cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
D1 Dopamine Receptor Supersensitivity in the Dopamine-Depleted Striatum: Aberrant ERK1/2 Signaling

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that a key to understanding the function of dopamine in the basal ganglia is the demonstration that D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are segregated in the direct and indirect striatal projection neurons. Striatal medium spiny neuronsare composed of two major subtypes based on their axonal projections. One subtype projects axons through the globus pallidus, making some contacts there, but extends axons to terminate in the internal segment of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. These nuclei constitute the major output system of the basal ganglia; striatal neurons that project to them directly make up the so-called direct striatal projection pathway. The other subtype of striatal projection neurons extends its axon only to the globus pallidus. Neurons in this nucleus provide inputs to the internal segment of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra and to the subthalamic nucleus, which in turn projects to these basal ganglia output nuclei. Thus, striatal neurons that project only to the globus pallidus are connected through multiple synaptic connections to the output of the basal ganglia, and are considered to give rise to the indirect striatal projection pathway. The chapter reviews that the demonstration of a segregation of D1 and D2 receptors in direct and indirect pathway neurons, provides the basis for under­standing of functional changes in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The central tenet of the theory of movement disorders is that they result from imbalanced activity in the direct and indirect striatal pathways. In Parkinson's disease, which is marked by akinesia, the theory suggested that there is increased activity in the indirect pathway. Neurons of this pathway express the D2 receptor, which is coupled to the inhibitory G protein, Gi.
A Qualitative Study on Differences in Satisfaction with an Adult Day Center Program between Short and Long Term Clients

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the differences in satisfaction with an adult day program between short- and long-term clients. Content analysis of clinical notes and records of 40 clients of a dementia-specific adult day center was conducted. Four themes emerged from clients (N = 15) who had been enrolled for 1 year or less: interest in program, appropriateness of program, adjustment to program, and communication regarding program. Three themes emerged from clients (N = 25) who had been enrolled over a year: assurance, seeking support, and assistance with decision-making beyond or outside of day center, and contentment.
Phosphoric acid as a precursor to chemicals traditionally synthesized from white phosphorus

White phosphorus, generated in the legacy thermal process for phosphate rock upgrading, has long been the key industrial intermediate for the synthesis of phosphorus-containing chemicals, including herbicides, flame-retardants, catalyst ligands, battery electrolytes, pharmaceuticals, and detergents. In contrast, phosphate fertilizers are made on a much larger scale from phosphoric acid, obtained by treating phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. Dehydration of phosphoric acid using sodium chloride gives trimetaphosphate, and here we report that trichlorosilane, primarily used for the production of high-purity silicon, reduces trimetaphosphate to the previously unknown bis(trichlorosilyl)phosphide anion. This anion offers an entry point to value-added organophosphorus chemicals such as primary and secondary alkyl phosphines, and thus to organophosphinates, and can also be used to prepare phosphine gas and the hexafluorophosphate anion, all previously available only downstream from white phosphorus.
A STRONG FRACTIONAL CALCULUS THEORY FOR BANACH SPACE VALUED FUNCTIONS

We develop here a strong left fractional calculus theory for Banach space valued functions of Caputo type. Then we establish many Bochner integral inequalities of various types.
Current Trends and Goals in the Development of Makerspaces at New England College and Research Libraries

This study investigates why and which types of college and research libraries (CRLs) are currently developing Makerspaces (or an equivalent space) for their communities. Based on an online survey and phone interviews with a sample population of CRLs in New England, the investigator found that more than two dozen (26) CRLs had or were in the process of developing a Makerspace in this region. In addition, a number of other CRLs were actively engaged in promoting and diffusing the Maker ethos. Of these libraries, most were motivated to promote open access to new technologies, literacies, and STEM-related knowledge.
Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD) and TBI (P5.325)

Objective: Our study explored the connection between Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and PPPD with the goal of determining if TBI can lead to PPPD. Background: Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD) formerly known as Chronic Subjective Dizziness (CSD) manifests in the symptoms of sense of motion or spinning (vertigo), feeling of faintness (presyncope), loss of balance (disequilibrium) and/or dizziness. The origin of PPPD is attributed to many different causes including a central or peripheral vestibular disorder, vestibular migraine, panic attacks with dizziness, or dysautonomia. Design/Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of 498 patients diagnosed with PPPD at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester from 2008 to 2017. 145/425 (34%) patients reported TBI and PPPD symptoms. Results: 140/425 patients (33%) had a TBI event prior to onset of PPPD symptoms. The years since the TBI event were noted. Symptoms of migraine (64%), headache (61%), mood (65%) and sleep disorders (19%) were reported after the onset of TBI. Of the 140 patients TBI and PPPD patients, 55 patients (39%) were documented to have improved PPPD symptoms, in particular patients with a TBI before PPPD had higher rates of recovery (39%) compared to TBI only (28%). Successful treatment plans included pharmacological (84%), vestibular habituation (5%), and/or non-pharmacological approaches (4%). Treatment plans were customized per individual patient and often included a combination of treatment types. Conclusions: About 140 of patients with PPPD had a TBI prior to PPPD symptoms; about 39% of patients showed improvement in PPPD symptoms with treatment. Disclosure: Dr. Bureau has nothing to disclose. Dr. Staab has nothing to disclose. Dr. Savica has nothing to disclose.
Tests of Visual and Construction Functions

The Rey—Osterrieth Complex Figure Test involves the copying and recall of abstract line drawings. Among neuropsychological assessment instruments, the Rey—Osterrieth Complex is unusual for two reasons. First, there are more different administration and scoring systems for the Rey—Osterrieth than for any other instrument. The copy and then the recall conditions allow the Rey—Osterrieth to be related to the evaluation of both visual—spatial construction and memory. The complex nature of the stimulus allows evaluation of the strategy used, thereby assessing aspects of planning and executive functions. Some versions require a copy condition and then an immediate, unwarned recall condition, but one version utilizes a 3-minute delay before the “immediate” recall condition. The delayed recall condition, which is also unwarned, is given in some versions after 30 minutes and in some versions after 45 minutes.
Blue Swarm 2.5 A Step Toward an Autonomous Swarm of Search and Rescue Robots

Urban search and rescue is a difficult domain for autonomous mobile robots to operate in. The environment can be expected to be highly unstructured, with many obstacles and hazards for a robot to deal with. In addition, if human rescue teams are going to accept robotic assistance, they need to be assured that the robots are going to be helpful, not a hindrance. With these factors in mind, we have been working toward the development of an autonomous swarm of small, inexpensive search and rescue robots. The robots should be autonomous in order to provide useful information to human rescuers without requiring specialized knowledge in operating robots. A swarm is useful because it allows for losses of individual robots and for redundant communications pathways, without losing overall effectiveness of the swarm. The robots should be small so they will not pose a danger to rescuers or the victims being searched for. And they should be inexpensive because worrying about the loss of robots should not be a consideration for human rescuers. Blue Swarm 2.5 is the latest incarnation in our quest for an autonomous rescue robot swarm. This paper describes our efforts to develop an effective rescue robot swarm. The paper starts by describing the past incarnations of the swarm, including the research objectives being pursued and the results obtained. Then the most recent version of the swarm, Blue Swarm 2.5, is described. Finally, the plans for Blue Swarm 3, the first fully functional rescue swarm, will be described.
Spontaneous tumors in beagles.

466 “inbred” Beagles with known age and sex were necropsied; they came from a closed colony. 17 developed tumors (3.6%): 4 carcinomas, 6 sarcomas, 4 seminomas, and 17 benign neoplasms. 8 of the 10 malignancies exhibited metastases. Among the 6 Beagles with tumors over 3,861 days old, 5 showed multiple primary neoplasms.
Chitin Extraction from Lobster Shell Waste using Microbial Culture-based Methods

Background and Objective: Lobster shell waste from seafood processing industry was used as the source of raw material to produce the valuable biopolymer chitin. Chemical and biological treatments of lobster shell waste were performed and compared. Material and Methods: The chemical method required the use of aqueous solutions of HCl and NaOH. Biological treatment included the use of co-cultures with a protease-producing bacterium, either Bacillus megaterium NH21 or Serratia marcescens db11, and an organic acid-producing bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum . The optimal culture conditions, including co-cultivation strategies and glucose concentrations, were identified to improve efficiency of lobster shell deproteinization and demineralization. Results and Conclusion: Overall, the successive treatment with a combination of Serratia marcescens db11 and Lactobacillus plantarum resulted in the best co-removal of CaCO 3 and proteins and chitin yield (82.56%) from lobster shell biomass, with total deproteinization of 87.19% and total demineralization of 89.59%. The results from the proof-of-concept study described here suggest that microbial treatment may be an environmentally friendly alternative to the chemical method of chitin extraction.
Using Non-oscillatory Dynamics to Disambiguate Pattern Mixtures

This chapter describes a model which takes advantage of the time domain through feedback iterations that improve recognition and help disambiguate pattern mixtures. This model belongs to a class of models called generative models.
Prostatic Cancer Chemotherapy

Each year, 50,000 new cases of prostatic carcinoma are diagnosed in the United States. It is estimated that 85% have regional or distant metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Thus, the management of metastatic disease is a major therapeutic problem for the urologist, radiation therapist, and medical oncologist.
Immunoregulatory Function of Mononuclear Phagocytes in Tuberculosis

A complete understanding of the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the host would explain several distinctive epidemiologic and clinical features of human tuberculosis. Following primary infection with M. tuberculosis, the usual course is resolution, without specific drug treatment; only 5–15% of infected individuals develop overt tuberculosis. Factors predisposing to progression of the primary infection or delayed reactivation of a latent focus are not well understood. It is clear, however, that major deficits in cell-mediated immunity are associated with increased risk of progressive tuberculosis.
Suspected or known neonatal sepsis and neurodevelopmental delay by 5 years

Evaluate impact of known and suspected neonatal sepsis in the term and preterm infant on neurodevelopmental delay by 5 years. Included infants were born in 2009–2010 and followed for 5 years. Diagnostic codes and at least 5 days of antibiotic use identified suspected sepsis. Laboratory results confirmed known sepsis. Diagnostic codes stratified developmental delay by sub-type. Logistic regression analysis determined odds of developmental delay for sepsis and suspected sepsis. Of 65,938 included infants, 190 had sepsis and 3449 had suspected sepsis. After adjustment for known developmental risk factors, sepsis and suspected sepsis were associated with increased risk for any developmental delay, (1.48 (1.05–2.09) and 1.09 (1.01–1.18)), respectively, and multiple developmental delay sub-types. Neonatal sepsis and suspected sepsis are associated with neurodevelopmental delay by 5 years of age.
Effects of Low Intensity Vibration (LIV) on Murine Trabecular Bone Following Complete Estrogen Deprivation

Background and Hypothesis: Post-menopausal, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitor (AI) experience musculoskeletal deficiencies resulting from complete estrogen (E2) deprivation, making even moderate exercise difficult. Mechanical signals derived from low intensity vibrations (LIV) have been demonstrated to preserve bone in models of systemic bone loss and cancer-induced osteolysis. Therefore, we hypothesized that LIV may mitigate deficits in murine trabecular (Tb) bone microarchitecture resulting from complete E2-deprivation.Experimental Design: Twenty 4w female C57/BL6 mice were divided into LIV (n=10), which received mechanical signals (90Hz, 0.3g) 1x/d, 20min/d, 5d/w for 28w, and CTL-LIV (CTL: n=10). Complete E2-deprivation was achieved through ovariectomy (OVX) on 9 week old mice plus AI (letrozole,10μg/SC/daily). Ex-vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT), mechanical compression, and dynamic histomorphometry were performed to quantify changes in bone quantity and quality at 28w.Results: Via μCT, trabecular bone volume fraction (Tb.BV/TV) and connectivity density were significantly greater, 22% (p<0.05) and 52% (p<0.01), respectively, in LIV-mice when measured in the L5 vertebral body compared to CTL. Vertebral bodies of LIV showed a significantly more uniform distribution of trabeculae (p<0.01) in L5 and significantly greater, 11% (p<0.05), trabecular thickness in L4 than CTL. Trabecular bone formation rate and mineralizing surface in distal femora were significantly greater, 43% (p<0.01) and 31% (p<0.01), respectively, in LIV versus CTL. No differences in mechanical properties of the thoracic vertebrae between LIV and CTL resulted from mechanical compression.Conclusion: Daily LIV administration significantly improved trabecular bone microarchitecture and trabecular bone homeostasis in E2-deprivated mouse model. Our data suggests LIV may maintain trabecular bone mass in the lumbar spine and could enhance bone formation in post-menopausal, E2-receptor positive breast cancer patients undergoing AI treatment.
Ocean–Atmosphere Dynamical Coupling Fundamental to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation

AbstractThe North Atlantic has shown large multidecadal temperature shifts during the twentieth century. There is ongoing debate about whether this variability arises primarily through the influenc...
Abstract TMP18: Heparin Resistance is an Independent Predictor of Poor outcome in Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Background and purpose: Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) infusion represents the most commonly used therapy in the acute management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). effectiveness of heparin ...
Prion Seeds Distribute throughout the Eyes of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most common prion disease in humans and has been iatrogenically transmitted through corneal graft transplantation. Approximately 40% of sCJD patients develop visual or oculomotor symptoms and may seek ophthalmological consultation. Here we used the highly sensitive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to measure postmortem prion seeding activities in cornea, lens, ocular fluid, retina, choroid, sclera, optic nerve, and extraocular muscle in the largest series of sCJD patient eyes studied by any assay to date. We detected prion seeding activity in 100% of sCJD eyes, representing three common sCJD subtypes, with levels varying by up to 4 log-fold among individuals. The retina consistently showed the highest seed levels, which in some cases were only slightly lower than brain. Within the retina, prion deposits were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the retinal outer plexiform layer in most sCJD cases, and in some eyes the inner plexiform layer, consistent with synaptic prion deposition. Prions were not detected by IHC in any other eye region. With RT-QuIC, prion seed levels generally declined in eye tissues with increased distance from the brain, and yet all corneas had prion seeds detectable. Prion seeds were also present in the optic nerve, extraocular muscle, choroid, lens, vitreous, and sclera. Collectively, these results reveal that sCJD patients accumulate prion seeds throughout the eye, indicating the potential diagnostic utility as well as a possible biohazard.IMPORTANCE Cases of iatrogenic prion disease have been reported from corneal transplants, yet the distribution and levels of prions throughout the eye remain unknown. This study probes the occurrence, level, and distribution of prions in the eyes of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). We tested the largest series of prion-infected eyes reported to date using an ultrasensitive technique to establish the prion seed levels in eight regions of the eye. All 11 cases had detectable prion seeds in the eye, and in some cases, the seed levels in the retina approached those in brain. In most cases, prion deposits could also be seen by immunohistochemical staining of retinal tissue; other ocular tissues were negative. Our results have implications for estimating the risk for iatrogenic transmission of sCJD as well as for the development of antemortem diagnostic tests for prion diseases.
The Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Hospitalization in the Veterans Health Administration.

Introduction This study aims to assess the effect of individual and geographic-level social determinants of health on risk of hospitalization in the Veterans Health Administration primary care clinics known as the Patient Aligned Care Team. Methods For a population of Veterans enrolled in the primary care clinics, the study team extracted patient-level characteristics and healthcare utilization records from 2015 Veterans Health Administration electronic health record data. They also collected census data on social determinants of health factors for all U.S. census tracts. They used generalized estimating equation modeling and a spatial-based GIS analysis to assess the role of key social determinants of health on hospitalization. Data analysis was completed in 2018. Results A total of 6.63% of the Veterans Health Administration population was hospitalized during 2015. Most of the hospitalized patients were male (93.40%) and white (68.80%); the mean age was 64.5 years. In the generalized estimating equation model, white Veterans had a 15% decreased odds of hospitalization compared with non-white Veterans. After controlling for patient-level characteristics, Veterans residing in census tracts with the higher neighborhood SES index experienced decreased odds of hospitalization. A spatial-based analysis presented variations in the hospitalization rate across the Veterans Health Administration primary care clinics and identified the clinic sites with an elevated risk of hospitalization (hotspots) compared with other clinics across the country. Conclusions By linking patient and population-level data at a geographic level, social determinants of health assessments can help with designing population health interventions and identifying features leading to potentially unnecessary hospitalization in selected geographic areas that appear to be outliers.
Developing quartz and molybdenum as impedance-matching standards in the 100-Mbar regime

We present quartz and molybdenum single-shock Hugoniot data to 62 Mbar and 120 Mbar, respectively. Quartz and molybdenum are attractive standard materials for Hugoniot equation-of-state impedance-matching studies. Quartz is advantageous because a reflecting shock front is supported above $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ Mbar whose velocity can be tracked in situ to very high accuracy. Molybdenum's relatively high impedance makes it a more appropriate standard for other high-impedance material studies to avoid large departures from the standard principal Hugoniot upon release or reshock into the sample. Extensive measurements already exist for both materials up to about 10 Mbar and 10 eV, but new high-energy-density facilities and techniques have extended the experimentally accessible pressure range to g100 Mbar. The data presented here indicate which modern equation-of-state models can be reliably extended into newly-accessible experimental regimes.
Characterization of Neutron Detection Systems with Confidence via Statistical Parameter Correction

Neutron detection systems utilize statistical alarm techniques where a measured false alarm rate (FAR) can vary drastically from the FAR predicted by a theoretical model. The ability to set an alarm threshold that results in a practically controlled FAR is crucial to characterize detector sensitivity with both accuracy and precision. A generalized and automated method is presented to statistically evaluate FAR performance by assuming that the FAR itself is not deterministic, but a normal stochastic process over a specific parameter to be corrected that will hereafter be referred to as the correction . In this manner, a specific correction results in not only a point estimate of FAR, but also a confidence interval. The central objective is focused exclusively on characterization assuming that experiments are executed in a tightly controlled environment so that an accurate comparison is enabled across detectors. Once a correction is calculated, the estimated FAR is only assumed accurate in a similar environment for sensitivity evaluation. Initially, the calculated correction factor was used to compare FARs across various distributions including normal, corrected normal, Poisson, and a simplified normal distribution. Later verification data sets were used to empirically demonstrate the rate of containment of measured confidence coefficients using two detectors of different technology. A second application uses the correction method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio metric to agree more with dynamic sensitivity results. Finally, a third application studies the effect of altering the duration of background acquisition on FAR performance.
Distribution of Femoral Metastases; Potential Role for Extended FDG PET/CT Scanning.

This study investigates the distribution of femoral metastases in cancer patients, specifically addressing the incidence of distal femoral metastases. PET/CT examinations routinely extend only to m...
Technology and sleep

Abstract Sleep is an essential health behavior for adolescents. The intersection of sleep and technology can interfere with sleep via several mechanisms, impacting quality and quantity. These include time displacement, light emitting impact on circadian rhythms and melatonin and arousal from media content. Fortunately, there are also several mitigation strategies including sleep hygiene, establishing family expectations, time management, light exposure, and content exposure.
Formation of Oxide Layers with Femtosecond Laser on Steel Surfaces for Color Marking

With the appearance of ultrashort pulse lasers, the researchers have begun working on various laser marking technology. Atmospheric heating and ablation of a surface induce laser coloration of metal surfaces. However, their application is still problematic today in the industry. With the appearance of femtosecond pulse lasers, a new concept became available for color marking. This concept is based on the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on metal surfaces. The purpose of this article is to summarize the literature of laser color marking with ultrashort pulse lasers.
Patient Engagement with Interactive Text Message System Improves Successful Colonoscopy Rates in an Outpatient Endoscopy Center.

INTRODUCTION Text message-based interventions reduce colonoscopy no-show rates and improve bowel preparation scores. In this non-randomized study, we assessed whether an interactive text messaging system could improve colonoscopy outcomes. METHODS Colonoscopy pre-procedural instructions were programmed into a dedicated software platform created for this study. In the intervention arm, text messages were sent to veterans during a 4-week study period. Validated pre-procedural satisfaction questionnaires were completed by patients during standard protocol and intervention periods. Demographics and colonoscopy outcomes data were compared between the standard protocol and intervention arms, including procedure completion rate on scheduled date, Boston bowel preparation score (BPPS), adenoma detection rate, and satisfaction. RESULTS Of 241 patients, 128 were in the standard protocol arm and 113 in the intervention arm. Higher proportions of patients receiving text messages underwent colonoscopy on their scheduled date (69.9%) compared to the ones in the standard protocol (50.8%, p = 0.015). Patients with ≥3 interactions with the system had 80.6% likelihood of completing colonoscopy on the scheduled date compared to 56.9% with 65 years) and younger patients (p = 1.0). Among older patients, colonoscopy was completed successfully in 84.2% when alert-based human interactions occurred compared to 65.6% in those without and 47.9% with standard protocol (p = 0.018). More than 90% indicated they would recommend the system to patients undergoing future colonoscopy. CONCLUSION An interactive text messaging system improves successful colonoscopy rates in a VA setting, with greatest impact in older patients.
Hydrogen embrittlement in ferritic steels

Hydrogen will be a crucial pillar in the clean-energy foundation, and therefore, the development of safe and cost-effective storage and transportation methods is essential to its success. One of the key challenges in the development of such storage and transportation methods is related to the interaction of hydrogen with structural materials. Despite extensive work, there are significant questions related to the hydrogen embrittlement of ferritic steels due to challenges associated with these steels, coupled with the difficulties with gauging the hydrogen content in all materials. Recent advancements in experimental tools and multi-scale modeling are starting to provide insight into the embrittlement process. This review focuses on a subset of the recent developments, with an emphasis on how new methods have improved our understanding of the structure-property-performance relationships of ferritic steels subjected to mechanical loading in a hydrogen environment. The structure of ferritic steels in the presence of hydrogen is described in terms of the sorption and dissociation processes, the diffusion through the lattice and grain boundaries, and the hydrogen-steel interactions. The properties of ferritic steels subjected to mechanical loading in hydrogen are also investigated; the effects of test conditions and hydrogen pressure on the tensile, fracture, and fatigue properties of base metal and welds are highlighted. The performance of steels in hydrogen is then explored via a comprehensive analysis of the various embrittlement mechanisms. Finally, recent insights from in situ and high-resolution experiments are presented and future studies are proposed to address challenges related to embrittlement in ferritic steels.
Single-cell RNA-seq uncovers shared and distinct axes of variation in dorsal LGN neurons in mice, non-human primates and humans

Abundant anatomical and physiological evidence supports the presence of at least three distinct types of relay glutamatergic neurons in the primate dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus, the brain region that conveys visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex. Relay neuron diversity has also been described in the mouse dLGN (also known as LGd). Different types of relay neurons in mice, humans and macaques have distinct morphologies, distinct connectivity patterns, and convey different aspects of visual information to the cortex. To investigate the molecular underpinnings of these cell types, and how these relate to other cellular properties and differences in dLGN between human, macaque, and mice, we profiled gene expression in single nuclei and cells using RNA-sequencing. These efforts identified four distinct types of relay neurons in the primate dLGN, magnocellular neurons, parvocellular neurons, and two cell types expressing canonical marker genes for koniocellular neurons. Surprisingly, despite extensive documented morphological and physiological differences between magno- and parvocellular neurons, we identified few genes with significantly differential expression between transcriptomic cell types corresponding to these two neuronal populations. We also detected strong donor-specific gene expression signatures in both macaque and human relay neurons. Likewise, the dominant feature of relay neurons of the adult mouse dLGN is high transcriptomic similarity, with an axis of heterogeneity that aligns with core vs. shell portions of mouse dLGN. Together, these data show that transcriptomic differences between principal cell types in the mature mammalian dLGN are subtle relative to striking differences in morphology and cortical projection targets. Finally, we align cellular expression profiles across species and find homologous types of relay neurons in macaque and human, and distinct relay neurons in mouse.
Site-Selective Quantum Control in an Isotopically Enriched Si 28 / Si 0.7 Ge 0.3 Quadruple Quantum Dot

Quantum processors based on spin qubits in silicon offer high-fidelity quantum control, with single- and two-qubit operation approaching the fault-tolerance threshold. Challenges in fabricating and controlling large quantum dot arrays in silicon have limited previous studies to only two qubits. Here the authors build on a scalable device design to fabricate and control all four spin qubits in a quadruple-quantum-dot device. This achievement paves the way to multiqubit quantum information processing in silicon.
A comprehensive review of DOACs for cancer associated VTE prophylaxis or treatment

Cancer is a leading cause of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in these patients. Increased thrombotic risk in cancer patients is modified by tumor-specific biology, disease-directed interventions, and individual comorbidities. Risk stratification for prophylaxis and treatment requires regular re-evaluation of these factors, which can be facilitated by validated prediction tools. This review also discusses large clinical trial data (SELECT-D, HOKUSAI-VTE, ADAM VTE, CARAVAGGIO) demonstrating that direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are effective in the treatment of cancer-associated VTE, with comparable efficacy to the traditional choice of low molecular weight heparin. In the prophylactic setting derived from patients with cancer with increased VTE risk, DOACs also reduced the incidence of VTE with only modest increases in bleeding risk. The ease of DOAC administration and acceptable risk profile in the carefully selected patient make them an appealing choice for anticoagulation. In instances where the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding is of concern, apixaban, in particular, may still be a suitable option in place of LMWH. These improvements in our anticoagulation approach to cancer-associated VTE are well-timed to accompany the recent advances in disease-directed therapies that are enabling patients to live longer with cancer and therefore at increased risk of complications such as VTE.
Particle Swarm Optimization

The purpose of this paper is to show how the search algorithm known as particle swarm optimization performs. Here, particle swarm optimization is applied to structural design problems, but the method has a much wider range of possible applications. The paper's new contributions are improvements to the particle swarm optimization algorithm and conclusions and recommendations as to the utility of the algorithm, Results of numerical experiments for both continuous and discrete applications are presented in the paper. The results indicate that the particle swarm optimization algorithm does locate the constrained minimum design in continuous applications with very good precision, albeit at a much higher computational cost than that of a typical gradient based optimizer. However, the true potential of particle swarm optimization is primarily in applications with discrete and/or discontinuous functions and variables. Additionally, particle swarm optimization has the potential of efficient computation with very large numbers of concurrently operating processors.
Combined experimental-theoretical study of electron mobility-limiting mechanisms in SrSnO3

The discovery and development of ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductors is crucial to accelerate the adoption of renewable power sources. This necessitates an UWBG semiconductor that exhibits robust doping with high carrier mobility over a wide range of carrier concentrations. Here we demonstrate that epitaxial thin films of the perovskite oxide NdxSr1−xSnO3 (SSO) do exactly this. Nd is used as a donor to successfully modulate the carrier concentration over nearly two orders of magnitude, from 3.7 × 1018 cm−3 to 2.0 × 1020 cm−3. Despite being grown on lattice-mismatched substrates and thus having relatively high structural disorder, SSO films exhibited the highest room-temperature mobility, ~70 cm2 V−1 s−1, among all known UWBG semiconductors in the range of carrier concentrations studied. The phonon-limited mobility is calculated from first principles and supplemented with a model to treat ionized impurity and Kondo scattering. This produces excellent agreement with experiment over a wide range of temperatures and carrier concentrations, and predicts the room-temperature phonon-limited mobility to be 76–99 cm2 V−1 s−1 depending on carrier concentration. This work establishes a perovskite oxide as an emerging UWBG semiconductor candidate with potential for applications in power electronics. Semiconductor research is undergoing transformative changes thanks to the discovery and development of novel materials. The authors disclose the role of electron-phonon interaction and impurity scattering in a novel ultrawide bandgap perovskite oxide, paving the way for new applications in high-power electronics.
Modeling acute and chronic vascular responses to a major arterial occlusion.

OBJECTIVE To incorporate chronic vascular adaptations into a mathematical model of the rat hindlimb to simulate flow restoration following total occlusion of the femoral artery. METHODS A vascular wall mechanics model is used to simulate acute and chronic vascular adaptations in the collateral arteries and collateral-dependent arterioles of the rat hindlimb. On an acute timeframe, the vascular tone of collateral arteries and distal arterioles is determined by responses to pressure, shear stress, and metabolic demand. On a chronic timeframe, sustained dilation of arteries and arterioles induces outward vessel remodeling represented by increased passive vessel diameter (arteriogenesis), and low venous oxygen saturation levels induce the growth of new capillaries represented by increased capillary number (angiogenesis). RESULTS The model predicts that flow compensation to an occlusion is enhanced primarily by arteriogenesis of the collateral arteries on a chronic time frame. Blood flow autoregulation is predicted to be disrupted and to occur for higher pressure values following femoral arterial occlusion. CONCLUSIONS Structural adaptation of the vasculature allows for increased blood flow to the collateral-dependent region after occlusion. Although flow is still below pre-occlusion levels, model predictions indicate that interventions which enhance collateral arteriogenesis would have the greatest potential for restoring flow.
Culinary Fictions. Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture: By Anita Mannur

(2012). Culinary Fictions. Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture: By Anita Mannur. Food, Culture & Society: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 157-160.
Unsafe at Any (Wind) Speed?: Testing the Stability of Motor Vehicles in Severe Winds

The goal of this research was to examine the relative safety and stability of stationary motor vehicles exposed to severe winds. The focus was on private passenger vehicles. 1) The behavior of two instrumented storm-chase vehicles that were exposed to severe winds, 2) the behavior of 291 vehicles exposed to a tornado, and 3) the wind speed required to upset a sedan and a minivan exposed to winds in a wind tunnel were studied. A wind as strong as 47 m s−1 (105 mph) has been measured by a storm-chase pickup truck and 44 m s−1 (98 mph) by a storm chase sedan. The vehicles were not adversely affected by the wind. Also studied were 291 vehicles parked outdoors at homes struck by tornadoes, and the behavior of the vehicles was compared to the F-scale damage to the house. At sites with F1 or F2 damage, 72% of the vehicles were not moved by the wind and 96% were not tipped over. At sites with F3 or F4 damage, 50% were not moved by the wind and 82% were not tipped over. Wind tunnel tests on a sedan and minivan sho...
Anti-Proliferative Effects of Selected Dietary Polyphenols on Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line, T84

Polyphenols are naturally occurring compounds in plants which are typically involved in defense against ultraviolet radiation or pathogens. Previous studies have shown that various polyphenols have anti-proliferative properties in a variety of human cancers. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Quercetin (QC), Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Catechin and Resveratrol (RVL) on cell death and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma, T84, cells. Cell death and apoptosis was measured by using Annexin V: FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit I and a flow cytometry. Short term (1 hour) and long term (overnight; O/N) effects were observed. Cells were grown in 6 well plates, serum starved O/N and treated with different concentrations of polyphenols for varying time. Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) was used to electrochemically characterize the antioxidant capacity and to quantify active RVL and QC (the polyphenols acting as reducing agents) for the time frame of the study. While EGCG and Catechin did not ha...
Dimensionality of thermal icons

The thermal sensory modality provides a novel dimension to present information to users of a variety of hand-held devices provided the inputs are tailored to the properties of the sensory system. The objective of the present experiment was to measure thermal pattern identification on the thenar eminence at the base of the thumb using a set of six stimuli that varied with respect to the direction, magnitude and rate of temperature change. An absolute identification paradigm was used in which each stimulus was presented eight times and participants had to identify which stimulus was presented using a visual template that depicted the thermal icon. The individual mean scores averaged across all stimuli ranged from 80% to 98% correct with an overall mean of 91%, indicating that the thermal icons were relatively easy to identify. The Information Transfer values ranged from 1.76 to 2.49 bits across participants with a group mean of 2.26 bits. These findings indicate that thermal icons offer considerable potential for presenting information as part of a haptic interface, and that the information transfer capabilities of the thermal sense may rival those achieved with vibrotactile inputs, although at the cost of a prolonged presentation time.
Advanced electronic health record use and quality of asthma care in hospitals that care for children

Hospitals, including those that care for children, have been encouraged to use electronic health records in a meaningful way to improve the cost and efficiency of healthcare. Despite these incentives, studies have provided mixed reviews on the relationship between electronic health record use and quality. In this study, we examine the relationship between advanced stage 4 EHR use, which is consistent with meaningful use, and its impact of adherence to asthma process measures in hospitals that care for children. Using univariate statistics and multivariate regression while controlling for organisational factors, we find no evidence of a significant difference in quality based on stage of EHR use. This may be indicative of a lack of EHR products tailored to serve children.
Constraining the Lateral Helix of Respiratory Complex I by Cross-linking Does Not Impair Enzyme Activity or Proton Translocation

Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is a multisubunit, membrane-bound enzyme of the respiratory chain. The energy from NADH oxidation in the peripheral region of the enzyme is used to drive proton translocation across the membrane. One of the integral membrane subunits, nuoL in Escherichia coli, has an unusual lateral helix of ∼75 residues that lies parallel to the membrane surface and has been proposed to play a mechanical role as a piston during proton translocation (Efremov, R. G., Baradaran, R., and Sazanov, L. A. (2010) Nature 465, 441–445). To test this hypothesis we have introduced 11 pairs of cysteine residues into Complex I; in each pair one is in the lateral helix, and the other is in a nearby region of subunit N, M, or L. The double mutants were treated with Cu2+ ions or with bi-functional methanethiosulfonate reagents to catalyze cross-link formation in membrane vesicles. The yields of cross-linked products were typically 50–90%, as judged by immunoblotting, but in no case did the activity of Complex I decrease by >10–20%, as indicated by deamino-NADH oxidase activity or rates of proton translocation. In contrast, several pairs of cysteine residues introduced at other interfaces of N:M and M:L subunits led to significant loss of activity, in particular, in the region of residue Glu-144 of subunit M. The results do not support the hypothesis that the lateral helix of subunit L functions like a piston, but rather, they suggest that conformational changes might be transmitted more directly through the functional residues of the proton translocation apparatus.
A dispersion-theoretic study of pion form factor

We show that the pion electromagnetic form factor satisfies a nonsubtracted dispersion relation if one of the pions is taken to be massless. We point out that, by quantizing the theory on the light-cone, the mass extrapolation ambiguity due to one of the pions being massless can be overcome. We then use this result to establish an upper bound on the pion charge radius.
Incidence and characteristics of complications from epidural steroid injections.

Objective. Epidural steroid injections are frequently used in the management of spinal pain, but reports on the incidence of complications from this procedure vary. This study seeks to determine the incidence of complications resulting from this procedure, and to compare the rate of complications in transforaminal vs interlaminar injections. Design. The design of the study was a retrospective chart review of epidural steroid injections in our academic physiatry practice over a 7-year period. A query of our electronic medical record identified all injection patients who contacted their physician or had a clinic visit or emergency department visit within 10 days of the procedure. Charts were individually reviewed for both major complications and minor complaints. Results. A total of 4,265 injections were performed on 1,857 patients over 7 years; 161 cervical interlaminar injections, 123 lumbar interlaminar injections, 17 caudal injections, and 3,964 lumbar transforaminal injections. No major complications were identified. There were 103 minor complications, for an overall complication per injection rate of 2.4%. The most common complications were increased pain (1.1%), pain at injection site (0.33%), persistent numbness (0.14%), and “other” (0.80%). Complications were less common in transforaminal injections (2.1%), than in interlaminar injections (6.0%). One patient experienced a self-limited headache resulting from dural puncture during an interlaminar injection. Conclusions. Fluoroscopically guided epidural steroid injections are a safe and well-tolerated intervention for cervical or lumbar pain and radiculopathy. Minor complications are uncommon, and most involve increases in pain. Transforaminal injections may result in fewer minor complications than interlaminar injections.
Camurati-Engelmann disease in conjunction with hypogonadism.

Objective: To report a case of Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) in conjunction with hypogonadism, an association that has not been previously described. Methods: We present the clinical, laboratory...
The influence of serum lipids on oxygen binding of Callinectes sapidus hemocyanin

Abstract 1. 1. Addition of the detergent Triton XI00, which removes lipid moieties from lipoproteins, to the serum of Callinectes sapidus did not change hemocyanin-oxygen affinity. 2. 2. Addition of the soluble fraction and/or vesicles of phosphatidyl choline, the major lipid in crustacean blood, to Triton X-treated hemocyanin did not alter oxygen affinity. Addition of lipids prepared from native serum did not influence oxygen affinity. 3. 3. Despite the close correlation between the two in nature, the seasonal changes in serum phospholipids cannot explain the seasonal changes in hemocyanin-oxygen affinity in this species.
Residually coupled attached proton test in the 13C NMR assignment of natural products

Attached proton test (APT) spectra acquired with residual coupling (termed RECAPT) can be advantageous in assigning 13C NMR spectra of complex natural products. RECAPT was applied to the analysis of the 13C NMR spectra of two terpene marine natural products to illustrate its advantages over APT in situations where peaks are accidentally degenerate, or where large J(CH) values give misleading phase APT peaks.
Single-sweep detection of relaxation kinetics by submicrosecond midinfrared spectroscopy

We present a design for the detection of relaxation kinetics by midinfrared transient spectroscopy. Spectra can be collected with 150 ns time resolution after a single pump pulse. This eliminates the need for flowing samples and the shot-to-shot background noise common in pump–probe spectroscopy. Difference frequency generation from a Ti:sapphire oscillator with a dual-wavelength profile produces broadband femtosecond IR pulses tunable below 1800 cm−1 at 91 MHz repetition rate. This pulse train probes a sample by direct absorption, followed by dispersion of the 200 cm−1 wide spectra in a double-prism spectrometer onto a fast multichannel mercury cadmium telluride detector. In our setup, sample relaxation is initiated by a single temperature jump. We present the fast folding dynamics of the protein λ repressor as an application.