cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency domain metamodelling of a feedback queue

Schruben and Cogliano [1987] introduced Frequency Domain Experiments as a tool for metamodel identification. To design a frequency domain experiment, the experimenter must choose appropriate values for certain experimental variables such as oscillation frequency, window size, and range of oscillation. In this paper, we demonstrate that these experimental variables affect the outcome of frequency domain experiments and the magnitude of these effects are model dependent.
Preoperative Angiographic Diagnosis of Small Bowel Leiomyomas

• Two patients with gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding underwent preoperative selective visceral arteriography that demonstrated small-bowel tumors compatible with leiomyoma. A review of the material indicates that 42% of patients with small-bowel leiomyomas also have GI tract bleeding. Arteriography is valuable in obtaining a preoperative diagnosis. (Arch Surg113:643-645, 1978)
ATF4 interacts with Abro1/KIAA0157 scaffold protein and participates in a cytoprotective pathway.

Abstract Abro1 (Abraxas brother 1), also known as KIAA0157, is a scaffold protein that recruits various polypeptides to assemble the BRISC (BRCC36 isopeptide) deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) complex. The BRISC enzyme has a Lys63-linked deubiquitinating activity and is comprised of four known subunits: MERIT40 (mediator of Rap80 interactions and targeting 40 kDa), BRE (brain and reproductive organ-expressed), BRCC36 (BRCA1/BRCA2-containing complex, subunit 3) and Abro1. We have previously shown that Abro1 has a cytoprotective role that involves the BRISC DUB complex acting on specific Lys63-linked polyubiquitinated substrates. In this report we identify three members of the AP-1 (activating protein-1) family, the ATF4, ATF5 (activating transcription factor) and JunD proteins, as specific interactors of Abro1. The function of ATF4–Abro1 interaction was investigated under normal conditions as well as under cellular stress. Abro1 is predominantly cytoplasmic, but during cellular stress it enters the nucleus and co-localizes with ATF4. Furthermore, this interaction with ATF4 is necessary and essential for the cytoprotective function of Abro1 following oxidative stress. The ability of Abro1 to specifically interact with a number of transcription factors suggests a new mechanism of regulation of the BRISC DUB complex. This regulation involves the participation of at least three known members of the AP-1 family of transcription factors.
Multiquantum EPR spectroscopy of spin-labeled arrestin K267C at 35 GHz.

Three- and five-quantum absorption and dispersion multiquantum electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of a spin-labeled protein have been obtained for the first time at Q-band (35 GHz). Spectra of arrestin spin-labeled at site 267 were recorded at room temperature as a function of microwave power. The separation of irradiating microwave frequencies, Δf, was 10 kHz, and a newly-designed multiquantum Q-band electron paramagnetic resonance bridge was utilized, operating in a superheterodyne detection mode. The sample volume was 30 nL using a 3-loop–2-gap resonator. Most spectra were obtained at a 300 μM concentration in single, 2-min scans, but spectra were also successfully obtained at 30 μM, corresponding to one picomole of protein. Enhanced sensitivity to T1 and T2 was evident in the spectra, and linewidths varied considerably across the spectra. The pure absorption displays are beneficial relative to field modulation methods for spectral characterization. The presence of two states of the nitroxide spin-label with different relaxation times is evident, particularly in the dispersion spectra, which are expected to exhibit enhanced sensitivity to lineshape variation relative to absorption. Feasibility has been established for the use of this technique for site-directed spin-labeling studies of biologically relevant samples, particularly the study of protein structure and dynamics.
Detecting associations between behavioral addictions and dopamine agonists in the Food & Drug Administration's Adverse Event database

Background/Aims: Studies have reported higher prevalences of four behavioral addictions (binge eating, compulsive shopping, hypersexuality, and pathological gambling) in dopamine agonist-treated Parkinson’s disease relative to non-dopamine agonist-treated Parkinson’s. However, recent case-control and epidemiological studies suggest that prevalences of behavioral addictions in dopamine agonist-treated Parkinson’s may be similar to background population rates. This study tests that hypothesis by examining the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for evidence of these associations, taking into account the potential impact of publicity on reporting rates. Methods: FAERS reports in 2004 (pre-publicity for all but pathological gambling) and 2007 (post-publicity for all four behaviors) were analyzed. A threshold consisting of ≥3 cases, proportional reporting ratio ≥2, and χ2 with Yates’ correction ≥4 was used to detect signals (drug-associated adverse reactions) involving any of five dopamine agonists and any of four behavioral addictions. Results: No reports containing compulsive shopping and no signal for binge eating and dopamine agonists were found in either year. A weak signal was found for hypersexuality in 2004, with a stronger signal in 2007. A robust signal was found for pathological gambling in 2004, with a more robust signal in 2007. Discussion/Conclusions: These results suggest that publicity may increase reporting rates in the FAERS. Findings for binge eating, compulsive shopping, and hypersexuality suggest that prevalences of these behaviors among those treated with dopamine agonists may be similar to background population rates and thus may not reflect an adverse safety signal. Further investigation of the relationship between dopamine agonists and behavioral addictions is warranted.
Bill Armstrong memorial session: elastic modulus and strain recovery testing of variable stiffness composites for structural reconfiguration applications

ABSTRACT Morphing structures have the potential to significantly improve vehicle performance over existing fixed component designs. In this paper, we examine new composite material design approaches to provide combined high stiffness and large reversible deformation. These composites employ shape memory polymers (SMP) matrices combined with segmented metallic reinforcement to create materials with va riable stiffness properties an d reversible accommodation of relatively large strains. By adjusting the temperature of the sample, the storage modulus can be varied up to 200x. We demonstrate the segmented composite concept in prototype materials made using thermoplastic polyurethane SMP reinforced with interlocking segmented steel platelets. Measured storage moduli varied from 5-12 GPa, below SMP T g , and 0.1-0.5 GPa above SMP T g . The samples demonstrated more than 95% recovery from induced axial strains of 5% at 80°C. Viscoelastic effects are dominant in this regime and we investigate the rate dependence of strain recovery. Keywords: morphing, variable stiffness materials, shape memory polymer, reconfigurable surface, strain recovery, segmented composite
Higher education consortia: Raising aspirations through collaboration

Higher education consortia offer colleges and universities opportunities to improve services, quality, and resources for the benefit of their students, faculties, and staffs. This chapter explores several components necessary for collaborative ventures to succeed
MO‐E‐330A‐04: Semi‐Automatic Contouring for Respiratory Gating

Purpose: Contouring is very labor intensive, especially in image‐guidedradiotherapy involving many image sets. To expedite this task, a semiautomatic image segmentation algorithm was developed to obtain lung and tumor volumes at the end‐of‐exhalation from contours drawn on an image set taken at the end‐of‐inhalation, and vice versa. Method and Materials: The gradient vector flow (GVF) algorithm was first proposed by Xu and Prince. This snake model can dynamically conform to object shapes in response to two kinds of forces: internal force from the contour itself, and external forces from image gradients. The energy cost function composed of these two forces can be minimized based on local GVF information. Different parameters were used for elasticity and rigidity of lung and tumor tissue. A variation of the GVF method is proposed to speed up the convergence. A momentum item ξΔUt EXP(−t/T0) was added to the gradient vector calculation, in which ξ is a momentum constant and T 0 is the initial annealing temperature. Results: Two CTimage sets were used to verify the algorithm. The lung and tumor contours drawn at one phase were used as an initial guess for the automatic drawing in the second phase. The GVF was calculated for each slice and some important parameters, like elasticity, rigidity and mass viscosity etc were assigned specific values for the optimization. The GVF calculation converged quickly to 10−3 in less than 5 seconds for a 512 × 512 image. The ratio of overlapping areas drawn by the algorithm to those of the manual approach exceeded 98%. Conclusion: The close match between computed and manually drawn contours, as well as the short computing time indicates the feasibility of this method for clinical use. This method should also be expandable to other applications like image guided radiotherapy. More work is needed for contouring 4D image sets.
Sensitivity of shear-driven internal condensing flows to pressure fluctuations and its utilization for heat flux enhancements

Abstract The reported experimental results are for annular zones of fully condensing flows of pure FC-72 (perfluorohexane) vapor. The flow condenses on the bottom surface (316 stainless steel) of a horizontal, rectangular cross-section duct. The sides and top of the duct are made of clear plastic. The annular portion of the flow in the test-section is driven, under negligible to zero gravity effects along the flow direction, by pressure-difference and cooling conditions. Since the annular regime condensate motion is primarily driven by an effective interfacial shear stress, all such flows are termed shear-driven flows. The experimental system in which this condenser is used is able to control quasi-steady (termed quasi-steady) values of inlet mass flow rate, inlet (or exit) pressure, and wall cooling conditions. For the experimental results reported here, the mean (time-averaged) inlet mass flow rate, mean inlet pressure, and condensing-surface cooling conditions were held fixed at their quasi-steady values. Under these conditions, it was found that the imposition of small inlet pressure fluctuations (relative to the mean inlet pressure) induces significant mass flow rate fluctuations at the condenser inlet, and that there is a change in the very nature of the quasi-steady annular condensing flow regime. The resulting phenomena change the mean local heat flux values with significant (>200%) enhancements. There are accompanying time-varying changes in the liquid–vapor configurations within the annular and the non-annular regimes. This changes the mean and fluctuation amplitude values (with induced harmonics) in the pressure at any interior location within the annular regime. It is shown here that the heat flux enhancement phenomenon is real and occurs regardless of the method of cooling for a suitable range of fluctuation frequencies and amplitudes. This paper experimentally investigates how the strength of this sensitivity varies with amplitude and frequency of pressure or mass flow rate fluctuations imposed at the inlet of the condenser. Associated theory and rudimentary experiments (not reported here) suggest that similar enhancement may be observed in annular flows which do not completely condense before the exit, provided that suitable arrangements at the condenser exit allow similar or equivalent liquid–vapor interfacial wave structures with the help of similar acoustic wave reflections in the vapor phase.
Ras Activation Is Necessary for Integrin-mediated Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 2 and Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 but Not for Cytoskeletal Organization

Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix triggers a cascade of intracellular biochemical signals regulated by the integrin family of receptors. Recent evidence suggests that integrin engagement may activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade that may cooperate with more clearly defined mitogenic signaling pathways to regulate cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Here we report that the adhesion-dependent activation of the MAP kinase Erk2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2) occurs in serum-starved NIH3T3 cells, and that this activation of Erk2 is preceded by the activation of the small GTP-binding protein Ras in fibronectin-adherent cells. Inhibition of Ras signaling by expression of a dominant-inhibitory mutant of Ras (N17Ras) in NIH3T3 cells blocked adhesion-dependent activation of Erk2, although the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was still activated in these cells. Furthermore, activation of this Ras-MAP kinase pathway activated cytosolic phospholipase A2, leading to the release of arachidonic acid metabolites, and N17Ras also inhibited these events. However, N17Ras expression does not inhibit cell adhesion, spreading, or focal contact and stress fiber formation. These results suggest that, while integrin-dependent activation of this MAP kinase pathway is Ras-dependent, the integrin-dependent activation of FAK and several morphological events are Ras-independent. Thus, integrin-mediated signals involved in regulating cell morphology appear to diverge from those regulating MAP kinase activation at a level upstream of Ras activation.
Shear wave elastography of passive skeletal muscle stiffness: Influences of sex and age throughout adulthood

Abstract Background Numerous structural and compositional changes – related not only to age, but also activity level and sex – may affect skeletal muscle stiffness across the adult age-span. Measurement techniques available thus far have largely limited passive stiffness evaluations to those of entire joints and muscle–tendon units. Shear wave elastography is an increasingly popular ultrasound technique for evaluating the mechanical properties of skeletal muscle tissue. The purpose of this study was to quantify the passive stiffness, or shear modulus, of the biceps brachii throughout adulthood in flexed and extended elbow positions. We hypothesized that shear modulus would be higher in males relative to females, and with advanced age in both sexes. Methods Shear wave elastography quantified biceps brachii stiffness at 90° elbow flexion and full extension in a large sample of adults between 21 and 94 years old (n = 133; 47 males). Findings Regression analysis found sex and age were significant parameters for older adults (> 60 years) in full extension. As expected, shear modulus values increased with advancing age; however, shear modulus values for females tended to be higher than those for males. Interpretation This study begins to establish normative trends for skeletal muscle shear modulus throughout adulthood. Specifically, this work establishes for the first time that the higher passive joint torque often found in males relative to females likely relates to parameters other than muscle shear modulus. Indeed, perhaps increases in skeletal muscle passive stiffness, though potentially altering the length–tension curve, serve a protective role — maintaining the tendon–muscle–tendon length–tension curve within a functional range.
Class, Class Consciousness and Specters of Marx in Shakespeare's History Plays

While Shakespeare's history plays suggest the formation of a type of national identity based on new definitions of what it means to be English in the late sixteenth century, they also provide evidence of another type of group identification – one reflecting modern accounts of class consciousness. In their representation of the parameters of the newly developed relationships between subjects in a changing economic system, plays such as Richard II, Henry VI, Part 2, Richard III, and King John bear witness to the emergence of what many critics consider to be proto-capitalist class affiliations. In this Viewpoint article, I trace the debate over the viability of class identification in Shakespeare's England. The article amplifies existing discussions of class formation to include recent articulations of labile, even contradictory class affiliations that characterize Shakespeare's history plays. Seeing class as a process and not as a fixed category, I argue, enables new critical approaches to Renaissance literature that consistently represents the strategic and constant formation and dissolution of group affiliations, which is evidence of emerging capitalism redefining class-ifications as it re-organizes the relationships between English subjects and their economic and social institutions.
AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(n) 2-ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight M n = 14000 g · mol -1 and a low polydispersity (M w /M n = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi-logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an M n of 13 400 g mol -1 and a low polydispersity index (M w /M n = 1.14). Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).
A 0.25-um BiCMOS Feed Foward Equalizer Using Active Delay Line for Backplane Communication

In this paper, a BiCMOS equalizer using an active delay line structure for backplane communication is investigated. Equalization is achieved using a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The filter is implemented using variable gain blocks and delay elements. The variable gain function is implemented using a Gilbert cell topology, modified for high-speed application. The delay line is implemented using active devices. The active delay line consumes less area than a passive L-C delay line, and has improved bandwidth as well as performance over process variation. The equalizer is implemented in a 0.25-mum BiCMOS technology. To the best our knowledge, it is the first BiCMOS equalizer using an active delay line approach.
A statistical approach to the design and modeling of high speed transmission line networks in high performance high volume systems

The system interconnect and packaging designs around high performance CPUs are becoming the major bottleneck in the overall performance of high speed, high volume systems. Given the reduced signal swings on the external buses the required modeling accuracy is now on the order of tens of picoseconds and tens of millivolts. As such many of the electromagnetic modeling techniques developed for high end supercomputer systems are quickly finding their ways into the PC industry. On the other hand, unlike high end systems, the key to the success of any high volume design is its cost effectiveness. In this paper, a Monte Carlo design and modeling approach to high volume high speed transmission line systems is presented. The sensitivity of the accuracy of any design parameters to the overall system performance is evaluated in terms of its effects on the statistical distribution of the optimized parameters or yield. It is shown that the traditional "worst case" design can be very misleading and under-estimates the worst case. We also show that the uncontrolled nature of the design makes it virtually impossible to find a "representative" signal and therefore detailed analysis of any given signal is only useful in determining the accuracy of the simulations or the phenomena that effect the results, but not the robustness of the entire system.
Constrained accelerations for controlled geometric reduction: Sagittal-plane decoupling for bipedal locomotion

Energy-shaping control methods have produced strong theoretical results for asymptotically stable 3D bipedal dynamic walking in the literature. In particular, geometric controlled reduction exploits robot symmetries to control momentum conservation laws that decouple the sagittal-plane dynamics, which are easier to stabilize. However, the associated control laws require high-dimensional matrix inverses multiplied with complicated energy-shaping terms, often making these control theories difficult to apply to highly-redundant humanoid robots. This paper presents a first step towards the application of energy-shaping methods on real robots by casting controlled reduction into a framework of constrained accelerations for inverse dynamics control. By representing momentum conservation laws as constraints in acceleration space, we construct a general expression for desired joint accelerations that render the constraint surface invariant. By appropriately choosing an orthogonal projection, we show that the unconstrained (reduced) dynamics are decoupled from the constrained dynamics. Any acceleration-based controller can then be used to stabilize this planar subsystem, including passivity-based methods. The resulting control law is surprisingly simple and represents a practical way to employ control theoretic stability results in robotic platforms. Simulated walking of a 3D compass-gait biped show correspondence between the new and original controllers, and simulated motions of a 16-DOF humanoid demonstrate the applicability of this method.
Cerebral Protection During Carotid Endarterectomy

Carotid endarterectomy was performed on 73 occasions using the following regimen during the operative period: (1) general anesthesia with normothermia, (2) maintaining a normal or slightly elevated arterial oxygen tension (Pao2, (3) maintaining a normal or low arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pco2), (4) maintaining systemic arterial pressure (SAP) at normal or slightly elevated levels, (5) employing a bypass shunt in all cases, and (6) utilizing transient systemic anticoagulation with heparin. The rationale for this regimen is explained in terms of current concepts of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. No new neurological deficit has appeared after operation using these techniques.
Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression and Axis II Personality Dysfunction

The study of common vulnerabilities to depression and personality disturbance is important given that depression and Axis II personality disorders exhibit high rates of comorbidity and comorbid personality dysfunction is associated with longer duration of depressive episodes, increased risk of relapse, and poorer outcome. Further, it has been demonstrated that a relationship exists between cognitive vulnerabilities to depression, such as negative cognitive style and dysfunctional attitudes, and personality dysfunction. This study sought to further explore the relationship between cognitive vulnerability to depression and Axis II pathology by examining links between personality dysfunction, cognitive risk status, and rumination in a sample with no current Axis I disorders, while controlling for current and past depression. At high vs. low cognitive risk for depression, 349 undergraduates completed diagnostic interviews and self-report questionnaires during Phase I, Phase II, and Time 1 of the Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression (CVD) project. As expected, cognitive risk and rumination were related to overall Axis II pathology. Cognitive risk status was also significantly related to several personality disorder dimensions, including paranoid, schizotypal, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive. Rumination was uniquely related to the borderline and obsessive-compulsive dimensions. Our findings confirm and expand upon the relationship between cognitive vulnerabilities to depression and personality dysfunction.
MW Resource Assessment Model for a Hybrid Energy Conversion System With Wind and Solar Resources

The combined utilization of renewables such as solar and wind energy is becoming increasingly attractive. Proper methods need to be employed that consider the inherent variability of these two technologies while determining the performance of a wind-solar hybrid energy conversion system (ECS). In this paper, a stochastic approach has been utilized to develop the megawatt resource assessment model (MWRAM) of a wind-solar hybrid ECS at any selected location. The parameters required to define the probabilistic models have been computed from site-specific data using the maximum likelihood estimation method. The wind portion consists of several interconnected wind turbines while the solar component is a parabolic trough solar thermal electric generating system. Different applications of the model to assess resource benefits including capacity factors and reserve requirements from effective utilization of both wind and solar energy have been explored at different levels with varying wind-solar proportions.
Reproduction of the Sandbar Shark in the Western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The reproductive parameters of 1,194 sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus (701 females, 493 males) were examined for stock assessment. Size and age at 50% maturity was 151.6 cm FL (12.1 years) for males and 154.9 cm (13.1 years) for females; however, the size and age at which 50% of females were in maternal condition was 162.0 cm FL (15.5 years). Males and females showed distinct seasonal reproduction patterns, with peak mating and parturition occurring from April through July. The majority of near-term pregnant and postpartum females were observed in the Florida Keys, which is an extension of the previously reported nursery grounds for sandbar sharks in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Female fecundity averaged 8.0 pups, and there was a significant increase in fecundity with length and age. The ovarian cycle is at least biennial, although there is evidence that some females have triennial cycles. Received November 3, 2011; accepted June 1, 2012
Message Framing and Defensive Processing: A Cultural Examination

Past research has shown that health messages on safer sexual practices that focus on relational consequences are more persuasive than messages that focus on personal consequences. However, we theorize that it is defensiveness against personal risk framing that threatens the self among people from more individualistic cultures. Two studies tested this idea. Study 1 showed that European Americans were less persuaded by personal framing than by relational framing but that this pattern was not found for Asian Americans, who are more collectivistic. Study 2 showed that these defensive patterns were eliminated among European American participants when a person's self-image was affirmed. These results suggest defensive processes as the mechanism behind the differences in message framing effectiveness and motivate a closer look at cultural patterns.
Extracellular matrix of dental pulp stem cells: applications in pulp tissue engineering using somatic MSCs.

Dental Caries affects approximately 90% of the world’s population. At present, the clinical treatment for dental caries is root canal therapy. This treatment results in loss of tooth sensitivity and vitality. Tissue engineering can potentially solve this problem by enabling regeneration of a functional pulp tissue. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been shown to be an excellent source for pulp regeneration. However, limited availability of these cells hinders its potential for clinical translation. We have investigated the possibility of using somatic mesenchymal stem cells from other sources for dental pulp tissue regeneration using a biomimetic dental pulp extracellular matrix (ECM) incorporated scaffold. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and human bone marrow stromal cells (HMSCs) were investigated for their ability to differentiate towards an odontogenic lineage. In vitro real-time PCR results coupled with histological and immunohistochemical examination of the explanted tissues confirmed the ability of PDLSCs and HMSCs to form a vascularized pulp-like tissue. These findings indicate that the dental pulp stem derived ECM scaffold stimulated odontogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and HMSCs without the need for exogenous addition of growth and differentiation factors. This study represents a translational perspective toward possible therapeutic application of using a combination of somatic stem cells and extracellular matrix for pulp regeneration.
Evidence for Central Nervous System Insulin Synthesis

Since Havrankonva and co-workers described the widespread distribution of both insulinl and insulin receptors2 in the rat central nervous system (CNS), two basic questions have remained unanswered. The first is the source of this insulin within the CNS, whether locally produced or of pancreatic origin. Second is the function of insulin within the CNS. Does insulin have similar effects. centrally to those outside the CNS or does insulin have unique functions in the CNS?
Role of nonpancreatic lipolytic activity in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Abstract Patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency may absorb > 50% of dietary fat despite the absence of measurable pancreatic lipase activity. Nonpancreatic lipolytic activity was measured in gastric and duodenal aspirates from 5 patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency secondary to alcoholism and in aspirates from 5 alcoholics without evidence of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction (controls). Samples were collected under fasting and postprandial conditions. All patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency had nonpancreatic lipolytic activity in gastric and duodenal aspirates. Lipolytic activity in gastric aspirates was not significantly different between the patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and the controls during the fasting and postprandial periods. Pancreatic insufficiency was associated with significantly (p
Preliminary microfluidic simulations for immersion lithography

The premise behind immersion lithography is to improve the resolution for optical lithography technology by increasing the index of refraction in the space between the final projection lens of an exposure system and the device wafer. This is accomplished through the insertion of a high index liquid in place of the low index air that currently fills the gap. The fluid management system must reliably fill the lens-wafer gap with liquid, maintain the fill under the lens throughout the entire wafer exposure process, and ensure that no bubbles are entrained during filling or scanning. This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the fluid flow characteristics of a liquid between the lens and the wafer in immersion lithography. The objective of this feasibility study was to identify liquid candidates that meet both optical and specific fluid mechanical requirements. The mechanics of the filling process was analyzed to simplify the problem and identify those fluid properties and system parameters that affect the process. Two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of the fluid between the lens and the wafer were developed for simulating the process. The CFD simulations were used to investigate two methods of liquid deposition. In the first, a liquid is dispensed onto the wafer as a “puddle” and then the wafer and liquid move under the lens. This is referred to as passive filling. The second method involves the use of liquid jets in close proximity to the edge of the lens and is referred to as active filling. Numerical simulations of passive filling included a parametric study of the key dimensionless group influencing the filling process and an investigation of the effects of the fluid/wafer and fluid/lens contact angles and wafer direction. The model results are compared with experimental measurements. For active filling, preliminary simulation results characterized the influence of the jets on fluid flow.
Isolated extragenital HPV-thirties-group-positive bowenoid papulosis in an AIDS patient.

The term 'bowenoid papulosis' (BP) was introduced in 1978 to describe multiple verrucous papules on the genitalia with a histological resemblance to Bowen's disease and a clinical resemblance to condylomata. ' BP is primarily a disease of sexually active young people, with a mean age of onset of about 30 years.' Multiple 2-10 mm red-brown or violaceous papules, some with a verrucous surface, may coalesce into plaques. The clinical spectrum includes lichenoid papules, erythematous macules and 'leukoplakia-Iike' lesions.^ •* BP occurs most frequently on the genitalia, perianal skin or crural regions, and there is a slight female predilection.^"* There are rare reports of extragenital BP with concomitant genital involvement. Histologically, BP exhibits many features of Bowen's disease: crowded, pleomorphic 'windblown' keratinocyte nuclei with occasional mitotic figures, and cytological atypia, which is usually less pronounced than in Bowen's disease.' '* Viral features are characteristically absent on routine haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, although BP is caused by a human papillomavirus. In essence, cutaneous and genital BP are HPV-induced mild, moderate, or severe degrees of intraepithelial dysplasia. We describe an AIDS patient with isolated extragenital bowenoid papulosis. In situ hybridization studies revealed an unusual HPV subtype.
Magnetic field induced texture in high-Tc superconductors

Bi-2212 superconductor thick films and tapes were melt-grown under a zero and 10 T magnetic field. In the latter case the degree of alignment and consequent transport critical current densities were enhanced. Melt-processing tapes or thick films in a 10 T magnetic field seems to produce uniformly textured grains throughout a large thickness. A theoretical model developed to quantify the degree of texture achieved during various processing conditions suggests that the degree of alignment is obtained through grain rotation during the early stages of grain growth from the liquid.
DMS message precedence in the GOSIP environment

The authors describe the implications of Defense Message System (DMS) message time-of-delivery requirements in the Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) environment. DMS precedence/priority handling mechanisms and their implementation in the protocols in the GOSIP stack are examined. It is shown that there are precedence-related mechanisms available in the communications protocols mandated by GOSIP. However, to guarantee timely delivery of DMS messages, a US Department of Defense protocol profile should be developed that mandates and specifies the implementation of these mechanisms in all appropriate layers of the systems/networks that handle DMS messages. >
TCP over CDMA2000 networks: a cross-layer measurement study

Modern cellular channels in 3G networks incorporate sophisticated power control and dynamic rate adaptation which can have a significant impact on adaptive transport layer protocols, such as TCP. Though there exists studies that have evaluated the performance of TCP over such networks, they are based solely on observations at the transport layer and hence have no visibility into the impact of lower layer dynamics, which are a key characteristic of these networks. In this work, we present a detailed characterization of TCP behavior based on cross-layer measurement of transport, as well as RF and MAC layer parameters. In particular, through a series of active TCP/UDP experiments and measurement of the relevant variables at all three layers, we characterize both, the wireless scheduler in a commercial CDMA2000 network and its impact on TCP dynamics. Somewhat surprisingly, our findings indicate that the wireless scheduler is mostly insensitive to channel quality and sector load over short timescales and is mainly affected by the transport layer data rate. Furthermore, we empirically demonstrate the impact of the wireless scheduler on various TCP parameters such as the round trip time, throughput and packet loss rate.
The role of conditional release technologies and intelligent tutors in graduate management education

Learning management systems have come a long way since Sir Isaac Pitman initiated the first correspondence course in the early 1840s. Today, the demands of globalization call for new and innovative learning systems for enhancing graduate management education. One approach for meeting these challenges is through the increased use of learning management systems, in general, and conditional release technologies (CRT), in particular. The primary aim of CRTs is to distribute knowledge in small and more management learning packages based on student performance and characteristics. Intelligent tutors provide the vehicle for helping identify the appropriate material. The purpose of this paper is to highlight new developments in the use of CRTs and intelligent tutors in a program of graduate management education.
Capacitor bank design for wide tuning range LC VCOs: 850MHz-7.1GHz (157%)

This paper describes novel design techniques for optimizing the switched-capacitor array in a wide tuning range LC VCO. The switches in the capacitor array are optimally sized to maximize the tuning range. Additionally, parasitic interconnect inductance inherent in the capacitor array is used for increasing the equivalent capacitance value. Based on these proposed techniques, an LC VCO that achieves 157% frequency tuning range from 850MHz to 7.1GHz with phase noise between −107.1 and −119.1 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset and power dissipation between 3 and 15 mW is designed. The power and phase noise performance of this VCO is at par with the best wideband solutions. However, this is, by far, the largest tuning range obtained for CMOS LC VCOs till date.
Towards preparative-scale, biocatalytic alkene reductions

Simple strategies for using alkene reductase enzymes to produce gram-scale quantities of both (R)- and (S)-citronellal have been developed. The methodology is easily accessible to non-specialist laboratories, allowing alkene reductases to be added to the toolbox of routine synthetic transformations.
Os Acromiale Rupture Associated with a Massive Rotator Cuff Tear Causing Deltoid Insufficiency and Superior Escape of the Humeral Head: A Case Report.

Os acromiale is an anatomic variant that occurs in approximately 8% of the population1,2. It represents a failure of fusion of the anterior acromial apophysis. Often, it is an incidental radiographic finding in the evaluation of a patient with shoulder pain. The incidence of symptoms caused by an os acromiale is unknown, but there is a well-documented association with impingement syndromes and rotator cuff tears3. Surgical management is indicated for failure of nonoperative treatment or for full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Deltoid insufficiency associated with rotator cuff tears without prior surgical intervention is quite rare, with only a small number of cases reported in the literature4. After a thorough literature search, we believe that this is the first case report that describes an unstable os acromiale with a massive rotator cuff tear that caused deltoid insufficiency with superior escape of the humeral head. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. A forty-six-year-old, right-hand-dominant, healthy man initially presented to the referring physician for right shoulder pain and dysfunction. He reported that he had been experiencing right shoulder pain for approximately two years. Physical examination revealed forward flexion to 155° bilaterally, external rotation of 35° bilaterally, and internal rotation to the midlumbar spine bilaterally. He had 4+/5 strength on supraspinatus and infraspinatus testing. He had a positive Neer sign with positive Hawkins signs bilaterally. Radiographs revealed a high-riding humeral head with the presence of a meso-os acromiale (Figs. 1-A and 1-B). He was diagnosed with a chronic full-thickness rotator cuff tear. He was treated nonoperatively with several subacromial corticosteroid injections, physical therapy, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication. The pain subsided, and he did well for approximately ten months. Anteroposterior (Fig. 1-A) and lateral (Fig. 1-B) radiographs of the right shoulder reveal a high-riding humeral head and a meso-os acromiale with subtle displacement (arrows). Fig. 1-A Fig. 1-B The patient continued to do well until …
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the pentose phosphate cycle, and its place in carbohydrate metabolism.

The other speakers at this symposium will consider some of the detailed properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the special role of this enzyme in the metabolism of the red cell. In order to set the stage for this discussion, I will attempt to provide a brief review of the historic background of the subject and some of our current thinking regarding the role of the hexosemonophosphate pathway, sometimes known as the pentose phosphate pathway, in the over-all economy of the cell. Particular attention will be given to the relation of the pentose phosphate pathway to the glycolytic, or EmbdenMeyerhof, pathway. Perhaps the best way to gain some understanding of the role of each of the two majorpathways is through a consideration of the specific functions of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes. Almost all living cells contain two pyridine nucleotides, diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) and triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN), each of which functions with its own group of substrates in a highly specific manner. Why should there be a need for two such similar coenzymes in the same cell? The answer to this question provides the key to the function of the several pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. It is of particular interest to examine the function of the pyridine nucleotides in the light of their original discovery. DPN was discovered in 1906 by Harden and Young as the coenzyme of alcoholic fermentation in yeast (Fig. 1). A number of years later it was shown by Meyerhof to be required for the conversion of glucose to lactic acid in muscle. Thus, from its very discovery, DPN was considered to be the coenzyme of fermentation. On the other hand, TPN was discovered by Warburg and associates as the coenzyme for the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate (Fig. 2). Later it was shown by Warburg and Christian to be required for the next step as
Demographic and psychosocial correlates of physical activity among African Americans.

OBJECTIVE To examine physical activity among participants in the Wellness for African Americans Through Churches (WATCH) project. METHODS Both focus-group and survey methodologies were employed. From surveys, frequencies and metabolic equivalents (METs) were calculated for recreational, household, and occupational activity. RESULTS Half of respondents reported recreational activity > or = 5 days per week; most reported household activity. Women had significantly lower levels of recreational and occupational, but not household activity. Recreational and occupational levels decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS This sample appears to meet exercise guidelines. Psychosocial factors may be important for intervention in recreational, but not household or occupational activity.
PHYSICAL CHANGES IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS ACCOMPANYING CHANNEL DREDGING

The physical characteristics of estuarine sediments provide useful information about sediment sources, the nature of bottom surface stresses and sediment transport mechanisms. Changes in sediment composition and state are also useful indicators for estimating the effects of unnatural stresses on dependent chemical and biological activities. In this study, the changes in several sediment properties have been monitored for an isolated estuarine dredging project. The effect of estuarine hopper dredge activities has been evaluated for an Army Corps of Engineers project at Coos Bay, Oregon. The project included suction head dredging at a shoal area within the navigation channel and in bay spoiling at a deep section of channel one mile downstream from the dredge site. Core samples were taken five days before dredging and two, thirteen and seventy days after dredging at the dredge and spoil sites. Subsequent laboratory analysis of the core samples revealed that dredging induced redistribution of bottom sediments produced significant changes in several physical characteristics of the dredged material. Repeated resuspension of bottom sediments during the dredging and spoiling operations caused a net loss of fine grained sediments and light organic constituents. Several symptomatic changes were observed which validate this finding, including: an increase in median grain size and decrease in uniformity of dredge spoils due to loss of fine fractions; a decrease in volatile solids in the dredge spoils due to a net loss of organics; a decrease in porosity at the spoils site due to the ability of the coarse grain sediments to resist resuspension; and a decrease in hygroscopic moisture content due to loss of porous organics and silt-clay material from the spoils. Conditions following dredging were observed for a period of seventy days. Partial recovery of the sediment system was observed after two weeks with no further recovery in two months. The initial recovery came about due to the availability of local sources of resuspended sediment adjacent to the dredge site. This occured under low flow conditions in early fall. Complete recovery of the system was not observed and probably requires the relatively large sources of sediment which accompany heavy winter and spring runoff. Thus, the immediate effects of dredging may persist until the annual cycle of sediment erosion and deposition have occurred.
CE Update—Body Fluids I: Wright-Giemsa Cytology of Body Fluids

Body fluid analysis can provide important diagnostic information to the clinician. A key aspect of these analyses is the white blood cell differential and evaluation of cellular morphology on slides of specimens prepared with Wright-Giemsa stains. Despite the clinical imperative for providing consistently good slides, body fluid specimens pose special challenges. The cytocentrifuge provides one way to meet these challenges. We review several techniques for achieving optimal cytocentrifuge slide preparations.
Salesperson Optimism: Can Sales Managers Enhance it and so What if They Do?

The focus of this empirical study is on salesperson optimism. First, the extent to which sales managers can enhance their optimism among their salespeople was explored by examining the influence of three leader behaviors (positive feedback, articulating a vision, and individualized support). Second, optimism was associated with three important outcome variables (inrole performance, and helping and sportsmanship organizational citizenship behavior). Data were collected from a sample of 122 salesperson/sales manager dyads from five companies, and hypotheses were tested by fitting a structural equations model. Results suggest that sales managers can enhance the salesperson optimism through individualized support; and that optimistic salespeople were more likely to be productive, and more likely to engage in sportsmanship organizational citizenship behavior.