cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Relationship between the Apollo 16 Ancient Regolith Breccias and Feldspathic Fragmental Breccias, and the Composition of the Prebasin Crust in the Central Highlands of the Moon

Two types of texturally and compositionally similar breccias that consist largely of fragmental debris from meteorite impacts occur at the Apollo 16 lunar site: Feldspathic fragmental breccias (FFBS) and ancient regolith breccias (ARBs). Both types of breccia are composed of a suite of mostly feldspathic components derived from the early crust of the Moon and mafic impact-melt breccias produced during the time of basin formation. The ARBs also contain components, such as agglutinates and glass spherules, indicating that the material of which they are composed occurred at the surface of the Moon as fine-grained regolith prior to lithification of the breccias. These components are absent from the FFBS, suggesting that the FFBs might be the protolith of the ARBS. However, several compositional differences exist between the two types of breccia, making any simple genetic relationship implausible. First, clasts of mafic impact-melt breccia occurring in the FFBs are of a different composition than those in the ARBS. Also the feldspathic "prebasin" components of the FFBs have a lower average Mg/Fe ratio than the corresponding components of the ARBS; the average composition of the plagiociase in the FFBs is more sodic than that of the ARBS; and there are differences in relative abundances of rare earth elements. The two breccia types also have different provenances: the FFBs occur primarily in ejecta from North Ray crater and presumably derive from the Descartes Formation, while the ARBs are restricted to the Cayley plains. Together these observations suggest that although some type of fragmental breccia may have been a precursor to the ARBS, the FFBs of North Ray crater are not a significant component of the ARBs and, by inference, the Cayley plains. The average compositions of the prebasin components of the two types of fragmental breccia are generally similar to the composition of the feldspathic lunar meteorites. With 30-31% Al203, however, they are slightly richer in plagiociase than the most feldspathic lunar meteorites (approximately 29% Al203), implying that the crust of the early central nearside of the Moon contained a higher abundance of highly feldspathic anorthosite than typical lunar highlands, as inferred from the lunar meteorites. The ancient regolith breccias, as well as the current surface regolith ofthe Cayley plains, are more mafic than (1) prebasin regoliths in the Central Highlands and (2) regions of highlands presently distant from nearside basins because they contain a high abundance (approximately 30%) of mafic impact-melt breccias produced during the time of basin formation that is absent from other regoliths.
The role of trust in employee‐manager relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of trust on an employee's job satisfaction and dedication. This study also extends Flaherty and Pappas's findings regarding the role of trust in salesperson‐sales manager relationships and Gill and Mathur's findings related to employee dedication and pro‐social behavior.Design/methodology/approach – Employees from hospitality industry were interviewed to examine if employee trust in a hospitality manager improves job satisfaction and dedication.Findings – Degree of employee job satisfaction and dedication is related to degree of employee trust in a hospitality manager.Practical implications – If employees perceive higher degree of trust in a hospitality manager, the degree of their job satisfaction and dedication is perceived higher and vice‐versa.Originality/value – This paper offers useful insights for hospitality managers based on empirical evidence.
Using the Self-Select Paradigm to Delineate the Nature of Speech Motor Programming

Purpose The authors examined the involvement of 2 speech motor programming processes identified by S. T. Klapp (1995, 2003) during the articulation of utterances differing in syllable and sequence ...
Viscometric comparison of the asymmetry properties of phosphofructokinases from pig kidney and rabbit muscle

Abstract A direct comparison of the asymmetry properties of phosphofructokinases (PFK) from two functionally different mammalian tissues has been made by determining the intrinsic viscosities of rabbit muscle PFK and pig kidney PFK at 3.5°C. The intrinsic viscosity of the muscle PFK is 6.9 cc/g, which is significantly higher than for typical globular proteins (3 to 4 cc/g). Furthermore, the intrinsic viscosity of the kidney PFK, 34.0 cc/g, is dramatically higher, indicating a highly asymmetric enzyme. Hence, both phosphofructokinases are asymmetric, but they differ markedly in degree of asymmetry and, therefore, in structure. These studies open up an important new area of investigation of this key group of asymmetric, regulatory enzymes.
Changes in absolute detection threshold and in subjective intensity of suprathreshold stimuli during olfactory adaptation and recovery

Olfactory adaptation and recovery to methyl isobutyl ketone at a concentration 10 times the absolute detection threshold (It o) was intensively studied in two human Ss. A combined psychophysical procedure was used that allowed comparisons of changes in threshold (It) with changes in the subjective intensity of suprathreshold stimuli. Information was also obtained on the effect of the adapting stimulus on the psychophysical power function for this odorant. A threshold detection procedure was used to estimate changes in It; an unstructured magnitude-estimation procedure was used to monitor changes in the subjective intensity of suprathreshold stimuli and the psychophysical power function. The data provided additional information on the behavioral course of olfactory adaptation and recovery and suggested that this combined method can be used profitably for further investigations of this kind. Complementary to the work of Cain and Engen (1969), the results suggested an increase in the exponent of the power function with increasing adaptation.
Stereotactic Technique of Catheter Placement in the Stump of the Superior Vena Cava in Children with Impaired Venous Access

The long-term survival of children with irreversible intestinal failure is often dependent on adequate central venous access for the administration of parenteral nutrition. In children with occlusion of major central thoracic veins, innovative techniques to establish venous access have been described in the literature. The present report describes an innovative stereotactic technique of catheter insertion in children with occluded internal jugular and brachiocephalic veins. The catheter is inserted percutaneously from the neck into the distal patent stump of the superior vena cava communicating with the right atrium.
Engineered Nanoforce Gradients for Inhibition of Settlement (Attachment) of Swimming Algal Spores

Current antifouling strategies are focused on the development of environmentally friendly coatings that protect submerged surfaces from the accumulation of colonizing organisms (i.e., biofouling). One ecofriendly approach is the manipulation of the surface topography on nontoxic materials to deter settlement of the dispersal stages of fouling organisms. The identification of effective antifouling topographies typically occurs through trial-and-error rather than predictive models. We present a model and design methodology for the identification of nontoxic, antifouling surface topographies for use in the marine environment by the creation of engineered nanoforce gradients. The design and fabrication of these gradients incorporate discrete micrometer-sized features that are associated with the species-specific surface design technique of engineered topography and the concepts of mechanotransduction. The effectiveness of designed nanoforce gradients for antifouling applications was tested by evaluating the s...
Feature inference and the causal structure of categories

The purpose of this article was to establish how theoretical category knowledge-specifically, knowledge of the causal relations that link the features of categories-supports the ability to infer the presence of unobserved features. Our experiments were designed to test proposals that causal knowledge is represented psychologically as Bayesian networks. In five experiments we found that Bayes' nets generally predicted participants' feature inferences quite well. However, we also observed a pervasive violation of one of the defining principles of Bayes' nets-the causal Markov condition-because the presence of characteristic features invariably led participants to infer yet another characteristic feature. We argue that this effect arises from a domain-general bias to assume the presence of underlying mechanisms associated with the category. Specifically, people take an exemplar to be a "well functioning" category member when it has most or all of the category's characteristic features, and thus are likely to infer a characteristic value on an unobserved dimension.
Dispelling Four Myths about Correction for Attenuation in Communication Trait Research

Four popular myths about correction for attenuation are dispelled because (a) the correction for attenuation protocol can increase the amount of error in a study, (b) correcting for attenuation should not be used to reduce the risk of Type II error (Type II errors are preferable to Type I errors), (c) scores corrected for attenuation cannot improve predictive validity, and (d) scores corrected for attenuation are not easily interpretable when considering typical research results. Correction for attenuation is valuable for stimulating research and bolstering sample sizes when used in meta-analyses. Most of the problems with the procedure come from difficulties in interpretation. Limitations on the procedure underscore the need to work toward improving measures of communication traits to make them more reliable, more valid, and, ultimately, more useful in explaining and predicting outcome variables.
COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE EIDERS

In my earlier paper several behavior patterns of the eiders were either unknown to me or were uncertain, and only general behavioral features of the sea ducks were discussed. Since that time I have obtained behavioral observations on all of the species of eiders. I have been able to make extended observations on captive specimens of the European race of the Common Eider (Somateria mollissimna mollissima), the King Eider (S. spectabilis), and the Steller Eider (Polysticta stelleri) at the Wildfowl Trust, and recently I observed the sexual behavior patterns of wild Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) near Igiak Bay, Alaska. These latter observations have provided important additional evidence relating to my earlier views on the relationships of the eiders and make it possible to conclude with greater certainty behavioral homologies and probable isolating mechanisms in the eiders and their nearest relatives. The nomenclature used in this paper follows that of Delacour (1959). Previous behavioral studies on the eiders have been relatively few. Hoogerheide (1950) described the behavior of the European race of the Common Eider in detail, and
Approaches to sequence analysis of 125I-labeled RNA.

Abstract A method is described for the initial steps of sequence analysis of RNase T1-and pancreatic RN-ase-resistant oligonucleotides of RNA containing cytidylate residues labeled in vitro with 125I. In many cases an oligonucleotide sequence can be deduced from a consideration of (i) its relative position in the two-dimensional fingerprint (with DEAE thin layer homochromatographic second dimension), (ii) its electrophoretic mobility on DEAE paper at pH 1.9, and (iii) identification of its products of further enzymatic digestion by comparison with a set of marker oligonucleotides. Additional methods including analysis of oligonucleotides following chemical blocking of uridylate residues with CMCT and analysis of products of incomplete enzymatic digestion are also discussed.
On a completely integrable nonlinear hyperbolic variational equation

Abstract We show that the nonlinear partial differential equation, ( u t +uu x ) xx =1/2( u x 2 ) x , is a completely integrable, bi-variational, bi-Hamiltonian system. The corresponding equation for w=u xx belongs to the Harry Dym hierarchy. This equation arises in two different physical contexts in two nonequivalent variational forms. It describes the propagation of weakly nonlinear orientation waves in a massive nematic liquid crystal director field, and it is the high-frequency limit of the Camassa-Holm equation, which is an integrable model equation for shallow water waves. Using the bi-Hamiltonian structure, we derive a recursion operator, a Lax pair, and an infinite family commuting Hamiltonian flows, together with the associated conservation laws. We also give the transformation to action-angle coordinates. Smooth solutions of the partial differential equation break down because their derivative blows up in finite time. Nevertheless, the Hamiltonian structure and complete integrability appear to remain valid globally in time, even after smooth solutions break down. We show this fact explicitly for finite dimensional invariant manifolds consisting of conservative piecewise linear solutions. We compute the bi-Hamiltonian structure on this invariant manifold which is obtained by restricting the bi-Hamiltonian structure of the partial differential equation.
LANDSCAPE‐BASED SPATIALLY EXPLICIT SPECIES INDEX MODELS FOR EVERGLADES RESTORATION

As part of the effort to restore the ∼10 000-km2 Everglades drainage in southern Florida, USA, we developed spatially explicit species index (SESI) models of a number of species and species groups. In this paper we describe the methodology and results of three such models: those for the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow and the Snail Kite, and the species group model of long-legged wading birds. SESI models are designed to produce relative comparisons of one management alternative to a base scenario or to another alternative. The model outputs do not provide an exact quantitative prediction of future biotic group responses, but rather, when applying the same input data and different hydrologic plans, the models provide the best available means to compare the relative response of the biotic groups. We compared four alternative hydrologic management scenarios to a base scenario (i.e., predicted conditions assuming that current water management practices continue). We ranked the results of the comparisons for each ...
Molecular vibrations in a gradient extremal path

The calculation of vibrational states using a gradient extremal path is discussed. Gradient extremal paths are defined by local criteria, which lead to stable solutions. This has certain advantages in comparison with a steepest-descent path, which is often difficult to determine accurately. For cases where a reaction path formalism is applicable, a path based on the gradient extremal concept gives results in close agreement with those obtained using traditional steepest-descent methods. We present algorithms for carrying out such calculations and also give some numerical results.
The effect of nimodipine on picrotoxin-induced seizures

Abstract The effects of the calcium channel antagonist, nimodipine, on picrotoxin-induced myoclonic (MYO) and generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures were investigated in male and female rats. In males, a dose-response study of nimodipine's effects on seizures induced by different doses of picrotoxin was conducted. In a second experiment, female rats were tested for latency to and incidence of MYO and GTC seizures after being pretreated with nimodipine 2 hr, 24 hr, or 72 hr prior to seizure testing. The results showed that, in males, various doses of nimodipine significantly increased the mean latencies to MYO and GTC seizures and significantly reduced the incidence of GTC seizures. In females, nimodipine significantly reduced the incidence and/or increased the latency of GTC seizures when given 24 hr or 72 hr prior to administration. In addition to the anticonvulsant effects, nimodipine significantly increased survival after seizures in both males and females even when it had no significant effects on seizure incidence or latency. The results of this study support the hypothesis of calcium involvement in seizure induction. However, the sex- and time-dependent nature of the nimodipine effects as well as the effects of nimodipine on survival after seizures suggest that the relationship between calcium and seizure activity is complex.
Diagenesis due to Mixing of Natural Waters: a Hypothesis

THE mixing of two waters, both saturated with respect to calcite, but in equilibrium with vapour phases with different partial pressures of carbon dioxide, will cause dissolution of additional calcite1,2. This is the so-called “Mischungskorrosion” of Bogli1. The concept has been applied to the excavation of caves in limestone, although Thrailkill2 lists several reasons why it may be relatively ineffective in nature. The following discussion introduces and offers the broader hypothesis that the mixing of natural waters is, in fact, a general geochemical process, with interesting implications in the study of the origin and alteration of sediments. The hypothesis is based on the simple experimental fact that the solubility of most minerals is a non-linear function of added dissolved salts.
Noninvasive monitoring of placenta-specific transgene expression by bioluminescence imaging.

Background Placental dysfunction underlies numerous complications of pregnancy. A major obstacle to understanding the roles of potential mediators of placental pathology has been the absence of suitable methods for tissue-specific gene manipulation and sensitive assays for studying gene functions in the placentas of intact animals. We describe a sensitive and noninvasive method of repetitively tracking placenta-specific gene expression throughout pregnancy using lentivirus-mediated transduction of optical reporter genes in mouse blastocysts. Methodology/Principal Findings Zona-free blastocysts were incubated with lentivirus expressing firefly luciferase (Fluc) and Tomato fluorescent fusion protein for trophectoderm-specific infection and transplanted into day 3 pseudopregnant recipients (GD3). Animals were examined for Fluc expression by live bioluminescence imaging (BLI) at different points during pregnancy, and the placentas were examined for tomato expression in different cell types on GD18. In another set of experiments, blastocysts with maximum photon fluxes in the range of 2.0E+4 to 6.0E+4 p/s/cm2/sr were transferred. Fluc expression was detectable in all surrogate dams by day 5 of pregnancy by live imaging, and the signal increased dramatically thereafter each day until GD12, reaching a peak at GD16 and maintaining that level through GD18. All of the placentas, but none of the fetuses, analyzed on GD18 by BLI showed different degrees of Fluc expression. However, only placentas of dams transferred with selected blastocysts showed uniform photon distribution with no significant variability of photon intensity among placentas of the same litter. Tomato expression in the placentas was limited to only trophoblast cell lineages. Conclusions/Significance These results, for the first time, demonstrate the feasibility of selecting lentivirally-transduced blastocysts for uniform gene expression in all placentas of the same litter and early detection and quantitative analysis of gene expression throughout pregnancy by live BLI. This method may be useful for a wide range of applications involving trophoblast-specific gene manipulations in utero.
Thermal expansion of solids and the temperature at the boundary of the Earth's core

The empirical relation αT = b (T/θ)1.5 where b is a constant and θ the Debye temperature, represents satisfactorily the variation with temperature T of the coefficient of thermal expansion α at ordinary pressure. The dimensionless constant b is found to have the same value (24.7 ± 4.5) × 10−3 for a large number of substances, including oxides, silicates, and diamond. Limits can be set to the variation of b with pressure. Taking values of α and θ at the core's boundary from seismic data, and solving the above relation for T, it is found that the temperature at that depth is not likely to exceed 2700° K.
Fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the elderly: relation to glucose homeostasis.

In 62 elderly subjects (age range, 66 to 100 years), fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined after three days of a high carbohydrate diet. Mean cholesterol levels were within accepted normal limits for the lower age groups and did not differ significantly between the age groups studied. Mean triglyceride levels were highest in the 70–79 age group and significantly lower in older subjects. Serum triglyceride values greater than 200 mg/100 ml were always associated with carbohydrate intolerance, and there was a highly significant correlation between fasting triglyceride concentration and fasting glucose concentration in the subjects with the more severe degrees of carbohydrate intolerance. There was no evidence of induction of hypertriglyceridemia by the high carbohydrate diet in these subjects.
The mechanism of β‐glycerophosphate action in mineralizing chick limb‐bud mesenchymal cell cultures

Differentiating chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells plated in micromass culture form a cartilage matrix that can be mineralized in the presence of 4 mM inorganic phosphate (P i ) and 1 mM calcium. Previous studies showed that when β-glycerophosphate (βGP) is used in place of P i , the mineral crystals formed are larger and differ in distribution. The present study shows that the difference in distribution is not associated with alterations in cell proliferation, protein synthesis, or with collagen, proteoglycan core protein, or alkaline phosphatase gene expression. Cultures with 2.5, 5, and 10 mM βGP did show different levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, and in the presence of low (0.3 mM) Ca had different P i contents (4, 6, and 9 mM, respectively), indicating that the increase in CaxP product may in part be responsible for the altered pattern of mineralization. However, cultures with βGP in which alkaline phosphatase activity was inhibited with levamisole still had an altered mineral distribution as revealed by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. The presence of a casein kinase II-like activity in the mineralizing cultures, the ability of specific inhibitors of this enzyme to block mineralization, and the known ability of βGP to block phosphoprotein phosphatase activity suggests that altered patterns of matrix protein phosphorylation may influence mineral deposition in these cultures.
Montoya Group (Ordovician) Carbonate Petrology of Texas and New Mexico: ABSTRACT

The Montoya Group (Middle and Upper Ordovician) of west Texas and New Mexico consists of several carbonate types including crinoidal calcarenite with a microcrystalline matrix, crinoidal calcarenite with sparry calcite cement, calcilutite with abundant chert, chert-free calcilutite, shell limestones, calcirudites, and completely or partly dolomitized equivalents of the former. Dolomitization and silicification are volumetrically important. Recrystallization and (or) replacement obscure much of the original texture and fossils. Dolomitization begins with the formation of sporadic small crystals, which increase in number until a complete dolomitic mosaic results. Coarse fossil debris becomes progressively reduced in texture as the process advances to completion. Texture and degree of silicification are not related in many places. Fluctuating silica supply in the sea water is strongly indicated. Intervals of abundant chert are separated by less cherty strata. Study of the unaltered rocks show considerable range in environment from high-energy, shallow-water to low-energy, deep-water conditions. Montoya sedimentation can be compared with correlative strata deposited during the Middle and Upper Ordovician submergence of the North American continent. Montoya deposition in the Cincinnatian is estimated to be 320 feet in 10 million years--very slow when compared with 4,500 feet in 10 million years for the Cayugan autogeosyncline of Michigan (Kay, 1951). Present lithologic and stratigraphic data support rejection of a disconformity within the Montoya Group, although several minor erosional breaks occur. End_of_Article - Last_Page 532------------
Boundary conditions at thin absorbing shells and plates. I

Abstract If two scattering and absorbing media are separated by a thin layer of strongly absorbing material, it may be desirable to know the effect of the layer on the thermal neutron distribution. We are concerned chiefly with spherical shells of very large radii enclosing one medium and surrounded concentrically by another. In the inner and outer media asymptotic density distributions (derivable; except for multiplying constants, from elementary diffusion theory) are attained at distances not greatly exceeding a mean free path from the shell. The purpose of this report is to derive boundary conditions to be imposed upon these solutions to determine the asymptotic distributions correctly. Instead of treating the spherical problem, we determine the boundary conditions at a thin absorbing plate of the same thickness; these may be applied to the spherical problem with an error of the order (thickness of shell)/(radius of shell). This error is investigated in the simple model of elementary diffusion theory. The main problem is treated on the basis of two different approximation methods: (1) based on an expansion in powers of α, the ratio of total to capture mean free path in the shell, and (2) based on an expansion in the ratio t l i , where t=thickness of shell and li=total mean free path inside. The first method implies no restriction on t l i , the second none on α, provided in each case that only a small portion of incident neutrons are captured in the shell. For aluminium shells separating P-9 from graphite the two methods give almost indistinguishable results for all thicknesses of practical interest. The present report contains the analytic form of the boundary conditions under the assumptions of both isotropic and linear anisotropic scattering. It has only been possible up to the present to have numerical work done on the isotropic case. A second report (II) will contain numerical results in the anisotropic case, and applications to the problem of the effect of shells on critical sizes of P-9-metal systems with graphite reflectors.
Stochastic structural dynamics: Research vs. practice

Abstract An attempt is made to examine the extent to which research results generated in the area of stochastic structural dynamics have been incorporated into practice in terms of codes and regulations, formulation of design guidelines and performance evaluation. This issue is examined in this paper in the areas of seismic response and design of secondary systems. Current practice in terms of codes, regulations, and design guidelines is compared with the state-of-the-art in research. The gap between research and practice, it appears, is widening, not only from the viewpoint of knowledge base, but also from that of thinking processes involved. Comments are made regarding the role of researchers in making an effort to reverse this trend.
A corresponding states correlation for nucleation from the vapor

Abstract A correlation for the supersaturation to nucleation as a function of reduced temperature is presented. For fifteen different fluids. In S is a linear function of ( T r −1 - 1) 3/2 as predicted by theory. The slopes of the temperature correlation are further correlated with the Eotvos constant of each fluid to the 3/2 power.
Surface and near-surface atmospheric temperatures for the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites

Abstract Downward-looking spectra of the martian surface from the Miniature Thermal Emission spectrometer (Mini-TES), onboard each of the two Mars Exploration Rovers, are modeled in order to retrieve surface and near-surface atmospheric temperatures. By fitting the observed radiance in the vicinity of the 15-μm CO 2 absorption feature, the surface temperature and the near-surface atmospheric temperature, approximately 1.1 m above the surface, are determined. The temperatures from the first 180 sols (martian days) of each surface mission are used to characterize the diurnal dependence of temperatures. The near-surface atmospheric temperatures are consistently 20 K cooler than the surface temperatures in the warmest part of each sol, which is 1300–1400 LTST (local true solar time) depending on the location. Seasonal cooling trends are seen in the data by displaying the temperatures as a function of sol. Long ground stares, 8.5 min in duration, show as much as 8 K fluctuation in the near-surface atmospheric temperatures during the early afternoon hours when the near-surface atmosphere is unstable.
Self-Reliance and the Inclination to Adopt the Sick Role

Previous research has indicated a relationship between the inclination to adopt the sick role and actual help-seeking. The present paper is an attempt to discover how self-reliance, an important value in American society, affects this inclinatioin. The findings indicate that those placing the strongest emphasis on self-reliance are the least likely to indicate a willingness to adopt the sick role. The relationship between self-reliance and tendency to seek help is maintained under several different controls, although the introduction of a control for value on health acts to specify the relationship. T hle purpose of the researclh reported lhere was to investigate how self-reliance-a variable about which we know little-affects the inclination to seek medical help. In a previous study, Mechanic ancl Volkart advanced "the inclination to adopt the sick role" as an explanatory variable influenciilg how often individuals make use of mnedical facilities.1 They found that the number of times that 614 males in their freshlman year at a Western University used university lhealtlh facilities was correlated with questionnaire indices of "inclination" and of stress.2 The first of these was found to be more closely related to visiting the health services than was stress itself.3 The present study carries their results a step further by calling attention to self-reliance, a factor which may be regarded as influencing whether or not one will have a strong inclination to adopt the sick role. Inclination to seek hlelp is only one of a long list of factors found to be associated with the utilization of medical services. The search for these factors lhas widened considerably in recent years with the increasing awareness that there are maniy sick people who never seek help and are, officially at least, not classified as ill. Several studies have attempted to determine the number of persons manifesting symptoms of physical and mental illnesses who never come to the attention of medical experts. One of the earliest of these studies was the Peckham experiment where 91 percent of a preselected sample of "healthy" individuals were diagnosed as having physiological defects or abberations, and amnong those who felt sick 60 percent were not receiving medical care.4 Breslow, reporting on the California Health Survey, notes that ". . . a substantial amount of illness does not come to the attention of physicians. For example, about one-fifth of the rheumatism, one-fourth of the deafness and almost one-third of the asthma and hay fever reported in the survey * I wish to thank C. Richard Fletcher and Bernard E. Segal for their helpful comments on anl earlier draft of this paper. 1 David Mechanic and Edmund A. Volkart, "Stress, Illness, and the Sick Role," Am-ierican Sociological Review, 26 (February 1961), pp. 51-58. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 I. H. Pearse and Lucy H. Crocker, The Peckhlatit Experiment: A Stutdy in the Living Structure of Society (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1943). This content downloaded from 157.55.39.129 on Thu, 28 Jul 2016 04:33:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Geomorphological analysis of neotectonic deformation, northern Owens Valley, California

At the western edge of the Basin and Range Province, the Owens Valley is the site of active seismicity and deformation. Morphometric analyses of three geomorphological features are used to determine the patterns and rates of neotectonic deformation: (l) a network of Pleistocene channels cut on top of the Bishop Tuff; (2) uplifted terraces of the Owens River; and (3) alluvial fans of the White Mountain front.
Work Flow Variation and Labor Productivity: Case Study

Different types of flow variation and how they affect construction project performance have been studied by previous researchers. One aspect that has not been well researched is how work flow variation and labor productivity are related in construction practice. To study that issue, 134 weeks of project production data were collected and analyzed to explore this relationship. Labor productivity was found to be positively correlated with Percent Plan Complete (PPC), a measure of work flow variation. The relationship between productivity and the ratio of total task completion to planned tasks, weekly workload, weekly work output, and weekly work hours was also studied, and no significant correlation was found. The results suggest that productivity is not improved by completing as many tasks as possible regardless of the plan, nor from increasing workload, work output, or the number of work hours expended. In contrast, productivity does improve when work flow is made more predictable. These findings can help...
Cost-effectiveness of sentinel lymph node biopsy in thin melanomas.

Abstract Background Consideration of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is recommended for thin melanomas with poor prognostic features; however, few metastases are identified. The purpose of this study was to assess the cost effectiveness of SLNB in this population. Methods The prospective melanoma database was reviewed to identify patients with melanomas Results A total of 138 patients were identified over an 8-year period (1994-2002). Two patients with positive SLNs were identified (1.4%), one with a melanoma Conclusions The cost of performing SLNB in this population is great and only a small number will have disease identified that will alter treatment. These data call into question the appropriateness of SLNB for thin melanomas.
Promotion of Sustainable Oil and Gas Operations in Africa

Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa are aggressively developing infrastructure, analytical support systems, and human capital to support economic growth objectives and interregional competition in key economic sectors. Energy is the lifeblood of economic development activities. In the case of some sub-Saharan African countries such as Nigeria, Angola, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Cameroon, oil and gas dominate the national economy. This is the case despite the acknowledged global climate change impacts of an increasingly carbon-dominated global economy. Still, the production of more gas for development of gas-powered electric power plants as replacements for the coalfired plants, which emit more pollution, is at least a desirable intermediate step toward more sustainable power systems. Estimates of the crude oil reserves for Nigeria, the most populous African country with a population of 150 million , range from 24.0 billion barrels to 31.5 billion barrels. Nigeria’s proven natural gas reserves are about 124 trillion cubic feet Tcf , which ranks ninth in the world. Many large projects, such as the construction of the $7 billion, 4,000-kilometer Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline to convey gas from the Niger Delta of Nigeria to the export terminal at Beni Saf in Algeria; the $620 million West African Gas Pipeline that will traverse Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and Ghana; the Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas Project, which is projected to generate about $1 billion per year over a 22.5-year operational period; and Ghana’s $750 million Jubilee Oil Field Project, underscore the growing role of the oil and gas sector in the African economy. Currently, the scarcity of trained personnel for support of oil and gas industry operations is limiting growth in this economic
Apoptosis in cancer: Cause and cure

The accumulation of neoplastic cells can occur through enhanced proliferation, diminished cell turnover, or a combination of both processes. Although the potential contribution of diminished cell turnover to tumor development has been appreciated for a decade, more recent studies in animal models and clinical cancer specimens have elucidated the mechanisms by which alterations in the apoptotic machinery contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. At the same time, a different group of studies have demonstrated the feasibility of eliminating neoplastic cells by selectively inducing apoptosis. In this essay, we review recent developments in the fields of carcinogenesis and molecular therapeutics in light of new understanding of apoptotic pathways.
In Vivo Mechanisms of Vaccine-Induced Protection against HPV Infection

SUMMARY Using a human papillomavirus (HPV) cervicovaginal murine challenge model, we microscopically examined the in vivo mechanisms of L1 virus-like particle (VLP) and L2 vaccine-induced inhibition of infection. In vivo HPV infection requires an initial association with the acellular basement membrane (BM) to induce conformational changes in the virion that permit its association with the keratinocyte cell surface. By passive transfer of immune serum, we determined that anti-L1 antibodies can interfere with infection at two stages. Similarly to active VLP immunization, transfer of high L1 antibody concentrations prevented BM binding. However, in the presence of low concentrations of anti-L1, virions associated with the BM, but to the epithelial cell surface was not detected. Regardless of the concentration, L2 vaccine-induced antibodies allow BM association but prevent association with the cell surface. Thus, we have revealed distinct mechanisms of vaccineinduced inhibition of virus infection in vivo.
A chamber and artificial dura method for long-term optical imaging in the monkey

Optical imaging over extended periods of time in non-human primates presents serious challenges because the dura mater must be removed to expose the cortical surface. We present a novel nylon imaging chamber with a transparent artificial dura implant, which allows repeated, long-term optical recordings from the cortex. The cylinder of the chamber is inserted into a cranial trephination and held in place with a minimum of screws and acrylic cement. A round patch of artificial dura with a perpendicular wall protects the cortical surface and slows re-growth of dural tissue within the chamber. A cap, manufactured from the same material as the cylinder, is screwed into the chamber and seals it completely. Over a period of 1-4 months, the chamber required a minimum of maintenance and stayed infection-free without local antibiotic application. We repeatedly performed optical imaging in the same animal with the advantages of shortened preparation time. To permit precise alignment and comparison of maps obtained from different imaging sessions, we developed a program that calculated a 2-dimensional spatial transformation between maps of different magnifications, translations, and distortions. We suggest that these methods provide a practical solution to long-term optical imaging in the anesthetized or alert monkey. The exclusive use of non-metallic materials offers the benefit of a lighter and more compact implant, and the possibility to perform MRI scans after chamber implantation.
Gencel: a program generator for correct spreadsheets

A huge discrepancy between theory and practice exists in one popular application area of functional programming – spreadsheets. Although spreadsheets are the most frequently used (functional) programs, they fall short of the quality level that is expected of functional programs, which is evidenced by the fact that existing spreadsheets contain many errors, some of which have serious impacts. We have developed a template specification language that allows the definition of spreadsheet templates that describe possible spreadsheet evolutions. This language is based on a table calculus that formally captures the process of creating and modifying spreadsheets. We have developed a type system for this calculus that can prevent type, reference, and omission errors from occurring in spreadsheets. On the basis of the table calculus we have developed Gencel, a system for generating reliable spreadsheets. We have implemented a prototype version of Gencel as an extension of Excel.
The effects of spatially correlated perturbations and habitat configuration on metapopulation persistence

All natural populations are confronted with the temporal variability of their environment, and most of them occur in fragmented habitats. I use spatially explicit modeling to examine the interactive effects of habitat configuration, habitat deterioration and spatially correlated environmental perturbations on the viability of fragmented populations. When considering a fixed amount of habitat, viability is maximized for an intermediate (optimal) density of habitat patches, allowing effective dispersal without strong environmental correlation among patches. Starting from this optimal density, I show that the scale of habitat change (density reduction vs range contraction) interacts with the direction of change (reduction vs improvement of habitat availability). An improvement in habitat availability is always more beneficial if occurring through an increase of the species range, while a reduction in habitat availability is always more critical if occurring through a reduction of patch density (even in the presence of environmental correlation). In the context of the ‘single large or several small’ debate in reserve design, results indicate that a large number of small patches may be optimal to long-term species persistence if the species range increases with the number of patches.
Evaluation of Antibiotics for the Elimination of the Tonsillar Carrier State of Streptococcus Suis in Pigs

Seventy clinically normal 13-day-old crossbred pigs from 10 litters from a Streptococcus suis-infected herd were randomly assigned by litter and weight to 7 groups of 10 pigs each to determine whether different antibiotic regimens would eliminate the tonsillar carrier state of S. suis. Six antimicrobial regimens were tested: penicillin intramuscularly (IM) once daily (s.i.d.) for 3 consecutive days; penicillin IM s.i.d. for 5 consecutive days; ampicillin IM s.i.d. for 5 consecutive days; ampicillin per os s.i.d. for 5 consecutive days; ampicillin intranasally s.i.d. for 5 consecutive days; and ceftiofur sodium IM s.i.d. for 5 consecutive days. The seventh group consisted of untreated control pigs. Tonsillar swab samples were collected before treatment, and tonsillar tissue samples were collected after treatment for cultural examination for S. suis. Streptococcus suis was identified in pigs from all groups prior to treatment and after treatment. Pigs did not have clinical signs of disease during the study. All antimicrobial treatments tested in this study failed to eliminate the tonsillar carrier state of S. suis. Early weaning and medication used in this study were not effective for the elimination of the tonsillar carrier state of S. suis in pigs. Optimization of management and environment of pigs coupled with strategic medication of clinically ill animals should be used for control and prevention of mortality caused by streptococcosis.
Metrology techniques for the assembly of NCSX

In support of the National Compact Stellerator Experiment (NCSX), stellerator assembly activities continued this past year at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in partnership with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The construction program saw the completion of the first two Half Field-Period Assemblies (HPA), each consisting of three modular coils. The full machine includes six such sub-assemblies. A single HPA consists of three of the NCSX modular coils wound and assembled at PPPL. These geometrically-complex three-dimensional coils were wound using computer-aided metrology and CAD models to tolerances within +/−- 0.5mm. The assembly of these coils required similar accuracy on a larger scale with the added complexity of more individual parts and fewer degrees of freedom for correction. Several new potential positioning issues developed for which measurement and control techniques were developed. To accomplish this, CAD coordinate-based computer metrology equipment and software similar to the solutions employed for winding the modular coils was used. Given the size of the assemblies, the primary tools were both interferometeraided and Absolute Distance Measurement (ADM)-only based laser trackers. In addition, portable Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM) arms and some novel indirect measurement techniques were employed. This paper will detail both the use of CAD coordinate-based metrology technology and the techniques developed and employed for dimensional control of NSCX sub-assemblies. The results achieved and possible improvements to techniques will be discussed.
Dichotomous versus polytomous response options in psychopathology assessment: method or meaningful variance?

In previous studies, researchers have examined the optimal number of response options for psychological questionnaires. Several have reported increased scale score reliabilities, but few have documented improved external validities. In the present investigation, we followed-up on Cox (2011) and Cox et al.’s (2012) extensive analyses of a clinical assessment instrument, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). We compared the dichotomous (true/false) response format of this inventory with a 4-choice format. Our sample consisted of 406 undergraduate students from a large Midwestern university who were largely female (64.3%), predominantly Caucasian (76.4%), and had a mean age of 19.24 years. Internal-structural analyses confirmed that more response options increase reliabilities, but the effects were small. The differences between correlations with external criteria were very rarely statistically significant, and the few that were did not consistently favor either format. We recommend that in future response-format investigations the internal-structural analyses continue to be combined with evaluations of relevant external correlations.
Accelerating cosmological data analysis with graphics processors

In this paper we describe a successful effort to accelerate the two-point angular correlation function---a basic statistics tool used in the field of cosmology to characterize the distribution of the matter and energy in the Universe---by using an NVIDIA GPU-based system. We demonstrate the use of GPUs to accelerate the calculation of histograms of angular separations for large datasets as we achieve over two orders of magnitude performance improvement over conventional microprocessors. We discuss the specific implementation details of GPU kernels for computing bin assignments and updating histogram bins. We also describe an MPI-based GPU-accelerated two-point correlation application that runs on a compute cluster with multiple GPUs. Finally, we discuss specific lessons we learned in using GPUs to implement this class of algorithms.