cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of pilot benefits from cognitive assistance for single-pilot general aviation operations

Evaluating the human factors of new cockpit technologies is a time consuming and expensive task. A typical human-in-the-loop evaluation can take several months to design, execute, and document. Moreover, retaining statistical power requires placing hard limits on the technological variations and scenarios to be tested, drawing out the iterative design process. These studies, however, ensure that flight deck technologies are efficient, effective, and, from a pilot mental effort perspective, manageable. While eliminating human-in-the-loop evaluation is neither recommended nor desired, methods that can reduce the number of design cycles and help human-in-the-loop evaluations target the most promising design concepts are valuable. One such method is fast-time simulation of the pilot activities to assess task times and working memory load using human performance modeling. Well-established task analysis methodologies, i.e., Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules (GOMS), with theories of working memory and mental effort are able to provide estimates of temporal and mental effort for a task [1]. The MITRE Corporation developed a tool for this purpose, which is a cognitive calculator or “Cogulator.” This paper describes an example of using Cogulator for modeling mental effort with and without a pilot-oriented cognitive assistant, called the Digital Copilot. The Digital Copilot, developed through sponsorship from the Federal Aviation Administration by The MITRE Corporation, is a working prototype that provides contextual information and reminders to the pilot in a timely manner [2]. This study compares two different modes of operation using Cogulator: a single pilot's thoughts and actions during the approach phase of flight without the Digital Copilot and another with the Digital Copilot. Cogulator uses the task decompositions in each mode of operation to estimate three metrics: the pilot's task times, heads down times, and working memory load. Task time is a summary statistic that describes the amount of time that elapsed for a task to be completed. Heads down time is the amount of time that a pilot spends looking at information within the cockpit instead of outside. Working memory load is the cognitive construct in which information is temporarily stored and manipulated to complete complex tasks [3]. The paper describes Cogulator, the evaluation method, and the results of the comparison. Results are presented in terms of task completion time, heads down time, and working memory load during the approach phase of flight for the following five tasks: check automatic terminal information service (ATIS) frequency, receive contextual frequency, review and follow a checklist, determine if the tower is open, and determine the preferred runway. Of these five tasks modeled, results show that the Digital Copilot provides time savings in all tasks except for check ATIS frequency; heads down time savings for all tasks; and working memory load savings or no change for all tasks.
Beyond Hemoglobin: Screening for Malaria Host Factors.

Severe malaria is caused by the Apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, and results in significant global morbidity and mortality, particularly among young children and pregnant women. P. falciparum exclusively infects human erythrocytes during clinical illness, and several natural erythrocyte polymorphisms are protective against severe malaria. Since erythrocytes are enucleated and lack DNA, genetic approaches to understand erythrocyte determinants of malaria infection have historically been limited. This review highlights recent advances in the use of hematopoietic stem cells to facilitate genetic screening for malaria host factors. While challenges still exist, this approach holds promise for gaining new insights into host–pathogen interactions in malaria.
USE OF INFORMATION CRITERION FOR CLASSIFICATION OF MEASUREMENT DATA

This paper presents the method to analyze and classify measurement data for the purpose of identification and authentication of users during online network activity. The proposed method increases the accuracy of classification of signals in authorization systems.
Correlates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in older Colorado firefighters.

Background It has been documented that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in on-duty firefighters and little is known about the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Aims To estimate the probability of 10-year ASCVD risk and its association with per cent body fat (%BF), metabolic syndrome (MetS) and physical fitness in Colorado firefighters. Methods Ten-year ASCVD risk was calculated using the newly developed pooled cohort equations in firefighters. Logistic regression was conducted to examine the association of 10-year ASCVD risk ( 5%. In the unadjusted models, %BF (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13, P < 0.01), VO2 max (OR = 2.87, P < 0.05) and MetS (OR = 2.66, P < 0.05) were significantly associated with 10-year ASCVD risk. In the adjusted model, only %BF (OR = 1.17, P < 0.01) was significantly associated with 10-year ASCVD risk. Conclusions Among Colorado firefighters, %BF, but not cardiorespiratory fitness, was independently associated with 10-year ASCVD.
Review of the neurological benefits of phytocannabinoids.

Background: Numerous physical, psychological, and emotional benefits have been attributed to marijuana since its first reported use in 2,600 BC in a Chinese pharmacopoeia. The phytocannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD), and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) are the most studied extracts from cannabis sativa subspecies hemp and marijuana. CBD and Δ9-THC interact uniquely with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Through direct and indirect actions, intrinsic endocannabinoids and plant-based phytocannabinoids modulate and influence a variety of physiological systems influenced by the ECS.
Prompt Neutron Periods of a Critical Assembly Measured with a Pulsed Source

The prompt neutron period of a bare sphere of U/sup 235/ has been measured at two reactlvltles between delayed and prompt critical. The x-ray burst from a betatron was used to establlsh the initial neutron population in the critical assembly, and the neutron intensity was observed by photographlng oscllloscope traces of pulses from a splral fission chamber. The values obtained for alpha , the reciprocal of the prompt neutron period, are -0.52 plus or minus 0.03 x 10/sup 6/ sec-/sup -1/ at 54 ceots reactivity, and -0.26 plus or minus 0.03 x 10/sup 6/ sec-/sup -1/ at 76 cents. (auth)
A Reversible Nearest Particle System on the Homogeneous Tree

We introduce a modified contact process on the homogeneous tree. The modification is to the death rate: an occupied site becomes vacant at rate one if the number of occupied id neighbors is at most one. This modification leads to a growth model which is reversible, off the empty set, provided the initial set of occupied sites is connected. Reversibility admits tools for studying the survival properties of the system not available in a nonreversible situation. Four potential phases are considered: extinction, weak survival, strong survival, and complete convergence. The main result of this paper is that there is exactly one phase transition on the binary tree. Furthermore, the value of the birth parameter at which the phase transition occurs is explicitly computed In particulars survival and complete convergence hold if the birth parameter exceeds 1/4. Otherwise, the expected extinction time is finite.
Wave Forces On A Test Pipe Exposed In An Ocean Trench

A special steel trench segment was placed within a dredged seabed cavity in 12 m of water offshore Honolulu. An adjustable-clearance pipe, mounted in the trench parallel to the wave fronts, was equipped with force sensors during episodes of appreciable swell. Wave-induced flow history was also measured. Three trench side slopes were involved, with three pipe clearances in each case. The data demonstrate the degree to which the horizontal and vertical peak forces on an exposed pipe of prescribed gap are diminished by sheltering it in trenches of varying side slopes.
Equipartitioning Operations for Connected Numbers: Their Use and Interiorization

During her fourth grade, Melissa had been paired with another child who had constructed only the tacitly nested number sequence. The teacher of the two children geared her activities to the other child and Melissa essentially served as the other child’s interlocutor. The other child did not construct any fraction schemes during her fourth grade and, Melissa, whose role was to interact with the other child at her level, constructed at most the partitive fraction scheme. Melissa had constructed the explicitly nested number sequence, so we paired her with Joe in their fifth grade in order to investigate her constructive itinerary. Our purpose in the upcoming analysis is to investigate her construction of the iterative fraction scheme as well as the unit fraction composite scheme and compare her progress with that of Laura while she was in the fifth grade. Although Joe served as Melissa’s interlocutor, we investigate whether the schemes that he established during his fourth grade were permanent as well as any accommodations he might make in them. In what follows, we analyze 17 protocols that were selected from the teaching episodes that started on the 20th of October and proceeded on through the 4th of May of the children’s fifth grade.
Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of screening mammography are not necessarily valid for evaluating the effectiveness of computer-aided detection in screening mammography

It is important that the clinical effectiveness of computer-aided detection (CADe) systems be evaluated. Since CADe is used to improve the effectiveness of screening mammography, it might be expected that the same methods and endpoints that are used to evaluate screening mammography can be used to evaluated screening mammography when CADe is used. Unfortunately, this is not always true and when the assumption fails, erroneous conclusions are often made. In clinical studies the choice of endpoints, estimation of sensitivity, and the significance of DCIS are potential problem areas. Further, the use of ROC versus FROC can affect the measured performance.
The Eigenvalue Problem

One of the basic problems needing to be solved in quantum theory is the general eigenvalue problem, for some hermitian operator, say, A, with A † = A, $$ A{\psi _a}(x) = {\lambda _a}{\psi _a}(x) $$ (1) .
Lead-free halide double perovskite-polymer composites for flexible X-ray imaging

X-ray detectors are demonstrated using composite films of lead-free Cs2AgBiBr6 halide double perovskite embedded in a polymer matrix as the X-ray photoconductors. Polymers with hydroxyl functional groups greatly improve the uniformity of the composite films, and large area dense films are obtained using a simple drop-casting process. X-ray detectors based on the composite films exhibit a sensitivity of 40 μC Gyair−1 cm−2, comparable to the reported sensitivity using Cs2AgBiBr6 single crystals. Such detectors can also tolerate a 5% tensile/compressive strain in the composite films without performance degradation. Pixelated X-ray detectors fabricated on the same composite film can realize X-ray imaging and resolve a proof-of-concept geometric pattern.
A scoping review of burn rehabilitation publications incorporating functional outcomes.

Abstract Objective The objective for this manuscript is two-fold: determine the scope of clinical rehabilitation research involving burn-injured persons and assess whether research outcomes include function, return to needed, and desirable routines. Has this research addressed rehabilitation needs of the burn injured? Methods We performed a scoping review of literature (1990–2016) using the method of Arksey and O’Malley. Search terms included “rehabilitation”, “function”, “burn injury” and “work”. Two independent reviewers identified articles that met criteria for abstract and full review. Variables of interest were counts of the number of intervention studies, studies performed in outpatient settings/inpatient settings, or both; count of the distribution of outcome measures that included impairment, function, participation, return to prior roles and percent of burns rehabilitation publications as a function of total rehabilitation articles published. Results Sixty-four articles were selected for review and 22 employed an intervention. Nine articles were intervention trials that used functional measures. Of the 22 intervention trials 3 (14%) were performed while subjects were inpatients, 9 (41%) while they were outpatients, and 10 (45%) while they were both. There were 67 articles that met inclusion for work-related studies. Fourteen were intervention trials, 9 utilized functional outcomes and 5 used impairment outcomes exclusively. Less than 1% of clinical rehabilitation research addresses burns injury and Conclusions There are few studies, few intervention trials and among these, very few that use function or return to community based activity as outcomes for people with burn injury.
Magnesian calcite solid solution thermodynamics inferred from authigenic deep-sea carbonate

Abstract Magnesian calcite is perhaps the most well studied solid solution in the geosciences due to the widespread use of marine carbonates to reconstruct paleoenvironment. Despite decades of research, the low temperature thermodynamic properties of magnesian calcite in seawater are poorly constrained, largely because very slow reaction kinetics prevent the direct measurement of equilibrium distribution coefficients (KdMg) for anhydrous Mg-bearing minerals. In this study, we use the Mg content of authigenic calcite formed in deep-sea marine carbonate sediments to determine the dependence of KdMg on temperature and aqueous Mg/Ca between ∼2 and 25 °C. We find that the solid activity coefficient of magnesite in Mg-calcite is strongly temperature dependent in this range, leading to predicted exsolution of Mg at low temperatures. At the temperatures typical of ocean bottom water, equilibrium Mg distribution coefficients are at least an order of magnitude lower than values inferred from inorganic calcite growth experiments. Moreover, the equilibrium temperature dependence of KdMg agrees well with field-based paleotemperature calibrations determined for low-Mg benthic and planktonic foraminifera at temperatures
Extrauterine adenomyomas presenting in a 47 year old woman with a previous cesarean section.

•Extrauterine adenomyoma cannot be solely diagnosed on the basis of radiographic appearance.•There are five theories for the pathophysiology of extrauterine adenomyomas.•Surveillance and treatment range from none to ovarian suppression.
Extraction of high‐quality, high‐molecular‐weight DNA depends heavily on cell homogenization methods in green microalgae

Premise New sequencing technologies have facilitated genomic studies in green microalgae; however, extracting high-quality DNA is often a bottleneck for long-read sequencing. Methods and results Here, we present a low-cost, highly transferrable method for the extraction of high-molecular-weight (HMW), high-purity DNA from microalgae. We first determined the effect of sample preparation on DNA quality using three homogenization methods: manual grinding using a mini-pestle, automatic grinding using a vortex adapter, and grinding in liquid nitrogen. We demonstrated the versatility of grinding in liquid nitrogen followed by a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction across a suite of aquatic- and desert-evolved algal taxa. Finally, we tested the protocol's robustness by doubling the input material to increase yield, producing per sample up to 20 μg of high-purity DNA longer than 21.2 kbp. Conclusions All homogenization methods produced DNA within acceptable parameters for purity, but only liquid nitrogen grinding resulted in HMW DNA. The optimization of cell lysis while minimizing DNA shearing is therefore crucial for the isolation of DNA for long-read genomic sequencing because template DNA length strongly affects read output and length.
Go clean label: replacement of commercial dough strengtheners with hard red spring wheat flour in bread formulations.

There is growing interest in the application of natural ingredients to replace chemical dough improvers in bread formulations in order to meet consumer demands of clean label products. The goal of this study was to evaluate the dough quality and baking quality of hard red spring (HRS) wheat flour blends to replace commercial dough improvers. Hard red winter (HRW) wheat flour is commonly used in bread and diner roll formulations. In this study, doughs were prepared by adding 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of HRS wheat flour to HRW wheat base-flour to compare the dough quality and baking quality relative to different levels of commercial improvers. Additional to commercial HRS flour, two commonly grown HRS wheat varieties (Glenn and Linkert) were included in the study. All of the HRS wheat flour blends had significantly (p < 0.05) higher farinograph stability and extensograph resistance at 135 min than doughs containing most of the commercial additives. Bread flour with 40% Glenn and 40% Linkert showed the highest loaf volumes of 920 cm3 and 950 cm3, respectively with the firmness of 1553.50 and 1525.50 mN, respectively. Baking quality of HRS wheat flour blends also showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation with dough rheology but commercial additives did not have the correlations. Therefore, HRS wheat flour may be used as a replacement for dough improvers, as it had better dough and bread properties compared to commercial additives and provides a great alternative for “clean-label” bread products.
Chapter 8 – Spacing, Movements, and Orientation

Movements and home ranges of reptiles and amphibians vary considerably, both among and within species. Home ranges (the area in which individuals carry out daily activities) and territories (defended portion of home range) vary considerably among species and are influenced by resource distribution ands risks associated with gaining access to resources. This variation is summarized with examples. Reasons for dispersal and mass movements, when they occur, are also summarized. Mechanisms that allow individuals to find their way back (homing) or find new places to live (dispersal) are summarized and vary from use of landmarks to use of the Earth’s magnetic forces.
Pathways among masculinity, femininity, and health behaviors in emerging adulthood

The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) is a widely-used measure of psychological masculinity, femininity, and androgyny (Bem in Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 196–205, 1977). Psychological androgyny is correlated with a host of positive outcomes, including self-esteem (Buckley and Carter in Sex Roles, 53, 647–661, 2005) and social adjustment (Markstrom-Adams in Sex Roles, 21, 325-340, 1989). However, little work has explored how gender role orientation relates to overall and risky health behaviors in college students. This study was designed to examine the potential pathways among gender role orientation, adaptability, and health behaviors in a sample of emerging adults. The sample included 199 students (mean age = 19.7 years) recruited from a mid-sized regional university in the Southwest U.S. Participants completed an online survey that included measures of gender role orientation, adaptability, physical health, and risky health behaviors. Quantitative analyses revealed that higher levels of masculinity and femininity predicted more positive health behaviors among both college men and women. Implications for emerging adult populations are discussed.
A Power Converter Based Real-time Air-conditioner Motor Emulator

The residential air-conditioner (A/C) is one of the most widespread load types for a household in the U.S., and it is reported that the malfunction of A/C load influences the performance of the transmission network. However, the lack of accurate modeling of A/C loads limits the effectiveness of evaluating power system dynamic performance and grid stability analysis. A real-time power emulator for an A/C motor using a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) is proposed in this paper, which emphasizes the "point-on-wave" characteristics of the A/C load. The proposed VSI based A/C emulator is advantageous since it demonstrates an accurate dynamic performance without sacrificing the computational resources and simulation time. The experimental results verify the accuracy of the A/C load emulator. Furthermore, the fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) events are emulated and analyzed in a multiconverter based hardware test bed (HTB) by using the proposed A/C load emulator. In addition, experiments emulating the dynamic response of the A/C load driven by the power electronics (PE) interface is also performed in the HTB, verifying that the application of PE-interface-driven A/C motor can contribute to alleviating the FIDVR event.
Naming the Sacred: Religious Toponymy in History, Theology and Politics: Edited by Anna Mambelli and Valentina Marchetto. Fscire Research and Papers 1. Göttingen: VR €40.00 (hb), ISBN 9783847109730

The significance of this volume extends far beyond the individual contributions within it. While Naming the Sacred: Religious Toponymy in History, Theology and Politics might be considered a volume...
“Looking Forward Always to Africa”: William George Emanuel and the Politics of Repatriation in Cuba, 1894–1906

This article examines a back-to-Africa movement from early twentieth-century Cuba. The leader, William George Emanuel, arrived in Cuba from Antigua in 1894, and over the next several years, he worked to unite the cabildos de nacion and sociedades de color on the island. After independence in 1898, Emanuel and his followers rejected Cuban citizenship and began petitioning Britain, the United States, Belgium, and the Gold Coast for land grants in West and Central Africa. Each petition, however, told a different story. Emanuel skillfully tailored his appeals according to his audience, variously claiming that he and his followers were “British,” “African,” “Congolese,” or “Mina,” among other identities. Anticipating the rise of Marcus Garvey by over a decade, Emanuel's campaign reveals an overlooked pan-Africanist strand in the typical narrative for this period of Cuban history. Drawing mainly on the petitions themselves, the article analyzes how Emanuel blended the languages of empire, nation, race, and ethnicity to create a dynamic pan-African identity. More generally, the article demonstrates how marginalized groups have long negotiated the boundaries of identity in the pursuit of belonging.
Ohm’s Law

This chapter will examine Ohm’s law, which details the current–voltage relationship for resistors. The voltage V across the resistor and the current I through the resistor obey the law of V = IR, where R is the resistance of the resistor.
Greek Orthodox Citizen Soldiers under the Ottoman Banner: Experiencing and Surviving the Great War

The Great War proved to be an unpleasant and traumatic experience for many Greek Orthodox citizen soldiers called to fight under the Ottoman banner. Although many served dutifully in arms or otherwise, few had self-legitimized their conscription. Regardless, the denomination of minority citizen soldiers by the Ottoman military authorities led to their mass assignment to unarmed positions, which could mean their transfer to the labor battalions, and possibly their death. Most Greek Orthodox were aware of labor battalions’ harsh conditions, and their transformation into killing grounds for the Armenian citizen soldiers. Based on grassroots sources such as diaries, memoirs, and interviews, I demonstrate that this discriminatory war policy was not systematic, as several recruits were later trained and armed during the war, and I argue that a new contractual relationship emerged for those skilled and literate Greek Orthodox through which they could successfully negotiate their skills to avoid the labor battalions and, thus, have greater chances of surviving the war.
Bioluminescent Tumor Signal Is Mouse Strain and Pelt Color Dependent: Experience in a Disseminated Lymphoma Model.

Many preclinical cancer studies use mice with varied phenotypes to monitor tumor treatment. We compared survival and optical imaging characteristics of strains with varied coat colors harboring luciferase-expressing disseminated lymphoma. Luciferase-expressing lymphoma cells (Raji-luc) were injected via tail vein into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) and Rag2-IL2rg (R2G2) mice, and survival was tracked. Tumor signals were obtained by imaging ventral and dorsal aspects of mice. Signal attenuation by isolated mouse pelts was measured in vitro. R2G2 mice had decreased survival compared to SCID mice (17 vs. 32 days, p<0.001) despite similar bioluminescence signal when mice were imaged dorsally (p=0.37). However, signal was 17.3-fold higher in R2G2 mice compared to SCID (p<0.001) when imaged ventrally. Isolated dark R2G2 dorsal pelts attenuated signal more than ventral pelts when placed over cells in vitro. Mouse pelt color and imaging aspect are critical considerations for quantifying bioluminescent tumor signal, and the R2G2 mouse strain may prove useful for preclinical targeted therapy studies.
Prior expectations in visual speed perception predict encoding characteristics of neurons in area MT

Bayesian inference provides an elegant theoretical framework for understanding the characteristic biases and discrimination thresholds in visual speed perception. However, the framework is difficult to validate due to its flexibility and the fact that suitable constraints on the structure of the sensory uncertainty have been missing. Here, we demonstrate that a Bayesian observer model constrained by efficient coding not only well fits extensive psychophysical data of human visual speed perception but also provides an accurate quantitative account of the tuning characteristics of neurons known for representing visual speed. Specifically, we found that the population coding accuracy for visual speed in area MT ("neural prior") is precisely predicted by the power-law, slow-speed prior extracted from fitting the Bayesian model to the psychophysical data ("behavioral prior"), to the point that they are indistinguishable in a model cross-validation comparison. Our results demonstrate a quantitative validation of the Bayesian observer model constrained by efficient coding at both the behavioral and neural levels.
Which large species of seed finch occurred on Trinidad

A population of large seed finches, probably extirpated, occurred on Trinidad. Studies of specimens by Phelps & Phelps and by Meyer de Schauensee identified this population as the taxon now known as Sporophila maximiliani parkesi, but subsequent literature has often referred to these birds as S. c. crassirostris without fresh evidence or analysis. My review of specimens reaffirms their identity as S. m. parkesi, and refutes the hypothesis that this taxon should be considered a synonym of S. m. maximiliani.
The role of dealers in electronic markets: Empirical insights from online auctions

This study examines the impact of intermediaries (dealers) in online Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) market. Online C2C transactions, such as the Internet auctions on eBay, are one of the most successful forms of electronic commerce (e-commerce). It has been suggested by many scholars that the Internet or electronic markets will eliminate intermediaries by lowering search cost and allowing direct and efficient interactions between sellers and buyers. However, a close examination of the market mechanism indicates that many functions provided by intermediaries are indispensable. Specifically, we consider intermediaries’ role in price discovery and trust building in electronic markets. Intermediaries provide a buffer for temporary misalignment between supply and demand by buying low and selling high, which provides product liquidity to buyers and sellers in online markets. Intermediaries also help build trust by engaging in transactions with risk-averse buyers and sellers who otherwise will not participate in the market. Using a dataset from eBay’s online auctions, we examine empirically these two functions in online C2C auction markets. We find that the presence of dealers has a significant impact on market liquidity, resulting in more successful trades and higher auction prices. In addition, we find that dealers are more likely to engage in transactions with less established sellers. Their presence reduces the reputation penalty faced by these players and further facilitates the success of auctions.
SU-D-201-03: Imaging Cellular Pharmacokinetics of 18F-FDG in Inflammatory/Stem Cells

Purpose: Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory condition that underlies coronary artery disease (CAD)—the leading cause of death in the USA. Thus, understating the metabolism of inflammatory cells can be a valuable tool for investigating CAD. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to successfully investigate the pharmacokinetics of [18F]fluoro-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake in a single macrophages and compared with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with a novel imaging technique, radioluminescence microscopy, initially developed for cancer imaging. Methods: Live cells were cultured sparsely on Matrigel in a glass-bottom dish and starved for 1 hour before incubation with 250 microCi of 18F-FDG for 45 minutes. Excess radiotracer was removed using DMEM medium without glucose. Before imaging, DMEM (1 mL) was added to the cell culture and a 100 microm-thin CdWO4 scintillator plate was placed on top of the cells. Light produced following beta decay was imaged with a highly sensitive inverted microscope (LV200, Olympus) fitted with a 40x/1.3 high-NA oil objective, and an EM-CCD camera. The images were collected over 18,000 frames with 4×4 binning (1200 MHz EM Gain, 300ms exposure). Custom-written software was developed in MATLAB for image processing (Figure 1). For statistical analysismore » 10 different region-of-interests (ROIs) were selected for each cell type. Results: Figures 2A–2B show bright-field/fusion images for all three different cell types. The relationship between cell-to-cell comparisons was found to be linear for macrophages unlike iPSCs and MSCs, which were best fitted with moving or rolling average (Figure 2C). The average observed decay of 18F-FDG in a single cell of MSCs per second (0.067) was 20% and 36% higher compared to iPSCs (0.054) and macrophages (0.043), respectively (Figure 2D). Conclusion: MSCs was found to be 2–3x more sensitive to glucose molecule despite constant parameters for each cell type examined.« less
A Study of Antinuclear Antibody Binding (ANA) in Lewis Rat Kidney Injected With Human Serum Positive For ANA

Lupus nephritis (LN) is an inflammatory condition affecting the kidneys in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Pathophysiology of LN is not clearly understood. Autoantibody deposits in glomeruli ca...
Evaluating the fidelity and robustness of calibrated numerical model predictions: An application on a wind turbine blade

Purpose – Numerical models are being increasingly relied upon to evaluate wind turbine performance by simulating phenomena that are infeasible to measure experimentally. These numerical models, however, require a large number of input parameters that often need to be calibrated against available experiments. Owing to the unavoidable scarcity of experiments and inherent uncertainties in measurements, this calibration process may yield non-unique solutions, i.e. multiple sets of parameters may reproduce the available experiments with similar fidelity. The purpose of this paper is to study the trade-off between fidelity to measurements and the robustness of this fidelity to uncertainty in calibrated input parameters. Design/methodology/approach – Here, fidelity is defined as the ability of the model to reproduce measurements and robustness is defined as the allowable variation in the input parameters with which the model maintains a predefined level of threshold fidelity. These two vital attributes of model ...
Hydatidiform moles in other pregnancies of mothers of twins

Abstract In a population of 478 Caucasian mothers of twins, 379 experienced pregnancies preceding or subsequent to the twin conceptions. Among 898 other pregnancies of these mothers there were 4 hydatidiform moles, resulting in an incidence of 1 mole in 225 pregnancies. On the basis of appropriate comparative data, in which the molar incidence was 1 in 1,552 pregnancies, only 0.59 mole was expected in the 898 pregnancies of the mothers of twins. Thus, there is a statistically, highly significant excess of hydatidiform moles among other pregnancies of mothers of twins. There is evidence suggesting that reproductive disturbances may predate molar pregnancies. Dizygous twin conceptions appear to be increased in association with molar pregnancies. The similarities between twin and molar pregnancies are considered.
Ecohydrologic process networks: 1. Identification.

[1] Ecohydrological systems may be characterized as nonlinear, complex, open dissipative systems. Such systems consist of many coupled processes, and the couplings change depending on the system state or scale in space and time at which the system is analyzed. The arrangement of couplings in a complex system may be represented as a network of information flow and feedback between variables that measure system processes. The occurrence of feedback on such a network provides sufficient conditions for self-organized and nonlinear behaviors to emerge. We adapt an information-theoretic statistical method called transfer entropy for the purposes of robustly measuring the directionality, relative strength, statistical significance, and time scale of information flow between pairs of ecohydrological variables using time series data. A process network may be delineated where variables are cast as nodes and information flows as weighted directional links between them. The process network captures key couplings and time scales and represents the state of the complex system as a whole, including functional groups of variables (subsystems) and synchronization resulting from feedbacks. It is therefore able to identify interactions which are not detectable using methods which examine the system using one relationship at a time. We assemble an information flow process network using July 2003 FLUXNET data for a Midwestern corn-soybean ecohydrological system in a healthy, peak growing season state and compare the results with those using July 2005 data for the same site during a severe drought. We find that the process network during drought is substantially decoupled, and regional-scale information feedback is reduced during the drought. We conclude that the proposed process network methodology is able to identify the differences between two states of an ecohydrological system on the basis of variations in the pattern of feedback coupling on the network.
Biomechanics and Strength of Manual Wheelchair Users

AbstractBackground/Objective: Previous investigations have identified muscular imbalance in the shoulder as a source of pain and injury in manual wheelchair users. Our aim was to determine whether a correlation exists between strength and push rim biomechanical variables including: tangential (motive) force (Ft), radial force (Fr), axial force (Fz), total (resultant) force (FR), fraction of effective force (FEF), and cadence.Methods: Peak isokinetic shoulder strength (flexion [FLX], extension [EXT], abduction [ABD], adduction [ADD], internal rotation [IR], and external rotation [ER]) was tested in 22 manual wheelchair users with a BioDex system for 5 repetitions at 60°/S. Subjects then propelled their own manual wheelchair at 2 speeds, 0.9 m/s (2 mph) and 1.8 m/s (4 mph), for 20 seconds, during which kinematic (OPTOTRAK) and kinetic (SMARTWHEEL) data were collected. Peak isokinetic forces in the cardinal planes were correlated with push rim biomechanical variables.Results: All peak torque strength variabl...
Discrimination in the Laws of Information Warfare

As societies and economies increasingly rely on electronic telecommunications, they grow more vulnerable to threats from other computer systems. At the same time, states' military and intelligence organizations are increasingly developing the capability to attack and defend these assets. As with the introduction of earlier weapons systems, would-be users express the belief that the laws restraining warjare no longer apply. This Note seeks to explain the emerging relationship between electronic telecommunications and the laws of war. In particular, this Note seeks to show how the norm requiring the discrimination between military and civilian objectives may be retained in an era of long-distance wagare. Finally, it presents a model protocol to guide warriors and lawyers in planning or judging the legitimacy of information operations.
The Experience of Pediatric Cancer Pain, Part I: Impact of Pain on the Family

This two-part article reports on the results of qualitative data derived from the study on the impact of pediatric cancer pain on the family. Part I of this two-part article explores the family caregivers’ description of a child with cancer, the helplessness experienced in the management of the child’s pain, and the impact of pain on the entire family. Study findings support existing literature identifying inadequate assessment and management of pediatric cancer pain. Parents identified the benefits of pain management teams for the child and for themselves. Family caregivers also identified the stresses associated with managing pain at home. Part II will describe the role of the parents in managing their child’s pain. This study provided valuable information that can enable health care professionals with an opportunity to intervene not only with the child but also with the family. Copyright o 1994 by W.B. Saunders Company
Superoxide Dismutase in Bacillus popilliae

Vegetative cells of Bacillus popilliae were devoid of catalase but had high levels of superoxide dismutase. This provides further support of a theory that oxygen tolerance by an organism is more dependent on superoxide dismutase than on catalase.
Oncolytic viruses: a new class of immunotherapy drugs

Oncolytic viruses can kill tumour cells through a dual mechanism of action; the direct lysis of cells, and the induction of an immune response. The first oncolytic virus has been approved in China, and another has been recommended for approval in the United States. This Review discusses the biology of oncolytic viruses as well as key oncolytic viruses in clinical development, and investigates the challenges associated with developing oncolytic viruses as a new therapeutic modality for cancer.
Contrasting lumped and distributed hydrology models for estimating climate change impacts on California watersheds

Maurer, Edwin P., Levi D. Brekke, and Tom Pruitt, 2010. Contrasting Lumped and Distributed Hydrology Models for Estimating Climate Change Impacts on California Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(5):1024–1035. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00473.x Abstract: We compare the projected changes to streamflows for three Sierra Nevada rivers using statistically downscaled output from 22 global climate projections. The downscaled meteorological data are used to drive two hydrology models: the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting model and the variable infiltration capacity model. These two models differ in their spatial resolution, computational time step, and degree and objective of calibration, thus producing significantly different simulations of current and future streamflow. However, the projected percentage changes in monthly streamflows through mid-21st Century generally did not differ, with the exceptions of streamflow during low flow months, and extreme low flows. These findings suggest that for physically based hydrology models applied to snow-dominated basins in Mediterranean climate regimes like the Sierra Nevada, California, model formulation, resolution, and calibration are secondary factors for estimating projected changes in extreme flows (seasonal or daily). For low flows, hydrology model selection and calibration can be significant factors in assessing impacts of projected climate change.
Regional and overall ventilation inhomogeneities in preterm and term-born infants

We compared ventilation inhomogeneity assessed by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and multiple breath washout (MBW) in preterm and term-born infants. We hypothesised that EIT measurements in spontaneously breathing infants are repeatable and that differences in regional ventilation distribution measured by EIT can distinguish between preterm and term-born infants. Cross-sectional group comparison study. Lung function laboratory at a University Children’s Hospital. Seventeen healthy term-born and 15 preterm infants at a matched postmenstrual age of 44 weeks. We concurrently measured ventilation inhomogeneity by EIT, ventilation inhomogeneity (LCI) and functional residual capacity (FRC) by MBW and tidal breathing variables during unsedated quiet sleep. EIT measurements were highly repeatable (coefficient of variation 3.6%). Preterm infants showed significantly more ventilation of the independent parts of the lungs compared to healthy term-born infants assessed by EIT (mean difference 5.0, 95 CI 1.3–8%). Whereas the two groups showed no differences in lung volumes or ventilation inhomogeneities assessed by MBW, EIT discriminated better between term and preterm infants. (FRC/kg: mean difference 1.1 mL, 95% CI −1.4–3.8 mL; LCI: mean difference 0.03, 95% CI −0.32–0.25). EIT shows distinct differences in ventilation distribution between preterm and term-born infants, which cannot be detected by MBW. Although preterm infants are capable of dynamically maintaining overall functional residual volume and ventilation distribution, they show some spatial differences from fullterm infants.
The onset of Munchausen's syndrome

Although Munchausen's syndrome is well known, its mode of onset and development are poorly understood. The authors describe an individual whose developmental history was notable for dyslexia and pathological lying from early childhood, and who later developed Munchausen's syndrome following an explosive separation from his terminally ill father. The patient's simulated genitourinary problems related directly to his father's renal malignancy. The development of his Munchausen syndrome is discussed with reference to his traumatic separation from his father as well and to his preexisting character pathology and probable central nervous system dysfunction.
Calix[4]pyrroles: New Solid-Phase HPLC Supports for the Separation of Anions

A new type of solid support for HPLC separation of nucleotides, oligonucleotides, N-protected amino acids, and perfluorinated biphenyls is revealed in the form of two distinct calix[4]pyrrole-modified silica gels.
Effect of cortisol on phosphorylation of acidic proteins in liver nuclei from adrenalectomized rats.

Nach Gabe von Cortisol war in adrenalektomierten Ratten ein gesteigerter Einbau von32P-Orthophosphat in saure Kernproteine und Histone der Leber nachweisbar. Diese gesteigerte Phosphorylierung erfolgte mit einer Verzogerung von mehr als 5 h post injectionem gleichformig in den verschiedenen sauren Proteinen. Das elektrophoretische Muster (Polyacrylamid) saurer Proteine blieb durch Cortisolgabe unbeeinflusst.
Creating indian lands: the boundary of the salt river indian community

Pima and Maricopa Indians lived in central Arizona along the Gila River when the first whites arrived. Because whites removed much water upstream on the Gila, these agricultural Indians were in dire straits throughout the 1870s. About half migrated to the Salt River Valley where there was considerably more water. Cultural clashes and conflict over land led to troubles between whites and Indians, and the government established a particularly large reservation as a temporary measure to protect Indian rights. Considerable political quarreling developed over this reservation, and most whites (Arizona authorities, local citizens, military officers, land speculators, an Indian agent, and others) tried to get the reservation size reduced. The Indians concerned, plus government officials, would have preferred returning water to the Gila Reservation, but such a move would have taken considerable time, and Arizonans were opposed to the idea. The large reservation was soon abolished and a much smaller one established for the Pimas and Maricopas in the Salt River Valley. This smaller reservation has been expanded slightly over time.
MARKET MAKER COMPETITION ON FUTURES EXCHANGES

This study examines competition among the market makers in six futures pits. We first present a heterogeneous market maker model, allowing traders to dger according to their risk tolerance and/or capitalization. Those who are more risk tolerant or more highly capitalized capture greater volume by quoting tighter bid-ask spreads. We then look at the concentration of personal trading in actual futures pits, andfind it to be moderately concentrated: On a given day, an average of 30% to 60% of personal trading is conducted by the four largest traders in the pit. Concentration falls as volume rises, which is consistent with a prediction of the model that as volume rises, more risk-averse or lower-capitalized traders are able to participate in trading. Finally, we examine the relationship between personal trading volume and bid-ask spreads. Overall, the studyfinds only mild wi
Educational attainment of children of immigrants: Evidence from the national longitudinal survey of youth

Abstract This study investigates the educational attainment of children of immigrants in the United States. By employing a more detailed classification of children of immigrants, we examine whether a foreign place of birth of either parent or child affects the child's educational attainment. Our results indicate that the full-second generation (U.S.-born children with both foreign-born parents) achieves the highest educational attainment, while the full-first generation (foreign-born children with both foreign-born parents) achieves the second highest educational attainment compared to the other groups of children of immigrants and native children. Full-first and full-second generation females also achieve higher educational attainment than their native female peers. The results support the optimism theory of assimilation in which the educational attainment of children of immigrants relies on the combination of their foreign-born parents’ strong values on education and the children's English proficiency.
The role of the cell surface in social and adventurous behaviour of myxobacteria.

Summary The myxobacteria are an unusually social group of prokaryotic organisms that form fruiting bodies containing dormant myxospores in response to nutritional stress. Social behaviour is controlled by a multigene system known as ‘S’ and by a series of intercellular signals that are released during development. The genes controlling these communication systems have been identified by mutational analysis and current research is directed toward examining the functions of these genes. S− mutants are generally nondevelopmental and noncohesive. They lack pili, a Congo red receptor, and 50-nm-wide fibrils which extend outward from the ceil surface. Changes in the architecture of the cell surface have been studied by means of surface labelling and with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell-surface antigens. The cell surface undergoes dramatic changes during the course of development. Most vegetative antigens decrease in concentration or disappear completely while new development-specific antigens appear.