cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random artificial incorporation of noise in a learning classifier system environment

Effective rule generalization in learning classifier systems (LCSs) has long since been an important consideration. In noisy problem domains, where attributes do not precisely determine class, overemphasis on accuracy without sufficient generalization leads to over-fitting of the training data, and a large discrepancy between training and testing accuracies. This issue is of particular concern within noisy bioinformatic problems such as complex disease, gene association studies. In an effort to promote effective generalization we introduce and explore a simple strategy which seeks to discourage over-fitting via the probabilistic incorporation of random noise within training instances. We evaluate a variety of noise models and magnitudes which either specify an equal probability of noise per attribute, or target higher noise probability to the attributes which tend to be more frequently generalized. Our results suggest that targeted noise incorporation can reduce training accuracy without eroding testing accuracy. In addition, we observe a slight improvement in our power estimates (i.e. ability to detect the true underlying model(s)).
Light squeezing through arbitrarily shaped plasmonic channels and sharp bends

We propose a mechanism for optical energy squeezing and anomalous light transmission through arbitrarily-shaped plasmonic ultranarrow channels and bends connecting two larger plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguides. It is shown how a proper design of subwavelength optical channels at cutoff, patterned by plasmonic implants and connecting larger plasmonic waveguides, may allow enhanced resonant transmission inspired by the anomalous properties of epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterials. The resonant transmission is shown to be only weakly dependent on the channel length and its specific geometry, such as possible presence of abruptions and bends.
In Search of One Words Meaning: Zaman in Early Twentieth Century Kano

When Caliph Attahiru of Sokoto chose flight over submission to the British in March 1903, it was left to the blind and aging Waziri, Muhammad al-Bukhari, to provide those who remained behind with an explanation of how they could remain good Muslims while accepting infidel rule. Citing a text of the caliphate's founder, Shehu ʿUthman Dan Fodio, he argued that one could befriend the British with the tongue, without befriending them with the heart. It remained for others to develop the vocabulary that their tongues would need for this task.A particularly intriguing item in the vocabulary that emerged during the turbulent first decade of colonial rule was a new usage of zaman(time, era) that occurs in the records of the Emir of Kano's judicial council in such terms as hukm al-zaman (rule of the era) and ʿumur al-zaman (things of the era). It is worth noting that the judicial council did not keep written records before being instructed to do so by British Resident C.L. Temple in 1909, so the records might be seen as preserving what was essentially oral discourse—expressions of the tongue. These terms occur uniquely in relation to legal matters in which the British had intervened. Understanding them can shed new light on the religious and political adaptation of northern Nigerian Muslim leaders to life under British rule. To explore their meaning requires a threefold process of examining various usages and understandings of zaman in non-legal sources; describing how the judicial council used the word; and then analyzing how this usage may have been related to any of a number of influences, ranging from British officials to West African Islamic scholars to Western-educated North Africans passing through the region.
Lymphatic Pump Treatment Mobilizes Leukocytes from the Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue into Lymph

Abstract Background: Lymphatic pump techniques (LPT) are used clinically by osteopathic practitioners for the treatment of edema and infection; however, the mechanisms by which LPT enhances lymphatic circulation and provides protection during infection are not understood. Rhythmic compressions on the abdomen during LPT compress the abdominal area, including the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), which may facilitate the release of leukocytes from these tissues into the lymphatic circulation. This study is the first to document LPT-induced mobilization of leukocytes from the GALT into the lymphatic circulation. Methods and Results: Catheters were inserted into either the thoracic or mesenteric lymph ducts of dogs. To determine if LPT enhanced the release of leukocytes from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) into lymph, the MLN were fluorescently labeled in situ. Lymph was collected during 4 min pre-LPT, 4 min LPT, and 10 min following cessation of LPT. LPT significantly increased lymph flow and leukocyt...
Six-coordinate uranium complexes featuring a bidentate anilide ligand

The synthesis of a new bidentate anilide ligand and four uranium amide complexes utilizing the ligand are reported. The secondary aniline HN[ R ]Ar MeL (R = C(CD 3 ) 2 CH 3 , Ar MeL = 2-NMe 2 -5-MeC 6 H 3 ) is prepared by condensation of H 2 NAr MeL and acetone- d 6 followed by alkylation of the resulting imine with MeLi. The ligand precursors (Et 2 O)Li(N[ R ]Ar MeL ) and K(N[ R ]Ar MeL ) are prepared through deprotonation of HN[ R ]Ar MeL with n -BuLi and KH, respectively. Treatment of UI 3 (THF) 4 with (Et 2 O)Li(N[ R ]Ar MeL ) (2 equiv) provides the uranium(III) -ate complex Li[I 2 U(N[ R ]Ar MeL ) 2 ] (Li[ 1 ]), while treatment of UI 3 with three equiv. of K(N[ R ]Ar MeL ) provides the neutral uranium(III) complex U(N[ R ]Ar MeL ) 3 ( 2 ). Both uranium(III) complexes are susceptible to 1e oxidation, as is demonstrated by the syntheses of the uranium(IV) derivatives I 2 U(N[ R ]Ar MeL ) 2 ( 1 ) and [U(N[ R ]Ar MeL ) 3 ][OTf] ([ 2 ][OTf]; OTf = CF 3 SO 3 ). The spectroscopic and X-ray structural characterization of all four uranium complexes is described. The structures of 2 and [ 2 ][OTf] exhibit a large degree of steric pressure about the uranium center, effectively preventing the [ 2 ] + ion from achieving a seven-coordinate structure.
Relaxational mode structure for optical probe diffusion in high molecular weight hydroxypropylcellulose

We studied translational diffusion of dilute monodisperse spheres (diameters 14 < d < 455 nm) in aqueous 1 MDa hydroxypropylcellulose (0 ≤ c ≤ 7 g/L) at 25°C using quasielastic light scattering. Spectra are highly bimodal. The two spectral modes (slow, fast) have different physical properties. Probe behavior differs between small (d < R h ) and large (d ≥ R g ) probes; R h and R g are the matrix polymer hydrodynamic radius and the radius of gyration, respectively. We examined the dependences of spectral lineshape parameters on d, c, scattering vector q, and viscosity η for all four probe-size and mode-type combinations. We find three time scale-separated modes: (1) a large-probe slow mode has properties characteristic of particle motion in a viscous medium; (2) a large-probe fast mode and small-probe slow modes share the same time scale, and have properties characteristic of probe motion coupled to internal chain dynamics; and (3) a small-probe fast mode has properties that can be attributed to the probe sampling local chain relaxations. In the analysis, we also attempted to apply the coupling/scaling (CS) model of Ngai and Phillies [Ngai, K. L., Phillies, G. D. J. J. Chem. Phys., 105, 8385 (1996)] to analyze our data. We find that the second mode is described by the coupling/scaling model for probe diffusion; the first and third modes do not follow the predictions of this model.
Inorganic‐organic composites containing mixed‐oxide phases

Several novel fillers, specifically silica-titania, silica-zirconia and silica-alumina mixed oxides, have been successfully precipitated into poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) networks using a sol-gel approach. The resulting filled networks were found to have very good mechanical properties. In comparison with networks filled only with silica, these materials had good extensibilities as well as high strengths. Filler particle diameters were generally several hundred Angstroms, but were found to decrease with increase in crosslink density of the networks. The distributions of particle size were relatively narrow, and there was very little particle aggregation. The presence of in situ silica-titania and silicazirconia mixed oxides can also increase the onset temperature for degradation of the PDMS. Swelling equilibrium measurements indicated good bonding between these mixed-oxide fillers and the PDMS. The presence of the PDMS was found to shorten gelation times in these systems, and to improve the impact strengths of the composites.
ENHANCEMENT OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT BY OPERATIVE RESTRICTION OF LITTER SIZE IN THE RABBIT

Abstract The number of fetuses in the rabbit has been operatively restricted to one per experimental animal on the 9th day of pregnancy, by destruction of all but one of the implantation sites. As compared with the sham-operated controls, the experimental offspring had significant increases in placental weights (up to 105%), body weights (up to 50%) and cerebral DNA (cell number) (up to 21%).
Ideal versus adequate dental occlusion

The occlusion of the teeth has been said to be the basis for the science of den­ tistry. In spite of this, the subject of occlusion has been much talked about, but little has been done about it until recently. This paradoxical situation can be traced to the dental curriculum. In the average dental school the stu­ dent’s first contact with the subject of oc­ clusion comes at the time that he articu­ lates the teeth that he has carved so laboriously. Emphasis is placed on the ideal or normal interdigitation of the teeth. His next contact with the subject of occlusion comes in the complete denture department where the student is taught the articulation of artificial teeth and is given a fixed mechanical concept of functional occlusion. Again, the con­ cept that is presented to the student is the ideal situation. In many schools this has been the extent of the formal course work. With this meager background the neophyte practitioner is expected to be able to analyze critically his patients’ occlusions and to institute the correct treatment for the occlusal disharmonies which are detected. In recent years the dental schools have been made aware of this deficiency in the student’s background and have taken steps to remedy the situation. Also, an increased emphasis has been placed on this subject by dental societies throughout the nation. This awakening of interest has been brought about pri­ marily by two groups, the periodon­ tists and the occlusal reconstructionists. Through panel discussions at dental meetings, a unified concept of occlusion in its broadest aspect gradually is being achieved. The purpose of this paper is to define the characteristics of the various types of occlusion and to point out the varia­ tions that exist in the general population. Occlusion implies more than just how the teeth meet when the jaws are closed. Such a concept would be a static one and would be useless when applied to a living being. In order to be useful, a concept of occlusion must be dynamic or functional. Anderson1 has aptly said:
QTC intervals can be assessed with the AliveCor heart monitor in patients on dofetilide for atrial fibrillation.

Abstract We assessed the feasibility of AliveCor tracings for QTC assessment in patients receiving dofetilide. Five patients with persistent AF underwent the two-handed measurement (mimicks Lead I). On the ECG, Lead I or II was used. There was no significant difference between the AliveCor-QTC and ECG-QTC (all ± 20 msec). The AliveCor device can be used to monitor the QTC in these patients.
Resonance Raman studies of simple fluorinated compounds: trifluoromethyliodide and hexafluorobutadiene

Fluorine substitution can have a major effect on the electronic spectra and sometimes on the ground electronic state conformations of organic compounds. In this work we investigate the effect of perfluorination on the resonance Raman spectra of the simple diene, hexafluorobutadiene where the preferred ground state geometry is believed to be skew s-cis. A detailed comparison of theory with experiment is possible and excellent agreement is observed. In an ongoing study, we investigate the effect of fluorination on the photodissociation dynamics of methyliodide by investigation of CF3I. The activity of the CH3 umbrella mode observed in the resonance Raman spectrum of CH3I obtained in resonance with the dissociative A state is attributed to a change in the geometry from pyramidal to planar as the C-I bond elongates. This should not be observed in the case of CF3I since CF3 is pyramidal. The consequences of this fluorine effect on the photodissociation product as revealed in the resonance Raman spectrum are investigated.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Career Description Analysis: A Systematic Approach for Studying Qualitative Information

Some qualitative sources of information about leadership are rich with descriptive reports. Analyzing that information in ways that permit different researchers to verify those analyses can be quite difficult. This paper presents a method -- Career Description Analysis -- that could be used to facilitate such verification. Career Description Analysis -- the content analysis of biographies and/or autobiographies of leaders -- is outlined and an example of its use presented. The example uses both original data and data from an earlier study to show that military and business leaders, while similar to one another, nevertheless demonstrate important differences. Suggestions about future research using Career Description Analysis also are made.
Everyday discrimination and nocturnal blood pressure dipping in black and white americans.

Objective:To investigate whether an association exists between experiences of everyday discrimination and blood pressure (BP) dipping in a biracial sample of black and white adults. Attenuated nocturnal BP dipping is closely linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Self-reported experiences
Applying Personal Construct Psychology to the Study of Teachers' Knowledge of Fractions

Personal construct psychology provides a coherent theoretical and methodological framework for the examination of teachers' knowledge. We report case studies of two teachers who varied in their knowledge about fractions and mathematical pedagogy. We used personal construct psychology and the logic of fuzzy sets to elucidate the content and organization of the teachers' knowledge of fractions. The approach proved especially useful for describing conditional relationships among content, general pedagogical, and pedagogical content knowledge frames. We also explored associations between teachers' personal constructions and their classroom teaching. These associations suggested that personal construct psychology shows considerable promise as a way of addressing issues of teacher knowledge in the context of the classroom.
The failure of field sanitation to reduce infestation by the mango weevil, Cryptorhynchus mangiferae (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract Field sanitation was evaluated in Hawaii as a method for reducing infestations of mangoes by the mango weevil, Cryptorhynchus mangiferae (F.). All fallen fruit and seeds from under four isolated mango trees were removed twice each week during the fruiting period. In the following season, mango weevil infestation data from these trees were compared with those of an untreated orchard. Field sanitation did not reduce the incidence of mango weevil because the maximum infestation rates in fruits of all tested trees were greater than from those in the orchard. Evidently, adults can disperse farther than previously thought.
Abstract 4093: Investigating a role for menin and MLL-AF9 in suppressing C/EBPβ-mediated mixed lineage leukemia cell differentiation

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene forms chromosomal translocations with one of multiple partner genes, leading to the expression of MLL fusion proteins (MLL-FPs), which cause acute leukemias with particularly poor prognoses. MLL-FPs contain an N-terminal portion the MLL protein, which is responsible for MLL-FP recruitment to MLL target genes, through interactions with various proteins, including the MEN1 gene product menin. The ability of menin to recruit MLL-FPs to target genes is critical for leukemic transformation. A central hallmark of leukemia is oncogene-mediated suppression of differentiation. Many leukemic oncogenes, including Bcr-Abl and AML-ETO suppress differentiation through inhibiting the C/EBPα transcription factor, a driver of myeloid differentiation. However, a mechanism for MLL-FP-mediated inhibition of C/EBPα has not been reported. We have found that disruption of the MLL-AF9 pathway by acute depletion of its recruiting factor menin causes differentiation of MLL-AF9 leukemia cells in vivo. These results suggest that a major function of menin/MLL-AF9 is to maintain leukemia cells in a de-differentiated state. Further, cDNA microarray analysis of primary MLL-AF9 splenocytes with acute menin depletion showed induction of genes involved in hematopoietic differentiation, including transcriptional targets of C/EBPβ. These results suggest a mechanism for MLL-FP-mediated inhibition of C/EBPα and suppression of leukemic progenitor cell differentiation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4093. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4093
Synthesis and spectral characterization of a long-lifetime osmium (II) metal–ligand complex: a conjugatable red dye for applications in biophysics

Abstract There is a need for luminescent probes, which display both long excitation and emission wavelengths and long decay times. We synthesized and characterized an osmium metal–ligand complex which displays a mean decay time of over 100 ns when bound to proteins. [Os(1,10-phenanthroline) 2 (5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline)](PF 6 ) 2 can be excited at wavelengths up to 650 nm, and displays an emission maximum near 700 nm. The probe displays a modest but useful maximum fundamental anisotropy near 0.1 for 488-nm excitation, and thus convenient when using an argon ion laser. [Os(phen) 2 (aphen)](PF 6 ) 2 is readily activated to the isothiocyanate for coupling to proteins. When covalently linked to bovine serum albumin the intensity decay is moderately heterogeneous with a mean decay time of 145 ns. The anisotropy decay of the labeled protein displays a correlation time near 40 ns. This relatively long lifetime luminophores can be useful as a biophysical probe or in clinical applications such as fluorescence polarization immunoassays.
Rotor Blade Stability in Turbulent Flows-Part II

The effect of turbulence in the atmosphere on the motion stability of a helicopter blade is investigated. Modeling turbulence as a random field, statistically stationary in time and homogeneous in space, the method of stochastic average of Stratonovich is used to obtain equivalent Ito stochastic equations, from which the FokkerPlanck equation for the transition probability density and the equations for various stochastic moments can be derived. As an exploratory study, only flapping and torsional motions are considered; the results are reported in two parts. In Part I, the present paper, equations of motion are derived which are reducible to those obtained previously by Sissingh and Kuczynski when the turbulence terms are removed. The in-plane turbulence components appear in the coefficients of these equations; thus, they affect the stability of the flapping and torsional motions. On the other hand, the normal turbulence component appears in the inhomogeneous terms in the equations; its statistical properties, while affecting the level of system response, do not change a stable solution to an unstable solution. Then detailed discussions are given for the reduced case of uncoupled flapping in a hovering flight. This simple case is theoretically interesting, since closed-form solutions can be obtained and considerable insight can be gained from the analysis. Certain mathematical tools involving stochastic processes which may be foreign to engineers are explained in the Appendix. Solutions for the case of forward flights for both coupled and uncoupled motions are presented in Part II.
Identification of platelet receptors for bovine von Willebrand factor on human platelets by a new platelet receptor test

Abstract A new test for the quantitation of platelet receptor activity for bovine von Willebrand factor in human platelet extracts is described. The test is based on the competition for the von Willebrand factor occuring between platelets, an antibody against von Willebrand factor, and platelet extracts containing the von Willebrand receptor. Bovine von Willebrand factor aggregates human platelets directly. In the presence of EDTA, anti-bovine von Willebrand factor antibody disaggregates platelet aggregates induced by bovine von Willebrand factor. Disaggregation is measured by following the decrease in light transmission accompanying disaggregation. Platelet extracts inhibited the disaggregating activity of the antibody, and the percent inhibition was directly proportional to the amount of the platelet extract added. The decrease in platelet disaggregating activity of the antibody was used as an indicator of platelet receptor activity in a system consisting of platelet-rich plasma, bovine von Willebrand factor, antibody and platelet extract. With this method we found von Willebrand factor receptors in the whole platelet extract, the Triton X-100 platelet membrane extract and in platelet extract material which bound to a bovine von Willebrand factor-Sepharose 6MB affinity column.
Framework Doping of Iron in Tunnel Structure Cryptomelane

A framework doping method was proposed to dope transition-metal iron ions into the framework instead of the tunnels of 2 × 2 tunnel structure manganese octahedral molecular sieve cryptomelane. Iron was first doped into the MnO6 octahedra layers of layered structure birnessite, which served as a synthetic precursor for tunnel structure cryptomelane. Iron-doped cryptomelane was obtained by the thermal transformation of iron-doped birnessite. The effects of temperature and the amount of iron doping on the thermal transformation from birnessite to cryptomelane were also studied. Iron was evenly doped into the framework without producing other phases if iron doping was less than 10% of the total manganese. Hematite phases appeared if iron doping reached 16% of the total manganese. A doping limit of iron was observed for tunnel structure cryptomelane. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance were used to analyze the local chemical environment of manganese and iron in cryptomelane, su...
Spawning and Parental Behavior in Female Pairs of the Jewel Fish, Hemichromis Bimaculatus Gill

Seven homosexual female pairs were observed on 17 occasions in a total of 22 spawnings. On six occasions the paired females spawned together. Four of the pairs synchronized so well in laying that they deposited rows of eggs alternately or simultaneously on the same site. In fifteen of the spawnings, the behavior of the "partner" of the first spawning female could be summarized as follows: seven ate the eggs and did not spawn until 3.5 days later; three ate eggs but spawned the same day ; three skimmed (or fanned) but did not spawn until 5 or more days later; and two skimmed (or fanned) and then spawned 10 and 45 minutes later, respectively. Hence the partners regarded the eggs as food (majority) or as offspring (minority). None of the partners could be regarded as showing male behavior since their skimming did not resemble the fertilizing movements of the male, except when both laid eggs. Pair formation depended on willingness of the females to inhibit their attacks on each other and to co-operate while maintaining a territory. Responses that seemed to check aggressiveness in the pair mate included the "estrous stance" and quivering. Homosexual groups that did not inhibit aggressiveness developed hierarchies and partial territories instead of pairs. On 11 of the 17 occasions of spawning, both females fanned the eggs and exhibited other parental behavior similar to that of heterosexual pairs. Twice, succcessful exchanges were made for fertilized spawn of Acquidens portalegrensis. These two pairs raised the young competently for 18 and 21 days, respectively, or fully as long as the heterosexual pairs maintained their young under our experimental conditions. It is concluded that female pairs of H. bimaculatus spawn in accordance with the chance synchronization of their separate estrous cycles, although some acceleration or inhibition of the cycle of the partner may result from the activities of the first to spawn. Since bisexual behavior could not be demonstrated, it appears likely that cichlid species performing the Hemichromis type of courtship have only one neuromuscular mechanism that with slight modifications is used by both sexes.
Organizational School Psychology: Issues and Considerations.

Abstract School psychologists have been encouraged to become actively involved in facilitating organizational change in public schools. Activities such as organization development, administrative-centered consultation, training of multidisciplinary teams, program planning, and program evaluation have been considered as important aspects of school psychology. However, when the practice of school psychology at the organizational level of public schools is considered as a distinct area, a range of conceptual and practical issues become apparent: (a) What is the nature and scope of organizational-level practice of school psychology? (b) Under what conditions may this kind of professional effort be useful, to whom, in what ways? (c) What are the knowledge and skills necessary for effective organizational-level practice? These issues are addressed in this article through delineation of the emerging area of “organizational school psychology (OSP),” an approach to school psychology practice which complements more established approaches that focus directly on the individual child or on groups of children.
A high level of cell surface phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C activity is characteristic of growth-arrested 3T3 fibroblasts but not of transformed variants.

Confluent monolayers of four contact-inhibited mouse fibroblast lines (Swiss 3T3, Balb/c 3T3, NIH 3T3, and C3H10T1/2) were found to have substantial levels of a cell surface phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (ecto-PLC). In contrast, confluent cultures of virally, chemically, or spontaneously transformed variants derived from these cell lines expressed undetectable or negligible levels of this enzyme activity. A simple and rapid assay, using lysophosphatidylinositol radio-labeled in the inositol group ([3H]-lysoPI) as the substrate was developed to provide a quantitative measure of the phospholipase C activity present at the external cell surface. For cells testing positive for ecto-PLC activity, rapid uptake of [3H]-lysoPI is accompanied by the simultaneous appearance of [3H]-inositol phosphate in the external medium. Confluent monolayers of the four mouse fibroblast lines exhibiting density-dependent growth inhibition had levels of ecto-PLC activity in the range of 50–800 pmol/min/106 cells (i.e., about 20–50 times greater than the activity observed for the transformed variants). The expression of ecto-PLC activity at the cell surface of the Swiss or Balb/c cells was dependent on the state of cell proliferation. Cultures which had become quiescent through attainment of confluence displayed a tenfold increased activity over that of subconfluent, growing cultures of these cells. Similarly, subconfluent Swiss 3T3 cells which had become quiescent following exposure to low serum conditions also showed increased activity. These results indicate that there may exist a correlation between the control of cell proliferation in contact-inhibited mouse fibroblasts and the expression of inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C activity at the external cell surface. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reactions of (H2AlMes*)2 (Mes* = 2,4,6-(t-Bu)3C6H2) with H2EAr (E = N, P, or As; Ar = aryl): Characterization of the Ring Compounds (Mes*AlNPh)2 and (Mes*AlEPh)3 (E = P or As)

The reaction between sterically crowded, dimeric, arylalane (H2AlMes*)2 and some aryl amines, phosphines, or arsines are described. Treatment of (H2AlMes*)2 (Mes* = 2,4,6-(t-Bu)3C6H2) with the amines H2NPh and H2NDipp (Dipp = 2,6-(i-Pr)2C6H3) affords the monomeric bis(amino)alane products Mes*Al(NHPh)2·Et2O (1·Et2O) and Mes*Al(NHDipp)2 (2) which feature three-coordinate aluminum and nitrogen centers and short Al−N bonds. Heating of a 1:1 mixture of H2AlMes* and aniline under carefully controlled conditions affords the dimer (Mes*AlNPh)2, 3. Reaction of (Mes*AlH2)2 with H2PPh or H2AsPh at ca. 160 °C gives the trimeric, six-membered-ring compounds (Mes*AlPPh)3·Et2O (4·Et2O) and (Mes*AlAsPh)3·Et2O (5·Et2O) which are formal valence analogues of borazine. The structure of 3 features a planar Al2N2 core, which also extends to the ipso carbons of the aryl rings; the Al−N distance is 1.824(2) A. The structures of 4 and 5 have six-membered rings of alternating aluminum and phosphorus or arsenic atoms arranged in a...
Parental school involvement as a moderator of the association between peer victimization and academic performance

A link between experiences of peer victimization and poor academic performance has been established. However, the specific links between overt and relational forms of victimization and academic performance are not well understood, and factors that may help to mitigate this association are not known. Accordingly, the present study examined parental school involvement as a moderator of the associations between peer victimization (both overt and relational) and academic performance using teacher reports on 704 elementary school-age youth (51% female) in kindergarten thru 5th grade. RESULTS indicated that high levels of peer victimization, particularly relational victimization, were associated with lower levels of academic performance at both high and low levels of parental involvement for both boys and girls. However, the highest levels of academic performance were evident when parental involvement was high and levels of relational victimization were low, and the lowest levels of academic performance occurred when parental involvement was low and levels of relational victimization were high. Implications for findings are discussed.
Infective endocarditis prophylaxis before dental procedures: new guidelines spark controversy.

Many fewer people will need to receive antibiotics, according to new guidelines released by the American Heart Association.
Determination of the Spectral Absorption of Solar Radiation by Marine Stratocumulus Clouds from Airborne Measurements within Clouds

A multiwavelength scanning radiometer has been used to measure the angular distribution of scattered radiation deep within a cloud layer at discrete wavelengths between 0.5 and 2.3 pm. The relative angular distribution of the intensity field at each wavelength is used to determine the similarity parameter, and hence single scattering albedo, of the cloud at that wavelength using the diffusion domain method. In addition to the spectral similarity parameter, the analysis provides a good estimate of the optical thickness of the cloud beneath the :raft. Results of such analysis are presented for a 50 km section of clean marine stratocumulus clouds off the coast of California on 10 July 1987. These observations were obtained from the University of Washington Convair C- 13 1 A aircraft as part of the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment (FIRE). In addition to the radiation measurements, we obtained microphysical and thermodynamic measurements from which the expected similarity parameter spectrum was calculated using accepted values of the refractive index of liquid water and the transmission function of water vapor. The measured absorption for this case of clean maritime clouds is close to, but persistently larger than, theoretical predictions. Finally, measurements are presented of the spectral albedo of the ocean surface under overcast conditions.
Endoscopic therapy for chronic pancreatitis.

Endoscopic management of chronic pancreatitis was first reported in 1977 8 with the performance of pancreatic sphincterotomy for relief of an impacted pancreatic ductal stone. Since then, pancreatic endoscopic therapy has become an important, albeit controversial, alternative therapy for patients with chronic pancreatitis not amenable to surgical management. 27 The development of pancreatic endoscopic therapy has been driven by clinicians' desire to provide a nonsurgical means of palliating some of the complications of chronic pancreatitis. Various pancreatic abnormalities, including stone disease, ductal strictures, fluid collections, and functional sphincter disorders, all can be treated endoscopically. Adjuvant therapy to the bile duct, in the case of pancreatitis-induced biliary strictures, and the stenting of the obstructed duodenum are also feasible endoscopically. The relief of pain is generally the most compelling reason for endoscopic management of chronic pancreatitis. As with surgical ductal decompression, the goal of endoscopic management of pain in chronic pancreatitis is ductal decompression. 3,37 Endoscopic techniques, such as stenting or stone extraction, can reestablish pancreatic drainage and reduce ductal pressures while maintaining pancreatic secretory activity in a functional gland. Ductal obstruction in chronic pancreatitis occurs in several ways. Fibrotic strictures can occur as a result of recurrent acute episodes of pancreatitis. Stone disease can present as parenchymal calcification resulting in an extrinsic compression of the pancreatic duct or as intraductal stone disease. Periampullary and sphincteric disease can lead to ductal hypertension and recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis. The goal of endoscopic therapy in each situation is the relief of obstruction by the removal of its cause, as in the case of stone extraction or sphincter ablation, or in the stenting of the pancreatic duct.
Observations on the histopathology caused by a parasitic ciliate (Paranophrys sp.?) in the isopod Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis

Abstract Ciliates of the genus Paranophrys have been known for many years. They were thought to only consume the blood cells of their host crustaceans, but have been recently shown to also invade and probably consume the tissues of the living crabs. Histological examination of infected living marine isopods showed also that tissues as well as blood cells are most likely consumed before death.
A Study of the Thermodynamics of Sorption of Three Direct Dyes on Cellophane Film

The sorption isotherms for Direct Red 2, Direct Blue 8, and Direct Yellow 12 were determined at 84° and 95° on cellophane film. The data correlated much better with the Langmuir-type sorption isoth...
Improving written communication through perspective-taking

Abstract To convey their ideas successfully, writers must envision how readers will interpret their texts. In our previous research (Traxler & Gernsbacher, 1992), we discovered that writers who received feedback from their readers successfully revised descriptions of geometric figures, whereas writers who did not receive feedback did not. We also discovered that writers who received feedback from their readers on one set of descriptions wrote better descriptions of a new set of geometric figures. We concluded that feedback even a minimal form of feedback helps writers learn to envision how readers will interpret their texts. In the present research, we investigated another way that writers can learn to envision how readers will interpret their texts. Our treatment placed writers “in their readers' shoes”. In three experiments, half the writers performed a task that their readers would subsequently perform, and the other half of the writers performed a control task. In our first and second experiments, the...
Two mcm3 Mutations Affect Different Steps in the Initiation of DNA Replication

Mcm3 is a subunit of the hexameric MCM2-7 complex required for the initiation and elongation of DNA replication in eukaryotes. We have characterized two mutant alleles, mcm3-1 and mcm3-10, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and showed that they are defective at different steps of the replication initiation process. Mcm3-10 contains a P118L substitution that compromises its interaction with Mcm5 and the recruitment of Mcm3 and Mcm7 to a replication origin. P118 is conserved between Mcm3, Mcm4, Mcm5, and Mcm7. An identical substitution of this conserved residue in Mcm5 (P83L of mcm5-bob1) strengthens the interaction between Mcm3 and Mcm5 and allows cells to enter S phase independent of Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase (Hardy, C. F., Dryga, O., Pahl, P. M. B., and Sclafani, R. A. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 3151–3155). Mcm3-1 contains a G246E mutation that diminishes the efficiency of replication initiation (Yan, H., Merchant, A. M., and Tye, B. K. (1993) Genes Dev. 7, 2149–2160) but not its interaction with Mcm5 or recruitment of the MCM2-7 complex to replication origin. These observations indicate that Mcm3-10 is defective in a step before, and Mcm3-1 is defective in a step after the recruitment of the MCM2-7 complex to replication origins.
A study of the northern part of the Labrador Current

In the discussion of the Labrador Current which follows, the observation made last summer during the cruise of the schooner Chance will be used as a basis. A preliminary report of this trip will shortly appear in Science. During the cruise two profiles were run at right-angles to the general trend of the Labrador coast, one just south of Hamilton Inlet and the other off Nachvak Bay which is about sixty miles south of Cape Chidley, the northeastern extremity of the Labrador Peninsula. Besides these physical observations on the Labrador Current, the Expedition made a collection of the flowers and plants from the Torngat Mountains and explored several of the fiords which indent the northern part of the coast. Plankton-hauls and collections of the salmon, char, and cod were also made. Since very little oceanographic work had been done off the northern part of Labrador, the region proved most profitable for a short cruise.
A summary of spectrum engineering, the why and how

For many years, Electromagnetic Spectrum has been treated as a commodity within the United States, with allocation shared between Government and private sector interests. Government spectrum managers, working with their industry counterparts, carved out slices of spectrum under the governance of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) for commercial and government use, respectively. This relationship worked very well for many years due to the fact that electronic systems utilizing the spectrum, such as radar and satellite communications systems, were in designated bands. The solid-state revolution began to take hold aggressively in the early 1990s with an explosion of chip sets capable of performing the necessary functionality needed to support both the RF and signal processing infrastructures required for realizable high-speed wireless cellular communications. As the spectrum from UHF up through C band began to encounter greater congestion as a result of the influx of communications systems, the ability to manage a solution became rather tenuous at best. Since 2007 the US Navy has come to realize that in order to use spectrum, better engineering solutions are required to augment traditional spectrum management. These engineering solutions take the form of: (1) power amplifiers for radar and communications with lower levels of out-of-band emissions; (2) a waveform diversity approach for radar and communications that allow the requisite performance, but without adding to the out-of-band emissions; (3) antennas which support space-time diversity, thus allowing spectral compatibility in designated geographical zones; (4) adaptive software-defined receivers; and (5) bi-static/multi-static sensors, such as radars, that utilize the emissions of other users of the spectrum to support their operation.
Saccades as Related to Reading Disorders

A group of inadequate readers was compared with adequate readers on measures of saccadic eye movements. Saccades are discussed as a possible contributing cause of reading problems rather than the traditional view that they are primarily or solely the result of reading experience. Nonreading as well as reading materials and tasks were used. On all nonreading and reading materials the inadequate readers tended to make more regressions and fewer forward fixations. The inadequate readers were heterogeneous; two subgroups involving micro-sequencing evolved. Implications and procedures for saccadic diagnosis are discussed.
The development ofα2-adrenoceptors in the rat kidney: Correlation with noradrenergic innervation

The development of the renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the rat was studied by binding renal membranes of prenatal and postnatal rats with p-[3,5-3H]aminoclonidine (PAC), a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. The results demonstrate that prior to birth and on the day of birth [3H]PAC binding is present and reflects a single linear binding affinity (Kd approximately equal to 1.0 nM). In contrast, data from postnatal day 3 demonstrate the addition of a second, lower affinity binding site (Kd approximately equal to 7.0 nM) that develops rapidly during the ensuing weeks of life. Both high and low affinity alpha 2-adrenoceptor binding sites continue to increase in receptor density through 30 weeks of age; however, the binding affinity of each site remains relatively stable. The sympathetic noradrenergic innervation of the rat kidney is present prenatally and rapidly develops during the first 3 weeks of life with peak noradrenaline concentrations being reached at approximately prenatally and rapidly develops during the first 3 weeks of life with peak noradrenaline concentrations being reached at approximately postnatal day 21. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrates that tyrosine hydroxylase-positive axons rapidly develop in the kidney during the same period, indicating that the increase in noradrenaline is related to expansion of renal sympathetic innervation.
MAV attitude determination by vector matching

An attitude determination algorithm suitable for micro aerial vehicle (MAV) applications is developed. The algorithm uses Earth's magnetic and gravity field vectors as observations. The magnetic field vector measurements are obtained from a magnetometer triad. The gravity field vector is measured by fusing information from an accelerometer triad with GPS/WAAS (wide area augmentation system) velocity measurements. Two linearization and estimator designs for implementing the algorithm are discussed. Simulation and experimental flight test results validating the algorithm are presented.
Nafion-Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Membrane for the Effective Reduction of Fuel Crossover

The effect of Nafion−clay nanocomposite membranes on hydrogen and methanol crossover in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell was studied. Several analytical methods were used to determine the fuel crossover rate and the ionic conductivity of the membranes. It is the first time a Nafion−clay nanocomposite was investigated to reduce the hydrogen migration rate across the PEM membrane. The Nafion−clay nanocomposites demonstrated significantly reduced permeability to both methanol and hydrogen. The reduction of hydrogen and methanol crossover was compared, and the possible mechanistic difference was discussed. The ionic conductivities for both in-plane and through-plane were measured using alternating current impedance techniques. The ionic conductivities of the Nafion−clay nanocomposites were lower than a pure Nafion membrane of the same thickness.
Properties of hook Schur functions with applications to p. i. algebras

We study properties of the coefficients m"@l in infinite series of hook Schur functions @?m"@lHS"@l(x"1,...,x"k;y"1,...,y"@?) that converge to rational functions with denominators a product of terms of the form (1-M), where each M is a monomial in the x"i and y"j. As an application, we prove that if A is a p. i. algebra with unit in characteristic 0, then the colength sequence l"n(A) is asymptotic to a function of the form Cn^t, for some positive real number C and some positive integer t; and the codimension sequence c"n(A) is asymptotic to a function of the form Cn^te^n, for some positive real number C, integer or half-integer t, and positive integer e.
Impact of Positive Apical Surgical Margins on Likelihood of Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: We evaluated whether a positive surgical margin at the apex confers a different likelihood of biochemical recurrence than at other sites.Material and Methods: A total of 3,087 men underwent radical prostatectomy between January 2000 and June 2008. Patients with prior treatment, positive seminal vesicles, lymph node involvement or less than 6 months of followup were excluded from analysis. The remaining 1,667 men were grouped by margin status, including negative surgical margins, a solitary positive apical margin, a solitary nonapical positive margin and multiple positive margins. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare biochemical recurrence across groups. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to determine whether a solitary positive apical margin is an independent risk factor for biochemical recurrence.Results: Median followup was 21.1 months. Of the cases 1,295 (77.7%) had negative surgical margins, 96 (5.8%) had a solitary positive apical margin, 82 (4.9%) had a solitary positive ...
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activation suppresses ischemic induction of Egr-1 and its inflammatory gene targets

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is a nuclear receptor whose activation regulates metabolism and inflammation. Recent data indicate that the zinc finger transcription factor early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) acts as a master switch for the inflammatory response in ischemic vessels. Experiments tested the hypothesis that activation of endogenous PPAR-gamma inhibits induction of Egr-1. Egr-1 is rapidly induced in murine lungs after ischemia-reperfusion, as well as in alveolar mononuclear phagocytes deprived of oxygen as an ischemic model. In vitro, the natural PPAR-gamma ligand (15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2) and a PPAR-gamma activator (troglitazone), but not a PPAR-alpha activator (bezafibrate), strikingly diminished Egr-1 mRNA and protein expression and nuclear DNA binding activity corresponding to Egr-1. In vivo, treatment with troglitazone before ischemia prevented induction of Egr-1 and its target genes such as interleukin-1beta, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2. As a consequence of PPAR-gamma activation, pulmonary leukostasis was decreased and oxygenation and overall survival were improved. Activation of PPAR-gamma suppresses activation of Egr-1 and its inflammatory gene targets and provides potent protection against ischemic pulmonary injury. These data reveal a new mechanism whereby PPAR-gamma activation may decrease tissue inflammation in response to an ischemic insult.