cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum confinement in CdSe nanocrystallites

Quantum confinement increases the spacing between energy levels as the nanocrystallite size is decreased. Its qualitative features hold both for states localized near the center of a nanocrystallite and those near the surface, such as states due primarily to dangling bonds. However, different quantitative features are expected because of the different size constraints on each of these states. Since the majority of atoms in a typical nanocrystallite are on the surface, contrasting confinement effects between these two types may prove useful in predicting how surface state dependent properties, such as optical absorption, change with the size of the nanocrystallite. By applying first principles pseudopotential methods to indium doped, uncapped CdSe nanocrystallites containing 17 and 34 atoms, we identify center and surface localized states. Using the lowest occupied energy state as a reference, the energy of a state localized near the center is found to increase 24 mRy from the 34 to 17 atom nanocrystallite. An equivalent surface state within the two cases studied is not found, but the energy level spacing is speculated to increase on the order of 100 mRy between the 34 and 17 atom cases based on states that are highly local to the surface, but not equivalent. Furthermore, we find that it is necessary for the impurity to sit at the center of the nanocrystallite in order for the impurity states to be electrically active.
ortho-Quinone Methides from para-Quinones: Total Synthesis of Rubioncolin B

A concise synthesis of rubioncolin B is described, which features an unprecedented intramolecular Diels−Alder reaction involving an ortho-quinone methide and a naphthofuran moiety. The ortho-quinone methide is generated through a surprisingly facile tautomerization of a para-quinone.
An interactive network graphics system

Abstract This paper discusses a number of issues relevant to the design of systems for performing interactive graphics over a computer network such as the ARPA Network. We then describe a working implementation of such a system and an example of its use.
Numerical solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using a fractional-step approach

Abstract A fractional step method for the solution of steady and unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is outlined. The method is based on a finite-volume formulation and uses the pressure in the cell center and the mass fluxes across the faces of each cell as dependent variables. Implicit treatment of convective and viscous terms in the momentum equations enables the numerical stability restrictions to be relaxed. The linearization error in the implicit solution of momentum equations is reduced by using three subiterations in order to achieve second order temporal accuracy for time-accurate calculations. In spatial discretizations of the momentum equations, a high-order (third and fifth) flux-difference splitting for the convective terms and a second-order central difference for the viscous terms are used. The resulting algebraic equations are solved with a line-relaxation scheme which allows the use of large time step. A four color ZEBRA scheme is employed after the line-relaxation procedure in the solution of the Poisson equation for pressure. This procedure is applied to a Couette flow problem using a distorted computational grid to show that the method minimizes grid effects. Additional benchmark cases include the unsteady laminar flow over a circular cylinder for Reynolds numbers of 200, and a 3-D, steady, turbulent wingtip vortex wake propagation study. The solution algorithm does a very good job in resolving the vortex core when fifth-order upwind differencing and a modified production term in the Baldwin–Barth one-equation turbulence model are used with adequate grid resolution.
Integral Closure of Ideals in Excellent Local Rings

In [1] Briancon and Skoda proved, using analytic methods, that if I is an ideal in the convergent power series ring C{x1, . . . , xn} then In, the integral closure of I, is contained in I. Extensive work has been done in the direction of proving “Briancon-Skoda type theorems”, that is, statements about I t being contained in (I t−k)#, where k is a constant independent of t, and # is a closure operation on ideals (cf. [5], [6], [8], [11]). In this paper we study the following related problem: given an ideal I of a Noetherian local ring (R, m), find a “linear” integer-valued function f(n) such that I + mn ⊆ I +m for all n or for all sufficiently large n. An element x of R is said to be in the integral closure J of an ideal J if it satisfies a relation of the form x+α1x n−1+α2xn−2+. . .+αn = 0, with αt ∈ J t for all t. We first observe that if (R, m) is a noetherian local ring which is complete in the m-adic topology, then there exists an integer-valued function f(n), with limn→∞ f(n) = ∞, such that I + mn ⊆ I + m. To see this, we use the fact that I = ∩ V φ V −1(IV ), where the intersection is over all discrete valuation domains V which are R algebras via φ V and whose maximal ideal contracts to m. With this it is easily shown that ∩ n I + mn = I. By Chevalley’s theorem ([12, p. 270]) (for R/I and the descending sequence of ideals {I + mn / I}n) then I + mn ⊆ I + m for some function f(n) such that limn→∞ f(n) = ∞. Chevalley’s theorem does not help in determining the order of growth of f(n), and, in fact, it cannot because it takes into account only the topology determined by a given descending sequence of ideals. By also considering the algebraic properties of the sequence we prove a stronger statement:
Effect of self-assembling peptide, chondrogenic factors, and bone marrow-derived stromal cells on osteochondral repair

Summary Objective The goal of this study was to test the ability of an injectable self-assembling peptide (KLD) hydrogel with or without chondrogenic factors (CF) and allogeneic bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to stimulate cartilage regeneration in a full-thickness, critically-sized, rabbit cartilage defect model in vivo . We used CF treatments to test the hypotheses that CF would stimulate chondrogenesis and matrix production by cells migrating into acellular KLD (KLD+CF) or by BMSCs delivered in KLD (KLD+CF+BMSCs). Design Three groups were tested against contralateral untreated controls: KLD, KLD+CF, and KLD+CF+BMSCs, n =6–7. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), dexamethasone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were used as CF pre-mixed with KLD and BMSCs before injection. Evaluations included gross, histological, immunohistochemical and radiographic analyses. Results KLD without CF or BMSCs showed the greatest repair after 12 weeks with significantly higher Safranin-O, collagen II immunostaining, and cumulative histology scores than untreated contralateral controls. KLD+CF resulted in significantly higher aggrecan immunostaining than untreated contralateral controls. Including allogeneic BMSCs+CF markedly reduced the quality of repair and increased osteophyte formation compared to KLD-alone. Conclusions These data show that KLD can fill full-thickness osteochondral defects in situ and improve cartilage repair as shown by Safranin-O, collagen II immunostaining, and cumulative histology. In this small animal model, the full-thickness critically-sized defect provided access to the marrow, similar in concept to abrasion arthroplasty or spongialization in large animal models, and suggests that combining KLD with these techniques may improve current practice.
Mammography Use, Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis, and Survival Among Older Women

BACKGROUND: Women age 65 years and older account for most newly diagnosed breast cancers and deaths from breast cancer. Yet, older women are least likely to undergo mammography, perhaps because mammography's value is less well demonstrated in older women. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between prior mammography use, cancer stage at diagnosis, and breast cancer mortality among older women with breast cancer. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using the Linked Medicare-Tumor Registry Database. SETTING: Population-based data from three geographic areas included in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 67 and older diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer, from 1987 to 1993, residing in Connecticut, metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, or Seattle-Puget Sound, Washington. MEASUREMENTS: Medicare claims were reviewed and women were classified according to their mammography use during the 2 years before diagnosis: nonusers (no prior mammograms), regular users (at least two mammograms at least 10 months apart), or peri-diagnosis users (only mammogram(s) within 3 months before diagnosis). Mammography utilization was linked with SEER data to determine stage at diagnosis and cause of death. Our main outcome variables were (1) stage at diagnosis, classified as early (in situ/Stage I) or late (Stage II or greater), and (2) breast cancer mortality, measured from diagnosis until death from breast cancer or end of the follow-up period (December 31, 1994). RESULTS: Older women who were nonusers of mammography were diagnosed with breast cancer at Stage II or greater more often than regular users (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 3.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.74–3.58). This association was present within each age group studied. Nonusers of mammography were at significantly greater risk of dying from their breast cancer than regular users for all women (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 3.38; 95% CI, 2.65–4.32) and for women within each age group. Even assuming a lead time of 1.25 years, nonusers of mammography continued to be at increased risk of dying from breast cancer. Our findings remained significant for all women and for the two youngest age groups (67–74 years, 75–85 years), although the benefit was no longer statistically significant for the oldest women (85 years and older). CONCLUSIONS: Older women who undergo regular mammography are diagnosed with an earlier stage of disease and are less likely to die from their disease. These data support the use of regular mammography in older women and suggest that mammography can reduce breast cancer mortality in older women, even for women age 85 and older.
Facebook can improve surrogate decision making

A significant body of empirical literature powerfully demonstrates that surrogates frequently fail to accurately and faithfully make the same treatment decisions that the patient would have made for herself, if she still had capacity (Pope, 2010). This inaccuracy is sometimes due to emotional and psychological barriers. But is also often due to the surrogate’s ignorance of the patient’s preferences. This article summarizes the challenges of using social media as well as the three opportunities it presents including (1) identify the right surrogate, (2) preventing the patient from becoming unbefriended, and (3) encouraging advance care planning.
The response of the upper atmospheric temperature to changes in solar EUV radiation and geomagnetic activity

Upper atmospheric temperature response to changes in solar extreme ultraviolet radiation and geomagnetic activity
Hydrogen Sulfide as an Oxygen Sensor

Eukaryotic cells depend upon oxygen (O2) for their survival and elaborate mechanisms have evolved in multicellular animals, especially vertebrates, to monitor the availability of environmental O2, the efficiency of O2 extraction from the environment, ensure adequate O2 delivery to tissues and even to regulate cellular metabolism when O2 availability is compromised. In vertebrates, specialized O2 “sensing” cells have developed to carry out many of these processes. Although all O2 sensing cells ultimately couple low Po 2 (hypoxia) to physiological responses, how these cells actually detect hypoxia, i.e., the “O2 sensor” remains controversial. We have recently proposed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) through its O2-dependent metabolism is a universal and phylogenetically ancient O2 sensing mechanism. This hypothesis is based on a variety of experimental evidence including; (1) the effects of exogenous H2S mimic hypoxia, (2) H2S production and/or metabolism is biochemically coupled to O2, (3) tissue H2S concentration is inversely related to Po 2 at physiologically relevant Po 2s, (4) compounds that inhibit or augment H2S production inhibit and augment hypoxic responses, (5) H2S acts upon effector mechanisms known to mediate hypoxic responses, (6) H2S was key to the origin of life and the advent of eukaryotic cells and the reciprocal relationship between O2 and H2S has been inexorably intertwined throughout evolution. The evidence for H2S-mediated O2 sensing is critically examined in this review.
Kernel support for live digital audio and video

Abstract We have developed a real-time operating system kernel which has been used to support the transmission and reception of streams of live digital audio and video in real-time as part of a workstation-based conferencing application. An experimental environment consisting of a number of workstations interconnected with a 16 Mbit token ring has been created and used to evaluate quantitatively the performance of the kernel and conferencing application, as well as the quality of the conferences they are capable of supporting. Our early experiences with these systems are described.
The Velocity Field from Type Ia Supernovae Matches the Gravity Field from Galaxy Surveys

We compare the peculiar velocities of nearby Type Ia supernovae (SNs) with those predicted by the gravity fields of full-sky galaxy catalogs. The method provides a powerful test of the gravitational instability paradigm and strong constraints on the density parameter β ≡ Ω0.6/b. For 24 Type Ia SNs within 10,000 km s-1, we find that the observed Type Ia SN peculiar velocities are well modeled by the predictions derived from the 1.2 Jy IRAS survey and the Optical Redshift Survey (ORS). Our best β value is 0.4 from IRAS, and 0.3 from the ORS, with β>0.7 and β<0.15 ruled out at 95% confidence levels from the IRAS comparison. Bootstrap resampling tests show these results to be robust in the mean and in its error. The precision of this technique will improve as additional nearby Type Ia SNs are discovered and monitored.
Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Using Sensitivity Analysis on Third-Order Euler Equations

Previously, the authors have shown an aerodynamic optimization method with two design variables using sensitivity analysis on the first-order-accurate discretization of the Euler equations. Two advancements of this method are reported in this article. First, nonlinear fluid dynamic phenomena including flow discontinuities are better predicted by an improved flow prediction method which uses the third-order accurate discretization of the Euler equations. Using this method, the flowfield of a modified shape which generates shocks and other large gradients is predicted based on the shock-free flowfield of the original shape and without solving the flowfield equations. Secondly, every surface grid point is used as a design variable, which virtually eliminates all geometrical restrictions on the shape as it is optimized for the specified objective. This improved algorithm is demonstrated by optimizing the ramp shape of a scramjet-afterbody configuration for maximum axial thrust. Starting with totally different initial designs, virtually identical shapes are obtained as the optimum. The method is more efficient than the traditional design methods for a few reasons, which include the use of flow predictions and the elimination of a priori guessing of possible shapes from which the optimum is to be selected.
Investor sentiment and the closed-end fund evidence: Impact of the January effect

Abstract This study analyzes the monthly commitment of closed-end fund and small firm returns. In this paper we attribute most of the comovement to a January seasonal, an empirical regularity undetected in earlier studies that argue that investor sentiment is priced in a segmented capital market. Although our empirical tests for the period from July 1965 to March 1980 detect a statistically significant comovement in months other than January, this comovement vanishes during the period from April 1980 to December 1994.
THE INCREMENTAL STRENGTHENING OF FIRST AMENDMENT PROTECTION FOR COMMERCIAL SPEECH: LESSONS FROM GREATER NEW ORLEANS BROADCASTING

About twenty-five years have passed since the United States Supreme Court extended First Amendment protection to commercial speech. This article traces the history of First Amendment protection for commercial speech, culminating in an in-depth examination of Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Ass'n v. United States. The article considers ways in which the incremental approach chosen by Justice Stevens strengthened First Amendment protection for commercial speech, and it explores possible future changes in commercial speech jurisprudence.
Recognizing and Revising Unconvincing Explanations

Expert system explanations sometimes fail to satisfy their users. The standard assumption is that these failures arise because the user did not completely understand the system's explanation. However, users may also be left unsatisfied because they are unconvinced by the explanation provided. Advice-giving systems should therefore eventually be extended to recognize when and why an explanation has failed to convince the user and to elaborate or revise explanations to make them more convincing. This paper provides an initial model of this process for systems that give advice about choosing between multiple alternatives for accomplishing a particular task. In particular, we discuss the model underlying a prototype system to advise novice computer users about how best to accomplish tasks on the UNIX operating system.
Estimation of Hurricane Wind Speed Probabilities: Application to New York City and Other Coastal Locations

AbstractA procedure is presented for estimating parametric probabilistic models of hurricane wind speeds from existing information on state-of-the-art estimates of wind speeds with various mean recurrence intervals (MRIs). Such models may be needed, for example, for the estimation of hurricane wind speeds with long MRIs required for the performance-based design of structures susceptible of experiencing nonlinear behavior. First, the procedure is applied to the case where that information is obtained from ASCE 7-10 wind maps, and examples are provided of its application to a number of coastal mileposts on the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. Next, the procedure is applied by using, in addition to the ASCE 7-10 information, hurricane wind speeds with 1,000,000- and 10,000,000-year MRIs estimated in a 2011 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) report. It is then argued that ASCE 7-10 Standard basic wind speeds for New York City are not conservative with respect to their counterparts specified in the standard for othe...
Supported rhodium catalysts for nitrous oxide decomposition in the presence of NO, CO2, SO2 and CO

Abstract Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), a greenhouse gas and ozone destroyer, is a by-product of coal combustion in fluidized coal combustors (FBC's). We have examined the viability of using supported rhodium catalysts at various reaction temperatures to reduce nitrous oxide into nitrogen and oxygen in the presence of CO, NO, SO 2 , and CO 2 , which are also present in fossil fuel emissions. The rhodium catalyst was oxidized in a 20% O 2 –80% N 2 mixture prior to each experimental trial. EDS studies suggest that rhodium concentrates near the catalyst surface following oxidation for 60 min. A space time of 0.07 min was sufficient to ensure 95% conversion of N 2 O into nitrogen and oxygen at 730 K. No statistically significant effects on N 2 O conversion were apparent when CO 2 (15 volume-%), SO 2 (1000 ppm), or NO (370 ppm) were added to the reactor feed streams. However, concentrations of CO as low as 0.4 volume-% lowered the temperature for 95% N 2 O conversion from 730 to 600 K.
The mass ratio of Charon to Pluto from Hubble Space Telescope astrometry with the fine guidance sensors

Abstract The mass ratio of Charon to Pluto is a basic parameter describing the binary system and is necessary for determining the individual masses and densities of these two bodies. Previous measurements of the mass ratio have been made, but the solutions differ significantly (Null et al., 1993; Young et al., 1994; Null and Owen, 1996; Foust et al., 1997; Tholen and Buie, 1997). We present the first observations of Pluto and Charon with a well-calibrated astrometric instrument—the fine guidance sensors on the Hubble Space Telescope. We observed the motion of Pluto and Charon about the system barycenter over 4.4 days (69% of an orbital period) and determined the mass ratio to be 0.122±0.008 which implies a density of 1.8 to 2.1 g cm−3 for Pluto and 1.6 to 1.8 g cm−3 for Charon. The resulting rock-mass fractions for Pluto and Charon are higher than expected for bodies formed in the outer solar nebula, possibly indicating significant postaccretion loss of volatiles.
Harmonization of Ethics Policies in Pediatric Research

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have launched a recent initiative to enhance collaboration in research, with the intent to “ensure that clinical trials submitted in drug marketing applications in the United States and European Union are conducted uniformly, appropriately, and ethically.” This initiative recalls efforts from two decades ago when the United States, the European Union and Japan formed the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) as a mechanism for harmonizing clinical research regulations. The intent of harmonization was to improve patients’ “access to new drugs, to prevent unnecessary global development delays and to avoid animal and human study duplications” through policy reconciliation. FDA/EMA efforts at collaboration call for a reassessment of past harmonization efforts: to what extent are ICH member policies already synchronized and to what extent can they be harmonized in the future? This paper will focus on these questions through the lens of pediatric investigation.
A Privilege Management Scheme for Mobile Agent Systems

In this paper, we describe a general method for controlling the behavior of mobile agent-system entities through the allocation of privileges. Privileges refer to policy rules that govern the access and use of computational resources and services. The scheme is based on the capability of most mobile agent systems to extend the platform processing environment and the use of two forms of privilege management certificates: attribute certificates and policy certificates. Privilege management certificates are digitally signed objects that allow various policy-setting principals to govern the activities of mobile agents through selective privilege assignment. This approach overcomes a number of problems in existing agent systems and provides a means for attaining improved interoperability of agent systems designed and implemented independently by different manufacturers. We also describe applying the scheme to Java-based agent systems.
Super-Acceleration from Massless, Minimally Coupled $\phi^4$

We derive a simple form for the propagator of a massless, minimally coupled scalar in a locally de Sitter geometry of arbitrary spacetime dimension. We then employ it to compute the fully renormalized stress tensor at one- and two-loop orders for a massless, minimally coupled 4 theory which is released in Bunch?Davies vacuum at t = 0 in co-moving coordinates. In this system, the uncertainty principle elevates the scalar above the minimum of its potential, resulting in a phase of super-acceleration. With the non-derivative self-interaction the scalar's breaking of de Sitter invariance becomes observable. It is also worth noting that the weak-energy condition is violated on cosmological scales. An interesting subsidiary result is that cancelling overlapping divergences in the stress tensor requires a conformal counterterm which has no effect on purely scalar diagrams.
Purification by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of an Epidermal Growth Factor-Dependent Transforming Growth Factor

Abstract Transforming growth factors (TGF) are low molecular weight, acid-stable polypeptides that confer a malignant phenotype on nonneoplastic cells. TGF from murine sarcoma virus transformed 3T3 cells were isolated by acid/ethanol extraction, Bio-Gel P-30 chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Using a μBondapak C 18 column with an acetonitrile gradient, TGF activity can be resolved into two peaks, one of which requires epidermal growth factor (EGF) to induce colony formation of indicator cells in soft agar. Subsequent rechromatography of the EGF-dependent TGF on a μBondapak CN column using an n-propanol gradient resulted in a 430-fold purification over the acid/ethanol extract and showed soft agar activity at a concentration of 4 ng/ml in the presence of 2 ng/ml EGF. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed one main band with an apparent molecular weight of 13,000.
Asymmetric amine-intercepted Nazarov cyclization.

The chiral auxiliary directed addition of a propargyllithium reagent to a morpholino enamide, followed by exposure of the adduct to activated dry Florisil in the absence of solvent and in the presence of a primary or secondary amine, leads to a cascade of reactions that results in the formation of an aminocyclopentenone as a single diastereoisomer. The reaction can also be conducted intramolecularly.
Multidimensional electron-photon transport with standard discrete ordinates codes

A method is described for generating electron cross sections that are comparable with standard discrete ordinates codes without modification. There are many advantages of using an established discrete ordinates solver, e.g. immediately available adjoint capability. Coupled electron-photon transport capability is needed for many applications, including the modeling of the response of electronics components to space and man-made radiation environments. The cross sections have been successfully used in the DORT, TWODANT and TORT discrete ordinates codes. The cross sections are shown to provide accurate and efficient solutions to certain multidimensional electron-photon transport problems. The key to the method is a simultaneous solution of the continuous-slowing-down (CSD) portion and elastic-scattering portion of the scattering source by the Goudsmit-Saunderson theory. The resulting multigroup-Legendre cross sections are much smaller than the true scattering cross sections that they represent. Under certain conditions, the cross sections are guaranteed positive and converge with a low-order Legendre expansion.
An integral kernel for weakly pseudoconvex domains

A new explicit construction of Cauchy–Fantappie kernels is introduced for an arbitrary weakly pseudoconvex domain with smooth boundary. While not holomorphic in the parameter, the new kernel reflects the complex geometry and the Levi form of the boundary. Some estimates are obtained for the corresponding integral operator, which provide evidence that this kernel and related constructions give useful new tools for complex analysis on this general class of domains.
Applied Aerodynamics Experience for Secondary Science Teachers and Students

The Department of Aerospace Engineering, Mechanics & Engineering Science at the University of Florida in conjunction with the Alachua County, Florida School Board has embarked on a four-year project of university-secondary school collaboration designed to enhance mathematics and science instruction in secondary school classrooms. The goals are to provide teachers with a fundamental knowledge of flight sciences, and to stimulate interest among students, particularly women and minorities, toward careers in engineering, mathematics, and science. In the first year of the project, all thirteen of the eighth grade physical science teachers and all 1200 of the eighth grade physical science students in the county participated. The activities consisted of a three-day seminar taught at the college level for the teachers, several weeks of classroom instruction for all the students, and an airport field trip for a subgroup of about 430 students that included an orientation flight in a Cessna 172 aircraft. The project brought together large numbers of middle school students, teachers, undergraduate and graduate engineering students, school board administrators, and university engineering faculty.
Tin mediated palladium catalyzed regiocontrolled alkylations of vinyl epoxides

Abstract Cyclic tin ethers react proximal to the oxygen of a vinyl epoxide in a Pd catalyzed etherification as a reflection of templating.
A total synthesis of (±)-Mitomycin K. Oxidation of the mitosene C9-9a double bond by (hexamethylphosphoramido)oxodiperoxomolybdenum (VI) (MoO5 · HMPA)

Abstract A synthesis of (±)-Mitomycin K has been achieved in thirteen steps from commerically available 2,5-dimethylanisole in a 1.36% overall yield. One of the key steps is the oxidation of the C9-9a double bond of 1 by (hexamethylphosphoramido)oxodiperoxomolybdenum (VI) to give 5a and b . This allows for the facile introduction of the C-9a methoxy group into the mitomycin skeleton.
Non-traditional narrative techniques and effective client advocacy

Creating a presentation of the facts on behalf of a client for the purposes of advocacy can be a difficult task. While the facts need to articulate the relevant points of the case, they have the potential to be much more than a dry recitation of main points. When a lawyer is advocating on behalf of a client, the facts should create a narrative that helps the audience engage with the information in a way that benefits the client. Teaching this to students is often challenging. Students tend to gravitate toward a traditional, linear presentation of the facts. However, many client stories are not best told under this traditional structure. Additionally, students often fear that non-traditional presentations of facts may be construed as manipulative or unethical. This article explores a variety of non-traditional narrative techniques and how they may be applied to tell difficult client stories. Additionally, it discusses the benefit of using these non-traditional narrative techniques to teach students about f...
Active Control of Rotating Stall in a Low-Speed Centrifugal Compressor

This paper addresses rotating stall control in centrifugal compressors, presenting the results of an experiment directed at the suppression of stall in the Purdue Low-Speed Centrifugal Research Compressor. The control technique uses a phase-controll ed inlet distortion generated by an array of 12 airinjection ports located in the compressor inlet endwall. The active control of first-mode (one-cell) rotating stall was successfully demonstrated. In the cases investigated, the stall control system provided only slight increases in stall margin. However, the control system demonstrated an ability to restore system stability to the compressor when exhibiting a developed stall condition.
Cancer, Emotions, and Nurses

The small cancer research unit in a major East Coast university hospital was unique in many ways. It was tucked away in a corner off a main corridor and was screened in by a glass partition that architecturally demonstrated its separateness. It was the only service to which no house staff was assigned. It was funded in a different way from all the other services. And it was the only service in the hospital that had little hope for success in its struggle to ward off death.
Synthesis of a sterically congested diazirine: 2-azi-camphane

Abstract The synthesis of 2-azi-camphane has been achieved despite the fact that the spirocyclic carbon center is sterically congested. Although the yield is somewhat low, the highly pure diazirine can be used as a precursor for the burgeoning class of sterically congested carbenes.
Deceiving entropy based DoS detection

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks disable network services for legitimate users. As a result of growing dependence on the Internet by both the general public and service providers, the availability of Internet services has become a concern. While DoS attacks cause inconvenience for users, and revenue loss for service providers; their effects on critical infrastructures like the smart grid and public utilities could be catastrophic. For example, an attack on a smart grid system can cause cascaded power failures and lead to a major blackout. Researchers have proposed approaches for detecting these attacks in the past decade. Anomaly based DoS detection is the most common. The detector uses network traffic statistics; such as the entropy of incoming packet header fields (e.g. source IP addresses or protocol type). It calculates the observed statistical feature and triggers an alarm if an extreme deviation occurs. Entropy features are common in recent DDoS detection publications. They are also one of the most effective features for detecting these attacks. However, intrusion detection systems (IDS) using entropy based detection approaches can be a victim of spoofing attacks. An attacker can sniff the network and calculate background traffic entropy before a (D)DoS attack starts. They can then spoof attack packets to keep the entropy value in the expected range during the attack. This paper explains the vulnerability of entropy based network monitoring systems. We present a proof of concept entropy spoofing attack and show that by exploiting this vulnerability, the attacker can avoid detection or degrade detection performance to an unacceptable level.
On the quantum corrections to the newtonian potential

Abstract The leading long-distance quantum correction to the Newtonian potential for heavy spinless particles is computed in quantum gravity. The potential is obtained directly from the sum of all graviton exchange diagrams contributing to lowest non-trivial order to the scattering amplitude. The calculation correctly reproduces the leading classical relativistic post-Newtonian correction. The sign of the perturbative quantum correction would indicate that, in the absence of a cosmological constant, quantum effects lead to a slow increase of the gravitational coupling with distance.
Band model formulation for inhomogeneous optical paths

Abstract The band-model formulation developed by Lindquist and Simmons to handle radiance calculations for highly inhomogeneous and nonisothermal optical paths is discussed and extended. The original formulation was based on the statistical band model for a random array of equal-intensity pressure-broadened Lorentz lines. Here, the formulation is extended to include bands of constant-intensity Doppler lines and bands of Lorentz or Doppler lines with an exponential distribution of line strenghts. Results are presented for the equivalent width derivative functions y(x,ϱ) for the constant-intensity Lorentz, constant-intensity Doppler, and exponential-intensity Doppler cases. Various approximations to these functions for extreme x and ϱ conditions are also presented. A closed-form solution for y(x,ϱ ) is given for the exponentially distributed Lorentz line case.
Linear Filtering of Ballistic-Entry Probe Data for Atmospheric Reconstruction

A Kalman-Schmidt filter is used to estimate atmospheric and trajectory parameters for entry into the Venusian atmosphere. A significantly improved version of the Landing Trajectory Reconstruction (LTR) computer program, used to obtain the estimates is described. Major improvements involve precision and linearity control of numerical differencing, corrected perturbation modeling, and incorporation of a refractivity model. Important results show that gyroscopic data are not usable with LTR, that atmospheric properties are generally well estimated for altitudes less than 100 km, and that the two LTR modes of operation are complementary in performance.
Process cooperation in multiple message broadcast

We present an optimal algorithm for broadcasting m messages from one process to n-1 other processes in a one-port fully connected communication model, where m>=1,n>1. In this algorithm, the processes are organized into 2^@?^l^o^g^n^@? cooperation units, each consisting of one or two processes. Messages are broadcast among the units following a basic schedule. Processes in each two-process unit cooperate to carry out the basic schedule. At any communication round, either process has at most one message that the other has not received. This algorithm completes the broadcast operation in [email protected][email protected]?-1 communication rounds, which is theoretically optimal. We consider practical issues for efficient implementation of the algorithm and develop a schedule construction that has both time and space complexity of O(logn). Empirical study shows that this algorithm outperforms other widely used algorithms significantly when the data to broadcast is large.
Extreme values of Poisson’s ratio and other engineering moduli in anisotropic materials

Conditions for a maximum or minimum of Poisson's ratio of anisotropic elastic materials are derived. For a uniaxial stress in the 1-direction and Poisson's ratio $\nu$ defined by the contraction in the 2-direction, the following three quantities vanish at a stationary value: $s_{14}$, $[2\nu s_{15} + s_{25}]$ and $[(2 \nu -1)s_{16} + s_{26}]$, where $s_{IJ}$ are the components of the compliance tensor. Analogous conditions for stationary values of Young's modulus and the shear modulus are obtained, along with second derivatives of the three engineering moduli at the stationary values. The stationary conditions and the hessian matrices are presented in forms that are independent of the coordinates, which lead to simple search algorithms for extreme values. In each case the global extremes can be found by a simple search over the stretch direction $\bf n$ only. Simplifications for stretch directions in a plane of orthotropic symmetry are also presented, along with numerical examples for the extreme values of the three engineering constants in crystals of monoclinic symmetry.
Wiener indices of balanced binary trees

We study a new family of trees for computation of the Wiener indices. We introduce general tree transformations and derive formulas for computing the Wiener indices when a tree is modified. We present several algorithms to explore the Wiener indices of our family of trees. The experiments support new conjectures about the Wiener indices.
INTERSECTION GRAPHS FOR STRING LINKS

We extend the notion of intersection graphs for chord diagrams in the theory of finite type knot invariants to chord diagrams for string links. We use our definition to develop weight systems for string links via the adjacency matrix of the intersection graphs, and show that these weight systems are related to the weight systems induced by the Conway and Homfly polynomials.
Embeddings of hypercubes and grids into de Bruijn graphs

Abstract An embedding of a graph G into a graph H is an injective mapping f from the vertices of G into the vertices of H together with a mapping P f of edges of G into paths in H . The dilation of the embedding is tile maximum taken over all the lengths of the paths P f ( xy ) associated with the edges xy of G . We show that it is possible to embed a D -dimensional hypercube into the binary de Bruijn graph of the same order and diameter with dilation at most [ D /2]. Similarly a majority of planar grids can be embedded into a binary de Bruijn graph of the same or nearly the same order with dilation at most [ D /2] where D is the diameter of the de Bruijn graph.
Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of enantiomerically enriched potassium β-trifluoroboratoamides with various aryl- and hetaryl chlorides.

Enantiomerically enriched potassium β-trifluoroboratoamides were synthesized as air-stable solids in greater than 95:5 dr using pseudoephedrine as the chiral auxiliary. With these chiral nucleophiles, Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling reactions were carried out with various aryl- and hetaryl chlorides in good to excellent yields. Moreover, the diastereoselectivities were preserved throughout the Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling reactions.
SINK INSERTION FOR MESH IMPROVEMENT

We propose sink insertion as a new technique to improve the mesh quality of Delaunay triangulations. We compare it with the conventional circumcenter insertion technique under three scheduling regimes: incremental, in blocks, and in parallel. Justification for sink insertion is given in terms of mesh quality, numerical robustness, running time, and ease of parallelization.
Lattice of ideals of the polynomial ring over a commutative chain ring

Let $$R$$R be a commutative chain ring. We use a variation of Grobner bases to study the lattice of ideals of $$R[x]$$R[x]. Let $$I$$I be a proper ideal of $$R[x]$$R[x]. We are interested in the following two questions: When is $$R[x]/I$$R[x]/I Frobenius? When is $$R[x]/I$$R[x]/I Frobenius and local? We develop algorithms for answering both questions. When the nilpotency of $$\text {rad}\,R$$radR is small, the algorithms provide explicit answers to the questions.
Fundamentals of Social Choice Theory

This paper offers a short introduction to some of the fundamental results of social choice theory. Topices include: Nash implementability and the Muller-Satterthwaite impossibility theorem, anonymous and neutral social choice correspondences, two-party competition in tournaments, binary agendas and the top cycle, and median voter theorems. The paper begins with a simple example to illustrate the importance of multiple equilibria in game-theoretic models of political institutions.
Warm-glow versus cold-prickle: a further experimental study of framing effects on free-riding

Abstract This paper examines the effects of positive and negative framing on cooperation in voluntary public goods provision experiments in which subjects have different value orientations. The major finding of this experiment is that while there is a significant difference between the two framing conditions in terms of overall contribution rates, there is no significant difference for some subjects. In particular, the data strongly suggest that the negative framing has a most salient effect on the subjects who have individualistic value orientation, whereas the negative framing has a rather insignificant effect on the subjects who have cooperative value orientation. This suggests that at least for some group, the behavioral asymmetry between the warm-glow of doing something good and cold-prickle of doing something bad may not be as significant as in the previous study of Andreoni (1995) .
On the Heegaard Floer homology of a surface times a circle

We make a detailed study of the Heegaard Floer homology of the product of a closed surface Sg of genus g with S1. We determine completely in the case , which for g3 was previously unknown. We show that in this case HF8 is closely related to the cohomology of the total space of a certain circle bundle over the Jacobian torus of Sg, and furthermore that contains nontrivial 2-torsion whenever g3 and . This is the first example known to the authors of torsion in -coefficient Heegaard Floer homology. Our methods also give new information on the action of H1(Sg×S1) on when is nonzero
Analysis of carbon nanotube pull-out from a polymer matrix

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of carbon nanotube (NT) pull-out from a polymer matrix are carried out. As the NT pull-out develops, variations in the displacement and velocities of the NT are monitored. The existence of a carbon-ring-based period in NT sliding during pull-out is identified. Linear trends in the NT velocity–force relation are observed and used to estimate an effective viscosity coefficient for interfacial sliding at the NT/polymer interface. As a result, the entire process of NT pull-out is characterized by an interfacial friction model that is based on a critical pull-out force, and an analog of Newton’s friction law used to describe the NT/polymer interfacial sliding.
Epsilon-Unfolding Orthogonal Polyhedra

An unfolding of a polyhedron is produced by cutting the surface and flattening to a single, connected, planar piece without overlap (except possibly at boundary points). It is a long unsolved problem to determine whether every polyhedron may be unfolded. Here we prove, via an algorithm, that every orthogonal polyhedron (one whose faces meet at right angles) of genus zero may be unfolded. Our cuts are not necessarily along edges of the polyhedron, but they are always parallel to polyhedron edges. For a polyhedron of n vertices, portions of the unfolding will be rectangular strips which, in the worst case, may need to be as thin as ɛ = 1/2Ω(n).
Regulatory issues in office-based surgery and anesthesia

The continued rapid expansion of office-based surgery and anesthesia (OBS/OBA) makes it a new frontier of healthcare. Though its early years were somewhat marred by some negative publicity and bad outcomes, oversight and regulation by professional societies, governments, and private industry has now begun to catch up with OBS/OBA practice. Clinicians and administrators must stay abreast of these ever-changing/evolving regulations and guidelines in order to remain in compliance with them as well as to provide safe and satisfying patient care. This article summarizes the current regulatory environment in which OBS/OBA practices and practitioners must operate.
On the Absorption and Redistribution of Energy in Irradiated Planets

We present a sequence of toy models for irradiated planet atmospheres, in which the effects of geometry and energy redistribution are modeled self-consistently. We use separate but coupled gray atmosphere models to treat the ingoing stellar irradiation and outgoing planetary reradiation. We investigate how observed quantities such as full phase secondary eclipses and orbital phase curves depend on various important parameters, such as the depth at which irradiation is absorbed, the depth at which energy is redistributed, and the eccentricity of the orbit. We also compare our results to the more detailed radiative transfer models in the literature in order to understand how those map onto the toy model parameter space. Such an approach can prove complementary to more detailed calculations, in that they demonstrate, in a simple way, how the solutions change depending on where, and how, energy redistribution occurs. As an example of the value of such models, we demonstrate how energy redistribution and temperature equilibration at moderate optical depths can lead to temperature inversions in the planetary atmosphere, which is of some relevance to recent observational findings.
Generalized Bounded Variation and Inserting Point Masses

Let d μ be a probability measure on the unit circle and d ν be the measure formed by adding a pure point to d μ. We give a formula for the Verblunsky coefficients of d ν following the method of Simon. Then we consider d μ 0, a probability measure on the unit circle with l 2 Verblunsky coefficients (α n (d μ 0)) n=0∞ of bounded variation. We insert m pure points z j into d μ 0, rescale, and form the probability measure d μ m . We use the formula above to prove that the Verblunsky coefficients of d μ m are in the form $\alpha_{n}(d\mu_{0})+\sum_{j=1}^{m}\frac{\overline{z_{j}}^{n}c_{j}}{n}+E_{n}$ , where the c j ’s are constants of norm 1 independent of the weights of the pure points and independent of n; the error term E n is in the order of o(1/n). Furthermore, we prove that d μ m is of (m+1)-generalized bounded variation—a notion that we shall introduce in the paper. Then we use this fact to prove that lim n→∞ φ n *(z,d μ m ) is continuous and is equal to D(z,d μ m )−1 away from the pure points.