cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptual artifacts in speech noise suppression

Most of the state of the art speech noise suppression gains rely on the frequency decomposition of the signal. This decomposition is usually done using the fast Fourier transform. These algorithms may be successful in suppressing the noise but often distort the speech that is of interest. The noise suppression gain is rapidly changing in time. When the gain is applied to the noisy signal, it modulates the signal and generates artifacts. In this paper, we will show that by using a frequency decomposition based on the human perception the artifacts can be made imperceptible. We will use this proposed frequency decomposition with the traditional Wiener Gain for noise suppression and Ephraim-Malah suppression rule to show that the resulting speech is natural sounding with minimal artifacts.
A review of policy, practices, and players governing and involved in the United States vaccine and immunization enterprise

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the organization and governance of the US vaccine and immunization enterprise. It describes the major components of the US system including the various relationships between major federal government entities, stakeholders, and advisory committees that inform government policymaking at various points in the system. Design/methodology/approach The authors describe the complex interdependent network of partners that engage in a wide range of activities such as disease surveillance, research, vaccine development, regulatory licensure, practice recommendations, financing, service delivery, communications, and post-licensure monitoring. Findings The US system of governance is highly participatory and focuses on a transparent and open engagement, with input from a wide range of partners to inform decision-making. This collaborative framework allows many inputs to be heard and helps support the US vaccine and immunization system as it evolves to meet the continued public health needs in the USA through the optimal use of safe and effective vaccines. Originality/value This is an invited article on the US vaccine and immunization enterprise. The development and availability of vaccines in the USA has had profound impact on mortality and morbidity and public health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). The success of this enterprise is a result of a blended public and private sector system with partnerships at the federal, state, and local levels of government to optimize the use of safe and effective vaccines. Governance structures have been established to support the interaction and decision-making among the federal and non-federal actors toward the common goal of controlling and preventing infectious diseases.
Electric ship power and energy system architectures

Naval Power (and Energy Systems) Existing Ships MVAC Architectures MVDC Architectures Properties of a Naval Power (and Energy) System Limited rotational inertia — AC frequency is not a constant Lack of Time Scale Separation Load sharing vice Power Scheduling Short electrical distances Load dynamics very important System behavior dominated by controls.
ENHANCING BRAND EQUITY THROUGH FLOW: COMPARISON OF 2D VERSUS 3D VIRTUAL WORLD

This research uses the theory of flow to examine the effect of 2D versus 3D virtual world environments on brand equity and use intention. The results suggest that a 3D virtual world environment has both positive (indirect) and negative (direct) effects on brand equity. The positive, indirect effect of the 3D virtual world environment occurs through feelings of telepresence and enjoyment, both of which contribute positively to brand equity and, in turn, induces a higher behavioral intention. The negative, direct effect can be explained using distraction-conflict theory, where attentional conflict is faced by users of a highly interactive and rich medium. This paper explains the flow experience and its effects on brand equity in 2D versus 3D virtual world environments, and provides insights to practitioners for designing 3D virtual world sites to enhance brand equity and behavioral intention.
Friction stir welding of titanium alloys: A review

Abstract The candidacy of ninth earth abundant material, titanium is supreme when it comes to the higher strength to weight ratio, and higher corrosive resistance. Next generation of jet engines for aerospace industry clearly depends on the manufacturability and improved ability of titanium alloys that can withstand the high temperatures. However, the primary sheets, plates, billets, ingots, or rods are of limited sizes that need to be either machined or welded in order to produce a desired structure with optimal the buy-to-fly ratio. This article primarily summarizes the research in the field of joining of titanium sheets with a direct focus on friction stir welding (FSW). The industrial requirements, whether to weld similar or dissimilar titanium alloys, or of different thicknesses, or even with composites, are often challenged by the selection of the tool, position of the alloying sheets, cooling of the weld nugget, material composition, complex material flow in the wake of the rotating, and traversing tool etc. This article provides a review of FSW of similar and dissimilar titanium alloys focusing on surface, and subsurface properties, such as microstructural, and mechanical properties, texture evolution, current challenges summarizing a possible remedy, encompassing the recent development and research in the field.
Stronger social bonds do not always predict greater longevity in a gregarious primate.

In group-living species, individuals often have preferred affiliative social partners, with whom ties or bonds can confer advantages that correspond with greater fitness. For example, in adult female baboons and juvenile horses, individuals with stronger or more social ties experience greater survival. We used detailed behavioral and life history records to explore the relationship between tie quality and survival in a gregarious monkey (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni), while controlling for dominance rank, group size, and life history strategy. We used Cox proportional hazards regressions to model the cumulative (multi-year) and current (single-year) relationships of social ties and the hazard of mortality in 83 wild adult females of known age, observed 2-8 years each (437 subject-years) in eight social groups. The strength of bonds with close partners was associated with increased mortality risk under certain conditions: Females that had strong bonds with close partners that were inconsistent over multiple years had a higher risk of mortality than females adopting any other social strategy. Within a given year, females had a higher risk of death if they were strongly bonded with partners that changed from the previous year versus with partners that remained consistent. Dominance rank, number of adult female groupmates, and age at first reproduction did not predict the risk of death. This study demonstrates that costs and benefits of strong social bonds can be context-dependent, relating to the consistency of social partners over time.
Revolution or Obituary

The economic problems facing Saudi Arabia, which started in 2014 with a drastic oil price drop of 44% in the latter half of the year (https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=19451 http://www.bbc.com/news/business-30223721. The average annual price fell from 99.29 in 2014 to 49.49 in 2015. https://www.statista.com/statistics/262858/change-in-opec-crude-oil-prices-since-1960/), led The Economist to suggest to the then Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in an interview (http://www.economist.com/saudi_interview) the need for a Thatcherite revolution in Saudi. The prince agreed, but such a revolution would be unprecedented for Saudi and would be socially disruptive not just economic, which is why I suggest that when the Crown Prince appeared to agree with the notion he did not fully grasp the resonance, as a British person might. MbS was talking to The Economist in his first on-the-record interview in January 2016, and the notion Saudi needed a “Thatcherite revolution” was perhaps a case of putting words into the interviewee’s mouth. The question and answer recorded in the transcript between The Economist and MbS reads: Q: This is a Thatcher revolution for Saudi Arabia? A: Most certainly. We have many great, unutilised assets. And we have also special sectors that can grow very quickly. I’ll give you one example. We are one of the poorest countries when it comes to water. There’s one Saudi company that’s an example among many companies, like Almarai dairy company, their share in the Omani market is 80%. Their share in the Kuwaiti market is more than 20%. Their share in the Emirati market than 40%. In Egypt, where there is the Nile, their share is 10%. One Saudi company. We have other dairy, agricultural companies, and you can also do the same with the banking sector. The mining sector. The oil and petrochemical sector. There are many enormous opportunities to expand and develop. (Ibid.)
Local stress analysis of partial dislocation interactions with symmetrical-tilt grain boundaries containing E-structural units

ABSTRACTGrain boundaries containing porous E-structural units (SUs) are known to readily emit dislocations under tension. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study the interactions between {111} Shockley partial dislocations and symmetrical-tilt Ni grain boundaries containing E-SUs. We show that the incoming Shockley partials can be accommodated by porous E-SUs along the grain boundary. However, the partial-absorption process disrupts the short-range interactions of incipient dislocations along the boundary, which generates high local tensile and compressive stress regimes emanating from the impingement sites. For the favoured grain boundary comprising only of E-SUs, incipient Shockley partials originating from E-SUs located within the tensile stress regime are subsequently re-emitted into the neighbouring grain. We demonstrate that the critical strength for re-emission of Shockley partials can be delineated into contributions from tensile stress generated by partial-absorption, intrinsic ...
Fitting Cosines: Some Procedures and Some Physical Examples

The paper is concerned with a variety of time series models that in some sense lead to the fitting of a cosine function of unknown frequency. Both linear and nonlinear models are considered, including both decaying cosines and sustained ones. The discussion is illustrated with examples from seismology (free oscillations of the Earth), geophysics (the Chandler wobble), nuclear magnetic resonance, laser Doppler velocimetry and oceanography (dispersion). The paper ends by surveying a variety of results developed for specific models by various authors. A variety of open problems are indicated.
Distributional Limit Theorems for Empirical Processes Generated by Functions of a Stationary Gaussian Process

We review the literature about limit theorems for sums of a nonlinear function of a stationary sequence of Gaussian r.v.’s. We also consider limit theorems for empirical processes in the previous setup.
Coherent Homotopical Algebras: “Special Gamma-Categories”

We introduce a theory of coherence for symmetric monoidal categories inthe spirit of Segal and show that it is equivalent, in an appropriate sense,to MacLane’s original notion. More precisely, we prove that“special Γ categories”, the analogue ofspecial Γ spaces, and coherently symmetric monoidalcategories are one and the same. This is analogous to the situation intopology where special Γ spaces are precisely homotopicalcommutative monoids. In light of the obervation that the category of smallcategories Cat bears a functorial Quillen model structure with respect tothe class of categorical equivalences: in fact, is a homotopy theory in thesense of Heller, we may reinterpret the theorem as stating that coherentlysymmetric monoidal categories are precisely the homotopical commutativemonoids within this new homotopy theory.
A robust method for estimating transit passenger trajectories using automated data

Abstract Development of an origin-destination demand matrix is crucial for transit planning. The development process is facilitated by automated transit smart card data, making it possible to mine boarding and alighting patterns on an individual basis. This research proposes a novel trip chaining method which uses Automatic Fare Collection (AFC) and General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data to infer the most likely trajectory of individual transit passengers. The method relaxes the assumptions on various parameters used in the existing trip chaining algorithms such as transfer walking distance threshold, buffer distance for selecting the boarding location, time window for selecting the vehicle trip, etc. The method also resolves issues related to errors in GPS location recorded by AFC systems or selection of incorrect sub-route from GTFS data. The proposed trip chaining method generates a set of candidate trajectories for each AFC tag to reach the next tag, calculates the probability of each trajectory, and selects the most likely trajectory to infer the boarding and alighting stops. The method is applied to transit data from the Twin Cities, MN, which has an open transit system where passengers tap smart cards only once when boarding (or when alighting on pay-exit buses). Based on the consecutive tags of the passenger, the proposed algorithm is also modified for pay-exit cases. The method is compared to previous methods developed by the researchers and shows improvement in the number of inferred cases. Finally, results are visualized to understand the route ridership and geographical pattern of trips.
Measuring the Impact of a Medical Specialty Camp: Using Self-Determination Theory

Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic illnesses facing youth. The American Diabetes Association (2012) states camps for children and youth that are focused on diabetes are invaluable. Medical camp programs for youth with illnesses have been shown to increase self-esteem, self-image, and motivation. Grounded in self-determination theory, this medical specialty camp took place in the eastern portion of the United States in the summer of 2014. Campers reported significantly higher levels of perceived competence of diabetes knowledge from pre (M = 5.11, SD = 1.05) to post-camp (M = 5.15, SD = 1.02), a mean increase of .04, 95% CI [4.78, 5.68], [F (1, 11) = 8.56, p = .014, partial I·. = .438]. This data is useful as CTRSs, recreation therapy students, and other healthcare professionals continue to program for medical specialty camps. This evidence-based medical camp can create a standard for diabetes camps to better prepare youth to manage their diabetes as they transition to healthy young adults.
Copper and Zinc Nutritional Issues for Agricultural Animal Production.

Livestock have presented unique requirements and toxicity issues depending on the species for the various concentrations of Cu and Zn and their interactions with other nutrients especially Fe, Se, Mo, and S. Soil concentrations of these elements and their availability to crops influence the health of the crop and the amount found in vegetative tissues and seeds. Hence, many livestock issues are a result of the soils in the area where production is occurring (Loneragan et al. 1981). While water can provide minerals to animals, the amount consumed and availability are highly variable. Many discoveries about Cu were a result of low Cu concentrations and its availability due to interactions with other nutrients in the soils. Anemia, bone disorders, cardiovascular abnormalities, defective wool and hair, and infertility are signs/symptoms of Cu deficiency. Toxicity due to excess Cu is more likely to occur in sheep than other farm species. Swine are tolerant of high concentrations of dietary Cu, and it is often used as a growth stimulant in production. There are many species and physiological stages where the animal’s Cu requirement is not known. Grazing animals can exhibit Zn deficiency when soils and forages contain limited concentrations of Zn. Pastures have been observed to be Zn-deficient in many parts of the world. However, non-ruminant animals usually receive adequate Zn when fed corn and soybean meal diets if there is not excessive Ca and Fe in their diets, but this is not true for rapidly growing young animals. Characteristics of a Zn deficiency include loss of appetite, reduced growth and reproduction, and impaired health of bone and skin tissues.
Effects of breed and retained heterosis on milk yield and 200-day weight in advanced generations of composite populations of beef cattle.

Retained heterosis in F2 cows nursing F3 progeny was evaluated in 3-, 4-, and greater than or equal to 5-yr-old cows. Traits evaluated included milk yield at three stages of lactation and 200-d weight of progeny. Breed effects were evaluated in the nine parental breeds (Red Poll [R], Hereford [H], Angus [A], Limousin [L], Braunvieh [B], Pinzgauer [P], Gelbvieh [G], Simmental [S], and Charolais [C]) that contributed to the three composite populations (MARC I = 1/4 B, 1/4 C, 1/4 L, 1/8 H, 1/8 A; MARC II = 1/4 G, 1/4 S, 1/4 H, 1/4 A; and MARC III = 1/4 R, 1/4 P, 1/4 H, 1/4 A). Breed effects were significant for 12-h milk yield, estimated 200-d milk yield, and 200-d weight of progeny. Herefords were lowest (P less than .05) for 12-h milk yield and estimated 200-d milk yield, and Braunvieh produced significantly more milk than all breed groups except Pinzgauer and Simmental, for which the difference approached significance. The correlation among breed group means (nine parental breeds and three composites) for 12-h milk yield with 200-d weight of progeny was .91. When 200-d weight was adjusted to a common estimated 200-d milk yield, Hereford, Angus, Red Poll, and Limousin did not differ (P greater than .05); all were significantly lighter than Braunvieh, Pinzgauer, Gelbvieh, Simmental, and Charolais, which did not differ (P greater than .05) from each other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Real-world efficacy of bone modifying agents (BMAs) in patients with breast cancer (BC) treated in an academic health system: Use of the “green button.

e18054Background: BC patients (pts) have a high incidence of bone metastases (mets) and associated morbidity. BMAs – zoledronic acid (ZA) and denosumab (Den) – reduce bone met related skeletal rela...
Staying Active and Engaged

An aspect of senior cohousing life that draws many people to this type of living arrangement is the opportunity to engage with others. As discussed in earlier chapters, several individuals commented that they knew few people in their previous neighborhoods which led to a sense of disconnection. Residents in senior cohousing desire something different in their lives. As Marie stated, “we’re kind of pilgrims on a journey here, redefining what it means to get older in a community.” Having people close by promotes a sense of involvement and fosters spontaneous interactions as well.
A study of phytoliths produced by selected native plant taxa commonly used by Great Basin Native Americans

Reference collections of phytoliths from plant taxa commonly used by the ancient inhabitants of an archaeological site are critical to researchers conducting analyses on these microbotanical remains. Phytoliths recovered from the site are compared to those in reference collections to make inferences about which taxa were being used, as well as where, why and how. This study presents one of the first reference collections of phytoliths from selected taxa likely to have been used by Native American peoples living in the Great Basin area. The results are presented as a list of taxa which we sampled, and that are known to have been used by these tribes, such as the Shoshone and Ute, with illustrations of the range of phytolith morphotypes produced by each taxon. Our hope is that this tool will prove to be a ready and valuable resource for any researchers conducting phytolith analysis at Great Basin Native American sites.
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Band Structure of Si1–yCy Alloys Grown Pseudomorphically on Si (001)

We have measured the dielectric functions of three Si1−yCy, alloys layers (y ≤1.4%) grown pseudomorphically on Si (001) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy at low temperatures. From the numerical derivatives of the measured spectra, we determine the critical point energies E′0 and E1 as a function of y (y ≤ 1.4%) using a comparison with analytical line shapes and analyze these energies in terms of the expected shifts and splittings due to negative hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, and alloying. Our data agree well with the calculated shifts for El, but the E′0 energies are lower than expected. We discuss our results in comparison with recent tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations by Demkov and Sankey (Phys. Rev. B 48, 2207, 1993) prediciting a total breakdown of the virtual-crystal approximation for such alloys.
Engineered tumor models for cancer biology and treatment

Abstract Tumor models are essential in cancer research and treatment to discover novel therapeutic targets and design personalized treatment strategies. A wide spectrum of tumor models has been developed ranging from cancer cell lines, spheroids/organoids, and small and large animal models. These models provide either the convenience of handling or relevance of mimicking human tumor microenvironment (TME). However, most of the currently available models are not capable of providing both. Recently the emergence of engineered tumor models based on microfluidics and tissue engineering technology may be able to address these challenges. In this chapter, we briefly review the complexities of the TME and discuss the development of tumor models to mimic the TME. Our discussion is focused on engineered tumor models based on microfluidics and tissue engineering, so-called tumor-microenvironment-on-a-chip, and related challenges and opportunities as also discussed.
Expansion of Geographical Range and Plant Associations of Leptoglossus clypealis1: A Potential Invasive Pest of Sorghum along the Texas Gulf Coast

Hemipteran insects affecting food and feed safety continue to plague producers of row crops. We report the occurrence of an invasive hemipteran pest species along the Texas Gulf Coast. Leptoglossus clypealis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae) was collected from soft-dough stage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Nueces County, TX. This is a new geographical expansion of L. clypealis in Texas, and sorghum represents a new host plant association for the species. A comprehensive summary of associated host plants is also presented, describing 44 plant associations in 20 plant families for L. clypealis. The species has an affinity for Cupressaceae (i.e., 27.3% of occurrences), followed by Rosaceae. While additional research is needed to further elucidate the spatiotemporal presence of L. clypealis in the region, the impetus for this report is to increase awareness of this invasive pest that might injure sorghum along the Texas Gulf Coast.
Distributed Learning: Sequential Decision Making in Resource-Constrained Environments.

We study cost-effective communication strategies that can be used to improve the performance of distributed learning systems in resource-constrained environments. For distributed learning in sequential decision making, we propose a new cost-effective partial communication protocol. We illustrate that with this protocol the group obtains the same order of performance that it obtains with full communication. Moreover, we prove that under the proposed partial communication protocol the communication cost is $O(\log T)$, where $T$ is the time horizon of the decision-making process. This improves significantly on protocols with full communication, which incur a communication cost that is $O(T)$. We validate our theoretical results using numerical simulations.
Can the Caprini score predict thromboembolism and guide pharmacologic prophylaxis after primary joint arthroplasty

Abstract Aims Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has a 30-day mortality rate of between 10 and 30%. The Caprini score is a VTE risk assessment model, which assigns points to 20 past medical history and current health factors. We hypothesized that the Caprini score could predict VTE incidence and recommend prophylaxis following total joint arthroplasty. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected institutional data identifying Caprini scores on 2155 primary hip (n = 840) and knee (n = 1315) arthroplasties. Surgeons were blinded to Caprini scores when prescribing VTE prophylaxis. Patients were separated into prophylaxis groups receiving Aspirin (81 mg BID or 325 mg BID) or other (Rivaroxaban, Warfarin, Enoxaparin, Apixaban, Dabigatran, Heparin). Univariate, multivariate, and Cohen's effect size analyses assessed the predictive power of the Caprini score on VTE incidence. Results The mean Caprini score was 9.49 (5–25). A majority, 83% (1792) of patients were in the Aspirin group, and 17% (363) in the other group. Other prophylaxis patients had statistically significantly higher Caprini scores (10 vs. 9, p 40 or Caprini scores ≥11 to predict VTE incidence in the Aspirin or other prophylaxis groups (p = 0.52 and p = 0.15 respectively). Cohen's effect size was small, comparing Caprini scores in patients who had and had not had a VTE in both Aspirin and other prophylaxis groups (Cohen's d = 0.25 and d = 0.16 respectively). Conclusion Surgeons rely on stronger pharmacologic prophylaxis for a select high risk group of their primary lower extremity total joint arthroplasty patients. When controlling for prophylaxis, the Caprini score had a small effect size and did not have the predictive power necessary to guide treatment
Second Order Calculations of the O(N) sigma-Model Laplacian

For slowly varying fields on the scale of the lightest mass the logarithm of the vacuum functional of a massive quantum field theory can be expanded in terms of local functionals satisfying a form of the Schrodinger equation, the principal ingredient of which is a regulated functional Laplacian. We extend a previous work to construct the next to leading order terms of the Laplacian for the Schrodinger equation that acts on such local functionals. Like the leading order the next order is completely determined by imposing rotational invariance in the internal space together with closure of the Poincare algebra.
Room air challenge predicts duration of supplemental respiratory support for infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a room air challenge (RAC) correlates with duration of respiratory support for infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). STUDY DESIGN Prospective study of preterm infants with BPD from 2015 to 2018. Infants receiving ≤2 l flow at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) underwent RAC. Cox regression was used to adjust the duration of respiratory support after 36 weeks PMA for significant covariates. RESULTS Of 161 infants with BPD, 91 were eligible for RAC; 51 passed and 40 failed. Infants who failed RAC had longer respiratory support after 36 weeks PMA than infants who passed (median 19 weeks (IQR 15-33) versus 2 weeks (IQR 1-8, p < 0.001)), which persisted after multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio -1.42, 95% CI -1.94 to -0.91, p < 0.001). Infants failing RAC also had more frequent and longer duration of home oxygen use. CONCLUSION RAC may help provide anticipatory guidance regarding duration of respiratory support for infants with BPD.
Objectively measured digital technology use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Impact on depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among young adults.

Abstract Background Research suggests that the disruptions introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic have led to increased psychological distress and time spent on digital technology among young people, thus intensifying pre-pandemic concerns regarding the putative effects of digital technology use on mental health. To robustly examine whether increases in digital technology use are associated with increases in psychological distress during the pandemic it is crucial to (1) collect objective data on digital technology use and (2) account for potential confounding caused by pandemic-related stressors. Methods We conducted a four-wave panel study of U.S. young adults (N=384; Mage = 24.5 ± 5.1; 57% female) from August-November of 2020. Participants provided screenshots of their iPhone “Screen Time” application and completed measures assessing current mental health status (depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation) and pandemic-related impacts on well-being. We used random-intercept multilevel models to examine the within- and between-person associations between mental health, objective digital technology use, and pandemic-related stressors. Results Multilevel analyses revealed that none of the objectively-measured digital technology use variables were positively associated with depression, anxiety, or suicidal ideation at the within- or between-person levels. In contrast, pandemic-related impacts on mental health had by far the largest effects on depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Limitations The convenience-based sample and use of single-item measures of pandemic-related impacts are limitations of the study. Conclusions Current speculations about the direct harms of digital technology use on mental health may be unfounded and risk diverting attention from a more likely cause: pandemic-related distress.
Mobocertinib: A Potential Treatment for NSCLC with EGFR Exon 20 Insertions

Amivantamab is the only FDA-approved therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR exon 20 insertions. Unfortunately, patients eventually develop progression of disease on this therapy, and most do not respond to this treatment. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Gonzalvez and colleagues and Riely and colleagues highlight preclinical and early clinical data supporting mobocertinib as a potentially efficacious agent for NSCLC with EGFR exon 20 insertions.See related article by Riely et al., p. 1688.See related article by Gonzalvez et al., p. 1672.
Law and Society

In connection with working out Merleau-Ponty’s probable view of law according to the model of language as a system of expressive possibilities, the last chapter dwelt at length on H.L.A. Hart’s theory of rules. This was not due to the fact that Merleau-Ponty was influenced by Hart; in fact, there is no evidence that the former had ever read his Oxford contemporary. Nor was it owing to any sort of reverse influence, for Hart has stated explicitly that he has never read Merleau-Ponty.1 It is, rather, because it would be difficult to overestimate the importance of Hart’s contributions to the philosophy of law, and the impressiveness of his work makes all the more significant the close similarity of his thought to conceiving law according to the model of language. In the best sense of the traditional task of philosophers to “save the phenomena,” he has managed to save that of law from its distortions at the hands of earlier positivists, the American Legal Realists, and pure formalists of various stripes. And he has done so with such lucidity and persuasiveness that his work certainly constitutes a “decisive sedimentation” (S 194), back beyond which it will not be possible to go in the philosophy of law.2
Slope Failures and Cross-Valley Profiles, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

This project described and explained the pattern of slope failures (falls, slides, flows, snow avalanches) and the shape of valley cross-profiles in five canyons of Grand Teton National Park. Shapefiles were created in ArcMap 9.3 for slope failures using existing data sets plus newly mapped failures. Valley cross-profiles were prepared for 44 locations in the canyons using digital elevation models (DEMs). The distribution of slope failures were found to be related, to various degrees, to slope aspect, distance from the Teton Fault, rock mass strength, Schmidt rock hammer values, and slope gradient. Shape files were generated that show sections of hiking trails and camping zones that have been impacted by past events. Valley cross-profiles are best represented by a parabolic curve, and the value of the coefficient in the equation describing those curves is related to Schmidt rock hammer values and rock type. These findings have direct implications for backcountry recreation in the canyons and for visitor interpretation of canyon scenery.
eICU program favorably affects clinical and economic outcomes.

1 Clinical Fellow, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 2 Associate Professor, Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine, and Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 3 Assistant Professor, Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Health Policy and Management, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Clostridium welchii septicemia complicating prolonged labor due to obstructing myoma of uterus, with report of case

Abstract Cases of a puerperal septicemia due to the Clostridium welchii are sufficiently rare to warrant a report, especially if positive blood cultures were obtained during life. Forty-five cases have been reported of which 16 gave a positive blood culture antemortem. In the remaining cases, the diagnosis was made upon other clinical, pathologic, or bacteriologic findings. The purpose of this paper is (a) to report another case of puerperal septicemia due to the Clostridium welchii; (b) to analyze the previously reported cases and attempt to draw therefrom a specific clinical picture, and (c) to review the more recent biologic findings of the Clostridium welchii, especially with reference to their bearing upon puerperal septicemia.
Noise Effects on Passenger Communication in Light Aircraft

This paper considers the effect of noise on conversation between two persons seated in a close, side-by-side position such as in a small aircraft. Twelve pairs of subjects were required to converse while being exposed to noises of various levels and spectra similar to those currently found in general aviation aircraft. After a period of noise exposure, subjects rated the disruptive effect of the noise on conversation and judged the acceptability of the noise. Subjective estimates of the maximum times for pleasant conversation in the noises were also obtained.
Returns to Handedness in Professional Hockey

Research in labor economics has examined many determinants of earnings, including whether an individual is left or right handed. Sports economists have recently shown that in the soccer labor market, being able to kick well with both the left and the right foot is rewarded with a salary premium. This paper examines pay and performance for hockey players that shoot left-handed versus those that shoot right-handed. We find that after controlling for goals and assists, time on the ice, player size and age, and team and season fixed effects, players are paid differently by position, and players playing the same position may be paid differently because they shoot left versus right handed. These results suggest that the hockey player labor market is inefficient.
IL-10 derived from CD1dhiCD5+ B cells regulates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis

IL-10-competent subset within CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells, also known as B10 cells, has been shown to regulate autoimmune diseases. In our previous study, adoptive transfer of CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells expanded in vivo by GM-CSF prevented and suppressed experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). The goal of this study was to further examine the role and mechanism of IL-10 in the regulatory function of B10 cells in EAMG. We found that only IL-10 competent CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells sorted from WT mice, but not IL-10 deficient CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells exhibited regulatory function in vitro and in vivo. Adoptive transfer of IL-10 competent CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells led to higher frequency of Tregs and B10 cells, and low levels of proinflammatory cytokines and autoantibody production. We conclude that IL-10 production within CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells plays an important role in immune regulation of EAMG.
“The Names of the Rivers”: A New Look at an Old Document

Analyzing a mysterious, early-seventeenth-century description of the New England coast from Maine to Martha's Vineyard, the essay provides information about Native American sachems, suggests insights into the means by which explorers exchanged information, and offers an interpretation of Martin Pring's landing.
Claudin-2 pore function requires an intramolecular disulfide bond between two conserved extracellular cysteines

Claudins constitute a family of tight junction transmembrane proteins whose first extracellular loop (ECL1) determines the paracellular permeability and ion selectivity in epithelia. There are two ...
Noise sources in transport equations associated with ambipolar diffusion and Shockley-Read recombination

Abstract A discussion is presented of the noise sources which enter into the stochastic transport equations which govern carrier flow in SCL diodes and ordinary junction devices. The essential sources associated with diffusion (or microscopically intraband scattering) and generation-recombination (or microscopically interband transitions) are presented. The connection with thermal noise is discussed. The paper is further devoted to the manifestation of these sources in diffusion, ambipolar flow, band-band generation and recombination and Shockley-Read-Hall recombination. Both low and high injection are treated.
Radiation heat transfer in combustion systems

Abstract An adequate treatment of thermal radiation heat transfer is essential to a mathematical model of the combustion process or to a design of a combustion system. This paper reviews the fundamentals of radiation heat transfer and some recent progress in its modeling in combustion systems. Topics covered include radiative properties of combustion products and their modeling and methods of solving the radiative transfer equations. Examples of sample combustion systems in which radiation has been accounted for in the analysis are presented. In several technologically important, practical combustion systems coupling of radiation to other modes of heat transfer is discussed. Research needs are identified and potentially promising research topics are also suggested.
Probing local structural fluctuations in myoglobin by size-dependent thiol-disulfide exchange

All proteins undergo local structural fluctuations (LSFs) or breathing motions. These motions are likely to be important for function but are poorly understood. LSFs were initially defined by amide hydrogen exchange (HX) experiments as opening events, which expose a small number of backbone amides to 1H/2H exchange, but whose exchange rates are independent of denaturant concentration. Here, we use size-dependent thiol-disulfide exchange (SX) to characterize LSFs in single cysteine-containing variants of myoglobin (Mb). SX complements HX by providing information on motions that disrupt side chain packing interactions. Most importantly, probe reagents of different sizes and chemical properties can be used to characterize the size of structural opening events and the properties of the open state. We use thiosulfonate reagents (126–274 Da) to survey access to Cys residues, which are buried at specific helical packing interfaces in Mb. In each case, the free energy of opening increases linearly with the radius of gyration of the probe reagent. The slope and the intercept are interpreted to yield information on the size of the opening events that expose the buried thiol groups. The slope parameter varies by over 10-fold among Cys positions tested, suggesting that the sizes of breathing motions vary substantially throughout the protein. Our results provide insight to the longstanding question: how rigid or flexible are proteins in their native states?
Differences in lymphoproliferative responses to the bacterium Actinomyces viscosus in various mammalian species

A water-soluble extract of Actinomyces viscosus (AVS) was tested for its capacity to induce DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from man, monkeys, mice and guinea pigs. The results indicated that the AVS induced an in-vitro lymphoproliferative response, as assessed by tritiated thymidine incorporation, in mouse-spleen cells, in the majority of human peripheral blood samples tested and in macaque monkey spleen cells. The AVS also elicited a blastogenic response from spleen, lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized with A. viscosus. The AVS did not elicit a lymphoproliferative response from human-cord blood cells, monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes, or peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes from non-immunized guinea pigs. Thus there was a difference in the ability of A. viscosus to induce DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from the different animal species tested.
Liquid movement across the surface epithelium of large airways

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR gene is found on chromosome 7 [Kerem, B., Rommens, J.M., Buchanan, J.A., Markiewicz, D., Cox, T.K., Chakravarti, A., Buchwald, M., Tsui, L.C., 1989. Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: genetic analysis. Science 245, 1073-1080; Riordan, J.R., Rommens, J.M., Kerem, B., Alon, N., Rozmahel, R., Grzelczak, Z., Zielenski, J., Lok, S., Plavsic, N., Chou, J.L., et al., 1989. Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: cloning and characterization of complementary DNA. Science 245, 1066-1073] and encodes for a 1480 amino acid protein which is present in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells [Anderson, M.P., Sheppard, D.N., Berger, H.A., Welsh, M.J., 1992. Chloride channels in the apical membrane of normal and cystic fibrosis airway and intestinal epithelia. Am. J. Physiol. 263, L1-L14]. This protein appears to have many functions, but a unifying theme is that it acts as a protein kinase C- and cyclic AMP-regulated Cl(-) channel [Winpenny, J.P., McAlroy, H.L., Gray, M.A., Argent, B.E., 1995. Protein kinase C regulates the magnitude and stability of CFTR currents in pancreatic duct cells. Am. J. Physiol. 268, C823-C828; Jia, Y., Mathews, C.J., Hanrahan, J.W., 1997. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C is required for acute activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator by protein kinase A. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 4978-4984]. In the superficial epithelium of the conducting airways, CFTR is involved in Cl(-) secretion [Boucher, R.C., 2003. Regulation of airway surface liquid volume by human airway epithelia. Pflugers Arch. 445, 495-498] and also acts as a regulator of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) and hence Na(+) absorption [Boucher, R.C., Stutts, M.J., Knowles, M.R., Cantley, L., Gatzy, J.T., 1986. Na(+) transport in cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelia. Abnormal basal rate and response to adenylate cyclase activation. J. Clin. Invest. 78, 1245-1252; Stutts, M.J., Canessa, C.M., Olsen, J.C., Hamrick, M., Cohn, J.A., Rossier, B.C., Boucher, R.C., 1995. CFTR as a cAMP-dependent regulator of sodium channels. Science 269, 847-850]. In this chapter, we will discuss the regulation of these two ion channels, and how they can influence liquid movement across the superficial airway epithelium.
Classical and quantum theories for generalized Ablowitz-Ladik equations

Abstract A class of Hamiltonian systems derived from nonstandard Poisson brackets are investigated. For each system a conserved quantity is constructed that depends only upon the definition of the Poisson bracket. The quantum theory for these systems is sketched and classical and quantum “blowup” phenomena are compared.
Towards detecting influenza epidemics by analyzing Twitter messages

Rapid response to a health epidemic is critical to reduce loss of life. Existing methods mostly rely on expensive surveys of hospitals across the country, typically with lag times of one to two weeks for influenza reporting, and even longer for less common diseases. In response, there have been several recently proposed solutions to estimate a population's health from Internet activity, most notably Google's Flu Trends service, which correlates search term frequency with influenza statistics reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In this paper, we analyze messages posted on the micro-blogging site Twitter.com to determine if a similar correlation can be uncovered. We propose several methods to identify influenza-related messages and compare a number of regression models to correlate these messages with CDC statistics. Using over 500,000 messages spanning 10 weeks, we find that our best model achieves a correlation of .78 with CDC statistics by leveraging a document classifier to identify relevant messages.
Taenia taeniaeformis: immunoglobulin E-containing cells in intestinal and lymphatic tissues of infected rats.

Abstract Immunoglobulin-bearing cell populations in rats infected with Taenia taeniaeformis were studied using indirect immunofluorescence assays. Cells positive for IgE in the intestinal mucosa increased to maximum numbers at 60 days postinfection (DPI) but had declined by 90 DPI. This increase was due largely to IgE-positive mucosal mast cells (MMC). Many showed evidence of specific fluorescence intracytoplasmically as well as on their membranes, comparable to mast cells detected in control rats given Nippostrongylus brasiliensis . The numbers of intestinal mucosal cells containing IgG 2 c also rose in T. taeniaeformis infected rats when compared to uninfected controls, but to a lesser degree than those stained for IgE. In lymphatic tissues, cells producing all classes of immunoglobulins had increased in numbers by 6 DPI. A few IgE-positive cells were found in Peyer's patches throughout the infection in all rats; however, IgE-positive cells were commonly detected in clusters in infected rat spleens through 60 DPI. By 6 DPI, mast cells had accumulated near fluorescent plasma cell clusters along splenic vessels, and by 21 DPI many mast cells showed specific fluorescence with IgE. In addition, IgG 2a -containing cell numbers had increased in infected rat spleens by 21 DPI, but fewer were detectable at 38 DPI. No comparable trends occurred in spleens of age-matched control animals. More cells containing IgE (including fluorescent mast cells) were seen in infected rat mesenteric lymph nodes than in controls, but after 60 DPI the levels returned to normal. Intestinal tissue histamine levels increased during the course of infection; differences from age-matched normal controls were most marked in the ileum at 40 DPI ( P T. taeniaeformis , we were unable to detect any changes in the numbers or appearance of intestinal MMC at 1, 2 or 5 days post challenge.
Patient satisfaction with, and acceptability of, atypical antipsychotics.

(1999). Patient Satisfaction with, and Acceptability of, Atypical Antipsychotics. Current Medical Research and Opinion: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 135-137.