cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histoplasma granuloma of the conjunctiva

Abstract Purpose To describe the clinical and pathologic features of a conjunctival granuloma resulting from Histoplasma capsulatum . Design Clinicopathologic case report. Methods Surgical excision of conjunctival lesion, histopathologic study with special stains, and a fluorescent antibody technique. Results A conjunctiva granuloma was found to contain microorganisms, compatible with H. capsulatum , confirmed by a fluorescent antibody technique. The conjunctiva returned to normal. Conclusions A focal granuloma of the conjunctiva contained H. capsulatum in a patient whose recent symptoms suggested primary infection. The conjunctival lesion was similar to mucocutaneous lesions seen in patients with systemic histoplasmosis.
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex.

During goal-directed behavior, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) exerts top-down control over numerous cortical and subcortical regions. PFC dysfunction has been linked to many disorders that involve deficits in cognitive performance, attention, motivation, and/or impulse control. A common theme among these disorders is that neuromodulation of the PFC is disrupted. Anatomically, the PFC is reciprocally connected with virtually all neuromodulatory centers. Recent studies of PFC neurons, both in vivo and ex vivo, have found that subpopulations of prefrontal projection neurons can be segregated into distinct subcircuits based on their long- range projection targets, and that these subpopulations differ in their connectivity, intrinsic properties, and responses to neuromodulators. In this review we outline the evidence for subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the PFC, and describe some of the functional consequences of selective neuromodulation on behavioral states during goal-directed behavior.
Interactions between CLIP-170, Tubulin, and Microtubules: Implications for the Mechanism of CLIP-170 Plus-End Tracking Behavior

CLIP-170 belongs to a group of proteins (+TIPs) with the enigmatic ability to dynamically track growing microtubule plus-ends. CLIP-170 regulates microtubule dynamics in vivo and has been implicated in cargo-microtubule interactions in vivo and in vitro. Though plus-end tracking likely has intimate connections to +TIP function, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which this dynamic localization is achieved. Using a combination of biochemistry and live cell imaging, we provide evidence that CLIP-170 tracks microtubule plus-ends by a preassociation, copolymerization, and regulated release mechanism. As part of this analysis, we find that CLIP-170 has a stronger affinity for tubulin dimer than for polymer, and that CLIP-170 can distinguish between GTP- and GDP-like polymer. This work extends the previous analysis of CLIP-170 behavior in vivo and complements the existing fluorescence microscope characterization of CLIP-170 interactions with microtubules in vitro. In particular, these data explain observations that CLIP-170 localizes to newly polymerized microtubules in vitro but cannot track microtubule plus-ends in vitro. These observations have implications for the functions of CLIP-170 in regulating microtubule dynamics.
Modeling unsaturated flow and transport processes at the Busted Butte Field Test Site, Nevada.

A numerical model was used to simulate the flow and transport processes at the Busted Butte Field Test Site for the purpose of quantifying the effects of hydrogeologic conditions beneath the potential Yucca Mountain repository horizon. In situ experiments were conducted on a1 0107 m block comprising a layered Topopah Springs/Calico Hills formation with two imbedded faults. Tracer solution was continuously injected in eight parallel boreholes arranged on two horizontal planes. Twelve collection boreholes were emplaced perpendicular to the injection holes and were both horizontal and inclined. Solution samples were collected regularly using a sampling assembly consisting of an inverted membrane and sorbing-paper sampling pads. Comparisons between measurements and predictions show that, except for the occasional drops of concentrations observed in the field, the current model is able to capture the general characteristics of the system with varying levels of agreement using laboratory-measured mean hydraulic properties. Simulation results and field observations revealed a capillary-driven flow in the system. Good quantitative agreement is generally observed for near-field boreholes, however, this agreement deteriorates and the simulated solute concentration is underestimated at boreholes farther away from the injection points. Increasing the spatial resolution of the simulation improves the model predictions only to a limited extent. Scaling issues may need to be considered to describe flow and transport events, as the travel distance becomes large. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Glove permeation by organic solvents

We have tested and measured the vapor penetration of 29 common laboratory solvents on 28 protective gloves using gas-phase, infrared spectrophotometric techniques to determine the permeation characteristics. Five different types of permeation behavior were identified. No one glove offered complete protection against all the solvents tested. The permeation rate of the solvent was found to be inversely proportional to glove thickness for a given manufacturer's material. Of two solvent mixtures tested, one exhibited a large, positive, synergistic rate.
Informationists or Information Specialists in Context (ISIC): six years after conception

Physicians and other health care providers rarely have the time to practice evidence-based medicine through the consistent application of the best available published evidence to answer clinical problems, or to explore questions that often arise in the context of treating a patient. Lack of time is often compounded by a lack of retrieval skills and knowledge of the structure of the published evidence. To bridge this evidence-practice gap, a 2000 editorial in the Annals of Internal Medicine proposed a new kind of health professional capable of bridging two vastly different environments by possessing clinical knowledge as well as skills in information retrieval and synthesis. The evolution of this important and multifaceted concept is provided through this article which is based on an invited presentation for the IFLA/Health and Biosciences Libraries Section sponsored session at the 2006 World Library and Information Congress: 72nd IFLA General Conference and Council meeting in Seoul, Korea.
Newly Recorded and Noteworthy California Staphylinidae

Abstract We report numerous staphylinid species as new to California: Coproporus rutilus (Erichson), C. pulchellus (Erichson), Atrecus newtoni Smetana, Acalophaena compacta Casey, Gymnusa pseudovariegata Klimaszewski, Hoplandria lateralis (Melsheimer), Microdonia nitidiventris (Brues), Dinocoryna arizonensis Seevers and Pella caliginosa (Casey). We report several genera as new to the state, though species identifications have not been possible: Bolitobius sp., Cypha sp., Anomognathus sp., Euthorax sp. and Meronera sp. Finally, we provide additional distributional records for several rare or poorly known species, including Dasycerus angulicollis Horn, Liometoxenus newtonarum Kistner, Jacobson and Jensen, Pella fauveli Sharp, and Platyusa sonomae (Casey).
VARIABILITY-BASED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS SELECTION USING IMAGE SUBTRACTION IN THE SDSS AND LSST ERA

With upcoming all-sky surveys such as LSST poised to generate a deep digital movie of the optical sky, variability-based active galactic nucleus (AGN) selection will enable the construction of highly complete catalogs with minimum contamination. In this study, we generate g-band difference images and construct light curves (LCs) for QSO/AGN candidates listed in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stripe 82 public catalogs compiled from different methods, including spectroscopy, optical colors, variability, and X-ray detection. Image differencing excels at identifying variable sources embedded in complex or blended emission regions such as Type II AGNs and other low-luminosity AGNs that may be omitted from traditional photometric or spectroscopic catalogs. To separate QSOs/AGNs from other sources using our difference image LCs, we explore several LC statistics and parameterize optical variability by the characteristic damping timescale (τ) and variability amplitude. By virtue of distinguishable variability parameters of AGNs, we are able to select them with high completeness of 93.4% and efficiency (i.e., purity) of 71.3%. Based on optical variability, we also select highly variable blazar candidates, whose infrared colors are consistent with known blazars. One-third of them are also radio detected. With the X-ray selected AGN candidates, we probe the optical variability of X-ray detected optically extended sources using their difference image LCs for the first time. A combination of optical variability and X-ray detection enables us to select various types of host-dominated AGNs. Contrary to the AGN unification model prediction, two Type II AGN candidates (out of six) show detectable variability on long-term timescales like typical Type I AGNs. This study will provide a baseline for future optical variability studies of extended sources.
Observation of Thermal Optical Bistability, Crosstalk, Regenerative Pulsations, and External Switch-Off in a Simple Dye-Filled Etalon

Continuous-wave optical bistability was easily achieved with the single-wavelength outputs from a cw visible Ar laser, rhodamine B or 6G dye lasers, and a He-Ne 632.8-nm laser. Input powers ranged from 5 mW to 2 W. A switch-on time as short as 20 μs was achieved with 100 mW of cw dye laser input. Using two adjacent or overlapping bistable transmission regions on the same etalon, we observed light by light control, with possible applications in optical signal processing. With two dye etalons in series we produced an optical flip-flop, permitting external switch-off as well as switch-on of an intrinsic bistable device. The simple etalon construction and flexibility in choice of lasers should encourage widespread use in testing various bistable operations, as well as in demonstrations and student labs.
Climbing suppression: Passive avoidance in the turtle

The persistent effort by the turtle Chrysemys to climb from a walled enclosure is utilized in a situation which allows for the study of passive avoidance in this species. A parametric examination of the effects of shock intensity on this behavior produced the expected gradients for two measures of avoidance acquisition, but failed to yield differences in extinction.
Honey Bee Photoresponse as Influenced by Age. Part I. Workers

Newly emerged Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola (Hymenoptera: Apidae) responded photonegatively 82% of the time. At 2, 4, and 6 days after emergence and as field bees, they responded photopositively 79, 86, 95, and 93% of the time, respectively. When temperature varied, the maximum photopositive response of field bees was 91% at 32.5Â°C. This photopositive response was less at 37.5Â°C: 88%, and decreased significantly at 15.5Â°C: 76%. When the time of day varied, field bees were found to be photopositive at 12:00 noon: 84%, and at 12:00 midnight: 89%, with no significant difference being found between the 2 values.
Forum on Geography and Militarism: An Introduction

The discipline of geography has a long albeit uneven engagement with militarism. This is witnessed in the on-going efforts of geographers to influence military policy as well as the development of technologies used in military action. This forum, based on papers originally presented at the 2014 Association of American Geographers annual meeting in Tampa, Florida, provides a critical introduction to contemporary issues related to geographies of militarism. Collectively, these essays demonstrate that geographers located within the nonmilitary academy have failed to reflect adequately on the implications of militarism on the discipline. Consequently, we forward the argument that the American Association of Geographers must initiate a review of the relationship between academic geography and militarism.
5S impact on safety climate of manufacturing workers

Purpose – 5S is a commonly used Lean tool that focusses on creating an organized work environment, but the effects of 5S on safety climate are not as well studied. The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of a 5S event on safety climate. Design/methodology/approach – This pre-test post-test study examines the effect of implementing 5S on safety climate of the packaging area of a manufacturing plant. Two groups of employees (case and control groups) completed a safety climate questionnaire (Safety Climate Assessment Toolkit) prior to the 5S event, one month after, and two months after. Findings – Total safety climate significantly improved for the case group but remained unchanged for the control group over the study period. Specifically, management commitment and involvement dimensions of safety climate improved for the case group. Practical implications – These results show that two important aspects of safety climate (management commitment and involvement) can be significantly, positively in...
Biological characteristics and control experiment on Podagricomela shirahatai

It is found that Podagricomela shirahatai has two generations a year in Zhouqu County Gansu Province.In winter imagoes usually sneak into the ground 3 - 5cm around be trunk of Chinese Prickly ash to survive. It is high bine to control its density when imagoes come out from ground and climb up tree. The effective rate to kill imago or larva through spraying the surface of leaves with 1: 1200 - 1500 solution of Phovim (50% )or omethoate(40% ) and water is as high as 90% ~ 98.2% with little side effect.
Analysis on reports of 10524 cases with adverse drug reaction in Ningxia

Objective To analyze the occurrence characteristics and related factors of adverse drug reaction(ADR) in Ningxia from 2003-2008,and to provide reference for clinical rational medication.Methods It was retrospectively analyzed the statistical description of the 10524 ADR cases during 2003-2008 in Ningxia.Results Among the 10524 cases,the female showed higher proportion than males did.The ADR were mostly induced intravenously(65.68%) and 47.90% of cases were induced by anti-infective drugs.Lesions of skin and its appendages took the lead(35.55%) and more than two combination therapy accounting for 39.36%.(Conclusion)We should pay more attention to and reinforce ADR supervision,improve the route of administration,reduce the types of combination therapy,boost safe clinical drug application level,in order to ensure the public safety of drug use.
Construction of Dynamic Simulation Lab in SGCC Simulation Center and Research of Protective Relay Test

As a mature and important technical method in the field of power system simulation,dynamic test has technology advances in physical verification,maturity,and reliability.The dynamic simulation lab has taken an important part on power system operation,fault analysis,the test of relay protection,excitation regulators of generators and automation devices.As a vital part of Simulation Center of State Grid Corp,dynamic simulation test lab will be greatly improved in overall scale,the parameter and variability of the simulation items,the monitoring control system,and modeling appropriateness.The on-going expansion project and main test jobs of the dynamic simulation lab were comprehensively described.The requirements for the relay devices used in China was introduced.The dynamic simulation test models and the test items for the relays were also expressed in detail.The conclusion for the accomplished relay tests was made.
Miscellaneous Results in Analysis

In this chapter, we examine some miscellaneous results in analysis. The most intriguing results are false, and we discuss attempts to find correct versions of them.
Maintenance of smoking cessation.

SUMMARY Relapse is a frequently encountered problem in smoking cessation. With a cognitive-behavioral model of the relapse process, we can describe high-risk situations where smoking first recurs, the process by which people end up in these situations, and typical responses to violations of abstinence. The model posits that individuals are actively coping with situation-specific urges to smoke that result from prior conditioning. Individuals’ beliefs in their ability to cope with urges are critical. Clinical strategies based on the model include assessment of risk profiles, understanding and anticipating high-risk situations, debriefing and reinterpreting lapses in abstinence, and limiting risk through lifestyle changes. These strategies can be incorporated into brief medical office visits. Recommended procedures include systematic but brief assessment, encouragement, goal setting, planning for risk, reinterpreting lapses, recommendations for lifestyle changes, and follow-up appointments.
Untersuchungen zur Notwendigkeit und Effizienz der intravenösen Tokolyse

Die Effektivitat und somit auch die Notwendigkeit einer langfristig durchgefuhrten intravenosen Tokolyse ist immer wieder Gegenstand kontrovers gefuhrter Diskussionen. In der vorgelegten Studie sollte daher die Effizienz einer intravenosen Tokolyse anhand des weiteren Schwangerschaftsverlaufes unter Berucksichtigung von Veranderungen des Zervixbefundes an einem groseren Kollektiv uberpruft werden.
Cloud processing of 1000 genomes sequencing data using Amazon Web Service

We deployed the genetic variant pipeline SNPTools in the cloud utilizing the Amazon Web Service (AWS). With the cloud SNPTools pipeline, we performed the SNP calling and genotype imputation on the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 data and assessed the quality of SNPs. We also explored different strategies of exploiting Amazon Elastic Cloud Compute instances and the Amazon Simple Storage Service in order to optimize the performance and cost of cloud computing. Our analysis shows that cloud computing will be indispensable to the Next Generation Sequencing data processing.
Evolving Forms and Functions: Reconsidering Local Studies in Light of a Century of Practice

In the past century conducting a study of the local Jewish community has become a hallmark of American Jewish communal planning. Indeed, at least 205 local community studies have been conducted in ninety-seven different localities since 1920. At this point there is a set of routine practices about how best to carry out these studies — habits that warrant a reconsideration in light of the many changes in methods, cost, technology, and the overall funding (or lack thereof) of research to meet information needs regarding American Jews. We might ask, Are small communities different from larger ones in terms of the expectations that ought to be in place regarding possible study methodologies? Are local community studies the best way to learn about topics of significance regarding the evolving experience of Jews in America? Needed is a national strategy for identifying the pressing knowledge needs of the American Jewish community.
Inhibition of Multiple Myeloma Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin by Ephrin Ligation.

Multiple myeloma (MM) cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN), mediated via VLA-4 and VLA-5, has been shown to induce resistance to several chemotherapeutic drugs. Disruption of MM cell adhesion to FN and other marrow microenvironment elements might therefore enhance the effects of therapy. We now present the first evidence that Eph-ephrin signaling may be exploited to inhibit MM cell binding to fibronectin. Ephs are transmembrane tyrosine kinases and ephrins are their cell-surface ligands. There are two classes of Ephs and ephrins, A and B. Both Ephs and ephrins can transduce repulsive signals that cause interacting cells to lose contact with each other and with extracellular matrix. We are not aware of any previous systematic study of Eph and ephrin expression or function in MM cells. We have found MM cell lines H929, U266, and RPMI 8226 express members of the A classes of both Ephs and ephrins, but not the B classes. First, we demonstrated ligation with commercially available anti-ephrin A3 antibody was followed by ephrin capping and shedding from the cell surface. We next explored whether ephrin ligation affects MM cell adhesiveness in culture. Whereas H929, U266, and RPMI 8226 cells adhered rapidly to fibronectin-coated plastic surfaces, all three cell lines failed completely to adhere to a mixed coating of FN and rabbit anti-ephrin A3 antibody for a period of 2 hrs. This effect was not seen with FN + normal rabbit Ig. This suggests binding of ephrin A3 (or another cross-reacting A-class ephrin) by solid-state antibody triggers intracellular signals that interfere with initial steps of integrin-mediated adhesion. After 2 hr, spontaneous partial recovery of adhesion occurred, reaching a plateau of approximately 30% of control values by 24 hr. We postulate this recovery occurs via clipping of the extracellular ephrin domain by transmembrane metalloproteases, since recovery of FN adhesion was partially prevented by the metalloprotease inhibitor GM6001 (25 uM). Also consistent with this theory, we found in a separate experiment that GM6001 reduced the shedding of cross-linked A-class ephrins from MM cell lines. In summary, we have demonstrated that manipulation of EPH-ephrin signaling can impair MM-cell adhesion to FN, and that this effect is enhanced by simultaneous inhibition of metalloprotease activity. We are currently studying the effect of A-class ephrin ligation on adhesion-mediated drug resistance in MM cell lines. We also intend to evaluate EPH-ephrin expression in marrow specimens from patients with MM.
Lumbar Stenosis and Cauda Equina Syndrome

The comprehensive workup of lumbar stenosis and cauda equina syndrome includes complete neurological exam, etiology of stenosis, progression of deficits, specific location of stenosis, and duration of deficits.
Venous thromboembolism after major venous injuries: Competing priorities.

BACKGROUNDVenous thromboembolism (VTE) after major vascular injury (MVI) is particularly challenging because the competing risk of thrombosis and embolization after direct vessel injury must be balanced with risk of bleeding after surgical repair. We hypothesized that venous injuries, repair type, a
Coupling geomechanical modeling with seismic pressure prediction

ABSTRACTWe couple geomechanical modeling with seismic velocity to enhance the prediction of pressure and stresses in complex geologic settings. In these settings, pressure is controlled by mean and...
Carrier-Mediated Delivery of Antiviral Agents

Publisher Summary Of the seven compounds currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as antiviral agents for use in humans, six are nucleoside or nucleotide analogs. Amantadine (l-adamantanamine hydrochloride), the first antiviral compound to be licensed for clinical use, is the sole exception. Effective in the prophylaxis and therapy of influenza A infections, amantadine appears to inhibit the initiation of transcription at an early stage between uncoating and virus-specific RNA synthesis. Idoxyuridine (IDU, 5-iodo-2 ‘-deoxyuridine) represents the first antiviral drug to be successfully used for preventing development of severe ocular lesions and blindness because of herpesvirus infections. Its activity is limited to DNA viruses, specifically herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Being poorly soluble in water, aqueous solutions of IDU are ineffective against infections other than those localized in the eye. Trifluorothymidine (TFT, 5-trifluoromethyl-2’-deoxyuridine) is another halogenated pyrimidine nucleoside analog licensed for use in humans.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTISWIRLING FLOW

ABSTRACT Modern industrial gas-turbine spray combustors feature multiple swirlers and distributed fuel injection for rapid mixing and stabilization. The present paper describes an experimental and computational study of the cold flow field of a non-reacting combustor in which the air is introduced through a Triple Annular Swirler (TAS). Multiple combinations of swirlers with different swirl levels and directions were tested with the air discharged into the atmosphere or into a confining chamber. The experiments showed that a central recirculation zone and an annular jet with internal and external shear layers characterize the flow field downstream of TAS. The Central Toroidal Recirculation Zone (CTRZ) region is axisymmetric but the jet contains imprints of the internal flow and has some nonaxisymmetric features. Comparison of experimental results with LES and RANS simulations confirmed the observations and showed that the asymmetry relates to the effect of the internal swirling vanes on the jet flow. Compared to unconfined case, flow with a confined chamber shows an enlarged CTRZ region and a recirculation region in the expansion corner and reduced concentration of turbulence intensity in the jet region.
Aldicarb (Sulfoxide and Sulfone)

Aldicarb (2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propanal O-[(methylamino) carbonyl] oxime) with the trade name Temik®, is an insecticide, nematicide, and acaricide. Estimated aldicarb production was 3.0 to 4.7 million lb (1.4 to 2.1 million kg)/yr during 1979 to 1981. It is applied both to the soil and directly to plants. Chemical structure and properties appear in Table 1.
Peptide YY release by fatty acids is sufficient to inhibit gastric emptying in dogs

Abstract Peptide YY is a candidate enterogastrone localized to endocrine cells of the ileocolonic mucosa. The purpose of the present study was to determine if blood levels of peptide YY observed after perfusion of the intestine with fatty acids are capable of slowing gastric emptying. Gastric emptying of a 300-ml saline meal was monitored during intravenous infusion of normal saline or graded doses of peptide YY. Gastric emptying was significantly inhibited by infusion of peptide YY in doses of 200 and 400 pmol/kg · h. During the saline control study, 229 ± 12 ml of the 300-ml saline meal emptied by 10 min. This figure was reduced (p
Metabolic engineering in the host Yarrowia lipolytica

The nonconventional, oleaginous yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica is rapidly emerging as a valuable host for the production of a variety of both lipid and nonlipid chemical products. While the unique genetics of this organism pose some challenges, many new metabolic engineering tools have emerged to facilitate improved genetic manipulation in this host. This review establishes a case for Y. lipolytica as a premier metabolic engineering host based on innate metabolic capacity, emerging synthetic tools, and engineering examples. The metabolism underlying the lipid accumulation phenotype of this yeast as well as high flux through acyl-CoA precursors and the TCA cycle provide a favorable metabolic environment for expression of relevant heterologous pathways. These properties allow Y. lipolytica to be successfully engineered for the production of both native and nonnative lipid, organic acid, sugar and acetyl-CoA derived products. Finally, this host has unique metabolic pathways enabling growth on a wide range of carbon sources, including waste products. The expansion of carbon sources, together with the improvement of tools as highlighted here, have allowed this nonconventional organism to act as a cellular factory for valuable chemicals and fuels.
Socio-economic drought assessment in Lake Mead, USA, based on a multivariate standardized water-scarcity index.

ABSTRACTDrought events are increasing worldwide. Socio-economic drought is the least investigated type of drought, and is the only type for which water demand is taken into consideration. In this research, socio-economic drought was studied in Lake Mead, USA, using a multivariate standardized water-scarcity index (MSWSI) over the period 1990–2014, combining two water-scarcity indices based on time series of inflow, outflow, reservoir storage, and water demand. The inflow and outflow were determined from streamgage data, and reservoir storage from lake level data; demand was based on water pumped by the Southern Nevada Water Authority. Missing observations in input streamgage data were filled through regression modeling. The results indicate that Lake Mead has been in socio-economic drought since 2000, with the most severe drought occurring between 2006 and 2012, and the highest intensity drought in April–July 2014. The Lake Mead droughts revealed through the MSWSI are consistent with those reported in US ...
Immune Blistering Disorders

Immune blistering diseases may involve the cutaneous or mucosal surfaces of the female genital structures. Blisters that form on mucosal surfaces erode quickly and appear more commonly as erosions. Diagnosis requires a thorough history and full examination of all cutaneous and mucosal sites to identify lesions that may be asymptomatic, healing, or hidden from view. Histology and direct immunofluorescence of a biopsy taken from the edge of a blister or erosion are necessary to diagnose and differentiate these diseases. An important characteristic is the location of blister formation: subepidermal or intraepidermal.
Chapter 1 A remarkable architectural self-construction process is discovered in a synthesis of FR182877

Publisher Summary Robinson's tropinone synthesis showed that efforts to “find nature's own way of working” can lead to the discovery of concise, striking, syntheses of complex molecular architectures. Robinson's tropinone synthesis also provided an example of a covalent self-assembly process. Molecular self-assemblies are pervasive in nature and in science. The self-organization of the ribosome from multiple protein and RNA molecules and the formation of Buckminsterfullerene via the condensation of vaporized carbon are the examples of noncovalent and covalent self-assemblies, respectively, and are fundamentally distinct from the instances of architectural self- construction. Because the conformational diversity of the transition states for these impressive polycyclizations translates to the structural diversity of the polycyclic triterpenes, nature can create many types of structures by controlling the folding of squalene oxide. A lesson conveyed by the cascade cyclization chemistry of squalene oxide is that architectural complexity can be encoded in the structures of relatively simple molecules. Current chemical research is focused on harnessing the reactivity of activated, polyunsaturated molecules in the context of bioactive natural product synthesis, and potentially natural reaction processes are considered. This chapter describes how architectural self-construction was uncovered in the course of an efficient, nature-inspired total synthesis of the potential antitumor agent FR182877. There is description of the Diels–Aider/Knoevenagel/Diels–Aider approach adopted. The compound geraniol utilized contains the needed E-trisubstituted olefin and a C16 aldehyde precursor for an eventual aldol addition.
Repeated vaccination against matched H3N2 influenza virus gives less protection than single vaccination in ferrets.

Epidemiological studies suggest that humans who receive repeated annual immunization with influenza vaccine are less well protected against influenza than those who receive vaccine in the current season only. To better understand potential mechanisms underlying these observations, we vaccinated influenza-naive ferrets either twice, 10 months apart (repeated vaccination group; RV), or once (current season only group; CS), using a prime-boost regimen, and then challenged the ferrets with A/Hong Kong/4801/2014(H3N2). Ferrets that received either vaccine regimen were protected against influenza disease and infection relative to naive unvaccinated ferrets, but the RV group shed more virus, especially at the peak of virus shedding 2 days post infection (p < 0.001) and regained weight more slowly (p < 0.05) than those in the CS group. Qualitative, rather than quantitative, differences in the antibody response may affect protection after repeated influenza vaccination. Epidemiological evidence suggests that influenza vaccination in prior years can reduce the efficacy of influenza vaccination compared to vaccine given in the current season alone. Ian A. York and colleagues of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA investigate this phenomenon using the human relevant ferret model of influenza infection. Ferrets undergoing repeat vaccination — twice 10 months apart — show quantitatively similar antibody and cell-mediated immune responses as those given a single current-season vaccination. However, qualitatively the responses elicited by the current season vaccine alone are superior — with animals showing less dramatic loss of body weight, milder fever, reduced virus shedding and quicker recovery of lymphocyte numbers. Although less protective than current-season vaccination alone, repeated vaccination offers better protection than mock vaccination.
Leveraging Distributed Biomedical Knowledge Sources to Discover Novel Uses for Known Drugs

Abstract Computational drug repurposing, also called drug repositioning, is a low cost, promising tool for finding new uses for existing drugs. With the continued growth of repositories of biomedical data and knowledge, increasingly varied kinds of information are available to train machine learning approaches to drug repurposing. However, existing efforts to integrate a diversity of data sources have been limited to only a small selection of data types, typically gene expression data, drug structural information, and protein interaction networks. In this study, we leverage a graph-based approach to integrate biological knowledge from 20 publicly accessible repositories to represent information involving 11 distinct bioentity types. We then employ a graph node embedding scheme and use utilize a random forest model to make novel predictions about which drugs can be used to treat certain diseases. Utilizing this approach, we find a performance improvement over existing computational drug repurposing approaches and find promising drug repositioning targets, including drug and disease pairs currently in clinical trials.
Alasdair Agonistes: MacIntyre and a New Discontent with Modernity

This paper is an examination of certain assumptions that, I hold, lie in the background of MacIntyre’s conception of the formation of the intellectual schema as found, most prominently, in Whose Justice? Which Rationality? and Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry. A thorough examination of MacIntyre’s concept of the rational schema, I will show, reveals that the parsing he proposes to carry out on intellectual history is confronted with a problem that finds its analogue in the field of biological taxonomy. In order to carry out this project of determining where the seams lie in intellectual history one must first recognize that the parsing itself is a scheme-dependent undertaking. As such it is not unlike the necessarily somewhat arbitrary identification of species and genera in the biological realm. In other words, it should be recognized that intellectual history, like the morphology of the plant and animal kingdoms, is continuous, not discreet. An almost wholly unexamined assumption that stalks through Whose Justice? and Three Rival Versions is that there are something like intellectual natural kinds in the history of ideas. Indeed, the notion that there are “traditions” at all in the sense in which MacIntyre uses the term may be a highly conventional artefact of an Enlightenment-era view of intellectual progress. This leads me to conclude that MacIntyre has failed to observe that the view of traditions and schemes neatly succeeding one another, on which much of his critique is dependent, is itself a product of the perspective he calls “encyclopedia.” This, in turn, will make manifest why it is that almost all of MacIntyre’s examples of rational scheme-switching are from the natural sciences rather than the normative, a fact I will show is connected to a paradigm of linear progression that one tends to find in the exact sciences, but not in praxis.
Amphibian: Dual-Modality Representation in Integrated Development Environments

A significant challenge to using dual-modality environments in instruction is that existing dual-modality representations are built into sandbox environments with functionality tailored to a specific purpose (such as Pencil Code’s turtle graphics). However, students in introductory programming classes usually use an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), a software application that provides a suite of tools for programming support. The use of IDEs is common in industry, and thus they bring additional authenticity and scaffolding to the learning experience. We developed an IDE plugin, Amphibian, from Pencil Code’s Droplet Editor to enable switching between blocks and text within IntelliJ IDEA, a common IDE for the Java language. This plugin allows teachers of Java courses, including those of AP CS and in colleges, to incorporate dual-modality representation into their curriculum. It also enables more rigorous research into use of dual-modality environments in classrooms by facilitating use within existing curricula, allowing researchers to remove potentially confounding variables, such as use of different languages, software systems, and development environments.
Nanosecond switchable localized surface plasmons through resettable contact angle behavior in silver nanoparticles.

In this article, we show nanosecond switchable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) dipole and quadrupole modes from silver (Ag) nanoparticles on fused quartz substrates. Nearly spherical Ag nanoparticles (contact angle of ~166/+-9) were synthesized by Ultra Violet (UV) laser dewetting of Ag thin films under a glycerol fluid environment. Under a single 9 nanosecond laser pulse irradiation of the particles in air, the particles were changed into a near-hemispherical shape (with contact angle of ~103 /+-7). The resulting changes in the particle contact area and volume fraction in the dielectric media resulted in substantial shift in the wavelength and intensity of the dipolar and quadrupolar LSPR modes to the violet side of visible spectrum. This switching of the plasmon resonance wavelength position could be repeated over multiple cycles by resetting the contact angle by laser re-irradiation under glycerol. This reusable nanoparticle system with reversible plasmonic properties within nanosecond time scales could prove a cost-effective way of designing high-speed plasmonic devices in desired wavelength regions.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes

Background & Aims The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising in young adults, with potential implications for reproductive-aged women. Whether NAFLD during pregnancy confers more serious risks for maternal or perinatal health is unclear. Methods Using weighted discharge data from the US national inpatient sample, we evaluated temporal trends of NAFLD in pregnancies after 20 weeks gestation, and compared outcomes to pregnancies with other chronic liver diseases (CLDs) or no CLD. Study outcomes included preterm birth, postpartum hemorrhage, hypertensive complications (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and/or hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome), and maternal or fetal death. NAFLD prevalence was estimated by calendar year and temporal trends tested by linear regression. Outcomes were analyzed by logistic regression adjusted for age, race, multiple gestation, and pre-pregnancy diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Results Among 18,574,225 pregnancies, 5,640 had NAFLD and 115,210 had other, non-NAFLD CLD. Pregnancies with NAFLD nearly tripled from 10.5/100,000 pregnancies in 2007 to 28.9/100,000 in 2015 (p Conclusion The prevalence of NAFLD in pregnancy has nearly tripled in the last decade and is independently associated with hypertensive complications, postpartum hemorrhage and preterm birth. NAFLD should be considered a high-risk obstetric condition, with clinical implications for pre-conception counseling and pregnancy care. Lay summary The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in pregnancy has almost tripled over the past 10 years. Having NAFLD during pregnancy increases risks for both the mother and the baby, including hypertensive complications of pregnancy, bleeding after delivery, and preterm birth. Thus, pre-conception counseling is warranted with consideration of high-risk obstetric management among women with NAFLD in pregnancy.
Rhetorical federalism: the role of state resistance in health care decision-making.

This Article makes the affirmative case for the widespread trend of state resistance to the recently enacted, comprehensive federal health reform law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, or ACA. A significant number of states have engaged in various forms of objection to the new federal laws, including filing lawsuits against the federal government and enacting state laws providing that ACA will not apply to residents of the state. This Article identifies reasons why those actions should not be disregarded simply as Tea Party antics or election-year gamesmanship but instead should be considered valuable to the health care decisionmaking process and federal-state relations. In making the case for rhetorical federalism, the Article examines and expands on theories of uncooperative federalism and opportunistic federalism. Key provisions of ACA implicating states are examined under the operative federalism theories.
Effect of dipolar interaction on exceptional points in synthetic layered magnets

Within both synthetic ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, exceptional points, where optical and acoustic magnons coalesce into a single branch, can be used to control the magnon energy spectra. To date, exceptional point phenomena in magnon systems have been predominantly predicted and understood within the framework of macrospin models that are based upon coupled Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equations of motion. Although these equations can be readily linearized and solved, they do not necessarily incorporate all of the physical effects that are present in a real synthetic magnetic structure such as dipolar interactions. We have used micromagnetic simulations to model Permalloy based synthetic magnets that include both dipolar interactions, as well as the interlayer exchange coupling which determines whether or not the material is ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic. For the material parameters considered in this work, we predict that only a single exceptional point is present when the system is ferromagnetic, and that no exceptional point appears when the material is antiferromagnetic. These results suggest that when calculating exceptional points within layered magnetic materials, interactions other than the interlayer exchange field must be accounted to accurately predict the existence of exceptional points, and that micromagnetic simulations are a useful tool to perform this task.
Mobile AD HOC Network Broadcasting: A Multi-Criteria Approach

Nodes in a computer network often require a copy of a message to be delivered to every node in the network. The network layer can provide such a service, referred to as network-wide broadcast routing or simply ‘broadcasting’. Broadcasting has many applications, including its role as a service to many routing protocols. In a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), simplistic broadcast schemes (such as flooding) inundate the network with redundancy, contention, collision, and unnecessary use of energy resources. This can prevent broadcasts from achieving their primary objective of maximizing delivery ratio, while also considering secondary objectives, such as balancing energy resources or reducing the network's burden on congested or busy nodes. As a solution, we propose multiple-criteria broadcasting (MCB). In MCB, the source of each broadcast specifies the importance assigned to broadcast objectives. Network nodes use these priorities, along with local and neighbor knowledge of distributed factors, to broadcast in accordance with the objective priorities attributed to the message. Using ns2, the performance of MCB is evaluated and compared to that of other broadcast protocols. To present knowledge, MCB constitutes the first reconfigurable, multi-objective approach to broadcasting.
Desmosomes polarize and integrate chemical and mechanical signaling to govern epidermal tissue form and function.

Summary The epidermis is a stratified epithelium in which structural and functional features are polarized across multiple cell layers. This type of polarity is essential for establishing the epidermal barrier, but how it is created and sustained is poorly understood. Previous work identified a role for the classic cadherin/filamentous-actin network in establishment of epidermal polarity. However, little is known about potential roles of the most prominent epidermal intercellular junction, the desmosome, in establishing epidermal polarity, in spite of the fact that desmosome constituents are patterned across the apical to basal cell layers. Here, we show that desmosomes and their associated intermediate filaments (IFs) are key regulators of mechanical polarization in epidermis, whereby basal and suprabasal cells experience different forces that drive layer-specific functions. Uncoupling desmosomes and IF or specific targeting of apical desmosomes through depletion of the superficial desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 1, impedes basal stratification in an in vitro competition assay and suprabasal tight junction barrier functions in 3D reconstructed epidermis. Surprisingly, disengaging desmosomes from IF also accelerated the expression of differentiation markers, through precocious activation of the mechanosensitive transcriptional regulator serum response factor (SRF) and downstream activation of epidermal growth factor receptor family member ErbB2 by Src family kinase (SFK)-mediated phosphorylation. This Dsg1-SFK-ErbB2 axis also helps maintain tight junctions and barrier function later in differentiation. Together, these data demonstrate that the desmosome-IF network is a critical contributor to the cytoskeletal-adhesive machinery that supports the polarized function of the epidermis.
Culturally Responsive Teaching in Urban Secondary Schools

Demographic data show an increasingly diverse student population in all urban settings. On the other hand, there continues to be a discrepancy about the student population and the teacher force, as...
Charm Particle Production by Neutrinos

Today I am going to discuss further evidence, indeed confirmation, of the existence of the Λ c + (2260) Σ c ++ (2424) charmed baryons, as well as the observation of the D*+(2000) charmed meson, these states all being produced by neutrino interactions. In addition I will briefly review the status of (μ−e+) di-lepton neutrino production in bubble chambers, especially as it affects charm production.
Phase margin measurement for power factor correction circuits in electronic ballasts

The use of power factor correction circuits (PFCC) in electronic ballasts over a wide range of operating conditions has been increasing. The stability of the PFCC over such broad operating regions is sometimes questionable. Therefore, it is important to measure the relative stability of the PFCC to insure proper operation. To determine the relative stability of a PFCC, a method is developed to measure the phase margin of the open loop circuit. By using a properly placed transformer, a small signal can be injected into the control loop. The phase margin can then be determined from voltages measured at the terminal of the transformer. The phase margin for a typical circuit is measured over a wide range of operating conditions. Results of these measurements are compared to calculated phase margins based on linearized models of the system. The comparison shows similar results but with enough differences to justify the need to determine the phase margin experimentally.