cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sillimanite—disordering enthalpy by calorimetry

Abstract Heat of solution measurements in an oxide-melt were performed on samples of natural sillimanite heat-treated in the range 1200–1700°C at pressures of 16–23 kbar. A distinct enthalpy of solution decrement relative to the unheated sillimanite of about 1.3 kc/mole is shown by samples run at 1400–1550°C. Pressure variations in the range 16–23 kbar cause little change in the heat of solution in this temperature range. This pressure-independent ‘plateau’ in heat of solution is interpreted to be due to Al-Si disordering on tetrahedral sites in the sillimanite structure. A simple temperature-dependent disordering model developed by navrotsky and Kleppa (1967) for spinels leads to an Al-Si interchange enthalpy, Δ H nt , of16 ± 1 kcal/mole, in good agreement with the value derived by Holdaway (1971) on entirely different grounds. Above 1550°C, larger heat of solution decrements were observed. Microprobe analyses of quenched samples indicate that the sillimanite has not deviated significantly from the ideal formula. Some unknown profound disordering process may account for the heat effects in the very high temperature range. Unit cell volumes of quenched samples also describe a ‘plateau’ region in the temperature range 1400–1550°C. This plateau consists of an increase of the 6 crystallographic axis beginning at 1350°C without much change in the other axes in the range 1350–1550°C. A sudden expansion of the α -axis occurs between 1550 and 1630°C. We conclude that Al-Si disorder of the type postulated by Beger et al. (1970), and Holdaway (1971) has been confirmed calorimetrically for samples heated under pressure in the temperature range 1400–1550°C.
Two subtypes of sodium channel with tetrodotoxin sensitivity and insensitivity detected in denervated mammalian skeletal muscle.

Abstract The action potential (AP) in most nerve and muscle preparations depends upon an increase in Na permeability which is blocked by nanomolar concentrations of the neurotoxins saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX). In some excitable tissues lacking mature innervation, a toxin-resistant AP has been described by electrophysiological results. However, multiple attempts to detect corresponding toxin-resistant Na channels with radiolabelled STX and TTX have been unsuccessful. We report here the detection of Na channels with low-affinity binding of STX and TTX, accounting for 50–60% of the Na channels in rat hindlimb muscle 4–5 days after denervation.
Self-Assembled Nano Wires

We present a novel technique to fabricate self assembled nano wires on substrates, or channels of nano dimensions on thin films. The width of the wires or channels can be 50 nm and below, but their lengths can be 100s of micro meters. The technique is as follows: a substrate is coated by a film which is then strained either by applying load on the film-substrate system or by residual stress of the film itself. If the stress on the film exceeds that of its fracture stress, the film cracks with nano-dimensional opening to the substrate. The pattern of the cracks on the film depends on the type of stress (uniaxial or biaxial), strength of the interface between the substrate and the film, and the fracture strength of the film. Thus, the crack pattern can be controlled by tuning such parameters. The self assembled network of cracks can be used as nano channels, or the cracks can be filled by a metal that bonds with the substrate, which, after removal of the cracked film, gives a network of nano wires. We present the results of our initial experiments which have resulted Nickel wires on Si substrate. The wires are 300nm wide and millimeters long.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Dependence of fatigue life on the surface integrity in the machining of 2024-T351 aluminium alloy — unlubricated conditions

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the dependence of fatigue life on the surface integrity in the machining of 2024-T351 aluminium alloy under dry unlubricated conditions. Cutting speeds ranging from 100 to 250 ft min−1 (30.48 to 76.2 m min−1 and tool rake angles ranging from 10 to 30° were used. The results of the investigation show that the damage in the surface due to machining consists of a wide variety of defects such as cracks, long straight grooves, cavities, microcracks and macrocracks, and severe plastic deformation, etc. The severity of the damage decreases with an increase in the cutting speed and tool rake angle. An increase in the cutting speed or tool rake angle resulted in an increase in the fatigue life of the specimen.
The Control of Invasive Species on Private Property with Neighbor-to-Neighbor Spillovers

Invasive pests cross property boundaries. Property managers may have private incentives to control invasive species despite not having sufficient incentive to fully internalize the external costs of their role in spreading the invasion. Each property manager has a right to future use of his own property, but his property may abut others’ properties enabling spread of an invasive species. The incentives for a foresighted property manager to control invasive species have received little attention. We consider the efforts of a foresighted property manager who has rights to future use of a property and has the ability to engage in repeated, discrete control activities. We find that higher rates of dispersal, associated with proximity to neighboring properties, reduce the private incentives for control. Controlling species at one location provides incentives to control at a neighboring location. Control at neighboring locations are strategic complements and coupled with spatial heterogeneity lead to a weaker-link public good problem, in which each property owner is unable to fully appropriate the benefits of his own control activity. Future-use rights and private costs suggest that there is scope for a series of Coase-like exchanges to internalize much of the costs associated with species invasion. Pigouvian taxes on invasive species potentially have qualitatively perverse behavioral effects. A tax with a strong income effect (e.g., failure of effective revenue recycling) can reduce the value of property assets and diminish the incentive to manage insects on one’s own property.
Investigation of Protein–Protein Interactions within Flagellar Dynein Using Homobifunctional and Zero-Length Crosslinking Reagents

The dynein molecular motor is a highly complex enzyme containing up to 15 different protein components and consists of several distinct domains identifiable by electron microscopy. One of the current challenges is to understand the supramolecular organization of this motor and to determine the location and function of the various components. Recently, we have used covalent crosslinking by amine-selective reagents and a carbodiimide, which results in zero-length crosslink, to investigate protein–protein associations within Chlamydomonas flagellar dynein. This approach also has enabled us to identify previously undescribed interactions between the dynein arms and other components of the flagellar axoneme. In this report, we detail methods we have developed to probe intradynein and intraaxonemal interactions and discuss the variety of factors that need be addressed to perform a successful crosslinking experiment.
In vivo gene electroinjection and expression in rat liver

In vivo targeted gene transfer by non-viral vectors is subjected to anatomical constraints depending on the route of administration. Transfection efficiency and gene expression in vivo using non-viral vectors is also relatively low. We report that in vivo electropermeabilization of the liver tissue of rats in the presence of genes encoding luciferase or β-galactosidase resulted in the strong expression of these genetic markers in rat liver cells. About 30–40% of the rat liver cells electroporated expressed the β-galactosidase genetic marker 48 h after electroporation. The marker expression was also detected at least 21 days after transfection at about 5% of the level 48 h after electroporation. The results indicate that gene transfer by electroporation in vivo may avoid anatomical constraints and low transfection efficiency.
A new era of vertebrate pest control? An introduction

Abstract Vertebrate pest control has made substantial progress, worldwide, in the past century – moving from what were once uncoordinated private efforts to trap, shoot, or poison animal pests to organized IPM approaches employing a variety of pest control tactics. Some of the tools of the past are still critically important in these programs, but as new pest problems and new constraints arise, these tools are often found wanting. This paper, introducing a special issue of International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation , briefly examines developments in vertebrate pest control in the past 100 years and summarizes some of the current lines of research that will carry us into the future.
1-Bromo-2,4,6-tricyclo­hexyl­benzene

The title compound, C24H25Br, packs efficiently in the crystal structure with no solvent-accessible voids and several inter­molecular H⋯H contacts approximating the sum of the van der Waals radii. The mol­ecule is quite crowded, with intra­molecular Br⋯H and C⋯H contacts ca 0.38 and 0.30 A, respectively, less than the sum of the corresponding van der Waals radii. All cyclo­hexyl rings adopt chair conformations with the `seat' of the chair inclined at approximately 57–81° to the mean plane of the benzene ring, while those ortho to bromine have their centroids displaced in opposite directions from this plane.
Conjugate gradient method for determining unknown contact conductance during metal casting

Abstract The air-gap formation between the casting and the metal mold during the casting of metals creates a thermal resistance that reduces the heat transfer and solidification rates. In this work, the inverse solution methodology based on the conjugate gradient method is developed for estimating the variation of air-gap resistance with time from the transient temperature measurements taken with thermocouples inside the casting region and at the outer mold surface. The advantage of the conjugate gradient method is that there is no need to assume a specific functional form for the unknown quantity beforehand, since the solution automatically determines the functional form over the domain specified. Furthermore the method is stable and converges over an order of magnitude faster than the least square method.
Transition Metal Alloys of Extraordinary Stability; An Example of Generalized Lewis-Acid-Base Interactions in Metallic Systems

The Engel theory of metals predicts unusually high thermodynamic stability for certain classes of alloys of transition metals for which generalized Lewis-acid-base interactions are possible. To test these predictions, phase equilibria were studied for ternary systems of Zr, C, and the transition metals Re, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Au. Similar literature data for Nb, Ta, Hf, Th, Y, Ce, Er, and Pu with Re, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pt, and Au were evaluated. Thermodynamic data for the carbides of Zr, Hf, Th, Nb, Ta, U, and Y were critically evaluated, tabulated for 1200 to 2300 K, and used to fix the Gibbs energies of formation in kcal/g-atom of alloy, or their limits, for the binary phases of the above metals. In addition, for Zr, activity coefficients and excess Gibbs energies are tabulated. The predicted high stabilities for alloys of Rh, Ir, Pd, and Pt are confirmed with excess Gibbs energies ranging to —100 kcal/g-atom and activity coefficients as low as 10-12 for zirconium or hafnium in dilute solutions of platinum at 1800 K. Some of the properties of these unusually stable compounds have been measured.
THE ENTREPRENEURIAL FUNCTION IN THE THEORY OF THE FIRM

A theory of the firm is developed that enables the entrepreneurial function to be reintroduced into the theory of the firm. The conclusion reached is that once the firm is viewed as an institutional structure and not merely a production function, innovation can be explained as an endogenous process within the boundaries of existing firms. It therefore becomes possible to view institutional (in addition to product and process) innovation as a source of economic growth. Copyright 1991 by Scottish Economic Society.
Visual discrimination behavior in galago and owl monkey

Two nocturnal primates, galago and owl monkey, were inferior to rhesus monkeys in ability to detect small differences in brightness. Neither was able to learn a red-green discrimination. Although galagos did somewhat better than owl monkeys on pattern discriminations, both species were inferior to rhesus monkeys.
Analysis of disclosure avoidance procedures

Abstract In the collection of data on environmental health, individuals are frequently reluctant to be entirely candid with surveyors because of concern over the confidentiality of responses. A standard procedure is to inoculate the response with random modification (or error) so that it becomes impossible to identify individual respondents but quite possible to generate unbiased statistical summaries of the entire sample. This paper is directed at generating methods for such random inoculation and abstracting from the inoculated results those conclusions concerning sample response and population estimates. A numerical example of a bivariate randomized procedure is given.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Modulation of Forebrain GABAergic Transmission has a Pivotal Role in the Expression of Anabolic Steroid-Induced Anxiety in the Female Mouse

Increased anxiety is commonly observed in individuals who illicitly administer anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). Behavioral effects of steroid abuse have become an increasing concern in adults and adolescents of both sexes. The dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dlBnST) has a critical role in the expression of diffuse anxiety and is a key site of action for the anxiogenic neuromodulator, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Here we demonstrate that chronic, but not acute, exposure of female mice during adolescence to AAS augments anxiety-like behaviors; effects that were blocked by central infusion of the CRF receptor type 1 antagonist, antalarmin. AAS treatment selectively increased action potential (AP) firing in neurons of the central amygdala (CeA) that project to the dlBnST, increased the frequency of GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in dlBnST target neurons, and decreased both c-FOS immunoreactivity (IR) and AP frequency in these postsynaptic cells. Acute application of antalarmin abrogated the enhancement of GABAergic inhibition induced by chronic AAS exposure whereas application of CRF to brain slices of naive mice mimicked the actions of this treatment. These results, in concert with previous data demonstrating that chronic AAS treatment results in enhanced levels of CRF mRNA in the CeA and increased CRF-IR in the dlBnST neuropil, are consistent with a mechanism in which the enhanced anxiety elicited by chronic AAS exposure involves augmented inhibitory activity of CeA afferents to the dlBnST and CRF-dependent enhancement of GABAergic inhibition in this brain region.
Development of a capillary high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry system using swift technology in an ion trap/reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer

In this work a capillary high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system has been developed in a quadrupole ion trap/reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The broadband excitation for isolating a precursor ion is achieved by generating the stored waveform inverse Fourier transform waveform in real time. Following the isolation and cooling periods, an auxiliary AC voltage (tickle) is applied to the entrance end cap of the ion trap to generate collision induced dissociation. The amplitude of the tickle voltage is optimized on-line using a feedback method which involves having two computers communicating with each other. This system has been tested with a 4-peptide mixture and tandem mass spectra were obtained for each peptide.
The Effects of Precedent on Arbitration

This paper presents a new view of the arbitration process in which the arbitrator is depicted as a random device to generate arbitration decisions. The conflicting parties must decide whether to send their dispute to the arbitrator, based on their subjective probability beliefs concerning the arbitration's outcome. If their beliefs are “sufficiently divergent,” we can expect both to agree to arbitration. As similar disputes are arbitrated and precedent is set, however, these divergent beliefs can be expected to vanish. Using some game theoretical results of Aumann and Rosenthal, we demonstrate that such convergence will ruin the incentive to arbitrate for conflicts that are zero (or constant) sum in nature, and for games that are non-constant sum but “best responsive equivalent” to zero sum games. It will not do so in general for conflicts that are non-zero sum. We then examine the welfare implications of these results and point out a paradox that arises in this context.
Simulated Effects of Measurement Noise on Contact Measurements Between Rough and Smooth Surfaces

To test the accuracy of optically measuring contact, we examined the height distribution histogram of a simulated rough surface contacting a smooth surface. We qualified the technique sensitivity as a function of the inverse signal-to-noise ratio having values ranging from 0 to 0.3. An explanation of how the analysis technique can be applied to Dual Emission Laser-Induced Fluorescence (DELIF) measurements is provided.
The impact of defect scattering on the quasi-ballistic transport of nanoscale conductors

Using the Landauer approach for carrier transport, we analyze the impact of defects induced by ion irradiation on the transport properties of nanoscale conductors that operate in the quasi-ballistic regime. Degradation of conductance results from a reduction of carrier mean free path due to the introduction of defects in the conducting channel. We incorporate scattering mechanisms from radiation-induced defects into calculations of the transmission coefficient and present a technique for extracting modeling parameters from near-equilibrium transport measurements. These parameters are used to describe degradation in the transport properties of nanoscale devices using a formalism that is valid under quasi-ballistic operation. The analysis includes the effects of bandstructure and dimensionality on the impact of defect scattering and discusses transport properties of nanoscale devices from the diffusive to the ballistic limit. We compare calculations with recently published measurements of irradiated nanoscale devices such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene, and deep-submicron Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors.
Films of Ni-7 at% V, Pd, Pt and Ta-Si-N as diffusion barriers for copper on

Films of Ni–7 at% V, Pt, Pd, and Ta40Si14N46, each approximately 100 nm thick, were magnetron-deposited and interposed between about 250 nm thick copper overlayers and Bi2Te3 single-crystalline substrates. The samples were then annealed in vacuum up to 350 degrees C. The performance of the metal and the tantalum-silicon-nitride films as diffusion barriers for in-diffusion of Cu and out-diffusion of Bi and Te was evaluated by 2.0 MeV 4He backscattering spectrometry and x-ray diffraction. The Ni–7 at% V, Pd and Pt films all fail to prevent interdiffusion of Cu and Bi2Te3 after a few hours of annealing at 200 degrees C. However, the Ta40Si14N46 barrier preserves the integrity of the contact after 250 degrees C for 50 h and 350 degrees C for 1 h anneals. These results confirm the superior characteristics of the metal-silicon-nitride films as diffusion barriers.
2,3-Butanedione monoxime modifies the glycine-gated chloride current of acutely isolated murine hypothalamic neurons

Abstract In this study, we explored the effect of the chemical phosphatase 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) on glycine current ( I Gly of murine ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. Co-application of 0.01 to 67 mM BDM increased I Gly decay rate with little change of the peak amplitude. This effect was both rapid in onset and offset and required the presence of the agonist. Pretreatment with BDM alone did not alter I Gly decay. In addition, dialysis of neurons with 500 μM ATP-γ-S did not alter the acute effect of BDM. Thus, this effect may result from open channel block rather than BDM-induced dephosphorylation of the receptor/channel protein. In contrast to the acute effect described above, relatively prolonged (i.e., greater than 80 s) pretreatment with BDM reduced peak I Gly The phorbol ester (PDBu), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, mimicked this effect of BDM. Furthermore, chelerythrine, a specific PKC inhibitor, prevented this effect of BDM on peak I Gly Thus, activation of PKC may mediate this attenuating effect of BDM on I Gly For a sub-population of these pretreated neurons, there was a subsequent potentiation of I Gly which followed the initial suppressant effect. This potentiation may be due to a phosphatase effect of BDM, since it was observed more frequently when neurons were also pretreated with the protein kinase inhibitors H7 or chelerythrine. These findings suggest that BDM alters protein kinase activity and acts as a phosphatase to regulate the activity of the glycine receptor/channel complex.
Relapse rates with long-term antidepressant drug therapy: a meta-analysis.

Background Several long-term double-blind placebo controlled trials have shown prophylactic antidepressant therapy in unipolar depression. The goal of this work was to conduct a meta-analysis that would incorporate the most recent trials and evaluate their overall level of efficacy and relapse prevention over time. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature search. The extracted data from selected studies were used to construct a regression model and evaluate the effect of treatment, time on medication, severity of illness, age, gender, and number of previous episodes. Results Across 11 maintenance treatment studies, the relapse rate was significantly different at 1 year for active drug (23%) versus placebo (51%). In addition, time on medication significantly affected the relapse rate. Conclusion Prophylactic antidepressant drug therapy appears efficacious in preventing future relapses across a range of illness severity as well as age. More studies are needed to explore the effects of various acute antidepressant strategies and the direct influence of treatment resistance on relapse outcomes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immediate and Long-Term Changes in Corticomotor Output in Response to Rehabilitation: Correlation with Functional Improvements in Chronic Stroke:

The goal of this study was to determine whether transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of the corticomotor pathways might reflect and predict functional improvements during rehabilitation of a hemiparetic upper extremity. Ten patients with variable levels of functional impairment in upper extremity use were enrolled at least 3 months after a stroke. TMS was used to obtain serial measures of motor thresholds and motor-evoked potential (MEP) size for a muscle from both hands before and after each session of an intervention aimed at improving functional motor control. Functional ability and cortical map area and volume were measured before each therapy session. At intake, all TMS measures from the affected side were impaired compared with the unaffected side but they did not reliably predict the level of functional improvement. Motor thresholds decreased, whereas MEP amplitude and map size increased with treatment. The amount of change in affected side measures was correlated with the amount of imp...
ESR studies of metallocene intercalated Cd2P2S6

Abstract Cd 2 P 2 S 6 exhibits a layered crystal structure that may be intercalated with metallocenes. The ESR spectra of Cd 2 P 2 S 6 single crystals intercalated with cobaltocene, nickelocene and chromocene have been examined over the temperature range 280–4.2 K. The spectra indicate that both oxidized and unoxidized metallocene is present in the van der Waals gap of the layered host lattice. Examination of the angle dependence of the ESR spectra establishes the orientation of neutral cobaltocene and nickelocenium cation with the C 5 molecular symmetry axis parallel to the C * axis of the host lattice. The orientation of chromocenium cation is rotated 90° to place C 5 perpendicular to C *.
Age-Linked Institutions and Age Reporting among Older African Americans

With economic and technological development, numerical age became an important dimension of social differentiation in the U.S.. The vast majority of American now have the ability to report their own age and the ages of relatives with accuracy. Nevertheless, studies have found that age misreporting remains substantial for older African Americans. This article describes levels of age misreporting and investigates the determinants of age reporting accuracy on the death certificates of a national sample of native-born African Americans aged 65 and older. Consistent with previous studies, levels of age misreporting are found to be high. When checked against childhood census records, only 53% of the death certificate ages are correctly reported; more than 10% are misstated by five years or more. Multivariate results provide compelling evidence that the quality of age reporting critically depends on interaction with age-linked institutions
A concept for reducing workload in a high-volume layered sensing collaborative environment by employing Sensor Web Enablement and reasoning systems

Layered sensing brings multiple heterogeneous sensors together for exploitation and analysis in a variety of ways. Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) architectures can collect the output of layered sensing systems, but threaten to overwhelm analysts with massive amounts of information. Modern reasoning systems for the semantic web such as Jena can assist analysts by performing lower level concrete reasoning. This paper presents a concept for reducing the workload of the operators and analysts in layered sensing collaborative operations by employing a combination of SWE architecture and reasoning systems. It then explores the architecture of such a system and the issues that arise out of its implementation.
A Radio Frequency He- Source and a Source of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering

Two sources of negative ions are described. An rf source produces up to 14 ?A beams of He- by charge exchange in Rb vapor. The other Source of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering (SNICS) produces a wide variety of negative ion beams in the ?A range. Two important features of SNICS are its simple, compact construction and its very good beam emittance(2-4?mm mrad MeV?). Both sources have lifetimes >200 hours and they are used extensively on the Wisconsin EN tandem.
Plasmid DNA and siRNA transfection of intestinal epithelial monolayers by electroporation.

This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of electroporation to efficiently transfect differentiated intestinal epithelial monolayers with plasmid DNA and to determine whether electroporation can transfect these monolayers with short-interfering RNA (siRNA) to cause gene silencing. Confluent T84 monolayers were transfected with reporter plasmids expressing luciferase or green-fluorescent protein or with siRNA directed against the nuclear envelope proteins lamin A/C using electroporation. Optimized electroporation conditions resulted in luciferase and GFP expression. Both intracellular uptake of fluorescently labeled plasmid and expression of the reporter genes increased with increasing electroporation strength and DNA concentration. When monolayers were transfected by lipofection with the reporter plasmids, expression and DNA uptake were less than for electroporation. Electroporation was also found to transfect monolayers with siRNA, which resulted in up to 90% inhibition of targeted protein production. Silencing occurred within 24 h of transfection and increased with increasing siRNA concentration. These results suggest that electroporation can provide a valuable research tool for transfection of intestinal epithelial monolayers and other differentiated cell systems, and may ultimately be useful for clinical gene therapy applications.
Theory of impurity and defect induced instabilities

A brief review of the current status of our work on substitutional and interstitial impurities and native defects in GaAs and of the modelling process used in the calculations is given. The combined empirical tight-binding and ab initio pseudo-potential approach utilized in these studies allows for efficient testing of a large number of structural possibilities and the identification of the most relevant ones. Applications of the method and new results for EL2, DX, and self-interstitial defect centres in GaAs are discussed.
Using a vignette research design to examine traffic stop decision making of police officers: a research note

A variety of data collection methods have been used to examine an officer’s decision to stop a vehicle. Most research examines poststop behavior, and no single method has been able to obtain all the relevant independent variables for a comprehensive examination of this behavior. This study uses vignettes describing a traffic stop incident. Driver characteristics, vehicle characteristics, and traffic violations are included as independent variables. Officers from three law enforcement agencies are provided two traffic stop vignettes. Officers indicate their likelihood of stopping a vehicle based on vignette information. Vehicle characteristics and traffic violations influence the likelihood of stopping a vehicle. Officers in smaller police agencies are significantly more likely to stop a vehicle than are Sheriff’s deputies.
Mechanisms of Power Within a Community-Based Food Security Planning Process

A community food security movement has begun to address problems of hunger and food insecurity by utilizing a community-based approach. Although various models have been implemented, little empirical research has assessed how power operates within community-based food security initiatives. The purpose of this research was to determine how power influenced participation in decision-making, agenda setting, and the shaping of perceived needs within a community-based food security planning process, with particular reference to disenfranchised stakeholders. Power influenced participation in decision-making, agenda setting, and the shaping of perceived needs through managing 1) problem framing, 2) trust, 3) knowledge, and 4) consent. To overcome these mechanisms of power, practitioners need to address individual-, community-, and institutional-level barriers to participation in community-based food security planning processes. Practitioners and researchers can work with disenfranchised groups to determine which agents have the power to create desired changes by utilizing theory-based methods and strategies that focus on changing external determinants at multiple levels.
State-Funded College Scholarships: General Definitions and Characteristics

State-funded scholarship programs are transforming the way citizens and policymakers think about higher education. Advocates see these programs as a remedy to problems facing the state workforce such as “brain drain” and “unequal opportunity” for a sound education. Opponents see low retention rates and the number of already-privileged students receiving benefits as signs that these programs are not reaching their maximum potential. This article traces the development of state-funded college scholarships from earlier need-based programs to current merit-based programs and outlines current debates on policy effectiveness. Currently, 14 states have a state-funded scholarship program. Differences between programs revolve around the political and economic circumstances of each state.
Morphological and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Evolutionary Lineages within Clausocalanus (Copepoda: Calanoida)

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among 13 species of Clausocalanus (Copepoda: Calanoida) were examined based on morphological, quantitative (morphometrical), and molecular characters. This study builds upon monographic analysis by Frost and Fleminger (1968) and seeks to determine whether three described species groups are monophyletic evolutionary lineages. DNA sequences were determined for portions of three genes: mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI; 639 base-pairs), nuclear internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-2; 203 base-pairs), and nuclear ribosomal gene (5.8S rRNA; 73 base-pairs). Phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on morphological, molecular, and combined morphological and molecular data using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian algorithms, with evaluation of best-fit models of nucleotide evolution. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on morphological characters provided strong support for species groups I and II; group III was not well-resolved. Analysis of the c...
Obesity-Associated Hypertension. New Insights Into Mechanisms

Obesity is strongly associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Several central and peripheral abnormalities that can explain the development or maintenance of high arterial pressure in obesity have been identified. These include activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Obesity is also associated with endothelial dysfunction and renal functional abnormalities that may play a role in the development of hypertension. The continuing discovery of mechanisms regulating appetite and metabolism is likely to lead to new therapies for obesity-induced hypertension. Better understanding of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus and the mechanisms of leptin resistance should facilitate therapeutic approaches to reverse the phenomenon of selective leptin resistance. Other hunger and satiety signals such as ghrelin and peptide YY are potentially attractive therapeutic strategies for treatment of obesity and its complications. These recent discoveries should lead to novel strategies for treatment of obesity and hypertension.
An Accurate, Automated, Simultaneous Gas Chromatographic Headspace Measurement of Whole Blood Ethanol and Acetaldehyde for Human In Vivo Studies

Simultaneous assessment of ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations is necessary to address hypotheses in alcohol research. Accurate measurement of in vivo acetaldehyde following ethanol exposure is problematic because acetaldehyde is present in blank blood, is volatile, and is formed enzymatically and nonenzymatically in blood containing ethanol. Because acetaldehyde is carried in red blood cells, previously reported plasma methods may not reflect total body acetaldehyde. We developed an accurate, sensitive, automated gas chromatographic whole blood method using headspace injection and flame
Variations in breast carcinoma treatment in older Medicare beneficiaries: Is it black and white?

BACKGROUND To evaluate associations between race and breast carcinoma treatment. METHODS Data from 984 black and 849 white Medicare beneficiaries 67 years or older with local breast carcinoma and a subset of 732 surviving women interviewed 3–4 years posttreatment were used to calculate adjusted odds of treatment, controlling for age, comorbidity, attitudes, region, and area measures of socioeconomic and health care resources. RESULTS Sixty-seven percent of women received a mastectomy and 33% received breast-conserving surgery. The odds of radiation omission were 48% higher (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–2.19) for blacks than for whites after considering covariates, but the absolute number of women who failed to receive this modality was small (11%). In race-stratified models, the odds of having radiation omitted were significantly higher among blacks living greater distances from a cancer center (vs. lesser) or living in areas with high poverty (vs. low), but these factors did not affect radiation use among whites. Among those interviewed, blacks reported perceiving more ageism and racism in the health care system than whites (P = 0.001). The independent odds of receiving mastectomy (vs. breast conservation and radiation) were 2.72 times higher (95% CI 1.25–5.92) among women reporting the highest quartile of perceived ageism scores, compared with the lowest, and higher perceived ageism tended to be associated with higher odds of radiation omission (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Older black women with localized breast carcinoma may have a different experience obtaining treatment than their white counterparts. The absolute number of women receiving nonstandard care was small and the effects were small to moderate. However, if these patterns persist, it will be important to evaluate whether such experiences contribute to within-stage race mortality disparities. Cancer 2002;95:1401–14. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10825
Seroepizootiology of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection in nonhuman primates housed in social environments

We determined the seroepizootiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in rhesus monkeys. Plasma was obtained from 196 animals (age range, 1 to 22 years) that were housed in social environments, either in indoor gang cages, in outdoor corrals, or in free-ranging forested conditions. Plasma immunoglobulin G levels were determined with a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the cutoff immunoglobulin G value for H. pylori seropositivity was determined from a study of 25 monkeys whose infection status was assessed by light microscopy and culture. One-year-old animals of both genders in all housing conditions had the lowest rate of positivity (60% in monkeys 1 year old versus 81% in monkeys 2 to 10 years old, P = 0.026). In addition, females tended to have higher rates of positivity than males. Seroconversion during a 1-year observation period occurred in 7 (28%) of 25 seronegative animals. Seroreversion occurred in 3 (4%) of the 78 positive animals; all 3 of these animals had received antimicrobial agents during the year. These observations demonstrate that the epizootiology of H. pylori infection in rhesus monkeys may serve as a model for human infection.
Comments on "Exponential stability of constrained receding horizon control with terminal ellipsoid constraints"

For original see J.W. Lee, ibid., vol. 45, pp. 83-88, Jan. 2000. This note points out that Theorem 3 in the above paper is not correct as its proof has two critical errors. This is illustrated via a simple counterexample.
Concurrent garbage collection using hardware-assisted profiling

In the presence of on-chip multithreading, a Virtual Machine (VM) implementation can readily take advantage of service threads for enhancing performance by performing tasks such as profile collection and analysis, dynamic optimization, and garbage collection concurrently with program execution. In this context, a hardware-assisted profiling mechanism is proposed. The Relational Profiling Architecture (RPA) is designed from the top down. RPA is based on a relational model similar to the relational database model. Instructions selected for profiling produce a record of information. A simple query engine examines these records for patterns, and performs simple actions on matching records.The power and flexibility of RPA is demonstrated by developing a concurrent generational garbage collector for Java. Detailed execution driven simulations show that this collector has an average runtime overhead of approximately 0.6%. The short pauses in the application required for synchronization with the garbage collector are at most 54 microseconds, given a 1GHz clock frequency.
Experiments in heavy ion fusion beam physics at LBNL, LLNL, and the University of Maryland

A heavy ion fusion driver must be capable of accelerating an intense ion beam to GeV beam energies. The final beam pulse current can be as high as a few kA using beam compression in an induction linac. Combining beamlets at low energy may prove to be economical as long as there is no significant emittance growth. Focusing of the final beam pulse from the reactor chamber wall to the target can be enhanced by using a plasma channel to guide the ion beam. Experiments at LBNL on ion sources, injector, the combiner and plasma channel focusing are discussed. One possible way to reduce the cost of a driver is to use an induction recirculator. Experiments at LLNL are exploring this concept by studying the transport and bending of space-charge-dominated ion beams. At the Univ. of Maryland the behavior of space-charge dominated beams is being simulated with low-energy electrons. They studied emittance growth, halo formation and beam pulse compression.
Cross-modal localization in hemianopia: new insights on multisensory integration.

The superior colliculus (SC) has been implicated in the mediation of residual visual function in hemianopic patients, and has been shown to be capable of using multiple sensory cues to facilitate its localization functions. The aim of the present study was to examine the possibility that the SC could effect covert visual processes, via multisensory integration of auditory and visual stimuli in patients with visual field loss. To this aim hard-to-localize auditory targets were presented alone (unimodal condition) or with a visual stimulus (cross-modal condition) in either hemifield and at various spatial (0 ° , 16 ° , 32 ° ) and temporal (0 ms, 500 ms) disparities. The results showed substantial field-specific differences. As expected, a visual stimulus in the intact hemifield induced a strong visual bias in auditory localization independent of the spatial disparities, and did so even when the two stimuli were temporally offset. In these spatially disparate conditions, the localization accuracy was markedly reduced. In the blind hemifield, however, the visual stimulus affected auditory localization only when it was coincident with that target in both space and time. In this circumstance auditory localization performance was markedly enhanced. This result strongly suggests that covert visual processes remain active in hemianopia, though they differ from those in the normal hemifield. A likely explanation of these differences is that enhancement and visual bias depend on different neural pathways: with the former dependent on circuits involving the superior colliculus, a structure involved in the integration of cues from multiple senses to facilitate orientation/localization; and the latter dependent on geniculo-striate circuits that facilitate more detailed analyses of the visual scene. Overall the present results not only enhance our understanding of the impact of covert visual processes in hemianopic patients, but also enhance our knowledge of how different brain regions areas contribute to processing cross-modal information.
Importance of Fertilization of Host Plants to Ant Tending and Growth Rates in Glaucopysche lygdamus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Environmental conditions such as nutrient availability may modify the strength and nature of interactions between mutualists. We examined the extent to which variability in nitrogen modified the interaction between ants and larvae of Glaucopsyche lygdamus Doubleday. Whereas nitrogen addition had no effect on larval growth rates, the number of larvae, or the number of ants tending larvae 2 wk after the beginning of the experiment, by 4 wk nitrogen addition had increased tending rates from 2.5 to 4.1 ants per larva. Despite the effect of nitrogen on tending rates of larvae, there was no effect of nitrogen on host plant growth, herbivory, or seed production. Unlike a previous study of this population of butterflies on a different host plant species, there was no indication that larvae feeding on pods attracted larger ant guards. Thus, although the amount of nitrogen available to plants did have a detectable effect on the ant–lycaenid mutualism, there was no evidence that plant substrate played a strong role in mediating tending rates. Because our finding that nitrogen addition affected tending rates parallels findings for a very different ant–lycaenid system, we suggest that nitrogen availability to host plants may be of general importance to ant–lyceanid interactions.
Telecommunications: Network Strategies for Network Industries?

If there is a sector of the economy that should embrace network-based thinking, it is telecommunications. Surprisingly, the opposite is the case. The leading firms building telecommunications and Internet infrastructure increasingly emphasize consolidation, hierarchy, and exclusive control, rather than collaboration and decentralization. Regulators are dismantling legal frameworks that once promoted openness and interconnection, in favor of misguided efforts to incent proprietary investment. And many scholars, even those challenging the current drift of policy and business models, embrace a static worldview that is a relic of earlier eras. Network-based strategies are thus hard to find today in the so-called "network industries," even as such ideas flourish in adjacent digital information markets. This chapter explores the origins of this paradox, describes its manifestations in the legal and business environment, and traces a more hopeful future.
Atrial natriuretic peptide down-regulates neutrophil recruitment on inflamed endothelium by reducing cell deformability and resistance to detachment force.

Recombinant atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is administered in patients with acute heart failure in Japan to improve renal function and hemodynamics, but its anti-inflammatory effect on activated leukocytes may also contribute to its therapeutic efficacy.Examine unconventional role of ANP in neutrophil adhesion to inflamed endothelium.Human neutrophils were perfused over endothelial monolayers in a microfluidic lab-chip assay. Cell rheology was assessed by micropipette aspiration to assess changes in cortical tension and viscosity. Fluorescence microscopy was applied to measure adhesive contact area and β2-integrin focal bond formation.ANP inhibited neutrophil rolling and firm adhesion without influencing the upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules on endothelium or the regulation of high affinity CD18 and shedding of L-selectin during neutrophil activation. Exposed to fluid shear, integrin mediated arrest was disrupted with ANP treatment, which elicited formation of long tethers and diminished cell spreading and contact. This correlated with a ∼40% increase in neutrophil viscosity and a reduction in the adhesive footprint.A decrease in cell deformation and neutrophil flattening with ANP results in fewer integrin bond clusters, which translates to higher tensile forces and impaired adhesion strengthening and cell detachment.
Pollock and Sturgeon on defeaters

Scott Sturgeon has recently challenged Pollock’s account of undercutting defeaters. The challenge involves three primary contentions: (1) the account is both too strong and too weak, (2) undercutting defeaters exercise their power to defeat only in conjunction with higher-order beliefs about the basis of the lower-order beliefs whose justification they target, and (3) since rebutting defeaters exercise their power to defeat in isolation, rebutting and undercutting defeaters work in fundamentally different ways. My goal is to reject each of these contentions. I maintain that (1) Sturgeon fails to show that Pollock’s account of undercutting defeaters is either too strong or too weak, (2) his own account of how undercutting defeaters exercise their power to defeat is both too strong and too weak, and (3) his claim that rebutting and undercutting defeaters work in fundamentally different ways is mistaken.