cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malignancy among adult heart transplant recipients following patient-tailored dosing of anti-thymocyte globulin: a retrospective, nested case-control study of individualized dosing.

Post-transplant malignancy is diagnosed in approximately 18% of heart transplant patients and is a leading cause of death post-transplant. One modifiable risk factor is the type and amount of immunosuppression received. Contemporary rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) dosing strategy using T-cell-guided dosing, and its effect on malignancy in heart transplant patients is unclear. This was a single-center, retrospective chart review of heart transplant recipients receiving rATG for induction. Patients diagnosed with malignancy post-transplant were matched 1:2 to controls using a nested case-control design. The primary endpoint was to determine the relative risk of rATG exposure with the actual incidence of malignancy post-transplant. The secondary endpoint was the impact of maintenance immunosuppression on malignancy risk. Of the 126 patients included in the study, 25 developed malignancy and were matched to 50 control patients. The median cumulative rATG dose in milligrams (mg) between groups was 365 mg in malignancy cases and 480 mg in controls (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.75-1.08, P = 0.28). In both the univariate and multivariable analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in malignancy risk found with any maintenance immunosuppressant. The results of this study showed that patient-tailored rATG dosing strategies may not be associated with malignancy development as previously thought.
Reliability-based control co-design of horizontal axis wind turbines

Wind energy is one of the fastest-growing energy sources due to its cleanness, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. In the past, wind turbine design studies focused primarily on a sub-system or single-discipline design and analysis, including control, structural, aerodynamic, and electro-mechanical studies, for example. More recent studies formulated wind turbine design problems using multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) strategies, with either static or dynamic system models, providing the potential for identifying system-level optimal designs. On the other hand, efforts have also been made to increase the reliability and robustness of wind turbines by accounting for various sources of uncertainty explicitly in the design process. In the presented study, the MDO formulation of wind turbine design problem has been extended to include both control system co-design and reliability considerations in an integrated manner. As a result, the optimal wind turbine design that has an optimal control solution and is robust to uncertainties can be obtained at an early design stage, which would benefit the controller design and maintenance design at latter phases. In this paper, the design of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) supported by a tubular tower is considered and formulated as a multi-objective control co-design problem with design parameter uncertainties and stochastic wind load. A physics-based multidisciplinary dynamic model of tubular-tower-supported pitch-controlled HAWT that captures the main design conflicts under extreme wind is provided and implemented, along with the necessary modifications to make nested control co-design comply with modern reliability-based design optimization structures, forming a new class of reliability-based co-design (RBCD) problems. In particular, we provide detailed discussions about RBCD problem formulations and implementation strategies, and with the HAWT design problem, we demonstrate the results and computational costs with integrated double-loop, single-loop, as well as decoupled methods.
Novel embedded low impedance design method approach for MMIC applications

A simple method for creating low impedance lines using embedded structures is presented. Measured results in a edge embedded CPW architecture show a 50% reduction in length compared to a surface structure. The reduction is due to an increase in capacitance of the embedded design resulting from a larger capacitive area and effective dielectric constant.
Paging and Registration in Mobile Networks

Mobile units in a communication network vary their points of attachment over time. The resultant uncertainty in unit location must be resolved before information can be routed to the unit. Paging is a process whereby the system searches for the unit in likely locations. Registration is a process whereby the user registers its current location. Both require precious signaling bandwidth which leads to a variety of optimization problems. This article introduces the basic ideas behind paging and registration and also provides theoretical underpinnings along with citations to allow exploration of the topic in greater depth. Keywords: mobility management; location area; mobility index; call to mobility ratio; paging; registration; mobility modeling; location probability distribution; mobility profile
Cratering of Terrestrial Planets: Brief Review

Analysis of cratering on all terrestrial planets and satellites has produced tools to study (1) the past meteoroid and planetesimal environment, (2) the erosive environments of planetary surfaces, and (3) the relative and absolute ages of planetary surface units. Important findings include a decline in lunar crater production rate from a value 4 × 109 years ago that was thousands of times higher than the present, to present values which have been relatively constant for 2 to 3 × 109 years; evidence for an erosive period or periods on Mars that degraded many Martian craters but declined substantially at some time in the past; and the concept of destruction of primeval planetary surfaces by early intense cratering and production of a mega-regolith.
Transient signal detection using GPS measurements: Transient inflation at Akutan volcano, Alaska, during early 2008

[1] Continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) networks record station position changes with millimeter-level accuracy and have revealed transient deformations on various spatial and temporal scales. However, the transient deformation may not be easily identified from the position time series because of the large number of sites in a network, low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and correlated noise in space and time. Here we apply state estimation and principal component analysis to the daily GPS position time series measured in Alaska sites of the Plate Boundary Observatory network. Our algorithm detects a transient signal, whose maximum displacement is ∼9 mm in horizontal and ∼11 mm in vertical, that occurred at Akutan volcano during the first half of 2008. A simple Mogi source inversion suggests inflation at shallow depth (∼3.9 km) beneath the volcano. Although the detection was not easy because the signal was aseismic, non-eruptive and weak (not apparent in raw daily time series), our detection method improves the SNR and therefore provides higher resolution for detecting the transient signal.
Children of Imprisoned Fathers

John Bowlby's influential 1951 World Health Organization monograph, Maternal Care and Mental Health, pointed to a causal relationship between loss of maternal care and disturbed personality development, and had a profound effect on psychiatrists' thinking about antisocial behavior in particular, and character formation in general. More recently, psychiatric investigators have been increasingly interested in the effects of a child separation from his father. This has been stimulated by sociological concerns for one-parent, fatherless families (Adams, 1973) and by our realizing how historically neglected has been the paternal role in theories of child development. Herzog and Sudia (1971) have recently compiled an extensive bibliography of the fatherless family. Numerous clinical studies of loss of the father, through death (Nagera, 1970; Wolfenstein, 1966; Bonnard, 1964), suicide (Cain and Fast 1966), divorce (McDermott, 1970), military service (Crumley and Blumenthal, 1973), occupations (Rosenfeld et al., 1973), desertion (Thomes, 1968), and mental hospitalization (Schiff, 1965), have all reported various adverse effects, particularly on male children. It has been difficult, however, to sort out the effects of the loss itself from more general prevailing and prior family relationships. My interest in this subject was quickened when I began to see boys brought to a neighborhood clinic for aggressive and antisocial behavior soon after their fathers were imprisoned. I was impressed by the lack of reports in the literature on this form of father separation. I am presenting here my clinical observations of six families seen over a three-year period as part of a general child psychiatric experience at a comprehensive neighborhood health center sponsored by the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Although there are obvious selection biases that limit generalization when families referred to psychiatrists are the only source of information, it seems a useful place to begin an examination of the consequences for children of father-separation as a result of imprisonment. Language: en
A leptophobic Z′ and dark matter from grand unification

Abstract We explore the phenomenology of Grand Unified Models based on the E 6 group, focusing on the Z ′ with suppressed couplings to leptons that can appear in such models. We find that this Z ′ can accommodate the W + dijets anomaly reported by the CDF Collaboration. Furthermore, a viable dark matter candidate in the form of a right-handed sneutrino is also present within the fundamental 27-dimensional representation of E 6 . Through its sizable couplings to the Z ′ , the dark matter is predicted to possess an elastic scattering cross section with neutrons which can generate the signals reported by the CoGeNT and DAMA/LIBRA Collaborations. To avoid being overproduced in the early universe, the dark matter must annihilate to leptons through the exchange of charged or neutral fermions which appear in the 27 of E 6 , providing an excellent fit to the gamma ray spectrum observed from the Galactic Center by the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope.
Antihypertensive drugs and the risk of idiopathic aplastic anaemia

Aims A recent report has raised concern that nifedipine may be associated with an increased risk of aplastic anaemia. This large population-based study evaluated the risk of idiopathic aplastic anaemia in users of calcium channel blockers compared with that of other antihypertensive drugs. Methods The study was based on information derived from the General Practice Research Database. We conducted a follow-up study with a nested case-control analysis of 322 448 subjects who received antihypertensive drugs. Cases were people who had a first-time diagnosis of aplastic anaemia during January 1, 1988 through September 30, 1997. The risk estimate of aplastic anaemia was calculated for all antihypertensive drugs. For the nested case-control analysis, six controls were matched to each case on age, sex and general practice attended. Odds ratios compared the risk of idiopathic aplastic anaemia for all antihypertensive drugs relative to nonusers. Results There were 13 cases of newly diagnosed idiopathic aplastic anaemia. The estimated risk of aplastic anaemia per 100 000 users was 0.8 (95% CI 0.1, 4.7) for calcium channel blockers, 1.4 (95% CI 0.5, 4.1) for β-adrenoceptor blockers, 2.3 (95% CI 0.6, 8.6) for angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and 5.9 (95% CI 1.6, 21.5) for users of other antihypertensive drugs. In the case-control analysis of 13 cases and 77 controls, the odds ratio was 0.3 (95% CI 0.02, 3.3) for calcium channel blockers, 0.5 (95% CI 0.1, 2.5) for β-adrenoceptor blockers, 0.7 (95% CI 0.1, 5.6) for ACE inhibitors, 1.2 (95% CI 0.1, 11.8) for users of other antihypertensive drugs and 0.7 (95% CI 0.1, 7.2) for users of multiple drugs with a calcium channel blocker compared with nonusers. Conclusions The present study suggests that the use of calcium channel blockers is not associated with an increased risk of aplastic anaemia.
From Cosmogony to Exorcism in a Javanese Genesis.

From Cosmogony to Exorcism in. Javanese Genesis. Stephen C. Headley. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 250 pp.
Reactions of halogens with hydrogen halides. Studies in the Cl2 + HBr system

The following net processes occur in a system containing chlorine and hydrogen bromide: These reactions have been followed spectrophotometrically in a gas phase stopped flow apparatus. The first two reactions are strongly surface catalyzed on untreated glass or quartz, but are much slower if the cell surface has been covered with silicone and photochlorinated. Rates in such systems are first order in each reactant, and comparable limiting rate constants have been obtained in cells with different methods of preparing the surfaces and with different surface-to-volume ratios. These experimental rate constants must be equal to or greater than those of the homogeneous bimolecular reactions. Then limiting rate constants at 35°C in liters per mole per second are k1 ≤ 0.8, k2 ≤ 15, and k3 ≤ 0.04. Reactions of HI with Cl2, Br2, and ICl are all much faster than reaction (2). These observations and those of other diatomic molecule reactions can be rationalized if halogen and hydrogen halide molecules react through a transition state in which the hydrogen atom is near the center of a triangle of three halogen atoms.
Burning clinker for high-alumina cement in a rotary kiln

We prepared clinker for high-alumina cement in a rotary kiln and determined the material balance in firing when preparing the raw mixtures with two methods: granulation in a plate granulator and briquetting on a roller press. It is shown that much less dust removal (4%) is ensured by firing the briquets obtained on the roller press. The aluminous cement obtained with this technology has a high graded strength.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RUBIDIUM, CESIUM AND BARIUM IN THE OCEANS

Abstract Rubidium, cesium and barium have been determined in several oceanic profiles by a neutron activation procedure based on the extraction of salt from 100 ml. samples by freeze-drying. Assuming a constant strontium-chlorinity ratio of 0.0425, strontium was used as an internal flux monitor. For 19.0% chlorinity the average concentrations of these three elements are 125 μg Rb/1. (10 samples), 0.30 μg Cs/1. (28 samples), and 13 μg Ba/1. (6 samples) with very little variation with depth or geographic location. Rubidium and cesium apparently are not efficiently transported to great depths by organisms, and cesium at least is not in exchange equilibrium with deep-sea clays. The barium data are for six stations only, mainly from areas of low productivity and low barium concentrations in associated deep-sea sediments. High oceanic barium values might be expected in areas of high productivity and associated high barium in deep-sea sediments.
The interaction of boron halides with 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disilacyclobutane

Abstract The exothermic reaction of BX3 (X = F, Cl, Br) with 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3disilacyclobutane (I) gave the ring-cleavage product XMe2SiCH2Me2SiCH2BX2 (II) in almost quantitative yield. The order of activity was BBr3 > BCl3 > BF3. Heating compounds of structure II at 180°C for 40 h did not affect IIa (X = F) but caused a complete rearrangement of IIc (X = Br) to BrMe2SiCiH2MeBrSiCiH2BMeBr (IIIc). Compound IIb (X = Cl) was incompletely (65%) converted to ClMe2SiCH2MeClSiCH2BMeCl (IIIb) under the stated conditions. It was concluded that the thermal rearrangement most likely proceeded by an intramolecular mechanism since only one isomer was found.
Relation between toxicity and carcinogenesis in the kidney: an heuristic hypothesis.

Cellular toxicity and cellular carcinogenesis are closely linked. In the kidney, this relationship has been emphasized by the recent discovery of a number ofputatively non-mutagenic chemicals that result in acute and chronic toxicity and ultimately in carcinogenesis, especially in the male rat. Many, but not all such compounds, result in renal PTE phagolysosomal overload. At the same time, known metabolites of other carcinogens, e.g., HCBD and FBPA, result in acute renal injury andlor necrosis, followed by chronic tubular disease, interstitial nephritis, and ultimately carcinogenesis. A series of cell mechanisms have been suggested that lead from acute cell injury to altered control of cell division. These mechanisms appear to involve ion deregulation, (especially [Ca 2+]i) resulting from a variety of continued injuries, (e.g., oxida-tive stress from inflammatory cells) and ultimately leading to altered gene expression.
THE INHERITANCE OF RUBRICALYX BUD COLOR IN CROSSES WITH OENOTHERA LAMARCKIANA.

Some years ago(2) the cross between Oenothera Lamarckiana and Oe. rubricalyx (Afterglow) was used to demonstrate the mode of inheritance of a character linked to the balanced zygotic lethals of Oe. Lamarckiana. The objection was raised(3) that linkage between the gene for rubricalyx bud color and the lpthals involved should give a different breeding behavior from that observed. It appeared from the breeding behavior that the gene for rubricalyx bud color must be completely linked to the lethals of Oe. Lamarckiana in certain plants of similar parentage to others in which the gene was independent of the lethals. At the time this seemed an anomalous situation. The crosses between Oe. Lamarckiana and Oe. rubricalyx have been repeated and a check has been kept on the chromosome configurations of the various hybrids in an attempt to determine the cause of the differences in the linkage relationships.
Teacher-Child Interactions and Preschool Children's Perceptions of Self and Peers

This study examined connections between teacher-child interaction and children's perceptions of self and peers. Forty-seven predominately white, middle-class preschoolers (twenty-seven boys, twenty girls; forty European-American, two Hispanic, two African-American, three Asian) were observed during indoor and outdoor activity at their preschool over a period of four months. Children's time spent interacting with teachers, as well as children's cooperative behavior, emotional expressions, and aggression toward teachers was assessed. In addition, children participated in interviews designed to assess their self-perceptions and perceptions of peers. Results revealed that girls spent more time interacting with teachers than boys, and had more cooperative and positive interactions with teachers than did boys. Correlation analyses indicated that the quality of teacher-child interaction was differentially linked to boys' and girls' self-perceptions and perceptions of peers. The implications of interactions betwe...
Fall and spring somatic energy content for Alaskan Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi Valenciennes 1847) relative to age, size and sex

Abstract During the fall of 1995 and spring of 1996, the whole body energy content (WBEC) of Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasi Valenciennes 1847) from Prince William Sound, Alaska, was examined. Somatic energy (kJ·g −1 wet wt.) exhibited a wide range of values relative to fish length. In the fall young of the year (YOY) recruits had an average of 5.7 kJ·g −1 wet wt. for whole body samples vs. 8.0 for age 1 and 9.4–10.2 kJ·g −1 for fish of ages 2 to 7. The following spring the 1995 year class which had just survived their first winter averaged 4.4 kJ·g −1 wet wt. for somatic samples, and age 1 fish had similar values, while herring ages 2 to 7 had WBEC>5 kJ·g −1 . The difference in somatic energy content between adult male and female fish captured in fall and again in the spring just prior to spawning, was about 4 kJ·g −1 wet wt., or about a 40% change. The difference in mean values for somatic energy content for YOY herring was only about 1.4 kJ·g −1 suggesting either the recruits ate more food during the winter than the adults, had lower energetic needs, or only those with higher than average energy stores survived the winter. The fall measures of WBEC showed the YOY and age 1 fish stored markedly less energy to over-winter than older herring. Thus, energetically the recruiting year class, and those entering their second winter, are the most at risk of over-winter mortality.
Laparoscopic Reconstructive Urology

ABSTRACTPurpose: Although laparoscopy has emerged as a feasible and effective alternative for a majority of open ablative abdominopelvic urological procedures, minimally invasive reconstruction has come to the forefront only recently. We present the current state of the art of laparoscopic reconstructive urology.Materials and Methods: We conducted an extensive MEDLINE search of purely laparoscopic surgery from 1976 through 2002. Based on the results, we divide clinical reconstructive laparoscopic procedures into 2 broad categories—established and evolving. Each category is further classified according to the organ involved—adrenal and kidney, ureter (evolving only), bladder and prostate, and miscellaneous. Clinical procedures were considered established if our literature review revealed any report of more than 100 patients, or reports from at least 5 different centers greater than 20 patients each. If these criteria were not met, the procedure was considered clinically evolving.Results: Laparoscopic recon...
Turbulent viscous shock layer solutions for Jovian entry at small angles of attack

The equations governing the laminar and turbulent flows of reacting gas mixtures in chemical equilibrium over axially symmetric blunt bodies at small angles of attack are developed and presented in the unsteady conservative form. Solutions are obtained in the planes of symmetry of the flow field for the typical conditions encountered by a probe entering the Jovian atmosphere at small angles of attack. The eddy-viscosity is approximated by a two-layer model. The shock wave is treated as a discontinuity across which the shock relations are used to compute the flow conditions behind the shock. A time-asymptotic finite-difference method is used to solve the equations. The zero angle of attack results for a hyperboloid are compared with the existing results but neither experimental nor computational results are available for comparison with the present results at angle of attack.
Reductive dehydration of butanone to butane over Pt/γ-Al2O3 and HZSM-5

Abstract We show that butanone can be reacted to form n-butane in an isothermal reactor containing a 1 wt.% Pt/γ-Al2O3 and an HZSM-5 catalyst (total mass of 12–400 mg, Si/Al = 11.5) below 160 °C with up to 99% selectivity and 67% yield. The catalyst loading (12–400 mg) and temperature (100–250 °C) were varied to obtain primary products whose selectivities decreased with conversion and secondary/tertiary products whose selectivities increased with conversion. As conversion increased, the selectivities of butanol and butene decreased, showing the formation of butane from butanone through a series reaction pathway: butanone → 2-butanol → butene → butane. Butane selectivity increased as the temperature was increased from 100 to 200 °C when compared at similar conversions due to higher dehydration rates over the zeolite. Processing ketones at low temperatures over bifunctional catalysts may be an efficient means of obtaining high yields of stable paraffins from reactive oxygenates.
Some advances in non‐linear and adaptive modelling in time‐series

This paper considers some recent developments in non-linear and linear time series analysis. It consists of two main components. The first emphasizes the advances in non-linear modelling and in Bayesian inference via the Gibbs sampler. Advantages and the usefulness of these advances are illustrated by real examples. The second component is concerned with adaptive forecasting. This shows that linear models can provide accurate forecasts provided that the parameters involved are estimated adaptively. In particular, we focus on forecasting long-memory time series. Again, a real example is used to illustrate the results.
Effect of etodolac on the prostaglandin concentrations in the kidney of the normal rat

The effect of acute and subchronic dosing with etodolac on the renal PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations in the normal rat were studied. Etodolac and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were administered orally, at equieffective antiinflammatory doses, to normal rats either as a single dose or as seven daily doses. Whole kidney prostaglandin (PG) concentrations were measured. In the acute study, etodolac (3 mg/kg) did not significantly lower the PGE2 levels for up to 4 hr postdosing. In contrast, naproxen (3 mg/kg) and piroxicam (0.5 mg/kg) significantly decreased the PGE2 levels to about 20% and 60% of control, respectively. Similar reductions in 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations were observed. In the subchronic study, etodolac (3 mg/kg/day) did not lower either PGF2 or 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations whereas naproxen (3 mg/kg/day), piroxicam (0.5 mg/kg/day), indomethacin (1 mg/kg/day), and aspirin (300 mg/kg/day) significantlydecreased both PGs. In both studies, the effect of etodolac was significantly different from that of the NSAIDs. It is concluded that etodolac possesses only a very weak capacity to lower renal PGs, and therefore is unlikely to cause any renal complications related to PG biosynthesis inhibition.
Relationship Between Physiological Age and Fecundity in Culex Salinarius (Diptera: Culicidae)

The relationship between increasing physiological age and fecundity in Culex salinarius was studied under laboratory conditions. Fifty females completed an average of 3.2 ± 0.2 (range 1–5) gonotrophic cycles, resulting in the production of an average of 327.0 ± 13.0 total eggs per female. Egg production was highest during the 1st cycle (172.1 ± 5.6) and decreased significantly with each subsequent oviposition (113.2 ± 2.9, 50.6 ± 2.7, 31.1 ± 2.6, 28.5 ± 5.0). Egg hatch during the first 3 cycles ranged from 79.1 %–67.6% but significantly decreased to 50.8% and 44.4% in the 4th and 5th cycles.
Full scale monitoring study of a submerged breakwater, Palm Beach, Florida, USA

Abstract In an attempt to reduce beach erosion and wave impact on a protective seawall, an experimental proprietary submerged breakwater (Reef) of 1,260 m length was installed in a water depth of approximately 3 m off the Town of Palm Beach, Florida. To provide a basis for evaluating the effects of this installation, a comprehensive field monitoring program was carried out and included: wave measurements, beach and offshore profiles, settlement of the units, local scour data and information related to the background coastal processes. The system consists of 330 units, 57 of which were installed in the summer of 1992 and the remainder in the summer of 1993. Monitoring surveys, available up to June 1995, are presented herein. The wave height reduction attributable to the Reef ranges from 5% for the lower waves and higher tides to 15% for the higher waves and lower tides. The profile data documented erosion in the entire monitored area with the greatest erosion landward of the Reef. Changes in profile data were consistent with and are interpreted as due to water conveyed over the submerged breakwater as mass transport, a partial ponding of this water due to its return flow being impeded by the presence of the breakwater, resulting in a portion being redirected as longshore currents. These longshore currents transport sand from landward of the breakwater with deposition occurring near the south end of the system in the direction of the predominant natural transport. Although these breakwater-induced longshore currents were not documented in the monitoring program, the mechanisms are supported by the patterns of erosion and deposition, by a model study carried out to evaluate installation of a submerged breakwater at a different location and by previous documentation and discussion of the phenomenon in the available literature. Results obtained here are interpreted in terms of design implications.
Show us the data.

While perusing the April 2012 issue, I was struck by the occurrence of the same graphical faux pas in at least three of the articles: the representation of the relationship between two variables by graphing a model-derived coefficient instead of the actual data. In the first article,1 both Figure 1 panels contain two straight lines. Each line, however, is really just a depiction of two points: (adjusted?) odds of an outcome for people living in low or high religious climates (“low” and “high” defined as below and above a median score). The reader is given the impression of a linear relationship between the outcome and the religious climate score, which may or may not be true; all one sees is a model-based straight line between two points. Each panel is really just a representation of four numbers. In the second article,2 Figures 1 and 2 each have just one curve that is a transformation of the coefficient of a logistic regression model (with intercept determined by nonspecified values of other variables) relating suicide risk to a media exposure latent factor. Yet each point has multiple numeric labels on it, giving the impression that these are the results of actual data, which is not the case. Worse, on the horizontal axis is a latent factor with an apparently meaningless scale; if it had been expressed in terms of standard deviations of the factor in the study population it would have been more interpretable. It would have been better to group the data by standard deviation intervals and show the average probability (“propensity” in the article) of suicide, or mean adjusted probability, or a boxplot of the probabilities in each interval. The third article3 has a graph (Figure 2) showing the probability of smoking as a function of exposure to one kind of advertising, with separate lines for another kind to show the nature of the interaction. Again, we see straight lines, each of which is really just the representation of one coefficient. This oversmoothing of the data is unwarranted; we should either see summaries of the actual data, or some less-smoothed version, say from multiple-knot spline fits. As it is, the reader is tempted to read off a specific probability given a specific exposure, which may be reasonable near the middle of the figure but is less reliable near the extremes. On a related note, none of these graphs gave any visual indication of the variability of the depicted curves, thus further contributing to the impression of accuracy of the (mainly nonexistent) data contained therein. When we have the data, we should show it, and not imply quantitative relationships that have not been quantitated. The figures cited above have an unusually low data density, which is not a desirable trait.4 Each of the articles appears meticulously researched and well written, and it may be that each of the figures in these articles tells a story that largely reflects the underlying data, but this should be left to the judgment of the reader upon seeing the data.
A high-frequency titration apparatus

Abstract A high-frequency titrimeter which responds to either effective capacitance or to effective conductance changes in the titration cell circuit is described. The instrument is simple, inexpensive and reliable. An easy, yet accurate, method of measuring effective capacitance changes is used. Typical titration curves are given. Some novel methods of temperature control are presented including the use of the electrodes themselves as a means of regulating the temperature of the solution.
Peritoneal macrophages express the serotonin transporter.

Abstract Although it is known that macrophages take up serotonin, a specific monoamine transporter has not been identified in macrophages. In this study, mRNA coding for the serotonin transporter (SERT) was detected with the reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in recruited mouse peritoneal macrophages. Sequencing confirmed the identity of the RT-PCR product to mouse SERT mRNA. SERT protein was detected by Western blotting. Macrophage activation with lipopolysaccharide had no effect on expression of SERT mRNA or protein. Consistent with expression of a functional SERT, specific uptake of 3H-serotonin in macrophages was sodium dependent and inhibited by fluoxetine (IC50 6.9 nM) and desipramine (IC50 32 nM) but not by nisoxetine or reserpine.
S-nitrosylation in health and disease

S-nitrosylation is a ubiquitous redox-related modification of cysteine thiol by nitric oxide (NO), which transduces NO bioactivity. Accumulating evidence suggests that the products of S-nitrosylation, S-nitrosothiols (SNOs), play key roles in human health and disease. In this review, we focus on the reaction mechanisms underlying the biological responses mediated by SNOs. We emphasize reactions that can be identified with complex (patho)physiological responses, and that best rationalize the observed increase or decrease in specific classes of SNOs across a spectrum of disease states. Thus, changes in the levels of various SNOs depend on specific defects in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms of nitrosothiol formation, processing and degradation. An understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for the development of an integrated model of NO biology, and for effective treatment of diseases associated with dysregulation of NO homeostasis.
Management of complicated preeclampsia

The complicated preeclamptic patient represents a challenge for the clinician faced with her antepartum or postpartum care. The most serious sequelae of preeclampsia account for a significant portion of maternal morbidity and mortality. Severe preeclampsia also results in an appreciable portion of perinatal morbidity and mortality. In this review, developing trends in the treatment of severe preeclampsia are discussed. Expectant treatment of the patient remote from term, anesthesia choices, and delivery route are reviewed. Developing trends in the pharmacological approach to complicated preeclampsia are discussed. New concepts in the treatment of cerebrovascular preclampsia and hepatic rupture are outlined and reviewed.
Induction of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase by flutamide, a non-steroidal antiandrogen

Abstract Flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, was found to be an effective inducer of δ-aminolevulinate synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, in cultured chick embryo liver cells. This antiandrogen increased the activity of the enzyme 24-fold at a concentration of 1 μM and maximally stimulated the enzyme (62-fold) at a concentration of 50 μM. The steroidal antiandrogen, 6α-bromo-17α-methyl-17β-hydroxy-4-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one, did not stimulate aminolevulinate synthetase activity in these cells. Studies with inhibitors suggest that the induction of aminolevulinate synthetase by flutamide requires continued RNA and protein synthesis. In addition, the induction of the enzyme was inhibited (85%) by 15 μM hemin, the physiological repressor of aminolevulinate synthetase.
Biological hydrogen production measured in batch anaerobic respirometers

The biological production of hydrogen from the fermentation of different substrates was examined in batch tests using heat-shocked mixed cultures with two techniques: an intermittent pressure release method (Owen method) and a continuous gas release method using a bubble measurement device (respirometric method). Under otherwise identical conditions, the respirometric method resulted in the production of 43% more hydrogen gas from glucose than the Owen method. The lower conversion of glucose to hydrogen using the Owen protocol may have been produced by repression of hydrogenase activity from high partial pressures in the gastight bottles, but this could not be proven using a thermodynamic/rate inhibition analysis. In the respirometric method, total pressure in the headspace never exceeded ambient pressure, and hydrogen typically composed as much as 62% of the headspace gas. High conversion efficiencies were consistently obtained with heat-shocked soils taken at different times and those stored for up to a month. Hydrogen gas composition was consistently in the range of 60-64% for glucose-grown cultures during logarithmic growth but declined in stationary cultures. Overall, hydrogen conversion efficiencies for glucose cultures were 23% based on the assumption of a maximum of 4 mol of hydrogen/ mol of glucose. Hydrogen conversion efficiencies were similar for sucrose (23%) and somewhat lower for molasses (15%) but were much lower for lactate (0.50%) and cellulose (0.075%).
What Moves Parties?: The Role of Public Opinion and Global Economic Conditions in Western Europe

Do Western European political parties adjust their ideological positions in response to shifts in public opinion and to changing global economic conditions? Based on a time-series, cross-sectional analysis of parties' ideological dynamics in eight Western European democracies from 1976-1998, the authors conclude that both factors influence parties' ideological positions but that this relationship is mediated by the type of party. Specifically, they find that parties of the center and right react to both public opinion and the global economy, whereas parties of the left display no discernible tendency to respond to public opinion and also appear less responsive to global economic conditions. The findings on leftist parties' distinctiveness support arguments about these parties' long-term policy orientations as well as about their organizational structures. The authors also find little support for neoliberal convergence arguments.
Flow convergence over a broad, flat continental shelf

Abstract The broad (∼500 km) southeastern Bering Sea continental shelf contains three fronts; outer (shelf break, ∼170-m depth), middle (∼100-m depth), and inner (∼50-m depth). The shelf break and inner fronts appear to be analogous to similar fronts reported from other mid-latitude continental shelves; extensively studied examples are from the mid-Atlantic bight, off Nova Scotia, and around the British Isles. The middle front may have counterparts on the broad North Sea and East China Sea shelves. One-month current and temperature records from either side of the middle front, ∼150 km landward from the shelf break, showed convergence in the layers deeper than 30 m in both the cross-shelf flow field and heat flux. The convergence was ∼3 cm s −1 , so an average upwelling at ∼1 × 10 −3 cm s −1 and divergence in the surface layer were required to maintain continuity. Variations in the degree of convergence arose primarily from 1 to 5-day fluctuations in sub-tidal flow across the outer shelf domain seaward of the front. Diffusive landward heat flux was dominated by tidal scales. Horizontal eddy conductivities describing the flux were ∼1 − 10 6 on the landward side and ∼5 × 10 6 cm 2 s −1 on the seaward side, and were less in the layers above the bottom layer. Advective flux by the mean flow was the same order as diffusive flux, but landward in the bottom layer and seaward in the mid-water column layers, in agreement with deductions from water mass analyses. Frontal effects reduced the net cross-shelf heat flux beneath ∼30 m by about 50%. The observation of a flow convergence in the middle of a broad, flat continental shelf poses an important question of dynamics.
An angiographic study of the carotid arterial and jugular venous systems in the cat

Standard techniques for performing carotid angiography in dogs and in man were adapted to the cat in order to study the vascularization of both intracranial and extracranial structures. Venous drainage was examined by venography of selected vessels. The carotid-cerebral and the vertebral-basilar arterial systems of the cat were studied, although no attempt was made to define the territory supplied by each system. In serial angiograms, vascularization of the rete mirabile conjugatum was visualized, and distinct arterial and venous retia were delineated. Large facial veins were seen approximately one second after the intra-arterial injection of radio-contrast material. The early filling of the large facial veins appeared to be the result of an artery-to-venous shunt. Contrast material flowed posteriorly in these veins and drained into the venous rete. When contrast material was injected either into the sagittal sinus or retrograde in the external jugular vein, the internal jugular vein was visible in four of ten cats. This vessel drained blood directly from intracranial contents before anastomosis with the vertebral and external jugular veins.
Final state interaction in5HeΛ decay

The distribution of certain kinematic quantities defined in the decay5HeΛ → π− + p +4He are interpreted as being due to the presence of a strong final state interaction. In particular the data are discussed with reference to two simple theories, one of which takes into account the specific p-4He nuclear interaction. The experimental evidence, although not conclusive, is consistent with the expectation that the p-4Hep 3/2 resonance plays an important role in determining the final state configurations.
In situ UV–visible spectroscopy: characterization of overcharge protection additives for secondary lithium batteries

Abstract A technique has been developed for in situ measurement of UV–visible spectra of lithium battery electrolytes. The method has been applied to the investigation of the redox properties and diffusion characteristics of electrolyte additives for overcharge protection in secondary lithium batteries.
Modernism and the Fate of Individuality: Character and Novelistic Form from Conrad to Woolf

Preface 1. Two cultures and an individual: Conrad's Heart of Darkness and James's The Ambassadors 2. Liberalism and symbolism in Howards End 3. Justification, passion, freedom: Character in The Good Soldier 4. Form's body: Lewis's Tarr 5. 'The passion of opposition' in Women in Love: none, one, two, few, many 6. From the epic To the Lighthouse.
THEORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND UTILIZATION POTENTIAL OF THE BIOMILIEU CONCEPT

. The paper presents a quantitative engineering approach to analysis of total environment allowing for simultaneous consideration of a theoretically infinite number of quality indicators and physiological requirements. It discusses theory and fundamentals of a two-dimensional space and time function solution concerning a small estuarine-type environment. A three dimensional solution is indicated. Input data may range from reconnaissance-type to the outputs of mathematical transport models. Applications are discussed with respect to environmental quality problems, availability of suitable data, and some areas of research where results could find immediate application.
Resolution limitation in the electron microscopy of surfaces

Abstract While it should be possible, in principle, to image atom arrangements on crystal surfaces with the same resolution as for the bulk of the crystals, practical limitations are imposed by the strong scattering by the bulk material. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) severe limitations are imposed by the non-linearity of the variation of contrast with thickness or the need to image with reflections given only by the surface but not by the bulk crystal. The profile imaging technique allows the full resolution of the microscope to be applied. Some advantages are gained by use of high-angle annular dark-field STEM imaging. For reflection electron microscopy (REM) the resolution limitations arise mostly from inelastic scattering effects, as in TEM for thick samples. These limitations may be avoided by use of energy-filtered REM in a TEM instrument or by use of the scanning reflection mode (SREM) in a STEM instrument. Important new possibilities for enhanced resolution of surface structures in the direction perpendicular to the surface arise from the application of off-line electron holography used in the REM or SREM mode.
Stearyl monoglycendyl citrate as an emulsifier enhancer

Stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate, a fatty acid ester, is a semisolid compound with a slightly acidic flavor. In its liquid state it is completely miscible with vegetable and animal fats and oils. Although the compound exhibits surfactant activity and reduces interfacial tensions, its major function is emulsifier enhancement and emulsion stabilization when used in shortening systems along with accepted emulsifiers. Very acceptable liquid and plastic shortenings can be prepared through the addition of stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate and primary emulsifiers. Effective levels of stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate in shortenings enhance performance and permit use of lower levels of primary emulsifiers. Shelf-life stabilities, smoke points, plasticity, and compatibility with primary emulsifiers in finished shortenings are good. Additions to margarines and whip toppings and performance in baked goods, as well as food additives status, are discussed.
Coalitions in coordinated multi-agent production scheduling: A computational study

This paper studies distributed production scheduling where agents control dispersed information and decentralized decision authority. Using the classical job shop scheduling model, the effects of coalition formation and local communication in an iterative auction are studied. The case is investigated where job agents are allowed to form coalitions, where coalition members share private information and resolve resource conflicts among themselves, while intercoalition communication is limited to bidding. The computational study shows that when the size, type, and timing of the coalitions are properly determined, it is possible to produce a high-quality schedule with a reasonable number of iterations. The results show further improvement in convergence and in solution quality when coalition size and update frequency increase. However, these improvements show diminishing return; thus, it is concluded that a high-quality schedule can be achieved with manageable coalition sizes and a moderate level of information sharing.
3D nanometer images of biological fibers by directed motion of gold nanoparticles

Using near-infrared femtosecond pulses, we move single gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) along biological fibers, such as collagen and actin filaments. While the AuNP is sliding on the fiber, its trajectory is measured in three dimensions (3D) with nanometer resolution providing a high-resolution image of the fiber. Here, we systematically moved a single AuNP along nanometer-size collagen fibers and actin filament inside chinese hamster ovary K1 living cells, mapping their 3D topography with high fidelity.
Growth patterns for etiolated soybeans germinated under spaceflight conditions

Abstract In the GENEX (GENe EXpression) spaceflight experiment (flown on STS-87), six surface sterilized soybean seeds ( Glycine max cv McCall) were inserted into each of 32 autoclaved plastic seed growth pouches containing an inner germination paper sleeve (for a total of 192 seeds). The pouches were stowed within a mid-deck locker until Mission Flight Day 10, at which time an astronaut added water to initiate the process of seed germination on-orbit and subsequently transferred them to four light-tight aluminum canisters called BRIC-60s (Biological Research In Canisters). We report here on the morphological characteristics of: (1) the recovered flight plants ( N = 177), (2) the corresponding ground control population ( N = 183), plus (3) additional controls grown on the ground under clinostat conditions ( N = 93). No significant morphological differences were found between the flight, ground control and clinorotated treatments for either the cotyledons or hypocotyls. There were, however, significantly longer primary roots produced in the flight population relative to the ground control population, which in turn had significantly longer primary roots than the clinorotated population. This same pattern was observed relative to the production of lateral roots (flight > control > clinorotated). Taken together with previous literature reports, we believe that there is now sufficient evidence to conclude that plants grown under conditions of microgravity will generally exhibit enhanced root production relative to their ground control counterparts. Some causes underlying this phenomenon are speculated on.