cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESEARCH NOTE / THE MAP AS INFORMATION CHANNEL: IGNORANCE BEFORE AND AFTER LOOKING AT A CHOROPLETH MAP

In this note, elementary concepts of information theory are applied to develop a measure of the information conveyed to a map reader by a map. For concreteness, a choropleth map is discussed though the framework is applicable to any map with a finite number of symbols colored in a finite number of ways. The measure takes account of prior and posterior ignorance of the map reader, summarized in a set of discrete subjective probability distributions. The framework presented permits empirical estimation of information content and map-reading performance. More important, from the viewpoint of cartographic design, is the potential for incorporating psychophysical relationships between subjective probabilities and map symbolism in order to maximize information conveyed. Cette etude demontre les concepts elementaires de la theorie de l'information utilises dans le but d'en arriver a connaitre le degre de renseignements transmis au lecteur de la carte. Afin de donner un exemple concret, une carte etablie selon la...
Peak load offset and the effect of dust storms on 10 MWp distributed grid tied photovoltaic systems installed at Arizona State University

Electricity generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems can significantly offset the peak electricity demand. In this paper, we calculated the peak load that can be offset by 10 MW p distributed grid connected PV systems installed at Arizona State University (ASU) campus. We found that the peak electricity generated by the PV systems closely matched the peak demand curve and reduced the demand by approximately 20%. A massive, once in a thirty-year dust storm that hit Tempe on July 5th 2011 had a minimal effect on PV system's performance. From the availability of real time system performance and meteorological data, it was calculated that the performance of PV systems dropped by less than 5% due to accumulated dust and the performance was recovered by a precipitation of less than 0.2 inches five days later. We report the measured capacity factors of various PV systems to understand the effect of seasonal variations, module type and tracking system on system performance. We also compared the actual measured and simulated capacity factors for a PV system for different tilt and tracking cases.
Advanced Mask CD MTT Correction Technique through Improvement of CD Measurement Repeatability of CD SEM

In this study, the method to achieve the precise CD MTT (critical dimension mean to target) correction in manufacturing attenuated PSM (phase-shift mask) is investigated. There has been a growing demand for more precise Mask CD MTT control in recent years. The CD correction method has been developed and applied to meet the tighter CD MTT specification [1]. However, the efficiency of the CD correction is greatly affected by the repeatability of the CD measurement. The factors, which can have an influence on the CD measurement, are the fluctuations of the pattern profile and the electron current of the SEM. The conventional CD MTT correction method is basically to correct MoSi CD MTT by applying the additional dry etch for MoSi based on Cr CD value. Therefore, the repeatability of the Cr CD MTT is the crucial point for the accuracy of the final CD MTT correction. Although the Cr CD MTT is the crucial factor for the successful CD MTT correction, it has the fluctuation due to the Cr pattern profile. If the Cr pattern profile has low patterned angle after MoSi etch process, it can cause the focusing error in the CD measurement using CD SEM. Therefore, a method to improve the reliability of the Cr CD MTT should be developed. The IS and the normalized Delta CD concepts are adopted to obtain more reliable Cr CD MTT. The IS refer the variation of the Cr CD MTT according to the difference in CD values with CD measuring thresholds. The normalized Delta CD is obtained from the correlation of IS and Delta CD. Finally, the normalized Delta CD is applied to correct the MoSi CD MTT by dry etch process. The reduction of the Cr CD MTT fluctuation range is achieved by using the new CD correlation process including IS and the normalized Delta CD. Consequently, the final MoSi CD MTT is improved 60% of range by using the new CD correlation process.
Predators and parasitoids of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in cattle confinements in west central Nebraska

In Lincoln County, NE, cattle confinements were sampled weekly during the summers of 1983 ( n = 5) and 1984 ( n = 4) for pupal parasitoids and arthropod predators of house fly, Musca domestica (L.), and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Parasitism of these flies increased through the field season, peaking in August and September. The overall rate of parasitism was significantly influenced by specific fly breeding habitats but was not Significantly influenced by confinement type or waste management efforts. In addition, parasitism of house flies was significantly different between years. The pteromalids Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan & Legner and Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis accounted for most of the parasitism of house fly pupae. Aleochara lacertina Sharp and S. nigroaenea were the most abundant stable fly pupal parasitoids. Grass clippings, used as an artificial breeding habitat for stable flies, influenced the occurrence of parasitoids and increased the rate of stable fly parasitism. Adult stable fly populations peaked in late July 1983 and in late August 1984. House fly populations generally increased throughout the summer. Confinement type and waste management efforts influenced adult fly population trends. The staphylinids Philonthus americanus Erichson and Oxytelus sculptus Gravenhorst were the most abundant insect predators found in this study.
Abstract B147: Lack of an additive effect of radiation treatment on PI3K or mTOR inhibition in prostate cancer cell lines

We assessed the effect of PI3‐K inhibition, mTOR inhibition and combined PI3K/mTOR inhibition in combination with ionizing radiation in prostate cancer cell lines. The treatments were studied in a cell lines with wild type PTEN status (CWR Rv1–22) and PTEN deficiency (LNCaP). Initial experiments determined concentrations of rapamycin (an mTOR antagonist) and wortmanin (a PI3‐K antagonist) that resulted in an approximate 50% in cell viability at 48 hours. Cells were then treated with these agents both alone, together, or in combination with 8 gray of ionizing radiation and cell viability was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Regardless of the treatment schedule, i.e either radiation before inhibitor treatment or inhibitor treatment before radiation, we did not observe any additive effects from combination radiation and inhibitor treatment. This was regardless of whether inhibtor treatment was PI3K inhibition, mTOR inhibition, or combined treatment. Flow sorting cell cycle analysis from these studies indicates that the lack of effect might be related to the findings that radiation and PI3K/mTOR inhibition have effects of different phases of the cell cycle. This is a cell based model only and animal model data may be quite different. However, at this time PI3K/mTOR inhibition does not appear to be a mechanism for enhancing radiation sensitivity in prostate cancer. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B147.
Synthesis and evaluation of 1,2,8, 8a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]pyrrolo[3,2-e]indol-4(5H)-one, the parent alkylation subunit of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins: impact of the alkylation subunit substituents and its implications for DNA alkylation catalysis.

The synthesis of 1,2,8,8a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]pyrrolo[3,2-e]indol-4(5H)-one (CPI), the parent CC-1065 and duocarmycin SA alkylation subunit, is detailed. The parent CPI alkylation subunit lacks the C7 methyl substituent of the CC-1065 alkylation subunit and the C6 methoxycarbonyl group of duocarmycin SA, and their examination permitted the establishment of the impact of these natural product substituents. The studies revealed a CPI stability comparable to the CC-1065 alkylation subunit but which was 6× more reactive than the (+)-duocarmycin SA alkylation subunit, and it displayed the inherent reaction regioselectivity (4:1) of the natural products. The single-crystal X-ray structure of (+)-N-BOC-CPI depicts a near identical stereoelectronic alignment of the cyclopropane accounting for the identical reaction regioselectivity and a slightly diminished vinylogous amide conjugation relative to (+)-N-BOC-DSA suggesting that the stability distinctions stem in part from this difference in the vinylogous amide...
Differential effects of raloxifene and estrogen on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that both raloxifene and estrogen would improve insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women and that the magnitude of the effect would be similar for both drugs. DESIGN: Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study. SETTING: The General Clinical Research Center of the University of Michigan Medical Center, a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-four healthy postmenopausal women 73 ± 7 years old (mean age ± standard deviation) who were not receiving hormone replacement therapy. INTERVENTION: Eight weeks of drug therapy with randomization to raloxifene (n = 16), estrogen (n = 14), or placebo (n = 14). MEASUREMENTS: These subjects underwent a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test to determine insulin sensitivity (SI) and total and regional (central) body composition measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after 8 weeks of drug therapy. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in age, body mass index, total or central fat mass, or SI between the three groups at baseline. The major outcome variable was SI. After 8 weeks of drug therapy, there was no significant change in SI in the placebo group or in the estrogen group and a significant decrease in SI in the raloxifene group, P = .003. CONCLUSION: In contrast to estrogen's ability to maintain insulin sensitivity, raloxifene decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy nondiabetic postmenopausal women. The clinical significance of this effect of raloxifene to impair insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women warrants further evaluation in future studies.
Accumulating adversity and advantage on the path to postsecondary education: an application of a person-centered approach ☆

Abstract I assess the usefulness of a new, person-centered method developed by Singer et al. (1998) to address the area of educational attainment. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, I focus on multiple life domains, and find common trends for aggregates of students. Using this method, I find that the bachelor’s degree students’ lives are characterized by both advantages and adversities across multiple life domains. However, for most of these students, the advantages far outweigh the adversities, either in sheer number, or in their distribution across life domains. Compared to bachelor’s degree students, students with lesser educational outcomes have more adversities, spread across a greater number of realms. These findings bring into question the benefits of using this methodology over more traditional statistical techniques.
The CALO Meeting Assistant

The CALO Meeting Assistant is an integrated, multimodal meeting assistant technology that captures speech, gestures, and multimodal data from multiparty interactions during meetings, and uses machine learning and robust discourse processing to provide a rich, browsable record of a meeting.
In vitro transcription of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA genes.

THE ribosomal cistrons of Escherichia coli comprise only 0.2 to 0.4% of the genome and yet in exponentially growing cultures 40% of the instantaneous rate of RNA synthesis can be ribosomal RNA1,2. These genes are under stringent control, which means that they are not expressed in wild type (rel+) cultures starved for amino-acids3. Travers et al.4,5 postulated that a protein factor, called ψr, is a positive regulator of the rRNA genes, responsible for both their preferential synthesis and their turn-off during amino-acid starvation. This appealing hypothesis rests on their report that purified RNA polymerase synthesizes no detectable rRNA from E. coli DNA. They concluded that addition of ψr (a protein factor found either in crude extracts of uninfected E. coli or as a component of Qβ replicase) to the in vitro reaction specifically stimulates rRNA synthesis so that it accounts for 30% of the transcript. They also reported that ψr does not stimulate rRNA synthesis in the presence of guanosine tetraphosphate (a phosphorylated nucleoside accumulated in stringent cells starved for amino-acids)6,7. Of the in vitro product, 10% is rRNA in the presence or absence of ψr.
Direct Intraovarian Effects of Leptin: Impairment of the Synergistic Action of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Dependent Estradiol-17β Production by Rat Ovarian Granulosa Cells*

The Ob gene product, leptin, is secreted by adipocytes and is required for fertility in the mouse. Leptin-deficient mice are obese and infertile, symptoms reminiscent of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Prior studies have shown that serum leptin levels are elevated in a significant sub-population of anovulatory women with PCOS, suggesting that elevated leptin levels may adversely affect ovarian function. Since leptin receptor mRNA has been detected in the ovary, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that leptin may impair granulosa cell (GC) estradiol-17β (E2) production by a direct mechanism. GC were isolated from the ovaries of 26-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, and were cultured (60,000 GC/well) in 96-well plates in the presence and absence of ovine FSH (0.001–100 ng/ml) and androstenedione (0.1 μM), with and without recombinant murine leptin (0.1–100 ng/ml) for 48 h. Leptin alone had no effect on E2 production. FSH caused a dose-related increase in E2 production by GC (ED50 = 1.9 ± 0.4 ng/ml). ...
Effect of the Structure of Some Mercaptans on Their Amperometric Titration with Silver Nitrate

Summary The mercaptans studied were l-cysteine hydrochloride, dl-homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride, s-methyl-l-cysteine, thioglycolic amide, N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine, N-acetyl-dl-homocysteine thiolactone, l-cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride, 2-mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride, dl-penicillamine hydrochloride, α -toluenethiol, and sodium thioglycolate. These mercaptans yielded theoretical titrations with silver nitrate, except cysteine hydrochloride and penicillamine, which were about 25% too high in titer. Cysteine has three ionized forms whereby the carboxyl group is completely ionized at the pH of the amperometric titration, while at pH 11 or higher, the −SRNHNO 2 form predominates, but at pH 9.0 it is negligible and the −SRNH + 3 form predominates. Ultra-violet absorption analyses indicated that silver ions react not only with the -SH groups, but at some other site in the molecule, probably involving the ionic forms, −SRNH + 3 , −SRNH 2 , and complex formation.
Discrete Methods for Association Search and Status Prediction in Genotype Case-Control Studies

Recent improvements in high-throughput genotyping technology make possible genome-wide association studies and status prediction (classification) for common complex diseases. This paper addresses three challenges commonly facing such studies: (i) searching an enormous amount of possible gene interactions, (ii) validating reproducibility of associations and (iii) reliably predicting disease status. These challenges have been traditionally addressed in statistics while here we apply computational approaches -optimization and cross-validation. A complex risk factor is modeled as a subset of SNP's with specified alleles and the optimization formulation asks for the one with the maximum odds ratio. When searching for disease associated risk factor, we show that greedy heuristics are much faster and lead to significantly better solutions than exhaustive heuristics in a reasonable amount of time. We propose a novel randomized complimentary greedy search method that is advantageous to the previously best search method. To measure and compare ability of search methods to find reproducible risk factors, we propose to apply a cross-validation scheme usually used for prediction validation. The proposed heuristic association search methods promise better reproducibility than exhaustive searches. We then show that k-fold cross-validation is more reliable than leave-one-out cross-validation for disease status prediction methods since it captures overtraining effect. We have applied known search methods with proposed enhancements as well as status prediction methods (based on these search methods) to real case-control studies for several diseases (Chron's disease, autoimmune disorder, tick-born encephalitis, lung cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis). 2-and 3-fold cross-validations show that the new methods find strongly associated risk factors and reliably predict disease status for considered case-control studies.
The response of brain to transient elevations in intraventricular pressure

A mathematical theory has been developed to evaluate the change in size of the cerebral ventricles in response to a square-wave pressure pulse within the ventricles. Specifically, the theory utilizes a lumped compartment viscoelastic spherical shell model of the brain and takes into account available creep compliance data. The pressure change in the cortical subarachnoid space plays a critical role in determining the net displacement of the brain. The rise in cortical subarachnoid pressure is governed by a rate constant gamma which is nearly proportional to the absorption coefficient when absorption is rate-limiting, inversely proportional to the compliance of the spinal subarachnoid space, and also depends upon the resistance to flow through CSF pathways. A rapid rise in pressure within the cortical subarachnoid space results in an inward displacement of the ventricles immediately after the ventricular pressure pulse has ceased. Thereafter, the ventricles return toward their initial size as the pressure in the cortical subarachnoid space decays. A slow rise, on the other hand, favors permanent ventricular enlargement. Decreased absorption of CSF, long duration pulses, and bulk flow of CSF into brain, which are observed in hydrocephalus, all favor the development of ventricular enlargement.
Effect of aging on T-cell tolerance induction.

Abstract A model for helper T-cell tolerance induction was studied in BALB/c mice of varying ages. The animals were injected with various doses of ultracentrifuged bovine γ-globulin (BGG) to induce tolerance and were challenged with dinitrophenylated bovine γ-globulin (DNP-BGG) in complete Freund's adjuvant 1 week later. Their splenic anti-DNP plaque-forming cell (PFC) response was assayed and the effect of aging on the tolerogen doseresponse curve for the induction of unresponsiveness was determined. It was found that the ease of induction of tolerance in helper T cells decreases from 1 to 6 months of age and then remains relatively constant until 23 months of age. That is, the dose of BGG tolerogen required to induce a 50% depression in the anti-DNP PFC response to DNP-BGG increases until 6 months of age and then remains constant.
Ab initio calculations of the ground-state potential energy surface for the CF bond decomposition in n-fluoropropane within the method for approximation of the frozen molecular fragment

The recently proposed ab initio method for calculation on many-electron molecular systems with the approximation of the inactive part of a molecule by a frozen molecular fragment was tested further in a case of the dissociation reaction of the CF bond in n-fluoropropane. Results from the Hartree–Fock, multiple reference double-excitation configuration–interaction and second-order Moller–Plesset methods are presented. The reproduction of potential energy surfaces as well as the reproduction of electron density distribution are in excellent agreement with extended basis-set calculations. Different choices of fragments to be frozen have been examined.
Older patient satisfaction with communication during an initial medical encounter.

There has been extensive research on the factors associated with patient satisfaction with communication during medical encounters, however, little attention has been paid to satisfaction among subgroups of patients, including the elderly. It is inappropriate to assume that all patients have the same physician-patient relationship needs, and thus, they will all be satisfied with the same communication approaches during medical visits. In this study, we examine the interactional correlates of older patient satisfaction with an initial visit with a general internist. A multidisciplinary team composed of social scientists and physicians used the Multi-dimensional Interaction Analysis system to code audiotapes. Patients and physicians completed post-visit satisfaction questionnaires. Older patient satisfaction was positively correlated with the following variables: physician questioning and supportiveness on patient-raised topics; patient information-giving on patient-raised topics; the length of the visit; the physician's use of questions worded in the negative; shared laughter between the physician and the patient; and physician satisfaction. These findings suggest that older patients prefer encounters in which: (1) there is physician supportiveness and shared laughter; (2) they are questioned about and given an opportunity to provide information on their own agenda items; and (3) physicians provide some structure for the first meeting through their use of questions worded in the negative. The authors caution that although this sample of older patients appears to be satisfied with a communication style usually considered characteristic of the traditional model of the physician-patient relationship (i.e. a warm interpersonal style and physician-generated structure for the visit), older patients in other settings and future cohorts of elderly patients may prefer other communication approaches. It is also suggested that aspects of communication which provide satisfaction to patients in first visits may be different than aspects of communication associated with patient satisfaction in follow-up visits.
Late Quaternary stratigraphy and environments of the West Mexican coastal plain

Abstract The geomorphic events that formed the west Mexican coastal plain and the stratigraphy and chronology for those events based on soils, pollen zones, and radiocarbon ages are discussed. Three phases of geomorphic development are recognized. The Alluvial Phase represents deposition of the coastal bajada during the Neogene; oxisols and saprolites have formed on this surface. The Teacapan Peninsula Phase began during the Sangamonian Inter‐glacial with deposition of the spit; an ultisol and an alfisol have developed on the peninsula. In the Prograding Beach Phase, beginning about 13,000 B.P., four sequences of beach ridges were deposited during eustatic sea level rise and periodic uplift. On the resulting ridge and swale topography are four soil units, three inceptisols on the initial, early, and middle beaches and an entisol on the late beach. The pollen stratigraphy and chronology are based on samples from eleven cores, twelve radiocarbon dates, and calculated deposition rates. The alternation in dom...
Introduction: Geographies of Genocide

Genocide is both persistent and evasive. It is persistent in that it seems to happen over and over, in different places, with different groups as perpetrators or victims but with horrifyingly simil...
How symbolic computation boosts productivity in the simulation of partial differential equations

While there have been considerable efforts over the past 30 years to improve productivity in scientific computation through the creation of subroutine libraries, much of the mundane, error-prone work in developing simulation codes has remained. This situation has spurred the development of specialized efforts in both the numerical and symbolic computation domains. For instance, numerical software like PDECOL, L1SODE, and UNPACK will solve large classes of partial differential equations, ordinary differential equations, and linear equations, respectively. On the symbolic side of this issue, a few basic tools for developing simulation codes were created by Wirth in the late 1970s. We introduce more advanced uses of symbolic techniques, including two strategies that link the symbolic and numeric computing approaches in the context of simulation codes.
Risk, natural disasters, and household savings in a life cycle model

Abstract In this paper, I examine savings behavior in a life cycle model that is extended to include the probability of a future economic loss arising from a natural catastrophe. Bronfenbrenner and Yasuba (1987) [Economic welfare. In: Yamura, K., Yasuba, Y. (Eds.), The Political Economy of Japan, The Domestic Transformation, Vol. 1. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 93–136.] and Toyama (1987) [Nihonjin no kinben chochiku-kan (The diligence and frugality of the Japanese people). Toyo Keizai Shinposha, Tokyo] suggest that frequency of catastrophes such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and typhoons has contributed to the Japanese high propensity to save. I use cross-country variation in damages caused by natural disasters to estimate the effects on household saving rates. I find that higher damages from geologic and climatic catastrophes are significantly correlated with household saving rates.
Locating and tracking data center assets using active RFID tags and a mobile robot

We describe an approach to completely automated asset tracking in data centers using a vision-based mobile robot in conjunction with active RFID tags. Typically, active RFID tags are tracked using fixed readers. The granularity with which one can localize tags is based on the number of these fixed readers, each of which is not inexpensive. In large data centers, the cost of such a solution can therefore become excessive. We describe the use of a mobile robot, utilizing a single RFID reader and a variety of algorithms for locating the plethora of RFID tags one can encounter in such data centers. These approaches are validated through experiments performed in a production industrial data center.
Characteristics of clients and continuity of care into the community.

Two-thirds of the patients referred from psychiatric hospitals to a posthospital social rehabilitation center did not follow through on the referral. Patients who participated in the rehabilitation service were more dependent in several areas of functioning than were those who did not participate. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the continuity of care into the community.
In Situ Chip Stress Extractions for LFBGA Packages Through Piezoresistive Sensors

Piezoresistive sensors have been demonstrated to be an accurate and efficient tool for stress measurements on chip surfaces inside microelectronic packaging. In this work, test chips with piezoresistive stress sensors, diode temperature sensors as well as heaters were first designed, fabricated, and calibrated. We next packaged the test chips into low profile, fine pitch ball grid array (LFBGA) packaging with 196 balls and measured the stresses on chip surfaces inside the packaging. After measuring the packaging induced stress as well as the stress under stable environmental temperature rises, it was found that compressive stresses were obtained at room temperature, and the stresses were relaxed as temperature went up at a rate between 0.45 MPa/ °C and 0.60 MPa/ °C. For thermo-stress experiments, the temperatures on chip surfaces at different power levels were measured, and compressive chip stresses were first extracted. As the chip power increased, the compressive stresses became tensions. Since the LFBGA structure is thinner with higher packaging efficiency different results from our earlier plastic quad flat package stress measurements were observed and discussed. In addition, the final comparisons between the experimental data and the finite element simulations show good consistency.
Fractography of a neck failure in a double-modular hip implant

Abstract The tapered joints of modular hip implants are prone to fretting and crevice-corrosion. This can lead to total failure in under a year, especially for heavier, more active implant recipients. In this study, fractography of a failed Profemur Z implant showed that a life limiting fatigue crack was nucleated on the anterolateral surface of the implant's neck. The fatigue crack nucleation area appeared to have both more fretting damage and a higher corrosion rate than on other surfaces of the neck.
Continuum Design Sensitivity of Transient Responses Using Ritz and Mode Acceleration Methods

In this paper, a unified continuum-based sizing design sensitivity analysis method is developed for the transient dynamic response of built-up structures. Using the direct differentiation method, the variational equation of the built-up structure is differentiate d with respect to the design variable to obtain a variational design sensitivity equation of the transient response. The same finite element analysis model that is used to obtain an approximate solution of the variational equation of the built-up structure is also used to obtain an approximate solution of the variational design sensitivity equation. For large-size built-up structures, the same superposition method is used both to reduce the dimension of the matrix equation of the built-up structure and also to reduce the dimension of the design sensitivity equation. The continuum-based design sensitivity analysis method can be implemented outside established finite element analysis codes using postprocessing data since it does not require derivatives of the stiffness, damping, and mass matrices. Moreover, the method is efficient since it does not require derivatives of basis vectors. Either the Ritz or mode acceleration method is used to further improve accuracy and efficiency of both analysis and sensitivity results. An example with damping shows that accurate design sensitivity of pointwise transient displacements is obtained using only 10% of basis vectors. This example indicates that in the continuum-based design sensitivity analysis method the same basis vectors that are used for analysis of the built-up structure are suitable for analysis of the design sensitivity equation.
Intermediate species profiles in low pressure premixed flames inhibited by fluoromethanes

Abstract We have investigated premixed 10 torr methane/oxygen flames containing CH 3 F, CH 2 F 2 , CHF 3 , and CF 4 . Profiles of temperature and CH∗ chemi-luminescence were acquired, and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was used to obtain profiles of the intermediate species H, OH, CH, CF, CHF, CF 2 , and CF 2 O. The fluoromethanes were added in amounts such that each flame had the same flux of fluorine atoms. In the flames containing CH 3 F, CH 2 F 2 , and CHF 3 , the methane flow was adjusted to give an equivalence ratio of 1.07 for all three inhibited flames. The experimental intermediate profiles were compared to predicted profiles calculated from a hydrofluorocarbon kinetic mechanism recently developed at NIST. No fluorinated intermediates were detectable in the CF 4 inhibited flame, indicating that this agent does not react significantly under the flame conditions studied. The temperature profiles, H atom profiles, and OH profiles for the other three fluoromethane inhibited flames are nearly identical, indicating that flames containing different fluorocarbon compounds, but identical proportions of fluorine atoms, have similar structures. The kinetic model correctly predicts the location of the reaction zone in the flames containing CH 2 F 2 and CH 3 F. In the CHF 3 flame, however, the location of the reaction zone is predicted to be too far above the burner surface, and concentrations of H and OH are too low. The discrepancy appears to be due to pressure dependence and third body efficiencies of the agent thermal decomposition. Furthermore, relative amounts of CF, CH, CF 2 , and CHF in the different flames are not very well predicted. In general, partially fluorinated methyl and methylene radicals appear to have a greater than predicted propensity to lose hydrogen atoms rather than fluorine. We propose modifications to the fluorine mechanism to correct the discrepancies observed in the low pressure experiments, while simultaneously achieving good agreement with atmospheric pressure flame speed data in CH 4 /air/CHF 3 flames, and, except in rich conditions (φ > 1.25) CH 4 /air/CH 2 F 2 flames.
Editorial: Dealing With Aggressive and Violent Students

(1994). Editorial: Dealing With Aggressive and Violent Students. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth: Vol. 38, Dealing With Aggressive and Violent Students, pp. 5-6.
Adrenal cortical tumors, pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

Distinguishing adrenal cortical adenomas from carcinomas may be a difficult diagnostic problem. The criteria of Weiss are very useful because of their reliance on histologic features. From a practical perspective, the most useful criteria to separate adenomas from carcinomas include tumor size, presence of necrosis and mitotic activity including atypical mitoses. Adrenal cortical neoplasms in pediatric patients are more difficult to diagnose and to separate adenomas from carcinomas. The diagnosis of pediatric adrenal cortical carcinoma requires a higher tumor weight, larger tumor size and more mitoses compared with carcinomas in adults. Pheochromocytomas are chromaffin-derived tumors that develop in the adrenal gland. Paragangliomas are tumors arising from paraganglia that are distributed along the parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic chain. Positive staining for chromogranin and synaptophysin is present in the chief cells, whereas the sustentacular cells are positive for S100 protein. Hereditary conditions associated with pheochromocytomas include multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A and 2B, Von Hippel-Lindau disease and neurofibromatosis I. Hereditary paraganglioma syndromes with mutations of SDHB, SDHC and SDHD are associated with paragangliomas and some pheochromocytomas.
Constitutive model for high strain rate response of polymeric composites

Abstract A constitutive model for characterizing high strain rate response of polymeric composites was developed using off-axis composite specimens. The difference in the results of coupon and block specimens was experimentally demonstrated and discussed. Off-axis block specimens were tested in compression at three different strain rates, 10−4/s, 10−2/s, and 1/s. Based on these experimental data, a viscoplasticity model was established to describe the nonlinear rate dependent behavior. This viscoplasticity model, although developed based on data for strain rates up to l/s, was verified with data obtained from high strain rate experiments conducted on a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) using block off-axis specimens. The axial strain rate in the SHPB tests were in the range of 400–700/s. Comparison of model predictions with experimental data indicated that the viscoplasticity model determined using low strain rate tests was valid for high strain rates at least up to 700/s.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy of cognitive dysfunction and neuronal abnormalities in SCID mice with HIV encephalitis

Abstract Our objective was to determine if highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), previously shown to ameliorate several pathological features of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) in a SCID mouse model, would also reduce additional established pathological features of HIV: cognitive dysfunction, TNF-α, production, and reduced MAP-2 expression. SCID mice with HIVE and control mice inoculated with uninfected monocytes were administered HAART or saline. The HIV pathological features evaluated included astrogliosis, viral load, neuronal apoptosis, MAP-2 expression, mouse TNF-α mRNA production and learning acquisition and retention. HAART reduced the HIV-induced viral load, and the astro- and microgliosis as previously observed; this effect was extended to HIV-induced increases in TNF-α mRNA production. In contrast, although HIV produced the cognitive deficits previously observed and also decreased MAP-2 expression in the area surrounding the injected HIV-infected human monocytes, HAART did not attenuate these effects. Interestingly, there was no neuronal apoptosis evident at the time point reflecting the above pathology. The results of this study combined with previous reports indicate that HAART reduces TNF-α mRNA, viral load and astrogliosis; however, HAART does not improve HIV-induced cognitive dysfunction or MAP-2 decreases. These results suggest that viral load, astrogliosis, TNF- α and apoptosis are not prominent in the pathogenesis of early functional deficits related to decreased MAP-2 expression or cognitive dysfunction in HIVE in SCID mice.
Outdoor Individual Portable Pens Compared with Conventional Housing for Raising Dairy Calves

Summary Thirty-two new-born calves were divided equally and placed in individual outdoor portable pens or in a barn and exercise lot during a test covering 2 years. During the second year, half of the calves in each system of management were given inoculations with rumen fluid. The pen calves were placed on a site which was clean the first year and slightly contaminated by older animals the second year. Despite temperatures as low as 9° F., the calves in the portable pens made significantly greater weight gains both years and had fewer coccidia and worm parasites and less diarrhea than the barn calves. All calves in the barn had respiratory troubles, but only one calf in the pens had this trouble. One barn calf died from pneumonia following an attack by E. zurnii, a pathogenic coccidian. The growth response of calves that were fed rumen fluid did not differ significantly from that of uninoculated calves. When placed together on pasture at the age of 5 or 6 months, the portable pen calves showed no more susceptibility to coccidia and worm parasites than the calves from the barn and continued to maintain their superior weights.
An unexpected association between urinary incontinence, depression and sexual dysfunction.

Certain aspects of urinary incontinence, depression and sexual function are proving to be tied to one another in ways other than the obvious. From a biochemical standpoint certain monoamines, specifically serotonin, appear to be important in the expression of these pathologic states. In depression, the role of serotonin is fairly well established, and there is increasing evidence for there being a role in a specific cause of incontinence as well. There is only empiric evidence that serotonin plays a role in some types of sexual dysfunction. However, the possibility of this connection between such distinct disorders is fodder for theoretic conjecture.
Barley anther culture-The switch of programme and albinism

The switch of programme in barley anther culture is discussed with reference to the formation of green and albino plants. A theory of albinism is proposed based on the premise that at the critical microspore stage, plastids are in a state of metamorphosis preparatory to their role in the gametophyte generation. Pollen cells formed during the cold treatment which precedes culture of the anthers lack the usual gametophytic traits and have no divisional constraints, but they cannot develop green plastids because of deficiencies at the plastid level. Calluses derived from such cells give rise to albinos. Formation of green plants is equated with younger spores in which the two pollen cells are formed in culture rather than the pretreatment. Culture appears to have an important role in sporophytic expression apart from that in sustaining growth. Plastids in these younger spores are considered to be appropriate to greening, but may not be able to develop a photosynthetic apparatus because of deficiencies at the nuclear level. Formation of the pollen cells in culture, following the pretreatment, may be necessary for unmasking genes essential to greening. Ways of controlling the production of green plants at a level acceptable to breeders are suggested.
Flow injection system for stripping voltammetry

Abstract A flow system for quantifying traces of heavy metals by anodic stripping voltammetry (a.s.v.) is described. This system is optimized for simplified, rapid sample processing using either linear-sweep or differential-pulse stripping waveforms. The linear-sweep excitation signal can be used effectively for concentrations in the ng ml−1 range at a rate of approximately 30 samples per hour. The differential-pulse waveform lowers the detection limits to concentrations as low as 20 pg ml−1, in a sample volume of 1 ml at a rate of approximately 9 samples per hour. The advantages of the system include improved efficiency of sample preconcentration during the deposition step (especially for sub-milliliter samples), simplified operation, ready adaptability to automation and online monitoring, no sample deoxygenation, minimal sample pretreatment, and easy matrix exchange between the deposition and stripping steps. The utility of this system is demonstrated with indium and for the determination of lead in blood.
The relation between self-aspect congruence, personality and subjective well-being

Abstract The relationship between self-aspect congruence, subjective well-being (SWB), and personality was examined in two studies. In Study 1, the congruence between ‘real’ and ‘ought’ Q-sort self-descriptions was found to be positively related to measures of SWB and life satisfaction. Among the five personality factors of Costa and McCrae (1991), congruence was negatively related to neuroticism and positively related to agreeableness. In study 2, the congruence between ‘real’ and ‘ideal’ Q-sort self-descriptions was found to be positively related to both self- and non-self-report measures of SWB, and was significantly related to four of Costa and McCrae's five personality dimensions. Implications for research in the area of emotion and SWB are discussed.
The structure of human intelligence: It is verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized

In a heterogeneous sample of 436 adult individuals who completed 42 mental ability tests, we evaluated the relative statistical performance of three major psychometric models of human intelligence—the Cattell–Horn fluidcrystallized model, Vernon’s verbal–perceptual model, and Carroll’s three-strata model. The verbal–perceptual model fit significantly better than the other two. We improved it by adding memory and higher-order image rotation factors. The results provide evidence for a four-stratum model with a g factor and three third-stratum factors. The model is consistent with the idea of coordination of function across brain regions and with the known importance of brain laterality in intellectual performance. We argue that this model is theoretically superior to the fluid-crystallized model and highlight the importance of image rotation in human intellectual function.
Common Dermatologic Manifestations of Primary Immune Deficiencies

The skin is the largest organ of our body; it consists of the epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels, and connective tissue matrix. Its main function is to act as a barrier to the outside world and protect us from infections. Any component of the skin is subject to insults from the environment and/or from within the body. Primary immune deficiency patients present with recurrent or prolonged infections not frequently seen in healthy individuals. Oftentimes, these infections involve the skin. Primary immune deficiency may also present with noninfectious cutaneous signs, such as eczema; erythroderma; granulomas; dysplasia of the skin, hair, nails, or teeth; pigmentary changes; angioedema; urticaria; vasculitis; or autoimmune skin disease due to immune dysregulation. Prompt recognition of the underlying diagnosis and initiation of treatment decrease morbidity. This review provides the reader with an up-to-date summary of the common dermatologic manifestations of primary immune deficiency diseases.
Lack of an effect of estrogen on endogenous RNA polymerase II in guinea pig brain

Abstract An early action of estrogen in peripheral target tissues is to increase endogenous RNA polymerase II activity which precedes changes in protein synthesis. Previous reports have indicated that estrogen causes a similar increase in polymerase activity in rat brain regions containing high affinity receptors for this hormone. The present series of experiments was designed to test whether a similar action of estrogen on polymerase activity occurs in guinea pig brain, with the expectation being that this enzyme might prove to be a useful marker for the early actions of estrogen. Injections of 25 or 100 μg estradiol-17β in an ethanol-saline vehicle failed to induce significant changes in polymerase II activity in the basal hypothalamus, preoptic area-septum or cortex 1, 2, 6, 13 or 24 h after hormone administration. It is concluded that the modification of RNA polymerase II activity by estrogen is not a good marker for estrogen action in the brain. This may be due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of the tissue resulting possibly in (1) increased activity in some cells and decreased activity in other cells with no net change in overall polymerase activity after estrogen treatment (2) only a small percentage of the cells responding to the steroid with altered polymerase activity with this change not detectable when whole tissue is measured or (3) only a few genes within the cells being altered in transcription by the steroid.
Stochastic theory of photon flow in homogeneous and heterogeneous anisotropic biological and artificial material

Standard Monte Carlo methods used in photon diffusion score absorbed photons or statistical weight deposited within voxels comprising a mesh. An alternative approach to a stochastic description is considered for rapid surface flux calculations and finite medias. Matrix elements are assigned to a spatial lattice whose function is to score vector intersections of scattered photons making transitions into either the forward or back solid angle half spaces. These complete matrix elements can be related to the directional fluxes within the lattice space. This model differentiates between ballistic, quasi-ballistic, and highly diffuse photon contributions, and effectively models the subsurface generation of a scattered light flux from a ballistic source. The connection between a path integral and diffusion is illustrated. Flux perturbations can be effectively illustrated for tissue-tumor-tissue and for 3 layer systems with strong absorption in one or more layers. For conditions where the diffusion theory has difficulties such as strong absorption, highly collimated sources, small finite volumes, and subsurface regions, the computation time of the algorithm is rapid with good accuracy and compliments other description of photon diffusion. The model has the potential to do computations relevant to photodynamic therapy (PDT) and analysis of laser beam interaction with tissues.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.