cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of age of onset of tonic-clonic seizures on neuropsychological performance in children.

Summary: Forty-eight children (aged 9 to 15 years) with tonic-clonic seizures were administered a neuropsychological test battery. The children with seizures of early onset (before age 5) were significantly impaired relative to the children with later onset on 8 of the 14 measures in the battery. The deficits ,were seen on tasks whose requirements included the repetition of a simple motor act, attention and concentration, memory, and complex problem solving. These findings emphasize the need for further research to determine the causal factors of the greater dysfunction seen in the early onset group. The age at which brain damage is sustained appears to be an important determinant of the nature and extent of subsequent behavioral deficits (Teuber and Rudel, 1962; Fitzhugh and Fitzhugh, 1965; Boll,
CP Noninvariance in the Decays of Heavy Charged Quark Systems

Within the context of a six-quark model combined with quantum chromodynamics we study the asymmetry in the decay of heavy charged mesons into a definite final state as compared with the charge-conjugated mode. We find that, in decays of mesons involving the $b$ quark, measurable asymmetries may arise. This would present the first evidence for $\mathrm{CP}$ noninvariance in charged systems.
Direct assessment of two-dimensional wind-tunnel interference from measurements on two interfaces

A direct assessment of two-dimensional wind-tunnel wall interference using upwash component measured on two interfaces has been formulated by the Prandtl-Glauert equation of the flow field and solved by the Fourier transform technique. The analytic formulae obtained for the interference of upwash and pressure on the model are presented. The formulae have been applied successfully to the analytic models for lifting and blockage interferences induced by the general linear slotted and perforated tunnel wall boundary conditions. The formulae have been derived in terms of Fourier coefficients of the measured upwash and illustrated its merits applying to a wavy-wall model case.
Physiological responses of dwarf pea (Pisum sativum, var. «Little Marvel») seedlings to ethrel and UV irradiation

Summary Ethrel (3 ppm) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV), alone and in combination with dark or visible, were applied to seeds of dwarf pea ( Pisum sativum , var. «Little Marvel») to determine their effect on peroxidase activity. Ethrel treatment depressed peroxidase levels in root tip and distal root tissues of dark-grown seedlings (20 days); however, Ethrel enhanced peroxidase activity in proximal stem and leaf tissues of dark-grown seedlings: Ethrel plus visible light only enhanced peroxidase activity in leaf tissue. Ethrel plus visible light enhanced peroxidase activity in both root tip and distal root tissues but proximal stem and leaf tissues had depressed peroxidase activity.
Thinking about computers and thinking: A response to Papert and his critics

Why is the use of computers in education so poorly understood? Everyone has an opinion on the subject, but few really seem to comprehend what all the fuss is about. Everyone believes that children must learn about computers, or must learn to use computers, or that computers will cause a revolution in education or else they won’t. Everyone has an opinion, but how many understand the issue? Very few I am afraid, very few indeed. And why is the state of awareness about computers and their potential in education so poorly understood? This is actually quite easy to explain. When something new is invented, people’s opinions about it are formed on the basis of what they see as the immediate benefits and drawbacks of that invention. In other words, they evaluate the invention on the basis of how it appears at that time. It is very difficult for the most enlightened of observers to base their evaluations on what may happen, or what could happen, in the far distant future. Even more so, it is difficult for them to make such evaluations if they have not been able to see the right form of the invention to evaluate. Who could imagine the effects of the gasoline engine when it had not yet been installed in its first automobile, let alone its first airplane. Jet travel has completely changed the way the world does business, takes vacations, becomes educated, conducts scientific matters, and handles political and military matters. Yet who could have known all that would come from the invention of an engine that is only marginally related to such activities? Evaluating computers in education, and their potential, is like trying to understand the future of warfare by observing the use of airplanes in World War I. The world is changing fast, and discussions of the use of today’s computers are just discussions of the past. Every day, in many schools that consider themselves quite advanced and enlightened, children troop down to the computer room for their time on the computer. Why do they go there? The reasons are complex.
Methyl parathion residue retained in fabrics for functional clothing resulting from use of cationic fabric softeners in laundering.

Realisation d'une etude pour s'assurer que des agents de surfaces cationiques (adoucisseur de tissu) utilises comme produits auxiliaires de lavage contribuent a l'absorption de la contamination et a la retention des residus du methyl parathion apres remise a neuf des vetements protecteurs
Development of Skins for Morphing Aircraft Applications via Topology Optimization

*† ‡ This paper describes the development of engineered composite skins for morphing aircraft applications. Some of these applications suggest that materials with low in-plane stiffness and relatively high out-of-plane stiffness may be required. To this end, a two-step topology optimization process has been developed in order to design skins to meet these requirements. The first step in the process is to determine bulk material properties for the skin and the layout of attachments between the skin and underlying substructure. This results in a distribution of bulk properties across the skin. The second step utilizes these property values as objectives in a multi-phase material optimization in order to determine the composition and layout of a set of macroscopic multi-phase material unit cells.
The Role of Esteem and Coping in Response to a Threat Communication.

Abstract Two experiments examined the relations among self-esteem, perceived competency to cope, and actual coping behaviors following a threat communication. Leventhal's “parallel response model” (in Advances in experimental social psychology , L. Berkowitz (Ed.), New York: Academic Press, 1970 , Vol. 5) predicts that low-esteem subjects will show deficits in both competency and coping behaviors. Experiment 1 manipulated threat level of a tetanus communication. Low-esteem subjects showed coping deficits on measures of free associations, free recall, fatalism, and coping. Threat groups differed only on fear and danger measures. Experiment 2 manipulated the fear level of an antismoking film and used false feedback to alter perceived competency. Positive feedback increased perceived competency to quit smoking among low-esteem subjects only. Without feedback, low-esteem subjects reduced smoking less than high-esteem subjects; positive feedback reversed the pattern. The discussion argued that, consistent with Leventhal's model, the low-esteem coping deficit has two independent causes: (1) excessive concern with fear, and (2) inadequate perceived competency.
Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships for Aqueous Solubilities of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds: Melting Point Temperatures of Polychloronaphthalenes and Polychlorophenanthrenes

Abstract Melting point temperatures of select polychloronaphthalenes (PCNs) and polychlorophenanthrenes (PCPs) are compiled from the published chemical literature for use in conjunction with recently derived expressions for predicting the aqueous solubilities of halogenated aromatic compounds. Experimental melting temperatures of PCNs and PCPs are used to assess the applications and limitations of a published functional group contribution melting temperatures estimational method.
QME special issue on discrete games

I am pleased and excited to present this special issue of Quantitative Marketing and Economics on discrete games. We have collected together four excellent papers dealing with issues related to this important topic that lies at the intersection of marketing and economics. Two of the papers in the special issue deal with Bayesian estimation of discrete games, with Narayanan focusing on games of complete information and Misra focusing on games of incomplete information. The other two papers deal with applications of interest to marketers. The paper by Orhun investigates the geographic positioning of supermarkets in the presence of both complete (perfect) and incomplete (imperfect) information, and demonstrates the importance of allowing for location-specific complete information. The paper by Data and Sudhir examines the influence of zoning restrictions on store entry, location and format choices. Special thanks go to Sanjog Misra for his help in organizing and soliciting papers for this special issue. We hope you enjoy the papers and find this issue of QME to be a useful resource in your own research. Quant Mark Econ (2013) 11:1 DOI 10.1007/s11129-013-9134-2
Self-Consistent 2-D Kinetic Simulations of High-Voltage Plasma Sheaths Surrounding Ion-Attracting Conductive Cylinders in Flowing Plasmas

Using the self-consistent steady-state 2-D Kinetic Plasma Solver (KIPS-2D), thorough characterizations are performed of high-voltage cylindrical sheaths surrounding ion-attracting conductive cylinders immersed in stationary as well as flowing collisionless plasmas. Analytical fits are obtained that allow for the accurate prediction of stationary sheath sizes for round-cylinder radii anywhere from one thousandth of a Debye length to five Debye lengths and for any bias potential beyond a small lower bound. Plasma flow is shown to progressively compress the sheath on its ram and lateral sides, down to a limit that closely matches the stationary frozen-ion sheath radius. Conversely, plasma flow is shown to cause a significant wake-side elongation of the sheath. The quasi-elliptical sheath-edge contours observed under flowing conditions can be characterized by their along-flow and across-flow dimensions. By normalizing these dimensions against stationary-sheath diameters, contour plots of the corresponding flow-effect correction factors can be obtained that account for plasma-flow velocity effects in a wide range of speed regimes and bias potentials. In this paper, Mach numbers up to ten and bias potentials from -10Te to -500Te (where Te is the electron temperature in units of volts) are simulated and corresponding correction factors are computed, although KiPS is capable of simulating even higher speeds and bias potentials. These correction factors appear to stabilize at high voltages, suggesting that their values at the highest simulated potential bias possibly can be used with reasonable accuracy to predict performance at even higher (but nonrelativistic) bias-potential values using analytical equations derived from stationary simulations. For example, at a Mach number of 1.1, the along-flow and across-flow sheath dimensions at high voltages are expected to be around 115% and 85% of the stationary-sheath diameter, respectively. Flow-effect correction factors for current collection are also obtained for the ram-side, wake-side, and total collected current. For the same plasma-velocity example, at high voltages, total current collection is minimized to about half of the stationary value, which would translate into a 50% reduction in power to collect the current. This example is of significance for Earth-radiation-belt remediation-system concepts using high-voltage tethers
Immediate effects of form-class constraints on spoken word recognition.

In many domains of cognitive processing there is strong support for bottom-up priority and delayed top-down (contextual) integration. We ask whether this applies to supra-lexical context that could potentially constrain lexical access. Previous findings of early context integration in word recognition have typically used constraints that can be linked to pair-wise conceptual relations between words. Using an artificial lexicon, we found immediate integration of syntactic expectations based on pragmatic constraints linked to syntactic categories rather than words: phonologically similar “nouns” and “adjectives” did not compete when a combination of syntactic and visual information strongly predicted form class. These results suggest that predictive context is integrated continuously, and that previous findings supporting delayed context integration stem from weak contexts rather than delayed integration.
Triazolines XIII: Δ2-1,2,3-Triazolines, a New Class ofAnticonvulsants

A series of 1,5-diaryl-Δ2-1,2,3-triazolines has been synthesized and evaluated for the first time as potential anticonvulsant agents using the standard subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold and maximal electroshock seizure tests. Out of the 31 triazolines that were screened, 11 exhibited moderate anticonvulsant activity; 9 of the compounds afforded protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures, while two antagonized electrically induced convulsions.
The high salt requirement of the moderate halophile Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM3043 can be met not only by NaCl but by other ions.

The growth rate of Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043 can be stimulated in media containing 0.3 M NaCl by a 0.7 M concentration of other salts of Na+, K+, Rb+, or NH4+, Cl−, Br−, NO3−, or SO42− ions. To our knowledge, growth rate stimulation by a general high ion concentration has not been reported for any organism previously.
Physical Assessment and Differential Diagnosis of the Poisoned Patient

The rapid diagnosis and immediate intervention required in patients with serious drug overdose or poisoning makes toxicological screening of limited value to the emergency department physician. Instead, a careful clinical evaluation using the history, physical examination, and the more readily available laboratory tests may allow a tentative diagnosis and the initiation of life-saving treatment. Laboratory tests should include serum osmolality, electrolytes, glucose, BUN and an estimation of the anion and osmolar gaps. The ECG can also provide useful information. Clinical findings of important include altered blood pressure, pulse, respiration and body temperature, the presence of coma, agitation, delirium or psychosis, and muscular weakness. An ophthalmological examination is also of importance in the acutely poisoned patient. Oral burns or dysphagia may occur following ingestion of any strongly reactive substance, but the absence of oral burns does not preclude the possibility of oesophageal or stomach injury. Odours and skin colour may also contribute to the diagnosis. Comprehensive toxicology screening may not be immediately available, or may be inaccurate, thus adding little to the information obtained during the initial evaluation of the poisoned patient.
Probing the Intrinsic Electronic Structure of the Cubane [4Fe−4S] Cluster: Nature's Favorite Cluster for Electron Transfer and Storage

The cubane [4Fe−4S] is the most common multinuclear metal center in nature for electron transfer and storage. Using electrospray, we produced a series of gaseous doubly charged cubane-type complexes, [Fe4S4L4]2- (L = −SC2H5, −SH, −Cl, −Br, −I) and the Se-analogues [Fe4Se4L4]2- (L = −SC2H5, −Cl), and probed their electronic structures with photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations. The photoelectron spectral features are similar among all the seven species investigated, revealing a weak threshold feature due to the minority spins on the Fe centers and confirming the low-spin two-layer model for the [4Fe−4S]2+ core and its “inverted level scheme”. The measured adiabatic detachment energies, which are sensitive to the terminal ligand substitution, provide the intrinsic oxidation potentials of the [Fe4S4L4]2- complexes. The calculations revealed a simple correlation between the electron donor property of the terminal thiolate as well as the bridging sulfide with the variation of the intri...
The H+D2 reaction: HD(ν=1, J) and HD(ν=2, J) distributions at a collision energy of 1.3 eV

Abstract Complete quantum state distributions for HD (ν= 1) and HD (ν= 2) are obtained by photolyzing HI at 266 nm in the presence of D 2 and detecting the nascent HD product via (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). Calibration against an effusive oven source (⩽ 1800 K) yields any necessary correction factors to relate the integrated ion signals to relative quantum state populations. Comparisons are made with previously published experimental results of Gerrity and Valentini and of Marinero, Rettner and Zare as well as with quasiclassical trajectory calculations of Blais and Truhlar. Although the combined experimental data agree well with the quasiclassical trajectory calculations of Blais and Truhlar, it is suggested that the latter yield rotational distributions which are slightly too hot.
Effect of lattice defects on Hele-Shaw flow over an etched lattice.

We examine the patterns formed by injecting nitrogen gas into the center of a horizontal, radial Hele-Shaw cell filled with paraffin oil. We use smooth plates and etched plates with lattices having different amounts of defects ~0‐10 %!. In all cases, a quantitative measure of the pattern ramification shows a regular trend with injection rate and cell gap, such that the dimensionless perimeter scales with the dimensionless time. By adding defects to the lattice, we observe increased branching in the pattern morphologies. However, even in this case, the scaling behavior persists. Only the prefactor of the scaling function shows a dependence on the defect density. For different lattice defect densities, we examine the nature of the different morphology phases. @S1063-651X~99!12508-X#
Tumor survivin expression in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum-based chemoradiation followed by surgical resection

7595 Background: Recently tumor molecular markers have shown promise as prognostic and predictive indicators for survival in early and advanced stage NSCLC patients (pts.) treated with chemotherapy...
Systemic and pulmonary artery aneurysms in incomplete Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis that can cause coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) in up to 25% if left untreated. Rarely, aneurysms of systemic arteries of all sizes have been reported to occur. The incidence of systemic artery aneurysms (SAA) with typical KD can be as high as 2.2%. Incomplete KD with SAA is not well described. We report a case of a 12-year-old boy with incomplete KD, giant CAA, diffuse SAA, and pulmonary artery aneurysms (PAA). The patient presented with fever, malaise, abdominal pain, maculopapular, rash and cervical lymphadenopathy. Echocardiogram showed multiple giant CAA. By angiography, diffuse ectasia and aneurysms of most medium-sized arteries throughout the body were noted including the lobar pulmonary artery branches. Incomplete KD was suspected. The patient was treated with intravenous gammaglobulin, methylprednisolone, and high-dose aspirin. Due to the systemic vasculitis, he also received cyclophosphamide. The patient's clinical symptoms improved. Anticoagulation with warfarin was maintained. The patient remains asymptomatic three years later but with progressive CAA and stable SAA. The PAA caused no symptoms and resolved after the acute phase. Incomplete KD can manifest with CAA and SAA. This is the first report of PAA associated with KD. Surveillance for PAA in KD must be considered. .
Wicking Nanopillar Arrays with Dual Roughness for Selective Transport and Fluorescence Measurements

Silicon nanopillars are important building elements for innovative nanoscale systems with unique optical, wetting, and chemical separation functionalities. However, technologies for creating expansive pillars arrays on the submicron scale are often complex and with practical time, cost, and method limitations. Herein we demonstrate the rapid fabrication of nanopillar arrays using the thermal dewetting of Pt films with thicknesses in the range from 5 to 19 nm followed by anisotropic reactive ion etching (RIE) of the substrate materials. A second level of roughness on the sub-30 nm scale is added by overcoating the silicon nanopillars with a conformal layer of porous silicon oxide (PSO) using room temperature plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). This technique produced environmentally conscious, economically feasible, expansive nanopillar arrays with a production pathway scalable to industrial demands. The arrays were systematically analyzed for size, density, and variability of the pillar dim...
Trauma exposure and sleep disturbance in a sample of youth from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set

Abstract Objective Adverse childhood experiences are prevalent and have been associated with sleep disturbance. However, there are limited data examining factors that influence this relationship. The purpose of this study was to extend the current literature by characterizing the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and sleep disturbance in a sample of trauma-exposed youth and to identify factors that may influence this relationship. Study design Data were collected from 56 mental health centers across the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. For the current study, secondary data analysis was conducted using de-identified data from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set. The present study included 4043 children and adolescents who met eligibility criteria. Results Sixteen percent of the sample (n = 634) met criteria for a sleep disturbance as determined through clinician assessment and collateral report. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity influenced the risk of disturbed sleep (ages 7-12: t = − 4.33, ages 13-18: t = − 7.12, P ≤ .001 for both analyses), with those meeting full criteria for PTSD at greatest risk (age 7-12: odds ratio [OR] = 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-3.24; age 13-18: OR = 3.18; 95% CI, 1.87-5.43). Exposure to sexual assault and community violence also contributed independently to the risk of disturbed sleep (age 7-12, sexual assault: OR = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.21-2.57; age 13-18, community violence: OR = 1.61; 95% CI, 1.19-2.18). Conclusions Comprehensive treatment strategies should include assessment of disturbed sleep in youth exposed to trauma, particularly those with elevated PTSD symptoms and exposure to sexual trauma or community violence.
New Species of Galerina

During the interval since our last contribution appeared (Mycologia 47: 557-596. 1955), additional undescribed species of Galerina have come to light in both the flora of South America and that of North America. In this continuation of our field explorations we take great pleasure in acknowledging the financial assistance received from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C., and the Faculty Research Fund of the University of Michigan. The fruiting pattern of Galerina continues to be sporadic, and, for most of the species, less predictable than one would expect. However, as more collections accumulate it appears that careful study of the restriction of certain species to mosses in certain genera, such as Polytrichum, may be worth while. We have hesitated to place much emphasis on this feature at present because of certain tendencies among lignicolous species which indicate lack of specialization as to substrate, some species occurring both on wood of hardwoods and conifers, though they are usually more abundant on one than the other. The present paper contains 20 previously undescribed species, 3 varieties and one form previously undescribed. These taxa will all be treated in more detail in our forthcoming monograph. Color terms within quotation marks are taken from R. Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. It is apparent to us now, however, that the color of the various parts of the fruiting body is important taxonomically only when it deviates from a standard pattern. The standard pattern is an ochraceous-tawny to tawny cap, buff to yellow gills when young, and a honey-colored stipe. This pattern holds quite well for specimens from all areas from which we have collected as well as from those from which we have received material for identification. Consequently, for most species, matching plates in a color chart with colors of the parts of a fruiting body is by no means as essential as it is in the closely related genus Cortinarius.
Withdrawal exposure with withdrawal regulation training for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled pilot trial.

Abstract Introduction Although withdrawal processes form a key motivational basis for cigarette use, smoking cessation treatments appear to exert only modest effects on withdrawal. One treatment option for further reducing withdrawal severity would be to provide smokers with withdrawal regulation training. The objective of this study was to pilot a smoking cessation intervention comprising withdrawal exposure with withdrawal regulation training. Methods Adult smokers (N = 80) were randomized to one of two conditions: 1) Withdrawal Exposure with Withdrawal Regulation Training (WT), which included the development and application of individualized withdrawal regulation strategies over four separate sessions that spanned the first four hours of abstinence; 2) or Relaxation Control (RC) training, which controlled for the therapeutic contact of WT. All sessions occurred before the quit date, after which differential treatment was discontinued and all participants received brief counseling, nicotine replacement therapy, and self-help literature. Biochemically-confirmed (CO ≤ 3) seven-day point-prevalence abstinence was assessed at Months 2 and 3 after end-of-treatment. Results Treatment completion and ratings of credibility and efficacy were high and equivalent across conditions. 22.2% of participants in the WT condition were abstinent at both time points, whereas 0% and 4.2% of participants in the RC condition were abstinent at Months 2 and 3 (Month 3 OR = 6.5 [0.73, 59.19]). In-session withdrawal ratings suggested WT improved regulation of withdrawal symptoms, which were in turn associated with abstinence. Conclusions This small pilot study suggests that WT promotes abstinence by enhancing withdrawal regulation. Results warrant further investigation of this innovative treatment approach.
Residual Stress in Multylayer Chip Inductor and Its Relief Methods

The origin of the residual stress in multylayer chip inductor is introduced. The methods to relieve the residual stress, i.e. the technique in control of Ag conductor green density and in improvement of preparing process of NicuZn ferrite powder, are reviewed.
Determination of phosphoric acid in workplace air by ion chromatography

[Objective]To establish a method for determination of phosphoric acid in workplace air by ion chromatography.[Methods]Phosphoric acid was collected by microporous membrane and extracted in ultrasonic bath.The eluate was filtered by 0.22 μm membrane and detected by ion chromatography.[Results]The retention time of phosphoric acid was 16.70 minutes and the calibration curve was linear in the range of 1.00-10.00 mg/L(R0.999).The result showed that recovery was 97.5%-103.0% with detection limit of 0.04 mg/L and relative standard deviation was 0.54%-3.70%.[Conclusion]The method is simple with good repeatability,both recovery and sensitivity meet the request of measuration of phosphoric acid in workplace air.
Conventional versus Interferon-γ Therapy in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare, genetically heterogeneous group of disorders in which NADPH oxidase deficiency severely hampers the ability of phagocytes to kill ingested microorganisms. Characterized by recurrent pyogenic infections with granuloma and abscess formation, the disease appears in childhood and may be fatal. Conventional therapy consists of prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and aggressive infection control measures. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) has been shown in vitro and in vivo to correct alterations of oxidative metabolism. In the most recent multicenter study, IFN-gamma was efficacious in reducing the frequency of severe infections; however, at odds with previous results, this effect appeared to be due to some mechanism other than improvement in respiratory burst function. Although further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of IFN-gamma's action, it appears to have potential application in many infectious diseases.
Increased SERS Detection Efficiency for Characterizing Rare Events in Flow

Improved surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements of a flowing aqueous sample are accomplished by combining line focus optics with sheath-flow SERS detection. The straightforward introduction of a cylindrical lens into the optical path of the Raman excitation laser increases the efficiency of SERS detection and the reproducibility of SERS signals at low concentrations. The width of the line focus is matched to the width of the sample capillary from which the analyte elutes under hydrodynamic focusing conditions, allowing for increased collection across the SERS substrate while maintaining the power density below the damage threshold at any specific point. We show that a 4× increase in power spread across the line increases the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of 2 for a variety of analytes, such as rhodamine 6G, amino acids, and lipid vesicles, without any detectable photodamage. COMSOL simulations and Raman maps elucidate the hydrodynamic focusing properties of the flow cell, providing a cl...
Closing the Gap between Policy and Practice in Screening for Perinatal Depression: A Policy Analysis and Call for Action

Although perinatal depression (PND) is one of the most common maternal morbidities, it is frequently undetected. Screening for early detection and intervention has the potential to prevent depressive symptoms from worsening. In the United States, five states have enacted legislation in relation to screening for PND, but a gap remains between policy and practice in providing continuum of care for mothers who may be suffering from depressive symptoms. From the perspective of policy formation, the reasons for this gap include a discrepancy between policy and practice goals, lack of regulations on capability building among perinatal care providers, and few pathways for establishing collaborations between medical providers and mental health professionals. The authors recommend involving social workers in the process to promote a better continuum of care after screening through comprehensive policy that explicitly states goals to effectively screen women in the perinatal period.
Crises and adjustments in ongoing life

Everyday crises as colloquially understood are of questionable social theoretical significance. In contrast, crises as W. I. Thomas defines them – events that “interrupt the flow of habit and give rise to changed conditions of consciousness” – implicate a way of thinking about action that is prominent in 20th-century accounts of activity. This essay criticizes this way of thinking and offers an alternative. The way of thinking concerned – found in Dewey, Mead, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Garfinkel, Bourdieu, and Dreyfus – is the idea that the switch from coping, i. e., practical engagement with the world, to thinking, in particular, thinking about what to do, holds systematic significance for understanding human activity. The essay argues that this switch is actually just one form that people’s responses to changes in the world can take. Its alternative account centers on the thesis that adjustments to circumstances mediated by or accompanied by explicit consciousness are ubiquitous in human life. This account holds that these adjustments occur within bundles of practices and material arrangements: they help compose practices and uphold the normative organization of practices.
Evaluation of micro-drilling technologies for metal-injection-molded 420 stainless steel

ABSTRACTMetal-injection-molded (MIM) 420 stainless steel is a commonly used material for high-value products such as fuel injector nozzles. However, the trade-offs involved in using different micro-drilling processes on this material are not well-documented in literature. This article presents a micro-drilling study of MIM 420 stainless steel using four candidate processes: micro-electrical discharge drilling (micro-EDD), ultrasonically assisted micro-EDD, micro-mechanical drilling (micro-MD), and ultrasonically assisted micro-MD. The micro-EDD results shows that the use of ultrasonic vibrations significantly improves the overall process time, spark erosion efficiency, and material removal rate of the process. However, this improvement comes at the expense of increased tool wear and surface roughness, especially while machining under high-discharge-energy conditions. The micro-MD results show that the use of ultrasonic vibrations is beneficial in lowering the thrust force, drilling torque, and tool wear a...
Prospective Evaluation of Terminal Ileitis in a Surveillance Population of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a disease that is normally limited to involvement of the colon. Terminal ileitis in patients with UC with only inactive or mildly active disease has never been investigated. The aim of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence and significance of ileitis among patients with UC enrolled in an endoscopic surveillance program. METHODS The study consisted of 72 patients with UC and 90 healthy controls who underwent surveillance and screening colonoscopy, respectively. The endoscopic and histologic features of the terminal ileum (both groups) and colon (UC group only) were evaluated in a standardized fashion. Extensive clinical and endoscopic information was obtained from the subjects, and these data were compared between patients with UC either with or without ileitis. RESULTS Sixteen of 72 patients with UC (22%) had ileitis compared to only 4 of 90 (4%) of the non-UC controls (P < 0.001). None of the patients had features of backwash. Among patients with UC, the presence of ileitis showed a trend towards correlation with extent of disease, but a significant association with involvement of the colonic side of the ileocecal valve (P = 0.02) was noted. Alcohol use in the week before the colonoscopy was also significant (P = 0.02). There were no other features that were significantly related to ileitis in the patients with UC. Only one UC case with ileitis developed Crohn's disease on follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Ileitis in patients with UC may represent a primary extracolonic manifestation of UC in patients with inactive or mild disease and is not due to backwash.
A Systolic Architecture for Real-Time Composite Video Image Coding

Secure and reliable image transmission is achieved using a representation of video images in digital form and digital communication techniques. However, the digital representation results in a large increase in the transmission bandwidth required. Hence the need for coding or compression techniques that will reduce the bandwidth required or equivalently the bit-rate involved as much as possible for a given level of reconstructed image quality. From Information Theory, we know that it is possible to obtain better performance by coding vectors of picture elements instead of coding the individual pixels. Nevertheless, application of Vector Quantizers is limited due to the high computational complexity. With curent VLSI technology this can be changed. The repetitive nature of VQ error computation and codebook vectors comparison points to us that using special structure such as systolic type architecture, VQ can be VLSI implemented to make real-time applications possible. Along with full search VQ, we emphasize on the implementation of multistage VQ which can significantly reduce the computation load due to much smaller codebooks required. Examples of processed images are presented to show the validity of such an approach.
Vancomycin induced acute kidney injury: a review of the literature

Vancomycin has been widely used for its activity against Gram positive bacteria and is often the first choice for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The current guidelines recommend trough levels of 15-20 mcg/mL to treat these resistant organisms. Higher trough levels are synonymous with higher doses and in turn predispose patients to adverse events. The most commonly reported adverse event is nephrotoxicity and/ or acute kidney injury. If detected early, this insult is reversible. We review the literature on vancomycin nephrotoxicity in the adult medicine and critical care patients, highlighting risk factors and differences between continuous and intermittent dosing regimens.
From human crafters to human factors to human actors and back again: bridging the design time - use time divide

Meta-design theory emphasizes that future use can never be entirely anticipated at design time, as users shape their environments in response to emerging needs; systems should therefore be designed to adapt to future conditions in the hands of end users. For most of human history, all design was metadesign; designers were also users, and the environments of design and use were one and the same. Technology introduced a divide between the skilled producers and unskilled consumers of technology, and between design time and use time. In our increasingly complex technological environments, tomorrow's meta-designers must be able to anticipate the environment in which the end users will work in order to provide the flexibility for users to craft their tools. By exploring and projecting forward current trends in technology use, we have identified key principles for meta-designers and suggest that using them as design heuristics will aid meta-designers in crafting systems for future end-users.
Magnetic torque-induced suppression of van-der-Waals-driven thin liquid film rupture

An ultra-thin film of a carrier liquid containing nanosize ferromagnetic particles sitting on a solid substrate and surrounded by an ambient gas phase can be acted upon, apart from viscous and capillary forces, by attractive van der Waals forces which may promote instability leading to film rupture and substrate dewetting. In this article we show that the collective rotation of the particles on the liquid–gas interface, due to a magnetic torque, competes against the instability induced by the van der Waals forces that tend to deepen depressions of the liquid. The competition between the two effects (forcing and instability) leads to the generation of a permanent nonlinear interfacial viscous–capillary wave. Thus, film rupture and substrate dewetting are both averted. This is a general effect that may also be employed to suppress other types of instabilities such as the Rayleigh–Taylor and thermocapillary instabilities. This effect has yet to be observed in experiment.
Influences of Facebook on English-Spanish Bilingualsâ€™ Writing

This study examined the ways in which four Hispanic bilingual students used informal English and Spanish to communicate through status updates on Facebook. Analysis of these individualsâ€™ online writing and survey responses indicated that they used a distinct style of English and Spanish to communicate with other Facebook users. Their nontraditional written correspondence included nonstandard capitalization, unconventional punctuation and invented spelling, as well as the addition of symbols and non-words. Furthermore, the findings suggest that these women were motivated to intentionally manipulate standard language not only by a desire to type faster, but also by the way in which they wished to portray themselves and their perception that their online friends did not care about their online writing style. Finally, implications for general, English as a second language and bilingual educators are discussed.
Development: Pubertal Hormones Meet the Adolescent Brain

Summary At the onset of puberty, ovarian hormones increase inhibitory tone in the prefrontal cortex. Inhibitory maturation is a hallmark of the initiation of developmental windows of neural plasticity; pubertal hormones may trigger the opening of an adolescent critical period for experience-dependent rewiring of circuits underlying executive function.
Patient Self-Reported Adjustment and Health Beliefs in Compliant versus Noncompliant Hemodialysis Patients

It is universally assumed among health care professionals in nephrology that compliance to diet and fluid restrictions predicts survival on chronic dialysis. The consequences of noncompliance are more immediate and potentially lethal than in every other chronic disease syndrome. In one of the first clinical studies in this area, eight of the ten fatalities were patients who abused the fluid and dietary regimens.1 Inasmuch as the suicide rate is noted to be far higher than that of the healthy adult population and that nearly all patients abuse their restrictions, noncompliance is tacitly or explicitly linked to patient suicide.2
Aerosol filtration testing for enhanced performance of radionuclide monitoring stations

Aerosol filtration was studied to improve U.S. Radionuclide Monitoring Station (RMS) performance for Nuclear-Treaty-Verification. We characterized the performance of three filter materials which employed electrostatically charged filter fibers to enhance nanoparticle collection. Particle-pre-charging, a well-established industrial technique, was tested and enhanced aerosol collection efficiencies. Test results indicated it may be possible to reduce baseline radionuclide sensitivity to approximately 55–60% of current values by increasing the volume of air sampled. Engineering analysis suggested that particle-pre-charging may be a viable technical approach for fielded RMS systems.
Expanding the phenotypic spectrum associated with OPHN1 variants

Genomic sequencing has allowed for the characterization of new gene-to-disease relationships, as well as the identification of variants in established disease genes in patients who do not fit the classically-described phenotype. This is especially true in rare syndromes where the clinical spectrum is not fully known. After a lengthy and costly diagnostic odyssey, patients with atypical presentations may be left with many questions even after a genetic diagnosis is identified. We present a 22-year old male with hypotonia, developmental delay, seizure disorder, and dysmorphic facial features who enrolled in our rare disease research center at 18 years of age, where exome sequencing revealed a novel, likely pathogenic variant in the OPHN1 gene. Through efforts by the study team and collaborations with the larger genetics community, contacts with other families with OPHN1 variants were eventually made, and outreach by these families expanded the patient network. This partnership between families and researchers facilitated the gathering of phenotypic information, allowing for comparison of clinical presentations among three new patients and those previously reported in the literature. These comparisons found previously unreported commonalities between the newly identified patients, such as the presence of otitis media and the lack of genitourinary abnormalities (i.e. hypoplastic scrotum, microphallus, cryptorchidism), which had been noted to be classic features of patients with OPHN1 variants. As genomic sequencing becomes more common, connecting patients with novel variants in the same gene will facilitate phenotypic analysis and continue to refine the clinical spectrum associated with that gene.
Contributions to a physical science for the study of civilization

This paper attempts to apply a physics of systems, e.g., statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, to civilizations. It is offered as a supplement to the thinking of social scientists to provide their constructs with a primitive scientific base. Society is viewed as a collection (an ensemble) of interacting individuals; their interactions are tracked by identifying those basic conservations which are involved in interaction. The claim is made that these variables are the only ones that can be causally related within a scientific construct. The effort assumes the philosophic view known as epistemological reductionism ‡ (explanation in terms of a physical construct), and has been pursued, previously, along the line from complex physical systems (e.g., hydrodynamic fields, in laminar and turbulent flow; plastic-elastic deformation including stability), to living systems (e.g. physiological and psychophysiological responses of organs and organisms), and, more recently, to the social system as a social physics § . In this present essay, the effort is made to offer such a theory for the startup of civilizations. An introductory note is included on their termination. As a layman not trained in these other-than-physical subjects, I have always made the effort to ‘capitulate’ to the thoughts and findings of experts in these other fields, that is to the historical and logical development of the field's discipline. The following difficulty is found. Since the general task under study is the physics of complex systems, including their history and evolution, such study must be grounded parsimoniously on general physical principles and pursue only a physical logic. That effort is found to be philosophically at odds with (offensive to) the current belief structures of both physical scientists and social scientists † . Such unification is not in tune with the existing scientific paradigm, which encourages independent developments in each field of study. Natural systems are explained differently from biological systems, and both differently from social systems. This paper is likely an early form of a rapprochement. It offers an analytical framework (homeokinetic) for such interdisciplinary studies. It assumes differences in morphology, but not in the basic principles of ensemble movement and change.
Observations on the initiation of eating of new food by weanling kittens.

The reaction to a new food and the initiation of its consumption were studied in daily sessions in 19 weanling kittens from four litters at 30–39 days of age. The new food consisted of canned tuna for two litters and cereal (cooked cream of wheat with 3% addition of vegetable oil and broth flavor) for the other two litters. Each litter was divided into two groups. One group was offered the new food in the presence of the mother which had been consuming it (eating cereal had to be induced in the mothers by the hypothalamic stimulation reward method). Another group of kittens received the same food in the absence of the mother. It was found that the kittens which had been offered the new food in the presence of the mother showed only a short-lasting orienting reaction and started to eat the new food on the first or second day (with a mean delay of 0.2 days). On the other hand, the kittens which had been offered the new food in the absence of the mother showed a strong orienting reaction and started to eat the new food only after several daily sessions (with a mean delay of 4.8 days). No significant difference was found between the number of days of delay in eating by kittens offered tuna and by kittens offered cereal in the absence of the mother. The initiation of consumption of the new food by these kittens was preceded by a period of playing with the plate on which the food had been placed. Additional observations showed that the fourto five-month old kittens that had eaten cereal during early training preferred that food over meat pellets; the other kittens of the same age that had eaten tuna, but no cereal, during early training refused to eat cereal when it was offered to them when they were hungry.