cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid diversity of Section Inflexae Limnanthes (meadowfoam)

Abstract Meadowfoam (Limnanthes ssp.) is a rich source of unique unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. The commercial crop is based on L. alba (Section Inflexae of the Limnanthaceae). We describe the fatty acid diversity of L. alba and other Section Inflexae taxa. The unsaturated fatty acid percentage for L. alba seed oil was 97.9%. Significant differences were found for 20:1Δ5, 22:1Δ5, 22:1Δ13, and 22:2Δ5Δ13 percentage among L. alba half-sib families. The percentage ranges for 20:1Δ5, 22:1Δ5, 22:1Δ13, and 22:2Δ5Δ13 were 57.6 to 68.8, 2.3 to 6.3, 6.5 to 15.6, and 7.9 to 27.7, respectively. Fatty acid phenotypes different from L. alba were not found within the secondary and tertiary gene pools of L. alba. The heritabilities for 20:1Δ5, 22:1Δ5, 22:1Δ13, and 22:2Δ5Δ13 within L. alba were 0.73, 0.78, 0.97, and 0.93, respectively. Strong associations were found between S0 and S1 fatty acid phenotypes. S1 lines were developed with 68.1% 20:1Δ5, 6.9% 22:1Δ5, 23.5% 22:1Δ13, and 23.4% 22:2Δ5Δ13. Induced mutations are needed to develop more extreme phenotypes than those based on natural variants within Section Inflexae.
Self-report by elderly breast cancer patients was an acceptable alternative to surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) abstract data.

Abstract Background and Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare breast cancer patients' self-report and surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) abstract data regarding type of treatment received (radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapies). Methods and Design Patients 65 years of age or older diagnosed during 1999–2001 with stage I–II breast cancer and treated with conserving surgery were identified from the Iowa SEER registry; 307 (41% of those eligible) completed telephone interviews. SEER-registry abstract data also were obtained. Results Agreement between self-reports and SEER data varied by type of treatment, with almost perfect agreement for chemotherapy (kappa = 0.93) and moderate to substantial agreement for ever use of hormonal therapy (kappa = 0.61), receipt of radiation therapy (kappa = 0.60), and current use of hormonal therapy (kappa = 0.54). If the SEER data are assumed to be the “gold standard,” the sensitivity was generally high (>87%) for all types of treatment. Specificity varied according to type of treatment: highest for chemotherapy (98.4%) and lowest for radiation therapy (49.0%). Predictive values positive and negative were above 75% across type of treatment. Conclusion Using self-reported data was an acceptable alternative to reviewing medical records for documenting some types of breast cancer treatment.
The surface tension and density of some hydrocarbon + alcohol mixtures at 303.15 K☆

The surface tension and density of the binary hydrocarbon+alcohol mixtures formed from ethyl alcohol, t-pentyl alcohol, benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, and methylcyclohexane were measured at 303.15 K. Hydrocarbon+t-pentyl alcohol mixtures show the expected negative excess surface tension. Toluence+ethyl alcohol shows a positive excess surface tension, and the cycloalkane+ethyl alcohol mixtures show a minimum in the curve of surface tension against mole fraction at high mole fractions of alcohol. Surface concentrations and excesses were calculated by use of the Gibbs adsorption equation. The results indicate that ethyl alcohol is more strongly adsorbed at the surface of each mixture with a hydrocarbon than is t-pentyl alcohol. Excess volumes were calculated from densities and compositions and were found to be positive for all mixtures except ethyl alcohol+benzene and+toluene.
Sclerotherapy with tetracycline solution for hydrocele

Abstract A study of sclerotherapy for hydrocele using different concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5%)for tetracycline solution was done on 24 patients, 23 patients were cured. The effectiveness of sclerotherapy was the same for the three groups of patients with use of each different concentration of the solution. Pain was the only adverse effect. Nonspecific cellular foreign body reaction and fibrin strand proliferation were observed in the hydrocele fluid after this procedure. We consider sclerotherapy for hydrocele with tetracycline solution safe and the procedure of choice for patients in whom surgery or anesthesia is contraindicated, for patients who refuse surgery, and for economic reasons.
Heat capacities of TiO2-bearing silicate liquids: Evidence for anomalous changes in configurational entropy with temperature

Abstract The heat capacities of several TiO 2 -bearing silicate glasses and liquids containing Cs 2 O, Rb 2 O, Na 2 O, K 2 O, CaO, MgO, or BaO have been measured to 1100 K using a differential scanning calorimeter and to 1800 K using a Setaram HT-1500 calorimeter in step-scanning mode. The results for liquids of M 2 O-TiO 2 -2SiO 2 composition ( M — Na, K, Cs) are compared to those for liquids of M 2 O-3SiO 2 composition. The presence of TiO 2 has a profound influence on the heat capacity of simple three-component silicate liquids over the temperature range 900–1300 K. Specifically, replacement of Si 4+ by Ti 4+ leads to doubling of the magnitude of the jump in C p at the glass transion ( T g ); this is followed by a progressive decrease in liquid C p for over 400 K, until C p eventually becomes constant and similar to that in Ti-free systems. The large heat capacity step at T g in the TiO 2 -bearing melts suggests significant configurational rearrangements in the liquid that are not available to TiO 2 -free silicates. In addition, these “extra” configurational changes apparently saturate as temperature increases, implying the completion of whatever process is responsible for them, or the attainment of a random distribution of structural states. Above 1400 K, however, where the heat capacities of TiO 2 -bearing and TiO 2 -free alkali silicate liquids are similar, their configurational entropies differ by ~3.5 J/g.f.w.-K. The larger configurational entropy of the TiO 2 -bearing alkali silicate liquids relative to the TiO 2 -free liquids is energetically equivalent to raising the liquid temperature by more than 300 degrees. This result clearly demonstrates the energetic magnitude of the configurational changes apparent in the supercooled liquid region and their impact on the thermodynamic properties of the stable liquid. Consideration of both density measurements on liquids and spectroscopic data on quenched glasses (from the literature) suggests that the anomalous configurational rearrangements may involve the breakdown of alkali and alkaline earth titanate complexes and changes in Ti 4+ coordination.
Stimulus complexity. free looking time. and Inspective exploration

Fourteen Ss rated 59 objects on a seven point complexity scale. From these ratings 10 objects were chosen at the high, middle, and low levels of complexity, and 35 mm slides were made of these 30 objects. Fifteen Ss manipulated and inspected each of the objects for as long as they wished and a second group of 15 Ss viewed slides of the objects for as long as they wished. Analysis of the time scores from these two groups revealed that both inspective manipulation time and free looking time increased as a function of stimulus complexity. Inspective manipulation time was greater than free looking time except at the low complexity level.
Clinical and serologic expression of localized scleroderma: Case report and review of the literature

A patient is presented in whom both linear scleroderma and eosinophilic fasciitis developed. The latter is rare in childhood. A positive antinuclear antibody, a positive rheumatoid factor, and seizures also developed. In reviewing the literature, we concluded that the clinical and histologic pattern of cutaneous sclerosis may be more valuable than serologic findings in predicting both the likelihood of, and the expected sites for, systemic involvement. The literature also suggests that central nervous system (CNS) involvement is rare in most sclerosing syndromes but that linear scleroderma may be associated with CNS or spinal disease. The ipsilateral association of linear scleroderma and seizure focus in this patient, as well as the focal onset of these seizures, is unusual and suggests an association between the seizure disorder and the linear cutaneous sclerosis.
Molecular dynamics simulations of brittle fracture in fcc crystalline materials in the presence of defects

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) and molecular statics (MS) simulations of crack propagation in the presence of defects in brittle crystalline materials under mode I loading are carried out on the (0 0 1)[1 0 0] crack system using the embedded atom method (EAM) interatomic potential. Substitutional impurity point defects are introduced into a 3D thin-strip slab of 160,000 atoms at various distances from the crack tip. The critical load required for the initiation of crack propagation is obtained, along with the atomic level stress distribution near the crack tip. The results indicate that the critical load is dependent on the defect species, geometry, and position. When located directly at the crack tip, the defects reduce the peak internal stress, increasing the critical load relative to the defect-free system. As the defects are moved away from the crack tip the critical load goes through a minimum and approaches the value of the pure material asymptotically. In addition, the critical loads calculated for the defect-free systems exceed the Griffith value, given by 2 γ s , for a pure brittle material. This difference is investigated by analyzing the lattice trapping phenomenon using a series of constrained energy minimizations (drag method) and the nudged elastic band (NEB) method in a defect free crack system.
Variation in virus symptom development and root architecture attributes at the onset of storage root initiation in 'beauregard' sweetpotato plants grown with or without nitrogen.

It has been shown that virus infections, often symptomless, significantly limit sweetpotato productivity, especially in regions characterized by low input agricultural systems. In sweetpotatoes, the successful emergence and development of lateral roots (LRs), the main determinant of root architecture, determines the competency of adventitious roots to undergo storage root initiation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of some plant viruses on root architecture attributes during the onset of storage root initiation in ‘Beauregard’ sweetpotatoes that were grown with or without the presence of nitrogen. In two replicate experiments, virus-tested plants consistently failed to show visible symptoms at 20 days regardless of nitrogen treatment. In both experiments, the severity of symptom development among infected plants ranged from 25 to 118% when compared to the controls (virus tested plants grown in the presence of nitrogen). The presence of a complex of viruses (Sweet potato feathery mottle virus, Sweet potato virus G, Sweet potato virus C, and Sweet potato virus 2) was associated with 51% reduction in adventitious root number among plants grown without nitrogen. The effect of virus treatments on first order LR development depended on the presence or absence of nitrogen. In the presence of nitrogen, only plants infected with Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus showed reductions in first order LR length, number, and density, which were decreased by 33%, 12%, and 11%, respectively, when compared to the controls. In the absence of nitrogen, virus tested and infected plants manifested significant reductions for all first order LR attributes. These results provide evidence that virus infection directly influences sweetpotato yield potential by reducing both the number of adventitious roots and LR development. These findings provide a framework for understanding how virus infection reduces sweetpotato yield and could lead to the development of novel strategies to mitigate virus effects on sweetpotato productivity.
Proton affinity of deuterated acetonitrile estimated by the kinetic method with full entropy analysis

Abstract Branching ratios for the dissociation of proton-bound dimers of selected alkyl nitriles, [R1CN⋯H+⋯NCR2], have been measured as a function of collision energy, using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The system shows a small collision energy dependence consistent with small differences in entropy requirements for the competing fragmentation channels. The extended form of the kinetic method provides a value for the proton affinity and an approximate value for the relative entropy difference between the two dissociation channels (which corresponds approximately to the relative entropy of protonation of the two bases). A comparison is made between these results and those from earlier standard kinetic method data treatments. The proton affinity of d3-acetonitrile, estimated by the extended kinetic method, is 186.3 ± 1.2 (±1.4) kcal mol−1, where the standard deviation is given, followed by the 90% confidence limits in parentheses. The proton affinity of acetonitrile, estimated using the extended kinetic method as 188.2 ± 1.2 (±1.4) kcal mol−1, is statistically the same as that obtained for d3-acetonitrile. The relative entropies of protonation, Δ(ΔS), for d3-acetonitrile and acetonitrile, referenced to a series of alkyl nitriles, are 1.8 ± 0.3 (±0.3) and −1.1 ± 0.3 (±0.3) cal mol−1 K−1, respectively. Direct comparison of the isotopomers of acetonitrile using the standard and extended kinetic methods was employed to arrive at a more accurate value for the proton affinity difference between d3-acetonitrile and acetonitrile, and this method yielded a difference of ∼0.2 kcal mol−1. The direct comparison was also used to show that the proton affinity difference is a result of isotopic substitution. Normal secondary kinetic isotope effects were observed for the dissociation of the proton-bound dimer, CH3CN⋯H+⋯CD3CN. The branching ratio, kH/kD, was constant at 1.2 over the laboratory collision energy range of 5–50 eV.
Bortezomib resistance and MUC1 in myeloma.

In this issue of Blood , Yin et al make the novel discovery that targeting the mucin 1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) oncoprotein reverses resistance to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in multiple myeloma cells by triggering depletion of glutathione (GSH) pools and induction of oxidative injury. They also report that these events proceed through a process involving downregulation of the p53-inducible regulator of glycolysis and apoptosis (TIGAR). Specifically, the authors show that MM cells resistant to bortezomib display compensatory upregulation of TIGAR and GSH and that these responses are blocked by a pharmacologic inhibitor of MUC1-C (GO-203), resulting in a marked synergistic increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death. One of the more interesting features of this study is that it touches on multiple concepts, including drug resistance, oncogene addiction, oncogenic stress, and inhibition of stress-related pathways in a manner that has very clear translational implications. 1
The Carboxyl Terminus Controls Ligand-dependent Activation of VEGFR-2 and Its Signaling

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2/FLK-1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase whose activation stimulates angiogenesis. We recently generated a chimeric VEGFR-2 in which the extracellular domain of VEGFR-2 was replaced with the extracellular domain of human colony stimulating factor-1 receptor and expressed in endothelial cells. To study the contribution of the carboxyl terminus to activation of VEGFR-2, we created a panel of truncated receptors in which the carboxyl terminus of VEGFR-2 was progressively deleted. Removal of the entire carboxyl terminus eliminated activation of VEGFR-2, its ability to activate signaling proteins, and its ability to stimulate cell proliferation. The carboxyl terminus-deleted VEGFR-2 exhibited impaired ligand-dependent down-regulation and inhibited the activation of wild-type receptor in a dominant-negative fashion. Furthermore, introducing the carboxyl terminus of another receptor, i.e., VEGFR-1, restored the ligand-dependent activation of the carboxyl terminus-deleted VEGFR-2 and its ability to stimulate cell proliferation. Our findings suggest that the carboxyl terminus of VEGFR-2 plays a critical role in VEGFR-2 activation, its ability to activate signaling proteins, and its ability to induce biological responses. The presence of at least 57 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of VEGFR-2 are required for VEGFR-2 activation. Thus, we propose that the carboxyl terminus is required for activation of VEGFR-2, and absence of the carboxyl terminus renders VEGFR-2 inactive.
Quantitative kinetic model for photoassembly of the photosynthetic water oxidase from its inorganic constituents: requirements for manganese and calcium in the kinetically resolved steps,.

The process of photoactivation, the assembly of a functional water-oxidizing complex (WOC) from the apoproteins of photosystem II of higher plants and inorganic cofactors (Mn 2+ ,C a 2 + , and Cl - ), was known from earlier works to be a two-step kinetic process, requiring two light-induced processes separated by a slower dark period. However, these steps had not been directly resolved in any kinetic experiment, until development of an ultrasensitive polarographic O 2 electrode and synthesis of an improved chelator for cofactor removal allowed direct kinetic resolution of the first pre-steady state intermediate (Ananyev, G. M. & Dismukes, G. C. (1996a) Biochemistry 35, 4102-4109). Herein, the dependence of the rates of each of the first two light steps and the dark step of photoactivation was directly determined in spinach PSII membranes over a range of calcium and manganese concentrations at least 10-fold lower than those possible using commercial O2 electrodes. The following results were obtained. (1) One Mn 2+ ion binds and is photooxidized to Mn 3+ at a high-affinity site, forming the first light-induced intermediate, IM1. Formation of IM1 is coupled to the dissociation of a bound Ca 2+ ion either located in the Mn site or coupled to it. (2) The inhibition constant for Ca 2+ dissociation from this site is equal to 1.5 mM. (3) The dissociation constant of Mn 2+ at this high-affinity site is equal to 8 IM at the optimum calcium concentration for O2-evolving activity of 8 mM, in agreement with the high-affinity site for electron donation to PSII. (4) Prior to the next photolytic step, one Ca 2+ ion must bind at its effector site so that stable photooxidation of a second Mn 2+ ion can occur, forming the second light-induced intermediate, IM2. This dark process is the rate-determining step. (5) The Michaelis constant for recovery of O 2 evolution by Ca 2+ binding at this effector site ( Km) is equal to 1.4 mM, a value that is the same as that measured for the calcium requirement for O2 evolution in intact PSII. (6) The low quantum yield for the formation of IM2 from IM1 increases linearly with the duration of the dark period up to the longest period we could examine (10 s). Accordingly, the rate limitation in the second photolytic step originates from a slow calcium-induced dark rearrangement of the first intermediate, IM1, which we propose to be a protein conformational change that allows stable binding of the next Mn 2+ ion. We further propose that the single Ca 2+ ion which is required for assembly of the Mn4 cluster is equivalent to the Ca 2+ ion which functions at the "gatekeeper" site in intact O 2-evolving centers, where it plays a role in limiting substrate access to the Mn4 cluster (Sivaraja, M., et al. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 9459-9464; Tso, J., et al., (1991) Biochemistry 30, 4734-4739). A molecular model for photoactivation is proposed and discussed.
Cultural differences across governmental website design

In this paper, we study the relevance of Hall and Hofstede's works to the web design beyond traditional domain areas like e-commerce, and advertising. Existing theories explain how design may be affected by cultural differences, and we explore how those differences can be seen in the government website design across Brazil, Russia, India, China, and US. We describe our findings confirming that differences exist, more so between China and US than the rest, and point out where cultural theories fail to explain the results, in particular for Brazil, Russia and India and finally, focus more on the differences between China and US.
Phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli through whole-cell fatty acid profiling to investigate host specificity

The objective of the study was to investigate whole-cell fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of 605 Escherichia coli isolates to determine their host specificity. The isolates were cultured from six possible sources of fecal pollution; 180 isolates from sewage, 85 from dairy cow, 98 from chicken, 76 from swine, 94 from deer, and 72 from waterfowl, mostly geese and ducks. The FAME profiles were presented as the relative masses of 12 FAMEs identified in the isolates and it was found that none of the six hosts carried a "signature" FAME, a FAME that is uniquely associated with a particular host category. However, two-sample t-test analyses indicated that the mean relative masses of seven FAMEs out of the 12 identified showed statistically significant differences (95% confidence interval) between isolates of human and non-human origins. In addition, a linear discriminant function based on mean relative mass variations in individual FAMEs classified the known-source isolates into their respective host categories with a 47.6% average rate of correct classification (ARCC) in a six-way discriminant analysis. The ARCC increased to 61.3% when the individual hosts were pooled into larger categories of human, livestock, and wildlife. The accuracy was 75.5% when isolates of human origin were discriminated against those of non-human origins. Random cluster formation analysis indicated that the library size was sufficient to prevent random grouping among the isolates.
Melanogenesis of murine melanoma cells induced by hesperetin, a Citrus hydrolysate-derived flavonoid

Melanogenesis is a complex process that modulates skin pigmentation to defend photodamage. Citrus is the most widely produced fruit crop in the world. People ingest various citrus fruits in their common diets. In the present study, the acid-hydrolyzed and un-hydrolyzed extracts of orange-type citrus fruits were subjected to analyze flavonoid compositions and assess their effects on melanin synthesis in murine B16-F10 melanoma cells. The acid-hydrolyzed extracts of Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata, and C. aurantium enhanced melanin production. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the most abundant flavonoids that were found in citrus hydrolyzed extracts were hesperetin and naringenin. Hesperetin exhibited the most potent activity on melanin synthesis and induced tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression. Moreover, hesperetin stimulated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), and subsequently induced the accumulation of β-catenin. This study suggests that the citrus constituent hesperetin might have protective melanogenic potential as a cosmeceutical agent against skin photodamage.
Observation of residual dipolar couplings in short peptides

Residual dipolar couplings provide information on the orientation of individual bond vectors with respect to a unique set of molecular axes. We report that short peptides from 2 to 15 amino acids in length of arbitrary sequence exhibit a modest range of residual dipolar couplings when aligned in either strained polyacrylamide gels or alkyl-PEG bicelles. The absence of significant line broadening in gels suggests peptides align predominantly through steric interactions with the polyacrylamide matrix. However, broadening of NMR lines for a subset of residues aligned in bicelles indicates some peptides bind weakly to these lipid disks, yet a weak negative correlation between the couplings measured in gels and bicelles is consistent with steric hindrance playing a role in both media. The observation of dipolar couplings for peptides of length 10–15 suggests the statistical segment lengths of polypeptide chains must often be >10–15 residues, with data from denatured proteins indicating even larger values. Presumably, local side-chain backbone interactions severely restrict chain flexibility, with the cumulative effect of many such restrictions giving rise to biases in chain direction that may persist for the entire length of a protein chain. Comparison of experimental dipolar couplings for peptides with couplings calculated for ensembles of conformations generated by molecular dynamics should permit evaluation of the accuracy of molecular mechanics potentials in reproducing sequence-specific preferences for ϕ and ψ angles. Proteins 2003;50:546–551. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stereophonic Separation in Transmission

This paper is primarily concerned with the stereophonic separation provided in a transmitted FM stereophonic signal. The equation derived, however, involves only parameters whose values are obtained from oscilloscopic displays of the composite stereophonic signal and is even more applicable to unmodulated composite stereophonic signals. There is a discussion of accuracy limitations imposed by methods and associated test equipment required for practical applications of the equation. It is pointed out that the so-called "pilot phase" [FCC Rules and Regulations 73.322(c)], should have a tolerance associated with it since it is one of the parameters involved in separation. A value of 500 nanoseconds is reasonable.
Guided Wave Propagation in Tubular Section With Multi-Layered Viscoelastic Coating: Part I — Axial Waves

Propagating waves physically admissible in a tubular section are derived to establish their dispersion characteristics in response to the presence of multi-layered viscoelastic coatings. Longitudinal waves that propagate in the axial direction are studied. To characterize the hollow cylinder with coating layers, wave dispersion and attenuation are studied using the “global matrix” technique. Since each layer is considered to be perfectly bonded to each other, displacement and strain continuity are imposed as the interfacial boundary conditions. Viscoelastic coating materials such as bitumen and epoxy serve to improve pipeline reliability, but they also dampen and dissipate wave energy. The viscoelastic materials are studied as well. By replacing the real material constants with complex material constants in the characteristic equation, the impact of the viscoelastic coatings on wave dispersion is established. Bisection method is followed to find the real and complex roots of the three characteristic equations derived. Roots thus obtained are manipulated to allow the phase velocity and attenuation dispersion to be plotted against frequency. The dispersion of phase velocity and wave attenuation for coated pipes are evaluated against a baseline model which is the bare, uncoated tubing to establish the propagation characteristics of the guided shear and longitudinal waves in the presence of multiple coating layers. The effects of increasing attenuation parameter and coating thickness are also investigated.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The 6th Joint National Committee report (JNC-6): New guidelines for hypertension therapy from the USA

This manuscript will highlight the major elements of the recently published sixth Joint National Committee (JNC-6) report.1 First, a 3-tiered classification of overall cardiovascular risk is provided as a guide to the institution of therapy with either lifestyle modifications or antihypertensive drugs. Second, the need for prevention is stressed. Third, guidelines for the effective use of appropriate lifestyle modifications are provided. Fourth, a 3-pronged pathway for the choice of critical therapy is provided: one for uncomplicated hypertensive; another for those with “compelling” indications for specific drugs, including the presence of diabetic nephropathy, congestive heart failure, post-myocardial infarction or systolic hypertension in the elderly; the third for those with concomitant con-ditions that may be either favorably or unfavorably affected by specific types of drugs. In addition, the report emphasizes the need to achieve the goal of less than 140/90mmHg by a progressive process of therapy and, if necessary, referral to a hypertension specialist. Recommendations are made for improved adherence to therapy, therapy of resistant hypertension and hypertensive crises.
The effects of age on resting state functional connectivity of the basal ganglia from young to middle adulthood

The basal ganglia nuclei are critical for a variety of cognitive and motor functions. Much work has shown age-related structural changes of the basal ganglia. Yet less is known about how the functional interactions of these regions with the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum change throughout the lifespan. Here, we took advantage of a convenient sample and examined resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 250 adults 18 to 49 years of age, focusing specifically on the caudate nucleus, pallidum, putamen, and ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN). There are a few main findings to report. First, with age, caudate head connectivity increased with a large region of ventromedial prefrontal/medial orbitofrontal cortex. Second, across all subjects, pallidum and putamen showed negative connectivity with default mode network (DMN) regions such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, in support of anti-correlation of the "task-positive" network (TPN) and DMN. This negative connectivity was reduced with age. Furthermore, pallidum, posterior putamen and VTA/SN connectivity to other TPN regions, such as somatomotor cortex, decreased with age. These results highlight a distinct effect of age on cerebral functional connectivity of the dorsal striatum and VTA/SN from young to middle adulthood and may help research investigating the etiologies or monitoring outcomes of neuropsychiatric conditions that implicate dopaminergic dysfunction.
The modification of sucrose chars by permanganate

Abstract Three sucrose-based chars equivalent to low-, medium-, and hightemperature chars were oxidized with aqueous KMnO4 solution in order to explore textural changes caused by the oxidation. The reaction caused the chars to become covered with hydrated MnO2 which was then dissolved with HCl. Some HCl, however, became bound to the chars and had to be removed by boiling them in distilled water. In general, the KMnO4 oxidation leads to impure materials containing reaction detritus and bound chlorine which must be carefully removed by washing/boiling steps. The oxidation caused the N2 specific surface areas (SSA) of the samples to decrease and changed their porosities. The treated samples were thermally unstable; degassing them in the 200–400°C range increased the SSAs. The chars, before and after oxidation, were also reacted with HCl or NaOH solutions to test their surface acidity; the samples become more acidic in terms of the amounts of base neutralized, but the acid/base titration data are of dubious value because of the retention of HCl by the chars and because the NaOH-char mixtures were cloudy after centrifugation, i.e., the reaction with base caused some reaction detritus to be released. In general, although the KMnO4 oxidation does change the texture and surface properties of the chars, the method is a poor one because of its complexity and should be avoided.
Embedded Librarians in an Ag Econ Class: Transcending the Traditional

When a class in agribusiness marketing at Purdue University was presented with the opportunity to apply principles and strategies to a real-world project, three business librarians and one agriculture librarian joined the class to strengthen the research skills of the students. This proactive embedded librarian approach combined conventional classroom instruction with semester-long monitoring and research assistance on a point-of-need basis. The interdisciplinary embedded librarian team differs from our traditional role; some aspects were highly effective, but we also learned what to do differently in the future.
Self-efficacy and outcome expectations for quitting among adolescent smokers.

Relatively little is known about smoking cessation self-efficacy and outcome expectations for quitting smoking in adolescent smokers. In this study, we created measures of these two constructs and conducted factor analyses with data from a diverse sample of 1126 adolescent smokers. Results yielded a two-factor solution for the self-efficacy measure, and a four-factor solution for the outcome expectations scale. In a subset of the original sample (n = 515), we re-administered the measures one year later and also examined the longitudinal associations between the baseline sub-scale scores and cigarettes smoked per week at follow-up. Results revealed significant relationships between the negative affect sub-scales of the self-efficacy and outcome expectations measures and weekly smoking level. These associations remained when adjusting for baseline smoking level and other sub-scales. The findings lend support for the possible role of affect regulation in smoking reduction in adolescents.
Biochemical Characterization of CopA, the Escherichia coli Cu(I)-translocating P-type ATPase *

Escherichia coli CopA is a copper ion-translocating P-type ATPase that confers copper resistance. CopA formed a phosphorylated intermediate with [gamma-(32)P]ATP. Phosphorylation was inhibited by vanadate and sensitive to KOH and hydroxylamine, consistent with acylphosphate formation on conserved Asp-523. Phosphorylation required a monovalent cation, either Cu(I) or Ag(I). Divalent cations Cu(II), Zn(II), or Co(II) could not substitute, signifying that the substrate of this copper-translocating P-type ATPase is Cu(I) and not Cu(II). CopA purified from dodecylmaltoside-solubilized membranes similarly exhibited Cu(I)/Ag(I)-stimulated ATPase activity, with a K(m) for ATP of 0.5 mm. CopA has two N-terminal Cys(X)(2)Cys sequences, Gly-Leu-Ser-Cys(14)-Gly-His-Cys(17), and Gly-Met-Ser-Cys(110)-Ala-Ser-Cys(113), and a Cys(479)-Pro-Cys(481) motif in membrane-spanning segment six. The requirement of these cysteine residues was investigated by the effect of mutations and deletions. Mutants with substitutions of the N-terminal cysteines or deletion of the first Cys-(X)(2)-Cys motif formed acylphosphate intermediates. From the copper dependence of phosphoenzyme formation, the mutants appear to have 2-3 fold higher affinity for Cu(I) than wild type CopA. In contrast, substitutions in Cys(479) or Cys(481) resulted in loss of copper resistance, transport and phosphoenzyme formation. These results imply that the cysteine residues of the Cys-Pro-Cys motif (but not the N-terminal cysteine residues) are required for CopA function.
Tutoring System Innovations: Past Practice to Future Prototypes.

This article discusses the progression of tutoring system innovations from informal, dyadic, and subjectively evaluated arrangements to more formally arranged configurations that emphasize training, application, and evaluation. Suggestions for future innovations, based on existing prototypes, are discussed.
Saginaw Lobe tunnel channels (Laurentide Ice Sheet) and their significance in south-central Michigan, USA

Abstract A network of tunnel channels in southern Michigan records substantial subglacial meltwater activity beneath the Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The channels are incompletely filled with outwash, contain eskers, and in many places crosscut and continue beyond upland ridges previously mapped as recessional moraines. The presence of the tunnel channels and drumlins on these upland ridges indicate that the ridges are not recessional moraines. Instead, outwash fans and minor ridges record deglaciation in the area. A palimpsest relationship between buried bedrock valleys and tunnel channels records the presence of multiple generations of tunnel channels. Evidence for a subglacial meltwater sheetflow consists of sheets of boulder gravel in upland >15 km wide with a hummocky upper surface. The hummocks transform down flow into erosional remnant drumlins; possibly the result of flow acceleration on a negative slope. Tunnel channels at the distal end of the drumlin swarm suggest collapse of the sheetflow into a channelized flow. The tunnel channels then end at the Sturgis Moraine at the heads of large outwash fans. The observed geomorphic relationships between tunnel channels, moraines, and drumlins in south-central Michigan are applicable to glacial landform studies elsewhere, and indicate the important role of meltwater in landscape evolution.
A comparison of two rocket borne Langmuir probes having electrodes of different materials

The behavior of two types of Langmuir probes, one with electrodes made of low-sulfur stainless steel and one with electrodes made of aluminum coated with Aquadag, has been compared on two rocket flights. Each rocket payload included one Langmuir probe of each type. The electron temperatures measured with the stainless-steel electrodes were about 15% higher than the electron temperatures measured with the Aquadag-coated electrodes at 150 km on ascent and about 10% higher at 180 km. These results imply that the use of Aquadag coated electrodes or electrodes of other carefully chosen materials permits greater reliability in the measurement of electron temperatures in the ionosphere by the Langmuir probe technique.
Benefiting from Globalization: Policy Agenda for Developing Countries

The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work, Dani Rodrik (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1999). 168 pp. paper (ISBN: 1-56517-027-X), $13.95. Book reviewed: Rodrik, Dani The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work
Equilibrium in abstract economies without the lower semi-continuity of the constraint maps

Abstract We use graph convergence of set valued maps to show the existence of an equilibrium for an abstract economy without assuming the lower semi-continuity of the constraint maps.
The problem of poor retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills may lie with the instructor, not the learner or the curriculum

Many studies (several even before American Heart Association recommended in 1973 that lay public be trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR] have documented that retention of CPR skills is poor, unaffected by modifications in curriculum or whether the students are lay or professional. We chose to investigate what actually occurs during a CPR course, and gained the following insights: despite clearly defined curricula, we found that instructors did not teach in a standardized way. Practice time was limited and errors in performance were not corrected. Instructors consistently rated the students' overall performance as acceptable; at the same time, using the same checklist, we consistently rated performance as unacceptable. The checklist is an inaccurate tool for evaluating CPR performance. Despite the poor performance that we documented, students and instructors were satisfied with the courses and believed that the level of performance was high. As a result of these studies, we discovered that the problem of poor retention of CPR skills may lie not with the learner or the curriculum, but with the instructor. But, since lives are being saved with bystander CPR, does this documented poor retention matter? Perhaps the solution is not only to improve instructor training to make certain that students receive adequate practice time and accurate skill evaluation, but also to modify the criteria for correct performance when testing for retention. These criteria should be based on the minimum CPR skills that are required to sustain life for the critical 4-8 min before defibrillation and other advanced cardiac life support are delivered.
Energy partition and attenuation of Lg waves by numerical simulations using screen propagators

Abstract Energy partition and attenuation of Lg waves in complex crustal waveguides with both large-scale structures and small-scale random heterogeneities are studied by numerical simulations. A newly developed screen propagator method (half-space generalized screen propagators) is tested and applied to this problem. The screen method is two to three orders of magnitude faster than finite difference (FD) method and uses much less internal memory. The method has no numerical dispersion and can easily incorporate various Q models into the codes. After analyzing different attenuation mechanisms, this paper is concentrated in simulating the leakage attenuation of Lg waves caused by forward large-angle scattering from random heterogeneities, which scatters the guided waves out of the trapped modes and leaking into the mantle. In addition to energy attenuation curves, variations of angular spectra of Lg waves along the path are also shown to give insight on the energy partition and scattering effects. The curve of equivalent Q for leakage attenuation as a function of normalized scale length (ka) of the random heterogeneities agrees well with the scattering theory. The comparisons of the method with wavenumber integration and FD method, and the results of the numerical simulations demonstrate the validity and capacity of the screen propagator method in studying Lg attenuation.
Effect of IL-1β-Induced Macromolecular Depletion on Residual Quadrupolar Interaction in Articular Cartilage

Purpose Sodium multiple-quantum filtered (MQF) NMR spectroscopy may potentially be used to measure proteoglycan (PG) depletion in cartilage caused by osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this work was to quantify the effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1β)-induced macromolecule depletion on the residual quadrupolar interaction (RQI) of sodium in bovine cartilage plugs.
Recent advances in the treatment of juvenile angiofibroma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a rare vascular tumor almost exclusive to the nasopharynx of adolescent males. Traditionally, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma has been treated surgically using open surgical approaches and has been associated with frustratingly high recurrence rates. This article reviews recent contributions to the study and treatment of this disease. In particular, advances in minimally invasive endoscopic resection of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma are evaluated. RECENT FINDINGS The growth patterns of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma are evaluated. Young age does not appear to correlate with more aggressive disease. The major recent advance in the treatment of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma has been the application of endoscopic endonasal surgery to the treatment of select tumors. This article reviews the indications and inclusion criteria recently put forth to help select patients for this minimally invasive approach. In properly selected patients with Radkowski stage I and II lesions, recurrence rates range between 0 and 7%. Advanced lesions continue, in most cases, to require open approaches, some of which are also presented. SUMMARY With proper patient selection, endoscopic resection of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is feasible and may be preferable to traditional open approaches. Results suggest that after endonasal resection, disease recurrence is low. Most larger lesions, especially those with intracranial spread, continue to require open approaches for complete resection.
Development of a fetal circadian rhythm after disruption of the maternal circadian system

The role of maternal circadian rhythms in the development of the fetal circadian system was investigated in the rat. Pregnant females were subjected to procedures known to disrupt circadian function, ablation of the maternal suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) or housing in constant illumination, on gestational day 10. Circadian function was assessed in fetuses at gestational day 22 by analysis of glucose utilization in hypothalamic slices in vitro using the 2-deoxyglucose method. Fetuses from control females exhibit a robust rhythm in glucose utilization in the SCN. In contrast, the SCN of fetuses from females with SCN lesions, or housed in constant illumination, show no significant day-night difference in glucose utilization. Analysis of individual brains indicates, however, that this apparent disruption in the development of circadian rhythmicity in metabolism in the fetal SCN is due to a desynchronization of individual fetuses resulting from the loss of maternal entraining influences. Thus, the fetal SCN is capable of developing a circadian rhythm in glucose utilization independent of the maternal circadian system.
Percutaneous transvenous endomyocardial biopsy in human heart recipients. Experience with a new technique.

Abstract Sixty-seven cardiac biopsy procedures have been performed in 17 cardiac transplant recipients at Stanford University Medical Center. Six other patients were biopsied as part of their assessment prior to transplantation. Biopsies were performed percutaneously through a sheath inserted into the right internal jugular vein. Two instruments were used, a Konno-Sakakibara bioptome and a new catheter biopsy forceps of our own design. Biopsies of the endomyocardium sufficient for examination by light and electron microscopy were obtained on all but one occasion. There were no deaths and no serious complications. Serial biopsies performed in the first two months after transplantation were used to diagnose and aid the management of acute rejection episodes. Biopsies on long-term survivors permitted the recognition of late acute rejection episodes and provided a new assessment of the myocardium following cardiac transplantation. Percutaneous transvenous endomyocardial biopsy is simple and safe to perform and is an important new aid in the management of patients following cardiac transplantation.