cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Clausius was one of the principle architects of the science of thermodynamics. In 1850 he published a groundbreaking paper entitled On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which May Be Deduced Therefrom. In this paper he criticized the caloric theory of heat—upon which Carnot’s work had been founded—on the grounds that it violated the first law of thermodynamics. Heat, Clausius argued, was not an indestructible substance, but rather a form of energy which could be transformed into work, and vice versa. The conversion of mechanical work into heat (via friction) had been explored as early as 1798 by Count Rumford while boring canons, and more recently by Julius Mayer and James Joule in the 1840s. Indeed, when proposing his general principle of the conservation of energy in 1847, Hermann Helmholtz recounts the careful experiments of Joule, who had measured the heating of a bath of water stirred by a descending weight (see Fig. 6.1).
“The Holy City Which Has Been Written in This Book”: The Utopian Scripturalization of Revelation

The events of the 1960s, especially civil activism and youth uprisings around the world, shaped not only the Chicanx movement; indeed some of the broader calls for epistemological transformation articulated in the 1960s impacted a plurality of scholars and interpreters, including figures in biblical studies such as past Society of Biblical Literature presidents Fernando F. Segovia and Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza, both of whom have articulated the import of 1960s and 1970s activism to their work. Studying the biblical book of Revelation—especially with interpreters in the vein of Segovia and Schussler Fiorenza, interpreters attentive to politics and social location—can be a place to excavate transformations in the legacy of a teleology of revelation as a utopian homing process. How can we make sense of and think about people reading the book of Revelation as a product and practice of utopia, as the making of and engagement of scriptures—or scripturalization—as always already in a utopian key?
Walking the line: Ethical decision-making with families at the fringes

O the past 100 years medical decision-making in the United States shifted from a paternalistic physician-driven process to a patient-driven autonomy-based standard. Over the past 10-years the pendulum shifted to a balanced meet-in-themiddle approach commonly defined as shared decision-making. Families who listen to all the medical options and select the recommended (standard) option are often perceived to be equal partners. Families that refuse medical recommendations or demand medically inappropriate interventions exist outside of the norm, challenge the communication and shared decisionmaking skills of clinicians, and may reveal our biases. In this interactive workshop participants will learn the principles of ethical reasoning used when evaluating possible medical neglect or demands for futile or medically inappropriate care. The workshop will provide participants with strategies for communicating with families perceived to be “unreasonable” or at the fringe as well as provide suggestions for reducing the moral distress inherent in these ethically challenging cases.
Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Ethiopian Potato Varieties to Germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center

Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as 26 CIP, 22 American and 17 European potato cultivars and advanced breeding clones. The marker data revealed that most of the local cultivars were duplicates; among the 44 cultivars tested, only 15 unique genotypes were observed. Principal component and neighbor-joining dendrogram analyses showed that American, European and CIP germplasm form three distinct clusters, with older Ethiopian cultivars overlapping the European cultivars, suggesting that the oldest local cultivars are of European descent. Local cultivars overall separated into two distinct clusters, suggesting that at least two distinct introductions gave rise to current local cultivars in Ethiopia. Ethiopian germplasm harbors comparable levels of genetic diversity to American, European, and CIP germplasm and could provide the foundation for a national potato breeding program.
Comparing students' and managers' perceptions of essential entry-level management competencies in the hospitality industry: An empirical study

Abstract The age-old higher education concern of graduates’ industry relevancy coupled with the mounting program outcomes emphases of business schools led us to research program exit competencies. Our study determined knowledge and skills that employers most seek when hiring entry-level managers within the business discipline of hospitality management. We compared these results to student perceptions of industry-preferred managerial competencies. T-test, ANOVA, and regression analyses revealed findings suggesting that managers and students have different perceptions regarding entry-level managerial competencies. We discuss research implications, practical suggestions, and future recommendations about identifying the most essential management competencies for graduates to effect curricular changes.
New Paradigms for Spreading of Colloidal Fluids on Solid Surfaces

Colloidal fluids are used in a variety of technological contexts. For example, their spreadingand adhesion behavior on solid surfaces can yield materials with desirable structural and optical properties.The well-established concepts of spreading and adhesion behavior of simple liquids do not apply to colloidalfluids containing nanometer-sized particles, surfactant micelles, proteins, polymers, vesicles, microemulsions,and solvents. This paper reviews recent progress in the spreading of colloidal/nano-fluids over solid surfaceswith emphasis on two applications: the spreading of aqueous trisiloxane surfactant solutions (i.e., superspreaders)on hydrophobic solid surfaces driven by the surface tension gradient, and the spreading of thin colloidalfilms containing nanoparticles on hydrophilic surfaces driven by the structural disjoining pressure gradient(i.e., film tension gradient). These two mechanistic paradigms of dynamic spreading of colloidal fluidson solids are elucidated with experimental observations and mathematical modeling.
Implementation of a computer-aided detection tool for quantification of intracranial radiologic markers on brain CT images

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a form of hemorrhagic stroke that affects middle-aged individuals and associated with significant morbidity and/or mortality especially those presenting with higher clinical and radiologic grades at the time of admission. Previous studies suggested that blood extravasated after aneurysmal rupture was a potentially clinical prognosis factor. But all such studies used qualitative scales to predict prognosis. The purpose of this study is to develop and test a new interactive computer-aided detection (CAD) tool to detect, segment and quantify brain hemorrhage and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid on non-contrasted brain CT images. First, CAD segments brain skull using a multilayer region growing algorithm with adaptively adjusted thresholds. Second, CAD assigns pixels inside the segmented brain region into one of three classes namely, normal brain tissue, blood and fluid. Third, to avoid “black-box” approach and increase accuracy in quantification of these two image markers using CT images with large noise variation in different cases, a graphic User Interface (GUI) was implemented and allows users to visually examine segmentation results. If a user likes to correct any errors (i.e., deleting clinically irrelevant blood or fluid regions, or fill in the holes inside the relevant blood or fluid regions), he/she can manually define the region and select a corresponding correction function. CAD will automatically perform correction and update the computed data. The new CAD tool is now being used in clinical and research settings to estimate various quantitatively radiological parameters/markers to determine radiological severity of aSAH at presentation and correlate the estimations with various homeostatic/metabolic derangements and predict clinical outcome.
Hubble space telescope emission line galaxies at z ∼ 2: the Lyα escape fraction

We compare the Hβ line strengths of 1.90 < z < 2.35 star-forming galaxies observed with the near-IR grism of the Hubble Space Telescope with ground-based measurements of Lyα from the HETDEX Pilot Survey and narrow-band imaging. By examining the line ratios of 73 galaxies, we show that most star-forming systems at this epoch have a Lyα escape fraction below ∼6%. We confirm this result by using stellar reddening to estimate the effective logarithmic extinction of the Hβ emission line (c {sub Hβ} = 0.5) and measuring both the Hβ and Lyα luminosity functions in a ∼100, 000 Mpc{sup 3} volume of space. We show that in our redshift window, the volumetric Lyα escape fraction is at most 4.4{sub −1.2}{sup +2.1}%, with an additional systematic ∼25% uncertainty associated with our estimate of extinction. Finally, we demonstrate that the bulk of the epoch's star-forming galaxies have Lyα emission line optical depths that are significantly greater than that for the underlying UV continuum. In our predominantly [O III] λ5007-selected sample of galaxies, resonant scattering must be important for the escape of Lyα photons.
Exploring the Relationship Among Mental Health Concerns, Social Support, and Relationship Satisfaction in Female Same-Sex Couples

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship among internal factors (mental health concerns) that affect relationship satisfaction and contextual factors (social support) that affect relationship satisfaction in female same-sex couples (N = 99). Correlation and regression analyses indicated significant relationships among the variables. Specifically, mental health concerns were negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction whereas social support was positively correlated with relationship satisfaction. Mental health concerns and social support were found to be significant predictors of relationship satisfaction. Implications for practitioners are provided.
Know your enemy: the Saudi women’s driving campaign from flyers and faxes to Youtube and hashtags

It was never about driving. Driving is just a symbol.—Aisha al Mana (F. Ambah 2005)On September 26 2017, a Saudi Arabian royal decree announced the ban on women driving in the Saudi kingdom will be...
Design considerations for family-centered health management: preliminary findings with pediatric BMT patients

Blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) is an intensive therapy for patients with life-threatening hematologic cancer as well as non-cancer diagnoses. Children, adolescents and young adults undergoing BMT ("pediatric patients") experience intensive medical procedures during their treatment and post-treatment recovery phases. We conducted a field study to identify common barriers that interfere with pediatric patient engagement in the management of their health and challenges that caregivers confront. Our study revealed four main factors. By exploring emerging themes, we suggest design opportunities for health technology to support patients and their caregivers over the course of long-term outpatient management.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

The standard treatment for autoimmune diseases is immune modulation or suppression. For patients with severe autoimmune diseases, some studies suggest a benefit of intensifying immunosuppression to the point of myelosuppression or myeloablation (1-12). In this setting reconstitution of a new hematopoietic and immune system is facilitated by infusion of hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34+ cells) which expand and differentiate into T and B cells, macrophages, and monocytes.
Comparison of climate vulnerability among desert herpetofauna.

Abstract Globally, biodiversity is declining, and a major driver of this decline is climate change; consequently, we need ways to evaluate the vulnerability of species to this change. We assessed 25 species of herpetofauna (7 amphibians and 18 reptiles) using multi-model averaging of NatureServe's Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI), a qualitative trait-based vulnerability assessment tool. We calculated vulnerability across model runs varying type and extent of spatial data and climate model scenario. Amphibians were more vulnerable than reptiles. The most vulnerable species were those that were dependent on water for their habitat, high elevation species, and habitat specialists. For reptiles in particular, the projected downscaled extent of temperature change and change in moisture availability were also important in delineating vulnerability. Unfortunately, the invasive American Bullfrog was less vulnerable than any of the native amphibians, which highlights the importance of considering invasives when planning for climate change. Snakes that were riparian specialists also were ranked as highly vulnerable. Lizards were ranked as less vulnerable related to projected differences in the proportion of their range experiencing larger changes in temperature. We suggest improvements to the CCVI vulnerability index. For example, certain aspects of reptile biology that are critical to climate-related vulnerability are not included in the current generation of the Climate Change Vulnerability Index, specifically reproductive strategy and the difference in vulnerability between viviparous and oviparous species. Methods for assessing vulnerability will need continued refinement as we contend with climate change and other human-caused factors that are driving the biodiversity crisis.
Reputation Management Revisited: U.S. Universities Presenting Themselves Online

This chapter examines how American universities make use of reputation management on their websites. It replicates a design piloted with Nordic universities, employing similar methodology (“web census”) and indicators. Universities often make strategic decisions about which aspects of institutional identity to emphasize in order to maintain legitimacy (“survive”) or gain competitive advantage (“thrive”). This study analyzes six online dimensions (history, strategic planning, research, academics, internal, and external environment) for a nationally-representative sample of 124 universities versus a subset of 28 elite universities. The findings reveal key differences, with a considerable gap on one dimension (research) and a surprising inversion on another (strategic planning). Furthermore, decoupling can occur between universities’ online presence and their performance, which is both an opportunity and a pitfall of reputation management.
Premature ventricular contraction diurnal profiles predict distinct clinical characteristics and beta-blocker responses.

INTRODUCTION Frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) can lead to symptoms, such as cardiomyopathy and increased mortality. Beta-blockers are recommended as first-line therapy to reduce PVC burden; however, the response is unpredictable. The objective of this study is to determine whether PVC diurnal-variability patterns are associated with different clinical profiles and predict drug response. METHODS Consecutive patients with frequent PVCs (burden ≥ 1%), referred for Holter monitoring between 2014 and 2016, were included. Follow-up Holters, when available, were assessed after beta-blocker initiation to assess response (≥50% reduction). Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of relationship between hourly PVC count and mean HR during each of the 24 Holter hours: (1) fast-HR-dependent-PVC (F-HR-PVC) for positive correlation (Pearson, P < 0.05), (2) slow-HR-dependent-PVC (S-HR-PVC) for a negative, and (3) independent-HR-PVC (I-HR-PVC) when no correlation was found. RESULTS Of the 416 patients included, 50.2% had F-HR-PVC, 35.6% I-HR-PVC, and 14.2% S-HR-PVC with distinct clinical profiles. Beta-blocker therapy was successful in 34.0% patients overall: patients with F-HR-PVC had a decrease in PVC burden (18.8 ± 10.4% to 9.3 ± 6.6%, P < 0.0001; 62% success), I-HR-PVC had no change (18.4 ± 17.9% to 20.6 ± 17.9%, P = 0.175; 0% success), whereas S-HR-PVC had an increase in burden (14.6 ± 15.3% to 20.8 ± 13.8%, P = 0.016; 0% success). The correlation coefficient was the only predictor of beta-blocker success (AUC = 0.84, sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 67.7%; r ≥ 0.4). CONCLUSIONS A simple analysis of Holter PVC diurnal variability may provide incremental value to guide clinical PVC management. Only patients displaying a F-HR-PVC profile benefited from beta-blockers. An alternative strategy should be considered for others, as beta-blockers may have no effect or can even be harmful.
Certified nursing assistants as agents of creative caregiving in long‐term care

Aim Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) provide most of the direct care for long-term care (LTC) residents, yet there are few CNA-led interventions aimed at improving quality of care. In our preliminary work developing a CNA art-based intervention, we describe CNA definitions and perceptions of creativity in relation to care of LTC residents. Methods Data from six sequential focus groups with CNAs (n = 14) in two LTC facilities were analysed to describe the concept of creativity in relation to LTC caregiving and its meaning to CNAs working in LTC. Results Certified nursing assistants defined creativity as formal art-making, yet they also described creative approaches to engaging residents in order to build relationships and reduce challenging behaviour. While most linked creativity with discerning and responding to resident needs, creativity was also foundational to time management, teamwork and navigating challenges. Conclusion Developing CNA-centred interventions to promote creative caregiving may enhance both person-centred LTC and CNA empowerment, improving resident care. Implications for practice CNA creativity should be viewed as a skill with the potential to enhance care and increase CNA empowerment. Interventions should be developed, in partnership with CNAs, to promote creative caregiving.
The Heavy Hand of Amazon: A Seller Not a Neutral Platform

Since the adoption of Section 402A of the Second Restatement of Torts, every party in a product’s distribution chain has been potentially liable for injuries caused by product defects. Consumers who buy from reputable sellers are almost always guaranteed that they will have a solvent defendant if injured by a product defect. Amazon, though responsible for a vast number of retail sales, has sought to avoid liability by claiming that it is not a seller but a neutral platform that merely facilitates third-party sales to consumers. With the exception of one court most courts have sided with Amazon and left injured consumers without a remedy against insolvent third-party sellers. All of the decided cases have failed to examine the nuances and complexity of how Amazon does business. This essay puts the lie to Amazon’s claim that it is not a seller by demonstrating how Amazon controls third-party sales and hides its true role from consumers.
KLF4 Recruits SWI/SNF to Increase Chromatin Accessibility and Reprogram the Endothelial Enhancer Landscape under Laminar Shear Stress

Physiologic laminar shear stress (LSS) induces an endothelial gene expression profile that is vasculo-protective. In this report, we delineate how LSS mediates changes in the epigenetic landscape to promote this beneficial response. We show that under LSS, KLF4 interacts with the SWI/SNF nucleosome remodeling complex to increase accessibility at enhancer sites that promote expression of homeostatic endothelial genes. By combining molecular and computational approaches we discovered enhancers that loop to promoters of known and novel KLF4- and LSS-responsive genes that stabilize endothelial cells and suppress inflammation, such as BMPR2 and DUSP5. By linking enhancers to genes that they regulate under physiologic LSS, our work establishes a foundation for interpreting how non-coding DNA variants in these regions might disrupt protective gene expression to influence vascular disease.
Towards Performant Workflows, Monitoring and Measuring

As part of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) funded XD Metrics Service project, we are developing tools and techniques for the audit and analysis of High Performance Computing (HPC) and Cloud infrastructure. This includes a suite of tools for the analysis of HPC jobs, based on performance metrics collected from compute nodes. To date, we have developed two closely related utilities: XDMoD, which was designed to monitor usage and performance of NSF’s innovative HPC resources (known as XSEDE), and Open XDMoD, which was designed to monitor usage and performance in academic, governmental or commercial cyberinfrastructures. Considerable effort has been made to continually improve XDMoD, in order to capture the most important aspects of modern research computing.One area in which XDMoD is lacking is in tracking workflows, which are broadly designated as containing the elements of data transfer/input and one to many computational steps. As data sets have become larger, data movement has become more time and resource intensive, and hence more important to characterize. In addition, multiple step workflows, in which one input spawns a complex series of processes, are becoming more common. Although XDMoD currently captures some of the information required to properly track complex workflows, there are clearly some key data that are missing. In this paper, we discuss the existing state of workflow monitoring, and suggest strategies to improve on the information captured.
Salary, Suppression, and Spies: Journalistic Challenges in Uganda

Despite enduring “some of the worst political and economic chaos anywhere in the world” (Mwesige, P. G. 2004. “Disseminators, Advocates and Watchdogs: A Profile of Ugandan Journalists in the New Mi...
Draft Genome Sequence of Enterococcus faecalis AS003, a Strain Possessing All Three Type II-a CRISPR Loci.

ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis is a clinically significant member of the human microbiome. Three CRISPR-Cas loci are located in conserved locations. Previous studies provide evidence that E. faecalis strains with functional CRISPR-Cas genes are negatively correlated with antibiotic resistance. Here, we report the genome sequence of an unusual strain possessing all three CRISPR-Cas loci.
Chemically Synthesized Semiconductor Nanowires for High-Performance Electronics and Optoelectronics

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the advances in bottom–up solution assembly of functional electronic and optoelectronic systems from high-quality nanoscale building blocks, with an emphasis on chemically synthesized semiconductor nanowires as a building block. It discusses the basic aspects of semiconductor nanowires, including the rational design of synthetic strategies, parallel and scalable assembly approaches, fundamental electronics, and optical properties. It also discusses a series of nanoscale electronic and an optoelectronic device assembled from these building blocks, and reviews a new concept of nanowire thin film-based large-area electronics. Semiconductor electronics have experienced enormous growth and have become increasingly pervasive in many aspects of our daily lives over the past several decades. The advancement of semiconductor electronics is rapidly approaching two extremes in terms of physical scale.
Use of acronyms in the patient dental record

The patient dental record is a legal document that captures the history of patient care for a particular patient. This article references the American Dental Association's listing of common dental abbreviations, symbols and acronyms, which aid in establishing uniformity for clinicians.
The Political Economy of Regulation in Markets with Naïve Consumers

In a model of a competitive industry selling base goods and add-ons, we investigate the conditions under which citizen-consumers will support policies that eliminate behavioral inefficiencies induced by naive consumers. Unregulated competitive markets have two effects: they produce deadweight losses, and they redistribute income away from biased consumers. Both unbiased and naive consumers believe that they benefit from this redistribution (the naive consumers are wrong), so support for efficiency-improving regulation is limited. Extending our model to consumers with partial sophistication about their naivete, we predict patterns of regulation consistent with the form and timing of the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure (CARD) Act of 2009.
Discrete and comtlex programmable logic device circuit projects for a course in digital electronics

1 Mark A. Jupina, Villanova University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 800 Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085 jupina@ece.vill.edu Abstract This paper provides an overview of the laboratory projects in a digital electronics course where creative combinations of hardware illustrate important concepts in digital system design. The lab component of the course also gives the students an opportunity to learn how to prototype and troubleshoot board-level applications and designs involving timers, serial and parallel data circuits, memory circuits, analog/digital conversion circuits, and complex programmable logic devices. In the first-half of the semester lab projects use discrete chips only. In the first lab project students measure the digital properties of inverters. The next several lab projects involve the construction of a data bus circuit using tri-state registers, counters, decoders, timers, and SRAM chips. In the second-half of the semester lab projects use discrete chip/components interfaced to the Altera UP 1 CPLD development board. Mice or keyboards, sonar sensors, and ADC and DAC chips are interfaced to the UP 1 board.
Adolescent out-of-school activities.

A Bioecological Perspective to Out-of-School Activities Out-of-School Activities that Lack Adult Supervision Adolescent Participation in Organized Activities Consequences of Organized Activity Participation Conclusions and Future Directions Keywords: adolescent development; out-of-school; after-school; activities; youth development; self care
Experiments with linear fractional problems

Abstract : This paper presents the results of a limited number of experiments with linear fractional problems. Six solution procedures were tested and the results are expressed in number of simplex-like pivots required to solve a sample of twenty problems randomly generated.
SNOW: software systems for process migration in high-performance, heterogeneous distributed environments

This paper reports our experiences on the scalable network of workstation (SNOW) project, which implements a novel methodology to support user-level process migration for traditional stack-based languages such as C and Fortran in heterogeneous distributed environments. Our methodology addresses the three outstanding problems of transferring execution state, memory state, and communication state. The concepts of migration point analysis and buffered data transfer mechanism are proposed for execution state migration. A memory space representation model is introduced to obtain the machine-independent format of the underlying data structures for memory state migration. Finally, process migration and communication protocols are developed to migrate the communication state and maintain the functionality and correctness of data communication. A coordinated software system consisting of compilation and runtime systems was developed based on these new mechanisms. The runtime systems include a runtime library and communication protocols. Sequential and parallel programs with different data structures and computing requirements are tested. Experimental results confirm our design analysis. They advocate the value of the migration methodology for distributed network computing.
Reprint of: Effects of the antidepressant venlafaxine on fish brain serotonin and predation behavior

Antidepressants that enter receiving waters through final treated wastewater effluent have exhibited relatively low acute toxicity in traditional fish tests at currently measured concentrations. However, the psychotropic mode of action of these compounds warrants examination of the behavioral effects these chemicals may have on aquatic organisms. Previous research has demonstrated that exposure to the antidepressant fluoxetine causes decreased brain serotonin levels in fish and results in a decreased ability to capture prey. Another antidepressant, venlafaxine, has been found at low μg/L concentrations in final treated wastewater effluent. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of venlafaxine on fish predation behavior and determine if this effect was correlated with changes in brain neurotransmitter concentrations. The predator prey bioassay used hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops) as the predator and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) as prey. Bass were exposed to venlafaxine (0-500 μg/L) for a period of 6 days and then allowed to recover for 6 days. During both exposure and recovery, bass were fed four minnows every third day. The time to capture the minnows was quantified and compared among treatments to determine if there was an effect on predation behavior. Brain tissue was analyzed for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, to determine the relationship between exposure concentration, brain monoamine levels, and predation behavior. Results indicated that venlafaxine exposures increased time to capture prey 1 and 2 by day 6 for the 250 and 500 μg/L treatments. Time to capture prey 3 was increased for all venlafaxine treatments by day 6. Venlafaxine caused a statistically significant decrease in brain serotonin concentrations that initially decreased in a dose dependent manner before reaching a steady state by the end of exposures for all treatments. No significant, dose-dependent changes in dopamine or norepinephrine were seen. Brain serotonin alone did not adequately explain behavioral results. Serotonin response in other tissues as well as peripheral effects may have accounted for additional behavioral responses after brain serotonin reached a depressed steady state.
Stress relaxation dynamics of an entangled polystyrene solution following step strain flow

The stress relaxation behavior of a well-entangled polystyrene following step shear deformations is investigated. New experimental data are reported for the relaxation of shear stress and first normal stress difference that are not affected by imperfect strain history or transducer compliance. Anomalous (type C) shear stress relaxation behavior is observed indicating significant discrepancies from the tube model prediction for the damping function. First normal stress difference data are used to evaluate the Lodge-Meissner relation and small deviations are observed. We find that slip between the test fluid and cone-and-plate fixtures is responsible for the observed type C behavior, but only leads to small departures from the Lodge-Meissner relation. Simulations of step strain flows with wall slip show qualitative agreement with experimental results. In addition, we examine the issue of polydispersity in the polystyrene standards used to prepare well-entangled solutions for this and similar studies.
Increased aortic impedance precedes peripheral vasoconstriction at the early stage of ventricular failure in the paced canine model.

BACKGROUNDAortic input impedance is altered in patients with congestive heart failure. However, little is known about whether this vascular response is an early change or a late manifestation of left ventricular dysfunction.METHODS AND RESULTSThis investigation used a paced canine model of congestive heart failure to demonstrate that abnormal aortic input impedance does evolve in the setting of ventricular systolic dysfunction and to prospectively define the time course of change in aortic input impedance and conduit vessel compliance. Studies were performed in closed-chest conditioned beagles aged 1 to 2 years that underwent hemodynamic evaluation at baseline and after induction of left ventricular dysfunction by rapid ventricular pacing. Within 48 hours of the onset of rapid ventricular pacing, we observed mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an echocardiographically derived left ventricular ejection fraction of 37% (p < .001 compared with baseline) measured during interruption of rapid ventr...
Writing: Importance, Development, and Instruction.

In this article, we examine why writing is important, how it develops, and effective writing practices. We situate the 5 articles in this special issue of Reading and Writing in this literature, providing a context for the contribution of each paper.
Professors, managers, and human resource education

his article examines whether Masters of Business Administration (MBA) programs adequately prepare human resource professionals. It also compares managers' and professors' evaluations of the competencies HR managers will need in the twenty-first century. It finds that both managers and professors view interpersonal and problem-solving competencies and integration of HR with bottom line concerns as more important than technical know-how. HR managers, however, are much more critical of what MBA programs are doing than are HR professors. HR professors may be risking complacency about their product. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pediatric renal tumors

A broad spectrum of renal tumors occurs in infants and children ranging from the benign cystic nephroma to the extremely aggressive malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney. A thorough understanding of these tumors is crucial to the optimal diagnosis and management of children with renal masses. The common renal tumors in infants and children are discussed and an orderly method for their evaluation is presented. Recent developments in the molecular biology of Wilms' tumor are outlined to provide insight into the origin of this tumor.
THE RADIO CONTENT OF GLIMPSE

We present results from matching a Very Large Array Galactic plane catalog at 6 cm covering the first Galactic quadrant (350° ≤ l ≤ 42°, |b| ≤ 0.4°), the MSX6C Galactic plane catalog, and the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire v1.0 (GLIMPSE I) catalog. The much higher angular resolution and better sensitivity provided by GLIMPSE should improve the identification of embedded Galactic star-forming regions, and enable the study of the relationships between the central stellar sources, the ionized gas, and the surrounding dust. The GLIMPSE catalog is so crowded compared to our 6 cm catalog that it actually leads to confusion in identifying chance alignments, but this is resolved when separating GLIMPSE into red (M 3.6 μm – M 8 μm > 2.5) and blue (M 3.6 μm – M 8 μm < 2.5) sub-catalogs. In spite of the improved properties of GLIMPSE, we find a very small number of GLIMPSE-6cm high-reliability matches in the overlapping area of the two samples (10° ≤ l ≤ 42°, |b| ≤ 0.4°)—132, only 55 of them have a Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) counterpart. Even though the matching results are less successful than expected, there are still some general outcomes to them. First, we discover an obscuration effect around our candidates: the average local source density of blue sources, dominated by stars, is decreasing toward the radio positions; their average brightness increases, and their color reddens significantly, supporting the picture in which background sources disappear behind the opaque nebulae associated with the radio source. Second, the selected sources define near and mid-infrared color criteria, which are used to detect a total of 849 GLIMPSE sources in the entire GLIMPSE survey that have MSX matches and that show the same collective behavior. Only 15% of these sources are previously classified, mainly as H II regions, masers, young stellar objects, and molecular clouds.
Optimum therapy for acute pelvic inflammatory disease.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is responsible for about one-third to one-half of cases of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), although there is considerable geographical variation. Chlamydia trachomatis is also an important aetiological agent, and is currently isolated 4 times more commonly from the cervix than the gonococcus. However, it is now clear that acute PID is polymicrobial in aetiology. Even when N. gonorrhoeae and/or C. trachomatis are isolated from the endocervix, anaerobes such as Bacteroides fragilis, Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus and aerobes, especially the Enterobacteriaceae such as E. coli, are also frequently isolated.
Improving Terrorism Preparedness for Hospitals: Toward Better Interorganizational Communication

This paper provides insights on the main cure for improving terrorism preparedness for hospitals: better interorganizational communication between hospitals and other agencies. Despite considerable progress in dealing with the impact of a major terrorist attack, most U.S. hospitals so far do not seem to be fully capable to manage mass casualties and face a large-scale influx of patients. Yet, hospitals play a critical role in both identifying and responding to any potential terrorist attack. For this reason, this study explains proper collaboration methods that should be implemented, how they can lead to more rapid communication thanks to the use of electronic equipment (i.e., hospital-to-hospital Internet-based communication), how risk communication and the media play an important role as well, and how interdisciplinary research and funding are needed. As such, specific interorganizational measures are described in order to help health communication scholars and public health officials understand that ho...
Functional neurolobectomy induced by controlled compression of the pituitary stalk

Degeneration of magnocellular nerve terminals in the neurohypophysis was induced by compressing the pituitary stalk of anesthetized rats for 30 s using a triangle-shaped wire. Immediately after stalk compression (SC), rats exhibited markedly increased water intake characteristic of diabetes insipidus, followed by a triphasic pattern of fluid intake. In SC rats, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxitocin (OT) contents of the neurointermediate lobe (NIL) of the pituitary gland were significantly reduced to ∼2.5% and ∼10% of sham-operated controls, respectivel In contrast, OT, but not AVP, content of the stalk-median eminence (SME) of SC rats was significantly increased. Histological examination of the pituitaries showed substantial degeneration of the neural lobe with very scarce AVP-neurophysin and OT-neurophysin immunoreactivity, while both the anterior and the intermediate lobes appeared to be intact. Plasma AVP and OT responses to infusion of hypertonic NaCl were significantly blunted in SC rats compared to sham-operated controls. However, two days after surgery the secretory patterns of LH in SC rats were similar to those in the controls. These results indicate that controlled compression of the pituitary stalk results in selective degeneration of the neural lobe without causing permanent ischemic damage to the anterior pituitary, and produces marked sustained functional deficits in pituitary AVP and OT secretion. Consequently, SC provides an alternatiove means to achieve selective neurolobectomy in rats.
Domestic violence and physical abuse of women: The Grady Memorial Hospital experience

Abstract Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of self-reported physical abuse among women seeking gynecologic and obstetric emergency care services. Study Design: A voluntary self-administered anonymous questionnaire was given to all women seeking treatment at the Gynecologic and Obstetric Emergency Clinic at Grady Memorial Hospital during the month of April 1991. The survey respondents were divided into 4 abuse categories. Results: Among the 452 respondents to the survey, 181 women (40.1%) gave a history of abuse. Among these, 93 women (51.3%) were currently in an abusive relationship, 45 women (24.9%) were currently in an abusive relationship and had a history of abuse, and 43 women (23.8%) had a history of abuse. The most common injuries described were fractures. Men were more likely not to have received counseling. Conclusions: The topic of domestic violence must be incorporated into the medical education curriculum and should be taught through a multidisciplinary approach. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:S17-S21.)
Depression and functioning in relation to health care use in sickle cell disease.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate depression and health care use in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Forty-four adults with SCD were interviewed and data from 43 participants, both with (n = 11) and without (n = 32) depression, were used for further analyses. Data from one potential subject were excluded on the basis of diagnosis. The full evaluation included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Disorders (SCID) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies--Depression Scale (CES-D), as well as measures of psychosocial and behavioral functioning. Good between-instrument agreement was found between the self-report and interview-based measures of depression. However, the functioning data did not entirely support the use of a more stringent cutoff score on the CES-D. Findings suggest that the purpose of the evaluation should be factored into the decision-making process when determining which cutoff score should be utilized (i.e. what is the cost-benefit ratio for false-positives vs. false-negatives). A series of hierarchical regression analyses supported the finding that disease severity alone does not explain the level of functioning displayed by patients. More importantly, the patient's perceived functioning was the best indicator of health care use within a 1-year period. Furthermore, specific interventions that target negative thinking and distorted cognitions, as well as provide psychoeducation, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, need to be further explored within this population.
Calcium-Resistant Membrane Behavior of Polymerized Bentonite

AbstractTraditional (unmodified) sodium bentonite (Na-bentonite) has been shown to exhibit semipermeable membrane behavior, which is beneficial in terms of the use of Na-bentonites as barriers or components of barriers for hydraulic containment applications. However, degradation of such membrane behavior due to the diffusion of cations into the bentonite also is known to occur, and this degradation increases with increasing salt concentration and increasing valence (charge) of the principle salt cation (e.g., Ca2+ versus K+). In this study, the membrane behavior of a polymerized bentonite referred to as a bentonite-polymer nanocomposite (BPN) was determined during multistage membrane tests using solutions of CaCl2. The BPN illustrated improved membrane behavior relative to that previously reported for both traditional and other chemically modified bentonites. However, complete degradation of the membrane behavior was ultimately observed for specimens of the BPN exposed to 10 mM CaCl2 for a test conducted ...
Is Early Cardioversion for Atrial Fibrillation Safe in Patients with Spontaneous Echocardiographic Contrast

The 2006 American Heart Association guidelines for management of patients with atrial fibrillation state "For patients with no identifiable thrombus in the left atrium (LA) or left atrial appendage (LAA), cardioversion (CV) is reasonable immediately after anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin. Thereafter, continuation of oral anticoagulation is reasonable for an anticoagulation period of at least 4 weeks". For patients with thrombus identified by transesophageal echocardiography, guidelines recommend therapeutic oral anticoagulation for 3 weeks prior to and 4 weeks after elective cardioversion. Patients with spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) identified by TEE have a high risk of thromboembolic events,1-8 however, the guidelines do not address whether patients with SEC without thrombus can be safely cardioverted. This paper reviews the literature describing the pathogenesis of SEC, how it is detected, and whether elective cardioversion is safe. On the basis of our review, we believe that the risk of cardioembolic stroke after cardioversion of a patient with SEC is low, regardless of anticoagulation. The safe conclusion is that patients with SEC on TEE should receive therapeutic anticoagulation prior to cardioversion if possible and early cardioversion is not contraindicated.
Business Environment Characteristics, Competitive Priorities, Supply Chain Structures, and Business Performance: an empirical study of the US technical textile industry

This study is the first work to develop a conceptual model linking Business Environment Characteristics (BEC), Competitive Priorities (CP), Supply Chain Structures (SCS) and Business Performance (FBP). Using the collected 202 eligible survey returns, Structural Equation Modelling technique is employed to analyse the relationships between these four constructs. The study demonstrates there are causal relationships from the BEC to the CP and SCS of firms as well as their FBP. There is also a causal relationship from firms' CP to their SCS. However, analyses indicate the CP and SCS of firms do not influence their FBP independently. The findings provide important implications for how research into strategic and Supply Chain Management should be approached in the future.
Temperature dependence of the relative integrated intensities of symmetry-allowed phonon-assisted exciton emission in Si and Ge

A model in which we interpret the observed temperature dependence of the relative intensities of symmetryallowed phonon-assisted exciton emission in Si and Ge is developed. The model is based on a splitting of the exciton ground state combined with different transition rates for the split exciton levels. Symmetry arguments are applied to reduce the relative transition rates for the various phonon-assisted transitions to a minimum number of parameters involving products of reduced matrix elements and energy denominators. If the parameters are determined by comparison with experiment, good quantitative agreement is achieved.
Managing citrus trees to optimize dry mass and nutrient partitioning

Abstract Non‐bearing “Hamlin” orange trees on “Swingle citrumelo” rootstock (32 months‐old) grown on a Candler fine sand (hyperthermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments) were harvested to estimate dry mass, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) accumulation and partitioning into various parts of the tree. The above parameters were evaluated for trees grown under low or high fertilization rates, using either water soluble granular (WSG), controlled release formulation (CRF), or liquid fertilizer delivered through irrigation water, i.e., fertigation (FRT). Trees were irrigated using under tree sprinklers with a wetting area diameter of 3.0 m. Total dry mass per tree followed the order: CRF > FRT = WSG and FRT > CRF > WSG for the low and high fertilization rates, respectively. Effects of fertilizer source on dry mass of individual tree parts followed the above response pattern with few exceptions. Dry mass of tree parts in relation to total tree dry mass decreased in the order: trunk > branch > leaves...