cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medication events on a tertiary neurology inpatient service

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and attributes of medication events in a tertiary inpatient neurology setting. These findings were compared with the results of a physician survey designed to assess general knowledge of medication events. We reviewed all medication events reported through an established voluntary event recording system for adult neurology inpatients at a tertiary referral center over a 2 year period. An electronic survey was sent to all neurology residents and hospital staff regarding medication events. One hundred and forty-three medication events were reported, for a rate of 8.6 events per 1000 patient-days. The medication event rate was comparable to published rates on medicine services. There was no evidence of events being more prevalent at the beginning of the academic year or on nights. One hundred and seventeen events (81.8%) reached the patient, but most (92.7%, 108/117) did not result in harm. The most common medication types involved were anticoagulants (24 events, 16.8%), anticonvulsants (17 events, 11.9%), and antibiotics (16 events, 11.2%). Nurses were involved in reporting 133 events (93%), while physicians were involved in reporting 20 events (14%). Physicians completed the survey at a rate of 60.8% (48/79). There were notable differences between physician presumptions as to medication event attributes and actual results. No trend referable to time of year or day was identified, which contrasted with physician beliefs in our survey. Nursing staff reported the majority of events.
A Review of Dietary Intake Studies in Maintenance Dialysis Patients.

Protein-energy wasting affects many maintenance dialysis patients (MDPs) and decreases survival. Suboptimal dietary energy intake (DEI) and dietary protein intake (DPI), secondary to reduced dietary intake (DI), are important risk factors in the development of protein-energy wasting. Multiple investigations of DEI and DPI in MDPs have occurred but few authors have synthesized these data. A comprehensive review of DI studies in MDPs was completed with the purpose of providing timely data on DI in MDPs until updated clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in nephrology care are published. A majority of DI investigations in MDPs confirm that DEI and DPI are below current nutrition guidelines. MDPs also have significantly lower DEI and DPI when compared with healthy controls. These findings inform the direction of further guidelines for nutrition in nephrology care as well as spark future research interests.
A Lumry−Eyring Nucleated Polymerization Model of Protein Aggregation Kinetics: 1. Aggregation with Pre-Equilibrated Unfolding

A mathematical model is presented of the kinetics of non-native protein aggregation that combines Lumry−Eyring and nucleated polymerization (LENP) descriptions. The LENP model is solved for cases in which aggregation rates are slow compared to folding−unfolding equilibration and is shown to be a generalization of a number of previously proposed nucleation-and-growth models for non-native and native protein aggregation. The model solutions exhibit a number of qualitative kinetic regimes. Each regime has a characteristic set of experimental signatures that are related to the relative rates of growth and nucleation as well as to the threshold size at which aggregates condense to form higher-order structures or other phases. Approximate model solutions provide practical rate equations that can be regressed against typical experimental kinetic data to obtain mechanistic parameters characterizing the aggregation pathway. In all kinetic regimes, it is found that observed rate coefficients (kobs) or half-lives (t...
Kinetic performance comparison of a capillary monolithic and a fused-core column in micro-scale liquid chromatography.

Abstract The kinetic performance of monolithic and fused-core capillary C18 columns was compared in isocratic-elution liquid chromatography. Heptanophenone was chosen as a test compound. The (u0, H) couple obtained in a column with permeability Kv0 was transferred into a plate number, dead time (N, t0) couple and the kinetic plots were achieved by using a Kinetic Method Plot Analyzer template. The u0,opt (0.98 mm/s for the monolith and 1.05 mm/s for the fused-core column) and Hmin (17.58 μm for the monolith and 18.08 μm for the fused-core column) values determined from the van Deemter curve were found to be almost identical, whereas the Nopt (the plate number for which the support achieves its best analysis time/pressure cost ratio) (150,000 for monolith and 41,000 for fused-core column), maximal plate number, Nmax (the maximum plate number that can ever be reached with a support) (550,000 for monolith and 120,000 for the fused-core column) and optimal analysis time, topt (the time needed to obtain Nopt plates) (18,583 s for the monolith and 4,068 s for the fused-core column) performance numbers determined from the kinetic plots were found to be significantly different.
A precarious position of power: Soviet school directors in the 1930s

In September 1931, the Communist Party Central Committee, the highest political authority in the Soviet Union, declared that ‘single person rule’ (edinonachalie) should prevail in the administration of schools. The history of approximately 100,000 school directors in the 1930s was shaped by a rapid expansion in numbers as well as fundamental changes in the distribution of power in society. During this era of intense political repression, individuals wielding any kind of power inevitably occupied a precarious position, which meant that directors experienced both authority and vulnerability as they exercised their responsibilities. Exploring these experiences through published sources as well as interviews identifies similarities in professional location and activities as well as unique aspects of school leadership in a dictatorship. This article concludes that the claims to authority made by school directors were always conditioned, often compromised, and sometimes even contested by the interventionist act...
What care is 'essential'? What services are 'basic'?

THE CONCEPT is very appealing. It postulates that there is a minimum set of services to which everyone should have access, regardless of ability to pay. This set of services would form a floor for insurance policies, health plans, and government programs. People who want to receive more services could purchase them, either by buying more comprehensive (and expensive) insurance policies or plans, or by paying out-of-pocket. But everyone would at least receive this basic level of care. In the concept of essential care we find a compromise between the idealistic view that Society should provide every-one with everything free of charge, and the practical fact that, as a society, we cannot pay the price of doing that. It strikes an ethical balance between Society's obligation to the individual and the individual's obligation to Society. The concept is indeed appealing. Unfortunately, putting the concept into practice is far more difficult.
An algorithm to compute the invariant ring of a G a -action on an affine variety

Abstract We describe an algorithm which computes the invariants of all G a -actions on affine varieties, in case the invariant ring is finitely generated. The algorithm is based on a study of the kernel of a locally nilpotent derivation and some algorithms from the theory of Grobner bases.
A prospective evaluation of outcome in patients referred for PEG placement.

Abstract Background: PEG feeding is not recommended for short-term use because the 30-day mortality after PEG placement is substantial. The primary aim of this study was to prospectively identify factors predictive of survival in patients referred for PEG placement. Methods: All patients for whom gastroenterology consultation was sought for feeding PEG placement were prospectively studied. Demographic data, Charlson comorbidity index, and functional status were recorded at entry. After PEG placement, patients were followed for up to 12 months. Results: Of the 67 patients for whom consultation was requested, 58 were eligible for the study and 50 underwent PEG placement. The 7-day and 30-day mortality rates in the PEG placement group were 4% and 20%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, only the Charlson index ≥4 was associated with decreased survival time (relative hazard=2.9: 95% CI [1.20, 7.21], p = 0.019). Median survival in patients with Charlson comorbidity index ≥4 was significantly shorter than that in patients with Charlson index p = 0.013). Conclusions: A Charlson comorbidity index ≥4 was significantly associated with shorter patient survival after initial consultation. Careful consideration of predictive factors of survival may improve patient selection for feeding PEG placement. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:500-6.)
Solid- and solution-phase organics dictate copper distribution and speciation in multicomponent systems containing ferrihydrite, organic matter, and montmorillonite.

Copper retention by ferrihydrite, leaf compost, and montmorillonite was studied over 8 months in systems that emulate a natural soil where different solid phases compete for Cu through a common solution in a compartmentalized batch reactor. Copper speciation in solution (total dissolved, DPASV-labile, and free) and exchangeable and total Cu in individual solid phases were determined. Organic carbon in solution (DOC) and that retained by the mineral phases were also determined. Cu sorption reached steady-state after 4 months and accounted for 80% of the Cu initially added to the system (0.15 mg L−1). The remaining 20% stayed in solution as nonlabile (82.8%), labile (17%), and free (0.2%) Cu species. Copper sorption followed the order organic matter > silicate clays > iron oxides. Within each solid phase, exchangeable Cu was ≤10% of the total Cu sorbed. DOC reached steady state (22 mg L−1) after 4 months and seemed to control Cu solubility and sorption behavior by the formation of soluble Cu−DOC complexes a...
Inhibition of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Pathway Is Radioprotective for the Lung

Purpose: Radiation-induced lung toxicity limits the delivery of high-dose radiation to thoracic tumors. Here, we investigated the potential of inhibiting the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) pathway as a novel radioprotection strategy. Experimental Design: Mouse lungs were irradiated with various doses and assessed at varying times for TNF-α production. Lung toxicity was measured by apoptosis and pulmonary function testing. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) inhibition, achieved by genetic knockout or antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) silencing, was tested for selective lung protection in a mouse lung metastasis model of colon cancer. Results: Lung radiation induced local production of TNF-α by macrophages in BALB/c mice 3 to 24 hours after radiation (15 Gy). A similar maximal induction was found 1 week after the start of radiation when 15 Gy was divided into five daily fractions. Cell apoptosis in the lung, measured by terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase–mediated nick-end labeling staining (mostly epithelial cells) and Western blot for caspase-3, was induced by radiation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Specific ASO inhibited lung TNFR1 expression and reduced radiation-induced apoptosis. Radiation decreased lung function in BALB/c and C57BL mice 4 to 8 weeks after completion of fractionated radiation (40 Gy). Inhibition of TNFR1 by genetic deficiency (C57BL mice) or therapeutic silencing with ASO (BALB/c mice) tended to preserve lung function without compromising lung tumor sensitivity to radiation. Conclusion: Radiation-induced lung TNF-α production correlates with early cell apoptosis and latent lung function damage. Inhibition of lung TNFR1 is selectively radioprotective for the lung without compromising tumor response. These findings support the development of a novel radioprotection strategy using inhibition of the TNF-α pathway.
A novel program disturb mechanism through erase gate in a 110nm sidewall split-gate Flash memory cell

In this paper, we present a new erase gate disturb mechanism during programming of selected cell for split-gate Flash memory. This type of disturb occurs on the programmed cell sharing the same erase gate as the selected cell. The disturb is due to electron-loss from floating gate to erase gate caused by low-field Fowler-Norheim (F-N) tunneling. We proposed a method that adds extra bias voltages at unselected control gates to suppress EG disturb without changing process or losing cell erasing performance. The measured result shows that 2.5V on the control gate of the unselected cell can reduce erase gate disturb efficiently.
Intraoperative laryngeal electromyography in children with vocal fold immobility: A simplified technique

Summary Objectives The primary objective of this study was to determine whether a simplified technique for intraoperative laryngeal electromyography was feasible using standard nerve integrity monitoring electrodes and audiovisual digital recording equipment. Our secondary objective was to determine if laryngeal electromyography data provided any additional information that significantly influenced patient management. Methods Between February 2006 and February 2007, 10 children referred to our institution with vocal fold immobility underwent intraoperative laryngeal electromyography of the thyroarytenoid muscles. A retrospective chart review of these 10 patients was performed after institutional review board approval. Results Standard nerve integrity monitoring electrodes can be used to perform intraoperative laryngeal electromyography of the thyroarytenoid muscles in children. In 5 of 10 cases reviewed, data from laryngeal electromyography recordings meaningfully influenced the care of children with vocal fold immobility and affected clinical decision-making, sometimes altering management strategies. In the remaining 5 children, data supported clinical impressions but did not alter treatment plans. Two children with idiopathic bilateral vocal fold paralysis initially presented with a lack of electrical activity on one or both sides but went on to develop motor unit action potentials that preceded recovery of motion in both vocal folds. Conclusions Our findings suggest that standard nerve monitoring equipment can be used to perform intraoperative laryngeal electromyography and that electromyographic data can assist clinicians in the management of complex patients. Additionally, there may be a role for the use of serial intraoperative measurements in predicting recovery from vocal fold paralysis in the pediatric age group.
TELEVISION AND ADOLESCENT CONVENTIONALITY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

The degree to which psychological involvement with television is associated with conventional values, attitudes, and behaviors among adolescent youth was investigated in two independent questionnaire studies of high school and college youth. The findings of both studies strongly suggest that involvement with television is associated with a syndrome of conventionality. These findings were consistent for younger and older adolescents, for males and females at both age levels, and for samples which differed markedly in a variety of other respects. Russell H. Weigel is a doctoral candidate at the University of Colorado. Richard Jessor is a Program Director in the Institute of Behavioral Science and Professor of Psychology at the University of Colorado.
Low-dimensional processing of still and moving images

The Karhunen-Loeve procedure for the processing of still and moving images is considered. The formulation is presented in terms of the singular value decomposition, an approach which makes it possible to treat moderate sized ensembles of high-resolution images or large ensembles of low-resolution images. Applications of the technique to several test problems, including data generated by numerical and laboratory simulations of fluid motion and digital images of human faces and animated lips, are reviewed. >
Supervised and Unsupervised Learning for Sentence Compression

In Statistics-Based Summarization - Step One: Sentence Compression, Knight and Marcu (Knight and Marcu, 2000) (KM Knight and Marcu use a corpus of 1035 training sentences. More data is not easily available, so in addition to improving the original K&M noisy-channel model, we create unsupervised and semi-supervised models of the task. Finally, we point out problems with modeling the task in this way. They suggest areas for future research.
Face recognition using synthesized intermediate views

This paper describes an approach to face recognition using synthesized intermediate views which are not in the training database but come in the test data set. A 3D face modeling procedure is used to create these synthesized views. This method is evaluated by correlating all synthesized views with real intermediate views.
Bounds for the coefficients of powers of the Δ-function

For k 1, let � ∞=k τk(n)q n = q k � ∞=1 (1 � q n ) 24k . It follows from Deligne’s proof of the Weil conjectures that there is a constant Ck so that |τk(n)| Ckd(n)n (12k−1)/2 . We study the value of Ck as a function of k, and show that it tends to zero very rapidly. 1. Introduction and statement of results For an integer r, define the numbers pr(n )b y ∞ � n=0 pr(n)q n = ∞ � n=1 (1 − q n ) r . For various values of r, these numbers capture important arithmetic objects. For example, when r = −1, we recover the classical partition generating function ∞ � n=0 p−1(n)q n = ∞ � n=1 1 1 − q n ,
Stereochemical Aspects of the Conjugation of Epoxide Metabolites of Butadiene with Glutathione in Rat Liver Cytosol and Freshly Isolated Rat Hepatocytes

Stereochemical Aspects of the Conjugation of Epoxide Metabolites of Butadiene with Glutathione in Rat Liver Cytosol and Freshly Isolated Rat Hepatocytes. Nieusma, J. L., Claffey, D. J., Ruth, J. A., and Ross, D. (1998). Toxicol. Sci. 43,102-109. 1,3-Butadiene (BD), a gas used widely in production and synthesis of rubber, plastics, and resins, is metabolized to three different epoxide metabolites: butadiene monoxide (BMO), butadiene bisoxide (BBO) and epoxybutanediol (ED). We have examined the role of stereochemist ry in the chemical and enzyme-mediated conjugation of R- and S-BMO; RR-, SS-, and meso-BBO; and SR-, RS-, RR-, and SS-ED with glutathione (GSH) using liver cytosol and freshly isolated hepatocytes from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Chemical and enzyme-mediated reactivity of BD-epoxides (5 mM) with GSH (0.1 mM) was assessed by measuring remaining GSH in solution using dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB). Chemical reactivity of BD epoxides with GSH was modest while addition of cytosol resulted in increased removal of GSH following exposure to each BD-epoxide. BBO stereoisomers resulted in the greatest cytosol-mediated removal of GSH (40-70%). BMO enantiomers removed 40-60% and ED stereoisomers removed 10-35% of GSH. Cytosol-mediated reactions with GSH were predictive of results observed in isolated hepatocytes where stereoselective depletion of GSH was observed following treatment with each class of epoxide metabolites. R-BMO depleted cellular GSH more rapidly and to a greater extent than S-BMO, SS- and meso-BBO were more potent than RR-BBO and SS- and SR-ED were more potent than RS- and RR-ED. These data demonstrate that enzymemediated reactions represent the primary mechanism of conjugation of BD-epoxides with GSH and that these reactions display marked stereoselectivity. o iws Socktr of
Preparation and thermal properties of asymmetrically substituted poly(silylenemethylene)s

Poly(silylenemethylene)s of the types [SiMeRCH 2 ] n and [SiHRCH 2 ] n were prepared by the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of 1,3-disilacyclobutanes (DSCBs) containing n-alkyl substituents, such as C 2 H 5 , n-C 3 H 7 , n-C 4 H 9 , n-C 5 H 11 , and n-C 6 H 13 , or a phenyl group on the Si. These new polymers include a monosilicon analog of poly(styrene), [SiHPhCH 2 ] n . Improved synthesis routes to the DSCB monomers were developed which proceed through Grignard ring closure reactions on alkoxy-substituted chlorocarbosilanes. All of these asymmetrically substituted polymers were obtained in high molecular weight form, except for [SiHPhCH 2 ] n . The configurations of all of the polymers were found to be atactic. The aryl-substituted polymers have higher glass transition temperatures (T g s) and thermal stability than those of the alkyl-substituted poly(silylenemethylene)s. Unlike the polyolefins of the type [C(H)(R)CH 2 ] n , where T g drops continuously from R = Me to n-Hex, the T g s of the n-C n H 2n+1 (n = 2-6)-substituted [SiMeRCH 2 ] n PSM's appear to reach a maximum (at -61°C) for the R = n -Pr-substituted polymer. Moreover, where it was possible to make direct comparisons among similarly substituted atactic polymers, all of the poly(silylenemethylene)s were found to have lower T g s than their all-carbon analogs.
Dendritic cell CNS recruitment correlates with disease severity in EAE via CCL2 chemotaxis at the blood-brain barrier through paracellular transmigration and ERK activation.

Transmigration of circulating dendritic cells (DCs) into the central nervous system (CNS) across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has not thus far been investigated. An increase in immune cell infiltration across the BBB, uncontrolled activation and antigen presentation are influenced by chemokines. Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a potent chemoattractant known to be secreted by the BBB but has not been implicated in the recruitment of DCs specifically at the BBB. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by injection of MOG35–55 peptide and pertussis toxin intraperitoneally. Animals with increasing degree of EAE score were sacrificed and subjected to near-infrared and fluorescence imaging analysis to detect and localize the accumulation of CD11c+-labeled DCs with respect to CCL2 expression. To further characterize the direct effect of CCL2 in DC trafficking at the BBB, we utilized an in vitro BBB model consisting of human brain microvascular endothelial cells to compare migratory patterns of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Further, this model was used to image transmigration using fluorescence microcopy and to assess specific molecular signaling pathways involved in transmigration. Near-infrared imaging of DC transmigration correlated with the severity of inflammation during EAE. Ex vivo histology confirmed the presence of CCL2 in EAE lesions, with DCs emerging from perivascular spaces. DCs exhibited more efficient transmigration than T cells in BBB model studies. These observations correlated with transwell imaging, which indicated a paracellular versus transcellular pattern of migration by DCs and T cells. Moreover, at the molecular level, CCL2 seems to facilitate DC transmigration in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. CNS recruitment of DCs correlates with disease severity in EAE via CCL2 chemotaxis and paracellular transmigration across the BBB, which is facilitated by ERK activation. Overall, these comprehensive studies provide a state-of-the-art view of DCs within the CNS, elucidate their path across the BBB, and highlight potential mechanisms involved in CCL2-mediated DC trafficking.
NON-LINEAR COUPLED TRANSVERSE AND AXIAL VIBRATION OF A COMPLIANT STRUCTURE, PART 1: FORMULATION AND FREE VIBRATION

A compliant tower in the ocean environment is modelled as a beam undergoing coupled transverse and axial motion. The equations of motion are non-linear and coupled and are derived here. The beam is assumed to be supported by a linear-elastic torsional spring at one end and with a point mass at the other end. Such a model is representative of numerous applications. The equations of motion and boundary conditions are obtained using Hamilton's variational principle. It is assumed that strains are small but the rotation is moderate compared to the strain so that the equations of motion for the axial and transverse motion are non-linearly coupled. The free response in vacua and the free response in water are considered in particular. The fluid forces, the added mass and drag forces, are modelled using a semi-empirical Morison equation. The resulting non-linear coupled partial differential equations are solved numerically using the finite difference approach. In Part 2 of this work, various forced responses are studied.
Clusters, bundles, arrays and lattices: novel mechanisms for lectin–saccharide-mediated cellular interactions

Multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions regulate essential cellular events, including cell proliferation, adhesion and death. These multivalent interactions can create homogeneous complexes of lectins, such as the galectins, with their saccharide ligands. Lectin-saccharide complexes can concentrate specific glycoproteins or glycolipids within the lattice, while excluding other cell surface molecules. The formation of lectin-saccharide lattices on the cell surface can thus organize the plasma membrane into specialized domains that perform unique functions.
Aromatic and Aliphatic CH Hydrogen Bonds Fight for Chloride while Competing Alongside Ion Pairing within Triazolophanes

Triazolophanes are used as the venue to compete an aliphatic propylene CH hydrogen-bond donor against an aromatic phenylene one. Longer aliphatic C-H...Cl(-) hydrogen bonds were calculated from the location of the chloride within the propylene-based triazolophane. The gas-phase energetics of chloride binding (ΔG(bind) , ΔH(bind) , ΔS(bind) ) and the configurational entropy (ΔS(config) ) were computed by taking all low-energy conformations into account. Comparison between the phenylene- and propylene-based triazolophanes shows the computed gas-phase free energy of binding decreased from ΔG(bind) =-194 to -182 kJ mol(-1) , respectively, with a modest enthalpy-entropy compensation. These differences were investigated experimentally. An (1) H NMR spectroscopy study on the structure of the propylene triazolophane's 1:1 chloride complex is consistent with a weaker propylene CH hydrogen bond. To quantify the affinity differences between the two triazolophanes in dichloromethane, it was critical to obtain an accurate binding model. Four equilibria were identified. In addition to 1:1 complexation and 2:1 sandwich formation, ion pairing of the tetrabutylammonium chloride salt (TBA(+) ⋅Cl(-) ) and cation pairing of TBA(+) with the 1:1 triazolophane-chloride complex were observed and quantified. Each complex was independently verified by ESI-MS or diffusion NMR spectroscopy. With ion pairing deconvoluted from the chloride-receptor binding, equilibrium constants were determined by using (1) H NMR (500 μM) and UV/Vis (50 μM) spectroscopy titrations. The stabilities of the 1:1 complexes for the phenylene and propylene triazolophanes did not differ within experimental error, ΔG=(-38±2) and (-39±1) kJ mol(-1) , respectively, as verified by an NMR spectroscopy competition experiment. Thus, the aliphatic CH donor only revealed its weaker character when competing with aromatic CH donors within the propylene-based triazolophane.
Narcissists’ social pain seen only in the brain

Narcissism is a complex phenomenon, involving a level of defensive self-enhancement. Narcissists have avoidant attachment styles, maintain distance in relationships and claim not to need others. However, they are especially sensitive to others' evaluations, needing positive reflected appraisals to maintain their inflated self-views, and showing extreme responses (e.g. aggression) when rejected. The current study tested the hypothesis that narcissists also show hypersensitivity in brain systems associated with distress during exclusion. We measured individual differences in narcissism (Narcissistic Personality Inventory) and monitored neural responses to social exclusion (Cyberball). Narcissism was significantly associated with activity in an a priori anatomically defined social pain network (anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex) during social exclusion. Results suggest hypersensitivity to exclusion in narcissists may be a function of hypersensitivity in brain systems associated with distress, and suggests a potential pathway that connects narcissism to negative consequences for longer-term physical and mental health-findings not apparent with self-report alone.
Molecular target validation, antimicrobial delivery, and potential treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infections

Toxoplasma gondii persistently infects over two billion people worldwide. It can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Existing treatments have associated toxicities and hypersensitivity and do not eliminate encysted bradyzoites that recrudesce. New, improved medicines are needed. Transductive peptides carry small molecule cargos across multiple membranes to enter intracellular tachyzoites and encysted bradyzoites. They also carry cargos into retina when applied topically to eyes, and cross blood brain barrier when administered intravenously. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO) inhibit gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. Herein, effect of transductive peptide conjugated PMO (PPMO) on tachyzoite protein expression and replication in vitro and in vivo was studied. Initially, sequence-specific PPMO successfully reduced transfected T. gondii’s fluorescence and luminescence. PPMO directed against T. gondii’s dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme necessary for folate synthesis, limited tachyzoite replication. Rescue with exogenous folate demonstrated DHFR PPMO‘s specificity. PPMO directed against enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR), an enzyme of type II fatty acid synthesis that is structurally distinct in T. gondii from ENR in mammalian cells was investigated. PPMO directed against plant-like Apetela 2 (AP2) domain transcription factor XI-3 (AP2XI-3), not present in human cells, was characterized. ENR and AP2XI-3 PPMO each restricted intracellular parasite replication validating these molecular targets in tachyzoites. DHFR-specific PPMO administered to infected mice diminished parasite burden. Thus, these antisense oligomers are a versatile approach to validate T. gondii molecular targets, reduce essential T. gondii proteins in vitro and in vivo, and have potential for development as curative medicines.
Use of a brief form of the stanford-binet intelligence scale (fourth) for gifted children

Abstract Area scores from a short-form version of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test (Fourth) were compared with scores calculated from the long-form version for 33 gifted children. Three of the five mean difference contrasts are significantly different: Means from the Abstract/Visual Reasoning subtests, the Short-Term Memory subsets and the Test Composite obtained from the short form were significantly lower than their corresponding means from the long form. Correlation coefficients between corresponding area scores and the TEst Composite were strong and statistically significant. Coefficients from the two forms ranged from .58 to .93. In general, practitioners using the short form recommended by the test authors should expect to obtain scores very similar to those obtained from administration of the complete battery. If differences occur, the differences will likely reflect slightly higher scores from the complete battery.
The availability of calcium from Mexican and Californian sesame meals.

Abstract IT HAS been reported that chicks can better utilize the zinc from animal proteins than from plant proteins, O’Dell and Savage (1957) and Moeller and Scott (1958). Smith et al. (1962) made similar observations with swine. O’Dell and Savage (1960) observed that the addition of phytic acid to animal protein diets decreased the availability of zinc for chicks. This observation and similar results with pigs (Oberleas et al., 1962) led to the hypothesis that the difference in availability between animal and plant protein is due to the phytate content of the plant protein. In a subsequent paper O’Dell et al. (1964) further corroborated this hypothesis since they found that the addition of phytic acid markedly decreased the biological availability of zinc whether complexed with the casein or simply premixed with glucose. On the other hand, Norris and Davis (1960), and McCall et al. (1961) indicated that a zinc protein-phytic acid …
Epstein-Barr Virus Recombinant Lacking Expression of Glycoprotein gp150 Infects B Cells Normally but Is Enhanced for Infection of Epithelial Cells

Glycoprotein gp150 is a highly glycosylated protein encoded by the BDLF3 open reading frame of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It does not have a homolog in the alpha- and betaherpesviruses, and its function is not known. To determine whether the protein is essential for replication of EBV in vitro, a recombinant virus which lacked its expression was made. The recombinant virus had no defects in assembly, egress, binding, or infectivity for B cells or epithelial cells. Infection of epithelial cells was, however, enhanced. The glycoprotein was sensitive to digestion with a glycoprotease that digests sialomucins, but no adhesion to cells that express selectins that bind to sialomucin ligands could be detected.
Application of the multiple PRF technique to resolve Doppler centroid estimation ambiguity for spaceborne SAR

The range correlation technique for resolution of Doppler centroid estimation ambiguity for a spaceborne SAR is reviewed. A new technique using multiple pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) is presented. An algorithm employing simple integer arithmetic for radar systems, such as moving target indicator radar (MTIR) systems, where the PRFs contain a large common divisor, is formulated. For SAR systems, where other performance factors control selection of the PRFs, an algorithm that uses PRFs of arbitrary numerical values is devised to resolve the ambiguity. The performance of this multiple PRF technique is analyzed using a statistical error model. An example is presented for the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) C-band SAR. >
Information-theoretic and statistical methods of failure log selection for improved diagnosis

Diagnosis of each failed part requires the failed data captured on the test equipment. However, due to memory limitations on the tester, one often cannot store all the failed data for every chip tested. Consequently, truncated failure logs are used instead of complete logs for each part. Such truncation of the failure logs can result in very long turn-around times for diagnosis because important failure points may be removed from the log. Subsequently, the accuracy and resolution of final diagnosis may suffer even after multiple iterations of diagnosis. In addition, the existing test response compaction techniques though good for testing, either adversely affect diagnosis or are highly sensitive to deviation from the chosen fault model. In this context, the industry needs dynamic selection of better failure logs that enhances diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a number of metrics based on information theory that may help in selecting failure logs dynamically for improving the accuracy and resolution of final diagnosis. We also report on the efficacy of these metrics through the results of our experiments.
Mother of Necessity: The Soil

Almost all the increase in future population will occur in developing countries where soil and water resources are already under great stress. The pressure on finite soil resources is likely to be exacerbated by global warming, soil degradation, pollution and decrease of available fresh water, urbanization and industrialisation, and increasing price of fertilisers. Here I describe five tenets of sustainable agriculture to improve crop yields and soil resources. The tenets are (1) enhancement of soil organic carbon and soil structure, (2) creating a positive nutrient budget, (3) soil restoration, (4) adapting agriculture to climate change, and (5) land saving technologies.
A reevaluation of specimens of Mesocoelium monas (Platyhelminthes: Digenea: Mesocoeliidae) from the Natural History Museum, UK and the United States National Parasite Collection, USA

A total of 67 specimens from the National History Museum, London, UK and from the United States National ParasiteCollection, Beltsville, USA, which had previously been identified as Mesocoelium monas Rudolphi, 1819 from a varietyof definitive hosts (amphibians, reptiles and a fish), were reevaluated using available literature and the keys to nine bodytypes of species developed by Dronen et al. (2012). Fifteen specimens were of insufficient quality to be placed into a bodytype. In the remaining 52, only four body types (mesembrinum, monas, lanceatum, and pesteri) were encountered. Noneof the 52 specimens conformed to either the original description of M. monas by Rudolphi in 1819 or the subsequent re-description by Freitas in 1958. Although some authors have proposed sweeping synonymies of species in the genus re-ducing the number of species to as few as four in a study by Nasir & Diaz in 1971, the results of the present study suggestthat there are likely numerous species worldwide. The usefulness of some characters in separating species of Mesocoelium is discussed.
People and the Land through Time: Linking Ecology and History

All ecosystems have a history of past human impacts, some obvious, others subtle, Emily Russell contends in this fascinating exploration of historical ecology. To understand the lingering consequences of human history on current ecosystems and landscapes, and conversely to understand the role that changing environments have played in human history, the author urges an interdisciplinary approach. Different disciplines working together can develop information that none alone can provide. History matters for all manner of ecological and environmental studies, both theoretical and applied, says Russell, and integration of these disciplines can assist us in dealing responsibly with our role in the biosphere.
On the Kinetics of Oxygen Clustering and Thermal Donor Formation in Czochralski Silicon

We report the results of an experiment of annealing Czochralski silicon at 450°C for up to 500 hrs. Concentrations of oxygen atoms (Ci) and thermal donors (TD) have both been monitored. Analyses of the oxygen concentration data yielded the apparent interpretation that the overall kinetics is dominated by the formation of small clusters (dimers and trimers). This cannot account for TD formation, since they are supposed to be larger clusters. On the other hand, analyses of existing TD kinetic models did not yield calculated Ci values to satisfactorily account for the present Ci data. We believe that a satisfactory TD model is not yet available.
The lost concept: The (re)emerging link between maturation and desistance from crime

Research on desistance or the process of ceasing criminal behavior has increased in recent years. This work has revealed a large number of factors that are related to desistance. To date, these explanations have been generally perceived as mutually exclusive and/or competitive. Interestingly, while research on desistance from crime has been a recent focus, certain work had examined crime over the life-course as far back as the early 20th century. In particular, the Gluecks offered one of the earliest “theories” of desistance, focusing on maturation. Their “maturation theory” was somewhat tautological and not well specified. However, the Gluecks were clear that further work was needed in order to specify what maturation means and how it relates to crime. In this article, five domains of maturation are articulated drawing on the literature in the life-course and developmental fields. It is argued that this new framework may help advance the criminological work on desistance.
Individual Colony Control of the Western Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis

Colonies of the western harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Cresson), treated individually, were more effectively controlled with Kepone®(decachlorooctahydro- 1,3,4-metheno-2 H -cyclobuta[ cd ]pentalen-2-one), aldrin, or dieldrin baits than with heptachlor or CS 202 [3 parts chlordane (100% assay) to 2 parts heptachlor (72% assay)] baits. Insecticide concentrations or 0.05%, 0.07% and 0.10% on the bait were more effective for colony control than the stronger concentrations; 0.12%, 0.25% or 0.50%. This result was due to rejection of the stronger baits by the ants. Colony control was equally good at bait rates ranging from 6.7 g to 40 g per mound and poorest at the 3.3 g per mound rate. In a second experiment mirex + corncob grits + soybean oil baits were more effective for P. occidentalis colony control than similar baits made with Kepone, sodium fluoroacetate ("1080”), heptachlor or CS 202.
The Incentives of Equity-Based Compensation and Wealth

This study estimates chief executive officers' (CEO) subjective valuation of their equity holdings using their revealed preferences conveyed by their decisions to hold or exercise their stock options and to hold or sell their equity shares. Using a random utility framework, I find that the subjective value of equity holdings is associated with both economic and behavioral factors, and that the impact of these factors varies considerably across CEOs. In addition, I find that most CEOs value their equity holdings below the corresponding risk-neutral value, which provides new insight relative to prior literature that examines how insiders value equity-based compensation. This study also provides preliminary evidence regarding the relationship between the sensitivity of CEOs' subjective value of their equity holdings to changes in stock price (subjective delta) and volatility (subjective vega) and future operating performance, investment and financial risk, and stock price performance. The results frequently diverge from those of prior studies that examine the relationship between risk-neutral equity portfolio deltas and these future performance measures. Collectively, the results of this study highlight the complexity of measuring the equity incentives construct and suggest that an executive's subjective valuation of equity is a critical component.
Vaccination during pregnancy.

Pregnant women and their newborns are susceptible to infectious diseases. Healthcare providers must have the knowledge to provide advice and to support the use of immunizations for women who wish to ensure a healthy pregnancy. Several vaccines are now available for adolescents and women of childbearing age. Vaccination during pregnancy has the potential to provide protection to both mother and infant. Influenza and tetanus/diphtheria vaccines are routinely recommended for pregnant women. Other vaccines are available for women at risk for infection due to exposure, underlying medical conditions or travel. Live vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy. Vaccines are underutilized in pregnancy due to safety, practical and liability barriers. To address physicians and patients’ concerns, research is ongoing to further support vaccination during pregnancy as an efficient, safe and effective strategy with significant potential to improve the health of women and their infants worldwide.
2011—2014 Yizhou AIDS Epidemic Situation Monitoring and Analysis

Objective To investigate the Yizhou HIV/AIDS epidemic characteristics and trends, and provide scientific basis for prevention and control strategies. Methods In 2011- 2014 Yizhou AIDS epidemic special report to analyze network data, analyze current situation and trend of the epidemic Yizhou. Results 2014 Yizhou new report found HIV / AIDS78 cases(HIV45 cases, AIDS33 cases), down 11.36 percent over 2013(88 cases). 2014 report 20 deaths, compared with 2013(39cases) fell 48.72%; Yizhou 2011 HIV antibody testing positive rate was 0.30%; the positive rate was 0.44% in 2012; the positive rate was 0.16% in 2013; 2014 The positive rate of 0.18%; Yizhou four years total positive rate 0.22%. Conclusion Yizhou AIDS through sexual transmission of HIV-induced / AIDS incidence is high, the relevant departments should strengthen behavioral intervention and management of HIV-infected patients to prevent the spread of AIDS.
Little evidence for Bergmann's rule body size clines in passerines along tropical elevational gradients

Aim To test whether intra- and interspecific patterns in body mass along elevational gradients follow Bergmann's rule for a subset of tropical montane passerines. Location Tropical elevational gradients in New Guinea, Borneo, Peru and Costa Rica. Methods I used linear regressions to assess intraspecific patterns in body mass along elevational gradients in common New Guinean passerines (2697 mist-netted individuals of 21 species). I then evaluated interspecific patterns using two data sets. First, I investigated differences in body mass in species pairs of elevational replacements, closely related species with minimal overlap along elevational gradients (species pairs; New Guinea: n = 45, Borneo: n = 22, Peru: n = 58 and Costa Rica: n = 30). Second, I used a comparative phylogenetic approach to test whether species’ mid-point elevations predicted their masses within entire passerine avifaunas found along single elevational gradients (species; New Guinea: n = 184, Peru: n = 529 and Costa Rica: n = 220). Results New Guinean passerines exhibited minimal intraspecific variation in mass along elevational gradients. In two species, lower elevation individuals had significantly larger masses than upper elevation conspecifics. In species pairs of elevational replacements, there was no trend for upper elevation species to have larger masses than lower elevation species. Overall, species pairs tended to have positive mass disparities (mass of upper elevation species/mass of lower elevation species). However, contrary to predictions of Bergmann's rule, mass disparity was unrelated to elevational overlap. When considering entire passerine avifaunas along single elevational gradients, species’ masses were uncorrelated with their mid-point elevational distributions. Main conclusions I found little evidence that tropical montane passerines have larger body masses at higher elevations where temperatures are colder. This lack of pattern was consistent across evolutionarily independent avifaunas of different biogeographical regions. These results suggest mean temperature is not a generally important driver of body size evolution in tropical montane passerines.
Changes of cortical oxidative metabolism and cortical oxygen tension in hypoxia, anoxia and ischaemia.

The changes of oxidative metabolism in mitochondria with hypoxia, anoxia and ischaemia were studied by a compensated fluorometer/reflectometer in rabbits. The NADH redox state exponentially increased with the decrease of cortical oxygen tension (CoPO2) which was recorded simultaneously under systemic hypoxia or anoxia. This correlation was statistically significant (p < 0.001). It is suggested that oxidative metabolism in mitochondria can be improved by rather small increases of CoPO2 in a severely ischaemic area. Focal cerebral ischaemia was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA-O) through a transorbital approach. The NADH promptly increased with MCA-O and reached a maximal level (29.9% from the control level on average) at 20-110 s of MCA-O. Then, it partially improved to 21.2% from the control level after 5 min of MCA-O, which was statistically less than the maximal reduction level. After 5 min of MCA-O, it was shown to be stable for up to 30 min of MCA-O. It appears that the partial ...
Competing Desires: How Young Adult Couples Negotiate Moving for Career Opportunities

Family migration often disadvantages women’s careers. Yet, we know little about the decision-making processes that lead to such outcomes. To address this gap, I conducted a longitudinal interview s...