cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Robust Microvavles for Compact Robust Pumps/Hydraulic Actuators

In situ UV-LIGA assembled robust micro check valves with large flow rates (>10 ml/s, displacement related), high-pressure support ability (>10 MPa) and high operational frequencies (>10 kHz) made of nano-structured nickel were presented in this paper. The microvalve consists of an array of 80 single micro valves to achieve the required flow rates. Test results show that the forward flow rate is about 19 ml/s under pressure of 90Psi. The backward flow rate is negligible. The reliability of the valve is ensured by the valve design and nanostructured nickel realized. The tested tensile strength of a nano structured nickel is about 1GPa. The strength of SU-8 is 50MPa, which is more than 50% higher that fabricated with a standard process.
Noise simulation in x-ray CT

A method is presented for accurately simulating the effects of dose reduction in x-ray computed tomography (CT) by adding synthetic noise to raw projection data. A model for realistic noise in projection data was generated, incorporating the mechanisms of stochastic noise in energy-integrating x-ray detectors, electronic system noise, and bowtie beam filtering (used for patient dose reduction). Parameters for the model were extracted from phantom measurements on a variety of clinical CT scanners (helical single row, four-row, and 16-row). Dose reduction simulations were performed by adding synthetic noise based on the noise model to raw data acquired from clinical scanners. Qualitative and quantitative validation of the process was accomplished by comparing phantom scans acquired under high and low dose conditions with simulated imagery. The importance of including alternative noise mechanisms (bowtie filter and system noise) was demonstrated. Henceforth, scans of clinical patients were acquired using conventional protocols; through simulations, image sets were presented at a variety of lower dose procedures. The methodology promises to be a useful tool for radiologists to explore dose reduction protocols in an effort to produce diagnostic images with radiation dose “as low as reasonably achievable”.
Comprehensive isotachophoresis–capillary zone electrophoresis using directly inserted columns having different diameters with a periodic counterflow and dual ultraviolet detectors

Isotachophoresis (ITP) coupled to capillary zone electrophoresis (CE) in a comprehensive manner was used to separate mixture components in both insufficient and sufficient quantities without heart-cutting or splitting. Examples of comprehensive ITP-CE involving multiple CE injections of preconcentrated ITP zones are demonstrated. In the comprehensive arrangement, all of the sample in the first dimension (ITP) is subjected to analysis in the second dimension (CE), without significant sample loss or decrease in sample detectability resulting from removal of a portion of the sample. This is especially important for analytes at low concentrations which may form a single mixed zone instead of individual ITP zones. Direct on-line coupling of ITP to CE in this comprehensive arrangement involved the use of columns having different diameters with one directly inserted inside of the other. A computer-controlled counterflow was applied when the isotachophoretic sample stack reached the bifurcation point. Large volume (10 μL) injections were made using an electrically insulated commercial polymeric rotary valve injector for increased reproducibility compared to previous comprehensive ITP-CE studies, with ITP and CE retention time RSD's ranging from 2 to 5%. An ultraviolet (UV) detector positioned at the bifurcation point was used to determine the beginning of CE injection. Application of a splitting voltage at the bifurcation point showed no affect on analyte transfer into the CE column. In using multiple injections of the ITP band(s), CE column overloading was not observed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 361–370, 2001
Fungous Diseases of the Lungs

In this brief review of the mycotic infections of the lungs, the author has attempted to emphasize: 1) The close resemblance of this type of infection to that of pulmonary tuberculosis. 2) Pneumomycotic infections undoubtedly occur more often than is generally suspected or recognized, and in obscure pulmonary infections, the possibility of this condition should always be considered. 3) The importance of the laboratory as an indispensable means of establishing the early diagnosis. 4) Once the diagnosis has been definitely established, iodide therapy should immediately be instituted.
The effect of clofibrate on the serum triglyceride concentration in normal males fed high-sucrose diets

Summary The effect of Clofibrate administration on the serum triglyceride response to high caloric sucrose diets has been investigated in normal males. In each subject the sucrose diet increased the serum triglyceride concentration. Clofibrate treatment of normal individuals eating an ad-libitum diet did not decrease the serum triglyceride concentration. Clofibrate therapy did not block the hypertriglyceridemic response to the sucrose diet.
An introduction to the parallel distributed processing model of cognition and some examples of how it is changing the teaching of artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence programming involves representing knowledge, using paradigms to manipulate the knowledge, and having a learning process modify both the knowledge and the paradigms. One could consider this process as building a model of how one thinks, i.e. how the brain operates at the cognitive psychology level [2]. Recently, cognitive scientists have developed a model of how one thinks at the neural level. This model is called the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model of cognition and is described in the definitive work of Rumelhart and McClelland [1]. The idea that we can actually model the brain as an electrical network of neurons and then develop Artificial Intelligence in terms of the model is extremely attractive. The program has had some success, especially in the area of sensory perception and motor activity, but still has some problems to overcome before it can be said to be the ideal foundation for Artificial Intelligence.Much of the power of the PDP model derives from the learning algorithms. In this paper we consider a classification of learning algorithms that helps to organize the many developing techniques seen in the literature. We also discuss how the PDP model is changing the way we teach Artificial Intelligence. This is an important aspect of the PDP model, since the model has produced a number of new problem-solving techniques for Artificial Intelligence as well as holding out the promise of a better foundation for the basic theory of this field. If the PDP model fulfills its promise we would develop Artificial Intelligence programs that are really intelligent rather than programs that only appear to be intelligent.
Proteinuria in children with insulin-dependent diabetes: Relationship to duration of disease, metabolic control, and retinal changes

The relationship of early retinal changes and subclinical proteinuria to duration and metabolicregulation of insulin-dependent diabetes was studied in 67 children. Retinopathy was found in 25 patients and occurred almost exclusively (96%) in those with duration of disease longer than five years. Glomerular filtration rate was normal or increased in all patients. Urinary excretion of β 2 -microglobulin, albumin, transferrin, and IgG was significantly increased in patients, as compared with controls, whereas serum concentrations of these proteins were generally normal. The mechanisms responsible for the hyperexcretion of both large and small proteins are unclear but probably involve both glomerular and tubular dysfunction. Increased urinary protein excretion occurred independently of duration of disease. Retinopathy but not microproteinuria was more common in patients with glycosylated hemoglobin > 11% and in those with duration of disease longer than five years. Although a significant association was found between retinopathy and the hyperexcretion of one or more of the large molecular weight proteins, the weight of the evidence suggests that these two sequelae of diabetes differ in their pathogenesis. Long-term follow-up of these patients may provide insight as to their risk of developing more serious retinopathy or nephropathy, and whether good glycemic control may protect against these complications of insulin-dependent diabetes.
Quantum critical behaviour in confined SrTiO 3 quantum wells embedded in antiferromagnetic SmTiO 3

Oxide heterostructures are attractive for their tuneable properties such as magnetism. Here, the authors find that SrTiO3/SmTiO3 heterostructures with very high sheet carrier densities show quantum critical behaviour, sensitive also to variations in layer thickness.
An amorphous oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor route to oxide electronics

Abstract Amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) thin-film transistors (TFTs) invented only one decade ago are now being commercialized for active-matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) backplane applications. They also appear to be well positioned for other flat-panel display applications such as active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) applications, electrophoretic displays, and transparent displays. The objectives of this contribution are to overview AOS materials design; assess indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) TFTs for AMLCD and AMOLED applications; identify several technical topics meriting future scrutiny before they can be confidently relied upon as providing a solid scientific foundation for underpinning AOS TFT technology; and briefly speculate on the future of AOS TFTs for display and non-display applications.
Foxp3 Represses Retroviral Transcription by Targeting Both NF-κB and CREB Pathways

Forkhead box (Fox)/winged-helix transcription factors regulate multiple aspects of immune responsiveness and Foxp3 is recognized as an essential functional marker of regulatory T cells. Herein we describe downstream signaling pathways targeted by Foxp3 that may negatively impact retroviral pathogenesis. Overexpression of Foxp3 in HEK 293T and purified CD4+ T cells resulted in a dose-dependent and time-dependent decrease in basal levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Deletion of the carboxyl-terminal forkhead (FKH) domain, critical for nuclear localization and DNA-binding activity, abrogated the ability of Foxp3 to suppress NF-κB activity in HEK 293T cells, but not in Jurkat or primary human CD4+ T cells. We further demonstrate that Foxp3 suppressed the transcription of two human retroviral promoters (HIV-1 and human T cell lymphotropic virus type I [HTLV-I]) utilizing NF-κB-dependent and NF-κB-independent mechanisms. Examination of the latter identified the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) pathway as a target of Foxp3. Finally, comparison of the percent Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells to the HTLV-I proviral load in HTLV-I-infected asymptomatic carriers and patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis suggested that high Foxp3 expression is associated with low proviral load and absence of disease. These results suggest an expanded role for Foxp3 in regulating NF-κB- and CREB-dependent cellular and viral gene expression.
TEM studies of cobalt-rare earth permanent magnets

The microstructures of several cobalt-rare earth magnet alloys from various laboratories were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The magnets varied in alloying elements and in z , the ratio of transition-metal to rare-earth atoms. Matsushita magnets with z\sim8 had a relatively featureless microstructure. Toshiba magnets with z\sim7 contained a fine cellular microstructure, and Brown-Boveri magnets with z=7.8 contained fine isolated precipitates plus a partly-formed cellular structure. These observations are consistent with magnetization hehavior, which indicated nucleation-controlled coercivity for the z\sim8 magnets and pinning-controlled coercivity for the z\sim7 and z=7.8 magnets. Results are compared with earlier TEM studies.
Bayesian cross-entropy methodology for optimal design of validation experiments

An important concern in the design of validation experiments is how to incorporate the mathematical model in the design in order to allow conclusive comparisons of model prediction with experimental output in model assessment. The classical experimental design methods are more suitable for phenomena discovery and may result in a subjective, expensive, time-consuming and ineffective design that may adversely impact these comparisons. In this paper, an integrated Bayesian cross-entropy methodology is proposed to perform the optimal design of validation experiments incorporating the computational model. The expected cross entropy, an information-theoretic distance between the distributions of model prediction and experimental observation, is defined as a utility function to measure the similarity of two distributions. A simulated annealing algorithm is used to find optimal values of input variables through minimizing or maximizing the expected cross entropy. The measured data after testing with the optimum input values are used to update the distribution of the experimental output using Bayes theorem. The procedure is repeated to adaptively design the required number of experiments for model assessment, each time ensuring that the experiment provides effective comparison for validation. The methodology is illustrated for the optimal design of validation experiments for a three-leg bolted joint structure and a composite helicopter rotor hub component.
Angle-only tracking and prediction of boost vehicle position

ABSTRACT This paper considers the problem of tracking a boost vehicle and predicting its future position usinga satellite-based passive optical sensor. The portion of the powered-flight under observation is assumedto be relatively short. Two approaches are studied: a profile-based iterative least-squares algorithm andan extended Kalman filter. Their performances are evaluated using simulated test cases. 1. INTRODUCTION It is a difficult problem to track a boost vehicle for a short interval using a passive optical sensorand then predict its future position because (1) the vehicle can be steered to a desired state in manydifferent ways and, as a consequence, no simple and yet sound physics model can be constructed todescribe its dynamics, (2) angle-only measurements contain relatively low information about thevehicle's state, and (3) the ratio of tracking to prediction intervals could be very small.To this tracking problem there are at least three approaches. One of them is an extended Kalmanfilter (EKF) in conjunction with a certain dynamics model. It is well known that the EKF needs anaccurate initial state and long observation time in order to function reasonablely. Another approach isan iterative least-squares filter (ILS), which processes the data in a batch mode. The ILS utilizes thesame information as available to the EKF but makes more use of it. To predict the booster vehicle'sposition based on the trajectory established using either the EKF or the ILS is rather difficult becausethe vehicle is only tracked for a short interval. In the third approach, a nominal booster altitude andground-range profile is assumed. Using a profile makes the prediction much easier but less robust. Wewill analyze the first and the third approaches in this paper.One of the crucial issues in the target tracking is how to model the measurement noise. For a pointtarget, it is usually assumed that the angular measurement noise is a stationary Gaussian process with
The bacteriological quality of minced beef in the U.K.

Minced (ground) beef from three supermarkets, three intermediate-sized chain butchers and three small family butchers in each of three geographical areas was examined three times in warm weather and three times in cool. The total viable count (37 and 20 degrees C), numbers of Enterobacteriaceae (37 and 17 degrees C), and presumptive coliforms did not differ significantly between shop type or season. Statistically significant differences in numbers of faecal Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens were too small to be of commercial importance, or diagnostic value.
Do learner variables affect cloze correlations

Abstract Research in the United States with college students found that cloze tests correlate highly with test batteries and listening comprehension tests. Where adult open enrolment students are concerned, however, correlations between cloze tests and listening tests have been more moderate. To determine whether such learner variables as age and high-school graduation could influence students' language test scores enough to cause the lower correlations, six tests were given to 257 students in an adult program. These tests were an open ended cloze, a multiple-choice cloze, two listening tests, a reading test, and a structure test. Results were analyzed using correlation studies and three-way analyses of variance. Both age and high school graduation accounted for variance on some but not all of the tests. Age was a significant factor on tests of listening and structure, while high school graduation had a lesser, but statistically significant, effect on all but one test. It was concluded that such learner variables as age and high school graduation could affect cloze correlations.
Soil solarization: a non-chemical approach for management of plant pathogens and pests

Abstract Soil solarization is a special mulching process which causes hydrothermal disinfestation and other physical and biological changes in soil which are beneficial to plant health and growth. Plastic film laid over moist soil during periods of high air temperature, usually for 1–2 months, can greatly reduce or eradicate a number of pathogens and pests including fungi, bacteria, nematodes, arthropods and weeds. Following soil solarization, growth of microflora beneficial to plant growth or antagonistic to pathogens and pests may slow the reinfestation of soil by these organisms for more than one growing season. Increased plant growth and yield of annual and perennial field, row, and nursery crops usually occur following soil solarization. In addition, the availability of increased mineral nutrients following solarization may reduce crop fertilization requirements. Soil solarization has been effective as a pre-plant and as a post-plant treatment, and has been compatible with chemical soil treatments and also biological soil amendments after solarization. Soil solarization is a significant advance in the non-chemical control of many pathogens and pests.
A central principle of science: Optimization

This paper formalizes an implicit presupposition in all scientific theories of action dealing with all levels and subsystems of living and nonliving systems, whether they be theories of particle action, animal action, human action, or evolutionary action. Once formalized, this presupposition leads to a mathematical law of optimization (a variational principle). By specifying the functions involved in this law, one can then derive specific theories in such fields as physics, psychology, and economics. Thus, this paper answers the question: “Why are optimization principles so prevalent throughout the sciences?” It results from an implicit consistency premise in all scientific theories. We illustrate how our optimization law can be used to derive specific laws in many different scientific areas.
Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Failed Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Grafts

Purpose:To study the histopathologic features of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) grafts removed after graft failure and to correlate with relevant clinical features.Methods:Retrospective study of 8 cases in 7 patients who experienced DSAEK graft failure during the surge
Specificity and regulation of peptide transport in Neurospora crassa

Abstract The tripeptide, glycyl- d , l -leucyl- l -tyrosine was chemically synthesized in radioactive form and used to directly study the specificity, regulation, and properties of an oligopeptide transport system in Neurospora . Transport activity is sensitive to azide but does not result in the accumulation of the intact peptide; rather, the radioactive label is accumulated as free tyrosine. Inhibition studies suggest that the transport system probably has a relatively wide range of specificity and is responsible for uptake of short oligopeptides of quite distinct sequences. However, free amino acids and dipeptides are not transported significantly, if at all, by the oligopeptide transport system. A free amino group appears to be a requirement for peptide transport. A mutant strain that is unable to use various peptides for growth is further described and shown to be reduced greater than 90% in transport of the tripeptide.
Staffing geographically distributed service facilities with itinerant personnel

We address the problem of designing and staffing service facilities for a geographically distributed population of independent customers. Capacitated gravity models are used to represent a customer's selection of service facility. Analytical models and simulation are used to estimate service levels that would occur with alternative staffing levels and hours of operation. Integer programming is used to determine staffing patterns. We illustrate how these tools are used in concert to plan the statewide location and operation of drivers examination centers with combinations of fixed and itinerant staff.
Through pitch monitoring by optical scatterometry

Scatterometry critical dimension (SCD) technology in state of the art semiconductor manufacturing is a well-accepted and powerful technique to determine profile properties such as critical dimensions, sidewall angles, trench depths as well as layer thicknesses of microelectronic structures. The amount and combination of information receivable via SCD measurements makes it, as long as interpreted correctly and incoming process variations especially incoming material variations are well understood, superior to other measurement techniques such as critical dimension scanning electron microscopy (CDSEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or atomic force microscopy (AFM). For high throughput inline process monitoring and feedback SCD models are usually generated for uniform gratings having fixed pitches representing dense areas of the microelectronic chip design. However, for purposes such as improvement in process tool matching, wafer uniformity or optical proximity correction (OPC) it is of great value if the measured test patterns do have different layout properties being representative for other design elements and styles as well. In this paper a through pitch SCD measurement within the shallow trench isolation (STI) layer on the 28nm node is presented. This approach allows to interpret, to tune and to monitor process tool behavior for different pattern densities using only one single specially designed lithography mask. Two different use cases are shown: for varying pitch sizes either the designed line CD or the designed space CD is kept constant. General SCD modelling approaches and examples to illustrate the key idea and practical use will be provided.
Solution‐mediated phase transformation: Significance during dissolution and implications for bioavailability

Solubility improvement of poorly soluble drug compounds is a key approach to ensuring the successful development of many new drugs. Methods used to improve the solubility of drug compounds include forming a salt, cocrystal, or amorphous solid. These methods of improving solubility can often lead to a phenomenon called solution-mediated phase transformation, a phase change that is facilitated through exposure to solution. Solution-mediated phase transformation occurs in three steps: dissolution to create a supersaturated solution followed by nucleation of less soluble phase and the growth of that phase. When the growth of the less soluble phase occurs on the surface of the metastable solid, this phenomenon can cause a marked decrease in dissolution rate during in vitro dissolution evaluation, and ultimately in vivo. Therefore, transformation to a less soluble solid during dissolution is an important aspect to consider when evaluating approaches to increase the solubility of a poorly soluble drug. Identification of solution-mediated phase transformation during dissolution is reviewed for powder dissolution, rotating disk method, and channel flow-through apparatus. Types of solution-mediated phase transformation are described in this report, including those involving salts, polymorphs, amorphous solids, and cocrystals. Many experimental examples are provided. Evidence of potential solution-mediated phase transformation in vivo is discussed to better understand the relationship between in vitro dissolution evaluation and in vivo performance.
Determinants of senior center attendance and participation

This study determined factors associated with two major dimensions of senior center involvement ; (a) frequency and duration of attendance and (b) use of activities and services, using participants (N = 623) from 15 centers located in a county in a Midwestern state. Results of multiple regression, which controlled for the effect of centers through use of dummy variables, showed that those who felt that the meal was important to daily food intake and who lived closer to the center attended more freguently, and those who were older had attended longer. Respondents who participated in activities had higher educational levels, and those who used services were less mobile, made friends at the senior center, and had hrgher life satisfaction. The multiple regression as well as subsequent analyses, however, demonstrated that the variability among senior centers rather than participant characteristics had the larger effect on the dimensions of senior center involvement.
System Application of Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers with Solid-State Trip Devices

The protection provided by low-voltage power circuit breakers for circuit conductors and connected load devices, and the degree to which breakers can be coordinated with other protective devices in the power distribution system, depend to a large extent on the characteristics of overcurrent trip devices on these breakers. Trip devices using solid-state circuitry, with characteristics established to meet requirements for both protection and coordination, offer distinct advantages over electromechanical types of trip devices to application engineers and system designers. The extent to which inherent advantages of solid-state circuitry are realized in the design of a recently introduced trip device' is illustrated by a number of examples of system application of low-voltage power circuit breakers for both phase-overcurrent and ground fault protection.
Fighting Shyness with Shyness: An Exercise in Survey Methodology and Self-Awareness:

This in-class exercise is designed to teach basic principles of survey methodology and make students more aware of the pervasiveness of and potential problems associated with shyness in college students. Students complete a brief survey on shyness and the instructor presents a summary of the results to the class as part of a lecture on survey methodology. The instructor also discusses the problems associated with shyness in college students and possible causes of shyness. Suggested readings to help students overcome their shyness are also included.
Human brain activity predicts individual differences in prior knowledge use during decisions

Studies by cognitive psychologists, psychophysicists, neuroscientists, and economists provide ample evidence that humans use prior knowledge to bias decisions adaptively. In this study, we sought to locate and investigate the brain areas mediating this behavior. Participants viewed ambiguous abstract shapes and decided whether a shape was of Category A (smoother) or B (bumpier). The decision was made in the context of one of two prior knowledge cues, 80/20 and 50/50. The 80/20 cue indicated that upcoming shapes had an 80% probability of being of one category, for example, B, and a 20% probability of being of the other. The 50/50 cue indicated that upcoming shapes had an equal probability of being of either category. The shift in bias produced by the 80/20 cue relative to the 50/50 cue was of the predicted sign for every subject but varied in magnitude. We searched for brain regions in which activity changes correlated with the extent of the bias shift; these were dorsolateral pFC (middle frontal gyrus), inferior frontal junction, anterior insula, inferior parietal lobule, intraparietal sulcus, head of the caudate, posterior cingulate cortex, and fusiform gyrus. The findings indicate that an individual's brain activity in these regions reflects the extent to which that individual makes use of prior knowledge to bias decisions. We also created within-ROI tuning curves by binning the shape curvature levels and plotting brain activity levels at each of the nine bins. In the fronto-parietal and anterior insula ROIs, the tuning curves peaked at targets contraindicated by the prior knowledge cue (e.g., Category B targets if the 80/20 cue meant 20% probability B). The increased activity in these regions likely indicates a no-go response when sufficient perceptual evidence favored the alternative contraindicated by the 80/20 cue.
Syndecan-3 and Notch cooperate in regulating adult myogenesis

Skeletal muscle postnatal growth and repair depend on satellite cells and are regulated by molecular signals within the satellite cell niche. We investigated the molecular and cellular events that lead to altered myogenesis upon genetic ablation of Syndecan-3, a component of the satellite cell niche. In the absence of Syndecan-3, satellite cells stall in S phase, leading to reduced proliferation, increased cell death, delayed onset of differentiation, and markedly reduced numbers of Pax7+ satellite cells accompanied by myofiber hypertrophy and an increased number of centrally nucleated myofibers. We show that the aberrant cell cycle and impaired self-renewal of explanted Syndecan-3–null satellite cells are rescued by ectopic expression of the constitutively active Notch intracellular domain. Furthermore, we show that Syndecan-3 interacts with Notch and is required for Notch processing by ADAM17/tumor necrosis factor-α–converting enzyme (TACE) and signal transduction. Together, our data support the conclusion that Syndecan-3 and Notch cooperate in regulating homeostasis of the satellite cell population and myofiber size.
Thermoelastic and electromagnetic damping analysis

The thermoelastic damping due to thermal currents and the electromagnetic damping due to electric conduction currents of vibrating solids are discussed. The effects of structural and geometrical constraints on damping loss factors are investigated. Also, optimum conditions for the maximum damping, which may be useful on the stage of system design, are investigated. It is found that damping loss factors are generally dependent upon structural and geometrical configurations. An analogy exists between thermoelastic damping and electromagnetic damping, showing Debye curves with Debye peaks. Standing transverse waves are likely to achieve larger damping than standing dilatational waves in the presence of a magnetic field. Electromagnetic damping in ferromagnetic material bodies is found to be considerable in high field. The influence of thermoelastic damping on aeroelastic stability of beam plates is investigated. This research strongly suggests that thermoelastic damping improves the aeroelastic stability of beam plates.
An analytical model for studying the development of learners’ mathematical ideas and reasoning using videotape data☆

We review the literature on videotape methodology for observational research in mathematics education. We organize the review by presenting issues related to data collection, ethical concerns, data analysis, tapes as data versus transcripts as data, and research presentation. To address a gap we perceive in the literature, we propose a model for analyzing data in the context of investigations into the mathematical work and growth of thinking of students engaged in mathematical inquiry. The model we propose is based on nearly two decades of research experiences in
Feeding Behaviour Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of the Brain in Chickens, Gallus Gallus

Abstract In a search for the neural mechanisms that regulate feed intake in chickens, 625 sites in the anterior hypothalamus and supra- and pre-optic areas of the brains of sixty-eight chickens were stimulated through chronically-implanted electrodes. Feeding behaviour was elicited reliably from only six sites, and none of these led to feeding on the normal feed (mash) during stimulation.
The scholarly productivity of institutions and their faculty in leading criminology and criminal justice journals

Abstract This study extended the work of Sorensen and Pilgrim (2002) by examining the institutional affiliations of authors in leading criminology and criminal justice journals in the subsequent five-year period after their study. Additionally, this study replicated Fabianic's (2002) study, by assessing the average publications of the faculty at the most productive criminal justice graduate programs. The current study examined the years 2000–2004 and made comparisons to the previous studies, which assessed 1995–1999. Findings revealed the University of Cincinnati and the University of Maryland were the most productive institutions and had the most productive faculty.
Does the hippocampus mediate objective binding or subjective remembering

Abstract Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence suggests the hippocampus is associated with context memory to a greater degree than item memory (where only context memory requires item-in-context binding). A separate line of fMRI research suggests the hippocampus is associated with “remember” responses to a greater degree than “know” or familiarity based responses (where only remembering reflects the subjective experience of specific detail). Previous studies, however, have confounded context memory with remembering and item memory with knowing. The present fMRI study independently tested the binding hypothesis and remembering hypothesis of hippocampal function by evaluating activity within hippocampal regions-of-interest (ROIs). At encoding, participants were presented with colored and gray abstract shapes and instructed to remember each shape and whether it was colored or gray. At retrieval, old and new shapes were presented in gray and participants classified each shape as “old and previously colored”, “old and previously gray”, or “new”, followed by a “remember” or “know” response. In 3 of 11 hippocampal ROIs, activity was significantly greater for context memory than item memory, the context memory–item memory by remember–know interaction was significant, and activity was significantly greater for context memory-knowing than item memory-remembering. This pattern of activity only supports the binding hypothesis. The analogous pattern of activity that would have supported the remembering hypothesis was never observed in the hippocampus. However, a targeted analysis revealed remembering specific activity in the left inferior parietal cortex. The present results suggest parietal cortex may be associated with subjective remembering while the hippocampus mediates binding.
Trait Self‐Control Predicts Performance on Behavioral Tests of Self‐Control

Two studies tested the extent to which trait self-control predicts performance on objective laboratory tests of behavioral self-control. In Study 1, participants attempted to refrain from blinking for a period of 2 minutes. Participants who reported higher trait self-control blinked less often than participants who reported lower trait self-control. In Study 2, participants attempted to tolerate a painful stimulus, and those higher in trait self-control tolerated pain longer than participants lower in trait self-control. These findings indicate that self-reported self-control corresponds moderately well with performance on objective behavioral tests of self-control. The discussion focuses on implications for self-control theory.
Treatment of Chryseobacterium indologenes Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in a Critically Ill Trauma Patient

Objective: To report a case of Chryseobacterium indologenes ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a critically ill trauma patient. Case Summary: This report describes a 66-year-old critically ill trauma patient who developed VAP, which was caused by C indologenes. The patient was injured in a riding lawn mower accident that trapped him underwater in a pond. The patient required surgery for intra-abdominal injuries and was mechanically ventilated in the trauma intensive care unit. On hospital day 5, the patient developed signs and symptoms of VAP. A diagnosis of C indologenes VAP was confirmed based on a quantitative culture from a bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage. The patient’s infection was successfully treated with moxifloxacin for 2 days followed by cefepime for 7 days. Discussion: Formally known as Flavobacterium indologenes, C indologenes is a Gram-negative bacillus normally found in plants, soil, foodstuffs, and fresh and marine water sources. Recently, worldwide reports of C indologenes infe...
Some Principles of Nonwoven Fabrics1

The authors compare the mechanical behavior of woven and nonwoven fabrics. They outline the principal mechanisms by which woven cloths deform and recover in manufacture and in end usage. They attem...
Flowage and recrystallization in paleozoic quartzites

The lower limit of visible traces of penetrative movement in quartz-rich rocks can be defined by studies of orientations and mutual relations of grains. Intensity of deformation in the central Appalachians decreases gradually from the crystalline Piedmont toward the north, northwest, and west perpendicular to the regional trend. The author has attempted to determine the limits of visible deformation geographically and stratigraphically.
From rainfed agriculture to stress-avoidance irrigation: II. Sustainability, crop yield, and profitability

Abstract The optimality of irrigation strategies may be sought with respect to a number of criteria, including water requirements, crop yield, and profitability. To explore the suitability of different demand-based irrigation strategies, we link the probabilistic description of irrigation requirements under stochastic hydro-climatic conditions, provided in a companion paper [Vico G, Porporato A. From rainfed agriculture to stress-avoidance irrigation: I. A generalized irrigation scheme with stochastic soil moisture. Adv Water Resour 2011;34(2):263–71], to crop-yield and economic analyses. Water requirements, application efficiency, and investment costs of different irrigation methods, such as surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, are described via a unified conceptual and theoretical approach, which includes rainfed agriculture and stress-avoidance irrigation as extreme cases. This allows us to analyze irrigation strategies with respect to sustainability, productivity, and economic return, using the same framework, and quantify them as a function of climate, crop, and soil parameters. We apply our results to corn (Zea mays), a food staple and biofuel source, which is currently mainly irrigated through surface systems. As our analysis shows, micro-irrigation maximizes water productivity, but more traditional solutions may be more profitable at least in some contexts.
Fractalkine: A Cellular Link Between Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Vascular Pathologies

It is hard to imagine, given the wealth of new data reported over the recent past, that adipose tissue at one time was primarily considered as a passive reservoir for energy deposition and storage. However, research beginning in the early 1990s on the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α ushered in a new era of investigation, and since that time, there has been an incredibly rapid and substantive increase in our understanding of underlying physiologic systems and molecular pathways linking obesity, inflammation, and insulin action (1,2). Specifically, our understanding of the link between obesity and carbohydrate metabolism has been significantly enhanced with the elucidation of key regulators of energy balance and cellular insulin signaling that are complex and highly integrated (3–6). We now readily accept adipose tissue as a key endocrine organ regulating processes throughout the body with its significant number of adipocyte secretions. What now appears to be emerging is the elucidation of cellular pathways that are operative at not only the level of the adipocyte, but appear in common with those reported in vascular tissue. Such a cellular mechanism that may link pathophysiologic processes between adipose and vascular tissue is the fractalkine chemokine system as reported in this issue of Diabetes by Shah et al. (7). Specifically, Shah et al. provide interesting data that suggest that fractalkine (CX3CL1), a chemokine whose source is the endothelium and is postulated to play a role in atherogenesis, is also expressed in obese adipose tissue and plays a role in monocyte adhesion processes. These data provide an intriguing molecular link between obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans. Fractalkine, a chemokine that signals through a single known receptor (CX3CR1), has received considerable interest in …
Integration of user authentication and access control

User authentication and access control are both necessary mechanisms for data protec- tion in a computer system. Traditionally, they are implemented in different modules. In this paper, a new solution is presented to provide both user authentication and access control in a single module to avoid any possible security breach between these two protection mechanisms. The secret information required for the whole system is minimised and the difficulty of password compris- ing increased to improve system security. More importantly, with time complexity of implementa- tion almost equivalent to that found in the normal public key based password authentication schemes and limited extra storage space, both user authentication and access control can be achieved at the same time.
Postpartum tubal sterilisation: an international perspective on some programmatic issues

The demand for postpartum sterilisation (performed within 42 days after delivery), is increasing both in developed and developing countries. The incidence of regret after postpartum sterilisation is important, but it could be minimised by carefully screening risk factors. Using trained paramedical personnel to perform postpartum sterilisation via minilaparotomy where physicians are in short supply appears to be safe and acceptable, under close medical supervision. Including postpartum sterilisation information in the antenatal counselling services effectively strengthens postpartum services and simultaneously helps to minimise subsequent regret.
A Motion Illusion from Two-Dimensional Periodic Patterns

The spatial properties of a motion illusion (the Ouchi illusion) that occurs in a stationary pattern were examined by means of a variety of two-dimensional periodic patterns (formed by multiplying pairs of various one-dimensional periodic functions). In two experiments, observers rated the magnitude of the illusion. The results showed that (1) patterns having large energy and steep saddle-shaped contrast gradients tended to generate stronger illusions, (2) the composite pattern made up of the sum of the fundamental and harmonic components exhibited a stronger illusion than either the fundamental or the harmonic pattern, (3) patterns possessing an element orientation and phase shift similar to those of a rectangular checkerboard, and with element sizes of 15-50 min in width and 4-8 min in height yielded a larger illusion, (4) equiluminant colors largely abolished the effect, and (5) blurring the boundary between the test and surround did not reduce the illusion. Interactions between spatially overlapping ON and OFF units was discussed as a possible underlying cause of this phenomenon.
Metrical analysis of Fontechevade II.

The Fontechevade II calotte is analyzed by principal coordinates on the basis of 12 measurements. It most closely resembles Classic Neandertals and the Steinheim cranium in shape, showing no special similarity to modern man.
Eyelid Opening Apraxia

Eyelid opening apraxia is defined as the inability to initiate and sustain eyelid opening in the absence of visible orbicularis oculi contraction. It is typically associated with frontalis muscle contraction and intermittent spontaneous eye opening. Despite its name, it is not a true apraxia since there is electrophysiologic evidence of abnormal eyelid muscle function. It is commonly associated with benign essential blepharospasm, progressive supranuclear palsy, other movement disorders, or medications.
Some Remarks on Computer Modeling of Coastal Flows

Limitations on ability of numerical models to model flow and dispersion of pollutants in coastal areas due to fundamental limitations in knowledge of exchange coefficients are covered. Specific limitations result from effects of stratification on control of flow and mixing rates, and from lack of understanding of the transverse exchange process. Examples of specific computer models are given, with emphasis on why some models give reliable results despite the limitations previously mentioned.
Regional Strategies to Mitigate Unemployment in the Wake of Crises: Comparing the EU in Greece and Mercosur in Paraguay

In the wake of the financial and economic crises the ripple effects of which are still felt, the European Commission made efforts to develop novel schemes to address the problem of unemployment attributed to the lack of ample competitiveness within the Single Market. This paper compares the impact of the unemployment mitigation strategies adopted by the European Union (the EU) and the Common Market of the South (Mercosur) between 2008 and 2013. In doing so, it focuses on the respective impact of these policies on Greece (for the EU) and Paraguay (for Mercosur). Some of the ideologically driven responses to the crises in certain countries helped to aggravate unemployment. Also from a comparative perspective and due to its institutional depth the approaches adopted in the EU to address the effects of the crises have been more visible.