cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the accuracy of implants placed with CAD-CAM surgical templates manufactured with various 3D printers: An in vitro study.

Abstract Statement of problem The fit of a 3D printed surgical template will directly influence the accuracy of guided implant surgery. Various 3D printing technologies are currently available with different levels of resolution and printing accuracy; however, how the different systems affect accuracy is unclear. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of using various 3D printers for the fabrication of implant surgical templates and its effect on the definitive implant position compared with the planned implant position. Material and methods A cone beam computed tomography scan from a partially edentulous patient and an extraoral digital scan of a dental cast obtained from the same patient were used. The digital imaging and communications in medicine and standard tessellation language (STL) files were imported to an implant planning software program and merged, and an implant was digitally positioned in the mandibular right first molar region. A surgical template was designed and exported as an STL file. Ten surgical templates were printed for each of the following groups: stereolithography (SLA) printing, PolyJet, and MultiJet. The region where the implant was planned was cut away from the cast onto which the surgical templates were seated, allowing a passive positioning of the implant through the template, which was held in place with polyvinyl siloxane material. A scan body was inserted in the implant, and the cast was scanned with a laboratory scanner. The STL files obtained from the definitive implant position were imported into an implant planning software program and registered with the planned implant position, allowing for a comparison between the planned and actual implant position. Mean deviations were measured for angle deviation, entry point offset, and apex offset. Data normality was tested by using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine whether the outcomes of angle deviation, apex offset, and entry offset were statistically different between groups (α=.05). Results The median and interquartile range for the angle deviation (degrees) were 1.30 (0.62) for SLA; 1.15 (1.23) for Polyjet; and 1.10 (0.65) for Multijet. No statistically significant differences were found in the angular deviation among groups (χ2(2)=3.08, P=.21). The median and interquartile range for the entry offset and apex offset (mm) were 0.19 (0.16) and 0.36 (0.16) for SLA, respectively; 0.20 (0.13) and 0.34 (0.26) for Polyjet, respectively; and 0.23 (0.10) and 0.32 (0.08) for Multijet, respectively. Similarly, nonsignificant differences were found for entry point offset (χ2(2)=0.13, P=.94) and apex offset (χ2(2)=1.08, P=.58). Conclusions The different types of 3D printing technology used in this study did not appear to have a significant effect on the accuracy of guided implant surgery.
Costs of the Seriously Mentally Ill and Severely Emotionally Disturbed for Florida Medicaid Managed Care: 2017 and 2018

Objectives: Mental health disorders affect 46.6 million individuals, 19% of all U.S. adults. With 2020 costs estimated at $238.4 billion, mental health disorders have become the costliest health related conditions in the nation. Medicaid plays a substantial role in covering and paying for mental health services especially among low-income populations. In the U.S., Medicaid is the single largest payer for mental health services accounting for approximately 26% of all behavioral health spending. Moreover, while only one in five individuals enrolled in Medicaid has a behavioral health diagnosis, they account for almost half of all Medicaid expenditures and, in most states, are a rapidly growing problem. However, there is limited research on important aspects of mental health expenditures. No studies have comprehensively detailed state mental health charges and costs for institutional, office, and pharmacy services or expenditures related to the costliest Medicaid mental health patients; those that are diagnosed as seriously mentally ill (SMI) or with serious emotional disturbances (SED). Our study seeks to fill this gap and detail the mental health expenditures for the Florida Medicaid managed medical assistance (MMA) programs with a focus on SMI and SED patients.
Complete blockage Frankfurt examples and the Principle of Alternative Possibilities

According to the ‘Principle of Alternative Possibilities’ (PAP), an agent is morally responsible for performing some action only if she could have done otherwise. Beginning with Harry Frankfurt nea...
Alan Cowan: Buprenorphine from the bench to the bedside-Personal notes.

In 2005, Bob Adams, the Chief Veterinarian at Johns Hopkins, wondered if sustained release technology could be used to improve postsurgical analgesia for animal medicine. Henry Brem, Director of the Hunterian Laboratories, had organized an international consortium to advance therapy for brain tumors and stroke. The Hunterian had over 20 years of experience with the safety and effectiveness of neutral lipids, phospholipids, carbohydrates, gels, polymers, and assorted devices for sustained-release drug delivery. We had the technology. What was the best pharmacology? Buprenorphine was the obvious analgesic. Reports of adverse events in the veterinary literature were rare.
Bubble PIV technique to measure the velocity field of a free-swimming California sea lion

Fish et al. (2014) adapted laboratory PIV for safe use on larger animals. As opposed to seeding the entire flow with reflective particles and illuminating a plane of the flow with a laser, they produced a sheet of small bubbles and used sunlight for global illumination. Underwater cameras imaged the flow in a method similar to traditional PIV. This technique was used to measure the flow around a swimming dolphin and estimate the thrust produced during a tail stand maneuver (Fish et al. (2014, 2018)). In the current work, we will extend the modification of PIV of Fish et al. to measure the flow produced by a swimming sea lion also using bubbles as seeding particles and sunlight as illumination. This is the first time that the flowfield of a swimming sea lion has been directly measured. We will present an extensive extension to the image processing required to measure flow under field conditions. Finally, we will present the flow generated by propulsive strokes of an adult female (Cali) sea lion freely swimming through a pool of stationary water.
Rhabdovirus Biology and Infection

Chapter 1 describes the general features of the family Rhabdoviridae, and Chapter 3 provides a moderately detailed analysis of the rhabdovirus membrane. This chapter is designed to set the stage for the in-depth chapters that follow by providing a general description of the structural components, infectivity, host reactivity, and immunology of rhabdoviruses. As is true of all but Chapters 1 and 9–11, this chapter is concerned primarily with the best-studied and prototypic rhabdovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). It seems reasonable to assume that the structural components that comprise the VSV virion are similar to those of other rhabdoviruses, but comparisons will be made, where appropriate, with the rabies subgroup and rhabdoviruses of other animals. It should be stated from the outset that productive infection by VSV of mammalian and avian cells far exceeds that of rabies and other animal rhabdoviruses, such as those of fish. Nothing will be said in this chapter about the structure and infectivity of the plant rhabdoviruses, which are discussed in Chapter 10.
Juvenile diet restriction and the aging and reproduction of adult Drosophila melanogaster

Mutations of the insulin signal pathway in Drosophila melanogaster produce long-lived adults with many correlated phenotypes. Homozygotes of insulin-like receptor (InR) and insulin-like receptor substrate (chico) delay time to eclosion, reduce body size, decrease reproduction and increase life span. Because these mutations are expressed through all life stages it is unclear when insulin signals must be reduced to increase life span. As a first analysis of this problem in D. melanogaster we have manipulated the larval diet to determine if changes in metabolic regulation at this stage are sufficient to slow aging. We controlled the dietary yeast fed to third instar larvae and studied the size, mortality, fecundity and hormones of the resulting adults, which were fed a normal, yeast-replete diet. Adults from yeast-deprived larvae phenocopied many traits of InR and chico mutants: small body size, delayed eclosion, reduced ovariole number and reduced age-specific fecundity. But unlike constitutive mutants of the insulin/IGF system, adults from yeast-deprived larvae had normal patterns of demographic senescence, and this was accompanied by normal insulin-like peptide and juvenile hormone syntheses. Surprisingly, the normal aging in these adults was also associated with greatly reduced fecundity. Although nutritional conditions of the larvae can affect the subsequent body size and fecundity of adults, these are not sufficient to slow aging.
Targeting IL-6/STAT3 pathway with small-molecule compounds for multiple sclerosis therapy (THER6P.849)

Multiple Sclerosis is an immune-mediated chronic CNS disease where IL-6/STAT3 pathway plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis. Dysregulated IL-6/STAT3 signaling skews Teff/Treg balance toward an enhanced T effector response, favoring the development of CNS autoimmunity. Specifically, we previously showed IL-6 induces the development of highly encephalitogenic Th17 cells, suggesting IL-6/STAT3 pathway may serve as an innovative target. In support of this strategy, both IL-6-/- and STAT3-/- mice are completely resistant to EAE. Therefore, we designed four small-molecule lead compounds targeting IL-6/STAT3 pathway. MDL-5 and MDL-16 bind to the D1 domain of GP130, preventing the IL-6/GP130 interaction; while LLL-12 and LY-5 bind to the SH2 domain of STAT3, preventing STAT3 phosphorylation. All four lead compounds significantly inhibit IL-6 induced IL-17 production in myelin-specific CD4 T cells without significant toxicity. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of small-molecule treated myelin-specific CD4 T cells into naive recipient mice show a significant reduction in EAE severity compared to control group, suggesting these compounds suppress the encephalitogenicity of CD4 T cells. More importantly, immunized small-molecule treated mice demonstrate delayed onset and reduced severity compared to control mice, suggesting in vivo treatment suppresses EAE development. Together, our data suggest that these four lead compounds have great potential to serve as an innovative therapy.
Fostering Linguistic Habits of Mind: Engaging Teachers’ Knowledge and Attitudes Toward African American Vernacular English

This article outlines one linguistically based approach – contrastive analysis and code-switching – for teachers of students who speak African American Vernacular English (AAVE). I discuss obstacles to bringing these linguistic insights and strategies to teachers in training and in the classroom. Across four scenarios from a teacher education program and from middle school classrooms, I describe (i) a grammatical construction or a linguistic insight covered in classes or professional development sessions with pre-service and in-service teachers and (ii) teachers’ work products (e.g. code-switching charts) implementing their new knowledge. Analyzing the mismatch between (i) and (ii), I unpack teachers’ knowledge and ways of thinking about grammar, AAVE and Standard American English (SAE). This analysis reveals that teachers’ dominant language ideology and prior lack of training in the structure of English stand as limiting factors in the classroom, constraining their ability to implement a linguistically informed approach to stigmatized dialects, and constraining the linguist’s ability to communicate core linguistic principles. Finally, I show how this analysis led to adapting the core graphic organizer, the code-switching chart, and to increasing the specificity of grammatical explanations to help teachers take steps toward building a linguistically informed language arts classroom.
Statistical Modeling of PM10 Sampling Effectiveness Data

A flexible distribution is used to fit experimental particulate-sampling effectiveness data by the linear expression of a logarithmically transformed aerodynamic diameter. This model, originally proposed for application to quantal-assay studies, is useful for judging whether the fit of simpler models, such as the logistic or probit, can be improved. The main practical advantage is that it facilitates accurate computation of expected particulate mass concentrations, as specified in the Code of Federal Regulations regarding performance specifications for PM10 samplers. An unresolved problem is the exceedingly precise estimates of particle diameter corresponding to a sampling effectiveness value that may not reflect the true situation. Comparison of the fit to effectiveness data obtained for two PM10 sampler inlets is presented. This discussion includes use of a statistical technique to construct a confidence limit for the median diameter.
High Avidity CD8+ T Cells Are the Initial Population Elicited Following Viral Infection of the Respiratory Tract

Following intranasal administration, the model paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) establishes an infection in the respiratory tract of mice, which is subsequently cleared by CD8 + T cells. In this study, we sought to understand the maturation of the antiviral immune response over time by assessing the functional avidity of the responding T cells and the expansion of immunodominant populations. Surprisingly, we determined that the initial response to Ag at day 3 (d3) in the mediastinal lymph node was exclusively high avidity. However, by d5 postinfection, low avidity cells were ∼50% of the responding T cell population. Following secondary exposure to SV5, high avidity CD8 + T cells again are the exclusive cell type present at early times postinfection (d2). Similarly, high avidity cells were preferentially elicited at d3 following infection with the unrelated vaccinia virus. We also made the observation that the immunodominance profile has not been established at d3 postinfection with SV5. However, by d5 a clear immunodominance pattern arises and is permanently maintained. These data indicate that high avidity cells are the predominant population responding at early times postinfection following respiratory infection with SV5 or vaccinia virus. However, as the response progresses, low avidity cells are activated/expanded to a greater extent compared with high avidity cells.
Intestinal stem cell injury and protection during cancer therapy

Radiation and chemotherapy remain the most effective and widely used cancer treatments. These treatments cause DNA damage and selectively target rapidly proliferating cells such as cancer cells, as well as inevitably cause damage to normal tissues, particularly those undergoing rapid self renewal. The side effects associated with radiation and chemotherapy are most pronounced in the hematopoietic (HP) system and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These tissues are fast renewing and have a well-defined stem cell compartment that plays an essential role in homeostasis, and in treatment-induced acute injury that is dose limiting. Using recently defined intestinal stem cell markers and mouse models, a great deal of insight has been gained in the biology of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which will undoubtedly help further mechanistic understanding of their injury. This review will cover historic discoveries and recent advances in the identification and characterization of intestinal stem cells, their responses to genotoxic stress, and a new crypt and intestinal stem cell culture system. The discussion will include key pathways regulating intestinal crypt and stem cell injury and regeneration caused by cancer treatments, and strategies for their protection. The focus will be on the acute phase of cell killing in mouse radiation models, where our understanding of the mechanisms in relation to intestinal stem cells is most advanced and interventions appear most effective.
An in vivo complex with DNA photolyase blocks UV mutagenesis targeted at a thymine-cytosine dimer in Escherichia coli.

Thethymine-cytosine cyclobutane dimer (T=C)hasbeen implicated astheUVphotoproduct atthesite ofmutagenesis causing (targeting) C-to-T transitions incertain DNA sequences inEscherichia coli (2,lOa, 12). DNA photolyase is a cellular protein thatspecifically bindstocyclobutanepyrimidine dimers (17), themajor photoproduct produced in DNA after exposure togermicidal UVlight (13). Wefind that withcells containing amplified levels ofphotolyase, mutations otherwise targeted atT=Careeliminated inthedark. Possibly thespecialized DNA synthesis required formisincorporation during translesion replication atT=C intem
Time-resolved coherent and incoherent components of forward light scattering in random media.

Angle- and time-resolved studies are presented for an ultrafast laser pulse propagating through a slab of random media in the intermediate scattering regime, where a coherent (ballistic) component coexists with a incoherent (diffusive) component in the forward-scattered light. The incoherent component can be approximated by diffusion theory when the thickness of the slab is greater than 10 transport mean free paths. The theoretical results from the two-frequency coherence function in the Rytov approximation are in qualitative but not quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
Determinants of the ability of malignant fibroma virus to induce immune dysfunction and tumor dissemination in vivo.

The relationship of virus-induced immunological dysfunction and tumor dissemination was studied using two related tumor-causing leporipoxviruses: malignant fibroma virus (MV) and Shope fibroma virus (SFV). Recombinant viruses, produced by transferring MV's 10.7 kb BamHI C fragment to SFV, replicate in lymphocytes and suppress lymphocyte function in vitro. Those recombinants that replicate in lymphocytes and suppress lymphocyte function in vitro share about 3.5 kb from MV's C fragment. Some recombinants mimic MV in producing immune suppression and disseminated virus infection in vivo. Other recombinants, even some that are highly immunosuppressive in vitro (e.g. R71), only variably induce immune suppression in vivo, and do not cause disseminated disease. A segment of DNA from MV that transfers to Shope fibroma virus almost all of MV's virulence in vivo was identified.
Gender differences in the association of agitation and suicide attempts among psychiatric inpatients

Abstract Objective To determine if the relationship of agitation with suicide ideation and suicide attempts differed between men and women. Method Self-reported severity of agitation and other suicide risk factors was obtained from 7698 consecutive patients during admission for inpatient psychiatric treatment during a 5-year period. Results Agitation was highest among men with a history of suicide attempts. Agitation was significantly associated with frequency of suicide ideation and history of suicide attempt, but the gender-by-suicide interaction was only significant as a predictor of suicide attempt history. For men, agitation was associated with significantly increased risk for suicide attempt, but for women, agitation was not associated with risk for suicide attempt history. Results were unchanged when analyses were repeated among the subgroup of patients with suicide ideation. Conclusions Agitation is associated with history of suicide attempt among male but not female psychiatric inpatients. Agitation differentiates between those men who have only thought about suicide and those who have made suicide attempts.
Influences of labetalol a combined α- and β-adrenergic blocking agent on the dysrhythmias induced by coronary occlusion and reperfusion

We have previously demonstrated a significant antifibrillatory effect of α-adrenergic blockade during myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion, enhanced α-adrenergic responsivity and increased α1-adrenergic receptors in ischaemic myocardium. β-adrenergic blockade is also antiarrhythmic in ischaemic hearts and may decrease the ultimate area of necrotic tissue after infarction. The present study was performed to assess the relative β- and α-adrenergic blocking potency of labetalol in the chloralose anaesthetised cat and correlate this to its antiarrhythmic efficacy during LAD coronary occlusion for 35 min followed by reperfusion. Based on the dose ratio10 (DR10) for isoprenaline-induced tachycardia (β) and phenylephrine-induced increase in mean systemic arterial pressure (α), labetalol was 3.1 times less potent than d,l-propranolol (β) and 6.5 times less potent than phentolamine (α). Labetalol was found to be 11.5 times more potent as a β-adrenergic blocking agent than as an α-adrenergic blocking agent. Labetalol (1 mg·kg−1) failed significantly to reduce either the number of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) or incidence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) during occlusion (827± 150 to 852±246 PVCs and 31% to 20% VF) or reperfusion. In contrast, labetalol at 2 mg·kg−1 and 5 mg·kg−1 significantly (P<0.05) reduced the number of PVCs during occlusion (320±94 and 466± 137, respectively) as well as the incidence of VF (9% and 7%, respectively). During, reperfusion, labetalol (5 mg·kg−1) failed to reduce the number of PVCs but abolished mortality due to VF. The antifibrillatory effect of labetalol was not due to alterations in systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, LVEDP, cardiac output, stroke work or total peripheral resistance. Thus, labetalol, an agent well-tolerated clinically, induces profound antiarrhythmic effectiveness during both experimental myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion and may prove to be an effective agent in the prevention and treatment of malignant ventricular dysrhythmia associated with acute myocardial infarction in man.
Performance evaluations of a manual display mapping method

Current display algorithms employ a wide variety of intensity mapping schemes to convert the 10–14 bit digital sensor data to 6–8 bits for display. These include histogram equalization, local area processing, and region of interest processing. Manual display mapping (MDM) differs from these algorithms because it allows the user to manipulate the displayed intensity of different regions of the sensor output by nonlinear mapping to pixel values. The user can thus allocate or "tune" pixel intensities (gray shades) to output regions expected to contain targets. Two experiments compare the identification (ID) performance of observers viewing low-resolution images and images blurred to simulate multiple ranges. In each experiment, images were processed with an automatic algorithm and MDM. Results indicate the expected MDM range performance improvement under typical infrared imaging conditions.
An Impact Cutting Test for Tire Tread Stocks

Abstract The impact cutting device described in this paper is recommended for testing the cutting resistance of tread stocks because of its simplicity and the accuracy with which its results agree with road test results. The fact that the device was designed on semi-quantitative theoretical grounds gives some additional confidence in its results. It is possible that other cutting devices, designed with no regard to theory whatsoever, might operate as well as the impact device. However, it is felt that, since most laboratory tests on rubber stocks are necessarily largely empirical, it is well to attempt to design a testing machine which will operate in the ranges of the variables found in service.
Decomposition algorithms for finding the shortest path between a source node and a sink node of a network

Decomposition algorithms for finding a shortest path between a source node and a sink node of an arbitrary distance network are developed. Different decomposition algorithms are proposed for different network topologies. Since Shier's algorithm compares very favorably with other decomposition algorithms in all the network topologies, we compare our algorithms against Shier's algorithm. It is shown that the efficiency of the proposed algorithms compares very favorably with Shier's algorithm. For special types of networks the computational requirements of the proposed algorithm is a polynomial of O(n2).
WARPING STRESSES IN CURVED BOX GIRDER BRIDGES: CASE STUDY

This paper presents a detailed investigation of warping-related stresses in 18 composite steel-concrete box girder bridges. The bridge designs were adapted from blueprints of existing bridges in the state of Florida and encompass a wide range of parameters including horizontal curvature, cross-sectional properties, and numbers of spans. The bridges after which the analysis prototypes are modeled were designed by different firms and constructed at different times and are considered to be representative of current design practice. Forces are evaluated from analyses that account for the construction sequence and the effect of warping. Loading is considered following the 1998 AASHTO-LRFD provisions. Differences between stresses obtained taking warping into account and those calculated by ignoring warping are used to evaluate the effect of warping. Analysis results show that warping has little effect on both shear and normal stresses in all bridges. Current design provisions are discussed in light of the analysis results.
A novel intramedullary spinal cord tumor model: functional, radiological, and histopathological characterization.

Object Survival rates for high-grade intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) are approximately 30%, and optimal therapy has yet to be determined. Development of a satisfactory intramedullary tumor model is necessary for testing new therapeutic paradigms that may prolong survival. The authors report the technique, functional progression, radiological appearance, and histopathological features of a novel intramedullary model in rabbits. Methods Ten New Zealand white rabbits were randomized to receive an intramedullary injection of either 25 µl of VX2 carcinoma cells (500,000 cells; six rabbits) or 25 ml of medium (Dulbecco modified Eagle medium; four rabbits) into the midthoracic spinal cord. Postoperatively the rabbits were evaluated twice daily for neurological deficits. High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired preoperatively and weekly postoperatively until onset of paraparesis, at which point the animals were killed, and the midthoracic spines were processed for histopathological ...
Immunopathology of the Inner Ear: An Update

We have reviewed the events of an inner-ear immune response. The perilymph contains antibody, presumably derived from the systemic circulation and CSF, which would allow for neutralization and help with opsonization and complement fixation. The endolymphatic sac contains immunocompetent cells capable of processing and presenting viral or bacterial antigen, potentiating the immune response, attacking the invaders directly or attacking infected cells, and developing immunoglobulin responses in situ. The early release of mediators such as IL-2 likely emanate from the endolymphatic sac and result in potentiation and regulation of the response and may assist in changes in the SMV, including expression of ICAM-1, which aid in the egress of immune cells from the systemic circulation. PMNs arrive first, followed by T cells and B cells, with secretion of specific antibody a relatively late event. Concomitant with the increase in cellular constituents is the formation of a dense extracellular matrix. The inner ear appears to have remarkable difficulty in clearing this matrix, ultimately resulting in ossification. The immune response is unfortunately deleterious to the inner ear, resulting in degeneration of the organ of Corti, stria vascularis, and spiral ganglion. Hearing loss is consistently seen following sterile and virally induced labyrinthitis. The inner ear also appears to be a target for autoimmune disease. While inner-ear damage has been described as part of non-organ-specific autoimmune disease, specific disease against the hearing apparatus is also likely. Experimental paradigms have allowed alterations of both the afferent and efferent limbs of this response; ultimately, with the hope that we can alter the course of the response and the subsequent damage in patients.
Nested Institutions, Political Opportunity, and the Decline of the Iranian Reform Movement Post 9/11:

Using the recent Iranian reform movement (1997-2003) as an example, this article demonstrates how social movement activism in the Middle East is often constrained by U.S. foreign policy and rhetori...
Analogical model formulation for transfer learning in AP Physics

Transfer learning is the ability to apply previously learned knowledge to new problems or domains. In qualitative reasoning, model formulation is the process of moving from the unruly, broad set of concepts used in everyday life to a concise, formal vocabulary of abstractions, assumptions, causal relationships, and models that support problem-solving. Approaching transfer learning from a model formulation perspective, we found that analogy with examples can be used to learn how to solve AP Physics style problems. We call this process analogical model formulation and implement it in the Companion cognitive architecture. A Companion begins with some basic mathematical skills, a broad common sense ontology, and some qualitative mechanics, but no equations. The Companion uses worked solutions, explanations of example problems at the level of detail appearing in textbooks, to learn what equations are relevant, how to use them, and the assumptions necessary to solve physics problems. We present an experiment, conducted by the Educational Testing Service, demonstrating that analogical model formulation enables a Companion to learn to solve AP Physics style problems. Across six different variations of relationships between base and target problems, or transfer levels, a Companion exhibited a 63% improvement in initial performance. While already a significant result, we describe an in-depth analysis of this experiment to pinpoint the causes of failures. Interestingly, the sources of failures were primarily due to errors in the externally generated problem and worked solution representations as well as some domain-specific problem-solving strategies, not analogical model formulation. To verify this, we describe a second experiment which was performed after fixing these problems. In this second experiment, a Companion achieved a 95.8% improvement in initial performance due to transfer, which is nearly perfect. We know of no other problem-solving experiments which demonstrate performance of analogical learning over systematic variations of relationships between problems at this scale.
Linear quadratic dynamic programming for water reservoir management

Abstract Dynamic programming (DP) is applied in order to determine the optimal management policy for a water reservoir by modeling the physical problem via a linear quadratic (LQ) structure. A simplified solution to the LQ tracking problem is provided under mild assumptions. The model presents an aggregated multicriteria decision making problem where flood control, hydroelectric power, and water demand have to be satisfied: Simultaneously the energy production is to be maximized, the mismatch of water demand minimized, and the water release should not cause flooding. The system constraints are basically the conservation of mass within the reservoir system, and the minimum and the maximum allowable limits for the water release and the reservoir level. The stochastic variables consist of the water inflow from the reservoir drainage basin precipitation, and evaporation. The Tenkiller Ferry dam on the Illinois River basin in Oklahoma is analyzed as a case study.
Vesicostomy revisited: the best treatment for the hostile bladder in myelodysplastic children?

Vesicostomy is a well-known management of the neuropathic bladder in children, and authors from Sacramento describe their experience with this in what they very appropriately name the “hostile bladder” of myelodysplastic children. Other papers in this section suggest that inguinal hernia in female infants should act as a cue to check the sex chromosomes, evaluate nocturnal enuresis in children at 7.5 years old, and describe the efficacy of tolterodine as a first-line treatment for non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction in children. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of vesicostomy on the urinary tract of myelodysplastic children in whom conservative bladder management with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) has failed to preserve upper and lower urinary tract function. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixteen children with myelodysplasia underwent vesicostomy. Indications included worsening hydronephrosis, vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR), recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), and increasing renal insufficiency despite CIC and/or difficulty with CIC. The mean (range) age at vesicostomy was 36.5 (9–82) months and the follow-up 7.4 (2–16) years. RESULTS Hydronephrosis resolved or improved in 12 of 14 children, the incidence of UTI decreased to one or fewer per year in 10, VUR resolved or improved in nine, and renal function improved or stabilized in six of seven patients. One patient initially presented with renal insufficiency and subsequently required dialysis despite vesicostomy. Complications occurred in three of 15 children, and included stomal stenosis and bladder calculi. The vesicostomy was closed in six patients after a mean of 4.4 (1.5–9) years. Four of these patients required concomitant bladder augmentation. CONCLUSIONS Vesicostomy in myelodysplastic children is effective in preventing and/or resolving the deleterious consequences of a ‘hostile’ bladder. The procedure is uncomplicated, well tolerated, reversible and should be considered in managing children in whom conservative management by CIC has failed.
Good-Enough Language Processing: Evidence from Sentence-Video Matching

This paper investigates how detailed a linguistic representation is formed for descriptions of visual events. In two experiments, participants watched captioned videos and decided whether the captions accurately described the videos. In both experiments, videos depicted geometric shapes moving around the screen. In the first experiment, all of the captions were active sentences, and in the second experiment, half of the captions were active and half were passive. Results of these experiments indicate that participants who only encountered active sentences performed less detailed analyses of the sentences than participants who encountered both active and passive sentences, suggesting that the level of linguistic detail encoded reflects the complexity of the task that participants have to perform. These results are consistent with “good enough” models of language processing in which people process sentences heuristically or syntactically depending on the nature of the task they must perform.
Variations on the switched-oscillator theme

This paper extends the design options for switched oscillators. The oscillator length is increased for a given frequency, up to a full wavelength for the differential version. Multiax cable topology is fundamental to these extensions.
Primary Teacher Conceptions of Giftedness: Image, Evidence, and Nonevidence:

This qualitative multisite single case study is designed to explore the conception of giftedness held by four experienced teachers. These teachers were from three school districts piloting the Early Assessment for Exceptional Potential portfolio assessment model (Shaklee, Barbour, Ambrose, Viechnicki, & Rohrer, 1991). Teacher interviews triangulated by multiple secondary sources were analyzed to answer the research question guiding the study: How do primary teachers conceptualize giftedness in young children!Findings revealed that the four teachers shared a similar image of giftedness. This conception had two dimensions: classroom performance and affective style of the students. Teachers assessed children developmentally against their peers for extremely unusual intellectual and/or academic ability as demonstrated by what children said and did, and a “spark, ” or qualitative difference in these children characterized by intensity, high visibility, and/or uniqueness. Four strands of evidence created the te...
Winter and early spring microclimate within a mid-elevation conifer forest canopy

Abstract Although micrometeorological data are available for numerous low-elevation locations, data from mid- and upper-elevational sites on mountains are sparse. As part of a study on winter water relations in conifers, we instrumented forested sites at two elevations (640 and 715 m) on Mt. Ascutney, Vermont, USA to gain information on the within-canopy micrometeorology of the forest and possibly support or refute hypotheses about factors controlling trees growing at the edges of their elevational range. Here, we report on micrometeorological data collected within the canopy at two middle elevation sites in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Mean air temperatures were generally colder at the higher elevation site than the lower site in any given month of the study. Smaller standard deviations in soil temperatures compared to air temperatures suggest that soil temperatures were significantly damped relative to air temperatures. The adiabatic lapse rate between a nearby low-elevation monitoring station and each study site was roughly half of published annual values for the region. Relatively moderate wind speeds suggest strong damping effects by the forest canopy. Solar radiation maxima suggest that even in a closed-canopy, strong solar radiation can penetrate small areas.
Structural aspects of ovine α1-glycoprotein, an inhibition of Newcastle disease virus

Abstract 1. 1. A well-defined model system for the study of glycoprotein inhibition of viral infectivity was obtained by purification of ovine α 1 -glycoprotein and examination of its inhibitory properties against Newcastle disease virus. The activity of the virus was measured by viral hemagglutination assays and by the quantitative plaque-reduction test modified to observe viral infection of chicken fibroblasts. 2. 2. The glycoprotein was extensively purified by ion-exchange and calcium phosphate-gel chromatography. The purified-protein exhibited homogeneity in ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis experiments. The s ° 20, w value for the protein was 3.0; the diffusion coefficient was 6.73·10 −7 cm 2 /sec; the molecular weight calculated from sedimentation velocity measurements was 34000. The terminal sequence for some of the oligosaccharide chains of ovine α 1 -glycoprotein are postulated to be sialic acid linked to galactose which in turn is linked to N -acetyglucosamine. 3. 3. Inhibition of the hemagglutinating properties of Newcastle disease virus by ovine α-glycoprotein was clearly demonstrated and the denaturing effect of heat upon the inhibitor produced nearly complete destruction of inhibitory activity. Plaque-reduction tests demonstrated inhibition of viral infectivity by ovine α- 1 -glycoprotein when compared to bovine serum albumin and balanced salt solution controls. Neuraminidase digestion of ovine α 1 -glycoprotein released 74–77% of the sialic acid from the native protein. The partially-desialized glycoprotein was 10% less active than native α 1 -glycoprotein as inhibitor of viral infectivity as measured by the plaque-reduction assay.
Papillary cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: a curable pancreatic tumor.

Pancreatic neoplasms are common and a leading cause of death from malignant disease. Their aggressiveness as well as the poor results of treatment has led to a somewhat nihilistic attitude in their surgical management with an emphasis on palliation rather than cure. Papillary cystic neoplasm of the pancreas, although rare, is frequently confused with more malignant tumors which are less successfully treated by pancreatic resection. This neoplasm arises from ductular epithelium, usually occurs in young women, and often remains asymptomatic until it becomes manifest as an abdominal mass or by a complication, e.g., rupture, hemorrhage, or secondary infection. Because of lack of familiarity with the tumor as well as its unusual presentation, the diagnosis is infrequently made at the initial operation. Our experience with 3 young females with papillary cystic neoplasms of the pancreas is reported. Included is a review of the literature indicating the unique characteristics of the tumor. Although locally invasive, these tumors appear to have limited malignant potential and rarely metastasize. An aggressive surgical approach seems fully justified.
Has bank consolidation in Korea lessened competition

Abstract This paper examines market concentration and competition in the Korean commercial banking market for the period of 1992–2004. While market concentration decreased due to financial regulation before the Asian financial crisis, the Korean banking industry has become increasingly concentrated in the process of restructuring and consolidation since the crisis. Contrary to a growing concern over market power in Korean banking, this study finds that increased concentration has not lessened competition. The H statistic of the Panzar–Rosse model indicates that the Korean commercial banking market was monopolistically competitive during the pre-crisis period and the post-crisis period with temporary deviation to the level of perfect competition during the crisis period.
The safety of reusing injectable collagen: a multicenter microbiological study.

We have previously reported pilot data regarding the safety of saving partially used syringes of a glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen for use in subsequent treatment sessions with the same individual. That single institution study involved 56 partially used syringes cultured for aerobic bacteria. Only one weakly positive culture was detected among these 56 samples, which prompted us to carry out this expanded study involving multiple centers and different injection techniques. Samples were collected from four centers. Following periurethral injection in an office setting, 166 partially used syringes of glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen were refrigerated for between 1 and 104 weeks (average 58). Material from all 166 syringes was then cultured qualitatively and quantitatively for both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Collagen from one syringe grew >100 000 colonies of Escherichia coli. All other cultures were negative. In the pilot study, one culture of 56 syringes was weakly positive for coagulase-negative staphylococcus. When the results from both studies were considered together, only two of 222 partially used syringes (0.9%) were contaminated. The background risk of local infection associated with periurethral collagen injection is approximately 0.29%. Using the statistical equation ‘number needed to harm’, we found that a clinician would have to reuse 111 syringes at a saving of $34,965 before he or she would cause a single local injection by so doing. Therefore, we feel that it may be cose-effective and safe to reinject material from a partially used syringe of glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen during a subsequent treatment session on an individual.
A parametric bootstrap approach for ANOVA with unequal variances: Fixed and random models

This article is about testing the equality of several normal means when the variances are unknown and arbitrary, i.e., the set up of the one-way ANOVA. Even though several tests are available in the literature, none of them perform well in terms of Type I error probability under various sample size and parameter combinations. In fact, Type I errors can be highly inflated for some of the commonly used tests; a serious issue that appears to have been overlooked. We propose a parametric bootstrap (PB) approach and compare it with three existing location-scale invariant tests-the Welch test, the James test and the generalized F (GF) test. The Type I error rates and powers of the tests are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Our studies show that the PB test is the best among the four tests with respect to Type I error rates. The PB test performs very satisfactorily even for small samples while the Welch test and the GF test exhibit poor Type I error properties when the sample sizes are small and/or the number of means to be compared is moderate to large. The James test performs better than the Welch test and the GF test. It is also noted that the same tests can be used to test the significance of the random effect variance component in a one-way random model under unequal error variances. Such models are widely used to analyze data from inter-laboratory studies. The methods are illustrated using some examples.
Detecting powder mixture segregation for multicomponent mixtures

Abstract Rollins et al. (1995, Powder Technol. 84 , 277–282), showed the superiority of the analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) over the mixing index approach in the detection of segregation in binary powder mixtures. In industry, a common problem is determinating the level of segregation in a multicomponent mixture. This article compares the performance of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) technique to that of multivariate indices. Using a Monte-Carlo simulation study, the techniques performances are evaluated for varying levels of segregation, between species (intra) correlation, level of measurement error and level of test significance.
Selection of attenuated poliovirus from virulent suspensions by heating in aluminum chloride.

Abstract A procedure is described for rapidly selecting attenuated mutants of poliovirus. Virulent type 1 poliovirus (d+, T+, A+, Aa+) was heated at 50° in 10 mM AlCl3 which inactivated 99.99% of the virus population. The survivors were passed in monkey kidney cultures, and resultant harvests were processed by similar Al-heat treatment. After three such passages, the line became thermostable in the presence of Al ions and at the same time became considerably attenuated for monkeys. After ten such passages the progeny was still attenuated for monkeys, and both the T+ and A+ markers had changed to T− and A−. The eleventh passage was derived from survivors heated in 100 mM Al+++, and the next four passages were carried out with the virus at each passage subjected to heat treatment in 10 mM Al+++. By the fifteenth passage as much as 108 PFU failed to produce disease when inoculated directly into the brains of monkeys. However, four passages of the attenuated variant without the Al-heat treatment, yielded a population that was highly neurovirulent for monkeys and now possessed d+, T+, A−, and Aa+ markers. By Al-heat treatment neurovirulent particles which arise in passage are placed at a selective disadvantage, and thus A− attenuated strains can be maintained essentially free of virulent particles.
Sensor-fused detection of explosive hazards

Forward-looking ground-penetrating radar (FLGPR) has received a significant amount of attention for use in explosive hazards detection. A drawback to FLGPR is that it is sensitive to not only explosive hazards but also to benign objects, which results in an excessive number of false detections. This paper presents our analysis of the explosive hazards detection system developed by Planning Systems Inc (PSI). The PSI system combines FLGPR with an infrared (IR) camera. We present an FLGPR target detection algorithm that leverages the multiple observations aspect of FLGPR. The FLGPR target detections are then projected into the IR imagery. A Mahalanobis-metric classifier is then used to reduce the number of false detections. We show that our proposed FLGPR target detection algorithm, coupled with our IR-based false alarm reduction method, is effective at detecting explosive hazards while reducing the number of false alarms.