cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of total phenols in bio-oil using the Folin-Ciocalteu method.

Abstract Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of biomass contains phenolics derived from the lignin portion of the biomass. Traditional testing for total phenolics in bio-oil is based on either a rough estimate of the weight percent water-insolubles in bio-oil or on tedious liquid–liquid extraction methods. We have evaluated the Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) colorimetry method used for quantifying total phenols in wine to determine total phenols in bio-oil. This method, based on the oxidation of phenolic compounds by the FC reagent, is fast and easy to perform. This study evaluated its accuracy relative to interferents by the use of positive and negative controls. Positive controls included phenol, 4-methylphenol, 3-ethylphenol, guaiacol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and eugenol. The negative controls included sugars, furfural, and acids. Potential interferents with the quantification of total phenols by the FC method was calculated for all positive and negative controls by using data obtained when adding the contributor (positive controls) and the interferent (negative controls) into bio-oil using typical concentrations found in bio-oil. The positive and several of the negative controls produced strongly correlated linear relationships between the indicated phenolic content of the bio-oil and the amount of contributor or interferent added. However, the slopes of these relationships for the negative controls were much smaller than those for the positive controls, indicating that the error in the prediction of phenolic content was small even for large concentrations of interferent compounds. For typical concentrations of non-phenolic compounds in bio-oil, the error in predicted phenolic content as a result of their presence was ≤5.8%. Total phenolic content in bio-oil detected by the FC method was comparable to the quantity of total phenolics obtained by liquid–liquid extraction. All results fell within the margin of error and the uncertainty of the measurement by the FC method indicating there was no significant difference in the results between the two methods. The FC method uncertainty of measurement was ±1.1% at the 95% confidence level.
Inclusion of spin-orbit coupling into tight binding bandstructure calculations for bulk and superlattice semiconductors

Abstract Recent interest in superlattice based semiconductor devices has led to the need for the ability to make accurate superlattice bandstructure calculations. The tight binding model formalism has already been applied to this problem. In this paper, a technique is presented for the inclusion of spin-orbit coupling into the tight binding formalism. The most attractive feature of the technique presented is that it does not increase the size of the basis which may already be very large for superlattices. This allows a more accurate calculation of the superlattice bandstructure at no additional cost.
Weir Mitchell's 1859 demonstration of "a peculiar contraction" produced by a percussion hammer.

Background: The 1875 publications of Erb and Westphal brought widespread attention to the percussion of muscle stretch reflexes. Although the maneuver may have been observed before 1875, there is little concrete evidence of this. Objectives: To bring to light an early report of percussion eliciting the muscle stretch response. Methods: While studying the Weir Mitchell papers (Philadelphia College of Physicians), the author came across an early report of the maneuver. Results: The 531-word 1859 report, published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia , was written by a pro tem reporter who observed Mitchell9s demonstration of the phenomenon. The other attendees, including Dr. William Hammond, were so well aware of the phenomena that Dr. Mitchell “did not consider it necessary to describe them more fully.” Mitchell viewed the response as muscular in nature and the relationship between this response and disease was not explored in the report. Conclusions: This 1859 report preceded the Erb and Westphal publications by nearly two decades. It is perhaps the first concrete proof that neurologists were observing this phenomenon as early as the mid-1800s. Mitchell viewed the phenomenon as a local muscle response. While the concepts that later allowed Erb to correctly interpret the phenomenon as a reflex arc were already in place, Mitchell did not synthesize these concepts.
Binding of 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin and Its Major Metabolite to Human and Rat Plasma Proteins

Equilibrium dialysis was used to determine the degree of plasma protein binding of both 5,5-diphenylhydantoin and its major metabolite, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, in man and in the rat. Binding studies show that diphenylhydantoin is extensively bound to human and rat plasma proteins and that the amount of diphenylhydantoin bound per gram protein, at equivalent free diphenylhydantoin concentrations, is greater in human plasma than in rat plasma. Since the rat has higher ( ≈ 1.6-fold) free diphenylhydantoin levels at equivalent total plasma drug levels, correlation of free diphenylhydantoin levels in these species with the in vivo incidence of drug-induced gingival hyperplasia was not possible. Dialysis studies show that the para-hydroxy metabolite is strongly plasma protein bound and that the amount of metabolite bound per gram protein, at equivalent free metabolite concentrations, is greater in rat plasma than in human plasma. Since a given total metabolite plasma concentration results in higher ( ≈ 1.4-fold) free levels in human plasma than in rat plasma, differences in plasma protein binding of the metabolite between these species in vivo may contribute to an explanation for the species selectivity of diphenylhydantoin-induced gingival hyperplasia.
Silvanols: Water-soluble calixarenes

Abstract The synthesis of calixarenes possessing a water-solubilizing arborol surface on the upper rim is reported. The “cone” isomer for calix[4]arene 5a is confirmed by X-ray crystal data.
Flexural Wave Propagation in a Fluid-Loaded Elastic Plate With Periodically Varying Rigidity

The method of multiple scales is utilized to analyze the propagation of flexural waves in a fluid-loaded elastic plate with periodically varying rigidity. Subsonic modes are coupled under a Bragg condition imposed by the parametric periodicity, leading to a strong stopband interaction. This interaction is analytically described by two coupled-mode equations. The results might be utilized to avoid the undesirable acoustic radiation occurring when subsonic waves encounter a discontinuity.
OrthCredential: A New Network Capability Design for High-Performance Access Control

Network architectures for the future Internet envision a variety of novel network services for transmitting, processing, and storaging of data. These network services may involve costly resources that need to be allocated by a service provider. Thus, an important problem is to limit access to authorized users (e.g., Those who have paid for a particular network service). In addition, these resources need to be protected from denial-of-service attacks or attempts to circumvent this access control. Most existing authentication approaches are based on cryptographic techniques. However, the high computational cost of cryptographic operations makes these techniques unsuitable for the data plane of the network, where potentially every packet needs to be checked at Gigabit per second link rates. In this paper, we describe a novel design for data plane capabilities, called OrthCredential, that solves this problem. The main idea is to use a set of orthogonal sequences as credentials that can be verified easily to protect the data plane against various attacks. These orthogonal sequences can be constructed by a Hadamard transform. Our evaluation of a prototype implementation shows that 64-bit credentials only require less than 300 processor cycles for verification, much less than existing access control schemes such as HMAC. And it provides reasonable security properties (e.g., Less than 10 -- 8 probability of successful attack).
Vertical distribution of particulate manganese and iron in the Beppu Bay

Around the thermocline, difference in the depth of the maximum concentration between particulate manganese and iron was observed above the basin located at the south-western corner of the Beppu Bay, along with the remarkable difference in pH and Eh.
Hole is a novel gene product expressed in the developing heart and brain.

Hole is a novel gene product isolated from a chick heart subtractive hybridization. Hole is a six-transmembrane protein (predicted size 311 and 317 amino acids in chick and mouse) expressed in the cardiac crescent and later in the myocardium of the developing chick heart, as well as in the fusing neural tube and ganglia. Mouse hole is not expressed in the developing heart, although it does share neural expression seen in the chick.
State of innovation in suicide intervention research with military populations

A systematic search was performed to identify active, externally funded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that target suicidal ideation or behavior as a primary or secondary outcome among U.S. military service members, guard-reservists, and veterans. Twenty-three studies were identified, most funded by the U.S. Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Several innovations were identified based on departures from or modernizations of usual practices and included the targeting of suicide deaths or attempts as primary outcome, delivery of interventions through technology and/or outside clinical settings, and examinations of rarely studied treatments. Language: en
Scale-invariant spatial patterns in genome organization

Abstract Eukaryotic genomes are characterized by coding regions interspersed within non-coding sequences, creating irregular dispersal patterns. Fractal analysis was applied to the study of this dispersed organization of eukaryotic genomes. The results show that eukaryotic genomes possess two length regimes - a short ordered length scale, and a fractal regime with fractal dimensions ranging from 0.21±0.02 to 0.84±0.02. Fractal scaling provides clues to the origin and evolution of sequence patterns within genomes, and provides us with tools necessary to characterize such patterns in detail.
Whole-Word Units Are Used before Orthographic Knowledge in Perceptual Development.

Abstract A visual search task for target letters in multiletter displays was used to investigate information-processing differences between college students and presecond-grade children (mean age = 7 years, 4 months). The stimulus displays consisted of single words, pronounceable pseudowords, and unpronounceable nonwords varying in length from three to five letters. The mean response times for indicating whether or not a target letter occurred in the display increased with the number of display letters for both groups, although there were apparent differences between groups in the rate of search and type of search strategy used. Pre-second-grade children responded faster to word displays than to pseudoword and nonword displays, indicating that familiar letter strings could be processed faster than unfamiliar strings regardless of whether or not the latter were consistent with rules of English orthography. In contrast, college students processed words and pseudowords about equally well, and both resulted in faster responses than nonwords. As reading skills develop, children apparently come to process familiar words differently from other letter strings. Only after a significant sightword vocabulary is established do children seem to recognize the regularities of standard English orthography and make use of this knowledge to facilitate perceptual processes.
Modeling weight variability in a pan coating process using Monte Carlo simulations.

The primary objective of the current study was to investigate process variables affecting weight gain mass coating variability (CVm) in pan coating devices using novel video-imaging techniques and Monte Carlo simulations. Experimental information such as the tablet location, circulation time distribution, velocity distribution, projected surface area, and spray dynamics was the main input to the simulations. The data on the dynamics of tablet movement were obtained using novel video-imaging methods. The effects of pan speed, pan loading, tablet size, coating time, spray flux distribution, and spray area and shape were investigated. CVm was found to be inversely proportional to the square root of coating time. The spray shape was not found to affect the CVm of the process significantly, but an increase in the spray area led to lower CVms. Coating experiments were conducted to verify the predictions from the Monte Carlo simulations, and the trends predicted from the model were in good agreement. It was observed that the Monte Carlo simulations underpredicted CVms in comparison to the experiments. The model developed can provide a basis for adjustments in process parameters required during scale-up operations and can be useful in predicting the process changes that are needed to achieve the same CVm when a variable is altered.
Effect of vacuum annealing on the surface chemistry of electrodeposited copper(I) oxide layers as probed by positron annihilation induced auger electron spectroscopy.

Vacuum anneal induced changes in the surface layers of electrodeposited copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) were probed by time-of-flight positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy (TOF-PAES) and by electron induced Auger electron spectroscopy (EAES). Large changes in the intensity of the Cu PAES intensity resulting from isochronal in situ vacuum anneals made at increasing temperatures indicated that, before thermal treatment, the surface was completely covered by a carbonaceous overlayer and that this layer was removed, starting at a temperature between 100 and 200 °C, to expose an increasing amount of Cu in the top layer as the anneal temperature was increased. The thickness of this overlayer was estimated to be ∼4 A based on analysis of the EAES data, and its variation with the thermal anneal temperature was mapped. This study demonstrated the order-of-magnitude enhancement in the sensitivity of PAES to the topmost surface layer in Cu2O relative to the EAES counterpart; factors underlying this contra...
Electroosmotic pumps fabricated from porous silicon membranes

N-type porous silicon can be used to realize electroosmotic pumps with high flow rates per applied potential difference. The porosity and pore size of porous silicon membranes can be tuned, the pore geometry has near-unity tortuosity, and membranes can be made thin and with integrated support structures. The size of hexagonally packed pores is modified by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) polysilicon deposition, followed by wet oxidation of the polysilicon layer, resulting in a pore radius varying from 1 to 3 /spl mu/m. Pumping performance of these devices is experimentally studied as a function of pore size and compared with theory. These 350-/spl mu/m-thick silicon membranes exhibit a maximum flow rate per applied field of 0.13 ml/min/cm/sup 2//V. This figure of merit is five times larger than previously demonstrated porous glass EO pumps.
Superficial Femoral-Popliteal Vein as a Conduit for Brachiocephalic Arterial Reconstructions

Revascularization of brachiocephalic arteries with prosthetic graft offers excellent patency for most reconstructions. For complex brachiocephalic reconstructions, such as redo operations or reconstructions for infection, autogenous conduit may be preferable. Occasionally saphenous vein is inadequate or absent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the indications and intermediate-term outcomes of superficial femoral-popliteal vein (SFPV) as an alternative conduit for brachiocephalic reconstructions. Over a 6-year period, 71 patients underwent carotid, subclavian, or axillary artery bypass. In 18 (25%) of these reconstruction SFPV was used as the conduit. Ten bypasses (55%) were redo operations. Three bypasses (17%) were performed after failed prosthetic grafts. Three grafts (17%) were required in infected patients. Indications for the use of SFPV included inadequate saphenous vein (n = 13), infection (n = 3), and failed prosthetic bypass (n = 3). Thirty-day mortality was 5.5%. The neurologic event rate was 5.5%. During a mean follow-up of 26 ± 5 months, there were no graft thromboses or graft infections. Revision-free primary patency was 92% at 48 months. Assisted primary patency was 100%. These data suggest that SFPV is a safe, durable conduit for brachiocephalic reconstructions. SFPV yielded excellent results for a disadvantaged patient population.
The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein modulates levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) by mediating its cellular catabolism.

Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes participate in matrix remodeling and share a number of structural and functional features. The activity of this family of proteinases is carefully regulated at the level of zymogen activation and by a family of specific inhibitors termed tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP). It is now becoming clear that levels of certain MMPs are modulated by their association with cellular receptors that mediate their rapid internalization and degradation. In the current investigation we report that the amount of MMP-9 in conditioned cell culture medium is significantly increased when mouse embryonic fibroblasts are grown in the presence of the 39-kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP), an antagonist of ligand binding to low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). In vitro assays reveal that the MMP-9·TIMP-1 complex binds to LRP with high affinity and that the binding determinant for LRP appears to reside on MMP-9. Cell lines expressing LRP mediate the internalization of125I-labeled MMP-9·TIMP-1 complexes, whereas cell lines genetically deficient in LRP show a diminished capacity to mediate the cellular catabolism of MMP-9·TIMP-1 complexes. The results demonstrate that LRP is a functional receptor for MMP-9 and suggest a major role for LRP in modulating remodeling of the extracellular matrix by regulating extracellular proteinase activity.
B7‐H1 expression on non‐B and non‐T cells promotes distinct effects on T‐ and B‐cell responses in autoimmune arthritis

The immune system has developed several regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis of adaptive immune responses. T-cell programmed death (PD)-1 recognition of B7-H1 (PD-L1) expressed on APC and non-lymphoid tissue regulates T-cell activation. We show that B7-H1(-/-) mice exhibit exacerbated proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis and increased Th-1 CD4(+) T-cell responses. Unexpectedly, the PG-specific antibody response in B7-H1(-/-) mice was diminished. A reduction in the number of peanut agglutinin(+) GC coincided with a decrease in CD19(+) GL-7(+) CD95(+) GC B cells that was a result of increased caspase-induced apoptosis. The percent of CD38(+) CD138(+) emerging plasma cells was decreased. B7-H1(-/-) mice exhibited an increased frequency of CD4(+) PD-1(hi) CXCR5(hi) ICOS(hi) CD62L(lo) T follicular helper cells that displayed a hyperactive phenotype with increased expression of mRNA transcripts for Bcl6, IL-21, and the apoptosis-inducer molecule FasL. In cell transfer of B7-H1(-/-) cells into SCID mice, non-B and non-T cells were sufficient to normalize the antibody response, T-cell hyperactivity, and the development of PG-induced arthritis. These findings indicate that B7-H1 on non-B and non-T cells signals through PD-1 on T effector cells to prevent excessive activation and reduce autoimmune arthritis. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate a novel role for B7-H1 expression in promoting B-cell survival by regulating the activation of T follicular helper cell.
Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism: The United States and the Genesis of West Indian Independence, 1940-1964

Colonialism and U.S. Foreign Policy The Crisis of Colonial Rule in the Caribbean From the Bases-for-Destroyers Deal to the Caribbean Commission Imperial Reassertion, American Disengagement, and the Evolving Nationalist Challenge, 1945-52 From British Guiana to Chaguaramas: The American Response to West Indian Nationalism and British Disengagement, 1953-61 American Policy toward British Guiana, 1957-64: Setting the Limits on West Indian Nationalism Conclusion Bibliography Appendices Index
Synthesis-Dependent Surface Acidity and Structure of SrTiO3 Nanoparticles

Chemisorption of pyridine and atmospheric CO2 followed by means of visible Raman and DRIFT spectroscopy were employed to investigate the surface acidity and structure of as-prepared SrTiO3 (STO) samples synthesized using three different approaches, solid-state reaction, molten salt, and sol-precipitation–hydrothermal treatment. Samples prepared via solid-state reaction consisted of irregularly shaped polycrystalline grains with a BET surface area of ∼2 m2/g, whereas those obtained via molten salt synthesis and sol-precipitation–hydrothermal treatment were single-crystalline nanocubes with the {100} faces primarily exposed and BET surface areas of ∼10 and 20 m2/g, respectively. Pyridine and atmospheric CO2 chemisorption demonstrated that the differences in surface acidity between samples synthesized using different approaches are rather slight with a mixture of SrO-based and TiO-based terminations observed in all cases. In contrast, the typology of surface carbonate species arising from the reactive adsorp...
Catching the Wind in a Bottle: Collection Development for Wind Energy Technology Programs at Universities and Colleges

This article aims to assist information professionals in developing a resource collection that serves Wind Energy students in academic settings. Traditional as well as Internet resources should be utilized in order to meet the needs of this unique student population.
Shift and retention deficits in hippocampectomized and neodecorticate rats.

Abstract A series of four experiments are reported in which the effect of hippocampal lesions on retention, and the ability to shift responses with changes in reward contingencies was investigated on a spatial discrimination reversal, DRL, and two-choice visual discrimination task. While animals with hippocampal lesions or posterior cortical lesions were deficient in the retention of spatial reversals, the type of error made by each group differed. Contrary to current theories of hippocampal function, animals with hippocampal lesions were not deficient in the abilities required to shift their responses and, in some situations, were actually more flexible than controls. The results are discussed in terms of an inhibition model of hippocampal function. It is suggested that the role of the hippocampus is to inhibit stimulus-response bonds.
Ethnic Conflict and Its Management: A Narollian Analysis of a Worldwide Problem

Raoul Naroll always saw social science as a crucial tool in the struggle to improve the human condition. His comparative cross-level framework for the analysis of social problems offers a powerful methodology for linking social scientific analysis and effective practice. This article draws on Naroll's comparative framework to consider ethnic conflict. His five-step approach is used to outline what is known about ethnic conflict and its management, to highlight areas in which additional research is needed, and to demon strate how Naroll's approach can lead to constructive interventions in intransigent ethnic conflicts, a highly visible and significant problem in all regions of the world today.
Finite elastic deformations of thin cylindrical tubes by mandrels with discontinuous curvature

Abstract A thin cylindrical elastic tube, reinforced on the outer surface by a two parameter family of inextensible cords, is deformed in such a way that the inner surface assumes a given shape. A previous solution for this problem, valid only when the curvature of the deformed inner surface is continuous everywhere, is extended to the more general case where the curvature possesses discontinuities. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to construct the solution in the neighborhood of a discontinuity, and to join it smoothly with the earlier solution, which is shown to remain valid away from the discontinuity. The deformation described here occurs, for example, when a reinforced elastic tube is deformed due to an enclosed rigid mold or mandrel and an applied external pressure.
The Mother-Child Playgroup as Socialisation Context: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study of Mother-Child-Peer Relationship Dynamics.

This study employed mother–child playgroups as a context for examining mothers’ supervision of child–peer interactions and children’s adaptation to a new peer‐group setting. Six playgroups, consisting of quartets of mothers and their 24‐ to 54‐month‐old children (n = 23), were observed in ten 90‐minute sessions. All mothers attended the first two days of playgroup; only two mothers were present on each of the remaining days, rotating supervision responsibilities. Ratings were made of mothers’ behaviour toward their own and others’ children and children’s behaviour toward the mothers and peers. Children were oriented mainly toward their own mothers on the first two days of playgroup, but became increasingly involved in cooperative and parallel play with peers over time. Children were more likely to be involved in peer‐oriented play when their own mothers were present, and children of mothers who were judged to be more skilful supervisors were less likely to engage in solitary play. These findings converge ...
Positive Accounting: An Assessment

Positive accounting theory, using the book of the same name by Watts and Zimmerman (1986) as the primary source of information about that theory, is subjected to scrutiny. The two pillars — (a) value-free study of (b) accounting practices — upon which the legitimacy of that theory are said to rest (and the absence of which is said to make other theories illegitimate) are found to be insubstantial. The claim that authorities — economic and scientific — support the type of theory espoused is found to be mistaken. The accomplishments — actual and potential — of positive theory are found to have been nil, and are projected to continue to be nil. Based on these findings, the recommendation is to classify positive accounting theory as a ‘cottage industry’ at the periphery of accounting thought and reject its attempt to take centre stage by radically redefining the fundamental question of accounting.
Preparation of Titanium Oxide Pillars on Glass Substrates and Ultrathin Titanium Oxide Layer using PMMA/PS Blend Films†

In this paper, a simple and inexpensive method of preparing nanosized titanium oxide (TiO2) pillars on glass substrates and ultrathin TiO2 layers is presented, utilizing a blend of commercially available polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The surface morphology of PS/PMMA blend films is investigated in terms of the processing parameters including solution concentration, blending ratio, and spin-coating speed. For the first time, a phase inversion was revealed for the PS/PMMA blend films spun coated on conducting substrates (ITO and TiO2), with increasing solution concentration. Atomic force microscopy studies show that PMMA forms vertical cylindrical structures in the matrix of PS on glass substrates and on ultrathin TiO2 layers deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. After the PMMA phase is etched away by ultraviolet irradiation and acetic acid, TiO2 pillar structures are successfully created on both types of substrates by infiltration of the sol−gel mixture into the nanosized...
Primary gastrointestinal sarcomas: Analysis of prognostic variables

Background: Primary gastrointestinal sarcomas are uncommon, and the clinicopathological determinants of survival remain unclear. In order to correlate clinical presentation, pathological assessment, and treatment with outcome, we have analyzed our institution's recent experience with these tumors.
Managing international technology transfer risk: A case analysis of U.S. high-technology firms in Asia

Abstract Using a comparative case analysis of nine U.S. high-tech manufacturers transferring technology to Asian operations through direct investments (wholly owned operations or joint ventures), we examined how they are protected against competitive loss of these technologies. We found some support for internalization theory in that companies preferred wholly owned operations as a means of protection. However, wholly owned operations were not always possible nor were they always sufficient to protect technologies. We found that companies additionally minimized transfer risks by viewing their technologies as a system, thus transferring only peripheral or dependent technologies. Further, they used prioritizing and segmenting technology levers to guard technology either in conjunction with or in lieu of entry mode.
Just in the wrong place...?: geographic tools for occupational injury/illness surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Geographic analysis is now integral to public health surveillance, but has been underused for occupational injury/illness. METHODS: Mapping and spatial statistics are used to examine national county-level mean establishment Lost Workday Injury/Illness (LWDII) rates in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Data Initiative (ODI), 1997-2001. The following questions are explored: Does occupational injury/illness vary geographically at the county level?; Does variation remain after accounting for industry hazard?; Where are rates higher or lower than expected? RESULTS: The methods provide evidence of geographic variation in nonfatal occupational injury/illness rates, including after adjusting for industry hazard. CONCLUSIONS: Geographic analyses can improve intervention targeting, suggest risk factors for investigation, and make the case for targeting resources to prevention in hard-hit areas, as well as improving ongoing surveillance. Language: en
Combustion Performance of Gas Turbine Combustors Burning Alternative Fuels

Equations for predicting and correlating the combustion efficiencies of gas turbine combustors are derived for conditions where the heat release is limited either by chemical reaction, mixing or evaporation, or by a combination of reaction and evaporation. Methods for calculating the critical mean drop size, £>crit, above which evaporation becomes the rate-controlling step are presented. It is shown that />cri, increases with increase in combustion volume, combustion pressure, liner pressure drop, and fuel volatility, and diminishes with increase in gas velocity. It is also shown that the ignition energy requirements of liquid hydrocarbon fuels are influenced mainly by their viscosity and volatility, which together govern the rate of fuel evaporation in the ignition zone.
Legal aspects of Internet governance reform

The Internet has moved on from its early almost lawless nature. There are now multiple organisations and legal aspects associated with Internet governance. Whether the issue on the Internet is network security, intellectual property rights (IPRs), e-commerce, cybercrime, freedom of expression, freedom of information, consumer rights or liberalisation of infrastructure - rules, laws and norms apply. These can be formal laws, treaties, industry standards or rules of procedure on both national and international level. On the legislative front there are too many national laws from too many countries that have effect on Internet governances beyond their borders, hence effective global cooperation on jurisdictional issues is necessary to ensure an enabling environment for the growth of the Internet and use of the Internet and ICTs for economic growth and development. A framework-approach to legal-reform issues of Internet governance could be the best way forward.
Diet and habitat selection by cattle: the relationship between skin- and gut-defense systems

Animals possess an external or skin-defense system that protects them from aggressions inflicted by predators, and an internal or gut-defense system that deters them from over-ingesting toxins. We conducted a study with cattle to investigate the relation between skin- and gut-defense systems and their influence on diet and habitat selection. Sixteen yearling steers were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups and were exposed individually to an experimental arena during multiple 10 min trials during which they were allowed to select between an unsafe high quality habitat (UHQ) surrounded by traffic cones (visual cues), a safe, uncued high quality habitat (SHQ), or a safe, uncued moderate quality habitat (SMQ). Experimental habitats were made up of groups of bowls containing barley and oat grain (UHQ and SHQ habitats) or Bermuda grass hay (SMQ habitat). Treatments consisted of no aversions (control group), or of averted groups using: (a) electric shock; (b) lithium chloride (LiCl); or (c) both LiCl and electric shock. Steers in the shock group avoided UHQ almost completely, spending significantly less time there than control steers ( P< 0.05), but consumed as much HQ forage from SHQ habitat as control steers. Thus, steers in this group did not become averted to the HQ food in uncued locations. Moreover, location avoidance of steers in this group did not extinguish after shock collars were removed or when location of the UHQ habitat was switched. Steers in the LiCl group consumed significantly less HQ forage than control steers, both in UHQ habitat and SHQ habitat, and spent significantly less time than control steers in UHQ and SHQ habitats. Whereas food aversion remained unchanged during experimentation and extinction trials, location avoidance of steers in the LiCl group rapidly extinguished when location of habitats was switched. Thus, steers averted with LiCl avoided HQ food irrespective of its location or association with visual cues. Steers in the LiCl + shock group almost completely avoided HQ forage in UHQ and SHQ habitats and spent less time than the control steers in both of these
Dynamical Characteristics of Small-Scale Hα Upflow Events on the Quiet Sun

Studies of small-scale dynamical features on the quiet Sun are crucial for understanding the energetics and mass supply in the chromosphere and corona. Recent works by Wang and coworkers revealed the existence of numerous short-lived upflow events in Hα on the quiet Sun. In this paper we examine in detail the dynamical characteristics of these Hα upflow events based on Hα spectrograph observations and compare them with those of elongated dark mottles, which are often considered to be the disk counterpart of limb spicules. Our observations were performed at the Big Bear Solar Observatory on 1997 August 26 using the Littrow Spectrograph on the 65 cm reflector. We repeated drift scans of a quiet Sun region, which produced a four-dimensional (x, y, t, λ) data array. We examine the spectral, temporal, and morphological characteristics of upflow events and determine their physical parameters like size, lifetime, birthrate, line-of-sight velocity, Doppler width, and optical thickness. Our results show that upflow events appear different from dark mottles in that (1) most of the line profiles of upflow events show absorption in the blue wing only, while those of dark mottles show absorptions in both wings, (2) the typical optical thickness of upflow events is smaller than that of dark mottles, and (3) unlike dark mottles, upflow events do not have returning flows at the same site. We discuss possible physical relationships among upflow events, elongated dark mottles, and spicules as observed at the limb.
Acoustic observations of the swimming behavior of the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica Hansen

A high-resolution, 445 kHz, multi-beam sonar and new data-processing techniques were used to characterize the swimming behavior of the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica Hansen, in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. The instrument was deployed when the euphausiids were at depth during the day and during dusk periods of population ascent. Three-dimensional swimming paths of individual euphausiids were reconstructed by linking successive, acoustically determined positions. Median swimming speeds were 1.8 cm s −1 during the day and 2.2-3.5 cm s −1 during dusk periods of vertical ascent. The presence of a fish at distances of 20-300 cm did not affect the swimming speed or turning of the euphausiids, suggesting that they did not respond to the presence of a potential predator at these distances. Euphausiids moved primarily obliquely in the vertical plane, with few individuals moving directly up or down, even during periods of vertical migration at dusk. We hypothesize that oblique swimming trajectories of euphausiids may reduce vulnerability to visual predators by allowing them to maintain bioluminescent counter-illumination during vertical migration.
Implications of Affective and Social Neuroscience for Educational Theory.

The past decade has seen major advances in cognitive, affective and social neuroscience that have the potential to revolutionize educational theories about learning. The importance of emotion and social learning has long been recognized in education, but due to technological limitations in neuroscience research techniques, treatment of these topics in educational theory has largely not had the benefit of biological evidence to date. In this article, I lay out two general, complementary findings that have emerged from the past decade of neuroscience research on emotion and social processing, with a view to beginning a dialogue about the meaning of these findings for educational theory. First, emotion and cognition are intertwined, and involve interplay between the body and mind. Second, social processing and learning happen by internalizing our subjective interpretations of other people's beliefs, goals, feelings and actions, and vicariously experiencing aspects of these as if they were our own. Together, ...
Bayesian wavelet shrinkage with edge detection for SAR image despeckling

In this paper, we present a wavelet-based despeckling method for synthetic aperture radar images and derive a Bayesian wavelet shrinkage factor to estimate noise-free wavelet coefficients. To preserve edges during despeckling, we apply a modified ratio edge detector to the original image and use the obtained edge information in our despeckling framework. Experimental results demonstrate that our method compares favorably to several other despeckling methods on test images.
ANALYSIS OF AQUIFER TESTS CONDUCTED IN FRACTURED ROCK: A REVIEW OF THE PHYSICAL BACKGROUND AND THE DESIGN OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR GENERATING TYPE CURVES

Abstract. Assessing the hydrogeological character of fractured bedrock between two or more wells is usually accomplished through an analysis of the results of traditional pumping tests. Because these tests are subject to field boundary conditions that may be different from those conducted in porous media, alternative testing techniques or analytical methods are required. To provide an adaptable interpretive package for analyzing interwell hydraulic tests in fractured rock, a FORTRAN program was developed to generate type curves for pumping tests and pulse interference tests. A review of the physical conditions which most influence the results of these tests is conducted to provide the background for the development and use of the program. The analytical solutions included in the program consider inner boundary conditions such as wellbore storage, infinitesimally thin skin and finite-thickness skin. In addition, a solution is included to analyze results influenced by wellbore storage and infinitesimally thin skin at both the pumping and observation wells. The solutions are given in the Laplace domain and are numerically inverted to generate data for the type curves. The curves can be plotted using any standard plotting program, or they can be plotted manually. The program is menu driven, easily adaptable to include additional solutions, and can be executed on a personal computer.
CI628 Inhibits Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)-Induced Increases in FSH Receptors of the Rat Ovary: Requirement of Estradiol for FSH Action*

Although estradiol (E2) alone does not increase receptors for FSH in granulosa cells, E2 priming before administration of FSH increases numbers of FSH receptors significantly compared with FSH alone. We hypothesized that if E2 is required for FSH to increase its own receptor, blocking estrogen action should prevent FSH-induced increases in FSH receptors. Five groups of hypophysectomized rats were injected sc with: saline at 0 h; the antiestrogen CI628 (1 mg) at 6 h; human FSH (hFSH, 2 fig) at 0 h; CI628 at -6 h, then hFSH at 0 h; and CI628 plus E2 (2 mg) at - 6 h, then FSH at 0 h. Animals were decapitated at 0, 6, 12, or 24 h, and granulosa membrane receptors for FSH, LH, and nuclear receptors for E2 were measured. LH receptor levels increased only after administration of E2 before hFSH. Treatment with hFSH for 6 h increased numbers of FSH receptors 3-fold (P < 0.01) without any increase in numbers of E2 receptors. At 12 and 24 h, hFSH increased numbers of FSH and E2 receptors 6- and 7-fold (P < 0.01) ove...
The nature of psychometric g: Unitary process or a number of independent processes?

This study investigates whether a unitary elemental process or a number of independent elemental processes, as measured by elementary cognitive tasks (ECTs), underlie psychometric g. A sample of 101 university students was administered two intelligence tests (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery) and a large battery of ECTs. The results of this study reject the theory that some single or unitary process underlies psychometric g. Rather, it appears that individual differences in psychometric g may reflect as many as four independent components of variance. These findings support the theory that various complex mental tests correlate highly with each other, giving rise to a psychometric g factor, because they require some of the same elemental processes. Further research will be needed to determine precisely the number and nature of these components. It is also important to note that the multiple correlation of g regressed on these four components derived from elementary cognitive variables is .542. The maximum correlation possible between the psychometric variables and the battery of ECTs in this study is nearly as high as correlations among various standardized IQ tests themselves (canonical r = .603). After correction for the considerable restriction of range on IQ in the sample, the r is increased to .722. Hence, this battery of ECTs accounts for approximately half of the phenotypic variance in g and probably as much as 70% of the genotypic variance. Moreover, the finding that individual differences in conceptually distinct processes (such as speed of visual search and speed of memory search) are highly correlated indicates the presence of individual differences ~jn some neurological level of processing common to both tasks.
Tumor necrosis factor gene promoter polymorphism and recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation: the missing link to pathogenesis or a casual association?

Background: Hepatitis C-related liver failure is the leading0842 indication for liver transplantation worldwide. Although histologic recurrence is identified in the majority of patients the spectrum of allograft injury is wide. To date, most studies have focused on the contribution of immunosuppression and viral factors. We hypothesized that the allograft plays a significant role in determining timing and severity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence. The purpose of this analysis was to determine if genetic polymorphisms of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) locus were associated with the highly variable severity of HCV recurrence.
Pulsing of multiple nutrients as a strategy to achieve large biologically active zones during in situ carbon tetrachloride remediation

When injecting nutrients during active bioremediation, various nutrient addition strategies can be employed in order to remediate the site at minimal expense. In particular, if more than one nutrient is required, a pulse addition strategy can be devised in which these nutrients are added as temporally separated pulses such that the biostimulated portion of the flow field can be maximized. In this manuscript, results of numerical simulations are reported which demonstrate this effect. Previously published kinetic expressions describing microbial growth and carbon tetrachloride degradation under denitrifying conditions are used in these simulations. The simulations indicate that volumetric treatment can be accomplished by injecting long duration nutrient pulses of different nutrients that are separated by a long period where only unamended water is injected. This strategy will cause the nutrient pulses to overlap at a considerable distance from the injection point, while maintaining concentrations that are high enough to ensure significantbiomass growth and contaminant destruction.
Reproducibility of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging in Patients with Schizophrenia

Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) we found in a previous study a specific pattern of neuronal pathology in patients with schizophrenia as determined by relative loss of signal from N-acetyl-containing compounds (NAA). The purpose of the present study was to assess the reproducibility of the results of 1H-MRSI both in patients with schizophrenia and in normal controls. We studied twice 10 patients and 10 controls on 2 days separated by, on average, 3 months. Reproducibility was assessed with several statistical procedures including ANOVA, coefficients of variation (CVs) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Patients showed significant reductions of NAA/creatine-phosphocreatine (CRE) and NAA/choline-containing compounds (CHO) selectively in the hippocampal region (HIPPO) and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on both experimental days. A repeated measures ANOVA showed no effect of time on metabolite ratios in all subjects. CVs were fairly low (especially for NAA/CRE and CHO/CRE) and did not differ significantly between patients and controls. The ICCs of the ROIs reached statistical significance only in a few instances. The present multislice 1H-MRSI study shows that: (1) patients with schizophrenia, when compared as a group to normal controls, show a consistent 1H-MRSI pattern of group differences, i.e., bilateral reductions of NAA/CRE and NAA/CHO in HIPPO and DLPFC; (2) 1H-MRSI data in both patients and controls do not show significant changes over this 90-day period; however, absolute metabolite ratios in individuals show low predictability over this time interval; (3) 1H-MRSI data show relatively low variability (as measured by the CVs) both in patients and normal controls, especially for NAA/CRE and CHO/CRE.
Potential for Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor and Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Single-Pill Combinations.

With prolonged duration of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, most patients need a combination of antihyperglycemic drugs to reach their target HbA1c. Evidence shows that single-pill combinations (SPCs) may increase patient satisfaction, adherence, and reduce overall health-care costs. Several SPCs containing metformin and another oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) are available on the market. Although well established in clinical practice, long-term durability and tolerability of traditional OADs can be inadequate. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors and sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors are two newer classes of OADs that are efficacious and are less likely to induce adverse effects such as gastrointestinal reactions, hypoglycemia and weight gain when compared with metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones. This article describes current efficacy and safety data of DPP-4/SGLT2 inhibitor combination therapy. Pharmacokinetics, mechanism-of-action based rationale for the combination and timing of the addition of a SPC to the treatment regimen are discussed.