborhoods, scholars can avoid the problem of the indefinable neighborhood and better approach questions of what predicts racial segregation across areas. By quantifying an externality space theory of neighborhood boundaries, this article introduces a novel form of spatial analysis to test where potential physical markers of neighborhood boundaries (major roads, rivers, railroads, and the like) are associated with persistent racial boundaries between 1990 and 2010. Using Philadelphia as a case study, the paper identifies neighborhoods with persistent racial boundaries. It theorizes that local histories of white reactions to black in-migration explain which boundaries persistently resisted racial turnover, unlike the majority of Philadelphia’s neigh...
The Many-Worlds Theory

The last version of quantum mechanics that we will explore in detail was developed by Hugh Everett III while he was a graduate student under John Wheeler in the 1950s. Everett’s basic idea is at once beautifully elegant and uncomfortably radical. Max Jammer rightly described it as “one of the most daring and most ambitious theories ever constructed in the history of science” [1].
Food for Training-Western Diet and Inflammatory Memory.

In recent years, trained immunity has emerged as an attractive concept to explain cross-protection against pathogens mediated by the innate immune system. Using a diet-based sterile inflammation model, Christ et al. (2018) have shown in a recent issue of Cell that trained immunity may also play a critical role in responding to diet and endogenous sterile triggers.
Mixed-race couples, residential mobility, and neighborhood poverty.

Abstract Despite substantial growth in mixed-race coupling, we know little about their association with neighborhood poverty. To address this gap, I utilize data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics linked to information from four censuses. With these data, I assess the extent to which mixed-race couples are more likely than monoracial couples to migrate in response to higher percentages of neighborhood poverty; and, once they move, I examine the percentage poverty in their destination neighborhoods. I find that most mixed-race couples are similar to white couples in their out-mobility responses to neighborhood poverty. However, when mixed-race couples with black partners migrate they tend to move to neighborhoods with higher poverty concentrations than couples without a black partner. Mixed-race couples without black partners experience similar percentages of poverty in their destination neighborhoods as whites, providing further evidence of the profound impact of black race on residential stratification.
Exploiting memory device wear-out dynamics to improve NAND flash memory system performance

This paper advocates a device-aware design strategy to improve various NAND flash memory system performance metrics. It is well known that NAND flash memory program/erase (PE) cycling gradually degrades memory device raw storage reliability, and sufficiently strong error correction codes (ECC) must be used to ensure the PE cycling endurance. Hence, memory manufacturers must fabricate enough number of redundant memory cells geared to the worst-case device reliability at the end of memory lifetime. Given the memory device wear-out dynamics, the existing worst-case oriented ECC redundancy is largely under-utilized over the entire memory lifetime, which can be adaptively traded for improving certain NAND flash memory system performance metrics. This paper explores such device-aware adaptive system design space from two perspectives, including (1) how to improve memory program speed, and (2) how to improve memory defect tolerance and hence enable aggressive fabrication technology scaling. To enable quantitative evaluation, we for the first time develop a NAND flash memory device model to capture the effects of PE cycling from the system level. We carry out simulations using the DiskSim-based SSD simulator and a variety of traces, and the results demonstrate up to 32% SSD average response time reduction. We further demonstrate that the potential on achieving very good defect tolerance, and finally show that these two design approaches can be readily combined together to noticeably improve SSD average response time even in the presence of high memory defect rates.
A phoneme recognition framework based on auditory spectro-temporal receptive fields.

We propose to incorporate features derived using spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs) of neurons in the auditory cortex for phoneme recognition. Each of these STRFs is tuned to different auditory frequencies, scales and modulation rates. We select different sets of STRFs which are specific for phonemes in different broad phonetic classes (BPC) of sounds. These STRFs are then used as spectro-temporal filters on spectrograms of speech to extract features for phoneme recognition. For the phoneme recognition task on the TIMIT database, the proposed features show a relative improvement of about 5% over conventional feature extraction techniques.
Clarence Thomas's Black Nationalism

This Essay examines Clarence Thomas's opinions in education cases, extracting from them themes of black nationalism and strict individualism. These themes are in some tension with each other. I use a similar tension exhibited in two controversies over editorials W.E.B. Du Bois wrote for the NAACP magazine The Crisis as a way of exploring whether the tension can be reconciled. I argue that much of the tension can be resolved by treating black nationalism either as a choice made by African Americans as individuals or as a second-best strategy for strengthening the black community when its members lack effective choice in education. Some tension in Justice Thomas's opinions remains, however, and I suggest that the residual tension derives from Justice Thomas's personal experience in being regarded by dominant legal elites as unqualified for the position he holds.
Effects of biofeedback-assisted attention training in a college population

A program of stress management employing open-focus attention-training workshops was developed at Baruch College to bring the benefits of stress reduction to students. The purpose of the research reported here was to evaluate the results of the open-focus attention-training technique. Open-focus technique without biofeedback training was used for two semesters. Biofeedback training was incorporated in the third semester. In the first study, changes in grade point average (GPA), stress-related symptoms, and physiological measures were examined. The experimental subjects' stress data for this study was reported previously (Valdes, 1985). In the second study, changes in the same variables for experimental and control subjects were evaluated. Students in the control group showed decreased GPA, while those who participated in open-focus training showed a trend toward improved GPA. Stress-related symptoms associated with anxiety and management of emotional problems showed significant posttraining improvement, as did physiological measures in all of the biofeedback modalities in which the experimental subjects were specifically trained. The results support the hypothesis that the workshops were successful in reducing stress levels, and suggest that further controlled research be conducted to verify these findings, and to identify the most effective components of the training procedure.
FIXED POINT THEORY AND INWARDNESS CONDITIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes fixed point theory and inwardness conditions. Integral operators resulting from differential equations cannot be expected to have images that are always contained in their domains. Hence, the hypotheses of many fixed point theorems include assumptions guaranteeing that the image and domain of the operators have enough in common. An inwardness condition is one which asserts that, in some sense, points from the domain are mapped toward the domain. For a mapping T that maps K into a larger space X, it is sometimes assumed that T takes the boundary of K back into K. The weakly inward mappings seem to be significantly more difficult to manage than inward mappings.
A Hen in the Parlor: Municipal Control and Enforcement of Residential Chicken Coops

The locavore movement and similar trends in sustainable agriculture and health are renewing interest in backyard residential chicken coops. This Article analyzes some of the regulatory approaches cities and towns have taken to address backyard residential chicken coops. The Article focuses on how regulation can support and encourage the beneficial aspects of keeping backyard chickens while mitigating the potential harmful impact of excessive or irresponsibly managed residential chicken coops. In particular, the Article examines common trends in local regulation, like limits on the number and sex of birds allowed in each residential yard, setback and structural requirements, and animal welfare requirements, in the context of the corresponding local benefits. Additionally, the Article discusses creative and progressive developments in modern regulatory schemes, such as comprehensive planning and educational requirements.
Digital insurance brokers - old wine in new bottles? : how digital brokers create value

This article analyzes digital brokers in the countries of the DACH region, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, from a business model perspective. We argue that the potential to create new value for insurance customers has not yet been fully realized. Our analysis has identified two strategic action areas. The first concerns the exploitation of the wealth of customer data available. Those digital brokers who will succeed in generating new content and services using data analytics have the potential to take customer centricity and individuality to new bounds. The second centers around introducing aspects of community, such as connecting peers and enabling them to interact. The critical success factors are volume, a high degree of automation as well as leveraging the infrastructure and data to delivering new, value-adding content and services that go beyond traditional intermediation.
Using Text Messaging Systems as a Class Communication Tool.

AbstractThis article discusses the use of text messaging as an effective way for faculty to communicate with students in between class meetings or within an online course. The benefits of text mess...
Experimental Demonstration of a Software-Defined-Radio Adaptive Beamformer

Digital beamforming (DBF) is the platform for smart antenna technology. Adaptive algorithms coupled with these arrays enable automatic rejection of interference and can maximize the communication throughput in any dynamic environment. Hardware implementation is very costly. Here we propose an implementation of DBF arrays using software defined radios (SDRs). The SDR platform is a versatile, low cost solution to DBF and at the same time provides a practical testbed for rapid testing of different beamforming algorithms. We present experimental results for DBF using the particle swarm optimization search algorithm and a four-element SDR array and demonstrate the adaptive capabilities of this proposed technology.
Reduced Opioid Prescription Practices and Duration of Stay after TAP Block for Laparoscopic Appendectomy.

We evaluated whether TAP blocks performed at the time of appendectomy resulted in reduced total oral morphine equivalent (OME) prescribed and fewer 30-day opioid prescription (OP) refills. Single institution review of historical data (2010–2016) was performed. Adults (≥ 18 years) that underwent appendectomy for appendicitis with uniform disease severity (AAST EGS grades I, II) were included. Opioid tolerance was defined as any preoperative OP ordered 1–3 months prior to appendectomy or 200 OME were assessed using logistic regression and quantified using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). There were 960 patients with uniform appendicitis severity. During appendectomy, 145 (15%) patients received TAP blocks. There were 46 patients that were opioid tolerant (5%) and the majority of the cohort received discharge OP (n = 914, 95%) with a median prescription OME volume of 225 [150–300]. Only 76 patients required 30-day opioid prescription refill. On regression, factors associated with a discharge prescription > 200 OME included ≥ 65 years of age (OR 0.64 (95%CI 0.41–0.98)) and no TAP block (OR 1.7 (95%CI 1.2–2.5)) but not preoperative opioid utilization. TAP blocks in low-grade appendicitis were associated with reduced OME prescribed, hospital duration of stay, and fewer refills without impacting operative time or total hospital costs.
Epidemiology and Historical Drug Use Patterns

The use of most substances among adolescents in the United States has fallen in recent years. However, important exceptions to this general trend include the rise in marijuana use, including daily use, among adolescents, and the emergence of e-cigarettes and vaping. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of recent and historical trends in adolescent substance use. This information provides the basis for subsequent chapters to review screening and management of adolescent substance use and substance use disorders. This chapter begins with an overview of adolescent substance use epidemiology, followed by a brief review of the national surveys used in the United States to track substance use in the general adolescent population. The text then reviews recent and historical trends in use of alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, opioids, and other substances to lay the groundwork for clinicians to acquire more specific knowledge and skills to address adolescent substance use in the chapters that follow.
Creative Identity (re)Construction, Creative Community Building, and Creative Resistance: A Qualitative Analysis of Queer Ingroup Members' Tweets after the Orlando Shooting

Abstract With the proliferation of social media, a growing body of literature explores the significance of virtual grief, social support, and social capital in the construction of identity and community online. However, there is a dearth of research on how queer members use social media, particularly Twitter, as a tool to claim and re-define their identity—especially when their identity is under threat. The goal of this study is to understand how members of the queer community linguistically responded to the threat to their identity and safety that was caused by the shooting that took place on June 12, 2016, at the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, Florida. To achieve this goal, we use Social Identity Theory (SIT) as a framework to examine how queer individuals use a creative language strategy to redefine their shared identity when it is threatened. This study used a qualitative iterative analysis of tweets posted by queer individuals to determine how this group identified as ingroup after the Orlando shooting. The study reveals that members of the queer community communicatively responded to the Pulse shooting through social creativity. Specifically, members of the queer community responded to threats through using creative language that fostered stronger ingroup collaborative identities by provoking a) creative identity (re)construction, b) creative community building and c) creative resistance. This study advances SIT by providing additional evidence that the strategy of using creative language by a minority ingroup has the ability to support simultaneously salient and threatened identity.
Droplet Manipulation using AC Ewod-Actuated Anisotropic Ratchet Conveyor

This paper demonstrates an AC electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) based platform to manipulate water droplets using anisotropic patterning of electrodes, without the need of complex control circuits. Only two electrodes are required to transport the droplet. Different droplet sizes (5~15 μL) have been tested and the droplet transport speed can reach 20 mm/s for 15 μL at 20 Hz external AC frequency. By introducing DC EWOD electrodes, we can perform multiple droplet manipulating functionalities including droplet synchronizing, merging, and mixing, which provides potential applications including active self-cleaning surfaces and lab-on-chip instruments.
Alternative Models of School Disorder

Here we stand back from the research reported in Chapters 5 through 10 to approach the explanation of school disorder from another perspective. In this chapter we bring together two strands of doubt about the utility of the model examined in Chapter 10.
Daily Caffeine Consumption is Associated with Decreased Incidence of Symptoms and Hemodynamic Changes During Pharmacologic Stress with Regadenoson

Regadenoson is an adenosine A2A receptor agonist widely used as a pharmacologic stress agent for myocardial perfusion imaging. Approximately 3.4 million regadenoson pharmacologic stress tests were performed annually as of 2011. Caffeine is a competitive antagonist of all adenosine receptor subtypes; thus, caffeine is typically withheld 12-24 h before stress with regadenoson. However, the effects of daily caffeine intake on regadenoson stress are unknown. This study assessed the effects of daily caffeine intake on symptoms and hemodynamic changes during stress testing with regadenoson. Methods: Patients presenting for regadenoson stress myocardial perfusion imaging were asked their amounts of daily caffeine intake. Chart review was used to collect data on demographics, comorbidities, and use of β-blockers. Data collected from the regadenoson stress test included symptoms, administration of aminophylline, heart rate, blood pressure, and arrhythmias. χ2 testing and ANOVA were used to analyze data divided into 3 categories of caffeine intake ( 400 mg daily). χ2 testing was used for nominal data, and unpaired t testing was used for continuous data. Results: In total, 101 patients were enrolled: 53% men and 47% women. Of the 101 patients, 89% reported caffeine intake, with 13% reporting heavy caffeine intake (>400 mg daily). The last intake of caffeine was at least 12 h before the test. During the test, 63% of patients reported symptoms, but the test was completed successfully in all patients. Compared with those who do not use caffeine, intake for caffeine users was associated with less chest pain (P = 0.0013), less aminophylline administration (P = 0.0371), lower resting and peak heart rate (P = 0.0497 and 0.0314, respectively), and lower diastolic blood pressure response (P = 0.0468). No associations were found between caffeine intake and arrhythmia or systolic blood pressure response. Conclusion: The use of regadenoson stress for myocardial perfusion imaging in caffeine consumers is very common, safe, and associated with a lower incidence of certain symptoms than in non-caffeine consumers. Specifically, caffeine intake was associated with less aminophylline use and chest pain.
The effect of flavoured and non-flavoured tobacco on subjective experience, topography and toxicant exposure among waterpipe smokers

Introduction Flavoured waterpipe (WP) tobacco is a major factor in the resurgence of WP smoking and a main attractant of WP use among youth. Yet, evidence of the effects of limiting flavour on WP smoker’s experiences and exposures is limited. This study examined the impact of flavour manipulation on WP smokers’ toxicant exposure and smoking experiences. Method A total of 144 WP smokers attended two, 45 min ad libitum smoking sessions (flavoured vs non-flavoured tobacco) in a crossover design study. Participants completed a battery of questions assessing subjective smoking experiences. Exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and plasma nicotine concentrations were measured before and after the smoking sessions. Puff topography was recorded throughout the smoking sessions. Results Compared with the non-flavoured WP tobacco, participants reported enhanced subjective smoking measures of satisfaction and enjoyment following smoking flavoured WP tobacco (ps Conclusion Smoking the flavoured tobacco product was associated with enhanced subjective experiences compared with the non-flavoured, suggesting a potential role for flavour regulation in reducing WP use. Mixed results were observed for toxicants exposure in relation to smoking flavoured compared with non-flavoured products suggesting the need for a more comprehensive assessment of the effects of other tobacco constituents and additives on toxicant exposure in WP smokers.
A metal-free aromatic cascade for the synthesis of diverse heterocycles

A metal-free aromative cascade has been developed for the synthesis of diverse heterocycles from readily accessible hydroxy/aminochalcones and acid/alkyl halides. The cascade being by a base-mediated intramolecular aldol cyclization/dehydration sequence to provide a triene, which sets the stage for a 6π-electrocyclization/oxidative aromatization to access diverse heterocyclic scaffolds.
Luxury Hotels and Urban Hostels:Carl Fisher, Resort Architecture, and the Contrasting Worlds of Miami Beach's Pre-Depression-Era Lodging

Luxury Hotels and Urban Hostels: Carl Fisher, Resort Architecture, and the Contrasting Worlds of Miami Beach9s Pre-Depression-Era Lodging contrasts two approaches to hotel building in Miami Beach during the early to mid-1920s. Keith D. Revell describes how luxury resort hotels, exemplified by Carl Fisher9s Flamingo (1920), offered recreation activities and elaborate venues for socializing for successful businessmen and their families. While these hotels projected affluence and exclusiveness, most of the city9s hotels were urban hostels: small in scale, with limited amenities, integrated into the urban grid, and serving a broad array of middle- and working-class visitors. Although both luxury hotels and urban hostels were decorated with Spanish colonial motifs, they differed markedly in size, siting, function, and audience. Luxury hotels and urban hostels thus show how different approaches to city building and urban image making—one developer led, the other market led—shaped the nation9s premier winter resort in the early twentieth century.
Urological malignancy incidence rates over time by county rurality.

750Background: Approximately 20% of the U.S. population resides in non-metropolitan (rural) areas. We aimed to evaluate urological cancer incidence among populations residing in metropolitan (metro...
O’Callaghan, Joseph F. Alfonso X, The Justinian of His Age: Law and Justice in Thirteenth-Century Castile: Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 390 pp., $49.95, ISBN 1501735896 Publication Date: May 2019

It is a truth universally acknowledged that serious scholars of Castilian legal history and of Alfonso X, El Sabio, king of Castile and Leon (1252–84), have to familiarize themselves with the codes...
Magnetic Dynamics in Oxides, As Observed by Muon Spin Relaxation

Recent and earlier magnetic-oxide investigations by means of the muon-spin-relaxation (µSR) technique are reviewed. The dynamics of the processes in the observed phase transitions, as probed by the muon, as well as of the behavior (probing, bonding and motion) of the muon “spy” will be discussed. The main emphasis will be on the µSR studies on a-Fe2O3 (hematite), Fe3O4 (magnetite) and V2O3 (karelionite). Electron-phonon interactions appear to be major ingredients in the physical origins of the magnetic and metal-to-insulator phase transitions seen in karelionite and magnetite.
Cryo-EM Uncovers Atomic Details for Loading Cell-Killing Enzymes to the Anthrax Toxin Pretranslocation Complex.

In this issue of Structure, Zhou et al. report the structures of full-length lethal and edema factors, the cytotoxic components of the deadly anthrax toxin, in complex with the toxin's cell binding and delivery module, the protective antigen prechannel, providing an atomic description for the toxin recruitment prior to translocation.