cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Gravity and Model Characteristics on Steady Infiltration from Spheroids

J. R. Philip contributions to flow analysis from spheroidal sources include steady-state solutions for absorption, small-time solutions for spheres with and without gravity, and steady-state solutions for infiltration. We review some of Philip's contributions in these areas. Three types of calculations and comparisons are then performed. In the first example, the pressure distributions are computed for absorption from spheres using a Gardner hydraulic conductivity function (K exponentially related to pressure head h) and using van Genuchten functions. In the second example, Philip's analytical expressions are used to show the effects of gravity and spheroidal shape on infiltration rate. Comparisons of spheroids with different shapes were made relative to spheres which have either equal absorption rates or which have an equal source area. Finally, infiltration results using a numerical solution with van Genuchten functions are compared to the analytical Gardner calculations to gain information on whether the simpler analytical results can be used to predict infiltration rates for other functions. The infiltration comparisons were compared by matching the capillary lengths. Analytical results are compared to numerical computations and agree within about 5 percent. The ability to use the simple algebraic forms of Philip to make predictions within 5 percent is deemed a positive result and suggestive that application to a wider range of soils and hydraulic functions exists.
Subunit composition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from chick ciliary ganglia

Nicotinic ACh receptors were immunoaffinity-purified from chick ciliary ganglia, radioiodinated, and examined by SDS-PAGE. Components with Mr's of 49, 52, and 60 kDa were obtained. Limited proteolysis produced different peptide maps from the components, confirming the 3 as distinct species. All are glycoproteins since treatment with glycopeptidase F altered their migration during electrophoresis. The 60 kDa component appears to be encoded by the AChR alpha 3 gene since it was selectively immunoprecipitated by an antiserum to a fusion protein containing a putative cytoplasmic region of the predicted alpha 3 gene product. The 49 kDa component selectively cross-reacted on immunoblots with 4 monoclonal antibodies that recognize a component of similar size in AChR preparations from chicken brain. The 52 kDa component is a novel species not previously identified in preparations of brain AChRs. If all 3 components represent integral AChR subunits, they may compose 2 receptor subtypes in the ganglion, e.g., one containing 49 and 60 kDa subunits and another containing 52 and 60 kDa subunits. This is supported by the finding that a receptor preparation can be obtained containing only the 49 and 60 kDa components and is consistent with reports of brain AChRs having only 2 types of subunits. Alternatively, ganglionic AChRs may contain 3 or more types of subunits, with at least one being selectively lost under certain conditions.
A hypomorphic allele reveals an important role of inturned in mouse skeletal development

Background: Cilia are important for Hedgehog signaling in vertebrates and many genes that encode proteins involved in ciliogenesis have been studied for their roles in embryonic development. Null mutations in many of these genes cause early embryonic lethality, hence an understanding of their roles in postnatal development is limited. Results: The Inturned (Intu) gene is required for ciliogenesis and here we report a recessive hypomorphic mutation, resulting in substitution of a conserved hydrophobic residue (I813N) near the C-terminus, that sheds light on later functions of Intu. Mice homozygous for this Double-thumb (IntuDtm) allele exhibit polydactyly, retarded growth, and reduced survival. There is a moderate loss of cilia in IntuDtm/Dtm mutants, and IntuI813N exhibits compromised ability to increase ciliogenesis in cultured Intu null mutant cells. IntuDtm mutants show rib defects and delay of endochondral ossification in long bones, digits, vertebrae, and the sternum. These skeletal defects correlate with a decrease in Hh signaling. However, patterning of the neural tube and planar cell polarity appear to be normal. Conclusions: This hypomorphic Intu allele highlights an important role of Intu in mouse skeletal development. Developmental Dynamics 244:736–747, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection of the Mouse Cornea

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of human cornea is rare but serious. The work of previous investigators using experimental infection primarily of rabbit cornea resulted in successful therapy for 10 to 50% of clinical cases. The advantage of using the mouse is demonstrated. The methods we adapted for characterizing the untreated experimental infection included: incising the cornea to enable establishing the infection; corneal examination with a steroscopic microscope; grading corneal pathology; qualitative and quantitative monitoring of the infecting bacteria by culturing and staining sectioned and dissected tissues. The characteristics of the tissue pathology, host response, and infection were similar to those reported for other animals and man. Corneal pathology was frequently nearly maximal 1 day after infection; host response involved a progression of events of long duration; pathology persisted well beyond the period of bacterial infection. The infection was essentially noncommunicable, and invasiveness was limited to the tissues of the incised eye. The results show the possibility of tests for invasiveness of clinical isolates and for screening for therapeutic and prophylactic measures.
Observation of electrochemically generated nitrenium ions by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

We report the observation of the electrochemically generated nitrenium ions of 4,4′-dimethyoxydiphenylamine and di-p-tolylamine in solution by mass spectrometry. This setup takes inspiration from desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to sample directly from the surface of a rotating waterwheel working electrode for mass spectrometric analysis. Detection of the 4,4′-dimethyoxydiphenylamine nitrenium ion was expected based upon para-methoxy resonance stabilization, whereas observation of the di-p-tolylamine nitrenium ion might be unexpected because resonance stabilization from the para-substituted position is unavailable. However, the short timescale analysis of the setup allows for the isolation of the di-p-tolylamine nitrenium ion, which is electrogenerated in solution and detected mass spectrometrically.
Association of HLA Antigen A9 with Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)

Upon evaluation of 40 subjects with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), a significant association of HLA antigens A9 and Aw24 (a subgroup of A9) was found with diffuse scleroderma. HLA-Aw23 (a second subgroup of A9) was also increased in the patients, however, this was not statistically significant. Diffuse scleroderma appears to be one of the few diseases that shows an association with the HLA-A locus.
Only prime superpositions need be considered in the Knuth-Bendix completion procedure

The Knuth and Bendix test for local confluence of a term rewriting system involves generating superpositions of the left-hand sides, and for each superposition deriving a critical pair of terms and checking whether these terms reduce to the same term. We prove that certain superpositions, which are called composite because they can be split into other superpositions, do not have to be subjected to the critical-pair-joinability test; it suffices to consider only prime superpositions. As a corollary, this result settles a conjecture of Lankford that unblocked superpositions can be omitted. To prove the result, we introduce new concepts and proof techniques which appear useful for other proofs relating to the Church-Rosser property. This test has been implemented in the completion procedures for ordinary term rewriting systems as well as term rewriting systems with associative-commutative operators. Performance of the completion procedures with this test and without the test are compared on a number of examples in the Rewrite Rule Laboratory (RRL) being developed at General Electric Research and Development Center.
Trunk applications of phosphite for the control of foliar and fruit scab on pecan

Abstract Pecan scab ( Fusicladium effusum ) is the major disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. Apart from issues of fungicide resistance and the need to test efficacy of novel fungicides such as phosphites, management of the disease in tall trees is challenging due to the technical difficulties of getting sufficient spray coverage to the upper parts of the canopy. The use of trunk application of phosphite, which is systemically transported within the tree, was investigated in six separate experiments in 2010 and 2011. Spray application of phosphite to the trunks of young 3 to 4 year-old trees provided excellent control of scab on foliage of cultivar Desirable, but slightly less control on the susceptible cultivar Wichita, but neither incidence nor severity of scab was reduced on 11 to 12 year-old trees of cultivar Desirable by trunk-spray application in 2010, although slightly less severe disease was observed in 2011. In two factorial cultivar × fungicide treatment experiments in 2010 and 2011 using 13 to 14 year-old trees there was little effect of trunk applications on scab incidence or severity on foliage or fruit. However foliar application of phosphite and a conventional fungicide both significantly reduced the incidence and severity of scab on most cultivars on both foliage and fruit, confirming previous observations of the efficacy of these foliar sprays. Different methods of trunk application, for example injections of phosphite, might prove more efficacious than surface application in older trees.
Welfare Analysis of Pollution Control With Spatial Alternatives

This paper deals with the welfare losses resulting from emission control policies which do not take into account differences in control costs among firms and in benefits across regions. In contrast, an optimal policy considers these differences, and on their basis, requires differential controls among regions, presumably encouraging spatial adaptation of production. Drawing on an empirical analysis of welfare benefits and welfare costs of controlling particulate emissions from the iron and steel industry in two different areas, substantial gains are noted from an optimal policy over uniform and other regulations when damages vary significantly across regions.
Spin-flip Raman scattering in p-InSb

Abstract Since its initial observation by Ebert et al. in 1977 (Appl. Phys. 14, 155) there has been two qualitatively different explanations for the unusual field and temperature dependence of the spin-flip spectra in p-InSb. Ebert et al. [Phys. Rev. B 23 (1981) 6570] suggested that their spectra arose from photoexcited free electrons and free holes, whereas Scott [Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 (1980) 1358 and Rep. Prog. Phys. 43 (1980) 951] interprets the low-frequency spectra as free to bound transitions. In the present paper the disappearnce of the electron spin-flip cross sections above 4 T is shown to be strong support for the latter interpretation, as are the α jj polarizability selection rules for the hole transitions. Most important, the g ≈ −43 gyromagnetic ratio for the observed electron spin-flip spectra shows that the electrons have k ≈ 0; the theory of Ebert et al. requires, to the contrary, photoexcited electrons (and holes) with k ≈ 5 × 10 5 cm −1 , but such electrons would have g ≈ −10 and are thus incompatible with the data. These problems suggest that the very recent extensions to the 1981 analysis by Ebert et al. [Wolfstadter et al., Phys. Rev. B 37 (1988) 10256, 10260, 10264; Trebin et al., Phys. Rev. B 37 (1988) 10249], in which the additional effects of uniaxial stress are included, may be based on a free-hole model that is qualitatively incorrect.
A delay timer for presenting auditory and visual probes

A circuit designed to present auditory or visual probes is described. The circuit allows the probes to be delayed by a specified amount of time, and the volume (for auditory probes) or intensity (for visual probes) may also be adjusted. The circuit may be triggered by any device capable of emitting an electronic pulse-such as a computer or a tachistoscope.
A Nonlinear Oscillator Analog of Rigid Body Dynamics

A rigorously valid nonlinear oscillator analog of the torque-free rotational dynamics of a general rigid body is presented. The analog consists of threeuncoupled nonlinear oscillators, the motion of each being governed by a second order nonlinear ordinary differential equation of the Duffing type. The nonlinear oscillator analog and three associated phase planes, as established herein, provide a new basis for analysis and visualization of rigid body dynamics. The phase planes are particularly useful in providing complete visibility of the motion's limiting cases and stability properties.
Application of Sample Selection Model in Estimating Response Functions for Nitrate Percolation

The Seymour aquifer region of Texas has been identified as containing elevated levels of nitrate in ground water. Various state and federal agencies are currently studying policy options for the region by gathering more site-specific information. However, because of lack of sufficient information, cause and effect relationships between water quality and agricultural practices have not been well established for the region. Some recently available biophysical simulation models have impressive capabilities in generating large amounts of data on environmental pollution resulting from agricultural production practices. In this study, the data generated by a biophysical simulation model were used to estimate the nitrate percolation response functions for the Seymour aquifer region. Interestingly, nitrate percolation values obtained from simulation models often comprise acensoredsample because the non-zero percolation values are only observed under certain climatic events and input levels. It has been shown in the econometric literature that the use of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) on censored sample data produces biased and inconsistent parameter estimates. Thus, a sample selection model was used in this study to estimate the response functions for nitrate percolation. The study provides some insight into the relationship between nitrate percolation and agricultural production practices. In particular, the study demonstrates the potential of selected design standards in minimizing agricultural nonpoint-source (NPS) pollution for the study area.
Mutational analysis of the cashew vicilin allergen, Ana o 2

Abstract Rationale The aim of our study was to make hypoallergenic variants of Ana o 2, a major cashew allergen for possible specific immunotherapy. Methods Epitope mapping done using the SPOTs technology. The critical amino acid residues in the epitopes identified by alanine scanning. Using the QuikChange sup>tm site-directed mutagenesis we introduced point mutations into the IgE epitopes of Ana o 2 and generated seven mutants. Reactivity of mutant proteins to anti-Ana o 2 monoclonal antibodies, rabbit anti-cashew antibodies, and cashew allergic patients sera studied by ELISA and Immunoblotting. Results Epitope mapping studies of Ana o 2 with synthetic peptides identified several epitopes reactive with cashew allergic human sera. Mutational analysis using alanine scanning revealed that single amino acid changes at critical residues in the epitopes could reduce IgE binding. Critical amino acids were mutated in the Ana o 2 gene and seven mutants were expressed and characterized. We observed reduced immuno-reactivity to anti-Ana o 2 monoclonal antibodies, rabbit polyclonal anti-cashew antibodies by Inhibition ELISA (3mutants showed 80% inhibition activity), and to human cashew allergic sera by immunoblot suggesting that these may be hypo-allergenic mutants of Ana o 2. Conclusion Engineering of these hypoallergenic mutants of Ana o 2 could serve as agents for cashew immunotherapy.
Coordination of care for early-stage breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about how care is coordinated for patients with diseases requiring multidisciplinary treatments. How complex care is coordinated may affect a patient’s chance of receiving the full complement of care provided by multiple physicians. We sought to describe approaches used to coordinate care for women with early-stage breast cancer, a disease often treated by multiple different disciplines in the outpatient setting.
Stimulated emission of gamma-radiation: a proposed experiment

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe a method for observing stimulated emission of gamma radiation. Stimulated emission of gamma radiation has never been observed. Stimulated emission of gamma radiation will be essential for developing gamma-ray lasers. The method uses the ‘π phase-shift induced transparency’ of gamma radiation, previously called the ‘gamma echo’. The gamma-echo technique is based on a modification of the time-differential Mossbauer spectroscopic method, i.e. the source is moved ‘instantaneously’ during the lifetime of the excited state. Then a resonant absorber becomes transparent to the resonant gamma radiation. There is a type of ‘self-stimulated’ emission in which the radiation ‘absorbed’, before the phase shift, is stimulated to emit after the phase shift. To observe stimulated emission of the resonant gamma radiation, one performs the same gamma-echo experiment except the resonant absorber is replaced by another source. This secondary source is chosen to be in resonance...
Picosecond resonance Raman studies of ultrafast vibrational dynamics of S1 trans-stilbene in alcohols and alkanes

Abstract Pump-probe resonance Raman studies show that the cooling of vibrationally hot S 1 trans-stilbene is solvent independent and that the dephasing rate of the ethylenic mode depends weakly on solvent polarity.
SU-D-141-07: Evaluation of Fiducial Markers for Radiotherapy Imaging

Purpose: To evaluate visibility, artifacts and distortions of various commercial markers in MRI, CT, and ultrasound imaging used for radiotherapy planning and treatment guidance. Methods: We compare 2 solid gold markers, 4 gold coils, and 1 polymer marker from 3 vendors. Imaging modalities used were 3T and 1.5T GE MRIs, Siemens Sequoia 512 Ultrasound, Phillips Big Bore CT, Varian Trilogy LINAC (CBCT, OBI‐kV, EPID‐MV) and Medtronic O‐ARM CBCT. Markers were imaged in a 30×30×10cm3 custom bolus phantom. In one experiment, Surgilube™ was used around the markers to reduce air gaps. Images were saved in DICOM format and analyzed using in‐house software. Profiles across the markers were used for objective comparison of the markers signals. The visibility and artifacts/distortions produced by each marker were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results: All markers are visible in CT, CBCT, OBI‐kV, and ultrasound. Gold markers below 0.75mm diameter are not visible in EPID‐MV images. The larger the markers the more CT and CBCT image artifacts, yet degree of artifact depends on scan parameters. Visibility of gold coils of 0.75mm diameter or larger is comparable across all imaging modalities studied. The polymer marker causes minimal artifacts in CT and CBCT, and has poor visibility in EPID‐MV. 0.5mm gold coils exhibit poor visibility in MR and EPID‐MV due to their small size. Gold markers are more visible in 3T T1‐GRE than in 1.5T T1‐SE dependent on the scan sequence. All markers in this study are clearly visible on ultrasound. Conclusion: When MR and EPID‐MV imagers are used, the selection of fiducial markers is not straightforward. For hybrid kV/MV IGRT imaging, larger diameter markers are suggested. If using kV imaging alone, smaller size markers may be used in smaller size of patients in order to reduce artifacts. Only larger diameter gold markers were useful across all imaging modalities.
One-sided confidence intervals in discrete distributions

One-sided confidence intervals in the binomial, negative binomial, and Poisson distributions are considered. It is shown that the standard Wald interval suffers from a serious systematic bias in the coverage and so does the one-sided score interval. Alternative confidence intervals with better performance are considered. The coverage and length properties of the confidence intervals are compared through numerical and analytical calculations. Implications to hypothesis testing are also discussed.
Conformationally restricted nucleosides. The reaction of adenosine deaminase with substrates built on a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane template.

Abstract Adenosine deaminase (ADA) can discriminate between two distinct (North and South), conformationally rigid substrate conformers. (N)-methanocarba-2′dA (4) is deaminated 100 times faster than the antipodal (S)-methanocarba-2′dA (5), whereas a non-rigid analogue, aristeromycin (6), is deaminated at an intermediate rate. These results are in agreement with crystallographic data from ADA-ribonucleoside complexes showing the furanose ring of the bound purine in a C3′-endo (North) conformation. The data presented here suggests that 4 and 5 are useful probes to ascertain conformational preferences by purine metabolizing enzymes.
Theory of the Fluorescence of Single Molecules Undergoing Multistate Conformational Dynamics

The fluorescence decay of an N-state system observed in certain single-molecule experiments is multiexponential with random amplitudes when the duration of the experiment, T, is finite. We derive t...
Similarity of WISC‐R and WAIS‐R scores at age 16

Thirty learning disabled students of average intellectual ability between 16 and 17 years of age were given both the WISC-R and the WAIS-R to determine if the WAIS-R provided higher average IQ scores, as had been reported for educationally mentally retarded adolescents. The results indicated: (a) no significant differences between the two scales on either the Verbal, Performance, or Full Scale IQs, (b) significant correlations between the WISC-R and WAIS-R on the three IQ scores and 9 of the 11 subtests, and (c) the emergence of the ACID profile for learning disabled adolescents on both tests.
Choosing sides: HIV health care practices among shared populations of HIV-positive Latinos living near the US-Mexico border.

Background:We compared HIV-positive patients receiving care in the border cities of San Diego, United States, with Tijuana, Mexico.Methods:Participants were HIV-positive Latinos (n = 233) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) from San Diego–Tijuana clinics (2009-2010). Logistic regression identified correlates of receiving HIV care in San Diego versus Tijuana.Results:Those with their most recent HIV visit in San Diego (59%) were more likely to be older, have at least a high school education, and were less likely to have been deported than those with last visits in Tijuana. Despite reporting better patient–provider relationships and less HIV-related stigma than those with visits in Tijuana, San Diego patients were twice as likely to make unsupervised changes in their ART regimen.Conclusions:We observed poorer relative adherence among HIV-positive Latinos receiving care in San Diego, despite reports of good clinical relationships. Further study is needed to ascertain underlying reasons to avoid ART-related...
HALF-LIFE MEASUREMENT OF SEVERAL SHORT-LIVED NUCLEAR ISOMERS.

Abstract Bremsstrahlung produced by 3.5 MeV electrons incident on a platinum target was used to populate nuclear isomers in several nuclei through excitation of higher lying states. A shuttle was constructed to transport targets of natural isotopic abundance from an irradiation position to a measuring position. Other than a low background the activity measured was due entirely to the isomeric decay. The measured half-lives in seconds are 77mSe 17.58 ± 0.12, 79mBr: 4.97 ± 0.10, 167mEr: 2.28 ± 0.03, 179mHf: 18.77 ± 0.07, 183mW: 5.56 ± 0.25, 191mIr: 4.88 ± 0.03, and 197mAu: 7.86 ± 0.04. The data are presented and the methods of analysis are discussed. The results are compared to recent literature values.
Towards a Novel, Implantable Limb Lengthening Device

Several surgical techniques and devices have been developed to help patients born with limb deformities, limb length inequalities, and extreme short stature. People with such ailments often experience pain, dysfunction, and joint degeneration. The primary method of treating such deformities is an osteotomy followed by callus distraction [1]. Commonplace lengthening devices are external fixators and intramedullary devices, but each has its drawbacks. Traditional external fixators, such as the Ilizarov device and Taylor spatial frame, are cumbersome, painful, and produce large residual scars [2]. Due to pin tract infection rates of 10–20%, lengthening with these methods requires careful surveillance [3]. Intramedullary lengthening devices can cause severe complications such as intramedullary infection [4]. Surgeons have recently experienced success with a motorized, intramedullary nail (Fitbone), but pediatric use of this device can be limited due to interference with open growth plates [5]. The investigators have designed an extramedullary device that retains the attractive qualities of an intramedullary nail, without the risk of deep infection or damage to growth plates. Additionally, the device can be equipped with a six-axis force-torque sensor capable of measuring forces and moments in real time.
Conformationally constrained purine mimics. Incorporation of adenine and guanine into spirocyclic nucleosides.

Directed syntheses of spirocyclic nucleosides featuring adenine and guanine as the nucleobases have been successfully developed. The key starting materials are the enantiomerically pure spiro lactones 4, 15, and 28, which have proven amenable to conversion to anomeric mixtures of chloro sugars. The latter can enter into glycosidation by SN2 displacement with the sodium salts of 6-chloropurine or 2-amino-6-chloropurine. In the saturated series, the chromatographic separation of 18 from 19 was possible. Where 33 and 34 are concerned, their relatively rapid rate of epimerization precluded this. Mimics 35−37 resisted isolation as pure anomers. The configurational assignments are based on the thermal interconversions and supporting MM3 steric energy calculations. Added corroboration was gained from a crystallographic analysis of 8. Although removal of the TBS protecting groups in all late-stage guanine intermediates proved to be problematical, the pair of hydroxyl groups in 37 could be introduced by proper rec...
Measurement of particle-size distribution and volume fraction in concentrated suspensions with photon migration techniques

The determination of the particle size distribution and the volume fraction in concentrated suspensions from the multiwavelength measurement of isotropic-scattering coefficients by use of frequency-domain photon migration techniques is demonstrated for three different polydisperse polystyrene suspensions. When a Newton-type inverse algorithm is used, the successful recovery of the particle size distribution, in the form of a Weibull function, and the volume fraction of polystyrene suspensions is achieved. Our results are in excellent agreement with dynamic light-scattering size distribution measurements. On consideration of the particle mass conservation as an additional constraint penalty term in the inverse algorithm, it is shown that the quality of the particle size distribution reconstruction can be improved. Because no calibration is needed, photon migration techniques are especially suited for on-line measurement of the particle size distribution and the volume fraction in the chemical- and the pharmaceutical-based industries.
Hybrid organic/inorganic resonators for sensing and telecommunications applications

Historically, integrated photonic devices have been fabricated from inorganic material systems, such as silicon, silicon nitride, silica and gallium arsenide. As a result of their inherently low material loss and compatibility with nanofabrication tools, high performance waveguides and resonant cavities have been demonstrated. However, to achieve many of the desired performance metrics, it is necessary to implement active stabilization systems. For example, as a result of the thermo-optic effect, the resonant wavelength of a microcavity will change with temperature, resulting in an unpredictable resonant wavelength without temperature stabilization. Therefore, new materials and material systems are desired. One approach is to combine the inorganic materials conventionally used in telecommunications with organic polymeric materials. These hybrid systems offer the ability to tune the optical and mechanical properties of the inorganic materials, achieving athermal or temperature-independent performance. Additionally, given the wide range of polymeric material available, new material systems with previously unrealized behavior are possible; for example, materials which mechanically respond to UV, humidity and specific chemicals. Using silica toroidal whispering gallery mode resonant cavities as the device platform, a series of hybrid organic/inorganic resonators were fabricated. Several different types of organic layers were studied, varying both the specific polymeric material and the deposition method. For example, polyisobutylene was coated on the devices using either a spin-coating method or a surface initiated cationic polymerization process. With the wide range of possible organic materials, many different devices have been fabricated, including athermal devices, humidity and bio/chemical sensors, and microlasers.
THERAPIST PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS: AN UNEXPLORED INFLUENCE ON CLIENT DISCLOSURE

Existing research indicates that clients perceive facially attractive therapists as more competent, trustworthy, genuine, and effective than less attractive therapists. No studies exist to help explain how the therapist's attractiveness influences a client's self-disclosure. Participants (n = 241) were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental groups to test the interaction of the therapist's attractiveness, client's gender, the nature of presenting problem, and the client's comfort with disclosing in a hypothetical couple therapy scenario. Analysis of variance procedures established that most participants reported feeling more comfortable disclosing a benign (communication) problem than a potentially embarrassing (sexual) problem, and more comfortable disclosing problems to an attractive than to a less attractive female therapist. Therapists are encouraged to understand the power attractiveness may have in their own and their clients' lives.
Nutrition of the European Corn Borer, Pyrausta Nubilalis (Hbn.). Iv Feeding Reactions of First Instar Larvae

It has long been recognized that the successful rearing of an organism may depend on factors contributing to the acceptability of the diet as well as those responsible for adequate nutrition. The importance of influences on feeding behavior is apparently very great in the case of most plantfeeding insects, as the host plant must serve not only as food, but also as the principal environment of the insect.
Acquisition and representation of empirical time functions on the basis of directly measured local integrals

Abstract The continuous acquisition of experimental time functions by an integrating analogue-to-digital conversion technique is discussed. The theoretical justification of the procedure's superiority over schemes based on point measurement, with special regard to its intrinsic noise rejection, and an appropriate mathematical method for the computer internal representation and processing of empirical functions are given. Then, the hardware design of a corresponding multichannel interfacing unit, its physical interconnection with minicomputers and/or microcomputers and the required software support are described. The technique yields considerable complexity and work load reductions and eases time constraints.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activates the Hepatic Activator Protein 1 Complex via Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Signaling Pathways

Background and Aims Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced in many forms of chronic liver disease and may promote the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The activator protein 1 (AP-1) complex is a transcription factor that promotes hepatic carcinogenesis in response to cellular stress. The aim of this study was to determine the role of ER stress in the regulation of the hepatic AP-1 complex. Methods Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and C57BL/6J mice were subjected to pharmacologic ER stress and the expression of AP-1-associated genes and proteins was assessed. To determine the role of MAPK signaling in ER stress-induced AP-1 activation, ER stress was induced in JNK- and ERK-inhibited HepG2 cells. Results Induction of ER stress promoted the activation of both Jun- and Fos-related genes and proteins of the AP-1 complex in HepG2 cells and murine liver. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in HepG2 cells completely prevented ER stress-induced activation of the fos-related components of AP-1 whereas activation of Jun-related components was only partially attenuated. Conversely, inhibition of JNK phosphorylation in HepG2 cells reduced ER stress-induced activation of Jun-related components but did not prevent activation of fos-related components. Conclusions ER stress activates the hepatic AP-1 complex via MAPK-dependent signaling pathways. ER stress-induced activation of Fos-related components is dependent primarily on ERK activation whereas ER stress-induced activation of Jun-related components is dependent primarily on JNK activation, although there is interplay between these regulatory pathways. These data implicate a novel signaling pathway by which sustained ER stress, as observed in many chronic liver diseases, may promote hepatic carcinogenesis.
Ultrastructural changes in the rat neurohypophysis following castration and testosterone replacement.

Abstract Ultrastructural changes in male rat neurohypophyses were studied 8 or 30 days after castration, with or without testosterone (T) replacement via capsule implants. Morphometric analyses determined the : (a) amount of neural contact at the basal lamina (BL) of the neurovascular contact zone, (b) average length of individual terminal contacts with the BL, (c) number of neurosecretory terminals per 100 μm of BL, and (d) mean number of enclosed axonal processes per pituicyte. Eight days after castration there was decreased neural/BL contact and increased pituicyte enclosure of neurosecretory processes, conditions associated with decreased hormone release. In contrast, T replacement resulted in increased individual nerve terminal length, a measure associated with increased hormone demand. This observation may indicate a stimulatory effect of continuous high-normal circulating levels of testosterone from the capsule implants. There were no differences from control in 30-day castrate rats, but the 30-day rats with T replacement showed morphological indications of increased hormone release. These consisted of increased neural contact with the BL apparently through a significant increase in the number of neurosecretory terminals per unit length of BL. These findings support studies showing a complex feedback interaction between circulating levels of testosterone and vasopressin release.
Moored Salinity Time Series Measurements at 0°, 140°W

Abstract This study describes moored salinity time series measurements in a biologically productive equatorial upwelling regime in the Pacific Ocean (0°, 140°W). Data were collected at 26 m and at 100 m for 13 months during 1987–1988 using four SEACAT conductivity and temperature recorders equipped with optional antifouling attachments. Laboratory Pre- and post-deployment calibrations indicate that the instrumental drift in SEACAT salinity measurements was typically <0.015 psu with a maximum of 0.055 psu for sequential 6–7 month long mooring deployments. Root mean square (rms) differences with CTD casts taken within a few nautical miles of the moorings were ∼0.05 psu. These values are an order of magnitude smaller than the observed range of salinity variations. Little biogenic material was found on the SEACAT sensors on recovery. Thus, we infer that the antifouling attachments used were effective and that similar favorable results using SEACATs can be expected at other times and places in equatorial upwel...
Multimode Imaging in the Thermal Infrared for Chemical Contrast Enhancement. Part 1: Methodology

We combine a thermal light source with a conventional thermal infrared camera, alternating current (AC) detection methods, and chemical filtering of the infrared (IR) light to generate several imaging modalities in a simple manner. We demonstrate that digital lock-in amplifier techniques can increase the chemical contrast in an active thermal infrared image using both reflectance and thermal re-emission. We show this method is useful for visualizing thin coatings on fabrics that are invisible to the eye. We also take advantage of a “like-detects-like” chemical filtering approach to chemical selectivity for the purpose of chemical identification using a broadband thermal detector.
Adolescents in smoking cessation treatment: Relationship between externalizing symptoms, smoking history and outcome

Abstract Previous research has indicated a potential bi-directional link between youth substance use and externalizing psychiatric comorbidities. We hypothesized that the degree of externalizing symptoms predicts the likelihood of successful smoking cessation (prolonged abstinence) among adolescent smokers participating in a cessation trial. We also explored the association of externalizing symptoms with age at smoking initiation. Ninety one adolescents (mean ± S.D.; age 15.1 ± 1.4 years, cigarettes per day 18.4 ± 8.1, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence 7.1 ± 1.3) were included. The Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and Youth Self-Report assessed the degree of externalizing symptoms. Regression analysis indicated that lower CBCL externalizing scores significantly predicted the likelihood of prolonged abstinence. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated a significant association of lower externalizing scores with later onset of smoking initiation. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing externalizing behaviors in adolescent smoking cessation programs.
Dynamic response of highway girder bridges

Abstract The objective of the paper is to investigate the variation of dynamic loading of girder bridges with different girder number and span length due to several vehicles moving across rough bridge decks. Nine girder bridges with girder number ranging from four to eight and span length changing from 40 to 120 ft are designed based on the AASHTO standard highway bridges and modeled as grillage beam systems. The vehicle is simulated as a nonlinear vehicle model with 11 d.f. according to the HS20-44 truck design loading contained in the AASHTO specifications. Four types of road surface roughness generated from power spectral density function for very good, good, average and poor roads in accordance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) specifications are used in this study. The maximum impact factors of different girders of bridges are obtained for different number of loading trucks (side by side), road surface roughnesses, transverse loading positions and the vehicle speeds changing from 15 to 75 mph. The conclusions reached in this study are useful in the further study of the impact of highway bridges and for practical bridge design engineers.
Reciprocal cooperation in avian mobbing: playing nice pays

Unrelated passerine birds often join together while mobbing, a widespread antipredator behavior during which birds harass a predator. Although previous analyses concluded that mobbing could not have evolved via reciprocity, Krams and colleagues' field experiments show that birds preferentially join mobs with neighbors that have aided them previously, suggesting that these birds utilize reciprocity-based strategies involving individual recognition and recollection of previous interactions with others. This implies a level of sophistication in bird communities greater than had previously been realized.
Powdered tart cherry supplementation mitigates the post-exercise immune response with reduction in total antioxidant status and serum triglyceride levels following an acute bout of intense endurance exercise

Background Consumption of tart cherry juice has been reported to effectively reduce inflammation, muscle damage, and muscle soreness following bouts of exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if consumption of a powdered form of tart cherries derived from tart cherry skins prior to and following intense endurance exercise promotes similar positive results as seen with tart cherry juice consumption.
Small molecular weight proteins/peptides present in the in vivo formed human acquired enamel pellicle.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the type and the nature of peptides present in the in vivo formed human acquired enamel pellicle. Design Pellicle material was collected from 10 volunteers and subjected to sample preparations consisting of centrifugal filtration using a 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off membrane and high-resolution gel filtration chromatography. The fractions containing peptides Results 78 natural pellicle peptides with molecular weights ranging from 766.9 Da to 3981.4 Da were identified originating from 29 different proteins. Conclusions The number of peptides present in acquired enamel pellicle appears to be large and this is likely to enhance the functional spectrum of this protein film. The presence of small peptides in pellicle may be functionally important since structure/function studies of many salivary proteins have shown that specific domains within these native proteins retain or even exhibit enhanced biological activities. The data present the basis for determining the precise function of these pellicle peptides and for gaining insights into the role pellicle plays in the oral cavity.
Neuronal connections underlying orientation selectivity in cat visual cortex

How do neurons of the visual cortex acquire their acute sensitivity to the orientation of a visual stimulus? The question has preoccupied those who study the cortex since Hubel and Wiesel1 first described orientation selectivity over twenty-five years ago. At the time, they proposed an elegant and enduring model for the origin of orientation selectivity. Fig. 1A, which is adapted from their original paper and which contains the essence of their model, is by now familiar to most students of the visual system and to many others besides. Yet the model, and the central question that it addresses, is still the subject of intense debate. Competing models have arisen in the intervening years, along with diverse experiments that bear on them.
Assessment of the Jason-2 Extension to the TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-l Sea-Surface Height Time Series for Global Mean Sea Level Monitoring

The Jason-2 (OSTM) follow-on mission to Jason-I provides for the continuation of global and regional mean sea level estimates along the ground-track of the initial phase of the TOPEX/Poseidon mission. During the first several months, Jason-I and Jason-2 flew in formation separated by only 55 seconds, enabling the isolation of intermission instrument biases through direct collinear differencing of near simultaneous observations. The Jason-2 Ku-band range bias with respect to Jason-I is estimated to be -84 +/- 9 mm, based on the orbit altitudes provided on the Geophysical Data Records. Modest improved agreement is achieved with the GSFC replacement orbits, which further enables the isolation of subtle 1 cm) instrument-dependent range correction biases. Inter-mission bias estimates are confirmed with an independent assessment from comparisons to a 64-station tide-gauge network, also providing an estimate of the stability of the 17-year time series to be less than 0.1 mm/yr +/- 0.4 mm/yr. The global mean sea level derived from the multi-mission altimeter sea-surface height record from January 1993 through September 2009 is 3.3 +/- 0.4 mm/yr. Recent trends over the period from 2004 through 2008 are smaller and estimated to be 2.0 +/- 0.4 mm/yr.
Removal of Organic Films from Rotating Disks Using Aqueous Solutions of Nonionic Surfactants: Film Morphology and Cleaning Mechanisms

In this work, we consider the cleaning of an organic liquid film, consisting initially of a concentrated solution of abietic acid in isopropyl alcohol, from the surface of a rotating disk by using aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant, pentaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether. The results show that the removal process takes place in three consecutive stages. The first stage is controlled by the solubilization of the abietic acid by surfactant penetration and subsequent mass transfer from the interface to the bulk of the aqueous solution. During the first stage, the film absorbs water from the aqueous solution and breaks up into drops that leave portions of the surface exposed. The absorption of surfactant and water reduces the organic-phase viscosity, until the drops start to move on the disk surface under the action of shear forces. These drops aggregate into spiral-shaped continuous rivulets through which the organic phase flows until it comes off the disk edge. Such behavior occurs during the sec...
English language learners in the culinary institute: an extended‐day programme

Working together to provide a culturally relevant, inquiry‐based language and literacy experience for their English language learners from an insulated Chinatown community, classroom teachers designed and operated an after‐school culinary institute. Students, parents and teachers all offered testimony to the overwhelming success of the programme in terms of language learning, content knowledge and social and emotional growth.
Optimal Orientation of a Liquid-Film Solar-Assisted Brine Concentrator

Recently, an open, liquid-film concentrator has been both theoretically and experimentally evaluated for increasing evaporation and concentration rates above those for simple solar evaporator basins (Kim, D. H., Jenkins, B. M., Yore, M. W., and Kim, N. J., 2007, "Salt Recovery From Agriculture Drainage Water Using a Liquid Film Solar-Assisted Concentrator: Simulation and Model Validation," Sol. Energy, 81(10), pp. 1314-1321). For azimuth and tilt angles of the inclined brine concentrator where the maximum solar gain and mean wind direction are not in concurrence, the optimum orientation to maximize evaporation over a fixed interval of time was determined by simulation. Simulation was performed using ten years of hourly weather data for two different locations where wind blows mostly from the south and the north throughout the year, respectively (Davis and Five Points, CA) with different orientations and slope angles. Maximum annual evaporation for Davis occurred with the concentrator facing southwest and sloped at the latitude angle. At Five Points, maximum evaporation occurred with the inclined surface facing north even with the less favorable angle for solar absorption, indicating the importance of the wind speed-dependent mass transfer coefficient on overall performance. Additional experiments are needed to vali-date the simulations.