cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Market behavior in bid, offer, and double auctions

Abstract This study examines the robustness of the previously observed [Smith (1964)] differences in market behavior between double auctions (both buyers and sellers may enter price quotes), bid auctions (only buyers may enter price quotes), and offer auctions (only sellers may enter price quotes). Based on the results of twenty-one market experiments, we find little support for the a priori hypothesis that bid auction prices tend to be greater than double auction prices which tend to be greater than offer auction prices.
Reviewing Global Change Research and Recommending Future Priorities

Global change is one of the most serious threats to human society and, as such, is a core research agenda around the world. Building on a long history of fundamental ecological research, a new cohort of early-career scientists—armed with novel methodologies and cutting-edge technology—is poised to confront the critical questions on the future of global change. Addressing these questions poses a grand challenge for scientists in ecology: the stakes are high, yet confidence in the level of knowledge in some areas remains critically low. Thus, the direction and future success of global change research depends to a significant degree on promoting and fostering the work of next generation ecologists undertaking some of the most important scientific work of our time.
The reactivity of sulfur-containing molecules on noble metal surfaces: III. Ethanethiol on Au(110) and Ag(110)

Abstract The adsorption of ethanethiol on clean and partially sulfided Au(110) and Ag(110) surfaces has been investigated using temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy. In all cases a portion of the adsorbed ethanethiol undergoes S-H bond cleavage below 350 K to form ethyl thiolate; H2 and H2S are evolved between 150 and 350 K. Ethyl thiolate decomposes above 400 K on Ag(110) to yield ethylene, together with ethane and some dihydrogen. On Au(110) ethyl thiolate decomposes in the same temperature range to evolve a mixture of ethylene, ethane, ethanethiol and diethyl sulfide. The evolution of sulfur-containing molecules from thiolate decomposition is novel and appears to be unique to gold. On both surfaces the decomposition kinetics are dependent on surface sulfur coverage.
Quantum-gas microscope for fermionic atoms.

A quantum microscope able to image individual atoms of optically trapped fermionic potassium has been developed by combining 3D Raman sideband cooling along with high-resolution optics.
Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

This article reviews the principles and application of optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) as strain and temperature sensors for structural health monitoring applications. FBG sensors have many advantages for strain sensing in such applications including their small size, the potential to multiplex hundreds of sensors with a single ingress/egress fiber, their immunity to electromagnetic interference, and their corrosion resistance. The spectral properties of FBGs and their response to applied strain and temperature fields are derived. Multiplexing and interrogation strategies for large sensor networks are presented. Special focus is placed on the response of FBGs to multiaxis strain fields and rapidly varying strain fields such as near the location of structural damage. Common approaches to invert the spectral response of an FBG subjected to a complex strain field are also reviewed. Finally, this article reviews common fabrication techniques for FBGs and their relative impacts on the strength of these sensors. Keywords: optical fiber sensor; fiber Bragg grating; long period grating; wavelength division multiplexing; multiaxis sensor
Credit Derivatives & the Future of Chapter 11

Credit derivatives transfer the default risk of an underlying debt instrument, without transferring legal title. These transactions have several benefits outside of bankruptcy. But once a corporate debtor enters bankruptcy - in particular, chapter 11 - it enters a bargaining process that was bottomed on a model of creditor behavior that may no longer hold because of credit derivatives. A creditor may not act like a traditional creditor if they no longer face the risk of non-payment because that risk has been hedged. In this essay I argue that credit derivatives will substantially alter chapter 11, at least with respect to large corporate debtors.
RECONCILIATION AND REPARATIONS

: This article provides an account of the meaning of reparations and presents a brief explanation as to why African Americans believe they are entitled to reparations from the United States government. It then goes on to explain why reparations are necessary to address the distrust that is thought to exist between many African Americans and their government. Finally, it rejects the belief that reparations require reconciliation.
Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism: Environmental innovation in British India

The creation of the Indian Forest Department Two years after the Forest Charter came the Indian Mutiny, which burst over colonial India in May 1857 and proved the catalyst for both greater deforestation and a militant environmental response. Dalhousie had left India with fair prospects for the colony, declaring that India had been “in peace without and within” with “no quarter from which a formidable war could reasonably be expected at present.” Then quite unexpectedly Indian soldiers rebelled at bullets greased with animal fat. In the colossal effort to put the mutiny down, the British found themselves faced with a dearth of rapid communication – roads, railways, and canals. After the rebellion, railway construction became the priority of Lord Canning, who succeeded Lord Dalhousie as governor-general in 1856. At the time of the mutiny the beginnings of environmental forestry had been undertaken in Bombay, Madras, and Burma, with Dietrich Brandis setting up a scientific forest administration under the authority of the charter. Also notable for having formed new forestry departments were the Punjab, Oudh, Bengal, and Assam. But when the East India Company found its authority revoked after the mutiny and the double government of crown and company ended, a far more centralized regime emerged, with profound implications for the environment. In 1864 the governor-general appointed Dietrich Brandis as the first inspector general. Concurrently he also established the Indian Forest Department as an organized state department under the umbrella of the Indian exchequer.
Musa Posseliana: Johannes Posselius the Elder (1528-91) and the Lutheran Greek Program

In this article I examine one outcome of the programme for teaching Greek in Lutheran schools during the second half of the sixteenth century. Luther had insisted upon the teaching of Latin and Greek as a means to help ensure orthodoxy. Melanchthon had developed a curriculum in which the ancient languages formed the basis of Humanist education in the liberal arts. Johannes Posselius was a member of the first generation to study under this new curriculum. An examination of the texts he composed for the classroom shows his commitment to the active use of Greek. He presented Greek as a language suited to conversation and original composition, and modelled these uses in his own work. In his Greek poetic compositions, Posselius wrote for an elite audience, again demonstrating how Greek could contribute to contemporary literature.
From Linguistic Apartheid to Linguistic Co-habitation Codeswitching in Print Advertising in Post-apartheid South Africa

Apartheid South Africa instituted laws that divided not only the communities but also the languages they spoke. Phenomena such as codeswitching (CS) were an anathema for the apartheid state. Now that apartheid is dead, it is perhaps opportune to explore to what extent the political change from apartheid to democracy has permeated South Africa's other institutions, including language. This article investigates the use of CS in print advertising in the post-apartheid South Africa, with a focus on Zulu English CS. In particular, the article seeks to address the following questions: Why do the marketers in South Africa use CS in advertising? What are the syntactic patterns of their CS behaviour? Are these patterns random or rule-governed? Does their use of CS in the advertisements follow a certain order or hierarchy, such that if English occurs in one part of the advertisement it then spreads to the other parts as well, as suggested in Bhatia's (2001) Structural Domain Dependency (SDD) model?
Zinc complexes of hydrogen bond accepting ester substituted trispyrazolylborates

Abstract As models for the labile water ligands so ubiquitous in zinc metalloprotein active sites, aquo and hydroxo complexes of zinc with the ester substituted trispyrazolylborate ligand, [(TpCO2Et,Me) have been isolated and crystallographically characterized. These complexes are stabilized by internal hydrogen bonding between the water or hydroxide and the ester carbonyls of the ligand. The dinuclear hydroxo complex, which maintains its structure in solution, appears to catalyze self-transesterification reactions in alcoholic solvents. However, the expansion of the coordination sphere from four- to five-coordinate in 2 or the dimerization that occurs with 3 suggest that a more sterically restrictive ester substituted ligand will be needed to enforce the desired mononuclear four-coordinate pseudotetetrahedral geometry most commonly seen in zinc metalloenzyme active sites.
P-1454 - Depressive, anxiety and stress disorders in the postpartum period: how prevalent are they and can we improve their detection? A major public health problem

Aim The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress during the postpartum period of women and examine the associated factors of these psychiatric disorders. Subject and method A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out at the Primary Health Care (PHC)Centers.A representative sample of 2091 pregnant women,appoached 1,659 women (79.3%) expressed their consent. Methods The study was based on questionnaire covering socio-demographic, depression, anxiety and stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Beck Depression Inventory-(BDI-II). Results The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 18.6% 13.1% and 8.7% respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that maternal education below secondary level (Adjusted OR 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.6), being a housewife (AOR 1.3, 95%CI:1.1-1.6), lack of family support (AOR 1.7,95%CI: 1.3-2.3), unplanned pregnancy (AOR 2.0, 95%CI: 1.6-2.6), no antenatal care (AOR 1.4, 95%CI:1.1-1.8), C-Section delivery (AOR 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1-1.9), and un-satisfaction in marital life (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4) were significantly more likely to experience post natal depression as compared to women above secondary education, working outside home, have strong family support, planned pregnancy, got antenatal care, vaginal delivery, and satisfied with marital life. Similarly, women with lack of family support, unplanned pregnancy, no antenatal care and c section delivery were also more likely at risk of developing post natal anxiety. In contrast, maternal age >30yrs, education below secondary and unsatisfaction in marital life were factors associated with development of post natal stress. Conclusions The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was considered high than Western countries.
Managing demand variability using requisite variety for improved workflow and operational performance: the role of manufacturing flexibility

In this study, we use the law of requisite variety to investigate the effect of manufacturing flexibility on workflow and operational performance. After developing a requisite variety construct using a parsimonious conceptualisation of manufacturing flexibility, we test our research model with data collected from US manufacturers. The results of the analysis using structural equation modelling support our hypotheses. Our study makes three important contributions. First, we provide a more complete understanding of manufacturing flexibility and its relationship to operational performance. By empirically testing our model, we develop support for manufacturing flexibility as a workflow regulator which provides an organisation with the necessary variety in its response-repertoire to effectively manage demand variability. Second, our analysis of our requisite variety construct allows us to better understand the complex relationship between manufacturing flexibility and efficiency. Our findings suggest that the ...
Dynamics in Adsorbed Layers of Associative Polymers in the Limit of Strong Backbone−Surface Attractions

Taken together with the shape of the adsorption isotherm, the adsorption and desorption dynamics of hydrophobically end-modified poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) on silica suggest that adsorbed layers are comprised of two general populations: a tightly adsorbed underlayer and a loosely bound outer layer. The former is driven by a large number of hydrogen bonding interactions between the PEO's ether groups and nondissociated surface silanols, per the classical model of homopolymer adsorption with tails, loops, and trains. The outer layer is held in place by hydrophobic interactions, about 7−8 kT between the chain ends. In the dilute limit, transport-limited adsorption kinetics suggests that chains adsorb individually and that the adsorbed layer contains only the chains tightly bound via backbone−surface interactions. At greater free solution concentrations, still dilute, entire clusters adsorb and the layer contains both tightly bound and hydrophobically associated populations. The loosely bound outer layer res...
Honesty is the best policy: The effects of disclosure in word-of-mouth marketing

Marketers increasingly provide incentives to everyday consumers in exchange for generating buzz about their brand. The problem is that incented agents do not always disclose this relationship, and marketers fear that disclosure will reduce the technique's effectiveness. This article examines how disclosure affects consumers' response to word-of-mouth (WOM) marketing. Compared to seemingly organic WOM, can disclosure of the agent–brand relationship benefit the brand if it occurs concurrently with the recommendation? What are the consequences if an agent fails to disclose and the consumer learns about the subterfuge later? Findings from two experiments suggest that honesty is indeed the best policy regardless of whether the agent is talking to a friend or a stranger.
A C programmer's view of a relational database

Abstract The AGS Distributed Control System (AGSDCS) uses a relational database (Interbase) for the storage of all data on the host system network. This includes the static data which describes the components of the accelerator complex, as well as data for application-program setup and data records that are used in analysis. By creating a mapping of each relation in the database to a C record and providing general tools for relation (record) access, all the data in the database is available in a natural fashion to all the C programs on any of the nodes of the control system. In this paper the correspondence between the Interbase relations and the C structure is detailed with examples of C “typedefs” and relation definitions. It is also shown how the relations can be put into memory and linked (related) together when fast access is needed by programs.
Myths, bliks, and the Social Contract

One conclusion has already been reached, namely, the diagnosis of the problems of Rousseau's political thought. Again, this is not to say that Locke or Hobbes is correct and Rousseau incorrect, but only to observe that one cannot mix myths without getting into the deepest trouble. But there are several other observations of a more general nature that I want to make. First, the considerations introduced above are intended to point out something of the character of the language of political theory. It is an error to treat such language as if it were assimilable to the verifiability model of scientific language (this was the mistake of both Hume and Weldon). The language of political theory, such as social contract theory, bears a much closer relationship to religious language than it does to at least that model of scientific discourse, for it is basically mythic in character. Speaking still in terms of the verifiability model of scientific discourse, political theories such as social contract are neither true nor false. If one means by “cognitively meaningful” the same thing as “true or false,” then one would be constrained to say that such political theories are meaningless. But the point is that although such theories cannot be shown to be either true or false in that rather simple-minded way that both Hume and Weldon require, they are in fact meaningful, and cognitively so. The essential difference is that the Hume-Weldon model requires that cognitive discourse be descriptive, while the view here advanced rejects this.
High-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary

Most carcinomas of the ovary are diagnosed as serous carcinomas, even when they do not have featured characteristics of serous neoplasms. In this review article, we describe and illustrate the 7 different types of ovarian carcinomas. We believe that it is essential to separate these tumors because it is most probable that they follow different molecular pathways and/or hormonal backgrounds.
Sclerosing peritoneal mesothelioma in a dog evaluated by electron microscopy and immunoperoxidase techniques.

intracytoplasmic membrane-bound electron-dense neurosecretory granules further suggests the presence of chief cells. In the present study, the tumor cells have the histologic and special staining pattern, immunohistochemical staining properties, and ultrastructural features characteristic of neoplasms of the chemodectoma group. The unusual location of this tumor may be due to the widespread distribution of chemoreceptor cells associated with the extra-adrenal tissue of the paraganglionic system. This cow’s tumor may have originated from the myocardial components of the intravagal paraganglia or the visceral autonomic paraganglionic cell groups associated with the myocardial vasculature and atria1 septum of the heart. Acknowledgments. We thank Dr. B. G. Wiersma (Dairyland Veterinary Service, Fond du Lac, WI) for submitting this case and Ms. Anne Slattery for performing the immunohistochemical stains. We are grateful for the cooperation and histotechnologic support provided by Ms. Susan Samuelsen and Ms. Beth Byrne and for the photographic assistance provided by Mr. Craig Radi.
A Hungry World: Lessons from a Land-Grant-School Perspective

are facing their worst financial crisis in half a century, due in no small part to their success in production, while millions of farmers in other regions of the world cannot produce enough to feed even their own families. This disparity between the industrialized and developing nations not only emphasizes the complexity of the global food problem but also is an everpresent reminder of the long-term nature of the development process. My comments relate mainly to the role of land grant universities in development assistance. I contend that aid and assistance for
Acuity-based nurse assignment and patient scheduling in oncology clinics

The oncology clinics use different nursing care delivery models to provide chemotherapy treatment to cancer patients. Functional and primary care delivery models are the most commonly used methods in the clinics. In functional care delivery model, patients are scheduled for a chemotherapy appointment without considering availabilities of individual nurses, and nurses are assigned to patients according to patient acuities, nursing skill, and patient mix on a given day after the appointment schedule is determined. Patients might be treated by different nurses on different days of their treatment. In primary care delivery model, each patient is assigned to a primary nurse, and the patients are scheduled to be seen by the same nurse every time they come to the clinic for treatment. However, these clinics might experience high variability in daily nurse workload due to treatment protocols that should be followed strictly. In that case, part-time nurses can be utilized to share the excess workload of the primary nurses. The aim of this study is to develop optimization methods to reduce the time spent for nurse assignment and patient scheduling in oncology clinics that use different nursing care delivery models. For the functional delivery model, a multiobjective optimization model with the objectives of minimizing patient waiting times and nurse overtime is proposed to solve the nurse assignment problem. For the primary care delivery model, another multiobjective optimization model with the objectives of minimizing total overtime and total excess workload is proposed to solve the patient scheduling problem. Spreadsheet-based optimization tools are developed for easy implementation. Computational results show that the proposed models provide multiple nondominated solutions, which can be used to determine the optimal staffing levels.
cAppCloud: Contextual Personalized Application Cloud

Extending ubiquitous data access to personalized applications stack, we propose and build a cloud based intelligent personalized application leveraging cloud to allow users access to their personalized applications from anywhere on any device. Our system is smart and intelligent in the sense that it adapts itself based on (i) available bandwidth between the user location and the cloud system, (ii) user profile that is automatically sensed and learned, (iii) user locations among other context profiles. First, we develop a framework for application virtualization that decouples an application from any specific platform or device and enables access to personalized application access at per user level. Our solution is context aware and learns the usage context based on the location and user profile and leverages this to minimize the download bandwidth requirement. Next we provide an implementation of this framework for applications on Windows platform leveraging Amazon S3 cloud storage-although Capp Cloud can be implemented for any platform with any other cloud systems. Given the era of Internet of Things (IoT) and various Cloud Enabled Intelligent Applications, we feel that Capp Cloud can meet various key requirements to facilitate the interesting scenarios.
Retinoic Acid Inhibits Cell Growth in HPV Negative Cervical Carcinoma Cells by Induction of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-5 (IGFBP-5) Secretion

Retinoids have been demonstrated to inhibit epithelial cell growth and differentiation. We examined the anti-proliferative effects of retinoic acid (RA) in an HPV positive and negative cervical carcinoma cell line. Our findings indicate that HPV-negative C33A cervical carcinoma cells are more sensitive to the growth inhibitory activity of retinoic acid (RA) than are HPV-positive CaSki cervical carcinoma cells. However, conditioned medium from RA-treated C33A cells displayed strong growth inhibitory activity in both C33A and CaSki cells. Since RA has been shown to modulate the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in many cells, we examined RA regulated expression of IGFBPs in medium isolated from RA treated C33A cells. IGFBP-5 was detectable in medium from C33A cells exposed to RA, and addition of purified exogenous IGFBP-5 resulted in growth inhibition of C33A cells. These results indicate that RA exerts it's anti-neoplastic effect in HPV negative cervical carcinoma cells via the overproduction of IGFBP-5.
Phototoxicity in tropical reef animals

Abstract Phototoxicity refers to the toxic effects of chemicals caused or enhanced by light. Long known in man and terrestrial animals, it was first reported in freshwater animals in 1983. Our purpose was to test the process in marine species. Laboratory and outdoor trials in animals, representing Porifera, Cnidaria, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Chordata, showed μg/liter levels of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), anthracene and pyrene, to be phototoxic to most of them, although non-toxic in the dark and light-colored animals were more sensitive than were dark ones. Uptake of the PAHs followed by absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation appeared necessary for phototoxicity, which also depended on PAH concentration, wavelength and UV intensity. Dissolved oil and tar components may be particularly hazardous to shallow-water biota exposed to sunlight.
Force transduction materials for human-technology interfaces

Various approaches to sensing forces and generating forces are presented in the context of building human-technology interfaces capable of communicating force information. addressing the need for various types of force transducers, relevant classes of materials are reviewed, including smart materials, electronic polymers, and magnetic materials. basic physical limits and design trade-offs are given for building force sensors and actuators from these materials. in addition, the possibility of using force transduction as a means of generating electrical energy is also briefly discussed. finally, two brief illustrative examples, “power shoes” and “deformable surfaces,” are also presented.
Real-time automation of a dry etching system

ABSTRAC'IEfForts olthc IBM General I'echno1ogy 1)ivision in Essex Junction, Vermont to automate theinvestigation of dry etching processes employed in the manufacture of semiconductor memory chipsare described. This paper overviews the technical case for the project, then proceeds to qualitativelydetail the control strategy and installation ground rules, as well as the project's data processing andsignal conditioning equipment, tool and process instrumentation, and driving software. The architec-ture and performance of the resulting system are then discussed. Further, the technical conclusionsand implications of this system's success are presented.
Further Observations on the Potentiation of the Antibacterial Effect of Methenamine by Acetohydroxamic Acid

The use of methenamine in the treatment of urinary tract infections due to Proteus species is limited by urine alkalinity. Acetohydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of urease, maintains acidity despite growth of Proteus in urine. Easily achievable concentrations of acetohydroxamic acid in vitro systems that simulated the dynamics of the urinary tract potentiated the antibacterial effect of methenamine against Proteus species. The combined use of a urease inhibitor and methenamine may be effective in the treatment of urinary infection caused by these organisms.
Distribution and specificity of gamma motoneuron conditioned responses.

Abstract The activity of gamma efferent units in lumbar ventral roots of the cat was investigated during conditioning procedures in which the CS (1,000 cycle/sec tone) was paired with a US (shock) applied to either forepaw or to the contralateral hind paw. Naive cats exposed to the conditioning procedure only during the terminal experiment were used as well as cats trained before the terminal experiment to give an overt conditioned flexion of the forepaw or contralateral hind paw. Conditioned responses of gamma units were recorded in ventral roots distant and contralateral from the spinal outflow innervating the “conditioned limb”. These widespread responses appeared during initial learning and were also present after the conditioned flexion response had been established. However, such conditioned activity did not represent a generalized excitation of the gamma motor system, as both conditioned excitation and conditioned inhibition were exhibited by different units. The conditioned response of a particular unit reflected the discharge of that unit to the US. When the unconditioned response of the unit was changed, as from a slowed to an accelerated pattern of discharge, the conditioned discharge pattern of the unit likewise changed. Such widespread yet specific conditioned responses of gamma neurons may subserve the total conditioned movement involving not only leg flexion but also contralateral extension and postural adjustments.
Salvage of tissue expander in the setting of mastectomy flap necrosis: a 13-year experience using timed excision with continued expansion

Background: Mastectomy flap necrosis after immediate tissue expander placement can have profound implications, resulting in prosthetic infection necessitating tissue expander removal. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of timed, surgical excision during continued serials expansion in the setting of mastectomy flap necrosis and to identify an algorithm for surgeons faced with the management of this difficult problem. Methods: Consecutive patients in whom documented mastectomy flap necrosis developed following immediate tissue expander placement from 1995 to 2008 were identified. Patient demographic, reconstructive, and complication data were obtained from a prospectively maintained clinical database. Medical records were then retrospectively reviewed to further characterize the extent of mastectomy flap necrosis and its management. Results: Over the 13-year study period, 178 patients with documented mastectomy flap necrosis following immediate tissue expander were identified. In 58 patients (33 percent), surgical excision of the mastectomy flap necrosis was performed. Surgical excision occurred a mean 36 days (range, 8 to 153 days) after tissue expander placement. Mean surface area of eschar excised was 42.5 cm 2 (range, 2.5 to 240 cm 2 ). In nine (15.5 percent) of the 58 patients, resection of such an extensive area of mastectomy flap necrosis necessitated explantation of the tissue expander and subsequent flap closure (local advancement flaps, n = 8; latissimus flap, n = 1). Of the remaining patients, only three (6 percent) developed a subsequent infection necessitating the premature removal of a tissue expander. Conclusions: Timed excision with continued expansion is a straightforward procedure associated with a low incidence of failure. This approach allows for salvage of a significant percentage of threatened tissue expanders and may be coordinated with adjuvant oncologic therapy without excessive delays.
Birth characteristics and risk of lymphoma in young children

Background Lymphoma is the third most common childhood malignancy and comprises two types, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The etiology of pediatric lymphomas is largely unknown, but has been suggested to have prenatal origins.
Implicit, nonswitching, vector-oriented algorithm for steady transonic flow

A rapid computation of a sequence of transonic flow solutions has to be performed in many areas of aerodynamic technology. The employment of low-cost vector array processors makes the conduction of such calculations economically feasible. However, for a full utilization of the new hardware, the developed algorithms must take advantage of the special characteristics of the vector array processor. The present investigation has the objective to develop an efficient algorithm for solving transonic flow problems governed by mixed partial differential equations on an array processor.
Planning computer literacy evaluations and lasting changes in introductory computer instruction programs

Abstract This paper presents four major issues associated with computer literacy: (1) societal effects brought on by the attitudes of tomorrow's worker and today's student; (2) problems associated with computerizing industries in underdeveloped countries; (3) techniques for maintaining worker productivity in computerized industries; and (4) computers and the future of literacy. Current problems are identified, and possible solutions are reported.
Tularemia in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: An Unsuspected Case and Literature Review

Tularemia is a zoonotic infection that has rarely been reported in transplant recipients. The authors present a case of unsuspected tularemia in a kidney transplant patient that was diagnosed by isolation of Francisella tularensis in the blood. The patient was treated successfully with antibiotics. During diagnostic workup, a laboratory technician was exposed to tularemia by inhalation of the culture plate and received postexposure prophylaxis. This report emphasizes the importance of exposure history in the investigation of fever in an immunocompromised host and the special precautions needed when a virulent infectious organism is suspected.
Effects of changes in three catalytic residues on the relative stabilities of some of the intermediates and transition states in the citrate synthase reaction.

This work reports the relative importance of the interactions provided by three catalytic residues to individual steps in the mechanism of citrate synthase. When the side chains of any of the residues (H320, D375, and H274) are mutated, the data indicate that they are involved in the stabilization of one or more of the transition/intermediate states in the multistep citrate synthase reaction. H320 forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl of oxaloacetate and the alcohols of the citryl-coenzyme A and citrate products. Enzymes substituted at H320 (Q, G, N, and R) have reaction profiles for which the condensation reaction is cleanly rate determining. None of these mutants can activate the carbonyl of oxaloacetate by polarization. All these mutants catalyze the necessary proton transfer from the methyl group of acetyl-coenzyme A only poorly, a process which occurs in a structurally separate site. Furthermore, all H320 mutants hydrolyze the citryl-coenzyme A intermediate significantly more slowly than does the w...
Leukodepletion Blood Filters: Filter Design and Mechanisms of Leukocyte Removal

Modern leukocyte removal filters have been developed after years of refinement in design. Current filters are composite filters in which synthetic microfiber material is prepared as a nonwoven web. The filter material may be surface modified to alter surface tension or charge to improve performance. The housing design promotes effective contact of blood with the filter material and decreases shear forces. The exact mechanisms by which these filters remove leukocytes from blood components are uncertain, but likely represent a combination of both physical and biological processes whose contributions to leukocyte removal are interdependent. Small-pore microfiber webs result in barrier phenomena that permit retention of individual cells and increase the total adsorptive area of the filter. Modifications in surface charge can increase or decrease cell attraction to the fibers. Optimum interfacial surface tensions between blood cells, plasma, and filter fibers not only permit effective blood flow through small fiber pores, but also facilitate cell contact with the material. Barrier retention is a common mechanism for all modern leukocyte-removal filters and applies to all leukocyte subtypes. Because barrier retention does not depend on cell viability, it is operative for cells of any age and will retain any nondeformable cell, including whole nuclei from lymphocytes or monocytes. Barrier retention is supplemented by retention by adhesion. RBCs, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and platelets differ in their relative adhesiveness to filter fibers. Different adhesive mechanisms are used in filters designed for RBCs compared with filters designed for platelets. Although lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes can adhere directly to filter fibers, the biological mechanisms underlying cell adhesion may differ for these cell types. These differences may depend on expression of cell adhesion molecules. In the case of filtration of fresh RBCs, platelet-leukocyte interaction seems to supplement other mechanisms of leukocyte retention. The interactions of cells with biomaterials is an area of important research for implantable medical devices, artificial organs, and orthopedic, vascular, and dental prosthetics. Research in these areas is likely to contribute to improved biomaterials for blood filters. Improved techniques for the preparation of hybrid polymers and new techniques for surface modification of existing polymers will increase the technical opportunities for the development of synthetic surfaces ideally designed for leukocyte removal. It is therefore likely that the performance of leukocyte-removal filters will continue to improve. The development of cost-effective leukocyte removal filters specifically designed for use during component preparation would permit leukocyte depletion of all cellular blood components.
The Perceived Medical Condition Self-Management Scale applied to persons with HIV/AIDS

The Perceived Medical Condition Self-Management Scale (PMCSMS), a generic instrument developed to assess self-management self-efficacy in specific medical conditions, was tailored for use with HIV+ individuals and administered to 125 HIV+ adults, predominantly men. Cronbach's alpha was 0.78, indicating internal consistency reliability. Correlations between the Perceived HIV Self-Management Scale (PHIVSMS) and other validated psychometric instruments measuring generalized self efficacy, dispositional optimism, depressive symptoms, positive and negative affect and HIV quality of life demonstrate the validity of using this scale with an HIV population. The PMCSMS has broad utility as a generic template that can easily be adapted to different medical conditions.
Asymptotic expansions for renewal measures in the plane

Let P be a distribution in the plane and define the renewal measure R=ΣP*nwhere * denotes convolution. The main results of this paper are three term asymptotic expansions for R far from the origin. As an application, expansions are obtained for distributions in linear boundary crossing problems.
Bachelors, Divorcees, and Widowers: Does Marriage Protect Men from Type 2 Diabetes?

While research has suggested that being married may confer a health advantage, few studies to date have investigated the role of marital status in the development of type 2 diabetes. We examined whether men who are not married have increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Men (n = 41,378) who were free of T2D in 1986, were followed for ≤22 years with biennial reports of T2D, marital status and covariates. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare risk of incident T2D by marital status (married vs unmarried and married vs never married, divorced/separated, or widowed). There were 2,952 cases of incident T2D. Compared to married men, unmarried men had a 16% higher risk of developing T2D (95%CI:1.04,1.30), adjusting for age, family history of diabetes, ethnicity, lifestyle and body mass index (BMI). Relative risks (RR) for developing T2D differed for divorced/separated (1.09 [95%CI: 0.94,1.27]), widowed (1.29 [95%CI:1.06,1.57]), and never married (1.17 [95%CI:0.91,1.52]) after adjusting for age, family history of diabetes and ethnicity. Adjusting for lifestyle and BMI, the RR for T2D associated with widowhood was no longer significant (RR:1.16 [95%CI:0.95,1.41]). When allowing for a 2-year lag period between marital status and disease, RRs of T2D for widowers were augmented and borderline significant (RR:1.24 [95%CI:1.00,1.54]) after full adjustment. In conclusion, not being married, and more specifically, widowhood was more consistently associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in men and this may be mediated, in part, through unfavorable changes in lifestyle, diet and adiposity.
Infrared Studies of the Decomposition Products from a Controlled Sanitary Landfill

The use of "sanitary landfills" for the disposal of municipal solid wastes is quite prevalent in the United States and accounts for over 50% of the mechanisms currently used for urban refuse disposal. The decomposition processes which occur are primarily biological in nature and are the result of anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms. This biological action is responsible for most of the gases that are produced in the landfill. However, in addition to the biological activities, the contributions to quasi-decomposition from chemical engineering-chemistry processes should be considered. These processes involve a liquid medium, water, which is present at the landfill in the form of ground water or rainfall. Water contributes to the quasi-decomposition of the landfill contents by leaching, solubility, reactions, etc. These operations contribute to environmental degradation by soil contamination and possible water supply pollution.
Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from OH Radical-Initiated Reactions of Linear, Branched, and Cyclic Alkanes in the Presence of NOx

The effects of molecular structure on the products and mechanisms of SOA formation from OH radical-initiated reactions of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes in the presence of NO x were investigated in a series of environmental chamber experiments. SOA mass spectra were obtained in real time and off line using a thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer and used to identify reaction products. Real-time mass spectra were used to classify products according to their temporal behavior, and off-line temperature-programmed thermal desorption analysis of collected SOA was used to separate products by volatility prior to mass spectral analysis and to gain information on compound vapor pressures. A reaction mechanism that includes gas- and particle-phase reactions was developed that explains the formation of SOA products and is consistent with the various lines of mass spectral information. Results indicate that the SOA products formed from the reactions of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes are simi...
Mating frequency in male chickens: long-term selection

Twenty-three generations of bidirectional selection in male chickens (Gallus domesticus) for number of completed matings resulted in widely diverse mating behavior in the high and low lines. Selection caused a steady increase in cumulative number of completed matings (CNCMs) of the high line with a realized heritability of 0.18±0.02. In contrast, selection for decreased CNCMs caused many males to pass a threshold below which they would not mate naturally. Changes in male mating behavior were not accompanied by changes in mating behavior of females.
Influence of inversions upon precipitation deposition of radioactive aerosols

The role of the tropopause as a thermal barrier to aerosol transport and direct stratospheric tapping by precipitation processes has been studied extensively. Several different transport mechanisms across this inversion, including some involving precipitation-scavenging processes, have been postulated. Gradients of radioactive aerosols are also expected across low-level inversions within the troposphere. These are generally more accessible for experimental study. Several of our studies on the meteorological influences on radioactive aerosol deposition by precipitation have involved the presence of inversions, both at the tropopause and at low levels. The inversion aspects of three prior studies are reviewed. The first involves the penetration of the tropopause by convective storms. Radiochemical and radar-meteorological analyses of two severe storms in Oklahoma in May 1963, both of which penetrated to heights above the tropopause, are compared to data for three contemporary convective storms in central Pennsylvania none of which penetrated the tropopause. The second concerns the changes in radioactivity concentration in precipitation associated with the overturning of the marine layer during a Pacific extratropical cyclone sampled at Santa Barbara, California, on February 7, 1962. The third involves an examination of the vertical distribution and transport by air motion and precipitation across the trade wind inversion at Hawaii during periods in 1963 and 1964. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00264.x
The supernatural as language game

. For many in the Anglo-American tradition of language analysis, Ludwig Wittgenstein, the great progenitor of twentieth-century philosophy of language, showed conclusively that theological terms lack any referent in reality and therefore represent a discourse that can do no more than manifest the existential attitudes that speakers take toward reality as a whole. To think that such terms represent more is to be bewitched by the use of language. Is it possible, however, that theological language references a fundamental human drive? In this article I reexamine the dyad of nature and supernature from the perspective of Wittgenstein's philosophy. Perhaps surprisingly, Wittgenstein's thought on the subject offers much more than his famous, terse aphorism at the conclusion of his first masterwork, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus ([1921] 1961, 74, §7): “What we cannot speak about we must pass over in silence.” Furthermore, the basic Tractarian drive to determine the relationship between language and reality, which is redirected but not extinguished in Wittgenstein's second, divergent, opus, the Philosophical Investigations ([1953] 1967), may be the place for a renewed examination of what the supernatural means in human discourse. Does talk of God give expression to the fundamental transcendence of human knowledge? Is it a language game we can eschew?
Serotonergic Function, Behavioral Disinhibition, and Negative Affect in Children of Alcoholics: The Moderating Effects of Puberty

Background: Serotonergic (5-HT) dysfunction has been implicated in both behavioral disinhibition and negative affect in adults. Although our group’s previous work found decreased whole blood 5-HT in high versus low behavior problem children of alcoholics, some childiadolescent studies report conflicting results, and 5-HTs role in negative affect has been largely unexamined. Age-related developmental factors may play a role in these relationships. Methods: This report is from an ongoing prospective study of the development of risk for alcohol abuseidependence and other problematic outcomes in a sample of families subtyped by father’s alcoholism classification. The present study extends previous work and examines relationships between whole blood 5-HT and both child behavioral disinhibition (an aggression index from the Child Behavior Checklist) and negative affect (Child Behavior Checklist Amious/Depressed scale) in offspring from 47 families (N = 45 boys and 17 girls; mean age = 10.88 2 2.03 yr). Results: The most important finding was that puberty moderated relationships between 5-HT and both behavioral disinhibition and negative affect with a relationship for pubescent children (n = 14, r = -0.54, p = 0.05; r = -0.57,~ = 0.04, respectively) but no relationship for prepubescent children (n = 48, r = 0.05, p = 0.75; r = -0.15,~ = 0.31, respectively). Conclusions: The moderating effects of puberty may help clarify inconsistencies in childiadolescent literature. Furthermore, there appears to be a relationship between 5-HT and negative affect which parallels that between 5-HT and behavioral disinhibition. Pubertal status may be an important variable to evaluate as a moderator in relation to the developmental context of the role 5-HT dysfunction may play in various models of behavior related to alcoholism over the early life course.
The cloned polC gene of Bacillus subtilis: characterization of the azp12 mutation and controlled in vitro synthesis of active DNA polymerase III.

Abstract Wild type (wt) Bacillus subtilis polC and polC azp12, a mutant derivative specifying a form of DNA polymerase III resistant to hydroxyphenylazopyrimidines, were cloned as genomic fragments approximating the length required to encode the entire polymerase. The cloned DNA fragments were subjected to restriction and partial sequence analysis to locate the 5′ end of the polC-specific coding sequence and the azpl2 mutation, which was identified as a T → G transversion specifying replacement of serine with alanine. The cloned wt and azp12-coding sequences were recloned in an Escherichia coli expression vector with their respective 5′ ends under the control of the bacteriophage λ pL promoter and cIts857-encoded repressor. In response to induction, the wt- and azp12-specific recombinant plasmids expressed active DNA polymerases indistinguishable from the native enzymes derived from the respective B. subtilis hosts.