cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neoliberalism and the World Bank’s Changing Approach to Health

This chapter places the focus more fully on the World Bank and examines its changing approach to health. I trace the World Bank’s discussions of health in its policy documents, starting in 1980 when the World Bank formally committed to direct involvement in health projects and loans. I discuss criticisms of and the Bank’s response to these critiques of structural adjustment approaches that promote economic growth and often mandate cutbacks in public safety nets. I discuss the seminal 1993 World Development Report on health and the 2004 World Development report on improving services for poor people. I catalog an increasing emphasis in the Bank on outcomes and systems. I trace both continuity and shifts in the World Bank’s work in health, a return to the lost focus on equity in the interest of poverty amelioration and economic growth via investments in human capital, an enduring concern with efficiency, and relatively stable financial commitments to health since the 1990s. This chapter concludes by discussing the Bank’s recent renewed discursive commitment to universalism in health, questioning how and whether it will play out in deed.
Combining a Publish and Subscribe Collaboration Architecture with XQuery Approaches.

Markup languages, representations, schemas, and tools have significantly increased the ability for organizations to share their information. Languages such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML) provide a vehicle for organizations to represent information in a common, machine-interpretable format. Furthermore languages, such as the Document Type Definition Language (DTD) and XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) allow organizations to share the schema and structure of their data. Though these approaches facilitate the collaboration and integration of inter-organizational information, the reality is that the schema languages are reasonably difficult to learn, and automated schema integration (without semantics or ontology mappings) is currently an open problem. We introduce an architecture to facilitate organizational collaboration. In this paper, we introduce such an architecture that combines the push features of the publish/subscribe protocol with distributed registry capabilities. In addition, a Java-based, service-oriented implementation entitled Sharx is described and evaluated.
Animate Protocells from Inanimate Thermal Proteins

Seven thermal protein complexes and the dialyzed products from one of these produced typical protocells (0.1–10 µm in diameter) on their surfaces when moistened with water. Protocells (about 0.5 µm in diameter) were visualized (800–1200x): almost instantly at 60 C; within a few min at 23 C; and, after about 15 min at 4 C. Protocells of about 3.0 µm diameter were observed associated with the thermal protein surfaces: within 30 sec to a few min at 60 C; after 4–10 min at 23 C; and, after 9 hr at 4 C. In all cases, the small protocells were free or in loose aggregates. The large protocells were often: free; linked in chains (filaments) or dendritic structures (5–15 protocells in the branched structures); or, more rarely, multi-linked protocellular clusters (15 or more protocells). This method of observing protocell formation provides opportunities for the study of factors involved in the self-assembly process and in protocell survival (e. g., effects of nutritional requirements for growth, differentiation, and reproduction).
Discrete time H∞ synthesis conditions for LPV filter design

Abstract We are interested in H∞ synthesis conditions for Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) filter design. We prove that an existing class of sufficient conditions for poly-quadratic H∞ filter synthesis is in fact necessary as well. We develop alternative conditions based on a new theory of duality for poly-quadratic Lyapunov functions. We use these results to show how poly-quadratic H∞ state feedback synthesis conditions can be used for poly-quadratic H∞ LPV filter synthesis.
Striving for change: The prevalence and correlates of personality change goals

Abstract This research explores the frequency and correlates of desires to change personality. In two student samples (Ns = 1339 and 447), participants listed personal goals and completed a measure of personality traits. Goals were coded for the expression of a desire to change an aspect of personality. The majority (66.8% and 74.7%) of participants listed at least one personality change goal. Goals were then coded for themes mirroring the poles of the Big Five traits. In both samples, goals to increase Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Emotional Stability were negatively related to levels of the corresponding traits. These findings highlight the prevalence of personality change themes within personal goals and contribute to the emerging literature on volitional personality change.
Pregnancy posting: exploring characteristics of social media posts around pregnancy and user engagement.

Background: Pregnant women use the Internet and social networking sites to meet a variety of pregnancy-related needs as well as to help make decisions regarding their pregnancy and/or parenting. Knowing more about the current landscape of social networking sites as it relates to pregnancy can inform future work that wants to leverage social media for education or support. Methods: Across a 7-day period, we conducted a content analysis of 4 Facebook pregnancy-related groups and 4 Instagram pregnancy-related channels. The posts were coded based on the nature, content, and purpose of each post as well as the number of likes, shares, and comments for each. After establishing inter-rater reliability, univariate statistics were used to describe the nature, characteristics, and popularity of the posts for each group or channel. We then used logistic regressions to predict which characteristics were associated with being popular or unpopular with users. Results: There were 288 eligible posts within the 7-day window. Only a small proportion of the large (182,000 to 2,527,712) amount of followers responded with likes or comments (comments: mean =0.02%, SD =0.04%; likes: mean =0.36%, SD =0.89%). Facebook posts tended to give more general pregnancy-related information or opportunities for personal sharing while Instagram posts often had emotional support themes or posts meant to make pregnancy relatable. Popular posts tended to try to make pregnancy more relatable (OR =4.21, P<0.01) or offer emotional support (OR =4.62, P<0.01), while unpopular posts tended to provide general pregnancy-related information (OR= 2.17, P<0.05). Conclusions: In general, there were clear characteristics that differentiated the two social networking site posts that garner user attention or not. This can inform how to provide health information and social support via social media to maximize its influence. This work suggests which features are desirable for followers and can help those interested in leveraging Instagram and Facebook to provide pregnancy-related health information.
Review of wearable thermoelectric energy harvesting: From body temperature to electronic systems

Abstract Global demand for battery-free metrics and health monitoring devices has urged leading research agencies and their subordinate centers to set human energy harvesting and self-powered wearable technologies as one of their primary research objectives. After an overview of wearables market trends, different active and passive methods of body energy harvesting for powering low-consumption electronic devices are introduced, and challenges of device fabrication are discussed. The discussion continues with the primary emphasis on thermoelectric generators for body heat harvesting. The physiological aspects of the human body involved in heat generation are elaborated. System requirements and the influence of different parameters on the performance of thermoelectric generators are studied at the material, device, and system levels. Finally, the advancements in the development of rigid and flexible thermoelectric generators for wearable and textile integration are presented.
Relationships between multiple dimensions of executive functioning and resting-state networks in adults.

Abstract The current study sought to examine the functional connectivity of resting state networks (RSNs) as they relate to the individual domains of executive functioning (EF). Based on the Unity and Diversity model (Miyake et al., 2000), EF performance was captured using a three-factor model proposed by Karr et al. (2018), which includes inhibition, shifting, and fluency. Publicly available data was used from the Nathan Kline Institute -Rockland project was used. Of the 722 participants who completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), which was used to measure EF performance, 269 of these individuals completed resting state fMRI scans. First, a confirmatory factory analysis replicated Karr et al. (2018) revealing three components: inhibition, shifting and fluency. Next, RSNs were identified across the sample using an Independent Components Analysis (ICA) and was compared to previously established intrinsic connectivity networks (Laird et al., 2011). Finally, dual regression was used to analyze the relationships between the functional connectivity of RSNs and EF performance, which indicated that RSNs were differentially associated with inhibition and shifting. Better inhibition was related to increased connectivity between the left striatum and the attentional control network. Better shifting performance was related to increased connectivity between the pre- and postcentral gyri and the speech and sensorimotor network. These results highlight individual differences within these RSNs that are unique to the literature, as non-EF confounds are mitigated within the current measurements of EF performance.
Odontogenic Infections: Disease Burden During COVID-19 at a Single Institution.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to document the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on patients presenting to the University of Washington Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (UW OMS) with an odontogenic infection. Materials and Methods The investigators designed a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample of 889 subjects who presented for an odontogenic infection from March 19 to June 18 in the years 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. The primary predictor variable was OMS consultation for an odontogenic infection during a non-COVID-19 (2017, 2018, and 2019) year (control) or during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (experimental). The primary outcome variable was treatment rendered. Appropriate univariate and bivariate statistics were computed, and the level of significance was set at .05 for all tests. Results There was no significant difference in the incidence of OMS consults in the 2 cohorts (P > .05). The number of patients presenting to the UW emergency department (ED) for an odontogenic infection decreased from an average of 246 in non-COVID years to 151 in 2020. Patients in the experimental cohort were more likely (55 vs 30.0%; P = .04) to present primarily to UW than a dentist and were less likely to undergo an incision and drainage (70.0 vs 88.8%; P = .04), aerosol-generating procedure (70.0 vs 88.8%; P = .04), and incision and drainage in the ED (15.0 vs 41.3%; P = .03). Conclusions The investigators did not find evidence of increased hospital or ED burden by odontogenic infections during the COVID-19 pandemic.
On the propagation and bifurcation of singular surface shocks under a class of wave equations based on second-sound flux models and logistic growth

Abstract Working in the context of hyperbolic reaction–diffusion–acoustic theory, we present a detailed study of singular surface shock phenomena under two hyperbolic versions of the Fisher–KPP equation, both of which are based on flux laws originally used to describe the phenomenon of second-sound. Employing both analytical and numerical methods, we investigate the propagation, evolution, and qualitative behavior of density shocks, i.e., propagating surfaces across which the density exhibits a jump, under the two models considered. In the process, we identify a class of wave equations with the property that members of the class all exhibit the same shock structure, evolution, and velocity. Lastly, possible follow-on investigations are proposed and applications to other areas of continuum physics are noted.
Narrative Approach to Goals of Care Discussions: Adapting the 3-Act Model Training to an Online Format.

Abstract Context The three-Act Model, a narrative approach to goals of care (GOC) discussions centered on patients’ individual stories, has proven to be effective as measured by objective skill improvement among medical trainees. This study describes the adaptation of the in-person curriculum to a streamlined, online format, in the setting of the Covid19 pandemic. We hypothesized that high levels of skill proficiency and learner satisfaction observed in previous in-person cohorts would be sustained amongst trainees in the online setting. Objective Our primary aim was to assess the skills proficiency of a cohort of internal medicine interns undergoing online training for GOC discussions with the three-Act Model. Our secondary goal was to assess learners’ satisfaction with the prerecorded didactic video and online role plays. Methods Our team used REDCap for the data collection, and as the user-facing hub for learners to access didactic video content and for submitting surveys. We used Zoom to host synchronous discussions and role-play sessions. Trainers used the previously validated Goals of Care Assessment Tool (GCAT) to objectively rate intern proficiency in two role plays each. Results Twenty-one internal medicine interns began the training; 20 completed the training and were assessed using the GCAT. All but one intern who completed the training (19 of 20, 95%) achieved proficiency in leading a GOC discussion as measured objectively using the GCAT. Learner satisfaction was high: 1) 100% of respondents recommended the training to others as a “good” (26.7%) or “outstanding” experience (73.3%); 2) 93.3% were “satisfied” or “very satisfied” using a online, distance-learning format for the prerecorded didactic component; 3) 80% were “satisfied” or “very satisfied” using an online, distance-learning format for the role-play component; and 4) 93.3% were content with the number of role plays. The amount of time dedicated to this training decreased compared to prior years when done in person (six hours) – to four hours and 40 minutes for learners and under four hours for trainers. Conclusion After completing the adapted online three-Act Model training, nearly all learners were scored to be proficient in GOC communication skills and reported high satisfaction with the online curriculum. Achieving high quality more efficiently represents genuine educational value. Further, these online teaching results show that the three-Act Model training can be delivered to geographically distanced learners.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Seizure Outcomes in Pediatric Refractory Epilepsy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective We synthesized evidence for effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as adjuvant therapy in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) by obtaining pooled estimates for seizure outcomes and analyzing their determinants. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched up to July 2019 for original research on VNS in pediatric (≤18 years of age) epilepsy. The primary outcome was 50% responder rate (50% RR), the proportion of patients with ≥50% seizure reduction, at the last reported follow-up. Other outcomes included a 50% RR and proportion of seizure-free patients at additional reported time points. A random-effects meta-analysis with restricted maximum likelihood estimation was performed to obtain pooled effect estimates. Meta-regression using multiple linear models was performed to obtain determinants of seizure outcomes and sources of heterogeneity. Results A total of 101 studies were included. The pooled prevalence estimates for a 50% RR and seizure freedom at last follow-up (mean 2.54 years) were 56.4% (95% confidence intervals [CIs] 52.4, 60.4) and 11.6% (95% CI 9.6, 13.9), respectively. Fewer antiseizure medications (ASMs) tried before VNS and later age at onset of seizures were associated with better seizure outcomes following VNS implantation. An effect of sex distribution of studies on long-term outcomes and a potential publication bias for short-term outcomes were also observed. Conclusion Pooled evidence supports possible effectiveness of VNS in pediatric DRE, although complete seizure freedom is less common. Early referral (fewer trials of ASMs) may be a modifiable factor for desirable seizure outcomes with VNS from a clinical perspective.
Eusebius, Revelation, and Its Place in the New Testament Canon

This article examines Eusebius's treatment of the book of Revelation and its place in the New Testament canon. Puzzled scholars have proposed various interpretations as to why Eusebius placed Revel...
Eine Implementierung von Losgröße 1 nach Industrie-4.0-Prinzipien

Die Synergie von Maschine und IT und die daraus resultierenden Geschaftschancen und -modelle sind Zentralthema von Industrie 4.0, einer Initiative mit Fokus auf dem weiteren Ausbau der fuhrenden Rolle des deutschen Maschinen- und Anlagebaus, die auch hohen Stellenwert im Regierungsprogramm einnimmt. Neben den laufenden Standardisierungsbemuhungen – Voraussetzung fur die herstellerubergreifende Kommunikation – spielen praktische Experimente, realitatsnahe Feldversuche und partnerschaftliche Pilotprojekte eine entscheidende Rolle fur die Annaherung der beiden Welten und insbesondere fur den zielorientierten Einsatz derer Innovationen. Die entscheidende Bedeutung der Software, die als Innovationstreiber des Maschinenbaus gesehen wird, zeigt der vom IBM-Team um die beiden Autoren gebaute Industrie-4.0-Demonstrator auf Basis eines 3D-Druckers am Beispiel des Losgrose-1-Szenarios. Ein Kunde bestellt sein individuelles Produkt uber einen Web-Shop, wodurch ein Produktionsauftrag erstellt wird, der nach Freigabe durch den Verantwortlichen direkt zur Produktion geschickt wird. Dabei werden die Maschinendaten im Kontext des Auftrags auf einem Produktionsleitstand bzw. in einer Augmented Reality App live angezeigt und die gesammelten Daten zwecks tieferer Erkenntnisse bzw. Prognosen analysiert. Flexible vertikale Integration von Maschinen, deren Einbindung in die Geschaftsprozesse uber die gesamte Wertschopfung sowie die aus den Produktionsdaten gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sind einige Industrie-4.0-Szenarien, die sich an diesem Beispiel sehr gut veranschaulichen lassen.
The Politics of Inequality in Russia

This book investigates the relationship between the character of political regimes in Russia's subnational regions and the structure of earnings and income. Based on extensive data from Russian official sources and surveys conducted by the World Bank, the book shows that income inequality is higher in more pluralistic regions. It argues that the relationship between firms and government differs between more democratic and more authoritarian regional regimes. In more democratic regions, business firms and government have more cooperative relations, restraining the power of government over business and encouraging business to invest more, pay more and report more of their wages. Average wages are higher in more democratic regions and poverty is lower, but wage and income inequality are also higher. The book argues that the rising inequality in postcommunist Russia reflects the inability of a weak state to carry out a redistributive social policy.
National Saving and the Twin Deficits: Myth and Reality

That our budget and trade deficits have reduced national saving has been argued widely. But much discussion of saving and deficits is careless of definitions and irrelevant to the economic variables that should concern us. Net foreign investment, the other side of the coin of the trade deficit — or more properly, the current account deficit — is not what it appears to be. And the budget deficit may actually contribute to more national saving, rather than less.
The Growing Interdependence of Sumatra and the United States 1873 to the Present

At a dinner at the Swedish Legation in Washington in early 1874 the American Secretary of State pointed to a map and said, “There is the island of Sumatra, it was offered to us; but we don’t want it: it’s too far off.” 1
Retardation of Crack Propagation for D6AC High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steel in Aqueous Media by Addition of Oxidizing Inhibitors

High-strength, low-alloy, martensitic steels are known to be subject to hydrogen embrittlement. This was demonstrated by measurements of crack-tip pH and localized hydrogen content at the fracture surface, and also by observation of electrochemical behavior of simulated "crevices." The effect of certain oxidizing inhibitors was used to elucidate the mechanisms of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and to retard crack growth. Hydrazine additions reduced the crack growth rate by an order of magnitude for D6AC in aqueous solutions. A 2 percent addition of hyrazine to solutions either with or without chlorides increased K I s c c from 12 (without inhibitor) to 25 ksi√in. (with inhibitor). The critical flaw size varies as the square of K I s c c , so doubling K I s c c is the equivalent of increasing the size of a critical flaw fourfold, which in turn makes more likely its detection non-destructively. Localized hydrogen analyses at various locations on the fracture surface of a D6AC specimen pulled to failure after exposure in hydrazine-inhibited solution (with or without chlorides) showed no hydrogen enrichment of the fracture surface (as compared to the bulk specimen remote from the fracture), hence no hydrogen embrittlement. While sodium dichromate additions also increased K I s c c and reduced the crack-growth rate in chloride-free solutions, they were not effective in 0.1 N sodium chloride solutions. Special electrochemical measurements (with and without chlorides) showed that in the presence of the hydrazine inhibitor, the electrode potential of D6AC at the tip of an advancing corrosion fatigue crack was above (more noble than) the potential of the equilibrium hydrogen electrode. By contrast, the electrode potential at the apex of an advancing corrosion fatigue crack in D6AC exposed in dichromate-inhibited, chloride-containing solution was below (more active than) the potential of the equilibrium hydrogen electrode. Thus dichromate additions did not prevent hydrogen entry into D6AC in chloride solutions.
Maturity and growth of darkblotched rockfish, Sebastes crameri, along the U.S. west coast

Changes in the reproductive biology of fish stocks over time can affect the accuracy of recruitment estimates used by fisheries managers to determine harvest levels. For heavily depleted species, shifts in parameters such as age and size at maturity may occur over a relatively short time period in response to changes in selective pressure or population density. We examined the reproductive biology of darkblotched rockfish (Sebastes crameri), a commercially and ecologically important groundfish in the California Current ecosystem along the west coast of North America. The National Marine Fisheries Service currently lists darkblotched rockfish as “rebuilding” after years of intense overfishing in the 1980s and 1990s. We examined ovaries and age structures collected in 2011 and 2012 for oocyte development stage and maturity. Length and age at 50 % maturity were estimated as 30.0 cm fork length and 6.0 years, respectively, indicating a 12 and 29 % decrease compared to the length and age at 50 % maturity previously reported for this stock based on specimens collected from 1986 to 1987. This reduction increased the estimate of spawning stock biomass in a recent darkblotched rockfish stock assessment. Our study also revealed spatial patterns in darkblotched rockfish maturity along the U.S. west coast, including a notable decrease in the proportion of mature fish encountered south of central Oregon. Our findings demonstrate the importance of periodically updating life history data used in stock assessment models, and also highlight the potential value of spatial management toward sustainable fishing of rockfish species.
Land Use Law Reform: A Judicial And Practical Imperative

The practical lesson learned from a review of New York case law on land use planning is straightforward. Judges will seldom overturn land use regulations when it is obvious, in the structure of the regulatory program, that considerable and comprehensive planning is involved. When judges sustain land use regulations, they routinely find in the regulatory scheme a valid local planning objective that saves the regulation from falling under a property owner's attack. The bases for this judicial reasoning lie the statutory requirement that zoning provisions must be adopted "in accordance with a "comprehensive plan" and the constitutional requirement that land use regulations substantially advance a legitimate public purpose.
Potential insights into non-equilibrium behavior from atomic physics

Abstract This chapter seeks to outline a few basic problems in quantum statistical physics, where recent experimental advances from the atomic physics community offer the hope of dramatic progress. The focus is on nonequilibrium situations, where the powerful concepts and methods of equilibrium statistical physics and “linear response” theory (for small deviations from equilibrium) are not applicable. The problems discussed here are chosen in part because they have a high degree of “universality” or generality across different microscopic situations, as the major challenge in nonequilibrium statistical physics, both quantum and classical, has been to find principles as general as the basic principles of equilibrium statistical physics or linear response.
Extreme Vertebroplasty: Techniques for Treating Difficult Lesions

For most patients, the standard techniques for performing percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) work very well. However, for patients with malignant disease causing severe cortical destruction, the usual techniques may be associated with a high incidence of cement extravasation and complications. Osteoporotic patients presenting with very severe vertebral body compression also represent a treatment challenge. Modification of the usual techniques may provide an alternative that allows better treatment for patients of both these types.
Compositionality as Methodology

A compositional meaning theory is, very roughly, a meaning theory which shows how the meanings of wholes depend upon the meanings of component parts. Compositionality is, for various reasons, often taken to be a desirable trait in a meaning theory, and moreover, a trait which is not always easy to come by. Considerable ink has been spilled in debating whether certain features of English, or other natural languages, obviate the possibility of a compositional semantics for the language
Adsorption of Rb+ and Sr2+ at the orthoclase (001)-solution interface

Abstract Adsorption of Rb + and Sr 2+ at the orthoclase (0 0 1)–solution interface is probed with high-resolution X-ray reflectivity and resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity. Specular X-ray reflectivity data for orthoclase in contact with 0.01 m RbCl solution at pH 5.5 reveal a systematic increase in electron density adjacent to the mineral surface with respect to that observed in contact with de-ionized water (DIW). Quantitative analysis indicates that Rb + adsorbs at a height of 0.83 ± 0.03 A with respect to the bulk K + site with a nominal coverage of 0.72 ± 0.10 ions per surface unit mesh (55.7 A 2 ). These results are consistent with an ion-exchange reaction in which Rb + occupies an inner-sphere adsorption (IS) site. In contrast, X-ray reflectivity data for orthoclase in contact with 0.01 m Sr(NO 3 ) 2 solution at pH 5.3 reveal few significant changes with respect to DIW. Resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity was used to probe Sr 2+ adsorption and to image its vertical distribution. This element-specific measurement reveals that Sr 2+ adsorbs with a total coverage of 0.37 ± 0.02 ions per surface unit mesh, at a substantially larger height (3.28 ± 0.05 A) than found for Rb + , and with a relatively broad density distribution (having a root-mean-square width of 1.88 ± 0.08 A for a single-peak model), implying that Sr 2+ adsorbs primarily as a fully-hydrated outer-sphere (OS), species. Comparison to a two-height model suggests that 13 ± 5% of the adsorbed Sr 2+ may be present as an IS species. This partitioning implies a ∼5 kJ/mol difference in free energy between the IS and OS Sr 2+ on orthoclase. Differences in the partitioning of Sr 2+ between IS and OS species for orthoclase (0 0 1) and muscovite (0 0 1) suggest control by the geometry of the IS adsorption site. Results for the OS distribution are compared to predictions of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation in the strong coupling regime, which predicts an intrinsically narrow vertical diffuse ion distribution; the OS distribution might thus be thought of as the diffuse ion profile in the limit of high surface charge.
Battery cell analysis via changes in the slope of the "as-found" data to identify marginal capacity cells

Battery impedance data follows a predictable pattern over the life of a battery system. The pattern of this data can be used to identify those cells or battery elements that are losing capacity. This system of analysis is applicable to flooded and VRLA cells and battery jars. These patterns are examined, from the as-found data. The battery systems were not equalized prior to the measurement. Included with this paper are charts on the life cycle of VRLA and flooded battery systems. Examples of actual data are shown with load tests performed, after the as-found impedance tests.
Surface delta interaction and electromagnetic transitions in tin and lead isotopes

Electric Quadrupole and Octupole transition rates are calculated in even Pb and Sn isotopes using wavefunctions obtained with a Surface Delta Interaction. Agreement with experimental results is better than in previous calculations which used a Pairing plus Quadrupole (or Octupole) or a Gaussian Interaction.
Attributions to single and shared dwellers as a function of living status and preference

In an impression formation study, single-dwelling college students were judged by their peers to be less socially desirable/active but more personally organized than students sharing an apartment (p<.001). Preference for living alone did not mitigate the stereotype (p<.001); in fact, a significant preference by status interaction (p<.O01) suggested preference for living alone actually exaggerated the impression of social undesirability. Although the stereotype's validity can be questioned, it seems to be reliable. It is suggested that the stereotype has developed as a means of discouraging single dwelling itself rather than discouraging intercourse with single dwellers. Stein (1976) has noted that increasing numbers of individuals are choosing to forego traditional marriage relationships for the "single" alternative. This trend, in turn, is having a tremendous effect upon Americans' living arrangements, as is evidenced by census statistics regarding household composition. In 1974, 90% of all single heads of households lived alone; over 50% of these individuals were under 35 years of age (Glick, 1975). It thus appears that increasing numbers of young Americans are choosing not only a single lifestyle, but a solitary one as well. Stein (1976) suggests that single individuals are typically stereotyped either as "lonely losers" whom no one wishes to
Lithium diffusion in Li4Ti5O12 at high temperatures

Abstract Synthesis of the spinel lithium titanate Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 by an alkoxide-free sol–gel method is described. This method yields highly pure and crystalline Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 samples at relatively low temperature (850 °C) and via short thermal treatment (2 h). 6 Li magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) measurements on these samples were carried out at high magnetic field (21.1 T) and over a wide temperature range (295–680 K). The temperature dependence of the chemical shifts and integral intensities of the three 6 Li resonances demonstrates the migration of lithium ions from the tetrahedral 8 a to the octahedral 16 c sites and the progressive phase transition from a spinel to a defective NaCl-type structure. This defective structure has an increased number of vacancies at the 8 a site, which facilitate lithium diffusion through 16 c → 8 a → 16 c pathways, hence providing an explanation for the reported increase in conductivity at high temperatures. Molecular dynamics simulations of the spinel oxides Li 4+ x Ti 5 O 12 , with 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, were also performed with a potential shell model in the temperature range 300–700 K. The simulations support the conclusions drawn from the NMR measurements and show a significant timescale separation between lithium diffusion through 8 a and 16 c sites and that out of the 16 d sites.
Understanding fire fighting in new product development

MIT Center for Innovation in Product Development under NSF Cooperative Agreement Number EEC-9529140, the Harley-Davidson Motor Company and the Ford Motor Company
Charge-state determination of beam-foil spectral lines

Photoelectric recording of completely separated charge-state beams to give unambiguous and rigorously correct charge-state identifications is described and compared to alternative techniques.
A Mechanical Harmonic Analyzer for Cathode Ray Oscillograms

A mechanical harmonic analyzer is described which will analyze oscillograms obtained from the cathode ray oscillograph when the reference field is sinusoidal. The instrument is adjustable to take care of oscillograms of various sizes. The analyzer can be used also for curves plotted on a uniform base. The particular instrument described was made to analyze up to and including the tenth harmonic.
Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow in Deterministic Lateral Displacement Devices

Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a continuous, flow-based micro-particle separation method. DLD takes advantage of the laminar nature of the fluid flow in microchannels by directing the small particles along the main streamline of the fluid flow, while laterally displacing larger particles along the axis of the micropillar array. When optimally designed, this simple and energy-efficient method allows a high-resolution separation of particle mixtures carried along by the liquid at high velocity. In this paper, a numerical modeling of fluid flow inside of different DLD devices at different Re numbers is performed. A parametric study is conducted to assess the variation of theoretical critical particle size for various DLD devices. Parameters that affect flow velocity distribution, such as shift fraction and tilt angle are studied. Simulation results show that both micropillar shift fraction and the tilt angle significantly affect the velocity profile within the DLD device. A model is presented to describe the critical diameter for a wide range of pillar-diameter-to-gap-size ratios. The possibility of achieving greater throughput, while preserving flow characteristics and therefore particle separation efficiency, is demonstrated.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Urticaria and Autoimmunity: Where Are We Now?

There is considerable debate whether chronic urticaria is an autoimmune disease or whether its features suggestive of autoimmunity are epiphenomena. A plethora of circumstantial evidence suggests that chronic urticaria is an autoimmune disease, but criteria to establish autoimmunity require direct proof and indirect evidence, and these are lacking in chronic urticaria. Current approaches to assessing for autoimmunity in vivo via the autologous serum skin test, and in vitro via either basophil histamine release or the basophil activation test are widely utilized, but the results of these tests have limited impact on prediction of the clinical course and efficacy of treatments. Recent guidelines for diagnosing autoimmune urticaria have been proposed, but further investigation is needed.
Performance Limitations of Compressive Sensing for Millimeter Wave Imaging

The authors present an analysis of compressive sensing (CS) as applied to millimeter wave and optical imaging systems, showing that the technique inherently reduces detection efficiency due to reflection and diffraction effects of the underlying electromagnetics. The results show that single-detector imaging approaches that rely on simultaneous detection of multiple spatial modes (i.e., image pixels) require an electrically large detector to maintain high detection efficiency.
An inhalation procedure to produce tolerance to the behavioral effects of ethanol.

Abstract In male Sprague-Dawley rats the acute effect of ethanol administration (1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 g/kg, IP) on motor coordination was measured by the aerial righting reflex. Ethanol in doses of 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg produced significant impairment of motor coordination with corresponding elevated blood ethanol levels. The rate of ethanol dissappearance from the blood was 0.32±0.03 mg/ml/hr. Functional tolerance to the effect of ethanol on motor coordination and hypnosis (sleep time) was produced in rats by a 24 hr period of exposure to ethanol vapor (28 mg/liter of air) in a chamber. Animals tested 48 hr after the ethanol inhalation period showed less motor impairment from acute ethanol (3.0 g/kg, IP) and other animals exhibited a reduced sleep time from ethanol (4.0 g/kg, IP) when they were compared with controls. The rate of ethanol elimination from the blood was unchanged in ethanol vapor treated animals (0.30±0.01 mg/ml/hr) and air-treated animals (0.33±0.02 mg/ml/hr).
How to develop a competency-based examination blueprint for longitudinal standardized patient clinical skills assessments

Background: Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCEs) with standardized patients (SPs) are commonly used in medical education to assess learners’ clinical skills. However, assessments are often discrete rather than intentionally developmentally sequenced.Aims: We developed an examination blueprint to optimize assessment and feedback to learners with purposeful sequence as a series of longitudinally integrated assessments based on performance milestones. Integrated and progressive clinical skills assessments offer several benefits: assessment of skill development over time, systematic identification of learning needs, data for individualized feedback and learning plans, and baseline reference points for reassessment.Methods: Using a competency-based medical education (CBME) framework, we translated pre-determined competency milestones for medical students’ patient encounters into a four-year SP-based OSCE examination blueprint.Results: Initial evaluation of cases using the blueprint revealed opportunitie...
Obesity: BAI as a new measure of adiposity--throw away your scale?

Protein–calorie malnutrition and obesity are global afflictions for which the main diagnostic measure is the BMI. A new index based on hip circumference—the body adiposity index (BAI)—could overcome BMI limitations as a measure of adiposity and may have value in settings in which weight scales are unavailable.
Simplified technique for placement of a medical-grade adhesive silicone denture liner

Abstract A simplified technique for placement and care of a long-term resilient liner has been described. The procedure can be accomplished in the dental office without an investing or flasking procedure. Finishing is easily accomplished, and the retention of the liner is secure from peeling or separating. Disadvantages include the necessity of having a satisfactory denture border prior to the procedure and the tendency of RTV silicones to develop fungal growth over a period of time without proper care.
Studies of continuum states using angular correlation techniques (II). 24Mg

Abstract A study of the region of excitation energy between 17.5 and 22 MeV has been carried out using angular correlation techniques. Alpha decays of continuum levels populated using the 12 C( 16 O, α) 24 Mg reaction were observed to the ground state and first two excited states of 20 Ne. Double (α-α) and, in some cases, triple (α-α-γ) angular correlation measurements were carried out for levels at E x = 17.60, 17.86, 18.19, 18.56, 19.14, and 21.3 MeV. Branching ratios were determined for all of the above levels plus additional states at E x = 19.37, 20.57 and 20.90 MeV. In most cases spin assignments could not be made from the angular correlations, either because of a strong continuum background or because the groups turned out to consist of more than one level. A search for a direct γ-decay branch of the E x = 21.3 MeV level was carried out; a limit Γ γ /Γ J π = 10 + level at this energy.
Analysis of the Salivary Gland Transcriptome of Frankliniella occidentalis

Saliva is known to play a crucial role in insect feeding behavior and virus transmission. Currently, little is known about the salivary glands and saliva of thrips, despite the fact that Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (the western flower thrips) is a serious pest due to its destructive feeding, wide host range, and transmission of tospoviruses. As a first step towards characterizing thrips salivary gland functions, we sequenced the transcriptome of the primary salivary glands of F. occidentalis using short read sequencing (Illumina) technology. A de novo-assembled transcriptome revealed 31,392 high quality contigs with an average size of 605 bp. A total of 12,166 contigs had significant BLASTx or tBLASTx hits (E≤1.0E−6) to known proteins, whereas a high percentage (61.24%) of contigs had no apparent protein or nucleotide hits. Comparison of the F. occidentalis salivary gland transcriptome (sialotranscriptome) against a published F. occidentalis full body transcriptome assembled from Roche-454 reads revealed several contigs with putative annotations associated with salivary gland functions. KEGG pathway analysis of the sialotranscriptome revealed that the majority (18 out of the top 20 predicted KEGG pathways) of the salivary gland contig sequences match proteins involved in metabolism. We identified several genes likely to be involved in detoxification and inhibition of plant defense responses including aldehyde dehydrogenase, metalloprotease, glucose oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase, and regucalcin. We also identified several genes that may play a role in the extra-oral digestion of plant structural tissues including β-glucosidase and pectin lyase; and the extra-oral digestion of sugars, including α-amylase, maltase, sucrase, and α-glucosidase. This is the first analysis of a sialotranscriptome for any Thysanopteran species and it provides a foundational tool to further our understanding of how thrips interact with their plant hosts and the viruses they transmit.
Temporal dynamics of corticosterone elevation in successive negative contrast

A negative contrast effect in consummatory behavior that occurred when rats were shifted from 32% to 4% sucrose was accompanied by elevations in corticosterone that were measurable at 10 and 20 min but not at 40 min after the second postshift day. No corticosterone elevations were found to accompany contrast at 10 or 15 min after the first postshift day in these experiments nor immediately after the first postshift day in an earlier experiment. The present study also found an anticipatory elevation in plasma corticosterone in shifted animals just before their placement in the apparatus on the second postshift day. These results are discussed in terms of a multistage hypothesis of successive negative contrast. The anticipatory elevation is discussed in terms of uncontrollability and unpredictability of aversive events.
Serine-derivatized gadonanotubes as magnetic nanoprobes for intracellular labeling.

Gadonanotubes (GNTs), which are powerful new T1-weighted MRI contrast agents, were derivatized with serine amino acid substituents to produce water-soluble (2 mg ml−1) ser-gadonanotubes (ser-GNs) as magnetic nanoprobes for intracellular labeling. The ser-GNTs were used to efficiently label MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (1.5 × 109 Gd3+ ions/cell) with no observable cytotoxicity. Cell pellets derived from the ser-GNT labeled cells give bright T1-weighted MR images, confirming that the ser-GNTs are a promising new nanoprobe technology for magnetic cell labeling and possibly for in vivo cellular trafficking. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Observation of Residents in the Emergency Department: A Structured Educational Program

Objectives: The objective was to describe the implementation of a program of structured direct observation of emergency medicine (EM) residents during clinical shifts in the emergency department (ED). Methods: The authors developed a program in which an observer spent 4 to 5 hours with each resident, without intervening in the clinical encounters. A structured data form was developed to document the resident’s performance in a number of defined clinical areas relevant to patient care and mastery of the core competencies. Individual strengths and weaknesses were noted, and the observer provided directed feedback at the end of the session. Results: Over an 18-month period, 32 EM residents were observed during their ED shifts. The sessions not only provided specific information on individual residents’ performances, but also identified areas where the residency program curriculum could be enhanced and provided a means of assessing mastery of the core competencies. In addition, the program provided an opportunity to give detailed and timely directed feedback to residents. Both residents and attending staff found the sessions acceptable and useful. Conclusions: Implementation of a structured direct observation program was feasible and well received and provided insight into the strengths and weaknesses of residents both individually and as a group.
A review of radiation effects in heterojunction bipolar transistors

We present a review of radiation effects studies on heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) in order to develop a framework for qualifying devices for application in the harsh radiation environment of space. Radiation effects in different HBT material systems are considered here, including Si/SiGe, GaAs/AlGaAs, and InP/InGaAs. We discuss the different effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation on device performance and review the strong role that device geometry plays in determining the overall radiation tolerance. We present a new comparison of radiation tolerance in conventional transistors, HBTs, and high electron mobility transistors. Finally, we conclude that with proper design, HBTs are excellent candidates for application in space.
Serving in the Virtual Army: Military Games and the Civil-Military Divide

Over the past two decades, many scholars have reported a deep division between the American military and the civilian population—a division that is partly caused by civilians’ lack of knowledge of the military and its personnel. During this same period, critics of military entertainment have argued that military video games, especially those developed by the Army, are militarizing the American public. This essay provides a brief overview of this new formulation of the fusionist view of military video games. It argues that America's Army, a game produced and distributed by the Army, may help to bridge the civil–military divide.
What, after all, is leadership? ‘Leadership’ and plural action

Abstract The question of what leadership is continues to be an important question to address, despite the many attempts to answer it and the suggestion that these many attempts are similar enough to recommend a standard definition of leadership. This paper addresses what is missed on the definition offered as standard by providing an analysis of ‘leadership’ and plural action.