cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of aerobic fitness, activity level, and smoking history on the acute thermic effect of nicotine.

Individual variability in sensitivity to the acute thermic effects of nicotine has been difficult to study because of methodological limitations in the use of smoking to manipulate nicotine dose. This study examined the influence of smoking history, body composition, and, in a subset of subjects, aerobic fitness and physical activity on the thermic effect of nicotine using a measured-dose nasal spray procedure. Following overnight fasting and smoking abstinence, 38 healthy male smokers were intermittently administered a nicotine dose corrected for body weight (15 μg/kg, approx. 1.1 mg for average subject) or placebo on separate occasions in a within-subjects study. Indirect calorimetry was used to assess resting energy expenditure (REE) before and after dosing. Acute thermic response to nicotine ranged from −4.3 to + 10.8 kcal/h (−5.4% to + 12.6% of REE). Thermic response to nicotine was correlated significantly with aerobic fitness (r = 0.58, p < 0.005), physical activity (r = 0.44, p < 0.05), and number of pack-years of smoking (r = 0.43, p < 0.01). Thermic response was marginally correlated with percent body fat (r = −0.23, p < 0.10), but not with body weight (r = −0.04), percent of ideal weight for height (r = -0.10), or lean body mass (r = 0.05). These results indicate that male smokers higher in fitness and activity and with greater smoking exposure histories may experience greater increases in energy expenditure as a result of nicotine intake via smoking. Consequently, variability in these characteristics could help account for some of the variability in weight gain after stopping smoking.
Abstract PL02-02: The genetic basis of kidney cancer: A metabolic disease.

Much of what is known about the genetic basis of kidney cancer has been learned from the study of inherited forms of kidney cancer, including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) (clear cell kidney cancer, the VHL gene), hereditary papillary renal carcinoma (type 1 papillary kidney cancer, the MET gene), Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) (chromophobe kidney cancer, the FLCN gene), hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC, the fumarate hydratase gene), and SDH-RCC (the succinate dehydrogenase genes). Study of these disease gene pathways has shown that kidney cancer is fundamentally a metabolic disease. Each of the known kidney cancer genes affects the cell9s ability to sense changes in oxygen, iron, nutrients or ATP. This is most clearly illustrated in fumarate hydratase (FH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) deficient kidney cancer. FH-deficient kidney cancer, an extremely aggressive form of type 2 papillary kidney cancer, is characterized by a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis and impaired oxidative phosphorylaton, decreased AMPK, fumarate-induced impairment of dioxygenases (such as prolyl hydroxylase), resulting in increased stability of HIF and DNA and histone methylation, glutamine dependent reductive carboxylation and a fumarate-mediated activation of the Nrf2 pathway. SDH-deficient kidney cancer is characterized by a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis, a profound impairment of oxidative phosphorylation and a glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation pathway for lipid biosynthesis. Clinical trials are currently underway targeting the metabolic basis of FH-deficient kidney cancer. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):PL02-02. Citation Format: W. Marston Linehan. The genetic basis of kidney cancer: A metabolic disease. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL02-02.
PHOTOREACTIVITY OF PHOTOTOXIC ANTIMALARIAL COMPOUNDS

Abstract— The photochemical reactivity of six phototoxic 2-arylquinolinemethanol antimalarials was examined to understand the chemical mechanism of reaction that causes the in vivo phototoxicity. All of these compounds were found to be photochemically reactive, giving products of photochemical fragmentation involving cleavage of the side chain. The products which are formed, the variation in product distribution with change of solvent and presence of thiols, and photolyses in deuterium-labeled solvents indicate that free radicals are involved in the photofragmentation. There is a good correlation between the quantum efficiency of the photofragmentation reaction and the phototoxicity of the compounds; the more phototoxic compounds react most efficiently, while the less phototoxic compounds react less efficiently. It appears that in vivo free radical reactions caused by the photofragmentation of these compounds are the source of their phototoxicity.
Collection development for the “chip” generation and beyond

Purpose – Explores the question: “How am I, as a baby‐boomer collection development specialist, to prepare myself to collect the library resources over the next few decades?” This question was posed partially because the author is one of those “aging” librarians one reads about in the literature.Design/methodology/approach – A collection manager explores resource formats that may be in demand to meet changing user expectations.Findings – Many of these expectations are driven by technology and the advent and popularity of computer games. Librarians will need to look first at the functions users seek and then help them to match the format(s) that best meet these needs. Collection managers will have to identify a variety of resources, offer access across disciplinary lines and provide access, as much as possible, on a 24/7 basis.Originality/value – All of the formats discussed, and more, will be part of future libraries’ collections. Not all formats or functions will be required by all of our users. However,...
Three-dimensional kinematics of the taped ankle before and after exercise:

The practice of prophylactic ankle taping or wrapping to reduce the incidence of inversion ankle sprains in athletes has come under attack. The purpose of this study was to measure objectively one ankle taping technique's ability to withstand the stresses placed upon it by a standardized exercise routine. Electrogoniometers were used to measure the three-dimensional ankle motion of 20 subjects walking on a level surface and a 10 degrees sideslope. The evaluations were carried out under these three conditions: (1) both ankles untaped, (2) both ankles taped before exercises, and (3) both ankles taped after exercise. The results from this study indicate that the tape does indeed restrict those motions associated with inversion ankle sprain. Methods similar to those described in this study could be used in the evaluation of many current training room practices and thereby provide an objective rationale for their application.
Political Decision Making in Face-to-Face Groups: Theory, Methods, and an Empirical Application in Switzerland

This article presents a model of decision making and introduces a new theoretical variable to the literature, namely, the modes of decision making. The theoretical focus is on the face-to-face group, and the article also develops an innovative methodology for studying this type of decision-making behavior. Variation in the decision modes is explained as a function of the strategic considerations of individual decision makers. These considerations are affected by a set of four independent variables: structure of the decision group, substance of the conflict, context of the conflict, and the decision process. The data, drawn from observations of decision-making groups in Switzerland, are tested with discriminant analysis and a simulation. In both cases total correct classifications exceed 55 percent, indicating that there is a meaningful structure relating variation in the decision modes to the theoretical framework.
organocuprate reactions of enone lactones. I. Synthesis of trans-fused rings via conjugate addition.

Abstract Control of the stereochemistry of substituents needed to construct a bicyclic system (e.g. a hydrindanone) is achieved by conjugate addition of an organocuprate to a cyclohexenone made conformationally rigid by the attachment of a 1,3-lactone.
Compact 2 x 2 Coupled Double Loop GPS Antenna Array Loaded With Broadside Coupled Split Ring Resonators

The design and nulling capability of a compact 2 × 2 dual-band coupled double loop (CDL) GPS antenna array loaded with broadside coupled split ring resonators (BC-SRR) are presented. The high level of L2 band mutual coupling is reduced by utilizing -negative (MNG) BC-SRR metamaterial within the array volume. This metamaterial loading is possible due to the small L2 band electrical size (λo / 8.5 × λo / 8.5) of the CDL antenna elements. Different than the existing work on coupling reduction of linearly polarized antenna arrays, mutual coupling mechanism within the circularly polarized GPS array is considered and MNG metamaterials are shown to reduce the mutual coupling if they are placed between the antennas in a particular alignment. Specifically, a 2 × 2 array with inter-element spacing is designed to be loaded with BC-SRRs and experimentally verified to exhibit a 10 dB L2 band mutual coupling reduction. Through simulations and experiments, it is also demonstrated that the reduction in L2 band mutual coupling improves the L2 band array nulling capability in terms of accuracy and null depth without affecting the already well-behaved L1 band performance. The presented array has an overall footprint size 4.3" × 4.3" of and can be potentially miniaturized further for different inter-element spacing.
Regulated Proteolysis of Xom Mediates Dorsoventral Pattern Formation during Early Xenopus Development

Abstract To identify a regulatory role for proteolysis during early Xenopus development, we developed a biochemical screen for proteins that are degraded in an embryonic stage-specific manner. We found that Xom, a homeobox transcriptional repressor of dorsal-specific genes, was degraded precipitously during early gastrulation. Xom degradation is regulated by phosphorylation at a GSK3-like consensus site and is most likely mediated by the SCF-β-TRCP complex. Expression of nondegradable Xom represses transcription of dorsal genes much more effectively than wild-type Xom and results in a more strongly ventralized phenotype. We propose that regulated Xom proteolysis plays an essential role in the establishment of the dorsoventral axis, by converting a gradient in BMP abundance into a sharp dorsoventral pattern.
Relationship between Anisotropy in Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Saturation

Anisotropy in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is saturation-dependent. Accurate characterization of soil anisotropy is very important in simulating flow and contaminant (e.g., radioactive nuclides in Hanford) transport. A recently developed tensorial connectivity-tortuosity (TCT) concept describes the hydraulic conductivity tensor of the unsaturated anisotropic soils as the product of a scalar variable, the symmetric connectivity tortuosity tensor, and the hydraulic conductivity tensor at saturation. In this study, the TCT model is used to quantify soil anisotropy in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The TCT model can describe different types of soil anisotropy; e.g., the anisotropy coefficient, C, can be monotonically increase or decrease with saturation and can vary from greater than unity to less than unity and vice versa. Soil anisotropy is independent of soil water retention properties and can be characterized by the ratio of the saturated hydraulic conductivities and the difference of the tortuosity-connectivity coefficients in two directions. ln(C) is linearly proportional to ln(Se) with Se being the effective saturation. The log-linear relationship between C and Se allows the saturation-dependent anisotropy to be determined using linear regression with the measurements of the directional hydraulic conductivities at a minimum of two water content levels, of which one may be at full saturation. Themore » model was tested using measurements of directional hydraulic conductivities.« less
Dental relationships in tongue-thrusting children as affected by circumoral myofunctional exercise

Children with a tongue-thrust habit in an experimental group used circumoral myofunctional exercise for three to six months to determine the effect of the exercise on the position of anterior teeth. Children with tongue-thrusting habits strengthened their lips by daily circumoral myofunctional exercise. No significant change in incisor protrusion or open bite was observed during the two-year study.
Impact of localizing physicians to hospital units on nurse-physician communication and agreement on the plan of care.

BACKGROUND A significant barrier to communication among patient care providers in hospitals is the geographic dispersion of team members.
Muscle Afferent Receptors Engaged in Augmented Sympathetic Responsiveness in Peripheral Artery Disease

The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) is a neural control mechanism responsible for the cardiovascular responses to exercise. As exercise is initiated, thin fiber muscle afferent nerves are activated by mechanical and metabolic stimuli arising in the contracting muscles. This leads to reflex increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate primarily through activation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Studies of humans and animals have indicated that the EPR is exaggerated in a number of cardiovascular diseases. For the last several years, studies have specifically employed a rodent model to examine the mechanisms at receptor and cellular levels by which responses of SNA and blood pressure to static exercise are heightened in peripheral artery disease (PAD), one of the most common cardiovascular disorders. A rat model of this disease has well been established. Specifically, femoral artery occlusion is used to study intermittent claudication that is observed in human PAD. The receptors on thin fiber muscle afferents that are engaged in this disease include transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), purinergic P2X and acid sensing ion channel (ASIC). The role played by nerve growth factor (NGF) in regulating those sensory receptors in the processing of amplified EPR was also investigated. The purpose of this review is to focus on a theme namely that PAD accentuates autonomic reflex responses to exercise and further address regulatory mechanisms leading to abnormal sympathetic responsiveness. This review will present some of recent results in regard with several receptors in muscle sensory neurons in contribution to augmented autonomic reflex responses in PAD. Review of the findings from recent studies would lead to a better understanding in integrated processing of sympathetic nervous system in PAD.
Holozygosity for sex-linked genes in males of the termite Incisitermes schwarzi.

The termiteIncisitermes schwarzi has multiple sex chromosomes that have arisen by repeated translocations between autosomes and previously existing sex chromosomes. Two sex-linked allozyme loci—Acp-1 andEst-3—are holozygous, not hemizygous, in males (the heterogametic sex). Both loci show less than 1% crossing-over between X and Y chromosomes, and alleles of both are in marked disequilibrium with respect to X vs Y linkage. The two loci assort independently in female meiosis, indicating that they lie on different sex chromosomes. But they are tightly linked in male meiosis because of nonrandom assortment of the multiple X and Y chromosomes in males of this species. The findings of holozygosity and strong linkage disequilibrium suggest that differential selection in the two sexes at or near these loci may be responsible for the establishment of the translocations in this species. The existence of active Y-linked alleles also suggests that the translocations may have occurred recently.
Ultrastructural elements of CNS development in the Stage 15 Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) embryo

Abstract The ultrastructural neuroanatomy of the wild-type Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) embryo at Stage 15 was examined with the transmission electron microscope. This particular embryonic stage is an approximate midpoint of neurogenesis. No blood-brain barrier has yet formed in the CNS as illustrated by lanthanum tracer infiltration into the neuropil. First structural signs of axo-axonal synapses, in the embryonic neuropil are seen as electron-dense plaques on the cytoplasmic sides of apposing pre- and postsynaptic membranes. Very few clear synaptic vesicles (30–40 nm in diameter) are present, and none of these is clustering, although some are docking on the presynaptic membrane. In the perikaryal rind of the ventral ganglion, several glial somata are shown surrounding a single neuronal soma. Finger-like processes of the glial somata extend into extracellular spaces and contact the surface of the neuron. The functional significance of these findings is discussed.
Duplicate genes increase gene expression diversity within and between species

Using microarray gene expression data from several Drosophila species and strains, we show that duplicated genes, compared with single-copy genes, significantly increase gene expression diversity during development. We show further that duplicate genes tend to cause expression divergences between Drosophila species (or strains) to evolve faster than do single-copy genes. This conclusion is also supported by data from different yeast strains.
Functional rules for lac repressor–operator associations and implications for protein–DNA interactions

The Lac repressor has been used as a tool to understand protein–DNA recognition for many years. Recent experiments have demonstrated the ability of the Lac repressor to control gene expression in various eukaryotic systems, making the quest for an arsenal of protein–DNA binding partners desirable for potential therapeutic applications. Here, we present the results of the most exhaustive screen of Lac repressor-DNA binding partners to date, resulting in the elucidation of functional rules for Lac–DNA binding. Even within the confines of a single protein–DNA scaffold, modes of binding of different protein–DNA partners are sufficiently diverse so as to prevent elucidation of generalized rules for recognition for a single protein, much less an entire protein family.
On the Chromatic Number of H -Free Graphs of Large Minimum Degree

The problem of determining the chromatic number of H-free graphs has been well studied, with particular attention to K r -free graphs with large minimum degree. Recent progress has been made for triangle-free graphs on n vertices with minimum degree larger than n/3. In this paper, we determine the family of r-colorable graphs $${\mathcal{H}_r}$$, such that if $${H \in \mathcal{H}_r}$$, there exists a constant C Cn has chromatic number bounded above by a function dependent only on H and C. A value of C < (r − 2)/(r − 1) is given for every $${H \in \mathcal{H}_r}$$, with particular attention to the case when χ(H) = 3.
A survey of eight-magnet spin precession snakes☆

Abstract A computer search was done to find new configurations for spin precession snakes. The transformation of proton polarization from the S direction to either the N or L direction within some constraints on magnet and beam properties was used as the basis of the search. The many new solutions found should be useful for external polarized beams and possibly in accelerators.
Consumer Socialization and Parental Style Across Cultures: Findings from Australia, Greece, and India

This study examines the link between consumer socialization and general parental socialization tendencies among Australian, Indian, and Greek parents. Five basic patterns of socialization were found and the specific consumer socialization practices of each are discussed. Together these 5 parental styles provide a theoretically based typology of parental tendencies in collectivist as well as individualist nations.
Controlling a coupled set of biological reactors for wastewater treatment

This work proposes a closed-loop control strategy for a coupled set of biological reactors that was designed as part of a regenerative wastewater treatment system for NASA's advanced life support system for long-duration human space missions. Two types of control strategies are demonstrated, one that uses a set of decentralized single-loop controllers and another that uses a supervisory model-based control strategy. Using an experimental testbed that is 1/20th the actual size of the full-scale regenerative wastewater treatment system, the closed-loop performance of the biological reactors is compared in the presence of feed concentration disturbances.
Mechanism of the alkylation of dialkylgold(III) compounds with alkylgold(I) complexes

Abstract Reaction mechanisms and solvent effects of reactions of cis -(CH 3 ) 2 IAuPPh 3 compounds with labeled alkylgold(I) complexes are discussed; the results are compared with those of reactions of similar mercury compounds.
SU-E-T-430: Evaluation of Inverse Optimization in Brachytherapy for Locally Advanced Cervix Cancer.

Purpose:Brachytherapy is a vital part of treating locally advanced cervix cancer. Point‐based 2D treatment planning is conventionally used. New CT/MRI‐compatible applicators for HDR brachytherapy make 3D conformal planning possible. GEC‐ESTRO endorsed the EMBRACE (intErnational study on MRI‐guided BRachytherapy in locally Advanced CErvical cancer) protocol which recommends standard‐plan‐based manual optimization over inverse optimization due to the concern of the uncertainty of high dose in targets and adjacent normal tissue. This study investigated the feasibility of inverse optimization planning. Methods: Eight cervix cases using tandem/ring applicators +/− parametrial needles were evaluated. Both manually and inversely optimized 3D conformal plans using Oncentra® Brachy were generated for each case following EMBRACE guidelines. Planning time and DVH parameters including D90 and V100% for HR‐CTV, D90 for IR‐CTV, D2cc for normal structures (bladder, rectum, sigmoid colon, and small bowel) were compared. Dose was reported in total EQD2 dose, assuming 45Gy in 25 fractions external beam and 28Gy in 4 fractions HDR treatment. Prescription dose (PD) and PD×2 isodose volumes and V100% and V200% for normal tissue (excluding all contoured OARs) were compared to evaluate the high dose volumes. Results: The average planning time was reduced by 55% with inverse planning. Target coverage between inverse and manual plans differed by <2% for HR‐CTV (D90 and V100) and IR‐CTV (D90). Inverse planning reduced the D2cc for normal structures by 4.2%–5.7% and the V100% and V200% for normal tissue by 31% and 40%, respectively. For 7 of the 8 cases, small bowel was observed near the target and received significant dose with either approach. Conclusions: In this study, inverse planning improved DVH parameters over manual planning, with less planning time. Reporting normal tissue dose should alleviate the concern of undetected high dose regions. Even though small bowel is not often considered in traditional planning, dose should be reported.
Effects of oral Aloe vera on electrocardiographic and blood pressure measurements.

Purpose The effects of oral aloe vera on electrocardiographic and blood pressure measurements were evaluated. Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, healthy volunteers over age 18 years received either 1200 mg of oral aloe vera powder or matching placebo on day 1 of the study and the treatment not received during the first phase on day 8. In each phase, electrocardiographic variables, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were evaluated at baseline and one, three, five, and eight hours after treatment. The primary endpoint was the maximum posttreatment Q-Tc interval over eight hours in both groups. Results Sixteen participants were enrolled in the study, with a mean ± S.D. age of 25 ± 5 years. No significant differences in electrocardiographic or blood pressure measurements were observed. The maximum Q-Tc interval was 419 ± 17 milliseconds in the placebo group and 422 ± 17 milliseconds in the aloe-treated group. The maximum P-R intervals in the placebo- and aloe-treated groups were 166 ± 22 and 169 ± 25 milliseconds, respectively. The maximum QRS complex duration did not significantly differ between the placebo- and aloe-treated groups (89.4 ± 9 and 89.3 ± 9 milliseconds, respectively). The maximum systolic blood pressures in the placebo- and aloe-treated groups were 120 ± 16 and 120 ± 14 milliseconds, respectively. The maximum diastolic blood pressures in the placebo- and aloe-treated groups were 74 ± 10 and 75 ± 9 milliseconds, respectively. Conclusion A single dose of oral aloe vera had no effect on electrocardiographic or blood pressure measurements in young healthy volunteers.
Implementing renewable energy portfolio standards: The good, the bad, and the ugly in a two state comparison

Abstract Understanding how household practices with regard to energy usage change and how to most effectively encourage the adoption of technologies that utilize renewable energy sources at the residential scale are important issues for addressing the environmental impacts of energy use. Here, the social practices model ( Spaargaren, 2003 ) is applied to examine solar technology adopters in two U.S. States who were interviewed about adopting residential solar electric technology and specifically about their experiences with the rebate and incentive programs available to them. Examining the policies and interrogating their potentially unintended consequences from the perspective of the user sheds light on how residential solar incentive programs act as systems of provision, shaping the practices of solar technology adopters, in hopes of improving these incentive programs and effectively encouraging increased residential solar technology adoption. Findings suggest that feed-in tariffs offer additional positive outcomes related to broadening the context for adoption and encouraging future energy conservation while size restrictions, wholesale pricing in net metering agreements, and inconsistent policy mechanisms across utilities in the same state all have potentially unintended negative consequences. Utilizing a perspective attentive to social practice offers a means of improving the design and implementation of energy policy.
Innate Control of Migrations of Salmon and Trout Fry From Natal Gravels to Rearing Areas

The upstream and downstream directional responses of demes of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fry from inlet and outlet streams hatched and reared under controlled, identical conditions were tested in the laboratory. The tests compared innate directional responses of fry from the two sources to variables of water source and temperature. Both variables influenced the directional responses of the fry. The direction of migration (upstream for outlet fry or downstream for inlet fry) and response to changes in the test variables differed substantially between fry from inlet or outlet streams; this response difference held for populations of sockeye salmon from different geographical locations (Canada and Alaska). The differences were concluded to be innate in origin. Single tests of fry of rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) and cutthroat (S. clarki) trout from inlet and outlet streams indicated that directional responses of fry from these species are also innately influenced. The significance of matching the innate...
Dystonic reactions following thiethylperazine in children

Abstract Dystonic reactions in 30 children receiving thiethylperazine are reported. All children developed extrapyramidal symptoms following therapeutic or excess dose of the drug. All these symptoms were effectively reversed with biperidine lactate.
Massive Intraoperative Pulmonary Embolism

Intraoperative massive pulmonary embolism is extremely rare. We describe such a case in a patient treated for a prolonged period preoperatively with intravenous heparin after an acute myocardial infarction and unsuccessful attempt at angioplasty, emphasizing that the problem should be borne in mind to facilitate expeditious and appropriate management. A clue to the diagnosis is interruption of venous return that is not due to a kink in the cannulae. (Chest 1992; 102:307–08)
The Role of Self-Compassion in Physical and Psychological Well-Being

The relation of self-compassion to physical and psychological well-being was investigated among 182 college students. The self-compassion scale was delineated into three composites, following the proposition by Neff that self-compassion consists of three main components: self-judgment versus self-kindness (SJ-SK), a sense of isolation versus common humanity (I-CH), and over-identification versus mindfulness (OI-M). Findings support the association between self-compassion and psychological and physical well-being, but the composites demonstrate different influences. SJ-SK and I-CH were predictive of both depressive symptomatology and physical well-being, and SJ-SK and OI-M were predictive of managing life stressors. The results of this study support and expand prior research on self-compassion.
Elevation of γ-aminobutyric acid in brain with amino-oxyacetic acid and susceptibility to convulsive seizures in mice: A quantitative re-evaluation

Abstract The time courses of changes in brain content of γ-aminobutyric acid (γABA) and sensitivity to electroconvulsive shock were studied in mice after administration of amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA), an inhibitor of γABA-transaminase. Some correlative observations were made of ATP and glutamate contents and of susceptibility to seizures induced by strychnine, pentylenetetrazole (Metrazol), and picrotoxin. The increase in γABA concentrations as a function of time after AOAA administration (25 mg/kg) was biphasic. A plateau in γABA level was attained between 3 and 4 hr, and a subsequent secondary rise took place between 4 and 6 hr. Elevated values were still observed at the 24-hr period. No changes in ATP content were found after AOAA. There was a remarkable decrease in electroshock seizure incidence (75 mA stimulus) during the first 1·5 hr after AOAA. Subsequently, the susceptibility to seizures began to return to normal, attaining the control values at 6 hr, at which time the γABA content was maximal. Only during the first 1·5-hr period after AOAA was there a good correlation of decrease in seizure susceptibility with increase in γABA content. Similar findings were made on a more limited scale with regard to the parameters measured when chemical convulsants were employed. One of several possibilities suggested by the findings is that the increases in γABA levels and changes in seizure susceptibility after AOAA administration are completely unrelated. Another way to view the results is that soon after γABA-transaminase blockade with AOAA the increased levels of γABA may, indeed, decrease neuronal excitability; however, compensatory increases in excitatory influences or decreases in inhibitory influences other than γABA, or both, may take place with the consequent restoration of normal neuronal sensitivity even during the time when a gross elevation of γABA exists. Glutamic acid, a potentially important excitatory factor in the central nervous system, did not increase after AOAA.
The effect of L‐asparaginase on plasma coagulation factors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Serial coagulation studies were performed in 26 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during initial induction therapy with vincristine, prednisone, and L-asparaginase. Prolongation of screening coagulation tests was frequent: prothrombin time (in 16 of 26 patients), partial thromboplastin time (23/26) and thrombin time (21/26). In all 26 patients fibrinogen levels fell below .20 g/100 ml and 16 had levels below .10 g/100 ml. Sixteen patients had plasma coagulation factor assays performed. In these 16 patients, Factor XI was less than 40% in 14 and Factor XI was less than 70% in 9, with only a few scattered low levels of other factors. There were no clinical bleeding episodes. Coagulation abnormalities returned to normal at the completion of L-asparaginase therapy while the patients remained on vincristine and prednisone.
3.0 T multiparametric prostate MRI using pelvic phased-array coil: utility for tumor detection prior to biopsy.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed in men without a biopsy-proven diagnosis of prostate cancer using follow-up biopsy as the reference standard. Materials and methods Forty-two patients without biopsy-proven cancer and who underwent MRI were included. In all patients, MRI was performed at 3T using a pelvic phased-array coil and included T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging. Thirteen had undergone no previous biopsy, and 29 had undergone at least 1 previous negative biopsy. All patients underwent prostate biopsy following MRI. Two fellowship-trained radiologists in consensus reviewed all cases and categorized each lobe as positive or negative for tumor. These interpretations were correlated with findings on post-MRI biopsy. Results Follow-up biopsy was positive in 23 lobes in 15 patients (36% of study cohort). On a per-patient basis, MRI had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 74%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 68%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. On a per-lobe basis, MRI had a sensitivity of 65%, specificity of 84%, PPV of 60%, and NPV of 86%. There was a nearly significant association between Gleason score and tumor detection on MRI (P = 0.072). Conclusions In our sample, MRI had 100% sensitivity in predicting the presence of tumor on subsequent biopsy on a per-patient basis, suggesting a possible role for MRI in selecting patients with an elevated prostatic specific antigen (PSA) to undergo prostate biopsy. However, MRI had weaker specificity for prediction of a subsequent positive biopsy, as well as weaker sensitivity for tumor on a per-lobe basis, indicating that in patients with a positive MRI result, tissue sampling remains necessary for confirmation of the diagnosis as well as for treatment planning.
Tracking discourse and qualitative document analysis

Abstract New information bases pose challenges and opportunities for researchers seeking to enhance content analysis and chart cultural shifts using public documents such as newspapers and magazines. A qualitative approach to media analysis is combined with a specific application, ‘tracking discourse’, to demonstrate how research questions can be transformed into a research design that permits rich textual interpretive and thematic analysis, as well as provide quantitative information about trends and emphases over time, across media, and across topics. Materials from an ongoing project on the ‘discourse of fear’ illustrate a shift in major American newspapers' coverage toward more extensive use of crime, fear, and victim. Implications for cultural researchers are discussed.
Evaluation of Adsorption from Dispersion Charge Profile

The evaluation of adsorption behavior from the charge profile of an adsorbent dispersion determined as a function of the adsorbate concentration was investigated by the streaming current measurement, using methylene blue and erythrosine as adsorbates and activated charcoal, microcrystalline cellulose, and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone as adsorbents. Adsorption capacity was evaluated using streaming current versus solute concentration plots of dye solutions and of corresponding dye solutions equilibrated with the adsorbent. It was also determined by adsorption isotherm measurement and application of the Langmuir equation. Good agreement was obtained between the adsorption capacity values from streaming current data and adsorption isotherm measurements for microcrystalline cellulose, suggesting that adsorption here was a surface phenomenon without water-soluble extractives affecting particle charge. Similar agreement was not obtained for charcoal adsorption, and this result was attributed to the unusual adsorption behavior of charcoal. Since polyvinylpolypyrrolidone gave a dispersion with high particle charge, the streaming current method could not be used with this system. The charge profile could be useful in characterizing powders for unusual adsorption behavior and possible water-soluble extractives as well as for surface area estimation in the absence of these factors.
Extraretinal information in corrective saccades and inflow vs outflow theories of visual direction constancy

Abstract In Experiment I, with and without visual feedback, corrective movements were observed that were truly corrective in that their magnitude and direction were highly correlated with that of error after the main saccade and they significantly reduced discrepancy between eye and target. It was concluded that during dysmetria, there is a discrepancy between two high fidelity extraretinal signals, a reference input to the oculomotor nuclei (outflow) which corresponds to the intended eye position, and a feedback signal (inflow) which encodes actual eye position. Experiment II showed that during dysmetria, apparent visual direction is determined by an extraretinal signal that encodes actual rather than intended eye position. The two experiments taken together supported an Inflow over an Outflow theory of visual direction constancy. It was concluded further that there are at least two potential sources of inflow, muscular feedback or internal monitoring, which are consistent with data often cited in favor of Outflow Theory.
Self-Serving Influences on Adolescents' Evaluations of Belief-Relevant Evidence

Abstract To examine the effects of motivation and intellectual ability on adolescent reasoning, 50 adolescents were presented “scientific” evidence relevant to their religious affiliations. Tests of fluid and crystallized intelligence were also administered. Belief-consistent evidence portrayed adolescents’ religious affiliations favorably; inconsistent evidence portrayed these religions unfavorably; neutral evidence was irrelevant to participants’ religions. Each type of evidence contained a threat to internal validity, detection of which would have discredited the evidence. Results indicated that validity threats were detected most frequently in belief-inconsistent evidence, indicating that adolescents’ reasoning is systematically biased to protect and promote their preexisting beliefs. A manipulation designed to motivate adolescents toward greater accuracy improved overall performance, but did not reduce bias. Crystallized intellectual ability was linked to absolute level of reasoning and to the effectiveness of the accuracy manipulation. However, reasoning biases cut across levels of intellectual ability. The role played by depth of processing in supporting biased reasoning is discussed.
Single siRNA Nanocapsules for Enhanced RNAi Delivery

Synthetic siRNA has been considered as a highly promising therapeutic agent for human diseases. However, clinical use of siRNA has been hampered by instability in the body and inability to deliver sufficient RNA interference compounds to the tissues or cells. To address this challenge, we present here a single siRNA nanocapsule delivery technology, which is achieved by encapsulating a single siRNA molecule within a degradable polymer nanocapsule with a diameter around 20 nm and positive surface charge. As proof-of-concept, since CCR5 is considered a major silencing target of HIV therapy, CCR5–siRNA nanocapsules were delivered into 293T cells and successfully downregulated the CCR5 RNA fused with mCherry reporter RNA. In the absence of human serum, nanocapsules and lipofectamine silenced expression of CCR5–mCherry expression to 8% and 15%, respectively. Such nanocapsules maintain the integrity of siRNA inside even after incubation with ribonuclease and serum for 1 h; under the same conditions, siRNA is deg...
Relating the multipole moments of the heart to activated parts of the epicardium and endocardium.

The electrical properties of the heart as the generator of the surface electrocardiogram are often described by its multipole moments. While it is possible to ascribe physiological meaning to the dipole moment, the physiological meaning of the higher moments (like quadrupole, octopole, etc.) is not clear. In the following, the multipole moments of the heart at any instant of its depolarization are related to the depolarized portions of the epicardium and endocardium at that time. The surfaces of the heart are divided into elements. Transfer coefficients between the known multipoles and these elements are defined. The transfer coefficients relate the multipoles and the fraction of depolarized area in each element. For the cases reported here, 3 to 8 surface elements are utilized, and the dipole, quadrupole, and octopole moments are studied. The general physiological characteristics of the activation process are formulated as a set of linear constraints. The whole problem is formulated as a quadratic programming problem and it is solved by standard techniques. The first three moments of an idealized human heart, the dipole, the quadrupole, and the octopole (the latter has not yet been measured), are calculated utilizing known experimental data of the activation of the heart. These moments and the activation data are used for testing the proposed procedures of interpreting multipolar data. It is found that from known dipole moments the depolarized fractions of 3 or 4 elements representing the left ventricular endocardium could be calculated. When the quadrupole moments are known, it might be possible to get some information about the activation of the right ventricle as well. These results are not improved by using octopole moments. The constraints used are valid only for the phase of activation of the ventricles.
Level I Fieldwork: Creating a Positive Experience

Qualitative research methodology was used to explore the purpose of level I fieldwork among occupational therapy students, clinical educators, and faculty respondents at one academic program. Differences in purposes among the three groups of respondents created different fieldwork expectations and outcomes. These differences underlined the importance of communication among students, clinical supervisors, and faculty in planning fieldwork to meet the needs of all three groups. Interpersonal skills, rather than academic skills, emerged as most important to student success in clinical education. Other factors that promote optimal level I fieldwork experience are understanding the purpose, level of commitment, clarity of expectations, timing, structure, and evaluation of the experience.
Design and synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted benzamide analogues of DNK333 as dual NK1/NK2 receptor probes

N-[(R,R)-(E)-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-3-(2-oxoazepan-3-yl)carbamoyl]allyl-N-methyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (DNK333, 1b) has been reported to be a potent and balanced dual neurokinin (tachykinin) receptor antagonist. A recent clinical trial using DNK333 has shown that it blocks the NKA-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. A series of six analogues 3-8 derived from modification of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide moiety of DNK333 has been synthesized to serve as the dual NK(1)/NK(2) receptor probes. The 3,5-dinitro substituted benzamide compound 3 was found to possess potent and balanced dual NK(1)/NK(2) receptor antagonist activities (pK(b)=8.4 for the NK(1) receptors, pK(b)=7.87 for the NK(2) receptors) in the functional assay using guinea pig trachea. Furthermore, SAR analysis suggests that steric, electronic, and lipophilic characteristics of substituents in the benzamide region of DNK333 have a crucial effect on both the NK(1) and NK(2) receptor antagonist activities.
Free vibrations of inflatable dams

Inflatable dams are used for various purposes in a number of countries. They are cylindrical membrane structures which are attached to a rigid foundation along two of their generators and are inflated with water, air, or a combination of water and air. Some studies of their cross-sectional static profiles have been carried out in the past, both for cases when the dam impounds water and when overflow occurs. Experiments on scale models also have been reported. Vibrations have been observed on actual dams and on the physical models, but a theoretical analysis of the dynamic behavior of inflatable dams has not been published previously. In this paper, two-dimensional linear vibrations are considered. The dam is inflated with water and is used to impound water. Its material is assumed to be inextensible. Vibration modes and frequencies are obtained with the use of the finite difference and boundary element methods. The effects of the membrane density, internal head, and upstream head on the frequencies are determined.
A novel radio source search algorithm using force field vectors and received signal strengths

The indoor radio source search using received signal strength (RSS) is difficult due to the multipath effects. Robots driven by the RSS gradient-based searching methods are always stuck by local basins which are the areas around local maxima. In this paper, we propose a force field searching (FFS) algorithm which is cost efficient in environments with RSS local basins. The FFS algorithm fuses the geometry layout information with RSS. Virtual attraction forces weighted by RSS gradients are modelled to guide the robot to the radio source. Furthermore, the travel costs of FFS and the gradient ascent with correlated random walks (GACRW) algorithm are derived as functions of the searching space size, the local basin size and the local basin number in gradient fields. The analytical expressions are confirmed by simulations. It is shown that FFS is much faster than other algorithms in simulations driven by real data.
Estimation of surface parameters using orthogonal distance criterion

Fitting surfaces to 3-D data is one of the basic methods for surface description for 3-D vision. Most techniques of surface fitting proposed in the literature are “least-squares”-based that rarely produce satisfactory results if a certain level of noise is present in the data or if the data points are locally sampled from a small area. We propose a new approach that minimizes the mean squared approximate orthogonal distances with linearization using the Newton iteration method. This approach usually yields a good fit and the algorithm is reliable and efficient for real applications. Results are reported for one of the real range images that we have experimented. The results demonstrate that the approximate orthogonal distance performs better than the least squares based methods.
Human papillomavirus: implications for clinical medicine.

Excerpt In the past 6 years nucleic acid hybridization analysis has helped define more than 45 distinct types of human papillomaviruses. The classification of viral types is based on the viral DNA ...
SCIENTIFIC SELF‐DEFENSE: TRANSFORMING DEWEY'S IDEA OF TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSPARENCY

In this essay, David Waddington provides a basic outline of John Dewey's often-overlooked views on technology education and explores how these ideas could be updated productively for use in contemporary contexts. Some of the shortcomings of Dewey's ideas are also examined—his faith in the scientific method may have been excessive, and some critics have charged that his aspirations for a technology-infused citizenship education were overly ambitious. However, Waddington contends in this analysis that by combining Dewey's ideas with the insights of contemporary thinkers such as Bruno Latour, it is possible to update the notion of technological transparency to create a fresh approach to science and technology education. This new approach, which Waddington calls “critical transparency,” aims to help citizens develop a healthy skepticism toward science and technology.