cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Powerful Play

This chapter makes the case for why recreational drone use demands critical attention, particularly to its mobile, visual, and social dimensions. Consumer drones are new mobile media that make airspace remotely accessible in unprecedented ways. I cover the technology’s origins and developments, along with regulatory frameworks and scholarly drone discourses. Drawing on the intersections of media ecology, mobilities research, and science and technology studies, I discuss how the book builds on but also diverts from previous scholarship on drones, especially military and commercial applications. Finally, this introduction explains how the subsequent chapters situate me as an auto-technographic researcher and the consumer drones as mobile medium for aerial play.
Optimization of In-situ and Ex-situ doped p+ Passivating Contact for High Efficiency p-TOPCon Solar Cell Application

This paper presents fabrication and optimization of p+ passivating contact (p+ poly-Si/SiOx/c-Si) for high efficiency p-TOPCon solar cells. The p+ passivating contacts were formed by (i) in-situ doped p+ poly-Si via LPCVD and (ii) ex-situ doping of intrinsic poly-Si via APCVD boron diffusion. We studied the relationship between the passivation quality of this contact as a function of boron diffusion profile varied by altering (i) the crystallization annealing temperature, and (ii) the APCVD precursor gas flow ratio $\left( {{\emptyset _{{B_2}{H_6}}}/{\emptyset _{Si{H_4}}}} \right).$ In-situ doping resulted in higher B concentration in poly-Si, which improves field induced passivation, as well as in Si absorber near the interface, which enhances Auger recombination to degrade passivation. This trade-off resulted in lower optimum annealing temperature for in-situ process (875°C vs 950°C). However, process optimization resulted in excellent passivation with comparable iVoc and J0 for both in-situ (719mV/6.3fAcm-2) and ex-situ doped (716mV/6.6fAcm-2) un-metallized p-TOPCon. Greater than 22.0% screen-printed large area (244.32cm2) bifacial p-TOPCon solar cells were fabricated by replacing LBSF of p-PERC cells with 270 nm p+ TOPCon junction with ~10% metal coverage on the rear side. TOPCon cells gave 0.4% higher efficiency than their PERC counterpart.
On Recovering Philosophy: Philosophical Dialogue and Political Philosophy After 9/11

Once upon a time, it was thought that philosophy was indispensable for the good life. That meant it did not need to justify its continued existence. But this time belongs to the past. Hence it is important to ask, if philosophy is to survive or at least to continue in a meaningful way, whether it still has anything worthwhile to say in an age of globalization. This theme, which is constitutive of Western philosophy, is compounded by the events of 9/11, which, as I write are clearly still with us. This essay will urge two points. On the one hand, I think that we need to take steps to recover philosophy. This is a perennial problem, which does not depend on 9/11, since philosophy is always in the position of needing to justify its social utility. This is not provoked by any specific recent event, but is so to speak always on the agenda, always something philosophers need to wonder about. On the other hand, I think we need to take steps now to begin to recover political philosophy, which, in the wake of 9/11, and for specific reasons, is in danger of becoming simply irrelevant.
Oocyte Donation: Ethical Aspects

In vitro fertilization with donor oocytes has become an increasingly popular method of assisted reproductive technology for women with ovarian insufficiency or ovarian dysfunction, women with specific genetic risk factors, and same-sex couples seeking to have children. Oocyte donation for third-party reproduction has and continues to provoke ethical controversy today. This chapter addresses the morality of oocyte donation for reproduction, the moral significance of varied conceptualizations of oocytes, and ethics in the context of oocyte donation pertaining to the key constituencies involved in the process, including oocyte donors, recipients, children conceived with donor oocytes, clinicians, and oocyte donor matching agencies. Specific attention is given to ethically contentious aspects of the practice of oocyte donation, including informed consent, compensation, exploitation and undue inducement of donors, costs to recipients, commodification of children, appropriate recipient populations, donor anonymity, information sharing, and conflicts of interest.
Pathwise observability and controllability are decidable

This paper considers the problem of determining whether the observability (or controllability) matrix of a given discrete-time switched linear system reaches full rank for any mode sequence. We show that this problem is in fact decidable, and we provide finite upper bounds on the maximum sequence length at which this property may be satisfied.
The Moral Metaphysics of Causation and Results

Causation matters in criminal law only because results do. My colleague and friend, Michael Moore, firmly believes that wrongdoing-by which he means the amount of harm an agent actually causes by intentional conduct-independently contributes to an offender's moral desert, but actual harm is not necessary to desert.' Wrongdoing is "something of [a] poor relation" to culpability, as Michael puts it, but it nonetheless contributes independently to desert and thus it is crucial to identify which wrongs a defendant caused.2 In The Metaphysics of Causal Intervention, Michael questions "whether the intervening-cause notions of the law can be based on a prelegal notion of causation, one that provides a solid grounding for the sharp breaks in causal chains so marked by the law."3 Michael's analysis addresses causal doctrine in both tort and criminal law, but I shall focus solely on criminal law because virtually all criminal law theorists agree that moral fault is at least a necessary condition of blame and punishment, whereas torts theorists famously disagree about whether blame has any place in a scheme of tort liability. I shall also draw freely from Michael's earlier work on causation, which his present Essay extends, because it is impossible to understand Michael's current quest without referring to earlier parts of the journey.
‘A Web of Community’: Uncovering African American Historic Sites in Deerfield, MA

AbstractIn 2012, the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association published the ‘Map and Guide to African American Historic Sites in Deerfield, Massachusetts’. The map provides information on 23 sites along the nearly mile-long street of Historic Deerfield, each of which is related to the story of free or captive Africans in the town's early history. As with the other case studies in this issue, the Deerfield Map and Guide operates as a trail in that it directs people through the town of Historic Deerfield while narrating a story about the early rural New England village. The map enables movement through the landscape of Deerfield and makes visible the history of slavery and race in a place that is so often associated with abolition and freedom. This paper discusses the process by which museum educators, historians, and academic and community advisors developed the map and guide in both digital and pamphlet form, including how information was collected and organized, and the intended goals of producing this mate...
What Brings Fans to the Ball Park? Evidence from New York Yankees’ and Philadelphia Phillies’ Financial Records

The New York Yankees’ and Philadelphia Phillies’ financial records providegate receipts for several seasons. From this data, I estimate non-price determinants ofdemand for individual games. The day of the week, quality of the opposition, and specialevents were the key determinants of demand. Fans in the 1930s preferred absolute torelative quality in the visiting team. Although this approach does not allow for estimationof the price elasticity of demand, the approach enables us to consider the stability ofdemand factors. (L83, N82)
Accessibility of Analysis of Algorithms: from programming to problem solving

In Introduction to Analysis of Algorithms, students' first experience applying a combination of computer science theory and mathematics to paper-based problem solving, analysis of pre-developed algorithms, and proofs of algorithmic run-times. In rare cases, students implement (efficient) variations of existing algorithms. Student's have difficulty transitioning from programming to problem solving in the first weeks of course. In this paper, we explore the reasons that Analysis might be inaccessible to the computer science student: we define accessible course (content), compare programmer style with requirements of analytic problem solving and determine techniques to make mathematical problem solving accessible. Since they are not (as yet) supported by empirical evidence, these discussions do not lead to definitive claims about analysis, accessibility or performance; on the other hand, they do generate theories for research and suggest ideas for improving the accessibility of analysis, computer science theory and applied mathematics for computer science students.
Genetic variants in one‐carbon metabolism genes and breast cancer risk in European American and African American women

Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, repair and DNA methylation. The impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in folate-metabolizing enzymes has been investigated in risk of breast cancer among European or Asian populations, but not among women of African ancestry. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of SNPs in eleven genes involved in one-carbon metabolism and risk of breast cancer in 1,275 European-American (EA) and 1,299 African-American (AA) women who participated in the Women's Circle of Health Study. Allele frequencies varied significantly between EA and AA populations. A number of these SNPs, specifically in genes including MTR, MTRR, SHMT1, TYMS and SLC19A1, were associated with overall breast cancer risk, as well as risk by estrogen receptor (ER) status, in either EA or AA women. Associations appeared to be modified by dietary folate intake. Although single-SNP associations were not statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, polygenetic score analyses revealed significant associations with breast cancer risk. Per unit increase of the risk score was associated with a modest 19 to 50% increase in risk of breast cancer overall, ER positive or ER negative cancer (all p < 0.0005) in EAs or AAs. In summary, our data suggest that one-carbon metabolizing gene polymorphisms could play a role in breast cancer and that may differ between EA and AA women.
Detection of the depth-hoar layer in the snow-pack of the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska, U.S.A., using satellite data

The snow-pack on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska has a well-developed depth-hoar layer which forms each year at the base of the snow-pack due to upward vapor transfer resulting from a temperature gradient in the snow-pack. The thickness of the depth-hoar layer tends to increase inland where greater temperature extremes (in particular, lower minimum temperatures) permit larger temperature gradients to develop within the snow-pack. Brightness temperature (T B) data were analyzed from October through May for four winters using the 37 GHz horizontally polarized Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR). By mid-winter each year, a decrease in T B of approximately 20K was found between coastal and inland sites on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Modeling has indicated that a thicker depth-hoar layer in the inland sites could be responsible for the lower T Bs. The large grain-sizes of the depth-hoar crystals scatter the upwelling radiation moreso than do smaller crystals, and greater scattering lowers the microwave T B. Using a two-layered radiative transfer model, the crystal diameter in the top layer was assumed to be 0.50 mm. The crystals in the depth-hoar layer may be 5–10 mm in diameter but the effective crystal diameter used in the radiative-transfer model is 1.40 mm. The crystal size used in the model had to be adjusted downward, relative to the actual crystal size, because the hollow, cup-shaped depth-hoar crystals are not as effective at scattering the microwave radiation as are spherical crystals that are assumed in the model. In the model, when the thickness of the depth-hoar layer was increased from 5 cm to 10 cm, a 21K decrease in T B resulted. This is comparable to the decrease in T B observed from coastal to inland sites in the study area.
Mars in 1909 as seen at the Lowell Observatory

THE accompanying prints are photographs of the globe of Mars, representing the details seen on the planet at the Lowell Observatory at the last opposition in 1909.
Epilepsy in children with mental retardation: a cohort study.

Summary: The cumulative risk of seizures and epilepsy was investigated in a prospectively identified cohort of 221 children with mental retardation (MR) born between 1951 and 1955 in Aberdeen, Scotland. By age 22 years, 33 (15%) had epilepsy. An additional 16 (7%) had had at least one seizure, but did not meet the criteria for epilepsy. The cumulative risk of epilepsy was 9, 11, 13, and 15% at 5, 10, 15, and 22 years, respectively. In children with MR and no associated disabilities, the cumulative risk of epilepsy was only 2.6, 3.2, 3.9, and 5.2% at 5, 10, 15, and 22 years. In children with MR and cerebral palsy (CP), the cumulative risk was 28, 31, and 38% at 5, 10, and 22 years. Children with a postnatal injury associated with MR had a cumulative risk of epilepsy of 53, 66, and 66% at 5, 10, and 15 years after the injury. By age 22 years, 39% had achieved 5-year seizure-free remission, including 56% of children with MR without associated disability, 47% of children with MR and CP, and 11% of children with a postnatal injury. We conclude that, in the absence of associated disability or postnatal injury, the risk of epilepsy in the retarded population is low. Epilepsy in this population also will frequently enter remission in later life.
Staples Equal Sutures for Skin Closure After Soft Tissue Tumor Resection

Background Wound closure accounts for a relatively constant portion of the time required to complete a surgical case. Both longer closure times and wound infections contribute to higher medical costs and patient morbidity.
Ab initio study of cyclic siloxanes (H2SiO)n: n = 3, 4, 5

The geometry optimizations for several conformations of tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclosiloxane (H2SiO)n (n = 3, 4, and 5) were carried out, and the relative stabilities were compared at the Hartree-Fock (HF) and second order perturbation theory (MP2) levels of theory using the 6–31G* and 6–311G(d, p) basis sets. At the highest levels of theory, the only minimum for n = 4 (D4) occurs at the highly symmetric D4h structure. In contrast, several, nearly isoenergetic, minima are found on the D5 surface. These have C1, C2, Cs, and D5h symmetries. While the C1 structure has the lowest MP2/6–311G(d, p) energy, this species is predicted to be highly fluxional, and the distribution of isomers is dependent on temperature. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effects of microbial pesticides on non-target, beneficial arthropods

Abstract The formulation, testing protocol, lethal effects, sub-lethal effects, ecological relationships and selectivity of microbial pesticides on non-target, beneficial arthropod natural enemies of insect and mite pests are reviewed for viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. In general, it was found that: (1) effects from indirect mortality of natural enemies are probably more significant across all microbial types than are direct mortalities from microbial pesticides; (2) significant levels of direct mortality of beneficial insects can be caused by bacterial and protozoan microbial pesticides; (3) no direct mortality from viruses of pests has been documented for arthropod natural enemies; (4) the direct effect of fungi on arthropod natural enemies has not been well studied and probably has been underestimated; (5) unique standard methods need to be developed for microbial assays and for expressing more exactly the dosage administered to the host or natural enemy.
Determination of hemoglobin binding capacity of serum haptoglobin by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate

Abstract A rapid and simple procedure for the determination of hemoglobin binding capacity of serum for use in the clinical laboratory is described. The method is based on fractionating the hemoglobin from the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and determining quantitatively the fraction of hemoglobin that became bound. Eight different sera prepared in capillary microhematocrit tubes from a drop of fingertip blood can be analyzed simultaneously within 30 minutes.
Applying ethnographic insight to engineering ethics: epistemography and accountability in the space shuttle Challenger failure and the Macondo Well blowout

This paper analyzes a recent movement in ethical studies of engineering failure that advocates for an epistemology of technical knowledge production whereby technical facts are seen as the contingent products of social practice. The paper argues that this approach raises important questions with regard to considerations of accountability in technological failures. It points out that practitioners themselves have used such an approach to deflect accountability away from themselves in the cases of the Space Shuttle Challenger failure and the Macondo Well blowout. It then argues that rather than advocate for the contingency of technical facts, ethical analysts of engineering failures should take an ‘epistemographic’ approach that questions to what effect epistemological assertions are put by practitioners themselves in the course of working on, and accounting for, engineering failures. In conclusion, the paper points to new implications for considerations of accountability in technological failures that aris...
Hot electron effects in heterolayers

Abstract Phenomena of interaction in the direction perpendicular to the layer planes, for hot electrons in heterolayer structures such as may be grown by molecular beam epitaxy, are discussed. In particular, energy transfer between electrons in neighboring heterolayers, due to mutual coulomb scattering, and escape of electrons from a heterolayer, due to phonon scattering processes, are analyzed; and it is shown that substantial rates are possible.
Application of Non-Steady-State Kinetics to Resolve the Kinetics of Proton-Transfer Reactions between Methylarene Radical Cations and Pyridine Bases

Apparent deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEapp) of four different methylarene radical cation−pyridine base reactions in dichloromethane (0.2 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate) were observed to increase toward a constant value with increasing extent of reaction. The reactions were studied by derivative cyclic voltammetry (DCV), and rate constants were assigned by comparing the experimental with the theoretical DCV data. The kinetic results rule out a simple second-order proton-transfer reaction and implicate a mechanism in which a complex is first formed that then undergoes proton transfer, followed by separation of the products. That KIEapp are extent of reaction-dependent is observed before steady-state is reached. The concurrent analysis of kinetic data for the reactions of both ArCH3•+ and ArCD3•+ with bases under non-steady-state conditions facilitates the resolution of the apparent rate constant [kapp = kfkp/(kb + kp)] into the microscopic rate constants (kf, kb, and kp) for the individual...
Asymmetric synthesis and absolute configuration of 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid and 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (DDATHF)

Abstract Lipase-catalyzed enantioselective esterification of 2-substituted 1,3-diols has been utilized in the asymmetric synthesis and consequent configurational assignments of the title compounds.
Axodendritic and dendrodendritic synapses within outer spiral bundles in a human.

Axodendritic and dendrodendritic synapses have been described at the level of the outer spiral bundle (OSB) (Nadol, J.B., Jr., 1983. Laryngoscope 93, 780-791; Bodian, D., 1978. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4582-4586). The objectives of this study were to quantify these synaptic interactions and to describe their ultrastructural morphology in a young human subject. The temporal bone of an 8-month old infant was processed for transmission electron microscopy and semiserial section reconstructions of the three OSBs were performed. The nerve fibers ((NFs)) forming the OSBs were found to segregate into two morphological groups: (1) vesicle-rich and neurofilament-poor (VR/NP); (2) vesicle-poor and neurofilament-rich (VP/NR). Synapses between VR/NP and VP/NR NFs and synapses between two VP/NR NFs were quantified. Presumed axodendritic synapses (i.e. between VR/NP and VP/NR NFs) were numerous and their numbers decreased from the first towards the third row. Presumed dendrodendritic synapses (i.e. between two VP/NR NFs) were also frequent but their numbers did not vary significantly among different rows. The presence of axodendritic synapses may provide the morphological basis for modulation of the function of the type II spiral ganglion cells (type II's) by the olivocochlear efferent system. Similarly, numerous presumed dendrodendritic synapses may provide a morphological substrate for interaction between dendrites of type II's.
Externally sensitized mesolytic fragmentations in dithiane–ketone adducts

Abstract The apparent activation enthalpies, Δ H ≠ , for externally sensitized mesolytic fragmentations in benzophenone–dithiane adducts were obtained in variable temperature photolyses and compared with DFT activation barriers calculated for β-scission in the corresponding oxygen-centered radicals. The results of these experimental and theoretical studies further support the mechanism in which deprotonation of the hydroxy-group, in the transient cation radical, is coupled with intramolecular electron transfer furnishing the O-centered radical, which subsequently fragments. The quantum yields of fragmentation increase for higher alkyl substituted dithiane adducts.
On the uses of language in working and idealized logic

The interpretation of discourse covers a continuum with two extremes: on the one hand, a text considered as an ideal, distant object, and on the other hand, a conversation regarded as a real, present event. On the basis of a distinction between relatively context-invariant propositions and relatively context-dependent statements, it is argued that statements in conversational discourse are easier to interpret than statements in texts, whereas only propositions in symbolic logic can be interpreted with exactitude. In the same way, the interpretation of dialogical arguments proceeds more easily than the interpretation of arguments in texts. While dialogical argumentation requires a dialectical approach, textual argumentation necessitates an imaginative reconstruction of the argument. From this it can be concluded that for different sorts of argumentative discourse diverse sorts of interpretative activities have to be used.
ProtoMatch: a tool for analyzing high-density, sequential eye gaze and cursor protocols.

ProtoMatch is a software tool for integrating and analyzing fixed-location and movement eye gaze and cursor data. It provides a comprehensive collection of protocol analysis tools that support sequential data analyses for eye fixations and scanpaths as well as for cursor “fixations” (dwells at one location) and “cursorpaths” (movements between locations). ProtoMatch is modularized software that integrates both eye gaze and cursor protocols into a unified stream of data and provides an assortment of filters and analyses. ProtoMatch subsumes basic analyses (i.e., fixation duration, number of fixations, etc.) and introduces a method of objectively computing the similarity between scanpaths or cursorpaths using sequence alignment. The combination of filters, basic analyses, and sequence alignment in ProtoMatch provides researchers with a versatile system for performing both confirmatory and exploratory sequential data analyses (Sanderson & Fisher, 1994).
The demonstration of perivascular collagen deposition in cherubism

Abstract Tumor tissue sections from eight children with cherubism were stained with several histochemical methods for collagen protein, noncollagenous protein, elastica, reticulum, carbohydrate, mucopolysaccharide, and amyloid content. The peculiar eosinophilic perivascular material noted around the capillaries was demonstrated by the van Gieson and Rinehart methods to be collagen protein. The presence of perivascular collagen is considered of diagnostic value in the diagnosis of cherubism. Follow-up evidence over the years has shown that patients earlier reported as having unilateral cherubism eventually develop bilateral jaw tumors. Until the genetic aberration that causes typical bilateral cherubism is better understood, the possibility of unilateral cherubism theoretically exists. Since perivascular collagen has not been evaluated in possible cases of unilateral cherubism, its diagnostic utility cannot be assessed for them. The improbability of cherubism falling into the realm of a “hypersensitivity or collagen disease” has been discussed. With our present limited knowledge, the genetic explanation of a dominant inheritance pattern with a variable penetrance seems to be the most logical etiology of cherubism.
Comparison of HgTe materials grown in (100), (110), (111), and (211) orientations

We calculated energies required to remove atoms from various configurations on (111), (110), (100), and (211) HgTe surfaces. The excess pair energies for various species are then calculated and are used in a thermodynamic model to study the growth. All energies are obtained using a Green’s function method. The pair distributions are calculated from these energies in a generalized quasi-chemical approximation. The calculated critical temperatures for surface roughness transition are found to be considerably higher than the usual growth temperature of 185°C, so the growth on these surfaces is expected to be layer-by-layer with formation of two-dimensional islands. However, among the surfaces studied, only the (211) surfaces have an attractive binding energy for Hg, making those surfaces suited for better growth. The critical temperature for growth on (21 l)Hg is slightly higher than that for (211)Te, but we also find that Hg sticking coefficient on (21 l)Hg surface is considerably lower than that on (21 l)Te surface. These calculations are consistent with the observed higher growth rate of the (211)Te surface. Our calculations suggest that there will be fewer grown-in vacancies and Te antisites, at the expense of growth rate and sticking coefficient, for crystals grown on (211)Hg surface. We further calculated the Hg and Te vacancy formation energies as functions of surface orientations and layer depth. The cation vacancy formation energies from completed surface regions (islands) are higher than bulk values near anion terminated surfaces and smaller than bulk values near cation terminated surfaces.
Treatment of acute and chronic traumatic rupture of the descending thoracic aorta.

Techniques have undergone much change since the first successful repair of an acute traumatic rupture of the descending thoracic aorta was performed by Klassen at our hospital in 1959. It is interesting that we are returning to the techniques which worked so well in that case. Using this approach, which involves virtual elimination of the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, and evaluating each patient individually for the use of a shunt, we have reduced our mortality rate from 61% (8 deaths among 13 patients) during the period 1959–1974, to 6% (1 death among 17 patients) in the last 5 years. We believe that these data confirm the validity of this approach in the management of acute blunt descending thoracic aortic rupture. Prevention of spinal cord ischemia has become the primary concern for continuing clinical and laboratory investigation.
Mathematica strat column

In my new life as the only geophysicist in a geology/geography department, one of my first jobs is to figure out the local stratigraphy. These are the rocks we plan to investigate by outcrop and near-surface studies, ultimately building a 3D digital geomodel. The formation of interest just now is the Mississippian Lime, a hot oil target in Oklahoma and Kansas. Now there have been stratigraphers working around NW Arkansas for more than a century, many of them still alive and kicking. I am the new kid on the block and sure to step on some toes as I try to understand the stratigraphic section.
OCCURRENCE OF TRI-LAMELLAR BODIES IN ISOLATES OF NOSTOC (CYANOPHYCEAE)1

Tri-lamellar bodies were observed in eight of 29 isolates of Nostoc examined. They appeared identical to the previously described bodies in various species of Anabaena. The bodies consist of three discoid lamellae each ca. 0.3 μm diam and 8 nm thick. The outer lamella (closest to the plasma membrane) is separated from the middle lamella by a 12 nm space whereas the middle and inner lamellae are ca. 8 nm apart. Osmiophilic striations 3 nm wide were generally observed running between the lamellae. Osmiophilic β granules were usually associated with the inner lamella. The bodies were most always located close to the plasma membrane along the longitudinal wall near the junction of the cross and longitudinal walls. In three isolates the bodies located near the cross walls were associated with gas vesicles and possessed a slightly different morphology. These tri-lamellar bodies consisted of three discoid lamellae, each ca. 2 nm thick, ca. 25 nm apart with electron dense material between the inner and middle lamellae. Pores 20 nm diam and ca. 60 nm apart were observed in layer 2 of the cell wall adjacent to the tri-lamellar bodies. These wall pores were also observed in isolates lacking tri-lamellar bodies.
Reappraisal of the disrotatory transition state for the ring opening of cyclopropane

Abstract New ab initio studies using double zeta plus polarization (DZP) and triple zeta plus double polarization (TZ2P) basis sets, analytic derivative methods, and single- or two-configuration self-consistent-field (SCF) wavefunctions have provided energies, geometries, dipole moments, and harmonic vibrational frequencies for cyclopropane and for three conformationally isomeric singlet trimethylene diradical species. Furthermore, configuration interaction with single and double excitations (CISD) energies for these four C 3 H 6 stationary points were determined at the SCF optimized geometries. The previously neglected disrotatory transition state has been found and characterized. The energetic ordering and spacing of the trimetylene diradical stationary point structures deviate significantly from earlier estimations, and suggest a new mechanistic possibility for thermal geometrical isomerizations of isotopically substituted cyclopropanes.
Understanding lanthanum aluminate glass structure by correlating molecular dynamics simulation results with neutron and X-ray scattering data

In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are employed to characterize the atomic-level structure of the lanthanum aluminate Glass (LAG) glass. Partial structure factors and pair distribution functions obtained from the simulated glass structure are used to determine the contributions of specific components of the glass to the various peaks of neutron and X-ray diffraction data. The distinct contributions of each of the atom pairs reveal the observed differences in the structure factors and total distribution functions.
741 VITAMIN E LEVELS IN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE NEWBORNS

Small for gestational age (SGA) newborns are frequently denied adequate nutrition during intrauterine development. The fat stores of a full term, SGA newborn are less than that of a preterm newborn of the same weight. This may result in deficiencies of essential nutrients, especially of fat soluble, lipid stored vitamins. We measured serial serum Vitamin E levels in 29 SGA and AGA neonates (G.A. 30-41 wk) in the first week of life, using Hashim's spectrophotometric micro-method. The results are tabulated below. Statistical analysis using the chi square test revealed no significant differences in the Vitam E levels in SGA newborns as compared to the control group. The data of this small sample suggest a trend of lower serum levels of Vitamin E in full term, SGA versus full term AGA babies, although no similar trend was observed in the preterm infants.
Genetic Control of UDPglucose:Flavonol 3-O-Glucosyltransferase in the Endosperm of Maize

The enzyme UDPglucose:flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase is shown to be under the coordinate control of three genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the aleurone of maize: C, R, and Bz. Of the three, Bz appears to be the structural gene. Data presented here (dosage comparisons, induction in the mutant c-p, and effect of paramutation at R) indicate that the enzyme is inducible by substances resulting from the action of the C and R genes and that active forms of C and R are required for this induction. Mechanisms of regulation of the Bz gene by C and R are discussed.
Cocaine behavioral economics: from the naturalistic environment to the controlled laboratory setting.

Abstract Background We previously observed that behavioral economic factors predict naturalistic heroin seeking behavior that correlates with opioid seeking in the experimental laboratory. The present study sought to replicate and extend these prior findings with regular cocaine users. Methods Participants ( N = 83) completed a semi-structured interview to establish income-generating and cocaine-purchasing/use repertoire during the past month. Questions addressed sources/amounts of income and expenditures; price (money and time) per purchase; and frequency/amounts of cocaine purchased and consumed. Naturalistic cocaine purchasing and use patterns were: (1) analyzed as a function of income quartile, (2) perturbed by hypothetical changes in cost factors to assess changes in purchasing/use habits, and (3) correlated with experimental cocaine seeking. Results Income was positively related to naturalistic cocaine seeking/use pattern (i.e., income elastic), and behaviors were cost-efficient and sensitive to supply chain. Income was unrelated to proportional expenditure on cocaine (≈55%) but inversely related to food expenditure. In all hypothetical scenarios (changes in income or dealer, loss of income assistance from government or family/friends, and increasing arrest risk when purchasing), the high-income group reported they would continue to use more cocaine daily than other groups. Number of laboratory cocaine choices significantly correlated with cocaine purchase time (positively) and purity of cocaine (negatively) in the naturalistic setting. Conclusions These results replicate and extend findings with regular heroin users, demonstrate the importance of income, cost-efficiency and supply-mindedness in cocaine seeking/use, and suggest that this interview-based approach has good external validity.
Toward a Biblical Perspective on Drug Use

ABSTRACT Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs exact a terrible toll of suffering and death in society. A biblical basis is explored for personal and public policy toward alcohol and other drug use. The complexity of a biblical view includes not only the nature of drugs, but considerations related to dose, motivation for use, and actual or potential harm. The sinfulness of an act of drug use, from a biblical perspective, depends upon such factors. This view moves beyond an individual, offender-focused view toward an understanding of drug use that recognizes our communal responsibility for problems and solutions.
The development of a programming language for photogrammetry

Abstract To simplify the dialogue between man and a digital computer for the solution of photogrammetric problems, a problem oriented language for photogrammetrists is being developed. The language (P.P.L.) will allow a user to address the machine with only well-known photogrammetric terms and thus will be very easy for the practicing photogrammetrist to learn. A complete range of normal photogrammetric production problems can be solved at the present using an unordered set of required descriptors in photogrammetric terms to supply data to the computer for the solution of a problem. All data input is free of the usual format restrictions for conventional computer solutions. The total system is intended to be housed in the environment of a large scale digital computer and will be an excellent tool in the era of time sharing.
Poster: Model Predictive Control with Real-time Occupancy Detection

Buildings are responsible for more than 40% of US primary energy consumption. Of that, nearly 50% goes to heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. Savings made in HVAC systems therefore have a major impact in energy consumption and are of critical importance. We present a model predictive control framework (MPC) for smart building control. The framework has several components, including (a) occupancy sensing in real time, (b) occupancy prediction models based on historical occupancy data, (c) thermodynamic building models, (d) weather forecasting data, and (e) a model predictive control optimization that tries to minimize monetary costs in energy use while maintaining quality comfort bounds for the building's users. We tested the system in a real building with over 40 workers, and we show that we could obtain monetary savings of more than 50% without sacrificing user comfort.
PRICE SMOOTHING AND INVENTORY ADJUSTMENTS

The empirical results in this paper show a negative and statistically significant relationship between inventory variability and price variability, thereby lending support to the contention that inventory adjustments help to smooth price. The implication is that inventories assist in coordination of oligopolistic agreements.
Effects of surface damage on rf cavity operation

We describe a model of damage in rf cavities and show how this damage can limit cavity operation. We first present a review of mechanisms that may or may not affect the ultimate fields that can be obtained in rf cavities, assuming that mechanical stress explains the triggers of rf breakdown events. We present a method of quantifying the surface damage caused by breakdown events in terms of the spectrum of field enhancement factors, Beta, for asperities on the surface. We then model an equilibrium that can develop between damage and conditioning effects, and show how this equilibrium can determine cavity performance and show experimental evidence for this mechanism. We define three functions that quantify damage, and explain how the parameters that determine this performance can be factored out and measured. We then show how this model can quantitatively explain the dependence of cavity performance on material, frequency, pulse length, gas, power supply and other factors. The examples given in this paper are derived from a variety of incomplete data sets, so we outline an experimental program that should improve these predictions, provide mechanisms for comparing data from different facilities, and fill in many gaps in the existing data.
Optical and spectroscopic properties of Ytterbium-doped YAG

The refractive indices of Yb:YAG crystals for 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 at. % Yb were measured from 0.4-5.2 microns. The coefficients for the Sellmeier fit are reported. The absorption at room temperature was measured from .185-3.3 microns. Using the index and spectroscopic data, the oscillator strengths for the samples were calculated, and their dependence on dopant concentration examined.
Novel and High Volume Use Flame Retardants in US Couches Reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE Phase Out

California’s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and...
Maximizing the Power Output of Air-Acoustic Actuator Arrays

The maximization of radiated sound power from baffled vibrating structures is studied as a means of examining the structural-acoustic control authority of point force and distributed moment actuators. The relationship between the structural vibration and radiated sound power is expressed as a quadratic function of the modal velocities and the structural mode shapes. The sound power model is nondimensionalized through geometric transformations. The problem of computing the maximum radiated acoustic power using an array of actuators is shown to reduce to a generalized eigenvalue analysis. A term denoting the power efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of maximum radiated power normalized with respect to the maximum achievable radiated power, is stated and a series of numerical simulations are performed. The numerical simulations examine the physical mechanisms of maximizing the sound power output of structures. The expressions for the modal coefficients of point force and distributed moment actuators ar...
Sorex dispar at Mountain Lake, Virginia

Twelve specimens of the gray long-tailed shrew were trapped at Bear Cliff, Mountain Lake, Giles County, Virginia, on July 4, 20, 21, 22 and 23, 1955, and on July 1, 3, 4 and 10, 1956. The shrews were trapped in rock crevices by means of snap traps baited with peanut butter and oatmeal. Bear Cliff (elevation 4000 feet) is an advanced …
The Yeast Mitochondrial Citrate Transport Protein PROBING THE ROLES OF CYSTEINES, Arg181, AND Arg189 IN TRANSPORTER FUNCTION

Utilizing site-directed mutagenesis in combination with chemical modification of mutated residues, we have studied the roles of cysteine and arginine residues in the mitochondrial citrate transport protein (CTP) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our strategy consisted of the sequential replacement of each of the four endogenous cysteine residues with Ser or in the case of Cys73 with Val. Wild-type and mutated forms of the CTP were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. During the sequential replacement of each Cys, the effects of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic sulfhydryl reagents were examined. The data indicate that Cys73 and Cys256 are primarily responsible for inhibition of the wild-type CTP by hydrophilic sulfhydryl reagents. Experiments conducted with triple Cys replacement mutants (i.e. Cys192 being the only remaining Cys) indicated that sulfhydryl reagents no longer inhibit but in fact stimulate CTP function 2–3-fold. Following the simultaneous replacement of all four endogenous Cys, the functional properties of the resulting Cys-less CTP were shown to be quite similar to those of the wild-type protein. Finally, utilizing the Cys-less CTP as a template, the roles of Arg181 and Arg189, two positively charged residues located within transmembrane domain IV, in CTP function were examined. Replacement of either residue with a Cys abolishes function, whereas replacement with a Lys or a Cys that is subsequently covalently modified with (2-aminoethyl)methanethiosulfonate hydrobromide, a reagent that restores positive charge at this site, supports CTP function. The results clearly show that positive charge at these two positions is essential for CTP function, although the chemistry of the guanidinium residue is not. Finally, these studies: (i) definitely demonstrate that Cys residues do not play an important role in the mechanism of the CTP; (ii) prove the utility of the Cys-less CTP for studying structure/function relationships within this metabolically important protein; and (iii) have led to the hypothesis that the polar face of α-helical transmembrane domain IV, within which Arg181, Arg189, and Cys192 are located, constitutes an essential portion of the citrate translocation pathway through the membrane.
QoS guarantee and provisioning at the contention-based wireless MAC layer in the IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs

This article investigates and provides novel solutions for a new research avenue to support QoS in contention-based distributed WLANs. Although QoS is easier to manage in centrally controlled and reservation-based MAC protocols, they are hardly implemented in today's products due to several reasons, such as their higher complexity and their inefficiency for normal data transmissions, lack of robustness, and the strong assumption of global synchronizations. Additionally, end users like contention-based protocols because they plug and play. Almost all end-user networks need a MAC layer, and the IEEE 802.11 WLAN and Ethernet have become widely deployed since these contention-based MAC protocols are simple, robust, and allow fast installation with minimal management and maintenance costs. There is a clear need to support QoS guarantees and provisioning at the contention-based MAC layer. QoS guarantee and bandwidth allocation schemes have been well studied for mobile cellular networks, in which bandwidth is deterministic in terms of number of channels by frequency division, time division, or code division. On the other hand, bandwidth allocation in contention-based distributed WLANs is extremely challenging due to the contention constraint, the packet-based network, and, most important, an unknown number of stations competing for access to the only channel available. As a consequence, both guaranteeing QoS and efficiently allocating bandwidth are challenging issues.
Status of the Alfalfa Weevil Biological Control Program in the Eastern United States

The alfalfa weevil ( Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)) became established in the eastern United States in 1952. The parasite, Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson), successfully established in Utah in 1911, has now been generally established in the East. Recently, two more European species, Microctonus aethiops (Nees) and Tetrastichus incertus (Ratzeburg), have also become successfully established in the East. An unidentified species of Microctonus has been discovered in Pennsylvania
Drug‐Induced Diarrhea

Many drugs have been known to cause diarrhea, although their mechanism of action has not been well described. The gastrointestinal tract may become dysregulated when exposed to a drug that could disrupt mechanisms controlling mucosal permeability, transport, motility, and gut metabolism. This review examines the mechanism by which drugs induce diarrhea within the broad classification of watery, inflammatory, and fatty characteristics of the stool. Treatment may vary depending on this classification and usually includes withdrawal of the offending drug. However, in some cases, diarrhea may resolve with continued use or through nonspecific agents, such as Lomotil (Pfizer, New York, NY) or loperamide.
Chromosomal control of foot pad development in Sarcophaga bullata. III. Requirement of RNA and protein synthesis for cuticle formation and tanning

Abstract Chitin synthesis and the conversion of tyrosine to dopa during tanning require concurrent protein synthesis. However, these processes and the synthesis of cuticle protein require RNA synthesis only for their initiation during development, indicating that the new RNA templates are relatively stable. The conversion of dopa to dopamine and the incorporation of these metabolites into tanning substance(s) are independent of concurrent protein and RNA synthesis.