cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution and shock-induced exsolution of argon in vitreous carbon

Carbon has been shown by several researchers to be the main noble-gas carrier in chondritic meteorites. To add to our knowledge of noble gas solution and exsolution in carbonaceous material, experiments were performed on vitreous carbon, a type of amorphous carbon. Ar-rich vitreous carbon samples were prepared under vapor-saturated conditions using argon as the pressurizing medium. Solubility data were obtained for temperatures of 773 to 973K and pressures of 250 to 1500 bars. Up to 7 wt.% Ar was dissolved in the carbon. The solubility data were compared to a thermodynamic model of argon atoms dissolving into a fixed population of “holes” in the carbon. Two variations of the model yielded estimates of the enthalpy of solution of Ar in vitreous carbon (ΔH°_(Ar)) of ≈ −4700 cal/mole. Preliminary shock experiments showed that 28% of the total argon was released by driving 4 GPa^* shocks into the argon-rich carbon. It was demonstrated that shock-induced argon loss is not simply caused by the impact-induced diminution of grain size. The present value of shock pressure required for partial impact devolatilization of Ar from carbon is below the range (5–30 GPa) that H_2O is released from phyllosilicates.
Particle Number and Size Distribution of Emissions During Light-Duty Vehicle Cold Start: Data from the Total Onboard Tailpipe Emissions Measurement System

Vehicle emissions during cold start are known to be significantly higher than after optimal vehicle operating temperatures are reached. There are limited data, however, on particle number and size distributions during cold start. Cold-start tailpipe emissions from a 1999 Toyota Sienna minivan were quantified at ambient temperatures between 20°C and 37°C using a novel system, the total onboard tailpipe emissions measurement system (TOTEMS), assembled to quantify the full suite of exhaust emissions from light-duty vehicles. TOTEMS particle number distributions were measured from 5.6 to 562 nm using an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) and total 3- to 3,000-nm particle counts were measured using an ultrafine condensation particle counter (UCPC) with 1-s temporal resolution during cold start and warm-up driving. Second-by-second particle number distributions from five cold-start emissions tests showed similar particle emissions patterns, allowing for three different cold-start phases to be identified based...
Subjective self-ratings of perceived difficulty during obstructed manual hose insertion tasks

Objective: A study was conducted to measure the effect that restricted hand access had on perceived difficulty ratings during simulated hose insertion tasks.Background: Insertion tasks have been identified by workers as physically demanding. Spatial limitations around the flange may affect the ability of the workers to successfully perform the insertion task.Methods: Six male and six female subjects pushed a rubber hose onto a stationary flange under conditions of limited hand access during simulated insertions.Results: The highest difficulty ratings were recorded when an obstruction was lateral to the flange. The overall difficulty rating was positively correlated with posture and force ratings.Conclusion: The location and number of obstructions is an important factor in how the subjects perceived the difficulty of the task.Application: The results of this study can be applied to the future design of insertion-type tasks and methodologies for subjectively assessing hand clearance.
Crack propagation and delamination analysis within the die by camera-assisted double cantilever beam technique

Crack propagation in copper-dielectric structures is an important concern regarding die failure, requiring reliable and fast characterization of crack propagation and corresponding adhesion properties. In the present investigation, a modified double cantilever beam (DCB) technique based on optical crack determination by gap opening measurement is utilized for local G c analysis on interconnect structures for 32 nm technology node and below. In comparison to conventional DCB test set-up, a significant increase in the number of measurement points and thus in the local resolution for G c is obtained.
Institutional Predictors of Volunteer Retention The Case of AmeriCorps National Service

Institutional predictors of volunteer service retention in AmeriCorps*State and National are assessed using data from the quasiexperimental, longitudinal study of AmeriCorps. Multilevel logistic regression is used, with individual member characteristics at the first level and institutional facilitation at the second level (across 107 program sites). Members are more likely to complete their terms of service if the program sites involve members in planning their service activities, match the activities to their career interests, help them develop a relationship with a mentor, and facilitate their reflection on the service experience with others. This study identifies strategies that may promote retention as an intermediate yet fundamental outcome.
Explorations in Navajo Poetry and Poetics

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Anthony K. Webster Year: 2010 Pages: 288 Publisher: University of New Mexico Press ISBN: 978-0-8263-4801-2 (soft cover).
Turning the Big Knob: An Evaluation of the Use of Energy Policy to Modulate Future Climate Impacts

Conventional wisdom on climate change policy is straightforward: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions will avoid the increased frequency and magnitude of climate impacts on environment and society that might occur if emissions are not controlled. The proponents of conventional wisdom widely consider energy policy to be the main policy tool available to decision makers to intentionally modulate future climate impacts. In this paper we challenge the notion that policy makers should intentionally use energy policy to modulate future climate impacts. The paper argues that policy makers may well make large changes in energy policy (and future emissions) without significantly affecting future climate impacts. In other words, even if a theoretical case could be made that energy policy could be used intentionally to modulate future climate, other factors will play a larger role in creating future impacts and are arguably more amenable to policy change. To illustrate this conclusion, the paper presents a sensitivity ...
Provision of mental health services in U.S. nursing homes, 1995-2004.

Objective: This study tracked the ability of U.S. nursing homes to provide on-site mental health services after the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987 mandated the detection and treatment of mental illness among nursing home patients. The study also determined cross-sectional correlates of service availability and models of services. Methods: Retrospective analyses were done using National Nursing Home Surveys from 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2004 (the most recent survey). The surveys are periodically conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and represent the nation’s approximately 17,000 nursing homes. The longitudinal trend of mental health service provision was analyzed for all facilities and for subgroups of facilities. Multivariate regression determined facility and geographic correlates in 2004. Results: Roughly 80% of facilities provided on-site mental health services each survey year. In 2004, 25% of facilities provided mental health services regularly or at routinely scheduled times (regular basis), 24% provided them in an on-call manner (or as needed), and 28% provided them on both a regular and on-call basis. The remaining 22% of facilities provided no on-site mental health services. Multivariate analyses found that largest facilities (≥200 beds) were more able than small facilities (<100 beds) to serve persons with mental illness (odds ratio=3.80, p=.024); compared with their counterparts, facilities were more likely to provide on-site services if they had a larger proportion of residents covered by Medicare or Medicaid programs, were in the Northeast region, or were in metropolitan areas. Similar correlates were found when the types of service provision models (regular basis, on-call basis, both a regular and on-call basis) were examined. Conclusions: The overall availability of nursing home–based mental health services did not improve over time during the post-OBRA era. Service availability is more problematic for certain facilities, such as small or rural ones. Financial, regulatory, and system-level efforts are needed to address this issue. (Psychiatric Services 61:349–355, 2010)
Lane Reservation for Highways (Position Paper)

The only way to keep up with the ever-increasing number of cars on roads is through constant change and improvement in the transportation infrastructure. Construction of new roads is constrained by space and financial resources. Therefore, there is a need to devise ways to make optimal use of the existing infrastructure. In this position paper, we describe a lane reservation system for highways. The idea is to allow drivers to reserve a slot on a high-priority lane by paying a premium price. The high-priority lane would provide congestion free travel between any two points on the highway. We describe the design of our system, the challenges that need to be solved and the evaluation methodology we are planning to adopt.
Longitudinal ruptures of polyester knitted vascular prostheses.

Abstract Aim: The purpose of the study was the characterization of a type of rupture occurring on warp-knitted polyester vascular prostheses. Materials and Methods: We studied 20 cases of warp-knitted polyester vascular prostheses that were explanted from humans that showed a longitudinal rupture as a part of a collaborative retrieval program. All the prostheses were immediately fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution after their explantation in the operating room. The clinical data of these cases were recorded. The explants were photographed, washed to eliminate the surrounding tissues, and photographed again. The ruptures were characterized with macroscopic examination, optical stereomicroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The mean duration of implantation of the prostheses was 16.0 ± 3.3 years (range, 9-20.7 years). The prostheses were Cooley Double Velour (n = 15) and Microvel Double Velour (n = 5). There were 16 aortobifemoral bypass grafts, 1 aorto-biiliac, 1 aorto-aortic, 1 iliofemoral, and 1 axillobifemoral. The longitudinal ruptures occurred on two specific parts of the prostheses: the guide line (6 cases) and the remeshing line (11 cases). In three cases both lines were affected. Scanning electron microscopy showed major degradation of the trilobar filaments of the velour and gradual ruptures of the flat filaments of the remeshing and guide lines. Conclusions: In this study, we have identified a specific mechanism of late (9-20 years) longitudinal rupture of knitted polyester prostheses consisting of degradation of the polyester filaments along the remeshing and guide lines that run the length of the graft. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:1015-21.)
Morphologic changes of the ascending colon during experimental ischemia and reperfusion in ponies.

The morphologic changes following ascending colon volvulus result from the interaction of in- flammatory and coagulation mediators. The objective of this study was to establish a quantifiable histopathologic scoring system to evaluate the serial pathomorphologic changes during ischemia and reperfusion. Such a scoring system could then be applied to subsequent studies designed to attenuate bowel lesions by regulating activity of individual mediators. Ten normal, healthy adult ponies were randomly divided into two equal groups. Following anesthesia and a 30-minute stabilization period, the colon of ponies in the experimental group was twisted 720" for 2 hours of ischemia and then untwisted for 2 hours of reperfusion. The control ponies underwent 4 hours of anesthesia. Full-thickness colonic biopsy specimens were obtained from the antimessenteric border of the pelvic flexure and prepared for light and transmission electron microscopy at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after twisting. The mean histopathology score at 0 hours for control ponies was 1.2 and remained unchanged; the score for the experimental ponies was 1.8 and progressed to 4.2 by 4 hours. At 2 hours of ischemia, there was edema of the submucosa and lamina propria attributable to accumulation of platelets, fibrin, and neutrophils in capillaries of the lamina propria. The morphologic changes in experimental ponies progressed to complete destruction of the mucosa with congestion, hemorrhage, and microvascular thrombosis. Mean histopathology scores of control and experimental ponies were significantly different at 1 hour of ischemia, and lesions pro- gressively worsened through the reperfusion period. The morphologic changes observed in this study accurately reflect those changes reported in horses with naturally occumng colonic volvulus and can serve as a reference for subsequent studies on attenuating bowel injury.
Multifaceted role of insulin-like growth factors and mammalian target of rapamycin in skeletal muscle.

The plasticity of skeletal muscle is evidenced by its capacity to double or even triple in size. Overall, muscle volume may be restricted by genetic limits but muscle quantity is primarily regulated by its own use and disuse. Muscle hypertrophy is also influenced by the availability of nutrients and the presence of endocrine and autocrine hormones such as IGF-I. A concerted anabolic signal is generated by leucine which facilitates the translocation of the kinase mTOR to the surface of the lysosome, where it is activated by Rheb, and by IGF-I which relieves the inherent inhibition of mTOR by TSC2. mTOR is also positively regulated by short-term changes in the energy state of individual muscle fibers after a meal and secondarily by prolonged exposure to leucine, glucose and contractile load all of which may influence the long-term energy state by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. mTOR, when activated, phosphorylates substrates such as the translation initiation factor 4E-BP1 to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy. IGF-I also stimulates the self-renewal of muscle satellite cells to replace myonuclei and rebuild muscle after injury. Exercise, nutrients, and growth factors have evolved together to optimally energize mTOR and overcome the negative impact of catabolic hormones, inflammatory mediators, and muscle damage. Hence, a combination of these mTOR modifiers used in tandem may be efficacious in preventing and/or ameliorating reductions in muscle mass occurring in select pathological conditions.
A Novel Two-Step Method for Cross Language Representation Learning

Cross language text classification is an important learning task in natural language processing. A critical challenge of cross language learning arises from the fact that words of different languages are in disjoint feature spaces. In this paper, we propose a two-step representation learning method to bridge the feature spaces of different languages by exploiting a set of parallel bilingual documents. Specifically, we first formulate a matrix completion problem to produce a complete parallel document-term matrix for all documents in two languages, and then induce a low dimensional cross-lingual document representation by applying latent semantic indexing on the obtained matrix. We use a projected gradient descent algorithm to solve the formulated matrix completion problem with convergence guarantees. The proposed method is evaluated by conducting a set of experiments with cross language sentiment classification tasks on Amazon product reviews. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed learning method outperforms a number of other cross language representation learning methods, especially when the number of parallel bilingual documents is small.
Cyclicality in Catastrophic and Operational Risk Measurements

Using equity returns for financial institutions we estimate both catastrophic and operational risk measures over the period 1973-2001. We find evidence of cyclical components in both the catastrophic and operational risk measures obtained from the Generalized Pareto Distribution and the Skewed Generalized Error Distribution. Our new, comprehensive approach to measuring operational risk shows that approximately two thirds of financial institutions returns represents compensation for operational risk.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli RecA by rationally redesigned N-terminal helix

Bacterial RecA promotes the development and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes by self-assembling into an ATP-hydrolyzing filamentous homopolymer on single-stranded DNA. We report the design of a 29mer peptide based on the RecA N-terminal domain involved in intermonomer contact that inhibits RecA filament assembly with an IC50 of 3 µM.
Algorithm for correcting optimization convergence errors in Eclipse

Abstract: IMRT plans generated in Eclipse use a Dose Volume Optimizer (DVO) algorithm to evaluate dose for optimization and a more accurate algorithm for a final Volume Dose (VD) calculation, the Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA). The use of the DVO introduces Optimization Convergence Errors (OCE’s) into an IMRT plan. Eclipse has a feature where optimization may be performed on top of an existing base plan. When the base plan is an optimized IMRT plan, a second optimization can compensate for errors in the base plan. Errors in the base plan are demonstrated to originate in the DVO. An IMRT plan containing the same field arrangement as the initial base plan may be generated by adding the initial plan optimal fluence to the dose correcting plan optimal fluence. A simple procedure to correct DVO OCE’s which may be implemented in the clinic using the Eclipse Treatment planning system (TPS) is presented along with an Excel spreadsheet available for download to add fluence maps together.
Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. I. Male gamete heterogeneity among females

Abstract Gene flow is a key factor in the spatial genetic structure in spatially distributed species. Evolutionary biologists interested in microevolutionary processess and conservation biologists interested in the impact of landscape change require a method that measures the real time process of gene movement. We present a novel two-generation (parent-offspring) approach to the study of genetic structure (TwoGener) that allows us to quantify heterogeneity among the male gamete pools sampled by maternal trees scattered across the landscape and to estimate mean pollination distance and effective neighborhood size. First, we describe the model's elements: genetic distance matrices to estimate intergametic distances, molecular analysis of variance to determine whether pollen profiles differ among mothers, and optimal sampling considerations. Second, we evaluate the model's effectiveness by simulating spatially distributed populations. Spatial heterogeneity in male gametes can be estimated by ΦFT, a male game...
Overall "Sense of Community" in a Suburban Region The Effects of Localism, Privacy, and Urbanization

This article tests several hypotheses from sociology and psychology about the factors important to residents' overall "sense of community" in a suburban region. Using data from the 1990 Orange Coun...
Participant Activism: Exploring a Methodology for Scholar-Activists through Lessons Learned as a Precarious Labor Organizer

Precarious labor has become an organizing issue for labor movements and a fruitful object of study for critical communication scholars. The work of communication scholars' challenging precarious labor's exploitation, however, has not been adequately explored, perhaps because communication scholars are not engaging in labor activism, but also perhaps because communication research for social justice has not yet been widely embraced. This essay offers remedies for both problems by exploring what I call “participant activism” through analysis of the epistemological and political lessons learned from working as a scholar and activist with WashTech (the Washington Alliance of Technology Workers), a high-tech labor union for precarious workers.
Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Characteristics in a Club Triathlon Team

Abstract Hoch AZ, Stavrakos JE, Schimke JE. Prevalence of female athlete triad characteristics in a club triathlon team. Objective To determine the prevalence of the female athlete triad in club triathletes. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Academic medical center in the midwestern United States. Participants Fifteen women (mean age, 35±6y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Disordered eating and menstrual status were determined by questionnaires. Energy status was determined by a 3-day food record, resting energy expenditure, and exercise energy output. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the total left hip and lumbar spine (L2-4) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results Sixty percent of the triathletes were found to be in calorie deficit, 53% had a carbohydrate deficit, 47% had a fat deficit, 40% had a protein deficit, and 33% had a calcium deficit. Forty percent of triathletes reported a history of amenorrhea. BMD was normal in the lumbar spine (L2-4) (1.3±0.1g/cm 2 ) and total left hip (1.1±0.1g/cm 2 ). Conclusions Triathletes are at risk for components of the female athlete triad. Continued efforts need to be directed at prevention through education of athletes, coaches, parents, and health care professionals.
Factors Controlling Bioturbation in Deep-Sea Sediments and Their Relation to Models of Carbon Diagenesis

I review the processes controlling particle mixing in sediments at water depths greater than 1000 m, and discuss variations in these processes on a variety of space and time scales. In addition, I outline impacts of these variations on seafloor models of particulate-organic carbon (POC) diagenesis.
Paradoxical Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Heart Rate in Dogs

In the anesthetized, open-chest dog, electrical stimulation of the cardiac ends of the transected cervical vagus nerves produced effects on heart rate and A-V transmission that were dependent upon the P-St interval, i.e., the-time from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the stimulus. When one vagal stimulus was delivered per cardiac cycle, the pacemaker response curve (curve of the P-P interval as a function of the P-St interval) was sinusoidal in configuration, with a maximum at a P-St interval of 135 msec and a minimum at 349 msec. The mean P-P interval was 568 msec, and the mean amplitude of the pacemaker response curve was 58 msec. In any given experiment, the range of P-P intervals encompassed by the pacemaker response curve defined a range of frequencies over which S-A nodal rhythm became synchronized with the activity in the vagus nerves. Over such a range, increases in the frequency of vagal stimulation evoked paradoxical increases in heart rate. On either side of this range of synchronization, vagal stimulation elicited pronounced rhythmic oscillations of P-P and P-R intervals. The frequency of such oscillations was equal to the difference between the vagal stimulation frequency and the mean heart rate. The oscillations in P-R interval were approximately 180° out of phase with the oscillations in P-P interval.
Prevalence and prognostic impact of lymphadenectomy and lymph node metastasis in clinically early-stage ovarian clear cell carcinoma.

Objectives The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and prognostic impact of lymphadenectomy and lymph node involvement in patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) grossly confined to the ovary. Methods Patients with a diagnosis of OCCC grossly confined to the ovary were identified from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program from 1988 to 2007. Only surgically treated patients were included. Statistical analysis using Student t test, Kaplan-Meier survival methods, and Cox proportional hazards regression were performed. Results One thousand eight hundred ninety-seven patients with OCCC who have undergone surgical treatment and deemed at time of the surgery to have disease grossly confined to the ovary were included: 538 (28.3%) had no lymphadenectomy (LND −1), and 1359 (71.7%) had lymphadenectomy. Of the 1359 patients who had lymphadenectomy, 1298 (95.5%) were International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) surgical stage I (LND +1), and 61 (4.5%) were upstaged to FIGO stage IIIC due to nodal metastasis (LND +3C). The 5-year disease-specific survival was 84.9% for LND −1, 88.0% for LND +1, and 65.0% for LND +3C (P 10 nodes), but it did not reach statistical significance (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.49–1.02; P = 0.064). Conclusions Lymph node metastasis was uncommon in patients diagnosed with OCCC grossly confined to the ovary; however, patients with positive nodes were more likely to die compared to those with negative nodes. More extensive lymphadenectomy plays an important role in providing accurate staging and prognostic information.
A JUDICIAL RETROSPECTIVE: SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS BY THE ARKANSAS SUPREME COURT FROM 1991 THROUGH 2011

The Arkansas Supreme Court has blazed new trails in Arkansas jurisprudence in the last two decades with a bevy of significant opinions. The impact of these opinions has been felt not only in Arkansas but across the nation, particularly in the areas of individual privacy rights and term limits for United States representatives and senators. There have also been opinions dealing with separation of powers, the inadequacy and inequality of public education, prior restraint of the press, expanded rights under the Arkansas Constitution, class actions, and tort reform. The purpose of this article is to highlight many of those opinions, while commenting on their impact in Arkansas and beyond. Of note is the fact that in 2008, the Arkansas Supreme Court was ranked second best in the nation for state supreme courts by a study entitled “Which States Have the Best (and Worst) High Courts?” 1 The report was issued by the University of Chicago and was based on state supreme courts as they were composed between 1998 and 2000. 2 Three law professors prepared the report: Eric D. Posner of the University of Chicago Law School, Stephen J. Choi of the New York University Law School, and Mitu Gulati of the Duke University Law School. 3 The final score was a composite based on productivity of the justices in issuing opinions, independence from partisan pressures, 4 and quality of opinions, including citation by other courts. 5
Behavioral manifestations of frontal lobe seizures.

Patients with seizure of frontal lobe origin can present with bizarre behavior. At times, this bizarre behavior can be unrecognized or confused with seizure of other origin with nonepileptic events or with psychiatric disorder.I recently saw a patient who began to experience events that were characterized by terrible fear which was followed by irritability. It was as if she could not stand in place where she was at and felt like running away. She was referred to a psychiatrist who diagnosed her to have panic disorder. She was subsequently treated for panic disorder. Her symptoms did not improve; therefore, she came to see me for a second opinion. Upon asking, the patient reported that the episodes were always the same and that they lasted approximately seconds to minutes. Due to the stereotypicity of the event and a normal routine electroencephalography (EEG), we requested that she would undergo a 24-hour video-monitoring EEG. Stereotypicity can help the physician in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorder versus a seizure disorder. During 24-hour video-monitoring EEG, she experienced several of these events. Also, a computer tomography scan was performed, which showed a small meningioma in the orbital frontal region.
A constrained hidden Markov model approach for non-explicit citation context extraction

In this paper we present a constrained hidden markov model based approach for extracting non-explicit citing sentences in research articles. Our method involves first independently training a separate HMM for each citation in the article being processed and then performing a constrained joint inference to label non-explicit citing sentences. Results on a standard test collection show that our method significantly outperforms the baselines and is comparable to the state of the art approaches.
A Bibliometric Analysis of PubMed Literature on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), a pandemic threat to human beings, has aroused huge concern worldwide, but no bibliometric studies have been conducted on MERS research. The aim of this study was to map research productivity on the disease based on the articles indexed in PubMed. The articles related to MERS dated from 2012 to 2015 were retrieved from PubMed. The articles were classified into three categories according to their focus. Publication outputs were assessed and frequently used terms were mapped using the VOS viewer software. A total of 443 articles were included for analysis. They were published in 162 journals, with Journal of Virology being the most productive (44 articles; 9.9%) and by six types of organizations, with universities being the most productive (276 articles; 62.4%).The largest proportion of the articles focused on basic medical sciences and clinical studies (47.2%) and those on prevention and control ranked third (26.2%), with those on other focuses coming in between (26.6%). The articles on prevention and control had the highest mean rank for impact factor (IF) (226.34), followed by those on basic medical sciences and clinical studies (180.23) and those on other focuses (168.03). The mean rank differences were statistically significant (p = 0.000). Besides, “conronavirus”, “case”, “transmission” and “detection” were found to be the most frequently used terms. The findings of this first bibliometric study on MERS suggest that the prevention and control of the disease has become a big concern and related research should be strengthened.
A New Approach to Scattering Theory

For a review of the appropriate reference, and for more precise definitions of the quantities used here, I refer you to a recent article by R. Sugar and myself.1 Our purpose is to develop upper and lower bounds for the phase shifts and the K-matrix elements of complicated problems. We will call a problem solved if we can write it in such a form that it can be easily integrated on a computer. All three-body and higher scattering problems are unsolvable in the sense that they cannot be coded for a finite-priced computer.
Parasite pathogenesis: The dynamics of chronic malaria.

Rodent malaria parasites establish chronic infections through the sequential expression of subsets of variant antigen-encoding genes, a process that surprisingly appears to be independent of adaptive immunity.
Stability and safety of maize–legume-fortified flours stored in various packaging materials

In an attempt to control mold growth in maize–legume-fortified flours, fermented maize, blanched pigeon pea, and soybean seeds were dried at 65 °C for 8 h. The milled, maize–pigeon pea, and maize–soybean flour, in three concentrations and control samples, were stored in four packaging materials: low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, plastic (polypropylene) and aluminum containers under simulated tropical conditions of 28 ± 2 °C and 83 ± 2% relative humidity for up to 24 weeks. The stored products were assessed periodically for water activity (a w) and fungal counts. Dominant mold isolates from the flours were further characterized and identified. Results demonstrated that the initial a w (0.15–0.17) increased to 0.17–0.24 after 24 weeks. Fungal counts ranged from 1.69 to 2.31 log10 CFU/g initially to 2.6 to 3.79 log10 CFU/g by the end of storage. The a w of maize–pigeon pea flour and maize–soybean flour, regardless of packaging, was not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05) over time; however, fungal counts were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05). Seven fungal species were identified from the flours: Cladosporium spp., Alternaria alternata, Paecilomyces variotii, Fusarium spp., Rhizopus spp., Scopulariopsis spp., and Epiccocum nigrum. Cladosporium cladosporioides was the dominant mold species in all the flours, with the highest in the maize–pigeon pea flours after 24 weeks of storage. Subsequent aflatoxin analyses indicated low levels (<20 ppb) throughout the storage period, regardless of packaging material. This study demonstrates that a w, fungal counts, and aflatoxin levels of the flours were within tolerable limits. The information from this study may be useful to processors, regulators, or researchers who are interested in identifying suitable packaging materials for these types of flours.
Improving economics of lignocellulosic biofuels: An integrated strategy for coproducing 1,5-pentanediol and ethanol

Abstract A biorefinery strategy for the coproduction of ethanol and 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PDO), which can be used as polyester and polyurethane component, from lignocellulosic biomass is proposed. This strategy integrates biomass fractionation with simultaneous conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose constituents into 1,5-PDO and ethanol, respectively. An experimentally-based process model is developed to determine the economic potential of the integrated strategy. The coproduction strategy becomes competitive with the ethanol-only strategy when 1,5-PDO can be sold at $1140/ton, which is well below the market price of 1,5-PDO. The most important process parameters include biomass loading for biomass fractionation, enzyme loading for enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, and overall achievable yields from C5 sugars to 1,5-PDO.
A new vegetation model based on numerical 3D solutions of maxwell equations

We study the scattering of a vegetation canopy consisting of a large number of thin cylindrical scatterers using Numerical Maxwell Model in 3D Simulations (NMM3D). The full wave approach for solving Maxwell equations is based on the Foldy-Lax multiple scattering equations (FL) combined with the Method of Moments for bodies of revolution (BOR). The accuracy of the method FL-BOR is first validated by comparing with the results from the commercial software HFSS for the two and five cylinders' cases. Next, the transmission through a vegetation canopy of cylindrical scatterers is calculated using Monte Carlo simulation where the cylinders, as many as 500, are generated in each realization and the scattering is solved by FL-BOR with exact solutions of the matrix equation. The results of transmission at C-band are compared with those from the distorted Born approximation (DBA) where the attenuation rate 〈κ e 〉 is computed using Foldy's approximation. In NMM3D simulations, the transmission is calculated without the need of defining or calculating the attenuation rate. Two cases are studied: (a) short cylinders where the cylinder lengths are much smaller than the layer thickness and are randomly distributed in 3D in the vegetation layer, and (b) long cylinders where the cylinder lengths are the same as the thickness of the vegetation layer. Case (b) represents several vegetation types and also part of other vegetation types. The results of case (b) show there are significant differences of transmission, as much as 6 dB, from that of DBA.
Selecting the Right College Major in the Age of Chaos, the Global Internet Age

Students want to know what to major in. There is no question that the rules have changed in the Global Internet Age and educators and students must rethink the goals of education. What made sense twenty years ago may no longer be true. After all, many skills can be easily learned using free courses on the Internet. This paper describes the skills and attributes needed in the global Internet age. If these skills are provided, students will be successful and colleges will never become irrelevant since individuals with these abilities can help an organization thrive.
Single Fathers in the Air Force

The author examines the work, personal, and family demands and adjustments of single fathers using survey data from a probability sample of eighty-seven single fathers in the Air Force. Overall, si...
Effect of supplementation with methyl-donor nutrients on neurodevelopment and cognition: considerations for future research

Pregnancy represents a critical period in fetal development, such that the prenatal environment can, in part, establish a lifelong trajectory of health or disease for the offspring. Poor nutrition (macro- or micronutrient deficiencies) can adversely affect brain development and significantly increase offspring risk for metabolic and neurological disease development. The concentration of dietary methyl-donor nutrients is known to alter DNA methylation in the brain, and alterations in DNA methylation can have long-lasting effects on gene expression and neuronal function. The decreased availability of methyl-donor nutrients to the developing fetus in models of poor maternal nutrition is one mechanism hypothesized to link maternal malnutrition and disease risk in offspring. Animal studies indicate that supplementation of both maternal and postnatal (early- and later-life) diets with methyl-donor nutrients can attenuate disease risk in offspring; however, clinical research is more equivocal. The objective of this review is to summarize how specific methyl-donor nutrient deficiencies and excesses during pre- and postnatal life alter neurodevelopment and cognition. Emphasis is placed on reviewing the current literature, highlighting challenges within nutrient supplementation research, and considering potential strategies to ensure robust findings in future studies.
STIMULATED VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PHARMACOLOGICAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS

The technique of ascertaining the vulnerability of the ventricles to fibrillation by the determination of the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) to electrical current stimulation pulses is discussed. A versatile wide-range electrical stimulator built specifically for measurements of the VFT in dog experiments using readily available low cost IC's and general purpose laboratory instruments is presented. Studies of the effect of smoking, caffeine, and alcohol on the VFT in dogs are summarized.
In Vitro Tests

The radioimmunoassay (RIA) method was first developed by S. A. Berson and R. S. Yallow in the late 1950s for the determination of insulin in human serum. Presently, the method is employed extensively to determine numerous hormones, enzymes, and drugs in minute quantities (10-9–10-12 M) in human plasma in order to assess various disease conditions. The general term for this method in both immune and nonimmune systems is the competitive binding assay (CBA).
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MURINE MAMMARY CANCER AND THE SEGREGATION OF ENDOGENOUS GENES

ABSTRACT We have investigated the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) specific proviral DNA content of the C57BL and GR strains of mice by restriction endonuclease digestion of cellular DNA and Southern transfer of DNA fragments to nitrocellulose filter paper. GR mice develop 100% mammary tumors at an early age whereas C57BL mice have less than a one percent incidence. The MMTV containing DNA fragments were identified by hybridization to MMTV [ 32 P] complementary DNA. Digestion of cellular DNA with the restriction endonuclease Pst-1, which generates multiple internal MMTV specific DNA fragments, has identified viral DNA fragments at 2.5 and 0.6 megadaltons in the GR DNA, which are absent in the C57BL DNA. The GR and C57BL mice share Pst-1 restriction fragments at 3.3, 1.1, 0.9 and 0.5 megadaltons. The C57BL mouse has a Pst-1 restriction fragment at 3.1 megadaltons which is absent in DNA from GR mice. Genetic analyses of GR and C57BL crosses has determined that the Pst-1 fragments specific for the GR MMTV are inherited as a single Mendelian unit in [C57BL × (C57BL × GR)F 1 ] backcross mice, i.e., 50 percent of the livers examined contain Pst-1 fragments at 2.5 and 0.6 megadaltons. We have been able to correlate the presence of these MMTV(GR) specific Pst-1 fragments with the occurrence of early mammary tumors in the [C57BL × (C57BL × GR)F 1 ] backcross mice. These studies thus demonstrate the utility of restriction mapping in the diagnosis of a naturally occurring neoplasm.
Abstract 248: Gold Star Pilot Program Expedites Early Discharges From Inpatient Cardiology Unit

Background: Benefits of early hospital discharge include decreased length of stay, improved patient satisfaction, and more efficient resource utilization. Patients admitted to inpatient cardiology ...
On the Origin of the Dragon: Evolving a Transdisciplinary Research Pedagogy

How could a mythical animal provide strong pedagogical insight? The dragon is a beast of power, prestige, and intrigue—it may also have been created from the interaction of man with the environment, specifically coal. The dragon is a perfect dual metaphor for environmental education that addresses the destruction of the planet and for the power of a transdisciplinary pedagogical approach that seeks solutions from multiple perspectives. Coal seams worldwide contain Carboniferous plant fossils which have the appearance of scaly reptile skin, legs, feet, and eyes. Approaching the study of the dragon and coal seams in a multivariate way breathes life into the mythical fossilized beast, engendering a fervent learning environment that brings together disparate disciplines and people in a common pursuit.
Abstract WP98: Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in Preconditioning of Microglia to Achieve Improved Hematoma Cleanup After ICH

Background: Red blood cells (RBC) and other blood components deposited in brain parenchyma during intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are the source of secondary brain injury, inflammation, and oxidativ...
Example Based Hebbian Learning may be sufficient to support Human Intelligence

In this hypothesis paper we argue that when driven by example behavior, a simple Hebbian learning mechanism can form the core of a computational theory of learning that can support both low level learning and the development of human level intelligence. We show that when driven by example behavior Hebbian learning rules can support semantic, episodic and procedural memory. For humans, we hypothesize that the abilities to manipulate an off-line world model and to abstract using language allow for the generation and communication of rich example behavior, and thereby support human learning and a gradual increase of collective human intelligence across generations. We also compare the properties of Example Based Hebbian (EBH) learning with those of backpropagation-based learning and argue that the EBH mechanism is more consistent with observed characteristics of human learning.
Menopausal Hormone Therapy

Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menses. In this article, we review the menopausal transition and its unique impact on the endocrine system. Vasomotor symptoms, or hot flashes, are sudden episodes of intense heat that are accompanied by sweating and flushing. We also review menopausal therapies including both hormonal and nonhormonal treatments. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has multiple side effects including increased risk for breast cancer in the case of combination therapies, increased risk of stroke and deep venous thrombosis, and possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease depending on the time of initiation of therapy. The benefits of MHT include the prevention of osteoporosis and decreased incidence of colorectal cancer in combined estrogen and progestin users, and its short-term use for symptomatic patients for the relief of vasomotor symptoms and urogenital atrophy is indicated. Although there are two new Food and Drug Administration-approved, nonestrogenic treatments for menopausal symptoms (paroxetine mesylate and ospemifene), estrogen continues to be the most effective treatment available.
Suicides Among Incarcerated Persons in 18 U.S. States: Findings From the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003–2014

Using data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (2003–2014), this study examined the characteristics and contributing circumstances of suicides in correctional facilities. χ2 and logist...
Femtoscopic signature of strong radial flow in high-multiplicity p p collisions

Hydrodynamic simulations are used to calculate the identical pion Hanbury-Brown--Twiss (HBT) radii, as a function of the pair momentum ${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$. This dependence is sensitive to the magnitude of the collective radial flow in the transverse plane, and thus comparison to ALICE data enables us to derive its magnitude. By using hydro solutions with variable initial parameters we conclude that in this case fireball explosions start with a very small initial size, well below 1 $\mathrm{fm}$.
Where Do We Go from Here? Positioning Gender in Studies of the Far Right

This article sets out an agenda for the next stage of feminist scholarship on the far-right. It outlines what we know – and what we don’t know – about gender and the far right, and suggests four di...
Educating ethically during COVID-19

One of the perplexing features of an infectious disease is the damage it causes, not only to physical health, but to mental health and to social relationships. This tension between the separation that is required for safety and the human need for contact is especially felt by institutions of higher education. Many such institutions not only educate students but seek to foster the kinds of communities which have thrived on personal interaction and shared physical space. Different institutions have responded to COVID-19 and its impacts on their members differently. Given that the spring semester will begin months before COVID-19 vaccines are widely available, we offer seven recommendations and argue that for a university, college, or other similarly situated educational institution to ethically respond to the pandemic, it must follow these recommendations. These recommendations are grounded in both scientific research and ethical analysis. Proper ethical analysis, which is necessary for the implementation of good policies, cannot be accomplished without an evidence-based grounding. After describing features of the virus and the situation that faces higher education institutions, in general, we turn to a detailed discussion of transmission. We discuss interventions available to institutions, including masking, hygiene, barriers, and testing and surveillance. Our recommendations are supported by an ethical analysis reliant on four themes: expertise, planning, stewardship, and dignity.
School Vouchers and Student Achievement: Recent Evidence, Remaining Questions

In this article, we review the empirical evidence on the impact of education vouchers on student achievement and briefly discuss the evidence from other forms of school choice. The best research to date finds relatively small achievement gains for students offered education vouchers, most of which are not statistically different from zero. Furthermore, what little evidence exists regarding the potential for public schools to respond to increased competitive pressure generated by vouchers suggests that one should remain wary that large improvements would result from a more comprehensive voucher system. The evidence from other forms of school choice is also consistent with this conclusion. Many questions remain unanswered, however, including whether vouchers have longer-run impacts on outcomes such as graduation rates, college enrollment, or even future wages, and whether vouchers might nevertheless provide a cost-neutral alternative to our current system of public education provision at the elementary and secondary school level.