cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The power of genomic control.

Although association analysis is a useful tool for uncovering the genetic underpinnings of complex traits, its utility is diminished by population substructure, which can produce spurious association between phenotype and genotype within population-based samples. Because family-based designs are robust against substructure, they have risen to the fore of association analysis. Yet, if population substructure could be ignored, this robustness can come at the price of power. Unfortunately it is rarely evident when population substructure can be ignored. Devlin and Roeder recently have proposed a method, termed "genomic control" (GC), which has the robustness of family-based designs even though it uses population-based data. GC uses the genome itself to determine appropriate corrections for population-based association tests. Using the GC method, we contrast the power of two study designs, family trios (i.e., father, mother, and affected progeny) versus case-control. For analysis of trios, we use the TDT test. When population substructure is absent, we find GC is always more powerful than TDT; furthermore, contrary to previous results, we show that as a disease becomes more prevalent the discrepancy in power becomes more extreme. When population substructure is present, however, the results are more complex: TDT is more powerful when population substructure is substantial, and GC is more powerful otherwise. We also explore general issues of power and implementation of GC within the case-control setting and find that, economically, GC is at least comparable to and often less expensive than family-based methods. Therefore, GC methods should prove a useful complement to family-based methods for the genetic analysis of complex traits.
Factor substitution and manpower planning reconsidered

This paper explores anew the factor substitution assumptions of manpower planning activities. It finds several flaws in the oft-repeated argument that manpower planning studies should be abandoned in favor of rate of return analysis because the planning approach depends upon the assumption of fixed-coefficient production functions and the latter approach does not. For one thing, the choice of methodological approach depends upon matters other than the observed value of the elasticity of substitution. For another, it is not clear that factor substitutability has necessarily been ignored in either the theory or practice of manpower planning.
Hierarchy of regulatory events in sensory placode development

Cranial placodes are a uniquely vertebrate characteristic; they form the paired sense organs of the eyes, ears and nose, in addition to the distal parts of some of the cranial sensory ganglia. These focal ectodermal thickenings have been studied from an embryological perspective in a diversity of organisms, revealing tissue interactions that are crucial for the morphological formation of the different placodes. In recent times, there has been a renewed interest in understanding the induction and differentiation of these deceptively simple ectodermal regions. This has led to a wealth of information on the molecular cues governing these processes. In particular, the integration of signals at the level of 'placode-specific' enhancers is beginning to provide a glimpse into the complexity of genetic networks that function within this embryonic cell population to generate key components of the peripheral nervous system.
Novel use of the BD FACS SPA to automate custom monoclonal antibody panel preparations for immunophenotyping.

Background The effective and accurate diagnosis of hematologic malignancies relies on flow cytometric immunophenotyping. Selected combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) arranged in multicolor panels allow for the accurate definition of normal and abnormal hematologic cell populations. The most time-consuming and crucial step in the staining process involves dispensing combinations of multiple mAbs into their appropriate staining tubes. This step is prone to error, requires concentration and accuracy, and is dependent on technologist experience. The Becton Dickinson BioScience (BD) FACS™ Sample Prep Assistant (SPA) is touted as a breakthrough in automated in vitro diagnostic sample preparation. The SPA is designed to automate BD MultiTEST™ and BD TriTest lyse/no-wash assays. However, because most cases in our laboratory require tedious application of unique four-color mAb cocktails for leukemia and lymphoma testing, we wondered whether the SPA would be helpful in accurately dispensing these mixtures. Methods The mAb panels were prepared by the SPA in two separate timed runs and on separate days. Eleven specimens (nine from patients and two from normal volunteers) were split and stained with four-color cocktails created by the SPA or manually. The percentage of positive (%P) cells and mean fluorescent intensity for each mAb pair were determined. These values were plotted against each other and correlation values were calculated. To quantitate timesaving in the laboratory, two technologists prepared individually the same mAb panels and were timed. Results The correlation between the two methods was high; r2 was 0.988 for 158 %P antigen pairs; no bias between the manual and robotic methods was detected with the Wilcoxon rank test. Bland-Altman analysis indicated no obvious relation between the difference and the mean of %P cells, suggesting that the SPA successfully dispensed antibodies for leukemia/lymphoma panels. The two methods may be interchangeable, although the limited sample size prohibits this conclusion from Bland-Altman statistics alone. In addition, one possible error was detected in the SPA-prepared panels. The SPA averaged 65 min/run, the experienced technologist 12.95 min/run, and the inexperienced technologist 54.9 min/run. Conclusions SPA dispensing time was twice the average manual dispensing time; however, SPA use was completely automated and freed the technologist to perform other tasks. SPA use permitted preemptive preparation of mAb panels and thus streamlined processing; however, the cost of the assay and the amount of reagent waste increased. It is certain that software modifications by BD could decrease the SPA reagent dispense time and decrease the cost associated with reagent waste when the SPA is used in this novel fashion. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Production of an egg yolk antibody specific to microbial uricase and its inhibitory effects on uricase activity

Ammonia gas produced from poultry manure can be a potential source of environmental pollution. Microbial uricase in poultry manure is an important target enzyme to reduce ammonia production because ammonia is mainly generated from the microbial decomposition of uric acid in the manure. Thus, the inhibition of microbial uricase is critical in preventing NH3 volatilization. A potential method of inhibiting uricase activity is the use of antibodies specific to microbial uricase. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate 1) the production of the uricase-specific egg yolk antibody (IgY) from immunized hens and 2) the effect of the uricase-specific IgY on the activity of uricase. A total of 12 Single Comb White Leghorn hens were injected intramuscularly with uricase from Arthrobacter globiformis. The hens were immunized a second and third time at 1 and 2 wk, respectively, after the initial injection. The production of uricase-specific IgY was first detected at 2 wk after the initial immunization, and levels increased more than threefold at 4 wk. The method including water extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ethanol precipitation showed the most acceptable IgY purity and over 97% uricase-specific IgY recovery. Finally, the effect of the uricase-specific IgY on uricase activity was determined by a uricase assay. The slope ratio showed that the immune-IgY from the uricase-immunized hens and nonimmune IgY from nonimmunized control hens reduced uricase degradation by 58 and 43%, respectively, compared to the uricase treatment. The regression slope indicated that the immune IgY and nonimmune IgY treatments had a significant inhibitory effects on uricase activity compared to the uricase.
The Causes and Consequences of Gubernatorial Endorsements: Evidence From State Supreme Court Elections

Governors are generally the best-known figures in state politics. They have many roles, including service as political leaders in their states. One aspect of this role is the promotion of their fav...
Organic carbon paleo‐pCO2 and marine‐ice core correlations and chronology

Here we present evidence that marine organic matter δ 13 C measurements can closely reproduce the Vostok ice core CO 2 record and, in addition, can be used to evaluate the absolute Vostok chronology and the transfer of that chronology between the marine and terrestrial realm. Our data supports recent speculations that the base of the Vostok ice core (2755 m) is still within oxygen isotope stage 7, in agreement with recent orbitallytuned ice core chronologies.
Regional Flow-Pressure Relationship in Response to Angiotensin in the Intact Dog and Sheep

The effects of intravenous administration of angiotensin on the arterial pressure and on the renal, carotid, iliac, uterine, and femoral blood flows were investigated in dogs and sheep through the use of implanted electromagnetic flowmeters. The rise in arterial pressure was immediate and, within the range of doses employed, presented little relation ship to the dose. The pressor effect of angiotensin was accompanied by a consistent fall in the renal blood flow and a rise in the femoral, iliac, and uterine flows. Carotid flow was less affected. These studies demonstrate the specificity of flow response to a given change in pressure in the various areas of the body.
Thermal spiking in high energy bombarded silicon

Thermal spiking in 2 MeV N+ bombarded silicon is reported. In areas of most intense irradiation the amorphous silicon, a result of the ion bombardment, can melt locally and subsequently crystallize. The crystallized silicon has the same crystalliuity and orientation as the surrounding lattice. In these areas the matrix lattice becomes strained. The strained lattice is visible in X-ray topographs through the presence of moire fringes. The strained area around the crystallized silicon is soluble in HF. Es wird uber thermisches “spiking” in mit 2 MeV-N+-bestrahltem Silizium berichtet. In Gebieten der intensivsten Strahlung kann amorphes Silizium, als Ergebnis des Ionen-bombardements, lokal schmelzen und darauffolgend kristallisieren. Das kristallisierte Silizium hat dieselbe kristalline Beschaffenheit und Orientierung wie das umgebende Gitter. In diesen Bereichen wird das Matrixgitter verspannt. Das verspannte Gitter wird in den Rontgenstrahlentopographien durch die Anwesenheit von Moirestreifen sichtbar. Das verspannte Gebiet um das kristallisierte Silizium ist in HF loslich.
Exosomes and HIV Gag bud from endosome-like domains of the T cell plasma membrane

Exosomes are secreted, single membrane organelles of ∼100 nm diameter. Their biogenesis is typically thought to occur in a two-step process involving (1) outward vesicle budding at limiting membranes of endosomes (outward = away from the cytoplasm), which generates intralumenal vesicles, followed by (2) endosome–plasma membrane fusion, which releases these internal vesicles into the extracellular milieu as exosomes. In this study, we present evidence that certain cells, including Jurkat T cells, possess discrete domains of plasma membrane that are enriched for exosomal and endosomal proteins, retain the endosomal property of outward vesicle budding, and serve as sites of immediate exosome biogenesis. It has been hypothesized that retroviruses utilize the exosome biogenesis pathway for the formation of infectious particles. In support of this, we find that Jurkat T cells direct the key budding factor of HIV, HIV Gag, to these endosome-like domains of plasma membrane and secrete HIV Gag from the cell in exosomes.
Partial rescue of neural apoptosis in the Lurcher mutant mouse through elimination of tissue plasminogen activator.

Lurcher is a spontaneous mouse mutant characterized by premature and aberrant apoptosis in the cerebellum. The phenotype has been shown to be caused by a point mutation in the δ2 glutamate receptor subunit gene that results in a large constitutive inward current, which has proved that endogenous excitotoxicity can lead to apoptotic cell death. Additional studies have suggested a direct link between this endogenous excitotoxicity and the activation of intracellular cell death enzymes. We have previously shown that excitotoxic neuronal degeneration elicited through exogenous insults (e.g. excitotoxins, stroke) is promoted by an extracellular cascade involving the serine protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). However, whether it is through necrotic or apoptotic mechanisms that this excitotoxic cell death occurs has remained contested. We describe the attenuation of the Lurcher cell death progression in tPA-deficient mice. Elimination of tPA delayed the apoptotic death of Purkinje and granule neurons in Lurcher mice, and reduced the phosphorylation of Jun and the activation of caspase 8. These results indicate that not only does tPA-promoted excitotoxic cell death proceed through a receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway, but that neuronal cell death in the Lurcher mouse is facilitated by extracellular cascades in addition to the already described intracellular pathways. Finally, these findings suggest that therapeutic benefits may be achieved for a wide variety of insults to the CNS by regulating tPA activity to preserve neuronal viability.
Transition noise properties in longitudinal thin-film media

Transition noise properties in longitudinal thin film media are studied by micromagnetic modeling. The mechanism for enhancement of transition noise at small bit intervals due to intertransition interaction is investigated. The noise dependence on the medium parameters, such as saturation magnetization and film thickness, is calculated. Reducing either the saturation magnetization or the film thickness yields a reduction of transition noise at low recording densities and a reduction of the noise enhancement at high recording densities. The effect of stress-induced longitudinal magnetic orientation is studied for an application of a uniaxial and spatial uniform compressive stress in the recording direction. The calculation shows that films with higher orientation ratio exhibit higher transition noise at small bit intervals. >
Closed loop response of nonlinear systems by a functional transformation approach

A graphical technique is presented for determining the closed loop response of nonlinear control systems driven by sinusoidal inputs. The nonlinear portion of the system is represented by its conventional describing function, which may be frequency dependent as well as amplitude dependent. The linear portion of the system is represented by its complex frequency response function G(j\omega) . A transparent overlay is used to mechanize a functional transformation similar to that performed by a Nichols chart, allowing rapid determination of the system output for sinusoidal inputs. The accuracy of the method is limited by the accuracy of the describing function approximation. In addition to offering a rapid solution to what has been regarded as a time consuming problem, the method gives the designer sufficient insight into the behavior of the system to allow the intelligent choice of compensating networks to improve system performance. A numerical example is used as a vehicle for discussion of compensation, and experimental results are presented to verify the analysis.
Inventory of the Nolidae, Erebidae, and Noctuidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Plummers Island, Maryland

ABSTRACT From 1902–2005 six species of Nolidae, 88 species of Erebidae, and 118 species of Noctuidae have been recorded from Plummers Island, Montgomery County, Maryland. Extensive collecting conducted from 1998–2005 resulted in five species of Nolidae, 70 species of Erebidae, and 88 species of Noctuidae. Only the Nolidae had sufficient specimens collected from 1902–1930 to compare with collections taken from 1998–2005. Five species were present from 1902–1930, and five from 1998–2005 with no change in species richness. A 20% species turnover was noted, with one extinction and one colonization. Owing to probable under-sampling from 1902–1930, the Erebidae and Noctuidae show a 37% and a 32% increase, respectively. This is contrary to other studies at Plummers Island, which showed a decrease in species richness. Species accumulation curves were based only on material collected from 1998–2005. Both abundance and incidence-based estimators were used to predict six species of Nolidae, 79–102 species of Erebida...
Raman selection rules for vibration-rotation transitions in symmetric top molecules

Symmetry restrictions on Raman selection rules can be obtained, quite generally, by considering a Raman allowed transition as the result of two successive dipole allowed transitions, and imposing the usual symmetry restrictions on the dipole transitions. This leads to the same results as the more familiar polarizability theory, but the vibration-rotation selection rules are easier to obtain by this argument. The selection rules for symmetric top molecules involving the (+l) and (-l) components of a degenerate vibrational level with first-order Coriolis splitting are derived in this paper. It is shown that these selection rules depend on the order of the highest-fold symmetry axis Cn , being different for molecules with n=3, n=4, or n ≧ 5; moreover the selection rules are different again for molecules belonging to the point groups Dnd with n even, and Sm with 1/2m even, for which the highest-fold symmetry axes Cn and Sm are related by m=2n. Finally it is shown that an apparent anomaly between the observed ...
A scheme for scheduling hard real-time applications in open system environment

The paper focuses on the problem of providing run-time support to real-time applications and non-real-time applications in an open system. It describes a two-level hierarchical priority-driven scheme for scheduling independently developed applications. The scheme allows the developer of each real-time application to validate the schedulability of the application independently of other applications. Once a real-time application is created and accepted by the open system, its schedulability is guaranteed regardless of the behaviors of other applications that execute concurrently in the system.
The Impact of Historical Contingency on Gene Phylogeny

The integration of Darwin’s theories on natural selection (Darwin, 1872) into genetics in the first half of this century resulted in the interpretation of most genetic variation as having either some positive or negative selective consequence (Gould and Lewontin, 1979). In the last few decades, as the molecular evolution of protein and DNA sequences was considered, this Darwinian viewpoint gave way to neutral mutation-random drift hypothesis, which supposes that the majority of mutations have little or no effect on organismal fitness (Kimura, 1968, 1983; Avise, 1994). DNA sequences are randomly fixed in a population with selection only occasionally restraining the outcome. Taken at its extreme this theory suggests that each new mutational event is unaffected by previous mutations, since most of these mutations were also neutral. However, as this theory has matured in light of the data on complex gene phylogenies, a gentler view has developed. This includes “nearly neutral” mutations, which are thought of as being intermediate between neutral and selected mutations (Ohta, 1992).
Positron propagation and fluxes from neutralino annihilation in the halo

Supersymmetric neutralinos are one of the most promising candidates for the dark matter in the Universe. If they exist, they should make up some fraction of the Milky Way halo. We investigate the fluxes of positrons expected at the Earth from neutralino annihilation in the halo. Positron propagation is treated in a diffusion model including energy loss. The positron source function includes contributions from both continuum and monochromatic positrons. We find that, for a ``canonical'' halo model and propagation parameters, the fluxes are generally too low to be visible. Given the large uncertainties in both propagation and halo structure, it is however possible to obtain observable fluxes. We also investigate the shapes of the positron spectra, including fits to a feature indicated by the results of the HEAT experiment.
An unusual presentation of Castleman's Disease:a case report

Castleman's disease (CD), a rare condition of uncertain etiology, involves a massive proliferation of lymphoid tissues and typically presents as mediastinal masses. We describe a patient with CD who presented with diffuse adenopathy involving the inguinal, paratracheal, retroperitoneal, axillary, and pelvic regions.
Emerging Epidemic: Diabetes in Older Adults: Demography, Economic Impact, and Pathophysiology

In Brief Diabetes has a major impact on both affected individuals and society in general, with a total cost in excess of $132 billion annually not to mention the its associated increased morbidity and lost quality-of-life years. This article discusses some of the major studies that have attempted to quantitate the cost of diabetes and reviews the pathophysiology and disease sequellae commonly found in older people with diabetes.
Toll-like receptor-2 transduces signals for NF-κB activation, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production

The innate immune system coordinates the inflammatory response to pathogens. To do so, cells of the innate immune system must rapidly discriminate between self and non-self. All bacteria express membrane-associated lipoproteins. These molecules activate cells of the innate immune system to initiate host defense mechanisms. However, it is currently unknown how the innate immune system recognizes bacterial lipoproteins. Here, we describe that in response to bacterial lipoprotein, human Toll-like receptor-2 activates three different cellular responses: nuclear factor-κB dependent transcription, programmed cell death and reactive oxygen species production. We propose that Toll-like receptor-2 fulfils multiple roles in the genesis of the immune response to bacterial pathogens.
Deterrence and Knowledge of Statutory Penalties

This study examines deterrence theory in light of three questions. First, is there an inverse relation between crime rates and maximum statutory penalties? Second, is there an inverse relation betw...
Design of a CMOS On-Chip Slot Antenna With Extremely Flat Cavity at 140 GHz

A novel design for a fully on-chip antenna operating at 140 GHz that can be fabricated with standard CMOS technology is proposed. In addition to the traditional microstrip feeding, the slot antenna is backed with an extremely thin cavity formed by two CMOS inner metal layers and vias in between. The proposed cavity prevents radiation from going inside the lossy silicon substrate and enhances the radiation of the slot antenna. It is also shown that the antenna radiation is not affected significantly by other metallic parts on the chip. Good agreement is achieved between results from a frequency-domain solver, HFSS, and a time-domain solver, CST. The simulated gain is around -2 dBi, and the radiation efficiency is around 18%, despite ohmic losses enhanced by the extreme flatness. The input 10-dB bandwidth is around 5 GHz. The total area of this antenna is 1.2 × 0.6 mm2 (0.56 λ0 × 0.28 λ0 at 140 GHz).
Walleye pollock egg distribution and mortality in the western Gulf of Alaska

We examine the distribution and mortality of walleye pollock (Theragra chakogramma) eggs in the western Gulf of Alaska. Most pollock eggs were found in mid-water, with low proportions in the neustonic and epibenthic layers during all years of sampling. A silhouette camera towed through a high egg density region provided new information on small-scale spatial distributions and provided density estimates at two depth layers similar to those of depth-discrete net sampling. Annual egg production curves and natural mortalities were estimated for 1987-92 based on the abundance of several cohorts relative to their production rate. Production during 1989 and 1990 was lower than in the other four years but 1988 was the only year to show markedly different (higher) mortality than the rest. Fertilization rate was generally very high (>99%) but several collections early in the season contained a substantial fraction of unfertilized eggs. Invertebrate egg predation was mainly due to euphausiids and was variable among locations and years. Egg cannibalism by adult pollock on the spawning grounds was inconsequential (< 1% for all years) compared to invertebrate predation.
Thin-film-coated bulk GaAs detectors for thermal and fast neutron measurements

GaAs-based structures are presently under investigation as the substrate for 10 B-coated and polyethylene-coated neutron detectors. The semi-insulating (SI) GaAs-based devices operate at low bias voltages by employing the truncated electric field effect, which allows for acceptable signals to be produced with bias voltages ranging between 10 and 50 V. At this time, the 10 B-coated devices have demonstrated over 3.5% intrinsic thermal neutron detection efficiency with reactive films 1.8mm thick. Relatively high neutron/g-ray rejection ratios can be achieved with an appropriate choice of lower level discriminator setting. Polyethylene-coated GaAs devices are being studied as fast neutron detectors and have shown evidence of (n,p) reactions for 14 MeV neutrons. Theoretical neutron responses and experimental neutron detection data are presented and compared. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Organ Conservation in Invasive Bladder Cancer by Transurethral Resection, Chemotherapy and Radiation: Results of a Urodynamic and Quality of Life Study on Long-term Survivors

ABSTRACTPurpose: Transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiation with salvage cystectomy may be used as alternatives to immediate radical cystectomy in the management of invasive bladder cancer. Concern exists about the function of the retained bladder after such therapy.Materials and Methods: Of 221 patients with clinical T2–4a bladder cancer treated at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1986 to 2000 with trimodality therapy, 71 were alive with native bladders and disease-free in 2001. These patients were asked to undergo a urodynamic study and to complete a quality of life questionnaire. A total of 69% participated in some component of this study with a median time from trimodality therapy of 6.3 years (range 1.6 to 14.9).Results: Of 32 patients 24 had normally functioning bladders by urodynamic study. Decreased bladder compliance was seen in 7. Bladder hypersensitivity, involuntary detrusor contractions and incontinence were present in 2 women. The questionnaire showed that flow symptoms occurred ...
The Right Tool for the Job: The Canalization of Presidential Policy Attention by Policy Instrument

This article investigates how presidential policy attention is allocated across policy tools and whether there is a channeling of tool use by policy area. I also examine whether there is evidence of disproportionate information processing within presidential policy attention allocation and whether it is common across presidential policy tools. Presidential messages, hearings on administrations' legislative proposals, amicus briefs, and executive orders are employed to capture presidential policy tools. The allocation of attention via these four instruments is examined from 1957–2007 in the policy areas of defense and foreign affairs, macroeconomics, banking and commerce, civil rights, law and crime, and labor and immigration. I find that there is a canalization of presidential policy attention by instrument, and that the opportunity structure of policy tools shapes attention allocation. Additionally, I find evidence for punctuated equilibrium theory in the allocation of presidential policy attention via these four tools. When presidents do shift their attention to an issue area, they often attack the issue with some coordination of their policy instruments.
Hyperbaric oxygen inhibits stimulus-induced proinflammatory cytokine synthesis by human blood-derived monocyte-macrophages

SUMMARY Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is 100% oxygen administered at elevated atmospheric pressure to patients with inflammatory diseases. We developed an in vitro model to investigate the effects of HBO on stimulus-induced proinflammatory cytokine transcription and translation. Human blood-derived monocytemacrophages were stimulated before being transferred to an HBO chamber where they were incubated at 97·9% O 2 , 2·1% CO 2 , 2·4 atmospheres absolute, 37 ∞ C. Controls were maintained in the same warm room at normoxia at sea level, hyperoxia or increased pressure alone. A 90-min HBO exposure inhibited IL-1 b synthesized in response to lipopolysaccharide by 23%, lipid A by 45%, phytohaemagglutinin A (PHA) by 68%, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- a by 27%. HBO suppressed lipopolysaccharide-, lipid A- and PHA-induced TNF- a by 29%, 31% and 62%, respectively. HBO transiently reduced PHAinduced steady state IL-1 b mRNA levels. Hyperoxia alone and pressure alone did not affect cytokine production. The immunosuppressive effect of HBO was no longer evident in monocyte-macrophages exposed to HBO for more than 3 h. Interestingly, cells exposed to HBO for 12 h synthesized more IL1 b than cells cultured under control conditions. In summary, HBO exposure transiently suppresses stimulus-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and steady state RNA levels.
SYNERGISTIC NEUROTOXICITY OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE/CARBON DISULFIDE (80/20 FUMIGANTS) AND OTHER PESTICIDES IN GRAIN STORAGE WORKERS

Neurophysiologic, neurobehavioral, and neuropsychologic profiles in 17 grain storage workers, 1 grain inspector, and 4 malting laboratory workers are described. The effects of CS2 toxicity as seen in viscose rayon workers as well as in experimental animals is remarkably similar to the clinical profile of our grain storage workers. CS2 use explains the dysfunction of peripheral axons, auditory nerve, the optic nerve, and the extrapyramidal system, as well as altered behavior and cognition changes. The signs and symptoms in these workers seem to be dose-related and we note that workers separated out from the areas where fumigation took place reported improvement not seen by fellow workers who continued the fumigant treatment routine. Likewise, malting laboratory workers exposed only to the grain dust from 3 to 7 years showed only minimal symptoms. Though a number of mechanism have been suggested for the alteration of neuropsychological function, the chelating ability of DDC derived from CS2 and its ability to markedly increase copper and zinc within the central nervous system suggests a mechanism of toxicity analogous to copper intoxication as in Wilson's Disease and may explain the production of extrapyramidal symptoms in these patients. Chelation of copper might prove therapeutic in CS2 poisoning. It is obvious that both basic and clinical research will be necessary to sort out the questions raised. We applaud the EPA's decision to ban the use of 80/20 fumigants and also methyl bromide, and trust that similar toxic substances be carefully studied before their selection for replacing these previous toxic agents. We further decry the technique of re-introducing grain dust into the food chain rather than destroying it, since the dust contains very high residues of fumigant material. We speculate on the possible role of CS2 and other pesticides in the food chain and the incidence of Parkinsonian symptoms in these patients and the general public.
Probing the Functions of the Paramyxovirus Glycoproteins F and HN with a Panel of Synthetic Antibodies

Paramyxoviruses are enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses that are significant human and animal pathogens. Most paramyxoviruses infect host cells via the concerted action of a tetrameric attachment protein (variously called HN, H, or G) that binds either sialic acid or protein receptors on target cells and a trimeric fusion protein (F) that merges the viral envelope with the plasma membrane at neutral pH. F initially folds to a metastable prefusion conformation that becomes activated via a cleavage event during cellular trafficking. Upon receptor binding, the attachment protein, which consists of a globular head anchored to the membrane via a helical tetrameric stalk, triggers a major conformation change in F which results in fusion of virus and host cell membranes. We recently proposed a model for F activation in which the attachment protein head domains move following receptor binding to expose HN stalk residues critical for triggering F. To test the model in the context of wild-type viral glycoproteins, we used a restricted-diversity combinatorial Fab library and phage display to rapidly generate synthetic antibodies (sAbs) against multiple domains of the paramyxovirus parainfluenza 5 (PIV5) pre- and postfusion F and HN. As predicted by the model, sAbs that bind to the critical F-triggering region of the HN stalk do not disrupt receptor binding or neuraminidase (NA) activity but are potent inhibitors of fusion. An inhibitory prefusion F-specific sAb recognized a quaternary antigenic site and may inhibit fusion by preventing F refolding or by blocking the F-HN interaction. IMPORTANCE The paramyxovirus family of negative-strand RNA viruses cause significant disease in humans and animals. The viruses bind to cells via their receptor binding protein and then enter cells by fusion of their envelope with the host cell plasma membrane, a process mediated by a metastable viral fusion (F) protein. To understand the steps in viral membrane fusion, a library of synthetic antibodies to F protein and the receptor binding protein was generated in bacteriophage. These antibodies bound to different regions of the F protein and the receptor binding protein, and the location of antibody binding affected different processes in viral entry into cells.
Application of pattern recognition methods to control systems

Pattern recognition methods, capable of advanced decision making without a precise description of the process model, have been used in many cases to implement advanced control systems. Such techniques have been applied to structural identification of nonlinear systems, direct control of systems operating in unfamiliar environments, and quality process control. Finally, pattern recognition methods may be used to implement the higher levels of "intelligent control systems" where advanced decision making is required. An account of these techniques and their application to controls is given in this paper. Possible new applications to socioeconomics, bioengineering, transportation and robotic systems, man-machine interactive systems, and other systems useful in advanced automation are suggested.
Community-Based Intervention and Prevention

It is less than 30 years since individual psychotherapy provided in a psychiatrist’s office or inpatient hospitalization were the dominant means of addressing mental health problems. Since that time the landscape of mental health has changed dramatically. Some of these changes, as noted in previous chapters, have been in our understanding of the causes and treatment of disorders. A parallel set of changes, that built on these developments and others, took place under the rubric of the community mental health movement. As this label implies, a core characteristic of community mental health approaches is their emphasis on the role of external, environmental factors in the development and treatment of mental disorders. These approaches differ from their predecessors in what they see as the appropriate timing, locations, resources and goals of mental health services. Mental health services that are provided in such nontraditional sites for treatment as the school, workplace, or home, that focus on early intervention or prevention, that use nonprofessionals to deliver the intervention, and that focus on the building of strengths as well as alleviation of disorder are now all established parts of the mental health care system. All of these have their origins in the community mental health movement. Before we turn to a discussion of specific strategies and programs that are representative of these changes, let us briefly consider some of the factors that led to the emergence of these shifts in the mental health landscape.
Chronic Vascular Disease of the Brain

This chapter discusses the chronic vascular diseases of the brain. Vascular diseases that cause cognitive and behavioral abnormalities are divided into two large groups: diseases of large extracranial and intracranial arteries and intracerebral hematomas and diseases of small penetrating arteries that cause small, deep infarcts, and extensive damage to the cerebral white matter. The clinical findings vary greatly depending on the nature of the vascular disease and the brain areas that are affected. Macroangiopathies usually cause obvious strokes. The clinical deficits in higher cortical functions are determined by the location, size, and type of cerebral damage. In patients with macroangiopathies, the degree of loss of intellectual function and of elementary neurologic functions is the sum of the various single deficits caused by the individual infarcts and hemorrhages. Most patients with microangiopathies have a history of one or more acute strokes, usually with a hemiparesis. In some patients who have had strokes, the symptoms, signs, and neuroimaging results are typical for one of the lacunar syndromes such as pure motor hemiparesis. Stepwise or gradual progression of neurological deficits occurs over years. Therapy depends entirely on the etiology of the vascular disease.
Chronic/Exertional Compartment Syndrome Release

Patient was taken to the operating room and was placed in the supine position. General anesthesia was induced by the Anesthesia staff. Thigh tourniquet was placed. Rt/Lt lower extremity was then prepped and draped in the normal sterile fashion.
The Consequences of Drone Proliferation: Separating Fact from Fiction

What are the consequences of drone proliferation for the international security environment? Despite extensive discussions in the policy world concerning drone strikes for counterterrorism purposes, myths about the capabilities and implications of current-generation drones often outstrip reality. This paper separates fact from fiction by examining the effects of UAVs in six different contexts — counterterrorism, interstate conflict, crisis onset and deterrence, coercive diplomacy, domestic control and repression, and use by non-state actors for the purposes of terrorism. We show that, while current-generation drones introduce some unique capabilities into conflicts around the world, they are also unlikely to produce the dire consequences that some fear. In particular, drone proliferation carries potentially significant consequences for counterterrorism operations and domestic control in authoritarian regimes. Drones could also enhance monitoring in disputed territories, potentially leading to greater stability. However, given their technical limitations, current-generation drones are unlikely to have a large impact on interstate warfare. Our analysis has important implications for a range of policy issues, including the management of regional disputes, the regulation of drone exports, and defense against potential terrorist attacks on the homeland.
Design and Characterization of a Micromachined Piezoelectric Microphone

*† ‡ ‡ This paper presents the development of a micromachined piezoelectric microphone for aeroacoustic measurement applications. The microphone consists of a circular diaphragm of silicon possessing a thin annular ring of piezoelectric material deposited at the edge of the diaphragm. The microphone was designed by combining a linear piezoelectric composite plate model with a lumped-element, electroacoustic model. Experimental characterization indicates a
A substance occasionally found as a major ninhydrin-reacting component of urine.

SummaryAn unidentified ninhydrin-reacting substance has been observed frequently on 2-dimensional paper chromatograms, prepared with urine from a wide variety of subjects, both normal and pathological. High concentrations are frequently found in the urine of patients with malignancy, and from results on some of the patients followed over an extended period of time, its concentration appears to be affected by certain therapeutic regimes. In leukemia, it may be reduced sharply in concentration, or disappear with a remission. A crude preparation has been obtained from urine by paper chromatography, and some of its properties investigated.
On the Inadequacies of Non-Philosophical Political Science: A Critical Analysis of Decision-Making Theory

This paper will attempt to analyze an approach to the study of intemational relations in an unorthodox and, perhaps, unfair manner. I have succumbed to the temptation of this type of analysis primarily because of the self-imposed intellectual isolation which seems to exist among political scientists and their colleagues in the other social sciences. These individuals develop and elaborate extremely complex heuristic models which use carefully thought-out concepts and intricate terminology. They are concerned with expounding an internally consistent theory by maximizing technical efficiency in both their thoughts and presentation. The result, at first glance, is a structured analysis consisting of computer-produced language and unarguable conclusions seemingly based on objective calculations of existing phenomena. It is boring to read and difficult to comprehend. Yet, as social scientists, we acclimate ourselves to the rigid environment and eventually begin to assimilate the language and ideas into our own intellectual baggage. This process seems to perpetuate itself until an interest develops
Defect and Perfection of Compensation Model in Copyright Infringement:Based on Comparison with General Infringement Cases

It is not practical that amending the compensation model in the Copyright Law based on damages and profits from the point of burden of proof,in practice the judge make discretionary awards within 500,000 Yuan.According to the particularity of infringement mode copyright distinguished from other tangible properties,to provide maximum protection for copyright punitive damages system should be introduced,stressing on prevention function of civil liability.Thus some associated methods from the Patent Law can be used reference for the Copyright Law.
Robust Final-Round Cache-Trace Attacks Against AES.

This paper describes an algorithm to attack AES using sidechannel information from the final round cache lookups performed by the encryption, specifically whether each access hits or misses in the cache, building off of previous work by Aciicmez and Koc [AK06]. It is assumed that an attacker could gain such a trace through power consumption analysis or electromagnetic analysis. This information has already been shown to lead to an effective attack. This paper interprets cache trace data available as binary constraints on pairs of key bytes then reduces key search to a constraint-satisfaction problem. In this way, an attacker is guaranteed to perform as little search as is possible given a set of cache traces, leading to a natural tradeoff between online collection and offline processing. This paper also differs from previous work in assuming a partially pre-loaded cache, proving that cache trace attacks are still effective in this scenario with the number of samples required being inversely related to the percentage of cache which is pre-loaded.
SU-F-T-25: Design and Implementation of a Multi-Purpose Applicator for Pelvic Brachytherapy Applications

Purpose: The current generation of inflatable multichannel brachytherapy applicators, such as the Varian Capri, have limited implementation to only vaginal and rectal cancers. While there are similar designs utilizing rigid, non-inflatable applicators, these alternatives could cause increased dose to surrounding tissue due to air gaps. Modification of the Capri could allow for easier treatment planning by reducing the number of channels and increased versatility by modifying the applicator to include an attachable single tandem for cervical or multiple tandems for endometrial applications. Methods: A Varian Capri applicator was simulated in water to replicate a patient. Multiple plans were optimized to deliver a prescribed dose of 100 cGy at 5mm away from the exterior of the applicator using six to thirteen existing channels. The current model was expanded upon to include a detachable tandem or multiple tandoms to increase its functionality to both cervical and endometrial cancers. Models were constructed in both threedimensional rendering software and Monte Carlo to allow prototyping and simulations. Results: Treatment plans utilizing six to thirteen channels produced limited dosimetric differences between channel arrangements, with a seven channel plan very closely approximating the thirteen channels. It was concluded that only seven channels would be necessary in future simulations to give an accurate representation of the applicator. Tandem attachments were prototyped for the applicator to demonstrate the ease of which they could be included. Future simulation in treatment planning software and Monte Carlo results will be presented to further define the ideal applicator geometry Conclusion: The current Capri applicator design could be easily modified to increase applicability to include cervical and endometrial treatments in addition to vaginal and rectal cancers. This new design helps in a more versatile single use applicator that can easily be inserted and to further reduce dose to critical structures during brachytherapy treatments.
SU-C-207A-02: Proton Radiography Using Pencil Beam Scanning and a Novel, Low-Cost Range Telescope

Purpose: While the energy of therapeutic proton beams can be adjusted to penetrate to any given depth in water, range uncertainties arise in patients due in part to imprecise knowledge of the stopping power of protons in human tissues [1]. Proton radiography is one approach to reduce the beam range uncertainty [2], thereby allowing for a reduction in treatment margins and dose escalation. Methods: The authors have adapted a novel detector technology based on Micromesh Gaseous Structure (“Micromegas”) for proton therapy beams and have demonstrated fine spatial and time resolution of magnetically scanned proton pencil beams, as well as wide dynamic range for dosimetry [3]. The authors have constructed a prototype imaging system comprised of 5 Micromegas layers. Proton radiographs were obtained downstream of solid water assemblies. The position-sensitive monitor chambers in the IBA proton delivery nozzle provide the beam entrance position. Results: Our technique achieves spatial resolution as low as 300 µm and water-equivalent thickness (WET) resolution as good as 0.02% (60 µm out of 31 cm total thickness). The dose delivered to the patient is kept below 2 cGy. The spatial resolution as a function of sample rate and number of delivered protons is found to be near the theoretical Cramer-Rao lower bound. By extrapolating the CR bound, we argue that the imaging dose could be further lowered to 1 mGy, while still achieving submillimeter spatial resolution, by achievable instrumentation and beam delivery modifications. Conclusion: For proton radiography, high spatial and WET resolution can be achieved, with minimal additional dose to patient, by using magnetically scanned proton pencil beams and Micromegas detectors.