cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoplasmonic microbubble and nanoplasmonic sensing - two birds in one stone

We present low power operated nanoplasmonic microbubble generation using near infrared light for particle concentrating on high-density arrayed nanoporous gold disks. Utilizing a spatial light modulator provides precise control of size and location of multiple microbubbles. After concentrating, various nanoplasmonic sensing techniques can be directly performed.
Effects of vacant lots on human health: A systematic review of the evidence

Abstract The corpus of research concerned with high-quality greenspace and human health indicates that greenspace promotes health and lowers stress in many communities across the world. What is less understood is how poor-quality greenspaces (e.g., vacant lots) may influence health. While the research in this area is broad as a whole, there is yet to be a systematic review of the evidence to date. To inform future health researchers and urban planners, we conducted a systematic review, using the PRISMA guidelines, of the effects of vacant lots on human health or health risks, using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science with [(empty OR vacant OR abandoned) AND (lot* OR parcel* OR tract*) AND (human OR public) AND health OR “urban blight”] as search terms, registered with Prospero (ID 168381). Our search yielded an initial 438 academic manuscripts which were then further sorted and screened to the 22 manuscripts retained and included in this review. Of these studies, conducted between 2008 and 2019, all but three (19/22) were carried out in the USA, often in Philadelphia, PA. Health effects identified included stress, mental health, self-reported physical activity, heart rate, homicide, blood lead levels; health risks included crime, gun violence, insect vectors, parasites, heavy metal contamination, and injuries. Among experimental studies (n = 11), 73% showed that ‘greening’ of vacant lots improved health, while 18% showed some neutral effects and one study showed a decline in health. The main limitations of the current evidence include narrow health outcomes investigated, small sample size, short follow-up and limited geographic scope of studies.
Transition metals enhance prebiotic depsipeptide oligomerization reactions involving histidine

Biochemistry exhibits an intense dependence on metals. Here we show that during dry-down reactions, zinc and a few other transition metals increase the yield of long histidine-containing depsipeptides, which contain both ester and amide linkages. Our results suggest that interactions of proto-peptides with metal ions influenced early chemical evolution.
How Loss Teaches: Beyond “Pandemic Pedagogy”

This Final Thought challenges two assumptions in commentary on teaching and learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) that the compassionate teaching strategies used to help students learn amid the ...
FIFA’s Feminist Foot Soldiers: Looking for Equality in the Women’s Game Approaching the 2023 World Cup in Australia and Aotearoa

In this final chapter of the volume, Haldane explores the notion of equality as it relates to the women’s game by first examining the structure and practice of FIFA, the problems and improvements from the 2015 to the 2019 tournament, and using the host countries of Australia and Aotearoa as context for asking what FIFA will deliver to “be better” for the women’s game. The generic cry for equality, while morally desirable, is often ill-defined and impossible to implement. As we head toward the 2023 tournament and beyond, it is critical to identify what forms of equality are possible, and which forms of inequality we are willing to live with.
Equivalence of Extended Symbolic Finite Transducers

Symbolic Finite Transducers augment classic transducers with symbolic alphabets represented as parametric theories. Such extension enables succinctness and the use of potentially infinite alphabets while preserving closure and decidability properties. Extended Symbolic Finite Transducers further extend these objects by allowing transitions to read consecutive input elements in a single step. While when the alphabet is finite this extension does not add expressiveness, it does so when the alphabet is symbolic. We show how such increase in expressiveness causes decision problems such as equivalence to become undecidable and closure properties such as composition to stop holding. We also investigate how the automata counterpart, Extended Symbolic Finite Automata, differs from Symbolic Finite Automata. We then introduce the subclass of Cartesian Extended Symbolic Finite Transducers in which guards are limited to conjunctions of unary predicates. Our main result is an equivalence algorithm for such subclass in the single-valued case. Finally, we model real world problems with Cartesian Extended Symbolic Finite Transducers and use the equivalence algorithm to prove their correctness.
Framework materials containing polyoxovanadates as building units: synthesis and characterization of (N2H5)2[M3(H2O)12V18O42(EO4)]·24H2O (M = Mg, Ca) and Li6[Mn3(H2O)12V18O42(EO4)]·24H2O (E = V, S)

Abstract The reaction of an aqueous solution of lithium vanadate with hydrazinium sulfate results in a dark-colored solution that reacts with magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, and manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate to yield single crystals of (N2H5)2[M3(H2O)12V18O42(EO4)]·24H2O (M = Mg, Ca) and Li6[Mn3(H2O)12V18O42(EO4)]·24H2O (E = V, S), respectively. The crystal structures of the new solids consist of interpenetrating three-dimensional networks of {V18O42(EO4)} clusters interlinked via bridging {M(H2O)4} (M = Mg, Ca, Mn) groups. The voids in these structures are occupied by lattice water and ion exchangeable cations.
The Key Player Problem

The key player problem (KPP) consists of two separate sub-problems, which can be described at a general level as follows: 1. (KPP-1) Given a social network, find a set of k nodes (called a kp-set of order k) which, if removed, would maximally disrupt communication among the remaining nodes. 2. (KPP-2) Given a social network, find a kp-set of order k that is maximally connected to all other nodes.
Redefining Teachers, Reculturing Schools: Connections, Commitments and Challenges

While strategies of school restructuring often attend to the governance and descision-making, timetabling and programming aspects of school life as a lever for change, school reculturing buries deep into the heart of human attitudes and relationships that hold the school together and move it forward (or fail to do so). Drawing on four school case studies, Lynne Miller describes how successful school reculturing involves schools and their staff moving towards building professional community, putting learning before teaching, engaging in inquiry as a guide to improvement, developing their own systems of accountability and standards of learning, taking a whole-school focus, and widening the responsibilities for leadership.
Operative Management of Cardiac Injuries: Diagnosis, Technique, and Postoperative Complications

Penetrating cardiac injuries (PCI) are challenging in part because of their lethality and have thus long demanded the respect of physicians [1]. In the early eighteenth century, Boerhaeve designated all penetrating cardiac trauma as fatal [2]. In 1913, Dr. Billroth stated that Bany surgeon who would attempt operation on the heart should lose the respect of his colleagues.^ [3] In 1916, Dixon and McEwen proclaimed, BProbably nearly all cardiac wounds produce death from haemorrhage too quickly to allow the patient being removed alive even to a short distance from the battle field.^ [4] Despite such poor outcomes, attempts were made to salvage the injured patients. In 1829, Napolean’s surgeon D. J. Larrey described a Bnew surgical procedure to open the pericardium in the case of fluid in the cavity.^ [5] The first reported cardiac procedure is that of Alex Cappelen repairing a penetrating injury of the left ventricle through a left anterior thoracotomy in Christiania; the patient died 3 days later [6]. Numerous case reports [3, 7–29] and case series [1, 30–32, 33•, 34•, 35, 36•] have detailed the clinical presentation and treatment of various PCI in adults. This review will highlight the most recent advances and controversies in caring for this challenging patient population from pre-hospital management to definitive surgical treatment.
Sodbusting, Crop Insurance, and Sunk Conversion Costs

We build a real option model that articulates sodbusting incentives arising from risk interventions in the presence of conversion costs. The model shows that risk interventions reduce expected costs of switching land use between cropping and noncropping activities and, hence, incentivize sodbusting. Based on data for south-central North Dakota over 1989–2012, our simulations show that offsetting 20% of a cropping-return shortfall by a risk intervention increases the sodbusting cost threshold, below which sodbusting will occur, by 41% (or $43.7/acre). Omitting cropping-return risk across time underestimates the sodbusting cost threshold by 23% (or $24.35/acre) and hence underestimates sodbusting caused by crop production.
Brief report: "spiders-No, puppies-Go", introducing a novel Go NoGo task tested in inner city adolescents at risk for poor impulse control.

In adolescents, externalizing disorders and the syndrome of neurobehavioral disinhibition are a broad spectrum of disorders involving poor impulse control as a cardinal feature. These disorders are linked to substance use disorder (SUD), thus possibly representing a vulnerability to addiction (Kuperman et al., 2001; Tarter et al., 2003). With the eventual goal of assessing whether deficits of impulse control predate and/or potentially predispose to drug use, our laboratory studies impulsivity in adolescents who are at high risk for poor impulse control. The traditional Go NoGo task measures “rapid-response” impulsivity by evaluating the ability of a subject to inhibit a prepotent response when the subject is asked to respond to a series of rapidly presented Go stimuli and to withhold responding to less frequently presented NoGo stimuli (Horn, Dolan, Elliott, Deakin, & Woodruff, 2003). Responding to a NoGo stimulus, an error of commission, represents a failure to suppress the prepotent Go response, i.e. a failure of response inhibition, with more commission errors indicating greater impairment in response inhibition. Poor performance on a Go NoGo task has been demonstrated in populations with SUD (e.g. cocaine, opioids, and cigarette smoking) (Fillmore & Rush, 2002; Forman et al., 2004; Kaufman, Ross, Stein, & Garavan, 2003; Luijten, Littel, & Franken, 2011). We observed that the typical Go NoGo task was not engaging to our study populations, who typically have low levels of education and/or attention deficits. We suggest that this is because typical Go NoGo tasks utilize abstract stimuli such as letters of the alphabet (e.g. Go=X and NoGo=Y) or shapes (e.g. Go=circle and NoGo=square) (Mostofsky et al., 2003). Thus, we developed a Go NoGo task that uses approach/avoidance congruent pictures, e.g. appealing/ pleasant objects (baby animals) on Go trials, and unappealing/unpleasant objects (spiders) on NoGo trials. These stimuli have inherent ecological validity, as choosing the appropriate response to environmental stimuli is critical for survival (Chen & Bargh, 1999). We hypothesized that the use of approach/avoidance congruent pictures, rather than abstract stimuli (commonly used in the typical Go NoGo task) would facilitate better task engagement in our adolescent ‘at risk’ population. In this paper, we describe the development, reliability and construct validity of an Approach-Avoidance (A-A) Go NoGo task. The A-A Go NoGo task incorporates three levels of difficulty. This multi-level approach allows us to assess the validity of the task design because the number of commission errors should increase as the level of difficulty increases (de Zubicaray, Andrew, Zelaya, Williams, & Dumanoir, 2000; Durston, Thomas, Worden, Yang, & Casey, 2002). We piloted the A-A Go NoGo task in a cohort of socioeconomically deprived, inner city adolescents with low average IQ, at risk for poor impulse control, and examined whether the novel task correlated with observation based measures of impulsivity.
Two Dimensional Modeling and Simulation of a Tethered Airfoil System for Harnessing Wind Energy

A novel wind machine is described in which an airfoil-like kite is tethered to a moving base; the non-conservative nature of the wind loads over a cycle of the kite allows energy to be extracted at the base. A dynamic model for the kite-tether system is derived which models the tether as a series of point masses connected by massless rods. The lift and drag characteristics of the kite are determined from airfoil calculations. The system has been found to be stable via simulation at several wind speeds of interest. A sample base motion which extracts energy from the oncoming wind is also presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Erosion of aluminum 6061-T6 under cavitation attack in mineral oil and water

Studies of the erosion of aluminum 6061-T6 under cavitation attack in distilled water, ordinary tap water and a viscous mineral oil are presented. The mean depth of penetration for the mineral oil was about 40 percent of that for water at the end of a 40 min test. The mean depth of penetration and its rate did not differ significantly for distilled and tap water. The mean depth of penetration rate for both distilled and tap water increased to a maximum and then decreased with test duration, while that for mineral oil had a maximum during the initial period. The ratio h/2a of the pit depth h to the pit diameter 2a varied from 0.04 to 0.13 in water and from 0.06 to 0.20 in mineral oil. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the pits are initially formed over the grain boundaries and precipitates while the surface grains are deformed under cavitation attack.
An algorithm for otoplasty

A finesse otoplasty demands both artistry and effective surgical decision making. To this end, an algorithm outlining the key decision points in the planning and execution of the otoplasty procedure is proposed. The fundamental tenants of prominent ear reduction are outlined, and accessory techniques for manipulating the prominent lobule, repositioning the helical tail, and helical rim are described. The decision tree provides a quick reference tool, and more detailed descriptions of each step are furnished within the body of the text in rapidly accessible subsections.
Seismic Retrofitting of Outrigger Knee Joints

Experimental tests were conducted on one-third-scale outrigger knee joint specimens to define the vulnerabilities of existing outrigger bents under seismic in-plane loading and to develop appropriate retrofit measures to address the identified vulnerabilities. The specimens incorporated deficiencies present in the outrigger knee joints in the WA-99 Spokane Street overcrossing in western Washington State. The as-built specimens exhibited poor behavior with failure at low ductility levels because of shear distress and reinforcement bond failures within the joint. Threshold principal tension stress values describing the expected condition of the joints were established and compared with values obtained by other researchers. Elbow-shaped circular steel jacketing around the joint and beam region was used to retrofit the as-built specimens. The retrofitted specimens formed a plastic hinge in a gap introduced at the top of the column with improved ductility and energy dissipation capacities when compared to the ...
Activation of washed chicken thrombocytes by 1-O-hexadecyl/octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (platelet-activating factor).

Abstract 1. 1. Washed, [ 3 H]serotonin-labeled chicken thrombocytes aggregated and secreted [ 3 H]serotonin when stimulated in vitro with platelet-activating factor (PAF), collagen and calcium ionophore A23187. 2. 2. The effective dose causing a 25% secretion of [ 3 H]serotonin (ED 25 ) from washed chicken thrombocytes was 10 −8 M for PAF, 5 × 10 −8 M for collagen and 3 × 10 −7 M for A23187. 3. 3. Chicken thrombocyte activation by PAF required Ca 2+ and appeared to be mediated through a specific receptor for PAF.
Room-temperature carrier transport in high-performance short-channel Silicon nanowire MOSFETs

Room-temperature carrier transport in Si nanowire (NW) MOSFETs with gate lengths and diameters down to 25 and 8 nm, respectively, is analyzed. It is shown that in Si NWs, holes exhibit channel injection and thermal velocities, as high as the highest obtained for uniaxially strained planar Si-channel electrons, likely due to combination of strain and confinement.
Individualizing Student Instruction Precisely: Effects of Child × Instruction Interactions on First Graders’ Literacy Development

Recent findings demonstrate that the most effective reading instruction may vary with children’s language and literacy skills. These Child × Instruction interactions imply that individualizing instruction would be a potent strategy for improving students’ literacy. A cluster-randomized control field trial, conducted in 10 high-moderate poverty schools, examined effects of individualizing literacy instruction. The instruction each first grader received (n = 461 in 47 classrooms, mean age = 6.7 years) during fall, winter, and spring was recorded. Comparing intervention-recommended amounts of instruction with observed amounts revealed that intervention teachers individualized instruction more precisely than did comparison teachers. Importantly, the more precisely the children received recommended amounts of instruction, the stronger was their literacy skill growth. Results provide strong evidence of Child × Instruction interaction effects on literacy outcomes.
Problem Solving and the Learning Disabled: Looking for Answers with Computers

The results of a field-based review of several problem solving software programs are reported. Pertinent literature is integrated, serving as a basis for evaluating the programs. Although the software was generally successful in accomplishing its objectives, some recommendations are made as to how it might be better adapted to the specific needs of learning disabled students.
Monoclonal antibodies, hybridoma technology and heterologous production systems.

Abstract New techniques for the engineering of metallo- and chimeric antibodies, and for the efficient production of hybrid hybridomas are set to simplify the engineering of catalytic antibodies as well as the design of targeted immunotoxins.
Avionics cooling-rate trade-off modelling for ultra-high capacity aircraft

A computer aided conceptual aircraft design methodology (CACAD) has been developed to size ultra-high capacity jet transport aircraft. Modules were also developed for predicting maintenance costs of each airframe and avionics system and these were incorporated into CACAD. A methodology was developed to enhance the reliability of avionics systems, based on experimentally-proven engineering design solutions. A number of avionics cooling techniques were investigated, and reliability and maintainability models of thermal management were developed and linked to an avionics maintenance cost module. Further models were produced to investigate the impact of proposed changes on the environmental control systems, engine-provided bleeds and power off-takes. It was found that increased flowrates above the normally recommended values for the avionics bay, and to the flight deck instruments, may increase the reliability of the avionics systems, and also increase aircraft dispatch reliability. They may not, however, gre...
Isozymes and genetic control of NADP-malate dehydrogenase in mice.

Abstract NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) has been found to exist in two isozymic forms in mouse tissues. The two isozymes differ in electrophoretic mobility and tissue and subcellular location. The isozyme predominating in heart tissue is located in the mitochondrial fraction and the isozyme predominating in liver tissue is located in the supernatant fraction of tissue homogenates. In an examination of inbred strains of mice, a genetic variant of the supernatant isozyme was found. The mitochondrial isozyme was not affected by this mutation. Preliminary genetic data indicate that the gene controlling supernatant NADP-MDH is in mouse linkage group II. Animals heterozygous for the alleles controlling the synthesis of NADP-MDH contain at least one hybrid enzyme, intermediate between the two parental forms in electrophoretic mobility. This indicates that the enzyme is composed of subunits.
Tracking serum antibody response to viral antigens with arrayed imaging reflectometry

Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry, or "AIR", is a new label-free technique for detecting proteins that relies on bindinginduced changes in the response of an antireflective coating on the surface of a silicon ship. Because the technique provides high sensitivity, excellent dynamic range, and readily integrates with standard silicon wafer processing technology, it is an exceptionally attractive platform on which to build systems for detecting proteins in complex solutions. In our early research, we used AIR chips bearing secreted receptor proteins from enteropathogenic E. coli to develop sensors for this pathogen. Recently, we have been exploring an alternative strategy: Rather than detecting the pathogen directly, can one immobilize antigens from a pathogen, and employ AIR to detect antibody responses to those antigens? Such a strategy would provide enhanced sensitivity for pathogen detection (as the immune system essentially amplifies the "signal" caused by the presence of an organism to which it responds), and would also potentially prove useful in the process of vaccine development. We describe herein preliminary results in the application of such a strategy to the detection of antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV).
Impact of measurement error on container inspection policies at port-of-entry

Containers arriving at a port-of-entry are inspected using sensors and devices to detect drugs, weapons, nuclear materials and other illegal cargo. Measurement errors associated with the inspection process may result in higher misclassification of containers. In this paper, we propose and formulate three inspection policies for containers at port-of-entry assuming the presence of sensor measurement errors. The optimization of the policies is carried out and the performance of each in terms of misclassification probabilities is compared. In each of the policies, the optimum settings are determined by minimizing the probability of false rejection while limiting the probability of false acceptance to a specified tolerance level. The results show that repeat inspections improve performance in terms of correct container classification. Expressions are presented for container misclassification in a single station, as well as in systems with several inspection stations arranged in different configurations such as series, parallel, series-parallel and parallel-series.
Recent Research on Roman Rhetoric

Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic. By Robert Morstein-Marx (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 328 pp. $43.00/£23.00 The State of Speech: Rhetorical and Politic...
Identification of Five- to Seven-Ring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Supercritical Pyrolysis of n-Decane

Degradation of hydrocarbon aviation fuels to carbonaceous solid deposits in the pre-combustion environment, due to oxygen-free, high-temperature, high-pressure conditions, represents a limiting factor in the development of increasingly high-performance aircraft. In order to study this phenomenon, we have pyrolyzed the model fuel n-decane (critical temperature, 344.5 °C; critical pressure, 20.7 atm), an alkane component of jet fuel, under supercritical conditions at 570 °C, 94.6 atm, and 133 s. The product polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), precursors to the solid deposits, have been analyzed by a two-dimensional high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation technique with ultraviolet-visible absorbance and mass-spectrometric detection. The analyses reveal the presence of 24 unsubstituted PAH products, spanning four isomer families: 15 C24H14 PAH, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, dibenzo[e,l]pyrene, naphtho[2,1-a]pyrene, naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene, naphtho[2,3-e]pyrene, benzo[b]...
Typing correspondence assertions for communication protocols

Woo and Lam propose correspondence assertions for specifying authenticity properties of security protocols. Prior work on checking correspondence assertions depends on model-checking and is limited to finite-state systems. We propose a dependent type and effect system for checking correspondence assertions. Since it is based on type-checking, our method is not limited to finite-state systems. This paper presents our system in the simple and general setting of the π-calculus. We show how to type-check correctness properties of example communication protocols based on secure channels. In a related paper, we extend our system to the more complex and specific setting of checking cryptographic protocols based on encrypted messages sent over insecure channels.
Digital Radiographic Artifacts

Artifacts in radiography can be detrimental to interpretation by decreasing visualization or altering the appearance of an area of interest. Digital radiographs (DRs) have their own unique artifacts, and recognition of these artifacts is important to prevent misinterpretation and help identify the cause. A DR artifact can be categorized according to the step during which it was created. The major categories are preexposure, exposure, postexposure, reading, and workstation artifacts. Understanding the cause of artifacts and method of resolution is paramount in acquiring high-quality digital images.
Mental Health Perceptions and Coping Strategies of Albanian Immigrants and Their Families

This study examines the understudied mental health perceptions, treatment, and coping strategies of immigrants from the Republic of Albania to Southern California regarding themselves and their families. In-depth, semi-structured interviews with 12 Albanian immigrants residing in a large Southern California population center were conducted. The transcripts of these interviews were analyzed. The constant-comparative method was used to analyze the data obtained from the interviews. Thirteen themes describing the perceptions and attitudes of Albanian immigrants about coping strategies, mental health, and mental health issues emerged. Themes are discussed in the context of existing literature, and implications for practice, research, and limitations are presented.
Chemotherapy with bevacizumab does not affect liver regeneration after portal vein embolization in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases.

Blockage of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in murine models has been shown to impair liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab (monoclonal antibody anti-VEGF) on liver regeneration after portal vein embolization (PVE) in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases and its possible effect on postoperative outcome after major liver resection. Records of 65 consecutive patients treated with or without preoperative chemotherapy (with or without bevacizumab) and PVE for colorectal liver metastases from September 1995 to February 2007 were reviewed from a prospective database. Future liver remnant (FLR) volume, degree of FLR hypertrophy after PVE, morbidity, mortality, and survival were analyzed. Preoperative PVE was performed after chemotherapy in 43 patients and without chemotherapy in 22 patients. Among the 43 patients treated with chemotherapy, 26 received concurrent bevacizumab. After a median of 4 weeks after PVE, there was no difference in FLR volume increase among patients treated with or without chemotherapy. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in degree of FLR hypertrophy among patients treated without (mean, 10.1%) or with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab (8.8% and 6.8%) (P = .11). Forty-eight (74%) of 65 patients underwent extended right or right hepatectomy after PVE. No differences in morbidity and mortality were observed among patients treated with or without preoperative chemotherapy (with or without bevacizumab). Preoperative chemotherapy with bevacizumab does not impair liver regeneration after PVE. Liver resection can be performed safely in patients treated with bevacizumab before PVE.
Impurity contamination in fast-grown KDP

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) has traditionally been used as a nonlinear optical material for frequency conversion to produce second and third harmonic radiation. A high laser induced damage threshold for KDP crystals is required for high power laser applications, such as laser fusion. High quality KDP crystals for such applications can be produced by a recently developed rapid crystal growth method. We report the results of an impurity contamination study in raidlygrown KDP crystals. Using absorption spectroscopy, we identified the impurity contamination in the different growth sectors of the crystals. We show that the level of contamination depends on the growth rate achieved during the rapid growth. The impurities observed by absorption spectroscopy are identified as the origin of lattice distortion and optical birefringence in the KDP crystals. The study of impurity incorporation during crystal growth is important for understanding the damage mechanism of KDP.
Numerical Methods for Single Machine Scheduling with Non-linear Cost Functions to Minimize Total Cost

In this paper we are concerned with the problem of sequencing a given set of jobs without preemption on a single machine so as to minimize total cost, where associated with each job is a processing time and a differentiable cost function defined on the completion time of the job. The problem, in general, is NP-complete and, therefore, there is unlikely to be an algorithm to solve the problem in reasonable time, thus a heuristic algorithm is desirable. We present two heuristic algorithms to solve the problem. The first algorithm is based on the differential of the cost functions, and the second algorithm is based on the least square approximation of the cost functions. Computational experiences for the case of quadratic, cubic, and exponential cost functions are presented.
Anelastic response of the earth to a dip slip earthquake

The deformation induced by a vertical dip slip earthquake is examined using a variety of rheologic models. In this way the complications of dipping faults are avoided, and the phenomenon of transient peripheral warping is clearly revealed. A thrust fault dipping at 30 deg is investigated, and the important effects of dip and the existence of a slab on the asymmetry of strain pulses propagated into the overthrust and subducted lithosphere are demonstrated. One of the signal results of the study is the essential similarity of the strain patterns for Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow laws: the two rheologies give nearly identical strain field geometries. The principal difference between the two, which is readily observable, is in their time evolution. Relaxation in non-Newtonian rheologies tends to be initially fast, then slow at times that are late in comparison with relaxation in a Newtonian rheology. The possibility of simply recalling the time dependence of a Newtonian solution to obtain an approximate solution to a non-Newtonian problem is demonstrated.
The mGlu4 receptor allosteric modulator N-phenyl-7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxamide acts as a direct agonist at mGlu6 receptors

Effects of the mGlu4 receptor allosteric modulator N-phenyl-7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxamide (PHCCC) were tested on closely related mGlu6 receptors. Modulation of native calcium currents in isolated sympathetic neurons from rat superior cervical ganglion by expressed mGlu4 and mGlu6 receptor was used to assay receptor activity. Glutamate concentration–response curves with and without PHCCC confirmed that the drug is an allosteric modulator of mGlu4 receptor, without direct agonist activity. Conversely, PHCCC directly activates the mGlu6 receptor and does not enhance activity of glutamate. Therefore, PHCCC is a direct mGlu6 receptor agonist, but lacks allosteric modulatory properties.
Kinesthetic Aftereffect Scores Are Reliable

The validity of the Kinesthetic Aftereffect (KAE) as a measure of personality has been criticized be cause of KAE's poor test-retest reliability. However. systematic bias effects render KAE retest sessions invalid and make test-retest reliability an inappro priate measure of KAE's true reliability. Internal consistency calculations, a better estimate of KAE's true reliability, have been flawed in the past. New analyses of internal consistency data from 10 sam ples using 2 different KAE procedures are present ed. Internal consistency of KAE scores was found to be high (median .89 for 5 samples with Petrie's procedure and median .59 for 5 samples with Weintraub's procedure). Some increment in reli ability can apparently be obtained by extending the number of trials in the Weintraub procedure.
Criminal Investigations of Taxpayer Fraud

Under the voluntary tax system in the United States, taxpayers are responsible for fully and accurately reporting and paying the amount of taxes owed. Voluntary tax compliance is reinforced through various programs including the document matching program, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) civil audits, and criminal prosecution. The Criminal Investigation (CI) division of the IRS is responsible for enforcing the criminal statutes. This article investigates the role of CI in tax compliance and analyzes the results of 598 published tax crime cases from 2000 through 2004. The results indicate that CI must increase its focus on cash economy small businesses. Additional recommendations include the expansion of tax withholding to nonemployee compensation and including payments to small businesses in the document matching program to reinforce the voluntary compliance system.
Annotating DNA Variants Is the Next Major Goal for Human Genetics

Clinical genetic testing has undergone a dramatic transformation in the past two decades. Diagnostic laboratories that previously tested for well-established disease-causing DNA variants in a handful of genes have evolved into sequencing factories identifying thousands of variants of known and unknown medical consequence. Sorting out what does and does not cause disease in our genomes is the next great challenge in making genetics a central feature of healthcare. I propose that closing the gap in our ability to interpret variation responsible for Mendelian disorders provides a grand and unprecedented opportunity for geneticists. Human geneticists are well placed to coordinate a systematic evaluation of variants in collaboration with basic scientists and clinicians. Sharing of knowledge, data, methods, and tools will aid both researchers and healthcare workers in achieving their common goal of defining the pathogenic potential of variants. Generation of variant annotations will inform genetic testing and will deepen our understanding of gene and protein function, thereby aiding the search for molecular targeted therapies.
Paragraphing in technical writing

To be used as a tool of professional writing, paragraphing must involve style organization, and a recognizable flow of thought. These characteristics are reviewed with examples, and emphasis is put on the use of a summarizing topic sentence.
Reproduction in Australian elapid snakes I. Testicular cycles and mating seasons

Testicular cycles and mating seasons of eight species of elapid snakes are described. Four livebearing species (Austrelaps superbus, Hemiaspis signata, Notechis scutatus and Unechis gouldii) show spermiogenesis in summer, retain active spermatozoa in the vas deferens all year, and mate in both autumn and spring. Hemiaspis daemelii shows a similar testicular cycle, but its mating season is unknown. Another livebearing species, Pseudechis porphyriacus, shows spermiogenesis in spring, retains spermatozoa in the vas deferens only during spring, and mates only in spring. Two oviparous species (Pseudonaja nuchalis and P. textilis) show spermiogenesis in spring (and possibly also in summer), and retain spermatozoa in the vas deferens all year. Both Pseudonaja species mate in spring, and possibly through summer. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the times of production of spermatozoa, and retention of spermatozoa in the vas deferens, are adapted to the timing of the mating season.
Mineralhaushaltsstudien bei jugendlichen Epileptikern

Die Abhangigkeit der Anfallbereitschaft von Wasser- und Mineralhaushalt wird an analysierten Beispielen aufgezeigt, und die nachtliche Anfallhaufung bei manchen Epileptikern damit in Zusammenhang gebracht.
Anti‐epiligrin (laminin 5) cicatricial pemphigoid and lung carcinoma: coincidence or association?

Anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid (CP) is a rare subset of CP in which patients have IgG autoantibodies directed against the dermal side of skin split by 1 mol/L NaCl. The antibodies react against epitopes in the lowermost portions of the lamina lucida, and immunoprecipitate epiligrin (laminin 5) in human keratinocyte extracts. We report a patient with this uncommon form of CP, who, following an 8-year period of well-controlled disease, experienced a severe flare in symptoms coincident with development of lung carcinoma. This raises the possibility of an association, in this case, between anti-epiligrin CP and lung carcinoma.
A Model for the Evaluation of and Response to Economic Exposure Risk by Multinational Companies

While economic exposure is an important issue for the management of a multinational financial system, few models have been developed to measure this risk. The major challenge to measuring economic exposure is the interdependence of affiliate performances vis‐a‐vis changes in currency values. In this paper, a model has been developed that not only measures the sensitivity of the value of the firm to changes in currency values, but also recognizes the interdependence among the affiliates. The model takes a global view of the problem and also leads to guidelines for managing economic exposure. While the discussion focuses on geographically diversified multinational companies, the content of the paper is equally applicable to domestic companies.
Tim Protein Structures Reveal a Unique Face for Ligand Binding

Tim molecules regulate T cell responses; however, the molecular basis of their ligand recognition remains largely unknown. In this issue of Immunity, Santiago et al. (2007) and Cao et al. (2007) report the crystal structures of several Tims and provide insights into the structure-function relationship of these molecules.
Histiocytic sarcoma arising from lymphomas via transdifferentiation pathway during clonal evolution

Differentiation occurs during development and involves a coordinated activation and/or suppression of genes. The pluripotent stem cells typically undergo restriction of their developmental potentia...
Mandibulofacial Adaptations in a Juvenile Animal Model of Temporomandibular Joint Arthritis

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a chronic systemic disease of childhood that affects synovial joints including the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Individuals with JRA of the TMJ frequently show aberrations in mandibulofacial development. Since the basis for these developmental perturbations is poorly understood, they remain a perplexing clinical problem to manage. To begin dissecting the mechanisms for altered craniofacial development in JRA of the TMJ, we characterized the gross morphologic adaptations in the facial skeleton in a juvenile animal model of TMJ arthritis. Arthritis was induced in ten 87-day-old male rabbits by intra-articular challenge with ovalbumin. Eight sham-challenged and 4 unchallenged rabbits were used as controls. Serial lateral head cephalograms, taken at 73 (T1), 87 (T2), 108 (T3), 129 (T4), and 150 (T5) days of age, were evaluated by linear measures of maxillary, mandibular, and posterior dental height dimensions. Differences in the absolute dimensions and relative percent...
Effects of Vapor-Pressure Deficit and Net-Irradiance Calculation Methods on Accuracy of Standardized Penman-Monteith Equation in a Humid Climate

The effects of some common vapor pressure deficit~VPD! and net irradiance sRnd calculation methods on the accuracy of ETo values estimated by using the standardized ASCE Penman-Monteith ~ASCE-PM! equation for short grass were examined by comparing the estimated ETo values with measured ETo values in a humid climate. Sensitivity analysis showed 17% and 84% change in the estimated daily ETo values per unit change in the calculated VPD and Rn values, respectively. A total of 12 VPD and 27 Rn calculation methods were examined. Analyses of variance indicated lack of equality in the means of estimated ETo values obtained by different VPD and Rn methods. The percent mean error in the estimated ETo values ranged from ˛0.9 to ˛ 8.4% for VPD methods and from ˛0.3 to ˛ 19.7% for Rn methods. On the basis of the coefficient of determination sr 2 d and the standard error of the estimated sSy/xd values, the VPD calculated from saturation vapor pressure sesd, estimated by averaging the es at the maximum and minimum daily air temperatures, and actual vapor pressure sead, estimated by using either the average of minimum and maximum relative humidity or the dew-point temperature, gave more accurate results. Net irradiance sRnd estimated by using a regression of relative short-wave solar irradiance, as well as a linear regression on the square root of ea, resulted in relatively more accurate estimates of ETo than that obtained by methods based on ea or clear-sky data alone. These results indicate that in a humid climate, some of the VPD and Rn methods have a significant effect on the accuracy of theETo estimated by using the standardized ASCE-PM equation.
Biomass derived from transgenic tobacco expressing the Arabidopsis CESA3ixr1-2 gene exhibits improved saccharification.

Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum L. variety Samsun NN demonstrated that expression of the CESA3 cellulose synthase gene that contains a point mutation, named ixr1–2, results in greater conversion of plant-derived cellulose to fermentable sugars. The present study was designed to examine the improved enzymatic saccharification efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass of tobacco plants expressing AtCESA3ixr1–2. Three-month-old AtCESA3ixr1–2 transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. variety Samsun NN) were grown in the presence and absence of isoxaben. Biomass obtained from leaf, stem, and root tissues were analyzed for enzymatic saccharification rates. During enzymatic saccharification, 45% and 25% more sugar was released from transgenic leaf and stem samples, respectively, when compared to the wild-type samples. This gain in saccharification efficiency was achieved without chemical or heat pretreatment. Additionally, leaf and stem biomass from transgenic AtCESA3ixr1–2 requires a reduced amount of enzyme for saccharification compared to biomass from wild-type plants. From a practical standpoint, a similar strategy could be employed to introduce the mutated CESA into energy crops like poplar and switchgrass to improve the efficiency of biomass conversion.
Use of Ballistic Arcs in Low Thrust Navigation

A technique is presented for improving navigation accuracy in the Solar Electric Encke Slow Flyby Mission proposed to encounter the comet Encke during its 1980 apparition. The effect of the dominant navigation error source, the high-level thruster noise, is reduced through the introduction of a ballistic coast arc for the purpose of orbit determination enhancement. The placement and duration of the arc is investigated with respect to its impact on final delivery error and on control effort required for trajectory correction. The relative contributions of the various individual navigation error sources to the total delivery error and the relative effectiveness of various data type combinations are analyzed and compared for a navigation strategy which includes a coast arc and one which does not. Also examined are the changes in delivery accuracy and control effort as a result of the time lag between the state estimation process and the thrust control program update.
Increasing network bandwidth on meshes

In bandwidth limited computers, such as meshes and tori, it is important to achieve high bandwidth across the bisection. Traditional techniques achieve bandwidth in the range of 30–70%. We show how to use barriers, in particular Integrated Network Barriers to achieve high bandwidth utilization which is arbitrarily close to 100%. This technique also provides low latency and fairness to processors. Moreover, it works globally and therefore is not dependent on local approximations of network traffic.
Does engaging in prosocial behavior make children see the world through rose-colored glasses?

Sparse research suggests that children's social information processing has links not just with aggressive behavior but also with children's prosocial behavior (e.g., Nelson & Crick, 1999). However, the past work that has been done has not been longitudinal, so the direction of links between social information processing and prosocial behavior remains unclear. In this study, we used data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, 2010) to examine longitudinally the links between prosocial as well as aggressive behaviors and social information processing. Children completed multiple assessments of social information processing (including attribution biases and strategy response selection) from the 3rd to 5th grades. Mothers and teachers completed measures of children's prosocial and aggressive behavior from the 3rd to 6th grades. Overall, the findings demonstrated that some of the links between social information processing and social behavior are bidirectional but that the direction of effects depends on when such links were assessed. At Grade 3, it was mostly children's social behavior that predicted social information processing. At Grades 4 and 5, however, social information processing predicted children's social behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Networking Magic: Andrew Lang and the Science of Self-Interest

This article examines Andrew Lang’s anthropological writings on magic and religion in relation to a broader network of literary and sociological discourses. Lang’s work, along with that of others, highlights the labors nineteenth-century anthropologists expended to segregate magic from science, religion, and utilitarian action in the capitalist public sphere. Despite such efforts at segregation, however, nineteenth-century anthropological writings expose the genealogical continuities between magic, science, religion, and self-interest. These continuities, the essay contends, also surface in anthropology’s sibling discourses: literature and political economy. Lang’s contemporaries, such as H. Rider Haggard and Thomas Hardy, drew on anthropological findings in their fictional representations of magical rites and beliefs either in rural Britain or at the colonial periphery. Magic’s proximity to science, religion, and capitalist self-interest also undergirds Herbert Spencer’s systems theories and reverberates in the political economists that drew on Spencer’s work. The essay thus demonstrates not only how Lang functions as a node within a broad disciplinary network, but also how the concept of magic traverses numerous discursive fields.