cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles of Quantitative Group and Society Sciences

Philosophers and scientists have been trying since Newton's publication of his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Principia) in 1686 to erect a science of society that rested on similar general laws of nature. The belief paradigm during Newton's time was that life and societies could be described and explained by theology. By the 1950s, the paradigm for life and society had shifted from the theological to the science state. The principles of the natural sciences, such as physics and chemistry, were previously used to establish principles of quantitative living systems science for cells, organs and organisms. Here, principles are developed for a science of groups and society that are based on the natural sciences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complexity and Organization

In his now classic paper, ‘The Architecture of Complexity’, Herbert Simon observed that “... In the face of complexity, an in-principle reductionist may be at the same time a pragmatic holist.” (Simon, 1962, p. 86.) Writers in philosophy and in the sciences then and now could agree on this statement but draw quite different lessons from it. Ten years ago pragmatic difficulties usually were things to be admitted and then shrugged off as inessential distractions from the way to the in principle conclusions. Now, even among those who would have agreed with the in principle conclusions of the last decade’s reductionists, more and more people are beginning to feel that perhaps the ready assumption of ten years ago that the pragmatic issues were not interesting or important must be reinspected. This essay is intended to begin to indicate with respect to the concept of complexity how an in principle reductionist can come to understand his behavior as a pragmatic holist.
Strictly positive definite functions on a compact group

We recognize a result of Schreiner, concerning strictly positive definite functions on a sphere in an Euclidean space, as a generalization of Bochner's theorem for compact groups. The purpose of this note is to provide a rapid proof of a relatively new result of Schreiner, [S], concerning strictly positive definite functions on a sphere in a Euclidean space. It is our pleasure to see that the theory of such functions has found applications in geosciences, and that it is well rooted in the existing mathematical literature. Let G be a compact group, and let H C G be a closed subgroup, such that the quotient G/H is infinite. Let f: G C be a continuous function, invariant under the left and right translations by elements of H. We denote the space of all such functions by C(H\G/H). Following Schreiner, [S], we say that the function f is strictly positive definite if and only if n (1) E cicjf(xix j) > 0 i,j~=l for any finite set {Xl I X2, ..., Xn2} C G such that the cosets x1H, x2H, ..., xnH C G/H are distinct, and any complex numbers c1, c2, ..., cn, not all equal to zero. Let G denote the unitary dual of G, [K, 7.3]. This is the set of equivalence classes of irreducible unitary representations of G. For convenience, we choose an irreducible representation for each such class, and identify G with the set of these representations. Recall the Fourier transform (2) f(ir) =ir(f) = ir(x)f(x) dx (e CZ) where f is any absolutely integrable function on G with respect to the Haar measure dx. Thus each ir(f) is a linear map on the finite dimensional Hilbert space 'H1,, where the representation 7r is realized. Let 'H = {v E R, : ir(h)v = v, h E H} be the subspace of H-fixed vectors. Let (G/H) = {r E C; THH A 0}. By the Robenius reciprocity theorem, (G/H)^ is the subset of G, consisting of representations which occur in L2(G/H) (see [K, 8.4]). Received by the editors December 18, 1998 and, in revised form, August 30, 1999. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 43A35, 43A90, 42A82, 41A05.
Long range absorption and other direct reaction components in the optical potential

The effect of a strongly coupled inelastic excitation upon elastic scattering is represented as an optical potential component. In particular, a long range imaginary optical potential approximating the effects of quadrupole Coulomb excitation was derived in closed form. An analytical closed form for sub-Coulomb elastic scattering is obtained by inserting this potential into a weak-absorption model, and connection is made with the semi-classical theory of Coulomb excitation. Above the Coulomb barrier, the long range absorptive potential may be incorporated into an optical model code. Alternatively a more elaborate analytical formulation has been made of the cross section itself in the weak absorption model. The potential component arising from nuclear excitation of an inelastic state may be evaluated numerically on a computer. Two examples computed (50 MeV α scattering on 154Sm and 60 MeV 16O scattering on 40Ca) exhibit strong e-dependence in the potential component. 18 references.
Entry of US medical school graduates into family medicine residencies: 2006-2007 and 3-year summary.

This is the 26th report prepared by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) on the percentage of each US medical school’s graduates entering family medicine residency programs. Approximately 8.5% of the 16,110 graduates of US medical schools between July 2005 and June 2006 were first-year family medicine residents in 2006, compared with 8.4% in 2005 and 9.2% in 2004. Medical school graduates from publicly funded medical schools were more likely to be firstyear family medicine residents in October 2006 than were residents from privately funded schools, 10.1% compared with 6.0%. The West North Central and the Mountain regions reported the highest percentage of medical school graduates who were first-year residents in family medicine programs in October 2006 at 12.4% and 10.7%, respectively; the New England and Middle Atlantic regions reported the lowest percentages at 5.7% and 5.6%, respectively. Nearly half of the medical school graduates (49.2%) entering a family medicine residency program as first-year residents in October 2006 entered a program in the same state where they graduated from medical school. The percentages for each medical school have varied substantially from year to year since the AAFP began reporting this information. This article reports the average percentage for each medical school for the last 3 years. Also reported are the number and percentage of graduates from colleges of osteopathic medicine who entered Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited family medicine residency programs, based on estimates provided by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine.
ALABC 2000 [Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium]

The Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) came together in 1992 for the purpose of meeting the battery requirements of the new generation of electric vehicles (EVs). Spectacular progress was made, with cycle life increased by a factor of 10; specific energy improved by a factor of 10, specific energy improved by a factor approaching two and the recharge time shortened by an order of magnitude. Much of the progress made in this program is likely to be of value for improving the performance of VRLA batteries in other important markets. In some of these markets huge changes are foreseen for the next few years. Accordingly, ALABC is about to launch a further program, for the period 2000 to 2002, in which it is intended that performance advances equivalent to those achieved with the EV battery will be sought for the other major applications.
Fractional replication in simulation studies

It is shown how to use fractional replication in simulation studies. Examples are given. Considerable savings in number of runs required can be achieved through the use of fractional replication ideas.
Sources of investor uncertainty and expected stock returns

This study examines the role of investor uncertainty in predicting cross-sectional stock returns. We develop novel, forward-looking estimates of two sources of investor uncertainty about firm value, future cash flow uncertainty and uncertainty attributable to information quality. Distinct from prior studies, our forwardlooking estimates of uncertainty represent conditional volatilities surrounding expectations of future cash flows and accruals. Our tests reveal a strong negative relation between cash flow uncertainty and future returns with predictive magnitudes similar to those on book-to-market and accruals. In addition, incremental to cash flow uncertainty, we find a strong positive association between information quality uncertainty and future stock returns. Collectively, our study offers the first direct empirical evidence that different sources of investor uncertainty can have countervailing effects on firm value.
Resistance of skin fibroblasts to peroxide and UV damage predicts hearing loss in aging mice

Those mice whose skin-derived primary fibroblast cell lines resist lethal injury induced by hydrogen peroxide or UV light show lower age-related decline in hearing. Skin cell lines may provide an easily accessible surrogate index of intrinsic stress resistance that varies among individuals and influences the pace of neurosensory decline in aging mice.
Race Attribution Modifies the Association Between Daily Discrimination and Major Depressive Disorder Among Blacks: the Role of Gender and Ethnicity

Objective Although the association between discrimination and depression among Blacks is well-known, we do not know if this effect is influenced by race attribution. In this current study, we investigated the effect modification of race attribution on the association between everyday discrimination and major depressive disorder (MDD) among Blacks in the United States, and whether this effect modification is influenced by the intersection of ethnicity and gender.
Beyond marxist state theory: State autonomy in democratic societies

Abstract Recent theories of the state often draw attention to states’ autonomy from social preferences. This paper suggests that the phenomenon of public ignorance is the primary mechanism responsible for state autonomy in democratic polities. Such theorists as Skocpol and Poulantzus, who do not take account of public ignorance, either underestimate the state's autonomy or stress causal mechanisms that are necessary but not sufficient conditions for its autonomy. Gram‐sci's concept of ideological hegemony is promising, even though it is far too insistent on the penetration of ideology of any kind beyond relatively small numbers of political sophisticates.
Demonstration of QoS-aware video streaming over a metro-scale optical network using a cross-layer architectural design

QoS-aware video streaming is demonstrated on an optical network using a service-oriented architecture and a NetFPGA-based optical control plane. Dynamic optical power fluctuations are either compensated or the lightpath is rerouted to ensure the QoS.
Sleep-disordered breathing and behavior in three risk groups: preliminary findings from parental reports

Sleep-related breathing disorders may cause excessive daytime sleepiness, cognitive impairment, and behavior problems in children and adolescents. Adenotonsillar enlargement (AT) is known to be a significant risk factor for these disorders, which have also been reported in several patients with Down syndrome (DS). Children with attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity (ADD) show behavior problems that may be related to disturbed nocturnal sleep in some. To evaluate the relationships among these disorders and symptoms, parents of 29 school-aged children with AT, 70 with DS and 48 of their siblings (DS-SIB), and 21 with ADD completed a 20-item screening questionnaire covering nocturnal sleep symptoms and daytime behavior problems. Nocturnal symptoms of sleep-related breathing disorders--snoring, breathing pauses during sleep--were reported more commonly by parents of AT and DS children. However, parents of two of the ADD children reported significant signs of sleep-related breathing disorders. Daytime behavior problems were more common in ADD and AT than in the DS group. Bedwetting reports did not distinguish groups. Direct comparisons of DS and DS-SIB groups showed that more DS were mouth breathers, snored, stopped breathing at night, and were sleepy in the daytime. These findings underscore the importance of obtaining a history of nocturnal sleep from parents of children with AT and DS, as well as those with disrupted daytime behavior.
Important Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antiepileptic Drugs

The choice of an antiepileptic drug (AED) is guided primarily by efficacy and safety criteria. However, the pharmacokinetic properties of an AED determine its ease of use, i.e., its ability to predictably produce and maintain optimal plasma concentrations. Desirable and clinically important pharmacokinetic properties of an AED include complete or constant bioavailability, slow enteral absorption or availability of a sustained-release formulation, availability of a parenteral formulation for acute treatment, rapid penetration into the brain, a single-compartment volume of distribution, low and nonsaturable protein binding, and linear elimination kinetics, with an elimination half-life of about 24 h. The absence of autoinduction of enzymatic biotransformation, active metabolites, and pharmacokinetic drug interactions is also important. In clinical practice, the most undesirable pharmacokinetic properties are lack of a parenteral formulation, short elimination half-life, nonlinear elimination kinetics, autoinduction of enzymatic biotransformation, and interaction with other drugs. No AED is presently marketed or under development that meets all of the desirable criteria. Some of the newer AEDs, although not "ideal" agents, have pharmacokinetic profiles that are not shared by their predecessors, including elimination exclusively by the kidney, absence of drug interactions, and dose-related bioavailability.
Social Cohesion as the Goal: Can Social Cohesion Be Directly Pursued?

This article establishes an understanding of social cohesion in general and discusses organizations and activities that are known to promote social cohesion before introducing organizations that claim to work toward social cohesion as one of their main priorities. The Council of Europe's Directorate General of Social Cohesion represents a political organization seeking to promote social cohesion. The Jaboya Project and Field Band Foundation are social organizations with social cohesion as a priority. Although these organizations are likely to contribute to it, they cannot achieve social cohesion directly; rather, they work toward establishing conditions that are favorable to building social cohesion and anticipate the probable long-term effects of their work.
Prediction of In-Season Shoulder Injury From Preseason Testing in Division I Collegiate Football Players

Background:Collegiate football is a high-demand sport in which shoulder injuries are common. Research has described the incidence of these injuries, with little focus on causative factors or injury prevention.Hypothesis:Football athletes who score lower on preseason strength and functional testing are more likely to sustain an in-season shoulder injury.Study Design:Prospective, cohort study.Level of Evidence:Level 2.Methods:Twenty-six collegiate football players underwent preseason testing with a rotational profile for shoulder range of motion, isometric strength of the rotator cuff at 90° elevation and external rotation in the 90/90 position, fatigue testing (prone-Y, scaption, and standing cable press), and the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST). Data collected postseason included the type of shoulder injury and the side injured. Logistic regression was used to determine if the testing measures predicted injury, and a receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to ...
New integrability conditions for differential constraints

Abstract This paper discusses differential-form-based integrability conditions for dynamic constraints using the Frobenius theorem. The conditions can be used for the classification of holonomic and nonholonomic constraints. Some of the previous conditions used for this purpose are only sufficient. The conditions presented here are both necessary and sufficient. The paper's main interest is on differential constraints for under-actuated mechanical systems. Different from many discussions in classical mechanics that deal with mostly on kinematics constraints, the constraints discussed here are from the Lagrange equations, which correspond to unactuated part of the system dynamics.
Two plasma membrane antigens of testicular Sertoli cells and H-2-restricted versus unrestricted lysis by female T cells

Abstract Sertoli cell-only seminiferous tubules of sterile XX, Sxr /-male mice served as an excellent source of pure Sertoli cells. When H-2-compatible female mice were immunized 3 times with these Sertoli cells, resulting antibodies recognized two antigens on the plasma membrane of testicular Sertoli cells. They were male-specific, but ubiquitously expressed H-Y antigen and the cell lineage-specific antigen which Sertoli cells shared with ovarian follicular cells. Doubly primed (2 or 3 times in vivo, and once in vitro) cytotoxic T cells from these females lysed target Sertoli cells in both H-2-restricted and nonrestricted manners. While H-2-restricted killings were attributable to H-Y antigen, further work is needed to identify the Sertoli follicular cell lineage-specific antigen as the cause of H-2-nonrestricted killings.
BINDING OF RAT ALPHA 1-INHIBITOR-3-METHYLAMINE TO THE ALPHA 2-MACROGLOBULIN SIGNALING RECEPTOR INDUCES SECOND MESSENGERS

Binding of receptor-recognized forms of tetrameric human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M*) to a macrophage signaling receptor induces cAMP synthesis, increases in inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) synthesis, and a concomitant rise in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i). The alpha 2M* signaling receptor is coupled to a pertussis-toxin insensitive G protein. Binding of alpha 2M* also occurs to the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha 2M receptor (LRP/alpha 2MR), but this binding does not induce signal transduction. Rat alpha 1-inhibitor-3 (alpha 1I3) is a monomeric member of the alpha-macroglobulin/complement superfamily. Like alpha 2M, it can react with proteinases or methylamine which induces a conformational change causing activated alpha 1I3 to bind to LRP/alpha 2MR. We now report that alpha 1I3-methylamine binds to the macrophage alpha 2M* signaling receptor inducing a rapid rise in the synthesis of IP3 with a subsequent 1.5- to 3-fold rise in [Ca2+]i. alpha 1I3-methylamine binding to macrophages also caused a statistically significant elevation in cAMP. Native alpha 1I3, like alpha 2M, was unable to induce signal transduction. alpha 1I3 forms a complex with alpha 1-microglobulin, which has a distinct conformation from alpha 1I3 and is recognized by LRP/alpha 2MR. This complex also induces an increase in [Ca2+]i comparable to the effect of alpha 1I3-methylamine on macrophages. It is concluded that activation of alpha 1I3 by methylamine or binding of alpha 1-microglobulin causes similar conformational changes in the inhibitor, exposing the receptor recognition site for the alpha 2M* signaling receptor, as well as for LRP/alpha 2MR.
Modulation of Caribbean Precipitation by the Madden–Julian Oscillation

Abstract Based on 12 years of daily satellite precipitation data and reanalysis winds, intraseasonal (30–90 days) variability in Caribbean precipitation is linked to phases of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Intraseasonal variability is largest during September–November (SON), but some modulation of precipitation by the MJO appears throughout all seasons. Precipitation anomalies up to 50% above (below) the annual mean are observed in phases 1 and 2 (5 and 6) of the MJO. The changes in Caribbean precipitation associated with the MJO are shown to be related to changes in the low-level (925 hPa) winds. When precipitation anomalies are above (below) average in phases 1 and 2 (5 and 6), wind anomalies act to decrease (increase) the strength of the prevailing easterly trade winds. The changes in the low-level winds are most apparent in the region of the Caribbean low-level jet (CLLJ), and divergence anomalies associated with the entrance and exit regions of the CLLJ precede the precipitation anomalies. The...
R-adapted arbitrary lagrangian-eulerian finite-element method in metal-forming simulation

In this article, mesh adaptation techniques have been used with the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite-element method for analysis of metal-forming problems. The r-method of node relocation has been found suitable for this purpose and is driven by errors based on effective plastic strain. Two forming simulations for elastic-viscoplastic materials have been executed under plane-strain conditions, and the effect of mesh adaptation has been studied.
Specificity of a particulate rat renal peptidase and its localization along with other enzymes of mercapturic acid synthesis.

Abstract Renal processing of S -derivatized glutathiones to mercapturic acids requires the participation of three enzymatic activities: γ-glutamyl hydrolase or transpeptidase, a peptidase which is capable of hydrolyzing S -derivatized cysteinylglycine, and an N -acetyltransferase. A particulate peptidase, which was assayed with S -benzylcysteine- p -nitroanilide, was found to be localized along with γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and N -acetyltransferase in the outer stripe region of the renal medulla. This localization suggests that these three activities may be contained primarily in the proximal straight tubules. Results of differential and isopycnic centrifugation indicate that the particulate peptidase is contained along with γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in the brush border membranes while the N -acetyltransferase is probably associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. The partially purified peptidase (200-fold) exhibits a broad substrate specificity. It has greater activity with reduced than oxidized cysteinylglycine, but S -derivatized substrates are hydrolyzed even faster. Comparison of its activity with various substrates indicates that it prefers peptides with a hydrophobic N -terminal amino acid and that it may require a free amino group. Heat-inactivation studies suggest that all of these activities are attributable to a single enzyme. These results suggest that this peptidase may participate along with γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and an N -acetyltransferase in the conversion of glutathione conjugates to mercapturic acids.
DESIGN AND PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A CLOSED SYSTEM FOR SHRIMP CULTURE

A closed system for intensive culture of penaeid shrimp was designed and tested. Details of construction of tanks and filters are presented along with a description of some equipment and procedures tested during the evolution of the system. The system is evaluated in terms of its usefulness in rearing shrimp at high densities. Water chemistry parameters are presented to aid in evaluation of overall system performance. It was demonstrated that the system has practical applications in rearing postlarval and juvenile penaeid shrimp at high densities.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid in Larrea Divaricata

Abstract A glc analysis method utilizing a flame ionization detector was developed to determine nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). Lyophilized samples of an aqueous extract from leaves of L. divaricata were reconstituted in water at a concentration of 50 mg/ml. A 100 mcl aliquot of this solution had 50 mcl of the internal standard solution, p,p'-biphenol (0.4 mg/ml in methanol) added followed by extraction with benzene:isopropyl alcohol (98:2), evaporation, and trimethylsilylation with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide. Glc analysis was accomplished using a 10% OV-101 on 80/100 Gas Chrom Q column. Accuracy and precision for the glc method was demonstrated over the range of anticipated concentration of NDGA in the L. divaricata leaves. The content of NDGA present in the leaves was found to be 1.6%.
Using surface drifter observations to measure tidal vortices and relative diffusion at Aransas Pass, Texas

Tidal vortices play an important role in the flushing of coastal regions. At the mouth of a tidal inlet, the input of circulation by the ebb tide may force the formation of a starting-jet dipole vortex. The continuous ebb jet current also creates a periodic sequence of secondary vortices shed from the inlet mouth. In each case, these tidal vortices have a shallow aspect ratio, with a lateral extent much greater than the water depth. These shallow vortices affect the transport of passive tracers, such as nutrients and sediment from the estuary to the ocean and vice versa. Field observation of tidal vortices primarily relies on ensemble averaging over several vortex events that are repeatable in space and can be sampled by a fixed Eulerian measurement grid. This paper presents an adaptive approach for locating and measuring within tidal vortices that propagate offshore near inlets and advect along variable trajectories set by the wind-driven currents. A field experiment was conducted at Aransas Pass, Texas to measure these large-scale vortices. Locations of the vortices produced during ebb tide were determined using near real-time updates from surface drifters deployed near or within the inlet during ebb tide, and the paths of towed acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) transects were selected by analysis of the drifter observations. This method allowed ADCP transects to be collected within ebb generated tidal vortices, and the paths of the drifters indicated the presence of both the starting-jet dipole and the secondary vortices of the unstable ebb tidal jet. Drifter trajectories were also used to estimate the size of each observed vortex as well as the statistics of relative diffusion offshore of Aransas Pass. The field data confirmed the starting-jet spin-up time (time until the vortex dipole begins to propagate offshore) measured in the laboratory by Bryant et al. [6] and that the Strouhal condition of $$St=0.2$$ predicts the shedding of secondary vortices from the inlet mouth. The size of the rotational core of the vortex is also shown to be approximated physically by the inlet width or by $$0.02UT$$ , where U is the maximum velocity through the inlet channel and T is the tidal period, and confirms results found in laboratory experiments by Nicolau del Roure et al. [23]. Additionally, the scale of diffusion was approximately 1–15 km and the apparent diffusivity was between 2–130 $$m^2/s$$ following Richardsons law.
«Tertiary» nuclear burning: neutron star deflagration?

A motivation is presented for the idea that dense nuclear matter can burn to a new class of stable particles. One of several possibilities is an 'octet' particle which is the 16 baryon extension of alpha particle, but now composed of a pair of each of the two nucleons, (3Sigma, Delta, and 2Xi). Such 'tertiary' nuclear burning (here 'primary' is H-He and 'secondary' is He-Fe) may lead to neutron star explosions rather than collapse to a black hole, analogous to some Type I supernovae models wherein accreting white dwarfs are pushed over the Chandrasekhar mass limit but explode rather than collapse to form neutron stars. Such explosions could possibly give gamma-ray bursts and power quasars, with efficient particle acceleration in the resultant relativistic shocks. The new stable particles themselves could possibly be the sought-after weakly interacting, massive particles (WIMPs) or 'dark' matter.
Let's Talk: Getting Out of the Counseling Center to Serve Hard‐to‐Reach Students

This article describes Let's Talk, a counseling center outreach program. Counselors hold walk-in hours across campus to engage students who might not otherwise seek counseling. Locations are chosen to reach underserved communities. Counselors offer informal consultation, a less formal alternative to traditional counseling. Este articulo describe Let's Talk (Hablemos), un programa de acercamiento a los centros de consejeria. Los consejeros mantienen horas de puertas abiertas sin cita previa en distintos lugares del campus para atraer a estudiantes que de otra forma no buscarian acceso a la consejeria. Las ubicaciones se eligen para alcanzar comunidades con servicios insuficientes. Los consejeros ofrecen consultas informales, una alternativa menos formal a la consejeria tradicional.
True hardware random number generation implemented in the 32-nm SOI POWER7+ processor

This paper provides a description of the hardware random number generator that is implemented on the IBM POWER7+™ processor. We discuss the underlying mechanism using basic ring oscillator circuits implemented in standard digital logic circuits. The source of entropy is based on sampling phase jitter in the ring oscillators, and the rate of phase jitter accumulation is measured. We show that the design is simple and robust yet able to generate a high rate of random bits while using a minimum of logic area. The design is very resistant to physical manipulation, being able to produce solid entropy values under environmental conditions that exceed the requirements of the surrounding circuitry. With a design-specific mechanism to correct for ring oscillator sample bias, the output shows a very high rate of entropy, which is validated.
Turbulent flows with incipient separation over solid waves

Measurements of the streamwise velocity over solid sinusoidal waves with height to wavelength ratios of 2a/λ=0.05, 0.125 and with dimensionless wave numbers α+=0.00624, 0.00135 have been made. For these conditions the instantaneous flow reverses direction, but the time-averaged flow is non-separated. Many features of the flow are similar to those reported in previous papers for a time-averaged flow that is separated. Approximate agreement is obtained from an eddy viscosity model derived for flow over small amplitude waves. However, the differences are more interesting than the agreement in that they point out shortcomings of present Reynolds stress models. Comparison with other measurements in the literature shows how increasing Reynolds number decreases the size of the separated region. Measurements of pressure profiles and of drag are interpreted in terms of measured flow patterns.
Smart growth principles and the management of urban sprawl

Employing a policy communities framework to compare implementation efforts among a set of cities, this study seeks to answer the question: do public policies advocated by the Smart Growth Network, ...
Pressure dependence of chemical branching in the oxygen-atom reaction with allyl chloride

Abstract The pressure dependence of the rate constant of the O-atom reaction with allyl chloride and its branching fraction to produce HCO + CH2ClCH2 were measured over a seven-fold pressure range (0.5-3.5 Torr) at 299 K. Both are independent of pressure (
Immunity and tolerance are related, and governed by antigen migration and localization.

The purpose of this communication is to describe a recently delineated principle of immunology1 that can be summarized in one line: immunity, or alternatively tolerance, to any antigen is governed by the migration and localization of that antigen. This concept, which has been developed with transplantation models2–4 and from observations after clinical and experimental infections5–7 has been described elsewhere in more detail.1 Here, we will be concerned mainly with the relation between donor leukocyte chimerism and transplantation tolerance, focusing at first on clinicopathologic observations in transplant recipients made in 1991–1992 that prompted reconsideration of a number of long held convictions.
Inversion-free stabilization and regulation of systems with hysteresis via integral action

Abstract In this paper, we present conditions for the stabilization and regulation of the tracking error for an n -dimensional minimum-phase system preceded by a Prandtl–Ishlinskii hysteresis operator. A general controller structure is considered; however, we assume that an integral action is present. The common Lyapunov function theorem is utilized together with a Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) condition to show that, under suitable conditions, the tracking error of the system goes to zero exponentially fast when a constant reference is considered. A key feature of this LMI condition is that it does not require the hysteresis effect to be small, meaning that hysteresis inversion is not required. We use this condition together with a periodicity assumption to prove that a servocompensator-based controller can stabilize the system without using hysteresis inversion. Additionally, we draw parallels between our LMI condition and passivity-based results achieved in the literature. We then verify our LMI results in simulation, where we show that the LMI condition can accurately predict the stability margins of a system with hysteresis. Finally, we conduct experiments using a servocompensator-based controller, where we verify the stability of the system and achieve a mean tracking error of 0.5 % for a 200 Hz sinusoidal reference.
Implications for multiple transmitter mediation of amphetamine-induced stereotypies

Gerbils were pretreated with the dopamine (DA) receptor blocker, pimozide, prior to stereotypy-inducing injections of d-amphetamine. Some of the stereotypies induced with amphetamine were blocked, but some were not, supporting the hypothesis that multiple neurotransmitters are involved in the mediation of amphetamine-induced stereotypy. In addition, when apomorphine hydrochloride was injected, different stereotypic motor behaviors were induced than were induced with amphetamine. The behavioral changes following amphetamine treatment could be classified into four groups: (1) those that are probably DA related, based on the fact that they were induced with either amphetamine or apomorphine, and amphetamine induction was blocked with pimozide; (2) those that are probably not DA related because they were not induced by apomorphine, and amphetamine induction was not blocked by pimozide; (3) those behaviors that may be incompatible with stereotypic behaviors, were reduced with either amphetamine or apomorphine, but were not maintained with pimozide; and (4) circling, which was induced with amphetamine, blocked with pimozide, but not induced with apomorphine.
Approaches toward super-resolution fluorescence imaging of mitochondrial proteins using PALM.

Mitochondria are difficult targets for microscopy because of their small size and highly compartmentalized, membranous interior. Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods have recently been developed that exceed the historical limits of optical imaging. Here we outline considerations and techniques in preparing to image the relative location of mitochondrial proteins using photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). PALM and similar methods have the capacity to dramatically increase our ability to image proteins within the mitochondria, and to expand our knowledge of the location of macromolecules beyond the current limits of immunoEM.
The gas-phase conformation of 3,7-dimethyl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane

Abstract The gas-phase conformation of the title compound (1) is discussed in reference to its photoelectron spectrum. The experimental lone-pair/lone-pair splitting (0.51 eV), when compared with that of similar diamines and with the results of three sets of MO calculations (MINDO/3, MNDO and STO-3G), leads to the conclusion that 1 exists in the chair-chair conformation. A remarkable sensitivity of the calculations to slight changes in the geometry is noted, and it is suggested that calculations of this type must include geometry-optimization. The question of through-space vs through-bond inteaction of the nitrogen lone pairs was explored by performing MNDO calculations in which the N-N resonance integrals were set to zero. These calculations indicate that in the chair-chair conformation the N-N interaction is mainly through-space. The 13CNMR and Ni(acac)2-induced 13C shifts of 1 are discussed.
Renal Endothelial Injury and Microvascular Dysfunction in Acute Kidney Injury

The kidney is comprised of heterogeneous cell populations that function together to perform a number of tightly controlled, complex and interdependent processes. Renal endothelial cells contribute to vascular tone, regulation of blood flow to local tissue beds, modulation of coagulation and inflammation, and vascular permeability. Both ischemia and sepsis have profound effects on the renal endothelium, resulting in microvascular dysregulation resulting in continued ischemia and further injury. In recent years, the concept of the vascular endothelium as an organ that is both the source of and target for inflammatory injury has become widely appreciated. Here we revisit the renal endothelium in the light of ever evolving molecular advances.
A new approach to advance the DNA computing

Abstract It has been evidenced that DNA computing can solve those problems which are currently intractable on even the fastest electronic computers. The algorithm design for DNA computing, however, is not straightforward. Both a significant knowledge of the DNA molecule and a strong background in computer engineering are required to develop efficient DNA computing algorithms. The existing models based on which a few DNA computing algorithms were developed are not sufficiently powerful and robust to attract potential users. In this paper, a new DNA computing model is introduced based on which new algorithms are developed to solve the 3-Coloring problem. These new algorithms are presented as vehicles for demonstrating the advantages of the new model, and they can be expanded to solve other NP-complete problems. Our new algorithms can significantly speed up computation and therefore achieve a better time performance. Furthermore, with the given resource, our algorithms can solve problems of much greater size as compared to existing DNA computing algorithms. In addition, the error rate can be greatly reduced by applying our new algorithms. All of the advantages provided by the new model make DNA computing very efficient and attractive in solving computational intense problems.
Measuring the similarity and relatedness of concepts in the medical domain: IHI 2012 tutorial overview

The ability to quantify the degree to which concepts are similar or related to each other is a key component in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications. For example, in a document search application, it can be very useful to identify text snippets that contain terms that are similar to (but not identical) to those provided by a user. This tutorial will introduce the theory behind measures of semantic similarity and relatedness, and show how these can be applied in the medical domain by using freely--available open--source software (http://umls-similarity.sourceforge.net) (UMLS::Similarity). This software takes advantage of the Unified Medical Language System ( http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/)(UMLS), which is maintained by the National Library of Medicine (USA). The tutorial will also show how to evaluate existing measures with manually--created reference standards.
The ascendant liberal conscience: a response to three critics

A liberalism of conscience incorporates both persuasion and reasoning to achieve its ends, but it does not entail guilt or bad conscience about the need to rule. Neither does the approach involve efforts to convert dissenters to some specific conception of the good. My view differs significantly from the views of John Rawls and John Locke: a liberalism of conscience is based in principles that people should accept, and which provide a firmer ground for rightful toleration. The theory is critical for rethinking the nature of value-pluralism, and it is capable of uniting religious and secular parties in an affirmation of fundamental political principles.
Deoxyalloxazines (benzopteridines) II. Methylation of 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethylbenzo(g)pteridine.

Methylation of 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethylbenzo( g )pteridine (I) with excess methyl iodide in boiling cellosolve gave a red methyl-methiodide derivative (II) which, on treatment with hot aqueous sodium carbonate solution was converted to the N 1 -methyl derivative (III), as shown by hydrolysis of the product to the corresponding dioxo-compound (IV) and its further degradation to the quinoxaline derivative (V). Reaction of I with methyl iodide in nitromethane solution afforded a quaternary methiodide derivative (VI) which, through a series of reactions with cold, concentrated acid and base reagents, was converted to III. On several occasions, the latter was obtained in what appeared to be a different, unstable tautomeric form. Hydrolysis of the corresponding intermediate methiodide (VI) or, of the hydrochloride salt (VII), with acid or alkali, gave IV; thus the methylation of I in nitromethane, as in cellosolve, appears to have occurred exclusively in the N 1 -position of the pyrimidine ring.
The Range of Hemoglobin A2 in Hemoglobin E Heterozygotes as Determined by Capillary Electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is capable of distinguishing hemoglobin E (HbE) from hemoglobin A(2) (HbA(2)), thus permitting quantification of HbA(2) in patients with HbE. In this study, routine samples submitted for evaluation of hemoglobinopathy that demonstrated HbE were studied by high-pressure liquid chromatography and CE. The data for 52 samples from adult HbE heterozygotes were compared with those for a control group consisting of 209 patients. The mean HbA(2) of patients with HbE trait was 3.4% (SD, 0.4%), which was significantly higher (P < .001) than the 2.6% (SD, 0.4%) for the control group. Seven samples from adults homozygous for HbE were also evaluated. The mean HbA(2) of HbE homozygotes was 4.4%, which was significantly greater (P < .001) than the HbA(2) values for the HbE heterozygotes. Data from these cases provide an estimate of the range of HbA(2) in patients with HbE when evaluated by CE.
Large-Amplitude Internal Solitary Waves Observed in the Northern South China Sea: Properties and Energetics

AbstractFive large-amplitude internal solitary waves (ISWs) propagating westward on the upper continental slope in the northern South China Sea were observed in May–June 2011 with nearly full-depth measurements of velocity, temperature, salinity, and density. As they shoaled, at least three waves reached the convective breaking limit: along-wave current velocity exceeded the wave propagation speed C. Vertical overturns of ~100 m were observed within the wave cores; estimated turbulent kinetic energy was up to 1.5 × 10−4 W kg−1. In the cores and at the pycnocline, the gradient Richardson number was mostly <0.25. The maximum ISW vertical displacement was 173 m, 38% of the water depth. The normalized maximum vertical displacement was ~0.4 for three convective breaking ISWs, in agreement with laboratory results for shoaling ISWs. Observed ISWs had greater available potential energy (APE) than kinetic energy (KE). For one of the largest observed ISWs, the total wave energy per unit meter along the wave crest E...
A Scraped Surface Bioreactor for Enzymatic Saccharification of Pretreated Corn Stover Slurries

High solids processing of biomass slurries provides the following benefits: maximized product concentration in the fermentable sugar stream, reduced water usage, and reduced reactor size. However, high solids processing poses mixing and heat-transfer problems above about 15% for pretreated corn stover solids. High solids slurries exhibit high viscosities and require high power consumption in conventional stirred tanks because they must be run at high rotational speeds to maintain proper mixing. An 8 L scraped surface bioreactor (SSBR) is employed here for enzymatic saccharification experiments to handle high solids loading and as a means for scale-up from laboratory-scale shake flasks. The scraping action of the blades keeps the reactor surface clear, which improves the heat-transfer characteristics. The horizontal rotation of the shaft and blades provides mixing and prevents particle settling much more effectively than in conventional stirred tanks, even at very low rotational speeds. The reactor is desi...
Anchor ice rafting: Observations from the laramie river

Anchor ice rafting (transport of sediment by released anchor ice) occurs regularly on many ice-affected rivers. However, rafting is poorly understood and there is scant quantitative information about it. This paper describes anchor ice formation and ice rafting observations made in the Laramie River, a small river in Wyoming. Anchor ice forms on cobble, gravel and sand substrates in the Laramie River. When released from the bed, anchor ice rafts sediment from all of these size classes. Observations suggest that anchor ice plays a substantial role transporting coarse fluvial sediment because anchor readily envelops large particles extending above the bed. A comparison of anchor-ice rafted sediment with peak-discharge bedload sediment shows that the largest sediment is transported downstream during the winter when flows are at a minimum. The largest ice-rafted cobble identified in this study weighed 9.5 kg; peak floods are capable of moving sediment only about a hundredth of the cobble's weight. There is overlap in ice-rafted and bedload sediment transport; both processes move significant amounts of sand-sized material. The average sediment concentration in released, floating anchor ice samples was 22 g l−1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Nonclassical Dihydrogen Adduct of S = 1/2 Fe(I)

We have exploited the capacity of the “(SiPiPr3)Fe(I)” scaffold to accommodate additional axial ligands and characterized the mononuclear S = 1/2 H2 adduct complex (SiPiPr3)FeI(H2). EPR and ENDOR data, in the context of X-ray structural results, revealed that this complex provides a highly unusual example of an open-shell metal complex that binds dihydrogen as a ligand. The H2 ligand at 2 K dynamically reorients within the ligand-binding pocket, tunneling among the energy minima created by strong interactions with the three Fe–P bonds.
Nursing Home Patients' Perception of Nurses' Affective Touching

Summary Within a sample of 99 elderly white patients in two nursing homes, E used the Comfort when Touched Inventory to measure Ss' perception of comfort-discomfort from affective touching by white nurses, and investigated the relationship of inconsistencies in perception to sex, age, and care classification. Results from alpha factor analysis with varimax rotation suggested that S would most likely perceive discomfort if an older male nurse affectively touched S; if a male nurse touched or held S's hand; or if a nurse, male or female, placed his/her arm around S's shoulders. Results from correlation procedures suggested that inconsistencies in perception were related only to sex; female Ss more than male Ss were likely to perceive discomfort from affective touching by nurses, especially if the nurse was a male.
Development and in vitro evaluation of a nanoemulsion for transcutaneous delivery

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study is to develop a nanoemulsion formulation for its use as a transcutaneous vaccine delivery system.Materials and methods: With bovine albumin-fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate (FITC-BSA) as a vaccine model, formulations were selected with the construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams and a short-term stability study. The size of the emulsion droplets was furthered optimized with high-pressure homogenization. The optimized formulation was evaluated for its skin permeation efficiency. In vitro skin permeation studies were conducted with shaved BALB/c mice skin samples with a Franz diffusion cell system. Different drug concentrations were compared, and the effect of the nanoemulsion excipients on the permeation of the FITC-BSA was also studied.Results: The optimum homogenization regime was determined to be five passes at 20 000 psi, with no evidence of protein degradation during processing. With these conditions, the particle diameter was 85.2 nm ± 15.5 nm wi...