cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compassion Without Borders: Daya's Emergence as Houston's Center for South Asian Victims of Domestic Abuse

Immigrants to a new land have been known to establish a myriad of associations, partly out of a desire to belong, but mostly in order to satisfy a perceived need in their community. Daya arose from the realization by a group of South Asian women of the need for a culture-specific center for victims of domestic abuse in Houston. This article traces the organization’s history, from its beginnings as a volunteer-driven phone hotline, to its current status as one of the nation’s top three or four South Asian women’s centers, with a budget of $1 million. Daya’s success is a classic example of an organization where all of its constituents work well together to achieve a greater good. Daya also reaches beyond its culturally specific practices to engage and collaborate with key players in the space of domestic violence in the city of Houston and across the nation. Our interviews with board members, staff and a client reveal the positive synergy of strong leadership, deep expertise, high morale, and enthusiastic community support.
Memory Seeking: Mad Phenomenology as Orientation

Musing for Puncta special issue "Critically Sick: New Phenomenologies Of Illness, Madness, And Disability." Peer review process: Guest edited
Role of periodic forcing on the stochastic dynamics of a biomolecular clock

Biomolecular clocks produce sustained oscillations in mRNA/protein copy numbers that are subject to inherent copy-number fluctuations with important implications for proper cellular timekeeping. These random fluctuations embedded within periodic variations in copy numbers make the quantification of noise particularly challenging in stochastic gene oscillatory systems, unlike other non-oscillatory circuits. Motivated by diurnal cycles driving circadian clocks, we investigate the noise properties in the well-known Goodwin oscillator in the presence and absence of a periodic driving signal. We use two approaches to compute the noise as a function of time: (i) solving the moment dynamics derived from the linear noise approximation (LNA) assuming fluctuations are small relative to the mean and (ii) analyzing trajectories obtained from exact stochastic simulations of the Goodwin oscillator. Our results demonstrate that the LNA can predict the noise behavior quite accurately when the system shows damped oscillations or in the presence of external periodic forcing. However, the LNA could be misleading in the case of sustained oscillations without an external signal due to the propagation of large noise. Finally, we study the effect of random bursting of gene products on the clock stochastic dynamics. Our analysis reveals that the burst of mRNAs enhances the noise in the copy number regardless of the presence of external forcing, although the extent of fluctuations becomes less due to the forcing.
Ethical and human subject burdens of trials conducted to evaluate biosimilars

ABSTRACT Background/Aims With a policy goal of introducing price competition into the market for biologic drugs after their period of market monopoly is over (called ‘loss of exclusivity’), policymakers created a pathway for companies to make copies of those treatments and termed them ‘biosimilars’. But unlike generic drugs, biosimilar drug copies must be studied in human trials to assure they have the same clinical effect as the original biologic products. The burden that this places on human subject participants, and the opportunity cost on the clinical trial system generally, have not been considered in detail. Methods For all biosimilar drugs in development, approved, or that failed to obtain approval in the US, we abstracted from clinicaltrials.gov registry the number of subjects enrolled at each phase of development. Results We identified 105 clinical trials for approved or withdrawn biosimilars and another 20 studies that are either planned, ongoing or completed for biosimilars in development. These studies collectively enrolled (or plan to enroll) 38,169 human subjects. Most (28,130) are enrolled in phase 3 studies. The mean number of human subject participants per approval is 1,045, about 25% of the number required for a new drug approval on average. Conclusions A consequential number of human subjects are required for the testing of biosimilar drugs prior to approval. The explicit and sole purpose of biosimilars is to induce competition in order to lower prices of biologic drugs after loss of exclusivity. The burden the biosimilar approval trials place on human subjects with no direct clinical benefits but definite risks, and the possibility that they rob subjects from trials that are of more scientific importance, are ones policymakers might consider. Price regulation of biologic drugs after loss of exclusivity could achieve lower prices as well, without the burdens of the current approach. Funding Source Arnold Ventures (Grant to support Drug Pricing Lab at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center)
Evaluation of the literature surrounding shared decision-making in elective rhinological surgery: A scoping review.

Abstract Objective [1] review all studies utilizing SDM in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) [2], increase awareness of otolaryngologists to shared decision-making, and [3] provide a framework for its incorporation into research and clinical practice. Methods systematic search was performed in November 2019 using PubMed/MEDLINE 1947-, CINAHL Complete 1937-, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Web of Science Core Collection (SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, ESCI) 1900-. All databases were searched from their inception through the date of search. Studies were eligible if they involved a discussion of SDM in the management of CRS. Studies were excluded if they lacked original patient data or outcomes of interest. Identified studies were screened by title/abstract, followed by full-text review. PRISMA guidelines were strictly followed. Results in total, 416 articles met screening criteria. Six were eligible for full text review. Only one study – an expert panel of the framework for the presurgical treatment of CRS - pertained to SDM. While this study mentions that SDM is a critically important piece to optimize care quality, it does not directly investigate the effects of SDM in CRS. Conclusion this review represents a significant negative study that identifies a clear gap in the rhinology literature. Despite the recognized importance of SDM, there have been no interventional studies in the literature to investigate SDM in CRS. This review highlights the need for exploring the role of SDM in rhinological surgery, outlines an overview of SDM and its impact on patient outcomes, and provides a proposed framework for incorporating SDM in research and clinical practice.
Prenatal and Postnatal Experiences Predict Breastfeeding Patterns in the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2.

Objective: To examine pre- and postnatal experiential factors associated with desirable breastfeeding patterns in a nationally representative population of low-income women who prenatally enrolled ...
Ranked Matching and Hospital Interns

Many medical schools and hospitals participate in a national matching program under which each graduating medical student, besides applying directly to a number of hospitals in the group, submits to the program agency a ranked list of his preferences, and each hospital submits to it a ranked list of its preferred applicants. The assignment is worked out by a computer program on the basis of the information contained in these lists. Upon inquiry and examination, we find that the algorithm employed is ‘hospital optimal’. In fact, the resulting assignment is anti-optimal for the students, in other words, every successful student gets into the hospital that is the lowest possible (‘possible’ in a definite and indisputable sense to be explained below) on his list of preferences. This fact is apparently not widely known.
Vector solitons in an extended coupled Schrödinger equations with modulated nonlinearities

Abstract We developed a method to investigate the vector solitons in an extended non-autonomous coupled Schrodinger equations with cubic and quintic nonlinearities in which the external potentials of the model depend in space and time, and all the remaining of its coefficients are time dependent. We mapped this system into an autonomous one under a specific set of constraint conditions on the variable coefficients of the model and then analyzed the regions with modulational instabilities. Front, bright and dark vector solitons associated with the original system are obtained. Some applications and a numerical simulation based on a Fourier split-step method are discussed.
Language Impairment and Dyslexia Genes Influence Language Skills in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Language and communication development is a complex process influenced by numerous environmental and genetic factors. Many neurodevelopment disorders include deficits in language and communication skills in their diagnostic criteria, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), language impairment (LI), and dyslexia. These disorders are polygenic and complex with a significant genetic component contributing to each. The similarity of language phenotypes and comorbidity of these disorders suggest that they may share genetic contributors. To test this, we examined the association of genes previously implicated in dyslexia, LI, and/or language-related traits with language skills in children with ASD. We used genetic and language data collected in the Autism Genome Research Exchange (AGRE) and Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) cohorts to perform a meta-analysis on performance on a receptive vocabulary task. There were associations with LI risk gene ATP2C2 and dyslexia risk gene MRPL19. Additionally, we found suggestive evidence of association with CMIP, GCFC2, KIAA0319L, the DYX2 locus (ACOT13, GPLD1, and FAM65B), and DRD2. Our results show that LI and dyslexia genes also contribute to language traits in children with ASD. These associations add to the growing literature of generalist genes that contribute to multiple related neurobehavioral traits. Future studies should examine whether other genetic contributors may be shared among these disorders and how risk variants interact with each other and the environment to modify clinical presentations.
REFLECTIONS ON PENOLOGY

This article points to the recent controversy surrounding the devaluation of prison rehabilitation as an effective correctional approach, notes the varied reactions of criminologists to this dilemma, and suggests that contemporary penal planning should be calculated on the basis o fnot only what should be, but also on what historical experience suggests is attainable. In approaching the "lessons" of penal history, the authors state that three general stages of development have characterized the evolution of penology: the Age of Retribution, the Age of the Penitentiary, and the modern Age of Corrections. The authors further suggest that each succeeding stage has emerged as a result of deficiencies in its predecessor, that the passage of time has not necessarily brought improvement, and that criminological thought has been hampered. to some extent, by an imbalance between social and legal theory since the appearance of the late 18th-centugv classicists. Finally, the authors summarize the tenets of positive ...
Chapter 2: Adopting a risk-based approach

A signiﬁcant message accompanying the call forgreenhouse gas mitigation actions from the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)2007 Fourth Assessment Report is the increasingneed to identify a decision framework for climatechangethatencompassesbothmitigationandadap-tation. Through the IPCC, governments have be-gun to acknowledge risk management as a unify-ing theme for both climate change mitigation andadaptation. Their unanimous approval of this mes-sageunderscorestheimportanceofprovidingmoreinformationaboutclimaterisks(inadditiontopro-viding information about impacts and associatedvulnerabilities) and suggests that consideration ofriskplaysacriticalroleinallfacetsofclimatechangedecision making:“Responding to climate change involves an
AE3 anion exchanger isoforms in the vertebrate retina: developmental regulation and differential expression in neurons and glia.

Plasma membrane anion exchangers constitute a multigene family that contributes to the regulation of intracellular pH and chloride concentration in many cell types. We have characterized two polypeptide isoforms of the AE3 gene that are expressed in the rat retina. Using antipeptide antibodies specific for defined NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal epitopes, we have identified a 165 kDa polypeptide whose expression is restricted to the primary glial cell type of the retina, the Muller cell, and a 125 kDa polypeptide that is expressed in horizontal neurons. Expression of the Muller cell isoform exhibits a polarized distribution and is highest in basal endfoot processes. These AE3 isoforms exhibit a distinct developmental expression pattern in postnatal rat retina. The neuronal isoform is undetectable in neonatal retina until postnatal day 10-15, correlating strongly with the onset of retinal function.
Sexual Harassment and Government Accountants: Anecdotal Evidence from the Profession

The changing gender of the United States workforce has forced employers to confront issues as never before. Twenty years ago women were just beginning to enter the workplace in numbers large enough...
Novel Technique for Precision Soldering Based on Laser-Activated Gold Nanoparticles

This paper introduces a novel technique for repairing defective soldering joints in densely packed printed circuit boards and multichip modules. The new technique is not based on conventional soldering methods or tools, but rather on the remarkable properties of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of the solder pad or joint that must be reworked, and a low-power laser with a wavelength in the range of 500–800 nm is directed to the area where the gold nanoparticles are present. The nanoparticles absorb the electromagnetic radiation at such wavelengths very effectively, and intense surface plasmons are generated in the nanoparticles. The surface plasmons cause the nanoparticles to heat up, where the temperature can reach several hundred degrees of Celsius. This in turn causes the solder that is in contact with the nanoparticles to melt, while other solder joints in the vicinity remain unaffected. The narrow wavelength range of 540–572 was determined to be the optimal range of wavelengths for the present application.
Music Videos and the “War on Terror” in Britain: Benjamin Zephaniah's Infrapolitical Blackness in Rong Radio

Benjamin Zephaniah's Rong Radio is an iconoclastic video that takes aim at the configurations of state violence, racial domination, and media misrepresentations of people of color in Britain. In this work Zephaniah also critiques the Western global order that is engaged in militaristic imperialism, counterterrorism, and securitization discourses via the “War on Terror.” Such infrapolitical blackness, as a form of dissident political subjectivity, emerges from an earlier history of African Caribbean/South Asian radical politics in Britain. Zephaniah was a key figure in this movement but now operates within the aesthetics of a new genre of music videos that constructs popular culture and transnational opposition to the “War on Terror.” In the past only music videos that achieved commercial success were regarded as important, but this is changing with the recognition of their political roles in challenging dominant ideologies and shaping unruly racial subject-positions.
Mechanics of polymer/metal interfaces in microelectronic packaging

Summary form only given, as follows. The loss of interfacial adhesion is mostly seen in the failure of adhesive joints. The interfacial adhesion strength is believed to highly depend on a number of parameters, such as surface topology and treatment, adhesive chemistry/structure, rheological properties of the solids, and elastic mismatch across the interface. Thermal mismatch between polymer adhesive and adherend also has considerable effect on adhesion. Surface science provides modern tools to quantify the thermodynamic work of adhesion (microscopic adhesion energy) through surface contact angle measurement, while fracture mechanics enables the measurement of the interfacial fracture toughness (macroscopic energy density) through various experimental techniques. The objectives of this work are (i) to understand how the thermodynamic work of adhesion is related to the fracture toughness, and (ii) what and how other factors (crack tip plasticity, surface roughness, residual stresses, etc.) affect the fracture toughness.
Below-knee elastic compression stockings reduced development of the postthrombotic syndrome in proximal deep venous thrombosis.

Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al . Below-knee elastic compression stockings to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:249–56. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q In patients with a first episode of acute symptomatic proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT), do below knee elastic compression stockings prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS)? Clinical impact ratings GP/FP/Primary care★★★★★★☆ IM/Ambulatory care ★★★★★★☆ Internal medicine ★★★★★★☆ Haematology ★★★★★☆☆ ### ![Graphic][5] Design: randomised controlled trial. ### ![Graphic][6] Allocation: {concealed*}†. ### ![Graphic][7] Blinding: blinded {data collectors, outcome assessors, and monitoring committee}†.* ### ![Graphic][8] Follow up period: mean 49 months (range 6–60 mo). ### ![Graphic][9] Setting: university hospital in Padua, Italy. ### ![Graphic][10] Patients: 180 patients (mean age 62 y, 57% women) with a first episode of acute symptomatic proximal DVT (confirmed by ultrasonography) who were receiving conventional anticoagulant treatment. Exclusion criteria were recurrent ipsilateral DVT, pre-existing leg ulcers or signs of chronic venous insufficiency, bilateral thrombosis, a short life expectancy, or contraindication for use of stockings. ### ![Graphic][11] Interventions: daily wearing of below knee, graded, elastic compression stockings … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnals%2Bof%2BInternal%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DANN%2BINTERN%2BMED%26rft.issn%253D0003-4819%26rft.aulast%253DPrandoni%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%26rft.volume%253D141%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D249%26rft.epage%253D256%26rft.atitle%253DBelow-Knee%2BElastic%2BCompression%2BStockings%2BTo%2BPrevent%2Bthe%2BPost-Thrombotic%2BSyndrome%253A%2BA%2BRandomized%252C%2BControlled%2BTrial%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.7326%252F0003-4819-141-4-200408170-00004%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15313740%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.7326/0003-4819-141-4-200408170-00004&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15313740&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F10%2F1%2F22.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000223290900001&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [10]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [11]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif
NEW THOUGHTS ABOUT AMBIGUITY AND THE TAT.

Abstract The assumption that the extent of projection in projective techniques is a monotonic function of the degree of ambiguity in the TAT is seriously questioned. A review of several studies dealing with ambiguity yielded the conclusion that highly ambiguous TAT pictures were least useful for personality assessment. On the other hand, pictures which are highly unambiguous with regard to what is going on and which contain two or more persons, seem most promising for clinical assessment.
Optogenetic versus Electrical Stimulation of Human Cardiomyocytes: Modeling Insights

Optogenetics provides an alternative to electrical stimulation to manipulate membrane voltage, and trigger or modify action potentials (APs) in excitable cells. We compare biophysically and energetically the cellular responses to direct electrical current injection versus optical stimulation mediated by genetically expressed light-sensitive ion channels, e.g., Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Using a computational model of ChR2(H134R mutant), we show that both stimulation modalities produce similar-in-morphology APs in human cardiomyocytes, and that electrical and optical excitability vary with cell type in a similar fashion. However, whereas the strength-duration curves for electrical excitation in ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes closely follow the theoretical exponential relationship for an equivalent RC circuit, the respective optical strength-duration curves significantly deviate, exhibiting higher nonlinearity. We trace the origin of this deviation to the waveform of the excitatory current—a nonrectangular self-terminating inward current produced in optical stimulation due to ChR2 kinetics and voltage-dependent rectification. Using a unifying charge measure to compare energy needed for electrical and optical stimulation, we reveal that direct electrical current injection (rectangular pulse) is more efficient at short pulses, whereas voltage-mediated negative feedback leads to self-termination of ChR2 current and renders optical stimulation more efficient for long low-intensity pulses. This applies to cardiomyocytes but not to neuronal cells (with much shorter APs). Furthermore, we demonstrate the cell-specific use of ChR2 current as a unique modulator of intrinsic activity, allowing for optical control of AP duration in atrial and, to a lesser degree, in ventricular myocytes. For self-oscillatory cells, such as Purkinje, constant light at extremely low irradiance can be used for fine control of oscillatory frequency, whereas constant electrical stimulation is not feasible due to electrochemical limitations. Our analysis offers insights for designing future new energy-efficient stimulation strategies in heart or brain.
Malignant Melanoma Prognostic Factors 1: Use of Photography

. Superior prognostic scores are obtained by adding the data from melanoma photographs to standard clinical and histologic factors.
Buckling of cylindrical shells under combined torsion and hydrostatic pressure: Tests conducted to determine the stability of thin cylindrical shells under combined loads show that the nondimensional critical hydrostatic and torsional loads, P and T, follow the parabola P+T2=1

Results are given for a series of tests conducted to determine the elastic buckling behavior of circular cylindrical shells under hydrostatic pressure and torsion, both for individual and for combined loads. Nondimensional interaction curves are presented in terms of the geometric parameters of the cylinders and, in general, follow the parabolaP+T2=1, whereP andT are the nondimensional critical hydrostatic and torsional loads, respectively.
Harvesting a protected population in an uncertain environment

Abstract I show that a harvesting policy which combines two different strategies, constant escapement, and constant exploitation rate, utilizes the advantages of both. It is also less sensitive to errors in the estimation of stock recruitment.
FEATURED ARTICLE: The Creative Process in Picasso's Guernica Sketches: Monotonic Improvements versus Nonmonotonic Variants

A controversy has emerged over whether Picasso's sketches for Guernica illustrate a Darwinian process of blind-variation and selective-retention (i.e., nonmonotonic variants), rather than a more systematic, expertise-driven process (i.e., monotonic improvements). This issue is objectively addressed by having judges (1 pro-Darwinian, 2 anti-Darwinian, and 2 neutral) rank the figural components according to their perceived progress toward the final version of the painting. Besides strongly agreeing on the perceived order (composite progress score alpha = .85), the independent judges concurred that this order was conspicuously nonmonotonic, with minimal tendency to converge on the end result. These conclusions held not only for the sketches as a whole, but also for the sequence of sketches for the separate figural elements of the painting. Hence, Picasso's creative process is best described as producing blind nonmonotonic variants, rather than expert monotonic improvements. The general method used in this st...
Needlestick injuries among resident physicians.

Objective:To assess the frequency and causes of needlestick injuries in medical and surgical housestaff.
Three-Dimensional Large Deformation of a Compliant Beam Designed for a Flexonic Mobile Node

This paper presents design and analysis of a flexonic mobile node (FMN) for structural health monitoring. Unlike rigid configurations with a fixed distance between the front and rear axles, this FMN features various deformable configurations in three-dimensional (3D) space by incorporating a compliant beam (connecting the front and rear axles with a controlled pin joint). Hence, this FMN has more flexibility to negotiate corners and attach sensors on ferromagnetic structures. These functions are facilitated by the guidance of an embedded vision controlled system. Controlling a continuous compliant beam is a challenging task in terms of nonlinear deformation with infinite degrees of kinematic redundancy. Detailed discussion focuses on a theoretical beam model for simulating its 3D deformed shape. Results include the relations between input/output displacements and rotation angle for control implementation in sensor attachment and corner negotiation. Experiment is provided for model validation by comparing with the analysis for sensor attachment.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Large-scale water cycle perturbation due to irrigation pumping in the US High Plains: A synthesis of observed streamflow changes

Summary We explore the influence of long-term, large-scale irrigational pumping on spatial and seasonal patterns of streamflow regimes in the High Plains aquifer using extensive observational data to elucidate the effects of regional-scale human alterations on the hydrological cycle. Streamflow, groundwater and precipitation time series spanning all or part of the period of intensive irrigation development (1940–1980) in the region were analyzed for trend and step changes using the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test and the parametric Student’s t -test, respectively. Based on several indicators to evaluate the streamflow–groundwater connection degree over the High Plains aquifer, we found a systematic decrease in the hydraulic connection between groundwater and streamflow from the Northern High Plains to Southern High Plains. Trends and step changes are consistent with this regional pattern. Decreasing trends in annual and dry-season (mean July–August) streamflow and increasing trends in the number of low-flow days are prevalent in the Northern High Plains with a gradual decrease in trend detection towards the south. Additionally, field significance of trends was assessed by the Regional Kendall’s S test over the period of most intensive irrigation development (1940–1980). The step-change results imply that the observed decreases in streamflow are likely attributable to the significant declines in groundwater levels and unlikely related to changes in precipitation because the majority of precipitation data over the region did not reveal any significant changes. Thus, it is very likely that extensive irrigational pumping have caused streamflow depletion, more severely, in the Northern High Plains, and to a lesser extent in the Southern High Plains over the period of study.
Evidence for an electrogenic ion pump in Nitella Translucens. II. Control of the light-stimulated component of the membrane potential

Abstract 1. 1. It was established previously that there is a light-stimulated electrogenic ion pump in Nitella translucens (Spanswick R. M. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 288.73). The effects of CO2 and inhibitors have been used to study the relationship of the pump to photosynthesis under conditions (pH 6.0, 0.5 mM external K+) where it produces a hyperpolarization beyond the limit for a diffusion potential. 2. 2. Under CO2-free conditions the light-stimulated hyperpolarization is maximal and constant. Addition of 1 mM(CO2 + HCO3−) to the external solution produces a slow reversion of the membrane potential and resistance to the dark levels. If 1 mM(CO2 + HCO3−) is present throughout, light has only a small effect. It was concluded that the products of CO2 fixation are not involved in supplying energy to the pump. 3. 3. Further experiments with inhibitors were conducted under CO2-free conditions. 3,3-Dichlorophenyl-N,N-dimethylurea (DCMU) at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 μM had no significant effect on the membrane potential in the light but the higher concentration increased the membrane resistance. These experiments suggested that the pump was not directly linked to non-cyclic electron flow. 4. 4. The remaining possibility was that the pump is driven by ATP produced by cyclic photophosphorylation. This was consistent with the effect of the uncoupler carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) which, at a concentration of 1.0 μM, depolarized the cell to the dark level and increased the resistance. 1 mM azide also reversibly depolarized the cell but its site of action is not known. 5. 5. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) produced a permanent depolarization to the dark level and reduced the subsequent response of the potential to external pH changes. It is suggested that it may affect the ATPase in the cell membrane. 6. 6. 710-nm light also produces a hyperpolarization, confirming the dependence on cyclic photophosphorylation.
Local coefficients and Euler class groups

Abstract In this paper, we establish an isomorphism between the Euler class group E ( R ( X ) , L ) for a real smooth affine variety X = Spec ( A ) and the 0-th homology group H 0 ( M c ; G ) with local coefficients in a bundle G of groups constructed from the line bundle L over M corresponding to the orientation rank-1 projective module L , where M c is the compact part of the manifold M of real points in X . Then by Steenrod's Poincare duality between homology and cohomology groups with local coefficients, this isomorphism is identified with the Whitney class homomorphism.
The I.L.G.W.U. as an organization in the age of Dubinsky

The qualities which make the I.L.G.W.U. special as an organization are a policy-like approach to its job and industry interests, strong commitments to labor movement and social policy goals, and a regard for union management as a "vocation," which includes both calling and expertness. "Social unionism in action" is the way the I.L.G.W.U. characterizes itself. "We have paraded and petitioned and lobbied for more schools, better homes, public work programs, civil rights and equitable representation through which the American purpose can be fulfilled. At the same time we continue to adhere to the belief that the life of the union is based in the shop and that a measure of its effectiveness is the substance of the pay envelope." Most of what the union is comes out of a volatile industry in the process of becoming perhaps less volatile, a society and economy favorably disposed to unionism in the last generation and a top leadership nurtured in an enclave of immigrant radicalism but notwithstanding, or perhaps because of it, sensitively tuned to the currents of indigenous change.
Identification of Sites Responsible for Potentiation of Type 2.3 Calcium Currents by Acetyl-β-methylcholine

To address mechanisms for the differential sensitivity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (Cav) to agonists, channel activity was compared in Xenopus oocytes coexpressing muscarinic M(1) receptors and different Cav alpha1 subunits, all with beta1B,alpha2/delta subunits. Acetyl-beta-methylcholine (MCh) decreased Cav 1.2c currents, did not affect 2.1 or 2.2 currents, but potentiated Cav 2.3 currents. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) did not affect Cav 1.2c or 2.1 currents but potentiated 2.2 and 2.3 currents. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the alpha1 subunits revealed a set of potential protein kinase C phosphorylation sites in common between the 2.2 and 2.3 channels that respond to PMA and a set of potential sites unique to the alpha1 2.3 subunits that respond to MCh. Quadruple Ser --> Ala mutation of the predicted MCh sites in the alpha1 2.3 subunit (Ser-888, Ser-892, and Ser-894 in the II-III linker and Ser-1987 in the C terminus) caused loss of the MCh response but not the PMA response. Triple Ser --> Ala mutation of just the II-III linker sites gave similar results. Ser-888 or Ser-892 was sufficient for the MCh responsiveness, whereas Ser-894 required the presence of Ser-1987. Ser --> Asp substitution of Ser-888, Ser-892, Ser-1987, and Ser-892/Ser-1987 increased the basal current and decreased the MCh response but did not alter the PMA response. These results reveal that sites unique to the II-III linker of alpha1 2.3 subunits mediate the responsiveness of Cav 2.3 channels to MCh. Because Cav 2.3 channels contribute to action potential-induced Ca2+ influx, these sites may account for M1 receptor-mediated regulation of neurotransmission at some synapses.
Report on the workship on virus induction by cell association.

According to the decision reached at the meeting of the Committee of Virology and Immunology of the UICC held at Sukhumi, USSR, in May, 1965, a Workshop on Virus Induction by Cell Association was held at The Wistar Institute on November 2 and 3, 1967. The Workshop was attended by scientists from the following countries: Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Japan, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States and USSR. The subject of the first session was “The Investigation of Rous Sarcoma Virus”.
Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Demise Associated with Cryopreservation Failure

Current preservation strategies range from the storage of cells, tissues, and organs for hours at hypothermic temperatures (from 25°C to 4°C) to extended periods of time (i.e., years) at ultralow, subfreezing temperatures (-80°C or below). Biologic preservation serves many practical and useful purposes in today's society, ranging from the storage of biological material for research to preservation for use in medical transplantation procedures. Regardless of the end use, the goal of preservation is to extend the window of biological function. In the pursuit of the development of improved biopreservation methodologies, recent investigations have implicated the activation of genetically programmed cell death, apoptosis, and pathological cell death, necrosis, as limiting factors. Accordingly, we review the field of cryopreservation and apoptosis in an effort to provide a guide for future evaluations into the role of apoptosis in cryopreservation failure.
Accuracy of Home Range Estimators for Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Point Patterns

Abstract The only assumption of kernel density estimation, the most popular method of animal home range delineation, is that sample points used to approximate the utilization distribution are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.), or what is termed ‘homogeneous’ or ‘stationary’. This research evaluated the accuracy of several home range estimators for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous point patterns of animal tracking data. A novel technique was developed to simulate home ranges from an extensive database of observed Florida panther ( Puma concolor coryi ) locations. Thirty-five homogeneous and inhomogeneous point distributions, each, were generated and used to delineate known home ranges for individual animals. Random samples of 100, 250, 500, and 1000 points from each simulated distribution were used to evaluate the accuracy of fixed and adaptive kernel density estimation (KDE), local nearest neighbor convex hull ( k -LoCoH), and characteristic hull polygon (CHP) methods for delineating home ranges. Both fixed and adaptive KDE overestimated home ranges by up to 30% for homogeneous samples and underestimated areas by about 50% for inhomogeneous ones. The k -LoCoH method performed relatively better than KDE, tending to produce slight underestimates of home range sizes, but its performance was widely affected by both homogeneity and sample size. The CHP method produced relatively unbiased estimates of home range sizes for both types of samples, with results fairly robust to sample size. These findings demonstrate the influence of inhomogeneity or nonstationarity in animal locational data on the accuracy of home range estimation methods and suggest that ecologists should consider multiple underlying statistical assumptions when selecting a home range estimator.
EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGY: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN 2000‐2010

This article is based on the following three premises: (a) Change is an important attribute of contemporary society, (b) educational gerontology is especially sensitive to some changes, and (c) as a consequence, change in educational gerontology will occur between now and 2010. Five factors that will affect the nature of educational gerontology in 2010 are (a) the aging of the Baby Boomers, (b) rising educational achievement levels, (c) social trends, (d) economic trends, and (e) electronic advances. These factors will have consequences in at least three important educational gerontology areas: research into aging, instructional content, and instructional media. Each of the above factors and consequences is discussed and conclusions are offered. This research was supported by the Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.
The time-of-propagation counter for BelleII

The Belle II detector operating at the future upgrade to the KEKB accelerator will perform high-statistics precision investigations into the flavor sector of the Standard Model. As charged hadron identification is a vital element of the experiment's success, the time-of-propagation (TOP) counter has been chosen as the primary particle identification device in the barrel region of Belle II. The TOP counter is a compact variant of the detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light (DIRC) technique and relies heavily on exquisite single photon timing resolution with micro-channel plate photomultiplier tubes. We discuss the general principles of TOP operation and optimization of the Belle II TOP configuration, which is expected to provide 4 sigma or better separation of kaons and pions up to momenta of approximately 4 GeV/c.
Large spectral shifts of stimulated hyper-Raman scattering: predictions and observations in Xe

Abstract The influence of near-resonant sum or difference frequency-mixing fields on multiphoton excitations can produce large pressure-dependent lineshifts for odd-photon resonances, as recently reported by Garrett et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 (1990) 1717]. Stimulated hyper-Raman emission from Xe is shown to exhibit similar pressure dependent shifts.
Gastrointestinal ramifications of the cloacal exstrophy complex: a 44-year experience.

Abstract Purpose Cloacal exstrophy is a rare and complex congenital anomaly requiring coordination among multiple pediatric subspecialties. There is currently no consensus regarding the fate and function of the hindgut, which plays an integral role in patients' long-term gastrointestinal health and genitourinary reconstruction. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed evaluating 77 patients with cloacal exstrophy treated during the previous 44 years at our institution. Results Seventy-seven patients with cloacal exstrophy were treated between 1965 and 2008. Sixty-five were white, 6 were African American, 3 were Asian, and 3 were Hispanic. Genotypes included 44 XY, 32 XX, and 1 XYY. Fifty-one were reared as females and 26 as males. The hindgut length was 2 to 5 cm in 11 patients, 6 to 10 cm in 18 patients, 11 to 15 cm in 6 patients, 16 to 20 cm in 7 patients, and greater than 20 cm in 2 patients. The hindgut length was unknown in 33 patients. Forty-seven patients had tubularization of the cecal plate with an end colostomy, and 30 patients had an ileostomy placed for bowel diversion purposes. Four patients had short gut syndrome. Thirty-one patients had genitourinary reconstruction, 12 using small bowel and 19 using colon. Eight patients had hindgut pull-through procedures. Conclusion Gastrointestinal ramifications of the cloacal exstrophy complex include the occurrence of short gut syndrome and significant fluid and electrolyte derangements in patients receiving an ileostomy for initial intestinal management. This has caused a paradigm shift of initial intestinal management to tubularization of the cecal plate with end colostomy placement. This shift has eliminated the occurrence of short gut syndrome and enabled patients to be candidates for intestinal pull-through procedure if these patients are able to form solid stool, have a reasonable degree of pelvic neuromuscular development, and are able to comply with a bowel management program.
Glutamate as a neuron-to-glial signal for mitogenesis: role of glialN-methyl-d-aspartate receptors

Abstract The presence on glial cells of receptors for neurotransmitters suggests the capability of neuron-to-glial signalling. Here, we asked whether the retinal transmitter, glutamate, may serve as a mitogenic signal for human retinal glial cells. Using cultured glia from the adult postmortem retina, we found that glutamate stimulated the proliferation of these glial cells. Pharmacological experiments indicated that this proliferative effect involved activation ofN-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels. Activation of NMDA receptors on retinal glial cells may mediate a proliferative response of these cells to pathophysiologic conditions causing a sustained elevation of glutamate.
Changes in the content of biologically active polyamines during pork loin storage and culinary treatments

Dietary polyamines putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) participate in numerous human physiological processes, including tumour growth. Physicians and dieticians thus need reliable information on their contents in foods. However, data for processed meat are rather limited. Eight experiments with pork loin were therefore carried out. Loins were stored at −18 °C for 168 days in three experiments, in next three ones pork was stored aerobically, vacuum-packaged and packaged in a modified atmosphere (70% N2 and 30% CO2, v/v) at +2 °C for 9, 21 and 21 days, respectively. The effects of five usual culinary treatments were tested in two experiments. The polyamines were determined as dansyl derivatives using a HPLC method. Only SPM was determined at levels 20.3–25.2 mg kg−1 in fresh loins; PUT and SPD contents were below the detection limits. SPM content slightly, but significantly (P 0.05) decreased during all three variants of cold storage. SPM losses of about 40% of the initial content were observed during boiling, stewing, pan-roasting without oil and breaded pork frying, while roasting caused the loss of about 55%. Similar losses were found for loins processed 24 h and 7 days after slaughter. No SPM content was detectable in broth and grease produced during the processing.
The Tiptop coal-mine fire, Kentucky: Preliminary investigation of the measurement of mercury and other hazardous gases from coal-fire gas vents

Abstract The Tiptop underground coal-mine fire in the Skyline coalbed of the Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation was investigated in rural northern Breathitt County, Kentucky, in May 2008 and January 2009, for the purpose of determining the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and mercury (Hg) in the vent and for measuring gas-vent temperatures. At the time of our visits, concentrations of CO2 peaked at 2.0% and > 6.0% (v/v) and CO at 600 ppm and > 700 ppm during field analysis in May 2008 and January 2009, respectively. For comparison, these concentrations exceed the U.S. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) eight-hour safe exposure limits (0.5% CO2 and 50 ppm CO), although the site is not currently mined. Mercury, as Hg0, in excess of 500 and 2100 μg/m3, in May and January, respectively, in the field, also exceeded the OSHA eight-hour exposure limit (50 μg/m3). Carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and a suite of organic compounds were determined at two vents for the first sampling event. All gases are diluted by air as they exit and migrate away from a gas vent, but temperature inversions and other meteorological conditions could lead to unhealthy concentrations in the nearby towns. Variation in gas temperatures, nearly 300 °C during the January visit to the fire versus
Nest defense and aggressive interactions between a small benthic fish (the johnny darter Etheostoma nigrum) and crayfish

Aggression by nest-guarding male johnny darters, Etheostoma nigrum, against intruding crayfish was investigated in laboratoy experiments and field observations. In the laboratory, darter success in chasing crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, from the nest site was inversely related to crayfish size. Small crayfish (less than 15 mm carapace length) were routinely evicted from the nest area by nips directed at the posterior end of the abdomen. Although such aggressive behavior was less successful against larger crayfish, even the largest crayfish tested (carapace length 30–32 mm) were chased from the nest area in 33% of the trials. Those large crayfish that entered nests often remained despite repeated attacks by the male johnny darter and egg predation was observed. In a small Ohio stream, openings to johnny darter nests were generally between 7 and 13 mm. Thus crayfish with a carapace height greater than 13 mm (corresponding to a carapace length greater than 29 mm) would not be able to enter johnny darter nests. In field observations, male Johnny darters successfully defended nests against another crayfish species (Orconectes sanborni, carapace length 12–29 mm). Together, aggressive behavior and small size of nest entrances allow the johnny darter to successfully reproduce in areas with abundant crayfish.
STRONG-COUPLING SOLUTION OF THE BRONZAN--LEE MODEL.

An approximate solution of the nonrelativistic Bronzan-Lee model in all sectors is described. By using Tomonaga's intermediate-coupling approximation and then minimizing a strong-coupling approximation to the lowest set of energy eigenvalues, a relatively simple strong-coupling solution is obtained which avoids the restriction to large-source radius inherent in North's strong-coupling treatment. An explicit calculation is carried out for the special case $f=g\ensuremath{\gg}1$, in which case one finds an isobar spectrum ${E}_{q}\ensuremath{\sim}(6{q}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1){g}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, where $q$ denotes the total charge.