cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual Decision Making for the “Better Than Average” College Student

Abstract Objectives: To examine the impact of downward social comparison and the “known partner is a safe partner” heuristic on college students’ sexual decisions. Participants: One hundred-eighty heterosexual or bisexual undergraduate college students. Methods: Participants read dating vignettes that varied on perspective and familiarity and then rated the likelihood the couple would engage in sexual intercourse and use a condom. Results: There were no differences in rated likelihood based on familiarity, suggesting that the students did not view the 2 partner types as significantly different. Students rated the likelihood of sexual intercourse lower and condom use higher when the vignette was presented from the second person perspective. Conclusions: The students’ use of downward social comparison is consistent with the “better than average effect,” suggesting that the students perceive their own behavior as safe. The implication is that safer sex messages might be most effective if they focus on what s...
Self-referring terms, event transitivity and development of self

Abstract We explored 2-year-olds’ developing self-conceptions by examining uses of terms for the self ( I , me , own name) to mark contexts of self-action that varied in transitivity. Children differed in their preferred terms for self-reference ( I versus proper name/ me ). “I-users” produced relatively more verbs for highly transitive events that encode subjective experiences of intention and agency and “Name-users” produced relatively more verbs for intransitive events that encode objective experiences of self in motion, even though verb and self-reference vocabularies were similar for the two groups. Results are discussed in terms of children's creative use of language to construct different developmental paths toward self-conceptions and acquisition of the personal pronoun system.
Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury VII. Proton gradient and respiration of renal tissue cubes, renal mitochondrial and submitochondrial particles following ischemic cell injury

Summary Electron transport in tissue cubes, isolated mitochondria and submitochondria particles were examined as a function of ischemie time. It was found that electron transport remains active in all systems beyond the 2 hour ischemie time interval. The NADH stimulated respiration, however, declined after 2 hours of ischemia in ASU (Ammonia-Sephadex-Urea) particles followed by respiration with matrix-located dehydrogenases tested by substrates such as glutamate, α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate plus malate. Succinate dependent respiration remains active at control levels. In contrast proton gradient reveals changes in two phases: Phase A is characterized by gradually increasing gradient without valinomycin and by a rapidly declining gradient with valinomycin in the medium. Phase B is characterized by a declining proton gradient with or without valinomycin. It is suggested that the alteration of the proton gradient between 1 and 2 hours ischemia is an important factor contributing to irreversible cell injury.
Numerical Simulations of Flows Inside a Partially Filled Centrifuge

A numerical study was conducted to predict the dynamics of gas/liquid flows in a partially filled cylinder undergoing moderate to rapid rotation. Two specific problems were considered: spinup from rest of a partially filled circular container and the steady flow field in a partially filled rotating circular cylinder with an overrotating lid. Numerical solutions of the time-dependent axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations were obtained by using a homogeneous multiphase model. The evolution of the free surface along with the flow fields in both the gas and liquid phases are predicted. The computed results were compared with available experimental data. Details of flow field structures are examined by studying the numerical solutions. Radial profiles of axial and azimuthal velocities for both the liquid and gas phases are also presented. The model developed can be used for analyzing flows and mixing problems in complex-geometry centrifuges.
VLA observations of radio sources in interacting galaxy pairs in poor clusters

Observations of 16 radio sources in interacting galaxies in 14 poor clusters were made using the Very Large Array in the B configuration at lambda of 6 and 2 cm. These sources had been unresolved in earlier observations at lambda of 21 cm, and were chosen as a sample to determine which of three models for radio source formation actually pertains in interacting galaxies. From the analysis of this sample, the starburst model appears most successful, but the 'central monster' model could pertain in some cases.
Continental magmatism, volatile recycling, and a heterogeneous mantle caused by lithospheric gravitational instabilities

[1] Removal of the lower lithosphere (mantle lithosphere with or without portions of the crust) through ductile gravitational instabilities can produce magma under continents. Using numerical experiments approximating the rheology of continental crust and lithosphere and underlying asthenosphere and using phase equilibria from the literature, I investigate the topographic and magmatic results of lithospheric gravitational instabilities, along with the fate of the sinking material. Lithospheric removal, commonly referred to as delamination regardless of the mechanism, may allow asthenospheric material to rise and to melt adiabatically, and this asthenosphere can conductively heat portions of the lithosphere previously at lower temperatures. The size and rheology of the sinking material greatly influence the resulting surface topography as well as whether or not melting occurs. The sinking material may devolatilize as it reaches higher temperatures and pressures, just as a subducting slab does, triggering further melting. Gravitational instabilities are possible causes of nonmagmatic basins, continental magmatism of varying volume and composition in the absence of subduction, areas of high heat flow and uplift, and creation of an upper mantle heterogeneous in major and trace elements and volatiles. Magmatism can be simultaneous with topographic subsidence and possibly with subsequent uplift. In those cases that produce magma, melting can occur over a depth range from ∼30 to 200 km, though anomalously hot mantle is required to reach the volume of flood basalts.
Single cell activity in the noradrenergic A-5 region: Responses to drugs and peripheral manipulations of blood pressure

Abstract Single unit recordings were obtained from the region of the A-5 noradrenergic cell group in the ventrolateral tegmentum at the level of the exiting VIIth nerve. In this region a distinct cell population was identified which exhibited moderate spontaneous rates of activity, a regular firing pattern, wide action potentials, and a characteristic response to sensory stimulation consisting of a brief excitation followed by a more prolonged period of inhibition. Simultaneous visualization of recording sites and catecholamine cells by fluorescence histochemistry indicated a close association between the location of the recorded units and the A-5 noradrenergic cell group. Antidromic responses could be elicited by stimulation of the spinal cord and forebrain indicating that A-5 cells project both anteriorly and posteriorly. The spontaneous activity of A-5 cells was invariably suppressed by low doses of clonidine and l -amphetamine, while adjacent cells showed varying responses to these agents. The effects of clonidine and l -amphetamine could be reversed by low doses of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, piperoxane. When applied by microiontophoresis, clonidine and norepinephrine were effective in inhibiting A-5 neurons. The rank order of inhibitory potencies for agonists applied microiontophoretically to A-5 neurons was characteristic of an α2-receptor (i.e. clonidine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine). Thus, the physiological and pharmacological properties of the A-5 neurons closely matched those previously reported for noradrenergic neurons elsewhere. Sixty percent of A-5 neurons responded to peripherally induced changes in blood pressure with reciprocal changes in spontaneous firing rate. Increases in blood pressure led to decreases in spontaneous activity while decreases in pressure led to the opposite response. These observations are consistent with the proposed vasomotor role for the A-5 noradrenergic cell group.
Nonlinear thermoelectroelastic simulation of III-N devices

A consistent thermoelectroelastic description of piezoelectric semiconductors with finite deformation is presented. By including both kinematic and constitutive nonlinearities as well as a proper treatment of the electrostatic conditions at free surfaces, the theory allows situations with large strains to be modeled more accurately. In addition, the theory is rotationally invariant unlike the linear theory, and can therefore be applied to semiconducting MEMS structures that involve large mechanical displacements. These points are illustrated using numerical simulations of several different III-N devices of technological interest.
Cortisol production rates in subjects with suspected Cushing's syndrome: assessment by stable isotope dilution methodology and comparison to other diagnostic methods.

It can be difficult to establish the diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome (CS) in patients with mild or nonspecific clinical and biochemical findings, because available diagnostic tests have limited predictive values. We hypothesized that measurement of 24-h cortisol production rates (CPRs) might be a more sensitive indicator of CS in such patients. We measured CPRs in 28 patients with suspected CS (but equivocal biochemical findings) and in 22 healthy control subjects, by infusing tracer amounts of deuterated cortisol, with simultaneous measurements of 24-h urine free cortisol (UFC) levels; and we frequently sampled serum cortisol levels. CPRs were calculated from the ratio of isotopic enrichment to isotopic dilution of cortisol measured by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Nine of the patients proved to have CS by surgery (CS-Yes), whereas 19 patients were determined not to have CS by biochemical testing (CS-No). Mean 24-h UFCs, nocturnal serum cortisol levels, and CPRs w...
ADSORPTION OF ORGANICS FROM A TRUE IN-SITU OIL SHALE RETORT WATER ON ACTIVATED CARBON IN PACKED BEDS

The adsorption of a true in-situ oil shale retort water on activated carbon at 278 and 298 K was studied in batch experiments and in packed beds with continuous liquid flow. The isotherms were nonlinear over the liquid concentration 0 to 875 mg/1. Breakthrough curves were obtained in packed bed experiments as a function of bed length, particle size, and liquid velocity. A differential approach was used to calculate the mass transfer coefficients and the rates of adsorption. Also the breakthrough curves were analyzed to establish the relative importance of the various individual mechanisms that contributed to the overall adsorption process.
Quality-of-life assessment when there is a loss of income.

Purpose.The current study aims to provide the first empirical evidence demonstrating whether people automatically consider morbidity costs when assessing the quality of life for a health state.Methods.One hundred eighty-one undergraduate students were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: 1) those participants who were not informed of morbidity costs and 2) those participants who were informed of morbidity costs. Students were asked to read a description of a health state and to assign an assessment of quality of life for the health state described by the use of the paper standard gamble.Results.The overall mean quality of life for the informed group was significantly lower than that of the uninformed group (P < 0.0001, F = 24.2, df = 1, 179). Similarly, there is a significant difference between illness severity levels in mean quality of life (P < 0.0001, F = 29.5, df = 2, 178). No statistically significant interaction between level of illness severity and prior knowledge was observed (P = 0.5904, F = 0.53,...
The Measurement of Gloss

SUMMARYIt is proposed to measure the specular-reflection from various materials and to determine objective gloss which defines surface characteristics only. Samples are mounted on a circular cylinder which is spun rapidly. Large angles of incidence are employed. The brightness of the image of a source reflected specularly from the cylindrical sample is photometered by means of an optical pyrometer. Actual results show that gloss so measured is independent of the brightness of the back-ground (diffuse reflection).
Mammalian Epidermal Messenger RNA: Identification and Characterization of the Keratin Messengers

A messenger RNA fraction which directs the synthesis of epidermal keratins and other skin proteins has been isolated from adult guinea pigs and newborn rats, utilizing techniques designed to minimize degradation by endogenous nucleases. During the initial extraction procedures an inhibitor of translation was identified. This inhibitor could be removed by sedimentation of the RNA through cesium chloride. Electrophoresis of the resulting RNA on denaturing agarose/urea gels indicated that, in addition to 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs, several minor species ranging in size from 10S to 28S were present. This heterogeneous RNA stimulated the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into protein in a reticulocyte lysate system which had an absolute dependence on added mRNA. A fraction of the RNA was retained on oligo(dT)-cellulose, indicating the presence of poly(adenylic acid) sequences. This poly(A)-rich material was considerably enriched for mRNA activity. Analysis of the products of synthesis indicated that proteins which migrated as keratins in 1- and 2-dimensional electrophoretic systems were major translation products of both the unfractionated material and poly(A)-containing fractions. The minimum sedimentation coefficient of keratin mRNAs was found to be 18S, a value consistent with the molecular weight of the keratin polypeptides.
Low noise InP-based MMIC receivers for W-band

A program to develop a monolithic W-band low noise amplifier (a critical element in any W-band communications, sensors, or radar application) is described. Goals of the program include a completely monolithic low noise amplifier, less than a 3.5 dB noise figure, and a monolithic mixer suitable for integration with the LNA.
Competition as a Moderator of the Effect of Advertising on Sales

The author investigates the impact of competition on the sales response function. In particular, the influence of advertising on consumers’ price sensitivity (elasticity) is explored. Two opposing ...
Prenatal Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Not Standard of Care

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a common autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in the CYP21A2 gene. Since genetic counselors play a crucial role in educating families about inherited disorders, they need to have thorough knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of CAH especially the effects on the fetus, the complex genetics of this disorder, and the controversies surrounding experimental prenatal dexamethasone treatment. Affected female fetuses may have varying degree of virilization of the external genitalia. Starting in the 1980’s, supraphysiologic glucocorticoid treatment was used to decrease the virilization of the external genitalia of affected female fetuses. However, recent clinical observations, animal studies and greater awareness of the details of human fetal adrenal physiology raise concerns regarding the safety of this prenatal treatment. We review the pathophysiology of CAH, the safety and ethical considerations of prenatal dexamethasone treatment and the views of multiple medical societies that conclude that this experimental therapy should only be done in prospective trials approved by ethical review boards.
Prosody's Contribution to Fluency: An Examination of the Theory of Automatic Information Processing

LaBerge and Samuels’ (1974) theory of automatic information processing in reading offers a model that explains how and where the processing of information occurs and the degree to which processing of information occurs. These processes are dependent upon two criteria: accurate word decoding and automatic word recognition. However, LaBerge and Samuels’ theory does not account for a comprehensive definition of fluency that includes accurate word decoding, automatic word recognition, and prosody. This article will use empirical studies to argue that prosody is also a defining criterion of fluent reading and must be considered in LaBerge and Samuels’ theory of automaticity. The author concludes that the theory of automaticity should be amended to consider the importance of prosody as an essential element that contributes to fluent reading.
Evaluating the Success of a Parent-Professional Autism Network: Implications for Family Counselors

Family counselors working with families and children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders may seek assistance from a variety of sources in order to support their clients. Despite the need, few community resources are available to meet the varied and complex needs of families. The authors discuss a community-based program that can be used as an adjunct to family counseling. Specifically, this study used a survey and interview to examine perceptions of the benefits of participation in this program. The study identified four themes: (1) knowledge, (2) altered living patterns, (3) heightened coping skills, and (4) desired changes. These themes supported parental views of the success of the parent-professional networking group. Considerations for both family counseling practice and research are considered.
Identification of fetal growth retardation by ultrasonographic estimation of total intrauterine volume

Recent literature has suggested that total intrauterine volume (TIUV) estimation is useful fir distinguishing normal from growth-retarded fetuses. One hundred seventy-nine measurements of TIUV were obtained from the ultrasonograms taken between 21 and 40 weeks of gestation in 140 patients who delivered average birthweight babies. We constructed a mean curve for TIUV with upper and lower 2.5 and 10% tolerance limits and later evaluated the TIUV's of 16 patients with growth-retarded fetuses. Nine of these fetuses had birthweights below the fifth percentile for gestational age, and in each of these pregnancies the TIUV ultimately fell below the lower 2.5% tolerance limit.
Using disaster planning to optimize expenditures on financial safety nets

*Using a multiperiod model, this paper offers a benchmark standard for efficient safety net management. This standard embodies a market-mimicking strategy for identifying, preventing, and resolving bank insolvencies. Around the world, governmental reluctance to acknowledge weaknesses in their crisis prevention efforts supports an underinvestment in contingent plans for handling financial disaster. The model features the hypothesis that this underinvestment misserves taxpayers by increasing the ability of stakeholders in insolvent banks to extract implicit and explicit subsidies when and as the threat of an actual crisis intensifies. (JEL G2, F3, K2); Atlantic Econ. J., 29(3): pp. 243-253, Sept. 01. © All Rights Reserved
Test, Evaluation and Failure Analysis of Automotive Scissors Jacks

Automotive scissors jacks have rapidly grown in popularity in past years because of their light weight, low cost and ease of use and storage. However, they may be a potential safety hazard if the scissors jack is not adequately designed, properly assembled or correctly used. This paper summarizes results from a test and evaluation program performed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration involving 120 automotive scissors jacks selected from 24 models and made by 14 different manufacturers. In conjunction with the test results, a mathematical model was introduced to describe the load supporting characteristics of a variety of scissors jacks. The analytical results agree fairly well with the test results. A failure mode and effects analysis was performed to analyze four observed major failure modes of the scissors jacks; i.e., collapsing, toppling over, unable to raise or lower the vehicle and penetration of the vehicle frame.
Blood flow during pregnancy in the rat: I. Flow patterns to maternal organs

Normal blood flow patterns to several maternal organs were characterized in individual CD rats, nonpregnant (NP) or on day 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, or 20 of gestation using the radioactive microsphere technique. Weights and flow values were determined for several uterine tissue samples as well as maternal organs. No significant changes were found in blood flow to the stomach, spleen, and urinary bladder of these animals. There also were no remarkable changes as pregnancy progressed in blood flow to the lungs, suggesting that no marked arterial-venous shunting occurs in maternal placental tissues over gestation. Slight but consistent decreases in absolute (ml/min) and relative (ml/min/g tissue) blood flow to the brain were noted, and percent cardiac output (CO) was significantly decreased on all days of gestation except day 7. Complex changes were observed in blood flow to the kidneys, liver, adrenals, and heart. Absolute flow to the kidneys and liver reached maximum values on day 11, although percent CO delivered to both organs was consistently reduced throughout gestation. Absolute flow to the heart and adrenals peaked on day 13 and days 11-12, respectively. Absolute flow to the ovaries increased nearly 5-fold from the NP state (0.36 +/- 0.11) to day 20 of pregnancy (1.61 +/- 0.33). Interlitter differences in ovarian blood flow during midgestation were found to be a result of differences in litter size and distribution of embryo/fetuses between the two uterine horns. The fact that the majority of changes observed in maternal organ flow coincide with placental development, rapid augmentation of total uterine flow, and/or maternal hormonal changes suggests that these patterns may be important indicators of the dynamic physiology of pregnancy.
Gene Correction in Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Promises and Challenges Ahead

The sequencing of the human genome has greatly facilitated our ability to identify the gene candidates that are critical for developmental regulation and disease progression. However, investigators seeking to use such data to gain a better understanding of the developmental biology and therapeutic potential of pluripotent stem cell types may be frustrated by the limitations of current genetic engineering techniques. Targeted genomic manipulation of mammalian cells is inefficient, and unintended effects of such manipulation on the cells’ developmental and proliferative potential remain uninvestigated. To this end, the recent demonstration of targeted gene correction in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) before and after reprogramming, as reported in this issue of Molecular Therapy, warrants special mention.1
Lack of relationship of potential difference to fluid absorption in the proximal renal tubule.

Lack of relationship of potential difference to fluid absorption in the proximal renal tubule. Fluid absorption by isolated perfused rabbit proximal convoluted tubules is accompanied by an electrical potential difference (PD), negative in the lumen, when the tubule is bathed by rabbit serum and perfused with an ultra-fitrate of that serum. In contrast the PD is positive when the perfusate composition approximates that of fluid in the late proximal tubule in vivo , which lacks glucose, amino acids and bicarbonate. The principal purpose of the present studies was to investigate the characteristics of fluid absorption under these conditions. Proximal convoluted tubules were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro. When the PD was positive, the mean net fluid absorption was 81 nl mm -1 min -1 . The positive PD is caused by a chloride concentration difference across the tubule epithelium (higher in the lumen than in the bath). Elimination of the chloride concentration difference by replacing the bicarbonate in the bath as well as in the perfusate with chloride caused the PD to fall to zero without a significant change in the rate of fluid absorption. Therefore, neither the positive PD nor the chloride concentration difference is significantly related to the fluid absorption. Ouabain inhibited fluid absorption under all of the above conditions, making it likely that the fluid absorption is due to active sodium transport. Although the results are consistent with the generally accepted view that active sodium transport is a major driving force for fluid absorption, the mechanism of anion (chloride) transport is uncertain owing to the lack of correlation between fluid absorption and the transepithelial PD.
Diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbon systems: Methane in the liquid phase of the methane–n-heptane system

The production and refining of petroleum involve many processes in which conditions deviate markedly from equilibrium. For prediction of the behavior of such nonequilibrium systems, information concerning the molecular-transport characteristics of the paraffin hydrocarbons is of practical interest. Fick diffusion coefficients for methane were measured in the liquid phase of the methane–n-heptane system at temperatures between 40° and 340°F. at pressures up to 3,500 lb./sq. in., but the pressure range was limited at the higher temperatures by approach to the critical state of this binary system. The measurements obtained confirmed the fact that the Fick diffusion coefficients for methane decrease with an increase in the concentration of this component and increase rapidly with an increase in temperature for a constant composition. These data together with similar information for other binary paraffin hydrocarbon systems indicate that the Fick diffusion coefficients for methane decrease with an increase in the molecular weight of the less volatile component.
193 CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION IN PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

Catecholamine excretion, when corrected for creatinine excretion, decreases throughout childhood, reaching adult levels at age 15. To explore the hypothesis that the pubertal process may play a role in this decrease we measured catecholamine and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) excretion in 24 hour urine samples from 39 normal children (N) and from 42 children with precocious puberty (PP). The results (mean ± SEM), grouped according to age and pubertal stage, are shown in the Table: Children with precocious puberty had significantly decreased catecholamine and VMA excretion compared to age-matched normal subjects. Catecholamine and VMA excretion in PP decreased with increasing pubertal stage, mirroring the pattern seen in normal puberty. We conclude that puberty is associated with a decreased urinary catecholamine and VMA excretion and that children with precocious puberty have urinary catecholamine and VMA excretion that is decreased for age but appropriate for pubertal stage.
Beyond definition/use: architectural interconnection

Large software systems require decompositional mechanisms in order to make them tractable. Traditionally, MILs and IDLs have played this role by providing notations based on definition/use bindings. In this paper we argue that current MIL/IDLs based on definition/use have some serious drawbacks. A significant problem is that they fail to distinguish between "implementation" and "interaction" relationships between modules. We propose an alternative model in which components interact along welldefined lines of communication -- or connectors. Connectors are defined as protocols that capture the expected patterns of communication between modules. We show how this leads to a scheme that is much more expressive for architectural relationships, that allows the formal definition of module interaction, and that supports its own form of automated checks and formal reasoning.
Avian vacuolar myelinopathy outbreaks at a southeastern reservoir

Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a neurologic disease of unknown etiology that affects bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), American coots (Fulica americana), and several species of waterfowl. An unidentified neurotoxin is suspected as the cause of AVM, which has been documented at several reservoirs in the southeastern United States. We conducted diagnostic and epidemiologic studies annually during October-March from 1998-2004 at Clarks Hill/Strom Thurmond Lake on the Georgia/South Carolina border to better understand the disease. Avian vacuolar myelinopathy was confirmed or suspected as the cause of morbidity and mortality of 28 bald eagles, 16 Canada geese (Branta canadensis), six American coots, two great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and one killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). Active surveillance during the outbreaks yielded annual average prevalence of vacuolar lesions in 17-94% of coots, but not in 10 beavers (Castor canadensis), four raccoons (Procyon lotor), and one gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) collected for the study. Brain lesions were not apparent in 30 Canada geese collected and examined in June 2002. The outbreaks at this location from 1998-2004 represent the most significant AVM-related bald eagle mortality since the Arkansas epornitics of 1994-95 and 1996-97, as well as the first confirmation of the disease in members of Strigiformes and Charadriiformes.
Interpregnancy interval and disparity in term small for gestational age births between black and white women.

Abstract Objective: To examine the influence of interpregnancy interval on the elevated risk of term small for gestational age (SGA) births to black women. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of data from the Delivery Interview Program, a hospital-based cohort study of 12,718 women conducted at the Boston Hospital for Women from 1977 to 1980. The current analysis was limited to black and white parous women who gave birth to term infants during the study and whose last previous pregnancies had also resulted in term, live births. There were 578 black and 3400 white women who met these criteria. The rates of term SGA births for black and white women were calculated according to six interpregnancy intervals (6 or less, 6–12, 12–24, 24–36, 36–60, or longer than 60 months). Multiple logistic regression was used to control for confounding. Results: The overall rate of term SGA births was 6.4% for black women compared with 3.9% for white women (relative risk [RR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 2.4). Black women were also more likely than white women to have interpregnancy intervals of 6 months or less (9.2% black, 4.8% white; RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4, 2.6). At every interpregnancy interval, black women had a higher rate of term SGA births than white women. After controlling for interpregnancy interval in a logistic regression analysis, the increased risk of SGA delivery among black women remained unchanged (odds ratio 1.7, 95% CI 1.1, 2.5). Conclusion: Although black women were more likely than white women to have SGA births and short interpregnancy intervals, differences in interpregnancy intervals between the races did not explain the disparity in term SGA births.
Fundamental limits on robustness measures in networks of interconnected systems

We investigate robustness of interconnected dynamical networks with respect to external distributed stochastic disturbances. In this paper, we consider networks with linear time-invariant dynamics. The ℋ2 norm of the underlying system is considered as a robustness index to measure the expected steady-state dispersion of the state of the entire network. We present new tight bounds for the robustness measure for general linear dynamical networks. We, then, focus on two specific classes of networks: first- and second-order consensus in dynamical networks. A weighted version of the ℋ2 norm of the system, so called LQ-energy of the network, is introduced as a robustness measure. It turns out that when LQ is the Laplacian matrix of a complete graph, LQ-energy reduces to the expected steady-state dispersion of the state of the entire network. We quantify several graph-dependent and graph-independent fundamental limits on the LQ-energy of the networks. Our theoretical results have been applied to two application areas. First, we show that in power networks the concept of LQ-energy can be interpreted as the total resistive losses in the network and that it does not depend on specific structure of the underlying graph of the network. Second, we consider formation control with second-order dynamics and show that the LQ-energy of the network is graph-dependent and corresponds to the energy of the flock.
A possible function of DNA polymerase in chromosome replication.

Abstract The Escherichia coli DNA polymerase mutant isolated by de Lucia and Cairns is impaired in its ability to convert low molecular weight, newly synthesized DNA into high molecular weight material. The mutation affects the joining of the low molecular weight strands and not their synthesis, but the strands are eventually incorporated into high molecular weight DNA. The in vitro DNA ligase activity of the mutant is normal. It is proposed both DNA polymerase and DNA ligase are required to close the breaks in newly synthesized DNA in vivo , and either the low levels of polymerase activity or interference with DNA ligase by an altered DNA polymerase reduce the rate of closing in the mutant.
Transplantation of neural tissues in the brains of laboratory mammals: Technical details and comments

Various technical details on the transplantation of the embryonic neural tissues in the brains of the neonatal and adult rats are presented. Conditions determining successful or leading to unsuccessful survival, growth and differentiation of these transplants are critically examined.
Radiosynthesis of 1‐[11C] polyhomoallylic fatty acids

A facile retro-synthesis involving the radical chain decarboxylation of the N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione esters of both arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid was utilized to synthesize (all Z)-1-bromononadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraene, and (all Z)-1-bromoheneicosa-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaene in 60% overall yield. The corresponding polyhomoallylic magnesium bromides were carbonated with [11C]CO2 to afford the 1-[11C]polyhomoallylic labeled fatty acids in good yield in less than 35 minutes. The final radiochemical purities were found to be in excess of 95% by radio-HPLC.
Flux-line lattice in uniaxial superconductors at low magnetic inductions.

Within the London approximation, we predict the geometry of the flux lattice in anisotropic, strongly type-II superconductors for arbitrary field orientation and intensity. At low magnetic fields, the scaling of the lattice parameters with field differs markedly from the ordinary ${\mathit{B}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ dependence. We also calculate the form factors and reflectivities for neutron diffraction. The dependence of the reflectivity on the angle between the magnetic field and the c axis, and on the field intensity, is calculated.
The influence of in vivo administration of dimethyl sulfoxide on the in vitro metabolism of some monocyclic aromatic chemicals by hepatic microsomal preparations

Abstract The stimulation of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylation caused by treating rats with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was studied further. Stimulation of aniline p -hydroxylation was not abolished by the concurrent administration of DMSO and actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Concurrent administration of DMSO and phenobarbital did not cause any increase in the in vitro aniline hydroxylase activity above that found with DMSO treatment alone; however, concurrent administration of DMSO and 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in a decrease in microsomal aniline hydroxylase activity compared with rats given DMSO alone. Stimulation of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase, associated with DMSO administration, was demonstrated in male, female, and newborn rats, male mice, and male rabbits. DMSO treatment of rats stimulated the hepatic microsomal metabolism of acetanilide, and p -nitroanisole, but did not stimulate microsomal zoxazolamine hydroxylation, and depressed the microsomal demethylation of dimethylaniline.
As bases do petismo

Based on the results of the 2002 Brazilian Electoral Study, the author analyses the electoral bases of the Worker´s Party and the factors associated with the "petismo". The relationships between the "petismo"and the socioeconomic, demographic and political variables are tested using multivariate analysis. The results indicate that the only "social category"associated with "petismo"is level of education, and it has clear implications to their social and political behavior.
Photochemical and thermal reactions of iron pentacarbonyl with dimethyldiacetylene (DMDA): spectral characterization of reaction complexes

Abstract A series of photochemical and thermal reactions has been carried out with iron pentacarbonyl and the conjugated alkadiyne dimethyldiacetylene (DMDA). One product (DMDA)Fe(CO) 6 , was prepared directly from starting materials in tetrahydrofuran under photochemical conditions. Previously analogs of this complex had been prepared only under thermal conditions from complex intermediates. An X-ray analysis has established the structure of this complex; 13 C NMR and other spectral data reported here are in agreement. Under thermal conditions in xylene, three isomeric forms of a tricarbonylferroleiron tricarbonyl (DMDA) 2 Fe 2 (CO) 6 complex were prepared. Separation and purification of two of these isomers was achieved; selected spectral data are reported. Infrared and mass spectra are also reported for the complex (DMDA) 2 Fe(CO) 4 resulting from the photochemical reaction of starting materials in cyclohexane.
Alternative extension of supersymmetry.

Alternative extensions of supersymmetry in higher dimensions are explored. A general Weyl-spinor-type extension is found that becomes just N = 1 supersymmetry in 3+1 dimensions. In higher dimensions it can be broken to (N = 1 supersymmetry) x (internal group), where the internal group can easily contain the standard model. Off-shell superspace actions are constructed. The flat-space generalization of the Wess-Zumino action is quantized and shown to be ultraviolet finite to all orders, when in higher dimensions. An off-shell superspace action for supergravity based on the alternative supersymmetry is given, and some prospects for quantization and dimensional reduction of this action are discussed.
Reconsidering fragmentation and reassembly

We reconsider several issues related to fragmentation and reassembly in IP. We first reconsider reassembly. We describe a simple expected case optimization that improves reassembly performance to 38 instructions per fragment if the fragments arrive in FIFO order (the same assumption made in header prediction) which has been implemented in the NetBSD kernel. Next, we introduce the new idea of Graceful Intermediate Reassembly (GIR), which is a generalization of the existing IP mechanisms of destination and hop-by-hop reassembly. In GIR, we coalesce the fragments at an intermediate router in order to use the largest sized packets on its outgoing interface. We show that GIR always outperforms hop-by-hop reassembly and can be implemented economically in routers with small processing and memory costs. We then reconsider fragmentation. We show that avoiding fragmentation has costs of its own in terms of increased packet processing and/or round-trip delays. We describe measurements in which TCP performance improves after turning on fragmentation. For examples, on Ethernet under NetBSDS using a 536 byte segment size for TCP we get a throughput... Read complete abstract on page 2.
Influence of solvent size on the diffusion process for polymer-solvent systems

Literature data analysis in the framework of the free-volume theory of diffusion shows that the size of a jumping unit of a solvent which is undergoing segmentwise diffusion in a polymer is strongly dependent on the characteristics of the polymer matrix.
Effect of food intake on urine pH in cats

Ninety adult cats were fed an experimental canned meat-based cat food at levels necessary to maintain weight for 11 days. On the 12th day the cats were split into six groups of 15 cats each and fed 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 per cent of their previous food allotment. Four hours after the food was offered a urine sample was obtained via cysto-centesis. The pH of the urine sample was determined and the sample microscopically evaluated for the presence of struvite crystals. Post prandial urine pH was found to be a linear function of the amount of food consumed: (urine pH = 6–15 + [food intake (g) × 0–015]; P = 0-000). The presence of struvite crystals was dependent on urine pH while amorphous crystals were not. These data suggest that ad libitum feeding (nibble eating) may be beneficial in the management of feline struvite urolithiasis by reducing the magnitude of the post prandial alkaline tide. It also supports the suggestion that struvite crystal formation is largely a function of urinary pH.
Personal Causality and Attribution of Responsibility.

In this study we examined the relationship between the severity of negative consequences of a blameworthy behavior and attribution of responsibility for that behavior. Under the guise of comparing their judgments with that of a jury, 480 college students read a transcript of a lawsuit stemming from a bank holdup case in which a customer was injured either slightly or severely by a bullet fired by a bank robber when a teller disobeyed the robber’s command not to move. Participants rated the robber, teller, and victim on several scales. Results indicated more responsibility attribution as severity increased, although this result was qualified by the sex of the involved stimulus persons. Higher punishment and compensation ratings were also made in the severe condition. It was found that as the victim’s injury increased in seriousness, his suffering was attributed less to chance. The results demonstrated the value of using a nonaccident paradigm which includes clearly blameworthy behavior, and distinguishes between the victim and perpetrator of the negative behavior. Under such conditions severity-dependent attribution of responsibility may often occur.
Beyond the Illusion of Diversity: How Early Childhood Teachers Can Promote Social Justice

Whereas professional organizations recognize the centrality of diversity in school curricula and instructional practices and most educators conceptually agree, little of this information and ideology is translated into classrooms. When examining the ethos in most schools, the valuation of diversity is not readily apparent in teacher attitudes, instructional practices, curricula, and school policies. Although rapidly changing demographics and accompanying negative performance trends of students from nonmainstream backgrounds implore educators to consider issues of diversity and equity, teachers give little or no substantive attention to sociocultural and sociopolitical issues that mediate teaching and learning in an increasingly diverse world. In this article the author encourages educators to envision and enact new legacies on behalf of humanity. The author discusses issues of social justice along with pedagogical strategies and includes examples from micro and macro levels of society.
Many naturally occurring mutations of myelin proteolipid protein impair its intracellular transport.

The primary structure of the proteolipid protein (PLP) from the central nervous system (CNS) myelin of mammals is highly conserved with only three amino acid differences between the mouse, rat, dog, bovine, and human proteins. Furthermore, within a particular species no polymorphisms in the protein have been identified. Recent interest has focused on the targeting of PLP in oligodendrocytes and the role that mutant forms of this protein play in generating dysmyelinating or hypomyelinating diseases. We previously expressed the human cDNA encoding PLP in transiently transfected Cos-7 cells and characterized the subcellular distribution of the protein in this simple heterologous system. In the current study we have used the same paradigm to examine the effect of five missense mutations in the PLP gene on processing of the encoded protein. The mutations chosen span the carboxy-terminal half of PLP and encompass that part of the protein in which most mutations have been identified. Our results show that transport of all mutations examined was arrested in the secretory pathway at an early stage, causing the mutant proteins to accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, a common mechanism of protein misfolding and failure of PLP to reach the cell surface of oligodendrocytes rather than the inability of the mutant protein to perform some crucial function at the cell surface may be responsible for the diseases caused by many PLP mutations. Our results, together with those of others, prompt us to speculate that the pathobiology observed in PLP mutants may result from oligodendrocyte cell death caused by the accumulation of misfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. This speculation is consistent with the observations that oligodendrocytes bearing misfolded PLP, as in the jimpy mutant, proliferate but die rapidly while oligodendrocytes from PLP deletion survive and produce a myelin-like membrane which lacks PLP. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Motor Proteins: Trafficking and Signaling Collide

Motor proteins carry scaffolding proteins and associated signaling molecules along cytoskeletal tracks to specific cellular destinations. Recent work has shown that the signaling components are not just along for the ride. Rather, they can play an important role in regulating the motor that carries them.
Selective palliative transcatheter embolization of bony metastases from renal cell carcinoma

To examine whether transcatheter embolization of bone metastases is an effective palliative option for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCCa). A retrospective review of 21 patients presenting for palliative embolization of painful RCCa skeletal metastases was performed. Details regarding anatomic sites, procedural details, and embolization materials were collected. The clinical response of the patient was assessed from clinic visits and analgesic use. Thirty separate embolization procedures were used to treat 39 metastatic lesions (18 pelvic, 8 lower extremity, 3 upper extremity, 5 rib/chest well, and 5 vertebral lesions). Five patients underwent more than one embolization. Polyvinyl alcohol was used in all 30 embolization procedures. Additional embolic materials were used in 16 of 30 procedures. A clinical response was achieved at 36 treated sites; the mean duration fo the response was 5.5 months. Selective embolization of bony renal cell carcinoma metastases can provide effective palliation in a patient population which has limited therapeutic options.
Medium-energy backscattered electron diffraction studies of TiO2(110): relation to surface structure

Abstract Medium-energy backscattered electron diffraction (MEED) studies are reported for the rutile TiO 2 (110) surface. Two-dimensional diffraction images are obtained using a retarding field analyzer with a microchannel plate-intensified detector. Background removal is accomplished using digital image processing techniques. We find that the backscattered pattern for 750 eV incident electrons is predominantly due to diffraction of the outgoing electrons (subsequent to backscattering from subsurface atoms) by overlying lattice atoms. We also find effects related to the orientation of the incident beam relative to the surface. These effects are ascribed to diffraction of the incoming electrons (prior to backscattering) and possibly the focusing of electron intensity on second-layer atoms. Single-scattering cluster (SSC) calculations are used to model the outgoing diffraction process. The results are qualitatively consistent with a bulk-like termination of the TiO 2 (110) surface.