cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Submitting Data to a Public Repository, the Final Step of a Successful HTS Experiment

The Sequence Read Archive (SRA) at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is a public repository of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data. The database hosts raw read data and alignment information from a number of HTS platforms as well as metadata describing library preparation, sequencing instruments, and bioinformatics pipelines. Submissions are also linked to relevant sample and project metadata as well as other related resources both within NCBI and externally. Submitted data are assigned permanent accessions, enabling compliance with scientific reporting standards. Individual users can submit required SRA metadata and file information by spreadsheet, whereas larger submitting institutions may wish to submit programmatically via XML.
What does a priming perspective reveal about culture: culture-as-situated cognition

‘Between-group’ comparison models of culture imply that adaptations to group living are not represented cross-culturally, but if people are either individualists who make sense of the world by separating out main issues and underlying rules or collectivists who make sense of the world by connecting and relating, how is it that people can do both? Culture-as-situated cognition theory explains how: Many seemingly fixed cultural differences can be traced to differences in the accessible constructs — cultural mindsets — that come to mind when situations render them accessible. Social priming paradigms demonstrate that people from ostensibly different cultures have more than their chronically accessible cultural mindset available for use, and that momentarily accessible mindset matters, influencing cognitive processing, judgment, reasoning, and performance.
"You're Guilty, So Just Confess!" Cognitive and Behavioral Confirmation Biases in the Interrogation Room.

In Principles of Police Interrogation, Van Meter (1973) described the qualities of a good interrogator, which included such constructs as integrity, self-respect, and professional attitude. In addition, Van Meter suggested that individual prejudices should be left outside of the interrogation room, as a good interrogator must be impartial. He further elaborated: I have told you to keep the purpose of the interrogation in mind, and to strive for the confession from your suspect. But you must remember that the person that you are talking to might not be guilty.... Maintain an impartial attitude throughout the interrogation, and you will not be put in the position of having to make excuses. After all, the courts try the person; you are only an investigator for the court, not the person who has to make the decision of guilt or innocence. By remaining impartial, you can also keep yourself on the sidelines, so to speak, and be in a better position to analyze the suspect’s reactions, your words and actions, and the facts in the case. You cannot think straight if you prejudge the person or if you become so personally involved in the case that you develop likes and dislikes. I have seen interrogators personally involved with a suspect, and they usually become very sensitive to the suspect and all that he says. This personal sensitivity often leads to harsh words and useless conversations with the suspect. (pp. 32–33)
Selective Enzymatic Demethylation of N2 ,N2 -Dimethylguanosine in RNA and Its Application in High-Throughput tRNA Sequencing.

The abundant Watson–Crick face methylations in biological RNAs such as N1-methyladenosine (m1A), N1-methylguanosine (m1G), N3-methylcytosine (m3C), and N2,N2-dimethylguanosine (m22G) cause significant obstacles for high-throughput RNA sequencing by impairing cDNA synthesis. One strategy to overcome this obstacle is to remove the methyl group on these modified bases prior to cDNA synthesis using enzymes. The wild-type E. coli AlkB and its D135S mutant can remove most of m1A, m1G, m3C modifications in transfer RNA (tRNA), but they work poorly on m22G. Here we report the design and evaluation of a series of AlkB mutants against m22G-containing model RNA substrates that we synthesize using an improved synthetic method. We show that the AlkB D135S/L118V mutant efficiently and selectively converts m22G modification to N2-methylguanosine (m2G). We also show that this new enzyme improves the efficiency of tRNA sequencing.
Using Predicted Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Conjunction With Blood Pressure to Guide Antihypertensive Medication Treatment.

Using cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk instead of or in addition to blood pressure (BP) to guide antihypertensive treatment is an active area of research. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of studies that could inform this treatment paradigm. We review data from randomized trials on relative and absolute CVD risk reduction that can occur when antihypertensive treatment is guided by CVD risk. We also review population-level data on using CVD risk in conjunction with BP to guide antihypertensive treatment, the broad distribution in CVD risk for people with similar BP levels, and the use of CVD risk for guiding antihypertensive treatment among subgroups including older adults, young adults, and those with diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease. In addition, we review potential challenges in implementing antihypertensive treatment recommendations that incorporate CVD risk. In closing, we provide recommendations for using CVD risk in combination with BP to guide antihypertensive treatment.
1.6 – Diffusion

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the importance of diffusion in physiology. Solutes move by diffusion from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. Fick's first law of diffusion states that the flux is proportional to the negative of the gradient. The continuity equation states that the changes in concentration with time must be due to the changes in flux with distance. Fick's second law can be derived from a random-walk model of diffusion in which molecules take large numbers of small steps. Using Stirling's approximation, the discrete binomial probability distribution can be converted to a continuous one, resulting in a Gaussian probability distribution. It is found that although diffusion is a statistical result, it is equivalent to a force in which it produces a flow of material. Other forces can also make solutes move. These forces include electrical forces on charged solutes, solvent drag, and gravitational forces. An external force applied to solute particles causes a flux. The details of Stokes–Einstein equation are also presented in the chapter.
Thermodynamic Anomalies in Stretched Water.

Via molecular dynamics simulations of the TIP4P/2005 water model, we study liquid water’s anomalous behavior at large negative pressure produced through isochoric cooling. We find that isochores without a pressure minimum can display “reentrant” behavior whereby a system that cavitates upon cooling can then rehomogenize upon further cooling. This behavior is a consequence of the underlying density maximum along the spinodal, but its actual manifestation in simulations is strongly influenced by finite size effects. These observations suggest that water under strong hydrophilic confinement may display richer phase behavior than hitherto assumed. This also suggests that propensity toward cavitation does not always correlate with greater tension, contrary to the prevailing assumption for interpreting water stretching experiments. We also show that a maximum spinodal density in water results in a locus of maximum compressibility and a minimum speed of sound that are independent from any influence of a liquid–l...
How Measurement of Inequalities in Wealth by Race/Ethnicity Impacts Narrative and Policy: Investigating the Full Distribution

In recent decades, analysts and researchers have expanded understanding of economic security by adding wealth to traditional income measures of economic security, documenting substantial and growing inequalities in wealth in the USA that exceed notable income inequalities. Racial disparities in wealth have been well-documented and represent a major barrier to economic equality for communities of color. However, while the racial wealth gap is typically measured at the median due to the substantial skew of the wealth distribution, much remains unknown about racial disparities across the wealth distribution. This study aims to advance analytic discussions about measurement of racial wealth disparities examining recent trends in wealth by race/ethnicity using a more complete view of the wealth distribution. Using the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) from 2001 to 2013, results reveal that racial wealth disparities across the distribution are even more widespread than an examination of central tendencies alone can observe. Also, while all households experienced notable wealth declines in recent years during the Great Recession, African American and Latino households across the distribution of wealth were particularly affected. From 2007 to 2013, the 75th percentile of wealth for African Americans and Latinos fell by approximately 50%, while losses for whites at the third quartile were just 15%. Similar differences in impacts of the economic downturn are seen across the distribution. Examination of net worth trends over the period reveals that losses were disproportionally experienced by households of color across the wealth distribution.
Test-Retest Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Implicit Association Test in Children.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is increasingly used in developmental research despite minimal evidence of whether children's IAT scores are reliable across time or predictive of behavior. When test-retest reliability and predictive validity have been assessed, the results have been mixed, and because these studies have differed on many factors simultaneously (lag-time between testing administrations, domain, etc.), it is difficult to discern what factors may explain variability in existing test-retest reliability and predictive validity estimates. Across five studies (total N = 519; ages 6- to 11-years-old), we manipulated two factors that have varied in previous developmental research-lag-time and domain. An internal meta-analysis of these studies revealed that, across three different methods of analyzing the data, mean test-retest (rs of .48, .38, and .34) and predictive validity (rs of .46, .20, and .10) effect sizes were significantly greater than zero. While lag-time did not moderate the magnitude of test-retest coefficients, whether we observed domain differences in test-retest reliability and predictive validity estimates was contingent on other factors, such as how we scored the IAT or whether we included estimates from a unique sample (i.e., a sample containing gender typical and gender diverse children). Recommendations are made for developmental researchers that utilize the IAT in their research. (PsycINFO Database Record
Changes in Microtubules and Neurofilaments in Constricted, Hypoplastic Nerve Fibers

Hypoplastic nerve fibers were produced by applying a snug ligature around rat sciatic nerves by the 14th postnatal day, allowing the nerves to compress themselves with subsequent growth. This technique produced hypoplastic axons distal to the compression of caliber ranges consistent with arrested growth, or atrophy, respectively.
Angiotensin II-induced constrictions are masked by bovine retinal vessels.

METHODS. Bovine retinal central artery and vein were cannulated, and arterioles and venules were perfused with oxygenated/heparinized physiological salt solution at 37°C. This ex vivo perfused retinal microcirculation model was used to observe the contractile effects of Ang II on arterioles and venules of different diameters. The NO and PGI2 synthase inhibitors, 1-NOARG and flurbiprofen, respectively, were used to unmask Ang II vasoconstriction; the changes in vascular diameters were then measured. Enzyme immunoassays were used to measure the release of cGMP (an index of NO release) and 6-keto-PG-Fla (a stable metabolite of PGI2) from isolated bovine retinal vessels. RESULTS. Topically applied Ang II (1O~ 10 M to 10~ 4 M) caused significant (P < 0.05) arteriolar and venular constrictions in a dose-dependent manner, with the smallest retinal arterioles (7 ± 0.2 jam luminal diameter) and venules (12 ± 2 /am luminal diameter) significantly more sensitive than larger vessels. After the inhibition of endogenous NO and PGI2 synthesis by 1-NOARG and flurbiprofen, respectively, the vasoconstriction effects of Ang II became more pronounced. Again, the smallest vessels tested were significantly more sensitive, and synthesis of endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), therefore, may be most important in these vessels. Vasoactive doses of Ang II (10~'° M to 10~ 4 M) caused a dose-dependent increase in the release of NO and PGI2 from isolated bovine retinal vessels, indicating that the increase in EDRF may nullify direct Ang II-induced vasoconstriction. Interestingly, intraluminal administration of Ang II caused only vasodilation. CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrates that the retinal vascular endothelium acts as a buffer against the vasoconstricting agent Ang II via release of vasodilators NO and PGI2, and the vasoconstriction effects due to Ang II are most prominent in the smallest diameter vessels. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999:40:721-728)
MIA: Multi-cohort Integrated Analysis for Biomarker Identification

Advanced high-throughput technologies have produced vast amounts of biological data. Data integration is the key to obtain the power needed to pinpoint the biological mechanisms and biomarkers of the underlying disease. Two critical drawbacks of computational approaches for data integration is that they do not account for study bias, as well as the noisy nature of molecular data. This leads to unreliable and inconsistent results, i.e., the results change drastically when the input is slightly perturbed or when additional datasets are added to the analysis. Here we propose a multi-cohort integrated approach, named MIA, for biomarker identification that is robust to noise and study bias. We deploy a leave-one-out strategy to avoid the disproportionate influence of a single cohort. We also utilize techniques from both p-value-based and effect-size-based meta-analyses to ensure that the identified genes are significantly impacted. We compare MIA versus classical approaches (Fisher's, Stouffer's, maxP, minP, and the additive method) using 7 microarray and 4 RNASeq datasets. For each approach, we construct a disease signature using 3 datasets and then classify patients from 8 remaining datasets. MIA outperforms all existing approaches in terms of both the highest sensitivity and specificity by accurately distinguishing symptomatic patients from healthy controls.
Visualizing Three-Dimensional Ocean Eddies in Web Browsers

Despite the importance of mesoscale eddies, and other three-dimensional features discernable in numerical simulations of ocean circulations, to the understanding of oceanic heat transport and climate change, there are few dedicated three-dimensional visualization tools for scientists to use. This paper presents a framework for the visualization of three-dimensional (3D) ocean eddies in web browsers. The framework includes a feature-based eddy computation algorithm implemented by a standalone C++ program and a web graphics library-based 3D eddy viewer. Combining eddy extraction, tracking, query, and interactive visualizations in one workflow, the proposed framework is designed to facilitate the visual exploration and analysis of ocean eddies and thus help domain experts get more insight into the process of ocean circulation. In the framework, the feature-based algorithm significantly reduces the storage requirement of data and the rendering cost of visualization tasks by exploiting the coherence between consecutive data frames and focusing on just those regions of interest. The 3D eddy viewer presents eddy visualizations within a standard web browser, which enables the easy sharing of the tool and the results between scientific collaborators at different locations on diverse platforms without the need to install specialized software. In this paper, the general considerations in the design process as well as the technical facts of the framework, the application of the framework to a high-resolution regional ocean simulation, the general usage scenarios of the 3D eddy viewer and the user evaluation are discussed.
Characteristics of Adults With Unrecognized Hearing Loss.

Purpose Early detection of hearing loss is important for providing support and intervention for adults with age-related hearing loss. However, many older adults have hearing loss that is unidentifi...
Quantitative Improvement in Brain Tumor MRI Through Structured Reporting (BT-RADS).

Rationale and Objectives Determine the objective benefits of structured reporting of brain tumors through Brain tumor-RADS (BT-RADS) by analyzing discrete quantifiable metrics of the reports themselves. Materials and Methods Following Institutional Review Board approval, post-treatment glioma reports were acquired from two matched 3-month time periods for pre- and postimplementation of BT-RADS. The reports were analyzed for presence of history words, such as “Avastin” and “methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase,” as well as hedge words, such as “Possibly” and “Likely.” The word counts of the total report and of the impression section were also assessed, as well as whether or not the report contained addenda. Results In total, 211 pre-BT-RADS and 172 post-BT-RADS reports were analyzed. Post-BT-RADS reports demonstrated greater reporting of history words, including “Avastin” (7.6% vs. 20.9%, p Conclusion Following implementation of BT-RADS, glioma reports demonstrated greater consistency and completeness of clinical history, less ambiguity, and more conciseness.
Resources Needed for Addressing Common Core Standards in Mathematics and Language Arts and Next Generation Science Standards

There is a vital need in the mathematics and science teaching and learning community at the secondary school level for assistance for teachers in adapting curricular materials to meet the many district, state, and national demands and to facilitate high-quality learning of students and their ability to transfer this learning and apply it as they move forward to careers. This paper describes a set of resources in the form of Teacher Guides, which would teach educators how to keep up with the high tech, fast-paced world by allowing them to change existing teaching resources faster than new and updated curricula become commercially available. Teacher learning in the Teacher Guides would not be limited to a single educational practice. For example, Teacher Guides we anticipate creating would capitalize on the relationships and convergences found in CCSS-M practices, CCSS-LA student portraits, and NGSS science and engineering practices.
New insights into the drainage of inundated Arctic polygonal tundra using fundamental hydrologic principles

Abstract. The pathways and timing of drainage from inundated ice-wedge polygon centers in a warming climate have important implications for carbon flushing, advective heat transport, and transitions from carbon dioxide to methane dominated emissions. This research helps to understand this process by providing the first in-depth analysis of drainage from a single polygon based on fundamental hydrogeological principles. We use a recently developed analytical solution to evaluate the effects of polygon aspect ratios (radius to thawed depth) and hydraulic conductivity anisotropy (horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity) on drainage pathways and temporal depletion of ponded water heights of inundated ice-wedge polygon centers. By varying the polygon aspect ratio, we evaluate the effect of polygon size (width), inter-annual increases in active layer thickness, and seasonal increases in thaw depth on drainage. One of the primary insights from the model is that most inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage occurs along an annular region of the polygon center near the rims. This implies that inundated polygons are most intensely flushed by drainage in an annular region along their horizontal periphery, with implications for transport of nutrients (such as dissolved organic carbon) and advection of heat towards ice wedge tops. The model indicates that polygons with large aspect ratios and high anisotropy will have the most distributed drainage. Polygons with large aspect ratio and low anisotropy will have their drainage most focused near the their periphery and will drain most slowly. Polygons with small aspect ratio and high anisotropy will drain most quickly.
Femtosecond Laser Fabricated Sensor Devices on Single-Crystal Sapphire Optical Fiber

We use the femtosecond laser direct writing technique to fabricate Rayleigh-scattering based distributed sensing and point sensing devices on single-crystal sapphire optical fiber. This technique can be potentially useful for harsh environment sapphire sensor integration.
The restricted nature of protein glycosylation in the mammalian brain

Summary Glycosylation is essential to brain development and function, though prior studies have often been limited to a single analytical technique. Using several methodologies, we analyzed Asn-linked (N-glycans) and Ser/Thr/Tyr-linked (O-glycans) protein glycosylation between brain regions and sexes in mice. Brain N-glycans were surprisingly less complex in sequence and variety compared to other tissues, consisting predominantly of high-mannose precursors and fucosylated/bisected structures. Most brain O-glycans were unbranched, sialylated O-GalNAc and O-mannose structures. A consistent pattern was observed between regions, and sex differences were minimal compared to those observed in plasma. Brain glycans correlate with RNA expression of their synthetic enzymes, and analysis of all glycosylation genes in humans showed a global downregulation in the brain compared to other tissues. We hypothesize that the restricted repertoire of protein glycans arises from their tight regulation in the brain. These results provide a roadmap for future studies of glycosylation in neurodevelopment and disease.
Seasonal flow dynamics exacerbate overlap between artisanal fisheries and imperiled Ganges River dolphins.

Here we quantify the effects of artisanal fisheries on the ecology of a small cetacean, the Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica, GRD), in a large river system of Nepal. We examine the size-classes of fisheries' catches, behavioural changes in GRD in response to fishing activities, and diel overlap between GRD and fishing activity. We observed high human exploitation rates (> 60% of the total catch per effort) of GRD-preferred prey sizes, indicating risks of high resource competition and dietary overlap, especially during the low water season when resource availability is reduced. Competitive interactions in the feeding niches during the low water season, plus temporal overlap between the peak exploitation and critical life-history events (e.g., reproduction), likely have ecological consequences. Furthermore, we detected 48% (95% CI 43-52%) increase in the chance of behavioural changes among dolphins exposed to anthropopressure (fishing activity), risking social behaviour impairment in exposed dolphins. The higher diel overlap and increased diel coefficient as the surveys progressed towards the monsoon season suggest temporal shifts in GRD socio-behavioural states and seasonal effects on resource partitioning, respectively. This work identifies drivers of small cetaceans-fisheries interactions and their consequences, and can be used to help reduce biologically significant fishing impacts on small cetaceans. Mitigation strategies, together with river sanctuary and distanced-based approaches, should be urgently included in a framework of ecosystem-based management.
Accelerating Concurrent Priority Scheduling Using Adaptive in-Hardware Task Distribution in Multicores

Task parallel algorithms execute tasks in some programmer-specified order on shared-memory multicores. A Concurrent Priority Scheduler (CPS) selects high priority tasks, and schedules them among cores to exploit parallelism. The main objective of a CPS is to deliver work efficient algorithmic execution at low communication cost. Selecting high priority tasks among cores requires high synchronizations, but results in near-optimal work-efficiency. The communication cost can be reduced by processing tasks without a strict priority order, but it potentially degrades work-efficiency. This letter proposes HAPS, a novel CPS architecture that utilizes in-hardware core-to-core messages to accelerate task distribution among cores. Moreover, a set of dynamically tunable heuristics are proposed to co-optimize work-efficiency and communication in shared-memory multicores.
mtor Haploinsufficiency Ameliorates Renal Cysts and Cilia Abnormality in Adult Zebrafish tmem67 Mutants.

Background Although zebrafish embryos have been used to study ciliogenesis and model polycystic kidney disease (PKD), adult zebrafish remain unexplored. Methods Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) technology was used to generate mutant for tmem67, the homolog of the mammalian causative gene for Meckel syndrome type 3 (MKS3). Classic 2D and optical-clearing 3D imaging of an isolated adult zebrafish kidney were used to examine cystic and ciliary phenotypes. A hypomorphic mtor strain or rapamycin was used to inhibit mTOR activity. Results Adult tmem67 zebrafish developed progressive mesonephric cysts that share conserved features of mammalian cystogenesis, including a switch of cyst origin with age and an increase in proliferation of cyst-lining epithelial cells. The mutants had shorter and fewer distal single cilia and greater numbers of multiciliated cells (MCCs). Absence of a single cilium preceded cystogenesis, and expansion of MCCs occurred after pronephric cyst formation and was inversely correlated with the severity of renal cysts in young adult zebrafish, suggesting a primary defect and an adaptive action, respectively. Finally, the mutants exhibited hyperactive mTOR signaling. mTOR inhibition ameliorated renal cysts in both the embryonic and adult zebrafish models; however, it only rescued ciliary abnormalities in the adult mutants. Conclusions Adult zebrafish tmem67 mutants offer a new vertebrate model for renal cystic diseases, in which cilia morphology can be analyzed at a single-nephron resolution and mTOR inhibition proves to be a candidate therapeutic strategy.
Coffee Consumption and Myocardial Infarction in Women

Whether coffee consumption increases the risk of coronary heart disease has not yet been established. In a case-control study of nonfatal myocardial infarction among Massachusetts women aged 45-69 years in 1986-1990, 858 cases with first infarctions were compared with 858 community controls matched on age and town precinct. Detailed information on coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and other factors was obtained by telephone interview. Relative risks (as estimated by odds ratios) and their 95% confidence intervals were computed from multiple logistic regression analyses that controlled for smoking and other risk factors. The risk of myocardial infarction increased with increasing number of cups per day among both drinkers of any type of coffee and drinkers of caffeine-containing coffee only: tests for trend, p = 0.002 and p = 0.0004, respectively. For consumption of caffeine-containing coffee alone, the relative risk estimates for 5-6 cups, 7-9 cups, and 10 or more cups per day relative to less than 1 cup per day were 1.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-2.5), 2.1 (95% CI 0.9-4.9), and 2.5 (95% CI 1.0-6.5), respectively. No increase was observed for fewer than 5 cups per day. The positive association with heavy coffee drinking was present among nonsmokers as well as smokers. These findings and other recent studies suggest that heavy coffee consumption increases the risk of myocardial infarction.
Testing Multi-Task Cancer Evolution: How Do We Test Ecological Hypotheses in Cancer?

Recently Hausser and Alon (2019, 2020) have argued that trade-offs in the evolution of a tumor constrain optimal traits. They describe a set of archetypical gene expression profiles, and represent different cancer types and subtypes as falling within a space of trade-offs between archetypes that maximize the performance of different tasks typically associated with the cancer cell phenotypic profile, sometimes called the “hallmarks” of cancer: "cell division, biomass and energy production, lipogenesis, immune interaction, and invasion and tissue remodeling." On this picture, intertumor heterogeneity can be explained in part as a product of these selective trade-offs at work in different stages of cancer progression, whereas intratumor heterogeneity is due to local variations in selective trade- offs. The aim of this paper is to critically assess this family of models. In particular, to what extent can the inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of cancer be explained as a product of selective trade-offs? How much of the heterogeneity we see is a product or byproduct of selection, versus an analogue of "drift"? Are these five "universal" tasks exhaustive? More generally, what are the advantages of this framework, as a heuristic for discovery and prediction, and what are the limits of representing a cancer cell as analogous to an organism, facing selective trade-offs?
Fleeting Fairy Footprints: Trails of Influence in a Debussy Prelude

The titles of Claude Debussy’s twenty-four preludes for solo piano contain many references to places, scenes, and characters, reflecting the composer’s extensive knowledge of music, art, and literature and their influence upon his work. This study explores the rich history of the fourth prelude from book two, “Les fees sont d’exquises danseuses" (“The Fairies Are Exquisite Dancers”). The title “Les fees sont d’exquises danseuses,” set in quotation marks by Debussy himself, indicates the immediate inspiration for the piece: the caption to an illustration by English artist Arthur Rackham in J.M. Barrie’s Peter Pan in Kensington Garden (Siglind Bruhn, Images and Ideas in Modern French Piano Music (Stuyvesant: Pendragon Press, 1997), 150.) My research asserts that Debussy’s musical portrayal of this illustration draws heavily on characteristics of nineteenth century fairy style, popularized by Mendelssohn in his Overture to A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1826). My study compares the musical content of Debussy’s prelude to the characteristic features of fairy style pioneered by Mendelssohn. In addition, this essay includes an overview of Debussy’s great admiration for the music of Carl Maria von Weber and contends that musical features that Debussy admired in Weber can be seen in Debussy’s own composition through both a direct reference and broader musical principles at work in the middle section of the piece.
CAPITALIZING ON THE WOMAN QUESTION: ORGANIZING OKLAHOMA WOMEN INTO THE SOCIALIST PARTY INTHE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

In Oklahoma, three women, Winnie Branstetter, Kate Richards O'Hare and Caroline Lowe stand Out as strong Socialist party organizers who capitalized on the women suffrage question to gain recruits to the party and, therefore, a new voting strength with which to initiate social change in tum-of-the-century Oklahoma.
Resistance of spores of Clostridium botulinum 33A to combinations of ultraviolet and gamma rays.

Spores of Clostridium botulinum 33A exhibit a sigmoidal survival curve if subjected to gamma radiation. The present investigation was concerned with two questions: (i) what is the form of an ultraviolet (UV)-survival curve and (ii) what is the combined effect of UV- and gamma radiation? The UV-survival curve was found to be of sigmoidal type with a “shoulder” width of 675 ergs/mm2 and a D10 (exp) of 2,950 ergs/mm2. To test the combination effect, spores were subjected to UV doses of 225, 450, 675, and 900 ergs/mm2 followed by a series of increasing doses of gamma rays from 200 to 2,000 krad in 200-krad steps. The gamma ray-survival curves showed that increasing UV pretreatment caused a gradual loss of the “Prodiginine” yielding straight line exponential survival curves after preirradiation with UV doses of 675 ergs/mm2 and above. Simultaneously the D10 value for gamma-ray irradiation was reduced, e.g. UV preirradiation with 900 ergs/mm2 reduced the D10 by 40%. This observation emphasizes the potential practical advantage of combining UV and gamma rays for sterilization of heat-sensitive commodities.
Mammalian acetoacetate decarboxylase activity: Its distribution in subfractions of human albumin and occurrence in various tissues of the rat

Abstract In this article further information is presented about the characteristics of the mammalian enzyme acetoacetate decarboxylase (acetoacetate carboxylyase, EC 4.1.1.4). The Michaelis-Menten plot shows a sigmoidal relationship between the enzyme activity ( v ) and the substrate concentration ( s ) indicating an allosteric hindrance. Because of this, the K M value can only be predicted to be equal to or less than 1 × 10 −1 M. Cysteine and glutathione, although activating the spontaneous decarboxylation, have no effect upon the enzyme activity. From experiments with human albumin by means of gel filtration with Sephadex G-200, it can be concluded that the acetoacetate decarboxylase activity does not depend upon the degree of polymerisation of albumin. From experiments performed by means of ion exchange chromatography the enzyme activity may be localized in the non-mercaptalbumin fraction. Investigation of enzyme activity in homogenates of various rat tissues, as well as in their respective subfractions, reveals that: (1) the specific activity of brain tissue exceeds those of liver and kidney and (2) most of the activity in liver tissue is localized in the 20 000 × g supernatant, containing the endoplasmatic reticulum, the ribosomes and the soluble part of the cytoplasm, while in brain tissue a high activity is found in the nuclei fraction.
Charpy toughness and tensile properties of a neutron irradiated stainless steel submerged-arc weld cladding overlay

The cladding was applied to a pressure vessel steel plate by the submerged arc, single-wire, oscillating-electrode method. Three layers of cladding provided a thickness adequate for fabrication of test specimens. The first layer was type 309, and the upper two layers were type 308 stainless steel. The type 309 was diluted considerably by excessive melting of the base plate. Specimens were taken from near the base plate-cladding interface and also from the upper layers. Charpy V-notch and tensile specimens were irradiated at 288/sup 0/C to a fluence of 2 x 10/sup 23/ neutrons/m/sup 2/ (>1 MeV). When irradiated, both types 308 and 309 cladding increased 5 to 40% in yield strength and slightly increased in ductility in the temperature range from 25 to 288/sup 0/C. All cladding exhibited ductile-to-brittle transition behavior during impact testing. The type 308 cladding, microstructurally typical of that in reactor pressure vessels, showed very little degradation in either upper-shelf energy or transition temperature due to irradiation. Conversely, the impact properties of the specimens containing the highly diluted type 309 cladding, microstructurally similar to that produced during some off-normal welding conditions in existing reactors, experienced significant increases in transition temperature and drops of up to 50% inmore » upper-shelf energy. The impact energies of the Charpy specimens containing the type 309 layer strongly reflected the amount of the type 309 actually in the specimen, falling into two distinct high- and low-energy populations with the low-energy population corresponding to a higher fraction of type 309 in the specimen.« less
Technique of Pulmonary Autograft Aortic Valve Replacement in Children (The Ross Procedure)

Pulmonary autograft replacement has become a popular technique for relieving left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in children with aortic valvular or subvalvular disease. The advantages of the autograft are the avoidance of prosthetic valves that require anticoagulation and the potential for growth of a viable autograft aortic valve. Although many techniques for implantation of the autograft in the aortic outflow tract have been described, the most commonly preferred technique is the use of the autograft as a root replacement with reimplantation of the coronary ostia. This technique provides the optimal geometry of the autograft commissural attachments and also permits adjustment of the aortic annulus to enlarge the subaortic region in patients with complex left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or to narrow the aortic annulus in patients with primary aortic regurgitation and annular dilatation. Use of the autograft technique in children and young adults has resulted in excellent relief of outflow tract obstruction with low operative morbidity and mortality, and the intermediate results have been encouraging. The variations in surgical technique that have evolved have the potential to decrease the risk of late redilatation and regurgitation of the autograft valve and may provide better longevity.
Application of Teleneurology to Outpatient Care in a Major Metropolitan Area (P4.175)

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of a Teleneurology outpatient clinic for Veterans living in a major urban area. BACKGROUND: In recent years the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has developed a comprehensive telehealth network across the United States. The most noticeable impact of VHA telehealth has been on Veterans residing in remote areas with limited access to healthcare. While the majority of Veterans live in urban areas where healthcare is usually more accessible, Veterans in large cities may also face challenges to obtaining timely healthcare. Clinical Video Telehealth (CVT) is among the main VHA telehealth modalities that has been integrated into the care of Veterans with a broad range of diseases. Here we report our experience in providing outpatient neurological care through CVT to Veterans in a major metropolitan area in southern California. DESIGN/METHODS: All Veterans seen by CVT in the Teleneurology clinic at the VA Long Beach Healthcare System (VALBHS) between November 2011 and October 2014 were included. Veterans were seen at one of three community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) allied with the VALBHS. The provider was located at the Long Beach VA Medical Center. Patients were asked to complete a patient satisfaction survey. RESULTS: In total, 660 Veterans with a diverse group of neurological disorders were seen in the Teleneurology clinic between 2011 and 2014, including both new evaluations and follow-up visits. A telehealth clinical technician (TCT) assisted the provider with some components of the neurological examination. Patient satisfaction was overwhelmingly positive. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare delivery by CVT can be successful in an urban setting. Patients were comfortable with their Teleneurology encounters, and appreciated the reduced travel time and ease of parking. Quality neurological care through Teleneurology is both feasible and effective for evaluating new patients and for follow-up visits at urban CBOCs within the VHA. Disclosure: Dr. Schreiber has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lo has nothing to disclose.
RSR-13, an allosteric effector of hemoglobin, increases systemic and iliac vascular resistance in rats

Tissue O2 delivery in excess of metabolic demand may be a factor in the development of high vascular resistance in experimental models of volume-expanded hypertension. This hypothesis was previousl...
TEAM Network: Building Web-based Data Access and Analysis Environments for Ecosystem Services

A team of ecologists, computer scientists, and engineers from Conservation International (CI) and San Diego Supercomputer Center at the University of California San Diego (SDSC, UCSD) has been collaborating over the past 3 years to develop cyberinfrastructure for the TEAM (Tropical Ecology, Assessment and Monitoring) Network of tropical forest field sites. The TEAM project provides real-time data to understand how tropical forest ecosystems are being impacted by global climate change and land cover change and to improve conservation decisions. A major objective of this project is to provide information and services on tropical forest data disseminated by TEAM sites within countries participating in the TEAM network. The cyberinfrastructure provides a pervasive computational ecosystem, integrating grid computing infrastructure with highperformance backend resources, data warehouses, sophisticated client applications, new instruments, and embedded sensors, thus enabling a new paradigm for monitoring, understanding, and managing ecological and environmental systems. This paper presents the TEAM data management, access, and analysis system that provides end-to-end solutions for sensor-based data and field observations collected at TEAM sites. Specifically, two major applications are presented, viz., the “Data Query and Download Application (DQA)” application, which allows users to navigate and download diverse TEAM datasets such as Tree and Liana Biodiversity, Terrestrial Vertebrate, Climate and Forest Carbon data using a Google Maps based interface; and, the “Forest Carbon Calculator (FCC)” application, which calculates tree biomass using equations for forests with different precipitation regimes, thereby predicting relationships between tree biomass, tree diameter and wood density to estimate the amount of above ground carbon in the forests.
Central hypertensive effects of angiotensin II

Summary The purpose of this investigation was to study further the central hypertensive properties of angiotensin II and to determine the possible roles of the carotid sinus-body complex, anoxia and routes of administration in this pressor response. Dog cross-circulation preparations, modified after that described by Taylor and Page (1951) , were used in this study and leakage was determined using I 131 as the tracer substance. Bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus-body complex was performed on each of the recipients. Angiotensin II, 1 μg/kg, produced consistent pressor responses in both the recipient and donor animals when administered into the arterial inflow to the recipient's head or into the femoral vein of the donor. Infusion of approximately 0.1 μg/kg/min of angiotensin into the donor's femoral vein produced a milder central hypertensive response. The data suggests that angiotensin II probably stimulates central sympathetic structures evoking peripheral sympathetic discharges and that this effect is not dependent on the carotid sinus-body reflex receptors and is not due to hypoxia.
Pharmacogenomics as a risk mitigation strategy for chemotherapeutic cardiotoxicity

Damage to the heart can result from both traditional chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin, and newer ‘targeted’ therapies, such as trastuzumab. This chemotherapeutic cardiotoxicity is potentially life-threatening and necessitates limiting or discontinuing an otherwise-effective cancer treatment. Clinical strategies focus on surveillance rather than prevention, although there are no specific therapies for this highly morbid adverse effect. Current models for prospectively predicting risk of chemotherapeutic cardiotoxicity are limited. Cardiotoxicity can occur idiosyncratically in patients without obvious demographic risk factors, suggesting a genetically determined susceptibility, and candidate-gene studies have identified a limited number of variants that increase risk. In this commentary we indicate a need for more powerful means to identify risk prospectively, and suggest that broad pharmacogenomic approaches may be fruitful.
Glucose and lactic acid trends in suspension cultures of two established mammalian cell strains in chemically defined media

In replicated 30 to 40-ml suspension cultures of rapidly proliferating monkey kidney cells of a comparatively fragile strain, the rates of glucose utilization and lactic acid accumulation averaged about 400 micrograms and 110 micrograms per 106 cells per day respectively, with average molar La/Gl ratios of 0.48. These two rates of glucose utilization and lactic acid accumulation were about 4 × and 10 × as high as the corresponding rates in comparable cultures of the hardier strain 2071-L mouse fibroblasts under the same conditions, with average molar La/Gl ratios of 0.16. In comparable but nonproliferating suspension cultures of the same strain of monkey kidney cells, during about 3 weeks the rates were extremely high, with about 710 micrograms glucose utilized and 445 micrograms lactic acid accumulated per 106 cells per day, with average molar La/Gl ratios of 1.37. The rates of glucose uptake and lactic acid accumulation were higher in the nonproliferating cultures aerated with 5% CO2 in air than in those aerated with 10% CO2 in air. This difference was associated with pH, which was higher in the former group. It was concluded that with this fragile strain of monkey Kidney cells(1) in nonproliferating cultures the cells were metabolizing actively but with a marked tendency to higher La/Gl ratios, (2) in the proliferating cultures the high rates of glucose utilization and lactic acid accumulation were definitely not directly correlated with the rate of growth, and (3) in none of the cultures was the amount of glucose remaining in the fluid at fluid changes so low as to have been a limiting factor. Information in the literature concering glucose utilization and lactic acid production by cells vitro is voluminous and in some respects contradictory. In the present study the rates were unexpectedly high for the monkey kidney cells, particularly those in the otherwise apparently inactive nonproliferating cultures. The data seem to be unique, in that an established strain of cells in chemically defined medium in suspension cultures has been characterized for these metabolic parameters in both proliferating cultures and in equivalent nonproliferating cultures under directly comparable conditions. The concept was developed that since these monkey kidney cells are obviously more fragile than the other cells examined, the complex physical stresses imposed upon these cells in agitated cultures can be modified and lessened in order to permit growth. Lessening of such mechanical stress waa brought about in several ways, of which only the smaller flask size seemed to be at least partly effective. Increasing either the concentration or the viscosity type of Methocel waa not effective.
Biosynthesis of ecdysteroid hormones by crustacean Y-organs: conversion of cholesterol to 7-dehydrocholesterol is suppressed by a steroid 5α-reductase inhibitor

Abstract A pair of glands (Y-organs) in crustaceans synthesize and secrete ecdysteroid hormones; the obligate precursor for synthesis is circulating cholesterol. Ecdysteroid output by the Y-organs is regulated negatively by an eyestalk neurosecretory peptide, molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH). The question was addressed, does MIH suppress ecdysteroid synthesis by decreasing cholesterol supply (uptake) or its utilization or both? Experiments were conducted with Y-organs in vitro from the crab, Menippe mercenaria , in the presence of labeled cholesterol, with or without the steroid 5α-reductase inhibitor, L-645390 (Merck). Other experiments superimposed the presence or absence of eyestalk extract containing MIH activity. L-645390 greatly depressed incorporation of cholesterol into an early intermediate, 7-dehydrocholesterol and into secreted ecdysteroids. At the same time, cholesterol accumulated in the Y-organs, to levels significantly higher than in untreated controls. MIH alone depressed both cholesterol uptake and incorporation. MIH together with L-645390 produced the greatest depression of cholesterol incorporation while also preventing the cholesterol accumulation seen with L-645390 alone. These results indicate that cholesterol uptake and its metabolic utilization in Y-organs are separable events representing separate sites of regulation by MIH.