cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EAGO.jl: easy advanced global optimization in Julia

An extensible open-source deterministic global optimizer (EAGO) programmed entirely in the Julia language is presented. EAGO was developed to serve the need for supporting higher-complexity user-de...
Experimental Evaluation of the Impact of Signal Decorrelation on Plane Wave versus Focused ARFI VoA Measurements

ARFI Variance of Acceleration (VoA) has been previously used in clinical applications to delineate atherosclerotic plaque morphology and detect subcutaneous hemorrhage. In silico models also demonstrated that behavior of the parameter is influenced by error in the displacement estimates, which are accentuated by decreasing SNR or correlation. This study experimentally demonstrates that in non-elastic materials, decreasing correlation, induced by a greater magnitude ARFI push, increases VoA when the material SNR is above 40–45 dB. This signal correlation dependent change is realizable with focused and PW tracking, potentially expanding the clinical utility of high framerate VoA analysis.
¿Rebeldes o amotinados? La Corte Suprema de Justicia y el fuero militar en la construcción de un orden republicano en la Argentina, 1893-1905

Aquest article analitza els canvis en la manera de jutjar als militars implicats en delictes de rebel·lio a l'Argentina en el transit del segle XIX al X. Ens centrem en l'estudi de les sentencies de la Cort Suprema de Justicia de la Nacio davant les revoltes de 1893 i 1905 per explorar la conformacio d'un fur militar republica i l'enfortiment de les capacitats punitives de l'Estat en un context de forta conflictivitat politica. Se soste aqui que les causes de rebels militars van confrontar diverses concepcions sobre la revolucio, la llibertat i les garanties civils.
Examining Health Care Mobility of Transgender Veterans Across the Veterans Health Administration.

Purpose: Transgender veterans are overrepresented in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) compared with in the general population. Utilization of multiple different health care systems, or heal...
Measuring the Impacts of Teachers Ii: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood

Are teachers' impacts on students' test scores ("value-added") a good measure of their quality? This question has sparked debate partly because of a lack of evidence on whether high value-added (VA) teachers who raise students' test scores improve students' long-term outcomes. Using school district and tax records for more than one million children, we find that students assigned to high-VA teachers in primary school are more likely to attend college, earn higher salaries, and are less likely to have children as teenagers. Replacing a teacher whose VA is in the bottom 5% with an average teacher would increase the present value of students' lifetime income by approximately $250,000 per classroom.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Bridging the Gap between Resources and Marginalized Families

Marginalized communities, defined as culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct groups of people who are singled out from others in society and struggling financially, are burdened with challenge...
Establishing Efficient All One-to-One Paths by Exploring Cyclic Quorum Sets

Cycle-based routing is an efficient routing mechanism widely used to achieve fault-tolerant, reliable, and robust network routing. To meet all-to-all source-destination pairs traffic requirements using cycle-based routing, one efficient method is to use quorum sets to establish cycles to serve each source and destination pair on one of the cycles. Quorum-based cycle routing significantly reduces the total number of direct links to be used in the network compared to establishing all point-to-point communication routes. Adopting different quorum sets provides similar flexibility and reliability yet yields significant differences in resource utilization. We compare multiple quorum sets to establish cycle-based routing paths. We then adopt average cycle length (ACL), standard deviation of cycle length (SDCL), and longest cycle length (LCL) of different configurations of cyclic quorum sets as performance metrics. Using NSFnet topology, we conclude that there is no perfect cyclic quorum set that yields optimal performance for all metrics, and trade-offs need to be made based on the most significant network design requirement when choosing a solution.
Selenium nutrition and therapy in small ruminants

The objective of this presentation is to address selenium metabolism, disease relationships, and nutritional assessment in small ruminants. Selenium has long been recognized for its toxicity potential, which has driven the regulations restricting dietary supplementation. Selenium deficiency diseases are prevalent in small ruminants raised in geographic regions where soil selenium is marginal to deficient. Toxicity disease most often results from inappropriate parenteral supplementation. Sheep, goats, and camelids respond similarly to selenium deficiency or toxicity diseases, though diagnostic criteria assessing selenium status differ.
Activation by Adenosine Triphosphate in the Phosphorylation Kinetics of Sodium and Potassium Ion Transport Adenosine Triphosphatase

The steady state kinetics of sodium and potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) suggests an activating action of adenosine triphosphate in addition to its action as a phosphate donor. This action might be an acceleration of dissociation of K+ or its congeners from the enzyme. To test this possibility transient kinetics of the phosphoenzyme was investigated. In membranes from guinea pig kidney the enzyme was phosphorylated in the presence of magnesium ion and sodium ion with adenosine triphosphate which was radioactive in the terminal phosphate group. To this phosphoenzyme were added congeners of potassium ion, namely, rubidium ion or lithium ion at concentrations which produced an equal acceleration of dephosphorylation. At these same concentrations in the steady state, the level of dephosphoenzyme was higher in the presence of rubidium ion than in the presence of lithium ion. Rephosphorylation was relatively inhibited in the presence of rubidium ion. Rubidium ion appeared to combine with the phosphoenzyme, split off the phosphate group, and remain with the dephosphoenzyme in a relatively stable complex. This complex was isolated kinetically by addition of a high concentration of sodium ion with oligomycin. The isolated complex was less stable following an increase in the concentration of adenosine triphosphate. It was concluded that adenosine triphosphate was activating the enzyme in a fashion functionally distinct from its action as a phosphate donor, since adenosine triphosphate does not phosphorylate the enzyme in the presence of rubidium ion without sodium ion and since the concentration of adenosine triphosphate required for activation was much higher than that required for phosphorylation. The relatively stable complex of rubidium ion with the dephosphoenzyme was interpreted as evidence for a closed or occluded conformation of the active site for translocation of potassium ion across the membrane. Toxic agents altered this complex of the dephosphoenzyme; phlorizin increased and tetraphenyl boron decreased its stability. This kinetic mechanism provides an interpretation for a paradoxical feature in the p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity of this enzyme system.
Protest and Social Movements in Peru

Peru experienced a surge in protests by a variety of social actors after the fall of the Fujimori regime in 2000. This chapter reviews the main contributions of the social movements’ literature in order to better understand the factors that explain this surge. The review helps us clarify the fragmented and short-lived nature of several mobilizations in the country. This chapter also presents and describes an original subnational dataset of protest in Peru, recording 31 years of mobilizations based on the print media. The figures illustrate the changing nature of mobilizations as a consequence of economic liberalization. In congruence with contributions from the social movements’ literature, the figures also highlight the salience of political conditions as central to explaining rising mobilizations over other explanatory factors.
Regulation of a Ligand-Mediated Association-Dissociation System of Anthranilate Synthesis in Clostridium butyricum

Abstract The anthranilate synthetase of Clostridium butyricum is composed of two nonidentical subunits of unequal size. An enzyme complex consisting of both subunits is required for glutamine utilization in the formation of anthranilic acid. Formation of anthranilate will proceed in the presence of partially pure subunit I provided ammonia is available in place of glutamine. Partially pure subunit II neither catalyzes the formation of anthranilate nor possesses anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase activity. The enzyme complex is stabilized by high subunit concentrations and by the presence of glutamine. High KCl concentrations promote dissociation of the enzyme into its component subunits. The synthesis of subunits I and II is coordinately controlled with the synthesis of the enzymes mediating reactions 4 and 5 of the tryptophan pathway. When using gel filtration procedures, the molecular weights of the large (I) and small (II) subunits were estimated to be 127,000 and 15,000, respectively. Partially pure anthranilate synthetase subunits were obtained from two spontaneous mutants resistant to growth inhibition by 5-methyltryptophan. One mutant, strain mtr-8, possessed an anthranilate synthetase that was resistant to feedback inhibition by tryptophan and by three tryptophan analogues: 5-methyl-tryptophan, 4- and 5-fluorotryptophan. Reconstruction experiments carried out by using partially purified enzyme subunits obtained from wild-type, mutant mtr-8 and mutant mtr-4 cells indicate that resistance of the enzyme from mutant mtr-8 to feedback inhibition by tryptophan or its analogues was the result of an alteration in the large (I) subunit. Mutant mtr-8 incorporates [14C]tryptophan into cell protein at a rate comparable with wild-type cells. Mutant mtr-4 failed to incorporate significant amounts of [14C]tryptophan into cell protein. We conclude that strain mtr-4 is resistant to growth inhibition by 5-methyltryptophan because it fails to transport the analogue into the cell. Although mutant mtr-8 was isolated as a spontaneous mutant having two different properties (altered regulatory properties and an anthranilate synthetase with altered sensitivity to feedback inhibition), we have no direct evidence that this was the result of a single mutational event.
The physician's perception of health care

A general malaise appears to have settled on the American medical scene; most Americans continue to trust their own physicians but do not trust the medical profession or the health system as a whole, while many physicians feel harassed by the regulatory, bureaucratic, or litigious intrusions upon the patient-doctor relationship. The strains on mutual trust among physicians, their patients, and the public are being played out against a background of contradictions. The advances of biomedicine are offset by the neglect of social and behavioural aspects of medical care. Preoccupation with specialized, hospital-based treatment is accompanied by isolation of public health and preventive interests from medical education and practice. Society remains uncertain whether health care is a right or a privilege while accepting public responsibility for financing the health care of certain groups such as the indigent sick (Medicaid), the elderly (Medicare), Native Americans, or members of the armed forces and veterans. Rising expectations about better outcomes through advances in technology are accompanied by rising anxieties about cost, appropriateness of care, access, and quality. Physicians must alter their perception of health care by adopting a population-based approach to need, a commitment to restoring equity in staffing patterns and compensation between primary care and specialty care, and adoption of a social contract that provides for full access by all Americans to basic cost-effective preventive and clinical services before spending on less cost-effective services.
Adaptive signal representations: How much is too much?

Adaptive signal representations in overcomplete libraries of waveforms have been very popular. One naturally expects that in searching through a large number of signal representations for noisy data, one is at risk of identifying apparent structure in the data which turns out to be spurious, noise-induced artifacts. We show how to use penalties based on the logarithm of library complexity to temper the search, preventing such spurious structure, and giving near-ideal behavior.
Comparison of Peak Torque and Hamstring/Quadriceps Femoris Ratios During High-Velocity Isokinetic Exercise in Sprinters, Cross-Country Runners, and Normal Males

--------------------. -------------------The purpose of this study was to compare the overall peak torque per kilogram body weight (peak torque/kg) and hamstring to quadriceps femoris (H/Q) peak torque ratios between 13 male intercollegiate sprint athletes, 10 male intercollegiate cross-country runners, and 11 normal males at angular velocities of 271, 375, 472 and 583 deg/sec. A modified Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer was used for all data collection. The dominant leg of each subject was tested at all four test velocities and the non-gravity-corrected peak torque/kg values of the hamstrings and quadriceps femoris as well as the H/Q peak torque ratios were analyzed. The results were: (1) Sprinters produced a significantly greater (p < 0.05) values for both hamstrings and quadriceps femoris than normals at 271, 472, and 583 deg/sec and significantly greater quadriceps femoris peak torque/kg than cross-country runners at 583 deg/sec. (2) Cross-country runners produced significantly greater peak torque/kg hamstring values than normals at 472 deg/sec. (3) No significant differences were found for H/Q peak torque ratios between groups at each speed or between speeds for each group. (4) The absolute differences between peak torque/kg values of the hamstrings and the quadriceps femoris
On Distributed Detection with Correlated Local Detectors

Recently, Chair and Varshney have solved the data fusion problem for n fixed binary local detectors with statistically independent decisions. We generalize their solution by using the Bahadur-Lazarfeld expansion of probability density functions. The optimal data fusion rule is developed for correlated local binary decisions, in terms of the conditional correlation coefficients of order 1, 2, ..., n. We show that when all these coefficients are zero, the rule coincides with the original Chair-Varshney design.
Cytokine production by dengue virus antigen-responsive human T lymphocytes in vitro examined using a double immunocytochemical technique

A number of studies suggest that cytokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of viral infections, including dengue. In this study, we developed a double immunocytochemical method and characterized cytokine-producing cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of dengue virus-immune donors after in vitro stimulation with specific dengue antigens. We found that double immunostaining using immunoalkaline phosphatase (Vector blue) for cytokines [interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL) -2, -4, -1alpha, -1beta, and -6, tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-beta), and TNF-alpha] and immunoperoxidase [diaminobenzidine (DAB)] for cell surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD68) provided the best distinction of double-positive cells from single-positive or -negative cells. The number of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-beta-positive cells increased 2 or 3 days after stimulation with specific dengue antigens. No or very few cytokine-producing cells were detected in the PBMC of non-immune donors stimulated with dengue antigens and the PBMC of immune donors stimulated with a control antigen. The analysis of cell surface markers showed that mainly CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced these cytokines. The results obtained by immunocytochemistry were consistent with cytokine levels detected in the culture medium assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In conclusion, this double immunocytochemistry technique is suitable for the detection and characterization of cytokine-producing cells in PBMC. Furthermore, the results support the hypothesis that antigen-stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produce cytokines that may play a role in the pathogenesis of dengue virus infection.
Induction of the Lactose Transport System in a Lipid-Synthesis-Defective Mutant of Escherichia coli

In order to relate the biogenesis of the lactose transport system to lipid synthesis, a glycerol-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 with a specific defect in l-glycerol-3-phosphate synthesis was isolated and characterized. The defective enzyme is the biosynthetic l-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [l-glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD (P) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8] which functions as a dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase to provide l-glycerol-3-phosphate for lipid synthesis. In this mutant, removal of glycerol from the growth medium results in inhibition of the synthesis of protein, deoxyribonucleic acid, and phospholipid. Inhibition of phospholipid synthesis immediately follows glycerol removal, whereas the inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis is preceded by a short lag period. Glycerol starvation does not change the turnover pattern of previously synthesized phospholipids. The blocking of lipid synthesis by glycerol starvation causes a drastic decrease in inducibility of beta-galactoside transport activity relative to beta-galactosidase, indicating that induction of lactose transport requires de novo lipid synthesis.
High-speed circuit testing using surface second harmonic generation

Summary form only given. Because optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) is forbidden in centrosymmetric media, it is an attractive technique for studying perturbations such as electric fields that lower the symmetry. In particular, several investigations have highlighted the ability to detect electric fields in silicon, thus suggesting the possibility of measuring transient electric fields propagating on silicon-integrated circuits. We demonstrate, we believe, the first direct measurement of a picosecond electrical pulse using surface SHG. The present scheme is readily applicable to silicon-based circuits without the need for any external crystals or probes and can, therefore, be used to examine high-density integrated circuits.
Effects of weight loss on foot structure and function in obese adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial

Objective To investigate the effects of weight reduction on foot structure, gait, and dynamic plantar loading in obese adults.
Chemical aspects of coagulation using aluminum salts—I. Hydrolytic reactions of alum and polyaluminum chloride

Abstract This is the first of a two-part series of papers investigating the chemistry of Al coagulants. This paper examines hydrolysis reactions of alum and polyaluminum chloride (PAC1). Part II of the series addresses the coagulation of fulvic acid by these coagulants. Monomeric, polymeric and precipitated Al were identified based on a timed spectrophotometric analysis. At typical A1 doses used in water treatment, alum showed no evidence of polymer formation. PAC1 consists of preformed polymers which are stable upon dilution below pH 6 and over the time frames encountered in water treatment. Solubility studies showed that alum and PAC1 precipitate to form different solid phases. Alum precipitates are adequately described by amorphous A1(OH) 3 (s) solubility. The polymeric structure of PAC1 is retained upon precipitation yielding a solid phase with different light scattering characteristics, electrophoretic mobility and solubility than alum floc. A1 hydrolysis is interpreted as a coordination reaction between A1 and OH − . Effects of low temperature on alum are shown to be a result of changes in OH − caused, in part, by the temperature dependence of the ion product of water. Hydrolysis products in PAC1 are preformed and therefore less sensitive to in situ hydrolysis than alum. Results suggest that when using alum, some of the adverse effects of low temperatures may be mitigated by an increase in pH, thereby maintaining a constant concentration of the complexing ligand, OH − .
Exogenous hormone use and fibrocystic breast disease by histopathologic component

In a hospital-based case-control study of 590 women with biopsy-proven fibrocystic breast disease and 1,018 control women with other surgical conditions, no linear relationship was evident between the use of oral contraceptives or of estrogen replacement therapy and the degree of epithelial atypia of the fibrocystic lesions. Case-control and intracase comparisons suggested that oral contraceptive use might be associated with an increased occurrence of sclerosing adenosis among the premenopausal women and of gross cysts among the postmenopausal women. Estrogen replacement therapy, which was positively associated with fibrocystic breast disease as a whole among the post-menopausal women, was most frequently used among the cases whose biopsy specimens exhibited gross cysts, papillomatosis or papillary hyperplasia.
Strategies for intergovernmental management:implementing programs in interorganizational networks

Despite the increasing importance of inter-governmental issues, as well as the volume and quality of research that has been conducted on interorgani-zational relations, thus far relatively little explicit application of the latter to the former has occurred. Although much work remains to be done to develop the field of interorganizational relations, research already completed, especially investigations of policy implementation in interorganizational networks, demonstrates that substantial assistance can be provided to those who are involved with intergovern-mental management. Research-based strategies for intergovernmental management are discussed: influencing policy design; mobilizing, nurturing, and managing the interorganizational structure; and utilizing information on behalf of the common effort. Examples indicate how such strategies might be pursued effectively.
Effect of Lithium on Foot Shock Aggression in Rats

LITHIUM has been shown to be effective in the treatment of mania1–3, and it reduces aggressive behaviour in Siamese fighting fish and small rodents4. I have investigated the action of lithium on aggressive behaviour in rats subjected to foot shock. This type of aggression has been well described already5,6.
Context analysis in the sentence using rough relations

Abstract The paper presents a one-one correspondence between sentences and elements of graphs (i.e. arcs and nodes). Sentence graphs are linear and show the context of words. The operation of coherence enables planar (and even spatial) graphs to be created from the sentence graphs. The graphs are presented as an intermediary symbolism when translating sentences into foreign languages. The above graphs define separate grammatical and interpretational levels for adverbials, separate for the remaining part of the sentence, and independent levels for subordinate clauses in complex sentences. A concept of indistinctness is utilized for the representation of word context within the sentence and to select proper meanings. An approximation space reflecting the context of any word within the sentence is defined by associating a given word with a contextual data base. The contextual data base allows the proper meanings of words adjoining the given word in the graph model of sentence to be induced. The contextual knowledge base specifies the meaning of each particular word with respect to the most general words expected to adjoin the given word within the graph model of the sentence. The most general words are inferred upon a simple sweep data base.
Intramolecular hydrogen rearrangement associated with bond dissociation in field ion mass spectrometry

Abstract Use of the electric sector field as an energy filter provides a valuable means for studying gas-phase decompositions of metastable organic ions in double-focusing mass spectrometers. Based upon this principle, a “decoupling technique” was employed to analyse time requirements and gas-phase origin of rearrangement processes in molecular ions generated by field ionization. While in earlier studies gas-phase rearrangement was generally found to be slow (too slow to yield “normal” fragment peaks in single-focusing field ion mass spectrometers) it was established that elimination of RCOOH from aliphatic carboxylic esters can involve exceedingly fast hydrogen rearrangement prior to, or concomitant with, CO bond dissociation, i.e., that the combination of these two events can take place within a very short time interval (10−1210−11 sec) after ionization. In several cases the rearrangement products CnH2n+ can attain such prominence as to present the base peaks in the field ion mass spectra in contrast to molecular ions of unusually low abundance. The ease of these rearrangement processes is discussed in view of prerequisites concerning transition states as well as site specificity in comparison to equivalent electron-impact induced fragmentation of this class of compounds,
The Development of Orthographic Wh- in Early Middle English:

De nombreux mots anglais actuels ont pour initiale l'orthographe wh-. On retrouve la trace de cette orthographe en vieil anglais sous la forme hw-. L'apparition de wh- se fait de maniere occasionnelle en moyen anglais a partir du 11 e siecle, et devient courante au 13 e siecle. L'A. examine quelques exemples de cette variation orthographique entre 1200 et 1300
The teaching of moral values in geography

Abstract Geographical education and moral values education are often connected. A broad philosophical perspective is taken in order to clarify the role of the geographical educator who also dons the mantle of moral educator. An argument is outlined in favour of teaching objective substantive moral values and against teacher neutrality. The existence of tensions between geographical education and moral education is alluded to and illustrated by reference to what is meant by an environmental morality.
All-optical active switching in individual semiconductor nanowires

An all-optical logic gate using stimulated polariton scattering is made by combining two semiconductor nanowire optical switches.
The Treatment of Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias with Combined Endocardial Resection and Implantation of the Automatic Defibrillator: Preliminary Report

Abstract Fourteen patients with refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias were treated with combined endocardial resection and implantation of the automatic defibrillator. There were 11 men and 3 women with a mean age of 53 years (range, 41 to 58 years). All patients had coronary artery disease; the mean ejection fraction was 26%, and the mean number of cardiac arrests was 2.6. Programmed electrical stimulation induced sustained ventricular tachycardia in 13 patients and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 1. Operative endocardial mapping in the 13 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia demonstrated a septal focus of early activation in 9 patients and a nonseptal site in 4. Following resection, sustained ventricular tachycardia could not be reinduced. There was 1 operative death. Programmed electrical stimulation performed one month after operation induced ventricular tachycardia in 5 patients, but tachycardia could not be induced in the other 8 survivors. The longest follow-up was 32 months; the average was 17 months. There were 2 late deaths. One patient died of myocardial infarction and 1 of pulmonary edema following a routine cholecystectomy. In another patient, late ventricular tachycardia developed but was automatically terminated by the implanted defibrillator. These results suggest that endocardial resection combined with implantation of the automatic defibrillator may offer the greatest protection yet available to patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Synthesis of a Protected (±)-Calicheamicinone Derivative by Sequential Introduction of Functionality into the Bicyclo[7.3.1]enediyne Core Structure

The core bicyclo[7.3.0]enediyne 3 has been synthesized from the protected cyclohexane-1,2-dione 6 and enediyne component 9. Conversion of 20 into more highly functionalized enediynes was accomplish...
Enzymatic measurement of sphingosine 1-phosphate.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (SPP) is a sphingolipid metabolite which has novel dual actions acting as both an intracellular second messenger and a ligand for a family of G protein-coupled receptors. This paper describes a rapid enzymatic method to quantify mass levels of SPP in serum, mammalian tissues, and cultured cells. The assay utilizes an alkaline lipid extraction to selectively separate SPP from other phospholipids and sphingolipids, including sphingosine. Extracted SPP is efficiently converted to sphingosine by alkaline phosphatase treatment. Sphingosine thus formed is then quantitatively phosphorylated to [(32)P]SPP using recombinant sphingosine kinase and [gamma-(32)P]ATP. With this procedure we were able to obtain reproducible measurements of SPP over a broad range from 0.25 pmol to 2.5 nmol. In various rat tissues, levels of SPP varied between 0. 5 and 6 pmol/mg wet wt. The lowest levels were found in heart and testes, while brain contained the highest levels. The method was adapted easily to measure minute amounts of SPP present in various cultured cell types. The amount of SPP in cell extracts was proportional to the cell number and varied between 0.04 and 2 pmol/10(6) cells. Concurrent measurements of sphingosine levels revealed that its concentration was significantly higher than SPP in most cells and tissues. Furthermore, with this assay we were able to measure increases in intracellular SPP levels in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells after treatment with exogenous sphingosine or with nerve growth factor which stimulates sphingosine kinase activity.
Degradation of fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos sulfone in soil with a history of continuous applications of fenamiphos

Mineralization rates of fenamiphos sulfoxide (FSO), total-toxic-residue [TTR, FSO + fenamiphos sulfone (FSO2)] disappearance rates for FSO, disappearance rates of FSO2, and metabolites in surface and subsurface soil samples collected from a turfgrass site (fairway) were determined. This site had been treated with fenamiphos annually or biannually for 20 years, and enhanced degradation of fenamiphos TTR was observed. Both the mineralization of FSO and the disappearance of FSO TTR, as well as the disappearance of FSO2 in soil samples collected from the fairway were much more rapid than in soil samples collected from a nearby site (rough) that had no previous history of fenamiphos application. Both FSO and FSO2 were degraded more rapidly in surface soil samples than in subsurface samples. The degradation pathway of FSO in the fairway soil samples was different from the rough samples. Hydrolysis to FSO phenol (FSO-OH) was the initial route of degradation of FSO in the fairway samples, whereas hydrolysis to FSO-OH and oxidation to FSO2 were the initial routes of degradation in the rough samples.
Brain-Targeted (Pro)renin Receptor Knockdown Attenuates Angiotensin II–Dependent Hypertension

The (pro)renin receptor is a newly discovered member of the brain renin-angiotensin system. To investigate the role of brain (pro)renin receptor in hypertension, adeno-associated virus-mediated (pro)renin receptor short hairpin RNA was used to knockdown (pro)renin receptor expression in the brain of nontransgenic normotensive and human renin-angiotensinogen double-transgenic hypertensive mice. Blood pressure was monitored using implanted telemetric probes in conscious animals. Real-time PCR and immunostaining were performed to determine (pro)renin receptor, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and vasopressin mRNA levels. Plasma vasopressin levels were determined by ELISA. Double-transgenic mice exhibited higher blood pressure, elevated cardiac and vascular sympathetic tone, and impaired spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity. Intracerebroventricular delivery of (pro)renin receptor short-hairpin RNA significantly reduced blood pressure, cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic tone, and improved baroreflex sensitivity compared with the control virus treatment in double-transgenic mice. (Pro)renin receptor knockdown significantly reduced angiotensin II type 1 receptor and vasopressin levels in double-transgenic mice. These data indicate that (pro)renin receptor knockdown in the brain attenuates angiotensin II–dependent hypertension and is associated with a decrease in sympathetic tone and an improvement of the baroreflex sensitivity. In addition, brain-targeted (pro)renin receptor knockdown is associated with downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and vasopressin levels. We conclude that central (pro)renin receptor contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension in human renin-angiotensinogen transgenic mice.
MEASUREMENTS OF MEAN VELOCITY PROFILES IN A HYDROCYCLONE USING LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY

A quantitative study of the axial and tangential components of the mean velocity in a 3″-hydrocyclone using laser doppler anemometry has revealed multiple reverse flows in the vortex core. Flow vis...
l dependence of the optical potential: Application to the /sup 32/S+n reaction using coupled channels

Several recent analyses of neutron induced reactions have necessitated the use of different potential parameters for different partial waves. We suggest that this parametrization of the optical potential can be alleviated if the proper dynamic deformations of the target nucleus are introduced. In an application to the /sup 32/S+n reaction, a coupled channel calculation yields good fits to elastic and compound cross sections with a unique set of real optical potential parameters.
Integrating clonal selection and deterministic sampling for efficient associative classification

Traditional Associative Classification (AC) algorithms typically search for all possible association rules to find a representative subset of those rules. Since the search space of such rules may grow exponentially as the support threshold decreases, the rules discovery process can be computationally expensive. One effective way to tackle this problem is to directly find a set of high-stakes association rules that potentially builds a highly accurate classifier. This paper introduces AC-CS, an AC algorithm that integrates the clonal selection of the immune system along with deterministic data sampling. Upon picking a representative sample of the original data, it proceeds in an evolutionary fashion to populate only rules that are likely to yield good classification accuracy. Empirical results on several real datasets show that the approach generates dramatically less rules than traditional AC algorithms. In addition, the proposed approach is significantly more efficient than traditional AC algorithms while achieving a competitive accuracy.
Evaluation of Neuromuscular Parameters Describing Human Reflex Motion

In a companion paper to the present, a model is derived to predict human reflex motion. This model contains a set of seven neuromuscular parameters which are evaluated in the present paper on the basis of results obtained from experiments performed on the human forearm. In these experiments, forearm position is studied following an abrupt change in load and the parameters are evaluated using an identification scheme which minimizes an error function containing forearm position. The relative importance of the various parameters is discussed as well as the relation between the proposed model and previous models in this field.
The Multiple Roles That Youth Development Program Leaders Adopt With Youth

The roles that program leaders establish in their relationships with youth structure how leaders are able to foster youth development. This article examines the complex roles program leaders create in youth programs and investigates how they balanced multiple roles to most effectively respond to the youth they serve. Analyses of qualitative data from 12 high quality programs for high school—aged youth suggest that program leaders take on different roles. In some cases, youth experienced their program leader as a trusted friend, caring parent figure, or influential mentor. In other instances they described him or her as having the knowledge and authority of a teacher or boss. Analyses further suggest that moving across multiple roles appeared to make the program leaders more effective.
Low tension glaucoma: A critical review and new material

Abstract Low tension glaucoma (LTG) is a condition consisting of typical glaucomatous disc and field changes, an open angle and pressures within the statistically normal range. The controversy surrounding low tension glaucoma pertains not only to the definition and characteristics of the entity itself, but to the fundamental questions it raises regarding the causal relationship between intraocular pressure and disc and field changes. This review of LTG is based on material from three major sources: Sjogren's review from 1857 to 1946; the author's review of the world literature from 1947 through 1979; and an analysis of 32 of the author's cases. 767 cases from clinic and private practice and 241 cases from defined populations are considered. Definitions, incidence, characteristics, differential diagnosis and management of LTG are discussed, as are its relationship to primary open angle glaucoma and its possible association with various other entities. Pathogenesis and possible mechanisms are also explored.
Elasticity of San Carlos olivine to 8 GPa and 1073 K

[1] Elasticity of San Carlos olivine, (Mg0.9, Fe0.1)2SiO4, has been measured at simultaneous high pressure and high temperature to 8.2 GPa and 1073 K using ultrasonic interferometry in conjunction with synchrotron X-radiation. The elastic moduli and their pressure and temperature derivatives are precisely determined using a pressure standard free fit using third-order finite strain equations to the velocity and unit cell volume data in the entire pressure and temperature range, yielding KS0 = 130.3(4) GPa, G0 = 77.4(2) GPa, K′S0 = 4.61(11), G′0 = 1.61(4), ∂KS/∂T = −0.0164(5) GPa/K, and ∂G/∂T = −0.0130(3) GPa/K. Combined with previous thermoelastic data on wadsleyite, the velocity contrasts between α- and β-(Mg, Fe)2SiO4 at 410-km depth are calculated along a 1673 K adiabatic geotherm with plausible iron partition between the two phases. The fraction of olivine consistent with a ∼5% seismic discontinuity in an anhydrous mantle is constrained to be less than ∼50% with the possibility that a hydrous or a cooler mantle increases the olivine content towards pyrolitic composition.
Post-transcriptional regulatory elements and spatiotemporal specification of neocortical stem cells and projection neurons

The mature neocortex is a unique six-layered mammalian brain region. It is composed of morphologically and functionally distinct subpopulations of primary projection neurons that form complex circuits across the central nervous system. The precisely-timed generation of projection neurons from neural stem cells governs their differentiation, postmitotic specification, and signaling, and is critical for cognitive and sensorimotor ability. Developmental perturbations to the birthdate, location, and connectivity of neocortical neurons are observed in neurological and psychiatric disorders. These facts are highlighting the importance of the precise spatiotemporal development of the neocortex regulated by intricate transcriptional, but also complex post-transcriptional events. Indeed, mRNA transcripts undergo many post-transcriptional regulatory steps before the production of functional proteins, which specify neocortical neural stem cells and subpopulations of neocortical neurons. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the differential post-transcriptional regulation of key transcripts by RNA-binding proteins, including splicing, localization, stability, and translation. We also present a transcriptome screen of candidate molecules associated with post-transcriptional mRNA processing that are differentially expressed at key developmental time points across neocortical prenatal neurogenesis.
Relating Feedstock Composition to Product Slate and Composition in Catalytic Cracking. 2. Feedstocks Derived from Brass River, a High-Quality Nigerian Crude

The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) behavior of compound types present in the >650 °F resid from Brass River (Nigerian) crude was investigated. Liquid chromatography and distillation were employed for separation of selected compound type fractions from the resid; the resulting fractions were then cracked using a bench scale FCC unit. The FCC behavior for each compound type was defined in terms of the resulting product distribution (yields of gas, gasoline, etc.) sulfur and nitrogen partitioning, and in selected cases, gasoline composition. Results obtained from Brass River fractions were compared to those obtained from an earlier FCC study of compound types from Wilmington, CA, >650 °F resid. Correlations were derived for gasoline and coke yields from feedstocks derived from either crude. Brass River is a sweet, paraffinic crude which gives rise to a >650 °F resid with very favorable FCC characteristics. Although the bulk of the FCC gasoline was produced from cracking hydrocarbon types present, significant...
Role of nonspecific cytotoxic cells in the induction of programmed cell death of pathogenic protozoans: participation of the Fas ligand-Fas receptor system.

Numerous different species of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms produce programmed cell death (PCD) and apoptosis in eukaryotic targets. How ever, only a few studies have demonstrated that effector cells, cytokines, growth factors, or soluble apoptosis-inducing factors are capable of initiating apoptosis in protozoan parasites. Certain Tetrahymena spp. in teleosts are opportunistic pathogens. In the present study these pathogenic protozoans were developed as a model system to describe the potential role of the Fas ligand (FasL)-Fas receptor (FasR) system as a means of innate immunity in teleosts. Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) constitutively express soluble FasL (sFasL). Binding of the antigen receptor (i.e., NCCRP-1) on NCC to target cells caused the release of sFasL into the milieu. The presence of functional sFasL in these supernatants was determined by Western blot analysis and by demonstrating the lysis of FasR(+) HL-60 but not IM-9 (FasR(-)) targets. Soluble FasL containing supernatants generated by tumor cell-activated NCC also produced a reduction in 2 N DNA (i.e., DNA hypoploidy) of T. furgasoni. The induction of DNA hypoploidy by NCC supernatants could be neutralized by adsorption of the supernatants with anti-FasL antibody (but not with an isotype control). Experiments were next done to determine the expression of FasR on Tetrahymena and study the effects of anti-FasR monoclonal crosslinkage and treatment with soluble human recombinant FasL (huFasL) on initiation of PCD in Tetrahymena. Cell cycle analysis revealed that both crosslinkage and soluble huFasL binding to Tetrahymena produced DNA hypoploidy. The reduction in diploid DNA was confirmed by observing oligonucleosome fragmentation (DNA laddering) following anti-FasR treatment. Additional evidence for FasR expression on Tetrahymena was obtained using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Both methods showed that all Tetrahymena examined (three species consisting of four isolates) expressed membrane FasR. These studies demonstrated the potential of the FasL-FasR system in teleosts for initiation of antiparasite innate immunity. Effector NCC may initiate PCD of Tetrahymena that express a FasR-like protein. Induction of apoptosis may be a major mechanism of homeostatic control of protozoan parasite infestations/infections.
Phase I study with neocarzinostatin: tolerance to two hour infusion and continuous infusion.

Neocarzinostatin (NCZ), an acidic polypeptide antibiotic, was given to 47 patients with cancer and leukemia, and tolerance to two schedules, a single dose given as a 2 hour infusion and a continuous infusion over 5 days, was investigated. Immediate reactions, including fever, chills, rigor, hypertension and mental confusion, were dose-limiting for the 2 hour infusion schedule, occurring at 3000 U/m2 and higher. Continuous administration for 5 days eliminated the immediate reactions and then hematological toxicity—often prolonged leukopenia and thrombocytopenia—became dose-limiting. Other toxicities of NCZ at both dose schedules included anemia, fever and chills, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, hepatic dysfunction, azotemia, hypophosphatemia, aminoaciduria, stomatitis, phlebitis and/or cellulitis at the venous infusion site and pruritus. Patients with solid tumors who had received little or no prior chemotherapy and had good bone marrow reserve tolerated up to 6000 U/m2/24 hours × 5 days. One patient with previously treated acute myelocytic leukemia was induced into a good partial remission lasting 10 weeks. Cancer 42:1670–1679, 1978.
Modeling airborne transport of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: lymantriidae) larvae

Abstract Wind structure and dispersal of gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar (L.), were simulated using a three-dimensional wind and dispersion model. In particular, the springtime wind patterns of coastal California near Monterey Bay, an area of current infestation, were simulated using climatological data. These mass-conserved winds were then used to simulate the trajectories of gypsy moth larvae with terminal velocities ranging from 40 cm per second to 120 cm per second. Small-scale convective processes which would carry the larvae aloft were simulated through the random location of buoyant plumes in the modeled area. Three hundred simulations were made in order to determine the probability of long-range airborne transport of larvae. The larvae were carried aloft and transported more than a few hundred meters in only 2% of the cases. Dispersal under these 2% of the cases in which long-range transport occurred was then examined in detail for larvae with terminal velocities of 40, 80, and 120 cm s −1 . Model results showed that the larvae with a 120 cm s −1 terminal velocity were transported 7 km and resulted in a maximum concentration of 49 larvae per hectare based on 1 million larvae at the source. The larvae with a terminal velocity of 40 cm s −1 were transported 21 km with a maximum concentration of 14 larvae per hectare. While the results shown in this paper are geographically specific, the model is fully exportable since it is based on a direct solution of the equations describing those physical processes.
The effect of temperature differentials upon the differentiation of Mauthner's cell in Ambystoma.

Eggs of Ambystoma maculatum were separated into three groups and maintained at 5°, 8° and 14°C, respectively, until stage 27. At this stage the otic vesicle was extirpated from the right side, thus eliminating the VIIIth cranial ganglion and root. The number of cases in which Mauthner's cell (MC) failed to differentiate in the absence of VIIIth roots was compared among the three temperature groups. In a total of 713 animals, MC was absent on the side of operation in 200 cases (28.05%). Comparison of the three temperature groups with respect to the absence of MC is as follows: 14°, 39 of 212 cases (18%); 8°, 83 of 266 cases (31%); 5°, 78 of 235 cases (33%). Statistical analysis of these data demonstrates a significant difference between either one of the colder groups and the 14° group with regard to suppression of MC. When the two colder groups are tallied as a single sample, the difference is even more significant. There is no significant difference between the 5° and 8° groups. These results indicate that the differentiation of MC is more dependent upon the ingrowth of VIIIth root fibers when morphological development has been delayed by prolonged hypothermia.