cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and toxicity of antiretroviral therapy using 4 or more agents: application of a strategy for antiretroviral management in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.

Objective To characterize the long-term tolerance and virologic efficacy of combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of 4 or more agents in a clinical setting. Methods An observational review of 36 children infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) treated with 4 or 5 antiretroviral agents in 2 university hospital clinics between April 1, 1996, and October 31, 2000. Highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens were chosen with regard to the child's past antiretroviral exposure or results of genotypic resistance data. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were monitored weekly to monthly after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and adherence efforts were actively supported and monitored. Main Outcome Measure Number of children with undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA levels at longest follow-up. Results Four- or 5-drug highly active antiretroviral therapy reduced plasma HIV-1 RNA levels to less than 50 copies/mL in 32 (89%) of 36 children. After a median of 28.7 months of observation, 28 children (78%) remained at this level of suppression. Adverse reactions were limited to mild neutropenia and mild transient or persistent elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels in 11% of children. Conclusions Treatment with 4 or 5 antiretroviral agents was well tolerated in HIV-1–infected children and resulted in a high degree of viral suppression, even in children with previous antiretroviral drug experience.
Coupling chiral homogeneous biocatalytic reactions with benign heterogeneous separation

We describe a method for sustainable biocatalysis in an organic aqueous tunable solvent (OATS) system in which a hydrophobic substrate is transformed with a homogeneous enzymatic catalyst in a single liquid phase. Subsequent CO2 addition produces a biphasic mixture where the hydrophobic product partitions preferentially into the organic rich phase for separation while the hydrophilic enzyme catalyst partitions into the aqueous rich phase, where it is recyclable. Greater than 99% enantiomeric excess (ee) is shown for catalyzed hydrolysis of rac-1-phenylethyl acetate with Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL B) both before and after CO2-induced separation. Additionally, processing parameters in OATS systems are discussed. This system combines homogeneous enzymatic reactions with a built-in heterogeneous separation for enantiomerically pure products.
Subfield atrophy pattern in temporal lobe epilepsy with and without mesial sclerosis detected by high‐resolution MRI at 4 Tesla: Preliminary results

Purpose High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 4 Tesla depicts details of the internal structure of the hippocampus not visible at 1.5 Tesla, and so allows for in vivo parcellation of different hippocampal subfields. The aim of this study was to test if distinct subfield atrophy patterns can be detected in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with mesial temporal sclerosis (TLE-MTS) and without (TLE-no) hippocampal sclerosis.
Immunologic contact urticaria--the human touch.

Objective: To review immunologic contact urticaria (ICU) in the occupational and environmental context, and describe its continued relevance in light of the ever-increasing onslaught of new chemicals and products, as well as new technology placing novel interactions, such as nanoparticles, within reach of the population at home and work.Methods: Publications were searched via PubMed, using key words: Occupational, immunologic, contact urticaria, nanoparticle.Conclusion: ICU remains an important diagnosis to make and treat because it has widespread health and social morbidity, including job and income loss, persistent life-long allergies, and progression from self-limiting skin eruptions to multi-systemic, sometimes life-threatening, illnesses. There is no short supply of known ICU causing allergens, but it is equally important to be ever vigilant in recognizing, and even adding to, items in the constantly expanding list of novel allergenic agents provided to us by the advances of modern chemistry and tech...
A Rotary Heat Exchanger for Automotive and Other Ground Based Gas Turbines

This paper discusses the ongoing development of a ceramic regenerator for a high temperature automotive gas turbine engine sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy.The ceramic gas turbine has a steady state gas inlet temperature of 774°C and a 982°C peak acceleration temperature which precludes the use of metallic discs. Ceramic materials have successfully operated to 982°C, with a peak acceleration temperature exceeding 1093°C. Ceramic regenerator temperature capability is currently limited by seal tribomaterial properties.The requirements of the ceramic regenerator, ceramic disc materials being evaluated, and the processing of these materials to obtain the required strength, chemical resistance, cost, including quality control are discussed. The status of the extruded regenerator program to date will also be described.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
PREPARATIVE GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF LIPIDS.

Applications of preparative gas-liquid chromatography of lipids are presented and discussed. Various designs of preparative units are reviewed, including those commercially available. A general discussion of preparative gas-liquid chromatography is presented with emphasis on the practical problems involved.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY, CLOSURES AND LABOR REALLOCATION IN THE WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP

This paper investigates the labor market responses to conflict and labor market disruptions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. From 1987 to 1995 the West Bank and Gaza Strip witnessed an increase in instability as political conflict disrupted the economy. This paper finds that disruptions later in the period are associated with increased reallocation between sectors and lower unemployment, compared to equivalent shocks earlier in the period. Additionally, the effects of these shocks are primarily felt by younger workers. The findings are consistent with a decrease in human capital investment during this time, but several alternative explanations are also explored.
A position sensitive detector for SPIDR—a mission to map the cosmic web

Abstract The primary goal of the Spectroscopy and Photometry of the IGM's Diffuse Radiation (SPIDR) mission is to detect and map the huge filamentary structures, the “cosmic web”, predicted to be present in the IGM. To accomplish this task the SPIDR instrument comprises six imaging spectrographs providing high-resolution spatial maps of IGM features in the critical OVI and CIV lines at both rest and red-shifted wavelengths. Each spectrograph uses a two-dimensional position sensitive microchannel plate detector to image UV dispersed by a normal incidence grating, encoding spectral and spatial information. Two-dimensional imaging is recovered by tomographic reconstruction of data from the slowly spinning spacecraft. The detector configuration utilizes an open faced microchannel plate stack coated with a UV photocathode. The conservative imaging requirements are met by a wedge and strip anode whose performance has been enhanced by using the image charge technique. Image charge provides a highly stable and predictable detector response which has enabled us to use software simulation to improve the linearity of the readout considerably.
Decreased vascular reactivity to nonrepinephrine in fischer rats with neoplasia-induced hypercalcemia

Abstract The effect of a hypercalcemia-producing Leydig cell tumor on vascular reactivity in Fischer rats was studied. Seven to eight days after tumor implantation, there was no difference between tumor (T) and control (C) animals in serum calcium, serum phosphate, plasma catecholamine levels, mean arterial pressure (MAP), or blood pressure responses to norepinephrine (NE) infusion. At day 12–13 of tumor growth, the serum calcium in the tumor-bearing rats was significantly higher (12.2±0.8 vs. 9.7±0.3 mg%, P In vitro contractile responses of tail artery segments to transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) in animals with tumors were lower than in controls but there were no differences in sensitivity to exogenous NE in vitro . These results suggest that the tumor stimulates production of a circulating factor which desensitizes NE receptors and that this tumor also decreases neurovascular function by an undefined mechanism.
Wideband precision two-axis beam steerer tracking servo design and test results

A compact, light-weight, two-axis beam steerer (TABS) with a 38 mm (1.5') Beryllium clear aperture was designed into a 1000 Hz servo loop for precision tracking of a remote laser source. The design is composed of a quadrant photodiode, a track-tone demodulator, a linear ratiometric processor with sum and difference circuits, and a proportional/integral controller with a phase lead compensator. The demodulator is a phase-lock-loop used for locking onto and then synchronously detecting the envelope of a modulated tracking beacon. This approach provides background rejection, star discrimination (or any other CW source), receiver AC coupling, and 1/f noise reduction. The linear ratiometric processor provides x and y error signals to the controller which are independent of input signal levels. The far-field performance goal is < 0.5 microradians rms from a Landsat-type of base motion disturbance.
The transfer angular momentum scheme in nuclear reactions

Abstract The use of transferred angular momentum (TRANSAM) quantum numbers to describe nuclear reactions is discussed without assuming a particular reaction mechanism. The specific reaction 12C(6Li, α)14N∗ with polarized lithium is discussed as an example of the formalism.
Minoration de rangs de courbes elliptiques

Resume Nous enoncons dans cette Note un resultat quantitatif concernant le groupe des points rationnels d'une courbe elliptique qui sont definis sur certains corps de classes de Hilbert. Il s'agit d'etablir une borne inferieure pour le rang. Nous presentons egalement une approche analytique qui se fonde sur l'estimation de sommes de coefficients d'une forme modulaire aux valeurs d'un polynome quadratique. Cette estimee est une version non scindee d'un probleme de convolution decalee. Pour citer cet article : N. Templier, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 346 (2008).
Using the EPSA rubric to evaluate student work on ethics case studies in a Professional Issues course

Engineering programs commonly utilize ethics case studies as the basis for student discussions. Measuring the student learning resulting from the case study process is often very subjective and difficult to quantify. The Engineering Professional Skill Assessment (EPSA) was created as a direct method for eliciting and measuring ABET professional skills such as ethics. EPSA is a performance assessment consisting of: 1) a 1–2 page scenario about a contemporary, interdisciplinary engineering problem 2) a discussion period where a small group of students are asked to address a series of leading questions about the scenario; and 3) an analytical rubric which is used to evaluate the students' discussion. The EPSA project is currently in the third year of a four year National Science Foundation sponsored validity study. As part of this study the team of researchers has applied EPSA to test groups of students at Washington State University, the University of Idaho, and Norwich University. As a result of the work done on the validity study, faculty members from Norwich University who were not part of the project team were introduced to the EPSA method. These faculty members have independently started to utilize aspects of the EPSA method in their courses. This paper describes how the EPSA scenarios and EPSA rubric are being used in the “Ethics” section of a senior level “Professional Issues” course for engineering students. The EPSA Rubric provides a standardized means to evaluate the quality of student discussions and to help make the evaluation of students' work more consistent between the multiple sections of the course.
‘Smooth’ inference for survival functions with arbitrarily censored data

We propose a procedure for estimating the survival function of a time-to-event random variable under arbitrary patterns of censoring. The method is predicated on the mild assumption that the distribution of the random variable, and hence the survival function, has a density that lies in a class of 'smooth' densities whose elements can be represented by an infinite Hermite series. Truncation of the series yields a 'parametric' expression that can well approximate any plausible survival density, and hence survival function, provided the degree of truncation is suitably chosen. The representation admits a convenient expression for the likelihood for the 'parameters' in the approximation under arbitrary censoring/truncation that is straightforward to compute and maximize. A test statistic for comparing two survival functions, which is based on an integrated weighted difference of estimates of each under this representation, is proposed. Via simulation studies and application to a number of data sets, we demonstrate that the approach yields reliable inferences and can result in gains in efficiency over traditional nonparametric methods.
Are habitat-tracking metacommunities dispersal limited? Inferences from abundance-occupancy patterns of epiphylls in Amazonian forest fragments

In theory, habitat fragmentation alters plant community dynamics by influencing both local (within patch) and regional (among patch) processes. However, the lengthy generation times of plant taxa relative to the short duration of most experiments has precluded studies from assessing the impact of fragmentation at both local and regional scales. Due to their accelerated life cycles, high rates of local extinction, and naturally patchy substrates, epiphyllous bryophyte assemblages are an appropriate plant guild for empirically testing metacommunity-based predictions associated with habitat fragmentation. By examining the local abundance and regional distribution patterns of 67 epiphyllous (leaf-inhabiting) bryophyte species in an experimentally fragmented landscape in Amazonia, we demonstrate that changes in local abundance wrought by habitat fragmentation are best explained by fragment size rather than proximity to forest edge. Furthermore, evidence of a simultaneous inter-specific decline in epiphyll local abundance and regional distribution in small (1- and 10-ha) forest fragments corroborate with metapopulation-based predictions highlighting the importance of immigration in buffering from patch extinction risk (i.e., the rescue effect). Collectively, these results provide indirect evidence that dispersal limitation, rather than compromised habitat quality attributable to edge effects, likely account for species loss from small tropical forest fragments. Whether dispersal limitation is due to increased insularity from regional sources for epiphyll recolonization or rather to lowered within-fragment dispersal potential is unknown; nonetheless, the long-term persistence of these microscopic plant metacommunities depends on the preservation of rain forest reserves of at least 100-ha in size.
Presenilin 1 regulates homeostatic synaptic scaling through Akt signaling

Neurons adapt to long-lasting changes in network activity, both in vivo and in vitro, by adjusting their synaptic strengths to stabilize firing rates. We found that homeostatic scaling of excitatory synapses was impaired in hippocampal neurons derived from mice lacking presenilin 1 (Psen1(-/-) mice) or expressing a familial Alzheimer's disease-linked Psen1 mutation (Psen1(M146V)). These findings suggest that deficits in synaptic homeostasis may contribute to brain dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
Using assessments to improve process safety culture

Deficiencies in conduct of operations and operational discipline can lead to a decline in the quality of an organization's process safety culture and an increase in the likelihood of process safety incidents. A process safety assessment is one tool especially suited for identifying and correcting organizational safety culture deficiencies. Both AIChE/CCPS and API offer recent guidance documents on how to conduct effective assessments of process safety management systems. This article first introduces some basic concepts from game theory and applies them to the methodology of process safety assessments. A conceptual framework for the implementation of the process safety assessment process with balanced positive and corrective actions will be described. Assessment guidelines typically focus on the negative outcomes—correcting deficiencies. This article argues that the assessment process must also use the positive outcomes—the compliance successes—to provide positive reinforcement to the process safety culture. Implementing this strategy is consistent with pragmatic management practices and is supported by empirical studies in behavioral science. Finally, this article discusses how these ideas fit within the framework of AIChE/CCPS and API guidance documents. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 148–151, 2014
Persistent platelet activation by passivated grafts.

Abstract Vascular grafts in canines exhibit similar healing patterns to humans in that the graft surface forms a pseudointima over time but endothelializes only near the anastomotic sites. Thus the pseudointima at the midportion of the graft may represent a nidus for persistent platelet activation. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of the maturing graft surface on platelet activation. Long Dacron subcutaneous carotid to aorta grafts (50 cm × 8 mm) were placed in nine dogs. Blood samples were obtained by direct graft puncture, at the proximal and distal ends of the graft, at 1, 24, 48, 72 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks, and monthly thereafter for 8 months. Seven sham dogs had subcutaneous grafts implanted without arterial anastomoses, and blood samples were drawn from the femoral artery. Platelet counts were determined with a platelet counter. Platelet aggregation and release of adenosine triphosphate was determined with a whole blood aggregometer by use of arachidonic acid, collagen, and adenosine diphosphate as agonists. No difference was found in platelet aggregation to collagen or adenosine diphosphate stimulation across the graft, but platelets released significantly less adenosine triphosphate to collagen and adenosine diphosphate stimulation distally versus proximally. In the graft dogs a decrease in systemic platelet counts of 50% occurred from the preoperative level which persisted over 8 months ( p
Exclusion of BMP6 as a candidate gene for Cleidocranial dysplasia

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant, generalized skeletal dysplasia in humans that has been mapped to the short arm of chromosome 6. We report linkage of a CCD mutation to 6p21 in a large family and exclude the bone morphogenetic protein 6 gene (BMP6) as a candidate for the disease by cytogenetic localization and genetic recombination. CCD was linked with a maximal two-point LOD score of 7.22 with marker D6S452 at theta = 0. One relative with a recombination between D6S451 and D6S459 and another individual with a recombination between D6S465 and CCD places the mutation within a 7 cM region between D6S451 and D6S465 at 6p21. A phage P1 genomic clone spanning most of the BMP6 gene hybridized to chromosome 6 in band region p23-p24 using FISH analysis, placing this gene cytogenetically more distal than the region of linkage for CCD. We derived a new polymorphic marker from this same P1 clone and found recombinations between the marker and CCD in this family. The results confirm the map position of CCD on 6p21, further refine the CCD genetic interval by identifying a recombination between D6S451 and D6S459, and exclude BMP6 as a candidate gene.
Shopping center location and retail store mix in metropolitan areas

Retail sales in 1963 in 116 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA’s) are related to SMSA size in 1960. Nucleated sales occur in the Central Business District (CBD) and in Major Retail Centers (MRC’s). As SMSA’s grow, the proportion of sales in MRC’s increases and that in the CBD decreases. The ratio of nucleated sales to dispersed sales remains constant. The laws of economic location operate to place shopping goods primarily in the CBD and in MRC’s whereas convenience and other types of stores disperse throughout the SMSA. Plotting the straight line distance of every MRC relative to the CBD and computing the mix of trade types in MRC’s reveals that, with some modifications, most MRC’s have a mix of store types similar to the CBD. Convenience stores are somewhat more important and all other stores less so than they are in the CBD. The findings support the Harris-Ullman multiple nuclei hypothesis.
Transient simulation of heterojunction photodiodes-part II: analysis of resonant cavity enhanced photodetectors

The high-speed response properties of resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) photodetectors have been investigated. The limitations on the high-speed performance of photodiodes and the advantages of RCE-detection are discussed. Transient response of heterojunction photodiodes under pulsed optical illumination has been simulated using the method described in Part I. Results on conventional AlGaAs/GaAs and RCE GaAs/InGaAs heterojunction p-i-n photodiodes are presented. For small area detectors, almost 50% bandwidth improvement along with a two-fold increase in efficiency is predicted for RCE devices over optimized conventional photodiodes. A nearly three-fold enhancement in the bandwidth-efficiency product was shown. >
Numerical Optimization of a Microfluidic Assisted Microarray for the Detection of Biochemical Interactions

Finite element method analysis was applied to the characterization of the biomolecular interactions taking place in a microfluidic assisted microarray. Numerical simulations have been used for the optimization of geometrical and physical parameters of the sensing device. Different configurations have been analyzed and general considerations have been derived. We have shown that a parallel disposition of the sensing area allows the homogeneous formation of the target molecular complex in all the active zones of the microarray. Stationary and time dependent results have also been obtained.
Professional values, self-esteem, and ethical confidence of baccalaureate nursing students

Professional identity and competent ethical behaviors of nursing students are commonly developed through curricular inclusion of professional nursing values education. Despite the enactment of this approach, nursing students continue to express difficulty in managing ethical conflicts encountered in their practice. This descriptive correlational study explores the relationships between professional nursing values, self-esteem, and ethical decision making among senior baccalaureate nursing students. A convenience sample of 47 senior nursing students from the United States were surveyed for their level of internalized professional nursing values (Revised Professional Nursing Values Scale), level of self-esteem (Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale), and perceived level of confidence in ethical decision making. A significant positive relationship (p < 0.05) was found between nursing students' professional nursing values and levels of self-esteem. The results of this study can be useful to nursing educators whose efforts are focused on promoting professional identity development and competent ethical behaviors of future nurses.
The Application Of Documented Problem Solving In College Introductory Statistics Courses

Introductory statistics is an important part of the undergraduate curriculum in business and economics education. A pedagogical method, documented problem solving, is applied in the undergraduate statistics course. This assessment method actively engages students in learning via reflecting their thinking process that helps stimulate metacognition and develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Gelsolin decreases actin toxicity and inflammation in murine multiple sclerosis

Gelsolin is the fourth most abundant protein in the body and its depletion in the blood has been found in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. How gelsolin affects the MS brain has not been studied. We found that while the secreted form of gelsolin (pGSN) decreased in the blood of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, pGSN concentration increased in the EAE brain. Recombinant human pGSN (rhp-GSN) decreased extracellular actin and myeloperoxidase activity in the brain, resulting in reduced disease activity and less severe clinical disease, suggesting that gelsolin could be a potential therapeutic target for MS.
AKR1 encodes a candidate effector of the G beta gamma complex in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pheromone response pathway and contributes to control of both cell shape and signal transduction.

Mating pheromones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae control both signal transduction events and changes in cell shape. The G beta gamma complex of the pheromone receptor-coupled G protein activates the signal transduction pathway, leading to transcriptional induction and cell cycle arrest, but how pheromone-dependent signalling leads to cell shape changes is unclear. We used a two-hybrid system to search for proteins that interact with the G beta gamma complex and that might be involved in cell shape changes. We identified the ankyrin repeat-containing protein Akr1p and show here that it interacts with the free G beta gamma complex. This interaction may be regulated by pheromone, since Akr1p is excluded from the G alpha beta gamma heterotrimer. Both haploid and diploid cells lacking Akr1p grow slowly and develop deformed buds or projections, suggesting that this protein participates in the control of cell shape. In addition, Akr1p has a negative influence on the pheromone response pathway. Epistasis analysis demonstrates that this negative effect does not act on the G beta gamma complex but instead affects the kinase cascade downstream of G beta gamma, so that the kinase Ste20p and components downstream of Ste20p (e.g., Ste11p and Ste7p) are partially activated in cells lacking Akr1p. Although the elevated signalling is eliminated by deletion of Ste20p (or components downstream of Ste20p), the growth and morphological abnormalities of cells lacking Akr1p are not rescued by deletion of any of the known pheromone response pathway components. We therefore propose that Akr1p negatively affects the activity of a protein that both controls cell shape and contributes to the pheromone response pathway upstream of Ste20p but downstream of G beta gamma. Specifically, because recent evidence suggests that Bem1p, Cdc24p, and Cdc42p can act in the pheromone response pathway, we suggest that Akr1p affects the functions of these proteins, by preventing them from activating mating-specific targets including the pheromone-responsive kinase cascade, until G beta gamma is activated by pheromone.
Osteology and relationships of the genus Spaniodon (Teleostei, Salmoniformes) from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon

The genus Spaniodon is decribed in detail. Contrary to previous authors, we have only recognized two species, S. elongatus and S. latus. Spaniodon shows the synapomorphies of clupeocephalans, protacanthopterygians and salmoniforms. Its relationships among salmoniforms are still undecided, although it could be closely related to the Osmeroidei. The main character that supports this grouping is the dermal part of the mesethmoid formed by the partial fusion of a pair of lateral dermethmoids, whereas the rostral is absent. These conclusions are also supported by a global phylogenetic study of the teleosts.
Hermeneutic Haunting: E. D. Hirsch, Jr. and the Ghost of Interpretive Validity

This article applies criteria for validity in interpretation to Eric Donald Hirsch, Jr.'s interpretations of John Dewey. Specifically, three criteria that Hirsch, himself, established in his earlier work are used to evaluate Hirsch's interpretation of John Dewey as a member of a class (romantics) who embraced a naive naturalism (trait) more often than not (instances within a class) to the great detriment of other salient aspects of education. Hirsch calls his K–8 Core Knowledge sequence revolutionary. His revolution's justification rests, in part, on his rejection of an educational tradition that he attributes to John Dewey and his disciples. Hirsch uses his interpretation of Dewey to portray those who continue to take Dewey's ideas seriously as naive, dogmatic obstructionists who are blocking positive educational reform. Because Hirsch falls short of his own standards for validity in his interpretation of John Dewey, this article suggests that professors of education who continue to rework Dewey's ideas ...
High-field magnets and high-field superconductors

This paper gives a brief historical review of the development of high magnetic fields and high field superconductors including brief summaries of the early developments of high magnetic fields and the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory (FBNML). The start of the first revolution (when large critical currents in Nb/sub 3/Sn were observed in high magnetic fields) and the development of practical superconductors are outlined in parallel with selected applications developed at Lincoln Laboratory, FBNML, and other departments at MIT. Many large scale superconductor applications, supported by governments, are reviewed briefly; although many models and preliminary designs were completed, a number of US initiatives for large superconducting systems were discontinued. This summary of high-field superconducting applications is followed by an outline of the development of the highest field superconducting materials, comments on the false reports of high T/sub c/ superconductors which appeared throughout the 1970s, and the start of the second revolution (when the high T/sub c/ oxides were reported). >
Environmental Considerations Home and School Comparison of Spanish–English Speakers’ Vocalizations

This study examined differences in the quantity of child vocalizations (CVs) between preschool and home environments using the Language Environmental Analysis (LENA). The sample included monolingual English-speaking children (n = 27) and Spanish–English speaking dual language learners (n = 30). A two-way mixed effects analysis of variance with one between-subjects effect (language) and one within-subjects effect (setting) was conducted to examine whether there was a significant difference in CVs between home and school settings, and whether that contrast differentially affected monolingual and English language learner (ELL) preschool participants. Overall, there was a significant difference in average hourly CVs between home and preschool environments with a higher rate of CV at home than at school for both monolinguals and ELLs. Results support the need to carefully consider the environment in communication sampling, recognizing that child vocalization counts (CVCs) may vary by environment.
A plan for a multi-institutional consortium in bioengineering education

Vanderbilt University, Northwestern University, the University of Texas and the Harvard/MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program have developed a multi-institution plan to develop educational technologies in bioengineering. This project aims at developing the educational resources to prepare for the future of bioengineering. While the scientific and engineering literature of BE is vast, tested teaching materials are scarce. A cogent body of BE knowledge and proven methods for helping student acquire that knowledge in many contexts and with diverse characteristics is the foundation on which the desired future can be built.
Systems-level reconsolidation: reengagement of the hippocampus with memory reactivation.

Certain types of memories are dependent on the hippocampus for a short period of time following training, after which they are no longer susceptible to hippocampal manipulations. Having completed this initial consolidation process, a memory may once again engage the hippocampus (undergo reconsolidation) when recalled. Two studies in the current issue of Neuron (Debiec et al., 2002, and Milekic and Alberini, 2002) make important advances in our understanding of reconsolidation but reach different conclusions about the modifiability of old memories.
Production impact & time to stability in sow herds infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)

PEDV was first detected in United States in May, 2013. The virus spread through the swine industry and was reported in 30 US states by June, 2014 (Morrison and Goede, 2014). There are limited data describing the impact on production in sow farms. Veterinarians attempt to control the virus in sow herds with a program that stimulates herd immunity. There are no data on how long it takes with this control program to achieve a stable state of consistently produce weaned pigs that are not infected with the virus. This study involved participants and data from an existing program called the Swine Health Monitoring Project. Veterinarians were invited to share production data from 429 herds infected with PEDV. These data, in conjunction with diagnostic reports, were used to estimate the time required for the herd to produce PEDV PCR negative pigs and the production loss. Of the 429 infected herds that achieved the stable state of weaning PEDV PCR negative pigs, the median time was 28 weeks, ranging from 7 to 64 weeks. A median of 2.7 piglets/inventoried sow were not weaned and the average time required to recover to baseline production was 10 weeks in 183 herds. Herd infected in quarters 3 or 4 of the year had approximately twice the negative impact. These data are valuable for veterinarians in advising clients on the anticipated impact and time to re-achieve a stable state with regards to PEDV.
Why States Need an International Law for Information Operations

Just as states have spent the last several years wrestling with the appropriate legal response to terror, they must now undertake a similar effort to deal with the burgeoning use of information operations (IO). IO involves the use of information technology, such as computer network attacks or psychological operations, to influence, disrupt, corrupt, usurp or defend information systems and the infrastructure they support. More than thirty states have developed IO capacities. But IO is also undoubtedly attractive to non-state actors like Al Qaeda, since the technology is mostly inexpensive, easy-to-use, and capable of deployment from virtually anywhere. This Article assesses the ways in which international law, specifically the rules regulating the use of force and the law of war, currently applies to IO. Conventional wisdom suggests existing rules can cover IO by analogy. The conventional wisdom is only half-right. This Article explains why the existing rules govern IO, but challenges the unstated assumption that they do so appropriately. Translating existing rules into the IO context produces extensive uncertainty, risking unintentional escalations of conflict where forces have differing interpretations of what is permissible. Alternatively, such uncertainty may discourage the use of IO even if it might produce less harm than traditional means of warfare. Beyond uncertainty, the existing legal framework is insufficient and overly complex. Existing rules have little to say about the non-state actors that will be at the center of future conflicts. And where the laws of war do not apply, even by analogy, an overwhelmingly complex set of other international and foreign law rules purport to govern IO. To remedy such deficiencies, this Article proposes a new legal framework, an international law for information operations (ILIO). By adopting an ILIO, states could alleviate the uncertainty and complexity of the status quo, reduce transaction costs for states fighting global terror, and lessen the collateral costs of armed conflict itself. This Article concludes with a review of some of the regulatory design questions facing an ILIO, but does not offer any specific rules. Rather, its ultimate aim is to convince states and scholars about the need for an ILIO in the first place.
Human-In-the-Loop Evaluation of NextGen Concepts in the Airspace Operations Laboratory

The Airspace Operations Laboratory (AOL) at the NASA Ames Research Center hosts a powerful simulation environment for human-in-the-loop studies of air traffic operations. The primary real-time simulation capabilities are developed by the AOL development team as part of the Multi Aircraft Control System (MACS) and cover a wide range of operational environments from current day operations to future operational concepts like those envisioned for the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). The research focus in the AOL is on examining air traffic control and traffic management operations across multiple air traffic control sectors and Centers in rich air/ground environments that can include oceanic, enroute and terminal airspace. The basic simulation capabilities and earlier research was presented at the AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies conference in 2006. Since then, the AOL capabilities have been continuously improved and expanded. Over the past four years the AOL has been extensively utilized to investigate a variety of NextGen concepts for NASA’s NextGen Airspace Program and the FAA’s Air Traffic Organization for Planning, Research and Technology. The primary focus areas under investigation in the AOL are Separation Assurance and the associated Functional Allocation for NextGen, Controller Managed Spacing for nearto mid-term Terminal area operations, flow-based trajectory management and multi-sector planning and dynamic airspace configuration and flexible airspace management. This paper first gives an overview over the most significant capabilities that were added since 2006 and then reviews at a high level the main activities and findings in the different research focus areas.
Detection of serum antibodies to psoroptic mite antigens in rabbits infested with Psoroptes cuniculi or P. ovis (Acari: Psoroptidae) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunodiffusion.

Previously noninfested rabbits were infested with either Psoroptes cuniculi (2 rabbits) or P. ovis (2 rabbits) to determine when serum antibodies to psoroptic mite antigens, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunodiffusion, began to appear, and to correlate the serum antibody response to these antigens with the appearance of ear canker in these rabbits. Ear canker was first detected in infested rabbits at 2 ( P. cuniculi ) and at 4 and 7 ( P. ovis ) days postinfestation (PI). However, serum antibodies to P. cuniculi or P. ovis antigens could not be detected in the respective rabbits until 8 ( P. cuniculi ) or 7 and 10 ( P. ovis ) days PI by ELISA and 20 and 23 ( P. cuniculi ) or 15 and 32 ( P. ovis ) days PI by immunodiffusion. Serum antibodies to P. cuniculi antigens were also detected by ELISA in all of 9 additional rabbits with various intensities and durations of infestation of P. cuniculi and by immunodiffusion in 8 of the 9 rabbits. Serum antibody activity to P. cuniculi antigens, as determined by ELISA, was higher in 3 rabbits with longer infestations (>2 years) than in rabbits with shorter infestations. These results indicate that ear canker develops earlier than a detectable serum antibody response to psoroptic mite antigens. ELISA was also found to be more sensitive than immunodiffusion for the serological diagnosis of P. cuniculi and P. ovis infestations in rabbits.
Abstract 989: Reliability of a modified version of the Health Belief Model Scale-C for cervical cancer screening behaviors in lesbians

Background: Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates have decreased significantly during the last 60 years as a result of wide spread cervical cancer screening, yet certain subgroups of women continue to be at elevated risk due to lack of screening; lesbians are one such group. To better understand the association between health beliefs and cervical cancer screening behaviors in lesbians, we adapted the Champion Health Belief Model Scale from its original focus on breast cancer screening to a focus on cervical cancer and screening via Papanicolaou (Pap) test. Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the reliability and validity of our adapted version of the Health Belief Model Scale (HBMS) using an internet-based survey. Analysis included descriptive statistics of demographic data and internal consistency reliability estimates using Cronbach9s alpha coefficients. Methods: HBMS items for perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers subscales were modified from their original form to reference cervical cancer (rather than breast cancer) and Pap testing (rather than mammography). In addition, we constructed a knowledge scale based on a series of true/false questions regarding risk factors for cervical cancer and recommendations for cervical cancer screening. Results: Complete data were available for 218 self-identified lesbian volunteers ranging in age from 18 to 68. Cronbach9s internal consistency reliability coefficients were calculated for each subscale from our adaptation of the HBMS. Coefficients ranged from .75 to .91. Coefficients were similar to those reported previously. Conclusion: Our adaptation of the HMBS for assessing health beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening was determined to be reliable and valid. The HBMS-C has the potential to be a useful tool in ongoing studies of the associations between health beliefs and cervical cancer screening behaviors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 989.
THE EVOLUTION OF MATING STRATEGIES IN BULLFROGS, RANA CATESBEIANA.

Mating system theory is undergoing considerable revision and elaboration (for example: Fisher, 1958; Brown, 1964; Williams, 1966, 1975; Orians, 1969; Cody, 1971; Trivers, 1972; Alexander, 1975; Emlen and Oring, 1977; Alexander and Borgia, 1978). These theories are based upon Darwin's (1871) concept of how natural selection acts within and between the sexes: intrasexual selection, sexual competition between members of the same sex for mates, and intersexual selection, in which one sex is the selective agent for the other. Unfortunately, adequate data to test these theories are lacking for most organisms (but see Bateman, 1948; Savage, 1961; LeBoeuf, 1974; Chagnon, 1974; Jenni, 1974). In this paper, I present necessary data on how mating success varies within and between the sexes to test existing theories of sexual selection for one species, the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, and I extend current theoretical considerations to include how age should influence alternative male mating strategies. Anurans are excellent animals to test theoretical predictions of sexual selection: since males fertilize eggs externally, there is no doubt about male parentage and, thus, relative male mating success. Such high confidence of paternity is lacking for most species with internal fertilization. Additional attributes of bullfrogs which make a study technically possible include (a) a tendency for chorusing males to form relatively dense aggregations thus facili-
Air Pollution and Global Warming: Aerosol Particles in the Polluted and Global Atmosphere

Although air pollution regulations have historically focused on gases, aerosol particles cause more health problems and visibility degradation than do gases. Particles smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter cause the most severe health problems. They enter the atmosphere by emissions and nucleation. In the air, their number concentrations and sizes change by coagulation, condensation, chemistry, water uptake, rainout, washout, sedimentation, dry deposition, and transport. Particle concentration, size, and morphology affect the radiative energy balance in both urban air and the global atmosphere. In this chapter, compositions, concentrations, sources, transformation processes, sinks, and health effects of aerosol particles are discussed. The effects of aerosol particles on visibility are described in Chapter 7, and regulations related to particles are given in Chapter 8. Size Distributions Aerosol and hydrometeor particles (defined in Section 1.1.2) are characterized by their size distribution and composition. A size distribution is the variation in particle number concentration or mass concentration, for example, with particle size. Number concentration is the number of particles of a given size per unit volume of air, whereas mass (or volume ) concentration is the mass (or volume) of particles of a given size per unit volume of air.
Single-pulse x-ray diffraction using polycapillary optics for in situ dynamic diffraction

Diagnostic use of single-pulse x-ray diffraction (XRD) at pulsed power facilities can be challenging due to factors such as the high flux and brightness requirements for diffraction and the geometric constraints of experimental platforms. By necessity, the x-ray source is usually positioned very close, within a few inches of the sample. On dynamic compression platforms, this puts the x-ray source in the debris field. We coupled x-ray polycapillary optics to a single-shot needle-and-washer x-ray diode source using a laser-based alignment scheme to obtain high-quality x-ray diffraction using a single 16 ns x-ray pulse with the source >1 m from the sample. The system was tested on a Mo sample in reflection geometry using 17 keV x-rays from a Mo anode. We also identified an anode conditioning effect that increased the x-ray intensity by 180%. Quantitative measurements of the x-ray focal spot produced by the polycapillary yielded a total x-ray flux on the sample of 3.3 ± 0.5 × 107 molybdenum Kα photons.
Solid-Vapor Equilibrium of the Carbon Dioxide-Nitrogen System at Pressures to 200 Atmospheres

The two-phase binary equilibrium system in which the concentration of one component in the condensed phase is negligibly small is of particular interest because such a system affords a comparatively easy means for analytically predicting composition in the second phase. The various methods used for the analytical calculations and the assumptions made therein can then be evaluated by direct comparison with experimental data on the system.
Selection of Appropriate Surgery for Early Lung Cancer

There are almost twice as many cases of lung cancer today as there were in 1980. There were an estimated 161,670 deaths related to lung cancer in the USA in 2010, which is more than any other cancer. Lung cancer is most commonly found in the elderly, with the 60–79-year-old range being the most prevalent. Eighty to eighty-five percent of primary lung tumors are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and, if caught in the early stages, can be treated surgically. The disease is more likely to be surgically resectable in the older patient population. Correspondingly, the percent of cancer in stage I also increases with age. There has also been a move toward minimally invasive surgery, new instruments and optics, and the use of VATS; the surgical field is ever evolving and the intricacies of each procedure are ever expanding. These advances have significantly improved surgical outcomes and recovery. In fact, VATS has dramatically reduced postop death in the elderly with stage I lung cancer.