cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of fluoride supplementation from birth on dental caries and fluorosis in teenaged children

Abstract In a previous study of 7–12-yr-old children, we found that ingestion of F supplements from shortly after birth (0.5 mg/day to the age of 3 yr and 1 mg/day thereafter) resulted in marked caries prevention and in high prevalence of enamel fluorosis. We re-examined available subjects (35 in the F supplement group and 16 in the control group) at the age of 12–17 yr. The mean caries score of the F supplement group was still distinctly lower than that of the control group. The mean fluorosis score of the F group was lower at the second than at the first examination; thus it appears that enamel fluorosis of the very mild and mild degrees may fade to some extent with time, possibly due to continued mineralization or to abrasion. The most pronounced fluorosis was generally observed on maxillary central incisors and premolars. No severe fluorosis with discolouring or pitting of the enamel was seen. Because of the limited number of subjects available for re-examination, the findings should be considered tentative pending corroborative evidence.
HIF-1α and p53 Promote Hypoxia-Induced Delayed Neuronal Death in Models of CNS Ischemia

Brain ischemia is a cause of substantial morbidity and mortality during the later decades of life. In light of this, many studies have used in vitro and in vivo models of acute necrosis to test candidate therapeutic agents. More recently, the existence of a genetically programmed component of ischemic death has become widely accepted. We have used molecular genetic approaches to investigate the potential link between hypoxia-induced gene transcription and the delayed death of ischemic neurons. Hypoxia-induced gene expression is an evolutionarily conserved response comprising both transcriptional activation and posttranscriptional and posttranslational stabilization events. Members of the PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors have been shown to regulate hypoxic transcripts in nonneuronal cultured lines. However, evidence for ischemic activation of PAS proteins within the neuronal compartment or possible involvement in neuronal death is lacking. The tumor-suppressor protein p53 is a known transcriptional activator within the central nervous system that is clearly involved in the pathologic response to ischemia. This article will provide data that implicate the coordinate activities of p53 and the PAS protein HIF-1alpha in driving ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death. Background regarding mechanisms of ischemic neuronal death will also be provided with special attention paid to the role of de novo gene expression in promoting this pathologic sequence. The identification of the HIF-1alpha/p53-mediated signaling pathway in neurons highlights a novel target toward which anti-ischemic neuroprotective drug discovery can be applied.
An Inner-Shelf Wave Forecasting System for the U.S. Pacific Northwest

AbstractAn operational inner-shelf wave forecasting system was implemented for the Oregon and southwest Washington coast in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW). High-resolution wave forecasts are useful for navigational planning, identifying wave energy resources, providing information for site-specific coastal flood models, and having an informed recreational beach user group, among other things. This forecasting model is run once a day at 1200 UTC producing 84-h forecasts. A series of nested grids with increasing resolution shoreward are implemented to achieve a 30-arc-second resolution at the shelf level. This resolution is significantly higher than what the current operational models produce, thus improving the ability to quantify the alongshore variations of wave conditions on the PNW coast. Normalized root-mean-squared errors in significant wave height and mean wave period range from 0.13 to 0.24 and from 0.13 to 0.26, respectively. Visualization of the forecasts is made available online and is present...
Rapid detection of oleander poisoning by Dimension Vista digoxin assay (Flex Reagent Cartridge)

Oleander poisoning can be detected by digoxin immunoassays and for last two decades the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) has been used for rapid detection of oleander poisoning in clinical laboratories. Recently, Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) discontinued this assay. Therefore, we explored the possibility of using another digoxin assay (Dimension Vista Flex Reagent Cartridge, Tina Quant, EMIT 2000 and old FPIA assay for comparison) for rapid detection of oleander poisoning. When aliquots of drug-free serum pools were supplemented with pure oleandrin or oleander extract, we observed the highest apparent digoxin values using Dimension Vista digoxin assay (Flex Reagent Cartridge). We also observed significant apparent digoxin values in vivo in sera of mice both 1 and 2 hr after feeding with oleander extract. When a serum pool prepared from patients taking digoxin was further supplemented with various amounts of oleander extract, the highest falsely elevated digoxin values were observed with Dimension Vista digoxin assay. Monitoring free digoxin using Dimension Vista digoxin assay (Flex Reagent Cartridge) did not eliminate this interference. Digibind neutralized digoxin-like factors of oleander extract and such effect can be monitored by observing significant reduction in apparent free digoxin levels in the presence of Digibind as measured in the protein-free ultrafiltrate using Dimension Vista digoxin assay (Flex Reagent Cartridge). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 25:105-109, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: en
Polymers for catalytic cation radical chemistry

Abstract Cation radical polymers which have cation radical functions at up to 5% of the poly(styrene) monomer sites have been prepared, and their effectiveness in catalyzing the cation radical Diels-Alder reaction is demonstrated.
How best to diagnose and treat the small-for-gestational-age fetus

The diagnosis and treatment of the fetus that is small for gestational age (SGA) generally includes those fetuses that have been found to have an estimated fetal weight <10th percentile by ultrasound scanning. Caring for women with these fetuses (who are also commonly referred to as intrauterine growth restricted [IUGR]) is a common problem faced by obstetric clinicians. Issues that are related to diagnosis include how to screen for fetal growth abnormalities, the accuracy of ultrasound scanning, and how to distinguish pathologic growth from a fetus or neonate who is constitutionally small. In terms of management, the use of antenatal testing, assessment with Doppler ultrasound scanning, and timing of delivery are key issues that each present challenges.
Fibres and ordered set coloring

Abstract A fibre F of a partially ordered set P is a subset which intersects each nontrivial maximal antichain of P. Let λ be the smallest constant such that each finite partially ordered set P contains a fibre of size at most λ |P|. We show that λ \ 2 3 by finding a good 3-coloring of the nontrivial antichains of P. Some decision problems involving fibres are also considered. For instance, it is shown that the problem of deciding if a partially ordered set has a fibre of size at most κ is NP-hard.
A wind-tunnel facility for simulating mountain and heated-island gravity waves

A wind tunnel was constructed to study mountain lee-wave phenomena and heated-island effects. The present wind tunnel appears to have several advantages over a towing tank facility for modeling atmospheric gravity-wave phenomena, i.e., non-uniform approach flows, stationary measuring conditions, variation of boundary temperature condition in the longitudinal direction, and no slip at the wall. Simple design criteria and characteristics of the present wind tunnel are discussed. A numerical program was utilized to explain peculiar standing-wave disturbances in the wind-tunnel test section. The above disturbances seemed unavoidable under the chosen mechanical constants. Nevertheless, a practical solution was found by extending the tunnel length.
Software engineering on internet time

For Internet-style software development to succeed, developers must adapt and apply classical software engineering principles and practices to the Web environment.
Observing the Invisible Regimen I on Elemental Powers and Higher Order Dispositions

This study aims to clarify the role played by higher order dispositions in the context of the explanatory method in Regimen I and of the approach to dietetics in Regimen as a whole. My main claim is that there are two concomitant directions involved in the inquiry carried out in Chaps 25–36 of Regimen I: there is an inferential and revelatory move from premises about complex dispositions (robustness, bravery, intelligence) to the ‘invisible’, that is, to the particular composition of one's body (a mixture of a certain form of fire and a certain form of water, in which water or fire prevails to this or that degree); and there is a causal-explanatory move, based on such inferences, from the powers of elemental varieties and of their combinations to the resulting higher level dispositions.
Kinematics and thermodynamics of non-stoichiometric oxidation phase transitions in spent fuel

At low temperatures (<200[degree]C), spent fuel from power reactors oxidizes from its UO[sub 2] lattice to a U[sub 4]O[sub 9] lattice but with an oxygen-to-uranium (O/U) ratio of [approximately]2.4. Also, the weight gain time response has a plateau as the O/U approaches 2.4. Part of this response results from a geometrical dependency as a U[sub 4]O[sub 9] oxidation front propagates into grain volumes Of UO[sub 2] It may also be indicative of a metastable, non-stoichiometric U[sub 4]O[sub 9] phase whose existence may inhibit the transition kinetics to the next expected phase Of U[sub 3]O[sub 8]. To gain a mechanistic understanding and to plan future oxidation tests, lattice kinematic and thermodynamic models are developed for lattice deformations and energetics of lattice phase changes (UO[sub 2] [yields] U[sub 4]O[sub 9] [yields] U[sub 3]0[sub 7] [yields] U[sub 3]O[sub 8)] that include zeroth order influences on oxidation kinetics due to interstitial oxygen atoms and vacancies plus interstitial and substitutional actinides and fission decay products in spent fuel.
Preservation of categorical knowledge in Alzheimer's disease: A computational account

Abstract The distinction between knowledge of specific exemplars and knowledge of their general categories is central to much theorising on the nature of semantic memory. The dissociation between exemplar and category knowledge observed in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) would appear to support this distinction, and to suggest that different neural systems are involved in the representation of exemplar and category knowledge. We review the evidence for preserved category knowledge in the semantic memory impairment of AD, and propose an alternative interpretation, according to which category and exemplar knowledge are both represented in the same distributed neural substrate. The relative preservation of category knowledge is a consequence of the greater frequency, and hence greater robustness, of the representation of attributes shared by all or most members of a category, compared to exemplar-unique attributes. We test and confirm the computational adequacy of this hypothesis in two computer simulations.
Thermal Hydraulic and Two-Phase Phenomena in Reflooding of Nuclear Reactor Cores

A quasi-steady, two-dimensional thermal hydraulic analysis of the two-phase region formed ahead of a quench front during reflooding of a slab or cylindrical core is carried out, and the results for slab geometry are compared with the experiment. It is shown that the two-phase level variation in the core is due to the transverse heat flux power profile, and is sensitive to the assumed pressure-drop boundary condition for the bundle, while the effects of crossflow and axial friction are small. Implicit expressions are given for predicting the quasi-steady two-phase level variation across slab and cylindrical cores.
A 50nW, 100kbps Clock/Data Recovery Circuit in an FSK RF Receiver on a Body Sensor Node

This paper presents a low power clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for a wireless body sensor node. The proposed circuit interfaces the RF receiver output with the digital processing. It consumes 50nW at 100kbps. It uses a delay locked loop (DLL) that is calibrated in one-shot fashion to save power, locking over 18X faster than prior art. The proposed circuit is fabricated in a 0.13μm CMOS technology. It recovers data with an input jitter of up to 2.4μs with >2X less power and >2X less area than prior work. The proposed circuit is a synthesizable all digital implementation.
Molecular Cloning and Functional Reconstitution of a Urate Transporter/Channel

Maintenance of urate homeostasis requires urate efflux from urate-producing cells with subsequent renal and gastrointestinal excretion. The molecular basis for urate transport, however, has not been identified. A novel full-length cDNA encoding a 322-amino acid protein, designated UAT (urate transporter), has been cloned from a rat renal cDNA library by antibody screening. UAT mRNA transcripts that approximate 1.55 kilobases are present, but differentially expressed in various rat tissues. Recombinant UAT protein that was expressed from the cloned cDNA in Escherichia coli and purified via immobilized metal affinity chromatography has been functionally reconstituted as a highly selective urate transporter/channel in planar lipid bilayers. The IgG fraction of the polyclonal antibody that was used to select the UAT clone from the cDNA library, but not nonimmune IgG, blocked urate channel activity. Based on the wide tissue distribution of the mRNA for UAT we propose that UAT provides the molecular basis for urate flux across cell membranes, allowing urate that is formed during purine metabolism to efflux from cells and serving as an electrogenic transporter that plays an important role in renal and gastrointestinal urate excretion.
Ghost-pole subtraction and the σ -exchange NN potential

The summing of all pion bubble graphs in the computation of the sigma-meson propagator leads to the appearance of ghost poles when sigma..pi pi.. coupling strengths are equivalent to sigma-meson decay widths greater than 625.2 MeV. A result satisfying dispersion relations is obtained by the direct subtraction of the ghost pole from the results published previously by this author. The effect is to decrease the sensitivity to the sigma-meson width of both the central and spin-orbit nucleon-nucleon potentials. The potentials are small for separations greater than half a pion Compton wavelength and decrease in magnitude with increasing width. Larger widths are more compatible with phenomenological and dispersion-theory potentials.
Viscosity Coefficients of a Plasma in a Strong Magnetic Field —Application of the Quantum Mechanical Unified Theory—

The coulomb logarithm for the viscosity coefficient of a plasma in a magnetic field is determined exactly by the quantum mechanical unified theory. The magnetic field is assumed so strong that the condition, Debyelength ≪ ion gyration radius ≪ mean free path, is satisfied. For a hydrogenic plasma, the quantum correction to the coulomb logarithm can not be neglected if the temperature is higher than 10 6 K.
The global optimal surface velocity field near shoreline from infrared images

The Global Optimal Solution (GOS) provides surface velocities from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) remote image sequences by using bilinear interpolation algorithms. A highly accurate velocity field can be estimated by GOS with infrared image sequence, but the field has only first order continuity. This paper deals with the use of GOS, but with higher order continuity and smoothed cutouts around coastland edges to estimate surface velocities. Since an actual coastal ocean has a complex, irregular coastland, and some ocean studies need vorticity and divergence analysis which must be extracted from the velocity field, the development of generic GOS algorithms with higher order continuity and smoothed cutouts around these edges is very important. In this paper, the GOS bilinear polynomials, formerly applied only to square tiles with first order continuity, are replaced by surface B-Splines functions. The new GOS algorithms can be applied to AVHRR images containing complicated coastal land boundaries - or even clouds - to yield smooth velocity fields next to land, and higher order continuity velocity field can be obtained. The main advantages of the new GOS are that the highly accurate solution is global optimized, linear, and high order smoothed. The high order GOS velocity fields with those from the numerical model and from the first order GOS technique are compared. Results of applying these methods to two real image sequences are presented. It is demonstrated in this paper that this high order GOS technique to two sequences of NOAA satellite AVHRR images taken in the New York Bight to calculate a velocity field adjacent to the land. I found that all results of the angular and magnitude errors of the velocity by 1 st and 3 rd order GOS are quite close for both numerical model data and AVHRR image sequences, but velocity field estimated by 3 rd order GOS is global smoothed.
Using DSM-III Criteria to Diagnose Delirium in Elderly General Medical Patients

Studies of delirium in general medical populations have used criteria for delirium different from current DSM-III or DSM-IIIR criteria of the American Psychiatric Association, or have used DSM-III or DSM-IIIR criteria without operationalizing the components of these criteria. Therefore this prospective study was conducted to establish an approach to operationalizing DSM-III criteria and to determine the incidence and prevalence of delirium. Two hundred thirty-five consecutive subjects age 70 and over admitted to general medicine underwent daily standardized screening. Patients with low scores on screening tests or clinical evidence suggestive of any psychiatric disorder and controls were seen by a psychiatrist, who determined whether delirium was present by applying explicit operational definitions to each component of the DSM-III criteria for delirium. We conclude that the syndrome of delirium as defined by the American Psychiatric Association is prevalent on admission among elderly on general medical services, but the number of cases developing in the hospital is much less than often stated in the literature.
Digital two-dimensional echocardiographic imaging of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery

Abstract The use of 2-dimensional echocardiography to evaluate coronary artery anatomy noninvasively and directly has been primarily limited to the evaluation of the left main coronary artery. To determine the feasibility of visualization of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and assessment for atherosclerotic disease in this location, 128 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography were evaluated with digital 2-dimensional echocardiography. Visualization of the proximal LAD was possible in 90 (70%) of the 128 patients. Of 45 patients with proximal LAD narrowing by angiography, digital echocardiography correctly identified 44 (98% sensitivity). In 27 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries, digital echocardiography was normal in 18 (67% specificity). In the 18 patients with an angiographically normal proximal LAD but narrowing elsewhere in the coronary system, digital echocardiographic evaluation of the proximal LAD was abnormal in 15. This initial study suggests that 2-dimensional echocardiography is a feasible technique to image the proximal LAD non-invasively in patients undergoing coronary arteriography.
The magnitude of the Ponzo illusion as a function of age for large and for small stimulus configurations

The magnitude of the Ponzo perspective illusion was determined with stimulus configurations of two sizes for 428 Ss from 3 to 90 years of age. The magnitude of the illusion increases rapidly in childhood, reaches a maximum in adolescence, stabilizes in adulthood, and tends to decrease in old age. There were no differences in illusion magnitude observed for the different-sized stimuli.
Corporate Involvement in Community Affairs

An extensive monitoring of the Jones and Laughlin (J&L) steel mill in Hennepin, Illinois suggests that absentee-owned corporations have the ability to involve themselves in local community affairs while maintaining an illusion of non-involvement. Three techniques J&L employed to exert influence are described: unilateral actions, cooptation, and intervention. The failure of reputational leadership data to identify corporate influentials is used to suggest both the success J&L had in concealing corporate influence and the inadequacy of the reputational technique for fully identifying power structures in verticalized communities.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN CHILDREN WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION

Thrombocytopenia was found in five (12.5%)of 40 children with evidence of HIV infection, Age of the patients at time of diagnosis of thrombocytopenia ranged from two months to two years; platelet counts were less than 50,000/cmm in all and less than 10,000/cmm in three. Two of five patients had thrombocytopenia at the time of diagnosis of HIV infection while three others developed it during the course of their illness. Three of five patients manifested bleeding (petechiae, echymosis, and epistaxis). Bone marrow examination revealed increased numbers of megakaryocytes in all. Increased levels of platelet associated antibody (PAIgG) were found in 2/2 patients tested. Four patients received intravenous gamma globulin (IVGG) in a dose of 2-3 g/kg over a 3-5 day period. Only one patient had a significant increase in platelet count (from 32,000 to 350,000 /cmm)two days after a five day course of IVGG therapy, but the count returned to 40,000/cmm in two weeks. Two patients whose platelet count did not improve after IVGG received prednisone and in one there was a moderate but transient increase in the platelet count. We conclude that immune thrombocytopenia occurs in children with HIV infection and that the rate of response to IVGG appears to be lower than that reported in HIV associated ITP in adults or non-HIV associated ITP in children.
LEARNREPRO: A Computer-Assisted Training Program for Teaching Dairy Reproductive Management

Abstract LEARNREPRO consists of three computer software packages that were developed to improve dairy reproductive problem-solving skills by college students, professionals, and farmers. Tutorial, drill and practice, and simulation approaches are utilized. The module REPRO-MEASURES covers six common DHI measures of herd reproductive performance. The USE-OF-RECORDS module integrates information from the previous module while presenting additional problem-solving strategies needed to analyze DHI reproductive records. The ESTRUS-DETECTION module addresses effective estrus detection strategies. User surveys have demonstrated the need for more use of this instructional approach. Educators are encouraged to use these modules and also to develop additional computer teaching programs to facilitate the development of problem-solving skills.
Commitment to child welfare work: What predicts leaving and staying?

Abstract This study describes results related to worker turnover from a longitudinal study of public and private agency child welfare workers in one state. Findings from 460 new workers were examined for reasons respondents took their jobs and chose child welfare work, their commitment to their agencies and to child welfare for two and five years, and the relationship of these variables and demographic variables to whether they were still in their positions at follow-up. Among the findings were that public agency workers endorsed significantly higher levels of commitment on three of the four commitment variables and were significantly more likely to have taken their jobs because of good pay, benefits, and advancement opportunities than private agency workers. In contrast, private agency workers endorsed taking the job because it was the only job available and it was a good first job to take at significantly higher rates than public agency workers. Workers of color endorsed lower levels of commitment on three of the four of commitment variables, although race was not a significant predictor of actually having left the job. Variables that predicted staying on the job were having viewed the state's Realistic Job Preview before taking the job, good supervision, and higher job satisfaction.
Subcellular distribution and cofactor function of human branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase in normal and mutant cultured skin fibroblasts.

Abstract Branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase activity was examined in cultured fibroblasts from normal patients and compared with that from a family with genetically defective enzyme function. A freeze-thaw disrupted preparation of broken cells required CoA, NAD+, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), and Mg2+ for reconstitution of the dehydrogenase activities toward both pyruvate and the branched chain α-ketoacids; α-ketoisovalerate, α-keto-β-methylvalerate, and α-ketoisocaproate. Using this system, different absolute activities and effects of cofactor additions were found for the three branched chain α-ketoacids and pyruvate dehydrogenases in normal cells. Activity toward all three branched chain α-ketoacids was impaired in homozygous affected cells, but pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was normal. Genotypes of presumed normal, heterozygous, and homozygous affected cells were discriminated when reconstituted with CoA and NAD+ alone, but not with TPP and Mg2+ alone. A low affinity, high capacity α-keto-β-methylvaleric acid dehydrogenase was reconstituted by TPP and Mg2+ to normal levels in mutant cells. Subcellular distribution studies localized the dehydrogenase activity for all substrates to the mitochondrial inner membranematrix of these preparations. TPP and Mg2+ stabilized the mitochondrial inner membrane dehydrogeanse activity toward α-keto-β-methylvalerate in both normal and mutant fibroblasts, but failed to stabilize activity toward α-ketoisocaproic acid. We conclude that at least one gene product of the branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex is common to all three substrates, but that decarboxylation of α-ketoisovaleric, α-ketoisocaproic, and α-keto-β-methylvaleric acids is quantitatively and qualitatively different.
Correlative and Mechanistic QSAR Models in Toxicology

An outline is provided on the development and use of correlative and mechanistic approaches to predictive toxicology, with particular emphasis on the experience at the U.S. EPA as applied to assessing the potential hazard posed by new industrial chemicals for which little or no test data are provided under the Toxic Substances Control Act. This information is presented with a historical perspective.
Bulk and surface characterization of laterite by various physico-chemical methods

Abstract The laterite ore is of a mixed type with a predominant iron and silica content, and its surface is coated with oxides and silicon. The mineral contains goethite and chromite as major in metallic minerals, and quartz, serpentine, and chlorite as major in non-metallic minerals. Geothite containing Ni and Co, is highly composite with Ni, Co, Cr, Mn, and Al in its lattice. Differential thermal analysis with gravimetric change for the laterite shows the endothermic peak due to the loss of adsorbed water and dehydroxylation of the lattice with the OH vibration spectra of water by infrared spectroscopy, which furthermore identifies SiOSi and FeO. The Mossbauer effect of laterite indicates that the spectral parameters are presented for Al-substituted goethite and magnetite. The initial settling rate and final settling heights of laterite particles are almost the same in the range of pH values between 2 and 8, but the dispersion state occurs above pH 8. This dispersion takes place in less than — 12 mV in agreement with the coagulation-dispersion domain digram. The ζ potential of laterite particles gives the point of zero charge of pH 5. Atomic absorption analysis of the dispersion portion shows the increase of Ni content, while it indicates the decrease of Co, Cr, and Fe. Magnetic separation of laterite particles occurs at sizes coarser than 74 μm. In flotation for fine particles of both the dispersion and settling portions, α-nitroso-β-naphthol has an effect on the up-grading of Ni and Co.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF LIGHT ACTION. II. THE PHOTODYNAMIC ACTION OF RIBOFLAVIN

IN THE FIRST PAPER of this series (Galston and Hand, 1949) it was shown that subterminal sections of etiolated pea epicotyls may be convenientlv grown in simple media containing indoleacetic acid (IAA), and that exposure of such tissue to white light results in (1) a marked growth inhibition of the sections and (2) an enhanced IAA destruction in the medium. During subsequent investigations on the mechanism of this light effect (Galston, 1949; Galston and Baker, 1949), it was found that riboflavin (Vitamin B2) can sensitize the in vitro photo6xidation of IAA, of the amino acid tryptophan, and of various proteins and enzymes. The following questions then naturally arose: (1) Is riboflavin involved in the light-growth inhibition of etiolated tissues? (2) Is riboflavin the photoreceptor for the in vivo photoinactivation of auxin? and (3) Is riboflavin involved in the phototropic curvature of Avena coleoptiles? This paper describes experiments which, it is felt, supply an affirmative answer to all three questions. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-The methods employed in the pea epicotyl section growth tests have been adequately described in the first paper of this series, so that no further description will be given here. The riboflavin employed in the growth tests was the Merck product, made up into a standard solution of 100 y/cc., and stored in a ruby-red bottle in the refrigerator to retard decomposition. The lumichrome and lumiflavin were originally obtained from Dr. Jackson W. Foster, and were made available to the author through the kindness of Dr. Herschel K. Mitchell. The oats used in the Avena tests were of the Siegeshafer variety. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.-Growth effects of riboflavin in light and dark.-When riboflavin is added to the medium and the sections permitted to elongate in the dark, their growth is generally somewhat stimulated. This stimulatory effect is best shown at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 y/cc. riboflavin; concentrations of 10 y/cc. and higher tend to be less stimulatory or even inhibitory. However at the same low concentrations which stimulate growth in the dark, riboflavin is extremely inhibitory to growth in the light. Detailed data for an individual experiment are shown in table 1; data
Functional impairment in obesity: a focus on knee and back pain

SUMMARY Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence strongly indicate that obesity is related to physical impairment and joint pain, particularly in the lumbar spine, sacroiliac and knee joints. What is most disturbing is that obese children under 15 years are now reporting joint pain and cannot perform functional tasks as well as their nonobese counterparts. As the prevalence of obesity rises, so do the rates of musculoskeletal disease and physical dysfunction. Functional tasks that involve supporting or transferring body weight are typically painful and difficult to perform. Of most concern is that some of these tasks are simply impossible depending on the severity of obesity. As a consequence, the individual’s quality of life suffers. A BMI of 35 kg/m2 is emerging as the threshold at which functional impairment rates rise dramatically. To restore functional independence and optimize functional gains over the long term, a combination of treatments for the obese patient with joint pain may be effective. Th...
Program evaluation: industrial hygiene

Program evaluation consists of assessing activities and resources used to attain objectives when measured against established criteria and norms. Industrial hygiene programs have often been evaluated by merely counting the number of activities or number of times a particular activity (sampling) was performed as an end in itself rather than as one of the criteria of measurement for the total program. Evaluation, as discussed in this paper relates the program elements, activities, criteria and goals for attaining the ultimate program objective to assess the program's accomplishments and determine its future direction.
Feminism is queer: the intimate connection between queer and feminist theory, by Mimi Marinucci

Feminism is queer: the intimate connection between queer and feminist theory, by Mimi Marinucci, London, Zed Books, 2010, 140 pp., £18.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-84813-475-1The relationship between...
A model for quantitative evaluation of embolic stroke therapy

We developed a small animal embolic stroke model for pharmacological screening trials. Microspheres are injected into the carotid circulations and group embolus dose-response relationships are calculated. Emboli quantity is related to neurologic injury, and small changes in neurologic function are detectable. Rabbits tolerated twice as many microspheres when cyproheptadine-treated after embolization. This demonstrated both the sensitivity of the model and the value of serotonin antagonists in reducing neurological injury.
Competitive exclusion of a worldwide invasive pest by a native. Quantifying competition between two phytophagous insects on two host plant species.

Summary 1. High competitive ability is believed to be an important characteristic of invasive species. Many animal studies have compared the competitive ability of invasive species with a native species that is being displaced, but few have looked at systems where an invasive species has failed to establish itself. These types of studies are important to determine if competition is relevant not only to invading species but also to the biotic resistance of a community. 2. The thrips species F. occidentalis is a highly invasive pest that has spread from its original range (the western states of the USA) to a worldwide distribution. Despite this, F. occidentalis is largely absent or occurs in low numbers in the eastern states of the USA, where the native F. tritici dominates. It is possible that F. tritici is competitively excluding F. occidentalis from this region. 3. Larval competition between these two thrips species was tested on two known plant hosts, Capsicum annuum (a crop plant), and Raphanus raphanistrum (an invasive weed), using a response surface design with number of larvae surviving as the response variable. The response surface design allowed competition models to be fit to data using maximum likelihood estimation, thus generating quantitative values for interspecific competition. 4. On both plant hosts, the native F. tritici did not experience significant interspecific competition from the invasive F. occidentalis . In contrast, F. occidentalis did experience significant interspecific competition from F. tritici . Competition from F. tritici larvae on F. occidentalis larvae was estimated to be 1·72 times (on C. annuum ) and 1·76 times (on R. raphanistrum ) the effect of intraspecific competition. The invasive F. occidentalis appears to be competitively excluded by the native F. tritici . 5. This study confirms the importance of competition in the biotic resistance of a community and is one of the few animal studies to not only test for competition in an apparently resistant ecosystem but also to quantify the level of interspecific competition between two animal species.
Some viscoelastic studies on penton

Stress relaxation tests on Penton polymer were conducted at various initial strain rates and initial strains. The data indicates that Penton is a nonlinearly viscoelastic material for the range of values of stresses and strains considered. It is found that the course of the relaxation depends considerably on the initial strains rates employed to attain a particular initial strain in a relaxation test. For the range of initial strain rates considered, the relaxation function can be represented as a function of the time ϕ(t) and by a power function of the strain rate e0 of the type Ψ(t,e0) = ϕ(t)(e0)n. From the relaxation tests conducted at the same initial strain rate and for various initial strains, the relaxation stress σ for Penton can be expressed by the relation: σ = σ0 (1 − k log t), where σ0 is the stress at 1 min., t is the time, and k is a material constant.
Anthropogenic emissions during Arctas-A: mean transport characteristics and regional case studies

Abstract. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission during 2008 as a part of the International Polar Year (IPY). The purpose of ARCTAS was to study the factors responsible for changes in the Arctic's atmospheric composition and climate. A major emphasis was to investigate Arctic haze, which is most pronounced during winter and early spring. This study focuses on the spring phase of ARCTAS (ARCTAS-A) that was based in Alaska during April 2008. Although anthropogenic emissions historically have been associated with Arctic haze, biomass burning emissions dominated the ARCTAS-A period and have been the focus of many ARCTAS related studies. This study determines mean transport characteristics of anthropogenic emissions during ARCTAS-A. Trajectories are initiated each day from three significant regions of anthropogenic emissions (Asia, North America, and Europe). The fifteen day forward trajectories are calculated using data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 45 km horizontal resolution. The trajectory calculations indicate: origins of emissions that reach the Arctic (defined as north of 70° N) within fifteen days, pathways of these emissions, Arctic entry locations, and altitudes at which the trajectories enter the Arctic. Three cases during the ARCTAS-A period (one for each of the regions above) are examined using backward trajectories and chemical fingerprinting based on in situ data sampled from the NASA DC-8. The fingerprinting utilizes volatile organic compounds that represent pure anthropogenic tracers, Asian anthropogenic pollution, incomplete combustion, and natural gas emissions. We determine flight legs containing anthropogenic emissions and the pathways travelled by these emissions. Results show that the DC-8 sampled anthropogenic emissions from Asia, North America, and Europe during the spring phase of ARCTAS. The pathways travelled by these emissions agree with our derived transport characteristics and previous studies of Arctic transport. Meteorological analysis and trajectory calculations indicate that middle latitude cyclones and their associated warm conveyor belts play an important role in lofting the surface based emissions to their sampling altitude in all three cases.
Distributed sensor databases for multi-robot teams

We describe our implementation of a distributed sensor database that was designed to support the activities of teams of mobile robots as they explore an environment. Importantly, this approach effectively separates the process of acquiring sensor data from that of exploiting it. This allows us to develop applications where robots and human users can automatically discover and utilize sensor measurements acquired by other robots in the team. We also explain our approach to implementing distributed queries, an important capability that allows us to perform queries in a way that makes best use of the limited available communication bandwidth. Finally, we briefly describe how we have used this system to support situational awareness tasks.
Controversies in Treatment of AML: Case-based Discussion

Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older adults remains a tremendous challenge. Standard approaches to treatment have resulted in progression-free survival in only a small minority of patients with AML over the age of 60. Elucidation of the molecular genetic events that contribute to the pathogenesis of AML in older patients are providing insights into mechanisms of resistance. This knowledge is also providing new opportunities to begin to refine and direct novel therapies for these heterogeneous diseases. In this case-based review, prognostic factors for treatment outcome in older adults will be covered along with discussion of a risk-based approach to potential therapeutic options, ranging from palliative care to novel therapies and reduced-intensity allogenic transplant.
The Effects of Flow Instabilities on the Active Control of Separation

Steady-flow assumption provides a convenient criterion for flow separation linking the pressure gradient to the local characteristics of the boundary layer. However the boundary layer on the verge of separation is seldom (if at all) steady, it contains large eddies that are generated by instabilities. It was recently shown [1-3] that periodic addition of momentum may prevent separation with the same degree of control authority that is achieved by steady blowing, with one important difference: the momentum input required may be orders of magnitude smaller. This is particularly true when the input perturbations are amplified due to the instability of the mean flow [4]. It was also observed that the instability of a shear layer governs the minimum input required for a separated flow to reattach back to the surface. This determines the optimum frequency and amplitude of the harmonic perturbation necessary to force reattachment [4]. However the reattached flow encloses a bubble that may easily burst when the pressure gradient is further increased. An increase in the excitation frequency reduces the size of the bubble even though the amplitude of the excitation remains unchanged. This is so because the initial rate of amplification of the perturbations is higher and it increases the entraining capacity of the shear layer bounding the bubble. These concepts rely on the large span-wise coherence (i.e. the two-dimensionality) of the dominant turbulent structures that are triggered and enhanced by the periodic excitation. A separated mixing layer or one that bounds a bubble are not likely to be dominated by stream-wise vortices, however a boundary layer on a concave surface (such that exists on most of Liebeck’s airfoils [5]) or a wall jet on a convex surface may indeed be. Two cases are discussed in the paper, one that contains large streamwise vortices and one that does not.
Sex differences in salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, and psychological functioning following Hurricane Katrina.

The study examines group and individual differences in psychological functioning and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity among adolescents displaced by Hurricane Katrina and living in a U.S. government relocation camp (n = 62, ages 12–19 years) 2 months postdisaster. Levels of salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, depression, anxiety, distress, aggression, and self-esteem for this group were contrasted with a demographically matched no-trauma control group (n = 53). Results revealed that hurricane exposure and SNS activity moderated the relations between lower cortisol and higher internalizing behaviors. Sex-related differences were observed in behavioral adjustment and stress regulation. Implications of sex differences in biobehavioral adjustment to loss, displacement, and relocation are discussed in relation to evolutionary and developmental theory.
Spatial variations in the geochemistry of glacial meltwater streams in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica

Streams in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, flow during the summer melt season (4-12 weeks) when air temperatures are close to the freezing point of water. Because of the low precipitation rates, streams originate from glacial meltwater and flow to closed-basin lakes on the valley floor. Water samples have been collected from the streams in the Dry Valleys since the start of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research project in 1993 and these have been analysed for ions and nutrient chemistry. Controls such as landscape position, morphology of the channels, and biotic and abiotic processes are thought to influence the stream chemistry. Sea-salt derived ions tend to be higher in streams that are closer to the ocean and those streams that drain the Taylor Glacier in western Taylor Valley. Chemical weathering is an important process influencing stream chemistry throughout the Dry Valleys. Nutrient availability is dependent on landscape age and varies with distance from the coast. The streams in Taylor Valley span a wide range in composition and total dissolved solids and are surprisingly similar to aw ide range of much larger temperate and tropical river systems.
Microscale packed bed reactor for controlled hydrogen peroxide decomposition as a fuel cell oxidant aboard unmanned undersea vehicles

Abstract The multiphase catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is notoriously susceptible to thermal runaway (heat of reaction: −98 kJ mol −1 ). The high surface area to volume ratio ( S / V ) in a microscale packed bed (MPB) reactor (radius 0.5 mm) was investigated for reducing the risk of thermal runaway during hydrogen peroxide decomposition to oxygen intended as a fuel cell oxidant aboard an unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV). A microscale reactor channel with a S / V of ∼2 × 10 3 m 2 m −3 simulated under convective cooling generated a significant heat rise ( T rise ∼ 100 K), whereas a microreactor with a higher S / V (∼200 × 10 3 m 2 m −3 ) achieved thermal control ( T rise S / V , experimental conversions of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen (5–18%) measured from the outlet were lower than simulated conversions (38–63%). Simulation assumptions, such as homogeneously dispersed flow and perfect catalyst interaction among other factors, contributed to the discrepancies between the simulated and experimental degrees of peroxide conversion to oxygen. Even though thermal control of the MPB was achieved, this work indicates that mass transfer limitations are a factor in the MPB reactor during a multiphase reaction, like decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water, and suggests means to overcome them even on the microscale level.
Oral exposure to acrolein exacerbates atherosclerosis in apoE-null mice.

Background Acrolein is a dietary aldehyde that is present in high concentrations in alcoholic beverages and foods including cheese, donuts and coffee. It is also abundant in tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust and industrial waste and is generated in vivo during inflammation and oxidative stress.
Risk Factors for Postoperative Mediastinitis Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Risk factors for developing postoperative mediastinitis (POM) due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were analyzed in a case-case control study of patients who underwent median sternotomy during the period from 1994 through 2000. Three patient groups were studied. The first consisted of 64 patients with POM due to MRSA; the second consisted of 79 patients with POM due to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA); and the third consisted of 80 uninfected control patients. In multivariable analysis, patients who were diabetic (adjusted OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.22-6.70), female (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.25-5.88), and >70 years old (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.53-7.71) were more likely to develop POM due to MRSA. In contrast, the only independent risk factor associated with POM due to MSSA was obesity (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.25-4.96). Antimicrobial prophylaxis consisted primarily of cephalosporin antibiotics (administered to 97% of the patients). Changes in perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis, in addition to other interventions, should be considered for prevention of POM due to MRSA in targeted, high-risk populations.