cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lessons learned while developing, adapting and implementing a pilot parent-mediated behavioural intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder in rural Bangladesh:

Low- and middle-income countries often have limited resources, underdeveloped health systems and scarce knowledge of autism spectrum disorder. The objectives of this preliminary study were to develop and adapt intervention materials and to train a native clinician to implement a community-based parent-mediated behavioural intervention in rural Gaibandha, Bangladesh. Intervention materials to support parents' use of behavioural strategies were developed and refined by US behavioural intervention experts and Bangladesh field experts. Study investigators trained a native child psychologist in developmental milestones and behavioural intervention techniques. The native clinician delivered a 1-day group education session attended by 10 families of children aged 7-9 years with autism spectrum disorder, followed by two one-on-one training sessions with each family to train and practice individualized strategies for targeted challenging behaviours. Preliminary qualitative results indicate the importance of materials that are culturally appropriate and at an adequate literacy level. All families expressed strong desires to have learned the behavioural strategies when their child was younger and vocalized their need for further support and tools to help their children. This study is a preliminary step to creating sustainable and low-cost autism spectrum disorder interventions in rural Bangladesh, and possibly for families in regions with similar cultural and socioeconomic status backgrounds.
3D-Printing Composite Polycaprolactone-Decellularized Bone Matrix Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Millions of patients worldwide require bone grafts for treatment of large, critically sized bone defects from conditions such as trauma, cancer, and congenital defects. Tissue engineered (TE) bone grafts have the potential to provide a more effective treatment than current bone grafts since they would restore fully functional bone tissue in large defects. Most bone TE approaches involve a combination of stem cells with porous, biodegradable scaffolds that provide mechanical support and degrade gradually as bone tissue is regenerated by stem cells. 3D-printing is a key technique in bone TE that can be used to fabricate functionalized scaffolds with patient-specific geometry. Using 3D-printing, composite polycaprolactone (PCL) and decellularized bone matrix (DCB) scaffolds can be produced to have the desired mechanical properties, geometry, and osteoinductivity needed for a TE bone graft. This book chapter will describe the protocols for fabricating and characterizing 3D-printed PCL:DCB scaffolds. Moreover, procedures for culturing adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in these scaffolds in vitro will be described to demonstrate the osteoinductivity of the scaffolds.
Exploring Classroom Behavioral Imaging: Moving Closer to Effective and Data-Based Early Childhood Inclusion Planning

Combining digital sensor technologies offers vastly improved measurement of where adult and child speech occurs within the inclusive preschool classroom. Consensus in the literature indicates that the talk children hear is a driver of important school readiness outcomes, particularly for children with delays/disabilities. Advantages of sensors versus human observers in measuring speech include real-time recording of the frequency of adult and child talk, adult-child turns (reciprocal interactions) and peer talk over an entire day at preschool. We piloted the combining of two wearable sensor technologies in order to image classroom talk: the Language ENvironmental Analysis (LENA) and Ubisense Inc. The LENA is an automated recording and processing measure of adult, child and peer talk. Ubisense is a real-time indoor location system. The marrying of these novel technologies greatly enhances existing ecobehavioral assessment and in all likelihood our understanding of the degree that young children with disabilities can most effectively be included in mainstream classrooms. Findings include the distribution of time and speech captured in activity areas of the classroom in reference to a preschooler with a developmental delay and an illustration of adult talk displayed in heat map. These devices potential to inform future inclusion research are discussed.
MRE11 Promotes Tumorigenesis by Facilitating Resistance to Oncogene-Induced Replication Stress

Hypomorphic mutations in the genes encoding the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) DNA repair complex lead to cancer-prone syndromes. MRN binds DNA double-strand breaks, where it functions in repair and triggers cell-cycle checkpoints via activation of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase. To gain understanding of MRN in cancer, we engineered mice with B lymphocytes lacking MRN, or harboring MRN in which MRE11 lacks nuclease activities. Both forms of MRN deficiency led to hallmarks of cancer, including oncogenic translocations involving c-Myc and the immunoglobulin locus. These preneoplastic B lymphocytes did not progress to detectable B lineage lymphoma, even in the absence of p53. Moreover, Mre11 deficiencies prevented tumorigenesis in a mouse model strongly predisposed to spontaneous B-cell lymphomas. Our findings indicate that MRN cannot be considered a standard tumor suppressor and instead imply that nuclease activities of MRE11 are required for oncogenesis. Inhibition of MRE11 nuclease activity increased DNA damage and selectively induced apoptosis in cells overexpressing oncogenes, suggesting MRE11 serves an important role in countering oncogene-induced replication stress. Thus, MRE11 may offer a target for cancer therapeutic development. More broadly, our work supports the idea that subtle enhancements of endogenous genome instability can exceed the tolerance of cancer cells and be exploited for therapeutic ends. Cancer Res; 77(19); 5327-38. ©2017 AACR.
Structuring assignments to improve understanding and presentation skills: Experiential learning in the capstone strategic management team presentation

In the strategic management course, students select, analyze, and present viable future alternatives based on information provided in cases or computer simulations. Rather than understanding the en...
Using Historical Building Analysis to Support English Language Learners’ Bicultural and Historical Thinking Skills Development

English language learners can develop historical thinking and larger literacy skills by engaging in historical building analysis. Without the barrier posed by traditional text, historical building analysis offers opportunities for English language learners to engage in deep disciplinary practices in ways that simultaneously draw upon and build bicultural and historical knowledge. This chapter presents a framework for engaging in historical building analysis, how to implement it in a classroom, and the specific literacy, linguistic, and cultural practices and skills developed.
Hidden Complexity of Yeast Adaptation under Simple Evolutionary Conditions

Summary Few studies have "quantitatively" probed how adaptive mutations result in increased fitness. Even in simple microbial evolution experiments, with full knowledge of the underlying mutations and specific growth conditions, it is challenging to determine where within a growth-saturation cycle those fitness gains occur. A common implicit assumption is that most benefits derive from an increased exponential growth rate. Here, we instead show that, in batch serial transfer experiments, adaptive mutants' fitness gains can be dominated by benefits that are accrued in one growth cycle, but not realized until the next growth cycle. For thousands of evolved clones (most with only a single mutation), we systematically varied the lengths of fermentation, respiration, and stationary phases to assess how their fitness, as measured by barcode sequencing, depends on these phases of the growth-saturation-dilution cycles. These data revealed that, whereas all adaptive lineages gained similar and modest benefits from fermentation, most of the benefits for the highest fitness mutants came instead from the time spent in respiration. From monoculture and high-resolution pairwise fitness competition experiments for a dozen of these clones, we determined that the benefits "accrued" during respiration are only largely "realized" later as a shorter duration of lag phase in the following growth cycle. These results reveal hidden complexities of the adaptive process even under ostensibly simple evolutionary conditions, in which fitness gains can accrue during time spent in a growth phase with little cell division, and reveal that the memory of those gains can be realized in the subsequent growth cycle.
The Immune System: Structure, Function, and Roles in Skin Disease

The skin is a complex defense system composed of both passive barriers and active immune responses mediated by specialized hematopoietic cells. Consequently, dysregulation of the immune system, namely, through increased or decreased activity of these cells, plays an important role in numerous diseases of the skin. In this chapter, we review the basic mechanisms of the immune system, the organization of defense in the skin, and the functions of the major immunologic effector cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes). We specifically emphasize the relationship between cell activity and skin pathology and organize skin conditions by the cell type most responsible for the characteristic pathophysiology. By highlighting these broad themes, we aim to provide a unique framework for understanding dermatologic disease.
A High Constancy Rail-to-rail Level Shift Generator for SEIR-based BIST circuit for ADCs

Built-in self-test(BIST) for AMS circuit is widely investigated and developed in the last decade since it is a promising alternative to traditional testing. In particular, SEIR (stimulus error identification and removal) based BIST circuit has been proved to be a cost effective and practical ADC BIST solution for ADC testing. The SEIR method can relax the linearity requirement of input signal for ADC. However, high constancy of level shift between two signals are needed for testing high resolution ADC's linearity. This paper presents a new method to introduce the highly constant level shift and a new structure of output buffer with true rail-to-rail performance without degrading close-loop gain by applying correlated level shifting (CLS)technique. The simulation results show that the constancy of level shift is only 2.2ppm over the entire ADC input range. The constancy level is able to test 18 bit ADC to 18 bit accuracy level for full-codes testing.
A Centimeter-Range Displacement Sensor Based on a Hollow Coaxial Cable Fabry–Perot Resonator

This paper reports a novel hollow coaxial cable Fabry–Perot resonator for centimeter-range displacement measurements. The sensor is fabricated on a novel homemade hollow coaxial cable in which the traditional insulating layer is replaced by air. Two highly reflective reflectors are engineered on this hollow coaxial cable to form a Fabry–Perot resonator in radio frequency domain. The first reflector is fixed, while the second reflector is movable and is permanently connected to a tubular measurement handgrip. The device physics was described. When a displacement is applied to the measurement handgrip, the cavity length of the resonator will change. The change in the cavity length can be determined by tracking the shift in the resonant frequency. The displacement responses and measurement stability of the novel sensor were tested. The experimental results show that the novel hollow coaxial cable-based displacement sensor has a dynamic measurement range of 14 mm with a resolution of 10 $\mu \text{m}$ . The temperature-displacement cross-sensitivity was also investigated. The dynamic range of the Fabry–Perot resonator-based displacement sensor can be easily extended to meter range by employing a meter-long hollow coaxial cable. The reported novel sensor is cost-effective, robust, and easy-to-manufacture, so in situ the sensor can be easily commercialized and has great potential for applications in the construction industry, petroleum industry, and other industries.
Microbiology of Trauma

To the degree that trauma imposes a derangement in host defense mechanisms and thereby provides opportunity for infection to begin, the microbiology of trauma represents a survey of opportunistic microorganisms. The term “opportunistic infection,” however, generally is used only for those infections due to organisms not usually considered to be pathogenic, a qualification which is partially applicable to trauma1.
On Constructing a Liapunov Functional While Defining a Linear Dynamical System

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the problem of applying Liapunov's direct method to an autonomous physical system, which is initially described by only a formal equation of motion. The problem involves not only the construction of a Liapunov functional but also the selection of an appropriate state space χ on which the given formal equation can be associated with an abstract dynamical system. Assuming that the system is linear and that some appropriate (but unknown) state space is a Hubert space χ, a systematic operational approach is suggested to the entire problem. The suggested approach to problem utilizes an artifice. Referring to the given formal equation of motion, the first step is to choose a convenient Hilbert space and a densely defined linear operator such that the formal equation seems closely related to the abstract equation.
Open Educational Resources: A Review of the Literature

This chapter begins by reviewing the many definitions of the term open educational resources and concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities for the approach. Open educational resources (OER) are educational materials either licensed under an open copyright license or in the public domain. Neither the term “open educational resources” nor the term “open” itself has an agreed upon definition in the literature. Research regarding open educational resources focuses on methods of producing OER, methods of sharing OER, and the benefits of OER. Significant issues relating to OER remain unresolved, including business model and discovery problems.
Hardy Means of a Finite Blaschke Product and Its Derivative

In this chapter we consider several topics related to finite Blaschke products \(B_{n}(z)=\prod_{k=1}^{n}\frac{z_{k}-z}{1-\overline{z}_{k} z}\) in the unit disc of the complex plane and their Hardy means \(M_{p}^{p}(r,B)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int^{2\pi}_{0}|B(re^{i\theta})|^{p} d\theta\). We discuss two explicit formulae for \(1-M_{2}^{2}(r,B)\): when B has distinct zeroes or a single zero repeated n times. We relate the growth of the means \(M_{2}^{2}(r,B)\) and \(M_{2}^{2}(r,B^{\prime})\) to “sampling means” \(\sum^{n}_{k=1}|B(rz_{k})|(1-|z_{k}|^{2})\) and \(\sum^{n}_{k=1}|B^{\prime}(rz_{k})|(1-|z_{k}|^{2})\). It is shown, for products of degree two and three, that if the zeroes lie on the circle of radius |z|=ρ<1 with constant angle ϕ between successive zeroes, then \(1-M_{2}^{2}(r,B)\) is an increasing function of ϕ. We conjecture that this holds true for products of arbitrary finite degree.
I Want You to Want Me: Interpersonal Stress and Affective Experiences as Within-Person Predictors of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicide Urges in Daily Life.

Objective To investigate near-term risk for self-injurious urges, we evaluated how within-person changes in internalizing and externalizing negative affect, as well as interpersonal rejection and criticism, impact subsequent nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide urges in daily life. Method Young adult women (N = 62) from an ongoing community cohort study with past-year self-injurious thoughts completed a 21-day ecological momentary assessment protocol. We used multilevel path analyses to model within-person effects of negative affect and interpersonal stress on subsequent suicide and NSSI urges within several hours. Results When modeled simultaneously, within-person changes in internalizing, but not externalizing, negative affect predicted later self-injurious urges. Rejection and criticism predicted later self-injurious urges, with rejection showing a unique relationship to NSSI urges specifically. Effects of rejection and criticism on later NSSI and suicide urges were mediated by internalizing negative affect; rejection also retained a significant direct effect on NSSI urges. Conclusion Interpersonal stressors may be potent near-term risk factors for self-injurious urges by increasing internalizing negative affect among vulnerable individuals. The direct role of rejection and criticism on self-injurious urges is less clear, particularly for suicide. These findings have implications for understanding processes underlying self-injurious urges, as well as designing real-time interventions for these experiences in daily life.
Auroral Ionospheric Irregularity Properties via Estimation and Inverse Modeling of GNSS Scintillations

When Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals traverse the ionosphere, variations in plasma density cause the received signal at the ground to scintillate, i.e., exhibit a rapid fluctuation in power and/or phase. Scintillation at high latitudes near the auroral zone can be frequent, and are typically observed, with standard GNSS receiver processing, as phase scintillations. Scintillation is an undesirable effect for navigation purposes, because it degrades signal quality and can lead to poor tracking, cycle slips, and loss of lock on satellites needed for robust positioning. One of the challenges to understanding the irregularities producing scintillation is that they are not directly sensible with established sensing methods such as incoherent scatter radar. A motivating premise behind this work is that, while undesirable for navigation, scintillation of a received signal is beneficial for ionospheric study because it can be used to investigate the properties of and the physical mechanisms producing exactly those irregularities that scatter the signal.
Libraries that learn: Keys to managing organizational knowledge

Knowledge Management is a topic that is often associated with for-profit corporations and the information technology industry, not with libraries. Yet every library contains important organizationa...
Designing clinical trials with (restricted) mean survival time endpoint: Practical considerations.

Background/aims:The difference in mean survival time, which quantifies the treatment effect in terms most meaningful to patients and retains its interpretability regardless of the shape of the surv...
Bayesian Non-linear Support Vector Machine for High-Dimensional Data with Incorporation of Graph Information on Features

Support vector machine (SVM) is a popular classification method for analysis of high dimensional data such as genomics data. Recently a number of linear SVM methods have been developed to achieve feature selection through either frequentist regularization or Bayesian shrinkage, but the linear assumption may not be plausible for many real applications. In addition, recent work has demonstrated that incorporating known biological knowledge, such as those from functional genomics, into the statistical analysis of genomic data offers great promise of improved predictive accuracy and feature selection. Such biological knowledge can often be represented by graphs. In this article, we propose a novel knowledge-guided non-linear Bayesian SVM approach for analysis of high-dimensional data. Our model uses graph information that represents the relationship among the features to guide feature selection. To achieve knowledge-guided feature selection, we assign an Ising prior to the indicators representing inclusion/exclusion of the features in the model. An efficient MCMC algorithm is developed for posterior inference. The performance of our method is evaluated and compared with several penalized linear SVM and the standard kernel SVM method in terms of prediction and feature selection in extensive simulation studies. Also, analyses of genomic data from a cancer study show that our method yields a more accurate prediction model for patient survival and reveals biologically more meaningful results than the existing methods.
Heterosis and recombination effects in Hampshire and Landrace swine

Twelve different mating types among the Hampshire and Landrace breeds were used to determine direct, maternal, heterosis, and recombination effects for performance and car- cass traits. Mating types used were two purebred, two F1, two Fz, two F3, and four backcross. Carcass data were collected on 238 barrows and 262 gilts over four replications. Traits measured were length ILENG), 10th rib off midline backfat (BFlO), longissimus muscle area M P < .Oil, BFlO (8.8%; P < .Oil, DRS% (1.5W; P < .Oll, ADG (11.5°/o; P c .Ol), DFC (10.2%; P c .OI), LNGN (10.6O/o; P c .Ol), and LNEF (6.0%; P c .05). Epistatic recombination losses in the offspring were significant for LENG (3.6 cm; P c .051 and approached significance for BFlO (6.1 mm; P c .lo).
Evolution of a Coalition Network during a Whole-of-Community Intervention to Prevent Early Childhood Obesity.

Background: Community coalitions often lead and coordinate “whole-of-community” childhood obesity prevention interventions. A growing body of work suggests that coalition network ties, which facili...
The Design of Mobile Technology to Support Diabetes Self-Management in Older Adults

Type 2 diabetes is a concern for older adults and an increasing concern for society as the percentage of older persons rises across the globe. Though potentially deadly, it is a disease that responds well to self-management through behavior: adherence to dietary guidelines, medication regimens, and exercise. However, older persons with type 2 diabetes tend to self-manage poorly, despite educational initiatives. Based on a review of the challenges faced by persons with type 2 diabetes and the state of existing highly rated diabetes self-management applications, we propose a list of design practices and core features most needed in mobile technologies designed to support the self-management of diabetes in older adults.
Device Therapy for Remote Patient Management

Remote device (CIED) monitoring has become a mainstay of clinical practice involving implanted devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators, and implantable loop recorders. The aims of remote monitoring are to provide accurate, timely, and economical information about both device ­functions and disease status. Remote monitoring is an integral component of comprehensive CIED management and, as an extension, serves as an additional important tool in device performance surveillance.
Source location error analysis and optimization methods

The efficiency of an optimization method for acoustic emission/microseismic (AE/MS) source location is determined by the compatibility of its error definition with the errors contained in the input data. This compatibility can be examined in terms of the distribution of station residuals. For an ideal distribution, the input error is held at the station where it takes place as the station residual and the error is not permitted to spread to other stations. A comparison study of two optimization methods, namely the least squares method and the absolute value method, shows that the distribution with this character constrains the input errors and minimizes their impact, which explains the much more robust performance by the absolute value method in dealing with large and isolated input errors. When the errors in the input data are systematic and/or extreme in that the basic data structure is altered by these errors, none of the optimization methods are able to function. The only means to resolve this problem is the early detection and correction of these errors through a data screening process. An efficient data screening process is of primary importance for AE/MS source location. In addition to its critical role in dealing with those systematic and extreme errors, data screening creates a favorable environment for applying optimization methods.
- Snk: Serum-inducible kinase (vertebrates)

Serum-inducible kinase (Snk) is rapidly induced by mitogens in immortalized and nonimmortalized fibroblasts. Induction is because of increased SNK gene transcription and occurs within minutes following the stimulus, suggesting that Snk functions in cell cycle regulation. Snk is a member of a subfamily of putative cell division–associated kinases that includes Cdc5/Msd2, Polo, and Polo-like kinases. Murine Snk is related to the Polo kinase of Drosophila. melanogaster and to the probable murine homologue of Polo, Plk (Polo-like kinase). Polo regulates imaginal disc formation during embryogenesis. The function of Plk is unknown, but its expression is restricted to fetal and neonatal tissues in the developing mouse and to hematopoietic tissues, ovaries, and testes in the adult. Snk expressed in E. coli phosphorylates myelin basic protein and casein. SNK mRNA is transcriptionally elevated >10-fold within 1 hour of stimulation of immortalized fibroblasts with serum or phorbol ester. SNK mRNA has been detected at low levels in mouse brain, lung, and heart.
Bolstering a national identity: President Andrew Johnson's Pottier & Stymus furniture in the United States Treasury Department, 1865

Bolstering a National Identity: President Andrew Johnson’s Pottier & Stymus Furniture in the United States Treasury Department, 1865. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Arts in the History of Decorative Arts Masters Program in the History of Decorative Arts The Smithsonian Associates and Corcoran College of Art + Design 2008. By Elizabeth Chantale Varner.
An application of intelligent neural network to time series business fluctuation prediction

Economy is a dynamic system that inherits nonlinearity through long term trends, seasonal patterns, cyclical movements, and irregular factors. Time series prediction of business cycle indicators plays a critical role in managing an economy. Artificial neural network models have been successfully applied with univariate time series, multivariate datasets, classification techniques, and integrated techniques that incorporate various methods for economy prediction. Flexible intelligent systems for soft computing (FISSC) allow dynamic multi-level reasoning and inference using a fuzzy neural multicriteria group decision making framework. This paper focus on the application of the FISSC intelligent neural module to time series economy prediction. The neural module performance is evaluated in terms of convergence, generalization, scalability, sensitivity, and structural stability using the USA business cyclical indicator data set. This data set includes the lead, lag, and coincidental indicators that span over 420 months. The results are presented and the authors conclude with a discussion on their ongoing research direction. >
Equity Options and Underlying Stocks' Behavior: Further Evidence from Japan*

In an incomplete market, introduction of options could affect the underlying stocks' market behavior. We further examine the various impacts of the advent of equity options, using a recent sample of equity options in Japan. We find that option listings in Japan lead to significant increases in price and volatility, relative to a control sample matched by probability of listing, despite that equity options were launched after the index options in Japan. We discuss the apparent differences in the price and volatility effects across the markets, and conclude that differences in regulatory environments might be responsible.
The UL5 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1: isolation of a lacZ insertion mutant and association of the UL5 gene product with other members of the helicase-primase complex.

Abstract The UL5 gene product is required continuously during viral DNA synthesis (L. Zhu and S. K. Weller, Virology 166:366-378, 1988) and has been shown to be a component of a three protein helicase-primase complex encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1 (J. J. Crute, T. Tsurumi, L. Zhu, S. K. Weller, P.D. Olivo, M. D. Challberg, E. S. Mocarski, and I. R. Lehman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2186-2189, 1989). The other members of the complex are viral proteins encoded by genes UL8 and UL52. In this study, we isolated a permissive cell line (L2-5) which contains the wild-type UL5 gene under the control of the strong and inducible promoter for the large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 1 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP6). An insertion mutant containing a mutation in the UL5 gene (hr99) was isolated by using the insertional mutagen ICP6::lacZ, in which the Escherichia coli lacZ gene is expressed under control of the viral ICP6 promoter. When grown on Vero cells, hr99 does not form plaques or synthesize viral DNA, although both defects are complemented efficiently on the L2-5 cells. These results confirm that the UL5 gene product is essential for viral growth and DNA replication. Furthermore, since no detectable UL5 protein is synthesized in hr99-infected cells, these cells provide a valuable control not only for the detection of the UL5 protein itself but also for the detection of protein-protein interactions with UL8 and UL52 by coimmunoprecipitation. In addition, the lacZ insertion in hr99 provides a convenient screening system for the introduction of site-specific mutations into the viral genome (L. Zhu and S. K. Weller, J. Virol. 66:469-479, 1992). Thus, hr99 is a valuable tool in the structure-function analysis of the UL5 gene.
Infinitely Many Contact Process Transitions on a Tree

We continue our study of the ergodic behavior of the contact process on infinite connected graphs of bounded degree. Examples are provided of trees on which, as the infection parameter increases, complete convergence alternates between holding and failing infinitely many times.
Cancer 'survivor-care': I. the α7 nAChR as potential target for chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment.

Summary What is known and Objective: Far more patients are now surviving cancer than ever before because of major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of primary and metastatic malignancy. Adjuvant chemotherapeutic drug and combination regimens have contributed to the success. However, persistent residual adverse effects involving mild impairment of cognitive impairment have been reported. Our objective is to review and to comment on the basic science and clinical evidence of potential pharmacologic targets for managing this emerging concern. Comment: A search was conducted of basic science and clinical literature related to the objective and the information obtained was organized and evaluated from the perspective of its insight into potential pharmacotherapeutic targets. A large body of evidence suggests that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), and in particular the α7 subtype, is involved in memory and that agonists and positive allosteric modulators of this receptor have potential in schizophrenia and Alzheimer animal models and patients. What is new and Conclusion: We identify significant indirect evidence that the selective α7 nAChR drugs that are currently being investigated for cognitive improvement in schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease patients may be useful in cancer chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. The clinical use of those drugs should be explored.
Sterile Neutrinos in astrophysical and cosmological sauce

The study of sterile neutrinos has recently acquired a diffe rent flavor: being now excluded as the dominant solution for the solar or atmospheric conversions, sterile neutrinos, still attractive for many other reasons, have thus become even more elusive. The present relevant questions are: which subdominant role can they have? Where (and how) can they show up? Cosmology and supernovae turn out to be powerful tools to address these issues. With the most general mixing scenarios in mind, I present the analysis of many possible effects on BBN, CMB, LSS, and in SN physics due to sterile neutrinos. I discuss the computational techniques, presen t the state-of-the-art bounds, identify the still allowed regions and study some of the most promising future probes. I show how the region of the LSND sterile neutrino is excluded by the constraints of standard cosmology.
Spread spectrum time- and space-integrating optical processor

A hybrid time- and space-integrating optical signal processor for spread spectrum application is described. The system is self-synchronizing and capable of decoding frequency-hopped spread spectrum signals with a large time–bandwidth product. Extensions to hybrid frequency-hopped/direct-sequence systems and to ambiguity function processors are provided. Both theory and experimental verification are included.
Revisiting age identity: A research note.

Abstract Using data from 666 Midwesterners, we reexamine the issue of age identity. We consider five dimensions of age identity—subjective age, others' view of one's age, desired age, desired longevity, and perceived old age. We find that people believe that others think they are the age they feel rather than their actual age. Findings also suggest that “old age” is thought to begin in the mid-seventies. Finally, although subjective age increases as people age, it is not a one-to-one correspondence. Rather people feel relatively younger than their age as they get older.
Evaluation of Orbital Disorders and Cranial Nerve Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles

A wide range of orbital disorders, including an orbital mass, infection, inflammation, systemic disease, or intracranial lesions, may be encountered with imaging. Evaluation of orbital disorders requires the combination of accurate and relevant clinical information with an understanding of anatomy and pathologic processes. An imaging approach to an orbital differential diagnosis includes assessment for alteration of a normal orbital structure, a lesion that does not belong in the orbit, or alteration of the orbit from bone or periorbital disorders. This approach, combined with key elements of clinical history, leads to a narrower differential diagnosis and improved patient care.
In utero and early life arsenic exposure in relation to long-term health and disease

Background There is a growing body of evidence that prenatal and early childhood exposure to arsenic from drinking water can have serious long-term health implications.
Atmospheric reactivity of gaseous dimethyl sulfate

The atmospheric reactivity of dimethyl sulfate (DMS) with a series of atmospheric species has been investigated. Upper limits to the rate constants for the homogeneous gas-phase reactions of DMS with O{sub 3}, NH{sub 3}, and H{sub 2}O have been determined by using FTIR spectroscopy and are 23 days with respect to reaction with OH radicals to >33 years with respect to reaction with ozone. With the possible exception of its reaction with water, for which the calculated lifetime of DMS is >2 days, these results indicate that the atmospheric fate of DMS is not determined by its homogeneous gas-phase reactions with any of the atmosphere species studied.
Panning T Cells on Vascular Endothelial Cell Monolayers: A Rapid Method for Enriching Naive T Cells

Abstract A key functional/phenotypic difference between naive and memory T cells is the ability of memory and activated T cells to home to sites of inflammation by adhering to vascular endothelial cells. To determine if this trait could be used to separate naive T cells from memory T cells, CD4+ T cells were incubated with monolayers of IFN-γ-primed vascular endothelial cells after which the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the nonadherent population were assayed. The nonadherent population 1) contained a five-fold decrease in the frequency of cells displaying the CD44high/CD45RB1ow “memory” phenotype and 2) responded well to allostimulation but displayed a reduced ability to respond to immobilized anti-CD3 antibody and, when isolated from ovalbumin-immunized mice, displayed a reduced recall response to ovalbumin in vitro. These studies demonstrate that two brief incubations of T cells with monolayers of IFN-γ-primed endothelial cells can significantly enrich for naive T cells as determined by both phenotypic and functional analyses.
A study of spatial variation in fMRI brain networks via independent vector analysis: Application to schizophrenia

Spatial variability in intrinsic brain networks has not been well studied in fMRI. Independent vector analysis (IVA), is a blind source separation approach that can be used for segregating fMRI data into temporally coherent, maximally spatially independent networks enabling comparison among subjects similar to group independent component analysis (GICA). Using simulated and small sample real data, it has been shown that spatial independence in IVA is achieved while jointly maximizing the dependence across subjects. This study was motivated by the fact that IVA has not yet been applied to a large sample size or to analyze multi-group data for spatial differences. We introduce several new ways to quantify differences in variability of IVA-derived connectivity networks between schizophrenia patients (SZ = 82) from healthy controls (HC = 89) in a large (N=171) data set. Results show that IVA identified significant group differences in the auditory cortex, the basal ganglia, the sensorimotor network and medial visual cortex. Variance maps of the spatial networks showed that there is greater variability in the patients primarily in sensory networks whereas the default mode network showed more variability in the controls. In summary, IVA enables the study of spatial variation in intrinsic brain networks, an area that has not been in focus.
Leukotriene B4 promotes phospholipid acylation in human neutrophils.

The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that leukotriene B4 (LTB4) may promote extracellular fatty acid incorporation into neutrophil choline glycerophospholipids (PC) to replenish phospholipids after deacylation. Incubation of human neutrophils with LTB4 (1.5 to 150 nM) for 1 for 5 min resulted in increased fatty acid incorporation into phosphatidylinositol (PI), diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (diacyl-GPC) and alkylacyl-GPC. The magnitude of stimulation (percentage of control) of fatty acid incorporation appears to reflect increased activity of the acyltransferases catalyzing acylation of the respective lysophospholipids. LTB4 stimulation of arachidonic acid incorporation into PI was greater than into PC, whereas the stimulation of palmitic acid but not by arachidonic acid. LTB4 and 1-O-alkyl-2-N-methylcarbamyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (cPAF) exhibited a similar stimulatory effect on fatty acid incorporation into the PC fraction. Phosphate analysis could not detect changes in the mass of PI or of PC in neutrophils exposed to LTB4 or cPAF. The results suggest that increased fatty acid incorporation into phospholipids in LTB4-activated neutrophils reflects activation of phospholipase A2 and acyltransferases as well as ofde novo phospholipid synthesis.
FDTD modeling of common-mode radiation from cables

Radiation from cables attached to printed circuit boards and shielding enclosures is among the primary concerns in meeting FCC Class A and B limits. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method can be employed to model radiation from printed circuit boards and shielding enclosures with complex geometries, but difficulties in modeling wires and cables of arbitrary radii are encountered. Modeling the wire by setting the axial component of the electric field to zero in the FDTD method results in an effective wire radius that is determined by the mesh discretization. Neglecting the wire radius in applications, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) or printed circuit board modeling, may result in gross errors because near-field quantities are typically sensitive to wire thickness. Taflove et al. (1988) have developed a subcellular FDTD algorithm for modeling wires that has been shown to work well for plane wave scattering. The method uses a quasistatic field approximation to model wires with a well defined radius independent of the mesh dimensions. The wire model is reviewed and investigated for application to common-mode radiation from cables attached to printed circuit boards, where the source is often a noise voltage at the connector. Also investigated is energy coupling to attached cables through enclosure apertures resulting in common-mode radiation from the cable. The input impedance for a center-fed dipole antenna, as well as a monopole connected to a conducting half-sheet, is computed with FDTD methods and compared to moment method input impedance results. A simulation of a shielding enclosure with an attached cable demonstrates the utility of FDTD analysis in modeling common-mode radiation.
A review (1970-1980) of 28 presumptive cases of syphilitic uveitis

We classified 1.1% of our uveitis cases from 1970 to 1980 as presumably caused by syphilis. We did not initially suspect syphilis in most of these 28 patients. None of the women and only half of the men had reactive VDRL tests. If the fluorescent-treponemal-antibody absorption test had not been used, three-fourths of these cases would have gone undiagnosed.
Diagnostic test for the Prader-Willi syndrome by SNRPN expression in blood.

Summary Background Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is caused by alterations of the paternally derived chromosome 15 or by maternal uniparental disomy. The gene for the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (SNRPN) is expressed only from the paternally derived chromosome 15, due to epigenetic imprinting. The SNRPN gene is not expressed in any patients with PWS regardless of the underlying cytogenetic or molecular causes. Methods To develop a rapid molecular diagnostic assay for PWS, we tested the expression of the SNRPN gene and a control gene in 9 patients with PWS and 40 control individuals by PCR analysis of reverse transcribed mRNA from blood leucocytes. We then tested 11 blood samples from patients with suspected PWS. Findings SNRPN expression could readily be detected in blood leucocytes by PCR analysis in all control samples but not in samples from known PWS patients. Four suspected plus were negative for SNRPN expression were found to have chromosome 15 rearrangements, while the diagnosis of PWS was excluded in the remaining seven with normal SNRPN expression based on clinical, molecular, and cytogenetic findings. Interpretation The SNRPN-expression test is rapid and reliable in the molecular diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome.
Evolution of Cl−2 in aqueous NaCl solutions

Following an intense excitation by a photolysing flash, a transient absorption band centered at about 3400 A and approximately 1000 A wide was observed in aqueous NaCl solutions ranging in concentration from 5×10−4 to 2 M. This band was attributed to the presence of Cl−2 ions. The disappearance of Cl−2 was found to be a second process with a rate constant which was dependent on the NaCl concentration. At ambient temperature the kinetics was satisfactorily explained as being due to three simultaneous bimolecular reactions the rate constants of which were obtained. Furthermore, the decay of Cl−2 was observed to follow the same mechanism at elevated temperatures. All three bimolecular reactions were found to have Arrhenius-type temperature dependences.
Coherent 1-micron lidar measurements of atmospheric-turbulence-induced spatial decorrelation using a multielement heterodyne detector array

A coherent 1-micron Nd:YAG lidar system is employed to measure directly the reduced spatial coherence length rho 0 of the lidar returns caused by atmospheric turbulence. The experiments were conducted by using a 2 x 2 heterodyne detector array, which permitted real-time spatial correlation measurements of the lidar returns at two different detector spacings. The spatial correlation coefficients and spatial coherence length of the lidar returns from a hard target were measured during a day-to-night time period when the atmospheric turbulence parameter, Cn-squared, was measured to vary from 2 x 10 exp -13 to 2 x 10 exp -4 m exp -2/3. These directly measured values of rho 0 as a function of Cn-squared were found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
TIP-OPC: a new topological invariant paradigm for pixel based optical proximity correction

As the 193nm lithography is likely to be used for 45mm and even 32nm processes, much more stringent requirement will be posed on Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) technologies. Currently, there are two OPC approaches --- the model-based OPC (MB-OPC) and the inverse lithography technology (ILT). MB-OPC generates masks which is less complex compared with IL.T. But IL.T produces much better results than MB-OPC in terms of contour fidelity because ILT is a pixel based method. Observing that MB-OPC preserves the mask shape topologies which leads to a lower mask complexity, we combine the strengths of both methods --- the topology invariant property and the pixel based mask representation. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that this topological invariant pixel based OPC (TIP-OPC) paradigm is proposed, which fills the critical hole of the OPC landscape and potentially has many new applications. Our technical novelty includes the lithography friendly mask topological invariant operations, the efficient Fast Fourier Transform based cost function sensitivity computation and the TIP-OPC algorithm. The experimental results show that TIP-OPC can achieve much better post OPC contours compared with MB-OPC while maintaining the mask shape topologies.
Coupled transport/hyperelastic model for nastic materials

Nastic materials are high energy density active materials that mimic processes used in the plant kingdom to produce large deformations through the conversion of chemical energy. These materials utilize the controlled transport of charge and fluid across a selectively-permeable membrane to achieve bulk deformation in a process referred to in the plant kingdom as nastic movements . The nastic material being developed consists of synthetic membranes containing biological ion pumps, ion channels, and ion exchangers surrounding fluid-filled cavities embedded within a polymer matrix. In this paper the formulation of a biological transport model and its coupling with a hyperelastic finite element model of the polymer matrix is discussed. The transport model includes contributions from ion pumps, ion exchangers, and solvent flux. This work will form the basis for a feedback loop in material synthesis efforts. The goal of these studies is to determine the relative importance of the various parameters associated with both the polymer matrix and the biological transport components.
Chronic Radiation Proctopathy and Colopathy

Abstract Chronic radiation-induced colonic injury occurs in up to 20% of patients following radiotherapy. The rectum and distal sigmoid colon are most susceptible to radiation damage, and chronic radiation proctopathy generally manifests with anorectal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and/or anemia. Endoscopic findings include loss of mucosal vasculature, patchy erythema, and angioectasia, which correlate with ischemic endarteritis of the submucosal arterioles, submucosal fibrosis, and angioectasia on histopathological examination. Although most patients develop symptomatic chronic radiation proctopathy within 1–2 years after radiation exposure, they can present up to 30 years after treatment. Radiation proctopathy, found incidentally during endoscopy, does not warrant any therapy. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) is the mainstay of endoscopic therapy for chronic radiation proctopathy. Laser therapy and dilute formalin (2–10%) application are associated with higher complications and are not commonly utilized. In this video presentation, endoscopic findings are described in chronic radiation proctopathy and colopathy as well as APC therapy. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.