cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Midline maxillary cyst complicated by unerupted mesiodens: Report of a case

Abstract A case is presented to illustrate the need for judicious analysis of all diagnostic data at the disposal of the practitioner. In this case the subclinical presence of concomitant abnormalities in the same anatomic region was disclosed by the routine use of intraoral radiography. It must be stressed that histopathologic evaluation represents final diagnostic confirmation; however, the disciplined interpretation of multidirectional radiography can often highly suggest the nature of the pathologic condition or anomaly in question. With this information, the appropriate and ultimate clinical management of the patient is assured.
POST-STALL FLOW CONTROL ON AN AIRFOIL BY LOCAL UNSTEADY FORCING Part I. Lift, Drag, and Pressure Characteristics

By using a Reynolds-averaged two-dimensional computation of a turbulent flow over an airfoil at poststall angles of attack, we show that the massively separated and disordered unsteady flow can be effectively controlled by a local unsteady excitation with low-level power input. In a certain range of post-stall angles of attack and forcing frequency, the unforced random separated flow can become periodic or quasi-periodi c, associated with a strong lift enhancement, which opens a promising possibility for one to fly beyond the static stall till to a much higher angle of attack. The same local control also leads to, in some situations, a reduction of the drag. On a part of the airfoil the pressure fluctuation is suppressed as well, which would be beneficial for higha buffet control. The computations confirm the physical principles for controlling a massively separated unsteady flow proposed by Wu, Vakili, and Wu (Prog. Aerospace Sci. 28 (1991), 73-131) and are in qualitative agreement with several recent post-stall flow control experiments. In Part I of this two-part paper, we examine the characteristics of lift, drag, and surface pressure without and with control, focusing mainly on the effect of forcing frequency and angles of attack. The necessary conditions for unsteady control to be successful are identified.
A Philadelphia Allegory

An allegorical painting entitled “Liberty displaying the Arts and Sciences” or “The Genius of America encouraging the Emancipation of the Blacks” was included in the recent distinguished exhibition “From Colony to Nation” held at the Art Institute of Chicago from April 21 to June 19, 1949.1 The subject of this picture is so unusual and its history is so interesting that a longer treatment of the allegory and its author than that given in the exhibition catalogue seems justified.
24 PARADOXICAL CHANGES IN INSULIN TOLERANCE IN MICE WITH NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE INDUCED BY SEDENTARY ACTIVITY AND AN AMERICAN FAST FOOD-TYPE DIET.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent forms of chronic liver disease in the United States. Insulin resistance plays a central role in both the development and progression of NAFLD. Contributing factors to this may include the increasingly sedentary lifestyle of the population and increased consumption of a high-fat diet and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The aim of this study was to characterize the glucose and insulin tolerance of sedentary mice fed a diet similar in composition to commonly consumed fast food (FFD). Methods Male C57/BL6 mice ( n = 10 in each treatment group) were fed ad libitum a FFD diet containing trans-fats (Harlan-Teklad, 43% of calories from fat) and water containing HFCS equivalent (6 g/kg/d) or standard chow and water. To promote sedentariness in the FFD group, the cages9 wire racks were removed. The insulin tolerance tests were performed after 6 hours of food deprivation at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of feeding; regular human insulin (1 U/kg) was injected intraperitoneally, and blood glucose was measured at 0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes. Glucose tolerance test was performed at 8 weeks by the administration of glucose 1 g/kg intraperitoneally after 12 hours of food deprivation. Blood glucose was measured at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 150 minutes. Results Hepatic steatosis increased progressively over 8 weeks in a distinctly zone 1 to zone 3 distribution pattern, similar to pediatric NAFLD. At 8 weeks, the triglyceride content of the FFD livers was 24 μg/mg (SD 8.0) and the control triglyceride content was 8.2 μg/mg (SD 1.6) ( p p p Conclusions The increased insulin responsiveness following 4 or 8 weeks but not 12 weeks of sedentary activity and feeding FFD might indicate initially increased insulin sensitivity or, alternatively, impaired insulin clearance or impaired counterregulatory mechanisms against low glucose levels. After 12 weeks, impaired insulin responsiveness was found. These findings might be explained by the following: (1) the unique metabolism of fructose in the liver because fructose is a precursor for triglyceride synthesis and only a small amount of fructose enters into the systemic circulation, (2) impaired insulin clearance, (3) increased oxidant stress in the liver, (4) impaired islet cell function in the pancreas, or (5) insulin resistance develops in the liver and adipose tissue earlier than in muscle. Because insulin tolerance testing is a measure of muscle glucose uptake, it is also possible that increasing fat content in muscle over time might cause peripheral insulin resistance by week 12 in this model.
ERβ and ERα Differentially Regulate NKT and Vγ4+ T-cell Activation and T-regulatory Cell Response in Coxsackievirus B3 Infected Mice.

Objectives: Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induced myocarditis is sex dependent with males developing more severe disease than females. Previous studies had shown that sex-associated hormones determine the sex bias with testosterone and progesterone promoting myocarditis while estrogen (E2) is protective. There are two major estrogen receptors: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). The goal of the current study was to determine the relative role of these receptors to myocarditis susceptibility and the mechanism of their action.Methods: Female C57Bl/6 wild-type mice and C57Bl/6 mice deficient in ERα, or ERβ were infected intraperitoneally with 102 plaque forming units CVB3. After 7 days, hearts were evaluated for virus titers by plaque forming assay and myocardial inflammation. Lymphoid cells either from the spleen or infiltrating the heart were characterized by labeling with antibodies including CD4, CD25, FoxP3, IFNγ, IL-4, CD11b, CD1d, Vγ4, TCRβ, or with CD1d-tetramer and evaluated by flow cytometry. To confirm that signaling through distinct estrogen receptors controlled myocarditis susceptibility and T-regulatory cell response, male C57Bl/6 mice were treated with the ERα- specific agonist, propyl pyrazole triol (PPT), ERβ agonist, diarylpropionitrile (DPN), or 17-β-estradiol (E2) as a nonspecific estrogen receptor agonist.Results: Myocarditis, cardiac virus titers, and CD4+ Th1 (IFNγ) bias were increased in infected ERαKO and decreased in infected ERβKO mice compared to C57Bl/6 controls. CD4+Th1 bias and myocarditis severity correlated inversely with numbers of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells which were decreased in ERαKO and increased in ERβKO mice. Increased T-regulatory cells corresponded to a preferential activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells in ERβKO mice. Male C57Bl/6 mice treated with DPN showed increased myocarditis while those treated with PPT and E2 showed decreased myocarditis corresponding to either decreased (DPN) or increased (PPT/E2) T-regulatory cell responses in male C57Bl/6 mice. DPN and PPT treatment had no effect on T-regulatory cell responses in NKT KO or γδKO mice.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that ERα and ERβ both modulated CVB3 myocarditis susceptibility but in opposite directions and that their predominant effect is mediated through their ability to alter NKT and Vγ4+ innate T cell responses in the infected host. It is these innate T cells which positively or negatively modulate T-regulatory cell responses.
Methods of soft tissue coverage for the mastectomy defect.

This report details the applications, technical considerations, advantages, and disadvantages of various skin flaps in reconstructive breast surgery. The authors feel that the reliability of these flaps sufficiently enhances the success of reconstruction so as to allow them to offer breast reconstruction to every mastectomy patient considered to have a reasonable prognosis for survival.
Aging Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat as an Animal Model for the Evaluation of the Interplay between Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Cardiorenal Syndrome in Humans.

Background: Although there are some animal models for biomarkers of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), for cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) and for acute re
Genetically Modified Plants

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on genetically modified (GM) plants. A GM plant is defined as a plant that is produced using transgenic methods. These plants are also called transgenic or genetically engineered plants. Transgenic methods are molecular methods that enable the transfer of a gene or potentially a group of genes from an individual of one species to an individual or individuals of a different species. Currently, there are two common methods by which purified genes are introduced into plant cells: one uses the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer the gene as a part of the plasmid; the other uses a metal particle or fiber or an electric pulse to pierce the cell wall and carry the gene into the nucleus (also called gene gun or electroporation). All of the insecticidal-transgenic crops currently available are based on cry toxin genes from B. thuringiensis, and a few now under development are based on other toxin-coding genes from B. thuringiensis. The cry genes code for crystalline proteins that are toxic to some insects. Most of transgenic crops under development aim to address one of four broad needs: improved agricultural characteristics, improved post-harvest processing, improved food quality and other novel products for human use, and improved mitigation of environmental pollution. Furthermore, the limitations and potential adverse effects of transgenic or genetically engineered plants are discussed.
A Classic Question Revisited in Red-winged Blackbirds: Disentangling Confounding Hypotheses Surrounding Parental Investment Theory and Nest Defense Intensity

The pattern of increased nest defense effort over the course of a nesting season could result from three distinct (albeit non-exclusive) mechanisms: increased value of offspring to parents with progression toward independence (parental investment theory), decreased opportunity for renesting (renesting potential hypothesis), or decreased perceived costs of defense after repeated encounters with human observers (positive reinforcement hypothesis). To gauge relative empirical support for each of these mechanisms, we disentangle these three often-confounded hypotheses using multimodel inference with mixed-model ordinal regression applied to an extensive red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) nesting data set (4518 monitoring visits to 1330 nests). Parent aggression was rated on an ordinal scale (0–4) during repeated monitoring visits. Additionally, we assessed clutch/brood size, nest density, time of day, and nest concealment effects on aggression. In a preliminary analysis, including all three major hypotheses, male and female nest defense was most strongly explained by parental investment (nest age). Positive reinforcement (visit number) and renesting potential (Julian date) were also well-supported predictors in males. The interactions of decomposed nest age (within-individual and between-individual centered) with Julian date were particularly important in the top male model. Additional factors, such as clutch/brood size, nest density, and nest concealment, appeared to have larger predictive roles in explaining female aggression relative to males. These patterns are likely explained by different sexual reproductive roles within a polygynous mating system. Our study highlights the importance of interacting mechanisms involving parental investment theory and the use of within-individual standardization to help disentangle competing and empirically confounded hypotheses. Avian nest defense generally increases over the course of a nesting season, potentially from the result of three different mechanisms: parental investment theory, renesting potential hypothesis, or positive reinforcement hypothesis from repeated nest visitation. We revisit this classic question through a comprehensive analytical approach with an extensive observational data set with red-winged blackbirds, employing multimodel selection and within-individual and between-individual centering techniques. We found that parental investment (nest age) was the strongest predictor of nest defense for both sexes; however, positive reinforcement and renesting potential also appeared to help explain additional variation in nest defense for males. Competitiveness of models with interactive effects indicated that these mechanisms do not operate independently for either sex, and additional covariates (e.g., clutch/brood size) especially aided female model competiveness. Our study highlights the importance of multiple and often interacting factors that influence avian nest defense.
Treatment of dendritic cell sarcoma: 18-year experience at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.

8596 Background: Dendritic cell sarcomas (DCS) are rare tumors including follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) and interdigitating cell sarcoma (IDCS). Typically DCS are difficult to diagnose an...
Patient Portals in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Utilization of patient portals in the child and adolescent population presents an exciting and somewhat complex opportunity for providers and young patients. This article summarizes the limited information currently available in the literature about child and adolescent patient portals. The concept and implementation of patient portals are discussed in detail. Data referencing provider, parent, and young patient opinion regarding patient portals are discussed. Important considerations regarding confidentiality and adherence to federal, state, and local regulations, as well as potential institution level solutions are presented. Potential problems and benefits of utilizing patient portals for child and adolescent psychiatric populations are discussed.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Chikungunya Virus Infections and Commercial Sources for Diagnostic Assays.

Detection of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) or viral RNA is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose infection in serum collected 5 days of illness. Commercially available CHIKV IgM-detection assays include lateral flow rapid tests, IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (MAC-ELISAs), and indirect immunofluorescence tests. Nine commercial CHIKV IgM detection assays were evaluated at 3 reference laboratories to provide guidance to public health diagnostic laboratories on their performance parameters. Sensitivity of the rapid tests and 3 MAC-ELISAs was <50%, and thus these assays are not recommended. Three of the MAC-ELISA kits and 1 indirect immunofluorescence kit had comparable performance to the reference assays. In summary, commercial assays with performance comparable to reference assays are available for molecular and serological diagnosis of CHIKV infections.
First record of Cephenniini on Christmas Island, with updated checklist of world Cephennomicrus species and summary of their distribution (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae).

The tribe Cephenniini is reported for the first time to occur on Christmas Island (external territory of the Commonwealth of Australia). Cephennomicrus lawrencei sp. n. is described and illustrated; the new species shows similarities to several Oriental and Japanese congeners, with the endophallic complex of long flagellum flanked by elongate sclerites especially similar to that of Indonesian C. fesumatranus Jaloszynski. The distribution of world Cephennomicrus species is summarized, ranging from southern and central-eastern Africa, Madagascar, Indian Ocean islands, through Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, south-eastern China and Taiwan, the Ryukyus and Tsushima Island, eastern Papua New Guinea to Australia and southern Pacific islands. An updated checklist of Cephennomicrus species is provided.
Prescribing of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Pre-exposure Prophylaxis by HIV Medical Providers in the United States, 2013-2014.

Background Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for reducing HIV acquisition. Understanding how HIV care providers are prescribing PrEP is necessary to ensure success of this prevention strategy. Methods During 2013-2014, we surveyed US HIV care providers who also provided care to HIV-negative patients. We estimated percentages who had prescribed PrEP and assessed associations between provider characteristics and PrEP prescribing. Results An estimated 26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20-31) had ever prescribed PrEP. Of these, 74% (95% CI, 61-87) prescribed for men who have sex with men (MSM), 30% (95% CI, 21-39) for women who have sex with men, 23% (95% CI, 9-37) for men who have sex with women, 23% (95% CI, 15-30) for uninfected partners in HIV-discordant couples trying to conceive, and 1% (95% CI, 0-2) for persons who inject drugs. The following provider characteristics were significantly associated with having prescribed PrEP: male vs female (32% vs 16%; adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.2), lesbian/gay/bisexual vs heterosexual orientation (50% vs 21%; aPR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9), and HIV caseload (>200, 51-200, and ≤50 patients, 39%, 29%, and 14%, respectively; >200 vs ≤50 patients, aPR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.2, and 51-200 vs ≤50 patients, aPR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.0). Conclusions In 2013-2014, one quarter of HIV care providers reported having prescribed PrEP, most commonly for MSM and rarely for persons who inject drugs. Lesbian/gay/bisexual providers and male providers were more likely than others to have prescribed PrEP. Additional efforts may enable more providers to prescribe PrEP to underserved clients needing the service.
Molecular dynamics simulations of apo and holo forms of fatty acid binding protein 5 and cellular retinoic acid binding protein II reveal highly mobile protein, retinoic acid ligand, and water molecules

Structural and dynamic properties from a series of 300 ns molecular dynamics, MD, simulations of two intracellular lipid binding proteins, iLBPs, (Fatty Acid Binding Protein 5, FABP5, and Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein II, CRABP-II) in both the apo form and when bound with retinoic acid reveal a high degree of protein and ligand flexibility. The ratio of FABP5 to CRABP-II in a cell may determine whether it undergoes natural apoptosis or unrestricted cell growth in the presence of retinoic acid. As a result, FABP5 is a promising target for cancer therapy. The MD simulations presented here reveal distinct differences in the two proteins and provide insight into the binding mechanism. CRABP-II is a much larger, more flexible protein that closes upon ligand binding, where FABP5 transitions to an open state in the holo form. The traditional understanding obtained from crystal structures of the gap between two β-sheets of the β-barrel common to iLBPs and the α-helix cap that forms the portal to the binding pocket is insufficient for describing protein conformation (open vs. closed) or ligand entry and exit. When the high degree of mobility between multiple conformations of both the ligand and protein are examined via MD simulation, a new mode of ligand motion that improves understanding of binding dynamics is revealed.
Determination of the Characteristic Polarization States of the Radar Target Scattering Matrix [S(AB)] for the Coherent, Monostatic and Reciprocal Propagation Space Using the Polarization Ratio ρ Transformation Formulation

A problem originating in radar polarimetry is considered for which the radar target is to be characterized by its coherent polarization state properties, given complete coherent backscattering scattering matrix data sets at one frequency and for one target aspect angle. First, the Jones vector formalism for the coherent monostatic case, together with Sinclair’s backscattering matrix [S(AB)] for the general polarization basis (AB) are introduced. Using the unitary change of polarization state transformation, the concept of the characteristic polarization states of a scatterer, first introduced by Kennaugh and Huynen, is presented. The generalized unitary transformation matrix formulation under the change of basis transformation, expressed in terms of the generalized polarization ratio ρ(AB), is developed for emphasizing the unique properties of the interrelation among the existing characteristic polarization states. For the monostatic reciprocal case (SAB = SBA), treated here, it is shown that there exist in total five pairs of characteristic polarization states: The orthogonal cross-polarization null and co-polarization maximum state pairs, being identical and sharing one main circle with the co-polarization null and the orthogonal cross-polarization maximum state pairs, the latter being at right angles to the cross-polarized null pairs; and, a newly identified pair: the orthogonal cross-polarization saddle point extrema which are normal to the plane (main circle) spanned by the other four pairs. With this complete and unique mathematical description of Huynen’s polarization fork concept, it is now possible to study the polarimetric radar target optimization problem more rigorously. Various examples are provided and interpreted by comparing the unique result with previous incomplete analyses. In conclusion, the relevance of these canonical results to optical polarimetry are highlighted and interpreted.
New graduate nurses' preparation for recognition and prevention of failure to rescue: A qualitative study

Aim and Objective To explore new graduate nurses’ experiences with recognition and prevention of failure to rescue. Background Failure to rescue is recognised as a quality–of-care indicator, a core measure of nursing care in hospitals, and a determinant for staffing in acute care facilities. Clinical reasoning is an essential component in preventing failure to rescue and should be emphasised in nursing education and new graduate orientation. Many nurses graduate without the ability to use clinical reasoning in providing patient care which can lead to adverse patient outcomes. Design A descriptive phenomenological design was used. Methods A purposive sample of 14 new graduate nurses from a nursing programme in the south-eastern USA, in practice for no more than eighteen months, was recruited. Individual one-on-one interviews were conducted from January–June 2016 and audio-recorded for accuracy. Data were evaluated using the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines. Recordings were professionally transcribed and reviewed. Results Using Giorgi's methods for data analysis, five main themes were discerned in the data: clinical preparation in school; experience with emergent situations; development of clinical reasoning; low confidence as a new graduate; and responding to emergencies. Within each theme, subthemes emerged. Conclusion The words of the participants provided rich detail into the preparation of new graduate nurses and how nurse educators, managers and preceptors can better focus learning opportunities to prepare them for practice. Experiential learning combined with collaboration among education stakeholders will lead to a better prepared and more confident nursing work force. Relevance to clinical practice Better preparation and continued support of new graduate nurses lead to positive patient outcomes and more satisfaction with their choice of nursing as a profession.
Self-bleaching Behaviors in Black-to-Transmissive Electrochromic Polymer Thin Films

Polymer-based electrochromic smart windows are an emerging energy-saving technology. There are several technological hurdles in the development of organic electrochromics. In this article, the self-bleaching behaviors of a black electrochromic polymer (ECP-black) thin film were investigated. We found that the electrochemical break-in process led to a less dense morphology and the increased free volume facilitated ion permeation in the ECP-black thin films. The polarized interface between the polymer thin film and transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode made charge transfer accessible, which caused the self-bleaching behaviors. Herein, we proposed two approaches to study and mitigate the self-bleaching phenomenon. First, a densely packed morphology was regenerated by increasing the cathodic polarization time under open-circuit conditions (Voff). The second involved the modification of the electrode (ITO) surface with a partial coverage of the octadecyltrichlorosilane layer. The combination of the two ...
Advances in the Use of Craniofacial Superimposition for Human Identification

Craniofacial superimposition is a valuable tool in the identification of unknown remains. Used in the United States as an exclusionary method, superimposition involves the comparison of antemortem images with postmortem skeletal remains. Photographic and video superimposition methods have been traditionally employed to examine the concordance of skeletal and anatomical features of the skull. In recent years, methods using 3D imaging, geometric morphometrics, computer orientation assistance, and automation processes have also been increasingly used in the superimposition process. This chapter presents an overview of craniofacial superimposition techniques as well as the limitations associated with superimposition. A case study is also depicted highlighting the importance of distinctive antemortem features and the value of superimposition in the identification of individuals when few skeletal elements are recovered.
Cognitive performance in mid-stage Parkinson’s disease: functional connectivity under chronic antiparkinson treatment

Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is related to the reorganization of brain topology. Although drug challenge studies have proven how levodopa treatment can modulate functional connectivity in brain circuits, the role of chronic dopaminergic therapy on cognitive status and functional connectivity has never been investigated. We sought to characterize brain functional topology in mid-stage PD patients under chronic antiparkinson treatment and explore the presence of correlation between reorganization of brain architecture and specific cognitive deficits. We explored networks topology and functional connectivity in 16 patients with PD and 16 matched controls through a graph theoretical analysis of resting state-functional MRI data, and evaluated the relationships between network metrics and cognitive performance. PD patients showed a preserved small-world network topology but a lower clustering coefficient in comparison with healthy controls. Locally, PD patients showed lower degree of connectivity and local efficiency in many hubs corresponding to functionally relevant areas. Four disconnected subnetworks were also identified in regions responsible for executive control, sensory-motor control and planning, motor coordination and visual elaboration. Executive functions and information processing speed were directly correlated with degree of connectivity and local efficiency in frontal, parietal and occipital areas. While functional reorganization appears in both motor and cognitive areas, the clinical expression of network imbalance seems to be partially compensated by the chronic levodopa treatment with regards to the motor but not to the cognitive performance. In a context of reduced network segregation, the presence of higher local efficiency in hubs regions correlates with a better cognitive performance.
Advanced Tuning for Ziegler-Nichols Plants

Abstract In this paper, we describe an advanced tuning approach for the design of PI (Proportional-Integral) and PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers for the Ziegler-Nichols plants, that is First Oder Plus Time-Delay (FOPTD) continuous-time LTI (Linear Time Invariant) systems. The objective is to provide to the designer an efficient tool to design PI or PID controllers where it is possible to select simultaneous performance specifications of gain margin, phase margin, and gain crossover frequency from a set of achievable performance design curves for Ziegler-Nichols plants. To succeed in this, we first construct the stabilizing set of PI or PID controllers corresponding to the Ziegler-Nichols plant. Next, we generate an achievable performance set displayed as design curves in the gain and phase margin plane, indexed by gain crossover frequencies. Each point in this achievable performance plot represents a prescribed gain margin, phase margin, and crossover frequency, obtained by a PI or PID controller contained in the stabilizing set. Then, by selecting a point from the achievable performance set, a unique PI or PID controller achieving these simultaneous specifications is found from the intersection of an ellipse and straight line parametrized from constant magnitude and constant phase loci in the space of controller gains. We present illustrative examples to validate the proposed approach.
Genetic Factors in Cognition/Intelligence

Research has shown that both genes and environment influence intelligence. As a result, behavioral genetic studies have begun to examine how these genetic influences operate developmentally and how genes affect the relationship among diverse cognitive skills such as verbal and spatial ability. In general, these studies have shown that genes account for roughly 50% of the variance in intelligence and that these genes are associated with stability across time and across task. As a result, attempts to find DNA markers associated with intelligence should expect that these markers will also be associated with this stability. Finally, behavioral genetic studies have also attempted to identify the environments that impact cognitive development.
Functional Optical Coherence Tomography: Simultaneous in Vivo Imaging of Tissue Structure and Physiology

OCT is a rapidly developing imaging technology with many potential applications. Through different contrast enhancement mechanisms, F-OCTprovides clinically important physiological information that is not available in the structure image. Integration of F-OCT, such as Doppler OCT, PS-OCT, spectroscopic OCT, and SH-OCT, can greatly enhance potential applications of this technology. Given the noninvasive nature and exceptionally high spatial resolution and velocity sensitivity, functional OCT that can simultaneously provide tissue structure, blood perfusion, birefringence, and other physiological information has great potential for basic biomedical research and clinical medicine.
Abstract 3024: Genomic characterization of organ-specific metastasis from prospective clinical sequencing of 20,000 cancer patients

We investigated genomic differences in sequenced biopsies of patients with metastatic cancer to identify associations between somatic alterations and anatomic site of metastasis. We analyzed data from 20,000 patients treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, covering >50 cancer types and >20 metastatic sites. Tumors were sequenced using MSK-IMPACT, a targeted sequencing assay that identifies somatic mutations, copy number changes and structural rearrangements in 468 cancer genes using tumor and matched normal DNA. We identified tumor types such as prostate cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, uterine endometrioid carcinoma, head and neck cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, for which the primary biopsies differed significantly from the metastatic biopsies at the genomic level, suggesting a need for sample stratification in clinical studies. We also identified site-specific enrichment of individual somatic alterations for tumors from the same cancer type, including therapeutically relevant targets. For example, when evaluating patients with esophagogastric cancer, we found an enrichment of HER2 amplified tumors, which are candidates for trastuzumab therapy, in sequenced lung metastases as opposed to biopsies sequenced at other metastatic sites (8/16, 50% vs. 20/145, 14%; p We provide a detailed analysis of associations between genomic features and metastatic patterns within a clinical sequencing setting. Our work has the potential to directly influence the management of patients with metastatic cancer by enabling clinicians to (a) estimate the risk of future metastasis based on the genomic profile of early stage tumors, (b) choose the appropriate site for biopsy in cases where mutation identification will influence the selection of targeted therapy, (c) optimize the use and frequency of imaging modalities for metastasis surveillance and (d) investigate and functionally characterize novel genomic alterations that have a role in metastasis and can lead to improved therapies. Citation Format: Francisco Sanchez-Vega, Walid K. Chatila, Karuna Ganesh, Alexander Penson, Niedzica Camacho, Philip Jonsson, Ed Reznik, Jianjiong Gao, Rona Yaeger, Michael F. Berger, Barry S. Taylor, Nikolaus Schultz. Genomic characterization of organ-specific metastasis from prospective clinical sequencing of 20,000 cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3024.
An Update on Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists and Their Potential Role in Insomnia Therapeutics.

Study Objectives:Current pharmacological options for the treatment of insomnia insufficiently meet the needs of all insomnia patients. Approved treatments are not consistently effective in improvin...
Multisite multivariate disaggregation of climate parameters using multiplicative random cascades

Abstract The Multiplicative Random Cascade (MRC) disaggregation model has been extensively used to disaggregate precipitation in many regions across the globe. In this study, it is adapted to disaggregate a range of climate variables (CV) relevant for hygrothermal modelling of building envelopes. This generalized MRC-G model is further improved by explicitly modelling the cross-correlation structure between CVs in the MRC-G-CV model. A thorough evaluation of MRC, MRC-G, and MRC-G-CV models is performed for five Canadian cities: Ottawa, Vancouver, Calgary, St. Johns, and Winnipeg. Results indicate that the MRC model is able to simulate grid-level statistics with >90% accuracy. Grid-level extreme magnitudes and spatial cross-correlation structures are also well simulated. Error magnitudes associated with hourly predictions indicate superior performance of the models in respect to thermal variables, followed by wind variables, and then moisture related variables. Finally, the performance of MRC-G model towards modelling cross-correlation among CVs is found to improve by >50% in terms of energy distance by explicitly modelling these relationships in the MRC-G-CV model. Results indicate that the MRC model variants demonstrated in this study have the potential to facilitate effective hygrothermal performance evaluation of building envelopes at locations where observational sub-daily climate records are unavailable.
Hayek: An Overview of His Life and Work

Hayek was born in Vienna, Austria, in the last year of the nineteenth century. His academic career would take him first to London, then to Chicago, Salzburg, and finally, Freiburg. In Vienna, he studied under Friedrich Wieser, one of the leading economists of his generation, and then began research under the direction of his intellectual mentor, Ludwig von Mises. Recruited in 1931 by the London School of Economics, he rapidly became a major academic and policy figure. During his time in London, Hayek became, alongside his colleague Lionel Robbins, engaged in debates in macroeconomics simultaneously with his debate on the problems of economic planning and economic calculation under socialism. Hayek’s vision of the price system and the liberal market order emerged from these debates, after which, for the rest of his career, he sought to rearticulate the epistemic role of institutions that underpin a liberal market order.
On Sybil Classification in Online Social Networks Using Only Structural Features

Sybil attack is a problem that seriously affects Online Social Networks (OSNs). These attacks are made possible by the openness of OSN platforms that allows an attacker to create multiple fake accounts, called Sybils, which are then used to compromise the underlining trust pinnings of the OSN. Early Sybil account detection mechanisms involved classification of users into benign and malicious based on various attributes collected from the user profiles. One challenge affecting these classification methods is that user attributes can often be in-complete or inaccurate. In addition, these classification methods can be evaded by sophisticated attackers. More importantly, user profiles can often reveal sensitive user information that can potentially be misused causing privacy violation. In this work, we propose a Sybil detection method that is based on the classification of users into malicious and benign based on the inherent topology or structure of the underlining OSN graph. We propose a new set of structural features for a graph. Using this new feature set, we perform several experiments on both synthetic as well as real-world OSN data. Our results show that the proposed detection method is very effective in correctly classifying Sybil accounts without running the risk of being evaded by a sophisticated attacker and without compromising privacy of users.
Gene Regulatory Networks

Two gene regulatory networks inferred from different types of data are considered in this chapter. Gene expression networks are networks inferred from microarray time series data and transcription factor networks are networks obtained from a new genome-wide technique that allows an identification of all of the DNA binding sites for each transcription factor (TF). While addressing the same underlying questions, these networks reflect different properties of gene regulation and provide different insights. The gene expression network is inferred from dynamic analysis of time series data of gene expression profiles. The TF net-works, on the other hand, are a direct result of experimental observation of a physical association between a TF and a DNA binding site, which (except for experimental noise) is unique. While our knowledge of the transcription factor networks is limited, these networks provide insights into a regulatory core network of TFs that regulate each other, and drive all network interconn ectivity. In both cases, the resulting networks show features that may be universal to biological systems. The global properties of such networks show the scale-free distributions of node connectivity indicative of a hierarchical network and also exhibit small world graph properties. We discuss a network growth model based on gene duplication that provides excellent agreement with the global network parameters derived from the analysis of experimental expression data. In addition to these global properties, the local properties of these gene expression networks can be used in data mining and classification.
Deep Learning-Based Segmentation of Nodules in Thyroid Ultrasound: Improving Performance by Utilizing Markers Present in the Images.

Abstract Computer-aided segmentation of thyroid nodules in ultrasound imaging could assist in their accurate characterization. In this study, using data for 1278 nodules, we proposed and evaluated two methods for deep learning-based segmentation of thyroid nodules that utilize calipers present in the images. The first method used approximate nodule masks generated based on the calipers. The second method combined manual annotations with automatic guidance by the calipers. When only approximate nodule masks were used for training, the achieved Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was 85.1%. The performance of a network trained using manual annotations was DSC = 90.4%. When the guidance by the calipers was added, the performance increased to DSC = 93.1%. An increase in the number of cases used for training resulted in increased performance for all methods. The proposed method utilizing the guidance by calipers matched the performance of the network that did not use it with a reduced number of manually annotated training cases.
Hierarchical Coupling of Molecular Dynamics and Micromechanics to Predict the Elastic Properties of Three-Phase and Four-Phase Silicon Carbide Composites

The results obtained from previously conducted molecular dynamics analysis of silicon carbide (-SiC (6H, 4H, & 2H-SiC), -SiC (3C SiC)), silicon and boron nitride, were utilized as inputs in the MAC/GMC micromechanics software to model and evaluate the elastic properties of three-phase SiC/BN/SiC and four-phase SiC/BN/Si/SiC composites. This method of analysis eliminates the need for back-calculation of the apparent properties of the base constituents from the measured ceramic matrix composites properties. The multiscale models are validated against the available data in literature.
Risk of excessive sleepiness in sleep restriction therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.

Study Objectives:Sleep restriction therapy (SRT) has been shown to be comparably effective relative to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), but with lower requirements for patient con...
Mitochondria regulate Drosophila intestinal stem cell differentiation through FOXO

Abstract Stem cells often rely on glycolysis for energy production, and switching to oxidative phosphorylation is believed to be essential for their differentiation. To explore the link between mitochondrial respiration and stem cell differentiation, we genetically disrupted electron transport chain (ETC) complexes in the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) of Drosophila. We found that ISCs carrying impaired ETC proliferated much more slowly than normal, produced very few intestinal progenitors, or enteroblasts, and failed to differentiate into enterocytes or enteroendocrine cells. One of the main impediments to ISCs’ differentiation appeared to be abnormally elevated forkhead box O (FOXO) signaling in the ETC-deficient ISCs, as genetically suppressing the signaling pathway partially rescued the differentiation defect. Contrary to common belief, neither reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation nor adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reduction appeared to mediate the ETC mutant phenotype. Our results demonstrate that ETC is essential for Drosophila ISC proliferation and differentiation in vivo, and acts at least partially by repressing endogenous FOXO signaling. They also raise the possibility that ETC complexes have a role in stem cell differentiation beyond electron transfer and ATP production.
Advances in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Energy Sources Here to Stay.

Energy sources used for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation have undergone an exceptional journey over the past 50 years. Traditional energy sources, such as radiofrequency and cryoablation, have been the mainstay of AF ablation. Novel investigations have led to inclusion of other techniques, such as laser, high-frequency ultrasound, and microwave energy, in the armamentarium of electrophysiologists. Despite these modalities, AF has remained one of the most challenging arrhythmias. Advances in the understanding of electroporation promise to overcome the shortcomings of conventional energy sources. A thorough understanding of the biophysics and practical implications of the existing energy sources is paramount.
Novel strategies for the treatment of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity.

Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the western world. Despite extensive investigations into the mechanisms of cell death, only a single antidote, N-a...
Employment disruption following the diagnosis of endometrial cancer.

Abstract Background: Oncologic treatment has been associated with unemployment. As endometrial cancer is highly curable, it is important to assess whether patients experience employment disruption after treatment. We evaluated the frequency of employment change following endometrial cancer diagnosis and assessed factors associated with it. Methods: A cohort of patients 18–63 years-old who were diagnosed with endometrial cancer (January 2009–December 2017) were identified in the Truven MarketScan database, an insurance claims database of commercially insured patients in the United States. All patients who were working full- or part-time at diagnosis were included and all employment changes during the year following diagnosis were identified. Clinical information, including use of chemotherapy and radiation, were identified using Common Procedural Terminology codes, and International Statistical Classification of Diseases codes. Cox proportional hazards models incorporating measured covariates were used to evaluate the impact of treatment and demographic variables on change in employment status. Results: A total of 4381 women diagnosed with endometrial cancer who held a full-time or part-time job 12 months prior to diagnosis were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 55 and a minority of patients received adjuvant therapy; 7.9% received chemotherapy, 4.9% received external-beam radiation therapy, and 4.1% received chemoradiation. While most women continued to work following diagnosis, 21.7% (950) experienced a change in employment status. The majority (97.7%) of patients had a full-time job prior to diagnosis. In a multivariable analysis controlling for age, region of residence, comorbidities, insurance plan type and presence of adverse events, chemoradiation recipients were 34% more likely to experience an employment change (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.01–1.78), compared to those who only underwent surgery. Conclusion: Approximately 22% of women with employer-subsidized health insurance experienced a change in employment status following the diagnosis of endometrial cancer, an often-curable disease. Chemoradiation was an independent predictor of change in employment.
Emergence of Meningitis Caused by Nonvaccine Serotypes of Pneumococcus in Rural United States

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have decreased the rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children. Since vaccine introduction, however, rates of infection due to nonvaccine Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes have increased. We now describe 3 meningitis cases due to the nonvaccine serotypes 35B and 11A from rural United States.
Survival time in urban center breast cancer patients with CNS metastasis with or without visceral metastasis.

1088Background: There is limited data about the role of isolated central nervous system (CNS) metastasis (mets) in patients with breast cancer (BC), since prior studies evaluated BC patients with C...
Surgical Excision of a Giant Schwannoma of the Hand: A Case Report.

CASE We report a 78-year-old man who underwent excision of a 13-year-old benign schwannoma originating from the terminal motor branch of the ulnar nerve. The mass measured 13 cm in diameter on presentation and was successfully excised, preserving a functional hand. At 4-year follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic with intact motor and sensory function and no signs of recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest schwannoma of the hand to be reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS Large schwannomas of the hand can successfully be excised with no postoperative complications.