cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Archimedean Point: From Fixed Positions to the Limits of Theory

There is no authoritative biography of Archimedes, but there are moments from his life which, apocryphal or not, have become the stuff of legend. These include accounts of Archimedes running naked through the streets after realizing that his body displaces water in the bath (“Eureka!”), how he sat musing over diagrams in the sand as sword-bearing Romans descended upon him during a siege of Syracuse, and of course, his mechanically-informed claim that a firm resting place is all he would need to dislodge the world from its axis. This is the birth of the Archimedean point, which latter-day interpretations craft into a figure of thought that works according to the mechanical principle it describes: effortlessly, it turns a simple law of physics into an image of unlimited strength, absolute stability, and world mastery. 1 Both literally and figuratively, it aligns minimal with infinite force, immobility with movement, eccentricity—the point’s location outside the world it purports to dislodge—with centrality, the idea of a single location central to the actions of the world. But it is not merely the promise of sheer omnipotence that explains the extensive reception of Archimedes’ point in the history of Western thought. Equally important is the complexity and ambivalence of its pragmatic structure. Applied to the world as a whole, a straightforward mechanical device turns into a figure that is both easy to visualize and abstract enough to make it transferable to almost any context. The ambiguous, if not paradoxical structure of the Archimedean point also extends to its foundational gesture: even as it avows its point of absolute stability rhetorically—that is, even as it asserts firm ground—it simultaneously questions the possibility of its very existence. Despite the many prominent appearances of the Archimedean point throughout the history of Western thought, the figure itself has rarely been the object of concrete analysis and historical contextualization. Its explanatory force seems to have prevented the closer examination of it as a conceptual device. This oversight is indicative of the broad applicabil
Using Restriction to Extend Parsing Algorithms for Complex-Feature-Based Formalisms

Grammar formalisms based on the encoding of grammatical information in complex-valued feature systems enjoy some currency both in linguistics and natural-language-processing research. Such formalisms can be thought of by analogy to context-free grammars as generalizing the notion of nonterminal symbol from a finite domain of atomic elements to a possibly infinite domain of directed graph structures of a certain sort. Unfortunately, in moving to an infinite nonterminal domain, standard methods of parsing may no longer be applicable to the formalism. Typically, the problem manifests itself as gross inefficiency or even nontermination of the algorithms. In this paper, we discuss a solution to the problem of extending parsing algorithms to formalisms with possibly infinite nonterminal domains, a solution based on a general technique we call restriction. As a particular example of such an extension, we present a complete, correct, terminating extension of Earley's algorithm that uses restriction to perform top-down filtering. Our implementation of this algorithm demonstrates the drastic elimination of chart edges that can be achieved by this technique. Finally, we describe further uses for the technique---including parsing other grammar formalisms, including definite-clause grammars; extending other parsing algorithms, including LR methods and syntactic preference modeling algorithms; and efficient indexing.
Conflict management in a computer-supported meeting in a computer supported meeting environment

Computer systems to support decision-making, planning, and negotiation in groups have the potential for wide-ranging application. However, knowledge of their effects is sparse, particularly for difficult situations such as group conflict. This study reports a laboratory experiment to examine how a general purpose group decision support system GDSS influenced conflict management in small groups making a budget allocation decision. The study tests a model that posits that GDSS impacts on conflict outcomes are mediated by group interaction processes, particularly how the GDSS enters into group interaction. The model posits seven potential impacts-some positive and some negative-that GDSS technology might have on conflict interaction processes. The impacts do not automatically occur, but depend on the nature of the GDSS and how the group applies it. Hence, a given GDSS might result only in a subset of the seven impacts. Among other things, the model predicts that the particular combination of GDSS impacts that materializes differs across groups and that the balance of these impacts, positive or negative, determines positive or negative conflict outcomes. Groups using a particular GDSS, the Software Aided Meeting Management SAMM system, were compared to groups using a manual version of the same decision structures built into SAMM and to unsupported groups. Results indicated that there were differences in the level of conflict in SAMM-supported versus manually-supported and unsupported groups, and in conflict management behaviors adopted by the different conditions. Moreover, there were differences in the impacts of SAMM for different groups, and there is some evidence that these contributed to consensus change. Overall, the theoretical model was supported by the study. This model and approach used in this study seem useful for designing future studies concerning the impacts of computer technology on group judgment and choice.
Non-volcanic Tremor: A Window into the Roots of Fault Zones

The recent discovery of non-volcanic tremor in Japan and the coincidence of tremor with slow-slip in Cascadia have made earth scientists reevaluate our models for the physical processes in subduction zones and on faults in general. Subduction zones have been studied very closely since the discovery of slow-slip and tremor. This has led to the discovery of a number of related phenomena including low frequency earthquakes and very low frequency earthquakes. All of these events fall into what some have called a new class of events that are governed under a different frictional regime than simple brittle failure. While this model is appealing to many, consensus as to exactly what process generates tremor has yet to be reached. Tremor and related events also provide a window into the deep roots of subduction zones, a poorly understood region that is largely devoid of seismicity. Given that such fundamental questions remain about non-volcanic tremor, slow-slip, and the region in which they occur, we expect that this will be a fruitful field for a long time to come.
ACMG recommendations for reporting of incidental findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing

In clinical exome and genome sequencing, there is a potential for the recognition and reporting of incidental or secondary findings unrelated to the indication for ordering the sequencing but of medical value for patient care. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) recently published a policy statement on clinical sequencing that emphasized the importance of alerting the patient to the possibility of such results in pretest patient discussions, clinical testing, and reporting of results. The ACMG appointed a Working Group on Incidental Findings in Clinical Exome and Genome Sequencing to make recommendations about responsible management of incidental findings when patients undergo exome or genome sequencing. This Working Group conducted a year-long consensus process, including an open forum at the 2012 Annual Meeting and review by outside experts, and produced recommendations that have been approved by the ACMG Board. Specific and detailed recommendations, and the background and rationale for these recommendations, are described herein. The ACMG recommends that laboratories performing clinical sequencing seek and report mutations of the specified classes or types in the genes listed here. This evaluation and reporting should be performed for all clinical germline (constitutional) exome and genome sequencing, including the "normal" of tumor-normal subtractive analyses in all subjects, irrespective of age but excluding fetal samples. We recognize that there are insufficient data on penetrance and clinical utility to fully support these recommendations, and we encourage the creation of an ongoing process for updating these recommendations at least annually as further data are collected.
COMBINATION OF SALTS AND PROTEINS III. THE COMBINATION OF CuCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2, AlCl3, LaCl3, KCl, AgNO3 AND Na2SO4 WITH GELATIN.

1. The combination of Cu++, Ca++, Mg++, Al+++, La+++, K+, Ag+, and Cl- with gelatin has been determined. 2. The equivalent combining value for copper is about 0.9 millimols per gm. of gelatin and is therefore the same as that of hydrogen. The value for copper with deaminized gelatin is about 0.4 to 0.5, again the same as that of hydrogen. The sum of the hydrogen and copper ions combined in the presence of an excess of either is 0.9 millimols showing that there is an equilibrium between the copper hydrogen and gelatin and that the copper and hydrogen are attached to the same group. 3. The equivalent combining value of La+++ and Al+++ is about 0.5 millimols per gm. of gelatin. This value is not significantly different with deaminized gelatin so that it is possible these salts combine only with groups not affected by deaminization. 4. No calcium is combined on the acid side of pH 3. The value rises rapidly from pH 3 to 4.7 and then remains constant. 5. No combination of K, Li, Na, NO3 or SO4 could be detected. 6. Cl combines less than the di- and trivalent metals so that the protein is positive in CaCl2 but negative in KCl.
An Asian orchid, Eulophia graminea (Orchidaceae: Cymbidieae), naturalizes in Florida

Eulophia graminea, a terrestrial orchid native to Asia, has naturalized in southern Florida. Orchids naturalize less often than other flowering plants or ferns, but E. graminea has also recently become naturalized in Australia. Plants were found growing in five neighborhoods in Miami-Dade County, spanning 35 km from the most northern to the most southern site, and growing only in woodchip mulch at four of the sites. Plants at four sites bore flowers, and fruit were observed at two sites. Hand pollination treatments determined that the flowers are self compatible but fewer fruit were set in selfed flowers (4/10) than in out-crossed flowers (10/10). No fruit set occurred in plants isolated from pollinators, indicating that E. graminea is not autogamous. Pollinia removal was not detected at one site, but was 24.3 % at the other site evaluated for reproductive success. A total of 26 and 92 fruit were found at these two sites, where an average of 6.5 and 3.4 fruit were produced per plant. These fruits ripened and dehisced rapidly; some dehiscing while their inflorescences still bore open flowers. Fruit set averaged 9.2 and 4.5 % at the two sites. No floral visitors were seen during limited (6.5 hr duration) timed watches of flowers. Individual flowers are open an average 11 days, and the inflorescences may bear flowers for at least one month. How E. graminea entered Florida is unknown, but capsules, bulbs and plantlets in flasks are available for sale and/or trade via the internet from Thailand and other places outside the U.S. The occurrence of the orchid at 900-1000 m elevation its native Sikkim (27-28oN) and in Kashmir (above 32oN), suggest that it can live well north of current area of naturalization in southern Florida, which is at sea level and 26oN latitude.
Achieving and maintaining asthma control in an urban pediatric disease management program: the Breathmobile Program.

Background National guidelines suggest that, with appropriate care, most patients can control their asthma. The probabilities of children achieving and maintaining control with ongoing care are unknown. Objective We sought to evaluate the degree to which children in a lower socioeconomic urban setting achieve and maintain control of asthma with regular participation in a disease management program that provides guideline-based care. Methods Interdisciplinary teams of asthma specialists use mobile clinics to offer ongoing care at schools and county clinics. A guideline-derived construct of asthma control is recorded at each visit. Results Two thousand one hundred eighty-five enrollees were eligible to evaluate the time to first achieve control, and 1591 patients were eligible to evaluate subsequent control maintenance. Depending on severity, 70% to 87% of patients with persistent asthma achieved control by visit 3, and 89% to 98% achieved control by visit 6. Subsequent control maintenance was highly variable. Thirty-nine percent of patients displayed well-controlled asthma (control at >90% of subsequent visits), whereas 13% displayed difficult-to-control asthma ( Conclusions Many children can achieve asthma control with regular visit intervals and guideline-based care; however, long-term control can be highly variable among patients in all severity categories. Clinical implications These findings highlight the need and feasibility for systematically tracking each patient's clinical response to individualize therapy and guide the use of population management strategies.
KCa3.1 Modulates Neuroblast Migration Along the Rostral Migratory Stream (RMS) In Vivo

From the subventricular zone (SVZ), neuronal precursor cells (NPCs), called neuroblasts, migrate through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to become interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB). Ion channels regulate neuronal migration during development, yet their role in migration through the adult RMS is unknown. To address this question, we utilized Nestin-CreER(T2)/R26R-YFP mice to fluorescently label neuroblasts in the adult. Patch-clamp recordings from neuroblasts reveal K(+) currents that are sensitive to intracellular Ca(2+) levels and blocked by clotrimazole and TRAM-34, inhibitors of intermediate conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (KCa3.1) channels. Immunolabeling and electrophysiology show KCa3.1 expression restricted to neuroblasts in the SVZ and RMS, but absent in OB neurons. Time-lapse confocal microscopy in situ showed inhibiting KCa3.1 prolonged the stationary phase of neuroblasts' saltatory migration, reducing migration speed by over 50%. Both migration and KCa3.1 currents could also be inhibited by blocking Ca(2+) influx via transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which, together with positive immunostaining for transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1), suggest that TRP channels are an important Ca(2+) source modulating KCa3.1 activity. Finally, injecting TRAM-34 into Nestin-CreER(T2)/R26R-YFP mice significantly reduced the number of neuroblasts that reached the OB, suggesting an important role for KCa3.1 in vivo. These studies describe a previously unrecognized protein in migration of adult NPCs.
Protection from Ebola Virus Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Specific for the Viral Nucleoprotein

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are proposed to be critical for protection from intracellular pathogens such as Ebola virus. However, there have been no demonstrations that protection against Ebola virus is mediated by Ebola virus-specific CTLs. Here, we report that C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons encoding the Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP) survived lethal challenge with Ebola virus. Vaccination induced both antibodies to the NP and a major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CTL response to an 11-amino-acid sequence in the amino-terminal portion of the Ebola virus NP. Passive transfer of polyclonal NP-specific antiserum did not protect recipient mice. In contrast, adoptive transfer of CTLs specific for the Ebola virus NP protected unvaccinated mice from lethal Ebola virus challenge. The protective CTLs were CD8+, restricted to the Db class I molecule, and recognized an epitope within amino acids 43 to 53 (VYQVNNLEEIC) in the Ebola virus NP. The demonstration that CTLs can prevent lethal Ebola virus infection affects vaccine development in that protective cellular immune responses may be required for optimal protection from Ebola virus.
Incorporating Grid computing concepts into a course in performance measurement

Integration of leading edge computer science research into the undergraduate curriculum is widely recognized as an important aspect of preparing students to enter the twenty-first century technology workforce. We have integrated research in Grid computing into a mixed undergraduate/graduate course in performance measurement offered at Portland State University. We describe our experiences in two offerings of the new course, Measuring Computer Performance. Student mastery of the additional research material was good, and the related project work successfully taught a variety of research and group work skills. We briefly summarize plans for a future revised offering of the course.
Role of Nickel Dip in Enameling of Sheet Steel

An investigation was made of the effects of (a) the firing time and (b) the weight of nickel deposited from the nickel-dip solution on the adherence developed by a cobalt-free and a cobalt-bearing ground-coat enamel on both enameling iron and a titanium-bearing low-carbon steel. At 1550°F. the nickel improved the measured adherence index the most during the 2-minute firing. The effect of the nickel, however, decreased markedly with longer firing times. There was an optimum nickel deposit for maximum adherence, an optimum that varied from 50 to about 120 mg. per sq. ft., depending on the type of cleaning used and on the type of enamel applied. The nickel dip reduced the tendency to fish-scale. Furthermore, there was an apparent relation between fish-scaling resistance and good adherence; no specimen with an adherence index of 70 or above showed fish-scaling tendencies. Metallographic studies of the interface of coated specimens showed that nickel dipping of the steel before enameling brought about a surface roughening during the firing operation. A relationship was noted between the degree of roughening and the measured adherence index. The roughening of the steel surface was ascribed to galvanic corrosion.
MRI of early appendicitis during pregnancy.

Diagnosis of appendicitis during pregnancy can be challenging because of atypical clinical presentations such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, which can also appear in normal pregnancy. According to the American College of Radiology appropriateness criteria, ultrasound of the right lower quadrant with graded compression is the most appropriate initial imaging test in suspected appendicitis in a pregnant patient, especially during the first and early second trimester.1 Ultrasound with graded compression technique, although the first line investigation modality for suspected appendicitis in pregnancy, depends on variability in operator skills and may result in equivocal or indeterminate findings.2 If ultrasound is non-diagnostic, MRI (if available), which lacks ionisation …
Programmable Miniature Backpack Stimulator for Chronic Biomedical Studies

This communication reports on a novel stimulator designed for long-term physiological studies. Stimulator output can be turned "on" and "off," in a cyclic fashion, by a programmable modulation signal. Current output is relatively unaffected by changes of external tissue resistance. Low power consumption and small size make the device portable and eliminate the need for connection leads from the experimental animal to an external stimulator.
On the structure of dependence graphs

Dependence graphs (which are special kinds of acyclic directed node labeled graphs) are very fundamental objects in the theory of traces approach to concurrent systems and in the theory of graph grammars.
Shallow Convection on Day 261 of GATE/ Mesoscale Arcs

Cloudy convection in the moist layer of a cloud cluster growing in the GATE ship array is examined. Analyses suggest that the moist layer was dominated by features of horizontal dimension roughly 40 km and lifetime roughly 2 h, with arc patterns triggered by dense downdraft air accompanying rainfall, and composed of many small cumulus clouds. Aircraft recorded data on thermodynamic quantities and winds, indicating that the arcs persisted as mesoscale circulations driven by the release of latent heat in the clouds, rather than being driven by the original density current at the surface. It is also suggested that the mesoscale cloud patterns of the moist layer play a primary role in heat transfer upward within this layer, and contribute to the forcing of showering midtropospheric clouds.
Real Estate Information Technology: International Terrorism Cyclicality: Predictions and Concerns Regarding Private Commercial Buildings

The paper explores overall worldwide terrorism attacks and those targeting separately commercial and government facilities, through statistical analysis and cycling with a 40-year dataset. The results indicate a surge of lethal attacks after the Gulf War and the existence of cycles. The cyclicality of terrorist incidences in commercial buildings is estimated at 18.4 years (injury and fatality cycles are 7.8 and 8.4 years, respectively). Projections are offered until 2020, with the next period of increased casualties predicted from the end of 2008 through 2010. Concerns are raised on improvised explosive devices (IEDs), "Trojan-horses," and building-system tampering. Vigilance, information-sharing, and use of technology by building personnel may reduce the predicted casualty trends.
Superfluid density from heat-pulse propagation near the lambda line in 4He-aerogel systems.

We determined the superfluid density ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$ from the speed of heat pulses, using a hydrodynamic model that contains coupling between the aerogel and the helium. To investigate the universality of the exponent of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$, measurements of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$ were taken from saturated vapor pressure to 29 bars. Fitting ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$ with a pure power law in reduced temperature leads to a pressure-dependent exponent. Inclusion of a confluent singular term in the fits reveals a pressure-independent exponent \ensuremath{\zeta}=0.755\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 which differs from \ensuremath{\zeta}=0.672 for bulk helium.
The availability and role of non-parental identity agents for institutionalized male adolescent social orphans in Colombia: Child and youth services review

Abstract An estimated 151 million social orphans exist worldwide, of which at least eight million live in institutions with little possibility of family reunification or legal permanency via the mechanism of adoption (RELAF, 2010; UNICEF, 2012). As such, institutional staff are uniquely situated to fulfill the role of identity agents, a role typically performed by parents, to facilitate a successful transition into post-institutional life for these youth. Drawing upon the concept of ambiguous loss and contextualized theories of identity formation, this qualitative study explores eighteen institutionalized male adolescent Colombian social orphans' perspectives on the nature of their relationships with non-parental adults in their immediate environment. In depth, on site interviews conducted in Spanish with these youth reveal that those who were able to successfully identify and form a bond with an adult identity agent are better able to imagine a future replete with academic, vocational and relational success. The findings suggest a rudimentary typology of the attributes that non-parental figures might possess in order to provide institutionalized social orphans with the requisite support to improve social outcomes upon their departure from the institution. These findings may also inform professional development strategies for adults entrusted with the care of these youth.
1692 The Aetiology of Acute Abdominal Pain in Children 2–12 Years of Age

Background and Aims Abdominal pain is common in childhood. This study evaluated abdominal pain in children aged 2–12 to determine the frequency of aetiologies. Methods Patients between 2 and 12 years presenting to the Emergency Department over a 5 month period, with abdominal pain were included. Patients with chronic constipation, previous abdominal pain and previous gastrointestinal surgery were excluded. Data was collected prospectively utilising patient’s charts and a pretested proforma on abdominal pain which contained diagnostic tips and prompts. Demographic data, referral source, symptom complex, examination findings, and diagnoses were noted. Patients with a diagnosis of constipation were followed up via telephone to confirm accuracy of diagnosis. Results One hundred and thirteen patients were assessed .Aetiologies of abdominal pain were appendicitis 26 (23%), constipation 23 (20%), gastroenteritis 18 (16.5%), mesenteric adenitis 15 (13%),non specific abdominal pain(viral syndrome) 11 (10%), urinary tract infection 7 (6%), pneumonia 6 (5%), gastritis 5 (4.4%),acute asthma 2 (2%). Eighty four (75%) patients were referred by their family doctor. Patients diagnosed with constipation were contacted by telephone to confirm the diagnosis, with 18 (78%) agreeing. Conclusion This study outlines the aetiology of abdominal pain in a paediatric population, three quarters of whom had been assessed by their family doctors prior to referral. Non gastrointestinal aetiologies need to be considered in the assessment.
Potential Biotic Factors Influencing Settling of Trioza eugeniae Nymphs (Homoptera: Triozidae) on Young Foliage

Trioza eugeniae Froggatt nymphs preferentially settle on the abaxial surface of leaves of the host plant, Syzygium paniculatum (Gaertner). Increased population density on a leaf results in increased nymphal settling on the adaxial surface. The importance of a wide array of exogenous biotic factors on the preferential settling behavior of T. eugeniae nymphs was considered. A number of homopteran species have been observed probing through plant stomata and this relationship between stomatal location as a feeding site and presence of the nymphs was examined. Although the majority of stomata were found only on the abaxial side of S. paniculatum leaves, nymphs did not probe through them. In addition, nymphs settling on the abaxial side of a leaf were not shown to develop faster than their counterparts settling on the adaxial leaf side, suggesting that differences in developmental rates are not strong selective pressures associated with nymphal preference for the leaf underside. Inconclusive evidence also suggested that the parasitoid, Tamarixia sp. does dot show strong preference for parasitizing nymphs on either leaf side.
Equivalent Line Limit Calculation for Power System Equivalent Networks

This paper focuses on the relatively unexplored subject of creating limit-preserving equivalents (LPEs). There is a push to develop LPEs for power system interconnections to be used in markets and reliability studies. The equivalents that exist for these interconnections do not capture thermal limits of equivalent lines, which results in their transmission limits being significantly different from the original interconnection limits. Assigning noninfinite and nonzero limits to equivalent lines is the niche of this paper. This is done by considering an unloaded network, which is operating point independent. A solution method is developed and discussed, which is capable of assigning lower, best, and upper estimates for equivalent line limits and is proposed for use towards developing LPEs.
Changes in Protein-Content of Bacterial Suspensions During Lysis and Autolysis

The lysis of bacteria by phage has been considered as a simple plasmolysis, quite different from autolysis, and in fact many attempts to detect protein split products in the solution after lysis have failed. Bronfenbrenner and Hetler,1 however, did find evidence for the appearance of protein split-products in solution after lysis and hence concluded that lysis was due to hydrolysis of the protein of the bacterial cell.Meyer, Palmer, Thompson, and Khorazo2 have reported the appearance of non-protein nitrogen during lysis of Sarcina by lysozyme.The detection of minute amounts of protein split-products in culture-media is a difficult matter but the loss of protein may be readily and accurately followed provided the culture-medium itself contains little or no protein.In the present experiments bacteria were grown on the protein-free yeast-extract media previously described.3 The quantity of cells in suspension was determined by comparing the turbidity of the suspension in water with that of a standard casein-...
Preservice Music Teacher Perceptions of Mentoring Young Composers: An Exploratory Case Study

Case study techniques were used to investigate perceptions of undergraduate music majors participating as teacher/mentors for elementary students in a university sponsored music composition program. Data included teacher interviews and observation of teacher training and composition mentoring sessions. Teacher perceptions were categorized as challenges and benefits for the young composers they worked with and for themselves as mentors in the program. Benefits to young composers were identified as social development, pride in accomplishment, and promotion of musical learning. Challenges to young composers were perceived as: expression of musical ideas and concern with finding “correct” ideas. Personal challenges for teachers were time commitment and encouraging students without influencing their ideas. Teachers cited benefits of participation as: teaching experience, understanding compositional process, improved composer identity, and appreciation for composer intent. Teachers envisioned possibilities for ...
Bis{1,2-bis-[bis-(3-meth-oxy-prop-yl)phosphan-yl]ethane-κP,P'}dichlorido-osmium(II).

In the centrosymmetric title compound, [OsCl2(C18H40O4P2)2], the OsII atom adopts a trans-OsCl2P4 geometry, arising from its coordination by two chelating diphosphane ligands and two chloride ions. One of the meth­oxy side chains of the ligand is disordered over two orientations in a 0.700 (6):0.300 (6) ratio.
The Rule of Faith over Reason: The Role of the Inquisition in Iberia and New Spain

The Inquisition has long been held over Spain's head as an indica tion of her barbarity. The ecclesiastical use of garrotes and racks, par ticularly with respect to the indigenous population in the New World, constitutes a good part of the Black Legend, the anti-Hispanic, Eng lish-initiated propaganda which was circulated around the time of Henry VIII's divorce of Catherine of Aragon. But England had her own form of barbaric justice. While heretics were being burned in a public auto de fe in Sevilla and New Spain, poachers, found in the King's forest in England, and thus suspected of treason, were being drawn and quartered. Some of the men burned at the stake in Mexico under heresy charges of Calvinism would have qualified for the gallows in Elizabethan England under capital charges of piracy.1 Medieval justice as a rule came down with a heavy hand. Nor were inquisitorial practices limited to the Iberian peninsula. Peter Goodrich, in his essay, "The Eucharist and English Law: A Gene alogy of Legal Presence in the Common Law Tradition," reports that Sir Thomas More advocated for "ex officio suits under the Statute Det taretico Comburendo, whereby heretics could be summoned by the ordinances upon suspicion of heresy and without the need for indict ment or open accusation."2 William Tyndale, More's contemporary and translator of the Bible, was condemned in England for daring to make Scripture comprehensible to the common man. He was eventually ar rested in Flanders on charges of heresy and later strangled, and burned
Scoundrel or Scapegoat? A Reassessment of the Office of Thrift Supervision’s Performance Before the 2008 Financial Crisis

This research attempts to determine whether Congress was justified in shutting down the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. I do so by comparing its performance with that of the other federal banking regulators: the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), and the Federal Reserve. Results show that the OTS is not consistently the worst performer across a variety of measures. This finding suggests it was unfairly scapegoated and that many of the problems attributed to the OTS still remain at the other agencies, despite financial reforms in 2010.
Cyclic ADP-ribose stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) was shown to induce calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine-sensitive pathways. In smooth muscle, two pathways for calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) have been previously demonstrated: D-myo-inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate-gated and ryanodine-gated. However, evidence for cADPR as a regulator for SR Ca2+ release in smooth muscle is lacking. We used permeabilized porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells to directly examine the stimulation of SR Ca2+ release by cADPR. The results provide direct evidence that cADPR stimulates SR Ca2+ release and that this response is not inhibited by heparin, by depletion of the caffeine-sensitive Ca2+ pool, or by blockade or ryanodine receptors. These results indicate a novel mechanism for Ca2+ release from the SR of vascular smooth muscle.
The Outcome of Renal Transplantation in Children with Posterior Urethral Valves

The effect of vesical dysfunction on the survival and function of renal transplants was evaluated by a retrospective study in which 18 children with posterior urethral valves and 18 children with vesicoureteral reflux were randomly matched with 36 children used as controls. There was no statistically significant difference in patient survival among the 3 groups. Five years after transplantation 50 per cent of the grafts in children with posterior urethral valves were functioning, while 73 and 75 per cent, respectively, of the grafts were functioning in children with vesicoureteral reflux and in the control group. Renal function during the 5 years was significantly better in children in the control group and in those with vesicoureteral reflux than in children with posterior urethral valves. We believe that the presence of an abnormal bladder may alter graft survival and adversely affect the function of the transplanted kidney.
Depression of lipogenesis in swine adipose tissue by specific dietary fatty acids.

The objective of this study was to document the influence of specific dietary fatty acids on rates of lipid synthesis and sensitivity to insulin in porcine adipose tissue. Weanling pigs were assigned to one of six groups, and each group was fed diets containing 10 g/100 g of added cornstarch or 10 g/100 g of added fatty acid. The fatty acid-enriched diets contained either a combination of 14 :1 plus 16 :1 (14 :1/16:1 diet), 16 :0, 18 :0, 18 :1, or 18 :2 (n-6). With the exception of the cornstarch diet, all diets contained approximately 35% 14 :0. Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected at slaughter from the area overlying the first cranial vertebra. Fresh samples were incubated for 2 h in 20 mM glucose and 0, 10, 100 or 1,000 μU/mL of porcine insulin. The smallest adipocytes were observed in adipose tissue from pigs fed the 16 :0 or 18 :2 diets. Glucose incorporation into lipids was greater (P .4) in adipose tissue from pigs fed the 16 :0, 18 :0, or 18 :1 diets. The data suggest that fatty acid chain length and unsaturation are determinants in the effects of dietary fat and insulin on de novo lipogenesis.
Siderophore-based microbial adaptations to iron scarcity across the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Nearly all iron dissolved in the ocean is complexed by strong organic ligands of unknown composition. The effect of ligand composition on microbial iron acquisition is poorly understood, but amendment experiments using model ligands show they can facilitate or impede iron uptake depending on their identity. Here we show that siderophores, organic compounds synthesized by microbes to facilitate iron uptake, are a dynamic component of the marine ligand pool in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Siderophore concentrations in iron-deficient waters averaged 9 pM, up to fivefold higher than in iron-rich coastal and nutrient-depleted oligotrophic waters, and were dominated by amphibactins, amphiphilic siderophores with cell membrane affinity. Phylogenetic analysis of amphibactin biosynthetic genes suggests that the ability to produce amphibactins has transferred horizontally across multiple Gammaproteobacteria, potentially driven by pressures to compete for iron. In coastal and oligotrophic regions of the eastern Pacific Ocean, amphibactins were replaced with lower concentrations (1–2 pM) of hydrophilic ferrioxamine siderophores. Our results suggest that organic ligand composition changes across the surface ocean in response to environmental pressures. Hydrophilic siderophores are predominantly found across regions of the ocean where iron is not expected to be the limiting nutrient for the microbial community at large. However, in regions with intense competition for iron, some microbes optimize iron acquisition by producing siderophores that minimize diffusive losses to the environment. These siderophores affect iron bioavailability and thus may be an important component of the marine iron cycle.
Kiernan, Kevin. 2011. Electronic Beowulf 3.0. London: British Library. DVD-ROM. ISBN 9780712351010. $45/£25.

Electronic Beowulf 3.0 is the second physical release of Kiernan’s edition, the initial 1999 release being the first (Electronic Beowulf 2.0 was a freely available download that provided enhanced browser compatibility). The release, programmed by Ionut Emil Iacob, consists of a single DVD, designed for both Windows and Mac OS X and a short manual (Supplemental materials are available at the project’s website, http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/studyingbeowulfs/overview). It is the first release of a major Old English electronic edition since Bernard Muir’s 2006 Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry. For a time leading up to its release, it was known as Electronic Beowulf Student Edition. This new update offers Old English researchers and students a wealth of resources—and beautiful new high-resolution images—in a package that functions on modern web browsers.
Judy Gent—Inventory

This case is used at the Darden School of Business in the inventory module of the "Financial Reporting" course elective, but it would also work well at the advanced undergraduate level. Through five phases, students first become familiar with core terminology and concepts before examining various situations—from what to make of an annual report footnote disclosure and balancing the pros and cons of using LIFO versus FIFO cost flow assumption to examining misreported inventory and inventory write-downs. Excerpt UVA-C-2352 Rev. Dec. 10, 2014 JUDY GENT—INVENTORY Judy Gent was a driven person who had a knack for numerical analysis, deductive reasoning, and quick insights. She also had a desire for maintaining as many career options as possible for as long as possible. Thus as a forward-looking young professional, she had both the CPA and CFA professional certifications in her sights. The CPA exam, as well as Level 1 of the CFA exam, was on her spring schedule, and she had begun her preparation with the resolute dedication that she was always able to muster when she saw hard work and accomplishment on the horizon. One of this week's topics slated for her review was the financial reporting of, and the accounting choices available for, corporate inventories. For most people, she guessed the topic would not hold much attraction, but she knew there were some nuances and interesting aspects of the topic to be explored. It was 9:30 a.m. Saturday. She had already gone for a run, showered, eaten, walked the dog, and set out the materials for her review. She would tackle her review in five phases. Phase One During the week, Gent had assembled materials from her undergraduate days, various online exam study sites, and notes given to her by some of her slightly older friends who had already taken the exams. She had synthesized all of it, and she wanted to succinctly and expertly answer some fundamental background questions pertaining to the topic of inventories in the first phase of study she had set up for herself. The initial questions for which she wanted to be sure she had the comprehensive answers: . . .
Divergence in How Genetic Pathways Respond to Environments

An upstream gene in the pathway that induces flowering in response to cold has been identified. The gene, RVR1, occurs in several plant lineages and operates in a pathway that exhibits functional divergence across development and across taxa. Such divergence can provide insight into how genetic pathways evolve.
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation in Boys with Risperidone-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study.

Abstract Background: The chronic use of antipsychotics has been associated with impaired bone mineralization, partially mediated by hyperprolactinemia. We examined if calcium and vitamin D supplementation promote bone mineral accrual in boys with risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia. Methods: Between February 2009 and November 2013, medically healthy, 5- to 17-year-old boys were enrolled in a 36-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study, examining the skeletal effects of supplementation with 1250 mg calcium carbonate and 400 IU of vitamin D3 in risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia. Anthropometric, dietary, physical activity, and psychiatric assessments were conducted at baseline and week 18 and 36. Plasma prolactin and vitamin D concentrations were measured at baseline and week 36. Total body less head bone mineral content (BMC) and radius trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) were measured at baseline, week 18, and week 36, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed...
The physical examination as a window into autonomic disorders

Signs of autonomic dysfunction, although at times seemingly mysterious, can contribute to diagnostic clarification and clinical investigation. Even when sophisticated autonomic testing equipment is not readily available, the experienced clinician, through educated observation and inductive reasoning—in conjunction with an intelligently obtained autonomic medical history—can discern much by a careful physical examination. Elements of the autonomic examination include variations in the pulse, postural measurements of blood pressure and heart rate, pupillary light reactions, skin coloration and temperature, patterns of sweating, and other organ-specific physical findings relevant to the individual patient’s presentation. Especially important is the often neglected practice of measuring the blood pressure standing up, for orthostatic hypotension cannot be diagnosed by symptoms alone and is a common source of potential morbidity. The examination should be carried out in the context of understanding the syndromic nature of abnormalities of components of the autonomic nervous system.
Endoscopic Diagnosis and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is rare with an increasing incidence with age. There are a variety of diagnostic studies available to evaluate the presence and extent of cholangiocarcinoma. Unfortunately, the majority of symptomatic patients present with advanced disease and are not candidates for curative resection. Palliation in the majority of cases consists of endoscopic decompression of the biliary tract to decrease the morbidity of jaundice, which includes pruritus, impaired hepatic and renal function, and associated coagulopathy. More recently, complementary palliative modalities such as photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) and brachytherapy have emerged.
Metabonomics in Translational Research for Personalized Medicine and Nutrition

Personalized medicine promises prediction, prevention, and treatment of illness that is targeted to individuals’ needs. New technologies for detailed biological profiling of individuals at the molecular level have been crucial in initiating the move to personalized medicine. Metabonomics is promising to contribute significantly to the characterization of various disease phenotypes and to the identification of personal metabolic features that can predict response to therapies. Based on analytical platforms such as mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the metabonomic approach enables a comprehensive overview of the metabolites, leading to the characterization of the metabolic profiles of a given sample. These metabolic profiles can then be used to distinguish between different disease phenotypes and to predict a drug’s effectiveness and/or toxicity. Metabonomics has tremendous potential to advance our understanding of human health and disease and to inform the development of personalized approaches to disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Removable cast partial dentures

In planning treatment for partially edentulous patients, the dentist is often confronted with conditions that preclude fixed prosthodontics. In these instances the cast removable partial denture is often the alternative of choice. In planning and producing a removable partial denture that will be most satisfactory, a systematic evaluation at the very beginning of treatment can prevent many problems that often occur when planning is limited.
In-Hospital Mortality Benefit of Inferior Vena Cava Filters in Patients With Pulmonary Embolism and Congestive Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVE. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated with a higher mortality rate in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) than in those without heart failure. The purpose of this study was to e...
A three monoclonal antibody combination potently neutralizes multiple botulinum neurotoxin serotype F subtypes

Human botulism is primarily caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B and E, with around 1% caused by serotype F (BoNT/F). BoNT/F comprises at least seven different subtypes with the amino acid sequence difference between subtypes as high as 36%. The sequence differences present a significant challenge for generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can bind, detect and neutralize all BoNT/F subtypes. We used repertoire cloning of immune mouse antibody variable (V) regions and yeast display to generate a panel of 33 lead single chain Fv (scFv) mAbs that bound one or more BoNT/F subtypes with a median equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 4.06 × 10-9 M. By diversifying the V-regions of the lead mAbs and selecting for cross reactivity we generated five mAbs that bound each of the seven subtypes. Three scFv binding non-overlapping epitopes were converted to IgG that had KD for the different BoNT/F subtypes ranging from 2.2×10-8 M to 1.47×10-12 pM. An equimolar combination of the mAbs was able to potently neutralize BoNT/F1, F2, F4 and F7 in the mouse neutralization assay. The mAbs have potential utility as diagnostics capable of recognizing the known BoNT/F subtypes and could be developed as antitoxins to prevent and treat type F botulism.
The politics of environmental enforcement: the case of the Resource and Conservation Recovery Act

Does environmental enforcement actions, including states’ strategic responses to neighbors’ policy choices, depend on governor party affiliation? Do governors of different parties use environmental policy instruments differently? Our paper addresses these questions. Accounting for endogeneity and omitted variable biases, we find that Democratic governors on average depress overall inspection rates versus their Republican counterparts, but not the frequency of punitive actions (except in the South). Strategic responses to neighbors do not depend on party affiliation. Finally, treating party affiliation as endogenous and allowing for strategic interaction effects both appear important for our estimations.