cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Radiocarbon Dating to New World Archaeology

When introduced almost five decades ago, radiocarbon ( (super 14) C) dating provided New World archaeologists with a common chronometric scale that transcended the countless site-specific and regional schemes that had been developed by four generations of field researchers employing a wide array of criteria for distinguishing relative chronological phases. A topic of long standing interest in New World studies where (super 14) C values have played an especially critical role is the temporal framework for the initial peopling of the New World. Other important issues where (super 14) C results have been of particular importance include the origins and development of New World agriculture and the determination of the relationship between the western and Mayan calendars. It has been suggested that the great success of (super 14) C was an important factor in redirecting the focus of American archaeological scholarship in the 1960s from chronology building to theory building, led to a noticeable improvement in US archaeological field methods, and provided a major catalyst that moved American archaeologists increasingly to direct attention to analytical and statistical approaches in the manipulation and evaluation of archaeological data.
Polygalacturonases are required for rapid colonization and full virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum on tomato plants.

Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt, a soil-borne vascular disease of many crop plants. Plant cell wall-degrading polygalacturonases (PGs) are significant virulence factors for this pathogen. R. solanacearum mutants lacking PehA (an endo-PG), or PehB (an exo-PG), or both PehA and PehB are all less virulent than the wild-type strain on wounded eggplants. To more closely mimic the natural infection process, unwounded tomato plants were soil-soak inoculated with wild-type and PG mutant strains. All three PG mutants were significantly reduced in virulence on intact tomato plants, despite surviving well in potting mix. Over the course of disease development, populations of PG mutant and wild-type bacteria in plants were significantly different. The PG mutants, especially the two pehA mutants, colonized fewer tomato stems, colonized stems more slowly, and had lower mean bacterial populations in stems than the wild-type strain. These results suggest that PehA and PehB are necessary for rapid host colonization, and that production of these enzymes contributes quantitatively to the ability of R. solanacearum to colonize host vascular tissue and wilt plants. A threshold bacterial population of around 1 × 10 8 cfu in the centimetre of tomato stem directly above the cotyledons correlated with the appearance of wilt symptoms.
GABAB receptor feedback regulation of bipolar cell transmitter release

GABAergic amacrine cell feedback to bipolar cells in retina has been described, activating both GABAA and GABAC receptors. We explored whether metabotropic GABAB receptors also participate in this feedback pathway. CGP55845, a potent GABAB receptor antagonist, was employed to determine the endogenous role of these receptors. Ganglion cell EPSCs and IPSCs were monitored to measure the output of bipolar and amacrine cells. Using the tiger salamander slice preparation, we found that GABAB receptor pathways regulate bipolar cell release directly and indirectly. In the direct pathway, the GABAB receptor antagonist reduces EPSC amplitude, indicating that GABAB receptors cause enhanced glutamate release from bipolar cells to one set of ganglion cells. In the indirect pathway, the GABAB receptor antagonist reduces EPSC amplitude in another set of ganglion cells. The indirect pathway is only evident when GABAA receptors are inhibited, and is blocked by a glycine receptor antagonist. Thus, this second feedback pathway involves direct glycine feedback to the bipolar cell and this glycinergic amacrine cell is suppressed by GABAergic amacrine cells, through both GABAA and GABAB but not GABAC receptors. Overall, GABAB receptors do contribute to feedback regulation of bipolar cell transmitter release. However, unlike the ionotropic GABA receptor pathways, the metabotropic GABA receptor pathways act to enhance bipolar cell transmitter release. Furthermore, there are three discrete subsets of bipolar cell output regulated by GABAB receptor feedback (direct, indirect and null), implying three distinct, non-overlapping bipolar cell to ganglion cell circuits.
Marketing education and acculturation in the early twentieth century: Evidence from Polish language texts on selling and salesmanship

Purpose – This article seeks to bring two hitherto neglected Polish language texts on selling and salesmanship to the attention of marketing historians. In contrast to Bartels' seminal work, this research aims to show that early marketing writing was not just in the English language and that early marketing thought was disseminated via instruction outside institutions of higher education. The research also intends to explore how marketing education served to acculturate one group of immigrants to American business norms.Design/methodology/approach – The primary sources are Sprzedawca czyli: Sztuka Prowadzenia Handlu Podlug Systemow Amerykanskich (Salesman: The Art of Commerce According to American Norms) by Jozef Mierzynski and Sprzedawnictwo Sklepowe (Store Salesmanship), third edition, by Boleslaw Z. Urbanski. Both were published in Chicago. Their tables of contents were translated and compared to selected English language texts on selling and salesmanship written about the same time. Additional informa...
Reconstructions and faceting of H-covered Al(111)

First principles calculations show that H overlayers induce a honeycomb vacancy reconstruction on Al(111). Above one ML H coverage, Al(111) facets into surfaces vicinal to (111), with {100} faceted single and double steps and vacancies on the {111} terraces. These H induced reconstructions are stable because H binds more strongly to {100} than to {111} facets. Faceting of Al(111) explains step bunching in H-mediated epitaxy of Al(111). H-covered Al(100) is stable against faceting.
On the negativity of negation

Natural language negation is persistently negative in the pragmatic sense, and emphatic and attenuating negative polarity items modulate this effect in systematic ways. I use large corpora of informal texts with meta-data approximating features of the context to characterize this pragmatic negativity, and I attempt to explain it in terms of the ways in which negative sentences engage the questions under discussion. The discussion highlights some of the ways in which quantitative corpus methods can be used to achieve novel results in linguistic pragmatics.
Two components of muscle activation: scaling with the speed of arm movement

1. The temporal waveform of muscle activity was related to the speed of arm movement. Speed was expressed in terms of the duration of a fixed amplitude movement or the "movement time." 2. Human subjects moved their arms to targets in three-dimensional space. The right arm started at a standard initial position and moved directly to the target in a single stroke. The targets were placed in various directions in a vertical plane. The arm movements consisted of shoulder and elbow rotations. 3. Subjects were required to vary the speed of their movements. In most of the experiments, trials with different movement times were randomly ordered. One of the experiments also included randomly interspersed static trials, in which the subject held the arm still at the initial posture, the final posture, or halfway between the two extremes. 4. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from several superficial elbow and/or shoulder muscles. The time base of rectified EMG records was normalized for movement time such that records from movements with various speeds were compressed to align the ending times of the movements. 5. A principal component (PC) analysis revealed that the compressed EMG waveforms could be described by a summation of PC1 and PC2 waveforms; each individual EMG waveform was approximated by a weighted sum of these two components. 6. The PC1 weighting coefficients scaled down in a monotonic relationship with movement time such that the fastest movement corresponded to a large positive weighting coefficient and the slowest movement corresponded to a small positive weighting coefficient. The PC2 weighting coefficients exhibited a similar monotonic scaling, but the values ranged from positive to negative. Further analysis demonstrated that these two components can be mathematically transformed into a tonic waveform with a constant mathematically transformed into a tonic waveform with a constant weighting coefficient and a phasic waveform with positive weighting coefficients that scale down with movement time. 7. The amplitude scaling of EMG records cannot be described by a single component, but instead requires a summation of two separate components. The tonic component may correspond to the force element needed to counteract gravity, because the magnitude of this element does not scale with movement speed. The phasic component may correspond to the force element that scales quadratically to produce a linear increase in velocity.
Nonlinear switched systems with state dependent dwell-time

The asymptotic convergence of nonlinear switched systems in the presence of disturbances is studied in this paper. The system switches among a family of integral input-to-state stable systems. The time between two consecutive switchings is not less than a value /spl tau//sub D/. This dwell-time /spl tau//sub D/ is allowed to take different values according to a function whose argument is the state of the system at the switching times. We propose a dwell-time function which depends on the comparison functions which characterize the integral input-to-state stability and guarantees the state of the switched system to converge to zero under the action of disturbances with "bounded energy". The main feature of the analysis is that it does not rely on the property that the switching stops in finite time. The two important cases of locally exponentially stable and feed forward systems are analyzed in detail.
A two- sample partially sequential probability ratio test

A two-sample partially sequential probability ratio test (PSPRT) is considered for the two-sample location problem with one sample fixed and the other sequential. Observations are assumed to come from two normal poptilatlons with equal and known variances. Asymptotically in the fixed-sample size the PSPRT is a truncated Wald one sample sequential probability test. Brownian motion approximations for boundary-crossing probabilities and expected sequential sample size are obtained. These calculations are compared to values obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.
What types of learning are enhanced by a cued recall test

Memory tests are commonly used to measure the accu racy or speed of memory. They can also be used to modify memory—sometimes in a beneficial way. Duchastel (1981), for example, showed that students remembered textbook information better if they completed test ques tions on the material instead of engaging in an unrelated activity. Furthermore, a number of studies have shown that testing is even more beneficial than additional study pre
Limit Analysis Optimization of Design Factors for Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall-Supported Footings

Increasingly in the past few decades, mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls have been a common choice for earth retention solutions due to their ease of construction, cost-effective design, and flexibility. However, limit state capacity of footings atop a MSE structure, such as a bridge abutment, is a complex and non-intuitive stability problem dependent on factors like reinforcement layout and strength, location of footing, and failure mechanism. In order to evaluate the effects of these factors, a parametric study was performed utilizing a robust tool in the framework of limit analysis of plasticity. It demonstrates the effect of the parameters on bearing capacity and optimized reinforcement efficiency, all in context of an existing MSE wall-supported bridge abutment. It is shown that closely spaced reinforcement layouts allow for more efficient reinforcement behavior and improved bearing capacity nearer to the wall facing, while inverse, detrimental trends were observed for wider reinforcement spacing. The implications of this analysis illustrate that an optimized approach involving footing location, reinforcement strength, and reinforcement spacing allow for reduced bridge deck length requirements. This clearly has economic consequences. The optimization of these design factors is especially applicable to MSE wall-supported bridge abutments since the location of the footing affects expensive elements such as length of girders. Fundamentally, this work adds to the limited existing knowledge of bearing capacity of footings on top of MSE walls.
The impact of race and ethnicity on transference and countertransference in combined individual/group therapy

Interracial group psychotherapy is workable. Psychodynamics get cathected onto race; as this paper will show, the group process elicits feelings about racial and ethnic differences with greater intensity than in individual therapy. Analysis of race/ethnicity can be both problematic and growth enhancing for treatment. The process of identifying conscious and unconscious feelings and thoughts of race/ ethnicity can stimulate major resistance, which can engender difficulties in maintenance of a working alliance. However, the working through of these feelings/thoughts may have a catalytic effect and lead to a more rapid unfolding of core psychodynamic issues. Case material from a multi-racial/multi-ethnic therapy group illustrate these issues.
Secreted forms of β‐amyloid precursor protein modulate dendrite outgrowth and calcium responses to glutamate in cultured embryonic hippocampal neurons

In addition to being the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, glutamate is believed to play a key role in the regulation of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis during development. In cultured embryonic hippocampal pyramidal neurons, glutamate inhibits dendrite outgrowth by a mechanism involving elevation of intracellular-free calcium levels ([Ca2+]i). In the present study, secreted forms of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APPss) counteracted the inhibitory effect of glutamate on dendrite outgrowth in cultured embryonic hippocampal neurons. The prolonged elevation of [Ca2+]i normally induced by glutamate was significantly attenuated in neurons that had been pretreated with 2-10 nM of APPs695 or APPs751. Immunocytochemistry with beta-amyloid precursor protein antibodies showed that immunoreactivity was concentrated in axons and, particularly, in their growth cones. Because beta-amyloid precursor proteins are axonally transported, and APPss can be released from axon terminals/growth cones in response to electrical activity, the present findings suggest that APPss may play a role in developmental and synaptic plasticity by modulating dendritic responses to glutamate.
Topic Scenes in Conversations With Adults With Right-Hemisphere Brain Damage

Eight adults with right hemisphere damage (RHD) and seven non-brain-damaged (NBD) matched controls participated in first-encounter conversations. The incidence and nature of topic scenes, as well a...
Current Status of Natural Orifice Translumenal Surgery

Translumenal access to the peritoneal cavity will have definite advantages in situations whereby the transcutaneous route into the peritoneal cavity is not optimal. For example, transgastric approach may decrease the risk of postoperative wound complications in patients who have marked obesity, as well as in patients who have anterior abdominal wall infection or severe scarring. Natural orifice translumenal surgery provides an exciting opportunity to improve surgical intervention using the skills, imagination, and ingenuity of endoscopists and endoscopic surgeons.
Rewiring the injured CNS: lessons from the optic nerve

The optic nerve offers a number of advantages for investigating mechanisms that govern axon regeneration in the CNS. Although mature retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) normally show no ability to regenerate injured axons through the optic nerve, this situation can be partially reversed by inducing an inflammatory response in the eye. The secretion of a previously unknown growth factor, oncomodulin, along with co-factors, causes RGCs to undergo dramatic changes in gene expression and regenerate lengthy axons into the highly myelinated optic nerve. By themselves, strategies that counteract inhibitory signals associated with myelin and the glial scar are insufficient to promote extensive regeneration in this system. However, combinatorial treatments that activate neurons' intrinsic growth state and overcome inhibitory signals result in dramatic axon regeneration in vivo. Because of the ease of introducing trophic factors, soluble receptors, drugs, or viruses expressing any gene or small interfering RNA of interest into RGCs, this system is ideal for identifying intracellular signaling pathways, transcriptional cascades, and ligand-receptor interactions that enable axon regeneration to occur in the CNS.
Alveolar barrier function assessed by hydrophobic and hydrophilic fluorescent solutes in rabbit lung

Abstract Loss of alveolar barrier function is important in the development of pulmonary edema, but quantitation of its integrity has been difficult in the intact lung. We report a new non-radioactive method to assess paracellular and transcellular permeability of alveolar barrier in buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. Changes in alveolar barrier parameters were then correlated with different types of lung edema formation. The paracellular and transcellular barrier function was quantified by calculating the apparent epithelial permeability-surface area products (PS) for a fluorescent hydrophilic solute, FITC-dextran (FD-4), and a hydrophobic solute, rhodamine B, respectively. In control lungs, the apparent epithelial PS for FD-4 and rhodamine B were 0.7±0.05×10 −4 and 40.0±4.1×10 −4 ml/sec, respectively. The apparent epithelial PS of FD-4 could be increased 25-fold by inhibition of epithelial anion exchange with 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS) without affecting the PS of rhodamine B. The apparent epithelial PS of FD-4 could be increased 6- and 1.7-fold by disrupting microtubules with nocodazole and colchicine respectively, but microtubule agents decreased PS for rhodamine B. A pattern similar was produced when ATP production in the lung was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose or when oxidative injury was induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Neither DIDS nor nocodazole altered endothelial permeability to albumin. DIDS, but not nocodazole, increased transcapillary liquid filtration and calculated interstitial compliance of the lung during hydrostatic challenge. We conclude that epithelial permeability in the intact lung can be assessed using fluorescent solutes, and that increased permeation of hydrophilic solutes may enhance lung edema formation.
An evaluation of safeguards approaches for neptunium

The International Atomic Energy Agency has recently drawn attention to the fact that neptunium (Np), a byproduct of the nuclear power industry, can be used to make nuclear weapons. Current monitoring approaches for Np do not rely on material balance accounting as is used for uranium and plutonium. In the future this may change. Although full material balance accounting is not anticipated for Np, it is informative to evaluate the impact and benefit of full material balance accounting when considering other options. Therefore, this paper will apply systems analysis to evaluate ways to convert the current system to full materials balance accounting that will minimize the intrusiveness of the verification system and minimize costs to both the facility operator and the inspection agency. We then compare full material balance accounting to partial material balance accounting and to a ratio-monitoring technique referred to as flow sheet verification. We conclude that sampling approximately 25% of the batches is ...
Description and outcomes of a Medicare case management program by nurses.

ABSTRACT During the current environment of cost-cutting and restructuring, case management is viewed as a means of providing comprehensive, coordinated care while reducing costs. Studies of community-based case management have been disappointing. This study evaluates a Medicare service, Management and Evaluation of the Care Plan (MAE), as a model of nurses providing case management in the home. Three groups were compared: MAE (N = 176), non-MAE (N = 187) and newly discharged (N = 93). Utilization data was collected over one year. Overall, subjects were unmarried older women with three functional limitations, four medical diagnoses and averaged 43 home care visits and one hospitalization. MAE patients were older, had more functional and environmental limitations, less ADL independence, and a worse prognosis, yet used significantly less health care than non-MAE recipients did. Regression analysis was performed using group membership and hospital and home care utilization as dependent variables. Although the...
On knowing design

Abstract Designing is an activity that occurs whenever humans create things. Essential to that activity is the design problem information, the information that gives substance to the problem and guides the designer in his or her efforts to solve it. The character of this information determines the nature of the solutions that are possible.
Collection and evaluation of new Lesquerella and Physaria germplasm

Lesquerella and the closely related genus Physaria are prime candidates as a new, alternative source of hydroxy fatty acids (HFA) for industrial uses. At present, castor oil is the only natural source of these HFA for commerce. To expand the germplasm base of these taxa for our breeding program and the National Germplasm System (NPGS), we collected species from a wide geographic region in the United States. In 1993, 44 accessions of Lesquerella fendleri, 38 accessions from nine other Lesquerella species, and three accessions of two different Physaria species were obtained. In 1994, 41 additional accessions of L. fendleri and 51 accessions of ten other Lesquerella species were collected. A total of 20 different species of Lesquerella and two Physaria species were collected over the two years. Oil characteristics and seed size of eight of these Lesquerella and one Physaria species have not previously been reported. Twelve of these taxa have not been available in the NPGS. Populations of L. fendleri collected in Arizona had higher seed-weights than those collected from Texas and New Mexico. Some of the new accessions had seed-weights higher than germplasm presently in the USDA-ARS breeding program. Diverse growth habits were found in populations from all three states. We believe that other species of Lesquerella and Physaria could later be developed as a source of HFA in regions other than the arid southwestern United States. Accessions of Lesquerella douglasii had the same or higher seed-oil content than L. fendleri and also higher seed yields. Two accessions of Physaria newberryi had seed-weights that ranged between 4.5 and 6.2 g/1000 seeds compared to that of 0.25 to 1.1 g/1000 seeds for L. fendleri. Seed-oil contents of P. newberryi averaged 30.8% compared to 23.8% for L. fendleri. Preliminary seed increase and evaluation of oil content and composition were completed on 14 L. fendleri populations from the 1993 collection under field conditions in Phoenix, Arizona. Accessions were compared to the original populations collected in 1993 and 1994 for growth habit, seed size, and seed-oil content and quality.
Specific heat of type II superconductors near Tc

Abstract An explanation is suggested for the anomaly that has been observed in the mixed to normal state specific heat discontinuity of type II superconductors in low fields, near T c .
A mechano-chemical descriptive model for wear under mixed lubrication conditions

Abstract The processes of lubrication are systematically analyzed and explained with the aid of recent experimental discoveries. Effective lubrication often involves surface chemical reactions which are dependent on contact geometry, load, speed, and environmental influences. Materials properties such as hardness, elasticity, and others also affect the wear outcome. Fluid mechanics under the influence of interfacial pressures and temperatures control a significant portion of the wearing processes. A conceptual model is proposed to link all these factors in a “lines of defense” framework and to discuss how wear can be predicted based on a probabilistic model. The model proposes a series of criteria for various combinations of chemically controlled and materials properties controlled situations.
A differential effect of ethinyl estradiol upon plasma FSH and LH relating to time of administration in the menstrual cycle.

We have investigated the hypothesis that orally administered exogenous estrogen might exert differing effects upon circulating levels of plasma FSH and LH depending upon the time of administration during the menstrual cycle. Ethinyl estradiol (EE), 100 μg/day, was administered to 7 normal volunteers from days 9–18, counting the day of onset of menses as day 0. Plasma FSH and LH concentrations were compared to those from 7 untreated controls. FSH showed a transitory elevation, marked decline, and prominent rebound following cessation of EE. LH showed a sustained elevation during EE therapy, with a maximum elevation near midcycle. Maximal levels of FSH and LH, which occurred concomitantly in controls, were dissociated in 6 of 7 women receiving EE. These results were contrasted to those observed when the same dose of EE was administered from cycle days 0–7 (1) when suppression of both FSH and LH was noted without the occurrence of peaks during therapy. These results provide evidence that the effect of orally...
Energy cost of information transmission (along the path to understanding)

Abstract It is shown that the minimum energy required to transmit a natural unit of information (nat) over a noisy channel is kT , where T is the effective noise temperature which depends on the interaction between the information career and the environment. The result follows from the entropy defect principle and general laws of quantum dynamics without any specific assumptions.
Characterizing pesticide and surfactant penetration with isolated plant cuticles

A survey is presented of the use of isolated leaf and fruit cuticles in studying foliar penetration. Isolated cuticles, which represent the prime barrier to penetration, provide a physical system with which transport studies can be conducted under well-defined and highly controlled conditions while avoiding the physiological effects of biologically active compounds on the system. Most studies with isolated cuticles have focused on sorption, desorption and infinite-dose cuticular transport of compounds in aqueous systems. Partition coefficients can be calculated for pesticides from sorption data, thereby yielding information on the solubility of the compounds in the cuticle (.)
Improved Synthesis of Pentabenzylcyclopentadiene and Study of the Reaction between Pentabenzylcyclopentadiene and Iron Pentacarbonyl

An improved synthetic route to pentabenzylcyclopentadiene, C5Bz5H (1), has been developed, utilizing a larger amount of dicyclopentadiene, sodium, and excess benzyl alcohol as both reactant and solvent. Subsequent extraction and crystallization using hexane produced 1 in 62% yield. A reaction between 1 and iron pentacarbonyl in refluxing toluene led to the formation of [(η5-C5Bz5)Fe(CO)2]2 (2) and (η4-C5Bz5H)Fe(CO)3 (3). Unlike the parent compound (η4-C5H6)Fe(CO)3, 3 exhibited exceptional air and thermal stability. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of 3 has been undertaken and confirms the proposed structure.
Electrochemical corrosion of SnO2:F transparent conducting layers in thin-film photovoltaic modules

We report on a degradation mechanism in thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules activated by damp heat and voltages similar in magnitude to those generated by PV modules in power generation systems. This mechanism, which appears to be an electrochemical process involving the soda-lime glass superstrate with its conductive SnO2:F layer, can be greatly accelerated by subjecting modules to elevated temperatures and humidity, both of which increase the leakage currents between the frame and the active PV layers. Water vapor can affect the module damage in two ways: (1) by enhancing leakage currents, and (2) by entering through the module edges, it appears to promote the chemical reaction responsible for the SnO2 corrosion. Damage has been found to occur in both a-Si and CdTe modules.
Urothelial neoplasms of the kidney and ureter. An epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical review.

Urothelial neoplasms occur with varying frequency at different sites along the urothelial tract. Approximately 5% of urothelial neoplasms occur in the kidneys and ureters, while the majority of these tumors occur in the urinary bladder. Consequently, urothelial disease of the bladder has been evaluated to a greater extent than urothelial tumors elsewhere, and many of the features of bladder urothelial neoplasms have been applied to these tumors at other sites. While the classification of urothelial neoplasms is the same for tumors in the bladder, kidney, and ureter, there are some features of urothelial neoplasms of the kidney and ureter that are unique to these sites. An epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical review of urothelial neoplasms of the kidney and ureter is presented. Urothelial neoplasms of the kidney and ureter (upper urinary tract) are uncommon, accounting for approximately 5% of all epithelial tumors of the urinary tract, with most urothelial tumors occurring in the urinary bladder. 1-8 While approximately 54,000 cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed each year in the United States, it is difficult to determine the incidence of renal and ureteral urothelial neoplasms, as these tumors are grouped with renal cell carcinomas and other urothelial neoplasms of the urinary tract (excluding kidney), respectively, in cancer statistic analyses. 8 Nevertheless, urothelial tumors of the renal pelvic-caliceal system are rare and are thought to account for 4% to 15% of primary kidney neoplasms in the United States. 1,3-6,9-12 Ureteral tumors are
1586 PLASMA CREATININE (Per) IN CHILDREN: INTERLABORATORY VARIATION

Pcr is used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in children: GFR = 0.55L/Pcr, where L is body length in cm. The validity of this formula depends on accurately measuring Pcr, especially near the maximum sensitivity of the method. In our lab, we have used the Auto-Analyzer modified Jaffe end-point method, running an air blank before each sample to minimize the “carry-over” effect. Because this method is too cumbersome to be used routinely, we compared our values for a given sample to those obtained on the same day in two hospital labs: a pediatric lab using the kinetic Jaffe reaction with an automated system (Beckman Astra 8), and a busy general lab using the end-point technique on a Technicon SMAC.
A Closed Form Solution to a Special Normal Form of Riccati Equation

We present the general solution to the Riccati differential equation, dw/dz=zn+w2 , for arbitrary real number n.
Promoting Distributive Justice for Intimate Partner Violence Survivors With Group Intervention

Advancing Career Counseling and Employment Support for Survivors (ACCESS; Chronister, 2006) is a group intervention designed to foster the career development of women who have experienced intimate partner violence. The ACCESS curriculum is based on theory and research from multiple disciplines including intimate partner violence, counseling, and vocational psychology. The purpose of ACCESS is to contribute to distributive justice for survivors by restoring vocational and economic opportunities that have been diminished by abusive partners and oppressive social structures. This article focuses on group processes used to facilitate ACCESS activities and promote justice by fostering survivors' mental health and vocational development.
Materials characterization of impregnated W and W–Ir cathodes after oxygen poisoning

Electric thrusters use hollow cathodes as the electron source for generating the plasma discharge and for beam neutralization. These cathodes contain porous tungsten emitters impregnated with BaO material to achieve a lower surface work function and are operated with xenon propellant. Oxygen contaminants in the xenon plasma can poison the emitter surface, resulting in a higher work function and increased operating temperature. This could lead directly to cathode failure by preventing discharge ignition or could accelerate evaporation of the BaO material. Exposures over hundreds of hours to very high levels of oxygen can result in increased temperatures, oxidation of the tungsten substrate, and the formation of surface layers of barium tungstates. In this work, we present results of a cathode test in which impregnated tungsten and tungsten-iridium emitters were operated with 100 ppm of oxygen in the xenon plasma for several hundred hours. The chemical and morphological changes were studied using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and laser profilometry. The results provide strong evidence that high concentrations of oxygen accelerate the formation of tungstate layers in both types of emitters, a phenomenon not inherent to normal cathode operation. Deposits of pure tungsten were observed on the W-Ir emitter, indicating that tungsten is preferentially removed from the surface and transported in the insert plasma. A W-Ir cathode surface will therefore evolve to a pure W composition, eliminating the work function benefit of W-Ir. However, the W-Ir emitter exhibited less erosion and redeposition at the upstream end than the pure W emitter.
Dual-beam absorbance measurements by position-sensitive detection

Optimisation par formulation mathematique d'un systeme de detection optique a double faisceau par mesure de l'absorbance, applique a la separation par chromatographie HPLC de deux isomeres du colorant bleu FD & C 2
Antiplatelet and Statin Use in US Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Categorized by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, 2003 to 2012.

Antiplatelets and statins are efficacious for preventing future cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease. Disparity in cardiovascular outcomes exists by race/ethnicity and gender; however, few studies have explored potential disparities in long-term antiplatelet and statin use by race/ethnicity and gender. We conducted a repeated cross-sectional analysis using the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 2003 to 2012. The sample consisted of 14,334 men and women >29 years with coronary heart disease. We identified antiplatelet and statin use, medical conditions, and sociodemographic characteristics. Rates of use did not change for statins or the combination of statins and antiplatelets from 2003 to 2012 but decreased for antiplatelets (p = 0.015). Of the total sample, 70.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 69.7 to 72.1) reported use of antiplatelets, 52.5% (95% CI 51.1 to 53.8) reported statin use, and 43.1% (95% CI 41.8 to 44.4) reported the combination. Use of antiplatelets and statins were associated with one another (odds ratio 3.22; 95% CI 2.87 to 3.62). From 2009 to 2012, black and Hispanic men along with all race/ethnicities of women were less likely to report use of statins, antiplatelets, and the combination of the 2 compared with white men, even after controlling for sociodemographics. Changing the definition of a medication use, inclusion of cardiovascular risk factors, or the inclusion of warfarin in the antiplatelet category did not substantially change the results. Future practice and policy goals should focus on increasing the number of high-risk patients on appropriate preventative medications while focusing particular attention on decreasing the identified disparity.
Scattered-electron rejection in electron transmission spectroscopy

Abstract The rejection of scattered electrons in magnetically collimated transmission spectrometers which employ trochoidal monochromators is discussed. Two rejection mechanisms are described. We show that at low impact energies electrons backscattered into the monochromator contribute substantially to the rejection. At higher energies, rejection at the retarding plate following the collision chamber is the dominant mechanism. Under conditions in which the scattered electrons are only partly rejected, artifacts can appear in the measured spectra. We derive a simple model which qualitatively reproduces these features.
Plasma interaction with liquid lithium: Measurements of retention and erosion

Abstract This paper reports on recent studies of high flux deuterium and helium plasma interaction with liquid lithium in the Pisces–B edge plasma simulator facility. Deuterium retention is explored as a function of plasma ion fluence in the range 6×10 19 –4×10 22 atoms cm −2 and exposure temperatures of 523–673 K. The results are consistent with full uptake of the deuterium ions incident on the liquid metal surface, independent of the temperature of the liquid lithium. Full uptake continues until the sample is volumetrically converted to lithium deuteride. Helium retention is not observed for fluences up to 5×10 21 He atoms cm −2 . Measurements of the erosion of lithium are found to be consistent with physical sputtering for the lithium solid phase. However, a mechanism that provides an increased evaporative-like yield and is related to ion impact events on the surface, dominates during the liquid phase leading to an enhanced loss rate for liquid lithium that is greater than the expected loss rate due to evaporation at elevated temperatures. Further, the material loss rate is found to depend linearly on the incident ion flux, even at very high temperature.
Remote sensing system for hydrogen using GaN Schottky diodes

Abstract The characteristics and operation of a GaN Schottky diode-based remote sensing system for hydrogen is described. The detection mechanism is a change in effective barrier height of the Pt or Pd contact on the GaN in the presence of even 600 ppm of H 2 This translates to a change in forward current at fixed bias voltage or a change in voltage across diode at fixed bias current, which means a change in impedance. The change in sensor impedance is amplified and the signal is transmitted at 916 MHz to a remote receiver base station. The base station response can be set to many possibilities, including alarms for signals above a particular threshold. The sensor output increases with ambient temperature due to increased cracking efficiency of the hydrogen on the Pt or Pd surface.
Introduction to Part I: Trauma and Juvenile Delinquency: Dynamics and Developmental Mechanisms

This article introduces the first part of a two-part special issue featuring new directions in research on traumatized youth in the juvenile justice system. The articles in this issue focus on research devoted to investigating the underlying development mechanisms accounting for the associations among exposure to traumatic events, posttraumatic stress reactions, and delinquent behavior. The articles in this issue advance our understanding of these questions by expanding the scope of research to include the study of complex trauma as well as the differentiation between primary psychopathic traits among youth versus secondary psychopathy borne of trauma. In addition, studies are included targeting specific theoretically-derived mediators of the relations between childhood adversity and delinquency, including depressive cognitions, as well as specific symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress. The remaining articles shed light on the differential roles that trauma and demographic factors play in predicting recidivism and mental health functioning among youth involved in the juvenile justice system, including gender, ethnicity, age, and sexual minority status. Taken together, these studies suggest important directions for the development of effective interventions to target trauma-related sequelae among troubled youth and their families.
A New Vulnerable Population? The Health of Female Partners of Men Recently Released from Prison

Abstract Background Despite a growing literature on the consequences of having a romantic partner incarcerated on women's risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections, little research considers the broader health profile of the female partners of ever-imprisoned men. Methods We use data from the Relate Project ( n = 332), a unique cross-sectional survey of recently released men and their female partners (2009–2011), to demonstrate that the female partners of recently released men suffer from a variety of health risks and conditions. We also examine the health conditions of females by their own incarceration history. Findings We find that these women engage in poor health behaviors including smoking, drug use, and excessive alcohol consumption and have high levels of health conditions including asthma, hypertension, anxiety, and depression. The vulnerability of women who had themselves been incarcerated in jails or prisons was especially acute. The number of risky background characteristics such as dropping out of high school (45%) and spending time in foster care or a group home (36%) were staggeringly high for ever-imprisoned women, as were their rates of anxiety (50%), depression (59%), and posttraumatic stress disorder (45%). Conclusions Results reveal that the health of the female partners of recently released men is at least as poor as that of their male partners, suggesting a degree of vulnerability that has yet to be considered in the medical or public health literature and a population that desperately needs medical attention with the full rollout of the Affordable Care Act in 2014.
A diffusion boundary layer model of microsegregation

Abstract A microsegregation model, based on a boundary layer concept, is proposed for solidification of alloys. The model is derived by considering finite-rate solute diffusion both in the liquid and in the solid. A solutal Fourier number is used to characterize the extent of finite-rate solute diffusion in the liquid phase ahead of the moving solid/liquid interface. This new parameter is the liquid counterpart of the solutal Fourier number in the solid phase used before to characterize finite-rate back-diffusion in the solid. It can be obtained through the knowledge of either the local solidification time or the operating point of the cell/dendrite tip (among other parameters). The present microsegregation model covers the entire spectrum of solidification rates, up to the limit of a microsegregation free solid. The model predictions show good agreement with a previous rapid solidification experiment involving an Ag–Cu alloy. Also, a new relation is derived for the primary dendrite arm spacing.
Discovery of PF-04620110, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of DGAT-1

Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) catalyzes the final committed step in the biosynthesis of triglycerides. DGAT-1 knockout mice have been shown to be resistant to diet-induced obesity and have increased insulin sensitivity. Thus, inhibition of DGAT-1 may represent an attractive target for the treatment of obesity or type II diabetes. Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of a potent and selective DGAT-1 inhibitor PF-04620110 (3). Compound 3 inhibits DGAT-1 with an IC50 of 19 nM and shows high selectivity versus a broad panel of off-target pharmacologic end points. In vivo DGAT-1 inhibition has been demonstrated through reduction of plasma triglyceride levels in rodents at doses of ≥0.1 mg/kg following a lipid challenge. On the basis of this pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic profile, compound 3 has been advanced to human clinical studies.
Perioperative Glucose Control and Infection Risk in Older Surgical Patients

The aging of the U.S. population is leading to an increasing number of surgical procedures performed on older adults. At the same time, the quality of medical care is being more closely scrutinized. Surgical site infection is a widely-assessed outcome. Evidence suggests that strict perioperative serum glucose control among patients with or without diabetes can lower the risk of these infections, but it is unclear whether this control should be applied to older surgical patients. In this clinical review, we discuss current research on perioperative serum glucose management for cardiothoracic, orthopedic, and general/colorectal surgery. In addition, we summarize clinical recommendations and quality-of-care process indicators provided by surgical, diabetes, and geriatric medical organizations.
The Anova-Based Competitive Balance Measure: A Reply

Conventional wisdom holds that parity has increased in college football in recent decades due largely to limits on the number of scholarships teams can offer. The authors find that competitive balance has not increased in college football since the end of World War II, and they find mixed evidence of scholarship limits' effect on a range of measures of parity, including the standard deviation of winning percentages and Associated Press rankings. They also examine the 1991 NCAA roll-call vote to reduce the scholarship limit and find some evidence that stronger teams were more likely to vote for the lower limit.
The interdigitated gel phase in mixtures of cationic and zwitterionic phospholipids

Abstract To examine the phase behavior of mixtures of zwitterionic and cationic lipids we used three derivatives of 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). All three lipids are uniquely capable of spontaneously forming the interdigitated gel phase ( L β I) under typical hydration conditions. The P-O-ethyl derivative, 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (EDPPC), was chosen as the cationic lipid. For the zwitterionic lipids, we use the ether-linked 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine, (DHPC) and the fluorine substituted 1-palmitoyl-2-(16-fluoropalmitoyl)- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (F-DPPC). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to analyze the lipid mixtures. The F-DPPC/EDPPC mixtures are interdigitated at all lipid ratios below the main transition temperature ( T m ). In addition, EDPPC stabilizes the interdigitated gel phase of DHPC until the ripple gel phase ( P β ′) is eliminated and only the L β I to liquid crystalline phase ( L α ) main transition remains. These results demonstrate that mixtures of cationic and zwitterionic lipids can be compatible with the interdigitated phase.
Morsels of body: photographic love and the queer gaze in Madame Bovary

In Madame Bovary, the photographic snippets of Emma's body and Flaubert's narration of them are troubling. Although many critics display an infatuation with Emma's body by presenting her as the sole gaze of interest, Flaubert saves his most intimate moments of narration for the male body. Beginning with Charles and expanding to Emma's lovers and minor characters such as the priest, the novel presents numerous male physiques as competing for attention, challenging and displacing Emma's body. This analysis examines Flaubert's treatment of men's physical features in order to confront unresolved issues of the body politic in Madame Bovary. The political nature of Emma's body is most evident in the discourses concerning agriculture and nation, and this fact contrasts with the narrator's hungry gaze at the male body. Flaubert places Emma at the center of narrative, yet he does not desire to show her body – perhaps because it is uninteresting. His focus, as illustrated by his treatment of the body in Madame Bova...