cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does this patient have a hemorrhagic stroke?: clinical findings distinguishing hemorrhagic stroke from ischemic stroke.

Context The 2 fundamental subtypes of stroke are hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke. Although neuroimaging is required to distinguish these subtypes, the diagnostic accuracy of bedside findings has not been systematically reviewed. Objective To determine the accuracy of clinical examination in distinguishing hemorrhagic stroke from ischemic stroke. Data Sources MEDLINE and EMBASE searches of English-language articles published from January 1966 to April 2010. Study Selection Prospective studies of adult patients with stroke that compared initial clinical findings with accepted diagnostic standards of hemorrhagic stroke (computed tomography or autopsy). Data Extraction Both authors independently appraised study quality and extracted relevant data. Data Synthesis Nineteen prospective studies meeting inclusion criteria were identified (N = 6438 patients; n = 1528 [24%] with hemorrhage stroke). Several findings significantly increase the probability of hemorrhagic stroke: coma (likelihood ratio [LR], 6.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2-12), neck stiffness (LR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.9-12.8), seizures accompanying the neurologic deficit (LR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.6-14), diastolic blood pressure greater than 110 mm Hg (LR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.4-14), vomiting (LR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.7-5.5), and headache (LR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.7-4.8). Other findings decrease the probability of hemorrhage: cervical bruit (LR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03-0.47) and prior transient ischemic attack (LR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.18-0.65). A Siriraj score greater than 1 increases the probability of hemorrhage (LR, 5.7; 95% CI, 4.4-7.4) while a score lower than −1 decreases the probability (LR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.23-0.37). Nonetheless, many patients with stroke lack any diagnostic finding, and 20% have Siriraj scores between 1 and −1, which are diagnostically unhelpful (LR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.77-1.1). Conclusion In patients with acute stroke, certain findings accurately increase or decrease the probability of intracranial hemorrhage, but no finding or combination of findings is definitively diagnostic in all patients, and diagnostic certainty requires neuroimaging.
Synthesis and Chemistry of the 16‐Electron Osmium Complex [OsBr(η5‐C5Me5)(PiPr3)]

The isolable 16-electron half-sandwich Os complex [OsBr(η5-C5Me5)(PiPr3)] has been synthesized and structurally characterized. This unsaturated complex binds N2 reversibly at low temperature as determined by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The reactions of the title complex with CO, H2, PhSiH3, and its thermolysis in C6H6 are reported.
Setting planned orders in master production scheduling under demand uncertainty

For single end-product master production scheduling with time-varying demand uncertainty and supply capacity, we study approaches to set replenishment quantities over the planning horizon. We present a stochastic programming model along with a simulation-based optimisation and two traditional approaches for setting order quantities. We compare these approaches to two new methods: gamma approximation and safety stock search. Computational experiments show that the gamma approximation and safety stock search perform well in terms of holding and shortage costs, with expected total cost on average, respectively, within 0.06% and 0.66% of the optimal from the stochastic program. On average, the two traditional approaches incur 12% and 45% higher cost than optimal. We provide managerial insights on the effects of parameters such as demand coefficient of variation (cv), utilisation, and target service level on the optimal total cost, the corresponding fill rate, and the relative performance of the approaches. We...
Voxel-based morphometry in patients with obsessive-compulsive behaviors in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia

Background and purpose: Obsessions and compulsive (OC) behaviors are a frequent feature of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), but their structural correlates have not been definitively established. Methods: Patients with bvFTD presenting to the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center were recruited. Each patient’s caregiver was given the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale (YBOCS) to document the type and presence of OC behaviors and to rate their severity. All subjects underwent standardized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that was evaluated using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Seventeen patients with bvFTD were recruited, and 11 were included in the study and compared with 11 age- and gender-matched controls. Six were excluded for lack of MRI at the time of survey or a pre-existing neurodegenerative condition. Results: Nine of the 11 reported OC behaviors, with the most frequent compulsions being checking, hoarding, ordering/arranging, repeating rituals, and cleaning. In the VBM analysis, total YBOCS score correlated with gray matter loss in the bilateral globus pallidus, left putamen, and in the lateral temporal lobe, particularly the left middle and inferior temporal gyri (P < 0.001 uncorrected for multiple comparisons). Conclusions: Obsessive-compulsive behaviors were frequent among these patients. The correlation with basal ganglia atrophy may point to involvement of frontal subcortical neuronal networks. Left lateral temporal lobe volume loss probably reflects the number of MAPT mutation patients included but also provides additional data implicating temporal lobe involvement in OC behaviors.
Agency Theory and Variable Pay Compensation Strategies

This study used a sample of middle-level managers to investigate the effects of organization-level agency-theory-based variables on the proportion of variable compensation that managers receive. Le...
Osteocalcin: a pivotal mediator or an innocent bystander in energy metabolism?

The importance of the bone–kidney axis in physiologic regulation of mineral ion homeostasis has been extensively studied and documented. Numerous research studies have convincingly shown that pathology in one organ can affect the functionality of the other organ. For instance, chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients usually present with complications of bone anomalies that vary from fractures (due to increased bone fragility) to extraskeletal calcification (due to mineral ion dysregulation). These skeletal anomalies in CKD–mineral bone disorder (CKD–MBD) are partly related to decreased osteoblastic differentiation that impairs the anabolic responses of the bone [1]. CKD patients in their forties who are undergoing dialysis treatment are 80 times more likely to acquire hip fractures than age- and sex-matched controls [2]. Furthermore, studies have documented a linear correlation between insulin resistance and the decline of renal functions [3]. In a large cohort of > 6000 non-diabetic individuals, insulin resistance and concomitant hyperinsulinemia were detected in CKD patients [4]. Why CKD patients are more likely to develop insulin resistance is not yet clear, and carefully designed studies are needed to determine whether impaired osteoblastic activity in CKD may induce such resistance. Such possibilities arise from the recent discoveries that have shown that osteoblast-derived factor can affect energy metabolism by influencing insulin secretion [5,6].
Bilateral Buphthalmia in a 4-Month-Old Texas Longhorn Steer

Congenital ocular disease occurs uncommonly in cattle, with multiple abnormalities reported only sporadically in the literature. This report describes a case of anterior segment dysgenesis resulting in glaucoma in a 4-month-old Texas Longhorn steer. On clinical exam, bilateral buphthalmia was present and intraocular pressures exceeded 47 mm Hg in both eyes. On histopathologic examination, the iridocorneal angle and filtration apparatus were distorted due to collapse of the ciliary cleft and anterior displacement of the anterior portion of the ciliary body. No evidence of inflammation or other causes of glaucoma were recognized.
Structural and Electronic Relationships in the High-Temperature Copper-Based Superconductors

Atomic displacements from the ideal rock-salt positions in the Tl-, Bi-, and Pb-O layers of the Cu-based high-T c super-conductors affect the electronic nature of these oxides. When distortions in the Bi-O layers of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 are considered, the bottom of the Bi 6p band is found to lie more than 1 eV above the Fermi level. Displacements in the double Tl-O layers of Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca n−1 Cu n O 2n+4 places the bottom of the Tl 6s bands significantly below the Fermi level showing that electrons can be removed from the x 2 -y 2 bands of the CuO 2 layers. However, this is not the case for the thallium-oxygen single layers of Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca n−1 Cu n O 2n+3 . Correlations between the superconducting transition temperatures, T c , and the in-plane Cu-O bond lengths, r Cu−O' , of the Tl- and Bi- based copper-oxide super-conductors reveal T c vs r Cu−O characteristics similar to those found for La 2−x Sr x CuO 4 .
The magnetic coupling of a piezoelectric cantilever for enhanced energy harvesting efficiency

It is shown that the energy harvesting capabilities of a piezoelectric cantilever can be enhanced through coupling to a static magnetic field. A permanent magnet is fixed to the end of a piezoelectric cantilever, causing it to experience a non-linear force as it moves with respect to a stationary magnet. The magnetically coupled cantilever responds to vibration over a much broader frequency range than a standard cantilever, and exhibits non-periodic or chaotic motion. While the off-resonance response is substantially increased compared to that of a standard cantilever, no reduction in the response at the resonant frequency is observed, as long as a symmetric magnetic force is applied. The magnetically coupled cantilever motion is analyzed using a simple driven harmonic oscillator model with a non-linear magnetic force term. The results show that magnetic coupling can be used to increase the amount of power scavenged from environments containing multi-mode, or random vibration sources.
The history of vaccination against cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus vaccine development started in the 1970s with attenuated strains. In the 1980s, one of the strains was shown to be safe and effective in renal transplant patients. Then, attention switched to glycoprotein gB, which was shown to give moderate but transient protection against acquisition of the virus by women. The identification of the pp65 tegument protein as the principal target of cellular immune responses resulted in new approaches, particularly DNA, plasmids to protect hematogenous stem cell recipients. The subsequent discovery of the pentameric protein complex that generates most neutralizing antibodies led to efforts to incorporate that complex into vaccines. At this point, there are many candidate CMV vaccines, including live recombinants, replication-defective virus, DNA plasmids, soluble pentameric proteins, peptides, virus-like particles and vectored envelope proteins.
Developments in the systemic therapy of early-stage breast cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease classified by variations in gene expression, and as such, concepts regarding treatment recommendations according to molecular classification are being explored. Retrospective data from hypothesis-generating subset analyses of adjuvant clinical trials have shown that patients with lower oestrogen receptor (ER) expression are more likely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy compared with patients who have intermediate or high ER expression. In addition, greater benefit is obtained from increasing the dose density of chemotherapy for ER-negative versus ER-positive disease, although some ER-positive patients do benefit from more aggressive chemotherapy. A high research priority is to identify those ER-positive patients who will benefit from multi-agent chemotherapy. Subset analyses have also shown that patients with progesterone receptor (PR)-negative disease may benefit from taxane-based chemotherapy, regardless of ER status. Furthermore, adjuvant trastuzumab should be considered in human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive patients who have a moderate/high risk of recurrence. These molecular classifications are being used to design clinical trials to enable adjuvant treatment recommendations to be made based not only on prognostic factors but also on predictive factors for benefit. In future, therapies will increasingly target particular molecular subsets and, as a result, become more effective.
Constrained-storage vector quantization in high fidelity audio transform coding

The concept and design methods for efficient use of vector quantization (VQ) in high-fidelity audio coding are presented. It is demonstrated that with constrained-storage VQ (CSVQ), tree-structured codebooks can be constructed for very high rates without incurring an exponential growth in storage complexity and without impairing the rate-distortion performance. Nonlinear interpolative VQ allows efficient coding of the power envelope needed for transform-coefficient normalization and adaptive distortion assignment. These techniques lead to a substantial reduction in the overall bit rate and codebook storage for the audio coder. >
Neural Mechanisms of Visual Attention: Object-Based Selection of a Region in Space

Objects play an important role in guiding spatial attention through a cluttered visual environment. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (ER-fMRI) to measure brain activity during cued discrimination tasks requiring subjects to orient attention either to a region bounded by an object (object-based spatial attention) or to an unbounded region of space (location-based spatial attention) in anticipation of an upcoming target. Comparison between the two tasks revealed greater activation when attention selected a region bounded by an object. This activation was strongly lateralized to the left hemisphere and formed a widely distributed network including (a) attentional structures in parietal and temporal cortex and thalamus, (b) ventral-stream object processing structures in occipital, inferior-temporal, and parahippocampal cortex, and (c) control structures in medial- and dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that object-based spatial selection is achieved by imposing additional constraints over and above those processes already operating to achieve selection of an unbounded region. In addition, ER-fMRI methodology allowed a comparison of validly versus invalidly cued trials, thereby delineating brain structures involved in the reorientation of attention after its initial deployment proved incorrect. All areas of activation that differentiated between these two trial types resulted from greater activity during the invalid trials. This outcome suggests that all brain areas involved in attentional orienting and task performance in response to valid cues are also involved on invalid trials. During invalid trials, additional brain regions are recruited when a perceiver recovers from invalid cueing and reorients attention to a target appearing at an uncued location. Activated brain areas specific to attentional reorientation were strongly right-lateralized and included posterior temporal and inferior parietal regions previously implicated in visual attention processes, as well as prefrontal regions that likely subserve control processes, particularly related to inhibition of inappropriate responding.
Shining light on infants' discovery of structure.

Abstract Learning and discovery seem often to begin with noting patterns. Human infants are skilled at pattern detection, even patterns only definable at an abstract level, which is key to their acquisition of complex knowledge systems such as language and music. However, research examining infants’ abstract rule learning has generated inconsistent results. We propose that apparent domain differences in infants’ abstract rule learning may be the result of extraneous stimulus variation and discrepancies in the methodologies employed across studies probing this skill. We discuss how a behavioral methodology indexing infants’ online learning would be valuable in furthering understanding of infants’ (as well as adults’) abstract rule learning and its neurophysiological concomitants. We outline current research aimed at developing such an index, and we propose future research, pairing such techniques with neurophysiological methods, aimed at shining more light on human skill at discovering structure.
Using High-Resolution Remotely Sensed Data to Examine the Relationship Between Agriculture and Fertility in Mali

Mali reports one of the highest fertility levels in the world. Most Malians grow their own food or rely on locally grown food to feed their families. Because Mali is potentially facing a loss of existing arable land due to climate change, however, concern over the ability of the country to meet the nutritional needs of its growing population is high. Building on historical studies of fertility and agriculture, in this research we examine the impact of local food production on fertility outcomes, taking advantage of geo-referenced health data and recently developed analytic strategies from the remote sensing literature. To examine this relationship we rely on the Demographic and Health Survey data from 2006 as well as on a collection of very high-resolution remotely sensed imagery. Results suggest that fertility, and in some cases fertility aspirations, is positively related to food production and broader scale food production strategies. These results hold even after accounting for individual variation in...
Structure and dynamics of model colloidal clusters with short-range attractions.

We examine the structure and dynamics of small isolated $N$-particle clusters interacting via short-ranged Morse potentials. ``Ideally prepared ensembles'' obtained via exact enumeration studies of sticky hard-sphere packings serve as reference states allowing us to identify key statistical-geometrical properties and to quantitatively characterize how nonequilibrium ensembles prepared by thermal quenches at different rates $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{T}$ differ from their equilibrium counterparts. Studies of equilibrium dynamics show nontrivial temperature dependence: nonexponential relaxation indicates both glassy dynamics and differing stabilities of degenerate clusters with different structures. Our results should be useful for extending recent experimental studies of small colloidal clusters to examine both equilibrium relaxation dynamics at fixed $T$ and a variety of nonequilibrium phenomena.
An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Femtosecond Laser Processing of Germanium

An ab initio molecular dynamics study of femtosecond laser processing of germanium is presented in this paper. The method based on the finite temperature density functional theory is adopted to probe the nanostructure change, thermal motion of the atoms, dynamic property of the velocity autocorrelation, and the vibrational density of states. Starting from a cubic system at room temperature (300 K) containing 64 germanium atoms with an ordered arrangement of 1.132 nm in each dimension, the femtosecond laser processing is simulated by imposing the Nose Hoover thermostat to the electron subsystem lasting for ∼100 fs and continuing with microcanonical ensemble simulation of ∼200 fs. The simulation results show solid, liquid and gas phases of germanium under adjusted intensities of the femtosecond laser irradiation. We find the irradiated germanium distinguishes from the usual germanium crystal by analyzing their melting and dynamic properties.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Fear and Loathing in Constitutional Decision-Making

National security crises are particularly difficult on the judiciary. Faced with a threat to the country's integrity, such cases require judges rationally and fairly to weigh this hefty interest against the rights of persons suspected of posing that very threat. Not surprisingly, judges have rarely lived up to this task as many have fallen sway to the same fear and prejudice that gripped the county during these times. Scholars have written extensively about judicial capitulation to fear and prejudice in such well-known cases as Schenck v. United States, Korematsu v. United States, and Dennis v. United States, with some lamenting the Courts' weakness and others defending the decisions in light of the high stakes involved. However, few, if any, have tried to understand how such decisions came about. Without such an understanding, the debate regarding judicial deference remains unsatisfying, as both sides continue to talk at one another without sufficient consideration of the influences on judges making such decisions. This article considers the manner in which social and psychological forces affected the judiciary in Dennis v. United States, one of the most famous and most criticized Supreme Court crisis decisions. Specifically, it examines the role that biased risk assessment and prejudice likely played in Dennis. It also examines the role that the Court's legal doctrine played in facilitating those psychological influences and concludes with some thoughts regarding the Court's modern doctrine and its capability of battling against the influence of fear and prejudice in times of crisis.
Causal Reasoning and Children’s Comprehension of Therapeutic Interpretations

One summer morning, while waiting for the elusive bluefish to appear in the Cape Cod surf, I noticed my fishing partners, a friend and his young son, were doing more talking than fishing. The boy, frustrated by the summer heat and the absence of fish, began asking his father a series of questions. Among other things he inquired about the rising tide and waning moon. The father, unusually patient, offered his son careful and simply-worded explanations, apparently pleased with the image of his son as a budding naturalist. After hearing about the ebb and flow of the tides in some scientific detail, the boy looked at his father and posed one last question, “But Daddy why does the water want to do that?”
Vegetation influences near-surface hydrological characteristics on a surface coal mine in eastern USA

Abstract Mining processes alter natural landscapes worldwide, and methods for restoration of mined areas are widely studied. Establishment of vegetation is essential to mined land restoration. Prior research has addressed vegetative influence on erosion and runoff, but effects of vegetation type on surface hydrologic processes are less studied. We measured infiltration rates and observed subsurface flow paths in mine soils on a reforested area and a grassed area on a former surface coal mine in the eastern United States. The two areas were constructed and reclaimed fourteen years prior to our study using processes similar in all aspects except vegetation. MiniDisk tension infiltrometers and Brilliant Blue FCF dye staining analyses were utilized to evaluate near-surface flow processes in the vegetated mine soils. Mean infiltration rates were 16.5 ± 10.7 cm h− 1 and 10.4 ± 7.7 cm h− 1 for the reforested and grassed areas, respectively. Infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivities, dye coverage, and dye stained areas were significantly higher in the reforested area. The grassed area had constant dye coverage with depth but more flow paths than the reforested area. A transition from vegetation-controlled subsurface flow to abiotic-control at greater depths was evident in the stained soil profiles. Results highlight the heterogeneous nature of mine soils and the influence of vegetation type in development of mine soil hydrologic processes.
Coaxial Electrospinning Biopolymer With Living Cells

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine aim to produce tissue constructs in vitro which can subsequently be implanted in vivo to repair damaged or diseased tissues in a clinically relevant time scale. Coaxial electrospinning techniques are capable of producing 3D scaffolds with living cells, growth factors, and or time release drugs embedded within nano fibers. The fabrication of such electrospun mats requires a novel coaxial delivery system which provides encapsulation, protection and hydration of living cells. The electrospun fibers will form a mat adaptive to its collector that facilitates cell adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation. The embedded living cells may be employed to perform vital tasks such as secretion of matrix components and growth factors. These electrospun mats would improve viability of tissue engineered constructs, and may be made into biomedical devices. Cold water fish skin gelatin (high polarity natural polymer) is used to encapsulate cells while Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) serves as the electrospinning filler in the biosuspension. Glutaraldehyde (GTA) solution is used to preserve the 3D environment and structural integrity of the electrospun mats.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Current Trends of Communicative Disorders in a Public School System

The study sought to determine the extent of service delivery for communicative disorders in the Nashville public schools during the academic year 1979–80. Of the 71,662 children enrolled in grades K thru 12, 2,877 children or 4.01% of the population were receiving services for communicative disorders. Of this number, 2,023 or 2.82% were primary and 854 or 1.19% were secondary handicaps. From these figures, it was determined that 70.3% of the service delivery was for primary handicaps and the remaining 29.3% for secondary handicaps. The primary handicaps of speech, language, and hearing accounted for 83.2, 10.6, and 6.2% respectively. Males (63.5%) were seen 1.7 times more often than females (36.5%). Quantitatively there were no apparent racial differences. The in-depth analyses indicated that blacks had a greater propensity for language disorder than whites while whites had a greater propensity for hearing disorders than blacks. The multidimensional scaling analysis supported the significance of these and...
Impact of Insulin Dependence on Lumbar Surgery Outcomes: An NSQIP Analysis of 51,277 Patients.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to evaluate the differential impact of insulin dependence on lumbar surgery outcomes, including surgical and medical complications, total length of hospital stay, nonhome bound discharge, and unplanned readmissions. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although the negative effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on joint arthroplasty outcomes are well documented, there is a paucity of studies evaluating those on spine surgery. METHODS Data files from 2005 to 2013 were reviewed and to collect data on patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. χ tests, for categorical variables, and one-way ANOVA, for continuous variables, were used to identify differences in perioperative variables among patients who do not have DM, who are insulin-independent (NIDDM), and who are insulin-dependent (IDDM). Binary logistic regression analysis assessed the effect of DM status on surgical outcomes. Significance was defined as P < 0.05. RESULTS Significant differences were detected among the three groups in surgical and medical complication and unplanned readmission rates, as well as rates of nonhome-bound discharge. The NIDDM and IDDM groups experienced significantly longer mean total hospital length of stay at 3.2 and 3.9 days, respectively, compared with 2.6 days for nondiabetics (P < 0.0001). Both NIDDM (OR, 1.226; P = 0.017) and IDDM (OR, 1.499; P < 0.0001) independently increased the risk for medical complications, whereas only IDDM (OR, 2.429; P < 0.0001) was associated with surgical complications. IDDM was found to be associated with increased rate of 30-day unplanned readmission (OR, 1.353; P = 0.005). Neither NIDDM nor IDDM had an effect on the likelihood of nonhome discharge. CONCLUSION We hope our findings improve risk stratification efforts and informed consent for two DM patient populations. In addition, our findings advocate for appropriate risk stratification of a subgroup DM patients who are dependent on insulin and are at greater risk for surgical morbidity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Evaluation of properties of binary composite systems and its mechanism in-sub-layers

In view of the scaling and emulsion phenomena of produced liquid in strong or weak base ASP system,taking advantage of surfactants and polymers system,through equipment analysis,we have studied the viscosity,interfacial tension(including stability,temperature tolerance and adsorption properties) transmission and migration characteristics of five binary composite systems,furthermore carried out displacement experiment.The results show that mass fraction,time,temperature and adsorption of surfactants have effects on viscosity and interfacial tension of these five kinds of binary composite systems in varying degrees."Polymer and Donghao petroleum sulfonate" and "Polymer and Sun-Anshun" have uniform detention following the core length and stronger effects on transmission and migration."Polymer and Daqing SJT-B" and "Polymer and refining petroleum sulfonate" have weaker effects.In the oil-bonded sand pack model and artificial heterogeneous physical model displacement experiments,the results show that "Polymer and Sun-Anshun" have the best effects on increasing oil production,the following are "Polymer and refining petroleum sulfonate" and "Polymer and Daqing SJT-B" and "Polymer and Donghao petroleum sulfonate" worst.Of all these five surfactants,"Sun-Anshun" and "Refining petroleum sulfonate" have best compatibility with oil and water in Daqing Sabei sub-layers.Not only can these "polymer and surfactants " systems achieve ultra-low interfacial tension,but also have little effect on the viscoelasticity of the polymer solution and better oil washing and flow control ability.
Cervical Carcinoma Surveillance Counterpoint: USA

The role of follow-up surveillance for patients treated for cervical cancer with curative intent has not been fully defined. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) practice guidelines for surveillance recommend office visits and Pap tests every 3 months the first year, every 4 months the second year, every 6 months the third year, then annually (Table 64.1) [1]. They also recommend performing a chest X-ray annually with other imaging studies ordered as clinically indicated. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) notes that patients treated for cervical cancer should be monitored regularly with thrice-yearly follow-up examinations the first 2 years and twice yearly, subsequently to year 5, with Pap tests and chest X-rays annually [2]. These recommendations are based primarily on expert opinion and consensus. Although evidence-based criteria for screening strategies are lacking and strict screening strategies are not uniformly implemented, the approach reported by most authors broadly consists of examinations every 3 months the year following treatment, with increasing intervals between screening the subsequent years. Pap smears, chest X-rays, and ultrasounds are used with varying frequency.
Recurrent Periosteal Chondroma: Report Of Two Cases And A Review Of The Literature

Two cases of recurrent periosteal chondroma are described and the roenstgenographic and histopathological findings presented. The established tendency for recurrence in these lesions justifies block excision rather than enucleation.
The Fiscal Implications of Trade Liberalization in Transition Countries

Trade liberalization has rightly been a central component in strategies for development. Tanzi 1989, Tanzi 1991 has highlighted the costs of trade restrictions, whether tariffs or quotas. The rapid push toward trade liberalization in transition countries may nonetheless not have been unambiguously positive because it is likely to have been costly in terms of lost tax revenue. This is especially true of the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU). The revenue problem, and its policy implications, are the topic of this chapter.
On the evaluation of wind loads on solar panels: The scale issue

Abstract Solar power can improve the quality of life and reduce dependency on traditional energies that are a significant source of pollution and global warming. Solar panels are common devices used for collecting solar energy. To balance between sustainability and resilience, it is essential to provide an accurate estimate of the design wind loads for the solar panels. Traditionally design wind loads for buildings and other structures are obtained using building codes and standards. The solar panels represent a relatively recent technology and indeed there is no complete guidance ready for codification of wind loads on these types of structures. Available wind tunnel data show discrepancies in wind loads on solar panels, owing to inconsistent model scales and test flows, among other factors. To eliminate such discrepancies in the test results and to allow for accurate wind load estimation, the current paper investigates the geometric scale and the inflow turbulence characteristics as potential causes of high uncertainties. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are employed and results are compared with available wind tunnel data, as a complementary tool with a potential to simulate wind loads at full-scale. The results show that the geometric scale is a primary reason for the discrepancies in peak wind loads, which can be avoided by adapting the inflow turbulence and using a proper testing protocol. The results show an evidence of the correctness of a hypothesis that the lack of large-scale turbulence can dramatically affect peak wind loads on test objects. Consequently, recommendations are articulated regarding the best usage of the available wind load estimation tools. This is expected to lead to consistent and accurate results from wind tunnel testing and CFD simulations, a crucial step toward codification of wind loads on solar panels.
Scintillations: An Introduction to the Volume

This introductory essay does not summarize the work presented in the volume, but rather begins at the beginning (Fig. 1): the wonder of our own existence in a magnificent universe that we can appreciate, but never fully understand. Such an awareness is captured in the gentlest of human utterances, the lullaby. The essay’s phenomenological analysis of Jane Turner’s “The Star” turns toward Franz Rosenzweig’s 1923 discussions of wonder and the healthy human mind. This naturally leads to essays within the volume itself: Daniel Hughes’ characterization of Husserl’s championing of pre-theoretical conditioning life, Witold Plotka’s treatment of doxa and the natural attitude in Husserl, and finally Annabella Duforourq’s analysis and Lena Hopsch’s description of Merleau-Ponty’s “cosmic flesh.”
The Selling of Education

While the call has gone out for the application of marketing strategies in the college choice process, it is not clear that the student can be equated to the typical consumer. On the basis of past and primary research a descriptive theory of the college choice process is developed. Implications and future research areas are defined.
Low-cost air quality monitors: Modeling and characterization of sensor drift in optical particle counters

Low-cost sensors for mass deployment or personal use must often be calibrated to account for poor mechanical and electrical tolerances. Equally important to the initial calibration, however, is the characterization of sensor drift. This paper presents a method for evaluating drift for inexpensive optical air quality sensors. A total of 29 calibrated sensors were circulated through a public lending library over a period of approximately 7.5 months. Following deployment, usage data was collected and each device was recalibrated. The resulting data is used to model drift as a function of time between calibration.
Influence of temperature on gas solubility in thermally rearranged (TR) polymers

Abstract Thermally rearranged (TR) polymers have been the subject of many fundamental studies, but the effect of TR conversion on temperature-dependent transport properties is largely unexplored. Sorption isotherms for N2, CH4, and CO2 in HAB-6FDA polyimide and its TR analogs were measured at temperatures ranging from −10 °C to 50 °C and pressures up to 27 atm. Solubilities increase with decreasing temperature for each gas and sample tested. At low TR conversions, the sorption process initially becomes less exothermic. However, enthalpies of sorption do not significantly change with TR conversion after the initial stages of rearrangement. Enthalpies of sorption in TR polymers are qualitatively similar to those of other high free volume materials. Solubility selectivity for CO2/CH4 at 10 atm did not change with temperature due to similar enthalpies of sorption for CO2 and CH4. Sorption data were fit to the dual mode model at different temperatures, and model parameters were correlated with polymer and penetrant properties.
Temporal Modulation of the Preferred Ca 2+ Influx Pathway: A Novel Effect of β-Agonists on the Heart

The Na+-Ca2+ exchanger and the Ca2+ channel are two major sarcolemmal Ca2+-transporting proteins of cardiac myocytes. While the Ca2+ channel is effectively regulated by protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation, no enzymatic regulation of the exchanger protein has yet been identified. Here we report that isoproterenol regulates the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger of the frog ventricular myocytes by activation of the β-receptor adenylate-cyclase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway. A β-blocker, propranalol, blocks the isoproterenol effect while forskolin, cAMP, and theophylline mimic the isoproterenol effect on INa-Ca independently of [Ca2+]i providing a molecular mechanism for the relaxant effect of the hormone. The regulation of the Ca2+ channel and the exchanger proteins by a common mechanism may provide for the simultaneous enhancement of Ca2+ current at the onset of the action potential followed by suppression of Ca2+ influx via the exchanger later in depolarization. Such a unique hormonally induced shift in the preferred pathways of Ca2+ transport may have evolved together with ultrastructural modification of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to accommodate the evolutionary and developmental needs of cellular Ca2+ metabolism.
A Biogeochemical Oceanographer at Sea: My Life with Nitrogen and a Nod to Silica

My evolution from electrical engineering student to limnologist and then to oceanographer was a consequence of generous mentoring, which led to my use of the 15N tracer technique to measure nitrogen fixation in aquatic systems. The concept of new and regenerated production arose when I applied this method to measure nitrate and ammonium uptake in marine ecosystems. I then showed that enzyme kinetics could be applied to algal nitrogen uptake and used a silicate pump to explain silicate limitation of diatoms in coastal and equatorial upwelling systems. These concepts are now recognized as modern nutrient paradigms in biogeochemical oceanography. My interest in nutrients required field studies and led to my passion for the study of upwelling ecosystems and the establishment of two major international programs, with numerous advisors, collaborators, and students helping along the way.
Photoassisted physical vapor epitaxial growth of semiconductors: a review of light-induced modifications to growth processes

Herein we review the remarkable range of modifications to materials properties associated with photoexcitation of the growth surface during physical vapor epitaxy of semiconductors. We concentrate on mechanisms producing measureable, utilizable changes in crystalline perfection, phase, composition, doping, and defect distribution. We outline the relevant physics of different mechanisms, concentrating on those yielding effects orthogonal to the primary growth variables of temperature and atomic or molecular fluxes and document the phenomenological effects reported. Based on experimental observations from a range of semiconductor systems and growth conditions, the primary effects include enhanced anion desorption, molecular dissociation, increased doping efficiency, modification to defect populations and improvements to the crystalline quality of epilayers grown at low temperatures. Future research directions and technological applications are also discussed.
Sex Roles and Psychophysiological Disorders

Psychophysiology, as defined in the dictionary, is “the science of the relation between psychological and physiological processes.” Psychophysiological disorders, therefore, are those in which psychological factors make a direct or indirect contribution to etiology. The issue that will be addressed in this chapter is the relationship between psychophysiological disorders and a particular set of psychological factors, those related to sex role. This relationship is of particular interest at this juncture in history for two reasons. First, it has become increasingly clear in recent years that psychological factors influence the development and treatment of numerous diseases including ulcers (Ackerman, Manaker, and Cohen, 1981), cancer (Shekelle, Raynor, Ostfeld, Garron, Bieliauskas, Liu, Maliza, and Paul, 1981), asthma (Teiramaa, 1979), and coronary heart disease (CHD) (Friedman and Rosenman, 1959). Second, sex roles, i.e., the behaviors, thoughts, or attitudes deemed appropriate to a person by virtue of his or her sex, have undergone rapid change in many segments of the population during the past 15 years and are continuing to change. The health consequences of these changes are not yet apparent, but there is concern, to cite one example, that changes in the social roles of women may increase their cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (see, e.g., Garbus and Garbus, 1980).
Evaluation of sPGA × BSA as an Outcome Measure and Treatment Target for Clinical Practice

Clinical outcome measures are becoming more important in psoriasis treatment. Reliable and standardized measures of severity feasible for clinical practice are needed. Our objective was to investigate body surface area (BSA) and the product of BSA and static Physician Global Assessment (sPGA) (ie, BSA × sPGA) as potential proxy measures for PASI scores. Data were pooled from three multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of ixekizumab in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis (UNCOVER-1, -2, -3; N = 3,866). Assessments included the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), BSA, and BSA × sPGA. Rank correlations between BSA × sPGA and PASI were stronger than between BSA and PASI (baseline, r = 0.759 vs. r = 0.707; week 12, r = 0.959 vs. r = 0.924). Week 12 concordance rates with PASI responses were as follows: for 75% reduction in PASI: BSA, 86.2%; BSA × sPGA, 93.8%; for 90% reduction in PASI: BSA, 86.9%; BSA × sPGA, 88.2%. The 75% reduction in PASI positive and negative predictive values were higher for BSA × sPGA versus BSA; for 90% reduction in PASI, positive predictive value was lower and negative predictive value was higher for BSA × sPGA versus BSA. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses identified the most accurate percentage changes in BSA and BSA × sPGA as 66% and 83% for a 75% reduction in PASI cutoff and 84% and 94% for a 90% reduction in PASI, respectively. These results suggest that BSA and BSA × sPGA are viable tools for use as a PASI proxy by real-world practitioners and may be appropriate measurements for use in clinical practice for treat-to-target strategies.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for operable, early stage non-small cell lung cancer-let's all take a deep breath.

In spite of a federally mandated emphasis on smoking cessation and primary prevention, lung cancer remains by far the most common cause of cancer death and carries a 5-year survival rate (~18%) that is far lower than that of other leading cancers (1).
Hyperplane algorithm - first step of the paired planes classification procedure

The objective of supervised learning is to estimate unknowns based on labeled training samples. If the unknown to be estimated is categorical or discrete, the problem is one of classification. Algorithms for supervised learning are useful tools in many areas of agriculture, medicine, and engineering, including prediction of malignant cancer, document analysis, and speech recognition. In general, Support Vector Machine algorithms have been successful in classification problems, but they have high computational complexity. In this paper, we present the Hyperplane Algorithm. It and two other related algorithms form an ensemble classifier for supervised classification. The Hyperplane Algorithm is reminiscent of a support vector machine but is low in computational complexity. It also has several other advantages compared to Support Vector Machines. Results for five real-life datasets results are shown.
Brain Injury Following Cardiac Arrest

Neurologic injury resulting from global cerebral ischemia secondary to cardiac arrest (CA) continues to be a major clinical problem that requires urgent neurocritical care intervention Estimates of the yearly incidence of sudden CA in the US varies widely from 250,000 to 460,000
Fusion: Energy from Seawater

The energy of the nucleus can be tapped two ways: by splitting large nuclei into smaller ones (fission) or by combining small nuclei into larger ones (fusion). The first yields what we know as atomic or nuclear (fission) energy, together with its dangers and storage problems. The second gives fusion energy, which is basically solar power, since that is the way the sun and stars generate their energies. Fusion is much safer than fission and requires as fuel only a little bit of water (in the form of D2O instead of H2O, as will soon be clear). Fission is a well-developed technology, while fusion is still being perfected as an energy source. The object of this book is to show how far fusion research has gone, how much further there is to go, and what we will gain when we get there.
Plasmonics based micro/nano manufacturing

vii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Thesis Organization 1 1.3 Review of Literature 2 I. Current Nanolithography Techniques 2 II. Plasmonic Nanolithography 5 III. Plasmonic Lens 7 IV. Formation of Gold Nanoparticles 10 1.4 Proposed Projects 11 CHAPTER 2. FORMATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES BY ABLATION WITH SURFACE PLASMONS 16
A Medical Device Safety Supervision over Wireless

Interoperability of medical devices is a growing need in modern healthcare systems, not just for convenience, but also to preclude potential human errors during medical procedures. Caregivers, as end users, strongly prefer the use of wireless networks for such interconnections between clinical devices due to its seamless connectivity and ease of use/maintenance. In [KSM+10], we introduced a Network-Aware Safety Supervisior framework to integrate medical devices into clinical supervisory systems using finite state machine (FSM). In this paper, we simplify FSM into Boolean Logic to minimize safety logic overhead and introduce a generic method, called pre-verified safety control (PVSC) framework to integrate medical devices into clinical management systems using wireless technologies that have their safety properties verified in a formal manner. Our method provides (i) a PVSC safety layer that automatically generates the safety engine to guarantee given safety requirements and (ii) an abstracted application development environment so that applications can be developed independent of underlying complications of wireless communication. To mitigate negative effects due to packet losses, the PVSC framework employs a pipelined “pre-planning” of the device controls. The key motivation of the work in this paper is to preserve safety and the application development environment, as is, even after adding unreliable communication media, such as wireless, along with a pre-planning mechanism.