cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease.

Abstract With the aid of the cardiac catheterization technic a study has been made of the incidence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in a selected group of patients with single cardiac anomalies; twenty-four cases of atrial septal defect, twenty-four cases of patent ductus arteriosus and twenty cases of ventricular septal defect. For all these patients, none of whom were in congestive failure, the diagnosis had been made with a high degree of certainty. Although pulmonary blood flow was not significantly different in the three groups, a mean pressure in the pulmonary artery of more than 40 mm. of mercury was observed in only one case of atrial septal defect, but occurred in fourteen of the cases of ventricular septal defect and in ten of patent ductus arteriosus. Severe hypertension was also found in two additional atypical cases of atrial septal defect. When moderate or severe pulmonary hypertension was present, it was due to increased pulmonary resistance as the pulmonary blood flow usually was decreased or within the range of normal. The available data establish, but do not permit a complete explanation of, the differences in pulmonary resistance between the group of patients with atrial septal defect and the groups with ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Maintenance of a high pulmonary resistance is essential for survival in many cases of ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. This increased resistance may be due in part at least to a persistence of the fetal structure in the small pulmonary arteries and arterioles, the cause of which is, however, unknown. The development of compensatory vascular changes to reduce excessive pulmonary blood flow and the development of degenerative vascular changes may be caused by increased pulmonary flow. But, since the level of pulmonary blood flow was not significantly different among the three groups studied, the volume of flow alone cannot account for the development of the changes in pulmonary resistance found. It is suggested that factors of kinetic energy involved in the ejection of large volumes of blood from a high to a low pressure system such as occurs in many cases of ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus contribute important components to the pulmonary pressure pulse in these conditions, that are not present in the pulmonary pulse associated with the usual cases of atrial septal defect, in which the right ventricular ejection pattern is essentially normal. Such kinetic energy factors may contribute to the differences in calculated resistances in the pulmonary bed which have been obtained and may be conducive to degenerative occlusive changes in the pulmonary arterioles.
Student research award in the graduate degree candidate category, 16th annual meeting of the society for biomaterials, Charleston, SC, May 20–23, 1990. Investigation of a hydroxyapatite and calcium sulfate composite supplemented with an osteoinductive factor

In the search for a suitable bone graft substitute, a study was conducted using a material that combined a proven osteoconductive composite, hydroxyapatite-calcium sulfate (HA/CS), with an osteoinductive factor, bovine osteogenic factor (OF). Osteogenic factor, with the appropriate delivery system, can induce bone formation in the rabbit muscle. It may also increase the rate of bone formation at early time periods in a bony defect site when the delivery system is the osteoconductive composite HA/CS
Stepping test in mice: A reliable approach in determining forelimb akinesia in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism

Currently existing behavioral measures for motor impairments in rodent models with bilateral dopamine depletion have demonstrated to be difficult to assess due to the degree of task complexity. There is clearly a need for a behavioral test that is simplistic in design and does not require the animal to learn a specific task, in particular for mice. Here we adapted the stepping test, originally designed for assessing asymmetric motor deficits in rats (Olsson, M., Nikkhah, G., Bentlage, C., Bjorklund, A., 1995. Forelimb akinesia in the rat Parkinson model: differential effects of dopamine agonists and nigral transplants as assessed by a new stepping test. J. Neurosci. 15, 3863-3875; Schallert, T., De Ryck, M., Whishaw, I.Q., Ramirez, V.D., Teitelbaum, P., 1979. Excessive bracing reactions and their control by atropine and l-DOPA in an animal analog of Parkinsonism. Exp. Neurol. 64, 33-43), into a mouse-friendly version for bilateral dopamine lesion induced by subacute MPTP injection. We found that MPTP-treated mice exhibit a significant and persistent reduction in the number of adjusting steps when compared to saline-treated animals. Typically, MPTP-induced stepping deficit becomes apparent by the fourth MPTP injection. The number of adjusting steps continues to decline throughout the injections, and by day 10 from the last MPTP injection, the stepping deficit observed is associated with approximately 65% TH positive cells loss in the SN. Importantly, L-DOPA administration significantly improved stepping performance in MPTP-treated mice. Thus, stepping test in mice is a reliable and simple behavioral measure for assessing forelimb akinesia induced by systemic MPTP.
A curricular profile of U.S. communication departments

This study presents information obtained from department heads of 148 communication department in 4‐year colleges and universities across the United States. Data related to departments’ current, expected, and desired course offerings are examined. Results suggest that communication departments are making moderate efforts to cover a broad range of communication‐related topics and applications.
Diffuse radio sources in clusters of galaxies: models and long-wavelength radio observations

Clusters of galaxies contain several types of diffuse radio sources with very steep radio spectra which are associated with the cluster environment, including central radio bubbles, cluster radio relics, and cluster radio halos. Radio halos and relics are found only in merging clusters. Cluster radio relics may be produced by particle acceleration in merger shocks, while radio halos, may result from electron re-acceleration by turbulence produced by mergers. Secondary production of electrons and positrons by hadronic interactions also plays a role. If cluster radio halos and relics are related to mergers, then deep low frequency radio surveys could detect 1000's of clusters. Long-wavelength radio observations have a great potential to help us understand clusters and large scale structure, and can provide a diagnostic of cluster mergers, which affect the use of clusters in cosmological and dark energy studies.
Flat Photonics Using High Contrast Metastructures

A new class of planar optics has emerged using near-wavelength period gratings with a large refractive index contrast. This seemingly simple structure lends itself to extraordinary properties, which can be designed top-down based for integrated optics on a silicon substrate. In particular, the near-wavelength gratings with large index contrast wiht its surrounding materials are referred as high-contrast gratings (HCG). The extraordinary features include an ultra broadband (Δλ/λ>30%) high reflectivity (>99%) reflector for surface-normal incident light. Another feature is a high quality-factor resonance (Q>107) with surface-normal emission. We incorporated HCG as a replacement of conventional distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) over a wide wavelength range from 850-nm to 1550-nm. We also demonstrated high-Q cavity with surface-normal input/output beam using a single HCG layer. This resonator is formed without a Fabry-Perot cavity!
Do Legal and Tax Rules Favor Large-Scale Agricultural Firms?

HE assigned title of this paper necessarily implies an examination of Tthe extant income tax and legal structure rather than a normative view. Accordingly, those facets of the legal and tax structure impinging upon large-scale agricultural firms uniquely and peculiarly vis-a-vis smallscale farm firms are examined herein.' While occasional reference is made to the legal and tax structure of the large-scale farm firm vis-a-vis comparably sized non-farm firms, that issue is not considered to be within the purview of this paper.2
Inductive crystal field control in layered metal oxides with correlated electrons

We show that the NiO6 crystal field energies can be tailored indirectly via heterovalent A cation ordering in layered (La,A)NiO4 Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) oxides, where A = Sr, Ca, or Ba, using density functional calculations. We leverage as a driving force the electrostatic interactions between charged [LaO]1 + and neutral [AO]0 planes to inductively tune the Ni–O bond distortions, without intentional doping or epitaxial strain, altering the correlated d-orbital energies. We use this strategy to design cation ordered LaCaNiO4 and LaBaNiO4 with distortions favoring enhanced Ni eg orbital polarization, and find local electronic structure signatures analogous to those in RP La-cuprates, i.e., parent phases of the high-temperature superconducting oxides.
On the Set of Fixed Points and Periodic Points of Continuously Differentiable Functions

In recent years, researchers have studied the size of different sets related to the dynamics of self-maps of an interval. In this note we investigate the sets of fixed points and periodic points of continuously differentiable functions and show that typically such functions have a finite set of fixed points and a countable set of periodic points.
Conservation of Glycerolated Cultures of Ochromonas danica and O. malhamensis at −10 C

SYNOPSIS. Ochromonas danica in a complex natural growth medium dies at 6–10 C in 4 days; O. malhamensis in ∼2 days. O. danica grown in the medium supplemented with 4.0% glycerol survived at −10±2 C for 35 days, and with 8% glycerol 29 days. O. malhamensis lasted only to 5 days in these media supplemented with 4% glycerol. Ethylene glycol and dimethylsulfoxide were too toxic to be effective. Difficulties in freeze-preservation of certain other phagocytic cells, notably blood granulocytes having comparatively simple flexuous outer membranes, add interest to use of O. danica and O. malhamensis as test organisms for preservation methods, especially in the convenient, inexpensive -10 to -20 C range. Biphasic media with an overlay of distilled water serve for conservation at room temperature. Problems of mutational erosion of these photosynthetic phagotrophs are discussed.
Economic policy reform and political transitions in sub‐Saharan Africa

This article examines the distributional consequences of neo‐liberal economic reform during the contemporary era of political transition in the sub‐Saharan African nations of Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, Tanzania and Zambia. It questions the conventional wisdom that reform, by imposing austerity, only produces economic ‘losers’ and subsequent political opposition which will derail reform programmes, particularly in transitional democracies such as those in present‐day Africa. Indeed, it demonstrates that economically reformist politicians employ democratization as a strategy to rebuild support coalitions after initiating economic reform, as it allows them to disengage from old clients and to organize reform ‘winners’. Therefore, taking the above‐mentioned cases as a group, this article suggests that Africa's current economic and political reforms may be mutually reinforcing.
Novel microceramic structures for the design of monolithic millimeter-wave passive front-end components

Development and production of millimeter-wave (MMW) technology has been hindered by the lack of suitable technology and techniques that would enable automated fabrication of monolithic subsystems with proper low-loss materials. Ceramics provide significant advantages over other materials at MMW frequencies due to their very high Q. Direct ceramic stereolithography (Cer-SLA) (Griffith, M.L. and Halloran, J.W., J. American Ceramic Society, vol.79, 1996) offers an accurate rapid prototyping method for three-dimensional macroscopic designs of arbitrary complexity. The paper proposes a technique to obtain a wide range of effective dielectrics by employing the Cer-SLA process to construct sub-millimeter scale regular periodic substructures of variable ceramic-to-air volume ratios. Low-frequency approximations are compared to simulated effective dielectric constants at millimeter-wave frequencies. The results may provide a basis for future design of arbitrarily complex dielectric profiles.
Intravesical therapy for bladder cancer

Importance of the field: Although transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is effective therapy, up to 45% of patients will have a recurrence within 1 year after TURBT alone. Further, there is a 3 – 15% risk of tumor progression to muscle invasive and/or metastatic cancer. Depending on patient and tumor characteristics, a number of patients may benefit from some form of intravesical therapy. Adjuvant therapy is effective in avoiding post-TURBT implantation of tumor cells, eradicating residual disease, preventing tumor recurrence, and to delay or reduce tumor progression through direct cytoablation or immunostimulation.Areas covered in this review: The role of risk assessment in the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and the indications for the use of intravesical agents are discussed. Findings from major randomized clinical trials on BCG, interferon and various chemotherapeutic agents are summarized; key aspects of drug pharmacology, drug efficacy, side effects, and toxicity a...
On the consequences of the possible existence of the hyperdeuteron

It is suggested that the observation of a hyperdeuteron is an indirect method for detection of the neutral cascade particle which is predicted by the scheme of Gell-Mann and that of Salam and Polkinghorne. The consequences for these schemes are examined and some possible methods for preferential selection of one of the schemes are suggested.
Diagnostic delays in children with early-onset epilepsy: impact, reasons, and opportunities to improve care

Summary Purpose Delayed diagnosis of early onset epilepsy is a potentially important and avoidable complication in epilepsy care. We examined the frequency of diagnostic delays in young children with newly presenting epilepsy, their developmental impact, and reasons for delays. Methods Children who developed epilepsy before their third birthday were identified in a prospective community-based cohort. An interval ≥1 month from second seizure to diagnosis was considered a delay. Testing of development at baseline and for up to 3 years after and of intelligence quotient (IQ) 8–9 years later was performed. Detailed parental baseline interview accounts and medical records were reviewed to identify potential reasons for delays. Factors associated with delays included the parent, child, pediatrician, neurologist, and scheduling. Results Diagnostic delays occurred in 70 (41%) of 172 children. Delays occurred less often if children had received medical attention for the first seizure (p < 0.0001), previously had neonatal or febrile seizures (p = 0.02), had only convulsions before diagnosis (p = 0.005), or had a college-educated parent (p = 0.01). A ≥1 month diagnostic delay was associated with an average 7.4 point drop (p = 0.02) in the Vineland Scales of Adaptive Behavior motor score. The effect was present at diagnosis, persisted for at least 3 years, and was also apparent in IQ scores 8–9 years later, which were lower in association with a diagnostic delay by 8.4 points (p = 0.06) for processing speed up to 14.5 points (p = 0.004) for full scale IQ, after adjustment for parental education and other epilepsy-related clinical factors. Factors associated with delayed diagnosis included parents not recognizing events as seizures (N = 47), pediatricians missing or deferring diagnosis (N = 15), neurologists deferring diagnosis (N = 7), and scheduling problems (N = 11). Significance Diagnostic delays occur in many young children with epilepsy. They are associated with substantial decrements in development and IQ later in childhood. Several factors influence diagnostic delays and may represent opportunities for intervention and improved care.
Noise of a simulated installed model counterrotation propeller at angle-of-attack and takeoff/approach conditions

Two modern high-speed advanced counterrotation propellers, F7/A7 and F7/A3 were tested in the NASA Lewis Research Center's 9- by 15-Foot Anechoic Wind Tunnel at simulated takeoff/approach conditions of 0.2 Mach. Both rotors were of similar diameter on the F7/A7 propeller, while the aft diameter of the F7/A3 propeller was 85 percent of the forward propeller to reduce tip vortex-aft rotor interaction. The two propellers were designed for similar performance. The propellers were tested in both the baseline configuration and installed configuration consisting of a simulated upstream nacelle support pylon and fuselage section. Acoustic measurements were made with a polar microphone probe which recorded sideline directivities at various azimuthal locations. Aerodynamic measurements were also made to establish propeller operating conditions. The propellers were run at initial blade setting angles adjusted to achieve equal forward/aft torque ratios at angle of attack with the pylon and fuselage simulation in place. Data are presented for propeller operation at 80 and 90 percent of design speed (the forward rotor design tip speed was 238 m/sec (780 ft/sec). Both propellers were tested at the maximum rotor-rotor spacing of 14.99 cm (5.90 in.) based on the pitch change axis separation.
Transient Development in Confluent and Diffluent Flow

Abstract Explaining the growth of disturbances superimposed on mean flows is a central problem in meteorology. Most widely studied models of the development process involve perturbations to shear flows with shear restricted to the meridional direction. Recently the importance of zonal variation of the mean flow was recognized and the study of shear flows extended to include zonal variation in shear. These studies found that the eigenfunctions associated with unstable modes in the simple shear problem are highly sensitive to zonal variation of the mean flow. However, there also exists another mechanism for development in a zonally inhomogeneous flow field: transient growth not associated with exponential instability. Properly configured perturbations exhibit transient growth in deformation fields associated with regions of confluence and diffluence at rates comparable to development in shear flow. In this work analytic solution of the linear initial value problem for the barotropic vorticity equation in de...
Acute lung injury: time to find a way that works.

> I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work. > > —Thomas A Edison Since the syndrome now known as acute lung injury (ALI) was first described over 40 years ago, enormous progress has been made in the clinical practice of critical care. Nonetheless, if they had the ability to
Power, crime and criminology in the new imperial age

As a consequence of the U.S. pursuit of neo-liberal global hegemony in the post-Soviet era, the language of empire has returned to political discourse and social analysis after an eighty-year absence. Although the pursuit of empire and the exertion of imperial control is deeply and demonstrably injurious to the nations and people subjected to this control, orthodox criminology has given relatively little attention to this emerging world of transnational social injury, choosing instead to continue its traditional focus on private crimes of greed, lust and rage. In this essay I detail how legal formalism, methodological individualism, ameliorative motives, mass-communications and the reward structure of orthodox criminology combine to form a meta-theoretical framework that has kept the criminological gaze averted from injurious actions of transnational structures of power. I then offer an alternative framework for a criminology of empire and other power crimes focused on how intersections among economic, political and cultural processes generate social injuries that are analogous to crimes in their nature and consequences, and that, as a result should become as significant a focus of criminological inquiry as the street crimes that now dominate criminological research and writing.
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SOLVATED ELECTRON INTERACTIONS WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

— An approach employing hydrated electron photoemission from a mercury electrode and potentiostatic chronoamperometric monitoring of the associated electrochemical processes has been applied to the study of the hydrated electron scavenging reactions of simple biological molecules. The current-voltage profiles of aqueous glutathione and triglycine solutions were measured following flash-induced photoemission. The redox properties of the products of electron scavenging were characterized by comparison to similar current-voltage measurements resulting from hydrated electron capture by nitrous oxide. The electrochemical behavior so determined was directly related to the particular scavenging process occurring with each scavenger and agreed generally with previous pulse radiolytic studies made on the same scavenging systems.
Diffraction characteristics of 10 fs laser pulses passing through an aperture

Results are presented on experimental and theoretical work performed to compare diffraction phenomena for ultrashort 10 fs pulses and continuous-wave propagation modes illuminating different-sized pinholes and slits. Results demonstrate that 10 fs pulses do not produce high-frequency diffraction like that produced with continuous-wave illumination. The diffraction through a 1 mm pinhole of temporally stretched pulses obtained by using fused silica plates whose frequency spectrum remains the same is compared with those of 10 fs pulses. The overall diffraction intensity profiles are, however, nearly identical in this case. The simulations of diffraction patterns for 100 fs, 10 fs, and 1 fs incident pulse were compared theoretically for different aperture sizes and frequencies. Calculations indicate that the lack of high-frequency diffraction for the mode-locked case is due to the broadband nature of the ultrashort laser pulses; i.e., the distribution of the frequency contained in the pulse ends up washing out when objects are illuminated with pulses of broad frequency content. The results of this work have important application in biomedical imaging and remote imaging applications, to name only a few.
Regional variation of microtubule flux reveals microtubule organization in the metaphase meiotic spindle

Continuous poleward movement of tubulin is a hallmark of metaphase spindle dynamics in higher eukaryotic cells and is essential for stable spindle architecture and reliable chromosome segregation. We use quantitative fluorescent speckle microscopy to map with high resolution the spatial organization of microtubule flux in Xenopus laevis egg extract meiotic spindles. We find that the flux velocity decreases near spindle poles by approximately 20%. The regional variation is independent of functional kinetochores and centrosomes and is suppressed by inhibition of dynein/dynactin, kinesin-5, or both. Statistical analysis reveals that tubulin flows in two distinct velocity modes. We propose an association of these modes with two architecturally distinct yet spatially overlapping and dynamically cross-linked arrays of microtubules: focused polar microtubule arrays of a uniform polarity and slower flux velocities are interconnected by a dense barrel-like microtubule array of antiparallel polarities and faster flux velocities.
JS3. the role of molecular-targeting therapy in radiotherapy

ABSTRACT Over 90% of head and neck cancer patients express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the degree of overexpression has been correlated with patient prognosis. The anti-EGFR-directed antibody cetuximab has been shown to have single-agent activity in the recurrent disease setting. Response rates range around 10%–15% with no predictive factors identified to date. Given this modest single agent activity, investigations have focused on adding cetuximab to established standard therapy. In patients with recurrent disease, a study adding cetuximab to standard platinum and 5-FU doublet chemotherapy showed a statistically significant increase in median survival leading to approval of the triple drug regimen in the United States. A second randomized trial evaluated the addition of cetuximab to standard radiation therapy versus radiation therapy alone in previously untreated patients with locoregionally advanced disease and also showed a statistically significant increase in survival. Thus, cetuximab can be viewed as an alternative standard therapy to either induction chemotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy. A recently completed randomized trial compared standard cisplatin plus radiation therapy with the same chemoradiotherapy regimen plus cetuximab. Surprisingly, no benefit was seen. Thus, the addition of cetuximab to cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy results in increased toxicity without further outcome benefits. No predictive biomarkers are available and identification of optimal patient groups for this approach has not been possible to date. In particular, the role of cetuximab-enhanced radiation in HPV-related tumors remains unclear. A current study in patients with HPV-positive head and neck cancer is comparing cetuximab and radiation with chemoradiotherapy.
Effects of imaging system blur on measurements of flow scalars and scalar gradients

Planar imaging of flow scalars is widely used in fluid mechanics, but the effects of imaging system blur on the measured scalar and its gradients are often inadequately quantified. Here, we present a 1-D analytical study that uses simplified models of the scalar profiles and imaging system blur to estimate the measurement errors caused by finite resolution. One objective of this paper is to give the experimentalist a methodology for quantitatively assessing the impact of imaging system blur on the accuracy of scalar measurements. The scalar profiles are modeled as either error or Gaussian functions, and the imaging system resolution is cast in terms of the line-spread function (LSF), which is modeled as Gaussian. The analysis gives the errors induced in the scalar structure thickness, gradient, and dissipation, for varying degrees of blur, the latter of which is quantified by σ, the standard deviation of the Gaussian LSF. The results show that, to keep errors in the peak scalar gradients and dissipation to less than 10%, the 20%-width of the scalar structures should be at least 7.5σ. Typical flow imaging experiments require fast (i.e., low f/#) optics that may suffer from significant blur and, therefore, this requirement may be difficult to meet in many applications. It is also shown that the resolution requirements for measuring the dissipation are more restrictive than for structure thicknesses. Further simulations were made to assess the effects of having clustered, or closely spaced, dissipation structures. Compared to the single structure results, there is a less severe resolution requirement to obtain scalar structure length scales, but a more severe requirement on the scalar gradient and dissipation.
Respiratory response to domestic fibrous glass exposure

Abstract A domestic fibrous glass exposure from an air conditioning system occurred, in which members of a family experienced respiratory symptoms of such severity that they were forced to abandon their house. Elimination of glass fibers from the house could be accomplished only by turning off the air conditioner and disposing of all upholstered furniture, carpets, and draperies. Bronchial washings from a member of the family and autopsy lung specimens from their dog contained fibrous glass. In light of the carcinogen effect of fibrous glass of the diameters found in the bronchial washings, fibrous glass from air conditioning systems may be a serious domestic health hazard. The relationship of fibrous glass exposure to hemangiosarcoma in the dog's lung, that was responsible for its death, and a carcinoma in a member of the family can only be speculative.
Marijuana Dependence and its Treatment

The prevalence of marijuana abuse and dependence disorders has been increasing among adults and adolescents in the United States. This paper reviews the problems associated with marijuana use, including unique characteristics of marijuana dependence, and the results of laboratory research and treatment trials to date. It also discusses limitations of current knowledge and potential areas for advancing research and clinical intervention.
Potential for isoproturon, atrazine and mecoprop to be degraded within a chalk aquifer system

Abstract The potential for herbicide degradation in an unconfined chalk aquifer was examined by collecting and spiking fresh samples and incubating them in the laboratory. The microcosms were incubated at 20°C under aerobic conditions and spiked with either isoproturon, atrazine or mecoprop at a concentration of 100 μg/l. The samples were obtained from a single fieldsite within the Upper Chalk aquifer in Hampshire, UK. Groundwater samples required the presence of sterile chalk in a ratio of at least 1:13 to promote isoproturon degradation. An isoproturon degradation potential existed in the soil, and the chalk unsaturated and saturated zones. However, no degradation of isoproturon in the unsaturated zone was observed when a more appropriate simulation of in-situ moisture conditions was carried out. Apart from the soil, no potential for atrazine or mecoprop degradation could be detected in the same samples over a 200-day incubation. In a series of groundwater samples taken from different boreholes, 10–300 m apart, large differences in isoproturon degradation potential were observed. Removal rates for 100 μg/l isoproturon varied from 83–425 ng/day, but in some samples no degradation potential could be detected. The primary metabolite which could be distinguished from isoproturon degradation in chalk and groundwater was monodesmethyl–isoproturon. When a chalk groundwater sample was spiked with isoproturon at 0.9 μg/l, this was not degraded over a 300-day incubation period. Further experiments with fresh groundwater from a Triassic Sandstone site illustrated that groundwater bacteria could degrade isoproturon at the more realistic temperature of 10°C as well as at 20°C.
Aggregate implications of factor substitution in industrial processes

Abstract Using a number of recently completed studies of the scope for factor substitution in industrial processes we estimate the total private benefits of systematic adoption (cost-minimizing) technology as compared with capital-intensive technology. Obstacles to the choice of such technology are examined and presented within a benefit-cost framework. The reasons for some of the current choices of technology are analyzed and policies necessary to alter these are suggested.
TNF-α Affects Human Cortical Neural Progenitor Cell Differentiation through the Autocrine Secretion of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor

Proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a crucial effector of immune responses in the brain that participates in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulating evidence has suggested that TNF-α negatively regulates embryonic and adult neurogenesis. However, the effect of TNF-α on cell fate decision in human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) has rarely been studied. Our previous studies have shown that recombinant TNF-α enhances astrogliogenesis and inhibits neurogenesis of human NPCs through the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) pathway. In the current study, we further elucidated the specific mechanism involved in TNF-α-induced astrogliogenesis. We found that TNF-α activated STAT3 at delayed time points (6 h and 24 h), whereas conditioned medium collected from TNF-α-treated NPCs induced an immediate STAT3 activation. These data suggest TNF-α plays an indirect role on STAT3 activation and the subsequent NPC differentiation. Further, we showed that TNF-α induced abundant amounts of the IL-6 family cytokines, including Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6), in human NPCs. TNF-α-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and astrogliogenesis were abrogated by the addition of neutralizing antibody for LIF, but not for IL-6, revealing a critical role of autocrine secretion of LIF in TNF-α-induced STAT3 activation and astrogliogenesis. This study generates important data elucidating the role of TNF-α in neurogenesis and may provide insight into new therapeutic strategies for brain inflammation.
Transport Equation for Deterministic Stresses

*† A deterministic stress transport equation has been developed for use in filtered NavierStokes solvers. Lumped deterministic unsteadiness source terms (LDSTs) are developed for both residual-based and filtered schemes, such as FDL3DI. These terms are obtained in several ways and then compared. It is determined that the inviscid terms are the dominant component of the LDSTs. This led to the development of a deterministic stress transport equation formed via analogy to the Reynolds stress equation. This deterministic transport equation is explored and its constituent terms computed using the time averaged solution of two unit problems, a synthetic jet and a cylinder in cross flow with Reynolds number 100. With the aid of these terms, the deterministic stress transport equation has been shown to recover the deterministic stresses: thus demonstrating the feasibility of the model to capture a time mean solution.
TU-EE-A2-04: Monte Carlo Calculation of Internal Dose Based On SPECT/CT

Purpose: Under a radiological terrorist attack or radiation accident, victims may inhale and/or ingest radioactive materials. In this work, we investigated the possibility of using SPECT/CT to quantitatively determine spatial internal radioactivity distribution and using Monte Carlo to calculate internal organdose due to the distribution. Method and Materials: A RANDO chest phantom was implanted with spatially distributed gamma‐emitting radioisotopes (e.g., I‐125, Ir‐192, Cs‐137). The SPECT and CTimages of the phantom were obtained with a hybrid SPECT/CT scanner (GE Infinia). Another CT was acquired with high spatial resolution and better image quality (GE Lightspeed) and was fused with the SPECT/CT dataset using a treatment planning system (XiO, CMS). To extract spatial radioactive distribution and to prepare spatial heterogeneous anatomy for dose calculation, all imaging datasets along with the fusion matrix information from XiO were transferred into and processed with the CERR (Washington University, MO) environment and other in‐house built software tools. SPECT signal was calibrated with a separate seed with known activity. With the spatial activity distribution available, The EGSnrc Monte Carlo codes were used to calculate the 3D dose rate distributions. Results: The relationship between the SPECT signal and the radioactivity was determined to be not simply linear for the I‐125 seeds (seed activity range: 0.07 – 0.2 mCi). The software tools to use the Monte Carlo codes to calculate dose rates based on the SPECT/CT data were developed. The 3D dose distributions due to the internal irradiation and dose‐volume histograms are presented. Conclusion: A process was developed to accurately calculate internal organdose distribution due to internal irradiation based on SPECT/CT and using Monte Carlo methods. The data generated will be useful in developing countermeasures for radiological terrorism or radiation accidents. Conflict of Interest: This work is supported in part by an NIH cooperative agreement (AI067734).
Combating vigilance decrements in a sustained attention task: lack of support for the utility of a cognitive intervention secondary task

Results from previous studies (St. John & Risser, 2007, 2009) indicate the addition of a simple cognitive secondary task may mitigate vigilance decrements for a sustained attention task involving target acquisition. The effectiveness of the cognitive task increased when its onset was triggered by physiological indicators of inattention. The current study examined the generalizability of this methodology with a few modifications. A no intervention condition was added to provide a baseline and a short perceptual vigilance task (AVT) was added to examine the construct validity of the experimental task (ET). Finally, instead of using physiological indicators to trigger the intervention, a schedule was used that resembled that of the physiological intervention. Although vigilance decrements were observed for both the AVT and ET, only a weak relationship was observed between the two tasks. ET performance was not affected by the cognitive intervention. The weak relationship between the AVT and ET scores suggests that they are not measuring the same constructs. Further, the failure to replicate previous findings casts doubts on the robustness of the cognitive intervention for mitigating performance decrements on real-world tasks, especially when its onset is not linked with physiological indicators of inattention. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
Accumulation of oxidative DNA damage in brain mitochondria in mouse model of hereditary ferritinopathy

Tissue iron content is strictly regulated to concomitantly satisfy specialized metabolic requirements and avoid toxicity. Ferritin, a multi-subunit iron storage protein, is central to maintenance of iron homeostasis in the brain. Mutations in the ferritin light chain (FTL)-encoding gene underlie the autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disease, neuroferritinopathy/hereditary ferritinopathy (HF). HF is characterized by progressive accumulation of ferritin and iron. To gain insight into mechanisms by which FTL mutations promote neurodegeneration, a transgenic mouse, expressing human mutant form of FTL, was recently generated. The FTL mouse exhibits buildup of iron in the brain and presents manifestations of oxidative stress reminiscent of the human disease. Here, we asked whether oxidative DNA damage accumulates in the FTL mouse brain. Long-range PCR (L-PCR) amplification-mediated DNA damage detection assays revealed that the integrity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the brain was significantly compromised in the 12- but not 6-month-old FTL mice. Furthermore, L-PCR employed in conjunction with DNA modifying enzymes, which target specific DNA adducts, revealed the types of oxidative adducts accumulating in mtDNA in the FTL brain. Consistently with DNA damage predicted to form under conditions of excessive oxidative stress, detected adducts include, oxidized guanines, abasic sites and strand breaks. Elevated mtDNA damage may impair mitochondrial function and brain energetics and in the long term contribute to neuronal loss and exacerbate neurodegeneration in HF.
Neighboring group participation in the additions of iodonium and bromonium ions to N-alkoxycarbonyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.n]alk-5-enes (n = 1,2).

Additions of iodonium-X reagents to N-alkoxycarbonyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-enes and the homologous 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enes have been found to mirror the outcomes of additions of bromonium...
Interpreting Sensor Data Using Continuous Wavelet Transformations

Structural monitoring systems consist of a method to measure the structure’s performance at a given point in time to produce raw sensor data and the interpretation of this data in terms of presence and location of damage. This work focuses on the interpretation. The raw sensor data needs to be examined to indicate when further inspection is necessary, prior to the degradation of key structural performance parameters. Finding low levels of damage is critical to the development of a health monitoring system. This paper describes the use of the continuous wavelet transformation in the identification of damaged plates. Strain time histories are used in the algorithm. The strain histories are measured experimentally. In the past the authors have used finite element analysis to generate virtual sensor data. The authors track how the wavelet maximas change as damage accumulates. Various excitations are used to determine their affect.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Impaired regenerative response of primary sensory neurons in ZPK/DLK gene-trap mice.

Abstract Rapid and persistent activation of c-JUN is necessary for axonal regeneration after nerve injury, although upstream molecular events leading to c-JUN activation remain largely unknown. ZPK/DLK/MAP3K12 activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway at an apical level. We investigated axonal regeneration of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of homozygous ZPK/DLK gene-trap mice. In vitro neurite extension assays using DRG explants from 14 day-old mice revealed that neurite growth rates of the ZPK/DLK gene-trap DRG explants were reduced compared to those of the wild-type DRG explants. Three ZPK/DLK gene-trap mice which survived into adulthood were subjected to sciatic nerve axotomy. At 24 h after axotomy, phosphorylated c-JUN-positive DRG neurons were significantly less frequent in ZPK/DLK gene-trap mice than in wild-type mice. These results indicate that ZPK/DLK is involved in regenerative responses of mammalian DRG neurons to axonal injury through activation of c-JUN.
TRANSMISSION OF LOW-ENERGY O+ IONS THROUGH ULTRATHIN FILMS OF AR, KR, AND XE

We present a systematic study of the transmission of low-energy (10 eV) ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ ions through ultrathin films of Ar, Kr, and Xe. The ions are produced by electron-stimulated desorption from an oxidized W(100) crystal; they desorb from the surface in directions close to the surface normal with a peak kinetic energy of \ensuremath{\sim}7 eV and their yield, mass/energy, and angle are measured with a digital electron-stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD) detector. Rare gases are condensed at \ensuremath{\sim}25 K onto the oxidized W(100) crystal and their film thickness is determined by means of thermal-desorption spectroscopy. The ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ ions desorbed in the presence of a rare-gas film have to pass through the film before reaching the detector. We find that 10% of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ can be transmitted through 1.6 atomic layers of Ar, 2.9 ML of Kr, and 4.0 ML of Xe. From the ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ signal attenuation by films thicker than 2 ML we derive attenuation cross sections of 6.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for Ar, 2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for Kr, and 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for Xe. For Xe, we observe indications that the angular distribution of the ions changes due to large-angle scattering, and for Kr (and previously for Xe) we measure a shift in the energy distribution towards lower energies; we interpret this to be due to elastic forward scattering of the oxygen ions by the Xe atoms.We attribute the attenuation of the ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ in the films mainly to elastic backscattering; we suggest that either a high neutralization probability of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ in the Ar film (charge transfer) or an Ar structure different from fcc (such as blocking of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ by Ar) is the reason for the strong attenuation of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ in Ar. We find greater attenuation per monolayer for thicker films than for the first monolayer; we correlate this with the fcc structure of the rare-gas films. We discuss the energy loss of the primary electrons in the rare-gas film, the effect of the adsorption of rare gases on the electron-stimulated desorption process, and the possibility of preferential ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ desorption through channels in the rare-gas film. We draw conclusions from our results concerning the depth of origin of secondary ions desorbed under the influence of electron, photon, or ion radiation.
Effect of Break Temperature on Rheological Properties and Microstructure of Tomato Juices and Pastes

The rheological properties and microstructure of canned juices and pastes made from four tomato cultivars at three breaking temperatures of 85°, 96° and 107°C were studied. The apparent viscosities of tomato juices and pastes at a constant shear rate vary with cultivars and processing conditions. The hot break process produced a high viscosity product. The microstructure of tomato pastes and juices were related to their rheology. The microstructure of tomato juice and paste also vary with processing conditions.
Photon Splitting in a Strong Magnetic Field

We determine the absorption coefficient and polarization selection rules for photon splitting in a strong magnetic field, and describe the possible application of our results to pulsars.
Mechanical properties of polysiloxanes: 1. Poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane) homopolymer and tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane/dimethyl siloxane block copolymers

Abstract The mechanical behaviour of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane) [poly(TMPS)] homopolymer and random block copolymers of tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane-dimethyl siloxane [poly(TMPS-DMS)] of mean DMS block of 12 monomer units have been investigated over a wide range of composition and temperature using a Rheovibron viscoelastometer. The compositions ranged from TMPS/DMS wt % ratio of 100 0 to 30 70 . The temperature intervals spanned from just above −120°C to the point where melting became evident as dictated by the molecular architecture of each system. Two amorphous relaxation transitions, corresponding to DMS and TMPS phases, were found for copolymers with high TMPS content (⩾80 wt %). At lower TMPS compositions (⩽50 wt %) these transitions merge together. All dynamic transitions are a function of composition and crystallinity. The ‘hard’ TMPS phase provides crosslinks and acts as filler for the rubbery amorphous phase. The percentage elongation under tensile loading increases with the DMS amorphous content, which parallels an increase in clarity and decrease in density and crystallinity. A morphological model which depends on composition is proposed for these polysiloxanes. The model advanced is consistent with other physical evidence derived from other techniques. Changes in mechanical behaviour parallel changes in specimen morphology.
The Role of Social Support in Young Women's Communication About the Genital HPV Vaccine

Understanding the function of social support in communication about women's sexual health topics is an important avenue of research for communication scholars. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of social support in young women's communication about receiving or not receiving the genital HPV vaccine, Gardasil. In 10 focus groups, 52 female participants between ages 18 and 24 revealed instances of informational, tangible, emotional, and experiential support from physicians, friends, and family.
Preliminary Aeronautical Design Considerations of “High NOS” SOFC/GT Hybrids

Aerovehicular application of solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine (SOFC/GT) auxiliary power units (APUs) is a promising concept that may significantly aid the advent of next-generation, environmentally benign aircrafts. The hybrid concept may not only be a novelty, but a necessity, for viably realizing the benefits of fuel cells on-board. A generic design concept is proposed wherein the strategic integration of the cell stack with a bottoming turbine for APU duty, along with regenerative fuel recirculation, could be used to foster larger reactant “numbers-of-stoichs” (NOS) levels within the stack. This may engender larger gravimetric power densities, capacitance for load following and thermal reliability. Fuel utilization/NOS may then be a significant design degree-of-freedom to include within the design process.Copyright © 2004 by ASME