cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulation and transport of Cd, Cu, and Pb in an estuarine salt marsh surface microlayer1

Dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu, and Pb were measured in bulk solution and surface microlayer samples from an intertidal salt marsh in south San Francisco Bay. The phase distribution (dissolved vs. particulate) of metals was consistent with their calculated speciation in computer-simulated sea-salt matrices. Trace metal enrichment at the microlayer corresponded with physical events at the sample site. Advective exchange of Cd, Cu, and Pb between the estuary and marsh systems was dominated by transport of bulk suspended particulate metals, with an apparent net export from the marsh to the bay.
Nitric oxide-mediated alterations of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and expression during hypoxia in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets.

Abstract The present study tested the hypothesis that the hypoxia-induced decrease in protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity in the membranes and increased activity and expression of PTPs (PTP-1B, PTP-SH1 and 2) in the cytosol of the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets are mediated by nitric oxide (NO). To test this hypothesis, PTP activity in cell membranes and activity and expression were measured in the cytosol of normoxic (Nx, n =5), hypoxic (Hx, n =5), and 7-nitro-indazole sodium salt (7-NINA), a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), pretreated hypoxic (7-NINA+Hx, n =6) newborn piglets. PTP activity in cortical cell membranes was lower in the Hx group as compared to the Nx group and this decrease was prevented in the 7-NINA+Hx group. The density of cytosolic PTP-1B, cytosolic PTP-SH1 and PTP-SH2 was increased in the Hx group and this increase was prevented in the 7-NINA+Hx group. Immunohistochemistry results show an increased immunoreactivity to PTP-1B in the Hx as compared to Nx animals. The data show that pretreatment with 7-NINA, a selective inhibitor of nNOS, prevents the hypoxia-induced decrease in PTP activity in membranes. nNOS inhibition also prevented the hypoxia-induced increase in PTP activity and expression in cytosol, and therefore we conclude that modification of PTP during hypoxia is NO-mediated.
PRSA members' perceptions of public relations ethics

Abstract This study examines the reported ethical beliefs and behaviors of 307 practitioners (all members of the Public Relations Society of America) in the mid-Atlantic district of the United States, and compares their beliefs and behaviors with their perceptions of those of their peers and top management. Beliefs of top management are perceived as more ethical than those of both practitioners and peers, but top management is perceived as less likely to take disciplinary action against unethical behaviors. Among four demographic characteristics, age has the most significant relationship with self-reported ethical standards.
Imino 1H- and 31P-NMR analysis of the interaction of propidium and ethidium with DNA.

At low temperature and low salt concentration, both imino proton and 31p-nmr spectra of DNA complexes with the intercalators ethidium and propidium are in the slow-exchange region. Increasing temperature and/or increasing salt concentration results in an increase in the site exchange rate. Ring-current effects from the intercalated phenanthridinium ring of ethidium and propidium cause upfield shifts of the imino protons of A · T and G · C base pairs, which are quite similar for the two intercalators. The limiting induced chemical shifts for propidium and ethidium at saturation of DNA binding sites are approximately 0.9 ppm for A · T and 1.1 ppm for G · C base pairs. The similarity of the shifts for ethidium and propidium, in both the slow- and fast-exchange regions over the entire titration of DNA, shows that a binding model for propidium with neighbor-exclusion binding and negative ligand cooperativity is correct. The fact that a unique chemical shift is obtained for imino protons at intercalated sites over the entire titration and that no unshifted imino proton peaks remain at saturation binding of ethidium and propidium supports a neighbor-exclusion binding model with intercalators bound at alternating sites rather than in clusters on the double helix. Addition of ethidium and propidium to DNA results in downfield shifts in 31P-nmr spectra. At saturation ratios of intercalator to DNA base pairs in the titration, a downfield shoulder (approximately −2.7 ppm) is apparent, which accounts for approximately 15% of the spectral area. The main peak is at −3.9 to −4.0 ppm relative to −4.35 in uncomplexed DNA. The simplest neighbor-binding model predicts a downfield peak with approximately 50% of the spectral area and an upfield peak, near the chemical shift for uncomplexed DNA, with 50% of the area. This is definitely not the case with these intercalators. The observed chemical shifts and areas for the DNA complexes can be explained by models, for example, that involve spreading the intercalation-induced unwinding of the double helix over several base pairs and/or a DNA sequence- and conformation-dependent heterogeneity in intercalation-induced chemical shifts and resulting exchange rates.
168. Aging-related increases in CNS glutamate following chronic administration of interferon-alpha

Laboratory animal studies indicate that aging is associated with exaggerated inflammatory responses which are correlated with depressive-like behavior. One mechanism that may link increased inflammation to behavioral change in older animals is glutamate. Increased glutamate has been reported following activation of central inflammatory responses and can be toxic to both neurons and glia. To examine the impact of older age on CNS glutamate and its relationship with immune responses in humans following administration of the inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-α, glutamate normalized to creatine (Glu/Cr) was measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in 17 patients [8 older (age > 55 years) and 9 younger (age 55 years) and 7 younger (age
Discrimination of intensity differences on formant-like transitions

Dorman (1974) studied the discrimination of intensity differences on formant transitions in and out of syllable context. He interpreted his results as suggesting that the acoustic features of his stop-consonant/vowel syllable were recoded into a phonetic representation, then stored in an inaccessible form of auditory short-term memory. The Dorman results are replicated with analogous pure-tone and FM-glide conditions. The results of both studies are explained in terms of specified acoustic properties of the signals and thus provide no evidence for a special phonetic recoding.
On a posteriori upper bounds for approximating linear functionals in a probabilistic setting

The probabilistic setting for approximately solved problems has been studied in a number of papers; see, e.g., (Lee and Wasilkowski, 1986; Traub et al., 1988) and papers cited therein. Roughly speaking, it can be described in the following way. Suppose that we want to approximate the solutions SY-, for f E F, where S: F + G is an operator, F is a linear space, and G is a normed linear space. The elements S(j) are approximated by Ucf) E G, where Ucf) = 4(Ncf)) with information Ncf) consisting of n values of linear functionals Liv), and with an algorithm 4: N(F) + G being an arbitrary mapping. Assuming that the space F is endowed with a given probability measure /,L, the quality of U = 4 0 N is measured by the p-probability that the error [IS(j) U(‘j)ll is small. That is, for a given parameter 6 E (0, l), we seek an “optimal” algorithm U that, with probability at least 1 6, approximates Scf) to within E for as small E as possible. Equivalently: for a given 6 E (0, l), we want to find a pair (U, E) such that E is the smallest number for which p(CfE F: [IS(~) U(j)II 5 E}) 2 1 6. Since the bound E is independent off, it is an a priori bound. Since we seek the smallest E, in the probabilistic setting we actually search for U = $J 0 N that admits the sharpest a priori error bounds. In this paper, we propose a more general approach by permitting a posteriori bounds. That is, in addition to algorithms $, we let bounds Bcf,
Influence of vapor wall loss in laboratory chambers on yields of secondary organic aerosol

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constitutes a major fraction of submicrometer atmospheric particulate matter. Quantitative simulation of SOA within air-quality and climate models—and its resulting impacts—depends on the translation of SOA formation observed in laboratory chambers into robust parameterizations. Worldwide data have been accumulating indicating that model predictions of SOA are substantially lower than ambient observations. Although possible explanations for this mismatch have been advanced, none has addressed the laboratory chamber data themselves. Losses of particles to the walls of chambers are routinely accounted for, but there has been little evaluation of the effects on SOA formation of losses of semivolatile vapors to chamber walls. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that such vapor losses can lead to substantially underestimated SOA formation, by factors as much as 4. Accounting for such losses has the clear potential to bring model predictions and observations of organic aerosol levels into much closer agreement.
Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements of Total-Ionizing-Dose Degradation of $n$ MOSFETs

We have performed time-domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements on nMOSFETs before and after irradiation on time scales relevant to MOS radio-frequency response. The decrease in effective impedance of MOSFETs with ionizing radiation exposure is greater for transistors biased in the off-state (all pins grounded) during TDR measurement than for transistors biased in the on-state (VG high and the other terminals grounded). The increased admittance after irradiation is observable primarily in the off-state measurement. The increases in admittance (decreases in effective impedance) with TID correlate closely with decreases in trans-resistance at 0 V. These decreases result from increases in radiation-induced oxide-trap charge and interface-trap charge in the gate and/or shallow-trench isolation oxides.
An XPS Study of Oxygen Bonding in Zinc Phosphate and Zinc Borophosphate Glasses

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to determine oxygen bonding in a series of x ZnO · (1 − x )P 2 O 5 (0.50 ≤ x ≤ 0.67) glasses. Curve fitting of the O 1s spectra leads to a quantitative measure of the bridging-to-non-bridging oxygen ratio which is shown to depend on composition according to a simple structural depolymerization model. A third peak, present in the O 1s spectra collected from y B 2 O 3 · (1 − y )Zn(PO 3 ) 2 (0.00 ≤ y ≤ 0.40) glasses, is due to oxygens which link borate and phosphate tetrahedra. The relative concentrations of POP, POZn and POB bonds are shown to be in good agreement with a structural model which assumes that borophosphate units (BPO 4 ) form when B 2 O 3 is added to Zn metaphosphate glass.
Asian Integration and Its Implications for the EU “Post-Doha”*

Asian economic cooperation and integration has become a key fixture of the global economic landscape in the 21st century. Over the past decade Asian economies established a large number of bilateral and a few sub-regional free trade areas that have facilitated the rise in intra-regional trade and regional production networks. More recently, the region has been active in embracing regionwide accords. The EU has been essentially left out of this process. This paper considers the economic costs of EU exclusion from the economic cooperation initiatives in Asia. It finds that, although on the whole the effects will be small, the EU could face significant trade diversion at the commodity level.
Magnetic and resistive measurements of the superconducting critical fields of melt-cast Ba0.65K0.35BiO3.

The upper and lower critical fields of a melt-cast polycrystalline sample of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.65}$${\mathrm{K}}_{0.35}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ synthesized by a novel technique are obtained from both resistive and magnetic measurements. The coherence length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{GL}}$, penetration depth ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{GL}}$, and Ginzburg-Landau parameter \ensuremath{\kappa} are determined and the size of the specific-heat jump is predicted. The estimated electron-phonon coupling parameter is about 1.
Technology and Human Becoming

Technology is a mirror that reflects human nature and intentions: (1) we want certain things done and we want tools to do those things; (2) we are finite, frail, and mortal; (3) we create technology in order to bring alternative worlds into being; (4) we do not know why we create or what values should guide us. Imagination is central to technology. Human nature and human freedom are brought into focus when we reflect on the central role of imagination in technology.
Cerebral infarctions and transient neurologic deficits associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Abstract purpose: Little information is available concerning the clinical importance of cerebral infarction in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The purpose of this retrospective study was two-fold: (1) to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction and transient neurologic deficits (TNDs) among patients with AIDS; and (2) to identify specific patient subgroups at risk for such complications and whether there were underlying associated diseases requiring specific therapy. patients and methods: Neurology inpatient and consult service records, neuropathology reports, and the University of California, San Francisco, AIDS computerized registry were used in identifying study cases. Information on demographic background, associated clinical diagnoses, presenting neurologic symptoms and signs, laboratory results, pathologic findings, and clinical follow-up was obtained from each patient's medical record. results: Twenty-five patients with AIDS (mean age, 38) having clinical or pathologic findings suggestive of focal cerebral ischemia or infarction were identified. Ten patients had non-hemorrhagic cerebral infarctions, 13 had acute TNDs, and two had both. Cerebral infarction was associated with central nervous system (CNS) infections (cryptococcus, four; tuberculosis, one; zoster vasculitis, one) and cardiogenic embolism (one). TNDs were associated with toxoplasmosis (four), cerebral infarction (two), cryptococcal meningitis (one), vasculitis (one), and CNS Kaposi's sarcoma (one). A presumptive cause was absent in five cases of cerebral infarction and eight of TND. All five patients with pathologically proven macroscopic cerebral infarcts were diagnosed clinically before death. conclusions: We conclude the following: (1) AIDS patients, especially given their young age, appear to be at increased risk for cerebral infarction and TND. (2) Cerebral infarction and TND may be the initial presentation of AIDS. (3) TND and cerebral infarction often signify treatable CNS infection among ADIS patients. (4) The causes of AIDS-related cerebral infarction and TND are unknown in many cases.
Non-basal slip and twin accommodation in zinc crystals

Abstract An etch pit technique was used to observe dislocation patterns on the basal plane of zinc monocrystals. It was confirmed that at room temperature non-basal slip occurs on the {1122} pyramidal planes. Observations were made on {1012} mechanical twins that go partially through the crystal. Such twins often terminated in a group of slip bands at 90° and 30° to the twin trace; the orientation of these slip bands is consistent with pyramidal slip. At other twins a row of dislocations emanates from the tip; these dislocations lie on the {1012} twin habit planes. When a crystal is annealed, the twins tend to become parallel-sided, and they recede leaving a trail of dislocations in the matrix crystal.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates delayed myocardial protection induced by activation of adenosine A(1) receptors: evidence from gene-knockout mice.

Background—The mechanism of delayed preconditioning induced by activation of adenosine A1 receptors (A1ARs) is not fully understood. We determined the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)...
Quantitative measurement of cervical range of motion in patients with torticollis treated with botulinum A toxin

Improvement in cervical range of motion in patients with spasmodic torticollis by botulinum A toxin injection is difficult to objectively measure. Recently, a three-dimensional cervical range of motion system (EMROM) that measures primary as well as secondary cervical angles has been developed. This system uses an electromagnetic tracking system for data collection and a personal computer for analysis and graphic display of the data. We have tested the EMROM system and, from our results, believe that it can be used clinically to objectively and accurately measure cervical range of motion in patients who have spasmodic torticollis and who receive botulinum toxin injections.
Aadamkhor Haseena (The Man-Eating Beauty) and the anthropology of a moment:

In this article I trace certain related trajectories: the emergence and possible disappearance of the cinematic form of the soft-porn ‘morning show’; the waxing and waning arrangements of certain spaces in the city of Delhi, in particular cinema halls in Old Delhi; and lives enmeshed in this unstable itinerant matrix of cinema and the city. In confronting these situations of permanent mobility, we are led to the conceptual issue of time. Do the hands of a clock describe units of experience? Does time privilege movement or rest? How do we understand time in terms of both materiality and subjectivity? How do cinematic affects relate to durational experience? I address these questions by setting out the anthropology of a ‘moment’ as a way of understanding durational experience. The moment is conceptualised in two distinct but related forms: as a chronograph (that tracks trajectories of movement and matter) and as a crystal (that follows varying states of mind). Understanding the issue of time as a philosophi...
Josephus Daniels: His Life and Times. By Lee A. Craig. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. 474 pp.

Josephus Daniels: His Life and Times. By Lee A. Craig. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. 474 pp. In recent years, the Progressive Era has become fertile ground for biographers. Doris Kearns Goodwin's The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of journalism (Simon and Schuster, 2013) considers the Republican presidents of that age while Douglas B. Craig's Progressives at War: William G. McAdoo and Newton D. Baker, 1863-1941 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013) examines the lives of two key members of Woodrow Wilson's cabinet. The focus on the Wilson administration continues with Lee A. Craig's biography of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. Born in 1862 and reared in Reconstruction-Era North Carolina, Daniels was an important figure who played a number of roles on the state, national, and international stage: editor of the Raleigh News and Observer (N&O), spokesperson for the New South, partisan Democrat and political kingmaker, white supremacist, secretary of the navy, and ambassador to Mexico (under Franklin D. Roosevelt {FDR}). Daniels influenced the direction of politics in North Carolina and the careers of William Jennings Bryan, Wilson, and FDR, making him a worthy of a full-length biography. Craig depicts Daniels as an adept "backstage manipulator" (p. 367) who, through hard work, intelligence, and resourcefulness, rose from modest origins to become "the most powerful man in North Carolina" between 1898 and 1933 (p. ix). By age 21, Daniels owned three newspapers, and he acquired the marque N&O when he was 32. As a scholar of economic history, Craig details how Daniels took over the paper and made it a voice for New South progressivism, that is, a program based on industrial development, improved transportation, public education, and white supremacy. Political historians will be interested in the electoral impact of Daniels and his N&O, and Craig does not disappoint. Daniels was a diehard Democrat who became angry over how effectively his state's Fusion Party had aligned with the Populist movement, which originated among financially dispossessed whites, with Republican voters, most of them African American. For Daniels, economic progress in the South rested on solving the "Negro question" (p. 414). And the restoration of Democratic Party dominance in North Carolina required a reduction in Republican votes. The solution to both problems was the disenfranchisement of African Americans, which Daniels campaigned for--vigorously, viciously, and successfully--as editor of the N&O. Craig's vivid account of the white supremacist movement is the most compelling part of this book. At his core, Daniels was a man of contradictions. …
Application of computer-aided engineering techniques to tooling for castings

Abstract This paper describes a variant approach to computer-aided tool engineering and its application to a green sand casting foundry. The primary goal of the project was to develop methods for reducing the lead time and cost required to bring casting jobs into production. A general approach integrating the concepts of group technology (GT), group tooling, and numerical control (NC) machining into a computer-aided engineering system to generate patterns and core boxes for castings is presented. The steps used in implementing the approach—analysis of requirements, GT coding and classification, development of the tooling concepts, determining logic for converting part dimensions in tooling dimensions, and verification—are discussed in detail. Implementation of the concepts is discussed with respect to automotive disc brake rotors. The features of the computer software developed to create the integrated system elements are also described.
Influence of nitric acid treatment time on the mechanical and surface properties of high-strength carbon fibers

High-strength carbon fibers were treated with nitric acid and periodically analyzed by several different methods to develop an understanding of overall property changes and how they relate to compo...
Free recall as a function of test anxiety, concreteness, and instructions

Subjects of high or low test anxiety learned a free recall list composed of either concrete or abstract nouns, under instructions to think of images, phrases, or with no special strategy. Anxiety had no significant effect on total recall or subjective organization. High-anxiety subjects seemed to utilize a strategy of recall from short-term memory, though they had smaller digit spans than low-anxiety subjects. There was also a tendency for high-anxiety subjects under certain mnemonic instructions to give greater output priority to previously unrecalled items than did low-anxiety subjects.
The use of chlorine dioxide as a mold treatment and its effect on paper acidity: A case study

The University of Oklahoma Libraries has used chlorine dioxide as a treatment for mold on books since 1991. This research project compared the pH levels of library materials treated with chlorine dioxide to the pH levels of untreated materials to determine the long-term effects of using this chemical in libraries.
Comparison of outcomes and safety of "facilitated" versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Recent studies have documented that use of “facilitated” percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may be harmful. In-hospital outcomes in 1,553 consecutive patients with STEMI without cardiogenic shock who underwent PCI at a single tertiary center within 6 hours of presentation were analyzed. The study group included 767 patients who underwent primary PCI who initially presented to the tertiary center and were triaged for emergent PCI and 786 patients who underwent facilitated PCI who were pretreated at a community hospital with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet inhibitor and/or intravenous thrombolytic therapy before transfer for catheter-based therapy. Compared with patients who underwent primary PCI, the facilitated PCI group had longer door-to-balloon times (162 ± 57 vs 113 ± 61 minutes), higher baseline infarct-vessel TIMI 3 flow rates (52.8% vs 25.4%; p 90 and ≤150 minutes, patients who underwent facilitated PCI had fewer composite major adverse clinical events (combined mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, emergent repeated PCI, hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic stroke, and nonintracranial TIMI major bleeding) compared with patients who underwent primary PCI (relative risk 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.26 to 0.96, p = 0.034). In conclusion, facilitated PCI can be safely used to increase pharmacologic reperfusion before catheter-based therapy in patients with STEMI without an increase in clinical hazard and with fewer major adverse clinical events in patients treated with door-to-balloon times >90 and ≤150 minutes.
The Making of a Culturally Competent Counselor

Culturally competent counselors are accurately aware of culturally learned assumptions by themselves and their clients, comprehend the culturally relevant facts and information about a client' culture and are able to intervene skillfully to bring about positive change through counseling. A three-stage developmental framework proceeds from awareness to knowledge to skill in defining necessary competencies through a needs assessment. Examples of cultural bias are discussed and resistance to multicultural competence by counselors is described. Examples of facts and information needed to comprehend each cultural context meaningfully are identified and the possibility of multiculturalism as a "fourth force" in counseling is examined. Skills for finding common ground are illustrated through an Interpersonal Cultural Grid and a Triad Training Model is described for learning to hear the positive and negative unspoken messages of culturally different clients. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol10/iss3/4
Determination of Heavy Metals in Ambient Air Particulate Matter Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

The study describes optimization of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) experimental parameters for the determination of heavy metals in ambient air particulate matter. The optimization was performed using solidified metal standards on filter discs. The optimized values of LIBS parameters were 4.5 μs (delay time), 89.5 mJ (laser pulse energy), and 70 mm (lens to sample surface distance). At these optimized values LIBS demonstrated strong spectrum lines for each metal keeping the background noise at minimum level.The new method of preparing metal standards on filter discs exhibited calibration curves with good linearity over the concentration range 50–500 ppm with correlation coefficients, R 2 in the range of 0.992–0.998. The limit of detection for the three metals was in the range of 29–48 ppm. The developed method was tested on real ambient air samples for determination of cadmium, zinc, and lead. The concentration of various metals determined by the developed LIBS method was verified against a conventional analytical technique, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Hydrocarbons in haemolymph from healthy and diseased Japanese beetle larvae

Abstract The hydrocarbons in extractable lipids of haemolymph from healthy and diseased larvae of the Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) have been characterized. Haemolymph contains at least 21 saturated hydrocarbons having from 21 to 27 carbon atoms. Normal, monomethyl-branched, and dimethyl-branched alkanes with even and odd carbon numbers were identified. Tricosane (12%), 11-methyltricosane (19%), 9,13-dimethyltricosane (27%), and 11-methylpentacosane (11%) are the major hydrocarbons. Haemolymph from third instar larvae contains at least six minor hydrocarbons that could not be obtained in sufficient quantities for structure identification. The total amount of hydrocarbons per ml is reduced in haemolymph from larvae infected with Bacillus popilliae ; however, the relative concentration of each hydrocarbon is not significantly changed as a result of infection.
Team Cognition and External Representations: A Framework and Propositions for Supporting Collaborative Problem Solving

Teams are increasingly asked to solve complex and novel problems. From a broad range of domains such as the military, healthcare, and industry, difficult problems requiring the adaptation of a diverse set of expertise to one-of-a-kind situations are becoming more commonplace. These types of performance contexts require collaborative problem solving; however, the bulk of research on teamwork has dealt with behavioral coordination in routine tasks. This leaves a gap in the theory available for guiding design and training interventions to support collaborative problem solving, or knowledge-work, in teams. This paper addresses this gap by 1) providing a review of relevant theoretical issues, specifically the team cognition and externalized cognition literature, 2) advancing a theoretical framework and propositions rooted in this literature that relate the role of group process and external representations of problem spaces on problem solving outcomes, and 3) discussing future directions for testing, applying,...
Adapting a Consultation System to Critique User Plans

Abstract : A predominant model for expert consultation systems is one in which a computer program simulates the decision making processes of an expert. The expert system typically collects data from the user and renders a solution. Experience with regular physician use of ONCOCIN, an expert system that assists with the treatment of cancer patients, has revealed that system users can be annoyed by this approach. In an attempt to overcome this barrier to system acceptance, ONCOCIN has been adapted to accept, analyze, and critique a physician's own therapy plan. A critique is an explanation of the significant differences between the plan that would have been proposed by the expert system and the plan proposed by the user. The critique helps resolve these differences and provides a less intrusive method of computer-assisted consultation because the user need not be interrupted in the majority of cases - those in which no significant differences occur. Extensions of previous rule-based explanation techniques has been required to generate critiques of this type.
Orthologic and quantum logic: models and computational elements

Motivated by a growing need to understand the computational potential of quantum devices we suggest an approach to the relevant issues via quantum logic and its model theory. By isolating such notions as quantum parallelism and interference within a model-theoretic setting, quite divorced from their customary physical trappings, we seek to lay bare their logical underpinnings and possible computational ramifications.In the first part of the paper, a brief account of the relevant model theory is given, and some new results are derived. In the second part, we model the simplest classical gate, namely the N-gate, propose a quantization scheme (which translates between classical and quantum models, and from which emerges a logical interpretation of the notion of quantum parallelism), and apply it to the classical N-gate model. A class of physical instantiations of the resulting quantum N-gate model is also briefly discussed.
Behavioral Contributions to the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes

Behavioral contributions to the pathogenesis of prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) include lifestyle behaviors including dietary intake, exercise, sedentariness, sleep, and stress. The purpose of this paper is to review evidence for the metabolic pathways by which the behavior is linked to T2D. Evidence for interventions, which change each of the lifestyle behaviors, is discussed. The article will close with a brief discussion on how new technologies may provide opportunities to better understand relationships between moment-to-moment fluctuations in behaviors and diabetes pathogenesis, as well as provide opportunities to personalize and adapt interventions to achieve successful behavior change and maintenance of that change. Especially promising are new technologies, which assist in tracking lifestyle behaviors along with clinical and metabolic outcomes.
Ginkgo biloba attenuates oxidative stress in macrophages and endothelial cells

The action of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) as an antioxidant was studied using various models of oxidative stress in macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. GBE was incubated with murine macrophages (J774) at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 1 h; oxidative burst was triggered by zymosan. The intensity of fluorescence was measured directly in 96-well plates using a computerized microplate fluorometer at 485 nm excitation and 530 nm emission. GBE exhibited both time- and concentration-dependent suppression of oxidative burst. Confluent monolayers of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) were preincubated with different concentrations of GBE for 16 h, washed, and then exposed to an organic oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) for 2 h. Lipid peroxidation products of PAEC were determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Cell injury was assessed by measuring the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cell viability was determined by the methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay, tBHP increased production of TBARS in PAEC. Preincubation with GBE inhibited the increase of TBARS induced by tBHP. GBE protected biomembranes from oxidative injury by decreasing intracellular LDH leakage from PAEC. MTT assay showed that GBE minimized loss of cell viability induced by oxidative injury. The extensive antioxidant effect of GBE may be valuable to the prevention and treatment of various disorders related to free radical-induced pathology.
Acousto-optic tunable filters in imaging applications

Milton S. GottliebBoris KaminskyCarnegie Mellon Research Institute700 Technology DrivePittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230E-mail: ld2s@andrew.cmu.eduAbstract. We examine various physical characteristics of current-artacousto-optic tunable ﬁlters (AOTFs) for spectrally ﬁltered imaging appli-cations. Imaging spectroscopy, where the goal is to obtain simulta-neously spatial and spectral information, is a topical application that ef-fectively utilizes the attractive features of the AOTF. Key measures ofperformance include image blur, relative contribution from sidelobes,contribution from background illumination, broadband scattering and dif-fraction efﬁciency.
Precision Prevention of Cancer

> “Prevention is better than cure.” > > Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) Most tumors are incurable once they reach an advanced (e.g., metastatic) stage. Even for those cancers with effective treatment options, prevention has the greatest potential to reduce the burden of cancer in the
A Case of Effusive Constrictive Pericarditis

A 42-year-old male soldier in the Air National Guard presented to our hospital with a 2-month history of increasing dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and lower extremity edema, and presented to our hospital. Complete blood …
Optimal observation network in geostatistics and underground hydrology

Abstract Mathematical models and algorithms for the optimal design of data collection for regionalized variables are presented. The topics considered subsume as a special case optimal drilling strategies in hydrology, the mining industries and other geostatistical applications. In these disciplines an optimal design is a critical consideration since data, can only be obtained through an expensive drilling process. The methods given here are based on the theory of regionalized variables and of kriging. The basis of the methods for locating a single additional data point, and for locating multiple points, is the theory of minimizing uncertainty in parameter estimation. That is, the possible locations of additional points must be determined on the basis of surface analysis with respect to the projected costs of obtaining this data. After a summary of basic kriging techniques, four models are discussed. The first deals with the optimal location problem for a single experimental point, and the second, third and fourth models pertain to the case of multiple additional points. (Unfortunately the repeated application of the single-point model leads only to approximations of the global optima, since the global optima are usually unobtainable as a simple sum of the partial optima.) In the second model, an optimal regular observation network is to be designed to minimize the uncertainty of the estimation process subject to either the given number of additional data, or an upper bound for the cost of the additional data. In the fourth model, the number or cost of additional points is minimized subject to bounded uncertainty conditions. Finally, a numerical example will be used to illustrate the models and algorithms.
Business process redesign: Radical and evolutionary change

Abstract We explore the nature of change when firms engage in business process redesign (i.e., reengineering). According to the proponents, business process redesign is an all-or-nothing affair. Numerous books and articles on the topic promulgate the notion that reengineering is nothing short of a revolution. But the rhetoric can be daunting—and may mislead managers planning to reengineer their organizations. Our field research on 15 business process redesign projects suggests that only one of the two phases of reengineering effort needs to be revolutionary for the project to reach field implementation. Reengineering involves both the design—the blueprint for change—and the implementation of those plans. Reengineering design phase must have elements of radical change. The radicalness instills motivation in ways that more evolutionary projects cannot. But as companies implement the plans, they can—and many do—use a more evolutionary change process, and still gain effective results. Our results provide support to the emerging body of literature that argues that organizations combine evolutionary and radical change harmoniously.
Ovoperoxidase activity in ionophore treated mouse eggs. I. Electron microscopic localization

A mammalian ovoperoxiadase activity has been detected in ionophore activated mouse eggs. The peroxidase activity was demonstrated at the electron microscopic level using the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) histochemical method. A positive DAB reaction was detected in a portion of the intact cortical granules of untreated or DMSO treated control eggs. In the ionophore activated eggs, the DAB reaction product was routinely detected by electron microscopy, predominantly on the cell surface, that is on the zona pellucida, in the perivitelline space, and in association with the cortical granule exudates. Furthermore, the peroxidase inhibitors phenylhydrazine and sodium sulfite prevented DAB staining in ionophore activated oocytes. These results indicate the presence of an ovoperoxidase, possibly of cortical granule origin, on the surface of activated mammalian eggs, detectable by histochemical means.
Dynamic bit allocation for target tracking in sensor networks with quantized measurements

The problem of dynamic bit allocation for target tracking is investigated in this paper under a total sum rate constraint in sensor networks. Bits are dynamically allocated to sensors in such a way that a cost function, which is based on the Cramer-Rao lower bound evaluated at the predicted target state, is minimized. The optimal solution to this problem, namely joint bit allocation and local quantizer design, is computationally prohibitive and not realistic for real-time online implementation. Instead, a two-step optimization procedure is proposed. First, the best time independent quantizers are obtained offline by maximizing the average Fisher information about the signal amplitude, for different number of bits. With the time independent quantizers, the generalized Breiman, Friedman, Olshen, and Stone (BFOS) algorithm is employed to dynamically assign bits to sensors. Simulation results show that with the same or even less sum bit rate, the proposed dynamic bit allocation approach leads to significantly improved tracking performance, compared with the static bit allocation approach where each sensor is allocated with equal number of bits.
Variation in contrastive phonation in Santa Ana Del Valle Zapotec

The present study sets out to investigate variation due to gender, F0, and/or prosodic position in Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec (Oto-Manguean), a language with phonemically breathy, modal and creaky vowels, each associated with a tone. Male and female speakers produced words in five prosodic positions: isolation (with focus, F0 higher than sentence-medial position), initial (focused, high F0), isolation (without focus, mid-range F0), medial (mid-range F0), final (lower F0). Two acoustic measures of phonation, H1-H2 and H1-A3, were made for each vowel. Results were inconclusive as to whether one gender was creakier or breathier than the other, though they did suggest that there was a difference in the production of phonation. In addition, there was also a strong effect of F0 on phonation, but not of position independently of F0. While the three-way phonation contrast was present in all five prosodic positions, it was not always well-defined. The contrast was minimized in isolation with focus (high F0) and initial position (high F0). The results obtained indicate that there is variation in phonation, even in a language with contrastive phonation.
Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Parenteral Cefoxitin in Infants and Children

Thirty-two infants and children ranging in age from 3 to 151 months (mean, 26 months) were treated with parenteral cefoxitin (150 mg/kg per day). Ten patients with isolates of Haemophilus influenzae (six with cellulitis, two with arthritis, and two with mastoiditis), four with Staphylococcus aureus (one with lymphadenitis, one with septicemia, and two with abscess), and three patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae (one each with cellulitis, abscess, and arthritis), were clinically and bacteriologically cured by therapy. Two additional patients with septic arthritis and facial cellulitis developed meningitis with H. influenzae type b and S. pneumoniae, respectively. Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were 20 mug/ml for one strain of S. aureus and one of H. influenzae type b. The mean peak serum levels were 81.9 and 68.5 mug/ml 15 min after intravenous or intramuscular doses, respectively. The mean elimination half-lives were 42.4 and 40.1 min after intravenous or intramuscular doses, respectively. The mean volumes of distribution were 5,540 and 4,760 ml after intravenous and intramuscular doses, respectively. Mean plasma clearance was 242 and 257 ml/min per m(2) after intravenous and intramuscular doses, respectively. Therapy was discontinued in one patient because of neutropenia, which resolved after cefoxitin was stopped. Eosinophilia and transiently elevated liver function tests occurred in eight and six patients, respectively. These data indicate that cefoxitin may be an effective treatment for infections due to susceptible bacteria in the dosage tested, but its use may be limited because of the occurrence of meningitis during therapy in some patients.
Lazy Error Detection for Microprocessor Functional Units

We propose and evaluate the use of lazy error detection for a superscalar, out-of-order microprocessor s functional units. The key insight is that error detection is off the critical path, because an instruction s results are speculative for at least a cycle after being computed. The time between computing and committing the results can be used to lazily detect errors, and laziness allows us to use cheaper error detection logic. We show that lazy error detection is feasible, we develop a low-cost mechanism for detecting errors in adders that exploits laziness, and we show that an existing error detection scheme for multipliers can exploit laziness.
Optimal design of robot accuracy compensators

The design of a kinematic accuracy compensator for a robot manipulator by using linear optimal control theory is discussed. The method is based on the assumption that either the actual kinematic parameters of the robot have been previously identified or that the pose errors of the manipulator can be measured online. A general mathematical framework is used, so that any linearized error model derived from the corresponding kinematic model can be used to construct an effective robot accuracy compensator. The additive corrections of joint commands are found by a linear quadratic regulator algorithm without explicitly solving the inverse kinematic problem for the actual robot. The weighting matrix and coefficients in the cost function can be chosen systematically to achieve specific objectives. It the poses of the manipulator can be measured online, a parameter identification phase of the robot calibration process can be eliminated, thus avoiding the need to identify all the error sources. A simplified algorithm is presented that accelerates significantly the process speed, making it suitable for real-time applications. >
Party Government and Variation in Corporate Influence on Agency Decision Making: OSHA Regulation, 1981–2006†

Objective To understand how changes in the partisan control of the institutions of government may condition the effect of corporate political activities on bureaucratic decision making. Methods I examine the variation in the effectiveness of corporate political expenditures in reducing workplace safety (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) violations across partisan contexts between 1981 and 2006 for a large number of corporations. Results Corporate expenditures have a greater suppressant effect on workplace safety violations (but not inspections) when the Republicans control the Congress or presidency. Conclusions Corporations are able to influence bureaucratic decision making, but bureaucrats balance the demands of corporations against those of other party constituencies and their political principals. Thus, the partisan control of government importantly conditions corporate influence in the bureaucracy.
The Southwest School of Landscape Archaeology

A distinctive school of landscape archaeology is emerging in the American Southwest. The Southwest School, as here defined, has its roots in a unique set of historical relationships among archaeologists, ethnographers, indigenous people, and an intoxicating physical setting that has long provided scholarly inspiration. The most significant contribution of this school, however, is the manner in which it has begun to engage Native American intellectuals, not as data to be studied, but as interlocutors with distinct epistemological stances who have their own contributions to make toward the theorization of cultural landscapes generally. As such, the Southwest School stands poised to offer an important alternative to the more widely read landscape approaches currently popular in British archaeology.
Gender and Racial Earnings Differentials in Academic Labor Markets

This study estimates earnings differentials across racial and gender groups among college faculty, and decomposes these differentials into the components attributable to differences in individual and institutional characteristics and that which remains unexplained. We find that white females earn approximately 4 percent less than white males; black males earn 7.4 percent more; black females earn one percent more; Hispanic males earn 2.7 percent more; Hispanic females earn 1.7 percent less; and Asian males earn 7.7 percent more than comparable white males. We also find a significant earnings penalty for being a naturalized citizen or noncitizen versus an U.S.-born citizen.