cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triplet–triplet annihilation in highly efficient fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes: current state and future outlook

Studies of delayed electroluminescence in highly efficient fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) of many dissimilar architectures indicate that the triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) significantly increases yield of excited singlet states-emitting molecules in this type of device thereby contributes substantially to their efficiency. Towards the end of the 2000s, the essential role of TTA in realizing highly efficient fluorescent devices was widely recognized. Analysis of a diverse set of fluorescent OLEDs shows that high efficiencies are often cor-related to TTA extents. It is therefore likely that it is the long-term empirical optimization of OLED efficiencies that has resulted in fortuitous emergence of TTA as a large and ubiquitous contributor to efficiency. TTA contributions as high as 20-30% are common in the state-of-the-art OLEDs, and even become dominant in special cases, where TTA is shown to substantially exceed the spin-statistical limit. The fundamental features of OLED efficiency enhancement via TTA-molecular structure-dependent contributions, current density-dependent intensities in practical devices and frequently observed antagonistic relationships between TTA extent and OLED lifetime-came to be understood over the course of the next few years. More recently, however, there was much less reported progress with respect to all-important quantitative details of the TTA mechanism. It should be emphasized that, to this day and despite the decades of work on improving blue phosphorescent OLEDs as well as the recent advent of thermally activated delayed fluorescence OLEDs, the majority of practical blue OLEDs still rely on TTA. Considering such practical importance of fluorescent blue OLEDs, the design of blue OLED-compatible materials capable of substantially exceeding the spin-statistical limit in TTA, elimination of the antagonistic relationship between TTA-related efficiency gains and lifetime losses, and designing devices with an extended range of current densities producing near-maximum TTA electroluminescence are the areas where future improvements would be most beneficial.
EFFECT OF SUSPECT RACE ON OFFICERS’ ARREST DECISIONS*

Many respondents to opinion surveys say that the citizen's race influences how police officers treat the public, yet recent expert social-science panels have declared that research findings are too contradictory to form a conclusion on whether American police are biased against racial minorities. We perform a meta-analysis of quantitative research that estimates the effect of race on the police decision to arrest. Screening nearly 4,500 potential sources, we analyze the results based on 27 independent data sets that generated 40 research reports (both published and unpublished) that permitted an estimate of the effect size of the suspect's race on the probability of arrest. The meta-analysis shows with strong consistency that minority suspects are more likely to be arrested than White suspects. Depending on the method of estimation, the effect size of race varied between 1.32 and 1.52. Converting the race effect size to probabilities shows that compared with the average probability in these studies of a White being arrested (.20), the average probability for a non-White was calculated at .26. The significant race effect persists when taking into account the studies’ variations in research methods and the nature of explanatory models used in the studies. Implications for future research are presented.
Passive-avoidance behavior in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), Wistar, and Fischer-344 rats

Abstract In Experiment 1, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), Wistar, and Fischer-344 rats were tested on two passive-avoidance tasks: a platform step-down task and a one-way avoidance task. Wistars had shorter response latency scores in the step-down task, whereas F-344 rats had shorter scores in the one-way task. A subsequent ulcerogenic water-restraint stress produced significantly fewer ulcers in Wistar rats as compared to WKY and F-344 rats. In Experiment 2, rearings, grooming, ambulation, defecation, and response ambivalence behaviors were recorded in the one-way avoidance task in addition to response latency. WKY rats defecated more and produced lower scores on the three activity measures as compared to Wistar and F-344 rats. Response latency and ambivalence scores were higher for WKY rats. The subsequent ulcerogenic procedure also produced more ulcers in WKY rats. These data verify the ulcer susceptibility of WKY rats and underscore the assertion that their predominant stress coping behaviors are immobility and freezing. High ambivalence scores in WKY rats suggest behavioral inhibition, which is readily elicited by stressors. These behaviors resemble depressive behavior and suggest that WKY rat may be a useful animal model of depression.
Adolescent Contraceptive Counseling

Contraceptive counseling for adolescents is a mental, social, and physical health imperative that accomplishes one aspect of the difficult task of delivering preventive care in the field of obstetrics. The use of efficient physician-nurse teams for the counseling of adolescent couples provides one model of health care delivery; a male and female team can serve as a role model for open discussion in highly charged emotional areas. Professionals in obstetrics and gynecology must equip themselves with necessary counseling skills and devote creative energy to the planning of suitable health settings in which to provide this care.
Transitioning desktops to set tops

Video provides the greatest realism in multimedia and also demands the most from computer systems. Innovations already enable conventional desktops, such as RISC workstations, to handle compressed audio and low-resolution video signals. Similarly, interactive, real-time, 3D animation graphics produce data processing and transmission challenges. Meeting these challenges will transition desktop systems to televisions with set-top boxes, linking broadcast quality video and audio to the interactivity of a computer.
Opportunities for Professional Learning in Mathematics Teacher Workgroup Conversations: Relationships to Instructional Expertise.

Increasingly, instructional improvement efforts include teacher communities as part of their overall strategy, yet the relationship between teachers’ talk and professional learning remains underspecified. Using a discourse perspective on learning, this article compares opportunities to learn (OTLs) in the collaborative conversations of 3 mathematics teacher workgroups. We examined the differences in OTLs in 17 hr of videotaped meetings from 3 groups at different levels of instructional accomplishment in secondary mathematics. Using mixed methods, we uncovered differences in the groups’ interactions and found that OTLs were not equally distributed. Instead, teacher groups whose active participants demonstrated the greatest facility with ambitious instruction also had the richest conversational OTLs. We interpret this as an accumulated advantage developmental story: Because collaborative work in teaching involves problem posing and the articulation of practice, teachers’ conceptions get built into the frami...
New method for rapid chromatographic separation and identification of adrenocortical steroids: application to biologic fluids.

A new method for the rapid chromatographic analysis of ketol steroids is presented and its application to the determination of ketol steroids in urine is described. The separation and identification of many of the adrenocortical hormones and other steroids by means of filter-paper partition chromatography has been effected by Zaffaroni etal. (1), using a two-phase system with prior impregnation of the filter paper with the stationary phase. Although the advantages presented by such a simplified method might lead to prediction of its widespread use and application in the analysis of biologic fluids, this method in our hands has proved to possess a number of disadvantages. The method here presented employs no pre-impregnation of the paper, since the developing solvent mixture is monophasic, and uses water as the stationary phase.1 A complete run requires two hours at room temperature, giving good resolution of the steroids to be mentioned later. Our procedure employs the three-limb single sheet used in desc...
The payoff of conservation investments in tropical countryside

The future of biodiversity and ecosystem services hinges on harmonizing agricultural production and conservation, yet there is no planning algorithm for predicting the efficacy of conservation investments in farmland. We present a conservation planning framework for countryside (working agricultural landscapes) that calculates the production and conservation benefits to the current baseline of incremental investments. Our framework is analogous to the use of reserve design algorithms. Unlike much countryside modeling, our framework is designed for application in data-limited contexts, which are prevalent. We apply our framework to quantify the payoff for Costa Rican birds of changing farm plot and border vegetation. We show that installing windbreaks of native vegetation enhances both bird diversity and farm income, especially when complementing certain crop types. We make predictions that differ from those of approaches currently applied to agri-environment planning,: e.g., although habitat with trees has lower local species richness than farm plot habitats (1–44% lower), replacing any plot habitat with trees should boost regional richness considerably. Our planning framework reveals the small, targeted changes on farms that can make big differences for biodiversity.
Economic sanctions reconsidered: History and current policy

Part 1 Introduction: lessons drawn from case studies historical overview the cyclical popularity of sanctions sender countries and their motives limitations on the use of sanctions plan of the book. Part 2 Anatomy of a sanctions episode: senders and targets type of sanctions foreign policy goals overview of the variables the success of an episode companion policy measures length of sanctions international co-operation international assistance to the target country economic health and political stability prior relations between sender and target estimating the costs country size and trade links analytic methods on to the results. Part 3 Political variables: modest changes in policy destabilizing a government disrupting military adventures impairing military potential other major policy changes. Part 4 Economic variables: size of sender and target countries trade linkages type of sanction the cost of sanctions. Part 5 Conclusions: are sanctions effective? nine commandments do's and don'ts. Appendices: statistical analysis of the effectiveness of sanctions estimating the costs of sanctions - methodology case abstracts.
Investigation of coherence in L-band thermal emission from com canopies

This paper presents the simulation results of thermal emission from a corn canopy. The corn stalks are modeled using the quasi-periodic approach. The wave attenuation through the corn leaves modeled as elliptical disks is taken into account in the simulations. The computed brightness temperature that depends on the azimuthal look angle shows the attenuation effects due to the leaves in addition to the coherence effects due to the periodic structure of the stalks.
Thermal death of bacterial pathogens in linguiça smoking

Abstract Linguica, a smoked sausage originally from Portugal, is often made in small quantities in California, without inspection. Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serotype Newport, and Yersinia enterocolitica were added individually to batter representing California linguica. Batter (≤1 mm thick), heated at 50, 55, and 60 °C, showed decimal reduction times ranging from >10 min for most trials at 50 °C to
Organosulfate formation in biogenic secondary organic aerosol

Organosulfates of isoprene, α-pinene, and β-pinene have recently been identified in both laboratory-generated and ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, the mechanism and ubiquity of organosulfate formation in biogenic SOA is investigated by a comprehensive series of laboratory photooxidation (i.e., OH-initiated oxidation) and nighttime oxidation (i.e., NO3-initiated oxidation under dark conditions) experiments using nine monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, d-limonene, l-limonene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, Δ3-carene, and β-phellandrene) and three monoterpenes (α-pinene, d-limonene, and l-limonene), respectively. Organosulfates were characterized using liquid chromatographic techniques coupled to electrospray ionization combined with both linear ion trap and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Organosulfates are formed only when monoterpenes are oxidized in the presence of acidified sulfate seed aerosol, a result consistent with prior work. Archived laboratory-generated isoprene SOA and ambient filter samples collected from the southeastern U.S. were reexamined for organosulfates. By comparing the tandem mass spectrometric and accurate mass measurements collected for both the laboratory-generated and ambient aerosol, previously uncharacterized ambient organic aerosol components are found to be organosulfates of isoprene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene-like monoterpenes (e.g., myrcene), demonstrating the ubiquity of organosulfate formation in ambient SOA. Several of the organosulfates of isoprene and of the monoterpenes characterized in this study are ambient tracer compounds for the occurrence of biogenic SOA formation under acidic conditions. Furthermore, the nighttime oxidation experiments conducted under highly acidic conditions reveal a viable mechanism for the formation of previously identified nitrooxy organosulfates found in ambient nighttime aerosol samples. We estimate that the organosulfate contribution to the total organic mass fraction of ambient aerosol collected from K-puszta, Hungary, a field site with a similar organosulfate composition as that found in the present study for the southeastern U.S., can be as high as 30%.
Fibreoptic bronchoscopy for tracheal and endobronchial intubation with a double-lumen tube

Chez un malade cedule pour thoracotomie, ľemploi ďun tube endotracheal a double lumiere fut juge necessaire par le chirurgien. A cause de certaines difficultes anatomiques ľintubation ne fut pas possible en employant les methodes conventionnelles. Pour resoudre ce probleme le bout proximal ďun tube a double lumiere de calibre 37 fut raccourci permettant ľemploi du bronchoscope fibroptique de 4 mm de diametre. Celui-ci fut introduit dans le larynx et le tube fut glisse et positionne correctement.
IgM/IgG solid-phase antibody-capture assay with biotin/125I-streptavidin amplification: application to normal human sural nerve biopsies

A highly sensitive and specific solid-phase antibody-capture assay was developed to measure IgM and IgG in endoneurial preparations of human sural nerve biopsies. Assay amplification was obtained by utilizing biotin-labeled anti-IgM or anti-IgG antibody and 125I-streptavidin, resulting in multiple streptavidin molecules binding per biotinylated antibody molecule. A minimal detectable dose of 0.16 +/- 0.08 ng (mean +/- SD; n = 7) for IgM and 0.03 +/- 0.02 ng (mean +/- SD; n = 5) for IgG was obtained in a 100 microliters sample. When this assay was applied to normal fascicular biopsies from human sural nerve, the percent of IgM and IgG, respectively, of the total endoneurial protein was 0.026 +/- 0.015% (n = 9) and 0.27 +/- 0.15% (n = 10; mean +/- SD). When these endoneurial concentrations of IgM and IgG were related to the plasma concentrations (mg IgM or IgG/mg total plasma protein), an IgM-blood-nerve barrier (BNB) index of 4.09 +/- 1.95 and an IgG-BNB index of 2.07 +/- 1.10 were obtained (X10(2); mean +/- SD). These values were also related to the albumin (Alb) concentration in the biopsies as a percent of total endoneurial protein (2.48 +/- 1.07%; mean +/- SD) and with the Alb-BNB index (5.40 +/- 2.53; X10(2); mean +/- SD; n = 10). Although these normal values will be expected to change with age, sex, nerve, and proximal-distal distance from nerve root, they should provide a basis for the comparison of BNB indices from patients with peripheral neuropathy.
Impurity conduction in the intermediate concentration region

Activation energy and impurity conduction in antimony doped germanium in intermediate impurity concentration based on negative ion D band
A good submatrix is hard to find

Given a matrix, it is NP-hard to find a 'large' column, row, or arbitraty submatrix that satisfies property @p, where @p is nontrivial, holds for permutation matrices, and is hereditary on submatrices. Such properties include totally unimodular, transformable to a network matrix, permutable to consecutive ones, and many others. Similar results hold for properties such as positive definite, of bandwidth w, and symmetric.
Introduction: evolution, morphology, and behavior of lorisoid primates

This special issue of the American Journal of Primatology is based on the symposium ‘‘Evolution, Functional Morphology, and Behavioral Ecology of Lorises and Galagos (Lorisoids)’’ held at the 74th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in Milwaukee during April 2005. This symposium was convened in an effort to bring together as many people as possible who were doing work in these fields and to generate discussion on how future efforts might be focused. The authors who contributed to this special issue represent just a fraction of the individuals who are currently doing outstanding work on lorisoids, and we are very grateful for their participation in the symposium, as well as for their work in bringing these manuscripts together here. Special thanks go to the following individuals who were not able to submit their work for this special issue but are making valuable contributions to the field: Kaberi Kar Gupta at Arizona State University (behavior of wild slender lorises [Kar Gupta, 2005; Kar Gupta & Nash, 2004], Michelle Becker at the National Institutes of Health (galago vocalizations [Becker et al., 2003a,b]), and Jeffrey Schwartz at the University of Pittsburgh (systematics of Perodicticus [Schwartz, 1996; Schwartz & Beutel, 1995]. We also especially thank Simon Bearder for his perceptive ‘‘Afterward’’ to this issue. He brings a unique perspective, based on his experience as a pioneer in the study of lorises and galagos, to integrating these papers into a wide-ranging view of what it means to be a nocturnal primate, and the special conservation issues facing these animals. Much of our knowledge about strepsirrhines is derived from studies on the mainly diurnal lemurs and indriids. The nocturnal lorises and galagos have not been studied as thoroughly, perhaps in part because of the difficulty of tracking and observing relatively small, arboreal animals that move through dense vegetation under the cover of night. However, an understanding of lorisoid evolutionary history, morphology, and behavioral ecology may be critical to our understanding of primate origins, special senses, and social systems. The papers in this special issue are an effort to increase our understanding in these areas,
GIG QoS Inter-Domain Interoperability Challenges

The Global Information Grid (GIG), is a large and complex undertaking that is intended to integrate virtually all DoD information systems, services, and applications into one seamless, reliable, and secure network. The GIG Transport Segment will be comprised of multiple different network types, each implementing a QoS solution that best fits the network's user needs. Each QoS solution implements different QoS mechanisms across the data, control, and management functional planes and may be reliant on network hardware that is not implemented GIG-wide. Interoperability challenges between these different QoS solutions need to be documented and analyzed to facilitate the delivery of traffic end-to-end across multiple GIG networks. This paper will provide an overview of the GIG Transport Segment, describe network-to-network interface connections, categorize different types of QoS solutions that are being applied to GIG networks, and discuss inter-domain challenges associated with interconnecting these types of solutions.
The yeast rRNA biosynthesis factor Ebp2p is also required for efficient nuclear division.

Molecular genetic analysis of the yeast Ebp2 protein has revealed that it is an essential, nucleolar protein that functions in the rRNA biosynthesis pathway. Temperature-sensitive ebp2-1 mutants are defective in the processing of the 27 SA precursor rRNA, and the point substitutions that disrupt this activity cluster towards the central, more highly conserved region of the Ebp2 protein. We report here that other ebp2 mutants exhibit deficiencies associated with defects in chromosome segregation. Yeast cells bearing a 50 amino acid C-terminal truncation allele (ebp2ΔC50) display a slow-growth phenotype and exhibit an increased percentage of cells with the nucleus positioned at the bud neck. The ebp2-1 and ebp2ΔC50 alleles genetically complement each other, and ebp2ΔC50 mutants exhibit nuclear division defects that are distinct from the rRNA biosynthesis-related phenotypes of ebp2-1 mutants. Cytological and FACS analysis of the ebp2ΔC50 deletion mutants indicate that the chromosome segregation related activities of the Ebp2 protein are monitored by Mad2p, a mitotic checkpoint protein. The finding that yeast Ebp2p functions in nuclear division is consistent with the growing body of evidence that supports the role that human EBP2 plays in chromosome segregation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Hybridization Mapping of Glucocorticoid Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Rat Brain

We have mapped the distribution of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA in the male adult rat brain using T7 RNA polymerase transcripts of a 1155 base pair rat GR cDNA clone comprising the coding region for amino acids 140–525. Strong expression of GR mRNA was found in the neurons of the CA1 and CA2 fields of the hippocampus and in the paraventricular and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei. Moderate to strong hybridization was found in the dorsal thalamic nuclei, layers II and VI of the cerebral cortex, the anterior olfactor nucleus and primary olfactory cortex, the hypothalamic mamillary nuclei, the subthalamus, and the granule and mitral cells of the olfactory bulb. Weak to moderate hybridization was found in many other regions of the tel- and diencephalon. Mes- and rhomboencephalic neurons displayed very low levels of GR mRNA relative to the levels observed in the tel- and diencephalon. In the cerebellum, moderate to strong levels of mRNA were detected in the granule and Purkinje cell layers with very lo...
Glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP synergistically regulate the abundance of preproenkephalin messenger RNA in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells.

Summary Regulation of preproenkephalin gene expression was studied in NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. Untreated cells contain 20–120 fg preproenkephalin mRNA per μg cellular RNA. Treatment of cells with a glucocorticoid ( e.g. dexamethasone) for 24 hr or 8 days elevated the abundance of this mRNA to 3 or 9 times the control, respectively. Treatment with 8-bromocyclic AMP or an adenylate cyclase activator such as prostaglandin E 1 or forskolin elevated preproenkephalin mRNA to twice the control or less. Treatment with both glucocorticoid and forskolin for 24 hr or 8 days markedly increased preproenkephalin mRNA to 5–8 and 30 times the control, respectively. Intracellular Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was increased in parallel with the mRNA abundance. The results demonstrate that preproenkephalin gene expression is synergistically regulated by glucocorticoids and cAMP.
Determination of the mesonephric kidney

The determination of the mesonephric kidney in Taricha torosa involves both inductive and suppressive interactions between the kidney mesoderm and other embryonic tissues. The analysis of kidney determination was made by explanting the mesonephrogenic mesenchyme in epidermal vesicles either alone or in combination with the endoderm, notochord, neural tube, neural crest, lateral plate mesoderm, somite or nephric duct. It was found that the endoderm, notochord, early somite, and early lateral plate mesoderm are inductors of the mesonephros. Also, both premigratory and migratory neural crest cells, neural tube, older somite, and older lateral plate mesoderm were identified as suppressors of the development of the mesonephros. Most of the above interactions occur before the nephric duct makes contact with the mesonephrogenic mesenchyme. Too much emphasis has been placed on the nephric duct as being the inductor of the mesonephros. The mesonephric kidney is determined by late tailbud stages; a result of the inductive and suppressive interactions it has experienced.
Threshold response of C15 to the Dpp gradient in Drosophila is established by the cumulative effect of Smad and Zen activators and negative cues

Morphogen gradients determine a range of cell fates by specifying multiple transcriptional threshold responses. In the dorsal ectoderm of the Drosophila embryo, a BMP gradient is translated into an activated Smad transcription factor gradient, which elicits at least three threshold responses - high, intermediate and low. However, the mechanism underlying differential response to Dpp is poorly understood, due in part to the insufficient number of well-studied target genes. We analyzed the regulation of the C15 gene, which can be activated in cells containing intermediate levels of Dpp. We show that C15 expression requires both dpp and zen, thus forming a genetic feed-forward loop. The C15 regulatory element contains clusters of Smad- and Zen-binding sites in close proximity. Mutational analysis shows that the number of intact Smad- and Zen-binding sites is essential for the C15 transcriptional response, and that the spatial limits of C15 expression are established through a repression mechanism in the dorsolateral cells of the embryo. Thus, the combinatorial action of Smad and Zen activators bound to a number of adjacent sites, and competing negative cues allows for proper gene response to lower than peak levels of the Dpp morphogen.
Laser multiphoton ionization in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer: vibronic/mass spectra of triethylenediamine from 425 to 560 nm

Abstract Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) fragmentation patterns are obtained as a function of laser wave-length using a new, computer-controlled, high-resolution time-of-flight laser mass spectrometer system. REMPI mass spectra for triethylenediamine show extensive fragmentation, the pattern dependent upon the particular two-photon resonance (doorway state) selected.
Impaled Aorta: A Rare Case of Aortic Perforation With a Vertebral Outgrowth

We describe an unusual case of aortic perforation by a vertebral osteophyte, complicated by a mycotic pseudoaneurysm, in a patient who underwent successful repair. To our knowledge, no similar case has been reported previously.
A unique neural timing system prevents male mice from harming their own offspring

Infanticide is a behavioural strategy that occurs in many mammals. In male house mice, Mus domesticus, the specific stimulus of ejaculation during copulation inhibits male mice from killing pups. An unusual aspect of this phenomenon, however, is the extraordinary latency that occurs between the stimulus (ejaculation) and its adaptive response (male mice cease killing pups and behave ‘parentally’ toward them). Specifically, the inhibition of infanticidal behaviour is usually delayed for many days after a male ejaculates, but virtually always occurs before or around the time his own sired offspring would be born 18–20 days after mating. CF-1 male mice were maintained at artificially ‘fast’ or ‘slow’ daylengths (22 h versus 27 h light/dark cycles) to test one possible hypothesis of how a biological timing system could gauge such a long stimulus-response interval. The results suggest that photoperiodic cues synchronized the shift in behaviour, since a sudden transition from violent to benevolent behaviour toward pups occurred as a function of the number of ligh/dark cycles experienced after ejaculation rather than the amount of absolute time (24 days) experienced.
Hierarchical Menu Design: Breadth, Depth, and Task Complexity:

In this research a relationship between an hierarchical menu's depth and the perceived complexity of a task involving menu retrieval was proposed and validated. 12 subjects were asked to use six different hierarchical menus of varying breadth and depth. The dependent variables were response time and accuracy. The independent variables were depth and breadth of the hierarchy. Subsequent to experimentation, the subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire on users' perceptions of the complexity of the different menu structures. As depth increased, perceived complexity of the menus increased significantly. These phenomena are linked to an existing theory of task complexity. We suggest that the cognitive component influencing users' perceptions of task complexity was short-term memory load.
Deflection Shapes Due to Intrinsic Stress in Thin Films

The curvatures of thin film/substrate systems are obtained for a nonlinear plate deflection model using a Galerkin minimization procedure proposed by Hyer. A fifth order polynomial involving the curvatures is given. The results show that the linear models of Stoney and Brenner and Senderoff apply only at low stress states and that stable and unstable configurations develop at higher stresses even for isotropic systems.
The Afrotropical cylindromorphines: subfamilial placement, phylogenetic affinities, generic synonymy and species lists (Coleoptera Buprestidae Agrilinae)

The Cylindromorphini is reduced to tribal status under Agrilinae. The Trachyinae is not considered as a necessary subfamily and thus the six inclusive tribes are considered under Agrilinae and thus equivalent to Cylindromorphini. A key is given to separate the six tribes present in the Afrotropical region. The phylogenetic affinities and possible related lineages of the cylindromorphines are discussed briefly. The generic synonymy for two of four Afrotropical genera is changed: Franchetia Thery 1947 (= Capeneria Cobos 1953), n. syn. and Zita Thery 1947 (= Neomorphus Cobos 1953), n. syn. The four continental African genera are separated in a key and species lists are given for each. Type species are newly designated for Paracylindromorphus Thery 1928, Zita Thery 1947, Neomorphus Cobos 1953 and Zitella Thery 1954.
Proctectomy and coloanal reconstruction for rectal cancer

There is increasing interest in the use of coloanal reconstruction following proctectomy for low rectal cancer. The authors review the surgical options for such sphincter-saving approaches, and report their pilot experience with eight patients receiving high-dose preoperative radiation with subsequent proctectomy and endoanal anastomosis. There were no anastomotic leaks.
Body temperature patterns during hibernation in a free-living Alaska marmot (Marmota broweri)

Marmota broweri is endemic to arctic Alaska. We implanted data loggers into one free-living subadult female in August 2007 to record body temperature (Tb). Seasonal heterothermy lasted for 224 days (10 September to 21 April). Midwinter torpor bout length (mean ± SD) was 13.91 ± 3.56 days and duration of interbout euthermy was 18.43 ± 2.55 hr. Unlike other marmot species, torpor entry during midwinter was consistently characterized by two distinct cooling rates differing by about 10-fold and separated by a transient temperature increase. Minimum hibernaculum temperature was − 14.97 °C in February (7 month mean: − 7.33 °C). Minimum Tb was 1.01 °C when defending a 15.5 °C thermal gradient. At least six animals emerged from the hibernaculum suggesting that communal hibernation may be a strategy to reduce metabolic costs while maintaining above-freezing Tb.
A class of exact multipolar vortices

A class of exact solutions to the steady Euler equations representing finite area patches of nonuniform vorticity is presented. It is demonstrated that the solutions constitute a special class of steady multipolar vortical structures and have many qualitative similarities with the multipolar equilibria observed in two-dimensional flows at high Reynolds numbers. The results provide insights into the mathematical structure of the two-dimensional Euler equation that, it is argued, underlies the occurrence of such multipolar coherent structures in real physical flows. Moreover, the new solutions possess the interesting feature of being completely “invisible” in that their presence cannot be detected anywhere outside the support of the vorticity.
Resistivity Studies of Single-Crystal and Polycrystal Films of Aluminum

The resistivities of condensed polycrystal and single-crystal aluminum films have been measured as a function of thickness (1600-36000 \AA{}) and temperature (4.2-300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). Both the temperature-independent residual resistivity and the temperature-dependent resistivity increase with decreasing film thickness. The residual resistivity agrees very well with the Fuchs-Sondheimer theory. Both groups of films have the same bulk electron mean free path but different reflection parameters. The increase in the temperature-dependent part of the resistivity is larger but similar to the deviations predicted by the Fuchs-Sondheimer theory.
Intravenous hyperalimentation in pediatrics

Parenteral hyperalimentation has now found widespread acceptance and use in the treatment of severe nutritional failure in centers throughout the world. After more than 4 years of experience, the incidence of major complications from the procedure have been more clearly defined. Specific nutritional deficiencies are still being encountered, and it will be noted that many of the constituents in today's solutions have been modified from those described in the original reports. When using this form of therapy, it is certainly advisable to follow the latest developments in the investigative field.
A Case Study of West Atlantic Cloud Clusters: Part 2. Dynamic Structure and Environment

Abstract We describe the behavior, dynamics and setting of three cloud clusters. The clusters occurred in the western Atlantic Ocean between 21 and 24 July 1969. Wind and cloud analyses made from intensive ship and satellite observations of the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) were supplemented by analyses of thermodynamic structure (temperature, moisture and stability) from Martin and Sikdar (1975). Each of the clusters moved west to northwest. In each cluster high-energy near-surface air was ingested on the front or right flank and vented in the upper troposphere toward the right flank or rear. The clusters were distinguished by a range of speeds (6–15 m s−1), maximum areas (30 000–200 000 km2) and lifetimes (<1 to ∼3 days). Downdrafts in the first cluster were weak. The second cluster was without significant downdrafts as it formed, but gradually assumed the appearance of tropical squall lines. Massive squall-line downdrafts were observed in the third cluster. Conditions fav...
In-vivo transducer to measure dynamic mitral annular forces

Limited knowledge exists regarding the forces which act on devices implanted to the heart's mitral valve. Developing a transducer to measure the peak force magnitudes, time rates of change, and relationship with left ventricular pressure will aid in device development. A novel force transducer was developed and implanted in the mitral valve annulus of an ovine subject. In the post-cardioplegic heart, septal-lateral and transverse forces were continuously measured for cardiac cycles reaching a peak left ventricular pressure of 90 mmHg. Each force was seen to increase from ventricular diastole and found to peak at mid-systole. The mean change in septal-lateral and transverse forces throughout the cardiac cycle was 4.4±0.2 N and 1.9±0.1 N respectively. During isovolumetric contraction, the septal-lateral and transverse forces were found to increase at peak rate of 143±8 N/s and 34±9 N/s, respectively. Combined, this study provides the first quantitative assessment of septal-lateral and transverse forces within the contractile mitral annulus. The developed transducer was successful in measuring these forces whose methods may be extended to future studies. Upon additional investigation, these data may contribute to the safer development and evaluation of devices aimed to repair or replace mitral valve function.
Online ultrasound sensor calibration using gradient descent on the Euclidean Group

Ultrasound imaging can be an advantageous imaging modality for image guided surgery. When using ultrasound imaging (or any imaging modality), calibration is important when more advanced forms of guidance, such as augmented reality systems, are used. There are many different methods of calibration, but the goal of each is to recover the rigid body transformation relating the pose of the probe to the ultrasound image frame. This paper presents a unified algorithm that can solve the ultrasound calibration problem for various calibration methodologies. The algorithm uses gradient descent optimization on the Euclidean Group. It can be used in real time, also serving as a way to update the calibration parameters on-line. We also show how filtering, based on the theory of invariants, can further improve the online results. Focusing on two specific calibration methodologies, the AX = XB problem and the BX−1 p problem, we demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm in both simulation and experimentation.
Property tax shifting under imperfect competition

The hedonic price models are commonly used to empirically assess the degree to which property taxes are shifted from property owners to property renters. The findings of these studies vary sporadically in terms of the degree of tax shifting. The competitiveness of housing markets may significantly influence the degree of tax shifting. In this article, we allow a nonzero price-cost markup in the hedonic price equation and examine the impact of market power on property tax shifting. In our case study, we examine the property-specific characteristics, occupancy record and local property tax associated with hundreds of managed rental properties in central New Hampshire. The results show that, depending on the degree of market power exercised by a property management firm, the anti-competitive structure of the market may significantly contribute to property tax shifting from property owners to property renters.
Transplantation tolerance: babies take the first step.

Babies will accept transplants from donors of different blood groups, a situation that is catastrophic in adults. The basis for this acceptance is now examined and found to hinge on B-cell tolerance (pages 1227–1233).
Intramedullary causes of myelopathy

This article addresses imaging of intramedullary processes of the spinal cord. MRI, as the procedure of choice for the intramedullary space, is the primary imaging modality that is focused on. Patterns of signal abnormality, enhancement, and morphology are described that can be used to separate neoplasms, inflammation, infarction, vascular anomalies, degenerative processes, and congenital anomalies as they affect the spinal cord. Recognition of these patterns is essential for prompt and appropriate medical and surgical treatment.
Collision-induced electronic transitions

We examine collision-induced electronic transitions mediated via long-range electrostatic fields such as those generated by ions and molecular dipoles. The chief characteristics of such processes are the relatively narrow widths and intense strengths of the collision-induced spectral lines. These features arise from and reflect the long-range nature of electrostatic forces which tend to generate long-lived collision-induced transition electric dipole moments. Of particular interest is the prediction that the collision-induced electromagnetic rates are proportional to the Raman cross section of the normally forbidden transition.
Dielectric constants and Clausius‐Mossotti functions for simple liquid mixtures: Systems containing nitrogen, argon and light hydrocarbons

The University of Wyoming Dept. of Mineral Engineering determined the dielectric constants and the Clausius-Mossotti functions (CM) for pure components, binary mixtures, and ternary mixtures of nitrogen, methane, ethane, propane, and isobutane at pressures near saturation between 91/sup 0/ and 115/sup 0/K. The excess Calusius-Mossotti functions (CM/sup E/) were also calculated for the pure-fluid and mixture values. The results of the mixtures indicate that the CM/sup E/ function is generally <0.1% of the mixture CM value for saturated liquid mixtures composed of simple nonpolar species. For such mixtures, dielectric constant measurements can be substituted for density measurements, if the composition and pure-component CM values are known. Pure-component results for propane and isobutane indicate that their permanent dipole moments are sufficient to affect their liquid dielectric properties at low temperatures. This is confirmed by the larger CM/sup E/ values obtained for mixtures containing these species. For typical LNG mixtures, where concentrations of these components are not too large, the CM values of the mixtures can be accurately determined by a mole fraction average calculation using the infinite-dilution CM value for these components in methane rather than their pure-component CM values. Deviations as large as 3% were found a direct proportionality betweenmore » the light-hydrocarbon-liquid CM values and the heating values.« less
Friendship patterns in open and traditional classrooms.

This paper questions the appropriateness of generalizing traditional sociometric findings to alternative types of classrooms. It is argued that organizational characteristics of the classroom which permit a high level of interaction among the students affect the patterns of children's friendship choices. Cross-sectional sociometric data from 51 classes and longitudinal data from 9 classes are examined to test the hypothesis that friendship patterns vary according to whether classrooms are "open " or "traditional. " A less hierarchized distribution of choices with fewer social isolates and sociometric leaders was found in flexible classrooms as compared to traditional classes. Asymmetric dyads and intransitive triads occur less frequently in the open classrooms and are resolved more quickly.
A review of the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) applications in solid unit operations

Abstract This review traces current applications of the residence time theory in various solid unit operations. Besides reviewing recent experimental and simulation studies in the literature, some common modeling and tracer detection techniques applied in continuous flow systems are also considered. We attempt to clarify and emphasize the influence of the residence time profile on the unit performance, which is the key in system design and performance improvement of practical unit operations. The development of predictive modeling is also an important goal in the long-term development of the residence time theory.
Eye Movement-Based Interface Evaluation: What can and Cannot be Assessed?:

Interface evaluation by eye tracking-derived data is discussed in this review and synthesis paper. While analysis of eye movements during interface use is becoming more popular, there is little basis for justification of eye tracking methods. A review of traditional interface assessment methods and criteria is provided, to establish areas where eye tracking may potentially impact interface evaluations. Studies are then reviewed, that have used eye tracking-derived measures for performance assessment as interfaces are manipulated. A synthesis is then provided, suggesting that eye tracking-based analysis could have a positive impact in evaluations of consistency, resources, visual clarity, and flexibility, and should have difficulty in ascertaining interface compatibility and locus of control.
Cardiomyopathy, mitochondria and Barth syndrome: iPSCs reveal a connection.

Barth syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disorder caused by mutations in the tafazzin (TAZ) gene that result in dilated cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy and neutropenia. Tafazzin has a mitochondrial function, and a new study using cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from humans with Barth syndrome identifies increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as a key intermediate causing cardiac contractile dysfunction (pages 616–623).
Scattering by large resonant cavity structures

Abstract The scattering of a plane wave from a two-dimensional, sound hard, cavity is considered where the length of the cavity is large compared to the wavelength. The cavity may contain an obstacle or have walls which slowly change on a scale that is long compared to the wavelength, but short compared to the overall length of the cavity. The structure may be terminated by either or short or another flanged aperture. Using a generalized S-matrix, a new formula is derived for the scattering cross-section, σ, of the structure. This formula contains the mathematical description of all the multiple interactions between the aperture and the contents of the cavity. Approximating the inverse of a certain matrix by the first term of a geometric series, yields an approximation σA which has been derived by researchers studying the scattering cross-sections of jet engine inlets. This approximation only takes into account one scattering interaction and provides excellent results, because for these applications, the width of the waveguide is much larger than a wavelength. For other important applications where the width and the wavelength are comparable, it produces unacceptable errors. Several examples are presented which compare the errors produced by the approximate theory to the more exact one derived in this paper. It is shown that the two agree when the waveguide width becomes sufficiently large and diverge in the other extreme.