cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Off‐line sentence processing: What is involved in answering a comprehension probe?

The aim of this study was to better characterize the influence of the comprehension probe on syntax-related activation patterns observed in fMRI studies of sentence comprehension. In this study, sentence comprehension was assessed by presenting a true/false statement after each sentence. To disassociate the sentence reading from the comprehension probe activation, a 6-s delay was placed between these processing phases. Two factors were manipulated, one affected the sentence and the other affected the probe. The sentences were manipulated by varying their syntactic complexity; conjoined-active and object-relative sentences were examined. The comprehension probes asked whether one of the first two mentioned nouns in the preceding sentence performed the action of one of the two verbs. The probes were manipulated by varying the distance (number of intervening words) between the noun and verb within the sentence; there were three probe types: short distance, long distance, and false statements. The results, which focused on the processing taking place during the probe, showed that the distance manipulation resulted in significant differences in both behavioral and brain activation measures. This was particularly true of BA 44, which revealed an interaction between complexity and distance such that the complexity effect was all but eliminated for the long-distance condition. Additionally, we replicated our previous finding of syntactic complexity effects during the probe phase. Finally, post hoc analysis revealed that participants used two distinct strategies during sentence reading; significant effects of strategy use on both behavioral and brain activation data were observed.
Nonoperative Management of Pediatric Aortic Injury with Seat Belt Syndrome

"Seat belt syndrome" was first described by Garret and Braunstein in 1962. The syndrome involves skin and abdominal wall ecchymosis (seat belt sign) intra-abdominal solid organ and visceral injuries, as well as Chance fractures (compression and/or wedging deformity of the anterior portion of the vertebral body with disruption or fracture of the posterior elements, generally at L1-L3). We present a case of a 12-year-old male involved in a high-speed motor vehicle collision wearing only a lap belt resulting in seat belt syndrome, with disruption of the abdominal wall, mesenteric avulsion with multiple intestinal perforations, abdominal aortic dissection, and an L2 Chance fracture with cord transection. Intraoperative decision making is outlined with this scenario of complex injuries, and the literature of seat belt syndrome associated with blunt aortic injuries and its management is reviewed.
Affective state and the selective exposure to and use of television

Zillmann's “annoyance reduction” hypotheses were used to test the relationship between affective states and voluntary television selection and use. The results indicated that annoyed individuals viewed television significantly less than praised individuals.
INTERSENTENTIAL PROCESSES IN READING COMPREHENSION

Mature readers were given cloze tests on two paragraphs of varying dif- ficulty presented in three formats: regular, the paragraph as the author wrote it (with cloze deletions); scrambled, the same paragraph and deletions, but the sentences were presented in scrambled order; and isolated, in which each sentence was read in isolation. No significant differences between the regular and scrambled formats were found. Isolated performance was significantly lower than regular, but by only 10 to 15%. Performance in the isolated format indicated acceptable comprehension. The results served as a basis for examining the importance and function of intersentential processes in comprehension. Conclusions about cloze as a measure of reading com- prehension were also offered. A major premise of reading comprehension is that comprehension of an entire passage is more than a sum of the comprehension of each sentence of the passage. Comprehension of later portions of a passage may be dependent upon comprehen- sion of earlier portions, and a more complete understanding of earlier portions may result from information gained in reading later portions. Koen, Becker, and Young (1969) describe this interdependence of the sentences of a passage as the "psychological reality of the paragraph." The term intersentential processes is used to identify the interdependence of sentences within a passage. That such intersenten- tial processes exist has been defended in a number of studies (Becker, 1965; Brown, 1970; Fillenbaum, Jones, & Rapoport, 1963; Finn, 1977-1978; Ryan & Semmel, 1969). The existence and importance of intersentential processes has been traditionally accepted in reading as indicated by such terms as reading between the lines, critical reading, inferences, and drawing conclusions. Psycholinguistic perspectives of reading also demonstrate acceptance of intersententi al processes in reading. For even a minimal (though critical) skill such as word recognition, Goodman (1965,
Effect of Multi-Axle Steering on Off-Tracking and Dynamic Lateral Response of Articulated Tractor-Trailer Combinations

Multi-axle steering systems with a tractor and up to three full trailers are studied with linear yaw plane models to investigate the effect of additional steering on off-tracking phenomena during 90-degree turns and on the lateral responses during lane-change manoeuvres. The dependence of critical speed(s) for lateral stability on the location(s) of steered trailer axle(s) is studied via a linear stability analysis. Addition of non-steered trailer(s) reduces the stability. However, trailer steering results in a drastic reduction of high- and low-speed off-tracking, lateral forces, and yaw and slip velocities and in the concomitant increase in directional stability.
Work toward real-time control of a cortical neural prothesis

Implantable devices that interact directly with the human nervous system have been gaining acceptance in the field of medicine since the 1960's. More recently, as is noted by the FDA approval of a deep brain stimulator for movement disorders, interest has shifted toward direct communication with the central nervous system (CNS). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) can have a remarkable effect on the lives of those with certain types of disabilities such as Parkinson's disease, Essential Tremor, and dystonia. To correct for many of the motor impairments not treatable by DBS (e.g. quadriplegia), it would be desirable to extract from the CNS a control signal for movement. A direct interface with motor cortical neurons could provide an optimal signal for restoring movement. In order to accomplish this, a real-time conversion of simultaneously recorded neural activity to an online command for movement is required. A system has been established to isolate the cellular activity of a group of motor neurons and interpret their movement-related information with a minimal delay. The real-time interpretation of cortical activity on a millisecond time scale provides an integral first step in the development of a direct brain-computer interface (BCI).
Informal Networks among Women with HIV/AIDS: Present Support and Future Prospects

Given the importance of informal support in the lives of chronically ill people, it is imperative to gain a deeper understanding of the nature and impact of HIV-positive women’s informal networks. Through interviews with 37 women with HIV infection, the author explores women’s social network composition and the extent to which these networks appear to facilitate or mediate the disruption caused by HIV/AIDS. Women reported having at least one person, usually a family member, on whom they could depend for emotional support. Although women report adequate levels of current support, the author questions the likelihood that their informal networks will provide support further along in women’s illness trajectories.
Interleukin-17 and Interferon-γ Are Produced Concomitantly by Human Coronary Artery–Infiltrating T Cells and Act Synergistically on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Background— Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which interferon (IFN)-γ, the signature cytokine of Th1 cells, plays a central role. We investigated whether interleukin (IL)-17, the signature cytokine of Th17 cells, is also associated with human coronary atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— Circulating IL-17 and IFN-γ were detected in a subset of patients with coronary atherosclerosis and in referent outpatients of similar age without cardiac disease but not in young healthy individuals. IL-17 plasma levels correlated closely with those of the IL-12/IFN-γ/CXCL10 cytokine axis but not with known Th17 inducers such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23. Both IL-17 and IFN-γ were produced at higher levels by T cells within cultured atherosclerotic coronary arteries after polyclonal activation than within nondiseased vessels. Combinations of proinflammatory cytokines induced IFN-γ but not IL-17 secretion. Blockade of IFN-γ signaling increased IL-17 synthesis, whereas neutralization of IL-17 responses decreased...
Nine new metal-poor stars on the subgiant and red horizontal branches with high levels of r-process enhancement

We report the discovery of nine metal-poor stars with high levels of r-process enhancement (+0.81<[Eu/Fe]<+1.13), including six subgiants and three stars on the red horizontal branch. We also analyze four previously-known r-process-enhanced metal-poor red giants. From this sample of 13 stars, we draw the following conclusions. (1) High levels of r-process enhancement are found in a broad range of stellar evolutionary states, reaffirming that this phenomenon is not associated with a chemical peculiarity of red giant atmospheres. (2) Only 1 of 10 stars observed at multiple epochs shows radial velocity variations, reaffirming that stars with high levels of r-process enhancement are not preferentially found among binaries. (3) Only 2 of the 13 stars are highly-enhanced in C and N, indicating that there is no connection between high levels of r-process enhancement and high levels of C and N. (4) The dispersions in [Sr/Ba] and [Sr/Eu] are larger than the dispersions in [Ba/Eu] and [Yb/Eu], suggesting that the elements below the second r-process peak do not always scale with those in the rare earth domain, even within the class of highly-r-process-enhanced stars. (5) The light-element (12<Z<30) abundances of highly-r-process-enhanced stars are indistinguishable from those with normal levels of r-process material at the limit of our data, 3.5 per cent (0.015 dex) on average. The nucleosynthetic sites responsible for the large r-process enhancements did not produce any detectable light-element abundance signatures distinct from normal core-collapse supernovae.
Ulnar Neuropathy About the Elbow

Ulnar neuropathy about the elbow has been described and debated for years, though there is no consensus on the best surgical treatment. Current meta-analyses show equivalent outcomes after in situ decompression and anterior transposition. Recent trends have been toward in situ decompression through limited incisions or with endoscopic techniques. Further research is needed to determine the strength of prognostic factors, such as duration of symptoms and preoperative severity of disease, which may change our threshold for surgical intervention. The ulnar nerve should also be addressed in cases of distal humerus fracture, generally with in situ decompression, as transposition does not appear to decrease rates of ulnar neuropathy. In elbow contractures, prophylactic ulnar nerve decompression should be liberally used, especially in cases of heterotopic ossification, scarring about the nerve, and preexisting symptoms, to prevent postoperative and delayed-onset ulnar neuropathy.
Fluid-flow-induced mesenchymal stem cell migration: role of focal adhesion kinase and RhoA kinase sensors

The study of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) migration under flow conditions with investigation of the underlying molecular mechanism could lead to a better understanding and outcome in stem-cell-based cell therapy and regenerative medicine. We used peer-reviewed open source software to develop methods for efficiently and accurately tracking, measuring and processing cell migration as well as morphology. Using these tools, we investigated MSC migration under flow-induced shear and tested the molecular mechanism with stable knockdown of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and RhoA kinase (ROCK). Under steady flow, MSCs migrated following the flow direction in a shear stress magnitude-dependent manner, as assessed by root mean square displacement and mean square displacement, motility coefficient and confinement ratio. Silencing FAK in MSCs suppressed morphology adaptation capability and reduced cellular motility for both static and flow conditions. Interestingly, ROCK silencing significantly increased migration tendency especially under flow. Blocking ROCK, which is known to reduce cytoskeletal tension, may lower the resistance to skeletal remodelling during the flow-induced migration. Our data thus propose a potentially differential role of focal adhesion and cytoskeletal tension signalling elements in MSC migration under flow shear.
Mapping of hybrid incompatibility loci in Nasonia.

According to theory, F(2) hybrid breakdown (lethality or sterility) is due to incompatibilities between interacting genes of the different species (i.e., the breaking up of coadapted gene complexes). Detection of such incompatibilities is particularly straightforward in haplodiploid species, because virgin F(1) hybrid females will produce haploid recombinant F(2) males. This feature allows for screening of the complete genome for recessive genetic incompatibilities. Crosses were performed between Nasonia vitripennis (v) and its sibling species N. giraulti (g). First, a linkage map was produced using RAPD markers. RAPD markers showed an overall bias toward vitripennis alleles, a pattern not predicted by the basic two-interactor Dobzhansky-Muller model. Recovery patterns of visible markers were consistent with those of linked RAPD markers. If particular genetic interactions between two loci are causing hybrid lethality, then those genotypes should be underrepresented or absent among adult F(2) males. Four sets of significant incompatibilities were detected by performing pairwise comparisons of markers on different chromosomes. Likely explanations for the observed patterns are maternal effect-zygotic gene incompatibilities or clustering of incompatibility loci. Due to the short generation time, advantages of haplodiploidy, and availability of markers, Nasonia promises to be a productive system for investigating the genetics of hybrid inviability.
Velocity and Q structure of the Great Valley, California, based on synthetic seismogram modeling of seismic refraction data

The modified reflectivity method is used here to interpret seismic refraction data from the west side of the Great Valley, California, in terms of a onedimensional compressional wave velocity model of the crust. In addition, the apparent attenuation, Qp has been estimated for the 6-km-thick sedimentary section. The reflectivity method was used to calculate the prominent free-surface multiples that propagate in this sedimentary section. Modeling of the normalized amplitudes of these multiples yielded average Qp values of 100 from 0 to 2.83 km depth and 200 from 2.93 to 6.20 km depth. The velocity structure in the crust is complicated. It is characterized by positive velocity gradients within the sediment to a depth of 4.8 km and by a 1.4-kin-thick, low-velocity zone below this depth. The sediment overlies a basement with a velocity of 5.7 km/sec at its top, which increases to 6.3 km/sec at 12 km depth. Ambiguity of the data in critical regions leads to two equally valid interpretations of the lower crust at depths of 16 to 27 km: simple step increases or a more complex structure consisting of alternating high- and low-velocity zones.
Lithography-less high-throughput manufacturing of anechoic silicon nanocone surface for antireflective solar wafer productions

Owing to the increasing demands for renewable energy in the new millennium, the development of higher efficiency and yet lower cost photovoltaic or solar cell devices is in more and more pressing needs today. The photon absorption rate in the solar spectrum directly affects the overall energy conversion efficiency of solar cells. Photon energy loss on the surface of solar cells is primarily due to the specular and/or diffuse reflection of the light. Anti-reflection coating is commonly used in current solar cell manufacturing in which multilayer dielectric film [1] or nanoparticle sludge [2] is commonly deposited on the silicon solar wafer surface. Not even mentioning the additional high cost associated with the coating process and material, most antireflection coatings are only effective in a relatively narrow spectrum range and may compromise the underlying devices [6]. Micro to sub-micron scale surface texturing or roughening by wet etch and optional photolithography [7] is also used in today's silicon solar wafer productions, however this expensive step cannot effectively eliminate diffuse reflection and may degrade wafer qualities. Recently various nanomaterial approaches were developed to enhance the optical absorption via creating nanostructures on solar cell surface which includes noble metal nanoplasmonics particles enhancing energy transfer [4] as well as periodical or random 3D nanostructures such as nanowire [8], nanopillar [5], and nanocone [9] arrays “trapping” photons on surface.
Making Change: Norm-Based Strategies for Institutional Change to Address Intractable Problems

This paper identifies and describes two new norm-based strategies for institutional change to address intractable social problems. In both strategies, advocates "foreground" and criticize norms supporting the institutional status quo before either promoting an alternative existing norm via normative reframing of the issue, or creating and promoting an entirely new norm via normative innovation to build support for new institutional arrangements. Drawing on examples of institutional change addressing the problems of climate change and violence against women, the analysis illustrates how these strategies are especially effective in the face of opposition from vested interests or problematic existing norms.
Determinants of Entry Exclusion within Eex and TraG Are Cytoplasmic

We report here functional and topological analyses of TraG and Eex, the donor and recipient cell inner membrane proteins that mediate entry exclusion in the SXT/R391 family of integrative conjugative elements. We found that the exclusion-determining regions of the Eex variants EexS (SXT) and EexR (R391) are located in distinct yet overlapping regions of the proteins. Unexpectedly, the carboxyl-terminal regions of TraG and Eex, which contain the residues essential for exclusion activity and specificity, were found to localize in the cell cytoplasm. These observations suggest that complex topological rearrangements of conjugative proteins must occur during mating to enable these domains to interact.
Diatoms in Acid Mine Drainage and Their Role in the Formation of Iron-Rich Stromatolites

Adverse conditions in the acid mine drainage (AMD) system at the Green Valley mine, Indiana, limit diatom diversity to one species, Nitzschia tubicola. It is present in three distinct microbial consortia: Euglena mutabilis-dominated biofilm, diatomdominated biofilm, and diatom-exclusive biofilm. E. mutabilis dominates the most extensive biofilm, with lesser numbers of N. tubicola, other eukaryotes, and bacteria. Diatom-dominated biofilm occurs as isolated patches containing N. tubicola with minor fungal hyphae, filamentous algae, E. mutabilis, and bacteria. Diatom-exclusive biofilm is rare, composed entirely of N. tubicola. Diatom distribution is influenced by seasonal and intraseasonal changes in water temperature and chemistry. Diatoms are absent in winter due to cool water temperatures. In summer, isolated patchy communities are present due to warmer water temperatures. In 2001, the diatom community expanded its distribution following a major rainfall that temporarily diluted the effluent, creating hos...
Refractivity and dispersion of hydrogen in the visible and near infrared

The refractivity of natural hydrogen gas has been measured at eighteen wavelengths from 0.4047 to 1.6945 μm by means of a corner-reflector interferometer. The resulting refractivity at 0.5462252 μm, and at standard conditions, is 139.304 × 10−6. Sixteen points of our data are well fitted by the dispersion formula 106(n − 1) = 21.113 + 12723.2/(111 − σ2), where σ is wave number in reciprocal micrometers. The combination of our data with recent measurements in the ultraviolet by Smith, Huber, and Parkinson is fitted by the formula 106(n − 1) = [14895.6/(180.7 − σ2)] + [4903.7/(92 − σ2)]. Comparisons are made with the literature in respect to refractivity, dispersion, dielectric constant, molecular polarizability, Rayleigh scattering cross section, and Verdet constant.
Update on acute coronary syndromes and implications for therapy.

Our understanding of the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including acute ST elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE) myocardial infarction, has evolved considerably over the years, with atherothrombosis playing a pivotal role. This review will discuss the recent advances/recommendations for drug therapy based on this enhanced understanding of the pathophysiology of thrombosis. More recently developed agents, such as low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa inhibitors, direct thrombin inhibitors, Factor Xa inhibitors and thienopyridines, offer several potential advantages, either as an alternative to unfractionated heparin (i.e., LMWHs) or as an add-on therapy to aspirin and unfractionated heparin (or LMWHs; e.g., GP IIb-IIIa inhibitors, thienopyridines). The purpose of this review is to describe recent studies with novel antithrombotic agents (e.g., LMWHs, thienopyridines, GP IIb-IIIa inhibitors, bivalirudin) in patien...
A Chemical Screen for Biological Small Molecule-RNA Conjugates Reveals CoA-Linked RNA

Compared with the rapidly expanding set of known biological roles for RNA, the known chemical diversity of cellular RNA has remained limited primarily to canonical RNA, 3′-aminoacylated tRNAs, nucleobase-modified RNAs, and 5′-capped mRNAs in eukaryotes. We developed two methods to detect in a broad manner chemically labile cellular small molecule–RNA conjugates. The methods were validated by the detection of known tRNA and rRNA modifications. The first method analyzes small molecules cleaved from RNA by base or nucleophile treatment. Application to Escherichia coli and Streptomyces venezuelae RNA revealed an RNA-linked hydroxyfuranone or succinyl ester group, in addition to a number of other putative small molecule–RNA conjugates not previously reported. The second method analyzes nuclease-generated mononucleotides before and after treatment with base or nucleophile and also revealed a number of new putative small molecule–RNA conjugates, including 3′-dephospho-CoA and its succinyl-, acetyl-, and methylmalonyl-thioester derivatives. Subsequent experiments established that these CoA species are attached to E. coli and S. venezuelae RNA at the 5′ terminus. CoA-linked RNA cannot be generated through aberrant transcriptional initiation by E. coli RNA polymerase in vitro, and CoA-linked RNA in E. coli is only found among smaller (≲200 nucleotide) RNAs that have yet to be identified. These results provide examples of small molecule-RNA conjugates and suggest that the chemical diversity of cellular RNA may be greater than previously understood.
Actualizing Caplan – Teaching and the Pessimistic Bias

Caplan notes that the pessimistic bias “has a smaller role in the oral tradition. Famous economists of the past frequently overlook it; teachers of economics spend little time rooting it out.” This paper is an attempt to address the later problem. Awareness of the pessimistic bias is deeply informed by knowledge of history. I suspect, and so might Caplan, that one reason this bias has been under addressed is the loss of the history of economic thought and economic history as major fields of study in American graduate schools of economics over the last few decades. Whatever the reason, there are a myriad of sources that are available for us to draw upon. These materials can be found in the next section. All provide resources for developing a story of human progress and human flourishing that can be used in the classroom setting for addressing the pessimistic bias.
Self-Frequency Doubled Nd:YCOB laser

We report efficient self-frequency doubling in a new crystal, Nd:YCOB, (Nd3+:Ca4YO(BO3)3), for the first time at 530 nm with output powers up to 37 mW.
Characterization of Polyimide Thin Films on Metals

We describe an approach using thin films on metals as models to study interfacial interactions. Thin films of biphenyl-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) - p-phenylene diamine (PPD) based polyimide on Cr and Au surfaces have been investigated using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). IRRAS was used for in-situ monitoring of polymer curing processes. Cured polyimide thin films on metals were characterized ex-situ by both XPS and IRRAS. Anhydride was observed to be an intermediate during chemical transformation of polyamic acid to polyimide. Imidization processes were found to be completed after curing at 250°C for thin films. Strong chemical modification of polyimide thin films resulting from interaction with Cr substrates were observed by infrared spectroscopy. These observations were consistent with angle-resolved XPS data showing a different C 1s emission spectrum of polyimide-Cr interfacial region, compared to the polyimide spectrum.
Propagating Electromagnetic Fields

In the introduction to his Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic field, Maxwell explained how the region between electrified bodies acts (in certain respects) like an elastic material whose properties could be experimentally determined by measuring the forces between nearby static electric charges and currents. Motivated by this concept, Maxwell was able to establish a set of general equations which govern the relationships between charges and currents, on the one hand, and the properties and motions of the medium, on the other hand. Perhaps most remarkably, he found that these same general equations implied the possibility of self-sustaining waves within the medium which propagate at the speed of light. Indeed, light itself may be understood as such a vibration. Unfortunately, Maxwell’s theory was expressed in a rather complicated form involving 20 equations linking 20 variables. Today, Maxwell’s equations are written in a more compact form involving only four equations. This modern form was developed by Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925). Heaviside published his complete reformulation of Maxwell’s dynamical equations using the beautiful methods of vector calculus which he himself developed for this very purpose.
Learning to teach online: a systematic review of the literature on K-12 teacher preparation for teaching online

There is a growing need for qualified online instructors to teach the expanding population of online K-12 students. To meet this need, teachers must be provided learning opportunities to acquire th...
Exploratory Study of Touch zones in college students on two campuses

The purpose of this exploratory study was to characterize college student beliefs about where it is acceptable to touch and be touched by other students in casual social interactions. Undergraduate students at a residential university (N = 242) and at a local community college (N = 200) completed the Touch Survey. The survey measures beliefs about touching in social interactions. Hierarchical cluster analyses were used to form touch zones (Public, Discretionary, and Private) by gender and direction of touch. The results of the study showed distinct same- and opposite-gender touch zone patterns, and there were touch zone differences between the two campuses. There were reciprocal touch zones for residential university male/male public touch zones and female/female private touch zones. There were no reciprocal touch zones for the community college sample. Implications for college health educators are discussed.
Binary matrix completion with performance guarantees for single individual haplotyping

We study the problem of approximating a partially observed matrix by a product of two low-rank matrices where the data as well as the factors are constrained to be binary. This computationally challenging task is motivated by the single individual haplotyping problem which attracted considerable attention in computational biology and is of critical importance for personalized medicine applications. We analyze a binary-constrained variant of the alternating minimization algorithm for solving the aforementioned problem in the scenario where the matrices are rank-one, establish its performance and convergence properties, and in doing so provide the first theoretical guarantees for haplotype reconstruction expressed in terms of the minimum error-correction score. Sample complexity required for reconstruction is derived and experiments are performed on both synthetic and real datasets, demonstrating superiority of the proposed framework over competing methods.
Recognizing Actions in Motion Trajectories Using Deep Neural Networks

This paper reports on the progress of a co-creative pretend play agent designed to interact with users by recognizing and responding to playful actions in a 2D virtual environment. In particular, we describe the design and evaluation of a classifier that recognizes 2D motion trajectories from the user’s actions. The performance of the classifier is evaluated using a publicly available dataset of labeled actions highly relevant to the domain of pretend play. We show that deep convolutional neural networks perform significantly better in recognizing these actions than previously employed methods. We also describe the plan for implementing a virtual play environment using the classifier in which the users and agent can collaboratively construct narratives during improvisational pretend play.
On the room-temperature ferromagnetism of Zn1−xCrxO thin films deposited by reactive co-sputtering

We report on the preparation and detailed characterization of ferromagnetic (FM) Zn 1-x Cr x O thin films deposited on Si substrates using reactive co-sputtering of Cr and Zn in controlled oxygen atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed wurtzite ZnO peaks in the FM films prepared with lower Cr sputter powers, whose position and intensities are influenced by Cr doping. However, samples prepared with higher Cr powers did not show ferromagnetism but displayed evidence of Cr 2 O 3 and ZnCr 2 O 4 phases with no zinc oxide (ZnO) phase. The magnetization is higher (saturation magnetization M s = 18 emu/cm 3 ) for lower Cr concentrations and decreases for higher Cr doping. The samples were investigated extensively to understand the film composition, dopant distribution, homogeneity and potential origin of the observed ferromagnetism. Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) studies were employed to determine the chemical composition as well as the Cr/Zn ratio in the films. Film uniformity and homogeneity, investigated using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, showed a relatively uniform ZnO layer in the as-prepared samples but, in a sample annealed at 800°C, showed some diffusion of Si from the substrate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicated that Cr ions are in the oxidized state, but showed changes in the binding energy and Cr concentration when measured after removing 10 nm from the surface using Ar ion sputtering. Possible origins of the observed FM behavior are discussed based on the comprehensive characterization results.
Pastors' wives as partners: an appropriate model for church-based health promotion.

Church communities are increasingly recognized as promising venues to reach African Americans regarding health matters. The church has been a pillar of strength and empowerment in the African American community since slavery, acting as the center for education, business, political activism, and religious exhortation.1 Because church pastors are respected gatekeepers, they are particularly well-suited for organizing and stimulating change among African Americans. Thus, it is essential to engage pastors in health disparities research efforts. Engagement of pastors alone, however, without recognizing the significant influence of pastors’ wives, may result in missed opportunities for intervention with African Americans, especially women. The role of the pastor’s wife in the African American church has remained unrecognized despite the severity of health disparities among African American women, and further, the centrality of pastors’ wives as change agents. In this paper,we present a church-based educational intervention, Project Sisters in the Spirit (SIS). Following a mixed-methods design, Project SIS was implemented to assess (1) the feasibility of a scripture-based educational intervention aimed at improving breast cancer screening among African American women, including lay church women and both pastors’ and deacons’ wives, and (2) the receptivity of lay church women to pastors’ and deacons’ wives as lay health educators. Findings suggest that engagement of and partnership with the pastor’s wife may be the appropriate model for church-based health promotion among African American women.
Review: Transportation of commercial finished cattle and animal welfare considerations

ABSTRACT The purpose of the following report was to review and present the literature focused on the topic of current industry practices of land transport of finished cattle, primarily within the United States and Canada. This review was broken down into 5 areas: (1) microclimate, (2) loading density, (3) duration of transport, (4) quality of transport, and (5) animal behavior. All of these factors play a role in animal welfare and have been shown to influence post-transport animal health and carcass quality. Certain stressors such as loading density and duration are more understood than others and are easier to manipulate, whereas other stressors, such as microclimate and human factors, require more research to fully understand the magnitude and interactions of the stressors and how to address them. Improving the overall transport process ensures the safety and well-being of the animal and the quality of the carcass, providing both an ethical and economic benefit.
Phonotactics and phonetic context in the perception of onset nasality in Taiwanese

This paper reports an experiment on Taiwanese speakers' perception of the distinction between voiced oral and nasal onsets. This distinction is not phonemic in Taiwanese, a language with phonemic nasal vowels: voiced oral onsets only precede oral vowels, and the nasal onsets only precede nasal vowels. The experiment aimed to answer two research questions. First, when the distinction occurs before a nasal vowel, does perception improve when the oral onset is cued by an initial oral portion of the nasal vowel? Second, are all attested contrasts of oral and nasal syllables perceived equally well, or are there effects of places and manners of articulation? The results of an ABX experiment showed that the adding an oral portion to a nasal vowel did not improve Taiwanese speakers' perception of the unattested distinction of oral voiced and nasal onsets. Within the attested contrasts between oral and nasal syllables, the results showed that contrasts with more salient cues (e.g., aspirated stops vs. nasals) yielded better performances. Overall, this experiment shows that both phonotactics and phonetic cues play a role in the perception of nasality distinction in voiced onsets.
Discrete Higher Order Convex Functions and their Applications

In this paper we present an overview about the recently developed theory of discrete moment problems, i.e., moment problems where the supports of the random variables involved are discrete. We look for the minimum or maximum of a linear functional acting on an unknown probability distribution subject to a finite number of moment constraints. Using linear programming methodology, we present structural theorems, in both the univariate and multivariate cases, for the dual feasible bases and show how the relevant problems can be solved by suitable adaptations of the dual method. The condition on the objective function is a kind of higher order convexity, expressed in terms of divided differences. A variant of the above, the discrete binomial moment problem, as well as generalization for discrete variable Chebyshev systems are also discussed. Finally, we present novel applications to valuations of financial instruments.
Effect of endometrial thickness on live birth rates in fresh and frozen embryo transfers in women under 38 years of age

Many IVF clinics use endometrial thickness as a predictive factor for IVF outcomes, as research has shown a positive association between endometrial thickness and favorable IVF outcomes. A thickness of 6-8 mm is often used as a cut-off in for the decision of whether or not to transfer an embryo in both fresh and frozen cycles. However, prior studies investigating the relationship between a thin endometrium and IVF outcomes have overwhelmingly been performed in fresh cleavage stage embryo transfers. Given the recent trend toward the transfer of frozen blastocyst transfers, we aimed to determine whether endometrial thickness predicts live birth in both fresh and frozen blastocyst stage single embryo transfers.
Vascular Anatomy of the Medial Femoral Neck and Implications for Surface Plate Fixation

Objectives:To describe the inferior retinacular artery (IRA) as encountered from an anterior approach, to define its intraarticular position, and to define a safe zone for buttress plate fixation of femoral neck fractures.Methods:Thirty hips (15 fresh cadavers) were dissected through an anterior (Mo
Fiscal geographies: “Placing” taxation in urban geography

As the state’s primary means of both redistributing wealth and incentivizing private investment, tax plays an outsized role in a range of critical urban processes, including (re)development, gentri...
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Turnover Markers During HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Using Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Emtricitabine in Men Who Have Sex with Men.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) reduces bone mineral density in HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM). We hypothesized that PrEP with TDF-FTC would increase bone turnover markers (BTMs) at week 24 and that vitamin D supplementation from weeks 24 to 48 would blunt this increase. Participants were from a cohort of 398 MSM and transgender women who received daily TDF-FTC for PrEP. At week 24, a prospective intervention group initiated vitamin D3 4,000 IU daily. Concurrent controls were selected from the cohort who took ≤400 IU/day of vitamin D3 matched by age, race, and body mass index. The primary endpoint was the change in procollagen-I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) from weeks 24 to 48. Paired t-tests were used to compare changes in BTMs between intervention and controls. Among 48 intervention-control pairs, median age was 33 years. At baseline, 68.9% of the intervention group and 77.3% of controls were vitamin D sufficient (≥20 ng/mL, p = .94). P1NP, C-telopeptide, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 25-OH vitamin D3 did not increase significantly at week 24. P1NP fell by a mean ± SD of -27.6 ± 49.9 pg/mL from weeks 24 to 48 with vitamin D and -2.5 ± 40.2 pg/mL in controls (p = .01). There were no significant between-group differences in the weeks 24-48 change in C-telopeptide, PTH, or 25-OH vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 supplementation with 4,000 IU/day resulted in a significant reduction in the BTM P1NP compared with controls, suggesting that this intervention has potential to improve bone health during PrEP.
Using LiDAR imagery to locate historic-era homesteads and irrigation features of the Mormon Row, Antelope Flats, and dry farms historic landscapes, Grand Teton National Park, Teton County, Wyoming

GIS analysis of LiDAR imagery facilitated a modified NHPA Section 110 Class II survey and inventory performed in the summer of 2016 resulting in the identification of hundreds of fragmentary, relict, and extant cultural resources located in the vicinity of the Mormon Row Historic District (MRHD; 48TE1444) between June 6 and August 10, 2016. Correct identification and association of newly located cultural resources with persons, historic-era homesteads, and historic events is a complex and lengthy process requiring thorough artifact analysis and substantial background, ethnologic, and archival (contextual) research to make recommendations of significance, eligibility, and/or inclusion as contributing elements or not to the MRHD. Moving from the artifact scale to the site, feature, or historic district scale is a scalar process. Once at the site or historic district scale, it may be appropriate to ask whether the cultural resources can be addressed at a landscape scale, and ask new research questions such as: What if one were to consider all the cultural resources–prehistoric, historic, and natural–together? Are there theories and/or methodologies that can accommodate multiple layers of cultural resources and time frames and result in interpretations that are meaningful for present and future cultural resources management praxis? Featured photo by Tim Peterson on Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/Ab6ksdu5Q7k
Controlling the Dynamics of Ionic Liquid Thin Films via Multilayer Surface Functionalization

The structural dynamics of planar thin films of an ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BmimNTf2) as a function of surface charge density and thickness were investigated using two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. The films were made by spin coating a methanol solution of the IL on silica substrates that were functionalized with alkyl chains containing head groups that mimic the IL cation. The thicknesses of the ionic liquid films ranged from ∼50 to ∼250 nm. The dynamics of the films are slower than those in the bulk IL, becoming increasingly slow as the films become thinner. Control of the dynamics of the IL films can be achieved by adjusting the charge density on substrates through multilayer network surface functionalization. The charge density of the surface (number of positively charged groups in the network bound to the surface per unit area) is controlled by the duration of the functionalization reaction. As the charge density is increased, the IL dynamics become slower. For comparison, the surface was functionalized with three different neutral groups. Dynamics of the IL films on the functionalized neutral surfaces are faster than on any of the ionic surfaces but still slower than the bulk IL, even for the thickest films. These results can have implications in applications that employ ILs that have electrodes, such as batteries, as the electrode surface charge density will influence properties like diffusion close to the surface.
Herbal or Dietary Supplement Use and Hypertensive Medications: Does the Combination Relate to Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control?

Introduction: Medication nonadherence contributes to poor blood pressure control and increases cardiovascular disease risk in patients with hypertension. Identifying modifiable risk factors for low...
The Final Chapter in Keynes's 'History of the Multiplier Doctrine' Had Already Been Written in the 'A Treatise on Probability' in 1921 in Chapter 26

R J Kent’s 2007 History Of Political Economy article ends with the claim that “…But there certainly are many unanswered questions concerning Keynes’s role in the development of the multiplier…”. Pace Kent, anyone who has read Keynes’s chapter 26 in the A Treatise on Probability in 1921 and compared the mathematical analysis provided there with the mathematical analysis presented in Richard Kahn’s June, 1931 Economic Journal article, will immediately recognize that Kahn’s formal representation is identical to Keynes’s except for the specific variables used by Keynes and Kahn, q for Keynes and k for Kahn. There are no more “unanswered questions concerning Keynes’s role in the development of the multiplier…”. Keynes developed the logical and mathematical theory of the multiplier at least 10 years before the publication of Kahn’s article and applied his knowledge by providing an application of the multiplier theory in May of 1929, at least two years before the publication of Kahn’s article, as shown by Kent in his paper. Paul Samuelson missed a golden opportunity in his 1977 Journal of Economic Literature to end the mystery of the multiplier, but overlooked Keynes’s technical analysis in his analysis of Keynes’s risk analysis in chapter 26 of the General Theory. The real unanswered question is why it took nine decades for economists to recognize that it was Keynes who showed Kahn how to apply the multiplier and not the other way around.
Cellular Basis for the Enhanced Efficacy of the Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand (FL) Adjuvanted VCG-Based Chlamydia abortus Vaccine.

Efficacious vaccines are needed to control genital chlamydial diseases in humans and the veterinary industry. We previously reported a C. abortus (Cab) vaccine comprising recombinant Vibrio cholerae ghosts (rVCG) expressing the conserved and immunogenic N-terminal region of the Cab polymorphic membrane protein D (rVCG-Pmp18.1) protein that protected mice against intravaginal challenge. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of the hematopoietic progenitor activator cytokine, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand (FL) when co-administered with the rVCG-Pmp18.1 vaccine as a strategy to enhance the protective efficacy and the potential mechanism of immunomodulation. Groups of female C57BL/6J mice were immunized and boosted twice intranasally (IN) with rVCG-PmpD18.1 with and without FL or purified rPmp18.1 or rVCG-gD2 (antigen control) or PBS (medium) per mouse. The results revealed that co-administration of the vaccine with FL enhanced antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses and protected against live Cab genital infection. Comparative analysis of immune cell phenotypes infiltrating mucosal and systemic immune inductive tissue sites following immunization revealed that co-administration of rVCG-Pmp18.1 with FL significantly enhanced the number of macrophages, dendritic and NK cells, γδ and NK T cells in the spleen (systemic) and iliac lymph nodes (ILN) draining the genital tract (mucosal) tissues compared to rVCG-Pmp18.1 alone. Furthermore, FL enhanced monocyte infiltration in the ILN, while CD19+ B cells and CD4+ T cells were enhanced in the spleen. These results indicate that the immunomodulatory effect of FL is associated with its ability to mobilize innate immune cells and subsequent activation of robust antigen-specific immune effectors in mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues.