cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MOLECULAR BASIS OF LUBRICATION

Abstract Lubrication is an art that has been practiced for thousands of years from the early days of our human civilization. The study of lubrication as a science began in the 17th century with the development of bearings and axles. In the early 21st century, the advent of automobiles and steam engines spurred the development of modern complex lubricants consisting of base oils and chemical additives. The development, however, has been mostly empirical in nature. The detailed mechanisms of the chemistry and why they worked were not understood. Rapid advancements in analytical instrumentations and techniques in the last several decades offer an unprecedented opportunity to analyze the complex chemistry and probe the surfaces for chemical evidence. Recent developments in nanotechnology provide further ability to examine phenomena and mechanisms at the nanometer level. As a result of these advances, our understanding of the complex lubrication system has improved significantly. This paper will attempt to provide a molecular basis of how lubricant and additives function in lubrication. Monomolecular thin films have been developed to investigate the fundamental mechanism of boundary lubricating films. Results provide additional insights of how antiwear films work in the lubrication system. Prospect for applying this know-how may result in a revolutionary change in our current lubricating technology.
Neutron scattering program at the high-flux isotope reactor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Abstract The neutron scattering facilities at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) make possible a full range of elastic and inelastic mcasurenients, from fundamental studies in solid state physics to applied measurements in materials science to engineering applications for industry. Several beam tube and instrument upgrades i n progress will make the instruments for triple-axis spectrometry, SANS, residual stress, reflectometry and powder diffraction among the brightest in the world.
Low-income parents' perceptions of technology: value-based design insights

Early diagnoses of developmental delays can lead to improved life outcomes. Families with a low socioeconomic status (SES) are less likely to notice concerns about their child's development and are also less likely to receive early intervention for their child. A qualitative study was conducted to learn about low SES parents' familiarity with technology and their current methods for learning about children's development. In order to deliver design insights for systems that could aid these parents to track their child's development, an emphasis was placed on not only learning about technology use but also the values that affect parents' preferences.
Employers Meet Families: Gender, Class and Paid Work Hour Differences Among U.S. Medical Workers

Most time-use research uses survey data to focus on individuals; it does not examine those individuals in the immediate social contexts?whether jobs, organizations or families?in which they operate (for some research on the context shaping work hours see Cooper 2002; Lambert 2008; Perlow 1998). This article examines not just how many hours people work, but why they work the hours and schedules they do. Two questions frame our project:
Index of Suspicion in the Nursery

A 4-day-old term female infant is being evaluated for fever, with a rectal temperature of 100.9°F (38.2°C), and an episode of oxygen desaturation to 70% while breathing room air. The mother reports that the infant had increasing fussiness. Prenatal care and delivery were within normal parameters. She denies use of illicit drugs and is unsure of her group B Streptococcus status. The infant has eight to nine wet diapers and about 10 bowel movements per day. She consumes 1 to 2 oz of regular infant formula every 3 hours. The only finding of note on physical examination is the fever. Her neck is supple and has no abnormalities. A full sepsis evaluation is performed, including a complete blood count and blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures. Respiratory syncytial virus antigen and influenza test results are negative. Radiographs of the chest and lungs appear normal. The infant is admitted and treatment with ampicillin and cefotaxime is begun. Thirteen hours later, the infant develops respiratory distress manifesting with stridor and desaturation while breathing room air. Physical examination at this time reveals a new cystic, moveable mass on the anterior triangle of her neck. Follow-up radiograph of the neck shows displacement of the trachea to the right. An 80% helium/20% oxygen mixture is started in the pediatric intensive care unit. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck and chest shows a 4.0×2.5-cm cystic lesion with an air-fluid level located in the anterior triangle of her neck slightly to the left of midline (Fig. 1). Thyroid study results are normal. Surgical removal of the cyst and histologic evaluation lead to the diagnosis. Figure 1. Computed tomography scan showing a cystic lesion with an air-fluid level in the anterior triangle of the neck. ### Hospital Course The patient was taken to the operating room the next day for neck exploration. …
Racial differences in perception of healthy body weight in midlife women: results from the Do Stage Transitions Result in Detectable Effects study.

OBJECTIVE Perception of healthy body weight may influence health behaviors, including physical activity level, nutritional habits, and health outcomes, and these perceptions may vary importantly by race. Midlife is a critical period for women that typically includes weight gain. We assessed the associations between perception of healthy body weight and body mass index (BMI) and whether they vary by race. METHODS In the Do Stage Transitions Result in Detectable Effects study, BMI and perception of body weight (healthy, underweight, or overweight) were measured at baseline examination. Multinomial logistic regression models examined the associations, with race (white vs black) as moderator variable. RESULTS Of 729 women enrolled, 689 women (95%; black, n = 145; white, n = 544) were included in these analyses. Even though the average BMI was higher for black women than for white women (33.1 vs 29.2 kg/m, respectively; P < 0.0001), black women were less likely to report that they weighed too much (relative risk ratio, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9; P = 0.022) and more likely to think that they did not weigh enough (relative risk ratio, 14.2; 95% CI, 1.8-110; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Although black women, in general, face a greater threat of morbidity from weight-related chronic diseases, they are more likely to be accepting of their weight at higher BMIs relative to whites. Weight loss interventions and counseling about healthy body size may influence healthy behavior and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
High harmonic generation by relativistic Thomson scattering

We discuss the first experimental observation of high-order harmonic generation via Compton scattering of a high-intensity laser beam from a laser-driven beam of megavolt-energy electrons. Novel scaling laws governing these processes are also derived theoretically.
Polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein affects transcription but not translation of mouse hepatitis virus RNA.

Abstract Polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein (PTB) has been shown to bind specifically to the 5′ ends of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) RNA and its complementary strand. To further characterize the function of PTB in MHV replication, we generated dominant-negative mutant cell lines that express a full-length PTB or a truncated form of PTB, which includes only the N-terminal half of the protein, retaining its protein-dimerization domain. The truncated form of PTB was localized in the cytoplasm, whereas the full-length PTB was present mainly in the nucleus. The truncated form can interact with the full-length PTB in vitro. We observed that both the full-length and the truncated PTB, when overexpressed, functioned in a dominant-negative manner in MHV replication. However, the truncated form exhibited more severe effects on syncytia formation, virus production, and synthesis of viral RNA and viral proteins. To clarify the precise function of PTB in MHV replication, we dissociated the processes of viral transcription from translation by transfecting different types of MHV defective-interfering (DI) RNA that contain various reporter genes into these stable cell lines. Transcription of the DI RNA during MHV infection was greatly inhibited in these cell lines, indicating that PTB modulates MHV transcription. In contrast, translation of the DI RNA was not affected by PTB depletion in in vitro translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate or by PTB overexpression in in vivo translation experiments in MHV-infected cells. Given that PTB interacts with the viral N protein, which is one of the components of the MHV replication complex, PTB may exert its function on viral replication/transcription by association with viral RNA as well as other viral and cellular factors in the replication complex.
NMR structure of hypothetical protein MG354 from Mycoplasma genitalium.

Mycoplasma genitalium (Mg) and M. pneumoniae (Mp) are human pathogens with two of the smallest genomes sequenced to date ({approx} 480 and 680 genes, respectively). The Berkeley Structural Genomics Center is determining representative structures for gene products in these organisms, helping to understand the set of protein folds needed to sustain this minimal organism. The protein coded by gene MG354 (gi3844938) from M. genitalium has a relatively unique sequence, related only to MPN530 from M. pneumoniae (68% identity, coverage 99%) and MGA{_}0870 from the avian pathogen M. gallisepticum (23% identity, coverage 94%), has no homologue with a determined structure, and no functional annotations.
TH-C-210A-03: X-Ray Based Imaging in Neurovascular Intervention — Requirements and Challenges

In the US, 795,000 people are expected to have a new or recurrent stroke in 2009. Ischemic stroke, which accounts for more than 80% of all strokes, carries a severe toll being the 3rd cause of death and the leading cause of disability. The cost of stroke, both direct and indirect, will exceed $60 billion this year alone. Hemorrhagic stroke on the other hand originates from rupture of brain aneurysms, which cause the vast majority of subarachnoid hemorrhage, a devastating medical emergency that affects more than 30,000 Americans each year and causes substantial disability and death. As in the coronary and peripheral vascular system, surgical treatment and medical management is progressively replaced by minimally invasive endovascular treatment. In recent years we have witnessed a rapid advancement in stent and stent‐like technology. Stents do not only serve for a combined intra‐ and extrasaccular treatment of challenging aneurysms, but assist the revascularization in acute and chronic ischemic conditions of the neurovascular system. In the Neuroangiography Suite x‐ray based imaging for guidance of devices and for monitoring brain perfusion during the intervention has experienced a quantum leap. Replacement of Image Intensifiers (II) with Flat Panel Detectors (FD) has enabled to increase the rotational speed of the system and its use as cone beam CT. Today angiography techniques do not only serve to characterize local flow alterations induced by vessel implants, but also study brain perfusion prior and during revascularization maneuvers. Detailed information of vascular structures is provided in conjunction with the surrounding brain tissue and vessel wall. Imaging of temporary or permanent implants is available with high resolution that is vital for a precise placement, treatment efficacy and patient safety.
Biochemical Properties of Two Protein Kinases Involved in Disease Resistance Signaling in Tomato

In tomato plants, resistance to bacterial speck disease is mediated by a phosphorylation cascade, which is triggered by the specific recognition between the plant serine/threonine protein kinase Pto and the bacterial AvrPto protein. In the present study, we investigated in vitro biochemical properties of Pto, which appears to function as an intracellular receptor for the AvrPto signal molecule. Pto and its downstream effector Pti1, which is also a serine/threonine protein kinase, were expressed in Escherichia coli as maltose-binding protein and glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, respectively. The two kinases each autophosphorylated at multiple sites as determined by phosphopeptide mapping. In addition, Pto and Pti1 autophosphorylation occurred via an intramolecular mechanism, as their specific activity was not affected by their molar concentration in the assay. Moreover, an active glutathione S-transferase-Pto fusion failed to phosphorylate an inactive maltose-binding protein-Pto(K69Q) fusion excluding an intermolecular mechanism of phosphorylation for Pto. Pti1 phosphorylation by Pto was also characterized and found to occur with a Km of 4.1 microM at sites similar to those autophosphorylated by Pti1. Pto and the product of the recessive allele pto phosphorylated Pti1 at similar sites, as observed by phosphopeptide mapping. This suggests that the inability of the kinase pto to confer resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato is not caused by altered recognition specificity for Pti1 phosphorylation sites.
Understanding the Evolution of Dynamics for an Intrinsically Disordered Protein

It is not fully understood how the evolution of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) differs from that of ordered proteins. It is currently thought that IDPs are capable of performing diverse roles in the body due in part to their dynamic nature. The formation of transient secondary structures by IDPs allows them to explore their environment and interact promiscuously with several ordered proteins. To explore the role of dynamics in IDP evolution we used our broad ensemble generation with reweighting method to generate ensembles of structures for the disordered protein p53 and naturally occurring mutants. We then used anisotropic network modeling to quantify the dynamics of these proteins and found a reduction in the root-mean-squared fluctuations for mutant structures compared to wildtype. Our results suggest that IDPs are under selective pressure to maintain high levels of structural dynamics.
DREM 2.0: Improved reconstruction of dynamic regulatory networks from time-series expression data

Modeling dynamic regulatory networks is a major challenge since much of the protein-DNA interaction data available is static. The Dynamic Regulatory Events Miner (DREM) uses a Hidden Markov Model-based approach to integrate this static interaction data with time series gene expression leading to models that can determine when transcription factors (TFs) activate genes and what genes they regulate. DREM has been used successfully in diverse areas of biological research. However, several issues were not addressed by the original version. DREM 2.0 is a comprehensive software for reconstructing dynamic regulatory networks that supports interactive graphical or batch mode. With version 2.0 a set of new features that are unique in comparison with other softwares are introduced. First, we provide static interaction data for additional species. Second, DREM 2.0 now accepts continuous binding values and we added a new method to utilize TF expression levels when searching for dynamic models. Third, we added support for discriminative motif discovery, which is particularly powerful for species with limited experimental interaction data. Finally, we improved the visualization to support the new features. Combined, these changes improve the ability of DREM 2.0 to accurately recover dynamic regulatory networks and make it much easier to use it for analyzing such networks in several species with varying degrees of interaction information. DREM 2.0 provides a unique framework for constructing and visualizing dynamic regulatory networks. DREM 2.0 can be downloaded from: http://www.sb.cs.cmu.edu/drem .
Particle formation in gases: A review

A review of recent progress on particle formation in gases for synthesis of materials is given focus in the session Particle Formation in Gases at the First International Forum on Particle Technology held in Denver, CO, in August 1994. Most of the papers dealt with powder synthesis from gases and, to a lesser extent, from suspended droplets. Major advances were reported on particle formation in flames, spray pyrolysis, agglomerate dynamics, reactor design and on formation of solid powders from sprays. This article summarizes the proceedings of the above session and highlights the most important results as they came across at the ensuing discussions.
Chemotactic factor-induced effects upon deformability of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

We have compared the effects of the synthetic chemotactic peptide,N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe), on the deformability and chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). By utilizing the technique of cell elastimetry (deformability), which measures the negative pressure required to aspirate cells into a micropipet, we have shown a correlation between f-Met-Leu-Phe concentrations and PMN deformability which parallels the effects of that chemoattractant on filter chemotaxis. At concentrations as low as 10−11 M, a change in the deformability characteristics of a population of neutrophils was demonstrated. The increase in deformability became most marked at peptide concentrations in the range of 1–5×10−9 M, corresponding to the optimal concentration range in the filter chemotaxis assay. Concentrations of 10−8 M and greater were associated with a significant increase in the negative pressure required to aspirate the cells into a micropipet. Alterations in PMN deformability, therefore, occur as a natural consequence of stimulation of a human PMN with a chemotactic factor and may be a prerequisite to efficient movement.
Body Temperature and Blood Chemistry Responses in Broiler Cockerels Given a Single Intravenous Injection of Na+ or Ca++ Before an Acute Heating Episode

Abstract Eight-week-old broiler cockerels were injected intravenously with avian saline containing additional Na+ as Na Cl or Ca++ as CaC12. After the injections half of the chickens were heated at 45° C. and the others were maintained at 24° C. Cloacal body temperatures were determined and blood samples were collected before heat exposure and at 30 minute intervals until the chickens had been heated for 120 minutes. Na+ did not affect body temperature of chickens in the 24° C. environment, but Na+-treated chickens in the 45° C. environment had significantly elevated body temperatures compared to the heated controls. Ca++ caused a significant decrease in body temperature of the non-heated chickens, but it was without effect in heated chickens. Neither Na+ nor Ca++ altered the responses of plasma glucose, cholesterol, and calcium during the heating episode. However, Ca++ caused a significant rise in plasma inorganic phosphate in non-heated chickens and prevented the rapid decline in the heated chickens. Na+ caused a significant fall in plasma inorganic phosphate in non-heated chickens, but it did not alter the plasma phosphate response to acute heat stress. The present experimental results suggest that Ca++ but not Na+ injection influences body temperature regulation in chickens in a moderate temperature environment, and suggests that Ca++ initially exerts a peripheral rather than a central effect in decreasing the body temperature.
Enhancement of thermoelectric performance with pressure in Ce0.8Fe3CoSb12.1

Abstract Transport properties (resistivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient) and sound velocities have been determined for the skutterudite Ce 0.8 Fe 3 CoSb 12.1 with pressure up to 14 GPa. From these measurements, high pressure anomalous features were found in all transport properties. By correlating these with results from previous x-ray work, it has been determined that there is likely an electronic topological transition in this material induced by pressure. This is possibly due to the known pressure variation of valence in the void-filling Ce atom and has been found to induce an improved figure of merit at higher pressures, which shows a nearly two-fold increase with applied pressure. At higher pressures, it was determined that this anomalous behavior is suppressed and is possibly induced by insertion of Sb from the cage into the remaining central voids of the structure, similar to that seen in the CoSb 3 parent compound.
USDA-ARS Research on Practices Compatible with Organic Agriculture for Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Vegetable Crops

Abstract The market for organically grown fruits and vegetables has been increasing in recent years, and research is vital for obtaining optimal quality and yields in organic production systems. Scientists at the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) are investigating methods for managing plant-parasitic nematodes on these crops, and studies that involve practices appropriate for organic vegetable production are reviewed in this paper. The projects summarized here focus primarily on suppression of root knot nematode species, including Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. hapla Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Projects from Florida include investigations of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and chitin amendments for management of nematodes on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). In South Carolina, research programs focus on the identificatio...
TFIID: A Closer Look Highlights Its Complexity

A shrewd cryo-EM study of the TFIID complex in this issue of Structure (Elmlund et al., 2009) has generated a markedly improved understanding of its structure and conformational dynamics. Accurate localization of TBP and other critical components, and a new understanding of TFIID interaction with promoter DNA answer some significant questions and pose interesting new ones.
Compositional Structure of Repetitive Elements is Quantitatively Related to Co-expression of Gene Pairs

A sequence similarity metric operating on 10 kb upstream regions of gene pairs quantitatively predicts a portion of co-variation of expression of gene pairs in large-scale gene expression studies in human tumors and tumor-derived cell lines. The signal on which the metric depends most strongly originates in the compositional structure of repetitive genomic sequences (particularly Alu elements) present in these upstream regions. This effect is completely separable from effects of isochore composition on gene expression. The results implicate repetitive elements with some functional role in transcriptional regulation of the specific genes in whose promoter regions they reside and lend credence to suggestions that the general phenomenon of repetitive element insertions may be a fundamental evolutionary mechanism for modulating gene transcription.
167. The Importance of “Youth Friendly” Clinical Environments for Linking Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Adolescents to Care

Purpose: Clinic-specific factors, including physical space and staff characteristics, are associated with linkage to care and engagement in care for newly diagnosed HIV-positive youth. Little research has addresses key components of “youth-friendly” clinical settings, especially for HIV-positive youth. Using data from an NIH, CDC, and Adolescent Medicine Trials Network (ATN) partnership research study, we describe the conceptualization and implementation of “youth friendliness” within the 15 ATN clinics.
Reactive Scattering with Row-Orthonormal Hyperspherical Coordinates. 2. Transformation Properties and Hamiltonian for Tetraatomic Systems

The formalism for tetraatomic reactive scattering using row-orthonormal hyperspherical coordinates is presented. The transformation properties of these coordinates under kinematic rotations and symmetry operations are derived, as are the corresponding Hamiltonian and volume element. Each of the nine operators which contribute to this Hamiltonian is kinematic-rotation invariant. Continuity conditions appropriate for the absence and presence of the geometric phase associated with conical intersections are described. It is concluded that the row-orthonormal hyperspherical coordinates are particularly well suited for calculations of reactive scattering in tetraatomic systems.
Comments on Edwards

Sebastian Edwards’ paper is divided into four main parts. First, he provides a brief review of the literature on the social rate of discount for public projects in closed economies. Second, he shows how one method of deriving a social rate of discount can be adapted for use in open economies. According to this method, if a country’s cost of borrowing from abroad rises with the amount of its external debt, the appropriate social discount rate is a weighted average of the private rate of time preference, the marginal rate of return in the private sector, and the marginal cost of foreign borrowing. Third, he reports empirical evidence which supports the view that a country’s cost of borrowing rises with its debt-output ratio. Fourth, using illustrative calculations he demonstrates that applying a closed-economy formula for the social rate of discount when an open-economy formula is appropriate can lead to a significant overestimate of the social rate of discount.
Chemotaxis of rhizoplane bacteria to amino acids comprising eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) root exudate

Scanning electron microscopy showed a large bacterial population on Zostera marina L. roots. The five dominant motile rhizoplane bacteria isolated were chemotactically attracted to Z. marina root exudate. Dansylation and thin-layer chromatography analysis of root exudate identified the presence of serine, threonine, glycine, alanine, and valine. When gentamicin sulfate was added during exudate collection, serine, and threonine were not detected. Exudate amino acids were shown to chemotactically attract motile rhizoplane isolates.
Advances in silicon photonic devices for silicon-based optoelectronic applications

Ever-increasing bandwidth demand in high-performance computing challenges the current copper interconnect technology. To overcome the bottleneck of the high data rate transmission, various alternative technologies have to be defined. Silicon-based optoelectronics could provide a low-cost solution for high speed interconnects for data center and enterprise. The enabling technologies rely on fundamental building blocks such as silicon-based laser, amplifier and modulator. In this paper, we review recent advances in the development of these photonic components. We describe the fast silicon modulator capable of transmitting data at a rate of 10 Gb/s and beyond. We also present silicon optical amplifier and laser based on stimulated Raman scattering.
Generation of Composite Surfaces With Bimodal Distribution and Contact Analysis for Optimum Tribological Performance

Most contact analyses assume that the surface height distributions follow a single modal distribution. However, there are many surfaces with multi-modal roughness distributions, e.g., magnetic particulate tape, super alloys with precipitates, and hydrophobic leaves. In this study, an algorithm is developed to generate bimodal surfaces by superimposing particles with radii following a Gaussian distribution on a Gaussian rough surface. Two different cases are presented to produce composite surfaces with particles; the first case is particles sitting on a surface and the other case is particles sitting on the mean plane of a surface. Statistical analysis is carried out for the generated bimodal surfaces to study the effect of the bimodal roughness distributions on the surface’s probability density function shapes. Contact analysis is also conducted to identify optimum bimodal roughness distributions for low friction, stiction, and wear. It is assumed that particles and matrix have uniform elastic properties as it is a reasonable assumption in some applications such as magnetic tapes. Variation of fractional contact area, maximum contact pressure, and relative meniscus force as functions of relative mean radius and relative standard deviation of particles are studied for different values of particle densities. It is found that bimodal surfaces with lower particle density are beneficial to low friction and stiction, whereas those with higher particle density are beneficial to low wear. Relative mean radii of particles of 2–3 in bimodal surfaces with particles sitting on surface and 3–5 in bimodal surfaces with particles sitting on the mean plane of surface are desirable for low friction, stiction, and wear.
Growth Trajectories of Early Aggression, Overactivity, and Inattention: Relations to Second-Grade Reading.

The link between behavior problems and low academic achievement is well established, but few studies have examined longitudinal relations between early externalizing behaviors before school entry and low academic achievement following transition to formal schooling. Early inattention has been particularly overlooked, despite strong associations between inattention and reading difficulties later in development. Trajectories of infant and toddler aggression, overactivity, and inattention, developed from parent reports about 1- to 3-year-old children, were examined as predictors of direct assessments of 2nd-grade reading in an at-risk epidemiological study subsample (N = 359). Reports of inattentive and overactive behaviors at ages 1-3 years and changes in inattention through toddlerhood predicted reading achievement in 2nd grade. A parallel process model suggested that the effects of early inattention on reading appear to be most robust. Findings underscore the contribution of social-emotional development to school readiness and the importance of early identification of children with externalizing problems, as early interventions designed to reduce externalizing problems may improve later reading skills.
A field instrument for detecting airborne halogen compounds.

A field instrument for continuously measuring the concentration of halogenated compounds has been developed. The principle of operation is based on the spark spectral increase which occurs in the presence of a halogen. The degree of spectral enhancement depends on the concentration of halogenated material present. The instrument can be zeroed in a contaminated atmosphere and has a detection limit of several parts per million for most chlorinated materials. This lightweight (13-pound) ac-powered instrument has a 50-mv recorder output, a choice of four ranges, and a full-scale response time of 3 to 5 seconds.
Morphine Preferentially Activates the Periaqueductal Gray – Rostral Ventromedial Medullary Pathway in the Male Rat: A Potential Mechanism for Sex Differences in Antinociception

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), and its descending projections to the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), provide an essential neural circuit for opioid-produced antinociception. Recent anatomical studies have reported that the projections from the PAG to the RVM are sexually dimorphic and that systemic administration of morphine significantly suppresses pain-induced activation of the PAG in male but not female rats. Given that morphine antinociception is produced in part by disinhibition of PAG output neurons, it is hypothesized that a differential activation of PAG output neurons mediates the sexually dimorphic actions of morphine. The present study examined systemic morphine-induced activation of PAG-RVM neurons in the absence of pain. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) was injected into the RVM to label PAG-RVM output neurons. Activation of PAG neurons was determined by quantifying the number of Fos-positive neurons 1 h following systemic morphine administration (4.5 mg/kg). Morphine produced comparable activation of the PAG in both male and female rats, with no significant differences in either the quantitative or qualitative distribution of Fos. While microinjection of FG into the RVM labeled significantly more PAG output neurons in female rats than male rats, very few of these neurons (20%) were activated by systemic morphine administration in comparison to males (50%). The absolute number of PAG-RVM neurons activated by morphine was also greater in males. These data demonstrate widespread disinhibition of PAG neurons following morphine administration. The greater morphine-induced activation of PAG output neurons in male compared with female rats is consistent with the greater morphine-induced antinociception observed in males.
Minor Tonality Music Preference and Oral Dependency

Abstract The literature on the affective connotations of musical tonality is reviewed, and the preference for minor (as opposed to major) tonality is hypothesized to relate to a stance of beseeching and need. This stance is congruent with the personality stereotype of oral dependence as it is formulated in psychoanalytic theory. Subjects (N = 108) were administered the Rorschach, which was scored for the psychosexual fixation areas by using content-scoring techniques; the subjects were also presented four musical passages, each of which was played on the piano in both major and minor key. Preference for minor tonality was shown to correlate with oral dependency, although the portion of variance accounted for by this relation was small. The modest confirmation of the hypothesis is discussed in the context of similar result patterns in other empirical studies of psychoanalytic theory.
CHOOSING THE BEST SOLUTION TO THE GPS INTEGRITY AND COVERAGE ISSUES

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has stated that use of the Navstar Global Positioning System as a sole means civil aviation radionavigation system requires that a user be quickly notified of out-of-tolerance conditions (the "integrity" issue) and that the system provides adequate coverage even with satellite failures (the "coverage" issue). These FAA concerns have prompted numerous research studies aimed at warning GPS users of anomalous conditions and improving satellite coverage. Approaches to the integrity issue include implementation of ground-based monitor stations to evaluate GPS signals (combined with various techniques to disseminate warnings to the users) and processing of redundant data within the GPS receiver to detect anomalies and autonomously provide warning. Approaches to the coverage issue include expansion of the Department of Defense(DoD) constellation· to 24 semisynchronous · satellites, augmentation by dedicated geosynchronous GPS satellites, and the addition of a civil GPS payload on existing geosynchronous civil weather satellites. Numerous publications have focused on technical solutions; however, selection of the best approach to resolving the coverage and integrity issues involves operational, institutional, economic, and international tradeoffs as well. This paper compares alternatives from these perspectives, using as a guide the criteria used in the Federal Radionavigation Plan for selection of a radionavigation system mix.
Induction of long-lived chromosome damage, as manifested by sister-chromatid exchange, in lymphocytes of animals exposed to mitomycin-C.

Abstract The cytogenetic effects of repeated vs. acute exposure to a chemical mutagen—carcinogen were determined with an in vivo system in which chemicals injected into rabbits induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). SCE induction can be monitored when the animal's peripheral lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and then scored for SCE frequency. Mitomycin-C (MMC), 0.5 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally once a week for 8 weeks. This treatment initially induced small increases in SCE frequency within one day of injection, followed by a return to control levels within 1 week. After the 4th injection, however, the frequency failed to return to normal. After the 5th injection it showed a 4-fold increase over the control which was sustained for the remaining 3 weeks of treatment and for an additional 2 weeks thereafter. The frequency then dropped to twice the control value and remained at this level for more than 4 months. All of the high SCE values after the first 4 weeks were due in part to the appearance and persistence of a population of cells with high SCE frequencies. Exposure to the same total dose given as a single injection resulted in a transient elevation in the SCE frequency and a subsequent return to lower values, with no evidence of a delayed effect such as the increase observed after 4 weeks in repeatedly exposed animals. Overall, repeated exposure is at least as effective as acute exposure in eliciting long-lived SCEs in vivo.
Frameless stereotaxy with scalp-applied fiducial markers for brain biopsy procedures: experience in 218 cases.

Object. The goal of this study was to develop and assess the use and limitations of performing brain biopsy procedures by using image-guided surgical navigation systems (SNSs; that is, frameless stereotactic systems) with scalp-applied fiducial markers. Methods. Two hundred eighteen percutaneous brain biopsies were performed in 213 patients by using a frameless stereotactic SNS that operated with either sonic or optical digitizer technology and scalp-applied fiducial markers for the purpose of registering image space with operating room space. Common neurosurgical and stereotactic instrumentation was adapted for use with a localizing wand, and recently developed target and trajectory guidance software was used. Eight (3.7%) of the 218 biopsy specimens were nondiagnostic; five of these (2.4%) were obtained during procedures in 208 supratentorial lesions and three were obtained during procedures in 10 infratentorial lesions (30%; p < 0.001). Complications related to the biopsy procedure occurred in eight pa...
EXITS FROM HOMEOWNERSHIP: THE EFFECTS OF RACE, ETHNICITY, AND INCOME*

ABSTRACT This paper examines the extent to which populations experiencing low homeownership rates in the U.S. also experience high homeownership exit rates. We determine whether low-income Hispanic and black households that achieve homeownership are as likely as white and high-income households to sustain it. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics spanning the years 1970–2005, we find that low-income homeowners consistently have higher homeownership exit rates, Hispanic households have higher raw exit rates prior to but not subsequent to 1997, and a black/white sustainability gap appears to arise post-1997.
Applying Public Participation Geographic Information Systems to Wildlife Management

Wildlife management increasingly incorporates public participation to be more inclusive and reduce tensions between management and the general public in the decision-making process. There is also a need, however, to include spatial data since most wildlife biological and biophysical data are stored spatially in geographic information systems (GIS). This article presents a method for integrating this information using public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS). We asked stakeholders to identify specific places on a map that they would like to see maintained for the conservation of particular threatened species. This information is useful for identifying public wildlife management preferences and for allowing comparisons between public and expert opinions. We found high levels of public accuracy in identifying suitable habitat for threatened species conservation. We also identified places of potential conflict due to incompatible stakeholder preferences, but found little conflict between public conservation and development preferences.
Total quality management: practice and outcomes in the largest US firms

The application of TQM practices has rapidly increased in US organizations over the past six years, particularly in organizations facing severe competitive pressures. A survey of the 1,000 largest companies shows that these practices fall into two main categories: core practices and production‐oriented practices. Companies perceive benefit in three areas: improvement of work performance, company competitiveness and profitability, and employee outcomes. Service organizations experience these benefits primarily from implementing core practices more extensively. Competitiveness and profitability in manufacturing organizations are positively affected by the implementation of the production‐oriented practices. Analysis of financial outcomes suggests that core practices are positively related to market share for manufacturing companies. Production‐oriented practices are positively related to return on equity and collaboration with suppliers in quality efforts is positively related to total factor productivity i...
A pattern decomposition algorithm for data mining of frequent patterns

Efficient algorithms to mine frequent patterns are crucial to many tasks in data mining. Since the Apriori algorithm was proposed in 1994, there have been several methods proposed to improve its performance. However, most still adopt its candidate set generation-and-test approach. In addition, many methods do not generate all frequent patterns, making them inadequate to derive association rules. We propose a pattern decomposition (PD) algorithm that can significantly reduce the size of the dataset on each pass, making it more efficient to mine all frequent patterns in a large dataset. The proposed algorithm avoids the costly process of candidate set generation and saves time by reducing the size of the dataset. Our empirical evaluation shows that the algorithm outperforms Apriori by one order of magnitude and is faster than FP-tree algorithm.
Nanoelectronics: Shuttle transport for single electrons.

A surface acoustic wave can be used to remove a single electron from a quantum dot, drag it along a nanowire, and deposit it in a second quantum dot.
Some metallabicyclo-octadienes and -nonadienes of dicyclopentadienyltitanium, - zirconium and -hafnium

Abstract Titanocene, zirconocene, and hafnocene dichlorides were reduced in the presence of terminally disubstituted 1,6-heptadiyne or 1,7-octadiyne to produce dicyclopentadienylmetallabicyclooctadienes and -nonadienes. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and 1 H and 13 C NMR spectrometry, and (C 5 H 5 ) 2 HfC 7 H 6 [Si(CH 3 ) 3 ] 2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques. The compounds crystallized in the triclinic space group P 1 in a unit cell of dimensions a 10.214(2), b 12.213(2), c 10.051(3) A, α 79.53(2), β 105.25(2), γ 96.26(2)° and V 1187.2(5) A 3 . Refinement was done to a final agreement for 3950 reflections with F 0 2 3σ( F 0 2 ) of R ( F ) = 0.042
Polarization discrimination fluorescence retrieval from reflectance spectra of algae in seawater: comparison of multicomponent Mie scattering and polarized radiative transfer models with laboratory and field tests

Previously, it was shown that it is possible to separate the elastic scattering from the chlorophyll fluorescence signal using a polarization discrimination technique. The separation procedure depends however fundamentally on the degree of polarization of the water leaving radiance. In this paper, we compare polarization effects and efficiency of the fluorescence retrieval by simulating the total and polarized reflectance of waterleaving radiances originating from elastic scattering in case 1 and case 2 waters using radiative transfer and multiple component Mie scattering programs. This is done by superimposing upon these reflectances the contribution of known fluorescence spectra, and by using our polarization discrimination procedure to invert the resulting data back into fluorescence spectra. It is shown that a Mie scattering code which does not take into account multiple scattering effects can strongly overestimate the degree of polarization for case 1 and case 2 waters as well as reflectances in the green part of the spectra. Making use of these results we propose and evaluate an improvement for the traditional height over baseline fluorescence extraction method which strongly overestimates fluorescence value for case 2 waters. For our approach we use inverse absorption spectra of water and chlorophyll a scaled up and fitted to the reflectance spectra in the red and near IR bands with the subsequent retrieval of the fluorescence spectrum and chlorophyll a concentration. Results and potential of this approach are discussed.
Ablation of hard dental tissues with an ArF-pulsed excimer laser

ABSTRACT The interaction of lSns pulses from an ArF excimer laser with hard dental tissue was investigated for the purpose of obtaining practical information on the ablation process. Dark field fast photography utilizing anauxiliary, lSns Nd:Yag laser 'probe', was used to study the ablation plume dynamics as a function of time,fluence, and pulse repetition rate (prr). In addition, ablation efficiencies, surface temperatures, and spectral luminescence were studied at different fluence levels and prr. Dentin ablation was found to be about four times asefficient as ablation of enamel in the higher fluence levels tested (> 1OJ/cm2) and about twice as efficient as the ablation in the lower fluence regime (—1J/cm2). The dentin etch depth per pulse was found to increase exponentially with fluence (at least up to the tested level of 1 1J/cm2), while in enamel the etch depth per pulseappears to increase logarithmically with fluence. Dentin ablation yields a larger, more dense plume which can beejected (depending on the fluence level) to a height of several millimeters above the surface with observed ejection
Evidence for a multicomponent sex pheromone in the yellowheaded spruce sawfly.

The existence of a female-produced sex pheromone in the yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) was demonstrated by field and greenhouse bioassays. Virgin females, their empty cocoons (with which they were confined during handling procedures), and the hexane extract of these cocoons were attractive in the field. The only Florisil fraction of this extract consistently attractive by itself was that eluted with hexane, but three, more polar fractions (eluted with 5%, 25%, and 50% ether in hexane) each synergized the hexane fraction, increasing bioassay responses 10–30 times. Fractions derived directly from virgin females yielded comparable results. The greenhouse data corroborated the field data, except that the 5% ether-hexane fraction, while very synergistic in the field, was consistently inactive in the greenhouse.
Supply-Side Dreams: Composition, Technology, and the Circular Logic of Class

Abstract Specialists in computers and composition have argued that literacy educators can acquire the technological expertise to make students critically as well as functionally literate users. But acquiring such expertise imposes costs that are not distributed evenly among those who are being urged to take on these roles. Composition's revision of its mission to make compositionists players in the fast-moving world of futuristic innovation can exacerbate class divisions, as scholars with the resources to develop technological expertise define such expertise as the mark of a socially responsible educator, simultaneously naming those with fewer resources as less deserving others and forcing those others to live with decisions made far beyond their socioeconomic spheres. To explore these implications for class within a technologically advanced academic environment, this article examines the shift from Indiana University's in-house course management software, Oncourse, to a new, more sophisticated version, ultimately recommending that experts in computers and composition resist self-identification as “pioneers” and choose instead the role of “representatives” for others who are differently situated in the field.