cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foamy gland high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on core biopsy and subsequent radical prostatectomy: An in depth case report of a rare variant

Abstract A 69-year-old man underwent a robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy after a biopsy proven diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa). Both the biopsy and the prostatectomy specimens revealed an organ-confined conventional PCa of Gleason score 3+4=7 involving the left posterior lobe. In addition, the right lateral lobe revealed a separate large focus of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) involving enlarged, pale glands with tufted and micropapillary architecture. The neoplastic cells shared cytology of foamy gland carcinoma and had pseudostratified, small to pyknotic nuclei and abundant xanthomatous cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive racemase expression in the acinar cells, and basal cells were highlighted by p63 and high molecular weight cytokeratin, confirming a diagnosis of foamy gland HGPIN. No invasive foamy gland carcinoma was identified. Foamy gland HGPIN has limited mention in the literature and can easily be missed. Knowledge and recognition of this rare variant of HGPIN may be of significance in core biopsies in the absence of PCa. HGPIN is regarded as a precursor of PCa. Interestingly, both the foamy gland HGPIN and invasive conventional PCa showed ERG overexpression, however, only HGPIN showed loss of PTEN.
Role of chaperones in nuclear translocation and transactivation of steroid receptors.

Molecular chaperones assist proteins to reach their mature and functional conformation. It has become apparent in recent years that chaperones function as part of a multiprotein heterocomplex that is potentially involved not only in protein folding, but also in intracellular trafficking and in targeting proteins for degradation. In the case of steroid receptors, the activity of the chaperone heterocomplex, as well as the proteins comprising the heterocomplex, has an effect on the observed ligand-dependent transcriptional activity of the receptor. The direct interaction between chaperones and steroid receptors makes them potential therapeutic targets in a number of pathologic conditions. In the case of cancers with steroid receptor involvement, such as breast and prostate cancer, the inhibition of chapterone activity may inhibit tumor cell growth. Conversely, enhancement of chaperone activity may be beneficial in disorders of protein misfolding, as in the case of androgen receptor aggregates found in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy.
A treadmill exercise score predicted survival in outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease

Source Citation Mark DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1991 Sep 19;325:849-53.
Euflammation attenuates central and peripheral inflammation and cognitive consequences of an immune challenge after tumor development

Repeated subthreshold bacterial exposures in rodents cause novel euflammation which attenuates neuroinflammation and sickness behaviors upon subsequent infectious challenges to the host. An advantage of this euflammation protocol is that it does not elicit illness behavior. Bacterial antitumor treatments are successful, but suboptimal due to their illness side effects. In addition, behavioral consequences (depression, cognitive impairments) to homeostatic challenges that are associated with inflammation are prevalent and reduce quality of life in cancer survivors. This study tested the potential for euflammation to attenuate behavioral consequences of an immune challenge in tumor-bearing mice. Mice with and without oral tumors in their flank received the established peripheral euflammatory protocol or vehicle, followed by an acute peripheral immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] injection) or saline. Cognitive function and sickness behavior was assessed after the challenge and peripheral and central inflammatory responses were measured. Euflammation reduced LPS-induced peripheral and central inflammation in all mice, however neuroinflammation was less attenuated in tumor-bearing mice compared with tumor-free controls. LPS-induced lethargy and cognitive impairments were more pronounced among tumor-bearing mice and were effectively attenuated with euflammation. Cognitive changes were independent of brain-derived growth factor gene expression in the hippocampus. These results suggest that induction of euflammation may alleviate the negative side effects of bacterial-based tumor treatments and attenuate behavioral comorbidities associated with cancer or other chronic diseases.
Herpesviruses in the Activated Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase-δ Syndrome

The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is important for multiple stages of herpesvirus replication including virus entry, replication, latency, and reactivation. Recently, patients with gain-of-function mutations in the p110δ-catalytic subunit of PI3K or in the p85-regulatory subunit of PI3K have been reported. These patients have constitutively active PI3K with hyperactivation of Akt. They present with lymphoproliferation and often have infections, particularly recurrent respiratory infections and/or severe virus infections. The most frequent virus infections are due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV); patients often present with persistent EBV and/or CMV viremia, EBV lymphoproliferative disease, or CMV lymphadenitis. No patients have been reported with CMV pneumonia, colitis, or retinitis. Other herpesvirus infections have included herpes simplex pneumonia, recurrent zoster, and varicella after vaccination with the varicella vaccine. Additional viral infections have included adenovirus viremia, severe warts, and extensive Molluscum contagiosum virus infection. The increased susceptibility to virus infections in these patients is likely due to a reduced number of long-lived memory CD8 T cells and an increased number of terminally differentiated effector CD8 T cells.
Hormonal Imbalances and Mechanisms of Chemical Injury of Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland originates as a thickened plate of epithelium in the floor of the pharynx (Fig. 237). It is intimately related to the aortic sac in its development, and this association leads to the frequent occurrence of accessory thyroid parenchyma in the mediastinum. The accessory thyroid tissue may undergo neoplastic transformation. A portion of the thyroglossal duct may persist postnatally and form a cyst due to the accumulation of proteinic material secreted by the lining epithelium. Thyroglossal duct cysts develop in the anterior cervical region. Their lining epithelium may undergo neoplastic transformation and give rise to follicular cell carcinomas. Accessory thyroid tissue is common particularly in certain animal species such as the dog and may be located anywhere from the larynx to the diaphragm. About 50% of adult dogs have accessory thyroids embedded in the fat on the intrapericardial aorta. Accessory thyroid tissue completely lacks C (parafollicular) cells, but their follicular structure and function are the same as those of the main thyroid lobes.
Influence of Size Effects on Opening Mode Fracture Parameters for Precracked Concrete Beams in Bending

Results of three-point bending tests on three sizes of single-edge-notch (SEN) concrete beams are presented. The beams all had the same width (76.2 mm) and span/depth ratio (3.75) with depths of 102 mm, 203 mm and 305 mm. The fracture energy results show wide scatter but apparent independence with beam depth although not with crack depth. The energy release rate results based on LEFM show strong invariance with crack depth and also are invariant between the two larger beam sizes. Good agreement between results of different methods of data evaluation was obtained.
What Does the Study of Religion Study

At the end of the twentieth century, scholars in the academic study of religion made what we might call “the reflexive turn,” in that they picked up the tools of genealogy, deconstruction, and post-colonial studies and they began in earnest to reflect critically on their own conceptual categories. Where did the very concept of “religion” come from? Whose interests are served by this apparently modern, European, and Christian way of categorizing practices? One way to think about the effect of the reflexive turn is to think of the conceptual vocabulary in religious studies as a window or lens through which scholars had previously been examining the world. What had been taken as natural and transparent now becomes itself the object of study. Richard King calls this “the Copernican turn,” that is, as he nicely puts it, a turn to focus on the representation that makes the object possible rather than the object that makes the representation possible. The goal of this turn is to “denaturalize” the concept of religion (King, 1). The reflexive or Copernican turn, in my judgment, is a crucial aspect of social inquiry that scholars of religion should not ignore. But it clearly leads to the question: once one denaturalizes the concept of “religion,” what does the academic study of religion study?
50K-C: a dataset of compilable, and compiled, Java projects

We provide a repository of 50,000 compilable Java projects. Each project in this dataset comes with references to all the dependencies required to compile it, the resulting bytecode, and the scripts with which the projects were built. The dependencies and the build scripts provide a mechanism to re-create compilation of the projects, if needed (to instruct source code for bytecode analysis, for example). The bytecode is ready for testing, execution, and dynamic analysis tools.
Reasons for Young Adult Waterpipe Use in Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Introduction Waterpipe use is common among U.S. young adults (aged 18–24 years), with estimates considerably higher than other age groups. Although studies have examined attitudes and beliefs associated with waterpipe use, no study has examined reasons for use in a nationally representative sample. Methods Using latent class analyses, this study examined subgroups based on self-reported reasons for use of past 30-day young adult (aged 18–24 years) waterpipe users (n=1,198) from Wave 1 (2013–2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Data analyses were conducted in 2017. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, substance use, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Results A three-class model was identified: Class 1 (socializing and flavors, 57%), Class 2 (many reasons [flavors, socializing, less harmful than cigarettes, and affordability], 20%), and Class 3 (socializing, 23%). Class 3 was considered the referent group. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks were less likely to belong to Class 1, whereas Hispanics were more likely to belong to Class 2. Compared with less than high school education, greater than high school education was associated with membership in Class 1; however, high school graduation was associated with membership in Class 2. Past-year alcohol users compared with non-users were less likely to belong to Class 2. Past 30-day poly-tobacco users compared with non-users were more likely to belong to Class 2. Conclusions This study revealed distinct classes of waterpipe users based on self-reported reasons for use. Findings inform targeted policies for waterpipe tobacco control as part of public health efforts to mitigate harms associated with tobacco use.
Final Report on Subcontract B605152. Multigrid Methods for Systems of PDEs

The project team has continued with work on developing aggressive coarsening techniques for AMG methods. Of particular interest is the idea to use aggressive coarsening with polynomial smoothing. Using local Fourier analysis the optimal values for the parameters involved in defining the polynomial smoothers are determined automatically in a way to achieve fast convergence of cycles with aggressive coarsening. Numerical tests have the sharpness of the theoretical results. The methods are highly parallelizable and efficient multigrid algorithms on structured and semistructured grids in two and three spatial dimensions.
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Presenting as Ischemic Stroke: A Case Report

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a condition seen in individuals greater than 50 years of age and is often asymptomatic. In patients who are symptomatic, the symptoms include cases where patients may present with paresis, neck stiffness, and gait abnormalities. We present a 63-year-old male who complained of a four-week-long "tingling and numbness" in his right upper and lower extremities. The sensation worsened over the next couple of days to the point where it affected his gait and led to a subsequent visit to the emergency room. Initial presentation prompted a stroke workup, but further investigation revealed findings suggestive of CSM. This case report highlights the symptomology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in adults greater than 50 years of age and emphasizes the importance of recognizing the essential markers of this condition.
ATG8-Binding UIM Proteins Define a New Class of Autophagy Adaptors and Receptors

During autophagy, vesicle dynamics and cargo recruitment are driven by numerous adaptors and receptors that become tethered to the phagophore through interactions with lipidated ATG8/LC3 decorating the expanding membrane. Most currently described ATG8-binding proteins exploit a well-defined ATG8-interacting motif (AIM, or LC3-interacting region [LIR]) that contacts a hydrophobic patch on ATG8 known as the LIR/AIM docking site (LDS). Here we describe a new class of ATG8 interactors that exploit ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM)-like sequences for high-affinity binding to an alternative ATG8 interaction site. Assays with candidate UIM-containing proteins together with unbiased screens identified a large collection of UIM-based ATG8 interactors in plants, yeast, and humans. Analysis of a subset also harboring ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domains revealed a role for UIM-directed autophagy in clearing non-functional CDC48/p97 complexes, including some impaired in human disease. With this new class of adaptors and receptors, we greatly extend the reach of selective autophagy and identify new factors regulating autophagic vesicle dynamics.
Seasonal Sources of Whole‐Lake CH4 and CO2 Emissions From Interior Alaskan Thermokarst Lakes

Author(s): Elder, CD; Schweiger, M; Lam, B; Crook, ED; Xu, X; Walker, J; Walter Anthony, KM; Czimczik, CI | Abstract: The lakes that form via ice-rich permafrost thaw emit CH4 and CO2 to the atmosphere from previously frozen ancient permafrost sources. Despite this potential to positively feedback to climate change, lake carbon emission sources are not well understood on whole-lake scales, complicating upscaling. In this study, we used observations of radiocarbon (14C) and stable carbon (13C) isotopes in the summer and winter dissolved CH4 and CO2 pools, ebullition-CH4, and multiple independent mass balance approaches to characterize whole-lake emission sources and apportion annual emission pathways. Observations focused on five lakes with variable thermokarst in interior Alaska. The 14C age of discrete ebullition-CH4 seeps ranged from 395n±n15 to 28,240n±n150 YBP across all study lakes; however, dissolved 14CH4 was younger than 4,730 YBP. In the primary study lake, Goldstream L., the integrated whole-lake 14C age of ebullition-CH4, as determined by three different approaches, ranged from 3,290 to 6,740 YBP. A new dissolved-14C-CH4-based approach to estimating ebullition 14C age and flux showed close agreement to previous ice-bubble surveys and bubble-trap flux estimates. Differences in open water versus ice-covered dissolved gas concentrations and their 14C and 13C isotopes revealed the influence of winter ice trapping and forcing ebullition-CH4 into the underlying water column, where it comprised 50% of the total dissolved CH4 pool by the end of winter. Across the study lakes, we found a relationship between the whole-lake 14C age of dissolved CH4 and CO2 and the extent of active thermokarst, representing a positive feedback system that is sensitive to climate warming.
Evaluation of commercially available meth-deterrent pseudoephedrine hydrochloride products.

Abstract Pseudoephedrine (PSE) extracted from its dosage forms can be used as the starting material to prepare methamphetamine by drug abusers. Recently, some pseudoephedrine drug products marketed under the over the counter (OTC) monograph have been promoted as ‘meth-deterrent’. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the extraction and dissolution of these product against controls of non-meth-deterrent products of pseudoephedrine. Immediate release (IR) PSE OTC Product-C, Product-D and Product-E with meth-deterrent claim on their packaging were selected for this study. Accordingly, OTC IR PSE tablet Product-A and OTC extended release (ER) PSE tablet Product-B, with no meth-deterrent claims, were used as controls. The extraction studies were performed on intact tablets or capsules and on manipulated products employing water, ethanol and 0.l N HCl as solvents. The extraction studies were also performed in water at elevated temperatures by heating the water in an oven and in a microwave. The dissolution studies were performed in water and 0.1 N HCl. The amount of PSE extracted from Product-C was found similar to the amount extracted from the non-meth-deterrent control Product-A. The amount of PSE extracted from Product-D and Product-E was found lower than the amount extracted from control Product-A under the conditions studied. Product-A, Product-B, and Product-C met their respective dissolution acceptance criteria. The IR Products D and E released less than 50% drug in 12 h and did not meet either IR or ER PSE tablet USP dissolution acceptance criteria. In summary, the extraction of Product-C was found to be high (approximately 85% in 30 min) and was similar in extraction to the control Product-A. The extraction of Product-D and Product-E was found less than the extraction of control Product-A. Also, Product-D and Product-E did not exhibit complete drug release. This study showed that PSE can be extracted from Product D and Product E.
A simple 3-point flexural method for measuring fracture toughness of the dental porcelain to zirconia bond and other brittle bimaterial interfaces

Abstract Purpose Porcelain fused to zirconia prostheses are widely used, but porcelain chipping, fracture, spalling and delamination are common clinical problems. Conventional bond strength testing is inherently unsuited for studying interfacial failure by cracking in brittle materials. Instead, fracture toughness is a more meaningful parameter because it can assess the robustness of the interface when subjected to loading, but fracture mechanics approaches have only rarely been used. Our purpose was to develop a novel, simple, 3-point flexural methodology and mathematical analysis to measure the fracture toughness of the porcelain to zirconia interface. Methods Equations were derived to estimate the fracture toughness of the bond by computing the interfacial energy release rate for a novel simple 3-point flexural test model. The test was validated using two different configurations of layered zirconia/porcelain beams (n = 10), approximating the dimensions of a fixed dental prosthesis, fabricated from a tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium dioxide partially stabilized with yttria and a feldspathic dental porcelain. Results Cracking along the bimaterial interface was produced and measured as a discrete event. Fracture toughness means (standard deviations) computed from the measured energy release rate, for the porcelain to zirconia interface in two different specimen configurations were 7.9 (1.3) and 5.3 (1.6) J/m2. Conclusions Equations were derived to measure interfacial fracture toughness of brittle materials using a novel simple 3-point flexural test method. The test was then validated; estimates for the fracture toughness for the porcelain to zirconia bond, overlapped with previously published data derived from more complex 4-point notched tests.
Adverse childhood experiences and propensity to participate in the commercialized sex market

Abstract Background Previous research has tied adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to a variety of deleterious mental health, physical, and behavioral outcomes. There has been some examination of the relationship between ACEs and selling sexual services, but not on the relation of ACEs to purchasing. Objective We hypothesize a cumulative impact of ACEs on the propensity to purchase and buy and sell sex. We further hypothesize that childhood sexual abuse will have unique impacts on buying and selling. Participants & setting We recruited participants who had ever/never exchanged money or things of values for sex through Amazon MTurk (n = 930). Methods Using logistic regression, we examined how cumulative ACEs and each separate ACE increased propensity to buy or sell sex. We controlled for sex, age, race, employment status, and sexuality. Results Utilizing the analysis from cumulative ACEs found that the propensity to buy (odds ratio 1.11***) and sell sex (odds ratio 1.094**) increased as cumulative ACE score increased. Bisexuals had high propensity of both buying (odds ratio 2.12) and selling sex (odds ratio 2.74). Women (odds ratio 0.53) and people of color (odds ratio 0.65) where more likely to sell than others. For odds of buying sex, childhood sexual abuse (odds ratio 1.57) had the most impact. For selling sex, childhood sexual abuse (odds ratio 1.96) and household physical violence (odds ratio 2.73) increased propensity while household mental abuse (odds ratio 0.57) decreased propensity. Conclusions Understanding the impact of ACEs is important to understand participation as a buyer and seller in the commercialized sex market.
Electrophysiology Testing: Appropriate Indications in TLOC/Collapse

Arrhythmias including bradycardia, tachyarrhythmias, and conduction issues may result in syncope, but often there is difficulty correlating an arrhythmia to clinical symptoms. Non-invasive monitoring including Holter monitoring, event recording, patch recorders, mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry, and the so-called smart watch applications may be insufficient to document a correlation due to a number of reasons. The episodes of syncope may be infrequent or could even be an isolated event occurring during a high risk situation, such as driving or operating heavy machinery. Other patients may have sudden incapacitation limiting their ability to trigger recording of any arrhythmia. Some patients are averse to having prolonged exposure to adhesives used to affix these monitoring leads to the chest. While implantable cardiac monitor has become significantly smaller over the past few years, it is still invasive and does not provide any therapy in case of an arrhythmia.
When My Parents Came to the Gay Ball: Comfort Work in Adult Child–Parent Relationships:

In addition to the emotion work that occurs in families, I theorize that adult children also engage in comfort work with their parents, navigations, and strategies to reduce the discomfort of paren...
"Mucosal maps" of the canine nasal cavity: Micro-computed tomography and histology.

Nasal turbinals, delicate and complex bones of the nasal cavity that support respiratory or olfactory mucosa (OM), are now easily studied using high resolution micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). Standard μ-CT currently lacks the capacity to identify OM or other mucosa types without additional radio-opaque staining techniques. However, even unstained mucosa is more radio-opaque than air, and thus mucosal thickness can be discerned. Here, we assess mucosal thickness of the nasal fossa using the cranium of a cadaveric adult dog that was μ-CT scanned with an isotropic resolution of 30 μm, and subsequently histologically sectioned and stained. After co-alignment of μ-CT slice planes to that of histology, mucosal thickness was estimated at four locations. Results based on either μ-CT or histology indicate olfactory mucosa is thicker on average compared with non-olfactory mucosa (non-OM). In addition, olfactory mucosa has a lesser degree of variability than the non-OM. Variability in the latter appears to relate mostly to the varying degree of vascularity of the lamina propria. Because of this, in structures with both specialized vascular respiratory mucosa and OM, such as the first ethmoturbinal (ET I), the range of thickness of OM and non-OM may overlap. Future work should assess the utility of diffusible iodine-based contrast enhanced CT techniques, which can differentiate epithelium from the lamina propria, to enhance our ability to differentiate mucosa types on more rostral ethmoturbinals. This is especially critical for structures such as ET I, which have mixed functional roles in many mammals.
The Landscape of Novel Therapeutics and Challenges in Glioblastoma Multiforme: Contemporary State and Future Directions.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme is a malignant intracranial neoplasm that constitutes a therapeutic challenge because of the associated high morbidity and mortality given the lack of effective approved medication and aggressive nature of the tumor. However, there has been extensive research recently to address the reasons implicated in the resistant nature of the tumor to pharmaceutical compounds, which have resulted in several clinical trials investigating promising treatment approaches. Methods: We reviewed literature published since 2010 from PUBMED and several annual meeting abstracts through 15 September 2020. Selected articles included those relevant to topics of glioblastoma tumor biology, original basic research, clinical trials, seminal reviews, and meta-analyses. We provide a discussion based on the collected evidence regarding the challenging factors encountered during treatment, and we highlighted the relevant trials of novel therapies including immunotherapy and targeted medication. Results: Selected literature revealed four main factors implicated in the low efficacy encountered with investigational treatments which included: (1) blood-brain barrier; (2) immunosuppressive microenvironment; (3) genetic heterogeneity; (4) external factors related to previous systemic treatment that can modulate tumor microenvironment. Investigational therapies discussed in this review were classified as immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Immunotherapy included: (1) immune checkpoint inhibitors; (2) adoptive cell transfer therapy; (3) therapeutic vaccines; (4) oncolytic virus therapy. Targeted therapy included tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other receptor inhibitors. Finally, we provide our perspective on future directions in treatment of glioblastoma. Conclusion: Despite the limited success in development of effective therapeutics in glioblastoma, many treatment approaches hold potential promise including immunotherapy and novel combinational drugs. Addressing the molecular landscape and resistant immunosuppressive nature of glioblastoma are imperative in further development of effective treatments.
The human hippocampus plays a time-limited role in retrieving autobiographical memories

The necessity of the human hippocampus for remote autobiographical recall remains fiercely debated. The standard model of consolidation predicts a time-limited role for the hippocampus, but the competing multiple trace/trace transformation theories posit indefinite involvement. Lesion evidence remains inconclusive, and the inferences one can draw from fMRI have been limited by reliance on covert (silent) recall, which obscures dynamic, moment-to-moment content of retrieved memories. Here, we capitalized on advances in fMRI denoising to employ overtly spoken recall. Forty participants retrieved recent and remote memories, describing each for approximately two minutes. Details associated with each memory were identified and modeled in the fMRI timeseries data using a variant of the Autobiographical Interview procedure, and activity associated with the recall of recent and remote memories was then compared. Posterior hippocampal regions exhibited temporally-graded activity patterns (recent events > remote events), as did several regions of frontal and parietal cortex. Consistent with predictions of the standard model, recall-related hippocampal activity differed from a non-autobiographical control task only for recent, and not remote, events. Task-based connectivity between posterior hippocampal regions and others associated with mental scene construction also exhibited a temporal gradient, with greater connectivity accompanying the recall of recent events. These findings support predictions of the standard model of consolidation and demonstrate the potential benefits of overt recall in neuroimaging experiments.
Comments on Point:Counterpoint: Estrogen and sex do/do not influence post-exercise indexes of muscle damage, inflammation, and repair.

to the editor: Interpretations on the effect of estrogen/sex should be based on direct measures of muscle injury and subsequent repair/regeneration (i.e., improvements in muscle structure and function after injurious exercise). The inclusion of indexes of the inflammatory response (e.g.,
Calibrating generalized predictive distributions

In prediction problems, it is common to model the data-generating process and then use a model-based procedure, such as a Bayesian predictive distribution, to quantify uncertainty about the next observation. However, if the posited model is misspecified, then its predictions may not be calibrated -- that is, the predictive distribution's quantiles may not be nominal frequentist prediction upper limits, even asymptotically. Rather than abandoning the comfort of a model-based formulation for a more complicated non-model-based approach, here we propose a strategy in which the data itself helps determine if the assumed model-based solution should be adjusted to account for model misspecification. This is achieved through a generalized Bayes formulation where a learning rate parameter is tuned, via the proposed generalized predictive calibration (GPrC) algorithm, to make the predictive distribution calibrated, even under model misspecification. Extensive numerical experiments are presented, under a variety of settings, demonstrating the proposed GPrC algorithm's validity, efficiency, and robustness.
Retinal transplants into adult eyes affected by phototoxic retinopathy.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses retinal transplants into adult eyes affected by phototoxic retinopathy. This chapter also discusses : (1) whether, and to what extent, the adult retina would support the growth and differentiation of the immature retina beyond the implantation point; (2) whether the photically damaged host retina would provide vascularization sufficient to allow extended growth of the transplant; (3) to what extent the transplant would integrate with the host neural retina; and (4) whether eyes with extensively damaged retinas would also be able to incorporate transplanted cells and to support their growth. The results indicate that successful retinal transplantation is feasible into the extensively damaged adult eye, and that to some extent, the procedure permits the repopulation of neuroretinal cells. There are some similarities and fundamental differences between the experimental designs used and the results described in the present report. The main similarity is the ability for the transplanted retina to survive, grow and differentiate into the adult host eye, while the most significant difference is that in the present study, the host's eyes are not normal, rather suffer from extensive neural and vascular damage to retina and choroid. However, the use of labeled, dissociated cells, in addition to tissue strips, added a technical advantage to the experimental protocol.
In-vehicle speech recognition and tutorial keywords spotting for novice drivers' performance evaluation

Novice young drivers are more frequently involved in traffic accidents, and studies have shown that effective supervised driver training is the key in reducing young drivers' risks. Using our previously developed Mobile-UTDrive in-vehicle data acquisition platform, two 16-age novice drivers participated in naturalistic drive training data collection. This paper focuses on analysis of novice driver training signals from an audio processing perspective. Specifically, analysis of supervised driver instruction audio and resulting CAN-Bus maneuver operation is performed. Following a procedure which consists of noise suppression, speech recognition and keyword spotting, five tutorial keywords — Brake, Gas, Left, Right and Stop — are spotted at an overall accuracy rate of 40% versus all spontaneous continuous speech. The time stamps of these keywords are then used as indications of driving maneuvers. As examples of driving performance evaluation, the case of making Left-Turn maneuvers for the two novice drivers are assessed and compared, and the increase of driving skills over experiences are analyzed.
Comparison of various CEM methods for antenna array applications

The applicability of Computational Electromagnetic (CEM) Methods, specifically the full-wave methods like the Method of Moments (MoM), Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and Multi-level Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM) for the design and analysis of wideband Vivaldi antenna arrays of various sizes is discussed.
Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.

Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events and is accompanied by physical symptoms such as headaches, tension, restlessness, gastrointestinal distress, and heart palpitations. Symptoms impose marked distress and interfere with social, emotional, and educational functioning. GAD occurs in over 10% of children and adolescents, has an average age of onset of 8.5 years, and is more often reported in girls. Common co-occurring conditions include separation anxiety disorder and social phobia.
Cognitive radios for aeronautical telemetry

A novel modulation classifier for the three CPMs described in IRIG 106 is developed. The classifier is based on comparing histograms of measured phase shifts to the three true discrete phase shift densities using the Kullback-Leibler distance. Simulation results show that the classifier correctly identifies the true modulation for all three cases when E b /N 0 ≥ 30 dB. Even though a relative high signal-to-noise ratio is required for the classifier to operate in a satisfactory way, this method is able to correctly identify al three, in contrast to the previously published classifier devoted to the IRIG 106 modulations.
Observation of Basal Dislocations in Ice by Etching and Replicating

A method is described for preparing the surface of ice and for forming etch pits on the prismatic surfaces with whisker replicas that correspond to basal dislocations. The technique removes the ambiguity sometimes associated with etch pits and dislocations, and allows direct observation of dislocation glide, pile-up against barriers, and other features in deformed ice.
Fuzzy logic: issues, contentions and perspectives

There has been a rapid growth in the number and variety of applications of fuzzy logic. The successes of fuzzy logic have also generated a skeptical reaction. Most of the criticisms directed at fuzzy logic are rooted in a misunderstanding of what it is and/or a lack of familiarity with it. In many cases, what is not recognized is that the term fuzzy logic (FL) is actually used in two different senses. In a narrow sense, fuzzy logic (FLn) is a logical system which is an extension of multivalued logic and is intended to serve as a logic of approximate reasoning. But in a wider sense, fuzzy logic (FLw) is more or less synonymous with the theory of fuzzy sets (FST). Today the term fuzzy logic is used predominantly in its wider sense. It is in this sense that any field X can be fuzzified-and hence generalized by replacing the concept of a crisp set in X by a fuzzy set. What is gained through fuzzification is greater generality, higher expressive power, an enhanced ability to model real-world phenomena and a methodology for exploiting the tolerance for imprecision. Most of the applications of fuzzy logic relate to control in the context of industrial systems and consumer products. What is discernible, however, is (a) the trend toward the use of fuzzy logic in task-oriented-rather than set-point-oriented-control; and (b) the incorporation of fuzzy logic and neural network techniques in the conception and design of complex systems in which control and expert system techniques are used in combination. >
Endolysosome mechanisms associated with Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in rabbits ingesting cholesterol-enriched diet.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized clinically by progressive disturbances in memory, judgment, reasoning and olfaction, and pathologically by loss of synaptic integrity, extracellular accumulations of amyloid beta (Aβ) containing plaques, and intraneuronal tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. Endolysosome dysfunction is one of the earliest pathological features of AD and cholesterol, a known risk factor for sporadic AD, is up-taken into neurons via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Accordingly, we determined the extent to which endolysosome dysfunction is associated with pathological features observed in rabbits fed cholesterol-enriched diet; a well-characterized model of sporadic AD. Olfactory bulbs were taken from rabbits fed for 12 weeks a diet enriched with 2% cholesterol and endolysosome morphology and function as well as AD-like pathology were investigated using enzyme activity measurements, immunoblotting and immunostaining techniques. In olfactory bulbs of rabbits fed cholesterol-enriched diet we observed enlarged endolysosomes containing increased accumulations of ApoB containing cholesterol and increased accumulations of synaptophysin, Aβ and phosphorylated tau. Cholesterol-enriched diet also decreased significantly specific enzyme activities of the endolysosome enzymes acid phosphatase and cathepsin D. Decreased synaptic area was present in olfactory bulbs of cholesterol-fed rabbits as indicated by significant decreases in protein expression levels of the synaptic area marker protein synaptophysin. Our results suggest strongly that elevated circulating cholesterol plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, and that alterations in endolysosome structure and function are associated with cholesterol diet-induced AD-like pathology.
Screening Instruments and Brief Batteries for Dementia

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews commonly used cognitive screening instruments and brief batteries for dementia. Cognitive impairment is the most frequent mental health syndrome affecting older adults and is a leading cause of disability, psychological distress, and health care expenditures. Dementia syndromes such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) have grown in prevalence as advances in medical care have increased longevity. Early identification of cognitive impairment may also lead to empowerment of the cognitively impaired person and their family by giving them the opportunity to become more educated regarding the illness, which can lead to better decision-making and less stress. On the other hand, ruling out cognitive impairment can lead elders complaining of memory loss to look for other explanations. As dementia becomes more advanced, the purposes of brief batteries shift toward evaluating the impact of cognitive impairment on daily functioning, the need for environmental support to ensure safety, and a variety of clinical situations such as treatment and discharge planning. Although all instruments require evidence of clinical utility and validity, additional psychometric features may be emphasized depending upon the purpose of the assessment. Whereas instruments used for earlier detection of dementia syndromes require high levels of sensitivity, instruments used for the purpose of predicting functioning have greater requirements for predictive validity.
Compensating Mass Matrix Potential for Constrained Molecular Dynamics

Rigid internal constraints are used in molecular models to speed up molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is well recognized that statistical averages from such constrained MD simulations differ by a metric tensor-dependent term from similar averages computed using conventional unconstrained MD simulations. Fixman proposed augmenting the standard potential with a compensating term which depends on the metric tensor to nullify the effects of this bias term. However, in the absence of tractable algorithms to compute this compensating tensor potential and its gradient its use has been impractical. This paper derives a new algorithm for computing the compensating potential, as well as its gradient for tree topology molecular systems. The algorithm is quite straightforward and is an extension of the spatial operators basedO(N) algorithm that has been recently proposed for constrained dynamics. Indeed, the compensating potential is closely related and computed from the articulated body inertia quantities available from thisO(N) algorithm.
Estimating the Dimensions of the SEU-Sensitive Volume

Simulations of the diffusion contribution to charge collection in SEU events are carried out under the simple assumption of random walk. The results of the simulation are combined with calculations of the funneling length for the field-assisted drift components to determine the effective thickness of the sensitive volume element to be used in calculations of soft-error rates for heavy-ion-induced and proton-induced upsets in microelectronic circuits. Comparison is made between predicted and measured SEU crosssections for devices for which the critical charges are known from electrical measurements and the dimensions of the sensitive volume used are determined by the techniques described. The agreement is sufficient to encourage confidence that SEU rates can be calculated from first principles and a knowledge of the material, structural, and electrical characteristics of the device.
Sequence length for repeated screening tests.

Abstract The cost of detecting asymptomatic colonic cancer with a sequence of occult blood tests by the guaiac method is investigated to determine the effect of sequence length. The results are sensitive to the definition of a screen positive and a variety of definitions of a positive screen are investigated. It is found that additional tests, when practical, can be used effectively to reduce the average cost of detection per case and to decrease markedly the probability of a false positive screen without sacrificing high sensitivity even when the prevalence of disease is low. The results hold for a variety of combinations of test and prevalence parameters. This strengthens the conclusion and makes the results more generally applicable.
Enzyme Patterns in Tetraparental Mouse Liver

TETRAPARENTAL mice are produced by fusing two eight-cell stage embryos. If the two embryos originate from different inbred strains, allelic differences between the strains produce mosaic patterns in the adult tetraparental which make possible inferences about development1–3. Mintz and Baker have elegantly used this concept to confirm that somatic muscle cells fuse during development4. They used an isozyme variant of isocitrate dehydrogenase, and found hybrid enzyme patterns in somatic muscle tissue. Only parental patterns were demonstrable in other tissues, such as the liver.
Phase-Slip Avalanches in the Superflow of {sup 4}He through Arrays of Nanosize Apertures

In response to recent experiments by the Berkeley group, we construct a model of superflow through an array of nanosize apertures that incorporates two basic ingredients: (1) disorder associated with each aperture having its own random critical velocity, and (2) effective interaperture coupling, mediated through the bulk superfluid. As the disorder becomes weak there is a transition from a regime where phase slips are largely independent to a regime where interactions lead to system-wide avalanches of phase slips. We explore the flow dynamics in both regimes, and make connections to the experiments.
The Role of Subway Travel in an Influenza Epidemic: A New York City Simulation

The interactions of people using public transportation in large metropolitan areas may help spread an influenza epidemic. An agent-based model computer simulation of New York City’s (NYC’s) five boroughs was developed that incorporated subway ridership into a Susceptible–Exposed–Infected–Recovered disease model framework. The model contains a total of 7,847,465 virtual people. Each person resides in one of the five boroughs of NYC and has a set of socio-demographic characteristics and daily behaviors that include age, sex, employment status, income, occupation, and household location and membership. The model simulates the interactions of subway riders with their workplaces, schools, households, and community activities. It was calibrated using historical data from the 1957–1958 influenza pandemics and from NYC travel surveys. The surveys were necessary to enable inclusion of subway riders into the model. The model results estimate that if influenza did occur in NYC with the characteristics of the 1957–1958 pandemic, 4% of transmissions would occur on the subway. This suggests that interventions targeted at subway riders would be relatively ineffective in containing the epidemic. A number of hypothetical examples demonstrate this feature. This information could prove useful to public health officials planning responses to epidemics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9603-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Structure of liquid metals

Abstract A brief review is given of the structure of liquid metals. The structure is examined from the viewpoints of how the pair potential in metals gives rise to various structural properties and how the structure of liquid metals effects other properties. Use is made of the Paskin and Rahman molecular dynamic calculations on liquid sodium to illustrate the insensitive nature of the structure to details in the pair potential. Diffraction data are used to demonstrate that a law of corresponding states exists, at the melting point, for simple liquids, metals and insulators. The molecular dynamic calculations of sodium are also used to demonstrate that some time dependent correlation functions may be more sensitive to the form of the pair potential than the structure factor is to the potential. Some analysis is also made of the role of structure in the electrical resistivity. It is noted that more accurate structure data are needed to answer some of the questions raised in recent attempts to use the struct...
Arithmetic precision for perspective transform in sprite decoding of MPEG-4

This paper presents a method of implementing the perspective transform as specified in the MPEG-4 standard using 32-bit fixed-point reduced precision calculations instead of using 64-bit floating-point full precision operators. We achieve this by removing some redundant calculations and truncating the numerator and denominator terms of the transform without loss of accuracy.