cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Achieving the Right Balance: Properly Integrating Mathematical Software Packages into Engineering Education

The art of engineering involves developing models of the world and acquiring information with which to design solutions to meet the needs of society. Historically, engineering educators have spent significant time applying mathematical techniques to analyze these models. Decades ago, the slide rule and electronic calculator transformed the way basic mathematical operations were performed. Today, the digital computer is similarly impacting the way more complex analytical techniques are applied. Specifically, mathematical software packages are introducing revolutionary changes to engineering problem solving and design. This paper considers the appropriate role of mathematical assistant software packages in engineering education. Recommendations to properly focus teaching effort within the classroom are provided.
The moderating role of health fear on the relation between smoking status and panic symptoms among adolescents.

Abstract The present study examined the moderating role of health fear on the concurrent relation between smoking status and panic attack symptoms among 249 adolescents (132 females, M age = 14.86 years). As hypothesized, youth high in health fear reported elevations in panic attack symptoms, whereas this relation was relatively weak among those low in health fear. Importantly, these associations were significant after controlling for age, gender, negative affectivity, and anxiety sensitivity. Also as expected, health fear did not moderate the association between smoking status and depressive symptoms, supporting model specificity. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the panic–smoking association among youth.
β-Glucuronidase activity in the serum and liver of rats administered pesticides and hepatotoxic agents

Abstract Serum β-glucuronidase (β-Glu) activity markedly increased (up to 400-fold) 2, 4, and 6 hours after ip administration of sublethal doses of paraoxon to rats; activity returned to normal 18 hours after treatment. Doses of paraoxon ( 1 8 the LD50) produced no cholinergic signs and had no effect upon erythrocyte, serum, or brain cholinesterase (ChE). However, they increased serum β-Glu 2, 4, and 6 hours after administration; activity returned to control values 18 hours later. Liver β-Glu activity was only slightly increased. Single oral doses ( 1 2 and 1 4 the LD50) of Banol increased serum β-Glu activity when measured 30, 60, and 120 min later. The increases were much lower than the serum β-Glu elevations after paraoxon and were of shorter duration. Neither serum ChE nor liver β-Glu activities were affected. Prolonged administration of either Banol (2-year feeding) or Mobam (1-year feeding) did not change the serum or liver β-Glu activities, although red cell ChE was inhibited at 500 and 1000 ppm levels of Mobam. Single doses of parathion given to rats fed diets of varying casein content markedly elevated serum β-Glu activity at all protein levels; the greatest increase (800-fold) appeared at the 15% casein level 2.5 hours after parathion injection. Aldrin or chlordane given at levels which stimulated serum and liver aliesterases, and triethyltin, coumarin, or dihydrocoumarin given at levels causing no macroscopic liver changes, did not affect serum or liver β-Glu activities.
Current concepts in the biology of orthodontic tooth movement

Abstract When force is applied to a tooth during orthodontic tooth movement, mechanical stress is loaded on the alveolar bone. Alveolar bone and the periodontal ligament (PDL) are compressed on one side, while on the opposite side, the PDL is stretched. The mechanical stress of the stretched PDL induces alveolar bone modeling (surface apposition of bone), while the mechanical compression produces bone remodeling (the turnover of bone in small packets). The steps leading from the application of an orthodontic force to the appearance of a biologic response (mechanotranduction) have not been fully elucidated. The possible mechanisms by which osteoblasts and/or osteocytes can sense a mechanical stimulus include strain-sensitive ion channels, shear stress receptors, adhesin/integrin activation, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Once detected, the signal is internalized and then potentiated in the cytosol by the generation of second messengers and protein kinases. This, in turn, activates transcription of genes into messenger RNA that is then translated into proteins to be used by the cell or exported to modulate the activity of additional enzymes, eventually leading to altered gene expression. In the nucleus, the induction of the so-called immediate early genes, which occur shortly after a cell is stimulated, may also play a critical role in the signal transduction pathway.
Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis of Methoxy-Substituted Lignin Model Compounds

The flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of methoxy-substituted β-O-4 lignin model compounds has been studied at 500 °C to provide mechanistic insight into the primary reaction pathways that occur under conditions of fast pyrolysis. FVP of PhCH2CH2OPh (PPE), a model of the dominant β-O-4 linkage in lignin, proceeds by C−O and C−C cleavage, in a 37:1 ratio, to produce styrene plus phenol as the dominant products and minor amounts of toluene, bibenzyl, and benzaldehyde. From the deuterium isotope effect in the FVP of PhCD2CH2OPh, it was shown that C−O cleavage occurs by homolysis and by 1,2-elimination in a ratio of 1.4:1, respectively. Methoxy substituents enhance the homolysis of the β-O-4 linkage, relative to PPE, in o-CH3O-C6H4OCH2CH2Ph (o-CH3O-PPE) and (o-CH3O)2-C6H3OCH2CH2Ph ((o-CH3O)2-PPE) by a factor of 7.4 and 21, respectively. The methoxy-substituted phenoxy radicals undergo a complex series of reactions, which are dominated by 1,5-, 1,6-, and 1,4-intramolecular hydrogen abstraction, rearrangement, and β−...
Improving fairness in optical-burst-switching networks

Approaches for dealing with the beat-down unfairness problem have been mainly limited to electronic packet-switching networks. We investigate two methods for alleviating this problem in optical-burst-switching (OBS) networks. When OBS is used with just-in-time or just-enough-time scheduling, the control packet transmitted ahead of the data burst may fail to secure a free channel, causing the data burst to be dropped at some node along its path. The burst dropping probability increases as the number of hops in the lightpath of the burst increases, resulting in unfairness to bursts with long paths. Our first scheme to deal with this problem is based on a simple equation that adjusts the size of the search space for a free wavelength based on the number of hops traveled by the burst. Our second scheme uses proactive discarding to reduce the probability of dropping bursts with large hop count at the expense of an increase in the dropping probability of bursts with small hop count. The scheme adapts the random-early-discard (RED) strategy to the OBS environment and prioritizes the levels of discarding on the basis of the length of the lightpath. The proactive burst discarding is done in the network access station (NAS) of the source node that generated the burst. Thus discarded bursts do not waste any bandwidth resources in the core of the optical network. Both schemes have simple logic, do not use preemption, do not require complex modification to the lightpath setup scheme, and alleviate the beat-down unfairness without negatively affecting the overall throughput of the system. Detailed performance evaluation of the two schemes is presented and analyzed.
Perinatal progesterone and learning, social and reproductive behavior in rats.

Abstract Progesterone was administered to rats perinatally via either maternal Silastic implants (Experiment 1) or daily maternal injections (Experiment 2). Animals were tested at 14 days of age on an active avoidance task (Experiments 1 and 2), and in adulthood on a Lashley III maze task, active and passive avoidance tasks, and open field activity (Experiment 1) and on social and reproductive behavior measures (Experiment 2). Adult males' performance on the Lashley III task was significantly impaired by progesterone treatment in Experiment 1 as were male copulatory and aggressive behaviors in Experiment 2. Perinatal progesterone as administered in these experiments does not results in an animal model for the reported enhancement of human performance consequent to prenatal progesterone treatment. It is, however, consistent with an interpretation of demasculinization of behavior patterns.
A bogus pipeline approach to studying gender differences in cheating behavior

Abstract A bogus pipeline procedure was used to examine whether gender and testing condition influenced 474 college students’ reports of cheating behaviors. Participants were assigned to an anonymous condition, a condition in which they believed that a peer would be handling their completed questionnaires, or one in which they thought they were being monitored by a lie detector. For romantic cheating, gender differences were diminished when participants believed their responses were being monitored by a lie detector, whereas academic cheating did not show this interaction between gender and condition. Hypergender ideology and perception of same-sex friends’ cheating variables were less likely to predict cheating in the pipeline condition than in the other conditions, suggesting that social roles influenced reports of sensitive behaviors unless there was pressure to be honest.
Evaluation of dynamic image pre-compensation forcomputer users with severe refractive error

Visual distortion and blurring impede the efficient interaction between computers and their users. Visual problems can be caused by eye diseases, severe refractive errors or combinations of both. Several image enhancement methods based on contrast sensitivity have been used to help people with eye diseases (e.g., age-related macular degeneration and cataracts), whereas few methods have been designed for people with severe refractive errors. This paper describes a new pre-compensation method to counter the visual blurring caused by the severe refractive errors of a specific computer user. It preprocesses the pictorial information through dynamic pre-compensation in advance, aiming to present customized images on the basis of the ocular aberrations of the specific computer user. The new method improves the previous static pre-compensation method by updating the aberration data according to pupil size variations, in real-time. The real-time aberration data enable us to generate better suited pre-compensated images, as the pre-compensation model is updated dynamically. An empirical study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the new pre-compensation method, through an icon recognition test. From the results of statistical analysis, we found that participants achieved significantly higher accuracy levels in recognizing the icons with dynamic pre-compensation, than when viewing the original icons. The accuracy is also significantly boosted when the icons were processed with dynamic pre-compensation method, in comparison with the previous static pre-compensation method.
Intraoperative radiation therapy techniques and options for breast cancer

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) applied to peri-tumoral tissue can play a significant role in preventing breast cancer recurrence. Approximately 80–100% of breast cancer recurrences occur at the tumor bed, thus restricting radiation to the postoperative bed may be reasonable in a select group of patients. IORT can be delivered as a boost in addition to standard external beam radiotherapy, or as a primary form of treatment. IORT can be administered via electrons generated by a linear accelerator or by a system using low-energy x-rays. Potential advantages of IORT include improved cosmesis, shorter overall treatment time, radiobiological advantages, and ability to define the tumor bed by direct visualization during surgery assuring accurate delivery of radiotherapy. IORT alone can be considered for appropriate patients with early breast cancer who may not require whole-breast radiation therapy. This review discusses patient criteria and benefits, IORT's roots, radiobiological considerations, treatme...
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BREAST CANCER

The natural history of breast cancer has not been fully elucidated, but physicians are making progress in the treatment of patients with this disease. Randomized, controlled trials indicate that screening, adjuvant systemic therapy, and adjuvant radiotherapy can reduce the risk for death caused by breast cancer. More importantly, national statistics show that breast cancer death rates are now decreasing (after remaining stagnant for nearly 40 years), but additional investigation into the natural history of breast cancer is clearly warranted. The randomized controlled trials on screening and local therapy, in particular, provide important insights into the natural history of the disease. Thus, the results of these trials should serve as a basis for additional investigation. Ultimately, a better understanding of the natural history of breast cancer may translate into improved treatments and better outcomes.
Corporate social responsibility: perspectives of hotel frontline employees

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine hotel frontline employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities at the hotel they currently work, and how their perceptions influence their level of organizational identification, an indicator of their relationship quality with the hotel. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses 575 responses of hotel frontline employees in the US, collected through a national online survey. Findings – Results show that hotel employees' perceptions of CSR activities encompass the host community, colleagues, and customers, beyond green practices. Moreover, their perceptions of CSR activities positively and significantly influence the level of organizational identification. Research limitations/implications – The results of this exploratory study should not be generalized to all frontline employees in the US hotel industry. Future studies should extend this study to examine potential relationships among other variables relevant to organizational i...
ATS-6 UCLA Fluxgate Magnetometer

A summary of the design of the University of California at Los Angeles' fluxgate magnetometer is presented. Instrument noise in the bandwidth 0.001 to 1.0 Hz is of order 85 my. The DC field of the spacecraft transverse to the Earth-pointing axis is Sx = 1.0 ±2.1?, SY = -2.4 ± 1.3?. The spacecraft field parallel to this axis is less than 5?. The small spacecraft field has made possible studies of the macroscopic field not previously possible at synchronous orbit. At the 96° west longitude of Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6), the Earth's field is typically inclined 300 to the dipole axis at local noon. Most perturbations of the field are due to substorms. These consist of a rotation in the meridian to a more radial field followed by a subsequent rotation back. The rotation back is normally accompanied by transient variations in the azimuthal field. The exact timing of these perturbations is a function of satellite location and the details of substorm development.
Accelerated, aging-dependent development of osteoarthritis in alpha1 integrin-deficient mice.

Objective Cell–matrix interactions regulate chondrocyte differentiation and survival. The α1β1 integrin is a major collagen receptor that is expressed on chondrocytes. Mice with targeted inactivation of the integrin α1 gene (α1-KO mice) provide a model that can be used to address the role of cell–matrix interactions in cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Methods Knee joints from α1-KO and wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice were harvested at ages 4–15 months. Knee joint sections were examined for inflammation, cartilage degradation, and loss of glycosaminoglycans (by Safranin O staining). Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the distribution of α1 integrin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and chondrocyte apoptosis. Results In WT mice, the α1 integrin subunit was detected in hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate and in a subpopulation of cells in the deep zone of articular cartilage. There was a marked increase in α1-positive chondrocytes in the superficial and upper mid-zones in OA-affected areas in joints from old WT mice. The α1-KO mice showed more severe cartilage degradation, glycosaminoglycan depletion, and synovial hyperplasia as compared with the WT mice. MMP-2 and MMP-3 expression was increased in the OA-affected areas. In cartilage from α1-KO mice, the cellularity was reduced and the frequency of apoptotic cells was increased. These results suggest that the α1 integrin subunit is involved in the early remodeling process in OA cartilage. Conclusion Deficiency in the α1 integrin subunit is associated with an earlier deregulation of cartilage homeostasis and an accelerated, aging-dependent development of OA.
The retrospective construction of metropolitan areas for longitudinal analysis: An application to racial occupational inequality☆

Abstract We analyze a theoretical model of racial occupational inequality using alternative boundary definitions for southern metropolitan areas. These include both “fixed” and “decade-specific” metropolitan boundary definitions. The findings show remarkable consistency among the statistical results across the two types of definitions. Our analysis suggests that defining Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas according to a specified time point and moving back in time can yield important benefits to the researcher, including larger sample sizes with increased statistical power. Implications for future research are discussed.
KRAS mutation detection in colorectal cancer by a commercially available gene chip array compares well with Sanger sequencing.

Abstract Background Binding of a ligand to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stimulates various intracellular signaling pathways resulting in cell cycle progression, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis inhibition. KRAS is involved in signaling pathways including RAF/MAPK and PI3K and mutations in this gene result in constitutive activation of these pathways, independent of EGFR activation. Seven mutations in codons 12 and 13 of KRAS comprise around 95% of the observed human mutations, rendering monoclonal antibodies against EGFR (e.g. cetuximab and panitumumab) useless in treatment of colorectal cancer. Methods KRAS mutation testing by two different methodologies was compared; Sanger sequencing and AutoGenomics INFINITI® assay, on DNA extracted from colorectal cancers. Results Out of 29 colorectal tumor samples tested, 28 were concordant between the two methodologies for the KRAS mutations that were detected in both assays with the INFINITI® assay detecting a mutation in one sample that was indeterminate by Sanger sequencing and a third methodology; single nucleotide primer extension. Conclusions This study indicates the utility of the AutoGenomics INFINITI® methodology in a clinical laboratory setting where technical expertise or access to equipment for DNA sequencing does not exist.
Second-order adjoints for solving PDE-constrained optimization problems

In this paper, we discuss the mathematical foundations of SOA sensitivity analysis and show that it provides an efficient approach to obtain Hessian-vector products. We study the benefits of using second-order information in the numerical optimization process for data assimilation applications. The numerical studies are performed in a twin experiment setting with a two-dimensional shallow water model. Different scenarios are considered with different discretization approaches, observation sets, and noise levels. Optimization algorithms that employ second-order derivatives are tested against widely used methods that require only first-order derivatives. Conclusions are drawn regarding the potential benefits and the limitations of using high-order information in large-scale data assimilation problems.
Kinetic modelling of electron tunneling processes in quantum dots coupled to field-effect transistors

Abstract Transport of electrons in semiconductor nano-structures exhibits many features that are a consequence of quantum confinement and Coulomb blockade. A quantum dot coupled to a metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor's channel region is one example of such a structure with utility as a dense semiconductor memory. The memory state of this unit cell is a function of the number of electrons stored in the quantum dot and is sensed by the conduction in the channel. We describe a kinetic approach, based on a master equation, for modelling the injection and ejection of electrons into and from the quantum dot, and compare numerical results with experimental results for the silicon/silicon dioxide system where such memory structures have been achieved.
Technology enablers to recover from failures in e-services

Although the goal of e-providers should be to provide quality service to all customers at all times, occasional failure is inevitable. Whether the failure is inherent in the content of the e-service (for example, a service that does not meet the expectations of the customer) or in the process (for example, the customer encountered problems with a Web site), the e-provider must be prepared to recover from this failure---a process known as service recovery. Successful service recovery is critical to customer retention and maintaining or possibly increasing customer loyalty [1]. Although service recovery has received a significant amount of attention in the fields of marketing (for example, [2]) and operations management (for example, [3]), the existing concepts must be adapted to the e-service environment. Accordingly, we provide the following seven action items for an e-service provider to remember when it attempts to recover from a service failure:
ASA 2009 Data Expo

The ASA Statistical Computing and Graphics Data Expo is a biannual data exploration challenge. Participants are challenged to provide a graphical summary of important features of the data. The task is intentionally vague to allow different entries to focus on different aspects of the data, giving the participants maximum freedom to apply their skills. The 2009 data expo consisted of flight arrival and departure details for all commercial flights on major carriers within the USA, from October 1987 to April 2008. This is a large dataset: there are nearly 120 million records in total, and takes up 1.6 gigabytes of space compressed and 12 gigabytes when uncompressed. The complete dataset and challenge are available on the competition website http://stat-computing.org/dataexpo/2009/. Because the dataset is so large, we also provided participants introductions to useful tools for dealing with this scale of data: Linux command line tools, including sort, awk, and cut, and sqlite, a simple SQL database. Additiona...
The Dielectric Microwave Resonator

Pieces of single crystals of rutile show high Q resonances in the microwave range. A piece about (1/7?)3 has a Q as high as that of a metal-walled cavity at room temperature. Lowering the temperature increases both the Q and the resonant wavelength. Q's of 105 were seen at 4°K. A frequency equation of first- and second-order approximations was derived in terms of the dimensions and the anisotropic dielectric constant, ??, for rectangular parallelepiped resonators. Accurate values of anisotropic ?? were obtained. In the anisotropic medium there are two types of resonant modes, one of which has an outside E field similar to an electric multipole, and the other an outside magnetic field similar to a magnetic multipole. These two types of modes degenerate into one type if the dielectric is isotropic. Resonators were also made of ceramic rutile and strontium titanate, both of which had Q values of thousands. An extremely high unloaded Q, of the order of a million, was seen at 1.4°K on a KRS-5 (ThBr-Thl) single crystal at X band.
Order of events in the yeast secretory pathway

Abstract The sequence of posttranslational events in the export of yeast glycoproteins has been determined with the aid of mutants that affect the secretory apparatus. Temperature-sensitive secretory mutants ( sec ) of S. cerevisiae, when incubated at a nonpermissive growth temperature (37°C), accumulate intracellular precursor forms of exported glycoproteins, such as invertase, and expand or amplify one or more of three different secretory organelles. Characterization of haploid double- sec -mutant strains, with regard to the structure of the accumulated invertase and the morphology of the exaggerated organelles, allows assessment of the order in which the gene products are required, the sequence of invertase maturation steps and a pathway of secretory organelles. The transitions from one organelle to the next require energy and sec gene products. One of the mutants ( sec7 ) accumulates a different organelle depending on the concentration of glucose in the medium. In normal growth medium (2% glucose), a thermally irreversible structure, the Berkeley body, predominates; in low glucose (0.1%), Golgi structures accumulate thermoreversibly. The results are consistent with the following model. Secretory proteins enter the ER, where the initial steps of glycosylation occur. Nine or more sec gene products and energy are required to transfer material to a Golgi-like structure, where further glycosylation occurs. Two or more functions and energy are required to package nearly fully glycosylated proteins into vesicles that are then transported into the bud, where they fuse with the plasma membrane in a process that requires at least ten additional gene products and energy.
Programing for children with a neurological deficit.

Summary A program designed to help the child with a neurological handicap has been described. It is suggested that such programs be located in hospitals and that pediatricians assume the major responsibility for this type of habilitation.
Development of a Web-Based Case Library

Case studies have been used for decades to bridge the gap between classroom learning and practical application [1]. Cases used in the classroom are often seen in two forms: decision cases and historical cases. Decision cases are incomplete narratives that take the student to the point at which a decision must be made and the student is then responsible for solving the problem and justifying that decision. Decision cases are often used to help students develop their analytical and problem-solving skills. But historical cases are also important as they can model the decision process of an experienced professional and provide learners with experiences they haven't yet had [2]. Historical cases are complete narratives that state a problem or problematic situation, the actions taken to solve the problem, and the results obtained. This article discusses the development of a web-based case library that organizes and presents historical cases of professionals involved in turfgrass management.CONCLUSION: The Turfg...
A model for high temperature deformation of dispersion strengthened metals based on substructural observations in Ni-20Cr-2ThO2

Abstract The deformation behavior of single crystalline and polycrystalline Ni-20Cr-2ThO2 tested in compression has been studied in the temperature range 700–1100°C. In the investigated stress and strain range (95 MPa ≤ σ ≤ 590 MPa, ϵ ≤ 0.30) steady state deformation was not observed. At 700 and 900 C hardening could be observed during the entire deformation process, while at 1100°C softening was observed after approximately 10% plastic strain. The stress dependence of the deformation rate for ϵ = 0.15 was large and increased with decreasing stress from a power law exponent of 6 to about 25. Based on observations of the microstructure of Ni-20Cr-2ThO2, reported in a previous paper, we describe the deformation behavior by considering the structural features of the material, which include particles, dislocations, subgrains and twins. We assume that dislocations overcome the particles by a climbing process. The effective stress for this process is given by the difference between the applied stress and the internal stress, which is due to the dislocations, subgrains and twins. In contrast to previous descriptions, which make use of a constant threshold stress, the present model accounts for the stress, strain and temperature dependence of the microstructure as well as for the deformation mechanism. The model describes the observed deformation rates in a satisfactory way.
Phosphate binding gels: Balancing phosphate adsorption and aluminum toxicity

Phosphate binding gels: balancing phosphate adsorption and aluminum toxicity. The phosphate binding capacity of five commercial aluminum hydroxide phosphate–binding gels and two crystalline forms of aluminum hydroxide was studied by an in vitro procedure which simulated passage through the stomach to the small intestine. The potential for aluminum toxicity was estimated by determining the fraction of the dose which was converted into soluble aluminum species by acid neutralization at pH 3, 37°C. The commercial products varied widely both in phosphate binding capacity and production of soluble aluminum species. The evidence suggests that the ideal phosphate binder will have a surface area small enough to minimize the formation of soluble aluminum species during the gastric residence time but also large enough to adsorb a clinically significant amount of phosphate.
Should Peacemakers Take Sides? Major Power Mediation, Coercion, and Bias

This paper focuses on powerful third parties whose interests in a conflict are closely aligned with a single disputant's interests. I show that such third-party bias reveals private information about an intervener's willingness to secure an agreement using force. When a highly biased power intervenes in a crisis, a peaceful settlement is likely because warring parties are certain the third party will enforce an agreement by military means. When an intervener shows less favoritism, negotiations tend to fail because the disputants doubt that it is committed to use force. Peace is again more likely when the third party is unbiased because such a party behaves as a mediator, seeking agreements both adversaries find acceptable. These findings, coupled with evidence from U.S. and British interventions in the Balkans, suggest a possible explanation for why major power intervention can bring about drastically different outcomes.
A fast automaton-based method for detecting anomalous program behaviors

Anomaly detection on system call sequences has become perhaps the most successful approach for detecting novel intrusions. A natural way for learning sequences is to use a finite-state automaton (FSA). However previous research indicates that FSA-learning is computationally expensive, that it cannot be completely automated or that the space usage of the FSA may be excessive. We present a new approach that overcomes these difficulties. Our approach builds a compact FSA in a fully automatic and efficient manner, without requiring access to source code for programs. The space requirements for the FSA is low - of the order of a few kilobytes for typical programs. The FSA uses only a constant time per system call during the learning as well as the detection period. This factor leads to low overheads for intrusion detection. Unlike many of the previous techniques, our FSA-technique can capture both short term and long term temporal relationships among system calls, and thus perform more accurate detection. This enables our approach to generalize and predict future behaviors from past behaviors. As a result, the training periods needed for our FSA based approach are shorter. Moreover false positives are reduced without increasing the likelihood of missing attacks. This paper describes our FSA based technique and presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the technique.
Swinburne on natural evil from natural processes

Richard Swinburne has argued that the existence of natural evil is compatible with the existence of God as defined in traditional theism. At the core of that definition is the idea of God as the omniscient, omnipotent, morally perfect, benevolent, worshipful designer-creator of the universe. In particular Swinburne has argued that natural evil is necessary for human beings to develop moral responsibility and maturity. Among natural evils he is especially interested in the pain and suffering resulting from the operation of natural processes, henceforth NENP (natural evil from natural processes). In regard to that very common class of natural evils, Swinburne's argument is that, in a God-made world, NENP is logically necessary for human beings to become morally mature and to be able to choose their own destinies.1 If he is right about this he will have established that natural evil is logically necessary in a God-made world, and thereby he will have succeeded in proving that natural evil is compatible with the existence of God. In this paper I will argue that Swinburne fails to justify the existence of NENP in a God-made universe. I will do this by showing that moral maturity and choice of destiny are possible without any NENP whatsoever. If I am right, the just-sketched chain of inferences will be broken and Swinburne's position on God and natural evil defeated.
Follow-up audiometry after bilateral myringotomy and tympanostomy tube insertion

Abstract Objective There are no evidence-based guidelines regarding timing of postoperative audiometric follow-up for children undergoing tympanostomy tube insertion. Given the variability of follow-up among physicians, we attempt to guide the timing of postoperative audiograms using objective data. Study design Retrospective chart review. Methods All pediatric patients undergoing primary bilateral myringotomy and tympanostomy tube insertion for otitis media with effusion who had audiometric data available at two follow-up times were identified from 2014. Patients were classified according to the type of audiometry performed and were further categorized into those who had tympanostomy tube insertion only and those who had concurrent adenotonsillectomies. Results 34 patients were included in the study. Among patients assessed by sound field audiometry, the mean sound field threshold value was 29.2 dB preoperatively and improved to 21 dB 2 weeks postoperatively and 17.9 dB 6 to 10 weeks postoperatively. The difference between the two postoperative means was significant (p Conclusions Progressive hearing improvement was demonstrated from 2 weeks to 6 to 10 weeks postoperatively. We recommend testing no fewer than 6 weeks after tympanostomy tube insertion. Earlier audiometry underestimates the degree of hearing improvement.
Nuclear Oncology: Pathology and Clinical Applications

H.W. Strauss, G. Mariani, D. Volterrani, and S. Larson, Eds. New York, NY: Springer, 2013, 856 pages, $189 This book contains 7 parts varying from 1 to 19 chapters in length and totaling 31 chapters. The 6 basic-science chapters cover cancer biology, radiopharmaceuticals, instrumentation, and
Immune Status of Recipients Following Bone Marrow–Augmented Solid Organ Transplantation

It has been postulated that the resident «passenger» leukocytes of hematolymphoid origin that migrate from whole organ grafts and subsequently establish systemic chimerism are essential for graft acceptance and the induction of donor-specific nonreactivity. This phenomenon was augmented by infusing 3×10 8 unmodified donor bone-marrow cells into 40 patients at the time of organ transplantation. Fifteen of the first 18 analyzable patients had sequential immunological evaluation over postoperative intervals of 5 to 17 months, (which included 7 kidney (two with islets), 7 liver (one with islets), and one heart recipient). The evolution of changes was compared with that in 16 kidney and liver nonmarrow controls followed for 4 to 5 months. The generic immune reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was determined by their proliferative responses to mitogens (PHA, ConA). Alloreactivity was measured by the recipient mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) to donor and HLA-mismatched third-party panel cells. Based on all 3 tests, the recipients were classified as donor-specific hyporeactive, intermediate, and responsive; patients who were globally suppressed made up a fourth category. Eight (53%) of the 15 marrow-treated recipients exhibited progressive modulation of donor-specific reactivity (3 hyporeactive and 5 intermediate) while 7 remained antidonor-responsive. In the nonmarrow controls, 2 (12.5%) of the 16 patients showed donor-specific hyporeactivity, 10 (62.5%) were reactive, and 4 (25%) studied during a CMV infection had global suppression of responsiveness to all stimuli
Spinal Cord Stimulation and the Pregnant Patient‐Specific Considerations for Management: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Objectives: The use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a form of neuromodulation used to treat chronic pain in those patients who are refractory to conventional medical management. Not uncommonly, SCS can dramatically improve a patient’s quality of life, and those who are in the childbearing years may go on to become pregnant. The purpose of this case series is to describe: 1) implantation considerations in women of childbearing age; 2) use of rechargeable systems; 3) the obstetric and anesthetic concerns in patients with spinal cord stimulators; 4) risks of using SCS in the peripartum period. Materials and Methods: Two female patients with complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I) who were well managed with SCS became pregnant. In both patients, the leads were placed through the T12/L1 interspace and the generator was placed in the buttock region. In the first patient, the device was deactivated prior to conception and maintained off for the duration of the pregnancy. The second patient became pregnant on two separate occasions, with active SCS for a portion of the first trimester. During her second pregnancy, the patient elected to use of SCS at 30 weeks’ gestation. Results: The developing fetuses with intrauterine exposure to SCS were followed out for a minimum of two years and are developmentally normal. The physical presence of the device did not complicate obstetric or anesthetic care. Rechargeable SCS systems were not adversely affected when turned off for the duration of the pregnancy. Conclusion: Implantation of SCS devices in women of childbearing years should take into account the future needs of both obstetric and anesthetic care by avoiding the abdomen and lower lumbar spine whenever possible. There was no appreciable decline of battery capacity in present day constant current rechargeable generators when deactivated for the duration of pregnancy.
INVISIBLE WORK: BILINGUALISM, LANGUAGE CHOICE, AND CHILDREARING IN INTERMARRIED FAMILIES

INVISIBLE WORK: BILINGUALISM, LANGUAGE CHOICE, AND CHILDREARING IN INTERMARRIED FAMILIES. Toshie Okita. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2002. Pp. vi + 274. $102.00 cloth.In recent years, studies of bilingualism and SLA have paid increasing attention to the contexts in which languages are acquired and used. This broadened perspective has led scholars to combine insights from a number of different disciplines. In this highly original study, Okita combines insights from studies of families, ethnicity, and bilingualism to examine the factors that promote or inhibit Japanese maintenance by the children of British fathers and Japanese mothers living in Britain. The result is a finely nuanced study that illustrates the difficulties of maintaining a minority language in a setting that provides few sources of institutional support.
Finite difference solutions of the Euler equations in the vicinity of sharp edges

Attempts have been made to explain why finite difference solutions of the Euler equations can describe flows with large vortical structures around sharp-edged bodies. The present paper is concerned with the influence of a singular sharp edge on the truncation error for a set of discretized Euler equations. An analysis is conducted of the distribution of the truncation error of one finite difference approximation of the Euler equations near a sharp edge of a thin plate. The analysis leads to a determination of the size of the region of the neighborhood of such a singularity. Attention is given to the consistency of a discretization of the Euler equations, and numerical experiments.
Hydrology and Water Balance of Devils Lake Basin: Part 1 - Hydrometeorological Analysis and Lake Surface Area Mapping

The spatial distribution of stocks of water is useful in studying flood, water pollution and water supply problems. Flood prone and closed basin watersheds benefit from spatial water balance studies in understanding the hydrologic processes and deal with excess water problems. In this study, we present results of a study of the hydrology Devils Lake basin of the Red River of the North, northeastern North Dakota partitioned in to two parts. Part 1 addresses the hydrometeorological analysis and lake surface area mapping of the basin and Part 2 deals with spatial surface water balance modeling using Landsat images and geographic information system (GIS). Hydrometeorological analysis using 100-years of historical record for the Devils Lake basin was conducted to capture the historical variability of the flood. In addition, surface area of the lake was mapped using Landsat image from 1991 to 2003. The Hydrometeorological analysis of the historical data showed the runoff inflow from upstream watersheds driven by snowmelt and spring rain falling on wet soil is the dominant source of the lake rise. Results show an increase in lake surface area by 117% between 1993 and 2003. The analysis also showed a correlation and possible interactions between the lake and the Spritwood aquifer indicating potential contribution of the groundwater flux to the water budget.
Exploring the Stress-Support-Distress Process Among Black Women

Research on mental health inequalities typically focuses on variations in individuals’ stress exposure and coping strategies (i.e., perceptions of support adequacy). This study extends prior research by asking how the stress-support-distress process operates among Black w2omen. Data come from a 2003 survey by the Center for the Study of Public Health Impacts of Hurricanes at Louisiana State University (LSU). Our findings challenge the prototypic stress-health models that fail to acknowledge social group differences in the stress-support-distress process. More importantly, our research points to the need for health professionals to consider how formal support systems (i.e., health promotion programs) and internal resources (i.e., health education) can positively impact Black women’s mental health.
Physicians in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Another perspective.

There is an ongoing discussion pertaining to the mutually beneficial relationship between the medical centers of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and their affiliated medical schools. An earlier article analyzed the interorganizational conflicts prevalent at times between the VA medical centers and the medical school affiliates and assigned as reasons for such frictions value differences between professionals and administrators as well as between the VA medical centers and the medical schools. I propose somewhat different explanations for such conflicts and draw attention to the inapplicability of some of the old organizational theories that are being overtaken by the dynamics of modern health care organizations and their dependence on total quality management and resource allocation methods driven by diagnosis related groups. Furthermore, the strivings of other health professionals in the VA for equal treatment and the reluctance of physicians to concede coequality to others, the prevalence of risk avoidance as a necessary behavioral attribute for success within the VA, and the prevailing practice of allowing VA physicians to accept salary supplementation from the medical schools are major factors contributing to interorganizational conflicts. ( Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:502-504)
Annotated Checklist of Nearctic Dermestidae with Revised Key to the Genera

A checklist of all valid species of Dermestidae known to occur in the United States and Canada is presented with notes on the distribution and economic importance of each. Included is a revised key to the genera with a reference to the latest revisionary study or review of each genus.
Recovery of Attorney's Fees in Prehearing Settlements A Legal Update

Congress amended the Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA) with the Handicapped Children's Protection Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-372) to allow parents to recover attorney's fees in certain circumstances. The purpose of this article is to review the case law regarding the recovery of attorney's fees for counsel services prior to holding a hearing within the legal parameters of P.L. 99-372. Considerations for practice are provided.
Sensitivity of Carbon Nanotube Transistors to a Charged Dielectric Coating

This paper investigates the electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (SWCNT-FETs) in which the SWCNT element is coated with a charged dielectric. The presence of remote charge on the surface of the dielectric is considered to effect carrier transport in the nanotube as a result of both carrier-scattering and gate screening. Nanotube device characteristics are simulated using the multi- subband Boltzmann transport method incorporating scattering from both phonons and remote charges. This allows assessment of the sensitivity of a nanotube FET to the presence of a charged dielectric coating during room temperature operation. Results show remote charge scattering affects the diameter (d) dependence of the peak conductance and peak field-effect mobility of carbon nanotube devices. Under phonon-limited transport conditions, these peak values increase as ~ d and ~ d2, respectively. When remote charge scattering is significant, peak values cease to vary with diameter once a critical diameter reached. Charge scattering is found to particularly degrade device current at gate voltages that allow carriers scattering into or out of a subband minimum. Furthermore, simulations show that intersubband scattering resulting from asymmetry in the circumferential remote charge density becomes increasingly important as the nanotube length decreases. The authors propose that remote charge scattering effects may be applicable in sensing devices allowing for the identification of the charge on a functionalized CNT coating.