cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of Bacillus globigii by chlorination: A hierarchical Bayesian model

Recent events in which spores of Bacillus anthracis have been used as a bioterrorist weapon have prompted interest in determining the resistance of this organism to commonly used disinfectants, such as chlorine and ozone. This work was undertaken to study the effect of temperature over the range of 5°C to 30°C for pH levels of 7 or 8, on the inactivation kinetics of the spores of Bacillus globigii and to evaluate whether these spores could serve as a surrogate for the spores of B . anthracis in chlorine inactivation studies in water. The delayed Chick-Watson model, i.e. a lag phase followed by pseudo-first order rate of inactivation, was found to adequately describe the inactivation kinetics of B . globigii . Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation method was used to estimate the length of the lag phase and the post-lag phase rate constant. As expected, the length of the lag phase decreased with increasing temperature and the post-lag phase rate constant increased with increasing temperature. A hierarchical Bayesian modelling approach was used to model the kinetic parameters of the inactivation model as functions of temperature. The MCMC simulation method was used to estimate the minimum CT requirement (with safety factor) for 99% inactivation of B . globigii .
"You're Doing What?".

A physician in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of California, Davis, debuts an online journal detailing his experiences as an area medical officer in Eastern Africa for the U.S. Peace Corps. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Financial Abuse and Exploitation in Pennsylvania: The Importance of Early Response and Clearer Lines for Recovery

Protection of older adults from exploitation requires a careful balance. On the one hand is the concern for individual autonomy; on the other hand, there is increasing recognition of the potential for vulnerability to influence, manipulation or outright fraud. Pennsylvania is considering amendment of its Older Adult Protective Services Act. Professor Pearson's written testimony for hearings in December 2013 addresses measures to encourage early reporting of suspicions of abuse by banks and other financial instittutions. Further, to assist in early recovery, Professor Pearson recommends adoption of a private right of action under the Act to provide statutory grounds for recovery of money or other property, or appropriate injunctive relief.
High-dimensional OLAP: a minimal cubing approach

Data cube has been playing an essential role in fast OLAP (online analytical processing) in many multi-dimensional data warehouses. However, there exist data sets in applications like bioinformatics, statistics, and text processing that are characterized by high dimensionality, e.g., over 100 dimensions, and moderate size, e.g., around 106 tuples. No feasible data cube can be constructed with such data sets. In this paper we will address the problem of developing an efficient algorithm to perform OLAP on such data sets. Experience tells us that although data analysis tasks may involve a high dimensional space, most OLAP operations are performed only on a small number of dimensions at a time. Based on this observation, we propose a novel method that computes a thin layer of the data cube together with associated value-list indices. This layer, while being manageable in size, will be capable of supporting flexible and fast OLAP operations in the original high dimensional space. Through experiments we will show that the method has I/O costs that scale nicely with dimensionality. Furthermore, the costs are comparable to that of accessing an existing data cube when full materialization is possible.
Calcificación del Infundibulum aórtico en la persistencia del conducto arterioso

Se han presentado 4 casos de persistencia del conducto arterioso en los que se observo calcificacion de la region del ductus en la placa radiografica. La imagen radiologica caracteristica corresponde a un deposito de calcio en las paredes aorticas proximas a la abertura aortica del ductus. Esta zona ha sido identificada como el infundibulum aortico. En una revision de los casos publicados de persistencia del conducto arterioso con calcificaciones reconocidas en la autopsia o en radiografias, se pudo observar que la edad de los pacientes se distribuyo de los 29 a los 79 anos. La calcificacion se presento en casos con y sin hipertension pulmonar, aunque los primeros estuvieron en mayoria. El hallazgo de la calcificacion caracteristica ayuda en el diagnostico del conducto arterioso permeable con hipertension pulmonar, y sobre todo en el diagnostico diferencial entre ductus permeable con shunt invertido y el gran defecto interventricular con shunt de derecha a izquierda (complejo de Eisenmanger), cuyas manifestaciones clinicas son muy parecidas. La calcificacion apareceria como un resultado del flujo aumentado a nivel del infundibulim y del orificio aortico del ductus. La calcificacion no contraindica la operacion, si esta es considerada necesaria.
Stroke in women.

Stroke is the leading cause of disability in women in the US; it is the third leading cause of death. 200000 of the 500000 new stroke victims each year are women. Approximately 90000 American women die each year from a stroke which accounts for 60% of all stroke deaths. The mortality rate for stroke is 16% in women and 8% in men. Risk factors for men and women are similar except for pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives. These include hypertension cigarette smoking and heart disease. Hypertension is the leading risk factor; the prevalence of hypertension as a risk factor is 2 times higher in Afro-American women than it is in Caucasians. Treatment of hypertension including systolic elevations effectively reduces the risk. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for stroke and for the development of carotid atherosclerosis. Women who smoke have a 3-fold increase in risk of stroke which increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and decreases with cessation of smoking. Cardiac disease second to hypertension as a risk factor accounts for approximately 20% of strokes. The incidence of atrial fibrillation although more common in men at all ages in women approaches that of men after age 80. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation study suggests that patients younger than 75 with no risk factors of congestive heart failure hypertension or prior thromboembolism should take aspirin; those with risk factors should receive long-term low-dose warfarin therapy. Neither drug provides protection for those over 75. Although mitral valve prolapse is twice as common in women as in men women with this condition are not more prone to have a stroke. High-dose estrogen oral contraceptives are associated with an incidence of stroke that is 9 times greater especially in women who are over 35 and smoke or who are over 35 and hypertensive. Postmenopausal use of conjugated estrogens appears to reduce the risk of vascular disease. Pregnancy increases the risk of stroke 3-13 times. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is more common in women. 95% of persons with FMD were women in 1 study. Therapy prevention for stroke includes aspirin ticlopidine or warfarin.
Methods for embryo dissociation and analysis of cell adhesion

Publisher Summary This chapter provides methods for studying cell adhesion in the sea urchin embryo. Cell adhesion is an important component of any multicellular organism and dynamic changes in adhesion are crucial to morphogenesis. It is of great value to have assays for assessment of adhesive mechanisms and for the experimental analysis of adhesive changes that occur during development. This chapter gives assays and formularies for several sea urchin species commonly in use around the world. Methods used for eliminating extraembryonic and extracellular matrices are also discussed. The most significant impediment to embryo dissociation is the hyaline layer, which is an extracellular matrix surrounding the embryo. This layer is softened and then removed using hyaline extraction medium (HEM). The chapter describes a series of nonquantitative and semiquantitative adhesion assays and a more quantitative adhesion assay. Quantitative adhesion assay is adapted to a microscale for the analysis of control cells versus cells from embryos perturbed by injection of an RNA or morpholinos.
Moment Closure for the Stochastic Logistic Model

Continuous-time birth-death Markov processes serve as useful models in population biology. When the birth-death rates are nonlinear, the time evolution of the first n order moments of the population is not closed, in the sense that it depends on moments of order higher than n. For analysis purpose, the time evolution of the first n order moments is often made to be closed by approximating these higher order moments as a nonlinear function of moments up to order n, which we refer to as the moment closure function. In this paper, a systematic procedure for constructing moment closure functions of arbitrary order is presented for the stochastic logistic model. We obtain the moment closure function by first assuming a certain separable form for it, and then matching time derivatives of the exact (not closed) moment equations with that of the approximate (closed) equations for some initial time and set of initial conditions. The separable structure ensures that the steady-state solutions for the approximate equations are unique, positive and real, while the derivative matching guarantees a good approximation, at-least locally in time. Moreover, the accuracy of the approximation can be improved by increasing the order of the approximate model.To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to propose a systematic procedure to construct moment closure functions of arbitrary order that guarantee biologically meaningful equilibria. A host of other moment closure functions previously proposed in the literature are also investigated. Among these we show that only the ones that achieve derivative matching provide a close approximation to the exact solution. Moreover, we improve the accuracy of several previously proposed moment closure functions by forcing derivative matching. However, for certain ranges of parameter models, moment closure functions that lack the separability property lead to biologically meaningless scenarios of imaginary and even stable negative steady-states of the closed moment equations.
The California Missions Preservation Act: Safeguarding our History or Subsidizing Religion?

Introduction 1524 I. Background 1525 A. California Missions Preservation Act 1525 B. Federal Historic Preservation Grants to Religious Properties and Prior Aid For California Missions 1528 C. Facial Challenge to the California Missions Preservation Act 1530 D. Establishment Clause Jurisprudence on Government Aid to Religious Properties 1532 II. The Missions Act has Neither the Purpose Nor the Effect of Advancing Religion 1536 A. Secular Purpose of the Missions Act 1536 B. Effect of the Missions Act 1538 1. Missions Act does not subsidize religion 1539 2. Missions Act does not define recipients based on religion 1544 3. Missions Act does not cause excessive government entanglement with religion 1546 III. Denying Historic Preservation Funding to the California Missions would be Adversarial Toward Religion 1548 A. General Government Services 1548 B. Content/Viewpoint Discrimination 1551
Homologues of Twisted gastrulation are extracellular cofactors in antagonism of BMP signalling

Twisted gastrulation (TSG) is involved in specifying the dorsal-most cell fate in Drosophila embryos, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. TSG has been proposed to modify the action of Short gastrulation (SOG), thereby increasing signalling by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) Decapentaplegic. SOG, an inhibitor of BMP signalling, is in turn inactivated by the protease Tolloid. Here we identify Tsg gene products from human, mouse, Xenopus, zebrafish and chick. Expression patterns in mouse and Xenopus embryos are consistent with in vivo interactions between Tsg, BMPs and the vertebrate SOG orthologue, chordin. We show that Tsg binds both the vertebrate Decapentaplegic orthologue BMP4 and chordin, and that these interactions have multiple effects. Tsg increases chordin's binding of BMP4, potentiates chordin's ability to induce secondary axes in Xenopus embryos, and enhances chordin cleavage by vertebrate tolloid-related proteases at a site poorly used in Tsg's absence; also, the presence of Tsg enhances the secondary axis-inducing activity of two products of chordin cleavage. We conclude that Tsg acts as a cofactor in chordin's antagonism of BMP signalling.
Horticultural Applications of a Newly Revised USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map

This is a scanned version of a published article. The original can be found at: http://horttech.ashspublications.org/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work.
A framework for designing efficient value chain networks

Strategic interorganizational networks aid organizations in gaining competitive advantages and improving production efficiencies. Network organizations, virtual corporations, and value-adding partnerships are envisioned by many experts as the epitome of interorganizational networks for the 21st century. These multi-organizational structures are viewed as a solution for rapid introduction of products while maintaining high quality and minimal costs. One common key issue in designing these new forms of organizations is the partner selection process. The business processes, owned by organizational partners, must be efficient both individually and as a collective group. This paper proposes a two-phase quantitative framework to aid the decision making process in effectively selecting an efficient and a compatible set of partners. Phase 1 identifies efficient candidates for each type of business process (e.g. design, manufacturing, distribution, etc.) utilizing data envelopment analysis. Phase 2 involves the execution of an integer goal programming model to determine the best portfolio of efficient partners based on a number of compatibility objectives. Model application and insights are evident through an illustrative example.
Bioidentical hormones for maturing women

Despite medical progress, climacteric symptoms still exist. With the coming of age of the baby boomers, more and more women will be experiencing these symptoms which may be adversely affecting their lives. Mistrust of the medical community and prescription drugs has led many to search for that perfect product which will ameliorate their symptoms, with less or no risk. They are turning to compounded bioidentical hormones. However, the term is somewhat nebulous and ill defined. In this review, the term will be explained and evidence regarding efficacy and safety discussed.
Bacteria that Glide with Helical Tracks

Many bacteria glide smoothly on surfaces, despite having no discernable propulsive organelles on their surface. Recent experiments with Myxococcus xanthus and Flavobacterium johnsoniae show that both of these distantly related bacterial species glide using proteins that move in helical tracks, albeit with significantly different motility mechanisms. Both species utilize proton-motive force for movement. Although the motors that power gliding in M. xanthus have been identified, the F. johnsoniae motors remain to be discovered.
Effect of Transient Loads on Fatigue Crack Growth in Solution Treated and Aged Ti-62222 at −54, 25, and 175°C

Transient loads consisting of single tensile overloads and single tensile overloads followed by single compressive underloads were applied to Ti-62222 solution treated and aged titanium alloy at −54, 25, and 175°C. Tensile overload ratios were 2.0 and 2.5, and the compressive underload ratio was −0.5. Four reference steady state ΔKss values, using constant δK testing at R = 0.1, were investigated at each temperature. Cycles of delay, fatigue crack growth during delay, and minimum fatigue crack growth rate during a transient load were obtained for all tests. Cycles of delay ranged from zero to crack arrest. Higher tensile overloads caused greater delay cycles, and underloads were often detrimental. Low and high temperatures were primarily beneficial to delay cycles relative to those at room temperature. Crack growth delay distance was always greater than the pertinent reversed plastic zone size. Fatigue crack growth life predictions were made using FASTRAN III and AFGROW computer programs and produced both conservative and non-conservative results with more than half the predictions being within ±2 of the experimental results. Macro- and microfractography revealed surface crack closure, Mode II displacements, crack tip blunting, branching, and tunneling contributed to the transient fatigue crack growth behavior.
Batch sorption by ligand exchange: determination of intraparticle diffusivity

A mathematical model has been developed to describe batch sorption by ligand exchange. A ligand is sorbed onto an exchange sorbent from a finite bath. The sorbent particles are uniformly suspended in the fluid bath volume. The transport mechanisms are diffusion through the solid sorbent and external film diffusion. The equilibrium between the solid and fluid phase is described by a Langmuir isotherm. Two approaches are presented for representing the intraparticle mass transfer—diffusion in a pseudohomogeneous solid accompanied by sorption and diffusion through a saturated region to an unreacted shrinking core. The solid diffusion model, consisting of a partial differential equation, has been solved numerically by orthogonal collocation. The shrinking core model, a single ordinary differential equation, has been solved by conventional numerical integration. Both models successfully correlated data on diffusion of ammonia in copper-complexed carboxylic acid type ion exchange resin. The resultant sorbent dif...
Quality of life after laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease

Abstract Background. Bilateral adrenalectomy to control symptoms of Cushing's disease after failed transsphenoidal operation is effective. We examined surgical outcomes and quality of life after laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy for the treatment of Cushing's disease. Methods. Eighteen patients underwent laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy from November 1994 through December 2000. Patient data were obtained from chart reviews. Patients completed a follow-up survey including the SF-36 health survey (QualityMetric Inc, Lincoln, Neb). Results. Laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy was accomplished in all 18 patients. There was 1 intraoperative complication of a colotomy, and 2 postoperative complications including 1 pancreatic pseudocyst and 1 hemorrhage. Three patients died at 12, 19, and 50 months after operation. At a median follow-up of 29 months, patients reported improvement in all Cushing's-related symptoms. Nine of 11 patients who responded to the survey stated their heath was improved after adrenalectomy. Results of the SF-36 health survey showed significantly lower scores in all 8 measured parameters when compared with the general population. Conclusions: Results of laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy show this procedure is comparable with open adrenalectomy in controlling symptoms of Cushing's disease. Despite patient reported improvement in health after adrenalectomy, this patient population continues to experience poor health as measured by the SF-36 when compared with the general population. (Surgery 2002;132:1064-9.)
A Journey from n-Heptane to Liquid Transportation Fuels. 1. The Role of the Allylic Radical and Its Related Species in Aromatic Precursor Chemistry

The Utah normal heptane mechanism compiled from submechanisms in the literature was extended into a detailed normal decane combustion mechanism, which is a subset of the Utah surrogate mechanisms. Few species have greater impact on the concentrations of other species than the allyl radical CH2CH═CH2. Reactions involving the allyl radical and its isomers determine the concentration levels of all olefins, most higher unsaturated species, and benzene. To correctly predict the concentration of benzene, the reaction rates involving allyl-radical-related species need to be accurate and the concentration profiles of these species need to be satisfactory. Kinetic rates found in the literature are compared in the current work for various reference reactions that involve the allylic radicals. The improvements in numerical predictions of unsaturated species are achieved after a rigorous study in finding reliable reaction rates and kinetic correlations between various species. Some of these rates are adopted as the g...
Abstract: Matrix Decomposition Based Conjugate Gradient Solver for Poisson Equation

Finding a fast solver for the Poisson equation is important for many scientific applications. In this work, we design and develop a matrix decomposition based Conjugate Gradient (CG) solver, which leverages Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) clusters to accelerate the calculation of the Poisson equation. Our experiments show that the new CG solver is highly scalable and achieves significant speedup over a CPU-based Multi-Grid (MG) solver.
A Brand Equity Strategy for Ultra‐Premium California Wines

Despite nearly universal agreement that ultra‐premium California wines have reached a quality level which is on a par with the world's best, these wines have not captured the hearts and minds of many traditional buyers of the best wines in the international marketplace. These California wines face several competitive disadvantages — the lack of a sustained track record over a long period of time; comparatively small production levels; the lack of an established pecking order; and, a less‐than‐optimal distribution system, among other factors. As a result, brand equity of California ultra‐premium wines has suffered. This paper modifies and extends the paradigms of both Aaker and Keller by specifying a brand equity model that captures the dimensions of brand equity for ultra‐premium California wine producers. Evaluating current marketing practice against the derived model, the authors suggest marketing strategies and tactics that may permit ultra‐premium California wines to overcome many of their competitive disadvantages with the objective of enhancing brand equity.
Determinants of calcium loading at steady state in sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract The determinants of steady-state calcium loading by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were evaluated by measuring the contribution of different pathways of calcium flux to the total calcium flux at steady state. The diffusional passive pathway was least significant at all calcium loads studied. Diffusional passive calcium flux was evaluated by a number of methods which gave comparable results and support its designation as passive and diffusional. These methods included (a) flux measurements with the simple pump-leak system which pertains when acetyl phosphate is used to load the vesicles; (b) flux measurements made after quenching the pump with EGTA; (c) flux measurements made after quenching the pump with glucose plus hexokinase; and (d) evaluation of the effect of pump activity on the efflux of mannitol. The calcium efflux not accounted for by the diffusional pathway was assigned to non-diffusional pathways. Efflux through the non-diffusional pathways required ATP, ADP and extravesicular Ca 2+ . The ADP-dependent, phosphoenzyme-independent pathway described by Beirao and DeMeis (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1976) 433, 520–530) was not significantly involved in efflux. We propose that the level of calcium loading achieved at steady state is determined by the levels of the intermediates of the calcium pump which are established at this pseudo-equilibrium condition, these levels being determined by the concentrations of intravesicular and extravesicular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i and [Ca 2+ ] o ), ATP and ADP. The different levels of calcium loading achieved by skeletal and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum are attributed to different nucleotide and calcium kinetics in these two types of sarcoplasmic reticulum and possibly to different intravesicular volumes. Differences in diffusional permeability are not responsible for differences in calcium loading.
Equation of state, neutron stars and exotic phases

Abstract The role of the equation of state in the structure of neutron stars is summarized. At densities beyond a few times the normal nuclear saturation density, the neutron-proton-electron sea can be supplemented with more exotic matter, usually involving strangeness, such as hyperons, kaon or pion condensates, and deconfined quark matter. In the case of a boson condensate or deconfined quark matter, the exotic matter may form a mixed-phase region with the hadronic matter. Global aspects of neutron stars, such as radii, moments of inertia and the maximum mass, can be related to specific properties of matter at selected density ranges. Recent observations of isolated neutron stars and pulsars in binaries are beginning to yield significant constraints on structural properties of neutron stars and hence on the properties and composition of neutron-rich nuclear matter.
Aortic Arch Complex Anomalies: 20-Year Experience with Symptoms, Diagnosis, Associated Cardiac Defects, and Surgical Repair

To better understand the clinical presentation and surgical management of children with aortic arch complex anomalies (``vascular rings''), a retrospective study was performed on patients who presented to Children's National Medical Center between the years 1969 and 1989. A total of 59 patients were identified ranging in age at admission from birth to 14 years, of whom 35 (59%) were male and 24 (41%) female. Patients were classified into four major subtypes based on their surgical anatomy, with 29 (49%) patients having right aortic arch and left ductus/ligamentum arteriosus, 21 (36%) double aortic arch, 6 (10%) anomalous left pulmonary artery, and 3 (5%) arch artery anomaly (no ring); 19 patients (32%) had associated cardiac defects. The mean (±SD) age at onset of symptoms was 4.6 ± 14.0 months, and the age at surgical repair was 18 ± 34 months. There were no intraoperative mortalities, but two late deaths occurred. Three (5%) patients had a surgical complication. In contrast to previous studies, the incidence of nonring lesions was lower and associated cardiac defects higher. Forty-nine percent of patients had symptoms present at birth, and patients with associated cardiac disease did not present earlier than those without. In patients with right aortic arch and left ductus/ligamentum arteriosus, few had an anomalous left subclavian artery. Finally, equal dominance of the arches was most frequent in patients with double aortic arch. Aortic arch complex anomalies present symptomatically in a variety of ways, and noninvasive methods are used to identify the specific lesion and associated cardiac defects. Surgical repair is associated with low or no mortality in patients with uncomplicated aortic arch complex anomalies.
Stereoselectivity Control by Oxaspiro Rings during Diels−Alder Cycloadditions to Cross-Conjugated Cyclohexadienones: The Syn Oxygen Phenomenon

The diastereofacial selectivity operating in Diels−Alder additions involving spirocyclic cross-conjugated cyclohexadienones with dienes of varying reactivity has been investigated. The study has included the ether series 1a−c as well as the lactone/ketone pair 2a/2b. In all cases, the preferred [4+2] cycloaddition pathway consisted of bonding from that π-surface syn to the oxygen atom. 4-Substituted-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienones (monocyclic systems) were also examined and found to undergo bond formation preferentially from the face bearing the more electron-withdrawing of the two groups at the 4 position. Kinetic parameters were determined for the cycloaddition of 1a and 2a to cyclopentadiene. The rate acceleration profile of solvents was in the order CF3CH2OH ≫ CH3CN∼CH2Cl2 for the production of 9a from 1a and CF3CH2OH ≫ CH2Cl2 > CH3CN for the production of 21a from 2a, respectively. This spread in polarity had no major impact on product distribution, a phenomenon also reflected in the behavior of 4-sub...
Ethane hydrogenolysis on silica-supported RhAg catalysts

Abstract Several series of silica-supported RhAg catalysts have been characterized by nitrogen adsorption (BET), hydrogen and carbon monoxide chemisorption, X-ray diffraction line-broadening analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The two metals are shown to interact and, based on the chemisorption and XPS results, the catalysts are modeled as small crystallites of Rh with Ag deposited on the surface in a thin layer, perhaps only one atom thick. While chemisorption of hydrogen and carbon monoxide decreases as the Ag/Rh ratio increases, the rate of specific ethane hydrogenolysis is nearly constant. This is interpreted in terms of the manner in which Ag is deposited on the Rh crystallites, i.e., it forms islands of complete coverage and leaves patches of bare Rh.
Three-Year-Old Pink Salmon in Lake Superior Tributaries

Abstract Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), introduced into Lake Superior in 1956, were believed to have a 2-year life cycle and spawn only in odd-numbered years. We collected 28 even-year spawners from three Lake Superior tributaries in 1978. Scale examination and the large size (as compared to 2-year-old salmon of the same year class) proved that at least 21 of the 28 were 3-year-old pink salmon. Only three such salmon have been reported previously from North America.
Optical Design with Gradient-Index Elements Constrained to Real Material Properties

An approach for designing and optimizing optical systems with gradient-index elements constrained to real material properties is detailed. Any two-component GRIN system can be modeled with these tools, providing a way to explore new design spaces.
Stimulus processing and response execution: A neurobehavioral theory

Abstract Two major systems are postulated to form the substrate for behavior. System I, associated with the reticular formation, is a response organization and execution mechanism. System II, associated with limbic-midbrain structures, is a stimulus-processing, attentional mechanism. The relation between these two systems is reciprocally inhibitory. By virtue of this reciprocity, stimulus processing leads to response selection. Response execution leads to selective attention. The extrapyramidal system, a phylogenetically old system, is viewed as having properties of both System I and System II, the mode being indicated by the activity of hippocampus.
William James on a phenomenological psychology of immediate experience: The true foundation for a science of consciousness?:

Throughout his career, William James defended personal consciousness. In his "Principles of Psychology" (1890), he declared that psychology is the scientific study of states of consciousness as such and that he intended to presume from the outset that the thinker was the thought. But while writing it, he had been investigating a dynamic psychology of the subconscious, which found a major place in his Gifford Lectures, published as "The Varieties of Religious Experience" in 1902. This was the clearest statement James was able to make before he died with regard to his developing tripartite metaphysics of pragmatism, pluralism and radical empiricism, which essentially asked "Is a science of consciousness actually possible?" James's lineage in this regard, was inherited from an intuitive psychology of character formation that had been cast within a context of spiritual self-realization by the Swedenborgians and Transcendentalists of New England. Chief among these was his father, Henry James, Sr., and his godfather, Ralph Waldo Emerson. However, james was forced to square these ideas with the more rigorous scientific dictates of his day, which have endured to the present. As such, his ideas remain alive and vibrant, particularly among those arguing for the fusion of phenomenology, embodiment and cognitive neuroscience in the renewed search for a science of consciousness.
España: Bibliografía de un teatro “silenciado.”

(1981). Espana: Bibliografia de un teatro “silenciado.”. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 182-183.
Rationale and technique for occlusal equilibration

Abstract The four basic philosophies of occlusion have been discussed. Certain areas of agreement and conflict have been pointed out with an interpretation of existing information. A rationale has been given for the selection of bilateral balanced occlusion for complete dentures and unilateral (working side) contact for fixed restorations. A technique of occlusal equilibration that is used to implement these objectives has been presented in simplified form.
Congenital cytomegalovirus: Public health action towards awareness, prevention, and treatment

Key awareness issues surrounding congenital CMV infection are outlined and discussed to provide inspirational motivation for many diverse groups who may have the same goal of reducing congenital CMV disease. To this end, steps for public health action towards awareness, prevention and treatment are outlined. These steps include recommendations for universal screening for all newborns for congenital CMV infection at birth to further define the public health impact and facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of newborns, routine prenatal screening of all pregnant women for the presence of CMV antibody to identify women at risk who may benefit most from preventive behavioral interventions as well as to facilitate prenatal diagnosis and therapies, and grass roots efforts to promote CMV awareness in the community.
An efficient method for solving highly anisotropic elliptic equations

Solving elliptic PDEs in more than one dimension can be a computationally expensive task. For some applications characterized by a high degree of anisotropy in the coefficients of the elliptic operator, such that the term with the highest derivative in one direction is much larger than the terms in the remaining directions, the discretized elliptic operator often has a very large condition number - taking the solution even further out of reach using traditional methods. This paper will demonstrate a solution method for such ill-behaved problems. The high condition number of the D-dimensional discretized elliptic operator will be exploited to split the problem into a series of well-behaved one and (D-1)-dimensional elliptic problems. This solution technique can be used alone on sufficiently coarse grids, or in conjunction with standard iterative methods, such as Conjugate Gradient, to substantially reduce the number of iterations needed to solve the problem to a specified accuracy. The solution is formulated analytically for a generic anisotropic problem using arbitrary coordinates, hopefully bringing this method into the scope of a wide variety of applications.
Phytoplankton succession during acidification with and without increasing aluminum levels.

Abstract An in situ mesocosm experiment was performed to investigate the role of aluminum in controlling phytoplankton community succession during lake acidification. Large (2000 liter) mesocosms were suspended in mesotrophic East Twin Lake, Ohio, USA. Duplicates were either untreated controls (pH 8·8), acidified to pH 4·5 over 23 days, or acidified and spiked with 200 μg/liter Al in incremental additions. Filamentous blue greens, diatoms and other chrysophytes became extinct in both acid treatments, but declined most rapidly where Al levels were also increased. The large desmid Closterium and the filamentous chlorophyte Mougoetia became dominant in the Acid treatment. In the Acid + Al treatment, these algae also became dominant, but the species with greatest biomass was the dinoflagellate Peridinium inconspicuum . Acidification (with or without added Al) also resulted in a significant shift in the algal size spectrum to larger (> 20 μm) cells.
Hemoglobin Mobility in Citrate Agar Electrophoresis -Its Relationship to Anion Binding

(1982). Hemoglobin Mobility in Citrate Agar Electrophoresis -Its Relationship to Anion Binding. Hemoglobin: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 199-208.
Isolation and immunological characterization of a group of new B lymphomas from CBA mice.

We have isolated and characterized a new series of B lymphomas which occurred spontaneously in a group of CBAN mice that were transferred with spleen or lymph node cells from 24-month-old CBACa mice. Tumor cell lines from six CBAN mice that received spleen cells were rescued and designated as BKS-2, BKS-3, BKS-4, BKS-5, BKS-6, and BKS-7. Also, tumor cells from a recipient of lymph node cells were rescued and the resulting cell line was designated BKL. These tumor cells expressed membrane immunoglobulin (μ,κ), major histocompatibility complex Class I and Class II molecules, B220, Lyb8, Fc receptors, J11d, interleukin 2 receptors, and Ly1. All of the tumors did not express the T cell specific markers Thy 1.2, L3T4, and Lyt2.1. They appeared to be clonal in origin, since they exhibited common rearrangements at both heavy and light chain immunoglobulin loci. Phenotypically, these lymphomas appeared to be analogous to immature B cells. Also, these lymphomas displayed different functional reactivities when treated with various B cell mitogens and growth factors in vitro. Anti-μ antibodies which normally induce B cell growth inhibited the proliferation of these lymphoma cells in vitro, whereas they responded to lipopolysaccharide, T cell-derived growth factors, and interleukin 5 by enhanced proliferation. These tumor cells expressed constitutively high levels of c-myc mRNA.
Cardiocerebral Resuscitation: An Approach to Improving Survival of Patients With Primary Cardiac Arrest

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major public health problem. In the United States, OHCA accounts for more premature deaths than any other cause. For over a half-century, the national "Guidelines" for resuscitation have recommended the same initial treatment of primary and secondary cardiac arrests. Using this approach, the overall survival of patients with OHCA, while quite variable, was generally very poor. One reason is that the etiologies of cardiac arrests are not all the same. The vast majority of nontraumatic OHCA in adults are due to a "primary" cardiac arrest, rather than secondary to respiratory arrest. Decades of research and ongoing reviews of the literature led the University of Arizona Sarver Heart Center Resuscitation Research Group to conclude in 2003 that the national guidelines for patients with primary cardiac arrest were not optimal. Therefore, we instituted a new, nonguidelines approach to the therapy of primary cardiac arrest that dramatically improved survival. We called this approach cardiocerebral resuscitation (CCR), as it is the heart and the brain that are the most vulnerable and therefore need to be the focus of resuscitation efforts for these patients. In contrast, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be reserved for respiratory arrests. Cardiocerebral resuscitation evolved into 3 components: the community, with emphasis for lay individuals to "Check, Call, Compress" and use an automated external defibrillator if available; the Emergency Medical Services, that emphasizes delayed intubation in favor of passive ventilation, urgent and near continuous chest compressions before and immediately after a single indicated shock, and the early administration of epinephrine; and the third component, added in 2007, the designations of hospitals in Arizona that request this designation and agree to receive patients with return of spontaneous circulation following OHCA and to institute state-of-the-art postresuscitation care that includes urgent therapeutic mild hypothermia and cardiac catheterization as a Cardiac Receiving Center. Each component of CCR is critical for optimal survival of patients with primary OHCA. In each city, county, and state where CCR was instituted, the result was a marked increase in survival of the subgroup of patients with OHCA most likely to survive, for example, those with a shockable rhythm. The purpose of this invited article on CCR is to review this alternative approach to resuscitation of patients with primary cardiac arrest and to encourage its adoption worldwide so that more lives can be saved.
Nutrient and Phytoplankton Dynamics in a Sewage-Impacted Gulf Coast Estuary: A Field Test of the PEG-Model and Equilibrium Resource Competition Theory

Eutrophication and noxious bloom events are becoming more prevalent with increasing anthropogenic activities. To lessen ecological damage, there is a need to develop phytoplankton management programs aimed at enhancing growth of beneficial algae. The success of such management schemes with be dependent on the predictability of phytoplankton succession within the target system to a controlled perturbation. Freshwater lakes appear to exhibit a degree of predictability as described by the PEG-model and Equilibrium Resource Competition theory. We investigated whether these concepts could be applied to a marine system, the Nueces River estuary, Texas. The PEG-model predicted nicely the initial occurrence of edible phytoplankton forms after a favorable nutrient perturbation. Equilibrium Resource Competition theory, however, only successfully predicted the occurrence of major phytoplankton taxa immediately after a nutrient perturbation. Systemwide correlations between N:P and cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms were poor. In the Nueces River estuary, succession within the phytoplankton community showed a degree of predictability to nutrient perturbations. Therefore, management of the phytoplankton community composition may be possible. The PEG-model appears to be a useful guide for a phytoplankton management scheme, while the utility of Equilibrium Resource Competition may be limited.
Investigation of ethnic differences in body image between Hispanic/biethnic-Hispanic and non-Hispanic White preadolescent girls.

Abstract The extent to which the construct of body image is measurement invariant across ethnic groups is an important consideration for studies examining ethnic differences and characteristics that influence body image disturbances. However, the literature examining the body image construct as a function of ethnic group membership is limited. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether Hispanic/biethnic-Hispanic and non-Hispanic White preadolescent girls (aged 8 through 12 years old; N = 141) had fundamentally different conceptualizations of body image in a low to low/middle socioeconomic status school-based sample. Our findings suggest that the measurement construct of body image was similar and relatively stable for Hispanic/biethnic-Hispanic and non-Hispanic White preadolescent girls. In addition, the body image construct was predictably related to disordered eating symptoms in both groups, with different dimensions of body image differentially predictive by ethnic group. Overall, body image appears to be a meaningful construct with similar measurement meanings across Hispanic/biethnic-Hispanic and non-Hispanic White ethnic groups.
Safeguarding adults' referrals in the Eastern region: an investigation into varying referral rates

Purpose – This paper aims to respond to the findings of the initial phase of the Safeguarding Adults Programme (November 2009‐March 2010), which found an unexpected inverse relationship between referral rate for safeguarding adults and population size of local authority in the data captured from April 2008 to March 2009.Design/methodology/approach – An analysis of regional safeguarding referral rates relative to population with a breakdown by service groups was undertaken; statistics from the economic deprivation index (EDI) were also used. A questionnaire was designed and sent out to the authorities regarding thresholds, eligibility, definitions, advice and information available to referrers, accuracy of recording and public awareness. The data analysed here cover the following year's safeguarding referrals.Findings – The questionnaire revealed broad differences in thresholds, eligibility, definitions, advice and information available to referrers, accuracy of recording and public awareness campaigns acr...
Effects of Resonant Magnetic Fields on Chick Femoral Development In Vitro

To assess the possibility that specific ionic resonances can influence bone development, 8-day chick femoral rudiments were explanted to lens paper rafts in BGJb medium and exposed for 1/2 hr/day to combined 16 or 80 Hz, 2 × 10−5 T (Tesla) peak sinusoidal and various static magnetic fields tuned to calcium, magnesium, potassium (16 Hz), and combined Ca/Mg (80 Hz) ion cyclotron resonances (CR) for I days. Ca/Mg tuned cultures were also exposed to 24, 4, 1, and 1/2 hr/day regimes to test for dose-response. Tuning for Ca, Mg, or Ca/Mg increased rudiment length and mid-shaft diameter, diaphyseal collar length
A quantitative assessment on the placement practices of gas detectors in the process industries

Abstract Gas detection is an important safety system with interfaces to several other safety safeguards. However, the generality of the regulations, standards and recommended practices in conjunction with the inherent challenges of the gas detector placement problem, has resulted in a widespread use of prescriptive and qualitative detector placement strategies. In order to take advantage of the quantitative information provided by dispersion simulations, a stochastic programming formulation (SP-UV) was previously proposed, developed and validated by the authors. This formulation identifies the gas detector layout that minimizes the expected value of an overall damage coefficient (i.e., the minimization of a risk metric) given a set of dispersion scenarios. Results demonstrated the potential and suitability of numerical optimization to solve the gas detector placement problem while rigorously considering its inherent uncertainties. In this work, four existing approaches for gas detector placement were implemented and compared with the previously proposed quantitative optimization-based approach using three different performance metrics in accordance to the objectives of gas detection systems. Results provide evidence on the effectiveness of the use of dispersion simulations, and mathematical programming, to supplement the gas detector placement problem.
On Dynamic Loads in Parallel Shaft Transmissions: Part II—Parameter Study

Solutions to the governing equations of a spur gear transmission model, developed in NASA TM-100180 (AVSCOM TM-87-C-2), are presented. Factors affecting the dynamic load are identified. It is found that the dynamic load increases with operating speed up to a system natural frequency. At operating speeds beyond the natural frequency the dynamic load decreases dramatically. Also. it is found that the applied load and shaft inertia have little effect on the dynamic load. Damping and friction decrease the dynamic load. Finally, tooth stiffness has a significant effect on dynamic loading; the higher the stiffness, the lower the dynamic loading. Also, the higher the stiffness the higher the rotating speed required for dynamic response.