cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology of Protein-Energy Wasting in Chronic Renal Failure

There is a high prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in both nondialyzed patients with advanced chronic renal failure and in those individuals with end-stage renal disease who are receiving maintenance hemodialysis or chronic peritoneal dialysis therapy. Approximately one-third of maintenance dialysis patients have mild to moderate protein-energy malnutrition, and about 6 to 8 percent of these individuals have severe malnutrition. These statistics are of major concern because markers of protein-energy malnutrition are strong predictors of morbidity and mortality. The causes of protein-energy malnutrition in patients with chronic renal failure include: (1) decreased energy or protein intake; (2) concurrent chronic illnesses, and superimposed acute illnesses and possibly increased inflammatory cytokines; (3) the catabolic stimulus of hemodialysis; (4) losses of nutrients into dialysate, particularly amino acids, peptides, protein (with peritoneal dialysis), glucose (when hemodialysis is performed with glucose-free dialysate) and water-soluble vitamins; and (5) diagnostic or therapeutic (e.g., prednisone therapy) procedures that reduce nutrient intake or engender net protein breakdown. Other theoretically possible causes for protein-energy malnutrition include (6) chronic blood loss; (7) endocrine disorders (especially resistance to insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I, hyperglucagonemia, hyperparathyroidism and deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol); (8) products of metabolism that accumulate in renal failure and may induce wasting, such as organic and inorganic acids; (9) loss of the metabolic actions of the kidney; and (10) the accumulation of toxic compounds that are taken up from the environment (e.g., aluminum).
Three-Dimensional Surface Mesh Segmentation Using Curvedness-Based Region Growing Approach

A new parameter-free graph-morphology-based segmentation algorithm is proposed to address the problem of partitioning a 3D triangular mesh into disjoint submeshes that correspond to the physical parts of the underlying object. Curvedness, which is a rotation and translation invariant shape descriptor, is computed at every vertex in the input triangulation. Iterative graph dilation and morphological filtering of the outlier curvedness values result in multiple disjoint maximally connected submeshes such that each submesh contains a set of vertices with similar curvedness values, and vertices in disjoint submeshes have significantly different curvedness values. Experimental evaluations using the triangulations of a number of complex objects demonstrate the robustness and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the results prove that it compares well with a number of state-of-the-art mesh segmentation algorithms.
Evaluation of the safe zone for percutaneous Kirschner-wire placement in the distal radius: Cadaveric study.

Distal radius fractures are a common injury that is often reduced with percutaneous K-wires. The sensory nerves in this area are at risk of injuring from pin placement. Cadaveric studies of the nerve distribution patterns have elucidated certain safe zones for pin placement that limits the risk of sensory nerve injury. These studies have advocated a limited open technique that involves a shallow incision followed by blunt dissection to the bone before a k-wire is drilled into the radius. A previously identified safe zone in the anatomical snuffbox was evaluated in 40 cadaver wrists for k-wire placement via a percutaneous technique that involves putting the pin directly through the skin without an incision or blunt dissection. After k-wire placement each wrist was dissected and sensory nerve distribution relative to the pin placement was evaluated. The variability of the distribution of the sensory nerves, namely the lateral antebracheal cutaneous nerve and the superficial branch of the radial nerve, is such that no truly safe zone exists for pin placement with the percutaneous technique in this area. Clin. Anat. 24:1005–1009, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimated impact of shot noise in extreme-ultraviolet lithography

Through simulation we examine the predicted resist images for 50- and 80-nm contacts in the presence of three sources of fluctuations: those associated with random photon absorption sites, those associated with dose statistics, and those associated with resist chemistry. Photon absorption simulations were done using simple optics theory or Monte Carlo techniques. These absorption maps were converted into an initial map of photoacid concentration and a realistic PEB model was used to obtain the developable latent image. A new dissolution model was used to estimate the final resist profile, and image analysis routines were used to extract the centroid position jitter, diameter fluctuations, and edge roughness statistics. The simulations show that each source of fluctuation can be significant, and we propose an experiment that will detect the presence of shot noise and partially separate the three fluctuation sources.
Pulmonary immunoreactive calcitonin in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): Anatomic distribution.

The hormone calcitonin, which occurs predominantly within the C cells of the mammalian thyroid gland, is also found within the pulmonary endocrine cells of the epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree. A study was made of the distribution of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in the African green monkey. Using two different region-specific antisera, the total respiratory iCT comprised 2.5% and 5.8% of the total thyroid iCT. The mean concentration of iCT in the right lung exceeded that in the left, and the mean concentration of the right middle or right upper lobe exceeded that of all other lobes. Embryologically, the ultimobranchial bodies contribute their iCT-producing C cell primordia to the thyroid gland near the level of the primitive laryngotracheal cleft and shortly after the early arborization of the bronchial tree. In monkeys and most other mammals, the right main stem bronchus is larger and develops earlier than the left. The data suggest an early migration of cells from the ultimobranchial bodies to the bronchi, eventually giving rise to the iCT-containing pulmonary endocrine cells.
Bond valence structure analysis of doped bismuth sodium titanate

This study focuses on a lead free, high temperature ceramic capacitor material having the base composition of (Bi/sub 0.5/Na/sub 0.5/)TiO/sub 3/. The goal is to modify this structure to create a material that has X7R-like dielectric behavior, while maintaining its inherently good high temperature dielectric properties. This will alleviate some design problems and create a component that is less susceptible to drastic environmental changes. Industrial areas of interest include aerospace, well drilling and automotive. An extensive compositional experiment, along with theoretical modeling has been investigated to modify the base material to attain the goals set forth. A combination of dopants including barium, strontium, and tin, were used to modify the dielectric properties. The dielectric properties were promising, however the low temperature relative permittivity is still too low to meet the goal of the project.
Assessing carotid revascularization should we abandon the neurological examination

Carotid stenting has become the treatment of choice in patients who need carotid endarterectomy (CEA) but are at high surgical risk ([1,2][1]). Concern remains about the incidence of stroke, particularly in the community hospital setting and in certain patient groups, particularly the elderly and
A review of acute stress reactions among victims of violence

This article reviews research pertaining to the psychological trauma occurring in the immediate aftermath of interpersonal violence. The literature surveyed includes studies of victims and observers of various forms of interpersonal violence: rape, threats by a patient, legal execution, terrorist attack, ambush, and assassination, mass shootings, and other forms of homicide. The empirical evidence indicates that individuals commonly experience disruptive psychological symptoms immediately following violence. Further, there is evidence that acute stress reactions can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The limited amount of research conducted on treatment interventions on acute stress reactions to violence indicates that there is not one best intervention. However, the high prevalence of acute stress reactions among victims immediately following interpersonal violence, coupled with evidence that acute stress symptoms predict PTSD, underscore the importance of providing early intervention to victims of interpersonal violence.
Chapters on Machinery and Labor: IV. The Introduction of Machinery and Trade-Union Policy

The conflicting interests of the trade union in the introduction of machinery, 209. — Trade-union policies, 210. — Opposition to machinery, 211. — Reduction in wage rates of hand-workers, 214. — Employment of hand-workers as machine operators, 218. — Reduction of inflow into the trade, 221. — Distribution of work, 224. — Conclusions, 227.
Usefulness of Upper Airway Endoscopy in the Evaluation of Pediatric Pulmonary Aspiration

Importance There is no consensus on the evaluation of pediatric patients with aspiration. Objectives To determine the yield of direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (DLB) using general anesthesia in pediatric patients who aspirate and to identify clinical predictors of aspiration-related airway lesions. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective review at a tertiary referral children’s hospital. A medical record review was performed on all patients with a documented diagnosis of pulmonary aspiration who underwent DLB using general anesthesia during a 5-year period (January 2010 to December 2014). Intervention Direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy using general anesthesia. Main Outcomes and Measures Data were collected and analyzed, including age, sex, history of intubation, flexible laryngoscopy results, DLB findings, recurrent pneumonia, and associated diagnoses. Results Five hundred thirty-two patients met the inclusion criteria. Their mean (SD) age was 2.2 (3.6) years (age range, 0.1-25.0 years), with more than half younger than 1 year. Sixty-two percent (328 of 532) of the participants were male. Flexible laryngoscopy examination alone identified 93 patients with an airway lesion. Direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy identified 173 additional diagnoses and had a greater diagnostic yield for airway lesions (45.1% [240 of 532]) than flexible laryngoscopy examination alone ( P P = .02) and more likely to have another aerodigestive disorder than were patients without an airway lesion (21.7% vs 11.6%; P = .004). Older age (adjusted risk ratio [95% CI], 1.37 [1.08-1.73]; P = .01), recurrent pneumonia (1.40 [1.11-1.76]; P = .004), and history of intubation (1.35 [1.07-1.70]; P = .01) were significantly associated with the presence of an aspiration-related airway lesion in the multivariable model. Patients with an aspiration-related airway lesion were less likely to have neurologic disease than were patients without an airway lesion (0.50 [0.34-0.73]; P Conclusions and Relevance In children with chronic aspiration who warrant further evaluation, flexible laryngoscopy alone is not sufficient. There is a high incidence of aspiration-related airway lesions identified on DLB and not seen on flexible laryngoscopy, with 66.3% (110 of 166) of those lesions eventually requiring surgical intervention. Patients 1 year or older with a history of recurrent pneumonia or intubation are more likely to have an aspiration-related airway lesion.
Designing Peptide Inhibitors of Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Family Proteins

Bcl-2 family proteins regulate apoptosis by using protein-protein interactions to control mitochondrial integrity. One critical interaction involves a short Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) motif in pro-apoptotic proteins binding as an amphipathic alpha-helix to a surface groove on anti-apoptotic family members. Despite strong structural similarity, five human and several viral anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 paralogs show distinct preferences for binding different BH3 motifs. We have dissected the interaction specificities of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, including the important cancer therapeutic targets Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, using high-throughput screening, computational modeling and chemical biology. I will present recent highlights of our work designing and analyzing selective binding partners of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 paralogs.
When to survey? Influences of a 24-hour Internet abstinence on Self-evaluations of Internet overuse assessed using Internet Addiction Test (IAT)

As Internet use becomes increasingly common and pervasive in our daily life, there is growing concern about Internet overuse and how to assess its severity via self-report surveys. However, being constantly connected without prolonged breaks may lead to a prejudiced self-perception on Internet overuse as an accurate assessment often relies on contrasts between lives with and without the Internet. The present study investigates how a 24-hr Internet abstinence influences self-reported Internet overuse assessed using Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Fifty-seven students were recruited from a US university to complete two IAT surveys: a pre-weekend IAT before the Internet abstinence on Saturday and a post-weekend IAT after the weekend. Results showed 93% of the participants reported different IAT scores before and after the abstinence, with changes in both directions and a range of absolute differences from 0 to 20 points. In spite of the similar averages, the distribution of the pre-weekend IAT scores was more dispersed and positively skewed than the post-weekend scores. Further analyses showed people scoring at the higher end in the preweekend IAT dropped more points and reported more questions with negative changes in the post-weekend IAT, suggesting overestimation of Internet overuse before the abstinence. Furthermore, items in IAT reacted differently to the abstinence; responses to questions on time management issues and withdrawal-like symptoms related to Internet overuse were more likely to be influenced. The study suggests that self-evaluation on Internet overuse are influenced by recent experience with prolonged offline life, and that future studies should consider administration of the IAT survey after an extended period of Internet abstinence as it ensures a more realistic and accurate self-evaluation.
Development of an In-Flight-Deployable Micro-UAV

This work was supported by the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and the US Air Force under contract as part of the MIT Beaver Works collaboration.
The Response of NDVI to Climate Variability in Northwest Arid Area of China from 1981 to 2001

The characteristics of climate variable are different in different area.This variable can bring different effect to vegetation.The cognition to the characteristics of climate variable and the relevant analysis on vegetation cover change help us more deeply to know the effect of global change in arid area.This research studied the NDVI change and its response to climate variable in northwest arid area of China from 1981 to 2001 by quantitatively analyzing the NOAA/AVHRR data of this time and the simultaneously meteorological information using trend analysis and correlation analysis by means of remote sensing technique and statistics.The results indicated that there was an evident correlation between the NDVI change and the climate change in the whole northwest arid area from 1981 to 2001.Especially in Xinjiang,the NDVI change was apparently affected by precipitation and temperature.The NDVI change was positively correlated with annual total precipitation,average temperature and annual humidity in north Xinjiang and south Xinjiang.At the corridor of Gansu Inner Mongolia and the Qaidam basin of Qinghai there was no obvious change of NDVI,and at the same time it was just the place where the precipitation changed least.Through upper analysis on the relation between the NDVI change and the climate changed in northwest arid area of China,it was showed that precipitation resource was the most key factor to vegetation growth and ecology construction.
TU-H-202-02: Applications, Validation, Clinical Endpoints and Opportunities for CT Ventilation

CT ventilation imaging is an exciting functional imaging modality that combines four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) and deformable image registration (DIR) to provide exquisite ventilation maps of the lung. CT ventilation imaging can be used for: (1)Functional avoidance in thoracic radiation therapy, (2)Imaging longitudinal changes in regional lung function for treatment assessment and adaptation, (3)Image-assisted diagnosis of non-oncologic respiratory diseases. CT ventilation imaging uses CT, a predominantly anatomic imaging modality, and through imaging processing creates functional images. CT ventilation imaging provides functional images that are higher resolution, faster and cheaper to perform than the clinical standard, SPECT. Indeed the number of CT ventilation abstracts presented at the AAPM meeting has been doubling every two years. With the world's-first clinical trial of CT ventilation functional image-guided radiation therapy now underway, the first dedicated scientific symposium will educate and stimulate AAPM members from both radiology and radiation oncology. This symposium will compare the foundations of CT ventilation imaging with competing MRI, PET and SPECT ventilation imaging methods, and details the first clinical trial of CT ventilation imaging for functional avoidance in lung cancer radiation therapy. The spatial-temporal nature of pulmonary ventilation, response maps to radiation and the design of predictive models will be presented. Validation efforts and challenges will also be discussed, from clinical outcome correlations in single time point and longitudinal studies, to cross-modality image comparisons in the first multi-institutional CT ventilation imaging challenge. The panel will discuss the future role of CT ventilation imaging, and what level of physiologic validation is needed for applications in radiation oncology and beyond. Learning Objectives: 1.Learn the principles of CT ventilation imaging and how ventilation images are acquired with MRI, PET and SPECT 2.Understand the methods used to benchmark CT ventilation and the correlations between CT ventilation imaging and clinical outcomes 3.Recognize the clinical applications of CT ventilation imaging in radiation oncology and beyond Australian NHMRC Fellowship. Australian NSW Cancer Institute Fellowship.; Y. Vinogradskiy, The authors acknowledge NIH R01CA200817 grant and Stat of Colorado grant.; T. Yamamoto, This study was supported in part by the American Cancer Society and the Dean of the University of California Davis School of Medicine (ACS IRG-95-125-13). Philips Radiation Oncology Systems loaned us a research version of the Pinnacle3 treatment planning system.; J. Bayouth, Funding support from NCI R01 CA166703; J. Kipritidis, This work has been supported by a Cancer Institute NSW Early Career Fellowship and an NHMRC Australia Fellowship. No commercial funding was received for this work.
A Review of Phosphate-Rich Pegmatite Formation in Maine

(1987). A Review of Phosphate-Rich Pegmatite Formation in Maine. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 62, Maine, pp. 393-397.
Stress and finite-strain analysis of a circular ring under diametral compression

Using a moire, large-strain analysis method, a complete solution is shown in this paper of the fields of strain and stress for a circular ring subjected to diametral compression between two flat platens. The isotheticsu andv, obtained using 1000-lines-per-inch gratings, were differentiated photographically by the shifting technique (moire-of-moire) to determine ∂u/∂x, ∂v/∂y, ∂u/∂y and ∂v/∂x. Using the exact finite strain-displacement relationship, the Eulerian strains ɛ x E , ɛ y E and γ xy E were computed. From these, the principal Eulerian strains were obtained. These results were verified with the isochromatics obtained from a large-deformation photoelasticity analysis. The ring was made of a polyurethane rubber which exhibits a linear relationship between natural strain and a newly introduced concept of “natural stress”. The Eulerian strains were converted to natural strains, and from these natural stresses were computed using the newly developed concept. Results are presented graphically for the whole field of the ring.
Crystal structures of two mixed-valence copper cyanide complexes with N-methyl-ethylenedi-amine.

The crystal structures of two mixed-valence copper cyanide compounds involving N-methyl­ethylenedi­amine (meen), are described. In compound (I), poly[bis(μ3-cyanido-κ3C:C:N)tris(μ2-cyanido-κ2C:N)bis(N-methylethane-1,2-di­amine-κ2N,N′)tricopper(I)copper(II)], [Cu4(CN)5(C3H10N2)2] or Cu4(CN)5meen2, cyanide groups link CuI atoms into a three-dimensional network containing open channels parallel to the b axis. In the network, two tetra­hedrally bound CuI atoms are bonded by the C atoms of two end-on bridging CN groups to form Cu2(CN)6 moieties with the Cu atoms in close contact at 2.560 (1) A. Other trigonally bound CuI atoms link these units together to form the network. The CuII atoms, coordinated by two meen units, are covalently linked to the network via a cyanide bridge, and project into the open network channels. In the mol­ecular compound (II), [(N-methylethylenediamine-κ2N,N′)copper(II)]-μ2-cyanido-κ2C:N-[bis(cyanido-κC)copper(I)] monohydrate, [Cu2(CN)3(C3H10N2)2]·H2O or Cu2(CN)3meen2·H2O, a CN group connects a CuII atom coordinated by two meen groups with a trigonal–planar CuI atom coordinated by CN groups. The mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers via hydrogen bonds to two water mol­ecules. In both compounds, the bridging cyanide between the CuII and CuI atoms has the N atom bonded to CuII and the C atom bonded to CuI, and the CuII atoms are in a square-pyramidal coordination.
Israel: Divided by Religion and Education

Israel is a democracy splintered by religion and education. Two of its fastest growing religious groups, ultra-Orthodox and Muslim Israeli Arabs, are not learning democratic principles or marketable skills that enable them to assist in the economic development of the country. Even Israelis who are attending secular and religious Israeli government schools are academically behind in mathematics as measured on 2011 international achievement tests of PISA and TIMSS. The history of religion and education from 1928 to 1955 built the foundation for the current divisions. The impact of the Ottoman and British occupation on citizens is particularized thorough the experiences of Elias Tuma, who lived under British and Israeli government systems. Today's educational system in Israel reinforces religious and sectarian conflict among its citizens. Educational and religious structural suggestions are provided for readers to consider. The implications of this work for future research are provided.
Pre-Departure Training for Global Health Electives at US Medical Schools

Pre-departure training (PDT) has been suggested as a tool to address the ethical, safety, and educational issues associated with global health electives. In 2013, due in part to increasing popularity of global health electives, the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) mandated that medical schools provide PDT as a means to address the unique safety and ethical challenges of these experiences. The purpose of this study was to characterize the prevalence, structure, and content of PDT for global health electives currently offered at US medical schools. An online survey was distributed to the director of the global health office or the dean of student affairs at all LCME-accredited US medical schools. Follow-up phone calls assured a high completion rate. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Seventy three percent (104/143) of medical schools responded. Among respondents, 96% (100/104) offered global health electives, and 88% (91/104) had PDT. Eighty-one percent (74/91) of PDT programs were mandatory, but only 59% (54/91) had formal curricula. Personal and travel safety, cultural competency, and ethics were the most commonly covered topics though offerings were highly variable. Though most US medical schools offer PDT, the structure and format of the programs vary widely. Despite broad acknowledgement of the value of PDT, institutional financial support is minimal. At the national level, resources need to be directed toward developing standardized objectives and curricula for medical student PDT.
The Mla pathway is critical for Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to outer membrane permeabilization and host innate immune clearance.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that has become a serious problem due to increased rates of antibiotic resistance. Due to this along with a dearth in novel antibiotic development, especially against Gram-negative pathogens, new therapeutic strategies are needed to prevent a post-antibiotic era. Here, we describe the importance of the vacJ/Mla pathway in resisting bactericidal actions of the host innate immune response. P. aeruginosa tn5 transposon mutants in genes from the VacJ/Mla pathway showed increased susceptibility to killing by the host cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, LL-37, when compared to the wild-type parent strain. The P. aeruginosa vacJ − mutant demonstrated increased membrane permeability upon damage as well as sensitivity to killing in the presence of the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate and the divalent cation chelator EDTA. When exposed to human whole blood and serum complement, the vacJ − mutant was killed more rapidly when compared to the wild-type parent strain and complemented mutant. Finally, in an in vivo mouse lung infection model, infection with the vacJ − mutant resulted in reduced mortality, lower bacterial burden, and reduced lung damage when compared to the wild-type strain. This study highlights the potential in therapeutically targeting the VacJ/Mla pathway in sensitizing P. aeruginosa to killing by the host innate immune response. • The Mla pathway regulates outer membrane dynamics in human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). • Disruption of Mla pathway gene vacJ sensitizes PA to host cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37. • Loss of vacJ expression renders PA more sensitive to human whole blood and serum killing. • Loss of vacJ expression reduces PA survival and virulence in a murine lung infection model. • The Mla pathway merits exploration as a pharmacologic target to sensitize PA to host innate immunity.
Hughes and Gleason's Virosaine A—Appreciating the Art in Synthesis

The synthesis of the Securinega alkaloid virosaine A by Hughes and Gleason is a perfect example of the intersection of art and chemical synthesis. An ingenious cascade reaction builds most of the polycyclic architecture, but necessitates a challenging C-H functionalization, which is ultimately accomplished by an unusual directed lithiation reaction.
Boolean network modeling in systems pharmacology

Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) is an emerging discipline that aims to discover how drugs modulate the dynamics of biological components in molecular and cellular networks and the impact of those perturbations on human pathophysiology. The integration of systems-based experimental and computational approaches is required to facilitate the advancement of this field. QSP models typically consist of a series of ordinary differential equations (ODE). However, this mathematical framework requires extensive knowledge of parameters pertaining to biological processes, which is often unavailable. An alternative framework that does not require knowledge of system-specific parameters, such as Boolean network modeling, could serve as an initial foundation prior to the development of an ODE-based model. Boolean network models have been shown to efficiently describe, in a qualitative manner, the complex behavior of signal transduction and gene/protein regulatory processes. In addition to providing a starting point prior to quantitative modeling, Boolean network models can also be utilized to discover novel therapeutic targets and combinatorial treatment strategies. Identifying drug targets using a network-based approach could supplement current drug discovery methodologies and help to fill the innovation gap across the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, we discuss the process of developing Boolean network models and the various analyses that can be performed to identify novel drug targets and combinatorial approaches. An example for each of these analyses is provided using a previously developed Boolean network of signaling pathways in multiple myeloma. Selected examples of Boolean network models of human (patho-)physiological systems are also reviewed in brief.
Motorcycle crashes potentially preventable by three crash avoidance technologies on passenger vehicles.

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the motorcycle crash population that would be potential beneficiaries of 3 crash avoidance technologies recently available on pas...
Reducing Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol After Myocardial Infarction in Older Individuals, Levels Versus Change: Can Observational Studies Answer the Questions?

Epidemiology studies before the introduction of statin therapy had shown that total or low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels at the time of heart attack were directly related to subsequent risk of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) and death.[1][1] There was a strong linear
Heat Capacities of Hydrogenated Nickel—Zirconium Alloys from 100 K to 400 K

The heat capacities of crystalline ZrNi transition metal hydrides and deuterides have been measured over the temperature range from 100 K to 400 K by means of differential scanning calorimetry. We find that the heat capacity, cp, of our hydrogenated and deuterated ZrNi samples is increased relative to the as-prepared alloys. We believe that this increase in cp is due to the contribution from optical phonon modes of interstitial H or D atoms. Using an Einstein oscillator approximation [1], we estimate the hydrogen vibration frequency, w, and find it to be consistent with previous neutron scattering data [2].
Cross-Architecture Lifter Synthesis

Code translation is a staple component of program analysis. A lifter is a code translation unit that translates low-level code to a higher-level intermediate representation (IR). Lifters thus enable a host of static and dynamic analyses for such low-level code. However, writing a lifter is a tedious manual process which must be repeated for every architecture an analysis aims to support. We introduce cross-architecture lifter synthesis, a novel approach that automatically synthesizes lifters for previously unsupported architectures. Our insight is that lifter synthesis can be bootstrapped with existing IR sketches that exploit the shared semantic properties of heterogeneous architecture instruction sets. We show that our approach automates a significant amount of translation effort for a previously unsupported instruction set, and that it enables discovery of new bugs on new architecture targets through reuse of an existing IR-based analysis.
Emerging evolutionary approach to human information behavior

New Directions in Human Information Behavior, co-edited by Drs. Amanda Spink and Charles Cole provides an understanding of the new directions, leading edge theories and models in human information behavior. Information behavior is conceptualized as complex human information related processes that are embedded within an individual’s everyday social and life processes. The book presents chapters by an interdisciplinary range of scholars who show new directions that often challenge the established views and paradigms of information behavior studies. Beginning with an evolutionary framework, the book examines information behaviors over various epochs of human existence from the Palaeolithic Era and within pre-literate societies, to contemporary behaviors by 21st century humans. Drawing upon social and psychological science theories the book presents a more integrated and holistic approach to the understanding of information behaviors that include multitasking and non-linear longitudinal processes, individuals’ information ground, information practices and information sharing, digital behaviors and human information organizing behaviors. The final chapter of the book integrates these new approaches and presents an overview of the key trends, theories and models for further research. This book is directly relevant to information scientists, librarians, social and evolutionary psychologists. Undergraduate and graduate students, academics and information professionals interested in human information behavior will find this book of particular benefit.
Kierkegaard on the concept of authority

Si la revendication religieuse en general et la revendication de la revelation en particulier peuvent etre considerees comme vraies, elles sont voulues personnellement et recues dans l'obeissance, non pas comme des hypotheses objectives mais comme une communication existante. C'est pourquoi une autorite particuliere concerne leurs defenses et cette autorite differe de l'autorite ordinaire. Kierkegaard decrit les croyances religieuses comme des revendications d'autorite car elles necessitent une participation du moi subjectif comme condition de comprehension religieuse et elles commandent obeissance et docilite profonde comme mode de leur affirmation. Sans ces caracteristiques, les questions religieuses perdraient leur signification religieuse.
Downstream Signaling from Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase was discovered because of its co-purification with the activated protein-Tyr kinases v-src and polyoma middle/c-src and its correlation with cell transformation by these oncogenes (Cantley et a1., 1991). Interest in this enzyme has intensified with recent discoveries that phosphoinositide 3-kinase is involved in chemotaxis, insulin-dependent recruitment of Glut4, activation of MAP kinases, preventing apoptosis, actin rearrangement and membrane trafficking (Carpenter and Cantley, 1996). In addition, knocking out a PI 3-kinase gene in C. elegans (AGE1 gene) results in a three fold increase in longevity (Morris et a1., 1996).
Decision Tools for Electricity Transmission Service and Pricing

Abstract This paper considers two methods for transmission service to the electric grid users in a market structure with both long-term bilateral agreements and short-term spot market. The first type of service is the one in which a transmission system provider is the main decision maker solving optimization at the system-wide level. The second type of service allows for the system users to indirectly control flows on the grid by deciding how much demand to exert for system use. Both formulations fall under the category of optimal transmission resource allocation problems. The formulations in this paper require solutions to a stochastic dynamic programming problem. The paper emphasizes process characterization and the assessment of the computational tools for solving the underlying stochastic optimization problems.
Dynamics of Small Mammal Populations: A Review

An understanding of population dynamics requires explanations for both the patterns of fluctuations and the densities at which they occur. To identify the causal mechanisms involved, we need to examine the environmental factors that impinge upon the population, the integrative responses of individuals that link changes in the environment to individual performance, and the population changes that occur as a result of shifting individual performances. A review of the literature on small mammals, mostly rodents, suggests that average population levels are largely determined by a balance of the positive effects of resources and the negative effects of enemies and that the strengths of these effects vary from habitat to habitat. Seasonal patterns of population change occur each year largely because of seasonal breeding; differences among years occur because of shifts in weather, resources, and enemies. Multiannual patterns (cycles) may occur because of time lags in responses to environmental change or because of combinations of nonlinear responses to density. The volatility of population density appears to vary directly with reproductive potential and inversely with the strength of density-dependent recruitment. A general approach for determining which factors are the most important for any particular population requires a mechanistic, multiple-factor view of population dynamics. Multiple-factor experiments can and should be used to test our understanding of the complex web of cause-and-effect relationships that influence the density of small mammals.
Adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells suppress autologous human normal bone marrow progenitors.

We have generated a homogeneous population of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2)-stimulated effector cells termed adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells (A-LAK) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) of 14 normal individuals and tested the effect of A-LAK cells on autologous hematopoietic bone marrow (BM) progenitor growth. Enrichment of A-LAK from PBMNC depended on the propensity of A-LAK precursors to adhere to plastic and proliferate in the presence of rIL-2. The resultant population had the morphologic appearance of large granular lymphocytes, and the majority of cells (73% +/- 4%) expressed the CD56+/CD3- phenotype associated with rIL-2-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells. The A-LAK population had potent lytic activity in chromium release assays against both NK-sensitive (K562) and NK-resistant (Raji) targets. When BM mononuclear cells (BMMNC) were coincubated with autologous A-LAK and rIL-2 (1,000 U/mL) added at the start of culture, dose-dependent suppression of burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit mix (CFU-MIX) colony growth was observed at effector to target ratios (E:T) ranging from 0.25:1 to 5:1 (maximal suppression BFU-E = 85% +/- 6%; CFU-MIX = 95% +/- 3%). This suppression was rIL-2 dose-dependent, and no suppression was seen in the absence of rIL-2. Depletion of BM monocytes and T lymphocytes did not alter A-LAK suppression of progenitors coincubated with A-LAK cells. Addition of polyclonal neutralizing antibodies against both interferon-gamma (IFN- gamma) and tumor necrosis facto alpha (TNF-alpha) to the coincubation culture completely abrogated the suppressive effect of A-LAK on BFU-E and CFU-MIX colony growth while each neutralizing antibody used alone had intermediate effects. In contrast to coincubation studies, 36 hours of preincubation of A-LAK cells with autologous BM (E:T 2.2:1) and rIL- 2 (1,000 U/mL) followed by plating of preincubated BM cells in hematopoietic progenitor culture produced significant suppression of day 14 BFU-E (47% +/- 5%), but spared the more primitive CFU-MIX (7% +/- 9%), suggesting a divergent effect of A-LAK cells on hematopoietic progenitors at different stages of differentiation. Addition of neutralizing antibodies against IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in preincubation failed to abrogate the suppressive effect of A-LAK on BFU- E colony growth, suggesting that this suppression occurs by a different mechanism than that seen in coincubation studies. Previous studies have demonstrated that the A-LAK population has cytotoxic and proliferative advantages over other killer cell populations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Cardiovascular Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Adult Patient with Congenital Heart Disease

The number of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) reaching adulthood has risen dramatically over time. With over 90% of the CHD population surviving, there are now more adults with CHD than children. As this population ages, they face both the inherent risks associated with their underlying cardiac lesions and the increasing possibility of acquired cardiovascular disease. This chapter reviews the global burden of cardiovascular disease and discusses cardiovascular risk assessment as it pertains to the adult congenital heart disease population and the presentation and management of acute coronary syndromes.
Intraoperative Fluorescent Angiography Predicts Pharyngocutaneous Fistula After Salvage Laryngectomy

Technology to assess tissue perfusion is exciting with translational potential, although data supporting its clinical applications have been lagging. Patients who have undergone radiation are at particular risk of poor tissue perfusion and would benefit from this expanding technology. We designed a prospective clinical trial using intraoperative indocyanine green angiography to evaluate for wound-healing complications in patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy after radiation failure. This prospective trial included patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy at a National Cancer Institute-designated tertiary cancer center between 2016 and 2018. After tumor extirpation and prior to reconstruction, 10 mg indocyanine green dye was infused and the fluorescence (FHYPO) and ingress rate of the pharyngeal mucosa recorded. The primary outcome measure was formation of a pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF). Patients who developed a PCF had significantly lower FHYPO (87 vs 172, p 150 (n = 21) or ingress > 15 (n = 15). There was a 50% fistula rate in patients with FHYPO ≤ 103 (n = 10) and ingress rate ≤ 6 (n = 6). Intraoperative indocyanine green angiography can assess hypoperfusion in patients and predict risk of PCFs after salvage laryngectomy, and can thus intraoperatively risk-stratify patients for postoperative wound-healing complications.
How the “Crown Case” Came to Trial and Why

Hypereides’ Against Diondas , recently discovered, shows the council reviving an earlier honorific decree that was then challenged, and this suggests the procedures that led to the case against Ctesiphon.
Paternal kin discrimination by sons in male chimpanzees transitioning to adulthood

Abstract Although paternal investment explains the evolution of fatherhood from a functional perspective, its evolutionary origins are unclear. Here we investigate whether a building block for paternal investment, father-offspring discrimination, is present in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. Adolescent and young adult males (12 - 21 years old) maintained proximity and groomed with their fathers more frequently than with other males given how often they associated. This discrimination did not likely increase the short-term inclusive fitness of fathers or sons because the absolute time they spent in proximity or grooming did not exceed the time spent in these activities by other dyads. Almost all grooming was done by sons rather than fathers, suggesting that sons are responsible for observed biases in father-son behavior. Father-offspring discrimination could partly be explained by young males socializing with males who were more likely to be their father based on their age at the time of the young male’s conception. Two other cues of paternity, the other male’s rank at the time of the young male’s infancy and the other male’s association frequency with the young male’s mother during the young male’s infancy/juvenility, failed to predict association-controlled proximity or grooming. Father-son biases persisted even after controlling for characteristics of males that predicted paternity probability, implicating other cues that we did not examine. These results suggest that an important factor for the evolution of highly investing fathers in humans, father-offspring discrimination, may have been present in simpler form in the last common ancestor they shared with chimpanzees.
Exercise does not ameliorate cardiac dysfunction in obese mice exposed to fine particulate matter.

Abstract Background Studies have demonstrated that exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is exacerbated in patients with pre-existing conditions such as obesity. In the present study, we examined cardiac function of obese mice exposed to PM2.5 and determined if mild exercise affected cardiac function. Methods Obese mice (ob/ob) (leptin deficient, C57BL/6J background) were exposed to either filtered air (FA) or PM2.5 at an average concentration of 32 μg/m3 for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 9 months. Following exposure, mice were divided into four groups: (1) FA sedentary, (2) FA treadmill exercise, (3) PM2.5 sedentary, and (4) PM2.5 treadmill exercise and all mice were analyzed after 8 weeks of exercise training. Results Echocardiography showed increased left ventricular end systolic (LVESd) and diastolic (LVEDd) diameters in PM2.5 sedentary mice compared to FA sedentary mice. There was increased expression of ICAM1, VCAM and CRP markers in sedentary PM2.5 mice compared to FA mice. Both FA and PM2.5 exercised mice showed decreased posterior wall thickness in systole compared to FA sedentary mice, coupled with altered expression of inflammatory markers following exercise. Conclusion Obese mice exposed to PM2.5 for 9 months showed cardiac dysfunction, which was not improved following mild exercise training.
Technical review: Vertical sleeve gastrectomy in adolescents.

Abstract Sleeve gastrectomy is an effective tool for inducing sustainable weight loss in adolescents with obesity. It is a seemingly straight-forward procedure, and yet deceptive in technical nuances. This review highlights the technical preparation (equipment, patient positioning, pre-operative management), and conduct (anatomy, instruments, methodology, pitfalls) of the operation, and concludes with essentials for anticipating and managing complications of the operation. Throughout the discussion, we emphasize practical techniques to maintain patient safety while achieving maximum weight loss benefits.
Using a Fuzzy Neural Network in Clinical Decision Support for Patients with Advanced Heart Failure

Determining the appropriate timing of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) or heart transplantation (HT) for patients with advanced heart failure is essential as there may be a mortality cost to delayed care. An automated decision-making system that can identify patients eligible for a HT/MCS would facilitate primary care physicians or general cardiologists referring those patients for consideration of advanced therapies. In this study, a novel fuzzy neural network was built by integrating fuzzy set theory, neural network, and genetic algorithm techniques. The overall architecture of the proposed fuzzy neural network was inspired by clinical practice guidelines. Clinical variables were encoded using fuzzy concepts and rules were calculated in a fully-connected layer with constraints in weights. From the experiments, the proposed fuzzy neural network achieved an average AUC of 0.838 and an F1 score of 0.462. The rules from the trained network were further analyzed. Our results show that the proposed fuzzy neural network can not only achieve good classification performance, but also provides transparency with respect to knowledge extraction and interpretation.