cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tpr regulates the total number of nuclear pore complexes per cell nucleus

The total number of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) per nucleus varies greatly between different cell types and is known to change during cell differentiation and cell transformation. However, the underlying mechanisms that control how many nuclear transport channels are assembled into a given nuclear envelope remain unclear. Here, we report that depletion of the NPC basket protein Tpr, but not Nup153, dramatically increases the total NPC number in various cell types. This negative regulation of Tpr occurs via a phosphorylation cascade of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), the central kinase of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Tpr serves as a scaffold for ERK to phosphorylate the nucleoporin (Nup) Nup153, which is critical for early stages of NPC biogenesis. Our results reveal a critical role of the Nup Tpr in coordinating signal transduction pathways during cell proliferation and the dynamic organization of the nucleus.
Rancho La Brea Fossil Indicates Native Nearctic Status for Necrobia violacea (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), a Species Previously Considered a Synanthropic Introduction to North America

The cosmopolitan beetle Necrobia violacea (Linnaeus) (Cleridae), formerly thought adventive in the New World through European trade, is reported from a sealed assemblage within the skull of a western camel (Camelops hesternus Leidy, Camelidae) from the famous Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in southern California and radiocarbon dated to approximately 44,000 years ago. The biogeographical significance of this find is discussed in the context of other pre-Columbian records of members of the genus Necrobia Olivier.
Study of Springback Effect in Industrial Grade Materials in Sheet Metal Processing Using FEA

The objective of this paper was parenthetically the numerical resolution of sheet metal forming application using ABAQUS implicit finite part module. Every bending operation involves springback, that is outlined as elastic recovery of the part during unloading. During this study, FEA of springback has done for optimization of sheet metal bending process. In this paper, commercially available finite element analyses (FEA) is used to analyse springback and compensation of it. By increasing downward distance of punch, means that with assistance of the iterations get the optimized geometry of bending profile. Once completion of some iteration of downward distance of punch got optimized, V bending profile comprises of minimum springback as compared to previous profiles. The number of springback, von-mises stress distribution for benchmark and iteration conditions are pictured because of that compensation of springback.
The Metaphysical Child

Appearing in 1875, Christian Science marked a clear contrast to secular society’s increasing recognition of children as distinctive biological entities with unique physical needs and requirements for care. The new religion’s founder, Mary Baker Eddy, expressly denied the material reality of sickness and, indeed, of the human body itself. The new religion utilized metaphysical healers who were trained and certified exclusively by the Christian Science church. According to Eddy medical science, with its preoccupation with naming diseases and tracing their etiologies, represented an especially pernicious source of human suffering and therefore she urged her followers to avoid all contact with medical doctors. This religious imperative presented a profound dilemma for Christian Scientist parents when their children became sick or injured.
Is Perceived Stigma in Clinical Settings Associated With Poor Health Status Among New York City's Residents of Color?

OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to assess rates of perceived stigma in health care (clinical) settings reported by racially diverse New York City residents and to examine if this perceived stigma is associated with poorer physical and mental health outcomes. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2016 New York City Community Health Survey. We applied bivariable and multivariable methods to assess rates of perceived stigma, and perceived stigma's statistical relationship with health care access, physical health status, and mental health status controlling for sociodemographics and health insurance status. RESULTS Perceived stigma was associated with poorer health care access [odds ratio (OR)=7.07, confidence interval (CI)=5.32-9.41), depression (OR=3.80, CI=2.66-5.43), diabetes (OR=1.86, CI=1.36-2.54), and poor overall general health (OR=0.43, CI=0.33-0.57). Hispanic respondents reported the highest rate of perceived stigma among racial and ethnic minority groups (mean=0.07, CI=0.05-0.08). CONCLUSIONS We found that perceived stigma in health care settings was a potential barrier to good health. Prior studies have illustrated that negative health outcomes are common for patients who avoid or delay care; thus, the unfortunate conclusion is that even in a diverse, heterogeneous community, stigma persists and may negatively affect well-being. Therefore, eliminating stigma in clinical settings should be a top priority for health care providers and public health professionals seeking to improve health equity.
Differential Impact of Food Insecurity, Distress, and Stress on Self-care Behaviors and Glycemic Control Using Path Analysis

The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect pathways through which food insecurity influences glycemic control and self-care behaviors. Using data collected from 615 adults with type 2 diabetes, we investigated pathways between food insecurity and diabetes outcomes using path analysis. We included measures of perceived stress, diabetes distress, diabetes fatalism, and depression as psychosocial factors in the pathway. Self-care behaviors included general diet, specific diet, exercise, blood sugar testing, foot care, and medication adherence. Analyses were conducted using Stata v14, to include both direct and indirect effects, with standardized estimates to allow comparison of paths. Food insecurity was directly associated with stress (r = 0.43, p < 0.001), depression (r = 0.34, p < 0.001), fatalism (r = 0.09, p = 0.03), and distress (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). The type of stress, however, was differentially associated with outcomes, with distress associated with HbA1c (r = 0.25, p < 0.001), general and specific diet (r = − 0.28 and − 0.17, respectively, p = 0.001), and medication adherence (r = − 0.26, p < 0.001), while stress was associated with specific diet (r = − 0.14, p = 0.005) and medication adherence (r = − 0.15, p < 0.001) and depression was associated with exercise (r = − 0.06, p = 0.007). Food insecurity was indirectly associated with HbA1c (r = 0.08, p = 0.001), and four self-care behaviors (general diet, specific diet, exercise, and medication adherence). Food insecurity influences self-care behaviors indirectly via multiple psychosocial factors, and glycemic control indirectly through diabetes distress, supporting the hypothesis that stress is an important mechanism. Programs to improve access to resources and manage psychosocial concerns should be combined with food-based programs for food insecure populations with diabetes.
Frequency of Complicated Symptomatic Bone Metastasis Over a Breadth of Operational Definitions

Purpose Numerous randomized trials have demonstrated noninferiority of single- versus multiple-fraction palliative radiation therapy (RT) in the management of uncomplicated bone metastases; yet there is neither a clear definition of what constitutes a complicated lesion, nor substantial data regarding the prevalence of such complicating features in clinical practice. Thus, we identify a range of evidence-based operational definitions of complicated symptomatic bone metastases and characterize the frequency of such complicating features at a high-volume, tertiary care center. Methods and Materials A retrospective review of patients seen in consultation for symptomatic bone metastases between March 1, 2007, and July 31, 2013, at Johns Hopkins Hospital identified patient and disease characteristics. Descriptive statistics characterized the frequency of the following complicating features: prior RT, prior surgery, neuraxis compromise, pathologic fracture, and soft tissue component at the symptomatic site. A range of definitions for complicated bone metastases was evaluated based on combinations of these features. Uni- and multivariable logistic regressions evaluated the odds of complicated bone metastases as a function of site of primary cancer and of the symptomatic target lesion. Results A total of 686 symptomatic bone metastases in 401 patients were evaluated. Percent of target sites complicated by prior RT was 4.4%, prior surgery was 8.9%, pathologic fracture was 20.6%, neuraxis compromise was 52.0% among spine and medial pelvis sites, and soft tissue component was 38.6%. More than 96 possible definitions of complicated bone metastases were identified. The presence of such complicated lesions ranged from 2.3% to 67.3%, depending on the operational definition used. Odds of a complicated lesion were significantly higher for spine sites and select nonbreast histologies. Conclusions In this retrospective study, we found complicated symptomatic bone metastases may be present in up to two-thirds of patients. Literature review also demonstrates no clear standard definition of complicated bone metastases, potentially explaining underutilization of single-fraction palliative RT in this setting.
Using Data Analytics to Understand Electrical Consumption Patterns of Residential Buildings

AbstractBuildings are complex systems whose energy consumption depends on the interplay of multiple physical and human factors. This paper explored the performance of single-family detached dwellin...
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency exacerbates LPS-induced experimental periodontitis.

Background Mutation of the gene for acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) causes Niemann-Pick disease. However, the effect of ASMase deficiency on periodontal health is unknown. Periodontal disease is a disease resulting from infection and inflammation of periodontal tissue and alveolar bone that support the teeth. The goal of this study was to determine the role of ASMase deficiency in periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss. Methods We induced periodontitis in wild-type and ASMase-deficient (ASMase-/- ) mice with periodontal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and compared the alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation between these mice. Results Results showed that ASMase deficiency did not significantly change metabolic parameters, but exacerbated LPS-induced alveolar bone loss, osteoclastogenesis, and periodontal tissue inflammation. To understand the mechanisms by which ASMase deficiency aggravates LPS-induced periodontitis, we analyzed sphingolipids in periodontal tissues. Results showed that ASMase deficiency led to increases in not only sphingomyelin, but also ceramide (CER), a bioactive sphingolipid known to promote inflammation. Results further showed that ASMase deficiency increased CER de novo synthesis. Conclusion ASMase deficiency exacerbated LPS-induced alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation. ASMase deficiency leads to an unexpected CER increase by stimulating de novo synthesis CER, which is likely to be involved in the ASMase deficiency-exacerbated periodontitis.
Non-Consensual Sexual Contact at Electronic Dance Music Parties

Non-consensual sexual contact in bars is common, but few studies have focused on the extent of this problem at electronic dance music (EDM) parties, which are growing in popularity. We aimed to estimate prevalence and correlates of non-consensual sexual contact among individuals who attend EDM parties in New York City (NYC). Adults (ages 18–40 years) entering EDM parties in NYC were surveyed in 2018 using time–space sampling. Participants (n = 1005) were asked whether they had experienced unwanted or uninvited sexual contact including unwanted groping, kissing, or touching at an EDM party. We estimate that 15.2% of EDM party attendees in NYC have experienced non-consensual sexual contact at such parties. The majority (62.5%) of those reported that it occurred 1–2 times and 49.1% were usually or always drunk or high during the encounter(s). Almost all women experiencing non-consensual contact (99.5%) were all or mostly touched by men; 38.6% of men were all or mostly touched by other men. Women were at more than twice the odds of reporting non-consensual sexual contact than men (aOR = 2.38, p < .05) with 21.8% of women reporting experiencing non-consensual sexual contact compared to 11.0% of men. Among women, those ages 18–24 were at over twice the odds (aOR = 2.75, p < .05) of experiencing non-consensual sexual contact than those ages 25–40. EDM party environments can increase susceptibility to non-consensual sexual contact. Prevention needs to be geared toward those at risk, and education is needed for those likely to commit non-consensual sexual contact.
Patients over 70 Years Old Show Acceptable Outcomes after Undergoing Concomitant Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting with Lung Transplantation

Purpose Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been considered a relative contraindication for concomitant cardiac surgery during lung transplantation. We investigated a cohort of older patients who underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with lung transplantation, to determine whether surgical outcomes were acceptable. Methods Lung transplant procedures with concomitant CABG between March 2012 and July 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients investigated were over 70 years of age.Patients were propensity score-matched by pre-transplantation variables. Outcomes between these two groups were then compared; once using the entire cohort, and once using the propensity score-matched patients. Survival was compared by Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank tests. Results There were 7 patients aged 70 or older that underwent concomitant CABG with lung transplantation. These 7 patients were 1:3 propensity score-matched with 21 of the 166 patients that did not undergo concomitant CABG. There was no statistically significant difference in survival outcomes between patients over 70 that underwent concomitant CABG and patients over 70 that did not undergo concomitant CABG (p=0.77). When analyzing the two groups after propensity score matching, there was still no statistically significant difference in survival outcomes (p=0.73). Overall survival for patients over 70 that underwent concomitant CABG was 100% at 90 days, 86% at 1 year, and 72% at 3 years. Overall survival for patients over 70 that did not undergo concomitant CABG was 93% at 90 days, 85% at 1 year, and 66% at 3 years. Conclusion Patients over 70 that underwent concomitant CABG with lung transplantation showed no significant difference in survival outcomes when compared to patients over 70 that did not undergo concomitant CABG. Considering this data, patients over 70 with CAD would be reasonable candidates for concomitant CABG with lung transplantation in selected cases.
Strain History and Short-Period Aging Effects on the Strength and Cyclic Response of Fine-Grained Coal Refuse

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental investigation on the effects of strain history and aging on cyclic response and resistance of fine-grained coal refuse (FCR) using large-scale shaking ta...
Right Ovarian Vein Thrombosis in the Setting of COVID-19 Infection

Ovarian vein thrombosis is a rare condition associated with the postpartum state, pelvic disease, gynecological surgeries, and other thrombophilic states. We present the first reported case of right ovarian vein thrombosis (OVT) in the setting of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) unrelated to pregnancy, pelvic disease, or surgery. This case highlights the breadth of the hypercoagulable state induced by COVID-19. We also put forward the use of novel oral anticoagulants in the case of OVT.
Head and Neck Injuries and Electronic Scooter Use in the United States.

OBJECTIVE To quantify electric scooter injuries encountered in United States emergency departments, focusing on the head and neck, to understand the safety impact of these scooters to improve safe usage. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study from January 2009 to December 2019 of patients presenting to United States emergency departments with electric scooter injuries collected from a national database. About 2,823 cases of injuries were related to electric scooter use from January 2009 to December 2019. Stratified weighted counts and incidence rates were estimated for injury characteristics. Piecewise linear regression quantified the yearly change in incidence of injuries before and after introduction of rideshare programs. RESULTS The estimated national total of electric scooter cases from 2009 to 2019 was 103,943 (95% CI: 79,650-128,237). Incidence grew in 2019 to 8.63 cases per 100,000 person-years from 4.46 in 2018 to 2.42 in 2017. Head and neck injuries represented 28.5% of total injuries (weighted estimate = 29,610). The most common age group of head and neck injuries before 2018 was ≤17 years, but injuries in 18- to 44-year-olds grew significantly to become the most injured group in 2018 to 2019 (P < .001). From 2009 to 2017, incidence of head and neck injuries fell by 0.02 cases per 100,000 person-years, but cases grew by 1.22 cases per 100,000 person-years post-2017 (P < .001). CONCLUSION Injuries following the launch of rideshare electric scooter programs increased significantly, especially in patients 18 to 44 years of age. Head and neck injuries represent many of these injuries. User safety education must be addressed to prevent injury as programs become more pervasive in the United States. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Laryngoscope, 131:E2784-E2789, 2021.
Modeling Team Interaction and Interactive Decision-Making in Agile Human-Machine Teams

In a complex task environment in which team behavior emerges and evolves, team agility is one of the primary determinants of a team’s success. Agility is considered an emergent phenomenon in which lower-level system elements interact to adapt to the dynamic environment. One of the dimensions of team agility is interactive decision-making. In this study, we conceptually model individual team members’ interactive decision-making process for their taskwork; we observe how much the choices of one team member depend on antecedent decisions and the behavior of other team members. This also helps us understand how team members synchronize during the decision-making process in agile teams, especially when team members team up with a machine. To improve the understanding of interactive decision-making, we propose two modeling techniques: (1) quantum cognition for the taskwork decision-making processes and (2) nonlinear dynamical systems modeling for teamwork processes.
Chapter 2 Determination and Pattern Formation in The Imaginal Discs Of Drosophila

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the imaginal discs of Drosophila and shows that both heritable and nonheritable cellular decisions are made in these systems. Although specification itself is nonheritable and may change during cell division, there are rigid constraints on the possible changes of specification that can occur. The chapter discusses these constraints as far as they are understood. Imaginal discs undergo the differentiation at any time, by transplanting them into the host larvae that are about to undergo metamorphosis. The implanted disc responds to the hormonal conditions of the host and metamorphoses with it. The mature imaginal disc is not merely a disc, it is a layer of cells with a specific morphology and regular folding pattern. The pattern of folds, specific patterns of cell death and regional differences in mitotic rate, indicate that important differences already exist between the cells in different parts of a disc. The chapter explains certain restrictions on the degree and direction of the respecification that take place during cell division. These restrictions result in the gradients of developmental capacity in imaginal discs that account for the occurrence of regeneration and duplication from complementary imaginal disc fragments. Specifications are associated with a fine tuning mechanism, whereby a specified cell inhibits the nearby cells from attaining identical specification. The nature of the molecular events leading to the establishment and maintenance of both determined and specified states in cells remains to be elucidated.
Thermal and electromigration challenges for advanced interconnects

The combination of low k dielectric material application and aggressive scaling in advanced interconnects creates new challenges for thermal and electromigration solutions. The complexity and difficulty are discussed for modeling and evaluating thermal and EM interactions in circuit designs. A few examples are given to show quantitatively the impact of different dielectric materials on maximum allowed current density and scaling in Cu lines.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Goal Setting and Cell Phone Calls on Juvenile Rearrests

Using a sample of 256 juvenile offenders who were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups, this study evaluates a cognitive-behavioral program that combines cognitive training, goal setting, and a phone-coach follow-up. The training involved six classroom sessions where participants received instruction and help in creating individualized goals. After attending the classes, participants received automated phone calls twice a day for up to a year. During the year following the program, the treatment and control groups were not significantly different in whether or not they were rearrested or in total rearrests. However, the total number of calls received had a significant negative association with whether or not they were rearrested for a felony and with the total number of felony rearrests.
Globalization and Educational Change

There is no greater context for educational change than that of globalization, nor no grander way of conceptualizing what educational change is about. Wells and her colleagues analyze how economic and political globalization are affecting the identity and independence of nation states, and the ways in which public education (like public health and welfare) are undergoing change within the states. They acknowledge that there is no agreement about how political and economic globalization have affected public education precisely, and they review and evaluate different theoretical claims about the globalization effect: from neo-liberals, liberal-progressives (or modernizers), realists and critical theorists. The paradoxical juxtaposition of educational markets, privatization and decentralization with standardization of assessment and growing emphases on nationhood in the agendas of school reform is analyzed through these different approaches to globalization theory.
Linking Issue Stances and Trait Inferences: A Theory of Moral Exemplification

Considerable research has demonstrated the importance of perceptions of politicians’ character traits for vote choice. Yet, we know little about the antecedents of trait attributions. Drawing on Moral Foundations Theory, I argue that character traits correspond to particular moral foundations. I introduce a theory of moral exemplification, according to which individuals use their own moral motivations, and the character traits exemplifying these motivations, to interpret the behavior of politicians. The analysis of three separate studies reveals support for the theory. First, individuals’ moral foundations predict the accessibility of corresponding traits and thus their propensity to be used in evaluation. Second, across two experiments, politicians’ issue stances shape perceptions of their traits. As predicted, however, the type of trait inference made depends on the moral foundation associated with the individual’s issue stance. I conclude with a discussion of how moral exemplification theory provides i...
Cloning, nucleotide sequence, overexpression, and inactivation of the Escherichia coli 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase gene.

Abstract Having previously determined the complete amino acid sequence of 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase from Escherichia coli (C. J. Vlahos and E. E. Dekker, J. Biol. Chem. 263:11683-11691, 1988), we amplified the gene that codes for this enzyme by the polymerase chain reaction using synthetic degenerate deoxyoligonucleotide primers. The amplified DNA was sequenced by subcloning the polymerase chain reaction products into bacteriophage M13; the nucleotide sequence of the gene was found to be in exact agreement with the amino acid sequence of the gene product. Overexpression of the gene was accomplished by cloning it into the pKK223.3 expression vector so that it was under control of the tac promoter and then using the resultant plasmid, pDP6, to transform E. coli DH5 alpha F'IQ. When this strain was grown in the presence of isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, aldolase specific activity in crude extracts was 80-fold higher than that in wild-type cells and the enzyme constituted approximately 30% of the total cellular protein. All properties of the purified, cloned gene product, including cross-reactivity with antibodies elicited against the wild-type enzyme, were identical with the aldolase previously isolated and characterized. A strain of E. coli in which this gene is inactivated was prepared for the first time by insertion of the kanamycin resistance gene cartridge into the aldolase chromosomal gene.
No‐Reflow Phenomenon Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Incidence, Outcome, and Effect of Pharmacologic Therapy

Background: No-reflow (NR) phenomenon is a well-known problem, often accompanying percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There are little data on effects of pharmacologic therapy on the resolution, outcome, and long-term natural history of NR. Objective: Retrospectively assess incidence, management, and prognosis of NR in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: Study included patients with STEMI, treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Effect of pharmacologic therapy and long-term outcome were assessed. NR was defined by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) < 3 or myocardial blush grade (MBG) < 3. Results: Of 347 identified subjects, NR occurred in 110 (32%) by TIMI and 198 (57%) by MBG. Higher incidence was identified in men versus women (34% vs. 25% by TIMI, P = 0.08; and 60% vs. 48% by MBG, P = 0.04). Pharmacologic therapy was equally effective in restoring normal flow, increasing TIMI score from 1.62 ± 0.07 to 2.78 ± 0.06 (P < 0.0001) and MBG score from 0.43 ± 0.08 to 2.09 ± 0.11 (P < 0.0001). Twenty-three percent who did not receive pharmacologic therapy developed clinical composite of congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and/or death; only 9% of patients who received pharmacologic therapy developed this composite. Patients with severe NR despite treatment had poorer prognosis. Sixty-five percent of patients who survived and had repeat angiogram about 1.5 years later had spontaneous improvement in coronary flow by MBG. Conclusion: NR is common in STEMI. Treatment with nicardipine, nitroprusside, and verapamil are equally effective in improving flow. If not treated, prognosis is poor. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:429–436)
Radionuclide Myocardial Perfusion Imaging for the Evaluation of Patients With Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease in the Era of Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging

Over the last several decades, radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography has been a mainstay for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). More recently, technical advances in separate and complementary imaging modalities including coronary computed tomography angiography, computed tomography perfusion, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast stress echocardiography have expanded the toolbox of diagnostic testing for cardiac patients. While the growth of available technologies has heralded an exciting era of multimodality cardiovascular imaging, coordinated and dispassionate utilization of these techniques is needed to implement the right test for the right patient at the right time, a promise of "precision medicine." In this article, we review the maturing role of MPI in the current era of multimodality cardiovascular imaging, particularly in the context of recent advances in myocardial blood flow quantitation, and as applied to the evaluation of patients with known or suspected CAD.
Semiempirical Models of the Slow and Fast Solar Wind

Coronal holes can produce several types of solar wind with a variety of compositional properties, depending on the location and strength of the heating along their open magnetic field lines. High-speed wind is associated with (relatively) slowly diverging flux tubes rooted in the interiors of large holes with weak, uniform footpoint fields; heating is spread over a large radial distance, so that most of the energy is conducted outward and goes into accelerating the wind rather than increasing the mass flux. In the rapidly diverging open fields present at coronal hole boundaries and around active regions, the heating is concentrated at low heights and the temperature maximum is located near the coronal base, resulting in high oxygen freezing-in temperatures and low asymptotic wind speeds. Polar plumes have a strong additional source of heating at their bases, which generates a large downward conductive flux, raising the densities and enhancing the radiative losses. The relative constancy of the solar wind mass flux at Earth reflects the tendency for the heating rate in coronal holes to increase monotonically with the footpoint field strength, with very high mass fluxes at the Sun offsetting the enormous flux-tube expansion in active region holes. Although coronal holes are its main source, slow wind is also released continually from helmet streamer loops by reconnection processes, giving rise to plasma blobs (small flux ropes) and the heliospheric plasma sheet.
Multidimensional wavelets for target detection and recognition

The work described in this paper addresses the use of the four-dimensional continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for automatic target recognition (ATR) and detection. This transform is an overcomplete representation with four coordinates: two spatial, t1 and t2; a rotational coordinate, (theta) ; and a scale coordinate, a. Two central ideas are discussed in connection with the transform's application to target recognition. The first is cross-scale reconstruction, which refers to exploiting the dominate presence of target features across scales. The second is utilizing the non-spatial coordinate space as a working environment for feature extraction and classification. This aspect is unique to the multidimensional wavelet transform, emanating from the inherent redundancy in the transform representation. Some conclusions are drawn in the last section regarding the utility of the CWT for ATR, and the transform's potential as an analysis tool.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coalitions of Contention: The Case of the WTO Protests in Seattle

Coalitions of organizations are cooperative arrangements that require ongoing management of conflicts among members and potential members. Using data on both successful and unsuccessful attempts at coalition building during the 1999 protests against the WTO in Seattle, we explain the variation in the formation of one type of coalition of organizations, the ‘event coalition’, in which social movement organizations coalesce around a specific protest event. We find that objectively common organizational interests and framing are necessary but not sufficient for explaining coalition partnering. Organizational representatives must also calculate a benefit from pooled resources and be able to commit credibly to delivering promised resources and to resolving the inevitable tensions that arise among coalition partners.
Preparation and Use of Isopleth Maps of Landslide Deposits

Isopleth maps derived from landslide inventory maps generalize and quantify the areal distribution of landslide deposits in contour form and may be uniquely useful for some types of regional planning. The isopleth format permits incorporation of landslide information with other quantified map data in the preparation of slope stability maps. The isopleth map of landslide deposits in San Mateo County, California (scale 1:300,000), serves as an example of this technique.
Susceptibility of human Th17 cells to human immunodeficiency virus and their perturbation during infection.

Background Identification of the Th17 T cell subset as important mediators of host defense and pathology, prompted us to determine their susceptibility to HIV infection.
Emergent morphogenesis: Elastic mechanics of a self-deforming tissue

Multicellular organisms are generated by coordinated cell movements during morphogenesis. Convergent extension is a key tissue movement that organizes mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm in vertebrate embryos. The goals of researchers studying convergent extension, and morphogenesis in general, include understanding the molecular pathways that control cell identity, establish fields of cell types, and regulate cell behaviors. Cell identity, the size and boundaries of tissues, and the behaviors exhibited by those cells shape the developing embryo; however, there is a fundamental gap between understanding the molecular pathways that control processes within single cells and understanding how cells work together to assemble multicellular structures. Theoretical and experimental biomechanics of embryonic tissues are increasingly being used to bridge that gap. The efforts to map molecular pathways and the mechanical processes underlying morphogenesis are crucial to understanding: (1) the source of birth defects, (2) the formation of tumors and progression of cancer, and (3) basic principles of tissue engineering. In this paper, we first review the process of tissue convergent extension of the vertebrate axis and then review models used to study the self-organizing movements from a mechanical perspective. We conclude by presenting a relatively simple "wedge-model" that exhibits key emergent properties of convergent extension such as the coupling between tissue stiffness, cell intercalation forces, and tissue elongation forces.
Predicting the outcome of revision carpal tunnel release

Purpose To test the hypothesis that the result of steroid injection in the carpal tunnel in a patient with recurrent carpal tunnel symptoms would serve as a good predictor of the outcome of later carpal tunnel release (CTR). Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who underwent revision CTR for recurrent or persistent carpal tunnel syndrome over a 2-year period at our institution. A total of 28 wrists in 23 patients met inclusion criteria. We evaluated patients to determine whether preoperative factors or the result of injection predicted the outcome of revision CTR. We used a multivariate logistic regression analysis to predict surgical success when multiple preoperative findings were considered. Results Of the 23 wrists that had relief from injection, 20 had symptom improvement with surgery. Although they did not reach statistical significance, the sensitivity and positive predictive value for injection alone predicted outcome of revision CTR in 87%. No patient characteristic or physical examination finding predicted successful revision CTR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis combining preoperative injection results with physical examination findings (numbness and/or motor weakness in median nerve distribution, positive Durkin test, and positive Phalen test) provided a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 80%. Conclusions In a small group of patients with recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome, cortisone injection into the carpal tunnel was not, by itself, a statistically significant predictor of successful revision surgery. However, relief from injection as a diagnostic test for predicting successful revision CTR was found to have both a high sensitivity and a positive predictive value. Coupled with the components of the physical examination, injection provides a good screening test to establish surgical success with revision CTR. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Therapeutic inhibition of fatty acid oxidation in right ventricular hypertrophy: exploiting Randle's cycle

Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and RV failure are major determinants of prognosis in pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart disease. In RVH, there is a metabolic shift from glucose oxidation (GO) to glycolysis. Directly increasing GO improves RV function, demonstrating the susceptibility of RVH to metabolic intervention. However, the effects of RVH on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), the main energy source in adult myocardium, are unknown. We hypothesized that partial inhibitors of FAO (pFOXi) would indirectly increase GO and improve RV function by exploiting the reciprocal relationship between FAO and GO (Randle’s cycle). RVH was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by pulmonary artery banding (PAB). pFOXi were administered orally to prevent (trimetazidine, 0.7 g/L for 8 weeks) or regress (ranolazine 20 mg/day or trimetazidine for 1 week, beginning 3 weeks post-PAB) RVH. Metabolic, hemodynamic, molecular, electrophysiologic, and functional comparisons with sham rats were performed 4 or 8 weeks post-PAB. Metabolism was quantified in RV working hearts, using a dual-isotope technique, and in isolated RV myocytes, using a Seahorse Analyzer. PAB-induced RVH did not cause death but reduced cardiac output and treadmill walking distance and elevated plasma epinephrine levels. Increased RV FAO in PAB was accompanied by increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase expression; conversely, GO and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity were decreased. pFOXi decreased FAO and restored PDH activity and GO in PAB, thereby increasing ATP levels. pFOXi reduced the elevated RV glycogen levels in RVH. Trimetazidine and ranolazine increased cardiac output and exercise capacity and attenuated exertional lactic acidemia in PAB. RV monophasic action potential duration and QTc interval prolongation in RVH normalized with trimetazidine. pFOXi also decreased the mild RV fibrosis seen in PAB. Maladaptive increases in FAO reduce RV function in PAB-induced RVH. pFOXi inhibit FAO, which increases GO and enhances RV function. Trimetazidine and ranolazine have therapeutic potential in RVH.
SOME EXACT CONDITIONAL TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE FOR, R × C CROSS-CLASSIFICATION TABLES

Exact conditional tests of independence in cross-classification tables are formulated based on theχ 2 statistic and statistics with stronger operational interpretations, such as some nominal and ordinal measures of association. Guidelines for the table dimensions and sample sizes for which the tests are economically implemented on a computer are given. Some selected sample sizes and marginal distributions are used in a numerical comparison between the significance levels of the approximate and exact conditional tests based on theχ 2 statistic.
Angular momentum transfer and partition in the deep-inelastic reaction 664 MeV 84Kr + natAg

Abstract In- and out-of-plane angular distributions have been measured for sequential α-decay from target-like fragments produced in fully relaxed heavy-ion collisions. At angles equal to or larger than the target-recoil direction, the α-particle energy spectra are evaporation-like and the in-plane angular distributions are consistent with isotropy in the rest frame of the target recoil. The out-of-plane distributions exhibit an anisotropy of approximately two. Fragment spins were extracted from these distributions as a function of mass asymmetry. These spins are in agreement with those obtained from a simultaneous γ-ray multiplicity measurement. Both the fragment kinetic energies and intrinsic spins are consistent with rigid rotation of an intermediate complex consisting of two substantially deformed spheroids in near proximity.
Reactions of 2-(perfluoroalkyl)ethane thiols with 1,6-heptadiene and 4-substituted 1,6-heptadienes: the synthesis of RFethanethio-cyclopentanoic and -dioic acids; and, “geminal-twin-tail” bis-(perfluoroalkylethanethio)alkanoic acids

Abstract Kinetic analysis of the free radical addition of n -C 6 F 13 I to 1,6-heptadiene gives a rate ratio of cyclization to addition ( k d1 / k c ) of 0.568 at 70 °C; thus, the rate of cyclization ( k c ) is twice that of iodine transfer ( k d1 ). By contrast, for n -C 6 F 13 CH 2 CH 2 SH ( k d1 / k c ) = 14.4 at 70 °C, and radical transfer of H from the thiol is 14.4 times the faster than cyclization. Substitution at the center of 1,6-heptadiene has a profound effect on the linear/cyclic adduct ratio. For the addition of n -C 3 F 7 I (R F I:diene=2:0) the adduct ratios dramatically decrease in the order: 1,6-heptadiene (1.17) > 4-carboxy-1,6-heptadiene (0.0613) > 4,4-bis-ethoxycarbonyl-1,6-heptadiene ( geminal -twin-tail” [R F (CH 2 ) 3 ] 2 CHCO 2 R, or [R F (CH 2 ) 3 ] 2 C(CO 2 R) 2 must be synthesized by other means. For the reaction of R F CH 2 CH 2 SH with the dienes (1:1), the respective adduct ratios are 11.3 ( n -C 6 F 13 ), 0.370 ( n -C 8 F 17 ), and 0.0716 ( n -C 6 F 13 ). However, adding the 4-carboxy-1,6-heptadiene slowly to four mols of n -C 8 F 17 CH 2 CH 2 SH yields 98% of the geminal bis-adduct [R F CH 2 CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 3 ] 2 CHCO 2 H, which is a new, fluorophilic, geminal -twin-tail acid.
Resonant dynamics in strongly nonlinear systems

This work considers the effect of resonances in systems in which the two resonant frequencies are allowed to slowly change, depending on the state of the system. A strongly nonlinear system is introduced that allows for exact solutions. This system is then coupled to a second component, and through the method of averaging, a reduced-order model is developed that approximates the dynamical behavior near a 1:1 resonance between the two components. The resulting reduced system is studied using bifurcation theory and Melnikov analysis to obtain predictions of the near-resonant dynamics. Finally, these predictions are compared to numerical simulations of the original equations. Two main points appear: (i) for nonlinear systems, the period–amplitude dependence plays an important role in the evolution of the system, and (ii) the coordinates identified within the reduced system allow for the qualitative structure of the original equations to appear.
Dirhamnose-lipid production by recombinant nonpathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis.

We previously discovered that Pseudomonas chlororaphis NRRL B-30761 produces monorhamnolipids (R1Ls) with predominantly 3-hydroxydodecenoyl-3-hydroxydecanoate (C12:1-C10) or 3-hydroxydodecanoyl-3-hydroxydecanoate (C12-C10) as the lipid moiety under static growth conditions only. We have now cloned, sequenced, and analyzed in silico the gene locus of NRRL B-30761 containing the putative coding sequences of rhamnosyltransferase chain A (rhlA Pch , 894 bps), rhamnosyltransferase chain B (rhlB Pch , 1272 bps), and N-acyl-homoserine lactone-dependent transcriptional regulatory protein (rhlR Pch , 726 bps). The putative gene products RhlAPch (297 amino acid residues or a.a.), RhlBPch (423 a.a.), and RhlRPch (241 a.a.) only have between 60 and 65 % a.a. identities to their respective closest matched homologs in P. aeruginosa. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay did not detect the presence of rhamnosyltransferase C gene (rhlC) in P. chlororaphis, suggesting a genetic basis for the lack of dirhamnose-lipid (R2L) synthesis in this organism. We thus genetically constructed an R2L-synthesizing P. chlororaphis by expressing a rhamnosyltransferase C (rhlC) gene of P. aeruginosa using an expression vector (pBS29-P2-gfp) containing a Pseudomonas syringae promoter. The R2L/R1L ratio is 2.4 in the rhamnolipid (RL) sample isolated from the genetically engineered (GE) P. chlororaphis [pBS29-P2-rhlC], in contrast to undetectable R2L in the GE P. chlororaphis [pBS29-P2-gfp] control cells based on LC-MS analysis. The critical micelle concentrations of the R2L and R1L samples from GE P. chlororaphis [pBS29-P2-rhlC] and the control [pBS29-P2-gfp] cells were ca. 0.1 mM, and their minimum surface tensions were ca. 26 mN/m with no significant difference.
Normal emissivity of high-purity nickel at temperatures between 1440 and 1605 K

Abstract Emissivity measurements for nickel were carried out in a vacuum by comparing the radiation heat fluxes of individual samples and a blackbody cavity maintained at the same temperature. The data presented here cover the spectral range between 1 and 16 μm for temperatures of 1440, 1488, 1551, and 1605 K. An experimental apparatus was designed and constructed to measure the spectral normal emissivity of suspended metals in a vacuum by a radiometric technique. The apparatus is comprised of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, a high-temperature blackbody cavity (hohlraum), and a vacuum chamber where a metal sample can be electromagnetically heated to temperatures above 1300 K. Although the samples can also be levitated in the electromagnetic coil, the positioning is accomplished here only by suspending them inside a copper induction coil
Perspectives in the treatment of the psychoneurological disorders: Affective disorders

Abstract 1. 1. Current research strategies in the pharmacotherapy of the affective disorders are reviewed in an attempt to highlight major trends and areas of particular promise. 2. 2. There has been some progress toward the identification of biologically defined subgroups by assessing amine metabolites in urine or cerebrospinal fluid which may lead to a more rational choice of therapies for depressed patients. 3. 3. The use of drugs with receptor agonist properties may help defined biological substrates altered in affective illness and lead to new approaches to treatment, such as utilization of low doses of receptor agonists which may preferentially stimulate presynaptic receptors. 4. 4. Study of time-dependent and adaptive changes in receptor sensitivity may also add an important perspective in conceptualizing the cyclic process in manic-depressive illness and its treatment.
Why Does Leadership Exist

What style of leadership is most effective in a particular situation with a specific group of followers? How do leaders best motivate followers in achieving goals? Although important questions, before we may come to fully understand the how and what of leadership, in this brief I suggest that we reflect upon a more basic leadership question. In the context of a paradigm from the work of the late educator and social critic, Neil Postman (1931-2003), I explore the question, “Why does leadership exist?” For when we reflect upon the answer to that question, we may gain further insight into ourselves as leaders, which may enhance our understanding of what good leadership looks like and how we might best achieve it.
Subnanometer-precision metrology for 100-nm gate linewidth control

The 0.13 micrometer semiconductor manufacturing generation will have transistor gate structures as small as 100 nm, creating a demand for 10 nm gate linewidth control and for measurement precision on the order of 2 nm. This process control requirement is inherently long-term. Therefore, measurement equipment should be able to run days or weeks without significant excursions. The requirement for long-term precision drives both the design and use of measurement equipment. We have found that long-term measurement precision on a single tool may be divided into orthogonal components corresponding to static repeatability, short-term dynamic reproducibility, and long-term stability of the tool. The static component is limited primarily by signal-to-noise ratio, the dynamic component is limited primarily by sample positioning and focusing, and the long-term component is limited primarily by instrument drift and, in the case of monitor wafers, aging of the sample. In this work, we show that each of these components can be reduced to less than 1 nm, 3-sigma, for CD SEM measurements of etched polysilicon gate structures.