cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-uniqueness and instability of ‘ankylography’

Arising from K. S. Raines et al. , 214–217 (2010)10.1038/nature08705 Raines 1 have proposed ‘ankylography’ as a three-dimensional tomographic modality with a single monochromatic beam1. They believe that the three-dimensional structure of an object is “in principle determined by the 2D spherical pattern” that “is sampled at a sufficiently fine scale on the Ewald sphere.” Although they restricted their approach to unspecified “certain circumstances”, they claim potential “broad applications in the physical and life sciences”. Nevertheless, the imaging principles and proposed methodology of ankylography are flawed, bringing into question its applications, which was also pointed out by others, such as in ref. 2.
Locus of Control as a Function of Confirmation or Disconfirmation of an Expectancy

first quiz answer sheet, each student was requested to indicate how many questions they thought were answered correctly (expected score). The independent experimental manipulation was performed by providing feedback on the quiz which reflected a seven-point increase, decrease, or no change from the expected quiz score previously indicated. The manipulated scores were returned to the students and readministration of the Rocter scale ( posrces t ) imrnedia tely followed. An analysis of variance was calculated on the difference between pre- and post-manipulation I-E scores. The analysis yielded one significant main effect, the locus of control designation (F = 12.87, df = 2/49, fl < .01). Post hoc Neuman-Keuls tests indicated that this main effect was caused by a significant external shift from pretest to posttest by the internal group. The effect of manipulated expected scores and the interaction were not significant. The multiple regression analysis of pre- and posttest scores (test-retest reliability) gave a correlation between the two administrations of .78. The experimental manipulation of the students' expected scores had no effect upon their internal-external orientation. It seems probable chat this one specific disconfirmation of an expectancy did not have the importance to an individual that McArthuu had available. Certainly, the effect of avoiding two years of service had more long-range importance than receiving a quiz which was seven points higher or lower than expected.
Comparative study of actin filament patterns in lens epithelial cells. Are these determined by the mechanisms of lens accommodation

Actin filament patterns in lens epithelia from animals of various taxonomic groups were studied using rhodamine phalloidin fluorescence microscopy of epithelial whole mounts and transmission electron microscopy of tangential sections. The results were compared with the accommodative mechanism operating in each case as reported in the literature.Lenses that accommodate by deformation of the anterior surface, in squirrel, chipmunk, rabbit, monkey and human, showed polygonal arrays (PAS) at the apical end of the epithelial cells. Lenses that translate as a whole, in shark, bony fish and frog, showed stress fibers (SFs) at the basal or apical end of the cells. No specialized actin pattern was seen in turtle and bird, which have lenses that are squeezed into an anterior lenticonus; cat, where the lens is translated forward; or rat, cow and most mice, which have no defined accommodation. In exception, certain strains of laboratory mice did show sequestered actin bundles (SABs) and/or PAs. Based on our findings,...
Larval settlement can explain the adult distribution of Mytilus californianus Conrad but not of M. galloprovincialis Lamarck or M. trossulus Gould in Moss Landing, central California: Evidence from genetic identification of spat

Abstract We investigated the spatial distribution of adult and newly settled mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, Mytilus trossulus Gould and Mytilus californianus Conrad) on the shore at Moss Landing, California to test the hypothesis that adult distributions are a result of settlement patterns. Adult M. californianus were most abundant on a wave-exposed rocky jetty and adults of Blue mussels ( M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis ) were more abundant inside the protected Moss Landing harbor. Using taxon-specific polymerase chain reactions, we monitored recruitment during continuous 1–2 week intervals on fibrous scrubbing pads for 12 months in 2002–2003. All mussel species settled in greatest numbers on the exposed jetty, and Blue mussels settled in greater numbers there than did M. californianus . Because Blue mussels settled abundantly where their adults were rare, post-settlement mortality appeared to be the strongest influence on adult distribution. In contrast, M. californianus settled mostly in their adult habitat.
Historical reconstruction of wastewater and land use impacts to groundwater used for public drinking water:Exposure assessment using chemical data and GIS

Land use in geographic areas that replenish groundwater and surface water resources is increasingly recognized as an important factor affecting drinking water quality. Efforts to understand the implications for health, particularly outcomes with long latency or critical exposure windows, have been hampered by lack of historical exposure data for unregulated pollutants. This limitation has hindered studies of the possible links between breast cancer risk and drinking water impacted by endocrine disrupting compounds and mammary carcinogens, for example. This paper describes a methodology to assess potential historical exposure to a broad range of chemicals associated with wastewater and land use impacts to 132 groundwater wells and one surface water body supplying drinking water to 18 public distribution systems on Cape Cod, MA. We calculated annual measures of impact to each distribution system and used the measures as exposure estimates for the residential addresses of control women in the Cape Cod Breast Cancer and Environment Study (Cape Cod Study). Impact was assessed using (1) historical chemical measurements of nitrate at the water supply sources (performed as required by the Safe Water Drinking Act) and (2) a geographic information system analysis of land use within the zones of contribution (ZOCs) delineated for each well in a state-mandated wellhead protection program. The period for which these impact estimates were developed (1972-1995) was constrained by the availability of chemical measurements and land use data and consideration of time required for groundwater transport of contaminants to the water supply wells. Trends in these estimates for Cape Cod suggest increasing impact to drinking water quality for land use over the study period. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the effect on the distribution of controls' cumulative exposure estimates from (1) reducing the area of the ZOCs to reflect typical well operating conditions rather than extreme pumping conditions used for the regulatory ZOCs, (2) assuming residences received their drinking water entirely from the closest well or cluster of wells rather than a volume-weighted annual district-wide average, and (3) changing the travel time considered for contaminants to reach wells from land use sources. We found that the rank and distribution of controls' cumulative exposure estimates were affected most by the assumption concerning district mixing; in particular, assignment of exposure estimates based on impact values for the closest well(s) consistently produced a larger number of unexposed controls than when a district-wide average impact value was used. As expected, the results suggest that adequate characterization of water quality heterogeneity within water supplies is an important component of exposure assessment methodologies in health studies investigating impacted drinking water.
A temperature of maximum density in soft sticky dipole water

A temperature of maximum density near 260 K at 1 atm has been found for the soft sticky dipole (SSD) water model in molecular dynamics simulations. The parameters of SSD have been optimized to reproduce the density of water as well as other structural, thermodynamic, dielectric, and dynamic properties at room temperature and 1 atm. Remarkably, this simple model is able to reproduce the anomalous temperature dependence of the density using parameters optimized at room temperature. Furthermore, these results indicate that the tetrahedral nature of water is important in determining this anomalous behavior.
An Enlarging Solitary Mass in an Asymptomatic Patient

i PRESENTATION What is the differential diagnosis to consider in an asymptomatic, elderly patient presenting with an enlarging, solitary, right-sided paratracheal mass over 2 years? The patient in question was a 70-year-old woman, an Ohio resident since childhood, who had been admitted to our hospital 2 years previously because of a urinary tract infection associated with high-grade fever and hypotension. She had denied any recent respiratory symptoms, fever, or weight loss but reported a history of mild dyspnea on exertion over the previous few months. An echocardiogram performed at the time estimated her right-ventricular systolic pressure at 50 mm Hg. A computerized tomography (CT) scan of the chest done to evaluate the possibility of a pulmonary parenchymal abnormality demonstrated a 29.2 27.8-mm right-sided paratracheal mass (Figure 1). The patient was discharged and scheduled for outpatient fiber optic bronchoscopy, but she never had the procedure and was lost to follow-up.
Water balance in the sugarbeet root maggot Tetanops myopaeformis, during long-term low-temperature storage and after freezing

The sugarbeet root maggot Tetanops myopaeformis R¨ oder (Diptera: Ulidiidae) can be stored in moist sand at 4-6 ◦ C for up to 5 years and is freeze-tolerant. The majority of stored larvae survive in a state of post-diapause quiescence and the remainder are in a multi-year diapause. The present study aims to determine larval water content and water loss rates in diapausing and low-temperature stored larvae. Body water content ranges from 57% to 70.1%. Two distinct groupings of larvae are revealed based on dry weights. The first group consists of the diapausing larvae and larvae stored for 1 year. This group has significantly higher dry weights than the second grouping, which consists of the larvae stored for 2 and 3 years. There are no significant differences within each group. Larval water losses follow a first-order kinetic relationship with time. Larvae stored for 2 years lose water at a significantly higher rate than diapausing larvae. Larvae exhibit no active water uptake at storage temperatures. A freezing event does not induce a significant decrease in wet weights, nor does it increase larval water loss rates. These results indicate that metabolic water and the microclimate during storage are key factors enabling the long-term survival of T. myopaeformis larvae during low-temperature storage, and may provide insights for maintaining other insect species under similar conditions.
The Dysfunctions of Military Secrecy

One of the most startling paradoxes advanced by that master of the sociological paradox, Georg Simmel, runs as follows: "The most effective prerequisite for preventing struggle, the exact knowledge of the comparative strength of the two parties, is very often attainable only by the actual fighting out of the conflict."' In other words, the most effective deterrent to violent conflict is the revelation of comparative strength; however, relative strength can often be ascertained only through such conflict.
Fusion Reactor Fuel Processing

For thermonuclear power reactors based on the continuous fusion of deuterium and tritium the principal fuel processing problems occur in maintaining desired compositions in the primary fuel cycled through the reactor, in the recovery of tritium bred in the blanket surrounding the reactor, and in the prevention of tritium loss to the environment. Since all fuel recycled through the reactor must be cooled to cryogenic conditions for reinjection into the reactor, cryogenic fractional distillation is a likely process for controlling the primary fuel stream composition. Another practical possibility is the permeation of the hydrogen isotopes through thin metal membranes. The removal of tritium from the ash discharged from the power system would be accomplished by chemical procedures to assure physiologically safe concentration levels. The recovery process for tritium from the breeder blanket depends on the nature of the blanket fluids. For molten lithium the only practicable possibility appears to be permeation from the liquid phase. For molten salts the process would involve stripping with inert gas followed by chemical recovery. In either case extremely low concentrations of tritium in the melts would be desirable to maintain low tritium inventories, and to minimize escape of tritium through unwanted permeation, and to avoid embrittlement of metal walls.
Compton scattering in a plasma

Abstract Motivated by observations of possible spectral distortions of the 3° cosmic back-ground radiation, we investigate the nature of the Compton scattering of photons on the electrons in a plasma. We derive sum rules which show that the resulting photon diffusion equation for an arbitrary interacting plasma, which may even be in a quantum regime, remains that of a classical, non-interacting electron gas written down long ago by Kompaneets.
Gas transport in TiO2 nanoparticle-filled poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne)

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were dispersed via solution processing in poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) to form nanocomposite films. Nanoparticle dispersion was investigated using atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. At low-particle loadings, nanoparticles were dispersed individually and in nanoscale aggregates. At high-particle loadings, some nanoparticles formed micron-sized aggregates. The gas transport and density exhibited a strong dependence on nanoparticle loading. At low-TiO2 loadings, the composite density was similar to or slightly higher than that predicted by a two-phase additive model. However, at particle loadings exceeding approximately 7 nominal vol.%, the density was markedly lower than predicted, suggesting that the particles induced the creation of void space within the nanocomposite. For example, when the TiO2 nominal volume fraction was 0.35, the polymer/particle composite density was 40% lower than expected based on a two-phase additive model for density. At low-nanoparticle loading, light gas permeability was lower than that of the unfilled polymer. At higher nanoparticle loadings, light gas permeability (i.e., CO2, N2, and CH4) increased to more than four times higher than in unfilled PTMSP. At most, selectivity changed only slightly with particle loading.
Production of Hydrogen by Glycerol Photoreforming Using Binary Nitrogen–Metal‐Promoted N‐M‐TiO2 Photocatalysts

The need for renewable energy focuses attention on hydrogen obtained by using sustainable and green methods. The sustainable compound glycerol can be used for hydrogen production by heterogeneous photocatalysis. A novel approach involves the promotion of the TiO2 photocatalyst with a binary combination of nitrogen and transition metal. We report the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of the new N-M-TiO2 photocatalysts (M=none, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu), and the photocatalytic reforming of glycerol to hydrogen under ambient conditions and near-UV or visible light versus benchmark P25 TiO2 . In units of activity μmol m(-2) h(-1) , N-Ni-TiO2 is five-fold more active than P25, and N-Cu-TiO2 is 44-fold more active. The photocatalytic activity of N-M-TiO2 increases from Cr to Co and Ni, whereas the photoluminescence decreases; the change in activity is due to the modulation of charge recombination.
Parental Grief Response to Perinatal Death.

This study examined whether parents who had suffered perinatal loss experienced grief responses similar to other adult mourners and also examined the effect of several variables (sex, type of loss, length of time since loss, number of losses, and subsequent pregnancy) on the grief response. The Grief Experience Inventory was completed by 176 individuals, and data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. Parents who experienced perinatal losses suffered grief; the findings also suggest it is not the variables which influence the grief response as much as the perception that their loss is not understood. The only significant variable was the sex of the parent. Implications are discussed.
Effect of Te inclusions on internal electric field of CdMnTe gamma-ray detector

We studied two separate as-grown CdMnTe crystals by Infrared (IR) microscopy and Pockels effect imaging, and then developed an algorithm to analyze and visualize the electric field within the crystals' bulk. In one of the two crystals the size and distribution of inclusions within the bulk promised to be more favorable in terms of efficiency as a detector crystal. However, the Te inclusions were arranged in characteristic 'planes'. Pockels imaging revealed an accumulation of charges in the region of these planes. We demonstrated that the planes induced stress within the bulk of the crystal that accumulated charges, thereby causing non-uniformity of the internal electric field and degrading the detector's performance.
Nerve injuries from electric shock

During the last few years the authors have been studying the effect of electricity upon the nervous systems of experimental animals. In this article are discussed briefly the types of changes found in the brain, the spinal cord, and in the nerve cells themselves following an electric shock.
Probabilistic Compensation Criteria

I. Introduction, 407. — II. The multiple-change approach, 409. — III. A general probabilistic framework, 412. — IV. The quasi-Paretian criterion, 418. — V. Concluding remarks, 423.
Deciphering Protein Mechanical Stability By Comparing Different Folds

Cellular functionality is in large dependent on the ability to respond properly to external stimuli thorough signaling networks. Traditionally, this concept has been described by means of chemical reaction pathways, however, lately it has become apparent that mechanical force also plays a crucial role in many physiological processes. Signal transduction is achieved by regulating the reversible folding and binding of single proteins. The combination of single molecule force measurement and computer modeling has been used successfully in studying such force induced protein signaling events. Steered molecular dynamics (SMD) is one of the most popular simulation methods used in such modeling.In this work, we systematically use SMD to investigate the mechanical properties of a number of proteins involved in mechanical signaling events. Specifically, SMD illustrates the atomic level protein conformational changes induced by mechanical forces. These conformational changes have been used to propose means by which mechanical and chemical signals are interconnected to achieve regulatory ends. Additionally, we are able to compare the relative mechanical stability of different folds, thereby eluding to how certain folds are specifically tailored to withstand mechanical stress.
THE PLASMA PROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS AND ORGAN WEIGHTS OF RATS ON A HIGH PROTEIN DIET

IT HAS BEEN SHOWN that an important relationship exists between the adrenal cortex and the serum protein concentrations. Administration of adrenal cortical extract to hypophysectomized rats will largely prevent the fall in serum albumin usually evident after removal of this gland but does not prevent the rise in globulin concentration. Administration of stilbestrol to stimulate the adrenal cortex of normal rats causes a significant rise in serum albumin concentration (Levin and Leathern, 1942). Moreover, adrenalectomy in cats and dogs where a high degree of adrenal cortical insufficiency is readily obtained is followed by a decrease in serum albumin and a rise in globulin which can be corrected by adequate amounts of adrenal cortical extracts (Levin, Leathern and Crafts, 1942; Hartman, Lewis, Thatcher and Street, 1942). Furthermore, White and Dougherty (1945) have shown that injection of adrenal cortical extract is quickly followed by a rise in serum globulin in rabbits.
Wettability of Nitric Acid Oxidized Carbon Fibers

High-strength carbon fibers were oxidized by exposure to nitric acid and single-fiber wettability predictions were compared to the actual wettability of multiple fibers in resin. Single-fiber wettability was predicted through contact-angle measurements and surface-energy calculations. Multiple-fiber wettability in resin was evaluated by immersing treated fiber bundles in catalyzed vinyl ester resin, followed by cross-sectional viewing after curing. Fiber cohesion, macro-composite void content, and transverse tensile strength were also examined as a function of fiber treatment time. Fiber surface energy increased with treatment time, suggesting improved wettability. However, fiber cohesion also increased and composite wetting was found to suffer. Increasing fiber treatment times resulted in larger unwetted areas, higher void content, and declining transverse tensile strength.
Environmental tobacco smoke: exposure-response relationships in epidemiologic studies.

Demonstration of a dose-response relationship for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an important indication of causality. Central to the analysis and interpretation of dose-response relations as described in epidemiological studies is the relationship between dose and exposure. It must be recognized that in studies of ETS the authors have only surrogate measures of dose, and these surrogate measures (based on exposure) are imperfect. The question-based measures of ETS exposure generally have not been standardized, may have limited validity and reliability, and cannot comprehensively describe total ETS exposure, exposure to individual ETS components, nor doses of biologically relevant agents at target sites. Nevertheless, useful data have been yielded in epidemiologic studies linking ETS exposure to increased respiratory infection and symptoms, reduced lung growth in children, and increased lung cancer in nonsmoking adults. The more consistent exposure-response data for studies on acute health in children may reflect the greater difficulty in measuring exposure in studies of chronic health in adults.
Genetic determinants of neuroglobin transcription

Neuroglobin (NGB) is a neuron-specific vertebrate globin shown to protect against hypoxia, ischemia, oxidative stress and the toxic effects of Amyloid-beta. Following on our and others' results highlighting the importance of NGB expression in disease, we searched for genetic determinants of its expression. We found that a microRNA expressed with the NGB transcript shows significant target enrichments in the angiogenesis pathway and the Alzheimer disease/presenilin pathway. Using reporter constructs we identified potential promoter/enhancer elements between the transcription start site and 1,142 bp upstream. Using 184 post-mortem temporal lobe samples we replicated the reported negative effect of age, and after genotyping tagging SNPs we found one (rs981471) showing a significant correlation with the gene's expression and another (rs8014408) showing an interaction with age, the rare C allele being correlated with higher expression and faster decline. The two SNPs are towards the 3′ end of NGB within the same LD block, 52 Kb apart and modestly correlated (r 2 = 0.5). Next generation sequencing of the same 184 temporal lobe samples and 79 confirmed AD patients across the entire gene region (including >12 Kb on the 3′ and 5′ flank) revealed limited coding variation, suggesting purifying selection of NGB, but did not identify regulatory or disease associated rare variants. A dinucleotide repeat in intron 1 with extensive evidence of functionality showed interesting but inconclusive results, as it was not amenable to further molecular analysis.
Variable weight training in cystic fibrosis.

A six-month pilot study of variable weight training (VWT) was undertaken to assess its impact on body weight, pulmonary function, muscle size and strength, and social function in 12 adolescent and adult patients with moderately severe cystic fibrosis. Exercise for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has often been recommended as an adjunct to physical therapy, although aerobic exercise has not resulted in weight gain in CF. Compared to a three-month control period, six months of VWT resulted in significant increase in weight (2.88 kg, p
Identification of sites required for repression of a silent mating type locus in yeast

Abstract There are three loci in the yeast Saccharomyces , each containing one of two possible genetic elements that can determine cell type. At one of these loci, MAT , this information is expressed to establish the mating type of the cell. At the other two loci. HML and HMR , this same information is phenotypically and transcriptionally silent, even though a large amount of identical sequence flanks MAT, HML and HMR coding regions. Transcriptional repression of HML and HMR requires the trans active gene products of four loci, designated variously as MAR or SIR , that are unlinked to each other or to MAT, HML or HMR . We have examined the phenotypic expression of a cloned, plasmid-borne copy of HML and of various deletion and insertion derivatives of this plasmid following their reintroduction into Mar + /Sir + yeast strains. From these data, we have identified two sites flanking the locus, both of which are required for MAR/SIR repression of the locus. In addition, we demonstrate that each of these sites promotes autonomous replication in yeast. Abraham et al. (1984) have presented evidence demonstrating that a similar regulatory structure exists at the other silent locus. HMR . From an analysis of the sequences of these four regulatory sites, we have identified several specific sequences that may be involved in mediating repression of these loci and in promoting replication in yeast. These results are discussed in the context of potential models for the mechanism of regulation of the silent mating type loci.
Spectral Correlation of Modulated Signals: Part I--Analog Modulation

The importance of the concept of cyclostationarity in design and analysis of signal detectors, synchronizers, and extractors in communication systems is briefly discussed, and the central role of spectral correlation, in the characterization of random processes that are cyclostationary in the wide sense, is explained. A spectral correlation function that is a generalization of the power spectral density function is described, and a corresponding generalization of the Wiener-Khinchine relation and several other fundamental spectral correlation relations also are described. Explicit formulas for the spectral correlation function for various types of analog-modulated signals are derived. This includes pulse and carrier amplitude modulation, quadrature amplitude carrier modulation, and phase and frequency carrier modulation. To illustrate the differing spectral correlation characteristics of different modulation types, the magnitudes of the spectral correlation functions are graphed or described in graphical terms as the heights of surfaces above a bifrequency plane.
Method of Generated Responses and Schizophrenic Deficit.

Sum?nary.-Schizophrenic and control Ss were compared on the method of generated responses (MGR) and conventional paired-associates (PA), using lists of stimuli which elicited either primarily one response or several responses. The low-dominance list was more difficult, and schizophrenics were generally slower in learning. The MGR, with Ss producing their own responses, was easier than conventional PA (yoked controls). While the MGR reduced the difference between the low- and high-dominance lists, it did not do so differentially for the two populations. The results were discussed in terms of Broen and Storms' theory of "collapsed" response hierarchies in schizophrenia. Many explanations of schizophrenic cognitive deficit have relied upon response interference, particularly competition between the nominally defined correct response and alternative associations (cf. Broen, 1968). It has often been assumed that the idiosyncratic associations of the schizophrenic interfere more than those of the normal S, with either the response hierarchies, attention, or arousal different from normal Ss. Many tasks require an arbitrarily assigned correct response, e.g., the conventional paired-associate (PA) task, so that interference from idiosyncratic sources is only accentuated. As a result, when such tasks show a deficit, they, in effect, serve as little more than another diagnostic tool, and any comparison with the normal population on some variable, e.g., presentation rate or meaningfulness, involves the confounding imposed by the extra interference for the patient population from the task's nominal definition of the correct response. One approach to this problem would be to capitalize upon the interference by manipulating the sources of competition. This was essentially the strategy of a transfer scudy by Kausler, Lair, and Matsumoto ( 1764), with schizophrenics showing more negative transfer than the controls, as expected with the addirional idiosyncratic interference. An alternative approach would seek to reduce the disparity between the E-defined response and other associations. For example, Mandler and Pearlstone (1766) allowed Ss to form their own sorting categories prior to a concept-learning task. Each control S then learned a concept formed by some unconstrained S in a yoking fashion. The free Ss performed better than the control Ss, suggesting reduced disparity between the nominal and 'This report is based in part on a thesis submitted by AMB to the Graduate School of the University of Missouri in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A. degree. The research was aided by an NDJEA Title IV fellowship to AMB and Grant 1-R03-MH18690-01 to JHM from the National Instirute of Mental Health. ?Reprint requests should be sent to J. H. Mueller, Psychology Department, McAlester Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201.
The influence of driver distraction on the severity of injuries sustained by teenage drivers and their passengers

Studies show that teenage drivers are at a higher risk for crashes. Opportunities to engage in technology and non-technology based distractions appear to be a particular concern among this age group. An ordered logit model was developed to predict the likelihood of a severe injury for these drivers and their passenger using a national crash database (the 2003, U.S. DOT-General Estimate System [GES]). As one would expect, speeding substantially increases the likelihood of severe injuries for teenage drivers and their passengers. The results of the analysis also reveal that teenage drivers have an increased likelihood of more severe injuries if distracted by a cell phone or by passengers than if the source of distraction was related to in-vehicle devices or if the driver was inattentive. Additionally, passengers of teenage drivers are more likely to sustain severe injuries when their driver is distracted by devices or passengers than with a non-distracted or inattentive driver. This supports the previous literature on teenage drivers and extends our understanding of injuries for this age group related to distraction-related crashes.
SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY OF LIGHT AND WOODY SEEDLING REGENERATION IN TROPICAL WET FORESTS

Variation in forest canopy structure influences both understory light availability and its spatial distribution. Because light is a major environmental factor limiting growth and survival of many forest species, its distribution may affect stand-level regeneration patterns. We examined spatial patterning in light availability and seedling regeneration in old-growth, second-growth, and selectively logged stands of tropical moist forest in northeastern Costa Rica. Our objectives were to determine how the frequency distribution and spatial pattern of understory light “microsites” differ among tropical wet forests; whether patterns of seedling regeneration are linked to spatial patterning of light availability; and whether these relationships differ among old-growth, second-growth, and selectively logged forest stands. We used both sensor-based and hemispherical photograph-based methods to measure light availability along three 130–160 m long transects in each of eight stands (three old-growth, three second-g...
Parental attitudes regarding the integration of children living with HIV/AIDS into public schools in Hanoi, Vietnam

In some areas of Vietnam, stigmatisation of HIV-infected children by parents in the community represents a major barrier to integration of such youth into public schools. To investigate parental perceptions of integration, researchers interviewed a total of 60 parents from one rural and one urban school district within Hanoi, Vietnam. Resistance to integration stemmed largely from misinformation about disease transmission and worry about protecting HIV-negative children. Educational campaigns targeted at parents, combined with higher levels of trust in the preparedness of teachers to handle situations involving HIV-positive children, could decrease current stigma and opposition to integration into public primary schools.
Does Epileptiform Activity Contribute to Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurological disorder. The role of hyperexcitability in the disease's cognitive decline is not completely understood. In this issue of Neuron , Palop et al. report both limbic seizures and presumed homeostatic responses to seizures in an animal model of Alzheimer's.
Analysis of the early regulatory region of the human papovavirus BK

BKV is a human papovavirus which latently infects a majority of the world population and whose DNA has been found in human tumor tissue. Along with simian virus 40 (SV40) and JCV, it is one of several highly homologous polyomaviruses which display distinct host ranges, tissue tropisms, and transformation potentials. Determination of these properties is thought to reside, in part, in the noncoding regulatory region of these viruses. We have studied the regulation of gene expression by the early promoter and enhancer of BKV. Our results show that the early promoter of BKV consists of elements found both to the early side of and within the proximal 18 bp of the first enhancer element itself. At least one BKV regulatory element appears to be downstream of the mRNA start sites. The BKV enhancer consists of two different types of elements, three direct repeats, and an element (denoted "c") found in the 30 bp to the late side of the distal repeat. When used with the BKV promoter the enhancer repeat elements were found to be redundant, optimal promoter activity requiring only two of the three repeats plus the c element. Using the heterologous SV40 promoter the optimal BKV enhancer consisted of either three repeats or two repeats plus the c element. Subfragments of the enhancer region were capable of partial activation of homologous and heterologous promoters. We conclude that the regulation of BKV early gene expression involves novel elements arranged in ways not previously described in other papovaviruses.
Resistance to HIV protease inhibitors: a comparison of enzyme inhibition and antiviral potency.

Resistance of HIV-1 to protease inhibitors has been associated with changes at residues Val82 and Ile84 of HIV-1 protease (HIV PR). Using both an enzyme assay with a peptide substrate and a cell-based infectivity assay, we examined the correlation between the inhibition constants for enzyme activity (Ki values) and viral replication (IC90 values) for 5 active site mutants and 19 protease inhibitors. Four of the five mutations studied (V82F, V82A, I84V, and V82F/I84V) had been identified as conferring resistance during in vitro selection using a protease inhibitor. The mutant protease genes were expressed in Escherichia coli for preparation of enzyme, and inserted into the HXB2 strain of HIV for test of antiviral activity. The inhibitors included saquinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, 141W94, ritonavir (all in clinical use), and 14 cyclic ureas with a constant core structure and varying P2, P2‘ and P3, P3‘ groups. The single mutations V82F and I84V caused changes with various inhibitors ranging from 0.3- to 86...
First-principles calculations of vibrational lifetimes and decay channels: hydrogen-related modes in Si.

The vibrational lifetimes and decay channels of local vibrational modes are calculated from first principles at various temperatures. Our method can be used to predict the temperature dependence of the lifetime of any normal mode in any crystal. We focus here on the stretch modes of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{*}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{BC}}^{+}$, and $V\mathrm{H}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{H}V$ in Si. The frequencies are almost identical, but the lifetimes vary from 4 to 295 ps. The calculations correctly predict the lifetimes for $Tg50\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ and illustrate the critical importance of pseudolocal modes in the decay processes of high-frequency local vibrational modes.
Rethinking prevention efforts in eating disorders

The prevention of eating disorders has been a complicated and elusive goal for researchers. Using an innovative design, the Body Logic Program (Varnado-Sullivan et al., 2001) was found to successfully reduce fear of fatness and decrease intentions to diet in a study of adolescent girls. Previous researchers have recommended separating universal (primary) and indicated (secondary) prevention. However, the authors found that this was not easily accomplished. When at-risk girls were identified and invited to participate in an intensive program, only 1 (of 55) elected to do so. Future prevention efforts will need to examine innovative approaches to reach these at-risk girls, including the use of incentives for participation, a focus on advocacy and action, the involvement of parents, and an integration of eating disorders prevention with other adolescent health concerns.
Ethanol consumption and place-preference conditioning in the alcohol-preferring C57BL/6 mouse: relationship with motor activity patterns.

Ethanol place-preference conditioning (PC) was conducted in drug-naive and ethanol pre-exposed female and male C57BL/6J (C57) mice to assess whether environmental cues can develop positive incentive value for ethanol-preferring animals when associated with administration of ethanol. After 12 days episodic access to free-choice ethanol and/or water self-administration, mice received eight ethanol injections (1.75 g/kg/ip) 5 min before placement in their nonpreferred PC chamber and eight saline injections paired with their preferred chamber. Control mice received eight saline injections (20 ml/kg) in both their preferred and nonpreferred chambers. Mice of both sexes developed strong ethanol PC. Correlational analysis indicated that the strength of ethanol PC for mice with a prior ethanol drinking experience was inversely related to the amount of ethanol consumed regardless of gender. Furthermore, depending on gender and previous ethanol drinking experience, ethanol PC was differentially related to initial baseline motor activity, the initial motor response to ethanol, or rapid change in the motor response to ethanol. Thus, a complicated relationship between neural systems that mediate ethanol reward and motor activity may exist as suggested by current addiction theory.
The effect of CS familiarization and extinction procedure on the resistance to extinction of a taste aversion

An experiment investigated the effects of prior familiarization with sucrose on the extinction of a sucrose aversion. Rats received either sucrose or no sucrose experience prior to conditioning of an aversion to sucrose. As in earlier studies, familiarized subjects took longer to develop an aversion to sucrose paired with illness than did the novel rats. After reaching suppression criteria, an equal number of rats were extinguished under either a two bottle or a one bottle procedure. Rats extinguished more rapidly under the forced than the free choice procedure, while sucrose familiarization had no effect on extinction rates. These results indicate that familiarization training only affects the acquisition of a taste aversion and not the rate of extinction.
Knowledge-based Geometry Generation for Spur and Helical Gears

Numerical analysis and true 3-D solid models of gear pairs are highly desirable to simulate real working conditions and reduce long and expensive test phases. This article presents methods, within a knowledge-based Automated Concurrent Engineering Software (ACES) for gear design and manufacturing system, for defining the gear tooth profile analytically from basic geometric parameters (diametral pitch, pressure and helix angles, number of teeth and tooth thickness) and determining the coordinates of all points on the working and the fillet portions of the tooth for standard and nonstandard gears, in order to generate FEM models for analysis, through automatic mesh generation and boundary condition assignment and produce a suitable gear construction (3-D model). The involute and trochoid curves can then be plotted on a Cartesian coordinate system emanating at the center of the gear. An accurate description of the tooth geometry and the associated mating-gears model for FEM analysis provide an early estimati...
Treatment of Schizoaffective Disorders

Studies that compare the treatment response of patients diagnosed as primary affective disorder or schizoaffective disorder are reviewed. Although relatively few controlled or uncontrolled studies of the chemotherapy of schizoaffective disorders have been conducted, available evidence suggests that: (1) lithium carbonate is effective in the initial treatment of both schizoaffective mania and mania; (2) antidepressants alone, neuroleptics alone, or their combination can be effective in the initial treatment of both schizoaffective depression and primary depression; and (3) prophylactic administration of lithium carbonate may reduce the frequency and duration of relapse in both schizoaffective manic and schizoaffective depressed patients. Thus, treatment studies indicate that the schizoaffective disorders are very similar to the primary affective disorders with regard to response to pharmacologic treatment. Evidence from this laboratory that schizoaffective manic patients respond more slowly than manic patients to lithium or neuroleptic treatment is presented.
Incommensurate technological paradigms? Quarreling in the RFID industry

Dosi's work on technology paradigms and trajectories has emerged as an important idea in evolutionary approaches to the economics of innovation. This article explores these ideas using one particular case history. I examine how two technology paradigms clashed in the radio frequency identification (RFID) industry in the 2000--2002 period, a clash that manifested itself in a public quarrel that broke out between proponents of an incumbent paradigm and a challenger paradigm. These events present an excellent vantage point from which to observe a debate between two different technological perspectives within one industry to gain insights into the influence of technology paradigms. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Ex Vivo Strength Comparison of Bioabsorbable Tendon Plates and Bioabsorbable Suture in a 3‐Loop Pulley Pattern for Repair of Transected Flexor Tendons from Horse Cadavers

Objective— To test the failure strength and energy of 2 bioabsorbable implants applied to transected deep digital flexor tendons (DDFT) from adult horses. Study Design— Ex vivo biomechanical experiment. Sample Population— Twelve pairs of deep digital flexor tendons harvested from the forelimbs of fresh equine cadavers. Methods— Poly-l-lactic acid tendon plates were custom manufactured for application to the cylindrical surface of an adult equine deep digital flexor tendon. Twelve pairs of DDFTs were transected 2 cm distal to the insertion of the distal check ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. One tendon of each pair was randomly selected for repair with a biodegradable plate or a 3-loop pulley method. Size 2 polydioxanone suture was used in both repairs. Repairs were tested in tension to failure, with peak force (PF) and total energy (TE) at repair failure recorded in Newtons (N) and Joules (J), respectively. A paired t-test was used for statistical evaluation with a significant level set at P≤.05. Results— Mean±SD PF for failure of plated tendons (1507.08±184.34 N) was significantly greater than for sutured tendons (460.86±60.93 N). TE was also significantly greater for failure of plated tendons versus sutured tendons. Conclusions— Plate fixation of transected cadaver DDFTs appear to have superior immediate failure strength than 3-loop pulley repairs. Clinical Relevance— Whereas in vivo testing is required, a bioabsorbable tendon plate may provide initial increased strength to support tendon healing and decrease external coaptation requirements.
Virtual Fabrication Technology Weld Modeling Tool and Its Applications in Distortion Predictions

A virtual fabrication technology (VFT) is introduced in this paper. It is a state-of-the-art cutting and welding simulation tool developed by Battelle and Caterpillar in the past few years. It can model extremely large and complicated structure fabrications. Extensive full-scale experiments have validated the accuracy and predictive power. It can be used to reduce fabrication cost and improve quality by minimizing and controlling distortions. Two application examples are presented to illustrate how to apply this tool in welded structure design and manufacture.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Use of Capillary Column Gas Chromatography to Evaluate the Quality of Coal Tar Pitches

Abstract A combination of a room-temperature extraction of coal tar pitch, silicic acid adsorption chromatography to isolate the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon fraction, and capillary gas chromatography has been shown to provide an unambiguous basis for estimating the quality of thermic electrodes produced from that pitch. When portions of the extracts from three grades of pitches were analyzed quantitatively for several compounds in the volatility range from phenathrene to benzo [a] pyrene, the amounts of each of six species in the less volatile range changed inversely with pitch quality.
The in vitro translation of Pea enation mosaic virus RNA.

Abstract Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) RNA was isolated from virions and then translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and in wheat germ extracts. RNA 1 (apparent molecular weight, M r 1.77 × 106) was shown to code for two major translation products, vp2 ( M r 88,000) and vp4 ( M r 36,000) plus a high-molecular-weight minor product vp1 ( M r 147,000). Tryptic peptide comparisons of vp2 and vp4 revealed unique amino acid sequences for each product indicating that vp2 was not a read through protein of vp4. The in vitro translation products were synthesized in the order of their molecular weight, with vp4 appearing first. Therefore, vp4 and vp2 were not produced from a slowly processed precursor. RNA 2 ( M r 1.2 × 106) was shown to code for one product, vp3 ( M r 45,000). Northern analysis of total virion RNA, which was hybridized to cDNA transcribed from total virion RNA, did not detect additional RNA species. Therefore, gene products, vp2, vp3, and vp4, appear to be translated from the two genomic RNAs rather than from encapsidated subgenomic RNAs. PEMV antiserum specifically immunoprecipitated vp2, indicating that vp2 has amino acid sequences that are related to those of capsid protein.