cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adverse events after tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine administered to adults 65 years of age and older reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2005-2010.

Abstract Background Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine was not licensed for use in adults aged ≥65 years due to lack of sufficient efficacy and safety data. Objective To characterize reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) among adults aged ≥65 years who received Tdap vaccine ‘off-label’ to assess for potential vaccine safety concerns. Methods We searched VAERS for US reports of adverse events (AEs) in subjects aged ≥65 years who received Tdap vaccine from 9/1/2005 to 9/08/2010. Medical records were requested for all reports coded as serious (death, hospitalization, prolonged hospitalization, permanent disability, life-threatening-illness). Proportional reporting ratio (PRR) was used to assess for higher proportionate reporting for AEs after Tdap compared with Td reports in subjects aged ≥65 years. Results VAERS received 243 reports following Tdap administered to persons aged ≥65 years. Eleven (4.5%) reports were serious, including two deaths. Most common AEs were local reactions in 100 (41.2%) reports. Seventy-eight (32.1%) reports contained coding terms that denoted inappropriate administration of vaccine. ‘Cough’ was the only term associated with disproportionately higher reporting after Tdap compared with Td. Six of seven Tdap reports containing the term ‘Cough’ were non-serious. Clinical review of serious reports identified no unusual patterns of AEs. Conclusion Our VAERS review of the ‘off-label’ use of Tdap vaccine in adults ≥65 years did not find any safety concerns that warrant further study. These data will provide useful baseline information to assist CDC and FDA with monitoring efforts as permissive recommendations for Tdap in older persons are adopted.
Agitation in the older adult with traumatic brain injury

Improvements in medical care and health have resulted in an increase in life expectancy and with it a steady increase in the number of older adults, which has resulted in an increasing number of brain-injured older adults. There is limited information available however, which specifically defines the incidence, management and outcome of behavioral sequelae, specifically agitation, in the older adult with TBI. The vast majority of the available literature addressing interventions in the agitated older adult, focuses on the individual with a psychiatric or dementing process who is a resident of a long-term care facility. Agitated behavior in the older adult with acute brain injury differs from this patient population and therefore management must also differ. Management includes behavioral strategies, environmental modifications, structured therapy sessions, appropriate medical management and neuropharmacologic interventions. There are no controlled studies which utilize standardized measures and examine the efficacy of these behavioral, environmental, therapeutical and pharmacological interventions for agitation in the older adult following TBI. In general, considerable care must be taken when using medications in the older adult. Alterations in absorption, pharmacokinetics, liver and renal metabolism, receptor sensitivity, side-effect tolerance, and compliance must all be considered. This article aims to present available information and provide a practical and clinically effective guide for the management of agitation in the older adult with brain injury.
Stabilization and spectroscopic characterization of the dioxygen complex of wild-type cytochrome P4502B4 (CYP2B4) and its distal side E301Q, T302A and proximal side F429H mutants at subzero temperatures.

Abstract Mammalian cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP2B4) is a phenobarbital-inducible rabbit hepatic monooxygenase that catalyzes the N-demethylation of benzphetamine and metabolism of numerous other compounds. To probe the interactions of the heme environment and bound benzphetamine with the dioxygen (O2) complex of CYP2B4, homogeneous O2 complexes of the wild-type enzyme and three mutants at sites of conserved amino acids, two on the heme distal side (T302A and E301Q) and one on the proximal side (F429H), have been prepared and stabilized at ~−50 °C in mixed solvents (60–70% v/v glycerol). We report that the magnetic circular dichroism and electronic absorption spectra of wild-type oxyferrous CYP2B4, in the presence and absence of substrate, are quite similar to those of the dioxygen complex of bacterial cytochrome P450-CAM (CYP101). However, the oxyferrous complexes of the T302A and E301Q CYP2B4 mutants have significantly perturbed electronic structure (~ 4 nm and ~ 3 nm red-shifted Soret features, respectively) compared to that of the wild-type oxyferrous complex. On the other hand, the heme proximal side mutant, CYP2B4 F429H, undergoes relatively facile conversion to a partially (~ 50%) denatured (P420) form upon reduction. The structural changes in the heme pocket environments of the CYP2B4 mutants that lead to the spectroscopic distinctions reported herein can be related to the differences in oxidation activities of wild-type CYP2B4 and its E301Q, T302A and F429H mutants.
Impurity-conditioned solid-solid transition in simple halides

Abstract Solid-solid transitions are well known for many simple halides. All of the rare earth fluorides, RF 3 , with atomic number greater than that of Nd have been reported to crystallize to the hexagonal form at the melting temperature (T mp ), and subsequently invert to the orthorhombic form at some lower temperature (T ss ) (2). The temperature difference T mp - T ss = Δ t reported in the literature (3) is 300°C for GdF 3 , 124°C for DyF 3 , and 73°C for HoF 3 . Using GdF 3 , DyF 3 , and HoF 3 , DTA measurements show T ss (and therefore Δt) to be impurity-sensitive. Results indicate that the hydroxyl ion, OH − , is the impurity. DTA measurements show Δ t = 0 when OH − concentration approaches zero. Moreover, crystal growth from the melt in a reactive atmosphere chosen to minimize OH − directly yields the orthorhombic phase. Consequently, according to the phase rule, hexagonal orthorhomic is not an equilibrium process involving only one component at constant pressure. By minimizing OH − concentration, large single crystals (>1 cm in length) of many halides previously thought to exhibit dimorphism have been grown from the melt.
Investigating PARP-1 function in ROS-induced pro-inflammatory senescence of pre-adipocytes

Obesity has increased at an alarming rate over the past three decades. It is likely caused by increased caloric intake combined with genetic predisposing factors and is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Obesity is linked to chronic inflammation, which was proposed as a cause for insulin resistance and T2D. The obese state creates a microenvironment within the adipose tissue that is susceptible to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulated ROS leads to DNA damage and activation of DNA damage response. When DNA is severely damaged and can't be repaired, the cell undergoes senescence, an irreversible cell cycle arrest. Senescence has been linked to aging illnesses and even to obesity with accumulation of senescent pre-adipocytes. A major player in detecting and defending against oxidative stress is PARP-1. PARP-1 activation has been shown to be associated to melanoma senescence, inflammation, obesity and diabetes. The role of PARP-1 in ROS-induced senescence and inflammation of pre-adipocytes has not yet been investigated. Therefore, to study PARP-1 function in pre-adipocytes senescence, we generated and characterized an in vitro experimental model for cellular senescence in primary human and mice pre-adipocytes using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a source of ROS. Our preliminary data shows PARP-1 induction in ROS-treated pre-adipocytes. We are currently using this senescence model to characterize the function of PARP-1 by using gene-silencing approaches.
Laser-assisted Zr/ZrO2 coating on Ti for load-bearing implants

Abstract Oxidized Zr alloys have been shown to exhibit lower friction and superior wear properties, suggesting that they could be used in hip and knee implants. However, conventional oxidation of Zr alloys above 500 °C, in dry air, for several hours has been shown to have detrimental effects on the substrate’s properties. In this work, we deposited pure Zr on Ti, then oxidized the coating using a continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser, which facilitated localized heating to elevated temperatures without affecting the substrate. Laser-assisted oxidation resulted in a 7 μm thick fully dense ZrO2 layer on Zr in which an increase in oxidation kinetics was evident due to an increase in the laser power and/or the oxygen partial pressure. Due to its high surface energy and wettability, the wear rate of laser-oxidized Zr was two orders of magnitude less compared to that of as-deposited Zr. The oxidized coatings showed comparable in vitro biocompatibility to that of pure Ti and excellent in vitro cell–material interactions. This article reports the processing of Zr/ZrO2 coatings on Ti using lasers, and the influence of laser parameters and oxygen partial pressure on the coating’s mechanical, microstructural, wear and in vitro biological properties using human osteoblast cells.
The effect of sulfhydryl compounds on the stability of cell membranes of the lens and red cells and of the lens capsule

The proteins and the carbohydrate of the urea-insoluble albuminoid fraction of bovine lenses have been determined in three different regions of the lens, namely, the equatorial, the polar and the nuclear part. The effect of 8 m urea and 0·1 m β mercaptoethanol on these proteins and on the carbohydrate in the urea-insoluble albuminoid of the three regions was determined. It was shown that the carbohydrate consists of three different fractions, two of which are extracted by urea plus mercaptoethanol in the equatorial region. The extractability of this carbohydrate material is sharply decreased in the nuclear region and it is suggested that this is the effect of a protein that does not form part of the cell surface membrane and interferes with the extraction of the two carbohydrate constitutents from the cell surface membrane.
Facies-Guided 3-D Seismic Modeling: Part 2, Model Interpretation

We discuss some of the first observations based on the realistic 3-dimensional seismic models that we built in an accompanying paper. We illustrate the effect of hydrocarbons, using Gassman’s equation, and show that gas and light oil should dominate the stratal-slice amplitude displays as anomalous bright spots. The stratal time slices show that most reservoirs can be pictured and interpreted in terms of depositional facies if we select the appropriate wavelet frequency. The spatial resolution of seismic data depends not only on the wavelet frequency, but also on the stratigraphic position of a given reservoir. This is important in designing a reservoir-targeted 3-dimensional seismic survey. Further analysis of the seismic models demonstrates that in modem data having frequency components of 20 to 50 Hz, seismic events do not necessarily follow geological time lines. For sand-prone sequences like the one modeled here, seismic-event-peak picking is a questionable approach for high-frequency sequence stratigraphy and for stratal-slice displays.
Maximization should sometimes lead to abstinence

Heyman's model, paradoxically, predicts that whereas a maximizing approach to drug choice will prevent escalation of drug use it will never yield complete abstinence. We suggest an alternative model that overcomes this difficulty by focusing on changes in drug tolerance. A small modification allows maximization to predict either abstinence or moderation (e.g., social drinking).
EXPECTATIONS OF BEHAVIORALLY ANCHORED RATING SCALES

Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) are reviewed from two perspectives. First, the particular BARS methodology is assessed on the basis of its fulfilling three broad categories of “criteria for criteria:” (1) utilization criteria, (2) qualitative criteria, and (3) quantitative or psychometric criteria. These three broad categories are composed of 14 specific criteria by which performance evaluation methodologies can be assessed. The second perspective involves an evaluation of BARS in terms of psychometric criteria but with the literature broken down into studies concerned with (1) development of BARS, (2) utilization of BARS, (3) comparison of BARS to other methods, and (4) rater training in BARS use. Conclusions from these reviews indicate that BARS is no better or worse than other methods when assessed on a quantitative basis whereas it has greater potential when assessed on the utilization and qualitative criteria. Suggestions are offered for extending BARS research to process questions and to domains other than performance appraisal perse
Economic Design of T2 Control Charts to Maintain Current Control of a Process

An approximate cost model for a quality control procedure for two or more related variables is investigated. A method is presented to determine the optimal sample size, interval between samples, and critical region parameter for the Hotelling T2 control chart. This model is a multivariate analog of several well-known models for the univariate XI-chart. It is assumed that only one assignable cause of variation exists and the time between occurrences is exponentially distributed. Numerical results are provided in a particular bivariate case for several values of the cost coefficients. The behavior of the model to variation of the model parameters is discussed.
EFFECTS OF POLLINATORS, HERBIVORES, AND SEED PREDATORS ON FLOWERING PHENOLOGY

The evolution of flowering phenology has most often been examined in light of one set of organisms, namely pollinators. However, the patterns of flowering phenology observed in nature are likely to reflect evolutionary compromises in response to a variety of selective forces. Two of the most important potentially opposing selective forces that could elicit such a compromise are pollinators and pre-dispersal seed predators. Using a case study from my own work on the pollinators and pre-dispersal seed predators of two members of the Polemoniaceae, Polemonium foliosissimum and Ipomopsis aggregata, I show that the outcome of selective pressures is not always predictable by examining one group of organisms or another. In addition, the outcome of separate and combined selective pressures is variable among years. Thus I show that only by considering all organisms that affect the fitness of a plant may we gain a complete understanding of the evolution of floral traits. I argue that we must account for both geographical and temporal variation in assessing the ecological and evolutionary importance of interacting organisms.
Transfer of asthma management responsibility from parents to their school-age children

This study used grounded theory to explore the process of transfer of responsibility for asthma management from parents to their school-age children. Interviews were conducted with 11 mothers, 2 fathers, 1 grandmother, and their 14 children who were between 8 and 13 years old. Responses revealed that transfer of responsibility within families is a complex, uneven process that occurs over years and involves identifiable stages and transitions. The Theoretical Model for Parent-Child Transfer of Asthma Responsibility emerged from the data. The central concept underlying the process was controlling the situation. Specific cues stimulated changes in parent-child responsibility.
Carl Müller (1813–1894), S. Jacobs, and the making of classical maps in Paris for John Murray

(1994). Carl Muller (1813–1894), S. Jacobs, and the making of classical maps in Paris for John Murray. Imago Mundi: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 128-150.
Analytical electron microscopy study of the plessite structure in four IIICD iron meteorites

Abstract Electron optical techniques were employed to investigate the plessite structure and composition of four IIICD fine octahedrites. These meteorites have a similar thermal history and differences in plessite structure can be ascribed to varying bulk Ni content and/or localized differences in carbon content. Microdiffraction patterns from regions as small as 20 nm dia. were obtained for the first time from plessite structures. It was established that transformation twins in clear taenite I have the conventional fcc twin relationship, individual kamacite and taenite cells in the cloudy zone have the Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation and fine γ rods in the decomposed martensite zone display both the Nishiyama and Kurdjumov-Sachs relation with the matrix-α. All the IIICD irons contain cloudy zone and martensitic plessite. Except for Dayton, martensitic plessite shows further decomposition into α + λ at low temperatures. Using STEM X-ray microanalysis with a spatial resolution of ~ 50 nm, Ni composition profiles in taenite from all the IIICD irons showed a maximum of ~48 wt% Ni. The structural and compositional data indicate that plessite formation occurs at quite low temperatures (~ 200–300°C) during the cooling history of the IIICD irons.
Effect of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 on nitric oxide production by endothelial cells.

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesised from conversion of L-arginine to citrulline by NO-synthase (NOS). NO mediates vascular dilation, muscle relaxation and platelet aggregation. Constitutive NOS (cNOS) exists in endothelial cells but not in vascular smooth muscle. Among others the cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 can be measured in high concentrations during sepsis. IL-10 has an inhibitory effect on the NO synthesis in LPS stimulated macrophages by inhibiting NOS. Recently, IL-10 have been reported to have a stimulatory effect on the NO production by endothelial cells in human saphenous veins in a concentration dependent way.
Subsidy Schemes and Charitable Contributions: A Closer Look

This paper uses experimental methods to investigate further the effects of subsidy schemes on charitable contributions. First, we replicate a finding by Eckel and Grossman (2003) that matching subsidies generate substantially higher Charity Receipts than theoretically comparable rebate subsidies. We show, however, that this difference is attributable not to the “cooperation” and “rewards” framing effects described by Eckel and Grossman, but to a persistent calculation error. Further, neither matching nor rebate subsidies appear to reflect intended contribution levels. Informing participants of the consequences of the subsidies appears to increase contributions under matching subsidies and decrease contributions under rebate subsidies.
Explicit Reasons for Examining the Implicit Motive System

RUSSELL E. JOHNSONUniversity of South FloridaJAMES A. TANSt. Cloud State UniversityAs Kanfer (2009) notes, one needed direc-tion for content theories of motivation isresearch on the explicit and implicit motivesystems.In the explicitmotivesystem, infor-mation is represented as symbols,whicharemental representations of organisms, rela-tionships,andstatesoftheworld.Thesesym-bols are interconnected via semanticrelations(e.g.,‘‘isa’’or‘‘causes’’)toformpro-positions (e.g., ‘‘My boss is unfair’’), whichare then evaluated via deductive reasoning(Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006). Pro-cessing in the explicit motive system oc-curs consciously and requires significantamounts of attention, motivation, and capac-ity to operate effectively. In contrast, infor-mation in the implicit motive system isrepresented by the activation of units in con-nectionist memory networks and the strengthof associations among units, which is basedon similarity, contiguity, and frequency(Kunda & Thagard, 1996). This informationis subjected to associative processing whereactivationspreadsamongcloselyrelatedunitsand it does so automatically—that is, outsidepeople’s awareness, intention, and control.Although motivation theory and researchtraditionally targeted the explicit motive sys-tem, it is clear that explicit processing isbiased by affect and cognition that operateatsubconsciouslevels.Agreaterunderstand-ing of the implicit system and the ways inwhichitinteractswithitsexplicitcounterpartis therefore required. In the remainder of thisarticle, we build a case for why the implicitmotive system ought to be assessed and dis-cuss measurement issues with doing so.Reasons to Consider the ImplicitMotive System in Work ContextsA key reason for examining the implicitmotive system is that information here isrepresentedandprocesseddifferentlythanit is in the explicit system. In fact, ﬁndingsfromstereotyperesearchsuggestthatasso-ciative knowledge at the implicit levelsometimes conﬂicts with proposition-basedconclusions at the explicit level (Devine,1989). Thus, responses may vary dependingonwhethertheyareproducedbytheimplicitor explicit system. Often times, the implicitmotive system has a larger impact on behav-ior because, as the default processing mode,itoperatesautomaticallyand on a fastertimescale than the explicit system. Even whenbehavior is produced by the explicit system,the implicit system serves as a gatekeeperof the information that is available for con-scious processing, and it biases the relativeweight assigned to information that is madeavailable (Strack & Deutsch, 2004).
Optimum detector spatial resolution for discriminating between tumour uptake distributions in scintigraphy

The optimum detector spatial resolution has been determined for a scintigraphic decision task which the observer must discriminate between two different distributions of radioactivity in tumours. The two kinds of tumour used are: (i) a solid sphere of increased uptake relative to background, and (ii) a thin spherical shell with high uptake in the shell and no radioactivity within the shell. Both tumours are embedded at the same depth within a cylinder of tissue-equivalent material containing a uniform distribution of radioactivity. On the basis of statistical decision theory, the optimum detector spatial resolution for discriminating between the two tumour activity distributions is predicted. The result of an observer performance experiment substantially agreed with the theoretical prediction, though some discrepancy was found, apparently due to a decrease in observer efficiency at poorer spatial resolution. The experimental result suggests that the optimum FWHM of detector spatial response for the discrimination task considered is about 65% of the tumour radius.
A procedure for fitting point sources in SMEI white-light full-sky maps

The Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) instrument consists of three CCD cameras with individual fields of view of 60° × 3° degrees that combined sweep a 160° arc of sky. SMEI covers the entire sky in one spacecraft orbit of 102 minutes. Individual 4-s exposures from each orbit are assembled into full-sky maps. The primary objective in the SMEI data reduction is to isolate the Thomson-scattering signal across the sky from free electrons in the solar wind. One of the steps needed to achieve the required photometric precision is the individual fitting and removal of stars brighter than 6th magnitude from the full-sky maps. The point-spread function of the SMEI optics has several unusual properties. It has a full width of about one degree, is asymmetric, and varies in width depending on where in the field of view the image is formed. Moreover, the orientation of the PSF on the sidereal sky rotates over 360 degree over the course of a year. We describe the procedure used to fit and subtract individual stars from the SMEI full-sky maps. A by-product of this procedure are time series at the orbital time resolution for stars brighter than 6th magnitude. These results are used by Buffington et al. (2007) to calibrate the SMEI instrument against the LASCO C3 coronagraph.
Ensemble Monte Carlo simulations of ultrafast phenomena in semiconductors

Monte Carlo simulation has been shown to be an effective approach to the study of ultrafast carrier relaxation and interaction in semiconductor bulk materials and in microstructures. In this chapter we will review the use of this methodology to study electron-electron, electron-hole, nonequilibrium and confined phonons, in-tersubband relaxation in quantum wells, and carrier collision effects on the short time scale in connection with ultrafast optical experiments. Also, we consider the use of Monte Carlo simulation in modeling optoelectronic devices such as lasers and electroluminescent devices. Finally, we will discuss some of the limitations of the Monte Carlo technique, such as the treatment of coherent effects.
Effect of pulsed magnetic fields on human umbilical endothelial vein cells

Abstract The long-term goal of this program was to examine the efficacy of weak electromagnetic fields as an adjunct therapy to facilitate wound repair. The experiments reported here were directed to the question of whether pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) could facilitate endothelial cell migration following induction of a wound. These studies were based on a report that weak PMFs facilitated cell migration in a wounded confluent monolayer culture of human umbilical vein cells. Experiments reported in this paper were an attempt to reproduce and extend these observations. Our data support the original observations. Further, we examined several hypotheses in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of interaction between the applied electromagnetic fields and cells. The data do not support the hypothesis that PMFs are acting in a manner analogous to endothelial cell growth factor, a normal component of the growth medium, or that PMFs applied at the time of cell transfer enhance DNA replication. We have found that PMFs are more effective in accelerating migration if they induce an electric field that is perpendicular rather than parallel to the sides of the wound.
The application of bacterial process kinetics in stream simulation and stream analysis

Abstract The consumption of glucose by heterogeneous bacterial populations was studied under controlled condition in a laboratory in a batch reactor, in the presence of stream water and sewage in a batch reactor and in a natural but polluted stream. The kinetic expression derived from the concepts of the Monod Model were found to be applicable to all three situations. The effect of turbulence on bacterial substrate utilization was quantified using the overall transfer coefficient of oxygen as an independent parameter. The implications of the preceding on the interpretation of stream analysis data are considered.
Climate and estimated water use by an orange orchard

Abstract Potential evapotranspiration from orange trees under the arid conditions of Arizona was estimated by the application of a modified Penman equation to commonly logged climatic data. Since actual water use appears not to proceed at the potential rate but rather at a much lower one, stomatal transpiration resistance values were calculated. These values agree reasonably with directly measured values of stomatal resistance of sweet orange leaves, even though the weather and water use data used in this study were not specifically logged for the purpose at hand. The results demonstrate the potential power of a physical approach to the problem of predicting crop water use from standard climatic data.
Magnetism of pure iron jarosites

Stoichiometrically pure jarosites of the formula $A{\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{6}({\mathrm{SO}}_{4}{)}_{2}$ with $A={\mathrm{Na}}^{+},$ ${\mathrm{K}}^{+},$ ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+},$ and ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}^{+}$ have been afforded by a newly developed redox-based, hydrothermal method. The jarosites exhibit an intralayer antiferromagnetic exchange interaction $(\ensuremath{-}829\mathrm{K}l{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{\mathrm{CW}}l\ensuremath{-}812\mathrm{K})$ and transition temperatures for long-range order (LRO) $(61\mathrm{K}l{T}_{N}l65\mathrm{K})$ that are essentially insensitive to the size of the ${A}^{+}$ ion. A cusp at ${T}_{N}$ in the ac susceptibility curve is frequency independent. The origin of LRO is consistent with coupling of jarosite layers exhibiting a net magnetization, which arises from an anisotropy developed, most likely, from the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) interaction. A canted intralayer spin structure, which is a consequence of the DM interaction, is signified by a remanent magnetization $(\ensuremath{\sim}53\mathrm{K}l{T}_{D}l\ensuremath{\sim}58\mathrm{K}),$ the magnitude of which depends on crystallite size. X-ray single crystal analyses of the pure ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ jarosite compounds reveal that the kagom\'e layers are structurally invariant with those of their ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}^{3+}$ relatives. This structural homology allows the sign and magnitude of exchange coupling within kagom\'e layers to be correlated to the different orbital parentages engendered by the ${M}^{3+}$ d-electron count. Infrared studies show the presence of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ within the kagom\'e layers of alkali metal and hydronium ion ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ jarosites prepared by conventional precipitation methods; conversely, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ is absent within the kagom\'e layers of jarosites prepared by the new redox-based hydrothermal methods. These results suggest that the absence of LRO in $({\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{O}){\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{6}({\mathrm{SO}}_{4}{)}_{2}$ is due to structural and magnetic disorder arising from proton transfer from the interlayer hydronium ion to the bridging hydroxide ions of the kagom\'e layers.
Fractionation of synthetic deoxyribopolynucleotides on silica gel thin-layer plates.

Abstract : The authors have exploited silica gel thin-layer chromatography using common aqueous solvent systems for rapid resolution and identification of oligonucleotides up to decanucleotides. Chemically polymerized thymidine 5'-phosphate was used as a model system.
PEP Magnet Power Supply Systems

The dc electrical requirements of the PEP magnets fall mainly into two categories: (1) high power and current of single polarity and (2) low-power bi-polar. The first category will be thyristor-chopper controlled off common 600 V dc busses. The second group will utilize continuously controlled push-pull transistor actuators.
On the mechanism of Townsend avalanche for negative molecular ions

Abstract Time projection chambers drifting negative ions (NITPC) instead of electrons have several advantages. A NITPC can operate at very high reduced drift fields without diffusion runaway, and the readout digitization sampling rate requirement is considerably relaxed due to the low drift speed of negative ions. The initiation of Townsend avalanches to allow gas gain in these devices has not been understood until now. It is shown here that the avalanche in low pressure CS 2 vapor is most likely initiated by collisional detachment of the electron from the negative molecular ion. In mixtures of nitromethane vapor with CO 2 the mechanism appears to be more complex.
Aortic function during normal human pregnancy

Arterial rupture and dissection have been observed in both normal and complicated pregnancies. To understand how arterial mechanical properties might change during pregnancy, we measured aortic root diameter by M-mode echocardiography and obtained simultaneous cuff blood pressures during systole and diastole at rest and during isometric exercise. Measurements were obtained in 19 women at the end of normal gestation and again 3 to 6 months post partum. The aorta is larger and more compliant during normal human pregnancy, and these changes may not revert to prepregnant levels post partum. Increased aortic compliance, combined with decreased vascular resistance, may enhance left ventricular performance in normal pregnancy. Conversely, the presumed structural alterations leading to increased compliance may weaken diseased vessels leading to dissection or rupture during pregnancy.
PHOTOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF PYRENE INCORPORATED IN NAFION MEMBRANES

— High concentrations of organic chromophores, in particular pyrene, were found to incorporate into the cluster network of water swollen Nation. The vibrational structure of the fluorescent molecule and its fluorescence lifetime were used to probe the location of pyrene in this structure. Strong heavy-atom induced room temperature phosphorescence was observed from the chromophore in the water swollen membrane. Excimer formation in tm-butanol swollen Nation was observed and was utilized to estimate the micro viscosity in this system.
Atomic interactions in precision interferometry using Bose-Einstein condensates

We present theoretical tools for predicting and reducing the effects of atomic interactions in Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) interferometry experiments. To address mean-field shifts during free propagation, we derive a robust scaling solution that reduces the three-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation to a set of three simple differential equations valid for any interaction strength. To model the other common components of a BEC interferometer---condensate splitting, manipulation, and recombination---we generalize the slowly varying envelope reduction, providing both analytic handles and dramatically improved simulations. Applying these tools to a BEC interferometer to measure the fine structure constant, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ [S. Gupta, K. Dieckmann, Z. Hadzibabic, and D. E. Pritchard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 140401 (2002)], we find agreement with the results of the original experiment and demonstrate that atomic interactions do not preclude measurement to better than part-per-billion accuracy, even for atomic species with relatively large scattering lengths. These tools help make BEC interferometry a viable choice for a broad class of precision measurements.
Performance and resource modeling in highly-concurrent OLTP workloads

Database administrators of Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) systems constantly face difficult questions. For example, "What is the maximum throughput I can sustain with my current hardware?", "How much disk I/O will my system perform if the requests per second double?", or "What will happen if the ratio of transactions in my system changes?". Resource prediction and performance analysis are both vital and difficult in this setting. Here the challenge is due to high degrees of concurrency, competition for resources, and complex interactions between transactions, all of which non-linearly impact performance.Although difficult, such analysis is a key component in enabling database administrators to understand which queries are eating up the resources, and how their system would scale under load. In this paper, we introduce our framework, called DBSeer, that addresses this problem by employing statistical models that provide resource and performance analysis and prediction for highly concurrent OLTP workloads. Our models are built on a small amount of training data from standard log information collected during normal system operation. These models are capable of accurately measuring several performance metrics, including resource consumption on a per-transaction-type basis, resource bottlenecks, and throughput at different load levels. We have validated these models on MySQL/Linux with numerous experiments on standard benchmarks (TPC-C) and real workloads (Wikipedia), observing high accuracy (within a few percent error) when predicting all of the above metrics.
Retrieval practice does not safeguard memories from interference-based forgetting

Abstract Retrieval enhances long-term retention. However, reactivation of a memory also renders it susceptible to modifications as shown by studies on memory reconsolidation. The present study explored whether retrieval diminishes or enhances subsequent retroactive interference (RI) and intrusions. Participants learned a list of objects. Two days later, they were either asked to recall the objects, given a subtle reminder, or were not reminded of the first learning session. Then, participants learned a second list of objects or performed a distractor task. After another two days, retention of List 1 was tested. Although retrieval enhanced List 1 memory, learning a second list impaired memory in all conditions. This shows that testing did not protect memory from RI. While a subtle reminder before List 2 learning caused List 2 items to later intrude into List 1 recall, very few such intrusions were observed in the testing and the no reminder conditions. The findings are discussed in reference to the reconsolidation account and the testing effect literature, and implications for educational practice are outlined.
Surface energy of solids

At least five conclusions may be formulated after perusing this review. 1. No method so far suggested for measuring the surface energy or surface tension of solids is satisfactory. 2. This failure may be caused, above all, by the fact that solids, contrary to liquids, cannot alter their shape without changing the strain energy in their volumes. The changes in strain energy are so much greater than those in surface energy that the latter remain unrecognized. 3. Solids possess an energy unknown in typical liquids. This cuticular energy exists because the surface region of innumerable solids has a chemical composition, a frequency of lattice defects, and so on, different from those in the bulk. 4. Small solid particles obtained by cooling of vapors, by grinding, or many other methods, usually have a less perfect lattice and more impurity than have bigger crystals of nominally identical composition. Hence, the cuticular energy of the former exceeds that of the latter. 5. Cuticular energy implies no tendency of the surface to contract, i.e., no surface tension. The theoretical calculations of the difference in energy between a broken and an unbroken crystal, if correct, afford a quantity which is related to cuticular energy and, like this, causes no contractile tendency.
Control of RF sputtered film properties through substrate tuning

A means has been found to control the rf potential of the substrate during rf sputtering. The application of this technique to the deposition of silica films has been investigatedin detail. The technique can be described as the use of an adjustable rf impedance between the substrate holder and ground electrodes, which generates an rf potential by virtue of the flow of rf current through it. Adjustment of the rf potential of the substrate results in a controlled dc bias potential developed at the film surface, which correlates directly with the physical properties of the deposited films. In general, the most desirable film properties are obtained when the dc substrate bias (obtained by adjusting the substrate-holder rf impedance) is at a high negative potential. The effect of substrate bias on etch rate, pinhole breakup thickness, and argon content has been measured.
Fourier transform mechanical spectroscopy of viscoelastic materials with transient structure

Abstract A new technique is presented to measure the frequency dependent complex modulus simultaneously at several frequencies instead of consecutively as in a frequency sweep. For this purpose, the strain in a dynamical mechanical experiment is prescribed as a superposition of several different modes (three in our case). The resulting stress is decomposed into sinusoidal components, each of them characterized by their frequency, amplitude, and phase shift with respect to the corresponding strain component. Phase shift and amplitude are expressible in a frequency dependent complex modulus. A single experiment gives, therefore, values for the complex modulus at a set of prescribed frequencies. The method was demonstrated on three stable viscoelastic fluids and was applied to determine the instant of sol-gel transition (gel point) of a crosslinking polymer.
Elliptical excisions: variations and the eccentric parallelogram.

Background The elliptical (fusiform) excision is a basic tool of cutaneous surgery. Objective To assess the design, functionality, ease of construction, and aesthetic outcomes of the ellipse. Design A systematic review of elliptical designs and their site-specific benefits and limitations. In particular, we consider the (1) context of prevailing relaxed skin tension lines and tissue laxity; and (2) removal of the smallest possible amount of tissue around the lesion and in the "dog-ears." Attention is focused on intuitive methods that can be reproducibly planned and executed. Results Elliptical variations are easily designed and can be adapted to many situations. The eccentric parallelogram excision is offered as a new technique that minimizes notching and focal tension in the center of an elliptical closure. Conclusion The elliptical (fusiform) excision is an efficient, elegant, and versatile technique that will remain a mainstay of the cutaneous surgical armamentarium.
Long-term follow-up of epikeratophakia.

We report a 28-year follow-up of epikeratophakia surgery after extracapsular extraction of a congenital cataract. The patient's ocular history included the diagnosis of bilateral cortical congenital cataracts at 2 years of age, which was more severe in the right eye than in the left. One year later, the visual acuity in the right eye progressively worsened, and extracapsular cataract extraction without intraocular lens implantation was performed. After contact lens fitting failed, an epikeratophakia procedure was performed in the right eye. Twenty-eight years after the procedure, the patient was referred to Bascom Palmer Eye Institute for progressive loss of visual acuity in the left eye. It was discovered that the right eye had remained stable; the corrected distance visual acuity was 20/30 with a manifest refraction of −8.75 + 0.50 × 105. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Surface roughness of a dental amalgam via a laser scattering test

Abstract Laser scattering was investigated as an alternative, quantitative method for evaluating changes in the surface roughness of dental amalgam. Specimens of a conventional alloy were finished using one of the following techniques: a), carving; b), c), metallographic polishing done 1 and 24 h ater placement, respectively. Using a helium-neon laser and a computerized goniometer stage, the surface roughness of polished samples was measured after exposure either to air (0, 1, 2, 4, 24 h), or to 0.5% Na 2 S (2 and 16 h). When exposed to air, the specimens polished 24 h after placement showed only slight changes in roughness over a 24 h period. In contrast, the samples polished 1 h after placement were always smoother, although their greatest increase in roughness occurred within 60 min of polishing. Although no statistically significant differences were noted between the 1 and 24 h polished specimens which were tarnished for 2 h, the 1 h polished samples were less tarnished than the 24 h polished samples after 16 h exposure.
Avoidance and management of surgical failures in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures

Abstract Intertrochanteric fractures are common among the elderly. Although current operative techniques promote successful healing of the vast majority of these fractures, the relatively small percentage of cases in which treatment failures occur constitutes a substantial absolute number of cases. This discussion provides the background for decision making in the operative treatment of failed intertrochanteric fractures. Important technical points of revision surgery are considered.
CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics

Terms related to mathematics, physics, biochemistry, chemistry, biophysics and engineering organized alphabetically, including definition, formula, illustration, and bibliographic information.
Matrimonials: A variation of arranged marriages

In a world that is constantly embracing change, with individuals sometimes less willing to abandon tradition altogether, there is room for compromise--an attempt to make best of both worlds. Spouse selection, interestingly, appears to be a case in point. The topic of this research report is 'matrimonial advertisements' that are seeking responses from individuals with the prospect of gaining partners for married life. To this extent, these matrimonials constitute a variation on the theme of arranged marriages. Serena Nanda's statement that 'in India all marriages are arranged' is, perhaps, an exaggeration. However, Nanda's observation, 'even among the educated middle classes in modern, urban India, marriage is as much a concern of the family as it is of the individuals' (1992: 34), is very much a fact of life--substantiated by the matrimonials published both in India and the United States. The matrimonials published in the United States a decade ago and analyzed by Rajagopal Ryali (1989) not only conveyed a microcosmic view of the sociocultural world in which these immigrants lived and flourished but also indicated changes which these individuals have experienced. This same pattern applies to those who advertise in India, and in India, of course, matrimonials were an innovation to begin with. Newspapers in particular seem to have gained recognition as a medium for contacting large numbers of potential respondents. At the same time, there has been a decline in reliance on personal knowledge of likely mates and a lessening of direct contact with prospective candidates. If information about a large number of persons is available, as can be gleaned through the print medium, the probability for acquiring the most suitable partner is theoretically enhanced. Matrimoniais, therefore, are apparently here to stay. As one person recently stated after ten years of a successful arranged marriage, 'It started from zero...you don't have any expectations so you don't have any disappointment. You can only go up, not down' (Nomani 1988:19). An arranged marriage is presumed to have an implied social sanction.
A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes with Retrievable and Permanent Inferior Vena Cava Filters

Purpose To compare the clinical effectiveness of retrievable and permanent inferior vena cava (IVC) filters. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients who received retrievable or permanent IVC filters from January 2002 through December 2006 was conducted. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared with nonparametric and parametric statistics. Results IVC filters were placed in 702 patients: 427 (60.8%) received a retrievable filter (RF) and 275 (39.2%) received a permanent filter (PF). Overall, the mean duration of follow-up was 11.5 months: 10.4 months for RF recipients and 13.1 months for PF recipients ( P = .025). PF recipients were older (60.6 y ± 17.0 vs 55.4 y ± 17.2; P P P = .67). Patients with PFs and RFs with ongoing filtration experienced symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (11.3% vs 12.6%; P = .59) and symptomatic IVC thrombosis (1.1% vs 0.5%; P = .39) at a comparable frequency. Sixty-six RF recipients (15.5%) underwent attempted retrieval, which was successful in 46 (69.7%). No RF recipients experienced a new PE after retrieval during a mean follow-up of 12.0 months. Conclusions In this retrospective cohort study, RFs and PFs provided similar protection from PE with comparable complication rates. Clinicians should select an IVC filter based on the projected duration of filtration needed at the time of placement rather than filter type.