cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A tool breakage detection system using an accelerometer sensor

An on-line and in-process based monitoring system to detect tool breakage via an accelerometer was developed and successfully evaluated in an end milling operation. Prior to testing and evaluation of the tool breakage condition, a simulation model was developed. Transfer of the on-line vibration signal to the frequency domain employed the fast fourier transfer function, and set thresholds were used to determine the tool condition after various experimental tests. In comparison to other in-process methods, such as those that employ dynamometers and acoustic emission sensors, the proposed system is easy to set up and does not require changing of the mechanism. Additional benefits of the system are its high reliability and low cost. Thus, the new monitoring system is potentially useful for untended milling operations in on-line and real-time tool breakage detection in linked-cell manufacturing systems (L-CMS).
When do losses count? Six fallacies of natural hazards loss data.

Current global and national databases that monitor losses from natural hazards suffer from a number of limitations, which in turn lead to misinterpretation and fallacies concerning the “truthfulness” of hazard loss data. These biases often go undetected by end users and are generally a product of the type of information stored in loss databases and how they are constructed. This paper highlights some common shortcomings and root causes for data misinterpretation by asking what biases are present in existing databases and how these then manifest themselves in actual loss figures. For illustrative purposes, four widely used, nonproprietary, Web-based hazard databases are examined: the international Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), the international Natural Hazards Assessment Network (NATHAN), the Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States (SHELDUS), and the National Weather Service's Storm Events. We identify six general biases: hazard bias, temporal bias, threshold bias, accounting ...
The Growth of Social Work Education Programs, 1985-1999: Its Impact on Economic and Educational Factors Related to the Profession of Social Work.

Using a modified labor market analysis, this article examines the impact of the growth of social work programs on educational standards, the human services labor market, and the salary structure of social work graduates. The authors suggest that a perceived surplus of social work education programs has been detrimental to the income potential of entry-level social workers, to the quality of social work education, and to the competence of the graduates of social work education programs.
Evidence for a High-velocity Carbon-rich Layer in the Type IA SN 1990N

We use a parameterized spectrum-synthesis code to make a direct analysis of a high quality spectrum of the Type Ia SN 1990N that was obtained by Leibundgut et al. 14 days before the time of optical maximum. We suggest that the absorption feature observed near 6040 A, which has been attributed to blueshifted λ6355 of Si II, actually was produced by blueshifted λ6580 of C II, in a high-velocity (v > 26, 000 km s-1) carbon-rich region. Implications for SN Ia explosion models are briefly discussed.
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction

Evidence continues to accumulate indicating that sphincter of Oddi dysfunction may give rise to cholestasis, pancreatitis, or upper abdominal pain syndromes. Diagnosis of such dysfunction may be inferred from noninvasive tests or more precisely defined by manometric studies. Both the biliary and pancreatic sphincters are commonly involved. If medical therapy is ineffective, sphincter ablation via endoscopy or laparotomy should be considered for highly symptomatic patients. Complication rates of invasive techniques remain relatively high and risk:benefit ratio should be carefully considered. Future research as to etiology, more defined pathophysiology, more accurate noninvasive evaluation, and optimal therapies are awaited.
Integrating contemporary technologies with Ayurveda: Examples, challenges, and opportunities

In this paper we examine examples and provide suggestions of how information and communication technologies (ICT), modern engineering, and computer science techniques, devices, and algorithms can be used to expand the reach of the wisdom of Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine system.
Establishing Religious Freedom: Jefferson's Statute in Virginia

The significance of the Virginia Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom goes far beyond the borders of the Old Dominion. Its influence ultimately extended to the Supreme Court's interpretation of the separation of church and state. In his latest book, Thomas Buckley tells the story of the statute, beginning with its background in the struggles of the colonial dissenters against an oppressive Church of England. When the Revolution forced the issue of religious liberty, Thomas Jefferson drafted his statute and James Madison guided its passage through the state legislature. Displacing an established church by instituting religious freedom, the Virginia statute provided the most substantial guarantees of religious liberty of any state in the new nation. The statute's implementation, however, proved to be problematic. Faced with a mandate for strict separation of church and state--and in an atmosphere of sweeping evangelical Christianity--Virginians clashed over numerous issues, including the legal ownership of church property, the incorporation of churches and religious groups, Sabbath observance, protection for religious groups, Bible reading in school, and divorce laws. Such debates pitted churches against one another and engaged Virginia's legal system for a century and a half. Fascinating history in itself, the effort to implement Jefferson's statute has even broader significance in its anticipation of the conflict that would occupy the whole country after the Supreme Court nationalised the religion clause of the First Amendment in the 1940s.
Hexachloroplumbate(IV) salts

Abstract Nineteen compounds of the type M 2 PbCl 6 , where M represents an aliphatic or aromatic amine type cation, have been prepared by a modification of a previous method. Some characteristic properties of the compounds have been observed.
Yukawa-field approximation of electrostatic free energy and dielectric boundary force

A Yukawa-field approximation of the electrostatic free energy of a molecular solvation system with an implicit or continuum solvent is constructed. It is argued through the analysis of model molecular systems with spherically symmetric geometries that such an approximation is rational. The construction extends nontrivially that of the Coulomb-field approximation which serves as a basis of the widely used generalized Born model of molecular electrostatics. The electrostatic free energy determines the dielectric boundary force that in turn influences crucially the molecular conformation, stability and dynamics. An explicit formula of such forces with the Yukawa-field approximation is obtained using local coordinates and shape differentiation. Mathematics Subject Classification: 82B99, 92C05, 92C40
Retention function of all segments of IUD usage: A compound distribution

Abstract The distribution of the all segments of IUD use consists of two components: the distribution of the length of each segment and the distribution of the number of segments. In this article, a compound distribution of all segments of IUD, developed by the authors is described. The distribution assumes that each segment of IUD use is a mixed exponential distribution and the number of segments experienced by women is a truncated Poisson distribution. This distribution is useful in estimating the demographic impact of an IUD and IUD program.
Community of firms: a new collaborative paradigm for open innovation and an analysis of Blade.org

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a conceptual framework of a collaborative community of firms and to analyse Blade.org as an example. As a collaborative community, Blade.org focuses on the development and adoption of open blade server platforms (a computer server technology) through the participation of more than 100 member firms. We assert that this new community-based organisation design enables numerous firms with a common interest, but different resources and capabilities, to collaborate with one another to achieve open innovation. In this sense, Blade.org has been creatively designed to emulate the characteristics and processes of a community of individuals. We argue that the community of firms organisational model increasingly will be found in situations where continuous innovation is a strategic objective. The implications of this new organisational form are discussed for further research and practice.
An analysis of a spatial EA parallel boosting algorithm

The scalability of machine learning (ML) algorithms has become a key issue as the size of training datasets continues to increase. To address this issue in a reasonably general way, a parallel boosting algorithm has been developed that combines concepts from spatially structured evolutionary algorithms (SSEAs) and ML boosting techniques. To get more insight into the algorithm, a proper theoretical and empirical analysis is required. This paper is a first step in that direction. First, it establishes the connection between this algorithm and well known density estimation and mixture model approaches used by the machine learning community. The paper then analyzes the algorithm in terms of varioustheoretical and empirical properties such as convergence to large margins, scalability effects on accuracy and speed, robustness to noise, and connections to support vector machines in terms of instances converged to.
Multi-slice CT angiography in evaluation of extracranial–intracranial bypass

Multi-slice CT (MSCT) scanners provided significant improvement in vascular applications. In this study, our purpose was to determine the clinical utility of MSCTA in evaluation of extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass patency. Eleven (4 men and 7 women; mean age, 46 years; age range, 19-68 years) consecutive patients who underwent MSCTA and DSA after EC-IC bypass surgery were evaluated retrospectively. All patients underwent DSA within 3 weeks of MSCTA. The indications for EC-IC bypass were severe stenosis or occlusion of intracranial arteries in seven patients and therapeutic occlusion of intracranial artery for unclippable giant aneurysm in four patients. Ten patients underwent superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass and one patient underwent occipital artery-posterior cerebral artery (PCA) bypass. Eight STA-MCA bypasses in six patients were patent on MSCTA which were confirmed on DSA. Two STA-MCA bypasses and one occipital artery-posterior cerebral artery (PCA) bypass were occluded in three patients on MSCTA and DSA. In one patient, minimal stenosis of the STA-MCA bypass was identified on MSCTA and DSA. In 1 patient, STA-MCA bypass was not well seen on MSCTA and suspected for occlusion. DSA identified the occlusion of bypass on this patient. MSCTA seems to be a very promising noninvasive technique in evaluation of EC-IC bypass.
HYPERCHLOREMIA AND HYPERNATREMIA ASSOCIATED WITH CHOLESTYRAMINE THERAPY

Cholestyramine is recommended in the management of intractable diarrhea, cholestatic liver disease, and hypercholesterolemia. We observed an infant receiving cholestyramine because of neonatal hepatitis who developed severe hypernatremia (175 mEq/L) and hyperchloremia (145 mEq/L) during a period of increased gastrointestinal and insensible losses from intercurrent illness. We have since observed 2 infants on cholestyramine who developed similar, less severe biochemical abnormalities. Cholestyramine is an anion exchange resin containing 4 mEq/gm of chloride. Bile acids and other anions are exchanged in the gut for the chloride, most of which is absorbed and excreted by the kidney. In addition, we have determined that about 5 ml of water are necessary per gram of powder (∼440 mg of resin) to acquire the consistency of a normal infant's stool. Thus, unless extra water is provided to compensate for both the increase in solute load and the hydration of cholestyramine, the obligatory loss of fluid will lead to hyperchloremia and hypernatremia and a hyperosmolar state will develop. Newborns or infants with chronic disease who may not be able to concentrate the urine maximally are at highest risk. When cholestyramine therapy is indicated, it is therefore important to modify the diet such as to either decrease the solute load or provide additional water.
Training foreign academicians in U.S. medical schools.

Abstract Of 500 foreign medical graduates working as surgical research fellows in the U.S., an important few are within University hospitals shaping their careers to become academic surgeons overseas. A seminar program is described which acquaints potential foreign academicians with medical education and practice in this country. We have developed this program over the past 20 years to meet the need of our future teachers above and beyond their purely scientific interests.
Electronic structure of Cr-doped Sr Ru O 3 : Supercell calculations

The effects of partial Cr substitution for Ru in $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are studied using supercell calculations. We find a strong tendency towards antiparallel alignments of Ru and Cr moments resulting from hybridization between Cr ${t}_{2g}$ orbitals and spin-polarized O states near the Fermi energy. The resulting strong local exchange interaction provides an explanation for the increase in the Curie temperature of $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ when alloying with Cr.
Large second‐order optical nonlinearities in pulsed laser ablated silicon carbide thin films

Large second‐order nonlinear optical response has been observed in silicon carbide thin films deposited by pulsed laser ablation on sapphire and fused silica substrates; films on both substrates were uniform and optically transparent but exhibited distinct orientations. The d33 values of the sapphire‐substrate samples were determined to be 10 pm/V.
Academic Reputation: How U.S. News & World Report Survey Respondents Form Perceptions

One of the most widely read college rankings is published by U.S. News and World Report. The largest element of the ranking is a reputation score determined by a survey of higher education leaders. This pilot study explores how university presidents define academic reputation and form their perceptions for the USNWR ranking. Findings suggest that they create a set of factors to determine reputation, and that personal experience and interpersonal communication play significant roles.
Electrochemical generation of low-valent lanthanides

Abstract A new method is presented to produce divalent lanthanides (including the popular reductant samarium(II) iodide) from the corresponding trivalent triflate salts. This novel route to low-valent lanthanides suggests the development of a catalytic system employing the cathode as a co-reductant.
A method for filtering out raingauge representativeness errors from the verification distributions of radar and raingauge rainfall

Abstract The study presents a conditional distribution transformation (CDT) method for improving radar rainfall (RR) verifications that use sparse raingauge networks as the ground reference (GR). Large differences between the sampling areas of radar and raingauge measurements render direct comparisons problematic. The purpose of the CDT method is to filter out the raingauge representativeness errors from radar–raingauge verification samples. Our objective is to test the validity and evaluate the accuracy of this method. These analyses are based on two large data samples from high-density research networks covering the Goodwin Creek watershed in Mississippi and the Little Washita watershed in Oklahoma. An example implementation in a quasi operational situation is also presented, and sample size requirements are investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. Our tests indicate that the CDT method performs with satisfactory accuracy and can considerably improve on the currently applied RR verification practices.
Comparisons between an Upland and a Pima Cotton Cultivar: I. Growth and Yield

American Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) is an extra-long staple cotton produced in the southwestern USA and in other regions around the world. Pima cotton generally yields less than Upland (G. hirsutum L.), but there have not been any studies conducted to document the basis for these differences. Field trials were conducted at two south-central Arizona locations from 1990 through 1992 for the purpose of comparing growth and yield between representative cultivars of Upland and Pima cotton. The aboveground portion of Upland 'Deltapine 90' (DPL 90) and Pima 'S-6' were harvested and separated into stems, leaves (including petioles), burs (carpel walls), lint, and seeds. The bur fraction also included immature fruiting forms. Dry matter accumulation was modeled as a function of heat units (HU) accumulated after planting (HUAP). Both cultivars exhibited a linear increase of total dry matter over the duration of sampling. By the end of sampling, DPL 90 produced more total, stem, seed, lint, and reproductive (bur + seed + lint) dry matter than Pima S-6; the dry matter that accumulated in leaves, bur fraction, and vegetative structures (leaf + stem) did not differ. The reproductive/vegetative ratio (RVR) was found to be similar for both cultivars, increasing rapidly with HU accumulation. Comparisons of lint dry matter accumulation as a function of RVR and harvest index (HI) revealed that DPL 90 yields more lint than Pima S-6 due to a greater total biomass production and more efficient partitioning of dry matter into reproductive organs.
Joint Optimization of Asset and Inventory Management in a Product–Service System

We propose an integrated model of the asset management decisions for a fleet of identical product units and the inventory management decisions for a closed-loop supply chain in the context of a product–service system, in which the two types of decisions are closely coupled. A joint optimization technique is developed to obtain the parameters of the operational policy for the integrated model that minimize the long run average cost rate. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the computational procedures. In addition, the effect of a simplifying assumption that the replaced products have no quality difference is evaluated and the results suggest that as long as the quality difference between the preventively replaced products and failure replaced products is not too big, the simplification to treat them as one category is reasonable.
Utility Integration of WECS Technologies: Relevant Issues and Major Concerns

A comprehensive review of major publications on WECS-utility integration studies has been carried out. Outlines of various modeling and simulation methods used for including WECS plants into the generation mix of electric utility systems are presented. Issues and concerns of the utility industry relevant to the integration of WECS, including planning, cost, operations, reliability, dynamic interactions, etc. are also outlined.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Chemical and physical studies of type 3 chondrites—IV: Annealing studies of a type 3.4 ordinary chondrite and the metamorphic history of meteorites

Abstract Samples of a type 3.4 chondrite have been annealed at 400–1000°C for 1–200 hours, their thermoluminescence properties determined and analyzed for K, Na, Mn, Sc and Ca by instrumental neutron activation analysis. After annealing at ⩽900°C, the samples showed a 50% decrease in TL sensitivity, while after annealing at 1000°C it fell to 0.1-0.01 times its unannealed value and loss of Na and K occurred. The TL and compositional changes resemble those observed for the equilibrated Kernouve chondrite after similar annealing treatments, except that the sharp TL decrease, and element loss, occurred at ~ 1100°C; this difference is presumably due to petrographic differences in the feldspar of the two meteorites. The temperature and the width of the TL peak showed a discontinuous increase after annealing at 800°C; peak temperature jumped from 130 to 200°C and peak width increased from 90 to 150°C. The activation energies for these TL changes are 7–10 kcal/mole. Similar increases in the TL peak temperature have been reported in TL studies of Amelia, VA, albite, where they were associated with the low to high-temperature transformation. However, the activation energy for the transformation is ~80 kcal/mole. These changes in TL emission characteristics resemble trends observed in type 3 ordinary chondrites and it is suggested that type 3.3–3.5 chondrites have a low-feldspar as TL phosphor and > 3.5 have high-feldspar as the phosphor. Thermoluminescence therefore provides a means of palaeothermometry for type 3 ordinary chondrites.
Thromboprophylaxis in a Pediatric Hospital

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children is an emerging area of focus in pediatric hospitals in recent years. Although VTE in hospitalized children occurs much less often than in adults, there are a significant number of children at risk of VTE who may benefit from thromboprophylaxis. The risk factors for VTE in children are known, and are usually multi-factorial, but the indications for pharmacologic prophylaxis are not clearly established. There are available clinical guidelines that have brought forward current initiatives around thromboprophylaxis in pediatric hospitals addressing this safety practice in children.
Spine apparatus occurrence during different fixation procedures.

During the process of evaluating various methods of fixation, an unexpected distribution in the frequency of spine apparatus occurrence was observed. The fixation procedures used may be divided into groups: (a) routine aldehyde perfusions, (b) incomplete aldehyde perfusions, (c) aldehyde perfusions with unusual parameters, (d) fixation by dripping or immersion using osmium tetroxide, (e) fixation by dripping on glutaraldehyde, and (f) perfusions with osmium tetroxide. The surface area of the micrographs was computed and the number of spine apparatuses counted. Ten times as many spine apparatuses were found in group d as in groups a or e. Groups b and c had more spine apparatuses than group a. The observations are discussed in relation to determining whether the spine apparatus is a normal feature of morphology, and the conclusion is drawn that spine apparatus occurrence is quantitatively related to the fixation procedure and medium.
Gene regulation: Protein escorts to the transcription ball

A new way by which the potency of a eukaryotic transcription factor can be regulated has been discovered, in which nuclear factors increase the concentration of the transcription factor's active form by modulating an otherwise unfavorable equilibrium between monomeric and dimeric forms of the protein.
Evaluation of purified 4-deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) for unscheduled DNA synthesis in the primary rat hepatocyte-DNA repair assay.

Abstract Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were used to determine unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and cytotoxicity of purified 4-deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced on cereal grains by fungi of the genus Fusarium. Nontoxic and toxic doses of deoxynivalenol, 0.1 to 1000 μg/ml, did not significantly increase UDS as measured by net grains per nucleus, net grains per nuclear area or percentage of cells incorporating ⩾ 5, 6, 10 or 20 grains per nucleus. Evidence of cytotoxicity, manifested as a reduction in cell number in autoradiographs, pyknotic nuclei or vacuolated cytoplasm, was observed in hepatocytes treated with deoxynivalenol concentrations of 5 μg/ml and above. These findings suggest that the cellular toxicity of deoxynivalenol may not be mediated by a DNA-damaging event in cultured hepatocytes. An increased percentage of large-sized nuclei was also found to be associated with toxic doses of deoxynivalenol as well as 2-acetylaminofluorene used as the positive control.
Effective use of color in documents

The paper explains how to use color as an effective tool to improve communication, especially in technical and business documents. The paper presents a collection of practical recommendations for color selection, semantic references, and pragmatic issues. The text also discusses a process for achieving effective use of color. Researchers and developers can use these recommendations in typical document design projects and can incorporate them into development strategies for hardware and software.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Socio-technical systems theory as a diagnostic tool for examining underutilization of wiki technology

Purpose – This paper aims to examine organizational information systems based on Web 2.0 technology as socio-technical systems that involve interacting relationships among actors, structure, tasks and technology. Alignment within the relationships may facilitate increased technology use; however, gaps in alignment may impede technology use and result in poor performance or system failure. The technology examined is an organizational wiki used for collaborative knowledge management. Design/methodology/approach – Results of a survey administered to employees of an organization providing cloud computing services are presented. The research model depicts the socio-technical component relationships and their influence on use of the wiki. Hierarchical latent variable modelling is used to operationalize the six main constructs. Hypotheses propose that as alignment of a relationship increases, wiki use increases. The partial least squares (PLS) method is used to examine the hypotheses. Findings – Based on the res...
Sex and sycophancy: Communication strategies for ascendance in same-sex and mixed-sex superior-subordinate dyads

The purpose of this study was to examine communication strategies for ascendance in same-sex and mixed-sex superior-subordinate dyads. The strategies, operationalized in terms of task and social facilitation, were derived from Bales' Interaction Process Analysis categories. Corollary data were collected relative to the subordinate's expected job satisfaction under male versus female supervision. Results indicated that (1) the perceived importance of task versus social facilitative strategies varied both within and across the four types of dyads, and (2) female subordinates expected to be more satisfied working under female supervision than did male subordinates.
Entropic Proximal Mappings with Applications to Nonlinear Programming

We introduce a family of new transforms based on imitating the proximal mapping of Moreau and the associated Moreau-Yosida proximal approximation of a function. The transforms are constructed in terms of the AÂ†-divergence functional a generalization of the relative entropy and of Bregman's measure of distance. An analogue of Moreau's theorem associated with these entropy-like distances is proved. We show that the resulting Entropic Proximal Maps share properties similar to the proximal mapping and provide a fairly general framework for constructing approximation and smoothing schemes for optimization problems. Applications of the results to the construction of generalized augmented Lagrangians for nonlinear programs and the minimax problem are presented.
The abundance of Trichoderma propagules and the distribution of species in forest soils

Abstract Propagules of Trichoderma generally formed less than 3 per cent of the total fungal propagules in a variety of forest soils in the southeastern U.S. and Washington State. The largest populations were found in the F and H organic horizons of the forest floor or under conditions of excessive moisture. T. viride Pers. ex S.F. Gray and T. polysporum (Link ex Pers.) Rifai were largely restricted to cool temperate regions; whereas, T. harzianum Rifai was characteristic of warm climates. T. koningii Oud. and T. hamatum (Bon.) Bain, were the most widely distributed species aggregates and were found in all the climatic regions investigated. Under conditions of excessive moisture, strains of T. hamatum and T. pseudokoningii Rifai were the dominant forms.
Clinical impact of blood storage lesions

Recent reports suggest that transfusion of old red blood cell (RBC) units (>2 weeks) was associated with increased risks of postoperative complications and higher mortality rate caught public attention (Yap et al., Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86:554-559 and Koch et al., 2008; 358:1229-1239). This rekindled the decades old discussion regarding the impact of RBC aging and storage lesions in patient care. The objectives of this review are to provide readers with an overview of the process of banking RBC that may have an impact on its quality, the reported clinical impact of storage lesions, the consequences of transfusing new RBC units only to the nation's blood supply and potential solutions that may improve the feasibility of blood banks to issue new blood units only.
Avoidance of Leakage and Strictures When Creating an Invisible Conduit for Antegrade Colonic Enemas

Abstract Background: Antegrade enemas have been proven to minimize problems with stool control for many incontinent patients; however, foreign bodies are unsightly, and native tissues have been shown to leak or stricture. Methods: Using a limited laparotomy incision, the appendix or a rolled cecal tube was sutured to the apex of the everted umbilical skin using a V-shaped incision. The skin then was inverted to hide the mucosa. The cecum was plicated around the base of the appendix or cecal tube and then tested by filling the cecum with saline to a pressure of 30 cm H 2 O. Results: Twenty patients (aged 4.8 to 41 years) with fecal incontinence caused by imperforate anus (17 cases) and other causes underwent this procedure. Two patients had minor strictures that resolved with home dilatations, and one cecal tube necrosed, and the patient has refused reoperation. One patient had minor prolapse and underwent revision. None of the conduits leak. Two patients achieved continence and stopped cannulating their stomas. With adjustment and customization of each enema regimen, stool accidents are infrequent. Follow-up is 22 ± 14 (mean ± SD) months. Conclusion: A catheterizeable colocutaneous conduit has been developed that allows for an invisible, leak-proof, and relatively stricture-free means through which antegrade enemas can be given. J Pediatr Surg 37:1768-1771. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Restoring justice: from punishment to public health.

The author examines the need for the U.S. to take an approach toward criminal justice based on prevention and public health. He mentions a report by the American Civil Liberties Union that identified over 3,200 nonviolent offenders sentenced to life in prison due to mandatory sentencing. He comments on increasing bipartisan support for reforming U.S. drug laws and cutting back on prisons. He suggests the need for clemency for prisoners of the war on drugs and the need for restorative justice.
Olympic weightlifting and the introduction of steroids: a statistical analysis of world championship results, 1948–72

(1988). Olympic weightlifting and the introduction of steroids: a statistical analysis of world championship results, 1948–72. The International Journal of the History of Sport: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 96-114.
Mode coupling in few-mode large-mode-area fibers

We present an experimental study on mode coupling characteristics of few-mode large-mode-area (LMA) fibers, which are widely used in high power fiber lasers. The modal power allocation is measured by modal decomposition of the nearfield intensity profile of the output beam. Cut-back measurements are carried out with commonly-used fibers with different fiber geometries. The evolution of the modal power content due to mode coupling is presented. The influence of the fiber geometry on mode coupling is discussed.
Spectroscopy of Six Red Giants in the Draco Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

Keck Observatory LRIS-B (Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) spectra are reported for six red giant stars in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy and several comparison giants in the globular cluster M13. Indexes that quantify the strengths of the Ca ii H and K lines, the l3883 and l4215 CN bands, and the l4300 G band have been measured. These data confirm evidence of metallicity inhomogeneity within Draco obtained by previous authors. The four brightest giants in the sample have absolute magnitudes in the range . They have a range in color, metallicities less than that of M13, and exhibit a dispersion 2.6 ! M ! 2.3 B V V in both calcium and CH indices. Our data indicate that a spread in (C/H) likely exists among the Draco tip giants and that some giants have higher (C/Fe) ratios than is typical of giants in the globular clusters M13 and M92. Several suggestions are made as to why some Draco stars may have higher (C/Fe) ratios than globular cluster red giants: deep mixing might be inhibited in these Draco stars, they may formerly have been mass-transfer binaries that acquired carbon from a more massive companion, or the Draco dwarf galaxy may have experienced relatively slow chemical evolution over a period of several billion years, allowing carbon-enhanced ejecta from intermediate-mass asymptotic giant branch stars to enrich the interstellar medium while star formation was still occurring.
Photothermal studies of the photodegradation of (μ-peroxo)(μ-hydroxo)bis[bis(bipyridyl)Co(III)] and (μ-peroxo)(μ-hydroxo)bis[bis(phenanthroline)Co(III)] complexes in water

Abstract We report here thermodynamic parameters associated with the photodegradation of water soluble (μ-peroxo)(μ-hydroxo)bis[bis(bipyridyl)Co(III)] and (μ-peroxo)(μ-hydroxo)bis[bis(phenanthroline)Co(III)] complexes. Photolysis of these complexes results in the release of dioxygen and the formation of the (H 2 O) 4 ·(L) 2 Co(II) complex where L=bipyridyl or phenanthroline. Photoacoustic calorimetry data reveals an enthalpy for photolysis of 71 kcal mol −1 with a corresponding molar volume change of +39 ml mol −1 for the bipyridine complex. For the corresponding phenanthroline complex an enthalpy change of 68 kcal mol −1 and molar volume change of +19 ml mol −1 are observed. These values are considered as a sum of the intrinsic volume changes due to the bond cleavage and bond formation and the volume change due to electrostriction. The larger volume change for the (μ-peroxo)(μ-hydroxo)bis[bis(bipyridyl)Co(III)] complex is attributed to a spin-state change of the Co ion upon photolysis which is not present in the (μ-peroxo)(μ-hydroxo)bis[bis(phenanthroline)Co(III)] photoproduct.
Ultimate boundedness and invariant measures of stochastic evolution equations

This work studies necessary and sufficient conditions for the exponential ultimate boundedness of the solutions of stochastic evolution equations in terms of Lyapunov function. We explicitly construct the Lyapunov function in the linear case and derive sufficient conditions in the non linear case through the first order approximation. We also give conditions for ultimate boundedness of the solutions of SPDE's and study the problem of the existence of invariant measures and their second moment. Most of this work generalizes the work of Miyahara in the finite dimensional case
Spectrum of diseases due to Branhamella Catarrhalis in children with particular reference to acute otitis media

For many years Branhamella catarrhalis was regarded as a non-pathogenic inhabitant of the respiratory tract. This article outlines the spectrum of B. catarrhalis disease in childhood and the extent of the evidence for a pathogenic role of the organism. B. catarrhalis is a rare etiologic agent in septicemia, meningitis, and other systemic illness in both apparently normal and immunocompromised infants and children. It is an unusual cause of ophthalmia neonatorum, but can be confused with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Whether or not B. catarrhalis is acquired from the birth canal in these cases has not been established. B. catarrhalis is most common as a respiratory tract pathogen in children, including pneumonia, bacterial tracheitis, sinusitis, and otitis media. Since it is difficult to rigorously document pathogenicity of any bacterium in bronchopulmonary infections in children, it is probable that the spectrum of B. catarrhalis disease is wider than that reported to date. The evidence for pathogenicity in acute otitis media is more extensive than for other infections. Otitis media due to B. catarrhalis is clinically similar to that due to other pathogens. B. catarrhalis can be isolated in pure culture from the middle ear exudate and persists if there is no antibacterial treatment. Gram-negative intracellular and extracellular diplococci can be seen on smears of the inflammatory exudate. There is preliminary evidence that there is an antibody response in B. catarrhalis otitis media. B. catarrhalis has emerged as an important and common pathogen in neonates, infants, and children.
Mechanochemical synthesis of fine R2Fe14BHx and R2Fe14B powders with R = Nd or Nd–Dy

Abstract Polydispersed single crystal particles of the Nd 2 Fe 14 B and (Nd 0.75 Dy 0.25 ) 2 Fe 14 B compounds with a short axes in the 60–140 nm range were prepared by high-energy ball milling and subsequent annealing of rare-earth oxides, iron oxide and boron oxide in the presence of a calcium reducing agent and a calcium oxide dispersant. The particles embedded in the CaO/Ca matrix in the presence of excess rare earth exhibit coercivity H c of 14.7 and 18.9 kOe. Removal of the matrix and excess rare earth is accompanied by interstitial modification of the 2:14:1 compounds with hydrogen; the H c of the Dy-free and Dy-containing particles declines with the washing to 1.4 and 3.2 kOe, respectively. After desorption of the hydrogen through vacuum annealing, the H c increases, but only to 4.6 and 6.2 kOe. This incomplete recovery is tentatively attributed to local anisotropy defects caused by loss of the rare earth atoms from the particle surfaces. If correct, this model implies that a much higher H c can be expected if the 2:14:1 particles are coated with or sintered in the presence of a rare-earth-rich phase.
The role of victim–offender relationships in predicting fear of rape among college women

Women’s fear of rape and sexual assault, particularly of college women, has firmly been established in the literature. What is not clear, however, is what causes this fear. The current study sought to further explore what causes college women’s fear of rape using a sample of 224 college women. The data analyzed was collected through an Internet survey that included items asking women about their levels of fear, victimization experiences, perceived risk, and perceptions of crime and disorder. The current research also sought to examine if the correlates of fear varied across temporal situation and victim–offender relationship. The results indicated that only perceived risk of rape and crime and disorder consistently predicted women’s fear of rape across temporal situations and victim–offender relationships. Other findings suggest that some constrained behaviors and victimization experiences have a relationship with fear, but these relationships are qualified by temporal situation and victim–offender relati...
Poor consumers as global consumers: the diffusion of tea and coffee drinking in the eighteenth century1

This paper challenges the prevailing view among economic historians that tea and coffee were luxury articles of consumption prior to the nineteenth century. It reviews an array of available evidence, including national trade statistics and probate inventory studies. In particular, it examines the surprisingly wide social and economic diffusion of tea and coffee drinking among Amsterdam citizens of lower to middling economic status during the period of that city's ascendency and subsequent decline at the centre of global trade networks. Using the distribution of tea and coffee wares of both local and exotic manufacture across households of the artisanal and labouring classes, it seeks to map both the economic reach of the East Indian trade into the poorer parts of the city, as well as to locate the cultural meanings associated with the consumption of these new goods. New data to address this issue have been derived from a substantial collection of after-death inventories drawn up on the estates of middling and poor Amsterdam citizens in the middle decades of the eighteenth century by the Regents of the Municipal Orphanage.
A SUMO-GROUCHO Q DOMAIN FUSION PROTEIN: CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VIVO ULP1-MEDIATED CLEAVAGE

We describe here a system for the expression and purification of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) fusion proteins, which often exhibit dramatically increased solubility and stability during expression in bacteria relative to unfused proteins. The vector described here allows expression of a His-tagged protein of interest fused at its N-terminus to SUMO. Using this vector, we have produced a polypeptide consisting of SUMO fused to the Q domain of Drosophila Groucho in a concentrated soluble form. Hydrodynamic analysis shows that, consistent with previous studies on full-length Groucho, the fusion protein forms an elongated tetramer, as well as higher order oligomers. After expressing a protein as a fusion to SUMO, it is often desirable to cleave the SUMO off of the fusion protein using a SUMO-specific protease such as Ulp1. To facilitate such processing, we have constructed a dual expression vector encoding two fusion proteins: one consisting of SUMO fused to Ulp1 and a second consisting of SUMO fused to a His-tagged protein of interest. The SUMO-Ulp1 cleaves both itself and the other SUMO fusion protein in the bacterial cells prior to lysis, and the proteins retain solubility after cleavage.
Size heterogeneity of pituitary and plasma prolactin: Effect of chronic estrogen treatment☆

Abstract Pituitary homogenates and plasma from untreated and estrogen treated ovariectomized rats were subjected to gel filtration chromatography and the prolactin in fractions collected between the void and total elution volumes of the columns was determined by radio- immunoassay. Three components of prolactin, identified as “void volume”, “big” and “little” according to increasing elution volumes, were observed in pituitary homogenates of ovariectomized rats. These three components accounted for 4, 11 and 85% of the total prolactin activity respectively. Estrogen treatment of ovariectomized rats increased the total prolactin in the pituitary and also selectively increased the “big” component to 21% of the prolactin activity on the column. A smaller increase was also observed in the “void volume” component. Gel filtration of the plasma obtained from estrogen-treated rats before and during the estrogen-induced afternoon surge of prolactin showed that “little” prolactin was the predominate form being secreted and that the “void volume” and “big” components were also released. The release of the components was not in proportion to that observed in the pituitary and the larger components were released in a nonuniform manner. The “void volume” component appeared in the plasma as the surge began but then disappeared as the “big” component appeared at the peak of the surge. The big component decreased as the surge waned leaving primarily “little” component in plasma. The data indicate (1) that estrogen stimulates the formation of the larger components of prolactin in the pituitary (2) that the types of prolactin released into plasma of estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats is not in proportion to that found in the pituitary and (3) that the heterogeneous forms of prolactin are selectively released into plasma during the prolonged secretory episode of the afternoon surge of prolactin induced by estrogen.
IS SELECTIVE SCREENING OF OLDER DRIVERS FOR VISION FEASIBLE

The relationship between visual impairment and automobile accident involvement strongly suggests the need to test the vision of older drivers. An automated visual testing device controlled by a sma...
Surgery of fast, highly charged ions studied by zero-degree Auger spectroscopy

Abstract Zero-degree Auger spectra were measured for the projectile in collisions of oxygen and carbon on He with incident charge states of q = 2–5 and for energies from 5 to 30 MeV. Since the light target particle He acts selectively on the projectile ion, we refer to the present method as ion surgery. Apart from the one-electron processes of single excitation and single loss, two-electron processes such as transfer excitation and transfer loss are studied.
Seasonal and regional variations of primary and secondary organic aerosols over the continental United States: semi-empirical estimates and model evaluation.

Seasonal and regional variations of primary (OCpri) and secondary (OCsec) organic carbon aerosols across the continental United States for the year 2001 were examined by a semi-empirical technique ...
A generalized control-canonical form for linear time-varying systems

In the first part of this paper, it is shown that a SISO linear time-varying n-dimensional N-step reachable (where N > n) discrete-time system can be put into a control canonical form by augmenting the system state. This result is then used to design N-dimensional output feedback controllers which result in a closed-loop system that is equivalent to a time-invariant system with assignable poles.
Toroid dipole moments and hybridization in uranium compounds

Abstract The toroid dipole moment is suggested as a possible order parameter relevant to some unusual phase transitions in U and Ce compounds. It is shown that toroid dipole moments can only occur in mixed-valence states so that their observation would be a signature of valence mixing, i.e., hybridization. Application of these ideas to URu2Si2 does not seem to resolve the problem of the hidden order parameter in this compound.
Terrestrial Planet and Asteroid Formation in the Presence of Giant Planets. I. Relative Velocities of Planetesimals Subject to Jupiter and Saturn Perturbations

We investigate the orbital evolution of 10(13)- to 10(25) -g planetesimals near 1 AU and in the asteroid belt (near 2.6 AU) prior to the stage of evolution when the mutual perturbations between the planetesimals become important. We include nebular gas drag and the effects of Jupiter and Saturn at their present masses and in their present orbits. Gas drag introduces a size-dependent phasing of the secular perturbations, which leads to a pronounced dip in encounter velocities (Venc) between bodies of similar mass. Plantesimals of identical mass have Venc approximately 1 and approximately 10 m s-1 (near 1 and 2.6 AU, respectively) while bodies differing by approximately 10 in mass have Venc approximately 10 and approximately 100 m s-1 (near 1 and 2.6 AU, respectively). Under these conditions, growth, rather than erosion, will occur only by collisions of bodies of nearly the same mass. There will be essentially no gravitational focusing between bodies less than 10(22) to 10(25) g, allowing growth of planetary embryos in the terrestrial planet region to proceed in a slower nonrunaway fashion. The environment in the asteroid belt will be even more forbidding and it is uncertain whether even the severely depleted present asteroid belt could form under these conditions. The perturbations of Jupiter and Saturn are quite sensitive to their semi-major axes and decrease when the planets' heliocentric distances are increased to allow for protoplanet migration. It is possible, though not clearly demonstrated, that this could produce a depleted asteroid belt but permit formation of a system of terrestrial planet embryos on a approximately 10(6)-year timescale, initially by nonrunaway growth and transitioning to runaway growth after approximately 10(5) years. The calculations reported here are valid under the condition that the relative velocities of the bodies are determined only by Jupiter and Saturn perturbations and by gas drag, with no mutual perturbations between planetesimals. If, while subject to these conditions, the bodies become large enough for their mutual perturbations to influence their velocity and size evolution significantly, the problem becomes much more complex. This problem is under investigation.