cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OPTIMIZED DESCRIPTIVE MODEL FOR MICROMIXING IN A VORTEX MIXER

This study investigates the relationship between stream properties and quality of mixing in a multi-inlet vortex mixer (MIVM). While the determination of the Reynolds number is unambiguous for systems with a single velocity and length scale, the appropriate definition is not obvious for systems with multiple inlets, velocities, and dimensions such as the MIVM. Regression modeling on data from previous MIVM research was used to develop an optimal formulation for defining the Reynolds number for two-inlet and four-inlet mixers. Incorporation of volumetric weighting factors in the description of the Reynolds number improves the quality of the correlation between mixing effectiveness as measured by competitive reactions and stream flow rates.
1018 Prospective Randomized Trial of the 22G EchoTip Procore™ Needle Versus the 22G Cook EchoTip Ultra 3® Needle in Patients With Solid Mass Lesions Undergoing EUS-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)

Endoscopists Directed Propofol Administration (EDPA) in All BMI Groups: Safe and Effective Iyad M. Subei*, Abdulrahman AL Mahdi, Omar AL-Subee Medicine, Jeddah Center for Liver & Digestive Diseases; Erfan Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Background And Aim: Propofol is highly effective short acting substance that is generally used by anesthesiologists to induce general anesthesia. However, several studies done worldwide have proved that propofol is very safe and effective sedative if properly used in endoscopic GI procedures. On the other hand, there has been a concern regarding using it in obese patients, because they might require higher doses of Propofol & they are more predisposed to respiratory complications. In this study, we looked at the efficacy and safety of EDPA in relation to BMI . Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of 1660 pts (916M /744 F) age 1570; all were ASA* I & II who underwent all diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic GI procedures and sedated with EDPA between 12/25/2011 & 10/31/2012. All pt’s.were continuously monitored with pulse oximetry and BP measuring during the procedures & recovery until they left the unit well alerts & oriented.According to their BMI, Pt’s. were classified into: Group I: BMI 25 (472 pts/ 28.4%); II:BMI 25-29.9 (497 pts/ 29.9%); III: BMI 30-35 (416pts/ 25%); IV BMI: 35 (275 pts/ 15.6%). Results: All patients tolerated their procedures very well; there was no single mortality nor morbidity; in three (3)pt’s., O2 dropped 85% requiring aborting the procedures and applying O2 via mask ventilation; all regained their O2 saturation in few minutes without the need for endo-tracheal intubation. Two(2) of them belonged to group (I) & one(1) pt. belonged to group (II), but non in group III or IV. Propofol dose /pt. among all the four groups was almost comparable ( Group I: 82.5 mg/SD 57.8; group II:80.6 mg/ SD 57.8; group III: 87.9 mg/ SD 50.9; group IV: 85.7mg/ SD 45). Conclusion: From the above data, it seems that EDPA based sedation is very safe and effective among different BMI groups. In our study we found that the procedures could be successfully accomplished with almost the same dose of Propofol/pt. in all BMI groups. EDPA could be proven not only effective, but also cost saving in the trained hand even in obese patients. However, other studies are needed to confirm this observation.(*) ASA: clinical patient’s classification according to American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Transpositions and Representability

(2005). Transpositions and Representability. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 112, No. 10, pp. 913-919.
Validation and clinical utility of prostate cancer biomarkers

To improve future drug development and patient management for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), surrogate biomarkers that are linked to relevant outcomes are urgently needed. A biomarker must be measurable, reproducible, linked to relevant clinical outcomes, and demonstrate clinical utility. This area is rapidly evolving, with recent trials in patients with CRPC incorporating the detection of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), imaging, and patient-reported outcome biomarkers. We discuss the framework for the development of biomarkers for CRPC, including different categories and contexts of use. We also highlight the requirements of analytical validation, the sequence of trials needed for clinical validation and regulatory approval, and the future outlook for imaging and CTC biomarkers.
Characterization of crystalline and amorphous content in pharmaceutical solids by dielectric thermal analysis

Morphological and thermodynamic transitions in drugs as well as their amorphous and crystalline content in the solid state have been distinguished by thermal analytical techniques, which include dielectric analysis (DEA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and macro-photomicrography. These techniques were used successfully to establish a structure versus property relationship with the United States Pharmacopeia standard set of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) drugs. A distinguishing method is the DSC determination of the amorphous and crystalline content which is based on the fusion properties of the specific drug and its recrystallization. The DSC technique to determine the crystalline and amorphous content is based on a series of heat and cool cycles to evaluate the drugs ability to recrystallize. To enhance the amorphous portion, the API is heated above its melting temperature and cooled with liquid nitrogen to −120 °C (153 K). Alternatively a sample is program heated and cooled by DSC at a rate of 10 °C min−1. DEA measures the crystalline solid and amorphous liquid API electrical ionic conductivity. The DEA ionic conductivity is repeatable and differentiates the solid crystalline drug with a low conductivity level (10−2 pS cm−1) and a high conductivity level associated with the amorphous liquid (106 pS cm−1). The DSC sets the analytical transition temperature range from melting to recrystallization. However, analysis of the DEA ionic conductivity cycle establishes the quantitative amorphous and crystalline content in the solid state at frequencies of 0.10–1.00 Hz and to greater than 30 °C below the melting transition as the peak melting temperature. This describes the “activation energy method.” An Arrhenius plot, log ionic conductivity versus reciprocal temperature (K−1), of the pre-melt DEA transition yields frequency dependent activation energy (E a, J mol−1) for the complex charging in the solid state. The amorphous content is inversely proportional to the E a where the E a for the crystalline form is higher and lower for the amorphous form with a standard deviation of ±2%. There was a good agreement between the DSC crystalline melting, recrystallization, and the solid state DEA conductivity method with relevant microscopic evaluation. An alternate technique to determine amorphous and crystalline content has been established for the drugs of interest based on an obvious amorphous and crystalline state identified by macro-photomicrography and compared to the conductivity variations. This second “empirical method” correlates well with the “activation energy” method.
Study of carbon compounds in Apollo 12 and 14 lunar samples.

The results of gas-chromatography and high-resolution mass spectroscopy studies of gases released on deuterium fluoride dissolution of Apollo 12 and 14 lunar samples are reported. The results confirm previous observations that CH4 and C2H6 are released as well as CD4, C2D4, C2D6, and higher deuterated hydrocarbons. The yields correlate with the total carbon content of the samples, and the CH4 and C2H6 released may be regarded as indigenous, while the deuterated products result from hydrolysis of carbide material. The results provide the first experimental confirmation of the hypothesis that the CH4 derives from solar wind interactions.
Density of states and superconductivity in ScTc 2 and ScRe 2

The low-temperature specific heats of ScTc/sub 2/ and ScRe/sub 2/ are reported. The newly discovered record high T/sub c/ for a Laves phase (10.9 K) in ScTc/sub 2/ is explained qualitatively by its factor of two larger N(0) than in ScRe/sub 2/ (T/sub c/ = 0.93 K). Comparison of the data for ScTc/sub 2/, with that for HfV/sub 2/(T/sub c/ = 8.4 K), which has three times the N(0) as for ScTc/sub 2/, suggests that the electron-phonon coupling strength is also an important factor in the high T/sub c/ of ScTc/sub 2/.
Association of Hypoglycemia and Cardiac Ischemia: A study based on continuous monitoring

OBJECTIVE —In some studies intensive diabetes treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes may be associated with increased cardiovascular events. It is not clear whether these events are related to hypoglycemic episodes. To determine whether episodes of hypoglycemia were more likely to be associated with cardiac ischemia than normoglycemia or hyperglycemia, we carried out a study in 21 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes treated with insulin who had good glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We carried out 72-h continuous glucose monitoring along with simultaneous cardiac Holter monitoring for ischemia. Patients also recorded symptoms of cardiac ischemia (chest pain) and symptoms of hypoglycemia. RESULTS —Satisfactory continuous glucose monitoring system recordings were obtained in 19 patients. We recorded 54 episodes of hypoglycemia (blood glucose 200 mg/dl; none symptomatic). Of the 54 episodes of hypoglycemia, 10 were associated with symptoms of chest pain, during 4 of which electrocardiographic abnormalities were documented. In contrast, only 1 episode of chest pain occurred during 59 episodes of hyperglycemia. No chest pain or electrocardiographic abnormalities occurred when the blood glucose was within the normal range. The difference between the frequency of ischemia during hypoglycemia and the frequency during both hyperglycemia and normoglycemia was statistically significant ( P 100 mg over a 60-min period, and ischemic symptoms occurred during 9 of these episodes ( P < 0.01 compared with stable normoglycemia or hyperglycemia). CONCLUSIONS —Hypoglycemia is more likely to be associated with cardiac ischemia and symptoms than normoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and it is particularly common in patients who experience considerable swings in blood glucose. These data may be important in the institution of insulin treatment and attempting near-normal glycemia in patients with known CAD. Further research is needed to determine strategies to prevent ischemia associated with hypoglycemia.
Fixed-bucket binary storage trees

Abstract A binary storage tree has a set or bucket of possible items associated with each node. The buckets at deeper levels are refinements of the partitionings at earlier levels. When these buckets are established a priori, rather than determined by the particular items stored, we obtain a storage data structure which is a generalized binary digital tree as well as a binary storage tree. Thus the binary key-values of the items along a path in a fixed-bucket binary storage tree have successively longer common prefixes. This synthesis of two schemes inherits all the desirable properties of both methods. The method is analyzed for uniformly-distributed input and shown to have the same cost statistics as binary digital trees.
Kinetic modeling of high pressure autothermal reforming

Abstract Previously a lab scale catalytic autothermal reformer (ATR) capable of operating at pressures from 6 to 50 bar was constructed and tested. The objective of the experimental program was to maximize H2 production per mole of O2 supplied (H2(out)/O2(in)). In this companion paper a 1-D, heterogeneous, numerical model is developed and tested for simulating the high pressure ATR. The effects of molar steam to carbon (S/C) and oxygen to carbon (O2/C) ratios are studied and optimal operating conditions are identified for three system operating pressures; 6, 28 and 50 bar. Experimental optimal conditions and model results are compared and found to be in close agreement. The optimal conditions, however, predicted by the model at pressures of 28 and 50 bar have higher S/C ratios and produce higher H2(out)/O2(in) yields than the experimentally determined optimums. A sensitivity analysis consisting of 9 model parameters is also performed. The model is most sensitive to the activation energy of the two steam reforming reactions used in the model and the operating parameter O2/C.
Preparation and superconductivity of germanium-stabilized Sc13C10

Abstract A new body-centered cubic scandium carbide phase having the approximate composition Sc13C10 has been prepared by high-temperature annealing of arc-melted samples containing small amounts of germanium. The lattice parameters of this new phase varied from a 0 = 8.514 A to a = 8.530 A suggesting a range of homogeneity. All compositions were found to be superconducting with the transition temperature ranging from 7.0 ° to 8.5 °K. Similar measurements on the previously reported Sc4C3 b.c.c. phase showed no superconducting transition for measurements down to 1 °K.
Application of GC-MS/MS for the Analysis of Tobacco Alkaloids in Cigarette Filler and Various Tobacco Species

This publication reports the first known use of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitation of five minor tobacco alkaloids (nornicotine, myosmine, anabasine, anatabine, and isonicoteine) in various tobacco samples. A summary of the concentrations of these minor alkaloid levels in the filler from 50 popular cigarette brands were found to be 659–986 μg/g nornicotine, 8.64–17.3 μg/g myosmine, 127–185 μg/g anabasine, 927–1390 μg/g anatabine, and 23.4–45.5 μg/g isonicoteine. Levels of minor alkaloids found in reference cigarettes (1R5F, 2R4F, 3R4F, CM4, and CM6) as well as burley, flue-cured, oriental, reconstituted, and Nicotiana rustica and Nicotiana glauca tobacco types are also reported. Quantitation of the minor tobacco alkaloids is important because the alkaloids have been shown to be precursors of carcinogenic tobacco specific N′-nitrosamines.
Gender Differences in Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Role of Androgens and Androgen Receptor

Males are at greater risk of cardiovascular and renal disease than are females. For example, male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have higher blood pressures than females. Androgens have been strongly implicated in the hypertension of male SHR, because castration attenuates the hypertension. This study determined whether the androgen receptor plays a role in hypertension in male SHR and whether testosterone alone can cause the hypertension or whether conversion to dihydrotestosterone is necessary. Male SHR, aged 10 weeks, were given the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide (8 mg/kg SC; n=8) or the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride (30 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) SC; n=11) daily for 5 to 6 weeks. Control rats (n=10) received vehicle (20% benzyl benzoate or ethanol in castor oil). After 5 to 6 weeks, blood pressure (mean arterial pressure) and glomerular filtration rate were measured. Long-term flutamide treatment caused a reduction in mean arterial pressure (control 178+/-5 mm Hg; flutamide 159+/-3 mm Hg; P<0.01), but finasteride had no effect (180+/-5 mm Hg). There were no differences in glomerular filtration rate among the groups. These data indicate that hypertension in male SHR is mediated via the androgen receptor and does not require conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
Information privacy in institutional and end-user tracking and recording technologies

This paper presents an analysis of attitudes towards everyday tracking and recording technologies (e.g., credit cards, store loyalty cards, store video cameras). This work focuses on both institutional and end-user tracking and recording technologies. In particular, this paper describes (1) an empirical interview and survey study of everyday institutional tracking and recording technologies and (2) an analysis of these empirical data against a framework originally used to describe tension points for end-user tracking and recording technologies. Results from the study demonstrate that people can be highly concerned with information privacy while simultaneously reporting significantly less concern regarding the use of everyday technologies that have the capabilities to collect, process, and disseminate personal information. The empirical results and theoretical analysis identify and begin to explain this dissonance. Furthermore, we provide extensions to the analytic framework for capture and access technologies to address differences, similarities, and interplay between institutional and end-user tracking and recording technologies. The results of this paper contribute to the fields of personal and ubiquitous computing by providing significant insight relevant to the evaluation, design, deployment, and adoption of new tracking and recording technologies.
ASSESSING COMPANY EMPLOYMENT IMAGE: AN EXAMPLE IN THE FAST FOOD INDUSTRY

Historically, there has been little guidance from the recruitment literature on how organizations can assess the image that potential applicants hold of their company as a place to work. We demonstrate the application of a technique for identifying employment image dimensions that are most critical in distinguishing among companies in the same industry, and show how this information can be used to assess companies relative to their competitors on these dimensions. We used a forced-choice inductive methodology to identify relevant dimensions of company employment image in the fast food industry, and randomly assigned high school students (n= 336) and retirees (n= 102) to describe 1 of 8 well-known fast food companies on the dimensions. In addition, respondents indicated their general image of the targeted company as a place to work. We were able to identify dimensions that both discriminated between companies and predicted general image, and graphically benchmarked one company against other companies on image dimensions.
Regulation of GLUT4 biogenesis in muscle: evidence for involvement of AMPK and Ca2+

There is evidence suggesting that adaptive increases in GLUT4 and mitochondria in skeletal muscle occur in parallel. It has been reported that raising cytosolic Ca2+ in myocytes induces increases i...
Combustion modeling in large gas-fired furnaces

Recent literature that applies to modeling turbulent reacting flow fields in the primary and secondary combustion zones of large gas-fired furnaces shows that three characteristic times the chemical reaction time, the eddy breakup time, and the molecular mixing time are important in modeling turbulent-reacting flow. Combustion modeling in large furnaces is classified as: (1) empirical, (2) modular, and (3) fundamental. Empirical models predict overall characteristics, but cannot be readily extended from one furnace to another. Modular models predict the stability and residence-time distributions (macromixing); however, they do not predict the correct temperature-time history of the flow (micromixing). Fundamental models involve solving the complete set of conservation equations. The equations are three-dimensional and time dependent and they have not been solved for the exact conditions existing in furnaces.
On difference of means with incomplete data

SUMMARY An estimate of the difference of means is obtained when sampling from a bivariate normal distribution with variances o-2 and o- and correlation p, where some observations on either of the variables are missing. It is shown that this estimate has desirable properties. In this paper a test of the hypothesis of the equality of means is also considered. The above estimate is adopted and three new statistics based on the difference of sample means are proposed for the test. Their empirical powers are computed for different values of p and aw2/o-2
WNT/β-Catenin Signaling Regulates Multiple Steps of Myogenesis by Regulating Step-Specific Targets

Molecules involved in WNT/β-catenin signaling show specific spatiotemporal expression and play vital roles in myogenesis; however, it is still largely unknown how WNT/β-catenin signaling regulates each step of myogenesis. Here, we show that WNT/β-catenin signaling can control diverse biological processes of myogenesis by regulating step-specific molecules. In order to identify the temporally specific roles of WNT/β-catenin signaling molecules in muscle development and homeostasis, we used in vitro culture systems for both primary mouse myoblasts and C2C12 cells, which can differentiate into myofibers. We found that a blockade of WNT/β-catenin signaling in the proliferating cells decreases proliferation activity, but does not induce cell death, through the regulation of genes cyclin A2 (Ccna2) and cell division cycle 25C (Cdc25c). During muscle differentiation, the inhibition of WNT/β-catenin signaling blocks myoblast fusion through the inhibition of the Fermitin family homolog 2 (Fermt2) gene. Blocking WNT/β-catenin signaling in the well-differentiated myofibers results in the failure of maintenance of their structure by disruption of cadherin/β-catenin/actin complex formation, which plays a crucial role in connecting a myofiber's cytoskeleton to the surrounding extracellular matrix. Thus, our results indicate that WNT/β-catenin signaling can regulate multiple steps of myogenesis, including cell proliferation, myoblast fusion, and homeostasis, by targeting step-specific molecules.
(Mis)reading the Signs: Men’s Perception of Women’s Sexual Interest

For over 30 years, researchers have documented men’s tendency to overestimate women’s sexual interest. While there is little dispute regarding the existence of the phenomenon itself, the nature of the psychological mechanisms that give rise to this propensity remains contentious. The predominant view has been that men’s over-perception of women’s sexual interest represents a cognitive bias designed around the asymmetry in the costs of errors, namely, the high cost of missing a sexual opportunity compared to the low cost of pursuing an uninterested women. Recently, theorists have proposed an alternative view postulating that men address these asymmetrical costs through a behavioral rather than cognitive bias. This chapter describes and compares these two perspectives from the standpoints of both theory and data. In addition, the influence of individual differences and contextual effects on men’s tendency to overestimate women’s sexual interest are described. The chapter ends with suggestions for further investigation of factors that affect misperception, with an emphasis on ways to distinguish between competing theories that attempt to characterize men’s evolved psychological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
Are we there yet? An examination of where we've been and where we're headed as technical communicators

This paper looks at the changes three experienced technical communicators have seen in our field due to Web 2.0 social media venues and self-service technologies. It examines the challenges faced by technical information developers today, and looks at trends we see for the future. Addressing the need to adapt to these dramatic changes, we describe new and expanded roles writers can take on, suggest skills that will help new writers succeed, and identify areas where research is needed to support technical communication practitioners. We look at changes in these areas that affect technical communicators in the workplace: writer-customer interaction, customer troubleshooting and information sharing, globalization, accessibility, documentation methods and delivery, and faster product development.
Enriching concept descriptions in an amphibian ontology with vocabulary extracted from wordnet

An important task of ontology learning is to enrich the vocabulary for domain ontologies using different sources of information. WordNet, an online lexical database covering many domains, has been widely used as a source from which to mine new vocabulary for ontology enrichment. However, since each word submitted to WordNet may have several different meanings (senses), existing approaches still face the problem of semantic disambiguation in order to select the correct sense for the new vocabulary to be added. In this paper, we present a similarity computation method that allows us to efficiently select the correct WordNet sense for a concept-word in a given ontology. Once the correct sense is identified, we can then enrich the concept's vocabularly using nearby words in WordNet. Experimental results using an amphibian ontology show that the similarity computation method reach a good average accuracy and our approach is able to enrich the vocabulary of each concept with words mined from WordNet synonyms and hypernyms.
Alternative fetch and issue policies for the trace cache fetch mechanism

The increasing widths of superscalar processors are placing greater demands upon the fetch mechanism. The trace cache meets these demands by placing logically contiguous instructions in physically contiguous storage. It is capable of supplying multiple fetch blocks each cycle. We examine two fetch and issue techniques, partial matching and inactive issue, that improve the overall performance of the trace cache by improving the effective fetch rate. We show that for the SPECint95 benchmarks partial matching increases the overall performance by 12% and adding inactive issue increases performance by 15%. Furthermore we apply these two techniques to issue blocks from trace segments which contain multiple execution paths. We conclude with a performance comparison between a trace cache implementing partial matching and inactive issue and an aggressive single block fetch mechanism. The trace cache increases performance by an average of 25% over the instruction cache.
A multiple range test for analysis of covariance

SUMMARY A new test statistic is proposed for making multiple comparisons on adjusted treatment means in analysis of covariance when the dependent and concomitant variates have a multivariate normal distribution. The probability distribution of the range of the adjusted treatment means, suitably Studentized, is derived for the case of one-way analysis of covariance with equal subgroup sizes and one random covariate, and the distribution is found to be free of nuisance parameters. Some percentage points of the statistic are computed and presented, together with an example.
Minimal Aggregate Size and Minimal Fusion Unit for the First Fusion Pore of Influenza Hemagglutinin-Mediated Membrane Fusion

Abstract The data of Melikyan et al. ( J. Gen. Physiol. 106:783, 1995) for the time required for the first measurable step of fusion, the formation of the first flickering conductivity pore between influenza hemagglutinin (HA) expressing cells and planar bilayers, has been analyzed using a new mass action kinetic model. The analysis incorporates a rigorous distinction between the minimum number of HA trimers aggregated at the nascent fusion site (which is denoted the minimal aggregate size) and the number of those trimers that must to undergo a slow essential conformational change before the first fusion pore could form (which is denoted the minimal fusion unit). At least eight (and likely more) HA trimers aggregated at the nascent fusion site. Remarkably, of these eight (or more) HAs, only two or three must undergo the essential conformational change slowly before the first fusion pore can form. Whether the conformational change of these first two or three HAs are sufficient for the first fusion pore to form or whether the remaining HAs within the aggregate must rapidly transform in a cooperative manner cannot be determined kinetically. Remarkably, the fitted halftime for the essential HA conformational change is roughly 10 4 s, which is two orders of magnitude slower than the observed halftime for fusion. This is because the HAs refold with distributed kinetics and because the conductance assay monitored the very first aggregate to succeed in forming a first fusion pore from an ensemble of hundreds or thousands (depending upon the cell line) of fusogenic HA aggregates within the area of apposition between the cell and the planar bilayer. Furthermore, the average rate constant for this essential conformational change was at least 10 7 times slower than expected for a simple coiled coil conformational change, suggesting that there is either a high free energy barrier to fusion and/or very many nonfusogenic conformations in the refolding landscape. Current models for HA-mediated fusion are examined in light of these new constraints on the early structure and evolution of the nascent fusion site. None completely comply with the data.
PREDATOR‐DRIVEN PHENOTYPIC DIVERSIFICATION IN GAMBUSIA AFFINIS

Predation is heterogeneously distributed across space and time, and is presumed to represent a major source of evolutionary diversification. In fishes, fast-starts—sudden, high-energy swimming bursts—are often important in avoiding capture during a predator strike. Thus, in the presence of predators, we might expect evolution of morpho- logical features that facilitate increased fast-start speed. We tested this hypothesis using populations of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis ) that differed in level of predation by piscivorous fish. Body morphology ofG. affinis males, females, and juveniles diverged in a consistent manner between predatory environments. Fish collected from predator populations exhibited a larger caudal region, smaller head, more elongate body, and a posterior, ventral position of the eye relative to fish from predator-free populations. Divergence in body shape largely matched a priori predictions based on biomechanical principles, and was evident across space (multiple populations) and time (multiple years). We measured maximum burst-swimming speed for male mosquitofish and found that individuals from predator populations produced faster bursts than fish from predator-free populations (about 20% faster). Biomechanical models of fish swimming and intrapopulation morphology-speed correlations suggested that body shape differences were largely responsible for enhanced locomotor performance in fish from predator populations. Morphological differences also persisted in offspring raised in a common laboratory environment, suggesting a heritable component to the observed morphological divergence. Taken together, these results strongly support the hypothesis that divergent selection between predator regimes has produced the observed phenotypic differences among populations of G. affinis . Based on biomechanical principles and recent findings in other species, it appears that the general ecomorphological model described in this paper will apply for many aquatic taxa, and provide insight into the role of predators in shaping the body form of prey organisms.
Development and evaluation of methods to infer biosynthesis and substrate consumption in cultures of cellulolytic microorganisms.

Concentrations of biosynthate (microbial bio- mass plus extracellular proteins) and residual substrate were inferred using elemental analysis for batch cultures of Clostridium thermocellum. Inferring residual substrate based on elemental analysis for a cellulose (Avicel)-grown culture shows similar results to residual substrate determined by quantitative saccharification using acid hydrolysis. Inference based on elemental analysis is also compared to different on- line measurements: base addition, CO2 production, and Near Infra Red optical density (OD850). Of these three on-line techniques, NIR OD850 has the best correlation with residual substrate concentration and is the most practical to use. Both biosynthate and residual substrate concentration demon- strate typical sigmoidal trends that can easily be fitted with a five-parameter Richards curve. The sigmoidal character of the inferred concentrations and on-line data, especially the CO2 production rate, suggest that there is a maximum in cell- specific rates of growth and substrate utilization during batch fermentations of crystalline cellulose, which is not observed during grown on cellobiose. Using a sigmoidal fit curve, the instantaneous specific growth rate was determined. While soluble substrate grown cultures show a constant growth rate, cultures grown on solid substrate do not. Features of various approaches are compared, with some more appropriate for rapid general indication of metabolic activity and some more appropriate for quantitative physiological studies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;xxx: xxx-xxx.
Study of gate oxide leakage and charge trapping in ZMR and SIMOX SOI MOSFETs

Characterization of gate oxides grown on zone-melting-recrystallized (ZMR) and silicon-implanted-with-oxygen (SIMOX) films indicates oxide leakage and charge trapping to be several orders of magnitude greater than their bulk silicon counterparts. Electron trapping is the primary trapping mechanism for constant current injection in the gate oxides of these SOI (silicon-on-insulator) films. Similar type of traps are observed in ZMR and SIMOX oxides. >
Key roles for chain flexibility in block copolymer membranes that contain pores or make tubes.

Block copolymer amphiphiles that self-assemble into membranes present robust and functionalizable alternatives to biological assemblies. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics shows that thick bilayers of A−B copolymers accommodate protein-like channels and also tend to regulate transport. This occurs as flexible, hydrophilic A chains insert into the pore and obstruct water entry. A−B−A triblocks that exploit “hairpin” and “straight” conformations also show assembly into novel nanotubules and further highlight the key roles for chain flexibility in biomimetic block copolymer assemblies.
Darley and the efficacy of language rehabilitation in aphasia

In 1972, Frederic L. Darley provided the first comprehensive review on the efficacy of language rehabilitation for aphasia. The “data to date” were sparseten reports, mostly descriptive, and mostly retrospective. He concluded that “…any all-inclusive statement about the efficacy of aphasia therapy would be ill-advised” (Darley, 1972, p. 7). Nevertheless, Darley listed the questions that required answers, discussed the problems that plague treatment studies, and suggested study patient selection criteria that required attention. His message was clear: “More data are needed applying to clearly specified samples of the aphasic population subjected to clearly specified regimens of therapy by clinicians, for clearly specified periods” (p. 8). In addition, he concluded that aphasia treatment studies require a richness of description and rigour of procedure to “… increase the likelihood that 10 years hence the profession will enjoy substantial agreement about the nature of language breakdown and what can best b...
Commentary on “Seven Institutionalized Children and Their Adaptation in Late Adulthood: The Children of Duplessis”: Surviving Unspeakable Trauma: Numbing the Inner Life

In this fascinating, thought-provoking paper, Perry, Sigal, Boucher, and Pare use case-based data from a long–term follow–up of orphans raised under conditions of gruesome abuse and deprivation to answer important questions on the effects of institutional care on later development. Their narrowly defined question is, “How influential are the child’s innate strengths, traumas and other adverse experiences, and the adults who intervene during childhood as precursors to the chapters of late adulthood.” Through anecdotal report on past experience and data obtained by rating follow–up interviews for current functioning, the authors make the case that the expected interaction between environment and heredity can be seen in the outcome data of the cases reviewed. They found that individuals with more than four childhood strengths fared better than those without such characteristics. They probably correctly assume that these strengths represent temperamental/genetically determined characteristics. Another expected finding was that for those individuals with the fewest childhood strengths, level of experienced trauma was a good predictor of (negative) outcome. There were two surprising findings. The first is that some of the subjects without appreciable childhood strengths and with significant trauma nevertheless had important positive adult experiences when they “found a supportive partner or spouse.” The second is that “childhood attachments had little direct effect on adult functioning.” The authors conclude with the hope that their findings will inform caregivers of orphaned and abandoned children. In my reading of these empirically informed case studies, their principal value will not be to educate those who care for orphaned and abandoned children. These outcome data are not needed to recognize that the abusive and depriving, neglectful and destructive aspects of humankind need to be civilized for the good of those who are most vulnerable. From a psychodynamic perspective, answers to such questions were essentially resolved fifty years ago with the pioneering work of Spitz (1945), Bowlby (1960), Provence and Ritvo (1961), and others. They found that infants fail to thrive under conditions that do not nurture their psychological needs, even when biological needs are met by Psychiatry 69(4) Winter 2006 302
Formal Methods for MPI Programs

High-end computing is universally recognized to be a strategic tool for leadership in science and technology. A significant portion of high-end computing is conducted on clusters running the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. MPI has become the de facto standard in high performance computing (HPC). Our research addresses the need to avoid bugs in MPI programs through a combination of techniques ranging from the use of formal specifications to the use of in-situ model checking techniques. This paper details an assessment of the efficacy of these techniques, as well as our future work plans.
Messy talk and clean technology: communication, problem-solving and collaboration using Building Information Modelling

We studied the organizational practices around Building Information Modelling, or BIM, in inter-organizational collaborations among architects, engineers and construction professionals in order to theorize how communication supports technology adoption. Using ethnographic observation and one-on-one interviews with project participants, we observed five teams on three different commercial and institutional building projects that each collaborated over periods of 8–10 months. In this paper, we argue that the dynamic complexity of design and construction processes requires what we call ‘messy talk’—conversations neither about topics on meeting agendas, nor on specified problems or specific queries for expertise. In messy talk interactions, AEC professionals contributed to innovation and project cohesion by raising and addressing issues not known by others. The communicative ‘affordances and constraints’ of BIM structured meeting conversations away from less structured, open-ending problem-solving and towards...
LYSOSOMAL PROTEINASES IN CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS

ABSTRACT The characteristics of lysosomal proteinases were examined in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Rat myoblasts from the L6 myogenic line were cultured to provide three morphologically distinct populations: pre-fusion, post-fusion and non-fusion, a subclone that did not fuse even at high cell density. The lysosomal cathepsins B, D, H and L exhibited high specific activities in cell homogenates. Activities of cathepsin B and H were highest in post-fusion cells. The Michaelis-Menton constant (Km) was determined for cathepsins B, D and H and these values were the same in the different morphological populations. The lysosomal proteinases demonstrated classical distribution patterns after cell fractionation by differential centrifugation. Cathepsin B was partially purified from the L6 cells and shown to be capable of degrading native and denatured myosin. This myosin-degrading activity was completely blocked by leupeptin. All the L6 cultures exhibited active rates of protein degradation. Protein catabolism was most rapid in pre-fusion myoblasts.
Relative Effects of a Comprehensive Versus Reduced Training for Head Start Teachers Who Serve Spanish-Speaking English Learners

ABSTRACTWith increased demand for improved early childhood education services, it is important to better understand the essential professional development resources that have the greatest impact on both teacher and child outcomes. This study compared the effectiveness of two teacher-training models in bilingual Migrant and Seasonal Head Start and Head Start classrooms. Both conditions included the use of a technology-based student progress-monitoring tool. The progress monitoring provided detailed feedback on students’ progress 15 across the academic year and helped organize instructional groupings. The comprehensive treatment condition included biweekly professional development sessions, in-class mentoring, and provision of classroom materials, whereas the treatment-control condition included only the provision of a limited set of classroom materials. Across multiple sites in Texas, 49 pretest and posttest teacher observations and bilingual child assessments were collected on a subsample of students (n =...
For the Misdemeanor Outlaw: The Impact of the ADA on the Institutionalization of Criminal Defendants with Mental Disabilities

This article argues that the Supreme Court's decision in Olmstead v. L.C., 119 S. Ct. 2176 (1999), finding a qualified right to community treatment and services for certain institutionalized persons under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), causes us to reconceptualize state policies that mandate that all defendants in four categories - those being evaluated for competency to stand trial, those found permanently incompetent to stand trial under the Supreme Court's decision in Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972), those being evaluated for insanity, and those found not guilty by reason of insanity - be treated and housed in the state's maximum security forensic facility. It concludes that such across-the-board policies that fail to take into account the severity of the crime with which the defendant is charged, the degree of his current dangerousness, and the severity of his mental illness violate the ADA under the terms of the Olmstead decision.
Acoustic and Perceptual Classification of Within-sample Normal, Intermittently Dysphonic, and Consistently Dysphonic Voice Types.

Summary Objectives Intermittent dysphonia within an utterance is common, but presents difficulty for both perceptual and objective voice evaluation. This study examined the ability of measures from the within-sample cepstral peak prominence (CPP) distribution to differentiate normal voices from intermittently and consistently dysphonic voices. Study Design Exploratory design. Methods Sixty samples of the sentence “We were away a year ago” were classified as normal, intermittently dysphonic, or consistently dysphonic by four judges. Measures of CPP within each sample were obtained, and further analysis with examined CPP distribution variability and patterns of CPP outliers. Results Whereas the mean CPP was the strongest single discriminator among the three voice types, the normal and intermittent dysphonia groups were not significantly different on CPP distribution skewness and measures of CPP distribution outliers. Both the normal and intermittently dysphonic voices differed significantly from the consistently dysphonic samples on these variables. A combination of measures of the CPP distribution was effective for a linear prediction of percent dysphonia duration for the speech samples (r = 0.825; rho = 0.81). The CPP standard deviation significantly improved the use of the mean CPP in discriminant function analyses and also the classification of the intermittently dysphonic voices. Conclusions Auditory-perceptual judgment of dysphonic segments and the typically robust acoustic measurement of mean CPP are both ineffective for classifying intermittently dysphonic voices. However, dysphonia duration may be effectively predicted via measures of the CPP distribution, and acoustic classification of dysphonic voice types via cepstral methods may be improved with an analysis of the CPP distribution across an utterance.
Campanian-Maastrichtian ammonite and planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy from Tercis, France; implications for defining the stage boundary

The Campanian-Maastrichtian-aged Grande Carriere quarry near Tercis, southwest France, contains a diverse and abundant assemblage of both micro-and macrofossils from a thick sequence of well-exposed limestones. Its fauna is also a mixture of both Boreal and Tethyan Province species. Because of these two traits, the quarry provides an excellent source of information about integrated biostratigraphic events among diverse taxa, as well as providing a reference section for correlation between the two biogeographic provinces. The quarry has recently been proposed as a candidate for the Campanian/Maastrichtian boundary stratotype section, while one ammonite found there, Pachydiscus neubergicus, has been proposed as the index fossil marking the base of the Maastrichtian Stage. We have made collections of Upper Cretaceous ammonites and planktonic foraminifera from limestones exposed in, and near this site, which yield new information about the relative stratigraphic ranges of Upper Campanian and Lower Maastrichtian ammonites and foraminifera.
Compassion in Smoke over Birkenau

This chapter investigates female models of compassion during the Holocaust that open new methods of analysis of Millu’s Smoke over Birkenau. These representations suggest ways of generating affectional bonds and, consequently, fighting and reversing the horror of Nazi totalitarianism. Liana Millu’s memoir, a unique form of testimonial, may inspire questions on the implications of this kind of personal narrative. Through Millu’s representations of compassion, neorealism offers a way to promote women’s relationships and understand their sensibility and ways of coping with dramatic events.
Cretaceous fossil Raninoida De Haan, 1839 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) from northeast Texas

Two new Raninoida crabs from the Cretaceous of Texas are described, Planocorystes robreidi new genus new species, and Texicancer new genus to accommodate Necrocarcinus renfroae. All the previously described raninoid-like decapods from the Pawpaw Formation have been reassigned according to Karasawa et al. (2014). Cretaceous raninoid-like crabs are the dominant taxa amongst the fossil decapods found in the Fort Worth, Texas, area, with hundreds of specimens collected. All of these fossils have been collected from limonitic nodules, and most of them present a good degree of preservation, with articulated pereiopods, pleons, venter and in rare occasions even the gills. The decapod fauna of the Pawpaw Formation represents a diverse population, with a large number of taxa in high abundance. One specimen of P. robreidi appears to exhibit a lethal bite mark.