cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of an Acute Hypoxic Event on Microplankton Community Structure in a Coastal Harbor of Southern California

Fish mortality and hypoxic events occur in many coastal and inland systems and may result from natural or anthropogenically mediated processes. The effects of consequent changes in water biogeochemistry have been investigated for communities of benthic invertebrates and pelagic metazoans. The responses of micro-plankton assemblages, however, have remained largely unstudied. The northern basin of King Harbor, a small embayment within Santa Monica Bay, CA, USA, suffered a massive fish kill in March 2011 as a consequence of acute hypoxia. Dissolved oxygen concentrations < 0.1 ml l−1 were measured in the northern basin of the harbor for several days following the mortality event, and a strong spatial gradient of oxygen was observed from the northern basin to waters outside the harbor. The microplankton community within King Harbor differed significantly from a diatom-dominated community present in neighboring Santa Monica Bay. The latter region appeared unaffected by physicochemical changes, induced by the fish kill, that were observed within the harbor. A trophic shift was observed throughout King Harbor from a photoautotrophic-dominated assemblage to one of heterotrophic forms, with relative abundances of bacterivorous ciliates increasing by more than 80 % in the most impacted part of the harbor. Significant changes in community structure were observed together with dramatically reduced photosynthetic yield of the remaining phytoplankton, indicating severe physiological stress during the extreme hypoxia.
Where is the trace in trace conditioning

Intensive mapping of the essential cerebellar brain circuits for Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning appeared relatively complete by 2000, but new data indicate the need for additional differentiation of cerebellar regions and mechanisms coding delay and trace conditioning. This is especially important, as trace conditioning is an experimentally tractable model of declarative learning. The temporal gap in trace eyeblink conditioning may be bridged by forebrain regions through pontine-cerebellar nuclear connections that can bypass cerebellar cortex, whereas a cerebellar cortical long-term-depression-like process appears to be required to support normal delay conditioning. Experiments focusing on the role of cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei in delay versus trace conditioning add perspective on brain substrates of these seemingly similar paradigms, which differ only by a brief stimulus-free time gap between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. This temporal gap appears to impose forebrain dependencies and differentially engage different cerebellar circuitry during acquisition of conditioned responses.
Human Rights Disparities between Europe and the United States: Conflicting Approaches to Poverty Prevention and the Alleviation of Suffering

The US and most of Europe disagree over the validity of a human rights approach to economic development and planning. These differences manifest themselves in policy outcomes with higher protections in Europe for the poor, the vulnerable, and the weak. The US approach of limited state action, on the other hand, appears to create insecurity for the needy. Europe's success in poverty alleviation presents an ethical challenge to US reluctance to accept legal obligations to provide a basic right of subsistence to its citizens.
Classic Texts in Undergraduate Classes: So Far So Good.

This paper describes and evaluates a classic text project in terms of its stated objectives. First, to have a large number of students read a few classic works in more than one class. Second, to promote discussion of texts among students and faculty and third, to integrate core classes. Survey data collected from students and faculty evaluations point to the success of this project. The factors which contributed to its success are considered. The project was innovative because faculty selected important texts that could be used in a variety of courses and which would promote a broad based liberal education by exposing students to a diversity of perspectives.
Kinetoplastid genomics: the thin end of the wedge

The completion of the genome sequencing projects for major pathogens Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major has enabled numerous studies that would have been difficult or impossible to perform otherwise. New technologies in sequencing and protein analyses promise further rapid expansion in our capabilities. The keys to successful use of these new tools are recognizing the power and limitations of studies performed thus far, grasping the unrealized potential of new and developing technologies, and creating access to a multidisciplinary set of skills that will facilitate research, particularly in the bioinformatic analysis of the reams of data that will be forthcoming. In this Discussion, we will provide an overview of kinetoplastid genomics studies with emphasis on studies advanced through genomic data, and a preview of what may come in the near future.
IRF-3-dependent, NFκB- and JNK-independent activation of the 561 and IFN-β genes in response to double-stranded RNA

Double-stranded (ds) RNA induces transcription of the 561 gene by activating IFN regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factors, whereas similar induction of the IFN-β gene is thought to require additional activation of NFκB and AP-1. In mutant P2.1 cells, dsRNA failed to activate NFκB, IRF-3, p38, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and transcription of neither 561 mRNA nor IFN-β mRNA was induced. The defect in the IRF-3 pathway was traced to a low cellular level of this protein because of its higher rate of degradation in P2.1 cells. As anticipated, in several clonal derivatives of P2.1 cells expressing different levels of transfected IRF-3, activation of IRF-3 and induction of 561 mRNA by dsRNA was restored fully, although the defects in other responses to dsRNA persisted. Surprisingly, IFN-β mRNA also was induced strongly in these cells in response to dsRNA, demonstrating that the activation of NFκB and AP-1 is not required. This conclusion was confirmed in wild-type cells overexpressing IRF-3 by blocking NFκB activation with the IκB superrepressor and AP-1 activation with a p38 inhibitor. Therefore, IRF-3 activation by dsRNA is sufficient to induce the transcription of genes with simple promoters such as 561 as well as complex promoters such as IFN-β.
Primary Care of Long‐Stay Nursing Home Residents: Approaches of Three Health Maintenance Organizations

OBJECTIVE: To describe the innovative programs of three health maintenance organizations (HMOs) for providing primary care for long-stay nursing home (NH) residents and to compare this care with that of fee-for-service (FFS) residents at the same NHs. DESIGN: Cross-sectional interviews and case-studies, including retrospective chart reviews for 1 year. SETTING: The programs were based in 20 community-based nursing homes in three regions (East, West, Far West). PARTICIPANTS: Administrative and professional staff of HMOs in three regions and 20 NHs; 215 HMO and 187 FFS residents at these homes were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Emergency department (ED) and hospital utilization. RESULTS: All HMO programs utilized nurse practitioner/physician's assistants (NP/PA), but the structural configuration of physicians' (MD) practices differed substantially. At nursing homes within each region, all three HMO programs provided more total (MD plus NP/PA) visits per month than did FFS care (2.0 vs 1.1, 1.3 vs .6, and 1.4 vs .8 visits per month; all P < .05). The HMO that provided the most total visits had a significantly lower percentage of residents transferred to EDs (6% vs 16%, P = .048), fewer ED visits per resident (0.1 vs .4 per year, P = .027), and fewer hospitalizations per resident (0.1 vs .5 per year, P = .038) than FFS residents; these differences remained significant in multivariate analyses. However, the other two programs did not achieve the same benefits on healthcare utilization. CONCLUSIONS: HMO programs for NH residents provide more primary care and have the potential to reduce ED and hospital use compared with FFS care. However, not all programs have been associated with decreased ED and hospital utilization, perhaps because of differences in structure or implementation problems. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:131–138, 1999.
Developing an efficient clinical information system for a comprehensive psychiatric institute: II. Initial evaluation form

This paper describes the objectives, design, organization, content, evaluation, and implementation of the initial evaluation form, first component of a comprehensive psychiatric institute’s clinical information system. Major features of this effort are the involvement of a large number of clinicians in the form’s development, the use of complementary narrative and standardized components, the use of an expanded DSM-III multiaxial diagnostic format, pilot testing with over 1,000 patients, the evaluation of the form’s usefulness and interrater reliability, the form’s computerization, facilitating data retrieval and coordination with other institutional data bases, and the form’s monitoring.
More than bricks and sticks: Five components of community development corporation capacity

Abstract Community development researchers, practitioners, and funders have recently begun to emphasize the need for community development corporations (CDCs) to build capacity. However, the practice of using the term capacity without carefully defining it allows for a wide range of meanings to be assigned to the term and hinders efforts to study and measure it. Capacity is often defined narrowly in terms of housing production, oversimplifying a complex concept and process. To remedy this shortcoming, we create a framework that views capacity more broadly by dividing it into five components: resource, organizational, programmatic, network, and political. We believe that this more concrete way of thinking about capacity will be particularly useful to practitioners, funders, and policy makers. We apply our definitions to CDCs, particularly those that work with local intermediaries called community development partnerships (CDPs), in order to better understand the role of CDPs in the process of building capa...
Spin-density-wave and charge-density-wave fluctuation and electric conductivity

Making use of a microscopic model, we study theoretically the fluctuation contribution to the electric conductivity in the vicinity of the spin-density-wave (SDW) or the charge-density-wave (CDW) transition. We find that the vertex corrections associated with the SDW (or the CDW) fluctuation, which are neglected in earlier works, are of prime importance. For example, we find the excess resistance in the vicinity of the SDW (or the CDW) transition diverges like \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\tau}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$, with \ensuremath{\alpha}=1/2(4-D) and \ensuremath{\tau}=ln(T/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$), where D is the dimension of the fluctuation in the clean system. This exponent is larger by unity from the value obtained by Horn and Guiddoti [Phys. Rev. B 16, 491 (1977)]. In dirtier samples in which the vertex renormalization is not so important, we recover the result of Horn and Guiddoti. Further, we find a non-Ohmic term in the fluctuation regime. The non-Ohmic conductivity increases with an external electric field \ensuremath{\varepsilon}. Moreover, the effect of \ensuremath{\varepsilon} is equivalent to the shift in the temperature T by \ensuremath{\Delta}T=-7\ensuremath{\zeta}(3)(ev\ensuremath{\Vert}E\ensuremath{\Vert})(4\ensuremath{\pi}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, with \ensuremath{\zeta}(3)=1.202 and v the Fermi velocity in the chain direction. These results account nicely for recent experimental results by Richard et al., which found no explanation until now.
A thermochemical pretreatment process to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS), arabinooligosaccharides (AOS) and mannooligosaccharides (MOS) from lignocellulosic biomasses

Efficient and high yield production of xylooligosaccharides, arabinooligosaccharide and mannooligosaccharides from biomasses is a significant boost to the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry. These organic compounds, also known as prebiotics, promote the growth of intestinal probiotic microorganisms thus improving the hosts' overall immune system. This work aimed at designing a thermochemical pretreatment of biomasses leading to production of high prebiotic yields and assessing the liquor quality based on resultant oligomer-monomer constituents. Four biomasses, namely Miscanthus sinensis, Panicum virgatum, Calamagrostis acutiflora and Bagasse, each having a dry weight xylan content of ≥ 20% were used. Identification and quantification using HPLC and ion chromatography systems showed xylooligomer yields of 65.0%, 84.2%, 87.9% and 92.3%, respectively. The xylooligomers also showed a degree of polymerization ranging from 2 to 25. These results demonstrate the potential of a low cost, pretreatment process of biomasses which may be suitable for a commercial scale production of prebiotics.
Cokriging radar-rainfall and rain gage data

An ordinary cokriging procedure has been developed to optimally merge rainfall data from radars and standard rain gages. The radar-rainfall data are given in digitized form. The covariance matrices required to perform cokriging are computed from single realization data, using the ergodicity assumption. Since the ground truth and the error structure of the radar data are unknown, parameterization of the covariance between radar data and the true rainfall is required. The sensitivity of the procedure to that parameterization is analyzed within a controlled simulation experiment. The experiment is based on a hypothesized error structure for the rainfall measurements. The effect of measurement noise and network density is examined. The usefulness of the procedure to remove the bias in radar is tested. Daily data are used.
Vapor phase transport synthesis of un-supported ZSM-22 catalytic membranes

ZSM-22 has been synthesized from a dry amorphous gel via vapor phase transport crystallization, as bulk crystalline powder as well as an un-supported membrane. Crystalline products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and thermal analysis. Catalytic testing was performed to demonstrate the membrane's ability to perform as an on-line catalyst. The ZSM-22 catalytic membrane showed 1-butene to isobutene conversions in excess of 60% with selectivites close to 40%, which compares well with conventionally synthesized bulk crystals.
Embryonic development of the head and neck: Part 5, the brain and cranium

The development of the brain is presented with respect to closure of the neural tube, the formation of the five vesicles of the brain and their derivatives, and the cranial flexures. The cranial nerves, meninges, choroid plexuses, and cerebral vasculature are also discussed. The origin and ossification of the bony elements of the head and neck, including the neurocranium, viscerocranium, and cervical vertebrae, are described, as well as major congenital defects of the brain and the cranium.
Remanent Torque Studies in Polycrystalline BaFe12O19

Measurements of the anisotropy distribution in BaFe12O19 were carried out using the remanent torque technique. Two randomly oriented powder samples with coercive forces of 1500 and 4000 oe were tested. The remanent torque curves for both samples were essentially identical indicating an anisotropy distribution with an average of 2.1±0.2×106 ergs/cm3 compared with a value of 3.3×106 ergs/cm3 for single crystal BaFe12O19. The origin of this disagreement is unclear but it seems to be associated with splitting into domains.
Integration of solar technologies into the electric distribution system

Large-scale integration into a traditional distribution system of privately owned renewable energy sources, located at the point of load, promise to bring significant engineering and economic advantages to the system as a whole if several grand challenges can be overcome. This paper will first provide specific definitions for the terms distributed generator and feed-in tariff, emerging ideas that have not yet been rigorously defined. It will be shown that the integration of distributed generators into a traditional system present an opportunity to reduce bulk power flow and power loss, decrease the operating cost of the system, and increase equipment lifetime leading to greater overall system reliability. Furthermore, a case study on the integration of distributed generation will be discussed with the following primary result: a 5% reduction on the demand side may lead to a 7–15% reduction in locational marginal price.
The ultrastructure of collagen in the dermis of tight-skin (tsk) mutant mice.

A recently discovered dominant mutation in C57/B10 mice called tight-skin (Tsk) results in hypertrophy of certain collagenous tissues including the dermis and hypodermis. The skin of heterozygotes (Tsk/+) is indurated and substantially stiffer than that of the normal animals (+/+). In this study, an electron microscopical comparison of the skin of these animals revealed that the fibrous architecture of the hypertrophic reticular dermis of Tsk/+ mice is mole disorganized than that of the +/+ mice and in many areas, the collagen fibrils are more densely packed. The abundance of fibroblasts with distended endoplasmic reticulum in both the dermis and hypodermis of Tsk/+ mice is consistent with increased collagen synthesis. Several of the changes in the dermis and hypodermis of the Tsk/+ mice are similar to changes reported in sclerodermatous skin of man. Surprisingly, an apparent abnormality in the morphology of some of collagen fibrils in the skin of Tsk/+ mice was found to be at least as prevalent in the "normal" +/+ mice. The reticular dermis of both animals contain scattered fibrils which are much larger in diameter than normal and often have a twisted appearance resulting from either helical grooves in the surface of the fibril or discrete branches which twist about one another.
The synthetic peptide PFWT disrupts AF4–AF9 protein complexes and induces apoptosis in t(4;11) leukemia cells

The MLL gene at chromosome band 11q23 is commonly involved in reciprocal translocations detected in acute leukemias. A number of experiments show that the resulting MLL fusion genes directly contribute to leukemogenesis. Among the many known MLL fusion partners, AF4 is relatively common, particularly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants. The AF4 protein interacts with the product of another gene, AF9, which is also fused to MLL in acute leukemias. Based on mapping studies of the AF9-binding domain of AF4, we have developed a peptide, designated PFWT, which disrupts the AF4-AF9 interaction in vitro and in vivo. We provide evidence that this peptide is able to inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells with t(4;11) chromosomal translocations expressing MLL-AF4 fusion genes. Further, we show that this inhibition is mediated through apoptosis. Importantly, the peptide does not affect the proliferative capacity of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Our findings indicate that the AF4-AF9 protein complex is a promising new target for leukemia therapy and that the PFWT peptide may serve as a lead compound for drug development.
Adaptability of the oxidative capacity of motoneurons

Previous studies have demonstrated that a chronic change in neuronal activation can produce a change in soma oxidative capacity, suggesting that: (i) these 2 variables are directly related in neurons and (ii) ion pumping is an important energy requiring activity of a neuron. Most of these studies, however, have focused on reduced activation levels of sensory systems. In the present study the effect of a chronic increase or decrease in motoneuronal activity on motoneuron oxidative capacity and soma size was studied. In addition, the effect of chronic axotomy was studied as an indicator of whether cytoplasmic volume may also be related to the oxidative capacity of motoneurons. A quantitative histochemical assay for succinate dehydrogenase activity was used as a measure of motoneuron oxidative capacity in experimental models in which chronic electromyography has been used to verify neuronal activity levels. Spinal transection reduced, and spinal isolation virtually eliminated lumbar motoneuron electrical activity. Functional overload of the plantaris by removal of its major synergists was used to chronically increase neural activity of the plantaris motor pool. No change in oxidative capacity or soma size resulted from either a chronic increase or decrease in neuronal activity level. These data indicate that the chronic modulation of ionic transport and neurotransmitter turnover associated with action potentials do not induce compensatory metabolic responses in the metabolic capacity of the soma of lumbar motoneurons. Soma oxidative capacity was reduced in the axotomized motoneurons, suggesting that a combination of axoplasmic transport, intracellular biosynthesis and perhaps neurotransmitter turnover represent the major energy demands on a motoneuron. While soma oxidative capacity may be closely related to neural activity in some neural systems, e.g. visual and auditory, lumbar motoneurons appear to be much less sensitive to modulations in chronic activity levels.
Discrete gravitational dimensions

We study the physics of a single discrete gravitational extra dimension using the effective field theory for massive gravitons. We first consider a minimal discretization with 4D gravitons on the sites and nearest neighbor hopping terms. At the linear level, 5D continuum physics is recovered correctly, but at the nonlinear level the theory becomes highly nonlocal in the discrete dimension. There is a peculiar UV/IR connection, where the scale of strong interactions at high energies is related to the radius of the dimension. These new effects formally vanish in the limit of zero lattice spacing, but do not do so quickly enough to reproduce the continuum physics consistently in an effective field theory up to the 5D Planck scale. Nevertheless, this model does make sense as an effective theory up to energies parametrically higher than the compactification scale. In order to have a discrete theory that appears local in the continuum limit, the lattice action must have interactions between distant sites. We speculate on the relevance of these observations to the construction of finite discrete theories of gravity in four dimensions.
Metal-enhanced fluoroimmunoassay on a silver film by vapor deposition.

We studied a fluoroimmunoassay using metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) detection on silver film generated by vapor deposition method. The morphology of the silver film was controlled through the thickness of the film. A silica layer was coated on the silver film to protect the film and separate the fluorophore from the metal surface. Rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) was adsorbed on the silica by physiosorption and then dye-labeled anti-rabbit IgG was bound to the immobilized rabbit IgG. It was observed that the fluorophore was quenched on a thin silver film (2 nm), enhanced on a thick film (>5 nm), and reached saturation (ca. 10 times enhancement) at 20 nm. The MEF was also dependent on the thickness of the silica with a maximum at 10 nm. The lowest lifetime was observed on the 20 nm silver film, which was consistent with the saturation of MEF. These results showed the properties of a silver film needed for a maximum increase of fluorescence intensity in a fluoroimmunoassay. Dependence of the MEF on the emis...
Excision repair of uracil incorporated in DNA as a result of a defect in dUTPase.

Mutants of Escherichia coli that are severely defective in the enzyme dUTPase (dut) accumulate short (4 to 5 S) Okazaki fragments following brief pulses with [3H]thymidine. The transient appearance of DNA fragments in these mutants is plausibly explained by the misincorporation of uracil in DNA as a result of an increase in available dUTP, followed by its rapid excision and repair. The evidence in support of this interpretation is the following: (1) accumulation of short DNA fragments can be partially suppressed by a mutation in dCTP deaminase, presumably by decreasing the intracellular level of dUTP relative to dTTP; (2) accumulation of the short DNA fragments can be almost completely suppressed by a mutation in uracil N-glycosidase, probably by preventing the introduction of nicks at the sites of uracil incorporation; (3) introduction of DNA polymerase I or DNA ligase mutations into dUTPase-defective strains results in the persistence of the 4 to 5 S fragments and rapid cessation of DNA synthesis. Uracil N-glycosidase, DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase must therefore be involved in the excision repair of uracil-containing DNA.
Iodine metabolism and thyroid physiology: current concepts

Iodine plays a central role in thyroid physiology, being both a major constituent of thyroid hormones (THS) and a regulator of thyroid gland function. This review concerns those aspects of thyroid physiology in which significant advances have been made in recent years. We have known for decades that the thyroid gland concentrates iodine (I-) against an electrochemical gradient by a carrier-mediated mechanism driven by ATP. A similar I- uptake mechanism is found in other organs, including salivary glands, stomach, choroid plexus, and mammary glands, but only in the thyroid does TSH regulate the process. This past year saw a major advance with the cloning of the thyroid I- transporter. This development opens the way to an elucidation of the regulation of I- transport in the normal gland and in thyroid neoplasms that lack this property ("cold" nodules). All of the subsequent steps in TH biosynthesis, from oxidation and organification of iodide to the secretion of T4 and T3 into the circulation, are stimulated by TSH and inhibited by excess iodine. Recently, some of the regulatory mechanisms have been clarified. The function of the major TH-binding proteins in plasma is to maintain an equilibrium between extracellular and cellular hormone pools. Transthyretin, the principal T4-binding protein in cerebrospinal fluid, may play a similar role in the central nervous system. Although it generally is agreed that cellular uptake of TH is a function of the unbound (free) form of the hormone, there is evidence that certain TH-binding plasma proteins (i.e., apolipoproteins) may serve specific transport functions. The intracellular concentration of T3, the active TH, is determined by the rates of cellular uptake of T4 and T3, the rates of metabolic transformation, including conversion of T4 to T3, and the rate of T3 efflux. The latter has been assumed to be a passive process. However, recent studies by our group in San Francisco have shown that T3 is transported out of cells by a specific, saturable, verapamil-inhibitable mechanism. This T3 efflux system is widespread among cells from many tissues, and, at least in liver, modulates intracellular and nuclear concentration of the hormone and thereby influences TH action.
The use of water-cooled roosts by hens for thermoregulation

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine whether hens would use water-cooled roosts for thermoregulation during exposure to high ambient temperatures. In Experiment 1, 8 groups of broiler breeder hens were tested in 25±1 and 35±1°C ambient environments. Each group had access to one water-cooled roost at 20±1°C and two air-equilibrated roosts. In Experiment 2, 6 groups of hens were tested consecutively in 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40δC ambient temperature conditions. Roost temperature was maintained at 20±1°C during the experiment. Two groups were further tested with air-equilibrated instead of water-cooled roosts. Data on roosting behavior were obtained from time-lapse videotapes. In Experiment 1, total roost use was 42.4 and 51.9% in the 25±1 and 35±1°C ambient environments, respectively. Water-cooled and air-equilibrated roosts were randomly used in the thermoneutral (25±1°C) ambient environment. In the 35±1°C ambient environment, the water-cooled roost was used 62.0% of the total roosting time while the two air-equilibrated roosts were used 19.4 and 19.5%, respectively (P≤0.01). In Experiment 2 roost temperature significantly influenced roost use across the ambient temperature conditions. Use of the water-cooled roost increased linearly (P
Evaluation of a triple combination of cytokeratin 20, p53 and CD44 for improving detection of urothelial carcinoma in urine cytology specimens

Background: Atypical urine cytology results trigger cystoscopy or molecular tests, both of which are costly, complex and difficult to perform tests. Several immunostains are being investigated to improve cancer detection; however, cytology material is limited and restricts the use of multiple immunostains. This study was designed to determine the utility of a cocktail of three stains, cytokeratin (CK20), p53 and CD44 in urine cytology samples for improving the detection of urothelial carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Urine cytology specimens with cell blocks containing adequate cytologic material between 2005 and 2010 and subsequent follow-up biopsy and/or Urovysion test (102 cases including 29 negative, 56 atypical and 17 malignant) were included in the study and evaluated with the triple stain. Results were first validated on the positive and negative cases and then applied to the atypical cases to determine the utility in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. Results: Based on the validation and published literature, two distinct immunoprofiles were defined - malignant, characterized by at least five CK20 and/or p53 positive atypical cells and reactive, all other staining patterns. The malignant immunoprofile showed 88% sensitivity, 78% specificity, 74% positive predictive value (PPV) and 90% negative predictive value (NPV) for detecting urothelial carcinoma. These values improved to 95% sensitivity and 96% NPV when low-grade urothelial carcinoma cases were excluded. Summary: Our results indicate that the triple stain is an inexpensive, easy to perform test most useful for differentiating high-grade urothelial carcinoma from its mimics. However Inclusion of CD44 in the cocktail did not provide additional value and is best excluded.
Food allergy and atopic dermatitis: separating fact from fiction

The relationship between food and atopic dermatitis (AD) is complex. A common misunderstanding is that food allergies have a significant impact on the course of AD, resulting in uncontrolled attempts at elimination diets and undertreatment of the skin itself. Studies have shown that only a small portion of cutaneous reactions to food in the form of late, eczematous eruptions will directly exacerbate AD in young infants who have moderate-to-severe AD. Given the low frequency of food allergies actually inducing flares of AD, the focus should return to appropriate skin therapy, and identification of true food allergies should be reserved for recalcitrant AD in children in whom the suspicion for food allergy is high. A different relationship between food and AD involves delaying or preventing AD in high-risk infants by exclusive breastfeeding during the first 4 months of life. Finally, the skin barrier defect in AD may allow for easier and earlier sensitization of food and airborne allergens; therefore, exposure of food proteins on AD skin may act as a risk factor for development of food allergies.
The neutral zone revisited: from historical concepts to modern application.

Providing complete denture therapy to patients with atrophic residual alveolar ridges is challenging. Because these patients suffer ongoing diminution of the denture foundation, modern approaches often involve dental implant therapy as a means of improving the denture foundation and supplementing the mechanics of prosthesis support, retention, and stability. Regardless of implant availability, physiologically optimal denture contours and physiologically appropriate denture tooth arrangement should be achieved to maximize prosthesis stability, comfort, and function for patients. This article presents historical perspectives on the arrangement of denture teeth in the facial-lingual dimension and the contouring of complete denture polished surfaces. Additionally, a modern clinical technique is presented for the physiologic registration of denture tooth positions and denture base contours. Information gained may then be incorporated into definitive prostheses in an effort to achieve successful complete denture therapy. (J Prosthet Dent 2009;101:405–412)
Progressive Brain Volume Changes and the Clinical Course of Schizophrenia in Men: A Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Background We sought to determine whether the brain dysmorphology previously observed cross-sectionally in people with schizophrenia progresses over time and whether such progression is related to the severity of the illness course. Subjects and Methods Men with chronic schizophrenia (n = 24) and control men (n = 25) received 2 brain magnetic resonance imaging scans, on average 4 years apart. Changes in brain volume were adjusted for head-repositioning error and expressed as slopes (cubic centimeters per year). Clinical course severity for the schizophrenic patients was assessed using the mean of time 1 and time 2 Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores and the percentage of time the patient was hospitalized during the interscan interval. Results Schizophrenic patients exhibited faster volume decline than control subjects in right frontal gray matter and bilateral posterior superior temporal gray matter, as well as faster cerebrospinal fluid volume expansion in right frontal sulci, left lateral ventricle, and bilateral prefrontal and posterior superior temporal sulci. Faster rates of frontal sulcal expansion were related to greater BPRS total and positive symptom scores and longer time hospitalized. Prefrontal gray matter decline and sulcal expansion were associated with greater BPRS negative symptom scores and longer time hospitalized. Temporal lobe gray matter decline was associated with greater BPRS total and negative symptom scores. Conclusions This controlled study revealed that patients with chronic schizophrenia exhibited accelerated frontotemporal cortical gray matter decline and cortical sulcal and lateral ventricular expansion. Further, greater clinical severity was associated with faster rates of frontotemporal brain volume changes. These observations are consistent with a progressive pathophysiological process but need to be replicated in a larger sample.
A phased-mission framework for communication reliability in WSN

In this paper we study the communication reliability of wireless sensor networks (WSN) under a phased-mission framework. Two types of communication phases in WSN are identified: infrastructure communication phase (ICP) and application communication phase (ACP). A complete WSN communication task usually involves one or more ICP and ACP. The difficulties in the reliability analysis of traditional phased-mission system due to the dynamics in the system configuration and component behavior as well as statistical dependencies across phases for a given component still exist in the communication reliability analysis of WSN. Moreover, the dynamic structure during the ACP brings new challenges to our study. Under the proposed phased-mission framework, we develop binary decision diagram-based evaluation algorithms for K-coverage guaranteed WSN communication reliability. Both bidirectional and unidirectional communication links are considered. The proposed algorithms have no limitation on the type of time-to-failure distributions for the network components. Case studies are given to illustrate the application of the proposed algorithms.
A ‘narrowing of inquiry’ in American moral psychology and education

We explore the possibility that a priori philosophical commitments continue to result in a narrowing of inquiry in moral psychology and education where theistic worldviews are concerned. Drawing from the theories of Edward L. Thorndike and John Dewey, we examine naturalistic philosophical commitments that influenced the study of moral psychology and moral education in the USA. We then address the question of whether these foundational naturalistic commitments can be rendered as compatible with theistic commitments, using both modernist and postmodern philosophical approaches that might be viewed as attempts at compatibility. Arguing that these attempts at compatibility fail, we draw from contemporary approaches to moral psychology and education in order to illustrate how naturalistic commitments might prevent these approaches from adequately addressing theistic understandings and experiences of morality.
Congenital obliteration of the bile ducts; with particular reference to dietotherapy.

Summary 1. A patient with atresia of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile passages is reported who survived for nine years. 2. Studies of fat absorption carried out at different levels of fat intake showed that the administration of liberal quantities of fat served to increase fat absorption and was associated with clinical benefit. 3. Emulsifying procedures failed to produce significantly better fat absorption. 4. The nature of the bone changesand the possible factors contributing to longevity in this condition are discussed.
Derivation of scaled surface reflectances from AVIRIS data

A method for retrieving 'scaled surface reflectances' assuming horizontal surfaces having Lambertian reflectances from spectral data collected by Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) is presented here. In this method, the integrated water vapor amount on a pixel by pixel basis is derived from the 0.94 micron and 1.14 micron water vapor absorption features. The transmission spectra of H2O, CO2, O3, N2O, CO, CH4, and O2 in the 0.4-2.5 micron region are simulated. The scattering effect due to atmospheric molecules and aerosols is modeled with the 5S computer code. The AVIRIS radiances are divided by solar irradiances above the atmosphere to obtain the apparent reflectances. The scaled surface reflectances are derived from the apparent reflectances using the simulated atmospheric gaseous transmittances and the simulated molecular and aerosol scattering data. The scaled surface reflectances differ from the real surface reflectances by a multiplicative factor. In order to convert the scaled surface reflectances into real surface reflectances, the slopes and aspects of the surfaces must be known.
Fire endurance of soldered copper sprinkler systems — Part I

The endurance and utility of soldered copper tube systems used as water conveyors to fire protection sprinkler arrays have been demonstrated using tested engineering scaling principles.
Negative Regulators of Insulin Signaling Revealed in a Genome-Wide Functional Screen

Background Type 2 diabetes develops due to a combination of insulin resistance and β-cell failure and current therapeutics aim at both of these underlying causes. Several negative regulators of insulin signaling are known and are the subject of drug discovery efforts. We sought to identify novel contributors to insulin resistance and hence potentially novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Methodology An arrayed cDNA library encoding 18,441 human transcripts was screened for inhibitors of insulin signaling and revealed known inhibitors and numerous potential novel regulators. The novel hits included proteins of various functional classes such as kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, and GTPase associated proteins. A series of secondary assays confirmed the relevance of the primary screen hits to insulin signaling and provided further insight into their modes of action. Conclusion/Significance Among the novel hits was PALD (KIAA1274, paladin), a previously uncharacterized protein that when overexpressed led to inhibition of insulin's ability to down regulate a FOXO1A-driven reporter gene, reduced upstream insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation, and decreased insulin receptor (IR) abundance. Conversely, knockdown of PALD gene expression resulted in increased IR abundance, enhanced insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation, and an improvement in insulin's ability to suppress FOXO1A-driven reporter gene activity. The present data demonstrate that the application of arrayed genome-wide screening technologies to insulin signaling is fruitful and is likely to reveal novel drug targets for insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
C II* Absorption in Damped Lyα Systems. II. A New Window on the Star Formation History of the Universe

Starting from the star formation rate (SFR) per unit area, , determined for damped Lyα systems (DLAs) using the C II* method, we obtain the SFR per unit comoving volume, (z), at z ≈ 3. Pure warm neutral medium (WNM) solutions are ruled out since they generate more bolometric background radiation than observed, but the two-phase solutions dominated by the cold neutral medium (CNM) are consistent with the backgrounds. We find that (z) for DLAs agrees with the (z) for the Lyman break galaxies (LBGs). Although the mass of produced stars indicated by the SFRs is consistent with the current densities of known stellar populations, the mass of metals produced by z = 2.5 is 30 times larger than detected in absorption in DLAs. Of the three possible solutions to this "missing metals" problem, the most likely appears to be that star formation occurs in compact bulge regions. We search for evidence of feedback and find no correlations between and N(H I), but possible correlations between and low-ion velocity width and and metal abundance. We show that (1) the correlation between cooling rate and dust-to-gas ratio is positive evidence for grain photoelectric heating, (2) the cosmic microwave background (CMB) does not significantly populate the C II excited fine-structure states, and (3) the ratio of C II* to resonance-line optical depths is a sensitive probe of the multiphase structure of the DLA gas. We address recent arguments that DLAs are comprised only of WNM gas and show them to be inconclusive. Despite the rough agreement between (z) for DLAs and LBGs, current evidence indicates that these are distinct populations.
The prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in older adults.

Summary An anxiety symptom scale was administered to a community sample of 713 males and 1338 females representative of persons aged 55 and older in Kentucky and quite similar to that of the US population in that age range. On the basis of a cutting point established previously, 17.1% of the males and 21.5% of the females were estimated to experience sufficient anxiety-symptoms to place them at risk so as to require some form of intervention. In addition to gender and marital status differences, the study found a systematic but complex relationship between anxiety and age within this age range. Anxiety was inversely associated with socioeconomic status, education, and urban dwelling. Anxiety was inversely and highly correlated with physical health, and related to the presence of nine specific medical conditions and the need for and use of a number of medical services. The implications of the findings regarding the use of medical services for early diagnosis and treatment for mental health needs are discussed.
High resolution optical ranging system

An optical ranging system which can see through opaque material has been demonstrated. It uses picosecond pulses, generated in a mode-locked dye laser for viewing and, as a very fast gate, a second frequency offset pulse train with a variable delay at the detector. The system could detect a reflection from a mirror inside an opaque mixture with 64-dB round-trip loss and with 1.7-mm range resolution. Transverse resolution of 0.1 mm was also observed. With certain obvious changes in instrumentation this could be converted into a scanning device. The present depth of penetration (round-trip attenuation) would correspond to 0.67 cm in human tissue.
In vivo depth-resolved birefringence measurements of the human retinal nerve fiber layer using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

We present in vivo depth-resolved birefringence measurements of the human retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) by use of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). Because glaucoma causes nerve fiber layer damage, which may cause loss of retinal birefringence, PS-OCT is a potentially useful technique for the early detection of glaucoma. We built a fiber-based PS-OCT setup that produces real-time images of the human retina in vivo, co-registered with video images of the location of PS-OCT scans on the retina. Preliminary measurements of a healthy volunteer showed that the double-pass phase retardation per unit depth of the RNFL varies with location with values in between 0.18 and 0.37°/μm. A trend in the preliminary measurements shows that thicker nerve fiber layer tissue is more birefringent than thin nerve fiber layer tissue.
Creating visceral personal and social interactions in mediated spaces

We introduce vibration and temperature as visceral modes to aid intuitive social perception in networked interaction. We describe two implementations of these ideas for mediated systems -- VibroBod for interpersonal communication and What's Shaking for newsgroup navigation.
Nonlinear Flutter Calculations Using Finite Elements in a Direct Eulerian-Lagrangian Formulation

A fully nonlinear aeroelastic formulation of the direct Eulerian-Lagrangian computational scheme is presented in which both structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities are treated without approximations. The method is direct in the sense that the calculations are done at the finite element level, both in the fluid and structural domains, and the fluid-structure system is time-marched as a single dynamic system using a multistage Runge-Kutta scheme. The exact nonlinear boundary condition at the fluid-structure boundary is satisfied based on the actual deformation of the wing. The generalized forces associated with the in-plane and out-of-plane degrees of freedom are calculated in local Lagrangian element coordinate systems that fully account for large rigid-body translations and rotations. Finite rotation relations are used to update the nodal deformation vectors at the end of each time step. Numerical results are presented for several nonlinear static and dynamic examples for which published results are available. Results of aeroelastic calculations using the new nonlinear model demonstrate the importance of including the nonlinear stiffening arising from the in-plane strains when calculating limit-cycle-oscillation amplitudes of wings of low-to-moderate aspect ratios and the limitations of the von Karman nonlinear plate model in these cases.
Pressure shift and broadening of the 254-nm intercombination line of mercury by N 2

We have used laser absorption spectroscopy to study the collisional broadening and shift of the 254-nm 6 {sup 1}S{sub 0}{yields}6 {sup 3}P{sub 1} intercombination line of Hg in the presence of N{sub 2} for pressures below 400 Torr. This study comprises the first measurements of the proportionality constants for pressure broadening and shift of Hg due to N{sub 2} in this pressure range, and the first high-precision measurements of these pressure effects on Hg for any foreign gas. We obtain -2.54(2) MHz/Torr for the shift and 9.01(4) MHz/Torr for the broadening (full width at half maximum) at 21 degree sign C (95% confidence interval). These results are important for ongoing experiments using optical pumping of mercury in tests of fundamental symmetries, as well as for characterization of interatomic forces and tests of the theory of collisional line broadening.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers in the critically endangered St. Croix ground lizard Ameiva polops

We report the development of nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for the critically endangered St. Croix ground lizard Ameiva polops. These loci will be useful to determine the genetic health of extant populations of this lizard and their levels of genetic differentiation.