cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: effects of a “low-chromium” diet

Chromium was proposed to be an essential trace element over 50 years ago and has been accepted as an essential element for over 30 years. However, the studies on which chromium’s status are based are methodologically flawed. Whether chromium is an essential element has been examined for the first time in carefully controlled metal-free conditions using a series of purified diets containing various chromium contents. Male Zucker lean rats were housed in specially designed metal-free cages for 6 months and fed the AIN-93G diet with no added chromium in the mineral mix component of the diet, the standard AIN-93G diet, the standard AIN-93G diet supplemented with 200 μg Cr/kg, or the standard AIN-93G diet supplemented with 1,000 μg Cr/kg. The chromium content of the diet had no effect on body mass or food intake. Similarly, the chromium content of the diet had no effect on glucose levels in glucose tolerance or insulin tolerance tests. However, a distinct trend toward lower insulin levels under the curve after a glucose challenge was observed with increasing chromium content in the diet; rats on the supplemented AIN-93G diets had significantly lower areas (P < 0.05) than rats on the low-chromium diet. The studies reveal that a diet with as little chromium as reasonably possible had no effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or insulin sensitivity compared with a chromium-“sufficient” diet. Together with the results of other recent studies, these results clearly indicate that chromium can no longer be considered an essential element.
Baseline clinical and angiographic variables associated with long-term outcome after successful intracoronary stent implantation.

Abstract Although randomized studies have demonstrated improved outcomes with stents over balloon angioplasty in straightforward coronary narrowings in low-risk patients, this advantage is less clear for complex lesions and high-risk patients. This study was designed to identify clinical and angiographic variables that are associated with long-term outcome after stent implantation. We identified 1,709 patients undergoing successful stent placement without in-hospital major adverse events. We analyzed clinical, lesional, and procedural variables to determine their correlation with outcome. Mean duration of follow-up was 1.6 ± 1.4 years. Cox proportional-hazards models and stepwise methods were used to assess which covariates were potentially related to each end point. The occurrence of death/myocardial infarction (MI) was associated with any history of congestive heart failure (relative risk [RR] 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3 to 4.7, p
Validity of Weight Loss to Estimate Improvement in Body Composition in Individuals Attending a Wellness Center

The accuracy of weight loss in estimating successful changes in body composition (BC), namely fat mass (FM) loss, is not known and was addressed in our study. To assess the correlation between change in body weight and change in FM, fat% and fat-free mass (FFM), 465 participants (41% male; 41 ± 13 years), who met the criteria for weight change assessment at a wellness center, underwent air-displacement plethysmography (ADP). Body weight and BC were measured at the same time. We categorized the change in body weight, FM and FFM as an increase if there was >1 kg gain, a decrease if there was >1 kg loss and no change if the difference was ≤1 kg. We estimated the diagnostic performance of weight change to identify improvement in BC. After a median time of 132 days, there was a mean weight change was 2.4 kg. From the 255 people who lost >1 kg of weight, 216 (84.7%) had lost >1 kg of FM, but 69 (27.1%) had lost >1 kg of FFM. Of the 143 people with no weight change, 42 (29.4%) had actually lost >1 kg of FM. Of the 67 who gained >1 kg of weight at follow-up, in 23 (34.3%) this was due to an increase in FFM but not in FM. Weight change had a NPV of 73%. Our results indicate that favorable improvements in BC may go undetected in almost one-third of people whose weight remains the same and in one-third of people who gain weight after attending a wellness center. These results underscore the potential role of BC measurements in people attempting lifestyle changes.
Do PDAs enhance the organization and memory skills of students with cognitive disabilities

The project studied the on-time behavior of 35 students with intellectual disabilities (ID) or traumatic brain injury (TBI) under three conditions – times and tasks list, paper planner, and two different personal data assistants (PDAs). Students participated for two 4-week periods, receiving one morning reminder during Period 1 and no reminders during Period 2. Students were on time more often using a PDA compared to a list (p < .024) or a planner (p < .002). Students were on time 50% more often in Period 1 with a single daily morning reminder as compared to no reminder across all conditions. When applying results, clinicians and researchers should note that only the alarm function prompting on-time behavior was studied, and the influence of the small sample size and short time frame. Future researchers will find a framework for studying PDAs and cell phones with larger samples, over longer time periods, and with a wider range of functions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluorine analysis of plastic-bonded explosives and plastics

A method for the analysis of 25 to 200 mg of fluorine in highly fluorinated plastics and plastic-bonded explosives is presented. Up to 1 g of the explosive is burned by the oxygen bomb technique. The polymers are burned with an excess of paraffin fuel. After removal of carbon dioxide from the combustion products, fluorine is determined gravimetrically as lithium fluoride in 50% ethanol. Successful combustion of Teflon depends on its particle size and cannot be accomplished with a particle size above 700 μm. The method is useful for the degradation of cross-linked materials.
Oviposition Behavior of Monochamus carolinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Infested with the Pinewood Nematode

The mating behaviors of female and male Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier) as well as the oviposition behavior of females were observed. Oviposition behavior consisted of four parts : excavation of the oviposition wound with the mandibles, a 180 o body turn, insertion of the ovipositor, and egg deposition. The duration of the wound excavation behavior increased with greater bark thickness. The duration of the ovipositor insertion behavior was longer when an egg was deposited. One hundred eighteen females were observed to determine the effects of age and pinewood nematode infestation on oviposition behavior. Age of the beetles did not influence the number of oviposition wounds excavated, but older females had a higher frequency of egg deposition. The presence of nematodes did not affect oviposition behavior
The Construction and Historical Development of Multicultural Education, 1962–2012

The field of multicultural education emerged during the 50 years in which Theory Into Practice has been published. I provide a brief historical overview of how the field developed from ethnic studies, to multiethnic education, and to multicultural education, and identify articles published in Theory Into Practice that describe and analyze trends in the field since it was founded in 1962. The Theory Into Practice articles are discussed without the broad context of the historical development of the field. The most recent manifestation of multicultural education is its global focus and how it is implemented in nations around the world.
Experimental evidence and theoretical criteria for a local-field rotational correlation length in metallic spin glasses.

Detailed measurements of the temperature and field dependence of the ac susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi} for the spin glass Cu-${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ reveal a new cusp transition whose locus is a line in the \ensuremath{\chi}-T plane, independent of x. We have formulated a modified mean-field theory incorporating spin clusters whose parameters are deduced from a fit to the data. We find a correlation length associated with the rotational coherence of the local field and identify the cusp line as a physical feature corresponding to the divergence of the correlation length at the transition temperature ${T}_{g}$. We find that our data are well represented by scaling relations both above and below ${T}_{g}$, and from these relations we evaluate the critical exponents \ensuremath{\delta}, \ensuremath{\gamma}, \ensuremath{\delta}', and \ensuremath{\gamma}'.
Self‐Concept And Sex‐Role Learning Among Preschool Children

The present study examined how aspects of sex-role learning account for differ ences in self-concept among preschool children. Sex-role learning was opera tionalized as sex-role discrimination, sex-role preference (e.g., adult activity pref erence and child activity preference), and sex-trait awareness. Subjects were 32 boys and 32 girls, ranging in age from three to five years, from intact middle- and upper-middle-class families. Results revealed that children with more stereotypic child activity preferences had significantly higher (more positive) self-concepts than children with less stereotypic child activity preferences. On the other hand, children who were less aware of the sex-trait stereotypes had significantly higher self-concepts than children who were more aware of the stereotypes. Findings were interpreted from two alternative perspectives: (a) the role of sex-role atti tudes and knowledge in accounting for differences in children's self-concept, and (b) the sex role socialization experience of young children during early child hood.
Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Considerations for School Nurses

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a disease-causing organism that has been present in hospital settings since the 1960s. However, a genetically distinct strain of MRSA, called community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), has emerged in recent years in community settings among healthy individuals. While this organism has been found to be less resistant to antibiotics, it is also more virulent and capable of causing a spectrum of illnesses. School nurses must be aware of the risk factors for this infection and understand its signs, symptoms, diagnostic testing, and management. With this knowledge, school nurses can help protect students, staff, and community members from this increasingly prevalent pathogen.
A comparison of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in men and women

Results from clinical and experimental pain studies provide consistent evidence of sex differences in pain perception, with women reporting more clinical pain and demonstrating lower pain threshold and tolerance levels than men. The present study was designed to assess the notion that sex differences in pain perception may be related to differential activation of supraspinal pain modulation systems. Specifically, the phenomenon of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) was examined in healthy young adult men (n = 39) and women (n = 44) using repeated assessment of nociceptive flexion reflex activity before, during and after exposure to forearm ischemia. Consistent with previous research, women exhibited significantly lower nociceptive flexion reflex thresholds than men, and reported significantly greater pain in response to both forearm ischemia and repeated electrocutaneous stimulation required to elicit the nociceptive flexion reflex. Application of forearm ischemia was associated with a significant decrease in nociceptive flexion reflex activity in both men and women, however, the degree of attenuation of nociceptive flexion reflex activity was not significantly different between the sexes. These findings suggest that men and women exhibit similar activation of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls, but they do not exclude the possibility of sex differences in other forms of central pain modulation.
Modelling light distribution within the canopy of the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora as a function of canopy biomass and solar angle

Abstract A model of vertical light distribution in plant canopies as a function of canopy biomass and solar angle was derived and fitted to measured light profiles from salt marsh communities of the grass Spartina alterniflora . The model accounted for 73–95% of the variability in light profiles from different canopies at different times of day. In a single growing season, highly productive stands of S. alterniflora , capable of accumulating a canopy biomass of 1500 g m −2 or more, intercept 95% of photosynthetically active radiation according to both predictions and measurements. The sensitivity of leaf orientation to light interception was demonstrated by model calculations. Vertically oriented leaves at the top of the canopy absorb less light and, therefore, less heat than horizontal leaves, and it was hypothesized that leaf orientation in Spartina , a halophyte, optimally satisfies the constraints that light absorption and water-use efficiency are maximized while heat gain is minimized.
Imaging for the diagnosis and staging of periampullary carcinomas

Multiple imaging modalities are available for investigating patients with a suspected periampullary neoplasm. The relative utility of each imaging modality is discussed regarding its role in diagnosis and staging. A general imaging approach to patients with a distal biliary obstruction also is presented.
On the estimation of spread rate for a biological population

We propose a nonparametric estimator for the rate of spread of an introduced population. We prove that the limit distribution of the estimator is normal or stable, depending on the behavior of the moment generating function. We show that resampling methods can also be used to approximate the distribution of the estimators.
Nanophysics: carbon nanotubes tune up.

Electromechanical resonators are components in many technologies. A nanometre-size version — a resonating carbon nanotube — has now been created that can be tuned over a range of frequencies.
Isotopic effects on the thermal expansion of lithium hydride

Abstract The effect of substitution of one isotope for another in the LiH molecule has been investigated between − 196° and 240°C. The isotope effect on lattice parameter, a0, density, and coefficient of thermal expansion shows a definite trend whereby the lighter isotopes have larger lattice parameters and smaller coefficients of thermal expansion that the heavier isotopes. These effects are more pronounced when the lighter element is the one undergoing substitution. At the lower temperature the effect is relatively large but diminishes at the higher temperature. It is demonstrated that the lattice parameter for the isotopic lithium hydrides can, at any temperature, be related by the linear expression a 0 = Aμ − 1 2 + B . These isotopic effects are discussed within the framework of the theories of Ubbelohde and London.
Restoration of Single-Channel Currents Using the Segmental k-Means Method Based on Hidden Markov Modeling

Patch-clamp recording provides an unprecedented means for study of detailed kinetics of ion channels at the single molecule level. Analysis of the recordings often begins with idealization of noisy recordings into continuous dwell-time sequences. Success of an analysis is contingent on accuracy of the idealization. I present here a statistical procedure based on hidden Markov modeling and k-means segmentation. The approach assumes a Markov scheme involving discrete conformational transitions for the kinetics of the channel and a white background noise for contamination of the observations. The idealization is sought to maximize a posteriori probability of the state sequence corresponding to the samples. The approach constitutes two fundamental steps. First, given a model, the Viterbi algorithm is applied to determine the most likely state sequence. With the resultant idealization, the model parameters are then empirically refined. The transition probabilities are calculated from the state sequences, and the current amplitudes and noise variances are determined from the ensemble means and variances of those samples belonging to the same conductance classes. The two steps are iterated until the likelihood is maximized. In practice, the algorithm converges rapidly, taking only a few iterations. Because the noise is taken into explicit account, it allows for a low signal/noise ratio, and consequently a relatively high bandwidth. The approach is applicable to data containing subconductance levels or multiple channels and permits state-dependent noises. Examples are given to elucidate its performance and practical applicability.
The Effects of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Inhibitors and Nitric Oxide (NO) Donors on Endotoxin (LPS)-Induced Shock and Intestinal Injury • 229

The Effects of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Inhibitors and Nitric Oxide (NO) Donors on Endotoxin (LPS)-Induced Shock and Intestinal Injury • 229
Optimization Under Uncertainty of Manifold Microchannel Heat Sinks

Conventional microchannel heat sinks provide good heat dissipation capability but are associated with high pressure drop and corresponding pumping power. The use of a manifold system that distributes the flow into the microchannels through multiple, alternating inlet and outlet pairs is investigated here. This manifold arrangement greatly reduces the pressure drop incurred due to the smaller flow paths, while simultaneously increasing the heat transfer coefficient by tripping the thermal boundary layers. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed and validated, to study the effect of various geometric parameters on the performance of the manifold microchannel heat sink.Apart from a deterministic analysis, a probabilistic optimization study is also performed. In the presence of uncertainties in the geometric and operating parameters of the system, this probabilistic optimization approach yields an optimal design that is also robust and reliable. Uncertainty-based optimization also yields auxiliary information regarding local and global sensitivities and helps identify the input parameters to which outputs are most sensitive. This information can be used to design improved experiments targeted at the most sensitive inputs. Optimization under uncertainty also provides a quantitative estimate of the allowable uncertainty in input parameters for an acceptable uncertainty in the relevant output parameters. The optimal geometric design parameters with uncertainties that maximize heat transfer coefficient while minimizing pressure drop for fixed input conditions are identified for a manifold microchannel heat sink. A comparison between the deterministic and probabilistic optimization results is also presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Case report 718

This case report describes the clinical and radiographic findings in an adult woman with osteopetrosis with carbonic anhydrase II deficiency. This uncommon entity is the only one of the five variants of osteopetrosis with a well-defined inborn error of metabolism. The radiographic combination of osteopetrosis and cerebral calcification should suggest the diagnosis, which can be confirmed with a blood sample demonstrating carbonic anhydrase II deficiency.
Analyses of slice compression tests for aligned ceramic matrix composites—II. Type II boundary condition

Abstract Slice compression tests performed on aligned ceramic matrix composites have been analyzed. A composite cylinder has been adopted to model the composite. Analytical solutions have previously been obtained using Type I boundary condition, in which the outer cylindrical surface of the composite cylinder is assumed to be free. This boundary condition represents a lower bound constraint for the composite cylinder during interfacial debonding. An upper bound constraint, i.e. Type II boundary condition, is adopted in the present study to reanalyze slice compression tests. Limitations exist for Type I and II boundary conditions, and for the existing methodology in evaluating interfacial properties. Hence, a more realistic constraint, i.e. Type III boundary condition, and alternate methodology are also proposed.
Self-service delight: Exploring the hedonic aspects of self-service

Abstract A majority of the previous self-service research has been completed in a utilitarian environment where concepts such as efficiency reign supreme. In a hedonic oriented self-service, efficiency may not be the only goal. In response to this question, the current research evaluates how task uncertainty, servicescape, perceived control and perceived time pressure impact efficiency and fun. The latter constructs are then linked directly to customer delight. Results indicate that in a hedonic oriented self-service environment fun alone is a significant predictor of customer delight. Managerial implications stemming from the empirical findings are discussed along with directions for future research.
Electrospray Characteristic Curves: In Pursuit of Improved Performance in the Nanoflow Regime

Depending on its coordinates in the parameter space, an electrospray can manifest in one of several known regimesstable, quasi-stable, transitional chaotic, and nonaxialthat ultimately impact measurement sensitivity and precision. An electrospray operating in the cone-jet regime provides relatively large and stable spray current, as well as smaller initial droplets, that are prerequisites for higher sensitivity and quality mass spectrometric analyses. However, the dynamic conditions encountered, for example, in gradient elution-based liquid separations create difficulties for continuous operation in this regime. We present a preliminary study aimed at providing the basis for stabilizing the electrospray in the cone-jet regime. On the basis of spray current measurements obtained using solvent conditions typically found in liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry, an improved description of the cone-jet stability island is provided by including transitions to and from the recently described astable regime. A...
Better to light a candle than curse the darkness: illuminating spatial localization and temporal dynamics of rapid microbial growth in the rhizosphere

The rhizosphere is a hotbed of microbial activity in ecosystems, fueled by carbon compounds from plant roots. Basic questions about the location and dynamics of plant-spurred microbial growth in the rhizosphere are difficult to answer with standard, destructive soil assays mixing a multitude of microbe-scale microenvironments in a single, often sieved, sample. Soil microbial biosensors designed with the luxCDABE reporter genes fused to a promoter of interest enable continuous imaging of the microbial perception of (and response to) environmental conditions in soil. We used the common soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 as host to plasmid pZKH2 containing a fusion between the strong constituitive promoter nptII and luxCDABE (coding for light-emitting proteins) from Vibrio fischeri. Experiments in liquid media demonstrated that high light production by KT2440/pZKH2 was associated with rapid microbial growth supported by high carbon availability. We applied the biosensors in microcosms filled with non-sterile soil in which corn (Zea mays L.), black poplar (Populus nigra L.) or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was growing. We detected minimal light production from microbiosensors in the bulk soil, but biosensors reported continuously from around roots for as long as six days. For corn, peaks of luminescence were detected 1-4 and 20-35 mm along the root axis behind growing root tips, with the location of maximum light production moving farther back from the tip as root growth rate increased. For poplar, luminescence around mature roots increased and decreased on a coordinated diel rhythm, but was not bright near root tips. For tomato, luminescence was dynamic, but did not exhibit a diel rhythm, appearing in acropetal waves along roots. KT2440/pZKH2 revealed that root tips are not always the only, or even the dominant, hotspots for rhizosphere microbial growth, and carbon availability is highly variable in space and time around roots.
Persons with Early Syphilis Identified through Blood or Plasma Donation Screening in the United States

The number of persons with early syphilis who donated blood between 1995 and 2000 in the United States was estimated using data collected in the National Electronic Telecommunication System for Surveillance (NETSS). To distinguish paid from volunteer donors, cases reported in 2000 were analyzed. For the 6 years, 22 primary, 81 secondary, and 413 early latent syphilis cases were identified through donation screening. In 2000, 69 cases of early syphilis were identified through donation screening in 16 states. In 6 states that reported 53 of these cases, 31 case subjects (58%) were volunteer donors and 22 (42%) were paid donors. Eighty-one percent of volunteer donors and 64% of paid donors reported no risk factors for syphilis. After adjustment for variation in NETSS use, it was estimated that, over the 6 years, approximately 1200 cases of early syphilis were detected nationally through donation screening, and 58% of the case subjects were volunteer donors.
Temporal coding in the gustatory system.

Abstract Hallock, R.M. and Di Lorenzo, P.M. [2006. Temporal coding in the gustatory system. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. XX(X) XXX–XXX]. Early investigations of temporal coding in the gustatory system showed that the time course of responses in some neurons showed systematic differences across the various classes of taste stimuli, implying that the temporal characteristics of a response can convey information about a taste stimulus. Studies of temporal coding in the gustatory system have grappled with several unique methodological challenges, including the quantitative description and comparison of temporal patterns as well as the assessment of the relative contributions of spatial and temporal coding to the information contained in a response to a tastant. Other investigations have suggested that the cooperative activity among synchronously firing ensembles of taste-responsive neurons at all levels of processing in the brain can convey information about taste quality (sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami). Behavioral studies using patterned electrical stimulation of the brain in awake animals have supported the idea that temporal coding of taste stimuli may have functional significance.
Summer-time climate impacts of projected megapolitan expansion in Arizona

Regional climates can be modified by urban development affecting the radiation and hydrological balances. This study looks at the expanding megapolitan area in the Sun Corridor, Arizona, USA, and models local climate change in line with urban development.
Efficiency in assessment and monitoring methods: scaling down gradient‐directed transects

Rapid survey methods are needed that accurately detect both species richness and relative abundance for surveying new sites and/or for long-term monitoring. We investigate whether the large-scale gradsect survey method of Gillison can be adapted for a smaller scale more suitable for monitoring or research. Three different designs that are compared are typical random small plot sampling and two transect designs that are modifications of gradient-directed transects (gradsects). We did intensive work at one site, and surveyed another eight sites. In contrast to most methods comparison work, we develop a baseline reference dataset for ‘true species richness and relative abundance' by using more than 400 randomly-located small plots. Monte Carlo randomizations determined the minimum sample number for each type of sampling method for thresholds of species richness and abundance. The modified gradient-directed transects were accurate for both richness and abundance, even for uncommon species, and with much greater efficiency than random sampling.
Affect as Medium, or the `Digital-Facial-Image':

By exploring a number of contemporary new media artworks that focus on the digitized image of the face, I propose the encounter with the `digital-facial-image' (DFI) as a new paradigm for the human...
Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma—A Diagnostic Dilemma

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma is a rare type of lymphoma characterized by selective growth of lymphoma cells within the lumina of small blood vessels, with the exception of larger arteries and veins. It is usually widely disseminated to extranodal sites including bone marrow but spares the lymph nodes. Its rarity poses a diagnostic challenge. We describe a patient who presented with fever of unknown origin, bicytopenia, and venous thrombosis which were secondary to intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. In Caucasian individuals with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, it is common to have central nervous system (CNS) and skin involvement, and in Asian individuals bone marrow involvement and organomegaly are more common.
Self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA origami lattices using cation-controlled surface diffusion

DNA origami has proven useful for organizing diverse nanoscale components into patterns with 6 nm resolution. However for many applications, such as nanoelectronics, large-scale organization of origami into periodic lattices is desired. Here, we report the self-assembly of DNA origami rectangles into two-dimensional lattices based on stepwise control of surface diffusion, implemented by changing the concentrations of cations on the surface. Previous studies of DNA–mica binding identified the fractional surface density of divalent cations n_(s2) as the parameter which best explains the behaviour of linear DNA on mica. We show that for n_(s2) between 0.04 and 0.1, over 90% of DNA rectangles were incorporated into lattices and that, compared with other functions of cation concentration, n_(s2) best captures the behaviour of DNA rectangles. This work shows how a physical understanding of DNA–mica binding can be used to guide studies of the higher-order assembly of DNA nanostructures, towards creating large-scale arrays of nanodevices for technology.
A Law Library in the New Century

SUMMARY The authors of this article were charged with the creation of a new academic law library at St. Thomas School of Law. They were able to create a collection development plan from scratch. Their decision process provides insights into the current state of law book and electronic publishing and the constraints of going to a totally digital environment.
Solid State Structures, Decomposition Pathways, and Vapor Phase Byproducts of Y(acac)3 Type OMVPE Precursors for thin films of Yttrium -Containing Ceramic Materials

Several useful ceramic materials target compositions contain yttrium, Y2O3 and YBa2Cu3O7-δ being the two most widely employed. One known CVD precursor for yttrium-containing thin films is Y(tmhd)3 H2O (tmhd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato). We have determined the structure and examined the vapor phase decomposition of this species. A related compound, [Y(tmod)3]2(tmod = 2,2,7-trimethyloctane-3,5-dionato), has been prepared, structurally characterized, and studied as an organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) precursor for Y and Y2O3 films. Mechanisms of vapor phase decomposition are discussed in terms of solid film deposits and vapor phase by-products. The two precursors are compared to each other with respect to their stability windows, defined as being bound by source volatility on the low side and source stability on the high side.
Testing the core/shell model of nanoconfined water in reverse micelles using linear and nonlinear IR spectroscopy

A core/shell model has often been used to describe water confined to the interior of reverse micelles. The validity of this model for water encapsulated in AOT/isooctane reverse micelles ranging in diameter from 1.7 to 28 nm (w0 = 2−60) and bulk water is investigated using four experimental observables: the hydroxyl stretch absorption spectra, vibrational population relaxation times, orientational relaxation rates, and spectral diffusion dynamics. The time dependent observables are measured with ultrafast infrared spectrally resolved pump−probe and vibrational echo spectroscopies. Major progressive changes appear in all observables as the system moves from bulk water to the smallest water nanopool, w0 = 2. The dynamics are readily distinguishable for reverse micelle sizes smaller than 7 nm in diameter (w0 = 20) compared to the response of bulk water. The results also demonstrate that the size dependent absorption spectra and population relaxation times can be quantitatively predicted using a core−shell m...
Superconducting phase qubits

Experimental progress is reviewed for superconducting phase qubit research at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The phase qubit has a potential advantage of scalability, based on the low impedance of the device and the ability to microfabricate complex "quantum integrated circuits". Single and coupled qubit experiments, including qubits coupled to resonators, are reviewed along with a discussion of the strategy leading to these experiments. All currently known sources of qubit decoherence are summarized, including energy decay (T 1), dephasing (T 2), and measurement errors. A detailed description is given for our fabrication process and control electronics, which is directly scalable. With the demonstration of the basic operations needed for quantum computation, more complex algorithms are now within reach.
Emotional Intelligence, Self-Efficacy, and Occupational Therapy Students’ Fieldwork Performance

ABSTRACTThis study explored the relationship of emotional intelligence level and self-efficacy to fieldwork performance for occupational therapy students. Occupational therapy students (n = 199) from 36 occupational therapy programs in the United States completed the two surveys, the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test and the Student Confidence Questionnaire, during their professional Level 2 fieldwork placements. The surveys were compared to the Fieldwork Performance Evaluation for the Occupational Therapy Student completed by the fieldwork educators. Results showed that degree of emotional intelligence, having a choice in the fieldwork setting, and having professional experience in a related setting were positively correlated to Fieldwork Performance scores. Students’ self-efficacy was not related to Fieldwork Performance scores. This suggests fostering students’ emotional intelligence and capacity for accurate skill appraisal supports fieldwork success.
Awareness and Perceptions of Vermont’s Prescribed Product Gift Ban and Disclosure Law by Prescribers and Pharmacists

Purpose:Vermont law strictly regulates the interactions between pharmaceutical manufacturers and health care providers, including gifts, meals, and medication samples. The purpose of this study was to describe providers’ awareness and perceptions of current requirements.Methods:An online survey was completed by Vermont providers, including prescribers and pharmacists. The survey asked providers about their awareness of 15 different legal requirements and about their level of agreement with these requirements.Results:Four hundred and eleven providers completed the survey (61% male, mean age 52 years, and 71% physicians). Awareness of the 15 requirements ranged from 28.4% to 93.8%. Most providers agreed or had no strong opinions. Responses at significance levels of P < .001 were noted in 8 of 15 requirements when perceptions were stratified by providers who had any interactions with pharmaceutical representatives in the past year (N = 227, 55.4%) versus providers who reported no interactions (N = 183; 44.6%...
Variable Coherence Enhanced Backscattering

Using an incident beam with shaped spatial coherence properties and measuring the coherent backscattered intensity, we demonstrate that the probability of radial intensity distribution of a diffusing medium can be directly obtained.
“We Bought an iPad”: Considering Family Priorities, Needs, and Preferences as an AAC Support Provider

A growing number of families are adopting and embracing the use of iPads and other mobile technologies as augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Merely having access to this tech...
Psychological Adjustment and Treatment of Children and Families With Parents Deployed in Military Combat

The effects of the military deployment of parent-soldiers on children and families need to be understood in the context of military culture as well as from developmental risk for maladjustment. Although research addressing such effects is limited in both scope and certainty, we can identify several key factors that relate to psychological risk, adjustment, and outcome. Most children are resilient to the effects of deployment of at least one of their parents, but children with preexisting psychological conditions, such as anxiety and depression, may be particularly vulnerable, as well as children with specific risk factors, such as child abuse, family violence, or parental substance abuse. A series of case vignettes illustrate the psychological adjustment and treatment implications for children with parents deployed in support of military combat operations. & 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64:984--992, 2008.
T. H. WHITE: MASTER OF TRANSFORMATION

This essay gives attention to three novels that can be read as exercises in fictional transformation: T. H. White's The Master, an ironic version of Shakespeare's Tempest; Mistress Masham's Repose, a retelling turned Bildungsroman of Jonathan Swift's Lilliput story; and The Elephant and the Kangaroo, a new, Irish version of the Old Testament story of the Flood. Though Mistress Masham's Repose was chosen by the Book of the Month Club in 1946, not one of the three approached the immense popular success of White's Arthurian tetralogy. All three novels can, nevertheless, be read as demonstrations of narrative skills White learned to use as he lived and wrote and came to terms, at least to some degree, with life in the mid-twentieth century.
Social Categorization, Entitlement, and Justice in Organizations: Contextual Determinants and Cognitive Underpinnings

This paper builds on previous behavioral science research and theorizing as well as on classicalphilosophical examinations of entitlement andjustice, andproposes a newframeworkfor understanding these issues in the context of work organizations. This paperfocuses on how individuals in organizations develop perceptions of what they are entitled to receive in exchange for their membership and contributions. It proposes that there are two fundamental conditions that must be simultaneously satisfied for an individual to perceive his or her overall relationship to an organization as just: (1) that the individualperceive that he or she is being treated equally vis-a-vis others in the group category (e.g., seniorfaculty, juniorfaculty, student, or clerical) to which the individual belongs in the organization (referent similar) and (2) that the person perceive that he or she is being treated in accordance with legitimate criteria (such as seniority, education, and performance record) vis-a-vis those in groups to w...
Identification of a 30-Base Pair Regulatory Element and Novel DNA Binding Protein That Regulates the Human GLUT4 Promoter in Transgenic Mice

We have previously demonstrated that the important cis-acting elements regulating transcription of the human GLUT4 gene reside within 895 base pairs (bp) upstream of the transcription initiation site (Thai, M. V., Guruswamy, S., Cao, K. T., Pessin, J. E., and Olson, A. L. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 14285–14292). Our studies demonstrated that an MEF2 binding site within this region was necessary, but not sufficient, for GLUT4 promoter function in transgenic mice. We have identified a second regulatory element (Domain I) that functions cooperatively with the MEF2 domain in regulating GLUT4 transcription. Using a yeast-one hybrid screen, we obtained a partial cDNA and generated an antibody directed against a protein binding specifically to Domain I. Sequence analysis of the partial cDNA indicates that the protein binding to Domain I is a novel protein. The antibody specifically labels two proteins of approximately 70 and 50 kDa in Western blot analysis. These molecular masses correspond to Domain I binding proteins identified by UV-cross-linking nuclear extracts to a Domain I probe. The antibody raised against the Domain I binding protein inhibited formation of a Domain I-protein complex in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. We conclude that we have identified an authentic, novel, Domain I binding protein required for transcriptional regulation of the human GLUT4 promoter.
Intermittent Watering and Feeding Programs for White Leghorn Layers

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of intermittent watering on White Leghorn layers. In addition in Exp. 2 the performance of layers subjected to intermittent feeding was also compared with the performance of control and intermittently watered layers. Providing hens two 1-hour or three 15-minute watering periods per day, after 5 months of lay on an ad lib. watering program, reduced egg production, feed per hen-day and weight gain, but had no effect on average egg weight (Exp. 1). When the three 15-minute watering periods were initiated prior to laying (Exp. 3), there was no effect on egg production, egg specific gravity or Haugh units; however, feed per hen-day, per egg, and per gram of egg, and average egg weight were reduced by 5.0, 11.0, 0.1, and 2.6 g., respectively. Providing five 15-minute watering periods per day had no effect on egg production, average egg weight or mortality. However, in two comparisons with controls (Exp. 2 & 3), feed per hen-day, per egg, and per gram of egg were reduced by 0.3 and 3.0, 7.7 and 9.0, and 0.14 and 0.17 g., respectively. Scheduling one 15-minute watering period each hour had no effect on egg production, feed intake or weight gain. Providing layers two 2-hour feeding periods per day significantly reduced feed consumption and weight gain, but had no significant effect on average egg weight or on egg production as compared to controls with feed and water ad lib. Haugh unit scores were higher when compared to the intermittent water treatments.
Nocturnal Egg Neglect and Prolonged Incubation in the Red-necked Grebe

Abstract Miniaturized temperature loggers placed in Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegina) nests revealed that 16 of the 32 monitored pairs abandoned their nests for extended periods lasting 3-9 h during at least two of the three nights that they were monitored. When incubating pairs left their nests unattended, temperatures of the thermistored egg usually dropped precipitously to below 30°C within 15-25 min. Duration of a pair’s incubation period was positively associated with the number of minutes that the thermistored egg was below 30°C in our 3-day samples, yet nesting success remained high. Embryos appeared to be tolerant of this cooling; 26 of the 32 monitored nests hatched young, and there was no detectable increase in the failure of eggs to hatch for pairs neglecting their clutches more than 3 h per night. We suggest Red-necked Grebes preemptively leave their nests at night to avoid predation on their eggs or themselves.
Giant-cell tumor of patellar tendon coincident with Paget's disease.

A case of giant-cell tumor developing in the sheath of the patellar tendon of a patient with Paget's disease is described. The patient's relative youth at the onset of Paget's disease, as well as the short survival, is discussed. The large size of the tumor and its location are noteworthy.
Epistemic Modal Disagreement

At the center of the debate between contextualist versus relativist semantics for epistemic modal claims is an empirical question about when competent subjects judge epistemic modal disagreement to be present. John MacFarlane’s relativist claims that we judge there to be epistemic modal disagreement across the widest range of cases. We wish to dispute the robustness of his data with the results of two studies. Our primary conclusion is that the actual disagreement data is not consistent with relativist predictions, and so, that the primary motivation for relativism disappears. Our study differs from a related study by Knobe and Yalcin (Semant Pragmat 7(10):1–21, 2014) in that we focus directly on the question of genuine disagreement, as opposed to a question about truth or the appropriateness of retraction. Some of our findings agree with theirs about relativism. We uncover new lessons along the way, including that there are widespread situation effects of epistemic modal discourse; idiosyncratic features of the vignettes significantly influencing judgments about epistemic modal disagreement. We reflect with mixed feelings on the prospects for contextualism to accommodate our findings.
Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia

Stalin's Great Terror is an extraordinarily complex event in which nearly one million people were deliberately murdered by the secret police (NKVD). Accounting for it is no easy task. In Inventing ...
Locus of Control, Task Attributes, and Job Performance:

In the present study locus of control influenced perceptions of task difficulty and variability for 281 technical personnel. Individuals (n = 80) with more internal orientations were better performers than those (n = 59) with more external orientations.
Educating the future public health workforce: do schools of public health teach students about the private sector?

CONTEXT Recent surveys indicate that approximately 40% of graduates from schools of public health are employed within the private sector or have an employer charged with regulating the private sector. These data suggest that schools of public health should provide curricular opportunities for their students--the future public health workforce--to learn about the relationship between the private sector and the public's health. OBJECTIVE To identify opportunities for graduate students in schools of public health to select course work that educates them about the relationship between the private sector and public health. DESIGN We systematically identified and analyzed data gathered from publicly available course titles and descriptions on the Web sites of accredited schools of public health. SETTING Data were collected in the United States. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of accredited schools of public health. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Descriptions of the number and types of courses that schools of public health offer about the private sector and identification of how course descriptions frame the private sector relative to public health. RESULTS We identified 104 unique courses with content about the private sector's relationship to public health. More than 75% of accredited schools of public health offered at least 1 such course. Nearly 25% of identified courses focused exclusively on the health insurance industry. Qualitative analysis of the data revealed 5 frames used to describe the private sector, including its role as a stakeholder in the policy process. CONCLUSIONS Schools of public health face a curricular gap, with relatively few course offerings that teach students about the relationship between the private sector and the public's health. By developing new courses or revising existing ones, schools of public health can expose the future public health workforce to the varied ways public health professionals interact with the private sector, and potentially influence students' career paths.