cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plato’s Socrates: The Issues of Pedagogy and Knowledge of the Virtues

This chapter is divided into three sections: The first section shows how the doctrinal reading of Plato’s philosophy influences both the theories and practices of contemporary education, e.g., the philosophical foundations of education and the philosophy of education. It concludes with an analysis of the Socratic Method in education, arguing that this mode of teaching students is motivated by the erroneous application of the “Socrates-as-teacher” model of pedagogy. The second section deals with the issue of why Socrates cannot be labeled a “teacher” if we remain true to Plato’s dialogues. Rather, the case is made, which carries through the other chapters, that Socrates is in fact a co-participant, or co-learner, in the process of seeking to better understand the virtues and the ethical life. Here, we take Socrates’ claims of ignorance seriously, for one who does not know “what virtue is” cannot legitimately assume the role of pedagogue, or specifically, the didaskalos. In the final section, we examine the “form of knowledge” associated with the virtues and Plato’s Socrates’ pursuit thereof through the practice of the elenchus-dialectic, which we have termed the philosophical understanding of the virtues. This form of understanding is irreducible to either an episteme (“technical knowing”) or techne (“technical knowing”) and instead might be related to phronesis, as a form of practical-normative understanding of both the virtues and their proper place in a potentially flourishing ethical life. Knowledge of the virtues is non-propositional in nature and defies transfer from teacher to pupil, a view that underlies the “additive” or “edifice” models for education and learning.
Gendered racialization: Muslim American men and women’s encounters with racialized surveillance

Muslim American men and women are increasingly encountering surveillance by the state and by their fellow private citizen. Interviews with 48 South Asian and Arab Muslim American men and women in t...
Perioperative Cardiovascular Management

The cardiologist is frequently called upon to assist in the management of patients with cardiovascular disease in the perioperative setting. Questions surrounding risk stratification, risk management, diagnostic testing, management of cardiovascular medications, and revascularization, among others, are germane to the optimal management of such patients. The cardiovascular consultant must be prepared to approach these questions in a systematic and evidence-based fashion.
Tuning Hydrogenated Silicon, Germanium, and SiGe Nanocluster Properties Using Theoretical Calculations and a Machine Learning Approach

There are limited studies available that predict the properties of hydrogenated silicon-germanium (SiGe) clusters. For this purpose, we conducted a computational study of 46 hydrogenated SiGe clusters (Si xGe yH z, 1 < X + Y ≤ 6) to predict the structural, thermochemical, and electronic properties. The optimized geometries of the Si xGe yH z clusters were investigated using quantum chemical calculations and statistical thermodynamics. The clusters contained 6 to 9 fused Si-Si, Ge-Ge, or Si-Ge bonds, i.e., bonds participating in more than one 3- to 4-membered rings, and different degrees of hydrogenation, i.e., the ratio of hydrogen to Si/Ge atoms varied depending on cluster size and degree of multifunctionality. Our studies have established trends in standard enthalpy of formation, standard entropy, and constant pressure heat capacity as a function of cluster composition and structure. A novel bond additivity correction model for SiGe chemistry was regressed from experimental data on seven acyclic Si/Ge/SiGe species to improve the accuracy of the standard enthalpy of formation predictions. Electronic properties were investigated by analysis of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap to study the effect of elemental composition on the electronic stability of Si xGe yH z clusters. These properties will be discussed in the context of tailored nanomaterials design and generalized using a machine learning approach.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Arylpyrrolidines and Benzo‐fused Nitrogen Heterocycles

Herein, we report a practical two-step synthetic route to α-arylpyrrolidines through Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and enantioselective copper-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination reactions. The excellent stereoselectivity and broad scope for the transformation of substrates with pharmaceutically relevant heteroarenes render this method a practical and versatile approach for pyrrolidine synthesis. Additionally, this intramolecular hydroamination strategy facilitates the asymmetric synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolines and medium-ring dibenzo-fused nitrogen heterocycles.
Influence of Light and Temperature on Seed Germination of Mountain Laurel

Abstract Seeds of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) were germinated at 2.5°C (77°F) and 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) with daily photoperiods of 0, ½, ½ twice daily, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr. Seeds exhi...
Parenting style associations with sensory threshold and behaviour: a prospective cohort study in term/preterm infants

Aim Early-life atypical sensory functioning and behavioural profiles are often associated with long-term developmental problems, especially in former preterm infants. We tested whether parenting style is associated with atypical sensory threshold or behavioural outcomes in preterm and term infants assessed during early childhood. Methods We prospectively evaluated parenting style for a cohort of term and preterm infants who had previous assessments of sensory development and behaviour. We used standardised tools to evaluate parenting style, sensory neurological threshold at one year, and internalising and externalising behavioural tendencies at two years. Covariates included gestational age, sex and maternal education. Results For the entire cohort (n = 82), children of more permissive parents were 2.7 times more likely to demonstrate abnormal sensory neurological thresholds compared to children of parents with less permissive styles (CI: 1.4-4.9). More permissive parenting scores were also associated with 2.4 times increased internalising (CI: 1.3-4.2) and 3.0 times increased externalising (CI: 1.6-5.6) tendencies. In the preterm group only, higher authoritative parenting scores were associated with fewer behavioural problems. Conclusion Permissive parenting is associated with worse infant sensory and behavioural outcomes. Authoritative parenting is associated with fewer behavioural problems in preterm children. Modification of parenting style may improve sensory development and behavioural outcomes.
Wetlands and development influence fish diversity in a species-rich small river

We identified in-stream and off-stream characteristics that influenced various species diversity metrics in reaches of the Duck River Basin, Tennessee, USA. This relatively small basin is home to one of the most diverse freshwater fish faunas in North America. In all, over 325,000 native fish representing 136 native fish species were electrofished in 207 collections across 86 stations. Diversity of native species and of seven taxa and functional guilds, including imperiled species, increased with size of the catchment above a station, an effect that was mediated by altitude. After removing the effects of catchment and altitude, diversity was influenced by in-stream factors and mostly by off-stream land composition such as wetlands within 0.1 km from the channel and urban/suburban development within 2.5 km. Pastures next to streams unexpectedly increased diversity. Our analyses suggest that there are detectable hotspots associated with off-stream landscape characteristics where conservation efforts may be focused. Our results may encourage conservation planners to apply geospatial analyses to identify diversity hotspots based on land cover distributions and develop recommendations for management of specific stream reaches. Alternatively, geospatial analysis may be used by planners to estimate the impacts of alternative land-use scenarios, thus preemptively conserving species richness.
The effects of aberrant tooth wear on occlusal relationships

Abstract Detailed investigation of dental wear can provide information about diet, food preparation, pathology, idiosyncratic behaviors, and occupational activities. The application of standard scoring approaches, however, obfuscates the wide variety of aberrant wear observable within and across populations. Dental wear begins from multiple etiologies but cascades into complex inter-connected relationships that vary across the arch and between jaws. Wear resulting from one etiology may cause changes in occlusion that affect the manifestation of other forms, thus the analysis of aberrant wear cannot be undertaken without first parsing relationships among co-occurring etiologies. While such interactions complicate problem-oriented studies of dental wear, the complex intermingling of wear types reflects the value of teeth as a site for holistic interpretations of embodiment (e.g., of subsistence and other cultural activity). Here, we develop a model of aberrant dental wear that assesses both proximate (e.g., attrition, erosion, etc.) and ultimate etiologies (i.e., behavioral vs. occlusal) through the description of wear in terms of dentition, tooth class, tooth surface, and wear morphology. The goal of this model is to apply a systematic approach to the analysis of aberrant wear, to define the varied cultural phenomena embodied in the teeth with greater clarity. After outlining the model, we consider the implications of this approach for the interpretation of aberrant wear as an embodiment of social phenomena and explore the potential of such wear as a proxy for communities of practice.
Ligand Effect on the Electronic Structure of Cobalt Sulfide Clusters: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

Recent studies have shown that capping ligands offer a new dimension for fine-tuning the properties of clusters. Here we investigate this concept by measuring the anion photoelectron spectra of a s...
Detection of Time-Resolved Microsecond Molecular Dynamics by Optical and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

One of the most exciting trends in biophysical chemistry is the increasing emphasis on understanding quantitatively the role of molecular motions in biological function. Another important development is the convergence of biochemistry and cell biology in studying the structure and function of macromolecular assemblies -- membranes, lipoproteins, chromosomes, and filaments of contractile proteins. While much of the study of molecular dynamics has focussed on small-scale intramolecular motions on the psec or nsec time scale, it is increasingly apparent that the large-scale motions within assemblies, which are expected to occur on the microsecond time-scale or slower, are crucial to the understanding of cellular biophysics. The present article presents an overview of recent advances in the technology for probing rotational molecular motions in the microsecond time range. I will discuss the two most effective techniques: transient optical anisotropy and saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance (ST-EPR), emphasizing recent improvements in time-resolution that have greatly increased the reliability and accuracy of data interpretation.
Latinos and Dementia: Prescriptions for Policy and Programs that Empower Older Latinos and Their Families

As the population ages and life expectancy continues to increase, the United States (U.S.) will experience an increase in the population diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD). The increased representation of racial ethnic minority populations among the population aged 65 and older will mean these populations will be more likely than they have in the past to be diagnosed with dementia. This is especially true for Latinos, the fastest growing population among the older adult population. The prevalence of ADRD is growing rapidly among Latinos, and this trend is expected to continue. The growing number of Latinos with dementia will increase the population requiring long-term care services and the number of Latino families becoming caregivers. In what follows, we examine policy options that meet the needs of Latino with dementia, reduce risk factors for ADRD among Latinos, as well as empower Latino family caregivers.
Exposure to Traffic-Generated Pollutants Exacerbates the Expression of Factors Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease in Aged C57BL/6 Wild-Type Mice

Background Multiple studies report a strong correlation between traffic-generated air pollution-exposure and detrimental outcomes in the central nervous system (CNS), including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Incidence of AD is rapidly increasing and, worldwide, many live in regions where pollutants exceed regulatory standards. Thus, it is imperative to identify environmental pollutants that contribute to AD, and the mechanisms involved. Objective We investigated the effects of mixed gasoline and diesel engine emissions (MVE) on the expression of factors involved in progression of AD in the hippocampus and cerebrum in a young versus aged mouse model. Methods Young (2 months old) and aged (18 months old) male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to either MVE (300μg/m3 PM) or filtered air (FA) for 6 h/d, 7 d/wk, for 50 d. Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR were used to quantify oxidative stress (8-OHdG) and expression of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), β secretase (BACE1), amyloid-β (Aβ), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE1), and angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor in the cerebrum and hippocampus, in addition to cerebral microvascular tight junction (TJ) protein expression. Results We observed age-related increases in oxidative stress, AhR, CYP1B1, Aβ, BACE1, and AT1 receptor in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and elevation of cerebral AβPP, AhR, and CYP1B1 mRNA, associated with decreased cerebral microvascular TJ protein claudin-5. MVE-exposure resulted in further promotion of oxidative stress, and significant increases in AhR, CYP1B1, BACE1, ACE1, and Aβ, compared to the young and aged FA-exposed mice. Conclusion Such findings suggest that MVE-exposure exacerbates the expression of factors in the CNS associated with AD pathogenesis in aged populations.
Acculturation and Personal Care Product Use Among Foreign-Born Chinese Women: Implications for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Exposure Disparity

Background: EDCs are linked to adverse reproductive health outcomes, with recent work suggesting EDCs vary by acculturation measures. Personal care product (PCP) use is an important source of EDCs....
'Trust Me' Versus Transparency in Civil Document Discovery

Civil document discovery is so routine for lawyers that most take for granted the central inefficiency in the process: opposing counsel. If a lawyer could simply walk into the opposing party’s office or home and collect the documents (paper or electronic) that the lawyer deems relevant to the issues in a case, that would be a simple and cost-effective way to discover the facts of the case. But that is not how civil document discovery works. Each party (or more accurately, its attorney) is the gatekeeper of its own information. This gatekeeping function prevents an opposing party from rifling through a party’s irrelevant and privileged information. But it also means substantially more effort and cost for both sides. The party seeking information must provide written requests, seeking the production of documents relevant to the dispute. The requesting party must then rely upon the responding attorney to: (1) ensure that the appropriate information is preserved; (2) collect, process, and review the necessary information to determine the documents responsive to the request; (3) object to any aspect of a request that is improper (such as because it seeks discovery of privileged, irrelevant, or disproportionately burdensome information), and (4) produce the responsive (but not objectionable) documents. In short, the quality of civil document discovery depends upon the responding attorney. The requesting attorney will receive the documents she is entitled to only if the responding attorney is competent at document discovery, complies with discovery obligations under the FRCP, professional conduct rules, and other sources of law, and acts in good faith. In the ediscovery era—of large volumes of information that is easily changed or deleted and stored in diverse locations—case law reveals there are often problems with opposing counsel’s competence, compliance with rules and other legal obligations (referred to collectively as “rule compliance”), and good faith. In some cases, producing attorneys do not properly guide their clients in the preservation of documents, resulting in spoliation of evidence. In others, the attorney fails to collect and review the right categories of information, resulting in responsive documents not being produced. Case law reveals that producing attorneys sometimes withhold discoverable documents relying upon baseless, misleading, or otherwise improper objections. Whether the cause of these discovery problems is incompetence, a lack of rule compliance, or a sinister motive, the “trust me” tradition of document discovery contributes to the problem.
Just Warriors, Inc.: The Ethics of Privatized Force

Preface Introduction 1. On Sheepdogs (or, the Warrior's Honor) 2. What the Heck is a Mercenary Anyway? 3. The Private Warrior's Virtue 4. The Right to Fight 5. The Right to be Wrong 6. Contracting and Delegation 7. Command and Control 8. The Responsibility to Protect 9. Contractors to the Rescue Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Expert systems in business and finance: issues and applications

Part 1 Issues in the design and integration of expert systems: expert systems integration with computer-based information systems, E. Turban conceptual issues in the integration of AI/ES with conventional information systems, T.J. Martin building computerized financial advisors - the user model and human interface, D. King experiences with object centered modelling of financial marketing, C. Apte et al integration of intelligent technologies into conventional information systems - key issues, opportunities and potential pitfalls, P.R. Watkins and D.E. O'Leary. Part 2 Issues in the modelling of human judgement for expert systems: the meta logic of cognitively based heuristics, A. Rowe performance modelling - a cognitive approach to building knowledge-based systems, L.B. Methlie the architecture of expertise - the auditor's going-concern judgement, M. Selfridge and S.F. Brigga. Part 3 Issues in validation, auditability and security of expert systems: verifying and validating expert systems - a survey, D.E. O'Leary expert systems in auditing, D.E. O'Leary and P.R. Watkins expert systems - auditability issues, R.R. Moeller perspectives on auditing operational knowledge bases, R. Jamieson expert systems and computer security, W.T. Tener issues in expert systems for security, D.E. O'Leary and P.R. Watkins. Part 4 Legal issues, training effects and financial planning applications of expert systems: legal issues in applied artificial intelligence, G.S. Cole training and performance effects of a knowledge-base system for analytical review, E. Blocher et al survey of expert systems for resource planning, C.E. Brown and S. Athey a survey of expert systems used in the practice of public accounting, M.E. Phillips and C.E. Brown.
Sexual revictimization among women: A review of the literature focusing on empirical investigations

This article provides a review of the literature on sexual revictimization among women, focusing on empirical evaluations of theories of revictimization. Theories of revictimization can be categorized into eight major areas: spurious factors, situational or environmental variables, disturbed interpersonal relationships, cognitive attributions, self-blame and self-esteem, coping skills, perception of threat and trauma-related symptomatology, and general psychological adjustment. In general, none of these theories has received unequivocal empirical support. Situational variables and general psychological adjustment have received modest support as factors that differentiate revictimized women from non-revictimized women. Our ability to interpret this trend is limited, however, by the preponderance of retrospectively designed investigations in this area.
Reversal of multidrug resistance by Pluronic block copolymers correlates with inhibition of drug efflux transporters and depletion of intracellular ATP and GSH levels.

2138 Drug resistance (intrinsic or acquired) is a common problem for all chemotherapeutic agents which limits their efficacy in the treatment of numerous cancer types. Multiple drug resistance mechanisms exist which may act simultaneously and/or in concert. Recently, Pluronic block copolymers (PBC) were evaluated for use in drug formulations to treat resistant cancer. It was found that PBC dramatically increased the cytotoxicity of antineoplastic agents in resistant P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-overexpressing cancer cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that exposure of resistant cancer cells to PBC induced significant decreases in intracellular ATP levels along with membrane fluidization, which decreases the affinity of Pgp for the drug and ATP molecules, resulting in powerful sensitization of Pgp-overexpressing cells. To further elucidate the tumor spectrum effectively sensitized by PBC, the present study explored the effects of PBC in a panel of cancer cell lines representing different cell types and drug resistance mechanisms: Pgp-, MRP- (multidrug resistance protein), BCRP- (breast cancer resistance protein) and cisplatin-related resistance. Cytotoxicity studies (measured by MTT assay) were conducted with various antineoplastic agents formulated with PBC in parental/drug-resistant cancer cell line pairs. The results indicated that the trend for sensitization by PBC was Pgp- >> MRP- ≥ BCRP- >> cisplatin-resistance. PBC sensitized Pgp-resistant cells by 100- to 500-fold, MRP- or BCRP-resistant cells by 10- to 130-fold, and had almost no affect on cisplatin-resistant cells. Drug accumulation studies indicated that the extent of inhibition of the drug efflux transporter by PBC decreases in the same order: Pgp (complete) > MRP (partial) > BCRP (low). Thus, the ability of PBC to inhibit drug efflux in resistant cancer cells correlated with the potency of sensitization. A relationship was also found within each drug resistance group: the stronger the decline in intracellular ATP levels following PBC treatment, the higher the sensitization effect in these cells. A similar trend was found for intracellular glutathione levels, which were also depleted following treatment with PBC. Finally, we established that, with some exceptions, epithelial, leukemia, breast and lung cancer cells were the most responsive to PBC treatment and that pancreatic carcinoma cells were among the worst. Hence, reversal of multidrug resistance by PBC correlates with the extent of ATP and glutathione depletion, and inhibition of drug efflux. Overall, these results indicate that careful examination of the cancer type and drug resistance mechanism should be conducted to maximize clinical benefits of PBC formulations for chemotherapy. This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant CA89225.
Homeownership and Social Trust in Neighbors

This paper investigates the role of homeownership in generating social trust among neighbors. Drawing on data from the 2006 Social Capital Community Survey, it tests whether homeownership contribut...
Major Histocompatibility Complex: Disease Associations

Human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles can be used as markers for a wide variety of autoimmune and other disorders. The interpretation of and possible bases for these associations should be considered in relation to conserved extended MHC haplotypes (CEHs). The latter are fixed stretches of up to several million base pairs of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). CEHs constitute at least a third of normal European Caucasian MHC haplotypes and contribute most of the MHC disease susceptibility genetic markers. While this has facilitated the detection of MHC gene–disease association, it paradoxically makes the identification of true susceptibility genetic loci (as distinguished from genetic markers) more difficult. It is likely that the great majority of true susceptibility genes for MHC-associated diseases are yet to be discovered. It may take new methods and new approaches to identify the true MHC susceptibility genes and their relation to many of the polygenic MHC-associated diseases. Key Concepts Most human major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-associated diseases and physiological disorders are complex conditions whose genetic architecture remains largely unknown. The genetic architecture of simple Mendelian MHC-associated conditions help us understand the bases for MHC associations in more complex conditions. The genomic architecture of the MHC, strongly influenced by the presence of conserved extended haplotypes (CEHs), which are 1–5 megabase essentially identical by descent common population MHC haplotypes, should be considered when analysing MHC disease markers. Association studies that dissect disease genetic architecture (including MHC-linked mode of inheritance) provide far greater biological insight than ‘risk’-based statistical associations. Family-based association studies provide far better insight into MHC-linked diseases and are less affected by population stratification than case versus control association studies. Significant deviation from random affected sib pair allele/haplotype sharing is required to confirm the biological relevance of detected MHC associations. Hypotheses based on the statistical association of particular single nucleotide polymorphisms or particular amino acids in candidate disease genes are moot until biological evidence is provided that such candidate genes play a causal role in such diseases. The era of ‘personalised’ or ‘precision’ genetics will require both family-based and directly observed data and should not rely on statistically associated and/or imputed results. Keywords: major histocompatibility complex (MHC); disease; haplotype; allele–disease association; Caucasian
An evolutionary analysis of psychological pain following rape:: II. The effects of stranger, friend, and family-member offenders

Abstract In earlier papers we discussed a hypothesis for the evolutionary significance of psychological pain. In the present paper we discuss briefly the hypothesis and its application to the psychological pain experienced by rape victims. We have hypothesized that psychological pain reflects a psychological adaptation that is designed to focus on individual's full attention on fitness-reducing social circumstances, allowing correction of the pain causing events and their future avoidance. Psychological pain following rape is proposed to accomplish a focus of victims' attention on the fitness reducing circumstances of rape. Using a data-set comprised of 790 rape victims in the U.S. whose post-rape psychological trauma was assessed, we evaluate the effects of rape by strangers, friends and family members. The victims in the sample are most likely to be raped by strangers; this is especially the case for women as opposed to prereproductive-aged girls. Prereproductive-aged girls were more likely to be raped by family members than were women. Rape by strangers is the most psychologically traumatizing of the three rape-offender categories and family-member rape the least. The importance of victim's age and marital status as predictive factors in the degree of psychological trauma following rape—with reproductive-aged and married victims showing significantly more trauma than pre- or post-reproductive-aged and unmarried victims (see N.W. Thornhill and R. Thornhill 1990)—is not confounded by the type of rape perpetrator.
Properties of the feline pyloric sphincter in vitro

The purpose of this study was to determine the intrinsic functions of the feline pylorus in vitro. The myoelectric and pressure characteristics of the intact pylorus, antrum, and duodenum, free of extrinsic hormonal or neural influences, were studied in an in vitro bath that allowed separation of the bathing medium surrounding the different bowel segments. Basal recordings revealed a zone of tonic high pressure of 28.4 +/- 3.5 mmHg (mean +/- SEM) at the pylorus. The basal slow wave frequencies in the pylorus and duodenum were 2.8 +/- 1.4 and 12.6 +/- 0.6 cycles/min, respectively. Spontaneous action potential-associated phasic contractions of the pylorus were noted in 38% of preparations. Enteric nerve stimulation with direct electric current (10 Hz, 1 ms, 10-50 V) applied proximal to the pylorus gave relaxation of the pylorus at the lower voltages and rebound excitation at higher voltages. Electrical stimulation distal to the pylorus yielded phasic contractile pyloric response during the entire stimulus. The duodenal instillation of 0.5 N HCl produced action potential-associated phasic contractions of the pylorus and duodenum but not the antrum. Pyloric responses to electrical stimulation or acidification were abolished by tetrodotoxin (10(-5) M). Bethanechol (10(-6) M) or substance P (10(-7) M) produced a contractile response at the site of stimulation but this response was not transmitted to include adjacent bowel segments. These studies suggest that the pyloric sphincter with its intrinsic reflex properties can be studied in vitro.
The complete model of high efficient drive system for electric vehicles

The complete design, simulation and implementation of high efficient drive system for electric vehicles (EVs) is presented. The drive system consists of brushless DC Motor (BLDC), novel bi-directional dc-dc converter, Lithium ion (Li-ion) battery pack, charger, solar panel and control system. The complete electric vehicle drive system is modeled and simulated using MATLAB/ Simulink with manufacturer data. The prototype for the drive system then has been built and measured. Agreement has been observed between the analytical, simulated and experimental results.
Nucleation and growth of Ag on Sb-terminated Ge(100)

Abstract The effect of Sb on Ag growth on Ge(1 0 0) was characterized using scanning tunneling microscopy, low energy electron diffraction, and Auger electron spectroscopy. Silver was found to immediately form three-dimensional clusters on the Sb-covered surface over the entire temperature range studied (320–570 K), thus the growth was Volmer–Weber. Regardless of the deposition conditions, there was no evidence that Sb segregated to the Ag surface, despite Sb having a lower surface tension than either Ag or Ge. The failure of Sb to segregate to the surface could be understood in terms of the much stronger interaction between Sb and Ge versus Ag and Ge creating a driving force to maintain an Sb–Ge interface. Silver nucleation on Sb/Ge(1 0 0) was characterized by measuring the Ag cluster density as a function of deposition rate. The results revealed that the cluster density was nearly independent of the deposition rate below 420 K, indicating that heterogeneous nucleation at defects in the Sb-terminated surface competed with homogeneous nucleation. At higher temperatures, the defects were less effective in trapping diffusing Ag atoms and the dependence of the cluster density on deposition rate suggested a critical size of at least two. For temperatures above 420 K, the Ag diffusion barrier plus the dissociation energy of the critical cluster was estimated by measuring the cluster density as a function of temperature; the results suggested a value of 0.84±0.1 eV which is significantly higher than values reported for Ag nucleation on Sb-free surfaces. In comparison to the bare Ge surface, Ag formed a higher density of smaller, lower clusters when Sb was present. Below 420 K the higher cluster density could be attributed to nucleation at defects in the Sb layer while at higher temperatures the high diffusion barrier restricted the cluster size and density. Although Sb does not act as a surfactant in this system since it does not continuously float to the surface and the growth is not layer-by-layer, adding Sb was found to be useful in limiting the Ag cluster size and height which led to smoother, more continuous Ag films and in preventing the formation of metastable Ag–Ge surface alloys.
El licenciado Polo: ¿fuente del «Discurso sobre la descendencia y govierno de los ingas» (ms. 1602/1603-1608)?

Catherine Julien, en un reciente articulo publicado en esta misma revista, propone que la informacion sobre nombres de los gobernantes incas, los de sus esposas («coyas») e hijos, y los de sus grupos de descendencia («panacas»), contenida en un problematico texto colonial titulado «Discurso sobre la descendencia y govierno de los ingas», fue recopilada originalmente por el licenciado Polo de Ondegardo cuando fuera corregidor del Cuzco hacia 1559-1560.1 La idea es sorprendente, pues el documento mismo, que no menciona a aquel en lugar alguno, indica que la informacion fue recogida en la ciudad imperial durante el gobierno del licenciado Cristobal Vaca de Castro (1542-1544).2 El problema principal con esta fuente historica es que no existe documentacion coetanea a esas tempranas informaciones realizadas apenas unos diez anos despues de iniciada la conquista espanola de los Andes. El unico manuscrito del
CT Fluoroscopy–Guided Epidural Injections: Technique and Results

Summary: Lumbar epidural injections are typically performed blindly or with fluoroscopic guidance. CT fluoroscopy (CTF) can be used to guide needle placement precisely and rapidly, allowing visualization of the optimal needle path and identifying potential problems such as severe stenosis and synovial cysts before needle insertion. Operator and patient radiation dose is minimal when using the intermittent CTF technique and low mAs. By using this technique, just more than 2000 epidural steroid injections have been performed with no major complications. CTF is a useful guidance tool when performing lumbar epidural injections.
Two functional S100A4 monomers are necessary for regulating nonmuscle myosin-IIA and HCT116 cell invasion.

S100A4, a member of the Ca2+-activated S100 protein family, regulates the motility and invasiveness of cancer cells. Moreover, high S100A4 expression levels correlate with poor patient survival in ...
Managing knowledge peer-to-peer – concepts and challenges

Access to timely, complete and relevant knowledge is a key competitive differentiator in the present economic environment. But most knowledge management (KM) today only moves the traditional, expert-based KM processes onto electronic media. This paper discusses a paradigm shift from an expert-centric to a Peer-to-Peer approach to knowledge creation and management. Leveraging the lowered transaction costs of internet technology, early movers in the KM space are piloting methods of collaboration that have been invented, practiced and refined by the open source and free software community over the last two decades. This new approach, based on open collaboration, has the potential to revolutionise the way knowledge is created, shared and managed. We outline characteristics of the two opposing paradigms and discuss ways in which the Peer-to-Peer knowledge management approach is being applied today. Finally, we discuss the key challenges and managerial implications of introducing the new paradigm within organisations.
International medical graduates' attitudes toward substance abuse.

After developing a hypothesis that international medical graduates (IMGs)from different ethno-cultural backgrounds would have different attitudes toward substance abuse, we compared the attitudes of 79 IMG applicants to our psychiatry residency training program using Chappel’s Substance Abuse Attitude Survey. Except for the finding that men were less moralistic about substance abuse than women, we found no significant attitudinal differences among these IMGs despite their diverse backgrounds.
The Effects of Perceived Control on Venture Capitalist Investment Decisions: A Configurational Perspective

Drawing on agency and configurations theories, this study examines how perceived level of control over the entrepreneur influences venture capitalist (VC) decision making. We model the direct effects of perceived control and the interactive effects of control with entrepreneurial prestige and opportunity attractiveness to determine how various combinations of factors influence VCs� willingness to invest. We test our conceptualizations using conjoint analyses of 552 VC investment decisions. The results show that perceived control is directly related to investment likelihood, but different configurations of control, entrepreneur prestige, and opportunity attractiveness result in different outcomes. Our findings support a configurational perspective of VC decision making.
A structured data base computer conferencing system

A system called CBIE (Computer Based Information Exchange) is described, whose function is to facilitate communications among groups of people who cannot conveniently meet face-to-face. Each individual, at his own convenience, examines the existing conference records, via a terminal connected to the computer by a telephone line, and adds his own comments. A key feature of CBIE is that the conference record is structured by the users in the form of a network of elements systematically related to one another. The system is designed so that, utilizing a simple set of commands, users can peruse the stored information in an orderly way in accordance with their own interests. Applications include meetings of faculty committees, governmental committees, people engaged in joint research or development projects, and seminars or courses. An initial version of CBIE has been implemented under the RSTS time sharing system running on a PDP 11/50. A general outline of the implementation is presented.
Association of a murine chromosome 9 locus (Psl1) with susceptibility to mouse skin tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

It has been known for many years that there are dramatic differences in the susceptibility of mouse stocks and strains to two-stage skin carcinogenesis and that these differences are due to the animals' responsiveness to tumor-promoting agents. In earlier studies using several inbred mouse strains, we found that susceptibility to skin tumor promotion by phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is a multigenic trait. To extend this work, we conducted a genome scan of (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 × C57BL/6 mice previously scored for sensitivity to skin tumor promotion by TPA. As a result of this scan, we now report an association of increased TPA promotion susceptibility with inheritance of the DBA/2 alleles of markers on the distal portion of mouse chromosome 9. Additional linkage analyses using (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F2 and B×D recombinant inbred mice confirmed this association and suggested that a TPA promotion susceptibility locus maps near D9Mit51 (LODw = 4.1). We designated this locus promotion susceptibility locus 1 (Psl1). Mol. Carcinog. 20:162–167, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A DIRECT METHOD OF PARTICLE SIZING BASED ON THE STATISTICAL PROCESSING OF SCATTERED PHOTONS FROM PARTICLES EXECUTING BROWNIAN MOTION

A direct method of determining the mean diameter of particles executing Brownian motion is presented. The temporal coherence of the scattered field from submicroscopic particles illuminated by laser light is a function of both the integration time and the particle diameter. The temporal degree of coherence of the time-averaged scattered intensity decreases as the integration time increases. Statistical processing of the scattered photons leads to a method of particle sizing (average diameter), which circumvents the need for digital autocor-relation or power spectral estimation.
Myelopoiesis and myeloproliferative disorders

Myeloid cells arise from a common stem cell whose development is regulated by stimulatory and inhibitory growth factors. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells are most influenced by IL-3, GM-CSF, and stem cell factor while committed progenitor cells are regulated by variable concentrations of GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-5, Epo, and Tpo. As a result of their common origin, a key point to remember about myeloproliferative disorders is the involvement of multiple cell lines in dysplastic and neoplastic conditions. Dysplastic changes may signal early neoplastic changes with cases progressing to acute leukemia. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is associated with anemia or multiple cytopenias, normal to hypercellular bone marrow, ineffective hematopoiesis, and less than 30% blast cells of all nucleated cells in the bone marrow. Chronic myeloid leukemias also have less than 30% blast cells of all nucleated cells in the bone marrow and are distinguished from MDS by elevated cell counts of one or more cell lines with mature forms predominating. Acute myeloid leukemias, often the end result of all myeloproliferative disorders, are recognized by equal or greater 30% blast cells of all nucleated cells in the bone marrow. Additional diagnostic information from cytochemical stains, immunohistochemical staining, and cytogenetic analysis can influence the final diagnosis when morphology alone is equivocal. In conclusion, prognosis and response to treatment are best determined by application of a uniform set of standards in evaluating hematolymphatic neoplasia. Critical to diagnosis are complete blood and bone marrow evaluations including observation for dysplastic changes and blast cell quantitation. In addition, evidence for tissue infiltration identified through cytologic or histologic evaluations of lymph node, spleen, or liver is recommended.
InP/GaAsSb type-II DHBTs with fT>350 GHz

Type-II InP/GaAsSb double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) were fabricated and achieved a state-of-the-art peak fT of 358 GHz. The device consists of a 0.35×8 µm emitter with a 25 nm GaAsSb strained base and a 75 nm InP collector. The transistor exhibits a BVCEO>4 V and a maximum DC current gain (β) of 19. The peak RF operating collector current density exceeds 900 kA/cm2.
Oxidation of Iron in 288°C, Oxygen-Containing Water

Abstract In situ Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and measurements of corrosion potential were used to investigate the films formed on ir...
Power and Participatory Decision Making in Selected English Schools.

This study attempted to clarify the relationship of power of school heads and participation of English teachers in school decisions. A deliberate sample of eight schools was drawn from the schools in the northwest of England. The major criteria for selection were: size (medium to large); location(urban‐suburban and reasonably accessible from Manchester); and representatives of the types of schools found in that geographic area. A descriptive analysis indicated that English teachers do perceive themselves participating in most decision areas. At a second level of analysis the relationship between status and intensity of participation was computed with r = .544 for the 103 members of staff (p<.001). An implication is that competence is a criterion for status position, leading to involvement and hence power in the social system. The final analysis dealt with implications of use of power from a description of participation patterns. The clusterings found lend credence to the belief that English heads are controlling those areas of power where tangible rewards and punishments are evident. They appear to be supporting participatory management in such other areas as those where teachers do not desire involvement or those which carry minimal expenditure of organizational resources.
Calcitonin stimulates maturation of mammalian growth plate cartilage.

To determine whether calcitonin (CT) might effect maturation of mammlian growth plate cartilage, we administered salmon CT (sCT) to young rats and used the growth plate from the distal metatarsal as our in vivo growth plate model. Growth plate alkaline phosphatase activity and histblogicol examination were assessed after 3 days of sCT treatment. Alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of hypertrophied chondrocytes, increased 85%, and the zone of maturation enlarged in rats receiving sCT. In addition, sCT treatment was associated with an increased growth plate 35SO4 incorporation 84% above animals receiving buffer alone. We tested whether this might be a direct effect of CT by using an in vitro model, the growth plate from the fetal pig scapula. Organ culture of these cartilages in serum-free medium with and without sCT (1 U/ml) was performed for 3 days. sCT stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity 49% above growth plates incubated in medium alone. Furthermore, sCT treatment increased the number of hypertr...
Korean Advertising Practitioners’ Perspectives on Celebrity Endorsement

Practitioners’ perspectives have been neglected to some extent. Research on practitioners’ perspectives is important because it will provide valuable information, especially on how theories have been reflected in practice. The study investigates Korean advertising practitioners’ perspectives on celebrity endorsement in advertising campaigns. By comparing the perspective between advertising practitioners and that from their counterparts on the client side, this study may provide insights into their respective roles in advertising campaigns. This study finding suggests that Korean advertising practitioners consider a celebrity's likeability as the most important criterion when selecting a celebrity endorser. The most important reason why they employ a celebrity endorser is that celebrity endorsement helps generate awareness of the brand. In addition, concerns over celebrity endorsement as well as limitations and suggestions for future research have been discussed.
Partial phase diagram of the PuCl3PuOCl system

Abstract Phase equilibria in the system PuCl 3 PuOCl were studied over the temperature range 100–1300°C and composition range 0–35 mole% PuOCl by thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis techniques, supplemented by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. A single eutectic was found at 747° and 8 mole % PuOCl. No evidence of compound or solid solution formation was observed.
A Clinic for "Secure" Programming

In this paper, the author mentions that despite the reliance on software in everything from televisions and cars to medical equipment, it often doesn't work correctly. Everyone has had problems with software like text editors that freeze, answering machines that won't answer. Others are far more serious, such as the program on a satellite that contains an error, causing the loss of expensive equipment, or Web servers that have bugs enabling an attacker to break in and steal personal data. In the case of medical equipment, poor software could cost lives. To develop a better software, one way is to make good programming as much a part of learning computer science as good writing is a part of studying English and law. To test this idea, a secure-programming clinic was developed. Principles of robust programming are widely taught in beginning and advanced programming courses. They're a large part of good programming style and require the realization that things can go wrong. A user might enter a string when the program expects an integer. A function that opens a file might fail. The program must check for these possibilities and handle them correctly. Grading in these programming courses takes such practices into account. But all too often in advanced computer science courses, students don't follow these practices.