cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Political Thirteenth Amendment

The United States Supreme Court has done little to develop the meaning of the Thirteenth Amendment. One could conclude from the Court's lack of development that the Amendment is unimportant, irrelevant, or limited to remedying the historical circumstances of chattel slavery, but it would be a mistake to interpret the lack of judicial doctrine as a lack of constitutional meaning. The political Thirteenth Amendment mandates that both its interpretation and its enforcement occur primarily through constitutional politics, not constitutional law. This essay, the conclusion to a Maryland symposium on the Thirteenth Amendment, explores the relationship between the Amendment and constitutional politics, and explains how the symposium contributes to our understanding of the political Thirteenth Amendment.
Hyperglycemia and Anthocyanin Inhibit Quercetin Metabolism in HepG2 Cells

A high glucose (Glu) milieu promotes generation of reactive oxygen species, which may not only cause cellular damage, but also modulate phase II enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism of flavonoids. Thus, we examined the effect of a high Glu milieu on quercetin (Q) metabolism in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were grown for 3 days in Glu ranging from 5.5 to 50 mmol/L and/or cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) ranging from 0 to 25 μmol/L. Subsequently, the capacity of HepG2 cells to metabolize Q was assessed for up to 16 h. Q metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Four major Q metabolites were observed in the culture medium and inside the HepG2 cells. Three of these metabolites appear to be sulfated forms of Q or methylated Q, and one was a methylated Q. These metabolites and Q itself were reduced or tended to be reduced in cells grown in a high Glu compared to a normal Glu medium. Addition of C3G or superoxide dismutase plus catalase did not prevent or enhance reduction of Q metabolites. In vitro, a hyperglycemic milieu decreases the production of the principal Q metabolites in HepG2 cells, mediated through mechanisms independent of oxidative stress.
Dynamic Spectroscopy - a Critical Tool for Developing Artificial Photosynthesis

For the development of an efficient artificial photosystem that converts carbon dioxide and water to a fuel in a nanostructured inorganic unit, transient optical and infrared spectroscopy of charge transport and catalytic processes provide key insights that guide materials designs.
Growth of the conceptus from day 33 to 45 of pregnancy is minimally associated with concurrent hormonal or metabolic status in postpartum dairy cows.

Abstract A hypothetical explanation for pregnancy loss in postpartum dairy cows is that the metabolic environment of the cow inhibits the growth of the conceptus and places the pregnancy at risk for loss. The objective of the current study, therefore, was to model the association between cow-level metabolic indicators and conceptus growth during early pregnancy (day 33–45 after AI) and to determine if an association (if present) is large enough to cause pregnancy loss. Metabolic indicators included milk production, changes in body weight and body condition score, parity, and concentrations of circulating hormones and metabolites (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, growth hormone, IGF1, progesterone, and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins). One-hundred cows were enrolled. Cows that became pregnant with single conceptus pregnancies (n=53) weighed more ( P 0.007) and had fewer uterine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (uterine health indicator; P 0.051) compared with cows that failed to become pregnant. The embryo and amniotic vesicle were measured by using ultrasound on day 33, 35, 38, 40, 42, and 45 of pregnancy. Most of the cow-level indicators that were included in the model of conceptus growth failed to achieve statistical significance. Day of pregnancy had the largest effect on conceptus growth (size and cross-sectional area of the embryo and amniotic vesicle; P 0.001). There were effects of sex of fetus (male fetuses larger than female), insulin (negative association), and body weigh change (positive association) on embryo length and cross-sectional area but these effects were small when compared with the range in conceptus length or area that we observed. The conclusion was that the capacity of the cow to become pregnant was associated with body weight and uterine health but we failed to find a large association with metabolic status on conceptus growth from day 33 to 45 of pregnancy in lactating dairy cows.
Relative Occupational Class Income: A Significant Variable in the Marketing of Automobiles:

A combination of family income and occupation is introduced as a new explanatory variable in this study of buying behavior. This easy-to-build, new variable may be more helpful in market segmentati...
Effect of training and exercise on serum ceruloplasmin in rats.

SummarySerum ceruloplasmin activity was significantly increased in trained rats compared with untrained control rats. Exhaustive exercise significantly elevated ceruloplasmin in both trained and untrained rats. It is suggested that serum ceruloplasmin levels may be useful as an indicator for quantitating training.
Power Quality Conditioner Based on Three-level Hysteresis Control for Electrified Railway

Aiming to solve power quality problems caused by electrified railway such as reactive power, negative sequence and harmonics, a power quality conditioner is proposed based on three-level hysteresis modulation. In this paper, the basic structure and compensation principle of the conditioner with balanced traction transformer is analysed in detail. The system control strategy and three-level hysteresis modulation method for the conditioner are proposed. The results of PSCAD/EMTDC simulation and prototype experiment illustrate that three-level hysteresis modulation has the function of fast response, high frequency of equivalent switch and small current fluctuation. Hence the conditioner can be a good solution to the problem of power quality of traction substation.
Understanding metabolism with flux analysis: From theory to application

Quantitative and qualitative knowledge of metabolic rates (i.e. fluxes) over a metabolic network and in specific cellular compartments gives insights into the regulation of metabolism and helps to understand the contribution of metabolic alterations to pathology. In this review we introduce methodology to resolve metabolic fluxes from stable isotope labeling and relevant techniques in model development, model simplification, flux uncertainty analysis and experimental design that together is termed metabolic flux analysis. Finally we discuss applications using metabolic flux analysis to elucidate mechanisms pertinent to tumor cell metabolism. We hope that this review gives the readers a brief introduction of how flux analysis is conducted, how technical issues related to it are addressed, and how its application has contributed to our knowledge of tumor cell metabolism.
Essential Role for Rbm15 (Ott1) in the Maintenance of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function and Cell Cycle Control.

RBM15 is the 5′ fusion partner in RBM15-MKL1 (aka OTT1-MAL), a putative oncoprotein in non-Down syndrome infants and children with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (FAB-M7) containing t(1;22). RBM15 belongs to the “spen” family, which is characterized by the presence of three RNA recognition motifs and a spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal (SPOC) domain. RBM15-homologous Drosophila proteins are involved in regulation of a variety of signaling cascades including MAPK, Wnt, Notch, cyclin E and Hox pathways, but the normal functions of mammalian RBM15 remain largely uncharacterized. We determined that Rbm15 is highly expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as well as T-lineage cells. To study Rbm15 specifically in the regulation of HSC function, we generated Rbm15 conditional knockout mice using the Cre- LoxP system to overcome embryonic death observed with a conventional knockout. Using an inducible Mx1-Cre transgenic line, we conditionally deleted Rbm15 (deletion efficiency ∼96–100%) in HSCs. Both the percentage and absolute number of long-term HSCs (Lin-Sca1+ckit+/Flk2-) were increased in Rbm15-deleted (Rbm15lx/lx;Mx1-Cre+) mice (0.23 ± 0.02% of total nucleated marrow cells [TNMC], 2.3-fold higher) compared to matched littermate controls (Rbm15lx/lx;Mx1-Cre-) (0.10 ± 0.01% TNMC) ( P 3 /uL, Rbm15-intact: 10.26 ± 0.49 × 10 3 /uL; P P =0.00015; n=10 mice per group; 1:1 ratio of donor:wild-type competitor marrow). The serial transplantation ability of Rbm15-deleted HSCs was also severely decreased, with a decline in their engraftment and contribution to the blood of recipient mice noted beginning with the 3rd round of transplantation, culminating in essentially complete failure to engraft in the 4 th round (wild-type donor-derived PB cells in 4 th round ∼60.95% vs. ∼2.71% Rbm15-deleted donor-derived PB cells; P =0.00003). These defects in HSC function may be due in part to altered HSC cell cycle status in the absence of Rbm15. For example, in representative experiments using Ki-67/Hoechst 33342 and BrdU/7AAD staining, 24.1% and 19.3% of Rbm15-deleted HSCs were found to be in G1 and G2/M phases, respectively - a marked increase compared to Rbm15-intact controls (8.3% and 4.3%, respectively); furthermore, Rbm15-deleted HSCs exhibited significantly less BrdU incorporation (6.8%) compared to control HSCs (27.1%) in in vivo labeling studies. Consistent with these altered cell cycle parameters, hematopoiesis in Rbm15-deleted mice recovered significantly more slowly than controls following 5-FU exposure, with only half the number of total nucleated marrow cells at day 9 and half the number of mature PB WBCs at day 12 following 5-FU as compared to Rbm15-intact littermates (p=0.003, n=3 per group). Collectively, these data demonstrate a critical role for Rbm15 in maintaining HSC integrity and suggest a yet-to-be fully elucidated function for Rbm15 in modulating HSC cell cycle kinetics.
Collusion and Efficiency in Horizontal Mergers: Evidence from Geographic Overlap

We explore the sources of gains in horizontal mergers by exploiting heterogeneity between the merging firms’ geographic footprints. We calculate the geographic overlap between the bidder, target, and their rivals and customers to identify variation in the competitive impact of horizontal mergers. We document significantly positive rival reactions and negative customer reactions when the bidder and target operate in similar geographic regions, consistent with anticompetitive effects in these deals. We also exploit staggered changes in the political affiliation of state Attorneys General (AGs) to identify variation in local antitrust enforcement. We show that bidders avoid concentrating mergers when they operate in a high proportion of states with Democratic AGs, and Democratic AGs moderate the effects of concentrating mergers on local rivals and customers. Our evidence supports the argument that geographically-concentrating horizontal mergers are more likely to be anticompetitive. We also document a significant role of state-level AGs in the M&A regulatory process.
Rayleigh Backscattering Based Macrobending Single Mode Fiber for Distributed Refractive Index Sensing

Abstract A novel and compact distributed refractive index (RI) sensor based on Rayleigh backscattering and macrobending single mode fiber (SMF) is proposed and experimentally investigated. Our proposed sensor is simply fabricated by bending a piece of SMF to a radius of curvature in several millimeters. We detect the refractive index of the external medium surrounding the macrobending fiber, for the first time, by analyzing the Rayleigh backscattering signals recorded from optical frequency domain reflectometry. We measure the range of the RI from 1.3348 to 1.3557 using the proposed method. To verify the capability of the distributed sensing, we also use this sensor to detect multipoint RIs simultaneously. The RI measurement sensitivities are 2319.24 GHz/RIU (18.55 nm/RIU) and 2717.85 GHz/RIU (21.74 nm/RIU) with bending diameters of 12.2 mm and 11.3 mm, respectively. In addition, our macrobending fiber has its original buffer coating remaining intact, allowing the fiber to maintain optimal mechanical property and be suitable for more practical applications.
High performance monolithic, broadly tunable mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers

Mid-infrared lasers, emitting in the spectral region of 3–12 μm that contains strong characteristic vibrational transitions of many important molecules, are highly desirable for spectroscopy sensing applications. High-efficiency quantum cascade lasers have been demonstrated with up to watt-level output power in the mid-infrared region. However, the wide wavelength tuning that is critical for spectroscopy applications still largely relies on incorporating external gratings, which have stability issues. Here, we demonstrate a monolithic, broadly tunable quantum cascade laser source emitting between 6.1 and 9.2 μm through an on-chip integration of a sampled grating distributed feedback tunable laser array and a beam combiner. High peak power up to 65 mW has been obtained through a balanced high-gain active region design, efficient waveguide layout, and the development of a broadband antireflection coating. Nearly fundamental transverse-mode operation is achieved for all emission wavelengths with a pointing stability better than 1.6 mrad (0.1°). The demonstrated laser source opens new opportunities for mid-infrared spectroscopy.
"Transcendence" in a secular age and enchanted (un)naturalism

In this chapter, Stewart questions aspects of the distinction between transcendent and immanent that Taylor seems to take for granted in A Secular Age. Stewart suggests that the Modern historical project of removing supernaturalism does not leave us with naturalism per se, but rather a Hegelian form of “unnaturalism.” He introduces a perspective that does not default to a material reductionism, but also does not take the notion of a transcendent God as unproblematic. Starting from an encounter with Taylor, he sees both Polanyi and Hegel as providing ways to understand Christianity from this skeptical yet “enchanted” perspective.
Clinical Consensus Strategies to Repair Ruptures in the Therapeutic Alliance.

Objective The alliance been recognized as an essential common factor and robust predictor of outcome. The present study sought to further our knowledge of the alliance and to promote the integration of research and practice by assessing consensus among peer-nominated expert therapists of varying theoretical orientations on the effectiveness of clinical strategies to repair alliance ruptures. Method This study drew on the behavioral-analytic model (Goldfried & D'Zurilla, 1969) and the methodology of the Expert Consensus Guideline Series (Frances, Docherty, & Kahn 1997). In Phase I, 69 therapists submitted clinical situations describing alliance ruptures. In Phase II, 177 therapists generated responses to the situations, and clinical strategies underlying the responses were identified. In Phase III, 134 peer-nominated experts (a mean of 22.3 therapists per situation) rated the effectiveness of these clinical strategies. Results The experts reached consensus on the use of strategies that validated the client's experience and explored the rupture during the rupture session. Change-oriented interventions (e.g., changing interpersonal interactions; highlighting patterns of behavior, thought, or emotions) were generally rated as less effective to use during the rupture, but effective for use in future sessions. Conclusions The findings are consistent with the growing literature on the value of using certain alliance-focused interventions during a rupture. The findings point to the importance of therapists' awareness of the state of the alliance so that they can identify when ruptures are occurring.
School Progress Among Children of Same-Sex Couples

This study uses logit regressions on a pooled sample of children from the 2012, 2013, and 2014 American Community Survey to perform a nationally representative analysis of school progress for a large sample of 4,430 children who reside with same-sex couples. Odds ratios from regressions that compare children between different-sex married couples and same-sex couples fail to show significant differences in normal school progress between households across a variety of sample compositions. Likewise, marginal effects from regressions that compare children with similar family dynamics between different-sex married couples and same-sex couples fail to predict significantly higher probabilities of grade retention for children of same-sex couples. Significantly lower grade retention rates are sometimes predicted for children of same-sex couples than for different-sex married couples, but these differences are sensitive to sample exclusions and do not indicate causal benefits to same-sex parenting.
Coordination of literacy efforts between literacy professionals and speech-language pathologists: Are we on the same team?

As collaborative efforts among professionals have become more widespread in literacy instruction and intervention, there has been an increase in a fragmented delivery of services to students. This ...
rCBF and Neuropsychological Findings in Head Injury

A high incidence of CBF abnormality has been reported in patients following acute head injury (Obrist et al. 1983). Previous observations in such patients suggested that both lateralized CT scan lesions and hemispheral CBF differences are associated with distinctive psychological impairment (Uzzell et al. 1979, 1980). The present study examines the relationship between acute CBF findings and subsequent neuropsychological function in survivors of severe head injury.
Microstructure Analysis from Fracture Surfaces

Densification by hot pressing has been the subject of kinetics-oriented research for two decades1. Two mechanisms and several models have been proposed, resulting in a growing realization that several mechanisms probably operate simultaneously2,3. It was of interest in this study to obtain quantitative data for the proposed, previously undocumented, mechanisms of particle fracture, particle reshaping and grain growth. While grain size measurement in dense solids has been extensively treated4, the techniques for grain shape are cumbersome at best5 and no consideration has been given to low-density compacts. The method for simultaneous size and shape measurement developed here was based on the ellipse graticule of Fischmeister6. It was the objective of this work to develop this technique to provide an observational technique applicable to study of the early stages in hot pressing. The procedure was demonstrated for one sequence of experiments with alumina.
Growing Up with Renal Failure

For the past 10 years, we have been caring for children and adolescents with renal failure (RF) and their families in an evolving program of comprehensive pediatric care that features attention to psychosocial development, involvement of child and family in treatment decisions, and family-oriented intervention concerning psychological crises which arise in the course of physical treatment.1–3
VII – Fourier Series

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on “function space” as opposed to a three-dimensional “vector space.” This function space is infinite dimensional, in the sense that an infinite sequence of mutually orthogonal functions is needed to represent an arbitrary function. Infinite-dimensional space is more complicated than the three-dimensional space. No sequence of mutually orthogonal functions is satisfactory. Some restrictions must be placed on the class of functions that are to be represented by a series of the orthogonal functions—that is, by a Fourier series. The chapter lists formulas for the Fourier coefficients of an arbitrary function corresponding to some specific sets of orthogonal functions. Conditions under which the series converge to the function is discussed. There is no general procedure for determining whether an arbitrary orthogonal set is complete. However, completeness has been established for certain important classes of orthogonal sets. One of these is the class of orthogonal polynomials on a bounded interval. Another consists of the sets of eigenfunctions of self-adjoint eigenvalue problems.
The Sulfur System

Inherent in the discussion in Chap. 2 is the assumption that sulfur deposition will directly increase the concentration of the SO 4 2− ion in solution. The response of the solution concentration to H2SO4 or other forms of sulfur deposition is complicated by biological effects and by the capacity of many soils to retain SO 4 2− . These processes can delay the onset of effects such as base removal, aluminum mobilization, and decreased alkalinity of the percolates for many years or even decades (Lee and Weber 1982). Failure to observe these effects in short- to medium-term experiments may delay, but by no means preclude, the likely long-term consequences in soils and surface waters.
The Acute Respiratory Infection Consortium: A Multi-Site, Multi-Disciplinary Clinical Research Network in the Department of Defense.

Introduction Acute respiratory infections (ARI) result in substantial annual morbidity among military personnel and decrease operational readiness. Herein, we summarize the research efforts of the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP) related to ARIs. Methods The ARI Research Area of the IDCRP was established in response to the 2009 emergence of pandemic influenza A/H1N1. That year, IDCRP investigators deployed the ARI Consortium Natural History Study (ARIC NHS), a multi-centered, longitudinal observational study to assess etiology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in the U.S. military. The success of this initial effort spurred implementation of several new initiatives. These include the FluPlasma trial, designed to evaluate the efficacy of hyperimmune anti-influenza plasma for the treatment of severe influenza; the self-administered live-attenuated influenza vaccine (SNIF) trial, which assessed the immunogenicity and acceptance of a self-administered live-attenuated influenza vaccine in military personnel; the Study to Address Threats of ARI in Congregate Military Populations (ATARI), a prospective study of ILI transmission, etiology and epidemiology in recruits; and the Flu Breath Test (FBT) study, a preliminary study of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOC) in influenza patients. In addition, the InFLUenza Patient-Reported Outcome (FLU-PRO) survey, a daily diary to measure influenza symptoms during clinical trials, was developed. Lastly, the Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD (PAIVED) study, a two-year randomized trial designed to compare the effectiveness of the three types of licensed vaccines, launched in Fall 2018. Results The on-going ARIC NHS has enrolled over 2000 ILI and SARI cases since its inception, providing data on burden and clinical manifestations of ARI in military personnel and their families. The FluPlasma 2 trial concluded subject enrollment in 2018. Preliminary results from ATARI study show a high frequency of respiratory viruses circulating during the first two weeks of recruit training. Based on assessment of FLU-PRO responses, which were found to be reliable and reproducible, the survey may be a useful tool in clinical trials and epidemiological studies. The Flu Breath Study will complete enrollment in 2019. Findings from PAIVED are intended to provide evidence needed for assessing influenza vaccination policy in the military. Conclusions The ARI burden in the armed services remains significant every year and the threat is dynamic given emergent and evolving threats, such as influenzas. With strong successes to date, future initiatives of the ARI Research Area will focus on interventional studies, ARI transmission dynamics in congregate military settings, and determinants of risk of pandemic influenza and other emergent respiratory viruses.
Performance comparison of a non-invasive P300-based BCI mouse to a head-mouse for people with SCI

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a novel non-invasive P300-based brain computer interface (BCI) mouse emulation device (MED), along with a commercial head-mouse among ex...
2.30 – Language Learning

Assumptions and ideas about language learning have changed dramatically in the last two decades. Nativist assumptions have been dispelled by neuroscience, modeling, and psycholinguistic data. First-language learning begins before birth, and its foundations are laid down during infancy. During the second year toddlers begin to interpret and produce multiword utterances, refer to absent or abstract topics, and use social context to interpret language. During the third and fourth years children master most of the structure and uses of various linguistic elements, and acquire a great deal of critical lexical knowledge. Finally, during middle childhood the nuances of complex structure and dependencies are refined as children learn to use language more flexibly and consciously.
Radical affirmative action: a call to address hegemonic racialized themes in U.S. higher education race-conscious admissions legal discourse

Anti-affirmative action legal discourse about U.S. higher education within selective institutions race-conscious admissions encompasses co-opted civil rights aims for racial equity in education tha...
The Use of Response to Intervention to Inform Special Education Eligibility Decisions for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities.

This is an official position paper of the National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD), of which the Council for Learning Disabilities has been a long-standing, active member. Response...
C-Reactive Protein and Incident Hypertension in Black and White Americans in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND More inflammation is associated with greater risk incident hypertension, and Black United States (US) adults have excess burden of hypertension. We investigated whether increased inflammation as quantified by higher C-reactive protein (CRP) explains the excess incidence in hypertension experienced by Black US adults. METHODS We included 6,548 Black and White REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) participants without hypertension at baseline (2003-2007) who attended a second visit (2013-2016). Sex-stratified risk ratios (RRs) for incident hypertension at the second exam in Black compared to White individuals were estimated using Poisson regression adjusted for groups of factors known to partially explain the Black-White differences in incident hypertension. We calculated the percent mediation by CRP of the racial difference in hypertension. RESULTS Baseline CRP was higher in Black participants. The Black-White RR for incident hypertension in the minimally adjusted model was 1.33 (95% confidence interval 1.22, 1.44) for males and 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) for females. CRP mediated 6.6% (95% confidence interval 2.7, 11.3%) of this association in females and 19.7% (9.8, 33.2%) in males. In females, CRP no longer mediated the Black-White RR in a model including waist circumference and body mass index, while in males the Black-White difference was fully attenuated in models including income, education and dietary patterns. CONCLUSIONS Elevated CRP attenuated a portion of the unadjusted excess risk of hypertension in Black adults, but this excess risk was attenuated when controlling for measures of obesity in females and diet and socioeconomic factors in males. Inflammation related to these risk factors might explain part of the Black-White disparity in hypertension.
Exploring Intertextuality as Adaptation in Pakistani TV Advertisements

The aim of the present study is to investigate the different aspects of intertextuality as adaptation in Pakistani TV advertisements. The target of advertising companies is to persuade their consumers, so they use different approaches for this purpose and intertextuality is one of them. To investigate the problem the following research question has been designed: Which aspects of intertextuality do the Pakistani TV commercials adapt in order to achieve their intended effects? The research design of the study is qualitative and descriptive. The study consists of eight Pakistani TV advertisements that have been collected from Pakistani TV channels through purposive sampling. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the approach of Intertextuality proposed by Kristeva (1966). The findings showed that the advertisers have created their advertisements by adapting the intertextuality elements of citation, reference, allusion and translation to make them attractive and enticing to get their economic purpose.
Learning the rules of collective cell migration using deep attention networks

Abstract Collective, coordinated cellular motions underpin key processes in all multicellular organisms, yet it has been difficult to express the ‘rules’ behind these motions in clear, interpretable forms. Here we apply deep attention networks to analyze several canonical living tissues systems and present the underlying collective migration rules for each tissue type using only cell migration trajectory data. We use these networks to learn the behaviors of key tissue types with distinct collective behaviors—epithelial, endothelial, and metastatic breast cancer cells—and show how the results complement traditional biophysical approaches. In particular, we present attention maps indicating the relative influence of neighboring cells to the learned turning decisions of a focal cell. These attention networks reveal distinct patterns of influence and attention unique to each model tissue. Endothelial cells exhibit tightly focused attention on their immediate forward-most neighbors, while cells in more expansile epithelial tissues are more broadly influenced by neighbors in a relatively large forward sector. Attention maps of ensembles of more mesenchymal, metastatic cells reveal completely symmetric attention patterns, indicating the lack of any particular coordination or direction of interest. Moreover, we show how attention networks are capable of detecting and learning how these rules changes based on biophysical context, such as location within the tissue and cellular crowding. That these results require only cellular trajectories and no modeling assumptions highlights the potential of attention networks for providing further biological insights into complex cellular systems. Author Summary Collective behaviors are crucial to the function of multicellular life, with large-scale, coordinated cell migration enabling processes spanning organ formation to coordinated skin healing. However, we lack effective tools to discover and cleanly express collective rules at the level of an individual cell. Here, we employ a carefully structured neural network to extract collective information directly from cell trajectory data. The network is trained on data from various systems, including well-studied cell types (HUVEC and MDCK cells) which display visually distinct forms of collective motion, and metastatic cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) which are highly uncoordinated. Using these trained networks, we can produce attention maps for each system, which indicate how a cell within a tissue takes in information from its surrounding neighbors, as a function of weights assigned to those neighbors. Thus for a cell type in which cells tend to follow the path of the cell in front, the attention maps will display high weights for cells spatially forward of the focal cell. We present results in terms of additional metrics, such as accuracy plots and number of interacting cells, and encourage future development of improved metrics.
End-of-Life Decisions - Some International Comparisons

Healthcare professionals often confront difficult issues in end-of-life care. Caregivers who question futile care and treatment can find themselves at odds with patients, family members and surrogates who stress patient autonomy. Many developed nations recognize hospital ethics committees as appropriate venues for discussion of end-of-life care, and palliative care initiatives in many hospitals play important roles in patient care at the end of life. As health systems worldwide confront diminishing resources and endless questioning on expenditures, the concept of medical futility has taken on increasing prominence. Medical professionals know intuitively that certain interventions near the end of life can neither extend life nor improve the quality of life remaining. In addition to medical futility, concerns about international economic pressures and enhanced recognition of patient autonomy lead to questions as to the appropriateness of withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, assisted suicide and euthanasia. While some appellate courts seem willing to entertain questions on the legal rights of patients to access certain end-of-life measures, legislative bodies appear reluctant to legalize assisted suicide and euthanasia.
FaceKit: a database interface design toolkit

FaceKit is a toolkit for designing interfaces to object-oriented databases. It provides users with a set of tools for building custom interfaces with minimal programming. This is accomplished by combining techniques from the realm of User Interface Management Systems (UIMS) with a built-in knowledge about the specific kinds of techniques used by object-oriented databases. FaceKit allows users to create graphical constructs and interactive techniques by taking advantage of an object-oriented database environment and tools. Not only can database tools be used for creating an interface, but information about the interface being built is stored within a database schema and is syntactically consistent with all other schema information. Thus, an interface can deal with data and schema information, including information about another interface. This allows for easy reusability of graphical constructs such as data representations.
Late Bidding in Open Auctions with Two Buyers

In open internet auctions with deadlines, some bids made near the deadline are randomly lost. Roth and coauthors have demonstrated via full-information examples that multiple bidders bidding late can nevertheless be equilibrium behavior, as the cost to one bidder of a lost bid can be outweighed by the gain when others’ bids are lost. We extend to a standard symmetric two-bidder environment with continuously distributed random private values. For strategies in which every type of bidder either bids immediately, or waits to bid late when the other bidder has done so, all equilibria are symmetric. In any equilibrium in which some types bid late, those that bid late are an interval that includes the lowest type. Equilibria in which at least some types bid late exist when the probability of a lost bid is small, and when buyer values are probabilistically high.
Blood Donation Without Adequate Iron Depletion: An Invalid Test of the Iron Hypothesis

To the Editor: Ascherio et al1 saw no association of blood donation with myocardial infarction or fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) in men and concluded that this is “strong evidence against the hypothesis that iron depletion reduces coronary risk.” This conclusion is not supported by their findings. Iron depletion was only achieved in a handful of men. Although blood donation was associated with lower plasma ferritin values, only those with the highest number of self-reported blood donations had mean ferritin values approaching iron depletion. “Iron depletion” does not simply mean iron loss; it signifies a particular condition with essentially no iron in storage but hemoglobin within the normal range. The number of iron-depleted subjects in their study was not specified,1 but it seems to be minimal. The small group with 30 to 59 lifetime blood donations had a mean plasma ferritin value of 104 μg/L, which is …
Justice-making and the beloved community: Mapping emancipatory landscapes and the public role of theologians and religious scholars

This article focuses on the religious world view and organizing strategies of United States activist, Joan Southgate who, at the age of 72, mapped out and completed a three-stage, 519 mile walk to North American Underground Railroad sites. Following this 2002 walk, Southgate founded Restore Cleveland Hope (RCH) in Cleveland, Ohio, to combat racism and other social ills. In their organizing efforts, Southgate and other community members envision and work to establish a “Beloved Community” of radical inclusivity that fuses Martin Luther King Jr.’s vision of the Beloved Community with notions of community found in Toni Morrison’s 1987 novel Beloved. In this article, I draw upon Southgate’s mapping strategies to establish a framework in which to discuss the public role religious scholars can play in giving voice to local religious activists and practitioners by mapping, analysing, and interpreting their emancipatory efforts.
Sources and sinks of hydroxyl radical in sea-salt particles

[1] We have examined the photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical (•OH) in aqueous extracts of supermicron sea-salt particulate matter (SS PM) collected from the coast of northern California. All extracts formed •OH during illumination, indicating that this process is widespread in sea-salt particles. Scaling extract results to SS PM conditions reveals that in situ rates of •OH photoformation are typically 100–1000 μM hr−1 in midlatitude sea-salt particles (summer, midday, 88% relative humidity). These rates are comparable to calculated rates of partitioning of gas phase •OH to the particles and are 3–4 orders of magnitude greater than •OH photoformation rates in surface seawater. Photolysis of nitrate was a dominant source of •OH in the particle extracts, accounting for an average of 59 ± 25% of its formation. The other sources of •OH have not been identified, but photolysis of organic compounds derived from seawater is likely important. The lifetimes of •OH in the sea-salt particles are of the order of 10−9–10−8 s and are primarily controlled by reactions with unidentified, but probably organic, compounds. Bromide and chloride are also significant sinks of •OH, typically accounting for approximately 25% of its loss. The rapid formation and destruction of •OH in sea-salt particles likely significantly affects the chemistry of halides, organic compounds, and other reduced species in SS PM. In turn, these particle reactions probably alter the budgets of gases such as ozone and volatile organic compounds in the marine boundary layer.
An early, novel illness severity score to predict outcome after cardiac arrest.

Background Illness severity scores are commonly employed in critically ill patients to predict outcome. To date, prior scores for post-cardiac arrest patients rely on some event-related data. We developed an early, novel post-arrest illness severity score to predict survival, good outcome and development of multiple organ failure (MOF) after cardiac arrest.
Unified explanation for the new resonance states and the μ − e events

The existence of a new type of fermion $L$ which can be freely produced in the colliding electron-positron beam is postulated. The narrow-resonance states are interpreted as bound states of $L\overline{L}$ in an unconfined potential and the $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{-}e$ events as due to purely leptonic decays of $L$. Crucial experimental tests of these ideas are suggested.
Diverse Biological Effect and Smad Signaling of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 in Prostate Tumor Cells

We found that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7, a member of the BMP family, was strikingly up-regulated during the development of primary prostatic adenocarcinoma in the conditional Pten deletion mouse model. To determine the relevance of this finding to human prostate cancer, we examined the expression of BMPs and BMP receptors (BMPR) as well as the responsiveness to recombinant human BMP7 in a series of human prostate tumor cell lines. All prostatic cell lines tested expressed variable levels of BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7 and at least two of each type I and II BMPRs. In all cases, BMP7 induced Smad phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, with Smad5 activation clearly demonstrable. However, the biological responses to BMP7 were cell type specific. BPH-1, a cell line representing benign prostatic epithelial hyperplasia, was growth arrested at G1. In the bone metastasis-derived PC-3 prostate cancer cells, BMP7 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation with classic changes in morphology, motility, invasiveness, and molecular markers. Finally, BMP7 inhibited serum starvation-induced apoptosis in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and more remarkably in its bone metastatic variant C4-2B line. Each of the cell lines influenced by BMP7 was also responsive to BMP2 in a corresponding manner. The antiapoptotic activity of BMP7 in the LNCaP and C4-2B cell lines was not associated with a significant alteration in the levels of the proapoptotic protein Bax or the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis. However, in C4-2B cells but not in LNCaP cells, a starvation-induced decrease in the level of survivin was counteracted by BMP7. Taken together, these findings suggest that BMPs are able to modulate the biological behavior of prostate tumor cells in diverse and cell type-specific manner and point to certain mechanisms by which these secreted signaling molecules may contribute to prostate cancer growth and metastasis.
Analogs of Tetrahydrofolic Acid XV: Mode of Binding of 2,4-Diaminopyrimidines to Folic Reductase and Thymidylate Synthetase

A series of compounds related to 5-(3-anilinopropyl)-2,4-diamino 6-methyl-4-pyrimidine (XIII) was synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of dihydrofolic reductase and thymidylate synthetase. Strong evidence was obtained that both amino groups were binding groups to both enzymes. Inhibition by 2-amino-5-(3-anilinopropyl)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (I b ) was lost with both enzymes when the 2-amino group was replaced by 2-dimethylamino (XXII). When the 4-amino group of XIII was replaced by a 4-dimethylamino, a 26-fold decrease in binding to dihydrofolic reductase was observed. In contrast, this structural change caused little change in the extent of inhibition of thymidylate synthetase. The 2-amino group of I b probably binds to both enzymes (E) through an N─H ← E hydrogen bond. The 4-hydroxyl group of I b probably binds to dihydrofolic reductase by an O─H ← E hydrogen bond of the less favored 4-hydroxy tautomer but to thymidylate synthetase by a C=O → H─E hydrogen bond of the more stable 4-oxo tautomer. Since 2,4-diaminopteridines bind to folic reductase 10 to fiftyfold stronger than similarly substituted 2,4-diamino-5,6-dialkylpyrimidines, it is probable that N 5 or N 8 of the pteridine is an additional binding group. In contrast, 2-amino-4-hydroxy-5,6-dialkylpyrimidines bind to folic reductase about fivefold better than the corresponding 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridines, an indication that neither N 5 nor N 8 of the latter is a binding group. It is proposed that the imidazole ring of a histidine is present in the active site of folic reductase in order to transfer a proton to one side of a pyrazine double bond when hydride ion is transferred from TPNH to the other side of the double bond. It is also proposed that this imidazole ring forms a complex ( a ) with N 5 or N 8 of 2,4-diaminopteridines, ( b ) with a 6-phenyl or 6-benzyl group attached to a 2-amino-4-pyrimidinol, or ( c ) with a 5-phenyl group attached to a 2,4-diaminopyrimidine.
Lead-induced accumulation of erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotides in the rabbit

Abstract Rabbits fed lead acetate, 30 mg/kg/day, had a rapid decrease in erythrocyte pyrimidine 5′ nucleotidase (P5N; EC 3.1.3.5) to 38% of control activity by 30 days at which time mean blood lead (Pb B) was 50.2 μg/dl. At 45 days, when Pb B was 45.7 ± 12.2 μg/dl and P5N was at 33% of control activity, red cell uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) and cytidine-5′-triphosphate (CTP) increased from trace levels in the controls to 1.48 ± 1.35 nmol UTP/10 9 red blood cells (RBC) and 1.47 ± 1.35 nmol CTP/10 9 RBC. At 60 days, when Pb B was 69.4 ± 21.9 μg/dl and P5N reduced to 24%, UTP was 2.61 ± 1.99 nmol/10 9 RBC and CTP was 3.38 ± 4.15 nmol/10 9 RBC. The purine nucleotides were unchanged. The increases in UTP and CTP antedated basophilic stippling. There was a significant logarithmic correlation of UTP and CTP with Pb B, P5N, and zinc erythrocyte protoporphyrins (protoporphyrin IX). The lag in accumulation of UTP and CTP, coincident with red cell life span, fits the hypothesis that P5N is effectively functional only during reticulocyte maturation when the pyrimidine nucleotides of degraded RNA are being extruded. Accumulation may be enhanced by lead-induced increases in polysome degradation. HPLC assay of UTP and CTP provides a stable index of cumulative lead exposure during the life span of the circulating erythrocytes.
Renovascular hypertension in the elderly: Results of surgical management

This review summarizes our experience with the operative management of renovascular hypertension (RVH) in elderly patients (≥ 60 years of age). From 7/87 through 6/95,230 of 428 adult patients (54%) undergoing operation of renovascular hypertension at our center were in their seventh (153 patients), eighth (70 patients) or ninth (7 patients) decade of life (mean age: 68 years). There were 117 males and 113 females with blood pressures ranging from 280/190 to 178/90 (mean: 202/102 mmHg). One hundred and eighty patients (78%) had renal insufficiency (i.e., serum creatinine ≥ 1.3 mg/dl). One hundred and four patients (45 %) had severe insufficiency (i.e., serum creatinine ≥2.0 mg/dl), with 23 of these patients being dialysis dependent prior to operation. Two hundred and eighteen (95%) had evidence of organ specific atherosclerotic damage as manifested by cardiac disease (93%), cerebrovascular disease (38%) or renal insufficiency (78%). Operative management consisted of a unilateral procedure in 100 patients, bilateral procedures in 130 patients, including 26 nephrectomies. Simultaneous aortic replacement was performed in 95 patients (41%; 59 AAA and 36 occlusive disease). After surgery, there were 13 operative deaths (6%) and 13 renal artery repairs failed (4%). Hypertension was cured (9%) or improved (77%) in 86% of operative survivors. Renal function was improved in 43% and worsened in 15% of patients with nondialysis dependent renal insufficiency. Eighteen of twenty-three patients (78%) who were dialysis dependent before surgery were removed from dialysis following renal revascularization. On follow-up (mean: 29 months), we found that 28 patients died. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that preoperative congestive heart failure (p = 0.007) and increased serum creatinine (p = 0.001) were significant and independent predictors of death on follow-up. Estimated survival was significantly increased among patients with improved renal function after operation compared with patients unimproved. This review emphasizes the complexity of atherosclerosis in the elderly population presenting for operative management of renovascular hypertension. Despite the complexity of disease, our experience suggests that operative management is beneficial and can be accomplished with acceptable, albeit increased, risk in properly selected elderly patients. For elderly patients with renovascular disease in combination with renal insufficiency (i.e., ischemic nephropathy), improved renal function after operation may convey improved survival.
Effects Of Design Parameters On Zns Bistable Etalons

The use of narrow band filters (NBF) to demonstrate various architectures for optical computing is currently of interest. We are performing a systematic search of standard narrow band filter/substrate designs for arrangements optimized with respect to several criteria; we are concerned with the variation of switching power and time with spacer layer thickness, overall reflectivity, and substrate thermal conductivity. Our coatings are evaporated in a dedicated box coater and are optically monitored with the help of a remote laser. Work on design and uniformity is in progress.