cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Density of Baryons in the Universe

Now that extragalactic deuterium observations are being made, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) is on the verge of undergoing a transformation. Previously, the emphasis was on demonstrating the concordance of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis model with the abundances of the light isotopes extrapolated back to their primordial values using stellar and Galactic evolution theories. Once the primordial deuterium abundance is converged upon, the nature of the field will shift to using the much more precise primordial D/H to constrain the more flexible stellar and Galactic evolution models (although the question of potential systematic error in 4He abundance determinations remains open). The remarkable success of the theory to date in establishing the concordance has led to the very robust conclusion of BBN regarding the baryon density. The BBN constraints on the cosmological baryon density are reviewed and demonstrate that the bulk of the baryons are dark and also that the bulk of the matter in the universe is non-baryonic. Comparison of baryonic density arguments from Lyman-α clouds, x-ray gas in clusters, and the microwave anisotropy are made and shown to be consistent with the BBN value.
Kauffman Firm Survey: Fifth Follow-Up

The stability of the American economy depends on the spirit of entrepreneurship that drives the creation of new businesses, jobs, and innovations. Yet launching and running a business can involve many challenges, and many efforts fail in their early years. These barriers to success threaten our nation's long term prosperity in an increasingly competitive global economy. A new study aims to help new business owners overcome start-up challenges and build innovative, growing companies.The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation of Kansas City is sponsoring this research to gain a better understanding of how firms grow, strengthen, and mature. Mathematica is conducting a study of new businesses to help the Foundation in its efforts to promote new business development.The Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) is the largest longitudinal study of new businesses ever embarked upon. The panel of businesses was created by using a random sample from Dun & Bradstreet’s (D&B) database list of new businesses started in 2004, which totaled roughly two hundred fifty-thousand such businesses. The KFS oversampled these businesses based on the intensity of research and development employment in the businesses’ primary industries. The KFS sought to create a panel that included new businesses founded by a person or team of people, purchases of existing businesses by a new ownership team, and purchases of franchises. To this end, the KFS excluded D&B records for businesses that were wholly owned subsidiaries of existing businesses, businesses inherited from someone else, and not-for-profit organizations. Also, previous research on new businesses has reported variability in how business founders perceive when their businesses started operations. Therefore, a series of questions were asked of business owners about indicators of business activity and whether these were conducted for the first time in the reference year (2004). These indicators included: Payment of state unemployment (UI) taxes, Payment of Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes, Presence of a legal status for the business, Use of an Employer Identification Number (EIN), Use of Schedule C to report business income on a personal tax return.To be “eligible” for the KFS, at least one of these activities had to have been performed in 2004 and none performed in a prior year. Businesses were excluded if they had an EIN, schedule C income, a legal form, or paid state UI or FICA taxes prior to 2004.
Developing a food allergy curriculum for parents.

To cite this article: Vargas PA, Sicherer SH, Christie L, Keaveny M, Noone S, Watkins D, Carlisle SK, Jones SM, CoFAR. Developing a food allergy curriculum for parents. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2011; 22: 575–582. Abstract Background: Food allergy (FA) is potentially severe and requires intensive education to master allergen avoidance and emergency care. There is evidence suggesting the need for a comprehensive curriculum for food allergic families. Methods: This paper describes the results of focus groups conducted to guide the development of a curriculum for parents of food allergic children. The focus groups were conducted using standard methodology with experienced parents of food allergic children. Results: Participants were parents (n = 36) with experience managing FA recruited from allergy clinics at two academic centers. Topics identified by parents as key for successful management included as expected: (i) early signs/symptoms, (ii) ‘cross-contamination’, (iii) label-reading, (iv) self-injectable epinephrine; and (v) becoming a teacher and advocate. Participants also recommended developing a ‘one page-road map’ to the information, and to provide the information early and be timed according to developmental stages/needs. Suggested first points for curriculum dissemination were emergency rooms, obstetrician and pediatrician offices. Participants also recommended targeting pediatricians, emergency physicians, school personnel, and the community-at-large in educational efforts. Parents often sought FA information from non-medical sources such as the Internet and support groups. These resources were also accessed to find ways to cope with stress. Paradoxically, difficulties gaining access to resources and uncertainty regarding reliability of the information added to the stress experience. Discussion: Based on reports from experienced parents of food allergic children, newly diagnosed parents could benefit from a comprehensive FA management curriculum. Improving access to clear and concise educational materials would likely reduce stress/anxiety and improve quality of life.
An Exploratory Survey of Drivers' Knowledge of Right of Way at Freeway On-ramp Merging Areas

Freeway ramp areas have been identified as accident prone locations. Drivers failing to yield the right of way appear to be a major cause of accidents at entrance ramps. This paper investigates what drivers know about right of way at the freeway merge areas and explores their actions when driving in the vicinity of freeway entrance ramp merge areas. A total of 530 Ohio drivers responded to mail and online surveys that assessed their demographic characteristics, knowledge of right of way and merging practices. Results show that only 69.4% of respondents could correctly identify a vehicle that was merging correctly into the freeway. Most drivers did recognize that the vehicle already on the freeway has the right of way if the entering vehicle is cutting through directly into the freeway main lines. However, when the same vehicle is entering the freeway after using the acceleration lane as required, only 67.5% were able to identify that the vehicle on the main lanes has the right of way. The drivers indicate that two-third of respondents reported acting properly when entering the freeway. Drivers under 26 years of age and those 65 and older reported more incorrect driving actions compared with other age groups. Although males showed significantly higher knowledge on merging, they expressed more incorrect driving actions when driving in the vicinity of freeway ramp merging areas.
The impact of job memory requirements on gang-scheduling performance

Almost all previous research on gang-scheduling has ignored the impact of real job memory requirements on the performance of the policy. This is despite the fact that on parallel supercomputers, because of the problems associated with demand paging, executing jobs are typically allocated enough memory so that their entire address space is memory-resident. In this paper, we examine the impact of job memory requirements on the performance of gang-scheduling policies. We first present an analysis of the memory-usage characteristics of jobs in the production workload on the Cray T3E at the San Diego Supercomputer Center. We also characterize the memory usage of some of the applications that form part of the workload on the LLNL ASCI supercomputer. Next, we examine the issue of long-term scheduling on MPPs, i.e., we study policies for deciding which jobs among a set of competing jobs should be allocated memory and thus should be allowed to execute on the processors of the system. Using trace-driven simulation, we evaluate the impact of using different long-term scheduling policies on the overall performance of Distributed Hierarchical Control (DHC), a gang-scheduling policy that has been studied extensively in the research literature.
Calciphylaxis and vascular calcification: a continuum of extra-skeletal osteogenesis.

Calciphylaxis, more appropriately termed calcific uremic arteriolopathy, is a clinical syndrome of skin necrosis due to medial calcification of the small arterioles. While this disease has been described as a distinct entity, we believe it is but a single manifestation of a complicated systemic process that leads to vascular calcification in both the intimal and medial layers of all forms of arteries in patients with chronic kidney disease. The pathophysiology of vascular calcification includes injury leading to vascular smooth muscle cell de-differentiation to osteoblast-like cells, a nidus "formation" of matrix proteins with and without apoptotic bodies, initiation and extension of mineralization, and a balance of pro-calcification factors and inhibitory calcification factors. The clinical manifestations depend upon the location of the affected artery. The rationale behind this hypothesis is discussed in this review.
Revision of estimates of acoustic energy reflectance at the human eardrum

An improved analysis procedure has been applied to standing wave patterns measured previously [B. W. Lawton and M. R. Stinson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 1003–1009 (1986)] in human ear canals. Revised acoustic energy reflection coefficients, at the eardrum, are obtained for 20 ears for frequencies between 3 and 13 kHz. The new analysis addresses anomalous features of the standing wave patterns, apparent at frequencies above 8 kHz, due primarily to the curvature of the ear canal. Much better agreement is now found, at these higher frequencies, between the theoretical form assumed for the standing wave patterns and the experimental data. The revised values of eardrum reflectance are somewhat smaller, especially for frequencies above 11 kHz. The reflectance rises from about 0.25 at 4 kHz up to 0.7 at 8 kHz, falls to a minimum of 0.5 at 11 kHz, then rises to 0.6 at 13 kHz. Considerable intersubject variability in the results is noted.
Activation of Protein Kinase C Stimulates the Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Guanosine Triphosphatase- Activating Protein Association of P60 in Rat Hepatoma Cells*

In the present studies, insulin was found to stimulate in a rat hepatoma cell line (called FAO cells) the tyrosine phosphorylation of the 60-kilodalton p21ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-associated protein called p60. Surprisingly, the tyrosine phosphorylation of this protein was also almost equally stimulated by an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The tyrosine phosphorylation of p60 induced by either agent correlated with the formation of the GAP-p60 complex in situ and an increase in the ability of p60 to directly bind to the SH2 domain of GAP in vitro. Several lines of evidence indicated that the PMA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p60 occurred through a different mechanism than that induced by insulin. First, the stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of p60 by maximal concentrations of the two agents was almost additive. Second, down-regulation of PKC or pretreatment with a specific inhibitor of PKC abolished the ability of PMA to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of p60 but had no effect on the insulin stimulation. And third, long-term pretreatment with insulin abolished the insulin response but did not affect the response to PMA. The PMA effect did seem to be mediated via a tyrosine kinase, since it was blocked by quercetin, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. These results indicate that both PMA and insulin can equally stimulate in FAO cells the tyrosine phosphorylation of p60 and its association with GAP, although these two agents seem to act via different signaling systems.
Episodic over-distribution: A signature effect of familiarity without recollection

Abstract When recognition probes seem familiar but their presentation cannot be recollected, dual-process models predict that they will be attributed to too many presentation contexts—most dramatically, to multiple contexts that are mutually contradictory. This is the phenomenon of episodic over-distribution. In the conjoint-recognition and process-dissociation paradigms, attributions to two contradictory contexts can be measured: (a) presented and not presented (conjoint recognition) and (b) presented on List 1 only and presented on List 2 only. Consistent with dual-process models but inconsistent with one-process models, analyses of over 100 sets of conjoint-recognition data revealed that attribution of probes to the first contradictory combination was virtually universal. Across the data corpus, 18% of true-memory probes (studied targets) and 13% of false-memory probes (related distractors) were judged to have been both presented and not presented. Likewise, episodic over-distribution was detected in follow-up analyses of process-dissociation data sets, where an average of 39% of target probes were judged to have been presented on List 1 only and to have been presented on List 2 only.
STUDIES IN THE SEROLOGY OF SYPHILIS : VI. THE INDUCTION OF ANTIBODIES TO TISSUE LIPOIDS (A POSITIVE WASSERMANN REACTION) IN NORMAL RABBITS

More than one-half of normal rabbits contain complement-fixing or precipitating antibodies against Wassermann antigens (the alcohol-soluble lipoids of beef, rabbit, and human hearts) by a sufficiently sensitive technique. Normal human sera tested by the same technique are uniformly negative. The intravenous injection of colloidal suspensions of beef and human heart lipoids into rabbits occasionally causes a significant increase in this normal Wassermann (antilipoid) titre. This may indicate a certain degree of antibody response to the lipoids as such; it may be due to the presence in such extracts of traces of foreign protein, which would activate the lipoid haptene into a complete antigen; or it may be a non-specific increase in a normal antibody, not due to a specific antigenic stimulus. Confirming the results of Sachs, Klopstock, and Weil, the addition of normal foreign (human) serum to rabbit, beef, and human heart lipoids makes them antigenic for rabbits. The intravenous injection of such lipoid-serum mixtures usually causes a significant increase in the titre of the complement-fixing and precipitating antibody against tissue lipoids. The precipitate which forms upon the addition of tissue lipoids to human syphilitic serum is by far the most efficient antigen for the production, in rabbits, of antibodies to tissue lipoids which we have as yet encountered. Rabbits injected intravenously with such a precipitate regularly develop a Wassermann titre which is many times higher than either the titre observed in human syphilis, or that induced by the injection of a normal serum-lipoid mixture. The very marked antigenic property of the precipitate as compared with that of a normal serum-lipoid mixture is considered to be due to the fact that it contains a foreign protein firmly bound to the lipoid particles, namely, the human reagin-globulin with which they have combined. This interpretation is supported by the observations (1) that heating at 100°C., which does not affect the lipoid constituent of the precipitate, destroys its antigenic power for rabbits, and (2) that a similar precipitate derived from Wassermann positive rabbit serum instead of syphilitic human serum, and therefore containing tissue lipoid in combination with homologous (rabbit) protein, is completely non-antigenic for rabbits.
Exclusive Breast‐feeding: Does It Have the Potential to Reduce Breast‐feeding Transmission of HIV‐1?

Exclusive breast-feeding is unambiguously the optimal infant feeding practice and is universally promoted in the absence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). It is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality from diarrheal and respiratory diseases. Recent findings suggest that exclusive breast-feeding may pose less risk of HIV-1 transmission than the more common practice of mixed feeding (i.e., breast-feeding concurreptwith the feeding of water, other fluids, and foods), which has important infant feeding policy implications for low-resource settings. This paper reviews the biologic mechanisms associated with exclusive breast-feeding that provide protection against gastrointestinal, respiratory, and atopic diseases, and evaluates the relevance of these mechanisms for HIV-1 transmission. Potential mechanisms include reduction in dietary antigens and enteric pathogens that may maintain integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and limit inflammatory responses of the gut mucosa; promotion of beneficial intestinal microflora that may increase resistance to infection and modulate the infant's immune response; alteration in specific antiviral or anti-inflammatory factors in human milk that may modulate maternal hormonal or immunologic status; and maintenance of mammary epithelial integrity that may reduce viral load in breast milk.
The Horizontal Component of Spicule Motion

In movies of Hα spectra taken with the slit tangential to the solar limb we can observe motion of spicules both parallel to the slit and along the line of sight. We find strong evidence that, although most motion is along the axis of the spicule, some features move at right angles to their axes. Several cases were observed of features separating into two widely-split components. A power spectrum of the changes of Doppler shifts with time shows the 1/frequency characteristics of random motion.
Prescribed burning of thinning slash in regrowth stands of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) following bauxite mining in south-west Australia

Prescribed burning of regrowth jarrah stands established after bauxite mining is key to their integration into standard jarrah forest management, but fire management in thinned regrowth stands has not been studied. Fuel loads in 10- to 13-year-old thinned regrowth increased exponentially with thinning intensity, doubling from 18 t ha–1 in untreated stands (1500–2500 stems ha–1) to 37.4 t ha–1 in the heaviest treatment (400 stems ha–1 retained); however, litter and standing dead vegetation were concentrated within 60 cm of the ground. Intensities of subsequent autumn prescribe-burns increased with increasing fuel loads, but all burns were typically of low to moderate intensity <1800 kW m–1. Three months post-burn, total fuel loads averaged 5 t ha–1, recovering after 4.5 years to 75% of pre-burn levels across all thinning treatments owing mostly to dense understorey regeneration. Where no burning occurred after thinning, total fuel loads declined to be comparable to the unthinned control after 4.5 years, averaging 20 t ha–1. Prescribed burns in autumn following thinning are not recommended because a dense well-aerated and elevated fuel layer is reinstated, posing a future fire risk. Burning 1–2 years before thinning may be an appropriate alternative strategy.
User evaluation of automatically generated semantic hypertext links in a heavily used procedural manual

Abstract This paper is an interim report on our efforts at NIST to construct an information discovery tool through the fusion of hypertext and information retrieval (IR) technologies. The tool works by parsing a contiguous document base into smaller documents and inserting semantic links between these documents using document–document similarity measures based on IR techniques. The focus of the paper is a case study in which domain experts evaluate the utility of the tool in the performance of information discovery tasks on a large, dynamic procedural manual. The results of the case study are discussed, and their implications for the design of large-scale automatic hypertext generation systems are described.
Lateral wall advancement in orbital decompression.

Abstract Treatment of dysthyroid orbitopathy can be enhanced with a modified craniofacial approach using a lateral wall osteotomy, and anterolateral advance ment and osteosynthesis in conjunction with medial and inferior wall orbital decompression. The technique of lateral wall advancement is described, and the results are discussed. While the authors advocate orbital decompression for dysthyroid optic neuropathy, advancement of the lateral orbital wall can easily be performed as an adjunct to the two- or three-wall decompression procedure. Advancement appears to increase the overall decompressive effect by providing a potential space where lateral expansion can occur and by enlarging the bony orbital volume. It also appears to lessen lid retraction and facilitates (and in some cases, obviates) the need for further lid retraction surgery.
Theoretical study on the high-pressure phase transformation in ZnSe.

The high-pressure phase transition in ZnSe has been examined with full-potential linear augmented plane wave and numerical atomic orbital band structure calculations within the local-density approximation. An ambient pressure, ZnSe is a direct band gap semiconductor with the zinc-blende structure. Under compression, the direct band gap at \ensuremath{\Gamma} increases and eventually is replaced by the indirect gap at X. At about 15 GPa, the zinc-blende structure becomes unstable and transforms into the rock salt structure, which is metallic in nature. Theoretical results fully substantiate the recent experimental observation of the metallization of ZnSe at pressures higher than 13 GPa.
PKS 0736+017: A Striking Optical Flare and Intriguing Microvariability

The compact, flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 0736+017 was monitored for microvariability on 10 nights in early 2002 using the 0.9 m SARA telescope on Kitt Peak in Arizona. On January 14, PKS 0736+017 flared dramatically, brightening by 1.3 R mag in 2 hours. Prior to the flare, PKS 0736+017 exhibited quasi-periodic variations. During and after the flare, more complex oscillations occurred. Impressive variability was displayed on two additional nights in January, while observations during the following 3 months found PKS 0736+017 to be fairly quiescent. PKS 0736+017 was somewhat redder while brighter and fading than when dimmer but flaring. During flaring or fading episodes, the color remained approximately constant. Thus, it appears that for these observations, color is related more to the nature of the variation than it is to the brightness level.
Health and Safety in the Early Childhood Classroom: Guidelines for Curriculum Development.

(2006). Health and Safety in the Early Childhood Classroom Guidelines for Curriculum Development. Childhood Education: Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 132-138.
Error comparison in tracked anduntracked spherical simulations

This paper follows our earlier work on axisymmetric flows [1-4] where algorithms, theories, experiments, simulations, applications, and validations were presented. Here we study the effectiveness and efficiency of explicit front tracking by comparing the L"1-error for spherical shock refraction simulations with and without tracking. We find that front tracking reduces the level of mesh refinement needed to achieve a specified error tolerance by a significant factor compared to corresponding methods without tracking, thus substantially reducing the computational time as well as memory usage for simulations with contacts or material interfaces.
A fascinating tail: cGMP activation of aquaporin-1 ion channels

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is a member of the diverse major intrinsic protein family of water and solute channels. AQP1 is known as an osmotic water channel in kidney, brain, vascular system and other tissues, and recently has been demonstrated to function as a cation channel gated by cGMP. Electrophysiology and binding assays implicate direct cGMP binding in the AQP1 C-terminus and sequence similarities with cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels support the idea that the AQP1 C-terminus mediates ion channel activation. In this article, new data show that the AQP1 C-terminus also exhibits homology, at key residues, with the substrate-selectivity subdomain of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Distinct pathways for fluxes of water and ions in the tetrameric AQP1 channel indicate an intriguing multifunctional capacity. The physiological role of AQP1 in transmembrane signaling remains to be elucidated for these channels expressed in native tissues.
Selfless or Selfish? Generativity and Narcissism as Components of Legacy

Erikson’s concept of generativity, or caring for the next generation, acknowledges the presence of narcissism or any type of self-preoccupation as potentially negative. However, other theories articulate generativity as including features of self-involvement, such as a drive for symbolic immortality (McAdams and de St. Aubin J Pers Soc Psychol 62(6):1003–1015. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1003 , 1992). Recent empirical research also supports this view by identifying generativity and narcissism as both incorporating the beneficial components of agency and communion (Frimer et al. J Pers Soc Psychol 101(1):149–163. doi: 10.1037/a0023780 , 2011; Gebauer et al. J Pers Soc Psychol 103(3):854–878. doi: 10.1037/a0029629 , 2012). Moreover, creating a legacy—something left behind when one dies—entails levels of both generativity and narcissism; thus, in the presence of generativity, narcissism may be seen as positive rather than negative. The current study examined generativity and narcissism, and their association with legacy, which was coded from midlife adults’ narratives concerning the future (age 55–58; N = 155). The findings indicated that a combination of high generativity and high narcissism was associated with the highest level of composite legacy, one in which both self and other are implicated. Results are discussed in light of the potentially positive outcomes of narcissism and its synergistic properties for legacy creation when combined with generativity.
Diffusion and reaction in biofilms

In the development of models for diffusion and reaction in biofilms, one often begins with the assumption that the biofilm is a continuum. This approach leads to equations for which the domain of validity is not clearly defined, and it provides no theoretical foundation for the prediction of the effective coefficients that appear in the postulated equations. In this paper we treat the intracellular phase and the extracellular phase as continua and use the method of volume averaging to develop the spatially smoothed transport equations for diffusion and reaction in biofilms. This allows us to identify three regimes in which the spatially smoothed transport equations take on special forms. The first of these is the one-equation model that is valid when the principle of local mass equilibrium is satisfied; the second is the two-equation model that is not constrained by the principle of local mass equilibrium; and the third is a pseudo one-equation model. The latter occurs when the reaction in the intracellular phase can be treated as instantaneous. Constraints that identify the domain of validity of these three models are given.
An ultrastructural stereological analysis of the aortic body chief cell of adult rabbits.

The chief cells of the aortic body (subclavian body) of adult New Zealand white rabbits were examined by ultrastructural stereological analysis. The chief cell nuclei occupy 26.5% of the total volume. Dense-core vesicles account for 16.5% of the cytoplasmic volume, followed by mitochondria (11.6%), endoplasmic reticulum (3.3%), and Golgi apparatus (0.6%). The dense-core vesicles measure approximately 131.6nm in diameter (corrected) and exhibit a heterogeneous size distribution. Both perivascular adrenergic nerve terminals and presumptive afferent terminals presynaptic to the chief cells are observed. The mean synaptic vesicle size of the terminals adjacent to chief cells is 54 nm. The heterogeneous size distribution of the dense-core vesicles of chief cells may indicate the storage of different biogenic amines and/or different secretion or maturation states within the chief cells.
Sustainable solutions for dynamic bargaining problems

Abstract This paper investigates the dynamic bargaining problem in which players have to agree on a time path of actions. The axiomatic approach for such problems may yield a solution which is not sustainable. For every given partition of the time interval however, we can construct a sustainable solution.
Dissolution of Fe2O3 and FeO Pellets in Bath Smelting Slags

The rate of the dissolution of hematite and wustite pellets in bath smelting type slags was investigated at 1723 K. The rates were measured by the change in their diameter and the rate of gas evolution from the pellet. The diameter of the pellets, as a function of time, was obtained from recorded X-ray radiograph pictures. For unstirred slags it was found that the rate of the dissolution of hematite pellets was faster than that of wustite pellets due to gas evolution from the hematite pellets which increases heat and mass transfer. The rate of the dissolution of wustite and hematite pellets were much faster in slags stirred with argon and, in this case, wustite dissolved faster. The rate of gas evolution during the dissolution of hematite with an inert gas over the slag was also measured by using a mass flowmeter. The rate of gas evolution was also determined under different CO-CO2 gas mixtures by analyzing the off gas with a mass spectrometer. It was found that the amount of oxygen evolved increases with decreasing the CO2/CO ratio. From the experimental results the heat transfer coefficient for the present conditions was estimated. These values were extrapolated to the actual operating conditions of a bath smelter and the melting time and the amount of undissolved pellets at the steady state in the slag were calculated. It was estimated that the pellets melt in less than 10 sec and the fraction of unmelted pellets, in the slag in a typical practice, is less than 1% of the volume of the slag. The rate of production in a bath smelter depends on the amounts of Fe2+ and Fe3+ resulting from the dissolution of the pellets. The present results indicate that for Fe2O3 pellets the rate of iron production will be about 25% less than for FeO.
Insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme and amyloid-β peptide in Alzheimer's disease: review and hypothesis

Clinical and epidemiological studies have found that type 2 diabetes, and hyperinsulinaemia, increased the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the elderly. The link between hyperinsulinaemia and AD may be insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). This enzyme degrades both insulin and amylin, peptides related to the pathology of type 2 diabetes, along with amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta), a short peptide found in excess in the AD brain. We review the current evidence, which suggests that hyperinsulinaemia may elevate Abeta through insulin's competition with Abeta for IDE. Genetic studies have also shown that IDE gene variations are associated with the clinical symptoms of AD as well as the risk of type 2 diabetes. The deficiency of IDE can be caused by genetic variation or by the diversion of IDE from the metabolism of Abeta to the metabolism of insulin. It is intriguing to notice that both hyperinsulinaemia and IDE gene variations are related to the risk of AD when the Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) allele, the major risk factor of late-onset AD, is not present. Further studies of the role of IDE in the pathogenesis of AD, which may uncover potential treatment target, are much needed.
b-morphs between b-compatible curves in the plane

We define b-compatibility for planar curves and propose three ball morphing techniques (b-morphs) between pairs of b-compatible curves. B-morphs use the automatic ball-map correspondence, proposed by Chazal et al. [12], from which they derive vertex trajectories (Linear, Circular, Parabolic). All are symmetric, meeting both curves with the same angle, which is a right angle for the Circular and Parabolic. We provide simple constructions for these b-morphs using the maximal disks in the finite region bounded by the two curves. We compare the b-morphs to each other and to other simple morphs (Linear Interpolation (LI), Closest Projection (CP), Curvature Interpolation (CI), Laplace Blending (LB), Heat Propagation (HP)) using seven measures of quality deficiency (travel distance, distortion, stretch, local acceleration, surface area, average curvature, maximal curvature). We conclude that the ratios of these measures depends heavily on the test case, especially for LI, CI, and LB, which compute correspondence from a uniform geodesic parameterization. Nevertheless, we found that the Linear b-morph has consistently the shortest travel distance and that the Circular b-morph has the least amount of distortion.
Deletion 1q43 encompassing only CHRM3 in a patient with autistic disorder.

Abstract Deletions on the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 1 result in complex and highly variable clinical phenotypes which include intellectual disability, autism, seizures, microcephaly/craniofacial dysmorphology, corpus callosal agenesis/hypogenesis, cardiac and genital anomalies, hand and foot abnormalities and short stature. Genotype-phenotype correlation reported a minimum region of 2 Mb at 1q43-q44. We report on a 3 ½ year old male patient diagnosed with autistic disorder who has social withdrawal, eating problems, repetitive stereotypic behaviors including self-injurious head banging and hair pulling, and no seizures, anxiety, or mood swings. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) showed an interstitial deletion of 473 kb at 1q43 region (239,412,391–239,885,394; NCBI build37/hg19) harboring only CHRM3 (Acetylcholine Receptor, Muscarinic, 3; OMIM: 118494). Recently, another case with a de novo interstitial deletion of 911 kb at 1q43 encompassing three genes including CHRM3 was reported. The M3 muscarinic receptor influences a multitude of central and peripheral nervous system processes via its interaction with acetylcholine and may be an important modulator of behavior, learning and memory. We propose CHRM3 as a candidate gene responsible for our patient's specific phenotype as well as the overlapping phenotypic features of other patients with 1q43 or 1q43-q44 deletions.
A world more concrete: real estate and the remaking of Jim Crow South Florida

In A World More Concrete: Real Estate and the Remaking of Jim Crow South Florida, Connolly selects housing and real estate in Miami, Florida over the past several decades to expose the several synd...
Ligandin reverses bilirubin inhibition of liver mitochondrial respiration in vitro.

Extract: Ligandin, an abundant cytoplasmic binding protein of bilirubin and other ligands in liver cells, completely prevented the inhibitory effect of bilirubin on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation by isolated rat liver mitochondria. At equimolar concentrations of bilirubin and ligandin or human serum albumin, mitochondrial respiration was fully restored to control values. At greater ratios of bilirubin and ligandin or human serum albumin, the latter had a stronger protective effect. These studies suggest that ligandin may have a physiologic role in protecting mitochondrial systems against bilirubin toxicity. Speculation: Some organs, such as liver, kidney, and intestine, transport various organic anions such as bilirubin and possess a soluble binding protein (ligandin) for protection of intracellular organelles. Other organs, such as the brain, lack this protective mechanism and, therefore, are more susceptible to toxicity as, for example, from bilirubin (kernicterus).
The production of distinct forms of plasminogen activator by mouse embryonic cells.

Abstract We have examined cultured parietal endoderm, visceral endoderm, and extraembryonic mesoderm cells from the mouse embryo for production of the protease plasminogen activator. All of these cell types synthesize and secrete the enzyme, but the molecular characteristics of the plasminogen activators differ as defined by the apparent molecular weight in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, the antigenic properties as defined by two antisera to distinct plasminogen activators, and the interaction with an inhibitor present in fetal bovine serum. The parietal endoderm plasminogen activator has a predominant molecular weight of 79,000, is immunoprecipitated and inhibited by an antiserum raised against a human melanoma plasminogen activator, but not by an antiserum against mouse urokinase, and is only partially inhibited by the serum inhibitor. The visceral endoderm and extraembryonic mesoderm plasminogen activators, which are identical by all criteria, have molecular weights of 48,000, are inactivated only by the anti-urokinase antibodies, and are inhibited by an inhibitor in fetal bovine serum. These results establish the presence of at least two different forms of plasminogen activator in the early mouse embryo. The distinctive nature of the enzyme produced by parietal endoderm can be used as a diagnostic marker for this cell type at this stage of development. When F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells are induced to differentiate by retinoic acid and dibutyryl cAMP, they secrete a plasminogen activator of the parietal endoderm type.
Necessary and sufficient conditions and the Riemann hypothesis

The purpose of this paper is (1) to investigate several necessary and sufficient conditions for a real entire function to have only real zeros and to apply these conditions to the Riemann f) := 8/Dm@( t)cos( xt) dt are real, where and where a(t) := 2 a,(t)
κ-Bungarotoxin blockade of nicotine electrophysiological actions in cerebellar Purkinje neurons

Abstract The agonistic actions of nicotine in cerebellum were selectively blocked by κ-bungarotoxin depending on the cell type studied. Nicotine-induced Purkinje cell inhibitions were antagonized by the simultaneous application of this toxin. In contrast, nicotine-induced cerebellar interneuron excitations were unaltered. These findings suggest that κ-bungarotoxin may be used as a selective pharmacological tool for the study of nicotine actions which are dependent on ganglionic-like receptors, which have been associated with Purkinje cells in previous studies.
Literature, "In-House" Writers, and Processes of Success in Publishing

Frank de Glas discusses in his article, "Literature, 'In-House' Writers, and Processes of Success in Publishing," the fact that too many studies of twentieth-century publishing practices concentrate on individual case studies while neglecting more general patterns and that too little use is made of theoretical concepts developed in the sociology of cultural production. He argues that one of the contributing elements in the economic and artistic success of a publishing house is the bringing together of a productive group of "in-house authors." To build up and to maintain such a group, publishers steadily launch new authors who they hope will become productive writers associated with their publishing house. There is little systemic and empirical knowledge, however, of the extent of how and to what degree such publishers succeed. The present article presents empirical research -based on explicit theoretical and methodological argumentation -into the literary careers of Dutch-language writers of literary fiction in the period of 1961 to 1965. The results of the study increase our insight into general tendencies in the productivity of authors and their commitment, or lack of it, to particular publishers in The Netherlands. Frank de Glas, "Literature, 'In-House' Writers, and Processes of Success in Publishing" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 1.4 (1999):
The activation defect of a lambda cI positive control mutant.

"Positive control" mutants of the cI protein of bacteriophage lambda (lambda cI) bind DNA but, unlike the wild-type protein, fail to activate transcription. According to the original interpretation of Ptashne and co-workers, these mutants bear amino acid substitutions that disrupt a stimulatory interaction between lambda cI bound at operator site O(R)2 and RNA polymerase bound at promoter P(RM), an idea supported by kinetic analysis in one case. Genetic analysis has suggested that one residue in particular, glutamate 34 (E34), is critical for the stimulatory effect of wild-type lambda cI. More recently, however, Kolkhof and Muller-Hill have challenged this view, suggesting that mutant E34K fails to activate because it binds at unusually low concentrations to O(R)3, a site that mediates repression of P(RM). To test this hypothesis, we have examined the behaviour of the lambda cI-E34K mutant both in vitro and in vivo by assaying transcription from P(RM) and monitoring operator site occupancy over a range of protein concentrations. Our results are inconsistent with the interpretation of Kolkhof and Muller-Hill, and demonstrate that under conditions where lambda operator O(R)2 is fully occupied and operator O(R)3 is vacant, wild-type lambda cI activates transcription from promoter P(RM) whereas the mutant does not.
Reactions between Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocycles: Covalent and Proton-Bound Dimer Cations of Benzene/Pyridine

Despite the fact that benzene (Bz) and pyridine (Py) are probably the most common and extensively studied organic molecules, the observation of a covalent adduct in the ionized benzene/pyridine system has never been reported. This Article reports the first experimental and theoretical evidence of a covalent (Bz · Py) + adduct that results from the reaction of Bz + with pyridine or Py + with benzene. These reactions are studied using mass-selected ion mobility, chemical reactivity, collisional dissociation, and ab initio calculations. The (Bz · Py) + adduct does not exchange ligands with Bz to form Bz2 + or with Py to form (Py)2H + despite the strong bonds in these homodimers. The thermochemistry then suggests that the (Bz · Py) + heterodimer is bonded covalently with a bonding energy of >33 kcal/mol. Correspondingly, ab initio calculations identify covalently bonded propeller-shaped isomers of (Bz · Py) + with bonding energies of 31-38 kcal/mol, containing a C-N bond. The mobility of the (Bz · Py) + adduct in helium is consistent with these covalent dimers. As to noncovalent adducts, the computations identify novel distonic hydrogen- bonded complexes (C5H5NH + · C6H5  ) where the charge resides on one component (PyH + ), while the radical site resides on the other component (C6H5  ). Collisional dissociation suggests that the covalent and distonic dimers may interconvert at high energies. The most stable distonic (C5H5NH + · C6H5  ) complex contains a hydrogen bond to the phenyl radical carbon site with a calculated dissociation energy of 16.6 kcal/mol. This bond is somewhat stronger than the NH + · π hydrogen bonds of PyH + to the π system of the phenyl radical and of the benzene molecule. For this NH + · π bond in the PyH + · Bz dimer, the measured binding energy is 13.4 kcal/mol, and ab initio calculations identify two T-shaped isomers with the NH + pointing to the center of the benzene ring or to the negatively charged C atoms of the ring. In contrast, the more stable proton-bound PyH + · Py dimer contains a linear NH + ··· N hydrogen bond. The formation of the (benzene/pyridine) + adduct may represent a general class of addition reactions that can form complex heterocyclic species in ionizing environments.
Gaussian functional regression for linear partial differential equations

United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Grant FA9550-11-1-0141 and FA9550-12-0357)
Bandwidth-limited laser image projection using a DMD-based beam shaper

A digital micromirror device (DMD) laser beam shaper was implemented for projecting spatial bandwidth-limited laser images with precisely controlled intensity. A telescope images the binary DMD pattern with an adjustable pinhole low-pass filter that controls the system bandwidth and converts the binary pixelated image back to grayscale. Images with arbitrary but bandwidth-limited spatial frequency content are formed. System performance was evaluated by examining the spatial frequency response in terms of RMS intensity error by generating sinusoidal-flattop beam profiles with different spatial periods. This system evaluation was used as a reference to predict the error level of arbitrary output beam profiles. In addition, we demonstrated band-limited laser image projection for different spatial bandwidths using a grayscale image superimposed on a flattop laser beam profile. Optimized system bandwidth was simulated by considering the tradeoff between image precision and spatial resolution. Experimental results demonstrated that the RMS error of output beam profiles was consistent with the system evaluation reference. The major residual error in the output beam profile came from the sharp-edged pinhole low-pass filter. Error histograms had a Gaussian distribution with mean value of zero and standard deviation equal to the value of the RMS error. We plan to apply this technique to generate programmable optical trap shapes in ultracold atom experiments.
The Politics of Market Socialism

The debate over market socialism has ignored the importance of the assumptions about the objectives of politicians in determining resource allocation. Theory and evidence suggest that totalitarian socialism does not lead to efficient resource allocation because dictators do not maximize social welfare. But democratic governments have political objectives different from social welfare as well. The authors argue that because these governments command greater resources (have more control rights) under socialism, democratic socialism (even if it could exist) is a less efficient system than democratic capitalism. Thus the political case against market socialism is even stronger than the economic case.
Fast Numerical Computation of 2D Free Surface Jet Flow with Surface Tension

A system of partial differential equations that approximate the governing equations for inviscid free surface flow subject to surface tension is presented. The approximation is based on linearizing the velocity together with a small scale approximation of the perturbation of the velocity. Two Dirichlet problems must be solved to form the approximate system, after which it can be evolved without solving Dirichlet problems. The accuracy of the solution is determined by how often the velocity term is linearized. This time-interval is called ?T. We show that the error in the solution of the approximate system at a fixed timeTis of the order O(?T2). We demonstrate numerically that the error is closely correlated to the size of the normal velocity and that there is a stability limit of the form ?T?C/(|un|∞)?, whereundenotes the normal velocity of the free surface and ? ? 2.6. Importantly,Cis independent of the resolution, so the time-step ?Tcan be chosen independently of the number of grid points,N. This is in contrast to the original system, where the stability limit of the time-step is ?t? O(N?3/2) and a fixed number of Dirichlet problems have to be solved per time-step. By numerical experiments, we demonstrate that the approximate system requires less than 10% of the CPU time used by the original system to solve the problem very accurately.