cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrovirus cDNA expression library screening for oncogenes.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a retrovirus-based cDNA expression system and its successful application to the identification of novel oncogenes. The system described here permits the stable transfer and expression of large numbers of cDNA clones into equivalent numbers of recipient cells. This allows for the efficient screening of complex cDNA libraries, and facilitates the identification of transforming sequences that are present at low frequency within the cDNA population. In these systems, cDNA expression libraries are constructed in retroviral plasmids, and then converted into libraries of infectious retroviral particles. Four major advantages are obtained through the use of retroviral library transfer: (1) the ability to screen large numbers of cDNA clones on an equivalent number of recipient cells, (2) the relatively high levels of expression obtained with retrovirally transferred cDNA, (3) the potential to use cell lines that have been inaccessible to expression cloning because of low transfection efficiencies, and (4) the development of highly efficient recovery mechanisms for the proviral inserts. The chapter concludes with a discussion on cloning polymerase chain reaction products.
ARCH Effects and Trading Volume

Studies that fit volume-augmented GARCH models often find support for the hypothesis that trading volume explains ARCH effects in daily stock returns. We show that this finding is due to an unrecognized constraint imposed by the GARCH specification used for the analysis. Using a more flexible specification, we find no evidence that inserting volume into the conditional variance function of the model reduces the importance of lagged squared returns in capturing volatility dynamics. Volume is strongly correlated with contemporaneous return volatility, but the correlation is driven largely by transitory volatility shocks that have little to do with the highly persistent component of volatility captured by standard volatility models.
Chemical and Physical Characterizations of Potential New Chemical Entity

Elucidation of the chemical and physical properties of a potential new chemical entity (NCE) is critical to drug discovery efforts as part of “pharmaceutical profiling.” Knowledge of these properties could give insight into how the compound acts or binds to the target receptor to elicit desired or undesired effects and also help with formulation studies. This article focuses on most common chemical and physical characterization methods for a novel potential NCE. Keywords: new chemical entity (NCE); chemical characterization; physical characterization; peptides
Information capacity and fault tolerance of binary weights Hopfield nets

We define a measure for the fault-tolerance of binary weights Hopfield networks and relate it to a measure of information capacity. Using these measures, we compute results on the fault-tolerance and information capacity of certain Hopfield networks employing binary-valued weights. These Hopfield networks are governed by a single scalar parameter that controls their weights and biases. In one extreme value of this parameter, we show that the information capacity is optimal whereas the fault-tolerance is zero. At the other extreme, our results are inexact. We are only able to show that the information capacity is at least of the order of N log/sub 2/ N and N respectively, where N is the number of units. Our fault-tolerance results are even poorer, though nonzero. Nevertheless they do indicate a trade-off between information capacity and fault-tolerance as this parameter is varied from the first extreme to the second. We are also able to show that particular collections of patterns remain stable states as this parameter is varied, and fault-tolerance for them goes from zero at one extreme of this parameter to /spl Theta/(N/sup 2/) at the other extreme. >
COSMIC EMULATION: FAST PREDICTIONS FOR THE GALAXY POWER SPECTRUM

The halo occupation distribution (HOD) approach has proven to be an effective method for modeling galaxy clustering and bias. In this approach, galaxies of a given type are probabilistically assigned to individual halos in N-body simulations. In this paper, we present a fast emulator for predicting the fully nonlinear galaxy–galaxy auto and galaxy–dark matter cross power spectrum and correlation function over a range of freely specifiable HOD modeling parameters. The emulator is constructed using results from 100 HOD models run on a large ΛCDM N-body simulation, with Gaussian Process interpolation applied to a PCA-based representation of the galaxy power spectrum. The total error is currently ∼1% in the auto correlations and ∼2% in the cross correlations from z = 1 to z = 0, over the considered parameter range. We use the emulator to investigate the accuracy of various analytic prescriptions for the galaxy power spectrum, parametric dependencies in the HOD model, and the behavior of galaxy bias as a function of HOD parameters. Additionally, we obtain fully nonlinear predictions for tangential shear correlations induced by galaxy–galaxy lensing from our galaxy–dark matter cross power spectrum emulator. All emulation products are publicly available at http://www.hep.anl.gov/cosmology/CosmicEmu/emu.html.
Instituting a thawed plasma procedure: it just makes sense and saves cents.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this time-series study were to elucidate the impact of a thawed plasma standard operating procedure (TP SOP) on plasma wastage and on cost savings. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study compared plasma wastage for 1 year before versus 1 year after implementation of a TP SOP. RESULTS: The plasma wastage and discard declined 79.7 and 64.9%, respectively, with a cost savings of $15,654.79 during the 1 year after implementation of the TP SOP. The risk that a unit of plasma would be wasted decreased 86.2% from Year 1 to Year 2 and the risk that a unit of plasma would be discarded decreased 76.3% from Year 1 to Year 2. CONCLUSION: Our study showed the positive, sustained, impact of implementing a TP SOP. Twelve months after introducing the SOP our Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine Services' plasma wastage and discard were dramatically reduced, saving thousands of dollars. Initiating a TP SOP just makes sense; it is easy to implement, conserves plasma, and saves cents.
Longitudinal growth in infants and young children treated with budesonide inhalation suspension for persistent asthma.

Background: Results of recent growth studies suggest that inhaled glucocorticosteroids may affect growth in children. Objective: Three 52-week, open-label extension studies (studies A, B, and C) were conducted to compare the effects of budesonide inhalation suspension (BIS) with conventional asthma therapy (CAT) on long-term safety, including intermediate-term growth, in 3 different pediatric asthma populations. Methods: Pediatric asthma patients (ages 6 months to 8 years) from 3 multicenter, randomized, 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were eligible to enroll in the 52-week, open-label extension studies. The extension studies were multicenter, randomized, open-label, active-controlled, parallel-group studies performed at 26 centers in the United States. Subjects in each extension study were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either BIS or CAT. BIS was initially administered at a dose of 0.5 mg once (studies A and C) or twice daily (study B), with attempts made at each clinical visit to gradually reduce the dose to the minimum effective dose that maintains asthma control, as judged by the investigator. CAT consisted of any available therapy for asthma, including inhaled glucocorticosteroids in studies B and C only. Height SD scores, growth velocity, and skeletal age (only in studies B and C) were examined. Results: In total, 670 subjects were randomized; 223 subjects received CAT and 447 received BIS. Mean ages at entry were 63.0 months and 60.9 months in CAT and BIS groups, respectively. Median total daily doses of BIS ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 mg and the mean duration of treatment exposure was 304 ± 119 days and 342 ± 83 days in CAT and BIS groups, respectively. Changes in height SD scores differed significantly between the BIS and CAT groups in study A (–0.19, P = .003), and there was a small, statistically significant decrease in growth velocity (–0.8 cm/y, P = .002) in the BIS-treated group compared with the CAT group. No significant differences were observed between BIS and CAT groups in the changes in height SD scores or in growth velocities in studies B (+0.10 and +0.7 cm/y, respectively) and C (+0.12 and +0.8 cm/y, respectively). No differences in skeletal age were observed between BIS and CAT groups in studies B and C. Conclusion: There was a small, statistically significant decrease in growth velocity in the BIS-treated group compared with the CAT group in the study (study A) where inhaled glucocorticosteroid use was prohibited before entry and in the CAT group during the study. In the studies (B and C) where inhaled glucocorticosteroids were allowed in the CAT group, no differences were observed in height SD scores or growth velocity. The clinical relevance of these effects, including impact on final adult height, remain to be determined in prospectively planned studies that assess growth in children. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:259-68.)
Birds of a brighter feather: level of moral reasoning and similarity of attitude as determinants of interpersonal attraction

After being classified by scores on the Defining Issues Test, an essay concerning capital punishment, and an Attitudes-toward-Capital Punishment Scale, subjects high and low in moral reasoning and for and against capital punishment evaluated on the Interpersonal Judgment Scale bogus strangers who supposedly had also written essays concerning capital punishment. Essays were varied to reflect attitudes similar to or opposed to the subject's own and to be presented on a similar or different (higher or lower) stage of moral reasoning. Strong main effects occurred in the direction of more positive evaluations of sources (bogus strangers) who were similar in attitude and who reasoned on a principled level. These results were interpreted to suggest that subjects may be favorably impressed by the structure of principled arguments independent of the effects of similarity. This is consistent with modeling as an influence in accounting for upward shifts in moral reasoning.
The Disability Index of the Health Assessment Questionnaire is a predictor and correlate of outcome in the high-dose versus low-dose penicillamine in systemic sclerosis trial.

Objective To explore the clinical implications of a score of ≥1.0 on the Disability Index of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ DI) at the first patient visit, and to examine the implications of improvement in HAQ DI score over 2 years in a cohort of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma. Methods SSc skin and visceral involvement was assessed in 134 SSc patients with diffuse scleroderma (mean ± SD disease duration of 10 ± 4 months) when they entered a multicenter drug trial and again 2 years later. Mortality and the occurrence of scleroderma renal crisis were assessed for a mean ± SD of 4.0 ± 1.1 years. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationship of the baseline HAQ DI score to morbidity, mortality, and visceral involvement, as well as the relationship of changes in the HAQ DI score to changes in physical examination, laboratory, and functional variables over 2 years. Results A baseline HAQ DI score of ≥1.0 was predictive of mortality (odds ratio 3.22, 95% confidence interval 1.097–9.468) over 4 years. Multivariate linear regression demonstrated that a model which included the erythrocyte sedimentation rate at baseline (P = 0.005) and changes at 2 years in the swollen joint count (P = 0.002), total skin score (P = 0.005), and white blood cell count (P = 0.005) best explained the change in HAQ DI score over 2 years (R2 = 0.528). The HAQ DI score and total skin score at baseline were highly correlated (correlation coefficient 0.368), as were changes in the HAQ DI score and the total skin score over 2 years (correlation coefficient 0.492). Although the HAQ DI score was heavily influenced by hand dysfunction at baseline and at 2 years, improvement (reduction) in the HAQ DI score over 2 years was related to factors other than hand dysfunction. Conclusion A baseline HAQ DI score of ≥1.0 predicted mortality over 4 years. Improvement in the HAQ DI score in these patients with diffuse scleroderma was associated with improvement in skin thickening, hand function, oral aperture, lung function, signs of arthritis, serum creatinine level, and the investigator's global assessment of improvement. The HAQ DI is a self-administered questionnaire that SSc patients can complete easily and rapidly and that gives the practicing physician important information about prognosis, patient status, and changes in disease course over time.
Do Big and Little Earthquakes Start Differently

Can the occurrence of earthquakes be predicted? This question has profound social and scientific implications, but little is known about what triggers earthquakes or what precursor events might indicate one is about to happen. In his Perspective, Vidale reviews recent findings that attempt to resolve the question of whether large earthquakes are initiated by different mechanisms than smaller ones.
Osmotic sensitivity of canine spermatozoa

The objective of this study was to determine osmotic tolerance of canine spermatozoa. The study comprised three experiments: (1) spermatozoa suspended either in an egg yolk–citrate (EYC) extender or in Kenney skim milk extender were exposed to NaCl solutions ranging from 290 to 1500 mOsm; (2) spermatozoa suspended in EYC were exposed to 550 to 1500 mOsm solutions of glucose, galactose, or fructose; and (3) spermatozoa suspended in EYC or glucose-bovine serum albumin (G-BSA) were exposed to 0.6 M (∼900 mOsm) or 1.2 M (∼1600 mOsm) solutions of glycerol, ethylene glycol (EG), or dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). In all experiments, motility and membrane integrity of spermatozoa were assessed after they were diluted into isotonic medium at 37 °C. Exposure of canine spermatozoa to solutions of either NaCl or monosaccharides at osmolalities >500 mOsm caused a significant reduction of motility (P<0.01). Motility of spermatozoa was more affected by osmotic stress than their membrane integrity. Osmotic sensitivity of canine spermatozoa was dependent on the type of extender; spermatozoa suspended in the Kenney extender were more resistant to osmotic stress than those suspended in the EYC extender. Despite their sensitivity to exposure to high concentrations of nonpermeating agents, canine spermatozoa were rather resistant to exposure to glycerol and EG. However, Me2SO was toxic to canine spermatozoa; motility was substantially reduced after spermatozoa were exposed to 0.6 M Me2SO. The type of extender also affected the sensitivity of canine spermatozoa to Me2SO; spermatozoa suspended in the EYC extender were more resistant than those suspended in G-BSA. It was concluded that canine spermatozoa are sensitive to osmotic stress, but are tolerant to shrinking and swelling caused by exposure to permeating cryoprotectants.
Implementation of a graded-index medium by use of subwavelength structures with graded fill factor

We present a novel configuration for the implementation of subwavelength-based graded-index devices. The proposed concept is based on the etching of one-dimensional subwavelength gratings into a high-index slab waveguide to achieve the desired effective index distribution. A graded-index profile can be achieved by gradually modifying the duty ratio of the grating along the horizontal axis, while the beam is confined in the vertical direction by the slab waveguide. On the basis of this concept, novel graded-index lenses and waveguides are both proposed and characterized numerically by use of finite-difference time-domain and finite-element analysis. The proposed devices can be used for guiding, imaging, optical signal processing, mode matching, coupling, and other applications while offering the intrinsic advantages of on-chip integration such as miniaturization, eliminating the need to align each component separately, and compatibility with standard microfabrication techniques for manufacturability.
Davidson's troubles with supervenience

It is well-known that Donald Davidson denies the possibility of psycho physical laws. By 'psycho-physical' he seems to mean both laws having mental states as initial conditions and physical states as consequents (properly called 'psycho-physical1), and laws having physical states as initial conditions and mental states as consequents (which I shall call 'physico-psychical'). Interest in Davidson's denial has primarily focused on his rejection of psycho-physical laws and the attendant irreducibility of the mental to the physical. But I wish to focus on Davidson's denial of physico-psychical laws, for he combines this with the assertion of supervenience of the mental on the physical. As he puts it:
Percutaneous Management of Segmental Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm in a Patient Without Pulmonary Artery Hypertension

Purpose: The aim of this article is to report the percutaneous management of a case of idiopathic segmental pulmonary artery aneurysm (SPAA) in a patient without pulmonary arterial hypertension. Materials and Methods: A 69-year-old female was referred for the evaluation of an incidental finding of a solitary right pulmonary nodule on chest radiograph (CR). Chest computed tomography and pulmonary arteriogram findings were consistent with a solitary SPAA. Successful percutaneous endovascular coil occlusion of the SPAA was performed. Discussion: Segmental pulmonary artery aneurysm considered on CR should be confirmed on initial contrast chest computed tomography. Conclusions: Endovascular coil occlusion is a minimally invasive therapeutic option for idiopathic SPAA.
Technical Note: Evaporation of polar stratospheric cloud particles, in situ, in a heated inlet

Abstract. In December 2001 and 2002 in situ aerosol measurements were made from balloon-borne platforms within polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) which contained particles of supercooled ternary solution (STS), nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and ice. Particle size and number concentrations were measured with two optical particle counters. One of these included an ~80cm inlet heated to K to evaporate the PSC particles and thus to obtain measurements, within PSCs, of the size distribution of the particles upon which the PSCs condensed. These measurements are compared to models, described here, that calculate the evaporation of PSC particles at and for an inlet transition time of about 0.1s. The modeled evaporation for STS agrees well with the measurements. For NAT the modeled evaporation is less than the evaporation measured. The primary uncertainty concerns the phase and morphology of NAT particles as they are brought to temperatures >50K above equilibrium temperatures for NAT at stratospheric partial pressures. The slow evaporation of NAT in heated inlets could be used to identify a small NAT component within a mixed phase PSC dominated by STS.
Ritualized behavior as a domain-general choice of actions

Although we agree that ritualized behavior is a mystery that calls out for an explanation, we do not think that the proposed domain-specific two-component system offers an empirically well-justified and theoretically parsimonious description of the phenomena. Instead, we believe that the deployment of domain-general mechanisms based on choice of actions could also explain the essential features of ritualized behavior.
Flow perfusion improves seeding of tissue engineering scaffolds with different architectures.

Engineered bone grafts have been generated in static and dynamic systems by seeding and culturing osteoblastic cells on 3-D scaffolds. Seeding determines initial cellularity and cell spatial distribution throughout the scaffold, and affects cell–matrix interactions. Static seeding often yields low seeding efficiencies and poor cell distributions; thus creating a need for techniques that can improve these parameters. We have evaluated the effect of oscillating flow perfusion on seeding efficiency and spatial distribution of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells in fibrous polystyrene matrices (20, 35 and 50-μm fibers) and foams prepared by salt leaching, using as controls statically seeded scaffolds. An additional control was investigated where static seeding was followed by unidirectional perfusion. Oscillating perfusion resulted in the most efficient technique by yielding higher seeding efficiencies, more homogeneous distribution and stronger cell–matrix interactions. Cell surface density increased with inoculation cell number and then reached a maximum, but significant detachment occurred at greater flow rates. Oxygen plasma treatment of the fibers greatly improved seeding efficiency. Having similar porosity and dimensions, fibrous matrices yielded higher cell surface densities than foams. Fluorescence microscopy and histological analyses in polystyrene and PLLA scaffolds demonstrated that perfusion seeding produced more homogeneous cell distribution, with fibrous matrices presenting greater uniformity than the foams.
Caspofungin: first approved agent in a new class of antifungals

Caspofungin (Cancidas, Merck & Co. Inc.) is the first echinocandin antifungal agent to gain FDA-approval for use in the US. It has excellent clinical activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. but lacks significant activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Caspofungin may have some activity against dimorphic fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis, but no clinical data is available for treatment of these infections. Caspofungin has demonstrated poor activity against most filamentous fungi in vitro. Several clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of oropharyngeal, oesophageal and invasive candidiasis, as well as invasive aspergillosis. As a result of caspofungin's unique mechanism of action, and the high morbidity and mortality of invasive fungal infections, there is considerable interest in using this new antifungal agent as part of a combination antifungal therapy. In vitro studies and small case series indicate that caspofungin does not appear to be antagonistic when combined with other antifungals, such as itraconazole, voriconazole or amphotericin B against Aspergillus spp. Caspofungin exerts concentration-dependent killing effects in many different in vitro and animal models of disseminated fungal infection. The usual daily dose is 50 mg/day i.v. following a 70 mg i.v. loading dose. However, higher caspofungin doses have been safely administered and up to 70 mg/day can be administered for patients who fail to respond to lower doses. Caspofungin has an excellent safety profile with reduced toxicities, compared to other licensed antifungal agents. Fever, thrombophlebitis, headache and liver enzyme elevations were the most common drug-related side effects reported in clinical trials so far. Additional data are needed to document its safety in long-term use, and with higher doses in patients with invasive fungal infections. Caspofungin is a promising agent as first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis, and as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis. However, more clinical data are needed to define its role as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis, and its role in combination antifungal therapy.
Ontological Approach for the Management of Informed Consent Permissions

We have developed an ontology-based model of subject's permissions and organization's obligations resulting from the informed consent process. For the initial evaluation of the ontology we modeled the research plan of an informed consent document currently used by the UCSD Moores Cancer Center (MCC) for collecting and banking biospecimens for use in cancer research. We have also populated the ontology with de-identified clinical data and sample data from patients who consented to participate in the study. Furthermore, we provided reasoning mechanisms to support requests from real uses cases involving researchers approaching MCC requesting access to use collected clinical data and biospecimens. We supported those requests by identifying resources available for reuse, while checking conformance with preexisting subject's permissions. Based on the lessons learned from this study we propose a scalable framework for specifying subject's permission and checking researcher's resource requests in compliance with given permissions. The proposed framework is an extension of an existing general-purpose policy engine based on XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language), incorporating ontology-based reasoning. Given the lack of standards for sharing, integrating and checking compliance with subject's consents our research could have an important future practical impact.
Measuring Legislative Accomplishment, 1877–1994

Understanding the dynamics of lawmaking in the United States is at the center of the study of American politics. A fundamental obstacle to progress in this pursuit is the lack of measures of policy output, especially for the period prior to 1946. The lack of direct legislative accomplishment measures makes it difficult to assess the performance of our political system. We provide a new measure of legislative significance and accomplishment. Specifically, we demonstrate how item-response theory can be combined with a new dataset that contains every public statute enacted between 1877 and 1994 to estimate “legislative importance” across time. Although the resulting estimates and associated standard errors provide new opportunities for scholars interested in analyzing U.S. policymaking since 1877, the methodology we present is not restricted to Congress, the United States, or lawmaking.
Making doctors—a new approach

(1989). Making doctors—a new approach. Teaching and Learning in Medicine: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 62-66.
Navigating the network: signaling cross-talk in hematopoietic cells

Recent studies in hematopoietic cells have led to a growing appreciation of the diverse modes of molecular and functional cross-talk between canonical signaling pathways. However, these intersections represent only the tip of the iceberg. Emerging global analytical methods are providing an even richer and more complete picture of the many components that measurably interact in a network manner to produce cellular responses. Here we highlight the pieces in this Focus, emphasize the limitations of the present canonical pathway paradigm, and discuss the value of a systems biology approach using more global, quantitative experimental design and data analysis strategies. Lastly, we urge caution about overly facile interpretation of genome- and proteome-level studies.
Sex differences in mental illness among adult men and women: an evaluation of four questions raised regarding the evidence on the higher rates of women.

Abstract In a paper which limited the definition of mental illness to non-organic disorders where there was acute distress and/or disorganization, Jeanette Tudor and I found that since World War II in western industrial societies the data from a variety of sources consistently indicated that women have higher rates of mental illness than men. This sex difference was attributed to differences in the sex and marital roles of men and women. The publication of this article produced a debate on a number of topics. First, an apparent contradiction in the literature was noted: while women manifest more psychiatric symptoms they appear to be as happy and satisfied as men. Second, questions have been raised about the reliability and validity of the data presented. Third, there have been investigations with somewhat conflicting results with regard to the role explanation suggested. And fourth, an alternative, primarily biological, explanation of the data has been proposed by Dohrenwend and Dohrenwend. The present paper reviews the evidence bearing on these four questions. It is concluded that, in toto , the evidence suggests that in our society women do have higher rates of mental illness than men and that this difference is due primarily to their sex and marital roles. However, it is clear that we know relatively little about the precise nature of the interaction of sex roles, marital roles, socialization and personality which produces the higher rates in women.
Computer-aided reconstruction of neuron trees from several serial sections

Abstract Computer-aided neuron tree reconstruction allows an anatomist to spatially visualize and statistically summarize the tree branching pattern. Trees which span several serial tissue sections present a difficult reconstruction problem. Segments of trees from different sections are traced separately with a computerized microscope relative to a constant tissue origin. With computer aid, sections are aligned with respect to this origin. Individual tree segments can be displayed with possible merging points emphasized. Transposition of tree segments is performed on those segments whose tree origin was improperly selected. Finally, complete reconstructions are generated by merging origins of tree segments into cut ends of other tree segments. The reconstructed tree may be displayed with smooth rotation and translation; also it may be statistically summarized.
On frequency-domain and time-domain phase unwrapping

Time-domain phase unwrapping of analytic or complex functions of time is an unavoidable operation when processing such signals within an FM-modeling framework or when attempting to establish the instantaneous frequency of such signals. With the help of an alternate derivation of his equations, Tribolet's frequency-domain phase unwrapping algorithm is easily rewritten for time-domain application. The time derivative of the argument of the signal, a quantity needed in these modified equations, is developed and furthermore recognized to be proportional to the instantaneous frequency of the signal.
Invited Paper Advances In The Technology For The Permeable Base Transistor

The GaAs permeable base transistor (PBT) is fabricated by using overgrowth to embed a polycrystalline, submicrometer-period tungsten (W) grating completely within a single crystal of n-type GaAs. Recent PBTs have experimentally demonstrated an extrapolated maximum frequency of oscillation (f max)of 223 GHz and an extrapolated unity current gain frequency (fT) of 50 GHz. By using a subpicosecond laser sampling technique, the turn-on risetime for a PBT has been measured to be 5 picoseconds at room temperature. Initial PBT performance results were modest, prompting a comprehensive study of the special problems involved in fabrication. Extensive secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) experiments have shown that Cr, Fe, Cu, Te, and Au impurities in the W grating lines diffuse into the GaAs during overgrowth. Similar experiments have shown that Cl preferentially incorporates from the gas phase around W gratings overgrown by AsCl, vapor phase epitaxy (VPE). Se shows this same behavior in organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD) overgrowth when H2Se is used as the dopant gas. Studies have also shown that any pre-overgrowth process-related surface contamination on the GaAs or the grating that is not removed by the pre-overgrowth surface cleaning will probably be incorporated into the overgrown GaAs. Many of these impurities are acceptors or deep levels in GaAs, and their presence in the device channels can have a strong negative effect on PBT performance. All of these fabrication-related problems have been rigorously addressed, and as a result both the device performance and the wafer-to-wafer reproducibility have improved substantially. The technology required to fabricate PBTs is not particularly difficult, provided that the proper combination of materials and processes is selected. Overgrowth-based technologies offer a whole new degree of freedom to high-speed device designers and those wishing to integrate disparate materials on a single wafer.
On Exhibiting Transnational Mobilities: Museum Display Decisions in “Gold Cloths of Sumatra”

Scholarship on the new “mobilities” paradigm from sociology and cultural geography has much to offer anthropologist curators and other museum professionals seeking to conceptualize and design exhibitions on ritual objects that are “on the move”—that is, ceremonial things such as Sumatran textiles (the focus here) that have long histories of crossing ethnic group, social class, and national borders. These ritual goods are often crucial sites for constructing both “indigeneity” and national identities through aesthetic references to imagined pasts. These ceremonial goods also carry symbolic weight as collectible art within widely internationalized circuits of exchange among major collectors and museums. These objects' travels through these realms of value and renown make them eminently open to mobilities research approaches—and to exhibition designs shaped by that literature. This essay offers a case study of a college gallery exhibition on gold thread songket textiles whose display design was inspired by mobilities research. [mobilities paradigm, exhibition design, textiles, Southeast Asia]
Intrinsic states of deformed odd-A nuclei in the mass regions (151 221)

A review of the empirical data on intrinsic states of odd-$A$ nuclei in the mass range $151\ensuremath{\le}A\ensuremath{\le}193$ and $A\ensuremath{\ge}221$ is presented. Global summaries of the data are presented in tables for each isotopic and isotonic chain, wherein the excitation energy, the $log\mathrm{ft}$ values, the moment-of-inertia parameter, and the decoupling parameter (for $K=\frac{1}{2}$ bands) are listed for single-particle, vibrational admixed, and pure vibrational states. Similar data are separately presented for three-quasiparticle excitations in the rare-earth region. Taking guidance from the systematics on nuclear deformation, the single-particle deformed potential for axially symmetric and reflection-symmetric shapes (the Nilsson model) modified by the hexadecapole deformation is used to interpret the data. Other variations of the Nilsson model, which include axially asymmetric shapes ($\ensuremath{\gamma}$ deformation) and especially reflection-asymmetric shapes (octupole deformation), have also been used to interpret the data in certain limited regions. Systematics for the intrinsic excitations are presented and discussed in terms of these models. The newly emerging regions of the octupole-quadrupole deformation and superdeformation are also discussed.
Shared regulatory programs suggest retention of blastula-stage potential in neural crest cells

Neural crest cells, which are specific to vertebrates, arise in the ectoderm but can generate cell types that are typically categorized as mesodermal. This broad developmental potential persists past the time when most ectoderm-derived cells become lineage-restricted. The ability of neural crest to contribute mesodermal derivatives to the bauplan has raised questions about how this apparent gain in potential is achieved. Here, we describe shared molecular underpinnings of potency in neural crest and blastula cells. We show that in Xenopus, key neural crest regulatory factors are also expressed in blastula animal pole cells and promote pluripotency in both cell types. We suggest that neural crest cells may have evolved as a consequence of a subset of blastula cells retaining activity of the regulatory network underlying pluripotency.
Matters of Success: A Deliberative Polling Approach to the Study of Student Retention

In this article, the authors discuss a recent study they carried out at a mid-sized state university that used a polling method called deliberative polling. This type of polling differs from conventional polling in that respondents are polled before and after a deliberative session in which they discuss issues based on pertinent and empirically-grounded information. This method, it is argued, uncovers observations and insights that could prove valuable to improving university retention and graduation rates.
The Road Less Traveled New Urbanist Inducements to Travel Mode Substitution for Nonwork Trips

In JPER volume 15, Crane (1996b) challenged the New Urbanist arguments that urban design traits such as street orientation, density, mix of land uses, and transit access automatically get travelers to substitute walking and transit for personal auto-mobile use. The work presented here starts to address that point, formally testing New Urbanist ideas about travel mode substitution. Using data from the 1994 Household Activity and Travel Behavior Survey conducted in Portland, Oregon, these findings suggest New Urbanist concepts serve to increase walking substitution; transit is not affected. These findings hold even in the face of travelers self-selecting into specific residential environments.
Variation of the Vapor Viscosities of Normal and Isopentane with Pressure by the Rotating Cylinder Method

The vapor viscosities of both normal and isopentane have been measured by the rotating cylinder method at different pressures ranging from a few millimeters pressure to the saturated vapor pressures all at 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Twenty-eight measurements are given for normal pentane and thirty-seven for isopentane with an estimated accuracy of 0.2 percent. The plotted values for each compound shows a linear decrease with pressure, the slopes being nearly the same. The results may be expressed for normal pentane $\ensuremath{\eta}=(677.2\ensuremath{-}0.0084p)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ poises; for isopentane $\ensuremath{\eta}=(696.5\ensuremath{-}0.0077p)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ poises where $p$ is the pressure of the vapor in millimeters of mercury.
Pregnancy outcome after inadvertent ivermectin treatment during community-based distribution

Ivermectin is the drug of choice for community-based treatment of onchocerciasis. Since pregnancy testing during mass distribution campaigns is not feasible, the safety of ivermectin in pregnancy must be established. During a 3-year study, ivermectin was distributed to the population of a rubber plantation (14,000 people) in Liberia. Only 31% of women were aware of their pregnancy status during the first month; it was calculated that about half of women in the first trimester of pregnancy are likely to be treated inadvertently. 203 children born to women inadvertently treated during pregnancy were identified. In this limited sample, there was no significant difference in birth defects between treated and untreated mothers in the same population or compared with a reference population. Children of treated and untreated mothers showed no difference in developmental status or disease patterns. Further surveillance is necessary; however, since no major effects of ivermectin on pregnancy outcome were detected, there seems no need to change existing strategies of ivermectin distribution.
L-tryptophan metabolism in phenylketonuria

A disturbance of the intestinal transport of L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine secondary to the high blood phenylalanine content has been suggested. The L-tryptophan metabolic abnormalities observed in untreated phenylketonuria appear to be due to a transport defect of this amino acid. Six phenylketonuric subjects were studied before and after a low phenylalanine diet. Hyperphenylalaninemia was associated with striking limitation in absorption of tryptophan and tyrosine as reflected by significantly low fasting plasma tryptophan values, limitation in the peak plasma tryptophan response to the oral load, increased fecal tryptophan and tyrosine content, and increased fecal and urinary indoles. Following dietary correction of plasma phenylalanine concentrations, all these abnormalities returned to normal when compared with responses in normal children.
The effects of arsenic drain profile on submicrometer silicide MOSFETs

The performance and reliability tradeoffs with source-drain implant energy were examined on n-channel MOSFETs with 0.5- mu m physical gate lengths and fully silicided sources, drains, and gates. Platinum silicide was used over structures with self-aligned arsenic source-drain implants with energies ranging from 40 to 220 keV at a constant dose of 1*10/sup 14/ cm/sup 2/. Shallow implants showed low diode reverse breakdowns due to depletion layer interactions, but yielded low series resistance and underdiffusion ( Delta L) values, and high device gains. Deeper implants (>70 keV) showed improved diode characteristics, but devices exhibited increased series resistance, Delta L, and reduced gains. Only minor short-channel effects were noted on threshold voltage and subthreshold swings for channel devices with L=0.5 mu m over the range of implants examined, although the higher-energy implants did show more severe drain modulation effects. Significantly improved immunity to hot-carrier degradation was noted with the deeper implants. The drains implanted at 145 keV showed the best immunity to hot-electron degradation, small gain, and short-channel effects, giving a good balance between device performance and reliability. >
A private practice model for teaching and research activities

Abstract The majority of neurologists in the United States are in free for service patient management, dividing their time between hospital and office based practice. Many have had subspecialty training or have had research experience. It is our belief that research should be a component of a neurologist's practice. This is particularlytrue for an assessment of outcome. In order to accomplish this, we have developed a system which includes patient management, teaching, and clinical research, within our fee for service model.
Improving Translation of Live Sequence Charts to Temporal Logic

An efficient and mathematically rigorous translation from Live Sequence Charts (LSCs) to temporal logic is essential to providing an end-to-end specification and verification method for System on Chip (SoC) protocols. Without mathematical rigor, no translation can be trusted to completely represent the LSC specification, while inefficiency renders even provably sound translations useless in verifying the correctness of industrial-strength protocols. Previous work shows that the LSC-to-temporal logic and LSC-to-automata translations can be automated and formalized for the LSC language. In the LSC-to-temporal logic translation, the extraordinary size of the resulting formula limits the scalability of the charts that can be translated and verified. Our work, on the other hand, leverages intuitive temporal logic reductions to generate a formula that is at most quadratic in the size of the chart and demonstrates the benefits of the improved translation on several examples.
Comparison of angioplasty and surgery for neonatal aortic coarctation.

Background The efficacy of balloon dilatation as primary treatment for neonatal aortic coarctation remains controversial. Methods A retrospective comparison between balloon angioplasty and surgery for the treatment of neonatal aortic coarctation was undertaken on 57 neonates younger than 40 days of age (angioplasty, 23 patients; surgery, 34 patients) treated between 1994 and 2004. Results Cohorts were similar with respect to the preinterventional variables of age, weight, upper extremity systolic blood pressure, coarctation gradient, degree of aortic arch hypoplasia, associated conditions, and mean follow-up (angioplasty, 36 months; surgery, 38 months). Among the angioplasty group, 13 patients (57%) required surgery, and 8 required a second balloon dilatation, of whom 3 patients had an aortic aneurysm. Among the surgery cohort, 6 patients experienced recurrence (18%) after either SFA (3) or XETE anastomosis repair (3). All were successfully treated with balloon angioplasty. Actuarial freedom from any intervention was significantly greater in the surgery cohort as was the degree of aortic arch growth. At latest follow-up, antihypertensive medication was required in 3 of 9 angioplasty patients (33%) and 2 of 27 surgery patients (7%). No repeat intervention was required in the 13 patients who underwent angioplasty followed by surgery. Conclusions Primary angioplasty is palliative treatment for neonatal aortic coarctation, but it is the treatment of choice for recurrence after surgery. Surgery for neonatal aortic coarctation is associated with fewer reinterventions, improved aortic arch growth, no aortic aneurysm formation, and decreased need for antihypertensive medication when compared with neonates treated primarily with balloon angioplasty.
Exhaled Breath Condensate Detects Baseline Reductions in Chloride and Increases in Response to Albuterol in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Impaired ion regulation and dehydration is the primary pathophysiology in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. A potential application of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection is to assess airway surface liquid ionic composition at baseline and in response to pharmacological therapy in CF. Our aims were to determine if EBC could detect differences in ion regulation between CF and healthy and measure the effect of the albuterol on EBC ions in these populations. Baseline EBC Cl-, DLCO and SpO2 were lower in CF (n = 16) compared to healthy participants (n = 16). EBC Cl- increased in CF subjects, while there was no change in DLCO or membrane conductance, but a decrease in pulmonary-capillary blood volume in both groups following albuterol. This resulted in an improvement in diffusion at the alveolar-capillary unit, and removal of the baseline difference in SpO2 by 90-minutes in CF subjects. These results demonstrate that EBC detects differences in ion regulation between healthy and CF individuals, and that albuterol mediates increases in Cl- in CF, suggesting that the benefits of albuterol extend beyond simple bronchodilation.
In-hospital costs associated with new percutaneous coronary devices

Abstract To determine the relative economic impact of alternative methods of coronary revascularization, in-hospital patient accounts were reviewed in 149 patients undergoing elective coronary angioplasty (n = 50), coronary atherectomy (n = 72) or intracoronary stent placement (n = 27) over an 18-month period. Clinical and angiographic features were similar in the 3 groups, except that prior restenosis was seen more often in patients undergoing intracoronary stent placement. Procedural success, obtained in >90% of patients, was independent of the treatment strategy. Total in-hospital stay was significantly longer in patients undergoing intracoronary stent placement than in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty and directional atherectomy (4.9 ± 2.4 days vs 1.5 ± 1.3 and 2.2 ± 3.9 days, respectively; p
Phenomenologies of the akratic self: masculinity, regrets, and HIV among men on methadone.

This study explores the motivational bargaining processes that constitute an “act” of heterosexual HIV risk-taking by focusing on the narrative viewpoint of two men in methadone maintenance treatment programs in the Harlem section of New York City. These men reported sexual episodes with complex motivational “event grammars” that were analyzed using qualitative methods. Building on the concept of akrasia (failure to convert intentions into action), I argue that HIV risky heterosex results from temporal displacements of instrumental rationality by two other equally relevant orientations of sexual action, namely, affectual and normative. I conclude that sexual risk occurs in the context of emotions and normative presentations of the masculine self. Consequently, a man's risk of loosing footing or consistent face vis-a-vis his female sex partner, and not the risks of HIV, becomes a priority of the sexual interaction. Sexuality is at its core social and, hence, subject to more powerful forces than personal safety or behaviorist reward.