cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and Practices of Sign Language Interpreters in Inclusive Education Programs

This study was designed to determine (a) the demographic characteristics and responsibilities of educational sign language interpreters within the K-12 public school system in the United States; (b) the mode of communication they use most frequently; and (c) their education and certification levels. Surveys were completed by 222 educational sign language interpreters in three states. Results showed the lack of certification and adequate training for the majority of respondents, as well as inadequate minority/gender representation, among other concerns. The study raised questions about the dependence of students who are deaf or hard of hearing on the educational interpreter support system. Recommendations for educational practice are presented.
Foods contributing to energy intake in the US: data from NHANES III and NHANES 1999-2000

Abstract Efforts to reduce the trend of increasing obesity in the United States should be more effective when informed by knowledge of the dietary patterns that are associated with this result. The purpose of this analysis is to describe the foods and food groups that contribute the most to population intake of energy. Two representative surveys were examined, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted in 1988–1994, and the NHANES from 1999–2000. All foods reported in these surveys were recoded into 144 food items. Foods were also further recoded into 23 food groups. Food items and groups were then ranked according to the proportion of total energy intake contributed by that food item or group. The #1 contributor of energy intake in both time periods was soft drinks, which contributed 7.1% of energy intake in 1999–2000. Among food groups, “Sweets, desserts” contributed the most to energy intake. Three nutrient-poor food groups, “Sweets, desserts”, “Soft drinks” and “Alcoholic beverages” contributed almost 25% of all the energy consumed in the US population. Efforts to reduce obesity should focus on both individual and policy actions to reduce the importance of nutrient-poor foods in the US diet.
Service penetration by persons with severe mental illness: how should it be measured?

As performance indicators and outcomes measures become essential parts of doing business, providers of mental health services are developing and using a number of access measures. One that is being used with increasing frequency is service penetration. However, the lack of standard methods for calculating and reporting service penetration has made the comparison of penetration rates across studies difficult. This article discusses the conceptualization and operationalization of service penetration. In addition, it presents an exploratory study of service penetration using data from the same persons using very different data sources; these data were collected during an evaluation of a Medicaid managed care system in Florida. The article offers recommendations for the use and reporting of service penetration rates.
MiniBooNE: The booster neutrino experiment at fermilab

Abstract The MiniBooNE experiment at Fermilab is designed to confirm or rule out the LSND observation by looking for vμ → ve oscillations. Muon neutrinos are produced by 8 GeV protons from the Fermilab Booster. Neutrino data taking with is currently underway. We describe the experiment and our expected sensitivity to a neutrino oscillation signal.
Mediastinal Xanthoma with Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia

Mediastinal xanthomas are very rare lesions, only a dozen or so having been reported in the world literature. The etiology is obscure, but the presence of a concomitant granulomatous reaction in the lymph nodes suggests that the tumor may be the result of a reaction to injury. The foam cell which is the principal type in xanthomatous lesions is regularly produced in many inflammatory and metabolic disturbances. The tendency to such a reaction would be consistent with the familial hyperlipoproteinemia which was present in the patient's family.
The eigenstrain formulation for classical plates

Abstract In the present paper, the eigenstrain formulation is developed for classical plates. By employing this approach. Green's function of an isotropic plate is obtained in closed form. The solution for a plate with semi-infinite hinge is derived, which shows a l/r singularity near the tip of the hinge. The Eshelby-type problem, an elliptic inclusion with uniform eigenstrain. is studied and the result has the same features as that of the Eshelby solution for ellipsoidal inclusion in threedimensional elasticity, i.e., the general stress Mαβ and strain Wαβ are uniform inside the inclusion. By using the equivalent inclusion method outlined in this paper, an elliptic inhomogeneity which has different material properties from the matrix can be made equivalent to an elliptic inclusion with appropriate uniform eigenstrain. and can therefore be solved readily.
Further studies of phonation threshold pressure in a physical model of the vocal fold mucosa.

This paper reports results of further experimentation on a previously developed physical model of the vocal-fold mucosa [Titze et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 3080–3084 (1995)]. The effects of vocal-fold thickness, epithelial membrane thickness, and prephonatory glottal geometry on phonation threshold pressure were studied. Phonation threshold pressures in the range of 0.13 to 0.34 kPa were observed for an 11-mm-thick vocal fold with a 70-μm-thick “epithelial” membrane for different “mucosal” fluid viscosities. Higher threshold pressure was always obtained for thinner vocal folds and thicker membranes. In another set of experiments, lowest offset threshold pressure was obtained for a rectangular or a near-rectangular prephonatory glottis (with a glottal convergence angle within about ±3° ). It ranged from 0.07 to 0.23 kPa for different glottal half-widths between 2.0 and 6.0 mm. The threshold for more convergent or divergent glottal geometries was consistently higher. This finding only partially agrees with previous analytical work which predicts a lowest threshold for a divergent glottis. The discrepancy between theory and data is likely to be associated with flow separation from a divergent glottis.
A physiological theory of phonetics.

This paper presents a phonetic theory based on physiological parameters. The motivation for and requirements of a phonetic theory are first considered. The theory assumes, without restatement, vari...
Induction of N-glycosylation activity in cultured embryonic rat brain cells.

Developmental changes in protein N-glycosylation activity have been studied using cultures of dissociated fetal rat brain cells as an in vitro model system. These cultures undergo an initial phase of neurite outgrowth and cell proliferation (4–6 days in culture), followed by a period of cellular differentiation. N-Glycosylation activity has been measured by assaying the incorporation of [2-3H]-mannose into dolichol-linked oligosaccharides and glyco-protein over a period of 1–25 days in culture. This study revealed a marked induction of N-glycosylation activity beginning at approximately 1 week of culture. [2-3H]-Mannose incorporation into the oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate fraction and glycoprotein reached maximal values between 12 and 16 days of culture and declined thereafter. The major dolichol-linked oligosaccharide labeled by the brain cell cultures was shown to be Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 by HPLC analysis. Parallel incorporation studies with [3H]leucine showed that the increase in protein N-glycosylation was relatively higher than a concurrent increase in cellular protein synthesis observed during the induction period. Maximal labeling of glycoprotein corresponded to the period of glial differentiation, as indicated by a sharp rise in the marker enzymes, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (an oligodendroglial marker) and glutamine synthetase (an astroglial marker). The results describe a developmental activation of the N-glycosylation pathway and suggest a possible relationship between N-linked glycoprotein assembly and the growth and differentiation of glial cells.
Space-charge-limited currents at low temperatures in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Transient and steady-state space-charge-limited currents (SCLCs) have been measured in intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H) n+-i-n+ and p+-i-p+ configurations of various thicknesses in the low-temperature regime T < 100 K. Transient measurements of the field dependence of the electron mobility and its dispersion are compared with d.c. SCLC results made on the same samples. At fields above 105Vcm−1, the increase in conductivity is dominated by the increase in carrier mobility. A simple model is presented to show that a strongly field-dependent mobility prevents the build-up of inhomogeneous carrier and field distributions in the bulk of a-Si: H in the SCLC regime. The field enhancement explains the similarity of transport properties measured for intrinsic a-Si: H in the SCLC regime and for doped a-Si:H in the SCLC-free case.
Running: Twice As Fast, Just To Keep Up

(2006). Running: Twice As Fast, Just To Keep Up. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 57-58.
Regional theory and regionalism: Towards rethinking the regional question ☆

Abstract This article presents an historical review of the evolution of regional planning ideas under the growth pole paradigm, from its beginnings in the early 1950s to the current deluge of criticism. Then the outlines of an alternative approach are suggested, emphasizing what is called territorial development, a concept which focuses on meeting the cultural, political and economic needs of regional population groups — as opposed to urging their functional integration into the broader national and world economy. It is argued that territorial development can only be achieved by arousing the regional communities themselves into seeking selective regional closure and strategic regional advantage through willful community action.
On the quasi-instantaneous aerodynamic load and pressure field measurements on turbines by non-intrusive PIV

An experimental technique is presented to non-intrusively measure the quasi-instantaneous aerodynamic loads and surrounding pressure field for a turbine by using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The PIV measurements provide the velocity flow field needed to calculate the pressure field around the turbine using three different methods. In the first method, the quasi-instantaneous and mean pressure fields are obtained by solving the Poisson equation and by calculating the boundary conditions from the Navier–Stokes equations. In the second method, the pressure at the boundaries is determined by spatial integration of the pressure gradient. In the third method, the pressure is calculated using the Bernoulli equation. The experimental results are compared to aerodynamic load theoretical predictions from the Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM). An analysis of the experimental results showed the importance of the local acceleration, convective and pressure terms when calculating the forces and the pressure field in a stationary reference frame. Only the Poisson method includes all these terms, and had a small standard deviation between the calculated instantaneous forces. Furthermore, the Poisson method results are independent of the control volume size investigated while the other two experimental methods are affected. This experimental technique could be used to simultaneously replace instrumentation such as force balance and pressure taps while providing for the first time quasi-instantaneous information about the surrounding flow in any turbine immersed in an incompressible flow. In addition, it could be applied to evaluate unsteady wind loads and aerodynamic stall and also provide much needed information for validating computational studies.
miRNA 128 Induces Cell Death in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines

miRNA 128 has been found to induce cell death in both glioblastoma multiforme and myeloid leukemia cell lines. Results showed that increased levels of miRNA 128 led to higher cell death rates. Future studies of other cancer cell lines could pave the way for miRNA as a therapeutic tool in treating cancer.
The M Curve: The Performance of Born‐Regional Firms From Korea

This paper utilizes a new data base on the international activities of small, new ventures in Korea to examine the impact of internationalization on firm performance. Main findings are two‐fold: first, the degree of internationalization by new ventures is related to firm performance in a non‐linear fashion with four phases resulting in the new M‐shaped curve; and, second, the internationalization of the new ventures in the home region of the triad moderates positively the non‐linear M‐shaped relationship between the two as their degree of internationalization increases.
What Is The Wrong Of Wrongful Disability? From Chance To Choice To Harms To Persons

The issue of wrongful disability arises when parents face the choice whether to produce a child whose life will be unavoidably flawed by a serious disease or disorder (Down syndrome, for example, or Huntington’s disease) yet clearly worth living. The authors of From Chance to Choice claim, with certain restrictions, that the choice to produce such a child is morally wrong. They then argue that an intuitive moral approach––a “person-affecting” approach that pins wrongdoing to the harming of some existing or future person––cannot account for that wrong since the choice to produce such a child cannot, under the logic of the nonidentity problem, harm that child. The authors propose that we supplement the person-affecting approach with an “impersonal” principle that takes the form of their well-known principle N. In this paper, I argue that the authors are mistaken to suppose that a plausibly articulated person-affecting approach cannot account for the wrong of wrongful disability. We can retain an intuitive, comparative, “worse for” account of harm and still identify serious harms imposed by the choice of wrongful disability. In particular, I argue that harm, both to the impaired child and to others, comes not in the form of that procreative choice’s procreative effect but rather in the form of its many distributive effects. I also argue that the rare, residual case in which a person-affecting approach would approve of the choice of wrongful disability does not function as a counterexample to that approach. As a separate matter, I address legal claims for wrongful disability, which are closely akin to claims for wrongful life. The legal claim is brought by the impaired child, not against the parents, but rather against health care providers whose negligent failure to diagnose or inform parents of an increased risk of a genetic or congenital impairment results in the birth of the impaired child. The authors’ treatment of the moral wrong that is done as impersonal in nature suggests that courts are correct to dismiss any such claim. Once we identify harm, however, the person-affecting approach can identify a clear foundation in the law for the wrongful disability claim.
Robust Transceiver Design for the Multi-User Interference Channel

We consider the problem of designing robust linear transceivers for a memoryless narrowband Gaussian interference channel (GIC) where $M$ multi-antenna sources communicate with their respective single-antenna receivers. The design of such linear transceivers heavily depends on the accuracy of the channel state information (CSI) available at the transmitters. In practice, the transmitters can acquire only imperfect or noisy CSI. We adopt a popular noisy CSI model which assumes that the noise terms (i.e., errors in the CSI) lie within known hyper-ellipsoids and design transceivers that optimize a {\em worst-case} quality of service measure. In particular, we focus on maximizing the worst-case weighted sum-rate as well as the worst-case minimum rate. For obtaining such transceiver designs, we exploit semi-definite programming methods and offer efficient centralized and distributed algorithms that entail different levels of information exchange among the transmitters.
Creative data collection in nonformal settings

This chapter discusses four creative methods for addressing the special methodological challenges of nonformal education programs.
On Noël Carroll on narrative closure

This paper examines various claims by Noel Carroll about narrative closure and its relationship to narrative connections, which are, roughly, causal connections generously conceived to include necessary conditions for sufficient conditions for an effect. I propose supplementing the expanded notion of a cause with Michael Bratman’s notion of a psychological connection to account for the particular role that human agents play in narratives. A novel and a film are used as examples to illustrate how the concept of a psychological connection eliminates the need for Carroll's condition that narratives must be globally forward-looking.
The Association between Latitudinal Temperature Gradient and Eddy Transport. Part I: Transport of Sensible Heat in Winter

Abstract When the total eddy transport of sensible heat in middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere increases in winter, the zonally averaged temperature gradient in the subtropics tends to increase, while the temperature gradient decreases in the same latitude as, and north of, the given total eddy flux. This effect is associated mainly with the flux in the quasi-stationary or mean waves. In agreement with this relationship between temperature gradient and heat transport, the correlation between the total eddy flux divergence and zonally averaged temperature in middle latitudes is strongly negative; and the main contribution to this negative correlation also comes from the quasi-stationary eddies. When the mean-eddy flux increases at middle latitudes, the transient-eddy flux tends to decrease over the region of weaker gradients to the north of the stronger mean-eddy flux and to increase to the south of it; and conversely when the mean-eddy flux weakens. From the association between total eddy transpor...
Improving condom use intentions and behavior by changing perceived partner norms: an evaluation of condom promotion videos for college students.

Objective To examine the effectiveness of 2 condom promotion videotapes on self-efficacy, intentions, and behavior. Design Two hundred twenty college students completed social-cognitive and behavioral measures and were then randomly assigned to receive one of two 30-min condom promotion videotapes (male or female student presenters) or to a wait-list control condition. Participants who watched 1 of the videotapes completed immediate posttest measures, and 85% of participants completed a 4-month follow-up. Main outcome measures Self-efficacy for condom use, intentions to use condoms, use of condom during last sex, and consistent condom use over the last month. Results Participants who received either video reported greater self-efficacy to refuse to have unprotected sex and intentions than controls at follow-up. Individuals who received either video were more likely than controls to report using a condom during last sex with a regular partner, and those who watched the female presenter were more likely to report consistent condom use. Conclusion Participants benefited in terms of self-efficacy and intentions from receiving either video, but both men and women benefited more in terms of condom use behavior from receiving the female video. Future research is needed to determine whether opposite-sex speaker videos could be beneficial with a larger (and more sexually active) sample and whether these effects are maintained over time.
Reconsolidation of a Torrertic Paleustoll after Tillage with a Paratill

Paleustolls in the USA occur mainly in the central and southern Great Plains. Torrertic Paleustolls are extensive in the southern Great Plains, where Pullman (fine, mixed thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) is the dominant series. Pullman soils occur on ≈ 1.54 million ha. They have dense Bt1 and Bt2 horizons that are slowly permeable and restrict root penetration. Deep soil loosening can enhance water infiltration and root penetration, but surface residues should be retained for further water conservation purposes. These goals can be achieved by using one of several deep chisel, subsoiler, or Paratill implements. A Paratill is a slant-legged implement that loosens a soil without inverting it. Paratill (PT) treatments were imposed on different notillage areas of Pullman soil in 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 at shallow (0.15–0.20m) and deep (0.25–0.30m) depths. Sweep tillage to a 7− to 10 − cm depth and no-tillage were other treatments. A given area received the Paratill and sweep tillage treatments only once in the 4-yr period. After imposing the treatments, no-tillage was uniformly used on all areas. In May and December 1990, bulk density (Db) was determined to 0.60 − m depths in all plots. Penetration resistance (PR) and water content were determined in May 1991. Deep PT resulted in the lowest mean Db, but there was no definite trend indicating that time since performing PT had an effect on the results. The PR results were similar to the Db results, and there was not a close inverse relationship between soil water content and PR. Based on this study, the rate of return of Pullman soil to its original condition following PT cannot be predicted.
Radiotherapy. Hypofractionation for breast cancer--clinical implications.

A recent landmark study reported the long-term results that compared a standard course of whole-breast irradiation (25 treatments over 5 weeks) with a hypofractionated course of radiation (16 treatments over 3.5 weeks) in patients with early-stage, node-negative breast cancer. The trial demonstrated equivalence of results with respect to overall survival, local control, toxicity and cosmetic outcomes.
Some extremal families of edge-regular graphs

We build on a previous result concerning regular simple graphs for which there is some λ > 0 such that any two adjacent vertices have exactly λ common neighbors, and the union of their neighborhoods includes all but µ = 2 vertices. We are concerned here with graphs satisfying such requirements with µ > 2. We give an upper bound on the order of the graph in terms of λ and µ. This bound turns out to be sharp if µ/2 divides λ. Further, for such restricted values, the extremal graphs for our inequality turn out to be unique for λ sufficiently large.
Optical recordings of Ca2+ signaling activities from identified inner ear cells in cochlear slices and hemicochleae

Abstract One of the major obstacles hindering the progress of studies on mammalian cochlear physiology is the inaccessibility of inner ear cells located in a complex structure of the bony labyrinth. We describe here a technique to record cellular fluorescent signals from any identified inner ear cells in cochlear slices and hemicochleae. Cochlear slices were obtained from postnatal rats (P0–P7) before the cochlea completely ossify, and hemicochleae were cut from older animals (P7–adult). Individual inner ear cells were visually identified using infrared differential interference contrast or oblique illumination optics. Techniques were developed for either bulk-loading cells or loading selected single cells with Ca 2+ indicator dyes, and for maintaining functional viability of cochlear slices/hemicochleae for recordings. Robust and reliable responses of ligand-gated receptors were recorded from individual inner ear cells (e.g. hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons etc.) for at least 24 h after slices/hemicochleae were cut by an oscillating tissue slicer. The technique described here allowed direct observations of [Ca 2+ ] i activities from multiple cells simultaneously in situ, thus providing a feasible way to study the intercellular communication or networking activities from identified cells in the inner ear.
Treatment or Placebo: Are State Programs Decreasing the Proportion of Uninsured?

Currently there are over 45 million Americans without health insurance. Recent growth in Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) enrollment of children has filled in the sizable gap created by decreased employer-sponsored insurance since 2000. While the share of children who are uninsured actually decreased between 2000 and 2003, little progress was made in expanding public insurance to adults. As a result, advocates and policymakers at the federal and state level are searching for approaches to deal with the growing number of the uninsured. Conservatives advocate encouraging individuals to buy private insurance while liberals advocate the provision of health coverage through publicly financed health care. Using a 50-state multilevel individual growth model, this study estimates the net effect of two state approaches in terms of reducing the uninsured: tax incentives (the conservative approach) and direct-coverage programs (the liberal approach). The results suggest that these approaches have not achieved the results that many advocates had suggested. In the case of tax incentives, the results suggest that states with tax incentives experience increases in the rate of the uninsured. In the case of direct-coverage programs, results suggest that states receive no relief in the number of uninsured individuals. Finally, the analysis suggests that the efforts originating at the federal level are most successful. These programs are a continuation of the incremental approach policymakers in America have taken to address the problem of the uninsured, rather than taking steps toward a truly comprehensive solution.
Predictors of study completion and withdrawal in a randomized clinical trial of a pediatric diabetes adherence intervention.

Abstract Purpose Loss of participants in randomized clinical trials threatens the validity of study findings. The purpose of this study was to determine pre-randomization predictors of study completion status throughout the course of a randomized clinical trial involving young children with type 1 diabetes and their primary caregivers. Methods An intervention to improve adherence to the diabetes treatment regimen was delivered as part of the child's regular 3-month diabetes clinic visit. The study protocol involved 7 clinic visits across 18 months for the Immediate Treatment group and 9 clinic visits across 24 months for the Delayed Treatment group. Among those who completed the study and regardless of treatment group, participants were categorized into two groups: On-Time Completers ( n = 41) and Late Completers ( n = 39). Demographic, disease, and psychosocial characteristics of children and their primary caregivers measured prior to study randomization were tested for their association with the participants' completion status (i.e., On-Time Completers, Late Completers, or Withdrawals). Results Of the 108 participants, 28 (25.9%) withdrew and 80 (74.1%) completed the study. On-Time Completers (i.e., study completed within 4 months of expected date) were more likely to have private insurance and primary caregivers with some college education. Late Completers (i.e., study completion took longer than 4 months) were more likely to be boys and to have primary caregivers who reported mild to moderate levels of depression. Children who subsequently withdrew from the study reported poorer diabetes-related quality of life and poorer school-related quality of life at study inception and were more likely to have primary caregivers who did not work outside the home. Conclusions Pre-randomization screening of participants on both demographic and psychological variables may help identify those at greatest risk for study withdrawal or poor study protocol adherence, permitting the investigators to develop retention strategies aimed at this high-risk group.
The dorsal fin engine of the seahorse (Hippocampus sp.).

The muscles, fin ray joints, and supporting structures underlying the dorsal fin are described for two seahorse species: Hippocampus zosterae and Hippocampus erectus. A fan-shaped array of cartilaginous bones, the pterigiophores, form the internal supporting structure of the dorsal fin. Each pterigiophore is composed of a proximal radial that extends from a vertebra to the dorsal side of the animal, where it fuses to a middle radial. The middle radials fuse with each other to form a dorsal ridge upon which sit the spheroidal distal radials. Each distal radial articulates with a fin ray on its dorsal side and is attached to the dorsal ridge on its ventral side by a material that has been histologically identified as elastic cartilage. Together these connections form a two-axis joint that permits elevation, depression, and inclination of the ray. Each fin ray is actuated by two bilateral pairs of muscles, an anterior pair of inclinators, and a posterior pair of depressors. The anteriormost fin ray is actuated by three bilateral pair of muscles, the inclinators, the depressors, and a pair of elevator muscles that are positioned anterior to the inclinators. Preliminary examinations of the ray joints of the pectoral and anal fins of adult H. zostera and the pectoral fins of newborn H. erectus revealed structures similar to that seen in the dorsal fins. To further explore the structure and function of the dorsal fin gross dissections and simple functional tests were performed on H. erectus and H. barbouri and behavioral observations were made of all three species plus Hippocampus kuda.
A novel quantitative EEG injury measure of global cerebral ischemia

Abstract Objective : To develop a novel quantitative EEG (qEEG) based analysis method, cepstral distance (CD) and compare it to spectral distance (SD) in detecting EEG changes related to global ischemia in rats. Methods : Adult Wistar rats were subjected to asphyxic-cardiac arrest for sham, 1, 3, 5 and 7 min ( n =5 per group). The EEG signal was processed and fitted into an autoregressive (AR) model. A pre-injury baseline EEG was compared to selected data segments during asphyxia and recovery. The dissimilarities in the EEG segments were measured using CD and SD. A segment measured was considered abnormal when it exceeded 30% of baseline and its duration was used as the index of injury. A comprehensive Neurodeficit Score (NDS) at 24 h was used to assess outcome and was correlated with CD and SD measures. Results : A higher correlation was found with CD and asphyxia time ( r =0.81, P r =0.69, P r =0.71, P r =0.52, P =0.002). CD obtained during global ischemia and 90 min into recovery correlated significantly with NDS at 24 h after injury (Spearman coefficient=−0.83, P P Conclusion : The novel qEEG-based injury index from CD was superior to SD in quantifying early cerebral dysfunction after cardiac arrest and in providing neurological prognosis at 24 h after global ischemia in adult rats. Studying early qEEG changes after asphyxic-cardiac arrest may provide new insights into the injury and recovery process, and present opportunities for therapy.
Separation of hydrogen isotopes by heatless adsorption

Abstract A hydrogen stream containing 5·5% deuterium has been continuously separated using a single staged heatless adsorber packed with metallic palladium deposited on alumina. Enrichments of up to 17·5 per cent have been achieved. Eleven heatless adsorption runs were made to examine the effect of the purge to feed ratio and cycle time. A Mass Balance Model was developed which correctly predicted the effect of these parameters on separation. Additional runs were made to determine breakthrough at the two operating pressures of 19·7 and 114·7 psi. As the purge to feed ratio, γ, increased from 0 to 3·0 better separations were achieved although the quantity of product decreased. A critical value of γ appeared to be in the range 1·0–1·2. As the cycle time increased from 1 to 8 min, the quantity of product increased, but the magnitude of the separations decreased.
Major histocompatibility complex binding peptides: A target for therapeutic development

Peptides that bind with high affinity to major histocompatibility complex molecules could represent useful tools in treating class II-associated autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Although the concept has been validated in experiments with both purified receptor systems in vitro and cellular systems in vivo, many challenging problems need to be resolved before efficacious therapeutic agents are obtained.
Large Amplitude, Low Frequency Solutions for a Certain Class of Laminar Boundary-Layer Problems

STUDY has been made of the class of unsteady laminar boundary-layer flows for which the velocity at the edge of the boundary layer is given by u6(x, t) = u8o(x)m(t\ Such flows occur when a nonlifting body moves through a fluid at a varying speed but with fixed orientation with respect to the freestream velocity vector. If the external velocity is of this form both the steady state [m(t) = 1] and the quasi-steady boundary-layer solutions are governed by the same equation. If m(t) is periodic and the reduced frequency is small, the unsteady solution may be obtained as a series expansion, in the reduced frequency, about the quasi-steady solution. Results are presented for three bodies and it is shown that in each case the unsteady effects are most prominent in the region of adverse pressure gradient. When m(t) is periodic the unsteady shear leads the quasi-steady shear. These results are explained in terms of the local unsteady pressure gradient.
Relationship between the Plantings of Fry and Production of Whitefish in Lake Erie

Abstract An attempt was made to substantiate the repeated assertions of the commercial fishermen on the Great Lakes and of others that there was a direct causal relationship between the plantings of whitefish fry and subsequent catch. The records of whitefish fry plantings in Lake Erie during the years, 1920–1937, were correlated with those of catch during the period, 1923–1940. No causal relationship could be demonstrated between the two sets of data. Whitefish production in Lake Erie is not dependent on or noticeably affected by the planting of fry.
Isolation and some properties of 11- and 9-Gla prothrombins from normal plasma.

The relationship of prothrombin structure to function with respect to γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues can be effectively evaluated by characterizing the behavior of prothrombin isomers differ...
Therapeutic implications of automatic home monitoring of implantable cardiac devices

Electronic cardiac implants such as pacemakers, cardioverter-defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization devices improve survival, as evidenced by recent trials for primary and secondary prevention and for cardiac resynchronization therapy. As with other forms of therapy, an important aspect of care is monitoring the patient’s condition, response to therapy, and system function. However, practice has been inconsistent. Follow-up schedules vary—for example, from every 3 months to once a year—according to facility, physician preference, and availability of resources. Importantly, no surveillance occurs between follow-up visits. In contrast, implantable devices with remote monitoring capability provide a means for performing constant surveillance, with the ability to identify salient problems rapidly. Preliminary data from the TRUST (Lumos-T Safely Reduces Routine Office Device Follow Up) study demonstrate that this technology provides a means for efficient monitoring and an opportunity to enhance patient safety by early detection of patient and/or system problems. Remote monitoring likely will become incorporated into the standard of care in cardiac implantable electronic devices.
Metal-ceramic composites based on the Ti-B-Cu porosity system

A systematic study of the microstructure/fracture toughness/processing correlation of metal-ceramic composites in the Ti-B-Cu porosity system is presented. The composites are produced by the combustion synthesis process. Fracture surfaces indicate both ductile and brittle regions. The composites are made up of Ti as the only ductile phase and TiB, TiB2, Ti2Cu, and Ti3Cu4 as brittle phases. Density measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that the samples contain distributed porosity. Ductile phase toughening is responsible for the increase in fracture toughness to a maximum value of 9.9 MPa(m)1/2. Samples with large amounts of porosity do not benefit from this toughening process even though they containin situ formed whiskers. The fracture toughness of the composite is modeled by considering the additive influence of the ductile phase reinforcement (Ashby model) and the residual porosity (exponential model). Microstructural constants required for the model are evaluated from the comparison. A correlation between the mechanical properties and the combustion temperature is established.
Spatial alignment of scalp EEG activity during cognitive tasks

Electrocorticogram (ECoG) analysis of human subjects demonstrated that beta-gamma oscillations carry perceptual information in spatial patterns across the cortex when the subjects were engaged in task-oriented activities. A hypothesis was tested that similar patterns could be found in the scalp EEG of human subjects during visual stimulation. Signals were continuously recorded from scalp electrodes and band-pass filtered. The Fast Fourier transform provides the phase, which is used to obtain directional phase information relating to cognitive tasks. Spatial patterns of EEG phase modulation were identified and classified with respect to stimulus. The obtained results suggest that the scalp EEG can yield information about the timing of episodically synchronized brain activity in higher cognitive function, so as to support mechanisms of brain-computer interfacing.
Motility Contrast Imaging and Fluctuation Spectroscopy of Living Tissue

Intracellular motions inside live tissue are sensitive indicators of cellular health and cellular response to applied drugs. Digital holography volumetrically captures these motions in tissue dynamics spectroscopy for live-tissue drug screening.
Numbers, distribution, and types of neurons in the pedal disk of Hydra based on a serial reconstruction from transmission electron micrographs

The numbers, distribution, and types of neurons in a pedal disk of Hydra littoralis were determined from electron micrographs of 567 serial sections approximately 0.12 μm thick. Of 248 neurons counted, we found 234 ganglion cells in the epidermis and 14 in the gastrodermis. No sensory cells with surface projecting cilia were observed in either epithelial layer of the foot region. We found ciliary structures in 196 (84%) of the epidermal neurons: 55 had a well defined cilium-stereociliary complex, 30 had a cilium lacking stereocilia, and 111 could not be classified. In contrast, 38 epidermal neurons lacked evidence of ciliary structures; 10 of the 14 gastrodermal neurons had one or more centrioles, some with an elaborate pericentriolar rootlet system, but no cilium or stereocilia. Neuronal perikarya could be classified into those with dense heterochromatic nuclei and those with light granular nuclei; often these two nuclear variations were observed in paired or triad arrangements of epidermal neurons. In addition, 68 (29%) of the epidermal neurons were characterized by the presence of small dense granules (115–178 nm in diameter) in the cytoplasm around the periciliary space. Although 32 pairs and 5 triads of contiguous neuronal perikarya were present in the epidermis, only two paired neuronal perikarya were present in the gastrodermis. The major concentration of neurons was approximately midway between the basal surface and the region of transition of epitheliomuscular cells into glandulomuscular cells. There was no evidence of large neuronal aggregations suggestive of ganglia in the pedal disk.
Neoplastic differentiation: characteristics of cell lines derived from a murine teratocarcinoma.

Monolayer cultures of a mouse teratocarcinoma were established in vitro. These cultures contained embryonal carcinoma, the malignant stem cell, and its differentiated progeny: parietal yolk sac, neuroepithelial, and mesenchymal cells. Tissues such as squamous epithelium, cartilage, striated muscle, neuroepithelium, and glands were produced from embryonal carcinoma that was maintained under conditions of long term culture. Frequent subcultivation with pancreatin allowed the establishment of cell lines of embryonal carcinoma which have been maintained for more than 18 months in vitro and continue to produce differentiated cells under specific culture conditions. Chromosomally these lines of embryonal carcinoma have a stem line of 39 chromosomes. Two lines of parietal yolk sac cells have been established which produce basement membrane, are not tumorigenic, and chromosomally are hypotetraploid. This system may yield information concerning neoplastic differentiation and its possible use in therapy for cancer.
Parenting Predictors of Early Conduct Problems in Urban, High-Risk Boys

ABSTRACT Objective As part of a larger, prospective study, the authors examined concurrent and prospective relations among parenting and child antisocial behavior in inner-city boys at high risk for delinquent behavior. Method One hundred twenty-six younger brothers (aged 6 to 10 years) of convicted delinquents in New York City and their parents were assessed; 15 months later 112 boys were reassessed. Demographics, parenting, and child diagnosis were examined as they relate to child externalizing behavior problems. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicted changes in Externalizing scores from year I parenting. Results At years I and II, 22% and 27% of boys, respectively, scored above the clinical cutoff for Externalizing. Controlling for earlier Externalizing, each of three domains of parenting still made significant independent contributions to later Externalizing scores, explaining 17% of the variance. Altogether this model explained 51% of the variance in year II Externalizing scores. Conclusions Data support a cumulative risk model, whereby each of several adverse parenting factors further compounds the likelihood of child conduct problems.
Effects of in vivo bolus versus continuous TRH administration on TSH secretion, biosynthesis, and glycosylation in normal and hypothyroid rats.

Abstract The effects of in vivo TRH administered either as bolus or continuous doses on TSH secretion, synthesis, and glycosylation were studied in normal and hypothyroid rats. Nine-week-old normal or 3-week postthyroidectomy rats were administered bolus doses of saline or TRH (0.5 mg/kg) twice daily or continuous saline or TRH (1 mg/kg/day) via an osmotic pump. After 5 days, pituitaries were removed and incubated with [ 35 S]methionine (MET) and [ 3 H]glucosamine (GLCN), with or without 10 −8 M TRH, for 6 and 24 h. Samples were precipitated with anti-TSH β sera and then analyzed by gel electrophoresis. In normal rats, plasma TSH, T 4 and T 3 increased with continuous in vivo TRH but not with bolus TRH; in hypothyroid rats, plasma TSH, T 4 and T 3 were not altered by continuous or bolus doses of TRH. Additionally, in normal rats, continuous in vivo TRH increased incorporation of MET in secreted TSH (477 vs. 212 × 10 3 dpm/mg DNA; P 3 dpm/mg DNA; P P 3 dpm/mg DNA; P 3 dpm/pituitary; P 3 dpm/pituitary; P in vitro was not noted in the current study in response to in vivo TRH administration. Also, normal and hypothyroid animals respond differently to in vivo TRH, which may be explained by diminished thyroid hormone feedback, increased endogenous TRH levels or action, or TSH short-loop feedback in the hypothyroid animals.
Coping With Grief: Guidelines and Resources for Assisting Children

This article provides basic information for school-based mental health professionals, teachers, staff, and administrators to support students coping with grief, and more specifically, grief related to death. The information is consolidated into guidelines and key points in providing support; suggested children's books and activities; Web sites with additional resources, information, and handouts for parents and teachers; and a list of key readings further explaining how children understand and cope with grief.
Ipsilateral cortical connections of granular frontal cortex in the strepsirhine primate Galago, with comparative comments on anthropoid primates

Modern studies of granular frontal cortex (GFC) in large-brained, anthropoid primates, such as Macaca, indicate that this region is comprised of many areal subdivisions. These areas vary in their architectonic appearance and each has a distinctive, diverse set of corticocortical connections. The great extent of the GFC region in anthropoids, and its high degree of areal parcellation, suggest that some GFC areas may be specializations of anthropoids, not found in other mammals. To investigate this possibility, we studied the corticocortical connections of GFC in the relatively small-brained, strepsirhine primate Galago, with a series of eight tracer injections in the frontal cortex, and an additional eight injections of parietal and temporal cortex. Tracers used were wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acid. Our results indicate that Galago GFC has strong, reciprocal connections with the parietal area-7 complex and with higher-order temporal areas; there are additional connections with extrastriate visual cortex, parahippocampal, and cingulate areas, and frontal cortex. Thus GFC has an extremely diverse array of cortical connections in Galago, as in Macaca. However, we also found that the pattern of parietofrontal connections is simpler in Galago than in Macaca. Specifically, parietal areas project to fewer discrete zones within the GFC of Galago, consistent with the view that these animals have fewer GFC areas than Macaca. In addition, Galago GFC possesses connections that specifically resemble those of Macaca arcuate cortex, but lacks connectional patterns that are characteristic of principals cortex. These results are in accord with our previous architectonic studies, which indicated that Galago does not possess homologues of principalis areas. We conclude that the arcuate areas are common elements of primate GFC organization, while the areas located within and adjacent to the principal sulcus are anthropoid specializations.
Simulation of the Effects of Time and Size at Stocking on PCB Accumulation in Lake Trout

Abstract Manipulations of size at stocking and timing of stocking have already been used to improve survival of stocked salmonines in the Great Lakes. It should be possible to stock salmonines into the Great Lakes in a way that reduces the rate of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation in these fishes. An individual-based model (IBM) was used to investigate the effects of size at stocking and timing of stocking on PCB accumulation by lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Michigan. The individual-based feature of the model allowed lake trout individuals to encounter prey fish individuals and then consume sufficiently small prey fish. The IBM accurately accounted for the variation in PCB concentrations observed within the Lake Michigan lake trout population. Results of the IBM simulations revealed that increasing the average size at stocking from 110 to 160 mm total length led to an increase in the average PCB concentration in the stocked cohort at age 5, after the fish had spent 4 years in the lake,...
The influence of fiber length and fiber orientation on damping and stiffness of polymer composite materials

This paper describes the theoretical analysis, the experimental results and the curve-fitting of the analytical model to the experimental results on the influence of fiber length and fiber orientation on damping and stiffness of polymer-composite materials. The experimental results show that, as predicted, very low fiber aspect ratios are required to produce significant improvements in damping. Measurements and predictions also indicate that the control of lamina orientation in a continuous fiber-reinforced laminate may be a better approach to the improvement of damping than the control of the fiber aspect ratio.