cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The temperature dependence of the point of zero charge of γ-Al2O3, TiO2, and physical mixtures

The temperature dependence of the point of zero change (pzc) of {gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, TiO{sub 2}, and a physical mixture derived from these oxides has been determined. The pzc of these oxides increases with increasing temperature. The heat and entropy changes associated with the hydrolysis reactions for the individual oxides have been determined and the pzc of the physical mixture at different temperatures is predictable on the basis of a simple model. In this model, the pzc of the physical mixture is considered to be the sum of the surface area weighted values for each of the pure oxides (at that temperature). Agreement between experimentally observed quantities and predicted values is found to be satisfactory. 16 refs.
Effects of propofol on blood serum concentration of myocardial CTn-I and expression of c-fos gene in rat after severe burn

Objective To study the effects of propofol on rat myocardial CTn-I and expression of c-fos gene in rat after severe burning injury.Methods Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into control group,(NS infusion) and propofol groups(propofol was infused after severe burning,interval-infusion and lasting-infusion).Total cellular RNA was isolated at 30,60,360,720min after burn.Optical density(OD)value and myocardial CTn-I was measured.Results OD values decreased more in propofol lasting-infusion group than that in control group and interval-infusion group,and myocardial CTn-I decreased significently(P0.01).Conclusion Propofol may significantly decrease the leveal of blood serum concentration of myocardial CTn-I and inhibit the expression of c-fos gene.In the molecular modulation,propofol may protect rat myocardium after severe burning injury.
Exploration of the Factor Structure of ADHD in Adolescence through Self, Parent, and Teacher Reports of Symptomatology

Factor analytic studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults have shown that second-order and bifactor models better represent ADHD symptoms than two- or three-factor models, yet there is far less evidence for a bestfitting model of ADHD in adolescence. Thus, the current study examined the factor structure of ADHD in adolescence and further evaluated the external validity of the best fitting model. Participants were 588 adolescents (22 % female; 366 with a childhood ADHD diagnosis; mean age 15.9 years) from the 8-year assessment of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). ADHD symptoms were assessed via adolescent self-report, parent report, and teacher report on the SNAP-IV scale. Potential factor structures for the 18 symptoms of ADHD were tested for each informant, which included traditional one-factor, two-factor, and three-factor models of ADHD, as well as second-order factor (specific factors loading onto general factor) and bifactor (items loading onto both specific and general factors) models. Unique associations between external criteria and the identified factors of each informant's best fitting model were examined. Although several of the proposed models exhibited good fit, the second-order two-factor model best accounted for ADHD in adolescence according to self-report and parent report, and the second-order three-factor model was optimal according to teacher report. Several key measurement issues emerged for the hierarchical bifactor models, such as numerous Heywood cases and out-of-bound parameter estimates, which rendered them unfit as optimal representations of ADHD in adolescence. These findings and the implications of the best fitting model of ADHD in adolescence suggest that a possible reorganization of this disorder may eventually aid clinicians in the accurate diagnosis of ADHD in adolescents.
The Necessity of Social Philosophy

Due to the way academic disciplines are structured, many important normative social questions are not discussed with the scholarly rigor that they deserve. While moral questions concerning individual ethics and state policymaking have developed an extensive philosophical literature, moral questions about social life more broadly (such as those that arise in schools, families, workplaces, and communities) are frequently left untouched by those who study these domains empirically. This may partly be due to the commitment of social scientists to a position of neutrality on moral questions. Social science has attempted to remain agnostic on what people ought to do, preferring to analyze what they do in fact do. However, as critics of social science have pointed out, moral assumptions pervade sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics. The “scientific” mindset has not produced a value-free approach to studying social questions. Instead, it has simply forced the normative beliefs underlying empirical research to go undiscussed. It has also meant that “ought” questions, which are extensively treated in policy, business, and ethics literature, are addressed tacitly, but unsystematically and often incoherently. Yet just as political philosophy and ethics are important for developing clear frameworks for deliberation about how states and individuals should act, “social philosophy” can help in both developing useful concepts to guide social organization.By conceiving of social philosophy as an important complement to social science, scholars can solve several problems. First, by moving values discussions to their own realm, they address the perennially disquieting problem of how to produce socially relevant knowledge without sacrificing a commitment to empirical neutrality. Second, by subjecting the values underlying social science to systematic scrutiny, scholars will ensure that unexamined political ideologies do not pervade social scientific disciplines. Finally, by paying attention to the role of “ought” questions in social inquiry, scholars can offer important new contributions to real-world social decision-making.Social philosophy is not only useful, it is unavoidable, and ignoring it will undermine both the intellectual credibility and practical relevance of the social sciences.
Performance of the falling snow retrieval algorithms for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission

Retrievals of falling snow from space represent an important data set for understanding the Earth's atmospheric, hydrological, and energy cycles, especially during climate change. Estimates of falling snow must be captured to obtain the true global precipitation water cycle, snowfall accumulations are required for hydrological studies, and without knowledge of the frozen particles in clouds one cannot adequately understand the energy and radiation budgets. While satellite-based remote sensing provides global coverage of falling snow events, the science is relatively new and retrievals are still undergoing development with challenges remaining (e.g., [1], [2], [3]). This work reports on the development and testing of retrieval algorithms for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Core Satellite [4–5], launched February 2014.
Boron “Doped” Polyacetylenes

We report the synthesis and characterization of a novel series of main-chain boron-containing conjugated polymers (CPs), boron “doped” polyacetylenes (BPAs), which represent the first examples of main-chain boron-containing CPs without aromatic moieties within the polymer backbone, potentially enhancing electronic delocalization along the main-chain. These polymers are characterized by NMR, absorption and emission spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, theoretical calculation, and fluoride titration experiments, providing detailed understanding of the effects from different cross-conjugated side-chains on the physical and electronic properties of this new class of boron-containing polymers.
Effect of Polysorbate 20 and Polysorbate 80 on the Higher-Order Structure of a Monoclonal Antibody and Its Fab and Fc Fragments Probed Using 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

We examined how polysorbate 20 (PS20; Tween 20) and polysorbate 80 (PS80; Tween 80) affect the higher-order structure of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and its antigen-binding (Fab) and crystallizable (Fc) fragments, using near-UV circular dichroism and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Both polysorbates bind to the mAb with submillimolar affinity. Binding causes significant changes in the tertiary structure of mAb with no changes in its secondary structure. 2D 13C-1H methyl NMR indicates that with increasing concentration of polysorbates, the Fab region showed a decrease in crosspeak volumes. In addition to volume changes, PS20 caused significant changes in the chemical shifts compared to no changes in the case of PS80. No such changes in crosspeak volumes or chemical shifts were observed in the case of Fc region, indicating that polysorbates predominantly affect the Fab region compared to the Fc region. This differential effect of polysorbates on the Fab and Fc regions was because of the lesser thermodynamic stability of the Fab compared to the Fc. These results further indicate that PS80 is the preferred polysorbate for this mAb formulation, because it offers higher protection against aggregation, causes lesser structural perturbation, and has weaker binding affinity with fewer binding sites compared to PS20.
Smyd1C Mediates CD8 T Cell Death via Regulation of Bcl2-Mediated Restriction of outer Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity.

The SET and Mynd domain 1 (Smyd1) locus encodes three tissue-restricted isoforms. Two previously characterized isoforms, Smyd1A and Smyd1B, are heart and skeletal muscle-restricted histone methyl transferases. Here we report that a third, non-catalytic isoform, Smyd1C, is expressed predominantly in activated CD8 T cells. While Smyd1C - deficient CD8 T cells undergo activation-induced apoptosis, neither of two classical mechanisms activation-induced cell death nor activated cell autonomous death are utilized. Instead, Smyd1C accumulates within both mitochondria and the immunological synapse where it associates with Bcl-2, FK506-Binding Protein 8/38 (FKBP38) and Calcineurin. This complex maintains Bcl-2 phosphorylation, enhanced mitochondrial localization, and restricted apoptosis of activated CD8 T cells. We suggest that CD8 T cell death is governed, in part, by Smyd1C regulation of Bcl2-mediated restriction of outer mitochondrial membrane integrity.
Risky sexual behavior: the indirect effects between parent–child relationship quality and quality of life in emerging adults

Parent–child relationship quality is an important factor when examining adolescent’s risk for problem behaviors. For this reason, many researchers have explored the impacts of parent–child relationship quality on adolescent and child behavior, yet the parent–child relationship has lasting consequences into adulthood. The current study examined the mediating role of risky sexual behavior (as measured by the Youth Risk Behavior Survey) on the relationship between parent–child relationship quality (as measured by the Parental Environment Questionnaire) and quality of life (as measured by the World Health Organizations Quality of Life Questionnaire) beyond adolescence, during emerging adulthood. The additional moderating effects of gender were examined. Participants consisted of 507 undergraduate students (173 males, 334 females) recruited from a large university in the Southern United States between 18 and 25 years of age. Parent–child relationship quality was positively related to quality of life among both males and females. The indirect pathway from parent–child relationship quality to quality of life, through risky sexual behavior, was significant in females but not in males. Results suggest that the parent–child relationship, specifically for females, may be a target for intervention in the prevention of risky sexual behavior in Emerging Adulthood. Further results, implications, and limitations were discussed.
Applications of Magnetostatics

This chapter we shall devote entirely to applications of the Biot–Savart Law and the solution of Poisson’s Equation for the vector potential. All that we will do here depends entirely on the results of the preceding chapter in which we developed the basic theory of magnetostatic fields. We have chosen to separate this chapter from the theoretical development primarily to keep the chapter lengths reasonable. We hope that this will benefit the reader.
Pharmacokinetics of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a 30.4 kDa glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to tissue hypoxia, which stimulates red blood cell production. To regulate erythrocyte production, recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) activates the EPO receptor (EPOR) and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of erythrocytic progenitors in the bone marrow, leading to reticulocytosis and increased erythrocyte numbers and hemoglobin concentration in the blood. Epoetin alfa, the first commercial form of rHuEPO marketed in the United States of America (USA) and European Union (EU), and epoetin beta marketed outside the USA are both expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Both epoetins have a 165-amino acid sequence identical to human urinary EPO, contain three sialic acid-containing N-linked and one O-linked carbohydrate chains [1] leading to the same biologic effects as endogenous EPO [2, 3, 4]. No important differences in clinical efficacy are apparent between epoetin alfa and epoetin beta, and they are generally used interchangeably [5]. Darbepoetin alfa is a hyperglycosylated rHuEPO analog with five amino acid changes and two additional N-linked carbohydrate chains, which has the same mechanism of action as rHuEPO. Darbepoetin alfa, however, has a three-fold increased serum half-life [6, 7, 8], and increased in vivo potency [9], allowing for more convenient modes of administration, including extended dosing intervals [10, 11].
ReRise: An Adversarial Example Restoration System for Neuromorphic Computing Security

While the Deep Neural Network (DNN) has achieved remarkable success in advanced intelligent applications, the security issue becomes a significant concern due to the emerged adversarial attacks. State-of-the-art defense against adversarial attacks involves adversarial example detection via multi-model cross verification, followed by adversarial example filtration. Although this has proven effective, the high computational overhead and considerable input data loss make this solution unsuitable for use. To overcome the above drawbacks, we propose a novel adversarial example restoration system to restore the adversarially perturbed input to its original state. It includes a restoration network based on a residual learning and a hardware implementation by leveraging neuromorphic technique to achieve an effective and efficient defense. Our proposed restoration system demonstrates a high restoration rate that outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by ~40% with high image quality. The restoration system can be easily integrated into the existing neuromorphic computing systems. With a parallel structure reuse strategy, our restoration system has very slight computation overhead of 2.51% in area, 12.85% in speed, and 4.21% in energy.
Volitional change in antagonism

Abstract Most people want to change their personalities. Moreover, an emerging body of research suggests that they may be able to attain some degree of success in doing so—and in the process, they may be able to improve their well-being. This chapter overviews theory and findings from the volitional change literature, with a special focus on people's desires and attempts to increase in agreeableness/decrease in antagonism.
A Compact V -Band Upconversion Mixer With −1.4-dBm OP1dB in SiGe HBT Technology

This letter presents a compact and linear V-band upconverting double-balanced Gilbert cell mixer implemented in a $0.13-\,\mu \text{m}$ SiGe BiCMOS technology. The detailed design procedure for the on-chip transformer baluns is provided, which enables the compact implementation. The mixer occupies an area of $365\,\,\mu \text{m}\,\,\times 400\,\,\mu \text{m}$ with pads and $175\,\,\mu \text{m}\,\,\times 300\,\,\mu \text{m}$ without pads, consuming 52 mW from a 2.5-V power supply. The mixer achieves an OP1dB of −1.4 dBm at 60-GHz radio frequency, intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of 0.5–8.5 GHz on both sidebands, a maximum conversion gain of 13.4 dB, and a 3-dB bandwidth of 50 to above 67 GHz. The performance of the proposed mixer outperforms other state-of-the-art V-band mixers in terms of chip area, IF bandwidth, and linearity.
The crime of international terrorism

Introduction The split and coloration of terrorist practices made manufacturer and established entities of terrorism in terms of money and arms and experts and logistical support they claim that they are anti- terrorist operations which their organizations founded of terrorism where claims they are struggling against it and then should be eliminated on in addition states and groups whom are the victim of terrorist operation have right to disapproval terrorist actions and work and struggle in order to eliminate it. Whoever mixing of trot resin papers led by countries which have sold long in order to eliminate it. Whoever mixing of trot resin papers led by countries which have sold long in the industry of terrorism which is known to the Arab and Muslim states and other countries peace-loving. That acts of terrorist considers crimes and practices of illegal and illegitimated.
The elevated systemic cytokine levels in HIV patients are not associated with an elevated pulmonary cytokine environment.

Abstract Background HIV-positive patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) are at higher risk of developing many non-AIDS related chronic diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), compared to HIV-negative individuals. While the mechanisms are not clear, a persistent pro-inflammatory state appears to be a key contributing factor. The aims of this study were to investigate whether HIV-positive patients without COPD present evidence of potentially predisposing abnormal pulmonary cytokine/chemokine environment and to explore the relationship between pulmonary and systemic cytokine levels. Methods This study included 39 HIV-seropositive and 34 HIV-seronegative subjects without COPD. All were subjected to outpatient bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) aspiration and blood sample collection. The levels of 21 cytokines and chemokines were measured in plasma and BALF using a bead-based multi-analyte assay. Results In plasma, HIV-infected patients showed significantly increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory (TNFα) and Th1-associated cytokines (IL-12p70) as well as several chemokines (CXCL11 and CX3CL1). However, no statistically significant differences were found in the numbers of cells, the concentrations of protein and urea as well as cytokine levels in the BALFs of HIV-positive patients when compared to controls. Correlation analysis indicated a potential modulatory effect of the BMI in HIV-seropositive individuals. Conclusions While our results are consistent with the existence of a systemic pro-inflammatory state in HIV-infected patients, they did not detect significant differences in cytokine levels and other inflammatory markers in the lungs of HIV-positive individuals when compared to HIV-negative controls.
Applying the Rasch Rating Scale Method to Questionnaire Data

This chapter provides an introduction to the Rasch rating scale model (RSM) and provides a primer of how to use the methodology when analyzing questionnaires. The work includes a discussion of best practices for using the RSM, how to evaluate item and person fit, and how to use the information to build a psychometrically sound scale. An applied example is provided to assist researchers with their decision making.
An Investigation of Cumulative Damage Development in Quasi-Isotropic Graphite/Epoxy Laminates

Results of an experimental investigation of cumulative damage development in two unnotched quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy laminates subjected to quasi-static tension and tension-tension fatigue are presented. Damage development in the form of transverse cracking in all off-axis laminae, longitudinal cracking, and delamination was monitored via the surface replication technique. Results of the study include a detailed description of the chronology of damage development prior to failure. Evidence also is presented in support of a damage model based on the concept of a characteristic damage state.
Variations in ambient and elevated temperature mechanical behavior of IN718 manufactured by selective laser melting via process parameter control

Abstract The present study considers the effects of process parameters on the microstructural development and mechanical properties of SLM Inconel 718. A continuous scanning strategy was used in conjunction with changes in laser spot size to emphasize texture development in the samples; it was found that aligned laser scan vectors (continuous scans) enhanced the crystallographic and morphological texture that forms during solidification when compared to multi-directional scan vectors (island scans). Although room temperature tensile testing did not exhibit variation in material properties, creep rupture testing showed a significant difference in ductility and time to failure. As texture and preferred crystallographic orientation were increased parallel to the loading direction, an increase of 51% in creep elongation was observed for the continuous scanning strategy. This behavior is linked to differences in damage accumulation mechanisms in the microstructure based on grain boundary orientation and precipitation. Furthermore, comparison of the mechanical behavior of SLM and wrought materials showed that wrought had ~10% greater tensile yield strength at room temperature, while in creep rupture the increase in elongation was as high as 640%. The primary difference between SLM and wrought material contributing to this discrepancy was the difference in NbC distribution. Although small differences in mechanical behavior can be induced in SLM material through process parameter variation, the separation in properties when compared to a wrought product are more significant.
Comprehensive functional annotation of susceptibility variants associated with asthma

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of primarily non-coding disease-susceptibility variants that further need functional interpretation to prioritize and discriminate the disease-relevant variants. We present a comprehensive genome-wide non-coding variant prioritization scheme followed by validation using Pyrosequencing and TaqMan assays in asthma. We implemented a composite Functional Annotation Score (cFAS) to investigate over 32,000 variants consisting of 1525 GWAS-lead asthma-susceptibility variants and their LD proxies (r2 ≥ 0.80). Functional annotation pipeline in cFAS revealed 274 variants with significant score at 1% false discovery rate. This study implicates a novel locus 4p16 (SLC26A1) with eQTL variant (rs11936407) and known loci in 17q12-21 and 5q22 which encode ORM1-like protein 3 (ORMDL3, rs406527, and rs12936231) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP, rs3806932 and rs10073816) epithelial gene, respectively. Follow-up validation analysis through pyrosequencing of CpG sites in and nearby rs4065275 and rs11936407 showed genotype-dependent hypomethylation on asthma cases compared with healthy controls. Prioritized variants are enriched for asthma-specific histone modification associated with active chromatin (H3K4me1 and H3K27ac) in T cells, B cells, lung, and immune-related interferon gamma signaling pathways. Our findings, together with those from prior studies, suggest that SNPs can affect asthma by regulating enhancer activity, and our comprehensive bioinformatics and functional analysis could lead to biological insights into asthma pathogenesis. Graphic abstract
How to Win a WTO Dispute Based on Non-WTO Law? Questions of Jurisdiction and Merits

It has become standard practice for WTO panels and the Appellate Body to use non-WTO law when interpreting the meaning of terms in the WTO agreement. Such interpretation can, for example, lead to broader GATT exceptions, as in US — Shrimp, where the Appellate Body interpreted the words ‘exhaustible natural resources’ in GATT Article XX(g) with reference to certain environmental treaties.1 It may also narrow the scope of GATT rules or exceptions, as shown in the ICJ Case Concerning Oil Platforms, where a treaty provision similar to GATT Article XXI(b)(iii) on essential security interests was interpreted restrictively with reference to rules of general international law prohibiting the use of force.2 In addition to treaty interpretation, non-WTO law is commonly referred to also to fill largely procedural gaps in the WTO agreement: the WTO agreement is silent on questions such as burden of proof, standing, representation before panels, the retroactive application of treaties or error in treaty formation; as a result, reference has been made to rules of general international law addressing those questions, essentially custom or general principles of law binding on all states.3 As important as those two processes of reference to non-WTO law may be, it is unlikely that they determine the substantive outcome of a WTO dispute: the process of treaty interpretation stops there where the words in the relevant WTO provision are unambiguously clear (interpretation contra legem is prohibited); applying the largely procedural rules of general international law may eventually decide a case, but hardly influences its substantive merits.
Medical Student Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Initial Experiences Implementing a Virtual Interventional Radiology Elective Course.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic reducing medical student presence on clinical services and in classrooms, academic institutions are utilizing a virtual format to continue medical student education. We describe a successful initial experience implementing a virtual elective in interventional radiology (IR) and provide the course framework, student feedback, and potential improvements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 2-week virtual IR elective curriculum was created utilizing a combination of synchronous and asynchronous learning and the "flipped" classroom educational model. Students virtually participated in daily IR resident education conferences, resident-led case review sessions, and dedicated lectures. Asynchronous prelearning material consisted of text and video correlating to lecture topics. Anonymous precourse and postcourse surveys were sent to all participating students (nâ¯=â¯10). RESULTS: Ten students (100%) completed precourse and seven (70%) completed postcourse surveys. Enrolled students were considering residencies in surgery (50%), internal medicine (40%), interventional radiology (30%), and/or diagnostic radiology (30%). Students' understanding of what IRs do and the procedures they perform (p < 0.001), when to consult IR for assistance in patient management (pâ¯=â¯0.005), and the number of IR procedures students could recall (pâ¯=â¯0.015) improved after the course. Case-review sessions and virtual lectures ranked as having the highest education value. Students recommended additional small-group case workshops. CONCLUSION: This successful virtual IR elective provides a framework for others to continue IR medical student education during the pandemic and grow the specialty's presence within an increasingly virtual medical school curriculum. The described model may be modified to improve IR education beyond the COVID-19 era.
Stability of Protein Structure during Nanocarrier Encapsulation: Insights on Solvent Effects from Simulations and Spectroscopic Analysis

The dosing of peptide and protein therapeutics is complicated by rapid clearance from the blood pool and poor cellular membrane permeability. Encapsulation into nanocarriers such as liposomes or polymersomes has long been explored to overcome these limitations, but manufacturing challenges have limited clinical translation by these approaches. Recently, inverse Flash NanoPrecipitation (iFNP) has been developed to produce highly loaded polymeric nanocarriers with the peptide or protein contained within a hydrophilic core, stabilized by a hydrophobic polymer shell. Encapsulation of proteins with higher-order structure requires understanding how processing may affect their conformational state. We demonstrate a combined experimental/simulation approach to characterize protein behavior during iFNP processing steps using the Trp-cage protein TC5b as a model. Explicit-solvent fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with enhanced sampling techniques are coupled with two-dimensional heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-HMQC NMR) and circular dichroism to determine the structure of TC5b during mixed-solvent exposure encountered in iFNP processing. The simulations involve atomistic models of mixed solvents and protein to capture the complexity of the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between water, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and the protein. The combined analyses reveal structural unfolding of the protein in 11 M DMSO but confirm complete refolding after release from the polymeric nanocarrier back into an aqueous phase. These results highlight the insights that simulations and NMR provide for the formulation of proteins in nanocarriers.
The Ombudsman: Research on Forecasting: A Quarter-Century Review, 1960--1984

Before 1960, little empirical research was done on forecasting methods. Since then, the literature has grown rapidly, especially in the area of judgmental forecasting. This research supports and adds to the forecasting guidelines proposed before 1960, such as the value of combining forecasts. New findings have led to significant gains in our ability to forecast and to help people to use forecasts.
Incidence of Fungal Infection in Positive Donor Rim Cultures after Corneal Transplantation

To determine the clinical outcomes of corneal transplant patients that had positive rim cultures for fungi. Retrospective study. Of 1276 rim cultures obtained between 2009 and 2019, 16 were positiv...
Spatial and temporal variation in the species diversity of coastal California fish eggs

Author(s): Choi, Emma S; Furtado, Laura E; Burton, Ronald S | Abstract: Ichthyoplankton studies can be used to assess the abundance, distribution, and reproductive activity of marine fishes, but few studies have monitored spawning activity at inshore sites. This study utilized weekly plankton sampling to construct a year-long time series of fish spawning at 6 pier sites along the California coast—Santa Cruz, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Monica, Newport Beach, and La Jolla; sampling at the La Jolla site continues ongoing monitoring initiated in 2012. Fish eggs were sorted from the collected plankton and identified to species level using DNA barcoding of the COI and 16S genes. While only one year of data has been collected from 5 of the sites, the 2 sites north of Point Conception show markedly reduced diversity compared to the southern sites. Although the species observed reflect the local environment of each site, this pattern of reduced diversity at the northern sites is consistent with the well-documented decline in species richness with latitude along the California coast. The 7-year time series from La Jolla has revealed that spawning activity varies greatly among years, both in terms of egg production and species diversity, with a continuing trend of highest egg numbers in years with colder average winter sea surface temperature.
What Associative Learning in Insects Tells Us about the Evolution of Learned and Fixed Behavior

Contemporary models for the evolution of learning suggest that environmental predictability plays a critical role in whether learning is expected to evolve in a particular species, a claim originally made over 50 years ago. However, amongst many behavioral scientists who study insect learning, as well as amongst neuroscientists who study the brain architecture of insects, a very different view is emerging, namely that all animals possessing a nervous system should be able to learn. More specifically, the capacity for associative learning may be an emergent property of nervous systems such that, whenever selection pressures favor the evolution of nervous systems, for whatever reason, the capacity for associative learning follows ipso facto. One way to reconcile these disparate views of learning is to suggest that the assumed default in these evolutionary models, namely the non-learning phenotype, is incorrect: The ability to learn is, in fact, the default but, under certain conditions, selection pressures can override that ability, resulting in hard-wired, or considerably less plastic, responses. Thus, models for the evolution of learning actually may be models for the conditions under which inherent plasticity is overridden. Moreover, what have been revealed as the costs of learning in insects may, instead, be costs associated with far more complex cognitive feats than simple associative learning – cognitive skills that researchers are just now beginning to reveal.
Home-Based Primary Care Program for Home-Limited Patients

Home-based care includes both short-term and long-term models, and serves the most vulnerable individuals in our society. This chapter reviews home-based primary care (HBPC). HBPC has evolved from an era when solo practitioners made episodic visits to patients at home; now teams of professionals deliver and coordinate longitudinal medical care of medically complex, frail individuals. These teams link with the broader system of long-term services and supports to enhance the effectiveness of those services to maintain individuals in the community. Some organizations like the Department of Veteran Affairs provide large, internally funded teams, while other core teams are leaner but link to many community services. Academic house call programs are a key resource in developing service models and training the future workforce. HBPC for sick patients is costly, so targeting to those at highest risk is crucial for cost-effectiveness. Recent reports indicate potential for annual overall health care cost savings of 15 % or more. Teams with close ties to community long-term support services have also substantially reduced long-term institutionalization and Medicaid expenses. Yet the nearly four million Medicare home visits billed in 2012 represent perhaps 20 % of the needed volume based on estimates of community population health, assuming that we provide truly evidence-based and patient-centered care. Funding the cement that holds these teams together is challenging under fee-for-service payment. New models linking service models and aligning funding based on value are appearing including the Independence at Home demonstration that uses a shared-savings model to extend HBPC to frail elders throughout the community.
Existence of equilibria with infinitely many commodities: Banach lattices reconsidered

Abstract The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first aim is to present an extension of the results on the existence of Walrasian equilibrium to the infinite dimensional setting. The result depends on two crucial assumptions. These are the compactness of the collection of feasible allocations and the non-emptiness of the interior of the production set. The proof is a direct generalization of Bewley's (1972) proof for the L∞ case. The second purpose of this paper is to show that the recent result of Mas-Colell (1986) on the existence of equilibrium for exchange economies on Banach lattices can be obtained through an argument based on the result outlined above. That is, exchange economies on Banach lattices with ‘uniformly proper’ preferences behave as though they were production economies in which the production sets have non-empty interior.
Purification and characterization of a third isoform of myosin I from Acanthamoeba castellanii

A third isoform of myosin I has been isolated from Acanthamoeba and designated myosin IC. Peptide maps and immunoassays indicate that myosin IC is not a modified form of myosin IA, IB, or II. However, myosin IC has most of the distinctive properties of a myosin I. It is a globular protein of native Mr approximately 162,000, apparently composed of a single 130-kDa heavy chain and a pair of 14-kDa light chains. It is soluble in MgATP at low ionic strength, conditions favoring filament assembly by myosin II. Myosin IC has high Ca2+- and (K+,EDTA)-ATPase activities. Its low Mg2+-ATPase activity is stimulated to a maximum rate of 20 s-1 by the addition of F-actin if its heavy chain has been phosphorylated by myosin I heavy chain kinase. The dependence of the Mg2+-ATPase activity of myosin IC on F-actin concentration is triphasic; and, at fixed concentrations of F-action, this activity increases cooperatively as the concentration of myosin IC is increased. These unusual kinetics were first demonstrated for myosins IA and IB and shown to be due to the presence of two actin-binding sites on each heavy chain which enable those myosins I to cross-link actin filaments. Myosin IC is also capable of cross-linking F-actin, which, together with the kinetics of its actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity, suggests that it, like myosins IA and IB, possesses two independent actin-binding domains.
A new global router for row-based layout

A global router for row-based layout styles such as sea-of-gates, gate-array, and standard cell circuits is discussed. It is part of the latest version of TimberWolfSC, a placement and routing package for row-based layout. The algorithm outperformed the UTMC Highland system on two standard benchmark circuits. In tests on ten circuits, the global router produced track counts which were an average of 27% lower than those of the previous TimberWolfSC global router. The router is an average of 30 times faster than the previous algorithm. It has been generalized to handle macro blocks on the chip, equivalent sets of pins, single pins (those without an equivalent), and circuits having many or no built-into-the-cell feeds. Indiscriminate over-the-cell routing is also handled. >
Pain Phenotypes and Associated Clinical Risk Factors Following Traumatic Amputation: Results from Veterans Integrated Pain Evaluation Research (VIPER).

Objective To define clinical phenotypes of postamputation pain and identify markers of risk for the development of chronic pain. Design Cross-sectional study of military service members enrolled 3-18 months after traumatic amputation injury. Setting Military Medical Center Subjects 124 recent active duty military service members Methods Study subjects completed multiple pain and psychometric questionnaires to assess the qualities of phantom and residual limb pain. Medical records were reviewed to determine the presence/absence of a regional catheter near the time of injury. Subtypes of residual limb pain (somatic, neuroma, and complex regional pain syndrome) were additionally analyzed and associated with clinical risk factors. Results A majority of enrolled patients (64.5%) reported clinically significant pain (pain score ≥3 averaged over previous week). 61% experienced residual limb pain and 58% experienced phantom pain. When analysis of pain subtypes was performed in those with residual limb pain, we found evidence of a sensitized neuroma in 48.7%, somatic pain in 40.8%, and complex regional pain syndrome in 19.7% of individuals. The presence of clinically significant neuropathic residual limb pain was associated with symptoms of PTSD and depression. Neuropathic pain of any severity was associated with symptoms of all four assessed clinical risk factors: depression, PTSD, catastrophizing, and the absence of regional analgesia catheter. Conclusions Most military service members in this cohort suffered both phantom and residual limb pain following amputation. Neuroma was a common cause of neuropathic pain in this group. Associated risk factors for significant neuropathic pain included PTSD and depression. PTSD, depression, catastrophizing, and the absence of a regional analgesia catheter were associated with neuropathic pain of any severity.
Performance evaluation of wind turbines

A relatively straightforward technique termed the method of bins has been developed that may be used in the determination of the average output characteristics of a particular wind turbine. The technique is applicable to any size or type wind turbine. The output power of a wind turbine as a function of wind speed is not an adequate measure of the power production of a wind turbine. However, the output power as a function of wind speed can be combined with either a knowledge or an estimate of the wind characteristics at a particular location to predict the annual power produced by the turbine. This approach of estimating the annual power production of a wind turbine in some assumed environment is a useful way of evaluating different machines or of evaluating the effects of locating a particular machine at different sites.
Provider Perspectives on Telepractice for Serving Families of Children Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.

Telepractice to deliver remote Part C early intervention (EI) services to families in their home is a rapidly-growing strategy under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to meet the needs of infants and toddlers who are deaf or hard of hearing. A survey was completed within a “learning community” comprised of staff from EI programs that were implementing telepractice to learn about their specific implementation strategies and challenges they faced. Twenty-seven individuals representing 11 programs responded. The results showed great variability in hardware and software, with many raising concerns regarding security. Primary challenges reported were internet connectivity and training in skills required to deliver telepractice services. The findings from this survey were valuable in guiding future areas of investigation for the learning community and ultimately improving telepractice in the field.
Adherence to Physicians' Instructions as a Factor in Managing Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Adherence to physicians' instructions, including taking medications as prescribed, is essential for the proper treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and the prevention of rheumatic fever. Nonadherence can be in many forms, including failure to have prescriptions filled, omission of doses, errors in dosing or administration time, and premature discontinuation of medication. Adherence is dependent on the physician, the patient, the illness, and the medication. Proper communication by the physician and prescribing inexpensive medications that can be taken once or twice daily are simple, yet important actions that improve adherence.
A novel statistical spring-bead based network model for self-sensing smart polymer materials

This paper presents a multiscale modeling approach to simulating the self-sensing behavior of a load sensitive smart polymer material. A statistical spring-bead based network model is developed to bridge the molecular dynamics simulations at the nanoscale and the finite element model at the macroscale. Parametric studies are conducted on the developed network model to investigate the effects of the thermoset crosslinking degree on the mechanical response of the self-sensing material. A comparison between experimental and simulation results shows that the multiscale framework is able to capture the global mechanical response with adequate accuracy and the network model is also capable of simulating the self-sensing phenomenon of the smart polymer. Finally, the molecular dynamics simulation and network model based simulation are implemented to evaluate damage initiation in the self-sensing material under monotonic loading.
Novel Nanoparticulate Magnetic Materials and Structures

The article deals with free and embedded magnetic nanoparticles and with related magnetic structures, such as nanotubes and particulate thin films. The structures are relevant to modern technology, especially magnetic recording, where they have high potential for ultrahigh recording densities. After an introduction to magnetic recording, the focus is on relatively new preparation methods such as cluster deposition of magnetic metallic particles and synthesis in porous templates. The particles, tubes, and wires have dimensions between 1 nm and several 100 nm and exhibit a broad range of structural and magnetic properties. Present-day recording media are longitudinal but soon there will be a transition to perpendicular recording media using very small grains for noise considerations and highly anisotropic materials to ensure thermal stability of the stored information. The considered materials range from transition-metal elements and oxides, such as Fe, Co, and magnetite, to tetragonal FePt and rare-earth transition-metal (RE-TM) alloys. Keywords: cluster deposition; coercivity; electrodeposition; magnetic recording; magnetic thin films; nanotubes; nanowires; thermal stability
Implementing and assessing an onsite bilingual educational program for Hispanic nursery workers in Ohio.

OSU Cares Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association OSU Department of Horticulture and Crop Science
On Sampling, Evidence and Theory: Concluding Remarks on the Distancing Debate

This paper is a summary and discussion of articles contributed to Contemporary Jewry's special issue (vol 30, issues 2/3) on trends in American Jewish attachment to Israel.
A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny

We report here on the results of a new cladistic analysis of early hominid relationships. Ingroup taxa includedAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusAustralopithecus aethiopicusAustralopithecus robustusAustralopithecus boiseiHomo habilisHomo rudolfensisHomo ergasterandHomo sapiensOutgroup taxa includedPan troglodytesandGorilla gorillaSixty craniodental characters were selected for analysis. These were drawn from the trait lists of other studies and our own observations. Eight parsimony analyses were performed that differed with respect to the number of characters examined and the manner in which the characters were treated. Seven employed ordered characters, and included analyses in which (1) taxa that were variable with respect to a character were coded as having an intermediate state, (2) characters with variable states in any taxon were excluded; (3) a variable taxon was coded as having the state exhibited by the majority of its hypodigm, (4) variable taxa were coded as missing data for that character, (5) some characters were considered irreversible, (6) masticatory characters were excluded, and (7) characters whose states were unknown in some taxa were excluded. In the final analysis, (8) all characters were unordered. All analyses were performed using PAUP 3.0s. Despite the fact that the eight analyses differed with respect to methodology, they produced several consistent results. All agreed that the “robust” australo-pithecines form a clade,A. afarensisis the sister taxon of all other hominids, and the genusAustralopithecusas conventionally defined, is paraphyletic. All eight also supported trees in whichA. africanusis the sister taxon of a jointHomo+ “robust” clade, although in one analysis an equally parsimonious topology foundA. africanusto be the sister of the “robust” species. In most analyses, the relationships ofA. africanusandH. habiliswere unstable, in the sense that their positions vary in trees that are marginally less parsimonious than the favored one. Trees in which “robust” australopithecines are paraphyletic were found to be extremely unparsimonious.