cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a review

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the urinary tract. Metastases of UC are most common in the regional lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bone, and adrenal glands. Fine-needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of such metastases can be difficult, particularly in the setting of incomplete clinical history or when multiple primary neoplasms may be present. This review focuses on the cytologic features helpful in differentiating UC from its potential mimics, as well as ancillary studies that may be helpful in the distinction.
Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Orders: A Critique of the Issues and State of Analysis: Discussion

marketing orders. French's assignment was to provide a critique of the issues and an evaluation of the current state of analysis. He has drawn extensively on the USDA Review Team report. At the outset, the merits of the USDA project must be acknowledged for, to date, this is the most comprehensive report available on marketing orders. Many agricultural programs are products of an earlier era. Hence, it is not surprising when the benefits of such programs are questioned. The characteristics of many of the commodities having marketing orders have changed, including increases in the use of processing. New institutions have evolved for addressing some of the problems that initially lead to the need for orders. For example, greater coverage by federal standards could lessen the need for standards set through federal and/or state orders. The criteria for judging performance has been broadened to include the effects on consumers. The research questions have changed, and new and innovative empirical approaches are needed. French limits his comments to the volume and quality control functions. It is these two functions that are likely to cause the most apparent and direct effect on both consumers and producers. Volume controls grew out of the need to intervene where the freely functioning market failed to deal satisfactorily with informational problems, equity, and uncertainty. The other paper in this section deals with the informational issue, where movement is toward letting the marketplace determine the economic value of information. The uncertainty is another problem, however. Some types of institutional constraints are a necessary alternative to grave price fluctuations. The development of private marketing institutions often does not address the "free rider" problem, nor are such institutions always equally accessible to all producers. There are externalities on all producers for the decisions made by one or more producer groups. French identifies the social welfare effects
Frank-Starling mechanism contributes modestly to ventricular performance during atrial fibrillation.

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess whether Frank-Starling mechanism has an independent effect on left ventricular (LV) performance in atrial fibrillation (AF). Background Ventricular performance in AF depends on variable contractility through the interval-force mechanism based on the ratio of preceding and pre-preceding RR intervals (RR p /RR pp ). The impact of end-diastolic volume (EDV) variability, through the Frank-Starling mechanism, is not well understood. Methods We induced AF in 16 open chest dogs. RR intervals, LV pressure, LV volume, and aortic flow were collected for >400 beats during rapid AF (ventricular cycle length 292 ± 66 ms). In six of the dogs, additional data were collected while average ventricular cycle length was prolonged from 258 ± 34 ms to 445 ± 80 ms by selective vagal nerve stimulation of the AV node. Results The relations of maximal LV power (LVPower) and peak LV pressure derivative (dP/dt) versus RR p /RR pp were fitted to the equation y=A * (1 − EXP (RR p /RR pp min − RR p /RR pp )/C) and the residuals (RES) of these relations were analyzed. LVPower and dP/dt strongly correlated with RR p /RR pp (r 2 = 0.67 ± 0.12 and 0.66 ± 0.12, P 2 = 0.20 ± 0.14 and r 2 = 0.24 ± 0.17, P P Conclusions The Frank-Starling mechanism contributes to ventricular performance in AF independently of the interval-force effects of the beat-to-beat variability in cardiac contractility. The Frank-Starling mechanism is sensitive to the average ventricular rate.
"Don't Tell Me, I'll Find Out" Robert Karplus- A Science Education Pioneer

Robert Karplus (1927–90), who began his career as a brilliant theoretical physicist, switched to science education in the early 1960s. He made many substantial contributions to this field in addition to developing a complete K–6 hands-on science curriculum. Karplus provided his curriculum with a sound epistemological foundation, based on the work of Piaget. He developed an effective classroom teaching strategy, the learning cycle. He and his team used a scientific approach to curriculum development. They focused on teacher development. Karplus was committed to science for ALL students. Through science activities he sought to share the joy of discovery. A recent book collects some of his important papers and enables you to examine his work for yourself and see what you discover.
Mouse salivary glands and human β-defensin-2 as a study model for antimicrobial gene therapy: technical considerations

Transduction of salivary glands with antimicrobial peptide genes has great potential for oral infection control. Our ultimate goal is to introduce antimicrobial peptide genes into salivary glands that secrete these peptides into saliva to control bacterial/fungal infection in the oral cavity. However, an animal study model to test this potential has not been established. Therefore, we determined to test (i) whether the potent antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) can be overexpressed in saliva after transduction of salivary glands and (ii) whether oral fungal infection can be developed in a NOD/SCID murine model. Lentiviral vector SIN18cPPTRhMLV bearing hBD-2 cDNA was introduced into SCID mouse submandibular glands via cannulation. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to detect hBD-2 expression in glands or in saliva. Candida albicans 613p was inoculated orally into SCID mice to establish oral candidiasis. Whilst expression of hBD-2 was detected in mouse salivary glands by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry 1 day or 1 week following delivery of lentivirus, hBD-2 was not detected in saliva. There was recoverable C. albicans from the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract 4 days to 4 weeks after infection, but there was no establishment of observable oral candidiasis in SCID mice under a stereomicroscope. Our data indicate that lentiviral vectors transduce mouse salivary glands, but not at a sufficient level to allow hBD-2 detection in saliva. Other vectors for gene transduction and additional treatment of SCID mice to establish oral candidiasis are needed in order to utilise mouse salivary glands to test antimicrobial gene therapy.
Position of the Oxygen Overlayer on Al(111)

The energy bands, work function, Al $2p$ chemical shift, and oxygen binding energy have been calculated self-consistently for six-layer Al(111) films with oxygen overlayers at $Z=0.55, 0.60, \mathrm{and} 0.70$ \AA{} above the Al surface plane. Because the work function is extremely sensitive to $Z$, it has been estimated with very small uncertainty, $Z=0.578\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.032$ \AA{}. This value is in excellent agreement with the values obtained from the chemical shift and binding energy as well as St\"ohr et al.'s experimental value.
Metastatic breast cancer suggesting parasitic disease

A 62-year-old woman with a history of estrogen–and progesterone receptor–positive metastatic breast carcinoma with extranodal extension, status-post mastectomy and radiation 5 years prior, presented with right focal motor seizures. Neuroimaging and her history of raw meat consumption prompted consideration of neurocysticercosis and hydatid disease. Punctate peripheral calcifications and absence of edema surrounding the minimally enhancing cysts made metastatic breast cancer less likely (figure). However, the increased cyst size over 6 months, rim enhancement, new noncystic pulmonary and skeletal metastasis, and the absence of obvious scolices favored metastatic disease.1,2 Surgical decompression yielded yellow fluid. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma with mammaglobin positivity.
Baryon mass splittings in the 1/Nc expansion.

The {ital I}=0,1,2,3 mass splittings of the spin-1/2 octet and spin-3/2 decuplet baryons are analyzed in the 1/{ital N}{sub {ital c}} expansion combined with perturbative flavor breaking. We show there is considerable experimental evidence that the baryon masses satisfy the hierarchy predicted by this expansion. Since flavor symmetry-breaking suppression factors alone are not sufficient to describe the observed hierarchy, we conclude that there is firm evidence for the 1/{ital N}{sub {ital c}} expansion in the baryon masses. Our analysis differs from nonrelativistic SU(6).
Associative memory in realistic neuronal networks

Almost two decades ago, Hopfield [1] showed that networks of highly reduced model neurons can exhibit multiple attracting fixed points, thus providing a substrate for associative memory. It is still not clear, however, whether realistic neuronal networks can support multiple attractors. The main difficulty is that neuronal networks in vivo exhibit a stable background state at low firing rate, typically a few Hz. Embedding attractor is easy; doing so without destabilizing the background is not. Previous work [2,3] focused on the sparse coding limit, in which a vanishingly small number of neurons are involved in any memory. Here we investigate the case in which the number of neurons involved in a memory scales with the number of neurons in the network. In contrast to the sparse coding limit, we find that multiple attractors can co-exist robustly with a stable background state. Mean field theory is used to understand how the behavior of the network scales with its parameters, and simulations with analog neurons are presented.
CH Activation in S‐Alkenyl Sulfoximines: An Endo 1,5‐Hydrogen Migration

Intramolecular redox reaction: heating N-alkyl, N-allyl-, and N-benzyl-substituted S-alkenyl sulfoximines under appropriate conditions results in the formation of NH-S-alkyl sulfoximines. The intramolecular redox reaction involves a hydride transfer that occurs by a 6-endo-trig process. The intermediates in the reaction can also give access to four- and six-membered heterocyclic rings and a new class of chiral dienes.
Photoexcited Structure of a Plant Photoreceptor Domain Reveals a Light-Driven Molecular Switch

The phototropins are flavoprotein kinases that control phototropic bending, light-induced chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening in plants. Two flavin mononucleotide binding light, oxygen, or voltage (LOV) domains are the sites for initial photochemistry in these blue light photoreceptors. We have determined the steady state, photoexcited crystal structure of a flavin-bound LOV domain. The structure reveals a unique photochemical switch in the flavin binding pocket in which the absorption of light drives the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a highly conserved Cys residue and the flavin cofactor. This provides a molecular picture of a cysteinyl-flavin covalent adduct, the presumed signaling species that leads to phototropin kinase activation and subsequent signal transduction. We identify closely related LOV domains in two eubacterial proteins that suggests the light-induced conformational change evident in this structure is an ancient biomolecular response to light, arising before the appearance of plants.
Kairomonal Response of Thanasimus undatulus, Enoclerus sphegeus (Coleoptera: Cleridae), and Temnochila chlorodia (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) to Bark Beetle Semiochemicals in Eastern Oregon

Abstract The kairomonal responses of Thanasimus undatulus (Say), Enoclerus sphegeus F., and Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) to semiochemicals used by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, D. rufipennis Kirby, D. brevicomis LeConte, D. ponderosae Hopkins, and Ips pini (Say) to locate hosts were quantified in the field during the period of D. pseudotsugae dispersal in the spring and early summer. Traps baited with frontalin plus seudenol caught significantly more T. undatulus than traps baited with any other lure. Only a few E. sphegeus were collected during the study, suggesting that it might use semiochemicals other than those tested in this study to locate its prey. All of the traps baited with lures containing exo-brevicomin caught significantly more T. chlorodia than traps baited with other lures. These results suggest that T. undatulus uses seudenol primarily to locate its prey habitat, and T. chlorodia uses exo-brevicomin for the same purpose. These predators likely feed upon bark beetles that produce...
Resistance of holograms made in dichromated gelatin emulsion to fission neutron damage

We have found that holograms made in a dichromated gelatin emulsion sandwiched between Suprasil-2 plates are resistant to damage caused by 4.8 x 10(13)-Cm(-2) [1-Mev(Si) equivalent] fission neutrons. These holograms are, therefore, suitable for use in certain radiation environments.
Relevance of BAC transgene copy number in mice: transgene copy number variation across multiple transgenic lines and correlations with transgene integrity and expression

Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are excellent tools for manipulating large DNA fragments and, as a result, are increasingly utilized to engineer transgenic mice by pronuclear injection. The demand for BAC transgenic mice underscores the need for careful inspection of BAC integrity and fidelity following transgenesis, which may be crucial for interpreting transgene function. Thus, it is imperative that reliable methods for assessing these parameters are available. However, there are limited data regarding whether BAC transgenes routinely integrate in the mouse genome as intact molecules, how BAC transgenes behave as they are passed through the germline across successive generations, and how variation in BAC transgene copy number relates to transgene expression. To address these questions, we used TaqMan real-time PCR to estimate BAC transgene copy number in BAC transgenic embryos and lines. Here we demonstrate the reproducibility of copy number quantification with this method and describe the variation in copy number across independent transgenic lines. In addition, polymorphic marker analysis suggests that the majority of BAC transgenic lines contain intact molecules. Notably, all lines containing multiple BAC copies also contain all BAC-specific markers. Three of 23 founders analyzed contained BAC transgenes integrated into more than one genomic location. Finally, we show increased BAC transgene copy number correlates with increased BAC transgene expression. In sum, our efforts have provided a reliable method for assaying BAC transgene integrity and fidelity, and data that should be useful for researchers using BACs as transgenic vectors.
Visualization of simulated airflow in a clean room

Techniques for visualizing a simulated air flow in a clean room are developed by using an efficient cell traverse of tetrahedral cells generated from irregular volumes. The proposed techniques are probing and stream line display, which are related to the measurement techniques used in actual clean rooms. The efficient traverse makes it possible to move freely around a given irregular volume and to spawn off stream lines. A successful application of these techniques to a problem in a clean room is also described.
Cerebral spinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion decrease the incidence of neurological deficit: The results of 343 descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs

Objective: We reviewed our experience of 343 descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs to determine the impact of the adjuncts distal aortic perfusion and cerebral spinal fluid drainage on neurological deficit and death. Materials and Methods: Between January 1991 and March 1996, 104 (30%) patients were operated for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm type I, 118 (34%) for type II, 68 (20%) for type III or type IV, and 53 (15%) for descending thoracic type. Before September 1992, simple cross-clamp was used for 94 (27%) patients. After September 1992, adjuncts were used for 186 (54%) patients. Results: Overall neurological deficit was 33/343 (10%). Neurological deficit for simple cross-clamp patients compared to adjunct patients was 15/94 (16%) vs. 12/186 (7%) (O.R. 0.36, p Conclusion: Cerebral spinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion decreased the incidence of neurological deficit and were particularly effective for patients at highest risk with type II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm.
Systematizing Serendipity for Cardiovascular Drug Discovery

Serendipity has played a significant role throughout the history of drug discovery in general and, in particular, throughout the history of cardiovascular medicine. The anticoagulant properties of dicoumarol were discovered after farmers observed that their cattle were dying of internal hemorrhaging after feeding on rotting sweet clover,1 and digitoxin was identified when the condition of a patient suffering from congestive heart failure dramatically improved after being given an herbal remedy containing extracts of the foxglove plant.2 In fact, many of the most effective pharmacological agents in use today arose through serendipity. Despite the historical role of serendipity in drug discovery, it is clear that such events occur too rarely to be counted on as consistent sources of future drug discovery. Over the past 3 decades, the standard drug discovery paradigm has shifted more and more toward a target-based approach, in which specific proteins are chosen, on the basis of the current understanding of disease mechanisms, as “targets” for drug discovery efforts. Once a target has been identified, high-throughput screening can often identify small molecules that inhibit the target’s activity, and, in some cases, these molecules can be developed further as drugs. Well-validated targets can lead to successful drugs, but for many cardiovascular diseases, it remains difficult to predict which targets will offer a therapeutic benefit. Recently developed genomic and proteomic techniques, including gene expression profiling, RNA interference, and in silico molecular modeling, have generated long lists of potential drug targets, but determining which of the potential targets actually have therapeutic value has been much more difficult. Much of the difficulty involves predicting which targets will reverse disease processes, especially when dealing with diseases with complex underlying biology. Indeed, the high rates of cumulative attrition of supposedly validated drug candidates are consistent with a recent study by the Congressional …
Design of electronic medical record user interfaces: a matrix-based method for improving usability.

This study examines a new approach of using the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) modeling technique to improve the design of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) user interfaces. The usability of an EMR medication dosage calculator used for placing orders in an academic hospital setting was investigated. The proposed method captures and analyzes the interactions between user interface elements of the EMR system and groups elements based on information exchange, spatial adjacency, and similarity to improve screen density and time-on-task. Medication dose adjustment task time was recorded for the existing and new designs using a cognitive simulation model that predicts user performance. We estimate that the design improvement could reduce time-on-task by saving an average of 21 hours of hospital physicians’ time over the course of a month. The study suggests that the application of DSM can improve the usability of an EMR user interface.
ConfValley: a systematic configuration validation framework for cloud services

Studies and many incidents in the headlines suggest misconfigurations remain a major cause of unavailability in large systems despite the large amount of work put into detecting, diagnosing and repairing them. In part, this is because many of the solutions are either post-mortem or too expensive to use in production cloud-scale systems. Configuration validation is the process of explicitly defining specifications and proactively checking configurations against those specifications to prevent misconfigurations from entering production. We propose a generic framework, ConfValley, to make configuration validation easy, systematic and efficient, and to allow configuration validation as an ordinary part of system deployment. ConfValley consists of a declarative language for practitioners to express configuration specifications, an inference engine that automatically generates specifications, and a checker that determines if a given configuration obeys its specifications. Our specification language expressed the configuration validation code from Microsoft Azure in 10x fewer lines, many of which were automatically inferred. Using expert-written and inferred specifications, we detected a number of configuration errors in the latest configurations deployed in Microsoft Azure.
Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular volume and function in patients with pulmonary hypertension

The structural complexity of the right ventricle has made quantitative evaluation difficult. Conventional cross-sectional echocardiographic methods are limited by geometric assumptions and the position of the planes used for imaging. Previous reports have demonstrated accurate three-dimensional echocardiographic quantitation of the right ventricle in-vitro and in experimental animals. We adapted a previously described method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle to compute right ventricular volume and ejection fraction in a clinical setting.We examined 29 patients aged from 2 to 42 years with pulmonary hypertension, by three-dimensional echocardiography and resonance imaging. Correlation and agreement were calculated for volumes and ejection fractions. Three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction, when compared to resonance imaging, yielded r values of 0.95 and 0.93, and mean differences (bias) of 31% ± 19% and 33% ± 18%, for systolic and diastolic volumes respectively. Interobserver variability was low (12.9% and 8.0%). Ejection fraction as calculated by three-dimensional echocardiography showed close agreement with resonance images (bias=l% ±7%). Three dimensional echocardiography is now a method of measuring right ventricular ejection fraction in the clinical setting which produces results comparable to those of resonance imaging. Volume measurements correlated well for systole and diastole, but consistently underestimated values produced from resonance images.
GENDER IN THE CULTURE OF MEXICAN AMERICAN CONJUNTO MUSIC

This article examines the role of gender in the culture of conjunto music, a Mexican American musical genre. It describes how gender is articulated with factors of ethnicity and class in the context of the conjunto setting and performance. The authors examine the structure of gender relations, socialization, and resistance, and they attempt to identify the effects within patriarchy on the forms of adaptation and power available to women in conjunto settings. Conjunto is an arena in which conventional gender identity and gender inequality are reproduced, reinforced, and contested.
An Older Adult Falls Research Agenda from a Public Health Perspective

This article reviews fall prevention research using the Centers for Disease Control public health model and suggests several critical research questions at each step. Research topics include surveillance and data systems, fall risk factors, development, evaluation and implementation of fall interventions, translation of interventions into programs, and promotion, dissemination, and widespread adoption of fall prevention programs. These broad topics provide a framework for research that can guide future advances in older adult fall prevention.
Framework for a general purpose, intelligent control system for particle accelerators

Tuning and controlling particle accelerators is time consuming and expensive. Inherently nonlinear, the control problem is one to which conventional methods cannot satisfactorily be applied. Advanced information technologies such as expert systems and neural networks have been applied separately to the problem, with isolated success. Few, if any, of these advanced information technologies have been applied for general use or in a manner useful to multiple accelerator installations. We discuss results of coupling neural network and expert systems technology to solve several standard accelerator tuning problems based on realistic simulations. We also examine the effectiveness of additional heuristic search techniques such as genetic algorithms. Finally, we show the integration of this hybrid AI system with an existing general-purpose control system.
Performance assessment of two classification schemes for cutting tool degradation monitoring

The ability to actively predict the failure and degradation of critical machine components is a pressing concern in modern manufacturing. The potential cost savings stimulated the introduction of numerous artificial intelligent techniques into the manufacturing arena. The need to explore and understand the capacities of these new methods is extremely important to define their suitable application. This paper offers a global comparison of hidden Markov model (HMM) and rough sets theory (RST) based classifiers, using traditional statistical measures as well as different key criteria to the manufacturing community. The results showed very close performances over several criteria and explored the possible combination of the two methods in a hybrid model.
Morocco's Novatis Group: diaper manufacturing in a developing country

Title – Morocco's Novatis Group: diaper manufacturing in a developing country.Subject area – This case tackles the diaper industry in a developing country and can be applied to three different undergraduate or graduate level courses, including Marketing Management, Strategic Management, and Operations and Supply Chain Management. The case describes the industry, the manufacturing process, along with detailed information about Novatis Group's business and functions and the overall improving economic environment in Morocco.Study level/applicability – The Novatis Group case has several objectives that can be applied to three different courses within undergraduate and graduate studies including Marketing Management, Strategic Management, and Operations and Supply Chain Management.Case overview – The case focuses on Novatis Group, a diaper manufacturing company located in Morocco which competes against multinational companies (MNCs) such as Procter and Gamble and Kimberly Clark in order to satisfy the rising d...
Ejection of rock fragments from planetary bodies

The recent discovery of ALHA81005, a small meteorite that undoubtedly came from the moon, has raised questions about how an intact rock fragment could survive acceleration to planetary escape velocities. This acceleration could only have been produced by a large impact on the lunar surface. A small amount of material (0.005 to 0.02 projectile volume) may be ejected from an impact crater at speeds exceeding lunar escape velocity without suffering petrographically detectable shock damage. The ejected material is protected by stress-wave interference close to the free surface. The existence and size of this zone depend upon parameters such as the rise time of the stress pulse produced by an impact. The fragment size is a function of ejection velocity. The lunar meteorite was ejected during an impact event that produced a crater at least 3.6 km in diameter. Other meteorites may have originated in a similar way.
Materials genomics of thin film strain relaxation by misfit dislocations

We summarize the development and implementation of a “process simulator” for modeling thin film strain relaxation by injection of misfit dislocations. The process simulator, initially developed for GexSi1−x/Si(100) lattice-mismatched epitaxy, integrates elasticity and dislocation theory with experimental measurements of kinetic parameters describing dislocation nucleation, propagation, and interactions. This enables predictive simulation of the development of misfit dislocation arrays during growth and thermal annealing sequences. Further, in the spirit of the materials genome initiative, we show how once a relatively complete description is built for one materials system, extension to a related system may be implemented using a greatly reduced data set. We illustrate this concept by translation of the simulator for GexSi1−x/Si(100) epitaxy into predictive simulation for the GexSi1−x/Si(110) system (which has quite different dislocation microstructure and kinetics) using greatly reduced data sets for the ...
Qaṣbas as Place: A Sense of Belonging and Nostalgia in Colonial India

The residents of the qaṣba s (unique small towns) of South Asia have claimed a distinct status for their lands and their cultural and intellectual attainments by comparing their towns to the prominent centers of the Islamic world, such as Baghdad and Cordoba. Such claims of qaṣbas being a sort of ideal place includes comparisons with sites of religious, intellectual, and historical importance within India such as Malwa and Kashmir. This essay examines—by drawing upon Urdu poetry, memoirs and related literature, and architecture—the ways in which people from qaṣbas have attached particular importance to their places of origin. It investigates the various ways of articulating such associational feelings and emotions, ranging from a sense of belonging and pride to nostalgia.
Global Expanded Nutrient Supply (GENuS) Model: A New Method for Estimating the Global Dietary Supply of Nutrients

Insufficient data exist for accurate estimation of global nutrient supplies. Commonly used global datasets contain key weaknesses: 1) data with global coverage, such as the FAO food balance sheets, lack specific information about many individual foods and no information on micronutrient supplies nor heterogeneity among subnational populations, while 2) household surveys provide a closer approximation of consumption, but are often not nationally representative, do not commonly capture many foods consumed outside of the home, and only provide adequate information for a few select populations. Here, we attempt to improve upon these datasets by constructing a new model--the Global Expanded Nutrient Supply (GENuS) model--to estimate nutrient availabilities for 23 individual nutrients across 225 food categories for thirty-four age-sex groups in nearly all countries. Furthermore, the model provides historical trends in dietary nutritional supplies at the national level using data from 1961-2011. We determine supplies of edible food by expanding the food balance sheet data using FAO production and trade data to increase food supply estimates from 98 to 221 food groups, and then estimate the proportion of major cereals being processed to flours to increase to 225. Next, we estimate intake among twenty-six demographic groups (ages 20+, both sexes) in each country by using data taken from the Global Dietary Database, which uses nationally representative surveys to relate national averages of food consumption to individual age and sex-groups; for children and adolescents where GDD data does not yet exist, average calorie-adjusted amounts are assumed. Finally, we match food supplies with nutrient densities from regional food composition tables to estimate nutrient supplies, running Monte Carlo simulations to find the range of potential nutrient supplies provided by the diet. To validate our new method, we compare the GENuS estimates of nutrient supplies against independent estimates by the USDA for historical US nutrition and find very good agreement for 21 of 23 nutrients, though sodium and dietary fiber will require further improvement.
Fantasy Sports Legislation in New York: Can it Be Effective?

The paper reviews whether fantasy sports legislation in New York can be effective, given the State's constitutional provision banning gambling.
Mechanisms of piñon pine mortality after severe drought: a retrospective study of mature trees

Conifers have incurred high mortality during recent global-change-type drought(s) in the western USA. Mechanisms of drought-related tree mortality need to be resolved to support predictions of the impacts of future increases in aridity on vegetation. Hydraulic failure, carbon starvation and lethal biotic agents are three potentially interrelated mechanisms of tree mortality during drought. Our study compared a suite of measurements related to these mechanisms between 49 mature pinon pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.) trees that survived severe drought in 2002 (live trees) and 49 trees that died during the drought (dead trees) over three sites in Arizona and New Mexico. Results were consistent over all sites indicating common mortality mechanisms over a wide region rather than site-specific mechanisms. We found evidence for an interactive role of hydraulic failure, carbon starvation and biotic agents in tree death. For the decade prior to the mortality event, dead trees had twofold greater sapwood cavitation based on frequency of aspirated tracheid pits observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), smaller inter-tracheid pit diameter measured by SEM, greater diffusional constraints to photosynthesis based on higher wood δ 13 C, smaller xylem resin ducts, lower radial growth and more bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attacks than live trees. Results suggest that sapwood cavitation, low carbon assimilation and low resin defense predispose pinon pine trees to bark beetle attacks and mortality during severe drought. Our novel approach is an important step forward to yield new insights into how trees die via retrospective analysis.
Midseason Insecticide Treatment of Balsam Twig Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and their Aphidophagous Predators in a Wisconsin Christmas Tree Plantation

The balsam twig aphid, Mindarus abietinus Koch, is a pest of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., and Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., Christmas trees. This study evaluated the impact of a growers' application of an insecticide (Phosphamidon-8) upon populations of aphids and their arthropod predators (Coccinellidae larvae and adults, Syrphidae larvae, Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae larvae) in a plantation in western Wisconsin. Spraying occurred on 27 May 1994 as a result of aphids (fundatrigenia and sexuparae) visibly damaging Christmas trees targeted for December 1994 sales. Aphids and predators were sampled by visual counts of infested shoots before and after insecticide treatment. Percentages of treated aphid-infested shoots significantly decreased from 86% prespray to 3% postspray, whereas percentages of untreated infested shoots increased from 75-88%. Two weeks postspray, percentages of both sprayed and unsprayed infested shoots were 5%. Numbers of aphidophagous predators significantly decreased on sprayed trees and significantly increased on unsprayed trees. Spiders increased on all trees. Assessment of needle damage 9 mo after treatment revealed no significant differences in the mean number of damaged shoots between sprayed and unsprayed trees. However, during the following growing season, treated trees contained significantly less numbers of aphids and predators than did unsprayed trees. This indicates that insecticide treatment of the shoot-feeding stages (fundatrigenia and sexuparae) can reduce numbers of aphids and their predators in the current and subsequent year, but will not necessarily reduce needle damage.
Proteoglycan- and collagen-degrading enzymes from human interleukin 1-stimulated chondrocytes from several species: proteoglycanase and collagenase inhibitors as potentially new disease-modifying antiarthritic agents.

AbstractHuman IL-1-stimulated chondrocytes derived from rabbit, bovine, and human articular cartilage produce proteoglycan- and collagen-degrading enzymes. These studies demonstrate that the biological activity of IL-1 is not species specific. Several thiol, carboxyalkyl, and hydroxamic acid peptide inhibitors showed differential effects. The thiols were equipotent inhibitors of both the collagen- and proteoglycan-degrading enzymes whereas the carboxyalkyls appear to inhibit solely the proteoglycan-degrading enzyme(s). The hydroxamic acid peptides, the most potent inhibitors, appear to be more active against the proteoglycan-degrading enzymes. These synthetic inhibitors of proteoglycan- and/or collagen-degrading enzymes may represent a new class of disease-modifying antiarthritic agents.
Study on Methods for Population Size Estimation of HIV High Risk Groups and its Application in HIV/AIDS Situation Analysis in China

Objective To investigate HIV high risk population size estimation method,analyze the epidemic situation in China and offer scientific evidence for policy making. Methods Appropriate methods to estimate different type high risk populations were ascertained by experimental study. Results Size estimation methods and procedures for different type high risk population were formed.Epidemic estimation and parameters fit for China were ascertained.HIV epidemic situation and characteristics were stated. Conclusion Methods formed in the study are the key points for the understanding of number of PLWHA,for the exact judgment of HIV epidemic,for the improvement of inspection system and examination work,for the formation of "Four Free and One Care".
Research into Macro-influential Factors of Debt Maturity Structure Based on Transitional Economy

Under the guidance of transaction cost theory and prediction theory,this paper makes experience test on the relationship between inflation,currency supply quantity,macro-tax,and enterprise debt maturity structure.The results indicate that there is negative relation between inflation rate,gross domestic production and currency supply quantity and debt maturity while it is positively correlated between macro-tax and debt maturity and its correlation is obvious.The conclusion is arrived at based on this that,during transitional economic period,the debt maturity of China's listed companies is not only influenced by inner characteristics such as enterprise scale,asset maturity and growth and so on but also by macro-economic factors obviously.
Causal inference in economics and marketing

This is an elementary introduction to causal inference in economics written for readers familiar with machine learning methods. The critical step in any causal analysis is estimating the counterfactual—a prediction of what would have happened in the absence of the treatment. The powerful techniques used in machine learning may be useful for developing better estimates of the counterfactual, potentially improving causal inference.
Reduced work of breathing after single lung transplantation for emphysema.

Background: Pulmonary emphysema, with or without chronic bronchitis, has emerged as the most common indication for successful single lung transplantation. Although gas exchange can be expected to improve after successful transplantation, such changes do not adequately explain the improvement in dyspnea experienced by these patients and resulting in improved quality of life. Methods: We prospectively studied the respiratory mechanics of 14 single lung transplantation recipients with pulmonary emphysema, of whom 10 have been followed up beyond 1 year. The mean age of the group was 48.8 years (range, 42 to 60 years) for the seven men and seven women. Average donor-predicted total lung capacity was 0.6 L (+0.2 [standard error]) greater than recipient-predicted total lung capacity. Comparison of pulmonary resistance, dynamic lung compliance, and static lung compliance were taken to examine the possible role of reduced airways resistance and of improved elastic recoil in the reduced work of breathing. Results were analyzed by means of a one-tailed paired Student t test and linear regression analysis (both stepwise and multivariate); results are tabulated by mean (±1 [standard error]). Results: Between preoperative measurements and 12 months postoperatively, maximum lung elastic recoil increased from 8.1 (±0.7) to 11.3 (±1.0) cm H 2 O, p<0.001; pulmonary resistance fell from 8.3 (±0.8) to 5.4 (±0.7) cm H 2 O sec/L, p<0.01. Dynamic lung compliance fell from 0.23 (±0.04) to 0.12 (±0.02) L/cm H 2 O, p<0.02, and static lung compliance fell from 0.66 (±0.13) to 0.22 (±0.05) L/cm H 2 O, p<0.001. Conclusions: The decline in lung compliance after single lung transplantation reflects the importance of improvement in elastic recoil and reduced chest wall distention, improving the work of breathing. The 67% decline in static lung compliance (300% increase in elastic recoil) is probably the single most important mechanical factor leading to reduced dyspnea after single lung transplantation for emphysema
Chain Collision Accident: Causes and Avoidance Techniques

This chapter reports on the chain of collisions that occur in case of emergency deceleration in a platoon of vehicles driving in a convoy. Chain Collision Avoidance applications are a new emerging means of reducing the number of chain accidents on the road by providing cars with collaborative communication capabilities, thus allowing them to react against the real risk of accident which may occur in different traffic circumstances. This chapter evaluates the Chain Collision Avoidance application under a wide range of parameters (time headway, reaction time, and recommendation speed) and measures the impact of each parameter on the number of collisions under different market penetration rates. In this chapter, an analytical model combined with extensive simulations is developed to investigate the impacts of low market penetration rate on the number of collisions.
Electoral Rules and Lawmaking

The previous chapter examined how governments incentivize legislators to support their policies in inchoate party systems. Because individual legislators cannot be controlled through a party machine and a party-trained electorate, governments tend to use monetary payments to buy votes. In contrast, governments with institutionalized party systems can employ a variety of institutional tools to obtain party loyalty. Specifically, party leaders can exert influence on legislators' behaviors by two avenues: (1) the prospect of nomination; and (2) ideological screening (Londregan 2002). To understand how partisan resources can work as a substitute for outright bribery, this chapter focuses on candidate selection and ideological cohesion, seeking to understand the manner in which party leaders use the carrot of advancement and the stick of nonadvancement to impose a certain degree of “party unity” on their legislators (Carey and Shugart 1995; Mainwaring 1998; Morgenstern 2004). I go on to examine the impact of selection rules on legislative behavior. The first section focuses on nomination rules and demonstrates that party leaders can use their control over ballot access to reward voting loyalty and punish legislative dissent. The evidence also indicates that lack of party unity may allow chief executives to form policy coalitions with dissenting opposition legislators, but may also deprive them of support from members of their own party. The aggregate, cross-national level of analysis lends external validity to these findings.
Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Insulator to Anderson Insulator Quantum Phase Transition and its Scaling Behavior

Fundamental insight into the nature of the quantum phase transition from a superconductor to an insulator in two dimensions, or from one plateau to the next or to an insulator in the quantum Hall effect, has been revealed through the study of its scaling behavior. Here, we report on the experimental observation of a quantum phase transition from a quantum-anomalous-Hall insulator to an Anderson insulator in a magnetic topological insulator by tuning the chemical potential. Our experiment demonstrates the existence of scaling behavior from which we extract the critical exponent for this quantum phase transition. We expect that our work will motivate much further investigation of many properties of quantum phase transition in this new context.
Meteorological drivers of hypolimnetic anoxia in a eutrophic, north temperate lake

Abstract Oxygen concentration is both an indicator and driver of water quality in lakes. Decreases in oxygen concentration leads to altered ecosystem function as well as harmful consequences for aquatic biota, such as fishes. The responses of oxygen dynamics in lakes to climate-related drivers, such as temperature and wind speed, are well documented for lake surface waters. However, much less is known about how the oxic environment of bottom waters, especially the timing and magnitude of anoxia in eutrophic lakes, responds to changes in climate drivers. Understanding how important ecosystem states, such as hypolimnetic anoxia, may respond to differing climate scenarios requires a model that couples physical-biological conditions and sufficiently captures the density stratification that leads to strong oxygen gradients. Here, we analyzed the effects of changes in three important meteorological drivers (air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) on hypolimnetic anoxia in a eutrophic, north temperate lake using the anoxic factor as an index that captures both the temporal and spatial extent of anoxia. Air temperature and relative humidity were found to have a positive correlation with anoxic factor, while wind speed had a negative correlation. Air temperature was found to have the greatest potential impact of the three drivers on the anoxic factor, followed by wind speed and then relative humidity. Across the scenarios of climate variability, variation in the simulated anoxic factor was primarily due to changes in the timing of onset and decay of stratification. Given the potential for future changes in climate, especially increases in air temperature, this study provides important insight into how these changes will alter lake water quality.
Hierarchical zwitterionic modification of a SERS substrate enables real-time drug monitoring in blood plasma

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an ultrasensitive analytical technique with molecular specificity, making it an ideal candidate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). However, in critical diagnostic media including blood, nonspecific protein adsorption coupled with weak surface affinities and small Raman activities of many analytes hinder the TDM application of SERS. Here we report a hierarchical surface modification strategy, first by coating a gold surface with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) designed to attract or probe for analytes and then by grafting a non-fouling zwitterionic polymer brush layer to effectively repel protein fouling. We demonstrate how this modification can enable TDM applications by quantitatively and dynamically measuring the concentrations of several analytes-including an anticancer drug (doxorubicin), several TDM-requiring antidepressant and anti-seizure drugs, fructose and blood pH-in undiluted plasma. This hierarchical surface chemistry is widely applicable to many analytes and provides a generalized platform for SERS-based biosensing in complex real-world media.