cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Quasi-Monte Carlo approach for radial distribution system probabilistic load flow

Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is a numerical method to solve the probabilistic load flow (PLF) problem. Comparing to analytical methods, MCS for PLF has advantages such as flexibility, general purpose, able to deal with large nonlinearity and large variances, and embarrassingly parallelizable. However, MCS also suffers from low convergence speed and high computational burden, especially for problems with multiple random variables. In this paper, we proposed a Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) based method to solve the PLF for radial distribution network. QMC uses samples from low-discrepancy sequence intended to cover the high dimension random sample space as uniformly as possible. The QMC method is particularly suitable for the high dimension problems with low effective dimensions, and has been successfully used to solve large scale problems in econometrics and statistical circuit design. In this paper, we showed that the PLF for radial distribution system has the similar properties and can be a good candidate for QMC method. The proposed method possesses the advantage of MCS method and significantly increases the convergence rate and overall speed. Numerical experiment results on IEEE test feeders have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The development of POMC gene expression in the medial basal hypothalamus of prepubertal rats

Abstract Alterations in brain opioid gene expression may underlie the dramatic change in the latency to display parental behavior in juvenile rats. Male and female juvenile rats (18–25 days of age) exhibit parental behavior either immediately or within 1–2 days after coming in contact with foster pups. By 30 days of age, however, their response latencies increase to adult levels of 5–10 days. Given the established involvement of the endogenous opioid system in adult maternal and juvenile parental behaviors, the objective of the present report was to determine possible changes in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) during this early developmental window. We compared POMC gene expression in the MBH of male and female juvenile rats from 21 to 33 days of age by in situ hybridization histochemistry. A significant increase in the number of POMC cells in males and females was detected at 30 days of age in the central portion of the arcuate nucleus. This increase in POMC mRNA may contribute to the shift in parental behavior that occurs in male and female juvenile rats.
A comparison of steady-state and unsteady-state reaction kinetics of n-butane oxidation over VPO catalysts using a TAP-2 reactor system

Abstract The reaction of n-butane with ‘reactor-equilibrated’ (VO)2P207 based catalysts has been investigated using a combination of low-pressure transient response experiments and atmospheric-pressure steady-flow reaction experiments. The activation energy for n-butane conversion in both steady-flow and transient response experiments was a function of the oxidation state of the catalyst. Under steady-flow conditions an activation energy of 17 ± 2 kcal/mol was obtained for ‘reactor-equilibrated’ catalysts, and 13 ± 2 kcal/mol for an oxygen-treated catalyst. The activation energy for n-butane conversion in transient-response experiments varied between 12 ± 1 and 23 ± 2 kcal/mol. An analysis of the transient response curves of the reaction products shows that the rates of formation and desorption of products are strong functions of the catalyst oxidation state. Analysis of the kinetic results indicated that the same sites are involved in the steady-state and unsteady-state conversion of n-butane.
Conversion from differential count rate to differential nuclear cross sections for non-parallel target-detector configurations using Monte Carlo techniques

Abstract A Monte Carlo method for generating charged-particle spectra in Si(Li) detectors is presented. Application of these spectra to resolving complex spectra that have been complicated by thick targets, kinematical considerations, and other experimental problems is discussed. An example is shown of the technique applied to resolving the triton and alpha components in a 7 Li(γ, t) 4 He reaction spectrum involving several discrete energies for the gamma rays incident on a 7 LiF target.
Habitat use of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) in a tributary of the Hudson River, New York

Summary American eel Anguilla rostrata populations are declining over much of their native range. Since American eels spend extended periods in freshwater, understanding their habitat requirements while freshwater residents is important for the management and conservation of this species. As there is little information on American eel habitat use in streams, the ontogenetic, diel, and seasonal habitat use as well as habitat selectivity of three size groups (i.e. ≤199 mm total length, 200–399 mm, ≥400 mm) of eel were examined in a tributary of the Hudson River. American eels in Hannacroix Creek exhibited ontogenetic, diel, and seasonal variation in habitat use as well as habitat selection. During both summer and autumn all sizes of American eels used larger substrate and more cover during the day. American eels ≤199 mm exhibited the strongest habitat selection, whereas eels 200–399 mm exhibited the least. During the autumn all sizes of American eels occupied slower depositional areas where deciduous leaf litter accumulated and provided cover. This may have important implications for in-stream and riparian habitat management of lotic systems used by American eel.
REGION RECOGNITION USING AREA METHOD

Visual aids in the form of graphs and charts are often used in analysis and design procedures. Commonly, a graph is divided into regions of common characteristics, such as in a soil classification scheme in which a set of properties are located on a chart and the soil classification is given. Although these aids are useful in hand calculations, it is often difficult to implement these charts into a computer code. A general technique is described in this paper which can simplify both implementation and the regional coordinate analysis by the use of an area coordinate method. An example and a short FORTRAN code are also included to show how this technique can be used.
Genre, verb, and coherence in picture‐elicited discourse of adults with aphasia

Background: Discourse coherence is derived, in part, from the relationship between and among words and sentences. In studies of aphasia, the relationship between discourse‐level and sentence‐level phenomena may be examined through the verb. In clinical picture elicitations of discourse, the nature of the pictures or the accompanying elicitation instructions may influence the discourse genre of the response (descriptive vs narrative), which in turn may place different linguistic demands (e.g., verb production demands) on the speaker with aphasia. This study is part of a larger project supported by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, grant number 1 R03 DC005151, and the Callier Center for Communication Disorders at the University of Texas at Dallas. My sincere thanks to the dedicated participant volunteers and to the organisations that have referred participants to date: Baylor Institute for Rehabilitation; Callier (Dallas) Aphasia Group; Community Partners Program (a colla...
Quantum impurity dynamics in two-dimensional antiferromagnets and superconductors

We present the universal theory of arbitrary, localized impurities in a confining paramagnetic state of two-dimensional antiferromagnets with global SU(2) spin symmetry. The energy gap of the host antiferromagnet to spin-1 excitations, \ensuremath{\Delta}, is assumed to be significantly smaller than a typical nearest neighbor exchange. In the absence of impurities, it was argued in earlier work [Chubukov et al., Phys. Rev. B 49, 11 919 (1994)] that the low-temperature quantum dynamics is universally and completely determined by the values of \ensuremath{\Delta} and a spin-wave velocity c. Here we establish the remarkable fact that no additional parameters are necessary for an antiferromagnet with a dilute concentration of impurities, ${n}_{\mathrm{imp}}$---each impurity is completely characterized by a integer/half-odd-integer valued spin S which measures the net uncompensated Berry phase due to spin precession in its vicinity. We compute the impurity-induced damping of the spin-1 collective mode of the antiferromagnet: the damping occurs on an energy scale $\ensuremath{\Gamma}{=n}_{\mathrm{imp}}(\ensuremath{\Elzxh}{c)}^{2}/\ensuremath{\Delta},$ and we predict a universal, asymmetric line shape for the collective mode peak. We argue that, under suitable conditions, our results apply unchanged (or in some cases, with minor modifications) to d-wave superconductors, and compare them to recent neutron-scattering experiments on ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ by Fong et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1939 (1999)]. We also describe the universal evolution of numerous measurable correlations as the host antiferromagnet undergoes a quantum phase transition to a N\'eel ordered state.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori in Pediatrics.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is among the most common bacterial infections in humans. In 1982, H. pylori was discovered by Marshal and Warren, demonstrating an association between H. pylori and ulcer disease. H. pylori is a gram-negative, S-shaped rod that produces enzymes like urease, catalase and oxidase. The mechanism of acquisition and transmission of H. pylori is unclear, although the most likely mode of transmission is fecaloral and oral-oral. The mode of transmission is supported by studies that demonstrate viable H. pylori organisms can be cultured from the stool or vomitus of infected patients. Risk factors such as minimal education and low socio-economic status during childhood affect the prevalence. Children infected with H. pylori develop histologic chronic active gastritis despite the fact that they are generally asymptomatic. A small percentage of these children will go on to develop peptic ulcer disease, and even gastric cancer. In contrast, the association of abdominal pain and H. pylori infection remains controversial. In the year 2000, the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology guidelines on H. pylori reported that there is no evidence demonstrating a link between H. pyloriassociated gastritis and abdominal pain, except in rare cases in which gastric or duodenal ulcer disease is present. Currently, treatment with a combination of two antimicrobial agents in conjunction with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) continues to be recommended for the treatment of H. pylori associated peptic ulcer disease.
Turnover of the D1 protein and of Photosystem II in a Synechocystis 6803 mutant lacking Tyrz.

The Photosystem II reaction center is rapidly inactivated by light, particularly at higher light intensity. One of the possible factors causing this phenomenon is the oxidized primary donor, P680+, which may be harmful to Photosystem II because of its highly oxidizing nature. However, no direct evidence specificially implicating P680+ in photoinhibition has been obtained yet. To investigate whether P680+ is harmful to Photosystem II, turnover of the D1 protein and of the Photosystem II reaction center complex were measured in vivo in a mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, in which the physiological donor to P680+, Tyrz, was genetically deleted. In this mutant, D1 degradation in the light is an order of magnitude faster than in wild type. The most straightforward explanation of this phenomenon is that accumulation of P680+ leads to an increased rate of turnover of the Photosystem II reaction center complex, which is compatible with the hypothesis of destructive oxidation by P680+ that is damaging to the Photosystem II complex.
High energy synchrotron radiation sources

Abstract In the world there are now about 43 laboratories in 16 countries engaged in the operation, construction or planning of electron storage rings, from a few hundred MeV to above 10 GeV, as sources of synchrotron radiation for basic and applied research. In this report we describe the new third generation high energy (i.e. hard X-ray) sources. The first of these, the 6 GeV European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France started operation in mid 1992. The 7 GeV Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne, USA and the 8 GeV Super Photon Ring (SPring-8) in Nishi Harima, Japan are expected to start operation for users around 1996–1998.
Origin and character of the lunar and mercurian atmospheres

Abstract This article presents a description of the lunar and mercurian atmospheres and the outstanding, unanswered questions. In that spirit we will not repeat the information found in the reviews of the lunar (Morgan and Stern, 1991) and mercurian (Hunten et al. , 1988) atmospheres, which provide a historical context of the discoveries and initial measurements. These atmospheres are tenuous and transient; different components have lifetimes of hours to weeks. The sources that maintain them are of considerable interest, but direct information on sources is difficult to obtain. We therefore begin by describing the atmospheres and their behavior, and go on to consider the loss processes. This information is then used in the discussion of the most likely sources.
Growth and survival for genetically improved lines of Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and interline hybrids in Maine, USA

Abstract The production of cultured Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the northern New England states and Canadian Maritime Provinces is hampered by a short growing season, relatively cold water temperatures, and outbreaks of Roseovarius Oyster Disease (ROD). A breeding program at the University of Maine has produced the University of Maine Flowers Select (UMFS) line by selecting for oysters with improved cold water growth performance and resistance to ROD. We conducted two grow-out trials comparing the survival, size, and yield for the UMFS line to two other genetically improved lines of Eastern oysters to assess the suitability of this line outside of the Damariscotta River, where it was developed. In the first trial, oysters were deployed in August just prior to when ROD outbreaks typically occur in Maine among small, seed oysters. We observed substantial differences in yield in this field trial, particularly at study sites located on the Damariscotta River. These differences were due to variation in line-specific survival. The second field trial was deployed in June when ROD has less of an impact on seed oysters. Mortality in this second trial was lower than in the first trial and there was a corresponding higher dependence of line-specific yield on variation in growth. However, there was no line which consistently grew better and had higher yield at all sites. Based on our results, we suggest that breeding programs for Eastern oysters may benefit from focusing on the additive nature of survival variation among lines and placing less emphasis on the relatively subtle variation in line-specific growth.
RAPID CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION AFTER GH TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH GH DEFICIENCY

This study was designed to assess the changes in the body composition in patients with GH deficiency after 3 months of human growth hormone (hGH) treatment. Nine prepubertal patients (1 female and 8 males, aged 8 - 14 yr old) with GH deficiency were studied. The changes were measured on a monthly basis. The body composition measurements were made by the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method (BIA 101, RJL Systems, USA). The mean percentage (% FAT) and kilograms (kg FAT) of body fat significantly decreased at 2 months of hGH therapy from 15.3 +/−3.7 to 13.0 +/− 3.8% (P<0.005) and from 4.1 +/− 1.5 to 3.7 +/− 1.6 kg (P<0.05), respectively. The mean percentage (% LBM) and kg (kg LBM) of lean body mass increased from 84.7 +/− 3.7 to 86.6 +/− 3.9% (P<0.05) and from 22.7 +/− 5.5 to 24.1 +/− 5.9 kg (P<0.01), respectively. Subsequently, the mean LBM/FAT ratio (L/F) increased from 6.03 +/− 1.82 to 7.42 +/− 2.23 (P<0.05) in terms of the percentage of FAT and LBM. and from 5.82 +/− 1.38 to 7.30 +/− 2.25 (P<0.05) in terms of the kilograms of FAT and LBM. There were no significant changes in FAT and L/F between 2 and 3 months of hGH therapy. These results indicate that the body composition changes rapidly by 2 months of hGH treatment, and then settles into a stabilized state.
In vitro effects of antihypertensive drugs on thromboxane agonist (U46619)-induced vasoconstriction in human internal mammary artery

Background. Hypertension is a major problem in the perioperative period of cardiac and non-cardiac surgery. The vascular endothelium plays a crucial role in modulating vascular tone by producing vasodilators as well as vasoconstrictors. Thromboxane A2 (TxA2), a prototypical vasoconstrictor produced by endothelium and platelets, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and subsequent ischaemic events. Although multiple drugs are currently available to treat perioperative hypertension, there is a paucity of data comparing these agents. Therefore, we examined the in vitro vascular effects of commonly used antihypertensive drugs on human internal mammary artery (IMA) segments. Methods. Relaxation responses to adenosine (a nucleoside), enalaprilat (a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme), fenoldopam (a D1-dopamine receptor agonist), hydralazine, labetalol (an a- and b-adrenergic blocker), nicardipine (a calcium channel blocker), nicorandil (K + -ATP channel opener), nitroglycerin (GTN, a nitrosovasodilator), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitrosovasodilator) were studied in IMA segments pre-contracted with the TxA2 analogue (U46619, 1.0·10 � 8 M). Effects of labetalol were also studied in IMA segments precontracted with norepinephrine (1.0·10 � 6 M). All drugs were added in a cumulative fashion (range 10 –10 to 10 –3 M). Results. All agents in the current study, with the exception of enalaprilat, dilated the IMA segments pre-contracted with U46619. Only GTN and SNP induced a complete (90–100%) relaxation. The order of efficacy of the in vitro relaxation was as follows: SNP, GTN, nicardipine, nicorandil, fenoldopam, hydralazine, adenosine, and labetalol. The potency was in the order of GTN, SNP, fenoldopam, nicorandil, hydralazine, adenosine, and nicardipine. Conclusions. Various antihypertensive agents are effective in attenuating U46619-induced IMA vasoconstriction, but the efficacy and potency differ. The in vitro vasodilation may not be simply extrapolated to the clinical efficacy or outcome of each antihypertensive therapy; however, our data provide additional grounds for the choice of antihypertensive medication. Further clinical studies are needed to help to fully elucidate the use of different antihypertensive agents and clinical outcomes. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 257–62
What is Meant by Telling the Truth: Bonhoeffer on the Ethics of Disclosure:

This article explores Dietrich Bonhoeffer's writings on truth telling with reference to the problem of medical error in the US, the UK, and other developed nations, with particular attention to physicians' resistance to disclosing their own mistakes to injured patients and their families. The brief essay 'What is Meant by "Telling the Truth"?' and its historical context--Bonhoeffer's imprisonment and interrogation in 1943--is proposed as a text for medical ethicists and others seeking to overcome the barrier of the 'hidden curriculum' within the culture of medicine, which encourages medical students and physicians to conceal their errors and to fear disclosure.
ACP Journal Club. A lifestyle intervention did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Source Citation Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing RR, Bolin P, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:145-54. 23796131.
Orange Finisher Pulp as Substrate for Polygalacturonase Production by Rhizopus oryzae

Orange finisher pulp, a juice processing by-product, was investigated as a substrate for polygalacturonase (PG) production by Rhizopus oryzae (ATCC 24563) via solid state fermentation. PG activity was indicated by increase in liquefaction and uronic acid solubilization and subsequent decrease in pectin content of the solid fraction over a 5-day fermentation. Partial characterization of the enzyme extract indicated pH optimum 5.0 for PG. Viscosity and reducing sugar measurements suggested endohydrolytic activity. Little or no pectinesterase, pectin or pectate lyase activities were detected; therefore, potential for direct utilization of the PG exists in the citrus industry. Orange finisher pulp was a suitable substrate for fungal PG production.
Frequency of Celiac Disease in Individuals with Down Syndrome in the United States

Ninety-three individuals with Down syndrome (DS) were screened to investigate the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in the United States. Five of the 93 individuals were antiendomysial antibody (EMA) positive. Of the 5 who tested positive for EMA, 4 were biopsied, 1 refused biopsy. Three of the 4 individuals biopsied manifested changes of CD on small bowel biopsy. This gives a frequency of 3.2% of confirmed CD in our DS individuals and suggests the need for periodic screening for celiac disease in this population.
Embracing the Mission: Catholic and Non-Catholic Faculty and Staff Perceptions of Institutional Mission and School Sense of Community.

This study compared the perceptions of the mission identity and mission-driven campus activities of faculty ( n = 305) and staff ( n = 584) at a large urban Catholic university. Moreover, it compared employees who were self-identifi ed as Catholic ( n = 375), Christian ( n = 204), other faiths ( n = 161), or no religious preference ( n = 159). Multivariate analysis (controlling for social desirability responding) indicated a main effect for religious preference. Roman Catholic employees, more than employees from the other three categories, believed that the institution’s mission-driven activities, refl ecting the characteristics of the patron saint of the university and offering faith-formation opportunities, are important programs and initiatives. Implications suggest that Catholic universities may be settings for Catholic and non-Catholic faculty and staff, enabling support of the institution’s mission, varied programs, and identity.
Relation of Fish Size and Growth Rate to Migration of Spring Chinook Salmon Smolts

Abstract We examined the relation of size and growth rate to downstream migration in yearling spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. A group of juvenile chinook salmon was graded by size into small and large categories; half the fish in each category were reared at an elevated temperature beginning in mid-February, resulting in four distinct treatment groups: large–warm, large–cool, small–warm, and small–cool. Fish from warmwater treatment groups displayed significantly higher growth rates through the spring than coolwater groups. Fish were released into a natural creek on two dates (25 March, release 1 and 12 April, release 2), and downstream movement was monitored. For each release, fish that migrated past a weir within the first 5 d postrelease had significantly higher spring growth rates than fish that did not migrate within that period. A similar comparison of release length to migration demonstrated significant differences only in release 2. Also for release 2, fish from the large–warm and ...
Inflammation and cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetic carotid endarterectomy patients.

OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetic patients have a high incidence of cerebrovascular disease, elevated inflammation, and high risk of developing cognitive dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). To elucidate the relationship between inflammation and the risk of cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients, we aim to determine whether elevated levels of systemic inflammatory markers are associated with cognitive dysfunction 1 day after CEA. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS One hundred fifteen type 2 diabetic CEA patients and 156 reference surgical patients were recruited with written informed consent in this single-center cohort study. All patients were evaluated with an extensive battery of neuropsychometric tests. Preoperative monocyte counts, HbA 1c , C-reactive protein (CRP), intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity levels were obtained. RESULTS In a multivariate logistic regression model constructed to identify predictors of cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetic CEA patients, each unit of monocyte counts (odds ratio [OR] 1.76 [95% CI 1.17–2.93]; P = 0.005) and CRP (OR 1.17 [1.10–1.29]; P CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetic patients with elevated levels of preoperative systemic inflammatory markers exhibit more cognitive dysfunction 1 day after CEA. These observations have implications for the preoperative medical management of this high-risk group of surgical patients undergoing carotid revascularization with CEA.
Optimal control of drug delivery to brain tumors for a distributed parameters model

The growth and treatment of brain tumors is mathematically examined using a distributed parameters model. The model is a system of three coupled reaction diffusion equations involving the tumor cells, normal tissue and the drug concentration. An optimal control problem is designed, with the drug delivery rate as the control and solved to obtain the state and co-state equations as well as the regular control. This gives rise to a coupled system of equations with a forward state equation and a backward co-state equation, which are solved using a modified double shot, forward-backward method. A numerical procedure based upon the Crank-Nicolson method is used to solve the coupled nonlinear system of six one-dimension partial differential equations, along with a quasilinear approximation of the nonlinearities using extrapolator-predictor-corrector iteration techniques.
29Si and 27Al MAS‐NMR of NaOH‐Activated Blast‐Furnace Slag

b29Si and 27Al MAS-NMR were performed on NaOH-activated blast-furnace slag to better characterize the amorphous and poorly crystalline phases which occur in this system. The unreacted glass has a mainly dimeric silicate structure represented by a broad 29Si peak (FWHM = 15 ppm) centered at –74.5 ppm [Q1], with aluminum present exclusively in tetrahedral coordination. Upon reaction with 5M NaOH (w/s= 0.4), three new 29Si peaks with widths of ca. 2 ppm are formed at -78.5 Q1, –81.4 [Q2(1Al)J, and -84.3 [Q2]. Relative peak areas indicate a mostly dimeric silicate structure for the tobermorite-like C─S─H layers, with roughly a third of the bridging sites occupied by aluminum, and less than 10% by silicon. In addition to the tetrahedrally coordinated aluminum substituted in the C─S─H structure, 27Al MAS-NMR reveals the presence of aluminum in octahedral sites, which is attributed to the aluminate phase (C,M)4AH13. 29Si results indicate rapid initial consumption of the glass, with roughly a third of the glass reacting within the first day and another third consumed over the following 27 days.
The effect of adding a scalar D-cache to the Cray-4 vector processor

In the past, vector supercomputers achieved high performance with long arithmetic pipelines coupled with fast scalar processors. Processor speed has increased at a rate greater than memory speed. Indeed, current vector processors have cycle times far faster than the memories they are connected to. When compilers can predict memory access patterns, they vectorize computations and thereby hide the processor/memory disparity. When memory access patterns are not known until run-time, caches can pay large dividends. This paper studies the effects of adding a scalar data cache to a modern vector processor and shows some encouraging results. >
LIMB LATERALITY AND MOTOR PROFICIENCY IN CHILDREN

This investigation examined the premise derived from recent reports, that children who are consistent right-handers are better coordinated than their left- and mixed-sided (inconsistent) peers. The observation of limb laterality was extended to include footedness. Two samples of children (N=273) (foot laterality/hand laterality), matched for age and sex, were assessed for motor proficiency and compared according to limb preference (right, mixed, left). Overall, results indicated no significant group differences (ps >. 05) in composite scores (upper-limb, lower-limb, combination) and total performance, within foot and hand laterality. In view of recent studies (noting differences between laterality groups) and these nonsupportive results, it appears that additional inquiry is warranted before any consensus regarding the association between limb laterality and motor coordination can be established. Suggestions for further inquiry are presented.
Relation between age of calf, blood glucose, blood and rumen levels of volatile fatty acids, and in vitro cellulose digestion.

Summary Blood and rumen juice were collected from 18 male Holstein calves at 1 week of age and every week thereafter until 15 weeks of age. Results of the analyses show a lowering of blood glucose levels concurrent with increasing levels of blood volatile fatty acids. At the same time, rumen juice volatile fatty acids and per cent in vitro cellulose digestion increased as the calves advanced in age. The significance of these findings and the possible relationship between these factors are discussed.
Tissue classification and segmentation of MR images

Previously reported classification or segmentation methods are reviewed, and some statistical approaches that may be capable of automatically classifying tissues and segmenting magnetic resonance (MR) images are discussed. The image segmentation methods reviewed are edge detection methods and region detection methods. The key feature of statistical approaches toward automatically classifying tissues and segmenting MR images is the determination of the number of image classes and the model parameters of these classes from the image data directly by a computer. Any free parameter requiring extensive user interactions should be avoided. Further research on the Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) model and the MRF penalty term will push the statistical approaches further along the automatic track. As these approaches become more practical they will become more valuable. >
The Roma personal metadata service

People now have available to them a diversity of digital storage devices, including palmtops, cell phone address books, laptops, desktop computers and Web-based services. Unfortunately, as the number of personal data repositories increases, so does the management problem of ensuring that the most up-to-date version of any document is available to the user on the storage device he/she is currently using. We introduce the Roma personal metadata service to make it easier to locate current file versions and ensure their availability across different repositories. This centralized service stores information about each of a user's files, such as its name, location, timestamp and keywords, on behalf of mobility-aware applications. Separating out these metadata from the data repositories makes it practical to keep the metadata store on a highly available, portable device. In this paper, we describe the design requirements, architecture and current prototype implementation of Roma.
Ion Beam Enhanced Adhesion

We have shown that the irradiation of a wide variety of thin film-substrate combinations with MeV/amu ions leads to greatly enhanced adhesion. The systems studied include metal films on dielectric, semiconductor, and metal substrates. For metal coatings on semiconductors the electrical contact which is originally diode-like becomes ohmic. Metal films on metal or polymeric substrates generally require the lowest dose irradiations. For Au on Ta the threshold dose to achieve a constant level of adhesion (“Scotch Tape” test) is consistent with a model of the process in which the dose threshold varies with the electronic excitation part of the energy loss in the material as (dE/dx + Q)−2. The value of Q obtained corresponds to an exothermic reaction due to the increased binding that liberates ∼ 70 eV at the interface. This model and a variant of it based on the production of K-shell vacancies in low Z elements in the target will be discussed.
Boundary Conditions for Expectancy Theory Predictions of Work Motivation and Job Performance

Expectancy theory predictions of work motivation and job performance are examined. As hypothesized, predictions were materially strengthened by taking into account the effects of five boundary cond...
VASCULAR REACTIVITY AND ELECTROLYTES IN NORMAL AND TOXEMIC PREGNANCY PATHOGENIC CONSIDERATIONS AND A DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TOXEMIA TEST

For decades, the origin of toxemia of pregnancy was the subject of many more or less poorly founded speculations. Hofbauer (1) was probably the first to suspect an important involvement of the adrenal cortex in its pathogenesis. Finally, the demonstration of an increased corticoid production during pregnancy and of the role played by adrenal corticoids in the formation of edema and in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension provided some solid footholds from which to attack the problem systematically.
Surface‐Rupture and Slip Observations on the Day of the 24 August 2014 South Napa Earthquake

Online Material: Color versions of Figures 1–4; Google Earth file with imbedded field photos. Surface‐rupture observations constrain the orientation, length, and direction of fault slip and are especially useful in the information‐limited immediate aftermath of a large earthquake. The extent of surface rupture and preliminary slip observations are critical for rapid assessment of damage to fault‐crossing lifelines and provide context for understanding strong ground motions resulting from rupture directivity. Some of the most important information that surface‐rupture observations may constrain are the locations of the ends of fault ruptures. Both aftershocks and postseismic deformation at fault tips are especially revealing of rheological properties (Hearn, 2003) and earthquake‐triggering mechanisms (Dieterich, 1994; Stein et al. , 1997). Rates of aftershocks and postseismic deformation, including fault creep at the surface, decline quickly (Omori, 1894; Marone et al. , 1991). Thus, it is important to rapidly obtain and openly disseminate surface‐rupture observations, preferably within hours of the mainshock, to deploy instrumentation most effectively. Here, we report our observations of surface rupture and slip within the hours following the 24 August 2014 M w 6.0 South Napa earthquake. The mainshock occurred at 3:20 a.m. local time with an epicenter near American Canyon, California (Brocher et al. , 2015). Our team was one of several that mobilized that morning to document surface rupture (Bray et al. , 2014). By monitoring social media in the hours following the event, we identified photographs on Twitter with indications of right‐lateral tectonic offset of State Highway Route 12/121 (SR 12/121; Fig. 1). In response, two members of our team (A.M. and C.T.) mobilized from the University of California, Davis, about a one‐hour drive to the epicenter. Our observations were collected specifically with the goal of quickly defining the length and magnitude of surface rupture, focusing on displaced cultural features vulnerable to repair. Information …
Conditional Kif3a ablation causes abnormal hedgehog signaling topography, growth plate dysfunction, and excessive bone and cartilage formation during mouse skeletogenesis.

The motor protein Kif3a and primary cilia regulate important developmental processes, but their roles in skeletogenesis remain ill-defined. Here we created mice deficient in Kif3a in cartilage and focused on the cranial base and synchondroses. Kif3a deficiency caused cranial base growth retardation and dysmorphogenesis, which were evident in neonatal animals by anatomical and micro-computed tomography (μCT) inspection. Kif3a deficiency also changed synchondrosis growth plate organization and function, and the severity of these changes increased over time. By postnatal day (P)7, mutant growth plates lacked typical zones of chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy, and were instead composed of chondrocytes with an unusual phenotype characterized by strong collagen II (Col2a1) gene expression but barely detectable expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh), collagen X (Col10a1), Vegf (Vegfa), MMP-13 (Mmp13) and osterix (Sp7). Concurrently, unexpected developmental events occurred in perichondrial tissues, including excessive intramembranous ossification all along the perichondrial border and the formation of ectopic cartilage masses. Looking for possible culprits for these latter processes, we analyzed hedgehog signalling topography and intensity by monitoring the expression of the hedgehog effectors Patched 1 and Gli1, and of the hedgehog-binding cell-surface component syndecan 3. Compared with controls, hedgehog signaling was quite feeble within mutant growth plates as early as P0, but was actually higher and was widespread all along mutant perichondrial tissues. Lastly, we studied postnatal mice deficient in Ihh in cartilage; their cranial base defects only minimally resembled those in Kif3a-deficient mice. In summary, Kif3a and primary cilia make unique contributions to cranial base development and synchondrosis growth plate function. Their deficiency causes abnormal topography of hedgehog signaling, growth plate dysfunction, and un-physiologic responses and processes in perichondrial tissues, including ectopic cartilage formation and excessive intramembranous ossification.
Courtroom Demeanor: The Theater of the Courtroom

The American criminal courtroom is a theater where courtroom actors play out the guilt or innocence of the defendant for the jury to assess. Although one view of the courtroom is that of a controlled atmosphere where cases are decided based only on formal evidence, this view is undoubtedly unrealistic. Trials are affected by many factors, including the appearance and demeanor of the defendant. This article proposes an approach to deal with non-testifying demeanor evidence that occurs outside the witness box. Given the problems with having jurors rely on demeanor evidence, courts should be carefully monitoring the use of non-testifying demeanor evidence. Appropriate jury instructions should be given, including those warning jurors on proper use of such evidence.
Lithium Carbonate Enhances Granulopoiesis and Attenuates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Injury in the Dog

When given to manic-depressive psychiatric patients, lithium carbonate (LC) is associated with an increase in the number of circulating neutrophils (PMNs) (Mayfield and Brown, 1966; O’Connell, 1970; Shopsin et al., 1971; Murphy et al., 1971, Watanabe et al., 1974; and Bille et al., 1975). This is an intriguing “side effect” which suggests several potential clinical applications: 1) prevention or attenuation of myelosuppression due to anti-cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy; 2) treatment of neutropenic disorders not related to cancer therapy; 3) preparation of granulocyte donors prior to leucopheresis; and 4) acceleration of engraftment of bone marrow allografts or autografts. A detailed analysis of LC enhanced granulopoiesis and some prediction of its efficacy in these potential roles would be aided if a suitable animal model were available for comprehensive study. It is the purpose of this report to present our observations on lithium carbonate stimulation of marrow granulocyte-committed colony-forming units (CFU-c) and peripheral blood granulocytes in mongrel dogs and the protection offered these dogs from cyclophosphamide-induced marrow injury.
Eigenbreasts for statistical breast phantoms

To facilitate rigorous virtual clinical trials using model observers for breast imaging optimization and evaluation, we demonstrated a method of defining statistical models, based on 177 sets of breast CT patient data, in order to generate tens of thousands of unique digital breast phantoms. In order to separate anatomical texture from variation in breast shape, each training set of breast phantoms were deformed to a consistent atlas compressed geometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then performed on the shape-matched breast CT volumes to capture the variation of patient breast textures. PCA decomposes the training set of N breast CT volumes into an N-1-dimensional space of eigenvectors, which we call eigenbreasts. By summing weighted combinations of eigenbreasts, a large ensemble of different breast phantoms can be newly created. Different training sets can be used in eigenbreast analysis for designing basis models to target sub-populations defined by breast characteristics, such as size or density. In this work, we plan to generate ensembles of 30,000 new phantoms based on glandularity for an upcoming virtual trial of lesion detectability in digital breast tomosynthesis. Our method extends our series of digital and physical breast phantoms based on human subject anatomy, providing the capability to generate new, unique ensembles consisting of tens of thousands or more virtual subjects. This work represents an important step towards conducting future virtual trials for tasks-based assessment of breast imaging, where it is vital to have a large ensemble of realistic phantoms for statistical power as well as clinical relevance.
Synthesis of Structurally Ordered Pt3Ti and Pt3V Nanoparticles as Methanol Oxidation Catalysts

Structurally ordered Pt3Ti or Pt3V intermetallic nanoparticle catalysts with ultrasmall particle sizes have never been successfully synthesized. Herein, we present a KCl-nanoparticle method to successfully provide such compounds. These two catalysts show enhanced catalytic activity and stability for methanol oxidation compared to pure Pt.
Hospital Number Six: a first-hand report

(1986). Hospital Number Six: a first-hand report. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 42, Chernobyl: The Emerging Story, pp. 10-12.
“What Happened to Jokes?” The Shifting Landscape of Humor in Hungary

Since 1989, commentators on both sides of the Atlantic have mourned the death of jokes in postsocialist societies. While in fact humor has not gone away, the everyday experience of sharing jokes as...
Simulation of SVPWM inverter for photovoltaic grid-connection system

SVPWM(space vector pulse width modulation) inverter was applied in photovoltaic power system to increase the usage of output voltage of photovoltaic cells to gain higher system efficiency.Photovoltaic power system simulation module using this technology was build under MATALAB environment.The simulation results show that SVPWM can lower power consumption of the power switches,and boost the efficiency of the photovoltaic cells' output DC voltage.Thus high dynamic performance of this system is achieved.
Learning algorithm of procedure neural network based on orthogonal function base

Aimed at procedure neural network(PNN) 's aggregation operation problem in time field,a learning algorithm of PNN based on orthogonal is shown.Fourier function orthogonal base is introduced into input function space of network,and both input function and weight function are denoted limited items of function orthogonal base.Using the orthogonality of function base,the complexity of PNN in time aggregation computing is simplified,the learning efficiency ofthe network is improved.The algorithm of general realization is presented,and the simulation experience proved availability of the algorithm.
Alternative Traditions and Interreligious Dialogue

Up to this point, I have explored the dominant tradition regarding Christianity and nonhuman animals and strands of tradition that either break from that tradition or contain a framework conducive to breaking from it. Here I want to highlight how alternative traditions open fresh possibilities for interreligious dialogue. To do so, I examine the basis for animal welfare in the works of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Albert Schweitzer. For Gandhi, the principle of ahimsa (nonviolence) forms the foundation for extending moral concern to nonhuman animals. For Schweitzer, the principle of reverence for life does so. In what follows, I compare how these two principles function in the thought of Gandhi and Schweitzer with regard to their background and development, the different forms of life to which they apply, their ethical ramifications for human/nonhuman relationships, and the limitations of their application.
Family Studies for Classification of Variants of Uncertain Classification: Current Laboratory Clinical Practice and a New Web-Based Educational Tool

Multi-gene cancer panels often identify variants of uncertain clinical significance (VUS) that pose a challenge to health care providers in managing a patient's cancer risk. Family segregation analysis can yield powerful data to re-classify a VUS (as either benign or pathogenic). However, financial and personnel resources to coordinate these studies are limited. In an informal assessment we found that family studies for variant classification are done by most clinical genetics laboratories that offer hereditary cancer panel testing. The process for family studies differs substantially across laboratories. One near universal limitation is that families usually have too few individuals for an informative co-segregation analysis. A unique and potential resource-saving approach is to engage patients and their families in expanding their own pedigrees for segregation analysis of their VUS. We describe a novel public educational tool ( FindMyVariant.org ) designed to inform patients and genetic counselors about strategies to improve the probability of variant classification using familial segregation. While the web tool is designed to be useful for any gene, the project was primarily focused on VUS's returned in cancer risk genes. FindMyVariant.org is a resource for genetic providers to offer motivated families who are willing to gather information about their family relationships and history. Working alongside clinical or research genetic laboratories, the information they collect may help reclassify their VUS using segregation analysis.
Do digitalis glycosides still have a role in congestive heart failure

It is apparent that the use of digitalis preparations, particularly digoxin, is important in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction, cardiomegaly, and congestive heart failure. Several historic studies suggest benefit, but more recently completed, well-designed, clinical trials have convincingly demonstrated that worsening congestive heart failure can be prevented and exercise capacity increased with digoxin. The precise dose and subsequent serum drug concentration giving the best safety-efficacy profile have not yet been determined. Importantly, the effect of digoxin on mortality is unknown. However, from a theoretic standpoint, this drug may fare well in ongoing mortality-end point clinical trials. The answer to the question, "Do digitalis glycosides still have a role in congestive heart failure?" is, therefore, absolutely!