cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Georgy Chelpanov and the establishment of the Moscow institute of psychology

In the late nineteenth century, Georgy Chelpanov brought Wundtian psychology to Russia and established that country's first institute of psychology. In the 1910s, Chelpanov's Institute was better staffed and equipped than any other psychological laboratory in Europe. Chelpanov's breadth of psychological vision helped him see beyond the narrow frameworks of particular schools and concepts. As Director of the Institute, he supported studies that ranged from the behavioristic to the phenomenological. Changing attitudes toward Chelpanov and his legacy may be used as an informative indicator of the development of later Soviet psychological doctrine.
Numerical simulation of oblique impact on orbital debris shielding

Summary Hybrid particle-finite element methods have been proposed as a modeling methodology well suited to the problem of hypervelocity impact simulation. To evaluate the use of such numerical methods for orbital debris shielding design, a series of simulations have been conducted using a three dimensional hybrid particle-finite element code now under development. Two sets of oblique impact simulations, one for a single bumper Whipple shield and one for a dual bumper or stuffed Whipple shield, have been compared to published ballistic limit equations, the latter derived from experiment. The results indicate that hybrid particlefinite element methods can provide an accurate and computationally tractable approach to the simulation of orbital debris shield performance.
A convenient method to remove ruthenium byproducts from olefin metathesis reactions using polymer-bound triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO).

Ruthenium byproducts from ring-closing metathesis reactions can be removed by refluxing the crude reaction mixture with resin-bound triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) in toluene or by stirring with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and silica gel at room temperature. Residual levels of ruthenium can be achieved that are as low as 0.04 μg per 5 mg of product when a combination of TPPO, DMSO, and silica gel is used. The polymer-bound TPPO retained its efficiency after being recycled six times.
Revegetation and Nitrate Leaching from Lake States Northern Hardwood Forests Following Harvest

The sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall)-red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and sugar maple-basswood (Tilia americana L.) ecosystems are Lake States forests that differ in net nitrification (5 and 15 g N m -2 yr -1 , respectively), but experience equivalent rates of NO 3 - leaching following clear-cut harvest (5 g N m -2 yr -1 ). Our objectives were to determine whether high rates of N leaching are sustained following harvest and whether ecosystem-specific patterns of biomass accumulation influence NO 3 - loss. We studied two stands in each ecosystem and established four research plots in each stand; two plots were clear-cut in 1991 and two were controls. In 1996, we measured soil solution NO 3 - concentration (1-m depth) and calculated areal losses by a water balance method. We used allometric equations to estimate woody biomass in clearcut plots; herbaceous biomass was clipped. In the sugar maple-red oak ecosystem, NO 3 - leaching from 5-yr-old clear-cut plots (0.56 g N m -2 yr -1 ) was significantly greater than leaching from control plots (0.05 g N m -2 yr -1 ). In contrast, NO 3 - leaching did not differ between control (0.41 g N m -2 yr -1 ) and 5-yr-old clear-cut (0.02 g N m -2 yr -1 ) in the sugar maple-basswood ecosystem; however, loss from these clear-cut plots was significantly lower than that from clear-cut sugar maple-red oak plots. Five years after harvest, 7.1 Mg ha -1 of aboveground biomass accumulated in clear-cut sugar maple-basswood plots, almost twice that of clear-cut sugar maple-red oak plots (3.9 Mg ha -1 ). Five years after harvest, the highest rates of NO 3 - loss occurred in the sugar maple-red oak ecosystem, in which aboveground biomass accumulation was least.
Effect of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 14,225) on β-adrenergic and angiotensin-induced thirsts

Abstract The effect of acute administration of SQ 14,225, a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, on the drinking response of female rats administered either isoprenaline, angiotensin I, or angiotensin II was studied during 2 h after treatment. Administration of isoprenaline (25 μg/kg body wt) was accompanied by a significant increase in water intake when compared with saline-treated controls. Acute administration of a constant dose of isoprenaline (25 μg/kg body wt) and increasing doses of SQ 14,225 (5–50 mg/kg) was accompanied by a dose-related, linear decrease in water intake. Acute administration of either angiotensin I or angiotensin II (200 μg/kg body wt) was accompanied by a significant increase in water intake. The dipsogenic response to angiotensin II was not affected by acute administration of 35 mg SQ 14,225/kg body wt. However, at the same dose of SQ 14,225, angiotensin I-induced thirst was attenuated. Since isoprenaline-induced and angiotensin I-induced, but not angiotensin II-induced, thirsts are blocked by SQ 14,225, the results suggest that isoprenaline-induced thirst is mediated by way of the renin-angiotensin system.
Transforming response measures to remove interactions or other sources of variance

A general polynomial transformation is given for the dependent variable in experimental design models and multiple linear or multiple polynomial regression models such that selected sources of variance such as interactions or configuralities are reduced or eliminated. A stopping rule is given for addition of terms in the polynomial based on proportion of systematic (nonerror) variance accounted for by the selected source.
Crop improvement through multidisciplinary approaches to different types of stresses‐law of the maximum

The yield of a given crop is a function of all the variables or limiting factors imposed on the crop. These variables interact; and when the interaction is sequentially additive, they are adequatel...
Translocation of photoassimilate from leaves of two popyploid genotypes of tall fescue differing in photosynthetic rates

The photosynthetic rate of a decaploid genotype (1-16-2) of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is about twice that of a common hexaploid genotype (V6-802) (Plant Physiol. 72: 16–21, 1983). Translocation of photosynthate out of the leaves is a possible means of regulating carbon assimilation. To evaluate this possibility, we have examined a) translocation velocity, b) time course of translocation from leaves, c) photoassimilate partitioning pattern into whole plants in pulse and chase experiments, and d) interveinal distances between two ploidy genotypes. Most of the 14C accumulated in sucrose, and the labelled carbon moved down the leaf blades at similar velocities (6 to 10 cm h−1) in both genotypes. Recent 14C assimilate was rapidly translocated from the fed area of the leaf blade. For example, the decaploid and the common hexaploid had translocated 40 and 26% of the 14C, respectively, at 6 h, and 79 and 49% of the 14C, respectively, at 24 h. Partitioning of 14C among plant organs was considerably different between the genotypes after a 24 h chase. For example, out of the total 14C recovered from the whole plant, the decaploid had retained 40% in the labelled leaf with 10, 33 and 29% in other leaves, stem bases and roots, respectively; whereas the hexaploid had retained 91% in the labelled leaf with 4, 3 and 2% in other leaves, stem bases and roots, respectively. However, the higher rate of translocation was correlated with greater interveinal distances in the decaploid genotype. These results suggested that the higher translocation percentage in the decaploid than the hexaploid genotype was due to greater sink activity.
Physeal Bystander Effects in Rhabdomyosarcoma Radiotherapy: Experiments in a New Xenograft Model

Radiotherapy used in the treatment of pediatric musculoskeletal sarcomas may result in crippling defects of skeletal growth. Several radioprotective strategies have shown potential for preserving function of the irradiated epiphysis but have not been evaluated in a tumor-bearing animal model. We developed two bioluminescent human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines that were used to establish xenograft tumors in skeletally immature mice. Bioluminescence imaging and radiography allowed serial evaluation of tumor growth and tibial elongation following localized radiotherapy. High-dose (10 Gy) radiotherapy significantly reduced tumor growth velocity and prolonged the median survival of tumor-bearing mice but also resulted in a significant 3.3% shortening of the irradiated limb. Exposure to a lower, 2 Gy dose resulted in 4.1% decrease in limb length but did not extend survival. This new model provides a clinically relevant means to test the efficacy and safety of novel radioprotectant and radiorecovery strategies for use in this context.
The influence of the Pauli exclusion principle on the moment of inertia of strongly deformed nuclei

Abstract The Peierls formula for the moment of inertia is investigated under the Hartree-Fock approximation. It is found that the Peierls formula can be reduced to the Inglis formula approximately when the exchange terms of the interaction matrix elements are neglected. These exchange terms are found negligible only when the interaction is of a long-range character. In the limit of a δ function interaction, the Peierls moment of inertia reduces to less than one-half of the Inglis value.
Popcorn: bridging the programmability gap in heterogeneous-ISA platforms

The recent possibility of integrating multiple-OS-capable, high-core-count, heterogeneous-ISA processors in the same platform poses a question: given the tight integration between system components, can a shared memory programming model be adopted, enhancing programmability? If this can be done, an enormous amount of existing code written for shared memory architectures would not have to be rewritten to use a new programming paradigm (e.g., code offloading) that is often very expensive and error prone. We propose a new software architecture that is composed of an operating system and a compiler framework to run ordinary shared memory applications, written for homogeneous machines, on OS-capable heterogeneous-ISA machines. Applications run transparently amongst different ISA processors while exploiting the most optimized instruction set for each code block. We have implemented and tested our system, called Popcorn, on a multi-core Intel Xeon machine with a PCIe Intel Xeon Phi to demonstrate the viability of our approach. Application execution on Popcorn demonstrates to be up to 52% faster than the most performant native execution on Linux, on either Xeon or Xeon Phi, while removing the burden of the programmer having to adopt a different programming model than shared memory on a heterogeneous system. When compared to an offloading programming model, Popcorn is shown to be up to 6.2 times faster.
Effects of Anxiety Disorder Severity on Social Functioning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Maladaptive social functioning is a core deficit in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, few studies have explicitly examined the linkage between anxiety and the degree of social functioning impairment in children with ASD. This study examines several types of anxiety and their covariation with social functioning deficits in children with ASD. Participants were 53 children with ASD who met criteria for at least one anxiety disorder. Within this sample of children, social anxiety disorder was the most common anxiety disorder. Results indicated that a greater severity of social anxiety disorder was associated with a higher level of social functioning deficits for elementary school aged children with ASD. Specifically, exploratory analyses revealed that higher levels of social anxiety disorder predicted lower assertive and responsible social skills. Social anxiety may increase the barriers to social engagement and thus serve as a risk factor for increased social deficits in youth with ASD.
Functional conservation of erythropoietin signaling in zebrafish

Erythropoietin (Epo) and its cognate receptor (EpoR) are required for maintaining adequate levels of circulating erythrocytes during embryogenesis and adulthood. Here, we report the functional characterization of the zebrafish epo and epor genes. The expression of epo and epor was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and whole-mount in situ hybridization, revealing marked parallels between zebrafish and mammalian gene expression patterns. Examination of the hypochromic mutant, weissherbst, and adult hypoxia-treated hearts indicate that zebrafish epo expression is induced by anemia and hypoxia. Overexpression of epo mRNA resulted in severe polycythemia, characterized by a striking increase in the number of cells expressing scl, c-myb, gata1, ikaros, epor, and βe1-globin, suggesting that both the erythroid progenitor and mature erythrocyte compartments respond to epo. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of the epor caused a slight decrease in primitive and complete block of definitive erythropoiesis. Abrogation of STAT5 blocked the erythropoietic expansion by epo mRNA, consistent with a requirement for STAT5 in epo signaling. Together, the characterization of zebrafish epo and epor demonstrates the conservation of an ancient program that ensures proper red blood cell numbers during normal homeostasis and under hypoxic conditions.
Interfacial tension of fluids near critical points and two-scale-factor universality

Measurements of interfacial tension in the critical region of a wide variety of fluids are reviewed. The data are analyzed using theoretical values of the critical exponents to obtain amplitude ratios. Many of the data are consistent within a few percent of sigma(0). Comparison of these amplitude ratios with ratios from a field-theory calculation and from a simulation suggests that the theoretical values are about half the experimental ones. Systematic errors which are the source of this discrepancy are discussed. The data sources and processing procedures of this study are also discussed, pointing out that for liquid-vapor systems the capillary length often has a remarkably simple temperature dependence.
The digestion of dandelion pollen by adult worker honeybees

. The digestion of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) pollen by adult worker honeybees (Apis mellifera Linn.; Hymenoptera: Apidae) was initiated at the germination pores. 30 min after feeding, pollen had reached the anterior midgut and the germination pores had become swollen. This permitted further removal of protoplasm during the next 2 h of digestion as the pollen passed into the middle portion of the midgut. 3 h after feeding, pollen grains had reached the posterior midgut where some had ruptured to release both ‘naked’ protoplasm and masses of protoplasm but many remained intact or were only partially digested; undigested pollen grains passed unchanged to the rectum. The lipid-rich pollenkitt layer was removed from the exine during digestion. Our studies indicate that dandelion pollen was not utilized completely by honeybees.
Live-cell imaging of alkyne-tagged small biomolecules by stimulated Raman scattering

Sensitive and specific visualization of small biomolecules in living systems is highly challenging. We report stimulated Raman-scattering imaging of alkyne tags as a general strategy for studying a broad spectrum of small biomolecules in live cells and animals. We demonstrate this technique by tracking alkyne-bearing drugs in mouse tissues and visualizing de novo synthesis of DNA, RNA, proteins, phospholipids and triglycerides through metabolic incorporation of alkyne-tagged small precursors.
Ballistic phonon production in photoexcited Ge, GaAs, and Si

Phonon imaging and photoluminescence measurements are used to determine the frequency and spatial distribution of optically generated nonequilibrium phonons in Si, Ge, and GaAs at 1.7 K. At low excitation levels the thermalization of photoexcited carriers and the subsequent phonon down-conversion produce a broad frequency distribution of acoustic phonons that ``quasidiffuse'' in the crystal. These phonons produce a temporally broad heat pulse when detected at a distance from the excitation point. At moderate excitation levels (typically a 10-nS pulse with a power density of \ensuremath{\sim}20 ${\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$), the laser pulse produces a dense electron-hole plasma that can radically change the frequency distribution of nonequilibrium phonons. The plasma is a potentially rich source of low-frequency acoustic phonons, characterized by a temporally sharp heat pulse at a remote detector. The fraction of low-frequency phonons in the heat pulses is smallest in the direct-gap semiconductor GaAs, where rapid recombination depletes the populations of electrons and holes in just a few nanoseconds. More noticeable low frequency phonon components are seen in heat pulses in the indirect-gap semiconductors Ge and Si. At sufficiently high excitation densities (\ensuremath{\sim}60 ${\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$) in Ge, there is a suppression of the low-frequency phonon signal, which may result from phonon absorption within a cloud of electron hole droplets. An interesting alternative hypothesis is that the acoustic phonons created in the plasma are sufficiently dense to initiate phonon coalescence, whereby phonons are localized by phonon-phonon scattering over a relatively long period (500 ns). This localized ``hot spot'' could provide the phonon wind that drives the initial rapid expansion of the electron-hole plasma into the crystal.
Depth-selective fiber-optic probe for characterization of superficial tissue at a constant physical depth

The in vivo assessment of superficial tissue has shown great promise in many biomedical applications. Significant efforts have been expended in designing compact fiber-optic probes with short tissue penetration depth targeting the superficial epithelium. In this paper, we present a compact and simple two-channel fiber-optic probe with superior depth selectivity for the superficial tissue. This probe employs a high-index ball-lens with an optimized illumination area and the maximal overlap between light illumination and collection spots, while maintaining sufficient light collection efficiency with minimized specular reflection. Importantly, we show that this probe allows the selection of a constant and shallow physical penetration depth, insensitive to a wide range of tissue-relevant scattering coefficients and anisotropy factors. We demonstrate the capability of this depth-selective fiber-optic probe to accurately quantify the absorber concentration in superficial tissue without the distortion of tissue scattering properties; and characterize the optical properties of superficial skin tissue.
AMERICAN HISTORY IN A GLOBAL AGE1

Historians around the world have sought to move beyond national history. In doing so, they often conflate ethical and methodological arguments against national history. This essay, first, draws a clear line between the ethical and the methodological arguments concerning national history. It then offers a rationale for the continued writing of national history in general, and American history in particular, in today's global age. The essay makes two main points. First, it argues that nationalism, and thus the national histories that sustain national identities, are vital to liberal democratic societies because they ensure the social bonds necessary to enable democratic citizens to sacrifice their immediate interests for the common good. The essay then argues that new methodological and historical work on the history of nations and nationalism has proven that nations are as real as any other historical group. Rejecting national history on critics' terms would require rejecting the history of all groups. Instead, new methods of studying nations and nationalism have reinforced rather than undermined the legitimacy of national history within the discipline.
Developing foundations for accountability systems: informational norms and context-sensitive judgments

Adequately protecting informational privacy in an increasingly interconnected world poses two problems. What are the appropriate privacy polices? And, how should one ensure compliance with them?Accountability systems are an attractive solution to both problems. Current work on accountability systems assumes a generally accepted set of privacy rules for the subsequent use of information, and has focused on developing a formal representation of a process for the use of information. Our focus is on fundamental policy issues that arise in developing the models of the privacy rules themselves. This focus leads to the suggestion that accountability systems can be used, not only to enforce compliance with a given set of rules but also to resolve conflicts among conflicting sets of rules. So far, accountability systems have modeled unrealistically simple privacy rules. While this may be an appropriate first step toward more complex systems, we need to define the realistic target at which accountability systems should ultimately aim if adequate systems are eventually to be developed. We specify a number of hurdles to developing accountability systems that adequately constrain the use of information. Some of the problems are wholly non-technical; some are of a mixed nature, part social science or public policy and part technical. The unifying theme is the role of informational norms in ensuring adequate informational privacy.
An investigation of moderators of the link between technology use in the supply chain and supply chain performance

We studied the moderating effect of process innovation, partnership quality, and uncertainty on the relationship between technology use in a supply chain and their effect on supply chain performance. A Web-based survey was used to collect data empirically from 276 manufacturing organizations. An analysis of the data showed that the effect of technology use in the supply chain on its performance was moderated by process innovation, partnership quality, and competitive uncertainty. In addition, partnership quality was the only variable that had a direct effect on supply chain performance.
Multi-camera spatio-temporal fusion and biased sequence-data learning for security surveillance

We present a framework for multi-camera video surveillance. The framework consists of three phases: detection, representation, and recognition. The detection phase handles multi-source spatio-temporal data fusion for efficiently and reliably extracting motion trajectories from video. The representation phase summarizes raw trajectory data to construct hierarchical, invariant, and content-rich descriptions of the motion events. Finally, the recognition phase deals with event classification and identification on the data descriptors. Because of space limits, we describe only briefly how we detect and represent events, but we provide in-depth treatment on the third phase: event recognition. For effective recognition, we devise a sequence-alignment kernel function to perform sequence data learning for identifying suspicious events. We show that when the positive training instances (i.e., suspicious events) are significantly outnumbered by the negative training instances (benign events), then SVMs (or any other learning methods) can suffer a high incidence of errors. To remedy this problem, we propose the kernel boundary alignment (KBA) algorithm to work with the sequence-alignment kernel. Through empirical study in a parking-lot surveillance setting, we show that our spatio-temporal fusion scheme and biased sequence-data learning method are highly effective in identifying suspicious events.
The Nature and Frequency of Inclusion of People with Disabilities in Program Evaluation.

Although evaluation theorists over the last two decades have argued for the importance of including stakeholders from marginalized groups in program planning and research, little is known about the degree of inclusion in program evaluation practice. In particular, we know little about the type and level of inclusion of people with intellectual, developmental, and psychiatric disabilities in the evaluation of programs that aim to serve them. Through a content analysis of articles published in the last decade describing evaluations of programs for people with these types of disabilities, this article describes which stakeholders have been included in evaluations, how program recipient input was obtained, and in which stages of the evaluation stakeholder participation occurred. The findings indicate that program recipient disability type (developmental, psychiatric, or other) may predict type and level of inclusion, and inclusion tends to occur in later parts of the evaluation process.
A diet containing myristoleic plus palmitoleic acids elevates plasma cholesterol in young growing swine

The objective of this study was to test the effect of a novel fatty acid mixture, enriched with myristoleic and palmitoleic acids, on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Weanling pigs were assigned to one of six groups and each group received a diet differing in fatty acid composition. Diets were fed for 35 days and contained 10 g added cornstarch/100 g (to provide baseline data) or 10 g added fatty acids/100 g. For those diets containing added fatty acids, extracted lipids contained 36% myristoleic plus palmitoleic acid combined (14:1/16:1 diet), 52% palmitic acid (16:0 diet), 51% stearic acid (18:0 diet), 47% oleic acid (18:1 diet), or 38% linoleic acid (18:2 diet). With the exception of the cornstarch diet, all diets contained approximately 30% myristic acid. There were no significant differences in weight gain across treatment groups (P = 0.22). All diets caused a significant increase in triglycerides and in total, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The increase in total plasma cholesterol from pretreatment values was greatest in pigs fed the 14:1/16:1 and 18:1 diets. However, the increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol from the pretreatment concentration was greatest in the 14:1/16:1-fed pigs. Increases in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol above pretreatment concentrations were lowest in 16:0-fed pigs and greatest in 18:1-fed pigs. Dietary fatty acids elicited changes in plasma fatty acids which generally were reflective of the diets, although the 18:0 diet did not alter plasma fatty acid concentrations and the 16:0 diet increased plasma 16:0 only at the end of the study. These results demonstrated that the combination of myristoleic plus palmitoleic acids increased plasma cholesterol in young pigs, suggesting that fatty acid chain length, rather than degree of unsaturation, is primarily responsible for the effects of fatty acids on circulating lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.
Insight into others' minds: spatio-temporal representations by intrinsic frame of reference.

Recent research has seen a growing interest in connections between domains of spatial and social cognition. Much evidence indicates that processes of representing space in distinct frames of reference (FOR) contribute to basic spatial abilities as well as sophisticated social abilities such as tracking other’s intention and belief. Argument remains, however, that belief reasoning in social domain requires an innately dedicated system and cannot be reduced to low-level encoding of spatial relationships. Here we offer an integrated account advocating the critical roles of spatial representations in intrinsic frame of reference (IFOR). By re-examining the results from a spatial task (Tamborello, Sun, & Wang, 2012) and a false-belief task (Onishi & Baillargeon, 2005), we argue that spatial and social abilities share a common origin at the level of spatio-temporal association and predictive learning, where multiple FOR-based representations provide the basic building blocks for efficient and flexible partitioning of the environmental statistics. We also discuss neuroscience evidence supporting these mechanisms. We conclude that FOR-based representations may bridge the conceptual as well as the implementation gaps between the burgeoning fields of social and spatial cognition.
SU-E-T-184: Feasibility of Superabsorbent Polymers as a Buildup Material

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of superabsorbent polymers as a buildup material for radiation therapy Methods: A standard bolus, a layered damp towel, and a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) phantom were created and scanned to compare the Hounsfield units of each buildup material. A single field plan was developed on Eclipse TPS with AAA dose calculation algorithm to examine dose buildup. Relative film dosimetery (EBT3) was performed to evaluate the surface dose with each buildup material. Each buildup material had an approximate thickness of 0.5 cm and 100 monitor units with 6MV were delivered with solid water placed underneath film to simulate backscatter and more realistic surface dose. Results: The average HU units of the bolus, wet towel, and SAP phantom were 75 (SD=3), -378 (SD=113), -198 (SD=45) respectively. AAA dose calculation demonstrated sufficient dose buildup in all three materials. The relative surfaces doses to film were 23.7% without buildup, 87.5% with 0.5 cm bolus, 92.4% for the SAP phantom, and 87.1% for the damp towel. Conclusion: We demonstrate that superabsorbent polymers can provide sufficient dose buildup. Furthermore, due to the form in which SAPs are traditionally manufactured, this material is less expensive conforms more easily to irregular surfaces than standard sheets of bolus. Also, as a substance which is designed to absorb and retain water efficiently, SAPs are much more comfortable and more consistent than damp towels.
Coarctation of the aorta

Abstract Two cases of the adult type of aortic coarctation are presented. Anatomically these showed a moderate constriction and very little evidence of collateral circulation. Bacterial aortitis was present in both cases at the site of the coarctation. In one case the bacterial infection was recognized and a congenital cardiac malformation was suspected. The other case was characterized by hypertension and advanced signs of renal damage so that blood cultures were not done and a cardiac malformation was not suspected. Quantitative measurements of the aorta and the mouths of the innominate and the left subclavian arteries in these cases and in a group of controls provide a means for evolving a more careful definition of the anatomic changes in coarctation. A better correlation between clinical and autopsy data is needed because many cases of coarctation are missed clinically.
Peak Directivity Optimization Under Side Lobe Level Constraints in Antenna Arrays

ABSTRACT This paper deals with a technique for the optimization of peak directivity under side lobe level constraints. The antennas treated are rectangular grid arrays of isotropic sources. The directivity of such an array may be expressed as a ratio of two functionals, called the Rayleigh quotient. By means of the projection matrix, the constrained maximization problem is transformed into the problem of an unconstrained maximization of a normalized quadratic function. A closed-form solution for the optimum peak directivity and the corresponding current distribution are found by solving for the biggest eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector in the generalized eigenvalue problem. Two types of arrays are considered. First, for linear arrays, the peak, directivity in the main beam is optimized under side lobe level constraints. Second, for square arrays with a rectangular grid, with the array pattern generated via the Baklanov transformation, a technique for optimizing the peak directivity under desire...
Effects of hypertension on hypercholesterolemia-induced changes in contraction of rabbit aorta and carotid artery

Abstract Reactivity of aortic and carotid strips from control; hypertensive; hypercholesterolemic; and hypertensive/hypercholesterolemic rabbits was studied. Maximal stress was less in strips from hypertensive/hypercholesterolemic animals. Norepinephrine sensitivity was increased in the carotid artery from hypertensive/hypercholesterolemic animals (EC 50 : 0.11 μM; 0.35 μM control). CaCl 2 sensitivity during norepinephrine-induced contractions was enhanced by hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (carotid EC 50 : 0.10 mM; 0.38 mM control; aorta EC 50 : 0.12 mM; 0.82 mM control) Similar results were obtained during membrane depolarization. 5-hydroxytryptamine sensitivity (EC 50 : 0.15μM carotid; 0.18 μM aorta) was decreased during hypertension (EC 50 : 0.51 μM carotid; 1.13 μM aorta) and by hypercholesterolemia (EC 50 : 1.76 μM carotid; 1.53 μM aorta). Our results support the hypothesis that hypertension and hypercholesterolemia increase vascular sensitivity by increasing Ca 2+ permeability. Our results also suggest that hypertension and hypercholesterolemia selectively decrease 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contractions.
The effect of elevated pressure, temperature and particles morphology on the carbon dioxide capture using zinc oxide

Abstract The capture of CO2 by zinc oxide was studied in the temperature and pressure range of 25–100 °C and 5–25 bar respectively, which until now remains unexplored. The CO2 capture capacity of zinc oxide was examined as a function of particle size, surface area and pore volume. Different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, infrared spectroscopy and surface area analysis were employed. Experiment shows that 1 g of 1 h ball milled zinc oxide can capture 0.198 g CO2 at 75 °C and 10 bar in 3 h. Zinc oxide could be completely regenerated at 250 °C under argon flow.
The urate oxidase gene of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila melanogaster: Evolutionary changes of sequence and regulation

The urate oxidase (UO) transcription unit of Drosophila pseudoobscura was cloned, sequenced, and compared to the UO transcription unit from Drosophila melanogaster. In both species the UO coding region is divided into two exons of approximately equal size. The deduced D. pseudoobscura and D. melanogaster UO peptides have 346 and 352 amino acid residues, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the D. pseudoobscura and D. melanogaster UO protein-coding regions are 82.2% identical whereas the deduced amino acid sequences are 87.6% identical with 42 amino acid changes, 33 of which occur in the first exon. Although the UO gene is expressed exclusively within the cells of the Malpighian tubules in both of these species, the temporal patterns of UO gene activity during development are markedly different. UO enzyme activity, UO protein, and UO mRNA are found in the third instar larva and adult of D. melanogaster but only in the adult stage of D. pseudoobscura. The intronic sequences and the extragenic 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the D. pseudoobscura and D. melanogaster UO genes are highly divergent with the exception of eight small islands of conserved sequence along 772 by 5′ of the UO protein-coding region. These islands of conserved sequence are possible UO cis-acting regulatory elements as they reside along the 5′ flanking DNA of the D. melanogaster UO gene that is capable of conferring a wild-type D. melanogaster pattern of UO regulation on a UO-lacZ fusion gene.
Design of a performance enhanced and power reduced dual-crossbar Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture

The input buffers of the current packet-switched Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures consume a significant portion of the total power of the interconnection network. Reducing the size of input buffers would result in degraded performance, while eliminating all buffers would result in increased power at high network load. In this article, we propose DXbar: an innovative dual-crossbar design. By combining the advantages of buffered and bufferless networks, we achieve at least 20% performance improvement in terms of throughput and latency, and at least 20% power saving over buffered networks with virtual channels. Furthermore, DXbar can outperform current bufferless networks with deflecting and dropping protocols while consuming at most half of the power.
Father-infant interactions are enhanced by massage therapy

Infants were given massages by their fathers for 15 minutes prior to their daily bedtime for one month. By the end of the study, the fathers who massaged their infants were more expressive and showed more enjoyment and more warmth during floor‐play interactions with their infants.
Bivariate path analysis of plasma lipids.

Methods which allow for the analysis of the joint transmission of two phenotypes within a nuclear family are discussed and applied to the transmission of cholesterol and triglyceride. The analysis of
One-dimensional Steady-State Photorefractive Screening Solitons

We study one-dimensional steady-state photorefractive screening solitons in a bulk strontium barium niobate crystal. We compare measurements and calculations of the soliton properties and find good agreement for relations between the profile, width and intensity of the soliton, the applied voltage and material parameters. We find the solitons stable against perturbations both in the plane and perpendicular to the plane of the soliton for intensities large compared to the background intensity.
An aptamer-functionalized hydrogel for controlled protein release: A modeling study

An analytical model is developed for predicting the controlled release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) from an aptamer-functionalized hydrogel. The release kinetics are determined by the equilibrium constant of aptamer–protein interactions, which significantly increases the characteristic release time scale. The reduction of the cumulative protein release can also be modulated by tuning the binding affinity of the aptamer. The analysis describes the underlying transport and reaction mechanisms for the controlled protein release well. Particularly, the non-Fickian release kinetics are represented by a self-similar release profile. The model is validated by experiments and direct numerical calculation. It can be applied to release kinetics involving multiple aptamers and proteins.
Determining pressing curves for industrial refractory bodies

This article describes real pressing curves for the commonest semidry refractory bodies. The curves may be used by refractories production technologists and press designers. The mathematical relationship is established for pressing parameters and specific fabrication pressure, and the empirical pressing coefficients are worked out. The relative discrepancy between the values for the density of the green brick determined by calculation methods and from the experimental curves does not exceed 0.8%.
SMS reference: myths, markers, and modalities

Purpose – This paper seeks to create an empirical framework for SMS reference services so that libraries may develop a greater understanding of how this service operates and how it may be improved.Design/methodology/approach – The paper conducted a quantitative analysis of 577 SMS transactions, representing 628 reference questions, received during the 2008‐2009 academic year. Each transaction was coded by type of question, transaction length in messages or “events,” and transaction duration in time.Findings – SMS transactions exhibit a higher than expected degree of variability in total number of events, duration and content. Overall, duration of transaction averaged 4.34 hours, and number of events per transaction averaged 3.79. Calculating separately for those transactions that contained a reference query – which comprises 40 percent of the total questions received – noticeably altered the results. The duration of reference queries averaged 4.85 hours, while the number of events averaged 4.65. Where ref...
A Multi-Year Study of the Impact of the Rice Model Teacher Professional Development on Elementary Science Teachers

A teacher professional development program for in-service elementary school science teachers, the Rice Elementary Model Science Lab (REMSL), was developed for urban school districts serving predominately high-poverty, high-minority students. Teachers with diverse skills and science capacities came together in Professional Learning Communities, one full day each week throughout an academic year, to create a classroom culture for science instruction. Approximately 80 teachers each year received professional development in science content and pedagogy using the same inquiry-based constructivist methods that the teachers were expected to use in their classrooms. During this four-year study, scientists and educators worked with elementary teachers in a year-long model science lab environment to provide science content and science pedagogy. The effectiveness of the program was measured using a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods that allowed the researchers to triangulate the findings from quantitative ...
Studies on the Na+- and K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase in human striated muscle

The ATPase activity of the 10,000–30,000 g fraction obtained from human striated muscle homogenates, deoxycholate-treated, has been studied. This fraction contains a Mg++-activated ATPase that is insensitive to ouabain and inhibited by low concentrations of azide, oligomycin, and quinidine. A Na+,K+-activated ATPase is also present which is completely inhibited by ouabain, and its activity appears to be enhanced by the presence of azide, oligomycin, and quinidine. Similar concentrations of these three agents cause similar degrees of inhibition of the Mg++-activated ATPase activities of the 10,000–30,000 g fraction and of a “mitochondrial fraction” (1000–8000 g) further treated with deoxycholate. The Mg++-stimulated ATPase activity of these mitochondria is inhibited by Na+ plus K+. These experiments plus studies of mixtures of aged 10,000–30,000 g fraction and mitochondria suggest that the fresh 10,000–30,000 g fraction contains two ATPases, one present in mitochondrial fragments and the Na+,K+-stimulated one. The Na+ inhibition of the former, unless eliminated by aging or by mitochondrial ATPase inhibitors, masks the activity of the Na+,K+-stimulated ATPase. Studies on the aged 10,000–30,000 g fraction demonstrate that the Na+-K+ stimulated ATPase has a pH optimum at 7.5–8.0, is inhibited by calcium, PCMB, and high concentrations of oligomycin and quinidine. Na+ could not be replaced by other monovalent cations, while K+ could be replaced by NH4+, Cs+, Rb+, and Li+, the order being that of decreasing effectiveness.
Resolution of radiographic abnormalities with ursodeoxycholic acid therapy of primary sclerosing cholangitis

Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy has shown encouraging results in relieving symptoms and decreasing liver biochemical abnormalities in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. However, established biliary strictures are generally considered irreversible. A case of primary sclerosing cholangitis with extensive intrahepatic biliary as well as pancreatic duct strictures that resolved to near normal on ursodeoxycholic acid therapy is reported. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Docosahexaenoic acid synthesis from n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in differentiated rat brain astrocytes.

DHA, the main n-3 PUFA in the brain, is synthesized from n-3 PUFA precursors by astrocytes. To assess the potential of this process to supply DHA for the brain, we investigated whether the synthesis in astrocytes is dependent on DHA availability. Rat brain astrocytes differentiated with dibutyryl cAMP and incubated in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum synthesized DHA from alpha-linolenic acid ([1-(14)C]18:3n-3), docosapentaenoic acid ([3-(14)C]22:5n-3), tetracosapentaenoic acid ([3-(14)C]24:5n-3), and tetracosahexaenoic acid ([3-(14)C]24:6n-3). When DHA was added to media containing a 5 microM concentration of these (14)C-labeled n-3 PUFA, radiolabeled DHA synthesis was reduced but not completely suppressed even when the DHA concentration was increased to 15 microM. Radiolabeled DHA synthesis also was reduced but not completely suppressed when the astrocytes were treated with 30 microM DHA for 24 h before incubation with 5 microM [1-(14)C]18:3n-3.These findings indicate that although the DHA synthesis in astrocytes is dependent on DHA availability, some synthesis continues even when the cells have access to substantial amounts of DHA. This suggests that DHA synthesis from n-3 PUFA precursors is a constitutive process in the brain and, therefore, is likely to have an essential function.
Development and Validation of a Self-Report Lower-Extremity Lymphedema Screening Questionnaire in Women

Background Patient-reported signs and symptoms are often the first indication of clinically relevant lymphedema. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the diagnostic accuracy of a screening questionnaire to detect lower-extremity lymphedema (LEL) among normal-weight women and women with obesity. Design This was a cross-sectional survey study. Methods The authors reviewed existing questionnaires assessing upper-extremity lymphedema (UEL) for potential questions and worked with content experts to generate new items. A draft questionnaire with 59 items was reviewed by 5 physicians and 5 physical therapists who specialized in lymphedema management and 5 female patients with clinically confirmed secondary LEL. A revised questionnaire with 45 items was administered by mail to 186 women with clinically confirmed LEL (n=116) or UEL (n=70). A total of 99 women (53.2% of 186) completed the mailed survey, and 28 women with lymphedema who were recruited directly in a lymphedema clinic waiting area also completed the survey. A parsimonious subset of items that best discriminated patients with and without LEL was identified using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting LEL and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR−) were estimated for the entire sample and for subsamples defined by obesity (body mass index ≥30 versus <30 kg/m2), which may confound the accurate diagnosis of LEL. Results Questionnaires were completed by 127 women (LEL group, n=88; UEL group, n=39). A sum of 13 items (score range=0–52) was the most discriminating. Using a cutoff score of ≥5 points, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting LEL among all participants were 95.5% and 86.5%, respectively (LR+=7.1, LR−=0.05), and 94.8% and 76.5%, respectively (LR+=4.0, LR−=0.07), for participants who were obese. Limitations By enumerating a sample with a high prevalence of LEL, a spectrum bias may have been introduced, which may have affected the accuracy of the screening questionnaire. Conclusions The brief, 13-item self-report questionnaire is a sensitive and specific tool for detecting clinically relevant LEL among women, including those with a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m2.