cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Concussion

Concussion is one of the most common neurological conditions to occur during childhood. Since 1997, the incidence of concussion has doubled, likely due to increased reporting of events by parents, schools, and team officials. Concussion occurs after an impact to the body or head causes a rotational force on the brain sufficient to disturb consciousness. A complex neurochemical cascade ensues, sometimes accompanied by physical damage to neuronal structures. Patients can suffer from a multitude of somatic and cognitive complaints, although they resolve in the majority of cases after 7–10 days. There is no proven treatment, and the most commonly prescribed remedy is a combination of physical and cognitive rest. Children should only return to playing sports when symptoms have resolved, and this return should occur in a stepwise manner from light exercise, to sports-specific exercise, to noncontact drills, and finally to full-contact practice and return to play after clearance by a licensed medical professional. The management of chronic symptoms and likely temporary cognitive deficits should be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, and academic accommodation should be utilized when necessary.
Graphene-polyethylene nanocomposites: Effect of graphene functionalization

Abstract The properties of polymer nanocomposites depend strongly on how well nanoparticles are dispersed. However, the hydrophobic nature and low polarity of PE have made effective dispersion of nano-filler difficult without compatibilization. We have found improved dispersion of chemically functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) in PE. The hydroxyl and epoxide groups on graphene oxide (GO) are sites for grafting on functional groups like alkanes. We covalently attach alkyl chains and benzyl moieties to GO. This FGO was solvent blended into three types of polyethylene: high density, linear low density, and oxidized PE matrices. Visual observation of cast films and optical micrographs revealed that FGO was more homogeneously dispersed than unmodified GO. Simple thermal reduction of the FGO sheets dispersed in PE at 210 °C achieved a 106-fold reduction in electrical resistance, much greater than that of other unmodified graphene composites. Moreover the tensile modulus of the low density PE was improved 12-fold and that of the high density PE 3-fold with 5% FGO.
A Cross to Bear: President Nixon's Tactical War on Drugs Policy Implemented to Destroy the Black Race

The Black populace was accused of being conspiracy theorists, whose crime sprees and paranoia were just a figment of their criminal nature. The theory was not paranoia but based upon hidden facts, statistics, and public policy that has led to inhumane treatment moving toward a new Holocaust for Blacks instead of Jews. Finally, in 1999 a hidden admission from a former presidential aide who confirmed these suspicions saying that in 1968 the War on Drugs was in fact a covert war to destroy the Black race and anti-war demonstrator, because they were deemed enemies of the state. This war was done by any means necessary, using law enforcement and the criminal justice system. But that wasn’t the end of it, this ex-President has allies who continue his legacy of hate carrying through mass incarceration, biological warfare, illegal medical research, the mortgage crisis, discrimination in employment and outsourcing, selective prosecution, private probation, a conspiracy of lies leading to criminal injustice, and now poison from the Flint River Crisis. This conspiracy is no longer a theory but fact. Does this sound familiar, so did the holocaust. Its is time to bring back what it meant to be an America and justice for all.
Apple Domain-Specific Anti-Factor XI Antibodies Inhibit Venous-Type Thrombosis with Improved Hemostatic Safety Profiles Compared to Enoxaparin in Primates

Abstract Abstract 1173 Severe inherited factor XI (FXI) deficiency decreases the risk of ischemic thromboembolic stroke and deep vein thrombosis, but can also cause bleeding in some patients. We therefore sought to further explore the roles of FXI in hemostasis and thrombosis in a baboon model, utilizing the anticoagulant monoclonal antibodies 14E11 and 1A6 that target specific functional domains of FXI. The 14E11 antibody binds to the apple 2 domain of FXI and inhibits FXI activation by factor XIIa (FXIIa), while not significantly inhibiting its activation by thrombin or the ability of FXIa to activate factor IX. 1A6 binds to the apple 3 domain and inhibits the feedback activation of FXI by thrombin as well as the activation of FIX by FXIa. Pre-treatment of baboons with 14E11, 1A6 (both 100 μg/kg, iv bolus), or the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin (0.7 mg/kg iv bolus + 0.3 mg/kg/hr continuous infusion), prolonged the aPTT of baboons up to 3-fold. The antithrombotic effect of the anticoagulants were evaluated by measuring the accumulation of platelets and fibrin within high shear collagen-coated vascular graft segments (4mm i.d.), which models arterial-type thrombosis, as well as in a distal silicone expansion chamber (9mm i.d.) positioned downstream of the graft, which models the slower flow profile of venous thrombosis. The thrombogenic devices were deployed into flow restricted (100ml/min) chronic arteriovenous shunts for 1 hour. The treatments reduced platelet accumulation within the thrombus expansion chamber by 89%, 94%, and 93% in 14E11-, 1A6-, and enoxaparin-treated animals, respectively (P Disclosures: Tucker: Aronora, LLC: Employment, Equity Ownership. Leung: Aronora, LLC: Employment. Verbout: Aronora, LLC: Employment. Gruber: Aronora, LLC: Consultancy, Equity Ownership.
Rare species as examples of plant evolution

Rare species, including endangered ones, can be very valuable sources of information about evolutionary processes. They may be rare and valuable because: (1) they are evolutionary youngsters and could represent an entirely new evolutionary strategy of great scientific and practical value; (2) they are evolutionary relicts that have stored enormous amounts of genetic information of great worth; (3) they may represent endemic varieties that harbor a great deal of the genetic variability in the gene pool that would be of enormous value to a plant geneticist; the rarity of the plant is not necessarily correlated with the size of its gene pool; (4) they may represent unique ecological adaptations of great value to future generations. Studies of gene pools and the genetics of adaptation constitute a new and developing field of the future.
Semantic pattern mining for text mining

Pattern mining is a fundamental topic in data mining area. Many pattern mining techniques, such as closed and maximal pattern mining have been proposed for different applications. However, when calculating the frequency of a pattern, the existing techniques treat each word equally. For example, although the word ‘pie’ in ‘I love eating pie.’ is quite different from ‘pie’ in ‘american pie’, ‘pie’ in ‘american pie’ will still be added up to the counts of ‘pie’ when calculating its frequency. Therefore, this paper aims to overcome the drawback to find the valid patterns tailored to text mining. We will approach pattern mining from a different perspective and introduce a novel problem of frequent semantic pattern mining. We then propose an algorithm to solve this problem via suffix array sorting. The algorithm can be implemented to run in linear time. Compared with traditional pattern representations, our results show the semantic patterns extracted are more than 13% compact. Also, classifier built on these features is no less or more powerful.
Like, comment, and share on Facebook: How each behavior differs from the other

Abstract People engage in communication on Facebook via three behaviors—like, comment, and share. Facebook uses an algorithm that gives different weight to each behavior to determine what to show in user’s screen, suggesting that the strategic implication of each behavior may differ from the other. This study investigates when each behavior can be encouraged by organizational messages, thereby making clearer distinctions between three behaviors. A content analysis of organizational messages was conducted, where the researchers assessed message features and related them to each behavior separately. The findings indicated that different message features generated different behaviors: Sensory and visual features led to like, rational and interactive to comment, and sensory, visual, and rational to share. This suggests that like is an affectively driven, comment is a cognitively triggered behavior, and share is either affective or cognitive or a combination of both.
Single phase computed tomography is equivalent to dual phase method for localizing hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a retrospective review.

Objective This study aims to compare the sensitivity of dual phase (non-contrast and arterial) versus single phase (arterial) CT for detection of hyper-functioning parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Methods The CT scans of thirty-two patients who have biochemical evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism, pathologically proven parathyroid adenomas, and pre-operative multiphase parathyroid imaging were evaluated retrospectively in order to compare the adequacy of single phase vs. dual phase CT scans for the detection of parathyroid adenomas. Results The parathyroid adenomas were localized in 83% of cases on single arterial phase CT and 80% of cases on dual phase CT. The specificity for localization of parathyroid tumor was 96% for single phase CT and 97% for dual phase CT. The results were not significantly different (p = 0.695). These results are similar to those found in the literature for multiphase CT of 55-94%. Conclusions Our study supports the use of a single arterial phase CT for the detection of hyperfunctioning parathyroid adenomas. Advances in knowledge: a single arterial phase CT has similar sensitivity for localizing parathyroid adenomas as dual phase CT and significantly reduces radiation dose to the patient.
Evolution of Morphology and Composition during Annealing and Selenization in Solution-Processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 absorbers deposited from a nontoxic, DMSO-based molecular ink have yielded the most efficient, hydrazine-free Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 photovoltaic (PV) device made through solution-processing. Although this chemistry has been widely adopted, absorber morphologies with a device-limiting fine-grained bottom layer are often reported. Here we demonstrate how the annealing profile of coatings from this ink critically affect absorber morphologies. Calibrated glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) is used to determine depth-dependent elemental ratios and atomic concentrations of impurities before and after selenization. An annealing temperature of 400 °C is shown to exhibit the most pronounced fine-grained bottom layer, which contains 10 atom % carbon (C) and 5 atom % nitrogen (N). Raman analysis of the mechanically exfoliated, fine-grained layer reveals that it contains amorphous carbon nitride, which is attributed to the polymerization of thiourea decomposition products during annealing. An...
Safe Local Navigation for Visually Impaired Users With a Time-of-Flight and Haptic Feedback Device

This paper presents ALVU (Array of Lidars and Vibrotactile Units), a contactless, intuitive, hands-free, and discreet wearable device that allows visually impaired users to detect low- and high-hanging obstacles, as well as physical boundaries in their immediate environment. The solution allows for safe local navigation in both confined and open spaces by enabling the user to distinguish free space from obstacles. The device presented is composed of two parts: a sensor belt and a haptic strap. The sensor belt is an array of time-of-flight distance sensors worn around the front of a user’s waist, and the pulses of infrared light provide reliable and accurate measurements of the distances between the user and surrounding obstacles or surfaces. The haptic strap communicates the measured distances through an array of vibratory motors worn around the user’s upper abdomen, providing haptic feedback. The linear vibration motors are combined with a point-loaded pretensioned applicator to transmit isolated vibrations to the user. We validated the device’s capability in an extensive user study entailing 162 trials with 12 blind users. Users wearing the device successfully walked through hallways, avoided obstacles, and detected staircases.
Interannual Variation in Diet, Dietary Diversity, and Dietary Overlap in Three Sympatric Strepsirrhine Species in Southeastern Madagascar

Dietary data are used to categorize species diets, but these categorizations do not take into account the mutability of food resources in time or space, the level of interspecific competition in various communities as these resources change, nor the dietary flexibility of species. In this study, we assess the diets of three sympatric species, Eulemur rufifrons, Propithecus edwardsi, and Varecia variegata, in the Vatoharanana site in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. We determine dietary diversity, overlap, and interannual variation with data collected from 2001 to 2003. We then compare results on food preference and time feeding with data collected on each species in the late 1980s and early 1990s to determine whether these findings are consistent over the long term. We found little interannual variation in the proportion of time spent eating particular plant parts for each of the lemur species during the three study years (2001–2003), and between the earlier and current study. Food items were not always consumed based solely on availability. Dietary diversity was lower in the two frugivorous species (V. variegata and E. rufifrons) compared with the folivorous species (P. edwardsi), and V. variegata and E. rufifrons were more likely to focus their feeding time on one particular genus and plant part in each year. The study species used different strategies to deal with food, particularly fruit, shortages such as a plastic social structure (V. variegata), habitat shifting (E. rufifrons), and dietary switching (P. edwardsi). Although there was low dietary overlap between the study species, they depended on a small number of shared fruits in each of the study years (Chrysophyllum, Syzygium, Ocotea, Plagioscyphus), which may indicate some potential for interspecific competition. Because these lemur species, like all primates, lead relatively long lives (avg. >30 years) and have slow rates of aging, longitudinal studies are needed to test hypotheses reliant on basic dietary information.
Community-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection Rates and Management among Student-Athletes.

Purpose Although community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections have reduced among inpatient populations, the incidence in athletics continues to range greatly dependent on the sport. Over the 2015 to 2016 and 2016 to 2017 school years, we assessed the annual CA-MRSA incidence, sport risk, referral practices, and management protocols or interventions among high school and intercollegiate athletics. Methods This study targeted high school and intercollegiate athletic programs across the United States. For the 2015 to 2016 study, 269 athletic trainers completed a one-time questionnaire. In the 2016 to 2017 study, 217 athletic trainers reported data bimonthly during the academic year. Each questionnaire targeted demographic information, physician-confirmed CA-MRSA infection occurrence, and management of CA-MRSA infections and bacterial skin lesions. Results The CA-MRSA infection incidence was 26.8 per 10,000 athletes (95% confidence interval [CI], 24-30) in 2015-2016 and 20.3 per 10,000 athletes (95% CI, 18-23) in 2016-2017. The CA-MRSA infection incidence was high in wrestling and football compared to the general student-athlete population. During the 2015 to 2016 study, the wrestling incidence rate was 248.3 per 10,000 (95% CI, 204-302); the football incidence rate was 71.0 per 10,000 (95% CI, 60-85). In the 2016 to 2017 study, the wrestling incidence rate was 100.0 per 10,000 (95% CI, 66-151); the football incidence rate was 81.8 per 10,000 (95% CI, 68-99). At least 23% of respondents denoted at least one physician-confirmed CA-MRSA infection within their populations (2015-2016, 39%, n = 105; 2016-2017, 23.5%, n = 51). In the 2015 to 2016 survey, respondents indicated that athlete education and environmental decontamination were the most used management steps (51.8%, n = 582). Conclusions Despite increased awareness of CA-MRSA, more educational efforts focusing on best practices and education are needed, especially with athletes and the medical community involved in their care.
Eosinophilic oesophagitis endotype classification by molecular, clinical, and histopathological analyses: a cross-sectional study.

Summary Background Eosinophilic oesophagitis is understood in terms of quantifiable histological, endoscopic, and molecular features. Data are scant for inter-relations of these features and their potential to identify distinct disease endotypes. We aimed to identify clinical–pathological correlations between endoscopic and histological disease variables by transcription profiling of the oesophagus of patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis of varying severity and disease activity states. Methods We did a cross-sectional study across ten hospital sites in the USA associated with the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers. We analysed oesophageal biopsy specimens taken from paediatric and adult patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis (discovery cohort), using the eosinophilic oesophagitis diagnostic panel (EDP), a set of 96 informative transcripts. Histological and endoscopic features were assessed by quantification of oesophageal eosinophils and use of the eosinophilic oesophagitis histology scoring system (HSS) and the eosinophilic oesophagitis endoscopic reference score (EREFS). Associations among the various histological, endoscopic, and molecular features were analysed by Spearman correlation. Results were replicated in a biologically independent, single-centre, validation cohort of patients with active eosinophilic oesophagitis. Findings The discovery cohort contained 185 samples and the validation cohort comprised 100 specimens. In the discovery cohort, EDP showed intersite consistency, significant correlation with oesophageal eosinophils (p Interpretation Our new disease classification stratifies patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis into subgroups with potential clinical and therapeutic significance and provides a framework for a precision medicine approach to eosinophilic oesophagitis. Funding National Institutes of Health.
Overview of Signatures and Measurement Needs

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 defined special nuclear material (SNM) as plutonium or uranium enriched in the isotopes 233U or 235U, or any materials the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission determines to be SNM. With the current state of affairs, a key technical challenge on a quest to combat illegal use of SNM is detecting heavily shielded highly enriched uranium. For the purpose of this anthology the above definition holds. Active interrogation is the intentional bombardment of an object using ionizing radiation in order to induce nuclear reactions producing distinct, energetic emissions, hence making the target more readily detectable. This method further allows the detection of SNM quantity and other material properties. Traditionally, this technique uses ionizing radiation such as neutrons, muons, and γ rays as a probe. Combating this challenge has resulted in various government entities investing their substantial resources.
REPEAT STERNOTOMY: AN IMPROVED SURGICAL TECHNIQUE.

Abstract An improved method of opening the sternum for intracardiac or extracardiac procedures following one or more previous midline sternotomies is described. In our institution, the Stryker® pneumatically-driven* Sagittal Saw with right-angled blade is used. During the past two years, approximately 75 repeat sternotomies have been performed, and in no instance has a cardiac chamber or great vessel been injured.
Caring for a Preterm Infant during the First Six Months Post NICU Discharge:A Mother’s Perspective

Caring for a Preterm Infant during the First Six Months Post NICU Discharge: A Mother’s Perspective By Lois Phillips-Pula, MSN, RN A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Major Director: Jacqueline M. McGrath, PhD, RN, FAAN The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of mothers caring for their preterm infants at home, during the first six months after NICU discharge. Individual interviews took place with a purposeful sample of eight mothers who consented to be part of this research project, and met study criteria for inclusion. The Clark Moustakas approach to phenomenological data analysis was used to analyze data. Each interview began with an open ended question asking the mother to describe, in her own words, her experiences of caring for her preterm infant at home, following discharge from the hospital (NICU). Each experience was recorded and transcribed exactly as stated by the mother. Credibility was supported by using three traditional phenomenological concepts: Prolonged engagement with each study participant, peer review of findings, and follow-up contact with each study participant for clarification of any statements that were unclear during transcription. The essence of the mothers’ experiences was represented in their acceptance of their infant’s challenges and their determination to help their child achieve the highest possible developmental levels. It became apparent when speaking with these mothers that they would deny their own physical and psychosocial needs, in order to ensure the best outcomes for their infants. 18 The themes that were evident among the mothers were: fear, guilt, determination, and hope. Fear that they would not be able to supply all that their infant needed, especially during those first few months following NICU discharge; guilt that their infant was having to suffer from being born too soon when they [the infant] had done nothing to ‘deserve’ it; determination that their child would have all the opportunities and support needed to overcome whatever obstacles might arise; and hope, hinging on belief, that all would be well. It is anticipated that findings from this initial study will be used to help better define what mothers need to know to provide best care for their infants prior to NICU discharge.
Drugs of Abuse and Striatal Gene Expression

Publisher Summary D1-receptor antagonists block dopamine agonist-induced gene expression in striatonigral neurons. However, D2 antagonists also significantly attenuate these effects, contributing to the idea that both D1 and D2 receptors must be stimulated to evoke gene expression in striatonigral neurons. Although D1 receptors are thought to control striatonigral gene expression, several studies have demonstrated that D2-receptor antagonists block stimulantinduced dynorphin immunoreactivity and preprodynorphin (PPD) gene expression. In addition to the strong regulation of gene expression in medium spiny neurons by dopamine receptors, recent studies indicate that glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission strongly modulates the effects of dopamine on striatal gene expression. Glutamatergic regulation of the alterations in expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) and neuropeptide mRNAs and their protein levels in the striatum may be essential to the neuronal adaptation that underlies delayed and long-term effects of psychostimulants. Stimulant-induced IEG and ne ropeptide expression in striatal neurons has been linked both to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor activation. Apart from this, acetylcholine also regulates striatal gene expression. Acetylcholine and dopamine also exert opposite effects on striatopallidal gene expression. At the level of the substantia nigra, D1-receptor stimulation that facilitates local GABA release may result in disinhibition of glutamate release in the thalamostriatal and corticostriatal pathways and further stimulation of striatal acetylcholine release. The inhibitory influence of cholinergic interneurons on striatonigral neurons also provides an intrastriatal mechanism for some D1/D2 interactions. Thus, both muscarinic receptor agonists and excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists are potentially useful tools in the search for novel therapeutic approaches to drug abuse.
EFFECT OF LAND SURFACE REPRESENTATION ON SIMULATED MESOSCALE POLLUTION DISPERSION

Natural or man-changed land surfaces are usually heterogeneous over the resolvable scale of the mesoscale atmospheric models used to create meteorological input for air pollution dispersion models. Therefore, an assumption of surface homogeneity within one grid cell of the model may not represent the surface forcing accurately. To overcome this problem a new methodology to take into account the subgrid-scale surface forcing was applied in the mesoscale model following the approach proposed by Avissar and Pielke (1989), Kimura (1989) and Claussen (1991). A series of numerical experiments for idealized and real terrain were performed to demonstrate effect of land surface heterogeneity and its representation on mesoscale pollution dispersion.
Updates on Human Neural Stem Cells: From Generation, Maintenance, and Differentiation to Applications in Spinal Cord Injury Research

Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been the primary focuses in basic science and translational research as well as in investigative clinical applications. Therefore, the capability to perform reliable derivation, effective expansion, and long-term maintenance of uncommitted hNSCs and hiPSCs and their targeted phenotypic differentiations through applying chemically and biologically defined medium in vitro is essential for expanding and enriching the fundamental and technological capacities of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we systematically summarized a set of protocols and unique procedures that have been developed in the laboratories of Prof. Teng and his collaborators. These regimens have been, over the years, reproducibly and productively used to derive, propagate, maintain, and differentiate hNSCs, including those derived from hiPSCs. We emphasize the multimodal methodologies that were pioneered and established in our laboratories for characterizing functional multipotency of stem cells and its value in basic science as well as translational biomedical studies.
On continuous images of ultra-arcs

Abstract Any space homeomorphic to one of the standard subcontinua of the Stone-Cech remainder of the real half-line is called an ultra-arc. Alternatively, an ultra-arc may be viewed as an ultracopower of the real unit interval via a free ultrafilter on a countable set. It is known that any continuum of weight ≤ ℵ 1 is a continuous image of any ultra-arc; in this paper we address the problem of which continua are continuous images under special maps. Here are some of the results we present. • Every nondegenerate locally connected chainable continuum of weight ≤ ℵ 1 is a co-elementary monotone image of any ultra-arc. • Every nondegenerate chainable metric continuum is a co-existential image of any ultra-arc. • Every chainable continuum of weight ℵ 1 is a co-existential image of any ultra-arc whose indexing ultrafilter is a Fubini product of two free ultrafilters. • There is a family of continuum-many topologically distinct nonchainable metric continua, each of which is a co-existential image of any ultra-arc. • A nondegenerate continuum which is either a monotone or a co-existential image of an ultra-arc cannot be aposyndetic–let alone locally connected–without being a generalized arc.
Linear hybrid-variable methods for advection equations

We propose a general hybrid-variable (HV) framework to solve linear advection equations by utilizing both cell-average approximations and nodal approximations. The construction is carried out for 1D problems, where the spatial discretization for cell averages is obtained from the integral form of the governing equation whereas that for nodal values is constructed using hybrid-variable discrete differential operators (HV-DDO); explicit Runge-Kutta methods are employed for marching the solutions in time. We demonstrate the connection between the HV-DDO and Hermite interpolation polynomials, and show that it can be constructed to arbitrary order of accuracy. In particular, we derive explicit formula for the coefficients to achieve the optimal order of accuracy given any compact stencil of the HV-DDO. The superconvergence of the proposed HV methods is then proved: these methods have one-order higher spatial accuracy than the designed order of the HV-DDO; in contrast, for conventional methods that only utilize one type of variables, the two orders are the same. Hence, the proposed method can potentially achieve higher-order accuracy given the same computational cost, comparing to existing finite difference methods. We then prove the linear stability of sample HV methods with up to fifth-order accuracy in the case of Cauchy problems. Next, we demonstrate how the HV methods can be extended to 2D problems as well as nonlinear conservation laws with smooth solutions. The performance of the sample HV methods are assessed by extensive 1D and 2D benchmark tests of linear advection equations, the nonlinear Euler equations, and the nonlinear Buckely-Leverett equation.
What do we Learn from the Prevention Education Program Family Heart Study about Lifestyle change, Blood Pressure, and Lipids in Children and Parents?

Objectives : The PEP Family Heart Study is a perspective community‑based long‑term project for the whole family to improve cardiovascular health aiming to assess and to amend risk factors in children and their parents by lifestyle change. Methods : A total of 48,667 subjects (24,927 adults and 23,740 children) from 3,370 families living in 94% of the elementary school districts of Nuremberg (Germany) participated in this observational study from 1993/1994 ‑2007/2008. The yearly surveys consisting of personal and family histories, structured interviews on leisure time physical activity and tobacco smoke exposition, physical examinations and nutritional intake as documented by seven days weighed dietary protocols and sustained healthy lifestyle counselling were mainly performed at home. Fasting blood collections for biochemical analyses in the study laboratories, cooking courses and seminars on healthy lifestyle were performed on weekends in central school buildings. Results : Here we report some of the main results demonstrating e.g., that at least one CVD risk factor in a child conferred a 2–4 fold higher risk among their parents, that obese children and adolescents had a nearly fve times higher prevalence of hypertension than nonoverweight youths. Conclusions : Sustained healthy lifestyle behavior can be implemented in daily life of family members which results in amended nutritional intake and improved cardiometabolic risk factors. Keywords : Cardiovascular disease risk factors, prospective community‑based study, lifestyle change
Welcoming refugee families: A qualitative study of 20 professionals’ views of resettlement of Syrian families in Iceland:

Concentrating on the largest refugee crisis in recent history, the need for countries to develop and implement resettlement programs has become imperative. This study’s focus is to understand the e...
Colour-Management — die hohe Kunst der Farbtonabstimmung

In die Karosse integrierte Kunststoffteile, Null-Fugen-Konzept und komplizierte Design-Wunsche erschweren das Colour-Matching. Mittlerweile geht es in der Automobilindustrie nicht mehr nur um Colour-Matching, sondern um Colour-Management.
The Adoption of New Technologies: Location, Learning and Asset Pricing Implications

This paper analyzes the optimal investment strategy of two firms confronted with the option to adopt a new technology. I add two key features: location and learning. A firm gains relative advantage entirely due to its geographic placement - this is the location benefit. Firms also learn from the adoption experience of their rival - this is the learning benefit. Imperfect competition induces firms to adopt early while learning induces firms to wait. This tradeoff has two implications: First, firms in better locations should never adopt after their rivals; second, technology adoption should be geographically clustered. These implications are consistent with the direct evidence regarding technology adoption. Since investment in a new technology is a growth option, location and learning also affect asset prices. I show that firms' risk loadings (beta's) and returns co-vary positively for geographically close firms.
The Cognitive Dimension of Household Labor

Household labor is commonly defined as a set of physical tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. Sociologists sometimes reference non-physical activities related to “household management,” b...
Including variability in air temperature warming scenarios in a lake simulation model highlights uncertainty in predictions of cyanobacteria

Abstract Despite growing evidence that climate change will increase temperature variability and the frequency of temperature extremes, many modeling studies that analyze the effects of warming scenarios on cyanobacteria in lakes examine uniform warming temperature scenarios without including any variability. Here, we used the one-dimensional hydrodynamic General Lake Model coupled to Aquatic EcoDynamics modules (GLM-AED) to simulate 11 years of nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial biomass in Lake Mendota (Madison, WI, USA). We developed climate scenarios with either uniform (constant) warming or variable warming based on random sampling of daily air temperatures from either a normal or Poisson probability distribution. We found that while the median cyanobacterial biomass among repeated simulations for each of the years was similar regardless of whether or not air temperature variability was included in the climate scenarios, the randomly-sampled air temperature distribution scenarios exhibited much greater variability in the year-to-year cyanobacterial biomass estimates. Our results suggest that including temperature variability in climate scenarios may substantially change our understanding of how climate warming may alter cyanobacterial blooms over yearly to decadal time scales. To more effectively predict the range of possible future cyanobacterial dynamics, both the magnitude and variability of warming must be considered when developing climate scenarios for lake modeling studies.
Identification of clinical features and biomarkers that may inform a personalized approach to rTMS for depression

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), an established treatment for treatment-resistant depression, may hold promise as a personalized medicine approach for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Clinical research has begun to identify patient-specific factors that could be used to guide rTMS treatment decisions or individualized treatment approaches. This literature review describes a range of patient factors which have been evaluated as potential biomarkers of rTMS treatment response, including patient- and illness-related characteristics, genetic factors, and biomarkers derived from neuroimaging and EEG. We highlight the need for validation data for imaging and electrophysiological biomarkers associated with rTMS as well as prospective evaluation of clinical predictors. Finally, we consider implications for future efforts to move toward a personalized medicine approach in the treatment of depression with rTMS.
Base editing goes into hyperdrive.

CRISPR base editors can induce single-base-pair changes in the genome, although they are often inefficient. A study now shows that fusion of the DNA-binding domain of RAD51 to base editors enhances both the efficiency and the targeting range of optimized enzymes. These ‘hyper-editors’ offer effective tools for disease modeling and gene therapy.
Universal rogue wave patterns associated with the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev polynomial hierarchy

Abstract We show that universal rogue wave patterns exist in integrable systems. These rogue patterns comprise fundamental rogue waves arranged in shapes such as a triangle, pentagon and heptagon, with a possible lower-order rogue wave at the center. These patterns appear when one of the internal parameters in bilinear expressions of rogue waves gets large. Analytically, these patterns are determined by the root structures of the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev polynomial hierarchy through a linear transformation. Thus, the induced rogue patterns in the space–time plane are simply the root structures of Yablonskii–Vorob’ev hierarchy polynomials under actions such as dilation, rotation, stretch, shear and translation. Which level of the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev hierarchy is determined by which internal parameter is chosen to be large, and which polynomial at that level of the hierarchy is determined by the order of the underlying rogue wave. As examples, these universal rogue patterns are explicitly determined and graphically illustrated for the generalized derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equations, the Boussinesq equation, and the Manakov system. Similarities and differences between these rogue patterns and those reported earlier in the nonlinear Schrodinger equation are discussed.
Probing Matrix Effects on the Heterogeneous Photochemistry of Neonicotinoid Pesticides, Dinotefuran and Nitenpyram

The environmental fate of neonicotinoids (NNs) is a key regulatory issue due to their widespread distribution, mobility, and role in honeybee colony collapse disorder. Here, we explore the potentia...
Pacemaker-Associated Superior Vena Cava Syndrome.

Pacemaker-Associated Superior Vena Cava Syndrome A 75-year-old man presented with dizziness and swelling of the face and arms. CT of the chest showed occlusion of the superior vena cava resulting f...
Correlates of e-cigarette use among adults initiating smoking cessation treatment.

Abstract Background Little is known about the correlates of e-cigarette (EC) use among adults seeking smoking cessation treatment, and it is unclear how EC use affects smoking treatment outcomes. Methods Participants were 649 adult smokers enrolled in smoking cessation treatment. Participants completed a baseline (pre-quit) assessment with follow-up at 4-, 12-, and 26-weeks after a scheduled combustible cigarette (CC) cessation date. EC use was described before and after the CC cessation date, and the impact of baseline EC use on CC cessation at follow-up was evaluated. Results At baseline, 66.6 % of participants had ever-used ECs and 23.1 % reported past 30-day EC use. Past 30-day EC users were younger, more socioeconomically disadvantaged, more CC dependent, and less likely to report Black race compared to non-users. At the 4-, 12-, and 26-week follow-ups, 6.4 %, 7.4 %, and 8.1 % reported dual EC/CC use; and 2.7 %, 3.4 %, and 2.7 % had switched to exclusive EC use. Past 30-day EC use at baseline was not associated with CC cessation at any follow-up. However, among baseline past 30-day EC users (n = 150), using ECs ≥ once per week was associated with a lower likelihood of CC cessation at 26-week follow-up (adjusted OR 0.346, 95 % CI: 0.120, 0.997). Conclusion Findings indicated that dual users of CCs and ECs at baseline differed from CC-only users on sociodemographic and smoking characteristics. Baseline EC use did not impact smoking cessation overall. However, among past 30-day users, more frequent EC use at baseline adversely impacted longer-term cessation outcomes, perhaps due to greater baseline CC/nicotine dependence.
Information Stored Over Many Hours by Sequences of Neural Activity in Networks of Cortical Neurons

We hypothesized that a network of cortical neurons could store information over many hours in patterns of neural activity. To address this, slices of rat cortex were cultured and spontaneous extracellular field potentials were recorded using a 60 channel microelectrode array. Activity consisted of a wide variety of spatio-temporal patterns that recurred far more often than chance. These patterns were temporally precise, were stable over 10 hours, and were grouped into many statistically significant network states. Thus, patterns represent activation of unique network states that can store information. These patterns may form basic elements of memory at the network level.
Adverse childhood experiences and behavior problems among poor Black children: Nonresident father involvement and single mothers' parenting stress.

BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in early childhood and developmental outcomes during the middle childhood and adolescent years have been understudied among low-income Black families. OBJECTIVE To test a model linking economic hardship, single mothers' parenting stress, ACEs, and nonresident fathers' involvement in early childhood to behavior problems in middle childhood and adolescence. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We used six waves of longitudinal data from a subsample of 800 unmarried Black mothers, nonresident fathers, and their children (at child birth and ages 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15) from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a nationally representative data set. METHOD Structural equation models with latent variables that incorporate path analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were tested. RESULTS Mothers' economic hardship was associated directly with parenting stress (beta = 0.27, p < .001) and related both directly (beta = 0.22, p < .001) and indirectly (through parenting stress) to the children's increased likelihood of exposure to ACEs (indirect effect = 0.05, p < .001). Nonresident fathers' involvement early on (child's age 1 to 5) was associated directly with reductions in the mothers' economic hardship (beta = -0.18, p < .001), children's reduced exposure to ACEs (beta = -0.15, p < .001), and fewer behavior problems in middle childhood and adolescence (beta = -0.10, p < .001). CONCLUSION Nonresident Black fathers' involvement in single-mother families may buffer the adverse consequences over time for economically and socially disadvantaged Black children of exposure to ACEs in early childhood. Interventions that encourage sustained involvement by nonresident Black fathers with young children and their single mothers are recommended.
The Dynamic Analysis of Metabolite Accumulation in Microorganisms

The metabolism underlying industrial fermentations, secondary metabolism, starvation metabolism, encystment, sporulation, and microbial differentiation have much in common. All of these metabolic transitions are to various degrees the consequence of a decreased rate of growth, due to a nutritional limitation or partial starvation. The residual kind of “unbalanced metabolism” results in the accumulation of some new material which was present but had not accumulated during cell growth. In order to influence the yield of the material which accumulates — or the rate at which it is formed, it is necessary to understand which reactions are most rate-limiting during and after the metabolic transition from growth to partial starvation. The logical approach to this problem is to use a dynamic systems analysis, in which metabolism in vivo is analyzed by computer simulation. This approach will be explained following a brief comparison of various metabolic transitions which are probably under the control of very similar biochemical mechanisms.
The HOME Inventory

The United States Commission on Excellence in Education recently reiterated concerns about the high percentage of school-age children who demonstrate poor academic performance and who show adjustment problems in school. Underachievement, classroom behavior problems, and other indicators of school failures have been of major concern to federal policymakers for quite some time.
Chapter 4. Tropical Sea Grass Ecosystems and Pollution

Publisher Summary Sea grasses are unique among submerged marine and estuarine plants due to the presence of an extensive root and rhizome system. Because of this system—high growth rates and dense leaf development—sea grasses exert considerable influence over their environment. Sea grass beds are especially vulnerable to degradation by human-induced stresses as they inhibit only the shallow marginal seas where the activities of man are significant. Their mode of growth is unique for marine plants and they are subject to damage from stresses or pollutants both in the water column and in the sediments. Sea grasses occurring in the tropical marine environment are periodically subject to severe stress from tropical hurricanes and typhoons. Shallow beds of sea grasses can suffer destruction from severe oil spills. Physical disturbance of grass beds due to boat traffic on shallow beds has also been observed.
A descriptive definition of the scope and content of primary health care

The subject of primary health care and the role of the primary health care provider have recently been receiving increasing recognition. Although there may be general understanding of the term, "primary health care," its exact meaning has been inadequately delineated, thus making it difficult to define its content and the scope of the role of the primary health care provider. Many think of primary health care only as initial care, the care resulting from first contact. Others consider it as dealing mainly with the acute medical aspects of health care and, in particular, those aspects having to do with illness and disease.
Water-soluble vitamins and ageing

Abstract: Ageing has long-been attributed to accumulation of biological molecules damaged by continuous exposure to oxygen-derived reactive species. Oxidative stress has also been associated with many physio-pathological features occurring together with biological ageing including skin wrinkles, eye-diseases, osteoporosis, neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease. Presently, in Western countries more and more people are concerned with the issue of delaying the ageing processes. Epidemiological observations clearly indicate that diet and lifestyle may help to prevent age-related diseases. Laboratory investigations also show the presence of healthy components in the non-energetic moiety of the diet. Among them, it has long been proposed that fat-soluble vitamins might play an important role to counteract some of age-related disorders. The present review will focus on the dietary sources, bioavailability and functions of vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin A/pro-vitamin A carotenoids and vitamin E.