cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glossolalia and cacophony in South Korea: Cultural semiosis at the limits of language

In Christian traditions of “speaking in tongues,” glossolalia refers to an explicitly linguistic form of involvement with the deity, one carried out through denotationally unintelligible behavior. Its religious legitimacy depends on its being speech and not merely speech-like. South Korean Christians practice glossolalia widely across denominations, commonly in cacophonous settings of group prayer. Combined, glossolalia and cacophony impose limits on “normal” linguistic functions while reinforcing ideological commitments to language itself. Glossolalia should be conceptualized as cultural semiosis that is said to contain, and can therefore be justified by, an ideological core of language, but that is in fact produced at the ideological limits of language. This dynamic shapes how practitioners discern the nature of communication with their deity and with one another. [speaking in tongues, noise, unintelligibility, intensity and intensification, Pentecostalism, Yoido Full Gospel Church, South Korea] 기독교의 방언기도 전통에서 ‘방언(方言)’이란 특정 지역에서 쓰는 사투리를 의미하는 것이 아니라 명시적으로 이해할 수 없는 행동을 통해 신과 직접 관계를 맺는 언어 형식을 가리킨다. 방언기도의 종교적 정당성은 그것이 단순히 말과 유사한 행위가 아니라 진짜 말이라는 것에 달려 있다. 한국 기독교에서 방언기도는 여러 교단에서 널리 행해지는데, 일반적으로는 서로의 말을 알아들을 수 없는 집단 기도 상황에서 일어난다. 서로의 말을 알아들을 수 없는 성질과 방언기도가 결합됐을 때, 그것은 “일반적인” 언어적 기능을 제한하는 한편 언어 자체에 대한 이념적 헌신은 강화시킨다. 인류학적 분석을 위해 방언기도는 문화적 세미오시스로 개념화되어야 한다. 이 문화적 세미오시스는 언어의 이데올로기적 핵심을 담고 있고 그러므로 그에 의해 정당화된다고 간주되지만 실제로는 언어의 이데올로기적 한계에서 생산되는 것이다. 이러한 역학은 화자들이 신과 자신 사이의 의사소통, 그리고 서로 간의 의사소통의 성격을 파악하는 방식을 형성하는 데 중요한 영향을 끼친다. [방언기도, 소음, 불가해성, 강렬함과 강화, 오순절주의, 여의도 순복음교회, 한국]
A novel mesial temporal stereotactic coordinate system

OBJECTIVE Stereotactic laser ablation and neurostimulator placement represent an evolution in staged surgical intervention for epilepsy. As this practice evolves, optimal targeting will require standardized outcome measures that compare electrode lead or laser source with postprocedural changes in seizure frequency. The authors propose and present a novel stereotactic coordinate system based on mesial temporal anatomical landmarks to facilitate the planning and delineation of outcomes based on extent of ablation or region of stimulation within mesial temporal structures. METHODS The body of the hippocampus contains a natural axis, approximated by the interface of cornu ammonis area 4 and the dentate gyrus. The uncal recess of the lateral ventricle acts as a landmark to characterize the anterior-posterior extent of this axis. Several volumetric rotations are quantified for alignment with the mesial temporal coordinate system. First, the brain volume is rotated to align with standard anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) space. Then, it is rotated through the axial and sagittal angles that the hippocampal axis makes with the AC-PC line. RESULTS Using this coordinate system, customized MATLAB software was developed to allow for intuitive standardization of targeting and interpretation. The angle between the AC-PC line and the hippocampal axis was found to be approximately 20°-30° when viewed sagittally and approximately 5°-10° when viewed axially. Implanted electrodes can then be identified from CT in this space, and laser tip position and burn geometry can be calculated based on the intraoperative and postoperative MRI. CONCLUSIONS With the advent of stereotactic surgery for mesial temporal targets, a mesial temporal stereotactic system is introduced that may facilitate operative planning, improve surgical outcomes, and standardize outcome assessment.
Does Aerobic Respiration Produce Carbon Dioxide or Hydrogen Ion and Bicarbonate

Maintenance of intracellular pH is critical for clinical homeostasis. The metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids yielding the generation of adenosine triphosphate in the mitochondria is accompanied by the production of acid in the Krebs cycle. Both the nature of this acidosis and the mechanism of its disposal have been argued by two investigators with a long-abiding interest in acid-base physiology. They offer different interpretations and views of the molecular mechanism of this intracellular pH regulation during normal metabolism. Dr. John Severinghaus has posited that hydrogen ion and bicarbonate are the direct end products in the Krebs cycle. In the late 1960s, he showed in brain and brain homogenate experiments that acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, reduces intracellular pH. This led him to conclude that hydrogen ion and bicarbonate are the end products, and the role of intracellular carbonic anhydrase is to rapidly generate diffusible carbon dioxide to minimize acidosis. Dr. Erik Swenson posits that carbon dioxide is a direct end product in the Krebs cycle, a more widely accepted view, and that acetazolamide prevents rapid intracellular bicarbonate formation, which can then codiffuse with carbon dioxide to the cell surface and there be reconverted for exit from the cell. Loss of this "facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide" leads to intracellular acidosis as the still appreciable uncatalyzed rate of carbon dioxide hydration generates more protons. This review summarizes the available evidence and determines that resolution of this question will require more sophisticated measurements of intracellular pH with faster temporal resolution.
Survival, Disability Rights, and Solidarity: Advancing Cyberprotest Rhetoric through Disability March

Disability March (DM) was an online contingent of the 2017 Women's March on Washington which allowed protestors who could not attend physical marches due to disabilities to create profiles and descriptions on the website disabilitymarch.com. In this thematic analysis of the 2,251 profiles created through DM, I found emergent themes related to disability disclosure, support for broad health care coverage, support for human rights, and opposition to the new political administration. Comments supporting these themes demonstrated that DM functioned as a unique form of cyberprotest that upheld disabled perspectives through solidarity. This study demonstrates that disability cyberprotest movements like DM may promote disabled individuals within broader protest discourse and contemporary policy issues that are often essential to the survival and well-being of marginalized individuals.
A Jagged 1–Notch 4 molecular switch mediates airway inflammation induced by ultrafine particles

Background Exposure to traffic-related particulate matter promotes asthma and allergic diseases. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms by which particulate matter exposure acts to mediate these effects remain unclear. Objective We sought to elucidate the cellular targets and signaling pathways critical for augmentation of allergic airway inflammation induced by ambient ultrafine particles (UFP). Methods We used in vitro cell-culture assays with lung-derived antigen-presenting cells and allergen-specific T cells and in vivo mouse models of allergic airway inflammation with myeloid lineage-specific gene deletions, cellular reconstitution approaches, and antibody inhibition studies. Results We identified lung alveolar macrophages (AM) as the key cellular target of UFP in promoting airway inflammation. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor–dependent induction of Jagged 1 (Jag1) expression in AM was necessary and sufficient for augmentation of allergic airway inflammation by UFP. UFP promoted T H 2 and T H 17 cell differentiation of allergen-specific T cells in a Jag1- and Notch 4–dependent manner. Treatment of mice with an anti–Notch 4 antibody abrogated exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation induced by UFP. Conclusion UFP exacerbate allergic airway inflammation by promoting a Jag1-Notch 4–dependent interaction between AM and allergen-specific T cells, leading to augmented T H cell differentiation.
Relational Turbulence Theory : Understanding Family Communication During Times of Change

This chapter explicates relational turbulence theory, outlining the historical evolution of the theory. It summarizes the theory's fundamental assumptions, describes how the theory characterizes communication, and provides a flavor of the research undergirding the theory. Relational turbulence theory begins with the assumption that changes in the relational environment spark relational uncertainty and disrupt interdependence processes. Interpersonal communication plays multiple roles within relational turbulence theory. The theory explains how relational turbulence as a relationship quality can, through its effect on cognitive construal level and dyadic synchrony, infuse all communication between individuals. The chapter considers each of these ways communication is embodied in relational turbulence theory, along with illustrations from example of a family relocating for Mom's promotion. Relational turbulence theory also conceptualizes communication as a phenomenon that varies in engagement and valence as part of a person's response to a specific episode.
Picosecond Optical Study of the Kapitza Conductance Between Metals and Dielectrics at High Temperature

We have used a picosecond optical technique [1] to measure the Kapitza conductance σ K for interfaces between several dielectrics and metals. The Debye temperatures ΘD of the dielectrics, BaF2, sapphire and diamond ranged from 286 K to 2240 K, while those of the metals Pb, Au, Al and Ti ranged from 88 K to 426 K. Samples consisted of metal films of thickness d f < 1000A evaporated onto the substrates in high vacuum. In the experiment a 200 fsec laser pulse of wavelength 630 nm was focussed onto a spot on the film approximately 20 μm in diameter. Partial absorption of the pulse by the film gave rise to a sudden increase in its temperature of a few degrees, and the optical reflectivity of the film was changed by a small amount which we assume was proportional to the temperature rise. We obtained a record of the cooling of the film by measuring its reflectivity as a function of time with a second laser pulse delayed relative to the heating pulse by up to 2000 psec. A cooling curve for Pb on diamond is shown in Fig. 1.
Mechanistic Links Between Aging and Aggregation-Mediated Proteotoxicity: Role of HSF-1 and DAF-16

Aberrant protein aggregation is mechanistically linked to late onset human neurodegenerations such as Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Why these disorders emerge late in life is a principal enigma, however, recent results indicate that the aging process plays an active role in enabling their emergence. Perhaps the best characterized regulator of the aging process in worms, flies and mice is the Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling (IIS) pathway. In worms, IIS reduction results in activation of the FOXO-like transcription factor, DAF-16, resulting in enhanced stress resistance and longevity. The benefits associated with reduced IIS are also dependent upon another transcription factor, heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1). Reduced IIS also protects worms from proteotoxicity by regulating opposing activities: HSF-1 promotes disaggregation, while DAF-16 mediates protective active aggregation. The exploration of these mechanisms argues that the IIS enables the emergence of neurodegeneration late in life by reducing cellular capabilities to counter toxic protein aggregation. Here we review the recent studies and discuss the current themes and therapeutic potential of the IIS as a link between the aging process and late onset neurodegenerations
The Extrastriate Visual Cortex

At one time the visual cortex meant exclusively the “calcarine” area of Campbell which was later called area 17 by Brodmann (1905) or the striate area by many others. The idea of an extrastriate visual cortex is a more recent concept developed to account for increasing evidence of visual sensory functions for the cortical areas lying rostral to the striate area. In the traditional view the extrastriate visual areas were called association cortex, suggesting a higher level of function and the absence of modality specificity. There is one slight qualification: the region lying immediately adjacent to striate was indeed considered a part of association cortex and served the higher function of association, but according to Campbell it performed this role more or less exclusively with the information received from striate cortex. To suggest the modality-specific but higher function of the regions investing the striate area, Campbell used the term “visuo-psychic” area, while the striate area itself was called “visuo-sensory.”
Objective measures of gait and balance in healthy non-falling adults as a function of age.

Abstract Background Neurodegenerative diseases increase in incidence with age. Prior studies using differing populations and gait paradigms have reported various parameters changing with age, some of which correlate with falls and mortality. Here we use three different paradigms to evaluate gait and balance in healthy non-fallers. Research question What objective gait and balance parameters are correlated with aging. Methods Healthy subjects aged 21–79 years without histories of falls, lower extremity orthopedic procedures or chronic pain were included. Subjects walked on a 20 × 4 foot pressure sensor mat (Zeno Walkway, Protokinetics, Havertown, PA) under three different gait paradigms, (i) steady-state gait, (ii) dual-task while texting on a cellular phone and (iii) tandem gait. Data was collected and analyzed using PKMAS software (Protokinetics). Linear regression analysis, stepwise multivariate analysis, and grouped analysis of gait parameters was performed using SPSS 24 (IBM). Results Seventy-five subjects were enrolled. Grouped analysis and linear regression analysis showed differing significance in parameters tested. Step-wise multivariate analysis of all 31 parameters assessed from three different gait paradigms, showed weak but significant correlations in age with (i) stride-to-stride variability in (i) integrated-pressure of footsteps and (ii) stride-length during steady-state gait, (iii) mean stride-length on dual-task, and (iv) mean step-width on tandem gait (R2 = 0.382, t = 2.26, p = 0.026). Significance In a population of healthy subjects without prior history of falls or medical illness that should affect gait, there were weak but significant age-related changes in objective measures of steady state gait and balance. Future prospective longitudinal data will help predict the relevance of this in relation to falls in the elderly.
Strawson, Shoemaker, and the Hubris of Theories

David Shoemaker’s Responsibility from the Margins is chock full of valuable insights on the nature of our responsibility, and it has more in common with P.F. Strawson’s approach in “Freedom and Resentment” than the accounts of most philosophers who call themselves Strawsonians. On one central issue of interpretation, however, Shoemaker gets Strawson wrong. Like many interpreters, Shoemaker sees Strawson as defending a “quality of will” theory of responsibility. This idea fundamentally misunderstands Strawson’s aims in “Freedom and Resentment.” Strawson does not defend a theory of any kind in that essay. On the contrary, Strawson tries to caution his fellow philosophers away from the theorizing impulse. The urge to develop comprehensive theories, he argued, inevitably leads philosophers away from the natural facts about responsibility and the related emotions. So, Strawson offers an alternative way of understanding responsibility, one that takes the facts into account “in all their bearings.” This interpretive disagreement is instructive, I’ll argue, because it illuminates several weaknesses in Shoemaker’s own “tripartite” theory of responsibility. Where his account goes astray can be remedied in large part by embracing the spirit of Strawson’s approach in full.
A New Species of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii) in New York

ABSTRACT Neoechinorhynchus bullocki n. sp. is described from Catostomus commersonii Lacepede, 1803, from the Otsego Lake watershed, central New York State. Neoechinorhynchus bullocki differs from o...
Differential Role of Cannabis Use Motives in Predicting Impairment Across Three Measures

Objective:Previous research has demonstrated the utility of motivational models of cannabis use to predict the frequency of use and associated negative consequences. However, few existing studies h...
Microstructural overlap of Macroelongatoolithus eggs from Asia and North America expands the occurrence of colossal oviraptorosaurs

The first intact North American Macroelongatoolithus specimen was excavated from sediments in the Wayan Formation of southeastern Idaho and initially reported by Krumenacker et al. (2017, Historica...
Climate strikes grow up

The school strike for the climate movement is looking for adult support on 20 September. We should give it.
Evidence-Based Principles and Strategies for Optimizing Team Functioning and Performance in Science Teams

The functioning and effectiveness of small groups and work teams have been a focus of research in psychology, management, and organizational science for well over 60 years. There is a wealth of actionable knowledge that can be distilled from this literature and applied to improve science team effectiveness. The chapter defines the nature of work teams in general and considers specific characteristics of science teams. An integrative theoretical heuristic is synthesized and used to organize the review. The review provides evidence-based recommendations for application and identifies those topics which should be targets for research for improving science team effectiveness. The chapter closes with specific recommendations for application and research relevant to advancing the science of team effectiveness to science teams.
Recombination and lineage-specific mutations led to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2

The recent outbreak of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, underscores the need for understanding the evolutionary processes that drive the emergence and adaptation of zoonotic viruses in humans. Here, we show that recombination in betacoronaviruses, including human-infecting viruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, frequently encompasses the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) in the Spike gene. We find that this common process likely led to a recombination event at least 11 years ago in an ancestor of the SARS-CoV-2 involving the RBD. As a result of this recombination event, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 share a similar genotype in RBD, including two insertions (positions 432-436 and 460-472), and alleles 427N and 436Y. Both 427N and 436Y belong to a helix that interacts with the human ACE2 receptor. Ancestral state analyses revealed that SARS-CoV-2 differentiated from its most recent common ancestor with RaTG13 by accumulating a significant number of amino acid changes in the RBD. In sum, we propose a two-hit scenario in the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus whereby the SARS-CoV-2 ancestors in bats first acquired genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV by incorporation of a SARS-like RBD through recombination before 2009, and subsequently, the lineage that led to SARS-CoV-2 accumulated further, unique changes specifically in the RBD.
Physical mechanisms of platelet formation.

Platelets are the second most abundant cell type in blood and play an essential role in the immune response by orchestrating blood coagulation during wound healing (1). Because of their short life span of under 10 d, it is critical for the body to be able to constantly replenish platelets in the blood stream, and low platelet counts are indeed associated with a slew of pathologies with major health and economic consequences. Understanding the process of platelet biogenesis is thus paramount for the development of efficient in vivo therapies, as well as for the design of bioreactors capable of producing platelets in vitro (2) for subsequent transfusion. In PNAS, Bacher et al. (3) cast light on the fundamental biophysics of this process using a computational model of platelet formation that recapitulates the salient features of in vitro experiments. Their model points to a primarily physical mechanism for platelet biogenesis based on an interfacial instability triggered by adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-driven membrane stresses and demonstrates a strong acceleration of the rate of platelet production in the presence of an external fluid flow. The in vivo production of platelets takes place inside bone marrow, where large cells known as megakaryocytes develop long tubular membrane projections, or proplatelets, which continuously break up into small fragments destined to mature into functional platelets and enter the blood stream (1). The formation and growth of these tubular structures and their subsequent fragmentation are driven by ATP-powered processes involving biopolymers and molecular motors (4). The longitudinal extension of proplatelet tubes is attributed to arrays of microtubule bundles, stiff polymers whose continuous polymerization and sliding under the action of ATP-powered dynein motors drive elongation by exerting extensile stresses on the proplatelet membrane (5). On the other hand, breakup of the proplatelets into fragments stems from the actin cortex, a … [↵][1]1Email: dstn{at}ucsd.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Teacher Candidates’ Developing Beliefs About Diversity and Its Role in Effective Literacy Teaching:

This study explored teacher candidates’ understandings of diversity, equity, and equality, and how these beliefs differed throughout teacher preparation. Researchers surveyed teacher candidates at ...
A Communication Testbed for Testing Power Electronic Agent Systems

Power electronic systems (PES) incorporate complex intra-system communication, which are of vital importance for the successful operation of these systems. This paper proposes and outlines a communication testbed that will help in the development and testing of the communications between the components of PES. It allows for the comparison and evaluation of different communication methods, such as MQTT, Modbus, or User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and for the characterization of how these communication protocols perform.
189 Changes in Sleep Hygiene and Sleepiness Following Social Distancing Related to COVID-19

Introduction: It was expected COVID-19 would result in changes that could impact sleep hygiene and sleep. We examined sleep hygiene and symptoms of disrupted sleep through late April and May and demographic and psychological variables related to vulnerability/ resilience to negative outcomes. Methods: Participants (Part1: N=180, Part2: N=64;ages 18-85) solicited from a college (students, faculty/staff, alumni, parents) and local community (churches, community centers, libraries) completed a 30-minute survey (measures: sleep hygiene (SH), symptoms of sleep disruption, mental health, personality, social distancing, COVID-19 impact/experience, and demographics) for possible prizes. Part 1, April 20th-May 12th, participants answered trait questionnaires and state questionnaires for before and during social distancing, then repeated state questionnaires two weeks later (Part 2). Results: Following initial COVID related changes, 66.1% of participants reported worsening symptoms of sleep disruption, 27.9% reported no change, and 6.3% reported improvements. 40.3% reported worsening SH, 53.5% no change, and 6.3% improvements. At 2-week follow-up, 30.4% of participants shifted from reporting no change to SH improvements over baseline. Overall, participants showed significant worsening of symptoms of sleep disruption (sleepiness, moodiness, avolition, cognitive impairments) and SH behaviors (less consistent bed- and wake-times, more frequently staying too long in bed, more pre-bed alerting activities, more bedtime negative emotion, more use of bed for purposes other than sleep, more active technology use) (d's from .23-1.00). Worsening sleep hygiene with COVID-19 was significantly predicted by younger age (r(157)=.164, p<.05), more avoidant coping (r(151)= -.337, p<.05), lower life satisfaction (r(156)=.200, p<.05) and greater impact/experience of COVID-19 (r(150)= -.270, p<.05). Symptoms of sleep disruption showed similar, but larger, relationships. Conclusion: Initial social distancing may have disrupted routines, added stress, and resulted in worsened sleep and sleep hygiene. Over time some adapted and improved, but most did not. Our results suggest change, especially crises such as a pandemic, may alter established behavior for the worse and/or add significant stress. Without intervention, even the robust, i.e., young, may suffer. Variables identifying those more vulnerable to disrupted sleep following change and those more likely to experience worsening sleep may help identify targets for future interventions.
An American Business School’s Academic Advising and Professional Development Centers’ Early Pandemic Response

As colleges and universities around the world grapple with the continuing impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary for research to not only focus on student academic learning issues, but also test for maintained support of needed student resources such as Academic Advising and Professional Development Centers. Using the Senior Student Satisfaction Survey, two separate samples of graduating business undergraduates at a Mid-Atlantic University in the United States of America were surveyed, in late Spring 2019 (pre-pandemic) and late Spring 2020 (early pandemic). The goals of this study were two-fold. The first was to test for changes from pre-pandemic to early pandemic in seven student-related perception measures: attendance motivation, coursework challenge, professional development engagement, academic advising ease/quality, professional development ease/quality, business degree satisfaction, and perceived market value to potential employers. The second goal was to test for changes in the perceived relationships of five “independent variables”, i.e., attendance motivation, coursework challenge, professional development engagement, academic advising center ease/quality, and professional development center ease/quality, to two “dependent variables”, i.e., business degree satisfaction and perceived market value to potential employers. Comparing pre-pandemic (2019) to early pandemic (2020) perceptual change data, this study found that both the Academic Advising and Professional Development Centers handled these student-based perception variables from the surveys quite well. When the campus was suddenly closed due to the pandemic, both Centers successfully made quick adaptive changes to virtual models to handle initial student needs.
Mapping LGBTQ+ Youth Resource Density Across Four High HIV Prevalence Corridors in the US.

Introduction Studies using geospatial data to understand LGBTQ+-friendly sexual health and wellness resource availability have often focused on services catered to adults. While HIV rates have increased in adolescents in recent years, few studies have explored disparities in resource access for adolescent gay and bisexual men (AGBMSM). Methods We used geospatial data of resources (collected and verified 2017-2018) from the iReach app to understand disparities in resource access for AGBMSM within and between 4 high HIV prevalence corridors in the US. Results AGBMSM in non-metro areas had access to fewer resources and some rural counties had no LGBTQ+ -friendly resources. Corridors comprising states with legacies of punitive laws targeting sexual and gender minorities demonstrate stark geographic disparities across the US. Conclusions Policy-makers must understand the granularity of disparities within regions. Online resources may be able to surmount LGBTQ+ resource deserts. However, physical access to LGBTQ+ -friendly services must be improved as a fundamental strategy for reducing HIV among AGBMSM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13178-021-00660-0.
Isolating the plant mitotic apparatus: a procedure for isolating spindles from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a procedure for isolating spindles from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis ( C. fusiformis ). Mitotic spindles have been isolated from the tobacco BY-2 cell culture line, but these spindles are not functional for anaphase A (chromosome-to-pole movement) or anaphase B (spindle elongation) in vitro . The chief advantage of using diatoms for spindle isolation is the structure of their spindles. In diatoms, the chromosomes and kinetochore microtubules involved in anaphase A are spatially distinct from the central spindle—a highly ordered paracrystalline array of microtubules that is responsible for spindle elongation. The diatom C. fusiformis provides both a relatively pure isolated mitotic spindle preparation and a reliable in vitro assay for anaphase B function. The microtubules of each half-spindle are approximately uniform in length and interdigitate to form a well-defined zone of antiparallel microtubule overlap. Determining the biochemical purity of a mitotic spindle preparation can be difficult. The most abundant spindle protein, tubulin, is not present exclusively in the spindle. Tubulin exists both in a large soluble pool and is polymerized into non-spindle-associated cytoplasmic microtubules. Many spindles are lost in the two centrifugation steps following cell breakage.
Fair Housing Policy and the Federal Housing Administration: Modeling Policy Responsiveness and Administrative Implementation

We explore the responsiveness of the Eisenhower administration and the Federal Housing Administration to the fair housing policy direction initiated by President Truman and culminating in the passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Political and legal developments during the Truman presidency started the nation down the road to a federal fair housing policy, but eight years of Republican rule under Dwight D. Eisenhower allowed FHA to return, at least in part, to old segregation practices - or to develop new ones. The major reason for FHA's lack of policy responsiveness during the Eisenhower years is apparent from this research. Housing segregation and discrimination were clearly not priorities of President Eisenhower. As a result, Eisenhower's FHA appointees, with their business, banking, and real estate connections, naturally adhered to the basic segregation policy that had characterized the agency throughout its history. From its creation until 1949, it had encouraged segregation in FHA-insured housing, so the basic trajectory of the agency's policy was well established. When the Truman administration and the Supreme Court's decisions in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) and Hurd v. Hodge (1948) indicated that FHA would have to alter its policy, the agency responded slowly and grudgingly. Yet before significant change was forthcoming and a different policy path was firmly established at FHA, a new Republican administration swept into Washington, and its appointees at FHA possessed the same type of conservative political and economic views that had traditionally dominated the agency.
Structure and Composition of Pulmonary Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins

The pulmonary vasculature comprises three anatomic compartments connected in series: the arterial tree, an extensive capillary bed, and the venular tree. Although, in general, this vasculature is thin-walled, structure is nonetheless complex. Contributions to structure (and thus potentially to function) from cells other than endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as those from the extracellular matrix should be considered. This review is multifaceted, bringing together information regarding (i) classification of pulmonary vessels, (ii) branching geometry in the pulmonary vascular tree, (iii) a quantitative view of structure based on morphometry of the vascular wall, (iv) the relationship of nerves, a variety of interstitial cells, matrix proteins, and striated myocytes to smooth muscle and endothelium in the vascular wall, (v) heterogeneity within cell populations and between vascular compartments, (vi) homo- and heterotypic cell-cell junctional complexes, and (vii) the relation of the pulmonary vasculature to that of airways. These issues for pulmonary vascular structure are compared, when data is available, across species from human to mouse and shrew. Data from studies utilizing vascular casting, light and electron microscopy, as well as models developed from those data, are discussed. Finally, the need for rigorous quantitative approaches to study of vascular structure in lung is highlighted.
Theoretic Bases of Law

HE moral and intellectual crisis of our time has not spared the science of law, jurisprudence. It is becoming increasingly fashionable among legal philosophers to comment on the shortcomings of the still prevailing creed: legal positivism. An ungrateful generation is beginning to forget its great achievements. The critics of legal positivism prophesy its doom because, as they claim, it does not furnish us with the moral and intellectual weapons which we need to keep our democratic institutions alive. Some of them see the only salvation in a return to natural law. To be sure, the shortcomings of an extreme legal positivism have often become painfully apparent, but we should equally be aware of the trouble some of the critics of positivism are inviting. A return to obscurantism of one sort or another is a real danger in a time like the present. An exhaustive reexamination of the theoretic bases of law is too large an order for a short paper. I therefore propose to discuss the topic in terms of the main philosophies of law which history has produced. The justification for such a procedure lies in the fact that the struggle for existence among the main philosophies of law has helped considerably to clarify its theoretic bases.
Assessment of the Sanitary Effectiveness of Holding Temperatures on Beef Cooked at Low Temperature

Beef cubes cooked at low temperature were surface inoculated and incubated at 43.3 through 53.3 C to establish temperature limits for growth of staphylococci, salmonellae, and Clostridium perfringens. A greater than 99% reduction in staphylococci was achieved after 6 hr at 48.8 C, of salmonellae at 51.1 C, and of C. perfringens at 53.3 C. There were no survivors of a mixed inoculum of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and C. perfringens after 12 hr at 51.1 C.
Uptake of homologous single-stranded fragments by superhelical DNA. II. Characterization of the reaction.

Abstract We have studied the association of superhelical DNA (RFI) ‡ of phage G4 with defined single-stranded fragments isolated after cleavage of viral (+) strands by endonuclease R · Hae III. The sedimentation rates of complexes formed by uptake of different single-stranded restriction fragments by G4 RFI were consistent with the view that base-pairing between the two components causes unwinding of superhelical turns, with one negative superhelical turn removed for every ten nucleotide residues of third strand taken up. The combining ratio of superhelical DNA and a single specific fragment was close to unity. At high concentrations of salt, nitrocellulose filters efficiently retained complexes of superhelical DNA and homologous fragments, which provided the basis for a rapid assay, and permitted the estimation of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of strand uptake in vitro . The reaction is reversible, with an apparent K eq of approximately 10 6 m −1 . Apparent rate constants, k 1 , for uptake of different fragments (85 to 1100 nucleotides long) varied about fourfold, with no obvious relationship to the length of the fragment. In 10 m m -Tris · HCl (pH 7.5), 200 m m -NaCl, fragments were taken up most rapidly at about 75 °C. Under these conditions, the apparent k 1 for a fragment 250 nucleotides long was approximately 600 m −1 s −1 , which is two or three orders of magnitude slower than the calculated rate of association of complementary strands of that length. At physiological temperatures, appreciable rates of strand uptake were seen only at low concentrations of salt (4 m m -Na + in 10 m m -Tris · HCl), and were one or two orders of magnitude less than the rate at 75 °C in 200 m m -NaCl. At a given concentration of counterion a threshold temperature exists above which the rate of reaction rises sharply from an undetectable level. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the reaction is entropically driven, and that the rate is limited by a step exhibiting a positive entropy and enthalpy of activation. The data are consistent with a model for strand uptake in which the rate-limiting step is the unstacking of a small number of base-pairs in the superhelical DNA. Stabilization and extension of the nucleus of base-pairs formed with the incoming strand is favored by the decrease in free energy associated with removal of superhelical turns.
New type of oxygenase involved in the metabolism of propane and isobutane.

Nocardia paraffinicum (Rhodococcus rhodochrous), a hydrocarbon-degrading microorganism, was used in a study of propane and isobutane metabolism. The bacterium was able to utilize propane or isobutane as a sole source of carbon, and oxygen was found to be essential for its metabolism. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that n-propanol was the major compound recovered from the metabolism of propane by resting cells, although trace amounts of isopropanol and acetone were detected. When a mixture of propane and isobutane was used, drastic inhibition (72 to 88%) of hydrocarbon utilization by resting cells occurred. The ratio of hydrocarbon to oxygen consumed was found to be approximately 2:1 during the metabolism of propane or isobutane by resting cells when these substrates were provided individually to the organism. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of products formed from 18O2 confirmed that the initial oxidative step in the metabolism of these substrates involved molecular oxygen. The proportion of the alcohol containing 18O was the same as that of 18O2 in the gas mixture. Only a negligible amount of 18O was detected in the alcohol when H218O was incorporated into the system. The observed 2:1 ratio of hydrocarbon to oxygen consumption suggests that the oxygenase in N. paraffinicum, unlike the conventional mono- or dioxygenases, requires two hydrocarbon-binding sites for each of the oxygen-binding sites and is therefore an intermolecular dioxygenase. The newly described oxygenase, which catalyzes the reaction of two molecules of propane with one molecule of oxygen to yield two molecules of a C3 alcohol, is proposed as the initial oxidation step of the hydrocarbon substrate.
Writing to Learn History On-Line.

n 1991, two members of the University of Michigan's English Composition Board (ECB) and an American history teacher at Ann Arbor's Pioneer High School mulled over the question, "How can we better teach American history to basic skills students using writing and technology?" Over a three-year period, Robin Wax, the Pioneer teacher, and my colleagues and I at the ECB developed what came to be known as the Pioneer-University of Michigan Connection (P-UM) in response to that question. Based on research literature suggesting that writing-to-learn practices could improve students' content knowledge as well as their writing skills (Beaman 1985; Bronson 1985; Marik 1985; Self 1987; Watson 1985), we wanted to add to the high school curriculum more frequent and varied writing tasks, ones with less emphasis on such familiar "school writing" as essay tests and academic essays. Also, knowing from experience that basic skills students tend to rely on passive learning styles and to find staying on task difficult, we wanted to introduce collaborative learning techniques to encourage active learning (Bruffee 1986; Gere 1987; Slavin 1983). From our experiences with and literature reviews of local-area-network electronic conferencing (Barker and Kemp 1990; Bump 1990; Butler and Kinneavy 1991; Faigley 1990; Hawisher and Selfe 1991), we believed that computer-mediated collaborative learning and writing-tolearn strategies could offer high school students an active, social learning environment as well as a way of using writing to share with peers their burgeoning knowledge about history. Moreover, because basic skills students often see writing merely as a testing task, one at which they usually fail, and because they often know and care little about postsecondary education and the roles that literacy plays beyond high school walls, we wanted to provide the Pioneer students
Phytoplankton Solved the Arsenate-Phosphate Problem

Phosphate is so effectively consumed by photosynthetic activity in surface waters of much of the ocean that its concentration diminishes to that of the ubiquitous arsenate, 10-8M. Since both ions are transported into algae by the same carrier system, all algae are exposed to the hazard of arsenic poisoning. At some early stage of evolution, however, aquatic plants developed an efficient mechanism for detoxifying and excreting arsenic absorbed in their quest for phosphate. Only one such process appears to have evolved. It is so rapid that only very low arsenic levels accumulate in most algae.
Queer diagnoses revisited: The past and future of homosexuality and gender diagnoses in DSM and ICD

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) recently completed a several year process of revising the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). During that time, there were objections raised to retaining DSM's gender identity disorder diagnoses and calls to remove them, just as homosexuality had been removed from DSM-II in 1973. At the conclusion of the DSM-5 revision process, the gender diagnoses were retained, albeit in altered form and bearing the new name of 'gender dysphoria'. The author of this paper was a member of the DSM-5 Workgroup on Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders and presently serves on the WHO Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health. Both groups faced similar tasks: reconciling patients' needs for access to care with the stigma of being given a psychiatric diagnosis. The differing nature of the two diagnostic manuals led to two different outcomes. As background, this paper updates the history of homosexuality and the gender diagnoses in the DSM and in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) as well as what is expected to happen to the homosexuality and gender diagnoses following the current ICD-11 revision process.
Multiple Linear Regression

This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to multiple regression analysis (MR), a highly flexible system for examining the relationship of a collection of independent variables (predictors) to a single dependent variable (criterion). The independent variables may be quantitative (e.g., personality traits, family income) or categorical (e.g., ethnic group, treatment conditions in an experiment). The present chapter explores ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, which requires a continuous dependent variable. The chapter emphasizes: (a) testing theoretical predictions through multiple regression, and (b) identifying problems with implementation of regression analysis. First the structure of MR is described, including the overall regression equation, estimation of partial regression coefficients for individual predictors, effect size measures for both overall model fit and for the contribution of individual predictors and sets of predictors to prediction accuracy. Treatment of categorical predictors through effects, dummy, and contrast coding is explained. Polynomial regression for capturing curvilinear relationships is explored. The specification, testing, and posthoc probing of interactions between continuous variables and between a continuous and a categorical variable are explicated. Second, detection of violations of MR assumptions is addressed, as this helps to identify problems with regression models. Regression diagnostics (case statistics) that are used to identify problematic cases which bias results are explained. Graphic displays for regression analysis that characterize the overall nature of the regression model, curvilinear, and interactive relationships among variables, and checking of assumptions are provided. An empirical example illustrates the interplay between theory and empirical findings in the specification, testing, and revision of regression models. Keywords: multiple regression analysis; ordinary least squares (OLS) regression; interactions in regression; model checking in multiple regression; graphics for multiple regression
Vitamin and mineral supplements for cancer prevention: issues and evidence

Trials of nutritional supplements for cancer prevention must overcome a variety of challenges not shared in the usual paradigm of pharmaceutical agents for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Unlike for cardiovascular disease, for cancer we typically do not have well-established causal risk factors as targets for intervention. Also, for most likely cancer interventions, the expected time to achieve an effect is much longer, more variable, and far less well understood than for cardiovascular disease, and the progression of pathophysiology is much harder-or impossible-to follow, in contrast with imaging for progression of atherosclerosis in cardiovascular disease. Also, cancers at various sites have a wide range of etiologies. The optimal age for intervention, best dose, and duration needed to test nutritional agents for cancer prevention are largely unknown, making null findings hard to interpret. Unlike with drugs, baseline nutritional status can be critical. Moreover, because the nutritional agents are often readily available, adherence in control groups in trials can be impaired. Several gene-nutrient and nutrient-nutrient interactions have been identified that could affect trial results. Some studies suggest that particular nutrients may be effective only in subgroups defined by genotypes or by nutritional status of another nutrient. All these challenges must be considered in planning informative trials. Long-term prospective cohort studies, especially with repeated measures and high follow-up, can provide useful data for planning trials as well as the basis for rational recommendations while awaiting trial results or in settings where trials may be infeasible.
The Yen/Dollar Carry Trade: Carrying the UIP Condition Too Far?

The yen carry trade between the US and Japan has existed as a feasible investment strategy in direct violation of the uncovered interest parity (UIP) condition. Using yen-dollar spot and forward exchange rate data from 1993 thorough 2007, I demonstrate that the forward exchange rate quoted in the market in this period was based on the UIP formulation, and as such the investment strategy was based on favorable variations in the spot exchange rate. Empirical analysis using OLS regressions verified that the forward rate is not an unbiased estimator of the future spot rate, and demonstrated the failure of the UIP condition in this specific case. Adapting models from Frankel and Froot (1989), empirical analyses suggested the insufficiency of peso problems (systematically irrational expectations in the market) and time-varying risk premiums in explaining the failure of UIP. A comprehensive model incorporating monetary policy variables (interest rate smoothing, resisting rapid changes in exchange rates, and random policy influences), adapted from McCallum (1994), demonstrated that the UIP condition is actually not violated, and the observed bias of the forward rate as a predictor may be attributed to monetary policy response strategies by the US and Japanese governments. I find that the subsequent gap between predicted and actual future spot rates accounts for the existence of the yen carry trade as a viable arbitrage opportunity.