cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress Rupture Behavior of P91-AISI 304 Weld Transition Joint Developed by Friction Surfaced Additive Manufacturing Method

Weld transition joint between modified 9Cr-1Mo steel (P91) and austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) was developed applying solid state friction surfacing method. Inconel Alloys 625, 600 and 800H were deposited as interlayers in between P91 and AISI 304 to obtain a gradual change in coefficient of thermal expansion. The post weld heat treated (750 oC/1hr/air cooling) samples were subjected to stress rupture tests at 600 and 650 oC with different stress levels. The multi-layered coated weld transition joints showed improved stress rupture lives compared to the single layer coated joints. The results were discussed in terms of the microstructural changes.
Gendering the Organization of Home‐based Work in Turkey: Classical versus Familial Patriarchy

This article examines the link between industrial homework and family dynamics in Turkey by asking how and why varied patterns emerge in the organization of industrial homework. I develop a framework for the analysis of gendered organization of industrial homework by comparing labour practices in extended family and nuclear family households. In extended family households, subcontracts are made between industrial enterprises and male family members. Women carry out piece-rated work at home under the supervision of male family members and have very little contact with people outside their family. In nuclear family households, subcontracts are made between women homeworkers and industrial enterprises or middle persons. Women work at residential streets and neighbourhood homework stores, as well as at home. They have control over their income as well as their working hours. To explain the divergent practices of industrial homework, I show that enterprises incorporate distinct patterns of patriarchy into the subcontracting arrangements through gendered organization of industrial homework.
Neoliberalism, deregulation and Sarbanes‐Oxley: The legitimation of a failed corporate governance model

Purpose – The paper aims to use a neoliberal ideology to frame an analysis of how the power of ideas can be used to maintain a failed corporate governance model based on stockholder primacy.Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs the concept of corporate hegemony to provide an understanding of the conditioning environment in the USA in the 1990s. It examines the tactics that neoliberals used to gain consensus for their ideology and to skillfully deflect criticism in the face of significant policy failures that have had a global impact.Findings – The paper highlights the power of ideology to create a desired outcome. It finds that Sarbanes‐Oxley represented a neoliberal victory in that it legitimated shareholder primacy and continued use of a failed corporate governance model.Practical implications – Sarbanes‐Oxley did not address the systemic problems associated with deregulation; it will not resolve the basic problem of how to prevent corporate malfeasance in an economic environment that rewards ...
Perl in bioinformatics

Bioinformatics evolved as a discipline that applies techniques from math, computer science, and statistics to make sense of the vast amounts of data produced by high-throughput experiments in biology. These data are frequently output as experiment-specific text files, which need to be parsed from and to a variety of formats to be amenable to further computational analyses. This process often involves accessing of additional information from on-line repositories, reading and writing to and from files and databases, and ultimately the presentation of results on the World Wide Web. Perl stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language, and was developed as a UNIX glue language by Larry Wall in the mid-1980s. It has proven to be a powerful tool for the tasks outlined above. Since its inception, Perl has grown far beyond its original use as a text-parsing tool into a fully featured high-level programming language. In this article, we give an overview on how this versatile language can be used to tackle a wide variety of frequent problems in bioinformatics. Keywords: programming language; genomics; bioinformatics; sequence analysis
Targeted Therapies Compared to Dacarbazine for Treatment of BRAF(V600E) Metastatic Melanoma: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Purpose. Two BRAFV600E targeted therapies, dabrafenib and vemurafenib, have received US approval for treatment of metastatic melanoma in BRAFV600E patients, a mutation that affects ~50% of patients. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of BRAF inhibitors and traditional chemotherapy for treatment of metastatic melanoma. Methods. A Markov model was developed using a societal perspective. Transition probabilities were derived from two Phase III registration trials comparing each BRAF inhibitor against dacarbazine. Costs were obtained from literature, national databases, and Medicare fee schedules. Utilities were obtained from published literature. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were run to test the impact of uncertainties. Results. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of dabrafenib was $149,035/QALY compared to dacarbazine. Vemurafenib was dominated by dabrafenib. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that, at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of ≤$100,000/QALY, dacarbazine was the optimal treatment in ~85% of simulations. At a WTP threshold of ≥$150,000/QALY, dabrafenib was the optimal treatment. Conclusion. Compared with dacarbazine, dabrafenib and vemurafenib were not cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY. Dabrafenib is more efficient compared to vemurafenib. With few treatment options, dabrafenib is an option for qualifying patients if the overall cost of dabrafenib is reduced to $30,000–$31,000 or a WTP threshold of ≥$150,000/QALY is considered. More comparative data is needed.
Relationship between membrane function and permeability. I. Similarity of 'platelet factor-3' availability in pure erythrocyte and pure platelet suspensions.

SUMMARY As the osmolarity of the medium decreases, ‘platelet factor-3’ (PF-3) availability increases in erythrocyte as well as platelet suspensions. Associated with this is a parallel increase in PF-3 activity of the cell-free supernatant. Addition of glycerol to platelet or erythrocyte suspensions enhances PF-3 availability of the cell suspensions but not the cell-free supernatants. It is proposed that glycerol influx alters the orientation or binding of membrane thromboplastic phospholipids, thereby facilitating their reactivity in the PF-3 assay.
The anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint.

The human hip is the largest ball and socket joint in the body. It differs in design from the more common hinge joint in order to meet the requirements of ambulation. The hip is an inherently stable joint because of its bony structure and its extensive ligamentous and muscular support. Regardless of this stability, the hip joint maintains a wide functional range of movement. This dichotomy of function has resulted in a complex organization of joint structure. A thorough understanding of the biomechanic forces exerted across the joint surfaces is essential to the understanding of both normal and pathologic function.The authors of this article will explore the complex structural anatomy of this joint system in light of the biomechanic principles that effect movement and weight bearing through the joint.
The Taylor Interpolation through FFT Algorithm for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Scattering

The Taylor Interpolation through FFT (TI-FFT) algorithm for the computation of the electromagnetic wave propagation in the quasi-planar geometry within the half-space is proposed in this article. There are two types of TI-FFT algorithm, i.e., the spatial TI-FFT and the spectral TI-FFT. The former works in the spatial domain and the latter works in the spectral domain. It has been shown that the optimized computational complexity is the same for both types of TI-FFT algorithm, which is N opt r N
Material property correlations for uranium mononitride

Abstract The experimental data for the lattice parameter (a), density (p), and mean linear thermal expansion coefficient (α) of uranium mononitride (UN) have been collected and reviewed. Empirical correlations for these three properties as functions of temperature (T, in K) were developed and are given as: a( A ) = 4.879 + 3.264 × 10 −5 (T) + 6.889 × 10 −9 (T 2 ) , ρ(g/cm3) = 14.42-2.779 × 10−4(T)−4.897 × 10−8(T2), α(K−1) = 7.096 × 10−6 + 1.409 × 10−9(T). The lattice parameter correlation was constructed from experimental data in the range of 298
Economic benefits and strategic new international transmission in the Southern African power pool (SAPP) and West African power pool (WAPP)

This work discusses the Purdue long-term expansion model (LTEM), which is used in both the SAPP and WAPP policy planning. This policy is a 20-year planning system for energy and reserve trade between countries, which minimizes the present value of electricity generation costs, and generation/transmission capacity expansion costs. Modeling demonstrations consistently indicate the importance of several particular international transmission lines in Africa. Also expansions on existing lines and the addition of new proposed lines are indicated as providing the most cost effective investments for improving reliability of supplies across Africa.
The Relationship of Mentoring to Job Placement in School Administration

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mentoring on job placement for preservice principals. Do preservice principals need mentoring?Do preservice principals use mentors? How is mentoring defined? What characteristics are used to identify potential mentors for preservice principals? Does mentoring effect job placement for preservice principals?
Altered sensitivity of Rous sarcoma virus transformed cells to inhibition of RNA synthesis by α-amanitin

Chick embryo cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) continue to synthesize 40–50 percent of control amounts of RNA following 12–24 hour exposure to 2 µg/ml of the toxin whereas normal chick embryo cells similarly treated synthesize less than 5 percent of control amounts of RNA. Analysis of cells treated with α-amanitin after infection with RSV indicates that resistance to the toxin appears within the first 24 hours after infection. Levels of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase form II, the nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase most susceptible to inhibition by α-amanitin, or the resistant forms I and III polymerase, do not increase in infected cells over the levels found in uninfected control cells during the first 24 hours following infection indicating that increase in polymerase levels in infected cells does not account for the observed resistance. No significant difference was detected in the sensitivity to α-amanitin of the form II polymerase isolated from normal and transformed cells.
The Effect of Variable Soil Moisture Profiles on P-Band Backscatter

Radar measurements at P-band are sensitive to profile soil moisture. Associated backscatter measurements depend on the distribution and variation of the soil moisture profile. Existing scattering models account for this variation by approximating the soil moisture profile as consisting of a number of homogeneous layers. Since the inversion of the scattering models during the retrieval process can be based on only a few polarimetric backscatter measurements, the number of obtainable independent layers in the profile representation is limited. The purpose of this paper is to gain insights into the effects of the layering representation on the resulting modeled forward scattering. These insights form the rational basis for the design of retrieval algorithms. The effects of reflections between layers and other sources of error on simulated backscattering coefficients are first illustrated using several case studies. To determine the combined effect of different error sources for realistic soil moisture profiles, ten years of conditions at a grassland in California are studied. Depending on the layering strategy and the polarization, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of backscattering coefficients due to misrepresenting the profile alone can be up to 2 dB, although errors can be up to 10 dB in particular cases. The error generally decreases as additional layers are added. The HH-polarization is more sensitive to the subsurface than the VV-polarization and has greater errors. Using a profile-dependent layer placement strategy decreases the RMSE of the backscatter simulation by less than 1 dB relative to a strategy with fixed layering.
Momentum distribution in debris cloud during hypervelocity impact

The long term operation of the Space Station Freedom requires a scheme to protect it from high velocity impacts by both man-made particles and micrometeor fragments. One such scheme is the use of metal plates to serve as shields against such orbital debris. These 'bumper' plates, as they are referred to, serve to break up any incident particle and redistribute its momentum over a larger area. It is therefore necessary to determine the momentum distribution within the debris cloud produced by such collisions in order to evaluate a materials effectiveness at accomplishing this task. This paper details the design and development of an innovative device which has made this possible. Momentum profiles were obtained for a series of test conditions. Total momentum values in the debris cloud were then calculated from these profiles. These results indicated that a momentum amplification exists with a multiplication factor of between 2 and 3. Thus the role of the bumper to serve as a means for momentum redistribution and not reduction was verified.
Isolated deficiency of immunocytochemically detected somatostatin in Snell dwarf, but not in "little," mice.

Abstract Immunocytochemical staining of the neuropeptide somatostatin was evaluated in the brains of two growth hormone-deficient mouse mutants, Snell dwarf (dw/dw), and “little” (lit/lit). In Snell dwarf mice, in which GH is undetectable, an isolated somatostatin deficiency was observed in hypothalamic median eminence and in anterior periventricular hypothalamic neurons which are afferent to median eminence, compared to somatostatin staining in normal mice of the same strain (DW/?). Somatostatin staining in all other CNS areas in dwarfs was identical to that in normal mice. In contrast, in little mice, which exhibit 5–10% of normal GH levels, somatostatin expression was comparable between mutants and normal mice (LIT/?) in all CNS areas, including median eminence-afferent neurons in anterior periventricular hypothalamus. The results suggest that expression of somatostatin in hypophysiotropic CNS is dependent upon minimal pituitary GH secretion.
From Sisters to Wives and 'Slaves': Redefining matriliny and the lives of Lakeside Tonga women, 1885-1955

■ This article explores the interconnected historical processes of the redefinition of matriliny and the progressive loss, between 1885 and 1955, of the authority exercised by Lakeside Tonga women....
Dispersion and nonlinear effects in OFDM-RoF system

The radio-over-fiber (RoF) network has been a proven technology to be the best candidate for the wireless-access technology, and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been established as the core technology in the physical layer of next generation wireless communication system, as a result OFDM-RoF has drawn attentions worldwide and raised many new research topics recently. At the present time, the trend of information industry is towards mobile, wireless, digital and broadband. The next generation network (NGN) has motivated researchers to study higher-speed wider-band multimedia communication to transmit (voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video) at a higher speed. The NGN would offer services that would necessitate broadband networks with bandwidth higher than 2Mbit/s per radio channel. Many new services emerged, such as Internet Protocol TV (IPTV), High Definition TV (HDTV), mobile multimedia and video stream media. Both speed and capacity have been the key objectives in transmission. In the meantime, the demand for transmission bandwidth increased at a very quick pace. The coming of 4G and 5G era will provide faster data transmission and higher bit rate and bandwidth. Taking advantages of both optical communication and wireless communication, OFDM Radio over Fiber (OFDM-RoF) system is characterized by its high speed, large capacity and high spectral efficiency. However, up to the present there are some problems to be solved, such as dispersion and nonlinearity effects. In this paper we will study the dispersion and nonlinearity effects and their elimination in OFDM-radio-over-fiber system.
Chemical Equilibrium and Critical Phenomena: The Solubilities of Manganese Dioxide and Aluminum Oxide in Isobutyric Acid + Water near Its Consolute Point

We have measured the solubilities of manganese dioxide and aluminum oxide in isobutyric acid + water along its critical isopleth at temperatures above the upper critical solution temperature at 26.2 degrees C. Both oxides are basic anhydrides that react with isobutyric acid to produce the metal isobutyrate and water. In both cases, the measured solubility values, s, were in the parts per million range. When the solubility data for either of these oxides were plotted in van't Hoff form with ln s vs 1/T, a straight line resulted for absolute temperatures, T, sufficiently in excess of the critical solution temperature, T(c). The sign of the slope of the line indicated that manganese dioxide dissolved endothermically, while aluminum oxide dissolved exothermically. When the temperature was within 1 K of T(c), however, the local van't Hoff slope, ( partial differential ln s/ partial differential(1/T)), appeared to diverge toward negative infinity in the case of manganese dioxide, while it appeared to diverge toward positive infinity in the case of aluminum oxide. By applying the principle of critical point universality to the critical behavior of thermodynamic derivatives, we have shown that the existence of a divergence in ( partial differential ln s/ partial differential(1/T)) as T approaches T(c) is to be expected when the dissolution reaction of the oxide involves both components of the solvent. Application of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation showed that the sign of the divergence must be opposite to the sign of the heat of solution. The experimental solubility data sets for both manganese dioxide and aluminum oxide are in good agreement with these theoretical assertions.
Depressive Symptoms Among Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: The Impact of Participation in Multiple Roles

Using the Health and Retirement Study, this research examines well-being among grandparents raising grandchildren during middle to late life, specifically looking at how other roles in which a grandparent is participating (such as worker, volunteer, parent or caregiver) may influence depressive symptoms among grandparent caregivers. Results indicate that grandparents who have recently begun raising a grandchild experience lower levels of well-being when compared to grandparents who are not raising a grandchild regardless of the grandparent's level of participation in roles beyond that of grandparent caregiver, while grandparents who have been raising a grandchild for longer periods of time seem to benefit from their participation in multiple roles. However, a higher level of participation in outside roles is associated with a decline in well-being among grandparents who stopped raising a grandchild, suggesting that, for these grandparents, participation in multiple roles acted mainly as a stressor, rather than as a resource.
DECAY AND REVERSIBILITY OF LEARNED HELPLESSNESS IN THE COCKROACH (PERIPLANETA AMERICANA)

The time course of learned helplessness and the reversibility of the escape deficit were investigated in the cockroach. Unlike other species investigated, the escape deficit was not present in the ...
A representation theorem for volume-preserving transformations

Abstract A general solution is presented for the partial differential equation ∂u / ∂x = k ( x ), where u and x are n -vector fields, ∂u / ∂x denotes the Jacobian of the transformation x → u and k ( x ) is a scalar-valued function. The solution for the case k ( x )=1 is of special interest because it furnishes a representation theorem for volume-preserving transformations in an n -dimensional space. Such a representation for the case n =2 was obtained by Gauss. The solution for n =3, presented here, furnishes a representation for isochoric (volume-preserving) finite deformations, which are important in the mechanics of highly deformable incompressible solid materials.
Perceived lack of control over life events: Antecedents and consequences in a discharged patient sample

This paper examines perceptions of control over the occurrence of life events among a group of psychiatric patients interviewed at two points in time. First, perceived lack of control is treated as an independent variable affecting psychiatric symptomatology. Results show that, controlling for baseline symptomatology, perceived lack of control is significantly associated with demoralization but random with respect to delusions-hallucinations. Second, when perceived control is treated as a dependent variable results show that variation in how life events are perceived is more a function of the events that occur than of the personal dispositions of individuals. These results are compared with recently reported data from the general population.
Mechanical behaviour of both sides of an amorphous Fe78B14Si8 alloy ribbon as determined from miniaturized disk-bend tests

Abstract A miniaturized disk-bend test was used to examine the mechanical properties of the “air” and “wheel” sides of melt-spun ribbons, 30 μm thick, of an amorphous Fe 78 B 14 Si 8 alloy. The specimens were 3 mm in diameter and were tested clamped at their perimeters. Deformation was non-linear, with the load rising to a maximum value signifying the onset of fracture. Crack propagation was accompanied by substantial elongations at lower loads. The displacement of the center of the specimen at peak load was used a measure of its ductility. The wheel side is consistently harder, stronger and more ductile than the air side. We propose that this is due to the numerous regions of low free volume at the wheel side, produced when air is entrapped between the melt and the wheel, combined with local enrichement of boron and/or silicon in these same regions. These strong regions are interspersed with those that solidified at the most rapid rate and which have the largest free volume, highest ductility, but lowest hardness and strength. The heterogeneous distribution of free volume at the wheel side invests it with its high strength and ductility; the air side has properties between these two extremes. The role of ribbon surface topography in the initiation of fracture is also discussed.
An Assessment of Gender Effects in Self Report Delinquency

Abstract This paper investigates the relative effect of parent, school, and peer influences in male and female delinquency. The theoretical framework is a combined control theory and differential association theory. Self-report data on 304 male and female adolescents are examined. The data demonstrate that males have significantly weaker “bonds” to their parents, the school, and to their peers than females. Males also report engaging in significantly more delinquency. However, a control theory explanation of the gender differential in delinquency is not supported. Differences in the gender role identity of males and females (i.e., masculinity and femininity) also are unable to explain the gender differential in delinquency. The data lend greater support to a differential association explanation of gender differences. The implications of the findings and some alternative explanations of the gender differential are discussed.
Neuroinflammatory phenotypes and their roles in Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. While once considered immunologically privileged due to the blood-brain barrier, it is now understood that the glial cells of the brain are capable of complex inflammatory responses. Objective: The goal of the study is to assess the neuroinflammatory state of the early and late AD brain using the macrophage categorizations of M1, M2a, M2b and M2c. Methods: We used quantitative real-time RT-PCR to assess a number of inflammatory markers in the frontal cortex and cerebellar tissue from early and late AD patients. We then used neuropathological and clinical outcomes to determine whether there were any correlations. Results: We found that the AD brain is capable of generating all macrophage-like responses. In addition, we found that early AD is distinct from late AD with respect to the inflammatory profiles expressed in the brain. Most interestingly, however, we found that the early AD samples were biased to one of two phenotypes, M1 or M2a. Conclusion: Heterogeneity in the neuroinflammatory state of the early AD brain may represent a source of variability among the AD population. It may also reflect the presence of comorbidities.
Artificial intelligence and operations research: challenges and opportunities in planning and scheduling

Both the Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Operations Research (OR) communities are interested in developing techniques for solving hard combinatorial problems, in particular in the domain of planning and scheduling. AI approaches encompass a rich collection of knowledge representation formalisms for dealing with a wide variety of real-world problems. Some examples are constraint programming representations, logical formalisms, declarative and functional programming languages such as Prolog and Lisp, Bayesian models, rule-based formalism, etc. The downside of such rich representations is that in general they lead to intractable problems, and we therefore often cannot use such formalisms for handling realistic size problems. OR, on the other hand, has focused on more tractable representations, such as linear programming formulations. OR-based techniques have demonstrated the ability to identify optimal and locally optimal solutions for well-defined problem spaces. In general, however, OR solutions are restricted to rigid models with limited expressive power. AI techniques, on the other hand, provide richer and more flexible representations of real-world problems, supporting efficient constraint-based reasoning mechanisms as well as mixed initiative frameworks, which allow the human expertise to be in the loop. The challenge lies in providing representations that are expressive enough to describe real-world problems and at the same time guaranteeing good and fast solutions.
Energy release from colliding black holes

Using general principles, the amount of mass-energy which, can be extracted from two extreme Kerr rotating black holes when they collide is found to be at most 21% of their total initial mass-energy. The maximum efficiency of energy extraction obtains for a reversible collision of two black holes of equal irreducible mass in which the individual angular-momentum vectors are parallel.
Fundamentals of Pulsed and Direct Current Electrophoretic Infiltration Kinetics

The present research endeavors to demonstrate the applicability of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) for the infiltration and coating of porous materials to create advanced composites. Motivated by improved materials requirements of tokamak fusion reactors, the composites are created by depositing ceramic nanoparticles in porous metallic matrices using both constant voltage and pulsed DC EPD. Silicon dioxide particles with a nominal diameter of 20 nm are used as inexpensive surrogates for more application-appropriate boron carbide due to their similar surface chemistry. Fabricated materials are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energetic dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX) to visualize coating quality and penetration of the material into the substrate. At low voltage, the deposited mass in constant voltage EPD increases linearly with time while at high voltage it asymptotically approaches a maximum yield of 1.988 grams. Pulsed EPD experiments demonstrate a reduction in deposition yield but also elimination of macro-pore generation in the low voltage case. A non-dimensional parameter, ξ*, relating electrokinetics and diffusion is derived which improves process design for pulsed EPD systems.
PsbS genotype in relation to coordinated function of PS II and PS I in Arabidopsis leaves.

Application of multiple probes to systems that carry specific mutations provides a powerful means for studying how known regulators of light utilization interact in vivo. Two lines of Arabidopsis thaliana were studied, each carrying a unique lesion in the nuclear psbS gene encoding a 22-kDa pigment-binding protein (PS II-S) essential for full expression of photoprotective, rapid-phase, nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ). The PS II-S protein is absent in line npq4-1 due to deletion of psbS. Line npq4-9 expresses normal levels of PS II-S but carries a single amino acid substitution that lowers NPQ capacity by about 50%. A prior report [Peterson RB and Havir EA (2001) Planta 214: 142–152] described an altered pattern of redox states of the acceptor side of Photosystem II (PS II) and donor side of Photosystem I (PS I) for npq4-9 suggesting that interphotosystem electron transport may be restricted by a higher transthylakoid ΔpH in this line. In vivo steady state fluorescence and absorbance measurements (820 nm) confirmed these earlier observations for line npq4-9 but not for npq4-1. Thus, the prior results cannot be correlated simply to a loss of NPQ capacity. Likewise, the kinetics of the 820-nm absorbance change did not indicate a substantial effect of psbS genotype on electron flow from plastoquinol to PS I. A simple model is proposed to relate linear electron transport rate (measured gasometrically) to a parameter (based on fluorescence) that provides a relative measure of the density of excitation available for photochemistry in PS II. Surprisingly, analyses using this model suggested that the in vivo midpoint potential of the primary quinone acceptor in PS II (QA) is lowered in both psbS mutant lines. This heretofore-unsuspected role for PS II-S is discussed with regard to: (1) numerous prior reports indicating plasticity of the redox potential of QA and (2) the basis for the contrasting regulation of quantum yields of PS I and II in npq4-1 and npq4-9.
Hilbert’s Tenth Problem for function fields of varieties over algebraically closed fields of positive characteristic

Let K be the function field of a variety of dimension ≥ 2 over an algebraically closed field of odd characteristic. Then Hilbert’s Tenth Problem for K is undecidable. This generalizes the result by Kim and Roush from 1992 that Hilbert’s Tenth Problem for the purely transcendental function field $${{{\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p}}(t_1,t_2)}$$ is undecidable when p > 2.
The utility of a forehead-to-inion derivation in recording the subcortical far-field potential (P14) during median nerve somatosensory-evoked potential testing.

American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS) guidelines recommend recording P14 between an ipsilateral centroparietal electrode (CPi) and a noncephalic reference, typically the contralateral Erb’s point (EPc) (American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. Guideline 9D: guidelines on short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23(2):168-179). We investigated the utility of a forehead (Fpz)-to-inion derivation for recording P14. We analyzed 74 median nerve somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) studies (148 nerves) with bilaterally normal peripheral and central conductions. The presence of an identifiable P14 and its amplitude and latency were assessed in both the CPi-EPc and Fpz-inion derivations. In 7 of the 148 recordings, P14 was not identifiable in either derivation. The P14 was only identifiable in CPi-EPc in 9 recordings, and only identifiable in Fpz-inion in 4 recordings. In the remaining 128 recordings, the mean P14 latency was 13.2 ± 1.1 ms in both derivations. The mean...
A family of integral equations with restricted solutions

A family of Volterra integral equations of a special kind is considered. In each equation a given function occurs both in the integrand and in the expression on the right equal to the convolution integral. It is proved that all solutions to the equations of this family satisfy certain sharp mean modulus inequality. This result can be used as a source of various inequalities for special functions. Some examples and applications that are based on the explicit hypergeometric and general series solutions are discussed. They involve the Jacobi and Laguerre polynomials as well as the confluent hypergeometric functions.
Bell Correlations without Entanglement: A Local Wave Model Using Gaussian-Poisson Statistics and Single Count-Pair Selection

Based on the violation of Bell inequalities, it has been believed that the derivation of Bell correlations requires a quantum description that depends on entanglement. However, the present paper computes Bell correlations among polarization analyzer output intensities from two spatially separated sets of superposed random wave pairs. To obtain proper Bell correlations, the general statistics must be modified to represent single event pair selection. The correlations between analyzer output components are then in one-to-one correspondence with those computed from the entanglement formalism.
Recent advances in multimodal thin-layer chromatography

Abstract Multimodal stationary phases in thin-layer chromatography and procedures to achieve such separations are discussed. Advantages of multimodal phases with examples are presented.
The E′ center and oxygen vacancies in SiO2

The E′ centers in crystalline and amorphous SiO2 trace their history to 1956 when Robert A. Weeks first used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to study radiation-induced defects in quartz. Since then the primary defect responsible for the E′ family of EPR signals has been identified as a positively charged oxygen vacancy with asymmetric relaxations of the two neighboring Si atoms. In the last 15 years, two E′ centers, known as Eγ′ and Eδ′ have been found to play a key role in the dynamics of charged trapped caused by irradiation in Si metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structures. In this paper, we give a brief overview of E′ centers and highlight recent theoretical results that have elucidated many experimental observations in MOS structures and other forms of SiO2, as presented in an invited talk at the XI Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids.
How Computers Are Used in United States Schools: Basic Data from the 1989 I.E.A. Computers in Education Survey

American schools steadily increased their stock of microcomputers during the latter half of the 1980s, but made only modest changes in their pattern of hardware and software use between 1985 and 1989. Early in the decade, computers were valued for providing highly motivational skills practice and for enriching the curriculum with the subject of “computer literacy,” and late in the decade those two activities still dominated school computer use even though the range of skills practiced and the range of computer literacy activities expanded significantly during the decade. Moreover, computer-using teachers, although twice as numerous as five years ago, still only rarely provide a computer-centered classroom where students use computers for a large fraction of the time they spend on any one type of learning activity. A hint that computers will begin to take on new functions as general intellectual and information resource tools is visible in the increasing portion of computer time being spent on word process...
Titan: Aerosol photochemistry and variations related to the sunspot cycle

A photochemical theory is proposed for producing complex polymers in a methane atmosphere. It is argued that the polyacetylenes (C_(2n)H_2) are the most likely precursor molecules for the formation of the stratospheric haze layer on Titan. The production of polyacetylenes involves a strong positive feedback, leading to more production of polyactylenes. The thermosphere of Titan may undergo substantial expansion and contraction over a solar cycle, with important consequences for the chemistry of the upper atmosphere.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characterization Of Defects In Semiconductors

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance is a valuable tool for the characterization of defects in semiconductors. After a short introduction into the method, various examples are discussed in detail. These include intrinsic and impurity-related point defects in silicon, transition metals in semiconductors, and antisite defects in III-V compounds.
A comparison of optimal classification strategies for choroplethic displays of spatially aggregated data

Abstract A debate has ensued from the question of whether the attribute values of spatially aggregated data need to be classified prior to the display operator for representation as a choropleth map. Some recent studies have concluded that choropleth maps using Jenk's optimal classification scheme are more easily interpretated than either unclassed maps or more traditional classification methods. This paper presents a range of optimal classification strategies for displaying spatially aggregated data including techniques designed to enhance value identification.
Studies on the sarcosine oxidase

Abstract 1. 1. The sarcosine oxidase in rat liver preparations is rapidly inactivated at 37 °. The rate of inactivation resembles that of a first-order reaction. Evidence is presented that it is due to proteases present in the preparation. 2. 2. The dissociation constant of the enzyme-substrate complex has been computed, making allowance for enzyme inactivation. 3. 3. A series of amidines has been investigated. They inhibit oxidation of sarcosine noncompetitively. The dissociation constants of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes have been determined.
Dispersion and its relation to carbon nanotube concentration in polyimide nanocomposites

Abstract Characterization of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) dispersion in a polyimide matrix and its effect on nanocomposite mechanical properties is presented in this paper. CNT bundle aspect ratio, measured by voltage-contrast scanning electron microscopy, is determined to be the quantitative measurement of dispersion and is found to decrease with increase in nanotube concentration. The reduction of CNT bundle aspect ratio with concentration is shown to explain the less effective reinforcement observed in composites as CNT concentration is increased beyond the electrical percolation concentration. It is shown that increase in CNT concentration beyond percolation concentration does not yield proportional improvement in elastic modulus because CNT aspect ratio systematically decreases as concentration increases. A modified Cox micromechanical model that accounts for the actual nanotube bundle aspect ratio as a function of concentration, nanotube waviness and orientation is shown to predict the observed nanocomposite elastic modulus dependence upon concentration.
Multiplex Fabry-Perot interferometer

A new type of Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) which exploits the multiplex advantage is presented. The Multiplex Fabry-Perot Interferometer (MFPI) has one etalon plate that is fixed while the other is moved over a large optical distance thus producing an interferogram similar to that obtained with a Michelson Interferometer. The result is an instrument which has the ability to examine large spectral regions at high resolution using the inversion techniques normally applied to a Michelson Interferometer while retaining the small size of an FPI. The MFPI is a compact rugged high resolution instrument that will be useful for the remote sensing of minor species.
Pump/Probe Thermal Lens Spectroscopy with Polarization-Encoded Laser Beams

A new detection system for pump-and-probe thermal lens spectroscopy has been developed. Two orthogonally polarized beams derived from the same CW laser serve as pump and probe. The pump beam is chopped and recombined with the probe laser. A Glan prism located after the absorption cell separates pump-and-probe beams. The thermal lens is sensed as the probe beam overflows a limiting aperture and is processed through a lock-in amplifier. The thermal lens response is linear in analyte concentration. The system is applied to liquid chromatography detection. The noise level is about 4 microabsorbanee rms. Once aligned, the system remains in alignment indefinitely, since laser pointing instabilities cancel.
The influence of information redundancy upon the use of traits and persons as organizing categories

Abstract The following question is addressed: How do multiple, simultaneously present cognitive structures influence the representation and recall of social information? In an empirical study examining both free and cued recall, we found the variable information redundancy to influence both the organization and accuracy of subjects' recollections of trait-related behaviors. Redundancy was defined in terms of the degree of person/trait overlap in a social information ensemble. Some evidence indicated that this effect is attributable to an increase in the discriminability of the organizational structures during encoding. The implications of these findings for understanding the formation of integrated cognitive representations of individuals and the spontaneous use of traits in social information processing are discussed.
Reduced Pulmonary Artery Vasoconstriction to Methacholine in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits

Alterations in vascular tone are well documented in hypercholesterolemia, yet little is known about the role of dietary cholesterol in endothelium-dependent contractions of pulmonary arteries. Methacholine and arachidonic acid cause endothelium-dependent contractions in normal rabbit pulmonary artery that are mediated by thromboxane A2. We tested the effect of these agonists on pulmonary arteries from rabbits fed standard rabbit chow or chow supplemented with 2% cholesterol for 2 weeks. Arachidonic acid-induced contractions did not differ in the groups. However, methacholine-induced contractions were significantly depressed in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Vascular thromboxane A2 production was similar in normal and cholesterol-fed rabbits. Pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine had no effect on contractions observed with methacholine in normal rabbits but enhanced methacholine-induced contractions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. In norepinephrine-precontracted vessels, methacholine caused a small relaxation response in normal rabbits. In contrast, in cholesterol-fed rabbits, methacholine produced enhanced relaxations, suggesting that cholesterol feeding augments relaxations and decreases contractions by increasing nitric oxide. However, nitric oxide synthase activity in pulmonary arteries from cholesterol-fed and normal rabbits was not different between the two groups. In an additional experiment, the calcium-dependent potassium channel blocker charybdotoxin had little effect on methacholine-induced contractions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. In summary, the present study demonstrates that hypercholesterolemia alters pulmonary artery vascular contractions and relaxations to methacholine. This effect is not mediated by a decreased production of thromboxane A2 or by an increased production of nitric oxide. Although the mechanisms mediating the altered vascular responses is still unknown, the results from this study clearly indicate that the regulation of vascular tone is different in normal and hypercholesterolemic vessels.
Effect of Lactic Starter Culture on Pink Discoloration and Oxidation-Reduction Potential in Italian Cheese,

Abstract Fifteen cultures of high-temperature streptococci and lactobacilli were evaluated for their effects on development of pink discoloration in Romano cheese. Certain strains of lactobacilli used as starter cultures were found to be consistently associated with appearance of the discoloration, whereas other strains, and strains of Streptococcus thermophilus , never caused the defect. Using a combination of S. thermophilus together with defect-producing Lactobacillus strains resulted in a delayed appearance of discoloration. Cheese made with cultures associated with the discoloration always had a higher oxidation-reduction potential, as indicated by neutral red indicator, 48 hr after manufacturing. Cheese made with cultures not associated with the defect had a lower oxidation-reduction potential at this stage of curing. Development of pink discoloration was accelerated by higher curing temperatures and appeared to be enhanced by penetration of oxygen into the cheese but not by absorption of sodium chloride by the cheese.
Estimates of shape by eye, or, The little invariant that could

Five experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that observers apprehend specific constancies under change in perspective. The constancies were projective properties of ellipses pictured to slant and tilt in depth. Observers were asked to reproduce the static upright view of a moving pair of ellipses, using a computer graphics display and interface. Projective invariants for pairs of conics were computed on the observers' productions. A few experimental conditions revealed near-perfect performance. When pairs of coplanar ellipses were viewed under dynamic transformation in perspective, then invariants calculated on the observers' productions were a match--in value on average--to the invariants of the transforming ellipse pairs. It is proposed that measures of projective properties afford a family of techniques that can be applied to gauge acuity for complex shapes in the study of visual form perception.
On Using Kriging Models for Complex Design

The design of most modern systems requires the tight integration of multiple disciplines. In practice, these multiple disciplines are often optimized independently, given only fixed values or targets for their interactions with other disciplines. The result is a system that may not represent the optimal system-level design. It may also not be a robust design in the sense that small changes in each subsystem’s performance may have a large impact on the system-level performance. The use of kriging models to represent the response surfaces of subsystems that are then combined to estimate system-level performance can be used as a method to provide collaboration between design teams. The difficulty with this method is the creation of the models given potentially large number of dimensions or observations. This paper presents a method to reduce the dimensionality of the input space for kriging models used for designing of complex systems. The input dimensionality of the kriging model is reduced to only includes the most important factors needed for the prediction of the observed output. A result of using these reduced dimensionality models is the need to no longer force interpolation of all of the observations used to create the models.Copyright © 2011 by ASME