cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial conditions and imbedded shocks in the numerical analysis of transonic flows

Many practical problems in gas dynamics involve the determination of a steady flow. Numerical procedures to approximate the solution are generally iterative: one starts with an initial guess of the flow field and tries to correct the errors in successive steps, until the computed values vary from step to step by less than an accepted tolerance. Assuming that one succeeds in his intent, the question still remains open, whether the numerically steady flow approximates a physical steady flow, consistent with the assumed physical model and the boundary conditions. Existence and uniqueness theorems are generally not available for the original system of partial differential equations. Assuminq, thouqh, that a steady physical solution exists and is unique (a single point P in a functional space),there is no way of proving that the functional point defined at each step by the numerical procedure converges to P. I would like here to show why and how time-dependent techniques may help us to get a clearer idea of the correctness of the numerical solution.
Blockade of Stress-Induced But Not Cocaine-Induced Reinstatement by Infusion of Noradrenergic Antagonists into the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis or the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala

Experiments in our laboratory have shown that central noradrenergic (NA) activation plays a major role in stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in rats. In the present experiments, we investigated the effects of blockade of β-NA adrenoceptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and in the region of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) on footshock- and cocaine-induced reinstatement. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) for 9 d and, after a 5–7 d drug-free period, were given extinction sessions followed by a test for footshock stress-induced (15 min of intermittent footshock, 0.8 mA) or cocaine-induced (20 mg/kg, i.p.) reinstatement. Before the test, different groups of rats were given bilateral infusions of one of four doses of a mixture of the β1- and β2-receptor antagonists betaxolol and ICI-118,551 (vehicle, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 nmol of each compound in 0.5 μl) into either the BNST or CeA. We observed a dose-dependent reduction of stress-induced reinstatement after infusions into the BNST and a complete blockade of stress-induced reinstatement after infusions into the CeA at all doses tested. The same treatments did not block cocaine-induced reinstatement when given at either site. These data suggest that stress-induced NA activation in the BNST and in the region of the CeA is critical to relapse to drug seeking induced by stress but not to relapse induced by priming injections of cocaine, and we hypothesize that NA activity leads to activation of corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in these regions.
Does A1c consistently reflect mean plasma glucose

Background: A1c, a surrogate measure of glycemic control, is known to have a strong linear correlation with mean plasma glucose (MPG) when analyzed in populations of patients. However, clinically significant intersubject variability in this relationship exists, which suggests that A1c measurements may not reflect actual glycemic control in some patients. In the present study we explored the extent to which A1c accurately represents glycemic control, as measured by MPG, for individual patients. Methods: Data were pooled from randomized clinical trials in which A1c and self-monitored plasma glucose (SMPG) profiles were collected by patients with Type 2 diabetes treated with insulin analog regimens. MPG levels were calculated from SMPG profiles. Distributions of MPG were analyzed for patients within similar ranges of A1c (<6.5%, 6.5%–<7.5%, 7.5%–<8.5%, 8.5%–<9.5%, and ≥9.5%) and distributions of A1c were analyzed in patients within similar ranges of MPG (<6.1, 6.1–<7.8, 7.8–<9.4, 9.4–<11.1, and ≥11.1 mmol/L). Results: Substantial proportions of patients had clinically significant differences between A1c and MPG. For example, among 260 patients with A1c between 6.5% and 7.5%, 10% had MPG levels 9.5 mmol/L. Among the 224 patients with MPG levels ≥6.1 mmol/L and 8.1%. Conclusions: In the absence of SMPG, A1c may inadequately represent glycemic control for many diabetic patients.
Control strategy for temperature tracking in rapid thermal processing of semiconductor wafers

A multivariable control strategy is developed and applied to a three-zone lamp, three-point sensor rapid thermal processing (RTP) system. The strategy is based on a physics-based nonlinear model of wafer heating. A feedforward mechanism is used to predict temperature transients, and a feedback mechanism is used to correct for errors in the prediction and reduce spatial temperature nonuniformities. Experimental results are presented that show a controlled ramp-and-hold from 20 degrees C to 900 degrees C at a rate of 45 degrees C/s with less than 15 degrees C nonuniformity during the ramp and less than 1 degrees C nonuniformity of the time-averaged temperatures during the hold as measured by three thermocouples placed at the center, 1-in radius, and 1.75-in radius on a 4-in-diameter wafer. RTP design issues are also discussed in terms of control authority or the ability to generate a wide range of energy flux profiles to achieve temperature uniformity for different processing conditions. >
Double ovulation and occurrence of twinning in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Abstract Twin births are rare in alpacas despite the high incidence of double ovulation and are undesirable because they contribute to early and late pregnancy loss, abortion, and birth of nonviable neonates. The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence and outcome of twin pregnancy in double-ovulating alpacas by retrospective and prospective analysis. Data from double-ovulating females (N = 41) presented for pregnancy diagnosis were analyzed to determine pregnancy status at three stages after mating (14–16, 25–30, and 45–53 days). In a prospective study, adult reproductively sound alpacas (n = 21) were examined by ultrasonography to determine the incidence of multiple ovulations. A subset of those alpacas (n = 10) were euthanized either at 9 days (n = 5) or 14 days (n = 5) after a single mating and administration of GnRH to determine presence and number of embryos. A total of 31 cycles were included in the study to determine the incidence of multiple ovulations. In the retrospective study, twin pregnancies were identified between 25 and 30 days in 47.1% of double-ovulating females. There were more twins from bilateral ovulations (62.5%) than from unilateral ovulations (37.5%). Twin pregnancies were either reduced to a singleton (62.5%) or lost completely (37.5%). One set of twins remained viable until Day 52. In the prospective study, double ovulation occurred in 18.8% of the cycles. Two embryos were collected from two of the four double-ovulating females. In conclusion, twin conception is not rare in alpacas. A high rate of spontaneous reduction of twin pregnancies occurs before Day 45. However, a significant proportion of twin pregnancy may result in loss of both embryos. Determination of the number of ovulations (CL) at the time of early pregnancy diagnosis (14–16 days) should be an integral part of any pregnancy evaluation.
Nature of the ac Transition in the Superconducting Surface Sheath in Pb-2% In

The response of the superconducting sheath state of Pb-2wt% In to low-frequency (20-500 cps), smallamplitude (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\mathrm{Oe}l{h}_{0}l20 \mathrm{Oe}$) ac fields has been studied. Direct observation of the wave form shows that screening currents are developed in the sheath up to a critical value ${J}_{c}$, when the field begins to penetrate. The screening current continues to increase until a saturation value ${J}_{s}$ is reached, at which point the current in the sheath stays constant for the remainder of the half-cycle. Fourier analysis of a model wave form for which ${J}_{m}={J}_{c}={J}_{s}$ indicates the harmonic content, and nonlinear nature, of the response. Measurements of the real and imaginary parts of the ac permeability, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$, at the fundamental frequency as a function of the ac field amplitude at constant dc field shows that the transition is characterized by only one parameter, dependent on the dc field, and that the model gives an excellent description of the nonlinearity. Welldefined quantitative critical-current data can be obtained for comparison with the theories of Abrikosov, Park, and Fink and Barnes. The relationship between these observations and other measurements of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ as a function of dc field at constant ac field amplitude is discussed. It is shown that the transition is sensitive to misalignment of the specimen relative to the dc field. The change in the transition as the frequency is changed is explored, and a preliminary conclusion is that ${J}_{s}$ is much more sensitive to frequency than ${J}_{c}$.
Effect of Cross-Link Structure on DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Repair Synthesis

DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are products of chemotherapeutic agents and cellular metabolic processes that block both replication and transcription. If left unrepaired, ICLs are extremely toxic to cells, and ICL repair mechanisms contribute to the survival of certain chemotherapeutic resistance tumors. A critical step in ICL repair involves unhooking the cross-link. In the absence of a homologous donor sequence, the resulting gap can be filled in by a repair synthesis step involving bypass of the cross-link remnant. Here, we examine the effect of cross-link structure on the ability of unhooked DNA substrates to undergo repair synthesis in mammalian whole cell extracts. Using 32P incorporation assays, we found that repair synthesis occurs efficiently past the site of damage when a DNA substrate containing a single N4C-ethyl-N4C cross-link is incubated in HeLa or Chinese hamster ovary cell extracts. This lesion, which can base pair with deoxyguanosine, is readily bypassed by both Escherichia coli DNA ...
Unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the tropical North Atlantic during 2005

[1] The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active and destructive on record. One of the factors that likely contributed to this record-breaking season was the presence of exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures (SST) in the tropical North Atlantic. Two long term moored buoys were well positioned to record the anomalous atmospheric and oceanic conditions associated with this warm event. Here we present results from a mixed layer heat budget analysis based on measurements from these buoys. We find that the primary cause of the anomalous warming was a weakening of the northeasterly trade winds and an associated decrease in latent heat loss from the ocean. Important secondary factors include changes in shortwave radiation and horizontal oceanic heat advection.
Laminar flame speeds and oxidation kinetics of iso-octane-air and n-heptane-air flames

Laminar flame speeds of iso-octane-air and n-heptane-air mixtures were determined experimentally over an extensive range of equivalence ratios at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, employing the counterflow twin flame configuration. Using both linear and nonlinear extrapolations, the effect of stretch was minimized by extrapolating the reference flame speed to vanishing stretch, with the nonlinearly extrapolated values being typically 2 cm/s smaller. The laminar flame speeds of iso-octane were found to be lower than those of n-heptane throughout the range of experimental equivalence ratios. Predictions, using a detailed kinetic model based on the works of Held et al, and of Curran, Pitz., and Westbrook, agreed quite well with experimental data, especially at lean equivalence ratios, while yielding somewhat lower values at stoichiometric to rich equivalence ratios. Since the n-heptane kinetics in the model were previously compared to flow-reactor data, the present model was also compared to an iso-octane oxidation flow-reactor experiment. The model accurately predicted the fuel decay profile as well as those of propene and iso-butene, which are the two major intermediates formed initially at flow-reactor conditions. The present analysis suggests that the major high-temperature reaction pathways proposed by Curran et al accurately describe the high-temperature oxidation of iso-octane and indicates that the development of a comprehensive model requires additional studies on the reaction kinetics of propene and iso-butene.
Subsystem stabilizer codes cannot have a universal set of transversal gates for even one encoded qudit

A long-standing open problem in fault-tolerant quantum computation has been to find a universal set of transversal gates. As shown by Zeng et al. (e-print arXiv:0706.1382), such a set does not exist for binary stabilizer codes. Here we generalize our work to show that for subsystem stabilizer codes in $d$-dimensional Hilbert space, such a universal set of transversal gates cannot exist for even one encoded qudit, for any dimension $d$, prime or nonprime. This result strongly supports the idea that other primitives, such as quantum teleportation, are necessary for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation, and may be an important factor for fault-tolerance noise thresholds.
Some Considerations Relating to the Choice of an Educational Program.

Abstract A random sample of 1098 new freshmen was cross-classified on sex and the extent to which the college major they selected was saturated with natural science and mathematics requirements. The responses of these students on 14 cognitive and 14 goal variables relating to the choice of an educational program were separately analyzed by means of the multivariate analysis of variance. The results of these analyses indicated that students entering natural science/mathematics programs tend to be oriented more towards the concrete and visible outcomes of an education and a career, e.g., training relevant to a career, an above average income, and success and recognition, than are students not choosing this type of program. Non-science students, on the other hand, value the interpersonal and usefulness to society outcomes of their educational and vocational pursuits. The results relating to the cognitive variables were less definitive, although students entering natural science/mathematics programs were more certain of successfully completing their educational program. Contrary to one of the major hypotheses the program groups did not differ with respect to the certainty of their choice of a college major. The results of this study were developed with a decision-making framework for choice of education and career.
An extended model for database implementation

Abstract A major problem in database design is to analyze and model the actual implementation process. The objective typically is to minimize the cost, subject to operating constraints that may be effective. One such model was developed and reported by us earlier[10]. The purpose of the present paper is to generalize that model by incorporating several practical considerations in it. Efficient solution procedures are developed for these generalizations.
Increase in frequency of conduction over accessory atrio-ventricular pathways upon transition from atrial fibrillation to atrial flutter

A 22-year-old man with Wolff–Parkinson–White synwith a drop in the average ventricular rate to 200 bpm; the drome and a history of syncope during an episode of tachycardia was brought to the electrophysiology laboratory for evaluation. There he was confirmed to have a left lateral accessory AV pathway. On atrial pacing, the accessory pathway conducted 1:1 anterogradely to a cycle length of 240 ms and the anterograde effective refractory period of the pathway was 170 ms at a drive cycle length of 550 ms. Endocardial mapping of the pathway was performed during orthodromic AVRT with a cycle length of 320 ms. During mapping, atrial fibrillation developed, with the shortest preexcited R–R interval measured at 230 ms and a mean R–R interval of 446 ms. After 5 min of continuous atrial fibrillation, the atrial rhythm organized spontaneously into atrial flutter (cycle length 260 ms) with an abrupt rise in the ventricular rate and shortening of the mean R–R interval with 1:1 conduction over the accessory pathway (right side of the recording below). The second case is a 27-year-old man who had suffered from episodic palpitations for several years. On the day of presentation, he had an unusually severe episode characterized by rapid palpitations, mild dyspnea and presyncope. The episode terminated spontaneously, and on evaluation he was found to have Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. In the electrophysiology laboratory, he was confirmed to have a left posterolateral accessory AV pathway. The accessory pathway could support 1:1 conduction at rates of up to 270 beats per minute. The effective refractory period of the accessory pathway was 220 ms at a drive cycle length of 600 ms. During the ablation procedure, atrial flutter developed with 1:1 conduction over the accessory pathway at a rate of 260 bpm. The atrial rhythm soon degenerated to atrial fibrillation
ATCURE: a heterogeneous high-performance architecture image recognition computer

ATCURE is a real-time, open, high-performance computer architecture optimized for automatically analyzing imagery for such applications as target cueing, medical diagnosis, and character recognition. ATCURE's tightly coupled heterogeneous architecture achieves high performance and affordability. This paper discusses ATCURE in the context of the evolution of computer architectures, and shows that heterogeneous high-performance architecture (HHPA) computers, an emerging category of parallel processors characterized by superior cost performance of which ATCURE is an example, are well suited for a wide range of image recognition applications.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The power of the glance: Desire to see and be seen in cooperative and competitive situations

Abstract Heider (1958) has suggested that perception aides control and power over that which is perceived. Individuals' belief in this assumption was tested in an interpersonal situation. Subjects were given the expectation that they would be either cooperating or competing with another person in a game. Half of the subjects were lead to believe they would be interviewing their partner or opponent before the game, and half expected to be interviewed. Subjects who expected to interview the other could choose whether or not to see the other person through a one-way mirror. Subjects who expected to be interviewed could choose whether or not they wanted to be seen by the other. As predicted, the tendency to choose to allow perception was strong in all conditions except the condition in which subjects expected to compete with the other and might be seen by him.
Characterization of tissue-specific and developmentally regulated alternative splicing of exon 64 in the COL5A1 gene.

The COL5A1 gene, a member of the clade B fibrillar collagen gene family, was recently shown to contain two alternatively spliced exons (64A and 64B) that encode 23 amino acids in the carboxyl-terminal propeptide. The two are identical in length, very similar in sequence, and used in a mutually exclusive fashion because of the small intron that separates them. Each COL5A1 allele uses both exons, but a given transcript will contain only one of the two exons. The sequences in other species are highly conserved at the amino acid level. The expression profile of the two isoforms was determined from analysis of RNA levels in a panel of murine tissues. While both isoforms were found in all tissues studied, actively proliferating tissues (liver, lung) used isoform B more often, while a less mitotically active tissue, brain, had a higher proportion of exon 64A. The high degree of conservation between the two exons is consistent with a regional genomic duplication. The presence of the two isoforms as far back as pu...
Crosslinking of styrene-butadiene rubber with polyurethanes bicapped with benzyocyclobutene

A polyurethane prepared from 1,9-nonanediol and toluene-2,4-diisocyanate with Mn=11,840, was capped on both ends in a reaction with 4-(benzocyclobutenyl) methanol. The polyurethane was used to crosslink styrene-butadiene rubber through Diels-Alder reactions on the benzocyclobutene functionality. The synthesis and characterization of 4-(benzocyclobutenyl) methanol, a molecule not reported previously, is presented. The crosslinking reaction was carried out on intimate mixtures of the telechelic polyurethane and SBR at elevated temperature and pressure. Various physical properties of the crosslinked material were studied.
Aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase in microsomes from rat tissues: Differential inhibition and stimulation by benzoflavones and organic solvents

Abstract The in vitro addition of 7,8-benzoflavone inhibits the aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[ a ]pyrene) hydroxylase 2 (AHH) 3 in hepatic microsomes from methylcholanthrene treated male rats, but not in hepatic microsomes from control or phenobarbital-treated animals. On the other hand, 7,8-benzoflavone inhibits microsomal hydroxylase from lung and kidney of both control and methylcholanthrene-treated rats; the inhibition is somewhat less in preparations from control animals. 7,8-Benzoflavone also inhibits the AHH from skin of control and benzanthracene-treated mice and from control and benzanthracene-treated hamster embryo cell cultures. In contrast to 7,8-benzoflavone, organic solvents such as monovalent alcohols or dimethylsulfoxide inhibit AHH in hepatic microsomes from control and phenobarbital treated rats, but have little inhibitory effect on methylcholanthrene-induced hepatic hydroxylase. The data indicate the existence of at least two forms of benzo[ a ]pyrene hydroxylating enzyme systems in rat tissues which can be differentially induced in vivo by administration of phenobarbital or methylcholanthrene.
The response of male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, to same- and mixed-sex over-marks depends on the reproductive state of the top- and bottom-female scent donors

Many female terrestrial mammals undergo postpartum estrus (PPE), a state of heightened sexual attractiveness to male conspecifics relative to females not in PPE (REF females). PPE and REF females of several species may use over-marks to maintain territories and attract and indicate interest in males as potential mates. In our first two experiments, we determined if the response of male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, to the top- and bottom-scent donors of a same-sex over-mark was affected by the reproductive state of the scent donors. We found that after exposure to a same-sex over-mark in which the female scent donors were in the same reproductive state, males spent more time investigating the mark of the top-scent female. Males, however, spent more time investigating the mark of the PPE female to that of a female not in PPE, independent of the position of either female’s scent mark in the over-mark. The third and fourth experiments determined if the response of males to the female scent donor of a mixed-sex over-mark was affected by whether she is the top- or bottom-scent donor. In three of the four comparisons, males spent more time investigating the mark of a novel PPE female (not in the over-mark) to that of the top- or bottom-scent female. In addition, males spent similar amounts of time investigating the mark of a novel female not in PPE and that of a top-scent PPE female. However, males spent more time investigating the novel REF female’s mark compared to that of a bottom-scent PPE female. The results are discussed in terms of the natural history and mating strategies of male meadow voles.
Vacancy formation energy and debye temperature in close packed metals

Abstract Screening theory is shown to lead directly to the relation between vacancy formation energy and Debye temperature proposed empirically by Mukherjee.
Design in harmony with human life

Achieving harmony between human life and technological design requires a strong understanding of the diversity and variety in both people and technology, as well as processes for bringing the two together.At IDEO we strive to embrace diversity, often including extreme users in our user-centered research as well as more representative individuals. Instead of just capturing what people do or say that they do, we interact with them in their usual environments and try to understand why they do what they do.Experiential prototyping has become important to us during the design phase, where we design experiences which capture the important qualities of the current or the intended user experience. Exposure to these experience prototypes has proved very effective in helping designers to achieve greater empathy with the users of their products, as well as enabling rapid evaluations of how design changes impact the user experience.
Efficient β-Sheet Identification in Proteins by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

An efficient two-dimensional magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR technique to selectively detect β-sheet residues in proteins is demonstrated. The method exploits the relative orientation between N−H an...
A conserved G4 DNA binding domain in RecQ family helicases

RecQ family helicases play important roles at G-rich domains of the genome, including the telomeres, rDNA, and immunoglobulin switch regions. This appears to reflect the unusual ability of enzymes in this family to unwind G4 DNA. How RecQ family helicases recognize this substrate has not been established. Here, we show that G4 DNA is a preferred target for BLM helicase within the context of long DNA molecules. We identify the RQC domain, found only in RecQ family enzymes, as an independent, high affinity and conserved G4 DNA binding domain; and show that binding to Holliday junctions involves both the RQC and the HRDC domains. These results provide mechanistic understanding of differences and redundancies of function and activities among RecQ family helicases, and of how deficiencies in human members of this family may contribute to genomic instability and disease.
Bioconcentration of 5,5',6-trichlorobiphenyl and pentachlorophenol in the Midge, Chironomus riparius, as measured by a pharmacokinetic model

A two compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed which describes the uptake and elimination of 5,5′,6-trichlorobiphenyl (TCB) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the midge, Chironomus riparius. C. riparius were exposed to nominal TCB (2 μg L−1) and PCP (9 μg L−1) concentrations during a 16 h static uptake phase. Depuration was determined over approximately 45 h using a flowthrough system without feeding. The uptake clearance (P) was 330±61 ml g−1 midge h−1 for TCB and 55±4 ml g−1 midge h−1 for PCP, while measured bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 35,900 and 458 for TCB and PCP, respectively. Overall, the clearance-volume-based pharmacokinetic model predicted BCF values that were consistent with published values as well as with BCF values obtained from the octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW).
A Target Trajectory Noise Model for Kalman Trackers

A model is developed for the Kalman tracker to account for stationary trajectory perturbations of a target navigating along a nominal straight-line path. This model is thought to be representative of a certain class of targets and is appropriate for long tracking times associated with surveillance/reconnaissance-type missions. In its simplest form, the model only requires one additional variable in the state equations and is completely characterized by the variance and correlation coefficient of the process.
CMOS Device Performance Improvement Using Flood Buried-Contact Plasma Doping Processes

An additional ultrashallow boron-based plasma doping (PLAD) was carried out into the source/drain contacts for both pMOS and nMOS devices without masks. The PLAD using either B2H6 or BF3 gas in a mild energy to ultralow energy (ULE) regime, which are roughly equivalent to 1.5–0.2-keV energy and 1–3 $\times 10^{16}$ /cm $^{2}$ dose regime beam-line B implants, were utilized for this process. The pMOS devices exhibit significant performance improvements, including $\sim 80$ % lower contact resistances, similar threshold and subthreshold voltage characteristics, and $\sim 15$ %–30% higher drive currents, without degrading OFF current. Using ULE BF3 PLAD, the nMOS devices also show performance improvements, including $\sim 50$ % lower contact resistances, similar threshold and subthreshold voltage characteristics, and $\sim 4$ % higher drive currents without degrading OFF current. The mechanism of the nMOS device performance improvement can be attributed to the Schottky barrier height lowering effect and deactivation improvement. It significantly reduces cost because this one low-cost PLAD module eliminates two photo steps, one implant step, and two photo removing/cleaning steps.
IDENTIFICATION OF SEX PHEROMONE OF Tetanolita mynesalis (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), A PREY SPECIES OF BOLAS SPIDER, Mastophora hutchinsoni

The bolas spider,Mastophora hutchinsoni, attracts adult males of four species of nocturnally active Lepidoptera through aggressive chemical mimicry of those species' sex pheromones. Here we report the identification of the sex pheromone of one prey species, the smoky tetanolita (Tetanolita mynesalis). In sex pheromone gland extracts, only two peaks stimulated an electrophysiological response as measured by a coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection analysis. These two peaks had retention times identical to (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heneicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H) and (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-epoxy-heneicosadiene (3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-21:H), respectively, and mass spectra identical to these two compounds. It was determined that 0.23±0.16 and 0.56±0.26 ng of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-21:H, respectively, were present in pheromone gland extracts from individual females. A 1:1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-21:H was an effective attractant for adult males from feral populations. Blend ratios of these two components from 2:1 to 1:2 were equally effective as attractants. Greater deviation from the optimal blends resulted in diminished trap catches. The enantiomer 3Z,9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-21:H not only was not effective in attracting males, its presence in the effective blend shut down trap catches. These results indicate that the pheromone blend consists of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-21:H. This is the first report of a hydrocarbon/epoxide pheromone for a prey species of this bolas spider. Sex attractants or pheromones for the other three prey species are composed of aldehydes or acetates.
An Exploration of Secondary School Counselors’ Experiences Engaging in Group Work

The purpose of this study is to understand the experiences of secondary school counselors who develop and lead groups. The study explored participants’ perceptions and their motivations for leading groups. Findings from data analysis revealed four major themes. Unappreciated and Dismissed describes the way participants felt in response to the implicit and explicit messages received from colleagues as they planned and facilitated groups. Outside the Comfort Zone describes the participants’ feelings of vulnerability and/or inadequacy during group facilitation. Participants described Meaningful Relationships which developed through the groups. Finally, participants recounted Encouraging Feedback they received as a result of leading groups.
A Case of Fatal Septic Pulmonary Embolus Arising from an Infected Sano Conduit

A 5-month-old boy who had previously undergone a modified Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome presented for elective cardiac catheterization before undergoing the next stage of repair. The catheterization demonstrated mild stenosis of the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery Sano conduit. The patient became hypoxic and febrile at the end of the procedure and died in the intensive care unit the next day. Postmortem examination demonstrated a vegetation containing Gram-positive cocci in the conduit and a right upper lobe lung abscess also containing Gram-positive cocci. The authors report the first case of Sano shunt endocarditis further complicated by septic pulmonary embolus and review similar infections in this population. Shunt infection may be an underrecognized cause of interstage mortality among patients undergoing a modified Norwood procedure.
Design of an automated temperature mapping system for ultrasound or microwave hyperthermia.

Abstract An automated temperature mapping system was designed to accomplish the following goals: remote control mapping; a maximum position error of 0.5 mm; mapping simultaneously on several channels; real-time screen display on a dedicated computer; to be inexpensive; and have a simple patient interface and set up. A four channel, microstepper system was fabricated for less than $1000 and controlled by an IBM-AT computer. The system utilizes direct drive of Luxtron fibre-optic probes fed through thin flexible Teflon® tubing which allows for patient movement. The driving and control software were written in the programming language “C”. Mapping parameters for each independent channel include start and stop positions and map increment. The software permits the user to automatically find the maximum temperature along a track in three passes of 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 mm steps. The latter two passes take five or seven readings centred about the maximum of the previous pass. A high resolution monitor plots the temperatures in real time, overlaying the previous map in a new colour. A screen dump was written to drive a colour printer with the plot information. The computer evaluates each plot to safeguard against any shift in the maximum location. Visualization of orthogonal pullbacks provides rapid feedback and aids in the repositioning of superficial hyperthermia transducers. The time saved over the previous manual mapping methods easily justifies the additional set up time.
Computer ethics: the influence of guidelines and universal moral beliefs

Examines the influence of computer guidelines and the belief in universal moral rules on ethical intentions regarding the use of computers in the workplace. The results revealed that the interaction between computer guidelines and belief in universal moral rules was significant. Business professionals with a strong belief in universal moral rules exhibited high ethical intentions, regardless of whether or not their organization had clear guidelines concerning the use of company computers. However, for business professionals with a low belief in universal moral rules, the presence of clear computer guidelines had a positive effect on ethical intentions. This investigation provides evidence that computer guidelines are positively related to ethical intentions only for individuals who do not adhere to a belief in universal moral rules.
A novel method for isokinetic measurement of particle flux within the riser of a circulating fluidized bed

Abstract Previous workers have shown that the net particle flux within the riser of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) may be measured by a simple technique with a suction probe facing upwards and then downwards. However, this technique does not give accurate measurements of the upward and downward particle fluxes independently. A probe similar to that of previous workers is used here to measure the flux of the upflow. However, the flux of the downflow is measured with a probe through which no external air flow is imposed. The method presented here uses an 8-mm tubular probe, penetrating the riser wall and rising at a sharp angle. The probe is constructed of sections of steel tube and 400 mesh screen. Particles fall into the probe and then into a sealed reservoir for subsequent analysis. The gas flow in the riser passes through the screen sections of the tube, so that the gas flow at the tip of the probe is virtually undisturbed by the presence of the probe. The method is verified in a CFB riser of diameter 115 mm, fluidizing sand of average size 209 μm, with a solids circulation rate in the range of 10–30 (m2s) and air velocity in the range of 3.4–5.4 m/s, corresponding to a nominal solids concentration (based on pressure-drop measurements) of 0.5–2.5%. The technique presented here allows for accurate and independent measurements of both the upward flux and the downward flux, and thus represents an improvement on previous methods. Previous workers have specified that a critical surface where the time-averaged net flux is zero demarcates the dilute core from the dense annulus. However, the total particle flux, defined as the sum of the upward and downward fluxes, is proportional to the time-averaged local particle concentration, and so is indicative of physical phenomena in the riser. Trends for the total flux are presented.
The dose distribution of medium energy electron boosts to the laryngectomy stoma

An en face, medium energy electron boost of approximately 10 Gy is often given to stomal and peristomal tissues. Because the boost is considered a simple treatment, CT-based treatment planning is rarely used. Further, the results of such a plan might be inaccurate, as the complex dose distribution surrounding the stoma air cavity is poorly modeled by many treatment planning systems. We constructed three phantoms-two with a central vertical cavity to mimic the size and shape of the stoma and proximal trachea and one with a cavity inclined at 45 degrees to the horizontal to better simulate anatomy. These were used to investigate the dose distribution surrounding the stoma. In all cases, the entrance to the stoma opening was centered in a field defined by a 7-cm circular cutout and the phantom was irradiated at a source-surface distance (SSD) of 100 cm with either vertically incident 9- or 12-MeV electrons. Film measurements were made at a range of depths below and lateral to the cavity. For the vertical cavity phantoms, diode measurements were performed and isodose plans using CT scans of the phantoms were generated on a modern treatment planning system. For these two phantoms, the combined effects of lateral scatter from surrounding material and reduced equivalent thickness for electrons which pass directly through the cavity increases the dose within a centimeter of the bottom of cavity by as much as 50% for 9 MeV and 70% for 12 MeV. In material at the shallower ("superior") end of the inclined cavity, a 40-50% overdose was noted. The dose increase is geometry dependent and is not predicted by the available treatment planning system. The potential of such a dose increase to affect normal tissues such as the neopharynx should be considered.
The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and molluscan neuropeptides on the hearts of gastropod molluscs: Mechanical activity and second messengers

Abstract Isolated hearts from the gastropods Melongena corona and Busycon contrarium were exposed to increasing concentrations of the molluscan neuropeptides FMRFamide, FLRFamide, and pQDPFLRFamide. FMRFamide increased the amplitude of contractions of the hearts of both species. The response of hearts from B. contrarium to FLRFamide was similar to that induced by FMRFamide, but hearts from M. corona were less sensitive to excitation by FLRFamide. Hearts from M. corona were excited by pQDPFLRFamide; this heptapeptide had no effect on hearts from B. contrarium . Hearts of both species were excited by APGWamide, but SCP B had no effect on the hearts of either species. Myomodulin inhibits the activity of B. contarium hearts, but is cardioexcitatory in M. corona . Serotonin (5HT) was cardioexcitatory and acetylcholine inhibitory in both species. Agonists of cAMP had no effect on the mechanical activity of the hearts, but phorbol esters excited the hearts of both species. The effects of 5HT and FMRFamide on the levels of second messenger molecules in ventricles from M. corona were examined. Neither 5HT nor FMRFamide caused changes in the levels of cAMP in isolated ventricles from M. corona , but both agents increased the amount of IP 3 in the ventricle.
Hindu nationalism, Untouchable reform, and the ritual production of a South Indian village

From 1989 through 1990, residents of a Tamil village drew on national signs— the Rule of Ram, ideas of equality, images of Ambedkar—as they contested the social contours of their village through ritual action. Taking a phenomenological approach, I argue that as village residents localized their imagined futures of equality and power, they were in fact asserting themselves as historical actors with the power to remake their present and to remake the locality (the village) in which they live, [locality, ritual, politics, nationalism, phenomenology, South India]
Time-averaged molluscan death assemblages: Palimpsests of richness, snapshots of abundance

Field tests that compare living communities to associated dead remains are the primary means of estimating the reliability of biological information in the fossil record; such tests also provide insights into the dynamics of skeletal accumulation. Contrary to expectations, molluscan death assemblages capture a strong signal of living species' rank-order abundances. This finding, combined with independent evidence for exponential postmortem destruction of dead cohorts, argues that, although the species richness of a death assemblage may be a time-averaged palimpsest of the habitat (molluscan death assemblages contain, on average, ∼25% more species than any single census of the local live community, after sample-size standardization), species' relative-abundance data from the same assemblage probably constitute a much higher acuity record dominated by the most recent dead cohorts (e.g., from the past few hundred years or so, rather than the several thousand years recorded by the total assemblage and usually taken as the acuity of species-richness information). The pervasive excess species richness of molluscan death assemblages requires further analysis and modeling to discriminate among possible sources. However, time averaging alone cannot be responsible unless rare species (species with low rates of dead-shell production) are collectively more durable (have longer taphonomic half-lives) than abundant species. Species richness and abundance data thus appear to present fundamentally different taphonomic qualities for paleobiological analysis. Relative- abundance information is more snapshot-like and thus taphonomically more straightforward than expected, especially compared to the complex origins of dead-species richness.
Cloning of a Novel Type II Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptor through Interaction with the Type I Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily comprises a number of molecules that are involved in a wide variety of biological processes. Specific receptors for several members of this family have been molecularly identified, forming a new category of transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors. The type I and type II receptor interact both physically and functionally, thereby cooperating to generate intracellular signals. The yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify proteins that can interact with the cytoplasmic region of the type I TGF-β receptor. One of the proteins identified encodes a novel putative serine/threonine kinase receptor. Sequence analysis suggests that this molecule belongs to the type II receptor class. This receptor, however, is distinct from other type II receptors in having an extraordinarily long C-terminal tail region. The pattern of expression in adult tissues is different from that of other known type II receptors; it is highly expressed in heart and liver. In the yeast system, the cytoplasmic regions of different combinations of type I and type II receptors heterodimerize, providing a new cloning strategy for the large number of serine/threonine kinase receptors likely to exist for the many ligands of the TGF-β superfamily.
Application of a Survival-Predicting Nomogram Based Primarily on Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy–Treated Patients With Brain Metastases Yields Significant Underestimates for Radiosurgery-Treated Patients

Palo Alto CA) and 6X 1000 MU/Min photons. ITVs were obtained from 4DCT scans and PTVs were formed from a uniform, 5 mm expansion of the ITVs. A single isocenter was determined with lesions required to be well within a 15 cm jaw setting to circumvent machine limitations and to minimize low dose spread into normal lung (from scatter and intraleaf leakage). Planning was done with 3D techniques such that 95% of the individual PTVs received the prescribed dose. MLC fields sharing a common gantry angle were merged as one field. Iteration of the plans was made based on DVH criteria. Results: Characteristics of the 6 patients were: 3 male, 3 female with a median age of 74.2 years (range, 62-83 years). The combined PTVs ranged from 8.7 to 124 cc (median 54 cc). Using RTOG coverage objectives as a scoring criteria, conformality index criteria were met (average Z 1.22 +/0.045). R50% criteria were not met; 2 cases did not meet the D2cm criteria. V20 (%) lung criteria (8.4 +/3.7, rangeZ 2.6%,13.4%) were met with two minor deviations. Conclusions: In general, the plans met the coverage and constraint guidelines by limiting high and low dose spill to regions outside the combined PTV volume and thereby critical structures. This study shows that treating two lesions using a single isocenter can be clinically efficient. Further evaluation is needed to validate that a single isocenter IGRT can accurately localize the treatment targets for safe treatment delivery. Author Disclosure: M. Gulam: None. A. Gopal: None. N. Wen: None. J. Gordon: None. K.J. Levin: None. I.J. Chetty: None. B. Movsas: None. M. Ajlouni: None.
Dislocation resistivity in in situ formed CuNb multifilamentary composites

Abstract CuNb filamentary composites containing 7.5, 10, and 15 volume percen niobium were produced in situ and their resistivity measured as a function of temperature (300 – 823 K) and composite diameter. The contribution to electron scattering from dislocations was determined by comparing the results for the as-drawn wires with the corresponding data after annealing and recovery. In composites with sufficiently small (10 – 50 nm) and closely spaced filaments, extremely high density of dislocations (up to 1013 cm/cm3) leads to correspondingly high value of dislocation resistivity. The present results are in agreement with experimental findings for copper containing much lower dislocation densities and with theoretical calculations. The linear dependence of the dislocation resistivity upon inverse wire diameter is consistent with the strengthening model which takes into account matrix work-hardening contribution.