cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kobe's story: doing science as contested terrain

Science education in poor, urban settings in the U.S. is fraught with inequalities in terms of resources, access of educative opportunities, and quality of science instruction. These inequalities are further exacerbated for homeless youth who must also deal with the daily realities of shelter living, transience, school transfers, and social stigmas. Responses to the challenges faced in urban science education have ranged from writing new science standards and holding students more accountable for the problems inherent in the schooling system to offering students vouchers to attend "better schools." Absent in all of these responses is an attempt to understand the science experiences of youth living in urban poverty and how those experiences can help us to craft scientific practice and science education in more culturally situated, inclusive, and socially just ways. In this paper the author draws from a critical perspective to argue for the importance of understanding the doing of science as contested terra...
Effect of cardiac transplantation on anti-beta-receptor antibodies in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Although it is increasingly recognized that the density of membrane-associated β-adrenergic receptors is significantly reduced in failing hearts,1,2 the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated and are likely to be heterogenous. We have been interested in the possibility that such mechanisms are largely determined by the nature of the pathologic processes leading to heart failure. This possibility is supported by our recent demonstration3 that a substantial proportion of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy have autoantibodies directed against the cardiac β-adrenergic receptor. These autoantibodies can inhibit ligand binding to the β receptor as well as precipitate the β receptor from solubilized cardiac membranes and inhibit isoproterenol-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. They may, therefore, play a major role in the regulation of cardiac β-adrenoceptor pathways in patients with cardiomyopathy. The mechanisms leading to the appearance of anti-β-receptor antibodies in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy remain to be defined. They are likely to involve the interaction between a genetically determined susceptibility and an immunologic response triggered by cellular changes induced in the heart by the myopathic process. This response may be reversible if the source of autoantigen (i.e., the diseased heart) is removed. Thus, it is of considerable interest to determine the impact of cardiac transplantation on the prevalence and functional properties of anti-β-receptor antibodies.
Endothelial cell-astrocyte interactions and TGFβ are required for induction of blood-neural barrier properties

We sought to establish a blood-neural barrier (BNB) model of astrocyte contact with endothelial cells (EC) to test the hypothesis that transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) promotes an EC barrier-phenotype. Astrocyte-EC contact induced BNB properties in EC. Transendothelial resistance was augmented by direct contact between astrocytes-EC, but not by astrocyte-conditioned medium or astrocyte-EC coculture conditioned medium. Coculture of EC and astrocytes led to significant increase in endothelial occludin levels and junctional localization. EC gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) activity was increased by direct contact with astrocytes, by conditioned medium from cocultures or by TGF beta1. Coculture inhibited EC proliferation with no effect on astrocyte proliferation. A neutralizing antibody to TGF beta decreased GGT activity in cocultures and increased cell number. Whereas total TGF beta was not significantly altered by coculture, activated TGF beta increased in astrocyte-EC cocultures. In summary, astrocyte-EC contact induces BNB characteristics in EC and locally activated TGF beta is responsible for part of the induction.
Recessive Lethal Nonsense Suppressor in Escherichia coli which inserts Glutamine

A new amber suppressor which can exist only in su+/su− heterozygotes inserts glutamine in response to the UAG triplet.
Feedback to Staff on Resident Lifestyle A Descriptive Analysis

Providing feedback has been found to affect the behavior of staff of school and community programs. The present article presents a descriptive analysis of feedback provided to staff members concerning the lifestyle of 33 participants in 18 community residential programs in Oregon. Staff from four cohorts of programs were trained to monitor the physically and socially integrated activities experienced by program participants, and to review those data at weekly meetings. Examination of the results before and after programs had used the monitoring system indicated increases in the average number of community activities experienced by participants, the average number of activities they did with community people, the size of their social networks, and the number of individuals they identified as friends. Results were discussed in terms of the role of feedback in improving community support, the need for further research for understanding staff behaviors responsible for observed gains, and the need to better understand the relationship between observed patterns of activities and individual quality of life.
Right-Sided Native-Valve Endocarditis Caused By Actlnobaclllus actinomycetemcomitans

The clinical and echocardiographic features of a case of endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans uniquely involving the native tricuspid valve are presented. The importance of two-dimensional echocardiographic studies in the evaluation of patients with suspected endocarditis is emphasized.
Comparison of Maximum Vasoactive Inotropic Score and Low Cardiac Output Syndrome As Markers of Early Postoperative Outcomes After Neonatal Cardiac Surgery

Low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) and maximum vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) have been used as surrogate markers for early postoperative outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgery. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between LCOS and maximum VIS with clinical outcomes in neonatal cardiac surgery. This was a secondary retrospective analysis of a prospective randomized trial, and the setting was a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit in a tertiary care children’s hospital. Neonates (n = 76) undergoing corrective or palliative cardiac operations requiring cardiopulmonary bypass were prospectively enrolled. LCOS was defined by a standardized clinical criteria. VIS values were calculated by a standard formula during the first 36 postoperative hours, and the maximum score was recorded. Postoperative outcomes included hospital mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital lengths of stay (LOS), as well as total hospital charges. At surgery, the median age was 7 days and weight was 3.2 kg. LCOS occurred in 32 of 76 (42%) subjects. Median maximum VIS was 15 (range 5–33). LCOS was not associated with duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU LOS, hospital LOS, and hospital charges. Greater VIS was moderately associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.001, r = 0.36), longer ICU LOS (p = 0.02, r = 0.27), and greater total hospital costs (p = 0.05, r = 0.22) but not hospital LOS (p = 0.52). LCOS was not associated with early postoperative outcomes. Maximum VIS has only modest correlation with duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU LOS, and total hospital charges.
Rayleigh scattering in an optically thin atmosphere and its application to Martian topography

Relation between surface pressure and atmospheric brightness in optically thin Rayleigh scattering atmosphere, considering application to Mars
CRITERIA FOR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS BY SELECTED COUNTRIES

(1992). CRITERIA FOR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS BY SELECTED COUNTRIES. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 395-397.
Effect of plasma minor radius changes on tokamak position stability

Les conditions de stabilite sont modifiees par la fonction a(R). Dans le cas particulier des tokamaks a cœur en fer, l'effet de la variation du rayon, mineur domine les criteres de stabilite, stabilisant les plasmas definis par un limiteur ou un point X interne
Microsurgical breast reconstruction for nipple-sparing mastectomy.

Background:Nipple-sparing mastectomy warrants thorough preoperative evaluation to effectively achieve risk reduction, high patient satisfaction, and improved aesthetic outcome. To the authors' knowledge, this review represents the largest series of microsurgical breast reconstructions following nipp
Language and Loneliness: Arendt, Cavell, and Modernity

Abstract Many have been struck by Hannah Arendt’s remarks on loneliness in the concluding pages of The Origins of Totalitarianism, but very few have attempted to deal with the remarks in any systematic way. What is especially striking about this state of affairs is that the remarks are crucial to the account contained therein, as they betray a view of agency that undergirds the rest of the account. This article develops Arendt’s thinking on loneliness throughout her corpus, showing how loneliness is connected to thoughtlessness. In so doing, the article also suggests a connection between Arendt’s notion of loneliness and Stanley Cavell’s notion of skepticism. This connection, it is argued, allows us not only fully to answer a question Arendt leaves unaddressed (the cause loneliness), but also allows us to see how we, as agents and users of language, are perpetually prone to loneliness.
Environment induced decoherence, classicality and consistency of quantum histories

We prove that for an open system, in the Markovian regime, it is always possible to construct an infinite number of nontrivial sets of histories that exactly satisfy the probability sum rules. In spite of being perfectly consistent, these sets manifest a very nonclassical behavior: they are quite unstable under the addition of an extra instant to the list of times defining the history. To eliminate this feature---the implications of which we discuss---and to achieve the stability that characterizes the quasiclassical domain, it is necessary to separate the instants which define the history by time intervals significantly larger than the typical decoherence time. In this case [ital environment] [ital induced] [ital superselection] is very effective. The quasiclassical domain is defined by predictably evolving perferred states, pointer projectors,'' which give rise to consistent [ital preferred] [ital sets] [ital of] [ital histories].
Long-term forecast of oceanic conditions off California and their biological implications

[1] The impact of global warming due to an increased content of atmospheric CO2 is studied by forcing a numerical eddy-resolving ocean model with wind stresses, heat fluxes, and open boundary conditions obtained from a state-of-the-art coupled model. Specifically, we have compared the 1986–1996 and 2040–2050 decades to describe and analyze the changes attained by several oceanographic variables in the California Current System. A richer atmosphere in CO2 leads to increased sea surface and near-surface temperatures in the model domain and to an increased stratification along the coast that, however, is not strong enough to overcome the effect of increased upwelling favorable winds. A mild oceanic cooling is forecast below the 70-m depth, in agreement with recent studies of global warming trends. Near-surface vertical velocities increase by about 30% in April, but our simulations also forecast anomalous offshore transports in most of the coastal areas. The eddy kinetic energy decreases, on an annual mean, along the California Current main path with maximum negative anomalies in winter. The upward displacement of the 26.5 isopycnal surface, especially in the northern half of our study area, leads to an increase in the concentration of nutrients in the subsurface. The agreement between some results of this forecasting study and recent published findings would suggest that the current global warming trend would persist in the study area with similar changes to those observed over the last half century.
Particle embolization of the bilateral superior and inferior alveolar arteries for life threatening dental socket hemorrhage

Particle embolization for epistaxis and intra-oral hemorrhage are performed on an as needed basis by neurointerventionalists. A case is presented of massive oral hemorrhage associated with end stage liver disease coagulopathy after tooth extraction of bilateral maxillary and mandibular molars. A man in his fifties with end stage liver disease who presented for evaluation of a syncopal episode was determined to be in hemorrhagic shock from 2 days of persistent oral bleeding after elective tooth extractions. Conservative management with multiple blood transfusion products, packing and vasoconstrictive spray was ineffective. Microcatheter angiograms of the alveolar arteries demonstrated blood and contrast pooling within the sockets of the extracted teeth. Selection of the bilateral supplying alveolar and inferior alveolar artery branches was achieved followed by polyvinyl alcohol particle embolization (250-355 μm). Polyvinyl alcohol particle embolization of dental socket hemorrhages is technically feasible and effective.
Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study

BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates an association between cognitive function and physical performance in late life. This study examines the relationship between cognitive function and subsequent gait speed decline among high-functioning older adults. METHODS Measures of global cognitive function (Modified Mini Mental State Examination [3MS]) and executive control function (ECF) (a clock drawing task [CLOX 1] and the 15-item Executive Interview [EXIT 15]) were obtained in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study in 1999-2000. Gait-speed (meters/second) was assessed over 20 meters at usual pace. Using a mixed model, we assessed the relationship between baseline cognitive function and gait-speed change over 3 years. RESULTS Two thousand, three hundred forty-nine older adults (mean age 75.6 +/- 2.9 years) completed the assessments. After adjustment for baseline gait speed, a 1-standard-deviation (SD) lower performance on each cognitive test was associated with greater gait-speed decline over 3 years: 0.016 m/s for the 3MS (SD = 8.1), 0.009 m/s for CLOX 1 (SD = 2.4), and 0.012 m/s for EXIT 15 (SD = 4.1) (p <.0005 for all). After adjustment for comorbidities, the effect size was attenuated for 3MS and CLOX 1, and the association for EXIT 15 was no longer significant. Depression score was most strongly associated with the EXIT 15 effect reduction. CONCLUSION Global and executive cognitive functions predict declines in gait speed. The association of ECF with gait speed decline is attenuated by comorbid conditions, particularly depression. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these associations may point to new pathways for the treatment of physical decline associated with diminished cognitive function.
High frequency of IgG anti-A and -B antibody in old age.

. The titer of anti-A and -B IgM antibody was tested in 57 sera from patients aged 65 years or more. 31 of these sera were also titered for the occurrence and titer of IgG antibody. All sera were found to have a low titer (2–64) of IgM antibody but 14 sera contained IgG antibody. However, only two of 12 sera with a higher IgM antibody titer (16–64) exhibited the IgG antibody in contrast to 12 of 19 sera with a low titer of IgM antibody (2–4). The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.014).
Effects of small scale fluid motion on bacterial growth and respiration

Summary 1. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of small-scale turbulent motion on the growth and respiration of bacteria in an oscillating grid apparatus. The experiments were performed under a range of energy dissipation levels similar to those occurring in freshwater systems. 2. The results showed that small-scale turbulent motion does have an effect on bacterial growth and respiration. A higher gradient in the dissolved oxygen time series, higher 5-day biochemical oxygen demand values, increased bacterial abundance, increased bacterial specific respiration, higher bacterial growth rate and increased nutrient uptake were all observed when the energy dissipation rate in the water column was increased. 3. This has implications for traditional laboratory procedures that are used to characterise bacterial metabolic rates under stagnant fluid-flow conditions, such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which would be influenced by the effects of the small-scale fluid motion inherent in aquatic environments. According to our results, BOD values in natural systems experiencing fluid motion would be higher than traditional bottle-derived rates.
A model of metacognition, achievement goal orientation, learning style and self-efficacy

Structural equation modelling was used to test a model integrating achievement goal orientation, learning style, self-efficacy and metacognition into a single framework that explained and predicted variation in performance. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of performance. Metacognition was a weak predictor of performance. Deep processing had a weak, negative relationship with performance. Mastery-approach goals were related to deep-processing and surface-processing learning styles. Mastery-approach and performance-approach goals were positive predictors of self-efficacy. Mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals were related to self-efficacy.
Experimental and computational study of fracturing in an anisotropic brittle solid

For isotropic materials, stress- and energy-based fracture criteria lead to fairly similar results. Theoretical studies show that the crack-path predictions made by these criteria are not identical in the presence of strong material anisotropy. Therefore, experiments are performed to ascertain which criterion may apply to anisotropic materials. Notched specimens made from sapphire, a microscopically homogeneous and brittle solid, are used for the experiments. An attempt is made to locate the notch on different crystallographic planes and thus to examine the fracture path along different cleavage planes. The experimental observations are compared with the numerical results of the maximum tensile stress and the maximum energy-release rate criteria. It is observed that most of the notched specimens are fractured where the tensile stress is maximum, whereas the energy criterion fails to predict the fracture path of most of the specimens. For the tensile-stress fracture criterion, a dimensionless parameter, A (n) = 2πR 0 σ nn / √γ α E nn , is introduced, where σ nn and E nn , respectively, are the tensile stress and Young's modulus in the direction normal to the cleavage plane specified by the angle a (the fracture surface energy of this plane is γ α ) and R 0 is a characteristic length, e.g. the notch radius. Five out of six notched specimens which were tested, fractured at the point and along a cleavage plane where A (n) is maximum. This parameter takes into account the effects of the surface energy of the corresponding cleavage plane, as well as the strength of the atomic bonds in the direction normal to the cleavage plane. It is suggested that for a specimen with a pre-existing crack, the maximum value of the parameter, A (c) = K nn / √γ α E nn , should be used as the measure of the fracturing condition, where K is the hoop stress intensity factor in the direction normal to the cleavage plane. For the notched sapphire specimens, Laue-diffraction analysis, along with the considerations of the geometry of the unit cell of sapphire, shows that the weakest family of cleavage planes, {1012} and {1010}, are the fractured planes.
Securing Commitment in an Insecure World: Workers in Multinational High-Tech Subsidiaries:

The article explores the relationship between high-tech work reorganization and worker commitment using case studies of three multinational electronics firms in the Philippines. The author analyzes firms’ work organization strategies and traces three work systems; the panoptic, the peripheral human resource and the collectively negotiated work systems, and the corresponding types of commitment they generate; coerced, purchased and bargained, respectively. The results show that high performance and worker commitment is not incompatible with more traditional managerial hierarchies and workplace control, and that the continuum of commitment types leads to varying worker ability to leverage their commitment into real gains in compensation, autonomy and participation.
Mathematical analysis of neural networks used in the solution of set selection problems

The generalized neural network model of M. Cohen and S. Grossberg (1983) has been studied by many authors using Lyapunov-type functions. As an alternative, the author treats closely related dynamical systems (the gain functions are piecewise linear) with other dynamical-systems-theory machinery. It is shown that, by using a certain perturbation scheme, one can use such models with piecewise linear gain functions to solve a variety of set selection problems. >
Analysis of Leakage Flux Losses in the Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Generator

Leakage flux losses in a transverse flux generator are studied in the paper in order to improve its performance. The analysis refers to the built generator prototype. The magnetic flux density and induced voltage are calculated using 3D Finite Element Method software. The results are compared with measured ones. The resulted conclusions lead to modification of the generator structure with magnetic shunts. This modified version was modeled and its performance has been determined.
Abstract 175: Vasopressin Maintains Robust Organ Blood Flow During Resuscitation from Hemorrhagic Shock

Background: We have reported beneficial hemodynamic and survival effects of vasopressin (VP) infusion in swine models of hemorrhagic shock (HS), and attributed the effects to increases in peripheral vascular resistance. However, VP may also exert a minor effect on venous return. In the present study we used fluorescent microspheres to measure the effects of VP on blood flow to organs of interest during HS produced by liver laceration (LL). Methods: Forty male domestic pigs (32.3 to 40.3 kg) had their left lateral liver lobe lacerated with a sharpened steel, X-shaped 5 cm blade clamp. Thirty-two pigs received a second LL in the same lobe 7.5 minutes later and 24 pigs received a third LL in the left medial lobe at 15 minutes from the first LL. Pigs were randomized 1:1 to receive an infusion of VP (0.04 U/kg•min-1) or vehicle intraosseously starting 7 minutes after the first LL until the end of the experiment (240 min). Microspheres were injected into the left ventricle at baseline (BL) and during HS at time...
Single nucleotide polymorphism-single nucleotide polymorphism interactions among inflammation genes in the genetic architecture of blood pressure in the Framingham Heart Study.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and kidney failure and the leading source of global health burden.1 Although both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) have a heritability of at least 30%, <3% of their variability has been attributed to specific genetic variants.2 Efforts to account for this “missing heritability”3 have motivated diverse research strategies such as meta-analysis of large genome-wide association study consortia,4 investigation of rare variants,5 and increased focus on sub-phenotyping within hypertension (e.g., salt-sensitive hypertension, low-renin hypertension).6 Interactions are also receiving more attention in connection with blood pressure (BP), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)–SNP interactions,7–10 and interactions between SNPs and BP-related covariables such as age, sex, and body mass index.11,12 These studies of interactions attempt to augment gene discovery by incorporating the possibility that an SNP’s effect varies in magnitude or even direction across subsets of the study sample depending on the covariable. Renal regulation of ion balance is known to be a fundamental long-term determinant of BP, and candidate gene studies have implicated interactions between genes involved in renal ion balance, including between angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE),7 alpha- and beta-adducin (ADD1, ADD2),8 ADD1 and ACE,9 and ADD1 and the mineralocorticoid synthase gene CYP11B2.10 Thus considerable statistical and physiological evidence implicates genes involved in renal ion balance in the regulation of BP. By contrast, although there is known to be a multifaceted physiological relationship between inflammation and hypertension13,14 (both are components of metabolic syndrome, for instance),15 very little evidence of statistical association has been reported between variants in inflammation genes and BP.16 This study considers variants from genes in 2 pathways, renal ion balance and inflammation, for association with BP. The analysis focuses on the role of SNP–SNP interactions within these pathways. This work uses 2 strategies designed to increase the detection of meaningful biological signals: (i) limits the number of tests performed by focusing on pathways; and (ii) uses the false discovery rate (FDR) instead of a Bonferroni control of the experiment-wide error rate. We report evidence of association between DBP and 3 interactions among 6 inflammation genes.
Effect of a high fat diet on body composition, cellularity, and enzyme levels during early development of the rat.

AbstractA high fat (60%) and a low fat (5%) diet were fed to female rats during gestation and lactation and to their male and female offspring for 3 weeks postweaning. The cellular effects of feeding all combinations of the two diets during the three growth periods (gestation, lactation, and rapid growth) were determined in Wistar rats. “Nutritional imprinting” of earlier dietary regimes on enzyme profiles and adipose cell number was not observed after rats were fed a control diet to maturity. The high fat diet caused reduced fat deposition during gestation. During lactation, the high fat diet caused increased fat deposition. Post-weaning rats had increased carcass fat, decreased protein, and lower carcass weight due to the high fat diet. Serum glucose was lower for fat-fed males during lactation and also for postweaning males and females. Fat feeding in lactation caused a decrease in adipose cell numbers which was not evident until rats were 6 weeks of age. The effect was only transient when rats were fe...
Native Defect Concentrations in NaAlH4 and Na3AlH6

Titanium-doped sodium alanate has been shown to have potentially useful properties for storing hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles. To quantitatively explain the kinetic rates and activation energies for hydrogen release and absorption, it is necessary to calculate the rate of metal diffusion that is required for forming the dehydrogenation products, Na3AlH6 and Al. The bulk defects existing in large concentrations will likely play a dominant role in the transport of metal species. In the first of a series of papers, we use first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to determine the formation free energies and concentrations of native defects in NaAlH4 and Na3AlH6 as functions of temperature, including vibrational and H2 gas-phase entropy contributions. We find that at low temperatures the largest concentrations of native defects in NaAlH4 are positively charged AlH4 vacancies and negatively charged Na vacancies, which can be thought of as the primary defect types for NaAlH4. At high tempera...
Evolutionary conservation and modulation of a juvenile growth-regulating genetic program

Body size varies enormously among mammalian species. In small mammals, body growth is typically suppressed rapidly, within weeks, whereas in large mammals, growth is suppressed slowly, over years, allowing for a greater adult size. We recently reported evidence that body growth suppression in rodents is caused in part by a juvenile genetic program that occurs in multiple tissues simultaneously and involves the downregulation of a large set of growth-promoting genes. We hypothesized that this genetic program is conserved in large mammals but that its time course is evolutionarily modulated such that it plays out more slowly, allowing for more prolonged growth. Consistent with this hypothesis, using expression microarray analysis, we identified a set of genes that are downregulated with age in both juvenile sheep kidney and lung. This overlapping gene set was enriched for genes involved in cell proliferation and growth and showed striking similarity to a set of genes downregulated with age in multiple organs of the juvenile mouse and rat, indicating that the multiorgan juvenile genetic program previously described in rodents has been conserved in the 80 million years since sheep and rodents diverged in evolution. Using microarray and real-time PCR, we found that the pace of this program was most rapid in mice, more gradual in rats, and most gradual in sheep. These findings support the hypothesis that a growth-regulating genetic program is conserved among mammalian species but that its pace is modulated to allow more prolonged growth and therefore greater adult body size in larger mammals.
High performance FRC ADCs with gain calibration

In this paper, we introduce an offline digital calibration technique that allows the feed-forward residue compensation (FRC) architecture to provide a 70-Msps 15-bit converter with a final spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of over 100 dB. We develop analytical expressions for the maximum accuracy that can result from this architecture. Simulations of the overall architecture including device mismatch and finite amplifier gain were used to validate the calibration technique.
Racial factors in anencephaly: A comparison of cases among American Negroes and Caucasians

Sixty-six cases of anencephaly were divided ethnically and interracially compared. The incidence among Negroes was found to be one-third that among Caucasians from the same clinic population. Complications of pregnancy (primarily hydramnios) were more common among the Negro patients as were fetal growth retardation, intrauterine death, placental “aging,” and premature delivery. Average weight and gestation length of the Negroes were similar to those of Caucasians whose pregnancies were also complicated. Fetal mortality, difference between expected normal and anencephalic weight, female:male ratio, and incidence rates of previous abortions were lower among Caucasians with uncomplicated pregnancies than among Negroes. It is suggested that earlier intrauterine death and abortion, particularly of the more vulnerable male fetus, may account for the lower recorded incidence of anencephaly among Negroes and for the preponderance of female anencephalic fetuses. It is further suggested that differences in the adequacy of the intrauterine environment may account for the poor growth and development of the Negro anencephalic fetus.
Lope de Vega and the Meanings of Book Ownership

Lope de Vega’s late poem «Ayer vi la libreria» appears at first sight to be a laudatory description of King Felipe IV’s personal library. Upon close inspection, and within the broader context of book history in Spain, the poem brings to light a quiet ambivalence about book ownership. This is related at once to Lope’s own disappointments with the Monarchy and the contradictory attitudes to the functions of books in Spain in the XVIIth century.
Radionuclide Imaging and 131 I Therapy in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

Radionuclide imaging and 131I therapy including dosimetry are addressed in multiple separate chapters. This brief chapter addresses the relation of special aspects of radionuclide imaging and 131I therapy to follicular thyroid cancer (FTC). Although papillary and follicular differentiated thyroid cancers are histologically different, their biological behaviors are similar. As a result, most published reports do not differentiate between the two, describing outcomes for “differentiated thyroid carcinoma,” and this is especially true for the literature involving radionuclide imaging and 131I therapy. Accordingly, the other chapters discussing various issues for papillary carcinoma are for the most part also applicable to patients with follicular carcinoma. However, several distinctions between these two types of thyroid malignancy are noteworthy.
QoS Guaranteeing Robust Scheduling in Attack Resilient Cloud Integrated Cyber Physical System

Abstract In this paper, we propose a security framework based on the semi-network form game in unison with a robust and attack resilient scheduling mechanism for a cloud integrated Cyber Physical System (CPS). As CPS moves from the traditional Sensing Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems with limited on-board processing units, the need to use cloud computing arises owing to the ever increasing processing demands of heterogeneous CPS applications. In such systems, system stability and critical operational capability have the highest priority. This multi-system coupling can have security vulnerabilities which can cripple the speed and effectiveness of data processing, which is unacceptable in time and resource critical CPS applications owing to the need for satisfying the stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Therefore, a robust scheduling mechanism invulnerable to security attacks is needed to efficiently utilize the scalable processing components as provided by a cloud computing platform. However, scalability brought in by the cloud integration and data migration increases the attack space of an attacker due to an increase in available access points. To address this issue, we developed a new method of learning procedure using Bayesian Networks for the semi-network form game to aid our scheduling algorithm. We employ game theoretic principles to proactively understand the behavior of an attacker based on the strategic decisions made by the defender. This helps us in building a robust scheduling mechanism that schedules tasks based on the decisions made from the output of the game.
A Comparative Analysis of Human-Mediated and System-Mediated Interruptions for Multi-user, Multitasking Interactions

When to send system-mediated interruptions within multitasking environments has been widely debated in the development of interruption management and notification systems primarily from the perspective of single-user interactions. Scholars illustrate that task structure is a useful predictor in determining when to send interruptions. However, these works do not address when to send system interruptions in multi-user, multitasking scenarios and do not address predictors of interruptibility within communication tasks. This paper addresses the issue of predicting interruptibility within multi-user, multitasking communication interactions with special attention to leveraging human interruption techniques as predictors of interruptibility. Specifically, in our project, we will be looking at how task structure and speech information influence human interruption strategies. These strategies could potentially be modeled and integrated into interruption management systems for multi-user, multitasking interactions. We will discuss human interruption strategies and juxtapose them against random interruption strategies, to reveal an intelligent technique for modeling interruptions. We argue that humans use task structure and speech cues to make more informed decisions about when to interrupt that are distinct from more random strategies. An analysis of variance showed that the effect of the interruption strategy (human versus system) on the proximity of an interruption to task boundaries was significant for start and end boundaries, F(2,5938) = 17.46, p = 0.001, F(2,5938) = 7.46, p = 0.006 respectively. This project sheds light on the use of task structure as a predictor of interruptibility within multi-user, multitasking environments via techniques used by human interrupters.
Factors Influencing Information Literacy Competency of College Students

Abstract This paper analyzes multiple factors from current university students' high school experiences, including demographic, educational, and economic factors, and current standing and grade point average (GPA), to evaluate the students' information literacy skills associated with a 1000 level course on information literacy which is part of the university's general education requirement. The pre-test indicates that students lack sufficient skills needed to do college-level research. Results of regression analyses demonstrate that only current university GPA and standardized test scores have any influence on information literacy test scores.
Are We Wasting Money on Rehabilitation for Patients Receiving Workers’ Compensation?

This is a copy of an article published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume © 2012 Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc
Comparison of In-Solution, FASP, and S-Trap Based Digestion Methods for Bottom-Up Proteomic Studies

Bottom-up proteomic strategies rely on efficient digestion of proteins into peptides for mass spectrometry analysis. In-solution and filter-based strategies are commonly used for proteomic analysis. In recent years, filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) has become the dominant filter-based method due to its ability to remove SDS prior to mass spectrometry analysis. However, the time-consuming nature of FASP protocols have led to the development of new filter-based strategies. Suspension traps (S-Traps) were recently reported as an alternative to FASP and in-solution strategies as they allow for high concentrations of SDS in a fraction of the time of a typical FASP protocol. In this study, we compare the yields from in-solution, FASP, and S-Trap based digestions of proteins extracted in SDS and urea-based lysis buffers. We performed label-free quantification to analyze the differences in the portions of the proteome identified using each method. Overall, our results show that each digestion method had a h...
Analysis of graphite-hydrogen-methane kinetics above 1600 K

The heterogeneous reaction of hydrogen and methane with graphite in a flowing gas stream system above 1600K was examined by a phenomenological analysis and was found to give a one-half-order back reaction based on large additions of methane to the feed stream. A reaction mechanism that involves a slow step with rearrangement on the surface, followed by a fast step with two of the product species from the slow step combining to form methane, results from the analysis. Qualitative flow effects were observed. Measurements were made at 12.9 atm absolute. Local hot spots on graphite limiters of fusion devices might approach the temperatures of this work.
Interactions Between B Lymphocytes and NK Cells: An Update

The major role of NK cells has traditionally been assigned to their cytotoxic activity both against tumor cells and against virus-infected cells. Only recently has there been greater appreciation for their more diverse functions. The interaction between NK and B cells is unique in that NK cells have not been reported to kill B cells, allowing, therefore productive interactions between the two cell types. In this review we have focused on the ability of NK cells to influence the two major functions of B cells, their ability to secrete antibodies and to present antigen to T cells. This review provides the definitive evidence obtained from in vitro experiments that NK and B cells can interact productively in both directions. In addition, much progress has been made toward identification of the receptor–ligand pairs required for the interaction. This review also points out that whereas there is evidence for similar interactions to occur in vivo, unraveling the mechanisms by which this occurs is more challenging due to the many players involved. For this same reason we have focused the review in the mouse system which is more amenable to in vivo manipulation. We realize that much insights derived from work with human cells should be informative, but complete correlation with findings between the two system is beyond the scope of this review.
Hand Burns in Children

In children, hand burns are more frequent than burns in any other site, and they also disturb the normal routine of children’s life, because of their localization. We refer here to hand burns that do not cover a large percentage of the body and therefore do not provoke the disorders caused by extensive burns.
Use of the BIS monitor to detect onset of naturally occurring sleep.

Objectives.Inadvertent sleep episodes are a recognizedcomplication of sleep deprivation. Although such events can be lifethreatening, no system currently exists to detect and prevent sleeponset. Because sleep shares electroencephalographic similarities withthe anesthetized state, we hypothesized that the BIS monitor, acurrently available EEG-based monitor of anesthetic depth, would detectthe onset of physiologic sleep. To test our hypothesis, we monitoredvolunteers during the transition from waking to sleep. Methods.Non-medicated volunteers were asked to lie down in a dark room for30-minutes and fall asleep while attached to a BIS monitor locatedoutside the room. A laptop computer was used to generate an audio toneinside the room. Speaker volume was adjusted to the lowest leveldetectable by the awake subject. Testing was begun by activating acomputer to play a tone at random intervals. The subject was instructedto click a mouse connected to the computer upon hearing the tone toverify wakefulness. The session was terminated upon loss of response tothree consecutive tones or after 30 minutes. Subjects were questionedafterwards regarding their perceptions of sleep during testing.Results.11 out of 28 self-described good sleepers could notsleep under testing conditions. BIS values for the remaining 17 fellfrom 96.4 ± 2.1 to 86.5 ± 0.79 (p 90, and were asleep either by subjective or objective report at BISvalues <80. Three subjects retained the mouse-click response despitelow BIS scores and subjective descriptions of sleep. Conclusion.Although variability in the BIS value marking sleep onset was noted,the BIS monitor detected all episodes of sleep onset in our testingregimen. We conclude that a threshold BIS value can be defined to allowthe BIS monitor to detect sleep onset.
Malonyl-CoA Signaling in the CNS: Hypothalamic Control of Feeding Behavior and Energy Expenditure

Whole body energy status is monitored by specialized hypothalamic neurons using a signaling system that responds to peripheral inputs, notably blood glucose, circulating hormone levels, and afferent neuronal signals. Recent evidence indicates that these inputs converge on a 5′-AMP kinase/malonyl-CoA signaling pathway, which regulates feeding behavior and energy expenditure. Malonyl-CoA is a metabolic intermediate in the pathway of fatty acid synthesis that responds to changes in energy status. Formation of malonyl-CoA is catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) – a highly regulated enzyme expressed both in lipogenic tissues, muscle, and hypothalamic feeding centers. Only recently has the importance of malonyl-CoA been recognized as a signaling intermediate in the central nervous system. Hypothalamic malonyl-CoA level has been implicated in the regulation of feeding behavior. Hence, the administration (systemically or centrally) of inhibitors of fatty acid synthase (FAS) – the enzyme that succeeds ACC in the fatty acid synthetic pathway – increases hypothalamic malonyl-CoA and suppresses food intake. Lowering malonyl-CoA with an ACC inhibitor or ectopic expression of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase in the hypothalamus increases food intake and reverses blockade by FAS inhibitors. ACC is targeted by 5′-AMP kinase, phosphorylation provoking inhibition and leading to a lower malonyl-CoA level. Physiologically, hypothalamic malonyl-CoA is subject to regulation by fasting and refeeding and conditions that alter blood glucose level. As the level of glucose entering the hypothalamus increases, food intake is suppressed, and as glucose level falls, food intake is restored. The central metabolism of glucose is linked to the 5′-AMP kinase signaling system through changes in the [AMP]/[ATP] ratio. Thus, glucose metabolism provokes a rise in [ATP] which produces compensatory decreases in [AMP] level and 5′-AMP kinase activity, dephosphorylation of ACC, increased ACC activity and its reaction product, malonyl-CoA. The “malonyl-CoA signal” is relayed to the orexigenic/anorexigenic neuropeptide systems that determine hunger and energy expenditure. In contrast to centrally administered glucose, which produces satiety, centrally administered fructose has an inverse effect on feeding behavior having reciprocal effects on the intermediaries in the 5′-AMP kinase/malonyl-CoA signaling pathway. Elevated hypothalamic malonyl-CoA also rapidly triggers energy expenditure via the sympathetic nervous system connection to skeletal muscle. This gives rise to increased expression of fatty acid-oxidizing enzymes and regulators and a delayed, but significant increase in mtovhondrial biogenesis and number.
Central Nervous System-type Neuroepithelial Tumors and Tumor-like Proliferations Developing in the Gynecologic Tract and Pelvis: Clinicopathologic Analysis of 23 Cases.

Central nervous system (CNS)-type tumors and tumor-like proliferations arising in the gynecologic tract and pelvis are rare. Clinicopathologic features of 23 cases are reported using the current WHO classification system for CNS tumors, with selected relevant immunohistochemical and molecular geneti
Simple Stochastic Model of Multiparticle Battery Electrodes Undergoing Phase Transformations

Author(s): Bartelt, NC; Li, Y; Sugar, JD; Fenton, K; Kilcoyne, ALD; Shapiro, DA; Tyliszczak, T; Chueh, WC; El Gabaly, F | Abstract: Incorporation of ions into battery electrodes can lead to phase transformations. When multiparticle phase-transforming electrodes charge or discharge, two processes must occur in each particle: the new phase must nucleate, and then grow until the particle is fully charged or discharged. A fundamental question is which of these two processes is rate limiting. Here we construct a simple stochastic model that shows how the relative rate of nucleation compared with growth determines the particle state-of-charge distributions in the electrode. We find that the number of particles that are partially charged at any time increases as the relative nucleation rate increases. The maximum number of particles that are actively charging occurs just before the time when the first particles are becoming completely charged. By comparing measured state-of-charge distributions with the model, we determine the relative rate of nucleation. We apply this procedure to measurements of the evolution of particles in LiFePO4 cathodes and show we can account for the particle state-of-charge distribution as a function of the electrode state of charge.
Diagnosing Consumer Information Problems: An Investigation of Deception in the Mail-Order Video Camcorder Market:

Changes in the marketing environment of mail-order retailing (e.g., widespread acceptance of credit cards, increased sales of technologically complex high ticket items, and the increasing use of to...