cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Practice with Parents

This work shares the experiences of an ongoing collaboration between Mexican immigrant women, the authors, and the principal and the librarian at a middle school in Tucson, Arizona. The collaboration entailed the establishment of rapport through respectful interactions between mothers, school personnel and university researchers. It also required challenging otherwise slanted forms of participation as a consequence of hegemonic practices that make passive forms of participation seem otherwise “normal.” Mathematics workshops for parents, most of whom were mothers, for engaging in a two-way dialogue about mathematics became the form for moving along the collaboration continuum. In this continuum the workshops served as the forum for moving from the role of parent-as-caretaker to parent-as-intellectual and finally parent-as-teacher. In this manner we strove to define a collaborative practice with parents on a more egalitarian and informed platform.
Patient Selection and Method of Evaluation for Hearing Preservation in Acoustic Neuroma Surgery

The goals of acoustic neuroma surgery are safe and accurate total tumor resection, normal facial nerve preservation, and hearing preservation. With the advances in extremely careful and meticulous microtechniques, hearing preservation has become possible in a high percentage of cases. This article deals with the criteria for patient selection in order to preserve good hearing function and discusses the key factors for hearing preservation and preoperative-postoperative evaluation of hearing function. Our criterion for selection of candidates for hearing preservation has been pure tone audiogram better than 50 dB loss and speech discrimination score better than 50 percent. This 50/50 criterion is still the standard; however, some patients with scores worse than 50/50 could be candidates for hearing preservation. Increasing clinical experience has indicated that the current American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) hearing classification should be modified to divide C and D classes more precisely into several subtypes for better assessment of patient selection for hearing preservation.
Maximizing Postoperative Functional Recovery

A higher and higher percentage of surgical procedures are now being done on patients 65 and older. The successful outcome of these procedures goes beyond traditional concerns about morbidity and mortality. For most patients, the most important result of these procedures is the ability to continue to live independently. Hospitalizations and surgical procedures often result in a decrease of older persons’ ability to care for themselves, resulting in the need for daily care at home or nursing home placement. Surgeons must understand how to return their patients to the highest possible level of function, if they are going to provide them the best possible care.
Homomorphism Theory of Loops

The kernel, H, of a homomorphism θ of a loop G upon a loop K with identity element 1, is the set of all h in G such that hθ = 1. If x, y are in G, there exist unique elements a, b of G such that y = xa = bx. Then yθ = (xθ) (aθ) = (bθ) (xθ), so the equations yθ = xθ, aθ = 1, bθ = 1 are equivalent. The case xθ = 1 shows that H is a subloop of G.
First-principles study of the nanotubes from the TiO2 hexagonal sheet

Using the method based on the density functional theory, the geometric and electronic properties of the TiO2 single-wall nanotubes, constructed by rolling the most stable nanosheet along the (n, 0) and (n, n) directions, have been investigated systematically. The nanotubes with size from n = 6 up to n = 20 have been modeled and studied. The strain energies of the nanotubes decrease monotonically as the radii of the nanotubes increase, regardless of the rolling direction. The band gaps of the nanotubes are increasing with the increase of the n value, approaching the value of the nanosheet. However, there is one nanotube significantly different from the others, i.e., the (6, 0) nanotube. The substantial structural change of (6, 0) nanotube causes a reduction of the band gap. Then, the isovalent sulfur (S) substitution and adsorption with the (6, 0) nanotube have been studied. Energetically, S adsorption at the inner surface is preferred. Electronically, the band gaps are further reduced by 35% for S substitution of oxygen and 22% for S adsorption, respectively, making the nanotube visible light-sensitive.
Patient Satisfaction after Aesthetic Chondrolaryngoplasty.

Background Patient's pursuing aesthetic surgery often inquire about the success of the procedure. Having objective data for these patients improves preoperative counseling. To assess patient satisfaction after aesthetic chondrolaryngoplasty using specifically developed outcomes assessment instrument and to evaluate the anatomy of the vocalis insertion on the thyroid cartilage and its effect on the extent of surgical resection. Methods Retrospective survey of patients who underwent chondrolaryngoplasty from 2006 to 2012. Patients answered 6 questions on a 5-point Likert scale assessing satisfaction from a physical, emotional, and social quality of life perspective. We separately undertook cadaveric dissection to examine the ligamentous attachment of the vocal fold to the thyroid cartilage.All patient were seen in a private practice affiliated with a university medical center.One hundred ninety-eight patients underwent chondrolaryngoplasty during the study period; we were able to contact 112.The main outcome measure is patient satisfaction using a 5-point Likert Scale. Results Sixty percentage of patients were either "very" or "completely" satisfied with the appearance of their neck and Adam's apple. Only 13% still reported that their neck/Adam's apple still appeared unsatisfactorily prominent or masculine. No patients had permanent voice change, and greater than 90% of patients had no significant voice change of any duration; any voice change was temporary. The most frequent comments from less satisfied patients were the amount of remaining prominence and the size or location of the scar. Conclusions Aesthetic chondrolaryngoplasty is a safe and effective surgery to reduce the prominence of the thyroid cartilage. Patients should be aware that because of the need to preserve voice it may not be 100% effective from an aesthetic perspective.
Prevalence and correlates of never vaccinated Nigerian children, aged 1-5 years.

Abstract Introduction A unique population of Nigerian children, aged 1–5 years, never receive any of the recommended childhood vaccines. However, the characteristics of this population has not been previously described. Given Nigeria’s historically poor childhood immunization coverage and high child mortality rates, it was imperative we investigate the prevalence and correlates of never-vacccination among Nigerian children. Methods We conducted secondary analysis of the 2013 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey data of Nigerian children, aged 12–59 months (n = 20,586). Weighted multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the relationship between socio-demographic factors and never-vaccination of Nigerian children. Further regression analysis was conducted after stratifying by Northern and Southern regions. Results About twenty one percent of study sample, had never been vaccinated. Over eighty percent of the never-vaccinated children in our study resided in the Northern geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Child never-vaccination was found to be significantly associated with key socio-demographic characteristics. Children born into poor households, with mothers who are unemployed and uneducation, were more likely to be never-vaccinated. Unique predictors of child never-vaccination specific to Northern Nigeria were identified. Islam (aOR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.11–2.17) and lack of access to Television or Radio (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.22–1.81) promoted never-vaccination, while increasing maternal age and rural residence (aOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42–0.95) were associated with lower odds of never-vaccination. Conclusion Socio-demographic factors are predictors of child never-vaccination in Nigeria. Further investigations are needed to better understand the underlying contexts that conribute to child never-vaccination in populations identified in this study. More so, it is important to examine the mechanism through which predictors that are region-speific, culminate in child never-vaccination.
301) Youth with Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders Experience a Reduction in Anxiety after CBT Despite the Presence of Maternal Anxiety

Pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) are associated with increased rates of anxiety in affected youth and in their parents and child anxiety has been shown to adversely impact response to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for pain. Novel CBT approaches targeting both pain and anxiety have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing symptoms in youth with FAPD (i.e., Aim to Decrease Anxiety in Pain Treatment [ADAPT]), though it is unknown how parental anxiety may impact treatment response. Parental anxiety may warrant further study given that anxiety often aggregates in families. The current study explored how maternal anxiety impacted changes in child anxiety following ADAPT versus treatment as usual. A total of 74 mother-child dyads participated in the 6-session randomized trial, with 51% (n=38) completing ADAPT. Maternal report of anxiety symptoms at baseline (Differential Abilities Scale, Anxiety Subscale) and child report of anxiety symptoms at baseline and following the trial were collected (Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Emotional Disorders, Generalized Anxiety Subscale). The ADAPT intervention moderated the relation between maternal anxiety and change in the child's anxiety symptoms (b=4.34, SE=1.56, t=2.79, p=.007). Probing this interaction revealed that maternal anxiety tended to relate to greater decreases in child anxiety only for those families in the ADAPT condition. Children assigned to the control group with more anxious mothers actually demonstrated increases in their anxiety symptoms over the course of the trial. Results reveal the effectiveness of ADAPT for potentially disrupting the intergenerational transmission of anxiety, which in turn may improve pain-related outcomes for youth with chronic pain conditions. Funded by American Pain Society Sharon S Keller Chronic Pain Research Grant (2015-2017) and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Place Outcomes Research Award. (Campo, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2007; Cunningham, J Pediatr, 2016; Cunningham, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2018; Eley, Am J Psychiatry, 2015)
Universal Localism: WWOZ Community Radio, 1980-2006

As one of the nation’s best-known community radio stations, New Orleans-based WWOZ-FM is a prime example of how the cultural characteristics of a locale can achieve universal relevance, redefining traditional notions of community while working to establish financial solvency. This examination focuses on the station’s history relative to technological changes (especially the introduction of online streaming), explaining the capability of highly localized nonprofit radio stations to redefine traditional perceptions of “sense of place” and showing how online streaming can support the evolution of geographic locations into psychographically and emotionally bound communities. Moreover, this study of WWOZ explains the ways local content and technology combine to create a worldwide local community that can maintain, preserve, and promote localized culturally relevant music and cultural ideas.
Isolation in Parents and Providers of Children With Chronic Critical Illness.

Objectives An increasing number of children with medical complexity spend months or more in PICUs, lending to isolation for their parents and providers. We sought to better describe the experiences of parents and providers of children with chronic critical illness specifically around isolation during PICU admission. Design In-person interviews and surveys of pediatric critical care providers and parents of children with chronic critical illness. Interview transcripts were analyzed for themes. Setting Academic institution; PICU. Subjects Seven PICU physicians, eight nurse practitioners, and 12 parents of children with chronic critical illness. Interventions Surveys and semi-structured interviews. Measurements and main results PICU providers acknowledge feeling medically isolated from children with chronic critical illness, fueled by a lack of chronic critical illness training and burnout. Providers also perceive medical isolation in parents of children with chronic critical illness manifesting as a declining level of parental engagement. Parents did not feel medically isolated in our study. Providers also perceive social isolation in families of children with chronic critical illness, identifying the child's protracted disease and lack of tangible support systems as contributing factors. Parents self-reported adequate social supports but scored high on depression scales suggesting a disconnect between perceived and actual support. Both parents and providers acknowledge that the child's chronic critical illness could be a source of support. Conclusions PICU providers perceived social and medical isolation in parents of children with chronic critical illness; however, parents did not endorse either directly. A majority of parents showed signs of depression despite reporting good social support. Providers reported feeling medically isolated from children with chronic critical illness and their families related to burnout and insufficient training. Novel methods to address these issues are needed.
Perinatal outcome after persistence of abnormal umbilical artery Doppler indices in the growth-restricted fetus following betamethasone administration.

An optimal approach for providing sufficient antenatal surveillance for fetal growth restriction (FGR) has yet to be elucidated. Moreover, there is scant literature on the fetal response to betamet...
LABOUR AND KAPITAL: TRADE WAR BETWEEN AMERICA AND CHINA

America, having reduced its production at home, scattered it all over the world, where only it is beneficial to money capitalists, bankers and financial oligarchs, everyone who shares American interests.
Language, citizenship and schooling: A minority teacher’s perspective

In an age in which a shift towards increased authoritarianism and populism means that citizenship is defined in increasingly exclusive ways, migrant teachers’ perspectives are vital in informing inclusive educational decision making, policies and practices. We draw on the life history tradition to present the perspectives of one minority teacher, living and working in Norway. Elif, a Turkish-Norwegian, reflects on her motivations in pursuing teaching as a career. As a multilingual minority teacher, she considers the relationships between language use, citizenship and belonging. For Elif, having Turkish roots and living in Norway presents certain advantages, possibilities and challenges, both in school and society. She suggests that her intercultural experiences and multilingual skills provide her with insights that enable special relationships with minority students, whose language skills and identities she seeks to activate and demystify. She identifies tensions between the Norwegian ideal of equality, her experiences of being minoritized by her professional peers and the mechanisms of exclusion operating among teachers to the detriment of minority students. Minority teachers’ insights inform education for social justice. Including their stories avoids distorting knowledge critical to inclusive citizenship and inclusive processes of teaching and learning.
Abstract 15297: Discovery and Preclinical Optimization of Selective ABCA1 Inducers as Multifunctional Therapeutic Candidates

Introduction: Reduced expression of cholesterol transporter ABCA1 is critical in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related conditions, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer’s d...
A Comparison of Two Five-Factor Model Operationalizations of the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy in a Clinical Sample.

Structural models of personality traits, particularly the five-factor model (FFM), continue to inform ongoing debates regarding what personality attributes and trait domains are central to psychopa...
Towards a Computational Fluid Dynamics implementation of the critical wave groups method

Abstract The prediction of extreme ship responses continues to be an important and longstanding topic in ship hydrodynamics with a significant focus on developing probabilistic methods based on simple descriptions of the hydrodynamics that mainly provide qualitative observations. While simple nonlinear hydrodynamic formulations provide insight into extreme events, their underlying assumptions can prevent accurate quantitative representations of the mechanisms that are ultimately responsible for the extreme responses. Thus, research must strive to utilize increasingly more accurate hydrodynamic formulations to provide quantitative evaluations of extreme events. The present work aims to integrate extreme event probabilistic research based on the critical wave groups (CWG) method and fully nonlinear Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to achieve a high fidelity representation of extreme events. This aim is achieved by embedding deterministic wave groups into irregular wave trains with known responses to produce different states at the moment of wave group encounter. The new framework is demonstrated by predicting the probability of exceedence of roll with a 2-D midship section of the Office of Naval Research Tumblehome hull in Sea State 7. The framework showcases how CFD and CWG can together reduce the computational burden of predicting extreme ship responses.
Integrating Recovery Coaches into Primary Care Teams

The recent opioid overdose crisis has created an opportunity to reconsider best practices for treatment of opioid use disorder as well as other substance use disorders. Increasingly peers who are in recovery from substance use disorders are being included in care teams, based on experience from other mental health and chronic disease treatment models. Those with lived experience of the disease offer a unique perspective and valuable skill set to enhance effective, patient-centered care for this chronic disease. While these are early days and more research is needed, the role of peers in recovery offers much promise for supporting effective interventions for persons with substance use disorder.
A Unified Transcriptional, Pharmacogenomic, and Gene Dependency Approach to Decipher the Biology, Diagnostic Markers, and Therapeutic Targets Associated with Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our understanding of metastatic prostate cancer (mPrCa) has dramatically advanced during the genomics era. Nonetheless, many aspects of the disease may still be uncovered through reanalysis of public datasets. We integrated the expression datasets for 209 PrCa tissues (metastasis, primary, normal) with expression, gene dependency (GD) (from CRISPR/cas9 screen), and drug viability data for hundreds of cancer lines (including PrCa). Comparative statistical and pathways analyses and functional annotations (available inhibitors, protein localization) revealed relevant pathways and potential (and previously reported) protein markers for minimally invasive mPrCa diagnostics. The transition from localized to mPrCa involved the upregulation of DNA replication, mitosis, and PLK1-mediated events. Genes highly upregulated in mPrCa and with very high average GD (~1) are potential therapeutic targets. We showed that fostamatinib (which can target PLK1 and other over-expressed serine/threonine kinases such as AURKA, MELK, NEK2, and TTK) is more active against cancer lines with more pronounced signatures of invasion (e.g., extracellular matrix organization/degradation). Furthermore, we identified surface-bound (e.g., ADAM15, CD276, ABCC5, CD36, NRP1, SCARB1) and likely secreted proteins (e.g., APLN, ANGPT2, CTHRC1, ADAM12) that are potential mPrCa diagnostic markers. Overall, we demonstrated that comprehensive analyses of public genomics data could reveal potentially clinically relevant information regarding mPrCa.
Postwar Hegemony and the Reagan Reversal, 1945–1985

The US rose quickly to become the hegemonic world power after 1945. Its military might was unchallenged, its control of cheap energy, food, and raw materials unsurpassed, and its international political effectiveness unrivaled. The domestic consequences of its world power, however, began to undermine the US claim to be a beacon of peace and freedom, first with the Cuban Missile Crisis and later in Vietnam. Despite the relative success of the Great Society programs, Turchin traces the beginning of the decline of social cohesion in the US to the mid-1960s, when the power of labor unions continued to decline and US military adventurism and racist tribalism increased. The shocks of the 1970s, from Watergate to hyperinflation, continued to undermine social cohesion, and a new elite, preaching the virtues of neoliberalism, rose to prominence and finally to power with the election of Reagan in 1980. The last section of the chapter presents evidence for the likelihood of a correlation between the shift from less to more dysphoria in horror and crime films after 1965 and widespread indicators of a decline in social cohesion over the 1950–1980 period. In terms of Whitehouse’s criteria, early horror and crime films feature more empathic, emotional, and narrative moments of euphoria than post-1965 dysphoric films, such as Night of the Living Dead (1968) and The Godfather (1972).
The quadrupole as a source of cusp energetic particles : I. General considerations

The recent discovery of energetic particles trapped in the cusp (CEP) in close association with diamagnetic cavities (CDC) strongly suggest a new location for particle acceleration. Such an acceleration region has long been sought as the mysterious source of outer radiation belt electrons (ORBE) and ring current ions (RCI). In this paper we present some theoretical support for the acceleration mechanism and estimate that the quadrupole cusp may be the most powerful accelerator in geospace. If so, then the CEP/CDC may provide a useful predictor of the injection of ORBE/RCI fluxes that are detrimental to geosynchronous spacecraft.
Developmental plasticity of photoreceptors

During development, retinal ganglion cells undergo conspicuous structural remodeling as they gradually attain their mature morphology and connectivity. Alterations in their dendritic organization and in their axonal projections can also be achieved following early insult to their targets or their afferents. Other retinal cell types are thought not to display this same degree of developmental plasticity. The present review will consider the evidence, drawn largely from recent experimental studies in the carnivore retina, that photoreceptors also undergo structural remodeling, extending their terminals transiently into inner plexiform layer before retracting to the outer plexiform layer. The determinants of this transient targeting to the inner plexiform layer are considered, and the role of cholinergic amacrine cells is discussed. The factors triggering this retraction are also considered, including the concurrent maturational changes in outer segment formation and in the differentiation of the outer plexiform layer. These results provide new insight into the life history of the photoreceptor cell and its connectivity, and suggest a transient role for the photoreceptors in the circuitry of the inner retina during early development, prior to the onset of phototransduction.
Cell-to-cell communication in intact taste buds through ATP signalling from pannexin 1 gap junction hemichannels.

Isolated taste cells, taste buds and strips of lingual tissue from taste papillae secrete ATP upon taste stimulation. Taste bud receptor (Type II) cells have been identified as the source of ATP secretion. Based on studies on isolated taste buds and single taste cells, we have postulated that ATP secreted from receptor cells via pannexin 1 hemichannels acts within the taste bud to excite neighbouring presynaptic (Type III) cells. This hypothesis, however, remains to be tested in intact tissues. In this report we used confocal Ca2+ imaging and lingual slices containing intact taste buds to test the hypothesis of purinergic signalling between taste cells in a more integral preparation. Incubating lingual slices with apyrase reversibly blocked cell-to-cell communication between receptor cells and presynaptic cells, consistent with ATP being the transmitter. Inhibiting pannexin 1 gap junction hemichannels with CO2-saturated buffer or probenecid significantly reduced cell–cell signalling between receptor cells and presynaptic cells. In contrast, anandamide, a blocker of connexin gap junction channels, had no effect of cell-to-cell communication in taste buds. These findings are consistent with the model for peripheral signal processing via ATP and pannexin 1 hemichannels in mammalian taste buds.
Prediction of three-dimensional transmembrane helical protein structures

Membrane proteins are critical to living cells and their dysfunction can lead to serious diseases. High-resolution structures of these proteins would provide very valuable information for designing eficient therapies but membrane protein crystallization is a major bottleneck. As an important alternative approach, methods for predicting membrane protein structures have been developed in recent years. This chapter focuses on the problem of modeling the structure of transmembrane helical proteins, and describes recent advancements, current limitations, and future challenges facing de novo modeling, modeling with experimental constraints, and high-resolution comparative modeling of these proteins. Abbreviations: MP, membrane protein; SP, water-soluble protein; RMSD, root-mean square deviation; Cα RMSD, root-mean square deviation over Cα atoms; TM, transmembrane; TMH, transmembrane helix; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; 3D, three dimensional; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Correlation of endometrial dating with luteinizing hormone peak.

Abstract The number of days after ovulation in 11 normal menstrual cycles was determined by 2 methods: (1) dating of the histologic appearance of an endometrial biopsy and (2) daily serum LH measurement. The results of this study revealed that there was a significant correlation between these two techniques. These results substantiate the validity of histologic dating of the endometrium.
Low‐Volume Whole Bowel Irrigation and Salicylate Absorption: A Comparison With Ipecac‐Charcoal

Study Objective. To evaluate two methods of gastrointestinal decontamination, low-volume whole bowel irrigation (WBI) and activated charcoal, for their ability to prevent absorption of salicylate. Design. Randomized, two-phase crossover study. Setting. A clinical research unit in a university-based teaching hospital. Patients. Six healthy, volunteer men. Interventions. Subjects were assigned to receive 3000 ml WBI or syrup of ipecac 30 ml followed by activated charcoal 50 g in sorbitol, and were crossed over to the other treatment phase after 1 week. All treatments began 30 minutes after ingestion of 3.25 g aspirin. Urine was collected over 24 hours for analysis of total urinary excretion of salicylate. Serial blood samples were collected for salicylate determination and were subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis. Measurements and Main Results. Mean ± SD recovery of salicylate were WBI 48.6 ± 5.4% and ipecac-charcoal 37.0 ± 2.6% from urine (p<0.01). Conclusion. Ipecac-charcoal produced a significantly lower salicylate absorption (peak concentration, AUC) than WBI (p<0.01) and thus was superior to low-volume WBI.
A Dentist's Experience with Change of Hand Dominance

Abstract Ten years ago as a young dentist, the author found himself completely unable to engage in his practice as a result of a serious nerve injury permanently affecting his dominant right hand and forearm. Some unique opportunities and chance encounters have enabled him to overcome the permanence of the injury and to advance into a dental specialty field considered very demanding bimanually. Chronicled below are the process by which this-occurred and, in particular, the author's assessment of what led to the necessary change of hand dominance. Also described is an interesting process that was required by the admissions committee of the postgraduate specialty training program as part of their assessment of the author's ability to adequately perform clinical procedures prior to his admission into the program. Descriptions of certain office design changes as well as changes in instrumentarium and techniques and the inventions to support those changes are described.
Q-Spec: a concept for the Giant Magellan Telescope high resolution optical spectrograph

Q-Spec is a concept for the Giant Magellan Telescope High Resolution Optical Spectrograph. It is a seeing limited, four channel spectrograph designed for high efficiency, high resolution spectroscopy from 305 to 1060 nm. Overall instrument dimensions are minimized with anamorphic preslit optics, pupil slicing, and white pupil beam demagnification. Q-spec uses two 300 × 1600mm R4 echelle grating mosaics of either 2 or 4 individual gratings, with 41.6 and 31.6 grooves/mm line densities. Two beam sizes are selectable in the preslit optics. A 450mm beam yields Rφ = 30,000 while a 900mm beam reaches Rφ = 60,000. Both beams are anamorphised before echelle dispersion, and the larger beam is pupil sliced. The post-echelle white pupil transfer optics demagnify the beam by 3. This allows the use of efficient vph grating cross-dispersers, and unvignetted f /1.5-2.0 dioptric cameras with optical element diameters under 250 mm. The bandwidth is split by a dichroic prior to the entrance slit, and by dichroics near the intermediate foci of the two sets of white pupil transfer optics. The four fixed spectral formats have 2-pixel resolving powers of ~200,000 and it is anticipated that resolving powers of R = 150, 000 or greater will be possible. The largest ccd is 6k × 6k with 15 μm pixels, and the minimum order separation is around 10 arcseconds. Q-spec can be fed with fibers in either multiple-object and/or precision radial velocity modes. Excluding the gravity-invariant thermal and vacuum enclosures, the instrument volume is a modest 5 × 2.5 × 2m in size.
Asymmetric ring opening of meso-epoxides with B-halobis(2-isocaranyl)boranes 2-dIcr2BX

Abstract Hydroboration of commercially available (+)-2-carene (96% ee) with either BH 2 Cl·SMe 2 or BCl 3 /Me 3 SiH, provides chemically pure B -chlorobis(2-isocaranyl)borane (2- d Icr 2 BCl) whereas B -bromobis(2-isocaranyl)borane (2- d Icr 2 BBr) could only be prepared by Matteson’s BBr 3 /Me 3 SiH procedure in high chemical yield and purity. The enantiomeric excess achieved with 2- d Icr 2 BCl (78%), was significantly higher than those realized with the previously explored reagent, d Ipc 2 BCl (41%), especially for meso -cyclohexene oxide. The new reagent, 2- d Icr 2 BBr also showed considerable improvements in enantiomeric excesses, in the cases of meso -cyclopentene oxide (67%) and meso - cis -2,3-butene oxide (78%) than those achieved with the previously reported reagent, d Ipc 2 BBr (57% and 61%, respectively).
Babesia bovis: computer simulation of the relationship between the tick vector, parasite, and bovine host.

Abstract Components contributing to the survival of Babesia bovis in its tick vector (Boophilus microplus) and bovine host were identified and their relationship simulated with an interactive BASIC computer program. Estimates for major independent variables (host-finding success, feeding success, filial infection rate, recovery rate) were derived from published laboratory and field data. Values for dependent variables (tick burden, inoculation rate, tick and bovine infection rates) were calculated during successive tick generations until equilibrium conditions were reached. The simulation was used to predict the effects of alternate disease control strategies. Babesiosis outbreaks were associated with simulated daily infestations of approximately two to eight engorged ticks. Below this range, B. bovis parasites disappeared, while above it all cattle were infected during the period of calfhood resistance (through 9 months of age). The babesial inoculation rate was most unstable over the above range due to instability in tick populations and tick infection rates. The risk of babesiosis outbreaks among older, less resistant cattle was also greatest over this range. The optimum daily infestation was eight to nine engorged ticks. This level would maintain herd immunity to babesiosis without causing significant physiologic stress to the bovine host. The difficulty in maintaining ecological and immunological stability at low infestation rates discourages “strategic dipping” as a means of maintaining herd immunity to babesiosis. Introduction of tick-resistant cattle provided a more effective means of reducing the risk of babesiosis outbreaks. The economic implications of computer-simulated babesiosis control alternatives should be analyzed. The validity of simulation parameters should be confirmed by field studies on the relationship between tick burdens and the babesial inoculation rate. These studies would be greatly facilitated by development of an assay system for the detection of babesiae in field-collected ticks.
The relationship between skin conductance hyporesponsivity and perseverations in schizophrenia patients

Abstract Background: It has been reported that approximately 45% of schizophrenia patients versus 10% of normal comparison subjects are classified as skin conductance hyporesponders (SCOR-HR: the lack of a robust orienting response) when exposed to innocuous tones. We studied the skin conductance orienting response (SCOR) of schizophrenia patients during the exposure to complex and abstract stimuli. We investigated two questions: 1) would the same percentage of schizophrenia patients be classified as SCOR-HR when the orienting stimuli are complex and abstract as when they are innocuous tones; and 2) whether SCOR-HR schizophrenia patients have associated frontally mediated neurocognitive deficits. Methods: Thirty-one schizophrenia patients and 29 normal comparison subjects were presented with the Rorschach inkblot test while their SCORs were recorded. Schizophrenics were divided in two groups: SCOR-HR and SCOR responders. Demographic and clinical comparisons were made between the two groups. Rorschach responses were scored for the presence of perseverations. Results: Forty-five percent of the schizophrenia patients were classified as SCOR-HR versus 10% of the normal comparison subjects. Among the schizophrenia patients, SCOR-HR was associated with increased perseverations, which were in turn correlated with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms scores. Conclusions: It appears that SCOR-HR in schizophrenia is not a function of the “meaningfulness” of the stimuli. When SCOR status was combined with the measure of stuck-in-set perseverations, a pattern of results emerged lending indirect support to the hypothesis that relates SCOR-HR to frontal impairment and to the idea that SCOR-HR schizophrenia patients may represent a specific subgroup.
The Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS): Patterns of Motor Development over the First 18 Months Corrected Age in Infants Exposed to Cocaine/Opiates

The Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS): Patterns of Motor Development over the First 18 Months Corrected Age in Infants Exposed to Cocaine/Opiates
SWARMs of self-organizing polymorphic agents

The field of swarm intelligence is increasingly being seen as providing a framework for solving a wide range of large-scale, distributed, complex problems. Of particular interest are architectures and methodologies that address organization and coordination of a large number of relatively simple agents distributed across the system in a way that encourages some desirable global emergent behavior. This paper describes a SWARM simulation of a distributed approach to fault mitigation within a large-scale data acquisition system for BTeV, a particle accelerator-based high energy physics experiment currently under development at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Incoming data is expected to arrive at a rate of over 1 terabyte every second, distributed across 2500 digital signal processors. Simulation results show how lightweight polymorphic agents embedded within the individual processors use game theory to adapt roles based on the changing needs of the environment. SWARM architecture and implementation methodologies are detailed.
The condension reactions of bis(b-hydroxy)dicarba-closo-undecaborane(11)☆

Abstract The title compound, 4,7-(OH) 2 -2,3-(CH 3 ) 2 -2,3-C 2 B 9 H 7 (11), reacts cleanly with various glycols to yield exocyclic ring systems. The glycol fragment is fused to the carborane polyhedra through two boronoxygencarbon bonds. The use of 18 O enriched ethylene glycol indicates the hydroxyl groups on the carborane polyhedra are displaced during the condension reaction. The reaction of optically active glycols with the title compound also indicates the hydroxyl groups on the glycol must adopt a cis conformation during the condensation reaction.
Falling film evaporation of single component liquids

Abstract Heat transfer coefficients for evaporation of single-component liquids in falling films were experimentally measured over an extended range of parameters. By using two different fluids (propylene glycol and water), over a range of absolute pressures, it was possible to extend the existing data base by an order of magnitude in Prandtl numbers. These new data indicate that existing models and correlations were inadequate for fluids with Prandtl numbers greater than five. New models were developed for both the wavy laminar and the turbulent regimes. An exponential interpolation paradigm between the regimes enabled prediction of the evaporative heat transfer coefficient over the entire range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers with an average deviation of less than 10% from the experimental data.
The ubiquitin system

Eukaryotes contain a highly conserved multi-enzyme system that covalently links ubiquitin to a variety of intracellular proteins that bear degradation signals recognized by this system. The resulting ubiquitin-protein conjugates are degraded by the 26S proteasome, a large ATP-dependent protease. Pathways that involve ubiquitin underlie a multitude of processes, including cell differentiation, the cell cycle and responses to stress.
Plasma sialidase activity in acute myocardial infarction

Increased plasma sialidase activity was demonstrated in 25 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The mean plasma sialic acid level after incubation with substrate neuramin lactose was 0.060 +/- 0.003 (SEM) mumol/sample compared with 0.017 +/- 0.003 mumol/sample in 24 patients without infarction (p less than 0.001). The erythrocyte endothelial cell adhesion index was highest when both cell types were sialidase treated (0.35 vs control 0.00 [p less than 0.05]). When sialidase (50 U/ml) was added to whole blood in plastic tubes, the mean clotting time was 7.17 +/- 1.0 (SD) minutes (n = 8) compared with a mean control of 15.45 +/- 3.9 minutes (p less than 0.01). Sialidase had no effect on prothrombin or partial thromboplastin times. The above studies suggest that increased plasma sialidase activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction may be associated with clumps of desialylated erythrocytes that may alter flow in the microcirculation.
Importance of genetic studies in patients with multiple merkel cell carcinomas.

Kamiyama et al. (1) recently reported a case of a 79-year-old woman with a history of a Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) on her right cheek who underwent wide excision followed by adjuvant chemoradiation, and remained disease-free for 10 years, before presenting with a MCC on the left cheek. The tumour type was confirmed via histology and immunostaining, and both tumours were positive for Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as well as immunostaining for the MCPyV large T antigen. The authors state that the two MCCs represent distinct primary tumours, and that their report is the first case of two primary MCCs of the skin with documented MCPyV infection. They reject the possibility that the second tumour could be a metastasis, based on the facts that: (
Electron Irradiation of GaAsP LEDs

Five different compositions of epitaxial GaAsP and GaP LEDs were irradiated with 30 MeV electrons to fluences of 1014 electrons/cm2. Light output during irradiation and current-voltage characteristics before and after irradiation were measured. Damage coefficients were determined to be 2 × 10-13 cm2/ electron for GaP and approximately 3 × 10-14 cm2/ electron for GaAs1-xPx compositions × = .3 - .9. At 300K partial annealling occurred in seconds. Transmission losses through the LED lens and epoxy cap due to irradiation were measured and found to be insignificant below 1015 electrons/cm2 at 30 MeV. Compared to earlier GaP and GaAsP LEDs measured at lower electron energies, these LEDs were significantly less radiation tolerant. Several possible explanations are suggested.
China encounters Darwinism: A case of intercultural rhetoric

An important but neglected path to understanding intercultural communication is to explore how influential works of one culture are adapted to the needs, circumstances and thought patterns of another. Yan Fu's Heavenly Evolution, a rhetorical “translation” of Thomas Huxley's Evolution and Ethics, the publication of which resulted in a rapid spread of a version of Darwinism in Confucian China at the turn of this century, is analyzed as a case study. It shows the conditions for the rhetorical role of the native interpreter in dealing with Darwinian ideas and terms that were originally in conflict with Chinese modes of thought.
Fluid properties needed in supercritical transesterification of triglyceride feedstocks to biodiesel fuels for efficient and clean combustion – A review

Abstract This review focuses on the potential synergy between fluid properties and supercritical (SC) processing/combustion of biodiesel fuels. These fuels are the extenders/expanders of choice for petroleum-derived diesel fuels (PDDF) due to overall performance in the environment, safety, feedstock, and fuel quality. A typical biodiesel fuel meets commercial specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) or European Union (EN 14214). Biodiesel fuels, mainly mixtures of fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters (FAMEs or FAEEs), are currently produced by base/acid catalytic transesterification (BAC-TE) of triglyceride feedstocks with methanol or ethanol. These methods require refined oil feedstocks and complex product separation/purification that leads to noncompetitive prices compared with PDDFs. Alternatively, a noncatalytic technology based on SC-TE processing of various lipid feedstocks has been reported to mitigate these drawbacks. One version of this technology, the one-step SC-TE method, potentially has major advantages over the BAC-TE, mainly due to shorter reaction times (5–9 min versus 1–6 h) and the reduction of glycerol to acceptable ASTM levels in fuels of superior quality. The latter advantage originates from glycerol and polyunsaturated FAME/FAEE thermal conversion to lighter fuel products. Based on technical and economic analyses, the manufacturing cost of biodiesel fuels from a one-step SC-TE process could be one half of the BAC-TE current cost. To optimize biodiesel fuel production and quality, leading to a more efficient and clean combustion, a close connection between fluid properties and fuel processing/combustion must be considered. Insights from recent case studies and real-world examples of applications of the principles of sustainability in the development and implementation of biodiesel fuel projects are given. The review includes sustainability metrics, resource efficiency, and sustainable process integration. These themes are woven together into a perspective on how sustainability and green-chemistry principles are being implemented for cost-effective biodiesel fuel production and advanced combustion.
Cleaning Up the Great Lakes: From Cooperation to Confrontation

Before the 1960s, state regulatory officials responsible for protecting Great Lakes water quality followed a policy of "cooperative pragmatism" that was based on the principles of voluntarism, informal cooperation, and localism. During the 1960s, however, this regulatory system splintered as a result of increasing levels of pollution, the rise of environmentalism, and entrepreneurial politics at the federal level. Grass roots protest activity in the major cities of the Great Lakes Basin, supported by local media coverage and sympathetic members of Congress, led to federal intervention to "save our lakes." Gradually, a new system of regulation emerged that was characterized by formal procedures, legal conflict, and national standardization. In the past, state regulators had based individual waste treatment requirements on the receiving water's primary uses, economic considerations, and other local factors. But new federal legislation established a national discharge permit program that forced regulators to seek the maximum treatment feasible, as determined by officials in Washington. Environmental and policy history intersect in this unique case study of national water pollution control policy during the seminal decades of environmental activism. Kehoe uses events in the Great Lakes region to investigate broader changes in American public policy during the era of public interest that extended from the late 1960s through the early 1970s. These include the nationalization of policy, the breakdown of trust in institutions, and a greater reliance on formal legal mechanisms to resolve conflict and perceived injustices. "Cleaning Up the Great Lakes" will appeal to readers who seek to understand the changing nature of public policy in recent American history. This compelling book will also interest those wishing to learn about the Great Lakes ecosystem, environmental issues, and environmental regulation.
Patterns of hippocampal cell loss based on subregional lesions of the hippocampus

It is widely accepted that the hippocampus plays an essential role in memory. Furthermore, studies have suggested that subregions within the hippocampus contribute differentially to specific behavioral components of memory. These studies typically rely on lesions produced by localized injections of neurotoxins (e.g., ibotenic acid or colchicine) into targeted subregions of the hippocampus. In the present study, the specificity of ibotenic acid lesions into areas CA1 and CA3 and colchicine lesions into the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) was tested. Specifically, the effects of lesions within the dorsal hippocampus, the ventral hippocampus, and areas outside the hippocampus (e.g., lateral septum and entorhinal cortex) were evaluated using Fluoro-Jade, a histofluorescent stain for degenerating neurons. The results show that cell loss is relatively uniform after ibotenic acid injections into areas CA1 and CA3 and variable after colchicine injections into DG. CA1 and CA3 lesions appeared mostly localized to those relative subregions, and DG lesions appeared highly localized to the DG. Using these lesion procedures, little cell loss was apparent in the ventral hippocampus, and no cell loss was apparent in the entorhinal cortex. It is suggested that the lesion procedures described in this study produce relatively selective lesions of neurons within specific subregions of the hippocampus and should be useful for studies examining possible differential contributions of hippocampal subregions to memory processes.