cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron (III) reduction: A novel activity of the human NAD(P)H:oxidoreductase

Abstract NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1; EC 1.6.99.2) catalyzes a two-electron transfer involved in the protection of cells from reactive oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species are often generated by the one-electron reduction of quinones or quinone analogs. We report here on the previously unreported Fe(III) reduction activity of human NQO1. Under steady state conditions with Fe(III) citrate, the apparent Michaelis–Menten constant ( K m app ) was ∼0.3 nM and the apparent maximum velocity ( V max app ) was 16 U mg−1. Substrate inhibition was observed above 5 nM. NADH was the electron donor, K m app = 340 μ M and V max app = 46 U mg - 1 . FAD was also a cofactor with a K m app of 3.1 μM and V max app of 89 U mg−1. The turnover number for NADH oxidation was 25 s−1. Possible physiological roles of the Fe(III) reduction by this enzyme are discussed.
A portable optical particle counter system for measuring dust aerosols

A portable battery-operated optical particle counter/multichannel analyzer system has been developed for the number size distribution and number concentration measurement of light-absorbing irregular-shaped dust particles. An inertial impactor technique has been used to obtain calibration curves by relating the magnitude of the optical counter's signal to the particle's aerodynamic or Stokes' diameter. These calibrations have been made for aerosols of coal, potash, silica, rock (copper ore), and Arizona road dust particles.
ANNA-3 anti-neuronal nuclear antibody: Marker of lung cancer-related autoimmunity

Two anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies (ANNA-1 and ANNA-2) are markers of paraneoplastic neurological autoimmunity related to small-cell carcinoma. ANNA-2 is also related to breast carcinoma. Here we define a third IgG specificity (ANNA-3), identified in 11 patients (10 adults) by immunofluorescence screening of sera from approximately 68,000 patients with suspected paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. ANNA-3 binds prominently to nuclei of cerebellar Purkinje neurons, not to cytoplasm, granular neurons, or enteric neurons, but distinctively to renal glomerular podocytes. Western blots revealed an approximately 170 kDa antigen, in cerebellum and small-cell carcinoma. IgG eluted from this protein reproduced Purkinje and podocyte nuclear staining. ANNA-2 in 8 of 32 cases bound to podocyte nuclei but not to the 170 kDa protein. Healthy subjects and control neurological and cancer patients lack ANNA-3. Neurological accompaniments, subacute and usually multifocal, included sensory/sensorimotor neuropathies, cerebellar ataxia, myelopathy, brain stem and limbic encephalopathy. All of 9 adults followed had an intrathoracic neoplasm, seven biopsied within 7 months (five small-cell lung carcinomas and two adenocarcinomas, one lung, one esophagus) and two imaged, one early, the other 3 years later. Thus, immunohistochemical and Western blot criteria can now identify six IgG markers of neurological autoimmunity related to small-cell carcinoma, their frequency being ANNA-1 > collapsin response-mediator protein-5 > amphiphysin > Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody-2 = ANNA-2 = ANNA-3.
Periodicity of asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis in a northwest health maintenance organization.

Study objective Since seasonal patterns in morbidity may identify triggers provoking hospital-based care for airflow obstruction, this study examined seasonal variation in patterns of hospitalizations for asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Design and setting The data for this analysis were derived from the abstracted medical records of a large health maintenance organization, Kaiser Permanente, Northwest region, over the period 1979 to 1987. Patients In all, 2,060 primary hospital discharges for asthma and 1,121 primary hospital discharges for the combination chronic bronchitis/emphysema were observed. Results The monthly patterns varied for asthma and chronic bronchitis/emphysema, and also varied by age and sex. For young children 0 to 14 years, asthma hospitalizations peaked primarily in the fall. In contrast, for young children 0 to 14 years, hospitalizations for chronic bronchitis/emphysema peaked in the fall/winter months. Seasonal variation decreased as age increased for chronic bronchitis/emphysema, such that for the 65+ year group, there was no seasonal variation. Conclusion A better understanding of the causes of the age-specific seasonal patterns in these obstructive respiratory diseases may help to reduce the morbidity that is associated with them.
Accurate and efficient nonlinear formulation of a nine-node shell element with spurious mode control

Abstract A nine-node Lagrangian shell finite element is presented for full nonlinear analysis of shell-type structures. The formulation is based on the assumption of large displacements, finite rotations, and small strains. The major focus is on the robustness, accuracy, and efficiency of the finite element. Uniform reduced (2 x 2) quadrature is used for evaluation of the element stiffness and recovery of element nodal forces, and an improved ‘ projection operator ’ procedure is employed for stabilization of the resulting spurious zero-energy modes. Efficient techniques are described for calculation of shape function derivatives, performance of local-to-global transformations, and determination of the ‘ stabilization coefficients ’ of the artificial mode control procedure. Numerical integration is employed through the thickness of the element for accurate evaluation of the plastic response in moderately thick shells. The projection operator employed for the mode stabilization is orthogonal to constant, linear, and quadratic displacement fields in the local Cartesian ( x′, y′ ) coordinates at each of the 2 × 2 Gauss quadrature stations. As a result, the flat-plate pure-bending patch tests are not affected for arbitrary element sizes. The resulting element is essentially free of membrane and shear locking problems, and it has not shown any signs of spurious zero energy mode effects for a large number of linear and nonlinear tests.
The pathway of feline calicivirus entry

The requirement for a low pH-dependent step during feline calicivirus (FCV) entry into Crandell-Reese feline kidney cells was investigated. Chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent that prevents acidification of intracellular vesicles, inhibited the production of infectious virus when present during adsorption and the initial stages of FCV replication, but had little effect when added after 2 h post infection. The effect of chloroquine was reversible, allowing the virus growth curve to proceed when removed from the culture. In the presence of chloroquine small amounts of viral RNA were detected at 4, 6, and 8 h post infection, compared to untreated infected cells. These results suggest that entry of feline calicivirus into cells requires a low pH-dependent step.
Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of solvents I. Glycidyl ethers, dioxane, nitroalkanes, dimethylformamide and allyl derivatives

The carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity as well as structural features and relationships of the glycidylethers (principally phenyl-, butyl-, allyl-, and isopropyl-), dioxane, nitroalkanes (nitro methane, ethane and propane), dimethylformamide and allyl derivatives (chloride, alcohol and amine) were examined. Additionally, considerations of the production, use patterns, estimated populations at risk, TLV's and metabolism of the above agents were discussed.
Estimate of the Number of Red Drum Anglers in Texas

Abstract A method to estimate the number of anglers who fish for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in Texas bays is needed to allocate harvest among user groups. Angling effort directed at red drum was estimated from life history information, Greafe's avidity criteria, relative probabilities that anglers in each avidity class will catch red drum, and the proportion of anglers seeking the species. For 1979, the estimate was 509,040 anglers who fished for red drum, which represents over 50% of Texas saltwater anglers that year.
'Plains-type folds' in the midcontinent region (U.S.A.) : Chronicling a concept

‘Plains-type folds’ are those folds formed in gently dipping sediments overlying a crystalline basement in cratonic areas of the world. They are the result of differential compaction of sediments over rigid basement fault blocks. Trends of the folds in the sedimentary section thus coincide with trends of basement features. Plains-type folds generally are (1) small in areal extent, (2) increase in closure downward, (3) without a corresponding depression, and (4) asymmetric and associated with faulting. The features were developed intermittently through time by differential compaction of the sediments over an inherent structural pattern of uplifted fault blocks in the basement. Plains-type folds were recognized early in the twentieth century in the Midcontinent (USA) as containing petroleum. They were the object of much speculation on their origin and development and were studied intensively in the 1920s and 1930s. Most of the studies were concentrated in Kansas and Oklahoma and revolved around the relation...
Diesel Engine Control Strategy for Biodiesel Blend Accommodation Independent of Fuel Fatty Acid Structure

Abstract Growing dependence on foreign oil for transportation as well as greenhouse gas emissions have created a need for advancement in clean and renewable fuel technologies. Biodiesel, a renewable fuel produced from plant oils or animal fats, generally produces lower carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter emissions. However, the use of biodiesel in a diesel engine has certain challenges including lower power output and up to 40% higher nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions compared to diesel. Biodiesel usage in colder climates is also challenging due to its relatively high cloud point. Based on studies done to understand the effect of biodiesel combustion on engine power and NO x emissions, control strategies are developed to mitigate these challenges. This includes control of the total energy of injected fuel in order to get same the power output for diesel and biodiesel. In order to maintain consistent NO x emissions between diesel and biodiesel, the fraction of oxygen available for combustion contributed by the fuel, air and recirculated exhaust gases is maintained constant. This fuel flexible control strategy greatly reduced or completely eliminated increases in emissions of NO x of up to 30% while largely maintaining the power capacity of the engine when operating with biodiesel. It is also shown with experimental validation that these control techniques are robust to changes in the fatty acid composition of biodiesel, which could vary significantly depending on the feedstock used to produce biodiesel or additional processing done on the fuel in order to make it suitable for cold weather operation.
Simstat a simple statistical package to support simulation

This paper discusses a package of thirteen programs written in conversational FORTRAM which facilitate many aspects of data collection and analysis associated with modeling of waiting line systems. While the package was developed for pedagogical purposes, it may also be used by simulation practitioners or managers with a knowledge of elementary statistics. Most statistics are nonparametric.The package includes one program (DATCOL) to minimize the effort of data collection and to calculate sample performance measures; one program to compute descriptive statistics, sort data, average each adjacent m values and select every n-th value; one program to perform Chi-Square or Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit tests; one program to produce performance measures based on common analytical waiting line models; one program to generate uniform, Poisson, negative exponential or normal random variates; three programs to evaluate the random number stream using, respectively, Yule's test, the gap test and the runs-up-and-down test; one program to extract individual performance observations from the image of GPSS output stored on disk; one program to compute the Spearman rank correlation coefficient; one program to plot the data values; one program to apply three steady state heuristics to the data; and one program to perform the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test or the Kruskal-Wallis "H" test of differences in alternative configurations.
Issues with Older Workers and Employees with Disabilities

Among issues that library managers need to consider is work suitability involving older or impaired workers or employees with disabilities. This can involve factors needing consideration when hiring or retaining these workers. Disabilities or impairments can range from visual or auditory, to physical or mental, to learning or age-related. They can be due to repetitive motion injuries, lessening physical agility, or other types of birth or injury issues. As the workforce ages, workers may continue employment past previous retirement ages or may even seek to begin a new career in the library field.
Stratigraphy and Chronology in the 1971–1977 Field Data

AbstractWithin the large incomplete circular element of the Seip Earthworks(33Ro40), a complex set of cultural remains were built and used in a small but crowded area approximately half way between a portion of the circular wall and Seip-Pricer Mound (Baby and Langlois 1979: Figure 4.2; Frontpiece, this volume; Otto, this volume). The focus of this chapter is on the structures recovered by the Ohio Historical Society (OHS) from 1971 to 1977. The general construction method used for all seven structures reflects that found in other Ohio Hopewell wooden structures. At some point in time each structure was taken down (decommissioned) and covered by a small mound composed of natural soils mixed with cultural debris. Some mounds also had a second overlying gravel stratum. Prior to the 1930s when the area became a state memorial, plowing impacted all the low mounds and even touched some activity floors. Structural ground plans, interior features, and mound strata vary. Examples of the latter are presented below...
Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents.

According to a public announcement by the US National Institutes of Health , “Biofilms are medically important, accounting for over 80% of microbial infections in the body”. Yet bacterial biofilms remain poorly understood and strategies for their control remain underdeveloped. Standard antimicrobial treatments typically fail to eradicate biofilms, which can result in chronic infection and the need for surgical removal of afflicted areas. The need to create effective therapies to counter biofilm infections presents one of the most pressing challenges in anti-bacterial drug development. In this article, the mechanisms that underlie biofilm resistance to antimicrobial chemotherapy will be examined, with particular attention being given to potential avenues for the effective treatment of biofilms.
Preservation of contour in periorbital and midfacial craniofacial microsurgery: reconstruction of the soft-tissue elements and skeletal buttresses.

Background Microsurgical reconstructive algorithms for craniofacial defects have focused on soft-tissue flaps with or without conventional bone grafts. However, volumetric loss from muscle atrophy, bone resorption, and soft-tissue contraction limits long-term preservation of facial contour. Applying craniofacial principles of skeletal buttress support, the authors used composite vascularized bone flaps to reconstruct the soft tissue and the vertical and horizontal buttresses of the face. In this manner, facial proportions and aesthetics are maintained in composite tissue defects resulting from high-energy trauma or oncologic extirpation. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective review of 31 patients with craniofacial defects treated by a single surgeon with composite bone flaps at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center and The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 2001 to 2006. Charts were reviewed and data were collected on age, sex, mechanism of injury, type of defect, type of reconstructive procedure, and outcome. Results Thirty-one patients with composite tissue loss, primarily men (n = 21) with an average age of 37.4 years, underwent reconstruction with vascularized bone flaps (25 fibula flaps and six iliac crest flaps). There were three cranial defects, eight periorbital defects, 17 maxillary defects, and three maxillary and periorbital defects. The flap survival rate was 93.5 percent, with an average follow-up of 13.5 months. Conclusions Restoration of facial height, width, and projection through skeletal buttress replacement is essential for achieving facial harmony. Since 2001, the authors' unit has pursued a paradigm shift with regard to treatment of composite oncologic or traumatic defects, advocating vascularized bone flaps to achieve excellent long-term functional and aesthetic outcomes.
Influence of Various Pretreatments (Carriers, Desiccation, and Relative Cleanliness) on the Destruction of Bacillus subtilis var. niger Spores with Gaseous Ethylene oxide

The ethylene oxide resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores inoculated on a variety of carriers was determined. After initial experiments indicated that cleanliness of the spores was important, desiccated and undesiccated spores of varying degrees of cleanliness on aluminum foil and chromatography paper were studied. Under the experimental conditions, desiccation of the spore population had no influence on susceptibility to ethylene oxide. The degree of cleanliness of the spore preparation was the significant factor in excessive resistance. The bacteriological controls used for testing ethylene oxide sterilization processes should be adequately cleaned so that they may accurately monitor the process.
Temperature and density dependence of the linewidths and line shifts of the rotational Raman lines in N 2 and H 2

The temperature and density dependence of the rotational Raman linewidths and line shifts for the diatomic molecules ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ has been measured using stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy. Room-temperature results for the density-broadening coefficients, B, in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ are compared with ab initio calculations, while the low-temperature (80 and 195 K) results are the first to be reported, to our knowledge. Values of \ensuremath{\gamma} in the relation, B\ensuremath{\propto}${T}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, were determined from fits to the data for self-broadening in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ yielding 0.25l\ensuremath{\gamma}l0.39. Foreign-gas (${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) broadening coefficients for the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ transitions were also measured and found to be 10\char21{}15 % smaller than the self-broadening coefficients. Our linewidth and line-shift results for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ are in general agreement with previous measurements.
Concluding Comments: Laptop Learning Communities.

A pioneering administrator of a campus laptop mandate, the author explains how increasingly sophisticated computer enhancements of the curriculum create more and more learning possibilities and potential, with universal laptop ownership in a wireless environment approaching the fullest use of the available technology.
Intestinal microbial ecology in premature infants assessed with non-culture-based techniques.

The human adult harbors an estimated 1×1014 cells, ~10% belong to the host and the remaining 90% represent the microbiota in or on the host, most of which are found in the intestinal tract.1-4 Although little data exist from human studies, animal studies suggest that the intestinal microbiota during the neonatal period has a profound effect on nutritional status, gastrointestinal (GI) tract development, and maintenance of mucosal surface integrity.2,5-7 Our understanding of the establishment and evolution of the intestinal microbiota during early infancy in humans has been limited because classical cultivation techniques allow the identification of a limited number of bacteria. In the adult human gut, 60-80% of the total microbiota can not be cultivated.8,9 In premature infants, the GI environment and susceptibility to disease are different compared with that in term infants.10 There is little information pertaining to the development of the intestinal microbiota using non-culture based techniques in infants. A few studies have monitored the bacterial communities in preterm infants.11-15 Application of high throughput 16S rRNA based techniques is needed to accurately assess the developing GI microbiota. 16S rRNA is part of the small ribosomal subunit that is preserved among all living organisms. It is the most universally used molecule for phylogenetic analysis as the gene encoding it contains conserved as well as variable regions. Similarity in the 16S rRNA genes is a measure of the relatedness of a bacterium of interest to other bacteria. Advantages of phylogenetic analysis using a 16S rRNA approach include its high sensitivity and the ability to analyze organisms without a need to first culture them. 454 pyrosequencing allows for an in depth analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences derived from community DNA, such as that present in human feces. The large number of sequences obtained using the 454 pyrosequencing approach, which exceeds conventional Sanger based sequencing by magnitudes, permits the detection of abundant but also rare bacteria. This research is critical because these infants have several immaturities of the GI tract,16-18 including hyperactive inflammatory responses19 to microbial antigens that may predispose the premature infant to intestinal injury including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and intestine-derived systemic inflammation.7 This study was designed to use non-culture based technology to evaluate intra- and interindividual variation in early intestinal microbial ecology in premature infants to help guide investigations in larger, more extensive studies.
X-ray diffraction analysis of cytochrome P450 2B4 reconstituted into liposomes.

Two general models of the membrane topology of microsomal cytochrome P450 have been proposed: (1) deep immersion in the membrane, and (2) a P450cam-like heme domain anchored to the membrane with one or two membrane-spanning helices. Lamellar X-ray diffraction of oriented membrane multilayers was employed to distinguish these alternatives. Cytochrome P450 2B4 was reconstituted into unilamellar phospholipid proteoliposomes (molar protein to lipid ratio 1:90). Sedimentation of the proteoliposomes produced an ordered stack of bilayers with a one-dimensional repeat distance (d) perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer. The stacked multilayers were exposed to an X-ray beam (λ = 1.54 A) at near grazing incidence, and lamellar diffraction patterns were recorded. With proteoliposome multilayers, up to six diffraction orders could be observed. Their spacing corresponded to a d of 63.6 A, calculated according to Bragg's Law, comprising the lipid bilayer, the projection of the incorporated protein beyond the bilayer...
Real-time driver characterization during car following using stochastic evolving models

This paper studies characterizing the driving behavior during steady-state and transient car-following. An approach utilizing the online learning of an evolving Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model that is combined with a probabilistic model is applied to capture the multi-model and evolving nature of the driving behavior. The approach is validated by testing on a vehicle during different driving conditions.
The role of coherence in legal reasoning

Many contemporary philosophers of law agree that a necessary condition for a decision to be legally justified, even in a hard case, is that it coheres with established law. Some, namely Sartorius and Dworkin, have gone beyond that relatively uncontroversial claim and described the role of coherence in legal justification as analogous to its role in moral and scientific justification, on contemporary theories. In this, I argue, they are mistaken. Specifically, coherence in legal justification is sometimes specific to a branch of law, and there is nothing isomorphic to this in the models of moral and scientific justification. Although Dworkin and Sartorius rely on the concept of coherence, they do not explicate it. In the course of examining their views, this essay offers a partial analysis of coherence on their models. Finally, two canons of relevance, governing when global coherence considerations are appropriate to legal justification, are presented.
An interspecific analysis of relative jaw-joint height in primates

Jaw-joint height (JJH) above the occlusal plane is thought to be influenced by cranial base angle (CBA) and facial angulation during growth. To better understand how JJH relates to midline craniofacial form, we test the hypothesis that relative increases in JJH are correlated with increasing CBA flexion and facial kyphosis (i.e., ventral bending) across primates. We compared JJH above the occlusal plane to CBA and the angle of facial kyphosis (AFK) across adults from 82 species. JJH scales with positive allometry relative to a skull geometric mean in anthropoids and most likely strepsirrhines. Anthropoid regressions for JJH are elevated above strepsirrhines, whereas catarrhines exhibit a higher slope than platyrrhines. Semipartial correlations between relative JJH and both CBA and AFK show no association across a small strepsirrhine sample, limited associations among catarrhines and anthropoids, but strong correlations in platyrrhines. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, increases in relative JJH are correlated with relatively less flexed basicrania and more airorhynch faces (i.e., reduced ventral bending) in platyrrhines. The mosaic pattern of relationships involving JJH across primate clades points to multiple influences on JJH across primates. In clades showing little association with basicranial and facial angles, such as strepsirrhines, the potential morphological independence of JJH may facilitate a relative freedom for evolutionary changes related to masticatory function. Finally, failure to associate relative JJH and basicranial flexion in most clades suggests that the relatively taller JJH and more flexed basicrania of anthropoids compared to strepsirrhines may have evolved as an isolated event during the origin of anthropoids.
Vasilii Shukshin and the “Audience of Millions”: Kalina krasnaia and the Power of Popular Cinema

V asilii Shukshin's Kalina krasnaia is perhaps the most sensational Soviet movie of the 1970s. Not only did the tragic and controversial story of recidivist-thief Egor Prokudin's attempt to "go straight" and return to the rural home of his childhood draw over sixty million people to movie theaters across the country-and many of these viewers saw the movie more than once-but it generated public debate over the film's themes on a scale virtually unprecedented in Soviet film history. As one critic states, "Very few events have taken place in recent times in our art that have so shaken the social and aesthetic selfconsciousness of the viewer."' Thousands of letters poured into the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines with viewers' reactions and questions.2 Sovetskii ekran and Voprosy literatury organized roundtables to discuss the film and the cine-novella on which it was based.3 Iskusstvo kino published a lengthy article on the making of the movie in direct response to public demand.4 Readers of Sovetskii ekran voted the movie the best
A New Method for Measuring Legislative Content and Change Senate Voting on Vietnam War Bills

This article has four purposes: (1) to show that it is important to develop a satisfactory way to conceptualize and measure legislative content and change; (2) to propose criteria for evaluating measurement procedures, show that past approaches are inadequate, and propose an improved approach; (3) to apply the approach to voting by the U.S. Senate on Vietnam-related roll calls, 1964-1973; (4) to assess the validity of the approach. The proposed approach involves defining the relevant universe of content more narrowly than in most previous work and using Smallest Space Analysis to derive dimensions and locate items on them. A substantively interpretable three-dimensional solution is found, and the scores given legislative items behave statistically in ways that would be expected of valid measures.
Learning fuzzy rule-based neural networks for function approximation

The authors present a method for the induction of fuzzy logic rules to predict a numerical function from samples of the function and its dependent variables. This method uses an information-theoretic approach based on the authors' previous work with discrete-valued data (see Proc. Int. Joint. Conf. on Neur. Net., vol.1, p.875-80, 1991). The rules learned can then be used in a neural network to predict the function value based on its dependent variables. An example is shown of learning a control system function. >
Protein Carbonylation as a Novel Mechanism in Redox Signaling

Reactive oxygen species serve as second messengers for signal transduction; however, molecular targets of oxidant signaling have not been defined. Here, we show that ligand-receptor-mediated signaling promotes reactive oxygen species-dependent protein carbonylation. Treatment of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells with endothelin-1 increased protein carbonyls. Carbonylation of the majority of proteins occurred transiently, suggesting that there is also a mechanism for decarbonylation induced by endothelin-1. Decarbonylation was suppressed by inhibition of thioredoxin reductase, and cellular thioredoxin was upregulated during the decarbonylation phase. These results indicate that endothelin-1 promotes oxidant signaling as well as thioredoxin-mediated reductive signaling to regulate carbonylation and decarbonylation mechanisms. In cells treated with endothelin receptor antagonists, hydrogen peroxide scavengers, or an iron chelator, we identified, via mass spectrometry, proteins that are carbonylated in a receptor- and Fenton reaction-dependent manner, including annexin A1, which promotes apoptosis and suppresses cell growth. Carbonylation of annexin A1 by endothelin-1 was followed by proteasome-dependent degradation of this protein. We propose that carbonylation and subsequent degradation of annexin A1 may play a role in endothelin-mediated cell growth and survival, important events in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Protein carbonylation in response to ligand-receptor interactions represents a novel mechanism in redox signaling.
Molecular Recognition at the Protein-Hydroxyapatite Interface

Proteins found in mineralized tissues act as nature's crystal engineers, where they play a key role in promoting or inhibiting the growth of minerals such as hydroxyapatite (bones/teeth) and calcium oxalate (kidney stones). Despite their importance in hard-tissue formation and remodeling, and in pathological processes such as stone formation and arterial calcification, there is little known of the protein structure-function relationships that govern hard-tissue engineering. Here we review early studies that have utilized solid-state NMR (ssNMR) techniques to provide in situ secondary-structure determination of statherin and statherin peptides on their biologically relevant hydroxyapatite (HAP) surfaces. In addition to direct structural study, molecular dynamics studies have provided considerable insight into the protein-binding footprint on hydroxyapatite. The molecular insight provided by these studies has also led to the design of biomimetic fusion peptides that utilize nature's crystal-recognition mechanism to display accessible and dynamic bioactive sequences from the HAP surface. These peptides selectively engage adhesion receptors and direct specific outside-in signaling pathway activation in osteoblast-like cells.
Solution to the indexing problem of multidimensional DFT's on arbitrary sampling lattices

A method for implementing the indexing step of multidimensional FFTs is presented. The initial arrangement of the multidimensional data bears a heavy effect on the rearranging of the data. The proposed method seeks an appropriate geometry for the data which allows partial decoupling between the different dimensions. The result is a set of linear integer equations which is solved using the Smith normal factorization of the periodicity matrix. The hexagonal indexing algorithm is given as an illustration.
Constraints on socio-buffering around the Mantadia National Park in Madagascar

Integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) involve the establishment of parks and reserves with protective or buffer zones around them. Socio-buffering provides local residents with alternatives to traditional land-use activities, but the actual implementation of socio-buffering programmes is difficult.Socio-economic requirements and constraints to socio-buffering were assessed for the Mantadia National Park in eastern Madagascar based on five criteria. Previously unused lands for compensating people for loss of access to areas within the park were found to be insufficient. While there existed institutions and programmes for developing substitute land-use activities, successful adoption of these activities was crucially dependent on their economic viability. Socio-buffering activities need to not only provide goods that are substitutes for goods that are traditionally consumed, but they also need to be at least as profitable as traditional economic efforts. Also, if land and labour are not a constraint to agricultural expansion, socio-buffering activities can themselves result in increased deforestation. Finally, the long-term effectiveness of socio-buffering was likely to be dependent on the satisfaction of a number of stake-holder interests, and on explicit linkages developed between socio-buffering activities and conservation.
Matching nucleotide sequences of human antibodies with other known sequences

From an evolutionary point of view, the complementarity-determining regions of antibodies are distinct from other proteins including the framework regions of antibodies. A search for identical nucleotide sequences of eighty-four 15 consecutive bp in the complementarity-determining regions of human antibody heavy chains with other known sequences yielded four matches: two sequential 15-bp matches, or one 16-bp match, with the coding region of a sea-urchin testis histone H2b-2, one 15-bp match with the promotor region of a cauliflower mosaic virus inclusion body protein, and a 15-bp match with an intron between exons 1 and 2 of human factor IX. As a control, an identical search of eighty-four 15 consecutive bp in the framework regions of human antibody heavy chains yielded no matches with other sequences except those from other antibody framwork regions. Since the currently available nucleotide sequence database used in the search consisted of about 1 × 10 7 bp, finding such matches in the complementarity-determining regions might not be random.
Total synthesis of auripyrone A using a tandem non-aldol aldol/Paterson aldol process as a key step.

A tandem non-aldol aldol-Paterson aldol generates the polypropionate 12 from the epoxy alcohol 8 and the ketone 9 in only two steps and 74% overall yield as a single diastereomer, due to double stereodifferentiation, where the stereoinduction from the enolate and the α-methyl substituent of the aldehyde are reinforcing. This compound was used for an efficient synthesis of the natural product auripyrone A, 1, in only 18 steps and 17% overall yield, using a highly regioselective hemiketalization of a keto diol and a late stage spiroketalization onto a stable hemiketal as the final key steps.
Effects of dietary amino acid density regimens on growth performance and meat yield of Cobb × Cobb 700 broilers

SUMMARY The effects of dietary amino acid (AA) density on the performance and meat yield of Cobb × Cobb 700 broilers were evaluated in the current study. Cobb × Cobb 700 chicks, obtained from commercial hatchery, were fed either moderate- or high-AA-density diets within the starter (0 to 14 d, in crumbles), grower (14 to 28 d, in pellets), finisher (28 to 35 d, in pellets), and withdrawal (35 to 56 d, in pellets) phases of a grow-out program, for a total of 8 possible treatment combinations. Cobb × Cobb 500 birds, also from a commercial hatchery, were fed a moderate-AA-density diet and served as a reference. Before formulation of the experimental diets, the corn, soybean meal, and animal byproduct ingredients in the feed were analyzed for total AA concentration. At 42 and 56 d of age, live performance, meat yield, and feed cost efficiency were evaluated. Mortality, which averaged approximately 3%, was not affected by any treatments. Body weight on d 42 and 56 were not affected by AA density in the diets. Based on main effects of FCR, Cobb × Cobb 700 birds benefited greatly from being fed high-AA-density diets during the finisher and withdrawal feeding phases. Feeding Cobb × Cobb 700 moderate-AA-density diets throughout all feeding phases proved to be more economically efficient when compared with feeding high-AA-density diets at an early stage and a moderate-AA-density diet at a later stage. This is based on a lower feed cost to cut-up part value ratio observed on d 56. Although live performance and meat yield of Cobb × Cobb 700 broilers responded to high-AA-density diets, this diet did not result in the most cost-effective program.
In depth annotation of the Anopheles gambiae mosquito midgut transcriptome

Genome sequencing of Anopheles gambiae was completed more than ten years ago and has accelerated research on malaria transmission. However, annotation needs to be refined and verified experimentally, as most predicted transcripts have been identified by comparative analysis with genomes from other species. The mosquito midgut—the first organ to interact with Plasmodium parasites—mounts effective antiplasmodial responses that limit parasite survival and disease transmission. High-throughput Illumina sequencing of the midgut transcriptome was used to identify new genes and transcripts, contributing to the refinement of An. gambiae genome annotation. We sequenced ~223 million reads from An. gambiae midgut cDNA libraries generated from susceptible (G3) and refractory (L35) mosquito strains. Mosquitoes were infected with either Plasmodium berghei or Plasmodium falciparum, and midguts were collected after the first or second Plasmodium infection. In total, 22,889 unique midgut transcript models were generated from both An. gambiae strain sequences combined, and 76% are potentially novel. Of these novel transcripts, 49.5% aligned with annotated genes and appear to be isoforms or pre-mRNAs of reference transcripts, while 50.5% mapped to regions between annotated genes and represent novel intergenic transcripts (NITs). Predicted models were validated for midgut expression using qRT-PCR and microarray analysis, and novel isoforms were confirmed by sequencing predicted intron-exon boundaries. Coding potential analysis revealed that 43% of total midgut transcripts appear to be long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and functional annotation of NITs showed that 68% had no homology to current databases from other species. Reads were also analyzed using de novo assembly and predicted transcripts compared with genome mapping-based models. Finally, variant analysis of G3 and L35 midgut transcripts detected 160,742 variants with respect to the An. gambiae PEST genome, and 74% were new variants. Intergenic transcripts had a higher frequency of variation compared with non-intergenic transcripts. This in-depth Illumina sequencing and assembly of the An. gambiae midgut transcriptome doubled the number of known transcripts and tripled the number of variants known in this mosquito species. It also revealed existence of a large number of lncRNA and opens new possibilities for investigating the biological function of many newly discovered transcripts.
Changes in Locations of Crossover Sites over Time inde NovoGenerated RNA Recombinants

Abstract Recombinant RNAs generated in plants 3 weeks postinoculation with turnip crinkle virus (TCV) genomic RNA and an associated satellite RNA, sat-RNA D, have a majority of TCV crossover sites in a 24-nucleotide repeat (motif IIIA/IIIB) that forms part of a stable hairpin (Carpenter et al., 1995, J. Mol. Biol. 245, 608–622). To determine if parameters other than nucleotide sequence in the crossover region affect junction site selection, recombinants were assayed at various times postinoculation of plants and protoplasts. Populations of recombinants became progressively shorter in plants and larger in protoplasts. Levels of inoculated transcript and age of the plant were not substantial factors in the shifts in crossover site locations. The two most commonly cloned recombinant species were not amplified to detectable levels in protoplasts, suggesting that these molecules are not viable templates for replication. These results suggest that recombination between sat-RNA D and TCV is a very frequent event, and populations of recombinants are likely generated de novo in each infected cell and represent the original recombinant molecules rather than progeny of such molecules. Therefore, factors other than simple selection for recombinants that are more fit to replicate are probably responsible for the differences in junction sites in populations of sat-RNA D/TCV recombinants.
Bipolar qualitative/quantitative models for cognitive modeling and multiagent decision analysis

NPN (negative-positive-neutral) calculi, a family of eight qualitative-quantitative models for bipolar cognitive modeling and decision analysis, are introduced and analyzed. It is proved that NPN logic, NPN fuzzy logic, NPN algebra, NPN relational model, and NPN linear algebra provide six new strict (quantitative) structures after the usual 4-valued model. It is observed that there is no clear-cut between qualitative and quantitative models; the more levels of specifications the closer is a qualitative model towards a quantitative model; and any qualitative model may fail without deeper levels of specifications. Based on these observations, eight different models are positioned on a qualitative-quantitative spectrum. Cognitive modeling and multiagent decision analysis using different models are illustrated and compared. >
Unsteady flow volumes

Flow volumes [1] are extended for use in unsteady (time-dependent) flows. The resulting unsteady flow volumes are the 3 dimensional analog of streaklines. There are few examples where methods other than particle tracing have been used to visualize time varying flows. Since particle paths can become convoluted in time there are additional considerations to be made when extending any visualization technique to unsteady flows. We will present some solutions to the problems which occur in subdivision, rendering, and system design. We will apply the unsteady flow volumes to a variety of field types including moving multi-zoned curvilinear grids.
Discovery of Volcanic Activity on Io. A Historical Review

In the 2 March 1979 issue of Science 203 S. J. Peale, P. Cassen and R. T. Reynolds published their paper "Melting of Io by tidal dissipation" indicating "the dissipation of tidal energy in Jupiter's moon Io is likely to have melted a major fraction of the mass." The conclusion of their paper was that "consequences of a largely molten interior may be evident in pictures of Io's surface returned by Voyager 1." Just three days after that, the Voyager 1 spacecraft would pass within 0.3 Jupiter radii of Io. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory navigation team's orbit estimation program as well as the team members themselves performed flawlessly. In regards to the optical navigation component image extraction of satellite centers in Voyager pictures taken for optical navigation at Jupiter rms post fit residuals were less than 0.25 pixels. The cognizant engineer of the Optical Navigation Image Processing System was astronomer Linda Morabito. Four days after the Voyager 1 encounter with Jupiter, after preforming image processing on a picture of Io taken by the spacecraft the day before, something anomalous emerged off the limb of Io. This historical review written by the discoverer recounts her minute-by-minute quest to identify what was a volcanic plume, the first evidence of active volcanism seen beyond Earth. Many ingredients of the account reflect historic themes in the process of scientific discovery.
Nonlinear Systems and Bifurcations

An overview of the basic local convergence theory of iterative processes for solving nonlinear systems of equations is given with applications to some of the principal computational methods, including Newton’s method and various of its related forms, and inexact Newton methods. Then parametrized systems of equations and computational methods for the analysis of their solution manifolds are discussed, and for the scalar parameter case homotopy methods and continuation methods are considered. Finally, an introduction to the computational study of the bifurcation behavior of parametrized systems is presented.
The Role of Foreign Capital in Egypt's Economic Development: 1960-1972

Egypt is a less developed country that made use of foreign capital to accelerate its rate of economic development and growth. In 1960 Egypt embarked on long-term economic development planning. A Five-Year plan (1960–1965) was followed by a Seven-Year plan (1965–1972). In planning for economic development, Egyptian authorities relied heavily on foreign capital.
Projective Identification in the Consulting Relationship: Exploring the Unconscious Dimensions of a Client System

This paper explores the impact of projective identification on consulting relationships. The concept of projective identification, drawn from psychoanalytic literature, is used to elucidate the ways in which the dynamics within consulting teams comes to mirror important and unconscious aspects of the client system. Attention to this process thus provides opportunities for understanding important dynamics of the client system which are often inaccessible through more traditional modes of social science inquiry. It is often that these unrecognized, implicit forces can emerge in the course of an intervention and undermine attempts at collaborative social change. Three case examples illustrate the operation of this process, and finally a discussion of the practical implications of attending to it is offered.
An in-scene parameter estimation method for quantitative image analysis

In-scene parameter estimation applies image samples of a known population to find parameters in its image generation model. These parameter estimates then may be applied in models of other populations of interest. In remote-sensed imaging, the models are often complex (nonlinear, numerical, etc.), and the sample sizes are usually large. In many cases, traditional estimators are not applicable. The author presents a numerical approach to estimation that can be applied to such models. This estimator is an approximation to the maximum likelihood solution of a general non-linear model. It is based on matching simplified residuals with their known density, which is-obtained by simulation. The goodness of the match is characterized by an objective function derived from the likelihood ratio statistic. A sampling distribution, generated by replication, characterizes the estimator for a given application. The technique has been applied to estimate parameters in thermal infrared imagery, but it may be employed to estimate parameters in various single band and multi-spectral applications. >
On the boundary conditions for the membrane equations of thin, cylindrical shells and resulting natural frequencies

Abstract The method of matched asymptotic expansions is applied to the classical equations of motion for thin, cylindrical shells to extract the correct boundary conditions to apply to the membrane equations. Numerical results for natural frequencies are obtained for fixed-fixed and fixed-free ends, and are shown to be valid for small circumferential wavenumbers.