cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of stearic or oleic acid on milk performance and energy partitioning when fed in diets with low and high rumen-active unsaturated fatty acids in early lactation.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of stearic acid (SA; C18:0) or rumen-protected oleic acid (OA; C18:1 cis-9) on milk performance and energy partitioning of early lactation cows when supplemented in diets with low and high level of rumen unsaturated fatty acids (RUFA). In low RUFA experiment (LRUFA), FA supplement rich in either SA or calcium salts OA was added to a basal diet with a low concentration of RUFA (0.75% vs. 1.4%, LRUFA-SA vs. LRUFA-OA). In high RUFA experiment (HRUFA), 2% soybean oil was added to the diet fed in the LRUFA experiment. In each experiment, 30 multiparous cows were blocked by parity and predicted transmitting ability for milk yield and were randomly fed 1 of 2 treatment diets from 2 to 13 wk postpartum. In the LRUFA experiment, LRUFA-SA had 2.4 kg/d more dry matter intake (DMI) (P 0.1). In the HRUFA experiment, HRUFA-SA had 1.4 kg/d more DMI (P = 0.03) but similar milk and milk components yields (P > 0.1). HRUFA-SA had a tendency to gain more body weight (P = 0.07) and had more positive energy balance (P = 0.01) and decreased gross feed efficiency (milk yield/DMI) (P = 0.01). Consistently, HRUFA-SA increased intake energy partitioning into body tissues (P = 0.02) and decreased energy partitioning into milk (P = 0.01). In summary, SA supplementation had more DMI relative to OA, but the effects on milk and milk fat production were different and affected by the level of RUFA in the basal diet. In application, SA supplementation was more effective to improve milk production when included in the basal diet with the low RUFA.
Lower urinary tract injury: is urology consultation necessary?

There is a paucity of data regarding urology involvement in the management of lower urinary tract injuries (LUTI). We seek to analyze the incidence and epidemiology of LUTI with special attention to trends in urology consultation. A retrospective review was conducted of patients presenting to our Level I trauma center with LUTI from 2002 to 2016. Demographics, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, injury severity score (ISS), American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury scales, and clinical hospital course were analyzed. A total of 140 patients (0.47% of all trauma patients) were identified with LUTI, with 72.1% of these presenting with blunt trauma. Bladder injuries were more common than urethral injuries (79% vs. 14%) with 6% of patients having both. In-hospital mortality was 9.2% (13/140). Among patients with LUTI, 115 patients (82%) received urology consultation. There was no significant difference in sex, age, or LOS (hospital and ICU) between the groups. The consult group had a lower mean ISS (21.7 vs 27.9, p = 0.034), but a higher mean AAST bladder injury scale (2.57 vs 2.00, p = 0.016), than the non-consult group. There was a statistically significant difference in the diagnosis methods between the two groups (χ2 test of independence, p = 0.002). Urology service is important in the management of LUTI with high AAST injury scale. While further study is needed to look at degree of urology service involvement in the management of LUTI, we recommend a consultation for severe LUTI or when the management of injuries is out of the comfort zone of the trauma surgeons. Whether consultation is obtained or not, there is room for improvement in appropriate work up of lower urinary tract injury.
Discovery as an Abductive Mechanism for Reorienting Habits within Organizational Change

Process studies of organizational and strategic change have drawn attention to the dynamics that generate such change, but we still know little about how discovery unfolds within change. A field st...
Assimilation and control: belief at the lowest levels

The core of Zimmerman’s picture posits an inverse correlation between an action’s automaticity and belief’s role in the action’s execution. This proposal faces serious problems. First, high-attention, high-control actions don’t seem to heighten awareness of one’s beliefs. Second, low-attention, low-control actions are caused by the same states at play when executing high-attention, high-control actions, in which case there is no ontological difference in the states involved in these behaviors. Third, on Zimmerman’s view it is unclear what it is for a state to be involved in behaviors at all, as the basic realist response—that beliefs cause behavior—is unavailable to a Zimmerman-style pragmatist. Lastly, if Zimmerman's view were right and low-level behaviors weren't caused by beliefs, then we should turn our attention to those states instead, as most of our behavior isn’t executed under conditions of high control and attention.
A Preliminary Study of How Undergraduate Engineering Students Describe Intelligence and Smartness

This Student Poster Research Paper reports findings on preliminary research conducted to understand how undergraduate engineering students describe intelligence and smartness. The construct of intelligence is salient in engineering education and academic culture more broadly; however, the beliefs that individuals hold about intelligence are very personal and often remain implicit. We are driven to understand students’ beliefs about intelligence as extant research has demonstrated that these beliefs can impact student motivation and persistence in academic settings. Beliefs or perceptions about intelligence and smartness have also been linked to the exclusionary nature of engineering as a field. Data was collected in the form of written responses and audio recordings from a focus group and an interview with undergraduate engineering students, including both first-year and senior students. Participants were asked to provide written responses to questions related to their perceptions of intelligence and smartness. In addition to collecting individual responses, the focus group also allowed for open dialogue among participants to present their perceptions of intelligence and to discuss their beliefs. Analysis of our data was guided by the following research question: What are the different ways that undergraduate engineering students describe intelligence and smartness? The participants’ written responses pertaining to how they perceive intelligence as a function of time (Worksheet 1) and how they conceptualize smartness (Worksheet 2) were analyzed by identifying major similarities and differences. Our findings reveal that the participants all graphically represented intelligence as growing over time, and three out of the four participants graphically indicated that the “average engineer” was more intelligent than “the average person.” Our final finding indicated that when asked about characteristics of smartness, there was no common consensus on the definition of smartness amongst the participants. Future implications of this research include better insights into how students define intelligence and the lack of consensus on a definition of smartness in engineering. As such, we all (i.e., educators and students) must think critically about how we participate in the co-construction of smartness in engineering classrooms.
System Integration over a CAN Bus for a Self-Controlled, Low-Cost Autonomous All-terrain Vehicle

This paper presents research in progress for making an All-terrain Vehicle (ATV) autonomous. The objective of this research is to enable a controller to move the ATV from an initial position to a specific GPS coordinate, following a specific non-paved path without hitting obstacles. This research includes standardizing data collection modules and control modules, and integrating the entire all of these functional modules in one working system. The work involved building new modules, enhancing existing modules, and using already working (and standardized) modules. This effort includes electronic hardware, software, and mechanical designs. The overall system consists of actuators modules including: a steering controller, a throttle controller, and a braking system. The system also contains various sensor modules including: a GPS sensor, an IMU sensor, a bread crumbs sensor, and a LIDAR. All modules are attached to a CAN Bus which is connected to a central controller.
Identification of Loci and Pathways Associated with Heifer Conception Rate in U.S. Holsteins

Heifer conception rate (HCR) is defined as the percentage of inseminated heifers that become pregnant at each service. The genome-wide association analyses in this study focused on identifying the loci associated with Holstein heifer (n = 2013) conception rate at first service (HCR1) and the number of times bred (TBRD) to achieve a pregnancy. There were 348 unique loci associated (p < 5 × 10-8) with HCR1 and 615 unique loci associated (p < 5 × 10-8) with TBRD. The two phenotypes shared 302 loci, and 56 loci were validated in independent cattle populations. There were 52 transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) and 552 positional candidate genes identified in the HCR1- and TBRD-associated loci. The positional candidate genes and the TFBS associated with HCR1 and TBRD were used in the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). In the IPA, 11 pathways, 207 master regulators and 11 upstream regulators were associated (p < 1.23 × 10-5) with HCR1 and TBRD. The validated loci associated with both HCR1 and TBRD make good candidates for genomic selection and further investigations to elucidate the mechanisms associated with subfertility and infertility.
The Intersection of Mechanotransduction and Regenerative Osteogenic Materials

Mechanical signals play a central role in cell fate determination and differentiation in both physiologic and pathologic circumstances. Such signals may be delivered using materials to generate discrete microenvironments for the purposes of tissue regeneration and have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Unlike the addition of progenitor cells or growth factors, delivery of a microenvironment is particularly attractive in that it may reduce the known untoward consequences of the former two strategies, such as excessive proliferation and potential malignant transformation. Additionally, the ability to spatially modulate the fabrication of materials allows for the creation of multiple microenvironments, particularly attractive for regenerating complex tissues. While many regenerative materials have been developed and tested for augmentation of specific cellular responses, the intersection between cell biology and material interactions have been difficult to dissect due to the complexity of both physical and chemical interactions. Specifically, modulating materials to target individual signaling pathways is an avenue of interdisciplinary research that may lead to a more effective method of optimizing regenerative materials. In this work, the aim is to summarize the major mechanotransduction pathways for osteogenic differentiation and to consolidate the known materials and material properties that activate such pathways.
Income, inflammation and cancer mortality: a study of U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey mortality follow-up cohorts.

To estimate the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and cancer mortality in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population while controlling for education, occupation, and income. Data were obtained from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994 (N = 7817) and 1999–2002 (N = 2344). We fit Cox proportional hazard models to examine the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen with cancer mortality. In the full Cox multivariate model, clinically raised CRP was associated with cancer mortality in NHANES 1988–1994 (> 0.99 mg/dL: 95%CI: 1.04–2.13). However, across two inflammatory biomarkers (CRP and Fibrinogen), two NHANES time periods (1998–1994 and 1999–2002) and three income levels (12 strata in total), Hazard ratio confidence intervals did not include the null only for one association: CRP and cancer mortality among low income participants from 1988 to 1994 (HR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.10–3.04). We find evidence that only in one unique stratum is earlier life CRP, and not fibrinogen, associated with prospective cancer mortality. After more complete control for socioeconomic confounding, CRP and fibrinogen do not predict cancer mortality in most subpopulations.
Future colliders for the high-energy frontier

Abstract Colliders have been at the forefront of discovery in particle physics for more than half a century. Building on the success of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the field of particle physics has been developing and reviewing the scientific cases for the colliders to succeed the LHC in the context of regional and international review and long-term planning processes. The aim is to reach consensus about which new collider or even colliders to build. This collider would determine the future direction of the field of particle physics and, ideally, lead to solutions to unanswered questions and problems with the Standard Model. We will provide a short of overview of the current proposals for different colliders for the high-energy frontier and their proposed run plans. It will focus on comparing and contrasting their physics potential, while also placing them in their historical context.
Volterra Neural Networks (VNNs).

The importance of inference in Machine Learning (ML) has led to an explosive number of different proposals in ML, and particularly in Deep Learning. In an attempt to reduce the complexity of Convolutional Neural Networks, we propose a Volterra filter-inspired Network architecture. This architecture introduces controlled non-linearities in the form of interactions between the delayed input samples of data. We propose a cascaded implementation of Volterra Filtering so as to significantly reduce the number of parameters required to carry out the same classification task as that of a conventional Neural Network. We demonstrate an efficient parallel implementation of this Volterra Neural Network (VNN), along with its remarkable performance while retaining a relatively simpler and potentially more tractable structure. Furthermore, we show a rather sophisticated adaptation of this network to nonlinearly fuse the RGB (spatial) information and the Optical Flow (temporal) information of a video sequence for action recognition. The proposed approach is evaluated on UCF-101 and HMDB-51 datasets for action recognition, and is shown to outperform state of the art CNN approaches.
Impact of different weather data sets on photovoltaic system performance evaluation

Building energy simulation plays an important role in decision makings involving energy conservation measures and choices of renewable energy systems in building designs. Traditional simulation tools rely on weather data sets called Typical Meteorological Year (TMY), representing a typical year of weather at ground weather stations throughout the United States. These data sets are constructed using an algorithm to select the “most typical” month of the many years in the database for each month. Some recent publications suggest that one-year TMY data is no longer sufficient to evaluate long-term performance of PV systems, because a typical year does not taken into account extreme weather, and thus does not address the meteorological uncertainty that might occur. Actual electricity outputs from photovoltaic systems vary from year to year. Having more accurate information about production performance should help facilitate system selections that match building designs and how to operate them. In this study, four sets of weather data, Detroit TMY2, Ann Arbor TMY3, Ann Arbor 15-year NSRDB, and Ann Arbor 13-year SolarAnywhere®, are used as inputs in PV system performance simulation. Their impacts on the PV system electricity output availability, variability and uncertainty are analyzed and compared. The magnitude and consequences of the analyses of different weather data sets are presented.
Dendritic Changes in Aging Rat Brain: Pyramidal Cell Dendrite Length and Ultrastructure

For the past several years, studies have been underway to investigate age-related cytomorphological changes that occur in a highly specified cell population. This population consists of the pyramidal neurons of layers III and V in rat visual cortex (area 17, Krieg, 1946a, b; Schober and Winkelmann, 1975). The restriction of cell population is based upon the abundance of evidence that the processes of aging may vary among cell groups in mode, severity, and tempo. In view of this fact, it seems clear that one avenue towards meaningful progress in understanding the effects of aging in the brain is thorough study of the totality of aging changes affecting particular cell types.
Chapter 16 Long-Term Preservation of the Ehrlich Ascites Tumor

Publisher Summary Ascites tumors, particularly of mice, have been employed in a remarkably wide variety of research endeavors, and a major symposium attests to their usefulness. Prominent among these tumors is the Ehrlich ascites tumor of the mouse, which has become to mammalian cell research that Escherichia coli is to microbiology. Associated with its extensive use is a need for availability, in a preserved state. Soon after cell preservation techniques began to be developed, it was concluded that a cooling rate of 1°C per minute is best and that a temperature below - 130°C is indicated for long-term storage. Implicit in this is the requirement for elaborate cryophilic equipment. This chapter presents a simple method, within the reach of most laboratories, by which the Ehrlich ascites tumor can be preserved in a frozen state for many years.
Endogenous Control of Dendritic Cell Activation by miRNA

Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells and determine adaptive immune responses. Numerous factors which modulate pro- or anti-inflammatory functional properties of dendritic cells have been discovered. Recently, researchers are beginning to understand the regulatory function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in dendritic cells. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of target genes in a posttranscriptional manner. Expression of miRNAs is tightly regulated in a cell type-dependent and a developmental stage-specific manner, and disease-related miRNA signatures have been observed. In this chapter, we briefly introduce the biogenesis of miRNAs and their expression pattern and regulatory function in dendritic cells. We also summarize the miRNA signature in systemic lupus erythematosus. Because miRNA are key regulators in dendritic cells, which are known to modulate immune homeostasis, they are potential therapeutic targets. miRNA research in dendritic cells should be expanded with this goal in mind.
Towards hybrid models of recoverable computer control systems

In this paper a modeling framework is introduced for describing how complex recovery algorithms used to implement safety critical control systems on a recoverable computer can affect the stability and performance characteristics of the closed-loop system. The model has a hybrid structure consisting of three distinct parts: a Markovian exosystem, a finite-state machine, and a jump-linear dynamical system. It is shown in some detail how such a model could be used to characterize rollback recovery algorithms. Two specific examples are given where mean-square stability is determined as a function of upset persistency and various algorithm parameters.
Biodynamic Response of the Musculoskeletal System to Impact Acceleration

Male volunteers restrained by a lap-shoulder belt system were subjected to static and dynamic (low level impact acceleration) tests in a simulated automobile environment while electromyographic (EMG) activity of various lower extremity muscles was recorded. The seat and floor pan were supported on load cells which measured all restraining forces. Nine-accelerometer modules and high-speed photography were used to measure kinematics. Identical tests were made with an embalmed cadaver and a dummy. While reflex responses of the relaxed volunteer were found too slow to affect loads and accelerations sustained, the voluntary pre-impact contracted musculature in a subject was found to reduce certain acceleration levels and to change the restraint load distribution. Significantly more load went through the legs to the floor board, with a concomitant lowering of seat and belt loads. Although a similar load distribution was seen in cadaver and dummy tests, the response of the relaxed or tensed volunteer was substantially different from either surrogate.
The existential analysis of anorexia nervosa: from psychiatric science to its foundations

The field of anorexia nervosa is experiencing a great deal of activity at present with predominantly practical and empirical issues. In contrast, theoretical and methodological considerations have rather been neglected. The term existential analysis (Daseinsanalyse) was introduced by Binswanger basing his approach on Martin Heidegger, to characterize a method for investigating psychopathological phenomena. The Daseinsanalytic view of the anorexia nervosa and its world ask just to look at the phenomena themselves, as they confront the psychiatrist. The statements are extremely strict, careful, and subtle, descriptions and expositions of the essential aspects and features of anorectics, of their being-in-the-world.
A Control & Diagnosis Scheme for Semiconductor Manufacturing

In this paper we discuss work seeking to integrate control and diagnostic applications. Two such applications will be discussed, both in the context of semiconductor manufacturing operations. The first application deals with the analysis of a multistep control system deployed around a photolithographic workcell. The specific effort is directed towards integrating the photolithography controller with a physically based simulation system capable of diagnosis. The second application deals with a multivariate, real-time statistical process control system applied on a plasma etcher. This system is also being extended to perform fault discrimination. The intent is to connect both control systems to a diagnostic system based on evidential reasoning.
Autoantibodies to ribosomal P antigens with immune complex glomerulonephritis in SJL mice treated with pristane.

BALB/c ByJ mice develop a lupus-like syndrome characterized by anti-nRNP/Sm and Su autoantibodies and immune complex glomerulonephritis after a single i.p. pristane injection. In contrast, mercuric chloride induces anti-fibrillarin Abs only in SJL and other H-2s mice, and not in BALB/c (H-2d) mice. In the present study, the specificities of autoantibodies induced by pristane and HgCl2 were compared in SJL and BALB/c mice to examine whether these strains are "programmed" to make different sets of autoantibodies in response to nonspecific immune stimulation. Unexpectedly, the predominant autoantibodies induced by pristane in SJL mice were neither those characteristic of HgCl2-treated SJL mice nor those associated with pristane-induced disease in BALB/c mice but, rather, anti-ribosomal P, another lupus-related specificity. The autoantibodies were strongly reactive with the C-terminal 22 amino acids of the ribosomal P2 protein, indicating that they exhibited similar fine specificities to anti-P Abs in human SLE and MRL/Ipr mice. Like BALB/c mice, pristane-treated SJL mice developed severe glomerulonephritis characterized by proteinuria, mesangial proliferation, and glomerular immune complex deposits. This is the first evidence that the induction of a lupus-like syndrome by pristane is not restricted to BALB/c mice. The predominance of anti-P Abs in SJL mice contrasts sharply with the predominance of anti-nRNP/Sm and Su, in pristane-treated BALB/c mice, even though the renal lesions were similar in both strains. The data suggest that H-2s does not program mice to produce anti-fibrillarin Abs in response to nonspecific immune stimulation, arguing that autoantibody induction by pristane involves Ag-specific mechanisms.
Inhibition of Bacterial and Filamentous Fungal Growth in High Moisture, Nonsterile Corn with Intermittent Pumping of Trans-2-Hexenal Vapor

Trans-2-hexenal (T2H), a plant-produced aldehyde, was intermittently pumped over a 7 d period into a small, bench top model of stored corn (nonsterile, moisture content about 23%). Naturally occurring bacteria and fungi, including added Aspergillus flavus, grew rapidly on corn not treated with T2H vapor. However, intermittently pumped T2H (30 min per 2 h or 30 min per 12 h) significantly reduced bacterial and fungal viable populations, with nearly 100% fungal viability loss observed after either (1) one day of pumping at the 30 min per 2 h rate or (2) pumping cycles of 30 min per 12 h period over the initial 48 to 72 h of incubation. Data suggest that short-term intermittent fumigation of stored corn with T2H could prevent growth of bacteria and mycotoxigenic fungi such as A. flavus. Practical Application Intermittent pumping of volatile T2H for as little as 30 min per 12 h period over the initial 72 h could prevent the growth of naturally occurring bacteria and fungi, especially mycotoxigenic fungi, on stored, nonsterile high moisture corn.
State-Sensitive Points-to Analysis for the Dynamic Behavior of JavaScript Objects

JavaScript object behavior is dynamic and adheres to prototype-based inheritance. The behavior of a JavaScript object can be changed by adding and removing properties at runtime. Points-to analysis calculates the set of values a reference property or variable may have during execution. We present a novel, partially flow-sensitive, context-sensitive points-to algorithm that accurately models dynamic changes in object behavior. The algorithm represents objects by their creation sites and local property names; it tracks property updates via a new control-flow graph representation. The calling context comprises the receiver object, its local properties and prototype chain. We compare the new points-to algorithm with an existing JavaScript points-to algorithm in terms of their respective performance and accuracy on a client application. The experimental results on real JavaScript websites show that the new points-to analysis significantly improves precision, uniquely resolving on average 11% more property lookup statements.
Advanced Control Room Design Review Guidelines: Merging Old and New:

The nuclear power industry is currently developing operator interface systems based on innovative applications of digital computers. To assure that this advanced technology is incorporated in a way that maximizes the potential safety benefits of the technology and minimizes the potential negative effects on human performance, human factors principles must be considered. NUREG-0700 contains guidelines for the review of operator interfaces. However, in light of the rapid technological advances in digital technology which have taken place in the eleven years since its publication, it is no longer adequate to assess the rapidly changing human-system interfaces. A research program, the purpose of which is to upgrade NUREG-0700, has been initiated. Thus far a set of draft advanced control room design review (ACRDR) guidelines has been complied. Three tasks, which were oriented towards integrating the applicable guidelines in NUREG-0700 into the ACRDR document, are described in the paper.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of ochratoxin A.

A simple microtest plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of ochratoxin A at levels as low as 25 pg per assay. The relative cross-reactivities of the antibody in this system with ochratoxin A (OA), OB, OC, and Oα were found to be 1.0, 0.14, 0.44, and 0.01, respectively.
Technical Assistance: A Comparison Between Providers and Recipients

This study aims to understand how the technical assistance (TA) provided by a child welfare implementation center was perceived by TA recipients and providers, with focus on similarities and differences in perceptions. Six focus groups were conducted with TA recipients (n = 35), and individual interviews were conducted with TA providers (n = 12). Results suggest a comprehensive framework was critical, a team approach was essential, the quality of relationships and communication between providers and recipients was important. The findings have implications for supporting readiness for change, ensuring leadership support, clarifying roles, and addressing organizational factors to enhance the success of the TA experience.
Inflammatory cytokines induce specific time- and concentration-dependent MicroRNA release by chondrocytes, synoviocytes, and meniscus cells.

In knee osteoarthritis (OA), concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α increase in joint tissues and synovial fluid which incite a catabolic cascade and further the progression of OA. Several microRNAs (miRNA) have been associated with apoptosis (miR-16), inflammation (miR-22, miR-146a), and matrix degradation (miR-140, miR-27b) in developed OA or its symptoms. In this study, the time- and concentration-dependent nature of cellular and extracellular miRNAs in synoviocytes, meniscus cells, and chondrocytes as influenced by inflammatory cytokines was investigated. For time-dependent studies, three cell types were stimulated with 10 ng/ml IL-1β or 50 ng/ml TNF-α for 8, 16, and 24 h. For concentration-dependent studies, chondrocytes were stimulated with a higher level of IL-1β (20 ng/ml) or TNF-α (100 ng/ml) for 8 h. Cellular and extracellular expressions of miR-22, miR-16, miR-146a, miR-27b, and miR-140 were analyzed by RT-PCR. Time-dependent cellular miRNA expressions were similar across the three cell types with miR-146a significantly up-regulated and miR-27b significantly down-regulated at all time points. However, chondrocytes exhibited a unique extracellular miRNA profile with an increased release rate of miR-27b at 24 h. Our findings support further research into the characterization of miRNAs in synovial fluid for the development of early detection strategies of OA or cartilage injury. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:779-790, 2016.
Nuclear transport by laser-induced pressure transients.

Purpose. Control of the transport of molecules into the nucleus represents a key regulatory mechanism for differentiation, transformation, and signal transduction. Permeabilization of the nuclear envelope by physical methods can have applications in gene therapy. Laser-induced pressure transients can produce temporary aqueous pores analogous to those produced by electroporation and that the cells can survive this procedure. In this study, we examine the role of the pressure transients in creating similar pores in the nuclear envelope.
Binary Mixtures of Bose Condensates of Alkali Atoms.

We show that binary mixtures of Bose condensates of alkali atoms have a great variety of ground state and vortex structures which can be accessed experimentally by varying the particle numbers of different alkalis. We have constructed a simple algorithm to determine the density profiles of the mixtures within Thomas-Fermi approximation. Many structures of the alkali binary contain a coexisting region, which is the analog of the long sought ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$- ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ interpenetrating superfluids in ultralow temperature physics.
The Danger Assessment Validation of a Lethality Risk Assessment Instrument for Intimate Partner Femicide

The Danger Assessment (DA) is an instrument designed to assess the likelihood of lethality or near lethality occurring in a case of intimate partner violence. This article describes the development, psychometric validation, and suggestions for use of the DA. An 11-city study of intimate partner femicide used multivariate analysis to test the predictive validity of the risk factors on the DA from intimate partner femicide cases (N = 310) compared with 324 abused women in the same cities (controls). The results were used to revise the DA (four items added; one "double-barreled" item divided into two), and the calculated weights (adjusted odds ratios) used to develop a scoring algorithm with levels of risk. These levels of risk were then tested with an independent sample of attempted femicides (N = 194) with a final outcome of .90 of the cases included in the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
Implanted source/drain junctions for polysilicon gate technologies

Shallow (<1.0-µm) n+-p junctions are required for dense dynamic FET memory. Ion implantation is a natural technology to fulfill the geometric requirements of shallow highly doped n+ regions in a dual polysilicon gate IGFET technology. However, implantation of 31P and 75As at high dose levels severely damages the crystal lattice and subsequently is difficult to anneal. This tends to make implanted junctions more leaky than their diffused counterparts and causes them to have lower apparent reverse breakdown voltages. The detrimental effect of residuul end of process damage, resulting from the implantation, is correlated to the electrical characteristics of the n+-p junction. A junction process technology is described that can provide leakage levels of less than 0.25 fA/µm2 (25 nA/cm2), sharp reverse I-V characteristics, and junction depths of 0.25 to 1.0 µm.
Summary description of the methods used in the probabilistic risk assessments for NUREG-1150

Abstract This paper summarizes the methods utilized by the staff of Sandia National Laboratories in performing four probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) in support of NUREG-1150. The emphasis is on the “back-end” analyses, that is, the accident progression, source term, and consequence analyses. The accident progression and source term analyses performed for NUREG-1150 differ from previous analyses in several ways. Some of the features of the new analysis procedures were adopted to facilitate a comprehensive treatment of uncertainty in the complete risk analyses. The use of sampling techniques to provide quantitative estimates of the uncertainty in risk required that new approaches be developed for the accident progression and source term analyses. The uncertainties in the consequence analysis were not included in the overall uncertainty estimates in this project. The PRAs performed for NUREG-1150 also devoted a large effort to obtaining expert opinion to quantify parameters and phenomena for which there is large uncertainty and divergent opinions in the reactor safety community.
Amino acids as olfactory stimuli in freshwater catfish, Ictalurus catus (Linn.).

Abstract 1. 1. Olfactory receptors of the white catfish Ictalurus catus (Linn.) are extremely sensitive to the simple amino acids. The six most effective of twenty-three tested on the receptors are l -glutamine > l -methionine > l -alanine > l -asparagine > d -methionine > l -cysteine . 2. 2. The lowest estimated threshold concentration range was between 10−7 and 10−8 M. 3. 3. The l -isomer of an amino acid was always more effective than its d -isomer. 4. 4. Amino acids or peptides appear to play an important role in fish olfactory behavior.
SUBJECT AND MISSION‐ORIENTATED SCHEMES: The INTERNATIONAL PATTERN AS INDICATED BY CAS, INSPEC, INIS AND OTHERS

Our theme today is International Developments in Scientific Information Services but I intend to limit my remarks to computer‐based secondary information systems. It is certainly not necessary for me to dwell on the great growth rate of scientific information except to remind us that it is this growth rate which demands new attitudes and the use of all available technology to permit adequate storage, retrieval and use of the ever growing store and daily output of scientific and technical information.
Considerations for Training Cancer Survivors.

THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT HAS REACHED A PLATEAU, WHEREAS CANCER SURVIVAL RATES HAVE BEEN INCREASING. THEREFORE, MORE CANCER SURVIVORS ARE LIVING WITH THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CANCER AND CANCER TREATMENTS. EXERCISE CAN PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN COMBATING THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CANCER AND CANCER TREATMENTS AND IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE DURING AND AFTER CLINICAL TREATMENT FOR CANCER. HOWEVER, EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS MUST BE INDIVIDUALIZED TO OPTIMALLY MEET THE NEEDS OF CANCER SURVIVORS. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR CERTIFIED PERSONAL TRAINERS REGARDING THE MODIFICATION OF EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS TO MEET THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THE EVER-INCREASING POPULATION OF CANCER SURVIVORS.
Muscle fiber angle, segment bulging and architectural gear ratio in segmented musculature

The anatomical complexity of myomeres and myosepta has made it difficult to develop a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between muscle fiber architecture, connective tissue mechanics, and locomotor function of segmented axial musculature in fishes. The lateral hypaxial musculature (LHM) of salamanders is less anatomically complex and therefore a good system for exploring the basic mechanics of segmented musculature. Here, we derive a mathematical model of the LHM and test our model using sonomicrometry and electromyography during steady swimming in an aquatic salamander, Siren lacertina. The model predicts longitudinal segment strain well, with predicted and measured values differing by less than 5% strain over most of the range. Deviations between predicted and measured results are unbiased and probably result from the salamanders performing slight turns with associated body torsion in our unconstrained trackway swimming experiments. Model simulations of muscle fiber contraction and segment shortening indicate that longitudinal segment strain, for a given amount of muscle fiber strain, increases with increasing initial fiber angle. This increase in architectural gear ratio (AGR = longitudinal strain/fiber strain) is mediated by muscle fiber rotation; the higher the initial fiber angle, the more the fibers rotate during contraction and the higher the AGR. Muscle fiber rotation is additionally impacted by bulging in the dorsoventral (DV) and/or mediolateral (ML) dimensions during longitudinal segment shortening. In segments with obliquely oriented muscle fibers, DV bulging increases muscle fiber rotation, thereby increasing the AGR. Extending the model to include force and work indicates that force decreases with increasing initial muscle fiber angle and increasing DV bulging and that both longitudinal shortening and DV bulging must be included for accurate calculation of segment work.
Surface modification of polymeric biomaterials with poly(ethylene oxide), albumin, and heparin for reduced thrombogenicity

Appropriate surface modification has significantly improved the blood compatibility of polymeric biomaterials. This article reviews methods of surface modification with water-soluble polymers, such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), albumin, and heparin. PEO is a synthetic, neutral, watersoluble polymer, while albumin and heparin are a natural globular protein and an anionic polysaccharide, respectively. When grafted onto the surface, all three macromolecules share a common feature to reduce thrombogenicity of biomaterials. The reduced thrombogenicity is due to the unique hydrodynamic properties of the grafted macromolecules. In aqueous medium, surface-bound water-soluble polymers are expected to be highly flexible and extend into the bulk solution. Biomaterials grafted with either PEO, albumin, or heparin are able to resist plasma porotein adsorption and platelet adhesion predominantly by a steric repulsion mechanism.
Structural Basis Of RIG-I Auto-inhibition And RNA-induced Activation

RIG-I (retinoic-acid-inducible-gene I) plays a critical role in regulating innate immune response against RNA viruses. RIG-I binds to 5′ triphosphate RNA of viral origin and activates downstream signaling pathways resulting in the induction of type I interferons. RIG-I contains two caspase-recruitment activation domains (CARD) in its N-terminus, a DExD/H helicase domain and a C-terminal repressor domain (RD). The function of RIG-I is regulated by auto-inhibition. While CARD domains activate downstream signaling, RD inhibits the activity of CARD domains in the absence of RNA. To investigate the RNA dependent structural transitions that activate RIG-I, we determined the structures of free and 5′ triphosphate RNA bound RIG-I using negative stain electron microscopy (EM) and single particle reconstruction. Preliminary biochemical studies show that free RIG-I, which is a monomer, undergoes dimerization upon binding to RNA. Analysis of the EM structure of RIG-I:RNA complex shows that dimerization is mediated by bivalent and parallel interactions between the two ends of adjacent RIG-I monomers. Structural modeling suggests that the dimer interfaces involve inter-molecular, homotypic, CARD-CARD and RD-RD interactions. In contrast to RNA bound RIG-I, which adopts an extended ‘open’ conformation, free RIG-I adopts a compact ‘closed’ conformation mediated by extensive intra-molecular interactions. Structural modeling indicates that the auto-inhibition of RIG-I is potentially mediated by a direct intra-molecular interaction between CARD and RD. Indeed, biochemical analysis demonstrates that isolated RD and CARD domain regions of RIG-I interact in the absence of RNA. We propose that the binding of 5′ triphosphate RNA to RIG-I disrupts the intra-molecular interactions that mediate auto-inhibition, and promote inter-molecular interactions that result in dimerization and subsequent activation. These results provide novel structural insights into the mechanism of RIG-I auto-inhibition and RNA-dependent activation.
Lexical development norms for young children

Developmental norms for young children’s vocabularies have a number of applications in research design, assessment, and intervention, but have previously been very difficult to obtain. In the present study, month-by-month norms for comprehension and production of 396 words from 8 to 16 months, and production of 680 words from 16 to 30 months, were derived from a norming study of 1,789 children between the ages of 8 and 30 months using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (Fenson et al., 1993). The norms are available in the form of a database program, LEX, for MS-DOS-based computers.
Multilayer Canonical Structures for Nonreciprocal Devices in the Submillimeter Wave Range

Dispersion and loss characteristics are presented for a canonical five-region structure modelling surface magnetoplasmon based nonreciprocal devices in the millimeter and submillimeter wave range. Our results are based on an exact analysis of the model. Results and our recent progress are presented on a study of the utility of surface magnetoplasmons on high quality semiconducting materials for the design of nonreciprocal devices in the millimeter and submillimeter wave range. The feasibility of designing planar integrated nonreciprocal devices such as isolators, circulators, phase shifters and directional couplers is explored. A five-region canonical structure (Fig. 1A) has been analyzed exactly. We present results displaying both loss and dispersion data, as well as the field structure and energy distribution.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF AC LOSS IN SUPERCONDUCTORS CARRYING TRANSPORT CURRENT*

Previous treatments of hysteresis loss in cylindrical type II superconductors have been based primarily on slab models owing to the difficulty in solving the two-dimensional field problem for the flux and current distribution in the conductor cross section. Solutions have recently been found from numerical techniques for the two-dimensional transverse magnetic field penetration, 1, 2, 3 although these solutions do not include the effect of the transport current. To date, this effect has only been included by approximations and empirical interpolations from the slab model. Since most cases of practical interest include filaments carrying transport current, greater accuracy in the loss calculation can only come from a two-dimensional solution that takes account of the transport current.
The effect of cimetidine on lymphocyte subpopulations in vivo in experimental mice.

Abstract The effects of cimetidine, an H 2 receptor antagonist, on subpopulation of splenic lymphocytes were studied in mice. Cimetidine (50 mg/kg) was given to groups of mice by intraperitoneal injection. The splenic mononuclear cells from treated and control animals were evaluated for relative number of lymphocyte subpopulations (i.e. LYT1, LYT2, L3T4 and GAM cells) by flow cytometry. The percentages of LYT2 cells (suppressor equivalent) were significantly lower (5.5 vs 12.0%) in mice who were treated with cimitidine vs control animals. The percentages of L3T4 (helper equivalent) were not statistically different in any of the experimental groups.
Chitin and chitosan: Transformations due to the electrospinning process

Electrospinning is a complex process that requires numerous interacting physical instabilities. Assuming that a chosen polymer and solvent system can be spun, the chosen polymer exists in various states, which have variable crystallinities starting with the highest degree of crystallinity (when in bulk form) and ultimately being transformed into a non-woven mat. In an effort to better understand the effects that the electrospinning process has on the biopolymers chitin [practical grade (PG)] and chitosan [PG and medium molecular weight (MMW)], including post-production neutralization and cross-linking steps, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and solubility studies were performed. An evaluation of diffraction peaks of the bulk, solution, and fibrous forms of chitin and chitosan were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and determined that the formation of chitosan chains is influenced by the addition of solvent and cross-linking agent. This study is of importance since the crystallinity of chitin and chitosan directly relate to the ability of the biopolymers to chelate metals, and the chemical stability of non-woven mats aid in the creation of functional filtration membranes. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Visualization of height field data with physical models and texture photomapping

The paper discusses a unique way to visualize height field data-the use of solid fabricated parts with a photomapped texture to display scalar information. In this process, the data in a height field are turned into a 3D solid representation through solid freeform fabrication techniques, in this case laminated object manufacturing. Next, that object is used as a 3D "photographic plate" to allow a texture image representing scalar data to be permanently mapped onto it. The paper discusses this process and how it can be used in different visualization situations.
Efficient calculation of the permutation distribution of robust two-sample statistics

Polynomial-time algorithms are presented for calculating the permutation distribution of several robust test statistics in the two-sample setting. The class of statistics considered are differences of trimmed means, medians, Winsorized means and bi-weight means. This approach of applying permutation theory to robust statistics ensures both robustness of validity and efficiency. The asymptotic permutation distribution is found since reliance on asymptotic results may be desirable in large-sample situations when our time bounds may be unacceptable.
Multiplex photoacoustic molecular imaging using targeted silica-coated gold nanorods

The establishment of multiplex photoacoustic molecular imaging to characterize heterogeneous tissues requires the use of a tunable, thermally stable contrast agent targeted to specific cell types. We have developed a multiplex photoacoustic imaging technique which uses targeted silica-coated gold nanorods to distinguish cell inclusions in vitro. This paper describes the use of tunable targeted silica-coated gold nanorods (SiO2-AuNRs) as contrast agents for photoacoustic molecular imaging. SiO2-AuNRs with peak absorption wavelengths of 780 nm and 830 nm were targeted to cells expressing different cell receptors. Cells were incubated with the targeted SiO2-AuNRs, incorporated in a tissue phantom, and imaged using multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging. We used photoacoustic imaging and statistical correlation analysis to distinguish between the unique cell inclusions within the tissue phantom.