cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing information literacy instruction in interdisciplinary first year project-based courses with STEM students

Abstract Broad and discipline-specific information literacy competencies must be mastered by science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) students. This study assessed changes in student perceptions of their competency in information literacy after continuous efforts in course curriculum. Data were gathered in 2015–2016 from first year interdisciplinary project-based courses with STEM students to assess changes in information literacy competencies. Analyses suggested there was a significant increase in students' perception of their familiarity with library resources, search strategies, citation use, and ability to evaluate source quality. There was no change in their perception of their ability to evaluate the variety of source and source relevance and a decrease in their perception of the ethical use of information. With faculty-librarian partnership and integrated instruction in a first year course, students showed the largest perceived increases in foundational information literacy skills but struggled with information literacy abilities. This study provides a baseline of information literacy competencies of first year students and provides recommendations for continuing education.
Molecular techniques in mycobacterial detection.

Abstract Objective.—To assess the clinical utility of the commercial nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests (ie, Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test, Gen-Probe, Inc and AMPLICOR Mycobacterium tuberculosis Test, Roche Molecular Systems, Inc) for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Data Sources.—Review of the English-language literature. Conclusions.—The performance of both NAA tests is excellent (sensitivity, ≥95%; specificity, 100%) when testing respiratory specimens that are smear-positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Only the Gen-Probe assay is approved for testing respiratory specimens regardless of the AFB smear result. Data from 3 studies showed that the sensitivity of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test in smear-negative patients ranged from 83% to 85%, and that the specificity was 99%. Both NAA tests have been used to test nonrespiratory specimens; in some studies, the performance was comparable to the performance obtained for respiratory specimens, whereas i...
Injektionstechniken für die Hüfte

Injektionen sind bei einer pseudoradikularen Symptomatik im Sinne einer Ischialgie angezeigt. Die Patienten klagen uber Schmerzen beim Liegen auf der betroffenen Huftseite und Trochantertendopathien. Als Begleitbehandlung sind sie bei Iliosakralgelenkdysfunktionen angezeigt.
Philosophy and the Christian Faith

In the preceding four sections Temple’s Christian philosophy has been systematically and sympathetically expounded. Some brief critical comments have been made at various points for the sake of noting ambiguities and to facilitate an understanding of Temple’s position. The task of the final section is to offer a more extensive and systematic evaluation of Temple’s contribution toward the construction of a distinctively Christian philosophy. An exhaustive critique of all facets of his Christian philosophy has not been attempted; however, an attempt is made to focus on the major critical points of Temple’s position. Where it serves to clarify Temple’s views or to sharpen the evaluation, a reformulation of the problem leading to a possible alternative solution is outlined.
Covariance of CMB anomalies

Several unexpected features are observed at large angular scales in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropy measurements by both WMAP and Planck. These include the lack of both variance and correlation, alignment of the lowest multipole moments with one another, hemispherical power asymmetry, and an odd-to-even parity excess. In this work, we study the statistics of eight representative large-angle CMB features in order to evaluate their covariance in the standard $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ model. We do so using two sets of simulated CMB temperature maps; an ensemble of 100 000 simple Gaussian simulations, and 1000 Full Focal Plane (FFP) simulations provided by the Planck collaboration. In measuring feature probabilities, we pay particular attention to analysis choices, making sure that we can reproduce previous results in the literature, and explain differences where appropriate. The covariance structure we find is consistent with expectations given that many of the features studied are functions of the angular power spectrum. Notably, we find significant differences in the covariance entries associated with the quadrupole-octopole alignments derived from the Gaussian and FFP simulations. We additionally perform a principal component analysis to quantitatively gauge what combinations of features capture the most information about how simulation measurements vary, and to provide an alternative assessment of the ways in which the real sky is anomalous. The first four principal components explain about 90% of the simulations' variance, with the first two roughly quantifying the lack of large-angle correlations, and the next two quantifying the phase-dependent anomalies (multipole alignments and power asymmetry). Though the results of this analysis are fairly unsurprising, its comprehensive approach serves to tie together a number of previous results, and will therefore provide context for future studies of large-angle anomalies.
Social Networking of Group Two Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergy and Asthma

Allergic diseases including asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and atopic dermatitis are common conditions worldwide. While type 2 immune responses induced by T-cells significantly cause allergic inflammation, the recently identified group two innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are emerging as critical players in the development of allergy. Upon allergen exposure, ILC2s are rapidly activated by cytokines released by epithelial cells. Activated ILC2s release various effector cytokines altogether contributing to the pathogenesis of allergy and can even cause inflammation in the absence of T-cells, as observed in asthma. Although the factors inducing ILC2 activation have been identified, evidence suggests that multiple factors can enhance or repress ILC2 proliferation, trafficking, or secretion of effector cytokines upon allergic inflammation. In this review, we discuss the recent findings that influence ILC2 activation and the resulting effects on the pathogenesis of allergy. A better understanding of how ILC2s are modulated will open the door to the development of new therapeutic strategies against allergic diseases.
Esophageal Occlusive Disease: Endolumenal Therapy

Intrinsic esophageal occlusion is associated with locally advanced esophageal neoplasia and benign stricturing conditions. Complications of esophagectomy conduit include fistula development, anastomotic leaks, and strictures, while perforation and strictures are iatrogenic complications of endoscopic therapeutic interventions. The use of self-expandable stents has been well-established for the successful palliative management of unresectable malignant esophageal strictures, fistulas, and postoperative complications of an esophageal conduit. Stent complications are not uncommon, with most series reporting 30–35% overall complication rate including chest pain, stent migration, tracheoesophageal fistula, or severe reflux symptoms. Recently newer endotherapies, including endoscopic suturing and over-the-scope clips, have become more popular as an alternative primary therapy or adjunctive therapy to stenting for anastomotic dehiscence with leaks, perforations, or fistulas.
Prematurity and Early Childhood Fracture Risk

BACKGROUND: Premature infants are at risk for metabolic bone disease (MBD) during infancy despite improvements in nutritional support. MBD is associated with neonatal fracture, dolichocephaly and impaired linear growth. Limited research data suggest that prematurity does not increase fracture risk beyond the neonatal period. The impact of common neonatal medications and comorbidities of prematurity on fracture risk is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate …
RKF-PCA: Robust kernel fuzzy PCA

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a mathematical method that reduces the dimensionality of the data while retaining most of the variation in the data. Although PCA has been applied in many areas successfully, it suffers from sensitivity to noise and is limited to linear principal components. The noise sensitivity problem comes from the least-squares measure used in PCA and the limitation to linear components originates from the fact that PCA uses an affine transform defined by eigenvectors of the covariance matrix and the mean of the data. In this paper, a robust kernel PCA method that extends the kernel PCA and uses fuzzy memberships is introduced to tackle the two problems simultaneously. We first introduce an iterative method to find robust principal components, called Robust Fuzzy PCA (RF-PCA), which has a connection with robust statistics and entropy regularization. The RF-PCA method is then extended to a non-linear one, Robust Kernel Fuzzy PCA (RKF-PCA), using kernels. The modified kernel used in the RKF-PCA satisfies the Mercer's condition, which means that the derivation of the K-PCA is also valid for the RKF-PCA. Formal analyses and experimental results suggest that the RKF-PCA is an efficient non-linear dimension reduction method and is more noise-robust than the original kernel PCA.
Bully Pulpit? Twitter Users’ Engagement With President Trump’s Tweets:

With nearly all political candidates, officeholders, and organizations using the platform, Twitter has become an important venue for political communication and engagement. In particular, Twitter l...
Enhancement and Standardization of a Universal Social-Emotional Health Measure for Students’ Psychological Strengths

Robust evidence links students’ positive mental health with academic achievement and provides a compelling rationale for developing and refining strength-based assessments. The Social Emotional Health Survey–Secondary (SEHS-S) assesses adolescents’ social and emotional skills and positive psychological dispositions. Previous studies provide reliability and validity evidence; nonetheless, there is a need for continued refinement and validation across diverse groups. The current study revised and standardized the updated SEHS-S-2020 to validate further its use in secondary schools (Grades 9–12) with a large, diverse adolescent sample. Study participants included 72,740 from 113 California schools (structural validation sample), 10,757 students from 15 randomly selected California schools (criterion validation sample), and 707 students from four additional California schools (test-retest sample). Data analyses examined structural validity, measurement invariance, criterion validity, internal consistency, and response stability. Results supported the SEHS-S-2020 validity across diverse groups of youth in various contexts. The discussion focuses on implications for assessing students’ psychosocial assets and universal school-based screening.
Photothermal alternative to device fabrication using atomic precision advanced manufacturing techniques

The attachment of dopant precursor molecules to depassivated areas of hydrogen-terminated silicon templated with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has been used to create electronic devices with subnanometer precision, typically for quantum physics experiments. This process, which we call atomic precision advanced manufacturing (APAM), dopes silicon beyond the solid-solubility limit and produces electrical and optical characteristics that may also be useful for microelectronic and plasmonic applications. However, scanned probe lithography lacks the throughput required to develop more sophisticated applications. Here, we demonstrate and characterize an APAM device workflow where scanned probe lithography of the atomic layer resist has been replaced by photolithography. An ultraviolet laser is shown to locally and controllably heat silicon above the temperature required for hydrogen depassivation on a nanosecond timescale, a process resistant to under- and overexposure. STM images indicate a narrow range of energy density where the surface is both depassivated and undamaged. Modeling that accounts for photothermal heating and the subsequent hydrogen desorption kinetics suggests that the silicon surface temperatures reached in our patterning process exceed those required for hydrogen removal in temperature-programmed desorption experiments. A phosphorus-doped van der Pauw structure made by sequentially photodepassivating a predefined area and then exposing it to phosphine is found to have a similar mobility and higher carrier density compared with devices patterned by STM. Lastly, it is also demonstrated that photodepassivation and precursor exposure steps may be performed concomitantly, a potential route to enabling APAM outside of ultrahigh vacuum.
Vapor - Solid distribution of silicon germanium chemical vapor deposition determined with classical thermodynamics

Abstract Chemical Vapor Deposition delivers an atomic element into a solid phase via a gas phase. In such context, knowledge of the vapor – solid distribution of the elements is key. But CVD is a notorious non-equilibrium process. Notwithstanding the non-equilibrium, an analysis of silicon germanium chemical vapor deposition, via silane and germane, is conducted with classical thermodynamics for a complete determination of the vapor – solid distribution. And a theory assuming a heterogeneous chemical equilibrium is developed. The knowledge of two linear functions is enough for accessing a distribution which is then determined over the full range of composition, without any major difficulty. Reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition and ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition vapor – solid distributions are also reconciled within the same conceptual framework. The impact of the pressure, and of silicon precursors are neatly clarified. The underlying laws necessary for the determination of Si1-xGex vapor - solid distributions are thus completely known. VS distributions of binary alloys such as Si:B, Si:P and Ge1-xSnx, are also inferred to experience similar chemical equilibria.
Inorganic carbon fluxes and perturbations by ocean acidification estimated using a data-constrained, process-based model of coral physiology

Recognition that ocean acidification (OA) alters calcification rates in many tropical corals and photosynthetic processes in some has motivated research into coral’s carbon processing systems. Here, a multi-compartment coral model is used to assess inorganic carbon fluxes, accounting for carbon uptake, photosynthesis, transport across and between coral tissue and calcification. The increased complexity of this model is enabled by incorporating recent measurements of carbonic anhydrase activity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) related photosynthetic parameters, allowing the model to respond to changes in external inorganic carbon chemistry. The model reproduced measured gross photosynthesis, calcification rates and calcifying fluid pH from Orbicella faveolata at current oceanic conditions. Model simulations representing OA conditions showed an increase in net photosynthesis and modest decreases in calcification which fall within trends seen in experimental data. Photosynthesis increased due to higher diffusive influx of CO2 into the oral tissue layers, increasing DIC where symbiotic algae reside. The model suggests that decreases in calcification result from increased fluxes of CO2 into the calcifying fluid from the aboral tissue layer and the bulk seawater, lowering its pH and reducing the aragonite saturation state. However, modeled pH drops in the calcifying fluid exceed those observed, pointing to the need for additional empirical constraints on DIC fluxes associated with calcification and coelenteron transport.
A Harvest of the Month Curriculum Increases Fruit and Vegetable Intake among 4th-6th Grade Students.

BACKGROUND Most children do not eat enough fruits and vegetables (FV). Schools are a critical setting for supporting children to consume FV. To fill a gap in available materials, a classroom curriculum was developed and evaluated to determine impacts on student FV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. METHODS A pre-/post-intervention survey was administered to 4th-6th grade students in 3 intervention and one comparison schools. Post-intervention student focus groups, parent/guardian surveys, and teacher surveys provided complementary information. RESULTS Intervention students had a significantly greater increase in total FV intake, fruit intake, and 100% juice consumption, and preference for several types of FV relative to comparison group students. Students, teachers, and parents reported overall high levels of satisfaction with the curriculum. CONCLUSIONS The Harvest of the Month curriculum is effective at increasing fruit intake among a low-income, diverse student population in grades 4-6, is acceptable to students, teachers, and parents, and is feasible to implement. Findings suggest this impact is the result of changes in preferences, skills, and motivation but not self-efficacy or perceived social norms. Some tailoring of the curriculum may be needed to increase its appropriateness for 6th-grade students, increase the impact on vegetable intake, and limit intake of juice.
On modeling and analyzing sparsely networked large-scale multi-agent systems with cellular and graph automata

Modeling, designing and analyzing large scale multi-agent systems (MAS) with anywhere from tens of thousands to millions of autonomous agents will require mathematical and computational theories and models substantially different from those underlying the study of small- to medium-scale MAS made of only dozens, or perhaps hundreds, of agents. In this paper, we study certain aspects of the global behavior of large ensembles of simple reactive agents. We do so by analyzing the collective dynamics of several related models of discrete complex systems based on cellular automata. We survey our recent results on dynamical properties of the complex systems of interest, and discuss some useful ways forward in modeling and analysis of large-scale MAS via appropriately modified versions of the classical cellular automata.
Understand, Predict, and Design

Electronic-structure approaches are changing dramatically the way much theoretical and computational research is done. This success derives from the ability to characterize from first-principles many material properties with an accuracy that complements or even augments experimental observations. This accuracy can extend beyond the properties for which a real-life experiment is either feasible or just cost-effective, and it is based on our ability to compute and understand the quantum-mechanical behavior of interacting electrons and nuclei. Density-functional theory, for which the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded in 1998, has been instrumental to this success, together with the availability of computers that are now routinely able to deal with the complexity of realistic problems. The extent of such revolution should not be underestimated, notwithstanding the many algorithmic and theoretical bottlenecks that await resolution, and the existence of hard problems rarely amenable to direct simulations. Since ab-initio methods combine fundamental predictive power with atomic resolution, they provide a quantitatively-accurate first step in the study and characterization of new materials, and the ability to describe with unprecedented control molecular architectures exactly at those scales (hundreds to thousands of atoms) where some of the most promising and undiscovered properties are to be engineered. In the current effort to control and design the properties of novel molecules, materials, and devices, first-principles approaches constitute thus a unique and very powerful instrument. Complementary strategies emerge: Insight: First-principles simulations provide a unique connection between microscopic and macroscopic properties. When partnered with experimental tools — from spectroscopies to microscopies — they can deliver unique insight and understanding on the detailed arrangements of atoms and molecules, and on their relation to the observed phenomena. Gedanken computational experiments can be used to prove or probe cause-effect relationships in ways that are different, and novel, compared with our established approaches.
The ecology of Lytechinus variegatus

This chapter summarizes about the ecology of Lytechinus variegates, a dominant species in many of the seagrass meadows throughout its regions. Lytechinus variegatus is the largest species, reaching 92 mm diameter in the Florida Keys, 87 mm in the West Indies, and 75 mm in southern Brazil. As a ruderal species, Lytechinus variegates has rapid growth, early reproductive maturity, and short longevity. These characteristics make Lytechinus variegatus a potential candidate for fisheries. An adult Lytechinus variegatus usually consume formulated diets and produce large gonads. This chapter also gives an additional insight such as genus, habitats, abundance, distribution, food and nutrition habits, growth and survival, reproduction, larval ecology, population, and community ecology needed to understand the characteristics of Lytechinus variegates. However, there is minimal information on the postmetamorphic, early juvenile life history stage, knowledge about nutrition, environmental influences, natural predators, and community interactions.
Evaluation of tropical channel refinement using MPAS‐A aquaplanet simulations

Climate models with variable-resolution grids offer a computationally less expensive way to provide more detailed information at regional scales and increased accuracy for processes that cannot be resolved by a coarser grid. This study uses the Model for Prediction Across Scales–Atmosphere (MPAS22A), consisting of a nonhydrostatic dynamical core and a subset of Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW-WRF) model atmospheric physics that have been modified to include the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) cloud fraction parameterization, to investigate the potential benefits of using increased resolution in an tropical channel. The simulations are performed with an idealized aquaplanet configuration using two quasi-uniform grids, with 30 km and 240 km grid spacing, and two variable-resolution grids spanning the same grid spacing range; one with a narrow (20°S–20°N) and one with a wide (30°S–30°N) tropical channel refinement. Results show that increasing resolution in the tropics impacts both the tropical and extratropical circulation. Compared to the quasi-uniform coarse grid, the narrow-channel simulation exhibits stronger updrafts in the Ferrel cell as well as in the middle of the upward branch of the Hadley cell. The wider tropical channel has a closer correspondence to the 30 km quasi-uniform simulation. However, the total atmospheric polewardmore » energy transports are similar in all simulations. The largest differences are in the low-level cloudiness. The refined channel simulations show improved tropical and extratropical precipitation relative to the global 240 km simulation when compared to the global 30 km simulation. All simulations have a single ITCZ. Furthermore, the relatively small differences in mean global and tropical precipitation rates among the simulations are a promising result, and the evidence points to the tropical channel being an effective method for avoiding the extraneous numerical artifacts seen in earlier studies that only refined portion of the tropics.« less
Skeletal anatomy of the Late Cretaceous shark,Squalicorax (Neoselachii: Anacoracidae)

The paleobiology of the Cretaceous neoselachian shark,Squalicorax, has largely been based on isolated teeth. We examined partial and nearly complete skeletons of three species ofSqualicorax, S. falcatus (Aoassiz),S. kaupi (Agassiz), andS. pristodontus (Agassiz), that were collected from the U.S.A. These specimens suggest that the total body length (TL) ofS. falcatus typically measured 1.8–2.0 m, and probably did not exceed 3 m. Moderatesized individuals ofS. kaupi andS. pristodontus perhaps measured about 3 m TL. AlthoughS. pristodontus was the largest form among the three species examined, this taxon possessed a set of large jaws (with large but fewer teeth) relative to its body size compared toS. falcatus orS. kaupi. This suggests that tooth size is not an accurate indicator of the TL if one compares oneSqualicorax species to another. Neurocranial features suggest that the vision ofSqualicorax was not as acute as that of a contemporaneous macrophagous lamniform shark,Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz) , but olfaction ofSqualicorax may have been better thanC. mantelli. The morphology of placoid scales suggests thatSqualicorax was capable of fast swimming. New skeletal data support the view that the feeding dynamics ofSqualicorax was similar to the modern tiger shark (Galeocerdo Muller & Henle). The present data do not allow for exact ordinal placement, but, contrary to some previous interpretations,Squalicorax can be excluded from the Hexanchiformes and Orectolobiformes. The taxon should more appropriately be placed within the Lamniformes or Carcharhiniformes.
Different habits, different hearts: The moral languages of the culture war

Bellah et al. (1985) argue that middle-class Americans have wholeheartedly adopted a moral language of individualism. However, Hunter's (1991) description of the “culture war” suggests that moral values in general and individualism in particular are being contested in America, with “progressivist” groups advocating a language of individualism and “orthodox” groups rejecting it. While Hunter focuses on the presence of the culture war in the public arena, the present article provides an account of the moral discourse of ordinary middle-class Americans who tend toward progressivism and orthodoxy. Interviews with mainline Baptists (progressivist) and fundamentalist Baptists (orthodox) on issues such as divorce and abortion showed that the progressivists often used a language of individualism, but also gave voice to community considerations. The orthodox participants rejected the language of individualism, and instead spoke first of divinity considerations and secondarily of community concerns. The present article ends by calling for a dialogical approach (Levine, 1995) to the study of morality that brings together sociologies of moral discourse with psychologies of moral reasoning.
Porcine placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.

The enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) reversibly converts biologically active cortisol to inactive cortisone, and when present in placentae may act to protect fetuses from high concentrations of maternal glucocorticoids. Experiments were conducted to characterize placental 11 beta-HSD oxidative activity (conversion of cortisol to cortisone), to measure effects of gestational age and uterine environment on 11 beta-HSD, and to determine any associations between placental 11 beta-HSD and fetal size. Characterization of placental 11 beta-HSD at 100 days of gestation suggests the presence of two different isoforms, one that is NADP(+)-dependent and a second that is NAD(+)-dependent. The putative NAD(+)-dependent isoform has a lower Km (nM range) and a greater Vmax, and is likely to be more biologically relevant. Placentae were then obtained at 50, 75, and 100 days of gestation from uterine environments that subsequent to uterine ligations on Day 2 of gestation were either "crowded" ( or = cm/potential embryo). Fetal weight and length were increased (p < or = 0.015) in the roomy compared with the crowded uterine environment at each gestational age. Both NADP(+)- and NAD(+)-dependent 11 beta-HSD increased almost fivefold between 50 and 100 days of gestation (p < 0.02). At each gestational age, the amount of NAD(+)-dependent 11 beta-HSD was over twofold greater (p < 0.001) than that of NADP(+)-dependent 11 beta-HSD. Significant statistical interactions among gestational age, uterine environment, and fetal sex indicate that the effects of these factors on placental 11 beta-HSD activity are complex. When all factors associated with the experimental model were taken into account, there were no significant associations between fetal or placental size and placental 11 beta-HSD activity. These findings demonstrate the existence of porcine placental 11 beta-HSD activity, suggest the presence of two isoforms, indicate effects of gestational age, and suggest effects of uterine environment and fetal sex on these activities.
The Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Cl - composition of giant fibers from Balanus nubilus.

Es werden Analysenresultate uber den Ionengehalt von einzelnen Muskelfasern der Entenmuschel,Balanus nubilus, mitgeteilt. Es wurden Unterschiede nachgewiesen in der Ionenkonzentration verschiedener Fasern, die von demselben Muskelbundel isoliert worden waren.
Importance of light in the biology of Trichogramma pretiosum.

The effect of light on several biological parameters used for the calculation of the intrinsic rate of natural increase of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley was investigated under various levels of temperature and humidity. Continuous light shortened adult longevity. The effect of light on fertility suggested an interaction between temperature and light. At 30°C, and 90% RH, the mean fertility was higher at 0.5 hours photoperiod than that under continuous light, whereas at 20°C for both 50% and 90% RH, the mean fertilities were almost the same under these 2 photoperiods. The pre-reproductive period was prolonged by darkness.
Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly

1．糖尿病の有病率は50歳代をピークとして高くなる。2．空腹時血糖値≥=126mg/dlまたは75g糖負荷試験2時間値≥=200mg/dl，あるいは随時血糖値≥=200mg/dlという糖尿病の診断基準が1999年に新しく示された。高齢者でも同様の基準を用いる。3．高齢者の糖尿病における問題点の一つは，一般の糖尿病患者に比べ臨床症状が乏しいことである。また，発症時期によって2つのケースに分けることができる。これらを考慮した解決方法が求められる。その一つは，運動療法における強度設定と身体活動量の設定，頻度の決定である。それらの項目を軸とした構成に保健行動を加えた保健情報行動理論の形成も求められる。4．生活行動を評価する指標の一つとして新しく開発した身体活動量測定法を用いて調べた研究結果によると，2000kca1を境とした身体活動量が運動療法の効果に明らかな影響を与えることが分かった。
Making Redistributive Direct Democracy Matter: Development and Women’s Participation in the Gram Sabhas of Kerala, India

Existing sociological theories highlight five explanations of development, which focus on leftist political parties in state power, women’s office-holding, state capacity, social capital and resour...
Design of an ultralight head-mounted projective display (HMPD) and its applications in augmented collaborative environments

Head-mounted displays (HMDs) are widely used for 3D visualization tasks such as surgical planning, scientific visualization, or engineering design. Even though the HMD technologies have undergone great development, tradeoffs in capability and limitation exist. The concept of head-mounted projective displays (HMPDs) is an emerging technology on the boundary of conventional HMDs and projective displays such as the CAVE technology. It has been recently demonstrated to yield 3D visualization capability with potentially a large FOV, lightweight optics, low distortion, as well as correct occlusion of virtual objects by real objects. As such, the HMPD has been proposed as an alternative to stereoscopic displays for 3D visualization applications. In this paper, a brief review the HMPD technology is followed by the presentation of a recent design and implementation of a compact HMPD prototype based on an ultra-light design of projective optics using diffractive optical element (DOE) and plastic components. Finally, we will include applications of the HMPD technology being developed across three universities for augmented visualization tasks and distributed collaboration in augmented environments.
Characterization of Degradation of Cotton Cellulosic Fibers Through Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been found to be one of the most important characterization tools for polymeric materials based on comparatively simple NIR-favorable chemical groups (i.e., C–H, O–H, and N–H). This paper focuses on characterizing degradation of cotton cellulosic fibers in a historical textile—‘Curtain Dress’ in the famous movie Gone With the Wind through NIR spectroscopy, and investigating morphological and molecular changes associated with appearance change such as discolorations in the same cotton textiles. In this study, we did on-site testing on the ‘Curtain Dress’ with the Brimrose Luminar 5030 NIR-analyzer and analyzed the NIR spectroscopy results at eight locations where different degrees of discoloration occurred on the dress. The study identified the wavelength bands according to NIR spectral absorbancies of the typical functional groups in cellulosic fibers such as C–H, C–O and O–H stretches, compared the absorbance intensities at three main wavelengths, and investigated discoloration in different areas via principal component analysis. The combination factor scores of the 1st and 2nd principal components, which accounted for 99.09 % variance of vibrations within various groups in a molecule measured through NIR, reflected effectively morphological changes in the fiber’s molecular structure and degrees of discolorations.
Characterization Of An Experimental Thin-Film Interconnection Structure.

Measurements and simulation of high-speed pulse propagation and cross-talk on an experimental thin-film transmission line structure are presented. The measurements are carried out using both an optoelectronic pulse generation and detection technique, and a recently developed non-contact high-speed sampling method based on a picosecond electron beam. We find through simulation that a quasi-static coupled transmission line model with frequency dependent skin-effect loss accurately predicts the pulse delay and distortion characteristics of our sample.
A novel algorithm for preoperative prediction of extraprostatic extension near the neurovascular bundles

A novel algorithm for preoperative prediction of extraprostatic extension near the neurovascular bundles
Pharyngeal tracheal lumen airway training: Failure to discriminate between esophageal and endotracheal modes and failure to confirm ventilation

The pharyngeal tracheal lumen (PTL) airway is a new airway control device for emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics and functions as either an esophageal obturator or an endotracheal tube. We developed a ten-step PTL airway training protocol that included proper airway insertion, patient ventilation, and confirmation of tube placement by auscultation. We then prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of training by testing the ability of 32 EMTs and paramedics to discriminate between esophageal and endotracheal mode placement. Training consisted of a group demonstration followed by supervised individual practice on a Laerdal ® Adult Intubation Model. All 70 insertion attempts resulted in esophageal obturator mode placement. As a result, trainees did not have an opportunity to practice discrimination between esophageal and endotracheal placement. Six weeks after initial training, 19 of the entry group were randomly and blidly assigned to ventilate each of two Laerdal ® models that had been previously intubated with the PTL, one in esophageal mode and the other in endotracheal mode. In the esophageal mode, 15 of 19 trainees (79%) correctly selected the esophageal port to ventilate, but four (21%) could not decide and abandoned the airway. In the tracheal mode, 16 of 19 trainees (84%) correctly selected the tracheal port to ventilate, one (5%) was unable to decide, and two (10.5%) selected the wrong tube and attempted ventilation with the esophageal port even though the tracheal balloon was completely occluding the airway. Ventilation was confirmed with auscultation in only 50% of the attempts (19 of 38). Our study indicates that the training protocol was inadequate to teach critical decision-making in the use of the PTL airway. Future training should include opportunities for assessing endotracheal placement of the airway and more emphasis on confirmation of ventilation.
Measurement of bovine subclass antibodies (IgG1 and IgG2) using the amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Abstract The amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (a-ELISA) was successfully adapted for the measurement of bovine IgG1 and IgG2 subclass antibodies to human serum albumin (HSA). The complete a-ELISA is capable of readily detecting these antibodies in a 1:10,000,000 dilution of serum which corresponds to a lower limit of 200–300 pg. Direct a-ELISA data suggest that an absolute lower level of sensitivity of about 100 pg can be obtained. Log-log linear relationships are obtained for both IgG 1 and IgG2 assays with apparent ‘antigen saturation’ occurring when the antibody to antigen molar ratio approaches 1:4. Formulations for calculating results in terms of ELISA units, unbiased by intersubclass competition and antigen saturation, are presented. The adsorption characteristics of both subclass proteins were studied using iodinated IgG1 and IgG2 including studies on the stability of binding throughout the assay. These studies also evaluate a direct binding modification of the a-ELISA to test subclass antiglobulin specificity, assay sensitivity and to provide a standard curve for estimation of absolute amounts of IgG1 and IgG2.
Magnetic mineralogy of continental deposits, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming

Magnetic concentrates were obtained from nine bulk samples from the Late Cretaceous through middle Paleocene continental sedimentary section in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, and from two bulk samples from the late Paleocene and early Eocene section in the Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming. Strong-field thermomagnetic (JS-T) curves of almost all the San Juan Basin concentrates show only a single Curie temperature in the 175°–195°C range, indicating that the dominant ferrimagnetic mineral is detrital titanomagnetite (Fe3−xTixO4) of composition 0.51 ≤ x ≤ 0.54. The Clark's Fork Basin concentrates exhibited Curie temperatures of 200°C and 580°C, indicating a mixture of x = 0.5 titanomagnetite and magnetite, respectively. No evidence of hematite (or other ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides) was observed in the JS-T data. Isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition curves were determined for 56 samples from the Clark's Fork Basin and 114 samples from the San Juan Basin. Although dominated by IRM acquired in magnetizing fields of ≤300 mT, additional IRM was acquired in magnetizing fields from 300 to 700 mT. The IRM acquired above 300 mT is attributed to hematite (or other ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides) and is thought to be the result of minor oxidation, probably during recent weathering. These results indicate that IRM acquisition behavior may be used to monitor the hematite content in continental sedimentary rocks and may indicate stratigraphic intervals within which the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) could contain significant chemical remanence overprints. Although minor hematite content is indicated, the detailed sampling of IRM acquisition behavior for the San Juan Basin and Clark's Fork Basin sedimentary sequences did not reveal any significant correlation of IRM behavior with polarity of the characteristic NRM. These data thus support the previous conclusion, based on paleomagnetic data, that the characteristic NRM is a depositional remanence which provides a valid recording of the geomagnetic polarity sequence during deposition of these continental sedimentary sequences.
Performance Prediction of Matched Filter and Adaptive Cosine Estimator Hyperspectral Target Detectors

Many applications of hyperspectral remote sensing involve the detection of subpixel targets for search and rescue or defense and intelligence operations. The design and potential capabilities of these systems depends on their target detection performance. Therefore, it is important to have tools that reliably predict the performance of target detection systems under different realistic situations. The purpose of this paper is to present a hyperspectral target performance prediction model for the widely used matched filter (MF) and adaptive cosine estimator (ACE) detectors. We use a replacement signal model for resolved and subpixel targets and a finite probability mixture of t-elliptically contoured distributions ( t-ECDs) for the background. A major contribution of this paper is the development of a robust analytical and numerical approach to determine the output distribution of ACE for mixtures of t-ECDs. The proposed technique can be a very useful tool for evaluating target detection performance for highly complex backgrounds.
The evaluation of treatment in therapeutic communities: Problems of design and implementation

The evaluation of therapeutic communities provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between evaluation methodologies and the constraints imposed by the nature of the treatment setting. In most therapeutic communities the environment represents the primary vehicle of treatment and, as a result, virtually every aspect of the program's operations are, directly or indirectly, related to the treatment goals. This paper examines some of the problems this situation creates for the evaluation of such programs. It suggests that the need to develop an effective working relationship with the program becomes the primary concern of the evaluation process, and it analyzes the use of specific techniques involved in establishing this type of relationship. Such an approach may be useful in other settings where the unique characteristics of the program become the primary constraint in evaluation design and implementation.
Calcium Binding Properties of Rabbit Liver Protein Disulfide Isomerase

We have characterized the Ca2+ binding properties of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). It binds 19 mol Ca2+/mol protein with low affinity, which is reduced by increasing the ionic strength. Ca2+ induced conformational changes detected by UV difference spectroscopy. These Ca2+ binding properties resemble those of a sea urchin egg 58 kDa protein.
College student norms on the brief symptom inventory

The Brief Symptom Inventory was administered to 204 female and 143 male students at a 4-year college. Their mean scores on the nine primary symptom dimensions were compared with means of a normative sample of older adults and younger adolescents. The results indicated that college students reported significantly higher levels of distress than did the adult sample and that they showed a different pattern of distress than the younger adolescents. It was suggested that counselors and clinicians may wish to use college level norms when they are using the Brief Symptom Inventory with college students.
Dynamics and Mechanism of Membrane-Induced Folding of a Small Beta-Hairpin

A complementary approach of experiments and computation were used to characterize the dynamics and mechanism of peptide folding and insertion into the membrane. SVS-1, an 18-residue anti-cancer peptide that is designed to be disordered in solution, but fold into a β-hairpin at an anionic bilayer surface, was used as a model system for protein folding on the membrane. Infrared and fluorescence where used to characterize the folding of the peptide in the membrane. Laser induced temperature-jumps (T-jump) were used to initiate the folding reaction. Computational models of tryptophan-containing SVS-1 mutants were used to guide the choice of targets for fluorescent studies. Molecular dynamic simulations model the folded and unfolded states at the bilayer surface to estimate timescales of binding, folding and insertion. Simulations were used to interpret and guide future experiments.
Purinergic receptor-mediated morphological changes in microglia are transient and independent from inflammatory cytokine release

Abstract Microglia are commonly described as existing in resting or active states based on morphology or level of cytokine production. Extracellular ATP is a physiologically-relevant activator of microglia, which express a number of purinergic receptors. As P2Y 12 has been linked to chemotaxis, we used a panel of purinergic compounds to understand the role of ATP receptors in morphological transformation and correlate this with TNFα production. We quantified activation of cultured microglia with LPS or purinergic receptor agonists by using automated image analysis of cell morphology and CD11b expression and correlated this with TNFα release measured by ELISA. Treatment with both ATP and the P2Y 12 receptor agonist, 2-methylthio adenosine diphosphate (2MeSADP), caused a transient increase in CD11b expression (EC 50 = 1.2 μM and 187 nM, respectively) and a reduction in process count that reversed within 90 min later. These changes were not accompanied by the release of TNFα. Forskolin, IBMX, and pertussis toxin inhibited these changes, but the PLC inhibitor, U73122, did not. 2MeSAMP blocked the ATP response, while AP4A blocked the 2MeSADP response, implicating P2Y 12/13 . Microglia activation by LPS also caused an increase in CD11b expression and a reduction in process count; however, in contrast to activation by ATP, morphological transformation was accompanied by a concentration-dependent increase in TNFα secretion These data demonstrate that morphological transformation and TNFα release are separable events mediated by different, or non-convergent pathways and that although ATP can initiate morphological changes, additional factors are required to maintain activation over sustained periods.
Energy and momentum conservation theorems for electrostatic simulations

Abstract An energy and momentum conservation theorem is derived for electrostatic particle simulations. These allow verification of how well a code is conserving energy and momentum in the presence of external sources.
Project for integrated development of English-Spanish machine translation

Dans les annees 1982-1986, l'organisation de la sante panamericaine (PAHO), etablie a Washington D.C., s'est consacree a l'elaboration d'un projet de traduction automatique ENGSPAN, qui traduit de l'anglais vers l'espagnol et est dote d'un logiciel de post-edition charge sur un terminal de traitement de textes. L'auteur fait une etude critique de ce systeme en essayant d'en evaluer les performances et d'etablir une liste des secteurs prioritaires qui necessitent une recherche linguistique plus approfondie