cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of a Pollen Trap Design To Capture Airborne Conidia of Entomophaga maimaiga and Detection of Conidia by Quantitative PCR

The goal of this study was to develop effective and practical field sampling methods for quantification of aerial deposition of airborne conidia of Entomophaga maimaiga over space and time. This important fungal pathogen is a major cause of larval death in invasive gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations in the United States. Airborne conidia of this pathogen are relatively large (similar in size to pollen), with unusual characteristics, and require specialized methods for collection and quantification. Initially, dry sampling (settling of spores from the air onto a dry surface) was used to confirm the detectability of E. maimaiga at field sites with L. dispar deaths caused by E. maimaiga, using quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods. We then measured the signal degradation of conidial DNA on dry surfaces under field conditions, ultimately rejecting dry sampling as a reliable method due to rapid DNA degradation. We modified a chamber-style trap commonly used in palynology to capture settling spores in buffer. We tested this wet-trapping method in a large-scale (137-km) spore-trapping survey across gypsy moth outbreak regions in Pennsylvania undergoing epizootics, in the summer of 2016. Using 4-day collection periods during the period of late instar and pupal development, we detected variable amounts of target DNA settling from the air. The amounts declined over the season and with distance from the nearest defoliated area, indicating airborne spore dispersal from outbreak areas.IMPORTANCE We report on a method for trapping and quantifying airborne spores of Entomophaga maimaiga, an important fungal pathogen affecting gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations. This method can be used to track dispersal of E. maimaiga from epizootic areas and ultimately to provide critical understanding of the spatial dynamics of gypsy moth-pathogen interactions.
An efficient disk-based tool for solving large Markov models

Very large Markov models often result when modeling realistic computer systems and networks. We describe a new tool for solving large Markov models on a typical engineering workstation. This tool does not require any special properties or a particular structure in the model, and it requires only slightly more memory than what is necessary to hold the solution vector itself. It uses a disk to hold the state-transition-rate matrix, a variant of block Gauss-Seidel as the iterative solution method, and an innovative implementation that involves two parallel processes: the first process retrieves portions of the iteration matrix from disk, and the second process does repeated computation on small portions of the matrix. We demonstrate its use on two realistic models: a Kanban manufacturing system and the Courier protocol stack, which have up to 10 million states and about 100 million nonzero entries. The tool can solve the models efficiently on a workstation with 128 Mbytes of memory and 4 Gbytes of disk.
The Foundations of a Theoretical Model for Organizational Configurations and Change in Online Collaborative Processes

This chapter begins the process of intertwining the domains of organizational configurations and organizational change into a synthesized framework of configurational change motors. The goal is to articulate a comprehensive theoretical model that can bring the conversation about social structuration, covered in the previous chapters within a very broad and abstract terrain, to a more tangible and precisely specified reality. The first step is to identify specific types of system-level structuration, which in keeping with existing literature (e.g., Mintzberg 1979, 1989) we will call “organizational configurations.” Second, we will discuss the necessity and sufficiency of the configurations identified to date. Third, we will derive methods of translating the conceptual definitions of the configurations into specific operationalizable concepts. Fourth, we will lay the groundwork for the specific mechanisms by which configurations change and succeed each other over time (Van de Ven and Poole 1995), which will be further developed in Chap. 7.
Sedative-Hypnotic Dependence

In addition to alcohol, drugs that depress the central nervous system include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, insomnia medications collectively referred to as the Z drugs, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a group of medications primarily of historical interest, meprobamate, and chloral hydrate. These drugs are used mainly to calm and relax patients (sedatives or anxiolytics) or to induce sleep (hypnotics). Collectively, they are known as sedative-hypnotics.
HDAC6 inhibition effectively reverses chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common dose-limiting side-effects of cancer treatment. Currently, there is no FDA-approved treatment available. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a microtubule-associated deacetylase whose function includes regulation of α -tubulin- dependent intracellular mitochondrial transport. Here we examined the effect of HDAC6 inhibition on cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. We used a novel HDAC6 inhibitor ACY-1083, which shows 260-fold selectivity towards HDAC6 versus other HDACs. Our results show that HDAC6 inhibition completely reversed already existing cisplatin-induced mechanical allodynia, spontaneous pain, and numbness. These findings were confirmed using the established HDAC6 inhibitor ACY-1215 (Ricolinostat), which is currently in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Mechanistically, treatment with the HDAC6 inhibitor increased α -tubulin acetylation in the peripheral nerve. In addition, HDAC6 inhibition restored the cisplatin-induced reduction in mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitochondrial content in the tibial nerve, indicating increased mitochondrial transport. At a later time point, dorsal root ganglion mitochondrial bioenergetics also improved. HDAC6 inhibition restored the loss of intra-epidermal nerve fiber density in cisplatin-treated mice. Our results demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 completely reverses all the hallmarks of established cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. These results are especially promising because one of the HDAC6 inhibitors tested here is currently in clinical trials as an add-on cancer therapy, highlighting the potential for a fast clinical translation of our findings.
Virtual Network Reconfiguration with Load Balancing and Migration Cost Considerations

Efficient allocation of resources is an essential yet challenging problem in a virtual network environment, especially in an online setting whereby virtual network requests may arrive, depart, or be modified in real time. Virtual network reconfiguration may help to improve network performance by remapping a subset of virtual nodes or links to better align the allocation of resources to current network conditions. In this paper, we develop a virtual network reconfiguration scheme that aims to balance the load on the substrate network by dynamically reconfiguring the embedding of both virtual nodes and links. Our solution consists of decomposing the problem into two subproblems: i) virtual node selection, for which we present a linear programming-based fully polynomial time approximation scheme to select the virtual nodes to be migrated, and ii) virtual node remapping, for which we make use of random walk on a Markov chain to select new substrate nodes for the migrated virtual nodes.
Linking molar organizational climate and strategic implementation climate to clinicians' use of evidence-based psychotherapy techniques: cross-sectional and lagged analyses from a 2-year observational study.

Behavioral health organizations are characterized by multiple organizational climates, including molar climate, which encompasses clinicians’ shared perceptions of how the work environment impacts their personal well-being, and strategic implementation climate, which includes clinicians’ shared perceptions of the extent to which evidence-based practice implementation is expected, supported, and rewarded by the organization. Theory suggests these climates have joint, cross-level effects on clinicians’ implementation of evidence-based practice and that these effects may be long term (i.e., up to 2 years); however, no empirical studies have tested these relationships. We hypothesize that molar climate moderates implementation climate’s concurrent and long-term relationships with clinicians’ use of evidence-based practice such that strategic implementation climate will have its most positive effects when it is accompanied by a positive molar climate. Hypotheses were tested using data collected from 235 clinicians in 20 behavioral health organizations. At baseline, clinicians reported on molar climate and implementation climate. At baseline and at a 2-year follow-up, all clinicians who were present in the organizations reported on their use of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy techniques, an evidence-based practice for youth psychiatric disorders. Two-level mixed-effects regression models tested whether baseline molar climate and implementation climate interacted in predicting clinicians’ evidence-based practice use at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. In organizations with more positive molar climates at baseline, higher levels of implementation climate predicted increased evidence-based practice use among clinicians who were present at baseline and among clinicians who were present in the organizations at 2-year follow-up; however, in organizations with less positive molar climates, implementation climate was not related to clinicians’ use of evidence-based practice at either time point. Optimizing clinicians’ implementation of evidence-based practice in behavioral health requires attention to both molar climate and strategic implementation climate. Strategies that focus exclusively on implementation climate may not be effective levers for behavior change if the organization does not also engender a positive molar climate. These findings have implications for the development of implementation theory and effective implementation strategies.
Having fun while receiving rewards?: Exploration of gamification in loyalty programs for consumer loyalty

Abstract This study investigates whether and how gamification in loyalty programs (i.e., gamified loyalty programs) impacts consumer loyalty toward loyalty programs and behavioral intentions, along with the role of the type of rewards (self-oriented vs. altruistic rewards). The data were collected from U.S. consumers responding to LPs offered in the mobile environment. The results confirmed that gamified loyalty programs (vs. conventional ones) increased consumer loyalty toward loyalty programs which in turn enhanced consumers' participation intention and app download intention. Playfulness and attitude toward the program served as mediating mechanisms underlying the impact of gamification. The indirect relationships were stronger under conditions of self-oriented rewards. Also, reward types moderated the indirect pathway of playfulness, but not attitude. These findings support the essential role of gamification in customer relationship management, an understanding which offers important practical implications for how firms might implement gamified loyalty programs to promote consumer responses.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants: a recent literature review.

Background: Over the past several decades, improvements in technology in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) have led to improved survival of preterm infants. Some studies have found that premature infants are at higher risk of behavioral problems, motor and sensory abnormalities, developmental delay, and poorer academic performance, while other studies have found no significant difference. Method: A literature search was conducted through PubMed for articles published between January 2018 and September 2019. Studies that concentrated on preterm infants with relatively uncomplicated NICU courses and without extensive medical interventions were selected. Results: Historically, preterm infants have been found to be at increased risk for the inattentive subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), avoidant personality, and anti-social personality, when compared to full term infants. However, some studies found that this difference between the two groups decrease as they enter adolescence and adulthood. Preterm infants are at increased risk for language, cognitive, sensory and motor deficits. Greater gestational age (GA) at birth and higher birth weight is associated with a lower risk of developmental delay. Cohort studies focusing on motor development showed that the degree of impairment decreased over time. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a negative correlation on multiple domains of development. The overall outcome of these infants may be influenced by socioeconomic status (SES), neonatal morbidities, demographics and parental education. Hearing and vision deficits are relatively infrequent among premature infants. A significant risk factor for hearing impairment involves the use of ototoxic agents such as gentamicin and infants with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Conclusions: Preterm infants are at higher risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes when compared to their full-term counter parts. However, in recent years it appears that rates of certain neurologic and developmental conditions are occurring in rates lower than historically noted. Premature individuals with possible developmental or mental health concerns should be identified early on so that interventions can be implemented immediately. Those meeting developmental milestone should continue to be monitored closely as deficits may develop later.
An Examination of the Effects of School-Based Varsity Sport Participation and Parental Involvement on Male Academic Behaviors

Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), we developed and empirically tested a conceptual model to assess the longitudinal impact of school- based athletic participation and parental involvement, along with other factors, on the college-bound behaviors of male high school seniors attending public schools in the U.S. The conceptual model was tested using multiple regression and path analysis. Results indicate that 10th grade varsity sport is a significant positive predictor of 12th grade college-bound behaviors, net antecedent model variables (including SES and prior achievement). Additionally, African American parents are significantly more involved with their sons than white parents are, and African American students are significantly more likely to engage in college-bound behaviors. Implications for educational policy are discussed.
Parity Doubling and the S Parameter Below the Conformal Window

We describe a lattice simulation of the masses and decay constants of the lowest-lying vector and axial resonances, and the electroweak S parameter, in an SU(3) gauge theory with N{sub f} = 2 and 6 fermions in the fundamental representation. The spectrum becomes more parity doubled and the S parameter per electroweak doublet decreases when N{sub f} is increased from 2 to 6, motivating study of these trends as N{sub f} is increased further, toward the critical value for transition from confinement to infrared conformality.
Validation of a Novel, Multidomain Head and Neck Cancer Appearance- and Function-Distress Patient-Reported Outcome Measure.

ObjectivesDistress with self-perceived changes in appearance and function can result in body image disturbance (BID), which is common in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors and a major source of p...
Long‐term and interactive effects of different mammalian consumers on growth, survival, and recruitment of dominant tree species

Throughout the world, numerous tree species are reported to be in decline, either due to increased mortality of established trees or reduced recruitment. The situation appears especially acute for oaks, which are dominant features of many landscapes in the northern hemisphere. Although numerous factors have been hypothesized to explain reductions in tree performance, vertebrate herbivores and granivores may serve as important drivers of these changes. Here, using data from 8- and 14-year-old exclosure experiments, we evaluated the individual and interactive effects of large and small mammalian herbivores on the performance of three widespread oak species in California-coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), California black oak (Q. kelloggii), and Oregon white oak (Q. garryana). Although impacts varied somewhat by species and experiment, herbivory by black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) reduced the height and survival of juvenile coast live oaks and altered their architecture, as well as reduced the abundance of black oak seedlings, the richness of woody species and the cover of nonoak woody species. Small mammals (Microtus californicus and Peromyscus maniculatus) had even more widespread effects, reducing the abundance of black oak seedlings and the height and cover of all three oak species. We also detected numerous interactions between small mammals and deer, with one herbivore having positive or negative effects on oak abundance and cover when the other herbivore was either present or absent. For example, deer often had negative effects on seedling abundance only when, or even more so when, small mammals were present. In summary, mammalian consumers play crucial roles in limiting oak recruitment by reducing seedling abundance, maintaining trees in stunted states, and preventing them from reaching sapling stages and becoming reproductive. Interactions between large and small mammals can also alter the intensity and direction of their effects on trees.
Deficiency of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in a murine model of ulcerative colitis

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of colorectal cancer, particularly in ulcerative colitis (UC) when the majority of colon epithelial cells may be exposed to inflammation-associated mutagenesis. In addition to mutagenesis generated by oxidative stress, inflammation can induce activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda), a mutator enzyme in the APOBEC family, within colon epithelial cells. This study tested the hypothesis that deletion of the Aicda gene could protect against the development of inflammation-associated colorectal cancers, using a model of UC-like colitis in "T/I" mice deficient in TNF and IL10. Results showed that T/I mice that were additionally Aicda-deficient ("TIA" mice) spontaneously developed moderate to severe UC-like colitis soon after weaning, with histologic features and colon inflammation severity scores similar those in T/I mice. Although the mean survival of TIA mice was decreased compared to T/I mice, multivariable analysis that adjusted for age when neoplasia was ascertained showed a decreased numbers of neoplastic colorectal lesions in TIA mice, with a trend toward decreased incidence of neoplasia. Aicda deficiency increased serum IL1α and slightly decreased IL12p40 and M-CSF, as compared with T/I mice, and led to undetectable levels of IgA, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3. Taken together, these studies show that Aicda deficiency can decrease the number of neoplastic lesions but is not sufficient to prevent the risk of inflammation-associated colorectal neoplasia in the setting of severe UC-like inflammation. The TIA model may also be useful for assessing the roles of antibody class-switch recombination deficiency and somatic hypermutation on regulation of microbiota and inflammation in the small intestine and colon, as well as the pathogenesis of colitis associated with hyper-IgM syndrome in humans. Further studies will be required to determine the mechanisms that drive early mortality in TIA mice.
Ractopamine-induced fiber type-specific gene expression in porcine skeletal muscles is independent of growth.

Feeding ractopamine (RAC), a β-adrenergic agonist (BAA), to pigs increases type IIB muscle fiber type-specific protein and mRNA expression. However, increases in the abundance of these fast-twitch fiber types occur with other forms of muscle hypertrophy and thus BAA-induced changes in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition may simply be associated with increased muscle growth known to occur in response to BAA feeding. The objective of this study was to determine whether RAC feeding could change the MyHC gene expression in the absence of maximal muscle growth. Pigs were fed either an adequate diet that supported maximal muscle hypertrophy or a low nutrient diet that limited muscle growth. RAC was included in diets at 0 or 20 mg/kg for 1, 2, or 4 wk. Backfat depth was less (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the low nutrient diet compared with the adequate diet but was not affected by RAC. Loin eye area was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed an adequate diet plus RAC at 1 wk but did not differ among remaining pigs. At 2 and 4 wk, however, pigs fed the adequate diet had greater loin eye areas (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the low nutrient diet regardless of RAC feeding. Gene expression of the MyHC isoforms, I, IIA, IIX, and IIB, as well as glycogen synthase, citrate synthase, β 1-adrenergic receptor (AR), and β 2-AR were determined in longissimus dorsi (LD) and red (RST) and white (WST) portions of the semitendinosus muscles. MyHC type I gene expression was not altered by RAC or diet. Feeding RAC decreased (P < 0.01) MyHC type IIA gene expression in all muscles, but to a greater extent in WST and LD. MyHC type IIX gene expression was lower (P < 0.05) in WST and LD muscles in response to RAC but was not altered in RST muscles. RAC increased (P < 0.05) MyHC type IIB gene expression in all muscles, but to a greater extent in RST. β 1-AR gene expression was unaffected by RAC or diet, whereas the expression of the β 2-AR gene was decreased (P < 0.001) by RAC. No significant RAC * diet interactions were observed in gene expression in this study, indicating that RAC altered MyHC and β 2-AR gene expression in porcine skeletal muscles independent of growth.
Contextual factors associated with high-intensity drinking events among young adults: A qualitative inquiry.

Background Much of the prior research addressing risky drinking among young adults has focused on heavy episodic drinking (4+/5+ drinks in a single sitting for females/males). However, 1 in 3 young adults engaged in past-year high-intensity drinking (HID, 8+/10+ drinks in a single sitting for females/males). Consuming such large amounts of alcohol is associated with serious acute consequences (e.g., severe injury, overdose) and the development of alcohol use disorder. This qualitative study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of contextual influences on HID from drinkers' perspectives. Methods We conducted individual interviews of 28 young adults (57% female, aged 20 to 25 years old) who engage in HID to assess the role of context in the prediction of HID (relative to non-HID events). Two authors coded each interview following a structured codebook and thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results Based on identified themes, factors that may increase HID likelihood include being in larger groups or in social contexts where others are drinking heavily, having close relationships with others who are present, on special occasions, when feeling safe, being comfortable in a given situation, and experiencing intense affective states (especially positive ones). Noted deterrents for HID included friends' extreme intoxication, perceptions that heavy drinking is less acceptable in certain contexts (i.e., at work, family events) or among others present, cost/financial constraints, next-day responsibilities, and needing to drive. Conclusions Young adults identified a number of social and psychological factors that they perceived influenced their likelihood of engaging in HID. However, they also generated a number of factors that constrained this style of drinking. Understanding the contexts in which HID is most likely to occur will inform interventions that aim to reduce this high-risk behavior.
Born to Be Managers? Genetic Links between Risk-Taking and the Likelihood of Holding Managerial Positions

Using a large biomedical dataset and advanced methods in genetics, we study the genetic endowment of holding managerial positions and its phenotypic and genetic correlations with a broad range of traits, including physical attributes, intelligence, mental health, and diseases. Among all traits we examined, general risk tolerance and risky behaviors have the strongest phenotypic and genetic correlations with holding managerial positions. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) reveals that holding managerial positions is associated with genetic markers in a region that has been linked to risk tolerance and adventurousness. Additionally, compared to males, females exhibit higher genetic correlations between risk-taking and being a manager. However, their phenotypic correlations between risk-taking and being a manager are similar or even lower. These findings suggest that females may face greater challenges in attaining managerial positions than males. Furthermore, we show that being a manager is positively associated with better mental health but not related to intelligence.
Changes in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and tumor markers (TMs) to predict treatment response and survival in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal (GI) cancer.

154Background: PROs assessing quality of life (QOL) and symptoms at a single timepoint frequently correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with cancer, yet efforts to understand how longitudina...
Courtesy Authorship Practices Among First and Senior Authors: Evaluation of Motivations, Gender Bias, and Inequities.

OBJECTIVES A courtesy author is an individual who has not met authorship criteria but is listed as an author. This practice is common and often seen as victimless. Because publications are used for funding and promotion decisions, it is critical to understand biases in this practice. METHODS An anonymous survey was conducted from March to October 2020 of first and senior authors of publications from 2014 to 2015 in 8 surgical journals. Authors were surveyed about demographic data, practice setting, and courtesy author practices. RESULTS Three hundred forty-one authors responded (16% response rate). 75% were from academic practice settings. 14% reported adding courtesy authors 5 or more times in the past year. Courtesy authors were more often male (80%, P = 0.023), older (75%), and of higher academic rank (65%) than first/senior authors. All author groups were >75% white. When a reason was reported, 46% added a courtesy author due to avoid retaliation; 64% to avoid awkwardness. 26% expected reciprocal authorship offers. 92% of respondents acknowledge understanding International Committee of Medical Journal Editors authorship criteria. Women were less common among those added from goodwill than those added from fear (P = 0.039.) When courtesy authors were of a lower rank than first/senior authors, they were nearly twice as likely to be female (P = 0.0056) or non-white (P = 0.0184.). CONCLUSION Courtesy authors were more often male, older, and higher rank than first/senior authors. Fear of career consequences was a major motivator for including courtesy authors. Understanding the motivations and pressures leading to courtesy authorship will help to correct this practice.
Respiratory failure in confirmed synthetic cannabinoid overdose.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a structurally heterogenous synthetic class of drugs of abuse. The objective was to describe the incidence of acute respiratory failure in Emergency Department (ED)...
Reestablishment of perfusion in critical limb ischemia model with pulsed focused ultrasound (pFUS) and mesenchymal stem cells in aged mice

Severe chronic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) manifests as critical limb ischemia (CLI) with a 5-year mortality rate >70%. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) show promise to minimize CLI progression and restore perfusion in experimental models, but approaches suffer from minimal homing to ischemic tissue and require clinically impractical direct injections of cells. We show that pulsed focused ultrasound (pFUS) noninvasively establishes a “molecular zip-code” of locally upregulated chemoattractants (i.e. cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules) that lead to enhanced homing permeability and retention of IV-infused MSC to pFUS-treated muscle. This study investigated if pFUS could enhance MSC homing in a CLI model in aged mice and whether they could ultimately improve limb perfusion.
odd-skipped related 2 is required for fin chondrogenesis in zebrafish

Background: odd-skipped related 2 (osr2) encodes a vertebrate ortholog of the Drosophila odd-skipped zinc-finger transcription factor. Osr2 in mouse is required for proper palate, eyelid, and bone development. Zebrafish knock-down experiments have also suggested a role for osr2, along with its paralog osr1, in early pectoral fin specification and pronephric development. Results: We show here that osr2 has a specific function later in development, independent of osr1, in the regulation of sox9a expression and promoting fin chondrogenesis. mRNA in situ hybridization demonstrated osr2 expression in the developing floorplate and later during organogenesis in the pronephros and gut epithelium. In the pectoral fin buds, osr2 was specifically expressed in fin mesenchyme. osr2 knock down in zebrafish embryos disrupted both three and five zinc finger alternatively spliced osr2 isoforms and eliminated wild-type osr2 mRNA. osr2 morphants exhibited normal pectoral fin bud specification but exhibited defective fin chondrogenesis, with loss of differentiated chondrocytes. Defects in chondrogenesis were paralleled by loss of sox9a as well as subsequent col2a1 expression, linking osr2 function to essential regulators of chondrogenesis. Conclusions: The zebrafish odd-skipped related 2 gene regulates sox9a and col2a1 expression in chondrocyte development and is specifically required for zebrafish fin morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 242:1284–1292, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eliminating Landlord Retaliation from England and Wales -- Lessons from the United States

Retaliatory eviction has been the subject of much recent public debate in the United Kingdom. Tenant advocates in England and Wales claim that landlord retaliation is widespread — even rampant — with over 300,000 tenants experiencing some form of landlord retaliation each year. In their efforts to keep anti-retaliation initiatives in the United Kingdom afloat, tenant advocates point to common law jurisdictions around the world whose landlord-tenant law prohibits retaliatory conduct. New South Wales, Australia, New Zealand, and even the United States provide for these protections — why then should not the United Kingdom? Thus far, comparisons to foreign law have been limited and cursory, pointing only to the presence or absence of anti-retaliation regimes in the law. More comprehensive examination of retaliatory eviction regimes abroad — both in their letter and their application — is lacking. This Article seeks to contribute to the legal–political debate surrounding landlord retaliation in England and Wales by providing a detailed, contextual analysis of retaliatory eviction laws in the United States and their success at home.
Managers’ Family-Supportive Supervisory Behaviors: A Multilevel Perspective

Using a combination of trait and situational variables we develop a model to explore the antecedents of managers’ family-supportive behaviors. Our model hypotheses were tested using data gathered from a sample of 312 subordinates matched to 92 managers. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) of the nested data yielded results that show both an individual manager’s trait (i.e., empathy) and situational variables (i.e., subordinate’s family-to-work conflict and leader–subordinate exchange quality) significantly predicted managers’ supportive behaviors. Additional HLM analyses showed that the manager’s gender (trait) and group work-to-family conflict (situation) moderated the relationship between manager’s empathy and family-supportive behaviors. Our results suggest that managers’ family-supportive behaviors are related to individual characteristics of the manager and to subordinate workgroup contexts, but not to organizational culture.
Aminorex to Fen/Phen: an epidemic foretold.

To the Editor: I read the article by Alfred P. Fishman1 with interest. He refers to “an unexpected outbreak of valvular heart disease related to the use of anorectic agents” and implicates the combination of fenfluramine and phentermine as the cause of this outbreak. He states that the fen/phen combination “enables high levels of circulating serotonin to reach the left side of the heart” and, in commenting on the similarity between the cardiac valvular lesions in patients taking fen/phen and carcinoid syndrome, he states that “in both instances, the lesions are attributable to inordinately high concentrations of serotonin in the blood.” He explains the disparity between the presence of left-sided lesions in fen/phen patients and their absence in patients with carcinoid syndrome by a hypothetical diagram suggesting that both fenfluramine and phentermine impair the pulmonary clearance of serotonin and permit “abnormally high concentrations of serotonin to reach the left side of the heart.” Although there may have been an outbreak of uncontrolled research papers and abstracts (at the …
Proton Recoil Measurements of the 252Cf Fission Neutron Leakage Spectrum from an Iron Sphere

Proton recoil measurements of the 252Cf fission neutron leakage spectrum from a 50-cm-diam iron sphere are performed as a means of checking the degree to which the ENDF/B-VI iron inelastic scatteri...
Nucleoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles of rat liver. II. Physical properties and action of dissociating agents.

Abstract The physical properties of rat liver nuclear particles that contain DNA-like RNA have been studied by various ultracentrifugal techniques. The nuclear particles were resolved into three fractions (b, c and d) by zone centrifugation. When submitted to sedimentation velocity analysis, these particles showed considerable polydispersity and had weight-average sedimentation coefficients of 43 S (for b particles), 81 S (for c particles) and 100 S (for d particles). Analysis by high speed equilibrium centrifugation gave molecular weights of 3.3 · 10 6 , 6.0 · 10 6 , and 11.0 · 10 6 daltons for b, c and d particles. This suggests that the nuclear particles must have highly elongated or irregular shapes. Their stability to various agents has been investigated. While neither high salt concentrations nor Triton X-100 had any effect, sodium deoxycholate disrupted the structure. The proteins of the particles have been examined by two electrophoretic techniques. In sodium dodecyl sulfate gels the protein moiety showed many bands of different molecular sizes although the pattern obtained in acetic acid-urea gels was relatively simple. Treatment with sodium deoxycholate resulted in changes in the band patterns.
Joint channel estimation and signal detection for uplink MC-CDMA systems over time-varying multipath channels

In this paper, a recursive approach for joint channel estimation and signal detection is proposed for the uplink MC-CDMA system over time-varying multipath fading channels. Compared to the conventional channel estimation scheme for time-varying channels which generally requires pilot signals for every symbol, the proposed approach has the advantage of reducing these overhead bits and hence increasing the spectral efficiency. Taking advantage of the powerful processing capability of the base station, parallel interference cancellation (PIC) technique is exploited to cancel the multiple access interference (MAI) and enhance the system performance. Furthermore, a simple but effective method is proposed to prevent the possible error propagation. Space diversity (multiple receiver antennas) and time diversity (channel coding) can also be employed to suppress error propagation and improve system performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust in multiuser scenarios for moderate signal to noise ratio (SNR) levels.
Migration and Population Replacement

Although the net reproduction rate for Canada has remained well below replacement level for the past several decades there is no sign of imminent population decline in population size. The rate of population growth instead exceeds 1% and has remained largely stable in the recent past. This trend in population is occurring because the prediction of population trends implied by the conventional stable population model does not correctly describe population change for the model is closed to migration and Canada is not. Three stable population models are described and exemplified with current data for Canada. The first two are closed to migration with fertility fixed at the current level and at replacement while the third model has fixed amounts of migration with fertility at the current level. Analysis focuses upon the comparative age distributions as well as the role of migrant age. Limitations are assessed with regard to the applicability of such study for policy.
Combating the Sparse Data Problem of Language Modelling

The talk will concern several ideas that combat the sparse data problem of language modeling. All alleviate it, neither solves it. These ideas are: equivalence classification of histories, positional clustering (different cluster systems for different n-gram positions), use of linguistic classes (e.g., Wordnet), class constraints in maximum entropy estimation, random forests, and neural network classification. An interesting problem that must be faced is as follows: words that are sparse and need to be classified do not have sufficient statistics to indicate their appropriate class membership.
Long QT syndrome: first and fatal events provoked by hemodialysis.

MILLER, R.F.,et al.: Long QT Syndrome: First and Fatal Events Provoked by Hemodialysis.Long QT syndrome (LQTS) involves both congenital and acquired predispositions toward the characteristic torsades de pointes (TP) ventricular arrhythmia. Congenital long QT syndrome generally manifests with TP, syncope, or sudden death early in life. This is a documented case of previously undiagnosed congenital LQTS in a 48-year-old woman where the first and fatal episodes of TP were provoked by hemodialysis. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. I]:103–104)
Vagotomy abolishes cues of satiety produced by gastric distension.

Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in the rat abolishes responsiveness to gastric distension, one of the cues of satiety. However, vagotomized rats remain responsive to gastric nutrient content, another cue...
Calculation of van der Waals Effects on Correlation-length Scaling Near

Abstract We report calculations of the superfluid density, p s of helium confined between Si surfaces, and of the onset temperature for helium films formed on a Mylar substrate. The calculations are done within λ-theory and include the effect of helium-surface interaction. We find that this interaction precludes size scaling with the bulk correlation length. The calculated effect however is not enough to explain the experimental results. In the case of the onset temperature, the influence of the van der Waals field causes the effective shift exponent to be less than that of the correlation length.
Post-fire spatial patterns of soil nitrogen mineralization and microbial abundance.

Stand-replacing fires influence soil nitrogen availability and microbial community composition, which may in turn mediate post-fire successional dynamics and nutrient cycling. However, fires create patchiness at both local and landscape scales and do not result in consistent patterns of ecological dynamics. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the spatial structure of microbial communities in forest stands recently affected by stand-replacing fire and (2) determine whether microbial variables aid predictions of in situ net nitrogen mineralization rates in recently burned stands. The study was conducted in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) and Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir (Picea engelmannii/Abies lasiocarpa) forest stands that burned during summer 2000 in Greater Yellowstone (Wyoming, USA). Using a fully probabilistic spatial process model and Bayesian kriging, the spatial structure of microbial lipid abundance and fungi-to-bacteria ratios were found to be spatially structured within plots two years following fire (for most plots, autocorrelation range varied from 1.5 to 10.5 m). Congruence of spatial patterns among microbial variables, in situ net N mineralization, and cover variables was evident. Stepwise regression resulted in significant models of in situ net N mineralization and included variables describing fungal and bacterial abundance, although explained variance was low (R2<0.29). Unraveling complex spatial patterns of nutrient cycling and the biotic factors that regulate it remains challenging but is critical for explaining post-fire ecosystem function, especially in Greater Yellowstone, which is projected to experience increased fire frequencies by mid 21st Century.
Overall nutritional completeness (ONC) : a new integrative measure of nutritional and agricultural performance quality of garden crops

In spite of increased efforts to integrate nutrition and agriculture there are relatively few methods developed to effectively do so in the design and analysis of agricultural interventions. In order to develop and test a method to link agricultural production and nutritional benefits, fall gardens were planted by researchers and low‐income households in five locations in the New River Valley, Virginia. Edible portion yield per square meter was calculated as a basic nutrition/agricultural yield measure. In order to use a more discriminating measure, crop nutrient yield equivalents (CNYE) for limiting nutrients (vitamins A and C, iron, and calcium) were calculated. The CNYE indicates the number of days that 100% of the USRDA would be supplied. Summing the CNYE scores across nutrients provided a ranking of the overall nutritional completeness (ONC) of the crops. The ONC ranking thus supplies a measure of yield and nutritional efficiency that can be adapted for different nutrition requirements and gardening ...
Nanoscale and microscale structural changes alter the critical gelator concentration of self-assembled fibrillar networks

It has been well established that self-assembled fibrillar networks require a meticulous balance between opposing molecular forces that control solubility and those intermolecular forces that direct epitaxial growth into axially symmetric elongated aggregates. The chemistry of the continuous phase (i.e., solvent) influences every level of structure in molecular gels. Solvent parameters induce low molecular weight gelators (LMOGs) to crystallize into different polymorphic forms, as well cause changes in the lamellar arrangement and domain size. These nanoscale alterations cause measureable differences in the microstructure, which induce physical macroscopic changes including the critical gelator concentration, melting temperature, melting enthalpy and opacity of the gel. Specifically, some solvents cause 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (12HOA) to self-assemble into triclinic parallel polymorphic forms where the lamellar spacing indicates that 12HOA forms an interdigitated network (lamellar spacing <46 A). The resulting molecular gels are opaque due to the presence of spherulitic crystals and have elevated critical gelator concentrations (i.e., greater than 1.5 wt%). Conversely, other solvents result in the formation hexagonal polymorphs and an extended bi-molecular length greater than 46 A observed in the lamellar spacing. In these solvents, 12HOA forms translucent molecular gels, at concentrations less than 1.5 wt%, comprised of axially symmetric elongated crystals.
Technology and Regional Development: A Survey

This paper reviews the literature on the role of technology and technological change in regional development. Three specific themes are identified. First, traditional approaches to technology include those found in models of regional growth, in analyses of innovation diffusion, and in economic analysis of technological change. Second, recent research on regional development has involved technology from two perspectives—that of regional economic structure and that of innovation in the strategies and management of large corporations. Third, the underdevelopment of Third World countries has been attributed in part to technological dependence. The possibilities are abundant for research that would add to current understanding of regional development in an age of rapid technological change.
Freezing of Small SeF6 Clusters: Simulations, Nucleation Statistics When Events Are Few, and Effects of Laplace Pressure

Simulations were carried out on 138-molecule clusters freezing isothermally at 130, 120, and 80 K. At 120 K, the nucleation rate was the same as in our prior simulations performed adiabatically but the final product was different. During the nanosecond period of the runs, clusters transforming adiabatically had frozen to bcc crystals while warming from 120 K to about 130 K. On the other hand, isothermal clusters at 120 and 130 K changed to monoclinic clusters after passing through the bcc phase. Clusters cooled to 80 K froze to a variety of structures. The number of molecules whose Voronoi polyhedra qualified them as being in bcc embryos grew in size erratically, and in most runs it was difficult to use the Voronoi information by itself to identify a well-characterized nucleation time. Therefore, a more discriminating criterion for the onset of nucleation was devised. The 138-molecule clusters proved to be too small to yield definitive profiles of the several order parameters characterizing the change fro...
Eschatological Consciousness: Response to Temporality

n the now eighty years or so since first Johannes Weiss and then Albert Schweitzer taught us once again to see the centrality of eschatology in both the kerygma and its primitive Christian interpretations, much controversy has raged regarding what can be made of such a strange idea. Weiss withdrew and Schweitzer established Lambar6n&. Barth posed a transcendent eschaton within the context of his dogmatics in such a fashion as to make access into his world of thought so difficult that it is virtually impossible for many. Bultmann and Dodd taught us to recognize the distinction between "realized" and "futuristic" eschatology. Bultmann also taught of the existentially transforming power of an eschatological vision. By then, of course, it was time to revisit the Schweitzerian insight and, in spite of subsequent debates with Fuchs and Ebeling and others, Ernst Kiisemann has demonstrated that "Apocalyptic was the mother of all Christian theology -...."' Subsequently and predictably a theology has emerged which concentrates upon a revisiting of the eschatological realm in the form of a "theology of hope." There can be no gainsaying the significance of eschatology in the currents of'twentieth-century theology. Nor can there seriously be argued to be a consensus view, let alone unanimity, regarding even what it meant "once upon a time," and certainly not what in any normative sense it should
Partial differential equations on time scales

Discrete and continuous formulations of partial differential operators are unified by a time scale formulation of partial differential operators. Results include an Euler-Lagrange equation for double integral variational problems on time scales and a Picone identity which implies a Sturm-Picone comparison theorem for second-order elliptic PDEs on time scales.
Cheap control of the time-invariant regulator

The asymptotic solution of the linear quadratic state regulator problem is obtained as the cost of the control tends to zero. Matrix Riccati gains are obtained via singular perturbations theory and are used to asymptotically calculate the optimal control and the corresponding trajectories. Several cases are distinguished and applications are discussed.