cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validating the Airspace Concept Evaluation System for Different Weather Days

This paper extends the process for validating the Airspace Concept Evaluation System using real-world historical flight operational data. System inputs such as flight plans and airport en-route capacities, are generated and processed to create a realistic reproduction of a single day's operations within the National Airspace System. System outputs such as airport throughput, delays, and en-route sector loads are then compared to real world operational metrics and delay statistics for the reproduced day. The process is repeated for 4 historical days with high and low traffic volume and delay attributed to weather. These 4 days are simulated using default en-route capacities and variable en-route capacities used to emulate weather. The validation results show that default enroute capacity simulations are closer to real-world data for low weather days than high weather days. The use of reduced variable enroute capacities adds a large delay bias to ACES but delay trends between weather days are better represented.
The geology of 433 Eros

The global high-resolution imaging of asteroid 433 Eros by the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Shoemaker spacecraft has made it possible to develop the first comprehensive picture of the geology of a small S-type asteroid. Eros displays a variety of surface features, and evidence of a substantial regolith. Large scale facets, grooves, and ridges indicate the presence of at least one global planar structure. Directional and superposition relations of smaller structural features suggest that fracturing has occurred throughout the object. As with other small objects, impact craters dominate the overall shape as well as the small-scale topography of Eros. Depth/diameter ratios of craters on Eros average ~0.13, but the freshest craters approach lunar values of ~0.2. Ejecta block production from craters is highly variable; the majority of large blocks appear to have originated from one 7.6 km crater (Shoemaker). The interior morphology of craters does not reveal the influence of discrete mechanical boundaries at depth in the manner of craters formed on lunar mare regolith and on some parts of Phobos. This lack of mechanical boundaries, and the abundant evidence of regolith in nearly every high-resolution image, suggests a gradation in the porosity and fracturing with depth. The density of small craters is deficient at sizes below ~200 m relative to predicted slopes of empirical saturation. This characteristic, which is also found on parts of Phobos and lunar highland areas, probably results from the efficient obliteration of small craters on a body with significant topographic slopes and a thick regolith. Eros displays a variety of regolith features, such as debris aprons, fine-grained "ponded" deposits, talus cones, and bright and dark streamers on steep slopes indicative of efficient downslope movement of regolith. These processes serve to mix materials in the upper loose fragmental portion of the asteroid (regolith). In the instance of "ponded" materials and crater wall deposits, there is evidence of processes that segregate finer materials into discrete deposits. The NEAR observations have shown us that surface processes on small asteroids can be very complex and result in a wide variety of morphologic features and landforms that today seem exotic. Future missions to comets and asteroids will surely reveal still as yet unseen processes as well as give context to those discovered by the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft.
Parasites and Progress: Ethical Decision-Making and the Santee-Cooper Malaria Study, 1944-1949

As part of a mid-1940s malaria research program, U.S. Public Health Service researchers working in South Carolina chose to withhold treatment from a group of subjects while testing the efficacy of a new insecticide. Research during World War II had generated new tools to fight malaria, including the insecticide DDT and the medication chloroquine. The choices made about how to conduct research in one of the last pockets of endemic malaria in the United States reveal much about prevailing attitudes and assumptions with regard to malaria control. We describe this research and explore the ethical choices inherent in the tension between environmentally based interventions and the individual health needs of the population living within the study domain. The singular focus on the mosquito and its lifecycle led some researchers to view the humans in their study area as little more than parasite reservoirs, an attitude fueled by the frustrating disappearance of malaria just when the scientists were on the verge of establishing the efficacy of a powerful new agent in the fight against malaria. This analysis of their choices has relevance to broader questions in public health ethics.
An adpA homologue in Streptomyces avermitilis is involved in regulation of morphogenesis and melanogenesis

In Streptomyces griseus, AdpA, the key transcriptional activator in the A-factor regulatory cascade, switches on the transcription of multiple genes required for secondary metabolism and morphological differentiation. Streptomyces avermitilis also contains an ortholog of adpA, which is named adpA-a. To clarify the in vivo function of adpA-a, an adpA-a-disrupted strain was constructed by double crossover recombination. No difference in avermectin production was found between the adpA-a-disruptant and the wild-type strain. However, this disruptant neither formed spores nor produced melanin and its phenotype was restored to the original wild-type by a single copy of the adpA-a gene integrated into the chromosome. This report shows that adpA-a is involved in regulation of morphological differentiation and melanin production in S. avermitilis.
Lysogenization and curing by int-constitutive mutants of phage λ

Abstract Stocks of phage variants carrying mutations ( o L c and int-c ) that allow transcription of the int gene of a repressed λ prophage have been derived from a lysogen in which λ is inserted into the trp operon so that part of that operon responds to phage promoters. Studies of these phages and lysogens derived therefrom show that o L c phages express genes N , red-γ, xis , and int under repression, whereas int-c phages efficiently express int alone. The int-c mutation has a dual effect on the xis gene. Very little functional xis product is formed by derepressed int-c phages; but repressed int-c phages mediate xis -dependent excision at a rate that is small yet higher than that observed with wild-type λ. This minute excisionase activity under repression is observed only when the int-c mutation is cis to a functional xis gene; which suggests that perhaps the int-c mutation causes production of an incomplete, partially active xis product.
Detection of soluble forms of the β-amyloid precursor protein in human plasma

A approximately 40-residue fragment of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is progressively deposited in the extracellular spaces of brain and blood vessels in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down's syndrome and aged normal subjects. Soluble, truncated forms of APP lacking the carboxyl terminus are normally secreted from cultured cells expressing this protein and are found in cerebrospinal fluid. Here, we report the detection of a similar soluble APP isoform in human plasma. This approximately 125 kDa protein, which was isolated from plasma by Affi-Gel Blue chromatography or dialysis-induced precipitation, comigrates with the larger of the two major soluble APP forms present in spinal fluid and contains the Kunitz protease inhibitor insert. It thus derives from the APP751 and APP770 precursors; a soluble form of APP695 has not yet been detected in plasma. The approximately 125 kDa plasma form lacks the C-terminal region and is unlikely to serve as a precursor for the beta-protein that forms the amyloid in AD.
The consumption, digestion, and utilization of food plants by a polyphagous insect, Prodenia eridania (Cramer)

Abstract The rate of food intake, the percentage digestibility, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food to body matter during the fifth instar of Prodenia eridania was determined for 18 different plants, representing 13 families. Ten of the plants were very efficiently converted to body matter. Some plants did not support optimal larval growth because of any one or a combination of the following factors: low digestibility, low efficiency of conversion, and low consumption rate. Digestibility ranged from 36 per cent for a poor to 76 per cent for a good food. Efficiency of conversion of digested material to body matter ranged from 16 per cent for a poor to 56 per cent for a good food. Other factors which appear to affect the overall efficiency of a particular plant are water content, protein content, and possibly fibre content. There appears to be in a good food plant an inverse correlation between food consumption and efficiency of utilization. The efficiency by which digested food can be converted into body material is 50 per cent and higher in Prodenia and several other lepidopterous larvae, on a dry weight basis. This degree of efficiency is far higher than in the most efficient food converters among higher animals, viz. the chick or pig, where comparable figures are of the order of 10 to 25 per cent.
Prevalence and Correlates of Vitamin and Supplement Usage Among Men With a Family History of Prostate Cancer

Hypotheses. Men who have a brother with prostate cancer have a 2-fold increased risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer. Strategies employed by these men to reduce prostate cancer risk are not well understood. Preliminary studies have shown that men with a family history of prostate cancer have a high rate of vitamin and supplement usage aimed at the prevention of prostate cancer. Study design. The authors analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of men with familial and hereditary prostate cancer and their unaffected brothers. A total of 542 unaffected men who had at least one brother who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer regarding their use of vitamins and supplements, as well as the motivation for use, were interviewed. Methods. The associations between subject characteristics and vitamin and supplement use were evaluated using an unconditional logistic regression modeling approach. Results. Overall, 59.2% and 36.5% of men reported ever using and currently using, respectively, one or more ...
Co-translational protein targeting to the bacterial membrane

Co-translational protein targeting by the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) is an essential cellular pathway that couples the synthesis of nascent proteins to their proper cellular localization. The bacterial SRP, which contains the minimal ribonucleoprotein core of this universally conserved targeting machine, has served as a paradigm for understanding the molecular basis of protein localization in all cells. In this review, we highlight recent biochemical and structural insights into the molecular mechanisms by which fundamental challenges faced by protein targeting machineries are met in the SRP pathway. Collectively, these studies elucidate how an essential SRP RNA and two regulatory GTPases in the SRP and SRP receptor (SR) enable this targeting machinery to recognize, sense and respond to its biological effectors, i.e. the cargo protein, the target membrane and the translocation machinery, thus driving efficient and faithful co-translational protein targeting. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
Evidence of currently-used pesticides in air, ice, fog, seawater and surface microlayer in the Bering and Chukchi seas

Abstract Investigation of currently-used pesticides (triazines, acetanilides, organophosphates and organochlorines) was carried out in the Bering and Chukchi marine ecosystems in the summer of 1993. Chlorpyrifos and trace levels of endosulphan were the most frequently identified contaminants in seawater, chlorpyrifos and atrazine were found in marine ice, and chlorothalonil and trifluralin were found in surface microlayer samples. Concentrations of chlorpyrifos were highest (170 ng l−1) in marine ice and higher in seawater (19–67 ng l−1) at locations which were closest to the ice edge. Endosulphan was found as a widely distributed currently used pesticide in the polar atmosphere. The greatest concentration of any one single agrochemical was trifluralin (1.15 μg l−1) in a Bristol Bay surface microlayer sample. Arctic marine fog was sampled and for the first time, several currently-used pesticides (chlorpyrifos, trifluralin, metolachlor, chlorothalonil, terbufos and endosulphan) were detected at concentrations several times higher than in adjacent waters or ice.
Isolation and lipid-binding properties of rat apolipoprotein A-IV

Apolipoprotein A-IV was isolated from the d < 1.21 g/ml fraction of rat serum by gel filtration followed by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography; this method also facilitated the preparation of apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein E. The apolipoprotein A-IV preparation was characterized by SDS-gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, amino acid analysis and immunodiffusion. The lipid-binding properties of this protein were studied. Apolipoprotein A-IV associated with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) to form recombinants which contained two molecules of apolipoprotein A-IV and had a lipid/protein molar ratio of 110. The density of the DMPC/apolipoprotein A-IV particles was determined to be 1.08 g/ml and the particles were visualized by electron microscopy as discs which were 5.8 nm thick and 18.0 nm in diameter. The stability of the DMPC/apolipoprotein A-IV recombinants, as determined by resistance to denaturation, was comparable to the stability of DMPC/apolipoprotein A-I complexes. However, by competition studies it was found that apolipoprotein A-I competed for the binding to DMPC more effectively than did apolipoprotein A-IV. It is concluded that, while rat apolipoprotein A-IV resembles other apolipoproteins in its lipid-binding characteristics, it may be displaced from lipid complexes by apolipoprotein A-I.
Immune therapy of metastatic melanoma developing after allogeneic bone marrow transplant

Metastatic melanoma is frequently treated with immune activating therapy, which poses a theoretical risk of inducing graft versus host disease (GVHD) in those who have received allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The literature reporting the safety of immunotherapy in post transplant patients is limited. We report two patients with metastatic melanoma who received treatment with immunotherapy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation that did not result in GVHD.
Secular changes of the M2 tide in the Gulf of Maine

Analyses of long time series of hourly tide-gauge data at four stations in the Gulf of Maine reveal that the amplitude of the M2 tide underwent a nearly linear secular increase throughout most of the twentieth century. In the early 1980s, however, the amplitude of M2 abruptly dropped. Sea level changes alone appear inadequate to explain either the long-term trend or the recent trend discontinuity. Tidal models that account for Holocene sea level rise do predict an amplification of M2, but much smaller than the currently observed trends. Nor do recent annual mean sea levels correlate with the recent trend discontinuity. Some unknown fraction of the open Atlantic may be similarly affected, since the M2 discontinuity, but not the long-term secular increase in the tide, is evident also at Halifax.
A mathematical methodology for determining the temporal order of pathway alterations arising during gliomagenesis

Human cancer is caused by the accumulation of genetic alterations in cells. Of special importance are changes that occur early during malignant transformation because they may result in oncogene addiction and thus represent promising targets for therapeutic intervention. We have previously described a computational approach, called Retracing the Evolutionary Steps in Cancer (RESIC), to determine the temporal sequence of genetic alterations during tumorigenesis from cross-sectional genomic data of tumors at their fully transformed stage. Since alterations within a set of genes belonging to a particular signaling pathway may have similar or equivalent effects, we applied a pathway-based systems biology approach to the RESIC methodology. This method was used to determine whether alterations of specific pathways develop early or late during malignant transformation. When applied to primary glioblastoma (GBM) copy number data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, RESIC identified a temporal order of pathway alterations consistent with the order of events in secondary GBMs. We then further subdivided the samples into the four main GBM subtypes and determined the relative contributions of each subtype to the overall results: we found that the overall ordering applied for the proneural subtype but differed for mesenchymal samples. The temporal sequence of events could not be identified for neural and classical subtypes, possibly due to a limited number of samples. Moreover, for samples of the proneural subtype, we detected two distinct temporal sequences of events: (i) RAS pathway activation was followed by TP53 inactivation and finally PI3K2 activation, and (ii) RAS activation preceded only AKT activation. This extension of the RESIC methodology provides an evolutionary mathematical approach to identify the temporal sequence of pathway changes driving tumorigenesis and may be useful in guiding the understanding of signaling rearrangements in cancer development.
Voter Identification Laws: An Annotated Bibliography

This annotated bibliography is intended to serve as a guide for anyone researching voter identification laws. The bibliography describes research methodology, summarizes law journal articles, and notes useful electronic resources for tracking recent developments on this topic.
Reconfigurable MRI-guided robotic surgical manipulator: Prostate brachytherapy and neurosurgery applications

This paper describes a modular design approach for robotic surgical manipulator under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance. The proposed manipulator provides 2 degree of freedom (DOF) Cartesian motion and 2-DOF pitch and yaw motion. Primarily built up with dielectric materials, it utilizes parallel mechanism and is compact in size to fit into the limited space of close-bore MRI scanner. It is ideal for needle based surgical procedures which usually require positioning and orientation control for accurate imaging plane alignment. Specifically, this mechanism is easily reconfigurable to over constrained manipulator structure which provides 2-DOF Cartesian motion by simple structure modification. This modular manipulator integrated with different end-effector modules is investigated for prostate brachytherapy and neu-rosurgery applications as preliminary evaluation.
Justice Byron White and the Brethren

In 1979, Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong caused quite a stir in the legal world with the publication of The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. Over the years, the authors have maintained that five sitting Justices assisted them with material for the book, and the authors have identified Justices Potter Stewart, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and Harry Blackmun as three of the five who provided assistance. Based on a conversation with Bob Woodward in May 2011, the author of this article suggests that the other two Justices who provided assistance were Byron White and William Rehnquist. The article relates the information obtained from Woodward, examines the history regarding Justice White and The Brethren, and discusses the “evidence” that Justices White and Rehnquist assisted Woodward and Armstrong while calling upon the authors to reveal more information to the public now that all of these Justices are deceased.
Graphitic‐Carbon Layers on Oxides: Toward Stable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biomass Conversion Reactions

Conversion of biomass-derived molecules involves catalytic reactions under harsh conditions in the liquid phase (e.g., temperatures of 250 °C and possibly under either acidic or basic conditions). Conventional oxide-supported catalysts undergo pore structure collapse and surface area reduction leading to deactivation under these conditions. Here we demonstrate an approach to deposit graphitic carbon to protect the oxide surface. The heterogeneous catalysts supported on the graphitic carbon/oxide composite exhibit excellent stability (even under acidic conditions) for biomass conversion reactions.
TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE: ON DREAMING THE IMPOSSIBLE

Ian Barbour decrit les problemes socio-technologiques qui s'annoncent a l'humanite ce prochain millenaire. Il propose des solutions, en supposant des reformes fondamentales des valeurs sociales, principalement pour les societes industrialisees. La dynamique du changement social pourra ainsi peut-etre augmenter l'espoir des reves impossibles
Plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells facilitate allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell engraftment

Bone marrow transplantation offers great promise for treating a number of disease states. However, the widespread application of this approach is dependent upon the development of less toxic methods to establish chimerism and avoid graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). CD8+/TCR− facilitating cells (FCs) have been shown to enhance engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in allogeneic recipients without causing GVHD. In the present studies, we have identified the main subpopulation of FCs as plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells (p-preDCs). FCs and p-preDCs share many phenotypic, morphological, and functional features: both produce IFN-α and TNF-α, both are activated by toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 ligand (CpG ODN) stimulation, and both expand and mature after Flt3 ligand (FL) treatment. FL-mobilized FCs, most of which express a preDC phenotype, significantly enhance engraftment of HSCs and induce donor-specific tolerance to skin allografts. However, p-preDCs alone or p-preDCs from the FC population facilitate HSC engraftment less efficiently than total FCs. Moreover, FCs depleted of preDCs completely fail to facilitate HSC engraftment. These results are the first to define a direct functional role for p-preDCs in HSC engraftment, and also suggest that p-preDCs need to be in a certain state of maturation/activation to be fully functional.
A Photographic Method of Recording Plethysmograms.

SummaryA photographic method of recording plethysmograms is described. The use of a U-tube liquid manometer, with its low inertia and low interval friction, furnishes a rapidly acting system for recording small intrinsic changes in pressure. These changes oi pressure may be converted into changes in volume by the use of equations.
Specification and planning of UAV missions: a Process Algebra approach

Formal languages have recently come under attention as a powerful tool to describe in a precise and rigorous way mission specifications (i.e., mission objectives and constraints) for robotic systems, and to design planning and control algorithms that provably achieve the specifications. In this paper, we consider Process Algebras as a mission specification language for teams of UAVs. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that Process Algebra specifications are amenable to efficient planning algorithms. In particular, a tree-search algorithm is presented that computes a feasible plan in polynomial time. Branch-and-bound techniques are used to compute an optimal plan if computation time is available. Several mission specification examples are presented, and results from a numerical simulation are discussed.
Thyroxine-Induced Changes in Characteristics and Activities of β-Adrenergic Receptors and Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Systems in the Heart May Be Related to Reputed Catecholamine Supersensitivity in Hyperthyroidism*

Modifications in characteristics and activities of β-adrenergic receptors and certain parameters of the cyclic nucleotide systems were observed in the hypertrophied heart of the rat chronically treated with T4. These include: 1) an increased number of β-adrenergic receptors without a change in their affinity, as determined by binding of (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol to the membrane; 2) increased sensitivity and magnitude of stimulation of adenylate cyclase in homogenates by isoproterenol, without a change in the basal or NaF-stimulated (total) enzyme activity; 3) decreased formation of cAMP and decreased activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the minced heart stimulated by isoproterenol, probably due to decreased myocardial ATP concentration; 4) decreased activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase in the particulate fraction; 5) decreased activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase in both the soluble and particulate fractions, accompanied by decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the particulat...
PIV, high-speed PLIF and chemiluminescence imaging for near-spark-plug investigations in IC engines

Measurements of the local flow and mixture condition near the spark plug of internal combustion engines are important to characterize their influence on ignition and combustion performance. This is especially true for direct-injection engines where limited time is available for mixture formation and optimum stratification of the fuel/air mixture to achieve best performance. Transient processes need to be visualized in an optically challenging environment. The application of digital Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) for flow field measurements along with crank angle-resolved planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) and chemiluminescence imaging is discussed in the context of investigations of a highly stratified sprayguided direct-injection engine. Flow fields were captured in a firing optical single-cylinder engine to study the interaction of the fast spray and the underlying in-cylinder tumble flow. The impingement of the fuel spray on the spark plug electrodes and subsequent dispersion of the fuel cloud was filmed at a rate of 12kHz with a new PLIF technique using a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser. Subsequent flame development and combustion progress could be followed via high-speed imaging of OH* chemiluminescence. This approach was also combined with double- pulse PLIF imaging of fuel distributions.
Metal Redox Processes for the Controlled Synthesis of Metal Alloy Nanoparticles

Nanocrystalline metals have received widespread interest and found various applications owing to their magnetic and catalytic properties and in energy-related fields. A flexible approach for the growth of nanoalloys with controlled properties and well-defined structures on the atomic scale is thus greatly desired. A new synthetic method that avoids incompatible reduction potentials and rates would be critical to grow metal nanostructures with high purities and the desired stoichiometries. A metal-redox strategy that employs spontaneous oxidation/reduction reactions to grow nanocrystalline alloys using molecular-scale zerovalent metal precursors is now described. The selection of suitable zerovalent metal species allows for thermodynamic control of the compositional stoichiometry during the temperature-dependent formation of the metal alloy nanoparticles. A practical and scalable strategy for nanoalloy growth that can potentially produce key metal components of superior metallurgical quality for catalytic and magnetic systems has thus been developed.
New editorial team for neuro-oncology.

It is a great privilege and honor for me to assume the role of Editor-In-Chief of Neuro-Oncology. It is particularly humbling to follow in the footsteps of Dr. Darrell Bigner, who founded the journal in 1999, and Dr. W. K. Alfred Yung, who has been Editor-In-Chief since 2007. Dr. Yung, Chairman of the Department of Neuro-Oncology at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, has done a remarkable job during his tenure over the past 7 years. He oversaw the transition of the journal from Duke University Press to Oxford University Press and the very successful growth from 4 issues a year to the current 12 issues annually with up to 5 supplements. During his tenure the number of articles submitted each year increased from approximately 270 in 2007 to over 800 in 2013, and the number of published articles increased from 52 to over 170. Most importantly, he has increased the quality and importance of the publications, raising its impact factor in 2012 to 6.18, making it the highest-ranking journal in the field of neuro-oncology, 10th of 192 clinical neurology journals, and 24th of 196 oncology journals. We are very grateful for his tireless efforts, leadership, and vision that have made Neuro-Oncology so successful.
A DIALOGICAL APPROACH TO CRITICAL BIBLE STUDY: THE USE OF SCHWABIAN DELIBERATION TO INTEGRATE THE WORK OF BIBLE SCHOLARS WITH EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY

This article uses analytic tools provided by Joseph Schwab to address a “practical” problem faced by many liberal religious educational institutions: the tension between historical-critical study of the Bible and an affective connection to it. This problem is painted in broad strokes; then two contemporary Bible scholars, Jeffrey Tigay and Yair Zakovitch, are analyzed for the “principles of enquiry” used in their disciplinary orientations. This analysis is merged with a dialogical hermeneutics approach to text, using the work of Kepnes, Buber, and Gadamer. The article concludes by considering how this study might inform Bible curricula in liberal religious educational contexts.
Emergence, Spread, and Environmental Effect of Antimicrobial Resistance: How Use of an Antimicrobial Anywhere Can Increase Resistance to Any Antimicrobial Anywhere else

Use of an antimicrobial agent selects for overgrowth of a bacterial strain that has a gene expressing resistance to the agent. It also selects for the assembly and evolution of complex genetic vectors encoding, expressing, linking, and spreading that and other resistance genes. Once evolved, a competitive construct of such genetic elements may spread widely through the world's bacterial populations. A bacterial isolate at any place may thus be resistant-not only because nearby use of antimicrobials had amplified such a genetic construct locally, but also because distant use had caused the construct or its components to evolve in the first place and spread there. The levels of resistance at any time and place may therefore reflect in part the total number of bacteria in the world exposed to antimicrobials up until then. Tracing the evolution and spread of such genetic elements through bacterial populations far from one another, such as those of animals and humans, can be facilitated by newer genetic methods.
SVF1 regulates cell survival by affecting sphingolipid metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Sphingolipid signaling plays an important role in the regulation of central cellular processes, including cell growth, survival, and differentiation. Many of the essential pathways responsible for sphingolipid biogenesis, and key cellular responses to changes in sphingolipid balance, are conserved between mammalian and yeast cells. Here we demonstrate a novel function for the survival factor Svf1p in the yeast sphingolipid pathway and provide evidence that Svf1p regulates the generation of a specific subset of phytosphingosine. Genetic analyses suggest that Svf1p acts in concert with Lcb4p and Lcb3p to generate a localized pool of phytosphingosine distinct from phytosphingosine generated by Sur2p. This subset is implicated in cellular responses to stress, as loss of SVF1 is associated with defects in the diauxic shift and the oxidative stress response. A genetic interaction between SVF1 and SUR2 demonstrates that both factors are required for optimal growth and survival, and phenotypic similarities between svf1Δsur2Δ and ypk1Δ suggest that pathways controlled by Svf1p and Sur2p converge on a signaling cascade regulated by Ypk1p. Loss of YPK1 together with disruption of either SVF1 or SUR2 is lethal. Together, these data suggest that compartmentalized generation of distinct intracellular subsets of sphingoid bases may be critical for activation of signaling pathways that control cell growth and survival.
Stent area by intravascular ultrasound and outcomes in left main intervention with drug-eluting stents: small stents, more events.

While the standard revascularization for left main lesions traditionally has been surgical coronary artery bypass grafting, increasingly studies suggest that percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES) may be an acceptable alternative to surgery for selected patients. In total, the current evidence suggests that rates of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke may be similar between patients managed with PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting, but revascularization occurs less frequently in patients undergoing surgery. This was illustrated in the recently published randomized PRECOMBAT (Premier of Randomized Comparison of Bypass Surgery versus Angioplasty Using Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in Patients with Left Main Coronary Artery Disease) trial, where the 2-year risk of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke was similar (hazard ratio: 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43 to 1.96; P =0.83) in patients with unprotected left main disease managed with PCI using DES (N=300) and coronary artery bypass grafting (N=300), but revascularizations were more common in patients undergoing PCI (hazard ratio: 2.18; 95% CI, 1.10–4.32; P =0.02).1 A recent meta-analyses of 1611patients from 4 randomized trials comparing PCI with coronary artery bypass grafting for unprotected left main lesions found similar results.2 Article see p 562 Given the significant consequences associated with stent thrombosis and restenosis in the left main, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance has been advocated to optimize stent deployment in this important lesion subset. Increasing evidence suggests that IVUS-guidance reduces adverse events in PCI with DES in various clinical settings.3,4 This likely relates to the preintervention assessment of appropriate stent size and interventional strategy, as well as the postintervention detection and correction of suboptimal stent deployment, such as dissections, underexpansion, geographic miss, plaque/tissue prolapse, and incomplete stent apposition. Of these, stent underexpansion most consistently has been associated with adverse events in nonleft main PCI with DES.5 …
The diurnal cycle and the meridional extent of the tropics

An explanation is proposed for the meridional extent of the Hadley cells: the diurnal waves forced by solar heating trapped between −30°and 30°. These baroclinic waves, we propose, give rise to the daily nature of tropical meteorology, and ultimately to the intensified mixing and circulation associated with the Hadley cells and the shape of the tropopause. This conceptual explanation is validated with basic scaling arguments and with two diurnally forced one-layer models: One linear and the other nonlinear, the latter with a simple closure for mixing and entrainment by breaking waves.
Sleep Deprivation and Psychiatric Disorders

Sleep complaints are core features of many psychiatric disorders, and extensive literature documents the clinical link between sleep complaints and psychiatric disorders. The directionality is likely complex, as existing sleep disorders may predispose individuals to the development of, or vulnerability to, incident psychiatric disorders. Causality may occur on a continuum from more direct links (e.g., poor night-time sleep/insomnia causing anxiety symptoms) to less direct links (e.g., a primary sleep disorder increasing the vulnerability to psychiatric disorders over time). Here we summarize clinical studies linking sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders, with particular emphasis on epidemiological perspectives.
Immigration Opinion and Generation Y: A Study of Tolerance

The United States is experiencing a growing class of white-collar workers whose futures are dependent on the global exchange, yet survey research on immigration has very mixed results on Americans’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigration. Based on an opinion poll conducted among students at California State University, Fullerton in Spring 2008, we assess the impact of age on public opinion regarding immigration. Research has shown that those with a liberal ideology and not born in the United States are more tolerant and accepting of both immigrants and immigration. Using these factors and gender as explanatory variables, ordinal logistic models are used to determine the importance of age for questions of immigration policy preferences. The explanatory variables have the expected effect, and age is shown to have a significant impact on participant preferences as younger respondents are more tolerant toward immigrants and prefer less restrictionist immigration policies. As these findings are especially representative of generation Y, the cohort born after Generation X from about 1978 to 1998, they are important as they give an indication of the future direction of immigration policy in the United States.
IN VIVO CONVERSIONS OF CEREBROSIDE AND CERAMIDE IN RAT BRAIN.

Lignoceric acid-1-C14 was used to make lignoceroyl psychosine (kerasin) and stearic acid-1-C14 to make stearoyl sphingosine (ceramide). Emulsions of the labeled sphingolipids were injected directly into the brains of young rats and the resultant lipoidal metabolic products were examined for radioactivity. Most of the metabolized C14 was found in the ester-linked fatty acids, particularly in the acids corresponding to the ones injected. This shows that the lignocerate and stearate were released from amide linkage and incorporated into other lipids. Activity was found also in other fatty acids and cholesterol, showing that the released fatty acids were partially degraded to acetate. Ceramide and sphingomyelin showed relatively high activities, and the fatty acids of these lipids were labeled primarily in the carboxyl group. This suggests that ceramide is formed directly from cerebroside via a galactosidase, and that the ceramide is converted to free fatty acids as well as sphingomyelin. Little activity was found in the hydroxy cerebrosides and sulfatides, suggesting that neither of the injected lipids is directly converted to these glycolipids. Ester-linked lignocerate was found to occur naturally in brain.
Physical activity and screen time in adolescents in the chronic kidney disease in children (CKiD) cohort

Self-reported physical activity (PA) and screen time exposure in adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been evaluated. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of PA and screen time in 224 adolescents at entry into the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort. We compared proportions of CKiD vs. healthy 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants reporting the recommended 60 min of PA 7 days/week or ≤ 2 h/day of entertainment screen time (binomial probability test). Within CKiD, we assessed correlates of PA and screen time using multivariable logistic and linear regression and examined longitudinal data for 136 participants. Median age of CKiD participants was 15 years, and 60 % were male. Median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 41.3 (IQR 30.8, 52.3) ml/min/1.73 m2. Only 13 % of CKiD participants met recommendations for PA vs. 25 % of NHANES (p < 0.001), while 98 % in CKiD exceeded the recommended screen time vs. 73 % in NHANES (p < 0.001). Within CKiD, obesity (p = 0.04) and lower eGFR (p = 0.02) were independently associated with greater screen time. Adolescents with CKD engage in significantly less PA and greater screen time than healthy youth in the United States, and this may worsen over time.
Brachialis syndrome: a rare consequence of patient positioning causing postoperative median neuropathy.

Background Poor positioning of patients can result in devastating permanent neurologic deficits. We describe a previously unreported cause of median nerve compression that we have termed the brachialis syndrome, associated with patient positioning that results in permanent median nerve damage. Methods We identified this condition affecting 6 median nerves. All patients underwent surgical decompression of the proximal median nerve at the level of the antecubital fossa. Results Five patients presented with symptoms of median nerve compression; 6 affected median nerves manifested brachialis syndrome after a lengthy index surgery. Every patient had a similar presentation characterized by a mixed sensory and motor deficit. Average time to symptom presentation postoperatively was 1 hour. Two patients had delayed time to decompression, one of 25 days and one of 92 days. In the additional patients, the average time to decompression was 19.7 hours. At median nerve decompression, the brachialis was found to have varying degrees of muscle necrosis. In the patients whose decompression was delayed, there was only partial neurologic recovery at follow-up to 1 year. In the patients expeditiously decompressed, full neurologic recovery occurred in 1 to 14 days. Conclusions This is the first description of the brachialis syndrome. During surgery, arms were placed into full extension, compressing the brachialis against the trochlea. The brachialis reliably developed necrosis, resulting in swelling, compressing the median nerve against the lacertus fibrosus. Two patients with delayed decompression had poor neurologic outcomes. This supports modification of patient positioning, postoperative vigilance, and timely surgical management of brachialis syndrome.
X-Ray Diffraction Study of Rare Earth Epitaxial Structures Grown by MBE onto (111) GaAs

We report on the new epitaxial system LaF3/Er/Dy/Er/LaF3/GaAs (111) grown by molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray diffraction studies have been used to determine the epitaxial relationships between the rare earths, the LaF3 and the substrate. Further studies of symmetric and asymmetric reflections yielded the in-plane and perpendicular strain components of the rare earth layers. Such systems may be used to probe the effects of magnetoelastic interactions and dimensionality on magnetic ordering in rare earth metal films and multilayers.
The determination of erythrocyte folate concentration using a two-phase ligand-binding radioassay.

The concentration of folate in erythrocytes was determined using a two-phase ligand-binding radioassay procedure described previously for measuring serum folate. The mean (± SD) folate concentration in erythrocytes of 20 normal subjects was 210 ± 57 ng/ml. In 12 patients clinically folate deficient who had normal serum B 12 concentration, the mean (± SD) erythrocyte folate was 71 ± 39 ng/ml. Incubation of the lysed erythrocytes for 2 hr prior to boiling increased the radioassayable folate. The radioassayable folate decreased rapidly if the whole blood was stored at 4°C without ascorbate. Extracts of blood prepared with ascorbate could be stored at -20°C for several days. The radioassayable concentration of erythrocyte folate was similar to the values obtained using Lactobacillus casei when the concentration was 200 ng/ ml or less. With values higher by L. casei , the radioassayable folate was significantly lower even though the normal and folate-deficient groups were distinctly separated. This radioassay provides a rapid and reliable method of measuring erythrocyte folate, a parameter which reflects folate stores more reliably than serum folate concentration.
Increased uptake and phosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose by skeletal muscles in endotoxin-treated rats

Glucose metabolism of respiratory and nonrespiratory muscles of different fiber composition was investigated in conscious rats. The accumulation of phosphorylated 2-deoxyglucose (2DGP) was increased in skeletal muscles by 56-102% and in diaphragm by 236% at 3 h after treatment with 100 micrograms/100 g endotoxin. The increase was still marked at 24 h, whereas it diminished at 48 h in the diaphragm, abdominal muscle, and white portion of the quadriceps. In the red portion of this muscle 2DGP accumulation was less than that in time-matched controls at 24 and 48 h. Whole gastrocnemius (mixed-fiber types) showed no changes after 24 h. The high 2DGP accumulation in brain remained stable. The retention of 2DGP in tissues, studied by sequential double labeling, did not change 3 h after endotoxin. The lumped constant was similar in the isolated epitrochlear muscles of endotoxemic and control rats. Whole-body glucose utilization (Rd) was increased by 68% 3 h after endotoxin, but it was normal at 24 and 48 h. The increase of glucose utilization by the entire skeletal muscle mass was responsible for approximately 25% of the increase in Rd; therefore it appears that other tissues also contributed significantly to the endotoxin-induced alterations in carbohydrate metabolism.
Local coexistence of VO2 phases revealed by deep data analysis

We report a synergistic approach of micro-Raman spectroscopic mapping and deep data analysis to study the distribution of crystallographic phases and ferroelastic domains in a defected Al-doped VO2 microcrystal. Bayesian linear unmixing revealed an uneven distribution of the T phase, which is stabilized by the surface defects and uneven local doping that went undetectable by other classical analysis techniques such as PCA and SIMPLISMA. This work demonstrates the impact of information recovery via statistical analysis and full mapping in spectroscopic studies of vanadium dioxide systems, which is commonly substituted by averaging or single point-probing approaches, both of which suffer from information misinterpretation due to low resolving power.
Curating and Accessing Off-Site Special Collections: Area Studies Materials and High-Density Storage

The ongoing growth of academic, public, and special libraries collections around the world, combined with limited physical space and budget constraints, has prompted university administrators and librarians to create and implement plans for storage facilities, often high-density in nature and off-site (not housed in the same building or location as other library materials). This article provides an analysis of area studies materials at the Oak Street Library Facility and the implications for long-term access to and care of vernacular language materials at academic libraries.
Bridge deck delamination identification from unmanned aerial vehicle infrared imagery

Abstract The rapid, cost-effective, and non-disruptive assessment of bridge deck condition has emerged as a critical challenge for bridge maintenance. Deck delaminations are a common form of deterioration which has been assessed, historically, through chain-drag techniques and more recently through nondestructive evaluation (NDE) including both acoustic and optical methods. Although NDE methods have proven to be capable to provide information related to the existence of delaminations in bridge decks, many of them are time-consuming, labor-intensive, expensive, while they further require significant disruptions to traffic. In this context, this article demonstrates the capability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with both color and infrared cameras to rapidly and effectively detect and estimate the size of regions where subsurface delaminations exist. To achieve this goal, a novel image post-processing algorithm was developed to use such multispectral imagery obtained by a UAV. To evaluate the capabilities of the presented approach, a bridge deck mockup with pre-manufactured defects was tested. The major advantages of the presented approach include its capability to rapidly identify locations where delaminations exist, as well as its potential to automate bridge-deck related damage detection procedures and further guide investigations using other higher accuracy and ground-based approaches.
Collaborating to Plan and Implement a Sex Education Curriculum for Individuals With Disabilities

Sex education is not only a necessary component of public school curriculum, but it is also an important opportunity for students with and without disabilities to learn about their own development ...