cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The excitation function of OH(A 2Σ+→X 2Π) fluorescence produced through photodissociation of H2O

The absolute cross section for production of OH(A2Sigma/+/ X2Pi) fluorescence through photodissociative excitation of H2O was obtained using the University of Wisconsin synchrotron radiation source. The absolute fluorescence cross section function shows three broad features, roughly centered at 710, 400, and 240 A; the maximum value fluorescence cross section was found to be 3.4 x 10 to the -20th sq cm at 703 A. The broad features in the 700-A and 400-A regions are considered to be due to the second and the third excited states of H2O, respectively; it is argued that the broad feature at 240 A may have an origin similar to that of the 400-A broad feature. From present and previous data on quantum yields, it is estimated that part of the yield may be attributable to the production of neutral ground state OH(X) and H(1 2S) fragments. Such a process could provide a significant source of high kinetic energy OH and H observed in cometary atmospheres.
Lexical–Semantic Organization in Children With Specific Language Impairment

Purpose To determine whether children with specific language impairment (SLI) show deficits in lexical–semantic organization and, if so, whether these deficits are commensurate with their delay in ...
Trochanteric Bursitis After Total Hip Arthroplasty: Incidence and Evaluation of Response to Treatment

We examined the efficacy of corticosteroid injection as treatment for postarthroplasty trochanteric bursitis and the risk factors for failure of nonoperative treatment. There were 32 (4.6%) cases of postsurgical trochanteric bursitis in 689 primary total hip arthroplasties. Of the 25 hips with follow-up, 11 (45%) required multiple injections. Symptoms resolved in 20 (80%) but persisted in 5. We found no statistically significant differences between patients who did and did not develop trochanteric bursitis, or between those who did and did not respond to treatment. There was a trend toward younger age and greater limb-length discrepancy in nonresponders. In conclusion, (1) corticosteroid injection(s) for postoperative trochanteric bursitis is effective; and (2) nonoperative management may be more likely to fail in young patients and those with leg-length discrepancy.
Advanced sensitivity calibration of the Los Angeles strong motion array

Results are presented of recent sensitivity calibration of 76 accelerographs (SMA-1) of the Los Angeles Strong Motion Array. These have pendulum-like transducers and optical recording system. One characteristic of their design is off-axis sensitivity, which is magnified by transducer misalignment. A new calibration procedure was applied, which considers off-axis sensitivity and measures the angles of misalignment (φ and ψ), as well as the incident angle of the light beam onto the film (θ 0 ). These are required (1) for accurate estimation of sensitivity, and (2) for proper instrument correction of recorded accelerograms which considers also cross-axis sensitivity and misalignment. These effects are important near large acceleration peaks (approaching and exceeding 1g), e.g. like the ones recorded near the source of the 1994 Northridge earthquake (M L = 6.4). This earthquake was recorded by 65 stations of the Los Angeles Strong Motion Array, at epicentral distances from 2 to 85 km. Histograms showing distribution of the misalignment angles, light beam incidence angle θ 0 (for unloaded position) and the transducer sensitivities are presented. These indicate that the misalignment angles are typically 1-1.5°, but may also be 3-4°. Angle θ 0 (usually neglected), is mostly between ± 8°, but may reach ±12°. Assuming θ 0 = 0 leads to systematically smaller values of the measured sensitivity (e.g. by ∼3% for θ 0 = 8° and ∼4% for θ 0 = 12°). Comparison of the newly measured sensitivities with those measured prior to installation (in 1979/1980), s old , shows that, in general, the new values are systematically smaller. The difference is typically within 5 per cent, but in some cases is as large as 10 per cent. Other principal sources of the observed differences and their mechanisms are discussed. Those include long-term changes in the transducers (e.g. change of stiffness, reflected in changes of the natural frequency) and differences in the calibration procedure (e.g. errors associated with manual reading film records with tilt test data, and with transducer and instrument housing misalignment). The presented results may be considered typical of similar strong motion arrays worldwide.
The Second Treatise in In the Genealogy of Morality: Nietzsche on the Origin of the Bad Conscience

On a postcard to Franz Overbeck from January 4, 1888, Nietzsche makes some illuminating remarks with respect to the three treatises in his book On the Genealogy of Morality.2 Nietzsche says that, ‘for the sake of clarity, it was necessary artificially to isolate the different roots of that complex structure that is called morality. Each of these three treatises expresses a single primum mobile; a fourth and fifth are missing, as is even the most essential (‘the herd instinct’) – for the time being, the latter had to be ignored, as too comprehensive, and the same holds for the ultimate summation of all those different elements and thus a final account of morality.’ Nietzsche also points out that each treatise makes a contribution to the genesis of Christianity and rejects an explanation of Christianity in terms of only one psychological category. The topics of the treatises are ‘good’ and ‘evil’ (first treatise), the ‘bad conscience’ (second), and the ‘ascetic ideal’ (third). The postcard suggests that Nietzsche discusses these topics separately because a joint treatment is too complicated, but that in reality, these ideas are inextricably intertwined, both with each other and with others that Nietzsche omits. Therefore, the three treatises should be regarded as parts of a unified theory and critique of morality. Nietzsche’s remarks on that postcard are important because in the Genealogy itself, he makes little effort to show the unity among the treatises. We shall return to this postcard repeatedly.3 The first treatise has attracted most scholarly attention, but much less work has been done on the second treatise, ‘ “Debts”, “Bad Conscience”, and Related Matters’. This is unfortunate, since it seems that, in Nietzsche’s own view, the central notion of the second treatise, namely, the bad conscience as a feeling of guilt, is a key element of Christian morality. Therefore, understanding Nietzsche’s treatment of this notion is essential to understanding his views on Christianity and the impact of the Christian heritage on non-religious moral philosophy. At the same time, however, the second treatise confronts the reader with considerable exegetical difficulties. In particular, Nietzsche’s remarks about the bad conscience itself make it hard to conceive of them as contributions to a coherent account of the same concept. Ridley’s 1998 study of the Genealogy finds no way of making sense of all of them and ends up classifying several remarks on the bad
Ethical and professional issues in pathology: A survey of current issues and educational efforts

Professionalism, including ethics, has assumed greater importance in residency education, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education now requires its incorporation into residency training. Insight into current ethics education, as well as those ethical issues important to pathology, would be efficacious. A mail survey was sent to all members of the Association of Pathology Chairs that asked for specific information related to pathology resident education in ethics and identification of important ethical issues in the current practice of pathology. A total of 148 surveys were mailed, and 53 (35.8%) were returned. Formal instruction in ethics is provided by approximately 62% of pathology residency training programs, and 94% provide informal ethics education. However, 84% of programs believed that ethical issues were underrecognized, and 38% believed that current ethics training was inadequate. Issues regarding the use of tissue for research, confidentiality and privacy, and professionalism were identified as the most important ethical issues currently encountered in pathology.
Animating user interfaces using animation servers

Animated demonstration systems such as MacroMind Director [6] are becoming popular. Our notion of animation is more restricted. We define user interface animation as the process of emulating the interaction of a user with the interface. The interaction should be real, in the sense that it should engage the actual application. Such systems are powerful because of their ability to invoke actions, and expressive because they can be used to demonstrate interaction techniques. The effect of the presentation may be enhanced by displaying the behavior of input devices audio-visually.
Functional recovery after partial nephrectomy: effects of volume loss and ischemic injury.

Purpose: We used what is to our knowledge a new method to estimate volume loss after partial nephrectomy to assess the relative contributions of ischemic injury and volume loss on functional outcomes.Materials and Methods: We analyzed the records of 301 consecutive patients who underwent conventional partial nephrectomy between 2007 and 2010 with available data to meet inclusion criteria. Percent functional volume preservation was measured at a median of 1.4 years after surgery. Modification of diet in renal disease-2 estimated glomerular filtration rate was measured preoperatively and perioperatively, and a median of 1.2 years postoperatively. Statistical analysis was done to study associations.Results: Hypothermia or warm ischemia 25 minutes or less was applied in 75% of cases. Median percent functional volume preservation was 91% (range 38%–107%). Percent glomerular filtration rate preservation at nadir and late time points was 77% and 90% of preoperative glomerular filtration rate, respectively. On mu...
Older people in America's immigrant families: Dilemmas of dependence, integration, and isolation

Immigration to the US has given rise to a population of older people who migrate here to be close to their children. Although highly integrated into their intergenerational families, these seniors voice dissatisfaction with their lives in the US. Intensive interviews with 28 transnational seniors demonstrate that their dissatisfaction stems from the contradictions between high cultural expectations for family sociability and structural constraints on kin interaction in the US. Their dissatisfaction is exacerbated by factors isolating them from social contacts outside the family. Although mobility limitations and not speaking English contribute to their isolation, immigrant families play a role. Older people are sometimes isolated by heavy domestic responsibilities in their child’s household, solicitous offspring who insulate parents from practical aspects of daily life, and by a collective family ethos that calls on aging parents to subordinate their needs to those of other family members.
Semiring Neighbours: An Algebraic Embedding and Extension of Neighbourhood Logic

In 1996 Zhou and Hansen proposed a first-order interval logic called Neighbourhood Logic (NL) for specifying liveness and fairness of computing systems and defining notions of real analysis in terms of expanding modalities. After that, Roy and Zhou developed a sound and relatively complete Duration Calculus as an extension of NL. We present an embedding of NL into an idempotent semiring of intervals. This embedding allows us to extend NL from single intervals to sets of intervals as well as to extend the approach to arbitrary idempotent semirings. We show that most of the required properties follow directly from Galois connections, hence we get many properties for free. As one important result we obtain that some of the axioms which were postulated for NL can be dropped since they are theorems in our generalisation. Furthermore, we discuss other interval operations like Allen's 13 relations between intervals and their relationship to semiring neighbours. Then we present some possible interpretations for neighbours beyond interval settings. Here we discuss for example reachability in graphs and applications to hybrid systems. At the end of the paper we add finite and infinite iteration to NL and extend idempotent semirings to Kleene algebras and @w algebras. These extensions are useful for formulating properties of repetitive procedures like loops.
Analysis of periodic structures with dispersive material using the FDTD technique

A dispersive periodic boundary condition (DPBC) is developed for the finite-difference time-domain method to analyze periodic structures with dispersive media on the boundaries of a unit cell. The formulation is based on the auxiliary differential equation (ADE) with two-term Debye model and the constant horizontal wavenumber approach. The developed formulation is easy to implement and is efficient in both memory usage and computational time. The validity of this formulation is verified through a numerical example of an infinite dispersive slab.
The Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy

The recent identification of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous lipid ligands has triggered an exponential growth of studies exploring the endocannabinoid system and its regulatory functions in health and disease. Such studies have been greatly facilitated by the introduction of selective cannabinoid receptor antagonists and inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolism and transport, as well as mice deficient in cannabinoid receptors or the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amidohydrolase. In the past decade, the endocannabinoid system has been implicated in a growing number of physiological functions, both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in peripheral organs. More importantly, modulating the activity of the endocannabinoid system turned out to hold therapeutic promise in a wide range of disparate diseases and pathological conditions, ranging from mood and anxiety disorders, movement disorders such as Parkinson9s and Huntington9s disease, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury, to cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, glaucoma, obesity/metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis, to name just a few. An impediment to the development of cannabinoid medications has been the socially unacceptable psychoactive properties of plant-derived or synthetic agonists, mediated by CB 1 receptors. However, this problem does not arise when the therapeutic aim is achieved by treatment with a CB 1 receptor antagonist, such as in obesity, and may also be absent when the action of endocannabinoids is enhanced indirectly through blocking their metabolism or transport. The use of selective CB 2 receptor agonists, which lack psychoactive properties, could represent another promising avenue for certain conditions. The abuse potential of plant-derived cannabinoids may also be limited through the use of preparations with controlled composition and the careful selection of dose and route of administration. The growing number of preclinical studies and clinical trials with compounds that modulate the endocannabinoid system will probably result in novel therapeutic approaches in a number of diseases for which current treatments do not fully address the patients9 need. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the current state of knowledge of the endocannabinoid system as a target of pharmacotherapy.
Intramolecular interactions control Vms1 translocation to damaged mitochondria.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the development of many age-related human diseases. Therefore recognizing and correcting the early signs of malfunctioning mitochondria is of critical importance for cellular welfare and survival. We previously demonstrated that VCP/Cdc48-associated mitochondrial stress responsive 1 (Vms1) is a component of a mitochondrial surveillance system that mediates the stress-responsive degradation of mitochondrial proteins by the proteasome. Here we propose novel mechanisms through which Vms1 monitors the status of mitochondria and is recruited to damaged or stressed mitochondria. We find that Vms1 contains a highly conserved region that is necessary and sufficient for mitochondrial targeting (the mitochondrial targeting domain [MTD]). Of interest, MTD-mediated mitochondrial targeting of Vms1 is negatively regulated by a direct interaction with the Vms1 N-terminus. Using laser-induced generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, we also show that Vms1 is preferentially recruited to mitochondria subjected to oxidative stress. These studies define cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which Vms1 locali­zation to mitochondria is controlled to enable an efficient protein quality control system.
Language identification with neural networks: a feasibility study

The feasibility of an approach to automatic language identification that combines recent advances in computer speech recognition and artificial neural networks is discussed. It is shown that artificial neural networks can be used as pattern classifiers that use information about distributions of broad phonetic categories to identify languages. Using artificial languages that differ only by their distribution of stop consonants, feature vectors were extracted from varying amounts of speech from each language. These feature vectors were then used to train an artificial neural network using the back-propagation algorithm. Classification results for two different sets of artificial languages are presented. >
A developmental sequence of skills in adolescents' intergroup understanding

This study explores the psychometric properties of a proposed sequence of socioemotional cognitive skills in the domain of intergroup understanding as assessed by interview and questionnaire data from 91 Caucasian and Hispanic adolescents. The proposed sequence of skills was measured under two support conditions to test hypotheses about a developmental range of cognitive skills. Regression analyses revealed that ethnic identity exploration predicted optimal cognitive skills (high environmental support) and ethnic belonging predicted functional cognitive skills (low environmental support). Results confirm the reliability of the sequence, reveal the importance of support effects, and suggest that high and low environmental support evoke different dimensions of adolescent intergroup understanding.
Inhibition of neuroblastoma xenograft growth by Hsp90 inhibitors.

Background: Advanced-stage neuroblastomas are often resistant to chemotherapy. Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 is a molecular chaperone that maintains the stability of important signal transduction proteins. We have previously reported that geldanamycin (GA), an Hsp90 inhibitor, decreases Raf-1 and Akt protein expressions and induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. We sought to determine the in vivo effects of Hsp90 inhibitor compounds on human neuroblastomas. Materials and Methods: Human neuroblastoma (LAN-1 and SK-N-SH) xenografts (4-mm 3 tumor implants) were placed in the flanks of athymic nude mice. The mice received either Hsp90 inhibitors (17-AAG or EC5) or vehicle (control). The tumor dimensions were measured twice weekly. Proteins were extracted for Western immunoblotting. Results: Hsp90 inhibitor compounds significantly blocked both LAN-1 and SK-N-SH neuroblastoma growth in vivo. Drug-treated tumors showed decreases in Raf-1 and cleaved PARP expressions. Conclusion: Hsp90 inhibitors may prove to be important novel therapeutic agents for patients with advanced-stage neuroblastoma who fail to respond to current treatment regimens. Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, accounting for 15% of cancer-related deaths (1). Despite recent advances in multi-modality treatment protocols, the advanced-stage tumors remain aggressive and frequently resistant to chemotherapeutic regimens with an overall 5-year survival rate of only 30-40%. Altered cellular responses to apoptosis are thought to play an important role in drug therapy, in high-risk neuroblastomas (2). Therefore, novel drug therapy, targeting cellular signal transduction pathways regulating the apoptotic cascade, may be crucial in the treatment of drug-resistant neuroblastomas. Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 is a ubiquitously-expressed molecular chaperone that is required for the conformational maturation and stability of a range of client proteins. Hsp90
Evolution and hormonal regulation of sex differences in the electrocommunication behavior of ghost knifefishes (Apteronotidae)

Summary The ghost knifefishes (family Apteronotidae) are one of the most successful and diverse families of electric fish. Like other weakly electric fish, apteronotids produce electric organ discharges (EODs) that function in electrolocation and communication. This review highlights the diversity in the structure, function and sexual dimorphism of electrocommunication signals within and across apteronotid species. EOD frequency (EODf) and waveform vary as a function of species, sex and/or social rank. Sex differences in EODf are evolutionarily labile; apteronotid species express every pattern of sexual dimorphism in EODf (males>females; males
Lessons in contingent, recursive humility

In this article, the author argues that critical work in teacher education should begin with teacher educators turning a critical eye on their own practices. The author uses Lesko's conception of contingent, recursive growth and change to analyze a lesson he observed as part of a phenomenological study aimed at understanding more about what it is like to cultivate tact in teaching practice. The author discusses two sets of practical considerations for teacher educators—one centering on times teacher educators are struck by something when observing teacher candidates and the other on times teacher educators miss something. This analysis suggests that preparing critical middle grades literacy teachers demands that the teacher educator proceed with a healthy dose of contingent, recursive humility.
Measurement of fibre-optic chromatic dispersion from RIN spectra of a tunable fibre laser

The chromatic dispersion of optical fibre is determined from the wavelength dependence of the mode spacing of the fibre laser with and without the intracavity test fibre. This approach is particularly useful for characterising the dispersion of modelocked fibre lasers, where control of the total laser dispersion is required.
Use of Subcutaneous Lepirudin in an Obese Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patient with Heparin Resistance

Objective:To report the use of subcutaneous lepirudin in an obese patient with heparin resistance.Case Summary:A 34-year-old morbidly obese male (weight 145 kg) presented with hypoxia on postoperative day 1 following a sigmoid colectomy. A continuous unfractionated heparin infusion was started for a suspected pulmonary embolism. Doses were escalated without therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) response and an antithrombin (AT) tevei was obtained. The AT level was reported as 78% (reference range 85–120%). Computed tomography angiography ruled out pulmonary embolism and lepirudin 50 mg administered subcutaneously twice daily was started (serum creatinine 1.3 mg/dL) for prevention of venous thromboembolism. The resulting aPTT values were therapeutic (63 and 60 sec, reference range 24–34, therapeutic heparin range 55–85). The dose was adjusted to 25 mg twice daily, aPTT values were 35 and 48 seconds. His serum creatinine increased to 1.6 mg/dL and minor bleeding was noted. The dose was de...
Selective In Vivo Depletion of CD4+ T Lymphocytes with Anti-CD4 Monoclonal Antibody during Acute Infection of Calves with Anaplasma marginale

To investigate the in vivo role of CD4+ T lymphocytes during acute anaplasmosis, thymectomized calves were selectively depleted of CD4+ T lymphocytes by treatment with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and were then infected with the Florida strain of Anaplasma marginale in two sequential experiments (experiments 1 and 2). Treatment of thymectomized calves with a total of 5.0 mg of anti-CD4 MAb/kg of body weight during the 1st week followed by 0.3-mg/kg doses administered twice weekly for 7 weeks resulted in significant depletion of CD3+ CD4+ and CD4+ CD45R+ (naive) T lymphocytes from blood, spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes for the duration of the 8-week study, compared to the results for thymectomized control calves treated with a subclass-matched MAb. All calves became parasitemic and pyretic following experimental infection with A. marginale, and decreases in packed cell volume (PCV) coincided with peak parasitemia. No significant differences in PCV or parasitemia were observed between treatment groups. Thymectomized calves treated with anti-CD4 MAb were able to mount an anti-A. marginale antibody response, although in experiment 2, anti-CD4 MAb-treated calves had four- to sixfold lower immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and no detectable IgG2 anti-A. marginale major surface protein 2-specific antibody titers compared to thymectomized control calves treated with a subclass-matched MAb. At the level of CD4+-T-lymphocyte depletion achieved and experimental anaplasmosis induced, thymectomized anti-CD4 MAb-treated calves were able to control acute anaplasmosis. This was in contrast to the prediction that significant depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes would abrogate resistance to acute infection.
SPERM MOTILITY FROM THE VAS DEFERENS OF SPINAL CORD INJURED MEN IS HIGHER THAN FROM THE EJACULATE

Purpose: Recent evidence suggests that the seminal plasma of spinal cord injured men contributes to their distinctive semen profile of normal sperm concentration but low sperm motility and viability. This finding indicates that sperm in these men may be normal before exposure to the seminal and prostatic fluids. To investigate this question we compared vas aspirated to ejaculated sperm in 12 men with spinal cord injury and 14 healthy, age matched controls.Materials and Methods: Ejaculate was collected by penile vibratory stimulation or electroejaculation in spinal cord injured men and by masturbation in controls. Sperm was aspirated via microsurgery from 1 hemisectioned vas deferens in spinal cord injured men and during routine elective vasectomy in controls. Ejaculated and aspirated specimens were compared.Results: In men with spinal cord injury mean vas aspirated sperm motility and viability plus or minus standard error of mean were significantly higher than mean ejaculated sperm motility and viability ...
On the design of random pattern testable PLA based on weighted random pattern testing

Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) provide a cost effective method to realize combinational logic circuits. PLAs are often not suitable for random pattern testing due to high fao-in of gates. In order to reduce the effective fan-in of gates, previous random pattern testable (RPT) PLA designs focused on partitioning inputs and product lines. In this paper we propose a new random pattern testable design of PLAs which is suitable for built-in selftest. The key idea of the proposed design is to apply weighted random patterns to the PLA under test. The proposed design method was applied to 30 example PLAs. The performance of the RPT PLAs was measured in the size of test set, area overhead, and time overhead, and compared with two other designs in test length and fault coverage. The experimental results show that the proposed design achieve short test length and high fault coverage.
Unsupervised learning of motion patterns of rear surrounding vehicles

Awareness to a vehicle's surrounding is necessary for safe driving. Current surround technologies focus on the detection of obstacles in hard-to-view places but may neglect temporal information. This paper seeks the causes of dangerous situations by examining surround behavior. A general hierarchical learning framework is introduced to automatically learn surround behaviors. By observing motion trajectories during natural driving, models of rear vehicle behaviors are obtained in an unsupervised fashion. The extracted behaviors are shown to correspond to typical driving scenarios, vehicle overtake and surround overtake, demonstrating the effectiveness of the learning framework.
BK‐type calcium‐activated potassium channels: coupling of metal ions and voltage sensing

Ion channels and lipid phosphatases adopt a transmembrane voltage sensor domain (VSD) that moves in response to physiological variations of the membrane potential to control their activities. However, the VSD movements and coupling to the channel or phosphatase activities may differ depending on various interactions between the VSD and its host molecules. BK-type voltage, Ca²(+) and Mg²(+) activated K(+) channels contain the VSD and a large cytosolic domain (CTD) that binds Ca²(+)and Mg²(+). VSD movements are coupled to BK channel opening with a unique allosteric mechanism and are modulated by Ca²(+) and Mg²(+) binding via the interactions among the channel pore, VSD and CTD. These properties are energetically advantageous for the pore to be controlled by multiple stimuli, revealing the adaptability of the VSD to its host molecules and showing the potential for intracellular signals to affect the VSD in order to modulate the function of its host molecules.
Diagnostic Studies of Rainfall Anomalies in Northeast Brazil

Abstract The large-scale atmospheric circulation of the Brazil-Atlantic sector is studied in relation to extreme rainfall anomalies in two large regions of Northeast Brazil (Nordeste). Long-term rainfall series, aerological records of stations in South America, and ship observations over the tropical Atlantic form the data base for this study. Departure patterns of meteorological elements over the Atlantic are investigated for composites of extremely dry and wet years in the southern and northern Nordeste. Southern Nordeste's peak rainy season is around November/December. The wet years in the southern Nordeste are marked by negative pressure departures over the South Atlantic, weak onshore southeast trades and anomalously cold waters along the south Brazil coast. These features appear to be related to Southern Hemispheric frontal systems. During the dry years, departure patterns are nearly reversed to those of the wet years.Northern Nordeste receives its maximum rainfall in March/April. Rainfall variation...
Culturing the freshwater hydromedusa, Craspedacusta sowerbii under controlled laboratory conditions

AbstractCraspedacusta sowerbii (phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, family Olindiiae) is an alien species with a polyp and medusa stage and originates from China. The optimal temperature range for polyp production is 19–25 °C, while medusa production and growth require warmer water (21–30 °C). Reasons for the sporadic occurrence of medusae in nature are still unclear. Culturing medusae has been problematic while culturing polyps in the laboratory is well documented. The successful culturing of C. sowerbii medusae to gonad development is only documented to our knowledge in articles in Japanese with a probable limited readership. We successfully cultured all life cycle stages of Craspedacusta, including medusae. Medusae budded from polyps from Gatun, Panama and were cultured at 23 and 26 °C using local water and Hydra Medium. Medusae bell morphology, tentacle number, gonad development, and the number and size of prey consumed were documented. Smaller medusae were hand-fed, while mature medusae captured prey. M...
Incorporating Citizen Science into Monitoring Hemlock Following Predator Releases for Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Management

Abstract A photograph-based monitoring system was developed to involve citizen scientists in monitoring sites in western North Carolina and northern Georgia where the predators Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji & McClure) and Laricobius nigrinus Fender had been released as part of the U.S. Forest Service's biological control program for Adelges tsugae Annand (hemlock woolly adelgid). The study was divided into an initial phase conducted during 2006 and 2007 in Jackson and Macon counties, NC, and Rabun County, GA, and a second phase conducted from 2008 to 2010 in Fannin, Gilmer, Lumpkin, and Union counties, GA. Over the course of the study, 32 volunteers monitored 27 predator release sites and provided 4,356 photographs from which data were obtained. Data from photographs included the number of A. tsugae ovisacs present at each sample site and hemlock needle loss on photographed branches. To ensure accuracy in counting A. tsugae and assessing hemlock needle loss, personnel from Clemson University's A. tsugae i...
Hydrate Equilibrium Modeling for Pure Alkanes and Mixtures of Alkanes Using Statistical Associating Fluid Theory

A recent version of Statistical Associating Fluid Theory, namely SAFT2, coupled with the van der Waals and Platteeuw model for the hydrate phase, is applied to represent the hydrate dissociation conditions for pure alkanes and their mixtures in systems without inhibitors. The proposed model is applied to both structure I and II hydrates at temperatures above and below the freezing point of water. For binary and ternary alkane mixtures, a correction factor with only one parameter is introduced to the model. The results indicate that, for these uninhibited systems, the proposed model predicts the hydrate dissociation conditions well and captures the effect of concentration on the dissociation pressure well.
10 Tips for successful delegation.

Improve patient care and save time by recognizing when to delegate and learning how to do it wisely.
On the secondary eyewall formation of Hurricane Edouard (2014).

AbstractA first observationally based estimation of departures from gradient wind balance during secondary eyewall formation is presented. The study is based on the Atlantic Hurricane Edouard (2014). This storm was observed during the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) experiment, a field campaign conducted in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). A total of 135 dropsondes are analyzed in two separate time periods: one named the secondary eyewall formation period and the other one referred to as the decaying double eyewalled storm period. During the secondary eyewall formation period, a time when the storm was observed to have only one eyewall, the diagnosed agradient force has a secondary maximum that coincides with the radial location of the secondary eyewall observed in the second period of study. The maximum spinup tendency of the radial influx of absolute vertical vorticity is within the boundary la...
Association between Prepartum Feeding Behavior and Periparturient Health Disorders in Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between prepartum feeding behaviour, measured as time spent feeding per day, and periparturient health disorders, milk yield, milk composition, and milk somatic cell count in Jersey cows. Pregnant Jersey cows were marked with unique alphanumeric symbols and were moved into a prepartum group four weeks prior to their expected calving date. At enrollment, cows with a body condition score 4 or a locomotion score > 3 were not included. Time spent feeding was measured using 10-min video scan sampling for 24-hour periods 2 to 4 days per week of the study. A total of 925 cows were eligible for analysis. Parity was based on lactation number at time of enrollment and classified as nulliparous (cows pregnant with their first calf), primiparous (cows pregnant with their second calf) and multiparous (lactation > 2). Multiparous cows with two or more health disorders spent approximately 10% less time feeding prepartum than cows that did not have any health disorders. Multiparous cows subsequently diagnosed with metritis had a tendency to spend 5% less time feeding prepartum than healthy counterparts. Primiparous cows with retained placenta had a 10% reduction in feeding time compared to healthy primiparous cows. Monitoring time spent feeding prepartum by primiparous and multiparous cows, even on a limited number of days, appeared to be beneficial in predicting cows at risk for periparturient health disorders. Real-time daily feeding behaviour monitoring technologies that can be used by dairy farms are now available which might prove to be even more helpful in identifying cows at risk for periparturient cow health disorders as more data points can be recorded for each cow and compared to her own behaviour or that of specific cohorts.
Academic Career Management: The Higher Learning in the Age of Marketing

In 1917, a student association at Munich University began sponsor ship of a series of lectures on "Intellectual Work as a Profession." The first speaker, Max Weber, lectured on academic science and scholarship: "Sci ence as a Vocation," now regarded as a classic statement of the significance of scientific and scholarly work (Weber, 1958a, pp. 129-56). After cursory ob servations on the economic conditions of academic life, the division of labor in the university, and the implications of the social organization of academia for teaching and research, Weber posed the main questions of the lecture: "What is the calling of science within the total life of humanity? And what is the value of science?" (Weber, 1958a, p. 40, translation amended). We ber conceived academic science and scholarship as a "value sphere" defined by "ultimate values"?categorical imperatives of the academic calling, the obligatory force of which does not vary with opportunities, constraints, or personal proclivities and tastes. The academic vocation is grounded in the imperatives of clarity, intellectual integrity, and the project of fashioning the world as a "cosmos of truths" based on discursive reasoning. There is no sense in which their validity can be demonstrated to unbelievers or skeptics, who may reject the academic life as banal, futile, unworthy, contemptible, or even absurd. "The various value spheres of the world stand in irreconcilable conflict with each other," a struggle that Weber regarded as irresolvable and "eternal" (Weber, 1958a, p. 149). For the academic, however, commitment to these imperatives and to the truths that can be established only by discursive reasoning is absolute.
Dewey called them Utopians, I call them ancestors

AbstractIn this article, I will describe how the Utopians whom John Dewey once referenced are possibly the ancestors of Indigenous peoples, in this case, ancestors of the Dine. I will describe a Dine philosophy of education through the Kinaalda ceremony which was the first ceremony created by the Holy People of the Dine to ensure the survival of the people. I frame this ceremony as an educational experience that illuminates the similarities between the Dine and Utopian philosophies of education. It is through an understanding and experiencing of the Kinaalda that one can fully experience a real example of the ‘Utopian schools.’ It is through an upbringing within a non-acquisitive paradigm, ontologically and epistemologically, that one can fully envision this society that William Schubert explains through a compilation of various philosophers and theorists in order to make it understandable to an acquisitive society. The oral teachings from my ancestors through songs, stories and ceremonies that have been ...
Passive antibodies derived from intramuscularly immunized toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT protect against STa+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhea in a pig model

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are among the most common causes of children's diarrhea and travelers' diarrhea. Developing effective vaccines against ETEC associated diarrhea becomes a top priority. ETEC heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (STa) toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT was demonstrated recently to induce neutralizing antitoxin antibodies in intraperitoneally or subcutaneously immunized mice. However, whether antibodies derived from this toxoid fusion are protective against ETEC diarrhea has not been examined. In this study, we intramuscularly immunized pregnant gilts with toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT, challenged suckling piglets with a STa-positive ETEC strain, and assessed protective efficacy of passive acquire antitoxin antibodies against ETEC diarrhea. Data showed all three immunized gilts developed anti-STa IgG and IgA antibodies, and piglets born to the immunized dams acquired anti-STa and anti-LT antibodies. When challenged with a STa+ ETEC strain, none of the piglets born to the immunized dams developed watery diarrhea, with 20 piglets remained normal and the other 8 piglets developed mild diarrhea indicated with stained butt. In contrast, the control dams and born piglets had no anti-STa or anti-LT antibodies detected, and 26 out 32 piglets developed watery diarrhea after challenge of the STa+ ETEC strain. These results indicated that passive acquired anti-STa antibodies are protective against ETEC diarrhea, and suggested potential application of toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT in ETEC vaccine development.
Art and logic: Godard’s Alphaville as philosophy

ABSTRACTJean-Luc Godard’s Alphaville: une etrange aventure de Lemmy Caution (1965) constitutes a strikingly brilliant mise en scene of strife between humans and logic. Led by a supercomputer and its scientist-creator, this technocratic city annihilates emotive human creativity. I argue that this dystopian science fiction film is philosophy, precisely because it engages a problem that philosophers also address, namely humanity’s relationship to art and logic. I present this film as an example in defense of the ‘bold thesis’ for film as philosophy developed by Paisley Livingston (2006). Though Livingston argues against this thesis, Aaron Smuts (2009) provides a valiant defense, to which Livingston (2009) responds, stating that only a more relevant example is missing. Supplying this example is the precise intention of this article. To do so, I begin with a discussion of Nietzsche’s The Birth of Tragedy ([1872] 1967), to provide a legitimate philosophical background from which to show how Alphaville not only ...
Phylogenetic conservation of substrate use specialization in leaf litter bacteria

Environmental change will influence the ecosystem processes regulated by microbial communities, including leaf litter decomposition. To assess how microbial communities and their functioning might respond to increases in temperature, we quantified the distribution of traits related to carbon substrate utilization and temperature sensitivity in leaf litter bacteria isolated from a natural grassland ecosystem in Southern California. The isolates varied substantially in their carbon substrate use, as well as their response to temperature change. To better predict the functioning and responses in natural communities, we also examined if the functional and response traits were phylogenetically patterned or correlated with one another. We found that the distribution of functional traits displayed a phylogenetic pattern, but the sensitivity of the traits to changes in temperature did not. We also did not detect any correlations between carbon substrate use and sensitivity to changes in temperature. Together, these results suggest that information about microbial composition may provide insights to predicting ecosystem function under one temperature, but that these relationships may not hold under new temperature conditions.
Academic Aptitude versus Achievement

The tension of academic merit versus fair representation and the tension of intelligence versus education as the key determinant of worldly success basically reflect differing stands on the importance of aptitude versus achievement. Either students have the ability or they achieve the ability. Either students come equipped with intelligence or they acquire intelligence. Mixed admissions policies imply a belief that students can acquire the ability to succeed at the university and go on to worldly success.
Quantitative biogeography of picoprasinophytes establishes ecotype distributions and significant contributions to marine phytoplankton.

Bathycoccus and Ostreococcus are broadly distributed marine picoprasinophyte algae. We enumerated small phytoplankton using flow cytometry and qPCR assays for phylogenetically distinct Bathycoccus clades BI and BII and Ostreococcus clades OI and OII. Among 259 photic-zone samples from transects and time-series, Ostreococcus maxima occurred in the North Pacific coastal upwelling for OI (36 713 ± 1485 copies ml-1 ) and the Kuroshio Front for OII (50 189 ± 561 copies ml-1 ) and the two overlapped only in frontal regions. The Bathycoccus overlapped more often with maxima along Line-P for BI (10 667 ± 1299 copies ml-1 ) and the tropical Atlantic for BII (4125 ± 339 copies ml-1 ). Only BII and OII were detected at warm oligotrophic sites, accounting for 34 ± 13% of 1589 ± 448 eukaryotic phytoplankton cells ml-1 (annual average) at Station ALOHA's deep chlorophyll maximum. Significant distributional and molecular differences lead us to propose that Bathycoccus clade BII represents a separate species which tolerates higher temperature oceanic conditions than Bathycoccus prasinos (BI). Morphological differences were not evident, but quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy provided insight into Bathycoccus scale formation. Our results highlight the importance of quantitative seasonal abundance data for inferring ecological distributions and demonstrate significant, differential picoprasinophyte contributions in mesotrophic and open-ocean waters.
Nanowire Kinking Modulates Doping Profiles by Reshaping the Liquid–Solid Growth Interface

Dopants modify the electronic properties of semiconductors, including their susceptibility to etching. In semiconductor nanowires doped during growth by the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) process, it has been shown that nanofaceting of the liquid–solid growth interface influences strongly the radial distribution of dopants. Hence, the combination of facet-dependent doping and dopant selective etching provides a means to tune simultaneously the electronic properties and morphologies of nanowires. Using atom-probe tomography, we investigated the boron dopant distribution in Au catalyzed VLS grown silicon nanowires, which regularly kink between equivalent ⟨112⟩ directions. Segments alternate between radially uniform and nonuniform doping profiles, which we attribute to switching between a concave and convex faceted liquid–solid interface. Dopant selective etching was used to reveal and correlate the shape of the growth interface with the observed anisotropic doping.
Imagining Flipped Workshops: Considerations for Designing Online Modules for Social Justice Education Workshops.

Online learning, defined as the use of Web-based technology to facilitate some or all learning experiences, continues to interest many universities. While technology shapes the landscape of higher ...
What Lurks in the Dark: An Audience Participation Horror Game

What Lurks in the Dark is a Twitch-based horror game that allows participation by audience members while streamers play. The streamer takes on the role of a ghost hunter trapped in a house with a malicious spirit, and viewers take on the role of fellow ghost hunters that are watching the action unfold from cameras setup inside the house. The audience can decide if they want to help or hurt the streamer and plan their actions accordingly. What Lurks in the Dark explores themes such as viewer sympathy, the challenges of teamwork in online spaces, and the balance of power between streamer and audience.