cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
165 Broadway — A Crucial Node in American Structural Linguistics

SUMMARYDuring the Second World War, the United States Armed Forces Institute (USAFI) provided language teaching manuals and dictionaries for military and civilian use. From 1 July 1943 through 30 June 1945, this work was concentrated at an office which was located at 165 Broadway, New York City, and which was headed by a group of young, vigorous, and well trained linguists. The author provides a list of the personnel of this group and describes their activities and their relations with other developments in linguistics at that time and thereafter. Emphasis is placed on the crucial role of the '165 Broadway' group in the application of structural linguistic analysis to the teaching of foreign languages in the United States in following decades.RESUMEPendant la Deuxieme Guerre mondiale, 1''United States Armed Forces Institute' (USAFI) fit preparer des materiaux pour l'enseignement des langues etrangeres et aussi des dictionnaires, a l'usage des militaires et des civils. Du 1 juillet 1943 au 30 juin 1945, ce travail fut concentre dans un bureau situe a 165 Broadway, New York, et fut confie a un groupe de jeunes linguistes vigoureux et professionellement bien formes. L'auteur fournit une liste de ces linguistes et decrit leurs activites et leur rapport avec d'autres developpements dans la linguistique de l'epoque. Il souligne le role central du groupe de '165 Broadway' dans l'application de la linguistique structurale a l'enseignement des langues etrangeres en Amerique pendant les decennies suivantes
023 HRE-Luciferase Transfection Quantifies Tissue Level Ischemia in a Rabbit Ear Wound Model

The Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) system has been characterized as the principal tissue level response to hypoxia. Posttranslational regulation of HIF-1alpha has been reported to act though a Hypoxia Responsive Element (HRE) promoter region on a range of hypoxia-induced genes. A plasmid was constructed consisting of a fivefold HRE repeat conjugated to a luciferase gene, used as a marker for HRE activation. Plasmid HRE-luciferase was then transfected into a well-established ischemic rabbit ear wound healing model. Ischemia was induced using a variety of published models for interruption of arterial inflow and compared with a nonischemic control. Central artery, caudal artery and rostrocaudal artery models were tested for induction of ischemia. Tissue specimens were harvested from the transfected areas and solubilized. Luminescence of each specimen was measured using a standard luminometer to quantify luciferase induction. To provide correlation on a regional level, tissue level oxygen tension was measured directly for each wound model. Profound and statistically significant differences were found in the induced luciferase production. Marked differences in the tissue hypoxia between the various ischemic wound healing models correlated in graded fashion with the ischemia induced on an anatomic basis. The least ischemic model showed no significant difference in hypoxia readings versus control. The intermediate model showed a significant fourfold greater ischemia signaling. The most ischemic model showed a highly significant 72-fold greater ischemic response compared to controls. The use of gene transfection is described as a sensitive and effective method for quantification of tissue hypoxia at a cellular level in ischemic wounds. Acknowledgments: This study was funded by the Wound Healing Research Laboratory.
Tilling the chromatin landscape: emerging methods for the discovery and profiling of protein-DNA interactions.

Interactions between protein and DNA are essential for cellular function. The incremental process of developing global approaches to study chromatin began with the in vitro characterization of chromatin structural components and modifications of the versatile chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, capable of analyzing protein–DNA interactions in vivo. Among the emerging global approaches are ChIP cloning, ChIP display, differential chromatin scanning, ChIP–chip, DamID chromatin profiling, and chromatin array. These methods have been used to assess transcription-factor binding and (or) histone modification. This review describes these global methods and illustrates their potential in answering biological questions.Key words: ChIP, transcription factor binding, histone modification, ChIP display, differential chromatin scanning, ChIP-chip, DamID chromatin profiling, chromatin array.
Towards Rationally Designed Graphene‐Based Materials and Devices

With its exceptional charge transport properties, graphene has emerged as a potential replacement material in the electronics industry. For these applications, much effort has been devoted towards the synthesis of large defect-free graphene sheets. However, recent developments have enabled the efficient production of micrometer- and nanometer-sized graphene sheets in the solution phase. These suspensions have stimulated the development of novel materials and devices that more fully exploit the tunability and large specific surface area of pristine graphene. This review highlights advances in the understanding of the defect structure and properties of as-produced graphene as well as strategies for its chemical selection and modification that facilitates its use in functional materials and devices.
A modular on-line simulator for model reference control of charged particle beams

We have implemented a particle beam simulation engine based on modern software engineering principles with intent that it be a convenient model reference for high-level control applications. The simulator is an autonomous subsystem of the high-level application framework XAL currently under development for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). It supports multiple simulation techniques (i.e., single particle, multi-particle, envelope, etc.), automatically synchronizes with operating accelerator hardware, and also supports off-line design studies. Moreover, since it is implemented using modern techniques in the Java language, it is portable across operating platforms, is maintainable, and upgradeable.
Measuring firm-specific informational efficiency without conditioning on a public announcement

We exploit the availability of active single-stock futures on India's National Stock Exchange (NSE) to provide estimates of overall informational efficiency, without conditioning on a public announcement. The key is the estimation of the primitive parameters of an asset pricing model with private information and noise. The variance–covariance parameters governing futures prices and terminal values can be inverted to obtain the Maximum Likelihood Estimators (MLEs) of the precision of private information and the variance of liquidity motivated trades. The Signal-to Signal-plus-Noise (SSN) ratio – our measure of overall informational efficiency – is a function of these primitive parameters. Our primary findings show that there is considerable variation across firms in these parameters despite only large active firms being available for futures trading. We also examine the cross-sectional relationship of this measure of informational efficiency and corporate governance. Overall informational efficiency increa...
Integrating error recovery in a mobile robot control system

An approach to handling error recovery for mobile robots is proposed. To understand the way in which detection, error analysis, and mission insertion are carried out, the decomposition of missions into statements is introduced, followed by the notion of a token. The goal of tokens is to manipulate statements. Error recovery is based on the development of a failure tree using an error knowledge base. Moreover, the architecture includes detection of hardware malfunctions at different levels. It is shown through examples that the token structure gives a good representation of mission execution and that error recovery enhances the flexibility and reliability of the overall architecture. >
SMARTPAPER: An Interactive and User Friendly Sketching System

This paper describes an interactive sketching system for 3D design/modeling that diverts from the conventional menu-and-button interfaces of CAD tools. The system, dubbed SMARTPAPER, offers a unified sketching environment that supports direct sketching as well as gestured sketching with more emphasis on the former to encourage natural sketching styles. SMARTPAPER also provides a unified 2D and 3D drawing domain by allowing the user to sketch directly on a 3D model in addition to the usual 2D sketching from scratch. A natural sketching experience is offered by supporting casual sketching consisting of wiggly, discontinuous, overlapping strokes. The system is empowered by an array of seamlessly integrated 2D and 3D features such as 2D sketch cleaning, 3D reconstruction from 2D sketch, 3D transformations, sketching on 3D, and conventional 3D CSG operations like cutting and joining. The key to the success of SMARTPAPER is efficient and robust 3D reconstruction from a single freehand 2D sketch with minimal hints. We have employed and improved Lipson’s optimization method, originally designed for offline reconstruction of engineering drawings, in our interactive system by leveraging additional clues obtained by interaction during sketching.
Robust detection of region boundaries in a sequence of images

The problem of region recognition in a sequence of images is addressed, and a recognition system that finds and tracks region-of-interest boundaries in those images is presented. These regions are not stationary: parts of the boundary may be missing or completely blurred and outliers are likely to exist. Thus, the emphasis is on robustification and efficiency. The region segmentation problem was formulated as a multihypothesis test that seeks the boundary that maximizes a performance criterion which is general in terms of blur and noise. Efficiency is obtained by restricting outline candidates to an adaptive search area near the optimal boundary from the previous section. The search for the maximum is cast into a fast first-order dynamic programming procedure. Robust statistical techniques are used in the multihypothesis test to reduce the sensitivity to outliers and unexpected noise. The inconsistent parts of the optimal boundary are then detected by using a robust expectation maximization algorithm and are interpolated from higher-quality parts. The boundary obtained by this method is used as the reference boundary for the next image. >
Ventricular arrhythmia inducibility predicts subsequent ICD activation in nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients: a DEFINITE substudy.

Objectives:We evaluated whether electrophysiologic (EP) inducibility predicts the subsequent occurrence of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the Defibrillators in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation (DEFINITE) trial. Background:Inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias has been widely used as a risk marker to select implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) candidates, but is believed not to be predictive in nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients. Methods:In DEFINITE, patients randomized to the ICD arm, but not the conventional arm, underwent noninvasive EP testing via the ICD shortly after ICD implantation using up to three extrastimuli at three cycle lengths plus burst pacing. Inducibility was defined as monomorphic or polymorphic VT or VF lasting 15 seconds. Patients were followed for a median of 29 ± 14 months (interquartile range = 2–41). An independent committee, blinded to inducibility status, characterized the rhythm triggering ICD shocks. Results:Inducibility, found in 29 of 204 patients (VT in 13, VF in 16), was associated with diabetes (41.4% vs 20.6%, P = 0.014) and a slightly higher ejection fraction (23.2 ± 5.9 vs 20.5 ± 5.7, P = 0.021). In follow-up, 34.5% of the inducible group (10 of 29) experienced ICD therapy for VT or VF or arrhythmic death versus 12.0% (21 of 175) noninducible patients (hazard ratio = 2.60, P = 0.014). Conclusions:In DEFINITE patients, inducibility of either VT or VF was associated with an increased likelihood of subsequent ICD therapy for VT or VF, and should be one factor considered in risk stratifying nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients.
Optical designs that improve the efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells

We present an optical-design approach that improves the short-circuit current and efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells by tuning the thickness of the upper-device layers in order to maximize transmission into the CZTSSe absorber. The design approach combines optical modeling of idealized planar devices with a semi-empirical approach for treating the impact of surface roughness. Experimentally, we demonstrate that the new device architecture — which emphasizes thinner CdS and transparent-conducting layers — increases short-circuit current by about 10% in champion-caliber devices. These improvements are directly realized in the power-conversion efficiencies of CZTSSe devices, resulting in a certified improvement in the overall record power-conversion efficiency for CZTSSe from 11.1% to 12.0%. We also report comparable improvements for devices with band gaps in the range of 1.1–1.3 eV.
Dynamic texture models of music

In this paper, we consider representing a musical signal as a dynamic texture, a model for both the timbral and rhythmical qualities of sound. We apply the new representation to the task of automatic song segmentation. In particular, we cluster sequences of audio feature-vectors, extracted from the song, using a dynamic texture mixture model (DTM). We show that the DTM model can both detect transition boundaries and accurately cluster coherent segments. The similarities between the dynamic textures which define these segments are based on both timbral and rhythmic qualities of the music, indicating that the DTM model simultaneously captures two of the important aspects required for automatic music analysis.
Blind decision feedback equalization structures based on adaptive cumulant techniques

Two suboptimum zero-forcing decision feedback equalization (DFE) structures for digital communication channels subject to intersymbol interference and additive white Gaussian noise are proposed based on a discrete adaptive fourth-order cumulant technique. The proposed DFE schemes are blind, stable, and capable of identifying separately both the minimum- and maximum-phase components of nonminimum-phase communication channels. It is demonstrated by Monte Carlo simulations that the proposed equalizers perform very effectively at the expense of more computations. Performance comparisons are made with classical least-mean-square-type DFEs in terms of probability of error and computational complexity. >
Corticofugal modulation of the medial geniculate body.

The function of corticothalamic projections in the auditory system was investigated by reversible inactivation of primary auditory cortex. Changes in the discharges of multiple-unit “clusters” within the ventral division of the medial geniculate body were assessed following removal of normal descending influences by cortical cooling. Patterns of neuronal discharges to clicks or tones were classified as either reverberatory or nonreverberatory during precool control sessions. Cortical cooling suppressed the late reverberatory discharges of the former, but had no effect on the discharge rate or pattern of the latter. The short-latency (< 20 msec) response was unaltered for either type. In addition, cooling of primary auditory cortex produced a significant increase in the background activity of nonreverberatory neurons but had no consistent effects on background activity of reverberatory neurons. Two distinct corticothalamic pathways are postulated to account for these results.
Mechanisms of Tissue Injury in Renal Artery Stenosis: Ischemia and Beyond

Renal injury distal to an atherosclerotic renovascular obstruction reflects multiple intrinsic factors producing parenchymal tissue injury. Atherosclerotic disease pathways superimposed on renal arterial obstruction may aggravate damage to the kidney and other target organs, and some of the factors activated by renal artery stenosis may in turn accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis. This cross-talk is mediated through amplified activation of renin-angiotensin system, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis—pathways notoriously involved in renal disease progression. Oxidation of lipids also accelerates the development of fibrosis in the stenotic kidney by amplifying profibrotic mechanisms and disrupting tissue remodeling. The extent to which actual ischemia modulates injury in the stenotic kidney has been controversial, partly because the decrease in renal oxygen consumption usually parallels a decrease in renal blood flow, and because renal vein oxygen pressure in the affected kidney is not decreased. However, recent data using novel methodologies demonstrate that intra-renal oxygenation is heterogeneously affected in different regions of the kidney. Activation of such local injury within the kidney may lead to renal dysfunction and structural injury, and ultimately unfavorable and irreversible renal outcomes. Identification of specific pathways producing progressive renal injury may enable development of targeted interventions to block these pathways and preserve the stenotic kidney.
X-Ray Diffraction Topography-Differential Omega Scanning Technique

The Differential Omega Scanning Technique (DOST) was developed to improve topographs obtained from silicon wafers which generally possess process induced flexure during the manufacture of semiconductors products. A commercially available Lang camera has been electronically instrumented to provide an automatic adjustment of omega motion of the specimen on the goniometer axis. The position of the specimen relative to the primary beam (theta) is continually altered by DOST to assure maximum, or near maximum, diffraction intensity with changes of flexure of the wafer as the specimen is scanned. The resulting topographs have near complete images and appear to have improved quality. Using techniques developed within the x-ray laboratory, routine acceptable topographs are obtained in only the time required to scan the diameter of the specimen one time.
Rous Sarcoma Virus: a Function required for the Maintenance of the Transformed State

A temperature sensitive RNA tumour virus mutant has been isolated whose properties indicate that part of the viral genome is required for transformation but not for growth.
Collagen microcarrier spinner culture promotes osteoblast proliferation and synthesis of matrix proteins.

Abstract In vitro propagation of osteoblasts in three-dimensional culture has been explored as a means of cell line expansion and tissue engineering purposes. Studies investigating optimal culture conditions are being conducted to produce bone-like material. This study demonstrates the use of collagen microcarrier beads as a substrate for three-dimensional cell culture. We have earlier reported that microcarriers consisting of cross-linked type I collagen support chondrocyte proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix. In this study, we investigated the use of collagen microcarriers to propagate human trabecular bone-derived osteoblasts. Aggregation of cell-seeded microcarriers and production of extracellular matrix–like material were observed after 5 d in culture. Expression of extracellular matrix proteins osteocalcin, osteopontin, and type I collagen was confirmed by messenger ribonucleic acid analysis, radioimmunoassay, and Western blot analysis. The efficient recovery of viable cells was achi...
Read-after-read memory dependence prediction

We identify that typical programs which exhibit highly regular read-after-read (RAR) memory dependence streams. We exploit this regularity by introducing read-after-read (RAR) memory dependence prediction. We also present two RAR memory dependence prediction-based memory latency reduction techniques. In the first technique, a load can obtain a value by simply naming a preceding load with which a RAR dependence is predicted. The second technique speculatively converts a series of LOAD/sub 1/-USE/sub 1/,...,LOAD/sub N/-USE/sub N/ chains into a single LOAD/sub 1/-USE/sub 1/...USE/sub N/ producer/consumer graph. Our techniques can be implemented as surgical extensions to the recently proposed read-after-write (RAW) dependence prediction based speculative memory cloaking and speculative memory bypassing. On average, our techniques provide correct values for an additional 20% (integer codes) and 30% (floating-point codes) of all loads. Moreover, a combined RAW- and RAR-based cloaking/bypassing mechanism improves performance by 6.44% (integer) and 4.66% (floating-point) even when naive memory dependence speculation is used. The original RAW-based cloaking/bypassing mechanism yields improvements of 4.28% (integer) and 3.20% (floating-point).
Preface: Special Issue on Dynamic Games in Macroeconomics

Many important questions in macroeconomics can be formulated as a dynamic game. For example, in dynamic general equilibrium models with public policy, where policymakers face a common agreed upon social objective, the optimal plans of the current government can fail to be time consistent (e.g., Kydland and Prescott [15] and Barro and Gordon [8]). This time inconsistency problem can be studied as a constrained optimization problem with forwardor backward-looking endogenous constraints on an enlarged state space (e.g., see Kydland and Prescott [16], Rustichini [27], Marcet and Marimon [21], or Feng et al. [13]), or as a dynamic game (i.e., Pollak [26], Peleg and Yaari [23], Phelan and Stacchetti [24]). A related situation arises when households make consumption-savings decisions and their intertemporal preferences are dynamically inconsistent. This problem was first studied in Strotz [29] andPollak [26] andhas been the focus of an extensive literature inmacroeconomics (e.g., see Laibson [17] and Bernheim et al. [10]). Yet another prototype dynamic game in macroeconomics arises in altruistic models of economic growth where the dynastic choice problem between generations is a strategic one. Models in this spirit were first introduced in Phelps and Pollak [25] and subsequently studied in Bernheim and Ray [9], Leininger [18], Amir [3], and Balbus et al. [5,6], among others. One additional prototype of a dynamic games and strategic interactions in macroeconomics occurs in models of endogenous borrowing constraints and sustainable debt (e.g., Chari and Kehoe [11] and Alvarez and Jermann [4]). This special issue of Dynamic Games and Applications collects recent papers providing new results on the existence, characterization, and the computation of dynamic equilibria in macroeconomic models with strategically interacting agents. The volume contains work in both dynamic and stochastic games. In the paper by Messner and Pavoni [22], the authors reconsider the nature of the solutions to incentive-constrained dynamic programs generated by recursive saddlepoint methods pioneered in the work of Marcet and Marimon [21].
Report on Symposium Entitled: “Comparative Biology of Primate Semen”

A symposium entitled “Comparative Biology of Primate Semen” was convened as a satellite to the meeting of the International Primatological Society in Florence, 7–12 July 1980. The symposium was held in Siena, Italy, 25–28 June. There were 26 invited participants from nine countries. Of the participants, eight were from institutions which maintained primate colonies involved in the research reported at the symposium, while the remainder were scientists who used primate material supplied by others.
Survey data on household spatial quality and experiences of stress

This data article describes a dataset of 1,668 cases representing self-reported assessments of housing inadequacy and perceived housing stress. The dataset also contains person-level and household-level demographic data to contextualize the above measures. A second supplemental file contains the text of the survey instrument. Discussion of theoretical background and measures development as well as a more detailed socioeconomic profile of the sample is available in the associated research article http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.01.002(Campagna, 2016) [1].
Exploring Institutional Realities: The Economic Crisis as a Time for IB to Lead

The current economic crisis is a complex social phenomenon, several aspects of which go beyond national borders and also cross traditional academic disciplinary boundaries. While initial academic commentary in media has typically been grounded within finance or economics disciplinary boundaries, the complexity of the phenomenon requires broader investigation. International Business (IB) scholars are known for dedication to the realities of phenomena, for investigation using multiple disciplinary perspectives, and of course, for focusing on phenomenon beyond national borders. All these aspects are needed for proper examination of the crisis. In this article, I draw out a few insights on the unique position of IB scholars that can enable them to take a lead on the emerging academic discourse on the crisis, and also invigorate broader interest in the IB approach to investigating business phenomena.
The effect of phosphatidyl choline in preventing the precipitation of cholesterol in an in vitro system.

SummaryThe precipitation of cholesterol from saturated solution in coconut oil by pimelic acid is prevented or markedly inhibited by trace amounts of highly purified phosphatidyl choline. A number of other phospholipids, as well as a number of other miscellaneous compounds, were found to be inactive in preventing the precipitation of cholesterol in the in vitro system. The possible implications with respect to the precipitation of cholesterol in vivo are discussed.
Economic Operation System of Jiulong Valley Control Centre

With the purpose of water saving and economic benefit improving in hydropower station,we lucubrate all the feature of Jiulong Valley Control Centre,consider of the particular relationship between the reservoirs,and make mathematical modelling to avoid boundedness of Fixed Ratio Method.This article presents general situation of Jiulong Valley Control Centre,and the principle for developing economic operation system,also present economic mathematical modeling and its characteristic.The system will make the change from manual to automation in complex Watershed management of valley hydropower station came to true,it improves operation efficiency in power-station by using economic algorithm to distribute load.Thereto,there's almost no capacity reservoir between Shaping and Pianqiao Hydropower,although intimate contact within them,we apply abnormal strategy for their economic operation system.
The Rise of Electronic Data Capture and its Greatest Obstacle

Advancement in healthcare-related technologies has resulted in a groundswell of information contained in patient health records. Electronic data abstraction systems have allowed medical professionals to analyze and apply vast bodies of information comprehensively. In the field of clinical trial management, electronic data capture (EDC) has become vital to this process. Over time, EDC yields benefits in cost, trial duration, and the capacity to utilize remote monitoring. However, EDC implementation can prove costly, and often causes temporary disruptions to workflow and productivity.
A randomized clinical trial of intra-articular sodium hyaluronate in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a summary.

Approximately half of Americans 70 years of age or older suffer from arthritis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most effective nonsurgical therapies for arthritis, but usage often causes harmful side effects, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. Such effects require supplemental therapy that adds an economic burden and may even cause death. The benefits derived from NSAIDs are believed to be due to suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), while the harmful side effects are believed to be due to suppression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). COX-2-specific inhibitors that do not inhibit COX-1 may meet arthritis sufferers' needs for therapies that are safe, convenient, and as effective as conventional NSAIDs.
Hair camouflage: A comprehensive review

Hair is venerated, cherished, and desired in societies throughout the world. Both women and men express their individual identities through their hairstyles. Healthy hair contributes to successful social assimilation, employment, and overall quality of life. Therefore, hair loss can have detrimental effects on almost every aspect of a person's life. In this review, we discuss the myriad of options that aid in concealing and camouflaging hair loss to facilitate a healthier-appearing scalp. Camouflage options for patients who suffer from hair loss include full or partial wigs, hair extensions, concealing powders and sprays, surgical tattoos, and hair transplants. We describe these modalities in detail and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Association Between Maternal-Perceived Psychological Stress and Fetal Telomere Length.

OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to investigate the association between maternal-perceived psychological stress and fetal telomere length. METHODS We recruited women in labor upon hospital delivery admission. Based on responses to the Perceived Stress Scale, we categorized participants as having "high," "normal," or "low" perceived stress. We collected umbilical cord blood samples (N = 71) and isolated genomic DNA from cord blood leukocytes using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We used a ratio of relative telomere length derived by telomere-to-single-copy gene ratio (T/S ratio). We applied analysis of variance and bootstrapping statistical procedures. RESULTS Sixteen (22.5%) women were classified as having low perceived stress, 42 (59.2%) were classified as having normal perceived stress, and 13 (18.3%) were classified as having high perceived stress. Fetal telomere length differed significantly across the three stress groups in a dose-response pattern (T/S ratio of those with low perceived stress was greater than those with normal perceived stress, which was greater than those with high perceived stress [P < 0.05]). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support our hypothesis that maternal-perceived psychological stress during pregnancy is associated with shorter fetal telomere length and suggest maternal stress as a possible marker for early intrauterine programming for accelerated chromosomal aging.
An evaluation of the Game Changer Password System: A new approach to password security

Abstract We propose – and experimentally test – a mnemonic variant of password security that uses game positions as passwords. In Experiment 1, we report accuracy and reaction time data when high school student, younger adult, and older adult participants remembered and entered one game-based password, using chess or Monopoly. In Experiment 2, we report accuracy and reaction time data from participants' use of five game-based passwords across 24 sessions over 10 weeks. All five passwords were stored in chess or Monopoly for the initial 20 sessions, and changed (from chess to Monopoly or vice versa) for the remaining sessions. This new approach to password security is both mathematically robust and user-friendly.
Model studies of the vibrations of structures during earthquakes, based on ground accelerations instead of on ground displacements

One of the most important problems in the field of earthquake engineering deals with the dynamics of structures. Any building is an elastic system. As such, its deflections (stresses) during an earthquake may depend on its own dynamical characteristics as well as on the nature of the ground motion. An ordinary building is a relatively complicated dynamic system, usually of many degrees of freedom and with considerable internal friction. The treatment of this problem may be simplified by the assumption that this internal friction is equivalent to viscous damping. A further simplification results from first treating systems of one degree of freedom, combining these results if the behavior of a more complicated system is desired.
Language-Based Approaches to the Study of Education Policy

This chapter provides background to some of the methodological perspectives taken up in this volume, with a general emphasis on discourse analysis and a more particular emphasis on critical discourse analysis, discursive psychology, and conversation analysis. Of these approaches, policy scholars have used critical discourse analysis extensively, and thus it represents the dominant approach to language-based policy research. We describe how the analyst approaches their work within each of the selected methodological perspectives, provides insights into the key features of the approach. We integrate examples from the published literature to illustrate how policy scholars can use these approaches to study education policy.
A New Approach to Online Visual Analysis and Sharing of Archaeological Surveys and Image Collections

Sharing digital archaeological data via a web-based analytical interface has the potential to engage joint expertise of archaeologists as well as researchers from other disciplines who can explore imagery datasets online and share their findings. These tasks can now be accomplished with a new general-purpose survey data analysis tool called Survey Analysis via Visual Exploration (SuAVE). A test case is presented here with legacy data and new ceramic petrographic data from the large-scale excavations of Shiqmim, a Chalcolithic (ca. 4500–3600 BC) village and cemetery site, located in Israel’s northern Negev desert.
A new high-throughput assay for determining soluble sugar in sorghum internode-extracted juice

A high-throughput method combining liquid handling system and 96-well microplate pipetting format was developed for total sugar determination. With this new method, we characterized diverse sugar accumulation in sorghum varieties. Sweet sorghum accumulates large amounts of sucrose in its stalk and, therefore, has emerged as one important bioenergy crop. The commonly used sugar measurement, Brix, limits the characterization of internode variation of the sugar concentrations due to its low throughput. Here we developed a low-cost, high-throughput method to determine profiles of total sugars in sorghum internodes with a liquid handling system-based sample preparation and a phenol–sulfuric acid assay in 96-well microplate format. The present method generates results highly correlated with commonly used Brix measurements (r = 0.922). The inter-assay coefficient of variation ranged from 4.8 to 7.6%. The present method can reliably estimate mixed sugars composed of 80% sucrose. We characterized the profiles of 35 sorghum accessions and identified 21 accessions with significantly different sugar concentrations between internodes either due to dried-up internodes or concentration differences. As a high-throughput alternative to Brix measurements, the new method makes it possible to phenotype total sugars from large numbers of internode samples and, therefore, will be useful for genetic and breeding purposes.
Multiregion Comprehensive Genomic Profiling of a Gastric Mixed Neuroendocrine-Nonneuroendocrine Neoplasm with Trilineage Differentiation

Mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) are a group of rare tumors previously known as mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs). The neuroendocrine component is high-grade and may consist of small-cell carcinoma or large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The nonneuroendocrine component may consist of adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. We report a unique case of a MiNEN with trilineage differentiation: large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. The reported patient presented with symptoms of an upper gastrointestinal bleed and was ultimately diagnosed with a MiNEN with trilineage differentiation. This is the first report of this exceedingly rare tumor type to include next-generation sequencing of the 3 separate tumor entities. In addition, we review the current literature and discuss the role of next-generation sequencing in classifying and treating MiNEN tumors.
Feature-Based Ranking

This chapter introduces a feature-based retrieval model based on Markov random fields (MRF model), which serves as the primary retrieval model throughout the remainder of the book. Although there are many different ways to formulate a general feature-based model for information retrieval, this work focuses on the MRF model because it satisfies the following desiderata: 1) supports basic information retrieval tasks (e.g., ranking, query expansion, etc.), 2) easily and intuitively models query term dependencies., 3) handles arbitrary textual and non-textual features, and 4) consistently and significantly improves effectiveness over bag of words models across a wide range of tasks and data sets. The chapter covers the basic theoretical and practical foundations of the model, whereas subsequent chapters provide more detail and describe various extensions of the basic model.
Theory of Multi-Electron Recoil Effects on X-Ray Lineshapes of Metals

Although the possible importance of many-electron effects in the x-ray spectra of metals was emphasized by Friedel as early as 19521, very little is known at a quantitative level even today about the role of either the electron-hole interaction or electron-electron interactions in shaping x-ray spectra.
Understanding the First Malpractice Crisis of the 21st Century

Although the notion that physicians owe a legal duty of competence to patients extends back hundreds of years, its public policy significance is of more recent vintage. Incorporating malpractice policy into overall health policy is made necessary by two related historical phenomena: the transformation of health care from a personal service to a complex series of industrial processes, and its simultaneous recognition as a public resource heavily funded and heavily regulated by government. This book chapter posits that the current malpractice crisis can best be understood as a product of these changes. Two principal lessons can be derived from this analysis. First, the current malpractice crisis - albeit a severe one - reflects the successes of modern medicine far more than its failures. Second, reform proposals that treat the current crisis as merely a reprise of the crises of the 1970s and 1980s misconstrue the problems affecting the established malpractice system and shortchange the range of possible solutions.
Wales and the Medieval Colonial Imagination: The Matters of Britain in the Twelfth Century

Of the numerous postcolonial studies of Anglo-Norman literature about Wales over the past couple of decades, Wales and the Medieval Colonial Imagination is one of the very few that can truly be cal...
Impact of the 7-Day Disabled List Rule Change on Economics and Performance After Reported Concussion Injuries in Major League Baseball

Background:The incidence of concussions is increasing in Major League Baseball (MLB), and the cost of these injuries in 2008 was reportedly as high as US$423 million. Team officials are more aware ...
Research on the Mining Technology of the Financial Mathematical Model Based on the Partial Differential Calculus

Aiming at the problem of the association data mining in the big data environment, this paper proposes a method of the association data mining based on the mathematical model of the partial calculus classification. Experiments show that this method improves the efficiency and accuracy of the data mining, and achieves satisfactory results. Due to the large amount of the data and the multi-dimensional characteristics of the database, the traditional mining methods cannot build the accurate mathematical models when processing the data, which is prone to some problems such as the loss of information and the hard partition. Therefore, the application of the financial mathematical model mining technology based on the partial differential calculus is very prominent.
Sympathetic neural responsiveness to sleep deprivation in older adults: sex differences

Epidemiological studies report that sleep deprivation is more strongly associated with hypertension in women than in men. In the present study, 24-h total sleep deprivation (TSD) increased blood pr...
Building the Progressive City One Neighborhood at a Time: The Story of the East St. Louis Action Research Project (USA)

The article chronicles the economic and social collapse of a once vibrant industrial city located along the banks of the Mississippi River. It describes how powerful deindustrialization, disinvestment, and suburbanization forces undermined the health of the East St. Louis, Illinois economy and municipal government leaving the city’s 40,000 residents without such basic municipal services as: street lighting and garbage collection for eight years. What distinguishes this story is the emergence of a small group of low-income African American women who responded to the failures of their municipal government by self-organizing a “bottom-up, bottom-sideways” planning, and development process. This article describes how these women, with the assistance of students and faculty from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, worked together to generate more than $200 million in new investment which stabilized their neighborhood and encouraged others to undertake similar resident-led planning efforts. Along the way, this unlikely “partnership” involving grassroots leaders, municipal officials, and university scholars developed a new model of community development. Their empowerment planning approach to urban development integrates key principles and methods of participatory action research (PAR), direct action organizing (DAO), and popular education into a highly effective urban transformation process that has subsequently been replicated in many other economically distressed communities.
CHEMICAL SUBSTITUTION OF HEME PROSTHETIC GROUPS IN HEMOPROTEINS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on chemical substitution of heme prosthetic groups in hemoproteins. Artificial hemoproteins containing unnatural prosthetic groups were initially prepared from apohorseradish peroxidase. Cytochrome c peroxidase was shown to be in an essentially high-spin state at room temperature by optical absorption and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Metal-free porphyrin containing one or two propionic acid side chains forms well-defined fluorescent complexes with various apohemoproteins. It has been demonstrated that carboxyl groups at positions 6 and 7 of the porphyrin ring play an important role in the heme–protein interaction. The structural information in the vicinity of the heme group may be obtained by monitoring conventional tumbling characteristics as well as the degree of paramagnetic interactions using spin-labeled hemes. The comparison of EPR spectrum of di-spin-labeled horseradish peroxidase with that of the mono-spin-labeled enzyme indicates the presence of considerable magnetic dipolar interactions in the former enzyme, not only between heme iron and labels but also between two labels.
Law Matters -- Less Than We Thought

We investigate experimentally if the law influences judges’ decisions in a run-of-the-mill traffic accident damages case. We design the case to be reasonably realistic in the sense that the experimental task resembled an actual decision that our experimental subjects might decide in real life, with similar prompts and materials. Sixty-one federal judges were given 50 minutes to read briefs and make a decision in a simulated tort case, where the outcome turned on choice of law and the applicability of one state’s cap on damages. Some judges were asked to decide the case under the traditional rule, which instructs judges to choose the law of the place where the accident occurred. Others were tasked with deciding under the Restatement Second’s open-ended standard, which selects the law of the place with the “most significant relationship” to the dispute. We also randomly varied legally irrelevant characteristics of the plaintiff and defendant to test if judges would be influenced by sympathy. We find that the applicable choice of law rule/standard does affect the judges’ decisions, although less than we anticipated, and even under the rule judges deviated from the correct answer almost one quarter of the time. Judges were not affected by sympathy, but they preferred to fully compensate injured plaintiffs, regardless of whether the plaintiff was sympathetic. Under the assumption that judges do not have choice of law preferences, our result can be interpreted as evidence that judges make the legally correct decision more often under the rule than under the standard.
Metaplastic breast cancer: A retrospective analysis over 14 years.

e13066Background: Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC), a rare entity, is known to be an aggressive form of breast cancer. With few published reports and scant literature, there are no current guidel...
Impact of establishing a Geriatrics Workforce Enhancement Program clinic on preventive health and Medicare Annual Wellness Visits.

We established a Geriatrics Workforce Enhancement Program (GWEP) clinic to enhance resident training on comprehensive preventive care and chronic disease management, and to increase the number of o...
What About Fluency?: Implicit vs. Explicit Training Affects Artificial Mini-Language Production

A great deal of research explores how implicit vs. explicit instruction affects second language learners’ grammatical accuracy, generally finding that explicit instruction increases accuracy. However, no research to date has examined the impact of implicit/explicit instruction on learners’ fluency. Additionally, nearly all the research has only tested adult learners, despite strong claims about the effects of age on implicit vs. explicit language learning. This study tests the impact of implicit or explicit training on children’s and adults’ performance with an artificial mini-language. After seven days of training, fluency, accuracy, and explicit knowledge were measured. Implicit groups became significantly more fluent than explicit groups. Adults were more accurate than children, but training condition did not significantly affect accuracy. Adults and explicit groups developed more explicit knowledge than children and implicit groups, with no interactions between age and training condition. This study is one of the first to show measurable benefits for implicit second language instruction over explicit instruction: both children and adults produce sentences more fluently after implicit instruction.
Profiles of Accelerometry-Derived Physical Activity Are Related to Perceived Physical Fatigability in Older Adults.

Physical activity (PA) is associated with greater fatigability in older adults; little is known about magnitude, shape, timing and variability of the entire 24-h rest–activity rhythm (RAR) associated with fatigability. We identified which features of the 24-h RAR pattern were independently and jointly associated with greater perceived physical fatigability (Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale, PFS, 0–50) in older adults (n = 181, 71.3 ± 6.7 years). RARs were characterized using anti-logistic extended cosine models and 4-h intervals of PA means and standard deviations across days. A K-means clustering algorithm approach identified four profiles of RAR features: “Less Active/Robust”, “Earlier Risers”, “More Active/Robust” and “Later RAR”. Quantile regression tested associations of each RAR feature/profile on median PFS adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index and depression symptomatology. Later rise times (up mesor; β = 1.38, p = 0.01) and timing of midpoint of activity (acrophase; β = 1.29, p = 0.01) were associated with higher PFS scores. Lower PA between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m. was associated with higher PFS scores (β = −4.50, p = 0.03). “Less Active/Robust” (β = 6.14, p = 0.01) and “Later RAR” (β = 3.53, p = 0.01) patterns were associated with higher PFS scores compared to “Earlier Risers”. Greater physical fatigability in older adults was associated with dampened, more variable, and later RARs. This work can guide development of interventions aimed at modifying RARs to reduce fatigability in older adults.