cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN the VISIBLE/NEAR-INFRARED SPECTRA of CHICKEN CARCASSES IN STORAGE

A spectrophotometer was used to measure the visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectra of post-mortem chicken carcasses freshly slaughtered, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, and 14 days after storage at 0, 4, and 20C. the spectrum of a carcass after storage was compared with the spectra of freshly slaughtered carcasses and the spectra of carcasses stored at the different temperatures. the method of comparison was performed by computing the Mahalanobis distance of the sample's second central difference spectrum from the group means of the second central difference spectra of all the carcasses measured shortly after slaughter (about 1 h) and the set of second central difference spectra of the carcasses stored at each temperature. the results showed the spectra of the chicken carcasses changed 24 h after removal from the slaughter plant, even though they were stored at 0C. the spectra of the carcasses stored at 20C were different from those of the carcasses stored at 0 and 4C. the spectra of the carcasses stored at 0 and 4C for the first 8 days remained in the same class of the spectra of the carcasses at 1 day of storage at 0C. However, the spectra changed dramatically after 8 days of storage. the pattern of change of the spectra coincided with that of the myoglobin and oxymyoglobin changes of chicken carcasses at various storage temperatures and durations. It was suggested that Vis/NIR spectroscopy has the potential to be used as a rapid, nondestructive method for monitoring the freshness of chicken carcasses.
Sex-specific associations of depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in older adults

Objectives: To examine sex-specific associations between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in older men and women. Method: One hundred and thirty-one healthy, community-dwelling older adults [mean age = 66(6.59), 63% male] completed the Beck depression inventory, and engaged in assessment of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting total, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C), triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and maximal aerobic capacity (Vo2max). Sex-stratified hierarchical regression analyses examined the association between depressive symptoms and each risk factor adjusting for age, education, and BMI (select models). Results: Significant associations were found between higher levels of depressive symptoms and greater BMI, WC, insulin, LDL-C, and lower Vo2max in women only (p < 0.05). The insulin association was partially mediated by BMI. Conclusion: In healthy older women, but not men, higher levels...
Neuroimaging studies of speech an overview of techniques and methodological approaches

Over the past two decades, there has been an explosion in the use of imaging technology to study the structure and function of the human brain. The purpose of this article is to explore how functional neuroimaging has been applied to the study of speech production. This article begins with a brief review of neuroimaging methods and limitations. Then, two approaches that can be used to study the brain areas that support speech production are illustrated. The first approach is based upon comparisons across different types of language production tasks; the second approach is based upon comparing the effects of different types of stimuli within a single task. Results obtained using these approaches will be used to dissociate the contributions of different brain regions involved in speech production. For example, evidence will be presented that Broca’s area contributes to phonological encoding, whereas motor cortex, the supplementary motor area (SMA), and the cerebellum support phonetic encoding and articulation. Learning outcomes: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to describe basic methods for conducting a positron emission tomography study and a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The participant will also be introduced to two approaches for fractionating the brain regions involved in speech production: (1) comparisons between tasks, and (2) manipulations of stimulus materials. Finally, the participant will be able to summarize a cognitive model of the components of speech production that will be introduced, and potential mappings between these
Forensic Analysis of Premature Surface Cracking in Full-Depth Asphalt Pavements on Plastic Clays

Premature cracking in new asphalt pavements before the pavements are opened to public traffic, before the development of the sites is completed, and before surrounding buildings are occupied is the focus of this paper. Previous studies have been conducted at individual sites to determine the cause of this phenomenon and have resulted in a variety of probable, but not conclusive, causes. This paper describes a forensic analysis that used interviews with principals experienced with this form of distress and the results of field and laboratory tests intended to expose commonality by soil type, pavement materials properties, construction sequence, and pavement design among several sites where cracking occurred and where cracking was not present. Six factors that were common at each site with cracking were detected: all cracks began at the surface of the pavement and propagated downward; the moisture contents of the subgrade soils beneath the cracks were higher than optimum, as measured by AASHTO T99; the dens...
Microfluidic Platform for Controlled Synthesis of Polymeric Nanoparticles

A central challenge in the development of drug-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles is the inability to control the mixing processes required for their synthesis resulting in variable nanoparticle physicochemical properties. Nanoparticles may be developed by mixing and nanoprecipitation of polymers and drugs dissolved in organic solvents with nonsolvents. We used rapid and tunable mixing through hydrodynamic flow focusing in microfluidic channels to control nanoprecipitation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymers as a model polymeric biomaterial for drug delivery. We demonstrate that by varying (1) flow rates, (2) polymer composition, and (3) polymer concentration we can optimize the size, improve polydispersity, and control drug loading and release of the resulting nanoparticles. This work suggests that microfluidics may find applications for the development and optimization of polymeric nanoparticles in the newly emerging field of nanomedicine.
COMPLETING THE CONNECTION: ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SERVICE THROUGH MUNICIPAL WI-FI

The federal universal service scheme is designed to ensure that everyone has affordable access to advanced telecommunications and information services. Despite the development of cost-effective technologies that drastically reduce the cost of telephone services vis-a-vis the Internet and Wi-Fi networks, federal regulations generally prevent municipalities or private companies from providing wireless Internet access with universal service funds. Federal regulations have replaced technology costs, lack of business incentives, and consumer affordability as the primary barrier to universal service. Competitive neutrality, the pro-competitive and technology-neutral approach to universal service funding, must be fully embraced in order to empower local communities with the choice of technologies that best suits their residents in providing universal and affordable access to advanced telecommunications and information services.
When founding entrepreneurs leave: the problem of succession in small firms in Nigeria, 1971–1980

Like its counterparts elsewhere, the small business sector of the Nigerian economy is extremely volatile. A corollary of this volatility is the dearth of long-established firms. One issue that can help to account for the scarcity of long-established firms and also contribute to our understanding of the sector's volatility is succession, the ease with which ownership changes from one hand to another. This paper explores the issue of succession in privately incorporated small firms in south-eastern Nigeria. The finding that nearly half of the closures are attributable to the succession problem has implications for research on the small business sector, and on the development expectations of the sector.
Thick obstacle problems with dynamic adhesive contact

In this work, we consider dynamic frictionless contact with adhesion between a viscoelas- tic body of the Kelvin-Voigt type and a stationary rigid obstacle, based on the Signorini's contact conditions. Including the adhesion processes modeled by the bonding field, a new version of energy function is defined. We use the energy function to derive a new form of energy balance which is sup- ported by numerical results. Employing the time-discretization, we establish a numerical formulation and investigate the convergence of numerical trajectories. The fully discrete approximation which sat- isfies the complementarity conditions is computed by using the nonsmooth Newton's method with the Kanzow-Kleinmichel function. Numerical simulations of a viscoelastic beam clamped at two ends are presented.
Broadband Infrared Vibrational Nano-spectroscopy Using Thermal Blackbody Radiation

Infrared vibrational nano-spectroscopy based on scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) provides intrinsic chemical specificity with nanometer spatial resolution. Here we use incoherent infrared radiation from a 1400 K thermal blackbody emitter for broadband infrared (IR) nano-spectroscopy. With optimized interferometric heterodyne signal amplification we achieve few-monolayer sensitivity in phonon polariton spectroscopy and attomolar molecular vibrational spectroscopy. Near-field localization and nanoscale spatial resolution is demonstrated in imaging flakes of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and determination of its phonon polariton dispersion relation. The signal-to-noise ratio calculations and analysis for different samples and illumination sources provide a reference for irradiance requirements and the attainable near-field signal levels in s-SNOM in general. The use of a thermal emitter as an IR source thus opens s-SNOM for routine chemical FTIR nano-spectroscopy.
The Complexity of Multiple Contraceptive Method Use and the Anxiety That Informs It: Implications for Theory and Practice

Despite clinical guidelines and national data describing the use of one contraceptive method as the best and most common way to prevent unintended pregnancy, limited evidence indicates a more complex picture of actual contraceptive practice. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted in November of 2013 with a sample of women from two cities in the United States (n = 52). The interviews explored the ways participants used contraception to protect themselves from unintended pregnancy over the past 12 months. Most respondents reported using multiple methods, many of which are considered to be less-effective, within this timeframe. The practice of combining methods in order to increase one's level of protection from pregnancy was prevalent, and was mainly enacted in two ways: by backing up inconsistent method use with other methods and by "buttressing" methods. These practices were found to be more common, and more complex, than previously described in the literature. These behaviors were mainly informed by a deep anxiety about both the efficacy of contraceptive methods, and about respondents' own perceived ability to prevent pregnancy. These findings challenge prevailing assumptions about women's contraceptive method use and have implications for clinical contraceptive counseling practice.
Effects of fuel-capsule shimming and drive asymmetry on inertial-confinement-fusion symmetry and yield

Three orthogonal proton emission imaging cameras were used to study the 3D effects of low-mode drive asymmetries and target asymmetries on nuclear burn symmetry and yield in direct-drive, inertial-confinement-fusion experiments. The fusion yield decreased quickly as the burn region became asymmetric due to either drive or capsule asymmetry. Measurements and analytic scaling are used to predict how intentionally asymmetric capsule shells could improve performance by compensating for drive asymmetry when it cannot be avoided (such as with indirect drive or with polar direct drive).
Effects of protein depletion and inanition on serum glycoprotein concentrations in the rat.

SummaryThe effects of protein depletion and inanition on serum concentrations of total glycoprotein, seromucoid, albumin polysaccharide, globulin polysaccharide, total protein, albumin, and globulin and on hemoglobin and hematocrit values of blood have been investigated in adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. Significant decreases were observed in all serum constituents with the exception of the albumin fraction. The response of the protein-bound carbohydrates of serum was similar to that of the serum proteins. A marked hemoconcentration occurred in the fasted group. The results are not in agreement with the hypothesis that tissue degradation is responsible for increased serum glycoprotein concentrations.
Changes in Adolescents' Receipt of Sex Education, 2006-2013.

Abstract Purpose Updated estimates of adolescents' receipt of sex education are needed to monitor changing access to information. Methods Using nationally representative data from the 2006–2010 and 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth, we estimated changes over time in adolescents' receipt of sex education from formal sources and from parents and differentials in these trends by adolescents' gender, race/ethnicity, age, and place of residence. Results Between 2006–2010 and 2011–2013, there were significant declines in adolescent females' receipt of formal instruction about birth control (70% to 60%), saying no to sex (89% to 82%), sexually transmitted disease (94% to 90%), and HIV/AIDS (89% to 86%). There was a significant decline in males' receipt of instruction about birth control (61% to 55%). Declines were concentrated among adolescents living in nonmetropolitan areas. The proportion of adolescents talking with their parents about sex education topics did not change significantly. Twenty-one percent of females and 35% of males did not receive instruction about methods of birth control from either formal sources or a parent. Conclusions Declines in receipt of formal sex education and low rates of parental communication may leave adolescents without instruction, particularly in nonmetropolitan areas. More effort is needed to understand this decline and to explore adolescents' potential other sources of reproductive health information.
Effect of cortisone upon local capillary permeability.

Summary1. Various products of protein digestion and extracts of normal tissues caused increased capillary permeability when injected intradermally. This effect was reduced greatly by pre treatment with cortisone. 2. Local edema and leukocytic infiltration developed at the site of the injections. These effects were more acute in the untreated animals. There was evidence that cortisone inhibited the emigration of leukocytes from within the minute vessels.
Micromechanical modeling and characterization of damage evolution in glass fiber epoxy matrix composites

Abstract This paper develops an experimentally calibrated and validated 3D finite element model for simulating strain-rate dependent deformation and damage behavior in representative volume elements of S-glass fiber reinforced epoxy-matrix composites. The fiber and matrix phases in the model are assumed to be elastic with their interfaces represented by potential-based and non-potential, rate-dependent cohesive zone models. Damage, leading to failure, in the fiber and matrix phases is modeled by a rate-dependent non-local scalar CDM model. The interface and damage models are calibrated using experimental results available in the literature, as well as from those conducted in this work. A limited number of tests are conducted with a cruciform specimen that is fabricated to characterize interfacial damage behavior. Validation studies are subsequently conducted by comparing results of FEM simulations with cruciform and from micro-droplet experiments. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to investigate the effect of mesh, material parameters and strain rate on the evolution of damage. Furthermore, their effect on partitions of the overall energy are also explored. Finally the paper examines the effect of microstructural morphology on the evolution of damage and its path.
Verifiable partial sharing of integer factors

It is not known to date how to partially share the factors of an integer (e.g., an RSA modulus) with verifiability. We construct such a scheme on exploitation of a significantly lowered complexity for factoring n = pq using a non-trivial factor of φ(n).
Reactive Membrane Separations for Power-Generation Applications: Pollutant Emission Aspects

The results of ongoing studies of methane reforming for power-generation applications are discussed. Of interest are processes involving chemical recuperation for power generation utilizing the endothermic methane reforming reaction and combining both reactive separation and combustion. This study focuses on the dynamics and structure of flames of lean mixtures of air with CH4/H2/CO/CO2/H2O, a five-gas fuel mix resulting when the product exiting a reformer is combined with fresh CH4 prior to entering the combustor. Experiments are carried out in the single jet-wall, stagnation-flow configuration using laser Doppler velocimetry for determination of the axial velocity profiles. The concentrations of stable species are measured by mass spectrometry, nitrogen oxides are measured by chemiluminescence analysis, and the temperature distribution along the centerline is measured using fine-wire thermocouples. Numerical simulations are conducted to solve for the steady-state mass, momentum, energy, and species cons...
Alcohols as Latent Coupling Fragments for Metallaphotoredox Catalysis: sp3–sp2 Cross-Coupling of Oxalates with Aryl Halides

Alkyl oxalates, prepared from their corresponding alcohols, are engaged for the first time as carbon radical fragments in metallaphotoredox catalysis. In this report, we demonstrate that alcohols, native organic functional groups, can be readily activated with simple oxalyl chloride to become radical precursors in a net redox-neutral Csp3–Csp2 cross-coupling with a broad range of aryl halides. This alcohol-activation coupling is successfully applied to the functionalization of a naturally occurring steroid and the expedient synthesis of a medicinally relevant drug lead.
Revision of the Neotropical Plant Bug Genus Sinervus Stål (Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae: Eccritotarsini), with the Description of Four New Species and a Closely Related New Genus

Abstract. The eccritotarsine plant bug genus Sinervus Stal is revised and the species S. apicalis, n. sp. from Honduras and S. cunealis, n. sp. and S. egeri, n. sp. from Brazil are described, bringing the total species in the genus to 11. Sinervus and the nine previously known species are diagnosed and the three new species are described. The genus Sinervaspartus, n. gen. is described to accommodate Spartacus discovittatus Carvalho, new combination (as the type species), Sinervus espartacoides Carvalho and Gomes, new combination, Spartacus venezuelanus Carvalho, new combination, and Sinervaspartus marginalis, n. sp. from Peru. Color dorsal images for all species, male genitalia for the new species, selected SEM micrographs, and keys to help distinguish Sinervus and Sinervaspartus and all included species are provided. Relationships with the New World genus Spartacus Distant and certain Old World genera are discussed.
Recovering Bound Forms of Protein Structures Using the Elastic Network Model and Molecular Interaction Fields

Proteins can undergo large conformational changes upon ligand binding. Knowledge of the bound form of a protein is critical for many computational applications, ranging from the functional characterization of proteins to drug discovery. However, traditional approaches like Molecular Dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations are computationally intensive and are often not suitable to capture large scale, collective conformational changes. To address this problem, we combine the Elastic Network Model to rapidly generate ensembles of conformations and a Molecular Interaction Fields approach to select conformations that closely resemble the bound form. Molecular Interaction Fields are a class of energy-based methods that characterize a protein structure using virtual chemical probes, yielding 3D maps of the interaction energy profile of the protein. As a proof of concept, we illustrate the use of our computational pipeline on a dataset of 11 structures that undergo large conformational changes upon binding. The results indicate that overall our method is capable of returning conformations that are significantly much closer to the bound form than the initial unbound conformations.
Raise: What 4-H Teaches Seven Million Kids in a Resource Review

For over 100 years the 4-H Youth Development program has provided countless experiences for youth. This article reviews the recently published book Raise: What 4-H teaches seven million kids and how its lessons could change food and farming forever (Butler, 2015). While the book focuses primarily on the California 4-H program, the author also highlights research from historical 4-H documents as well as thoughts from National 4-H program leaders.
The clock is ticking: Temporal dynamics of campus emergency notifications

As first responders to incidents, public safety officials must quickly converge on meaning of what occurred, the threat to the university and what information is pertinent to the campus community. Utilizing in‐depth interviews with current campus public safety officials in the Washington, D.C. metro area, this study explored how emergency communicators interpret the concept of timely in campus emergency notification decision‐making and what factors impact their ability to enact this interpretation. Findings from this suggested that the temporal ambiguity of the law creates differing expectations of timely, with prealert processes impacting how quickly notifications can be sent. Further findings indicate that universities with the more sophisticated emergency management roles also had the more robust emergency notification functions.
Identifying a practical state estimation scheme incorporating substation measurement dependencies

This paper evaluates existing methods to improve state estimation by incorporating substation measurement dependencies. Three main approaches are considered: a traditional weighted least squares scheme, an iterative algorithm using a 2-point estimate to approximate the covariance matrix, and a variant of the algorithm taking just the diagonal of the estimated covariance matrix. These schemes are tested under uniform conditions for systems ranging from 3 to 30 busses, and the results are analyzed to gain intuition about each method. Finally, this intuition is used to recommend a practical weighted least squares state estimation scheme which could potentially be used to improve online state estimation.
Lack of access to mental health services contributing to the high suicide rates among veterans.

The United States has become a country that is constantly at war. This situation has created a crisis amongst our veterans. The current uneven access to appropriate mental health services that returning U.S. veterans encounter echoes the disparities in access to quality mental health services for the general population. The information presented here shows that the shortcomings of our health care system in addressing the mental health needs for our returning veterans may lead to the high suicide rates. Addressing the problem of inadequate access to quality mental health services is critical in any efforts to reforming the U.S. health care system. Our findings suggest that mental health disparities are often a leading factor to the high suicide rates among veterans who experience depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. To improve the health and well—being of our veterans who have served this nation, requires a collaboration between public and non—profit mental health providers at the State and local levels. It is imperative that we increase the availability of crisis intervention and mental health services for all veterans that have served this nation.
Cytosolic HSC20 integrates de novo iron–sulfur cluster biogenesis with the CIAO1-mediated transfer to recipients

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are cofactors in hundreds of proteins involved in multiple cellular processes, including mitochondrial respiration, the maintenance of genome stability, ribosome biogenesis and translation. Fe-S cluster biogenesis is performed by multiple enzymes that are highly conserved throughout evolution, and mutations in numerous biogenesis factors are now recognized to cause a wide range of previously uncategorized rare human diseases. Recently, a complex formed of components of the cytoplasmic Fe-S cluster assembly (CIA) machinery, consisting of CIAO1, FAM96B and MMS19, was found to deliver Fe-S clusters to a subset of proteins involved in DNA metabolism, but it was unclear how this complex acquired its fully synthesized Fe-S clusters, because Fe-S clusters have been alleged to be assembled de novo solely in the mitochondrial matrix. Here, we investigated the potential role of the human cochaperone HSC20 in cytosolic Fe-S assembly and found that HSC20 assists Fe-S cluster delivery to cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins. Cytosolic HSC20 (C-HSC20) mediated complex formation between components of the cytosolic Fe-S biogenesis pathway (ISC), including the primary scaffold, ISCU1, and the cysteine desulfurase, NFS1, and the CIA targeting complex, consisting of CIAO1, FAM96B and MMS19, to facilitate Fe-S cluster insertion into cytoplasmic and nuclear Fe-S recipients. Thus, C-HSC20 integrates initial Fe-S biosynthesis with the transfer activities of the CIA targeting system. Our studies demonstrate that a novel cytosolic pathway functions in parallel to the mitochondrial ISC to perform de novo Fe-S biogenesis, and to escort Fe-S clusters to cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins.
Characterization of Viscoelastic Materials Using Group Shear Wave Speeds

Recent investigations of viscoelastic properties of materials have been performed by observing shear wave propagation following localized, impulsive excitations, and Fourier decomposing the shear wave signal to parameterize the frequency-dependent phase velocity using a material model. This paper describes a new method to characterize viscoelastic materials using group shear wave speeds $V_{\mathrm{ disp}}$ , $V_{\mathrm{ vel}}$ , and $V_{\mathrm{ acc}}$ determined from the shear wave displacement, velocity, and acceleration signals, respectively. Materials are modeled using a two-parameter linear attenuation model with phase velocity $c_{200}$ and dispersion slope $c^{\prime }_{200}$ at a reference frequency of 200 Hz. Analytically calculated lookup tables are used to determine the two material parameters from pairs of measured group shear wave speeds. Green’s function calculations are used to validate the analytic model. Results are reported for measurements in viscoelastic and approximately elastic phantoms and demonstrate good agreement with phase velocities measured using Fourier analysis of the measured shear wave signals. The calculated lookup tables are relatively insensitive to the excitation configuration. While many commercial shear wave elasticity imaging systems report group shear wave speeds as the measures of material stiffness, this paper demonstrates that differences $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ vd} = V_{\mathrm{ vel}} - V_{\mathrm{ disp}}}$ , $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ ad} = V_{\mathrm{ acc}} - V_{\mathrm{ disp}}}$ , and $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ av} = V_{\mathrm{ acc}} - V_{\mathrm{ vel}}}$ of group speeds are first-order measures of the viscous properties of materials.
The Effect of D-Glucose and D-Fructose on the Activity of β-Glucosidase in Trichoderma Reesei C30 Cellulase

One of the obstacles that needs to be overcome before the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose is realized commercially, β-glucosidase component of cellulase by glucose. As a result of this inhibition, cellobiose accumulates which, in turn, inhibits the other cellulase components and effects a drastic reduction in the rate of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The effect of exo-genously added D-glucose and D-fructose on the initial rates of cellobiose and ρ-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside (PNPG) hydrolysis, catalysed by the β-glucosidase component in T. reesei C30 cellulase, was determined. β-glucose inhibited the activity of this D-glucosidase competitively with Ki values of 0.5mM and 8.7mM when cellobiose or PNPG was used as the substrate respectively. The inhibition appeared to be pH dependent with maximum inhibition at pH 4.8. No inhibition was observed of this 3-glucosidase, even at concentrations as high as 100mM which caused only 23% inhibition of enzyme activity. It is possible that a high rate of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis could be maintained if glucose, as it is formed, is converted to fructose by a suitable preparation of glucose isomerase.
Transitioning to Psychiatric Service Delivery in the Medical Setting

Like many in health care, psychiatrists find themselves at a crossroads during a time of dramatic health care delivery and payment changes that can potentially impact their practice, financial stability, and careers. In many ways, psychiatrists should be well positioned for the future, as there have been major advances in recognizing and treating psychiatric disorders, and their important role in driving health care utilization, costs, and outcomes. Paradoxically, however, psychiatrists are too often on the sidelines as changes occur, having been marginalized by commercial payers and hospital systems, which fail to adequately fund psychiatrists and have decreased available resources for patients. One of the biggest challenges that psychiatrists will face, given their current relative isolation, is finding ways to practice in the broader community and demonstrating their value in ways that other stakeholders can recognize. In this chapter, we discuss how psychiatrists can best position themselves for the emerging health care market.
FOUR DOPAMINE AGONISTS: A CLINICAL CONTINUUM

Evidence is presented suggesting that the amphetamine-like CNS stimulants, L-dopa, ET495 and apomorphine constitute a continuum with regard to such effects as psychotogenic potential, stimulation-sedation, induction of emesis, and differential potency in schizophrenics vs. non-schizophrenics. The CNS stimulants, with high psychotogenic potential, little or no sedative or emetic effects and quantitatively preferential disruptiveness in schizophrenics, occupy one pole of this continuum. Apomorphine represents the opposite pole, while L-dopa appears intermediate between the two in all respects.
Transaction Costs and Doomed Creditors

It is hardly an exaggeration to suggest that we live in a regime of innovation, a regime whose political, economic, technological, and cultural arms inextricably link innovation with progress, ingenuity, prosperity, and the greatness of nations, whereby innovation regulates our imagination and ambition in business, education, and just about any other field one can name. Under this regime, any question other than "how do we accelerate innovation" seems inconvenient, if not illegitimate. However, inconvenient questions do get asked from time to time by unorthodox thinkers, from whom we learn that even allegedly successful innovations bring with them not only winners but also losers [1], that hasty innovations might cause irreversible damage to nature and society [2], and that the enchantment of "thinking outside the box" might suppress ? rather than liberate ? original and creative thinking [3]. To these daring acts of questioning innovation I would add the following: the process of pursuing innovation might impose undue burden on innocent people. This happens, as this article explains, when innovators fail to properly account for the transaction costs of innovation.
Judicial Review in Administrative Governance: A Theoretical Framework for Comparative Analysis

This chapter explores elements of a theoretical framework to better understand judicial review in administrative governance from a comparative perspective. It proceeds from the premise that administrative governance cannot sustain itself without maintaining a legitimating connection to the trias politica—legislative, executive, and judicial—in some historically or legally recognizable sense. Judicial review, together with political oversight by legislative and executive actors, serve as complementary mechanisms of mediated legitimacy in this sense. In addition, from a principal-agent perspective, judicial review can also be understood as reducing asymmetric information risks and the so-called agency-cost problem. To understand these functions more robustly, however, a historical, constructivist and genealogical approach is also needed. Such an approach allows us to understand the role played by judicial review in reconciling tensions between three ideal types of rule in administrative governance: democracy, technocracy, and juristocracy. Building on this theoretical foundation, we can better analyse, in comparative terms, how different polities have responded to several basic questions regarding judicial review in administrative governance: ‘which’ (judge/forum), ‘whether’ (preclusion), ‘when’ (admissibility/timing), ‘who’ (standing), ‘what’ (scope/depth/intensity or review), and ultimately ‘why’, i.e., the overarching purpose of judicial review in relation to sound regulatory decision making, democratic politics and the protection of fundamental rights.
On the affine analogue of Jack's and Macdonald's polynomials

We define the analogue of Jack's (Jacobi) polynomials, which were defined for finite-dimensional root system by Heckman and Opdam as eigenfunctions of trigonometric Sutherland operator for the affine root system $\hat A_{n-1}$. In the affine case, we define the polynomials as eigenfunctions of "affine Sutherland operator", which is Calogero-Sutherland operator with elliptic potential plus the term involving derivative with respect to the modular parameter. We show that such polynomials can be constructed explicitly as traces of certain intertwiners for affine Lie algebra. Also, we define the q-analogue of this construction, which gives affine analogues of Macdonald's polynomials, and show the (conjectured) relation between the Macdonald's inner product identities for affine case and scalar product of conformal blocks in the WZW model.
Extensions of the direct-semidirect model for calculating the high energy component of fast-nucleon induced gamma spectra

This section reviews extensions and variations of the direct-semidirect (DSD) model for understanding the high-energy component of gamma spectra resulting from radiative capture of fast nucleons; i.e., the part of the spectrum that is not amenable to standard statistical model (Hauser-Feshbach) treatments. We describe recent results on the extension of the DSD model to unbound final states, including comparison with proton and neutron capture data. The importance of including convective-current magnetic radiation to explain proton capture angular distributions in the 30 MeV region is shown. We conclude with a brief discussion of a model closely related to the DSD, the pure-resonance model.
Deep computational analysis of human cancer and non-cancer tissues details dysregulation of eIF4F components and their interactions in human cancers

SUMMARY Eukaryotic translation initiation complex (eIF4F) plays roles so diverse in human cancers as to complicate development of an overarching understanding of eIF4F’s functional and regulatory impacts across tumor types. Our analysis of large public data sets yielded several useful findings. EIF4G1 frequently gains gene copies and is overexpressed to achieve characteristic stoichiometries with EIF4E and EIF4A1 in cancers. Varied expressions among EIF4F components distinguish malignant from healthy tissues, regardless of tissue or cancer types. EIF4G1 expression in particular correlates with poor prognosis. Tumors dysregulate biological “house-keeping” pathways typically regulated by cap-dependent initiation in healthy tissues, yet strengthen regulation of cancer-specific pathways in cap-independent contexts. In lung adenocarcinoma, altered interactions among eIF4F subunits are mechanistically linked to eIF4G1 phosphorylation. Tumors may select between cap-dependent and -independent mechanisms, through eIF4G1’s adaptable interactions with eIF4F subunits. Collectively, these results are an important advance towards a general model of translation initiation in cancer.
Out-of-Pocket Annual Health Expenditures and Financial Toxicity From Healthcare Costs in Patients With Heart Failure in the United States.

Background Heart failure (HF) poses a major public health burden in the United States. We examined the burden of out‐of‐pocket healthcare costs on patients with HF and their families. Methods and R...
The Immune System in Human Milk: A Historic Perspective.

Background: Human milk contains a remarkable array of immunological agents that evolved over millions of years to protect the recipient human infant. Furthermore, much of the protection persists long after weaning. However, the scientists who first discovered some components of this immune system have rarely been acknowledged. Summary: The scientists who made many fundamental immunological discoveries concerning the immune system in human milk include Alfred Francois Donne, Paul Ehrlich, Lars A. Hanson, and Jules Bordet. Based upon their discoveries, a wealth of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating agents, and living, activated leukocytes in human milk were later revealed during the last half of the 20th and the first part of the 21st century. Moreover, it was found that human milk enhances the colonization of commensal bacteria that aid to protect the human infant. Key Message: Their discoveries helped to revitalize breastfeeding in industrialized countries during the past several decades.
Machine Learning Aiding in the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common, progressive and currently incurable neurodegenerative movement disorder. The diagnosis of PD is challenging, especially in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism and in early PD detection. Due to the advantages of machine learning such as automatic data analysis and making inferences for individuals, machine learning techniques have been increasingly applied to the diagnosis of PD, and have shown some promising results. Machine learning-based imaging applications have made it possible to automatically differentiate parkinsonism and detect PD at early stages on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) images. Machine learning-based SPECT image analysis applications in PD have outperformed conventional semi-quantitative analysis in detecting PD-associated dopaminergic degeneration, performed comparably well as experts, and improved PD diagnostic accuracy of radiologists. Multimodal data (such as multimodal imaging and clinical data) may further enhance early PD detection. To integrate machine learning-based computer-aided diagnostic applications into clinical systems, further optimization and thorough validation of these applications are needed to make them accurate and reliable for the diagnosis of PD. It is anticipated that machine learning techniques will further improve differential diagnosis of parkinsonism and early PD detection, which may reduce error rate of PD diagnosis, allow early neuroprotective treatment to slow down neurodegeneration progression and prevent clinical symptoms from emerging in patients with early-stage PD and allow proper treatment to effectively relieve patients from suffering.
Alpha adaptins show isoform-specific association with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease.

AIMS The heterotetrameric assembly protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a central hub for clathrin-dependent endocytosis. The AP-2 α-adaptin subunit has two major isoforms, encoded by two separate genes: AP2A1 and AP2A2. Endocytosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease, and recent studies linked α-adaptins (gene variants, splicing defects, and altered expression) with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk. Here, we used multiple antibodies to investigate α-adaptin isoforms and their localization in human brains. METHODS The specificities of ten different α-adaptin antibodies were evaluated using immunoblots after human AP2A1 and AP2A2 plasmid transfection in cultured cells. Additional immunoblot analyses were then performed on protein homogenates from control and LOAD subjects. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain sections from control and LOAD subjects were immunohistochemically stained, and immunofluorescence experiments were performred for quantitation of colocalization with digital image analysis. RESULTS Eight of the ten evaluated antibodies recognized transfected α-adaptin proteins on immunoblots. The α-adaptin subspecies were relatively uniformly expressed in five different human brain regions. The α-adaptins were present in the detergent-insoluble fraction from cognitively impaired, but less so in control, brains. Immunohistochemical analyses showed colocalization of AP2A1 with tau pathology in LOAD brains. By contrast, AP2A2 colocalized with microglial cells. CONCLUSIONS These observations provide evidence of isoform-specific changes of α-adaptins in the brains of LOAD subjects. Antibodies that were verified to recognize AP2A1, but not AP2A2, labelled neurofibrillary tangles of LOAD patients. The findings extend our understanding of AP-2 proteins in the human brain in healthy and diseased states.
Perceived freedom as leisure's antithesis.

Leisure research has become increasingly positivist, operationalist, and reductionist, passing from social and political bases to psychological. Yet it is not “value free” inquiry, as values intrud...
The Neuroimmunology of Multiple Sclerosis: Possible Roles of T and B Lymphocytes in Immunopathogenesis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system white matter. The association of the disease with MHC genes, the inflammatory white matter infiltrates, similarities with animal models, and the observation that MS can be treated with immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies support the hypothesis that autoimmunity plays a major role in the disease pathology. Evidence supports activated CD4+ myelin-reactive T cells as major mediators of the disease. In addition, a renewed interest in the possible contribution of B cells to MS immunopathology has been sparked by nonhuman primate and MS pathological studies. This review focuses on the immunopathology of MS, outlining the hypothetical steps of tolerance breakdown and the molecules that play a role in the migration of autoreactive cells to the CNS. Particular focus is given to autoreactive T cells and cytokines as well as B cells and autoantibodies and their role in CNS pathogenesis in MS.
InAs quantum dot and nanowhisker formation by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition in porous materials

We report recent results of epitaxy of InAs quantum dots utilizing PSi and PSiC templates as nucleation sites. Spherical InAs quantum dots with a high planar density of 1.6/spl times/10/sup 9/ cm/sup -2/ were grown by metalorganic, chemical vapor deposition. By using a gold catalyst, InAs nanowhiskers are also formed from these dots.
An analysis of constructive network formation models

Network formation was originally studied by Jackson and Wolinsky [1]. We analyze a constructive model of network formation that is particularly suited to exhaustive computation.
Burge’s Defense of Perceptual Content

1 The term “content view” has been used by Siegel (2010a) and Brewer (2011). Schellenberg (2011) speaks instead of the content thesis. Siegel’s characterization of the content view is too weak for our purposes here. The content view she defends is neutral with regard to the nature of sensory states, and Burge is explicitly defending a claim about what certain sensory states are. Siegel suggests that the deeper issue at stake in disputes with naIve realists over the content view is whether perceptions ought to be individuated by reference to the particular things perceived. Our understanding of the debate is different. Burge is not at odds with the naIve realist claim that perceptions are individuated by reference to particulars in the environment. He allows that perceptual states are individuated by their contents and that the representational content of perception constitutively possesses a singular element (2010a, pp.379-381). In defending the content view, Burge is opposed to those, like naIve realists, who identify perception with something other than sensory representation.
Regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA and transcriptional activity by taurocholate and cholesterol in the chronic biliary diverted rat.

Abstract Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the bile acid biosynthetic pathway. Regulation of this pathway is thought to occur solely as a result of a negative feedback control mechanism that is dependent upon the flux and composition of bile salts undergoing enterohepatic circulation. We have used the chronic biliary diverted (CBD) rat model to study the mechanism of regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase by taurocholate. As compared to nonoperated controls, CBD rats exhibited a 4.2-fold increase in cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase-specific activity, a 4.5-fold increase in enzyme mass, a 10-fold increase in steady-state mRNA levels, and a 3.4-fold increase in transcriptional (nuclear "run-on") activity. Intraduodenal infusion of taurocholate at a rate of 36 mumol/100 g/h for 48 h in CBD rats caused a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease (64%) in cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase-specific activity, mass (72%), steady-state mRNA levels (74%), and transcriptional activity (57%) as compared to CBD controls. Cholesterol feeding increased cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase-specific activity (288%), poly(A) RNA levels (291%), and transcriptional activity (220%) as compared to control animals. These results provide convincing evidence that bile salts, either directly or indirectly, down-regulate in vivo transcription of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene, which is probably the major mechanism regulating the levels of this enzyme. The results of this study also suggest that the promoter for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase may have both bile salt- and sterol-responsive elements.