cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new technique for solving the Parker-type wind equations

Substitution of the novel function Phi for velocity, as one of the dependent variables in Parker-type solar wind equations, removes the critical point, and therefore the numerical difficulties encountered, from the set of coupled differential wind equations. The method has already been successfully used in a study of radiatively-driven mass loss from the surface of X-ray bursting neutron stars. The present technique for solving the equations of time-independent mass loss can be useful in similar applications.
Angular multiplexing for lateral shear interferometry using photorefractive BaTiO3

A shear interferometer using wave mixing and angular multiplexing techniques in a BaTiO3 crystal is investigated. By varying the angle between the pump beam and the probe beam, two separate holograms in the form of two index gratings are formed in the crystal. Each grating has a different magnitude and direction in the k-space. Reconstruction is attempted with both the same wavelength as that of the writing beams and with a slightly different wavelength. During the reconstruction process the crystal orientation is adjusted such that the phase-matching condition is satisfied simultaneously for both gratings. As a result of the reconstruction two sheared wavefronts are obtained. A theoretical description, results of theoretical investigations and an experimental configuration of this interferometer are presented.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solution structures of staphylococcal nuclease from multidimensional, multinuclear NMR: nuclease-H124L and its ternary complex with Ca2+ and thymidine-3',5'-bisphosphate.

The solution structures of staphylococcal nuclease (nuclease) H124L and itsternary complex, (nuclease-H124L)•pdTp•Ca2+, were determinedby ab initio dynamic simulated annealing using 1925 NOE, 119 φ, 20χ1 and 112 hydrogen bond constraints for the free protein,and 2003 NOE, 118 φ, 20 χ1 and 114 hydrogen bondconstraints for the ternary complex. In both cases, the final structuresdisplay only small deviations from idealized covalent geometry. In structuredregions, the overall root-mean-square deviations from mean atomic coordinatesare 0.46 (±0.05) A and 0.41 (±0.05) A for thebackbone heavy atoms of nuclease and its ternary complex, respectively. Thebackbone conformations of residues in the loop formed byArg81–Gly86, which is adjacent to the activesite, are more precisely defined in the ternary complex than in unligatednuclease. Also, the protein side chains that show NOEs and evidence forhydrogen bonds to pdTp (Arg35, Lys84,Tyr85, Arg87, Tyr113, andTyr115) are better defined in the ternary complex. As has beenobserved previously in the X-ray structures of nuclease-WT, the binding ofpdTp causes the backbone of Tyr113 to change from an extendedto a left-handed α-helical conformation. The NMR structures reportedhere were compared with available X-ray structures: nuclease-H124L [Truckseset al. (1996) Protein Sci., 5, 1907–1916] and the ternary complex ofwild-type staphylococcal nuclease [Loll and Lattman (1989) Proteins Struct.Funct. Genet., 5, 183–201]. Overall, the solution structures ofnuclease-H124L are consistent with these crystal structures, but smalldifferences were observed between the structures in the solution and crystalenvironments. These included differences in the conformations of certain sidechains, a reduction in the extent of helix 1 in solution, and many fewerhydrogen bonds involving side chains in solution.
Dominant gene for rust resistance in pearl millet

Rust (Puccinia substriata var. indica) resistance was discovered in three Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke subspecies monodii (Maire) Brunken accessions from Senegal. Resistant plant were free of rust, although the bottom one or two leaves of some plants did develop a brown discoloration without pustules. Resistance was controlled by a dominant gene assigned the gene symbol Rr1. Backcrossing has been effective in transferring resistance from the wild grassy, monodii to cultivated pearl millet. The Rr1 gene should be useful in the production of rust resistant pearl millet hybrids and cultivars. 6 references, 1 table.
What does classifying more than 10,000 image categories tell us?

Image classification is a critical task for both humans and computers. One of the challenges lies in the large scale of the semantic space. In particular, humans can recognize tens of thousands of object classes and scenes. No computer vision algorithm today has been tested at this scale. This paper presents a study of large scale categorization including a series of challenging experiments on classification with more than 10, 000 image classes. We find that a) computational issues become crucial in algorithm design; b) conventional wisdom from a couple of hundred image categories on relative performance of different classifiers does not necessarily hold when the number of categories increases; c) there is a surprisingly strong relationship between the structure of WordNet (developed for studying language) and the difficulty of visual categorization; d) classification can be improved by exploiting the semantic hierarchy. Toward the future goal of developing automatic vision algorithms to recognize tens of thousands or even millions of image categories, we make a series of observations and arguments about dataset scale, category density, and image hierarchy.
Über die Wirkung von Haarwässern auf die Kopfhaut- und Haarlipide unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Wirkstoffes Dexamethason und der Grundlage Isopropylalkohol†

Bei 14 mannlichen Versuchspersonen wurden 5 standardisierte Haarwaschen in jeweils einwochigem Abstand durchgefuhrt. In der 2. und 3. Woche wurde in zweitagigem Abstand 70%iger Isopropylalkohol als Haarwasser verabreicht. In der 4. und 5. Woche wurde bei sonst gleichem Vorgehen dem Isopropylalkohol 0.01% Dexamethason hinzugefugt. In der 1., 3. und 5. Woche wurden jeweils am 7. Tag nach der Haarwasche unmittelbar vor der nachsten Haarwasche gravimetrische und dunnschichtchromatographische Lipidanalysen durchgefuhrt. Isopropylalkohol fuhrt zu einer starken Verminderung der freien Fettsauren zugunsten der Triglyceride. Dexamethason bewirkt eine Reduktion der epidermalen Lipide in dem Gemisch Kopfhaut- und Haarlipide. Dies last vermuten, das Dexamethason in der angewendeten Rezeptur fur die Behandlung der Kopfschuppenbildung geeignet ist. Action of Hair Lotions on Scalp and Hair Lipids with Special Consideration of the Active Substance Dexamethason and Isopropyl Alcohol as the Base Five standardized hair washes have been carried out at weekly intervals on 14 male test persons. In the 2nd and 3rd week 70% isopropyl alcohol was applied as a hair tonic every second day. In the 4th and 5th week the same procedure was followed but 0.01% dexamethasone was added to the isopropyl alcohol. In the 1th, 3rd and 5th week gravimetrical and thin layer chromatographical lipid analyses were performed on the 7th day after hair washing immediately before the next wash. Isopropyl alcohol causes a great decrease in the free fatty acids to the advantage of the triglycerides. Dexamethasone induces a reduction in the epidermal lipids contained in the mixture of scalp and hair lipids. It may thus be assumed that dexamethasone in the above composition is suitable for the treatment of dandruff.
Reply to Kriegel, Smithies, and Spener

Uriah Kriegel and I almost agree. This is a somewhat remarkable fact, given that he is a friend of introspection and I am—one might think—a foe of it. But I am not as much a foe, in truth, as a despairing and conflicted friend; and Uriah’s species of friendship is far from simple trusting boosterism. The real foes of introspection are those who think they have some far superior epistemic path to what they care about. They’re the ones who can afford to say, ‘‘Bah, introspection, poppycock! Forget about it. Here’s some serious science instead.’’ I have no such confidence in purely non-introspective approaches to the stream of conscious experience (if such really exist; and here I fully endorse Uriah’s comments in Sect. 2 of his commentary). So I can’t afford to ignore the evidence of introspection. I just fear it might be too frail to deliver many of the conclusions we want from it. Uriah suggests that introspection is about as powerful an instrument for learning about our stream of experience as is the human sense of smell for learning about the external environment. If that were so, our knowledge of the stream of experience would be sketchy indeed. Uriah writes: Imagine a race of creatures whose perceptual contact with the external world is limited to a sense of smell (as powerful as ours). Its perceptual grasp on the external world would be doubly weaker than ours: it would lack information from more powerful senses (such as vision), and it would lack the ability to calibrate information from multiple sources. Its perceptual grasp on its environment would consequently be much shakier than ours. It would parallel, I contend, our introspective grasp on our own internal world (Kriegel 2013). If this is the right assessment, we’ve fallen a long way from Cartesian infallibility and indubitability! I think here of Condillac’s notoriously ignorant olfactory statue
APPARENT ''DOUBLE MUTATION'' INDUCED BY GAMMA RAYS.

RESULTS published by McLaren et al.1 indicated that the species specificity of poliovirus type 1 in tissue culture stemmed from the inability of the virus to absorb to non-primate cells. Infectious RNA from this agent was shown to initiate productive infections in cultured cells from a variety of warm-blooded animals2. More recently, it has been shown that mengovirus and a bovine enterovirus adsorb to cultured cells from several species and initiate infections which vary in efficiency of virus production from high to essentially nil3. The system which we are studying may resemble either or both of these models.
Exact simultaneous confidence segments for all contrast comparisons

This paper provides an exact method to construct simultaneous confidence bands for all contrasts of several regression lines over a restricted explanatory variable. Due to the lack of exact methods in the literature, currently existing approaches consist mainly of simulation based approaches. Using confidence bands for regression analysis occurs ubiquitously in practice, for example, inference on the shelf-life or stability of a drug, on the reliability of an engineering system over time, on the environmental impact of a fertilizer in a field over time, to list just a few. The new method enhances currently existing approaches that are based on simulations.
Rapid, single-step procedure for the identification of transglutaminase-mediated isopeptide crosslinks in amino acid digests.

Abstract Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a calcium-activated enzyme which can covalently crosslink the ϵ-amino group of a peptide-bound lysine into the γ-carboxamide group of a peptide-bound glutamine, forming a ϵ-(γ-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bond. We have developed a sensitive, single-step method for the isolation and detection of tTG-mediated isopeptide bonds from purified proteins and tissue homogenates. This method offers significantly improved resolution over current techniques, and obviates the need for multi-column systems or costly fluorescence monitors. By using enzymatic proteolysis, derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate, and a simple elution gradient for HPLC, we were able to determine the frequency of crosslinks in purified fibrin (1.7 mol of isodipeptide per mol of fibrin), crosslinked τ proteins (0.75 mol of isodipeptide per mol of τ), and whole-tissue liver homogenates (0.5 nmol of isodipeptide per mg of total protein).
The flux ratio of the Na-Cl cotransport mechanism in the frog corneal epithelium.

The stoichianetry of the Na-Cl ootransport mechanism at the base-lateral membrane of the frog corneal epithelium was studied with the aid of intracellular microelectrodes by analyzing the effects of ouabain on intracellular recordings (PDSC) and transepithelial short-circuit current (ISC). Under short-circuit conditions, the total current across the basolateral membrane was equated to the Cl− transport across the apical membrane. Ouabain produces a quick and steep decrease of PDSC (7.1 mV) and ISC (3.0 μA/cm2) that was ascribed to a sudden inhibition of the electrogenic component of the Na-K pump. From these effects, and from results in previous studies, the maximum value for the Na+ flux via the ootransport mechanism (ICNa) was estimated and compared to the apical Cl− transport (a minimum estimate of the Cl− flux cotransported with Na+). In all experiments, Icl was larger than INa. Considering that Na+ also recirculates across tne basolateral membrane via a passive pathway, the Cl:Na flux ratio of the oo...
Minimal Involvement of Sentinel Lymph Node in Breast Carcinoma: Prevailing Concepts and Challenging Problems

Sentinel lymph node biopsy has attained “standard of care” status in the management of breast carcinoma. However, the pathological interpretation and clinical consequences of “minimally involved” sentinel lymph nodes remain controversial. Herein, we present some of the complex and challenging pathological problems inherent in this evolving setting. Clearly, at least some of our current concepts regarding “minimally involved” sentinel lymph nodes need reappraisal.
The roles of aggressive and affiliative behaviors in resource control: A behavioral ecological perspective

Extant literature in developmental psychology has documented the co-occurrence of aggressive and affiliative behaviors with various measures of social dominance. While these findings have been taken as evidence for the functional value of aggression, they have not been integrated into a more general theoretical frame accounting for contextual variation. In this paper the literature on aggression, agonism, affiliation, and social dominance is reviewed in light of behavioral ecological theory suggesting that different forms of competition (scramble and contest) determine, respectively, the use of affiliative and aggressive strategies. Results generally support the hypotheses advanced by this theory. In order to further integrate these findings suggestions for the study sequences of behavior, where reconciliations follow aggression, are made.
Soil mineral nitrogen transformations during succession in the piedmont of north carolina

Abstract Variations in patterns of ammonification and nitrification among and within four sites at each of three stages of old field succession (old field to pine to deciduous hardwoods) were evaluated by laboratory incubations in May and August 1979. Each experiment included mineral nutrient-minus-nitrogen (−N) and supplemental ammonium (+ N) treatments to examine limitations on nitrification. In general, nitrate production was highest and ammonium accumulation was lowest in old field soils compared to pine or hardwood soils. However, there was considerable overlap in response, and variation due to locality within site and site within successional stage exceeded that attributable to successional stage alone. Ammonium addition enhanced nitrification in soil from all old field sites, only one pine forest site and no hardwood site. Addition of nutrients less nitrogen (−N) had no effect in any soil. Correlations between other soil variables and changes in ammonium and nitrate during incubation varied among successional stage and in some instances between dates.
Retrograde amnesia in chicks and mice induced by 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline, a proline analog.

Abstract L-proline induces retroactive amnesia without causing brain seizures or isoelectric activity. 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline, a proline analog containing a double-bond in the 5-membered ring, has similar effects at a smaller dose. Three experiments describe the amnestic qualities of 3,4-dehydro-DL-prolinen a chick memory paradigm, the retrograde quality of this amnesia, and its existence in a mammalian (mouse) preparation. Finally, EEG records show that chicks injected with amnestic doses of 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline do not exhibit seizure spiking of abnormal electrical activity.
Response of localized melanoma to intra-arterial dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide: a case report.

A case is presented of long-term survival with metastatic melanoma since 1954. Metastatic disease in the lower extremity has been controlled for 7 years following isolation perfusions with alkylating agents. A further metastasis in the left buttock was eradicated by internal iliac artery infusion with dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide, the first reported use of this agent intra-arterially.
Marginal ulceration after laparoscopic gastric bypass: an analysis of predisposing factors in 260 patients

Background Marginal ulceration after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is diagnosed in 1% to 16% of patients. The factors predisposing patients to marginal ulceration are still unclear.
Production of Jet Fuel Range Hydrocarbons as a Coproduct of Algal Biodiesel by Butenolysis of Long-Chain Alkenones

Long-chain (35–40 carbons) alkenones are a unique class of lipids biosynthesized by certain species of algae including the industrially grown marine microalgae Isochrysis. Their structures are characterized by a very long linear carbon-chain with trans double bonds and a methyl or ethyl ketone. A method is presented for the isolation of pure alkenones from Isochrysis biomass in parallel with biodiesel production. Yields for the isolated alkenones and biodiesel relative to the starting dry Isochrysis biomass were routinely 3.5 and 12% (w/w), respectively. Alkenones were then converted to smaller hydrocarbon fragments (jet-fuel range) by cross-metathesis with 2-butene (butenolysis) using several commercial ruthenium-based metathesis initiators. Butenolysis with the second-generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst occurred rapidly at 4 °C, yielding near quantitative conversion within 30 min to a mixture containing mostly 8-decen-2-one (C10), 2,9-undecadiene (C12), and 2-heptadecene (C17) as both cis- and trans isom...
Potential ACE-inhibitory activity and nanoLC-MS/MS sequencing of peptides derived from aflatoxin contaminated peanut meal

Abstract Our lab has developed a process for sequestering aflatoxin from contaminated peanut meal (PM) using commercial bentonite clays while protein is simultaneously extracted and hydrolyzed by a commercial protease. The objectives of this study were to sequence generated peptides and evaluate their potential ACE-inhibitory properties. Aflatoxin in the unprocessed PM was 610 μg kg−1 compared to 9.7 μg kg−1 on a dry weight basis in the 120 min hydrolysate. This hydrolysate displayed significant ACE-inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 295.1 μg mL−1. Ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) improved the ACE-inhibitory properties, with the SEC fraction containing the smallest peptides having an IC50 = 44.4 μg mL−1. Additionally, 271 unique peptides were identified by nanoLC-MS/MS, of which 147 belonged to major seed storage proteins. This advanced characterization data will ultimately allow for more efficient production of hydrolysates with ACE-inhibitory activity or other bioactivities of interest from PM.
Mks1 in Concert with TOR Signaling Negatively Regulates RTG Target Gene Expression in S. cerevisiae

The target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway allows eukaryotic cells to regulate their growth in response to nutritional cues [1, 2]. In S. cerevisiae , TOR controls the expression of genes involved in several nutrient-responsive biosynthetic pathways [3–7]. In particular, we have demonstrated that TOR negatively regulates a concise cluster of genes (termed RTG target genes) that encode mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzymes required for de novo amino acid biosynthesis [7]. TOR acts in part by regulating the subcellular localization of the Rtg1/Rtg3 transcription factor complex. Nuclear entry of this complex requires the cytoplasmic protein Rtg2, whose precise function has remained ill defined. Here we establish that the likely role of Rtg2 is to antagonize the activity of another protein, Mks1, which we demonstrate is itself a negative regulator of RTG target gene activation. Results of epistasis analyses suggest that Rtg2 and Mks1 act downstream of TOR and upstream of Rtg1 and Rtg3. Moreover, we find that Mks1 phosphorylation responds to TOR as well as to each of the Rtg1-Rtg3 proteins, indicative of complex regulation within this branch of TOR signaling. In addition to RTG target genes, microarray analysis reveals robust expression of lysine biosynthetic genes in mks1 Δ cells, which depends on a functional RTG pathway. This latter result provides a molecular explanation for the previous identification of MKS1 as LYS80 , a negative regulator of lysine biosynthesis [8].
Iron in arterial plaque: A modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis

It has been proposed that iron depletion protects against cardiovascular disease. There is increasing evidence that one mechanism for this protection may involve a reduction in iron levels within atherosclerotic plaque. Large increases in iron concentration are seen in human atherosclerotic lesions in comparison to levels in healthy arterial tissue. In animal models, depletion of lesion iron levels in vivo by phlebotomy, systemic iron chelation treatment or dietary iron restriction reduces lesion size and/or increases plaque stability. A number of factors associated with increased arterial disease or increased cardiovascular events is also associated with increased plaque iron. In rats, infusion of angiotensin II increases ferritin levels and arterial thickness which are reversed by treatment with the iron chelator deferoxamine. In humans, a polymorphism for haptoglobin associated with increased cardiovascular disease is also characterized by increased lesional iron. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) is an important component of the system for mobilization of iron from macrophages. Human HO1 promoter polymorphisms causing weaker upregulation of the enzyme are associated with increased cardiovascular disease and increased serum ferritin. Increased cardiovascular disease associated with inflammation may be in part caused by elevated hepcidin levels that promote retention of iron within plaque macrophages. Defective retention of iron within arterial macrophages in genetic hemochromatosis may explain why there is little evidence of increased atherosclerosis in this disorder despite systemic iron overload. The reviewed findings support the concept that arterial plaque iron is a modifiable risk factor for atherogenesis.
Apparent rate of progress as affected by changing intensity of hurricane San Felipe (II) while crossing Puerto Rico

On R. G. Stone's map [Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 1941, p. 254, 1941] of isochrones of lowest station-pressure as the great hurricane of September 13, 1928, crossed the length of Puerto Rico there is an apparent acceleration in the advance of the storm in the east portion of the Island and a retardation in the west. In such a major storm, which must have reached great heights and been carried along, therefore, by the average of the winds through that deep portion of the atmosphere penetrated, it does not seem likely that a disturbance of its lower part by friction with a moderately mountainous island could have materially changed the general rate of progress of the storm.
Integrated waveguide photodetectors

We review recent progress in the monolithic integration of optical waveguides and photodetectors on III-V semiconductors for applications in the 800 - 1600 nm wavelength range. Optical coupling mechanisms and integration techniques are compared in detail, and application to a variety of advanced lightwave receivers is described.
Standing in the Footprint: Including the Self in the Privacy Debate and Policy Development

Personal information can be considered a shared good, since in many cases this information is accessed, used and distributed by more than just the individual. Thus, how personal information is defined or characterized and why it is valued differs based on whether or not one is the person whom the information describes. This article shows how current debates that influence policy and regulation are largely based on economic and social frameworks, points out policy issues that are evident due to the absence of a “self-perspective,” and suggests how inclusion of the “self” might lead to more effective policy in the future.
Integrating pros and cons for mammography and Pap testing: extending the construct of decisional balance to two behaviors

Abstract Background. The ability to study health-related behaviors in combination rather than singly will lead to a more comprehensive approach to health promotion. This investigation focused on mammography and Pap testing. One index was created to reflect the recency of receiving both examinations. A second index integrated opinions about the two procedures into a single measure, guided by the pros, cons, and decisional balance constructs of the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change. Method. Data were drawn from the baseline and 1-year follow-up surveys of an HMO sample of women ages 40–74 ( N = 1,605). Data collection occurred by telephone. A series of analyses examined whether recency of screening was associated with opinions about screening. Results. The first analysis showed that recency of Pap testing and whether or not a Pap test was obtained between the two surveys were associated with opinions about Pap testing. The next analysis examined the association between the indicator for regularity of both Pap testing and mammography, with the measure of opinions toward the two procedures. The variable measuring receipt of Pap test and mammography was associated with the combined measure of opinions. Conclusions. The ability to employ combined indicators for recency of testing and test-related opinions is promising for being able to take a more comprehensive approach to women's health. The paper discusses methodological considerations that arise when attempting to integrate two or more behaviors.
Update on the management of the febrile infant

Abstract The evaluation of the infant with fever can create anxiety among clinicians and parents. Understanding the utility, purpose, and yield of empiric testing and treatment will help the clinician make appropriate decisions for management.
Modeling Clinical Workflow in Daily ICU Rounds to Support Task-based Patient Monitoring and Care

Of all the duties performed by the critical care team in a hospital intensive care unit (ICU), a primary duty is the morning attending rounds. During and following the rounds, the ICU team devises a 24-hour plan of action comprised of patient-centered tasks. The aim of this doctoral research is to: (1) design and evaluate a novel task management tool that addresses breakdowns in critical care workflow and (2) introduce a new task management notification tool that mitigates workflow breakdowns by identifying the nature and type of notification/alert sent to the clinical team.
An invariant eight‐node hybrid‐stress element for thin and thick multilayer laminated plates

A hybrid-stress eight-node isoparametric element is developed for the analysis of thin or thick multilayer fiber-reinforced composite plates. Transverse shear deformation effects are included by allowing for individual layer cross-section warping for thick laminates, or alternatively, laminate non-normal cross-section rotations for thin to moderately thick laminates. All stress components are included and are interpolated independently within each layer. Interlayer surface traction continuity and appropriate upper/lower surface traction-free conditions are exactly satisfied. The layer stress field is selected on the basis of earlier single-layer element studies so that the resulting element is naturally invariant with respect to co-ordinate translation or rotations, is non-locking in the thin-plate limit, and the element stiffness is of correct rank. An example for which an elasticity solution is available is used to demonstrate the element performance. Schemes for reduction of element stiffness computation time are also presented.
A Highway for War and Peace: The Secretory Pathway in Plant-Microbe Interactions

Secretion of proteins and other molecules is the primary means by which a cell interacts with its surroundings. The overall organization of the secretory system is remarkably conserved among eukaryotes, and many of the components have been investigated in detail in animal models. Plant cells, because of their sessile lifestyle, are uniquely reliant on the secretory pathway to respond to changes in their environments, either abiotic, such as the absence of nutrients, or biotic, such as the presence of predators or pathogens. In particular, most plant pathogens are extracellular, which demands a robust and efficient host secretory system directed at the site of attack. Here, we present a summary of recent advances in our understanding of the molecular details of the secretory pathway during plant–microbe interactions. Secretion is required not only for the delivery of antimicrobial molecules, but also for the biogenesis of cell surface sensors to detect microbes. The deposition of extracellular material is important in the defense against classical bacterial pathogens as well as in the so-called ‘non-host’ resistance. Finally, boosting the protein secretion capacity is vital for avoiding infection as well as for achieving symbiosis, even though in the latter case, the microbes are engulfed in intracellular compartments. The emerging evidence indicates that secretion provides an essential interface between plant hosts and their associated microbial partners.
A parallel arithmetic hardware structure for recursive digital filtering

A flexible, low-cost hardware structure is described for implementing recursive digital filters. Either a parallel or cascade arrangement of any number of second-order filter sections may be implemented for each of the input channels. Although the internal arithmetic is fixed-point, filter coefficients may be represented in floating-point form to reduce coefficient roundoff error.
Formation of virus-like clusters is an intrinsic property of the tumor necrosis factor family member BAFF (B cell activating factor).

The oligomeric state of BAFF (B cell activing factor), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family cytokine that plays a critical role in B cell development and survival, has been the subject of recent de...
Monolithic InP-based coherent transmitter photonic integrated circuit with 2.25 Tbit/s capacity

A monolithic dual-polarisation quadrature phase shift keying transmitter is demonstrated for operation at 2.25 Tbit/s over 40 wavelengths and 1 THz of spectral bandwidth. The single-chip InP-based transmitter employs 40 tunable distributed feedback lasers, 80 nested Mach-Zehnder modulators and other elements to provide more than 1700 integrated photonic functions.
Wide field scanning slit in vivo confocal microscopy of flattening‐induced corneal bands and ridges

We used a wide field scanning slit confocal microscope to examine the response of the in vivo human cornea to flattening. Flattening-induced effects consisted of (1) anterior corneal mosaic, which appeared as a meshwork of intersecting stromal and Bowman's layer bands with overlying epithelial ridges; (2) deep and middle stromal bands, which were narrower than and unrelated in position to the anterior corneal mosaic; and (3) posterior surface ridges. The posterior surface ridges projected posteriorly into the anterior chamber consisted of endothelium, Descemet's membrane, and posterior stroma, and were unrelated in position to posterior stromal bands. Confocal microscopy is a promising modality in the examination of the cornea and its response to mechanical stress.
A River-Crossing Problem in Cross-Cultural Perspective

(1990). A River-Crossing Problem in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 26-29.
Twist-grain-boundary phases near the nematic-smectic-A-smectic-C point in liquid crystals

We generalize the Chen-Lubensky model for the point where the nematic, smectic-A, and smectic-C liquid-crystalline phases meet (the NAC point) to include the effects of molecular chirality. We calculate the phase diagram for this model when the possibility of a twist-grain-boundary (TGB) phase is included and when it is not. In the latter case, we find that the NAC multicritical point becomes a critical end point where first-order cholesteric to smectic-A and cholesteric to chiral-smectic-C phase boundaries meet a second-order smectic-A to chiral-smectic-C phase boundary. In the former case, we find that the TGB phase always intervenes between the cholesteric and smectic-A phases near the NAC multicritical point of the nonchiral system. The connection between these results and the recent observations of a chiral smectic phase near the NAC point by Goodby and co-workers [Nature 337, 449 (1988); J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 8119 (1989)] is discussed briefly.
Poisson-Process Electrical Stimulation: Circuit and Axonal Responses

Abstract This work describes a simple circuit which generated a highly Poisson-like sequence of pulses. Resistor noise was amplified in three series stages followed by rectification through a relatively large shunt resistance. This yielded a sequence of variable-amplitude transients, which were inverted, amplified with DC adjustment, and fed into a Schmitt trigger/multivibrator chip for pulse generation. The pulse generation frequency was modulated by the amplification of the rectified transients. The stochastic characteristics of the output pulse train were Poisson-like over a wide frequency range, as assessed using the interevent interval distribution and expectation density as steady-state and real-time estimators, respectively. In separate tests, the output pulse train was applied to forelimb cutaneous axons of the anesthetized cat; trains of elicited propagating action potentials were recorded extracellularly from individual G1 axons in the cuneate fasciculus. The stochastic properties of the action potential train differed from those of the stimulus, with longer deadtime, lower mean rate, and an early expectation density peak. These physiological responses to circuit output were similar to those elicited by other generators of Poisson-like stimulation.
Real-time batch process supervision by integrated knowledge-based systems and multivariate statistical methods

Abstract Real-time supervision of batch operations during the progress of a batch run offers many advantages over end-of-batch quality control. Process monitoring, quality estimation, and fault diagnosis activities are automated and supervised by embedding them into a real-time knowledge-based system (RTKBS). Interpretation of multivariate charts is also automated through a generic rule-base for efficient alarm handling and fault diagnosis. Multivariate statistical techniques such as multiway partial least squares (MPLS) provide a powerful modeling, monitoring, and supervision framework. Online process monitoring techniques are developed and extended to include predictions of end-of-batch quality measurements during the progress of a batch run. The integrated RTKBS and the implementation of MPLS-based process monitoring and quality control are illustrated using a fed-batch penicillin production benchmark process simulator.
Hyperspherical neighbourhoods and pattern recognition using neural networks

A definition of maximal neighbourhoods in the form of hyperspheres around points in metric spaces is presented. An approximate algorithm to compute the radii of these hyperspheres is described. An exact algorithm to solve the same problem is described next. This exact algorithm is shown to be capable of handling two simple generalisations of the problem scenario. Usefulness of hyperspherical neighbourhoods around points representing patterns in a neural network model is demonstrated by means of numerical simulations.
Development of functional specializations within the maturing rabbit flexor digitorum profundus tendon

Along its length, the rabbit flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon exhibits two functionally specialized regions: classical tendon (CT) and fibrocartilage (FC). We examined their development in rabbits, ranging in age from newborn to nine-months postnatal, using a combination of light microscopic, immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques.There is little histodifferentiation in newborn tendon. Both regions are composed of thin collagenous fibers, numerous fibroblast-like cells and a low molecular weight dermatan-sulfate proteoglycan. Regional specialization has begun by two-weeks postnatal and by three-months postnatal, FC regions have been transformed into a true fibrocartilage characterized by a complex collagenous and elastic fiber network, numerous chondrocytes and a matrix rich in a high molecular weight predominantly chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycan and type II collagen. These features are elaborated between three and nine-months postnatal. CT regions undergo little substantial change during ...
Envisioning Food Security in 2030 The Case of the Caribbean

Food security will be a critical factor in avoiding human deprivation in 2030 in the Caribbean region. A rising world population will generate increased food demand by approximately 50 percent. At ...
Rapid phosphine exchange on 1.5-nm gold nanoparticles.

Triphenylphosphine-cappped, 1.5-nm gold nanoparticles “Au101(PPh3)21Cl5” prepared following Hutchison's procedure (Weare, W. W.; Reed, S. M.; Warner, M. G.; Hutchison, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12890) undergo rapid exchange of capping ligand phosphine with dissociated and added phosphine in dichloromethane solvent at 298 K. Remarkably, while the 1H NMR spectrum resonances of the attached phosphine are broad, characteristic of a range of incompletely averaged environments, the 31P NMR spectrum (observable only at 213 K and below) exhibits a single, narrow resonance indicating that all of the phosphorus atoms are magnetically equivalent.
Two-Dimensional Stress-Strain Relationship for Canine Pericardium

Two-dimensional pseudoelastic mechanical properties of the canine pericardium were investigated in vitro. The pericardium was assumed to be orthotropic. The material symmetry axis was determined a priori and aligned with the stretching axis. Various biaxial stretching tests were then performed and a set of data covering a wide range of strains was constructed. This complete data set was fitted to a new exponential type constitutive model, and a set of true material constants was determined for each specimen. Using the constitutive model and the true material constants, the results from constant lateral force tests and constant lateral displacement tests were predicted and compared with experiment.
A relationship between the fracture mechanics and surface energetics failure criteria

The reversible part of the fracture mechanics (F-M) fracture energy γc is redefined in terms of current theory for surface energetics (S-E) interactions at regular interfaces. These new failure criteria are applied to the definition of surface energy criteria for spontaneous interfacial failure, where γc = 0, produced by selected conditions of liquid-phase immersion. For cases where γc > 0, the total fracture energy W = γc + Wp, where the irreversible plastic work of surface formation Wp ≈ W ≫ γc. A qualitative relation between γc1/2 ∝ Wp is observed for the case of steady-state crack propagation in peeling. For adsorption bonds, the theory provides a new method of mapping the surface energy effects of the immersion phase upon the Griffith fracture energy γc. Essential factors which determine water sensitivity of interfacial bonds are incorporated into the analysis and experimentally verified.
Treating cervical radiculopathy for a one-level disc herniation using a posterior foraminotomy

Abstract Posterior cervical foraminotomy is a safe and highly effective approach to treating single-level soft, lateral disc herniations causing foraminal stenosis and nerve root impingement. This procedure can be performed using standard open or minimally invasive techniques, with the use of either the operating microscope or the endoscope. The surgical technique is described in detail and the indications, contraindications, and complication avoidance are discussed.
Gauging the public's preparedness for mobile public relations: The “Text for Haiti” campaign

Abstract The technology acceptance model was created to measure the public's attitudes toward and acceptance of new technologies. Text messaging has been used in the public relations domain for crisis communication alerts, but there have been few attempts to use it in other domains. Through an electronic survey of previous American Red Cross donors, donors to the “Text for Haiti” campaign had more favorable attitudes than those who did not donate via text messaging. However, the survey participants did not completely reflect the technology acceptance model. Although they perceived that text message campaigns were easy to participate in, the path analysis revealed that these thoughts resulted in less desirable attitudes toward participating in the campaigns.
Evaluation of a continuous noninvasive blood pressure monitor in obstetric patients undergoing spinal anesthesia.

A noninvasive blood pressure monitor (Finapres) that continuously displays the arterial waveform using the Penňaz methodology has recently been introduced into clinical practice. We compared this device with an automated oscillometric blood pressure monitor (Dinamap 1846SX) in 20 patients during spinal anesthesia for nonemergency cesarean section according to a procedure suggested by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. After administration of the spinal anesthetic, the Finapres monitor produced systolic, mean, and diastolic pressure measurements greater than those of the Dinamap monitor (6.6±12.5, 3.3±10.4, and 7.2±9.8 mm Hg, respectively). In most patients, the Finapres measurements were similar to those determined by the Dinamap; however, in 4 patients, mean systolic differences were greater than 20 mm Hg. These patients did not differ from the others in age, height, weight, or baseline blood pressure, and the pressure values recorded by the Finapres monitor were substantially higher than those measured by auscultation in the labor room. In 30% of the patients, the offset between Dinamap and Finapres blood pressure measurements changed markedly over the course of the surgical procedure. The Finapres monitor occasionally stopped working and had to be restarted. In 1 patient (not included in this analysis), the Dinamap monitor was unable to determine the blood pressure due to patient shivering; this did not appear to interfere with the Finapres. We conclude that the Finapres monitor does not consistently provide blood pressure information equivalent to that of the Dinamap in obstetric patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. When the Finapres monitor is used, pressure measurements should be verified periodically by using an auscultatory or oscillometric blood pressure methodology to rule out the presence of large differences, particularly in systolic pressure. The extreme systolic blood pressure discrepancies noted in 20% of the patients studied warrant further evaluation.
Ocular reflecting pigments of some malacostraca

Abstract Eyes of nineteen malacostracan crustaceans (sixteen from coastal, three from deep water) have been examined for purines and pteridines, with a view to determining their role as reflecting pigments. White shrimp, Penaeus setiferus , received most attention; other animals examined were one isopod, one stomatopod, eight penaeids, six brachyurans, and two anomurans. Methods used were paper chromatography, enzymatic assay or identification, UV spectrophotometry and fluorophotometric assays. Isoxanthopterin was the chief pteridine present in eyes of white shrimp, in amounts up to 250 μg per eye; xanthopterin and 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine occurred in smaller quantities, in that order. Isoxanthopterin was generally present in the eyes of the malacostracans examined except for the scarlet prawn, Aristaeomorpha foliacea , which had only xanthopterin. In the white shrimp, pteridines are localized in the three reflecting layers of the eyes. Purines generally occur in small amounts (except one unidentified quenching substance); they include xanthine, hypoxanthine and guanine. Eyes of mantis shrimp contain much xanthine.
High-flux dialysis lowers plasma leptin concentration in chronic dialysis patients

Leptin is a protein produced by fat cells and involved in body weight regulation. Plasma leptin is significantly higher in some hemodialysis (HD) patients than in normal controls. We examined the influence of dialyzer membrane biocompatibility and flux on elevated plasma leptin concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Employing a crossover design, leptin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were serially determined in eight chronic dialysis patients. Patients were dialyzed sequentially on low-flux cellulosic (TAF) dialyzers, low-flux (F8) polysulfone, high-flux (F80B) polysulfone, then low-flux polysulfone and cellulosic dialyzers again. Mean leptin concentrations were similar when low-flux polysulfone or cellulosic dialyzers were employed (141.9+/-24.2 microg/L versus 137.8+/-18.4 microg/L, respectively (P=NS). In contrast, leptin fell significantly on the high-flux polysulfone dialyzer (99.4+/-16.2 microg/L) compared with cellulosic (P < 0.005), and low-flux polysulfone dialyzers (P < 0.02). Leptin clearance by the high-flux polysulfone dialyzer was significantly higher than the low-flux dialyzers (50.4+/-21.5 v -9.6+/-10.3 mL/min; P=0.043), but did not account fully for the 30% decline in plasma leptin during the high-flux arm of the study. Concentrations of TNF-alpha were lower when high-flux polysulfone dialyzers were employed, but there was no correlation of individual TNF-alpha levels with leptin concentrations. High-flux dialysis lowers plasma leptin concentrations an average of 30%, but biocompatibility does not influence leptin levels. The decrease in plasma leptin on high-flux dialysis cannot be explained solely by enhanced clearance.
Metabolism of terbacil in orange seedlings.

Orange seedlings were cultured in aqueous solutions of 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil and terbacil-2-14C). Radioactivity was distributed throughout the plant with the largest amount in the roots and the smallest amount in the leaves. Terbacil was metabolized to form 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-hydroxymethyl uracil, which was conjugated to form aβ-glucoside as the conjugate was hydrolyzed byβ-glucosidase. Identification of the metabolite was made by infrared and mass spectrometry after isolation and purification by column and thin layer chromatography. An additional unidentified water-soluble material was accumulated in the plant. 5-chloro-uracil was not detected as a metabolite of terbacil.
Evidence for an unidentified steroid in a child with apparent mineralocorticoid hypertension.

A unique syndrome in a three-year-old American Indian girl was characterized by signs and symptoms of mineralocorticoid excess in the absence of excessive secretion of any known sodium-retaining steroids. Hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis were corrected by spironolactone or a low sodium diet. Plasma renin activity was suppressed but the secretion of aldosterone was undetectable and was not stimulated by salt depletion. There was no evidence of abnormal accumulation of aldosterone precursors and metabolism of a tracer dose of the hormone was normal. Secretion rates of cortisol, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, deoxycortisol and aldosterone were very low and did not increase normally with ACTH administration. However, ACTH administration aggravated hypertension and hypokalemia. Dexamethasone did not improve hypertension. Despite low secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, the patient showed no addisonian features and survived severe illness. Secretion of a factor of adrenocortical orig...