cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Analysis of Language Generalization among Adolescents with Severely Handicapping Conditions

This study investigated the generalized effects of the Guess, Sailor, and Baer (1976) language training program on the structural aspects of six severely retarded institutionalized adolescents' productive language. The subjects were studied longitudinally for periods ranging from 16 to 31 months, during which time each progressed through part of the training program. In all, a total of 73 two-, three-, and four-word syntactic forms were trained to criterion. Verbatim language samples were concurrently collected in the subjects' classrooms, dining rooms, and living units. Forty-one (56%) of the trained forms were shown to generalize the subjects' actual usage repertoires. There was a strong relationship between the length of the trained forms and generalization. This effect was shown to be related to the subjects' MLUs. Almost no change occurred in the subjects' general language abilities. Strong relationships between number of training sessions and subjects' rate of verbalization, subjects' MLUs and rate ...
Sequencing of Systemic Chemotherapy for Unresectable CRLM

Nearly half of all patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer will develop liver metastases during the course of their disease, and only a minority of these will undergo resection, making systemic treatment options for metastatic disease a vital component of the treatment algorithm. Options for treating metastatic colorectal cancer have expanded tremendously with the addition of antibody therapy and small molecule inhibitors to traditional cytotoxic treatment. But with so many available agents, choosing suitable first-line and subsequent regimens can be overwhelming. Many factors play role in this decision, including medical comorbidities and their implications on performance status (PS), prior treatment, goals of therapy (i.e., quality of life, resection, etc.), and, importantly, patient preference. This chapter will describe the options for systemic treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer that is unlikely to downstage to resection and the data behind them. A historic framework will be provided for basic concepts, but focus will be placed on recently published trials and inclusion of updated guideline recommendations.
Two multi-stigmate Gomphonema species of Africa: Gomphonema kalahariense ( nom. nov., stat. nov. ) and Gomphonema chemeron ( sp. nov. )

The taxonomy and morphology of two taxa of the diatom genus Gomphonema with multiple stigmata from fossil localities in Africa are considered. Light and scanning electron microscopy as well as quantitative analysis of valve shape suggest two taxa are present in these collections. One of them, previously described as Gomphonema ventricosum var. africana, has 2–4 stigmata and conforms well with the original illustration of this taxon by Reichelt. However, this taxon does not appear to be closely related to G. ventricosum, and is a species in its own right, so a new name, G. kalahariense nom. nov., stat. nov. Jeff.R.Stone & Kociolek is proposed. This species is known from modern and fossil locations in Africa. A second species, Gomphonema chemeron Jeff.R.Stone, Westover & Kociolek sp. nov. is described from diatomite deposits of the Baringo Basin, Kenya, that are approximately 2.6 million years of age. This species, with 3–7 stigmata, has a distinctive shape and is easily distinguished from G. kalahariense. We compare these species with other multi-stigmate members of Gomphonema, including G. krammeri Reichardt, a fossil species described from Mexico and Cuba.
Managing the Critical Friendship: Using Self-Study in the Doctoral Supervision Process

Self-study presents one approach to research that can be used to understand how current teacher educators and teacher education doctoral students (re)develop their practice and are socialized into ...
From revolution to power in Brazil: how radical Leftists embraced capitalism and struggled with leadership

The era of the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964–1985) has received a lot of scholarly attention. Historians have studied, in particular, the actions of Leftist militants who fought against the...
Three Cases of Emergency Department Medical Malpractice Involving "Consultations": How Is Liability Legally Determined?

Author(s): Aldalati, Alaa; Bellamkonda, Venkatesh; Moore, Gregory; Finch, Alexander | Abstract: This article presents three successfully litigated medical malpractice cases involving emergency physicians and consultants. We discuss the respective case medical diagnoses, as well as established legal principles that determine in a court proceeding which provider will be liable. Specifically, we explain the legal principles of “patient physician relationship” and “affirmative act.”
Detecting onset of lithium plating during fast charging of Li-ion batteries using operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Summary Electrochemical plating of Li metal on the graphite electrode is the key limitation behind slow charging times of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs). Currently, electrochemical methods to detect the onset of Li plating while a battery is fast charging are sparse. In this study, we use operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to reliably detect the onset of Li plating on graphite electrodes in three-electrode LIBs. An increase in the graphite solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) resistance indicates that Li plating has occurred. By cross-validating with a highly sensitive ex situ chemical titration, we determine that this technique can detect very small amounts of plated Li (
Commentary on Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Co.

This paper is a commentary on the rewritten opinion of Jespersen v. Harrah’s Operating Company, Inc., 444 F.3d 1104, 1113 (9th Cir. 2006), published as part of the edited volume Feminist Judgments: Employment Discrimination Opinions Rewritten (Ann C. McGinley & Nicole B. Porter, eds.) (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2019). In Jespersen, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, sitting en banc, held that an employer’s sex-differentiated appearance and grooming policy complied with Title VII because it imposed equal burdens on men and women and did not violate Title VII’s prohibition against sexual stereotyping. The feminist judgment of Dean Angela Onwuachi-Willig and Professor JoAnne Sweeny, writing as Judges Onwauchi-Willig and Sweeny, ultimately reaches a dramatically different conclusion, one based largely on their rejection of two analytical frameworks that problematically reinforce a gender binary.
Does the use of multiple agricultural technologies affect household welfare? Evidence from Northern Ghana

Agricultural intensification has been encouraged through the promotion of various agricultural technologies, but the synergies between different technologies have not been fully explored among vari...
Evaluation of amnesia in criminal-legal situations.

Quite frequently in the examination of a defendant in a criminal matter the defendant will say, “I don't remember what happened,” or the examining psychiatrist may find that there is a period of fuzziness or hazy memory at the time of the commission of the crime. It is precisely this time period that is essential for the examining psychiatrist to explore with respect to mental state and criminal responsibility. Usually the crimes for which a psychiatrist is called are major ones such as homicide, robbery, and rape. This paper will briefly explore the problem of amnesia in the examination of a defendant in a criminal matter.
Relations between forcing sequences and inexact newton-like iterates in banach space

We use inexact Newton-like iterates to approximate a solution of a nonlinear equation in a Banach space. Solving a nonlinear equation using Newton-like iterates at each stage is very expensive in general. That is why we consider inexact Newton-like methods, where the Newton- like equations are solved only approximately and in some unspecified manner. In the elegant paper [6] natural assumptions under which the forcing sequence is uniformly less than one were given based on the first-Frechet derivative of the operator involved in the special case of inexact Newton iterates. Here, we use assumptions on the first and second Frechet-derivative. This way, we essentially reproduce all results found earlier but for inexact Newton-like iterates. However, our upper error bounds on the distances involved are smaller
PLATELET ACTIVATION IN ACUTE CEREBRAL ISCHÆMIA: Serial Measurements of Platelet Function in Cerebrovascular Disease

Abstract Circulating platelet aggregates formed in vivo were serially measured, and platelet-aggregation thresholds were determined in vitro in 82 patients with acute cerebral ischaemia. The percentage of aggregated platelets was increased in 53 patients with completed stroke (30.9%±2.0) and in 29 patients with transient ischaemic attacks (34.1%±2.3), all studied within 10 days of the acute event. These values were higher (p
Genetics of the mammalian carbonic anhydrases

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the genetics of the mammalian carbonic anhydrases. The chapter provides information about various evolutionarily genes coding for enzymes that can surpass the carbonic anhydrase (CA) multigene family with respect to the distributional and functional diversity of their gene products. The CA gene family in mammals consists of eight genes coding for seven CA isozymes (CA I–CA VII) and a CA related protein (CARP). These genes may be expressed in certain cells of virtually all tissues or limited in expression to a single tissue, with the other CA genes ranging in their expression between these two extremes. Considerable chemical and biological information is now accumulated on the CAs regarding their primary and tertiary structures, enzyme kinetics, active site mechanisms, physiological roles, cellular and sub cellular locations, genetics, and evolution. Therefore, the related CA genes appear to be an attractive model for the study of the molecular genetics and evolution of a multigene family. It is possible that both types of carbonic anhydrase may be present in bacteria. The CA found in Neisseria sicca— and probably other bacteria—may be related to the algal and animal CAs, whereas the CA products of the cynT gene of E. coli and the IcfA gene of the cyanobacterium, Synechoccus sp. belong to the β-CA family.
Relic High Frequency gravitational waves, neutrino physics, and icecube

Upper bounds to both the Neutrino, and Graviton masses, from theoretical/phenomenological considerations are reviewed, with implications as to how the masses so implied can aid the interexchangability of neutrino detection and HFGW detection. This could with careful data analysis make Li Baker HFGW measurements interexchangable with ICECUBE neutrino physics data sets.
Optimization of Cluster Heads for Energy Efficiency in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

Many complex sensor network applications require deploying a large number of inexpensive and small sensors in a vast geographical region to achieve quality through quantity. Hierarchical clustering is generally considered as an efficient and scalable way to facilitate the management and operation of such large-scale networks and minimize the total energy consumption for prolonged lifetime. Judicious selection of cluster heads for data integration and communication is critical to the success of applications based on hierarchical sensor networks organized as layered clusters. We investigate the problem of selecting nodes in a pre-deployed sensor network to be the cluster heads to minimize the total energy needed for data gathering. We rigorously derive an analytical formula to optimize the number of cluster heads in sensor networks under uniform node distribution, and propose a Distance-based Crowdedness Clustering algorithm to determine the cluster heads in sensor networks under general node distribution. The results from an extensive set of experiments on a large number of simulated sensor networks illustrate the performance superiority of the proposed solution over the clustering schemes based on k-means algorithm.
Neutron star models

The current state of neutron star structure calculations is reviewed. Uncertainties in the equation of state for matter at and above nuclear density remain. The role of the delta resonance, pion condensates, and quark matter is reviewed. It is found that recent models yield stable neutron star masses which are consistent with observational estimates.
Fast physical optics integration for rough surface scattering

To demonstrate the improved PO integration method, the scattering from the rough sea surface is computed in the frequency band 0.8-12 GHz for a fixed transmitter and receiver.
Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of stacked and plated PVDF, P(VDF/TeFe), P(VDF/TrFE) and ceramic/rubber composite thick films

We measured the properties of nine different piezoelectric materials, as supplied, and as further processed to increase their hydrostatic sensitivity. We studied the effect of electrode material, stiffening plates, and multiple layering on the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the thick piezopolymer films. Dielectric measurements and thickness mode d/sub 3t/, lateral mode d/sub 31/(d/sub 32/), and hydrostatic mode d/sub h/ piezoelectric coefficients were measured at different stages of the films' processing into layered stacks. The polymer films were bonded together to produce two-layer and three-layer thick films. Metal stiffening plates bonded to the films' outside surfaces inhibit lateral response and hence improve hydrostatic voltage response. The highest sensitivities result from the thickest P(VDF/TrFE) samples with the lowest dielectric constants and stiffest clamping plates.
Monipite, MoNiP, a new phosphide mineral in a Ca-Al-rich inclusion from the Allende meteorite

Monipite (IMA 2007-033), MoNiP, is a new phosphide mineral that occurs as one 1 × 2 μm crystal in a Type B1 Ca-Al-rich inclusion (CAI) ACM-2 from the Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. It has an empirical formula of (Mo_(0.84)Fe_(0.06)Co_(0.04)Rh_(0.03))(Ni_(0.89)Ru_(0.09))P, and a P6 2m Fe_2P type structure with a = 5.861, c = 3.704 A, V = 110.19 A3, and Z = 3. The calculated density using our measured composition is 8.27 g/cm^3, making monipite the densest known mineral phosphide. Monipite probably either crystallized from an immiscible P-rich melt that had exsolved from an Fe-Ni-enriched alloy melt that formed during melting of the host CAI or it exsolved from a solidified alloy. Most of the original phosphide in the type occurrence was later altered to apatite and Mo-oxides, leaving only a small residual grain. Monipite occurs within an opaque assemblage included in melilite that contains kamiokite (Fe_2Mo_3O_8), tugarinovite (MoO_2), and a Nb-rich oxide [(Nb,V,Fe)O_2], none of which has previously been reported in meteorites, together with apatite, awaruite (Ni_2Fe), and vanadian magnetite.
Study of enzymes regulating vasopressin-stimulated cyclic AMP metabolism in separated mitochondria-rich and granular epithelial cells of toad urinary bladder.

The epithelial cells of the toad urinary bladder are morphologically heterogeneous. In order to relate the effect of vasopressin on cyclic AMP metabolism to cell type, the epithelial cells were separated by the density gradient technique of Scott, Sapirstein and Yoder (Science 184: 797, 1974). The separation was verified by electron-microscopy and by observing that the band of cells enriched in mitochondria-rich cells was enriched in carbonic anhydrase activity compared to the band of granular cells. A large portion of the cells collected from the gradient was considered to be nonviable, precluding further study of their function as intact cells. Vasopressin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of granular cells was similar to that in homogenates of mitochondria-rich cells. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity was also similar in the two types of cell. Thus, the enzymes known to be involved in cyclic AMP metabolism in response to vasopressin appear to be located in both major cell types.
Glyph and hyperstreamline representation of stress and strain tensors and material constitutive response

Results of numerical analyses of boundary value problems in geomechanics include output of three-dimensional stress and strain states. Two-dimensional plots of stress–stress or stress–strain quantities, often used to represent such output, do not fully communicate the evolution of stress and strain states. This paper describes the use of glyphs and hyperstreamlines for the visual representation of three dimensional stress and strain tensors in geomechanics applications. Glyphs can be used to represent principal stress states as well as normal stresses at a point. The application of these glyphs is extended in this paper to represent strain states. The paper introduces a new glyph, called HWY glyph for the representation of shear tensor components. A load step-based hyperstreamline is developed to show the evolution of a stress or strain tensor under a general state of loading. The evolution of stress–strain states from simulated laboratory tests and a general boundary value problem of a deep braced excavation are represented using these advanced visual techniques. These visual representations facilitate the understanding of complex multidimensional stress–strain soil constitutive relationships. The visual objects introduced in this paper can be applied to stress and strain tensors from general boundary value problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moisture in Composites: The Effect of Supersonic Service on Diffusion

Tests were conducted to determine whether aircraft flight conditions change moisture absorption behavior in graphite-epoxy composites. Flight temperature profiles were simulated for a subsonic mission, -65°F (-54°C) for 90 minutes, and for a flight involving a subsonic segment with a supersonic dash. The simulated dash involved rapid heating to a peak of 300°F (149°C) followed by rapid cooling. These simulated dashes or thermal spikes caused small, temporary drying effects. However, they also caused permanent changes in the subsequent moisture diffusion behavior of the graphite-epoxy. Both the amount and rate of moisture absorption were significantly increased. Subsonic temperatures, however, caused no detectable change in diffusion behavior.
Accuracy of differential approximation for radiative ionization in cold precursor of axisymmetric detached shock

Abstract Radiative ionization in the cold precursor of the shock preceding a blunt body immersed in a hypersonic monatomic gas flow is studied using the Milne-Eddington type differential approximation. In order to assess the accuracy of the differential approximation for a multidimensional, axisymmetric geometry, the results are compared with earlier work that presents an exact formulation. The precursor gas is non-emitting with a prescribed frequency dependent absorption coefficient, and the governing differential equation describing the radiation in the precursor is the (elliptic) Helmholtz equation; specification of the boundary conditions pose an interesting dilemma. An integral formulation is proposed and the resulting integral equation is solved to yield the spectral radiant energy density. Calculations of the volumetric photon absorption and the degree of ionization for argon in the near precursor are presented for a downstream degree of ionization on the stagnation streamline of 0.8, an upstream temperature of 300°K, and an upstream pressure of 10-3 atm. The results are found to be sufficiently accurate for many purposes when the influenced point is only a few photon mean free paths from the surface and is close to the shock axis.
Allowing innovative stem cell-based therapies outside of clinical trials: ethical and policy challenges.

Armed with expanded federal funding for human embryonic stem cell research and new methods for deriving pluripotent stem cells, stem cell researchers in the U.S. are poised to proceed with unprecedented speed toward the development of new clinical therapies. Staring into the new dawn of regenerative medicine, many observers may assume that the only responsible route to the clinic, both scientifically and ethically, is through FDA-approved clinical trials processes. Conventional wisdom dictates that, like pharmaceutical drugs and the use of biological therapeutics, stem cell-based therapies will have to pass through a series of controlled studies — initially to assess safety and toxicity, then efficacy and comparative efficacy — before they can be justifiably administered to patients outside a clinical trials context.
Liquid-vapor density profile of helium: An x-ray study.

The average liquid-vapor density profiles 〈\ensuremath{\rho}(z)〉 of thick $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films adsorbed onto a silicon substrate were measured using x-ray reflectivity. The results are well represented by a 90%-10% interfacial width of 9.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 \AA{} at 1.13 K which extrapolates to a T=0 K, 90%-10% interfacial width of 7.6+1,-2 \AA{}. The sensitivity of the measurement to the width, shape, and asymmetry of the density profile is discussed.
Performance on Brief Practice Examination Identifies Residents at Risk for Poor ABSITE and ABS Qualifying Examination Performance

Objective Performance on the American Board of Surgery (ABS) Qualifying Exam (QE) correlates well with chief resident American Board of Surgery In-Training Exam (ABSITE) scores. Yearly ABSITE performance is a useful gauge of resident fund of knowledge and can identify residents at risk of QE failure. We hypothesize that a brief practice exam administered 1-3 times each academic year can identify residents at risk of poor ABSITE performance and also identify early in the chief resident year those at risk for poor QE performance. Methods In 2005 we began administering 2-3 times/year an approximately 50 question exam consisting of questions authored by residents and edited by faculty based on the ABSITE exam keywords. The exam was considered mandatory and educational time was allotted. Data were analyzed by determining an individual’s score deviation from the mean within PGY class. The standard deviation was then compared to the corresponding years ABSITE percentile and in the final year, QE performance using the Spearman rank correlation test. Results A total of 710 individual practice exams were offered and 462 (65.1%) were completed in 9 sessions. Two hundred sixty-three residents completed both a practice examination and ABSITE in the year preceding the administration of the ABSITE. Twenty-six chief residents completed a practice examination in the year immediately preceding the ABS QE. Correlations between practice exam scores and ABSITE score percentile were statistically significant (p= 0.01-0.05) for each year the test was administered. The correlation between the practice exam score for chief residents preceding the QE and first attempt QE score was also significant (r =0.416, p Conclusions A resident’s performance on a brief practice exam administered throughout the year is significantly correlated with both ABSITE performance and ABS QE performance. Such a test can be a useful adjunct for identifying residents at risk for poor ABSITE performance as well as identify prior to return of ABSITE scores those residents at risk for poor ABS QE performance.
Application of a Genetic Algorithm to Concept Variant Selection

This paper outlines a framework for applying a genetic algorithm to the selection of component variants between the conceptual and detailed design stages of product development. A genetic algorithm (GA) is defined for the problem and an example is presented that demonstrates its application and usefulness. Functional modeling techniques are used to formulate the design problem and generate the chromosomes that are evaluated with the algorithm. In the presented example, suitable GA parameters and the break-even point where the GA surpassed an enumerated search of the same solution space were found. Recommend uses of the GA along with limitations of the method and future work are presented as well.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Airborne Infection with Bacillus anthracis-from Mills to Mail

The lack of identified exposures in 2 of the 11 cases of bioterrorism-related inhalation anthrax in 2001 raised uncertainty about the infectious dose and transmission of Bacillus anthracis. We used the Wells-Riley mathematical model of airborne infection to estimate 1) the exposure concentrations in postal facilities where cases of inhalation anthrax occurred and 2) the risk for infection in various hypothetical scenarios of exposure to B. anthracis aerosolized from contaminated mail in residential settings. These models suggest that a small number of cases of inhalation anthrax can be expected when large numbers of persons are exposed to low concentrations of B. anthracis. The risk for inhalation anthrax is determined not only by bacillary virulence factors but also by infectious aerosol production and removal rates and by host factors.
A Metric for Defining the Energy Efficiency of Thermally-Assisted Machining

A significant amount of work has been conducted on thermally-assisted machining with a great deal being focused on laser-assisted machining. The body of work has shown that preheating of the workpiece (usually localized heating) makes it possible to machine certain structural ceramics with a conventional cutting tool, improves the machinability of superalloys, and improves the micro-end milling of metals. A variety of metrics have been used to ascertain the impact of thermal assistance on the machining of these materials including: specific cutting energy, tool wear rate, surface roughness, residual stress, material removal rate, material removal mechanism, cost, and surface integrity. Combined, these quantities provide a good but incomplete description of the process and efficacy of thermal assistance. This manuscript looks at the flow of energy in thermally-assisted machining in an attempt to determine how beneficial preheating is. Some efficiency metrics are suggested and used to study the data that has been collected to date. The total thermal energy deposited in the workpiece is compared to the theoretical minimum required to heat the removed material in order to determine what percentage of the deposited (i.e. absorbed) energy is actually used in assisting the cutting process. This enables a comparison between cutting processes (e.g. end milling and turning) and operating conditions to determine how efficiently the added thermal energy is being used. Compared with other machinability metrics the thermal energy efficiency is used to evaluate how beneficial preheating is to the machining processes studied. Two sets of data are studied: laser-assisted turning of silicon nitride and partially-stabilized zirconia. The specific energy for LAM of silicon nitride is compared to that for grinding of silicon nitride. It is hoped that this presentation will spark debate in the manufacturing community and provide more insight into thermally-assisted manufacturing.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Dynamic Interpretation of Hedgehog Signaling in the Drosophila Wing Disc

Morphogens are classically defined as molecules that control patterning by acting at a distance to regulate gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner. In the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, secreted Hedgehog (Hh) forms an extracellular gradient that organizes patterning along the anterior–posterior axis and specifies at least three different domains of gene expression. Although the prevailing view is that Hh functions in the Drosophila wing disc as a classical morphogen, a direct correspondence between the borders of these patterns and Hh concentration thresholds has not been demonstrated. Here, we provide evidence that the interpretation of Hh signaling depends on the history of exposure to Hh and propose that a single concentration threshold is sufficient to support multiple outputs. Using mathematical modeling, we predict that at steady state, only two domains can be defined in response to Hh, suggesting that the boundaries of two or more gene expression patterns cannot be specified by a static Hh gradient. Computer simulations suggest that a spatial “overshoot” of the Hh gradient occurs, i.e., a transient state in which the Hh profile is expanded compared to the Hh steady-state gradient. Through a temporal examination of Hh target gene expression, we observe that the patterns initially expand anteriorly and then refine, providing in vivo evidence for the overshoot. The Hh gene network architecture suggests this overshoot results from the Hh-dependent up-regulation of the receptor, Patched (Ptc). In fact, when the network structure was altered such that the ptc gene is no longer up-regulated in response to Hh-signaling activation, we found that the patterns of gene expression, which have distinct borders in wild-type discs, now overlap. Our results support a model in which Hh gradient dynamics, resulting from Ptc up-regulation, play an instructional role in the establishment of patterns of gene expression.
Patterns of Failure Using a Conformal Radiation Therapy Tumor Bed Boost for Medulloblastoma

Purpose: To assess the patterns of failure for patients with medulloblastoma receiving a conformal tumor bed boost rather than a boost to the entire posterior fossa. Patients and Methods: From 1994 to 2002, 32 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY) received a conformal boost to the tumor bed in conjunction with craniospinal radiation therapy. Twenty-eight patients also received chemotherapy. The median age was 9 years (range, 3 to 34 years), and the male to female ratio was 3:1. Twenty-seven patients had standard-risk disease, and five patients had high-risk disease. Craniospinal doses ranged from 23.4 to 39.6 Gy, and total tumor bed doses ranged from 54 to 59.4 Gy. Results: With a median follow-up of 56 months, six patients have relapsed; five relapsed outside of the posterior fossa, and one failed within the posterior fossa, outside of the high-dose boost volume. Five-year actuarial disease-free and overall survival rate...
Sex as a source of heterogeneity in a mental health survey

We have presented a series of constructs which were developed to measure the relative mental health of the members of three small populations. These constructs were highly concrete, and each of the 331 respondents investigated could be assigned a numerical rating without the use of clinical judgements of trained personnel. These constructs proved to be intercorrelated to a large degree. It was demonstrated that the size of the correlation between constructs was not always an accurate reflection of relationships within the population, so that certain relationships which were highly significant for men proved to be insignificant for women, and vice versa. The heterogeneous nature of the population could be shown to lead to two kinds of errors when data was looked at only for the population as a whole. (1) Loss or diminution of relationships which were true for one group but not the other; (2) errors in the interpretation of the significance of a relationship. It was pointed out that these errors probably represent general difficulties in the analysis of data from psychiatric studies.
Interstate dermatopathology interpretations—50 separate licenses?

Abstract The increasing bureaucracy of health care has had a serious negative impact on physicians and patients for the last fifteen years. We report an example of this trend involving the interstate interpretation of dermatopathology specimens, which resulted in a significant interruption of diagnostic services to a large number of dermatologists. Temporary and long term solutions are discussed with the hope that dialogue and political consensus-building can bring resolution to the problem.
Studies in Nonequilibrium Rate Processes. IV. The Rotational and Vibrational Relaxation of a System of Rotating Oscillators

In continuation of previous papers in this series a theoretical study has been made of the rotational and vibrational relaxation of a system of rotating oscillators, represented by a rigid rotator‐harmonic oscillator model, in their interaction with a constant temperature heat bath. The relevant relaxation equations for this system have been derived and both numerical solutions, computed with an IBM 704 electronic computer, and approximate analytical solutions have been obtained for the mode and rate of change of the rotational‐vibrational level population with time. The results show that, owing to the large order of magnitude difference in the efficiency of translational‐rotational and translational‐vibrational energy transfer, there is very little coupling between the vibrational and rotational relaxation and the system of rotating oscillators relaxes essentially as if composed of two independent and noninteracting systems of harmonic oscillators and rigid rotators. A calculation of the rotational relax...
The Object of Labor: Art, Cloth and Cultural Production, Joan Livingstone and John Ploof (eds)

(2008). The Object of Labor: Art, Cloth and Cultural Production, Joan Livingstone and John Ploof (eds) TEXTILE: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 340-344.
Alternate closures for radiation transport using Legendre polynomials in 1D and spherical harmonics in 2D

Highlights? The traditional closure causes waves to propagate slower than the speed of light. ? A new angle closure is presented that propagates waves exactly at c. ? Scaling the nth equation may greatly improve the accuracy of transport solutions. ? More accurate solutions are found without added computational cost. ? The same scaling procedure and scale factors work in one- and multi-dimensions. When using polynomial expansions for the angular variables in the radiation transport equation, the usual procedure is to truncate the series by setting all higher order terms to zero. At low order, such simple closures may not give the optimum solution. This work tests alternate closures that scale either the time- or spatial-derivatives in the highest order equation. These scale factors can be chosen such that waves propagate at exactly the speed of light in optically thin media. Alternatively, they may be chosen to significantly improve the accuracy of low-order solutions with no additional computational cost. The same scaling procedure and scale factors work in one- and multi-dimensions. In multidimensions, reducing the order of a solution can save significant amounts of computer time.
Pain mechanisms: a commentary on concepts and issues.

This commentary on ideas about neural mechanisms underlying pain is aimed at providing perspective for a reader who does not work in the field of mammalian somatic sensation. It is not a comprehensive review of the literature. The organization is historical to chronicle the evolution of ideas. The aim is to call attention to source of concepts and how various ideas have fared over time. One difficulty in relating concepts about pain is that the term is used to refer to human and animal reactions ranging from protective spinal reflexes to complex affective behaviors. As a result, the spectrum of “pain”-related neural organization extends to operation of multiple neuronal arrangements. Thinking about pain has shadowed progress in understanding biological mechanisms, in particular the manner of function of nervous systems. This essay concentrates on the evolution of information and concepts from the early 19th century to the present. Topics include the assumptions underlying currently active theories about pain mechanisms. At the end, brief consideration is given to present-day issues, e.g., chronic pain, central pain, and the view of pain as an emotion rather than a sensation. The conceptual progression shows that current controversies have old roots and that failed percepts often resurface after seemingly having been put to rest by argument and evidence.
Arakawa's method is a finite-element method

The nine-point second-order difference method of Arakawa for the two-dimensional stream function-vorticity equations of incompressible fluid flow comes from bilinear finite elements in rectangles. Furthermore, any nine-point second-order method obeying the conservation laws is a linear combination of two finite-element schemes, bilinear elements in rectangles and linear elements in triangles.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Effectiveness of Creativity Training in Marketing

This study reports the results of a semester of instruction in creativity theory and techniques as assessed by the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking. In comparison to a control group, experimental subjects improved performance on some aspects of creativity, suggesting a need to investigate associations between techniques and dimensions of creative skills.
Acceleration of algebraically-converging Fourier series when the coefficients have series in powers of 1/n

If the coefficients in a Fourier cosine series, f(x)~f"[email protected]?"n"="0^~a"ncos(nx), decrease as a small negative power of n, then one may need millions of terms to sum the series to high accuracy. We show that if the a"n are known analytically and have a power series in 1/n, then it is straightforward to approximate f(x) as a series of what we shall the Lanczos-Krylov (LK) functions. (We describe the similar methodology for sine series; general Fourier series are merely the sum of a cosine series with a sine series and thus are implicitly handled, too.) For cosine coefficients that involve only even powers of n and sine coefficients that are functions of odd powers of n, the LK functions may be expressed in terms of Bernoulli polynomials. The LK functions for cosine coefficients involving odd powers of n and for sine coefficients in even powers of n are not known explicitly; these are also known as ''Clausen functions''. We provide rapidly convergent series to compute these Clausen functions to high accuracy. Our method includes the ''endpoint subtraction'' ideas of Lanczos and Krylov, but is more general. The sum @?"n"="1^~(+/-1)^n^+^1(1/([email protected]))cos(nx), where @l>0 is a constant, arises in phase transitions in absorbed monolayers on metal surfaces. It is easily summed by our method, which correctly incorporates the logarithmic singularities at x=+/[email protected]
Changes in conduction velocity within a nerve net.

Conduction velocity within the through-conducting nerve net of the sea anemone Calamactis praelongus is altered as a result of the passage of one or more impulses. Facilitation of conduction velocity occurs when the second evoked impulse follows the first by less than 2 sec. The facilitating effect increases with decreasing interval between shocks until impulses are less than 0.5 sec apart and then it declines. Antifacilitation occurs when the nerve net is shocked at frequencies between one per 2 sec and one per 20 sec. It is seen also after the first two or three responses when shocks are applied at higher frequencies. Facilitation and antifacilitation increase with spread of excitation. Although the relationship of velocity changes to the behavior of Calamactis has not yet been determined, facilitation of conduction velocity in the net may produce greater synchronization of muscle contraction.
Chromosome numbers of Panamanian Lecythidaceae and their use in subfamilial classification

Nine species of Lecythidaceae subfamily Lecythidoideae in four genera whose chromosome numbers were previously unknown, have 17 as their basic chromosome number:Eschweilera pittieri, three other unidentified species ofEschweilera, Grias cauliflora, Gustavia dubia, G. superba, Lecythis minor, andL. tuyrana. All are diploid exceptGustavia superba, which is tetraploid.Couroupita guianensis, which was previously—and probably incorrectly—reported to have a gametic chromosome number of 18, also hasn = 17. The known chromosome numbers support recognizing at least three of Niedenzu’s subfamilies: Planchonioideae withx = 13, Napoleonaeoideae withx = 16, and Lecythidoideae withx = 17. His fourth subfamily, Foetidioideae, with one genus of five species, has not been counted. Cytological data have been and probably will be useful in indicating to what subfamily problematic genera belong and in showing interesting phytogeographic patterns within the family. On the other hand, cytological data provide no recognizable clues relating the Lecythidaceae to other families.
Multiscale queueing analysis

This paper introduces a new multiscale framework for estimating the tail probability of a queue fed by an arbitrary traffic process. Using traffic statistics at a small number of time scales, our analysis extends the theoretical concept of the critical time scale and provides practical approximations for the tail queue probability. These approximations are non-asymptotic; that is, they apply to any finite queue threshold. While our approach applies to any traffic process, it is particularly apt for long-range-dependent (LRD) traffic. For LRD fractional Brownian motion, we prove that a sparse exponential spacing of time scales yields optimal performance. Simulations with LRD traffic models and real Internet traces demonstrate the accuracy of the approach. Finally, simulations reveal that the marginals of traffic at multiple time scales have a strong influence on queueing that is not captured well by its global second-order correlation in non-Gaussian scenarios.
Effects of interface debonding on the toughness of ductile-particle reinforced ceramics

Abstract A debonding-stretching model is proposed in this work to analyse the effects of interfacial debonding on the ductile particle toughening of ceramics. Perfect bonding imposes lateral constraints on the particles thus prohibiting the full utilization of the particle's inherent ductility. In contrast, partial debonding increases the plastic stretching which leads to a larger crack opening displacement in the bridging zone. The theoretical prediction of the fracture toughness based on the debondingstretching model is closer to that measured by experiments. A continuous model based on the micromechanical analysis of the plastically stretched particles is used to calculate the deformation field in the bridging zone for a Mode I plane strain crack loaded under small scale bridging condition. The length of the bridging zone is determined numerically as a function of the applied stress intensity factor and relevant material parameters.
A two-directional approach to a (-)-dictyostatin C11-C23 segment: development of a highly diastereoselective, kinetically-controlled Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction.

A three-step synthesis of a precursor to the C11−C23 segment of (−)-dictyostatin is described. The sequence features a sonication-assisted, enantioselective double hetero Diels−Alder (HDA) reaction catalyzed by Jacobsen's Cr(III) Schiff base catalyst, followed by a novel, highly diastereoselective Meerwein−Ponndorf−Verley (MPV) reduction of the hydropyranone subunits under kinetic control to yield the bis(axial alcohol) 4. Generalized studies of both the HDA and MPV methodologies are also described.
Ionic association in poly(propylene oxide) complexed with alkali metal thiocyanate, perchlorate, and fluoroborate salts

Abstract Ionic association in complexes of poly(propylene oxide) with alkali metal salts of thiocyanate, fluoroborate, and perchlorate anions was studied with Raman scattering and infrared transmission spectroscopy. Thiocyanate complexes are strongly coordinated through the nitrogen end of the anion. Cation—anion interactions in perchlorate complexes are found to be extremely weak. There are probably relatively strong ionic interactions in lithium fluoroborate complexes, but the data are not definitive.
Survival and rebound of Antillean dry forests: Role of forest fragments

Abstract Antillean dry forests have experienced high levels of human impact for almost five centuries. Economic changes in the second half of the 20th century have facilitated forest recovery in Puerto Rico. We quantified the extent of forest cover and the community composition of representative forest fragments in the subtropical dry forest life zone (sensu Holdridge, 1967 ) in southwestern Puerto Rico. Forest cover, which was largely eliminated by the 1940s, stood at 48% in the western dry forest life zone in 1993. Fragments varied in land-use history and supported from 1% to 86% of the reference species sampled in Guanica Forest, a 4000-ha protected area. Reference species were well represented in forest fragments, even those smaller than 1 ha, if they had never been completely cleared, but were uncommon in forests regenerating on previously cleared sites. The studied fragments are novel ecosystems which combine native and introduced elements; Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit, an introduced legume, was the most common species, regardless of land-use history.
Metallographic applications of xenon illumination systems

Abstract High-intensity xenon lamps are available to upgrade the performance of older metallographs. Both 150-watt and 450-watt xenon lamps have been tested. They are considered superior to the incandescent lamp in light intensity and are much more stable than the 10-amp dc carbon arc lamp. The higher-wattage xenon lamp exceeds the carbon arc lamp in light intensity, so there is a great saving in time and an improvement in the overall performance of a metallograph equipped with this lamp. The improvement applies to both color and black-and-white photomicrography. Despite some potential safety hazards, the excellent performance of the xenon lamp commends its use as a light source for older metallographs.
Surgery for carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder, which accounts for approximately 2 % of human malignant disease, occurs in men three times as often as in women. It is estimated that the disease will strike 28,000 Americans this year and that more will die from it than from carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The etiology of the disease in individual eases remains obscure even though epidemiologists and others have demonstrated a higher incidence in smokers (59, 94, 97) and coffee drinkers (14, 36) as well as workers associated with aniline dye (69), rubber (10), plastic (70) and cable industries (21). The diagnosis is most frequently suspected in patients presenting with painless hematuria, pyuria or symptoms of lower urinary tract disease and is ordinarily confirmed by cystoscopy and appropriate endoscopic biopsies. Proper management for the disease today requires the knowledge and expertise not only of the surgeon, but also of the pathologist, radiologist, radiotherapist and medical oncologist working closely together as a cohesive team.