cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repair and regeneration in endodontics

The ideal objective of treatment of established diseases, including irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis, is to achieve wound healing. Wound healing can result in repair or regeneration. The ultimate goal of wound healing is to restore the original architecture and biological function of the injured tissue or organ. Although humans are equipped with powerful innate and adaptive immune defence mechanisms, many intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect wound healing. Complete regeneration following injury in humans can occur only in the pre-natal foetus within 24 weeks of gestation. Post-natal wounds including irreversible pulpitis or apical periodontitis always heal by repair or by a combination of repair and regeneration. Somatic cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, cementoblasts and osteoblasts, in the pulp and periapical tissues have limited potential for regeneration following injury and lack of telomerase. Wound healing of irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis requires recruitment and differentiation of progenitor/stem cells into tissue-committed somatic cells. Stem cell differentiation is regulated by intrinsic factors and extrinsic micro-environmental cues. Functionality of stem cells appears to show an age-related decline because of the change in intrinsic properties and diminished signals within the extrinsic local and systemic environment that modulate the function of stem cells or their progeny. Infection induces an immuno-inflammatory response and tissue destruction, which hinders the potential of tissue regeneration. Therefore, prevention, early detection and treatment of inflammation/infection of pulpal and periapical disease can enhance regeneration and minimize the repair of pulpal and periapical tissues after endodontic therapy.
New Jewish museums in post-communist Europe

In 2013 Tamar Latzman, a young Israeli artist, held an art residency in Vilnius. The city, known as the “Jerusalem of Lithuania,” was once her family's home. Although she went to the city as an art...
Whole-Body Vibration While Squatting and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness in Women

Context: Research into alleviating muscle pain and symptoms in individuals after delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) has been inconsistent and unsuccessful in demonstrating a useful recovery moda...
A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Oxcarbazepine for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

We developed this oxcarbazepine guideline using drug prescribing ­information and reviewing the available literature on relevant neuropsychiatric ­disorders in populations without intellectual disabilities because of the dearth of available literature on the population with intellectual disabilities. This guideline includes indications; contraindications; assessments prior to and during treatment; dosing with particular focus on dosing modifications required by drug–drug interactions, or personal characteristics; and adverse drug reactions. The procedures contained in this guideline may not fully account for all of the possible risks of treatment in this population because of the limited studies available; thus, there will be a need to periodically update this guideline as new information becomes available. Nevertheless, we believe that this guideline provides a useful resource for clinicians who treat epilepsy in adult individuals with intellectual disabilities. An oxcarbazepine drug utilization review that summarizes this guideline is described.
A Categorization of Contextual Constraints

We present a categorization of contextual constraints, and discuss their uses in embodied agent architectures. \Context" has been described as a dicult term to dene, because it’s: (1) used across numerous disciplines in cognitive science and computer science; (2) relative to an agent, or device; and (3) relative to the cognitive process being examined and experimented upon. As such, context is a consequence of theories about cognitive processes, not something observed. It has a theoretical role, not one of a measurable unit. We will take context to be the structured set of variable, external constraints to some (natural or articial ) cognitive process that inuenc es the behavior of that process in the agent(s) under consideration. By reviewing the cognitive science disciplines of linguistics, psychology, knowledge representation, and human-computer interaction, we’ve identied contextual factors that can serve several uses among embodied cognitive architectures, such as knowledge acquisition, knowledge partitioning, and context switching.
Why are Voting Lines Longer for Urban Voters

There is a growing movement to measure the performance of elections to identify laws or administrative practices that can be improved. To date, these efforts have been used primarily for comparing election administration at the state level. However, election performance measures can also be used to examine local variation, since local election officials have substantial discretion managing elections in their jurisdictions. This study examines data from two national surveys in which voters report on their experiences casting a ballot in the 2008 presidential election. While urban voters are generally not facing third-world voting conditions, the evidence indicates that urban voters contend with a disproportionate share of voting difficulties in the United States. While the evidence does not support a simple explanation for voter waiting times, we do know where long lines, and other voting problems, are most likely to occur: in heavily populated metropolitan areas.
Patient-Centered Health Law and Ethics

The study of health law tends to focus on industry and public policy concerns, such as quality, cost, and access. Typically neglected is the core experience of patients being ill and seeking care. Our belief that law relating to patient care should better take into account what it means to be a patient led us to convene a group of ethics and legal scholars for a two-day conference in April 2010 to consider what a more patient-centered approach to health law and ethics would mean. This report identifies the areas in which participating scholars appeared to reach some consensus on this subject over the course of the conference, as well as issues about which there was disagreement or hesitation, and questions for future debate. The final version will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Wake Forest Law Review, along with other essays by conference participants relating to patient-centered health law.
Courtship and Female Choice in the Horned Beetle, Bolitotherus cornutus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Beetle horns may have evolved through inter- or intrasexual selection. While past studies have dealt with the use of horns as weapons, they have not examined female choice based on horn size. Male fungus beetles, Bolitotherus cornutus , have horns and perform elaborate courtships. In this study, females demonstrated no preference among males having different horn lengths and equal body sizes. Neither did they prefer males with equal horns and different bodies. These observations suggest that females do not base their choice of mate on horn size, suggesting that horns may have evolved through intrasexual rather than intersexual processes.
Assessing the Supervisor-Subordinate Relationship Involving Part-Time Employees

Many college students have part-time jobs for a variety of reasons, including finances, skill enhancement, networking, personal satisfaction, and confidence. Part-time employees often differ from f...
The importance of imagination (or lack thereof) in artificial, human and quantum decision making.

Enlarging upon experiments and analysis that I did jointly some years ago, in which artificial (symbolic, neural-net and pattern) learning and generalization were compared with that of humans, I wi...
Motion - Pancreatic endoscopy is useful for the pain of chronic pancreatitis: Arguments for the motion

Pain is the dominant clinical problem in patients with chronic pancreatitis. It can be due to pseudocysts, as well as strictures and stones in the pancreatic ducts. Most experts agree that obstruction could cause increased pressure within the main pancreatic duct or its branches, resulting in pain. Endoscopic therapy aims to alleviate pain by reducing the pressure within the ductal system and draining pseudocysts. Approaches vary according to the specific nature of the problem, and include transgastric, transduodenal and transpapillary stenting and drainage. Additional techniques for the removal of stones from the pancreatic duct include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Success rates for stone extraction and stenting of strictures are high in specialized centres that employ experienced endoscopists, but pain often recurs during long term follow-up. Complications include pancreatitis, bleeding, infection and perforation. In the case of pancreatic pseudocysts, percutaneous or even surgical drainage should be considered if septae or large amounts of debris are present within the lesion. This article describes the techniques, indications and results of endoscopic therapy of pancreatic lesions.
Two Clathrin Adaptor Protein Complexes Instruct Axon-Dendrite Polarity

The cardinal feature of neuronal polarization is the establishment and maintenance of axons and dendrites. How axonal and dendritic proteins are sorted and targeted to different compartments is poorly understood. Here, we identified distinct dileucine motifs that are necessary and sufficient to target transmembrane proteins to either the axon or the dendrite through direct interactions with the clathrin-associated adaptor protein complexes (APs) in C. elegans. Axonal targeting requires AP-3, while dendritic targeting is mediated by AP-1. The axonal dileucine motif binds to AP-3 with higher efficiency than to AP-1. Both AP-3 and AP-1 are localized to the Golgi but occupy adjacent domains. We propose that AP-3 and AP-1 directly select transmembrane proteins and target them to axon and dendrite, respectively, by sorting them into distinct vesicle pools.
Reverse transcriptases lend a hand in splicing catalysis

The first high-resolution views of group II intron maturases illuminate the architectural and functional roles of these multidomain proteins in splicing and DNA invasion. The maturases show striking structural and functional homology to a central protein involved in spliceosomal pre–messenger RNA splicing, thus reinforcing the idea that group II introns and the spliceosome descended from a common ancestor.
Naturalistic tasks performed in realistic environments: a review with implications for neuropsychological assessment

AbstractObjective: Understanding functional abilities for those with neurologic disorders is a growing area of investigation. In this paper, performance-based naturalistic tasks used to assess cognitive and functional deficits were reviewed to determine current evidence for effectiveness as valid and reliable assessment measures and to make recommendations for future research.Method: Performance-based naturalistic tasks were defined as observable, rule-based, open-ended tasks completed in an environment that either mimics the real world or is the real world. Thirty-eight studies, discussed by the environment in which the task was performed (i.e. vocational, kitchen, hospital/store, and home), were reviewed.Results: Many studies were found to have significant methodological limitations (e.g. low sample size) and few studies evaluated the relationship between performance on the naturalistic task and everyday functioning. The efficacy of using naturalistic tasks to better understand functional status has yet...
Forging New Connections Between Nanoscience and Society in the UCSB Center for Nanotechnology in Society Science and Engineering Fellows Program

As authorized by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centers (NSECs) are mandated to develop a skilled workforce and support responsible development of nanotechnology, including attention to ethical, legal and societal implications (ELSI). An NSEC, the National Science Foundation Center for Nanotechnology in Society at the University of California, Santa Barbara addresses both of these goals within the context of its Science and Engineering Fellows Program. By placing doctoral students from science and engineering disciplines in team-based social science projects focused on ELSI, this program forges closer ties between laboratory scientists and social perspectives. This chapter offers an overview of the program, describes how Fellows were integrated into two specific research streams, and shares analysis of interviews with Fellows. These interviews, conducted as part of an evaluation of the program, provide evidence that the Science and Engineering Fellows Program has fostered in its graduates the sort of reflexivity called for by advocates of responsible innovation.
An Employment Imperative

It has become widely recognized that women contribute generously to the gross national product, as well as to the well-being of their families and their communities. Women are the main providers for one-third of all families in the world, and two-thirds of the poorest. If truth be known, more women than men are solely responsible for their families. Three-fourths of the world’s micro-entrepreneurs are women, and in low-income countries women produce between sixty and eighty percent of the food for local consumption. In nearly every part of the world, women work longer hours than men and perform a wider variety of tasks (International Women’s Tribune Centre, 1985). Though fiscal resources differentially affect support services for them (provided by poor women in most countries) and the availability of labor saving equipment, women who work outside the home, regardless of class or ethnicity, are likely to carry the dual burden of responsibility within it. Still, neither men, women or their governments call women’s exhausting contributions “work.”
Learning through Story as Political Praxis: The Role of Narratives in Community Food Work

As Melissa Orlie (Theory & Event, 12(2), none, 2009) has noted, the “madness” of the industrial food system is increasingly difficult to deny. The manner in which this dominant system operates has resulted in socioeconomic and ecological excesses that cannot be sustained. For over three decades, there has been a groundswell of academic, policy, and community-based concern and activism around this social, economic, and ecological unsustainability. The academic literature, for instance, is replete with works theorizing and advocating approaches for building alternative food systems that stem from a range of disciplinary perspectives and methodological orientations (e.g., Allen, Food for the future: Conditions and contradictions of sustainability. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993; Together at the table: Sustainability and sustenance in the American agrifood system. University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, 2004; Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, 295–308, 2010; Alkon and Agyeman, Cultivating food justice: Race, class and sustainability. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011; Constance et al., Alternative agrifood movements: Patterns of convergence and divergence. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, 2014; Feenstra, Agriculture and Human Values, 19, 99–106, 2002; Goodman et al., Alternative food networks: Knowledge, practice, and politics. Oxon/New York: Routledge, 2014; Hendrickson and Heffernan, Sociologia Ruralis, 42(4), 347–369, 2002; Hinrichs, Journal of Rural Studies, 19, 33–45, 2003; Lang, Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 4(3), 315–335, 2009; Kirschenmann and Falk, Cultivating an ecological conscience: Essays from a farmer philosopher. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010).
Effect of pesticides on microbial communities in container aquatic habitats

Container aquatic habitats support a specialized community of macroinvertebrates (e.g. mosquitoes) that feed on microbial communities associated with decaying organic matter. These aquatic habitats are often embedded within and around agricultural lands and are frequently exposed to pesticides. We used a microcosm approach to examine the single and combined effects of two herbicides (atrazine, glyphosate), and three insecticides (malathion, carbaryl, permethrin) on microbial communities of container aquatic habitats. MiSeq sequencing of the V4 region of both bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the microbial communities of indoor microcosms that were either exposed to each pesticide alone, a mix of herbicides, a mix of insecticides, or a mix of all five insecticides. Individual insecticides but not herbicides reduced the microbial diversity and richness and two insecticides, carbaryl and permethrin, also altered the microbial community structure. A mixture of herbicides had no effect on microbial diversity or structure but a mixture of insecticides or all five pesticides reduced microbial diversity and altered the community structure. These findings suggest that exposure of aquatic ecosystems to individual pesticides or their mixtures can disrupt aquatic microbial communities and there is need to decipher how these changes affect resident macroinvertebrate communities.
The effect of Marangoni convection on heat transfer during dropwise condensation on hydrophobic and omniphobic surfaces

Abstract A multi-fold enhancement in the rate of heat transfer can be achieved by promoting the dropwise condensation mode (DWC) over the filmwise condensation mode. Recent material developments are increasing the chances that DWC will transition into industrial applications. Consequently, the ability to quantitatively model heat transfer rate during DWC of water and low surface tension liquids will become increasingly important in design of condensers. DWC heat transfer models developed so far consider only conduction inside the condensate droplets. However, scaling analysis shows that, in contrast to buoyancy driven flow, thermocapillary flow could be present in a wide range of droplet sizes in industrially relevant conditions. In the present work, we theoretically quantify the effect of Marangoni convection on heat transfer across individual condensing droplets as well as its impact on the overall DWC heat transfer. Specifically, we use Finite Element simulations to estimate the change in heat transfer that thermocapillary flow induces in condensing drops with spherical cap geometry. Besides water, we also study heat transfer across drops of organic liquids including toluene, ethanol, and pentane. Our results indicate that heat transfer rates across droplets are higher in the conjugate heat transfer case than the conduction only case (up to 6-fold increase for large water droplets on hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces under extreme subcooling of 50 K). However, irrelevant of fluid and contact angle, for smaller droplets with radius below 100 µm at most a twofold thermocapillary heat transfer enhancement was obtained. When integrated with the dropsize distribution, these multi-fold increases in heat transfer across individual drops translate in most cases to a minor 10% or lower increase in the overall dropwise condensation heat transfer coefficient. Thus, with exception of a few special cases, the Marangoni flow contribution to DWC heat transfer coefficient is on the order of typical experimental uncertainties and can be neglected.
Seasonal Activity of Meloe americanus (Coleoptera: Meloidae) in a Mississippi Old-field Habitat

Adults and triugulin larvae of Meloe americanus Leach were collected by pitfall trapping and sweepnetting of foliage during 14 consecutive months at an old-field site in Washington Co., MS. Adults ...
Falls in older adults with multiple myeloma.

Objective To examine the prevalence of falls, factors associated with falls and the relationship between falls and survival in older adults with multiple myeloma. Methods In an analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (MHOS)-linked database, we examined 405 older adults with multiple myeloma (MM) and 513 matched non-cancer controls. The primary outcome was self-reported within the past 12 months. Age, race, gender, symptoms, and comorbidities were self-reported in the MHOS. Survival was calculated from SEER data. Results Of the patients with MM, 171 were within 1 year of diagnosis (cohort 1) and 234 were ≥1 year postdiagnosis (cohort 2). Patients in cohorts 1 and 2 were more likely to have fallen than controls (26% and 33% vs 23%, P = .012). On multivariate analysis, among patients with myeloma (combined cohorts 1 and 2), factors associated with falls included self-report of fatigue (aOR 2.52 [95% CI 1.34-4.93]), depression (aOR 1.90 [95% CI 1.14-3.18]), or poorer general health (aOR 1.86 [95% CI 1.05-3.36]). Falls were not associated with survival. Conclusions Older adults with MM have a greater prevalence of falls than matched controls. Self-reported fatigue, depression, and poorer general health are associated with greater odds of falls.
On structural power

This article engages Rainer Forst’s account of structural power, as elaborated in Normativity and Power: Analyzing Social Orders of Justification. Its central claim is that structural power works, ...
A 330μm×90μm opto-electronically integrated wireless system-on-chip for recording of neural activities

Recording neural activity in live animals in vivo poses several challenges. Electrical techniques typically require electrodes to be tethered to the outside world directly via a wire, or indirectly via an RF Coil [1], which is much larger than the electrodes themselves. Tethered implants result in residual motion between neurons and electrodes as the brain moves, and limits our ability to measure from peripheral nerves in moving animals, especially in smaller organisms such as zebra fish or fruit flies. On the other hand, optical techniques, which are becoming increasingly powerful, are nonetheless often limited to subsets of neurons in any given organism, impeded by scattering of the excitation light and emitted fluorescence, and limited to low temporal resolution [2]. Here we present the electronics for an untethered electrode unit, powered by, and communicating through a microscale optical interface, combining many benefits of optical techniques with high temporal-resolution recording of electrical signals.
Iwasawa’s Theory and p-ADIC L-Functions for Imaginary Quadratic Fields

We would like to describe several results concerninq certain ℤ p 2 -extensions which come from imaginary quadratic fields. The motivation for our results is to provide some evidence for a “two-variable main conjecture” that has been suggested at least in special cases by R. Yager in [12]. We will first describe various “main conjectures” that have been proposed over the years in a more general and unified way.
Modeling and learning vague event durations for temporal reasoning

This paper reports on our recent work on modeling and automatically extracting vague, implicit event durations from text (Pan et al., 2006a, 2006b). It is a kind of commonsense knowledge that can have a substantial impact on temporal reasoning problems. We have also proposed a method of using normal distributions to model Judgments that are intervals on a scale and measure their interannotator agreement; this should extend from time to other kinds of vague but substantive information in text and commonsense reasoning.
Structural-Functional Correlates in Acute Renal Failure

The acute renal failure syndrome (ARF) may result from a variety of causes. This discussion will focus on one of the major subtypes of this entity, specifically that of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) which by definition includes those forms of acute renal failure in which tubular injury of acute onset is the primary basis for renal failure, and excludes other causes of ARF, such as those due to glomerular, vascular and interstitial lesions. ATN is by far the most common cause of ARF, and accounts for some 40% of cases encountered clinically.
Future of World Commercial Fisheries

In the introduction I pointed out the unlikelihood of the seas ever solving the world’s critical food shortages. To be more exact, there is virtually no hope that this will happen. However, the sea makes an important contribution to reducing world hunger. It is an essential and reliable source of food production. If other sources partially fail due to droughts, pestilences, and epidemics in stocks of domestic animals, the oceans will continue to supply valuable protein and food supplements for ourselves and our domestic animals.
Gastroesophageal reflux in the preterm infant

Gastroesophageal reflux is a problem familiar to most pediatricians. The focus of this article is to provide a synopsis of the current state of knowledge regarding gastroesophageal reflux in the premature population, as well as to provide the practitioner with a rational basis upon which to diagnose and treat gastroesophageal reflux in this population.
Medical Complications Encountered in Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke rarely occurs in isolation. Secondary complications and other associated conditions are common clinical problems among patients with cerebrovascular disease. Some complications, including seizures and central pain syndromes, arise directly from the brain lesion itself. Others, such as ventilatory dysfunction, result from direct effects of the brain injury on neurologic functioning. Still others, such as deep venous thromboses, are the effects of immobility. Many complications, including bowel and bladder dysfunction, are multifactorial in nature and are the indirect consequences of the brain lesion induced by the stroke. This review discusses clinical features, potential impact, and management strategies of some selected medical conditions that may be encountered during stroke rehabilitation and long-term management.
MicroRNAs and the Genetic Nexus of Brain Aging, Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Brain Trauma

Aging is a complex and integrated gradual deterioration of cellular activities in specific organs of the body, which is associated with increased mortality. This deterioration is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, neurovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. There are nine tentative hallmarks of aging. In addition, several of these hallmarks are increasingly being associated with acute brain injury conditions. In this review, we consider the genes and their functional pathways involved in brain aging as a means of developing new strategies for therapies targeted to the neuropathological processes themselves, but also as targets for many age-related brain diseases. A single microRNA (miR), which is a short, non-coding RNA species, has the potential for targeting many genes simultaneously and, like practically all other cellular processes, genes associated with many features of brain aging and injury are regulated by miRs. We highlight how certain miRs can mediate deregulation of genes involved in neuroinflammation, acute neuronal injury and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we review the recent progress in the development of effective strategies to block specific miR functions and discuss future approaches with the prediction that anti-miR drugs may soon be used in the clinic.
New Treatment Modalities in Wilson Disease

Abstract In this chapter, we explore advances in the treatment of Wilson disease (WD), including alternative regimens for administering current therapy and exploration of novel therapies aimed at copper removal. New treatment options are in development to improve ATP7B function such as the use of chemical chaperones to move functional but inactive mutant ATP7B protein to active sites within the cell to augment copper transport function, and gene replacement, gene repair, and cell-based therapies. Other modalities worthy of future exploration include activation of pathways to reduce cell injury and reverse fibrosis that may be useful for many liver-based disorders, including WD.
An Acoustical STEAM event for high school students

This presentation will review the methods and results of hosting our first "Acoustical STEAM" (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math) competition as a part of the Washington DC Regional Chapter meeting of the ASA in the spring of 2018. Student teams were invited from over 50 Washington DC High School clubs and physics classes, provided a box assorted materials, and given 2 hours to create a musical video. The presentation will discuss the objectives, lessons learned, and results of the competition as well as student feedback on the event.This presentation will review the methods and results of hosting our first "Acoustical STEAM" (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math) competition as a part of the Washington DC Regional Chapter meeting of the ASA in the spring of 2018. Student teams were invited from over 50 Washington DC High School clubs and physics classes, provided a box assorted materials, and given 2 hours to create a musical video. The presentation will discuss the objectives, lessons learned, and results of the competition as well as student feedback on the event.
Prolonged time course of population excitatory postsynaptic potentials in motoneurons of chronic stroke survivors

Spastic motoneurons in stroke survivors showed a prolonged Ia excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) time course compared with contralateral and intact motoneurons, suggesting that one potential ...
Exploring the effectiveness of an 18‐month weight management intervention in adults with Down syndrome using propensity score matching

Background Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common birth defects in the USA associated with high levels of overweight and obesity. Unique characteristics of adults with DS that may contribute to the high levels of obesity are high rates of hypothyroidism, poor muscle tone, altered gait and lower resting metabolic rate. Due to these factors, it is unknown if the same weight management interventions that are effective in adults with intellectual or developmental disability (IDD) without DS are as effective in those with DS. Therefore, the purpose of this secondary analysis was to compare changes in weight, diet and physical activity between participants with DS-related and non-DS-related IDD participating in an 18-month weight management trial. Methods We used propensity score methods to adjust baseline variables of overweight/obese adults with and without DS participating in an 18-month effectiveness trial with 6 months weight loss and 12 months weight maintenance. Participants followed one of two reduced calorie diet plans, obtained 150 min of moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) per week, and logged dietary intake daily. A health educator held monthly at-home visits with participants and a caregiver to give feedback on intervention compliance. Results Out of the 124 participants that met the criteria for inclusion, 21 were diagnosed with DS and 103 with non-DS-related IDD. Twenty out of 21 participants with DS were successfully matched. Clinically significant weight loss was seen at 18 months in participants with DS (-5.2%) and non-DS-related IDD (-6.8%), with no difference between groups (P = 0.53). Significant reductions in energy intake were seen across the 18-month intervention in both DS and non-DS-related IDD groups with between-group differences at 12 months only (1119 vs. 1492 kcal/day, respectively; P = 0.003). Although MVPA did not increase in either group across the intervention, those with non-DS-related IDD had higher levels of MVPA compared with those with DS across 18 months. Conclusion Participants with DS lost a clinically significant amount of weight across the 18-month intervention. Compared with those with non-DS-related IDD, those with DS lost similar amounts of weight, had similar decreases in energy intake and participated in less MVPA across the 18-month intervention. Although individuals with DS have physiological factors that may contribute to obesity, weight management interventions designed for individuals with IDD may be equally effective in this population.
Sequential compression of gene expression across dimensionalities and methods reveals no single best method or dimensionality

Abstract Background Unsupervised compression algorithms applied to gene expression data extract latent, or hidden, signals representing technical and biological sources of variation. However, these algorithms require a user to select a biologically-appropriate latent dimensionality. In practice, most researchers select a single algorithm and latent dimensionality. We sought to determine the extent by which using multiple dimensionalities across ensemble compression models improves biological representations. Results We compressed gene expression data from three large datasets consisting of adult normal tissue, adult cancer tissue, and pediatric cancer tissue. We compressed these data into many latent dimensionalities ranging from 2 to 200. We observed various tradeoffs across latent dimensionalities and compression models. For example, we observed high model stability between principal components analysis (PCA), independent components analysis (ICA), and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). We identified more unique biological signatures in ensembles of denoising autoencoder (DAE) and variational autoencoder (VAE) models in intermediate latent dimensionalities. However, we captured the most pathway-associated features using all compressed features across algorithms and dimensionalities. Optimized at different latent dimensionalities, compression models detect generalizable gene expression signatures representing sex, neuroblastoma MYCN amplification, and cell types. In two supervised machine learning tasks, compressed features optimized predictions at different latent dimensionalities. Conclusions There is no single best latent dimensionality or compression algorithm for analyzing gene expression data. Instead, using feature ensembles from different compression models across latent space dimensionalities optimizes biological representations.
Live birth outcomes in infertile patients with class III and class IV obesity following fresh embryo transfer

Assess the effect of class III (body mass index [BMI, kg/m2] 40–49.9) and class IV obesity (≥ 50) on clinical pregnancy and live birth outcomes after first oocyte retrieval and fresh embryo transfer cycle. Cohort study Academic center Patients undergoing their first oocyte retrieval with planned fresh embryo transfer in our clinic between 01/01/2012 and 12/31/2018. Patients were stratified by BMI: 18.5–24.9 (n = 4913), 25–29.9 (n = 1566) 30–34.9 (n = 559), 35–39.9 (n = 218), and ≥ 40 (n = 114). None Live birth rate Following embryo transfer, there were no differences in pregnancy rates across all BMI groups (p value, linear trend = 0.86). However among pregnant patients, as BMI increased, a significant trend of a decreased live birth rate was observed (p value, test for linear trend = 0.004). Additionally, as BMI increased, a significant trend of an increased miscarriage rate was observed (p value, linear trend = 40 have worse IVF treatment outcomes compared to normal-weight patients. After embryo transfer, their pregnancy rate is comparable to normal-weight women; however, their miscarriage rate is higher, leading to a lower live birth rate for pregnant women in this population. Patients with a BMI > 40 have a c-section rate that is 50% higher than normal-weight patients.
In vivo CRISPR screening reveals nutrient signaling processes underpinning CD8+ T cell fate decisions.

How early events in effector T cell (TEFF) subsets tune memory T cell (TMEM) responses remains incompletely understood. Here, we systematically investigated metabolic factors in fate determination of TEFF and TMEM cells using in vivo pooled CRISPR screening, focusing on negative regulators of TMEM responses. We found that amino acid transporters Slc7a1 and Slc38a2 dampened the magnitude of TMEM differentiation, in part through modulating mTORC1 signaling. By integrating genetic and systems approaches, we identified cellular and metabolic heterogeneity among TEFF cells, with terminal effector differentiation associated with establishment of metabolic quiescence and exit from the cell cycle. Importantly, Pofut1 (protein-O-fucosyltransferase-1) linked GDP-fucose availability to downstream Notch-Rbpj signaling, and perturbation of this nutrient signaling axis blocked terminal effector differentiation but drove context-dependent TEFF proliferation and TMEM development. Our study establishes that nutrient uptake and signaling are key determinants of T cell fate and shape the quantity and quality of TMEM responses.
Diversity and Culture

As the demographics of the United States change, so should the discussion about culture and diversity, especially as it applies to transitional age youth (TAY). These youth find themselves forming individual identities at the cusp of adulthood and must consider how to define themselves in a changing society. Depending on their specific circumstances, this period of identity formation can be more complex for transitional age youth. Additionally, in the past, different identity demographics were considered in isolation and used to characterize large swathes of the population. However, current thoughts on conceptualization have evolved. Now, healthcare providers, and particularly mental healthcare providers, should take demographic and cultural elements into account when formulating an assessment about each individual patient in a more intersectional, personalized framework and use that knowledge to guide treatment planning. There are growing academic conversations about bias, microaggressions, disparities, and identity, and how to incorporate these into clinical practice. Tools such as the cultural formulation interview can help mental health professionals obtain the necessary information to better understand and treat their patients. In this chapter, we describe these considerations using case examples, and some practical advice and tips for providers.
Optimizing preservation for multiple types of historic structures under climate change

Abstract Cultural resources in coastal parks and recreation areas are vulnerable to climate change. The US National Park Service (NPS) is facing the challenge of insufficient budget allocations for both maintenance and climate adaptation of historic structures. Research on adaptation planning for cultural resources has predominately focused on vulnerability assessments of heritage sites; however, few studies integrate multiple factors (e.g., vulnerability, cultural significance, use potential, and costs) that managers should consider when making tradeoff decisions about which cultural resources to prioritize for adaptation. Moreover, heritage sites typically include multiple types of cultural resources, and researchers have yet to examine such complex tradeoffs. This study applies the Optimal Preservation (OptiPres) Model as a decision support framework to evaluate the tradeoffs of adaptation actions among multiple types of historic structures—wooden buildings, masonry and concrete buildings, forts, and batteries—under varying budget scenarios. Results suggest that the resource values of different types of historic structures vary greatly under a range of budget scenarios, and tradeoffs have to be made among different types of historical structures to achieve optimal planning objectives. Moreover, periodic, incremental funding and partial maintenance are identified as optimal funding strategies for preservation needs of cost-intensive historic structures. Also, adaptative use of historical buildings (e.g., building occupancy) can improve the resource values when budgets are constrained. The OptiPres Model provides managers with a unique framework to inform adaptation planning efforts for a broad range of historic structures, which is transferable across coastal parks to enhance historic preservation planning under climate change.
Metacognitive control, serial position effects, and effective transfer to self-paced study

Serial position effects involve the differential recall of information based on its temporal order at encoding. Previous research indicates that learners may be aware of these effects under certain encoding conditions, but it is unclear whether metacognitive control is sensitive to serial position effects. The current study examined whether there are serial position effects in participants’ study time and whether they can learn about serial position effects under fixed encoding conditions and then transfer what they have learned to self-paced study conditions. Specifically, participants were given lists of to-be-remembered words and studied each word for a fixed duration on initial lists, but self-paced their study time on later lists. Results revealed that self-paced study times oppositely mirrored serial position effects (i.e., briefer study times in the beginning and end of each list), and serial position effects were reduced in self-paced study conditions, particularly in participants initially studying under fixed conditions before self-pacing their study time. Specifically, participants may have monitored their output and, based on observations of forgetting middle items, transferred their learning of serial position effects from prior lists. Thus, participants may use forgetting and serial position information to guide encoding, indicating that fundamental properties of the memory system can be incorporated into the processes that guide metacognitive control.
Stakeholders’ test perceptions on test reform

Abstract The success of test reform relies considerably on how stakeholders understand and accept the revised test (Green & Andrade, 2010). This study provided an opportunity for students and teachers to share their perceptions of a recently revised English test in China, the Test for English Majors Grade Four (TEM4). In addition, this study examined how stakeholders’ perceptions of the test varied across institutions of different academic rankings. Survey data were collected from 496 students and 79 teachers, of whom 32 students and 12 teachers participated in a post-survey interview. Findings indicate that although stakeholders were overall positive about the revised TEM4, their perceptions were qualified by concerns with content representation and test difficulty. In addition, the data suggest that the revised TEM4 was associated with context-varying washback effects and negative psychological impacts. These findings highlight the important contribution that students' and teachers' perceptions may have in the test reform process.
Assessing Social Media Communications of Local Governments in Fast-Growing U.S. Cities

With social media ubiquitous in our daily communication, local governments have increasingly relied on this new media platform for communicating and interacting with their citizens. It is still unc...
Current Comparator with SiGe BiCMOS Input Stage for Photon-Counting LiDAR Applications

A current-mode photon-counting circuit is proposed for long-range LiDAR applications to interface with a microchannel plate (MCP) photomultiplier tube (PMT). Based on the idea of a current-mode comparator, the proposed topology combines a BiCMOS regulated cascode current buffer together with a CMOS current comparator. The circuit accepts two input current signals, the photodetector current and a user-adjustable threshold current, and outputs a 1.8-V digital signal depending on the polarity of the difference current. Designed and characterized in a 180-nm SiGe BiCMOS process, the proposed design provides a 50-Ω input impedance up to 2-GHz and can detect 8-uA current pulses with widths of 300-ps FWHM at a count rate of 1-GHz. The solution also offers a low static power consumption of 4.07mW/channel dissipated from a 2.5-V and 1.8-V dual supply.
The Impact of Exercise and Physical Fitness on Blood Pressure, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, and Mortality Among Individuals with Prehypertension and Hypertension

Chronic hypertension is a major and the most common risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease and mortality. Lifestyle modifications including increased physical activity as initial therapy to prevent, treat, and manage hypertension are recommended by the Eighth Joint National Committee for the management of high blood pressure in adults and the American College of Sports Medicine. The purposes of this chapter are to present the current consensus on: (1) the preventive aspects of exercise or physical fitness on the age-related progressive increase in BP and development of hypertension; (2) the interaction between exercise, blood pressure, and cardiac hypertrophy; and (3) the association between exercise capacity and mortality risk in individuals with prehypertension and hypertension.
Effect of Feeding Raw Versus Heat-treated Colostrum on Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulin G in Newborn Dairy Calves

The importance of timing, volume and quality of colostrum fed has long been understood, but the improvement of colostrum quality via on farm heat-treatment is a concept developed only within the last few years. Bacterial contamination of colostrum is not only a potential source of pathogen exposure, but perhaps interferes with the absorption of lg. An earlier pilot study in 49 calves on one farm indicated that feeding heat-treated colostrum enhanced the efficiency of absorption of colostral IgG in the neonatal calf, presumably by reduction in bacteria counts in colostrum. A larger controlled study in six large commercial dairies was undertaken to determine if the pilot study results could be replicated. The objective of this study was to determine if calves fed raw versus heat-treated colostrum differed significantly in serum total solids and serum IgG concentrations.
Aerodynamic drag of heavy vehicles (class 7-8): simulation and benchmarking

This paper describes research and development for reducing the aerodynamic drag of heavy vehicles by demonstrating new approaches for the numerical simulation and analysis of aerodynamic flow. Experimental validation of new computational fluid dynamics methods are also an important part of this approach. Experiments on a model of an integrated tractor-trailer are underway at NASA Ames Research Center and the University of Southern California (USC). Companion computer simulations are being performed by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and California Institute of Technology (Caltech) using state-of-the-art techniques.
Design application using solar energy to control the environment in a major office building

Analytical studies supported by experimental testing indicate that solar energy can be utilized to heat and cool commercial buildings. To verify these studies, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is constructing a 50,000 sq ft, one-story office building at the Langley Research Center. The building will utilize 15,000 sq ft of solar collectors to provide the energy required to supply 79% of the building heating needs and 52% of its cooling needs. The expected operational date is in early 1976. Since the beginning of the space program, control of solar energy absorbed by spacecraft has been necessary for successful space operation. The experience gained from the space program is providing the technology base for this joint project between the Langley and Lewis Research Centers. Langley is responsible for the system design, and Lewis the solar collector research. The analytical studies made to make the building thermally efficient, the building design changes that were necessary to utilize solar energy, the basic solar collector design, collector efficiencies, and the integrated system design are presented.
Evaluation of network topology in a distributed processing environment

In this paper we compare through simulation the performance of two network topologies for distributed processing applications. The first topology consists of four local FDDI networks interconnected through a central ATM switch. The second topology consists of four local ATM networks interconnected by a central ATM switch.