cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the thickness distribution for randomly oriented, independently scattering polydisperse systems of platelets

Abstract A method has been developed for using small-angle X-ray scattering data to compute the thickness distribution function for systems of randomly oriented, independently scattering platelets with constant electron density and with different thicknesses. Each platelet is assumed to have a uniform thickness. The dimensions defining the faces of the platelet are assumed to be large compared to the platelet thickness. Under these conditions, if the thickness distribution function ρ ( a ) is defined so that ρ ( a ) da is the probability that the platelet thickness lies in the interval between a and a + da , ρ ( a ) is found to be given by the Fourier transform of a quantity which can be evaluated from the experimental scattering curve. Some differently weighted average thicknesses can be calculated from the scattering curve without evaluating the Fourier transform. The function p ( a ) and the average thickness have been evaluated from the experimental scattering curves for two charcoal samples in which the voids are assumed to have the form of platelets.
A second discriminator for biological false positive results in enzyme‐ linked immunosorbent assays for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HTLV‐III/LAV)

: Two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were compared in screening a large population of volunteer blood donors. One ELISA utilized the human T-lymphotropic virus, Type III (HTLV-III) grown on National Institutes of Health T-lymphocyte cell line, H-9, as antigen source; the second used lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) grown on Pasteur Institutes' T-lymphocyte cell line, CEM-F. Biological false positives (BFP) occurred at a rate of approximately 0.5 percent using each antigen source. However, distinct populations of BFP donors were detected when the two antigen sources were compared. Results indicate that at least two separate sets of antigens are recognized in ELISA by our normal population and result in BFP. Sequential utilization of tests using these distinct sources adds a second discriminator to identification of BFP, with the potential for decreasing the requirement for Western blot analysis.
Duration of Sleep Produced by Pentobarbital Sodium in Normal and Castrate Female Rats.

SummaryNormal and castrate female rats were given 30 mg of pentobarbital per kilo of body weight subcutaneously. The normal rats slept significantly longer than did the castrate rats. Both groups of rats were exposed to various environmental temperatures, specifically 13°, 23°, and 37°C. In general, the duration of sleep decreased with the increase of environmental temperature.
Relational satisfaction and jealousy across marital types

This study investigated the effects of an individual's marital type (Traditional, Independent, Separate) on marital satisfaction and jealousy. Three significant findings emerged. First, Traditionals were found to be more satisfied with their marriages than Independents or Separates. Second, marital satisfaction was found to be negatively correlated with cognitive jealousy (r= ‐.64), behavioral jealousy (r = ‐.43) and emotional jealousy (r = ‐.31). Finally, Independents reported significantly more cognitive jealousy than Traditionals. Implications for the study of communication within intimate relationships are discussed.
Gray scale sonographic appearance of an adrenal mass: A case report

This is a case report of a 57 year old white male who had had a right upper lobectomy for adenocarcinoma of the lung six months previously. During clinical workup, he was found to have a right adrenal mass. The intravenous pyelogram demonstrated a large mass in the adrenal region which pushed the kidney down and laterally but did not distort the calyces. The longitudinal scan on the right side showed a 7 × 9 cm adrenal mass whose echo border appeared to be distinct from the kidney, which was pushed inferiorly with its upper pole deviated laterally and posteriorly. This right adrenal tumor was confirmed at autopsy. The sonogram offers an easy initial diagnostic approach to a suspected adrenal lesion.
MiR-29b replacement inhibits proteasomes and disrupts aggresome+autophagosome formation to enhance the antimyeloma benefit of bortezomib

Evading apoptosis is a cancer hallmark that remains a serious obstacle in current treatment approaches. Although proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have transformed management of multiple myeloma (MM), drug resistance emerges through induction of the aggresome+autophagy pathway as a compensatory protein clearance mechanism. Genome-wide profiling identified microRNAs (miRs) differentially expressed in bortezomib-resistant myeloma cells compared with drug-naive cells. The effect of individual miRs on proteasomal degradation of short-lived fluorescent reporter proteins was then determined in live cells. MiR-29b was significantly reduced in bortezomib-resistant cells as well as in cells resistant to second-generation PIs carfilzomib and ixazomib. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-29b targeted PSME4 that encodes the proteasome activator PA200. Synthetically engineered miR-29b replacements impaired the growth of myeloma cells, patient tumor cells and xenotransplants. MiR-29b replacements also decreased PA200 association with proteasomes, reduced the proteasome's peptidase activity and inhibited ornithine decarboxylase turnover, a proteasome substrate degraded through ubiquitin-independent mechanisms. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that miR-29b replacements enhanced the bortezomib-induced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins but did not reveal aggresome or autophagosome formation. Taken together, our study identifies miR-29b replacements as the first-in-class miR-based PIs that also disrupt the autophagy pathway and highlight their potential to synergistically enhance the antimyeloma effect of bortezomib.
FT-IR photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy of black inks on paper

Infrared spectra of several different black inks on paper were obtained by FT-IR photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS). Even though the manuscript samples contained about 0.1-0.5 μg of ink solid, spectra of sufficient quality were obtained to enable us to tell which inks contain carbon and to permit some differentiation between similar black inks to be made. However, the identification of an unknown ink is not feasible at present. Spectra of the ink printed on two stamps, and of the black print of a dollar bill, were also recorded. IR/PBDS studies of manuscript and print are totally nondestructive, and may prove to be useful in the fields of forensics and art history.
Problems in the dating of volcanic rocks by the potassium-argon method

The potassium-argon method is attractive for dating volcanics since it can be applied to rocks of Pleistocene age and older, thus encompassing important periods of general volcanic activity. However it has been found that dates obtained on whole rocks and on included minerals frequently show gross discordances. In order to establish this dating method in this application an attempt has been made to trace the sources of the anomalies.
Ordered SBA-15 nanorod arrays inside a porous alumina membrane.

The growth of ordered nanorods of mesoporous SBA-15 inside a porous alumina membrane has been achieved for the first time by a simple sol−gel method. The obtained SBA-15 nanorods themselves have ordered hexagonal mesochannels with a size of about 6 nm and have been arranged to form hexagonal arrays by the limitation of pores of the alumina membrane. The synthesized alumina membrane with mesoporous SBA-15 inside combines the advantages of porous alumina membranes and mesoporous SBA-15 and provides fine and vertical mesochannels, which may serve as a new and efficient mold and lead to extensive applications in nanodevice fabrication, biomacromolecule separations, etc.
Calculation of the photoconductivity from A.C. impedance changes induced in ZnS and ZnCdS phosphors

Abstract To determine the true induced conductivity of ZnCdS-type phosphors, a.c. impedance measurements are required so that the barrier effects of the grains and electrodes can be eliminated. Five phosphors have been investigated and from the capacitance change and the dissipation factor determined at various frequencies and intensities the conductivity of the sample was obtained for homogeneous excitation. For non-homogeneous excitation the actual conductivity cannot be as easily determined, but the dependence of the conductivity on excitation can be determined. A comparison of theoretical and experimental results is given for the samples investigated.
Convolvulus grandiflorus Jacq. (Convolvulaceae) re-examined

Convolvulus grandiflorus Jacq. has been treated as a synonym ofOperculina ventricosa andStictocardia tiliifolia. It is here accepted as identifiable withIpomoea (sect.Calonyction)macrantha which is the correct name for Jacquin’s taxon. Full synonymies ofIpomoea macrantha andOperculina ventricosa are given, along with a comment about a variant occurring in Micronesia.
Distribution of cardiac nerves in patients with diabetes mellitus: An immunohistochemical postmortem study of human hearts

Abstract Background: Autonomic neuropathy and functional cardiac denervation are complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is unknown if DM patients show histopathologic evidence of cardiac denervation. Methods and Results: Nine sites were sampled at fixed distances from the atrioventricular valves from 27 postmortem hearts. Sections were stained with antibodies to S100 protein and to neurofilament (NF). Samples were visualized by light microscopy using the avidin–biotin peroxidase technique. The amount of cardiac nerves was graded blindly using semiquantitative methods according to the following criteria: Grade 0=presence of nerves in the epicardium only; Grade 1=strictly perivascular nerves; Grade 2=Grade 1 and nerve sprouts between myocardial cells sporadically; Grade 3=Grade 2 and nerve sprouts throughout the myocardium and endocardium. Specimens were divided into four groups. Control group consisted of patients with neither myocardial infarction (MI) nor DM. Experimental groups consisted of MI ( n =7), MI with DM ( n =6), and DM without MI ( n =8). Average age of all patients was 57.3±15.7 years. No age differences existed among groups. Heterogeneous nerve distribution existed in all groups. S100-positive nerve density for control, MI, DM and MI, and DM without MI are 1.95±0.40, 1.66±0.54, 1.54±0.37, and 1.81±0.14, respectively ( P =ns). NF-positive nerve density in the same groups were 1.10±0.18, 1.31±0.24, 1.13±0.12, and 1.19±0.42, respectively ( P =ns). No differences in nerve densities between anterior and inferoposterior sections of the left ventricle existed. Conclusion: In postmortem human hearts, cardiac nerve distribution was heterogeneous among normal, MI, and DM patients. No evidence of cardiac denervation in patients with DM was demonstrated.
Protein L4 of the E. coli ribosome regulates an eleven gene r protein operon

We have previously reported autogenous regulation of the S10 operon encoding eleven ribosomal proteins. By measuring the synthesis of individual r proteins after specific oversynthesis of nine different ribosomal proteins from the S10 operon, we now find that one, L4, affects the expression of the operon. Moreover, the induction of L4 synthesis results in a strong reduction of the synthesis of mRNA from at least four genes of the S10 operon.
Radio Frequency Time-of-Flight Distance Measurement for Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Localization

Location-aware wireless sensor networks will enable a new class of applications, and accurate range estimation is critical for this task. Low-cost location determination capability is studied almost entirely using radio frequency received signal strength (RSS) measurements, resulting in poor accuracy. More accurate systems use wide bandwidths and/or complex time-synchronized infrastructure. Low-cost, accurate ranging has proven difficult because small timing errors result in large range errors. This paper addresses estimation of the distance between wireless nodes using a two-way ranging technique that approaches the Cramer-Rao Bound on ranging accuracy in white noise and achieves 1-3 m accuracy in real-world ranging and localization experiments. This work provides an alternative to inaccurate RSS and complex, wide-bandwidth methods. Measured results using a prototype wireless system confirm performance in the real world.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We report a case of a child with precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who experienced refractory thrombocytopenia and massive splenomegaly during standard induction chemotherapy. He was diagnosed with hemophatocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) during induction. Clinical and laboratory evaluation showed no evidence of infectious cause to HLH. Pancytopenia and HLH persisted after consolidation therapy even with remission from leukemia. After failure to control HLH with ALL-directed therapy and HLH-directed therapy, the patient underwent unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 8 months after diagnosis. He is 34 months post-transplant and in remission from leukemia and HLH.
Methodology for RFI Immune Wireless Platforms: RFI Predictive Modeling

In this paper, a systemic approach is presented to evaluate wireless platform performance early in the design cycle given the anticipated presence of radio frequency interference (RFI). By applying this methodology, sensitivity due to architecture choices such as: platform materials, component layout, and RFI reduction techniques can be evaluated and thereby lead to innovative platform designs.
Incentivizing cooperation in sensor and control networks

In this paper, we use game theory to model a general participation game for a distributed and dynamic network. Such networks may include sensing and control agents. The main problem we are interested in is how to achieve broad participation while aligning the incentives of all the participating agents. A consumer node is willing to invest an amount of rewards to get a set of networked sensor nodes, alternatively agents, to participate in some desirable activity; for example rewarding nodes by allocating more bandwidth to them. For the scope of this paper, the agents are heterogeneous sensors, and the consumer is a supervising sensor whether that be a human or a super-node. The consumer desires an accurate reading of a signal of interest; however, it may only communicate with its direct neighbors, or the sensors closest to it. Therefore, it must incentivize its neighbors to participate in further advertising and participating in the (sensing) activity. The neighbors then incentivize their neighbors to participate, and so on. We assume the commodity being traded to be the agent's participation in the activity; sensing a signal, and forwarding a query are some examples of participation. In the resulting game, agents choose their offers strategically. We prove the existence of equilibria for specific utility functions and simple network structures.
Toponium-Z-mixing

Abstract We investigate the phenomenological consequence of mixing between toponium states and the Z boson at e+e− colliders. We find large interference effects in the fermion-antifermion final state, which greatly reduce the observability of toponium states with masses within ≈2.5 GeV of the Z mass. Weak decays of the toponium states, which yield a clear isolated lepton signature, are little affected by the mixing with the Z, and should be observable. We point out that toponium-Z mixing will greatly increase the yield of Higgs photon events, perhaps to an observable level.
Outlasting Disruption: The Process of Reinvestment in Families with ADHD Children

The goal of the research described in this article was to generate a grounded theory of how parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) coped with this chronic behavioral disorder. Interview data from 15 families with ADHD children (N = 59) were analyzed using the grounded theory method. Data analysis revealed that parents out-lasted the disruption of ADHD through three subprocesses of "reinvesting": making sense, recasting biography, and relinquishing the "good ending." Findings suggest that there is a developmental trajectory of how parents adjust to the disorder over time and that there is a need for increased social and mental health services for all members of the family over the course of the disorder.
A general class of heuristics for minimum weight perfect matching and fast special cases with doubly and triply logarithmic errors

We give a class of heuristic algorithms for minimum weight perfect matching on a complete edge- weighted graph K.V/ satisfying the triangle inequality, where V is a set of an even number, n, of vertices. This class is a generalization of the Onethird heuristics, the hypergreedy heuristic, and it possibly employs any given exact or approximate perfect matching algorithm as an auxiliary heuristic to an appropriate subgraph of K.V/. In particular, by using the heuristic of Gabow et al. (3) as its auxiliary heuristic, our algorithm can obtain a solution whose weight is at most. 3 log3 log3 log3 nC 2/ times the weight of the optimal solution in O.n 2 log log log n/ time, or a solution with an error of 3.log3 log3 n/ 0:125 i 1i n O. n 2 /time.
Seeds of doubt: feeding preferences of white-footed deer mice (Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis) and woodland deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis) on maple (genus Acer) seeds

This study explores foraging choices made by seed predators (white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer, 1829), and woodland deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis (LeConte, 1855)) presented with seeds of two dominant tree species (sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh., and red maple, Acer rubrum L.). I hypothesized that both species would prefer A. saccharum seeds, as they are larger and ostensibly contain more energy. Although P. l. noveboracensis consumed more seed than P. m. gracilis, there was also a species-specific difference in preference. Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis clearly preferred A. rubrum over A. saccharum, whereas preferences of P. l. noveboracensis were less specific. Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis, being a habitat generalist, may demonstrate higher plasticity in response to different food types. Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis may prefer A. rubrum because of differences in nutrition, handling costs, or germination schedules, although this was not explicitly tested. This species-specific difference in preference indicates the common assumption that Peromyscus species are ecologically similar should be made with caution.
Development of a theoretical model for predicting the thermal performance characteristics of a vertical pin-fin array heat sink under combined forced and natural convection with impinging flow

Abstract A comprehensive theoretical and experimental study was carried out on the thermal performance of a pin-fin heat sink. A theoretical model was formulated that has the capability of predicting the influence of various geometrical, thermal, and flow parameters on the effective thermal resistance of the heat sink. An experimental technique was developed for measuring the thermal performance of the heat sink, and the overall convective heat transfer coefficient for the fin bundle. Experiments were carried out, and correlations obtained, for a wide range of parameters for pure natural convection and for combined forced and natural convection. The predictive capability of the theoretical model was verified by comparison with experimental data including the influence of various fin parameters and the existence of an optimum fin spacing.
Selective Uptake of Serum Globulins and Glycoproteins by Cells Growing in vitro

It has been demonstrated in preliminary experiments that two strains of rat tumor cells (WRC-256 and TSAT-72) utilize alpha-2-globulin more selectively than other protein components of human serum. Cells of strain TSAT-72 show some utilization of beta-globulins also. Separate experiments demonstrated the utilization of glycoproteins by both strains.
Cardiac rehabilitation after cancer therapy in children and young adults

Abstract Approximately two thirds of 6,000 children diagnosed with cancer in the United States each year are treated successfully. 1 With increasing cure rates and longer disease-free survival, the long-term outcome of cancer therapy has become important. Both anthracyclines and cardiac irradiation have acute and chronic cardiotoxicity. Previous studies showed that surviving patients of childhood cancer who were treated with these modalities have abnormal exercise tests, echocardiograms and Holter recordings. 2–4 The effects of deconditioning on these findings is unknown. To separate the effects of deconditioning secondary to chronic illness from long-term cardiotoxic effects secondary to anthracyclines, we used exercise testing to study surviving patients of childhood cancer before and after a 12-week aerobic conditioning program.
Extragenic suppressors of the nimX2(cdc2) mutation of Aspergillus nidulans affect nuclear division, septation and conidiation.

The Aspergillus nidulans NIMX CDC2 protein kinase has been shown to be required for both the G 2 /M and G 1 /S transitions, and recent evidence has implicated a role for NIMX CDC2 in septation and conidiation. While much is understood of its G 2 /M function, little is known about the functions of NIMX CDC2 during G 1 /S, septation, and conidiophore development. In an attempt to better understand how NIMX CDC2 is involved in these processes, we have isolated four extragenic suppressors of the A. nidulans nimX2 cdc2 temperature-sensitive mutation. Mutation of these suppressor genes, designated snxA - snxD for s uppressor of n im X , affects nuclear division, septation, and conidiation. The cold-sensitive snxA1 mutation leads to arrest of nuclear division during G 1 or early S. snxB1 causes hyperseptation in the hyphae and sensitivity to hydroxyurea, while snxC1 causes septation in the conidiophore stalk and aberrant conidiophore structure. snxD1 leads to slight septation defects and hydroxyurea sensitivity. The additional phenotypes that result from the suppressor mutations provide genetic evidence that NIMX CDC2 affects septation and conidiation in addition to nuclear division, and cloning and biochemical analysis of these will allow a better understanding of the role of NIMX CDC2 in these processes.
Debris flows through different forest age classes in the Central Oregon Coast Range

Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest can play a major role in routing sediment and wood stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels and delivering it to higher-order channels. Field surveys following a large regional storm event investigated 53 debris flows in the central Oregon Coast Range to determine relationships among debris flow characteristics and the age class of the surrounding forest. The volume of sediment and wood delivered by debris flows was strongly correlated with runout length. Debris flows that initiated at roads were significantly longer than nonroad related failures, and road related landslides were an order of magnitude larger than nonroad related landslides. Clearcuts and roads tended to have more numerous contributing landslides relative to second growth and mature forests. No statis- tically significant difference in the average debris flow runout length was detected among the forest age classes, although debris flows initiating in clearcuts and mixed forest and at roads occasion- ally supported extremely long runout lengths that were outside the range of variability observed in completely forested basins. The size of wood in deposits was not correlated with the size of trees on the adjacent slopes, suggesting that the majority of wood in debris flow deposits was from remobilization of wood previously stored in low order channels. (KEY TERMS: erosion; sedimentation; landslides; debris flows; aquatic ecosystems; forestry; roads; large woody debris.)
Micellar structure and mechanical properties of block copolymer-modified epoxies

Amphiphilic block copolymers provide a unique means for toughening epoxy resins because they can self-assemble into different inclusion shapes before epoxy curing. The two examples reported here are spherical micelles and vesicles, which form in blends containing epoxy and symmetric or asymmetric poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (PEO–PEP) block copolymer with PEO volume fractions of 0.5 and 0.26, respectively. The vesicles and spherical micelles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), respectively. SAXS data from the spherical micelles were fit to the Percus–Yevick model for a liquid-like packing of spheres with hard-core interactions. Mechanical properties of spherical-micelle-modified and vesicle-modified epoxies in the dilute limit are compared. The glass-transition temperature and Young's (storage) modulus were tested with dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, and compact-tension experiments were performed to determine the critical plane-strain energy release rate for fracture. Vesicles were most effective in improving the epoxy fracture resistance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2996–3010, 2001
Symbols, sagas, rites, and rituals: An overview of organizational culture in libraries

Whether as a fresh graduate of library school or a seasoned librarian, starting a job at a new library can be a daunting challenge. Besides having to learn the basics of a new job, the new librarian must learn the ins and outs of the organization. While the profession of librarianship shares many values and modes of behavior, individual libraries, whether academic, public, or special, can vary greatly in how they expect those within the organization to relate to one another. This can be most blatantly seen when, after a particularly egregious faux pas, a new librarian is pulled aside and told, “We do not do that in this library.” The force which guides this behavior is organizational culture. Those within a library may have a difficult, if not impossible, time trying to explain the library’s culture. Culture has to be experienced to be truly understood, but for library staff, librarians, and administrators, new or old, understanding the library’s organizational culture is crucial in today’s ever-changing world. Organizational culture evolves over time and derives from the shared beliefs, values, and norms of the organization. It creates an identity, sense of purpose and meaning, and makes its members part of a larger whole. Organizational culture facilitates integration of new members, and fosters commitment to the organization from all of its members. Culture gives meaning to the work and mission of the organization, and acts as an overall guiding force for all those working within the organization. Just like the culture of a society, organizational culture influences and controls the behavior of its subjects and colors how they view the world and construct reality. Organizational culture can both illuminate the reason for a particular action and dictate the action take place. It explains all of the tacit complexities of organizational life, and is expressed in a variety of ways, including symbols, ceremonies, and stories. It is most easily defined as, “That’s how we do things around here.”
Role of Cardiac MR Imaging in Cardiomyopathies

Cardiac MR imaging has made major inroads in the new millennium in the diagnosis and assessment of prognosis for patients with cardiomyopathies. Imaging of left and right ventricular structure and function and tissue characterization with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) as well as T1 and T2 mapping enable accurate diagnosis of the underlying etiology. In the setting of coronary artery disease, either transmurality of LGE or contractile reserve in response to dobutamine can assess the likelihood of recovery of function after revascularization. The presence of scar reduces the likelihood of a response to medical therapy and to cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure. The presence and extent of LGE relate to overall cardiovascular outcome in cardiomyopathies. A major role for cardiac MR imaging in cardiomyopathies is to identify myocardial scar for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
Formulation of Mathematical Watershed-Flow Model

In a macroscopic hydrodynamic approach, a set of one-dimensional spatially varied unsteady flow equations, that include terms for lateral mass flux, lateral momentum flux, overpressure head due to raindrop impact, and boundary shear, are derived from the equation of continuity and the Navier-Stokes equations for the three-dimensional flow of viscous incompressible fluid in cooperation with the kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions on the water and ground surfaces of a watershed. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is employed to evaluate the friction slope, and the laminar uniform flow equation for the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient coupled with the Karman-Prandtl logarithmic resistance equation for turbulent flow is used to simulate, as a first approximation, the unknown function of the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient for watershed surface flow. The proposed mathematical model for watershed surface flow consists of a set of quasilinear partial differential flow equations of hyperbolic type with the appropriately prescribed initial and boundary conditions.
Response to “Lessons Learned from a National Cosmetic Surgery Insurance Database”

We appreciate Dr Swanson's careful reading and comments1 on our recently published articles2,3 and take this opportunity to emphasize the study design, analytical methods, interpretation, and importance of these studies derived from the CosmetAssure data (Aesthetic Surgeons' Financial Group, Birmingham, AL). The goal of a cohort study is to identify an outcome-free population, determine its exposure status at baseline, and then follow it over time until the outcome of interest occurs. Because exposure is identified before the outcome, cohort studies (prospective or retrospective) have a temporal framework to assess causality and thus have the potential to provide the strongest scientific evidence.4 The distinguishing feature of a prospective cohort, such as the CosmetAssure database, is that at the time that the subjects are enrolled and baseline exposure information is collected, none of the subjects has developed any of the outcomes of interest.5 Additionally, as in CosmetAssure, information on all subjects is collected in the same way using identical questions and data collection methods in order to have accurate information about exposures before outcome develops in any of the subjects. However, data analysis cannot take place until outcomes have occurred and, thus, is always retrospective regardless of how the cohort was determined. In contrast, in retrospective cohort studies both exposure status and outcome are ascertained retrospectively.6 In order to ascertain exposure status, the investigator has to go back to preexisting data that was not necessarily acquired in a precise, predetermined way.5 The existing data may be incomplete, inaccurate, or inconsistently measured between subjects.4 This is particularly relevant in designing multicenter cohorts because information may be recorded differently in different electronic health record platforms and some practices may still be using paper charts making data abstraction more challenging. Thus, the primary disadvantage of retrospective …
Slavery and Freedom in Theory and Practice

Slavery has long stood as a mirror image to the conception of a free person in republican theory. This essay contends that slavery deserves this central status in a theory of freedom, but a more th...
2-(4-Phenylpiperidino) cyclohexanol (AH5183) decreases quantal size at the frog neuromuscular junction

AH5183 was studied because it inhibits acetylcholine transport into synaptic vesicles. The drug apparently is a slow-acting anti-cholinesterase, so further experiments were performed with this enzyme inhibited. Soaking for hours in AH5183 in Ringer does not decrease quantal size. However, a few minutes of tetanic nerve stimulation results in a marked decrease in quantal size. Quantal size also decreased after hours in a hypertonic Ringer containing the drug.
High Efficiency Multijunction Tandem Solar Cells with Embedded Short-Period Superlattices

We propose a 1cm tandem solar cell with different lattice-matched materials based on a 2eV/1.42eV/0.66eV energy gap sequence. The top unit is a p-n-n AlAs/GaAs cell, connected in series with a bottom cell which is a bulk GaAs/Ge p-n-n cell; a narrow GaAs/Ge superlattice region embedded in the middle region. Transition of carriers between the two units is possible via a tunnel junction connecting the two units. More specifically, the upper cell is a 20 μm bulk p-n-n cell tuned to the visible range of the solar spectrum, producing short circuit currents near 30mA/cm, and open-circuit voltage (OC) of 1.04V; the bottom cell is an 80 μm bulk p-n-n GaAs/Ge with an embedded GaAs/Ge superlattice tuned at 1eV. The bottom cell produces short circuit current density at18.5 mA/cm in the bulk; however a 20-period GaAs/Ge embedded short superlattice provides an additional 10 mA/cm thermionic current density, so that total bottom current reach 28.5mA/cm, in close matching (5%) with the top currents, and an OC voltage of 0.968V. The tandem cell’s basic parameters are (a) average fill factor of (FF) 85% (b) short circuit current 28.5 mA/cm and (c) OC voltage 2.008V (due to the series connection); for 100mW/cm standard solar radiation, collection efficiency of such a device is depicted in excess of 47% under one sun. Such small area cells are useful for CPV for their minimized size and material requirements.
Persistence of Carbaryl Within Boreal, Temperate and Mediterranean Ecosystems

The dissipation and movement of carbaryl within soils of wet and dry sites in boreal (south central Alaska), temperate (north western North Carolina) and Mediterranean (east central California) ecosystems was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography analyses at 1, 30, 60, 90, 365, and 485 d after applications of aqueous 2% to forest soils. Highest levels of carbaryl occurred within the uppermost soil layers of each site. The greatest carbaryl persistence was within the North Carolina dry site. All sites, with the exceptions of Alaska dry and North Carolina wet, had carbaryl levels exceeding 20 ppm in the upper layer of soil at 90 d. The decreasing order of carbaryl persistence was North Carolina dry > California wet > California dry> Alaska wet> North Carolina wet > Alaska dry. Only twice were replicated amounts of carbaryl found in the lowest soil layer (North Carolina dry, 60 d, Alaska wet, 1 d ) and these levels were only 5.6 and 5.1 ppm, respectively.
The Quantitative Vitamin-G Requirement of Chicks

Abstract VITAMIN G has been shown to be required by the chick for normal growth. Furthermore, the quantitative requirement for the growth-promoting factor of the vitamin G complex has been reported by Norris and co-workers (1936). In this report the requirement to enable chicks to reach maximum weight at four weeks of age is given as approximately 325 units per 100 grams of feed, at six weeks as 300 units and at eight weeks as 290 units. The data do not show clearly the requirement for two weeks of age since the slope of the curve is too gradual to correctly interpret the same and since the chick carries some reserve at the time of hatching. The requirements just indicated refer to the amounts of vitamin G needed to reach maximum weight at the ages named when a single level of vitamin G is provided. The requirement, however, is not constant . . .
Electronic structure theory of weakly interacting bilayers

We derive electronic structure models for weakly interacting bilayers such as graphene-graphene and graphene--hexagonal boron nitride, based on density functional theory calculations followed by Wannier transformation of electronic states. These transferable interlayer coupling models can be applied to investigate the physics of bilayers with arbitrary translations and twists. The functional form, in addition to the dependence on the distance, includes the angular dependence that results from higher angular momentum components in the Wannier ${p}_{z}$ orbitals. We demonstrate the capabilities of the method by applying it to a rotated graphene bilayer, which produces the analytically predicted renormalization of the Fermi velocity, Van Hove singularities in the density of states, and moir\'e pattern of the electronic localization at small twist angles. We further extend the theory to obtain the effective couplings by integrating out neighboring layers. This approach is instrumental for the design of van der Walls heterostructures with desirable electronic features and transport properties and for the derivation of low-energy theories for graphene stacks, including proximity effects from other layers.
Tendon Transfers for Combined Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Combined peripheral nerve injuries present a unique set of challenges to the hand surgeon when considering tendon transfers. They are often associated with severe soft tissue trauma, including lacerations to remaining innervated muscles and tendons, significant scar formation, and substantial sensory loss. In the case of combined nerve injuries, there are typically fewer options for tendon transfers due to fewer tendons of shared function that are expendable as well as associated injuries to tendon or muscle bellies. As such, careful preoperative planning must be performed to make the most of remaining muscle tendon units.
Asymmetric Coefficient of Asymmetric Continuous Rigid-frame Structure

For in-depth understanding of mechanical properties of asymmetric continuous rigid-frame structure caused by the asymmetry,we introduced the concept of asymmetry coefficient,and determined the reasonable range of the coefficient to ensure the rationality of the structure.We expanded the existing symmetric T-frame of Sinan Yantou river bridge into the symmetric continuous rigid frame,symmetrically removed cantilever segments one by one from the main beam root of a T-frame of the symmetric rigid frame to form 20 models with different asymmetry coefficients(containing symmetrical structures).After appropriate assuming and simplifying the models,by using large-scale finite element software Midas/Civil,we calculated the support reactions of continuous rigid frame with asymmetric spans under dead weight,live load,system heating,foundation settlement and combination of all conditions,obtained the stresses under all conditions and combined stress,and comparatively analyzed the variation of the support reaction and the stress with different asymmetry coefficients respectively.The reasonable numerical value range of asymmetry coefficient has been determined as 0.4≤η≤1.0,which is of certain guiding significance in the actual project of asymmetric continuous rigid-frame structure.
DISCUSSION ON THE SLOPE STABILITY OF RESERVOIRS

During the process of water storing,the rising of water level in reservoirs will cause the change of hydrogeologic environment and then lead to the breakage of natural balance of slopes.Complicated physical and chemical actions take place between the rock-soil mass and underwater.Such effects differenti ate the reservoir bank slopes from others.Based on the characters of reservoir bank slope,the shapes of failure forms,mechanism of the slope-collapse and methods of forecast are discussed in this paper.
Objective-Induced Point Spread Function Aberrations and Their Impact on Super-Resolution Microscopy

This study demonstrates how different microscope objectives can lead to asymmetric imaging aberrations in the point spread function of dipolar emitters, which can adversely affect the quality of fit in super-resolution imaging. Luminescence from gold nanorods was imaged with four different objectives to measure the diffraction-limited emission and characterize deviations from the expected dipolar emission patterns. Each luminescence image was fit to a three-dipole emission model to generate fit residuals that visually relay aberrations in the point spread function caused by the different microscope objectives. Output parameters from the fit model were compared to experimentally measured values, and we find that while some objectives provide high quality fits across all nanorods studied, others show significant aberrations and are inappropriate for super-resolution imaging. This work presents a simple and robust strategy for quickly assessing the quality of point spread functions produced by different micr...
Multiple Quality Control Pathways Limit Non-protein Amino Acid Use by Yeast Cytoplasmic Phenylalanyl-tRNA Synthetase.

Non-protein amino acids, particularly isomers of the proteinogenic amino acids, present a threat to proteome integrity if they are mistakenly inserted into proteins. Quality control during aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis reduces non-protein amino acid incorporation by both substrate discrimination and proofreading. For example phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) proofreads the non-protein hydroxylated phenylalanine derivative m-Tyr after its attachment to tRNAPhe. We now show in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that PheRS misacylation of tRNAPhe with the more abundant Phe oxidation product o-Tyr is limited by kinetic discrimination against o-Tyr-AMP in the transfer step followed by o-Tyr-AMP release from the synthetic active site. This selective rejection of a non-protein aminoacyl-adenylate is in addition to known kinetic discrimination against certain non-cognates in the activation step as well as catalytic hydrolysis of mispaired aminoacyl-tRNAPhe species. We also report an unexpected resistance to cytotoxicity by a S. cerevisiae mutant with ablated post-transfer editing activity when supplemented with o-Tyr, cognate Phe, or Ala, the latter of which is not a substrate for activation by this enzyme. Our phenotypic, metabolomic, and kinetic analyses indicate at least three modes of discrimination against non-protein amino acids by S. cerevisiae PheRS and support a non-canonical role for SccytoPheRS post-transfer editing in response to amino acid stress.
The Context of British Politics

British society and British politics often have been discussed in terms of homogeneity and integration. Authors have written about the absence of significant social cleavages other than social class and about the presence of a uniform set of political and social values. Consensus also has been argued to exist on the nature of the political system and about the general policies of government. The impression commonly given is one of homogeneity, stability, and indeed of a rather boring locale in which to study politics. The impression of stability was reinforced by the ability of one political leader—Margaret Thatcher—to remain in power for over a decade and for her party to win the subsequent general election. In reality, the social and political systems of the United Kingdom are substantially more diverse than they are frequently portrayed, and many of the factors that divide other democracies politically also divide the citizens of the United Kingdom. There are differences in religion, language, regions, and perceptions of issues that both mitigate and reinforce the traditionally dominant class divisions in British politics. Those divisive factors have become even more important as immigration, Europeanization, and economic change have tended to generate ever greater social divisions.
RECLAIMING THE FAMILY TABLE: MEALTIMES AND CHILD HEALTH AND WELLBEING

SOCIAL POLICY REPORT GIVING CHILD AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT KNOWLEDGE AWAY Volume XXII, Number IV 2008 While lasting only twenty minutes, on average, family mealtimes are embedded in a social, cultural, and economic context that are associated with a variety of indicators of children’s health and wellbeing. Shared family mealtimes have been associated with such diverse outcomes as reduced risk for substance abuse, promotion of language development, academic achievement, and reduced risk for pediatric obesity. This social policy report provides a brief overview of current research suggesting that frequency of family mealtimes, family climate during shared mealtimes, environmental and policy infl uences on family food choice are related directly and indirectly with children’s health
Physics beyond the standard model (Theory): Introducing the Little Higgs

Abstract Little Higgs theories are an exciting new possibility for physics at TeV energies. In the Standard Model the Higgs mass suffers from an instability under radiative corrections. This “hierarchy problem” motivates much of current physics beyond the Standard Model research. Little Higgs theories offer a new and very promising solution to this problem in which the Higgs is naturally light as a result of non-linearly realized symmetries. This article reviews some of the underlying ideas and gives a pedagogical introduction to the Little Higgs.
Hybrid Body Craft

Hybrid Body Craft is a research practice to create on-body interfaces which embody the wearer's identity. It inspires from the form factors and user experiences of existing body decorations. They serve duality as both wearable devices and body art, and are a hybrid of both. Future work seeks to evolve beyond the body surface and into skin itself through lotion form factors.
Accelerating GPU Hardware Transactional Memory with Snapshot Isolation

Snapshot Isolation (SI) is an established model in the database community, which permits write-read conflicts to pass and aborts transactions only on write-write conflicts. With the Write Skew anomaly correctly eliminated, SI can reduce the occurrence of aborts, save the work done by transactions, and greatly benefit long transactions involving complex data structures.GPUs are evolving towards a general-purpose computing device with growing support for irregular workloads, including transactional memory. The usage of snapshot isolation on transactional memory has proven to be greatly beneficial for performance. In this paper, we propose a multi-versioned memory subsystem for hardware-based transactional memory on the GPU, with a method for eliminating the Write Skew anomaly on the fly, and finally incorporate Snapshot Isolation with this system.The results show that snapshot isolation can effectively boost the performance of dynamically sized data structures such as linked lists, binary trees and red-black trees, sometimes by as much as 4.5x, which results in improved overall performance of benchmarks utilizing these data structures.
Epigenomic annotation-based interpretation of genomic data: from enrichment analysis to machine learning.

Motivation One of the goals of functional genomics is to understand the regulatory implications of experimentally obtained genomic regions of interest (ROIs). Most sequencing technologies now generate ROIs distributed across the whole genome. The interpretation of these genome-wide ROIs represents a challenge as the majority of them lie outside of functionally well-defined protein coding regions. Recent efforts by the members of the International Human Epigenome Consortium have generated volumes of functional/regulatory data (reference epigenomic datasets), effectively annotating the genome with epigenomic properties. Consequently, a wide variety of computational tools has been developed utilizing these epigenomic datasets for the interpretation of genomic data. Results The purpose of this review is to provide a structured overview of practical solutions for the interpretation of ROIs with the help of epigenomic data. Starting with epigenomic enrichment analysis, we discuss leading tools and machine learning methods utilizing epigenomic and 3D genome structure data. The hierarchy of tools and methods reviewed here presents a practical guide for the interpretation of genome-wide ROIs within an epigenomic context. Contact mikhail.dozmorov@vcuhealth.org. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.