cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrin-Associated Protein Stimulates α2β1-Dependent Chemotaxis via GI-Mediated Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase and Extracellular-Regulated Kinases

Integrin-associated protein (IAP/CD47) augments the function of α2β1 integrin in smooth muscle cells (SMC), resulting in enhanced chemotaxis toward soluble collagen (Wang, X-Q., and W.A. Frazier. 1998. Mol. Biol. Cell. 9:865). IAP-deficient SMC derived from IAP−/− animals did not migrate in response to 4N1K (KRFYVVMWKK), a peptide agonist of IAP derived from the COOH-terminal domain of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1). When normal SMC were preincubated with 4N1K or an anti-α2β1 function-stimulating antibody, cell migration to soluble collagen was significantly enhanced. 4N1K-induced chemotaxis was blocked by treatment of SMC with pertussis toxin indicating that IAP acts through Gi. In agreement with this, 4N1K evoked a rapid decrease in cAMP levels which was intensified in the presence of collagen, and forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP both inhibited SMC migration stimulated via IAP. 4N1K strongly inhibited extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) activation in SMC attaching to collagen and reduced basal ERK activity in suspended SMC. Pertussis toxin treatment of SMC significantly activated ERK, suggesting that an inhibitory input was alleviated. Inhibition of ERK activity by (a) the MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059, (b) antisense oligonucleotide depletion of ERK, and (c) expression of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-1 in SMC all led to increased migration to collagen, 4N1K, or 4N1K plus collagen. Thus, IAP stimulates α2β1 integrin-mediated SMC migration via Gi-mediated inhibition of ERK activity and suppression of cyclic AMP levels. Both of these signaling pathways could directly modulate the state of the integrin as well as impact downstream components of the cell motility apparatus.
Right ventricular failure in patients with the HeartMate II continuous-flow left ventricular assist device: Incidence, risk factors, and effect on outcomes

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and effect on outcomes of right ventricular failure in a large population of patients implanted with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. Methods Patients (n = 484) enrolled in the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device (Thoratec, Pleasanton, Calif) bridge-to-transplantation clinical trial were examined for the occurrence of right ventricular failure. Right ventricular failure was defined as requiring a right ventricular assist device, 14 or more days of inotropic support after implantation, and/or inotropic support starting more than 14 days after implantation. Demographics, along with clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic data, were compared between patients with and without right ventricular failure, and risk factors were identified. Results Overall, 30 (6%) patients receiving left ventricular assist devices required a right ventricular assist device, 35 (7%) required extended inotropes, and 33 (7%) required late inotropes. A significantly greater percentage of patients without right ventricular failure survived to transplantation, recovery, or ongoing device support at 180 days compared with patients with right ventricular failure (89% vs 71%, P P = .009), need for preoperative ventilator support (odds ratio, 5.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.3–13.2; P P = .02) were independent predictors of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. Conclusions The incidence of right ventricular failure in patients with a HeartMate II ventricular assist device is comparable or less than that of patients with pulsatile-flow devices. Its occurrence is associated with worse outcomes than seen in patients without right ventricular failure. Patients at risk for right ventricular failure might benefit from preoperative optimization of right heart function or planned biventricular support.
Concentration and Temperature Dependence of Divalent Europium Line Emission in BaMgF4

The luminescence properties of Eu/sup 2+/ -activated BaMgF/sub 4/ have been studied over a wide range of Eu/sup 2+/ concentrations at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperatures. For low concentrations of Eu/sup 2+/ (<30 mole percent (m/o)) only broad-band (5d-4f) emission was observed. However, weak 4f-4f line emission has been observed for concentrations of Eu/sup 2+/ greater than 30 m/o. These results are discussed in terms of a simple configuration coordinate diagram.
A Histological Examination of the Ovaries of Pacific Sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus, Captured at Two Oil Platforms and Two Natural Sites in the Southern California Bight

Abstract A number of the 26 offshore oil and gas platforms off California may be nearing the end of their economic lives. Decisions as to the disposition of these platforms will be based on a number of parameters, including the biological role of the structures. One issue that has arisen is the possible contamination of fishes living around platforms resulting from contaminants released during drilling and production. If significant contamination is occurring, it would be expected to impair the reproductive abilities of impacted fishes. One form of reproductive impairment is atresia, the abnormal reabsorption of oocytes that are destined to be spawned. Atresia has been widely used as an indicator of pollutant-related reproductive impairment in fishes. We examined the occurrence of atretic oocytes in Pacific sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus, collected near two offshore platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel (B and Gilda) and from two natural reference sites (off the east end of Santa Cruz Island and in mid-...
Concurrent sexual partnerships among individuals in HIV sero-discordant heterosexual couples

The objective of the study was to assess the level at which individuals in HIV discordant couples engage in concurrent sexual partnerships and factors associated with this risk of transmitting HIV. By using data from a group of HIV discordant heterosexual couples (n = 145), we examined the frequency of concurrent sexual partners and factors associated with such partnerships. The prevalence of concurrent partnerships with heterosexual partners was 16%. Fewer than half of individuals with concurrent partnerships reported that their main study partner knew about these relationships. Of individuals involved in concurrent partnerships, 30% reported inconsistent condom use in these relationships. Unmarried individuals in new HIV sero-discordant relationships were particularly at risk for concurrent partnerships. In conclusion, more frequent HIV testing may complement increased attention to communication, disclosure and condom use in this population that is especially vulnerable to acquiring and transmitting HIV infection.
The utility of tracheal aspirate cultures in the immediate neonatal period

Determine the contemporary incidence of pathogenic tracheal aspirate (TA) cultures when obtained within 12 h of birth, and to associate TA culture results with specific clinical conditions that increase the risk of infection. A retrospective study over a 6-month period of admissions to a single outborn neonatal intensive care unit when a TA sample was collected within 12 h of birth (n=139). In total, 9 of 139 (6.5%) TA cultures were positive for pathogenic bacterial growth. Maternal fever (relative risk (RR)=7.7, P<0.04) and clinical chorioamnionitis (RR=6.4, P<0.02) were significantly associated with pathogenic TA culture results. Infants with a pathogenic TA culture had lower white blood cell counts (7 500 vs 13 900 mm−3, P<0.05) when compared with infants with a negative culture. In eight of the nine patients with pathogenic cultures, either the mother or the infant received antibiotics before TA sample collection. Early TA culture is a helpful tool in diagnosing pneumonia, especially in certain clinical scenarios, including maternal fever, clinical chorioamnionitis and leukopenia. Administration of antibiotics before sample collection does not seem to preclude culture growth.
Seasat over-land scatterometer data. I. Global overview of the Ku-band backscatterer coefficients

Statistics on the backscatter coefficient sigma /sup 0/ from the Ku-band Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) collected over the world's land surfaces are presented. This spaceborne scatterometer provided data on sigma /sup 0/ between latitude 80 degrees S and 80 degrees N at incidence angles up to 70 degrees . The global statistics of vertical (V) and horizontal (H) polarization backscatter coefficients for 10 degrees bands in latitude are presented for incidence angles between 20 degrees and 70 degrees and compared with the Skylab and ground spectrometer results. Global images of the time-averaged V polarization sigma /sup 0/ at a 45 degrees incidence angle and its dependence on the incidence angle are presented and compared to a generalized map of the terrain type. Global images of the differences between the V an H polarization backscatter coefficients are presented and discussed. The most inhomogeneous region, which contains the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, is studied in greater detail and compared with the terrain type. >
Viral variant nucleotide sequences help expose leukocytic positioning in the JC virus pathway to the CNS.

The human polyomavirus JCV lytically infects oligodendrocytes of immunosuppressed indi- viduals leading to the fatal demyelinating disease termed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopa- thy (PML). Dementia, hemiparesis, and hemianop- sia are the predominant presenting signs of PML. Asymptomatic JCV infection is common worldwide with approximately 80% of adults testing positive for JCV antibodies. In addition to the brain, JCV has been shown to infect tonsil, lymphoid, bone marrow, and kidney tissues. Viral variants, classi- fied according to the nucleotide sequences of their regulatory regions, are being mapped in human tissues and cell types to help trace the pathway of JCV from a site of initial infection to target oligoden- drocytes. In most literature, a dichotomy of the JCV regulatory region structure exists by tissue. B lymphocytes, however, have demonstrated the ca- pacity to harbor JCV of diverse regulatory regions, which helps position their interaction with virus amid every stage of infection and implicates a lymphocytic role in latency. J. Leukoc. Biol. 65: 428-438; 1999.
Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid protein is unnecessary in children with leukemia

To determine the incidence and importance of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein in children with acute leukemia, we performed a retrospective chart review. On 160 pediatric patients a total of 2,172 LPs were performed (median per patient = 15; range 1–38). Overall, 314 (14%) of CSF protein measurements were abnormal: 141 (7%) were abnormally low ( 45 mg/dL). In no case did an abnormal CSF protein impact patient management. We conclude that routine measurement of CSF protein is not indicated in children with acute leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:428–430. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous

Abelisauroid predators have been recorded almost exclusively from South America, India and Madagascar, a distribution thought to document persistent land connections exclusive of Africa. Here, we report fossils from three stratigraphic levels in the Cretaceous of Niger that provide definitive evidence that abelisauroid dinosaurs and their immediate antecedents were also present on Africa. The fossils include an immediate abelisauroid antecedent of Early Cretaceous age (ca. 130-110 Myr ago), early members of the two abelisauroid subgroups (Noasauridae, Abelisauridae) of Mid-Cretaceous age (ca. 110 Myr ago) and a hornless abelisaurid skull of early Late Cretaceous age (ca. 95 Myr ago). Together, these fossils fill in the early history of the abelisauroid radiation and provide key evidence for continued faunal exchange among Gondwanan landmasses until the end of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Myr ago).
From Exclusion to Inclusion: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Marketplace Diversity and Inclusion

ew attention is needed for often overlooked and undervalued consumers. Some would argue that there has been sufficient attention to these groups, but perhaps the problem, from a public policy perspective, is with the marketing strategies that have been used to attract and retain their patronage. Some companies fear making a mistake and thus shy away from potentially complex markets. Still other firms fail to recognize the value of such niche markets because they see no potential for economies of scale. However, in this special issue, we argue that it is no longer a viable strategy for companies to stick their collective “heads in the sand.” Instead, private and public sectors should enact policies to ensure active interest in and respect for diverse marketplaces throughout the globe. We conceptualize global marketplace diversity and inclusion to incorporate the traditional four Ps of marketing (product, price, place, and promotion) and interactions in the marketplace, which include business to business, business to consumer, supplier diversity, consumer to business, and consumer to consumer settings (see Figure 1). Such diversity may be with respect to ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and physical (dis)ability, among other factors. Whereas it is true that more multicultural consumers and products exist than ever before in the marketplace, there is certainly more change to come. As the world becomes more connected through technology (e.g., the Internet, mobile technologies) and transportation (e.g., airplanes, trains), policies for diverse marketplace opportunities become paramount. Next, we briefly discuss ways in which the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) may be considered from a diversity perspective.
Congressional Representation of Black Interests: Recognizing the Importance of Stability

The relationship between black constituency size and congressional support for black interests has two important attributes: magnitude and stability. Although previous research has examined the first characteristic, scant attention has been directed at the second. This article examines the relationship between district racial composition and congressional voting patterns with a particular emphasis on the stability of support across different types of votes and different types of districts. We hypothesize that, among white Democrats, the influence of black constituency size will be less stable in the South, owing in part to this region's more racially divided constituencies. Examining LCCR scores from the 101st through 103rd Congress, we find that this expectation is largely confirmed. We also find that, among Republicans, the impact of black constituency size is most stable—albeit negligible in size—in the South. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for the relative merits of “infl...
The myth of isolates: ecosystem ecologies in the nuclear Pacific:

This article explores how the concept of ecosystem ecologies, one of the most influential models of systems thinking, was developed in relation to the radioactive aftermath of US nuclear weapons testing in the Pacific Islands. Historian Richard Grove has demonstrated how tropical island colonies all over the globe served as vital laboratories and spaces of social, botanical, and industrial experiment in ways that informed modernity and the conservation movement. I propose a similar relationship between the militarized American island colonies of Micronesia and how their constitution as AEC laboratories contributed to both atomic modernity and the field of ecosystem ecology. This was enacted through metaphorical concepts of island isolation and distributed visually by Atomic Energy Commission films that upheld an aerial vision of the newly acquired atolls for an American audience. Finally, the myth of isolation is also at work in the ways in which Marshall Islanders exposed to nuclear fallout became human ...
Failure of Tumor Promoter 12-0-Tetra- Decanoylphorbol-13-Acetate to Displace Estradiol from Its Specific Receptor

A permanent cell line derived from rat endometrium which contains a specific, low capacity, high affinity estrogen binding protein in cytosol and nuclear fractions (estrogen receptor) is available. Extracts of cells from this line did not appreciably bind the tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The result suggests that the action of the promoter does not involve translocation to the cell nucleus via binding to the specific estrogen receptor.
Effects of Game Based Weight-Bearing Training on Lower Extremity Muscle Activation and Balance in Stroke Patients

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of game based weight-bearing training (GBWBT) on lower extremity muscle activation and balance in stroke patients. Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group I (n=15) and control group II (n=15). Each group was provided intervention under two conditions, as follows: in the Game based weight-bearing training (group I), 30 minutes per day, five times per week, with physical therapy for 30 minutes, and in the functional weight-bearing training (group II), 30 minutes per day, five times per week, with physical therapy for 30 minutes The training program was conducted for a period of eight weeks. Subjects were measured on lower extremity muscle (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius) by electromyography and balance by Biorescue. ANCOVA was performed for comparison of lower extremity muscle activation and balance between different intervention methods. All patients were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the treatment protocol. Statistical significance was tested between the patients before and after treatment by t-test. Results: Significant difference in lower extremity muscle activation was observed in experimental group I compared with control group II (p<0.05). Significant difference in balance was observed in experimental group I compared with control group II (p<0.001). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that game based weight-bearing training may have a beneficial effect on improvement of lower extremity muscle activation and balance in stroke patients.
Optimally constraining a bidder using a simple budget

I study a principal’s optimal choice of constraint for an agent participating in an auction (or auction-like allocation mechanism). I give necessary and sufficient conditions on the principal’s beliefs about the value of the item for a simple budget constraint to be the optimal contract. The results link the observed use of budget constraints to their use in models incorporating budget-constrained bidders. Other implications of the model are that a general revenue equivalence result applies and that the optimal auction with budget-constrained bidders has a standard solution analogous to the one for classic models.
Franklin D. Roosevelt's narrative of national insecurity

ABSTRACTBefore the USA entered World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt developed a new narrative about America's role in the world. His practical goal was to gain public support for US aid to Britain. Unintentionally, he developed what turned out to be a new foundation for US foreign policy both during and far beyond the war. FDR's narrative depicted the USA as the vital defender of freedom and civilization throughout the world. He called on Americans to be on their guard against an endless series of unpredictable threats that might emerge anywhere. Thus he shifted the fundamental understanding of America's role from innovating and improving the world to protecting the structures that already existed. The new name for this role was ‘national security'. But it implied that the nation would in fact always be threatened and thus insecure. It created a myth of national insecurity that has served as the legitimating narrative for US policy during the cold war and the ‘war on terror'. This article analyzes FDR's rh...
Infusing Engineering Concepts into High School Science: Opportunities and Challenges

This chapter shares data and reflections on the challenges and opportunities of infusing engineering concepts into physical science at the high school level. Teachers involved in Project Infuse, a collaborative research project funded by the National Science Foundation, Discovery Research in K-12 is highlighted. Project Infuse was funded to research teacher learning through an innovative approach to professional development that is engineering concept-driven. The Project Infuse teachers and research team have been engaged in the development and refinement of an engineering concept base, the development of an assessment instrument to measure learning gains of the concepts, and approaches to infusing engineering into instruction. This chapter outlines the approach being taken by this project in these endeavors and highlights the key issues involved with infusing engineering concepts into science, which include what engineering concepts are appropriate for high school science and how these concepts can be infused into instruction. Since the goal of infusing engineering concepts is to facilitate both the learning of science content and engineering, one of the findings from the project has been the importance of embedding the engineering concepts into science-based scenarios and content. This is opposed to simply “doing” engineering-types of activities without a grounding in conceptual level understandings.
When and why we see victims as responsible: the impact of ideology on attitudes toward victims

Why do victims sometimes receive sympathy for their suffering and at other times scorn and blame? Here we show a powerful role for moral values in attitudes toward victims. We measured moral values associated with unconditionally prohibiting harm (“individualizing values”) versus moral values associated with prohibiting behavior that destabilizes groups and relationships (“binding values”: loyalty, obedience to authority, and purity). Increased endorsement of binding values predicted increased ratings of victims as contaminated (Studies 1-4); increased blame and responsibility attributed to victims, increased perceptions of victims’ (versus perpetrators’) behaviors as contributing to the outcome, and decreased focus on perpetrators (Studies 2-3). Patterns persisted controlling for politics, just world beliefs, and right-wing authoritarianism. Experimentally manipulating linguistic focus off of victims and onto perpetrators reduced victim blame. Both binding values and focus modulated victim blame through ...
Robust technique for computation of scattering and absorption of light by array of nanowires on layered substrate

In this study a robust semi-analytical technique based on the transition matrix approach is introduced for computation of scattering and absorption of light by periodic and aperiodic arrays of nanowires located on layered substrates. The formulation is developed for obliquely incident plane waves and then by means of suitable plane-wave decomposition, it is extended to Gaussian beams. The substrate contribution is taken into account through spectral reflection and transmission coefficients, which leads to computation of 2D Sommerfeld-type integrals. The major advantage of the proposed method is the rapid calculation in characterizing various types of large arrays (gratings) of nanowires on layered substrates. The analysis is applied to the grating of nanowires separated from a thick metallic film by a thin dielectric spacer. We investigate the influence of spacer-layer thickness and periodicity of arrays on the resonant behavior of structure. The study shows how, by engineering these parameters, the scattering properties can be tailored for specific applications. We demonstrate full-visible-range resonant light scattering by adjusting these parameters, which gives us control over color perception. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the efficiency and capability of our model, we integrate the technique with genetic algorithm in an optimization procedure to design graded pattern meta-surfaces for focusing light and beam steering. The method will be of great advantage for designing various optical devices managed by nanowires, for both scattering and absorption.
Atlantic reflections on Giuseppe Ungaretti: The man, the journeys, the poet

In this article I offer an Atlantic-world reading of Giuseppe Ungaretti’s life and poetry. Focusing on several important events in his biography and on how they contributed to the shaping of his poetics, I argue that Ungaretti can be fruitfully appreciated as an Atlantic poet, beyond the national confines of the Italian literary tradition. While Ungaretti’s oeuvre fits readily into a cosmopolitan ambience, the application of a specifically Atlantic-world paradigm to his works and days allows us to fully understand his famous claim of being a “docile fibra dell’universo.” This allusive subjective claim suggests that from the onset of his career he saw himself as a citizen of the world, a self-conscious status that nicely captures the way he approached his writing and the way he understood human experience in general. Furthermore, it is on this basis that I would also like to suggest a cultural dialogue between his work and the spirit of the blues, inasmuch as his poems are often the extemporaneous product ...
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Causing Vision Loss After Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Pituitary Adenoma.

Background Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is characterized by headache, altered mental status, visual changes, and seizure combined with brain imaging consistent with cerebral edema without infarction. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of PRES after an endoscopic endonasal resection of a pituitary macroadenoma. Case Description A 59-year-old woman was diagnosed with a pituitary macroadenoma, for which she underwent endoscopic endonasal extracapsular resection. After an uneventful initial postoperative recovery, the patient experienced sudden onset of emesis, confusion, vision loss, and severe hypertension. Emergent computed tomography showed normal postoperative changes, with no signs of hematoma or infarction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed fluid-attenuated inversion recovery changes in the posterior lobes and thalamus, consistent with PRES. Cerebral angiography showed no vascular abnormalities. Blood pressure control was the primary treatment modality. Within 10 days, the patient was neurologically intact except for right homonymous hemianopsia. Follow-up MRI showed resolution of the PRES with an area of infarction in the left occipital lobe. At 5 years follow-up, the patient reported minimal blurred vision. MRI showed encephalomalacia at the old infarct area, and her visual field testing was unremarkable. Conclusions Although rare in neurosurgical patients, PRES must be considered in patients who develop acute vision loss and mental status changes associated with hypertension after surgery, including endoscopic endonasal surgery. PRES has the potential for significant neurologic morbidity, if not treated in a timely manner. Early recognition and treatment, with blood pressure control mainly, are therefore mandatory after a surgical complication, such as a postoperative hematoma, has been ruled out.
Characterization of the root and soil mycobiome associated with invasive Microstegium vimineum in the presence and absence of a native plant community

The potential role of fungal root endophytes (including mycorrhizae) in the invasiveness of Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus, was researched using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analys...
Outcomes in diabetic foot ulcer patients with isolated T2 marrow signal abnormality in the underlying bone: should the diagnosis of “osteitis” be changed to “early osteomyelitis”?

To evaluate the variability of clinical treatment and outcomes based on reporting of diabetic foot ulcer MRI findings of adjacent marrow T2 hyperintensity with normal T1 signal. A retrospective review was conducted of 46 MRI examinations evaluating diabetic foot ulcers that demonstrated normal T1 marrow signal, but T2 marrow hyperintensity deep to the ulcer. The cohort was divided based on MRI report impressions into three groups; “osteitis without osteomyelitis” (OW), “osteitis but cannot exclude early osteomyelitis” (OCEO) and “early osteomyelitis” (EO). Patient demographics (age, gender) and accessory MRI findings of ulcer and sinus tract depth were recorded. Initial clinical assessment and medical treatment (route and duration of antibiotics), healing versus disease progression and histology or microbiology results were recorded. The isolated marrow T2 signal hyperintensity was reported as OW in 12 patients, OCEO in 18, and EO in 16. No statistical difference in clinical assessment was demonstrated between the OW, OCEO, and EO groups. Pathological condition was available in 15 patients within 0–7 days (mean 2.4 days) of the MRI examination, with 14 (93%) of these positive for osteomyelitis by histopathology or positive cultures. Initial diagnosis of or progression to osteomyelitis was shown in 28 patients (61%). Treatment of suspected osteomyelitis is heavily determined by clinical factors. Patients who initially demonstrate only T2 marrow signal abnormality under a diabetic ulcer are eventually diagnosed as osteomyelitis in 61% of cases and deserve aggressive treatment as early osteomyelitis when meeting clinical parameters.
A Flipped Classroom and Case-Based Curriculum to Prepare Medical Students for Vaccine-Related Conversations with Parents.

Introduction Immunizations, one of the most significant public health successes in the last century, have recently been met with a resistance that has resulted in populations with falling immunity ...
Cybersecurity as Airworthiness

The foundational Act in United States aviation regulation directed the Secretary of Commerce to “foster air commerce” and develop safety regulations in the process. The Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”)’s modern duties include “assigning and maintaining safety as the highest priority in air commerce” and “encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology.” These mandates are not always in tension, but at times they can be downright contradictory. The enormous commercial potential and safety risks posed by unmanned aircraft systems (drones) in the early twenty-first century paralyzed the FAA until Congress gave it an ultimatum: determine “which types of unmanned aircraft systems, if any…do not create a hazard” and whether the FAA should require an airworthiness certificate (or other authorization) in order to operate them. This article explores the history of airworthiness regulation in the United States, the Congressional ultimatum, and the FAA’s response through the lens of the main security challenge threatening this technology: cybersecurity. While the FAA left little room in Part 107 for cybersecurity, it did retain its ability to require cybersecurity measures for higher risk operations. In this way, it embodied the overall shift in information security from prevention to risk management models, and assured its ability to require meaningful cybersecurity in high-risk operations for years to come.
Total inactivation of lipoxygenase in whole soya bean by pulsed light and the effect of pulsed light on the chemical properties of soya milk produced from the treated soya beans

The inactivation of lipoxygenase (LOX) in the whole soya bean prevents lipid oxidation that produces an off-flavour of soya food. The inactivation of lipoxygenase in the whole soya bean by pulsed light (PL) was examined with three distances (5, 7 and 9 cm) from the PL strobe and for different durations. Soya bean was treated with PL with and without ice surrounding the soya bean sample tray for limiting the rise in sample temperature. Results show that without ice surrounding the sample tray, the lowest LOX residual activity was 4.7%, 0.4% and 0.0% for 80-s duration at 5 cm distance from the PL strobe, 110 s at 7 cm from the strobe and 150 s at 9 cm from the strobe, respectively; the soya bean temperature after treatment was 109.6, 116.3 and 114.8 °C, respectively. The instantaneous temperatures of the soya bean core measured during PL operating were above 100 °C. The lipoxygenase band was disappeared after longest PL treatments of each distance compared with the LOX band control as assessed by electrophoresis. The pulsed light had no negative effect on peroxide value of produced soya milk. However, PL reduced significantly the total solid amount and changed the colour of the produced soya milk. The residual activity with sample cooling by ice during treatment was 79.0%, 98.8% and 95.7%, with sample temperatures of 81.7, 91.2 and 66.9 °C, respectively. This study indicates that PL illumination could fully inactivate LOX in whole soya beans, with the photo-thermal effect of PL as the main factor responsible for the inactivation of LOX.
Hyperfine quenching of the 2 3 P 0 state in heliumlike ions.

In heliumlike ions with no nuclear spin, the 23P0 state decays primarily to the 23S1 state by an electric dipole radiative transition. In the case where the nucleus has spin, the interaction of the nuclear magnetic moment with the atomic electrons mixes electron states of different total angular momentum J, so that the one-photon dipole transition 23P0 → 11S0 is not forbidden. This additional decay mode has the effect of shortening the lifetime of the 23P0 state and gives rise to emitted X-rays with the energy E (23P0) − E(11S0).
The History of Pulmonary Function Testing

Pulmonary function testing has a rich and diverse history. Since the time of ancient Greece, we have endeavored to understand the processes that regulate our breathing in health and disease. To augment this understanding, there are many extensive published histories of pulmonary function and physiology, and the reader is advised to seek out further details as listed in the Selected References. Within the confines of the present book, this chapter will focus on selected highlights relevant to clinical pulmonary function testing, through which we hope that the reader can gain a deeper understanding of the different tests as each is done today.
Image analysis of the pore structures: An intensive study for Middle Bakken

Abstract Pores with sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers are widely distributed in shale gas and shale oil formations. These pores are the sites for hydrocarbon accumulation and provide the flow paths for hydrocarbons during production. The Middle Bakken member is the main production zone of the Bakken Formation in North Dakota. In order to reveal the pore structures of the Middle Bakken, we employed field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). After segmentation of the SEM images, we calculated the surface area and shape of the pores using image analysis and then quantified the complexity and heterogeneity of the pore structures by applying both fractal and multifractal analyses. Finally, we employed the fractal permeability model to estimate the permeability of the samples. The results showed that different pore types, such as interparticle and intraparticle pores exist in the Middle Bakken samples. Even under the same scale of the same sample, the pore parameters could be different. Sample 2 has the largest average porosity, followed by Sample 1 and Sample 3. The mean pore size of these samples is less than 31 nm indicating that the pores in Middle Bakken samples are very small. The pore structures in the Middle Bakken exhibited fractal and multifractal behavior. The fractal dimension from the entire size range of pores is the largest compared with the fractal dimension of the subdivided groups. The pore size distribution in Sample 2 is the most heterogeneous.
The use of social networks in a higher education establishment

The use of social networks as an element of the electronic educational environment in the educational institution and their influence on the formation of the information space of a higher education establishment is considered in this paper. Organization of effective interaction of participants in the educational process is an actual task of management. The subject of this analysis are social networks in the information space of a higher education institution. The possibilities and functions of social networks as a communication tool are analyzed.
Increasing Dietary Fish Oil Reduces Adiposity and Mitigates Bone Deterioration in Growing C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

BACKGROUND Intake of total fat is linked to obesity and inversely associated with bone density in humans. Epidemiologic and animal studies show that long-chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs supplied as fish oil (FO) are beneficial to skeletal health. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that increasing dietary FO would decrease adiposity and improve bone-related outcomes in growing obese mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice at 6 wk old were assigned to 6 treatment groups and fed either a normal-fat diet (3.85 kcal/g and 10% energy as fat) or a high-fat diet (HF; 4.73 kcal/g and 45% energy as fat) containing either 0%, 3%, or 9% energy as FO (0FO, 3FO, and 9FO, respectively) ad libitum for 6 mo. Bone structure, body composition, and serum bone-related cytokines were measured. RESULTS The HF diet increased the expression of the adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfa) and serum concentrations of leptin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and decreased serum concentrations of osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). FO decreased fat mass (P < 0.05), serum TRAP (P < 0.05), and adipose tissue Tnfa expression (P < 0.01). Bone content of long-chain n-3 PUFAs was increased and n-6 PUFAs were decreased with the elevation in dietary FO content (P < 0.01). Compared with mice fed 9FO, animals fed 3FO had higher femoral bone volume/total volume (25%), trabecular number (23%), connectivity density (82%), and bone mass of second lumbar vertebrae (12%) and lower femoral trabecular separation (-19%). Mice fed the 3FO HF diet had 42% higher bone mass than those fed the 0FO HF diet. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate increasing dietary FO ≤3% energy can decrease adiposity and mitigate HF diet-induced bone deterioration in growing C57BL/6 mice possibly by reducing inflammation and bone resorption. FO at 9% diet energy had no further beneficial effects on bone of obese mice.
Consumer Contracts and the Restatement Project

A recent controversy over the American Law Institute’s draft Restatement of the Law of Consumer Contracts (the “Draft”) raises four questions: (i) What is the state of basic contract principles such as formation or unconscionability with respect to consumer contracts; (ii) does the Draft get the existing law right; (iii) how much can contract law do to give consumers a leg up in the modern economy; and (iv) should the Draft do more? The positive critiques of the Draft are weak. Cases that do not contradict the Draft are cited as showing that it is wrong, district court opinions that have not even been adopted in their home circuit are praised as “leading cases,” and the rules of formation are decried as unsettled and messy, when the standard is clear. The answers to questions (i) and (ii) are that the cases are reasonably settled on principles that are accurately reflected in the Draft. Normative questions (iii) and (iv) are interesting and hard. Critiques of the Draft presume that contract law could do a lot to help consumers but that the Draft would thwart such efforts. There are limits to what contract law can do to give consumers a leg up, however, and the Draft does not narrow those limits. Sweeping statements, such as that the Draft “if adopted, would drive a dagger through consumers’ rights,” are excessive, even if limited only to doctrines such as unconscionability. Critics are notably short on cases that go their way under current law but which would come out differently under the Draft. The Restatement project presumes the exercise of nonpartisan judgment. Some criticisms of the draft, notably those contained in a letter signed by numerous state attorneys general, are more political tracts than analytic critiques. Because the Draft does a good job analyzing and distilling the law, the real question in this debate is whether the ALI and the Restatement project as a whole can withstand efforts, such as the AGs’ Letter, to use the tools and standards of retail politics to defeat the analytic approach of the Draft. To the extent such efforts succeed, the Restatement concept as a whole will fail.
Extreme Value Theory for Long-Range-Dependent Stable Random Fields

We study the extremes for a class of a symmetric stable random fields with long-range dependence. We prove functional extremal theorems both in the space of sup measures and in the space of cadlag functions of several variables. The limits in both types of theorems are of a new kind, and only in a certain range of parameters, these limits have the Frechet distribution.
Non-conventional pathways enable pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) embryos to achieve high efficiency of oil biosynthesis

Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) accumulates oil up to 35% of the total seed biomass, and its overall fatty acid composition is suitable for aviation fuel. However, for this plant to become economically viable, its oil production needs to be improved. In vivo culture conditions that resemble the development of pennycress embryos in planta were developed based on the composition of the liquid endosperm. Then, substrate uptake rates and biomass accumulation were measured from cultured pennycress embryos, revealing a biosynthetic efficiency of 93%, which is one of the highest in comparison with other oilseeds to date. Additionally, the ratio of carbon in oil to CO2 indicated that non-conventional pathways are likely to be responsible for such a high carbon conversion efficiency. To identify the reactions enabling this phenomenon, parallel labeling experiments with 13C-labeled substrates were conducted in pennycress embryos. The main findings of these labeling experiments include: (i) the occurrence of the oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway in the cytosol; (ii) the reversibility of isocitrate dehydrogenase; (iii) the operation of the plastidic NADP-dependent malic enzyme; and (iv) the refixation of CO2 by Rubisco. These reactions are key providers of carbon and reductant for fatty acid synthesis and elongation.
A two-component X-ray spectrum from SMC X-1

HEAO 1 A-2 and Einstein Solid State Spectrometer (SSS) observations of SMC X-1 are presented. An unpulsed soft component is found with a blackbody temperature of 0.16 keV and an area for the emission region of 10 to the 15th to 10 to the 17th sq cm. The hard X-ray component is pulsed; the phase-averaged spectrum is a power law with alpha of about 0.5 up to 17 keV, above which it steepens. The SSS sets an upper limit of less than 4 x 10 to the 21st H/sq cm to any absorption, and is consistent with that expected from the wind of Sk 160. Absorption dips with a timescale of several hundred seconds are seen immediately following an eclipse exit, and are probably caused by inhomogeneities in the wind of Sk 160.
Light-curve Modulation of Low-mass Stars in K2. I. Identification of 481 Fast Rotators in the Solar Neighborhood

National Science Foundation [AST 09-08419]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNX15AV65G, NNX16AI63G, NNX16AI62G]
The Self-Expansiveness Level Form: A Measure of a Transpersonal Construct

Self-expansiveness is a transpersonal construct that uniquely provides a secular-naturalistic conceptualization related to, but distinct from, constructs based on a supernatural approach to spirituality. It avoids supernatural references that are often explicitly or implicitly embedded within many approaches to understanding spirituality. Self-expansiveness refers to the malleable nature of self-concept, which can expand in various transpersonal ways in space and time that have similarity to some naturalistic conceptualizations of spirituality, especially those related to interconnectedness. The Self-Expansiveness Level Form (SELF) is a short self-report measure operationalizing self-expansiveness that has demonstrated psychometric worth, as well as successful use, in a variety of empirical studies. In essence, the SELF is a measure of the willingness of individuals to view themselves through the process of identification in an expansive way that goes beyond limiting the self to the here-and-now. The SELF Transpersonal Scale taps into willingness to identify with unusual items, such as atoms in the body, all life, all that has happened, distant descendants, and the entire universe beyond time. The SELF thus provides an alternative approach to studying spirituality and has potential implications for clinical and other applications.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE INTERVENTION AND MONETARY POLICY IN JAPAN: EVIDENCE FROM IDENTIFIED VAR S

Several researchers and commentators have argued that Japan should intervene in the foreign exchange market to weaken the yen and generate inflation. Such policy prescription only works if foreign exchange intervention has an economically significant impact on the exchange rate. This paper empirically analyzes the impact of foreign exchange intervention on the nominal yen-U.S. dollar exchange rate using an identified vector autoregression (IVAR). In contrast to previous work in this area, this paper explicitly allows intervention to contemporaneously respond to the exchange rate. Using data for the 1990s, the results show that intervention has a significant, albeit relatively small, impact on the exchange rate. The results of this paper cast doubts on claims that foreign exchange intervention could be effectively used to depreciate the yen and help solve the deflation problem.
Pediatric Primary Care-Based Social Needs Services and Health Care Utilization.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relationship between use of primary care-based social needs services and subsequent utilization of ambulatory, emergency, and inpatient services. Methods This retrospective 2012 to 2015 cohort study uses electronic medical record data from an academic pediatric primary care practice that screens universally for social needs and delivers services via in-house social work staff. Logistic regression (N = 7300) examines how patient characteristics relate to practice-based social service use. Negative binomial models with inverse probability of treatment weights (N = 4893) estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios for ambulatory, emergency, and inpatient service use among those who used social services compared to those who did not. Results Forty-five percent of patients used primary care-based social needs services. This use was significantly greater among those with disabling or complex medical conditions than those without (adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 9.81 [7.39–13.01] and 2.76 [2.44–3.13], respectively); those from low-income versus high-income backgrounds (1.40 [1.21–1.61]); and Blacks and Latinos than Whites (1.33 [1.09–1.62] and 1.29 [1.05–1.59], respectively). Patients who used social services subsequently utilized ambulatory, emergency, and inpatient services at significantly higher rates than those who did not (adjusted incidence rate ratios and 95% CI of 1.54 [1.45–1.63], 1.50 [1.36–1.65], and 3.23 [2.31–4.51], respectively). Conclusions Primary care-based social needs service use was associated with increased utilization of ambulatory services without reductions in emergency or inpatient admissions. This pattern suggests increased health care needs or access and could have payment model-dependent financial implications for practices.
Assembly Language and Operating Systems

Assembly language is the closest computer language to communicate with computers. It is the machine language (1s and 0s) that a CPU uses to operate in an easy to remember and understand format. Only assembly language can take the full advantages of the processor architecture, and it is hardware dependent. For example, Intel and AMD processors use different assembly languages. Even within the Intel processors, different CPUs have different assembly language instructions, even though many of them may be the same.