cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitization to the conditioned rewarding effects of morphine and cocaine: differential effects of the κ-opioid receptor agonist U69593

Abstract The ability of the κ -opioid receptor agonist U69593 to attenuate the sensitization and cross-sensitization which develops to the conditioned rewarding effects of morphine and cocaine was examined using an unbiased place-preference conditioning procedure. The influence of U69593 treatment upon sensitization and cross-sensitization to cocaine was also assessed. Doses of morphine (1.0–5.0 mg kg −1 ) which failed to produce a conditioned response in drug-naive rats produced marked preferences for the drug-paired place in animals which had previously received once daily injections of morphine (5.0 mg kg −1 ; s.c.) or cocaine (10.0 mg kg −1 ; i.p.) for 5 days. Morphine-induced place preferences also occurred in animals which had received morphine in combination with U69593 (0.04–0.32 mg kg −1 ; s.c.) on either days 3–5 or 1–5 of the morphine treatment regimen. In contrast, morphine failed to produce significant conditioning in animals which had received U69593 with cocaine for 5 days. Doses of cocaine (1.0–5.0 mg kg −1 ) which did not produce a conditioned response in naive rats produced preferences for the drug-paired place in animals which had received once daily injections of cocaine (10.0 mg kg −1 day −1 ×5 days; i.p.) or morphine (5.0 mg kg −1 day −1 ×5 days; s.c.). No enhancement of cocaine-induced conditioning occurred in animals which had received U69593 on days 3–5 or on days 1–5 of the five-day cocaine treatment. In animals, however, which had received U69593 with morphine for 5 days, an enhanced response to cocaine was still seen. These findings confirm that sensitization and cross-sensitization develop to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine and morphine. They also indicate that the ability of a κ -opioid receptor agonist to prevent the development of these sensitized responses depends on the sensitizing agent employed. U69593 prevents sensitization and cross-sensitization induced by cocaine, but does not modify morphine-induced sensitization or the cross-sensitization which develops to cocaine after morphine administration.
Teaching children with autism to detect and respond to deceptive statements

Abstract Previous research has shown that children with autism often have deficits in deception, both in the ability to lie to others and in the ability to detect when they are being lied to. Additionally, children with autism are frequently the victims of bullying and difficulty with understanding deception likely makes the population more vulnerable to bullying. The purpose of this study was to teach individuals with autism to identify when others were lying to them, specifically to exclude them or to take their possessions. The treatment package consisted of multiple exemplar training, including rules, modeling, role-play, and immediate feedback. The results indicated that the procedure was effective for all three participants. Additionally, generalization was demonstrated to novel, untrained lies and to same-age peer confederates who were not involved in training.
Co-co-experiments in gravitational physics with GP-B and step

Abstract We show that the Gravity Probe B (GP-B) and the Satellite Test of Equivalence Principle (STEP) missions, with their disturbance-free orbits and precise tracking, will facilitate determination of at least two effects of post-Newtonian gravitation. First, for Einstein's classical test of general relativity, the advance of periapse of an orbit, the GP-B determination will be 3 parts in 1000. Second, for the eccentricity of objects orbiting the Earth as it orbits the sun, the GP-B determination will be 200 times more sensitive than lunar laser ranging measurements and at least 5 times more sensitive than Lageos due to GP-B's lower orbit. Nordtvedt shows that the annual variation in the eccentricity of such an orbit is zero only if general relativity is correct in its choice of parameters in the Parameterized Post-Newtonian generalized formulation of metric theories of gravitation. This test will discriminate between relativity and other theories at a level of 6 parts in 104. The perigee advance test also provides the most sensitive available test of the exotic β parameter associated in competing theories of gravitation with the second moment of the Earth's gravitational self-energy.
A potential screening technique for neurotransmitters in the CNS: model studies in the cat spinal cord.

Abstract This paper describes a potential screening technique for neurotranmitters in the CNS. The method uses the injection of small volumes of high specific activity radioactive transmitter precursor substances into regions of physiologically identified neuronal cell bodies, and the later identification of the substances transported down axons to target tissues. Experiments were performed in motoneurons in the cat spinal cords to test the feasibility of the method. Tritiated choline, glutamate, tyramine and tryptophan were pressure-injected into the ventral horn using glass micropipettes that were adapted to allow similtaneous physiological recording and injection. Only tritiated acetylcholine, two unidentified choline metabolites and a small amount of choline were found in the motor axons. The acetylcholine migrated at a rate of greater than 24 mm/day and the movement was blocked by colchicine. The spread of isotope from the injection site was measured by a direct chemical method and by autoradiography, and it was found that isotope spread 1–2 mm from the injection site. One unexpected finding in the autoradiographs was that the motoneurons were selectively labelled following choline injections.
INTERSTITIAL CELL TUMOR OF THE TESTIS.

Abstract A patient in whom marked bilateral gynecomastia developed resulting from a benign interstitial cell adenoma of the testicle is herewith presented. Seven years after treatment he remains healthy and well. This relatively uncommon lesion and its relationship to the other testicular tumors is discussed. It is emphasized that the age of onset in the development of such a tumor determines the ultimate clinical picture encountered. The prognosis of benign interstitial cell adenoma of the testis after removal appears to be excellent in contrast to malignant tumors.
The effect of presence of a queen upon outbreak of a hairless-black syndrome in the honey bee

Abstract Mortalities in 68 populations, of about 100 bees each, confined to small cages containing a piece of comb were tabulated daily and symptoms of the disease were observed until all bees had died. Various experimental treatments were administered, the most important of which was the presence or absence of a queen in each population. Queenless populations usually showed some bees chewing and nibbling upon others (a symptom of the disease) in 3–5 days, whereas queenright units usually did not show this symptom for 10 days or longer. Average length of life in queenless units was about three-fourths as long as in queenright units. Some confirmation of these results was obtained from larger populations allowed to fly in a flight cage.
Cuff Tear Arthropathy: A Conundrum of Choice

Many surgical treatment options exist for cuff tear arthropathy, but in our opinion, the most reliable options include the unconstrained hemiarthroplasty and the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Currently our indications for a hemiarthroplasty consist of a patient with a contained head, no superior migration (Seebauer 1A and 1B), no previous violation of the coracoacromial arch, reasonable preoperative range of motion, and younger age. On the other hand, we believe indications for a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty include the older patient with a pseudoparalytic shoulder, superior migration (Seebauer type 2A or 2B), and loss of the coracoacromial arch.
Pyrolysis and combustion of polyester. I. Thermochemistry of poly(1,4‐cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate) treated with selected phosphorus‐ and halogen‐containing flame retardants

A series of poly(1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate) (PCHDT) fabrics treated with selected phosphorus- and halogen-containing flame retardants has been studied by static oxygen bomb calorimetry. The amount of heat evolved when these fabrics are burned in the open atmosphere has been determined indirectly using calculations based on Hess' law of summation. This heat evolution when corrected for contributions due to burning of the flame retardant appeared to correlate with the efficiency of the flame retardant treatment and was interpretable in terms of mechanisms of flame retardant action. Also, this technique has been applied to blends containing polyester.
Structural and magnetic properties of nanostructured iron oxide

Nanostructured iron oxides are synthesized using ethylene glycol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone followed by calcinations. The X-ray powder diffraction measurement confirms the hematite phase of iron oxide. The synthesized hematite shows the Morin transition in the magnetization versus temperature (MvT) measurements. The nature of MvT depends on applied magnetic field. Magnetization versus magnetic field measurements confirm the antiferromagnetic behavior of hematite below the Morin transition and weak ferromagnetic behavior above the Morin transition.
Linguistic Units and Instructional Strategies that Facilitate Word Recognition for Latino Kindergarteners Learning to Read in Spanish.

Abstract This article describes the usage of linguistic units and instructional strategies that facilitate word recognition for Latino kindergarten students who are beginning to read in Spanish. This case study was based on coding videotaped reading and language arts instruction of two bilingual kindergarten teachers at the beginning, middle, and end of the school year using the Elements of Word Identification Instruction (Denton, Mathes, & Anthony, 2002), in addition to classroom field notes, narrative descriptions of instructional methods, and an end-of-the-year semistructured interview with the teachers. Results show that although Spanish has consistent letter–sound mappings, beginning reading instruction may focus on instruction at the word level, with phonemes playing a role in error correction, writing and spelling, phonemic awareness, and remediation for struggling readers who cannot read words fluently. This article concludes with implications for further research and discusses the significance of...
THE ACID AGGLUTINATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI

Eight strains of pneumococci of serological type 1, eight strains of type 2, and eleven strains belonging to neither type have been tested by the method of acid agglutination. Strains belonging to the two typical groups have, as a rule, narrow zones of agglutination. The optimum hydrogen ion concentrations are different in the two cases. Other pneumococci have broad zones or, in a few cases, narrow zones not coincident with those occupied by the typical organisms. The agglutination of most of the pneumococci of types 1 and 2 is extremely susceptible to the inhibiting action of salts. This is not true of the other pneumococci. Old broth cultures may show an optimum hydrogen ion concentration different from that shown by young broth cultures.
CaMKII and stress mix it up in mitochondria.

CaMKII is a newly discovered resident of mitochondria in the heart. Mitochondrial CaMKII promotes poor outcomes after heart injury from a number of pathological conditions, including myocardial infarction, ischemia reperfusion and stress from catecholamine stimulation. A study using the inhibitor of CaMKII, CaMKIIN, with expression delimited to myocardial mitochondria, indicates that an underlying cause of heart disease results from the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Evidence from electrophysiological and other experiments show that CaMKII inhibition likely suppresses mPTP opening by reducing Ca2+ entry into mitochondria. However, we expect other proteins involved in Ca2+ signaling in the mitochondria are affected with CaMKII inhibition. Several outstanding questions remain for CaMKII signaling in heart mitochondria. Most importantly, how does CaMKII, without the recognized N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence transfer to mitochondria?
A diffusion process with killing: the time to formation of recurrent deleterious mutant genes☆

Abstract We analyze the role of recurrent mutation on the time to formation or detection of particular genotypes in finite populations. The traditional method of approximating Markov chain models by diffusion processes is used. However, the diffusion approximations that arise in this context are governed not only by infinitesimal drift and diffusion coefficients, but also by a state-dependent killing rate that arises from the formation events. The resulting processes are particularly tractable, and allow a comprehensive analysis of the role of mutation in this problem.
The Structure of the Ether

THE recent interesting communication of Sir Oliver Lodge to NATURE (March 28) and the Philosophical Magazine on the density of the ether recalls an objection to theories of the ether which identify magnetic intensity with resultant ethereal velocity that does not seem to have received the attention it deserves. The objection arises when the distribution of momentum in the system is taken into consideration.
Cell-free, de novo synthesis of poliovirus

Cell-free translation of poliovirus RNA in an extract of uninfected human (HeLa) cells yielded viral proteins through proteolysis of the polyprotein. In the extract, newly synthesized proteins catalyzed poliovirus-specific RNA synthesis, and formed infectious poliovirus de novo. Newly formed virions were neutralized by type-specific antiserum, and infection of human cells with them was prevented by poliovirus receptor-specific antibodies. Poliovirus synthesis was increased nearly 70-fold when nucleoside triphosphates were added, but it was abolished in the presence of inhibitors of translation or viral genome replication. The ability to conduct cell-free synthesis of poliovirus will aid in the study of picornavirus proliferation and in the search for the control of picornaviral disease.
Electron Capture by Rotational Excitation of Polar Molecules

The problem of electron capture by a polar molecule with simultaneous rotational excitation of the molecule is analyzed. Capture cross sections and lifetimes of temporary negative-ion states so formed are calculated on the assumption that the electron interacts primarily at large distances from the molecule by means of the dipole field and forms only loosely bound ionic states. The capture probability is proportional to the ratio ${(\frac{D}{I})}^{2}$, where $D$ is the dipole moment and $I$ the moment of inertia of the molecule about a perpendicular axis passing through the center of the dipole. Electron capture by rotational excitation is most probable for polar molecules that have both a relatively large dipole moment and a small moment of inertia. In order for this process to make effective contributions to momentum-transfer cross sections measured, e. g., in electron-swarm experiments, the spacing of the rotational levels of the molecule must be of the order of thermal energies, so that a relatively large number of electrons can be captured and released. These circumstances, viz., the relatively large value of $\frac{D}{I}$ and the right spacing of rotational levels, appear to offer an explanation of the particular behavior of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S among a number of polar molecules with which recent swarm experiments have been made. According to the theory, some other molecules (e. g., N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$, HF, HCl, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) should exhibit a similar behavior. Lifetimes of negative ions formed by this process are estimated to be of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ sec.
Outcome of frontal sinus obliteration

Objectives: To evaluate the indications, technique, and results after long-term follow-up of osteoplastic frontal sinusectomy with fat obliteration. Study Design: A retrospective review of a series of consecutive patients using objective and subjective outcome assessment. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients undergoing osteoplastic flap procedure with obliteration between July 1, 1991, and July 1, 1997. Each patient also completed a symptom questionnaire rating the degree of symptoms both before and after surgery using a 10-point scale. The results were tabulated and analyzed for statistical significance. Results: Twenty osteoplastic flap procedures to obliterate the frontal sinus were reviewed. The average patient age was 41 years, with the average duration of follow-up being 40.2 months. No surgical failures were noted; one patient underwent a negative reexploration. One surgical and one medical complication are reported. Statistically significant improvement was noted in overall symptoms, headache, congestion, drainage, and frequency of infections when the preoperative to the postoperative symptom scores were compared (P < .001). Conclusions: Based on these results, the use of the osteoplastic flap in the obliteration of the frontal sinus continues to be an option in the era of endoscopic treatment of frontal sinus disease, particularly in endoscopic failures and chronic frontal sinus pain.
A Magnetic Bead-Based Method for Concentrating DNA from Human Urine for Downstream Detection

Due to the presence of PCR inhibitors, PCR cannot be used directly on most clinical samples, including human urine, without pre-treatment. A magnetic bead-based strategy is one potential method to collect biomarkers from urine samples and separate the biomarkers from PCR inhibitors. In this report, a 1 mL urine sample was mixed within the bulb of a transfer pipette containing lyophilized nucleic acid-silica adsorption buffer and silica-coated magnetic beads. After mixing, the sample was transferred from the pipette bulb to a small diameter tube, and captured biomarkers were concentrated using magnetic entrainment of beads through pre-arrayed wash solutions separated by small air gaps. Feasibility was tested using synthetic segments of the 140 bp tuberculosis IS6110 DNA sequence spiked into pooled human urine samples. DNA recovery was evaluated by qPCR. Despite the presence of spiked DNA, no DNA was detectable in unextracted urine samples, presumably due to the presence of PCR inhibitors. However, following extraction with the magnetic bead-based method, we found that ∼50% of spiked TB DNA was recovered from human urine containing roughly 5×10(3) to 5×10(8) copies of IS6110 DNA. In addition, the DNA was concentrated approximately ten-fold into water. The final concentration of DNA in the eluate was 5×10(6), 14×10(6), and 8×10(6) copies/µL for 1, 3, and 5 mL urine samples, respectively. Lyophilized and freshly prepared reagents within the transfer pipette produced similar results, suggesting that long-term storage without refrigeration is possible. DNA recovery increased with the length of the spiked DNA segments from 10±0.9% for a 75 bp DNA sequence to 42±4% for a 100 bp segment and 58±9% for a 140 bp segment. The estimated LOD was 77 copies of DNA/µL of urine. The strategy presented here provides a simple means to achieve high nucleic acid recovery from easily obtained urine samples, which does not contain inhibitors of PCR.
Myosin-X: a molecular motor at the cell's fingertips

Research in several areas, including unconventional myosins and deafness genes, has converged recently on a group of myosins whose tails contain myosin tail homology 4 (MyTH4) and band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) domains. Although these 'MyTH-FERM' myosins are not present in yeast and plants, they are present in slime molds, worms, flies and mammals, where they mediate interactions between the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane. The most broadly distributed MyTH-FERM myosin in vertebrate cells appears to be myosin-X (Myo10). This myosin can act as a link to integrins and microtubules, stimulate the formation of filopodia and undergo a novel form of motility within filopodia.
Vitellogenin in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): Induction of two forms by estradiol, quantification in plasma and characterization in oocyte extract

Two forms of vitellogenin were isolated by DEAE agarose ion-exchange chromatography from plasma of the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. The monomers have apparent molecular masses of 200 and 130 kDa, as indicated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and a total amount of phosphorus of 1.7 and 0.1%, respectively. Antibodies specific to the two forms, designated tVTG-200 and tVTG-130, were generated in rabbits and used to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and in Western blot analyses of plasma and oocyte extract. SDS-PAGE of the oocyte extract showed a major protein band at 106.6, minor bands at 26.6, 24.2, and 23.7 kDa, and very faint bands at 83.4 and 17.5 kDa. Western blots of the oocyte extract revealed that the antiserum to tVTG-200 recognized strongly the protein bands at 24.2 and 23.7 kDa, and less strongly the bands at 25.1 and 22.6 kDa, whereas the antiserum to tVTG-130 recognized mainly the protein band at 106.6 kDa. The presence of both VTGs in untreated male tilapia was detected with the ELISAs using relatively high plasma volumes. Their presence in males was confirmed by VTG-like immunoreactive materials eluting from the ion-exchange column at the same positions as tVTG-200 and tVTG-130. The concentrations of the VTGs in males were several orders of magnitude lower than in vitellogenic females. Treatment of male tilapia with estradiol-17β (E2) induced both VTGs within 24h. After 7 days, tVTG-130 reached a maximum concentration in plasma, whereas tVTG-200 continued to increase. Our findings demonstrate that the two vitellogenins are biochemically distinct, possibly differentially regulated, and made by both sexes.
Follow-up of effects of choice of mediator and target of reinforcement on weight loss

This study reports differential maintenance of weight loss at 3 and 12 months following the end of treatment effects reported in an earlier study. Clients orginally assigned to either a basic stimulus control treatment condition or the basic program plus one of four reinforcement conditions: reinforcement by therapist for weight loss, reinforcement by therapist for change in eating behavior, reinforcement by a significant other for weight loss, or reinforcement by a significant other for eating behavior change returned for weigh-ins at these times. Results indicated the importance of appropriate target (eating behavior change) and mediator (significant other) for maintenance of weight loss. Reinforcement by a significant other for eating behavior change produced the most persistent loss of weight.
Imaging of pediatric chest masses.

While plain film radiography remains the workhorse of chest imaging evaluation in the pediatric population, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are seeing increasing utilization. These modalities are now essential tools in the imaging arsenal, particularly for the characterization of chest masses and pseudomasses for both diagnosis and operative planning. Moreover, the advent of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has increased the versatility of CT scanning in children. The greater speed of image acquisition decreases motion artifact and often the need for patient sedation. Thinner slices improve spatial resolution. Finally, since data is acquired in nearly isotropic voxels with scanners having at least 8 detectors, we can reconstruct images in any plane–— even retrospectively when unanticipated pathology is encountered. This multiplanar and 3-dimensional reconstruction capability offers clear advantages in chest imaging where the longitudinal axes of the esophagus, airways, vasculature, and spine are displayed to better avail. Of course, all technologies have advantages and disadvantages, and MDCT is no different. The cost comes in radiation dose, which is not insignificant in children. The organs of young children are much more radiosensitive than adults, and children have a longer remaining lifetime to manifest radiation-related changes. Hence, attention to scan parameters is paramount and an ongoing focus of research in the pediatric radiology literature. Beyond the necessity of eliminating unnecessary examinations, especially dual phase scanning in most cases, altering such parameters as the tube current (mA), gantry rotation time (s), table speed (pitch), detector configuration (mm), and kilovoltage (kVp) can greatly decrease radiation exposure while maintaining a diagnostic-quality study. Most adjustments are based on patient weight. Both MDCT and MRI are used in the characterization of pediatric chest masses. CT is the preferred modality as it
Metabolic and bactericidal activities of human eosinophils.

Summary. Eosinophils obtained from three patients with transient eosinophilia and polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMN) obtained from young adults with acute suppurative infections were compared with regard to their metabolic and bactericidal responses to phagocytosis. Eosinophils ingested zymosan particles and staphylococci more slowly and to a lesser extent than did PMN, and displayed a more potent oxidative response during phagocytosis which led to a greater production of intracellular hydrogen peroxide. This enhanced oxidative response was primarily due to increased activity of TPNH oxidase, a granule enzyme, rather than the soluble DPNH oxidase which mediates hydrogen peroxide production in neutrophils. Despite the enhanced peroxide production, eosinophils were less bactericidal than PMN.
Demonstration of Antigenemia by Radioimmunoassay in Rabbits Experimentally Infected with Aspergillus

Antigens were detected in the blood of rabbits infected with Aspergillus fumigatus by a solid-phase (tube) radioimmunoassay (RIA). The radiolabel for the assay was a polysaccharide-rich alkali extract (APAE) from the mycelia of A. fumigatus. Before this extract could be suitable labeled with 125I, it had to be conjugated with tyramine. Rabbits immunized with heat-killed mycelia had titers of antibody in serum of as high as 1:38,000 against this radiolabeled antigen. With unlabeled and unconjugated APAE as the standard antigen, the sensitivity of the RIA was 12 ng per test, or 500 ng/ml. Antigenemia was detectable by RIA three days after infection of rabbits with A. fumigatus. Blood cultures taken concomitantly were uniformly negative. These results indicate that antigenemia occurs in invasive aspergillus infection and in such cases can be detected by RIA. These observations may be important in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillus infections in humans.
Use of a modified van den Pol's oscillator to construct ventricular pressure-volume relations

Ventricular pressure-volume (PV) loops provide information about ventricular function. Methodologic constraints have limited derivation of PV loops to the laboratory. The present study addresses derivation of PV loops from a direct left ventricular pressure measurement and left ventricular volume derived from continuous cardiac output. The measurements were performed in vivo in intact, innervated, normal canine hearts. Data from a total of 5 dogs and 13 different cardiac work states were analyzed. A nonlinear oscillator, a van der Pol's oscillator, described the PV relationships. Comparison of left ventricular stroke work derived from the van der Pol's oscillator model with that obtained from ultrasound transducers sutured directly to the myocardium demonstrated a linear correlation, close to the identity line, with R2 = 0.90. Modelling of LV PV loops by this technique was similar to loops derived by experimental measurements. This technique could lead to increased clinical uses for PV relationships.
Recruitment dynamics of GAK and auxilin to clathrin-coated pits during endocytosis

Cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), the ubiquitous form of the neuronal-specific protein auxilin 1, is an essential cofactor for Hsc70-dependent uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles. Total internal reflectance microscopy was used to determine the timing of GAK binding relative to dynamin and clathrin binding during invagination of clathrin-coated pits. Following transient recruitment of dynamin to the clathrin puncta, large amounts of GAK are transiently recruited. GAK and clathrin then disappear from the evanescent field as the pit invaginates from the plasma membrane and finally these proteins disappear from the epifluorescence field, probably as the clathrin is uncoated from the budded vesicles by Hsc70. The recruitment of GAK is dependent on its PTEN-like domain, which we found binds to phospholipids. This suggests that interaction with phospholipids is essential for recruitment of GAK and, in turn, Hsc70, but Hsc70 recruitment alone might not be sufficient to induce irreversible clathrin uncoating. When budding of clathrin-coated pits is inhibited by actin depolymerization, there is repeated flashing of GAK on the clathrin-coated pit but neither scission nor irreversible uncoating occur. Therefore, budding as well as synchronous recruitment of GAK might be required for irreversible clathrin uncoating.
The Effect of Calcination on H2 Spillover in Pt/MoO3: I. Characterization and Kinetics

Abstract The effect of catalyst preparation on the morphology of Pt/MoO 3 and the kinetics of hydrogen spillover have been qualitatively investigated in this first of two works. The morphology of the materials has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy and selective chemisorption, and the chemical state of Pt and the presence of chlorine have been determined with XPS and EDXS. The kinetics of hydrogen spillover in Pt/MoO 3 catalysts as a function of calcination temperature has been recorded with isothermal and temperature programmed reduction experiments. As the calcination temperature of the Pt/MoO 3 samples was increased, the initial rate of reduction (hydrogen uptake) increased and the temperature of initial reduction decreased. Characterization indicates that as calcination temperature is increased, overlayers of MoO 3 on Pt are produced, but additionally the Cl content associated with the Pt phase diminishes. The roles of overlayers and residual chlorine are postulated as follows: overlayers improve the degree of contact of MoO 3 with Pt crystallites, giving hydrogen access to more MoO 3 particles and increasing total H 2 uptake. On the other hand, the intrinsic rate of H 2 spillover from Pt particles into the bulk of MoO 3 appears to be controlled by the amount of residual Cl. When the Pt phase is well dispersed in a series of samples differing only by calcination temperature, it appears that the enhanced H 2 spillover rate stems not from a promotion due to MoO 3 overlayers, but by a lessening of spillover inhibition caused by chlorine.
Infectious bursal disease virus rescued efficiently with 3' authentic RNA sequence induces humoral immunity without bursal atrophy.

A reverse genetics infectious bursal disease virus (RG-IBDV) that contained authentic 3′ RNA sequence was characterized both in vitro and in vivo. LP1-IBDV, a cell line-adapted IBDV strain variant E (VE) was used as the parent virus for constructing viral cDNA clones. Authentic 3′ RNA sequence was generated by using cis-acting hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (HDR). The absence of HDR in the clones did not affect viral protein expression, but the obtained viral titers were reduced by 200-folds when compared to the clones with HDR sequence. RG-IBDV generated from clones with HDR sequence was similar to LP1-IBDV by plaque size, growth kinetics and electron microscopic morphology. RG-IBDV did not cause bursal atrophy in 3-week-old chickens at 3, 7 and 17 days post infection (DPI) and induced high ELISA and neutralizing antibody titers to IBDV at 7 and 17 DPI. The results indicated that RG-IBDV can be generated efficiently with an authentic 3′ RNA terminus and the obtained RG-IBDV is non-pathogenic and immunogenic with the potential as a vaccine strain that can be further genetically modified to broaden its application.
Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic ultrasound in the diagnosis of phrenic neuropathy

Objectives: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of B-mode ultrasound in the diagnosis of neuromuscular diaphragmatic dysfunction, including phrenic neuropathy. Methods: A prospective study of patients with dyspnea referred to the EMG laboratory over a 2-year time frame for evaluation of neuromuscular respiratory failure who were recruited consecutively and examined with ultrasound for possible diaphragm dysfunction. Sonographic outcome measures were absolute thickness of the diaphragm and degree of increased thickness with maximal inspiration. The comparison standard for diagnosis of diaphragm dysfunction was the final clinical diagnosis of clinicians blinded to the diaphragm ultrasound results, but taking into account other diagnostic workup, including chest radiographs, fluoroscopy, phrenic nerve conduction studies, diaphragm EMG, and/or pulmonary function tests. Results: Of 82 patients recruited over a 2-year period, 66 were enrolled in the study. Sixteen patients were excluded because of inconclusive or insufficient reference testing. One hemidiaphragm could not be adequately visualized; therefore, hemidiaphragm assessment was conducted in a total of 131 hemidiaphragms in 66 patients. Of the 82 abnormal hemidiaphragms, 76 had abnormal sonographic findings (atrophy or decreased contractility). Of the 49 normal hemidiaphragms, none had a false-positive ultrasound. Diaphragmatic ultrasound was 93% sensitive and 100% specific for the diagnosis of neuromuscular diaphragmatic dysfunction. Conclusion: B-mode ultrasound imaging of the diaphragm is a highly sensitive and specific tool for diagnosis of neuromuscular diaphragm dysfunction. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that diaphragmatic ultrasound performed by well-trained individuals accurately identifies patients with neuromuscular diaphragmatic respiratory failure (sensitivity 93%; specificity 100%).
Conceptual design and algorithm evaluation for a very accurate imaging star tracker for deep- space optical communications

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is planning high data rate optical communications for future deep space missions. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) is responding by developing concepts for implementing optical communications terminals that are more compact and lightweight than heretofore. An essential requirement for these long-range optical links is a high-precision pointing and tracking system. Focal plane array (FPA)-based star trackers that enable open-loop pointing and tracking are necessary. Spacecraft attitude instabilities, emphemeris errors, tracking sensor noise, clock errors, and mechanical misalignments are among the error sources that must be minimized and compensated for. To achieve this JHU/APL has developed an imaging star tracker concept using redundant multi-aperture FPA's symmetrically disposed about the laser downlink. Centroid estimation and pattern matching techniques account for aberration and motion errors. Robustness, sensitivity to detection thresholds, field-of-view sizing, number of stars per frame, missed detections, false alarms, and position biases, as well as stellar catalog size and star selection, will be described. Finally the conceptual design of a frame-to-frame integration method and sensor fusion algorithm (such as a Kalman filter) will be considered. The goal is to achieve a system pointing and tracking error significantly less than 1 μrad.
A simple radiograph of the neck.

PRESENTATION In this case, a mild insult to the neck resulted in major injury to the cervical spine; a simple radiographic study revealed the nature of the injury. The patient was a 54-year-old man with an 8-year history of asymptomatic ankylosing spondylitis with severe involvement of the lumbar spine. He was brought to the emergency room for excruciating neck pain that had been triggered by carrying a small mattress on his right shoulder up 2 flights of stairs.
Neuropsychological inference with an interactive brain: A critique of the “locality” assumption

When cognitive neuropsychologists make inferences about the functional architecture of the normal mind from selective cognitive impairments they generally assume that the effects of brain damage are local, that is, that the nondamaged components of the architecture continue to function as they did before the damage. This assumption follows from the view that the components of the functional architecture are modular, in the sense of being informationally encapsulated. In this target article it is argued that this “locality” assumption is probably not correct in general. Inferences about the functional architecture can nevertheless be made from neuropsychological data with an alternative set of assumptions, according to which human information processing is graded, distributed, and interactive. These claims are supported by three examples of neuropsychological dissociations and a comparison of the inferences obtained from these impairments with and without the locality assumption. The three dissociations are: selective impairments in knowledge of living things, disengagment of visual attention, and overt face recognition. In all three cases, the neuropsychological phenomena lead to more plausible inferences about the normal functional architecture when the locality assumption is abandoned. Also discussed are the relations between the locality assumption in neuropsychology and broader issues, including Fodor's modularity hypothesis and the choice between top-down and bottom-up research approaches.
Partial purification and characterization of the bacteriocin produced by Propionibacterium jensenii B1264

Treize bacteries propioniques ont ete examinees pour leur capacite catalase-insensible et protease-sensible a inhiber differentes bacteries gram-positives ou gram-negatives. La production d'agents de type bacteriocine a ete identifiee dans huit des cultures. La bacteriocine produite par Propionibacterium jensenii B 1264 avait une ctivite inhibitrice sur les propionibacteries proches et des bacteries lactiques et une activite bactericide envers Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC 4797. Elle etait produite en bouillon de lactate de sodium pendant la phase stationnaire ; l'activite maximale etait detectee apres 10 j mais seulement avec une concentration par dix de surnageants. La bacteriocine etait precipitee au sulphate d'ammonium a une saturation a 70 %. La bacteriocine concentree au sulfate d'ammonium et dialysee etait stable de 0,1-1,0 mol.L -1 de NaCl, 0,1 % a 2,0 % SDS, 4 mol.L -1 uree, 100 °C (60 min), de pH 2 a 10 et dans les solvants organiques (methanol, ethanol et isopropanol a 0 a 50 % ). La chromatographie d'echange d'anions en batch (pH 6.5) de la bacteriocine permettait d'obtenir une activite et une purete accrue par un facteur de quinze. La focalisation isoelectrique analytique en couche mince donnait un point isoelectrique entre pH 3 et 3,5. La masse moleculaire obtenue par SDS-PAGE se situait entre 6 et 9 kDa, Les donnees suggerent que cette bacteriocine anionique est unique.
Sex and the cancer patient: An unspoken concern

Abstract Survival is often the means by which we judge the outcome of cancer treatment, and little attention has been given to the quality of life—particularly the sexual life—of the patient. The impact of cancer on sexuality is considered from three perspectives: (1) the decline of sexual interest due to the emotional impact of the disease; (2) body change due to treatment; and (3) impotence. Health professionals should be available to provide sex education and counseling for patients and their partners.
Response to Moderate Sedation Article by Kennedy et al.

Dear Editor, I am writing in response to the “Use of Moderate Sedation…” article by Kennedy et al. [1] In the current interventional spine medicine environment, any reports potentially recommending the use of sedation for typically benign spinal injection procedures must be read with concern and the results interpreted with real caution. It should first be highlighted that, even in this study, first time vasovagal reactions occurred in only 3% of patients and did not recur in approximately 80% of patients even without the subsequent use of moderate sedation. This speaks toward …
Sources of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis in a strain of Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Diatoms are an important functional group of marine phytoplankton because of their role in the fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and transfer of organic carbon to deep waters. Carbon-concentrating-mechanisms, such as active CO 2 and bicarbonate (HCO - 3 ) uptake and carbonic anhydrase activity, are believed to be essential to marine photosynthesis, because the main carbon-fixing enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, is less than half saturated at normal seawater CO 2 concentrations. On the basis of short-term inorganic 14 C uptake experiments, Tortell et al. (1997; Nature 390: 243-244) recently argued that marine diatoms are capable of HCO - 3 uptake. However, as discussed herein, the extent of HCO - 3 uptake cannot be assessed on the basis of these experiments. Using short-term 14 CO 2 -disequilibrium experiments, we show that a clone of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum takes up little or no HCO - 3 even under conditions of severe CO 2 limitation. Predicting the response of the oceans to increased CO 2 concentrations will require, among other things, a careful assessment of the extent to which marine algae take up HCO - 3 or CO 2 . Because the plasmalemma of microalgae is gas permeable, all phytoplankton exchange CO 2 with the growth medium. Experimental results that are merely consistent with HCO - 3 uptake are insufficient to prove that HCO - 3 uptake is occurring. Our results are in accord with predictions based on stable carbon isotopic fractionation data. Combining isotopic disequilibrium experiments with continuous growth cultures and stable isotope fractionation experiments is a powerful tool for understanding the response of oceanic primary producers to anthropogenic CO 2 emissions as well as for interpreting paleoceanographic carbon isotope data.
Pen shape and size: effects on pig behavior and performance

Abstract Crossbred growing pigs, with an average initial weight of 29.9 kg, were housed in groups of 15 in ten experimental pens (five shapes × two sizes) to assess the importance of pen shape in the perception of space quality. Pen sizes provided 0.396 and 0.356 m2 per pig. In Experiment 1, four replications, each of a 4-week duration, were conducted comparing rectangular (length/width = 3), triangular (equilateral), square and circular pens. In Experiment 2, two replications, each of a 2-week duration, were conducted comparing altered circular (circular pen fitted with two 0.5 m interior walls) and square pens. Production parameters (Experiment 1 only), social behaviors, time budgets and space utilization were monitored for each pen of pigs. Weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency in Experiment 1 averaged 623 g day−1, 1773 g day−1 and 0.353, respectively, and were not affected by pen shape or size. Post-mixing aggression was greater in circular pens than in square pens (34.6 vs 16.8 pig × s spent fighting per minute; P In Experiment 1, pigs in small pens spent more time standing (P
Acquisition, discrimination, and extinction with intracranial stimulation

Two brain areas, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the septum, were compared on each of three variables for intracranial electrical stimulation: acquisition, discrimination, and extinction. The ventromedial nucleus groups had significantly higher response rates during acquisition, significantly more responses during the correct interval in discrimination, and made more responses to extinction than the septal implant groups. Nondiscrimination controls revealed that discrimination training had no effect upon resistance to extinction for either brain area group.
A Capacitance Humidity-Sensing Transducer

Recent improvements in the design of humidity-sensing transducers and the materials used in their construction have minimized many of the past limitations. A new capacitance humidity sensor is described that has a design, construction, and material composition that impart a unique combination of properties. This humidity sensor also has an ease of fabrication that makes it an improvement over other capacitance-type humidity sensors. The humidity-sensitive film is a multilayered polymeric film consisting of a humidity-sensitive dielectric core, two conductive layers, and two bottom layer strips. The element has a nominal capacitance of 1000 pF and a humidity sensitivity of approximately 4.0 pF/percent RH at 50-percent RH. The characteristics of the humidity sensor, which include the element's sensitivity to relative humidity, response characteristics, and the effects of temperature, are discussed.
Patient perception of whether an HIV test was provided during the emergency department encounter.

This cross-sectional study approached emergency department (ED) patients after the treating physician’s disposition decision to measure patient understanding of whether or not they had received an HIV test during their ED encounter. Of the 300 respondents, 24 were excluded due to missing data or because they had received an ED HIV test. Mean age was 41 years, 51% were men, 61% were black, and 29% had no high school degree. There were 5.8% (95% confidence interval: 3.5%-9.4%) who erroneously reported HIV test delivery during their ED course. Our results suggest a small but significant minority of patients falsely assume that they have been tested for HIV during their ED visit. This misperception could have broad implications, leading to less frequent subsequent testing, false reassurance of HIV-negative status, and inaccuracies in surveillance estimates or surveys that depend on self-report.
The Role of Behavioral Survey Methodologists in National Statistical

Summary The expertise of behavioral survey methodologists is needed in national statistical agencies because of the necessity of using theory and research from the social sciences to reduce survey error. In this paper various social science based explanations for measurement error and nonresponse error are described in order to illustrate the conceptual foundations of such error reduction efforts. Three roles for behavioral survey methodologists in national statistical agencies are then discussed. They include: 1) bring an error reduction perspective to bear in an influential way for all aspects of designing and implementing agency surveys; 2) bring theoretical efficiency and effectiveness to experimental tests of alternative questionnaire designs and implementation procedures through the use of theories, concepts and pretests and findings of past behavioral science research; and 3) contribute to the expanding science of survey methodology.