cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site and Size of the Ulcer as Determinants of Outcome

Most of the gastric ulcers were located on the lesser curvature less than 90 mm from the pylorus. Large ulcers were more often located in the proximal part of the stomach and small ones in the distal part. There was no relation between location of an ulcer and either its likelihood of healing or of being malignant. Of 29 greater curvature ulcers, none was malignant. The product of width and depth of the ulcer crater was taken as an index of ulcer size, but this did not prove superior to width alone. Large ulcers (> 300 mm2) clearly required longer to heal than did medium (101 to 300 mm2) or small (
What does Mickey Mouse know about food? Children's trust in favorite characters versus experts.

Abstract Children receive information from multiple sources, including people who are more or less knowledgeable and more or less familiar. In some cases, children also encounter messages from fictional characters who vary across these dimensions. Two studies investigated children’s trust in a familiar animal character versus a human expert when hearing conflicting information about items related to or unrelated to the expert’s knowledge. In Study 1, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds (N = 60) heard conflicting labels for unfamiliar fruits and tools from a familiar character and an unfamiliar fruit expert. They then identified which informant was correct and from whom they would seek out new information. Overall, children endorsed the fictional character’s statements over the fruit expert’s statements. Younger children preferred to seek out new information from the character, whereas 5-year-olds preferred the expert. In Study 2, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds (N = 60) heard similar conflicting objective statements about fruits and tools and heard conflicting subjective statements about unknown foods. The 4- and 5-year-olds trusted the fruit expert’s objective statements about fruit and did not consistently endorse either informant’s objective statements about tools, but they endorsed either informant when hearing subjective statements about unknown foods. Children also endorsed positive statements (e.g., that the food tastes good) regardless of the source. Taken together, these results suggest that when children decide who to trust, they consider both familiarity and relevant expertise and they weigh each factor differently depending on what kind of judgment is being made.
Semantic Interpretation for the Biomedical Research Literature

Natural language processing is increasingly used to support biomedical applications that manipulate information rather than documents. Examples include automatic summarization, question answering, and literature-based scientific discovery. Semantic processing is a method of automatic language analysis that identifies concepts and relationships to represent document content. The identification of this information depends on structured knowledge, and in the biomedical domain, one such resource is the Unified Medical Language System. After providing some linguistic background, we discuss several semantic interpretation systems being developed in biomedicine. Finally, we briefly investigate two applications that exploit semantic information in MEDLINE citations; one focuses on automatic summarization and the other is directed at information extraction for molecular biology research.
Optical frequency dependence of the light shift effect for vector magnetometry with cesium

Atomic vapor magnetometers have demonstrated very high sensitivity to the magnitude of the magnetic field. Vector field measurements are possible using bias fields applied to the vapor. For remote operation, the bias field can be generated using the optical light shift (LS) effect created with an optical beam delivered through optical fiber. Here, it is shown that the optical frequency of the LS effect for an optically pumped vapor vector magnetometer causes an angular error in the measured field orientation when it is tuned near the absorption resonances, countering the benefit of higher response. This angle-shifting effect is dependent on the LS beam power. The LS response, normalized to the LS power, is higher for lower powers due to a saturation effect but also shows a dependence on the LS optical frequency. We show that it is necessary to carefully choose the LS optical frequency and power to maximize the LS effect while avoiding potential angular error.
Does higher education prepare students to bridge divides in today’s democracy?

Recent political events serve as a reminder that American society comprises groups with divergent visions for the future and mutually incompatible ideas of how to achieve those futures. Despite this diversity of policy orientations within the American public, we find that many students in our environmental studies courses have relatively little awareness of, or experience with, that diversity. Without the experience of interacting with people with different policy orientations, it is easy for students to believe policy consensus would emerge if everyone were sufficiently educated on the facts. Factual understanding, however, does not yield consensus on contemporary policy dilemmas such as climate change. We believe that equipping students to be effective agents of change means exposing them to the plurality of cultural commitments and policy orientations latent in current policy disputes. In this paper, we present a preliminary version of a survey tool, the Policy Orientation Survey, to evaluate how the diversity of cultural and policy orientations at a university is distributed across academic units. After describing the tool and its utility, we briefly present pilot results from our own university and discuss implications for higher education.
Superconductivity in K- and Na-doped BaFe 2 As 2 : What can we learn from heat capacity and pressure dependence of T c

A brief overview of changes in the superconducting transition temperature under pressure and evolution of specific heat capacity jump at Tc for two related families of iron-based superconductors, Ba1-xKxFe2As2 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) and Ba1-xNaxFe2As2 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.9) will be given. For Ba1-xKxFe2As2 the specific heat capacity jump at Tc measured over the whole extent of the superconducting dome shows clear deviation from the empirical, , scaling (known as the BNC scaling) for x > 0.7. At the same concentrations range apparent equivalence of effects of pressure and K-substitution on Tc fails. These observations suggests a significant change of the superconducting state for x > 0.7. In contrast, the data for the large portion of Ba1-xNaxFe2As2 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.9) series follow the BNC scaling. However, the pressure dependence of Tc (measured up to ~12 kbar) have clear nonlinearities for Na concentration in 0.2–0.25 region, that may be consistent with Tc crossing the phase boundaries of the emergent, narrow, antiferromagnetic/tetragonal phase. Results will be discussed in context other studies of these two related families of iron-based superconductors.
Evaluation of 15 years of modeled atmospheric oxidized nitrogen compounds across the contiguous United States

Atmospheric nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide (NO + NO2, together termed as NO X ) estimates from annual photochemical simulations for years 2002-2016 are compared to surface network measurements of NO X and total gas-phase-oxidized reactive nitrogen (NO Y ) to evaluate the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system performance by U.S. region, season, and time of day. In addition, aircraft measurements from 2011 Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality are used to evaluate how emissions, chemical mechanism, and measurement uncertainty each contribute to the overall model performance. We show distinct seasonal and time-of-day patterns in NO X performance. Summertime NO X is overpredicted with bimodal peaks in bias during early morning and evening hours and persisting overnight. The summertime morning NO X bias dropped from between 28% and 57% for earlier years (2002-2012) to between -2% and 7% for later years (2013-2016). Summer daytime NO X tends to be unbiased or underpredicted. In winter, the evening NO X overpredictions remain, but NO X is unbiased or underpredicted overnight, in the morning, and during the day. NO X overpredictions are most pronounced in the Midwestern and Southern United States with Western regions having more of a tendency toward model underpredictions of NO X . Modeled NO X performance has improved substantially over time, reflecting updates to the emission inputs and the CMAQ air quality model. Model performance improvements are largest for years simulated with CMAQv5.1 or later and for emission inventory years 2014 and later, coinciding with reduced onroad NO X emissions from vehicles with newer emission control technologies and improved treatment of chemistry, deposition, and vertical mixing in CMAQ. Our findings suggest that emissions temporalization of specific mobile source sectors have a small impact on model performance, while chemistry updates improve predictions of NO Y but do not improve summertime NO X bias in the Baltimore/DC area. Sensitivity runs performed for different locations across the country suggest that the improvement in summer NO X performance can be attributed to updates in vertical mixing incorporated in CMAQv5.1.
Antiepileptic drug management in pediatric patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy

Abstract Background Patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE) are at a higher risk of significant morbidity, lower quality of life, and increased risk of mortality. We surveyed providers regarding anti-seizure medication (ASM) management in pediatric BTRE to determine if practices are standard or markedly variable. Methods An anonymous voluntary online survey was sent to members of the Child Neurology Society. Providers were asked specific questions regarding initiation and wean of ASMs and if this was dependent on multiple factors. Demographic information was collected. Results Fifty-one providers responded to the survey. Ninety-four percent of providers would start an ASM after a second seizure. Eighty-four percent chose levetiracetam as the preferred ASM. Management was variable when based on tumor location, extent of surgical resection, pathology, and tumor prognosis. Statistically significant differences in responses regarding management were identified when comparing neurologists and epileptologists, providers with formal neuro-oncology or epilepsy training, providers at large institutions, and years of experience. For patients who underwent a gross total resection of the tumor, neuro-oncology and epilepsy-trained providers were more likely to wean off ASMs (p Conclusion These results suggest that ASM management in BTRE varies greatly according to sub-specialty and experience. Further studies and potential development of guidelines are needed to identify the most appropriate management of ASMs for BTRE.
Verification of Component-based Distributed Real-time Systems

Component-based software architectures enable reuse by separating application-specific concerns into modular components that are shielded from each other and from common concerns addressed by underlying services. Even so, concerns such as invocation rates, execution latencies, deadlines, and concurrency and scheduling semantics still cross-cut component boundaries in many real-time systems. Verification of these systems therefore must consider how composition of components relates to timing, resource utilization, and other properties. However, existing approaches only address a sub-set of the concerns that must be modeled in component-based distributed real-time systems, and a new more comprehensive approach is thus needed. To address that need, this paper offers three contributions to the state of the art in verification of component-based distributed real-time systems: (1) it introduces a formal model called real-time component automata that combines and extends interface automata and timed automata models; (2) it presents new component composition operations for single-threaded and cooperative multitasking forms of concurrency; and (3) it describes how the composed models can be combined with task locations, a scheduling model, and a Notes: This research was supported in part by NSF grant CCF-0448562 titled "CAREER: Time and Event Based Type of Report: Other Department of Computer Science & Engineering Washington University in St. Louis Campus Box 1045 St. Louis, MO 63130 ph: (314) 935-6160 Verification of Component-based Distributed Real-time Systems∗ Huang-Ming Huang and Christopher Gill Department of Computer Science and Engineering Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA {hh1, cdgill}@cse.wustl.edu
Physiology of the Developing Kidney: Sodium and Water Homeostasis and Its Disorders

Salt and water are the stuff of life [1, 2]. The ancient and the modern voices have been invoked in the past to demonstrate that human beings intuitively appreciate the critical role played by sodium and water balance for the integrity of the plasma compartment and for continued existence on land. The third time around, I turn to a towering contemporary figure of our age as inspiration for this chapter. The material will review the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of sodium and water homeostasis. This knowledge will provide a basis for the analysis of the diseases that arise when these systems malfunction and a guide to the optimal therapy of conditions associated with excessive or deficient total body sodium and water.
Some genetic and biochemical aspects of the regulatory program for slime mold development.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biochemical aspects of the regulatory program for slime mold development. The developmental cycle of a cell or multicellular organism comprises a complex progression of phenomic alterations that themselves are expressions of the underlying changes in macromolecular constitution. This progression is under rather precise temporal, spacial, and quantitative control— that is, the developmental events occur in fixed chronological order at specific intracellular sites, within specific cells of a multicellular assembly, and to fixed amounts or extents. Such precision dictates the operation of an overall regulatory program whose molecular basis represents one of the main current mysteries of developmental biology. Previously, it was difficult even to ask meaningful questions about the genetic and biochemical properties of such regulatory programs let alone to answer them. But the recent conceptual and technological advances in molecular genetics, RNA, and protein biosynthesis, as well as the insights into specific metabolic controls that operate during the bacterial growth, now make both the asking and answering feasible. The chapter discusses the developmental cycle carried out by Dictyostelium discoideum . Thick-walled dormant spores germinate into amoebae that feed on live or dead bacteria and increase exponentially in number.
New Strategies in Melanoma: Entering the Era of Combinatorial Therapy

The treatment of metastatic melanoma has been revolutionized over the past decade as effective molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies entered the clinic. It is hoped that deeper insights into the characteristics of patients and tumors that are most responsive will allow more precise patient selection for these therapies while understanding mechanisms of resistance will facilitate the develop of rational combinations or next-generation agents aimed at novel targets. Clin Cancer Res; 21(11); 2424–35. ©2015 AACR .
Biosynthesis of 50S Ribosomal Proteins During the Outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis Spores

The biosynthesis of 14 protein bands from 50S ribosomes was studied during the outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis W23 spores. The time at which the synthesis of each protein band begins and the patterns of synthesis that each displays were determined by comparing the incorporation of (3)H-phenylalanine during five intervals throughout the first hour of outgrowth with the incorporation of (14)C-phenylalanine between 145 and 150 min. The majority of the proteins in the 14 bands analyzed were synthesized as early as 5 to 10 min. The bands could be grouped on the basis of their labeling patterns as well as the time required for them to achieve a high rate of synthesis. Three bands did not achieve a high rate of synthesis until after 30 min of outgrowth, and at least one of the proteins from these bands appeared to be located on the exterior of the 50S subunit. The significance of the proteins from these three bands is discussed in terms of the late formation of new, mature 50S subunits during outgrowth.
Critical currents, pinning, and edge barriers in narrow YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ thin films

Current transport behavior is reported for narrow strips (down to approximately 1 \ensuremath{\mu}m) of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ thin films deposited and lithographically patterned by various means. A systematic increase in the critical current densities is observed in the narrowest strips, suggesting the possible presence of an edge barrier-to-flux entry in these films. The critical currents are found to be near the depairing limit as calculated for these particular films. The critical currents are observed to decrease with increasing temperature, consistent with a flux-creep model. Also, current-voltage characteristics are measured at various temperatures. These characteristics are consistent with exponential behavior in the low-temperature region, but are better fit by power-law behavior at the high temperatures. Flux-pinning energies at zero temperature derived from these data range from 20 to 200 meV depending on the method used. The high-temperature power-law behavior may reflect inhomogeneities along the length of the strips.
Children’s intake of candy while in the absence of hunger exceeds USDA SoFAS limits (47.4)

Children’s intake of candy has increased over the past three decades, and is a source of added sugars and empty calories in middle childhood. However, little is known about the factors that influen...
Electrical resistivity of molybdenum in the temperature range 1500 to 2650 K

Measurement of the electrical resistivity of molybdenum in the temperature range 1500 to 2650 K by a subsecond-duration pulse-heating technique is described. The specimens were of the National Bureau of Standards Molybdenum Standard Reference Material 781 for Enthalpy and Heat Capacity. The electrical resistivity of molybdenum in the temperature range 1500 to 2650 K is expressed by the following function (standard deviation = 0.2%): 1 $$\rho = - 6.7083 + 2.8949{\text{x10}}^{{\text{ - 2}}} T + 5.2985{\text{x10}}^{{\text{ - 7}}} T^2 $$ where T is in K and ρ is in ΜΩ · cm. The estimated inaccuracy in the electrical resistivity data does not exceed 1%.
Scale Construction and Psychometric Considerations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the construction of scales. Scales are common features of social science research, reflecting the belief that data in the social sciences should be quantitative in form. This chapter focuses on the construction of self-report scales, which include personality scales, interest inventories, measures of attitudes, opinions, needs and values, and many of the ad hoc measures constructed or used by scholars in the social sciences for various purposes other than the testing of ability and achievement. This chapter concludes with two observations and a prescription. First, the list of published self-report scales is too long and is growing longer at an alarming rate. Second, the .50 barrier on validity coefficients appears to be alive and well. Furthermore, to understand better the correlation between construct scale and criterion scale, it is recommended that validity be examined at the item level. Finally, in scale construction—to paraphrase a saying from another field of endeavor—validity is not the only thing, it is everything.
Parent-child problem solving in families of children with or without intellectual disability.

Objective To examine differences in child social competence and parent–child interactions involving children with intellectual disability (ID) or typical development (TD) during a Parent–Child Problem-Solving Task. Design Mothers and their 9-year-old children (n = 122) participated in a problem-solving task in which they discussed and tried to resolve an issue they disagreed about. The interactions were coded on child and mother problem solving and affect behaviours, as well as the dyad's problem resolution. Results Children with ID (n = 35) were rated lower on expression/negotiation skills and higher on resistance to the task than children with TD (n = 87). Mothers in the ID group (vs. TD group) were more likely to direct the conversation. However, there were no group differences on maternal feeling acknowledgement, engagement, warmth or antagonism. The ID dyads were less likely to come to a resolution and to compromise in doing so than the TD dyads. These group differences were not attributable to differences in children's behaviour problems. Conclusions Children with ID and their mothers had more difficulty resolving problems, and this increased difficulty was not explained by greater behaviour problems. Additionally, with the exception of directiveness, mothers of children with ID displayed similar behaviours and affect towards their children during problem solving as mothers of children with TD. Results suggest that the Parent–Child Problem-Solving Task is a useful way to assess social skills and associated parental behaviours in middle childhood beyond self-report. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.
K*(892)0Λ & K+Σ*(1385)- PHOTOPRODUCTION ON THE DEUTERON

Preliminary measurements of the differential cross sections of the γn → K*(892)0Λ and γn → K+Σ*(1385)- reactions are shown using data from the Jefferson Lab Hall B CLAS g13 experiment. No experimental cross section data have yet been published on the γn → K*(892)0Λ reaction, and the only published cross section data on the γn → K+Σ*(1385)- reaction are at forward angles, where t-channel K+ and K*+ exchanges are predicted to dominate. These data can be used to contribute to the search for the "missing" N* resonances, some of which are predicted to have non-negligible couplings to the excited strangeness channels.
Intraspecific trait variation and colonization sequence alter community assembly and disease epidemics

When individuals from multiple populations colonize a new habitat patch, intraspecific trait variation can make the arrival order of colonists an important factor for subsequent population and community dynamics. In particular, intraspecific priority effects (IPEs) allow early arrivers to limit the growth or establishment of later arrivers, even when competitively inferior on a per-capita basis. Through their effects on genes and traits, IPEs can alter short-term growth and long-term evolutionary change in single species metapopulations. Given their importance for intraspecific interactions, IPEs in a dominant species have the potential to affect the composition of entire communities. We conducted an experiment to determine whether and how arrival order and IPEs in the zooplankter Daphnia pulex affected its interactions with both competitors (the cladoceran Simocephalus vetulus) and parasites (the virulent fungus Metschnikowia bicuspidata). We found strong evidence for IPEs in Daphnia, as early arrivers inhibited late arrivers even when competitively inferior. These IPEs in Daphnia altered both the establishment success of interspecific competitors and the size of disease epidemics: early colonization by fast-growing D. pulex led to large Daphnia populations and low competitor establishment, but large disease epidemics. Early colonization by slow-growing D. pulex, on the other hand, resulted in small Daphnia populations with high competitor establishment, but smaller disease epidemics. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of intraspecific variation and arrival order for community dynamics, and highlight IPEs as a general mechanism driving variation in natural communities.
Aspergillosis and necrosis of the maxilla: a case report.

Abstract Head and neck aspergillosis, particularly of the maxillary antrum, has been reported as occurring in both healthy and immunologically compromised individuals.1 Aspergillosis occurs in both invasive and noninvasive forms; the former is more likely to occur in patients with debilitating illnesses2 and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Schubert et al3 reported a case of fatal hemorrhage secondary to aspergillosis, with the site of infection appearing to be the maxillary sinus. The following case report highlights the important features of diagnosis and management of this infection. In this patient with leukemia, aspergillosis led to hemorrhage from the internal maxillary artery and necrosis of a large part of the maxilla.
Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic viral hepatitis.

Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses are well-recognized causes for chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and even for hepatocellular carcinoma. Apart from liver disease, these viral infections are known to be associated with a spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations. The prevalence of clinically significant extrahepatic manifestations is relatively low, but it can be associated with significant morbidity and even mortality. An awareness and recognition of these manifestations is of paramount importance in facilitating early diagnosis and in offering treatment. However, treatments are not necessarily effective, and patients may continue with disabling extrahepatic manifestations. Hepatitis B virus has been well recognized as causing a variety of manifestations that include skin rash, arthritis, arthralgia, glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, and papular acrodermatitis. More recently, infection with hepatitis C virus has elicited considerable interest for its role in a spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations. Among the best-reported are cryoglobulinemia, glomerulonephritis, high titer of autoantibodies, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, lichen planus, Mooren’s corneal ulcer, Sjogren’s syndrome, porphyria cutanea tarda, and necrotizing cutaneous vasculitis. The precise pathogenesis of these extrahepatic complications has not been determined, although the majority represent the clinical expression of autoimmune phenomena.
Pulmonary Vascular Disease — Overview:

Some intriguing advances in the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular diseases have been made in the past decade. Moreover, developments in treatment of recurrent thromboembolic disease have come to the forefront, with a consider able reduction in morbidity and mortality rates in the past few years.1
The oxidation of acetaldehyde by isolated mitochondria from various organs of the rat and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract Mitochondria from liver, kidney, brain, and skeletal muscle metabolized acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde oxidation by liver and kidney mitochondria was maximal at low levels of acetaldehyde and was sensitive to rotenone, suggesting the involvement of a NAD + -dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase with a high affinity for acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde oxidation was stimulated 50% by ADP, suggesting that, in state 4, reoxidation of NADH is rate limiting for acetaldehyde oxidation. In state 4, acetaldehyde oxidation was decreased by NAD + -dependent substrates, as well as by succinate and ascorbate. The inhibition by the latter two substrates was prevented by ADP, dinitrophenol, valinomycin, and gramicidin, but not by oligomycin. Since these compounds are linked to energy transduction and utilization, the data suggest that the inhibition is mediated via energy-dependent reversed electron transport. In state 3, all of these substrates caused considerably less inhibition of acetaldehyde oxidation, suggesting that the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, and not of NADH reoxidation, is probably rate limiting for acetaldehyde oxidation. The ionophores valinomycin and gramicidin stimulated acetaldehyde oxidation to a greater extent than ADP. These ionophores also stimulated acetaldehyde oxidation in the presence of ADP. Stimulation by valinomycin occurred in the presence of monovalent cations transported by this ionophore, e.g., K + , Rb + , Cs + . Stimulation by gramicidin also occurred in the presence of these cations, but did not occur with Na + or Li + . Na + prevents the stimulation of acetaldehyde oxidation, which occurs in the presence of gramicidin and K + . The stimulation by valinomycin and gramicidin was energy dependent and required the presence of a permeant anion. In the absence of an ionophore, potassium phosphate had no effect on acetaldehyde oxidation. These data suggest that the oxidation of acetaldehyde by rat liver and kidney mitochondria is influenced by the oxidation-reduction state of the mitochondria and by the cationic environment. With brain and muscle mitochondria, the rate of acetaldehyde oxidation increased two- to threefold as the concentration of acetaldehyde was raised from 0.167 to 0.50 m m . Acetaldehyde oxidation in these mitochondria was also sensitive; to rotenone, indicating dependence on NAD + . ADP, valinomycin, gramicidin, and succinate, compounds which either increased or decreased the rate of acetaldehyde oxidation by liver and kidney mitochondria, had no effect on acetaldehyde oxidation by muscle or brain mitochondria. In state 4, mitochondria from Becker-transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma HC-252 oxidized acetaldehyde at the same rate as liver mitochondria. However, in the presence of ADP, dinitrophenol, valinomycin and gramicidin, the rate of acetaldehyde oxidation by the tumor mitochondria was two to three times greater than that of liver mitochondria, suggesting the presence of a more active; acetaldehyde-oxidizing system in tumor than in liver mitochondria.
Zinc Center as Redox Switch—New Function for an Old Motif

Oxidative stress affects a wide variety of different cellular processes. Now, an increasing number of proteins have been identified that use the presence of reactive oxygen species or alterations in the cellular thiol–disulfide state as regulators of their protein function. This review focuses on two members of this growing group of redox-regulated proteins that utilize a cysteine-containing zinc center as the redox switch: Hsp33, the first molecular chaperone, whose ability to protect cells against stress-induced protein unfolding depends on the presence of reactive oxygen species and RsrA, the first anti-sigma factor that uses a cysteine-containing zinc center to sense and respond to cellular disulfide stress.
Profound hypoglycemia presents with reversible symmetrical ADC signal changes isolated to eloquent cortex of the parietal lobe

MRI diffusion/ADC signal change with reversal, symmetrically isolated to the cortex of the precentral gyri in profound hypoglycemia has not been previously described. We present a case in which minimal cortical signal change without deep gray matter involvement and subsequent reversal occurred without significant clinical improvement. Correlation of the reversal of diffusion/ADC signal to findings by EEG evaluation has been described in animal studies and not in humans before.
Chains of large gaps between consecutive primes

where log, n = log n, log, n = log(log,i n). This result has, so far, not been improved. It implies in particular that lim sup[d,,/log n] = co. Since by the prime number theorem, the average size of d, is log n, this means that the largest gaps exceed the average by a ratio approaching infinity (Westzynthius [lo]). In 1949, ErdGs [4] proposed the problem: For a fixed k and n + co, can k consecutive gaps be simultaneously much larger than log n; or more precisely, does lim sup[min(d,+ ,,..., d,+,)/log n] = co? Erdos proved this for the case k = 2 [4]. In this paper we prove Erdos’ conjecture for all k. Moreover, we obtain the same lower bound for k consecutive gaps as that given by Rankin’s theorem for single gaps. (The only difference is that, as k increases, the constant implied by “>O” decreases.)
Quantitation of regional left ventricular function by two-dimensional echocardiography in normals and patients with coronary artery disease.

Abstract Regional endocardial motion and wall thickening of the left ventricle were quantitatively assessed in nine normal subjects and in 21 patients with coronary artery disease using two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and a computerized light pen system. Eight equal sectors of a cross-sectional image from parasternal short-axis, apical four- and two-chamber views were used for measuring sector area difference of endocardial motion and wall thickness between end diastole and end systole. In 13 patients with anterior wall motion abnormalities, area difference of wall thickening found by 2DE was abnormal in 12 of 13 (92%) patients, and only in 6 of 13 (46%) patients by endocardial motion. In 10 patients with dyskinetic regions in apex or anterior wall, dyskinesia by wall thickening was found in all patients, but only in 6 of 10 (60%) by endocardial motion. Thus, wall thickening assessed by 2DE is a more sensitive technique than analysis of endocardial motion in evaluating regional wall motion abnormalities in patients with coronary artery disease.
First-Line Use of Anti–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Several molecular pathways have been shown to play key roles in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). This enhanced understanding of tumor biology has provided the rationale for the design and development of novel agents that are directed against important targets, including growth factors, receptors, and tumor-specific/tumor-selective antigens. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway has received much attention over the past 5-10 years because it is overexpressed in more than 85% of tumors from patients with metastatic CRC. Cetuximab and panitumumab are monoclonal antibodies presently approved for use by the FDA in the refractory disease setting, and they have provided significant advances in the treatment of advanced CRC. However, much focus has shifted toward using these biologic therapies in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy in up-front settings, such as first-line therapy and in the neoadjuvant therapy of liver-limited disease. The clinical studies conducted to date suggest that cetuximab can be safely and effectively combined with oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of metastatic CRC. Moreover, the results of the CRYSTAL phase III study provide support for the use of the combination of FOLFIRI (5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/irinotecan) and cetuximab in the neoadjuvant setting and allow for R0 surgical resection with curative intent. Much work continues to investigate the critical molecular biomarkers that can be used to predict clinical response to chemotherapy and/or targeted therapies as well as to identify which patients might be at increased risk for developing drug-specific side effects.
Repeal of the Pennsylvania motorcycle helmet law: reflections on the ethical and political dynamics of public health reform

In June of 2003 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania passed S. 259 which repealed the state's 35-year old motorcycle helmet safety law. Motorcycle helmets are now only required for riders who are under the age of 21 and for those who are 21 years or older who have had a motorcycle operator's license for less than two years, or who have not completed an approved motorcycle safety course. Prior to the repeal, and in the years that have followed, there has been intense debate and controversy regarding Pennsylvania's decision to repeal the law that required universal and mandatory use of motorcycle helmets for all riders. Proponents of the helmet repeal have argued in favor of individual rights and freedom, whereas advocates for mandatory helmet laws have voiced concerns over public health and safety based on available data. This commentary will discuss the policy-making process that led to Pennsylvania's repeal of the motorcycle helmet safety law from an ethical, political, and economic perspective.
Epidural labor analgesia for a patient with disseminated lymphangiomatosis.

IMPLICATIONS: We describe a case of a parturient with disseminated lymphangiomatosis involving the thorax, retroperitoneum, and lumbar vertebrae who received epidural labor analgesia. Clinical presentations vary depending on the organ systems involved, the extent of the disease, and the stage of pre
Differences between criminal justice majors and noncriminal justice majors in determinants of test cheating intentions

Using scenario-based survey data from a sample of 330 university students, this study examined differences between criminal justice majors and noncriminal justice majors in the effects of rational ...
Structural analysis of mannans from Candida albicans serotypes A and B and from Torulopsis glabrata by methylation gas chromatography mass spectrometry and exo‐α‐mannanse

Mannans of Candida albicans serotypes A and B and of Torulopsis glabrata were subjected to methylation analysis and the resulting monosaccharides were converted to the peracetylaldononitrile derivatives and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Serotype A differed from B in having more 1 leads to 2 linked mannosyl residues (46.2 vs 37.1 mol%) indicating longer oligomannosyl sidechains; mannosyl branch points linked through C-1, C-3 and C-6 were detected for the first time in C. albicans mannans and were more abundant in serotype B (9.2 vs 5.3 mol%). T. glabrata mannan differed from that of C. albicans in having virtually no (1.6 mol%) unsubstituted sugars in the linear backbone and less 1 leads to 2 linked mannosyl residues (33.1 mol%) interpreted as shorter oligomannosyl sidechains. Model building of a repeating unit for the outer chain region of these mannans was prevented by the large amount of nonreducing terminal mannosyl residues, 23.0 mol% for C. albicans A, that probably arise from the inner core region. These mannans were exposed to exo-alpha-mannanase and the percentage of digestion, measured as reducing sugar released, was 33.5% for C. albicans B; 27.4% for T. glabrata, and C. albicans A was refractory (5.4% digested).
Targeted genome editing of sweet orange using Cas9/sgRNA.

Genetic modification, including plant breeding, has been widely used to improve crop yield and quality, as well as to increase disease resistance. Targeted genome engineering is expected to contribute significantly to future varietal improvement, and genome editing technologies using zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9/single guide RNA (sgRNA) have already been successfully used to genetically modify plants. However, to date, there has been no reported use of any of the current genome editing approaches in sweet orange, an important fruit crop. In this study, we first developed a novel tool, Xcc-facilitated agroinfiltration, for enhancing transient protein expression in sweet orange leaves. We then successfully employed Xcc-facilitated agroinfiltration to deliver Cas9, along with a synthetic sgRNA targeting the CsPDS gene, into sweet orange. DNA sequencing confirmed that the CsPDS gene was mutated at the target site in treated sweet orange leaves. The mutation rate using the Cas9/sgRNA system was approximately 3.2 to 3.9%. Off-target mutagenesis was not detected for CsPDS-related DNA sequences in our study. This is the first report of targeted genome modification in citrus using the Cas9/sgRNA system—a system that holds significant promise for the study of citrus gene function and for targeted genetic modification.
Hypermedia support for collaborative design

Abstract This paper proposes the use of hypermedia technologies to enhance collaborative engineering design by following the grounding of abstract concepts with links to related multimedia information. The extension of a collaborative design support tool using these technologies is present and its advantages illustrated with an example of the design of a building's floor system.
Calibration of gas chromatograph without standardized gas mixtures.

Abstract A simple and accurate method for calibrating a gas Chromatograph without standardized gases is described. It can be used for any inert gas and also for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide as long as they are not present in the ambient air.
Arrival by ambulance is associated with acute stroke intervention in young adults.

Abstract Background and purpose Timely intervention in young stroke patients minimizes long term disability. We hypothesized that arrival to the emergency department by ambulance would be associated with increased rate of stroke intervention with intravenous t-PA or intra arterial procedures. Methods Charts of 77 patients aged 15–49years diagnosed with ischemic stroke were analyzed. Data was collected on demographics, arrival to emergency department by ambulance, whether initial hospital at presentation was a Primary Stroke Center, and intervention by intravenous t-PA or intra arterial procedures. Data was analyzed by Fisher's exact test, and significant variables were included in multivariable analysis. Results Arrival by ambulance was significantly associated with acute stroke intervention in young adults ( p =0.016). Gender and Primary Stroke Center certification did not make a difference in patients getting stroke intervention. Conclusion Young adults with stroke symptoms were more likely to receive acute stroke intervention if they arrived by ambulance. Larger multi-center studies should address whether Primary Stroke Centers are more likely to provide either IV thrombolysis or interventional therapies in young patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Probing vortex systems with individual vortex manipulation

We show that by manipulating individual vortices or small groups of vortices in a superconductor, such as with a magnetic force microscope tip, a number of interesting properties of the system can be extracted. For example, it should be possible to test directly whether vortices can entangle, to measure the properties of the vortex line tension across melting and disordering transitions, probe correlation behavior near depinning, and characterize the pinning landscape.
Burrows of kangaroo rats are hotspots for desert soil fungi

Abstract Organic matter in contact with soil is quickly colonised by fungi. This study compared communities of moulds found in the soil of burrows of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis Merriam, to those found in surrounding grassland. Soil samples ( n = 138) were collected between 1989 and 1991. Fungal colonies were five times more abundant in burrow soils than away from burrows. Community composition also differed substantially, with many fungi more abundant in burrows than away from burrows. A diverse, but relatively predictable, community of moulds inhabits the burrow soils and is available to colonise seeds hidden within burrows. The results suggest that mutualistic interactions between the moulds and the rodent are possible, but there are as yet no data evaluating this. Burrows and dens of many animals, especially in arid environments, are likely to be important sites of microbial activity and decomposition.
Evaluation of nitrite production by human monocyte-derived macrophages.

Abstract Reactive nitrogen intermediates are important in the anti-tumor and anti-microbial activities of rodent macrophages, but it is not known whether this is the case for human macrophages. In the present study, nitrite concentrations in vitro were used as an indicator of reactive nitrogen intermediate production by mouse, rat, and human macrophages. Human macrophages derived by culturing peripheral blood monocytes did not consistently produce detectable nitrite levels in response to any stimulus examined. Human macrophages were viable and metabolically active as indicated by the MTT assay, and their respiratory burst response to phorbol myristate acetate was increased following incubation with Interferon-γ, as expected for typical macrophages. In contrast, rat or mouse peritoneal macrophages produced nitrite concentrations of ∼20–100 μM in response to lipopolysaccharide, Interferon-γ, or both. These results demonstrate substantial differences in the production of nitrites by rodent and human macrophages. Because of the heterogeneity among macrophage populations, these findings may not be applicable to all human macrophage populations, but they suggest a need for caution in extrapolating from rodent studies regarding the role of reactive nitrogen intermediates in anti-tumor or anti-microbial functions of human macrophages.
Control of Thickness and Orientation of Solution-Grown Silicon Nanowires

Bulk quantities of defect-free silicon (Si) nanowires with nearly uniform diameters ranging from 40 to 50 angstroms were grown to a length of several micrometers with a supercritical fluid solution-phase approach. Alkanethiol-coated gold nanocrystals (25 angstroms in diameter) were used as uniform seeds to direct one-dimensional Si crystallization in a solvent heated and pressurized above its critical point. The orientation of the Si nanowires produced with this method could be controlled with reaction pressure. Visible photoluminescence due to quantum confinement effects was observed, as were discrete optical transitions in the ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectra.
Cross-linking of poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] membranes using bis(aryl azides)

Cross-linkable poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP) films were cast from toluene solutions containing PTMSP and either 4,4'-diazidobenzophenone or 4,4,-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenyl azide. The composite films were clear and homogeneous and were cross-linked by UV irradiation at room temperature or thermal annealing at 180°C. Low levels of the bis(aryl azide) (1-5 wt %) were effective in rendering the films insoluble in toluene and THF, both good solvents for PTMSP. The process is simple and effective, and thus PTMSP can be readily converted to mechanically stable membranes with permeabilities and separation factors comparable or higher than those of poly(dimethylsiloxane). The films were characterized by measuring their density, their permeability toward O 2 and N 2 , and their spectroscopic properties. Compared to PTMSP, films containing bis(aryl azide) cross-linkers had lower permeabilities and higher separation factors, consistent with a reduction in free volume. When the films were cross-linked photochemically, the permeabilities declined further and the separation factor increased. Films cross-linked thermally had permeabilities comparable to their PTMSP/azide precursors, and density and swelling measurements suggest that higher free volumes are obtained in thermally cross-linked films. All films stored in air suffered from a slow decline in permeability which may reflect slow surface oxidation of the films. When stored in vacuum, cross-linked films were stable and showed no loss in permeability, but the permeability of uncross-linked PTMSP films stored under the same conditions fell to 70% of their original value in 1 month. We attribute the permeability decline to densification accelerated by impurities and solvents.