cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postsynaptic membranes in the electric tissue of Narcine: III. Isolation and characterization.

Abstract Postsynaptic membranes in homogenates of the electric tissue of Narcine were identified by labelling nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the membranes with radioactive alpha-bungarotoxin. Various media and centrifugation conditions were examined in an attempt to obtain highly purified postsynaptic membranes. The main criterion for purification was approach towards the specific activity of the pure receptor protein, 9–10 nmol toxin-sites/mg protein. Isolation of tissue microsomes with Tris buffer, EDTA and the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), conditions which preserve the receptor molecules optimally, yielded about 50 % of the tissue toxin-sites, 5 % of the protein, 4 % of the ATPase and less than 2 % of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Further separation of vesiculated membranes in continuous density gradients of sucrose showed that the major contaminants of postsynaptic membrane vesicles were damaged mitochondria and tubular vesicles of dorsal electroplaque membranes rich in ATPase. Mitochondria were effectively removed from homogenates by ‘differential’ centrifugation, and ATPase-rich vesicles could be largely removed by causing their agglutination with calcium ions, or by controlled proteolysis in the absence of PMSF. Partially purified postsynaptic membranes were obtained having about 7 nmol toxin-sites/mg membrane protein. Further purification appears possible by affinity techniques.
WAGE INDEXATION: A MACROECONOMIC APPROACH

Abstract This essay examines the role of wage indexation in dampening macroeconomic fluctuations in a simple neoclassical model modified to incorporate short-term wage rigidities and uncertainty. The analysis departs from most of the previous literature on indexing in its explicit consideration of real disturbances. It is found that while indexing insulates the real sector from the effects of monetary shocks, it may exacerbate the real effects of real shocks. Thus the analysis suggests an optimal degree of partial indexation that depends on the underlying stochastic structure of the economy. Consequently, optimal indexing will not, in general, insulate the real sector from monetary variability.
Heterogeneous materials integration: compliant substrates to active device and materials packaging

The drive for the heterogeneous integration of materials has led to significant advances in materials and device processing, and in the understanding of defect production and control during epitaxy. Heterogeneous integration is driven by microelectronic and packaging trends, and the advent of new materials, such as GaN, that do not possess native substrates. During the last decade, these objectives led to research in the development of compliant substrates. While the ideal compliant substrate concept and implementation may be flawed, this research has certainly advanced materials integration technology. This paper will provide an overview of recent results in compliant substrate experiments and interpretation, and the related advancement of materials and device integration and packaging deriving from some of this research.
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF IDIOSYNCRATIC ANTECEDENT INFLUENCES DURING THE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR

Recent research findings suggest that idiosyncratic variables can influence the outcomes of functional analyses (E. G. Carr, Yarbrough, & Langdon, 1997). In the present study, we examined idiosyncratic environment-behavior relations more precisely after identifying stimuli (i.e., a particular toy and social interaction) associated with increased levels of problem behavior. Two children, an 8-year-old boy with moderate mental retardation and a 5-year-old boy with no developmental delays, participated. Results of functional analyses for both children indicated that idiosyncratic antecedent stimuli set the occasion for occurrences of problem behavior (hand biting or hand flapping) and that problem behavior persisted in the absence of social contingencies. Further analyses were conducted to identify specific components of the stimuli that occasioned problem behavior. Treatments based on results of the analyses successfully reduced self-injury and hand flapping.
The genesis of creative greatness: mini‐c and the expert performance approach

Creativity scholarship generally focuses on one two forms of creative performance: eminent or everyday. Eminent forms of creative performance—often referred to as Big‐C creativity—focus on clear ex...
Purification of histaminase (diamine oxidase) from human pregnancy plasma by affinity chromatography

Abstract The present study describes the use of affinity chromatography to achieve a high degree of purification of histaminase (diamine oxidase, EC 1.4.3.6) from plasma of women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The procedure is based upon the binding of histaminase to cadaverine, a diamine substrate for the enzyme, which is coupled to Sepharose. Contaminant proteins were removed by high concentrations of NaCl (up to 1.0 M), and the histaminase was then eluted from the column with a buffer containing 300–400 units/ml of sodium heparin. The purification technique has the following characteristics: (1) in optimal experiments, 3000-fold purification of enzyme was obtained; (2) the yield of enzyme was as great as 25%; (3) the binding of histaminase to the amine groups of the cadaverine appears to represent a true “affinity” phenomenon since enzyme bound to DEAE-cellulose under neutral pH conditions was eluted at much lower concentrations of NaCl (less than 0.4 M). The enzyme purified by the present procedure has the following properties: (1) disc gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis showed two protein bands for 1000–3000-fold pure histaminase; the major band may represent a contaminant protein, while the minor and corresponded to the position of histaminase activity; (2) a 90 000 molecular weight subunit for the plasma histaminase was identified on calibrated sodium dodecyl sulfate gels; this value agrees well with previous estimations for the subunit size of human placental histaminase; (3) the purified enzyme behaved as classical histaminase (diamine oxidase) in that it was totally inhibited by low concentrations of aminoguanidine, but was less inhibited by semicarbazide and by inhibitors of monoamine oxidase, and the enzyme was active against histamine and putrescine, but not against the monoamines benzylamine and tryptamine. Also, the enzyme was strongly inhibited by NaCl.
Pressure derivatives of the elastic constants of potassium

Abstract The elastic stiffness constants of single crystal potassium and their pressure derivatives have been measured at room temperature by the ultrasonic pulse echo method. The values found are: C = 1.88 C′ = 0.281 B 8 = 3.34 ( units of 10 10 dyn-cm −2 ) dC dP = 1.62 dC′ dP = 0.251 dB 8 dP = 3.97. The notation C = C 44 , C′ = (C 11 −C 12 ) 2 , B 8 = (C 11 + 2C 12 ) 3 has been used. The results have been interpreted in terms of Fuchs' theory of the electrostatic contribution to the shear stiffnesses of the alkali metals. The experimental observation that the elastic anisotropy, C/C′, does not depend on pressure indicates that, as Daniels found for sodium, it is not necessary to include an ion core interaction or a Fermi contribution to the shear stiffnesses in order to account for the results. The latter conclusion is consistent with a spherical Fermi surface. The bulk modulus and its pressure dependence fit very well the simplest model of the binding energy.
Performance of Six Wine Grapes Under Southwest Idaho Environmental Conditions

Abstract Adaptability, yield, quality attributes, and cumulative growing degree day (GDD) requirements of ‘Barbera 02’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon 02’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon 04’, ‘Chardonnay 29’, ‘Merlot 01’, and ‘Sangiovese 04’ wine grapes cultivar clones (Vitis spp.) under climatic conditions of southwest Idaho (Intermountain West region, USA) were evaluated during 2000 and 2001 seasons. ‘Sangiovese 04’ had significantly higher yield than ‘Cabernet Sauvignon 02’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon 04’, ‘Chardonnay 29’, and ‘Merlot 01’ in both 2000 and 2001. ‘Barbera 02’ also had relatively higher yield than many other cultivar clones. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon 02’ had the lowest yield, although differences were not always significant. Other than cluster weight in 2000, no significant differences existed for yield, fruit quality attributes, or GDD requirements between the two ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ clones (’Cabernet Sauvig non 02’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon 04). ‘Barbera 02’ and ‘Sangiovese 04’ had the largest, while ‘Cabernet Sauvignon 0...
A possible role for microsomal hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in microsomal electron transport and mixed-function oxygenase activity.

Abstract Reduction of cytochrome c and cytochrome P-450 was readily linked to the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate or galactose-6-phosphate by the enzyme hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in vertebrate liver microsomes. In fish liver microsomes aminopyrine demethylation and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation dependent on hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was as much as 60% of that seen with an artificial NADPH generating system. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-dependent benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase was seen in mouse liver microsomes also, although the percent of maximal activity was less. The results are consistent with the idea that hepatic hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a role in providing reducing equivalents for microsomal electron transport and mixed-function oxygenase reactions.
Coulomb enhancement of above-band-gap pump-continuum probe spectroscopy

The effect of Coulomb attraction between a photoexcited electron-hole pair on femtosecond pump - continuum probe nonlinear absorption for above-band-gap photoexcitation is discussed. It is shown that in pump-continuum probe experiments the enhancement of the optical matrix element resulting from the Coulomb interaction is strongest near the band gap for the split-off transition and explains the experimentally observed large change in absorption at 1.78 eV. The enhancement factor summed over all transitions must be included to correctly match the experimental results
Multiplex Identification of Microbes

We have adapted molecular inversion probe technology to identify microbes in a highly multiplexed procedure. This procedure does not require growth of the microbes. Rather, the technology employs DNA homology twice: once for the molecular probe to hybridize to its homologous DNA and again for the 20-mer oligonucleotide barcode on the molecular probe to hybridize to a commercially available molecular barcode array. As proof of concept, we have designed, tested, and employed 192 molecular probes for 40 microbes. While these particular molecular probes are aimed at our interest in the microbes in the human vagina, this molecular probe method could be employed to identify the microbes in any ecological niche.
GENERATION OF SYMBOLIC BLOW-UPS OF MONOMIAL SPACE CURVES IN DEGREE FOUR

We study the symbolic blow-up ring of a prime ideal defining a monomial curve in the power series ring in 3 variables over a field. We characterize the conditions required to have the symbolic blow-up generated in degree 4 when the monomial curve is non-self-linked. When this is the case we also find that the symbolic blow-up cannot be Cohen–Macaulay.
Spatial distribution measured by the modulation transfer function

Abstract Spatial distributions in ion micro-beam and IBA experimental practice are regularly characterized through the parameters of FWHM and tail area percentage (TF, tail fraction). Linear and stationary transducer theory allows these distributions to be described in the Fourier-dual frequency space, and provides an indirect method to evaluate them through measurement of the modulation transfer function (MTF). We suggest direct measurement of MTF by employing bar pattern grids, similar to those used for calibration of radiological equipment. Assuming spatial distributions of the form exp(−(|αx|)η), we are able to relate the MTF measurements to the more popular FWHM and TF. This new approach to determine spatial resolution can become a standard for use by the micro-beam community.
MEASUREMENT OF AN OPTICAL FREQUENCY AND THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

We report the measurement of the frequency of the 633-nm red laser line. This is the first measurement of an optical frequency in the visible range without reference to the speed of light or to a measured wavelength. Combination of the optical frequency with the known wavelength yields $c$ to an accuracy higher than previously known. This method demonstrates the practicability of a single-standard time-length measurement system unified via a defined value of the speed of light.
Transverse mixing in rotating cylinders

Abstract The mixing of solid particles in the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of a simple drum mixer has been shown to occur as the result of a combination of diffusion and convection. It has been demonstrated that, to first approximation, it is necessary to consider diffusion in the radial direction only and convection in the angular direction only. On this basis, a simple model of the process has been developed, and expressions relating the rate of mixing to the filling of the drum and its speed of rotation have been presented. Comparison of these expressions with results obtained from a simple experimental system yields quite good agreement.
Optimization of detector geometry for aliasing artifact reduction in the third-generation CT

Many clinical applications demand CT scanners to provide 15 to 20 line pairs per centimeter resolution. For a conventional third generation CT scanner, this demand present a special challenge because of the inherent sampling limitations. If special care is not taken, aliasing artifacts could result. These artifacts typically appear as fine streaks irradiating from high density objects.One of the methods used to achieve aliasing-free CT images is to increase the sampling density by x-ray focal spot wobbling. This is achieved by first acquiring a projection with focal spot at one position. The gantry is then rotated to a position so that the detector cells straddle the cell positions at the previous view.At the same time, the focal spot is deflected back so that it overlaps the previous focal spot position. The two set of projections form an interlaced projection with much higher sampling density. Since the detector cells form an arc concentric to the x-ray focal spot, the interlaced samples are not uniformly spaced. Detailed analysis indicates that the position displacement increases as a function of the detector angle, which results in less effective aliasing artifact reduction for objects located away from the iso-center. To overcome this shortcoming,w e propose a new detector geometry. Computer simulations have shown that further aliasing artifact reduction can be achieved for off-centered objects. In addition, an improvement in in-plane resolution can be realized, due to an increase in the magnification factor and a reduction in the effective detector cell cross-section. We further show that a closed form solution for the tomographic reconstruction is possible when certain constraints are met.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Complex partial status epilepticus accompanied by serious morbidity and mortality

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) accounts for approximately 20% of all status epilepticus (SE). Although convulsive SE is recognized as a medical emergency, prompt diagnosis and treatment of patients with NCSE is often not emphasized because its consequences are thought to be benign. We report 10 patients with persistent neurologic deficits or death after well-documented NCSE in the form of complex partial status epilepticus (CPSE). All patients had prolonged CPSE lasting 36 hours or longer, as documented by clinical and EEG findings. Causes for CPSE were preexisting epilepsy with partial and secondarily generalized seizures (3 patients), vascular disease (2 patients), encephalitis (2 patients), and metabolic disease (1 patient); causes were unknown for two patients. Poor outcomes identified included persistent (lasting at least 3 months) or permanent cognitive or memory loss (5 patients), cognitive or memory loss plus motor and sensory dysfunction (3 patients), and death (3 patients). NCSE in the form of CPSE is not a benign entity. Serious morbidity and mortality may occur due to the adverse effects of prolonged seizures and as a result of acute brain disorders that precipitate the seizures.
Evolutionary trends of A(H1N1) influenza virus hemagglutinin since 1918.

The Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is spreading to numerous countries and causing many human deaths. Although the symptoms in humans are mild at present, fears are that further mutations in the virus could lead to a potentially more dangerous outbreak in subsequent months. As the primary immunity-eliciting antigen, hemagglutinin (HA) is the major agent for host-driven antigenic drift in A(H3N2) virus. However, whether and how the evolution of HA is influenced by existing immunity is poorly understood for A(H1N1). Here, by analyzing hundreds of A(H1N1) HA sequences since 1918, we show the first evidence that host selections are indeed present in A(H1N1) HAs. Among a subgroup of human A(H1N1) HAs between 1918~2008, we found strong diversifying (positive) selection at HA1 156 and 190. We also analyzed the evolutionary trends at HA1 190 and 225 that are critical determinants for receptor-binding specificity of A(H1N1) HA. Different A(H1N1) viruses appeared to favor one of these two sites in host-driven antigenic drift: epidemic A(H1N1) HAs favor HA1 190 while the 1918 pandemic and swine HAs favor HA1 225. Thus, our results highlight the urgency to understand the interplay between antigenic drift and receptor binding in HA evolution, and provide molecular signatures for monitoring future antigenically drifted 2009 pandemic and seasonal A(H1N1) influenza viruses.
Effects of relativity and configuration interaction on L-shell Auger and radiative decays of the doubly excited 3l3l' states of sodiumlike ions.

Auger and radiative transition energies and rates for the states from the 2${p}^{5}$3l3l' and 2s2${p}^{6}$3l3l' configurations of the Na-like ions have been calculated for 18 ions with atomic number 18\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}92 using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method. The Z dependence of the transition rates for a few selected states has been analyzed. Numerous irregularities are present in many transitions due to the level-crossing interaction. The effects of relativity and configuration interaction are simultaneously important for medium and heavy ions. These effects can sometimes change the rates for weak transitions by orders of magnitude. Strong configuration interaction between states from the 2${p}^{5}$3${p}^{2}$ and 2${p}^{5}$3s3d configurations has been found. Inclusion of the Breit interaction in calculations of the Auger matrix elements can change the Auger rates by as much as a factor of 2. The spin-orbit mixing and Breit interaction are responsible for the decay of most of the quartet states. In particular, the 2${p}^{5}$3s3${p}^{4}$${D}_{7/2}$ metastable state of low-Z ions decays predominantly by Auger-electron emission via the magnetic interaction.
Kinetic study on unzippering of polynucleotides and order-order transition in polypeptides.

Solutions are presented for N + 1 sequential and reversible first-order reactions for which the magnitude of the reverse rate constant, kb, for all steps except the last is identical. Also the magnitude of the forward rate constant, kf, for all steps except the first and last is identical. The initial and final steps are nucleation reactions; therefore, the initial and final kf are modified by the factors σ′ and γ respectively. The final kb is modified by the factor γ σ. The ratio kb/kf is defined as s, which has the same meaning as s in the Zimm-Bragg theory. The mathematical model is intended to apply to polymeric molecules of N segments and allows the calculation of the mole fraction of molecules in state i at any time t, Ci(t). A molecule in state i has i unreacted segments and N – i reacted ones. Because the reactions are sequential, all reacted segments are contiguous. Our numerical results show that when σ′ is much less than unity and the forward reaction is favored, the relaxation curve is sigmoidal. If, however, the forward and reverse reactions are equally favored (i.e., s ≃ 1) the relaxation curve is a straight line. When s and σ′ are near unity, the curve is exponential for a considerably large fraction of the reaction. Further, in the exponential for a considerably large fraction of the reaction. Further, in the exponential phase of the reaction, the relaxation time is proportional to N2 for highly cooperative systems (i.e., Nσ ≪ 1). As found by Pipkin and Gibbs, if N is sufficiently large and s is less than unity (e.g., N ≳ 50 and s ≃0.9) the relaxation curve is largely linear with a slope inversely proportional to N. Applications are given for the unwinding of double-helical poly(A·U) and the order–order transition in poly-L-proline.
Stability Considerations for a Vertical Mount Energy Storage Flywheel

The optimum design of a flywheel mechanical battery system would have a minimum friction resistance from the bearings and the aerodynamic drag forces acting on the rotor system. To investigate the complexities involved in the design of a flywheel mechanical battery system, a test rig has been constructed at the Virginia Tech Rotor Dynamics Laboratory. This test rig consists of a fifty-pound steel flywheel that is mounted on a vertical shaft system and driven by a brushless permanent magnet motor. Initially, it was thought that the rotor could be supported with a single bearing, positioned at the upper mount point of the rotor. This pendulum-type configuration was found to have a major instability at low frequency. This paper will discuss these initial results and the further analysis and testing of a two bearing vertical shaft design. In addition, analyses of both systems have been performed using DyRoBeS, a finite element based rotor dynamics analysis code. The conclusions and recommendations presented here will be of interest to designers of future vertical rotors for such flywheel systems.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Delegation and Leader-Member Exchange: Main Effects, Moderators, and Measurement Issues

Subordinate and supervisor leader-member exchange (LMX) were examined as correlates of delegation and as moderators of relationships between delegation and subordinate performance and satisfaction....
Regulating peptidergic modulation of rhythmically active neural circuits.

The ability of neuropeptides to modulate neural circuit activity is well established, but little is known regarding how the actions of neurally-released peptides are regulated. This issue is being stu
A method of image plane multiplex holography

Abstract A method for making image plane multiplex holograms is described. These exhibit the full 3-D imagery of conventional multiplex holograms, but can be made without the use of coherent light. A similarity to lenticular photography is noted; this similarity is then utilized in devising methods for constructing image plane multiplex holograms.
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Part II: Applications in Characterization of Peptides and Proteins

In part I of this article, we discussed the theory and operational features of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Herein, we survey a few common applications of ESI-MS. The symbiotic relationship between biological chemists and mass spectrometrists has lead to rapid development of commercial ESI-MS systems and their utilization by an ever growing number of researchers. It is our hope in this article to answer the question: What do ESI-MS measurements tell researchers and how does this information assist their research?
Molecular Profiling of Neurons Based on Connectivity

The complexity and cellular heterogeneity of neural circuitry presents a major challenge to understanding the role of discrete neural populations in controlling behavior. While neuroanatomical methods enable high-resolution mapping of neural circuitry, these approaches do not allow systematic molecular profiling of neurons based on their connectivity. Here, we report the development of an approach for molecularly profiling projective neurons. We show that ribosomes can be tagged with a camelid nanobody raised against GFP and that this system can be engineered to selectively capture translating mRNAs from neurons retrogradely labeled with GFP. Using this system, we profiled neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens. We then used an AAV to selectively profile midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens. By comparing the captured mRNAs from each experiment, we identified a number of markers specific to VTA dopaminergic projection neurons. The current method provides a means for profiling neurons based on their projections.
Physicochemical Properties of Mono disperse Oil-in-Water Emulsions

ABSTRACT The bulk physiochemical properties of oil-in-water emulsions are strongly influenced by the size, concentration and interactions of the droplets that they contain. Emulsions of different appearance, rheology and stability can therefore be created by systematically manipulating droplet characteristics. In this manuscript we review recent studies of the influence of droplet concentration (0 to 67 vol%), droplet radius (0.1 to 1.0 μm) and droplet flocculation (depletion) on the rheology, creaming stability and optical properties of monodisperse oil-in-water emulsions. Mono-disperse emulsions were prepared by fractionating polydisperse emulsions using a depletion-flocculation technique. The major advantage of using monodisperse emulsions is that the interpretation of experimental data is facilitated. An improved understanding of the relationship between droplet characteristics and emulsion properties will facilitate the rational design of emulsion-based products with specific functional attributes.
Effect of salts on the partition of 8-quinolinol.

Abstract The effect of inert salts on the partition of 8-quinolinol between benzene and water was determined. For the salts investigated, the relation log K D' = I + k 3 ,μ was demonstrated, as expected from the Setschenow equation. The salting out order observed is KCl > NaCl > KNO 3 > NaClO 4 .
Physics pedagogical software: The CIP software contest

In 1989, a decision was made that the journal Computers in Physics (CIP) would sponsor a software contest under the auspices of its education department. The goal was to reward software authors for their efforts to advance undergraduate pedagogy and to advertise their work to the larger physics community. The contest is now in its ninth year. In the following remarks, we will first attempt, some general observations and then some evaluative comments.
Analysis of the 4d 9 –4d 8 5p transitions in eleven-times ionized barium (Ba xii)

The spectrum of eleven-times ionized barium was generated in a triggered, high-voltage, vacuum spark and photographed with the National Bureau of Standards 10.7-m grazing-incidence spectrograph. The spectral lines of the transition array 4d9–4d85p were identified in the range of 100–125 A. Thirty-nine lines of this array have been classified as transitions from thirty-two levels of the 4d85p configuration to the 4d9 2D ground term. Radial energy integrals were fitted to the observed levels of 4d85p, and the relative intensities in the array were calculated with fitted eigenvectors. These intensities were in good qualitative agreement with the relative intensities that had been visually estimated on the photographic plate. Least-squares-fitted values for the energy parameters and their ratios to the calculated Hartree–Fock (HF) values are given.
Does less autonomy erode women's health? Yes. No. Maybe.

Understanding the determinants of health is a central objective of human biology and related fields. Female autonomy is hypothesized to be an important determinant of women's health as well as demographic outcomes. The literature relating women's health to their everyday autonomy has produced conflicting results, and this may be due in part to the application of different measures of autonomy and different measures of health. Using secondary data from a large nationally representative study, this study examines the relationship between multiple measures of female autonomy and three measures of wellbeing among women living in Uzbekistan (n = 5,396). The multivariate results show that women's autonomy related to freedom of movement is associated with lower levels of depression symptomatology and lower systolic blood pressure. Respondents who assert that women should have control over their bodies also had lower odds of high depression symptoms and lower diastolic blood pressure. In contrast, women with greater decision-making autonomy were more likely to be classified as having high depressive symptomatology and higher diastolic blood pressure. Building on recent work, we suggest that these associations might reflect varying levels of agreement between men and women, and we provide some limited evidence to support this. This study stands as a theoretical and methodological cautionary note by suggesting that the relationship between autonomy and health is complex. Further, if differences in gender agreement underlie differences in the predictive accuracy of autonomy scales, then human biology researchers will need to begin collecting identical data from men and women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
External and internal p requirements of plant species differing in their mycorrhizal dependency

Abstract Species of plants distinctly differing in their dependence on vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis were grown in potted soil at soil solution P levels ranging from 0.003 to 0.6 mg L‐1. Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization levels generally decreased with increase in soil solution P concentrations, the degree of decrease being more pronounced with decrease in VAM dependency of host species. Mycorrhizal inoculation effect (MIE) disappeared at a much lower soil solution P concentration in the marginally to moderately VAM dependent Sesbania species compared to MIE noted in Leucaena leucocephala, a very highly VAM‐dependent species. Under nonmycorrhizal condition, the former species exhibited lower external and higher internal P requirement for dry matter production compared to the latter species.
Liver Transplantation with Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation is More Effective than Resection for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a devastating disease, and therapy remains a formidable challenge. In 1974, Launois proposed radical resection, including hepatectomy, as a potentially curative operation; initial results demonstrated improved survival.1 We recently reported our institutional experience with 46 patients, achieving 25% 5-year survival with potentially curative resection.2 Others have reported similar results, achieving 20–40% 5-year survival for selected patients.3–10 Extensive hilar invasion, bilateral liver involvement, and vascular encasement often preclude potentially curative resection. Many patients also have underlying primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). CCA arising in the setting of PSC is even more difficult to treat because of either advanced tumor stage or liver disease.11 Orthotopic liver transplantation appeared promising because it would obviate problems in achieving tumor-free margins within the liver. Unfortunately, experiences during the late 1980s and early 1990s were poor. The Cincinnati Transplant Tumor Registry reported 28% 5-year survival with a 51% tumor recurrence rate.12 Eighty-four percent of recurrences were detected during the first 2 years, with 47% occurring in the liver allograft and 30% in the lungs. Incidentally detected tumors fared no better than other tumors, and adjuvant therapy was not associated with survival. The Spanish liver transplant centers reported a similar experience, 30% 3-year survival for 36 patients.13 A more radical approach with cluster abdominal transplantation reported by the University of Pittsburgh had equally poor results: 20% 3-year survival and a 57% recurrence rate.14 As a result of these experiences, hilar CCA became a widely recognized contraindication to liver transplantation.15 Nevertheless, liver transplantation did achieve long-term survival for a small group of patients with negative margins and absence of regional lymph node metastases.16 In addition, a small group of patients at our institution treated with primary radiotherapy and chemosensitization alone (without resection) had 22% 5-year survival.17 We designed a protocol by combining the benefits of radiotherapy, chemosensitization, liver transplantation, and appropriate patient selection for patients with unresectable hilar CCA in 1993. Preliminary results for 11 patients reported in 2000 were encouraging18, and in 2004 we reported 82% 5-year survival for 28 patients.19 Since 1993 we have continued to treat potentially resectable hilar CCA with resection, including excision of the extrahepatic bile duct, lymphadenectomy, and liver resection. Patients with unresectable tumors and tumors arising in the setting of PSC have undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and liver transplantation. We reviewed our experience between January 1993 and August 2004 to compare patient survival after transplantation and neoadjuvant therapy versus resection.
The BlackBerry image: self-identified perceptions and motivations associated with college student BlackBerry use

We report the results of a qualitative research study conducted with university students regarding their phenomenological perspectives of BlackBerry use. Three key themes inductively emerged throughout the interview and analysis process regarding self-perceptions college students reported regarding their own BlackBerry use. First, students offered practical motivations that influenced their decisions to purchase and use BlackBerrys, including the relatively convenient and instant access to email and Internet that BlackBerry offers. Second, all students in our study intentionally compared and contrasted their own BlackBerrys with competing Apple products on the market, specifically the iPhone. In comparison with the iPhone, BlackBerry users in our sample viewed their own phones as only moderately ‘cool’ or prestigious. Additionally, BlackBerry users also seemed to view their phones as less technologically advanced than iPhone technology. Third, students reported particular images they associated with Black...
Mechanism of the protective effects of prostaglandins E1 and F2α in canine endotoxin shock

Abstract Prostaglandins E 1 (PGE 1 ) and F 2α (PGF 2α ) were studied for their ability to alter the course of a standardized endotoxin shock procedure in dogs. 3 hr after the administration of E. coli endotoxin, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was reduced 44% and cardiac output (CO) 60%. At this time plasma activities of the lysosomal protease, cathepsin D, increased 670%, and of a myocardial depressant factor (MDF), 310%. Dogs treated with PGF 2α had consistently higher MABP and CO, while plasma cathepsin D and MDF activities were moderately elevated. In addition, post-endotoxin survival was significantly improved. PGE 1 -treated dogs exhibited a higher MABP and CO, while plasma cathepsin D and MDF activities were only slighly elevated, and survival time increased ( p 1 , but not PGF 2α markedly reduced the rate of release of proteases from isolated hepatic and pancreatic lysosomes subjected to thermal activation. An enhanced release of splanchnic proteases appears to lead to the formation of MDF, a peptide involved in the pathophysiology of endotoxin shock. Prostaglandin E 1 may protect in endotoxin shock by suppressing the release of lysosomal proteases and the subsequent formation of MDF, whereas PGF 2α may protect either by circulatory support or by some secondary mechanism for preventing the release of lysosomal enzymes.
Biofilm community diversity after exposure to 0·4% stannous fluoride gels

Aims To test the effect of 0·4% stannous fluoride (SnF2) glycerine-based gels on specific portions of the bacterial community in both a clinical observational study and in vitro multispecies plaque-derived (MSPD) biofilm model. Methods and Results Potential changes to specific portions of the bacterial community were determined through the Human Oral Microbial Identification Microarray (HOMIM). Both the observational clinical study and the biofilm model showed that short-term use of 0·4% SnF2 gel has little effect on the bacterial community depicted by hierarchical cluster analysis. The amount of plaque accumulation on a subject's teeth, which was measured by plaque index scores, failed to show statistical significant changes over the two baselines or after treatment (P = 0·9928). The in vitro results were similar when examining the effect of 0·4% SnF2 gels on biofilm adherence through a crystal violet assay (P = 0·1157). Conclusions The bacteria within the dental biofilms showed resilience in maintaining the overall community diversity after exposure to 0·4% SnF2 topical gels. Significance and Impact of the Study The study supports that the immediate benefits of using 0·4% SnF2 gels in children may be strictly from fluoride ions inhibiting tooth demineralization rather than delivering substantial antimicrobial effects.
Positive economics and praxeology: The clash of prediction and explanation

The preceding discussion has uncovered two reasons why the praxeological approach deserves a greater place in the practice of economics than it has been explicitly accorded over the last 30 years.
The entrepreneurship of nested systems: a socially complex approach

A classic debate faced by management scholars is whether organisational life is determined by intractable environmental constraints or is it actively created by strategic managerial choice? Such polarising perspectives however fail to account for co-evolutionary processes in which individual choice and their environment jointly shape organisational life processes. Specifically, recent developments in institutional research have called for a greater attention to bridging micro and macro level processes to explaining ordering and disordering tendencies of institutions. In drawing on complexity science, Austrian economics, social network and related institutional research, a conceptual model is developed to explain such tendencies in a nested institutional system. Such an approach offers three contributions/implications to complexity science and institutional research.
Management Styles in the Middle East: A Case Example

Introduction In the management literature there are numerous discussions of how managers may be affected by their cultural and social backgrounds as well as by behavioural and economic factors. The family structure and the relationship between family members, rate of acceptance of authority in the society, economic condition and overall standard of living, as well as personal and behavioural characteristics of managers contribute to differences in their management styles in different nations. Despite this general proposition about the factors which affect management styles, studies dealing with practices in developing countries are virtually non‐existent. Whatever is available for one country or one industry, specific studies demonstrate very little managerial orientation. The purpose of this article is to point out management styles prevailing among managers of both private and public sectors of the Middle Eastern countries, particularly Turkey. To this end, applicability of different management systems is discussed and managerial implications are suggested for orderly decision‐making purposes.
Measurement of ‘Core’ Temperature in the Rat

IN investigations involving changes in body temperature in the rat1–3 we have noted discrepanciess, in the control levels and changes in response to given doses of drugs such as morphine, chlorpromazine and reserpine, between our own data and those quoted for comparable situations in the literature. Although a wide variety of techniques for measuring body temperature have been used, the most commonly used method in the conscious animal is the intermittent or chronic insertion of a thermo-sensitive device into the rectum. Few authors state the distance to which the thermometer is inserted but, where the measurement is given, it is generally, in the rat, of the order of 3.0–5.0 cm.
Early embryology of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas rafinesque

The fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque), has been laboratory bred and the early embryos staged and described. At 23°C the embryo requires 33 hours to reach the 13-somite stage. This period of early embryonic development has been divided into 12 stages. The description of each of these stages is accompanied by photographs.
Noise control challenges for auscultation on medical evacuation helicopters

Abstract A stethoscope is the standard clinical tool used for auscultation. It amplifies chest sounds and enables diagnosis of both circulatory and respiratory systems. However, in many emergency transportation environments, ambient noise levels in excess of 90 dB prevent successful auscultation. In this paper, data is collected in a U.S. Army Sikorsky UH-60 helicopter to analyze the inherent noise present during routine aeromedical transport. Data is gathered with a commercially available stethoscope retrofitted with an array of accelerometers and microphones. Peak acoustic noise levels are recorded in excess of 125 dB and ambient vibration levels are measured to be near 0.5 g RMS. The signal-to-noise ratio is much below 1 for the entire frequency range of interest in auscultation. It is shown using a combination of simulations and experimental data that existing active noise cancellation techniques using a reference microphone would be ineffective in this scenario. However, similar adaptive noise cancellation techniques using a reference accelerometer within the device would be significantly more effective at enabling auscultation.
Novel Subunit in Secretory IgA

A new component, “J” (for joining), has been found in rabbit and human secretory IgA in addition to the S, α, and light chains already characterized. J has a molecular weight of approximately 23,000 and, by contrast with the S component, is disulphide-linked to the α chain. It is present in the dimer but not the monomer form of human IgA myelomas, and therefore seems to be responsible for the dimer structure characteristic of secretory IgA.
Transatlantic touchstone: The shipwrecked woman in British and early American literature

By the early nineteenth century, Anglo women came to figure prominently in shipwreck narratives in Britain and the U.S., not only because they went to sea more often, as wives of captains, emigrants, convicts, and lady's companions, but also because, as I will show, they were integral to developing notions of gender, race, and national identity in both nations. Written between the lines of sensationalist accounts of a female shipwreck victim's life and death struggle is a tension between aggressive self‐preservation and feminine delicacy, a tension even more pronounced if she is captured by natives of “barbarous” lands. As a representative of national virtue and Christian fortitude, the shipwrecked Anglo woman ultimately heightened public sentiment and influenced efforts at national security, becoming a kind of transatlantic touchstone for efforts at national self‐definition.
Baculovirus Expression of Chicken Nonmuscle Heavy Meromyosin II-B CHARACTERIZATION OF ALTERNATIVELY SPLICED ISOFORMS

Abstract We have expressed two truncated isoforms of chicken nonmuscle myosin II-B using the baculovirus expression system. One of the expressed heavy meromyosins (HMMexp) consists of two 150-kDa myosin heavy chains (MHCs), comprising amino acids 1-1231 as well as two pairs of 20-kDa and 17-kDa myosin light chains (MLCs) in a 1:1:1 molar ratio. The second HMMexp was identical except that it contained an insert of 10 amino acids (PESPKPVKHQ) at the 25-50-kDa domain boundary in the subfragment-1 region of the MHC. These 10 amino acids include a consensus sequence (SPK) for proline-directed kinases. Expressed HMMs were soluble at low ionic strength and bound to rabbit skeletal muscle actin in an ATP-dependent manner. These properties afforded a rapid purification of milligram quantities of expressed protein. Both isoforms were capable of moving actin filaments in an in vitro motility assay and manifested a greater than 20-fold activation of actin-activated MgATPase activity following phosphorylation of the 20-kDa MLC. HMMexp with the 10-amino acid insert was phosphorylated by Cdc2, Cdk5, and mitogen-activated protein kinase in vitro to 0.3-0.4 mol of PO4/mol of MHC. The site phosphorylated in the MHC was identified as the serine residue present in the 10-amino acid insert and its presence was confirmed in bovine brain MHCs. Characterization of the baculovirus expressed noninserted and inserted MHC isoforms with respect to actin-activated MgATPase activity and ability to translocate actin filaments in an in vitro motility assay produced the following average values following MLC phosphorylation: noninserted HMMexp, Vmax = 0.28 s−1, Km = 12.7 μM; translocation rate = 0.077 μm/s; inserted HMMexp, Vmax = 0.37 s−1, Km = 15.1 μM; translocation rate = 0.092 μm/s.
Synthesis and Reversible Reductive Coupling of Cationic, Dinitrogen-Derived Diazoalkane Complexes

A series of cationic diazoalkane complexes [4-RC6H4C(H)NNMo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3][AlCl4], [1-R][AlCl4] (R = NMe2, Me, H, Br, CN; Ar = 3,5-C6H3Me2) has been prepared by treatment of the N2-derived diazenido complex Me3SiNNMo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3 with 4-RC6H4CHO and 2 equiv of AlCl3. The structures of [1-H][AlCl4] and [1-NMe2][AlCl4] were determined by X-ray crystallography. The C−N and N−N stretching modes were identified by a combined IR and Raman spectroscopy study, and other physical properties are discussed in detail. The electrochemical reduction potential for [1-R][AlCl4] was shown to be linear with the Hammett σ parameter. This reduction process forms the C−C bonded dimer, μ-(4-RC6H4C(H)NN)2[Mo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3]2, that was characterized by X-ray crystallography for R = H. Possible mechanisms for the formation of this dimer are presented. Both electrochemical investigations and quantum chemical calculations are used to describe the odd-electron complex 4-RC6H4C(H)NNMo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3, 1-R, that is an intermediate in the format...
Model-Based Networked Control for Finite-Time Stability of Nonlinear Systems: The Deterministic Case

In this paper we analyze model-based networked control systems for a discrete-time nonlinear plant model, operating in the presence of stochastic dropout of state observations. The dropout is modeled as a Markov chain, and sufficient conditions for finite-time stochastic stability are provided using the stochastic version of Lyapunov second method. In a companion paper we model the dropout as a deterministic sequence
Density dependence of the velocity autocorrelation function

Abstract The velocity autocorrelation function and the self-diffusion coefficient for a fluid are computed as a function of density using a BGK-kinetic model.
The eosinophilic leukocyte and the pathology of fatal bronchial asthma: Evidence for pathologic heterogeneity

Classically, bronchial asthma is associated with peripheral blood eosinophilia and striking eosinophilia of bronchial tissues and sputum. Evidence exists that eosinophil degranulation commonly occurs during bronchial asthma and eosinophil granule proteins are discharged onto damaged bronchial epithelium. Analyses of 10 patients with fatal asthma showed striking eosinophil participation in eight, whereas two patients showed marked epithelial desquamation in the virtual absence of eosinophils. These results point to the possibility that a pathologic heterogeneity exists in fatal bronchial asthma, with most, but not all, patients showing evidence of eosinophil participation.