cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in the Electrocatalysis of the O2 Reduction Reaction

The electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) lies at the heart of low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Despite its apparent simplicity, to understand the mechanism of the ORR and overcome the significant overpotential associated with it has occupied the attention of researchers worldwide in recent years, with some important questions remaining open. This chapter reviews some of the recent developments in ORR research. In particular, we discuss the recent findings on the adsorptions of oxygenated species and specific anions and their implications for the ORR; the coverage- and potential-dependent nature of the ORR mechanism on Pt; the synergistic interplay between experiment and theory that has led to the development of a novel class of mixed Pt monolayer catalysts, which possess markedly higher ORR activity than commercial Pt catalysts; and the factors that affect the stability of the Pt catalysts and a novel method that we have recently identified which stabilizes the Pt catalysts by modifying them with Au.
Myocardial ischemia and induction of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias: evaluation using dobutamine stress echocardiography-electrophysiologic testing.

Introduction: This study examined the relationship between dobutamine facilitation of ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) inducibility with programmed electrical stimulation (PES) and dobutamine stress-induced myocardial ischemia. Methods and Results: Twenty patients with prior myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest or sustained VT but no sustained VT induced at baseline electrophysiologic testing underwent repeat PES during dobutamine infusion. Ischemia (new or worsened wall-motion abnormality) was documented by echocardiography performed in conjunction with PES. Eight patients were receiving Class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs and seven beta-blockers. Dobutamine facilitated induction of sustained VT in 16 patients (80%) and provoked ischemia in 13 patients (65%). Induction of VT was associated with ischemia in 9 patients (56%). VTs associated with ischemia were induced at higher dobutamine doses (26 ± 11 vs 11 ± 10 μg/kg per min, P = 0.02) than were VTs without ischemia (n = 7). Among 13 patients with provoked ischemia, 9 (69%) had VTs induced and 4 remained noninducible. The onset of ischemia occurred at the same dose as induction of VT in 5 patients and at a lower dose in 4 patients. Monomorphic VT (318 ± 59 ms) was induced in 13 patients, of whom 8 (62%) had ischemia. The ECG morphology of VT suggested an origin in a myocardial segment that demonstrated initial viability at low doses then ischemic dysfunction at higher doses preceding VT induction in 7 (88%) of 8 patients. Conclusion: Dobutamine enhances inducibility of sustained VTs during PES. The temporal and anatomic association of dobutamine-induced ischemia and VT suggests that at high dobutamine doses, ischemia may contribute to ventricular arrhythmia inducibility in some patients.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PALMER DROUGHT INDICES AND VARIOUS MEASURES OF AIR TEMPERATURE IN THE CLIMATIC ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES

The major objective of this study is to compare cloudiness and various measures of air temperature with drought intensity to determine the variables that most effectively identify the temperature/drought relationship. The general geographic pattern of the relationships and the differences between summer (July) and winter (January) relationships are also investigated. Drought intensity is represented by three Palmer drought indices, which represent a range of response times to current precipitation. Data for 1935–1985 were collected for cities in twelve climatic divisions that represent most of the Koeppen climatic types found in the contiguous United States. Generally, mean monthly maximum temperature is more highly correlated with drought intensity than mean monthly temperature. Current soil moisture (Z-index) is most highly correlated with high temperature, not total monthly precipitation. Winter drought shows higher correlations with clear skies than any measure of air temperature. In summer, the plain...
PROCESS ORIENTED DISCOVERY OF BUSINESS PARTNERS

Emerging technologies and industrial standards in the field of Web services enable a much faster and easier cooperation of distributed partners. With the increasing number of enterprises that offer specific functionality in terms of Web services, discovery of matching partners becomes a serious issue. At the moment, discovery of Web services generally is based on meta-information (e. g. name, business category) and some technical aspects (e. g. interface, protocols). But, this selection might be to coarse grained for dynamic application integration, and there is much more information available. This paper describes a method to discover business partners based on the comparison of their behavior – specified in terms of their published Web service process models.
Model-Driven Configuration and Deployment of Component Middleware Publish/Subscribe Services

Quality of service (QoS)-enabled publish/subscribe services are available in component middleware platforms, such as the CORBA Component Model (CCM). Today, however, these platforms lack a simple and intuitive way to integrate publish/subscribe service configurations and deployments. This paper illustrates how generative model-driven techniques and tools can automate many service configuration and deployment tasks associated with integrating publish/subscribe services into QoS-enabled component-based systems. We evaluatethese techniques in the context of a real-time avionics mission computing problem involving a system with over 50 components. Our evaluation finds that an automated model-driven configuration of a reusable component middleware framework not only significantly reduces handwritten code and but also simultaneously achieves high reusability and composability of CCM components.
The quality of consumption: Some Australian evidence

Abstract The paper reports new estimates of Theil's index of the quality of consumption for four age groups and at two levels of affluence (income) for Australian households over the period 1975.IV to 1982.IV with special emphasis on the role played by energy and non-energy commodity groups. The evidence reveals an improvement in the quality of consumption of energy and energy-related goods and a quality deterioration in food, clothing and rent at all income levels and for all four age groups.
Brain and muscle creatine kinase genes contain common TA-rich recognition protein-binding regulatory elements

We have previously reported that the rat brain creatine kinase (ckb) gene promoter contains an AT-rich sequence that is a binding site for a protein called TARP (TA-rich recognition protein). This AT-rich segment is a positively acting regulatory element for the ckb promoter. A similar AT-rich DNA segment is found at the 3' end of the 5' muscle-specific enhancer of the rat muscle creatine kinase (ckm) gene and has been shown to be necessary for full muscle-specific enhancer activity. In this report, we show that TARP binds not only to the ckb promoter but also to the AT-rich segment at the 3' end of the muscle-specific ckm enhancer. A second, weaker TARP-binding site was identified in the ckm enhancer and lies at the 5' end of the minimal enhancer segment. TARP was found in both muscle cells (C2 and L6 myotubes) and nonmuscle (HeLa) cells and appeared to be indistinguishable from both sources, as judged by gel retardation and footprinting assays. The TARP-binding sites in the ckm enhancer and the ckb promoter were found to be functionally interchangeable. We propose that TARP is active in both muscle and nonmuscle cells and that it is one of many potential activators that may interact with muscle-specific regulators to determine the myogenic phenotype.
Scavenger receptor-targeted photodynamic therapy of J774 tumors in mice: tumor response and concomitant immunity

J774 is a cell line derived from Balb/c mice that in vitro behaves as macrophages (including scavenger-receptor expression) and has been widely used to study macrophage cell biology. In vivo it produces histiocytic lymphoma tumors that are invasive and metastatic. We report here on the response of subcutaneous J774 tumors to photodynamic therapy with scavenger-receptor targeted chlorin(e6). Bovine serum albumin was covalently conjugated with chlorin(e6), maleylated and purified by acetone precipitation and both this and free chlorin(e6) were injected IV into mice at 2 mg/kg. When tumors were illuminated with 665 nm laser-light after 24 hours there was a highly significant response (tumor volume and growth rate) for the conjugate, but this led to a relatively small survival increase due to the highly metastatic nature of the tumor. The free chlorin(e6) gave very little tumor response. When light was delivered 3 hours after injection the response from the conjugate disappeared due to insufficient time for the tumor cells to take up the photosensitizer by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Free chlorin(e6) at 3 hours, however, produced a total regression of the tumors due to a primarily vascular effect, but the mice died sooner than control animals. When J774 tumors were surgically removed at different times after implantation the mouse survival was proportional to the length of time they had had the tumor. We interpret this data to show that mice with J774 tumors slowly develop concomitant immunity and a PDT regimen that swiftly ablates the tumor will give worse survival results than a regimen with a slower tumor response.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mice expressing constitutively active Gsα exhibit stimulus encoding deficits similar to those observed in schizophrenia patients

People with schizophrenia display sensory encoding deficits across a broad range of electrophysiological and behavioral measures, suggesting fundamental impairments in the ability to transduce the external environment into coherent neural representations. This inability to create basic components of complex stimuli interferes with a high fidelity representation of the world and likely contributes to cognitive deficits. The current study evaluates the effects of constitutive forebrain activation of the Gsα G-protein subunit on auditory threshold and gain using acoustic brainstem responses and cortically generated N40 event-related potentials to assess the role of cyclic AMP signaling in sensory encoding. Additionally, we examine the ability of pharmacological treatments that mimic (amphetamine) or ameliorate (haloperidol) positive symptoms of schizophrenia to test the hypothesis that the encoding deficits observed in Gsα transgenic mice can be normalized with treatment. We find that Gsα transgenic mice have decreased amplitude of cortically generated N40 but normal acoustic brainstem response amplitude, consistent with forebrain transgene expression and a schizophrenia endophenotype. Transgenic mice also display decreased stimulus intensity response (gain) in both acoustic brainstem response and N40, indicating corticofugal influence on regions that lack transgene expression. N40 deficits in transgenic animals were ameliorated with low dose haloperidol and reversed with higher dose, suggesting dopamine D2 receptor-linked Gi activity contributes to the impairment. Consistent with this hypothesis, we recreated the Gsα transgenic deficit in wild type animals using the indirect dopamine agonist amphetamine. This transgenic model of sensory encoding deficits provides a foundation for identifying biochemical contributions to sensory processing impairments associated with schizophrenia.
Step-controlled strain relaxation in the vicinal surface epitaxy of nitrides

On-axis and vicinal GaN/AlN/6H-SiC structures grown under identical conditions have been studied by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate the distinctive features of vicinal surface epitaxy (VSE) of nitrides on SiC. In VSE, the epilayers are tilted from the substrate due to the out-of-plane lattice mismatch (Nagai tilts), and the in-plane mismatch strains are more relaxed. The majority of misfit dislocations (MDs) at the vicinal AlN/6H-SiC interface are found to be unpaired partial MDs that are geometrically necessary to correct the stacking sequences from 6H to 2H. This mechanism indicates that it is possible to develop "step-controlled-epitaxy" strategies to control strain relaxation by adjusting the substrate offcut angles.
Facilitating Teamwork through Self-Revelation

(2004). Facilitating Teamwork through Self-Revelation. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 54-55.
STROKE IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD

Postoperative stroke is common. The risk of postoperative stroke correlates with the presence of risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. In general, an older patient with cardiovascular disease is at greater risk for postoperative stroke than a younger patient with no risk factors for vascular disease. Vascular complications are more likely to be associated with vascular surgical procedures. 54 It is estimated that 8.7% of all stroke occurs while the patient is hospitalized for some other medical condition. 55 This is a rough estimation because the frequency would be expected to be reflective of the patient population. The risk of postoperative stroke would be expected to be higher in a hospital that services a retirement community than a tertiary referral center. The sensitivity of detecting postoperative stroke might be reflective of the diligence in investigating an event. It is common to see minor transient neurologic deficits after major surgery. Whether or not these events are assessed is a function of their severity and duration. If a computed tomography (CT) brain scan is obtained and is normal, a neurologic consultation might not be obtained. This situation is especially likely if the patient has a relatively minor event that essentially resolves fully within a reasonable postoperative time frame. More experienced surgeons might recognize that minor cerebrovascular events often are transient, and they might not investigate further. In clinical stroke trials, most patients with minor acute stroke recover fully within 3 months. More recent stroke trial protocols exclude patients with minor deficits.
Gas exchange at a given degree of volume restriction is different in sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Purpose It is likely that the relationship between lung volume changes and gas exchange in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and patients with sarcoidosis is different since the two conditions vary widely in histopathology and prognosis. Few studies, however, have examined this relationship. The goal of this investigation was to measure diffusing capacity and gas exchange in patients with IPF and sarcoidosis in whom the reduction of lung volume was equivalent Patients and methods In 21 patients with IPF and 20 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis with comparable reductions in lung volume, the single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and gas exchange at rest and during exercise were compared. Results The relationship between lung volume and gas transfer differed in the two groups of patients. Resting and exercise gas exchange tended to be relatively normal and the diffusing capacity was higher in patients with sarcoidosis than in those with IPF. These differences could not be attributed to disparities in race, age, smoking habits, or the radiographic stage of sarcoidosis. Conclusion The preservation of gas exchange in sarcoidosis as opposed to IPF, despite equivalent degrees of volume restriction, suggests that different pathophysiologic mechanisms underlie the volume loss and gas exchange defects seen in these disorders. Furthermore, these findings suggest that diffusing capacity may not be a sensitive indicator of pulmonary pathology in sarcoidosis since lung volume can be altered independently of abnormalities in the diffusing capacity.
Specification Errors and Inference in Recreation Demand Models

Recreation demand models are normally developed either for forecasting future demand or measurement of primary economic benefits of recreation facilities. A fundamental problem with the application of recreation demand models, based on the travel cost approach, is the difficulty of capturing effectively the price of a recreation experience. Distance, travel cost, monetary cost (travel cost plus other variable cost), and travel time have been incorporated into various demand functions (Cesario, Gum and Martin, and Sinden). The present paper discusses a number of proposed demand specifications and investigates alternatives for incorporating price surrogates. Specifically, ski data collected over California and Nevada ski resorts were applied to alternative model specifications.
Sun, Sand, and Citizenship: The Marketing of Gay Tourism

This article investigates trends in the marketing of gay and lesbian tourism. It reviews gay and lesbian travel guides from the 1960s to the 1990s before examining more recent travel materials including brochures and Web sites promoting specific American cities. These promotional materials are a valuable object of inquiry because they are uniquely situated at the intersection of discussions of sexuality, the market, representation, space, and citizenship. Through an aggregate semiotic analysis and ideological criticism, this article examines themes and concerns raised by the recent wave of gay tourism marketing, including questions of visibility, privacy, and assimilation. I argue that while marketers' recent attempts to lure gay and lesbian tourists to specific destinations may seem to suggest increased tolerance and societal inclusion, the specific strategies that they employ actually reveal the second-class citizen status still experienced by gays and lesbians within the rest of American society.
Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Bis(pyrazolyl)hydroborato Thallium {[Bp]Tl}2: A [BpRR‘]Tl Complex with an Unbridged Close TlI···TlI Contact

The molecular structure of the bis(pyrazolyl)hydroborato thallium complex {[Bp]Tl}2 has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The study demonstrates that the structure is comprised of two [Bp]Tl moieties that are separated by a TlI···TlI distance of 3.7001(6) A, a value that is shorter than for all other [BpRR‘]Tl complexes structurally characterized to date.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF TOMATINE AND ITS ALLEVIATION BY CHOLESTEROL ON LARVAL GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY OF FOOD UTILIZATION IN Heliothis zea AND Spodoptera exigua

The effect of tomatine on larval growth ofHeliothis zea andSpodoptera exigua was assessed by rearing larvae on diets with different concentrations of the chemical added. When reared from neonates, linear dose-response relationships were obtained for both species, withS. exigua being three times more sensitive to tomatine thanH. zea. Tomatine toxicity was completely alleviated inH. zea by the addition of equimolar cholesterol into the diet; however, inS. exigua some toxicity was maintained. Larvae ofS. exigua that were started on control diet were insensitive to tomatine after five days; larvae started on diet with an EC50 of tomatine and then switched to control diet after five days failed to recover from toxicosis. Larval growth ofH. zea, on the other hand, was affected both at the neonate and third-instar stage, but normal growth resumed when the larvae were transferred to control diet. Tomatine had little or no affect on food consumption, assimilation, or dietary utilization of the food by third-instar larvae ofS. exigua, except at a concentration 10 times the EC50. In contrast, the efficiency of food utilization ofH. zea larvae decreased with increasing tomatine concentrations. Assimilation of the food tended to increase, although not significantly, as tomatine levels increased. Food consumption ofH. zea larvae also increased when the tomatine concentration was greater than an EC50. The addition of equimolar cholesterol to diets with an EC50 of tomatine restored weight gain and nutritional indices values to control values. These results are related to the utility of using tomatine in host-plant resistance programs.
The method of lines and cylindrical waveguides with constant arbitrary cross sections

A modified method of lines is developed for propagation of TM waves in waveguides with constant arbitrary cross sections. The proposed method finds the eigenmodes and associated wave functions in a very practical manner. Numerical performance and accuracy of the proposed method are examined for waveguides with well known characteristics and are found to be very satisfactory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1–5, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25624
Finite element analysis of residual stress induced by shot peening process

The aircraft industry has only recently begun to explore possible application of welding as an alternative joining method for the design of future large civil airliner wing. One of the main obstacles, encountered in the past years, to welding application within the aircraft industries were due to failure in the weldments, caused by high tensile residual stresses present in the region of the weld, reducing drastically fatigue strength of welded joints. Improvement in the fatigue life of the welded joint can be obtained if compressive residual stresses are introduced at the weld region.Shot peening is a manufacturing process intended to give aircraft structures the final shape and to introduce a compressive residual state of stress inside the material in order to increase fatigue life. This paper presents the modeling and simulation of the residual stress field resulting from the shot peening process. The results achieved show that a significant decrease of welding induced tensile residual stress magnitude can be obtained. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results was achieved.
Nanostructures and porous silicon: activity at interfaces in sensors and photocatalytic reactors

Nanopore covered microporous porous silicon (PS) interfaces have been formed to provide an active scaffolding for the creation of sensor and microreactor configurations. Rapidly responding (≤2s), reversible, and sensitive (≤2 ppm), PS gas sensors, operating at room temperature, and based on a uniquely formed highly efficient electrical contract to the nanopore covered microporous array, are modified by introducing active nanoparticles to establish gas selectivity. In a complementary manner, active sites can be introduced for the purpose of forming a nanostructure based microreactor. Pulsing techniques and FFT analysis allow the gas response of the sensors to be measured, without saturation, and filtered on a drifting baseline to eliminate false positives and the effects of external noise. TiO 2-x N x visible light absorbing photocatalysts are introduced to quartz surfaces and to the PS structure for the purpose of creating a microreactor and subsequently to form the preconditioner for a solar pumped sensor.
THE EFFECTS OF HYDRAZINES ON RAT BRAIN 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE, NOREPINEPHRINE, AND GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.

Abstract The influence of hydrazine (HY), methylhydrazine (MMH), 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) was studied upon possible transmitter substances in rat brain, at times calculated just to precede convulsions. Mesencephalon-diencephalon, medulla, cortex, and cerebellum were separately examined. All the hydrazines increased 5-hydroxytryptamine, particularly in cortex, where a three-fold increase was found. All the hydrazines increased norepinephrine by small amounts (48% maximum), the effects being greatest in cortex and least in mesencephalon-diencephalon. MMH, UDMH, and SDMH lowered γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by small amounts (17% maximum) in medulla, cortex, and mesencephalon-diencephalon, but effects on cerebellum were small or absent. HY raised GABA in all parts, especially in mesencephalon-diencephalon (31%). Since the ‘nontoxic’ SDMH showed all of the above effects to the same extent as the toxic hydrazines, it is unlikely that these effects are causally involved in toxicity of these agents. An exception may be the effect of HY in raising GABA levels.
The Propensity of Junior Enlisted Personnel to Remain in Today's Military:

This study examines the effects of both economic and noneconomic factors on the propensity of junior enlisted (El-E4) personnel to remain in the military, using data from the Armed Forces 1996 Equa...
Evidence for inbreeding and apomixis in close crosses of Phytophthora capsici

A series of inbreeding crosses, recurrent backcrosses and successive sibling crosses were completed up to the sixth generation in the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici, generating a total of 692 oospore-derived isolates. All of the crosses stemmed from an initial mating between two wild-type P. capsici isolates. The heterozygosity level, as measured through the inheritance of 20 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, decreased incrementally with continued inbreeding and was reduced by ~60–75% by the second consecutive sibling cross. Of the eight crosses analysed, all but one cross produced a proportion of oospore-derived progeny that were identical to one or other parent, indicating that apomixis can play a role in P. capsici intraspecific crosses. There was no evidence of isolates emerging through selfing or generation of homothallic isolates. Overall, these results indicate that back and sibling crosses are possible and that the large reservoirs of naturally occurring genetic variation in P. capsici may be useful for developing inbred lines to characterize complex genetic traits in Phytophthora.
The effect of type of union on member-nonmember wage differentials

The union-nonunion wage differential can be decomposed into bargaining and membership effects. While some analysts suggest that they are not separable and that bargaining power is a function of membership density, others argue that they are separable and that the former derives from monopoly power while the latter stems from socialization. Our results support the latter view. We derive estimates of bargaining and membership effects for workers covered by national, industrial, and craft union contracts as well as for all covered workers taken together. Since industrial and craft unions differ in structure and organization, we expect differences in the socialization effects among types of unions. It is clear from our results that union membership per se in each case gives a large positive wage advantage.
Effects of static spectrum removal and noise on 2D-correlation spectra of kinetic data

Abstract The applicability of two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy to kinetic data is demonstrated. The photodecomposition of Mo(CO)6 was used as a model kinetic system. The effects of the steady-state and time-average methods for static spectrum removal were evaluated. The time-average method provided 2D-correlation spectra that were more easily interpreted. The influence of noise was evaluated with the synthetic data. The methods of static spectral removal were affected differently by the presence of noise and the time-average method was detrimentally affected by noise. A low-pass Fourier filtering method was devised to remove noise in the 2D-correlation spectra. Kinetic simulations were demonstrated as useful tools for interpretation of noisy data.
Limestone and gypsum effects on calcium nutrition of «Florunner» and «NC-7» peanuts

Abstract Minimum sufficiency levels of hull and seed Ca for maximum yield and grade of runner or Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) have not been established and there is limited information on single and combined effects of limestone and gypsum on production and quality of peanuts. Field experiments were conducted on runner and Virginia type peanuts to study single and combined effects of limestone and gypsum on yield and grade, and to attempt to establish minimum sufficiency levels of hull and seed Ca for maximum yield and grade of each type. Gypsum treatments, O, low, medium, and high rates, were superimposed on residual limestone rates on three sites with ‘Florunner’ (runner type) and on one site with ‘NC‐7’ (Virginia type) peanuts. Yield and grade of Florunner peanuts were not increased by limestone or gypsum treatments on any site even though soil Ca concentrations (Mehlich 1) ranged from 152 to 200 mg/kg among the sites. These levels were lower than the Georgia recommended minimum sufficie...
Systemic protein delivery by muscle-gene transfer is limited by a local immune response

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been successfully used for therapeutic expression of systemic transgene products (such as factor IX or erythropoietin) following in vivo administration to skeletal muscle of animal models of inherited hematologic disorders. However, an immune response may be initiated if the transgene product represents a neoantigen. Here, we use ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen and demonstrate immune-mediated elimination of expression on muscle-directed AAV-2 gene transfer. Administration to immune competent mice resulted in transient systemic OVA expression. Within 10 days, OVA-specific T-helper cells had been activated in draining lymph nodes, an inflammatory immune response ensued, and OVA-expressing muscle fibers were destroyed by a cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell response. Use of a muscle-specific promoter did not prevent this immune response. Adoptively transferred CD4+ cells transgenic for a T-cell receptor specific to OVA peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II showed antigen-specific, vector dose-dependent proliferation confined to the draining lymph nodes of AAV-OVA–transduced muscle within 5 days after gene transfer and subsequently participated in lymphocytic infiltration of transduced muscle. This study documents that a local immune response limits sustained expression of a secreted protein in muscle gene transfer, a finding that may have consequences for design of clinical protocols.
Experimental/computational study of the electrochemical oxidation of cyclooctatetraene in protic media. Solvent effects.

Electrochemical oxidation of cyclooctatetraene (COT) in methanol affords a ring-contracted acetal in high yield. Ring contraction is only a minor process in acetic acid. Ab initio computational methods were applied to understand and explain the effect of solvent. The computations show considerable differences between the thermodynamic and kinetic preferences for ring contraction vs bicyclo[4.2.0] product formation.
The Effect of Honeycomb Relative Density on Its Effective Elastic Properties: A Theoretical and Experimental Study

Honeycombs are discrete materials at the macro scale level but their mechanical properties need to be calculated as a continuum material in order to simplify their design in engineering applications. The effective mechanical properties of honeycombs subjected to quasi-static loading were studied by analytical and numerical means and correlated with experimental results for aluminum honeycombs. In particular, the effective in-plane elastic moduli of honeycombs were studied as a function of their relative density and the full range for the relative density was divided into three regions. Beam models that account for bending, shear and axial deformations and finite element analyses (FEA) of the discrete structure composed of beam and two-dimensional solid elements were correlated with experiments of honeycombs with various relative densities for all regions. It was shown experimentally that the beam models describe well the material response in the direction of the double wall. However, it concludes that the behavior of honeycombs with high relative density can not be described by wall stretching as anticipated in previous reported studies.
African American Women Executives' Leadership Communication within Dominant-Culture Organizations: (Re)Conceptualizing Notions of Collaboration and Instrumentality.

This research examined African American women executives’ leadership communication within majority White, male-dominated organizations in the United States. Study participants were 15 African American women executives, one or more of their subordinates, and, in four cases, their supervisors. Analyses of in-depth interviews, observations, and archival data revealed five themes related to the executives’ leadership communication that challenge views of women as master collaborators who shun control-oriented leadership. From participants’ perspectives, collaboration is worked out at the intersections of control and empowerment, where control is (re)defined as interactive and personal rather than as competitive and distant, and is viewed as a necessary strategy for managing their positions as Black women leaders within dominant-culture organizations. Implications of this study for leadership theory, research, and practice are offered.
Detection of turnip crinkle virus on agarose gel electropherograms at the nanogram load level

The previous conditions for the physical characterization of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) by quantitative agarose gel electrophoresis [1, 2] were limiting the method to the microgram load level and were therefore insufficiently sensitive to satisfy the need in many areas of virology for detection of viruses containing single-stranded RNA at the nanogram level. The present report remedies that defect by presenting a technique compatible with the nanogram load level of such viruses. The technique is based on a reduction of gel thickness and on the use of silver staining.
A Dynamical System Approach to Orbit Down-Selection of Earth-Moon Autonomous Navigation Constellations

The article develops a method for the exploration of a concept of autonomous navigation constellations in the Earth-Moon system. This concept consists of using autonomous GPS-like beacons on three-body periodic orbits to provide navigation services to an end-user in the larger Earth-Moon neighborhood. The autonomy of the constellation spacecraft would be achieved using LiAISON navigation as introduced by Hill, Born, and Lo. The article focuses on the problem of orbit down-selection for such a concept, which is approached by formulating an optimization problem. The discussion of potential cost functions and the resulting simplifications of the problem are addressed. A continuation based method that leverages the structure of periodic orbits in the circular restricted three-body problem is then proposed to analyze the problem. The method allows notably for a succinct representation of the solution space as a one-dimensional graph that highlights local and global extrema of the optimization problem. Illustration of the method using a simplified down-selection metric is discussed to balance the strengths and limitations of the approach.
Postpartum internal carotid and vertebral arterial dissections.

Objective Headache and neck pain are common postpartum symptoms. However, these symptoms can rarely be associated with internal carotid artery and vertebral artery dissections. We aimed to review five cases of postpartum cervical artery dissection and to review the clinical course of previously reported cases. Methods Patients with postpartum dissections diagnosed at our institution since 2005 were identified through a database maintained by the senior author, and their clinical data were reviewed. Additionally, a literature search for previously reported cases was performed, and the clinical data in those reports were reviewed. Results Five patients presented with cervical artery dissections within 6 weeks postpartum. Four patients had delivered vaginally and one delivered by emergent cesarean. Headache and neck pain were the primary presenting symptoms of all five patients. Four patients demonstrated neurologic symptoms, and one had development of stroke. Two patients had single internal carotid artery dissections, one patient had bilateral dissections of the vertebral artery, and two patients had dissections in the internal carotid artery and vertebral artery. All patients were treated with either anticoagulation therapy or antiplatelet therapy. Two patients required endovascular stenting. Four of five patients returned to neurologic baseline after treatment. A literature search yielded 27 previously reported cases, with similar clinical characteristics of older reproductive age, presentation days to weeks from delivery, and recovery to neurologic baseline in the majority of patients. Conclusion Postpartum cervical dissections are rare occurrences that require prompt diagnosis to prevent long-term neurologic deficits. Individualized management strategies include medical treatment (anticoagulation therapy, antiplatelet therapy, or anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy) and endovascular recanalization.
Visualizing surgical quality data with treemaps

Abstract Background Treemaps are space-constrained visualizations for displaying hierarchical data structures using nested rectangles. The visualization allows large amounts of data to be examined in one display. The objective of this research was to examine the effects of using treemap visualizations to help surgeons assess surgical quality data from the American College of Surgeons created the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database in a quick and timely manner. Study design A controlled human subjects experiment was conducted to assess the ability of individuals to make quick and accurate judgments on surgery data by visualizing a treemap, with data hierarchically displayed by surgeon group, surgeon, and patient. Participants were given 20 task questions to complete involving examining the treemap and comparing surgeons' patients based on outcomes (dead or alive) and length of stay days. The outcomes measured were error (incorrect or correct) and task completion time. Results 120 participants completed 20 task questions for a total of 2400 responses. The main effects of layout and node size were found to be significant for absolute error, P P Conclusions This study served as a proof of concept to determine if treemaps could be beneficial in assessing surgical data retrospectively by allowing surgeons and healthcare administrators to make quick visual judgments. The study found that factors about the layout design affect judgment performance. Future research is needed to examine whether implementing the treemap within a dashboard system will improve on judgment accuracy for surgical quality questions.
INCREASE IN FLUORESCENCE UPON THE HYDROLYSIS OF TYROSINE PEPTIDES : APPLICATION TO PROTEINASE ASSAYS

The intrinsic fluorescence of tyrosine increases by a factor of approximately two when the carboxy group is liberated from a peptide bond by hydrolysis. The increase in fluorescence provides a novel way to monitor the hydrolysis of native tyrosine peptides that contain only proteinogenic amino acids. Thus, for example, the hydrolysis by HIV-1 proteinase of a heptapeptide viral protein fragment gag129-135, Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Val, was followed continuously at excitation and emission wavelengths 275 and 305 nm. The fluorescence increase is magnified by at least a factor of a thousand when a resonance energy quencher, such as para-nitrophenylalanine, is in the vicinity. For example, the peptide Lys-Ala-Arg-Val-Tyr-Phe(p- NO2)-Glu-Ala-Nle-NH2 [Richards et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 7733], widely used for spectrophotometric assays of the HIV-1 proteinase, yields a substrate:product fluorescence ratio greater than 1:1000. Tyrosine-containing substrates of pepsin and trypsin showed similar behavior. The detection limit of the present method is at least one order of magnitude lower than absorbance assays of p-nitrophenylalanine peptides.
The statistical study of hydraulic geometry: A new direction for compositional data analysis

Hydraulic exponents and unit hydraulic exponents are unit-sum constrained, which requires that they be analyzed by statistical methods designed for compositional data. Though uncertainties remain regarding selection of the “best” constraining operation and method of handling departures from the unit-sum constraint, neither category of uncertainty should be an impediment to the selection of the appropriate statistical methodology. In a small sample study, the hydraulic geometry of different types of streams were compared: (1) semi-arid: perennial vs. ephemeral; (2) tropical: Puerto Rico vs. West Malaysia; and (3) semi-arid vs. tropical (by pooling the previous data sets). All three comparisons revealed statistically significant differences in either logratio mean vectorsor logratio covariance matrices but not both. All six categories of data had logistic normal distributions. Because the derivatives at a given discharge of curvilinear hydraulic geometry relationships and hydraulic exponents on either side of the “breakpoints” of piecewise linear relationships are unit-sum constrained, they also can be studied by compositional methods. However, the compositional approach is limited in cases where distributions have large departures from logistic normality and for streams that have negative hydraulic exponents.
Learning from Experiences of Non- Personhood: A Self-Study of Teacher Educator Identities

This self-study examines how our non-personhood experiences (NPHEs) contributed to our teacher educator identity process. We took up exploration of these experiences, which were very painful for us, not as entree into victimhood but because we wanted to learn something about how, in the face of such experiences, we could engage with these troubling interactions in order to renew our commitment to our work as teacher educators in the university. During the analysis, we considered our stories on four overlapping dimensions: (1) our selves in our own story, (2) others in the story, (3) colleagues not in the story, and (4) non-colleagues and others not in the story. A framework for looking at our NPHEs allows teacher educators to attend to students' needs while simultaneously reasserting their own teacher educator identities in more honest and vulnerable ways. Analyzing NPHEs has the potential to help teacher educators engage and invite students to recognize teacher educators' personhood and thereby better po...
Genetic analysis of proteoglycan structure, function and metabolism

Significant progress has been made in understanding the structure, function, and metabolism of proteoglycans. Many of the advances derive from the application of recombinant DNA methodology to their core proteins and from the characterization of animal cell mutants altered in glycosaminoglycan synthesis.
A supramolecular theory for specificity in intracellular adhesion.

Abstract This paper suggests that specificity in cell-cell adhesion may result from the supramolecular conformation or organization of cell surface adhesive molecules that may be similar or identical between cells of different adhesive affinities. A model is presented and its application to results from sea urchin gamete adhesion in vitro is discussed. In this system, we have observed that species specificity can be lost without losing adhesive capability. This suggests that specificity and adhesion reside at different levels of organization and the same or similar biochemical basis exists for gamete adhesive interactions of different species of urchins.
The Form and Duration of the Display Actions of the Goldeneye (Bucephala Clangula)

1. The display actions of the Goldeneve (Bucephala clangula) have been analyzed from motion picture film. A name was given for each movement and the durations were measured. A record is also given of the probable order of the appearance of the actions during the spring. 2. The display actions are divided into two categories. The first includes all actions seen as F l o c k D i s p l a y s. These displays include 12 male actions and 5 female actions. The second category, P r e c o p u l a t o r Actions and C o p u l a t i o n, includes 9 male actions and 2 female actions. 3. The analysis of the display movements of the Goldeneye has shown that each is a stereotyped action. In most cases the duration of the movement has proven to be the most accurate measurement of this rigidity, however, the form of each movement has also been studied. The advantage in studying durations is that they can be easily and objectively measured, whereas no objective method of analyzing form has yet been found. 4. Some movements were found to be exceedingly constant in both form and duration. In contrast others, although constant in form, vary in duration. Even more interesting is the fact that very similar actions may be split into two types; some on the basis of form, and others on the basis of duration. 5. In contrast to virtually all of the other display actions in this species, some of the actions of the female are quite variable in both form and duration. There is the possibility that these movements cannot be clearly separated and classified.
The Effects of Parental Marital Status during Adolescence on High School Graduation

This article uses data from the 1979-85 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the effects offamily type on high school graduation. The results show that (1) not living with both parents at age 14 has negative consequences for children's high school graduation regardless of whether the child lives with a single parent, a parent and stepparent, or neither parent; (2) disruptions (changes in family structure) between ages 14 and 17 also have negative consequences; and, (3) the effects offamily structure and changes in family structure on high school graduation persist after controlling for income and some social psychological attributes of the adolescent individuals in these families. Income accounts for approximately 15% of the singleparent effect. Considerable research during the past few years has shown that family structure during childhood and adolescence affects the subsequent life chances of adults. Individuals who live apart from one or both parents when they are growing up are less likely to graduate from high school, more likely to work at low-wage jobs, and more likely to form unstable families themselves than
Precise exception support for decoupled run-time monitoring architectures

Recently, researchers have proposed decoupled monitoring architectures that utilize parallel hardware such as multi-cores or accelerators to enable fine-grained security and reliability checks with low overheads. However, today's decoupled monitoring architectures lack support for precise exceptions and can only detect an exception after the monitored program completes an erroneous operation. In this paper, we present an architectural mechanism to support precise exceptions in nonspeculative processors with decoupled monitors. Experimental results based on an RTL implementation show that our approach has low area, power, and performance overheads even when applied to simple, in-order processors.
Power limitations in BARITT devices

The results of a large-signal numerical simulation of the BARITT device using a single-carrier model are given to illustrate the basic transport mechanisms involved in the device. The results of existing first-order small- and large-signal analyses are compared with those computed numerically. Space-charge-limited thermionic injection, spatial velocity modulation, carrier diffusion, premature carrier collection, large-signal electric field depression and the low-field drift region are found to account for the large reduction of power and efficiency of the BARITT device. The maximum power and efficiency of Si uniformly doped and Read structures are found to be approximately 300 W/cm 2 and 3%, respectively. The effects of doping profile and material parameters are found to involve a trade off of large-signal handling capability and frequency of operation on one hand vs the negative conductance and thus the Q factor of BARITT devices on the other hand. The excessively high electron mobility in GaAs is found to be detrimental to device operation.