cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D scanning in apparel design and human engineering

Much work remains before 3D anthropometric imaging systems can be used successfully in automated apparel design and other applications requiring accurate human body size data. Furthermore, the development of basic anthropometric data extraction tools and other related application software must be greatly enhanced, regardless of the scanner type or proposed application. Still, based on current progress, the potential of 3D anthropometric imaging seems tremendous. Certainly, the costs and benefits will become more apparent with time. Probably, a given method might suit some applications and not others, according to variables such as data acquisition and processing speed, system resolution, data accuracy and color. Technical differences aside, as long as a given system can consistently generate surface data to a known level of precision-a level acceptable for the application at hand-the system should find broad acceptance. Finally, only careful testing and validation of new applications can ensure the long-term usefulness of any data collection system, 3D or otherwise.
Retinoic acid can enhance conversion of naive into regulatory T cells independently of secreted cytokines.

It has been reported that retinoic acid (RA) enhances regulatory T (T reg) cell conversion by inhibiting the secretion of cytokines that interfere with conversion. This report shows that these conclusions provide a partial explanation at best. First, RA not only interfered with cytokine secretion but also with the ability of these cytokines to inhibit T reg cell conversion of naive T cells. Furthermore, RA enhanced conversion even in the absence of inhibitory cytokines. The latter effect depended on the RA receptor α (RARα) but did not require Smad3, despite the fact that RA enhanced Smad3 expression. The RARα1 isoform was not essential for RA-dependent enhancement of transforming growth factor β–driven conversion, suggesting that conversion can also be mediated by RARα2. Interleukin (IL)-6 strongly reduced RARα expression levels such that a deficiency of the predominant RARα1 isoform leaves too little RARα2 for RA to inhibit the generation of Th17 cells in the presence of IL-6.
Run-time power estimation in high performance microprocessors

Power concerns are becoming increasingly pressing in high-performance processors. Building power-aware and even power-adaptive computer architectures requires being able to track power consumption and attribute energy consumption to the portions of the chip that are responsible for it. This paper presents the Castle project which aims to deduce the actual runtime power dissipated by different processor units on the CPU chip by leveraging existing hardware. Namely, we examine the use of hardware performance counters as proxies for power meters. We discuss which performance counters count power-relevant events, and how to estimate event counts for power-relevant events not well supported by current, commonly available performance counters. We also discuss sampling-based approaches for estimating signal transition activity within the processor. Overall, we find that these performance counters can be quite useful in providing good power apportionment estimates for programs as they run.
Visual motion planning for mobile robots

This paper presents a novel framework for image-based motion planning, which we term Visual Motion Planning. The method skips the step of transferring image features back to robot pose, and hence makes motion plans directly in the image plane. Analogous to visual servo control, the visual motion planning concept takes advantage of the image features to achieve a direct and fast motion planning solution. It provides a "virtual" trajectory in the image plane for the robot to track with standard visual servoing techniques. In this paper, we show the result of applying the idea to simulated 2-D and 3-D mobile robot systems. Within this motion planning paradigm, we also discuss the mechanisms for taking advantage of surplus features and incorporating image-based constraints, such as requiring that the images remain in the field of view. Experimental results using a Pioneer AT ground mobile robot are presented, showing excellent agreement with theory.
Synthesis of solid and spirally cracked TiO2 fibers by a liquid mix process

Titania fibers were synthesized by a liquid mix process, starting by complexing titanium isopropoxide with a chelating agent solution to form a precursor resin for further fiber drawing. The as-drawn continuous precursor fibers underwent a weight change of 80% and a volume change of 75% after heat treatment at 800 °C in nitrogen followed by an additional treatment at 600 °C in air. The fibers consisted mainly of rutile with 5–10% anatase. Further treatment at 700 °C transformed the anatase completely into rutile. Fibers with finished diameter less than about 15 μm were solid with smooth surfaces. Fibers with finished diameter greater than about 15 μm were hollow and spirally cracked in a uniform manner. Fibers treated at 600 °C showed no visible grains. Additional annealing at 800 °C grew grains to an average size of 0.3–0.4 μm. The fibers appeared solid and dense.
Adhesive Characteristics of Tumor Cell Variants of High and Low Tumorigenic Potential

A variant subpopulation of C57BL/6 mouse fibrosarcoma cells that had very low tumorigenic potential was isolated from a highly tumorigenic parent fibrosarcoma cell culture. The adhesive characteristics of parent cells and variant cells were compared. The low-tumorigenic variant cells were released from the surfaces of plastic dishes, from protein-coated dishes, or from monolayers of fibroblasts or endothelial cells by protease treatment much more readily than were the parent cells. There was no difference between the variant cells and the parent cells in EDTA sensitivity or sensitivity to mechanical agitation under the conditions used. Also, no difference existed between the variant cells and the parent cells in rates of attachment to the surfaces of plastic dishes or to monolayers of endothelial cells. The variant cells were characterized by high levels of chymotrypsin-like esterase activity (two to three times increased over parent cell levels), but there was only a slight difference between the variant cells and the parent cells in caseinolytic or fibrinolytic activity.
The prenatal growth of the mouse

1. The general course of prenatal growth in the mouse, the guinea pig, and the chick can be expressed by straight line relations between the logarithms of the weight and age only when age is counted from the beginning of the embryo proper. 2. This is interpreted as showing that the manner of growth before the beginning of the embryo proper is essentially different from that after this time. 3. The velocity constants for the animals mentioned are similar; the major differences in their curves depend on the amount of tissue involved in the first organization of the embryo proper and in the length of prenatal life. 4. Growth of different animals may be compared more accurately if, instead of either birth age or conception age, embryo age is used.
A PIV Algorithm for Estimating Time-Averaged Velocity Fields

A PIV algorithm is presented for estimating time-averaged or phase-averaged velocity fields. The algorithm can be applied to situations where signal strength is not sufficient for standard cross correlation techniques, such as a low number of particle images in an interrogation spot, or poor image quality. The algorithm can also be used to increase the spatial resolution of measurements by allowing smaller interrogation spots than those required for standard cross correlation techniques. The quality of the velocity measurements can be dramatically increased by averaging a series of instantaneous corelation functions, before determining the location of the signal peak, as opposed to the commonly used technique of estimating instantaneous velocity fields first and then averaging the velocity fields. The algorithm is applied to a 30 μm×300 μm microchannel flow
Should Colorectal Cancer Screening Be Considered in Elderly Persons Without Previous Screening? A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Background The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against routine screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) in adequately screened elderly aged over 75. The USPSTF did not address the appropriateness of screening in elderly aged over 75 without prior screening.
Cervical spinal locking plate in combination with cortical ring allograft for a one level fusion in dogs with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of a surgical technique commonly used in humans for treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) in dogs. DESIGN Prospective case series. ANIMALS Dogs with CSM (n=10). METHODS Dogs weighing >30 kg that had CSM at 1 vertebral articulation were eligible for inclusion. Dogs had vertebral column distraction/fusion performed using a cortical ring allograft, cancellous autograft, and a spinal locking plate. Dogs were evaluated temporally by repeat neurological examinations and by client perception of postsurgical outcome, determined by telephone interview. RESULTS Nine dogs survived the immediate postoperative period. Seven of 8 dogs had moderate to complete improvement without recurrence (mean follow-up, 2.48 years). The most common postsurgical complications were screw loosening (n=4) and plate shifting (2), neither of which required surgical revision. One dog had pseudoarthrosis that may have negatively impacted outcome. CONCLUSION Treatment of single level CSM in dogs with ring allograft and a spinal locking plate system may lead to successful outcomes. The major problems encountered with included cost of the implants and adjusting the system designed for humans to fit the vertebral column of a dog. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For dogs with CSM at a single level, the use of a spinal locking plate in combination with a cortical ring allograft can be an effective surgical treatment. Costs of the implants as well as anatomic differences in dogs make this type of surgery less appealing.
Band broadening during dc and field inversion capillary electrophoresis of λ DNA in dilute hydroxyethylcellulose solutions

Capillary electrophoresis of λ double-stranded (ds) DNA (48.5 kbp) in dilute hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) solutions shows band spreading that cannot be explained by diffusion alone. Dispersion and asymmetry factors of λ ds-DNA bands were measured as functions of capillary length, HEC concentration and field strength. Band spreading and asymmetry can be explained by a recently developed model in which the dominant contribution is assumed to be dispersion in DNA–HEC disentanglement times. Bandwidth reduction using square-wave field inversion was also investigated. It is proposed that correlation of DNA motion is the source of band narrowing during field inversion.
Hamaker Constants in Integrated Circuit Metalization

A new method for determining Hamaker constants was examined for materials of interest in integrated circuit manufacture. An ultra-high vacuum atomic force microscope and an atomic force microscope operated in a nitrogen environment were used to measure the interaction forces between metals, dielectrics, and barriers used during the metalization portion of integrated circuit manufacturing. The materials studied included copper, silver, titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), and parylene-N. Spheres coated with a material of interest were mounted on AFM cantilevers and brought into contact with substrates of interest. The interaction force was measured as the cantilever approached the substrate but before the two surfaces came into contact, and also when the particle was pulled out of contact with the substrate. The Hamaker constant calculation from the contact measurement is based on an adhesion model that quantifies the contribution of geometrical, morphological and mechanical properties of materials to the measured adhesion force. Hamaker constants determined with this new approach were compared with values found by using the Derjaguin approximation for a sphere to describe the interaction force as the cantilever approaches the surface. Both approaches produced similar values for most of the systems studied, with variations of less than 10%.
On Recovery of Sparse Signals Via $\ell _{1}$ Minimization

This paper considers constrained lscr1 minimization methods in a unified framework for the recovery of high-dimensional sparse signals in three settings: noiseless, bounded error, and Gaussian noise. Both lscr1 minimization with an lscrinfin constraint (Dantzig selector) and lscr1 minimization under an llscr2 constraint are considered. The results of this paper improve the existing results in the literature by weakening the conditions and tightening the error bounds. The improvement on the conditions shows that signals with larger support can be recovered accurately. In particular, our results illustrate the relationship between lscr1 minimization with an llscr2 constraint and lscr1 minimization with an lscrinfin constraint. This paper also establishes connections between restricted isometry property and the mutual incoherence property. Some results of Candes, Romberg, and Tao (2006), Candes and Tao (2007), and Donoho, Elad, and Temlyakov (2006) are extended.
Concentration dependence of transcriptional transactivation in inducible E1A-containing human cells.

Abstract The adenovirus E1A proteins are essential for the normal temporal activation of transcription from every other adenoviral early promoter. High-level E1A expression in the absence of viral infection would facilitate biochemical studies of E1A-mediated transactivation. Toward this end, we introduced the adenovirus type 2 E1A gene under the control of the murine mammary tumor virus promoter into HeLa cells. Uninduced cells expressed little or no detectable E1A mRNA. Upon induction, mRNA levels accumulated to about 50% of the level observed in 293 cells. The level of E1A expression in these cells could be controlled by varying the concentration of the inducing glucocorticoid. Under these conditions of varying E1A concentrations, it was observed that activation of the E2, E3, and E4 promoters of H5dl312 initiated at the same E1A concentration and that transcription from each promoter increased as the E1A concentration increased. These results indicate that E1A-mediated transactivation is proportional to the concentration of E1A protein. E1A-dependent transcriptional stimulation of the E4 promoter was reproduced in an in vitro transcription system, demonstrating that expression of only the E1A proteins was sufficient to increase the transcriptional activity of nuclear extracts.
Dietary methionine restriction improves colon tight junction barrier function and alters claudin expression pattern

The beneficial effects of caloric restriction in increasing longevity and forestalling age-related diseases are well known. Dietary restriction of methionine also renders similar benefits. We recen...
Operational Ensemble Prediction at the National Meteorological Center: Practical Aspects

Abstract On 7 December 1992 NMC began operational ensemble prediction. The ensemble configuration provides 14 independent forecasts every day, verifying on days 1 through 10. The ensemble members are generated through a combination of time lagging [Lagged-Average Forecasting] and a new method, Breeding of Growing Modes (Toth and Kalnay). In adopting the ensemble approach, NMC explicitly recognizes that forecasts are stochastic, not deterministic, in nature. There is no single solution, only an array of possibilities, and forecast ensembles provide a rational basis for assessing the range and likelihood of alternative scenarios. Given the near saturation of computer resources at NMC, implementation of ensemble prediction required a trade-off between model resolution and multiple runs. Before 7 December 1992, NMC was producing a single global forecast through 10 days with the highest-resolution (T126) version possible of its medium-range forecast model. Now, based an experiments that showed no adverse impac...
Low-Dose Doxepin for Insomnia

A tricyclic antidepressant first approved in 1969, doxepin has long been available in larger doses (10-, 25-, 50-, 75-, 100-, and 150-mg capsules) to treat depression and anxiety and as a topical preparation (5 % cream) for pruritus, but not in dosages <10 mg. Low-dose doxepin—3 and 6 mg—has demonstrated efficacy for insomnia characterized by frequent or early morning awakenings and an inability to return to sleep. FDA-approved in March 2010, doxepin (3 and 6 mg) is only the second insomnia medication not designated as a controlled substance and thus may be of special value in patients with sleep maintenance insomnia with a history of substance use disorders.
The Most Dangerous Justice: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Mathematics

We analyze the relative voting power of the Justices based upon Supreme Court decisions during October Term 1994 and October Term 1995. We take two approaches, both based on ideas derived from cooperative game theory. One of the measures we use has been used in connection with voting rights cases. After naming the Most Dangerous Justice, we conclude by identifying and explaining the inverse relationship between seniority and voting power.
Antisymmetric exchange and its influence on the magnetic structure and conductivity of La 2 Cu O 4

Measurements of the magnetic moment of antiferromagnetic ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ at high fields reveal a new phase boundary originating from a previously undetected canting of the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ spins out of the Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ planes. This canting, together with the exponential temperature dependence of the two-dimensional correlation length, accounts quantitatively for the susceptibility peak at the N\'eel temperature. Enhancement of the conductivity in the ferromagnetic phase demonstrates a strong connection between the magnetism and charge transport.
Potential-Dependent Electrocatalytic Pathways: Controlling Reactivity with pKa for Mechanistic Investigation of a Nickel-Based Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst

A detailed mechanistic analysis is presented for the hydrogen evolution catalyst [Ni(P2(Ph)N2(Ph))2(CH2CN)][BF4]2 in acetonitrile (P2(Ph)N2(Ph) = 1,3,5,7-tetraphenyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane). This complex has a Ni(II/I) redox couple at −0.83 V and a Ni(I/0) redox couple at −1.03 V versus Fc(+/0). These two closely spaced redox events both promote proton reduction catalysis, each via a distinct mechanism: an electrochemical ECEC pathway and an EECC route. The EECC mechanism, operative at more negative potentials, was isolated through use of a weak acid (anilinium, pKa = 10.6 in CH3CN) to avert protonation of the singly reduced species. Electroanalytical methods and time-resolved spectroscopy were used to analyze the kinetics of the elementary steps of hydrogen evolution catalysis. The rate constant for the formation of a nickel(II)–hydride intermediate was determined via measurements of peak shift (k1 = 1.2 × 106 M(-1) s(-1)) and through foot-of-the-wave analysis (k1 = 6.5 × 106 M(-1) s(-1)). Reactivity of the isolated hydride with acid to release hydrogen and regenerate the nickel(II) complex was monitored by stopped-flow spectroscopy. Kinetics obtained from stopped-flow measurements are corroborated by current plateau analysis of the catalytic cyclic voltammograms. These kinetic data suggest the presence of an off-cycle intermediate in the reaction.
Numerische Berechnung der natürlichen Konvektion in einem waagerechten Kanal mit ungleichen Endtemperaturen

Die Arbeit berichtet uber eine Losung mit finiten Differenzen der naturlichen Gegenstromung in einem horizontalen adiabaten Kanal mit kreisformigem oder rechteckigem Querschnitt bei ungleichen Endtemperaturen. Die naturliche Gegenstromung soll voll ausgebildet sein. Das Ergebnis zeigt, das die Stromung aus einer starken axialen Gegenstromung und vier uberlagerten sekundaren Wirbeln in den vier Quadranten des Querschnitts besteht. Man erhalt auch die Temperaturanderung langs der Rohrwand, wie sie fur masige Rayleigh-Zahlen bisher nicht mitgeteilt wurde. Die Verwendung der berechneten Wandtemperatur bei Untersuchungen uber thermischen Spannungen wird diskutiert. Die numerischen Ergebnisse wurden auch verwendet, um die Anwendbarkeit analytischer Voraussagen uber das Stromungsfeld in rechteckigen Kanalen abzuschatzen.
Hyperalonia Oenomaus Rond., a Parasite of Tiphia LarvÆ (Dip., BombyliidÆ).

During the summer of 1925 at Shillong, India, field collections of cocoons of a large species of Tiphia parasitic upon the grubs of Anomala dimidiata Hope were observed to be heavily parasitized by a Bombyliid fly. A number of these were reared out and later forwarded to the National Museum for examination, and have been determined as Hyperalonia oenomaus Rond., by Dr. J. M. Aldrich. The overwintering cocoons of the 1925 generation of Tiphia were attacked to the extent of more than sixty per cent, and the effectiveness of this, scoliid upon its host was thereby greatly reduced. Little information is available in literature upon the biology of this group of flies, but inasmuch as several other species were present in small numbers in the cocoons of various species of Tiphia that were being imported for the control of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newm.) it was felt desirable to make a study of the more common Hyperalonia from the point of view of the relation of the habits of this family of parasitic flies to the methods of parasite breeding and importation at present in use.
La Convención De Las Naciones Unidas Sobre La Utilización De Las Comunicaciones Electrónicas En Los Contratos Internacionales: Relevancia Práctica Y Lecciones Aprendidas (United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts: Practical Relevance and Lessons Learned)

Spanish Abstract: La Convencion de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Utilizacion de las Comunicaciones Electronicas en los Contratos Internacionales es el primer tratado suscrito con el objetivo de facilitar el uso transfronterizo de las comunicaciones electronicas en las relaciones comerciales. Este articulo describe los objetivos de la politica detras de la preparacion de dicho instrumento, su ambito de aplicacion y sus principales disposiciones sustantivas. Se hace referencia especifica a la interaccion de esa Convencion con otros tratados ya adoptados por Colombia y otros Estados, como la Convencion sobre el Reconocimiento y Ejecucion de las Sentencias Arbitrales Extranjeras (la “Convencion de Nueva York”) y la Convencion de las Naciones Unidas sobre Contratos de Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderias (cisg). Por ultimo, el articulo analiza los patrones en la adopcion de la Convencion en la ultima decada y concluye que Colombia deberia considerar la posibilidad de ratificar la Convencion, que ha firmado en 2007, para fortalecer su economia digital mediante la modernizacion de la legislacion vigente sobre el comercio electronico.English Abstract: The United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts is the first treaty aiming at facilitating cross-border use of electronic communications in commercial relations. The article describes the policy goals behind the preparation of that Convention, its scope of application and its main substantive provisions. It makes specific reference to the interaction of that Convention with other treaties already adopted by Colombia and by numerous other States, such as the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the “New York Convention”) and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (cisg). Finally, the article analyzes the patterns in the adoption of the Convention in the last decade and concludes that Colombia should consider ratifying the Convention, which it has signed in 2007, to support its digital economy by modernizing the existing legislation on electronic commerce.
Nutrition and Cancers of the Breast, Endometrium, and Ovary

Abstract This chapter reviews the evidence on nutritional factors for both prevention and progression of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Anthropometric factors, such as body weight and adult attained height, currently comprise the largest body of evidence for prevention of these cancers, as well as survival. Lower body weight and adult attained height are consistently associated with lower risk of endometrial cancer and postmenopausal breast cancer, whereas body weight is inversely associated with premenopausal breast cancer. Similar studies for ovarian cancer have been inconclusive and suggest that the relationship with obesity may differ from the relationships observed for breast and endometrial cancer. Intervention studies among breast cancer survivors have demonstrated that survivors are able to make dietary and lifestyle modifications, and that weight loss through diet modification and exercise may decrease the risk of relapse and improve survival. Intervention studies among breast cancer survivors, and now endometrial cancer survivors, are ongoing.
Vehicle tracking under occlusion conditions using directional ringlet intensity feature transform

The tracking of vehicles in wide area motion imagery (WAMI) can be a challenge due to the full and partial occlusions that can occur. The proposed solution for this challenge is to use the Directional Ringlet Intensity Feature Transform (DRIFT) feature extraction method with a Kalman filter. The proposed solution will utilize the properties of the DRIFT feature to solve the partial occlusion challenges. The Kalman filter will be used to estimate the object location during a full occlusion. The proposed solution will be tested on several vehicle sequences from the Columbus Large Image Format (CLIF) dataset.
A differentially regulated AP2/ERF transcription factor gene cluster acts downstream of a MAP kinase cascade to modulate terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus.

Summary Catharanthus roseus produces bioactive terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), including the chemotherapeutics, vincristine and vinblastine. Transcriptional regulation of TIA biosynthesis is not fully understood. The jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive AP2/ERF transcription factor (TF), ORCA3, and its regulator, CrMYC2, play key roles in TIA biosynthesis. ORCA3 forms a physical cluster with two uncharacterized AP2/ERFs, ORCA4 and 5. Here, we report that (1) the ORCA gene cluster is differentially regulated; (2) ORCA4, while overlapping functionally with ORCA3, modulates an additional set of TIA genes. Unlike ORCA3, ORCA4 overexpression resulted in dramatic increase of TIA accumulation in C. roseus hairy roots. In addition, CrMYC2 is capable of activating ORCA3 and co-regulating TIA pathway genes concomitantly with ORCA3. The ORCA gene cluster and CrMYC2 act downstream of a MAP kinase cascade that includes a previously uncharacterized MAP kinase kinase, CrMAPKK1. Overexpression of CrMAPKK1 in C. roseus hairy roots upregulated TIA pathways genes and increased TIA accumulation. This work provides detailed characterization of a TF gene cluster and advances our understanding of the transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms that govern TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus.
Origins of Osteoclasts

Publisher Summary Osteoclasts are large multinucleated giant cells that contains between 3 and 100 nuclei per cell, but usually contain 10–20 nuclei per cell and are highly motile. They form by fusion of mononuclear precursors and become adherent to bone. Osteoclasts are polarized cells that have a basolateral domain that doesn't face bone and a resorptive surface that forms a characteristic sealing zone and F-actin ring at sites of bone contact. When osteoclasts are plated on bone surfaces, a characteristic “resorption pit” is formed below the cell within the sealing zone. These resorption lacunae are never seen in the absence of osteoclasts and are not produced by macrophages or macrophage polykaryons. The capability to efficiently excavate bone is a unique function of osteoclasts and requires many specialized systems as well as exquisite regulation to maintain healthy bone. Bone remodeling is an essential process, which creates the marrow space utilized for hematopoietic stem cell differentiation, shapes and sculpts the bones during growth, enables tooth eruption, is critical for maintaining bone quality and strength, and is part of the system generating calcium homeostasis. Excessive bone remodeling is a feature of a number of pathological states, such as rheumatoid arthritis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, Paget's disease, and osteoporosis, while defective bone remodeling is seen in osteopetrosis. Without remodeling, the skeleton would eventually collapse. Humans remodel their skeleton at different rates depending upon the bone location and the number of additional factors, including mechanical forces, autocrine and paracrine hormone status, and immunological influences.
Introduction to proceedings of healthy futures: engaging the oral health community in childhood obesity prevention national conference.

Objectives The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) has worked to ensure that all children have healthy weights. To promote this goal, the RWJF has supported the Healthy Futures: Engaging the Oral Health Community in Childhood Obesity Prevention National Conference, held on November 3-4, 2016, and the proceeding of this conference. The goals of the conference were to increase understanding of the science focusing on oral health and childhood obesity, increase understanding of how to prevent childhood obesity, and provide opportunities to network and plan activities to prevent childhood obesity. Methods The papers prepared for the conference identified through systematic reviews or scoping reviews the state of the science related to preventing childhood obesity and reducing children's consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and strategies that oral health professionals and organizations can employ prevent childhood obesity. Results Causes of childhood obesity are multifactorial and include genetic components, environmental and lifestyle variables, and nutritional factors. Dental caries also is caused by a combination of factors, including cariogenic diet, inadequate fluoride exposure, a susceptible host, and the presence of caries-causing bacteria in the oral cavity. One key risk factors for both obesity and caries is excessive sugar consumption. Conclusions To reduce the risk of obesity and dental caries in children, health professionals and parents need to be aware of the sugar content of processed foods and beverages as well as of current daily sugar-consumption recommendations. Additionally, oral health professionals must become more engaged in identifying children who are at risk for obesity and dental caries; and provide education, screening and referral to reduce these risks.
Graduate Counseling Psychology Training in Sex and Sexuality: An Exploratory Analysis:

In this manuscript, we explore the need for inclusion of sex-positivity training in counseling psychology doctoral program curricula. We surveyed 25 counseling psychology doctoral program administr...
DETONATION PRODUCT EOS: THE REGION ABOVE CHAPMAN JOUGUET PRESSURE

Examination of results from overdriven detonation experiments performed at our laboratory and from earlier work has led us to question current models for detonation and for high pressure equations of state. The experimental evidence shows abruptly increasing shock velocities at shock strengths above Chapman-Jouguet pressure. These results place severe constraints on both the detonation hydrodynamics and the equation of state of the products. A change in the detonation model would require C-J pressures lower than the normally accepted values or a relaxation of sonic conditions at C-J. Alternately, an unusually large dependence of Γ= (∂lnP/∂lnV)S on V is required in the equation of state of the products.
Fighting fire with education: what is the best way to reach out to homeowners?

Better understanding is needed of what makes educational efforts most effective in increasing public support for wildfire management and mitigation efforts. Results of a mail survey of homeowners in Incline Village, Nevada, indicate that personalized contact is key in the educational process and that which type of contact - government or personal - is more influential depends on the type of practice involved. Notably, prescribed burning appears to have more in common with defensible space than with thinning in terms of how homeowners respond to educational efforts.
Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance, V: Quality of Care in a Changing Health Care Environment

This article, the fifth and final in a series, provides a retrospective wrap-up of an Institute of Medicine (IOM) study to develop a strategy for quality review and assurance in Medicare. Portions of that report were adapted for four articles in QRB in January, March, August, and October 1991. This final article reflects on selected developments in the period since the IOM report first appeared, particularly those involving other IOM activities, in the context of certain of the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the IOM study committee on Medicare quality assurance.
High cord signals on magnetic resonance and other factors predict poor outcomes of cervical spine surgery: A review.

Background High cord signals (HCS) on preoperative/postoperative T1, T1 gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), and T2 magnetic resonance (MR) studies, postoperative failure of HCS to regress and/or cord re-expansion, and a triangular cord configuration are poor prognostic factors for surgical patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Methods Here, we reviewed the negative prognostic import of high Grades/Types and more extensive locations of preoperative/postoperative HCS on T1, T1 Gd-DTPA, and T2 MR studies in surgical patients with CSM. Additional predictors of poor operative outcomes included postoperative failure of HCS to regress, cord re-expansion at the site of a HCS, and the triangular vs. teardrop or boomerang cord configuration. The Types/Grades of HCS on MR follow:Type/Grade 0 - no/absent signal changes; Type/Grade 1 - mild/light/fuzzy/obscure/low cord signal (LCS) changes; Type/Grade 2 - sharp/intense/well-defined HCS; and Type/Grade 3 - mixed/HCS. The definitions of location/extent of LCS/HCS were: focal (1 level), multifocal (with skip areas), and multisegmental (continuous over >1 segment), while cord configuration was categorized as triangular, teardrop, or boomerang. Results On MR studies, preoperative/postoperative Types/Grades 0-1 changes correlated with better prognoses (e.g., improved Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores or Nurick Grades), while Types/Grades 2-3 correlated with poorer outcomes. Multiple poor prognostic indicators also included; failure of postoperative HCS on MR to regress (particularly if multisegmental), postoperative cord re-expansion at the site of a prior HCS, and triangular cord configuration. Conclusions Grade/Types 2-3 HCS on T1, T1 Gd-DTPA, and T2-weighted MR images on preoperative/postoperative MR studies, failure of HCS to regress (multisegmental), cord re-expansion at the site of a prior HCS, and a triangular cord configuration (atrophy) all contributed to poorer outcomes for CSM surgery.
Resilience metrics for improved process-risk decision making: Survey, analysis and application

Abstract The use of metrics in risk assessment and management of chemical process systems is a well-known area of research. There are numerous sources, which provide a comprehensive list of such metrics categorized into leading or lagging and technical or social. However, the significance of these metrics to overall risk and resilience assessment of the system is not well established. Process Resilience Analysis Framework (PRAF) is an advanced method of risk assessment with three phases – avoidance; survival; and recovery, which include twenty-four resilience metrics covering both technical and social factors. In this paper, we are reporting on the statistical analysis of the resilience metrics survey conducted within the process industry. The survey respondents present a wide variety of experience and employment sectors. This paper aims to answer the following three research questions related to resilience metrics– what are the most important metrics for each of the 3 phases?; are there any differences in viewpoints of various groups of survey respondents?; and what is the relative level of importance for each of the metrics? Answers to these research questions are critical in the quantification of overall process resilience and also provide the essential information for senior management to make informed risk decisions. Therefore, a PRAF survey based on Likert type questionnaire was conducted, which produced categorical responses. Methods and techniques such as ordinal alpha, Kruskal-Wallis test, and polychoric correlations, relevant to analyze categorical responses have been used in the programming language R.
LitStoryTeller+: an interactive system for multi-level scientific paper visual storytelling with a supportive text mining toolbox

The continuing growth of scientific publications has posed a double-challenge to researchers, to not only grasp the overall research trends in a scientific domain, but also get down to research details embedded in a collection of core papers. Existing work on science mapping provides multiple tools to visualize research trends in domain on macro-level, and work from the digital humanities have proposed text visualization of documents, topics, sentences, and words on micro-level. However, existing micro-level text visualizations are not tailored for scientific paper corpus, and cannot support meso-level scientific reading, which aligns a set of core papers based on their research progress, before drilling down to individual papers. To bridge this gap, the present paper proposes LitStoryTeller+, an interactive system under a unified framework that can support both meso-level and micro-level scientific paper visual storytelling. More specifically, we use entities (concepts and terminologies) as basic visual elements, and visualize entity storylines across papers and within a paper borrowing metaphors from screen play. To identify entities and entity communities, named entity recognition and community detection are performed. We also employ a variety of text mining methods such as extractive text summarization and comparative sentence classification to provide rich textual information supplementary to our visualizations. We also propose a top-down story-reading strategy that best takes advantage of our system. Two comprehensive hypothetical walkthroughs to explore documents from the computer science domain and history domain with our system demonstrate the effectiveness of our story-reading strategy and the usefulness of LitStoryTeller+.
Complex null geodesics in the extended Schwarzschild universe

The generic null geodesic of the Schwarzschild–Kruskal–Szekeres geometry has a natural complexification, an elliptic curve with a cusp at the singularity. To realize that complexification as a Riemann surface without a cusp, and also to ensure conservation of energy at the singularity, requires a branched cover of the space-time over the singularity, with the geodesic being doubled as well to obtain a genus two hyperelliptic curve with an extra involution. Furthermore, the resulting space-time obtained from this branch cover has a Hamiltonian that is null geodesically complete. The full complex null geodesic can be realized in a natural complexification of the Kruskal–Szekeres metric.
A Scalable Boosting Learner for Multi-class Classification Using Adaptive Sampling

Scalability has become an increasingly critical issue for successful data mining applications in the ”big data” era in which extremely huge data sets render traditional learning algorithms infeasible. Among various approaches to scalable learning, sampling techniques can be exploited to address the issue of scalability. This paper presents our study on applying a newly developed sampling-based boosting learning method for multi-class (non-binary) classification. Preliminary experimental results using bench-mark data sets from the UC-Irvine ML data repository confirm the efficiency and competitive prediction accuracy of the proposed adaptive boosting method for the multi-class classification task. We also show a formulation of using a single ensemble of non-binary base classifiers with adaptive sampling for multi-class problems.
Bridging the Gap Between Psychiatry and Primary Care: The DSM-IV-PC

To facilitate recognition of psychiatric and addictive disorders within primary care settings, the development of a primary care manual to diagnose mental disorders is described. The manual, DSM-IV-PC, is compatible with the full DSM-IV and was developed by both psychiatrists and primary care physicians. Symptom-based clinical algorithms are described to demonstrate the format of the manual, which the authors hope will promote educational, clinical, and research collaboration between psychiatrists and primary care physicians.
Preclinical study design for rAAV

The process of moving a novel drug such as an adeno-associated viral vector from the bench top to bedside is an arduous process requiring coordination and skill from multiple laboratories and regulatory agencies. Proceeding to a phase I safety trial in humans after most of the proof-of-concept data have been acquired may take several years. During this time, agencies including the FDA, NIH Office of Biotechnology Activities (OBA), and Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) along with the investigator's team will develop a series of preclinical toxicology and biodistribution studies in order to develop a safety profile for the intended novel drug. In this chapter, key features of the pharm-tox study design and conduct will be discussed. Highlighted features include choosing a sufficient animal number and species to use in testing, dose determination, typical toxicological assays performed, the use of Standard Operating Procedures in respect to good laboratory practices compliancy, and role of the Quality Assurance Unit.
The importance of salience: public opinion and state policy action on climate change

How does the salience of environmental issues influence climate policy adoption in the American states? This article considers how two aspects of public salience, issue problem status and issue attention, work with environmental interest group membership to influence climate policy adoption in the American states. We contribute to the theoretical development of issue salience and offer alternative measures that capture differences in salience across subnational units. We find evidence that states where climate change is perceived to be a problem, and where attention to environmental issues is high, are more likely to adopt relevant policies. Furthermore, states with Republican majorities in either legislative chamber are less likely to adopt climate policies. Our findings have implications for the impact of salience on the policy process.
Challenges Using Linux as a Real-Time Operating System

Human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation groups at NASA and the Air Force Research Lab have been using Linux as a real-time operating system (RTOS) for over a decade. More recently, SpaceX has revealed that it is using Linux as an RTOS for its Falcon launch vehicles and Dragon capsules. As Linux makes its way from ground facilities to flight critical systems, it is necessary to recognize that the real-time capabilities in Linux are cobbled onto a kernel architecture designed for general purpose computing. The Linux kernel contain numerous design decisions that favor throughput over determinism and latency. These decisions often require workarounds in the application or customization of the kernel to restore a high probability that Linux will achieve deadlines.
Dollar Invoicing and the Heterogeneity of Exchange Rate Pass-Through

We show empirically that the variation across country pairs in exchange rate pass-through and trade elasticity is meaningfully explained by the dollar's dominance as invoicing currency. We use a hierarchical Bayesian approach to directly and flexibly model pass-through heterogeneity conditional on the invoicing currency share. We estimate that the importer's country-level dollar invoicing share explains 15 percent of the overall variance across trading pairs in dollar exchange rate pass-through into bilateral prices.
Partnerships for Blood Pressure Control in Washington State, December 2016–July 2017:

According to recent guidelines, 46% of U.S. adults have high blood pressure (i.e., hypertension). Traditionally addressed in clinical settings, only 54% of adults successfully manage their hypertension. Community-clinical partnerships that facilitate medication adherence and lifestyle changes are promising avenues to achieve population-level blood pressure control. We examined partnerships for blood pressure control in Washington State, their facilitators and barriers, and ways public health departments could foster partnerships. We conducted 41 semistructured interviews with clinic staff, community-based organization (CBO) staff, pharmacy staff, and community health workers (CHWs). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-adapted Himmelman Collaboration Continuum, which describes five levels of partnership intensity, guided our thematic analysis. We found variation across sectors in partnership frequency and intensity. Clinic and pharmacy staff reported fewer partnerships than CBO staff and CHWs, and mostly either low or very high intensity partnerships. CBO staff and CHWs described partnerships at each intensity level. Trust and having a shared mission facilitated partnerships. Competition, lack of time, limited awareness of resources, and lack of shared health records constituted barriers to partnership. Bringing potential partners together to discuss shared goals, increasing technological integration, and building awareness of resources may help bridge clinical and community silos and improve population-level blood pressure control.
Biomimetic Strategies to Treat Traumatic Brain Injury by Leveraging Fibrinogen

There were over 27 million new cases of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in 2016 across the globe. TBIs are often part of complicated trauma scenarios and may not be diagnosed initially because the primary clinical focus is on stabilizing the patient. Interventions used to stabilize trauma patients may inadvertently impact the outcomes of TBIs. Recently, there has been a strong interest in the trauma community toward administrating fibrinogen-containing solutions intravenously to help stabilize trauma patients. While this interventional shift may benefit general trauma scenarios, fibrinogen is associated with potentially deleterious effects for TBIs. Here, we deconstruct what components of fibrinogen may be beneficial as well as potentially harmful following TBI and extrapolate this to biomimetic approaches to treat bleeding and trauma that may also lead to better outcomes following TBI.
Initial management of immune thrombocytopaenia in adults based on risk stratification

Patients with immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP) have a wide spectrum of disease severity and bleeding risk even at similar platelet counts. Hence, additional clinical and laboratory factors may be considered in the evaluation of bleeding risk in ITP. Risk stratification based on predicted bleeding risk may help to identify high-risk patients and guide the initial management of ITP in adults requiring treatment. Recent evidence supports the use of high-dose dexamethasone therapy over prednisone in the initial management of ITP because of improved initial response rates, shorter median time to response and better safety profile. A risk-stratified approach to management of ITP is hoped to reduce bleeding complications in high-risk patients; however, the outcomes of such management approach need to be studied prospectively. Additionally, whether therapy intensification or combination of dual therapy such as intravenous immunoglobulin or rituximab in combination with dexamethasone can reduce bleeding complications in high-risk ITP should be studied in the future.