cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A histologic study of the effect of irradiation on adenocarcinoma of the endometrium

T HE use of irradiation in the therapy of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium has attracted widespread attention. The early results of radium therapy in this disease were not encouraging, due perhaps to the fact that inadequate dosage and distribution were used. The recurrence of symptoms in the presence of active tumor after irradiation map occur only after long intervals so that hastily drawn conclusions as to the effectiveness of the irradiation are unjustified. Sccordingly, long periods of time must, elapse after therapy before result,s can be assessed and as yet very few reports satisfy this requirement. Numerous preliminary reports are available in the literature regarding the effectiveness of radium or radon alone. Especially notable are the reports from the Radiumhemmet in Stockholm. In this country more attention has been directed toward the combination of irradiation and surgery. in the hope of improving the cure rates obtainable by surg:cr;(’ alone. Another factor contributing to the increased use of radiotherapy has been the need for some form of at least palliative therapy in those patients who are unsuitable for the surgical attack either because of known extension of the tumor or because of the presence of some contraindication to surgery such as diabetes, heart disease, or obesity. Most of the evaluation of radium t,herapy has been on the basis of clinical results in terms of fiveor ten-year cure rates, or in increase in survival rates, and little attention has been paid to the correlat,ion of these result,s wit,h histologic findings. X-ray irradiation has also been used in the treatment of this disease. In some instances this has been used alone and in others in conjunction with radium irradiation. A third group has been treated b)a combination of x-radiation and surgical therapy. Again study has been directed toward clinical cure and survival rates among patients subjected to t,hese types of therapy, as compared with those treated by surger)alone. Reports dealing with the presence of viable carcinoma cells in operative specimens are extremely few.
Metadata engineering for corporate portals using XML

Careful analysis and preparation is required in order to prepare for XML-based delivery of data via Corporate Portals. This process is refereed to as Metadata Engineering. This presentation describes the use of the metadata model to guide the metadata engineering as a precursor to metadata implementation in preparation for XML-based delivery.
Comparisons between nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) populations in Brazil and the United States

We compared characteristics of a population of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) studied in the soulhem Uniled States with a population found in the Atlanlic coastal rainforest of Brazil. Adult armadillos in Brazil weighed less than Ihose in Ihe U.S., but when weight was accounted for, did not differ in: other measures of body size. However, juveniles in Ihe U.S. were proportionately bigger!han Ihose in Brazil. Armadillos in Brazil were less abundant (numbers sighted per h of observation) and were active laler al night .!han Ihose in the U.S. Adult sex-ratios were male-biased in bolh populations: Finally, there was no significant difference in Ihe incidence of litterrnate associations observed in Ihe two populations, but groups of juveniles (which included non-Iitterrnates) were observed more frequently in tbe U.S. Many of these differences may be due 10 the fact that armadillos are hunted extensively in Brazil but not in the United States.
Potential benefits and risks of increased aid flows to Burundi

Burundi has experienced a significant increase in aid flows in recent years. Currently, about half of the budget is funded by aid, mostly grants. The high external assistance has, however, not yet translated into high and sustainable growth rates. This paper analyzes (i) the policy response of the government to the aid surge and its impact on macroeconomic variables; and (ii) the allocation of external assistance and its implications for growth. Since not all aid affects economic development in the same way, aid disbursements are disaggregated by sector as well as by their lag in impacting growth. The analysis shows that Burundi has mostly spent and absorbed increased aid flows, but has until now not suffered significantly from the possible negative effects of an appreciating exchange rate and the related loss of competitiveness, but the possibility of a Dutch disease effect remains a risk. The countrys low growth performance, despite high aid inflows, is not necessarily a sign that aid is ineffective or exceeding Burundis absorptive capacity. It reflects that a large share of aid has been allocated to either humanitarian and emergency aid or long-run growth enhancing sectors. Therefore, the lagged impact of aid on economic growth is not yet visible. Furthermore, the composition of the domestically financed budget is biased toward recurrent spending, and therefore not directly growth enhancing. In addition, low and often unpredictable aid disbursement ratios aggravate the bias away from investment and toward government consumption. To boost short-term growth, the share of aid allocated to productive sectors, such as agriculture and the supporting infrastructure, needs to be increased. Firm commitments and timely disbursements of aid by donors are essential and the Government of Burundi needs to strengthen its capacity and mechanisms for donor coordination.
Representation of vector fields

A simple proof is given for the explicit formula which allows one to recover a \(C^2\) – smooth vector field \(A=A(x)\) in \(\mathbb{R}^3\), decaying at infinity, from the knowledge of its \(\nabla \times A\) and \(\nabla \cdot A\). The representation of \(A\) as a sum of the gradient field and a divergence-free vector fields is derived from this formula. Similar results are obtained for a vector field in a bounded \(C^2\) - smooth domain.
Self-organized clustering of square objects by multiple robots

Object clustering is a widely studied task in which self-organized robots form piles from dispersed objects. Although central clusters are usually desired, workspace boundaries can cause perimeter cluster formation to dominate. This research demonstrates successful clustering of square boxes --an especially challenging instance since flat edges exacerbate adhesion to boundaries-- using simpler robots than previous published research. Our solution consists of two novel behaviors, Twisting and Digging, which exploit the objects' geometry to pry boxes free from boundaries. We empirically explored the significance of different divisions of labor by measuring the spatial distribution of robots and the system performance. Data from over 40 hours of physical robot experiments show that different divisions of labor have distinct features, e.g., one is reliable while another is especially efficient.
The EVN Galactic Plane Survey – EGaPS

I present a catalogue of the positions and correlated flux densities of 109 compact extragalactic radio sources in the Galactic plane determined from an analysis of a 48-h Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) experiment at 22 GHz with the European VLBI Network. The median position uncertainty is 9 mas. The correlated flux densities of the detected sources are in the range of 2-300 mJy. In addition to the target sources, nine water masers have been detected, of which two are new. I derived the positions of the masers with an accuracy of 30-200 mas and determined the velocities of the maser components and their correlated flux densities. The catalogue and the supporting material are available at http://astrogeo.org/egaps.
Concentration and moment inequalities for polynomials of independent random variables

In this work we design a general method for proving moment inequalities for polynomials of independent random variables. Our method works for a wide range of random variables including Gaussian, Boolean, exponential, Poisson and many others. We apply our method to derive general concentration inequalities for polynomials of independent random variables. We show that our method implies concentration inequalities for some previously open problems, e.g. permanent of random symmetric matrices. We show that our concentration inequality is stronger than the well-known concentration inequality due to Kim and Vu [29]. The main advantage of our method in comparison with the existing ones is a wide range of random variables we can handle and bounds for previously intractable regimes of high degree polynomials and small expectations. On the negative side we show that even for boolean random variables each term in our concentration inequality is tight.
RF-synchronized imaging for particle and photon beam characterizations

The usefulness of imaging electro-optics for rf-driven accelerators can be enhanced by synchronizing the instruments to the system fundamental frequency or an appropriate subharmonic. This step allows one to obtain micropulse bunch length and phase during a series of linac bunches or storage ring passes. Several examples now exist of the use of synchroscan and dual-sweep streak cameras and/or image dissector tubes to assess micropulse scale phenomena (10 to 30 ps) during linac and storage ring operations in the U.S., Japan, and Europe. As space permits, selections will be presented from the list of phase stability phenomena on photoelectric injectors, micropulse bunch length during a macropulse, micropulse elongation effects, transverse Wakefield effects within a micropulse, and submicropulse phenomena on a stored beam. Potential applications to the subsystems of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) will be briefly addressed. >
Factoring the characteristic polynomial of a lattice

We introduce a new method for showing that the roots of the characteristic polynomial of certain finite lattices are all nonnegative integers. This method is based on the notion of a quotient of a poset which will be developed to explain this factorization. Our main theorem will give two simple conditions under which the characteristic polynomial factors with nonnegative integer roots. We will see that Stanley's Supersolvability Theorem is a corollary of this result. Additionally, we will prove a theorem which gives three conditions equivalent to factorization. To our knowledge, all other theorems in this area only give conditions which imply factorization. This theorem will be used to connect the generating function for increasing spanning forests of a graph to its chromatic polynomial. We finish by mentioning some other applications of quotients of posets as well as some open questions.
Bladder calculi in children who perform clean intermittent catheterization.

Objective To examine the role of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) as a possible predisposing risk factor for bladder calculi, assessing risk factors in patients with and without bladder augmentation, and to evaluate management options for bladder calculi in these patients. Patients and methods The records of 403 patients who were using a regimen of CIC between January 1981 and March 1998 were reviewed to identify those forming bladder calculi; stones were diagnosed in 28 patients. The patients were categorized as: group 1, patients with no bladder augmentation who catheterized urethrally (227, group 1a) or via a Mitrofanoff conduit (18, group 1b); group 2, patients with augmented bladders who catheterized urethrally (100, group 2a) or via a Mitrofanoff conduit (58, group 2b). The incidence of bladder calculi in each group was determined and compared statistically where applicable. The success of the treatment options for stone management was reviewed. Results Bladder calculi developed in 5% of patients in group 1a, 8% in group 2a, 11% in group 1b, and 10% in group 2b; the incidence of calculi was not significantly different among the groups. Of these patients, 18 (64%) were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis and significant bacteriuria was found in 23 (88%). Difficulty in catheterizing either the Mitrofanoff conduit or the native urethra was reported in 14 (50%) of these patients. Calculi were more often solitary (71%) and typically composed of struvite or apatite. Calculi were managed by open cystolithotomy in 15 patients (54%) and endoscopically in 13 (46%). Stones recurred in nine patients (32%) after treatment, comprising four of six patients treated endoscopically with electrohydraulic lithotripsy and in five of 15 after open cystolithotomy. The mean interval to recurrence was 22.8 months. Conclusion These results suggest that patients on a regimen of CIC are at risk of developing bladder calculi but the incidence of calculi is not influenced by bladder augmentation. The presence of a Mitrofanoff conduit was associated with a slightly increased incidence of calculus formation. Open cystolithotomy was associated with a lower stone recurrence rate but there were too few patients to draw definitive conclusions.
A surprisingly mild and versatile method for palladium-catalyzed Suzuki cross-couplings of aryl chlorides in the presence of a triarylphosphine

In the presence of new air-stable triarylphosphine 2, palladium-catalyzed Suzuki reactions of a wide array of aryl chlorides can be accomplished in uniformly good yield, including couplings of very sterically demanding and electronically deactivated substrates; activated aryl chlorides can be coupled at room temperature. In terms of scope and mildness, Pd–2 compares well with other catalyst systems that have been described for Suzuki reactions of aryl chlorides, thereby establishing that triarylphosphines should be regarded as fertile ground for future ligand-design efforts for palladium-catalyzed couplings of aryl chlorides.
Self-regulated black hole growth via momentum deposition in galaxy merger simulations

We perform hydrodynamical simulations of major galaxy mergers using new methods for calculating the growth of massive black holes (BH) in galactic nuclei and their impact on the surrounding galaxy. We model BH growth by including a subgrid model for accretion produced by angular momentum transport on unresolved scales. The impact of the BH's radiation on surrounding gas is approximated by depositing momentum into the ambient gas, which produces an outward force away from the BH. We argue that these phenomenological models for BH growth and feedback better approximate the interaction between the BH and dense gas in galaxies than previous models. We show that this physics leads to self-regulated BH growth: during the peak of activity, the accretion rate on to the BH is largely determined by the physics of BH feedback, not the subgrid accretion model. The BH significantly modifies the gas dynamics in the galactic nucleus (≲300 pc), but does not generate large-scale galactic outflows. Integrated over an entire galaxy merger, BH feedback has little effect on the total number of stars formed, but is crucial for setting the BH’s mass.
Minimalist model of ice microphysics in mixed-phase stratiform clouds

[1] The question of whether persistent ice crystal precipitation from supercooled layer clouds can be explained by time-dependent, stochastic ice nucleation is explored using an approximate, analytical model and a large-eddy simulation (LES) cloud model. The updraft velocity in the cloud defines an accumulation zone, where small ice particles cannot fall out until they are large enough, which will increase the residence time of ice particles in the cloud. Ice particles reach a quasi-steady state between growth by vapor deposition and fall speed at cloud base. The analytical model predicts that ice water content (wi) has a 2.5 power-law relationship with ice number concentration (ni). wi and ni from a LES cloud model with stochastic ice nucleation confirm the 2.5 power-law relationship, and initial indications of the scaling law are observed in data from the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign. The prefactor of the power law is proportional to the ice nucleation rate and therefore provides a quantitative link to observations of ice microphysical properties.
Synthesis of the macrocyclic core of sanglifehrin A

The synthesis of the macrocyclic core of sanglifehrin A, a newly discovered natural product, is described.
Intrinsic germanium detector used in borehole sonde for uranium exploration

Abstract A borehole sonde (∼1.7 m long; 7.3 cm diameter) using a 200 mm 2 planar intrinsic germanium detector, mounted in a cryostat cooled by removable canistersof frozen propane, has been constructed and tested. The sonde is especially useful in measuring X- and low-energy gamma-ray spectra (40–400 keV). Laboratory tests in an artificial borehole facility indicate its potential for in-situ uranium analyses in boreholes irrespective of the state of equilibrium in the uranium series. Both natural gamma-ray and neutron-activation gamma-ray spectra have been measured with the sonde. Although the neutron-activation technique yields greater sensitivity, improvements being made in the resolution and efficiency of intrinsic germanium detectors suggest that it will soon be possible to use a similar sonde in the passive mode for measurement of uranium in a borehole down to about 0.1% with acceptable accuracy. Using a similar detector and neutron activation, the sonde can be used to measure uranium down to 0.01%.
What Does It Take to Explain Procyclical Productivity

Labor productivity comoves strongly with output, leads output and employment, and is only weakly correlated with employment. Procyclical productivity is observed in virtually all countries and industries, and it is observed even in periods of fluctuations due to pure demand shocks, such as during the Great Depression and the second World War. This paper shows that a standard RBC model driven by demand shocks alone is able to explain procyclical productivity without the need to resort to technology shocks or increasing returns to scale. The key element is labor hoarding due to adjustment cost of labor. It is also shown that the observed cross-country differences in productivity cycles can be rationalized by a single parameter alone - the size of the adjustment cost of labor.
Conversion of Polarization State to Visible Color by Anisotropic Plasmonic Cross Antenna Arrays

We demonstrate a plasmonic device that maps the polarization state of light to visible color. Simulations and experiments confirm that varying the illuminating polarization results in marked differences in the chromaticity of the transmitted light.
Neuropsychological Functioning in the Acute and Remitted States of Late-Life Depression

Late-life depression (LLD, major depression occurring in an adult 60 years or older) is a common condition that frequently presents with cognitive impairment. Up to half of individuals with LLD are estimated to have cognitive impairment greater than that of age- and education-matched comparators, with impairments of episodic memory, speed of information processing, executive functioning, and visuospatial ability being most common. To inform our understanding of the state- versus trait-effects of depression on neuropsychological functioning, and to overcome limitations of previous studies, we utilized baseline data from the longitudinal Pathways study to compare differences in single time point performance on a broad-based neuropsychological battery across three diagnostic groups of older adults, each comprised of unique participants (n = 438): currently depressed (n = 120), previously depressed but currently euthymic (n = 190), and never-depressed (n = 128). Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that participants with a history of depression (currently or previously depressed) performed significantly worse than never-depressed participants on most tests of global cognition, as well as on tests of episodic memory, attention and processing speed, verbal ability, and visuospatial ability; in general, differences were most pronounced within the domain of attention and processing speed. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not observe differences in executive performance between the two depression groups, suggesting that certain aspects of executive functioning are "trait deficits" associated with LLD. These findings are in general agreement with the existing literature, and represent an enhancement in methodological rigor over previous studies given the cross-sectional approach that avoids practice effects on test performance.
The ASCA X-Ray Spectrum of Arp 102B and Evaluation of Simple Models for Its Associated, Metastable Fe II Absorber

We have observed the broad-line radio galaxy Arp 102B with ASCA in order to determine the absorbing column density toward its X-ray source and measure its X-ray spectrum. The ultimate goal was to constrain the properties of the medium responsible for the metastable Fe II absorption lines observed in the ultraviolet spectrum of this object. The 0.5-10 keV X-ray spectrum is best described by a simple power-law model of photon index 1.58 ± 0.04 modified by photoelectric absorption with an equivalent hydrogen column density of (2.8 ± 0.3) × 1021 cm-2. An Fe Kα line is not detected with an upper limit to its equivalent width of 200 eV, assuming that its FWHM is 60,000 km s-1. Using the column density measured from the X-ray spectrum and the observed spectral energy distribution as constraints, we explore simple (single-zone, constant-density) photoionization models for the absorber for a wide range of densities and ionization parameters in an effort to reproduce the strengths of the ultraviolet absorption lines. We find that densities of at least 1011 cm-3 are needed. However, a single ionization parameter cannot explain all of the observed lines. An ionization parameter between 10-2.5 and 10-3.5 is needed to explain the Mg and Fe lines and the soft X-ray absorption, but the observed lines from Si, C, Al, and H require different density-ionization parameter combinations. According to the models, such an absorbing medium must be located very close to the source of ionizing radiation (within 5000 gravitational radii) and must be very compact. As such, the properties of this absorbing medium differ from those of more luminous quasars but are reminiscent of the absorber in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. We suggest that the absorber is in the form of thin sheets or filaments embedded in an outflowing wind that overlays the accretion disk of Arp 102B. This picture is consistent with all of the available constraints on the central engine of this object. In an appendix, we present the X-ray spectrum of the source MS 1718.6+4902, which happened to fall within the field of view of the ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter and the ASCA Gas Imaging Spectrometer during the observations of Arp 102B.
New predictions for neutrino telescope event rates

Recent measurements of the small-x deep-inelastic regime at HERA translate to new expectations for the neutrino-nucleon cross section at ultrahigh energies. We present event rates for large underground neutrino telescopes based on the new cross section for a variety of models of neutrino production in Active Galactic Nuclei, and we compare these rates with earlier cross section calculations.
Bismuth(III) Chloride Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Enynes

Several simple bismuth(III) salts were screened for the suitability to catalyze the cycloisomerization of enynes. Among them, BiCl3 gave the best results. Under the optimized reaction conditions, eight substrates were studied, and acceptable to excellent isolated yields were obtained. Consistent with data in the literature, electron-deficient alkynes were found to be better substrates for the reaction than electron-rich ones. Because BiCl3 is readily available, inexpensive and environmentally benign, this soft Lewis acid catalyzed isomerization reaction is expected to be a good choice for organic chemists to prepare pyrrolidine derivatives.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Achievements in uranium alkyl chemistry: celebrating sixty years of synthetic pursuits

Organouranium complexes containing uranium–carbon σ-bonds have been highly sought after since the initial exploration of these complexes during the 1950s. Since this time, a variety of uranium starting materials have been developed and alkylating reagents used in order to generate such species. Trivalent uranium alkyl compounds have recently moved past using the bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl ligand with the use of larger ancillary hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands. The uranium(IV) congeners are dominated by cyclopentadienyl ligands, but recent developments have shown that amides, alkoxides, and phosphines are also suitable ligand frameworks for supporting such species. A family of uranium(IV) alkyls formed via cyclometallation and neutral homoleptics have also been described. Highly reactive uranium(V) and (VI) alkyl complexes have recently been synthesized at low temperatures. The representative studies highlighted herein have helped to pioneer the field of organouranium alkyl chemistry.
Theoretical Band Structure Analysis on Possible High-Z Detector Materials

Theoretical energy band structure calculations have been utilized to investigate several high-Z materials for potential use as ambient temperature radiation detectors. Using the pseudopotential technique, the band structure for HgI2 has been determined and the effective masses of the holes and electrons have been estimated. Theoretical mobilities of the electrons and holes as a function of temperature have been computed for HgI2 and CdTe and are compared to experimental data.
CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH PROPER MOTION OBJECTS FROM THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER ∗

We present an analysis of high proper motion objects that we have found in a recent study and in this work with multi-epoch astrometry from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Using photometry and proper motions from the Two Micron All-Sky Survey and WISE, we have identified the members of this sample that are likely to be late-type, nearby, or metal-poor. We have performed optical and near-infrared spectroscopy on 41 objects, from which we measure spectral types that range from M4-T2.5. This sample includes 11 blue L dwarfs and 5 subdwarfs; the latter were also classified as such in the recent study by Kirkpatrick and coworkers. Based on their spectral types and photometry, several of our spectroscopic targets may have distances of <20 pc with the closest at ~12 pc. The tangential velocities implied by the spectrophotometric distances and proper motions indicate that four of the five subdwarfs are probably members of the Galactic halo while several other objects, including the early-T dwarf WISE J210529.08–623558.7, may belong to the thick disk.
State Variation in the Delivery of Comprehensive Services for Medicaid Beneficiaries with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder require a range of services and supports. This descriptive study used 2007 Medicaid claims data from 21 states and the District of Columbia to examine the extent to which this population received guideline-concordant medications, medication monitoring, outpatient mental health care, and preventive physical health care. More than 80 % of beneficiaries in each state filled at least one prescription for a guideline-concordant medication during the year but, on average, only 57 % of those with schizophrenia and 45 % of those with bipolar disorder maintained a continuous supply of medications. Roughly 25 % did not have an outpatient mental health visit during the year (excluding case management and some other services); in some states more than half did not have such a visit. Only 11 % of beneficiaries received a physical health examination or health behavior counseling when claims codes were used to identify these services rather than all primary care physician visits. Less than 5 % of beneficiaries maintained their supply of medications, received medication monitoring and had an outpatient mental health visit, physical health examination or received health behavior counseling during the year. Although these rates of service utilization are likely conservative and the data predate recent efforts to integrate care, the findings underscore the need for quality improvement efforts targeted to this population and may provide a baseline for monitoring progress.
An Improved Synthesis of 4-Cycloheptene-1-Carboxylic Acid

Abstract Modification of the method of Stork and Landesman (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 5129) permitted the synthesis of the title acid (1) in 58% yield from a cyclopentanone enamine. Acid 1 is a useful intermediate for the preparation of 4-substituted cycloheptenes in good yields.
Practical silyl protection of ribonucleosides.

Herein we report the site-selective silylation of the ribonucelosides. The method enables a simple and efficient procedure for accessing suitably protected monomers for automated RNA synthesis. Switching to the opposite enantiomer of the catalyst allows for the selective silylation of the 3′-hydroxyl, which could be used in the synthesis of unnatural RNA or for the analoging of ribonucelosides. Lastly, the procedure was extended to ribavirin a potent antiviral therapeutic.
A simplified method for elastic-plastic-creep structural analysis

A simplified inelastic analysis computer program (ANSYPM) was developed for predicting the stress-strain history at the critical location of a thermomechanically cycled structure from an elastic solution. The program uses an iterative and incremental procedure to estimate the plastic strains from the material stress-strain properties and a plasticity hardening model. Creep effects are calculated on the basis of stress relaxation at constant strain, creep at constant stress or a combination of stress relaxation and creep accumulation. The simplified method was exercised on a number of problems involving uniaxial and multiaxial loading, isothermal and nonisothermal conditions, dwell times at various points in the cycles, different materials and kinematic hardening. Good agreement was found between these analytical results and nonlinear finite element solutions for these problems. The simplified analysis program used less than 1 percent of the CPU time required for a nonlinear finite element analysis.
Preparation of the 14-membered l,l-cycloisodityrosine subunit of RP 66453

Abstract The synthesis of the reversed 14-membered l , l -cycloisodityrosine 9 constituting an appropriately functionalized BC ring system of RP 66453 is detailed.
The chemistry and utility of hexafluoroisobutylene (HFIB) and hexafluoroisobutylene oxide (HFIBO)

Abstract Hexafluoroisobutylene (HFIB) and hexafluoroisobutylene oxide (HFIBO) are versatile and commercially available partially fluorinated intermediates that can be used to prepare derivatives for photo- and micro-lithography, pharmaceuticals, catalysts, electroluminescent devices, surfactants, and fluoropolymers. Both HFIB and HFIBO undergo a wide range of addition and polymerization reactions. HFIB also undergoes oxidation, reduction, and insertion reactions. HFIB has been studied for its potential as a foam blowing agent, a refrigerant, and a fire suppression agent. This first comprehensive review of HFIB and HFIBO includes both the synthetic preparations and reactions of these materials, which are receiving an increasing amount of research attention in a wide variety of applications and uses.
Status quo bias, multiple priors and uncertainty aversion

Motivated by the extensive evidence about the relevance of status quo bias both in experiments and in real markets, we study this phenomenon from a decision-theoretic prospective, focusing on the case of preferences under uncertainty. We develop an axiomatic framework that takes as a primitive the preferences of an agent for each possible status quo option, and provide a characterization according to which the agent considers a full-dimensional set of possible priors and abandons her status quo option only if she finds an alternative that returns a higher expected utility for each of these priors. We then show that, in this framework, the very presence of a status quo induces the agent to be more uncertainty averse than she would be without a status quo option.
Kinematic properties and stellar populations of faint early-type galaxies - I. Velocity dispersion measurements of central Coma galaxies

We present velocity dispersion measurements for 69 faint early-type galaxies in the core of the Coma cluster, spanning -22.0 ≤ M R ≤ -17.5 mag. We examine the L-a relation for our sample and compare it to that of bright elliptical galaxies (Es) from the literature. The distribution of the the faint early-type galaxies in the L-a plane follows the relation L α σ 2.01±0.36 , which is significantly shallower from L α σ 4 as defined for the bright Es. While increased rotational support for fainter early-type galaxies could account for some of the difference in slope, we show that it cannot explain it. We also investigate the colour-a relation for our Coma galaxies. Using the scatter in this relation, we constrain the range of galaxy ages as a function of their formation epoch for different formation scenarios. Assuming a strong coordination in the formation epoch of faint early-type systems in Coma, we find that most had to be formed at least 6 Gyr ago and over a short 1-Gyr period.
A comparison of male rat and human urinary proteins: Implications for human resistance to hyaline droplet nephropathy

Abstract α 2u -Globulin (αG), the major urinary protein of sexually mature male rats, is a key determinant of susceptibility to hyaline droplet nephropathy (HDN) induced by a variety of hydrocarbons in male rats. Arguments against extrapolating renal toxicity and carcinogenicity data for HDN-inducing toxicants from male rats to risk assessment for humans rely on the observation that humans do not express αG. Yet, human serum and urine are known to contain proteins coded for by the same gene family that also controls αG synthesis in the rat. Therefore, to understand some of the quantitative and qualitative differences between proteins of human and male rat urine which confer apparent resistance to HDN in humans, urinary proteins of male F344 rats (ca. 3 months old) and normal human males were compared by cation exchange, gel filtration, SDS-PAGE, and partially identified by Western blotting. We observed that (1) the protein content of human urine is only 1% that of male rat urine; (2) human urinary proteins, recovered by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation followed by dialysis, are primarily of high (≥75 kDa) molecular weight (MW) with minor components of 12–66 kDa; (3) male rat urine has little high-MW protein, but is rich in αG (18.5 kDa); (4) at pH 5, the most cationic fraction of human urinary protein constituted only about 4% of the total while the analogous fraction of rat urine, containing αG, contained 26% of total urinary protein; and (5) cationic (at pH 5.0) human urinary proteins included small amounts of proteins, e.g., α 1 -acid glycoprotein, and α 1 -microglobulin, which are products of the gene family coding for αG in rat. Thus, although humans excrete trace amounts of proteins similar to αG, the very low protein content of human urine, the relatively small proportion of cationic to total proteins, and the high MW of the most abundant human urinary proteins form a biological basis for suggesting that humans are not at risk for the type of fuel and solvent hydrocarbon-induced nephropathy, and the sequelae of such nephropathy, observed in male rats.
ON THE ZAPPA-SZÉP PRODUCT

Abstract The Zappa-Szep product of a pair of groups generalizes the semidirect product in that neither factor is assumed to be normal in the result. We extend the applicability of the Zappa-Szep product to multiplicative structures more general than groups with emphasis on categories and monoids. We also explore the preservation of various properties of the multiplication under the Zappa-Szep product.
Computer experiments related to chemical propulsion.

I. Introduction T HE use of high-speed computers has played an increasingly important role in the analysis of problems relating to chemical propulsion. In many cases the computer is merely used for the straightforward evaluation of the analytical expressions resulting from theoretical analysis; however, in an increasing number of problems the computer has played a central and indispensable role, being used as an apparatus to test theoretical models of the phenomenon under study. The use of such "computer experiments'7 to study problems related to chemical propulsion forms the subject of the present survey. It is proposed that a computer experiment be defined as a theoretical analysis in which the use of the computer plays the central role in evaluating the consequences of the mathematical model of the physical phenomenon or process being studied. All such experiments involve first a formulation of the problem, second the development of a numerical scheme for solving the equations describing the process in question, then the actual computations, which would generally be impossible without modern high-speed computers, and finally an evaluation and interpretation of the results. The boundary between what can be classed as a computer experiment and a straightforward calculation will be somewhat arbitrary. Computer experiments take several different forms. In certain cases the physics of the problem is completely understood; however, the mathematical equations describing the phenomenon in question are intractable to analytical solution without the use of severe assumptions. Then high-speed computers are used to numerically evaluate the consequences of the equations. The calculations, made by Fromm 1 and others, of viscous flows over obstacles, and resulting in movies of the computed flow solutions, provide an outstanding example of this type of experiment. In other problems the detailed physics or the value of key physical constants may be uncertain. Thus, for example, reaction rate constant values needed to compute nonequilibrium gas flows may be known only to an accuracy of several orders of magnitude. Such problems are sometimes approached by developing a mathematical model that includes all possible factors of importance. Computer experiments or extensive calculations are then made to establish which factors are important, and which can be ignored. Duff's2 calculations of detonation structure which were carried out for several possible values of the key reaction rate constant provide an early example of this type of experiment.
Magnetic Resonance Nephrourography: Current and Developing Techniques

MR nephrourography (MRNU) makes it possible to obtain structural and functional data within a single imaging examination without using ionizing radiation. The functional data available with MRNU allows renal physiology to be examined in ways that were not possible previously. Coupled with the exquisite soft-tissue contrast provided by standard MR images, MRNU can provide a comprehensive study that yields critical diagnostic information on structural diseases of the kidneys and collecting system, including congenital and acquired diseases, and also on the full range of the causes of dysfunction in the transplanted kidney.
A concise presentation of ITL

ITL (Intensional Terminological Language) is a Prolog-based language derived from our previous work on DRL. Like LOGIN, it improves the expressive adequacy of Prolog by the introduction of a separate theory, which represents the sortal structure of the domain. This theory is linked to the object theory by a simple form of order-sorted unification. Differently from LOGIN, however, ITL sorts are not complex structures similar to KLONE concepts. The reason is that ITL is not based on generic descriptions: roles (we call them attributes) are represented as independent concepts, which contribute to the structure of more complex concepts through separate statements expressing necessary conditions, sufficient conditions or structural constraints. The result is a fine-grained terminological language, whose syntax resembles in some way OMEGA. Yet, differently from OMEGA, this language does not have the full power of first order logic. It has however an intensional semantics, which we consider as an important characteristic of terminological knowledge. In this paper we briefly discuss the rationale behind ITL, and present its major characteristics.
Robust Mechanical Design Using Engineering Models

This paper examines how engineering models can be used to develop robust designs-designs that can tolerate variation. Variation is defined in terms of tolerances which bracket the expected deviation of model variables and/or parameters. Several methods for robust design are discussed. The method of transmitted variation is explained in detail and illustrated on a linkage design problem and a check valve design problem.
Synthesis of (2R,3S)-methyl-2-fluoro-3-(N-benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoate : modified side chain of taxol

Abstract Methyl-2-fluoro-3-(N-benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoate 2 and 3 , fluorine analogs of the C-13 side chain of taxol, were synthesized by electrophilic fluorination of the dianion of methyl ( R )-(−)-(N-benzoyl)-3-amino-3-phenylpropanoale ( 4 ).
Assessing the impact of US ethanol on fossil fuel markets: A structural VAR approach ☆

Abstract Despite the growing importance of biofuels, the effect of biofuels on fossil fuel markets is not fully understood. We develop a joint structural Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model of the global crude oil, US gasoline, and US ethanol markets to examine whether the US ethanol market has had any impact on global oil markets. The structural VAR approach provides a unique method for decomposing price and quantity data into demand and supply shocks, allowing us to estimate the distinct dynamic effects of ethanol demand and supply shocks on the real prices of crude oil and US gasoline. Ethanol demand in the US is driven mainly by government support in the form of tax credits and blending mandates. Shocks to ethanol demand therefore reflect changes in policy more than any other factor. In contrast, ethanol supply shocks are driven by changes in feedstock prices. A principle finding is that a policy-driven ethanol demand expansion causes a statistically significant decline in real crude oil prices, while an ethanol supply expansion does not have a statistically significant impact on real oil prices. This suggests that even though US ethanol market is small, the influence of US biofuels policy on the crude oil market is pervasive. We also show that ethanol demand shocks are more important than ethanol supply shocks in explaining the fluctuation of real prices of crude oil and US gasoline.
Instability of [60]fullerene anions in dichloromethane: a synthetic avenue to C60>(CH2)n methanofullerenes

The trianion of C60 reacts readily with the commonly used electrochemical solvent dichloromethane to form methanofullerenes of the type C60>(CH2)n, signaling a cautionary warning against the use of this solvent for electrochemical studies of fullerenes and opening up a new synthetic avenue for these adducts.
On the quantum moduli space of M-theory compactifications

Abstract We study the moduli space of M-theories compactified on G 2 manifolds which are asymptotic to a cone over quotients of S 3 × S 3 . We show that the moduli space is composed of several components, each of which interpolates smoothly among various classical limits corresponding to low energy gauge theories with a given number of massless U (1) factors. Each component smoothly interpolates among supersymmetric gauge theories with different gauge groups.
Spectral Connectivity Analysis

Spectral kernel methods are techniques for mapping data into a coordinate system that efficiently reveals the geometric structure—in particular, the “connectivity”—of the data. These methods depend on tuning parameters. We analyze the dependence of the method on these tuning parameters. We focus on one particular technique—diffusion maps—but our analysis can be used for other spectral methods as well. We identify the key population quantities, we define an appropriate risk function for analyzing the estimators, and we explain how these methods relate to classical kernel smoothing. We also show that, in some cases, fast rates of convergence are possible even in high dimensions. The Appendix of the article is available online as supplementary materials.
Adolescents With Negative Pregnancy Test Results: An Accessible At-Risk Group

Objective. —To estimate nationally what percentage of young women receive negative pregnancy test results before becoming pregnant, to explore their fertility and test histories, and to estimate the potential for intervention at the time of a negative test result. Design. —A cross-sectional study in which young women presenting to clinics for pregnancy tests were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire before test results were known that explored prior pregnancy tests, pregnancies, sexual and contraceptive histories, and childbearing attitudes. Setting. —Fifty-two clinics including hospital, health department, Planned Parenthood, and independent facilities. Participants. —A total of 2926 patients aged 17 years or younger requesting pregnancy tests at presentation. Results. —Among young women who had ever conceived, 34.2% had a prior negative pregnancy test result and 24.4% had a prior negative test result at a clinic. Almost three of five of the adolescent girls, including both those who had and those who had not conceived, received a negative test result at a clinic before they ever became pregnant. By the age of 14 years, the probability of a negative test result was substantially greater than the chance of a positive test. Many presented for tests even though they were quite certain that they were not pregnant. Conclusions. —Adolescent girls with a negative pregnancy test result may be an appropriate target group for intervention. One fourth of adolescent girls who have a negative pregnancy test may be identified by the health care system on that occasion in time to prevent early childbearing. ( JAMA . 1996;275:113-117)