cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scintillation and surge current breakdown voltages in solid tantalum capacitors

Scintillation and surge current breakdown voltages were measured using constant-current-stress and step-stress-surge-current techniques. Distributions of breakdown voltages were analyzed for 30 different lots of commercial and military-grade capacitors. Results of measurements of temperature dependencies of breakdown voltages were analyzed and the physical nature of surge current and scintillation breakdowns in tantalum capacitors is discussed. The suggested model explains both the scintillation and surge current breakdowns as a result of electron impact ionization and avalanche breakdowns. Charges trapped in the dielectric during a slow voltage increase result in raising of the barrier at the cathode/dielectric interface and enhancing scintillation breakdown voltages compared to surge current breakdown voltages. An anomalous characteristic of the time-dependent breakdown in tantalum capacitors, for which the higher the rate of the voltage increase, the lower the breakdown voltage, is due to the presence of electron traps in anodic Ta2O5 dielectrics. A high concentration of fast electron states is a characteristic feature of anodic Ta2O5 dielectrics and is the major reason for scintillation breakdown voltages being significantly greater than the surge current breakdown voltages.
Variation in vertical distribution of sand dollar larvae relative to haloclines, food, and fish cues

Abstract Larvae of marine invertebrates may vertically position themselves in locations where conditions favor growth, development, and survival. Areas in stratified water columns with favorable salinities, concentrated food, or low predation may increase the probability for larvae to reach settlement. We examined the vertical distribution of three developmental stages of the echinoid Dendraster excentricus in response to haloclines, food cues, and predator cues in laboratory microcosms. Embryos, 4-arm plutei, and 8-arm plutei responded similarly to haloclines by swimming upward through haloclines when the bottom layer was at salinity 31 (ambient) and the top layer was at 27 or 23. The centers of larval mass for all stages were near the halocline when the top layer was at salinity 19 or 15. We tested the tolerance of each stage to prolonged exposure to each of these salinities and found sublethal effects under salinity 23, suggesting costs for concentrating in low salinity environments. To test the response of 4-arm larvae to food patches, we constructed a food layer composed of cells or supernatant of one of three species of algae ( Dunaliella tertiolecta , Isocrysis galbana , Rhodomonas sp.). The larvae distributed above the food layer in the presence of two algal species, D. tertiolecta and Rhodomonas sp., but distributions were similar to controls when I. galbana was tested. Finally, larvae significantly changed their distributions in response to cues from a potential predator (juvenile perch), showing an avoidance behavior. The observed larval behaviors in response to haloclines, algae, and a potential predator suggest that D. excentricus plutei behaviorally respond to their environment and likely change position in response to environmental cues in the field.
ASIS—A New Air–Sea Interaction Spar Buoy: Design and Performance at Sea

Abstract This paper describes a new, compact buoy, the Air–Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS), capable of reliably and accurately measuring directional wave spectra, atmospheric surface fluxes, and radiation in the the open ocean. The ASIS buoy is a stable platform and has low flow disturbance characteristics in both atmospheric and oceanic surface boundary layers. The buoy has been deployed for sea trials in the waters off Miami, Florida; in the northeastern region of the Gulf of Mexico; and in the northwestern Mediterranean. The acquired measurements of directional wave spectra, momentum and heat fluxes, and profile data—as well as general meteorological and oceanographic parameters—obtained from the buoy are well suited for enhancing research on air–water interfacial processes, wave dynamics, remote sensing, and gas transfer. In this paper the design is described and the performance of the buoy using field data is characterized.
Insular Individualism: Employment Discrimination Law After Ledbetter v. Goodyear

When Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. was decided by the Supreme Court in late-May of this year, commentators - both legal and nonlegal - immediately recognized the obstacle that the decision poses for individuals suffering from discrimination in pay. Shortly after Ledbetter was decided, op-eds appeared in the New York Times, the Chicago Tribune, and the Los Angeles Times, all calling for overturning of the majority's decision and/or better access to pay information, and legislators scrambled to draft legislation providing that each paycheck could constitute an act of discrimination, thus extending the period within which an individual would be able to file her complaint. What these efforts to mitigate the immediate effects of Ledbetter miss, however, is that Ledbetter is part of a much deeper and more potentially devastating conceptual shift that is taking hold in employment discrimination law. This insular individualism - the belief that discrimination can be reduced to the action of an individual decisionmaker (or decisionmakers) isolated from the work environment and the employer - renders the narrow legislative attempts to overrule Ledbetter woefully incomplete. Without adequate challenge, the entrenchment of insular individualism that Ledbetter reflects is likely to have significant repercussions for the future of employment discrimination law. In this Essay, I seek to uncover the insular individualism in Ledbetter and to map some of its potential consequences for antidiscrimination law. I argue that Ledbetter - and the insular individualism that it reflects - is likely to lead to at least two significant changes in individual disparate treatment law: (1) a narrowing of the evidence plaintiffs alleging individual disparate treatment are permitted to use to make their case; and (2) a cutting back on employer vicarious liability, both by providing exceptions to employer liability for what are seen as errant or rogue discriminating employees, and, as in the area of sexual harassment, by requiring victims of discrimination to complain to their employers about discrimination early on, even when the discrimination is not yet legally actionable. Although these changes are on the immediate horizon (within the next year, the Court will hear arguments in a case raising the first opportunity for such a change, and other opportunities are likely to follow shortly), they are not inevitable. After mapping some of the likely effects of insular individualism, I propose several ways in which those who understand insular individualism can work to weaken its influence.
N fertilizer and harvest impacts on bioenergy crop contributions to SOC

Belowground root biomass is infrequently measured and simply represented in models that predict landscape-level changes to soil carbon stocks and greenhouse gas balances. Yet, crop-specific responses to N fertilizer and harvest treatments are known to impact both plant allocation and tissue chemistry, potentially altering decomposition rates and the direction and magnitude of soil C stock changes and greenhouse gas fluxes. We examined switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.,) yields, belowground root biomass, C, N and soil particulate organic matter-C (POM-C) in a 9-year rainfed study of N fertilizer rate (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1) and harvest management near Mead, NE, USA. Switchgrass was harvested with one pass in either August or postfrost, and for no-till (NT) corn, either 50% or no stover was removed. Switchgrass had greater belowground root biomass C and N (6.39, 0.10 Mg ha−1) throughout the soil profile compared to NT-corn (1.30, 0.06 Mg ha−1) and a higher belowground root biomass C:N ratio, indicating greater recalcitrant belowground root biomass C input beneath switchgrass. There was little difference between the two crops in soil POM-C indicating substantially slower decomposition and incorporation into SOC under switchgrass, despite much greater root C. The highest N rate decreased POM-C under both NT-corn and switchgrass, indicating faster decomposition rates with added fertilizer. Residue removal reduced corn belowground root biomass C by 37% and N by 48% and subsequently reduced POM-C by 22% compared to no-residue removal. Developing productive bioenergy systems that also conserve the soil resource will require balancing fertilization that maximizes aboveground productivity but potentially reduces SOC sequestration by reducing belowground root biomass and increasing root and soil C decomposition.
Law of Tortious Prenatal Death Since Roe V. Wade

In equity, property, crime and tort, the unborn has received and continues to receive a legal personality. However, no harmonizing theory for the legal personality of the unborn has developed. Two separate, modern legal developments, one in tort, the other in abortion law, provide an opportunity to begin the descriptive and prescriptive work on a legal theory for the unborn. The ideological history of prenatal injury law, and the more recent development of prenatal death law has consistently moved toward the affirmation of the unborn as a 'person' in the law. With the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade, holding inter alia that the unborn is not a 'person' under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the legal profile for the unborn found the label 'person' fitting for some purposes but not for others. This apparent incongruity has played a part in spawning a number of state court wrongful death decisions involving the unborn. Unfortunately, Roe v. Wade has been employed in an inconsistent fashion by the state courts. The purpose of this article is to analyze the post-Roe v. Wade wrongful death cases involving the unborn and offer a corrective commentary on the confusions and inconsistencies which exist. This article is intended as a contribution to the needed effort to develop the meaning of 'person' in the law, and to derive a legal personality for the unborn.
A fully discrete BEM-FEM scheme for transient acoustic waves

Abstract We study a symmetric BEM–FEM coupling scheme for the scattering of transient acoustic waves by bounded inhomogeneous anisotropic obstacles in a homogeneous field. An incident wave in free space interacts with the obstacles and produces a combination of transmission and scattering. The transmitted part of the wave is discretized in space by finite elements while the scattered wave is reduced to two fields defined on the boundary of the obstacles and is discretized in space with boundary elements. We choose a coupling formulation that leads to a symmetric system of integro-differential equations. The retarded boundary integral equations are discretized in time by Convolution Quadrature, and the interior field is discretized in time with the trapezoidal rule. We show that the scattering problem generates a C 0 group of isometries in a Hilbert space, and use associated estimates to derive stability and convergence results. We provide numerical experiments and simulations to validate our results and demonstrate the flexibility of the method.
Revisiting the Literature on Study Abroad Participation in Adult and Higher Education: Moving beyond Two Decades and Two Percent.

The purpose of this literature review aims to critically examine over two decades of research concerned with study abroad participation in the United States. Research questions framing the investigation ask: 1) What methodological shortcomings can be identified in assessing influences on study abroad participation for adult and higher education learners in the last 20 years of research? and 2) What tentative solutions, using novel paths of inquiry, can be offered to encourage more than 2% study abroad participation for adult and higher education learners? To answer the research questions, a chronology of seminal and key research contributing to understanding about study abroad participation is synthesized with researcher’s deductions about what is needed and important to increase national participation rates in study abroad programs across adult and higher education. Tentative solutions and conclusions about the collective state of the research are brought forth with special attention to perceptions of and motivations to participate in study abroad programs. These suggestions seek to carve new paths and understanding in factors bearing influence on study abroad participation.
Simultaneous Determination of the Adsorption Constant and the Photoinduced Electron Transfer Rate for a Cds Quantum Dot–Viologen Complex

Transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy of solution-phase mixtures of colloidal CdS quantum dots (QDs) with acid-derivatized viologen molecules, N-[1-heptyl],N′-[3-carboxypropyl]-4,4′-bipyridinium dihexafluorophosphate (V2+), indicates electron transfer occurs from the conduction band of the QD to the LUMO of V2+ after photoexcitation of a band-edge exciton in the QD. Analysis of the magnitude of the ground state bleach of the QD as a function of the molar ratio QD:V2+ yields the QD–ligand adsorption constant, Ka (4.4 × 104 M–1) for V2+ ligands adsorbed in geometries conducive to electron transfer. The value of Ka, together with the measured rates of (i) formation of the V+• electron transfer product and (ii) recovery of the ground state bleach of the QD, enables determination of the intrinsic rate constant for charge separation, kCS,int ∼ 1.7 × 1010 s–1, the rate for a single QD–V2+ donor–acceptor pair. This analysis confirms previous reports that the number of ligands adsorbed to each QD is well-describe...
An Input Method of Oracle-bone-script Based on Dynamic Description of Oracle Strokes

This paper analyzes the defiencies in the encoding of the oracle-bone-script as well as its corresponding input methods.A method of dynamic description on Oracle strokes is then presented.Based on the modern Chinese character coding and writing standard,this method uses directed strokes and meta-strokes to describe oracle-bone-script,Employing the extended coding regions and the external glyph-description library,this method solves the problem in input and output of the variant form or out-of-identification oracle-bone-scripts.
Gene expression changes in the retina following subretinal injection of human neural progenitor cells into a rodent model for retinal degeneration.

Purpose Retinal degenerative diseases (RDDs) affect millions of people and are the leading cause of vision loss. Although treatment options for RDDs are limited, stem and progenitor cell-based therapies have great potential to halt or slow the progression of vision loss. Our previous studies have shown that a single subretinal injection of human forebrain derived neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) into the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) retinal degenerate rat offers long-term preservation of photoreceptors and visual function. Furthermore, neural progenitor cells are currently in clinical trials for treating age-related macular degeneration; however, the molecular mechanisms of stem cell-based therapies are largely unknown. This is the first study to analyze gene expression changes in the retina of RCS rats following subretinal injection of hNPCs using high-throughput sequencing. Methods RNA-seq data of retinas from RCS rats injected with hNPCs (RCS(hNPCs)) were compared to sham surgery in RCS (RCS(sham)) and wild-type Long Evans (LE(sham)) rats. Differential gene expression patterns were determined with in silico analysis and confirmed with qRT-PCR. Function, biologic, cellular component, and pathway analyses were performed on differentially expressed genes and investigated with immunofluorescent staining experiments. Results Analysis of the gene expression data sets identified 1,215 genes that were differentially expressed between RCS(sham) and LE(sham) samples. Additionally, 283 genes were differentially expressed between the RCS(hNPCs) and RCS(sham) samples. Comparison of these two gene sets identified 68 genes with inverse expression (termed rescue genes), including Pdc, Rp1, and Cdc42ep5. Functional, biologic, and cellular component analyses indicate that the immune response is enhanced in RCS(sham). Pathway analysis of the differential expression gene sets identified three affected pathways in RCS(hNPCs), which all play roles in phagocytosis signaling. Immunofluorescent staining detected the increased presence of macrophages and microglia in RCS(sham) retinas, which decreased in RCS(hNPCs) retinas similar to the patterns detected in LE(sham). Conclusions The results from this study provide evidence of the gene expression changes that occur following treatment with hNPCs in the degenerating retina. This information can be used in future studies to potentially enhance or predict responses to hNPC and other stem cell therapies for retinal degenerative diseases.
Positive extreme responding after cognitive therapy for depression: Correlates and potential mechanisms

"Extreme responding" is the tendency to endorse extreme responses on self-report measures (e.g., 1s and 7s on a 7-point scale). It has been linked to depressive relapse after cognitive therapy (CT), but the mechanisms are unknown. Moreover, findings of positive extreme responding (PER) predicting depressive relapse do not support the original hypothesis of "extreme" negative thinking leading to extreme negative emotional reactions. We assessed the relationships between post-treatment PER on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) and Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and these constructs: coping skills, in-session performance of cognitive therapy skills, age, and estimated IQ. Significant correlates were entered into a model predicting rate of relapse to determine whether these constructs explained the relationship between PER and relapse. The sample consisted of 60 individuals who participated in CT for moderate to severe depression. Results indicated the following relationships: a negative correlation between ASQ PER and IQ, negative correlations between DAS PER and performance of CT skills and planning coping, and a positive correlation between DAS PER and behavioral disengagement coping. IQ scores fully accounted for the relationship between ASQ PER and relapse. These results suggest two potential mechanisms linking PER to relapse: cognitive limitations and coping deficits/cognitive avoidance.
Penicillins with antipseudomonal activity.

The escalating role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a nosocomial pathogen, the relatively high mortality rate associated with pseudomonal infections, the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of this versatile, ubiquitous organism, and the growing number of reports of multiple antibiotic resistance developing during therapy of Pseudomonas infections prompt a review of currently available penicillins with antipseudomonal activity. Ticarcillin, piperacillin, mezlocillin and azlocillin have upstaged carbenicillin, the first antipseudomonal, β-lactam agent clinically used, with other products “in the wings.”
Musings on using evidence to guide CQI efforts toward success: the computerized firm system as primary care microunit.

Article-at-a-Glance Background The attempt to transfer classic industrial CQI (continuous quality improvement) theory into the clinical arena has proved to be more difficult than originally promised. A new "computerized firm system" approach to incorporating CQI efforts into mainstream practice settings, which has been able to obviate many of these shortcomings, is described. Methods To make it easier for CQI efforts to be successful, the scope of activities undertaken in completing the Shewhart cycle popularly referred to as PDSA (plan change, do change, study results, act on results) was delimited. Rather than plan the intervention themselves, staff worked with experts on tailoring a preselected change idea with already established efficacy–a computerized reminder system. Because the clinic was divided into two small group practices known as firms , a controlled time-series trial (CTST) design was used by initially turning the reminders on for one firm but not the other. The clinic was thereby also relieved of the responsibility of conducting a study to determine whether the intended improvement in quality had been achieved. In essence, one clinic was asked to do just DA (that is, do-act). Results This approach engendered the successful completion of a streamlined Shewhart cycle in a busy clinic setting at remarkably low cost. The compelling nature of controlled evaluation results aided leadership in rapidly disseminating the reminder system to the remaining 11 primary care clinics associated with the university's 2 academic medical centers. Conclusion Computerized firm systems can be developed to conduct CTSTs as part of streamlined CQI cycles guided by both published and local evidence, and they are worth developing.
Functional Religiosity and Modernization in Indonesia

Functional religiosity refers to the use of religion in daily life. This paperfocuses on the relation between modernization andfunctional religiosity. Specifically, two propositions were tested: 1) as education and urbanization increase, functional religiosity declines; and 2) people working in more bureaucratized jobs are less likely to use religion in their daily lives. Respondents used were a stratified random sample of residents of Java who were religiously active Muslims. It was found that functional religiosity increased with education and urbanization. However modernization affected religion differently among Sundanese and Javanese respondents. Functional religiosity did not seem lessened by working in bureaucratic jobs. In fact one type of modern job, being a teacher, seemed conducive to using religion in daily life. The article emphasizes the importance of the impact of modernization on family structure and of the specific nature of a job marketforfunctional religiosity.
Framing the Gun Control Debate: Press Releases and Framing Strategies of the National Rifle Association and the Brady Campaign*

Objective How can social movements increase their presence in the news? We argue that press releases can do so via social movement framing. Press releases from, and news coverage of, social movement organizations (SMOs) in the gun control debate serve as our case. Methods A qualitative framing analysis is conducted to identify frames in press releases from the National Rifle Association and the Brady Campaign. Logistic regressions assess the effect of frames in press releases on New York Times coverage of the gun control debate. Results We find that both organizations use systematic framing strategies in their press releases. Only the Brady Campaign has a significant association between specific frames in its press releases and coverage in the New York Times. Conclusions Press releases are viable tactics for SMOs, but biases in news media have implications for how effective press releases might be for an SMO.
Impact of Race on Outcome of Patients Undergoing Rhythm Control of Atrial Fibrillation.

Racial disparities between African American (AA) and White patients have been documented in cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether these disparities exist in patients undergoing rhythm control for atrial fibrillation (AF). 5873 AF patients (241 AA) were followed to the endpoint of death, stroke, or AF recurrence. Invasive procedures for AF rhythm control were examined in both racial groups. Over a mean follow-up time of 40 months, AA patients had a higher adjusted risk of death [HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.00–1.92, p = 0.043] and stroke [HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.13–3.15, p = 0.013] but a lower risk of AF recurrence [HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63–0.97, p = 0.026]. In addition, AA patients were less likely to undergo AF ablation (p = 0.006) or surgical maze (p = 0.032) procedures compared to White patients, possibly due to the lower rates of AF recurrence. Significant racial disparities exist in the management and outcomes of AA and White patients undergoing rhythm control management for AF.
The Emergence of Sports Cardiology as a Specialty.

When the Greeks won the battle against the Persians in Marathon, an Athenian foot messenger named Pheidippides ran all the way back to Athens to deliver the news. Legend has it that upon arrival at Athens, he shouted, “Joy to you, we've won,” after which he collapsed and was pronounced dead on
Chapter 105 – Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic psychiatric illness characterized by delusions and hallucinations, negative ­symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction that frequently leads to a lifetime of impairment and disability. Schizophrenia appears to be caused by complicated interactions between heritable genetic risk factors and a range of environmental exposures. Genome-wide association studies have identified common, rare, and de novo structural mutations that contribute to the genetic liability of schizophrenia. Impairments in cortical and subcortical circuitry, including ­disturbances in multiple neurotransmitter systems, appear to be core components of the neurobiological basis of schizophrenia. Current treatments for schizophrenia include antipsychotic medications and psychosocial ­interventions.
DQe-v: A Database-Agnostic Framework for Exploring Variability in Electronic Health Record Data Across Time and Site Location.

Data variability is a commonly observed phenomenon in Electronic Health Records (EHR) data networks. A common question asked in scientific investigations of EHR data is whether the cross-site and -time variability reflects an underlying data quality error at one or more contributing sites versus actual differences driven by various idiosyncrasies in the healthcare settings. Although research analysts and data scientists have commonly used various statistical methods to detect and account for variability in analytic datasets, self service tools to facilitate exploring cross-organizational variability in EHR data warehouses are lacking and could benefit from meaningful data visualizations. DQ e -v, an interactive, database-agnostic tool for visually exploring variability in EHR data provides such a solution. DQ e -v is built on an open source platform, R statistical software, with annotated scripts and a readme document that makes it fully reproducible. To illustrate and describe functionality of DQ e -v, we describe the DQ e -v’s readme document which includes a complete guide to installation, running the program, and interpretation of the outputs. We also provide annotated R scripts and an example dataset as supplemental materials. DQ e -v offers a self service tool to visually explore data variability within EHR datasets irrespective of the data model. GitHub and CIELO offer hosting and distribution of the tool and can facilitate collaboration across any interested community of users as we target improving usability, efficiency, and interoperability.
A Problem-Finding Machine

Mackworth points out that with the advent of computers the scientist’s ability to solve problems may exceed his ability to generate them. Since an adequate supply of problems is necessary, both for the instruction of undergraduates and for the professional advancement of scientists, two models of a problem-finding machine have been developed and are described. The Mark I generates elementary problems with a single independent variable and the Mark II produces more advanced problems with factorial designs. Plans are suggested for a more elaborate model which would weight each variable so that the probability of grant support and publication of research could be gauged in advance.
Human recognition of environmental sounds is not always robust to reverberation

Reverberation is ubiquitous in natural environments, but its effect on the recognition of non-speech sounds is poorly documented. To evaluate human robustness to reverberation, we measured its effect on the recognizability of everyday sounds. Listeners identified a diverse set of recorded environmental sounds (footsteps, animal vocalizations, vehicles moving, hammering, etc.) in an open set recognition task. For each participant, half of the sounds (randomly assigned) were presented in reverberation. We found the effect of reverberation to depend on the typical listening conditions for a sound. Sounds that are typically loud and heard in indoor environments, and which thus should often be accompanied by reverberation, were recognized robustly, with only a small impairment for reverberant conditions. In contrast, sounds that are either typically quiet or typically heard outdoors, for which reverberation should be less pronounced, produced a large recognition decrement in reverberation. These results demons...
Health Care Systems: Comparative

Each country's health care system is contained within a unique configuration of culture, history, politics, and economic capacity, and from these derive a specific mode of financing, delivering, and even evaluating health care. Yet, despite the uniqueness of each health care system, all are experiencing similar exogenous pressures, albeit to different degrees, arising from unprecedented developments in science and technology, demographic distributions, and patterns of disease, to name a few. And despite their differences, many countries are responding to these pressures in a remarkably similar way: by increasing marketization. But is this convergence more apparent than real? As countries adopt cost-control measures initiated elsewhere, they adapt mechansims to local circumstances and in some cases so transform their methodolgies as to create significant dissimilarities. Focusing on experiences from selected OECD countries, this article explores the convergence/divergence debate by examining some of the main changes occurring in health care systems at present and some of the key issues driving change.
Recent Developments in the Use of HPLC for the Purification of House Fly Oostatic Hormone

House fly oostatic hormone (OH) was first reported 21 years ago and postulated to be involved in a humoral feedback mechanism controlling cyclical production of eggs (Adams et al., 1968; Adams, 1981). Active OH extracts have been prepared from mature adult ovaries, abdomens, or whole bodies (Adams, et al., 1968; Adams 1977; Kelly et al., 1984a). While extensive studies to elucidate oostatic mechanisms have been conducted in Rhodnius prolixus, Diploptera punctata, Aedes aegypti, Aedes atropalpus and Musca domestica information on the chemical nature of these factors has been reported in only two of these species (R. prolixus Liu and Davey, 1974; and A. aegypti Borovsky, 1985).
Surface plasmons and gain media

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the demonstrated enhancement of localized surface plasmons (SPs) oscillation in the aggregate of silver (Ag) nanoparticles by optical gain in the surrounding dye. It also discusses the demonstrated enhancement of spontaneous and stimulated emission of rhodamine 6G (R6G) laser dye by Ag aggregate. The absorption spectrum of Ag aggregate has one structureless band covering the whole visible range and extending to near-infrared. The chapter demonstrates that by adding the solution of aggregated silver nanoparticles to the solution of rhodamine 6G laser dye, one can enhance the efficiency of the spontaneous and the stimulated emission. It attributes the increase of the spontaneous emission intensity of dye to the increase of the absorption efficiency caused by the field enhancements in metallic nanostructures associated with SPs. The chapter observes the compensation of loss in metal by gain in interfacing dielectric in the mixture of aggregated silver nanoparticles and rhodamine 6G laser dye. The demonstrated sixfold enhancement of the Rayleigh scattering is the evidence of the quality factor increase of the SP resonance. This paves the road for numerous applications of nanoplasmonics, which currently suffer from strong damping caused by absorption loss in metal.
Blacks of the Land: Indian Slavery, Settler Society, and the Portuguese Colonial Enterprise in South America

Originally published in Portuguese in 1994 as Negros da Terra, this field-defining work by the late historian John M. Monteiro has been translated into English by Professors Barbara Weinstein and James Woodard. Monteiro's work established ethnohistory as a field in colonial Brazilian studies and made indigenous history a vital part of how scholars understand Brazil's colonial past. Drawing on over two dozen collections on both sides of the Atlantic, Monteiro rescued Indians from invisibility, documenting their role as both objects and actors in Brazil's colonial past and, most importantly, providing the first history of Indian slavery in Brazil. Monteiro demonstrates how Indian enslavement, not exploration or the search for mineral wealth, was the driving force behind expansion out of Sao Paulo and through the South American backcountry. This book makes a groundbreaking contribution not only to Latin American history, but to the history of indigenous slavery in the Americas generally.
Rental Market Discrimination Against Same-Sex Couples: Evidence From a Pairwise-Matched Email Correspondence Test

I present the results of a randomized matched-pair email correspondence test of 6,490 unique property owners in 94 U.S. cities to provide a nationally representative estimate of the level of discri...
Large-Signal Impedance-Based Modeling and Mitigation of Resonance of Converter-Grid Systems

Large-signal impedance of grid-connected converters can be used to predict resonance-generated distortions in converter-grid systems. Note that the large-signal impedance of a network represents its impedance response for different magnitudes of perturbation injected at its terminals. This paper presents large-signal impedance-based modeling and mitigation of resonance of grid-connected voltage source converters. Challenges of large-signal modeling because of the inapplicability of the small-signal approximation are addressed by leveraging the dominating influence of hard nonlinearities (such as pulsewidth modulation saturation and limiters) over soft nonlinearities (such as Park's transformations and phase-locked loop (PLL)) in shaping the large-signal behavior of the converter. The paper develops large-signal gains of hard nonlinearities using different types of describing functions. The paper shows that the large-signal impedance of a voltage source converter (VSC) can be shaped to reduce resonance-generated distortions by inserting limiters in the control system of the VSC. Developed large-signal impedance models are validated using numerical simulations of a VSC with dq current control and PLL. Large-signal impedance measurements of a commercial 1 MW VSC-based inverter and a medium-voltage doubly-fed induction generator with approximate 4 MW rating are presented to experimentally demonstrate the influence of the injected perturbation magnitude on the impedance response.
Protein Acetylation in Bacteria

Acetylation is a posttranslational modification conserved in all domains of life that is carried out by N-acetyltransferases. While acetylation can occur on Nα-amino groups, this review will focus on Ne-acetylation of lysyl residues and how the posttranslational modification changes the cellular physiology of bacteria. Up until the late 1990s, acetylation was studied in eukaryotes in the context of chromatin maintenance and gene expression. At present, bacterial protein acetylation plays a prominent role in central and secondary metabolism, virulence, transcription, and translation. Given the diversity of niches in the microbial world, it is not surprising that the targets of bacterial protein acetyltransferases are very diverse, making their biochemical characterization challenging. The paradigm for acetylation in bacteria involves the acetylation of acetyl-CoA synthetase, whose activity must be tightly regulated to maintain energy charge homeostasis. While this paradigm has provided much mechanistic detail for acetylation and deacetylation, in this review we discuss advances in the field that are changing our understanding of the physiological role of protein acetylation in bacteria.
Reduction in Suicidal Ideation from Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents.

Objective: Adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at higher risk for suicide compared to adolescents without PTSD. This study aimed to explore whether PTSD treatment reduces suic...
Population Growth and Economic Development

Implications of population dynamics for economic development have received considerable attention in the literature—perhaps more than any other population “problem.” What is economic development? What is the distinction, if any, between economic development and economic growth? To what extent does population change affect economic development and vice versa? Is the empirical evidence on these relationships clear cut? Have the views about these relationships changed over time, and if so, in what direction?
Nucleophilic Boron Reagents: On the Interface of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry

Download : Download high-res image (106KB) Download : Download full-size image Nick Bernier earned his BS in chemistry at Fairfield University in 2016, where he was named a Goldwater Scholar in 2014. He is currently a PhD candidate in inorganic chemistry in the Spokoyny group at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). His research focuses on the interactions between neutrons and small molecules, fundamental boron cluster research, and the development of nanoscale therapeutic systems. Nick has a love for cooking and also enjoys outreach events with the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA.
A body bag can save your life: a novel method of cold water immersion for heat stroke treatment

Non-exertional heat stroke is a life-threatening condition characterized by passive exposure to high ambient heat, a core body temperature of 40°C (104°F) or greater, and central nervous system dysfunction. Rapid cooling is imperative to minimize mortality and morbidity. Although evaporative and convective measures are often used for cooling heat stroke patients, cold water immersion produces the fastest cooling. However, logistical difficulties make cold water immersion challenging to implement in the emergency department. To our knowledge, there is no documented case utilizing a body bag (ie, human remains pouch) as a cold water immersion tank for rapid resuscitation of heat stroke. During a regional heat wave an elderly woman was found unconscious in a parking lot with an oral temperature of 40°C (104°F) and altered mental status. She was cooled to 38.4°C (101.1°F) in 10 minutes by immersion in an ice- and water-filled body bag. The patient rapidly regained normal mentation and was discharged home from the ED. This case highlights a novel method for efficient and convenient cold water immersion for heat stroke treatment in the emergency department.
Health And Human Services Integration: Generating Sustained Health And Equity Improvements

Concurrent increases in evidence about social determinants of health and the use of value-based health care incentives are driving new efforts to integrate health care and human services. Despite e...
Direct molecular quantification of electronic disorder in N,N′-Di-[(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine on Au(111)

Organic light-emitting diodes are important in display applications, but thin films used in these devices often exhibit complex and highly disordered structures. We have studied the adsorption of a typical hole transport material used in such devices, N,N′-Di-[(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (α-NPD), on the Au(111) surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy images reveal the appearance of different conformations in the first monolayer with submolecular resolution. Scanning tunneling spectra identify the highest occupied molecular orbital on several different adsorption structures. We directly compare the statistical distribution of this orbital energy between an ordered monolayer structure and a disordered bilayer structure of α-NPD on Au(111). The disordered structure exhibits a very broad distribution that is consistent with inferences from prior organic device studies and that we propose arises from minor conformational variations.
Different roles of T-type calcium channel isoforms in hypnosis induced by an endogenous neurosteroid epipregnanolone.

Abstract Background Many neuroactive steroids induce sedation/hypnosis by potentiating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) currents. However, we previously demonstrated that an endogenous neuroactive steroid epipregnanolone [(3β,5β)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one] (EpiP) exerts potent peripheral analgesia and blocks T-type calcium currents while sparing GABAA currents in rat sensory neurons. This study seeks to investigate the behavioral effects elicited by systemic administration of EpiP and to characterize its use as an adjuvant agent to commonly used general anesthetics (GAs). Methods Here, we utilized electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings to characterize thalamocortical oscillations, as well as behavioral assessment and mouse genetics with wild-type (WT) and different knockout (KO) models of T-channel isoforms to investigate potential sedative/hypnotic and immobilizing properties of EpiP. Results Consistent with increased oscillations in slower EEG frequencies, EpiP induced an hypnotic state in WT mice when injected alone intra-peritoneally (i.p.) and effectively facilitated anesthetic effects of isoflurane (ISO) and sevoflurane (SEVO). The CaV3.1 (Cacna1g) KO mice demonstrated decreased sensitivity to EpiP-induced hypnosis when compared to WT mice, whereas no significant difference was noted between CaV3.2 (Cacna1h), CaV3.3 (Cacna1i) and WT mice. Finally, when compared to WT mice, onset of EpiP-induced hypnosis was delayed in CaV3.2 KO mice but not in CaV3.1 and CaV3.3 KO mice. Conclusion We posit that EpiP may have an important role as novel hypnotic and/or adjuvant to volatile anesthetic agents. We speculate that distinct hypnotic effects of EpiP across all three T-channel isoforms is due to their differential expression in thalamocortical circuitry.
Enhancing the Teaching Environment: 3-Year Follow-Up of a Resident-Led Residents-as-Teachers Program

Background Previous faculty-driven residents-as-teachers (RAT) models have had limited efficacy and sustainability. Objective To evaluate the acceptability and effects of a resident-led RAT program on resident teaching. Methods In October 2016, obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) residents at a large academic institution implemented a resident-led RAT program, consisting of a steering committee of peer-selected residents with 2 faculty mentors who planned education-focused resident didactics and journal clubs, organized resident involvement in clerkship activities, and recognized residents who excelled in teaching as Distinguished Educators (DEs). From July 2016 through June 2019, using the Kirkpatrick Model, we evaluated the program with annual resident surveys assessing self-perception of 13 teaching skills (5-point Likert scale) and value of RAT program, institutional end-of-clerkship student evaluations of resident teaching, and resident participation in DE award. Results Annual resident survey response rates ranged from 63% to 88%. Residents' self-reported teaching skills improved significantly in 11 of 13 domains from 2016 to 2018 (improvements ranging from 0.87-1.42; 5-point Likert scale; P < .05). Of the 2018 respondents, 80% agreed that the resident-led RAT program added value to the residency. For 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 academic years, 47% and 48% of medical students (100% response rate) strongly agreed that residents provided effective teaching compared to 30% in 2016-2017 (P < .05). Ten residents have graduated as DEs during this time period. Conclusions A resident-led RAT program increased residents' self-reported teaching skills, improved medical student perceptions of teaching quality, and was sustainable and acceptable over a 3-year period.
Quench Protection of DI-BSCCO Coil

Abstract Quench protection is one of the most important requirements for the practical application of high-temperature-superconducting (HTS) coils. Quench protection requires that early detection of a developing quench event is followed by rapid reduction of the operating current. However, such quench detection is very difficult because HTS wire produces heat only locally due to the very slow propagation velocity of a normal zone. Excellent high voltage insulation performance is required if the current is to be reduced rapidly in a large-scale superconducting application with very large inductance. Thus it is important to investigate the behavior of coils with various decay time constants, and to detect voltages on very short time scales. This goal remains to be achieved. In the present study we built test coil and a full-scale pole coil for a 20 MW motor for use in experiments on quench protection, and parameterized the relation between the decay time constant and the detecting voltage, using a conventional balance circuit to detect the quench, which was generated by gradually raising the temperature of the coils. The results verify that a balance circuit can be used for quench detection. For example, when the current decay time constant is 4 seconds, the test coil can be protected even with a detecting voltage of 0.15 volts, despite a significant heat production rate of 126 W. We also confirmed that the full-scale pole coil, with a decay time constant of 20 seconds, can be protected with a detecting voltage of 0.06 V.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Polypeptide Antibiotics II. In Vitro Protein Synthesis

Ennis, Herbert L. (St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tenn.). Inhibition of protein synthesis by polypeptide antibiotics. II. In vitro protein synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 90:1109-1119. 1965.-This investigation has shown that the polypeptide antibiotics of the PA 114, vernamycin, and streptogramin complexes are potent inhibitors of the synthetic polynucleotide-stimulated incorporation of amino acids into hot trichloroacetic acid-insoluble peptide. The antibiotics inhibited the transfer of amino acid from aminoacyl-soluble ribonucleic acid (s-RNA) to peptide. The A component of the antibiotic complex was active alone in inhibiting in vitro protein synthesis, whereas the B fraction was totally inactive. However, the A component, when in combination with the B component, gave a greater degree of inhibition than that observed with the A fraction alone. On the other hand, the endogenous incorporation of amino acid was much less susceptible to inhibition than the incorporation of the corresponding amino acid in a system stimulated by synthetic polynucleotide. In addition, synthesis of polyphenylalanine stimulated by polyuridylic acid was inhibited to a greater extent when the antibiotics were added before the addition of polyuridylic acid to the reaction mixture than when the antibiotics were added after the polynucleotide had a chance to attach to the ribosomes. However, the antibiotics apparently did not inhibit the binding of C(14)-polyuridylic acid or C(14)-phenylalanyl-s-RNA to ribosomes. The antibiotics did not affect the normal release of nascent protein from ribosomes and did not disturb protein synthesis by causing misreading of the genetic code. The antibiotics bind irreversibly to the ribosome, or destroy the functional identity of the ribosome. The antibiotic action is apparently a result of the competition between antibiotic and messenger RNA for a functional site(s) on the ribosome.
On the effective thermal conductivity and permeability of regular arrays of spheres

We consider two-phase materials in which the discrete phase consists of equalsized spheres fixed in a periodic array and summarize the results for the effective thermal conductivity and the permeability of such materials. The results are given for the whole range of volume fractions of spheres for three cubic arrays: simple, body-centered and face-centered.