cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microscopic Entropy of Rotating Electrically Charged AdS$_4$ Black Holes from Field Theory Localization

We employ supersymmetric localization to determine the exact partition function of 3d $\mathcal{N}=2$ gauge theories on a background given by a round $S^2$ fibered over a circle and certain complexified background fields. The Coulomb branch localization locus includes monopole configurations, and the partition function reduces to a matrix model. We consider the partition function of the ABJM theory on this background as an explicit case. We verify that the large-$N$ limit of the ABJM theory partition function produces, in the Cardy limit, the entropy function of the dual rotating, electrically charged asymptotically AdS$_4$ supersymmetric black holes and thus provides a microscopic explanation for the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.
Flow-encoded oxygen control to track the time-dependence of molecular changes induced by static or cycling hypoxia.

Detecting the effects of low oxygen on cell function is often dependent on monitoring the expression of a number of hypoxia markers. The time dependence of the appearance and stability of these markers varies between cell lines. Assessing cellular marker dynamics is also critical to determining how quickly cells respond to transient changes in oxygen levels that occurs with cycling hypoxia. We fabricated a manifold designed to use flow-encoding to produce sequential changes in gas mixtures delivered to a permeable-bottom 96-well plate. We show how this manifold and plate design can be used to expose cells to either static or cycling hypoxic conditions for eight different time periods thereby facilitating the study of the time-response of cells to altered oxygen environments. Using this device, we monitored the time-dependence of molecular changes in human PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma and Caco-2 colon adenocarcinoma cells exposed to increasing periods of static or cycling hypoxia. Using immunohistochemistry, both cell lines show detectable levels of the marker protein hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) after 3 h of exposure to static hypoxia. Cycling hypoxia increased the expression level of HIF-1α compared to static hypoxia. Both static and cycling hypoxia also increased glucose uptake and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. This new device offers a facile screening approach to determine the kinetics of cellular alterations under varying oxygen conditions.
Ventilatory control characteristics of conditions resulting in isocapnic hyperpnea.

The steady state of dynamic muscular exercise of moderate intensity is an isocapnic conditionl1, 2, 3, seemingly mediated, wholly or in large part, by a signal proportional to the altered rate of C02 flux to the lung4. Evidence exists which demonstrates that the sensory mechanism is likely to be downstream of the pulmonary capillary beds5, 6, However, the nature of the C02-linked stimulus is not clear at present nor is the receptor mechanism(s).
Etymology of the elements

Peter Wothers, a teaching fellow at the University of Cambridge, is interested in the names of elements whose origins are murky. And while a simple web search can provide the etymologies of element names, his new book, Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter9s Wolf provides tales about how those names came to be.
Rapid Response Event Triggers and Outcomes in Children; Do Multiple Triggers Lead to Worse Outcomes?

Background/Purpose: Rapid response teams (RRT) aim to identify deteriorating hospitalized patients receiving care outside the intensive care unit. The goal of deploying these teams is to quickly and efficiently respond to triggers that indicate worsening prognosis or rapid deterioration of clinical status in order to determine whether a patient would benefit from transfer to a higher level of care. As rapid response teams are refined and developed, it is important to consider the triggers that …
Research Potentials of English Studies in India: Reflections on Renovation-Before-Innovation

While India boasts of hundreds and thousands of creative writers of international standards both in English and regional languages, it is lagging behind Western literary academia in literary scholars, critics, theorists, language specialists in teaching and testing English as second language and foreign language. Having successfully tested English literature and language teaching as an academic discipline even before Britain, India should be in a position now to supply trained man power for research in English studies to the entire world. But it is still dependent on the West for what it lacks. It is proposed in the paper that an academically viable and testable objective of teaching language and literature could positively produce literary scholarship. It aims at analysing the research potentials of English studies as an employment avenue for a high-end occupation for its students both intra- and internationally.
Chief cell plasticity is the origin of metaplasia following acute injury in the stomach mucosa.

Objective Metaplasia arises from differentiated cell types in response to injury and is considered a precursor in many cancers. Heterogeneous cell lineages are present in the reparative metaplastic mucosa with response to injury, including foveolar cells, proliferating cells and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) cells, a key metaplastic cell population. Zymogen-secreting chief cells are long-lived cells in the stomach mucosa and have been considered the origin of SPEM cells; however, a conflicting paradigm has proposed isthmal progenitor cells as an origin for SPEM. Design Gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) is a stomach tissue-specific gene and exhibits protein expression unique to mature mouse chief cells. We generated a novel chief cell-specific driver mouse allele, GIF-rtTA. GIF-GFP reporter mice were used to validate specificity of GIF-rtTA driver in chief cells. GIF-Cre-RnTnG mice were used to perform lineage tracing during homoeostasis and acute metaplasia development. L635 treatment was used to induce acute mucosal injury and coimmunofluorescence staining was performed for various gastric lineage markers. Results We demonstrated that mature chief cells, rather than isthmal progenitor cells, serve as the predominant origin of SPEM cells during the metaplastic process after acute mucosal injury. Furthermore, we observed long-term label-retaining chief cells at 1 year after the GFP labelling in chief cells. However, only a very small subset of the long-term label-retaining chief cells displayed the reprogramming ability in homoeostasis. In contrast, we identified chief cell-originating SPEM cells as contributing to lineages within foveolar cell hyperplasia in response to the acute mucosal injury. Conclusion Our study provides pivotal evidence for cell plasticity and lineage contributions from differentiated gastric chief cells during acute metaplasia development.
Ribose-Map: A bioinformatics toolkit for ribonucleotide sequencing experiments

Abstract Current ribonucleotide mapping software is customized for data generated using only one type of ribonucleotide sequencing technique. To standardize the analysis of ribonucleotide sequencing experiments, we developed the bioinformatics toolkit, Ribose-Map. Through a series of analytical modules, Ribose-Map transforms raw sequencing data into summary datasets and publication-ready visualizations of results, allowing researchers to locate the genomic coordinates of ribonucleotides to single-nucleotide resolution, study the nucleotide sequence context of ribonucleotides, explore their genome-wide distribution, and identify hotspots of ribonucleotide incorporation. Ribose-Map does not require background knowledge of ribonucleotide sequencing analysis and assumes only basic command-line skills. Ribose-Map is available at https://github.com/agombolay/ribose-map .
Tax incentives for import-substituting foreign investment:

Abstract This paper constructs a game-theoretic model to study host country policy to attract import-substituting foreign direct investment (FDI). Investors are assumed to be incompletely informed about local investment conditions, and taxes and tariffs are determined endogenously. We show that in certain situations countries will offer tax incentives while in others they will impose a tariff wall to induce FDI. Tax incentives are motivated by the need to signal favorable investment conditions. The paper predicts that tax incentives are more likely to be used the larger is the investment risk, the smaller is the local market, the smaller is the stock of previous FDI, and the lower are trade barriers. Moreover, we conjecture that incentives are positively correlated with the number of jobs created by the investment. We test these predictions using data from the US Department of Commerce benchmark survey of US foreign investment and find that they are supported by the empirical evidence.
Ternary Kv4.2 channels recapitulate voltage-dependent inactivation kinetics of A-type K+ channels in cerebellar granule neurons

Kv4 channels mediate most of the somatodendritic subthreshold operating A-type current (ISA) in neurons. This current plays essential roles in the regulation of spike timing, repetitive firing, dendritic integration and plasticity. Neuronal Kv4 channels are thought to be ternary complexes of Kv4 pore-forming subunits and two types of accessory proteins, Kv channel interacting proteins (KChIPs) and the dipeptidyl-peptidase-like proteins (DPPLs) DPPX (DPP6) and DPP10. In heterologous cells, ternary Kv4 channels exhibit inactivation that slows down with increasing depolarization. Here, we compared the voltage dependence of the inactivation rate of channels expressed in heterologous mammalian cells by Kv4.2 proteins with that of channels containing Kv4.2 and KChIP1, Kv4.2 and DPPX-S, or Kv4.2, KChIP1 and DPPX-S, and found that the relation between inactivation rate and membrane potential is distinct for these four conditions. Moreover, recordings from native neurons showed that the inactivation kinetics of the ISA in cerebellar granule neurons has voltage dependence that is remarkably similar to that of ternary Kv4 channels containing KChIP1 and DPPX-S proteins in heterologous cells. The fact that this complex and unique behaviour (among A-type K+ currents) is observed in both the native current and the current expressed in heterologous cells by the ternary complex containing Kv4, DPPX and KChIP proteins supports the hypothesis that somatically recorded native Kv4 channels in neurons include both types of accessory protein. Furthermore, quantitative global kinetic modelling showed that preferential closed-state inactivation and a weakly voltage-dependent opening step can explain the slowing of the inactivation rate with increasing depolarization. Therefore, it is likely that preferential closed-state inactivation is the physiological mechanism that regulates the activity of both ternary Kv4 channel complexes and native ISA-mediating channels.
On the Martingale Problem for Measure-Valued Markov Branching Processes

It was stated as Theorem (4.1)(b) in [F] that the martingale problem associated with the (ξ, o)-superprocess X discussed in that paper has a unique solution. The theorem is true, but the proof supplied in [F] is inadequate since the assertion on p. 355 that t → V t f(x) is continuously differentiable is false in general. Our purpose in this note is to give a complete proof of this result. Owing to the weakness of the hypotheses employed in [F], the proof is rather involved, but since the theorem has found recent application (e.g. [DP]), we thought a thorough treatment was warranted. Also, the main auxiliary result (Theorem (2.22)) concerning space-time martingales may be of independent interest. In the remainder of this section we recall some notation from [F] and state the theorem under discussion. All unexplained notation is as in [F].
Regional Differences in Cortical Organization

Although there are elegants maps of the human brain that reveal differences in cellular architecture between different cortical regions, there is not much information about how corresponding cortical regions differ between the left and right hemispheres. As [Gazzaniga][1] explains in his Perspective, new results reveal the surprising finding of asymmetry in area 22 (which is important for language processing) of the left and right hemisphere ([ Galuske et al .][2]). Clusters of neurons in area 22 of the left hemisphere are spaced farther apart and have longer axons cabling them together than neuronal clusters in area 22 of the right hemisphere. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/289/5486/1887 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/289/5486/1946
Headwords and suffixes in biomedical names

Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques have been used for the task of extracting and mining knowledge from biomedical literature. One of the critical steps of such a task is biomedical named entity tagging (BNER) which usually contains two steps: the first step is the identification of biomedical names in text and the second is the assignment of semantic classes predefined to names identified by the first step. Headwords and suffixes have been used frequently by BNER systems as features for the assignment of semantic classes to names in text. However, there are few studies to evaluate the performance of headwords and suffixes in predicting semantic classes of biomedical terms utilizing knowledge sources in an unsupervised way. We conducted a study to evaluate the performance of headwords and suffixes using names in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) where the semantic classes associated with these names were obtained by modifying an existing UMLS semantic group system and incorporating the GENIA ontology. We define headwords and suffixes that are significantly associated with a specific semantic class as semantic suffixes. The performance of semantic assignment using semantic suffixes achieved an F-measure of 86.4% with a precision of 91.6% and a recall of 81.7%. When applying these semantic suffixes obtained using the UMLS to names extracted from the GENIA corpus, the system achieved an F-measure of 73.4% with a precision of 84.2% and a recall of 65.1% where these performance measures could be improved dramatically when limited to names associated with classes that have the corresponding GENIA types.
Expression of voltage-gated chloride channels in human glioma cells.

Voltage-gated chloride channels have recently been implicated as being important for cell proliferation and invasive cell migration of primary brain tumors cells. In the present study we provide several lines of evidence that glioma Cl– currents are primarily mediated by ClC-2 and ClC-3, two genes that belong to the ClC superfamily. Transcripts for ClC-2 thru ClC-7 were detected in a human glioma cell line by PCR, whereas only ClC-2, ClC-3, and ClC-5 protein could be identified by Western blot. Prominent ClC-2, -3, and -5 channel expression was also detected in acute patient biopsies from low- and high-grade malignant gliomas. Immunogold electron microscopic studies as well as digital confocal imaging localized a portion of these ClC channels to the plasma membrane. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings show the presence of two pharmacologically and biophysically distinct Cl– currents that could be specifically reduced by 48 hr exposure of cells to channel-specific antisense oligonucleotides. ClC-3 antisense selectively and significantly reduced the expression of outwardly rectifying current with pronounced voltage-dependent inactivation. Such currents were sensitive to DIDS (200–500 μm) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (165 μm). ClC-2 antisense significantly reduced expression of inwardly rectifying currents, which were potentiated by hyperpolarizing prepulses and inhibited by Cd2+ (200–500 μm). Currents that were mediated by ClC-5 could not be demonstrated. We suggest that ClC-2 and ClC-3 channels are specifically upregulated in glioma membranes and endow glioma cells with an enhanced ability to transport Cl–. This may in turn facilitate rapid changes in cell size and shape as cells divide or invade through tortuous extracellular brain spaces.
Instability and the energy criterion for continuous systems

Die Autoren betrachten Gleichgewichtszustande einer allgemeinen Klasse von kontinuierlichen Systemen unter dem Einfluss konservativer nichtgyroskopischer Krafte. Sie zeigen dass — in Ubereinstimmung mit dem Energiekriterium — Instabilitat eintritt, wenn die potentielle Energie aufhort, positiv definit zu sein. Es werden auch in den Geschwindigkeiten lineare dissipative Krafte betrachtet. Als Beispiel dienen der elastische Stab unter Axialdruck und ein endlich deformierter elastischer Korper unter konstanter Belastung.
Pseudosimilar vertices in a graph

Abstract : Dissimilar vertices whose removal leaves isomorphic subgraphs are called pseudosimilar. We construct infinite families of graphs having identity automorphism group, yet every vertex is pseudosimilar to some other vertex. Potential impact on the Reconstruction Conjecture is considered. We also construct, for each n, graphs containing a subset of vertices of size n which are mutually pseudosimilar. The analogous problem for mutually pseudosimilar edges is introduced. (Author)
Multicomponent gas separation by an asymmetric permeator containing two different membranes

Abstract A numerical analysis of an asymmetric permeator containing two different kinds of membranes and capable of separating a ternary feed gas mixture into three product streams has been carried out. For negligible axial pressure drops in the gas streams, equations have been developed and calculation methods illustrated for four flow patterns: cross, parallel, countercurrent and perfectly mixed. The main parameters used in the analysis are pressure ratios, the ratio of the two membrane areas and the permeabilities. Results have been presented for a 50% H210% CO240% N2 feed with a permeator having one cellulose acetate (CA) type membrane and one silicone membrane. For both permeate streams, countercurrent achieves highest permeate qualities and requires least membrane area amongst all four flow patterns. The presence of a silicone membrane produces a richer H2 permeate from the CA membrane than that from a CA-membrane-alone configuration. Simultaneously, an enriched CO2 permeate is obtained from the silicone membrane. Under the ideal condition of zero pressure ratios, the asymmetric permeator has also been evaluated against the series configuration of a permeator containing a CA membrane only followed by a permeator containing only a silicone (S) membrane. The asymmetric configuration usually performs better than this series configuration for the chosen range of parameters.
Enterprise Systems: Challenges and Opportunities for Information Systems Education

This paper presents a perspective on “learning” in managing information, applied to enterprise systems. As its name suggests, an enterprise system encompasses a total view of all parts (functions, sub-systems) of the complete whole (organization, system). This approach of designing solutions for system component within the overall framework of the total system offers unique challenges and opportunities for designing, developing and implementing information systems. To meet its mandate, information systems education should offer a multidisciplinary learning environment especially in engineering and sciences curriculum where it is not adequately emphasized. A framework that is designed to deliver a comprehensive learning environment for the entire academic community has been proposed.
The effects of carbon cycle model error in calculating future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

Empirical investigations have indicated that projections of future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of a quality quite adequate for practical questions regarding the environmental threat of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and its relationship to energy use policy could be made with the simple assumption that a constant fraction of these emissions would be retained by the atmosphere. By analysis of the structural behavior of equations describing the transfer of carbon and carbon dioxide between their several reservoirs we have been able to demonstrate that this characteristic can be explained to result from approximately linear behavior and exponentially growing carbon dioxide release rates, combined with fitting of carbon cycle model parameters to the last twenty years of observed atmospheric carbon dioxide growth.
An integrative framework for theory construction and testing

Abstract A framework that allows researchers to state and test both auxiliary measurement theory and substantive theory is presented. The integrative advantages of the framework are illustrated by a reanalysis of relationships, posited by Onsi and Merchant, concerning prepensity to create slack.
Normal Coordinate Calculations on a Microcomputer ag

Abstract A program in Basic for the calculation of vibrational frequencies of molecules is presented. The program solves the problem inmass-weighted Cartesian coordinates. Since it makes use of the constraint matrix formulation, both Valence Bond and Urey-Bradley Force Field calculations can be performed.
Renal Ostial Angioplasty and Stenting. Part 1: The Routine Procedure

Renal ostial stenting (ROS) is the most common endovascular intervention for treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. The two most common indications for ROS are refractory hypertension and progressive renal insufficiency. It is important to recognize that this intervention is most often done to mitigate either or both problems and will rarely “cure” either. ROS remains controversial with published data that both support and refute its utility. This article is the first in a two-part series dedicated to performing the “typical” procedure. The second part will deal with common problems and complications.
Kinetics Of Myo1c Association To And Dissociation From Phosphoinositide-containing Vesicles

Myo1c is a single-headed unconventional myosin that associates with negatively-charged lipids through electrostatic interactions. A putative pleckstrin homology (PH) domain has been identified in the myo1c tail that binds PI(4,5)P2 with high affinity. However, the kinetics of association and dissociation, as well as the influence of membrane phospholipid composition and Mg2+ on the kinetics, remain unknown. Stopped-flow measurements were made using the increase in light scattering that occurred upon myo1c-tail binding to 100 nm diameter large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs).We found that the association of myo1c-tail with phosphatidylcholine (PC) LUVs containing 2% PI(4,5)P2 followed a 2-exponential time-course. The rate of the predominant, fast phase depended linearly upon the total lipid concentration. The apparent second order rate constant in the absence of Mg2+ was approximately diffusion-limited, indicating that no conformational change occurs upon binding. The molar ratio of anionic lipid was increased by adding phosphatidylserine (PS) or additional PI(4,5)P2 to LUVs or by situating PI(4,5)P2 in a more physiologically relevant lipid background (phosphatidylethanolamine, PC, PS, phosphatidylinositol, and sphingomyelin). None of these conditions increased the apparent association rate constant much more than two-fold. Dissociation of myo1c-tail was measured by chasing with excess inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). The presence of additional anionic phospholipid reduced the observed dissociation rate constant by orders of magnitude (3.2 s-1 vs. 0.03 s-1). This suggests that once myo1c-tail interacts via its putative PH domain with PI(4,5)P2, additional electrostatic interactions between positively-charged regions of the tail and negatively-charged lipids help to stabilize binding. The presence of Mg2+, known to interact with polyvalent anions, did not alter these trends, though it did increase the dissociation rate for all lipid compositions. Finally, we measured the dissociation rate of myo1c-tail from InsP3 and found that it approximates the dissociation rate from PI(4,5)P2.
Development of a Self-Report Measure of Outcome Expectancies for Crime

Abstract A group of 193 male inmates served as subjects for a study in which the development and initial validation of a 16-item self-report measure of outcome expectancies for crime (OEC) is detailed. Analyses produced internal consistency estimates (Cronbach alpha coefficient) of between .73 and .91 and 10-week test-retest stability correlations of between .40 and .48 for the five OEC scales (total positive, positive social, positive control, positive identity, negative). The total positive expectancies, positive social expectancies, and positive control expectancies scales were found to correlate with the Current and Historical Criminal Thinking scales of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS), while negative expectancies for crime were significantly lower in inmates evaluating the anticipated consequences of property crime relative to inmates assessing the expected outcomes of a violent or drug offense. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis supported the four-factor structur...
Top management team compensation in high-growth technology ventures

Abstract We examine the key compensation issues pertaining to the top management team that occur during the early stages of growth in new ventures, specifically those anticipating rapid growth such as in technology-intensive markets. Similar to other new ventures, high-growth technology ventures are small in size but they have a goal of rapid growth giving rise to a need for resources and managerial talent to sustain the growth. New ventures are likely to compete in the market with larger organizations for top management team members. As a result, new ventures in rapid growth technology markets experience some unique compensation challenges. Critical for these firms is the issue of distributing equity among members of the founding team and structuring compensation to attract and retain non-founder executives. Drawing from the human resource management and entrepreneurship literatures, this paper develops a set of propositions predicting top management team compensation strategies for rapidly growing new ventures. Directions for future research are also discussed.
A practical laboratory preparation of avidin concentrates for biological investigation.

Summary1. Preparation of avidin concentrates by precipitation of the active fraction during a 2-day static dialysis (in distilled water) of a 1%saline extract of an acetone coagulation of dried egg white solution at pH 5.1 has been described. 2. The activity of these preparations (1.5 units/mg) averages 20% that of “pure” avidin 8.0 units/mg) and the yield is about one g of such material from 800 g of dried egg white. 3. About 100 1b of dried egg white has been processed by the method described.
A genetic approach for controlling the binding and orientation of proteins on nanoparticles.

Although silver nanoparticles are excellent surface enhancers for Raman spectroscopy, their use to probe the conformation of large proteins at interfaces has been complicated by the fact that many polypeptides adsorb weakly or with a random orientation to colloidal silver. To address these limitations, we sought to increase binding affinity and control protein orientation by fusing a silver-binding dodecapeptide termed Ag4 to the C-terminus of maltose-binding protein (MBP), a well-characterized model protein with little intrinsic silver binding affinity. Quartz crystal microbalance measurements conducted with the MBP−Ag4 fusion protein revealed that its affinity for silver (Kd ≈ 180 nM) was at least 1 order of magnitude higher than a control protein, MBP2, containing a non-silver-specific C-terminal extension. Under our experimental conditions, MBP−Ag4 SERS spectra exhibited 2−4 fold higher signal-to-background relative to MPB2 and contained a number of amino acid-assigned vibrational modes that were eith...
The University of Iowa Libraries’ Undergraduate User Needs Assessment

The university community is not a static environment but, rather, one fraught with change and adjustment to change. How do academic libraries within a university setting effectively address the evolving service and resource needs of a diverse patron community? One method that has received increasing attention is the development and implementation of internal instruments specifically designed to assess user satisfaction with services and resources. This study assesses undergraduate resource and service needs, identifies librarywide unmet needs, and gives both library user and librarian an opportunity to engage in proactive dialogue.
Purification and properties of Drosophila virilis Texmelucan L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract 1. 1. Extramitochondrial l -glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has been purified approximately 60-fold from Drosophila viritis Texmelucan. The enzyme was pure as judged by electrophoresis and crystallization to constant specific activity. 2. 2. The Drosophila enzyme has been compared with the corresponding enzymes from the cricket Gryllus gryllus and from skeletal muscle of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus . The three enzymes were each found to have molecular weights of approximately 67,000 but they differ in pH optima, thermolability and electrophoretic mobility.
Enthalpy of formation of europium sesquioxide

Abstract An oxygen bomb calorimeter and a solution calorimeter have been used to confirm the value for the enthalpy of formation of europium sesquioxide. The value obtained from the former was ΔH f o (Eu 2 O 3 , mono., 298.15 K) = − (394.6 ± 0.9) kcal th mol −1 and from the latter, ΔH f o = −(394.8 ± 1.5) kcal th mol −1 , to give a weighted average of −(394.7 ± 0.8) kcal th mol −1 . For the transition, Eu 2 O 3 (cubic) = Eu 2 O 3 (mono.), ΔH tr (298.15 K) = (2.7 ± 0.3) kcal th mol −1 . For the cubic oxide, ΔH f o (Eu 2 O 3 , cubic, 298.15 K) = − (397.4 ± 0.9) kcal th mol −1 .
On the Air Resistance of Projectiles.

In making this study, the author had in mind its applications to the problem of meteoric impact. The different laws of resistance, heretofore proposed, contain too many empirical or hypothetical elements to permit a safe extrapolation to cosmic velocities. A more thorough investigation into the theoretical aspects of the problem seemed, therefore, desirable. It is known from the experimental results of aeronautics and hydraulics and from their theoretical analysis, that, for moderate velocities, already, the influence of viscosity is small compared with that of inertia.
Synthesis and secretion of active α1-Antichymotrypsin by murine primary astrocytes

Activated astrocytes have been identified as the main source of the serine protease inhibitor α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), an acute phase protein that is tightly associated with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in normal aged human and monkey brain. We analyzed the synthesis of ACT by cultured murine astrocytes in vitro. The murine astrocytes expressed an ACT-like antigen that crossreacted with antibodies to human ACT. The murine ACT-like protein is secreted by the astrocytes and is able to form an SDS-resistant complex with the serine protease cathepsin G, indicating that the secreted ACT is biologically active. We conclude that cultured primary astrocytes synthesize and secrete murine ACT in an active form. We, therefore, suggest that the ACT present within AD plaques is locally derived from plaque-associated activated astrocytes as a part of a glia-mediated local inflammatory response that is associated with the neurodegeneration seen in AD.
Academic literacy in mathematics for English Learners

Abstract This paper uses a sociocultural conceptual framework to provide an integrated view of academic literacy in mathematics for English Learners. The proposed definition of academic literacy in mathematics includes three integrated components: mathematical proficiency, mathematical practices, and mathematical discourse. The paper uses an analysis of a classroom discussion to illustrate how the three components of academic literacy in mathematics are intertwined, how academic literacy in mathematics is situated, and how participants engaged in academic literacy in mathematics use hybrid resources. The paper closes by describing the implications of this integrated view of academic literacy in mathematics for mathematics instruction for English Learners, arguing that it is important that the three components not be separated when designing instruction in general, and it is essential that mathematics instruction for English Learners address these three components simultaneously.
Empirical Bayes testing for success probability of Bernoulli process with negative binomial sampling: nonidentical components case

We study an empirical Bayes testing problem for the success probability of Bernoulli process with negative binomial sampling under nonidentical components situation. An empirical Bayes test δ +1, * is constructed based on an estimator c n of the critical point c G of the Bayes test δ n+1,G . The empirical Bayes test δ +1, * possesses the asymptotic optimality, and its associated regret converges to zero at an exponential decay rate O(exp (−n α)) for some positive value α, depending on the unknown prior distribution G. This result extends the exponential type decay rate of convergence obtained in Liang (Ann. Stat. 16:1635–1642, 1988; Stat. Probab. Lett. 44:241–249, 1999) to the nonidentical components case.
Electrode localization in large brains: a rapid and inexpensive technique.

Abstract A rapid and inexpensive technique for identifying macroelectrode positions in large brains is described. The procedure involves embedding formalin fixed brains in an agar filled lucite tube, and attaching the tube to a commercial rotary blade meat slicing machine. Uniform slices less than 1 mm thick can be obtained, and have proven adequate for gross localization of large electrodes. An optional, relatively easy, staining technique using luxol fast blue is also described.
The structure of tazettine.

Kondos analytische Resultate der Tazettindegradationsprodukte wurden neu bestimmt, Strukturformeln fur diese Substanzen werden vorgeschlagen und die Struktur und Stereochemie des Alkaloids dargestellt.
Application of SOJA and InforMatrix in practice: interactive web and workshop tools

System of Objectified Judgement Analysis (SOJA) and InforMatrix are decision-matrix techniques designed to support a rational selection of drugs. Both SOJA and InforMatrix can be considered as strategic tools in the practical implementation of rational pharmacotherapy. In order to apply the matrix techniques to drug selection, strategic navigation through essential information (with the aim of reaching consensus in pharmacotherapy) is required. The consensus has to be reached in an interactive, communicative, collegial manner, within a professional environment. This environment is realised in the form of interactive applications in workshops and on the internet. Such interactive applications are illustrated and discussed in this article.
Cold-stored kidney tissue of hibernators: Effects of brief warming on K regulation

Abstract The capacity for slices of kidneys from mammals which hibernate to retain relatively high concentration of cell K while stored at 5 °C for several days has been examined in further detail. Particular attention has been paid to an earlier observation that when cold storage is interrupted by a period of higher temperature the level of K retained subsequently at low temperature is increased in kidneys of hibernators (i.e., hamsters and ground squirrels) but not in those of nonhibernating species (guinea pigs and, in this study, rats). This latter phenomenon (called here the “warm interruption effect”) was still present although perhaps diminished in kidneys of hamsters that were either actually hibernating when killed or were between two bouts of hibernation. It was also still present, though diminished, in hamsters that failed to hibernate after prolonged cold exposure (“recalcitrants”). The effect occurred even when tissue K was lowered during the warm period. It is therefore interpreted as a change in the steady state of gain and loss of K. Cycloheximide during and subsequent to the warm period decreased but did not eliminate the warminterruption effect. A hypothesis is advanced that the effect of warm interruption represents the delayed expression of a cold-sensitive membrane repair or replacement process generally present in mammalian kidney which is prevented from occurring in slices of kidneys from nonhibernators by the prior decrease in cell K caused by cold storage.
Child Delinquents: Examining the Market for Criminal Futures

This article investigates child delinquency (offenders younger than 13 years of age). The population of child delinquents under various dispositions in the state of Louisiana, at one point in time, is described. Eighty youth are examined using the following characteristics: Race, Gender, Age, Offense Type (violent, nonviolent) Crime Category (felony, status offense, misdemeanor, and felony or misdemeanor) and Disposition (supervision, secure custody, and non-secure custody). Child delinquency is an important topic because the younger the age of first offense the greater the probability of a delinquent and criminal career. Findings reveal very few youth in secure custody and black males account for over half of the population of child delinquents. Over 75% of the population was 12 years of age.
Role of ERO1-α–mediated stimulation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor activity in endoplasmic reticulum stress–induced apoptosis

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–induced apoptosis is involved in many diseases, but the mechanisms linking ER stress to apoptosis are incompletely understood. Based on roles for C/EPB homologous protein (CHOP) and ER calcium release in apoptosis, we hypothesized that apoptosis involves the activation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) via CHOP-induced ERO1-α (ER oxidase 1 α). In ER-stressed cells, ERO1-α is induced by CHOP, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of ERO1-α suppresses apoptosis. IP3-induced calcium release (IICR) is increased during ER stress, and this response is blocked by siRNA-mediated silencing of ERO1-α or IP3R1 and by loss-of-function mutations in Ero1a or Chop. Reconstitution of ERO1-α in Chop−/− macrophages restores ER stress–induced IICR and apoptosis. In vivo, macrophages from wild-type mice but not Chop−/− mice have elevated IICR when the animals are challenged with the ER stressor tunicamycin. Macrophages from insulin-resistant ob/ob mice, another model of ER stress, also have elevated IICR. These data shed new light on how the CHOP pathway of apoptosis triggers calcium-dependent apoptosis through an ERO1-α–IP3R pathway.
Structure-directed self-assembly of alkyl-aryl-ethylene oxide amphiphiles

Polyethylene/poly(ethylene oxide) diblock oligomers strongly phase separate and crystallize in lamellar structures. We synthesized exact length analogues that have a 1,4-disubstituted benzene ring inserted at the junction between the alkyl and PEO chains, and determined their solid-state structures. The n-alkyl chains are 14, 16, 18 or 20 carbons in length and the poly(ethylene oxide) chains 0 to 7 repeat units and are capped with methyl groups. Powder X-ray diffraction data indicate phase separation of the alkyl and ethylene oxide chains into lamellar structures with the benzene rings aligned in a planar array at the interface between the two blocks. For some compounds, an initially formed bilayer motif is transformed to an interdigitated structure upon annealing at higher temperatures. Scanning calorimetry and vibrational spectroscopy support independent crystallization of the two blocks. On cooling from the melt state, the alkyl chains crystallize first, followed by the poly(ethylene oxide) segments. Alignment of the aromatic ring viacrystallization of the two blocks suggests a general approach for aligning polar molecules in nanometre-scale materials.
Determination of As, Se, Cr, Co and Ni in geochemical samples using the Stabilized Temperature Platform Furnace and Zeeman background correction

Abstract The Stabilized Temperature Platform Furnace technique with Zeeman background correction was used for the determination of As, Se, Cr, Co and Ni in five Geochemicai Exploration Reference (GXR) samples from the U.S. Geological Survey. After dissolving the samples in a mixture of acids, aqueous calibration curves were used. The method of additions was not necessary. The results are in good agreement with recommended values and recoveries of added analyte were close to 100%. The method proved to be simple and accurate.
Post-translational Processing and Membrane Association of the Two Early Endosome-Associated rab GTP-Binding Proteins (rab4 and rab5)

The two early endosome-associated rab GTP-binding proteins, rab4 and rab5, are suggested to regulate endocytosis. In this report, we examined post-translational processing and membrane association of the two rab proteins. Human rab4 and rab5 were expressed in chicken embryo fibroblasts using a Sindbis virus expression vector. Cells were labeled with either [35S]methionine or [3H]mevalonolactone. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with antisera specific for rab4 and rab5, respectively, and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that both rab4 and rab5 contained at least three forms: the precursor form, the isoprenylated intermediate, and the isoprenylated mature form of faster mobility. The rab5 intermediate comigrated with the precursor form, whereas the rab4 intermediate migrated slightly faster than the precursor form. The intermediate form of rab4, but not rab5, accumulated in the presence of a chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitor (N-acetyl Tyr ethyl ester), suggesting that proteolysis was required for generation of the mature form. Furthermore, the intermediate and mature forms of rab4, but not rab5, were carboxyl-methylated as demonstrated by incorporation of alkali-labile counts from [methyl-3H]methionine. Membrane association of the distinct rab4 and rab5 forms was examined by subcellular fractionation and Triton X-114 partitioning. The precursor forms were found in the cytosol and partitioned into the aqueous phase. The mature forms were membrane-associated and partitioned into the detergent phase. Unexpectedly, the isoprenylated intermediate forms of both rab4 and rab5 partitioned exclusively into the aqueous phase. Taken together, the data indicate that the entire post-translational processing, which includes isoprenylation, carboxyl methylation (rab4), and possibly proteolysis, confers the competency for membrane association of rab4 and rab5.
Concentration and instability revisited

Abstract In a recent paper in this Journal, Love purportedly finds empirical evidence of a positive correlation between export instability and export concentration in a sample of LDCs. However, Love's dependent variable is not a good measure of instability; consequently, his analysis fails to support the conclusions.
Meta-Analysis of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Treating PTSD and Co-occurring Depression Among Children and Adolescents:

We evaluated the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) for treating posttraumatic stress disorder and co-occurring depression symptoms across 21 between-group studie...
Influence of protein-protein interactions on the cellular localization of cytochrome P450.

Background: Microsomal CYPs are integral membrane proteins that are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is critical for their function. CYPs are co-translationally inserted into the rough ER membrane and are then either directly retained in the smooth ER or retained by a retrieval mechanism or targeted for ER-associated degradation. Protein–protein interactions are likely to be important for proper cellular targeting of CYPs. Objective: Progress in understanding the mechanisms of cellular targeting and ER retention of CYPs is reviewed with emphasis on the role of protein–protein interactions. Possible mechanisms of direct retention are the incorporation of CYPs into an immobile complex in the ER membrane, homooligomerization that prevents inclusion in transport vesicles, exclusion of CYP monomers from transport vesicles or targeting of CYPs to an ER subdomain away from sites of transport vesicle formation. Degradation of CYPs occurs either by lysosomal mechanisms or by the ubiquitin–proteas...
On predicting the response of forests in eastern North America to future climatic change

Our ability to accurately predict the response of forests in eastern North America to future climatic change is limited by our knowledge of how different tree species respond to climate. When the climatic response of eastern hemlock is modeled across its range, we find that the assumed climatic response used in simulation models is not sufficient to explain how this species is presently responding to climate. This is also the case for red spruce growing in the northern Appalachian Mountains. Consequently, simulations of future change to forests that include eastern hemlock and red spruce may need to be improved. We suspect that similar findings will be made when other tree species are studied in detail using tree-ring analysis. If so, our present understanding of how individual tree species respond to climate may not be adequate for accurately predicting future changes to these forests. Tree-ring analysis can increase our understanding of how climate affects tree growth in eastern North America and, hence, provide the knowledge necessary to produce more accurate predictions.
Finite-volume calculation of inviscid transonic airfoil-vortex interaction

Analyse numerique du probleme par resolution des equations d'Euler instationnaires sous forme integrale a l'aide d'un schema de volumes finis
A soft-threshold filtering approach for reconstruction from a limited number of projections

In the medical imaging field, discrete gradient transform (DGT) is widely used as a sparsifying operator to define the total variation (TV). Recently, TV minimization has become a hot topic in image reconstruction and is usually implemented using the steepest descent method (SDM). Since TV minimization with the SDM takes a long computational time, here we construct a pseudo-inverse of the DGT and adapt a soft-threshold filtering algorithm, whose convergence and efficiency have been theoretically proven. Also, we construct a pseudo-inverse of the discrete difference transform (DDT) and design an algorithm for L1 minimization of the total difference. These two methods are evaluated in numerical simulation. The results demonstrate the merits of the proposed techniques.
Receptivity of a Hypersonic Flat-Plate Boundary Layer to Three-Dimensional Surface Roughness

The laminar–turbulent transition of hypersonic boundary layers has a significant effect on drag calculation and aerothermal design of hypersonic vehicles. Recent research has shown that one possible explanation to roughnessinduced bypass transition is transient growth theory. However, it is not known how to generate the optimal disturbances computed by transient growth theory. Furthermore, there has not been any direct numerical simulation study on transient growth in hypersonic boundary layers. The objectives of this paper are to study the receptivity of a Mach 5.92 flow over a flat plate to three-dimensional surface roughness and the effect of spanwise wave number on the receptivity. Steady base flow is computed by solving compressible Navier–Stokes equationswith a combination of a fifth-order shock-fitting method and a second-order total variation diminishing scheme. In receptivity simulations, small surface roughness is introduced on the plate. The numerical results show that counterrotating streamwise vortices and transient growth are induced by surface roughness, however, transient growth is generally weak due to the small height of roughness. For the six cases considered, surface roughness with the spanwise wave number being 0.0101 has the strongest excitation of transient growth.