cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of RNA synthesis by isolated hepatocytes in suspension.

Abstract This study represents the first detailed characterization of RNA synthesis by suspensions of hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were found to incorporate [ 3 H ]orotic acid into RNA more efficiently than either [ 3 H ]uridine or [ 3 H ]uracil. The incorporation of [ 3 H ]orotic acid into acid-insoluble material by hepatocytes was optimum in a modified Hanks' medium (2 m m MgSO4, 2 m m CaCl2, 30 m m KCl, and 110 m m NaCl) at a pH of 7.4 when incubated at 37 °C, and it was directly proportional to the hepatocyte concentration in suspension. RNA synthesis by hepatocytes was linear for 120 min and continued at a slightly lower rate for at least 4 h. At no time during a 3-h incubation period was intracellular nuclease activity observed in the hepatocytes. RNA synthesis by hepatocytes was inhibited by concentrations of actinomycin D as low as 0.005 μg/ml. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suspensions of hepatocytes were found to incorporate [ 3 H ]orotic acid into RNA species of 4–5, 18, 28, and larger than 28 S. The distribution of radioactivity in the RNA species studied in this investigation varied as a function of the length of time that the hepatocytes were incubated with [ 3 H ]orotic acid. With short incubation times, a substantial fraction of the radioactivity was found in mRNA-like material. The percentage of the RNA synthesized that contained poly(A)-tracts, as determined by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography, ranged from 32 to 7% from 10 to 180 min of incubation, respectively. With longer periods of incubation, the fraction of the radioactivity in the mRNA-like material decreased, while the radioactivity in rRNA species was observed to increase. Using suspensions of hepatocytes, it was possible to follow the migration of RNA from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm. Because the intracellular integrity of the cell is preserved in isolated hepatocytes, suspensions of hepatocytes would be valuable for studying not only RNA synthesis but also nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA, the processing of RNA, and the effect of cytoplasmic factors on transcription.
Effect of Chlorinated Ethenes on Smin for a Methanotrophic Mixed Culture

The presence of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) was found to increase the minimum methane concentration for net growth (Smin) of a methanotrophic mixed culture expressing particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO). Without CAHs, Smin was 5 μg/L methane. Smin, however, increased to 20−25 μg/L in the presence of 0.05 mg/L 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), 2 mg/L trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), or 4 mg/L trichloroethylene (TCE). A lower maximum methane oxidation rate was required to model growth rates at these low methane concentrations, a result that was attributed to reducing energy limitation. A derived equation for possible factors by which CAHs increased Smin included reducing energy limitation, competitive inhibition, and transformation product toxicity. However, a simplified model that incorporated these effects into a single parameter was adequate to model the overall effect on growth rate and Smin.
Retinoids, retinoid analogs, and lactoferrin interact and differentially affect cell viability of 2 bovine mammary cell types in vitro

Two bovine mammary cell types (BME-UV1 and MeBo cells) were used to evaluate the effect of natural retinoids, retinoid analogs, and bovine lactoferrin (bLf) on cell viability in vitro. Experiments with Alamar Blue showed a linear relationship between fluorescence and cell viability index. The BME-UV1 cells exhibited twice the metabolic activity but required half the doubling time of the MeBo cells. The BME-UV1 cells were very sensitive to all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) inhibition of cell viability (P<0.05) and exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition with 9-cisRA (9cRA; P<0.05). The MeBo cells exhibited some inhibition with these natural ligands (P<0.05), but they were not as sensitive. The addition of bLf had similar inhibitory effects (P<0.05) on cell viability of the 2 mammary cell types. Applications of RA receptor (RAR) agonist indicated that the stimulation of the RAR in both mammary cell types was highly effective in inhibition of cell viability (P<0.05), whereas the application of an RAR antagonist stimulated MeBo cell viability (P<0.05) and inhibited BME-UV1 cell viability (P<0.05). Finally, the use of the RAR antagonist in conjunction with bLf indicated a rescue of the bLf effect in the MeBo cells, suggesting that bLf is acting through the RAR receptor. Conversely, bLf reverted inhibition of cell viability by 9cRA in the BME-UV1 cell type (P<0.05). We conclude that RAR interaction in bovine mammary cell types regulates cell viability in vitro; we hypothesize that the natural ligands mediate regulation of bovine mammary cell viability in vivo and that bLf can either enhance or reverse the retinoid-induced inhibition of cell viability, depending on the type of bovine mammary cell studied.
Deciphering Magma Chamber Dynamics from Styles of Compositional Zoning in Large Silicic Ash Flow Sheets

The understanding of the dynamic processes in magmatic systems has grown and changed markedly in the last decade. Old models for magmatic systems as vats of near-liquidus material have been revised by observations from seismology (Sinton and Detrick 1992), crystal chemistry and zoning (Davidson et al. 2007) and the geochronology and geochemistry of both plutonic and volcanic systems (Hildreth 2004; Charlier et al. 2007; Miller et al. 2007; Peressini et al. 2007; Walker et al. 2007). New views emphasise magmatic systems as temporally dominated by crystal mushes (magma bodies with a high fraction of solid particles; see definition in Miller and Wark 2008), that wax and wane in temperature and crystallinity, and are subject to significant open system processes (Charlier et al. 2007; Hildreth and Wilson 2007; Walker et al. 2007; Bachmann and Bergantz 2008). These processes, such as magma reintrusion, mixing, gas sparging, and subsequent thermal rejuvenation, may be significantly more important in producing the characteristics of a magmatic system than the previous closed-system, near-liquidus behaviour would predict. There are a number of recent reviews that summarize these observations (for example see Eichelberger et al. 2006; Bachmann et al. 2007b; Lipman 2007). Our aim here is to illustrate how this new perspective to magma dynamics is motivated by observations of heterogeneities (or lack thereof) in erupted rocks (and to a lesser amount in plutons). Owing to rapid withdrawal and quenching of magma during explosive volcanic eruptions (hours to a few days), large-volume (>1 km3) pyroclastic deposits (also referred to as ignimbrites or ash-flow tuffs ) provide an instant image of the state of the magma chamber evacuated during eruption. A first-order observation that characterizes these pyroclastic deposits of intermediate to silicic composition is that many do not tap into chemically …
Erratum: Bulk flow and shear moments of the SFI++ survey

The paper ‘Bulk flow and shear moments of the SFI++ survey’ was published in Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 387, 825–829 (2008). There is a typographical error in the penultimate paragraph that reads ‘The composite SFI++ catalogue gives an estimate of the mean bulk flow to have a magnitude of 22 km s−1 ± 71 km s−1 toward l = 285◦ ± 14◦ and b = 11◦ ± 10◦ where l and b are the galactic longitude and latitude, respectively.’ The correct bulk flow magnitude should be 288 km s−1 ± 71 km s−1. Nothing else in the article should be affected.
TREND MOVEMENTS IN AGGREGATE ECONOMIC GROWTH MODELS

The dominating characteristic of most economic time series is the trend and the basie problem in the theory of trend movements consist in discovering the basie causes of long-term changes in the series. The relevance for the theory of economic growth is the determination of economic growth and the extent to which it can be influenced by economic policy. It is commonly believed that, since national product is perhaps our best measure of economic achievement, we may best denne economic growth as a sustained inerease in aggregate national product or national income. Studies of economic growth almost invariably treat longterm change in the national product as the most basic index of national economic achievement and associate other variables with it as causes and effeets. Whereas the theory of trend movements helps to explain the rising movement of certain economic variables; it also determines the influence of such factors as population growth. Perhaps it also creates a better foundation for the analysis of economic dynamics. Abramovitz (1959) has emphasized the need for empirical studies that can give meaning to secular changes in the rate of growth of national product or national income.
Origin of giant viruses from smaller DNA viruses not from a fourth domain of cellular life.

The numerous and diverse eukaryotic viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes that at least partially reproduce in the cytoplasm of infected cells apparently evolved from a single virus ancestor. This major group of viruses is known as Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) or the proposed order Megavirales. Among the “Megavirales”, there are three groups of giant viruses with genomes exceeding 500 kb, namely Mimiviruses, Pithoviruses, and Pandoraviruses that hold the current record of viral genome size, about 2.5 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis of conserved, ancestral NLCDV genes clearly shows that these three groups of giant viruses have three distinct origins within the “Megavirales”. The Mimiviruses constitute a distinct family that is distantly related to Phycodnaviridae, Pandoraviruses originate from a common ancestor with Coccolithoviruses within the Phycodnaviridae family, and Pithoviruses are related to Iridoviridae and Marseilleviridae. Maximum likelihood reconstruction of gene gain and loss events during the evolution of the “Megavirales” indicates that each group of giant viruses evolved from viruses with substantially smaller and simpler gene repertoires. Initial phylogenetic analysis of universal genes, such as translation system components, encoded by some giant viruses, in particular Mimiviruses, has led to the hypothesis that giant viruses descend from a fourth, probably extinct domain of cellular life. The results of our comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of giant viruses refute the fourth domain hypothesis and instead indicate that the universal genes have been independently acquired by different giant viruses from their eukaryotic hosts.
Changes during growth in the volume and surface area of cortical neurons in the rabbit.

Abstract A method was developed to measure the surface area of cortical nerve cells. It consists of measuring the proportional volume of the constituents of cortical neurons and their diameter. A modification of the method of Chalkley is developed to determine the volume and surface area of the dendrites. This measurement is accomplished by cementing four tungsten microelectrodes to the diaphragm of the ocular. An attempt has been made to find parallels between quantitative histological measurements and biochemical composition in a specific area of the developing rabbit brain cortex. The proportional volume and surface area of the perikaryal membranes decreased during the first 5 days after birth and then remained practically constant during development. The proportional volume and surface area of the apical and basal dendrites increased markedly from 5 to 30 days after birth. The change in the levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase, γ-aminobutyric acid, and some other amino acids have been measured as a function of age. The largest changes in glutamic acid decarboxylase coincided with the most rapid phase in the development of the surface area of the dendrites. Surface area measurements of neurons in the cerebral cortex may be of value to both the physiologist and the biochemist. For the physiologist the surfaces of the perikarya and dendrites form the receptive part of the neuron. Any interpretation of ion movements and potential differences must take into account the extent of these surfaces. The biochemist might find these measurements a basis for a comparison of enzyme systems associated with cytoplasmic membranes.
Dystrophic bladder wall calcifications following intravesical BCG treatment for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of bladder

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin has been established as one of the most active agents for the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Although complications do occur with this agent, they are usually transient and mild. Two cases are herein reported in which dystrophic calcification of the urinary bladder occurred following BCG therapy; one had a diffuse and severe complication. This complication can occur with other intravesical agents, and methods for management are reported.
Development of a metropolitan matrix of primary stroke centers: The Phoenix experience

Background and Purpose— In 1998, 2947 patients in metropolitan Phoenix were hospitalized for acute cerebral infarction. Only 2 of the 26 regional hospitals satisfied criteria for primary stroke center (PSC) designation. Fewer than 1% of patients with ischemic stroke received tissue plasminogen activator for thrombolysis. We sought to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a metropolitan prehospital emergency medical system for effectively identifying and transporting patients with acute stroke to a matrix of predesignated PSCs and increasing to 20% the proportion of all such patients receiving tissue plasminogen activator. Methods— The American Stroke Association Phoenix Operation Stroke partnered with the Arizona Emergency Medical Systems in 1998 to 1999 to list goals and objectives, identify key stakeholders, and develop committees to address community education, emergency medical system training, and PSC designation. Results— Over 8 years, emergency medical system personnel were trained to identify ...
Propylthiouracil (PTU) Pharmacology in the Rat,I. Serum and Thyroid PTU Measurements by Radioimmunoassay

We have developed a highly sensitive and specific RIA for propylthiouracil (PTU) which uses 125I-labeled PTU as the radioactive ligand. At a final antibody dilution of 1:10,000, the detection limit for PTU was 100 pg; cross-reactivity with circulating, urinary, and intrathyroid PTU metabolites was negligible. Using this assay, serum and thyroid PTU levels were determined after short term (1 week) and long term (1 month) PTU treatment at doses of 0.0001-0.05%. Serum PTU was a linear function of the PTU dose (r = 0.99; P less than 0.001), whereas thyroid PTU was a linear function of the logarithm of the PTU dose (r = 0.99; P less than 0.001). Serum PTU levels were higher after 1 month of treatment than after administration for 1 week, probably because steady state conditions were not achieved after 1 week. At several doses, thyroid PTU levels were also higher after 1 month of treatment, but the differences were not as striking as those seen in the serum levels. The pharmacokinetic data are consistent with a multicompartmental model for PTU distribution. The logarithmic relationship between thyroid PTU and PTU dose suggests a saturable uptake mechanism for PTU by the thyroid; inhibition of thyroid PTU uptake by PTU itself could also explain these observations.
DFT, SERS, and Single-Molecule SERS of Crystal Violet

Applying the method of density functional theory calculations, we examine the Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of crystal violet. The resulting optimized structure is of point symmetry D3, and the calculated Raman spectrum provides an excellent match with the observed normal Raman spectrum. This provides a reliable assignment of the symmetry and normal modes of the observed spectrum, which consists of bands assigned to modes of either a1 or e symmetry. The e modes are not split, showing that D3 symmetry remains, even on the surface. The SERS spectra, both normal and single-molecule, are dominated by the nontotally symmetric e vibrations, which are preferentially enhanced in accord with the Herzberg−Teller-surface selection rules. The mechanism involves intensity borrowing through vibronic coupling between a charge-transfer state and the lowest-lying π → π* transition. A quantitative measure of the degree of charge transfer is obtained by analyzing the potential dependence of SERS intensitie...
Shear band formation in 4340 steel: A TEM study☆

Experiments have been conducted to investigate the process by which adiabatic shear bands are formed in an AISI 4340 VAR steel with HRC = 44. To produce the shear bands, short, thin-walled tubular specimens were deformed in torsion at a nominal shear strain rate of about 103 s−1 in a Kolsky bar apparatus (split-Hopkinson bar). Strains of a few hundred percent and local strain rates of 105 s−1 were reached in the region of localization. The temperature rise in the band, recorded using an infra-red detector, was approximately 460°C. Microscopic observations of deformed samples were made by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM observations revealed that the material within the shear band was characterized by highly elongated subgrains and dislocation cells. The subgrain boundaries were generally well-defined and the subgrains varied in dislocation density. To elucidate the softening mechanism, the misorientations between subgrains and dislocation cells were measured. There was no indication of a phase transformation within the shear band. The probable metallurgical processes involved in shear band formation are presented in light of these experimental results.
Is Affect Always Mere Effect

1. I observed that being struck by the appeal of something renders particularly intelligible a desire directed towards it. I called the desires which involved being struck by the appeal of their objects 'affective desires' so as to demarcate them within the enormously heterogeneous category of so-called proattitudes. As a first step in defending a Projectivist account of the authority of affect, the fact that finding something appealing makes desire particularly intelligible, Wedgwood writes: "Projectivists will likely find it plausible that affective desires differ from other 'pro attitudes' in precisely the following way: an affective desire for a certain state of affairs involves feeling pleased at the thought of that state of affairs coming about (or at least displeased at the thought of that state of affairs failing to come about)" (p. 217). This looks like a definition of affective desire by way of genus (proattitudes) and differentia. But will the differentia do? Feeling displeased at some thought won't do. A 'stick', a dry moralist who finds nothing appealing, still might be said to feel displeased at the thought of others' failure to do their duty. Will feeling pleased do? Suppose that I feel pleased at the thought of my working in the local soup kitchen. Even so, I need not find my working in the soup kitchen appealing. I might only find the thought of it appealing. I could be a self-indulgent dreamer, one who particularly enjoys the costless contemplation of himself in a good moral light. I might be pleased at the thought of my working in the soup kitchen while knowing that I would not find my working there appealing. As a result of being pleased at these thoughts, I could even come to be vaguely inclined towards, and so in the philosopher's sense have a pro-attitude towards, working in the soup kitchen. And this may be partly because such a pro-attitude is for me entirely safe. For I might know that when actually facing the soup kitchen my vague inclination would dissipate and genuine revulsion would take its place. In these circumstances, Wedgwood's conditions for having an affective desire towards working in the soup kitchen
African Americans' Search for "More for Less" and "Peace of Mind" on the Exurban Frontier

African Americans increasingly are moving from inner cities and inner-ring suburbs to fast-growing exurbs on the urban fringe, trends that media reports attribute primarily to their desire to live affordably as homeowners in safer communities. Little empirical evidence exists to support these claims, although research on the drivers of postwar black suburbanization and a burgeoning exurban migration literature suggest that desires for ownership and housing space, to escape inner-city poverty concentration, and to create "places of their own" may be contributing factors. Through interviews with 70 African Americans who moved from Los Angeles County to its fast growing exurban Inland Empire between 1980 and 2010, this research shows how race- and context-specific factors, such as affordable housing shortages, gang violence, and Latino occupancy of historically black communities, are contributing to black population growth on the urban fringe.
Studies in vitro of lipogenesis in rat testicular tissue

Testicular tissue was shown to contain the full complement of enzymes required for de novo synthesis of fatty acids. The enzymes capable of snythesizing palmitic acid from citrate, acetate, or acetyl CoA were found to be present in the soluble (cytoplasmic) fraction. These included fatty acid synthetase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, citrate-cleavage enzyme, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Optimal conditions for assaying activities of fatty acid synthetase and acetyl CoA carboxylase in the soluble fraction from rat testes were established, and the activities of these two enzymes were determined to be 0.54±0.1 and 0.030±0.002 (nmoles of substrate incorporated into fatty acid per min per mg of soluble fraction protein), respectively. The activities of citrate-cleavage enzyme, malic enzyme, and the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase pair were also measured. The activities were 6.0±0.7, 34.9±4.2, and 29.9±9.3 nmoles/min/mg, respectively.
Bcl-2 mediates induction of neural differentiation

Bcl-2 is an antiapoptotic protein expressed in a wide variety of cell types. We have found that overexpression of bcl-2 in PC12 neural crest tumor cells leads to increased expression of neural differentiation-associated genes and decreased expression of proliferation-related genes. Culture growth rate decreases as well. Overexpression of bcl-2 also leads to increased expression of TrkA and increased phosphorylation of signal transductants in, albeit not specific for, the TrkA-MEK-ERK pathway. Blocking of NGF-mediated signaling through TrkA prevents Bcl-2-associated expression changes in differentiation-associated genes, raising the possibility that Bcl-2 mediates induction of neural differentiation through TrkA/NGF signaling.
New Results on Octupole Collectivity

Octupole correlations play an important role in determining the level structure of nuclei throughout the periodic chart. Microscopically, octupole correlations are the result of the long-range, octupole-octupole interaction between nucleons occupying pairs of orbitals which differ in both orbital and total angular momentum by 3 units. A review of some of the most recent findings on octupole correlations is given. Emphasis is placed on new results from the actinide region, where two distinct collective modes have long been identified: octupole vibration and octupole deformation. These new results include negative-parity structures which appear to evolve from an octupole vibration into a static octupole deformed mode. In addition, newly observed rotational structures built on an excited 0+ state have been tentatively associated with a double-octupole phonon excitation. These newly observed properties can be successively described by calculations based on the concept of rotational-aligned octupole phonon condensation.
Permeability of Space Vehicle Fibrous Thermal Protection Blankets in Viscous and Slip Flow Regimes

AbstractThe permeability of thermal protection blankets is measured by flowing air and helium at pressure differentials of up to 33.3 kPa across the material. Flow in both the viscous and slip regime is demonstrated by varying the average absolute pressures in the experiments from 0.400 to 80.0 kPa. Analysis shows the flow through the fibrous blanket is well characterized by a compressible formulation of Darcy’s law with the addition of the Klinkenberg slip factor. The permeability and slip parameter are obtained using multiple linear regression. A comparison between air and helium shows that the slip parameter scales with the square root of the molecular weight. Correlations between the permeability and slip factor for fibrous materials are proposed. The correlations are similar in form with previous correlations developed for rock samples, but the coefficients differ. The measured data show that the capillary radius calculated from permeability is the appropriate length scale for the Knudsen number.
A Chinese Tongue Twister

Observing oneself as a learner can bring about important insights on what it means to teach and what it means to learn.
Survive the recession by managing cash

In the current banking and credit environment, with a severe demand slump, managing cash is critical to surviving the recession—and positioning your company for a turnaround. The authors examine the best expert advice on managing cash during a downturn, for five key areas of your business. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The protective effect of cuff lubrication in critically ill patients with tracheostomies

Aspiration of infected secretions past the tracheal tube cuff causes ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP).1 This aspiration occurs despite an adequate intracuff pressure, because the fluid leaks along longitudinal folds within the wall of a high volume low pressure (HVLP) cuff.2 Previousin vitro work has suggested that KY jelly cuff lubrication might prevent this leakage by physically blocking the folds.3 The objective of this study is to quantify the effect of cuff lubrication on subglottic to tracheal dye aspiration in critically ill patients with tracheostomies. Methods This is a prospective open observational study. Seventeen critically ill patients who required a tracheostomy were recruited. All the study patients initially received a size 8 mm ID Portex Profile cuffed tracheostomy tube at percutaneous tracheostomy by the Grigg's technique. Lubrication was determined by the preference of the clinician performing the percutaneous tracheostomy. All the tracheostomy tubes had been modified by the addition of a fine bore catheter that was glued above the cuff to enable dye instillation into the subglottic space. The cuff was inflated to 30 cm H2O (2.9 kPa) and maintained at this pressure by intermittent checks prior to dye instillation and 8 hourly using a cuff inflator (Portex, UK). Blue food dye (E122) 0.5 ml followed by saline 3 ml was instilled daily through the catheter into the subglottic space. The nurse responsible for the patient was instructed to report dye obtained from tracheal aspirates (performed post instillation and at least 4 hourly thereafter). Tracheobronchial aspiration was deemed to have occurred if dye was retrieved from the trachea. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for the data analysis. Results Sixteen of the 17 cuffs leaked after a median of 1 day. One cuff did not leak despite 10 days of testing. Of the cuffs that leaked, nine cuffs were lubricated and leaked after a median of 2 days (range 1–5) and seven cuffs were not lubricated and leaked after a median of 1 day (0–1). Lubrication thus appeared to protect against leakage for longer than non-lubrication (P Conclusion This study suggests that cuff lubrication affords protection against aspiration for 1–5 days. Clinicians should be aware that a HVLP cuff cannot reliably prevent the transit of fluid from the upper airway to the lungs after a median of 2 days even with lubrication. Occasionally a HVLP cuff will be an exact fit for the trachea in which it is inflated and folds will not form in the cuff wall. In this circumstance leakage is prevented. It is likely that the one cuff that did not leak despite 10 days of testing was an exact fit for that patient's trachea. Until a cuff is available that prevents aspiration at acceptable tracheal wall pressures we would recommend that all tracheal and tracheostomy cuffs are lubricated with KY jelly prior to insertion.
Arlington Springs man.

Bones of a man were found at a depth of 37 feet in waterlaid sediments on Santa Rosa Island, California, and dated by radiocarbon at 10,000 years before the present (B.P.). Two later occupational levels are dated at 7350 and 2090 years B.P. No artifacts are associated with the oldest bones, which are believed to be an accidental burial on the edge of a cienaga.
Technical Note---Approximation Algorithms for VRP with Stochastic Demands

We consider the vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands (VRPSD). We give randomized approximation algorithms achieving approximation guarantees of 1 + α for split-delivery VRPSD, and 2 + α for unsplit-delivery VRPSD; here α is the best approximation guarantee for the traveling salesman problem. These bounds match the best known for even the respective deterministic problems [Altinkemer, K., B. Gavish. 1987. Heuristics for unequal weight delivery problems with a fixed error guarantee. Oper. Res. Lett.6(4) 149--158; Altinkemer, K., B. Gavish. 1990. Heuristics for delivery problems with constant error guarantees. Transportation Res.24(4) 294--297]. We also show that the “cyclic heuristic” for split-delivery VRPSD achieves a constant approximation ratio, as conjectured in Bertsimas [Bertsimas, D. J. 1992. A vehicle routing problem with stochastic demand. Oper. Res.40(3) 574--585].
Race group differences in prison victimization experiences

Abstract Purpose To assess differences in victimization risk between African American and white, non-Latino inmates, and to estimate race group differences in the correlates of victimization. Methods Random samples totaling 2,403 African Americans and 3,150 whites were drawn from all state prisons in Ohio and Kentucky and all private prisons in Ohio ( n = 46). Race-specific bi-level models of physical assaults and property thefts were estimated. Differences between race-specific models in the magnitude of regression coefficients for the same predictors and outcomes were compared. Results The odds of victimization by physical assault and by theft were significantly higher among whites compared to African Americans. Race group differences in the magnitude of several inmate level effects (e.g., age, sex, education, family status, officer “legitimacy”, custody score, visitation) were also significant, yet facility effects were similar for both groups. Conclusions Assessing differences in the victimization experiences of African American and white inmates is important for developing effective crime prevention strategies in prison. We examined the most comprehensive models of inmate victimization (including inmate socio-demographics, activities during confinement, perceptions of officers, facility characteristics, and officer perceptions of rule enforcement) for one of the largest samples of prisons to date.
Use of Rodeo® and X‐77® spreader to control smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in a southwestern washington estuary: 1. Environmental fate

A 1-ha plot with smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) at three locations in Willapa Bay, a southwestern Washington estuary, was aerially treated with 4.7 L/ha Rodeo® and 0.9 L/ha X-77® Spreader to determine the fate of the herbicide formulation. Rates of spray deposit on filter pads placed over treated intertidal mudflats did not differ among locations for glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA); however, deposit rates for nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEO) did differ among locations. Glyphosate concentrations in sediment cores from treated mudflats declined 51 to 72% during 119 days posttreatment (DPT); NPEO concentrations in sediment declined (42%) between spray day and 14 DPT. The highest concentrations of glyphosate, AMPA, and NPEO in seawater were found in off-site samples collected from the leading edge of the first high tide after application. Glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in depth-integrated seawater samples declined 73 and 42%, respectively, between the first high tide immediately following application and the second high tide at 1 DPT. Glyphosate concentrations in Spartina stems from treated plots declined 91 to 99% between 1 and 28 DPT; whereas, AMPA declined (86 and >96%) during this period. Comparison of maximum concentrations for glyphosate in seawater from this study with acute toxicity values in the literature indicates that under worst-case conditions direct effects to aquatic organisms would not be likely.
Possibilities for inter- and intracellular translocation of some icosahedral plant viruses.

Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) and Tomato ringspot virus (TomRV) were compared with regard to possible ways of inter- and intracellular translocation. The pore complexes in the nuclear membranes of nuclei in leaf palisade and mesophyll cells of several plant species commonly used in plant virus research were studied. The pore structure resembled that earlier described. The diameter of the pores was great enough to allow icosahedral plant viruses between 25 and 30 mµ wide to move through. SBMV occurred in noncrystalline form in nuclei of infected cells. Although this virus forms paracrystalline structures when partially purified, no virus crystals were seen in the cytoplasm of cells containing high concentrations of SBMV. It was established that this virus could move through nuclear pores. TomRV was found in infected leaf tissue in low concentrations. This virus showed a tendency to crystallize even when present in low concentrations. TomRV was observed only in the cytoplasm, not in nuclei. This virus was present in plasmodesmata, indicating the possibility of cell to cell translocation of whole particles through these structures.
Willingness to Report Crimes: The Role of Ethnic Group Membership and Community Efficacy:

Law enforcement experts and observers of immigrant communities have suggested that immigrants are reluctant to report crimes to the police. Various reasons have been advanced to support this idea, ranging from distrust of authorities to fear of retaliation or deportation to lack of confidence in the police. This study examined willingness to report crimes among residents of six ethnic communities in New York City. In spite of the pessimism expressed in the literature, the authors found that large majorities of respondents said that they would report break-ins, muggings, family violence, and (to a lesser extent) drug selling. Persons who said that their ethnic community was likely to work together to solve local problems and those who believed that their community wielded political power were more likely than those whose communities were disenfranchised to say that they would report crimes.
Evidence for a One-Allele Assortative Mating Locus

Theoretical models have shown that speciation with gene flow can occur readily via a "one-allele mechanism," where the spread of the same allele within both of two diverging species reduces their subsequent hybridization. Here we present direct genetic evidence for such an allele in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Alleles conferring high or low assortative mating in D. pseudoobscura produce the same effects when inserted into D. persimilis. This observation suggests that the type of genetic variation that is most conducive to controversial modes of speciation with gene flow, such as reinforcement or sympatric speciation, is present in nature.
EFFECT OF ENZYME INHIBITORS AND ACTIVATORS ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF TYPHUS RICKETTSIAE II. TEMPERATURE, POTASSIUM CYANIDE, AND TOLUIDIN BLUE

The time of blending the rickettsial inoculum, as also the strain of hen's egg employed, influenced the degree of infection which developed in fertile eggs after the injection of typhus rickettsiae into the yolk sac. By varying these factors, maximal or minimal infections could be obtained. Eggs incubated at 40°C. developed only minimal rickettsial infection, whereas control eggs incubated at 37.5°C. became heavily infected. Potassium cyanide markedly enhanced rickettsial growth in experiments in which the control eggs developed only minimal infection. Under circumstances such that the control eggs became heavily infected, KCN had no appreciable effect. Toluidin blue and methylene blue delayed the development of rickettsial infection in the yolk sac, but their rickettsiostatic action under the conditions of these experiments was less marked than that of penicillin and para-aminobenzoic acid. The rickettsiostatic action resulting from temperature elevation was neutralized by KCN, and hence is believed to be due to the increased activity of the cyanide-sensitive respiratory enzyme (cytochrome oxidase) in the entodermal cells in which the rickettsiae multiply. The rickettsiostatic action of toluidin blue and methylene blue, though probably also resulting from increased metabolic activity in the entodermal cells, was not neutralized by KCN. This observation is in harmony with the reported observation that dyes of this type furnish an alternative mechanism for intracellular oxidation which is cyanide-insensitive. The rickettsiostatic action of para-aminobenzoic acid was not neutralized by KCN. No conclusions can be reached at present concerning the mechanism of action of this compound. Dinitrophenol and several compounds related to para-aminobenzoic acid gave negative results.
Control of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation by the heterochronic genes and the cellular asymmetry machinery in Caenorhabditis elegans

Transitions between asymmetric (self-renewing) and symmetric (proliferative) cell divisions are robustly regulated in the context of normal development and tissue homeostasis. To genetically assess the regulation of these transitions, we used the postembryonic epithelial stem (seam) cell lineages of Caenorhabditis elegans. In these lineages, the timing of these transitions is regulated by the evolutionarily conserved heterochronic pathway, whereas cell division asymmetry is conferred by a pathway consisting of Wnt (Wingless) pathway components, including posterior pharynx defect (POP-1)/TCF, APC related/adenomatosis polyposis coli (APR-1)/APC, and LIT-1/NLK (loss of intestine/Nemo-like kinase). Here we explore the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying stage-specific transitions between self-renewing and proliferative behavior in the seam cell lineages. We show that mutations of genes in the heterochronic developmental timing pathway, including lin-14 (lineage defect), lin-28, lin-46, and the lin-4 and let-7 (lethal defects)-family microRNAs, affect the activity of LIT-1/POP-1 cellular asymmetry machinery and APR-1 polarity during larval development. Surprisingly, heterochronic mutations that enhance LIT-1 activity in seam cells can simultaneously also enhance the opposing, POP-1 activity, suggesting a role in modulating the potency of the cellular polarizing activity of the LIT-1/POP-1 system as development proceeds. These findings illuminate how the evolutionarily conserved cellular asymmetry machinery can be coupled to microRNA-regulated developmental pathways for robust regulation of stem cell maintenance and proliferation during the course of development. Such genetic interactions between developmental timing regulators and cell polarity regulators could underlie transitions between asymmetric and symmetric stem cell fates in other systems and could be deregulated in the context of developmental disorders and cancer.
Revised coordinates for 373 selected objects in the Southern Galaxy Catalogue

Improved positions have been determined for 373 galaxies listed in the Southern Galaxy Catalogue of Corwin et al. (1985) as having poor coordinates. The revised coordinates are expected to be good to 6 arcsec (rms) in each coordinate.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor as a Biochemical Marker of Exercise-Induced Ischemia

Background Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a mitogenic polypeptide that demonstrates enhanced expression and promotes angiogenesis in animal models of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Elevated levels of bFGF are present in the urine of humans with metastatic tumors, but its expression in human myocardial ischemia is unknown. Thus, we sought to determine whether urine levels of bFGF are altered by exercise-induced ischemia in humans. Methods and Results Eighty-six patients underwent exercise thallium studies for evaluation of anginal symptoms. Urine levels of bFGF (corrected for urine creatinine) were determined by ELISA immediately before and between 2 and 4 hours after exercise. The change in urine bFGF level was compared between 43 patients with and 43 patients without exercise-induced ischemia. Patients with ischemia had an increase in urine bFGF compared with nonischemic patients (1052±245 versus −278±130 pg/g creatinine, P<.0001). Exercise, demographic, and clinical variables were assesse...
Perceptions and strategies in the negotiation process: a cross-cultural examination of USA, Vietnam and Malaysia

As part of a cross-national study (using survey data), this paper analyses the perceptions of college students regarding negotiation skills, styles and strategies across three countries: USA (n = 457), Vietnam (n = 391) and Malaysia (n = 347). This study presents and examines a number of hypotheses related to the negotiation process. The findings indicate that US students (from the West with an individualist culture) were found to have different negotiation perceptions from those of Malaysian and Vietnamese students (from Asian with a collectivist culture). The findings of this study support previous studies on cross-cultural negotiations. Managerial implications of the findings and an agenda for future research are discussed.
The impact of it outsourcing practice on employment culture: an it professional's perspective

Outsourcing pursuit has great impacts toward an organization in several facets. The traditional human resource management (HRM) strategy is not well-suited to respond to emerging business practices. This study posits that short-term professional model is suitable for HRs adapting their human development approach to facilitate outsourcing practice and to accommodate the short-term professional. Drawing upon existing studies upon IT outsourcing and IT HRs studies, the objective of this research is to deepen understanding the perceived change of employment paradigm influenced by IT outsourcing practice.
ADP-ribosylation of membrane proteins by bacterial toxins in the presence of NAD glycohydrolase

The ADP-ribosylation of membrane G proteins is difficult to achieve in tissues that are rich in membrane-bound NAD glycohydrolase (NAD+ glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.2.5). For many animal species this problem can be surmounted by inhibiting NAD hydrolysis with a combination of the anti-tuberculous drug, isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and the NAD analog, 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide, which act synergistically. In their presence, the ADP-ribosylation of cholera and pertussis toxin substrates reach plateau levels even with only 10 microM NAD. Although 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide acts as a weak substrate for the toxins, it is simple to estimate its contribution to the ADP-ribosylation and thus to determine the total amount of ADP-ribosylation substrate present in a tissue sample. NAD glycohydrolases that are insensitive to isonicotinic acid hydrazide are also less sensitive to 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide, but may be inactivated by dithiothreitol. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide adenine dinucleotide, the product of an exchange reaction catalysed by NAD glycohydrolase, runs with NAD in most thin-layer chromatographic systems. It can be separated from NAD, and quantitated, if the chromatographic solvent contains benzaldehyde. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide itself inhibits NAD glycohydrolase. It need not first be converted into isonicotinic acid hydrazide adenine dinucleotide.
Legitimizing university governance: Theory and practice

This paper attempts a theoretically based articulation of the concept of legitimacy and applies the elements of the concept to concrete problems in university governance. Legitimacy is measured by the assessment of several elements of governance by constituents. It is a function of constituents' value systems, of the decision-making issue, and of the level at which decisions are made. The components of legitimacy are developed, and illustrative applications are provided. Through operational application of the idea of political legitimacy, it is contended that more realistic and workable solutions to governance can be approximated and that crisis oriented governance tactics can be reserved for situations which genuinely require them.
Invasion biology of the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus: A review

Abstract The Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, is native to coastal and estuarine habitat along the east coast of Asia. The species was first observed in North America near Delaware Bay (39°N, 75°W) in 1988, and a variety of evidence suggests initial introduction via ballast water early in that decade. The crab spread rapidly after its discovery, and breeding populations currently extend from North Carolina to Maine (35°–45°N). H. sanguineus is now the dominant crab in rocky intertidal habitat along much of the northeast coast of the USA and has displaced resident crab species throughout this region. The Asian shore crab also occurs on the Atlantic coast of Europe and was first reported from Le Havre, France (49°N, 0°E) in 1999. Invasive populations now extend along 1000 km of coastline from the Cotentin Peninsula in France to Lower Saxony in Germany (48°–53°N). Success of the Asian shore crab in alien habitats has been ascribed to factors such as high fecundity, superior competition for space and food, release from parasitism, and direct predation on co-occurring crab species. Laboratory and field observations indicate that H. sanguineus is a generalist predator with potential for substantial effects on sympatric populations of mollusks and crustaceans. However, broad ecosystem effects and actual economic impact are unclear. The literature on H. sanguineus is limited in comparison to better known invasive species like the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) and the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Nevertheless, there are substantial bodies of work on larval biology, trophic ecology, and interspecies competition. This paper presents a review of the biology and ecology of invasive populations of the Asian shore crab H. sanguineus in North American and European habitats.
Study of the crystalline transformations in ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Ag and ZnS:Cu, Al

Abstract An EPR study has shown that the formation of a separate phase of copper (or silver) sulfide in polycrystalline ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Ag and ZnS:Cu, Al triggers the rapid transformation of hexagonal to cubic zinc sulfide. It is believed that, after firing, cuprous sulfide precipitates from solution in hexagonal zinc sulfide and in so doing supplies the energy necessary for nucleation of cubic zinc sulfide. Once nucleation has begun, growth of the cubic phase will be self-sustaining, because energy is released in going from the hexagonal to the cubic structure. Supporting data for the postulated mechanism of nucleation and growth is provided by X-ray diffraction data on the effect of quenching and annealing on the crystal structure of ZnS:9 × 10 −4 Cu phosphors. It was found that the optimum nucleation temperature lies close to 700°C and that at this temperature the growth of the cubic phase is reasonably fast.
On estimation of random variables via the martingale convergence theorem

Abstract Conditional expectation and the martingale convergence theorem are frequently used in attempts to estimate a random variable as a function of other random variables. Examples are exhibited which illustrate difficulties arising from a careless approach to these techniques. Real-valued random variables, including a Gaussian random variable, are constructed such that the martingale convergence theorem, or any scheme based on conditional expectation, can fail to be of any value whatsoever in estimating them.