cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid Flow in Trapezoidal Silicon Microchannels With 3D Random Rough Bottoms

In this paper, a bottom-up approach is used to construct random rough bottom walls for trapezoidal silicon microchannels with hydraulic diameters D h from 47 μm to 241 μm. The top and side walls are set to be smooth. A computational fluid dynamics solver is used to solve the 3D Navier―Stokes equations for the water fiow through the rough trapezoidal microchannels. No-slip and periodic boundary conditions are applied to achieve the fully developed flow characteristics. The effects of Reynolds number Re (75―600), relative roughness height H/D h (1.66―5.39%), aspect ratio β (0.13-1), and base angle θ (30―90 deg) on the Poiseuille number Po are investigated. It is found that the roughness strongly affects the flow near the bottom wall but does not have significant effect on the center flow The Po number in the developing flow region increases with the Re number and in the fully developed region tends to be independent of the Re number. The entrance length L e is found to be smaller than that in smooth channels because the roughness reduces hydraulic diameter D h of the microchannel. It is also observed that with a certain H/D h , the Po number has a larger deviation from the theoretical value with a smaller β, and with the same H/D h and β, θ can also change the Po number, especially at small base angles.
A scale-independent, site conservation planning framework in The Nature Conservancy

Abstract Site conservation planning in The Nature Conservancy is a scale-independent process that defines the landscape within which conservation targets (i.e., species and communities of concern) can persist. The process integrates more traditional preserve design and land acquisition activities with newer conservation biology and ecosystem management concepts into a single dynamic framework. Site conservation planning can be thought of as a series of questions, which if answered would constitute the major components of a plan. These questions are: (1) What are the significant conservation targets and long-term goals for those targets? (2) What biotic and abiotic attributes maintain those targets over the long term? (3) What are the basic characteristics of the human communities at the site? (4) What current and potential activities interfere with the survival of conservation targets and maintenance of ecological processes that sustain them? (5) Who are the organized groups and influential individuals at the site (i.e., stakeholders), what impacts will the goals have on them, and how might they help or hinder us in achieving those goals? (6) What can we do to prevent or mitigate threatening activities, and how can we influence important stakeholders? (7) What are the areas on the ground where we need to act? (8) What kinds of actions are necessary to accomplish our goals, who will do them, how long will they take, and how much will they cost? (9) Can we succeed in our goals, based on assessment of both ecological and human concerns and programmatic resources? (10) How will we know if we are making progress toward our goals and if our actions are bringing about desired results? Site conservation planning is best accomplished with an interdisciplinary team consisting of scientists, planners, and implementers. We recommend revisiting plans periodically to update and revise information, particularly threats to major ecological processes sustaining conservation targets and strategies that address those threats.
CURED COLOR DEVELOPMENT DURING FERMENTED SAUSAGE PROCESSING

Color development of fermented sausages was determined by pigment analyses and Gardner color values. Sausages were studied during the fermentation phase, after heat processing to 60°C (internal) and after dehydration for 8 and 16 days. The percent conversion of total pigments to the cured nitric oxide heme pigment form significantly (P < 0.05) increased during a 21 hr fermentation phase. Differences in the cumulative heat input to sausages during fermentation at 38°C was noted as the factor responsible for the initial development of cured meat color. Maximum pigment conversion obtained on heat processing appeared dependent on the extent of prior color development during fermentation. Color of sausages as determined by Gardner color values was in agreement with pigment analysis data. Color development found at the heat process phase was also dependent on the extent of sausage fermentation. Dehydrated sausages had variable losses of cured pigment content although color values did not show significant changes from those values found after heat processing.
Probing the stereochemistry of D(−)‐ribose and D(−)‐arabinose isomers by triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry

Collision-induced dissociations and ion-molecule reactions in a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer are used to distinguish qualitatively between permethylated D(−)-ribose and D(−)-arabinose isomers. Differences are observed in the [MH]+ daughter ion spectra of each isomer at relatively low ion kinetic energies from 0 eV to 7 eV (laboratory frame of reference) for collisions with inert nitrogen gas. Loss of neutral methanol is favored for the D(−)-ribose isomer. With permethylated D(−)-arabinose, methanol elimination is less likely to occur and the rearrangement ion [H3COCH2CHOCH3]+ exists in significantly greater abundance. At low precursor ion kinetic energies, the D(−)-arabinofuranoside participates in a selective exothermic proton transfer reaction with methyl-amine to yield the [CH3NH3]+ ion. In contrast, the proton transfer reaction with permethylated D(−)-ribose is an endothermic process with a definite translational energy onset. From this measured threshold ion kinetic energy, the proton affinity of methyl-2,3,5-tri-o-methyl-D(−)-ribofuranoside was estimated to be 940 ± 8 kJ mol−1. In additional experiments where both saccharide isomers function as collision gases, a reactive trimethylsilyl ion is used to distinguish successfully between methyl-2,3,5-tri-o-methyl-D(−)-ribofuranoside and methyl-2,3,5-tri-o-methyl-D(−)-arabinofuranoside isomers.
A novel electrical-mobility-based instrument for total number concentration measurements of ultrafine particles

Abstract A novel electrical-mobility-based technique to measure total particle number concentration over a selected size range is presented. Charged particles are condensed out onto an electrode that is shaped such that the product of its transfer function and the particle charging efficiency is a constant, independent of particle size. The resulting total current is then proportional to the number concentration of the sampled particles over the collected size range. The theoretical approach for the calculation of the electrode shape function is described. The extension of this technique for measurement of higher moments of the particle size distributions over a desired size range is briefly discussed. This concept is used to design a new instrument, called the tailored electrode concentration sensor (TECS). For validation of the theoretical concept, the collection electrode in the TECS instrument is designed for concentration measurements over a size range of 30–90 nm. In the TECS, the collection section is located downstream of an electrostatic precipitator section, where the sampled flow is split into aerosol and sheath flows, similar to the design of the MEAS [Ranjan, M., & Dhaniyala, S., (2007), Theory and design of a new miniature electrical-mobility aerosol spectrometer, Journal of Aerosol Science, 38(9), 950–963]. This results in a compact, low pressure drop instrument. Experimental results confirm that the response of the optimally-shaped electrode in the TECS system is only proportional to total number concentration over the selected size range.
Superconductivity and magnetism in niobium doped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 related high T C ceramics

Magnetic characterization has been performed on the members of the cuprateniobate RBa2Cu2NbO8 (R = Pr, Nd, and La) series and R1.5Ce0.5Sr2Cu2NbO10 (R = Pr, Eu, Nd, and Sm) series. The PrBCNO samples show a signature in the magnetization of a magnetic ordering at 12K. The PrCSCNO sample is nonsuperconducting and shows two distinct orderings at 17K and 53K. No such magnetic phase transition is observed down to 2K in the Nd and La based RBCNO materials or the Nd, Sm, and Eu based RCSCNO materials. Measurements of the lower critical field curve, dc irreversibility line, and critical curent densities are reported for each of the superconducting NdCSCNO, SmCSCNO, and EuCSCNO compounds.
Preoperative ultrasound assessment of adnexal masses in premenopausal women.

Abstract Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of preoperative transvaginal ultrasound in predicting ovarian histopathology in premenopausal women. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed from reproductive-age women that underwent removal of an ovarian cyst between May 1990 and April 1998. Results: Of the 120 consecutive patients identified, 19 did not meet inclusion criteria. Pathologic diagnosis confirmed endometriomas ( n =55), mature teratoma ( n =25), serous cystadenoma ( n =18), persistent corpus luteum ( n =7) and other ( n =5). The primary preoperative transvaginal ultrasound impression was accurate in most cases (endometrioma: 85%, mature teratoma: 86%, serous cystadenoma: 80%). Conclusion: Endometriomas and mature cystic teratomas can be predicted with a moderate degree of accuracy by preoperative ultrasound.
Two-dimensional wavelet analysis based classification of gas chromatogram differential mobility spectrometry signals

This study introduces two-dimensional (2-D) wavelet analysis to the classification of gas chromatogram differential mobility spectrometry (GC/DMS) data which are composed of retention time, compensation voltage, and corresponding intensities. One reported method to process such large data sets is to convert 2-D signals to 1-D signals by summing intensities either across retention time or compensation voltage, but it can lose important signal information in one data dimension. A 2-D wavelet analysis approach keeps the 2-D structure of original signals, while significantly reducing data size. We applied this feature extraction method to 2-D GC/DMS signals measured from control and disordered fruit and then employed two typical classification algorithms to testify the effects of the resultant features on chemical pattern recognition. Yielding a 93.3% accuracy of separating data from control and disordered fruit samples, 2-D wavelet analysis not only proves its feasibility to extract feature from original 2-D signals but also shows its superiority over the conventional feature extraction methods including converting 2-D to 1-D and selecting distinguishable pixels from training set. Furthermore, this process does not require coupling with specific pattern recognition methods, which may help ensure wide applications of this method to 2-D spectrometry data.
Believing the improbable

L'A. etudie le cas d'une personne confrontee a la critique de l'ensemble de ses croyances parce qu'elles semblent contredire le principe de deduction, selon lequel un ensemble de croyances n'implique aucune contradiction. L'A. defend une forme faible du probabilisme de Bayes qui admet la croyance rationnelle en une proposition qui apparait comme improbable en vertu d'une certain seuil de confiance qu'il s'agit de depasser
Effects of fertilization on the nutrient distribution of aboveground components of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill

The following fertilizer treatments were applied to a 20-year-old aspen-birch-sprucefir stand in southeastern Maine: N at 448 kg/ha, P at 112 kg/ha, N and P applied as above in addition to 1751 kg/ha Ca and 27 kg/ha Mg. Five years after treatment, foliar concentrations of N, P and Ca for understory blasam fir exhibited significant increases in response to fertilization with those nutrients. Mean five-year height growth, adjusted for pretreatment differences, increased 36 percent in response to fertilization with N alone and in combination with P and lime.
The Reincarnation of Virtual Machines: Virtualization makes a comeback.

The term virtual machine initially described a 1960s operating system concept: a software abstraction with the looks of a computer system’s hardware (real machine). Forty years later, the term encompasses a large range of abstractions?for example, Java virtual machines that don’t match an existing real machine. Despite the variations, in all definitions the virtual machine is a target for a programmer or compilation system. In other words, software is written to run on the virtual machine.
Sequence similarity between the long terminal repeat coding regions of mammary-tumorigenic BALB/cV and renal-tumorigenic C3H-K strains of mouse mammary tumor virus

Abstract The long terminal repeat (LTR) of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) encodes a protein which functions as a superantigen. The BALB/cV strain differs from other exogenous MMTVs antigenically, biochemically, on the basis of restriction fragment analysis, and by the specificity of its superantigen for Vβ2 + T cells. In order to elucidate the origin of the BALB/cV virus and to better understand the interaction of its superantigen with the T cell receptor, we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the BALB/cV LTR open reading frame, including 93 bases downstream of the translation termination site. The encoded protein's C-terminal portion, thought to control superantigenic specificity, is identical to the C3H-K strain of MMTV, isolated from a rare kidney adenocarcinoma. The remainder of the coding sequence is highly related to many MMTV strains. Like other MMTV strains, the BALB/cV LTR maintains intact an 18 base pair sequence, located downstream of the translational termination site, which is lacking in the C3H-K LTR. Sequence comparison between the BALB/cV LTR and other MMTV strains indicates that the most likely origin for the BALB/cV open reading frame sequence is a recombination event involving the endogenous provirus mtv -6.
An Ink Transport Model for Prediction of Feature Size in Dip Pen Nanolithography

Feature size predictions in dip pen nanolithography are typically based upon the constant transport rate or the constant tip−concentration approximations. Models based upon these approximations are inaccurate due to the erroneous assumption that the diffusion of ink upon the surface and ink dissolution at the tip are independent. Herein, we explain that these two steps are related and that they share the same ink flow via the meniscus. We use this insight to generate a comprehensive ink transport model. Our model provides new insight into the (i) relative importance of tip-side transport and surface diffusion, (ii) cause of intermittent line writing at high writing speeds, and (iii) critical role of proper tip inking with respect to feature size accuracy and high-speed writing. We show that the constant rate and constant tip−concentration approaches are limiting cases of the same model, thereby unifying the two approaches and reducing errors in line width prediction by up to 30%.
Integrated Traffic Flow Management Decision Making

A generalized approach is proposed to support integrated traffic flow management decision making studies at both the U.S. national and regional levels. It can consider tradeoffs between alternative optimization and heuristic based models, strategic versus tactical flight controls, and system versus fleet preferences. Preliminary testing was accomplished by implementing thirteen unique traffic flow management models, which included all of the key components of the system and conducting 85, six-hour fast-time simulation experiments. These experiments considered variations in the strategic planning look-ahead times, the replanning intervals, and the types of traffic flow management control strategies. Initial testing indicates that longer strategic planning look-ahead times and re-planning intervals result in steadily decreasing levels of sector congestion for a fixed delay level. This applies when accurate estimates of the air traffic demand, airport capacities and airspace capacities are available. In general, the distribution of the delays amongst the users was found to be most equitable when scheduling flights using a heuristic scheduling algorithm, such as ration-by-distance. On the other hand, equity was the worst when using scheduling algorithms that took into account the number of seats aboard each flight. Though the scheduling algorithms were effective at alleviating sector congestion, the tactical rerouting algorithm was the primary control for avoiding en route weather hazards. Finally, the modeled levels of sector congestion, the number of weather incursions, and the total system delays, were found to be in fair agreement with the values that were operationally observed on both good and bad weather days.
The Relative Influence of Client Characteristics on the Process and Outcomes of Premarital Counseling: A Survey of Providers.

To explore the influence of client characteristics in premarital counseling, a five factor model is presented that includes the social context, family-of-origin influences, individual characteristics, couple interactional processes, and motivation for attending premarital counseling. The findings demonstrate that providers believe that many client characteristics influence the degree to which couples benefit from premarital counseling. Providers rated the influence of the client characteristic factors in the following order (from most to least influential): couple interactional processes, family-of-origin influences, individual characteristics, motivation for premarital counseling, and the social context. Recommendations for future theory development, practice, and research are discussed.
Tobacco cessation interventions in health care settings: Rationale, model, outcomes☆

Health care settings provide opportunities to reach populations of tobacco users with personalized cessation assistance. We describe a model for doing so which emphasizes a team approach, minimizes the burden on clinicians, and uses brief counseling by allied professionals, videos, written materials, and telephone calls to augment clinician advice. The model has been implemented in several diverse settings including outpatient, inpatient, and dental clinic managed care; fee-for-service dentistry and pediatric practices; and planned parenthood clinics. Data from several randomized trials support the effectiveness of the approach. The brief, low-intensity interventions derived from the model appear to be sustainable on a routine basis in many settings.
Domain-based predictive models for protein-protein interaction prediction

Protein interactions are of biological interest because they orchestrate a number of cellular processes such as metabolic pathways and immunological recognition. Recently, methods for predicting protein interactions using domain information are proposed and preliminary results have demonstrated their feasibility. In this paper, we develop two domain-based statistical models (neural networks and decision trees) for protein interaction predictions. Unlike most of the existing methods which consider only domain pairs (one domain from one protein) and assume that domain-domain interactions are independent of each other, the proposed methods are capable of exploring all possible interactions between domains and make predictions based on all the domains. Compared to maximum-likelihood estimation methods, our experimental results show that the proposed schemes can predict protein-protein interactions with higher specificity and sensitivity, while requiring less computation time. Furthermore, the decision tree-based model can be used to infer the interactions not only between two domains, but among multiple domains as well.
Spectroscopy of transient species and molecular ions in matrices

Matrix-isolation spectroscopy is particularly useful for the study of transient species and molecular ions. New methods for producing and trapping reactive molecules for spectroscopic characterization are described. Matrix investigations of charge-transfer anionic species, free radicals, positive ions, and van der Waals molecules are discussed.
Terahertz detection sensitivity enhancement by incorporating plasmonic gratings in photoconductive detectors

We present a design of plasmonic photoconductive detectors, which mitigates the low detection sensitivity limitation of conventional photoconductive terahertz detectors. By incorporating plasmonic contact electrode gratings in the photoconductive detector, average carrier transport path length to the contact electrodes is reduced, enhancing photoconductor responsivity significantly. As a proof of concept, comparable conventional and plasmonic photoconductive detector prototypes were fabricated and characterized in the same time-domain terahertz spectroscopy setup. Experimental results show that a 30 fold terahertz detection sensitivity enhancement can be achieved over 0.1 THz to 1.5 THz frequency range by using the presented plasmonic photoconductive detector.
Carbamates. II. Reactions- of 2,4 di-isocyanato-toluene†

The dicarbamates prepared by the reaction of various monofunctional alcohols and phenols with 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene are well-defined solids which are useful in the characterization of these hydroxy compounds.
Circulation Response to Eurasian versus North American Anomalous Snow Scenarios in the Northern Hemisphere with an AGCM Coupled to a Slab Ocean Model

AbstractThe difference between snow-covered and snow-free conditions is the most climatically significant natural seasonal change the land surface can experience. Most GCM studies investigating snow–atmosphere interactions have focused on impacts of Eurasian snow anomalies caused by the magnitude of snow mass, while North American snow has been shown to have a weaker relationship with downstream climate. Experiment design of recent snow–atmosphere interactions studies has been limited to atmosphere-only models, with sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice extent represented as boundary conditions. The authors explore the circulation response to anomalous snow scenarios, for both North America and Eurasia, using a slab ocean model. Surface response include significant SST cooling directly downstream of each individual forcing region in addition to upstream centers of remote cooling under maximum snow conditions. Atmospheric response to anomalous snow conditions is consistent through multiple levels in th...
A Novel F Box Protein, NFB42, Is Highly Enriched in Neurons and Induces Growth Arrest

NFB42 (neural F Box 42 kDa) is a novel gene product that is highly enriched in the nervous system. Its predicted protein contains an F box, a motif recently shown to couple cell cycle regulation to the proteasome pathway (Bai, C., Sen, P., Hofmann, K., Ma, L., Goebl, M., Harper, J. W., and Elledge, S. (1996)Cell86, 263–274). NFB42 mRNA and protein are expressed in all major areas of the adult rat brain but are not detected in non-neural tissues. NFB42 protein is localized primarily to the cytoplasm of neurons and does not appear to be present in glia. The presence of an F box in NFB42 suggests that it may be involved in cell cycle regulation; however, its expression in postmitotic neurons indicates that it is not involved in regulating typical cell cycle events. In an initial attempt to characterize the function of this protein, NFB42 was transfected into N1E-115 neuroblastoma and Chinese hamster ovary cells. The expression of full-length NFB42, but not an F box deletion mutant, inhibits proliferation in both cell lines. Additional experiments demonstrate that NFB42 interacts with Skp1p, a component of the proteasome pathway, and deletion of the F box also inhibits this interaction. Overall, the expression pattern of NFB42, along with the presence of an F box domain and the ability to inhibit growth, suggests that it may play a role in maintaining neurons in a postmitotic state.
Glioblastoma - A tale of two tumors: Case comparison and literature review.

In the paper entitled “Glioblastoma – A tale of two tumors: Case comparison and literature review,” the authors discuss several molecular biomarkers for glioblastoma (GBM), and the role of these markers clinically for directing treatment and predicting prognosis. Currently, there are many molecular tests that can be performed and are routinely reported with the histopathological analysis of GBM. As demonstrated in the existing literature and further highlighted by this paper, there are both benefits and limitations to using molecular testing in GBM.[1,2] Thus, the authors raise the question of cost versus utility of more extensive routine molecular testing on patients with GBM. Furthermore, this raises the issue of how the results of these tests impact patient care and clinical management of patients with GBM, as well as whether the data acquired from these tests are worth the additional cost. Clinically, the role of molecular testing remains unclear; however, this is not to undermine the importance of understanding the molecular biology and genomics of GBM. Molecular biomarkers can be useful in identifying GBM subtypes, which can be used to better drive treatment on an individual basis.[2] For example, many of these molecular biomarkers also function as therapeutic targets. In these cases, testing for specific molecular alterations does play an important role in directing treatment. In other cases, the molecular biomarkers have a less meaningful impact on care and prognosis. Many of these tests are expensive and not covered under insurance. Thus, it is important to consider how the molecular test ordered will impact the clinical management of the patient when ordering these tests. As stated by the authors, there is currently little data regarding cost versus utility analysis of molecular testing for GBM. In a study done by Holdhoff et al. in the Journal of Neuro-Oncology assessing the use of molecular biomarkers in the clinical care of patients with GBM, they found that only small proportion of physicians ordering these tests found that the results impacted clinical management of their patients.[1] Understanding the genomics of GBM is critical for research in order to develop new therapeutic targets and approaches to treating GBM, but until particular biomarkers are used in a way where the result of the test directly alters patient management, such as a clinical trial for a small molecular inhibitor or monoclonal antibody, routine molecular testing may not be necessary for all patients. There is a lot of information available, but understanding how to use this information to guide patient care is critical to maximize treatment benefits for the patients as well as avoid unnecessary costs.
Retooling Education: Testing and the Liberal Arts.

The motivation and methodology for measuring intelligence have changed repeatedly in the modern history of large-scale student testing. Test makers have always sought to identify raw aptitude for cultivation, but they have never figured out how to promote excellence while preserving equality. They’ve settled for egalitarianism, which gives rise to “culturally fair” tests that substitute vagaries for knowledge, deprive students of any real appreciation for language, and trivialize education. Robert Jackson yearns for traditional oratorical approaches to schooling that venerate and imitate essential, time-tested masters. Unfortunately, he writes, such an education defies measurement with today’s multiple-choice instruments.
A correspondence theorem for projective modules and the structure of simple Noetherian rings

Much of Chapter 4 is devoted to the exposition of the structure theory of simple right Noetherian rings. The basic tools generalize the theorems of Morita [58] characterizing similarity of two rings A and B, that is, when there is an equivalence mod-A ≈ mod-B of categories. Morita’s characterization 4.29 predicates the existence of a finitely generated projective module P which is a generator of the category mod-B such that A is isomorphic to End B P. In the Morita situation 4.30 there is a lattice isomorphism $$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {right A - submodules of \to right ideals of B} \\ {IP \leftrightarrow I} \end{array}} \right.$$ sending (B, A)-submodules onto ideals of B. More generally, 4.7, if U is any finitely generated projective faithful left B-module over any ring B, and A = End B U then there is a lattice isomorphism $$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{right A - submodules of U \to (right ideas of V) T} \\ {IU \leftrightarrow I = IT} \end{array}} \right.$$ where T is the trace of U in B (Correspondence Theorem for Projective Modules.) This isomorphism sends (B, A)-submodules of U into (ideals of B) T. Thus, when T = B (and only then) the two theorems coincide.
Iron nitrosyls of a pentadentate ligand containing a single carboxamide group: syntheses, structures, electronic properties, and photolability of NO

Three iron complexes of a pentadentate ligand N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-N-ethyl-2-pyridine-2-carboxamide (PaPy(3)H, H is the dissociable amide proton) have been synthesized. All three species, namely, two nitrosyls [(PaPy(3))Fe(NO)](ClO(4))(2) (2) and [(PaPy(3))Fe(NO)](ClO(4)) (3) and one nitro complex [(PaPy(3))Fe(NO(2))](ClO(4)) (4), have been structurally characterized. These complexes provide the opportunity to compare the structural and spectral properties of a set of isostructural [Fe-NO](6,7) complexes (2 and 3, respectively) and an analogous genuine Fe(III) complex with an "innocent" sixth ligand ([(PaPy(3))Fe(NO(2))](ClO(4)), 4). The most striking difference in the structural features of 2 and 3 is the Fe-N-O angle (Fe-N-O = 173.1(2) degrees in the case of 2 and 141.29(15) degrees in the case of 3). The clean (1)H NMR spectrum of 2 in CD(3)CN reveals its S = 0 ground state and confirms its [Fe-NO](6) configuration. The binding of NO at the non-heme iron center in 2 is completely reversible and the bound NO is photolabile. Mossbauer data, electron paramagnetic resonance signal at g approximately 2.00, and variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate the S = (1)/(2) spin state of the [Fe-NO](7) complex 3. Analysis of the spectroscopic data suggests Fe(II)-NO(+) and Fe(II)-NO(*) formulations for 2 and 3, respectively. The bound NO in 3 does not show any photolability. However, in MeCN solution, it reacts rapidly with dioxygen to afford the nitro complex 4, which has also been synthesized independently from [(PaPy(3))Fe(MeCN)](2+) and NO(2)(-). Nucleophilic attack of hydroxide ion to the N atom of the NO ligand in 2 in MeCN in the dark gives rise to 4 in high yield.
METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL HAMSTER POUCH CARCINOMAS.

Abstract A study of experimental hamster pouch carcinomas has shown that lactic dehydrogenase activity is notably increased and succinic dehydrogenase activity is markedly decreased in carcinoma as compared to normal mucosa.
Oxidant mechanisms in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.

The neonatal brain appears to be selectively vulnerable to oxidative stress. Several potential mechanisms associated with altered reactive oxygen species metabolism would explain the increased susceptibility. They include increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide with subsequent neurotoxicity. This enhanced neurotoxicity from H2O2 accumulation may be related to inadequate scavenging abilities of the immature nervous system, such as lower glutathione peroxidase activity. Contributing to the immaturity of the scavenging enzymes is the inability of the developing nervous system to maintain glutathione stores. The immature nervous system is rich in iron, and has more free iron than the mature nervous system. As H2O2 accumulates because of these improper defense mechanisms, it is exposed to this free iron. This exposure results in the generation of OH radical (Fenton reaction), a more potent free radical that can cause severe damage. The rapid conversion of H2O2 to OH in the setting of free iron sets up the immature nervous system for increased cytotoxicity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress will lead to better therapies for neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
Alumina-accelerated methanolysis and hydrolysis of acyl and phosphoryl fluorides

Abstract We have discovered that Woelm chromatographic γ-alumina substantially accelerates hydrolysis (and methanolysis) of acyl and phosphoryl fluorides. Compared to the corresponding homogeneous reactions, these heterogeneous alumina-promoted reactions occur about 250–350 times faster for acyl fluorides and about 1800–3000 times faster for phosphoryl fluorides.
Clinical pearls in thrombosis and anticoagulation.

At the 2001 annual conference of the American College of Physicians, a new teaching format to aid physician learning, Clinical Pearls, was introduced. Clinical Pearls is designed with the 3 qualities of physician-learners in mind. First, we physicians enjoy learning from cases. Second, we like concise, practical points that we can use in our practice. Finally, we take pleasure in problem solving. In the Clinical Pearls format, speakers present a number of short cases in their specialty to a general internal medicine audience. Each case is followed by a multiple-choice question answered live by attendees using an audience response system. The answer distribution is shown to attendees. The correct answer is then displayed and the speaker discusses teaching points, clarifying why one answer is most appropriate. Each case presentation ends with a Clinical Pearl, defined as a practical teaching point that is supported by the literature but generally not well known to most internists. Clinical Pearls is currently one of the most popular sessions at the American College of Physicians meeting. As a service to its readers, Mayo Clinic Proceedings has invited a selected number of these Clinical Pearl presentations to be published in our Concise Review for Clinicians section. “Clinical Pearls in Thrombosis and Anticoagulation” is one of them.
Evaluation of the Children’s Advocacy Center Model: Efficiency, Legal and Revictimization Outcomes

This study compares the Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC) model with more traditional child protection services on several important outcomes such as substantiation of abuse, arrest and prosecution of the perpetrator, the efficiency of the multidisciplinary process and child revictimization rates. One hundred and eighty-four child abuse and neglect cases from a large metropolitan area in Florida comprised the sample. Cases were selected over a five year-period from three different modes of child protection services including a CAC. Similar outcomes were found between the CAC model and the Child Protection Team (CPT), a multidisciplinary model, which was first developed in Florida in 1978. In comparison with traditional child protective investigation, these models were associated with improved substantiation rates and investigation efficiency. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of CACs above and beyond the aspect of multidisciplinary coordination and whether the goals of the CAC model need to be redefined. Recommendations for further research in the areas of multidisciplinary team decision–making, the long-term impact of the CACs and the role of supportive professionals on the multidisciplinary team were made.
Efficacy and morbidity of therapeutic renal embolization in the spectrum of urologic disease.

Purpose: We report the largest series of renal embolizations performed for a variety of indications. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on embolizations performed in our institution from 1997 to 2002 encompassing 36 patients who underwent 44 procedures. Results: Embolization was successful on the first attempt in 87% of the patients. A second embolization was performed in four of the five unsuccessful cases, three successfully, increasing the success rate to 95%. The mean postoperative narcotic use was 27.2 mg of morphine equivalent, and 10 mg or less was required by 45% of the patients. In the 14 patients who had not also undergone a surgical procedure, the mean narcotic use was 21 mg, and 64% required 10 mg or less. Only 15% of the patients developed fever, which resolved within 2 days in all cases. Leukocytosis was seen in 47%. Follow-up creatinine and hypertension information was available in 16 and 18 patients, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 269 days, only one patie...
Capture of an impurity by a vortex line in a Bose condensate

The Bose condensate model is used to elucidate the interaction of vortex lines with impurities. Three-dimensional numerical integration of the coupled nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations, which describe the evolution of the wave functions of the Bose condensate and an impurity, are used to study the process of capture of the impurity by a rectilinear vortex and to elucidate the binding energy. Kelvin waves are generated during capture.
Fate of the hypertrophic chondrocyte: Microenvironmental perspectives on apoptosis and survival in the epiphyseal growth plate

The goal of this review is to examine the fate of the hypertrophic chondrocyte in the epiphyseal growth plate and consider the impact of the cartilage microenvironment on cell survival and apoptosis. Early investigations pointed to a direct role of the hypertrophic chondrocyte in osteogenesis. The terminally differentiated cells were considered to undergo a dramatic change in shape, size, and phenotype, and assume the characteristics of an osteoblast. While some studies have supported the notion of transdifferentiation, much of the evidence in favor of reprogramming epiphyseal chondrocytes is circumstantial and based on microscopic evaluation of cells that are present at the chondro-osseous junction. Although these investigations provided a novel perspective on endochondral bone formation, they were flawed by the failure to consider the importance of stem cells in osseous tissue formation. Subsequent studies indicated that many, if not all, of the cells of the cartilage plate die through the induction of apoptosis. With respect to agents that mediate apoptosis, at the chondro-osseous junction, solubilization of mineral and hydrolysis of organic matrix constituents by septoclasts generates high local concentrations of ions, peptides, and glycans, and secreted matrix metalloproteins. Individually, and in combination, a number of these agents serve as potent chondrocyte apoptogens. We present a new concept: hypertrophic cells die through the induction of autophagy. In the cartilage microenvironment, combinations of local factors cause chondrocytes to express an initial survival phenotype and oxidize their own structural macromolecules to generate ATP. While delaying death, autophagy leads to a state in which cells are further sensitized to changes in the local microenvironment. One such change is similar to ischemia reperfusion injury, a condition that leads to tissue damage and cell death. In the growth cartilage, an immediate effect of this type of injury is sensitization to local apoptogens. These two concepts (type II programmed cell death and ischemia reperfusion injury) emphasize the importance of the local microenvironment, in particular pO(2), in directing chondrocyte survival and apoptosis.
High Spin Molecules: Unusual Magnetic Susceptibility Relaxation Behavior of a Dodecanuclear Manganese Aggregate in Two Oxidation States

Abstract The mixed valence dodecanuclear complex [Mn12O12(O2CEt) 16(H2O)3 may be reduced by one electron to give (PPh4)[Mn12O12(O2CEt)16(H2O)4. Reduction of the complex occurs at one MnIII ion to give an unusual trapped-valence MnIIMnIII 7MnIV 4 complex. This formulation is supported by X-ray crystallography at both low temperature and room temperature. DC (2.0–4.0K, 20–50 kG fields) and AC (2.0–30 K, 1.0 and 0.0050G fields, 25–1000 Hz frequencies) magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate ground states of S=9 and S=19/2 for the neutral and reduced species, respectively. (PPh4)[Mn12O122(O2CEt)16(H2O)4 exhibits an out-of-phase component of the AC magnetic susceptibility (X M) which has a frequency dependent maximum. This is a very unusual property for a discrete molecular species to display. The neutral analog shows two peaks in the X M vs. T plot. DC measurements also show the presence of prominent hysteresis loops, and field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetization data are not superimposed at low ...
Respiratory Viral Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Respiratory viral infections (RVIs) are common causes of mild illness in immunocompetent children and adults with rare occurrences of significant morbidity or mortality. Complications are more common in the very young, very old, and those with underlying lung diseases. However, RVIs are increasingly recognized as a cause of morbidity and mortality in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) and solid organ transplants (SOTs). Diagnostic techniques for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza, influenza, and adenovirus have been clinically available for decades, and these infections are known to cause serious disease in transplant recipients. Modern molecular technology has now made it possible to detect other RVIs including human metapneumovirus, coronavirus, and bocavirus, and the role of these viruses in causing serious disease in transplant recipients is still being worked out. This article reviews the current information regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of these infections, as well as the aspects of clinical significance of RVIs unique to HSCT or SOT.
The effects of acceptance versus control contexts on avoidance of panic-related symptoms.

The present study compared the effects of creating an acceptance versus a control treatment context on the avoidance of aversive interoceptive stimulation. Sixty high anxiety sensitive females were exposed to two 10-min periods of 10% carbon dioxide enriched air, an anxiogenic stimulus. Before each inhalation period, participants underwent a training procedure aimed at encouraging them either to mindfully observe (acceptance context) or to control symptoms via diaphragmatic breathing (control context). A third group was given no particular training or instructions. We hypothesized that an acceptance rather than control context would be more useful in the reduction of anxious avoidance. Compared to control context and no-instruction participants, acceptance context participants were less avoidant behaviorally and reported less intense fear and cognitive symptoms and fewer catastrophic thoughts during the CO 2 inhalations. We discuss the implications of our findings for an acceptance-focused vs. control-focused context when conducting clinical interventions for panic and other anxiety disorders.
Isometries of certain reflexive operator algebras

Abstract We consider linear surjective isometries acting on reflexive operator algebras with commutative, completely distributive subspace lattices. Such isometries come in two types: those implemented by unitary operators and conjugations acting on the Hilbert space, and those implemented by unitaries alone. It is shown that every isometry is a direct sum of these types.
A Reading List for Economic Historians on the Great Recession of 2007–2009: Its Causes and Consequences

“Someday you guys are going to need to tell me how we ended up with a system like this….we're not doing something right if we're stuck with these miserable choices.” President Bush, to Henry Paulson and Ben Bernanke, after his briefing on September 16, 20081
Applied-field MPD thruster geometry effects

Eight MPD thruster configurations were used to study the effects of applied-field strength, propellant, and facility pressure on thruster performance. Vacuum facility background pressures higher than about 0.12 Pa were found to significantly influence thruster performance and electrode power deposition. Thrust efficiency and specific impulse increased monotonically with increasing applied field strength. Both cathode and anode radii fundamentally influenced the efficiency-specific impulse relationship, while their lengths influenced only the magnitude of the applied magnetic field required to reach a given performance level. At a given specific impulse, large electrode radii result in lower efficiencies for the operating conditions studied. For all test conditions, anode power deposition was the largest efficiency loss, and represented between 50 percent and 80 percent of the input power. The fraction of the input power deposited into the anode decreased with increasing applied field and anode radius. The highest performance measured, 20 percent efficiency at 3700 seconds specific impulse, was obtained using hydrogen propellant.
Effects of dehydration on reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.

Abstract Air-dried films of reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were found to resemble aqueous suspensions of these reaction centers in their optical and photochemical properties, except that the long wave absorption band of bacteriochlorophyll was shifted from about 860 to 845 nm. The quantum efficiency of the photochemical reaction that produces oxidized bacteriochlorophyll and reduced ubiquinone was > 0.75 in the films, using 800-nm actinic light. Dehydration of the films caused further blue shifts of all the absorption bands between 500 and 900 nm, and some loss (about 20%) of intensity of the long wave band, coupled to a gain of absorbance centered at 795 nm. The latter changes were not accompanied by an increase at 1250 nm, ruling out the oxidation of bacteriochlorophyll as a cause of these changes. Dehydration caused about 50% of the reaction centers to become photochemically inactive. For the component that remained active, the photochemical quantum efficiency was about 0.5 at room temperature, rising to 0.7 or more as the temperature was brought below 250 K. The yield of 900 nm fluorescence was approximately the same in air-dried films as in aqueous suspensions; dehydration of a film raised the fluorescence yield about 3-fold. The yield of this fluorescence in a dehydrated film was independent of temperature (±10%) between 300 and 70 K. The back reaction after illumination, return of electrons from reduced ubiquinone to oxidized bacteriochlorophyll, has kinetics in which a most rapid first-order component is mixed with slower components. The fastest component, identified with the return of electrons from ‘primary’ ubiquinone to oxidized bacteriochlorophyll, was predominant in the materials tested here. Its half time in an aqueous suspension of reaction centers fell from 86 ms at 300 K to 33 ms at 200 K and declined more gradually to 15 ms at 50 K. An air-dried film showed similar behavior. The dramatic change of half-time between 300 and 200 K can be ascribed to one or more phase transitions involving water; in a dehydrated film the half-time of the fastest decay component was about 22 ± 5 ms, independent of the temperature between 300 and 70 K. The original properties of an air-dried film were restored fully, after dehydration, by exposure to either H2O or 2H2O vapor. There was no significant difference, in these measurements, between H2O-restored and 2H2O-restored films.