cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Haftungsfolgen: Schadensersatz (Damages)

Im US-amerikanischen Deliktsrecht besteht eine Wiedergutmachung fur erlittene Schaden grundsatzlich aus einem finanziellen Schadensersatz/Ausgleich (damages), der derjenigen Person zugesprochen wird, die durch eine unerlaubte Handlung einer anderen Person geschadigt wurde. Das US-Recht kennt drei Arten von Schadensersatz: Nominal damages, compensatory damages und schlieslich punitive damages, auch exemplary damages genannt. Vorherrschend ist das so genannte Kompensationsprinzip: Der geschadigte Klager soll durch compensatory damages so gestellt werden, als ware das schadigende Ereignis nicht eingetreten. Erreicht wird dieses Ziel durch eine finanzielle Wiedergutmachung. Punitive damages hingegen verfolgen allein Sanktions- und Abschreckungszwecke. Dabei legt in aller Regel die Jury die konkrete Form der damages und deren Hohe fest. Abhangig vom jeweiligen Staat und von der Art des Deliktes konnen eine oder mehrere Schadensersatzformen gewahrt werden.
Comparative analysis of axonal transport markers in primary mammalian neurons

Axonal transport is important for neuronal development and the maintenance of effective neuronal function in mature cells. Observing the active transport of organelles and vesicles along the axons of living neurons has emerged as a valuable tool for probing the health of the neuron, and assessing changes associated with stress and neurodegenerative disease. Transport relies on two families of motor proteins: kinesins and dynein. Using these motors, a diverse set of cargos are transported toward the axon tip, the cell body, or anywhere in between. Of particular interest are organelles and cargos associated with disease and the changes in motility that these cargos undergo during pathogenesis. Here, we describe the factors that should be considered when studying different cargos, and the imaging parameters associated with optimal tracking of various organelles and proteins. Ultimately, the ideal cargo to investigate depends on the question being asked and the limitations of individual microscopes available for imaging.
Modeling Dynamic Stall for a Free Vortex Wake Model

Floating offshore wind turbines in deep waters offer significant advantages to onshore and near-shore wind turbines. However, due to the motion of floating platforms in response to wind and wave loading, the aerodynamics are substantially more complex. Traditional aerodynamic models and design codes do not adequately account for the floating platform dynamics. Previous research at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst developed the Wake Induced Dynamics Simulator, or WInDS, a free vortex wake model of wind turbines that explicitly includes the velocity components from platform motion. WInDS rigorously accounts for the unsteady interactions between the wind turbine rotor and its wake, however, as a potential flow model, the unsteady viscous response in the blade boundary layer is neglected. This work addressed this concern through the integration of a Leishman-Beddoes dynamic stall model into WInDS. Several improvements to the Leishman-Beddoes dynamic stall model are proposed to improve the synthesis of...
Physician-assisted suicide in the United States: confronting legal and medical reasoning--Part two.

In the United States, judicialrulings that unrealistically addressed the complexityof cases and demonstrated limited understanding ofprinciples, helped to create a legal quagmire whichlegislatures had to confront. Moreover, thelegislative response was often slow and inadequate interms of both the scope and clarity of the laws. However, since the 1970s, progress has been made onmany fronts, particularly in regard to advancedirectives dealing with end-of-life decisions. Thedebate over physician-assisted suicide has spawned arepetition of moral and legal arguments. Thoseagainst legalization have failed to make a realisticappraisal of the dilemmas facing patients and theirfamilies in an age of technological medicine deliveredin the context of the marketplace. The underlyingproblem is a system in dire need of reform that willno longer treat health care as a commodity of themarketplace and provide universal health care. Terminal care as an integral part of health care willsubstantially benefit from such reforms because amajor obstacle to comprehensive palliative care is thecondition of the present system.
Effect of Cold Passage on Reproductive Capacity at Various Temperatures of Several Type 3 Poliovirus Strains.

SummaryThe reproductive capacity of several type 3 poliovirus strains was studied at 23°C, 37°C, and 40°C. There was marked variation in the capacity of the strains to replicate at different temperatures. Two wild strains, L-97 and L-38, were serially passed at 23°C. After 14–16 passages at 23°C, each strain lost its growth potential at 40°C while its growth potential at 23°C increased. A plaque pool obtained from the L-97 strain had the interesting ability to replicate well at all 3 temperatures. This plaque pool did not entirely lose its growth potential at 40°C even after 16 passages at 23°C. A plaque obtained from L-38 was passed at 23°C. There was a marked alteration in reproductive capacity at various temperatures of this particular plaque pool during a single passage, the third, at 23°C.
A One-Eyed Bee (Apis Mellifica).

During an experiment on labor division in a bee colony, a daily marking of newly emerged bees with color-dots on the thorax or abdomen was undertaken. August 4, 1930, a colony of Italian bees was opened for the purpose of marking the young bees. On the inner surface of the inner cover, a few bees were crawling around. Three or four of these were without marking and hence were bees that had emerged within the previous twenty-four hours, the time when the last marking of bees took place. One of these bees attracted my attention by its unusual manner of locomotion. It moved slowly as all young bees do, but backwards instead of forward, in a manner characteristic of crayfish. Taking the specimen in my hand I noticed its extremely narrow face. An examination under the binocular microscope revealed the fact that I was dealing with a freak bee, a bee with only one compound eye. This was situated in the middle of the head, in the frontal region, symmetrically placed. In the laboratory the specimen continued to march backwards and ate in a normal manner the droplets of honey which I offered it from the tip of a toothpick. I could not make it crawl forward even though I placed the honey a short distance in front of its head.
Dynamic stabilization of cubic Ca Si O 3 perovskite at high temperatures and pressures from ab initio molecular dynamics

The stability of cubic $\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ perovskite (CaPv) at high temperatures and pressures is investigated by vibrational normal-mode analysis. We compute power spectra of mode autocorrelation functions using a recently developed hybrid approach combining ab initio molecular dynamics with lattice dynamics. These power spectra, together with the probability distributions of atomic displacements, indicate that cubic CaPv is stabilized at $T\ensuremath{\sim}600$ K and $P\ensuremath{\sim}$ 26 GPa. We then utilize the concept of phonon quasiparticles to characterize the vibrational properties of cubic CaPv at high temperature and obtain anharmonic phonon dispersions through the whole Brillouin zone. Such temperature-dependent phonon dispersions pave the way for more accurate calculations of free-energy, thermodynamic, and thermoelastic properties of cubic CaPv at Earth's lower mantle conditions.
Scandal in the Age of Sexting

This chapter examines how sex scandal narratives have shifted as public storytelling has become less driven by centralized media organizations. How are scandal stories told when the very thing that makes them scandalous—the making-public of private, previously hidden non-normative behaviors—is an increasingly common feature of everyday life? The author examines the evolution of sexting scandals, which first emerged in news coverage back in 2009. He focuses on two events in particular—scandals belonging to NFL quarterback Brett Favre in 2010 and New York Congressman Anthony Weiner in 2011—where sexting itself generated the sensational media frenzy. While sexting technology may be new(ish), Gamson argues that the media narratives proceeded according to existing scandal scripts.
Expressivism and realist explanations

It is often claimed that there is an explanatory divide between an expressivist account of normative discourse and a realist conception of normativity: more precisely, that expressivism and realism offer conflicting explanations of (1) the metaphysical structure of the normative realm, (2) the connection between normative judgment and motivation, (3) our normative beliefs and any convergence thereof, or (4) the content of normative thoughts and claims. In this paper I argue that there need be no such explanatory conflict. Given a minimalist approach to the relevant metaphysical and semantic notions, expressivism is compatible with any explanation that would be acceptable as a general criterion for realism.
Rates of secondary hyperparathyroidism after bypass operation for super-morbid obesity: An overlooked phenomenon.

Background With over 110,000 bariatric operations performed in the United States annually, it is important to understand the biochemical abnormalities causing endocrine dysfunction associated with these procedures. Here we compare 2 malabsorptive procedures, duodenal switch and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, to determine the role malabsorption plays in secondary hyperparathyroidism in this population. Methods Data from all super-obese patients undergoing duodenal switch or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass between August 2002 and October 2005 were prospectively collected. Postoperatively, all patients received 1,200 mg of calcium citrate and 1,000 IU vitamin D3 per American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery guidelines. Beginning in 2007, duodenal switch patients were instructed to add daily vitamin D3 10,000 IU. Statistical analyses included Student t test, multivariate, and univariate logistic regression. Results Of 283 patients with a body mass index ≥50, 170 (60.1%) underwent duodenal switch, while 113 (39.9%) underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Of 132 (46.6%) patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, 101 (59.4%) had undergone duodenal switch and 31 (27.4%) had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Symptoms were more common in the duodenal switch group (33 patients [19.4%]) than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (11 patients [9.7%]). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that the extent of bypass and duration of follow-up were the only 2 independent predictive risk factors for developing secondary hyperparathyroidism. Although vitamin D levels improved with increased vitamin D3 supplementation in 2007, rates of secondary hyperparathyroidism increased. Conclusion Despite routine postoperative calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation, secondary hyperparathyroidism is common after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and duodenal switch. The degree of iatrogenic malabsorption correlates with the incidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. These rates suggest current supplementation guidelines are not sufficient in preventing secondary hyperparathyroidism. Further work is needed to better define the sequelae of long-term hyperparathyroidism.
Here's My Point: Argumentation Mining with Pointer Networks

One of the major goals in automated argumentation mining is to uncover the argument structure present in argumentative text. In order to determine this structure, one must understand how different individual components of the overall argument are linked. General consensus in this field dictates that the argument components form a hierarchy of persuasion, which manifests itself in a tree structure. This work provides the first neural network-based approach to argumentation mining, focusing on extracting links between argument components, with a secondary focus on classifying types of argument components. In order to solve this problem, we propose to use a modification of a Pointer Network architecture. A Pointer Network is appealing for this task for the following reasons: 1) It takes into account the sequential nature of argument components; 2) By construction, it enforces certain properties of the tree structure present in argument relations; 3) The hidden representations can be applied to auxiliary tasks. In order to extend the contribution of the original Pointer Network model, we construct a joint model that simultaneously attempts to learn the type of argument component, as well as continuing to predict links between argument components. The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on two separate evaluation corpora. Furthermore, our results show that optimizing for both tasks, as well as adding a fully-connected layer prior to recurrent neural network input, is crucial for high performance.
Current Management Strategy for Active Surveillance in Prostate Cancer

Active surveillance has been increasingly utilized as a strategy for the management of favorable-risk, localized prostate cancer. In this review, we describe contemporary management strategies of active surveillance, with a focus on traditional stratification schemes, new prognostic tools, and patient outcomes. Patient selection, follow-up strategy, and indication for delayed intervention for active surveillance remain centered around PSA, digital rectal exam, and biopsy findings. Novel tools which include imaging, biomarkers, and genetic assays have been investigated as potential prognostic adjuncts; however, their role in active surveillance remains institutionally dependent. Although 30–50% of patients on active surveillance ultimately undergo delayed treatment, the vast majority will remain free of metastasis with a low risk of dying from prostate cancer. The optimal method for patient selection into active surveillance is unknown; however, cancer-specific mortality rates remain excellent. New prognostication tools are promising, and long-term prospective, randomized data regarding their use in active surveillance will be beneficial.
Arthroscopic Repair of Extended Labral Tears After a Traumatic Shoulder Dislocation

This chapter will focus on the diagnostic, surgical technique and expected outcomes after a traumatic shoulder dislocation involving 270° labral tears. Traumatic labral tears involving the anterior, inferior, and posterior aspects of the glenoid fossa represent a unique subpopulation of shoulder instability. Orientation, location, and dimension of labral tears can be used to group them into categories to select the appropriate procedure. The continued development of shoulder arthroscopic techniques and MRI imaging quality has led to a precise description of tear patterns to identify and characterize labral injury. The described 270° labral tear extends anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the mid glenoid level posteriorly, accounting for 270° of the glenoid fossa. The superior labrum and biceps anchor complex are preserved without any pathology on arthroscopic examination. In the literature are different combinations of labral tears described pointing out that the pathology can exist in any one of the four glenoid quadrants and extend in any direction (Lo and Burkhart, Owens et al., Tokish et al.). It is important to be aware and detect those extended tears prior to surgery with adequate clinical examination and imaging diagnostic to be prepared.
Associations with retinal vascular occlusions in a diverse, urban population.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Retinal vascular occlusions can lead to sudden and permanent visual impairment or blindness. Few epidemiological studies on retinal vascular occlusions have been conducted, especially on diverse populations.Methods: This is a retrospective case-control study of all incident retinal vascular occlusions occurring during a three and one-half year study period at Montefiore Medical Center, capturing all potential cases by diagnosis codes. Patients with retinal venous occlusions (RVO) and retinal arterial occlusions (RAO) were analyzed separately and compared to age-matched control groups.Results: All potential charts (n = 700) were reviewed, confirming 214 RVO and 35 RAO incident cases. In multivariable analyses, RVO was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 2.41, p < 0.001), history of cerebrovascular accident (OR 2.14, p = 0.011), hypertension (OR 1.83, p = 0.004), glaucoma (OR 6.91, p < 0.001), black race (OR 3.72, p < 0.001), and male gender (OR 2.19 p < 0.001). RAO was significant...
Morphology of Proton Exchange Membranes

The morphology of the benchmark proton exchange membrane (PEM) material, Nafion®, has been most widely investigated; however, there has been a recent surge in the development of novel alternative materials with widely varying chemistries, polymer architectures, and morphologies. Through systematic approaches to morphological manipulation, it has become evident that a fundamental understanding of PEM morphology and the corresponding relationship with transport and mechanical properties is essential to explaining, predicting, and tailoring membrane performance. This chapter provides a review of the morphological features and characterization of perfluorosulfonate ionomers (PFSIs) and select alternative membrane materials, as probed by advanced techniques and methods associated with small-angle scattering, microscopy, and molecular modeling.
Adhesion to Animal Surfaces

Bacterial adhesins are most commonly proteinaceous in nature, although there is evidence that lipoteichoic acids (LTA) can function as the adhesin of Streptococcus pyogenes and that the deposition of insoluble polysaccharides facilitates the accumulation of Streptococcus mutans on the tooth surface. The specificity of attachment to the animal cell appears to result from the binding of proteinaceous adhesins to carbohydrate receptors of the animal cell glycoconjugates, or perhaps from unique hydrophobic interactions between the acyl groups of LTA and particular hydrophobic domains of the surface. The filamentous form and reduced negative charge of the adhesive appendage probably allows attachment to occur when the distances of separation between the bacterium and the animal cell surface is such that the mutual repulsion between the surfaces is minimized.
Lessons from the BHAT Study Regarding Selection of Patients Post Myocardial Infarction for Beta Blockade

By the mid-1970s, beta-blocking drugs had become common in the treatment of coronary heart disease, primarily for the symptomatic relief of angina pectoris. These agents had also been shown in experimental animal models to decrease myocardial ischemia and to limit infarct size. (1,2) Because of these and other potential reasons that beta-blockers might be beneficial, a number of clinical trials had been carried out by that time using these agents in the long-term treatment of survivors of myocardial infarction (MI). (3) Several of these studies showed trends favoring the use of beta-blockers; however, because of small sample size or other limitations in design and analysis, the results were inconclusive. Based on these studies and the advice from an expert committee, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) decided that a large clinical trial would be needed to address the question of benefit of beta-blockade in patients after myocardial infarction. To this end, in 1977 the NHLBI initiated the Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial (BRAT), a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The primary objective of the BHAT was to test whether the daily administration of propranolol hydrochloride initiated prior to hospital discharge in patients who had had at least one documented MI would result in a significant reduction in mortality from all causes during a two- to four-year follow-up period.
The Effect of Middle Cardiac Nerve Stimulation Upon the Respiratory Response to \({\operatorname{Pa} _{{{\operatorname{CO} }_2}}}\) in the Chicken

Respiratory movements in 13 thoracotomized cockerels were recorded. The pulmonary circulation of the right lung was blocked, and the left perfused lung was denervated in order to determine the effects on respiratory movements of intrapulmonary CO2 tension,\({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{iCO} }_2}}}\), arterial CO2 tension (\({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{aCO} }_2}}}\)) and electrical stimulation of the left middle carciac nerve. At low \({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{iCO} }_2}}}\) respiratory movements changed little with varying \({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{aCO} }_2}}}\) ; conversely, at low \({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{aCO} }_2}}}\) respiratory movements changed little with varying \({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{aCO} }_2}}}\) . At 70-torr \({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{aCO} }_2}}}\), respiratory movements were maximal at \({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{iCO} }_2}}}\) of 33 torr or higher. Stimulation of the middle cardiac nerve (MCN) produced a reduction in respiratory movements at most levels but showed greater sensitivity at low intrapulmonary \({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{iCO} }_2}}}\) and \({\operatorname{P} _{{{\operatorname{aCO} }_2}}}\) levels. Receptors with axons in the MCN may be important in the control of avian respiration.
The GlueX Start Counter Detector

Abstract The design, simulation, fabrication, calibration, and performance of the GlueX Start Counter detector are described. The Start Counter was designed to operate at integrated rates of up to 9 MHz with a timing resolution in the range of 500 to 825 ps (FWHM). The Start Counter provides excellent solid angle coverage, a high degree of segmentation for background rejection, and can be utilized in the level 1 trigger for the experiment. It consists of a cylindrical array of 30 thin scintillators with pointed ends that bend towards the beam line at the downstream end. Magnetic field insensitive silicon photomultiplier detectors were used as the light sensors.
Conjunctival Flaps: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the outcomes of conjunctival flaps performed at our institution. Methods The medical records of all patients who underwent a total or partial conjunctival flap surgery over the course of a 6-year period from 2010 to 2015 were reviewed to identify the ocular diagnoses and perform a retrospective review of the preoperative and postoperative course. Results Thirty-five patients received a conjunctival flap during the 6-year period, 20 partial flaps and 15 total flaps. Infectious keratitis or corneal ulceration accounted for 25 (71.4%) of the cases. The remaining flaps were performed for corneal perforation, graft rejection, bullous keratopathy, and secondary corneal edema. Seven patients had recession of their flap postoperatively, and 14 went on to have further surgical intervention. Conjunctival flap surgery successfully stabilized the patient's ocular surface in 97.1% of the cases. Conclusion Conjunctival flap surgery is an important and useful surgical option in the treatment of ocular surface disease, especially recalcitrant infectious keratitis and corneal ulcers.
From Concept to Software: Developing a Framework for Understanding the Process of Software Design.

AbstractTo understand technological innovation (be it the design of a mouse trap or a piece of computer software), it is crucial to understand the process of design. Design is not simply a one-to-one mapping of scientific knowledge or theoretical frameworks onto a problem. Design is a complex and multifaceted process requiring the understanding and implementation of a range of skills and knowledge domains. The design of software in particular entails a lot more than just representing in a computer program the original concepts or learning theory that motivated it. This article offers a framework for understanding the complex processes of design by examining the design process of two computer programs: FLiPS and Tiger. FLiPS is a multimedia program for learning complex concepts in chemistry, while Tiger is an automated manuscript submission and review system. We examine the process of design by identifying and highlighting some significant common themes that underlie the design processes of these two diffe...
The Difficulty of Understanding: An Introduction

In June 2019, Dr. James Risser was the invited scholar for the Canadian Hermeneutic Institute (CHI), held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Dr. Risser is a professor of philosophy at Seattle University and the Senior Research Fellow at Western Sydney University. He is also the editor of the journal Research in Phenomenology. He has held philosophy Chairs and is a prolific writer of books and articles in the areas of continental philosophy and philosophical hermeneutics. This paper is the introduction to the three-day event of the CHI, and his beginning introduction to his papers. It is followed by three papers entitled When Words Fail: On the Power of Language and Human Experience; Speaking from Silence: On the Intimate Relation Between Silence and Speaking; and Hearing the Other: Communication as Shared Life.
Chapter 11 – Advanced Plotting Techniques

In Chapter 3, we introduced the use of the function plot in the MATLAB® software to get simple, two-dimensional (2D) plots of x and y points represented by two vectors x and y. We have also seen some functions that allow customization of these plots. In this chapter we will explore other types of plots, ways of customizing plots, and some applications that combine plotting with functions and file input. Additionally, animation, three-dimensional (3D) plots, and graphics properties will be introduced.
Video conference intervention for distance caregivers (DCGs) of patients with cancer: Improving psychological outcomes.

12123Background: Family caregivers are increasingly involved in providing care and support for patients with cancer. Approximately 20% of caregivers live > 1 hour away from the patient and are cons...
Update on celiac disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe current updates in celiac disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recent developments in the understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease continue to emerge that may implicate the role of gluten exposure. Several studies have shown that the amount of gluten consumed by the infant may affect the age of onset of celiac disease in genetically predisposed individuals. New guidelines from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition allow serology-based celiac diagnosis, omitting endoscopic biopsies, in children. Recent data and updated guidelines in adults no longer support biopsies in all patients who are genetically susceptible with celiac disease who have been identified by serology with clinical signs and symptoms of celiac disease. A new assay was identified in the immune response to epitopes of the tissue transglutaminase-deamidated gliadin peptide complex. In addition, a recent study shows that serum IL-2 elevations correlate with timing and severity of symptoms after gluten ingested in celiac disease patients. Measuring gluten immunogenic peptides (GIPs) in the stool of celiac patients may help monitor adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). Of importance, we should be aware that the quality of life is affected in celiac disease patients. During adolescence, the education on the importance of long-term follow-up with an adult gastroenterologist is associated with more successful rates of medical care transition for young adults with celiac disease. Latiglutenase, an orally administered mixture of two gluten-specific recombinant proteases that degrades gluten proteins into small physiologically irrelevant fragments, is currently in a phase 2 trial. Latiglutenase has shown to be safe and effective in reducing symptoms of celiac disease patients upon a GFD with improvement of quality of life. Lastly, a recent study describes a mouse model that is characteristic of celiac disease. SUMMARY Our knowledge of celiac disease continues to grow with increasing evidence of contributory factors to its pathogenesis. There is some evidence that the quantity ingested of gluten by the infant effects the age of onset of celiac disease in genetically susceptible patients. Changes have been made to the guidelines in the diagnosis of celiac disease proposed by new studies. Recent studies have shown the significant effects on quality of life for celiac patients. As improved laboratory methods continue to be developed, these tests can have utility in both diagnosis of celiac disease and monitoring adherence to the GFD. Current therapeutic trials offer promising nondietary treatment for celiac patients. The development of an animal model can provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
Abstract PO-013: Defining immune infiltrate heterogeneity and its role in ovarian cancer chemotherapy resistance using single cell RNA sequencing

Objectives: Immune cell infiltration is correlated with therapy response in ovarian cancer (OC), but exceptions to this correlation are numerous, which could be due to heterogeneity in the immune cell composition and functional phenotype of immune cells. To better understand the immune landscape of OC and to develop biomarkers predictive of OC response to chemotherapy we initiated a prospective study to analyze the unique molecular and histopathological characteristics of tumor samples taken during primary debulking, interval debulking and at recurrence. Methods: We have enrolled over 100 women and have completed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), multiplex immunohistochemical assays, HE 2020 Sep 17-18. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(21 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-013.
Multiple wh-quantifier float in dialectal English

This paper focuses on a dialect of English called Philadelphian Irish English (PhIrE) which allows quantifier float under wh-movement. This dialect also allows multiple quantifiers to be stranded at various stages of intermediate movement, a novel pattern not observed before. Here I focus on the patterns of multiple quantifier float and their restrictions. I propose that single and multiple quantifier float are derived through two different mechanisms: stranding and copying, respectively. Single quantifier float is derived through the standard stranding mechanisms, while wh-phrases in multiple quantifier constructions leave multiple copies which then undergo scattered deletion (See Boskovic 2001; Nunes 2004).
Hematologic Emergencies in the Postoperative Neurointensive Care Unit Setting: Illustrative Case Series and Differential Diagnosis.

Abstract Objectives Investigating the development of acute thrombocytopenia, differential etiologies, and potentially the rare manifestation of disseminated intravascular coagulation after brain tumor resection of primary and secondary malignancies. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective review of a case series of post-operative neurosurgical patients which developed thrombocytopenia. We applied National Library of Medicine search engine methodology using the terms disseminated intravascular coagulation and brain tumors. Results We report clinical, radiographic, and laboratory data of four Neurointensive care unit patients that developed thrombocytopenia, three with disseminated intravascular coagulation after craniotomy, and one with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia masquerading as low grade disseminated intravascular coagulation. All four patients presented with cranial lesions and underwent neurosurgical resection. Underlying disorders included: high grade glioma, stage IV lung cancer with metastases, and meningioma. One patient survived and was able to recover after several days of hospitalization, while another patient was discharged to hospice. Search results illustrated that disseminated intravascular coagulation in the presence of glioblastoma multiforme is rare (only four patients) and may be due to a release of coagulation factors like tissue plasminogen activator, treated with antifibrinolytic agents. Searching the terms disseminated intravascular coagulation and brain tumors in the National Library of Medicine search engine yielded 116 results; eight were relevant to our study. Conclusions Correlation of thrombocytopenia after neurosurgery for glioblastoma multiforme and disseminated intravascular coagulation is rare. It is extremely challenging to manage these patients with concomitant deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism and intracranial bleeding. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is common yet possesses a different hematological coagulation profile and has more pharmacologic options. Neurointensive care unit teams should recognize intraoperative and post-operative disseminated intravascular coagulation cases, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the differential of post-operative thrombocytopenia with specific pharmacologic interventions.
Wide complex tachycardia in dialysis patients is not always hyperkalemia.

Abstract Background Flecainide is a commonly used IC antiarrhythmic. Clinical presentations of Flecainide toxicity are not commonly described. Case report A 62 year old man on dialysis presented for evaluation of outpatient bradycardia and hypotension. In the ED, patient had wide-complex rhythm with heart rates ranging from 76 to 127. The previous day, Flecainide and Metoprolol were discontinued and patient was dialyzed and discharged. The patient was treated empirically for possible hyperkalemia. No significant change in ECG was noted with administration of calcium. Sodium bicarbonate produced questionable benefit. Potassium level was 4.6 mmol/L. Cardiac rhythm fluctuated between sinus rhythm and wide complex tachycardia in the ED & ICU. Flecainide level was 2.1 μg/ml (normal Why should an emergency physician be aware of this? Although Flecainide toxicity is uncommon, it has a high mortality rate, requiring early identification and treatment. Flecainide toxicity can develop in patients with hepatic or renal insufficiency, and can manifest with ventricular tachycardia or bradycardia. If suspicion of Flecainide toxicity arises, lidocaine and procainamide should be avoided to prevent further sodium channel blockade. Absence of response to calcium for a very wide complex QRS should raise clinicians' suspicion that WCT is not due to hyperkalemia, emphasizing the importance of reviewing patients' home medications. Sodium bicarbonate should be administered early to treat widened QRS. Amiodarone, intralipid emulsion therapy and ECMO may be considered in severe cases.
Engineering the beat phenomenon of quasi-Rayleigh waves for regions with minimal Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) amplitude

Abstract Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) are prevalent in a variety of scientific fields. Typically, the ability to manipulate these surface waves has a significant impact on the efficacy of any SAW-based device. In this paper, we present a simple method for designing localized regions that have minimal SAW amplitude. These localized regions have valley-like drops in SAW amplitude and are achieved by using the spatial beat phenomenon of quasi-Rayleigh waves. Controlling the beat phenomenon allows us to manipulate where and how these localized regions appear in the waveguide. In particular, the localized regions can be designed to have variable widths and can be positioned consecutively due to minimal wave scattering. The design methodology and physics are described in detail, and several supplementary simulations are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Lastly, we briefly discuss how the proposed approach could potentially be exploited to implement a localized high-pass filter and enables SAW wave propagation that avoids surface obstacles.
A Right to Return to Earth? Emigration Policy for the Lunar State

I argue that citizens of future lunar states should enjoy the right to emigrate. The lethality of the space environment may result in lunar settlements pursuing oppressive and illiberal norms, policies, and laws in order to resolve societal problems. A right to emigrate, which for the foreseeable future is tantamount to a right to return to Earth, has individual and societal value. For individuals, the right establishes a legal path for lunar citizens wishing to flee from averse social or political circumstances. For the lunar state, protecting the right to emigrate disincentivizes the pursuit of policies which give rise to desires to flee. After presenting the case for the right to emigrate, I respond to several objections, including an objection derived from the “brain drain” debate over terrestrial migration, as well as the objection that protecting the right to emigrate would be financially ruinous for the lunar state.
The Age Distribution and Age-Metallicity Relation of Star Clusters in a Northern Region of the LMC

CCD images and UBV integrated photometry of 31 clusters comprising a magnitude limited sample in a remote northern region of the LMC have provided reliable ages and consistent abundances using isochrone ‘fits’ to deep color-magnitude (CM) diagrams for the 15 clusters with CCD data. Ages for the remaining clusters have been inferred from their integrated colors. The resulting LMC cluster age distribution is markedly different from the age distribution of Galactic clusters suggesting a significant ‘burst’ in the cluster formation rate in the outer LMC 2–4 Gyr ago. The age-metallicity relation (AMR) for our LMC cluster sample is also presented.
Mobility prediction for directional networking

Directional phase array antenna (PAA) has emerged as one of the most promising technologies to provide a fundamental breakthrough in mobile ad hoc network capacity. Compared to omni-directional antennas, the narrow beams of PAA provide high-gain high-rate links with longer range, low probability of detection (LPD), low probability of interception (LPI) and anti-jamming (AJ) properties. These desirable properties make directional networking technology an ideal candidate to support information superiority in future combat communication systems. However, the directionality of RF beam raises significant network protocol design challenges that rarely occur in networks with omni-directional antennas. A fundamental issue is that, in order to communicate, the sender and receiver have to point their antennas at each other at the moment of communication. This is a challenging task considering the highly dynamic battlefield environment and the absence of a global information database in practical applications. To solve this problem, we propose a mobility prediction scheme that can provide accurate node position information at the time of a directional link communication by closely tracking node movement. Specifically, we suggest a practical mobility model that is suitable for battlefield environment. Based on a node's mobility model, our mobility prediction algorithm calculates future positions using parameters specified by the mobility model. An error correction filter is further applied to the prediction results to remove system and other consistent errors. The filter is an exponentially-weighted moving average filter continuously trained by measurement update. We validated our mobility prediction algorithm via simulations and analytical calculations. The results showed that our algorithm is capable of tracking node movement in a highly dynamic battlefield environment and thus can serve as a key enabling technology in directional networking
Running a Clock Requires Quality Time Together

The strictly timed disassembly of a protein complex before entry of its constituents into the nucleus influences the 24-hour period of the circadian clock.
Noise reduction for transonic blade-vortex interactions

Several ideas for noise reduction of transonic blade-vortex interactions (BVI) are being introduced and tested using numerical simulation. The model used is the two-dimensional high frequency transonic small disturbance equation with regions of distributed vorticity (VTRAN2 code). The far-field noise signals are obtained by using the Kirchhoff method which extends the numerical two-dimensional near-field aerodynamic results to the linear acoustic three-dimensional far-field. The BVI noise mechanisms are explained and the effects of vortex type and strength, and angle of attack are studied. Particularly, airfoil shape modifications which lead to noise reduction are investigated here. The results presented are expected to be helpful for better understanding of the nature of the BVI noise and better blade design.
Direct visualization of renal vascular morphogenesis inFlk1 heterozygous mutant mice

Flk1, a receptor tyrosine kinase for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is the earliest known marker for endothelial precursors (angioblasts). We examined heterozygous mice in which the Flk...
A watchdog for controller performance monitoring

A method is suggested which automatically recognises when a controller is not performing well and is insensitive to changes in process noise.
How nematode sperm crawl.

Sperm of the nematode, Ascaris suum , crawl using lamellipodial protrusion, adhesion and retraction, a process analogous to the amoeboid motility of other eukaryotic cells. However, rather than employing an actin cytoskeleton to generate locomotion, nematode sperm use the major sperm protein (MSP). Moreover, nematode sperm lack detectable molecular motors or the battery of actin-binding proteins that characterize actin-based motility. The Ascaris system provides a simple ‘stripped down’ version of a crawling cell in which to examine the basic mechanism of cell locomotion independently of other cellular functions that involve the cytoskeleton. Here we present a mechanochemical analysis of crawling in Ascaris sperm. We construct a finite element model wherein (a) localized filament polymerization and bundling generate the force for lamellipodial extension and (b) energy stored in the gel formed from the filament bundles at the leading edge is subsequently used to produce the contraction that pulls the rear of the cell forward. The model reproduces the major features of crawling sperm and provides a framework in which amoeboid cell motility can be analyzed. Although the model refers primarily to the locomotion of nematode sperm, it has important implications for the mechanics of actin-based cell motility. Movies available on-line.
CSEG interview: Fred Hilterman

Fred Hilterman is a familiar name in the geophysical industry. After his 10-year stint with Mobil, he joined the Unversity of Houston in 1973 as professor of geophysics. At UH he co-founded the Seismic Acoustics Laboratory (SAL) serving as principal investigator until 1981.
Light wavelength biases of scorpions

Scorpions are negatively phototactic animals, and physiological data suggests that their photoreceptors are differentially sensitive to light wavelengths ranging from red to ultraviolet. However, behaviour modification resulting from exposure to different wavelengths has not been established. We monitored behavioural responses of animals in small circular arenas while they were presented with different wavelengths of light (red, green, UV, or no light) matched for intensity. In the first experiment using desert grassland scorpions, Paruroctonus utahensis, half of each arena received the light treatment, while the other half was shaded. The results indicated that the amount of time that scorpions spent on the light-exposed side varied depending on the treatment and that avoidance was greatest for UV light followed by green light. In subsequent experiments using both P. utahensis and striped bark scorpions, Centruroides vittatus, the entire arena was subjected to the particular light wavelength while animal locomotory activity was monitored. We found no significant difference in animal responses to randomized, sequential 30 min presentations of all four light treatments. Scorpion activity was greatest during the first 10 min of the 30 min trials; in the first 5 min period, the highest activity levels were in the UV light treatments, followed by the green light treatments. In behavioural tests to either green or IR light, animals moved sporadically and significantly faster under green light compared to IR light treatments. Taken together, we conclude that different wavelengths of light affect scorpion locomotory behaviour differently.
Maintenance of thalamic epileptiform activity depends on the astrocytic glutamate-glutamine cycle.

The generation of prolonged neuronal activity depends on the maintenance of synaptic neurotransmitter pools. The astrocytic glutamate-glutamine cycle is a major mechanism for recycling the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate. Here we tested the effect of disrupting the glutamate-glutamine cycle on two types of neuronal activity patterns in the thalamus: sleep-related spindles and epileptiform oscillations. In recording conditions believed to induce glutamine scarcity, epileptiform oscillations showed a progressive reduction in duration that was partially reversible by the application of exogenous glutamine (300 μM). Blocking uptake of glutamine into neurons with α-(methylamino) isobutyric acid (5 mM) caused a similar reduction in oscillation duration, as did blocking neuronal GABA synthesis with 3-mercaptoproprionic acid (10 μM). However, comparable manipulations did not affect sleep spindles. Together, these results support a crucial role for the glutamate-glutamine cycle in providing the neurotransmitters necessary for the generation of epileptiform activity and suggest potential therapeutic approaches that selectively reduce seizure activity but maintain normal neuronal activity.
The Impact of Extreme Emotional Distance in the Mother-Child Relationship on the Offspring’s Future Risk of Maltreatment Perpetration

Emotional qualities of the parent-child relationship are thought to influence the offspring’s risk for perpetrating child maltreatment in adulthood. The current study examined whether having grown up in an enmeshed or disengaged mother-child relationship, hence a relationship characterized by extremes on the continuum of emotional distance, increased the offspring’s risk of child maltreatment perpetration in a sample of 178 undergraduate students attending a large rural public university. A history of extreme emotional distance experienced with mothers significantly increased the grown offspring’s risk of maltreatment perpetration, as measured by two risk indicators. Emotional reactivity, but not empathy, mediated this effect for the offspring’s child abuse potential. Extreme amounts of emotional distance within the mother-child relationship also predicted the offspring’s child abuse potential over and above maltreatment occurring in that relationship, whereas maltreatment rather than emotional distance predicted the offspring’s unrealistic expectations of children. Clinical implications are discussed.
Mathematical model that predicts the force-intensity and force-frequency relationships after spinal cord injuries.

We have previously developed and tested a muscle model that predicts the effect of stimulation frequency on muscle force responses. The aim of this study was to enhance our isometric mathematical model to predict muscle forces in response to stimulation trains with a wide range of frequencies and intensities for the quadriceps femoris muscles of individuals with spinal cord injuries. Isometric forces were obtained experimentally from 10 individuals with spinal cord injuries (time after injury, 1.5-8 years) and then compared to forces predicted by the model. Our model predicted accurately the force-time integrals (FTI) and peak forces (PF) for stimulation trains of a wide range of frequencies (12.5-80 HZ) and intensities (150-600-μs pulse duration), and two different stimulation patterns (constant-frequency trains and doublet-frequency trains). The accurate predictions of our model indicate that our model, which now incorporates the effects of stimulation frequency, intensity, and pattern on muscle forces, can be used to design optimal customized stimulation strategies for spinal cord-injured patients.