cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy and Carbon Assessment of Ground Improvement Works. I: Definitions and Background

AbstractGeotechnical engineers can and should take a leading role in incorporating sustainable development goals into the selection of ground improvement design alternatives and construction methods through quantitative assessment of environmental impacts. Since all valid design alternatives must meet project performance requirements, overall cost and environmental impact become two key factors in the decision process. Although methods of cost estimation are well established within geotechnical engineering, simplified methods for assessing impacts to the environment have remained a largely unfulfilled need. In this paper, life cycle analysis, embodied energy, and carbon footprinting are reviewed in the context of geotechnical ground improvement. It is proposed that estimates of life cycle embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions may be used during the design process by geotechnical engineers to quantify some of the effects of ground improvement on the environment. The life cycle is considered to exten...
Uranium removal in oceanic sediments and the oceanic U balance

Pore water uranium data from the NW Atlantic Ocean, Cariaco Trench, Black Sea and San Clemente Basin are used to calculate fluxes across the sediment-water interface. All samples were collected in situ and show depletions in pore water U relative to the overlying water concentration. The uptake rate of U, derived from pore water gradients, reflects the redox environment, with lowest fluxes (10 μg/cm 2 ky) in oxic/su☐ic sediments of the NW Atlantic dominated by NO 3 − reduction and higher fluxes (25–70 μg/cm 2 ky) in the anoxic, sulfate-reducing sediments of the Cariaco Trench, Black Sea and San Clemente Basin. The anoxic fluxes compare well with previous estimates based on solid phase data. Calculations indicate that the areally integrated removal of U into su☐ic, hemipelagic sediments is of greater magnitude than that into anoxic, sulfate-reducing sediments. These fluxes are discussed in the context of the oceanic U balance. The removal of U in all oceanic sediments is estimated to account for about 65% of the riverine input, and this sink plus removal of U in altered oceanic crust balances the most probable value for riverine input.
Proteomics on full-length membrane proteins using mass spectrometry.

A general technique has been developed that allows rapid mass spectrometric analysis of full-length membrane proteins [Whitelegge, J. P., le Coutre, J., et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 10695-10698]. Using in-line HPLC electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS), different native and recombinant bacterial membrane proteins of up to 61 kDa are characterized. Mass spectrometric data of four entirely different membrane proteins from three bacterial organisms, two transporters, a channel, and a porin protein are presented. In addition to determination of the molecular mass with an accuracy of +/-0.01%, the technique monitors alkylation or oxidation of single Cys residues and errors in deduced amino acid sequences. Finally, using in-line LC-MS, unknown proteins can be identified from solubilized Escherichia coli membranes without prior purification.
The Case for Systematic Drill in Language Teaching

T HE old adage that "practice makes perfect" has fallen on evil days in modern language circles. Likewise, the Latin "repetitio est mater studiorum" has become an outworn shibboleth. In our time, the watchwords are "self-expression," "creative activity," "motivation." To be sure, a stimulating article appeared several years ago bearing the intriguing title "Ubungen machen den Meister."' But upon examination, the exercises recommended prove to be something other than pure drill since the student is allowed some liberty to express himself. Also, the work is intended to form a transition to free composition. A more recent discussion, "Grammars and the Psychology of Learning,"' represents pretty well the prevailing attitude toward practice and repetition. Asserting that the mechanical exercise should give way to the creative, the author says: "Whatever the facts may be, mechanical repetition no longer is believed to result in learning."3 At any rate, one fact in the matter is that for the beginner a foreign language is a decidedly arbitrary and unnatural phenomenon. Sweet holds that since languages are only partly rational they must be acquired largely through a mechanical process.4 This is true at least for the elementary stages of study. Repetition alone may not result in learning, but there exist, fortunately, in language as in music, certain patterns which can be mastered by formal means. To the inexperienced violinist the position of the hand on the strings is highly artificial. No amount of creative enthusiasm or ingenious motivation can change the situation. The verb position at the end of the German subordinate clause is just as unnatural to the learner; if often remains so even for the advanced student unless he obtains automatic control through rigid drill. One plausible reason for the disfavor with which rigid exercises are regarded is that they are frequently associated with the discarded grammar method. In fact, the word "drill" is often linked with grammar. As the dictionary has it: "Any exercise, physical or mental, enforced with regularity and by constant repetition; as a severe drill in Latin grammar."5 In former
Menstrual phase effects on smoking relapse

Aims To examine if menstrual phase affects relapse in women attempting to quit smoking. Design An intent-to-treat randomized smoking cessation trial where women were assigned to quit smoking in either the follicular (F) or luteal (L) menstrual phase and were followed for up to 26 weeks. They were assessed for relapse by days to relapse and relapse phase to determine if those who begin a quit attempt during the F phase were more successful than those who begin during the L phase. Setting Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Participants A total of 202 women. Measurements Latency to relapse from continuous and prolonged abstinence, point prevalence, phase of relapse, first slip within the first 3 and 5 days post-quit date, subject completion rates and symptomatology (i.e. withdrawal and craving). Findings The mean days to relapse from continuous abstinence and relapse from prolonged abstinence for the F group were 13.9 and 20.6 days, respectively, and 21.5 and 39.2 days, respectively, for the L group. Using point prevalence analysis at 14 days, 84% of the F group had relapsed compared with 65% of the L group [χ2 = 10.024, P = 0.002; odds ratio (OR) = 2.871, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.474–5.590]. At 30 days, 86% of the F group relapsed, compared with 66% of the L group (χ2 = 11.076, P = 0.001; OR = 3.178, 95% CI, 1.594–6.334). Conclusion Women attempting to quit smoking in the F phase had less favorable outcomes than those attempting to quit in the L phase. This could relate to ovarian hormones, which may play a role in smoking cessation for women.
A Theology of Disability: Living as a Theologian of the Cross

This article exams the implecations of Luther's theology of the cross for living with disability as well as living as the body of Christ, the church. Existing work on the theologia crucis will contribute to the formation of an inclusive theology of disability. Luther's theology of the cross, also reffered to as the red tread of Lutheran tradition, offers a faithful resource for understanding and accepting disability. The theology of the cross and its interplay with law and Gospel will be examined. This exploration will lead to adiscussion of Christian vocation - how to live as a theologian of the cross. Finally, a theology of disabilty that challenges Christians to live as theologians of the cross, free to embrace and serve all members of the body of Christ, will be suggested.
Physiological studies of conducting systems in the colonial hydroid Hydractinia echinata 1. Polyp specialization.

Electrical activity generated by electrical stimuli has been recorded through suction electrodes placed on gastrozooid and dactylozooid polyps of the colonial hydroid, Hydractinia echinata Flemming. The polymorphism so characteristic of a Hydractinia colony extends to the physiological machinery controlling the behavior of the different polyp types. Contraction of gastrozooid polyps, where the muscle elements are uniformly distributed within the epidermis, is correlated to an electrical event termed the symmetrical contraction potential (SCP). The SCP is conducted about 4.4 cm/sec. Two kinds of electrical activity are correlated to distinct behavioral events of the specialized asymmetrically coiled dactylozooid polyps: (1) Dactylozooid coiling potentials (DCPs) are conducted at about 4.6 cm/sec and are correlated with contraction of a thin band of muscles on the concave side resulting in asymmetrical contraction and a marked coiling of the polyp. (2) Dactylozooid lashing potentials (DLPs) are conducted at about 9.1 cm/sec and have a threshold 50 per cent or more higher than DCPs. DLPs are correlated with contraction of well-developed muscles on the convex side resulting in a rapid uncoiling or “lashing” of the dactylozooid polyp. Dactylozooid coiling is correlated to an incremental spread of conduction within the colony whereas lashing occurs during colony-wide through-conducted excitation. Very small electrical spikes (50–200 μV amplitude) have been recorded from both gastrozooids and dactylozooids. These tiny potentials (TPs) are conducted at 15–21 cm/sec, have a threshold below that of the DCPs and SCPs, and are of unknown behavioral significance. On the basis of the characteristics of the electrical events, the differences in threshold, conduction velocity, and related spread of excitation, it is proposed that these three potentials represent activity within separate conducting systems — an incrementing conducting system (ICS), a through conducting system (TS), and a tiny potential system (TPS). Physiological and microscopical evidence suggest a nerve net origin for the ICS, and epithelial conduction for the TS.
Plasmonic composite nanoparticles to engineer the optical scattering spectra

Plasmonic-dielectric nanoparticles are tailored to support rich scattering spectra, combining Fano-type features with cloaking and resonant peaks. A core-shell design is proposed as sensor, with tunable features when nonlinearities are introduced.
An innovative orthotic design for midcarpal instability, non-dissociative: Mobility with stability

Abstract Assisting carpal instability patients with regaining pain free and symptom free movement is a primary goal of therapy. This author describes her version of an orthotic device for carpal instability non-dissociative. She also describe her typical treatment plan for these patients – Victoria Priganc, PhD, OTR, CHT, CLT, Practice Forum Editor.
Search for massive long-lived particles in aluminum targets irradiated by 300- and 400-GeV protons

A directional gas Cherenkov counter, which employed six phototubes to sample Cherenkov light from single particles having a gamma greater than ~10 was used to achieve accidental rates of less than one per day if operated near targets with surface radiation levels of as high as 10/sup +3/ r/hr. The cosmic ray background measured by the apparatus was reduced to less than one per day by mounting our directional Cherenkov counter above the irradiated targets and facing toward the earth. Two searches of a few days duration, after bombardments at energies of 300 and 400 GeV with >10/sup 16/ protons at NAL, were made in four inch thick targets of aluminum, mounted just down stream from another aluminum target. No long-lived particles were observed with cross sections for production and capture of approximately less than a micro-micro barn in a lifetime range of a few to a few thousand hours. (auth) from the decay of a long-lived intermediate state. (auth)
Echocardiographic features of false tendons in the left ventricle

M mode and two dimensional echocardiographic features consistent with previously reported autopsy findings of false tendons were seen in 5 of approximately 1,000 consecutive echocardiographic examinations. Later, the presence of false tendon was proved at autopsy in one of the five cases. Examination in three cases revealed heart disease: aortic regurgitation, third degree atrioventricular (A-V) block with aortic regurgitation and invasive thymoma with pericardial effusion; examination in two cases revealed no heart disease. In three cases, M mode echocardiograms revealed in the outflow tract of the left ventricle abnormal linear echoes that strongly mimicked those in other disorders such as discrete subaortic stenosis or flail aortic valve. In two cases, there were abnormal linear echoes in the left ventricle toward the apex. In three cases, two dimensional echocardiograms revealed long-string-like echoes stretching from the upper part of the interventricular septum across the ventricular cavity to the lateral wall of the left ventricle in long and short axis views or in four chamber views. In two cases, long slender echoes between the lower parts of the interventricular septum and the left ventricle were seen in apical long axis views. These string-like echoes seem to represent the false tendons previously reported at autopsy, although actual pathologic confirmation was available in only one of the five cases. It is concluded that (1) M mode and two dimensional echocardiograms can demonstrate the presence of false tendons, (2) two dimensional echocardiograms are useful in differentiating false tendons from other conditions causing abnormal linear echoes in the outflow tract of the left ventricle on M mode echography.
Optimum process designs for ultrafiltration and crossflow microfiltration systems

Abstract This presentation gives methods by which ultrafiltration and cross flow microfiltration system designs can be developed and optimized when data are available relating flux rate and membrane rejection to concentration and to other parameters. System layouts considered include batch, single-stage feed-and-bleed, and multi-stage feed-and-bleed. Membrane types considered include hollow fiber, spiral-wound, tubular and flat sheet. A math program such as that in EXCEL is convenient for the design calculations. A FORTRAN program to handle additional parameters such as variable recovery per pass and membrane rejections that change with concentration has been developed. A progress report was presented at ICOM 2000 in Toronto and this paper is a continuation of that work.
Neutron Capture Gamma-Ray Multiplicity

The average number of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays, ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, per neutron capture has been measured for about thirty isotopes. Correlations of ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ with atomic weight and nuclear type are presented.
Conformation similarities of the globular and tailed forms of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo california

Abstract The conformation of the globular dimer (G2), the tailed asymmetric dodecamer (A12, also containing some tailed octamer A8) and the globular tetramer (G4, prepared by removing the collagen-like tail from A12) of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) was studied by circular dichroism (CD) in the ultraviolet region. The G2 and G4 forms had similar conformation with about 40% α-helix, 35% β-sheets and 4% β-turns; the tailed form had a lower helicity (about 34%) and β-form (about 25%) content probably because of the presence of the tail whose CD spectrum resembles that of an unordered form, but it had about the same amount of β-turns as the other two forms. All three forms also had similar CD spectra in the near-ultraviolet region due to their non-peptide chromophores. The pH, thermal and urea denaturation of the three acetylcholinesterase forms was also similar to each other. The pH-dependency of both the enzymatic activity and CD intensity of the three forms showed bell-shaped curves with a plateau at pH 7–8. The activity was completely lost at pH below 5 or above 10, but the corresponding CD spectra retained 70–80% of the original magnitudes. Thermal denaturation of the three forms at pH 7.5 showed a conformational transition and loss of activity between 30 and 40°C, but the CD intensity of the helical band at 222 nm was reduced by only 20–30%. Urea denaturation of the three form began at 1 M urea; it was protein concentration- and time-dependent. Again, the activity disappeared faster than the decreasing CD intensity. Thus, the overall conformation of the three acetylcholinesterase forms appears to be relatively stable, but their active site is easily perturbed by changing the environment. The loss of activity correlated well with the disapperance of the CD band of tryptophan(s) in the near-ultraviolet region, suggesting that the Trp residue(s) might be at or near the active center of the enzyme.
Methodology for high-flux absolute multielement neutron activation analysis — environmental baselines by analysis of tree rings

Abstract Multielement determinations by high-flux absolute n.a.a. require careful methodology to avoid systematic error. The ORNL high-flux facility with a thermal flux of 5 ·10 14 cm -2 s -1 and a thermal-to-resonance flux ratio of T004 . Analysis of Knoxville tree-core samples a Element Increment no.20 (1832–1838) Increment no.8 (1932–1838) Increment no.3 (1858–1863) Increment no.1 (1868–1872) Core Number Core Number Core Number Core Number 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Na 12.9(1.1) 2.67(3.3) 33.8(1.0) 11.2(1.6) 15.6(1.5) 31.4(1.2) 22.4(0.93) 9.9(1.8) Mg c c 160(12) b 80(27) b 100(21) b 100(30) b c c Al 15.2(5.4) 5.6(6.1) 12.5(3.8) 11.0(4.4) 7.8(6.6) 8.4(7.4) 6.5(14) 6.6(6.2) Cl 15.4(9.1) ND 66(5.4) ND ND 55(6.1) 26(5.5) 22(5.1) K 205(2.6) 223(3.3) 493(1.8) b 457(1.9) b 478(1.9) b 439(2.1) b 449(1.8) 570(1.7) Ca 1600(11) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Cr ND ND ND b ND b 0.3(>30) b 0.6(>30) b 0.6(>30) b ND Mn 109(0.30) 107(0.23) 64.1(042) 108(0.32) 46.7(051) 66.8(0.44) 38.9(0.39) 45.0(0.34) Fe ND ND ND ND ND 19(19) 25(18) ND Co ND 0.02(>30) ND ND ND ND 0.30(>30) ND Zn 7.2(7) 7.4(4.2) 13.0(2.4) 9.2(3.3) 5.6(4.0) 4.5(4.7) ND 2.4(8.8) Br 0.10(20) ND 0.07(12) ND 0.024(13) ND 0.04(>30) ND Rb ND ND 0.9(13) 0.8(18) 0.8(15) 0.7(17) ND 1.1(18) Ag ND ND 1.06(3.0) 15.3(0.71) 0.15(15) 0.69(4.8) 0.11(28) ND Ba 11(7.3) 10(13) 3.2(16) ND 3.0(15) 2.9(18) ND 3(32) W ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.06(29) ND a Results in p.p.m followed by (per cent counting statistical error). b Computer forced result.Also V,Se,Sr,Sb,Cs and au (forced) were not detected. c Element possibly present but missed by peak-finding routine.7 35–45, was used in developing an instrumental absolute multielement method. The detector was calibrated for absolute counting with two independent sets of radioactivity standards for four detector- -source distances; the absolute activities of the standards were reproducible within accuracies of 9%. Five sources of systematic error were investigated: (a) correction for counting of cylindrical sources for 26 γ-ray energies reached 14–17% for photon energies below 500 keV; (b) flux variation during bombardment and within the irradiation capsule volume was not significant; (c) samples were sufficiently stable during high-flux bombardment; (d) multi-element impurities in accessory materials (polyethylene and “Nucleopore” filters) were not significant; (e) correction for sample activation during rabbit transfer was necessary for short bombardments, e.g ., 8.6 % for 6 s and 19.6 % for 4 s. This methodology resulted in accuracies of 10–15 % for most elements, as determined by analysis of N.B.S. orchard leaves and coal and of Bowen's kale standards. The method was applied to a preliminary chronological study of environmental baselines and contamination levels, based on tree ring samples, covering a period of 100 years.
Interaction of mitochondrial respiratory inhibitors and excitotoxins potentiates cell death in hippocampal slice cultures.

The broad-spectrum insecticide rotenone, an inhibitor of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), gives rise to oxidative stress and bioenergetic failure. Pesticides including rotenone have been implicated in human neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Another intensively investigated hypothesis of neurodegenerative disease involves the toxic action of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. In the present study, we determined whether concomitant exposure of rotenone plus tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) or the specific glutamate receptor agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) would cause greater cell death in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures than when given separately. Low, sublethal rotenone (100 nM), TEA (0.5–2.0 mM), NMDA (1.0–10 μM), and AMPA (1.0–10 μM) alone resulted in little cell death as determined by propidium iodide fluorescence. However, cell death was significantly to dramatically potentiated when the hippocampal slices were coincubated with comparable concentrations of rotenone plus TEA, NMDA, or AMPA. Similarly, in the presence of 10 μM NMDA, ETC inhibitors blocking other mitochondrial complexes also potentiated cell death. Immunohistochemical analysis using glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody determined that the cell death was preferentially neuronal. These results demonstrate that two different classes of toxicants can interact, resulting in potentiation of neurotoxicity, and further suggest that a combinatorial therapeutic approach may be required to ameliorate the potentiated cell death. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Past perfect, future tense: A survey of issues in collection development

Libraries have always been valued for and measured by their collections. The process of collection development has undergone many changes in the past few decades. This article examines those changes while concluding that the core values remain the same.
Diagnosis of a tumor with an unusual presentation in the pelvis

A 47-year-old multiparous woman was first seen with signs and symptoms of sudden, copious vaginal bleeding. The pelvic examination revealed a classic-appearing aborting leiomyoma. Subsequent operation and histologic examination, however, revealed a rare pelvic tumor. The diagnostic evidence and management are outlined.
Virtue Ethics, Dialogue, and “Reverence”

Contemporary theorizing about virtue in philosophy and social theory broadly includes not only virtue ethics but stimulating new perspectives on dialogue and fresh thinking about implacable human limitations. Taken together, these ideas outline a credible alternative to dogmatism, objectivism, and relativism in a pluralistic modern context. They also offer promising leads for rethinking social inquiry in such a context for an approach to inquiry that, in Alasdair Mac Intyre’s words, allows us to affirm “moral pluralism without moral relativism.”
Biochemistry of myoglobin. VI. The effects of low dosage gamma irradiation on beef myoglobin

Abstract Irradiation of aqueous extracts of beef oxymyoglobin causes the pigment to undergo a series of reactions whereby the oxymyoglobin is converted to metmyoglobin which in turn is changed to a red compound which is stable to further irradiation. The red compound produced by irradiation has been characterized spectrophotometrically, and appears to be distinct from oxymyoglobin and peroxymetmyoglobin. In crude extracts, the red compound undergoes a postirradiation transformation to oxymyoglobin when kept in the cold, whereas, at room temperature, there is a slow change to metmyoglobin. Both purified pigment preparations and extensively dialyzed extracts undergo the irradiation changes; however, the red compound formed during irradiation very rapidly changes to metmyoglobin after irradiation. Dialyzable factors have been obtained from crude extracts which stabilize the red compound after irradiation.
Entrainment of the circadian activity rhythm to the light cycle: Effective light intensity for a Zeitgeber in the retinal degenerate C3H mouse and the normal C57BL mouse

Abstract Effective light intensities for entrainment of activity rhythms were obtained in the retinal degenerated C3Hf/He mice and the normal C57BL/6J mice. The circadian activity rhythms of the mice were examined under LD 12:12 cycles with one of five different levels of light (L phase) and complete darkness (D phase). The thresholds of a Zeitgeber, defined as the light intensity effective for 50% entrainment, were estimated between 1 lux and 5 lux in the C3H and lower than 0.01 lux in the C57BL mice. These results suggest that at least two different kinds of photoreceptor including rods and cones participate in the photic entrainment of the circadian activity rhythms.
High pressure balloon angioplasty for branch pulmonary artery stenosis: Early experience

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high pressure balloons (17 to 20 atm, Blue Max, Meditech) to dilate branch pulmonary artery stenosis. Background. The low success rate (50% to 60%) for angioplasty of branch pulmonary artery stenosis using low pressure balloons is due primarily to the inability to eliminate the balloon waist. Hence, higher inflation pressures may improve results. Methods. Hemodynamic and angiographic data from 52 patients (0.3 to 34.8 years old) who underwent high pressure balloon dilation of branch pulmonary artery stenosis between October 1990 and February 1992 were reviewed retrospectively, as were data from previous low pressure dilations in these patients. Common diagnoses included tetralogy of Fallot (n = 9), tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia (n = 23), single ventricle (n = 8) and isolated congenital pulmonary stenosis (n = 7). The 52 patients had 72 vessels dilated. Criteria for success were a 50% increase in vessel diameter or a ≥20% decrease in right ventricular to aortic pressure ratio. Results. Of 36 vessels with previously unsuccessful low pressure balloon dilation, 23 (63%) were successfully dilated with high pressure balloons. Of the 36 remaining vessels, 29 (81%) were successfully dilated with high pressure balloons. Factors associated with success were stenosis at a surgical anastomosis and disappearance of the balloon waist with dilation. Aneurysms developed in three vessels. Complications occurred in seven patients (13%); in two patients the distal pulmonary artery was perforated by a stiff guide wire, causing death in one. Conclusions. Dilation of stenotic peripheral pulmonary arteries with high pressure balloons improves the success rate of angioplasty both in patients who have had unsuccessful dilation with a low pressure balloon and in those without previous attempted dilation.
Learning About Learning

The aim of this study has been to explore possible developmental differences in conceptions of learning amongst a group of people with very different learning experiences. The data consist of interviews with 90 people concerning their approach to learning. The sample was selected according to two criteria: age (which ranged from 15 years 7 months up to 73 years 3 months) and level of formal education (with a minimum of 6 years and a maximum of 16/17 years).
Demonstration of a sexual dimorphism in the distribution of serotonin‐immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat

The distribution of serotonergic fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) and adjacent areas was evaluated with an indirect immunohistochemical method in the normal adult male and female albino rat. Sections through the MPN were processed for immunofluorescence with an anti-serum directed toward serotonin and were counterstained with the fluorescent Nissl stain ethidium bromide. The distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the MPN was correlated with cytoarchitectonic features of the nucleus. On the basis of the results, we have subdivided the MPN into three parts: a medial cell-dense part ( MPNm ), a lateral cell-sparse part ( MPNl ), and a central very cell-dense part ( MPNc ) that is embedded in the medial part. The MPNc corresponds to the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area identified by Gorski et al. ('80). A marked sexual dimorphism was found in the relative size of each part of the MPN. In the male, the volumes of the cell-dense MPNm and MPNc appear to be notably larger, while in the female more than half of the nucleus is occupied by the cell-sparse lateral part. The MPN as a whole appears to be slightly larger in the male. Each subdivision contains a characteristic pattern of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers. In each sex, the MPN is surrounded by a low to medium density of serotonin-stained fibers, while the MPNl is filled with a dense plexus of varicose immunoreactive fibers. In contrast, the MPNm contains a low density of stained fibers, and the MPNc is virtually devoid of serotonin-stained fibers. Since both the MPNm and the MPNc are larger in the male, a correspondingly larger region of very low serotonin-stained fiber density is found in the male. It appears then that the MPN is a sexually dimorphic complex composed of at least three cytoarchitectonically distinct subdivisions, each of which contains a characteristic density of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers.
Cognition as coordinated non-cognition

We propose that cognition is more than a collection of independent processes operating in a modular cognitive system. Instead, we propose that cognition emerges from dependencies between all of the basic systems in the brain, including goal management, perception, action, memory, reward, affect, and learning. Furthermore, human cognition reflects its social evolution and context, as well as contributions from a developmental process. After presenting these themes, we illustrate their application to the process of anticipation. Specifically, we propose that anticipations occur extensively across domains (i.e., goal management, perception, action, reward, affect, and learning) in coordinated manners. We also propose that anticipation is central to situated action and to social interaction, and that many of its key features reflect the process of development.
Acquisition and extinction in the presence of the same intertrial stimuli: The effects of partial reward

Two groups of rats (N = 11) were trained at two trials a day for 16 days in Phase I and 13 days in Phase II. Responses on Trial 1 were always rewarded in both phases. Percentage of reward (50% vs 100%) was varied on Trial 2 of each day of Phase I. Trial 2 on each day of Phase II was never rewarded. A partial reward effect (PRE) was observed on Trial 2 of Phase II. The implications of the results for intertrial explanations of the PRE were discussed.
I don't like it; I never tried it: effects of exposure on two-year-old children's food preferences.

The relationship between frequency of exposure to foods and preference for those foods was investigated in two experiments. Participants in both studies were two-year-old children. In Experiment 1, each of six children received 20, 15, 10, 5 or 2 exposures of five initially novel cheeses during a 26-day series of familiarization trials in which one pair of foods was presented per day. In Experiment 2, eight children received 20, 15, 10, 5 and 0 exposures to five initially novel fruits, following the same familiarization procedures, for 25 days. The particular food assigned to an exposure frequency was counterbalanced over subjects. Initial novelty was ascertained through food history information. Within ten days after the familiarization trials, children were given ten choice trials, comprising all possible pairs of the five foods. Thurstone scaling solutions were obtained for the series of choices: when the resulting scale values for the five stimuli were correlated with exposure frequency, values of r = 0·95, p < 0·02; r = 0·97, p < 0·01; and r = 0·94, p < 0·02 were obtained for the data of Experiments 1, 2, and the combined sample, respectively. A second analysis, employing subjects rather than stimuli as degrees of freedom, revealed that 13 of 14 subjects chose the more familiar stimulus in the sequence of ten choice trials at greater than the level expected by chance, providing evidence for effects within subjects as well as consistency across subjects. These results indicate that preference is an increasing function of exposure frequency. The data are consistent with the mere exposure hypothesis (Zajonc, 1968) as well as with the literature on the role of neophobia in food selection of animals other than man.
Be Happy Because Your Father Isn't Your Father: An Analysis of Colombian Telenovelas

Critics of mass-mediated culture have long maintained that media such as television, radio, and newspapers are instrumental in propagating class values. In his analysis of Colombian telenovelas, Azriel Bibliowicz argues that this apparently harmless form of entertainment also has a political and ideological base whose implicit messages serve to make its viewers forget reality. Just as Levi Strauss believes that mythsplay a central role in society, Bibliowicz claims that the purpose of myths in telenovelas is to have us lose sight o f the origins of the eristingsocial order and to exonerate the dominant class which controls society's means of production. He gives us an overview of the Colombian television industry, describes how a telenovela is made, and analyzes one-“Manuela”-which contains a social message. Readers will find some interesting similarities and differences between this study of a Colombian popular art form and the articles by Flora and Bonilla de Ramos which focus on the fotonovela and radio in the same country.
Problems Associated with Production Testing and Pipeline Milkers

A survey in North Carolina in 1954 showed that 7.5% of the farms producing Grade A milk were using pipeline milkers. This number had increased to 18% early in 1957. This trend is probably even greater in smne of the other states. The development of the pipeline milker for the stanchion barn as well as for the milking parlor is a step toward greater labor efficiency and milking convemence in our modern dai ry farms. From all indications, the use of the pipeline milker is going to continue to grow. While the pipeline milker is making the job of milking cows easier, it is creating new problems in other areas. This system of milking cows does not lend itself to easy weighing and sampling of each cow's milk, which is so necessary for production testing. Consequently, many dairymen are struggling with the decision either of making their job easier by ignoring some of the recommended management aids, such as production records, or, o£ using a system for milking that is not as convenient, requiring more labor to enable them to keep production records. Fo r more than half a century, the keeping of production records on individual cows has been recognized as a desirable practice for the improvement of our dai ry cattle. At the present, it is fast becoming a requirement in dairy herd management, if dairy farmers are to improve their average production per cow and maintain a level of production that will help them compete with the many costs now associated with dairy farming. But production testing is not being practiced on many dairy farms as yet, for one reason or another. And now the development of the pipeline milker, t ransport ing milk direct from the cow to the bulk tank, has become another reason to prevent some dairymen from keeping production records. Should this be a serious disadvantage to keeping production records on individual cows ? P i p e l i n e Nl:ilkers vs. P r o d u c t i o n Records
A brief survey of radio access network backhaul evolution: part II

In part I of this article we presented the design alternatives, issues, and challenges for designing backhaul for 2G (GSM, CDMA) and 3G (UMTS, CDMA2000) radio access networks (RANs). Part II extends the survey of backhaul technologies to address LTE-based RANs. We present various alternatives to deal with the specific requirements imposed by Evolved Packet System architecture on the backhaul design. In particular, we address handling of the X2 interface, network security through IPSec, distribution of frequency and phase synchronization, the impact of small cell design, self-organizing networks, and endend QoS management within backhaul. We also present a brief overview of active debates with respect to some of these design options as open issues, in particular the impact of LTE-Advanced requirements on LTE backhaul design.
A liquid chromatography method with single quadrupole mass spectrometry for quantitative determination of indomethacin in maternal plasma and urine of pregnant patients

Abstract A liquid chromatography with single quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantitative determination of indomethacin in the maternal plasma and urine of pregnant patients under treatment. A deuterium-labeled isotope of indomethacin (d4-indomethacin) was used as an internal standard. The maternal plasma and urine samples were acidified with 1.0 M HCl then extracted with chloroform to achieve the extraction recovery range of 94–104% with variation less than 11%. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a Waters Symmetry C18 column with isocratic elution of 0.05% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile (47:53, v/v). An in-source fragmentation was applied on the single quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source at positive mode. The LC–ESI-MS quantification was performed in the selected ion monitoring mode targeting ions at m/z 139 for indomethacin and m/z 143 for its internal standard. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration ranges between 14.8 and 2.97 × 103 ng/mL for plasma samples and between 10.5 and 4.21 × 103 ng/mL for urine samples. The relative standard deviation of this method was less than 8% for intra- and inter-day assays, and the accuracy ranged between 90% and 108%.
Two Resources for Planetary Scientists

I still carry with me perhaps the most useful trinket I've ever received at a professional conference. Some years ago, the conveners of the annual American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences meeting handed out with the registration materials a business- card-sized “cheat sheet” chock full of handy facts and figures on the physical and orbital properties of the Sun and planets, including a useful list of physical constants and simple formulae for solar system astronomy Along with (I confess) my similarly sized versions of the periodic table and geologic timescale that I have tucked away in my wallet, these form some of my most useful and handy sources of reference information for quick answers to typical questions that arise in planetary science. Two new books have recently been written that serve similar purposes, though each at a different and higher level, for students and others interested in planetary science. The first is the incredibly comprehensive and well-organized The Planetary Scientist's Companion by Katharina Lodders and Bruce Fegley Jr. The authors, active and well-respected planetary scientists themselves, have responded well to the need within the community for a single compendium of current and useful data, formulae, and pithy synopses of information on the geology, geochemistry, interiors, and (where appropriate) atmospheric compositions of the objects in our solar system.
“A Discovered Dissembler Can Achieve Nothing Great”; Or, Four Theses on the Death of Presidential Rhetoric in an Age of Empire

Because of the explosion of mass media, we have entered a new age of white noise; because of the disastrous extension of U.S. imperial ambitions, we have entered a new age of political deception; when these two historical factors are combined with the peculiar communicative habits of President George W. Bush, Americans are left with what we call a post-rhetorical presidency. This is an anti-democratic condition wherein presidential discourse is not meant to mobilize, educate, and uplift the masses; rather, by marshaling ubiquitous public chatter, waves of disinformation, and cascades of confusion-causing misdirection, post-rhetorical presidential discourse attempts to confuse public opinion, prevent citizen action, and frustrate citizen deliberation. Under these new conditions, the president defines fantasy, not reality; he numbs citizens rather than energizing them; instead of informing and teaching, he chooses to dumb down and stupefy. We pursue this thesis by offering four philosophical theses and three rhetorical case studies of the president's public speaking, thus combining critical theory and rhetorical criticism to help map what may represent the death of democracy.
The dimension of a formal language

A connection is established between formal language theory and mathematical analysis by associating the symbols of strings of a language with the digits of expansions of points in the unit interval. A language is made to correspond to a particular subset of the unit interval, and the dimension of a language is defined as the Hausdorff dimension of this subset. It is shown that the dimension of a language is less than or equal to its channel capacity, and it is shown that a statement involving the dimension of a language can be added to a list of criteria developed by Brainerd and Knode (1972) for determining that a language is not recognizable by a finite automaton.
Observing in real time the evolution of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum.

Simple genetic changes that correlate with drug resistance are used routinely to identify resistant pathogens. These “molecular markers” have usually been defined long after the phenotype of resistance was noted. The molecular changes at the “end game” reflect a long and complex evolution of genetic changes, but once a solidly resistant set of changes assembles under drug selection, that genotype is likely to become fixed, and resistant pathogens will spread widely.
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids: clinical, pathologic and genetic studies of a new kindred

Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cerebral white matter degeneration with axonal spheroids leading to progressive cognitive and motor dysfunction. We report clinical and pathological features, as well as molecular genetic analysis, of a family with HDLS. A pedigree consisting of 27 persons in 5 generations contained 6 affected individuals. Dementia and depression were common; two individuals presented with a syndrome resembling corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Postmortem neuropathologic evaluation of three affected individuals revealed enlargement of the lateral ventricles and marked attenuation of cerebral white matter, but preservation of white matter in brainstem and cerebellum, except for the corticospinal tract. Histopathologic studies showed a loss of myelinated fibers, lipid-laden macrophages and bizarre astrocytes, as well as abundant axonal spheroids that were immunoreactive for phosphorylated neurofilament protein and amyloid precursor protein (APP), but not αB-crystallin and variably with ubiquitin. By electron microscopy, axonal spheroids contained aggregates of intermediate filaments or of organelles that were predominantly vesicular and lamellar. The cerebral cortex had focal neuronal degeneration with αB-crystallin-immunoreactive ballooned neurons. In summary, the present report describes a previously unreported kindred with HDLS with individuals presenting as CBD. Immunohistochemistry for APP and αB-crystallin demonstrates distinctive neurodegeneration in cerebral axons and perikarya.
Discrete Radio Sources in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 6946

We analyze the 2''-resolution, high-sensitivity radio continuum observations of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 6946 at 6 and 20 cm by Lacey, Duric, & Goss to derive a luminosity function at each wavelength for 43 H II region candidates and for 15 supernova remnant (SNR) candidates. The H II region radio luminosity functions are best fitted by power laws consistent with the shape of the optical luminosity function of Bonnarel, Boulsteix, & Marcelin. The SNR luminosity functions are fitted by considerably steeper power laws than the H II region luminosity functions. Extinctions to the H II regions are estimated from a comparison of radio flux densities with new optical fluxes derived from the Hα observations of Van Dyk. A dependence of extinction on galactocentric radius is investigated, but none is found.
Development and evaluation of multiplexed immunoassay for detection of antibodies to HPV vaccine types

Reliable antibody based-assays are needed to evaluate the immunogenicity of current vaccines, impact of altered dosing schemes or of new vaccine formulations. An ideal assay platform would allow multiplex type-specific detection with minimal sample requirement. We used the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemiluminescence based detection platform to develop a multiplex direct virus-like particle (VLP) ELISA to detect antibodies to HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 with a protocol developed for detection using the SI 6000 imager (M4ELISA). MSD prepared the plates in the 7-spot/well format, using the purified VLPs (4 spots) and PBS+BSA pH7.4 (3 blank spots). Three-point titrations and the parallel line method were used to calculate antibody levels. Dynamic range, precision, and stability of pre-printed plates were determined using a panel of previously characterized sera. Cut-off values using children's sera were established using 99% RLU limits based on the 4-parameter Johnson Su best fit curve. Results of the M4ELISA were compared to competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) on n = 4454 sera from a predominantly unvaccinated cohort. Using a VLP coating concentration of 80 μg/ml with BSA provided the most robust RLU signal for all types. The dynamic range of the assay was about 1000 fold, with assay variability under 25% for each of the four vaccine types. Long-term stability of the plates extended to about 7 months from the time plates was received in the laboratory after printing. There was moderate agreement (κ = 0.38-0.54) between M4ELISA and cLIA, with antibody detection for each of the 4 types more frequent with M4ELISA. Quantitative analysis however showed a good correlation between concordant samples by both assays (ρ ≥ 0.6). The MSD platform shows promise for simultaneous quantitation of the antibody responses to four HPV vaccine types in a high-throughput manner.
Design, construction and characterization of a prompt gamma activation analysis facility at the Oregon State University TRIGA ® reactor

A prompt gamma neutron activation analysis facility has been designed, built, and characterized at the Oregon State University TRIGA® reactor. This facility was designed for versatile multi-elemental analyses. The facility utilizes the leakage neutrons originating from beam port #4 of the Oregon State University TRIGA® reactor. The neutrons are collimated through a series of lead and Boral® collimators, and filtered through both a bismuth filter and single-crystal sapphire. Samples are irradiated in a sample chamber outside the biological shielding of the reactor, and the resulting gamma radiation produced from neutron interactions within the sample is monitored using a high-purity germanium detector (HPGe). The thermal and epithermal neutron fluxes were measured using gold-foil irradiations and found to be 2.81 × 107 and 1.70 × 104 cm−2 s−1, respectively. The resulting cadmium ratio was 106. Measured detection limits for boron, chlorine, and potassium in a NIST SRM 1571 orchard leaf were 5.6 × 10−4 mg/g, 8.2 × 10−2 mg/g, and 1.0 mg/g, respectively. Detection limits for additional elements and samples are presented.