cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex-Specific Developmental Effects of Father Absence on Casual Sexual Behavior and Life History Strategy

A substantial body of research has investigated the effects of early family environments on the sexual maturity and behavior of adolescents and young adults. Most of this research has focused primarily on (i) early childhood environments, (ii) these effects in females with much less attention devoted to males’ sexual maturity and behavior, and (iii) sexual behavior of adolescents and young adults. To address these limitations, we asked 392 adults (209 males, 183 females; ages 17–62) to report the ages at which they lived with their biological father across their first 20 years of development, their number of casual sex partners, and to complete a life history (LH) strategy measure. Consistent with theoretical predictions, males had more casual sex partners and a faster LH strategy than females. For both males and females, longer time spent growing up with their biological father was associated with fewer casual sex partners and a slower LH strategy. The current study also provides clear evidence of sex-specific developmental effects on reproductive strategies as a function of when during development father absence (FA) occurs. When FA occurred during middle childhood, females exhibited faster LH strategies; whereas, when FA occurred during adolescence, males exhibited faster LH strategies. Together, these findings suggest the effects of FA are not specific to females nor early childhood environments. In addition, effects of FA appear to persist beyond adolescence and early young adulthood with opposite effects on males’ and females’ reproductive strategies depending on when during development it occurs.
Probabilistic Spatially-Divided Multiple Access in Underwater Acoustic Sparse Networks

Deploying Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) is a necessity to enable a range of civilian/military underwater applications; yet, achieving a reliable coordination among the vehicles is a challenging issue due to the time- and space-varying characteristics of the acoustic communication channel. The design of a Medium Access Control (MAC) based on a probabilistic Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) method for short/medium distances (less than $2\; \mathrm {km}$ 2 km ) is presented. This method considers the inherent vehicle position uncertainty due to the inaccuracies in models and the drift of the vehicles. It minimizes the acoustic interference statistically by considering the angular position of neighboring vehicles via a two-step estimation and by keeping the transmitter antenna's beamwidth of each vehicle at an optimal value. Such value is chosen considering three contrasting goals, i.e.: $(i)$ ( i ) spreading the signal beam towards the vehicle to combat position uncertainty using a coarse estimation; $(ii)$ ( i i ) focusing the beam to reduce acoustic energy dispersion through a fine estimation; and $(iii)$ ( i i i ) minimizing interference to other vehicles. Simulation results in a sparse underwater network show that this approach mitigates interference, reduces the probability of retransmission, and achieves higher data rates over conventional underwater MAC techniques.
Towards Rapid Waveform Design and Deployment via Modular Signal Processing Frameworks

Recent popularity of agile radio frequency transceivers, software defined radios, and large Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices presents both opportunities and challenges in the tactical communications domain. Technology advances enable more complex communications systems, but also allow increasingly sophisticated threats to existing systems at faster rates. Traditional, stove-piped, special-purpose tactical waveform development techniques are not suited for this new environment, creating a clear need for rapid waveform design and deployment practices. The maturation of modular, evolvable design frameworks offers the flexibility to refresh system capabilities without requiring entire system overhauls. GNU Radio and Common-modern Hardware Integrated Library (CHlL) are two such frameworks that are intended for General Purpose Processor (GPP) and FPGA/ASIC deployment, respectively. In this paper, we outline an integrated approach for prototyping a surrogate tactical waveform using both the CHlL and GNU Radio frameworks, provide benchmarking results to highlight the implementation's configurability, and comment on lessons learned while interfacing both frameworks together.
Electric vehicle charging infrastructure and dc microgrids

With substantial growth in sales of electric vehicles (EVs) globally, there is a push for expansion of the recharging infrastructure to service these vehicles. Over 2 million of electric cars (battery-electric and plug-in hybrid electric), 200 million electric motorcycles and 345 thousand buses (primarily in China) were deployed worldwide by the end of 2016, and over 1.2 million of electric cars were sold globally in 2017 alone. However, the global electric car stock made only a 0.2% of the total number of passenger cars globally in 2017. Assessments of country targets, original equipment manufacturer announcements and deployment scenarios for electric cars indicate that the number of EVs will range between 9 and 20 million by 2020 and between 40 and 70 million by 2025. Furthermore, a number of countries have decided to end the sales of fossil-fuel-powered cars in the near future (Norway by 2025, India and Netherlands by 2030, Scotland by 2032, France and rest of the United Kingdom by 2040), further accelerating the shift to electric transportation. The electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) is closely following the EV stock growth, with 2.3 million EVSE outlets (including 110,000 publicly available fast-charging outlets) available globally in 2016, and predicted six-fold increase in the available outlets by 2025. The fastest growing EVSE market is the Chinese market, with over 88,000 publicly available fast-charging outlets in 2016.
Sexual and Reproductive Health Disparities Experienced by People with Disabilities: Myth versus Reality

Disability has yet to achieve its proper place in the discussion of health disparities. Several major Federal initiatives to remove health disparities have only addressed disability as a consequence of poverty, low education levels, lack of access to health care, and other disparity factors, but fail to acknowledge people with disabilities as a health disparity population. Whereas policymakers and health disparities researchers regard disability as an indicator of reduced quality of life, rehabilitation researchers focus on maximizing health and quality of life in the context of disability. This article discusses the characteristics and possible causes of health disparities experienced by people with disabilities, illustrated with examples from sexuality and reproductive health. The authors offer six pathways for eliminating the health disparities faced by people with disabilities: 1) Include information about wellness in the context of disability in the education of physicians and other health care providers, 2) Offer empowerment opportunities to people with disabilities, 3) Promote compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, 4) Remove barriers to participation by people with disabilities in health research and education, 5) Acknowledge people with disabilities as a health disparities population and include their issues in national health care policy, and 6) Encourage media coverage of health issues for people with disabilities and the portrayal of successful, healthy people with disabilities in publicity related to all health topics.
Heat and mass transfer models for horizontal-tube falling-film ammonia-water absorption.

Abstract An experimental investigation of heat and mass transfer in a horizontal-tube falling-film ammonia-water absorber, operated as part of a complete ammonia-water absorption test facility, is presented. A tube bank consisting of four columns of six 9.5 mm nominal outer diameter, 0.292 m long tubes was installed in an absorber shell that allowed flow visualization and heat and mass transfer measurements at component- and local-levels. The Falling-film mode was found to account for a major portion of the absorber. The effects of operating conditions on the heat and mass transfer coefficients were investigated. While the solution Nusselt number increased, the vapor and liquid Sherwood numbers remained relatively insensitive to the solution Reynolds number. Heat and mass transfer models were developed to predict the absorber performance over a wide range of operating conditions in air-conditioning and heat pumping modes (solution concentration: 5–40%, pressures: 150, 345, 500 kPa, and solution flow rates: 0.019–0.034 kg s−1).
Early elementary student-teacher relationship trajectories predict girls’ math and boys’ reading achievement

Abstract Our goal was to identify trajectories in students’ relationships with their kindergarten, first, and second grade teachers, and to test whether the trajectories predict students’ achievement. To address this goal, each year, as students (N = 291) progressed from kindergarten to second grade, we assessed teachers’ reports on student-teacher-relationship closeness and conflict. We assessed achievement in second grade. We used latent class growth analyses to identify separate distinct trajectory classes of change for boys and girls in closeness and conflict. Boys were classified into 4 classes (stable-moderate, high-decreasing, decreasers, or increasers) for closeness and into 4 similar classes for conflict. Girls were classified into 3 classes (stable-high, decreasers, and increasers) for closeness, whereas only 2 classes (stable-low and decreasers) emerged for conflict. In general, girls benefited academically from a close student-teacher relationship in kindergarten, whereas boys benefited academically when they moved into a close, and away from a conflictual, relationship across kindergarten to second grade. The findings have implications for teacher trainings and programs designed to help children succeed in school.
Modeling and Optimization for Self-powered Non-volatile IoT Edge Devices with Ultra-low Harvesting Power

Energy harvesters are becoming increasingly popular as power sources for IoT edge devices. However, one of the intrinsic problems of energy harvester is that harvesting power is often weak and frequently interrupted. Therefore, energy harvesting powered edge devices have to work intermittently. To maintain execution progress, execution states need to be checkpointed into the non-volatile memory before each power failure. In this way, previous execution states can be resumed after power comes back again. Nevertheless, frequent checkpointing and low charging efficiency generate significant energy overhead. To alleviate these problems, this article conducts a thorough energy efficiency analysis and proposes three algorithms to maximize the energy efficiency of program execution. First, a non-volatile processor-aware task scheduling algorithm is proposed to reduce the size of checkpointing data. Second, a tentative checkpointing avoidance technique is proposed to avoid checkpointing for further reduction of checkpointing overhead. Finally, a dynamic wake-up strategy is proposed to wake up the edge device at proper voltages where the total hardware and software overhead is minimized for further energy efficiency maximization. The experiments on a real testbed demonstrate that, with the proposed algorithms, an edge device is resilient to the extremely weak and intermittent power supply and the energy efficiency can be achieved more than 2× higher than the fundamental baseline and 1.5× higher than the state-of-the-art technique.
Self-Attentive Document Interaction Networks for Permutation Equivariant Ranking.

How to leverage cross-document interactions to improve ranking performance is an important topic in information retrieval (IR) research. However, this topic has not been well-studied in the learning-to-rank setting and most of the existing work still treats each document independently while scoring. The recent development of deep learning shows strength in modeling complex relationships across sequences and sets. It thus motivates us to study how to leverage cross-document interactions for learning-to-rank in the deep learning framework. In this paper, we formally define the permutation-equivariance requirement for a scoring function that captures cross-document interactions. We then propose a self-attention based document interaction network and show that it satisfies the permutation-equivariant requirement, and can generate scores for document sets of varying sizes. Our proposed methods can automatically learn to capture document interactions without any auxiliary information, and can scale across large document sets. We conduct experiments on three ranking datasets: the benchmark Web30k, a Gmail search, and a Google Drive Quick Access dataset. Experimental results show that our proposed methods are both more effective and efficient than baselines.
Mechanical and biological properties of chitin/polylactide (PLA)/hydroxyapatite (HAP) composites cast using ionic liquid solutions.

This research investigates the potential development of lobster shell waste-derived chitin reinforced with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) into new materials with potentially superior mechanical and thermal properties for biomedical applications. The ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) was used as a solvent to prepare chitin/PLA/nHAP composites. The effect of variation of the polymer concentrations on the conduct of the resulting composite was explored. The detailed physico-mechanical, thermal and surface morphology properties were evaluated with different thermal and optical characterization techniques. When the concentration of PLA in the composite was increased from 20 to 80 wt%, the tensile strength improved by ~77% while the elongation at break and the toughness of the material decreased significantly. The addition of hydroxyapatite was observed to improve strength of the composites up to 140% with an increase in elongation at break up to 465%. Cell growth study show that the composite materials support the growth and proliferation of Ocy 454 osteocyte cells. The materials were shown to have no effect on osteocyte gene expression, as well as minimal cytotoxicity and biodegradability. These results reveal that the biocomposites would be suitable candidates for use in bone regeneration that are not exposed to excessive forces.
Impacts of Radiation and Cold Pools on the Intensity and Vortex Tilt of Weak Tropical Cyclones Interacting with Vertical Wind Shear

AbstractIdealized numerical simulations of weak tropical cyclones (e.g., tropical depressions and tropical storms) in sheared environments indicate that vortex tilt reduction and convective symmetr...
Molecular Diversity in Site-focused Libraries

This chapter examines different strategies for combining diversity and structure-based design in site-focused libraries. Site-focused libraries are libraries that concentrate on regions of diversity space containing specific chemical properties believed to be important for binding to a target receptor. These specific properties can be predicted from structure-based design. Combining this structure-based approach with combinatorial chemistry can provide a powerful tool to accelerate the drug design process. Diversity plays an important role developing these libraries. This chapter will begin with an overview of different strategies in structure-based design. It will go on to discuss several examples of how these strategies have been adapted to the design of large combinatorial libraries instead of single compounds. Several algorithms and example applications will be examined. The combiBUILD algorithm will be discussed in detail, as an example of how lead compounds can be rapidly identified by combining diversity with structure based design in site-focused libraries.
An Approach of Transforming Ontologies into Relational Databases

The main purpose of the Semantic Web expresses the information as intelligent forms, enables better computers and people to work in cooperation. Ontologies, as meaning providers, play a key role in this effort. Currently, the OWL Web Ontology Language is used as a description ontology language that is the main of technique for storing ontologies. On the other hand, traditional relational database systems are often used as best mechanisms for storing, querying, manipulating the information, and have some benefits such as transaction management, security. For this reason, there is a need for storing ontologies represented by OWL into relational databases is proposed. Therefore, principles of mapping OWL concepts to relational database schemas are presented with an implemented tool, which is the purpose of this paper.
Characterization of relapse patterns in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with blinatumomab.

IntroductionBlinatumomab is a CD19/CD3 bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody that simultaneously binds CD19 on the surface of B-cells and CD3 on the surface of T-cells, resulting in tumor cell ...
Quantifying orthogonality and separability: A method for optimizing resin selection and design

Abstract Recent studies have shown that by combining orthogonal, non-affinity chromatography steps, it is possible to rapidly develop efficient purification processes for molecules of interest. Here, we build upon previous work to develop a flexible framework for identifying resins that remove optimally orthogonal sets of impurities for a wide variety of products. Our approach involves screening a library of proteins with diverse properties (pI ranging from 5.0–11.4 and varying hydrophobicity measured by retention in a HIC gradient) on a library of resins and quantifying each resin’s ability to separate every protein pair in the library. Orthogonality is then defined as the degree to which two resins separate mutually exclusive sets of protein pairs. We applied this approach to a library of model proteins and a series of strong, salt tolerant, and multimodal ion exchangers and evaluated which resin combinations performed well and which performed poorly. In particular, we found that strong cation and strong anion exchangers were orthogonal, while strong and salt tolerant anion exchangers were not orthogonal. Interestingly, salt tolerant and multimodal cation exchangers were found to be orthogonal and the best resin combination included a multimodal cation exchange resin and a tentacular anion exchange resin. This approach for quantifying orthogonality is valuable in that it can be used both as a criteria for resin design as well as process design. We envision that, using this framework, it will be possible to design a set of next generation chromatography ligands that are explicitly engineered to optimize separability and orthogonality.
Performance Study of FPGA Based AND-Inverter Ring Oscillator PUFs

Hardware oriented security attacks, IP theft, and information reliability have become serious issues in modern day world. Numerous techniques have been developed for protecting hardware systems from malicious attacks. Ring Oscillator Physical Unclonable Function (ROPUF) is one of the favored choices for hardware-oriented security. ROPUFs are implemented in microelectronic circuits including Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to generate unique secret keys that are unclonable on any other device. The strength and performance of Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are measured through parameters like reliability, uniqueness, uniformity, randomness, and bit-aliasing. In this paper, we analyze the performance of an AND-Inverter based ROPUF which shows performance improvement over previous designs. Three, five, and seven stage AND-Inverter ROPUFs are implemented for a comparative study of their performance metrics. It is found that the 3-stage AND-Inverter ROPUF has better uniqueness (47.5%), and ideal bit-aliasing (50%). The 7-stage AND-Inverter ROPUF has the best uniformity (50.07%) and ideal bit aliasing (50%). However, the AND-Inverter based ROPUFs perform poorly in terms of reliability.
Role of Rural Women in Sustainable Development in Sharkia Governorate

Rural woman does many productive and marketing activities, whether inside or outside her home in many fields as: agriculture, animal care, plant and animal food processing, and marketing of their products. This study aimed to know the performance efficiency and participation of rural women in sustainable development in Egypt and Sharkia Governorate. In addition the identification of factors and variables affecting the role of rural women in sustainable development in the Sharkia governorate. So that, The study relied on two main data sources which are secondary data published by the official authorities and primary data through a specially designed questionnaire form. It also relied on the descriptive and quantitative methods and choosing the appropriate ones according to the available data.The study reached to several results, the most important of which are:1- The most important operations are done by woman are at home, then the agricultural field, and finally in marketing their agricultural commodities and products.2- It was found that the time that the rural agricultural woman has done those three previous operations 53.16%, 17.05% and 29.79% respectively.3- Her wage for the total three previous operations was about 1390.71 L.E / month or 45.72 L.E / day.4- One of the most important problems impeding rural women's participation in sustainable development is the existence of customs and traditions, as her role, movement and activity must be restricted within the home only, without work.
Examining the Effect of Residential Mobility on Crime Through the Mechanism of Perceived Informal Social Costs

Although research suggests a positive association between adolescent residential mobility and offending, the mechanism by which this process unfolds is less understood. One commonly cited explanati...
A Bioinspired Molybdenum Catalyst for Aqueous Perchlorate Reduction.

Perchlorate (ClO4-) is a pervasive, harmful, and inert anion on both Earth and Mars. Current technologies for ClO4- reduction entail either harsh conditions or multicomponent enzymatic processes. Herein, we report a heterogeneous (L)Mo-Pd/C catalyst directly prepared from Na2MoO4, a bidentate nitrogen ligand (L), and Pd/C to reduce aqueous ClO4- into Cl- with 1 atm of H2 at room temperature. A suite of instrument characterizations and probing reactions suggest that the MoVI precursor and L at the optimal 1:1 ratio are transformed in situ into oligomeric MoIV active sites at the carbon-water interface. For each Mo site, the initial turnover frequency (TOF0) for oxygen atom transfer from ClOx- substrates reached 165 h-1. The turnover number (TON) reached 3840 after a single batch reduction of 100 mM ClO4-. This study provides a water-compatible, efficient, and robust catalyst to degrade and utilize ClO4- for water purification and space exploration.
Characteristics of e-Cigarette Use Behaviors Among US Youth, 2020.

Importance Comprehensive surveillance of e-cigarette use behaviors among youth is important for informing strategies to address this public health epidemic. Objective To characterize e-cigarette use behaviors among US youth in 2020. Design, Setting, and Participants The 2020 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative, cross-sectional, school-based survey of middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students, was conducted from January 16, 2020, to March 16, 2020. A total of 14 531 students from 180 schools participated in the 2020 survey, yielding a corresponding student-level participation rate of 87.4% and school-level participation rate of 49.9%. The overall response rate, a product of the school-level and student-level participation rates, was 43.6%. Exposures Current (past 30-day) e-cigarette use. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported current e-cigarette use behaviors (frequency of use, usual e-cigarette brand, and access source) by school level and flavored e-cigarette use and flavor types among current e-cigarette users by school level and device type. Prevalence estimates were weighted to account for the complex survey design. Results Overall, 14 531 students completed the survey, including 7330 female students and 7133 male students with self-reported grade level and sex. In 2020, 19.6% (95% CI, 17.2%-22.2%) of high school students and 4.7% (95% CI, 3.6%-6.0%) of middle school students reported current e-cigarette use. Among them, 38.9% (95% CI, 35.2%-42.6%) of high school users and 20.0% (95% CI, 16.0%-24.8%) of middle school users reported e-cigarette use on 20 to 30 days within the past 30 days. Among current users, JUUL was the most commonly reported usual brand (high school: 25.4%; 95% CI, 18.8%-33.4%; middle school: 35.1%; 95% CI, 27.9%-43.1%). Among current users, the most common source of obtaining e-cigarettes was from a friend (high school: 57.1%; 95% CI, 52.6%-61.4%; middle school: 58.9%; 95% CI, 51.4%-66.1%). Among current users, 84.7% (95% CI, 82.2%-86.9%) of high school students and 73.9% (95% CI, 66.9%-79.8%) of middle school students reported flavored e-cigarette use. Fruit-flavored e-cigarettes were the most commonly reported flavor among current exclusive e-cigarette users of prefilled pods or cartridges (67.3%; 95% CI, 60.9%-73.0%), disposable e-cigarettes (85.8%; 95% CI, 79.8%-90.3%), and tank-based devices (82.7%; 95% CI, 68.9%-91.1%), followed by mint-flavored e-cigarettes. Conclusions and Relevance These results suggest that although current e-cigarette use decreased during 2019 to 2020, overall prevalence, frequent use, and flavored e-cigarette use remained high. Continued actions are warranted to prevent and reduce e-cigarette use among US youth.
Younger people and people with higher subjective SES experienced more negative effects of the pandemic on their friendships

Abstract Friendships provide social support and mental health benefits, yet the COVID-19 pandemic has limited interactions with friends. In August 2020, we asked participants (N = 634) about their friendships during the pandemic as part of a larger study. We found that younger people and people with higher subjective SES reported more negative effects on their friendships, including feeling more isolated and lonelier. We also found that stress, isolation, and guilt were associated with greater COVID-related social risk-taking, such as making and visiting new friends in person. Our results suggest the pandemic is affecting friendships differently across demographic groups and these negative effects might motivate social risk-taking.
The Relationship between Disparate Impact Case Law and Empirical Research in the Behavioral Sciences

Disparate impact litigation is unique, in part because outcomes often depend on statistical analysis from expert witnesses who are research psychologists. Accordingly, it is surprising that psychologists serving the court as expert witnesses in disparate impact (DI) cases often take one of two divergent roads, either focusing on case law, as Gutman et al. do in their helpful book, or on published peer-reviewed research in the behavioral sciences as Outtz does with similar effectiveness in his edited volume. Although there are prominent writers in both law and psychology who do address DI from an interdisciplinary perspective, knowledge transfer between experimental psychology and law is surprisingly meagre, even in exemplary texts such as Rutherglen and Donohue’s recent book Employment Discrimination; Law and Theory, (2012) which is comprehensive in virtually every other respect. This paper seeks to expand that important interdisciplinary exchange by examining the concordance — or lack thereof — between empirical findings in the behavioral sciences and important DI decisions. To compile an informative set of reliable empirical studies I followed (and adapted) conventional procedures for a meta-analysis by surveying empirical studies published in peer-reviewed journals, and by applying a filter to exclude studies where statistical significance, research methodology, or effect size fell below the standards articulated both in Rosenthal’s original work on meta-analysis and in the American Psychological Association’s article on standards for peer reviewed research. In the interests of enhancing the quality of expert reports and the legal decisions that rely upon them, this paper begins to build an interdisciplinary cross-reference linking DI case law and published empirical research in the behavioral sciences. I use two classic texts — Rosenthal and Rosnow’s Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis (2007), and Abelson’s Statistics as Principled Argument (1995) — to provide a theoretical foundation for evaluating empirical research so that this interdisciplinary effort can proceed judiciously. I cover two issues in depth: 1) Data Aggregation and the Omnibus Null Test; and 2) Multiple Regression and the Use of Covariates. I’ll close by briefly addressing causation — a pressing issue that deserves future consideration in a similar interdisciplinary analysis that bridges law and empirical research in experimental psychology.
The Information Basis of Matching with Propensity Score

This paper examines the foundations for comparing individuals and treatment subjects in experimental and other program evaluation contexts. We raise the question of multiattribute "characterization" of individuals both theoretically and statistically. The paper examines the information basis of characterizing individuals and offers alternatives motivated by welfare and decision theories. The proposed method helps place propensity scores and other "matching" proposals in context and reveals their advantages and disadvantages. We do not find the implied theoretical assumptions underlying propensity scores to be attractive or robust. Our proposal does not "solve" the matching problem, but provides bounds on inferences and makes clear the arbitrariness of specific solutions.
Cosmic Challenge: Monster-scope challenges: 15-inch and larger telescopes

This final chapter throws down the gauntlet. Today's largest backyard telescopes, defined here as 15 inches in aperture or larger, have the capacity to show us sights that only a few years ago were either unknown entirely or, at the very least, not understood. All require good viewing conditions, whether that is excellent transparency, steady seeing, freedom from light pollution, or a combination of all three. How many of these ultimate challenges can you see? One of my favorite binocular open clusters in the entire sky is M44, the Beehive Cluster or Praesepe, in Cancer the Crab. It's a wonderful target through just about any pair of binoculars. Even the smallest, cheapest pair will show a rich vault of stars. Nine of the brightest stars near the center of the cluster form a distinctive V asterism that is sometimes called the Heart of the Crab. The Heart points toward the southwest and always attracts attention. Hidden among the stars of M44 are no fewer than eight distant galaxies. Until 1987, most of us knew nothing of them. That was the year when the Uranometria 2000.0 star atlas was published. It showed the sky to a depth never before captured in a convenient star atlas format, and immediately shed light on thousands of objects that no amateurs, except possibly for a few extreme deep-sky hunters, even knew existed. The biggest problem in spotting the galaxies beyond the Beehive is not their dimness, although that is clearly a factor.
Three‐month‐old infants attribute goals to a non‐human agent

The present research examined whether 3-month-old infants, the youngest found so far to engage in goal-related reasoning about human agents, would also act as if they attribute goals to a novel non-human agent, a self-propelled box. In two experiments, the infants seemed to have interpreted the box’s actions as goal-directed after seeing the box approach object A as opposed to object B during familiarization. They thus acted as though they expected the box to maintain this goal and responded with increased attention when the box approached object B during test. In contrast, when object B was absent during familiarization and introduced afterwards, the infants’ responses were consistent with their having recognized that they had no information to predict which of the two objects the box should choose during test and therefore responded similarly when the box approached either object. However, if object B was absent during familiarization and object A was in different positions but the box persistently approached it, thus demonstrating equifinal variations in its actions, the infants again acted as though they attributed to the box a goal directed towards object A and expected the box to maintain this goal even when object B was introduced and hence responded with prolonged looking when the box failed to do so during test. These results are consistent with the notion that (a) infants as young as 3 months appear to attribute goals to both human and non-human agents, and (b) even young infants can use certain behavioral cues, e.g. equifinal variations in agents’ actions, to make inferences about agents’ goals.
Factors limiting the low temperature operation of SOFCs

Over the history of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development, many investigators have sought to reduce the operating temperature. In this article, we present and discuss factors that lead to a lower limit on the effective operating temperature of these fuel cells. Among these factors, the cathode polarization resistance and fuel oxidation on the anode show the greatest effects on limiting low-temperature operation. The strontium-doped lanthanum manganite cathode is limited to ≥800 °C for 0.6 W cm−2 at 0.85 V. Mixed-ionic and electronic conducting materials are more active and can operate at ∼750 °C, but they are more prone to interact with the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Modified Ni-based/YSZ anodes operating on carbonaceous fuels have a thermodynamic temperature limit of 500 °C because of carbon formation in the absence of steam, but also need to have their power densities improved to operate below 650 °C. The electrolyte resistance is not a significant factor for 8 mol% YSZ being able to operate as low as 530 °C, and for other electrolytes at even lower temperatures. Also, the electrical resistance of the interconnect, including that of the protective scale on metallic interconnects, becomes significant at temperatures below 600 °C. Cell geometry is another factor that limits low-temperature operation, favoring planar over other stack designs. Keywords: low-temperature SOFC; cost; design; cathode; electrolyte; anode; interconnect; seal
El mito de Dánae en El curioso impertinente : Terencio, Tiziano y Cervantes

One of the classical myths that are present in Cervantes’ interpolated tale of El curioso impertinente , the rape of Danae, has not receive much critical attention.. The many visual images in the cervantine tale recall the use of ekphrasis to portray the myth in Terence’s Eunuch, where the painting is one of the causes of Panfila’s rape. The cervantine tale evokes the controversy triggered by the ancient play, starting with Saint Augustine and continuing into the Spanish Golden Age, with writers such as Juan de Mariana and Juan de Pineda. This study of Terence’s comedy along with the painting of Danae, sent by Titian to Philip II, serves to the underline the structural and thematic importance of the myth in Cervantes’ tale. Through the story of Danae, Cervantes enters into the debate on the impact of the visual arts at the time of the Counterreformation.
A multiproxy record of terrestrial inputs to the coastal ocean using minor and trace elements (Ba/Ca, Mn/Ca, Y/Ca) and carbon isotopes (δ13C, Δ14C) in a nearshore coral from Puerto Rico

[1] Small mountainous rivers (SMRs), despite their disproportionate size relative to larger rivers, may contribute as much as one third of the total terrigenous material exported to the coastal ocean. Corals growing near the mouths of tropical SMRs have the potential to provide records of terrigenous material fluxes because they are long lived and elemental and isotope signatures within their skeletons are useful proxies of palaeoceanographic variability. Here, a 56 year record of coral skeletal Ba/Ca, Mn/Ca, Y/Ca, δ13C, and Δ14C measurements is presented from a Montastraea faveolata colony growing ∼1 km from the mouth of an SMR in eastern Puerto Rico. Coral Ba/Ca was coherent with river discharge and coral skeletal δ13C at annual periodicity corresponding to synchronous depletions of both δ13C and Δ14C in the coral skeleton, and Mn/Ca and Y/Ca were not coherent with river discharge at annual periodicity. Coherence between river discharge and Ba/Ca and the concurrent timing of increases in Ba/Ca with decreases in δ13C and Δ14C indicate that river discharge is simultaneously recorded by all three geochemical tracers. A reconstruction of Rio Fajardo discharge is presented for a period in which no instrumental discharge records exists shows good fidelity with the timing of increased discharge during the wet season. Thus, coral-based multiple-proxy records can be valuable tools for reconstructing the timing and variability of SMR discharge to the coastal ocean. Such records are critical to understanding changes in material fluxes and biogeochemical cycles in coastal environments due to land use and climate change.
Factors Influencing the Performance of a CPU-RFU Hybrid Architecture

Closely coupling a reconfigurable fabric with a conventional processor has been shown to successfully improve the system performance. However, today's superscalar processors are both complex and adept at extracting Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP), which introduces many complex issues to the design of a hybrid CPU-RFU system. This paper examines the design of a superscalar processor augmented with a closely-coupled reconfigurable fabric. It identifies architectural and compiler issues that affect the performance of the overall system. Previous efforts at combining a processor core with a reconfigurable fabric are examined in the light of these issues. We also present simulation results that emphasize the impact of these factors.
Sonic hedgehog mutations identified in holoprosencephaly patients can act in a dominant negative manner

Sonic hedgehog (SHH) plays an important instructional role in vertebrate development, as exemplified by the numerous developmental disorders that occur when the SHH pathway is disrupted. Mutations in the SHH gene are the most common cause of sporadic and inherited holoprosencephaly (HPE), a developmental disorder that is characterized by defective prosencephalon development. SHH HPE mutations provide a unique opportunity to better understand SHH biogenesis and signaling, and to decipher its role in the development of HPE. Here, we analyzed a panel of SHH HPE missense mutations that encode changes in the amino-terminal active domain of SHH. Our results show that SHH HPE mutations affect SHH biogenesis and signaling at multiple steps, which broadly results in low levels of protein expression, defective processing of SHH into its active form and protein with reduced activity. Additionally, we found that some inactive SHH proteins were able to modulate the activity of wt SHH in a dominant negative manner, both in vitro and in vivo. These findings show for the first time the susceptibility of SHH driven developmental processes to perturbations by low-activity forms of SHH. In conclusion, we demonstrate that SHH mutations found in HPE patients affect distinct steps of SHH biogenesis to attenuate SHH activity to different levels, and suggest that these variable levels of SHH activity might contribute to some of the phenotypic variation found in HPE patients.
Construction of a 28-mm 1H/13C probe and actively shielded Z-gradient set for operation in a 9.4 T/89 mm magnet.

In this work, we present a new RF and gradient assembly for operation in a 9.4 Tesla 189 mm magnet. This assembly was designed in order to enable 1H-NMR perfusion studies that are based on proton-observed carbon-edited approaches or gradient selected double quantum coherence. The RF portion of this probe assembly is comprised of a modified Alderman-Grant coil and a saddle coil operating at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively. These coils are surrounded by an actively shielded Z gradient, which also allows for the use of gradient-based water suppression without the need for carbon selection. We demonstrate that this probe can be used to implement gradient selected double quantum coherence experiments resulting in a high degree of water suppression.
Outcomes of surgical ventricular restoration following recent myocardial infarction

Background Recent myocardial infarction (≤90 days) is generally considered a contraindication to performing surgical ventricular restoration (SVR). Most surgeons prefer myocardial healing and scar formation to occur before undertaking SVR, although no data exist to support this practice. We analyzed outcomes of patients undergoing SVR following recent myocardial infarction (MI) to determine the utility of SVR in these patients. Methods Retrospective review analyzed 69 consecutive SVR patients between January 2002 and June 2005 to determine clinical characteristics, operative data, and postoperative outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and echocardiography were used to assess cardiac function. Results Twenty-two patients (32%) sustained a recent MI in our series. Mean age at operation was 63.5 years, with a M:F of 20:2. Preoperatively all patients carried a diagnosis of congestive heart failure and were classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV. Six patients (27%) required perioperative intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support. There was only one operative mortality. Following SVR, mean ejection fraction improved from 26% to 35% (p = 0.02), with a reduction in mean left ventricular end-systolic volume index from 93 mL/m2 to 68 mL/m2 (p = 0.04). Seventy-three percent (16/22) of patients in preoperative NYHA class III/IV improved to class I/II at follow-up (p < 0.0001). Actuarial survival was 74% at 30 months. Recent MI was not an independent predictor of adverse outcomes following SVR in our series. Conclusion Recent MI patients demonstrate significant improvement in ventricular function and NYHA class with acceptable morbidity and mortality following SVR. These findings prompt consideration of expanding the inclusion criteria for SVR to include patients who have sustained a recent MI.
Establishing the Need for Family Medicine Training in Intimate Partner Violence Screening

In 2012, the USPSTF updated its guidelines and now recommends that all women of childbearing age be screened for IPV and services provided for women who screen positive. Based on these recommendations, objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate IPV knowledge, attitudes, and practices of physicians from different specialties and (2) determine significant differences by medical specialty. We recruited (n = 183) Internal Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine (FM) and Obstetrics/Gynecology (OB/GYN) residents and attending physicians to complete a 15-question online survey assessing knowledge, attitudes and current IPV screening practices. We evaluated associations between medical specialty and knowledge, attitudes and practice measures before and after controlling for covariates. Knowledge of how often IPV occurs in society, community resources, and screening tools were significantly different by specialty (all p's < 0.05). A majority of FM physicians (88%) reported that it is a physician's responsibility to find and treat IPV and 97% reported that IPV should be included in their training. Compared to OB/GYN physicians in multivariate analyses, FM physicians were less likely to report they were comfortable discussing IPV with their patients in crude (OR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.13, 0.94) and adjusted models (OR = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.60). FM physicians were also less likely to report screening female patients for IPV before (OR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.08, 0.86) and after adjusting for confounders (OR = 0.11; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.47). Our results indicate that FM physicians have positive attitudes towards finding and treating IPV yet need enhanced training to improve their comfort level with screening for and discussing IPV with their patients.
Studies on the biology of fish bone—II bone matrix changes during resorption

Abstract 1. 1. The present investigation describes changes in the water-soluble organic matrix during bone resorption in the acellular-boned fish Tilapia macrocephala . Bone resorption was induced after scale removal. 2. 2. Bone carbohydrate concentration decreased 49.2% in 2 days and 93.7% 6 days after scale removal. 3. 3. Bone calcium concentration remained the same at 2 and 4 days but decreased by 63% 6 days after scale removal. 4. 4. The soluble organic matrix was found to be altered prior to mineral removal. 5. 5. In normal bone matrix, two heat-labile, calcium-binding components were identified: One (molecular weight 15,000), not sensitive to beta-glucuronidase, and the other (molecular weight 6000), which was sensitive to beta-glucuronidase. Uronic acid was found to be associated with these components. 6. 6. In resorbing bone matrix only one calcium binding component (molecular weight 15,000) was identified.
Consumer satisfaction and repatronage intentions following a business failure: The importance of perceived control with an organizational complaint

The purpose of this study was to examine consumers' perceptions of control regarding complaints to organizations. Participants were 134 people recruited to write genuine letters of complaint to organizations that had recently failed them. Consumers' perceptions of their communicative control were examined as they related to satisfaction with organizational recovery efforts and intent to do business with organizations in the future. Results indicated that providing evidence that a person made an impact on an organization through his or her complaint led to increased satisfaction with an organizational response and higher intent to do business with an organization in the future.
Shifting Perceptions of Race and Incarceration as Adolescents Age: Addressing Disproportionate Minority Contact by Understanding How Social Environment Informs Racial Attitudes

African American youth disproportionately experience incarceration in the United States and a number of programs have been created to address disproportionate minority contact (DMC) with the juvenile justice system. Thus, we aim to understand the ways in which race and incarceration are conceptualized differently by younger and older youth. Within these age categories we explore how perceptions of incarceration and crime inform racial attitudes among African American adolescents. We also investigate how a program grounded in an operating framework that extols an achievement ideology and designed to decrease DMC among African American adolescent males shapes participants’ attitudes about race and incarceration and their perceived future trajectories Our findings suggest the older participants were less likely to embrace achievement ideology and more likely to be aware of the structural barriers related to race. Thus, a more culturally responsive, critically engaged intervention may be more appropriate for African American youth.
Diversity in chemistry: catalyzing change

African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans are significantly underrepresented in chemistry and related sciences. An innovative approach based on course revision, peer support, precollege training and strong mentoring offers promise for engaging and retaining more underrepresented minority students and more members of the majority population in these fields.