cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of an exogenous β-amyloid peptide on retention for spatial learning

Three experiments assessed the effects of beta-amyloid 1-40 (beta A4) on spatial learning in Sprague-Dawley rats. In Experiment 1, rats were trained on a signaled footshock avoidance in a Y-maze. Rats received a single injection of beta A4 or vehicle in both sides of the hippocampus immediately after the fifth trial. The beta A4 group took significantly longer than the vehicle group to learn to avoid the shock when trained to criterion 1 week later, suggesting a detrimental effect of beta A4 on memory consolidation. Experiment 2 used a food reinforcer rather than shock relief under procedures similar to Experiment 1. Again, the beta A4 group took longer to learn the maze to criterion. This shocks that the effect in Experiment 1 was not specific to shock-maintained learning. In Experiment 3, rats were trained to retrieve a food pellet from each arm of an eight-arm radial maze. After training to criterion, beta A4 or vehicle was administered intrahippocampally 30 min before the daily session for 26 sessions. There were no acute or chronic effects of beta A4 injection on radial maze performance, and no aggregation of beta A4 or significant necrosis was observed upon postmortem histological analysis. These experiments suggest that single injections of beta A4 impair memory consolidation, but repeated injections of beta A4 over an extended period do not affect well-learned behavior.
Increased Expression of Type 1 Angiotensin II Receptors in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus following Stress and Glucocorticoid Administration

Double staining in situ hybridization studies have shown that angiotensin II (AII) type 1 receptors (AT1) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are located primarily in corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons of the parvicellular subdivision. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the role of AII regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, by correlating AT1 receptor expression levels in the PVN with the known changes in activity of the HPA axis under different stress paradigms, and manipulation of circulating glucocorticoids. AT1 receptor mRNA was measured by in situ hybridization using 35S-labelled cRNA probes and AII binding by autoradiography using 125I[Sar1,Ile8]AII in slide mounted hypothalamic sections. AT1 receptor mRNA levels and AII binding in the PVN were reduced by about 20% 18 h after adrenalectomy remaining at these levels up to 6 days after. This effect was prevented by corticosterone administration in the drinking water, or dexamethasone injection (100 mg, s.c., daily). Conversely, dexamethasone injection in intact rats caused a 20% increase in AT1 receptor mRNA in the PVN. AT1 receptor mRNA and binding in the PVN increased 4 h after exposure to stress paradigms associated with activation of the HPA axis (immobilization for 1 h, or i.p. injection of 1.5 M NaCl), and remained elevated after repeated daily stress for 14 days. Unexpectedly, two osmotic stress models associated with inhibition of the HPA axis (60 h water deprivation or 12 days of 2% saline intake) also resulted in increased AT1 receptor mRNA levels and AII binding in the parvicellular PVN. In intact rats, the stimulatory effect of acute stress on AT1 receptor mRNA in the PVN was significantly enhanced by dexamethasone administration (100 micrograms, s.c., 14 h and 1 h prior to stress), while in adrenalectomized rats, with or without glucocorticoid replacement, stress reduced rather than increased, AT1 receptor mRNA. Dexamethasone, 100 micrograms, injected sc within 1 min the beginning of immobilization in adrenalectomized rats, increased AT1 receptor mRNA in the PVN to levels significantly higher than those after dexamethasone alone, indicating that the stress induced glucocorticoid surge is required for the stimulatory effect of stress on AT1 receptor mRNA. The data suggest that AT1 receptor expression in the PVN is under dual control during stress: stress-activated inhibitory pathways and the stimulatory effect of glucocorticoids. The lack of specificity of the changes in AT1 receptor expression in the PVN following stressors with opposite effects on ACTH secretion (osmotic and physical-psychological stress) does not support a role for AII as a major determinant of the response of the HPA axis during stress.
Anomalous dimensions of the double parton fragmentation functions

Double parton fragmentation is a process in which a pair of partons produced in the short-distance process hadronize into the final state hadron. This process is important for quarkonium production when the transverse momentum is much greater than the quark mass. Resummation of logarithms of the ratio of these two scales requires the evolution equations for double parton fragmentation functions (DPFF). In this paper we complete the one-loop evaluation of the anomalous dimensions for the DPFF. We also consider possible mixing between the DPFF and single parton power suppressed gluon fragmentation and show that such effects are subleading.
Magnetic anisotropy and magnetostriction of Y3Mn0.1Fe4.9O12 at 300°K

Abstract The compound Y 3 Mn 0.1 Fe 4.9 O 12 has been prepared in powdered and sintered forms and characterized by lattice constant, electrical resistivity and, in particular, hysteresis loop and ferrimagnetic resonance linewidth. The results of these investigations indicate little change in the unit- cell dimensions or resistivity as compared with pure Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 , but show a reduction in the magnitude of the first-order magnetic anisotropy constant K 1 , and reversal in sign of magnetostrictive properties. These latter results are supported by the measurements on single-crystal specimens of the same compositions. From microscope and electron microprobe analyses of a polished section, no evidence of second phase was detected.
Incomplete taste adaptation to different concentrations of salt and sugar solutions

Two concentrations each of sodium chloride and sucrose solutions were used as stimuli in a study examining taste adaptation. Twenty subjects were presented a 3-min continuous flow of each taste stimulus over the anterior dorsal tongue surface, and periodically gave magnitude estimates of its intensity. The degree of adaptation was greater for the less concentrated solutions than for the more concentrated ones, but the majority of subjects did not adapt completely to any of the stimuli. This result, which is consistent with other reports from this laboratory, is discussed in terms of individual differences among subjects and in relation to recent taste research based on completely adapted subjects.
On the extraction of optical sums from experimental generalized oscillator strengths and the experimental determination of the x-ray incoherent scattering factory by electron scattering

Abstract The connection between an experimentally measured Bethe surface and certain optical sum rules is discussed. The simplest procedure for constructing optical sums involves summing (integrating) the generalized oscillator strength over energy loss at a fixed scattering angle. This involves an approximation and an error formula is developed to estimate the magnitude of the correction involved. The approximation is shown to be extremely accurate in the limit of high incident energy and large momentum transfer. The sum S (−1, K ) which is simply related to the X-ray incoherent scattering factor is found to have a small first order correction in the case of electron scattering from He with 25 keV electrons even at angles as small as 1°.
CONJUGATE MIXED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A PLATE FIN EMBEDDED IN A POROUS MEDIUM

The problem of mixed convection flow about a vertical plate fin embedded in a porous medium, taking into consideration the interaction between conduction in the fin and convection in the surrounding fluid, has been analyzed. It was found that the governing parameters for the problem are the Prandtl number Pr, the mixed convection parameter ω, and the convection-conduction parameter Ncc. The results of the analysis were found to be similar to those of the classical fluids. In particular, at a high value of the convection-conduction parameter Ncc, the local heat transfer coefficient is found to decrease first, attain a minimum value, and then increase in the stream-wise direction. This behavior can be attributed to the enhanced buoyancy force resulting from an increase in the wall-to-fluid temperature difference along the stream-wise direction. The total heat transfer rate was found to decrease with increasing Ncc.
Penetration and Mixing of Radial Jets in Neck-Down Cylindrical Crossflow

A parametric study of the penetration and mixing of radial jets in a neck-down cylindrical crossflow, which is characteristic of the quick-mix section in a generic tubular rich-burn/quick-mix/lean-burn combustor, is performed numerically. The parameters considered are the jet-to-crossflow momentum-flux ratio, number of injection orifices, neck-down ratio, swirling flow, and aspect ratio and orientation of radial slots. The analysis considers only nonreacting flows in order to concentrate on the fluid mechanics aspect of the processes, using temperature as a passive scalar to characterize the mixing performance. Laser-induced fluorescence experiments were also performed to verify the computational model. The results show that 1) the momentum-flux ratio has the most prominent effects on mixing performance, 2) there is a tradeoff between mixing effectiveness and pressure penalty, 3) the optimal configuration changes with the number of orifices and the slot aspect ratio, 4) an empirical optimal mixing correlation was developed for slotted orifices, 5) swirling flow does not improve mixing or pressure loss, and 6) necked-down sections do not necessarily enhance mixing but produce structural blockage, raising the pressure penalty. The implications of the parametric study on designing optimal mixer geometry are also discussed in terms of temperature and pressure penalty.
Mass erosion and surface-voltage holdoff recovery of insulators used in a high-current high-vacuum surface discharge switch

A high current surface discharge across the surface of an insulator in high vacuum is investigated. The mass erosion of the insulator and its surface voltage holdoff recovery are the two most important parameters of this investigation. Typically, the discharge current reaches approximately 350 kA peak with a pulse length of approximately 60 microsecond(s) (approximately 5 periods of a damped sinusoidal pulse). The vacuum level is maintained at approximately 10 -6 Torr. The insulator materials tested include a variety of polymeric (i.e., polyethylene, nylon, epoxy-fiberglass composites, and polyurethane) and ceramic (alumina, silicon nitride, and zirconia) insulators. Insulator mass erosion and surface voltage holdoff recovery versus electrode material has also been investigated. The electrode materials used include stainless steel, molybdenum, copper, copper-tungsten, brass, aluminum, and lead. Insulator materials that have low mass erosion and good surface voltage holdoff recovery have potential applications in high power vacuum switches. Breakdown voltage histories and mass erosion data were obtained for the plastics, but only breakdown voltages were obtained for the ceramics.
Measuring dermal exposure to pesticide residues with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy.

ATR-FTIR spectra of non-volatile compounds on the skin surface can be obtained rapidly (within a few seconds) with minimal sampling preparation. ATR-FTIR spectra provide the same characteristic infrared absorption features as other types of infrared analysis. The shape and location of absorption features indicate the structure and can be used to qualitatively identify an unknown compound. A quantitative measure of the chemical on skin can be obtained by relating the magnitude of the absorption features to spectral standards with known surface loading for the target chemicals. ATR-FTIR also can simultaneously identify and quantify multiple compounds (mixtures or formulations) on the skin surface in vivo using multivariate analysis methods such as partial least squares or classical least squares. The goal of this research was to investigate the ability of ATRFTIR spectroscopy to identify and quantify pesticide residues in contact with or transferred to skin.
A model for self-recognition and regulation of the incompatibility response of pollen.

Recent biochemical studies with Brassica indicate that the pollen grain has a primary role in the control of self incompatibility. Combining this new evidence with that from prior genetic, biochemical, and ultrastructural studies, a working model is hypothesized for the molecular events which occur during self recognition and the subsequent control of pollen germination. Self recognition is postulated to involve the interaction of a presynthesized, genotype-specific recognition molecule (effector) produced by the stigma with a presynthesized receptor molecule produced by and located in or on the pollen grain. The consequence of self recognition is a selective inhibition of pollen protein synthesis within about 2–4 minutes after imbibition. We deduced that protein synthesis is programmed to occur in pollen — unless interrupted as a consequence of self-recognition — and leads to the sequential production of opposing regulators: first a germination inhibitor (G-Inh), then a germination activator (G-Act). These regulators in turn control the activities of presynthesized, and probably sequestered enzymes required for germ tube formation. Sequential appearances of the G-Inh and G-Act occur unless synthesis of the G-Act is blocked as a result of self recognition. Thus, following a self pollination, recognition occurs in sufficient time to block production of the G-Act but not of the G-Inh, and inhibition of germination (incompatibility) results. For a cross pollination, there is no self recognition and production of the G-Act is unimpeded; it then nullifies the effect of the G-Inh and pollen germination (compatibility) results. The model and evidence for its support are discussed in detail.
Dimensionality reduction for nonlinear time series

A technique for recoding multidimensional data in a representation of reduced dimensionality is presented. A non-linear encoder-decoder for multidimensional data with compact representations is developed. The technique of training a neural network to learn the identity map through a `bottleneck' is extended to networks with non-linear representations, and an objective function which penalizes entropy of the hidden unit activations is shown to result in low dimensional encodings. For scalar time series data, a common technique is phase-space reconstruction by embedding the time-lagged scalar signal in a higher dimensional space. Choosing the proper embedding dimension is difficult. By using non-linear dimensionality reduction, the intrinsic dimensionality of the underlying system may be estimated.
Measurement and correction of respiration-induced B0 variations in breast 1H MRS at 4 Tesla.

Respiratory motion is well known to cause artifacts in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In MRS of the breast, the dominant artifact is not due to motion of the breast itself, but rather it is produced by B0 field distortions associated with respiratory motion of tissues in the chest and abdomen. This susceptibility artifact has been reported to occur in the brain, but it is more apparent in the breast due to the anatomic proximity of the lungs. In the breast, these B0 distortions cause shot-to-shot frequency shifts, which vary an average of 24 Hz during a typical 1 H MRS scan at 4 T. This variation can be corrected retrospectively by frequency shifting individual spectra prior to averaging. If not corrected, these shifts reduce spectral resolution and increase peak fitting errors. This work demonstrates the artifact, describes a method for correcting it, and evaluates its impact on quantitative spectroscopy. When the artifact is not corrected, quantification errors increase by an average of 28%, which dramatically impacts the ability to measure metabolite resonances at low signal-to-noise ratios. Magn Reson Med 52:1239 –1245, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Methodological Modifications in a Longitudinal Qualitative Research Design

This article explores methodological shifts in longitudinal qualitative research and illustrates how researchers can maintain methodological continuity while staying open to necessary modifications. We describe methodological modifications and changes that occurred during our longitudinal research process. These change processes were initiated due to general advances in the field of qualitative research methodology, personal research experiences gained during the research process, and preliminary analysis findings. The change processes complicated our methodological decision making and simultaneously refined study purposes and analytical intentions. The investigation of change over time, time in context, and time and texture also play a significant role in our examples and reflections in this article. We argue that careful analysis and accounting of methodological continuity, modification, and changes can strengthen the trustworthiness of longitudinal studies, an important goal considering the methodologi...
EFFECT OF 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE ON THE INDUCTION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE BY BENZ(A)ANTHRACENE IN PRIMARY CULTURES OF CUTANEOUS KERATINOCYTES FROM THE NEWBORN RAT

AbstractThe mixed-function oxidase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), is induced in primary cultures of cutaneous keratinocytes from the newborn rat grown in the presence 01 benz(a)anthracene (BA) or 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC). The level of induction is 5–10 times greater from BA as compared with 3-MC. The addition of 5 μM 3-MC to the medium of cells being induced by 2.5 μM BA reduces the final specific activity of AHH to about half the level reached in the presence of BA alone. Higher concentrations of 3-MC can reduce the level of induction from BA to the maximum level achieved by 3-MC alone. The activity induced by BA is inhibited by 3-MC when added to the assay mixture. AHH induced by 3-MC is not so inhibited by 3-MC. BA does not appear to inhibit AHH induced by either polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. The 3-MC-mediatcd decrease in the level of active AHH produced in response to the presence of BA may be a function of repression of the inductive process, inhibition of the induced activity, or both.
A Distributed Multicast Algorithm for Hypercube Multicomputers

This paper proposes a novel distributed multicast algo rithm for hypercubes. Based on our algorithm, any node in a multicast-set can directly initiate a multicast to other nodes in the same set. The Dimension-PArtition Tech nique (DIPAT) is the underlying message routing tech nique. This routing technique is valid only for certain con nected graphs, called DIPAT-graphs whose necessary and sufficient conditions are derived. A heuristic algorithm is developed for construction of DIPAT-graphs. In addition, DIP AT is integrated with a simple spanning tree algorithm to form a hierarchical multicasting graph, which retains a higher level of distributed multicasting capability with a similar level of extra traffic as that of the existing single spanning tree based solutions.
Water flow through frog gastric mucosa.

To elucidate the role of protein synthesis in DNA formation, E. coli R2 infected with phage T2 was studed as a model, employing chloramphenicol to inhibit protein synthesis. The following results were obtained. 1. Chloramphenicol inhibited protein synthesis but not synthesis of nucleic acids in uninfected bacteria. 2. Studies of the effect of chloramphenicol on phage maturation indicated a delay of 2 minutes between time of addition and cessation of phage growth. 3. The increase of DNA in phage-infected bacteria was completely suppressed by the addition of chloramphenicol within 2 minutes following infection. Addition at later times showed progressively less inhibitory action depending upon the time interval, and addition after the 10th or 12th minute showed no appreciable effect on DNA synthesis despite the cessation of intracellular phage formation and protein synthesis. 4. When chloramphenicol was added to infected cells the increase of resistance to UV stopped within 2 minutes, whether or not DNA synthesis continued. Thus evolution of resistance paralleled the rate of DNA synthesis achieved, but not the amount of DNA accumulated. 5. We conclude that in infected bacteria, protein synthesis is necessary to initiate DNA synthesis but is not essential for its continuation. The resistance to UV that characterizes infected cells near the midpoint of the latent period is not due to accumulation of DNA, but depends on some chloramphenicol-sensitive process (probably protein synthesis) completed at about the time the rate of DNA synthesis becomes maximal.
The NS4A Protein of Hepatitis C Virus Promotes RNA-Coupled ATP Hydrolysis by the NS3 Helicase

Nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) is an essential replicative component of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a member of the DExH/D-box family of proteins. The C-terminal region of NS3 (NS3hel) exhibits RNA-stimulated NTPase and helicase activity, while the N-terminal serine protease domain of NS3 enhances RNA binding and unwinding by NS3hel. The nonstructural protein 4A (NS4A) binds to the NS3 protease domain and serves as an obligate cofactor for NS3 serine protease activity. Given its role in stimulating protease activity, we sought to determine whether NS4A also influences the activity of NS3hel. Here we show that NS4A enhances the ability of NS3hel to bind RNA in the presence of ATP, thereby acting as a cofactor for helicase activity. This effect is mediated by amino acids in the C-terminal acidic domain of NS4A. When these residues are mutated, one observes drastic reductions in ATP-coupled RNA binding and duplex unwinding by NS3. These same mutations are lethal in HCV replicons, thereby establishing in vitro and in vivo that NS4A plays an important role in the helicase mechanism of NS3 and its function in replication.
Systematic Mapping of Posttranslational Modifications in Human Estrogen Receptor-α with Emphasis on Novel Phosphorylation Sites

A systematic study of posttranslational modifications of the estrogen receptor isolated from the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line is reported. Proteolysis with multiple enzymes, mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry achieved very high sequence coverage for the full-length 66-kDa endogenous protein from estradiol-treated cell cultures. Nine phosphorylated serine residues were identified, three of which were previously unreported and none of which were previously observed by mass spectrometry by any other laboratory. Two additional modified serine residues were identified in recombinant protein, one previously reported but not observed here in endogenous protein and the other previously unknown. Although major emphasis was placed on identifying new phosphorylation sites, N-terminal loss of methionine accompanied by amino acetylation and a lysine side chain acetylation (or possibly trimethylation) were also detected. The use of both HPLC-ESI and MALDI interfaced to different mass analyzers gave higher sequence coverage and identified more sites than could be achieved by either method alone. The estrogen receptor is critical in the development and progression of breast cancer. One previously unreported phosphorylation site identified here was shown to be strongly dependent on estradiol, confirming its potential significance to breast cancer. Greater knowledge of this array of posttranslational modifications of estrogen receptor, particularly phosphorylation, will increase our understanding of the processes that lead to estradiol-induced activation of this protein and may aid the development of therapeutic strategies for management of hormone-dependent breast cancer.
Electrocorticography Reveals Enhanced Visual Cortex Responses to Visual Speech

Human speech contains both auditory and visual components, processed by their respective sensory cortices. We test a simple model in which task-relevant speech information is enhanced during cortical processing. Visual speech is most important when the auditory component is uninformative. Therefore, the model predicts that visual cortex responses should be enhanced to visual-only (V) speech compared with audiovisual (AV) speech. We recorded neuronal activity as patients perceived auditory-only (A), V, and AV speech. Visual cortex showed strong increases in high-gamma band power and strong decreases in alpha-band power to V and AV speech. Consistent with the model prediction, gamma-band increases and alpha-band decreases were stronger for V speech. The model predicts that the uninformative nature of the auditory component (not simply its absence) is the critical factor, a prediction we tested in a second experiment in which visual speech was paired with auditory white noise. As predicted, visual speech with auditory noise showed enhanced visual cortex responses relative to AV speech. An examination of the anatomical locus of the effects showed that all visual areas, including primary visual cortex, showed enhanced responses. Visual cortex responses to speech are enhanced under circumstances when visual information is most important for comprehension.
Glutathione-dependent extracellular ferric reductase activities in dimorphic zoopathogenic fungi

In this study, extracellular glutathione-dependent ferric reductase (GSH-FeR) activities in different dimorphic zoopathogenic fungal species were characterized. Supernatants from Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii strains grown in their yeast form were able to reduce iron enzymically with glutathione as a cofactor. Some variations in the level of reduction were noted amongst the strains. This activity was stable in acidic, neutral and slightly alkaline environments and was inhibited when trivalent aluminium and gallium ions were present. Using zymography, single bands of GSH-FeRs with apparent molecular masses varying from 430 to 460 kDa were identified in all strains. The same molecular mass range was determined by size exclusion chromatography. These data demonstrate that dimorphic zoopathogenic fungi produce and secrete a family of similar GSH-FeRs that may be involved in the acquisition and utilization of iron. Siderophore production by these and other fungi has sometimes been considered to provide a full explanation of iron acquisition in these organisms. Our work reveals an additional common mechanism that may be biologically and pathogenically important. Furthermore, while some characteristics of these enzymes such as extracellular location, cofactor utilization and large size are not individually unique, when considered together and shared across a range of fungi, they represent an important novel physiological feature.
Multiple hereditary exostoses as a rare nonatherosclerotic etiology of chronic lower extremity ischemia

Nonatherosclerotic etiologies of arterial insufficiency are uncommon but important causes of chronic lower extremity ischemia. We report a patient with multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) presenting with lifestyle-limiting lower extremity claudication and popliteal artery occlusion secondary to a large osteochondroma. The presence of MHE with associated osteochondroma resulting in arterial occlusion is a rare condition. Management strategies for treating large osteochondromas adjacent to or with vessel involvement in asymptomatic patients remain undefined.
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae): a review

Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of AmericanVisceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) due to Leishmania chagasi in the New World. Despite its importance, AVL, a disease primarily of rural areas, has increased its prevalence and became urbanized in some large cities in Brazil and other countries in Latin America. Although the disease is treatable, other control measures include elimination of infected dogs and the use of insecticides to kill the sand flies. A better understanding of vector biology could also account as one more tool for AVL control. A wide variety of papers about L. longipalpis have been published in the recent past years. This review summarizes our current information of this particular sand fly regarding its importance, biology, morphology, pheromones genetics, saliva, gut physiology and parasite interactions.
Segmenting rodent cardiac ultrasound images using direct posterior models

Lack of an accurate generative model makes it hard to use classical MAP segmentation algorithms to jointly segment the epi- and the endocardium in ultrasound rodent cardiac images. This paper proposes an alternate methodology for such segmentation. The methodology directly models the posterior probability of segmentation using penalized logistic models. A level-set segmentation algorithm is developed using direct posterior models. Finally, experimental evaluation is provided which compares the algorithm segmentation with manual segmentation using real-world data.
Diffraction of an evanscent plane wave by a half plane

Abstract A proper analytic continuation of Sommerfeld's solution is shown to provide the solution to the problem of diffraction of an evanescent plane wave. This is done by a correct extension of a parameter (detour parameter) from real to complex values. Some peculiarities of this solution are discussed. A few representative three-dimensional graphs show the field magnitude in the vicinity of the edge.
Coping with Burn Injury: Research Summary and a New Model of~the~Influence of Coping on Psychological Complications

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Experience-dependent neural plasticity is sensitive to shape of pitch contours.

Language experience is known to modulate the preattentive processing of linguistically relevant pitch contours when presented in the speech domain. To assess if experience-dependent eiects are speci¢c to speech, we evaluated the mismatch negativity response to nonspeech homologs (iterated rippled noise) of such curvilinear pitch contours (Mandarin: Tone 1, ‘high level’; Tone 2, ‘high rising’) by Chinese and English listeners as well as to a pitch contour that was a linear approximation of Tone 2 (‘linear ascending ramp’). Mandarin speakers showed larger mismatch negativity responses than English to the curvilinear pitch contours only. These results suggest that experience-dependent neural plasticity in early cortical processing of linguistically relevant pitch contours is sensitive to naturally occurring pitch dimensions but not speci¢c to speech per se. NeuroReport 18:1963^1967 � c 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Mesh color sharpening

A new method for mesh color sharpening.Utilize the Laplace-Beltrami operator for mesh color processing.Implement five different discretizations of the Laplace-Beltrami operator.Sharpen mesh vertex color while keeping vertex positions intact. This paper presents a novel method for mesh color sharpening using the discrete Laplace-Beltrami operator, which is an approximation of the second order derivatives on irregular 3D meshes. The one-ring neighborhood is utilized to compute the Laplace-Beltrami operator. The color of each vertex of the 3D mesh is updated by adding the Laplace-Beltrami operator of the vertex color weighted by a factor to its original value. Laplacian is commonly used in image processing to sharpen 2D images and different discretizations of the Laplace-Beltrami operator have been proposed for geometrical processing of 3D meshes. This paper utilizes several discretizations of the Laplace-Beltrami operator for sharpening 3D mesh colors and applied them to various 3D objects. This method successfully improves the visual appearance of the meshes while keeping the surface geometry intact. Experimental results of the proposed mesh color sharpening method using different discretizations of the Laplace-Beltrami operator demonstrated its effectiveness on improving the visual appearances of 3D meshes.
Novel Approach for Tracking and Quantifying the Movement Patterns of Insects in Three Dimensions Under Seminatural Conditions

We describe a method that permits tracking and quantifying the movement patterns of insects in three dimensions under seminatural conditions. We released individual Rhagoletis pomonella flies onto an apple tree and recorded all movements and behavior of the foraging insect. The type information obtained included: measurement of relative distance flown (net and gross displacement, average distance between stops), relative directness of flight from the fly release point to any point within the tree, relative speed of flight, relative angle and vector information for individual and total displacements, and time spent performing individual behaviors. All these parameters were calculated over the total time the insect spent on the tree and for specific time and spatial windows of particular interest. We also describe a computer program that processes and partially analyzes the gathered data. The usefulness of 3-D analysis is illustrated by providing results that show a trend for reduction in the relative distance flown and for an increase in the directness of flight by flies that searched for and landed on fruit models that released synthetic apple odor compared with models that did not.
Genetic and environmental variation of foliar nutrient concentrations and strobilus initiation in fertilized loblolly pine seed orchard ramets

Fertilizer was applied annually for eight years to individual ramets in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchard at rates ranging from 0 to 448 kg nitrogen (N) ha(-1) year(-1). Clonal effects accounted for a major source of variation in both flowering and foliar nutrient concentrations. Foliar N concentrations were generally correlated with the intensity of fertilizer application, but were only weakly correlated with flowering. There was a long-term trend for increasing concentrations of foliar manganese (Mn) and boron (B), and decreasing concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) with increasing fertilizer rates, although only the differences in Mn concentration were statistically significant. Fertilizer had little effect on the concentrations of other foliar macro- or micronutrients during the study. The optimum fertilizer rate for flowering was 224 kg N ha(-1) year(-1).
Experimentally manipulated achievement goal state fluctuations regulate self-conscious emotional responses to feedback.

Self-conscious emotions, such as pride and shame, have important implications for performance in competence pursuits. Emotions and motivation are strongly linked and it may be that achievement goals play a role in regulating self-conscious emotions. This study investigated the effects of between-person achievement goal orientations and within-person fluctuations in achievement goal states on pride and shame responses to feedback. Undergraduate students (N 58) completed a 24-round game of Tetris. Before each round, scoring criteria prompts were provided to manipulate achievement goals and participants rated their goals. After each round, participants received experimentally manipulated feedback and rated their pride and shame. A set of hierarchical linear models revealed that performance achievement goal states moderated the effects of feedback on pride and shame at a within-person level. These results suggest coaches and teachers may be able to use contextual cues to influence motivation and selfconscious emotions of their athletes and students during competence pursuits.
Current status of and future prospects for the medical management of adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas.

Adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas is one of the most refractory neoplasms to medical treatment. Although of marginal value, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) alone or in combination with other agents or modalities has been the standard surgical adjuvant approach to localized unresectable tumor as well as the standard treatment for disseminated pancreatic cancer. Recently, a new chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine, has been shown to be somewhat more effective than 5-FU against metastatic pancreatic cancer. Treatment with gemcitabine usually results in a greater likelihood of objective response and better symptom control than treatment with 5-FU or drug combinations that include 5-FU. However, treatment with gemcitabine does not improve overall survival of patients with disseminated neoplasm. Newer promising agents such as 9-nitrocamptothecin have recently entered clinical trials, and novel modalities (e.g., gene therapy) are nearing full-scale clinical trial. There are reasons to believe that these and other new initiatives may soon significantly improve the medical management of adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas.
Capturing Heterogeneity in Medical Marijuana Policies: A Taxonomy of Regulatory Regimes Across the United States

There is considerable movement in the U.S. to legalize use of cannabis for medicinal purposes. Twenty-three U.S. states and the District of Columbia have laws that decriminalize use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Most prior studies of state medical marijuana laws and their association with overall marijuana use, adolescent use, crime rates, and alcohol traffic fatalities have used a binary coding of whether the state had a medical marijuana law or not. Mixed results from these studies raise the question of whether this method for measuring policy characteristics is adequate.Our objective was to develop a validated taxonomy of medical marijuana laws that will allow researchers to measure variation in aspects of medical marijuana statutes as well as their overall restrictiveness.We used a modified Delphi technique using detailed and validated data about each state's medical marijuana law. Three senior researchers coded elements of the state laws in initiation of use, quantity allowed, regulations around distribution, and overall restrictiveness. We used 2013 data from the U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health to assess validity of the taxonomy. Results indicate substantial state-level variation in medical marijuana policies. Validation analysis supported the taxonomy's validity for all four dimensions with the largest effect sizes for the quantity allowed in the state's medical marijuana policy.This analysis demonstrates the potential importance of nondichotomous measurement of medical marijuana laws in studies of their impact. These findings may also be useful to states that are considering medical marijuana laws, to understand the potential impact of characteristics of those laws.
The effect of suckling on the course of experimental staphylococcal mastitis in the mouse.

SUMMARY The effect of suckling on the course of experimental staphylococcal mastitis in the mouse was to induce a spectrum of histopathological changes. These changes extended from complete liquefactive necrosis of the gland to the involvement of isolated areas of the gland in a chronic response. The reactions in suckling mice were compared with the acute reaction to intramammary inoculation of staphylococci in non-suckling mice and with the chronic reaction to intramammary inoculation of staphylococci in mice pre-inoculated with endotoxin by the intramammary route. By inoculating suckling mice with organisms suspended in an irritant (endotoxin) or an anti-inflammatory agent (dexamethosone) the response was predominately chronic or acute respectively. The value of the study was to reveal the various pathways along which pathological changes in the mammary gland may proceed.
Coronary vasodilation during global myocardial hypoxia: effects of adenosine deaminase

Isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts were infused with intracoronary adenosine deaminase to investigate the contribution of endogenous adenosine to the coronary vasodilation of global myocardial hypoxia. Coronary perfusate pressure was held constant at 70 cmH2O throughout the experiment. We measured retrograde aortic inflow (assumed to equal total antegrade coronary flow) for 3-5 min of hypoxia before and 4 min after initiation of intracoronary adenosine deaminase infusion (4 U.g-1.min-1). In the absence of adenosine deaminase mild global hypoxia increased coronary perfusate flow 60%. In the presence of adenosine deaminase the response was limited to a 5% increment. Myocardial O2 consumption was significantly reduced during hypoxia in the presence of adenosine deaminase. In a second group of hearts, moderate global hypoxia increased coronary perfusate flow 125%. This was limited to a 53% increment in the presence of adenosine deaminase. Adenosine deaminase vehicle had no measurable effect on coronary perfusate flow responses to repeat mild hypoxia in a third group of hearts. We conclude that endogenous adenosine is singularly important in the coronary vasodilation of mild global myocardial hypoxia, but that other regulatory mechanisms might also contribute during moderate hypoxia.
Infectious mononucleosis: in vitro evidence for limited lymphoproliferation.

The persistence of circulating leukocytes with potential for long-term in vitro proliferation was investigated in patients with heterophile-positive infectious mononucleosis. The ability to isolate long-term suspension cultures from peripheral blood with selective technics was a transient phenomenon for each patient studied, disappearing with a return of clinical and laboratory parameters toward the normal state. There was no close correlation between the ability to isolate cell lines and clinical, morphologic, biosynthetic or serologic manifestations of disease.
Subjective assessment of patient outcomes of home parenteral nutrition

The medical, financial and psychosocial impact of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) therapy on patients' lives was assessed. A questionnaire that solicited patient characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of HPN therapy, such as number of hospital admissions, physiological complaints, and psychosocial interferences, was sent to 49 patients currently participating in a HPN program based at a university hospital. Questionnaires were returned by 42 patients. HPN-related complications were responsible for 39% of all reported hospital admissions during the previous year; of these, 27% were related to HPN catheters. Patients reported few physiological complaints, except for cramping in the hands and feet. Patients who complained of diarrhea had significantly more physiological complaints and psychosocial interferences than those who did not. The majority of patients had medical insurance coverage, but 26% had to pay at least part of the costs of HPN therapy. Only 25% of patients who were able to work did so. Most patients believed that HPN therapy had a very positive effect on their lives. The majority of patients in this HPN program appear to have a reasonable quality of life.
An Approach to Life Prediction of Domestic Gas Furnace Clam Shell Type Heat Exchangers

During normal operations, the heat exchanger shells of domestic gas furnaces experience alternately rising and falling temperatures. These cyclic temperatures in turn induce cyclic strain patterns in the shell. The fatigue life of the shell is primarily dependent upon the temperature range of the heating cycle, rate of heating and cooling, the cyclic strain amplitudes, the cyclic straining rates, the material of which the shell is made, and the ambient environment.
Interacting Fermions in Optical Lattice Potentials

In this chapter I report on the experimental realization of the Fermi-Hubbard model. To this end, a repulsively interacting balanced spin mixture of ultracold \(^{40}\)K atoms is loaded into a three-dimensional optical lattice potential. The emerging quantum phases are probed by measuring the global compressibility of the quantum gas.