cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of temperature and light on ACC and MACC in chilled cucumber seedlings

Abstract The levels of the ethylene precursor, 1 -aminocyclopropane-1 -carboxylic acid (ACC) and its conjugate, 1 -(malonyl-amino)-cyclopropane-1 -carboxylic acid (MACC) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings at 20°C were higher after exposure to 5°C than after exposure to non-chilling temperatures. The chilled seedlings recovered from chilling-induced wilting after 24 h of warming at 20°C following 1 or 2 days of exposure to 5°C, whereas those exposed to 5°C for 3 days did not recover. Levels of ACC showed a corresponding increase and decrease as the seedlings were chilled and then recovered from the injury. However, MACC content remained elevated even after seedlings had recovered from chilling injury. The susceptibility of seedlings to chilling injury was affected not only by temperature, but also by light intensity. Seedlings exposed to chilling temperature at 5°C under higher photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) showed greater chilling injury than those exposed to the same temperature under lower PPFD. ACC and MACC levels, however, were comparable in different PPFD. These data suggested that the stimulation of ACC and MACC is a response to chilling stress, but their endogenous levels may not reflect the severity of chilling injury.
Three-Coordinate Cationic Aluminum Alkyl Complexes Incorporating β-Diketiminate Ligands

Low-coordinate cationic aluminum complexes are expected to be highly electrophilic and therefore are of interest for Lewis acid catalysis, olefin polymerization, and other potential applications. The authors describe three-coordinate, base-free aluminum alkyl cations that incorporate {beta}-diketiminate ligands. The reaction of {l{underscore}brace}HC(CMeNAr){sub 2}{r{underscore}brace}AlMe{sub 2} (1, Ar = 2.6-{sup i}Pr{sub 2}-phenyl) with [PH{sub 3}C][B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}] in C{sub 6}D{sub 6} or C{sub 6}D{sub 5}Cl proceeds by methyl abstraction and yields [{l{underscore}brace}HC(CMeNAr){sub 2}{r{underscore}brace}AlMe][B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}] (2) and Ph{sub 3}CMe. Complex 2 is soluble in C{sub 6}D{sub 5}Cl, separates as a liquid clathrate (oil) from benzene, and was isolated as an off-white solid by the addition of hexanes to a liquid clathrate in benzene. The addition of benzene/hexanes (1:10 by volume) to the isolated powder of 2, gently heating to 50 C for 2 days, and slowly cooling the mixture yielded 2{center{underscore}dot}benzene as colorless crystals. Complex 2 crystallizes as an ion pair in which the B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}{sup {minus}} anion binds weakly to the {l{underscore}brace}HC(CMeNAr){sub 2}{r{underscore}brace}AlMe{sup {plus}} cation through a meta fluorine.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF BAYESIAN HIERARCHICAL MODELING WITH UNIDIMENSIONAL IRT MODELS

Assuming specific values for item hyperparameters, Bayesian nonhierarchical modeling for unidimensional IRT models suffers from problems in that it relies on the availability of appropriate prior information for the three-parameter model or for small datasets. These problems can be resolved by specifying priors in a hierarchical fashion so that the item hyperparameters are unknown and have their own prior distributions. This study investigated the performance of such hierarchical modeling by comparing it with the nonhierarchical approach using Monte Carlo simulations. Their results provided empirical evidence for the advantage of using hierarchical priors in modeling unidimensional item response data when appropriate prior information is not readily available and when datasets are not sufficiently large.
Oligodeoxynucleotide-directed mutagenesis using the yeast transformation system.

Abstract In this report we describe a highly efficient method for site-specific mutagenesis using the yeast transformation system. The method is based on the observation that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be transformed at high frequency with single-stranded circular DNA vectors [Singh et al., Gene 20 (1982) 441–449]. The model system studied was the TRP1 gene of S. cerevisiae cloned into a derivative of the phage M13mp9 vector containing the yeast URA3 gene. ARS1, located adjacent to the TRP1 gene, allows the plasmid to replicate autonomously in yeast. Synthetic 5' P-oligodeoxynucleotides, 19 and 35 nucleotides (nt) in length, designed to produce an A → T transversion mutation within the TRP1 gene, were annealed to ss DNA of the M13 vector at a molar ratio of 30:1 and directly transformed into yeast. The intended single nt mutation was obtained at frequencies of 24 and 43 %, respectively. The latter approaches the theoretical limit of 50%. In the absence of the 5'-terminal phosphate, both the transformation frequency and the efficiency of mutagenesis by the synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide (oligo) were decreased by 2–4 fold. This procedure completely obviates the need for any enzymatic manipulations in vitro after forming the heteroduplex with the oligo primer containing the desired mutation. For yeast genes, direct phenotypic selection is possible in the recipient strain.
"And the Beat Goes On": Die Beat Generation und der neue Realismus in der DDR

Um einen Monat haben sie sich verpast: William S. Burroughs und Wolf Biermann—an der Grenzanlage, die Ost- und West-Berlin einst trennte. Im Dezember 1976 besuchte Burroughs Berlin, wo sich Biermann bekanntlich seit November nicht mehr aufhielt. Auf die Frage von Christopher Isherwood, welchen Eindruck er von seinem ersten Besuch in der geteilten Stadt habe, antwortete sein amerikanischer Kollege lakonisch: "Ich sah mir die Mauer an. Der Streifen zwischen Ost und West wird von Tausenden von Kaninchen bevolkert."1 Diese unpolitische MauerBetrachtung und die Tatsache, das sich Biermann und Burroughs Ende 1976 nicht begegnet sind, heist nicht, das die Beat-Einflusse nicht schon langst ihren Weg uber die Mauer gefunden hatten. Diese waren gegen den Widerstand der Kulturfunktionare in den sechziger Jahren (wie in fast jedem Land) importiert und damals von etwa Wolf Biermann, aber ebenfalls Uwe Gresmann, aufgegriffen worden.2 Ohne das sie jemals einen Beat-Autor zitiert hatten, war der Einflus der Nordamerikaner gros. Die Rezeption war eine strategische, die sich auf unterschiedliche Weise gegen die Konventionen des sozialistischen Realismus absetzte.
Electrodeposition mechanism, adhesion and corrosion performance of polypyrrole and poly(N-methylpyrrole) coatings on steel substrates

Polypyrrole and poly(N-methylpyrrole) coatings have been successfully electrodeposited on steel substrates from aqueous oxalate solutions. In acidic solutions, the electrodeposition process was characterized by three distinct stages. In this work the electrodeposition process was first investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR techniques. The adhesion and corrosion performance of the electrodeposited coatings were then evaluated by single lap shear tests and tafel tests, respectively. Our results reveal that deposition of FeC2O4·2H2O crystal layer first established the passivation of steel at the end of the first two stages, but the formed FeC2O4·2H2O passive layer is subsequently decomposed followed by electropolymerization of pyrrole. Our results also show that electrochemical process parameters had significant effects on the adhesion and corrosion performance of the electroposited polypyrrole and poly(N-methylpyrrole) coatings. Polypyrrole coatings exhibited better adhesion and corrosion performance than poly(N-methylpyrrole) coatings.
The identity of the genus Calyptosepalum S. Moore

Bailey and Smith (1953) described a new species of flowering plant from Fiji as Calyptosepaltm pacifictm, considering it congeneric with C. smtmatranum S. Moore. It was pointed out, following Swamy (1949), that Calyptosepalum must be excluded from the family Santalaceae, to which Moore (1925) originally referred it. Bailey and Smith concluded that Calyptosepaltm exhibited certain similarities with the orders Olacales and Celastrales, but they could not place it in either order with certainty, and they believed that it most likely represented an undescribed family. Van Steenis has recently (1960) expressed the opinion that both known species of Calyptosepalunt are referable to the genus Drypetes (Euphorbiaceae). In order to check this suggestioni, the present authors have reviewed the anatomical characters of several available species of the large and complex genus Drypetes. Both species of Calyptosepaltm have also been re-examined, as well as Drypetes vitiensis Croizat (1942), the only species of Drypetes thus far recognized from Fiji. It is concluded that van Steenis is indeed correct in referring both known species of Calyptosepalum to the genus Drypetes, and we are grateful to him for suggesting the proper disposition of these puzzling plants. In the following pages we present certain anatomical data that may be of use to future students of Drypetes, itself a difficult and not well understood genus. We believe Calyptosepalum pacificuni. and Drypetes vitiensis (cf. figs. 1 and 2) to be quite distinct from one another, and we propose a new combination for the former. For the opportunity of re-studying certain critical specimens we are indebted to the Directors of the Arnold Arboretum and the Gray Herbarium, of Harvard University. We also acknowledge with thanks the advice and comments of Prof. I. W. Bailey, Harvard University, and Dr. W. L. Stern and Dr. Richard H. Eyde, Smithsonian Institution. We also wish to thank Mr. Jack Scott, of the Smithsonian Institution, for his assistance in photomicrography.
Isobaric spin dependence in proton transfer reactions

Abstract Results of an experimental investigation of 54Fe(d, n)55Co reaction are presented and spectroscopic strengths for both T states are derived. It is concluded that within the limits of experimental and analytical uncertainties there is no discrepancy between the spectroscopic factors for T> analogue states as derived from the (d, n) and (3He, d) reactions.
The morphogenesis of hydranencephaly

Abstract Hydranencephaly may result from any of a variety of destructive or developmental abnormalities which may act to produce the defect at any time from the end of the 3rd month of gestation to the 2nd year of postnatal life. They have in common the effect of markedly reducing the total mass of cerebral tissue. Among the several forms presented, a previously unreported variety related to severe lissencephaly has been described. Although during long survival progressively increasing cranial size is common, and hydrocephalus usually has an accessory role in morphogenesis, there is no firm evidence that obstructive hydrocephalus operating as the only pathogenetic mechanism can reduce the cerebrum to membrane thickness within a cranium of relatively normal size. The finding of a transilluminable cranium of normal size, therefore, indicates the probability of an underlying destructive process or malformation. Normal anatomic relations, interconnections, and histologic structure are usually preserved among surviving elements of basal ganglia and brain stem tegmentum. In contrast with these, thalamic atrophy, hypoplasia of the cerebral peduncles and basis pontis, and absence of the medullary pyramids are characteristic of almost all cases. Cerebellar abnormalities are not uncommon, produced, when present, by the same pathologic process responsible for the cerebral abnormality. Integrity of the brain stem tegmentum, the hypothalamus, and probably some part of the corpus striatum are probably necessary for long survival.
T-bet protects against exacerbation of schistosome egg-induced immunopathology by regulating Th17-mediated inflammation.

C57BL/6 mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni naturally develop mild CD4+ T-cell-mediated immunopathology characterized by small hepatic granulomas around parasite eggs. However, immunization with soluble egg Ag in CFA markedly exacerbates the lesions by inducing a potent proinflammatory environment with high levels of IFN-γ and IL-17, which are signature cytokines of distinct Th1- versus Th17-cell lineages. To determine the relative role of these subsets in disease exacerbation, we examined mice deficient in T-bet (T-bet−/−), which is required for Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ production. We now report that immunization with soluble egg Ag in CFA caused a significantly greater enhancement of egg-induced hepatic immunopathology in T-bet−/− mice compared with WT controls, and analysis of their granulomas disclosed a higher proportion of activated DC and CD4+ T cells, as well as a marked influx of neutrophils. The absence of IFN-γ in the T-bet−/− mice correlated with a marked increase in IL-23p19, IL-17 and TNF-α in granulomas and MLN. In contrast, T-bet−/− mice had lower levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 and a reduction in FIZZ1 and FoxP3 expression, suggesting diminished regulatory activity, respectively, by alternatively activated macrophages and Treg. These findings demonstrate that T-bet-dependent signaling negatively regulates Th17-mediated immunopathology in severe schistosomiasis.
Outcomes following liver resection and clinical pathologic characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma occurring in patients with chronic hepatitis B and minimally fibrotic liver.

Abstract Aims The intent of this analysis is to assess clinico-pathologic and prognostic characteristics of HCC in patients with minimal liver fibrosis (Ishak stage 1–2) after primary surgical liver resection as compared to patients with moderate to severe fibrosis (Ishak stage 3–6) in order to improve screening and treatment of HCC. Methods Data were obtained from 200 patients with HBV-related HCC who underwent primary surgical liver resection at a single North American medical institution between 1988 and 2012. A dedicated liver pathologist performed fibrosis staging for each resection specimen using the modified Ishak method. Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinico-pathologic variables were performed to determine those associated with prognosis. Results Twenty-two percent of patients had minimal fibrosis defined as Ishak stage 1 or 2. Kaplan–Meier analysis of 5-year survival showed a non-significant trend toward better outcome among Ishak 1–2 patients compared to Ishak 3–6 ( p = 0.09). Ishak 1–2 was associated with lower hazard of death compared to Ishak 3–6 (adjusted HR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.15–0.99). Ishak 1–2 retained statistical significance after multivariate analysis for overall survival ( p = 0.05), but not recurrence-free survival. Conclusions A significant proportion of HBV–HCC cases arise in the minimally fibrotic liver. Patients with Ishak 1–2 fibrosis have better overall survival compared to those with Ishak 3–6, indicating that minimally fibrotic patients should be treated as a separate cohort. There is a need to better understand the mechanisms underlying hepatocarcinogenesis and to formulate unique diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for minimally fibrotic HCC patients.
Differential distribution of calpain in human lymphoid cells

Calpain, a calcium-activated neutral proteinase, is ubiquitously present in human tissues. To determine if lymphoid cells implicated in pathogenesis of demyelination may harbor calpain in a functionally active form, we determined both muCalpain and mCalpain activities in human lymphoid cell lines. DEAE-cellulose and phenylsepharose column chromatography were used to isolate the enzyme from the natural inhibitor, calpastatin. Lymphocytic lines (CCRF-CEM, MOLT-3, MOLT-4, M.R.) showed predominance of muCalpain (55-80%) whereas the monocytic line (U-937) showed predominance of mCalpain (77%). Proportion and subcellular distribution of both isoforms varied among cell lines. Calpains isolated from U-937 cells degraded myelin basic protein. These results indicate that human lymphoid cells harbor functionally active calpain that can degrade myelin components in vitro. The study suggests a degradative role for calpain in demyelinating diseases.
SOVIET CITIES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL-SOCIAL PERFORMANCE

A sample of 221 cities shows mature forms of urban life in all regions of the Soviet Union. The canonical correlations model permits observation of how the legacy of industrialization, in the form of cities' economic profiles in 1970, has affected each regional subset of cities, and how it keeps shaping their socio-cultural performance in the 1980s. Canonical variables were used to sort all cities into four types of urban dynamics. Distinct and simple associations exist between the prevailing dynamics and regional features of urban networks, such as clustering, connectedness, marginality, and rural vitality. This points to structural flaws in regional development, to a durable pathological component in Soviet urbanization. Centers with narrow and outdated functions tend to be clustered, and they frequently are accompanied by ruined agriculture, regional conflicts in land-use, and regional overloads of railroads. A central core of economic regions within the Soviet Union is experiencing the bulk of such pr...
Effects of Grip Span and Shoulder Posture on Endurance Limit of Force

This study investigated the effects of shoulder posture and grip span on endurance limit (EL) of continuous isometric hand-grip force. The results indicate that grip span, thus, muscle contractile length is an important parameter that should be considered in modeling of EL and relaxation allowances in addition to hand tool design.
Resonant UV SHG Studies of Ion Adsorption at Aqueous Interfaces

By exploiting the strong charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) resonances characteristic of all anions in aqueous electrolytes, their interfacial properties are measured using SHG spectroscopy in the deep ultraviolet.
HUMAN CHOICE IN CONCURRENT RATIO-INTERVAL SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Seven undergraduates participated in a concurrent-choice experiment with monetary reinforcers. Response-independent analogues of variable-interval and variable-ratio schedules were used to assess whether subjects would maximize reinforcement rate. The optimal pattern of behavior, in terms of maximizing reinforcement rate, involved a large bias toward the ratio alternative, with only occasional sampling of the interval schedule. Most experiments with pigeons, however, demonstrate matching of response rates to reinforcement rates, with only slight biases for the ratio schedule. Although subjects in the present experiment allocated more time to the ratio alternative than required by matching, the magnitude of the bias did not approximate that predicted by a maximizing account. After exposure to clock stimuli correlated with the operation of each schedule, 1 subject's behavior did show a substantial level of bias, increasing the total number of reinforcers obtained, and lay at a point between the predictions of matching and maximizing. The other subjects, however, continued to respond less optimally. The present results can be accounted for by a view of matching that incorporates the effects of delayed reinforcement.
Relation of Negative Intraventricular Pressure to Ventricular Volume

Elastic forces of the ventricular walls produce a subatmospheric (negative transmural) pressure in the empty quiescent ventricle of open chest dogs. As fluid is added to the ventricle the negative intraventricular trausmural pressures become 0 and finally positive. The resulting ventricular pressure-volume curves are S-shaped, having one limb in the negative and another in the positive pressure range. It is concluded that previously reported suction and negative intraventricular transmural pressures lasting throughout the entire diastole in ventricles with small residual volumes are caused by elastic forces which also prevail under static conditions.
Anatomy of a cladistic analysis

The sequential stages culminating in the publication of a morphological cladistic analysis of weevils in the Exophthalmus genus complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) are reviewed, with an emphasis on how early-stage homology assessments were gradually evaluated and refined in light of intermittent phylogenetic insights. In all, 60 incremental versions of the evolving character matrix were congealed and analysed, starting with an assembly of 52 taxa and ten traditionally deployed diagnostic characters, and ending with 90 taxa and 143 characters that reflect significantly more narrow assessments of phylogenetic similarity and scope. Standard matrix properties and analytical tree statistics were traced throughout the analytical process, and series of incongruence length indifference tests were used to identify critical points of topology change among succeeding matrix versions. This kind of parsimony-contingent rescoping is generally representative of the inferential process of character individuation within individual and across multiple cladistic analyses. The expected long-term outcome is a maturing observational terminology in which precise inferences of homology are parsimony-contingent, and the notions of homology and parsimony are inextricably linked. This contingent view of cladistic character individuation is contrasted with current approaches to developing phenotype ontologies based on homology-neutral structural equivalence expressions. Recommendations are made to transparently embrace the parsimony-contingent nature of cladistic homology.
Trial by Ordeal: Ionic Free Energies in Gramicidin

Selective ion channels share a common feature. They exhibit the apparently contradictory properties of high turnover and high selectivity. The structures of four such membrane proteins have led to an explosion of computational papers designed to illustrate in detail how various architectural features can couple at the molecular level and resolve the conundrum. A stringent macroscopic test of any channel theory is its ability to reproduce experimentally observed current-voltage-concentration (I-V-C) profiles.
Clinical Use of Anterior Laminates—Construction and Placement

Laminate denture teeth that effectively cover stained anterior teeth must be placed carefully so that bond strength is optimal, gingival tissues are healthy, and major problems are avoided. A method of placement is described step by step.
Nonlinear Vibration of a Pendulum in a Viscous Stream

In dieser Arbeit wird eine Regelgleichung, die den Gang eines Stabpendels in einem Reibungsstrom von veranderlicher Geschwindigkeit beschreibt, entwickelt. Nichtlineare Effekte, die durch Reibungskrafte verursacht sind, und grosse Stabamplituden sind in der Diskussion eingeschlossen. Wir setzen voraus, dass die Reibungskrafte sowohl am Stab als auch am eigentlichen Pendelkorper wirken. Die Methode erster Ordnung von Krylov und Bogoliuboff ergibt eine approximative allgemeine Losung der Bewegungsgleichung. Wir wenden die Losung auf den Spezialfall eines Pendels in einem gleichmassigen Reibungsstrom an.
Olfactory sensitivity of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum): can salinity play a role?

The importance of environmental ions to olfactory sensitivity in fish has not been clarified by electrophysiological experiments. We tested the ability of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), to detect L-serine after acclimation to either fresh water or sea water. The olfactory threshold was identical in the two waters, indicating that the sensitivity of olfaction was not affected by ionic content of the solutions bathing the sensory tissue.
Corporate Commitment to Global Quality of Life Issues: Do Slack Resources, Industry Affiliations, and Multinational Headquarters Matter?

Global markets challenge multinational corporations to harmonize quality of life (QOL) commitments across a broad spectrum of stakeholders with different corporate responsibility perspectives. Few studies have examined strategic planning issues associated with international quality of life (IQOL). This research investigates the importance of slack resources, industry affiliation, and multinational headquarter location (U.S. or non-U.S.) on commitment to societal and individual QOL for Fortune U.S. and global companies. Content analysis of corporate mission statements provides the vehicle for assessing QOL commitment. Models are estimated using logistic regression with instrumental variables included to address potential problems with simultaneity between QOL commitment and return on assets, a proxy for slack resources. Findings include a positive and significant relationship between environmental QOL commitment and slack resources as well as industry and cultural differences in QOL commitment issues.
The calculation of the mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH][H+] ratio in brain: effect of electroconvulsive seizure.

Summary This study is an investigation into the validity of calculating the mitochondrial redox state in brain in vivo using models of seizure and anoxia in rats. At six intervals following electroconvulsive seizure (0.5–10 min) and after 5 min of complete anoxia, multiple metabolites were measured in freeze-blown or freeze-clamped brain. From substrate ratios, the apparent changes in the mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH] [H+] ratio were calculated from the l -glutamate dehydrogenase reaction [EC 1.4.1.3] and compared with shifts in the oxidized to reduced ratio of total ubiquinone (a component of the mitochondrial phosphorylation chain). During complete anoxia the calculated mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH][H+] ratio and the ubiquinone redox ratio both became more reduced by a factor of approximately 7. In contrast, following seizure the two indicators of the mitochondrial redox state moved in opposite directions. Mainly because of a large increase in tissue NH4+, the calculated mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH][H+] ratio paradoxically became more oxidized, plateauing between 2 and 10 min post seizure at a value approximately douhle that of the control. At the same time, however, the ubiquinone redox state fell to one-half the control value at two min and moved back towards normal between 5 and 10 min after the onset of the seizure. The results have been taken to be evidence against the applicability of the calculation of the mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH][H+] ratio from the l -glutamate dehydrogenase reaction in brain at least under conditions of rapid change. The results also suggest the possibility that the NH4+ produced during seizure is extra-mitochondrial and has relatively little tendency to diffuse into the matrix.
Structuralism and individualism in deviance theory

In this analytic essay. I shall utilize the framework of Individualism and structuralism in an attempt to realize an overview of theory in the sociology of deviance.1 A major advantage of this framework is that it provides a perspective that sensitizes one to a theory's basic locus of causation and motivation for deviance. This takes us into the question of why some people, but not others, commit deviant acts even though they know those acts will be negatively viewed by others and bring sanctions upon themselves. As I apply this framework to selected major theoretical orientations.2 I shall also note limitations of each theory. In addition. I shall Indicate contrasting practical Implications of deviance theory that have far‐ranging ramifications for social life—Interconnections between our changing political orientations and Individualism and structuralism in deviance theory.
Education and the study of literature

This reflective essay argues that a major constraint on the effective teaching of literature in elementary and high schools is the challenge of articulating and empirically validating a model of literary reasoning that encompasses the following: (1) the multiple dimensions of the literary experience and how they interact (cognitive, emotional, dispositional, personal introspective, aesthetic, experiential); (2) developmental issues and trajectories impacting the growth of expertise in literary response; (3) the multiple sources of knowledge on which readers draw in responding to literature (knowledge of text structures, of rhetorical conventions, of literary traditions, of real world correlates to character types and motivations, settings, and events, and of moral and philosophical domains, including cultural variation among these). Articulating and validating such a model will require interdisciplinary collaborations across fields ranging from cognition, human development, linguistics, philosophy, and literary theory.
Tribological properties of surfaces

The real area of contact between two solid surfaces is only a small portion of the apparent area. Deformation of these areas can result in solid state contact through surface films. For clean solid to solid contact strong adhesive bonding occurs across the interface. Under these conditions many properties of the solid such as the metallurgical and chemical nature of metals can influence adhesion, friction, and wear behavior. The presence of gases, liquids, and solid films on the surface of solids alter markedly tribological characteristics. These surface films can also considerably change the mechanical effects of solid state contact on bulk material behavior.
The role of microtopography and substrate in survival and growth of Atlantic white-cedar seedlings

Abstract The decline of Atlantic white-cedar (AWC) throughout its range has motivated researchers to investigate the requirements for seedling recruitment. In this study, field experiments were conducted to determine the underlying factors explaining AWC recruitment at Brown Mill Pond in Rye, New Hampshire. The experiments tested whether substrate type and elevation relative to the water table influenced AWC seedling survival or growth. Seedlings transplanted to different elevations above the water table (17–22 and 35–40 cm) and different substrates (moss-litter and tussock sedge) were monitored over two growing seasons (2001 and 2002) and changes in seedling height, branch number, stem diameter, and above ground biomass were quantified. In order to describe potentially important physical conditions associated with each treatment, we measured the following environmental variables within each experimental treatment: soil pH, soil redox potential, soil temperature, air temperature, and soil moisture. In contrast to expectations based on AWC seedlings’ differential distribution among substrate types, the field experiments indicated substrate type did not influence seedling survival or growth. The experiments showed that elevation relative to the water table, however, influenced AWC seedling performance, indicating that moisture was the primary limiting factor in the natural regeneration of AWC at this site.
How can patient education contribute to improved health care under prospective pricing

Abstract Clinicians and policy makers are faced with one central dilemma under prospective pricing: how to maintain high quality of care with restricted financial resources. Patient education is one element of care which has been proposed to have the ability to improve the quality of care, while reducing costs for some conditions. This paper reviews the empirical evidence which touches on this question, including pre-operative education, home care education, cooperative care units, diabetes patient education, and others. The evidence indicates that patient education can improve the quality of care, while in some cases also reducing the cost of providing medical care. This conclusion has important policy implications under conditions of reduced resources for medical care, as is occurring under prospective pricing in the United States.
Cooperative learning and gifted students

In conclusion, Slavin (1991) notes that there is indirect evidence that peer interactions central to cooperative learning add to the effectiveness of group contingencies, but what is critical in cooperative learning is the combination of group contingencies and high-quality peer interactions. However, there are still important questions to be resolved surrounding this issue, considering that conclusions are based on comparisons of achievement effects, not on direct observation of changes in student behavior. Therefore, groups working under contingencies need to be compared to groups simply asked to work together to see if the quality and quantity of peer interactions are affected. Also, it is possible that aspects of cooperative activity other than teamwork per se account for part of the achievement effect.
Evaluation of the IEC 61000-3-11 procedures for the connection of multiple items of equipment

One way to manage voltage fluctuations in power systems is by limiting flicker emissions from individual items of equipment. The limits of voltage fluctuations produced by equipment having a rated input current less than 75 A intended to be connected to a public low-voltage (LV) distribution system are specified in IEC Standards 61000-3-3 and 61000-3-11. Evaluation procedures are included in 61000-3-11 which shall be applied if the equipment cannot meet the technical requirements and is therefore subject to conditional connection. In this case, the equipment has to be connected to a supply having an impedance lower than the reference impedance so that equipment emissions comply with the limits of the standards and manufacturers can declare the equipment to be compliant. Multiple formulas are provided in Clause 6 of IEC Standard 61000-3-11 for the determination of the required system impedance as a function of the reference impedance. One of the formulas supposedly addresses the connection of multiple items of equipment connected at the point of evaluation. The combined flicker effects of multiple items of equipment using the described methods in the standard are presented in this paper. Also, the cubic summation law, which is widely recognized by the industry and the standards, is used to evaluate flicker effects of multiple items. A comparison of these two methods for combining flicker effects is also presented. The results of using the formula provided by IEC Standard 61000-3-11 are shown to be over- or under-conservative depending on the specifics of the situation and the characteristics of the equipment involved.
The Use of Humor and Storytelling with African American Men: Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Success in Counseling

In recent years, the use of culturally appropriate humor as a tool for change within the parameters of counseling has grown within the literature. In comparison, the art of storytelling has had little attention within the literature as a tool for strategic change. This article outlines a framework for the use of humor and storytelling as innovative approaches for successfully counseling African American men. In addition, the growing research on the socialization of men is used to assist in the development of culturally appropriate strategies that help African American men utilize their inherent strengths within the counseling process.
Psychological rites of passage and performance in poetry therapy

The arts, when used in a therapeutic setting, facilitate psychological growth. Psyche and symbol interact, and the symbol becomes a guide through the therapeutic process. When poetry or any imaginative literature is the symbolic guide, language becomes the important symbolic system through which images of self, reflected in the poem, come to consciousness. Although the goal for performers of literature may be artistic rather than therapeutic, my research on the psychological process of performers shows that a therapeutic experience often occurs without conscious intent on their part (Rice, 1983). Because language is the medium of poetry and performance, its role in the interaction of psyche and symbol may be examined by looking at the language of the poem, the performer’s dreams, and his/her conscious descriptions of the process as it unfolds. However, many performers do not have a therapeutic experience, or, at least, not with any consistency. Since they constantly interact with poetry, the question arises of what does happen in the interaction of psyche and symbol when a therapeutic experience occurs. It is my hope that the research presented here will address this question and provide implications for the use of poetry in therapy. Poetry therapy and performance share, experientially, the phenomenon of the significant poem-the poem, among many others, which has greater significance because of its impact on psychological awareness. Whether one encounters it in therapy or in performance, the experience of a particular poem often is the turning point in an individual’s consciousness of his/her self and the relationship between that self and the poem. The experience is the recognition of similarities between one’s own inner world and that of another. It often feels like a revelation from on high, as if one is in the presence of a special connectedness that is more than simply new information (Lincoln, 1981, p. x). It is as if one sees the self for the first time because the experience is like a symbolic rebirth. However, the experience is not limited to once only; it may happen several times in one’s life. It cannot be predicted; it comes when it is needed.. What is the need? Why does one poem among many fill that need? I have been interested in these questions as a performer and have seen many similarities between my experience and that of others involved with the performance of a poem, and the use of poetry in the therapeutic setting (Rice, 1983). Even though the performer’s goals are artistic, occasionally he/she will choose a poem and, in the process of preparing the performance, will experience a therapeutic effect. By therapeutic, I do not mean a concept of weeping or other cliches about therapy. I use therapeutic in its deepest psychological sense: a meaningful discovery of self that leads to a psychological rebirth. The interaction with a particular poem, or the performance of it, becomes a rite of passage from one stage of awareness of self to another, with the poem as the facilitator or guide during the process.
Numerical prediction of the flow past a 2-D planing plate at low Froude number

Abstract The problem of a two-dimensional planing flat plate is studied using a nonlinear CFD solver for varying Froude number and angle of attack. This work extends several classical works, which typically use potential-flow assumptions and either assume linear free-surface and body boundary conditions or ignore gravitational effects. In the current study, the effects of viscosity and free-surface nonlinearity are studied via quasi-steady CFD calculations. The objective is to determine the regimes in which the linearized potential-flow assumptions become invalid and nonlinear methods must be used. The results show that nonlinear and viscous effects are important when the angle of attack is greater than approximately 10° and when the Froude number based on the initial immersed length is lower than 0.8. In addition, the unsteadiness limit due to wave breaking is found to occur for a nearly constant immersion-based Froude number of approximately 2.75.
How to design the imperfect berenger pml

ABSTRACT In contrast to the previously popular second order Miir absorbing boundary condition (ABC), the recently introduced Berenger Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) ABC can be designed to lower the numerical reflection coefficient associated with mesh truncation by several orders in magnitude. Nonetheless the PML ABC is not perfect; it does have a numerical reflection coefficient. This reflection coefficient is characterized in the time and frequency domains for narrow and broad bandwidth pulses from several points of view including specifically its behavior in terms of the magnitude of the loss tangent in the PML and the thickness of the PML. It is demonstrated that for broad bandwidth pulses the PML ABC exhibits a low frequency increase in its reflection coefficient that is associated with the actual thickness of the PML layer in terms of the longest wavelengths contained in the signal incident upon it. Moreover, it is shown that the effectiveness of the PML ABC saturates when the loss parameters of the ...
Online Participation: A Content Analysis of Differences in Utilization of Two Online Cancer Communities by Men and Women, Patients and Family Members

The Internet provides a new modality for health communication by facilitating the creation of virtual communities. These communities have the potential to influence health behavior beyond traditional FTF support groups. This study utilized content analysis of 1,424 e-mail messages posted to 2 online cancer communities to examine uses of these groups. Findings revealed (a) similarities in the content of communication in the 2 virtual communities, (b) gender differences in participation, and (c) differences in utilization of these online groups between patients and family members. These results are discussed in light of the diverse uses of online cancer communities that they reveal, the role of family members in support seeking and provision, and gender communication styles in health computer-mediated communication.
Distributed representation of objects in the human ventral visual pathway

Brain imaging and electrophysiological recording studies in humans have reported discrete cortical regions in posterior ventral temporal cortex that respond preferentially to faces, buildings, and letters. These findings suggest a category-specific anatomically segregated modular organization of the object vision pathway. Here we present data from a functional MRI study in which we found three distinct regions of ventral temporal cortex that responded preferentially to faces and two categories of other objects, namely houses and chairs, and had a highly consistent topological arrangement. Although the data could be interpreted as evidence for separate modules, we found that each category also evoked significant responses in the regions that responded maximally to other stimuli. Moreover, each category was associated with its own differential pattern of response across ventral temporal cortex. These results indicate that the representation of an object is not restricted to a region that responds maximally to that object, but rather is distributed across a broader expanse of cortex. We propose that the functional architecture of the ventral visual pathway is not a mosaic of category-specific modules but instead is a continuous representation of information about object form that has a highly consistent and orderly topological arrangement.
Confirmation of a Radio-Selected Galaxy Overdensity at z=1.11

We report the discovery of a galaxy overdensity at z = 1.11 associated with the z = 1.110 high-redshift radio galaxy MG1 J04426+0202 (hereafter MG 0442+0202). The group, Cl 0442+0202, was found in a near-infrared survey of z > 1 radio galaxies undertaken to identify spatially coincident regions with a high density of objects red in I-K' color, typical of z > 1 elliptical galaxies. Spectroscopic observations from the Keck I telescope reveal five galaxies within 35" of MG 0442+0202 at 1.10 5 x 10(exp -16) ergs cm (exp -2) s(exp -1)]. One of these point sources is identified with a radio-quiet type II quasar at z = 1.863, akin to sources recently reported in deep Chandra surveys. The limit on an extended hot intracluster medium in the Chandra data is S(1-6 keV) 1, the success of the optical/near-infrared targeting of early-type systems near the radio galaxy validates searches using radio galaxies as beacons for high-redshift large-scale structure. We interpret Cl 0442+0202 as a massive cluster in the process of formation.
Identifiability criteria for Muth-rational expectations models

Abstract The authors deal with complete static linear models that contain current Muth-rational expectations. Rank, order and variety conditions for the identifiability of the structural parameter are derived under general restrictions. We also correct statements that appeared in the literature. Our main finding is that, in general, the standard rank and order conditions are sufficient also for the identifiability of the Muth-rational expectations model parameter, whenever there are enough not fully anticipated exogenous variables. If the number of imperfectly forecasted exogenous variables falls short of the number of endogenous variables by g , then g extra restrictions are needed on every equation and the restrictions must meet easily verifiable variety conditions as well as an augmented rank criterion.
Social analysis and the capabilities approach: a limit to Martha Nussbaum's universalist ethics

Postcolonial theorists critique modernist universalisms for legitimating structural power. Responding to these critiques, Martha Nussbaum argues that abandoning universalism leads to ethical relativism. Adapting Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach, she has proposed a modified universalism that draws on cross-cultural conversations as a non-ethnocentric basis for universal judgment and intervention. This paper takes as its point of departure Nussbaum’s (mis)reading of a critique by Nkiru Nzegwu. Working from that conversational failure, the paper identifies the social analysis Nussbaum deploys as a point of ethnocentric breakdown in her universalist approach.
SPACE-TIME MODELS FOR A PANZOOTIC IN BATS, WITH A FOCUS ON THE ENDANGERED INDIANA BAT

Knowledge of current trends of quickly spreading infectious wildlife diseases is vital to efficient and effective management. We developed space-time mixed-effects logistic regressions to characterize a disease, white-nose syndrome (WNS), quickly spreading among endangered Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in eastern North America. Our goal was to calculate and map the risk probability faced by uninfected colonies of hibernating Indiana bats. Model covariates included annual distance from and direction to nearest sources of infection, geolocational information, size of the Indiana bat populations within each wintering population, and total annual size of populations known or suspected to be affected by WNS. We considered temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal formulae through the use of random effects for year, complex (a collection of interacting hibernacula), and year×complex. Since first documented in 2006, WNS has spread across much of the range of the Indiana bat. No sizeable wintering population now occu...
Application of a novel multi-stage signal parameter estimator to high dynamic GPS receivers

The performance of a novel multistage estimator when applied to the estimation of the position, velocity, and acceleration of high dynamic Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers is discussed. For the present application, a two-stage specialization of the more general estimation scheme is considered, wherein the first-stage algorithm is selected to be a modified least-squares algorithm operating upon the differential signal model and referred to as differential least-squares (DLS) and the second stage is simply an extended Kalman filter (EKF). In terms of the threshold on received carrier power-to-noise power spectral density ratio (CNR), when compared to the single-stage EKF algorithm, the DLS-EKF algorithm is about 1.5-2.0 dB better in terms of threshold and outperforms the crossproduct AFC (automatic frequency control) loop by 2-5 dB. For the case when data modulation is present, the proposed scheme provides an improvement of about dB in terms of CNR compared to an earlier approximate MLE (maximum likelihood estimation) scheme. There are also very significant improvements in terms of other performance measures. >
The national radiology data registry: a necessary component of quality health care.

m t p l w p It has been 12 years since the Institute of Medicine released its landmark report To Err Is Human [1] and 10 years since the release of the equally paradigm-shifting Crossing the Quality Chasm [2]. It is important to look back at the recommendations of those reports in the current light of what medicine has or has not accomplished. Because the house of radiology now stands at the center of modern health care, it is evenmore important todetermine if radiology has met the expectations outlined in these reports. One of the main conclusions of To Err Is Human is that most errors are caused by faulty systems or processes that lead people to make mistakes, or fail to prevent them, and that mistakes are best prevented by designing a safer health system. In its second report, the Institute of Medicine focused on safety by outlining 10 “rules for redesign.” Three of these rules are particularly germane to this discussion [2]: