cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GARCH-based versus traditional measures of exchange-rate volatility: evidence from Korean industry trade

Because economic theory suggests that the effects of exchange-rate volatility on trade flows are not uniformly negative, it is necessary to test them empirically. This literature has grown in recent years to cover numerous country pairs and individual products, proving that these effects are indeed ambiguous. Yet, this has raised another important issue: properly measuring exchange-rate volatility. Previous research used annual data and standard deviation-based measure of exchange-rate volatility. In this paper, we use quarterly data and a GARCH-based measure of volatility to assess sensitivity of trade flows of 70 industries that trade between the USA and Korea. Comparing our findings in this paper to those of previous research, we discover that, indeed, the results are sensitive to different measures of exchange-rate volatility.
Treatment of GartlandIII Supracondylar Fracture of Humerus in Children by Overhead of Olecranon Traction

Objective To discuss the indication and complication of overhead traction of olecranon for displaced extension-type GartlandⅢ supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children.Methods Total of 87 patients(Gartland Ⅲ) proceeded with overhead skeletal traction of ulnar olecranon,including 68 cases of ulnar deviation and 19 cases of radial deviation.Eighteen cases had complicating revolve deviation.According portable X-ray results in the 2nd and 5th,three-dimension adjustment was performed within 1 week.Five patients were treated by open reduction because of symptoms nerves and blood vessel compression.When X-ray examination showed good callus formation and stable reduction,the patient was discharged after the elbow was stabilized in flexion position with plaster fixation,which was removed in 2 weeks.Results Sixty-seven of 87 patients were followed-up for 18 months.All of them had excellent results except one who had permanent ulnar nerve injury.No cubitus varus was observed.Conclusions The overhead olecranon skeletal traction is a simple,effective method,because it can increase joint motion,relieve elbow swell and pain rapidly,and improve upper limb line of traction.However,open reduction shall be done promptly if there is evidence of nerve,blood vessel or soft tissue between broken ends of fractured bone within 5 days.
Stream Temperature Spatial Variability Reflects Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Microclimate: Navarro River Watershed, California

Stream temperatures are critical to coldwater fish and vary with microclimate, geomorphology, and hydrology, including influx of groundwater. Spatial variability of stream temperatures was examined at reach and watershed scales within the 816 km2 Navarro River watershed in California. Field monitoring and numerical modeling illustrate that stream temperatures were highest at sites with high solar incidence (low shading and wide streams), long travel times, and low discharge. Microclimate helps explain deviation from the general pattern of streams warming with increasing drainage area. Reach-scale field observations of channel width and groundwater influx explain variation in stream temperatures not captured by watershed-scale models.
A data envelopment analysis approach for ranking journals

Abstract We create a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to rank business journals, using data from the Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports® (JCR). As opposed to previous models that ranked journals in only one field and mostly relied on survey data, this model is used to rank 358 business journals from five different JCR categories according to such citation-based factors as the number of articles, the number of citations, impact factor, five-year impact factor, immediacy index, eigenfactor score, and article influence score. We compute relative efficiencies of the journals and thereby create plausible journal rankings that largely, but not completely, corroborate three widely used business publication journal ranking lists. In addition, we show how the different characteristics of the JCR data impact the DEA ranking model. Finally, we identify journals that are not on the business publication lists but consistently perform very well relative to those benchmark journals, and should possibly be included in the business publication ranking lists. We also identify journals whose inclusion in widely used business publication rankings cannot be justified by our methodology.
A Lifetime-Aware Network Maintenance Method for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) own large quantities of small, inexpensive sensor nodes over a region of interest. The sensor nodes are randomly deployed in the region. WSNs may suffer coverage problem due to death of the nodes. It may reduce the coverage quality. In this paper, the network maintenance problem is investigated. We firstly introduce the network health indicator model using the sensing probability model and energy consumption model. And then the holes determination problem is converted into the optimization problem, so we employ the Fuzzy C-Mean method to identify the network holes. Finally, network repair method is proposed to maintenance the network. Simulation results show that the proposed method could effectively improve the lifetime of network and sensing quality.
The current prevalence and regional disparities in general and central obesity among children and adolescents in Shandong, China

Abstract Background Childhood obesity has increased dramatically during the past decades, both in developing and developed countries. The present study examined the prevalence and regional disparities in general and central obesity among children and adolescents in Shandong, China. Methods A total of 30,459 students (15,249 boys and 15,210 girls) aged 7–18years participated in the study. Height, weight and waist circumference (WC) of all subjects were measured, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The BMI cutoff points recommended by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used to define general obesity. Central obesity was defined as WHtR≥0.5. Both BMI and WHtR were used to define three types of obesity as follows: general obesity only, central obesity only and combined obesity. Results The overall prevalences of general obesity only, central obesity only and combined obesity were 10.99, 8.47 and 8.70% for boys and 9.47, 5.12 and 3.19% for girls, respectively. The sum of the prevalence of the three types of obesity was 28.16% for boys and 17.78% for girls, boys had higher prevalence of obesity than girls ( P P Conclusion The widespread prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has become an important public health concern. Results from this study also suggested that the additional measurement of WC (WHtR) is better than BMI alone to identify obese individuals, distinguishing the types of obesity and examining the prevalence of various types of obesity is useful in practice.
Comparative study of 28 and 18 years field aged Siemens-Arco M55 modules in temperate and hot-dry climates

The primary objective of this research work is two-fold: (i) determine the degradation rates of Siemens-Arco M55 modules exposed over 18 and 28 years in a hot-dry climate of Arizona and a temperate climate of California, and; (ii) identify the potential modes responsible for these degradation losses. The degradation rates were determined based on the I-V data obtained on exposed modules and on the corresponding control modules which were not exposed in the fields. The degradation modes responsible for these degradations were determined using several nondestructive tests and destructive tests performed on these control and exposed modules. The nondestructive tests included: current-voltage, visual inspection, cell-module quantum efficiency, and module level reflectance spectroscopy. The destructive tests included: transmittance spectroscopy of glass superstrates, and FTIR, DSC and TGA of encapsulant materials.
Testing and testing positive: childhood adversities and later life HIV status among Kenyan women and their partners.

Background Adverse childhood experiences are a critical feature of lifelong health. No research assesses whether childhood adversities predict HIV-testing behaviors, and little research analyzes childhood adversities and later life HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We use regression models with cross-sectional data from a representative sample (n = 1974) to analyze whether adverse childhood experiences, separately or as cumulative exposures, predict reports of later life HIV testing and testing HIV+ among semi-rural Kenyan women and their partners. Results No significant correlation was observed between thirteen cumulative childhood adversities and reporting prior HIV testing for respondent or partner. Separately, childhood sexual abuse and emotional neglect predicted lower odds of reporting having previously been tested for HIV. Witnessing household violence during one's childhood predicted significantly higher odds of reporting HIV+. Sexual abuse predicted higher odds of reporting a partner tested HIV+. Conclusions Preventing sexual abuse and household violence may improve HIV testing and test outcomes among Kenyan women. More research is required to understand pathways between adverse childhood experiences and partner selection within Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa, and data presented here suggest understanding pathways may help improve HIV outcomes.
Macronutrients in human milk at 2, 12, and 16 weeks postpartum.

Abstract This study evaluated changes in huma n milk composition from 2 to 16 weeks postpartum. Milk from 12 mothers was analyzed for lipid (utilizing a modified Folch), lactose (enzymatic hydrolysis), and nitrogen (semi-micro Kjeldahl). Energy was calculated by fraction al analysis and bomb calorimetry. Al I samples were from well-defined subjects, and uniform collection procedures were used. Milk lipid, total nitrogen, and energy content differed significantly from one woman to another. Lipid and energy content increased from 3.98 ± 1.0 to 5.50 ± 1.1 gm/100 ml and 68.5 ± 9.8 to 83.0 ± 11.1 kcal/100 ml, respectively, and nitrogen content decreased significantly from 0.24 ± 0.05 to 0.16 ± 0.02 gm/100 ml from 2 to 16 weeks postpartum. Lactose remained statistically stable, increasing from 6.3±0.7 to 7.0 ± 0.7 gm/100 ml. Estimates of energy from fractional analysis of macronutrients produced lower caloric estimates, especially at 2 weeks postpartum. Statistical differences over time and between and among mothers were found at all periods studied; therefore, on the basis of these data, we caution against reliance on single sample values as representative of mature milk either for individuals or for groups. J Am Diet Assoc 88:694, 1988.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A population-based analysis of epidemiology and outcomes.

401Background: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare neoplasms comprising less than 2% of pancreatic tumors. Outcomes of PNETs vary by stage, grade, and clinical presentation. New therapies may have improved outcomes. We present an analysis of the epidemiology and prognosis of patients (pts) with PNETs evaluating a more recent period than previously reported. Methods: Using data from the SEER registry, we identified adults with PNETs between 2000 and 2013. Cases were identified using a combination of ICD-O-3 site and histology codes. The JMP and SEER*STAT 8.3.2 were used for statistical analysis. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. The prognostic effect of variables was studied using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Results: We identified 5993 pts with PNETs. Over the study duration, there was an increase in the annual incidence from 0.3 to 1.2 per 100.000. This was largely explained by the increase in number of pts with localized disease. The OS for ...
Fiscal Redistribution and Ethnoracial Inequality in Bolivia, Brazil, and Guatemala

Afro-descendants and indigenous peoples in Latin America face higher poverty rates and are disproportionately represented among the poor. The probability of being poor is between two and three times higher for indigenous and Afro-descendants than whites. Using comparable fiscal incidence analyses for Bolivia, Brazil, and Guatemala, I analyze how much poverty and inequality change in the ethnoracial space after fiscal interventions. Although taxes and transfers tend to reduce the ethnoracial gaps, the change is very small. While per capita cash transfers tend to be higher for the nonwhite population, spending on these programs is too low, especially when compared with the disproportionate number of poor people among nonwhites.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the one of the common cause of menstrual irregularity in the United States and a leading cause of infertility. PCOS prevalence ranges from 6 to 10% in the United States. Because obesity may unmask PCOS, the incidence may increase as obesity rates increase. PCOS has been viewed as a collection of reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovaries, anovulation, infertility, and pregnancy loss, associated with hirsutism, acne, and obesity. More recently, PCOS has been linked with cardiovascular risk factors, such as elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, abnormal glucose metabolism, and coagulopathies. As many as one-third of PCOS women develop type 2 diabetes. Small observational studies have linked PCOS with early coronary artery disease.
PD-L1 testing using the clone 22C3 pharmDx kit for selection of patients with non-small cell lung cancer to receive immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: are cytology cell blocks a viable option?

Introduction Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) testing of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens helps select patients most likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. PD-L1 immunohistochemical testing is approved for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) surgical pathology specimens; the testing performance on FFPE cytology cell block specimens is unknown, however. Materials and Methods The study is a retrospective cohort analysis of advanced-stage NSCLC patients treated at our institution where tumor PD-L1 expression using the clone 22C3 pharmDx kit (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) on the Dako (Carpenteria, CA) Automated Link 48 platform was performed on either cytology cell block or surgical pathology specimens. Concomitant tumor mutation biomarkers were also collected, as well as tumor clinicopathologic characteristics and clinical outcome data following pembrolizumab treatment. Results A total of 232 patient tumor specimens were tested for PD-L1 expression (94 on cytology cell block and 138 on surgical pathology specimens). No significant differences in PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) were observed between cytology and surgical pathology groups, with both patient cohorts containing ∼35% of tumors showing TPS ≥50%. Although few in number, patients with PD-L1 TPS ≥50% based on cytology versus surgical pathology who received treatment with pembrolizumab demonstrated similar response and disease control rates. Conclusions In this cohort of advanced NSCLC patients with standard of care PD-L1 testing performed on either FFPE cytology cell blocks or FFPE surgical pathology specimens, similar patterns were observed in population tumor PD-L1 expression patterns, concomitant driver mutations, and clinical response to palliative pembrolizumab in selected patients with TPS ≥50%.
Patient perspectives on compensation for biospecimen donation

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether biospecimen donors believe they should receive compensation. This is the first study to report biospecimen donors' views on compensati...
Electrolytes for the Deposition of Metal Coatings

This chapter focuses on electrolytes that are used in metal finishing for electrode position of metal coatings. Aqueous electrolytes are principally solutions of metal salts that dissociate to form electrically charged anions and cations. Complex ions, in comparison to simple ions, have a more complex structure (complex species are higher-order compounds, built up from first-order species). Therefore, in their properties, these species differ markedly from the simple compounds of which they are formed. The bonding between the central ion and the ligands is predominantly electrostatic or also nonpolar bonding. The ligand species are usually larger than the central ion, so, the latter is more or less completely shielded. Thus, the resulting chemical properties are usually extensively modified. Many electrolytes used in Metal Finishing are based on complexes. A typical example would be potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), in which six CN ligands surround a central iron ion. The electrodeposition of metal coatings in industrial metal finishing is usually based on aqueous electrolytes, known in the industry as electrodeposition baths or simply, baths.
Role of Biotechnology in the Control of Foodborne Parasites

Increasing concern over food safety has focused greater attention on foodborne parasitic diseases. This review highlights instances in which the application of biotechnological tools is facilitating the development of new strategies to control foodborne parasites.
Restricted Generic Bifurcation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methods for determining the nature of bifurcation when the family of mappings has k ≥ 1 parameters; however, k is generally smaller than the number of parameters necessary to describe the universal unfolding. There has been considerable attention devoted to the existence of bifurcation for one-parameter families of mappings. Concurrent with this development has been the extensive theory of the universal unfolding of mappings or generic bifurcation for families of mappings which depend on a sufficiently large number of parameters. A large quantity of the literature on bifurcation theory is concerned with the existence of bifurcation. The existence of a bifurcation is basically a problem in fixed-point theory and one can use all of the existing fixed-point theorems, degree theory, monotone operator theory, and the Luisternik–Schnirelmann theory. Moreover, the literature on this subject is extensive.
The estrous cycle and the olivo-cerebellar circuit. II. Enhanced selective sensory gating of responses from the rostral dorsal accessory olive.

This study demonstrates that gating of responses of the rostral dorsal accessory olive (rDAO) to somatosensory stimulation varies across the estrous hormone cycle of the rat. The rDAO has been suggested as an “error” or event signal generator for the cerebellar cortex. Selective sensory gating of input to this structure may underlie this error signalling function. In the present study, as many as 23 single neurons were recorded simultaneously from either the forepaw or the snout areas of the rDAO. Responses of these neurons to electrical stimulation of peripheral afferents were determined during active movement or non-movement conditions. These results were then compared across the estrous cycle or after administration of the estrous hormones 17 β-estradiol (E2) and/or progesterone (P) to rats on diestrus or following E2 priming. Elevations in circulating estrous hormones produced greater excitatory responses of rDAO neurons to stimulation during non-movement, and, conversely, enhanced inhibition of rDAO activity during active movement of the stimulated peripheral area compared with control diestrous conditions, suggesting that selective gating processes to the rDAO are enhanced by estrous hormones. The results of this study suggest that the night of behavioral estrus is associated with enhanced selective sensory gating processes associated with improved detection and processing of error signals.
Prevalence and outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among Asian American adults in the United States

BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects about 25% of the general population worldwide. Although epidemiology of NAFLD is well studied in the United States, there is paucity of data for the Asian Americans. Our aim was to assess the prevalence and risk factors for NAFLD among Asian Americans. METHODS We utilized NHANES data for 2011-2016. We defined NAFLD using recently derived US-FLI. Relative risks (RRs) and population attributable fractions (PAFs) of metabolic components on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and advanced fibrosis were calculated for Asian Americans, and these rates were compared to non-Hispanic whites. RESULTS NAFLD prevalence was 18.3% among Asian Americans and 28.4% among non-Hispanic whites. Asian Americans with NAFLD had lower BMI and waist circumference than non-Hispanic whites with NAFLD and were less likely to have metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer and incident ASCVD (P < 0.05). Hyperlipidaemia had the highest attributable fraction (76.6%) for risk of ASCVD among Asian Americans with NAFLD, followed by diabetes (24.0%), current smoking (9.2%), and obesity (3.7%). Advanced fibrosis in Asian American with NAFLD was independently associated with presence of type 2 diabetes (RR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.00-7.27). CONCLUSIONS Asian Americans have lower prevalence of NAFLD than non-Hispanic whites. However, Asian Americans with NAFLD have similar risk factors for advanced fibrosis and ASCVD than non-Hispanic Whites.
Leveraging tissue specific gene expression regulation to identify genes associated with complex diseases

Abstract To increase statistical power to identify genes associated with complex traits, a number of methods like PrediXcan and FUSION have been developed using gene expression as a mediating trait linking genetic variations and diseases. These methods first develop models for expression levels based on inferred expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and then identify expression-mediated genetic effects on diseases by associating phenotypes with predicted expression levels. The success of these methods critically depends on the identification of eQTLs which are likely to be tissue specific. However, tissue-specific eQTLs identified from these methods do not always have biological functions in the corresponding tissue, due to linkage-disequilibrium (LD) and the correlation of gene expression between tissues. Here, we introduce a new method named T-GEN (Transcriptome-mediated identification of disease-associated Genes with Epigenetic aNnotation) to identify disease-associated genes leveraging tissue specific epigenetic information. Through prioritizing SNPs with tissue-specific epigenetics annotation in developing gene expression prediction models, T-GEN can identify SNPs that are more likely to be “true” eQTLs both statistically and biologically. A significantly higher percentage (an increase of 18.7% to 47.2%) of eQTLs identified by T-GEN have biological functions inferred by ChromHMM [1]. When we applied T-GEN to 208 traits from LD Hub [2], we were able to identify more disease-associated genes (ranging from an increase of 7.7 % to 102%), many of which were tissue-specific. Finally, we applied T-GEN to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and identified 96 genes located in 15 loci, two loci out of which are not reported in previous GWAS findings.
Effects of Surfactants on Itraconazole-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate Solid Dispersion Prepared by Hot Melt Extrusion III: Tableting of Extrudates and Drug Release From Tablets.

Abstract Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) has gained popularity as a carrier for amorphous solid dispersion because of its ability to maintain drugs in supersaturated state after dissolution in aqueous media. In part I and II of this series of articles, we have demonstrated that amorphous solid dispersions containing HPMCAS may be prepared using surfactants as plasticizers to reduce processing temperature (Solanki et al., J Pharm Sci. 2019; 108:1453-65), where surfactants also increase dissolution rate and degree of supersaturation (Solanki et al., J Pharm Sci. 2019; 108: 3063-73). The present investigation was undertaken to develop melt extrudates of itraconazole-HPMCAS and itraconazole-surfactant-HPMCAS mixtures into tablets having tensile strength ≥2 MPa, where poloxamer 407 and d -α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate were used as surfactants. Milled filaments were sieved to collect
How to Fly an Autonomous Underwater Glider to Measure an Internal Wave

Internal waves are ubiquitous features of lakes and oceans, significantly contributing to vertical mixing across large areas, driving gas, nutrient, sediment, and heat exchange between deep and surface waters. Traditionally moorings have been used to sample internal wave fields; providing good temporal data but limited spatial information. More recently, buoyancy-driven autonomous underwater vehicles (aka gliders) have enabled additional characterization of internal waves. Gliders are capable of travelling large distances over periods ranging from days to months, some yo-yoing to depths in excess of 1000 m, making them a promising tool for internal wave observation that better resolve spatial variability of these phenomena. They have been used to characterize mixing from internal waves in multiple ocean locations (e.g. the South China Sea, the Pacific Ocean off the California Coast, the Tasman Sea, and the Faroe Bank Channel) and several deep lakes (e.g. Lake Tahoe, Lake Geneva and Lake Superior). To date no optimal method to implement gliders to measure internal wave characteristics has been determined, although different research groups have experimented with several approaches. Previously employed approaches include using a glider as a virtual mooring, along-shore transects, across-shore transects, and flying a zig-zag pattern across the path of wavefronts. In the work presented here, data were collected in Lake Tahoe (USA), where local bathymetry (down to a maximum depth of 501 m) is known to produce trapped internal waves across a wide range of depths. At various locations, internal waves were concurrently measured using a G2 Slocum glider, moored thermistors and a moored Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Using these complementary datasets, we can compare the effectiveness of existing and new sampling approaches by flying multiple missions where the vehicle's path varies in orientation and length relative to the wavelength and return period of known internal waves. Internal waves can be identified using spectral analysis of temperature time-series measurements, producing a power spectrum similar to the Garrett-Munk spectrum. Peaks in the power spectrum are expected at known (from previous observational and modelling work) and calculated frequencies corresponding to specific internal wave modes. The success of the sampling method can be assessed by the extent to which the expected spectral peaks are evident in the power spectrum. Additionally, through the application of a dynamic flight model, the vertical water velocities experienced by the glider can be estimated and compared to those expected from internal waves and measured by a nearby moored ADCP. Other criteria to be considered are the width of the confidence interval, the possibility of double counting waves in closed basins, and minimization of spatio-temporal smearing. Identifying the best way to employ a glider to measure an internal wave will lead to improved data collection from future glider deployments.
Thin Films of Quantum Fluids: History, Phase Transitions, and Wetting

Thin films of quantum fluids, i.e., 4He, 3He, and H2, have played an important role in understanding the phenomenology of quantum fluids and the role of spatial dimension on the development of long-range order in condensed matter. Standard experimental probes used to study these systems include heat capacity measurements, torsional oscillators, third sound, quartz crystal microbalances, and x-ray and neutron scattering. We describe the historical development of important models and experiments in quantum films which underpin our understanding of superfluid onset in helium, phases, and phase transitions in adsorbed films, and wetting and growth of bulk phases.
Seguridad alimentaria: ¿Su cocina pasa la prueba?

Los adultos mayores corren un mayor riesgo de contraer enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Para ayudar a reducir el riesgo, es importante tener practicas de manipulacion de alimentos sanas. Como se compara su cocina? Written by Jennifer Hillan and Linda B. Bobroff, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, revised January 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1163
Polarization-insensitive, omnidirectional fiber-optic ultrasonic sensor with quadrature demodulation

We report an ultrasonic sensor system based on a low-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) formed by two weak chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) on a coiled single-mode fiber. The sensor system has several desirable features for practical applications in detecting ultrasound on a solid surface. By controlling the birefringence of the fiber coil during the sensor fabrication, the sensor is made insensitive to the polarization variations of the laser source. The circular symmetric structure of the fiber coil also renders the omnidirectional response of the sensor to ultrasound. While the fiber coil is bonded directly to the structure, the CFBGs are suspended from the structure and free from large background strains with little reduction to the sensitivity of the sensor. The low-finesse FPI features a sinusoidal reflection spectrum. Like the conventional phase-generated carried technique, a phase modulator is utilized to implement quadrature demodulation. Therefore, the sensing system is adaptive to large background perturbations experienced by the fiber coil.
Democracy and the (missing) politics in environmental education

Our work as educators does not match the scope, scale, and urgency of the challenges we presently face and that our descendants will confront through the centuries of the “long emergency.” There ar...
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy Assessment of Pituitary Tumor Microstructure: A Feasibility Study

This is the first study to assess confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) use within the transsphenoidal approach and show the feasibility of obtaining digital diagnostic biopsies of pituitary tumor tissue after intravenous fluorescein injection. We confirmed that the CLE probe reaches the tuberculum sellae through the transnasal transsphenoidal corridor in cadaveric heads. Next, we confirmed that CLE provides images with identifiable histological features of pituitary adenoma. Biopsies from nine patients who underwent pituitary adenoma surgery were imaged ex vivo at various times after fluorescein injection and were assessed by a blinded board-certified neuropathologist. With frozen sections used as the standard, pituitary adenoma was diagnosed as "definitively" for 13 and as "favoring" in 3 of 16 specimens. CLE digital biopsies were diagnostic for pituitary adenoma in 10 of 16 specimens. The reasons for nondiagnostic CLE images were biopsy acquisition 10 min after fluorescein injection (n = 5) and blood artifacts (n = 1). In conclusion, fluorescein provided sufficient contrast for CLE at a dose of 2 mg/kg, optimally 1-10 min after injection. These results provide a basis for further in vivo studies using CLE in transsphenoidal surgery.
Circadian benefits of exercise training reflect metabolic and structural flexibility

Identifying molecular adaptations underlying improved fitness in response to training is of critical interest in exercise physiology. Circadian rhythms broadly modulate metabolism, including muscle substrate utilization and exercise capacity. Here we show that time of day influences the increase in exercise capacity afforded by training: when maximum running speed is measured at the beginning of the nighttime active period in mice, there is no measurable benefit from training, while maximum increase in performance occurs at the end of the night. Incidentally, we describe an improved method to motivate running in rodent exercise studies that obviates the use of electrical stimulation. Furthermore, we describe daily rhythms in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and transport associated with the time-dependent response to training. Thus, we show that circadian rhythms modulate muscle-intrinsic responses to training and provide resources for the optimal design of exercise studies in rodents.
A Phase Modulation Scheme for Super-Low Frequency Handheld Mechanical Antennas

This paper reports on the design and experimental demonstration of a novel direct phase modulation technique appropriate for mechanical antennas operating at the Ultra-Low Frequency band (0.3-3 kHz) and lowers. Such antenna system can be utilized to establish reliable wireless underwater and underground communication links. It is proposed that through mechanically rotating a permanent magnet sandwiched between two pairs of orthogonal bow-tie shape layers of high $\mu$ material (ferrite) which vibrate slowly, the phase profile of transmitted signal can be modulated smoothly. Another unique advantage of the proposed mechanical antenna is its capability to generate higher harmonics of the rotation frequency and thereby radiate at a much higher frequency than the rotational frequency of the motor and thus achieve higher range. Numerical simulations using ANSYS Maxwell along with measurements are performed to verify these concepts.
Alfred the Raider: Capitalizing on the Warrior-King Relationship, Morale, and Reputation to Become the Greatest Anglo-Saxon King

Despite the vast research on Alfred the Great’s Viking Wars, many historians fail to acknowledge the Germanic warrior-king relationship that defined the Anglo-Saxon Age, and how instrumental this relationship was to King Alfred’s success. This warrior-king relationship seems to be overlooked for the more exciting stories of blood and gore that overshadow the accomplishments and failures of ninth-century leaders. In the case of Alfred the Great, his achievements as a great military leader did not begin until nearly seven years after he became king, and the triumphs and failures of his earlier reign find their roots in the influence of the warrior-king relationship within Wessex. This research will define what this relationship meant to the kingship in Wessex, and stress how necessary this relationship was in creating shifts in morale between the two opposing armies, as well as Alfred’s subsequent success against Guthrum and his Great Summer Army at Edington in 878.
Supporting Practitioner Inquiry in Teacher Education: Opportunities and Challenges in ESOL Contexts

Formal preparation and professional development with an explicit focus on the teaching of English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) is essential. Thus, teacher preparation programs play a vital role in meeting this pressing need. Practitioner inquiry has the potential to be a powerful anchor in clinical field experiences for teacher candidates working with emergent bilingual/multilingual students (EB). The purpose of this paper is to present practitioner inquiry as a promising pedagogical practice for teacher education, drawing from examples of implementation in an elementary, preservice teacher preparation program that leads to state credentialing in ESOL. Opportunities and challenges related to the use of this practice with teacher candidates, as well as recommendations, are discussed. Keywordspractitioner inquiry, professional development, teacher education, English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), bilingual/multilingual students
Shoreline Alteration Rate and Urbanization in the Burullus Region

Egyptian cities have faced several challenges since the start of this new millennium; rapid population growth, urban decay at the expense of available shelter, and services, degradation of infrastructure and land, downgrade of the environment, social structure, and the economy in general, are all factors that have led to unsustainable living. The Burullus region, located in the Northern part of the Egypt delta, is an active commercial and administrative hub. It is one of the five protectorate lakes of Egypt which accommodates both a recreational summer resort and a poorer all-year residence. The lake has faced, across time, several changes in respect to the surrounding cities, which in turn impacted dramatically the shore. The changes that happened to the land use and land footprint have changed the shoreline and will, eventually, lead to many environmental and urban problems as well. Many actions should be taken when thinking about future extensions of cities that have natural edges like Lake Burullus and huge agricultural lands, and the aforementioned challenges will face existing communities, as well as, extend with respect to the surrounding areas leading consequently to the change of the identity of the area at large. This paper focuses on the importance of urban development and urban solutions of the cities surrounding Lake Burullus as well as the shoreline protection and implementation policies to optimize deterioration of shoreline, taking into consideration the importance of rural regeneration and its impact on this area. It also highlights a list of actions for successful lake upgrading steps based on the experiences reviewed and concludes that the success of the development of shoreline depends on several factors and that metropolitan planning should cover problems across urban and peri-urban areas and address multijurisdictional issues.
Laboratory medicine and value-based health care.

Health care systems are under intense pressure to increase value. Value is defined as the ratio of outcomes over costs. Systems increase value by either improving outcomes or reducing costs. Laboratories have responded by working to improve test utilization. Many laboratories now have utilization committees that review tests for appropriateness. The number of articles on laboratory utilization has increased significantly in recent years. Much of this activity has focused on reducing inappropriate testing. Testing information flows through the laboratory, so it is natural for the laboratory to be involved in utilization management. Test utilization has focused on costs associated with inappropriate testing. These costs include the direct costs of testing as well as the downstream impacts of testing. Although many believe the downstream costs are probably more significant than the direct costs, measuring downstream costs is difficult, and the impact is unknown. Still, many hospitals have …
Communication Networks in an Open Source Software Project

This study explores the nature of the social network and the patterns of communication that exist in an open source software development project, the Apache HTTP (WEB) server project. Our analysis of archival data on email communications between developers in the Apache HTTP server project suggests an interesting pattern of communication. We find that the core developers self-organize into three sub-groups that communicate intensely in completing the project. Our analysis also reveals that a few prominent developers who are centrally located in the network are driving communications within the project. We identify the implications of our findings and suggest areas for further research.
LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP IN |[le]|ll500 GM|[period]| BIRTHWEIGHT |[lpar]|VLBW|[rpar]|

376 VLBW neonates were admitted to Regional Perinatal Center, between July 1979 to December 1981. 281 (75%) survived, 127 (45%) were followed up for up to 18 months corrected age and 3 years of age. The overall neonatal mortality was 25%; mean gestational age, 29.8 ± 2.35 wk.; mean birthweight, 1113 ± 230 gm.; SGA, 26%; Apgar ≤3 at 1 min., 35%; ≤5 at 5 min., 21%; outborn 35%, ventilated 78%. CT scan/ultrasound was done on 77 (61%), of which 38 (49%) had paraventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurologic examination, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were done. Cerebral palsy or developmental delay (MDI more than 2 standard deviations below the mean), visual deficits were considered severe handicaps. Mean Bayley Score 70-84 were considered suspect.
Integrated Physiological Mechanisms of Exercise Performance, Adaptation, and Maladaptation to Heat Stress

This article emphasizes significant recent advances regarding heat stress and its impact on exercise performance, adaptations, fluid electrolyte imbalances, and pathophysiology. During exercise-heat stress, the physiological burden of supporting high skin blood flow and high sweating rates can impose considerable cardiovascular strain and initiate a cascade of pathophysiological events leading to heat stroke. We examine the association between heat stress, particularly high skin temperature, on diminishing cardiovascular/aerobic reserves as well as increasing relative intensity and perceptual cues that degrade aerobic exercise performance. We discuss novel systemic (heat acclimation) and cellular (acquired thermal tolerance) adaptations that improve performance in hot and temperate environments and protect organs from heat stroke as well as other dissimilar stresses. We delineate how heat stroke evolves from gut underperfusion/ischemia causing endotoxin release or the release of mitochondrial DNA fragments in response to cell necrosis, to mediate a systemic inflammatory syndrome inducing coagulopathies, immune dysfunction, cytokine modulation, and multiorgan damage and failure. We discuss how an inflammatory response that induces simultaneous fever and/or prior exposure to a pathogen (e.g., viral infection) that deactivates molecular protective mechanisms interacts synergistically with the hyperthermia of exercise to perhaps explain heat stroke cases reported in low-risk populations performing routine activities. Importantly, we question the "traditional" notion that high core temperature is the critical mediator of exercise performance degradation and heat stroke. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
More Sturm–Liouville Theory

In Theorem 23.6, the bifurcation theorem for nonlinear Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problems Lu = F (sBC) that concluded the previous chapter, a key hypothesis was the invertibility of \(Lu = -(pu')' + qu\) with respect to the given boundary conditions. Certainly a necessary condition for an operator to be invertible is that it be one-to-one.
On the high-temperature (to 300/spl deg/C) characteristics of SiGe HBTs

A comprehensive investigation of the high-temperature characteristics of advanced SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) is presented, and demonstrates that, contrary to popular opinion, SiGe HBTs are potentially well-suited for many electronics applications operating at temperatures as high as 300/spl deg/C.
Finite Element Simulations of Flow Past a Backward Facing Step

The simulations reported herein were performed for the GAMM workshop on the numerical analysis of flow past a backward facing step to be held at Nice, France in January 1983. As well as the presentation of the requested numerical simulations, this report contains a brief description of the numerical technique employed.
Role of stroma in regeneration of endometrial epithelium

Abstract Sections of menstruating endometria were studied by various techniques to determine the process by which the surface was re-epithelialized. Although the stumps of remaining glands projected over the surface, this residual epithelium seemed a metabolically inactive and unlikely source of a young growing cell. In many instances, the hyperchromatic stromal cells appeared to project between gland stumps and take part in the re-epithelization by a process simulating metaplasia. Metabolically this stroma-type cell compared favorably with the small, “dark” indifferent cell which is noted at the stromoepithelial border and from which the gland epithelium may reproduce.
High-resolution magic angle spinning 1H MRS in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men worldwide, largely as a result of the increased use of the annual serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening test for detection. PSA screening has saved lives, but it has also resulted in the overtreatment of many patients with PCa because of a limited ability to accurately localize and characterize PCa lesions through imaging. High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) (1)H MRS has proven to be a strong potential clinical tool for PCa diagnosis and prognosis. The HRMAS technique allows valuable metabolic information to be obtained from ex vivo intact tissue samples and also enables the performance of histopathology on the same tissue specimens. Studies have found that the quantification of individual metabolite levels and metabolite ratios, as well as metabolomic profiles, shows strong potential to improve accuracy in PCa detection, diagnosis and monitoring. Ex vivo HRMAS is also a valuable tool for the interpretation of in vivo results, including the localization of tumors, and thus has the potential to improve in vivo diagnostic tests used in the clinic. Here, we primarily review publications of HRMAS (1)H MRS and its use for the study of intact human prostate tissue.
Purification of β-Glucosidase from Saccharomyces lactis Strains Y-14 and Y-1057A

Two strains of Saccharomyces lactis (Y-14 and Y-1057A), medium (B(m)) and low (B(1)) constitutive producers of beta-glucosidase, were grown in enriched medium. beta-Glucosidase was extracted by autolysis and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and calcium phosphate gel adsorption-elution. The kinetics of release, purification, and stability of beta-glucosidase from strains Y-14 and Y-1057A were compared with the enzyme from strain Y-123. The ability of glycerol, sorbitol, and mannitol to stabilize the beta-glucosidases is presented. A lower molecular weight, labile form of the Y-14 enzyme is demonstrated. Differences in the initial specific activites of beta-glucosidase among the three strains are discussed.
Religion and Medicine I: Historical Background and Reasons for Separation:

Religion and medicine have a long, intertwined, tumultuous history, going back thousands of years. Only within the past 200-300 years (less than 5 percent of recorded history) have these twin healing traditions been clearly separate. This series on religion and medicine begins with a historical review, proceeding from prehistoric times through ancient Egypt, Greece, and early Christianity through the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Age of Enlightenment, when the split between religion and medicine became final and complete. Among the many reasons for the continued separation is that religion may either be simply irrelevant to health or, worse, that it may have a number of negative health effects. I review here both opinion and research supporting this claim.
The human PDGF receptor α-subunit gene maps to chromosome 4 in close proximity to c-kit

The gene encoding the α-subunit of the human platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRA) maps to band q11–q12 of chromosome 4 by in situ hybridization, which was confirmed by Southern analysis of a Chinese hamster × human cell hybrid that retains only human chromosome 4.
Measurement devices for cryogenic turbulence research

Recent interest in the study of turbulence using liquid and gaseous helium has prompted the need for high-quality fluid dynamical measurements in a cryogenic environment. To meet this need we have been developing two measurement tools specifically designed to operate below 10 K. The first is a high-accuracy pressure transducer capable of resolving over five orders of magnitude in pressure at both room temperature and at low temperatures. The second is a 1 MHz cryogenic thermal sensor that can be used as a hot film anemometer to measure velocity fluctuations. In this paper we report on the design features of the devices and measurement results.