cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise 4: Single Suspension of Mouse Spleen Cells, Cell Viability Assays and Identification of Specific Cells Using Cell Surface Antigens

Methods of lymphocyte quantitation and characterization are based on the determination of cell viability, quantitation, and detection of cell surface markers (Cluster of differentiation-CD antigens). Examples of CD antigens are summarized in Table 28.1. Cytoplasmic components, or nuclear material can also be used. Cell surface markers are the most commonly detected in the routine clinical laboratory. Lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APC) constitute important components of both the humoral and cell mediated branches of the immune system. B lymphocytes synthesize immunoglobulin (antibodies) along with some cytokines, and T lymphocytes produce and secrete a variety of cytokines that function in both branches of the immune system. The APCS, macrophages and dendritic cells also secrete a number of cytokines and reactive products following their binding to pathogen associated molecules (PAMPs) with their pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). These immune cells and the components that they produce play a significant role in host defense against parasites, bacteria, fungi, viruses and some neoplastic disorders. Blood cells are prepared for analysis by the isolation of mononuclear cells using Ficoll-Hypaque or Histopaque density gradient centrifugation. Blood cells can also be prepared by the removal of red blood cells through lysis with a reagent such as ammonium chloride or acetic acid.
Female Sexual Dysfunction as Measured by Low Sexual Frequency is Associated With Lower Socioeconomic Status: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2016.

ABSTRACT Background Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a complex disorder of biopsychosocial etiology, and FSD symptoms affect more than 40% of adult women worldwide. Aim In this cross-sectional study, we sought to investigate the association between FSD and socioeconomic status (SES) in a nationally representative female adult population. Methods Economic and sexual data for women aged 20–59 from the 2007–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a United States nationwide representative database, was analyzed. Poverty income ratio (PIR), a ratio of family income to poverty threshold, was used as a measure of SES, and low sexual frequency was used as a measure of FSD. The association between FSD and SES was analyzed using survey-weighted logistic regression after adjusting for relevant social and gynecologic covariates, such as marital status and history of pregnancy, as well as significant medical comorbidities. Outcomes We found that FSD, as measured by low sexual frequency, was associated with lower SES. Results Among the 7,348 women of mean age 38.4 (IQR 29–47) included in the final analysis, 26.3% of participants reported sexual frequency of 0–11 times/year and 73.7% participants reported sexual frequency >11 times/year. Participants of PIR Clinical Implications The evaluation and treatment of FSD may benefit from a comprehensive approach that takes SES into account. Strengths & Limitations This study is limited by its cross-sectional design, but it is strengthened by a large, nationally representative sample with extensive, standardized data ascertainment. Conclusion Lower SES and lower sexual frequency are directly correlated among female adults in the United States; future studies should focus on social determinants of health as risk factors for FSD. Kim J.I., Zhu D., Davila J., et al. Female Sexual Dysfunction as Measured by Low Sexual Frequency is Associated With Lower Socioeconomic Status: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2016. J Sex Med 2021;XX:XXX–XXX.
Studies in Austral Bryaceae (Bryopsida). III. A Preliminary Account with Keys to Rosulabryum J.R. Spence in Chile.

A preliminary study of the genus Rosulabryum J.R. Spence in Chile is presented, with brief species descriptions, notes on ecology and distributions, and a taxonomic key. The following 12 species are confirmed with vouchered specimens; Rosulabryumandicola (Hook.) Ochyra, Rosulabryumbillarderii (Schwagr.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryumcampylothecium (Taylor) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryumcapillare (Hedw.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryumcoloratum (Mull. Hal.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryumdensifolium (Brid.) Ochyra, Rosulabryumlongidens (Ther.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryummacrophyllum (Cardot & Broth.) Ochyra, Rosulabryumperlimbatum (Cardot) Ochyra, Rosulabryumpuconense (Herzog & Ther.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryumrubens (Mitt.) J.R. Spence, and Rosulabryumtorquescens (Bruch ex De Not.) J.R. Spence. Rosulabryumcanariense (Brid.) Ochyra is tentatively excluded as the Chilean material can be referred to R.coloratum. Similarly, Rosulabryumviridescens (Welw. & Duby) Ochyra is tentatively excluded since the Chilean plants do not match the African type, but instead appear to be atypical plants of R.campylothecium.
Band Structure and Electron-Phonon Interaction Calculations for Proposed High-Tc Superconducting Oxides: MCUO3 (M = LA, BA, CS, Y) in the Perovskite Structure

The crystal structures reported for the recently discovered high-Tc superconductors containing copper and oxygen have one thing in common; structural similarity to ideal perovskite. The systems which superconduct with Tc ~ 35 K, e.g., La2-xBaxCuO4 with x ~ 0.1 – 0.2, either have the tetragonal K2NiF4 structure or small orthorhombic distortions therefrom.1–4 The K2NiF4 structure can be described qualitatively as alternating layers of perovskite (KNiF3) and rock salt (KF) structures. The structures reported for the Y-Ba-Cu-O systems, which have Tc ~ 90 K, are described approximately as an ordered superlattice of oxygen deficient perovskite cells.5–7 The common elements in all the superconductors discovered so far with Tc & 30 K are copper and oxygen. These results suggest that the local environment of the copper and oxygens in the perovskite structure is somehow conducive to high temperature superconductivity.
Making Marriages Work for individuals with ADHD

This chapter explains making marriages work for individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The chapter explores the journey couples undertake when they choose to enter the therapy. Entering the therapy is not easy, especially for distressed couples whose relationships are characterized by varying levels of outrage toward one another. Confronting the myriad problems associated ADHD in a relationship is the most difficult challenge facing a couple in the therapy. Contextual therapy and behavioral marital therapy help couples develop specific skills and strategies to successfully navigate terrain previously thought too hostile to inhabit. Aspects of these two approaches include guiding couples through understanding the factors associated with ADHD. The chapter concluded with a discussion of the reasons to rule out the presence of substance abuse, depression, and violence in the relationship. These can effectively and efficiently foreclose any option for the couple to achieve emotional stability and intimacy. These must be dealt with separate from those problems that arise in relationships coping with an ADHD spouse. The techniques allow for immediate utilization in any therapist's practice, regardless of theoretical orientation. The chapter concludes that it is important to decrease negative intent while simultaneously offering the couple myriad opportunities to experience lasting success and satisfaction in their relationship.
Modeling of common mode currents on electric ship hull using scattering parameters

The behavioral modeling reported in this work is computationally efficient for use in modeling distributed currents and potentials throughout the open-form conductor that is the ship's structure. Physics-based modeling is used to form a multiport S-parameter behavioral model of the ship's structure that is compatible with S-parameter models of parasitic paths to grounded equipment enclosures and cables sheaths being developed by Florida State University, a university partner in the Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium. A timedomain common-mode conduction example is reported to illustrate the work flow that converts physics-based models of elementary hull elements into a complete S-parameter behavioral model of an arbitrary hull structure with power cables running along it.
Business Decisions and the Environment: Significance, Challenges, and Momentum of an Emerging Research Field

Over the past four decades, the concept of corporate environmentalism was born and redefined through multiple iterations. Concurrent with this evolution in corporate practice has been the emergence of academic research focused on business decision-making, firm behavior and the protection of the natural environment. Among the academic sciences this is a relatively new field, coming into being only in the early1980s with articles addressing the overlap between business strategy and the environment (i.e. Royston, 1979; 1980), and later, with the formation research consortia such as the Greening of Industry Network (Fischer and Schott, 1993) and the Management Institute for Environment and Business (now part of the World Resources Institute). What began as a modest offshoot of management research has grown into a maturing area of study within the management sciences. It is now possible to step back and view the state of this field in terms of where it has been and where it is going. This chapter will consider what is distinct about existing research in business decision-making and the environment and consider future directions in which the field is going.
An annoted bibliography on computational probability: Part 1

Abstract This is the first part of a bibliography on computational probability. It lists over five hundred reference to published papers, technical reports and theses, which deal with algorithmic solutions to probability problems or which contain useful information on the computational aspects of such problems.
The Political Foundations of Inequality in Post-Industrial Capitalist Democracies

Does the organization of business matter for redistribution and labor market equality in post-industrial democratic capitalism‘ Conventional welfare state analysis has given this significant question scant attention. We argue, however, that high levels of employer organization, as well as the persistence of centralized bargaining and national policy formation between these well organized employers and comparably organized labor (or macrocorporatism), are likely to foster employer support for progressive policies, strengthen labor support for egalitarian policies that encompass the interests of labor market outsiders, and otherwise promote redistributive policies and outcomes. We test our arguments with quantitative analysis of early 1980s-to-2000s pooled time-series data from 18 nations as well as brief, illustrative case analysis of policy change in Denmark and Germany We find that highly organized employers as well as macrocorporatism are consistently, strongly, and positively related to overall government redistribution among working-age families, social protection for workers, and active labor market policies. They are also strongly and negatively related to the prevalence of low-wage labor, market income inequality, and other features of labor market dualism such as involuntary part-time work, temporary contract jobs, and long-term unemployment. These quantitative results emerge in models that account for electoral and partisan politics, features of post-industrialization and economic performance, and other forces highlighted in recent work on redistribution and inequality in contemporary capitalist democracies.
Precautions against What? The Availability Heuristic and Cross-Cultural Risk Perceptions

Because risks are all on sides of social situations, it is not possible to be globally "precautionary." Hence the Precautionary Principle, in its strongest forms, runs into fatal conceptual difficulties; any precautions will themselves create hazards of one or another kind. When the Precautionary Principle seems to give guidance, it is often because of the availability heuristic, which can make some risks stand out as particularly salient, whatever their actual magnitude. The same heuristic helps to explain differences across groups, cultures, and even nations in the perception of risks, especially when linked with such social processes as cascades and group polarization. An important complication here here is that what is available is sometimes a result of predispositions, cultural and otherwise. There are complex links among availability, social processes for the spreading of information, and predispositions.
A substance abuse recovery program for homeless mothers with children: St. Louis

Existing substance abuse programs have many limitations for homeless mothers, including the fact that they are modeled on programs for men that may not be appropriate for women. They separate mothers from their children during treatment, and they focus on adult recovery rather than being family oriented. The Grace Hill Family Center intervention program described in this article was designed specifically for the substance abuse treatment needs of homeless mothers in St. Louis. It blends three approaches: (1) strengthening neighbors so that they may help others, (2) traditional 12-step recovery services, and (3) Yablonsky's (1989) theory of the therapeutic community. As evidenced by a high dropout rate, this is a very difficult population to treat. Probably the most salient insight from the program to date is that creative models of service delivery are needed to reach these women and involve them in recovery programs.
The Influence of Floor Space on Growth, Egg Production, Fertility and Hatchability of the Coturnix coturnix japonica

Abstract RECENT interest has been shown in the use of the Coturnix as a pilot animal for poultry research (Wilson et al., 1961; Padgett and Ivey, 1959). Very little has been published concerning the amount of floor space required by Coturnix for optimum growth and reproduction. It has been recommended by Stanford (1957) that quail raised in outdoor community cages, in Missouri, be allowed 0.186 to 0.242 square meters of space per bird. Padgett and Ivey (1959) have suggested approximately 0.130 square meters of space per bird under similar conditions in Alabama. Wilson et al. (1961) reported that in a relatively crowded pen (132 square centimeters per quail) maturity was delayed about one week when quail in this crowded pen were compared with quail in pens under optimum management conditions. This study was undertaken in an attempt to determine the effects of floor space on the growth, egg production, fertility and …
Collagen turnover in calcified tissues

Abstract Collagen turnover in calcified tissues has been studied by the administration of proline- 14 C, followed by the isolation of hydroxyproline- 14 C. The femur as a whole had a high specific activity which decreased rapidly during the first week and then levelled off. No significant decrease in the specific activity of hydroxyproline isolated from the calvaria or the distal 20% of the tibia occurred over a 2-week period, which indicated an extremely slow turnover rate in these areas. The proximal 20% of the tibia had the highest specific activity of all the bones studied which reflected the rapid rate of collagen synthesis in this area of bone. The specific activity in the proximal tibia also decreased at a very rapid rate, as part of the newly synthesized collagen molecules were resorbed, and part were transferred to the shaft, in accordance with the normal pattern of growth found in the long bones. The tibial shaft and the lower incisors showed a gradual increase in specific activity with time. The relationship between collagen turnover and mineral turnover in bone is discussed.
Dissection of the Mechanism of Manganese Porphyrin-Catalyzed Chlorine Dioxide Generation

Chlorine dioxide, an industrially important biocide and bleach, is produced rapidly and efficiently from chlorite ion in the presence of water-soluble, manganese porphyrins and porphyrazines at neutral pH under mild conditions. The electron-deficient manganese(III) tetra-(N,N-dimethyl)imidazolium porphyrin (MnTDMImP), tetra-(N,N-dimethyl)benzimidazolium (MnTDMBImP) porphyrin, and manganese(III) tetra-N-methyl-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazine (MnTM23PyPz) were found to be the most efficient catalysts for this process. The more typical manganese tetra-4-N-methylpyridiumporphyrin (Mn-4-TMPyP) was much less effective. Rates for the best catalysts were in the range of 0.24–32 TO/s with MnTM23PyPz being the fastest. The kinetics of reactions of the various ClOx species (e.g., chlorite ion, hypochlorous acid, and chlorine dioxide) with authentic oxomanganese(IV) and dioxomanganese(V)MnTDMImP intermediates were studied by stopped-flow spectroscopy. Rate-limiting oxidation of the manganese(III) catalyst by chlorite ion vi...
An Improved Air Pressure Measuring Method and Demonstrated Application to Drainage in Heterogeneous Soils

Water flow in the vadose zone is often modeled as a single-phase flow where the air phase is assumed to be free to flow. Although this is a fair assumption in many practical cases, there are a number of applications where the free flow of air is hindered due to various causes. Air phase that is not free to flow in the subsurface can lead to a decreased infiltration rate or changes in water flow paths. In this study, we improved methods for measuring air pressure in wet soil, and demonstrated its applicability to investigate how the air phase can play a critical role in heterogeneous soil under certain conditions. To achieve this, we performed two sets of experiments. In the first set of experiments, we tested seven different porous material–hydrophobic treatment combinations for air pressure measurement in soils that were initially water saturated. In the second set of the experiment, drainage was induced in a layered column where a layer of coarse sand was overlaid by finer sand. Air pressure was monitored using the method selected based on the results of the first experiment. As the drainage proceeded, the layer of coarse sand released water when the air phase penetrated through the fine sand layer. The air pressure in the coarse layer rapidly decreased (became negative) as the water was released. The results demonstrated that the improved air pressure measuring method successfully indicated a decrease in air pressure during the drainage, and that the single-phase approach where only the water pressure is considered becomes invalid for cases where free air flow is hindered and water–air interaction is significant.
A new spot test for palladium

Abstract A new Spot test foi palladium is based upon the formation of an orange-yellow chelate with phenyl-α-pyridyl ketoxime Interference by the metals usually associated with palladium can be easily and completely prevented. Lumit of identification 0 5μg Pd
RECURSIVE EQUILIBRIA IN ECONOMIES WITH INCOMPLETE MARKETS

We examine minimal sufficient state spaces for equilibria in a Lucas asset pricing model with heterogeneous agents and incomplete markets. It is clear that even if all fundamentals of the economy follow a first-order Markov process, equilibrium prices and allocations generally will depend not only on the current exogenous shock but also on the distribution of wealth among the heterogeneous agents. The main contribution of this paper is to give an example of an infinite-horizon economy with Markovian fundamentals, where the joint process of equilibrium asset holdings and exogenous shocks does not constitute a sufficient state space either.
Microchemical synthesis of the serotonin receptor ligand, 125I-LSD

The synthesis and properties of 2-[125I]-lysergic acid diethylamide, the first 125I-labeled serotonin receptor ligand, are described. A novel microsynthesis apparatus was developed for this synthesis. The apparatus employs a micromanipulator and glass micro tools to handle microliter to nanoliter volumes on a microscope stage. This apparatus should be generally useful for the synthesis of radioligands and other compounds when limited amounts of material must be handled in small volumes.
Metastatic carcinoid tumor to the heart: echocardiographic-pathologic study of 11 patients.

Abstract Objectives We sought to investigate the clinical and echocardiographic (echo) characteristics of metastatic carcinoid tumor in the heart. Background Right-sided valvular dysfunction is the hallmark of carcinoid heart disease. Cardiac metastases are uncommon in carcinoid syndrome. Features of patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor involving the heart (MCH) have not been well described. Methods From 1985 through 1999, 11 patients (8 male, 3 female), mean age ± standard deviation, 58 ± 6 years, were seen who had pathologically confirmed MCH. All patients had echoes, which were reviewed retrospectively. Results All patients with MCH had carcinoid syndrome. The primary carcinoid tumor was in the small bowel in 83% of patients, and all patients had hepatic metastases. On pathologic review, the 11 patients had 15 MCH tumors. All metastases were intramyocardial. The MCH involved the right ventricle in 40%, left ventricle in 53%, and ventricular septum in 7%. The average size of macroscopic tumors was 1.8 ± 1.2 cm. Nine MCH tumors were detected by echo in 6 of the 11 patients (55%). Mean echo-detected tumor size was 2.4 cm (range, 1.2 to 4). All tumors noted by echo were well circumscribed, non-infiltrating, and homogeneous. In the 5 other patients, review of autopsy records revealed 6 macroscopic tumors, mean size 0.35 cm (range, 0.2 to 0.4), none detected by echo even retrospectively. Carcinoid valve disease was present in 8 of the 11 MCH patients. The tricuspid valve was affected in all 8 patients (73%), pulmonary valve in 7 (64%), and left sided valves in 4 (36%) All patients with MCH identified by echo had cardiac surgery, 3 primarily for carcinoid valve disease and 2 for non-carcinoid cardiac disease; in 1 patient, MCH was the primary indication for cardiac surgery. Conclusions MCH is uncommon but can be easily identified by echo if tumor size is ≥1.0 cm. In patients without valvular dysfunction, MCH may be the only manifestation of carcinoid heart disease. A search for MCH should be an integral part of the echo exam in patients with carcinoid syndrome.
How the Mall Means: An Analysis of the National Mall as a Cohesively Built Environment

Abstract The National Mall is the focus of millions of visitors to the America's capital, Washington, DC, each year. Today's Mall is the product of three significant periods of planning and development. This article examines the L’Enfant Plan, the McMillan Plan, and the National Park Service Master Plan to understand the ways in which this public space has evolved as well as the referential meaning it holds for us today. Through Goodman's theoretical framework, the Mall is perceived as a cohesively built environment with potential meaning for reflexive as well as prescriptive implications for American national identity. 1 The object of the present investigation is to prepare for the city of Washington a plan that shall enable future development to proceed along the lines originally planned—namely, the treatment of the city as a work of civic art—and to develop the outlying parks as portions of a single well-considered system. 2
The private sector as a sociological laboratory

This article discusses the experiences and obstacles the author encountered while conducting research on dislocated workers from a privately owned inner city printing company that closed in 1993. While these experiences are meant to guide others, the primary issue addressed is the schism between social science academicians, particularly sociologists and members of the business community, and its impact on the relationship between economics and sociology. The possible causes and consequences of the problems sociologists face when using the private sector as a research laboratory, and its effect on the sub-field of economic sociology, are also explored. Recommendations for breaking down these barriers are considered.
Static load-carrying capacity of circular rigid-plastic plates under Gaussian distribution of pressure

Abstract Static load-carrying capacities of circular rigid-plastic plates subjected to Gaussian distributions of pressure are presented in this paper. The effects of varying the load distribution as well as the boundary conditions are determined. Curves are presented which bound the load-carrying capacity for boundary conditions between the ideal cases of clamped and simply supported.
Mueller matrices for scattering from chiral coated curved surfaces (Summary)

We investigate angular scattering from chiral coated and homogeneous cylinders and spheres through the use of Mueller matrices. The interplay of symmetry, curvature, loss, polarization, and chirality on angular scattering is examined. We find the Mueller matrix elements which are particularly sensitive to small amounts of chirality. These quantities are the prime candidates for the accurate remote detection and characterization of chiral scatterers.
Characterizing the Uncertainty in Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Prediction of Mixed-Oxygenate Concentrations in Gasoline: Sample-Specific Prediction Intervals

Oxygenates are added to gasoline to reduce exhaust emission levels of carbon monoxide and to boost octane. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides 12 Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for single oxygenates in reference gasoline. A previous study demonstrated the feasibility of nondestructively quantifying oxygenate concentration in SRM gasoline ampules using near-infrared (near-IR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibration techniques. A drawback of this approach has been that an average prediction uncertainty, rather than a sample-specific one, is obtained. Recent developments in multivariate calibration theory for prediction error variance cure this problem. This report characterizes the significant sources of uncertainties in multivariate calibration using principal component regression and partial least-squares, validating near-IR and other multivariate spectroscopic techniques for use in assigning certified values (expected value with specified uncertainty) ...
The Challenge of the Other

“And how could the life of dialogue be demanded? There is no ordering of dialogue. It is not that you are to answer but that you are able." (Buber 1965, original emphasis) “… one of the most import...
Hormone-dependent haematopoiesis in fibroblast-transformation ossicles

SUBCUTANEOUS transplantation of coarse powders of acid-insoluble matrix of the shafts of long bones of rat to allogeneic recipients results consistently in the formation of new bone through endochondral ossification1. Haematopoietic bone marrow develops in the newly formed ossicle in adolescent rats2,3 and this experimental model is amenable to an investigation of hormonal control of initiation of haematopoiesis. Erythropoiesis is dependent on pituitary hormones4,5 since hypophysectomy resulted in anaemia in all animal species which have been studied. Hypophysectomy caused a prompt regression of many stem-cell erythroblastic leukaemias in rat6. We now report the profound influence of hypophysectomy on de novo erythropoiesis in matrix-induced transformation ossicles.
Secretinite: a proposed new maceral of the inertinite maceral group

Abstract The new maceral secritinite (name derived from the word ‘secretory’) is proposed for subcircular, ovoid, crescent-shaped or oblong, commonly round on one or more sides, noncellular, highly reflective components of the inertinite maceral group. This maceral of secretory origin, known from many bituminous coals throughout the world, has been confused with cellular, opaque fungal masses of high reflectance. It is suggested that these fungal masses be assigned to the previously proposed maceral funginite of the inertinite maceral group. The maceral term ‘sclerotinite’ and maceral-varietal terms ‘fungo-sclerotinite’ and ‘resinosclerotinite’ should be abandoned because they confuse the natural botanical relations and because they are unnecessary if the proposed maceral names, secretinite and funginite, are accepted. The maceral-varietal terms secreto-macrinite and secreto-inertodetrinite are proposed for angular to irregular constituents whose properties are physically gradational from secretinite into the macerals macrinite and inertodetrinite.
Predicting Voluntary Participation in a Public Health Program Using a Neural Network

Researchers increasingly use Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to predict outcomes across a broad range of applications. They frequently find the predictive power of ANNs to be as good as or better than conventional discrete choice models. This article demonstrates the use of an ANN to model a consumerâ€™s choice to participate in North Carolinaâ€™s Maternity Care Coordination (MCC) program, a state sponsored voluntary public health service initiative. Maternal and infant Medicaid claims data and birth certificate data were collected for 59,999 births in North Carolina during the years 2000-2002. Part of this sample was used to train and test an ANN that predicts voluntary enrollment in MCC. When tested against a holdout production sample, the ANN model correctly predicted 99.69% of those choosing to participate and 100% of those choosing not to participate in the MCC program.
An experimental model for the non-invasive trans-synaptic induction of nitric oxide synthase in purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum

Nitric oxide synthase and its product nitric oxide are believed to be significantly involved in neuronal degeneration associated with various excitotoxic events and in some acute and chronic neuropathological disease states. The synchronous activation of inferior olive neurons by the drug harmaline is known to produce tremorogenic activity in rats via increased stimulation of the olivocerebellar system. Following subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection (15, 30 or 60 mg/kg) of harmaline and survival intervals of three days or more, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunocytochemistry revealed nitric oxide synthase induction in Purkinje cells of the cerebellar vermis and paravermis, but not the lateral hemispheres. Double labeling with NADPH-diaphorase and calbindin revealed that induced Purkinje cells contain calbindin and that induced Purkinje cells are not necessarily associated with regions of Purkinje cell degeneration. The induction of nitric oxide synthase in a subpopulation of Purkinje cells may reflect a protective response of selected Purkinje cells to overstimulation of specific olivocerebellar projections. This is the first experimental model for the non-invasive induction of nitric oxide synthase in central nervous system neurons and as such may provide a useful tool for studying the induction of nitric oxide synthase associated with excitotoxic events.
Simplified procedure for correcting both errors and erasures of Reed-Solomon code using Euclidean algorithm

It is well known that the Euclidean algorithm or its equivalent, continued fractions, can be used to find the error locator polynomial and the error evaluator polynomial in Berlekamp's key equation that is needed to decode a Reed-Solomon (RS) code. In the paper, a simplified procedure is developed and proved to correct erasures as well as errors by replacing the initial condition of the Euclidean algorithm by the erasure locator polynomial and the Forney syndrome polynomial. By this means, the errata locator polynomial and the errata evaluator polynomial can be obtained simultaneously and simply, by the Euclidean algorithm only. With this improved technique, the complexity of time-domain Reed-Solomon decoders for correcting both errors and erasures is reduced substantially from previous approaches. As a consequence, decoders for correcting both errors and erasures of RS codes can be made more modular, regular, simple, and naturally suitable for both VLSI and software implementation. An example illustrating this modified decoding procedure is given for a (15, 9) RS code.
Uniting the paths to gene silencing.

A new study of ribosomal RNA gene silencing in the mouse provides clues as to how repressive chromatin states become established. At center stage is a chromatin remodeling complex that recruits DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase activities to the gene promoter, initiating a process that includes de novo DNA methylation, methylation of histone H3 on Lys9 and heterochromatin protein binding.
Field tests with insecticides for the control of ticks on livestock.

Twenty insecticides were sprayed on cattle for the control of adult lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.). At I day posttreatment all except 0.05% carbophenothion, 0.25% Dilan® [a mixture of 1 part of 1,1-bis ( p -chlorophcnyl) -2-nitropropane (Prolan®) and 2 parts of 1,1-bis ( p -chlorophenyl) -2-nitrobutane (Bulan®) ], 0.5% methoxychlor, and 0.5% Phostex® [a mixture of bis (dialkoxyphosphinothioyl) disulfides (alkyl ratio 75% ethyl, 25% isopropyl) ] afforded greater than 80% reduction in pretreatment numbers of ticks. At 1 week posttreatment 0.5 and 1% Bayer 22408 ( O,O -diethyl O -naphthalimido phosphorothioate), 0.25 and 0.5% carbaryl, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% Ciodrin® ( alpha -methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate), 0.5% coumaphos, 0.025% diazinon, 0.15% dioxathion, 0.1 and 0.25% fenthion, 0.5% malathion, 0.1 and 0.5% Methyl Trithion® [ S - ( p -chlorophenylthio)-methyl O,O -dimethyl phosphoiodithioate], 0.75% ronnel, 0.5% Ruelene® (4- tert -butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate), 0.1% Shell Compound 4072 [2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate], and 0.75 and 1.5% trichlorfon afforded tick control equal to or greater than that of the standard treatment, 0.5% toxaphene. Carbophenothion at 0.05%, 0.1% Ciodrin, 0.25% Dilan, 0.25% Imidan® ( O,O -dimethyl S -phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate), 0.5% methoxychlor, 0.25% naled, and 0.5% Phostex were not so effective as the standard treatment. At 2 weeks posttreatment none appeared highly effective. Fourteen insecticides were sprayed on cattle and/or horses for the control of adult winter ticks, Dermacentor albipictus (Packard). As determined from examination of animals at 1 day after sprayings, 0.5% Bayer 22408, 0.25% Bayer 37341 [ O,O -diethyl O -[4-(methylthio)-3,5-xylyl] phosphorothioate], 0.25 and 0.3% Ciodrin, 0.05% diazinon, 0.5% Dilan, 0.25% fenthion, 0.5% Methyl Trithion, 0.25% Nemacide® [ O - (2,4-dichlorophenyl) O,O -diethyl phosphorothioate], 1 and 0.5% Ruelene, and 0.25% Shell Compound 4072, but not 0.5% Bayer 37342 [ O,O -dimethyl O - [4- (methylthio) -3,5-xylyl] phosphorothioate], were effective in controlling the adult ticks on the animals at time of treatment. As determined at 1-week and 1-month examinations, only 0.25 an 0.5% Dilan failed to be as effective as the standard treatment in preventing reinfestation. Eight insecticides were sprayed on horses for the control of the black-legged tick, Ixodes ricinus scapularis Say. The horses were lightly infested with adults, and the degree of reinfestation pressure was unknown. At 1 day after spraying, all insecticides controlled ticks present on animals at time of tieatment, and very few ticks were found on animals at 1 week and 1 month posttreatment.
VMH lesions facilitate baitshyness in the rat

Abstract Normal rats and rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus were compared on the acquisition of a single trial, long CS-US interval, conditioning task (baishyness). The rats with hypothalamic damage exhibited facilitated baitshyness when tested both shortly after surgery and several months after surgery. The magnitude of the suppression observed in these animals could not be related to either specific anatomical structures within the hypothalamus or to the amount of obesity exhibited following the lesions. Similarities and differences between the results of the present study and previous studies are discussed.
Voice and video capacity of a secure IEEE 802.11g wireless network

This paper describes an empirical evaluation of the ability of an IEEE 802.11g network to transport audio and video as well as compare audio quality in the presence and absence of an access point within an office environment using standard off-the-shelf hardware and default device configurations. The impact of securing the audio stream with WPA (WiFi Protected Access) on the perceived quality is also examined. Following the ITU-T P.800 recommendation, thirty-six human subjects assess audio and video quality using a Mean Opinion Score (MOS) on a wireless multimedia system. Experimental data suggest that securing the voice traffic has no significant effect on the quality of the audio signal received. Furthermore, an 18.4% improvement in the perceived quality of the audio signal can be achieved by routing the audio and video traffic through an access point instead of allowing the audio and video traffic to flow directly between two arbitrary nodes within a wireless local area network. Furthermore, increasing the number of conversations reduces the perceived quality of the audio signal by 23.5% and the video signal by 16.8%. Disabling video increases the perceived audio quality by 38.9%. This paper shows that the usable capacity, based on signal quality, of a standard IEEE 802.11g wireless multimedia system deployed in an office environment is two audio-only conversations or one audio/one video connection on the wireless network.
Automatic indexing: a tutorial

SIGIR, from its very onset in the early 1960's, has been concerned with the development of automatic information retrieval systems and with improving the effectiveness of automatic indexing. Automatic indexing is a subsystem, or component, of an automatic information retrieval system. The term "automatic" implies that the process is to be accomplished by a set of computer programs rather than by the intellectual effort of skilled people. The essential questions that need to be answered are how automatic indexing can:• Adequately represent the subject content of a document;• Improve recall by increasing the number of relevant documents retrieved;• Improve precision by decreasing the number of non-relevant documents retrieved.In this tutorial, I will review the basic and improved procedures that have been devised to respond to each of these questions. Finally, after we have reviewed developments in automatic indexing, we will consider the more radical questions of:• Whether we can rely exclusively on automatic indexing to achieve adequate retrieval effectiveness in online interactive document retrieval systems, and• Whether the traditional recall and precision ratios are the best criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of online retrieval systems.
Platelet-derived growth factor and its receptor expression in human oligodendrogliomas.

Objective Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induces cellular proliferation and differentiation by activating intracellular signaling mechanisms via their cognate receptors. In previous studies, we demonstrated that human brain tumors such as meningiomas, astrocytomas, medulloblastomas, and ependymomas expressed the messenger ribonucleic acid for the PDGF subunits and their receptors. In the present study, we investigated the expression of the messenger ribonucleic acid PDGF A and B chains and the PDGF alpha and beta receptors in 17 cases of oligodendrogliomas. Methods Measurements of messenger ribonucleic acid levels were obtained using radioactive complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probes. Protein expression was analyzed with specific antibodies. Results Sixteen of 17 tumors expressed the PDGF A subunit and all the PDGF alpha receptors. Furthermore, all the tumors expressed PDGF B and PDGF beta receptor subunits. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that oligodendrogliomas may have an autocrine loop stimulated by the interaction of PDGF and its receptor simultaneously produced by these tumors.
Effects of scattering on wave-packet structure.

We consider a general reaction process in which two entrance-channel particles, the beam and target particles, interact off-resonance and produce two exit-channel particles. In the c.m. frame we derive a general expression relating the probability density of the exit-channel particles to that of the entrance-channel particles. Furthermore, we show that whenever the coherence length, ${w}_{B}$, of the beam particle is much larger than the coherence length, ${w}_{T}$, of the target particle, the wave function of each exit-channel particle may be expressed explicitly in terms of the wave function of the beam particle. We also derive expressions for the coherence time and coherence length of each exit-channel particle. In addition, whenever the speed of the target particle is much less than the speed ${v}_{i}$ (i=1,2) of an exit-channel particle, we show that a simple relationship exists between the coherence length, ${w}_{\mathrm{ci}}$, of the exit-channel particle and the beam particle: ${w}_{\mathrm{ci}}$=${v}_{i}$(${w}_{B}$/\ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathrm{v}}_{B}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{v}}_{T}$\ensuremath{\Vert}){1 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}[(\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{T}}$\ensuremath{\cdot}e${\mathrm{^}}_{3}$)/ ${v}_{i}$](costheta')}, where the velocity of the beam particle is ${\mathrm{v}}_{B}$ ${(\mathrm{v}}_{B}$=${v}_{B}$e${^}_{3}$), and the velocity of the target particle is ${\mathrm{v}}_{T}$ ${(\mathrm{v}}_{T}$=${v}_{T}$e${^}_{3}$). The angle theta' is the spherical polar angular coordinate, measured with respect to the unit vector e${^}_{3}$, of the point at which the coherence length ${w}_{\mathrm{ci}}$ is to be determined. The above relationship is applied in the case of photoionization of the hydrogen atom at low energies to obtain realistic estimates for the coherence lengths of the ionized electron and proton. The coherence length of the electron is shown to be of nearly macroscopic dimensions.
The relationship of dispositional optimism, daily life stress, and domestic environment to coping methods used by cancer patients

The relationship of dispositional optimism, daily life stress, and domestic environment to two types of coping methods was examined in a group of 94 cancer patients. As expected, dispositional optimism and domestic environment made significant contributions to the prediction of avoidance coping. Dispositional optimism contributed significantly to the prediction of active-behavioral coping. Specifically, a significant positive relationship was obtained between active-behavioral coping and optimism. A significant positive relationship also was found between avoidance coping and both daily stress and domestic environment. Avoidance coping was negatively related to dispositional optimism. In multivariate analyses, gender and disease-related variables did not make significant contributions to the prediction of coping method. Suggestions for future research were made.
A Field Guide to Form: Lawrence Halprin's Ecological Engagement with The Sea Ranch

This essay critically examines Lawrence Halprin’s ecological design theory using The Sea Ranch as a conceptual lens. To do so, it draws upon Halprin’s writings and sketches, archival material, oral histories, and the personal recollections of several members of the original design team. The roughly chronological analysis focuses mainly on the master planning efforts undertaken by Lawrence Halprin and Associates for Oceanic Properties (1963–1966), and Halprin’s subsequent documentation of this work in The RSVP Cycles: Creative Processes in the Human Environment (1969). Particular emphasis is paid to the contributions of the cultural geographer Richard Reynolds and his bioclimatic site analysis. Equally important, by unraveling the conceptual threads that Halprin attached to the term “ecology,” this essay reveals the manner in which Halprin merged the associational methodologies of Gestalt psychology and systems theory to explore the ecological relationship of an organism to its environment.
Iron deficiency of liver, heart, and brain in newborn infants of diabetic mothers

Infants of diabetic mothers frequently have polycythemia, elevated serum erythropoietin concentrations, and decreased serum iron and ferritin concentrations, likely representing a redistribution of fetal iron into erythrocytes to support augmented fetal hemoglobin synthesis. We hypothesized that fetal liver, heart, and brain iron concentrations are also reduced in these infants. After obtaining autopsy tissue from infants who had died before 7 days of age, we measured liver, heart, and brain iron concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Seven infants of diabetic mothers and seven gestational age-matched control infants were studied. All infants of diabetic mothers had pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia, indicating fetal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Liver iron concentrations in the infants of diabetic mothers were 6.6% of control values (489.0±154.4 vs 7379.7±1473.8 μ g/gm dry tissue weight (mean±SEM); p μ g/gm dry tissue weight; p μ g/gm dry tissue weight; p r =0.80 for both; p 75% depleted before heart and brain iron reduction. We conclude that severely affected infants of diabetic mothers have reduced liver, heart, and brain iron concentrations. The role of tissue iron deficiency in the genesis of the abnormal clinical findings in these infants deserves further consideration.
Role of Turgor in Plant Cell Growth

BURSTOM1 recently criticized the generally held view that plant cell enlargement involves physical yielding of the cell wall driven by turgor forces, saying, “turgor does not cause expansion and is not the driving force … The driving force of any expansion is a difference in water potentials (because) expansion is due to water uptake … The literature on plant cell growth would certainly improve if the notion of turgor expanding the cell was abandoned and replaced by accepted equations for water balance of fluxes”.
Scientific Diaspora: Stay Plans of Indian Faculty in the United States

In recent years, the “brain drain” experienced by developing countries, as their scientists and engineers chose to work and live permanently in developed countries, is seen as reversing. Although a reverse brain drain is projected as a new trend, a substantial number of immigrant scientists and engineers continue to work and live in developed countries. This paper presents the reasons why Indian faculty in science and engineering stay in the United States. Data for this study come from 51 in-depth interviews of faculty members of Indian origin working in various research universities across the us. Findings show that, although Indian faculty came to the us for higher education without intending to become permanent residents, they chose to stay mostly due to the research opportunities, favorable work environments, career prospects and lifestyle preferences available in the us. They cope with the absence of family and cultural distance through periodic visits to India and by developing professional relationships with scientists and engineers in their home country—activities that facilitate transnational migration. The study adds validity to the international migration theory, which has not taken this particular group of faculty into consideration.
Leader orientation, leader behavior, group effectiveness and situational favorability: An empirical extension of the contingency model

Abstract The relationship between work group effectiveness, leaders' behavior, and leaders' interpersonal relations orientation scores in three levels of situational favorability were studied. Subjects were members and supervisors of 119 work groups in the maintenance and production departments of a metal fabricating plant. It was found that (a) in a very unfavorable situation, supervisors directed most of their behavior toward the achievement of their primary goals, while in a very favorable situation, they concentrated less on the achievement of primary goals and more on the achievement of secondary goals; and (b) groups supervised by task-oriented leaders were more effective in situations of either high or low favorability, while groups supervised by interpersonal relations-oriented leaders were more effective in situations of intermediate favorability.