cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Scaling in a Ni-Si Alloy Undergoing Phase Separation

The dynamics of the decomposition processes in a Ni-12.5 at.% Si alloy has been studied by the small-angle scattering (SANS) method in the temperature range between 400°C and 550°C. The mode of phase separation, as well as the dynamical scaling behavior, was examined in accordance with existing theories and with computer modelling studies.
Charge Compensating Defects in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Suppressed by Formamidinium Inclusion.

Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measurements have been performed over a range from 9 K to room temperature on polycrystalline methylammonium (MA)/formamidinium (FA) lead iodide (MA1-xFAxPbI3) perovskite thin films. Our low-temperature PL analysis reveals the existence of charge compensating defects in MAPbI3, which may explain the lower net free carrier concentration in MAPbI3 perovskite. More interestingly, we observe the suppression of the PL emission associated with the charged defects by appropriate FA inclusion. Furthermore, FA incorporation into MAPbI3 has been found to slow the phase transformation of MA1-xFAxPbI3 from orthorhombic to tetragonal phase, which occurs with increasing temperature. Our analyses of the FA concentration's impact on defect density and structural phase transformation provide beneficial insights that improve the understanding of the photovoltaic properties and application of organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites.
Outbidding and Internal Rifts

In circumstances of extremism, outbidding is a concept that explains competition among groups with shared religion, ideology, politics, and/or ethnicity in order to impress their existing or potential constituency. In circumstances of terrorism, outbidding is a rational strategy used by a terrorist group to maximize its potential by competing with other terrorist groups. Academics and practitioners alike have long accepted the argument that competition among terrorist groups increases the degree of violence used by the participants.
Disentangling the Effects of Ad Tone on Voter Turnout and Candidate Choice in Presidential Elections

We study the effects of positive and negative advertising in presidential elections. We develop a model to disentangle these effects on voter turnout and candidate choice. The central empirical challenges are highly correlated and endogenous advertising quantities that are measured with error. To address these challenges, we construct a large set of potential instruments, including interactions with incumbency that we demonstrate provide the critical identifying variation, and apply machine learning causal inference methods. Using data from the 2000 and 2004 U.S. presidential elections, we find that positive and negative ads play fundamentally different roles. Negative ads are more effective at driving relative candidate shares, whereas positive ads stimulate turnout. These results indicate that a candidate geographically targeting tone trades off local relative share gains and local increases in turnout for localities with a strong base. Counterfactual simulations indicate that ad tone alone can impact the outcome of close elections. Our analysis also provides potential explanations as to why past studies have produced mixed findings on both ad tone and turnout effects.
Kidney Transplantation From SARS-CoV-2 Positive Deceased Donor.

To expand the available donor pool, many organ procurement organizations and transplant programs have begun to consider severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid test positive candidates(1). It is becoming increasingly clear that not all donors with a positive nucleic acid amplification test for SARS-CoV-2 are contagious, and some of these organs can be transplanted with careful selection(2, 3). Data from 31 kidney transplants from living donors with resolved COVID-19 in India showed the safety of this approach(4). However, it is unknown whether kidneys from donors with active COVID-19 can also be safely transplanted(3, 5). Beyond the "active" infection designation, it is clinically possible to risk stratify donors with COVID-19 based on additional parameters such as clinical history and radiologic or laboratory findings. Here we present a case and 210-day outcome of a successful kidney transplantation from otherwise medically suitable SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive deceased donors.
Kinetic evidence for multiple binding sites on phosphofructokinase.

Abstract For brain phosphofructokinase at pH 8, with noninhibitory levels of adenosine triphosphate, the Michaelis constants for ATP (0.1 mm) and fructose-6-P (0.04 mm) are each independent of the concentration of the second substrate. Inhibition of P-fructokinase by ATP is highly susceptible to many influences. In addition to the specific effects of NH4+, inorganic orthophosphate, AMP, fructose-6-P, and fructose diphosphate, ATP inhibition is affected by pH, the concentration of Mg2+, dimercaptopropanol, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. At pH 8, with a high constant level of Mg2+, the velocities can be quantitatively accounted for, over a wide range of levels of both substrates, by a formulation involving two inhibitor sites for ATP and three deinhibitor sites for fructose-6-P, none of which influences the substrate site Michaelis constants for ATP or fructose-6-P. Free ATP is much more inhibitory than MgATP2-. Because of this, and because Mg2+ itself is inhibitory, the relationship between Mg2+ concentration and activity is complex. At pH 8 an Mg2+:ATP ratio of about 2:1 is optimal except at very low ATP levels; at pH 7 much higher Mg2+:ATP ratios are required for maximal rates. Inhibition by Mg2+ is antagonized by AMP. NH4+, Pi, and AMP all increase activity, particularly at inhibitory levels of ATP. The effects are synergistic. At pH 7 with almost complete inhibition by ATP, the results of adding various combinations of the three activators fit a formulation in which the catalytic activity increases progressively as one, two, or three of the activators are bound to the molecule. The formulation requires that the presence of any two of the activators increases the affinity of the enzyme for the third. ADP and cyclic 3',5'-AMP appear to act in the same manner as AMP, presumably at the same site. K+ appears to act in the same manner as NH4+ but does not increase enzyme activity to the same degree. At pH 8 and 27°, P-fructokinase loses half its activity in 4 sec and 95% in 2 min. It can be protected by very low levels of either substrate or either product or by AMP or sulfate. The half-life is doubled by 3 x 10-10 m fructose diphosphate. The kinetic findings have been interpreted to indicate the presence of not less than seven substrate, inhibitor, and deinhibitor sites (and possibly as many as 12). It would appear that these sites are so arranged that the addition of one inhibitor (ATP) makes it easier to add the other (citrate) and harder to add the deinhibitors, whereas addition of any two deinhibitors makes it easier to add the third and harder to add either inhibitor.
Presqualene Pyrophosphate A NORMAL INTERMEDIATE IN SQUALENE BIOSYNTHESIS

Previously the sterol precursor, presqualene pyrophosphate, had been detected only in biosynthetic systems which were starved for reduced pyridine nucleotides. Thus, there was the possibility that the occurrence of presqualene pyrophosphate was an artifact of NADPH deprivation. We now report the recovery of this sterol precursor from intact rat liver and from a yeast microsomal system in the presence of NADPH. The time course of synthesis of presqualene pyrophosphate and squalene from the administered precursors is entirely in accord with a precursor-product relationship between these compounds.
RADIOGRAFÍAS DEL COSTARRICENSE: ENTRE CARMEN NARANJO Y FERNANDO CONTRERAS

Este ensayo explora algunos aspectos de la identidad del costarricense a traves del estudio de dos textos: 5 Temas en busca de un pensador de Carmen Naranjo Coto y Urbanoscopio de Fernando Contreras Castro. En este trabajo, se analizan las cinco expresiones (Ahi vamos, Que le vamos a hacer, A mi que me importa, De por si e Idiay) que Naranjo trabaja en su ensayo. Despues examinare como Contreras refleja estas expresiones en el quehacer diario del costarricense en algunas de sus vinetas. Esto nos permite examinar desde adentro la vision que tiene el costarricense del mundo y de si mismo en relacion con los aconteceres politicos, sociales y personales.
SceneSkim: Searching and Browsing Movies Using Synchronized Captions, Scripts and Plot Summaries

Searching for scenes in movies is a time-consuming but crucial task for film studies scholars, film professionals, and new media artists. In pilot interviews we have found that such users search for a wide variety of clips---e.g., actions, props, dialogue phrases, character performances, locations---and they return to particular scenes they have seen in the past. Today, these users find relevant clips by watching the entire movie, scrubbing the video timeline, or navigating via DVD chapter menus. Increasingly, users can also index films through transcripts---however, dialogue often lacks visual context, character names, and high level event descriptions. We introduce SceneSkim, a tool for searching and browsing movies using synchronized captions, scripts and plot summaries. Our interface integrates information from such sources to allow expressive search at several levels of granularity: Captions provide access to accurate dialogue, scripts describe shot-by-shot actions and settings, and plot summaries contain high-level event descriptions. We propose new algorithms for finding word-level caption to script alignments, parsing text scripts, and aligning plot summaries to scripts. Film studies graduate students evaluating SceneSkim expressed enthusiasm about the usability of the proposed system for their research and teaching.
Essential tremor in ‘The tremulous hand of Worcester’: additional comments

Sir, I read with great interest the paper by Thorpe and Alty on the kinetic tremor observed in the handwriting of the 13th century scribe who is known as ‘The tremulous hand of Worcester’ (Thorpe and Alty, 2015). I agree with the authors that the most likely diagnosis is essential tremor. Essential tremor is extraordinarily prevalent; indeed, aside from enhanced physiological tremor, it is the most common cause of tremor in humans (Louis and Ferreira, 2010), and based solely on population prevalence, the notion that this was essential tremor is a reasonable one. It is worth noting that one may find other documentary evidence of essential tremor in early handwritten texts. Indeed, three of the 56 signers of the American Declaration of Independence had essential tremor at the time or were developing it. These were Stephen Hopkins, Samuel Adams …
The composition of marine-oil triglycerides as determined by silver ion-thin-layer chromatography

The fractionation of marine-oil triglycerides according to their degree of unsaturation was achieved on silica gel thin layers with 8% silver nitrate (w/w). Under the optimum conditions, cod-liver and whale oils were reproducibly separated into seven and six fractions, respectively. The fatty acid compositions of the fractions obtained from cod-liver and whale oils were further srudied by gas-liquid chromatography. The following was found in both oils: Saturated and monoenoic acids were no1 only abundant in their corresponding fractions, but also comprised about two-thirds of the fatty acids in the more unsaturated fractions. Instead, polyenoic fatty acids of similar degrees of unsaturation predominated only in the particular fraction which corresponded to their number of double bonds. Thus, the distribution of fatty acids of varying degrees of unsaturation among marine triglycerides is not random.
Optimal Layering Time Control for Stepped-Concurrent Radiative Curing Process

This paper makes the following main proposals: (1) a stepped-concurrent curing (SCC) approach for making thick parts using ultraviolet (UV) radiative curing and (2) an optimal interlayer hold time control scheme to maximize the benefit of the SCC approach. The SCC approach seeks to reduce cure level deviations across a thick part by introducing new layers before earlier ones cure completely. A model of the UV curing process that includes the coupled cure kinetics and heat transfer is used to motivate the SCC scheme as well as the inherent optimization problem in this process. Then, the SCC process is cast as a hybrid system in which the addition of each layer switches the underlying state space to one with a higher dimension. Minimization of the overall cure deviation is set as the objective of the process and the necessary conditions for the optimal interlayer hold time control sequence are explicitly derived and solved via a steepest descent algorithm. Applications of the proposed scheme to a composite laminate curing process show that the so computed optimal layering time control sequence indeed gives the best performance in terms of closely tracking a target cure level distribution, compared to equal-time SCC or one-shot curing of the whole thick part. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4029023]
Impaired Biliary Excretion of Phenol 3, 6-Dibromphthalein Disulfonate in Neonatal Guinea Pigs

SummaryHepatic disposition of DiBSP was studied in adult and newborn guinea pigs from days 2 through 16 of life after intravenous administration of DiBSP in doses sufficient to achieve maximal rates of dye excretion into bile. Neonatal guinea pigs showed a significant reduction in the maximal rate of dye excretion into bile when compared to adult animals. A minimal estimate of hepatic uptake of DiBSP showed that uptake was similar in neonatal and adult animals and was significantly greater than the maximal rates of excretion into bile. Hence hepatic uptake did not limit hepatic disposition of DiBSP. With aging, injected DiBSP was excreted at progressively more rapid rates reaching adult levels of excretion at the beginning of the second week of life. This study demonstrates the presence of a defect in the excretory process by which DiBSP is transported from liver cells into bile in the neonatal guinea pig.
Internet Distance Prediction Using Node-Pair Geography

Predictive methods for learning network distances are often more desirable than direct performance measurements between end hosts. Yet, predicting network distances remains an open and difficult problem, as the results from a number of comparative and analytical studies have shown. From an application requirements perspective, there is significant room for improvement in achieving prediction accuracies at a satisfactory level. In this paper, we develop and analyze a new, machine learning-based approach to distance prediction that seeks to capture and generalize geographical characteristics between Internet node pairs, instead of relying on direct and ongoing measurements of partial paths. We apply a basic algorithm in machine learning to demonstrate this idea and highlight the potential benefits that this method may offer over other popular methods that exist today.
Controlled release of bioactive TGF-β1 from microspheres embedded within biodegradable hydrogels

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is of great relevance to cartilage development and regeneration. A delivery system for controlled release of growth factors such as TGF-beta1 may be therapeutic for cartilage repair. We have encapsulated TGF-beta1 into poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres, and subsequently incorporated the microspheres into biodegradable hydrogels. The hydrogels are poly(ethylene glycol) based, and the degradation rate of the hydrogels is controlled by the non-toxic cross-linking reagent, genipin. Release kinetics of TGF-beta1 were assessed using ELISA and the bioactivity of the released TGF-beta1 was evaluated using a mink lung cell growth inhibition assay. The controlled release of TGF-beta1 encapsulated within microspheres embedded in scaffolds is better controlled when compared to delivery from microspheres alone. ELISA results indicated that TGF-beta1 was released over 21 days from the delivery system, and the burst release was decreased when the microspheres were embedded in the hydrogels. The concentration of TGF-beta1 released from the gels can be controlled by both the mass of microspheres embedded in the gel, and by the concentration of genipin. Additionally, the scaffold permits containment and conformation of the spheres to the defect shape. Based on these in vitro observations, we predict that we can develop a microsphere-loaded hydrogel for controlled release of TGF-beta1 to a cartilage wound site.
Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication.

Participants (N= 441) rated from 1 to 10 how frequently or well they believed hypothetical women and men performed each of twenty nonverbal behaviors or skills. Women were believed to use more expressive and involved nonverbal behaviors than men, and to be more skilled at sending and receiving nonverbal messages. Men were believed to be louder and more interruptive, and to display more nervous, dysfluent behaviors. Ratings given to females by females were higher than were ratings in the other gender combinations for over half the variables, which may accurately describe female—female interaction. Perceived gender differences correlated positively with differences reported in observational studies, indicating that beliefs about nonverbal gender differences were generally accurate.
Target thickness and uniformity measurements using charged particles

Abstract The change in energy of charged particles as they pass through target foils is a technique that can be readily adapted to the measurement of both target thickness and uniformity. This technique is limited to those target materials whose stopping power is known and whose thickness does not exceed the range of the charged particles. This paper describes how alpha particles, fission fragments, and beta particles are used in measuring target thickness and uniformity. Stopping power data are presented for 241Am alpha particles incident on carbon, gold, and nickel and for the fission fragments from 252Cf incident on nickel. These data improve the target thickness and uniformity measurements for these materials to ⪕ ± 7% .
UTILIZATION OF A SCORE SYSTEM IN THE PROGNOSIS OF ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) IN CHILDHOOD

The purpose of this study was to develop a scoring system which would assist in the prognosis of ALL In childhood. The following system was utilized retrospectively on the initial clinical data on 41 children with ALL who received systemic combination chemotherapy and central nervous system (CNS) therapy ± organ (liver, kidneys and spleen) irradiation. Numerical values yielded total scores ranging from -2 to +3 for each of 41 patients. Mean scores for those who succeeded (i.e. continuous remission of at least 2½ years) was significantly different at the 0.005 level compared to those who failed (i.e. relapse or death). The implication of this is that such a scoring system (not incorporating the WBC) when used in conjunction with the white cell count may more accurately determine the prognosis of ALL in childhood.
Kinetic aspects of cycloheximide-induced reversal of adrenocorticotropin effects on steroidogenesis and phospholipid metabolism in rat adrenal sections in vitro.

We examined the rate of cycloheximide-induced reversal of ACTH effects on steroidogenesis and phospholipid metabolism in adrenal sections in vitro. In the absence of cycloheximide, ACTH treatment elicited sustained increases in steroidogenesis (3- to 5-fold) and adrenal concentrations (2-fold) of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, and polyphosphoinositides. These increases in phospholipids were not dependent on steroidogenesis, since they were also apparent in aminoglutethimide- blocked adrenal sections. The addition of cycloheximide 30 min after ACTH treatment reversed the stimulatory effects of ACTH on steroidogenesis and phospholipids, and the rates of decay for both processes were identical, viz 28 min. This relatively slow turnover in adrenal sections in vitro contrasts with a much more rapid turnover observed previously in vivo and presently in dispersed adrenal cells in vitro; thus, it appears that an artefact of the in vitro adrenal section system stabilizes the putative labile protein. More...
Hydrolysis of a thiopeptide by cadmium carboxypeptidase A.

Abstract Substitution of the active site zinc ion of carboxypeptidase A by cadmium yields an enzyme inactive towards ordinary peptide substrates. However, a substrate analog (BzGlyNHCH2CSPheOH) containing a thioamide linkage at the scissile position is cleaved to the thioacid. The kinetic parameters and their pH dependencies are k cat K m = 5.04 × 10 4 min −1 M −1 , decreasing with either acid or base (PKE1 = 5.64, pKE2 = 9.55), and kcat = 1.02 × 102 min−1, decreasing with acid (pKES = 6.61). The thiopeptide is less efficiently cleaved by native (zinc) carboxypeptidase A. This cadmium-sulfur synergism supports a mechanism wherein the substrate amide is activated by metal ion coordination to its (thio) carbonyl.
Recurrent epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid with direct intracranial extension.

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a rare malignant salivary gland neoplasm. First described in 1972 by Donath et al,1 it was recognized as a distinct pathologic entity by the World Health...
Hydrogeomorphology of the hyporheic zone: Stream solute and fine particle interactions with a dynamic streambed

[1] Hyporheic flow in streams has typically been studied separately from geomorphic processes. We investigated interactions between bed mobility and dynamic hyporheic storage of solutes and fine particles in a sand-bed stream before, during, and after a flood. A conservatively transported solute tracer (bromide) and a fine particles tracer (5 μm latex particles), a surrogate for fine particulate organic matter, were co-injected during base flow. The tracers were differentially stored, with fine particles penetrating more shallowly in hyporheic flow and retained more efficiently due to the high rate of particle filtration in bed sediment compared to solute. Tracer injections lasted 3.5 h after which we released a small flood from an upstream dam one hour later. Due to shallower storage in the bed, fine particles were rapidly entrained during the rising limb of the flood hydrograph. Rather than being flushed by the flood, we observed that solutes were stored longer due to expansion of hyporheic flow paths beneath the temporarily enlarged bedforms. Three important timescales determined the fate of solutes and fine particles: (1) flood duration, (2) relaxation time of flood-enlarged bedforms back to base flow dimensions, and (3) resulting adjustments and lag times of hyporheic flow. Recurrent transitions between these timescales explain why we observed a peak accumulation of natural particulate organic matter between 2 and 4 cm deep in the bed, i.e., below the scour layer of mobile bedforms but above the maximum depth of particle filtration in hyporheic flow paths. Thus, physical interactions between bed mobility and hyporheic transport influence how organic matter is stored in the bed and how long it is retained, which affects decomposition rate and metabolism of this southeastern Coastal Plain stream. In summary we found that dynamic interactions between hyporheic flow, bed mobility, and flow variation had strong but differential influences on base flow retention and flood mobilization of solutes and fine particulates. These hydrogeomorphic relationships have implications for microbial respiration of organic matter, carbon and nutrient cycling, and fate of contaminants in streams.
A function-associated molecule on rat natural killer cells identified by anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies were generated against idiotopes on an NK target antigen-specific IgM monoclonal antibody (mab). This mab (18C2) was originally produced against (NC-37) human EBV-transformed B cells. The 18C2 mab inhibits natural killer cell lysis of NC-37 and other target cells by preventing conjugate formation. Anti-18C2(id) mabs were tested for binding to effector cells and screened by ELISA, flow cytometry, and by inhibition of NK cytotoxicity. Two of the anti-18C2(id) (anti-id) mabs (12H1.C5 and 6D9.B11) were chosen for further study. The idiotypic specificity of these anti-id mabs was confirmed by testing their binding to 18C2 hybridoma cells in the presence of homologous and heterologous “cold” inhibitor mabs. Experiments were also conducted to determine the functional properties of these mabs. Anti-18C2(id) mab 12H1.C5 inhibited the cytotoxic activity of rat splenic NK (nylon wool nonadherent cells, NWNA) and rat ALAK cells. Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of the binding of the anti-18C2(id) mabs demonstrated that mab 12H1.C5 bound 75.43% rat NWNA spleen cells, 43.74% rat ALAK cells, and 74.33% rat CRC − cells. Anti-id mab 6D9.B11 bound 45.20% NWNA cells, 70.45% rat ALAK cells, and 55.86% CRC − cells. Two-color FCM analysis demonstrated that the anti-id mabs not only bound to the same molecule on NK cells, but also these mabs bound to the same molecule as 5C6, an anti-NK. cell mab. Biochemical analysis of the antigen recognized by mab 12H1.C5 was determined by Western blotting. The determinant on NWNA cells recognized by mab 12H 1.C5 had an M r , of 40 kDa and appeared to be identical to that recognized by mab 5C6. The same experiment using a transformed rat RNK-16 (CRC − ) cell extract and Western blot analysis, demonstrated an M r of 42 and 48 kDa in the presence of mabs 5C6 and 12H1.C5. Monoclonal antibody 5C6 was previously shown to recognize a vimentin-like function-associated molecule on NK cell membranes. The anti-id mabs were also shown to have cross-reactivity with the intermediate filament vimentin as determined by Western blot analysis.
Regulating off-label drug use--rethinking the role of the FDA.

Off-label prescribing is legal and common, but it is often done in the absence of adequate supporting data. Dr. Randall Stafford writes that although there is a strong rationale for greater FDA involvement in off-label use, it is moving toward relinquishing control in its new draft guidelines.
Stationary solitary waves with second-order nonlinearities☆

A family of solitary waves that describe mutually trapped fundamental and second-harmonic waves propagating in second-order nonlinear media with different total wave powers is numerically found over a range of phase-mismatches between both waves. The shape of the localized waves and the way that power is shared between the fundamental and second harmonic waves is studied as a function of the phase-mismatch and the total wave power.
Species differences in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in Cnemidophorus whiptail lizards.

Evolution of behavioral phenotype involves changes in the underlying neural substrates. Cnemidophorus whiptail lizards enable the study of behavioral and neural evolution because ancestral species involved in producing unisexual, hybrid species still exist. Catecholaminergic systems modulate the expression of social behaviors in a number of vertebrates, including whiptails, and therefore we investigated how changes in catecholamine production correlated with evolutionary changes in behavioral phenotype by measuring the size and number of catecholamine producing (tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive, or TH-ir) cells across the reproductive cycle in females from two related whiptail species. Cnemidophorusuniparens is a triploid, parthenogenetic species that arose from hybridization events involving the diploid, sexual species C. inornatus. Prior to ovulation, females from both species display femalelike receptive behaviors. However, after ovulation, only parthenogenetic individuals display malelike mounting behavior. In all nuclei measured, we found larger TH-ir cells in the parthenogen, a difference consistent with species differences in ploidy. In contrast, species differences in the number of TH-ir cells were nucleus specific. In the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus, parthenogens had fewer TH-ir cells than females of the sexual species. Reproductive state only affected TH-ir cell number in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and C. uniparens individuals had more TH-ir cells after ovulation than when previtellogenic. Thus, species differences over the reproductive cycle in the SNpc are correlated with species differences in behavior, and it appears that the process of speciation may have produced a novel neural and behavioral phenotype in the parthenogen. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 360–368, 2004
James Wilson versus the Bill of Rights: Progress, Popular Sovereignty, and the Idea of the U.S. Constitution

Americans today may take the Bill of Rights for granted, but its inclusion in the U.S. Constitution originally was controversial. To understand why, I turn to James Wilson, a leading statesman of t...
Semantic activation in patients with parkinson's disease

Abstract Fifteen patients with Parkinsons Disease and fifteen age matched control subjects performed a reaction time task which permitted the separation of gross motoric slowing from the slowing of an internal mental process. The Parkinsonian subjects were slower overall than controls, indicating the expected slowing in their gross motoric responses. However, there was no difference between the Parkinsonian subjects and the control subjects in the speed of internal mental processing. These results suggest that PD may not impair an automatic process like access to semantic memory.
A formalism for specifying communicating processes

We present a framework to specify and validate the design of message passing systems with synchronous or asynchronous communications. Our approach allows users to represent concurrent systems in a novel language and to justify the design automatically using the simulator. The method handles safety and deadlock properties. Concurrent systems are specified in an operational manner by transition systems. This tool is built for analyzing the logical consistency of communicating processes, specifically systolic-arrays and communication protocols. We describe how a systolic array and a communication protocol can be specified and justified with respect to its design.
Acidemia and hypernatremia enhance postischemic recovery of excitation-contraction coupling.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether Na(+)-H+ and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanges modulate postischemic recovery of excitation-contraction coupling. Experiments were performed in 43 isolated isovolumic dog hearts perfused with blood (pH 7.40, 141 mmol/L Na+, 34 degrees C, paced at 2 Hz). A 3 x 3-mm region at the left ventricular (LV) apex was loaded with aequorin for monitoring [Ca2+]i simultaneously with LV pressure. No-flow ischemia for 2 to 3 minutes was followed by 20 minutes of aerobic reperfusion with (1) unmodified control blood (141 mmol/L Na+, pH 7.40), (2) acidemic blood (141 mmol/L Na+, pH 6.60, at 0 to 3 minutes of reperfusion), (3) hypernatremic blood (149 or 157 mmol/L Na+, pH 7.40, at 0 to 20 minutes of reperfusion), or (4) hyperosmotic blood (141 mmol/L Na+ + 30 mmol/L mannitol, pH 7.40, at 0 to 20 minutes of reperfusion). Reperfusion with unmodified control blood was immediately followed by an increase in [Ca2+]i and LV systolic and diastolic pressure that persisted for 2 to 3 minutes before returning to or below baseline. Ventricular arrhythmia occurred during this period (> 80%). This transient increase of [Ca2+]i was attenuated by acidemic or hypernatremic perfusate. With acidemic or hypernatremic reperfusion, recovery of LV developed pressure at 20 minutes was more complete than with unmodified control reperfusion: acidemic blood (n = 7), 93 +/- 3% (P < .01); hypernatremic blood (149 mmol/L Na+, n = 7), 89 +/- 2% (P < .02); hypernatremic blood (157 mmol/L Na+, n = 4), 91 +/- 2% (P < .01); and unmodified control blood (n = 17), 80 +/- 2%. With hyperosmotic reperfusion, recovery of LV developed pressure at 20 minutes was not improved (82 +/- 3%). From these results we conclude that (1) an increase in intracellular Ca2+ occurs transiently after no-flow ischemia and may cause arrhythmia and decreased Ca2+ responsiveness of the contractile elements, (2) acidemic and hypernatremic reperfusion ameliorates postischemic dysfunction by preventing the increase in intracellular Ca2+, suggesting that (3) Na(+)-H+ and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange may play important modulatory roles during reperfusion.
Spontaneous Assembly of Helical Cyanine Dye Aggregates on DNA Nanotemplates

3,3‘-Diethylthiadicarbocyanine (DiSC2(5)) is a symmetrical cationic cyanine dye consisting of two N-ethylated benzothiazole groups linked by a pentamethine bridge. Spectroscopic analysis indicates dimerization of the dye in the presence of duplex DNA sequences consisting of alternating adenine/thymine (A/T) or inosine/cytosine (I/C) residues, based on the following observations: (i) the absorption maximum shifts from 647 to 590 nm, (ii) exciton splitting is observed in the induced circular dichroism spectrum, and (iii) fluorescence from the dye is strongly quenched. Dimerization on I/C, but not G/C sequences indicates that the cyanine dimers insert into the minor groove, a conclusion that is supported by viscometric analysis. Spectroscopic studies with short synthetic oligonucleotide duplexes demonstrate that dimerization is highly cooperative: binding of one dimer greatly facilitates binding of a second dimer. For longer binding sites, this cooperativity leads to the formation of extended helical cyani...
Selective in Vivo and in Vitro Sampling of Proteins Using Miniature Ultrafiltration Sampling Probes

The most widely used in vivo sampling technique, microdialysis sampling, provides important data on the extracellular concentration of low molecular mass ( 20−90 kDa) have key in vivo roles as chemical messengers or are currently under consideration as biopharmaceuticals. Microdialysis, which utilizes a sampling process based upon analyte diffusion, is largely ineffective at monitoring the local, transient extracellular concentrations of important macromolecular species. Ultrafiltration sampling is an in vivo sampling technique utilizing a convective, rather than diffusive, sampling mechanism. This paper demonstrates the effective recovery (>90%) of model proteins with molecular weights up to 68 000 from in vivo and in vitro sites through the use of miniature ultrafiltration sampling probes. Selectivity in the sampling process can be achieved through alteration of the membrane structure. In vivo ultrafiltration sampling in co...
Animal sciences at sea and in the zoo

When my predecessor Javier Lezaun organized a first Books Forum on the burgeoning field of animal studies in 2008, the reviewed works reflected a widespread interest in the relationship between humans and animals. As we are revisiting the still growing body of social scientific literature on other species we are also returning to the question of anthropomorphism, this time in the context of pet psychiatry and veterinary psychopharmacology. In her review, Miriam Ticktin situates the subject matter of Laurel Braitman’s Animal Madness in a broader transition from the disciplinary separation of human and veterinary medicine to integrated approaches spanning from infectious diseases to mental health. Defending this trend in the psychiatric domain against accusations of falsely humanizing animals, Braitman argues that the real challenge is to ‘anthropomorphize well’ – a largely moral plea, as Ticktin sees it, which she would embrace if it didn’t lead back into the kind of sentimentalizing stories about animals that had been at the root of ‘bad’ anthropomorphism to begin with. But the social studies of animal sciences discussed in this Books Forum not only shed light on this transformation of Euro-American ontology, but also highlight sites of knowledge production in the life sciences other than the laboratory and the clinic. Amanda Rees reads Graham Burnett’s magisterial history of cetology, The Sounding of the Whale, as an in-depth account of a field science entangled in twentieth-century geopolitics. She is particularly impressed by its analysis of committee room science, which examines scientificpolitical practices also employed in the current controversy over climate change. However, the book’s focus on research related to the over-exploitation of marine mammals led Burnett to turn a blind eye to equally important fieldwork on cetacean sociality, criticizes Rees. In addition to the field and the committee room, zoological gardens are a third site of bioscientific research explored in this issue. In his review of Irus Braverman’s Zooland and Carrie Friese’s Cloning Wild Life, Etienne Benson describes a shift of focus in the recent literature on zoos, which reflects a shift in the function of zoos themselves. Whereas previous publications looked at zoos as visual displays simultaneously representing a natural and a social order, these new studies have begun to examine the management and reproduction of zoo animals behind the scenes. Braverman’s study of how zoo administrators govern populations of often endangered species and Friese’s investigation of the contested cloning of zoo animals both show how techniques of pastoral power are expanding beyond the human. The book reviews assembled in this forum make a convincing case that the social studies of the life sciences have much to gain from glimpsing into developments beyond the anthropocentric projects usually at the center of our attention.
Surgical Management of Ankylosed Impacted Maxillary Canines

Impacted and ankylosed maxillary canines were repositioned to replace maxillary lateral incisors lost after root resorption. Direct bonding of orthodontic brackets and arch wire fixation were performed at the time of surgery.
Macrophage cell lines produce osteoinductive signals that include bone morphogenetic protein-2

Bone wound healing requires osteoinductive signals that are attributed to (the) bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The cellular origin of such osteoinductive signals has only been partially elucidated. Because of the central role of the macrophage in cutaneous wound healing, we hypothesized that the macrophage could play a similar role in osseous healing. It was the aim of the present investigation to examine the possible expression of BMP by the macrophage, and to evaluate the contribution of macrophage products to an early step of bone formation modeled in an in vitro culture system. The synthesis of BMP-2 and BMP-6 by cultured human and murine macrophages was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). When human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were grown in conditioned media from J774A.1 cells, alkaline phosphatase expression increased. This induction was blocked by anti-BMP-2 antibody and by anti-transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) antibody. Modeling of the macrophage expression of osteoinductive signals by potential physiological situations was evaluated by treatments with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or macrophage chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1). Macrophage BMP-2 expression was reduced by proinflammatory LPS stimulation (which was confirmed to induce release of the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α), and conditioned media from LPS-treated macrophages had no ability to increase alkaline phosphatase activity in hMSCs. This first study of macrophage BMP-2 expression indicates that the macrophage is capable of physiological regulation consistent with a key role in osteoinduction for osseous wound healing.
Impact of collective gender identity on relationship quality: When men feel devalued.

Although heterosexual men typically hold positions of dominance in society, negative aspects of masculinity could lead some men to feel that their gender group is not valued by others (D. A. Prentice & E. Carranza, 2002). Previous research has largely overlooked the impact of men’s own perceptions of their gender group membership on their relationship outcomes. To address this gap, we posited that when heterosexual men feel that their gender identity is devalued, they may relate better to close others who have devalued identities (e.g., their female romantic partners). Specifically, we predicted that heterosexual men who view their masculine gender identity as important but devalued would more successfully take the perspective of their female partner. Results confirmed predictions, such that for undergraduate men whose gender identity was important, lower levels of perceived group value predicted greater ability to take perspective with their romantic partners. Implications for men’s relationships and identity research are discussed.
Catalytic metallodrugs targeting HCV IRES RNA

A catalytic metallodrug that targets stem-loop IIb of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) RNA of hepatitis C virus (HCV) demonstrates enzyme-like turnover with KM of 0.85 μM, kcat of 0.53 min−1, and a turnover number of 31.9 for Cu·GGHYrFK-amide (1-Cu), and yielded an antiviral activity (IC50) of 0.58 μM in an HCV cellular replicon assay.
Democracy and the politics of national identity

Political and economic changes taking place in Eastern Europe and the countries of the past Soviet Union promise both possibilities for the liberalization and democratization of society and significant challenges to these processes. An important factor affecting the potential for democratic transformation and creating dangerous obstacles to a demo cratic practice of social cooperation in these regions is what I am calling the politics of national identity. A politics defined primarily by iden tification with a particular national community is in itself not incom patible with commitment to democratic principles or institutions. The environment in which national or ethnic identification plays a dominant role in the articulation of interests and the design of institutions and policies will be decisive here. In an environment in which national or ethnic identity provides the basis for the distribution of social goods, in which the political community is reduced to the nation,1 and political subjects are limited to nationally or ethnically defined collectivities, the politics of national identity is incompatible with democracy. For the purposes of this argument, I assume that there is general agreement upon the following: democracy requires that political partici pation and government offices be open to all citizens without distinc tion, that all citizens be similarly afforded the rights and protections associated with political liberty and equal citizenship, that restrictions on citizenship be minimal, consistent, and impartial, and that social choices be made through public decision processes that support and promote the equality and independence of citizens. Choices may not be dictated by particular persons or groups independently of the prefer ences of others. This understanding of democracy provides a frame work for tolerance, open dialogue, and mutual respect, within which people recognize one another as potential political actors with legiti mate, if conflicting, claims.
Using University-Community Partnerships to Stem Environmental Inequities and Injustice

The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to discuss the roots of the movement by reviewing the following: (1) theoretical perspective of community engagement, (2) the environmental justice movement and (3) the challenges of the environmental justice movement that can be addressed through effective collaborations between universities and the communities they serve. A survey design was used to collect and analyze the data. Two hundred out of four hundred and twenty five participants elected to participate in this study. Statistically significant differences were found in the perceptions regarding exposure to environmental waste, preventive technology, community resources, personal access to technology, community lab access, computer training classes and empowerment through technology.
Beam Detector Assembly for the Fermilab Energy Doubler

The testing and production of the Fermilab Energy Doubler has necessitated the development of a detection device to locate a proton beam with an accuracy and repeatability of ± .5 mm relative to the centerline of a 2-7/8? bore tube. This information is essential for focusing and "steering" of the beam around a four mile synchrotron. The detectors are positioned, to measure horizontal and vertical off-axis displacement, alternately at each quadrupole magnet. The severity of the operating environment, as well as stringent electrical parameters, have necessitated the development of a number of design innovations. Both the mechanical and electrical considerations will be discussed as they relate to operational criteria.
Solidification behavior of Ti5Si3 whiskers in TiAl alloys

Abstract The solidification behavior of Ti 52 Al 48 – x Si ( x =0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 6.0 at.%), Ti 52 Al 48 –3Si2M (M=Cr, V) and Ti 52 Al 48 –3Si2Cr2V at.% alloys has been studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and microstructure examination. The Ti 5 Si 3 phase was formed during solidification of the Si containing TiAl alloys. Two types of Ti 5 Si 3 phase were found in Ti 52 Al 48 – x Si ( x =0.5, 1.0, 2.0 at.%). The first one was formed during the L→Ti 5 Si 3 +L 1 transformation as large isolated Ti 5 Si 3 whiskers formed before primary solidification, and the second one was characterized by whiskers in a eutectic morphology resulting from the solidification of L 2 →α+Ti 5 Si 3 after the primary solidification of L 1 →β+L 2 . In contrast, the primary solidification in the Ti 52 Al 48 –3Si alloy was L 1 →α+L 2 , and a third type of Ti 5 Si 3 phase was formed by a eutectoid reaction of α→γ+Ti 5 Si 3 . The effect of Cr and V on the solidification behavior and constituents of the Ti 5 Si 3 phase were studied with distributed coefficient of Cr, V, and Si. The uniform distribution of fine Ti 5 Si 3 whiskers in the Ti 52 Al 48 –3Si2Cr2V alloy gives effective reinforcement of the matrix.
The power of knowledge: information transfer and açaí intensification in the peri-urban interface of Belém, Brazil

Academic scholarship and development paradigms promote non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as potential options to link environmental conservation with sustainable economic development objectives for rural communities worldwide. The acai berry (Euterpe oleracea) is a native palm found in forest ecosystems of northern Brazil and historically extracted and sold in regional markets. Recent increases in national and international acai demand have resulted in dramatic price increases. Management decisions on a local producer level reflect trends not typically associated with traditional NTFPs as future production and income expectations increase. This case study draws on research conducted in peri-urban communities in close proximity to Belem, Brazil. The work draws links between recent acai intensification trends in upland areas and information pathways that are contributing to this pattern. This paper argues that external information sources regarding land use choices are prioritized over local knowledge and market indicators which previously have been described as drivers for intensification processes of NTFPs. This qualitative analysis highlights the power structures that influence information sharing and in turn, land use choices on a community level. The results of this analysis are important for NTFP intervention initiatives focused on risk management for smallholders. Finally, this study is a useful complement for ecological studies currently being conducted on intensification processes of non-timber forest products.
The blind bartender's problem

Abstract We present a two-player game with restricted information for one of the players. The game takes place on a transitive group action. The winning strategies depend on chains of structures in the group action. We also study a modification of the game with further restrictions on one of the players.