cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Midline Extraperitoneal Approach for Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Testicular Germ Cell Tumor

Introduction Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for the treatment of testicular germ cell tumor is technically difficult and associated with significant morbidity. We postulated that a novel midline extraperitoneal (EP) approach might minimize the morbidity. Technical Considerations We describe a midline extraperitoneal approach in detail. The operative time, estimated blood loss, lymph node yield, return of bowel function, length of stay, and postoperative complications were retrospectively reviewed. From April 2010 to May 2011, 12 consecutive patients underwent EP-RPLND at 2 tertiary centers by a single surgeon, including 5 primary and 7 postchemotherapy RPLNDs. The clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared with those from a matched cohort of transperitoneal-RPLND patients. Results The median follow-up was 173 and 201 days in the EP and transperitoneal groups, respectively. The EP group had a shorter mean operative time of 292 versus 337 minutes (P = .02) and lower estimated blood loss of 305 versus 575 mL (P = .05). More lymph nodes were retrieved in the EP group (44 vs 27 nodes, P = .0006). Finally, an earlier return of bowel function (1.7 vs 2.9 days, P = .0001) and a shorter median length of stay (3.3 vs 5.3 days, P = .0001) was seen in the EP group. Conclusion EP-RPLND can be performed safely without prolonged operative times or compromised lymph node retrieval, even in the postchemotherapy setting, and is associated with a faster return of bowel function and shortened length of stay.
Rural industrialization and community action: New plant locations among Missouri's small towns

Abstract Small communities in Missouri can influence their attractiveness for new manufacturing plants, according to this study of new plant locations during 1972 through 1974 among Missouri towns of less than 5,000 population. Major location factors subject to community control include sewer capacity, zoning, general aviation airports, vocational‐technical schools, fire protection, and an active industrial development organization.
Duloxetine: A balanced and selective norepinephrine- and serotonin-reuptake inhibitor

Purpose. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, drug interactions, dosage and administration, cost, and place in therapy of duloxetine for major depression, pain from diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and stress urinary incontinence are reviewed. Summary. Duloxetine is a balanced selective serotonin and norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor available in the United States for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP). Duloxetine has also been used for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Absorption of duloxetine begins two hours after oral administration, reaching a maximum plasma concentration in six hours. Half-life and volume of distribution are 12 hours and 1640 L, respectively. The recommended dosage of duloxetine is 40–80 mg daily, depending on the indication, preferably split into two doses per day. For the treatment of major depression, duloxetine has achieved remission rates similar to that of existing selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). For SUI and pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, duloxetine has not demonstrated equivalence or superiority to existing therapies. The adverse effects of duloxetine are similar to those of traditional SSRIs. Nausea is common and has been cited as the primary reason for discontinuation of duloxetine in trials. Increases in blood pressure have been mild, but caution should be used in patients with hypertension. Patients with a creatinine clearance of <30 mL/min and patients with hepatic impairment should avoid duloxetine. Duloxetine should not be recommended as first-line therapy for SUI or DPNP. For MDD, duloxetine may be a useful alternative for patients who do not benefit from or are unable to tolerate other antidepressant therapy. Conclusion. Duloxetine has been approved for the treatment of MDD and pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in adults.
Catalytic partial oxidation of higher hydrocarbons at millisecond contact times: decane, hexadecane, and diesel fuel

Abstract The catalytic partial oxidation of n-decane and n-hexadecane with air over a Rh-coated monolith produces synthesis gas (H2 and CO) in selectivities exceeding 80%, with > 99% conversion of fuels and 100% conversion of oxygen at catalyst contact times from 5 to 25 ms. The high boiling hydrocarbons were delivered as liquids using an automotive fuel injector into a heated chamber where they vaporized in the presence of air. This system creates temperature and concentration gradients that allow safe mixing of fuel with air at temperatures above the autoignition of the fuel. Fuel-rich feeds beyond the syngas ratio produced olefins with selectivities as high as 80% in the case of n-hexadecane. The distribution of these olefins goes from primarily ethylene to large α-olefins as oxygen feed is decreased. Partial oxidation of low sulfur diesel fuel was also carried out successfully, producing synthesis gas at > 98% fuel conversion with several hours of stable operation.
Digital Convergence and its Consequences

AbstractThe concept of convergence has been bandied about for at least 25 years. Initially, concepts of convergence conflated technological integration of print, telecommunications and broadcasting systems with firm-level integration of publishers, telephone companies, cable TV operators, and broadcasters. Ithiel de Sola Pool’s (1983) concept of a single integrated common carrier that met all media needs exemplified the prevailing vision. This paper conducts a broad historical survey of the market structure of media and telecommunications industries from the analogue era of the 1940s to the late-1990s. Its chief premise is that convergence is driven by the declining cost of information processing power, and by the development of open standards. The chief effect of this upon market structure is not to encourage consolidation and vertical integration but rather to break up the media market into more or less specialised horizontal components (content, conveyance, packaging of services, software, and terminal...
Risk factors for colon cancer in 150,912 postmenopausal women

Background Prospective data from the Women’s Health Initiative were analyzed to evaluate more than 800 possible risk factors for an association with colon cancer in postmenopausal women.
Health care-associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Neonates represent a unique and highly vulnerable patient population. Advances in medical technology that have occurred over the last few decades have improved the survival and quality of life for neonates, particularly those infants born with extreme prematurity or with congenital defects. Although immunologic immaturity and altered cutaneous barriers play some role in the vulnerability of neonates to nosocomial infections, clearly, therapeutic interventions that have proven to be lifesaving for these fragile infants also appear to be associated with the majority of infectious complications resulting in neonatal morbidity and mortality. Rates of infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) have varied from 6% to 40% of neonatal patients, with the highest rates in those facilities having larger proportions of very low-birth-weight infants (birthweight ≤1000 grams) or neonates requiring surgery. Efforts to protect the vulnerable NICU infants include the following: (1) optimal infection control practices, especially good hand hygiene and good nursery design; (2) prudent use of invasive interventions with particular attention to early removal of invasive devices after they are no longer essential; and (3) judicious use of antimicrobial agents, with an emphasis on targeted (narrow spectrum) rather than broad-spectrum antibiotics and appropriate indications (proven or suspected bacterial infections).
1,3-Di-1-adamantylimidazolium (phthalocyaninato)lithium(I) acetone hemisolvate monohydrate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C23H33N2)[Li(C32H16N8)]·0.5C3H6O·H2O, consists of two symmetry-unrelated lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc−) half-anions, centered at (1,0,0) and (0,{\script{1\over 2}},0), respectively, the bis­(adamant­yl)imidazolium cation (BAI+), occupying a general site, an acetone mol­ecule, disordered about the inversion centre at (0, {\script{1\over 2}}, {\script{1\over 2}}) and a water mol­ecule at a general site. The LiPc− anions pack in a stepped pattern enclosing the bis­(adamant­yl)imidazolium cation. Attractions between the anion and cation are mediated by a water mol­ecule which forms O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In addition, two C—H⋯O interactions are seen.
Catalytic Mechanism and Specificity for Hydrolysis and Transglycosylation Reactions of Cytosolic β-Glucosidase from Guinea Pig Liver

Cytosolic β-glucosidase (CBG) from mammalian liver is known for its broad substrate specificity and has been implicated in the transformation of xenobiotic glycosides. CBG also catalyzes a variety of transglycosylation reactions, which have been been shown with other glycosylhydrolases to function in synthetic and genetic regulatory pathways. We investigated the catalytic mechanism, substrate specificity, and transglycosylation acceptor specificity of guinea pig liver CBG by several methods. These studies indicate that CBG employs a two-step catalytic mechanism with the formation of a covalent enzyme-sugar intermediate and that CBG will transfer sugar residues to primary hydroxyls and equatorial but not axial C-4 hydroxyls of aldopyranosyl sugars. Kinetic studies revealed that correction for transglycosylation reactions is necessary to derive correct kinetic parameters for CBG. Further analyses revealed that for aldopyranosyl substrates, the activation energy barrier is affected most by the presence of a C-6 carbon and by the configuration of the C-2 hydroxyl, whereas the binding energy is affected modestly by the configuration and substituents at C-2, C-4, and C-5. These data indicate that the transglycosylation activity of CBG derives from the formation of a covalently linked enzyme-sugar intermediate and that the specificity of CBG for transglycosylation reactions is different from its specificity for hydrolysis reactions.
Researching Rock n' Roll: A Guide to Reference Sources

The history of rock n' roll music as a distinctive form is usually traced to the mid‐1950s with the emerging popularity of Bill Haley and the Comets and Elvis Presley. A decade was to elapse, however, before the beginnings of a serious literature of rock, with the appearance of Maury Dean's The Rock Revolution (Edmore Books, 1966). So painfully slow was the acceptance of the new subject that it took until 1972 for the entry “rock music” to be first used in the Cumulative Book Index.
Moral Judgment Development of Freshmen and Their Precollege Experiences.

This study examines the relationship between precollege experiences and moral judgment development of freshman students. The sample consisted of 767 freshmen at the University of Minnesota (Twin Cities). Freshmen with low Principled Morality scores compared to those with high scores had lower mean Contemporary-Cultural, Artistic, Literary, and Academic-Conceptual Precollege Experience scores. Females had higher mean Contemporary-Cultural, Artistic, and Literary Precollege Experience scores. Males had a higher mean Jobs Precollege Experience score. For males, the Literary measure had the highest correlation with Principled Morality scores, while for females, the Artistic measure had the highest correlation.
Angularly-Polished Optical Fiber Tips

A technique was developed to polish the tips of standard communication optical fibers at angles ranging from 35 to 55. This study was initiated to determine the feasibility of making right-angle fiber optic (elbow) connectors. The process used to polish the fiber ends at various angles and the experiments performed to characterize the light output will be discussed. A simple ray-optic computer model was used to analyze the measured light output profiles from the polished ends. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Seemingly Unrelated Regressions with Error Components

In several instances in economics, one is confronted with estimating a set of equations. This could be a set of demand equations across different sectors, industries, or regions.
Functional toxicology: tools to advance the future of toxicity testing

The increased presence of chemical contaminants in the environment is an undeniable concern to human health and ecosystems. Historically, by relying heavily upon costly and laborious animal-based toxicity assays, the field of toxicology has often neglected examinations of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity for the majority of compounds – information that, if available, would strengthen risk assessment analyses. Functional toxicology, where cells or organisms with gene deletions or depleted proteins are used to assess genetic requirements for chemical tolerance, can advance the field of toxicity testing by contributing data regarding chemical mechanisms of toxicity. Functional toxicology can be accomplished using available genetic tools in yeasts, other fungi and bacteria, and eukaryotes of increased complexity, including zebrafish, fruit flies, rodents, and human cell lines. Underscored is the value of using less complex systems such as yeasts to direct further studies in more complex systems such as human cell lines. Functional techniques can yield (1) novel insights into chemical toxicity; (2) pathways and mechanisms deserving of further study; and (3) candidate human toxicant susceptibility or resistance genes.
TRENDS AMONG THE YOUNG: POLITICAL ISSUES AND IDENTIFICATIONS, 1972–1991

This research uses NORC surveys from 1972 to 1991 to examine changes in political party identifications, liberalism-conservatism identifications, and issue stands among citizens in the 20–29 age category. During this time, young people became more likely to label themselves as Republicans and as conservatives. Young people remained fairly stable in their views on certain issues (e.g., political tolerance, social welfare), but they became more conservative on some issues—especially crime issues. At the same time, they became more liberal on racial and sexual equality issues. Party identifications have not become more linked to issue stands, but the linkage between party identification and presidential voting became stronger from 1972 to 1991 among the young.
Multidimensional inverse problems and completeness of the products of solutions to PDE

A method is given for proving uniqueness theorems for some inverse problems. The method is based on a result on completeness of the products of solutions to PDE. As an example, the following uniqueness theorems are proved: (1) the scattering amplitude A(θ′, θ, k) known for all θ′, θ ϵ S2 and a fixed k > 0 determines the compactly supported q(x) ϵ L2(D) uniquely; (2) the surface data u(x, y, k) known for all x, y ϵ P:= {x:x3 = 0} and a fixed k > 0 determine the compactly supported ν(x) ϵ L2(D), D ⊂ R−3:= {x:x3 0 is arbitrarily small; determine aj(x), j = 1, 2, uniquely. Here ▽2u + k2u + k2a1x) + ▽ · (a2(x) ▽u) = −δ(x − y) in R3, a1 ϵ L2(D), a2 ϵ H2(D); the same conclusion holds if the surface data are known at two distinct frequencies. (4) The surface data u(x, y, k) known for all x, y ϵ P and all k > 0 determine v(x) and h(k) uniquely. Here [▽2 + k2 + k2ν(x)] u = −δ(x − y) h(k), ν(x) ϵ L2(D), h(k) is Fourier transform of a wavelet of compact support; (5) the conductivity σ(x)ϵ W2,2(D), σ(x) ⩾ c > 0, is uniquely determined by the measurements of u and σuN on ∂D. Here N is the outward normal to ∂D, D ⊂ R3 is a bounded domain with a smooth boundary ∂D, ▽ · (σ(x) ▽u) = 0 in D. (6) Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a function A(θ′, θ, k), θ′, θ ϵ S2, k > 0 is fixed, to be the scattering amplitude corresponding to a local potential from a certain class.
Search for evidence of a preferred reference frame

Some gravitation theories, in contradiction to general relativity, allow the existence of a universal preferred reference frame. Also allowed in some theories can be a galaxy-induced anisotropy of the gravitation constant. The parametrized post-Newtonian theory predicts that in these cases, there will be anomalous earth-tide amplitudes at specific frequencies. An 18-month earth-tide record obtained with the superconducting gravimeter has been examined for such anomalies. The data allow for the existence of such effects but cannot prove it because of uncertainties concerning geophysical perturbations of the tides. However, an upper limit to the preferred frame parameter of the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism is established at 0.002. The results also set a less rigorous limit on the anisotropy parameter, of the order of 0.001.
THE SYNERGISTIC SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF RADIUM FROM ALKALINE NITRATE MEDIA BY DICYCLOHEXANO-21-CROWN-7 COMBINED WITH 2-METHYL-2-HEPTYL NONANOIC ACID EQUtUBRIUM REACTIONS AND METAL ION COMPETITION∗

ABSTRACT The equilibria in the solvent extraction of radium from aqueous sodium nitrate/sodium hydroxide solutions by toluene solutions of dicyclohexano-21-crown-7 (DC21C7). 2-methyl-2-heptylnonanioc acid (HMHN). and mixtures of the two reagents are examined. The mixed reagents are synergistic in the extraction of radium and selective for radium over other alkali and alkaline earth elements. The dependencies of the extraction on pH and reagent concentration were utilized in computer modeling to estimate the stochiometry of the extracted complexes and equilibria involved the extraction. Three organic-phase species were identified in the extraction under basic (pH 11-13) conditions. With A = MHN−. B = DC21C7 and assuming NaA is a 10-fold aggregate they are. RaA2B.NaA. Log K = 3.57: RaA NaA. Log K = 0.99: and B 2NaA. Log K = − 0.41. The effect of the presence of various concentrations of sodium
Mothers' and fathers' couple and family contextual influences, parent involvement, and school-age child attachment

Increasingly couples in two-parent families share the dual responsibilities of parenting and providing for their children financially. Parenting is embedded within and shaped by specific family contexts. This study examined 92 mothers' and fathers' responses on indices of couple and family contexts, parent involvement, and child-reported attachment to each parent. The results showed some differences in mothers' and fathers' perceptions of the couple and family contexts, and mothers reported greater involvement than fathers. Their children reported similar attachment internal working models of each parent. However, father–child attachment was more closely linked to couple and family contextual variables, while mother–child attachment was more closely linked to mother involvement. Parent interview data illustrate both individual and shared perspectives of family contexts, parent involvement, and parent responses to children's attachment needs.
Finite dose diffusion studies: III. Effects of temperature, humidity and deposit manipulation on NAA penetration through isolated tomato fruit cuticles†

Effects of temperature, humidity, rewetting and removal of deposits on penetration of NAA [2-(1-naphthyl)acetic acid] through isolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruit cuticles were studied using a finite dose diffusion system. In this system, an aqueous 5-microliter droplet (0.1 mM NAA in 20 mM citric acid buffer) is applied to the outer surface of a cuticle, which is mounted in a glass diffusion half-cell. The cell wall surface is in contact with a receiver solution (20 mM citrate). Penetration is monitored by repeated sampling of the receiver solution. Droplets appeared dry on visual inspection within 1 h of application, but significant NAA penetration continued after droplet drying. Maximum rates of NAA penetration increased exponentially as temperature was increased (from 5 degrees to 35 degrees C), the energy of activation averaging 153 (+/- 11.6)kJ mol-1. At 35 degrees C, penetration reached a plateau within 10 h of application (at 91.1 (+/- 1.0)% of dose applied) while at 5 degrees C penetration after 800 h reached only 30.2 (+/- 7.5)%. Increasing relative humidity from 20 to 80% increased maximum rates [from 1.0 (+/- 0.21) to 2.7 (+/- 0.80)% h-1] and penetration at 120 h after application [from 36.8 (+/- 2.1) to 64.3 (+/- 3.7)%]. Rewetting deposits at 120, 240 and 360 h after application resulted in increased NAA penetration. However, amounts and rates of NAA penetration progressively decreased with each subsequent rewetting. Removal of deposits by cellulose acetate stripping at various times after droplet application resulted in a rapid decrease in NAA penetration. NAA penetration following deposit removal was always less than 6.1% of the amount of NAA applied and averaged 0.5 (+/- 0.2)% when deposits were removed immediately after droplet drying.
Managerial harmony: The confucian ethics of Peter F. Drucker

“Confucianism⋯ is a universal ethic in which the rules and imperatives of behavior hold for all individuals.” (Peter F. Drucker, Forbes, 1981). Peter Drucker is credited as the founder of modern American management. In his distinguished career he has written widely and authoritatively on the subject and to a large extent his work possesses a distinctive ethical tone. This paper will argue that Confucian ethics underlie much of Drucker's writing. Both Drucker and Confucius view power as the central ethical issue in human relations. They emphasize authority, leadership, legitimacy, hierarchy, interdependence and individual ethical responsibility in their analysis of human affairs. Drucker views the development of large-scale formal organizations and the concomitant rise of the managerial class as the most significant developments of the 20th century, which makes the management of interdependent roles and relationships a central ethical challenge. Confucius, and the early Confucians, understood human relationships as based upon hierarchy, interdependence and personal ethics. The paper will analyze Drucker's work in light of the early Confucian Classics (The Analects, The Mencius, The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean). Drucker, himself, considers The End of Economic Man (1939), The Future of Industrial Man (1942), Concept of the Corporation (1983), and The Essential Drucker (2001) as his most important and influential works. The paper will analyze these along with other works by Drucker as appropriate.
Erratum to “Non-invasive determination of coupled motion of the scapula and humerus—An in-vitro validation” [J. Biomech. 44(3) (2011) 408–412]

Measuring themotion of the scapula and humerus with sub-millimeter levels of accuracy in six-degreesof-freedom (6-DOF) is a challenging problem. The current methods to measure shoulder joint motion via the skin do not produce clinically significant levels of accuracy. Thus, the purpose of this study was to validate a non-invasive markerless dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) model-based tracking technique for measuring dynamic in-vivo shoulder kinematics. Our DFIS tracks the positions of bones based on their projected silhouettes to contours on recorded pairs of fluoroscopic images. For this study, we compared markerlessly tracking the bones of the scapula and humerus to track themwith implanted titanium spheres using a radiostereometric analysis (RSA) while manually manipulating a cadaver specimen’s arms. Additionally, we report the repeatability of the DFIS to track the scapula and humerus during dynamic shoulder motion. The difference between the markerless model-based tracking technique and the RSAwas 70.3 mm in translation and 70.51 in rotation. Furthermore, the repeatability of the markerless DFIS model-based tracking technique for the scapula and humerus was 70.2 mm and 70.41, respectively. The model-based tracking technique achieves an accuracy that is similar to an invasive RSA tracking technique and is highly suited for non-invasively studying the in-vivomotion of the shoulder. This technique could be used to investigate the scapular and humeral biomechanics in both healthy individuals and in patientswith various pathologies under a variety of dynamic shouldermotions encountered during the activities of daily living. & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Epicardial ventricular tachycardia

In ventricular tachycardia (VT) arising in the myocardial tissue, the site of origin may be the endocardium, mid-myocardium or epicardium. The incidence of epicardial origin varies with the underlying heart disease, and is probably not more than 20% in ischemic heart disease and higher in non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. Percutaneous subxiphoid access to the pericardial space has enabled a non-surgical approach to catheter mapping and ablation of epicardial VT. Several algorithms are available for electrocardiographic recognition of epicardial origin. Idiopathic epicardial VTs are rare but may be curable by catheter ablation. The electrophysiologic principles guiding the mapping and ablation of epicardial VTs are similar to those used for endocardial VTs, but the biophysics of energy delivery may be different. Complications of the epicardial approach are also different from those of endocardial ablation, and specific precautions have to be taken to protect the coronary arteries and phrenic nerves and to avoid pericardial tamponade.
MOAC II user evaluation: Making museum content useful

Museums and the Online Archive of California II User Evaluation (MOAC II) examines digital museum content for use in education and research. MOAC II is an advancement of MOAC (1998-present), a major collaboration involving integration of collection descriptions and images. The evaluation targets four user constituencies: K-12 teachers, university students, academics in the humanities and social sciences, and museum professionals, librarians and archivists. MOAC II examines why users use digital museum objects, what users need to understand about museum objects as sources of information and evidence, and how digital museum objects might be used to enhance classroom teaching at K-12, undergraduate, and graduate levels. MOAC II collaborators will report on progress made in the first year of this collaborative research project.
Characteristics of magnetic fluctuations within coronal mass ejections: The January 1997 event

We determine the geometry of the fluctuations of the magnetic field at frequencies just above the proton gyrofrequency for the January 10, 1997 CME and the magnetic cloud within. The transverse magnetic fluctuations represent a greater fraction of the magnetic energy than is the case in the typical undisturbed solar wind. The break in the power spectrum that is associated with the the onset of magnetic dissipation falls within the frequency range of interest. The fluctuation geometry is markedly different above and below the spectral break frequency. The inertial range geometry remains unchanged in the cloud with only ∼30% of the energy associated with field-aligned wave vectors. The dissipation range wave vectors are highly oblique to the mean magnetic field B with up to 96% of the energy associated with oblique wave vectors.
Abstract algebra for high school teachers: an experiment with learning groups

We consider a different classroom approach to teaching abstract algebra for prospective high school teachers by breaking the class up into small groups, providing them with worksheets which organize the material into problem sets that can be solved by these groups. We report on the result of this approach in a particular classroom setting.
ROSAT and ASCA Observations of W50 Associated with the Peculiar Source SS 433

We report the observations of the X-ray lobes of the large Galactic source W50 associated with the two-sided jets source SS 433. The observations were made with the Position Sensitive Proportional Counter on board ROSAT. The eastern lobe has a knotty structure, with X-ray emission starting at ~15' from SS 433 and peaking at ~35'. Both thermal bremsstrahlung spectra with high temperatures (≥5 keV), as well as power-law spectra with flat photon index (Γ ~ 1-2), gave adequate fits. With ROSAT, we also detected an additional soft X-ray emission from the eastern lobe, at ~1° east of SS 433 and coincident with the radio "ear." This region is associated with the terminal shock of the SS 433 jets. The western lobe has a similar morphology; however, the spectrum is softer, and no emission was found coincident with the western radio "ear." We also report the observations of W50 with the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA), and combine the ROSAT and the ASCA data for a wide coverage of the spectra in the 0.1-10 keV energy range. We find that the spectrum from the brightest region (at ~35' from SS 433) requires an additional component to account for an excess of photons in the 1-3 keV band. The total X-ray luminosity from both lobes is ~1035-1036D25.5 ergs s-1. We discuss the origin of the X-rays in the model of emission from the supersonic jets of SS 433 interacting with the ambient medium, accelerating particles to very high energies, and producing a cocoon of "hot" shocked material. We present our interpretation in light of the correlation of X-ray emission with the map of W50 at other wavelengths.
Copper crystal lens for medical imaging: first results

A copper crystal lens designed to focus gamma ray energies of 100 to 200 keV has been assembled at Argonne National Laboratory. In particular, the lens has been optimized to focus the 140.6 keV gamma rays from technetium-99 m typically used in radioactive tracers. This new approach to medical imaging relies on crystal diffraction to focus incoming gamma rays in a manner similar to a simple convex lens focusing visible light. The lens is envisioned to be part of an array of lenses that can be used as a complementary technique to gamma cameras for localized scans of suspected tumor regions in the body. In addition, a 2- lens array can be used to scan a woman's breast in search of tumors with no discomfort to the patient. The incoming gamma rays are diffracted by a set of 828 copper crystal cubes arranged in 13 concentric rings, which focus the gamma rays into a very small area on a well-shielded NaI detector. Experiments performance with technetium-99 m and cobalt 57 radioactive sources indicate that a 6-lens array should be capable of detecting sources with (mu) Ci strength.
Building Force Fields: An Automatic, Systematic, and Reproducible Approach

The development of accurate molecular mechanics force fields is a significant challenge that must be addressed for the continued success of molecular simulation. We developed the ForceBalance method to automatically derive accurate force field parameters using flexible combinations of experimental and theoretical reference data. The method is demonstrated in the parametrization of two rigid water models, yielding new parameter sets (TIP3P-FB and TIP4P-FB) that accurately describe many physical properties of water.
Identification of N-acetylglucosaminyltranferase-IV as a modifier of Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 activity

Epstein-Barr virus is a prevalent human herpesvirus, with about 95% of the world’s adult population positive for anti-EBV antigen antibodies. After the initial infection and production of new virus particles, the virus may enter a latent state within a subset of cells, and therefore can remain within the host indefinitely. Epstein-Barr virus contributes to a variety of diseases, including many types of cancers. We have created a model system in Drosophila melanogaster to study the effect of expression of the Epstein-Barr virus protein BZLF1, and to identify cellular proteins that mediate BZLF1 activity. Here we present the results of a genetic screen that determined that the Drosophila melanogaster CG9384 gene (an N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase) is a significant modulator of BZLF1 activity and EBV early lytic replication.
Electronic states on a Penrose lattice.

We define a hopping Hamiltonian for independent electrons on a two-dimensional quasiperiodic Penrose lattice. This problem is then investigated numerically, up to systems of 3126 sites, and for various boundary conditions. We find the following results for the density of states: (1) There is a central peak of zero width at zero energy, consisting of about 10% of the total number of states. (2) These states are strictly localized; we calculate the wave functions explicitly. (3) The remainder of the states lie in two bands, symmetric about zero energy, separated from the localized states by a finite gap ${E}_{0}$.
NATIONAL AND RETAIL ADVERTISING: THEIR EFFECTS ON COMPETITION

There are two basic theoretical views of how advertising affects competition. One school of thought suggests that advertising decreases competition. Kaldor (1950) argued that through economies of scale in advertising, advertising increases market concentration. Also, Bain (1956) suggested that advertising causes strong product differentiation and brand loyalty, which are barriers to entry and will lead to higher concentration.
Algorithms on circular‐arc graphs

Consider a finite family of non-empty sets. The intersection graph of this family is obtained by representing each set by a vertex, two vertices being connected by an edge if and only if the corresponding sets intersect. The intersection graph of a family of arcs on a circularly ordered set is called a circular-arc graph. In this paper we give a characterization of the circular-arc graph and we describe efficient algorithms for recognizing two subclasses. Also, we describe efficient algorithms for finding a maximum independent set, a minimum covering by cliques and a maximum clique of a circular-arc graph.
A deficit in one-trial context fear conditioning is not due to opioid analgesia

Abstract Rats given a foot shock immediately after placement in a box subsequently freeze (immobility) much less in that box than rats given the same shock 2 min after placement. A possible explanation of this result is that these two procedures might induce different levels of opioid analgesia at the time of shock. Opioids might be present immediately after handling, transporting, and exposure to a new situation, but absent 2 min later. Two experiments examined this possibility by giving the opioid antagonist naloxone before conditioning (Experiment 1) or before conditioning and testing (Experiment 2). There was no effect of naloxone relative to saline controls. The results do not support the analgesia hypothesis. Experiment 2 precludes a state-dependent learning account of the results.
The permanent electric dipole moments of WN and ReN and nuclear quadrupole interaction in ReN

The high-resolution laser induced fluorescence spectra of tungsten mononitride WN and rhenium mononitride ReN have been recorded in a laser ablation/molecular beam spectrometer. The field free spectrum of the (0,0)A 4Π3/2-X 4Σ1/2− band system of 186WN has been analyzed to produce B″, B′, and γ″ values of 0.4659(2), 0.4554(2), and 0.0518(1) cm−1, respectively. The permanent electric dipole moments μ for the X 4Σ1/2− and A 4Π3/2 state were determined to be 3.77(18) and 2.45(3) D, respectively, from the analysis of the optical Stark effect. The (0,0)[26.0]0+-X0+ band system of ReN was recorded in the presence of a variable static electric field. The ground and excited state electric dipole moments of 187ReN were determined to be μ(X0+)=1.96(8) D and μ([26.0]0+)=3.53(4) D. Splittings in the field free 187ReN spectrum were analyzed to produce 187Re (I=5/2) nuclear electric quadrupole coupling constants e2Qq0 of −0.0304(8) and 0.0328(9) cm−1 for the X0+ and [26.0]0+ states, respectively. A molecular orbital cor...
Beryllium-10 dating of the duration and retreat of the last pinedale glacial sequence

Accurate terrestrial glacial chronologies are needed for comparison with the marine record to establish the dynamics of global climate change during transitions from glacial to interglacial regimes. Cosmogenic beryllium-10 measurements in the Wind River Range indicate that the last glacial maximum (marine oxygen isotope stage 2) was achieved there by 21,700 ± 700 beryllium-10 years and lasted 5900 years. Ages of a sequence of recessional moraines and striated bedrock surfaces show that the initial deglaciation was rapid and that the entire glacial system retreated 33 kilometers to the cirque basin by 12,100 ± 500 beryllium-10 years.
Technology Mapping for Hot-Carrier Reliability Enhancement*

As semiconductor devices enter the deep sub-micron era, reliability has become a major issue and challenge in VLSI design. Among all the failure mechanisms, hot-carrier effect is one of those which have the most significant impact on the long-term reliability of high-density VLSI circuits. In this paper, we address the problem of minimizing hot-carrier effect during the technology mapping stage of VLSI logic synthesis. We first present a logic-level hot-carrier model, and then, based on this model, we propose a technology mapping algorithm for hot-carrier effect minimization. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in the framework of the Berkeley logic optimization package SIS. Our results show that an average of 29. 1% decrease in hot-carrier effect can be achieved by carefully choosing logic gates from cell libraries to implement given logic functions for a set of benchmarks. It has also been observed that the best design for hot-carrier effect minimization does not necessarily coincide with the best design for low power, which has long been considered as a rough measure for VLSI reliability.
From Telematics to Web-Based: The Progression of Distance Education in Newfoundland and Labrador

Introduction The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is located on the east coast of Canada. The province, which has both an island and mainland portions with a total area of 505 066 square kilometres, has a population of approximately 550 000 people. With about 60% of the population living within a 150-kilometre radius of the capital region, the remainder of the province is sparsely populated. The majority of the roughly 300 schools are located in these rural communities. Approximately one-third of which have been determined as necessarily existent (ie, when a school is located so far from another school that it makes bussing the students impossible because of the distance).
Sequence-specific DNA sensing based on silicon nanowires

Highly sensitive, sequence-specific and label-free DNA sensors were demonstrated by monitoring the electronic conductance of silicon nanowires with chemically bonded single stranded (ss) DNA or peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe molecules. For a 12-mer oligonucleotide, tens of pM of target ss-DNA in solution was recognized when the complementary DNA oligonucleotide probe was attached to the SiNW surfaces. In contrast, ss-DNA samples of 1000x concentration with single base mismatch only produce a weak signal due to nonspecific binding.
Cats develop tolerance to d-amphetamine's effects upon locomotion and stereotyped behaviors.

Administration of d-amphetamine sulfate (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) twice daily to cats produces an initial large increase in both locomotion and behavioral stereotypy. As this regimen continues beyond three days, however, both measures show large significant decreases. We hypothesize that this tolerance to the behavioral effects of amphetamine is attributable to the concomitant decrease (approx. 70%) in presynaptic stores of dopamine and norepinephrine.
Mobilization, Participatory Planning Institutions, and Elite Capture: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Rural Kenya

Summary This paper examines the linkage between mobilization and elite capture in participatory institutions using a randomized experiment in Kenya. In the treatment group, an environmental organization mobilized individuals to attend a participatory local government planning meeting. Mobilization had a large and significant effect on citizen participation. Despite this effect, mobilization did not lead to increased adoption of either the organization’s preferred projects or the projects requested by citizens. Instead, the intervention changes the type of discrepancies observed in final allocations, indicating that elite control over planning institutions can adapt to increased mobilization and participation.
Effects of Enrichment with Salicylate on Bacterial Selection and PAH Mineralization in a Microbial Community from a Bioreactor Treating Contaminated Soil

We investigated enrichment with salicylate as a method to stimulate the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a microbial community from a bioreactor treating PAH-contaminated soil. DNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP) was used to compare the effect of alternate methods of salicylate addition (spike vs slow, continuous addition) on the diversity of the enriched microbial community. After identification of salicylate degraders by SIP, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) primers were developed to quantify the abundances of three groups containing salicylate-utilizing organisms in the bioreactor community before and after enrichment. The different methods of salicylate addition were found to select for different microbial communities. Two groups containing salicylate-degrading bacteria increased in abundance substantially after enrichment by continuous addition of salicylate but did not increase in abundance in response to the spike addition, whereas a third group increased in abundance i...
Data communications system for the APL user

The conversion of a data-communications network providing APL service to low-speed terminals from TDM technology to packet switching is described. The current operation of the network, and the problems involved, are discussed.
Feasibility of a Container-on-Barge Network Along the Texas Gulf Coast:

Freight volumes in Texas and throughout the world have been increasing as a result of growing national economies and international trade. The use of intermodal containers to transport this freight presents the opportunity for a more efficient transportation system. Using barges to carry containers could diminish roadway congestion, reduce fuel consumption and emissions, increase shipper options, and expand the reach of smaller ports. Although a number of benefits could be realized from container-on-barge (COB) service, the feasibility of a COB network along the Texas Gulf Coast remains less clear. At present, the likelihood of a COB network is slight because the hindrances are daunting: the lack of infrastructure and equipment; inadequate distribution of population along the Texas Gulf Coast; only a few navigable inland waterways, with none serving a major population center outside Houston; transport times that are incompatible with many manufacturers' needs; a history of failed attempts for COB companies; intense competition from railways; unclear costs for serving ports without container infrastructure; and a limited number of participants due to restrictions of the Jones Act. Opportunities may exist, however, for a COB operation to exploit the substantial amount of industrial activity along the Texas Gulf Coast and the inefficiencies in the existing supply chain. Growing U.S. trade with Mexico might also offer some possibilities for COB services, but the recent trend has been toward Texas receiving a diminishing share of the value and weight of containerized commodities being moved from Mexico.
Picture-Naming Interference with Good and Poor Readers.

22 third grade children of high and low reading ability (ns = 11) were tested for their ability to name pictures while trying to ignore words or nonword strings of letters printed inside the pictures. Nonoverlapping sets of pictures and words were used as stimuli to avoid the possibility of sensitizing subjects to the particular words used in the experiment (Neisser, 1976). Both groups experienced more interference from intra-category than extra-category words, indicating that they processed the words automatically. Only the good readers experienced more interference from pseudowords than consonant strings, suggesting that poor readers are less sensitive than good readers to orthographic regularity.
Evidence for vertical movement of fluids, Gulf Coast sedimentary basin

Sediments between 10 and 15 km thick have prograded approximately 400 km into the small oceanic basin which formed along the southern margin of North America subsequent to early Mesozoic rifting. Redistribution of mass during burial diagenesis, and the chemistry of present-day formation waters in Jurassic through Pleistocene formations document local kilometer-scale, and in cases basin-scale vertical fluid transport within the sedimentary wedge. Fluid flow is in part driven by porosity reduction which takes place by both physical and chemical processes during burial. Vertical and horizontal transport also occurs as the result of thermally-and salinity-generated buoyancy effects. Input of fluids into the sedimentary wedge from the underlying crust is predicted, but not documented.
Symmetric Hyperbolic Difference Schemes and Matrix Problems

Abstract Sufficient conditions for the stability of multidimensional finite difference schemes are difficult to obtain. It is shown that for special families of amplification matrices G (A, B) a sufficient condition for power boundedness can be obtained by replacing the matrices by appropriate scalars, and so the problem is reduced to a scalar one. As one application it is shown that the Lax-Wendroff scheme in two dimensions is stable if |Au| 2 3 + |Bu| 2 3 ⩽ 1 for all real unit vectors u. The Lax- Wendroff scheme with stabilizer does not always permit such large time steps. It is conjectured that the analysis for all symmetric hyperbolic schemes can be reduced to the scalar case.
Preparations for phase I clinical trials of boron neutron capture therapy at the mit reactor and the New England Medical Center

A team of scientists, engineers and medical researchers from the New England Medical Center (NEMC) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Nuclear Reactor Laboratory have been developing Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT), a binary radiation therapy, for the treatment of refractory tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and melanoma. After 6 years of effort on several fronts, the interdisciplinary and inter-institutional research group is planning Phase I clinical trials in the near future. This paper briefly reviews the preparations at NEMC/MIT, including the various technologies and research tasks which are important or necessary for the initiation of clinical trials. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quantification and Characterization of Hyaluronic Acid inDifferent Topographical Areas of Normal Articular Cartilage from Dogs

Abstract Normal articular cartilage from adult dogs was analyzed for hyaluronate,hexuronate and hydroxyproline. The low weight-bearing areas of both tibial plateaus and femoral condyles displayed a higher collagen content and a lower proteoglycan content than the regions of maximum contact. Both superficial and deeper layers contained more hyaluronate in areas of maximum than of minimum contact. On the other hand, in each weight-bearing area, the proportion of hyaluronate relative to total proteoglycan content appeared twice as much in the superficial layers than in their corresponding underlying zones. The molecular weight and in vitro aggregating capacity of the hyaluronate molecules were however quite similar in the different topographical areas of the articular tissue.