cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Concepts in Physics: The Historical Relation between Philosophy and Scientific Theories

Preface Part I. The Scientific Enterprise: 1. Ways of knowing 2. Aristotle and Francis Bacon 3. Science and metaphysics Part II. Ancient and Modern Models of the Universe: 4. Observational astronomy and the Ptolemaic model 5. The Copernican model and Kepler's laws 6. Galileo on motion Part III. The Newtonian Universe: 7. Newton's Principia 8. Newton's law of universal gravitation 9. Some old questions revisited Part IV. A Perspective: 10. Galileo's Letter to the Grand Duchess 11. An overarching Newtonian framework 12. A view of the world based on science: determinism Part V. Mechanical Versus Electrodynamical World Views: 13. Models of the aether 14. Maxwell's theory 15. The Kaufmann experiments Part VI. The Theory of Relativity: 16. The background to and essentials of special relativity 17. Further logical consequences of Einstein's postulates 18. General relativity and the expanding universe Part VII. The Quantum World and the Completeness of Quantum Mechanics: 19. The road to quantum mechanics 20. 'Copenhage' quantum mechanics 21. Is quantum mechanics complete? Part VIII. Some Philosophical Lessons from Quantum Mechanics: 22. The EPR paper and Bell's theorem 23. An alternative version of quantum mechanics 24. An essential role for historical contingency? Part IX. A Retrospective: 25. The goals of science and the status of its knowledge Notes General references Bibliography Author index Subject index.
Effect of hyperoxia on reduced glutathione in alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Reduced glutathione (GSH) protects alveolar macrophages (AMs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) against oxidative damage. To obtain further knowledge of the oxygen toxicity we determined GSH in AMs and PMNs of guinea pigs exposed to an oxygen concentration of 85% for up to 90 h. AMs and PMNs from control animals contained 17.93 and 11.67 nmol GSH/mg protein, respectively. During the exposure to a FIO2 of 85% we observed a significant continuous increase of GSH in AMs. By 90 h of oxygen exposure, AMs contained 51.22 nmol GSH/mg protein. In addition, the protein content of AMs decreased during hyperoxia. In contrast, no change of the GSH amount and protein content was detectable in PMNs. The increase of GSH in AMs could serve as an adaptation of the cells to hyperoxia. The lack of the GSH increase in PMNs could be due to the different oxygen concentrations between the lung and the peritoneal cavity. The greater GSH content in AMs may account for the difference between these cells in their susceptibility to oxidant injury.
Clinical and nasal biopsy response to treatment of perennial rhinitis.

Abstract Nasal biopsies of patients with perennial rhinitis were performed at baseline and compared with biopsies performed 4 wk after active flunisolide, 50 μg four times per day, or placebo. An effort was made to relate histologic findings to other subjective and objective parameters as an indication of response to treatment. Although patients admitted to the study had severe subjective nasal symptoms, biopsies varied considerably. Some resembled biopsies from normal individuals, and others showed marked edema and inflammation; the latter findings were more typically present in the biopsies of patients with the most severe disease. A decrease in edema and loss of inflammatory cells on biopsy as well as a corresponding decrease in eosinophils on the nasal smear usually accompanied clinical improvement, which occurred in both the active and placebo groups.
Basophil recruitment and IL-4 production during human allergen-induced late asthma

Abstract Background: Basophils represent an important source of inflammatory mediators and cytokines after IgE-dependent activation in human beings. Objective: To assess the role of basophils in allergic asthma, we measured the number of basophils in the bronchial mucosa and their capacity to express IL-4 mRNA and protein during allergen-induced late asthmatic responses. Methods: Fiberoptic bronchoscopic bronchial biopsies were obtained at 24 hours from sites of segmental bronchial allergen challenge and control sites in 19 patients with atopic asthma and 6 nonatopic healthy volunteers. Basophil numbers were assessed by immunohistochemistry through use of mAb 2D7. IL-4 mRNA–positive cells were detected through use of in situ hybridization and colocalized to basophils through use of sequential immunohistochemistry/in situ hybridization. IL-4 protein was detected and colocalized to basophils through use of dual immunohistochemistry. Results: After allergen challenge, there was an increase in the median number of 2D7-positive basophils per square millimeter in the bronchial mucosa in patients with asthma (0.9 cells/mm 2 at baseline to 8.8 cells/mm 2 after challenge; P = .002), which also was significantly higher than what was seen in nonasthmatic controls ( P = .01). Similarly, IL-4 mRNA– positive cells were increased at 24 hours in patients with asthma (1.4 to 14) in comparison with controls (0 to 0; P = .02). Colocalization studies revealed that 15% and 41% of the basophil population in patients with asthma after allergen-challenge expressed, respectively, IL-4 mRNA and protein. Conversely, 19% of IL-4 mRNA–positive cells and 72% of IL-4 protein–positive cells were accounted for by basophils. Conclusion: After allergen provocation in sensitive patients with atopic asthma, basophils are recruited to the bronchial mucosa and express IL-4 mRNA and protein, which might contribute to local IgE synthesis and/or tissue eosinophilia or other aspects of allergic inflammation during late responses and ongoing asthma. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:205-11.)
Ventricular septal defect in the adult: natural and unnatural history.

From 1951 to 1981 we evaluated 79 adult patients with ventricular septal defect with no other associated cardiac malformations. There were 42 men and 37 women ranging in age from 18 to 59 years (mean 34 years). We divided our patients into 67 patients treated medically and 12 surgically. Follow-up was obtained on 78 of 79 patients (99%). All patients were followed up for 1 month to 25 years (mean 9 years). Their ages at follow-up ranged from 24 to 70 years (mean 42 years). Nonsurgically treated patients who were New York Heart Association functional class I before treatment had a significantly better survival rate than had those who were functional class II to IV (p 50 mm Hg (p < 0.001). The 10-year survival rate for all patients was 76%. In general, adult patients with ventricular septal defect treated medically remained clinically stable over a long follow-up period, but survival was significantly influenced by pretreatment functional class, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and cardiomegaly.
Proposed Intermediary Role of 3,4-Dihydroxyanthranilic Acid in the Biosynthesis of Nicotinic Acid.

Summary3,4-dihydroxyanthranilic acid was not converted to quinolinic acid or nicotinic acid by rat or hog liver preparations. Spectrophotometric evidence indicates that this compound is not the transient intermediate formed in the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilic to quinolinic acid by liver enzymes. It was not utilized by Xantho-monas pruni for growth, or by the rat for growth or formation of urinary nicotinic acid or quinolinic acid.
Accidental Coriolis resonance in symmetric top molecules

Abstract A theoretical analysis of Coriolis interaction between a parallel vibration-rotation band and a perpendicular vibration-rotation band in polyatomic molecules with symmetry C 3 v is given. Computer techniques are used to explore the effects on the energy level structure of varying the relevant molecular parameters. The associated eigenvectors are also obtained. Parameters studied include a Coriolis coupling constant ζ nt 1 y , and a term Δ α B which accounts in an empirical way for the difference of rotational constant in the two interacting vibrational states.
Complications After Superficial Plane Cervicofacial Rhytidectomy: A Retrospective Analysis of 178 Consecutive Facelifts and Review of the Literature

Purpose It is well-recognized that postoperative hematoma is the most common complication of cervicofacial rhytidectomy (facelift surgery), and several strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of hematoma have been developed and studied. Other common complications include skin necrosis, seroma, motor and sensory nerve injury, alopecia, auricular deformity/displacement, and dyspigmentation. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the incidence of complications after superficial cervicofacial rhytidectomy performed by a single surgeon and his fellows and to compare our findings with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods Based on a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent cervicofacial rhytidectomy, 178 consecutive patients were enrolled in this study. The charts were reviewed for any notable complications after facelift surgery, especially postoperative hematoma. The charts of those patients with complications were reviewed to identify the presence of perioperative anomalies that may have increased the risk of such complications. Our findings were then compared with those reported in the literature. Results Of 178 patients who underwent cervicofacial rhytidectomy, 11 (6.2%) had a postoperative complications. These 11 complications included 5 cases (2.8%) of a major postoperative hematoma requiring surgical intervention, 3 cases (1.7%) of minor hematomas (“microhematomas”), and 1 case each of hypertrophic scarring necessitating surgical excision and steroid injection, superficial skin necrosis, and dehiscence. There were no cases of seroma, parotid pseudocyst, or permanent motor nerve injury. Conclusion The incidence of postoperative complications associated with superficial plane rhytidectomy is very low, with hematoma the most common complication.
BARGAINING POWER OF MULTINATIONALS AND HOST GOVERNMENTS

One of the outcomes of negotiation between multinationals and host governments in developing countries—the extent of foreign ownership of subsidiaries—is influenced by the bargaining power of the two parties. Foreign ownership, measured in various ways, appears to be affected by the level of technology of the multinational, the degree to which a multinational attempts to differentiate its products, the extent to which a subsidiary's output is exported to other parts of the multinational, the diversity of products offered by the multinational, and the extent of competition by other multinationals. The relationship between some of these variables and ownership is not a simple one. One variable that others have mentioned as probably affecting bargaining power—size of the investment in question—appears not to play a significant role in government policies toward ownership, but many large projects tend to be located in countries that have lenient ownership policies.
Treatment of oligohydramnios with maternal 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine] vasopressin-induced plasma hypoosmolality.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Maternal 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine] vasopressin (a selective antidiuretic agonist) and oral water loading decrease maternal and fetal plasma osmolality and markedly increase fetal urine flow in sheep. We hypothesized that a titrated reduction in maternal plasma osmolality would increase human amniotic fluid volume. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant women ( n = 5) with oligohydramnios at term were administered oral water loading (20 ml/kg) and intravenous 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine] vasopressin (2 μ g) to induce antidiuresis. Maternal plasma and urine osmolality and urine production were measured hourly, and water replacement was titrated for 8 hours to reduce plasma osmolality by 15 to 20 mOsm/kg. The amniotic fluid index determined by ultrasonography was measured at baseline, 8 hours, and 24 hours. A control group of pregnant women ( n = 5) with oligohydramnios at term was observed for 8 hours with maintenance intravenous hydration. RESULTS: In 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine] vasopressin - treated women, maternal urine flow increased with oral water loading, decreased with 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine] vasopressin administration, and remained reduced for 8 hours. Maternal plasma osmolality significantly decreased (285 ± 4 to 265 ± 4 mOsm/kg) and the amniotic fluid index significantly increased (4.1 ± 0.6 to 8.2 ± 1.5 cm) at 8 hours. Although maternal urine osmolality returned to basal values at 24 hours, plasma osmolality was reduced and the amniotic fluid index remained significantly increased (8.2 ± 1.3 cm). There was no change in the amniotic fluid index (4.3 ± 0.4 to 4.7 ± 0.7 cm) in control patients observed with maintenance intravenous hydration. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine] vasopressin and oral water administration can reduce and stabilize plasma osmolality and increase amniotic fluid volume. 1-Deamino-[8-D-arginine] vasopressin therapy has potential for the prevention and treatment of oligohydramnios. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1996;174:1608-13.)
Regulation of mtrF Expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Its Role in High-Level Antimicrobial Resistance

The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae uses the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux pump to resist structurally diverse hydrophobic antimicrobial agents (HAs), some of which bathe mucosal surfaces that become infected during transmission of gonococci. Constitutive high-level HA resistance occurs by the loss of a repressor (MtrR) that negatively controls transcription of the mtrCDE operon. This high-level HA resistance also requires the product of the mtrF gene, which is located downstream and transcriptionally divergent from mtrCDE. MtrF is a putative inner membrane protein, but its role in HA resistance mediated by the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux pump remains to be determined. High-level HA resistance can also be mediated through an induction process that requires enhanced transcription of mtrCDE when gonococci are grown in the presence of a sublethal concentration of Triton X-100. We now report that inactivation of mtrF results in a significant reduction in the induction of HA resistance and that the expression of mtrF is enhanced when gonococci are grown under inducing conditions. However, no effect was observed on the induction of mtrCDE expression in an MtrF-negative strain. The expression of mtrF was repressed by MtrR, the major repressor of mtrCDE expression. In addition to MtrR, another repressor (MpeR) can downregulate the expression of mtrF. Repression of mtrF by MtrR and MpeR was additive, demonstrating that the repressive effects mediated by these regulators are independent processes.
The Agency of the Split Subject: Lady Anne Clifford and the Uses of Reading

Initially, Lady Anne Clifford’s representations of her lifelong struggle to maintain and to exercise her rights as a landowner seem to provide an almost textbook case of Smith’s model. However, her self-representations not only provide historical substance to Smith’s model; they also significantly refine it by revealing that these original subject positions themselves became transformed as she attempted to reconcile their contradictions. On the one hand, rather than subverting patriarchy, she unsettled gender by appealing to class to create herself as one of its dominant members. On the other hand, her portraits reconstitute gender ideology to signify solidarity between female relatives rather than subordination to male authorities, and especially husbands. As these transformations suggest, Clifford remained a split subject, caught in the contradictions between obedient wife and aristocratic heir. Clifford’s perception of God as her ally emerges even more forcefully in what remains of a later diary where she uses biblical narratives to give meaning to her life.
Severe Asthma Research Program - Phenotyping and Quantification of Severe Asthma

Summary A unique multi-center consortium of research centers, the severe asthma research program (SARP), is working to define asthma phenotypes, with a particular focus on severe asthma due to the higher prevalence of exacerbations and hospital visits in these patients. The consortium includes comprehensive studies of physiology, genotype, and inflammatory biomakers in addition to a lung imaging substudy in nearly 400 subjects. The imaging substudy is comparing quantitative computed tomography (CT) measures of airway morphology and parenchymal density to asthma severity and other makers of asthma. Results show increased wall thickness and increased regional air trapping in severe versus non-severe asthma. Image-guided bronchoscopic assessment using either CT or hyperpolarized gas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows that highly diseased airways have increased wall thickness on histology and greater inflammatory cell numbers. Large scale imaging studies such as SARP may provide a means to better understand and guide effective treatment of severe asthma.
Altered expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in different stages of mouse skin carcinogenesis.

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an endogenous inhibitor of interleukin-1. The expression of IL-1Ra and interleukin-1α (IL-1α) was measured in murine epidermis after treatment with tumor promoters and in tumor cell lines. A single treatment with three different tumor promoters (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), anthralin, and thapsigargin) induced IL-1Ra mRNA with different kinetics in mouse skin. The expression of IL-1Ra mRNA also was induced by TPA and IL-1α in a dose-related and time-dependent manner in cultured mouse keratinocytes. Expression of IL-1Ra mRNA peaked 6 h after treatment. Both IL-1Ra and IL-1α protein and IL-1Ra and IL-1α mRNA were measured in various keratinocyte tumor cell lines (C50, MT1/2, HEL30, JWF2, CH72, and BPCC2). The expression of IL-1α was increased in papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. IL-1Ra protein also was increased in nontumorigenic and papilloma cell lines; however, the expression was dramatically reduced in some carcinoma cell lines. Finally, we detected IL-1α and IL-1Ra protein in mouse skin tumors by western blot analysis, and localization was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Positive staining for both IL-1α and IL-1Ra was observed in the cytoplasm and was most prominent in the suprabasal layer. Although IL-1Ra protein increased in papillomas and carcinomas, IL-1α protein was not significantly increased above basal level in most tumors. Mol. Carcinog. 24:276–286, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The science behind hyponatremia and its clinical manifestations

Body sodium, water, and extracellular fluid volume are tightly regulated by neural, humoral, and renal mechanisms to maintain osmolality in extracellular fluid and to maintain normal intravascular volume. This is accomplished by controlling sodium content in extracellular fluid. In the normal physiologic state, total body water (which accounts for ~60% of body weight) is distributed among three compartments: intracellular, interstitial, and intravascular spaces. About two thirds of total body water is intracellular fluid. Potassium is the major intracellular cation, and sodium is the major extracellular cation. Body water content and plasma osmolality are tightly regulated by the action of arginine vasopressin on renal tubules. A wide variety of disease states are associated with a nonosmotic response of arginine vasopressin, also known as the antidiuretic hormone. Determination of the serum sodium concentration is the most direct measure of hyponatremia. The vasopressin V(2)-receptor antagonists are effective aquaretic agents and correct hyponatremia in several hyponatremic disorders.
Forming-free resistive switching with low current operation in graphene-insulator-graphene structures

Graphene as a conducting electrode has attracted significant attention due to its low sheet resistance, high flexibility and high transparency [1]. Recently, high out-of-plane resistance of graphene has been utilized to reduce the operating current in metal oxide based resistive memories (RRAMs) [2]. However, this report also indicates that the high out-of-plane resistance of graphene contributes to the requirement of high-voltage forming (6 V) [2]. Since the forming step requires significantly higher voltage compared to regular set/reset operations, elimination of the forming step while maintaining the low-current operability is important for graphene RRAMs.In this work we demonstrate forming-free resistive switching in graphene-insulator-graphene (G-I-G) structures with graphene used as both top and bottom electrodes.
Proton energy straggling measurements in aluminum, titanium, silver and tungsten foils

Abstract Measurements of the transmitted energy straggling are made using a silicon surface barrier detector for 2 to 7 MeV protons incident on thin foil targets of Al, Ti, Ag and W. The straggling widths are studied as a function of target thickness, proton energy and target species. The combination of several incident energies with many target thicknesses provides data for the investigation of energy straggling in the region where Tschalar's theory is applicable. The theoretical estimates are found to agree with the measured values for higher energy beams, but are about 10% lower than the data for lower incident energies. A simple empirical expression for the straggling is given which agrees with the experimental data for energy losses up to 60%.
The Miseducation of a Beginning Teacher: One Educator's Critical Reflections on the Functions and Power of Deficit Narratives

Everyday “storied” teacher talk about students and families can reveal and reinforce deficit thinking about racial/cultural “others.” Through personal narrative and critical reflection, the author draws on results from a previous investigation into the nature and content of informal teacher discourse to discuss the miseducative potential of deficit narratives and their contribution to the uncritical acceptance and perpetuation of educational inequities. The author argues for the need to help preservice and beginning teachers surface unacknowledged beliefs about students and families of color and to “hear,” challenge, and reframe informal, deficit-based teacher discourse by engaging them in targeted, critical listening and reflection on the deficit narratives they hear.
Self-exposure and exposure of the self: informational privacy and the presentation of identity

The alleged right to privacy has increasingly come to be about informational privacy, especially in light of persistent technological breakthroughs. The amount of information capable of being known about each of us is by now familiar, yet remains staggering. Whenever we use our computers, show a discount card at the supermarket, order a pizza, apply for a loan or job, use a bank or credit card, or engage in a host of other activities, multiple bits of our personal data are collected, collated, distributed, and stored. This state of affairs strikes many as cause for concern, even alarm. But getting clear on the nature of this threat is quite elusive. That there is a zone of informational privacy, in some sense and of some sort, seems uncontroversial. But of what sense and of what sort? Further, why think we might have a right to informational privacy, such that a breach of that zone would be wrongful? Several have tried to make the case that a threat to informational privacy is a threat to our personal identity. It is difficult to articulate the precise nature of this connection, however. Here is one quite literal attempt: [I]nformational privacy requires [a] ... radical reinterpretation..., achieved by considering each person as constituted by his or her information, and hence by understanding a breach of one’s informational privacy as a form of aggression towards one’s personal identity.
Morbid jealousy as a function of fitness-related life-cycle dimensions

We suggest that morbid jealousy falls on the extreme end of a jealousy continuum. Thus, many features associated with normal jealousy will be present in individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy. We apply Boyer & Lienard's (BL target article, sect. 7.1) to morbid jealousy, suggesting that fitness-related life-cycle dimensions predict sensitivity to cues, and frequency, intensity, and content of intrusive thoughts of partner infidelity.
Immunoglobulin Structure: Variation in the Sequence of Bence Jones Proteins

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of one Bence Jones protein is almost comtplete. Many points of interchange occur in the amino terminal. portion of the molecule relative to partial-sequence data for other proteins. Most, but not all, are, compartible with one-step mutations. Such structural variation in immunoglobulin light chains may result from many related genes.
War and its metaphors: news language and the prelude to war in Iraq, 2003

Metaphors can kill, said George Lakoff in response to official justifications for US‐led wars in the Persian Gulf. This article studies metaphor in news coverage of the prelude to the 2003 war with Iraq. The article outlines a methodology for the study of metaphor and applies the method to six weeks of coverage by NBC Nightly News, the top‐rated US evening newscast. Predominant metaphors in NBC coverage are then identified, including: the Timetable; the Games of Saddam; the Patience of the White House, and Making the Case/Selling the Plan. The article then examines implications of those metaphors, and finally, considers the role of metaphor and news language in the conception and construction of war.
An important clue: fingerprints point to psoriasin in defense against E. coli.

Human skin is surprisingly resistant to colonization by Escherichia coli, a prevalent commensal bacterium of the gut flora. An 11-kDa Zn2+-binding protein, psoriasin, is identified as the principal E. coli–bactericidal factor present at the surface of human skin.
Late Triassic Aetosaurs as the Trackmaker of the Tetrapod Footprint Ichnotaxon Brachychirotherium

Brachychirotherium is the common ichnogenus of Late Triassic chirothere footprints well known from western Europe, North America, Argentina and South Africa. Although it has long been agreed by most workers that the trackmaker of Brachychirotherium was a derived crurotarsan archosaur, the trackmaker has been identified as either a rauisuchian or an aetosaur, and some workers attribute it to a primitive crocodylomorph (sphenosuchian). New knowledge of the osteology of the manus and pes of a large aetosaur, Typothorax coccinarum, indicates a close correspondence between the manus and pes structure of aetosaurs and the morphology of Brachychirotherium. Furthermore, functional analysis of complete skeletons indicates aetosaurs plausibly placed their feet in the narrow gauge, nearly the overstepped walk characteristic of Brachychirotherium. Brachychirotherium and aetosaurs have matched distributions, that is, they were Pangea-wide during the Late Triassic. The manus and pes morphology of rauisuchians and early...
Spatially Explicit Projection of Biofuel Supply for Meeting Renewable Fuel Standard

The revised Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) in the United States mandates significant growth in the biofuels industry with 36 billion gallons by 2022. Volumes are mandated for each year from 2009 to 2022. In this study, the author simulated the industry required to meet the 2018 mandate, with special attention to the geographic layout. The methodology built a series of scenarios by varying market and technology parameters that influence the design of the biofuel industry. The industry was then modeled with an integrated supply chain model that was spatially explicit. This model described the optimal behavior of a biofuel industry given the constraints of fuel demand, biofuel selling price, and feedstock supply. All the analyzed scenarios achieved the 2018 RFS2 mandate at wholesale fuel prices between $2.65 and $3.78/gal of gasoline-equivalent biofuels. Between $57.7 billion and $140.7 billion in capital investment was required to bring the fuels to market. The results were most sensitive to the level of te...
Transverse single spin asymmetries of π0 at high xF in p↑ + p collisions with the PHENIX detector

Using the Muon Piston Calorimeter (MPC), which covers 3.1< |η| <3.7, the PHENIX detector at RHIC has measured large transverse single spin asymmetries ANfor single inclusive high xF π0's in transversely polarized proton collisions. We will present the measured asymmetries from two different collision energies, one at √s = 200 GeV with an integrated luminosity of ~ 5.2 pb−1 and the other at √s = 62 GeV with ~ 20 nb−1 . The relatively large values for the asymmetries make these measurements interesting for decoupling the various effects which have been proposed to generate transverse asymmetries in p↑ + p collisions, and may eventually lead to a greater understanding of the internal angular momentum structure of the proton.
Hail and Farewell

Isabel Beichl bids farewell as the Editor in Chief of CiSE, welcomes incoming EIC George Thiruvathukal, and discusses what the future may hold for the field of computational science and engineering.
Misuse of digitalis to mimic heart disease

Abstract Digitalis is a unique drug capable of producing clinical symptoms as well as electrocardiographic changes comparable to those produced by organic heart disease. Although these properties of digitalis would make it an agent suitable for fraudulent mimicking of heart disease, only 1 report of such use appeared between 1900 and 1969. Recently we observed a case in which such use of the drug was documented. The case record, certain salient features that led us to the diagnosis, and our views of the scanty reports in the literature are discussed.
Diacylglycerol and Its Formation by Phospholipase C Regulate Rab- and SNARE-dependent Yeast Vacuole Fusion *

Although diacylglycerol (DAG) can trigger liposome fusion, biological membrane fusion requires Rab and SNARE proteins. We have investigated whether DAG and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) have a role in the Rab- and SNARE-dependent homo-typic vacuole fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Vacuole fusion was blocked when DAG was sequestered by a recombinant C1b domain. DAG underwent ATP-dependent turnover during vacuole fusion, but was replenished by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to DAG by PLC. The PLC inhibitors 3-nitrocoumarin and U73122 blocked vacuole fusion in vitro, whereas their inactive homologues did not. Plc1p is the only known PLC in yeast. Yeast cells lacking the PLC1 gene have many small vacuoles, indicating defects in protein trafficking to the vacuole or vacuole fusion, and purified Plc1p stimulates vacuole fusion. Docking-dependent Ca2+ efflux is absent in plc1Δ vacuoles and was restored only upon the addition of both Plc1p and the Vam7p SNARE. However, vacuoles purified from plc1Δ strains still retain PLC activity and significant 3-nitrocoumarin- and U73122-sensitive fusion, suggesting that there is another PLC in S. cerevisiae with an important role in vacuole fusion.
New directions in myocardial perfusion imaging

In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the field of nuclear cardiology. Pharmacologic stress perfusion imaging with intravenous administration of dipyridamole or adenosine provides comparable sensitivity and specificity values for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) as exercise imaging and has been employed successfully for risk stratification prior to peripheral vascular or aortic surgery and after myocardial infarction. Detection of myocardial viability can be enhanced utilizing reinjection of a second dose of thallium-201 (T1-201) at rest after acquisition of redistribution images with the single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) technique. Imaging solely in the resting state with T1-201 can also provide information concerning presence of viable myocardium in asynergic regions that are stunned or hibernating. New technetium-99m (Tc-99m) perfusion agents have emerged in the clinical setting and have provided excellent predictive value for detection of CAD in patients with chest pain and permit simultaneous assessment of function and regional blood flow. Tc-99m Sestamibi, one of these agents, is also a valid marker of viability when assessing myocardial salvage after coronary reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction.
Support Groups: A Special Therapeutic Entity

In differentiating modalities of group technique, this article presents an explicit definition of and systematic criteria for characterizing the support group A theoretical base for the support gro...
Expression of TGF-beta type II receptor antisense RNA impairs TGF-beta signaling in vitro and promotes mammary gland differentiation in vivo.

In order to clarify the role of TGF-beta in mammary development and tumorigenesis, we investigated the efficacy of full- or partial-length TbetaRII antisense RNA specifically to reduce TbetaRII levels in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Here we show that the expression of TbetaRII antisense RNA in vitro reduced TbetaRII cell surface expression and inhibited the antiproliferative and transcriptional responses to exogenous TGF-beta. Expression of full-length TbetaRII antisense RNA in a transgenic mouse model under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus promotor resulted in precocious lobuloalveolar development of the mammary gland, a phenotype that resembles that of early pregnancy. These data demonstrate that TbetaRII plays a critical role in maintaining the nondifferentiated character of virgin mammary gland epithelium.
Two-selfadjoint operators in Krein spaces

It is proved that the skew-adjoint part of a two-selfadjoint operator in a Krein space with finite defect has the singleton zero spectrum. Examples demonstrate that many properties of two-selfadjoint operators in Hilbert space do not extend to Krein spaces. A full description is given ofn-selfadjoint normal operators in finite dimensional Krein spaces of defect one.
The Superior Technical Choice for Dual Fluidized Bed Gasification

Dual fluidized bed gasification (DFBG) technology requires a combination of two fluidized beds. Fluidized bed (FB), on the other hand, has different types depending on, for example, the gas velocity inside the bed. The present article intends to clarify what types of FBs should be chosen for the FB combination of the DFBG in terms of improving gasification efficiency and enhancing tar-destruction capability. Gasification tests in a 5.0 kg/h pilot gasification plant demonstrated that under the same conditions the combination of a dense low-velocity FB (LVFB) fuel gasifier and a high-velocity pneumatic riser (HVPR) char combustor allowed higher gasification efficiency and lower tar production than the combination of an HVPR fuel gasifier and an LVFB char combustor did. Consequently, the article concludes that the superior technique choice for the DFBG is to deploy its fuel gasification into an LVFB and its char combustion into an HVPR. An HVPR char combustor is necessary because it maintains the steady circ...
Parameter optimization for current controller in HVDC control system

In recent years, HVDC Transmission has been developed very fast in China. Its main characteristic is bulk power transmission over long distance. Considering the importance and particularity of HVDC transmission, the main aim of different research aspects in HVDC is to keep the steady and reliable operation of HVDC project. As the key part, the control system affects the operation characteristics of HVDC project directly. According to some contingencies during operation and defects during on-site tests in actual projects, this paper points out that it is necessary to optimize parameters of related controllers, and traditional P.I. controller and P.I. controller used in actual HVDC project are described in detail in the paper. In order to optimize parameters of current controller, which is made up of P.I. controller, a simulation system of actual HVDC project is built up, and it shares the same control system with actual project. Current step test is carried on by changing three parameters, including G, Kp and T, of Current controller to acquire response time and overshoot, and then find out optimal parameters. In the paper, all the data get from simulation tests. The analysis of parameter optimization of current controller in HVDC control system is based on the data from simulation tests.
Simple technique for optical flow estimation

The theoretical principles, design, and implementation of an image-motion detection system with possible robotics and autonomous-navigation applications are discussed. The operation of a simple one-dimensional second-derivative edge-motion detector is explained; its extension to a two-dimensional motion sensor based on the Laplacian of a Gaussian (Marr and Hildreth, 1980) is outlined; a center-surround array of 13 of these sensors (12 in a circle around a central sensor) is proposed; and processing techniques to overcome the aperture problem are examined. Simple video images involving unidirectional motion are then analyzed using a prototype version of this design; the sensors employed are based on a 15 x 15-pixel mask made up of 13 7 x 7-pixel kernels. Accurate measurements of image velocity are obtained, as required for navigation through complex environments. It is pointed out that the procedure is noniterative and well suited to implementation as a parallel network.
Properties that change as superconductivity disappears at high-doping concentrations in La2-xSrxCuO4.

In the system ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, as x and p (the [${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$${]}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ charge) are increased, the superconducting transition temperature first increases, then peaks becoming nonsuperconducting for x\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.26. We report here a search for changes in physical properties at the values of x where ${T}_{c}$ is observed to change its behavior. The in-plane lattice constants and the normal resistivity both show a continued monotonic decrease over this entire region, suggesting that no major electronic changes occur. The tetragonal-to-orthorhombic transition temperature ${T}_{s}$ also decreases with increasing x and becomes unobservable for x\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.19, suggesting that this structural transition itself is unrelated to the disappearance of superconductivity that occurs at higher doping levels. The magnetic spin susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{spin}(\mathrm{T}}$) generally rises gradually with increasing doping (reflecting decreasing spin-spin interactions), reaches a maximum near x\ensuremath{\sim}0.25, and then decreases. There is a weak peak in ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{spin}(\mathrm{T}}$) as a function of temperature at T=${T}_{\mathrm{max}}$. As a function of increasing x,${T}_{\mathrm{max}}$ falls to zero near x\ensuremath{\sim}0.25. These two observations might be related to the disappearance of superconductivity, since all three occur near the same value of Sr content x.
Catalytic consequences of hydroxyl group location on the kinetics of n-hexane hydroisomerization over acidic zeolites

Abstract The measured kinetics of n-C6H14 hydroisomerization reactions is consistent with a bifunctional mechanism involving the facile dehydrogenation of n-hexane on the metal catalyst and a kinetically relevant step involving isomerization of n-hexene on zeolitic acidic sites. The measured activation entropy in small 8-MR pockets of MOR (−35 J mol−1 K−1) is similar to that in larger 12-MR channels of MOR (−37 J mol−1 K−1) and BEA (−33 J mol−1 K−1) but higher than that in medium pore FER (−86 J mol−1 K−1), suggesting that partial confinement of C6 olefinic reactants results in lower free energy for the isomerization reaction in 8-MR pockets of MOR. The hypothesis that a cyclopropane-like cationic transition state is not completely contained within the 8-MR pockets of MOR is consistent with the observed selectivity to 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane in the 8-MR pockets being identical to that measured in larger 12-MR channels of MOR and BEA. The lower activation energy measured in 8-MR pockets compared to larger 12-MR channels of MOR may arise due to greater electrostatic stabilization of the positively charged transition state by framework oxygen atoms located on the pore mouth of the smaller 8-MR pockets of MOR or due to the larger heat of adsorption caused by confinement in smaller 8-MR pockets. The lower activation energy in 8-MR channels and comparable loss in entropy mediated by partial confinement results in the rate per proton in 8-MR pockets being five times larger than the rate in 12-MR channels of MOR. These results provide another conceptual consideration for rigorous and quantitative understanding of local environment effects of zeolite channel size and connectivity on the rate and selectivity of acid-catalyzed reactions.
A NEW GENUS AND FIVE NEW SPECIES OF SCATOPSIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM NEW GUINEA AND AUSTRALIA

Three new species of Rhegmoclematini representing the heretofore undescribed genus Parmaferia are described. In addition, a distinctive new Australian species of Anapausis Enderlein and a new Australian species of Ferneiella Cook are described.
Type I Error Rates for Multiple Comparison Procedures with Dependent Data

Abstract One of the standard assumptions in analysis of variance is independence of observations. This article determines the effect of dependence of observations on several multiple comparison procedures. The correlation structure that is considered is one in which observations within groups have a certain correlation, say ρ1, and observations in different groups have another correlation, say ρ2.
A process analysis of integrated iron and steel production in the European Coal and Steel Community

Abstract Producers' behavior in the European Coal and Steel Community is analyzed within the context of a production process model. Alternative production techniques for coke, sinter, pellets, pig iron and steel are presented in terms of fixed proportion production functions derived from engineering data. From the production process specification, a linear programming model is formulated and used to select an optimal combination of production activities for each ECSC country. The model is first tested by estimating the production activities actually adopted in 1965, 1966 and 1967 with predetermined levels of capacity. The model is then used for 1968 to select both an optimal combination of production activities and optimal capacities in the presence of an upper bound for the capital value of production facilities. Theil's inequality coefficient is then used to compare the estimates from the programming model to a naive model for the 1965–1968 period.
Arteriovenous pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide detect critical oxygen delivery during progressive hemorrhage in dogs

Arteriovenous (AV) pH and PCO2 gradients increase as flow decreases and might potentially detect “dysoxia,” ie, inadequate tissue O2 delivery (DO2). However, expanding AV pH and PCO2 gradients previously have been attributed to respiratory acidosis lie, pH that decreases only in proportion to increasing CO2, an expected consequence of flow that is decreased but not necessarily inadequate). We studied AV pH and Pco2 during O2 supply independence, wherein O2 consumption (VO2) does not vary with DO2, and O2 supply dependence, a pathologic condition wherein VO2 and DO2 co-vary, in 14 dogs during graded progressive hemorrhage. Critical DO2 (DO2c), estimated by dual line regression, was 7.04 ± 0.30 mL/ kg min (SE). Arteriovenous pH and AV Pco2 also varied with 1502 in a biphasic fashion, with inflections occurring at very similar DO2 values (8.71 and 6.84 mL/kg min, respectively). Arteriovenous pH increased in proportion to expanding AV PCO2 during O2 supply independence, consistent with a “respiratory” etiology of AV pH in this region. During O2 supply dependence, however, the response of AV pH to AV Pco2 was greater, such that the linear regression of O2 supply dependent AV pH versus AV Pco2 was significantly different from the O2 supply independent regression (P < .001). Our data support the hypothesis that rapidly expanding AV pH and AV Pco2 represent metabolic acidosis and that these parameters may potentially be used to detect dysoxia.
Molecular probes for the cannabinoid receptors

Abstract Cannabinoids produce most of their biochemical and pharmacological effects by interacting with CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, both of which are G-protein coupled membrane-bound functional proteins. CB1 is found in the central nervous system and in a variety of other organs including heart, vascular endothelium, uterus, vas deferens, testis and small intestine. Conversely, the CB2 receptor appears to be associated exclusively with the immune system and is found in the periphery of the spleen and other cells associated with immunochemical functions. Although both CB1 and CB2 have been cloned and the primary sequences are known, their three dimensional structures and the amino acid residues at the active site, critical for ligand recognition, binding and activation have not been characterized. In the absence of any X-ray crystallographic and NMR data, information on the structural requirements for ligand–receptor interactions is obtained with the help of suitably designed molecular probes. These ligands either interact with the receptor in a reversible fashion (reversible probes) or, alternatively, attach at or near the receptor active site with the formation of a covalent bond (irreversible probes). Subsequently, information related to ligand binding and receptor activation is further amplified with the help of receptor mutants and computer modeling. This review focuses on molecular probes related to the classical and non-classical cannabinoids that have been reported since the discovery of the first cannabinoid receptor over a decade ago.
Simulation of high-frequency sinusoidal electrical block of mammalian myelinated axons

High frequency alternating current (HFAC) sinusoidal waveforms can block conduction in mammalian peripheral nerves. A mammalian axon model was used to simulate the response of nerves to HFAC conduction block. Sinusoidal waveforms from 1 to 40 kHz were delivered to eight simulated axon diameters ranging from 7.3 to 16 microm. Conduction block was obtained between 3 to 40 kHz. The minimum peak to peak current at which block was obtained, defined as the block threshold, increased with increasing frequency. Block threshold varied inversely with axon diameter. Upon initiation, the HFAC waveform produced one or more action potentials. These simulation results closely parallel previous experimental results of high frequency motor block of the rat sciatic and cat pudendal nerve. During HFAC block, the axons showed a dynamic steady state depolarization of multiple nodes, strongly suggesting a depolarization mechanism for HFAC conduction block.
Radiological abnormalities in children born as a result of assisted conception

SUMMARY Over 15 000 children are born each year as a result of the various techniques of assisted conception. In 1991, there were 2083 live births in Australia and New Zealand as a result of these techniques. Radiological abnormalities relating to the increased rate of prematurity, a probable increase in the risk of congenital malformations and a number of cases of neural crest tumours seen in these infants will be presented.