cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Megapolitan Political Ecology and Urban Metabolism in Southern Appalachia

Drawing on megapolitan geographies, urban political ecology, and urban metabolism as theoretical frameworks, this article theoretically and empirically explores megapolitan political ecology. First, we elucidate a theoretical framework in the context of southern Appalachia and, in particular, the Piedmont megapolitan region, suggesting that the megapolitan region is a useful scale through which to understand urban metabolic connections that constitute this rapidly urbanizing area. We also push the environmental history and geography literature of the U.S. South and southern Appalachia to consider the central role urban metabolic connections play in the region’s pressing social and environmental crises. Second, we empirically illuminate these human and nonhuman urban metabolisms across the Piedmont megapolitan region using data from the Coweeta Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program, especially highlighting a growing “ring of asphalt” that epitomizes several developing changes to patterns of metabolism. The conclusion suggests that changing urban metabolisms indicated by Coweeta LTER data, ranging from flows of people to flows of water, pose a complicated problem for regional governance and vitality in the
Family Boundaries, Commercialism, and the Internet: A Framework for Research

This paper presents an information-boundaries perspective on the family and the Internet with the aim of helping to set the context for child development in the new media environment. Drawing from family studies, sociology, and communication, it lays out a model for viewing the family in relation to the Web. The paper draws research ideas out of the framework that center on four areas: family communication patterns; filters and monitors; information disclosure practices; and the Internet in the larger media context.
Cultural Signifiers of Web Site Images

Web sites rely on pictures and animation to convey subtle messages that are more effectively communicated nonverbally. We argue that such messages could have strong cultural content, which should be understood in developing Web sites. Hence, this paper explores the cultural content of Web site images and develops a theory for Web-image signifiers. This is done in two phases. Phase I has an interpretive qualitative approach that uses Grounded Theory to identify signifiers and to develop the Web-image signifiers (WIS) theory. Phase II quantitatively tests the WIS theory. Together, these two phases identify and validate signifiers of cultural dimensions in Web site images. More interestingly, the results uncover that cultural dimensions are signified in five categories, of which two, humans and buildings categories, are the most prominent. The contribution of this paper is in developing a comprehensive theory for the cultural content of Web images, identifying 48 signifiers in Web images, discovering new categories of signifiers, and providing insights into the nature of cultural signification by testing the theory. Such knowledge could heighten our sensitivity and awareness of hidden cultural messages in Web site images. The WIS theory could provide a novel approach to the cultural studies of Web images and other artifacts with cultural content. The results of this work have immediate application in the design of Web sites for a multicultural audience.
A-C. Network Relay Characteristics

This paper discusses the required characteristics of relays for use with a low-voltage automatic network circuit breaker. The relay performs the two functions of tripping and reclosing the circuit breaker. The characteristic required for each function is discussed. The major part of the paper is given to a discussion of the reclosing function because of the danger of ``pumping'' caused by cable charging currents and various combinations of induction regulators and transformer connections. Emphasis is placed on the suitability of relays consisting of watthour-meter characteristics, construction and adjustments, involving only a different current coil and the replacement of the recording mechanism by standard relay contacts.
Old Words, New Meanings: Aging and Sense Creation ☆

Abstract We assessed adult age differences in interpretations of eponymous noun phrases (e.g., do an Elvis Edmunds). In Experiment 1, young and old participants produced interpretations after reading vignettes describing three actions of fictitious eponyms. One of the actions was the intended interpretation, and cues either did or did not restrict the interpretation to that action. Although both age groups were sensitive to interpretation cues, young adults were likely to produce the intended interpretation, but older participants generalized across all actions. The results of Experiment 2 replicated this pattern under conditions in which subjects received more practice and misleading contextual information was removed. Experiment 3 tested whether older adults’ tendency to generalize was due to the retrieval requirements of production by using a verification task. Older participants did not differ from the young in verifying intended interpretations but were at chance in rejecting generalizations, suggesting that older adults may have a deficit in semantic processing.
Reducing the Viscosity of Crude Oil by Pulsed Electric or Magnetic Field

A method with pulsed electric or magnetic field to reduce the viscosity of crude oil is developed. Specifically, for paraffin-base crude oil, a magnetic field pulse can effectively reduce its viscosity for several hours, while, for asphalt-base crude oil or mixed-base crude oil, an electric field pulse can do the same. The method does not change the temperature of the crude oil; instead, it temporary aggregates paraffin particles or asphaltene particles inside the crude oil into large ones. This particle aggregation changes the rheological property of the crude oil and leads to the viscosity reduction. While this viscosity reduction is not permanent, it is suitable for many important applications, such as oil transport via deepwater pipelines, since it lasts for several hours and is repeatable.
Estrogen as a neuroprotective agent in rat spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological problem affecting approximately 11 000 Americans each year. Several treatment agents have been proposed; however, only methylprednisolone has limited efficacy. Estrogen is a multiactive neuroprotectant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and attenuates calcium (Ca2+) influx following neuronal injury. To examine the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in SCI, we induced SCI (40 g/cm injury) in rats. Treatment groups were sham (laminectomy only), SCI plus vehicle, and SCI plus estrogen. Injured rats were treated with either 4 mg/kg 17 β-estradiol (estrogen group) or dimethylsulfoxide (vehicle group) at 15 min and 24 h following injury. All rats were killed at 48 h to analyze SCI segments for calpain content and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio by Western blotting. Tissue was also examined using calcium green-2 to measure intracellular [Ca2+], JC-1 to measure mitochondrial membrane potential, and double immunofluorescence for macrophages and calpain. Calpain content in the lesion penumbra, adjacent to the injury, was higher in vehicle than sham and this increase was attenuated in estrogen treated rats. In the lesion penumbra, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was increased in vehicle rats as compared to sham. This increase was attenuated in estrogen treated rats. Estrogen treated rats had less Ca2+ influx, less inflammatory cell infiltration, and increased maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential compared to vehicle treated rats. Our preliminary data suggest that estrogen may be effective in decreasing Ca2+ influx, inflammatory cell infiltration, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio following SCI. Acknowledgements: Supported in part by grants from NIH-NINDS and South Carolina Electric and Gas.
To change or not to change: "Sounds like you have a dilemma".

One of a physician's most important tasks is to help patients change unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, hazardous alcohol use, overeating, or physical inactivity. The authors explain a clinicall...
A simple synthesis of some cyclic and acyclic cyclobutenediones

Abstract Cyclobutenediones can be prepared from cyclic and acyclic ketones by a simple four step procedure.
Differences in energy consumption for appliance use among owned and rented households in the USA

The differences in energy consumption among owned and rented households for appliance use in the USA are well acknowledged and discussed. However, many earlier studies in this area have focused on a specific issue such as household income, life style factors, energy efficient appliances and landlord-tenant problem to account for such differences in the household energy consumption for appliance use. This current study uses a combination of these factors along with regression-based decomposition analysis to account for differences in energy consumption for appliance use among owned and rented households. The results show that, after controlling for geographical, demographic and building vintage characteristics, clothes dryer, household income, owned homes in the multifamily housing units, freezers, and unit price of electricity have played a significant role in bringing about the differences in energy consumption for appliance use among owned and rented households in the USA.
Cyclodextrin stationary phases for the gas—solid chromatographic separation of inorganic gases

Abstract Cyclodextrins linked to silica gel are used as gas—solid chromatographic stationary phases. They provide an effective means for separating a wide variety of gases. Evaluation of different cyclodextrin columns and the analogous silica gel support column with inorganic gas standards is reported. Separation selectivities and efficiencies differ between silica gel and the cyclodextrin phases. Capacity factors and chromatograms are presented for these gas—solid chromatographic stationary phases. The native cyclodextrin stationary phases appear to retain gases via at least two different retention mechanisms.
A Single Amino Acid in the Second Transmembrane Domain of GABA ρ Receptors Regulates Channel Conductance

Abstract GABA C receptors, expressed predominately in vertebrate retina, are thought to be formed mainly by GABA ρ subunits, each of which exhibits distinct physiological and pharmacological properties. In this study, the receptors formed by perch GABA ρ subunits were expressed in HEK cells, and their single channel conductances were determined using noise analysis techniques. The receptors formed by the perch ρ1A subunit gate a channel with a conductance of 0.2 pS, whereas the receptors formed by GABA ρ2 subunits exhibit much higher channel conductances, i.e., 3.2 and 3.5 pS for perch ρ2A and ρ2B receptors, respectively. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of the channel-forming TMII regions of the various subunits suggested that a single amino acid at position 2′ was a potential site for the large differential in conductance. We found that switching the serine residue at that site in the GABA ρ2 subunit to the proline residue present in the ρ1 subunit reduced the channel conductance to a level similar to that of the wild type ρ1 receptor. Conversely, mutating proline to serine in the amino acid sequence of the ρ1 receptor significantly increased its unitary conductance. These results indicate that a single amino acid in the TMII region plays an important role in determining the single channel conductance of the GABA C receptors.
Control of development in plants and fungi by far-UV radiation

Far-UV (200–320 nm) radiation regulates development in plants and fungi. Some of these responses are controlled by a chromophore which absorbs strongly near 260 nm, possibly a nucleic acid. Other responses are controlled by a chromophore(s). with maximal in vivo sensitivity near 295 nm. In plants. far-UV induces genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway and the synthesis of phytoalexins and flavonoids. Far-UV also regulates growth rate. controls curvature and taxis, and stimulates sexual and asexual morphogenesis of fungi. Some of these developmental responses may prevent damage by far-UV radiation.
Ventricular diastolic function of the heart in systemic hypertension

Abnormalities in left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in hypertension have been more extensively investigated in recent years because of the availability of reliable noninvasive methods applicable to this type of ventricular functional analysis. Moreover, such approaches allowed investigation of the factors influencing LV diastolic function indexes and permitted development of correction or normalization indexes. More research has been done recently aiming at understanding the physiologic importance of LV diastolic dysfunction in hypertension; the preliminary results in this area suggest that LV diastolic dysfunction may be linked to alterations in the regional cardiopulmonary dynamics and in cardiopulmonary receptor activity. More questions, however, need to be answered with regard to the relative and integrative role of the various aspects of LV diastolic function and about the sequential alterations in the various indexes of LV diastolic function in hypertension.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and its association with serum lipoprotein concentrations in black versus white children: The Bogalusa Heart Study☆

Abstract The structural gene locus for apolipoprotein E (apo E) is polymorphic. The relative apo E allele frequencies and the influence of this polymorphism on serum lipoprotein concentrations were studied in 8- to 17-year-old black (n = 444) and white (n = 446) children from the community of Bogalusa, LA. The frequencies of the e2, e3, and e4 alleles for white males/females were 0.027 0.024 , 0.849 0.823 , and 0.124 0.153 , respectively; corresponding values for black males/females were 0.087 0.074 , 0.713 0.721 , and 0.20 0.205 , respectively. Apo E phenotype distributions and allele frequencies showed a significant race difference, but no sex difference. Significant differences among apo E phenotypes were noted for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apo B in both races; significant effects were noted for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apo A-I in black children, but not in white children. Among white children, the average excess of the apo e2 allele showed lower LDL-C (−12.5 mg/dL) and apo B (−15.8 mg/dL) concentrations, while the average excess of the apo e4 allele showed higher LDL-C (7.0 mg/dL) and apo B (7.5 mg/dL) concentrations. Black children showed a similar trend for these variables, but to a lesser degree; in addition, the average excess of apo e2 allele showed higher HDL-C (12.8 mg/dL) and apo A-I (8.3 mg/dL) concentrations in this racial group. It is noteworthy that the association of apo E polymorphism with serum lipoprotein concentrations noted in adults can be seen already in children.
Cryosurgery in Diseases of the Cervix

Experiences utilizing cryosurgery in the treatment of chronic cervicitis and cervical dysplasia are presented. In 95% of patients with chronic cervicitis, the cervix completely healed within 8 weeks after treatment. In the group with cervical atypia, there was no cytologic or tissue evidence of persistent disease in 90 of the 103 women treated. The procedure was performed on an outpatient basis. Occurrence of pain during the procedure was minimal. The most important sequela of the operation was a profuse vaginal discharge. Results demonstrate that cryosurgery is an effective method of treatment for chronic cervicitis and cervical dysplasia.
Waters associated with an active basaltic volcano, Kilauea, Hawaii: Variation in solute sources, 1973–1991

Chemical and isotopic analyses of samples collected from a December 1962-m-deep research borehole at the summit of Kilauea Volcano provide unique time-series data for composition of waters in the uppermost part of its hydrothermal system. These waters have a distinctive geochemical signature: a very low proportion of chloride relative to other anions compared with other Hawaiian waters—thermal (•30°C) or nonthermal (<30°C)—and with most thermal waters of the world. Isotope data demonstrate that the borehole waters are of essentially meteoric origin, with minimal magmatic input. The water chemistry exhibits marked temporal variations, including pronounced short-term (days to weeks) effects of rainfall dilution and longer term (months to years) decline of total solutes. The 1973–1974 samples are Na-sulfate-dominant, but samples collected after July 1975 are (Mg + Ca)-bicarbonate-dominant. This compositional shift, probably abrupt, was associated with an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 ( P CO2) related to volcanic degassing of CO2 accompanying a large eruption (December 31, 1974) and associated intense seismicity. Following the initial sharp increase, the P CO2 then decreased, approaching pre-eruption values in April 1976. Beginning in mid-1975, solute concentrations of the borehole waters decreased substantially, from •45 meq/L to <25 meq/L in only eight months; by 1991, total solute concentrations were <17 meq/L. This decline in solutes cannot be attributed to rainfall dilution and is inferred to reflect the decreasing availability with time of the easily leachable salts of alkali metals and sulfate, which originated in sublimates and fumarolic encrustations in fractures and cavities of rocks along the hydrologic flow paths. The overall chemistry of the summit-borehole waters is largely determined by hydrolysis reactions associated with normal weathering of host tholeiitic basalts on a geologic time scale, despite short-term perturbations in composition caused by rainfall dilution or volcanic activity.
A Practical Variation of a Multiple-schedule Procedure: Brief Schedule-correlated Stimuli

Multiple schedules using continuous discriminative stimuli have been used to minimize children's disruptive requesting for teacher attention (e.g., colored floral leis; Tiger & Hanley, 2004; Tiger, Hanley, & Heal, 2006). The present study evaluated the effectiveness of, and children's preferences for, two multiple-schedule arrangements in which brief experimenter vocalizations served as discriminative stimuli. Results showed that brief signals were highly effective discriminative stimuli for 3 of the 4 children, and that all children preferred one or both variations of the multiple schedule to a control arrangement. For 1 child, highly discriminated responding was achieved only when continuous signals were introduced.
Sliding vs static cold exposure and the measurement of summit metabolism in birds

Abstract 1. 1. Maximum cold-induced oxygen consumption (summit metabolism, VO 2sum ) of endothermic animals is elicited in helium-oxygen atmospheres either by exposing individual animals to a decreasing series of temperatures until oxygen consumption plateaus (Sliding Cold Exposure), or by exposing groups of animals to a single temperature within a range of temperatures (Static Cold Exposure), the lower portion of the range producing hypothermia in most, or all, individuals. It is not known whether these two methods produce similar values for VO 2sum . 2. 2. We measured VO 2sum by both sliding and static cold exposure methods in summer acclimatized Warbling Vireos ( Vireo gilvus ) and Gray Catbirds ( Dumetella carolinensis ). 3. 3. Mean (±SD) values for VO 2sum generated by the two cold exposure methods were 4.39 ± 0.05 ml O 2 ·min −1 (n = 15, Static) and 4.37 ± 0.61 ml O 2 ·min −1 (n = 6, Sliding) for vireos, and 7.57 ± 0.84 ml O 2 ·min −1 (n = 13, Static) and 7.17 ± 0.85 ml O 2 ·min −1 (n = 6, Sliding) for catbirds. These values did not differ significantly for either species. 4. 4. We conclude that both methods for measurement of VO 2sum produce similar results, and that both are appropriate measures of summit metabolism in birds.
Handling tens of thousands of cores with industrial/legacy codes: Approaches, implementation and timings

Abstract The consequences that the recent stagnation in clockrates for CPUs has had on large-scale CFD runs are examined. At first sight, the conclusion is that only massive parallelism at the loop or domain decomposition level will lead to higher FLOP counts. However, the significant differences in advances for CPUs/GPUs versus RAM and interprocessor communication bandwidth lead to a so-called ‘limiting domain size’, below which communication dominates execution times and performance degrades drastically. The consequences of this ‘red-shift’ for the future of CFD are manifold: the time to advance the solution one timestep is limited, implying that even with unlimited number of processors/cores, LES, DES and DNS runs for realistic Reynolds-numbers will require days or weeks of execution.
Effect of ouabain on the resting tension and the rate of net entry of calcium-45 in isolated perfused rabbit ventricles.

The rate of net entry of Ca45 was determined in rabbit heart ventricles by perfusing the hearts with the isotope and with and without ouabain, washing the heart, and determining the activity of the ventricular tissues. The results show that ouabain significantly increased the mean Ca45 net entry rate by 116% and the mean resting tension by 45%. A good positive correlation was also found between resting tension and the Ca/sup 45/ net entry rate. It is concluded that contractures induced by ouabain in both rabbit atria and ventricles are probably due to an increased calcium concentration in the cardiac cell. (D.L.C.)
Estimation of net benefits of residential electronic security

Home surveys and ethnographic studies have demonstrated that alarms are effective in deterring intruders. Local police departments across North America, however, face significant difficulties in responding to ever-increasing false activations and in managing alarm registrations. Local, county, and state governments must know whether alarms create a net benefit or a net burden to society as a whole. In this paper, all social costs and benefits are computed, and a positive annualized social net benefit is realized. Benefits include avoidance of property losses and personal injuries from both burglary and fire. Costs include installation and utility charges for systems and police response. The results of the analysis provide public policy suggestions for police involvement in alarm activities and for effective alarm-related ordinances.
Multivariate analysis of the impacts of the turbine fuel JP-4 in a microcosm toxicity test with implications for the evaluation of ecosystem dynamics and risk assessment

Turbine fuels are often the only aviation fuel available in most of the world. Turbine fuels consist of numerous constituents with varying water solubilities, volatilities and toxicities. This study investigates the toxicity of the water soluble fraction (WSF) of JP-4 using the Standard Aquatic Microcosm (SAM). Multivariate analysis of the complex data, including the relatively new method of nonmetric clustering, was used and compared to more traditional analyses. Particular emphasis is placed on ecosystem dynamics in multivariate space.The WSF is prepared by vigorously mixing the fuel and the SAM microcosm media in a separatory funnel. The water phase, which contains the water-soluble fraction of JP-4 is then collected. The SAM experiment was conducted using concentrations of 0.0, 1.5 and 15% WSF. The WSF is added on day 7 of the experiments by removing 450 ml from each microcosm including the controls, then adding the appropriate amount of toxicant solution and finally bringing the final volume to 3 L with microcosm media. Analysis of the WSF was performed by purge and trap gas chromatography. The organic constituents of the WSF were not recoverable from the water column within several days of the addition of the toxicant. However, the impact of the WSF on the microcosm was apparent. In the highest initial concentration treatment group an algal bloom ensued, generated by the apparent toxicity of the WSF of JP-4 to the daphnids. As the daphnid populations recovered the algal populations decreased to control values. Multivariate methods clearly demonstrated this initial impact along with an additional oscillation seperating the four treatment groups in the latter segment of the experiment. Apparent recovery may be an artifact of the projections used to describe the multivariate data. The variables that were most important in distinguishing the four groups shifted during the course of the 63 day experiment. Even this simple microcosm exhibited a variety of dynamics, with implications for biomonitoring schemes and ecological risk assessments.
Conversion equipment in the du Pont company

The apparatus for the conversion of a-c to d-c power in various plants of the du Pont Company has included rotary converters, motor generator sets, and mercury-arc rectifiers. Operation and maintenance of this equipment since the company's first converters were installed in 1895 to present rectifier installations has provided much valuable experience and information.
Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias: an interconnection of self and others

Campbell's (1958) concept of ingroup entitativity is reformulated as a perceived interconnection of self and others. A 2 (intergroup relations: competitive, neutral)×3 (intragroup interaction: low, medium, high) between-subjects design was used to examine (1) the effects of intergroup and intragroup relations on perceived ingroup entitativity and (2) the relation between ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias. Regardless of the relations between groups, members who experienced intragroup interaction had stronger perceptions of ingroup entitativity and stronger representations of the aggregate of ingroup and outgroup members as two separate groups than members who lacked intragroup interaction. Furthermore, perceptions of ingroup entitativity mediated the effect of the salience of the intergroup boundary on behavioral intergroup bias. These results call into question the ‘intergroup’ nature of group based phenomena. An ingroup entitativity framework is presented that locates the source of group-based phenomena (e.g. intergroup bias) in intragroup processes. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroxyurea and cell-cycle kinetics of cultured antibody-forming cells

Abstract Cell-cycle kinetics of precursors to antibody-forming cells was studied in mouse spleen cell cultures immunized with sheep red cells. Hydroxyurea (0.5 m M ) added on the day of culture did not interfere with the response if removed within 24 hr. When it was added on Day 4 of culture, during log growth, 76% of the antibody-forming cells were killed with treatment lasting 8 hr or less. Treatment of 12 hr or more resulted in death for 98% of the cells. The shape of the survival curve showed the proportion of cells killed in S (.74), the duration of S (6–7.5 hr), and generation time 8.5–10 hr. This technique is particularly useful for the study of a very small population of differentiating cells at a time prior to the expression of the unique character by which they are detected.
Antinociceptive Effects of Oxymorphone‐Butorphanol‐Acepromazine Combination in Cats

Objective—To determine the antinociceptive effects of oxymorphone, butorphanol, and acepromazine individually and in combination to a noxious visceral stimulus in cats. Study Design—Randomized, blinded controlled study. Animals—Eight healthy mixed-breed cats (four male, four female) weighing 4.4 ± 1.2 kg and aged 1 to 2 years old. Methods—A silastic balloon catheter was inserted per rectum and inflated at various pressures. Physiological parameters (respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure) were also recorded. Subjects were administered individual and combined intravenous (IV) doses of 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg oxymorphone and 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg butorphanol. A further study of various ratios of butorphanol and oxymorphone (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), at a combined equivalent dose of 0.1 mg/kg, was performed in four cats per dose combination. In a separate study, four cats were administered combined IV doses of 0.05 mg/kg each of oxymorphone and butorphanol or 0.05 mg/kg each of oxymorphone, butorphanol, and acepromazine. Results—Combined doses of 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg of oxymorphone and butorphanol showed mainly additive with some synergistic antinociceptive interactions and the combined dose of 0.2 mg/kg of each agent demonstrated additional antinociceptive effects, P .05. Acepromazine (ACE) significantly increased the magnitude of antinociception at 15 minutes when administered in combination with oxymorphone and butorphanol, P < .05. Also, physiological variables were unaffected by these drug combinations. Conclusions—Low doses of oxymorphone and butorphanol in combination can produce greater levels of antinociception than when used individually. ACE, in conjunction with oxymorphone and butorphanol, produced even greater levels of antinociception than the two-opioid drug combination. Clinical Relevance—Oxymorphone, butorphanol, and ACE can be used in combination to produce additive or synergistic effects without adverse effects in cats. These data suggest that ACE and butorphanol at low doses given as preanesthetic medication followed by a mu opioid (eg, oxymorphone) after surgery at low doses may provide an effective method of pain management in the cat.
Evaluation of nefazodone as a serotonin uptake inhibitor and a serotonin antagonist in vivo

Nefazodone (2-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-5-ethyl-2,4-dihydro-4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of depression. Antagonism of serotonin type 2A (5HT2A) receptors, as well as inhibition of the serotonin (5HT) uptake carrier, has been suggested to contribute to the antidepressant action of nefazodone in vivo (Eison et al., 1990). Nefazodone weakly antagonized the quipazine-induced rise in rat serum corticosterone levels and the quipazine-induced increase in rat hypothalamic 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol sulfate, suggesting blockade of 5HT2A receptors in vivo. Nefazodone, however, failed to antagonize the p-chloroamphetamine-induced depletion of mouse or rat brain 5HT, displaying a lack of effect on the 5HT uptake carrier. These data extend previous in vitro and in vivo data (Eison, et al. 1990) reporting nefazodone to be an antagonist at 5HT2A receptors, but fail to show inhibition of the 5HT uptake carrier in the same dose range.
CALIOP receiver transient response study

The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), an instrument on the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), was operated as an atmospheric lidar system to study the impact of clouds and aerosols on the Earth’s radiation budget and climate. This paper discusses the receiver transient response of the CALIOP instrument, which is useful for getting a reliable attenuated backscatter profile from CALIOP data products. The noise tail effect (slow decaying rate) of PMT and broadening effect of the low-pass filter are both considered in modeling of the receiver transient response. An analytical expression of the CALIOP transient response function was obtained by the least square fitting of lidar measurements from land surfaces.
Symptom presentation in invasive ovarian carcinoma by tumor histological type and grade in a multiethnic population: a case analysis.

Objective Although the majority of women with ovarian carcinoma report symptoms prior to diagnosis, little is known about comparative symptom presentation by histological type, stage, grade, or ethnicity.
Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling contributes to hippocampal neuronal death following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the induction of innate immune responses which have been implicated in neuronal death induced by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (GCI/R). The present study investigated the role and mechanisms-of-action of TLR4 signaling in ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal death. Neuronal damage, activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampal formation (HF) were assessed in wild type (WT) mice and TLR4 knockout (TLR4(-/-)) mice after GCI/R. GCI/R increased expression of TLR4 protein in the hippocampal formation (HF) and other brain structures in WT mice. Phosphorylation of the inhibitor of kappa B (p-IkappaB) as well as activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) increased in the HF of WT mice. In contrast, there were lower levels of p-IkappaB and NFkappaB binding activity in TLR4(-/-) mice subjected to GCI/R. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was also decreased, while phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta were increased in the HF of TLR4(-/-) mice after GCI/R. These changes correlated with decreased neuronal death/apoptosis in TLR4(-/-) mice following GCI/R. These data suggest that activation of TLR4 signaling contributes to ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal death. In addition, these data suggest that modulation of TLR4 signaling may attenuate ischemic injury in hippocampal neurons.
The Implications of Electronic Commerce for Fiscal Policy (and Vice Versa)

P artly as the result of historical circumstance, most people in the United States are not paying sales taxes on their purchases over the Internet. As a result, many state and local officials have become quite agitated that the rise of the Internet will severely erode the state and local tax base. Their fear, as spelled out by Newman (1995), is that “state and local government finances are becoming road kill on the information superhighway.” Although sales taxes on physical goods have received most of the attention, other tax issues such as the taxation of Internet access and international taxation of Internet commerce are also important. In the last two years, a debate over taxes and the Internet has raged at the highest levels. In 1998, Congress passed the somewhat misleadingly titled Internet Tax Freedom Act. Contrary to popular impression, this act did not place a moratorium on sales taxes on Internet purchases, only on discriminatory taxes and on Internet access taxes. The act did create a commission to study the sales tax issues, but the commission was unable to reach a consensus (Advisory Commission, 2000). Congress has since proposed extending the Tax Freedom Act temporarily, but the major issues have not been resolved. In this paper I will consider both sides of the relationship between electronic commerce and fiscal policy. For the impact of electronic commerce on fiscal policy, I will pay particular attention to the potential sales tax revenue losses. The data suggest that the potential losses are actually modest over the next several years. I will also consider the reverse relationship—how fiscal policy affects Internet com-
Recent progress at NASA in LISA formulation and technology development

Over the last year, the NASA half of the joint LISA project has focused its efforts on responding to a major review, and advancing the formulation and technology development of the mission. The NAS/NRC Beyond Einstein program assessment review will be described, including the outcome. The basis of the LISA science requirements has changed from detection determined by integrated signal-to-noise ratio to observation determined by uncertainty in the estimation of astrophysical source parameters. The NASA team has further defined the spacecraft bus design, participated in many design trade studies and advanced the requirements flow down and the associated current best estimates of performance. Recent progress in technology development is also summarized.
Influence of pattern variance and overt responding on subjective categorization in a two-schemata SCF task

Forty patterns representing two schemata each at four redundancy levels were generated by a VARGUS 9 procedure and presented to Ss for categorization. Ss were able to provide scaled judgments of pattern variability both within and between schemata. Performance on a subsequent constrained sorting task was not a function of overt vs covert responding in the scaling task.
Handling Cases of ‘Medical Futility’

Medical futility is commonly understood as treatment that would not provide for any meaningful benefit for the patient. While the medical facts will help to determine what is medically appropriate, it is often difficult for patients, families, surrogate decision-makers and healthcare providers to navigate these difficult situations. Often communication breaks down between those involved or reaches an impasse. This paper presents a set of practical strategies for dealing with cases of perceived medical futility at a major cancer center.
Studies of the molecular pathogenesis of hexane neuropathy. II. Evidence that pyrrole derivatization of lysyl residues leads to protein crosslinking.

Abstract In the reaction between ethanolamine and 2,5-hexanedione, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrrole was formed, and the pyrrole was found to autoxidize to form an orange chromophore. Similar orange chromophores were observed in the reaction of 2,5-hexanedione, 2,5-heptanedione, and 3,6-octanedione with a variety of primary amines and with proteins. The development of the orange chromophore in the reaction of 2,5-hexanedione with proteins was attended by a proportional derivatization of lysyl residues and by extensive intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinking. These observations suggest that the sequence of events in the crosslinking of neurofilaments during chronic n-hexane intoxication may be metabolism to 2,5-hexanedione, formation of an imine with lysyl residues, cyclization to form a pyrrole, autoxidation of the pyrrole, and finally covalent crosslinking involving pyrrole rings.
Organizing for Structured Programming

A new type of programming methodology, built around structured programming ideas, has been gaining widespread acceptance for production programming. This paper discusses how this methodology has been introduced into a large production programming organization. Finally it analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each component of the methodology and recommends ways it can be introduced in a conventional programming environment.
Forming Electorates, Forging Spaces: The Nazi Party Vote and the Social Construction of Space

Using a social constructivist view of space, the agency of both the Nazi Party and the electorate created spatial contexts that, in turn, mediated future political activity. Spatial statistical analysis of aggregate voting data models the diffusion of Nazi Party electoral support across space as well as the construction of regionally specific electorates. The statistical concept of spatial dependence captures the creation of new spaces of power by the Nazi Party. The concept of spatial heterogeneity captures how the Nazi Party's electorate was composed of different socioeconomic groups in different regional settings. The growth of the Nazi party vote in Baden between May 1924 and July 1932 is used to exemplify the social theoretical view of space and the application of spatial statistics.
Multiple scan chain design technique for power reduction during test application in BIST

The multiple scan chain has been used in DFT (design for test) architectures primarily to reduce test application time. Since power is an emerging problem, in this paper, we present a design technique for multiple scan chains in BIST (built-in self test) to reduce average power dissipation and test application time, while maintaining the fault coverage. First, we partition the scan chain into a set of smaller chains of similar lengths in such a way that the total number of scan transitions in the scan chain is minimized. Then, we use a novel scan re-ordering algorithm in each smaller chain to further reduce the transitions. Experiments on ISCAS'89 benchmarks show up to 46.2% (average 24.4%) power reduction using the proposed technique, compared to the scan partitions given in the RTL description. Unlike previous approaches, our solution is computationally efficient and test-set independent and thus, can be effectively applied to large BIST circuitry.
Bayesian Nonlinear Support Vector Machines and Discriminative Factor Modeling

A new Bayesian formulation is developed for nonlinear support vector machines (SVMs), based on a Gaussian process and with the SVM hinge loss expressed as a scaled mixture of normals. We then integrate the Bayesian SVM into a factor model, in which feature learning and nonlinear classifier design are performed jointly; almost all previous work on such discriminative feature learning has assumed a linear classifier. Inference is performed with expectation conditional maximization (ECM) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). An extensive set of experiments demonstrate the utility of using a nonlinear Bayesian SVM within discriminative feature learning and factor modeling, from the standpoints of accuracy and interpretability.
Interannual differences in larval haddock survival: hypothesis testing with a 3D biophysical model of Georges Bank

The ultimate goal of early life studies of fish over the past century has been to better understand recruitment variability. As evident in the Georges Bank haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) population, there is a strong relationship between recruitment success and processes occurring during the planktonic larval stage. This research sought new insights into the mechanisms controlling the recruitment process in fish populations using biological–physical modeling methods together with laboratory and field data sets. We created the first three-dimensional model of larval haddock on Georges Bank by coupling models of hydrodynamics, lower trophic levels, a single copepod species, and larval haddock. Interactions between feeding, metabolism, growth, vertical behavior, advection, predation, and the physical environment of larval haddock were quantitatively investigated using the coupled models. Particularly, the model was used to compare survival over the larval period and the sources of mortality in 1995 and 1998, 2 years of disparate haddock recruitment. The results of model simulations suggest that the increased egg hatching rates and higher food availability, which reduced starvation and predation, in 1998 contributed to its larger year-class. Additionally, the inclusion of temperature-dependent predation rates produced model results that better agreed with observations of the mean hatch date of survivors. The results from this biophysical model imply that food limitation and its related losses to starvation and predation, especially from hatch to 7 mm, may be responsible for interannual variability in recruitment and larval survival outside of the years studied.
Pancreatic schwannoma. A case report and review of the literature.

Context :Pancreatic schwannomas are rare neoplasms. These tumors vary in size and two thirds are partially cystic which grossly mimic pancreatic cystic lesions. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the primary initial imaging modalities. Definitive diagnosis is typically made at the time of laparotomy following biopsy. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment. Case report: A 69-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain in the epigastric and left upper quadrant. The patient had no systemic symptom and laboratory results including tumor markers were negative. A CT scan of the abdomen showed a 5 cm mass arising from the head of the pancreas. Needle biopsy revealed a mass consistent with schwannoma. At laparotomy, a large pancreatic head mass was found to encase the superior mesenteric artery, and portal vein confluence. Frozen biopsy showed schwannoma. Curative resection was deferred due to extensive vascular involvement and favorable tumor biology. A gastrojejunostomy was performed and radiation therapy was instituted postoperatively. Conclusions :Only 24 cases of pancreatic schwannoma had been previously reported. Definitive diagnosis is obtained with routine histology. Most tumors are benign and surgical resection is curative. The role of radiation therapy in the management of unresectable tumors is still unclear
HISTORY AND PATTERN

This essay compares Rawls's and Nozick's theories of justice. Nozick thinks patterned principles of justice are false, and offers a historical alternative. Along the way, Nozick accepts Rawls's claim that the natural distribution of talent is morally arbitrary, but denies that there is any short step from this premise to any conclusion that the natural distribution is unjust. Nozick also agrees with Rawls on the core idea of natural rights liberalism: namely, that we are separate persons. However, Rawls and Nozick interpret that idea in different ways-momentously different ways. The tension between their interpretations is among the forces shaping political philosophy to this day.
Change in End-of-Life Care for Medicare Beneficiaries: Site of Death, Place of Care, and Health Care Transitions in 2000, 2005, and 2009

In 2009, 28.4% (95% CI, 27.9%-28.5%) of hospice use at the time of death was for 3 days or less. Of these late hospice referrals, 40.3% (95% CI, 39.7%-40.8%) were preceded by hospitalization with an ICU stay. Conclusion and Relevance Among Medicare beneficiaries who died in 2009 and 2005 compared with 2000, a lower proportion died in an acute care hospital, although both ICU use and the rate of health care transitions increased in the last month of life.
Preservation in the Age of Google: Digitization, Digital Preservation, and Dilemmas.

The cultural heritage preservation community now functions largely within the environment of digital technologies. This article begins by juxtaposing definitions of the terms “digitization for preservation” and “digital preservation” within a sociotechnical environment for which Google serves as a relevant metaphor. It then reviews two reports published twelve years apart under the auspices of the Council on Library and Information Resources. Preserving Digital Information presented an insightful and visionary framework for digital preservation in 1996. Preservation in the Age of Large-Scale Digitization explores the implications for preservation practice of the digitization of books and, by implication, our cultural heritage in general. These juxtapositions frame four dilemmas for preservation relating to the impact of environmental storage, new challenges to preservation quality, threats to audiovisual heritage, and an emerging expertise gap. The article concludes with recommendations and observations on making difficult choices. It’s the end of the world as we know it. (R.E.M.)
Predicting pelvic trauma severity using features extracted from records and X-ray and CT images

Computer-aided decision making systems can assist physicians in prompt and accurate treatment of the high-energy pelvic trauma injuries by rapidly analyzing patient data and generating recommendations based on a large database of prior cases. However, no current system incorporates information contained in medical images. This paper presents a method which combines demographic information, standard medical measurements and features extracted from both X-ray images and Computed Tomography (CT) scans, to predict whether a patient will be sent to ICU after initial triage and stabilization. Predictions are presented in the form of rules, extracted from trees generated using the C4.5 algorithm. Results are promising and indicate that the image features are statistically significant in patient outcome prediction.