cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical switching of antiferromagnets via strongly spin-orbit coupled materials

Electrically controlled ultra-fast switching of an antiferromagnet (AFM) is shown to be realizable by interfacing it with a material of strong spin-orbit coupling. The proximity interaction between the sublattice magnetic moments of a layered AFM and the spin-polarized free electrons at the interface offers an efficient way to manipulate antiferromagnetic states. A quantitative analysis, using the combination with a topological insulator as an example, demonstrates highly reliable 90° and 180° rotations of AFM magnetic states under two different mechanisms of effective torque generation at the interface. The estimated switching speed and energy requirement are in the ps and aJ ranges, respectively, which are about two-three orders of magnitude better than the ferromagnetic counterparts. The observed differences in the magnetization dynamics may explain the disparate characteristic responses. Unlike the usual precessional/chiral motions in the ferromagnets, those of the AFMs can essentially be described as...
Clinical Relevance of Steroid Use in Neuro-Oncology.

Corticosteroids are commonly used in the management of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors and CNS metastases to treat cancer- and treatment-related cerebral edema and improve neurologic function. However, they are also associated with significant morbidity and mortality, given their wide range of adverse effects. To review the mechanism of action, pharmacology, and toxicity profile of corticosteroids and to critically appraise the evidence that supports their use in neuro-oncologic practice based on the latest scientific and clinical data. Recent data suggest that corticosteroids may negatively impact survival in glioma patients. In addition, corticosteroids should be incorporated as a standard criterion to assess a patient’s clinical and radiographic response to treatment. Corticosteroids should be used judiciously in neuro-oncologic patients, given the potential deleterious effects on clinical outcome and patient survival. Anti-angiogenic agents, which lack these adverse effects, may be a reasonable alternative to corticosteroids.
Impact of Postural Stability and Modality on the Perception of Passage and Surface Climbing

ABSTRACTThe foundation for this study is the belief that an accurate understanding of affordance perception requires consideration of the observer-ground surface interface. More specifically, it is argued that variations in the organism-environment interface will affect postural stability that, in turn, will affect affordance judgments. It is further expected that the impact of variations in postural stability should be independent of the perceptual system employed by the perceiver. Participants in this study wore shoes meant to create varying degrees of postural stability and used either vision or sound to determine whether a gap afforded passage or a surface could be stepped upon. The results revealed that the manipulation of postural stability significantly affected judgments of passage and climbability. Although modality alone did not influence affordance judgments, it did so in combination with postural stability. Discussion is given to the notion that an accurate understanding of perception requires...
Effects of biochar and wood pellets amendments added to landfill cover soil on microbial methane oxidation: A laboratory column study

Abstract Alternate landfill covers designed to enhance microbial methane (CH4) oxidation and reduce the negative impacts of landfill gas emissions on global climate have recently been proposed and investigated. In this study, the use of biochar as a soil amendment is examined in order to assess the feasibility and effectiveness for enhanced CH4 removal in landfill covers when incorporated under high compaction conditions and relatively low soil moisture. Four different cover configurations were tested in large soil columns for ∼510 days and potential CH4 oxidation rates were determined following long-term incubation in small batch assays. Cover designs tested include: a thin biochar layer at 15–18 cm; 2% mixed soil-biochar layer at 20–40 cm; 2% mixed soil-uncharred wood pellets at 20–40 cm; and soil obtained from intermediate cover at an active landfill site. The placement of a thin biochar layer in the cover significantly impacted moisture distribution and infiltration, which in turn affected CH4 oxidation potential with depth. An increase in CH4 removal rates was observed among all columns over the 500 day incubation period, with steady-state CH4 removal efficiencies ranging from ∼60 to 90% in the final stages of incubation (inlet load ∼80 g CH4 m−2 d−1). The thin biochar layer had the lowest average removal efficiency as a result of reduced moisture availability below the biochar layer. The addition of 2% biochar to soil yielded similar CH4 oxidation rates in terminal assays as the 2% uncharred wood pellet amendment. CH4 oxidation rates in terminal assays were positively correlated with soil moisture, which was affected by the materials’ water holding capacity. The high water holding capacity of biochar led to higher oxidation rates within the thin biochar layer, supporting the initial hypothesis that biochar may confer more favorable physical conditions for methanotrophy. Ultimate performance was apparently affected by soil type and CH4 exposure history, with the highest oxidation rates observed in the unamended field soil with higher initial methanotrophic activity.
International criminal trials and the circumstances of justice

Transitional justice is broadly understood to refer to formal efforts to deal with past wrongs in the midst of a transition from an extended period of conflict or repression to democracy. In this paper, I consider the role of international criminal trials in transitional justice. I argue that such trials may contribute to transitional justice, but such contributions are conditional on two main factors. The first factor is time. The second factor is what other transitional justice responses are adopted domestically.
Synthesis and characterization of alkali aluminosilicate hydraulic cement that meets standard requirements for general use

Abstract A sustainable hydraulic cement was developed based primarily upon the alkali aluminosilicate chemistry. This cement employed largely coal fly ash, granulated ground blast furnace slag and natural feldspar as sources of aluminosilicates, with small concentrations of calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate used as sources of alkalis and soluble silica. In addition, sodium tetraborate was incorporated into the cement formulation for set retardation. The dry raw materials were transformed into a hydraulic cement via input of mechanical energy using a ball mill. Comprehensive experimental evaluation of the resultant hydraulic cement confirmed that it meets standard requirements for general use in concrete construction.
Acoustic vibration effects in classical nucleation theory

Abstract Acoustic vibration is often used to improve the yield of crystals and nanoparticles growing from solutions and melts. As there is still a debate on how acoustic vibration actually works, we have examined the possibility that acoustic pressure can affect the rate of nucleation. Our method is based on an expansion of the free energy of the nucleus in powers of the acoustic pressure. With the assumption that the period of the sound wave is short as compared to the time scale for nucleation, we replace the powers of the acoustic pressure by their time averages, retaining the average of the square of the acoustic pressure as the leading term. By assuming a nucleus having spherical shape, we use the Young-Laplace equation to relate the pressure inside the nucleus to the ambient pressure. Without making further approximations not already standard in classical nucleation theory, we find that the proximate effect of acoustic pressure is to reduce both the size of the critical nucleus as well as the work required to form it from monomers. As the work serves as the activation energy, the ultimate effect of acoustic pressure is to increase the rate of nucleation. If we assume that the atomic structure of the nucleus is the same as that of an ordinary solid, however, we find the compressibility is too small for acoustic vibration effects to be noticeable. If on the other hand, we assume that the structure is similar to that of a loosely bound colloidal particle, then the effects of acoustic vibration become potentially observable.
The Effects of Feedback Fatigue and Sex Disparities in Medical Student Feedback Assessed Using a Minute Feedback System.

Objective Feedback is critical to the development of medical students. To enhance feedback, we created a web application, the Minute Feedback System (MFS). This app allows students to request precise, timely, written feedback from residents and staff without the burden of vague, end-of-rotation surveys. In this study, we investigate variations in response rates and feedback fatigue based on sex and rank (resident/fellow vs. faculty). Design Data were collected from May 2015-October 2016. The MFS stores student requests for feedback along with faculty responses allowing for analysis of feedback response rate as well as sex and rank identification. Variation in response rate was analyzed using Chi-square and log-rank testing. Feedback fatigue was assessed using Cox regression modeling. Setting University Affiliated, Tertiary Care Center. Participants Medical Students, Residents and Faculty. Results About 98.6% of students (138 women, 140 men) used the MFS on their surgery clerkship. They requested feedback from 159 trainees (residents or fellows) and 114 surgical faculty. Feedback was requested more from faculty (26.3 requests per individual) compared to trainees (16.4 requests per individual). The overall evaluator response rate was 60%. Male students were 13% less likely to receive feedback than female students. There was a higher prevalence of feedback fatigue among female faculty (11% less likely to respond) and residents (23% less likely to respond). Regression analysis showed that the overall hazard of nonresponse over time was 1.05, indicative of overall feedback fatigue among all respondents. Conclusions The MFS is a novel tool for feedback used by nearly all M3 students during their surgery clerkship at our institution. Evaluation of response rates demonstrated feedback fatigue, especially among women faculty and residents. Feedback fatigue was more likely to affect male students, although the reason for this is unclear. Further analysis is necessary to understand this sex-associated response disparity and its effect on student feedback in the learning environment.
Association of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment With Sexual Quality of Life in Patients With Sleep Apnea: Follow-up Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Obstructive sleep apnea reduces sexual quality of life (QOL) as a result of reduced libido and intimacy, erectile dysfunction, and several other mechanisms. Treatment for obstructive sleep apnea may improve sexual QOL. Objective To test the association of long-term continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment with sexual QOL for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study at a single, tertiary medical center of patients with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea who were prescribed CPAP treatment from September 1, 2007, through June 30, 2010 (follow-up completed June 30, 2011). The statistical analysis was performed from February 1 through December 31, 2017. Exposures Use of CPAP treatment objectively measured by the number of hours per night. Users of CPAP were defined as patients who used CPAP treatment for more than 4 hours per night, and nonusers were defined as patients who used CPAP treatment for fewer than 0.5 hours per night. Main Outcomes and Measures Data were collected from eligible patients before CPAP treatment was prescribed and 12 months later by using the validated Symptoms of Nocturnal Obstruction and Related Events–25 (SNORE-25) QOL instrument. The 2 sex-specific items used to create the sexual QOL domain were taken from the SNORE-25. The sexual QOL domain was scored in a range from 0 to 5 (higher score is worse). The difference in sexual QOL between CPAP users and nonusers was analyzed using a paired, 2-tailedttest and multivariable linear regression adjusted for potential confounders. Results Of the 182 participants in the cohort, 115 (63.2%) were men (mean [SD] age, 47.2 [12.3] years) with severe OSA (mean [SD] apnea-hypopnea index, 32.5 [23.8] events per hour). At the 12-month follow-up, 72 CPAP users (mean [SD] use, 6.4 [1.2] hours per night) had greater improvement than 110 nonusers (0 [0] hours per night) in sexual QOL scores (0.7 [1.2] vs 0.1 [1.1]; difference, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.18-0.90; effect size, 0.47). A moderate treatment association was observed after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, income level, educational level, body mass index, apnea-hypopnea index, and the Functional Comorbidity Index (adjusted difference, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.09-0.89; effect size, 0.43). Subgroup analysis revealed a large treatment association for women (adjusted difference, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.50-2.18; effect size, 0.87) but not for men (adjusted difference, 0.16; 95% CI, −0.26 to 0.58; effect size, 0.19). Conclusions and Relevance Successful CPAP use may be associated with improved sexual QOL. Subgroup analysis revealed a large improvement in women but no improvement in men. Further study is warranted to test other measures of sexual QOL and other treatments. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT00503802
Interpretation of Polymer Drag Reduction in Terms of Turbulence Producing Eddies Close to the Wall

Results on the eddy structure and the scaling of the viscous wall layer, which are relevant to understanding the production of turbulence and drag-reduction, are presented. It is suggested that drag-reduction can be associated with an increase in the dimensionless dissipation of turbulence energy.
Auswirkungen von regionalen Luftschadstoffen auf die Wälder in den USA

Regionale Luftschadstoffe bilden heutzutage eine der bedeutendsten durch den Menschen verursachte Gefahrdung fur Waldokosysteme der gemasigten Zone. Die allmahlich fortschreitende schleichende Veranderung' der Waldformen und Wechselwirkungen bei Schadlingen, die Veranderung des Wachstums und der Artenzusammensetzung mus als eine primare Folge der regionalen Luftverschmutzung angesehen werden. Diese Veranderungen sind wesentlieh bedeutungsvoller als etwa die dramatischen, kurzfristigen Waldzerstorungen in unmittelbarer Nahe von Emissionsquellen.
Gastropods of the Gilmore City Formation (Lower Mississippian) of North-Central Iowa: Part 1, Geology and Systematics of Bellerophontoidea and Euomphaloidea

The Gilmore City Formation of north-central Iowa represents an upward-shoaling sequence of carbonate rocks ranging from normal marine conditions in the lower portion of the section to prograding oolite shoals at the top. At most exposures, the formation contains an abundant and diverse fauna that has been used in several attempts to correlate the Gilmore City with the Mississippian type section. Results of biostratigraphic correlation indicate that the Gilmore City Formation spans the Kinderhook-Osage boundary, occupying a position that, in the Mississippian type section, is represented by an unconformity. Gilmore City fossils actually have closer affinities with Cordilleran faunas than with those of the Midcontinent.The gastropods constitute one of the most abundant and diverse faunal elements of the Gilmore City Formation, consisting of more than 75 species representing about 50 genera and subgenera. This first part deals only with the Bellerophontoidea and Euomphaloidea. Described and illustrated species include the bellerophontoideans Bellerophon (Bellerophon) panneus White, 1862, Bellerophon (Bellerophon) meeki? Koninck, 1883, Waagenella spergenensis (Gordon and Yochelson, 1983), Waagenella sp. cf. Waagenella spergenensis (Gordon and Yochelson, 1983), Waagenella sp. indet., Retispira sp. cf. Retispira exilis (Koninck, 1883), and Euphemites rollinsi, new species; and the euomphaloideans Euomphalus springvalensis White, 1877a, Euomphalus luxus White, 1877b, Euomphalus ammon White and Whitfield, 1862, Straparollus obtectus, new species, and Serpulospira paradoxus (Winchell, 1864).
Integrated CO2 Capture, Conversion, and Storage To Produce Calcium Carbonate Using an Amine Looping Strategy

One of the critical and emerging needs for sustainable energy production is the development of novel integrated approaches for the capture, conversion, and storage of CO2. In this context, carbon mineralization, which is a thermodynamically downhill route for the accelerated conversion of CO2 to water-insoluble and stable calcium and magnesium carbonates, is a sustainable approach for permanently storing CO2. However, one of the challenges with carbon mineralization has been the need for higher concentrations of CO2 to accelerate the formation of calcium and magnesium carbonates. In this study, we propose a direct integrated approach in which amine-bearing solvents, such as monoethanolamine (MEA), and alkaline Ca-bearing solids, such as calcium oxide and calcium silicate, are reacted in a slurry reaction system in two modes. These two modes involve in situ changes in the aqueous chemistry to facilitate the capture of CO2 using MEA and the release of CO2 into the aqueous phase to produce higher conversions...
Constructing Mystery: A Pedagogy for Projecting Light

In order to create an atmosphere, architecture and light must interact; they are intimately linked. As architects we consider light as a mysterious substance, about which we are not necessarily exp...
Self-Unity as Ground Zero of Learning and Development.

Self-unity as Ground Zero of Learning and Development Abstract Contrary to the suggestion that we are born in a state of confusion and primordial state of a-dualism with the environment, infancy research of the past 40 years show that from the outset, infants are objective perceivers guided by rich evolved survival values of approach and avoidance in relation to specific resources in the environment such as faces, food, or smell. This innate competence drives and organizes their behavior. Evidence based ascription of self-unity at birth are discussed. Selected findings are presented suggesting that self-unity is a primordial human experience, the main organizer of behavior from the outset. Self-unity is the necessary ground zero enabling the rapid learning and development taking place early in human life.
Copula-based control charts for monitoring multivariate Poisson processes with application to hepatitis C counts

In this article, we study attribute control charts for monitoring correlated multivariate Poisson processes that are adequately described by copula models. The work is motivated by the need to stud...
Design and Implementation of a Drivetrain for an FSAE Electric Vehicle

This paper describes the design and implementation of a drivetrain for a Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FASE) electric vehicle. The specifications used to design the system were provided by SAE in the Formula Hybrid SAE rules. The custom designed central Tractive System Control Board (TSCB) communicates with the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, motor controller, Accumulator Isolation Relays (AIR), and the Battery Management System (BMS) of the vehicle. A detailed description of the TSCB and its integration with the vehicle systems, as well as test-drive results, are presented.
Posterior pedicle screw system for children with scoliosis caused by neurofibromatosis

Objective To analyze the relationship between the curve types and clinical results of scoliosis caused by neurofibromatosis.Methods Sixteen patients (12 male and 4 female) with scoliosis caused by neurofibromatosis were treated surgically from 2004 to 2008 with mean age of 8.4 years and mean follow-up period of 2.6 years.There were 16 dystrophic curves depending on the characters by radiographs.According to the locations of apical vertebra,the dystrophic curves were divided into three subgroups:thoracic curve,thoraco-lumbar curve,and single lumbar curve.All the patients were treated by posterior pedicle screw system spinal fusion or anterior and posterior spinal fusion according to curve types and positions.Clinical and radiographic manifestations were investigated and the relationship between them was assessed.Results The correction rates in coronary and sagittal plane were 65.3% and 51.2% respectively,the ratio of correction was from 20% to 89.8% in scoliosis,the ratio of correction was from 25.9% to 89.6% in kyphosis,and mean lost of Cobb angle were 5.8 degrees and 2.7 respectively at follow-up.There was no stick or nail broken,no internal fixation failure,no fake joint formation.One patient underwent posterior bone grafting to increase the range of fusion half year after MOSS-MIAMI operation.Conclusions The treatment of scoliosis caused by neurofibromatosis is complex and difficult.Posterior pedicle screw system is the key point for treating this scoliosis especially dystrophic curve. Key words: Neurofibromatoses; Seoliosis; Kyphosis; Spinal fusion; Retrospective studies
Risk, double effect and the social benefit requirement

Many ethicists maintain that medical research on human subjects that presents no prospect of direct medical benefit must have a prospect of social benefit to be ethical. Payment is not the sort of benefit that justifies exposing subjects to risk. Alan Wertheimer has raised a serious challenge to this view, pointing out that in industry, social value is not considered necessary to make dangerous jobs ethical. This article argues that Wertheimer was correct to think that the ethics of hazard pay should be the same in medical research and in business. Nevertheless, a qualified social benefit requirement should apply in both fields. For a study or a job with significant net physical risk to be ethical, it must have social value beyond the satisfaction of ordinary preferences, including the preference for money. The requirement derives from a non-absolutist version of the doctrine of double effect. If a risky study or a dangerous job has no distinctive social value, and hazard pay is subjects' or workers' only reason to undergo risks, the very fact that they undergo risk is intended as a means to a financial end. Inviting people to enrol in such a study or to take such a job wrongfully treats people as mere means. By contrast, if a study or a job has social value, people can participate with a primary end other than money, even if they accept compensation. Researchers or employers do not intend but merely foresee risks to subjects or workers.
Direct and indirect effects of a keystone engineer on a shrubland-prairie food web

Keystone engineers are critical drivers of biodiversity throughout ecosystems worldwide. Within the North American Great Plains, the black-tailed prairie dog is an imperiled ecosystem engineer and keystone species with well-documented impacts on the flora and fauna of rangeland systems. However, because this species affects ecosystem structure and function in myriad ways (i.e., as a consumer, a prey resource, and a disturbance vector), it is unclear which effects are most impactful for any given prairie dog associate. We applied structural equation models (SEM) to disentangle direct and indirect effects of prairie dogs on multiple trophic levels (vegetation, arthropods, and birds) in the Thunder Basin National Grassland. Arthropods did not show any direct response to prairie dog occupation, but multiple bird species and vegetation parameters were directly affected. Surprisingly, the direct impact of prairie dogs on colony-associated avifauna (Horned Lark [Eremophila alpestris] and Mountain Plover [Charadrius montanus]) had greater support than a mediated effect via vegetation structure, indicating that prairie dog disturbance may be greater than the sum of its parts in terms of impacts on localized vegetation structure. Overall, our models point to a combination of direct and indirect impacts of prairie dogs on associated vegetation, arthropods, and avifauna. The variation in these impacts highlights the importance of examining the various impacts of keystone engineers, as well as highlighting the diverse ways that black-tailed prairie dogs are critical for the conservation of associated species.
Professional Impact of Advanced Education for Practicing Respiratory Therapists

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine what career advantages practicing registered respiratory therapists experienced as a result of obtaining their Bachelor of Science in Respiratory Therapy (BSRT)/Bachelor of Science in Respiratory Care (BSRC). Methods: Surveys were administered to practicing respiratory therapists credentialed as registered respiratory therapists (RRT) who had graduated from a BSRT/BSRC program within the last five years. Exemption from continuing review was obtained from A. T. Still University9s Institutional Review Board prior to enrollment or data collection. Results: The majority of participants indicated they, experienced more job opportunities (83.4%), had greater confidence in job performance, believe they are a better candidate for future jobs (95.5%), and their employer was pleased with their degree attainment (86.4%) after obtaining a BSRT/BSRC. However, only about a third or less of participants experienced an increase in pay, additional job responsibilities, or a new position as result of getting a BSRT/BSRC, which is a common reason for obtaining additional education. Conclusions: These findings support that practicing respiratory therapists experience some career benefits as a result of obtaining advanced education but may explain the reluctance in some therapists obtaining advanced education.
On the Use of Probabilistic Uncertain Rewards on Crowdfunding Platforms: The Case of the Lottery

Crowdfunding aims to collect investments from many backers to support a project posted by fundraisers. This study examines how backers respond to the lottery—a type of probabilistic uncertain rewar...
Heat Loss and Energy Use in Pilot Plant Testing of Piperazine With the Advanced Stripper

Piperazine with the Advanced Stripper (PZAS™) was tested at the National Carbon Capture Center (NCCC) at coal and NGCC conditions and its energy performance and heat loss were measured. The net heat duty was found to be 2.45 GJ/tonne at 4% and 12% CO2 at 90% removal. The average measured heat loss was 0.38 GJ/tonne and represented 30% of the gross heat rate. Carbon treating increased the NTU of the cold and hot exchangers by 1.8% and 1.5%, respectively, by removing viscous solvent degradation products. The Independence™ model was validated using 112 steady-state pilot plant runs and predicted average net heat duty with an error of 9% and lean loading within 10% of the measurements. The model captured the effect of carbon treating on heat exchanger performance and predicted a reduction in heat duty of 1.2% but failed to predict the step decrease of 8% seen in measured heat duty data. In PZAS™, the warm rich pipe before the control valve is deemed the most important for heat loss due to its high surface area and its ability to increase flashing across the valve and decrease the total rich bypass temperature. Heat duty is corrected for 80% of the heat loss value, corresponding to the sensitivity of heat duty to heat loss at the same location. In the simple stripper, a large topside pinch makes heat duty most sensitive to heat loss in the column. Water condensation by heat loss increases the L/G and causes reabsorption at low heat loss values (~0.02 GJ/hr). Overdesigning strippers must therefore be avoided to mitigate this effect. Reabsorption in PZAS™ is not as sensitive to heat loss and occurs only at high values (~0.14 GJ/hr) due to the even temperature pinch in the column. 7 m MEA with the simple stripper has a lower measured heat duty than 5 m PZ due to the insignificant effect of heat loss in the column on with 7 m MEA. Unlike 5 m PZ, 7 m MEA has a bottom-side pinch that mitigates the effect of heat loss by water condensation.
Revisiting Digital Defense and Black feminism on social media

Narratives of violence against Black women are not prioritized in the mainstream news but Black feminists amplify them on social media. This commentary revisits a commentary I wrote “Digital Defens...
Criminal Justice in the United States, 1789-1939

This book chronicles the development of criminal law in America, from the beginning of the constitutional era (1789) through the rise of the New Deal order (1939). Elizabeth Dale discusses the changes in criminal law during that period, tracing shifts in policing, law, the courts and punishment. She also analyzes the role that popular justice - lynch mobs, vigilance committees, law-and-order societies and community shunning - played in the development of America's criminal justice system. This book explores the relation between changes in America's criminal justice system and its constitutional order.
Cyclical fluctuations and sectoral reallocation: Evidence from the PSID☆

Abstract This paper documents the correlation between permanent sectoral reallocation and the business cycle using data from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We find that the outflow of workers from goods to services accelerates during recessions. The flow from services to stable employment in surables accelerates during booms. We also document the contribution of sectoral reallocation to total unemployment. Permanent switchers account for about a quarter of the total weeks of unemployment during booms; this proportion rises to nearly 40% duing recessions
The Histopathology of Subcutaneous Minocycline Hyperpigmentation

Hyperpigmentation associated with prolonged minocycline use is well documented and affects diverse organ systems including skin, thyroid, heart valves, bone, sclerae and teeth. The histopathology of cutaneous minocycline pigment demonstrates brown-black granules lining elastin fibers in the upper dermis and occurring within macrophages along vessels and eccrine units in the dermis. The nature of the pigment can be confirmed by concurrent positive staining with both Fontana-Masson and Perls’ stains. The subcutis may also be involved, however the specific subcutaneous findings in minocycline hyperpigmentation have not been described. We present the pathological findings in four cases of minocycline hyperpigmentation with subcutaneous involvement. Course black/brown granules were seen in macrophages particularly around vessels in the subcutis but also within septae and between lipocytes. An unusual feature noted in the subcutis and deep dermis was the presence of green-gray, flocculent, non-refractile, non-polarizable globules within macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. These measured between 0.005–0.1 mm in diameter and did not stain for melanin or iron. Two of four exhibited lipomembranous changes which were also involved by pigment. This is the first description of green-gray globules and pigmented lipomembranous changes in subcutaneous minocycline pigmentation, unique findings that provide additional clues to the diagnosis.
Gamma-ray producing radioactivities from supernova explosions.

A recent survey of massive stellar evolution & supernovae by Weaver & Woosley (1994) and Woosley & Weaver (1994a) has provided detailed abundance predictions for Type II supernovae of mass 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35 and 40 M⊙. The computer code used was KEPLER, a 1-D implicit hydrodynamics code with appropriate physics to follow advanced stellar evolution and supernova explosions. (Weaver, Zimmermann, &. Woosley 1978). A total of 77 supernova models were explored. Variations on the initial metallicity (0.0, 10−4, 10−2, 0.1, and and 1.0 Z ⊙); explosion kinetic energy; the inclusion or omission of semi-convection; and the value of the 12C(α,γ) 16O reaction rate were explored for all masses. In the results presented here, the 17 models with initial solar metallicity, semi-convection, and a 12C(α,γ)16O rate increased by 1.7 above the value given by Caughlan and Fowler (1988) are most relevant.
Multiple Correlation and Multiple Regression

There are many times in environmental science research when you want to predict a criterion, Y, but you want to find out if you can develop a better prediction model by using several predictors to predict Y instead of a single predictor as we discussed in Chap. 6 of this book. The resulting statistical procedure is called “multiple correlation” because it uses two or more predictors, each weighed differently in an equation, to predict Y. The job of multiple correlation is to determine if using several predictors can do a better job of predicting Y than any single predictor by itself. The equation for multiple correlation is presented, explained, and a practical environmental science problem is used to present the Excel commands needed to find the multiple correlation and the multiple regression equation generated from the data set. Excel commands are also used to create a SUMMARY OUTPUT which gives the coefficients needed to write the multiple regression equation for the data. Finally, the Excel commands needed to find the correlation between all of the variables is explained so that you can create a “correlation matrix” for your data set. You will learn how to read this correlation matrix to determine the correlation between any two variables in your study. Three practice problems are given at the end of the chapter to test your Excel skills, and the answers to these problems appear in Appendix A of this book. An additional practice problem is presented in the Practice Test given in Appendix B along with its answer in Appendix C of this book.
Targeted Chemotherapy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcoma.

Abstract Historically surgical intervention has been the mainstay of therapy for bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, augmented with adjuvant radiation for local control. Although cytotoxic chemotherapy revolutionized the treatment of many sarcomas, classic treatment regimens are fraught with side effects while outcomes have plateaued. However, since the approval of imatinib in 2002, research into targeted chemotherapy has increased exponentially. With targeted therapies comes the potential for decreased side effects and more potent, personalized treatment options. This article reviews the evolution of medical knowledge regarding sarcoma, the basic science of sarcomatogenesis, and the major targets and pathways now being studied.
Recent work on the direct generation of microwaves in bulk semiconductors

When a pulsed electric field of several kV cm-1is applied to a homogeneous specimen of III-V semiconductor by means of "ohmic" contacts, an instability in the current is observed. Under suitable circumstances this instability takes the form of an oscillatory component superimposed upon the normal pulse current. The period of oscillation is then equal to the transit time of electrons between the contacts. Frequencies between 0.5 and 6.5 Gc/s, peak powers up to 0.5W, and efficiencies of 1-2% have previously been reported for n-type Ga-As. In this paper, the observation of the same phenomenon in other materials, including n-type InP, will be reported, and the design and performance of a solid-state microwave oscillator based on the effect will be discussed. This oscillator permits the generation of useful amounts of microwave power by a simple device which operates at room temperature without a magnetic field, which contains no p-n junctions, has no inconveniently small dimensions, and which should be cheap to manufacture.
Direct observations of dislocations in thermotropic smectics using freeze-fracture replication

Modern rapid-freezing methods followed by freeze-fracture replication techniques are ideally suited to allow the direct visualization of the three-dimensional structure and defects of thermotropic smectic and cholesteric liquid crystalline phases with resolution approaching molecular dimensions. Cholesterol nonanoate was quench frozen from near the smectic-cholesteric transition to reveal extensive, well defined smectic layers distorted by a high density of screw and edge dislocations. The screw dislocations typically had Burgers vectors of a single layer and commonly organized as twist walls. This is suggestive that the twist present in the cholesteric phase induces a residual twist in the smectic phase incompatible with perfect layering. Screw-edge dislocation loops were also commonly observed, also organized into twist walls. These twist walls have been suggested as being responsible for the breakdown of smectic ordering leadi Les methodes modernes de trempe suivie de replication par fracture sont ideales pour la visualisation directe de la structure tridimensionelle et des defauts dans les phases cristal liquide smectique et cholesterique. La resolution y est proche des distances moleculaires. On a trempe le nonanoate de cholesterol a partir du voisinage de la transition smectique-cholesterique pour mettre en evidence des couches smectiques etendues et bien definies, distordues par des dislocations coins et vis ayant une densite tres elevee. Les dislocations vis ont des vecteurs de Burgers de couche unique organisee comme des parois twistees. Il est tentant de penser que le twist present dans la phase cholesterique induit un twist residuel dans la phase smectique qui est incompatible avec la mise en forme de couches. On a observe aussi des boucles de dislocations vis-coin organisees egalement en parois twistees. On a suggere que ces parois soient responsables de la disparition de l'ordre smectique amenant la phase cholesterique
The logic of tasks

Abstract The paper introduces a semantics for the language of classical first order logic supplemented with the additional operators ⊓ and ⨅ . This semantics understands formulas as tasks. An agent (say, a machine or a robot), working as a slave for its master (say, the user or the environment), can carry out the task α⊓β if it can carry out any one of the two tasks α, β , depending on which of them was requested by the master; similarly, it can carry out ⨅xα(x) if it can carry out α(x) for any particular value for x selected by the master; an agent can carry out α→β if it can carry out β as long as it has, as a slave (resource), an agent who carries out α; finally, carrying out P, where P is an atomic formula, simply means making P true; in particular, ⊥ is a task that no agent can carry out. When restricted to the language of classical logic, the meaning of formulas is isomorphic to their classical meaning, which makes our semantics a conservative extension of classical semantics. This semantics can claim to be a formalization of the resource philosophy associated with linear logic, if resources are understood as agents carrying out tasks. The classical operators of our language correspond to the multiplicative operators of linear logic, while ⊓ and ⨅ correspond to the additive conjunction and universal quantifier, respectively. Our formalism may also have a potential to be used in AI as an alternative logic of planning and action. Its main appeal is that it is immune to the frame problem and the knowledge preconditions problem. The paper axiomatically defines a logic L in the above language and proves its soundness and completeness with respect to the task semantics in the following intuitive sense: L ⊢ α iff α can be carried out by an agent who has nothing but its intelligence (i.e. no physical resources or external sources of information) for carrying out tasks. This logic is shown to be semidecidable in the full language and decidable when the classical quantifier (but not ⨅ ) is forbidden in it.
The urothelium in overactive bladder: Passive bystander or active participant?

The urothelium was once purported to be a passive membrane. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that the urothelium actively participates in sensory functions, expressing various receptors and ion channels, as well as releasing neurotransmitters in response to stimuli. Vanilloid receptors, P2X3 purinergic receptors, adenosine triphosphate, nitric oxide, and acetylcholine have been implicated in urothelial-neuronal interactions. Substances released from urothelial cells can alter the excitability of bladder afferent nerves acutely and chronically; these observations appear to be of particular importance in chronic bladder conditions and in the aging bladder. Evidence suggests that the involvement of the muscarinic receptor in bladder function extends beyond detrusor contractility and into afferent sensory functioning. These observations have significant implications for a more complete understanding of the effects of currently used drugs on these sensory mechanisms and for identifying potential targets for pharmacologic intervention in bladder disorders.
Pulsation analysis for stars in thermal imbalance

Thermal imbalance effect on stellar pulsational stability using linear quasi-adiabatic pulsation theory
Quasiharmonic frequency shifts of helium and neon adatoms on graphite

Abstract Preliminary calculations are presented of the effect of quasiharmonic lattice spacing shifts upon the vibrational frequencies of helium and neon atoms adsorbed on the basal plane of a graphite lattice.
Semi-Automated Mathematics

The fifth in a series of experiments in semi-automated mathematics is described. These experiments culminated in large complex computer programs which allow a mathematician to prove mathematical theorems on an man/machine basis. SAM V, the fifth program, is oriented primarily toward the development of efficient automatic techniques for handling some of the more basic processes of mathematical deduction, and toward the realization of efficient real-time interaction between man and machine through the use of cathode-ray tube displays. SAM V's most notable success is the solution of an open problem in lattice theory.
Are There Racial Disparities in Trauma Care

A number of recent studies have demonstrated disparity between racial groups in both outcome and processes of trauma care. These were not controlled for the presence of shock. We used data from the National Trauma Databank (NTDB) (version 6.0) to evaluate mortality, length of hospital stay, and discharge disposition for patients who suffered gunshot wounds (GSW) or who were drivers in motor vehicle crashes (MVC). Using regression analysis to control for age, gender, first measured systolic blood pressure, geographic region, trauma center verification status, and hospital teaching status, we looked for differences in trauma care outcomes by race as represented in the NTDB. We included 235,557 MVC victims and 13,378 GSW victims in our analysis. When potential confounding variables were accounted for, there were no differences in mortality based on race in either group, with the exception that Hispanic motor vehicle drivers suffered higher mortality, OR: 1.72 (95% CI: 1.36, 2.19; p < .001). Both Blacks and Hispanics had shorter lengths of stay in linear regression models (p < .001 in both cases) than whites. Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to be discharged home when compared to white patients (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.80–0.86 for Blacks, and OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.50–0.56 for Hispanics). Shock, as reflected by first systolic blood pressure reported, and to a lesser degree, anatomic injury, as measured by Injury Severity Score (ICISS), were much more powerful predictors of outcome than race in all analyses. We found no mortality differences based on race for GSW. Hispanics have a higher mortality rate for MVC. For both injury types, Blacks and Hispanics had shorter hospital stays and a greater likelihood of transfer to post-acute care when compared to white patients. Hypotension on admission has a much more significant impact on outcome than race and ethnicity.
Molecular dynamics simulations of sputtering from liquid GaIn targets

We have used molecular dynamics (MD) simulation techniques to generate liquid Ga-In alloy targets, pure liquid gallium targets, and pure liquid indium targets for use in sputtering simulations. The sputtering simulations were carried out for normally incident 1.5 and 3.0 keV Ar^+ ions. Yields, energy distributions, and angular distributions of the sputtered atoms were obtained, along with information on the depth of origin of ejected atoms. Some limited results on the ejection of small clusters from these targets also were obtained. Our results are in good agreement with the experimental sputtering data of Dumke et al., Surf. Sci. 124 (1983) 407 [1] and Hubbard et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 36 (1989) 395 [2] for these systems. The simulations support their observations [1,2] that most of the ejected atoms originate in the topmost layer of the target.
Breakdown of membrane phospholipids in Alzheimer disease. Involvement of excitatory amino acid receptors.

Membrane phospholipids are not only essential membrane constituents but also determine many membrane functions and integrity. Normal receptor function, signal transduction, and transport of essential substrates depend strongly on normal membrane phospholipid metabolism. Studies of plasma membrane phospholipid composition have indicated that ethanolamine glycerophospholipids decrease, whereas serine glycerophospholipids increase significantly, in Alzheimer disease (AD). The release of arachidonate from thesn-2 position of glycerophospholipids is catalyzed by phospholipases and lipases. These enzymes are coupled to EAA receptors. Overstimulation of these receptors may be involved in abnormal calcium homeostasis, degradation of membrane phospholipids, and the accumulation of free fatty acids, prostaglandins, and lipid peroxides. Accumulation of the mentioned metabolites, as well as abnormalities in signal transduction owing to stimulation of lipases and phospholipases, may be involved in the pathogenesis of the neurodegeneration in AD.
Ancient structures and modern analysis: investigating damage and reconstruction at Pompeii

The paper describes the application of non-linear structural analysis methods to address archaeological questions concerning the reconstruction of the ancient city of Pompeii after a major earthquake that occurred 17 yr prior to the famous eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD. It presents preliminary findings in an effort to develop an approach to modelling the two-way out-of-plane behavior of unreinforced masonry walls, including comparison studies with published analytic and experimental results for one-way loaded walls, plus a trial analysis for a two-way span condition. The approach requires the application of computationally intensive non-linear analysis techniques, since the linear analysis methods used in conventional design and education are inadequate to model the behavior of unreinforced masonry. Developing an understanding of the two-way behavior of unreinforced masonry has implications not only for archaeological investigation of ancient structures, but also for modern renovation of historic structures.
Financial Literacy Explicated: The Case for a Clearer Definition in an Increasingly Complex Economy

This study explicates the concept of financial literacy, which has blossomed in use this century. Scholars, policy officials, financial experts and consumer advocates have used the phrase loosely to describe the knowledge, skills, confidence and motivation necessary to effectively manage money. As a result, financial literacy has varying conceptual definitions in existing research, as well as diverse operational definitions and values. This study dissects the differing financial literacy definitions and measures, urging researchers toward common ground. A clearer definition should improve future research, in turn helping consumers better understand and adapt to changing life events and an increasingly complex economy.