cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U.S. counterterrorism policy in the 1980s and the priorities for the 1990s

Abstract The Department of State's counterterrorism coordinator discusses current patterns in international terrorism and cites three areas of growing concern: radical Palestinian terrorist groups, Libyan supported terrorism, and narcoterrorism in the Andean nations. He explains U.S. Government counterterrorism policy and assesses its effectiveness. The recent trend toward treating terrorists as criminals and applying the rule of law against them is examined. He also emphasizes the importance of pressuring countries that sponsor terrorism and of refusing to make deals with terrorists.
Some physiological responses of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to intermittent monochloramine exposure

Abstract Rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) were exposed for 2.5 h to monochloramine (NH 2 Cl) at an average concentration of 0.16 or 0.23 mg l −1 (and with peak concentrations of 0.4 or 0.6 mg l −1 ) three times daily. This simulates conditions in the outfall area of many electric power plants. Heart rate, opercular movement, cough frequency, arterial PO 2 , lactate, hemoglobin and methemoglobin were monitored. The trout responded to chloramine pulses with slight increases in opercular movement, bradycardia, and a large increase in cough rate. These factors approached control rates between periods of exposure to a peak concentration of 0.4 mg l −1 , but not when the peak was 0.6 mg l −1 . Neither hemoglobin or lactate changed, while arterial PO 2 decreased slightly but not significantly. Methemoglobin concentration increased markedly at the end of each period of exposure with some recovery between them. In contrast to free chlorine, which causes acute hypoxemia due to gill damage, chloramine at these concentrations causes little if any hypoxemia. The elevated methemoglobin levels, not seen following exposure to free chlorine, indicate that perhaps chloramine is entering the blood stream to an extent that does not occur with free chlorine. Methemoglobinemia is probably not the proximate cause of death.
Recruitment of individuals into the plankton: The importance of bioturbation1

The eggs of many planktonic copepods sink to the bottom in coastal waters and become buried beneath several centimeters of sediment where they cannot hatch. Bioturbation by three polychaetes, Nephtys incisa, Cistenides gouldii, and Clymenella torquata, promoted the burial of diapause eggs of the planktonic copepod Labidocera aestiva in a laboratory study. More important feeding by the two conveyor-belt-feeding species, C. gouldii and C. torquata, promoted the return of buried eggs to the water and water-sediment interface. The viability of the eggs was unaffected by the translocation process and in these new positions eggs were able to hatch. We suggest that in the field bioturbation directly influences the recruitment of individuals into planktonic populations.
5-fluorouracil resistance in Anacystis nidulans Drouet

Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that growth of Anacystis nidulans Drouet in the presence of 5-fluorouracil is a result of mutation to resistance to this pyrimidine analogue. It is suggested that 5-fluorouracil might be of value in isolating axenic cultures of the alga and that the resistant strains will be of use as markers in genetic recombination experiments.
Rapid response of soil protozoa to elevated CO2

Short-term changes in bacterial and protozoan populations from the soil of plants grown under elevated atmospheric CO2 were quantified. We grew Brassica nigra at either ambient or twice-ambient CO2 levels within open-top chambers in the field for 4 weeks. Plant biomass, above- and belowground, was unaffected by elevated CO2. Direct count bacterial density was unchanged under elevated CO2. Flagellate density tended to increase, whereas amoebal density significantly declined under elevated CO2. This change in protozoan community structure suggests trophic transfer of the elevated CO2 fertilization effect through the soil food chain.
Aspirin Should Not Be Promoted for Colon Cancer Prevention: Counterpoint

There is little question that aspirin can decrease the risk of large bowel cancer. A large number of observational studies in humans, both case-control and cohort, consistently show a strong protective effect of aspirin ([1][1]). Importantly, three randomized controlled trials show that aspirin
Ratio of nuchal thickness to humerus length for Down syndrome detection

Abstract Objective: Ultrasonographic biometry markers are now being used clinically to adjust Down syndrome risk. The limitations are that the definitions of "abnormal" measurements used are arbitrary, thus reducing screening performance, and also that patient-specific Down syndrome risks cannot be calculated. We report a new ultrasonographic algorithm that is sensitive for Down syndrome detection and that estimates individual risk. Study Design: Overall in fetal populations with Down syndrome the humerus length is decreased, whereas the nuchal thickness is increased relative to that of a normal population. The nuchal thickness/humerus length ratio therefore shows an even greater increase and magnifies the separation between Down syndrome and healthy groups. Prospective data were collected in midtrimester amniocentesis cases. A regression equation for the median nuchal thickness/humerus length ratio based on biparietal partial diameter was generated. The Down syndrome likelihood ratio, or the odds on the basis of the nuchal thickness/humerus length ratio (multiples of the median), was multiplied by the age-related risk to give the posterior Down syndrome risk. Charts for rapid estimation of individual Down syndrome risk on the basis of maternal age and the nuchal thickness/humerus length ratio were constructed. Results: There were 94 cases of Down syndrome and 4700 cases in which the karyotype was normal. The mean (±SD) gestational age of the study population was 16.1 ± 1.6 weeks. Thirty-three fetuses with Down syndrome and 68 karyotypically normal fetuses had gross anomalies. The equation for the expected median nuchal thickness/humerus length ratio was as follows: 10 e (1.7163 – 0.0292) × BPD + 0.0003 × BPD 2 , where BPD is the biparietal diameter. In the overall study population the nuchal thickness/humerus length ratio and maternal age had a 79.8% detection rate at a 22.1% false-positive rate, compared with maternal age plus humerus length (sensitivity, 55.1%) or maternal age plus nuchal thickness (sensitivity, 66.7%) at the same false-positive rate. For women ≥35 years old the values were 80% and 22.0%, respectively. Conclusions: We report an ultrasonographic biometry algorithm that, in combination with maternal age, detects 79.6% of Down syndrome cases in a high-risk group. Individual Down syndrome risk can be quickly calculated at the bedside and made available to women who desire this information before making a decision on amniocentesis. On the basis of published standards, ultrasonographic biometry as described would be a cost-effective alternative to amniocentesis in this high-risk group. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1284-8.)
Information Technology in Mental Health Research: Impediments and Implications in One Chronic Pain Study Population

Objective. The Department of Veterans Affairs and Veterans' Administration hospitals began using the electronic medical record in 1994, streamlining provider-to-provider communication of vital clinical information, and simultaneously providing investigators access to vast amounts of clinical data for research purposes. Administrative and coded data, including symptoms and diagnoses as derived from chart content, are one of the most ready substrates for analysis of these massive databases to answer various research-related inquiries. We evaluated the capability of this type of coded data to accurately identify patients with schizophrenia from a group of 819 patients taking opioids for chronic pain in the primary care clinic of the Philadelphia Veterans' Administration Medical Center. Methods. Patients were identified for inclusion in this analysis by their sequential enrollment in an Opioid Renewal Clinic as referred by their primary care providers, as well as a nonreferred cohort of chronic pain patients maintained on opioids by their primary care providers (N = 819). The prevalence of schizophrenia obtained by coded diagnostic labeling by computerized chart review was compared with the prevalence of schizophrenia obtained by systematic independent manual chart review of all cases by a research psychiatrist. Results. Based purely on coded diagnostic labeling, the prevalence of schizophrenia in this population was 14%, nearly 14 times the estimated general population prevalence. However, manual independent chart review of the identified cases by a research psychiatrist (N = 119) resulted in the actual prevalence in this group to be estimated at 1.8%. None of the patients with three or less incidents of diagnostic labeling by code had schizophrenia. Of those with four or more incidents, 74% had schizophrenia. Conclusions. Better accuracy is obtained when cases of schizophrenia are identified by multiple coding incidents derived from longitudinal clinical encounters. These findings suggest that the extraction of up to three coding incidents for schizophrenia alone is not an accurate means of identifying this clinical population for research and epidemiological purposes. Further, when designing automated, information technology-based approaches to the identification of subjects for clinical research and extracting their data from electronic medical records using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes, mental health diagnoses must be uniquely considered on a disease-by-disease basis.
Spectral quality requirements for effluent identification

We consider the problem of remotely identifying gaseous materials using passive sensing of long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectral features at hyperspectral resolution. Gaseous materials are distinguishable in the LWIR because of their unique spectral fingerprints. A sensor degraded in capability by noise or limited spectral resolution, however, may be unable to positively identify contaminants, especially if they are present in low concentrations or if the spectral library used for comparisons includes materials with similar spectral signatures. This paper will quantify the relative importance of these parameters and express the relationships between them in a functional form which can be used as a rule of thumb in sensor design or in assessing sensor capability for a specific task. This paper describes the simulation of remote sensing datacontaining a gas cloud.In each simulation, the spectra are degraded in spectral resolution and through the addition of noise to simulate spectra collected by sensors of varying design and capability. We form a trade space by systematically varying the number of sensor spectral channels and signal-to-noise ratio over a range of values. For each scenario, we evaluate the capability of the sensor for gas identification by computing the ratio of the F-statistic for the truth gas tothe same statistic computed over the rest of the library.The effect of the scope of the library is investigated as well, by computing statistics on the variability of the identification capability as the library composition is varied randomly.
Some initial results of China's new agricultural policies

Abstract Since 1978, China has been shifting its rural development strategy to greater reliance on individual activities and incentives, and to market coordination. Analysis of national aggregate and provincial quantitative data reveals the following trends: (1) Production of most agricultural commodities, particularly cash crops, has grown. (2) Efficiency in the use of fertilizer inputs has improved. (3) Regional specialization in crop production seems to be increasing. (4) Most regions with low agricultural production per capita are now growing rapidly. The first stages of reform have been successful, but there will be many new problems ahead.
Attics as archives for house infiltrating pollutants: trace elements and pesticides in attic dust and soil from southern Nevada and Utah

Abstract Attic dust and soil samples were collected from three communities in southern Nevada and Utah. The samples were analyzed for 17 trace elements (Li, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb, Sn, Sb) by ICP-MS and semivolatile organic compounds by GC-MS. Elements traditionally found enriched in road and house dust in urban areas (Pb, Zn, Cd, Sb, Sn) were even more highly enriched in attic dust. Lead stood out as having the highest enrichment factors (relative to both the local soil and its natural abundance) and was highly correlated with the age of the house ( R 2 =0.87, n =8). Analysis of the samples for pesticides found DDT and chlordane, but only in the older attics. Together, these data suggest that undisturbed attics may act as archives of atmospheric dust, by preferentially trapping and preserving airborne particulate matter, and should be considered by researchers interested in study of past atmospheric dust and/or reconstructing exposure histories.
Improving robot manipulation with data-driven object-centric models of everyday forces

Based on a lifetime of experience, people anticipate the forces associated with performing a manipulation task. In contrast, most robots lack common sense about the forces involved in everyday manipulation tasks. In this paper, we present data-driven methods to inform robots about the forces that they are likely to encounter when performing specific tasks. In the context of door opening, we demonstrate that data-driven object-centric models can be used to haptically recognize specific doors, haptically recognize classes of door (e.g., refrigerator vs. kitchen cabinet), and haptically detect anomalous forces while opening a door, even when opening a specific door for the first time. We also demonstrate that two distinct robots can use forces captured from people opening doors to better detect anomalous forces. These results illustrate the potential for robots to use shared databases of forces to better manipulate the world and attain common sense about everyday forces.
Mental Health Correlates of Past Homelessness in Latinos and Asians

Mental illness and addiction are strongly associated with homelessness, yet few studies have shown how these relationships vary across ethnic categories that are underrepresented in the homeless population. This study draws from the National Latino and Asian American Survey to examine mental health and substance abuse correlates of homelessness amongst Latinos and Asians living in the United States. Clinical and institutional factors associated with homelessness varied by ethnicity. Among Latinos, alcohol abuse or dependence, conduct disorder and intermittent explosive disorder were risk factors for homelessness, while attending a religious service more than once a week was a protective factor. Among Asians, mood disorder was a risk factor as were health problems and receiving welfare in the past. Understanding ethnicity-specific correlates of homelessness may guide culturally nuanced mental health prevention and intervention efforts.
An on-demand Bluetooth scatternet formation and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Bluetooth is a promising short-range wireless communication technology with the characteristics of interference resilience and power efficiency which are required by wireless sensor networks. As an enhanced sensor node platform, the Intel Mote uses Bluetoth as its radio scheme and MAC protocol. However, most of the existing scatternet formation protocols intend to connect all the nodes within the networks regardless of traffic pattern. For wireless sensor network applications with traffic of low duty cycle, on-demand scatternet formation and routing achieve significant power saving by avoiding to maintain the entire network connectivity. We propose in this paper an on-demand scatternet and route formation protocol for Bluetooth-based wireless sensor networks. It is able to cope with multiple sources initiating traffic simultaneously in densely deployed wireless sensor networks. We also introduce a modified inquiry scheme using extended ID packet for power efficient propagation of route request messages. Furthermore, we propose a mechanism employing POLL packets in Page processes to transfer scatternet formation and route reply information without extra overhead. Simulation results show that our on-demand scatternet formation and routing protocol can provide multihop channels with reasonable delay for Bluetooth-base wireless sensor networks.
Nonlinearity Estimation for Specific Emitter Identification in Multipath Channels

We present a radio frequency (RF) front-end nonlinearity estimator that is based on the knowledge of a training sequence to perform specific emitter identification (SEI), which discerns radio emitters of interest. Design and fabrication variations provide unique signal signatures for each emitter, and we extract those characteristics through the estimation of transmitter nonlinearity coefficients. The algorithm provides robust identification by first using alternative degrees of nonlinearities associated with symbol amplitudes for initial estimation, and then iteratively estimating the channel coefficients and distorted transmit symbols to overcome the inter-symbol interference (ISI) effect. The convergence and unbiasedness of the iterative estimator are demonstrated semi-analytically. Based on this analysis, we also trade error performance for complexity reduction using the regularity of the estimation process. The algorithm is applicable to a wide range of multi-amplitude modulation schemes, and we present an SEI system designed for an orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system over an empirical indoor channel model with associated numerical results.
Direct Electron-Beam Patterning of Teflon AF

Teflon AF thin films have been directly patterned by electron-beam lithography without the need for chemical development. The pattern depth was found to be linearly related to exposure dose and increases with increasing film thickness. Features as small as 200 nm have been resolved. Fourier transform infrared measurements indicate that the electron-beam-induced patterning is related to degradation of the fluorinated dioxole group present in amorphous Teflon.
Renewing Hope in the Inner City Conversations with Community-Based Development Practitioners

A recent literature documents the successes of community-based development organizations (CBDOs) in providing housing and employment in impoverished communities. Such successes provide hope that it...
Finding Narrow Input/Output (NIO) Sequences by Model Checking

Conformance test sequences for communication protocols specified by finite state machines (FSM)often use unique input/output (UIO) sequences to detect state transition transfer faults. Since a UIO sequence may not exist for every state of an FSM, in the previous research, we extended UIO sequence to introduce a new concept called narrow input/output(NIO) sequence. The general computation of NIO sequences may lead to state explosion when an FSM is very large. In this paper, we present an approach to find NIO sequences using symbolic model checking.Constructing a Kripke structure and a computation tree logic (CTL) formula for such a purpose is described in detail. We also illustrate the method using a model checker SMV.
Linear sampling method for time-lapse qualitative through-the-wall imaging

The development of effective diagnostic tools for fast and non-invasive through-the-wall imaging (TWI) is an important topic, also motivated by the increasing public concern on security issues. In this framework, the main challenges are the detection of targets located on the other side of a wall and the monitoring of their motion. To pursue these aims, we propose an imaging strategy based on the Linear Sampling Method (LSM), a computationally effective tool to determine the targets' morphology from multiview, multistatic and monochromatic data. In particular, by relying on the physical interpretation of LSM, we give its formulation for TWI and propose its use for motion tracking purposes by means of a simple post-processing strategy. A numerical example is given to assess the performances of the approach.
Group Cognition: Collective Information Search and Distribution

This chapter reviews work on group decision making and problem solving. Included are topics both within and outside traditional boundaries of social psychology, such as collective induction, swarm intelligence models, jury decision making, information sharing, collaborative memory, gossip, brainstorming, and team mental models. The literature is discussed in terms of the collective information search and distribution model, which highlights group members’ motivational and cognitive processes as well as the demonstrability of the group task. The 2 × 2 model distinguishes (1) motives that members hold for themselves from those they hold for the group as a whole and (2) motives related to acquiring knowledge from those related to facilitating intragroup and intergroup relations. The model assumes that each general class of motives has various subtypes and that group members can have multiple motives at one time. In addition to providing a useful framework for organizing the literature, the model suggests ideas for further investigation.
The effects of photoperiod on olfactory c-fos expression in prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster.

Abstract Reproduction stops among the majority of prairie voles ( Microtus ochrogaster ) during the winter. Short day lengths suppress male reproductive function dramatically in the laboratory, but photoperiod exerts only subtle effects on female reproductive function. Thus, the regulation of seasonal breeding in this species remains partially unspecified. In contrast to commonly studied rodents, female prairie voles do not undergo spontaneous estrous cycles; rather, they are induced into estrus by exposure to chemosignals expressed in conspecific male urine. In the present study, the hypothesis was tested that seasonal breeding among female prairie voles in the field reflects photoperiod-mediated changes in the responsiveness of the chemosensory system to male urine. Responsiveness was assessed by localizing the product of the c- fos immediate early gene with an immunocytochemical procedure. Female prairie voles were maintained in either long (LD 16:8) or short (LD 8:16) photoperiods from birth until adulthood, and exposed to either male urine or skim milk. Immunocytochemistry for fos protein revealed an increased number of immunoreactive cells within the accessory olfactory system of female prairie voles, including the accessory olfactory bulbs, granule cell layer, as well as the medial and cortical divisions of the amygdala 1 h after exposure to a single drop of urine as compared to individuals exposed to skim milk. The number of immunoreactive fos cells induced in females by conspecific male urine was also affected by photoperiod; short day females displayed fewer immunoreactive fos neurons in the accessory olfactory system as compared to long-day animal. Taken together, these results indicate that similar mechanisms underlie the responses of different rodent species to the chemosignals of conspecifics and that the pattern of fos expression observed in the present study has functional significance for the regulation of reproduction in prairie voles.
Dynamic Testicular Adhesion Junctions Are Immunologically Unique. I. Localization of p120 Catenin in Rat Testis

In the seminiferous epithelium, morphologically diverse junctions mediate inter-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell adhesive contact, but the molecular composition of such junctions is not well known. At prototypical adherens junctions, proteins termed catenins bind to the intracellular domain of classic cadherins and regulate the strength of adhesion. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (5A7, 8D11, and 15D2), p120 catenin (p120) was localized in postnatal and adult rat testis cryosections and touch preparations by immunofluorescence. Immunoprecipitation of testis homogenates showed that at least four p120 isoforms were expressed from Postnatal Day 7 through adulthood. Both interSertoli and Sertoli-germ cell junctions were p120-positive, however, individual p120 monoclonals were localized to specific junctions. The 5A7 and 8D11 antibodies colocalized with bcatenin and plectin at inter-Sertoli and Sertoli-spermatocyte junctions. At inter-Sertoli junctions, p120 was juxtaposed to but did not colocalize with f-actin. Thus, p120 is likely a component of inter-Sertoli desmosome-like junctions. In contrast, the 15D2 monoclonal antibody specifically immunostained Sertoli-round spermatid and inter-Sertoli cell junctions in a dynamic pattern. From the time that round spermatids form to their differentiation into elongate spermatids, Sertoli-round spermatid 15D2 immunostaining cycled from a single mass to a curvilinear pattern, and finally to punctate structures scattered throughout the epithelium. This localization and stage-specific immunostaining pattern indicated that 15D2 recognized Sertoli-round spermatid desmosome-like junctions. Between Sertoli cells, 15D2 immunostained newly formed junctions (at Postnatal Days 21 through 43), but not mature junctions in the adult. From these data, we conclude that p120 is a component of most, if not all, desmosome-like junctions, and that desmosome-like junctions between different cell types contain a unique molecular composition.
Adaptive Anytime Motion Planning for Robust Robot Navigation in Natural Environments

The problem of robot navigation is treated under constraints of limited perception horizon in complex, cluttered, natural environments. We propose a solution based on our previous work in fast constrained motion planning, where arbitrary mobility constraints could be satisfied while the planning problem is reduced to unconstrained heuristic search in state lattices. By trading off optimality, we improve planner run-times and increase robustness through achieving anytime planning quality, such that it becomes possible to integrate the planner within the high speed navigation framework. We show that using a planner in navigation works well and fast enough for real vehicle implementation, while it presents a number of important benefits over state-of-the-art in navigation.
Distinguishing Instances and Evidence of Geographical Concepts for Geospatial Database Design

In many geoscientific disciplines concepts are regularly discovered and modified, but the architecture of our geospatial information systems is primarily aimed at supporting static conceptual structures. This results in a semantic gap between our evolving understanding of these concepts and how they are represented in our systems. The research reported here provides better database support for geographical concepts that evolve with particular situations. To reduce the potential for schema change in such environments, we develop an analysis of the structure and function of situated geographical concepts and directly model the results in an UML schema. The developed schema explicitly contextualizes geographic information and concepts, enabling the extraction of contexts and interpretations from databases. This aids (1) the uncovering of the implicit aspects of data, (2) the addition of empirical components to geoscientific ontology, and (3) enhances the context represented in geo-databases. Prototype implementations that show promise for managing geoscientific ontologies and databases are also briefly discussed.
Power-dependent correction to the scale factor in the laser gyro

Scale factor experiments were performed using an internal-mirror quartz-block 1.15-μm He-Ne laser, having a cavity length of 9.868 cm. The configuration was an equilateral triangle and the nominal geometric scale factor was 1.035 \times 10^{5} counts per revolution. To avoid lock-in (20°/s) the laser was rotated at rates of 5000-9000\deg /s. Using an equal mixture of neon isotopes, the scale factor was measured as a function of frequency tuning and, at the peak power frequency, as a function of discharge current. At the peak power frequency, the relative scale factor was reduced by 0.3 percent over the value found off the center. The slope of the relative scale factor variation was -0.03 percent per percent gain. To explain the experimental results, both radiation trapping and a strong signal theory were needed. Calculations showed a strong scale factor variation with loss that was ∼414 times the gain variation.
THE MASS MEDIA AND POLITICAL INFORMATION IN QUITO, ECUADOR

Does increased media exposure lead to greater political knowledge? If so, what kinds of knowledge are affected, and by which media? The authors explore these questions through interviews with a sample of adults in Quito, Ecuador. They consider as well the effects of media credibility and of preferred communications patterns within the family in mediating the relationships observed. Jack M. McLeod is Associate Professor of Journalism-Mass Communications and Chairman of the Mass Communications Research Center at the University of Wisconsin. Ramona R. Rush is a doctoral candidate in Mass Communications at the University of Wisconsin and is currently in Lima, Peru investigating the diffusion of international affairs information. Karl H. Friederich is Assistant Professor in the Department of Technical Journalism at Iowa State University.
A case of adjustable pressure-limiting (APL) valve failure

The adjustable pressure-limiting (APL) valve controls airway pressure during manual ventilation. Failure of the APL valve during induction of anesthesia may occur, and the anesthesiologist must be aware of solutions for this occurrence.
Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Variants Confer Increased Risk of Disease Progression

Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with the risk of prostate cancer. Our objective was to determine whether these SNPs affect the progression of prostate cancer. Methods: We genotyped 26 SNPs previously associated with prostate cancer risk among 788 aggressive prostate cancer patients who were treated by radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Prostate cancer progression was defined as biochemical recurrence based on posttreatment prostate-specific antigen levels of >0.3 ng/mL for radical prostatectomy patients or a 2-ng/mL increase above the nadir for radiation therapy patients, initiation of hormone treatment, or metastases. We assessed the association between independent and combined SNPs and disease progression by Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Five SNPs showed independent associations with prostate cancer progression (rs12621278, rs629242, rs9364554, rs4430796, and rs5945572) based on stepwise regression analysis. The strongest SNP was rs12621278 in the ITGA6 locus, which was associated with a 2.4-fold increased risk of progression ( P = 0.0003). When considering the sum of risk alleles across these five SNPs, each additional allele was associated with a 29% increase in risk of progression (95% confidence interval, 1.12-1-47). Conclusions: We found that five of the recently highlighted prostate cancer susceptibility loci also influence prostate cancer progression beyond the known clinicopathologic predictors. If confirmed, these genetic variants might help clarify which tumors are likely to progress and require more aggressive treatment in contrast to those that might not have substantial effects on morbidity or mortality. Impact: Genetic susceptibility variants for prostate cancer development may also inform disease progression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(9); 2124–32. ©2010 AACR.
Relevance of Animal Learning Models to Behavioral Psychotherapy

Pavlov's words presaged a twentieth century development for study of human behavioural disorders: Animal learning models. In essence, animal modeling involves induction of disorders analogous to naturally occurring human psychopathologies in animal subjects. The goal, of course, is illumination of cause, cure, and prevention of human disorders. Historically, although Pavlov's (1941, 1966) discovery of “experimental neurosis” in dogs generated initial enthusiasm for animal modeling, the approach later fell into disrepute probably because the early animal experimentation was rather poor (McKinney, 1974). The experimental analyses of the apparently maladaptive animal behaviours were reasonably thorough, but the claim that they represented and/or analyzed some form of naturally occurring disorder was usually unconvincing. Currently, however, a resurgence of interest in the method of animal modeling coupled with increased concern by investigators to set down ground rules for evaluation of animal models is apparent in the recent compilation of several books on the subject (two still in press): Experimental psychopathology: Recent research and theory, Psychopathology: Experimental models , and Relevance of the Psychopathological animal model to the human.
High-density algal photobioreactors using light-emitting diodes.

Lack of high-density algal photobioreactors (PBR) has been a limitation in exploiting the biotechnological potential of algae. Recent developments of highly efficient light-emitting diodes (LED using gallium aluminum arsenide chips) have made the development of a small LED-based PBR possible. We have calculated theoretical values of gas mass transfer requirements and light-intensity requirement to support high-density algal cultures for the 680 nm monochromatic red light from LED as a light source. A prototype PBR has been designed based on these calculations. A cell concentration of more than 2 × 109 cells/mL (more than 6.6% v%sol;v), cell doubling times as low as 12 h, and an oxygen production rate as high as 10 mmol oxygen/L culture/h were achieved using on-line ultrafiltration to periodically provide fresh medium. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Performance analysis of a fault-tolerant crossbar molecular switch memory demultiplexer

Nanoscale elements are fabricated using bottom-up processes, and as such they are prone to high levels of defects. Defect-tolerance will play a crucial role in the realization of practical nanoscale devices. In this paper we investigate the performance impact of combining a molecular switch junction with an ECC demultiplexer to allow for enhanced fault-tolerance. The results indicate that the molecular switch junction, which adds redundancy to the address lines, aids in reducing the delay as the redundancy increases. Further, the probability analysis also indicates that the fault tolerance improves with the combined scheme.
Kant and the Conventionality of Simultaneity

In his Third Analogy of Experience, Kant argues that a universal system of mutual causal interaction-at-a-distance is presupposed in the very construction of experience, and thereby also can be assumed to hold of objects of experience qua appearances. This implies in turn a notion of objective simultaneity. I discuss whether Kant's project is rendered wholly obsolete by the relativity and conventionality of simultaneity as it is now understood under the theory of relativity. I conclude that, while major parts of his project are indeed obsolete, there may still be useful insights into time-awareness to be gleaned from his work.
Providing a Framework for Reforming the Legal Profession: Insights from the European Experience *

Many governments, as well as the European Commission, have engaged in active reforms of the legal profession (namely with regard to lawyers). This paper analyses the relevant dimensions of these reforms (access, fees, marketing, organisation and conduct). One of the major criticisms of these reforms is that they are excessively oriented by economic reasoning. This paper provides a more critical framework of the reforms and identifies the shortcomings of what has been incorrectly perceived as economic reasoning.
Generalized language measure families of probabilistic finite state systems

The signed real measure of regular languages has been introduced and validated in recent literature for quantitative analysis of discrete-event systems. This paper reports generalizations of the language measure, which can serve as performance indices for synthesis of optimal discrete-event supervisory decision and control laws. These generalizations eliminate a user-selectable parameter in the original concept of language measure. The concepts are illustrated with simple examples.
Transforming introductory computer science projects via real-time web data

While computing is becoming increasingly distributed, programming projects in introductory classes remain mostly divorced from the student's day-to-day computing experiences. These experiences entail interacting with real-time Web-based data from sources that include weather reports, news updates, and restaurant recommendations. The disconnect between student experiences and the content of their programming projects is known to drive some students away from computing. In addition, to adequately prepare students for the realities of modern software engineering, educators should introduce issues pertaining to distributed computing early in the curriculum. To address these problems, we have created RealTimeWeb - an architectural framework that makes real-time web data accessible for introductory programming projects. The framework effectively introduces important real-time distributed computing concepts without overwhelming students with the low-level details that working with such data typically requires. Preliminary results indicate that our approach can be effective in the context of a typical CS2 course, and that real-time data is relevant to students. RealTimeWeb libraries and associated resources are publicly available for use, with multiple language bindings to many real-time data sources. A rapid-prototyping tool available through the project's website facilitates the development of client libraries with easily accessible APIs for new real-time Web-based data sources.
Hand-Assembled Cable Bundle Modeling for Crosstalk and Common-Mode Radiation Prediction

A statistical cable bundle model is developed to account for the random disturbance of the wire positions along hand-assembled cable bundles. The nonuniform random bundles are modeled as n-cascaded segments of a uniform multiconductor transmission line. At each section, all wire positions are disturbed with random numbers obeying a Gaussian distribution. In addition, a spline interpolation function is used to improve the continuity of wires winding along the bundle. The wire crosstalk and the common-mode (CM) current distribution along the bundle can be calculated with simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE)-like solvers. By injecting the CM current along the bundle into a full-wave tool, e.g., finite-difference time domain (FDTD), as impressed current sources, the system-level electromagnetic emissions from the cable bundles can be predicted. The model has been experimentally validated with a controlled laboratory setup.
Tactical data management in a multilink translator and display system

The author describes the modular translator display system (MTDS), a prototype system that is being developed to translate and display data from multiple tactical links. It is designed to be portable, modular, adaptable to existing systems, and extensible to future systems. The MTDS is a multiphase development whose design is object-oriented and utilizes multiple database objects to manage generalized track objects for link-to-link translations. Its database objects are implemented through the use of tailorable hashing functions that are capable of access times of the order of 1 mu s for MTDS Phase I DOS platforms. >
Caged ATP-fuel for bionanodevices

Micro- and nanodevices require the controlled delivery of energy to power a variety of processes. The current paradigm of connecting a miniaturized device to a set of macroscopic auxiliary devices, such as power supplies or pumps, for the delivery of electrical and mechanical energy needs to be replaced to enable the design of stand-alone integrated bionanodevices with applications in remote biosensing or nanomedicine. Biological nanomachines, such as the motor protein kinesin, can efficiently convert energy stored in chemical compounds, in particular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), into mechanical work. This ability is an attractive feature of hybrid devices powered by biomolecular motors, since it removes the need for the storage and conversion of electrical energy. The consequences are a simplified fabrication process and packaging, leading to higher yields and lower costs, and the broadening of the applications, which can now include field-deployable nanodevices. Here, the potential of caged ATP as fuel for such engineering applications is discussed. Caged ATP can be stored in the buffer solution of a bionanodevice, "uncaged" by UV light, and utilized as fuel by many enzymes to catalyze chemical changes or power active transport. We demonstrate that DMNPE-caged ATP can be stored in sufficient amounts in a typical device and that the activation can be triggered with a UV lamp or even sunlight.
Adenocarcinoma of the Distal Esophagus and Gastric Cardia: Comparison of Results of Transhiatal Esophagectomy and Thoracoabdominal Esophagogastrectomy

The traditional surgical approach to adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and cardia is thoracoabdominal esophagogastrectomy (EG) with resection of nearly half of the proximal stomach and intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis. During the past 10 years, however, transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy (THE), has become our preferred operative approach in nearly all patients requiring esophagectomy for both benign and malignant disease, including those with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and cardia [1–5]. It has been our clinical impression that this method provides a physiologically less stressful operation for these patients, has several additional important advantages, and results in survival as good as that obtained by the more conventional EG. This study is a retrospective review of the cumulative experience of the University of Michigan over the past 20 years with surgery for adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus or cardia and permits a comparison of patients who underwent either standard EG or THE with partial proximal gastrectomy.
Combining search-based procedural content generation and social gaming in the Petalz video game

Search-based procedural content generation methods allow video games to introduce new content continually, thereby engaging the player for a longer time while reducing the burden on developers. However, games so far have not explored the potential economic value of unique evolved artifacts. Building on this insight, this paper presents for the first time a Facebook game called Petalz in which players can share flowers they breed themselves with other players through a global marketplace. In particular, the market in this social game allows players to set the price of their evolved aesthetically-pleasing flowers in virtual currency. Furthermore, the transaction in which one player buys seeds from another creates a new social element that links the players in the transaction. The combination of unique user-generated content and social gaming in Petalz facilitates meaningful collaboration between users, positively influences the dynamics of the game, and opens new possibilities in digital entertainment.
Child abuse: approach and management

Child abuse is a common diagnosis in the United States and should be considered any time neglect or emotional, physical, or sexual abuse is a possibility. Although home visitation programs have been effective in preventing child maltreatment, much of the approach to and management of child abuse is directed by expert opinion or legal mandate. Any suspicion of abuse must be reported to Child Protective Services. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended to adequately evaluate and treat child abuse victims; however, the responsibility often lies with the family physician to recognize and treat these cases at first presentation to prevent significant morbidity and mortality.
GyroTouch: Wrist Gyroscope with a Multi-Touch Display

We present GyroTouch, a multi-modal approach to the use of a digital gyroscope in a watch form-factor and a multi-touch desktop display with the aim to find properties that can yield better navigation in 3D virtual environments. GyroTouch was created to augment multi-touch gestures with other devices. Our approach addressed 3D rotations and 3D Translation used in navigation of virtual environments. This work also includes an algorithm for estimating angular velocity for any given axis, using only one previous sample.
Chain Extension Studies Relevant to the Completeness of End-Linking in Elastomeric Polyurethane Networks

Abstract Polyurethane elastomers may be prepared by end-linking hydroxyl-terminated (atactic) poly(propylene oxide) chains with an aromatic triisocyanate. As is invariably the case, networks thus formed are insoluble and very difficult to analyze with regard to the completeness of the end-linking reaction. Relevant information can, however, be obtained by studying the products of the analogous reaction, between a structurally similar diisocyanate and the same polymer chains, under identical conditions. Since both reactants now have functionalities less than three, the reaction gives chain extension rather than crosslinking (gelation), and it is now possible to measure molecular weights before and after the reaction. Such experiments were carried out using diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate with poly(propylene oxide) chains which had viscosity-average molecular weights ranging from 10−3Mv=1.15−4.50 g mol−1. Values of Mv were found to increase by factors of 20–30, which indicates high extents of reaction. Th...
A Quotient Rule Integration by Parts Formula

fUdV= (1) My student Victor asked if we could do a similar thing with the Quotient Rule. While the other students thought this was a crazy idea, I was intrigued. Below, I derive a Quotient Rule Integration by Parts formula, apply the resulting integration formula to an example, and discuss reasons why this formula does not appear in calculus texts. By the Quotient Rule, if f (x) and g(x) are differentiable functions, then
Effects of Alternate Suction and Pressure on Circulation in the Lower Extremities

According to Pbiseuille's law the volume of fluid flowing through a rigid tube is proportional to the fall in pressure along the tube. It seems possible, therefore, that if the peripheral fall in blood pressure could be increased the total amount of blood flowing past an arterial obstruction in unit time would be greater. The fall in pressure through the arterial tree may be increased physically in two ways, (a) by elevating aortic blood pressure or (b) by reducing peripheral blood pressure to a negative value. The first method is impracticable for numerous reasons but it is possible temporarily to reduce capillary and venous pressure by applying suction to the extremities.An aluminium box was built large enough to accommodate the lower extremity to a point about 6 inches above the kne.e and strong enough to withstand pressures of —120 to + 120 mm. Hg. A mercury manometer, communicating with the interior of the box, was equipped with electrodes so arranged that the one-half horse power motor operating an ...
Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy for Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules

Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy is a useful addition to the array of modalities available to sample peripheral lung lesions. Its utility in diagnosing peripheral lesions has been steadily increasing since the Food and Drug Administration first approved it in 2004. The improvement can be attributed to continuous refinement in technology, increasing training and experience with the procedure, perhaps widespread availability of rapid onsite cytologic evaluation, and better patient selection. It may also be attributable to improvements of the technology and more available tools to perform biopsy of the peripheral lung.