cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Lability: Within-Person Changes in Parental Knowledge and Their Associations with Adolescent Problem Behavior.

Higher levels of parental knowledge about youth activities have been associated with lower levels of youth risky behavior. Yet little is known about how parental knowledge fluctuates during early adolescence and how those fluctuations are associated with the development of problem behavior. We use the term lability to describe within-person fluctuations in knowledge over time with higher lability indicating greater fluctuations in knowledge from year-to-year. This longitudinal study of rural adolescents (N = 840) investigated if change in parental knowledge across four waves of data from grades 6 to 8 is characterized by lability, and if greater lability is associated with higher youth substance use, delinquency, and internalizing problems in grade 9. Our models indicated that only some of the variance in parental knowledge was accounted for by developmental trends. The remaining residual variance reflects within-person fluctuations around these trends, lability, and measurement and occasion-specific error. Even controlling for level and developmental trends in knowledge, higher knowledge lability (i.e., more fluctuation) was associated with increased risk for later alcohol and tobacco use, and for girls, higher delinquency and internalizing problems. Our findings suggest that lability in parental knowledge has unique implications for adolescent outcomes. The discussion focuses on mechanisms that may link knowledge lability to substance use. Interventions may be most effective if they teach parents to consistently and predictably decrease knowledge across early adolescence.
Benign mesenchymoma of the heart in the guinea pig. A report of four cases.

Thirty-six hundred ninety-eight guinea pigs of the Dunkin-Hartley strain from the breeding colony at Fort Detrick were necropsied. Four females had mesenchymomas of the heart. The tumors were similar histologically and were composed of multiple benign mesenchymal tissues which were amalgamated into a single mass. One tumor was composed of fibrous, angiomatous, adipose, cartilagenous, osscous, hematopoietic, myxomatous, and possibly smooth muscle tissues. Smooth muscle and myxomatous tissues were not found in the other tumors. All were benign and probably originated from the primitive mesenchyme of the heart.
Optical pattern recognition using bayesian classification

Abstract Two recognition systems which classify optical correlation data are described and experimentally compared. Both require a priori estimates of multivariate distributions generated from their training images (TIs). One system uses a quadratic classifier to partition the signal space into regions associated with single TIs and then defines object regions by forming a union of the appropriate TI regions. The other system uses a composite Bayes' classifier to partition the signal space directly into regions associated with single objects. Accordingly, it requires object class distributions which it approximates with composite algebraic functions constructed from the TI distribution estimates. Experimental results demonstrate that the composite Bayes' classifier consistently outperforms the modified quadratic classifier, albeit marginally, when non-TIs are processed.
The measurement of charge response of powders exposed to ion bombardment

A system has been designed and developed to subject a sample of powder on a grounded metal plate to charging by ion bombardment and to measure the charge accepted by the sample. Observation of the charge decay from the sample was also possible. A method of sample preparation was evolved which made it possible to obtain samples of known particle size and number of particles. The sensitivity of measurement and the noise levels were investigated and found to be acceptable. Calibration tests were made to determine the validity of the proposed equation relating the measured voltage, circuit capacitances, and the ratio of probe height to net charge location. It was found that for a wide range of values of the ratio of probe height to particle diameter, the linear equation was a good description of the process and could be used to accurately determine the charge on a sample. Some measurements were made on typical powders to illustrate the feasibility of the method and equipment to characterize variable charging properties.
Ferromagnetic microdisks as carriers for biomedical applications

We report the fabrication process, magnetic behavior, as well as the surface modification of ferromagnetic microdisks suspended in aqueous solution. They posses unique properties such as high magnetization of saturation, zero remanence due to spin vortex formation, intrinsic spin resonance at low frequencies, and the capability of delivering various biomolecules at once. Furthermore, because of their anisotropic shape, our magnetic particles rotate under alternating magnetic fields of small amplitude. This can be used to promote the idea of advanced therapies, which include combined drug delivery and magnetomechanical cell destruction when targeting tumor cells. The approach enables us to fabricate suitable magnetic carriers with excellent size tolerances, and then release them from the wafer into solution, ready for surface modification and therapeutic use. The particles have a magnetic core and are covered with few nanometers of gold on each side to provide stability at ambient conditions as well as biocompatibility and selective adhesion functions. A successful attempt to bind thiolates, including SH-modified antibody, to the disk’s surface was demonstrated.
Use of Wild Arachis Species/Introgression of Genes into A. hypogaea L.

Abstract The use of wild Arachis L. in cultivar improvement programs has been considered an option for more than 50 yr. Both A. Krapovickas and W.C. Gregory, independently, made interspecific hybridizations in the 1940s. However, only three cultivars have been released as a result of interspecific hybridizations, and only one of those has a clearly identifiable genetic component from the wild species. Several breeding lines have been reported and several germplasm releases are documented from Texas, North Carolina, and ICRISAT. At least four potential options exist for transferring genes from wild Arachis to the cultigen: a) The hexaploid pathway consists of crossing a diploid wild species directly with A. hypogaea, doubling the chromosome number to the hexaploid level, then backcrossing for several generations to restore the tetraploid condition. Several options are possible in this pathway involving various crossing schemes prior to crossing a diploid hybrid with A. hypogaea. North Carolina and ICRISAT ...
The end of US public housing as we knew it

US public housing policy changed significantly in the 1990s in order to transform primarily high-rise developments into low-density mixed-income communities. While the goal of better quality housing for low-income people is good, the means to this end has raised concerns about the future of public housing in the United States. This article examines the outcomes from the past 15 years, focusing on demolition and redevelopment, which has not only produced fewer public housing units overall but, more importantly, entangled public housing in the market crisis. Now the same speculative hands that it was supposed to be protected from when first conceived drive its development. Examples from Chicago illustrate this point.
Age as a moderator of the relation between three dimensions of satisfaction and sex role

We examined the moderating effect of age on the relation between sex role orientation and relationship and job satisfaction as well as life satisfaction. Two hundred and thirty-two noncollege married, employed, young, middle, and older adults were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the General Positive Affect Scale, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Age significantly moderated the relation between each type of sex role and life satisfaction. As age increased, the strength of the relation between sex role and life satisfaction increased. Age also moderated the relation between masculinity and androgyny and job satisfaction, whereas femininity was not significant in predicting job satisfaction. There were no significant predictors of relationship satisfaction.
Pair Spectrometer Measurements of the Radiations from Excited States of Light Nuceli

A magnetic-lens pair spectrometer has been used to study the radiations produced by the bombardment of certain light nuclei with protons and deuterons from a Van de Graaff accelerator. Gamma rays from the bombardment of ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ with 3.7-Mev protons were observed at 6.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 and 6.99\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 Mev. At 4.7-Mev bombarding energy, no lines were observed between 7.5 and 11.0 Mev with an intensity as great as 10 percent of that of the 6.99-Mev line. Gamma rays from the bombardment of ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ with 2.0-Mev deuterons were observed at 3.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, 3.71\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, 3.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, 4.48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 4.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, 5.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 5.74\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, 6.14 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, 6.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, and 6.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 Mev. At 4.0-Mev bombarding energy, lines were observed at 6.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, 6.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 6.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, 7.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, and 7.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 Mev. Gamma rays from the bombardment of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ with 4.0-Mev deuterons were observed at 3.76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and 3.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 Mev. No lines were observed between 3.86 and 5.8 Mev with an intensity as great as 10 percent of that of the 3.86-Mev line. All the energies of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays given above are uncorrected for Doppler shifts which in some cases are as large as 40 kev. A search was made for nuclear pairs which might originate from the proton bombardment of ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$. No pairs were observed at 4.0-Mev bombarding energy in the energy range between 6.5 and 9.5 Mev. A search was also made for nuclear pairs which might result from the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(d, n){\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ reaction. No pairs were observed in the energy range between 5.0 and 8.5 Mev.
Resource Management Middleware for Dynamic, DependableReal-Time Systems

This paper presents resource management techniques that achieve the quality of service (QoS) requirements of dynamic real-time systems using open architectures and commercial off-the-shelf technologies (COTS). Dynamic real-time systems are subject to constant changes such as a varying external environment, overload of internal systems, component failure, and evolving operational requirements. Examples of such systems include the emerging generation of computer-based, command and control systems of the U.S. Navy. To enable the engineering of such systems, we present adaptive resource management middleware techniques that achieve the QoS requirements of the system. The middleware performs QoS monitoring and failure detection, QoS diagnosis, and reallocation of resources to adapt the system to achieve acceptable levels of QoS. Experimental characterizations of the middleware using a real-time benchmark illustrate its effectiveness for adapting the system for achieving the desired real-time and survivability QoS during overload situations.
Parametric Excitation of Transverse and Longitudinal Waves near the Plasma Frequency

Intense laser light with frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ near the plasma frequency excites transverse waves with real frequency components 0 and $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ and longitudinal plasma oscillations at $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$. The resonant coupling is due to the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ forces and relativistic mass corrections. The maximum growth rate is $\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}{v}_{0}^{2}}{16{c}^{2}}$, where ${v}_{0}$ is the maximum electron velocity in the incident laser light.
Carbon nanotube macroelectronics: toward system-on-plastic

We report solution-based processing of high-purity semiconducting carbon nanotube networks that has led to low-cost fabrication of large quantity of thin-film transistors (TFTs) with excellent yield and highly uniform, respectable performance on mechanically flexible substrates. Based on the semiconducting carbon nanotube TFTs, a wide range of macro-scale system-level electronics have been demonstrated including flexible integrated circuits, flexible full-color active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display, and smart interactive skin sensor that can simultaneously map and respond to the outside stimulus. Our work shows carbon nanotubes’ immense promise as a low-cost and scalable TFT technology for nonconventional electronic systems with excellent performances.
On-chip optical isolation via unidirectional Bloch oscillations in a waveguide array

We propose to use the unidirectionality of the optical Bloch oscillation phenomenon achievable in a magneto-optic asymmetric waveguide array to achieve optical isolation. At the 1.55 μm telecommunication wavelength, our isolator design exhibits an isolation ratio of 36 dB between forward- and backward-propagating waves. The proposed design consists of a waveguide array made in a silicon-on-insulator substrate with a magnetic garnet cover layer. A key role is played by the transverse-magnetic mode nonreciprocal phase shift effect.
HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City syringe-exchange programmes

Summary Background There have been no studies showing that participation in programmes which provide legal access to drug-injection equipment leads to individual-level protection against incident HIV infection. We have compared HIV incidence among injecting drug users participating in syringe-exchange programmes in New York City with that among non-participants. Methods We used meta-analytic techniques to combine HIV incidence data from injecting drug users in three studies: the Syringe Exchange Evaluation (n=280), in which multiple interviews and saliva samples were collected from participants at exchange sites; the Vaccine Preparedness Initiative cohort (n=133 continuing exchangers and 188 non-exchangers, in which participants were interviewed and tested for HIV every 3 months; and very-high-seroprevalence cities in the National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) programme (n=1029), in which street-recruited individuals were interviewed and tested for HIV every 6 months. In practice, participants in the NADR study had not used syringe exchanges. Findings HIV incidence among continuing exchange-users in the Syringe Exchange Evaluation was 1·58 per 100 person-years at risk (95% CI 0·54, 4·65) and among continuing exchange-users in the Vaccine Preparedness Initiative it was 1·38 per 100 person-years at risk (0·23, 4·57). Incidence among non-users of the exchange in the Vaccine Preparedness Initiative was 5 26 per 100 person-years at risk (2·41, 11·49), and in the NADR cities, 6·23 per 100 person-years at risk (4·4, 8·6). In a pooled-data, multivariate proportional-hazards analysis, not using the exchanges was associated with a hazard ratio of 3 35 (95% CI 1·29, 8·65) for incident HIV infection compared with using the exchanges. Interpretation We observed an individual-level protective effect against HIV infection associated with participation in a syringe-exchange programme. Sterile injection equipment should be legally provided to reduce the risk of HIV infection in persons who inject illicit drugs.
Regeneration following denervation of minced gastrocnemius muscles in mice.

Abstract Gastrocnemius muscles in mice were minced and orthotopically implanted. At the same time all nervous supply to this muscle was completely removed. It was observed that initially the pattern of muscle regeneration was similar to what was observed in a normally innervated implant. But by day 6, distinct degeneration of regenerated muscle fibres sets in, which continues unabated so that by about 3 weeks there usually remains only a thin band of connective tissue in place of the implant. Histochemically, there is a gradual loss of SDH, myofibrillar ATPase and cholinesterase activities within the degenerating muscle fibres and a corresponding appearance of these enzymes in the regenerating fibres. In the denervated implants, with the onset of degeneration of the regenerating fibres, the enzymatic activities were also lost. Histochemical fibre typing was not achieved within the regenerating fibres. The regeneration and degeneration pattern of the denervated muscle observed in the present study is compared with the one observed in other animals.
V900 Mon and Thommes' Nebula: A New FUor in Monoceros

Detailed observations of a recently recognized eruptive variable, V900 Mon, are presented. The star is located in the small cloud L1656, a little-studied region of modest star formation activity in Monoceros, and is presently at a magnitude of r ~ 16, surrounded by a bright compact reflection nebula, where only a 20th magnitude star was seen on the red first-epoch POSS plate. Optical spectra show a red absorption-line spectrum not later than mid-K, and the Hα line and the Na I D 12 doublet display prominent P Cygni profiles with massive absorption troughs indicating a cool outflowing wind. Near-infrared spectra show deep CO bandhead absorption and pronounced molecular bands of water vapor indicative of a much cooler object. This spectral appearance is very similar to that of FU Orionis, except that V900 Mon has a much higher reddening of AV ~ 13 mag. The energy distribution of V900 Mon, compiled from non-simultaneous observations and thus dependent on possible luminosity changes, shows that V900 Mon is a Class I protostar with a massive cool envelope. At a distance of about 1100 pc, V900 Mon has a luminosity of 106 L ☉ in the range of 0.55-160 μm. These data identify V900 Mon as a new member of the rare class of FU Orionis variables.
Fluorocarbon Aerosol Propellants III: Effect of Water Vapor on Sensitivity of Electron-Capture Detector during GC Analysis

The quantitative depressive effects of the presence of various amounts of water in samples injected onto a GC column on the detector response to three fluorocarbon aerosol propellants were investigated.
Progress in genetic screening of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A: Is calcitonin testing obsolete?*

Background. Recent identification of RET mutations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) allows a DNA-based approach to diagnosis in lieu of calcitonin sampling. To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of mutational analysis, genetic screening was performed in 124 patients (53 male, 71 female ; age, 1 month to 80 years) at risk for MEN 2A referred over 3 months. Methods. Analysis used genomic DNA and a polymerase chain reaction-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis strategy for mutation detection at RET codons 609, 611, 618, 620, and 634. Ninety-three of 124 patients were from established MEN 2A kindreds (group A), and screening replaced calcitonin testing. Twenty-one of 124 patients (group B) represented index cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), and DNA analysis was performed to distinguish sporadic from hereditary disease. Ten patients (group C) had modest calcitonin elevations or had undergone thyroidectomy without confirming pathologic results, and testing was undertaken to clarify status. Results. Group A : RET mutations occurred in 29 (median age, 10 years) of 93 patients, 14 of whom underwent thyroidectomy. No false positive results were observed. Group B : Five (24%) of 21 patients with seemingly sporadic MTC had RET mutations at codons 618 (one), 620 (one), or 634 (three). Group C : Nine of 10 patients with alleged MEN 2A had genetically negative results. Conclusions. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis reliably detects MEN 2A. Modest calcitonin elevations may lead to a false-positive diagnosis of MTC. DNA testing is the optimal approach to evaluating MEN 2A. Index cases of sporadic MTC should also undergo DNA analysis. (SURGERY 1995 ;l18 :257-64.)
Normal LHRH neuronal function and hyperprolactinemia in old pseudopregnant Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract The relative contributions of LHRH neuronal function and hyperprolactinemia to the maintenance of the repeated pseudopregnant (PP) state in old Fischer 344 rats were examined. LHRH concentrations within 8 microdissected regions of the preoptico-tuberal pathway were not different between normally cycling 4–5 and 10–11 months old rats and PP 22–23 months old rats. LHRH concentrations were significantly decreased in the median eminence and serum LH was increased 2 weeks after ovariectomy in all 3 age groups. Ovariectomy had no significant effect on LHRH concentrations in any of the other brain regions examined in these three age-groups. Serum prolactin levels were elevated 4-fold in old PP rats when compared to younger animals and these old PP rats failed to exhibit the normally observed decline in serum prolactin in response to ovariectomy. Daily treatment for 10 days with the dopamine agonist, CB-154, reinitiated normal ovarian cycles in 7 of 7 old PP rats while vehicle treatment was ineffective in altering the PP state. The data suggest that persistent hyperprolactinemia rather than impaired LH secretory mechanisms is primarily responsible for the PP state in old Fischer 344 rats.
The internalization and endosomal trafficking of the EGF receptor in response to EGF is delayed in the waved-2 mouse liver.

Abstract The EGF receptor in waved-2 mice contains a point mutation that renders it kinase-deficient. We investigated how the waved-2 mutation affects the internalization and endosomal trafficking of the receptor in vivo in response to EGF. When the waved-2 mice were injected with EGF, there was ∼50% less tyrosine phosphorylation detected in whole-liver homogenate compared to wild-type background mice. Although EGF increased the EGF receptor levels in the early and late liver endosomal fractions of waved-2 mice, its trafficking was delayed compared to wild-type mice. Ubiquitination of the EGF receptor may affect its endosomal sorting. We found that a similar amount of EGF receptor was immunoprecipitated from the endosomal fractions of EGF-treated waved-2 and wild-type with anti-ubiquitin antibody. These results demonstrate that the waved-2 EGF receptor can become ubiquitinated and can be trafficked to the late endosomes, although it appears that its kinase deficiency delays this process.
Combining Fairness with Throughput

This paper presents online algorithms for routing and bandwidth allocation which simultaneously approximate fair and max-throughput solutions. In fact, the algorithms solve a more difficult problem: for any bandwidth b, the number of sessions that get bandwidth b in the online algorithm is not smaller than the number of sessions receiving ?b offline, where ? is the competitive ratio. This problem is provably harder than the problem of maximizing throughput (e.g., 4) or the problem of maximizing the bandwidth assigned to the most starved session (e.g., 3). For the case where the algorithm assigns bandwidths, we present an O(log2nlog1+?U/?)-competitive algorithm, for any ?, where U is the minimum (over all choices of routes) of the maximum number of sessions routed along any single link. We also show an ?(log1+?U/?) lower bound in this model. For a more practically interesting model where the algorithm assigns routes and weights, and where these weights are used to drive the Weighted Fair Queuing policy in the routers, we present an O(log2nlogU)-competitive algorithm. We also show that the dependence on U is necessary by presenting an ?(logU) lower bound. Previous upper and lower bounds for online maximization of throughput become invalid if we are allowed to assign weights. We prove an ?(logn) lower bound for this model and present an O(lognloglogn)-competitive online algorithm. We present preliminary simulation results which show that our algorithm is effective in attaining high throughput without significantly sacrificing fairness.
TU-A-12A-08: Computing Longitudinal Material Changes in Bone Metastases Using Dual Energy Computed Tomography

Purpose: This study demonstrates a methodology for tracking changes in metastatic bone disease using trajectories in material basis space in serial dual energy computed tomography (DECT) studies. Methods: This study includes patients with bone metastases from breast cancer that had clinical surveillance CT scans using a General Electric CT750HD in dual energy mode. A radiologist defined regions-of-interested (ROI) for bone metastasis, normal bone, and marrow across the serial DECT scans. Our approach employs a Radon transform to forward-projection the basis images, namely, water and iodine, into sinogram space. This data is then repartitioned into fat/bone and effective density/Z image pairs using assumed energy spectrums for the x-ray energies. This approach both helps remove negative material densities and avoids adding spectrum-hardening artifacts. These new basis data sets were then reconstructed via filtered back-projection to create new material basis pair images. The trajectories of these pairs were then plotted in the new basis space providing a means to both visualize and quantitatively measure changes in the material properties of the tumors. Results: ROI containing radiologist defined metastatic bone disease showed well-defined trajectories in both fat/bone and effective density/Z space. ROI that contained radiologist defined normal bone and marrow did not exhibit any discernible trajectories and were stable from scan to scan. Conclusions: The preliminary results show that changes in material composition and effective density/Z image pairs were seen primarily in metastasis and not in normal tissue. This study indicates that by using routine clinical DECT it may be possible to monitor therapy response of bone metastases because healing or worsening bone metastases change material composition of bone. Additional studies are needed to further validate these results and to test for their correlation with outcome.
Giving to the Good and the Needy: Parental Support of Grown Children

Parents may provide many types of support to their grown children. Parents aged 40 to 60 (N = 633) reported the support they exchange with each child over age 18 (n = 1,384). Mothers and fathers differentiated among children within families, but provided emotional, financial, and practical help on average every few weeks to each child. Offspring received most assistance when they: (a) had greater needs (due to problems or younger age) or (b) were perceived as more successful. Parents received more from high achieving offspring. Findings support contingency theory; parents give more material and financial support to children in need. Motivation to enhance the self or to assure support later in life may explain support to high achieving offspring.
Growth of SrS single crystals by physical vapor transport

Abstract Alkaline earth sulfides have recently been found to have interesting luminescent properties for applications in thin film electroluminescence devices. Strontium sulfide doped with rare earth ions is one of the most promising of these materials for blue or white emitting displays. However, hardly anything is known about the basic material properties of the IIa–VI semiconductors, one of the reasons being the difficulty in growing single crystals of these materials. Thus, we have investigated the crystal growth and properties of SrS. In preliminary experiments using the laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique, the high evaporation rate of the SrS prevented the formation of a stable molten zone. However, the recondensed material in the system was found to be pure, stoichiometric SrS and, therefore, vapor phase transport appeared a more promising approach. Using the physical vapor transport (PVT) technique, we have been able to grow SrS crystals about 1 cm in diameter and 1 cm in length containing only a few grains. Crystals have been grown in a high temperature graphite furnace in a graphite ampoule at 1650°C and 10 -4 Torr. The as-grown crystals were slightly colored. Annealing in an argon atmosphere at 2000°C resulted in colorless crystals. The coloration of the as-grown crystals may result from carbon incorporation during growth.
Cook Yield, Texture and Gel Ultrastructure of Model Beef Batters as Affected by Low Levels of Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc Chloride

Effects of 0.05% CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , or ZnCl 2 , with or without 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), were investigated in high fat (HF; 30% fat) or low fat (LF; 10% fat) model beef batters. Cook yield (CY), texture, and gel ultrastructure were evaluated. With STPP, CaCl 2 increased CY, and in the absence of STPP, ZnCl 2 decreased CY and cohesiveness (p<0.05). Low-fat, ZnCl 2 -treated batters without STPP had the lowest (p<0.05) hardness. Addition of STPP resulted in a homogeneous matrix in HF batters. In MgCl 2 -treated HF batters, protein film surrounding fat globules had greater integrity than control, CaCl 2 or ZnCl 2 treatments. In ZnCl 2 -treated HF batters (without STPP) a protein sheet was present without evidence of film encased droplets. Low-fat batters with STPP had finer, more porous networks than those without STPP.
Emerging fungal infections in the immunocompromised host

Abstract Over the last 2 decades, numerous factors, including advances in cancer chemotherapy and transplant medicine and the emergence of immunocompromising illnesses such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, have led to the emergence of a population of vulnerable hosts with special needs. Invasive fungal infections caused by long-recognized pathogens such as Candida species and Aspergillus species, as well as emerging fungi such as Pseudallescheria species, Alternaria species, and Fusarium species, have been noted to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity. This article reviews the existing experience in diagnosis and treatment of many of such fungal infections, with a focus on immunocompromised children. A high index of suspicion for fungal infection in an immunocompromised child on broad spectrum antibiotics, especially with pneumonia, sinusitis, or new skin lesions; early and aggressive use of currently available antifungal agents; and measures directed toward reversal of the underlying predisposing conditions are key factors for a favorable outcome. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Point mutations at multiple sites including highly conserved amino acids maintain activity, but render O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase insensitive to O6-benzylguanine

The DNA repair protein, O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), is inactivated by reaction with the pseudosubstrate, O(6)-benzylguanine (BG). This inactivation sensitizes tumour cells to chemotherapeutic alkylating agents, and BG is aimed at enhancing cancer treatment in clinical trials. Point mutations in a 24 amino acid sequence likely to form the BG-binding pocket were identified using a screening method designed to identify BG-resistant mutants. It was found that alterations in 21 of these residues were able to render AGT resistant to BG. These included mutations at the highly conserved residues Lys(165), Leu(168) and Leu(169). The two positions at which changes led to the largest increase in resistance to BG were Gly(156) and Lys(165). Eleven mutants at Gly(156) were identified, with increases in resistance ranging from 190-fold (G156V) to 4400-fold (G156P). Two mutants at Lys(165) found in the screen (K165S and K165A) showed 620-fold and 100-fold increases in resistance to BG. Two mutants at the Ser(159) position (S159I and S159V) were >80-fold more resistant than wild-type AGT. Eleven active mutants at Leu(169) were also resistant to BG, but with lower increases (5-86-fold). Fourteen BG-resistant mutants were found for position Cys(150), with 3-26-fold increases in the amount of inhibitor needed to produce a 50% loss of activity in a 30 min incubation. Six BG-resistant mutants at Asn(157) were found with increases of 4-13-fold. These results show that many changes can render human AGT resistant to BG without preventing the ability to protect tumour cells from therapeutic alkylating agents.
Peierls transitions in ionic organic charge-transfer crystals with spin and charge degrees of freedom.

The quasi-one-dimensional electronic structure of organic charge-transfer (CT) salts rationalizes Peierls transitions in mixed or segregated stacks of π-electron donors (D) and acceptors (A). A microscopic Peierls−Hubbard model, HCT, is presented for CT salts with mixed stacks (Dρ+Aρ-)n and ionicity ρ > 0.7. Dimerization opens a Peierls gap that, due to electron correlation, is the singlet−triplet gap, EST. In contrast to spin-Peierls systems, such as Heisenberg spin chains with ρ = 1 and TSP < 20 K, Peierls transitions in CT salts with ρ < 1 occur at higher TP and involve both spin and charge degrees of freedom. Linear electron−phonon coupling and an adiabatic approximation for a harmonic lattice are used to model the dimerization amplitude δ(T) for T < TP, the magnetic (spin) susceptibility χ(T), and the relative infrared intensity of totally symmetric molecular modes. Exact thermodynamics of HCT for stacks up to N = 12 sites are applied to two CT salts with TP ∼ 50 and 120 K whose magnetism and infrare...
Interactions Between Rotylenchus reniformis and Pineapple mealybug wilt associated virus-1 in Pineapple.

The individual and combined effects of Pineapple mealybug wilt associated virus-1 (PMWaV-1) infection in pineapple, Ananas comosus, and Rotylenchus reniformis on pineapple growth were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, no effect of PMWaV-1 infection on pineapple growth or nematode reproduction was observed. Under field conditions, the interaction of PMWaV-1 and nematodes was evaluated in plant and ratoon crops. In the plant crop, pineapple in plots treated with the nematicide 1,3-dichloropropane showed increased vegetative growth, whereas virus infection had no effect on vegetative growth. Nematodes reduced the average fruit weight (P = 0.01), whereas PMWaV-1 infection did not (P > 0.14). However, more fruit in the largest size classes (sizes 7 and 8) were produced in PMWaV-1-free plots than in PMWaV-1-infected plots (P = 0.03). The average fruit weight decreased in the presence of virus or nematodes. The smallest fruits were from PMWaV-1-infected plants infested with R. reniformis. More early-ripening fruit (30%) were produced by plants infected with PMWaV-1 than by PMWaV-free plants (P 0.10). More fruit in the three largest size categories were produced in PMWaV-1-free plots than in PMWaV-1-infected plots (P < 0.01). PMWaV-1 infection reduced the number of fruit produced in the ratoon crop (P < 0.02). An interaction (P < 0.03) between R. reniformis and PMWaV-1 infection status was detected in the ratoon crop. The fewest fruit were produced in plots with PMWaV-1-infected plants that were nematode infected.
Determination of the ground state, excited state and change in dipole moments of magnesium and zinc chlorin.

Abstract High-resolution Stark effect measurements on the S 1 ←S 0 (ππ*) origin of magnesium chlorin (MgCh) and zinc chlorin (ZnCh) in single crystals of n -octane at 4.2 K are reported. The corresponding change in dipole moment (∣Δ μ ge ∣) associated with each transition was estimated to be 0.23±0.04 and 0.27±0.05 debye, respectively. Each molecule's orientation in the n -octane crystal was also determined. The change in dipole moment of MgCh was also found using solvatochromic shift data (∣Δ μ ge ∣=0.33±0.08 debye). The ground state dipole moment ( μ g ) of MgCh was determined by dielectric constant measurement of MgCh/benzene solutions ( μ g =2.26±0.08 debye). These were combined to calculate the average excited state dipole moment of MgCh ( μ e =2.51±0.08 debye). The ground state dipole moment of ZnCh was also determined using solvatochromic shift data ( μ g =3.17±0.08 debye). This was combined with its measured ∣Δ μ ge ∣ to calculate the excited state dipole moment of ZnCh ( μ e =3.44±0.08 debye); the S 1 ←S 0 (ππ*) origin band of both complexes was red-shifted at room temperature as the polarity of the solvents was increased, which implies that Δ μ ge is positive.
Estimating refractive index spectra in regions of clear air turbulence.

Abstract Estimates of the spectrum of refractivity fluctuations to be expected in regions of clear turbulence are shown for scales in the inertial subrange. Based on the complete analysis by Atlas et al., it is concluded that radar detection of clear air turbulence with current technology is unlikely for all but inversion conditions. However, the present analysis can be used to provide consistent estimates for particular environmental conditions.
The steady-state calcium carbonate ion activity product of recent shallow water carbonate sediments in seawater: a comparison of field observations and laboratory experiments

Abstract Closed system equilibration experiments between natural seawater and shallow water calcium carbonate-rich sediments from the Bahamas yielded steady-state calcium carbonate ion activity products (CCIAP). Results obtained from initially supersaturated and undersaturated solutions were in good agreement. Experiments conducted with the addition of a biocide and/or the destruction of sediment organic matter gave results similar to those obtained in systems where these treatments were not used. Excellent agreement was also found between CCIAP values for 8 day and more than 50 day equilibration times. Our results, therefore, meet the major criteria for at least metastable equilibrium between the solution and carbonate sediment. Fine-grained samples produced a CCIAP close to the value predicted for aragonite, which is the major carbonate phase in all samples. Coarse-grained sediments produced larger CCIAP values of up to 2.8 times that predicted for aragonite equilibrium. The CCIAP for the coarse-grained sediments is probably produced by high-Mg calcite which is a significant component of these sediments. Oolite samples were among the coarse-grained sediment samples studied. They also produced results much greater than expected for aragonite equilibrium. This brings into question their use as material for measuring aragonite solubility as has been done in the past. The CCIAP measured in the laboratory experiments are in good agreement with field observations of pore-water CCIAP values from the fine-grained sediments. Coarse-grained sediments showed greater variability, with higher CCIAP values generally occurring in the pore waters than in the laboratory experiments. Since the overlying waters were always at a higher CCIAP than the pore waters, the major factor causing this difference is believed to be the short residence time of pore waters in the coarse-grained sediments, which is the result of the high-energy hydrodynamic environments in which they reside.
Fluoxetine and desipramine selectively attenuate 2′-NH2-MPTP-induced depletions in serotonin and norepinephrine

Abstract We recently reported that the novel MPTP analog 1-methyl-4-(2′-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2′-NH2-MPTP) administered to C57BL/6 mice produced substantial decreases in forebrain serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and norepinephrine, with negligible effects on brain dopamine or dopamine metabolites. In the present report, we confirm and extend our original results to include dose-response data and the effect of selective uptake inhibition on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in various regions of the mouse brain following treatment with 2′-NH2-MPTP. In a dose-ranging study, 2′-NH2-MPTP (10 mg/kg × 4) produced a 25–30% reduction in frontal cortex 5-HT,5-HIAA, and norepinephrinE. When 4 × 20 mg/kg 2′-NH2-MPTP was administered, 70–75% reductions in 5-HT,5-HIAA, and norepinephrine in both frontal cortex and hippocampus were seen 1 week after treatment. No changes in dopamine were found in striatum or in any of the other brain regions examined at either dose. Doses of 40 and 60 mg/kg were lethal shortly after a single injection. In mice receiving either fluoxetine or desipramine (10 mg/kg) prior to 2′-NH2-MPTP (20 mg/kg × 4), decreases in 5-HT and norepinephrine, respectively, were significantly attenuated by ∼ 30−40%. These data suggest that 2′-NH2-MPTP acts in a dose-dependent manner and that the serotonergic and noradrenergic uptake systems are involved in the mechanism by which 2′-NH2-MPTP causes selective deficits in cortical and hippocampal 5-HT and norepinephrine.
Comparison of micromechanics methods for effective properties of multiphase viscoelastic composites

In this paper we examine the use of several popular micromechanics methods for determination of effective composite properties when all phases are viscoelastic. The elasticity-based Mori-Tanaka method and the finite element method of cells are used, both via implementation of the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle. The finite element technique considers two different periodic microstructures, square and hexagonal arrays, the results of which are compared with each other and the Mori-Tanaka predictions. The resultant effective properties for viscoelastic composites are determined at a wide range of frequencies and compared with transformed Hashin-Shtrikman bounds and Gibiansky-Milton bounds. The Mori-Tanaka method in the transformed domain is by far the simplest to implement and it is shown that the method replicates the major features of the storage and loss moduli of the composite, including location and magnitude of the double loss peaks from the glass-rubber transition of each phase. It is also illustrated that the Mori-Tanaka method predicts a nearly log-linear relationship between resultant property and volume fraction at a given frequency. Limitations of the Mori-Tanaka method for viscoelastic composites are highlighted.
Regulatory Focus and Audience Morality: Examining Relationships Between Message Orientation and Moral Intuitions

Moral foundations theory (MFT) is a psychological framework describing innate and modular moral intuitions. The current study integrates MFT with a motivational conception of morality to link it with regulatory focus theory. By combining these frameworks, we predict that a prevention-focused (vs. promotion-focused) advertising message will prime emphasis of moral domains for in-group loyalty, respect for authority, and moral purity among college students. The framework also suggests that emphasis of these three domains will be positively associated with favorable appraisals of prevention-focused messages. Results support the notion that prevention-focused (vs. promotion-focused) messages prime the three domains but contradict the expectation that these domains are positively associated with favorable appraisals of prevention-focused messages. Observations show that they are, rather, positively associated with favorable appraisals of the promotion-focused message. Discussion centers on interpreting these c...
Historical record of silicones in sediment

Abstract Poly(organo)siloxanes (silicones) are totally synthetic polymeric materials that have seen increasing use since the Second World War. The use of silicones results in the release of these stable polymers to the environment, and data are presented which show measurable silicone (ppm level) in selected aquatic sediments. Presented also is a new, sensitive method for measuring silicone by use of chloroform extraction of a small (1 g or less) sample coupled with FTIR. Using this method silicone is detected in a sediment column at a depth which corresponds to the onset of the widespread use of silicones (ca. 1945). Thus, in very old sediment, there is no anthropogenic silicone, but contemporary surficial sediments exhibit silicone.
Grade-tonnage and other models for diamond kimberlite pipes

Grade-tonnage and other quantitative models help give reasonable answers to questions about diamond kimberlite pipes. Diamond kimberlite pipes are those diamondiferous kimberlite pipes that either have been worked or are expected to be worked for diamonds. These models are not applicable to kimberlite dikes and sills or to lamproite pipes. Diamond kimberlite pipes contain a median 26 million metric tons (mt); the median diamond grade is 0.25 carat/metric ton (ct/mt). Deposit-specific models suggest that the median of the average diamond size is 0.07 ct and the median percentage of diamonds that are industrial quality is 67 percent. The percentage of diamonds that are industrial quality can be predicted from deposit grade using a regression model (log[industrial diamonds (percent)]=1.9+0.2 log[grade (ct/mt)]). The largest diamond in a diamond kimberlite pipe can be predicted from deposit tonnage using a regression model (log[largest diamond (ct)]=−1.5+0.54 log[size (mt]). The median outcrop area of diamond pipes is 12 hectares (ha). Because the pipes have similar forms, the tonnage of the deposits can be predicted by the outcrop area (log[size (mt)]=6.5+1.0 log[outcrop area (ha)]). Once a kimberlite pipe is identified, the probability is approximately .005 that it can be worked for diamonds. If a newly discovered pipe is a member of a cluster that contains a known diamond kimberlite pipe, the probability that the new discovery can be mined for diamonds is 56 times that for a newly discovered kimberlite pipe in a cluster without a diamond kimberlite pipe. About 30 percent of pipes with worked residual caps at the surface will be worked at depth. Based on the number of discovered deposits and the area of stable craton rocks thought to be well explored in South Africa, about 10−5 diamond kimberlite pipes are present per square kilometer. If this density is applicable to the South American Precambrian Shield, more than 70 undiscovered kimberlite pipes are predicted to be present.
Functional Assessment of the Thyrotropin Receptor-β Subunit

Posttranslational processing of the TSH receptor (TSHR) involves proteolysis of a single chain holoreceptor into TSHR-α (or A) and TSHR-β (or B) subunits, which remain associated via disulfide bonds and which may then form oligomers. As both uncleaved and cleavage-derived forms of this receptor have been reported to bind TSH and transduce signals, reasons for this cleavage into α- and β-subunits have remained enigmatic. Recently we suggested that TSHR cleavage was related to receptor oligomerization and now we have asked if cleavage influenced the binding of G proteins to this receptor. Furthermore, as TSHR-α subunits are subject to shedding from the cell surface membrane, we have examined whether the remaining TSHR-β subunits could mediate signaling themselves, either constitutively and /or ligand-induced. We found that only the cleaved form of the TSHR in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells was able to bind Gsα protein, suggesting that cleavage of the native TSH receptor was associated with receptor...
Osmotic volume changes induced by a permeable solute

Abstract A differential equation is developed describing volume changes as a function of time for a system such as a cell which is undergoing osmotically induced volume changes due to a solute which penetrates the cell membrane or boundary of the system. The parameters used to describe the membrane properties are the Staverman reflection coefficient, the water permeability coefficient and the solute permeability coefficient. The fluids bathing both sides of the membrane barrier are assumed to be spatially homogeneous with respect to water and solute concentrations. A first-order perturbation technique is used to solve the equations and obtain cell volume as a function of time. This solution is compared with data available in the literature and values for the cell membrane parameters are obtained for these cases.