cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special embeddings of Cayley diagrams

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between pointsymmetric embeddings of graphs of groups and automorphisms of Riemann surfaces, with special attention to Kleinian groups. Let G be a finitely generated group; let x1 ,..., x, be a set of generators for a presentation P of G, and let X be the graph, or Cayley diagram of P. (We represent generators of order 2 by oppositely directed parallel edges.) Following Levinson and Rapaport [5], an embedding of X in an orientable surface S is called point-symmetric if the cyclic order of the edges of X is the same at each vertex. If the order of the edges is the same, up to orientation, at each vertex, then the embedding is cahed weakly pointsymmetric. We restrict the embeddings of X to those for which no point of X is an accumulation point of vertices of X. It is obvious that every graph X for a finitely generated presentation of a group G has a point-symmetric embedding in some (orientable) surface. The Edmonds embedding technique f2] allows one to construct an embedding of any graph in some orientable surface with any arbitrarily prescribed finite succession of edges about each and every vertex.
Size-appropriate radiation doses in pediatric body CT: a study of regional community adoption in the United States

Background During the last decade, there has been a movement in the United States toward utilizing size-appropriate radiation doses for pediatric body CT, with smaller doses given to smaller patients.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 distribution and ultrastructural localization in hypothalamus

The metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 is a G-protein-coupled glutamate receptor whose activation induces phosphotidylinositol hydrolysis and increases diacylglycerol and cytoplasmic calcium. By using affinity-purified antisera against a partial amino acid sequence of mGluR1α, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene, the heterogeneous expression of this glutamate receptor was studied immunocytochemically with light and electron microscopy in the rat hypothalamus. Immunoreactivity was restricted to cell bodies and dendrites throughout many regions of the adult hypothalamus, including the preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and periventricular region. Strong immunolabeling was found in the lateral hypothalamus where immunoreactivity could be detected as early as embryonic day 18. Intense immunoreactivity was also found in the medial mammillary nuclei. In contrast to the strong labeling in many other regions, the neuroendocrine neurons of the arcuate, supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei showed relatively little staining in adults. With light microscopy, immunoperoxidase labeling was found distributed in patches on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane of immunoreactive neurons. When the same tissue was examined ultrastructurally, the patches were not restricted to synaptic specializations but were also found distributed on perikaryal and dendritic membranes sometimes associated with synapses and sometimes not. Some immunoreactive membranes showed no immunolabeling at the synaptic junction. When the tissue was strongly stained, labeling could be found in the cytoplasm of immunoreactive cells. No immunostaining was found on axons or presynaptic boutons. Together with other evidence showing a widespread expression of many different subtypes of both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, these data support the hypothesis that glutamate may regulate hypothalamic cellular activity with a number of physiologycally different mechanisms, and these mechanisms include second-messenger systems activated by G proteins. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Abstract 2721: Comparative responses of HPV-positive vs HPV-negative head and neck cancer cells to radiation and/or chemotherapeutic drugs

Purpose: HPV is associated with a growing proportion of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), which show improved clinical outcome compared with non-HPV associated HNSCC. Whether this improved outcome reflects enhanced responsiveness to radiation and/or chemotherapy remains unclear. There is little data available regarding the radio- and chemo-sensitivity of HPV-associated HNSCC. We provide detailed analysis of radiation response profiles in verified HPV-positive HNSCC lines. Methods: Degenerate PCR and Southern blot were used to confirm HPV status in HNSCC human tumor cell lines. Clonogenic survival assays were used to assess radiation sensitivity. Proliferation assays were used to assess sensitivity to chemotherapy. Western blot was used to assess EGFR expression, activity, and the effect of EGFR inhibitor treatment. Results: Clonal expansion of existing HPV-positive HNSCC cell lines was performed to confirm the presence of a homogeneous population of cells and HPV-integration status confirmed by Southern Blot. HPV-positive cells were more sensitive to radiation-induced cell death compared to HPV-negative cells using single dose and fractionated radiation exposure regimens. Of the HPV+ cells tested to date, we have seen further radiosensitization with exposure to EGFR inhibitors (e.g., enhancement ratio 1.27 for UM-SCC47 with erlotinib) despite similar response to the EGFR inhibitor alone. HPV+ tumor xenografts have been raised in immunocompromised mice for in vivo radiation and chemotherapy response assessment. Conclusions: Consistent with clinical reports, HPV-associated HNSCC cells exhibit increased sensitivity to radiation. The in vitro sensitivity of HPV-positive HNSCC to chemotherapy is in progress, as is the response evaluation of HPV+ xenografts to radiation and chemotherapy. Underlying molecular mechanisms for altered response profiles in HPV+ HNSCC are considered as they pertain to future clinical trial designs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2721. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2721
Divergences in the iterative and perturbative methods for computing Hannay's angle

A classical analog is obtained for Berry's nonperturbative scheme of adiabatic iteration which computes corrections to Berry's phase (or Hannay's angle) for finite values of the adiabatic parameter \ensuremath{\epsilon}. The iterative method is compared to the Lie version of adiabatic perturbation theory. Both approaches show a divergence of k!${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}^{\mathit{k}}$, where k is the order of iteration. It is argued that the divergences are a mathematical artifact of the asymptotic methods used, not related to the physical effect of transitions, nor to the nonconservation of the action variables.
Effects of ionophores and antibiotics on in vitro hydrogen sulfide production, dry matter disappearance, and total gas production in cultures with a steam-flaked corn-based substrate with or without added sulfur.

Effects of 3 ionophores and 2 antibiotics on in vitro H(2)S production, IVDMD, total gas production, and VFA profile with or without added S were examined. In Exp. 1, ruminal fluid from 2 ruminally cannulated steers fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet (75% concentrate) without ionophore and antibiotics for 28 d before collection was used to inoculate in vitro cultures. Treatments were control (no ionophore or antibiotic), 3 ionophores (lasalocid sodium and monensin sodium at 5 mg/L or laidlomycin propionate at 1.65 mg/L), and 2 antibiotics (chlortetracycline hydrochloride at 5 mg/L and tylosin tartarate at 1.25 mg/L). Cultures also had 0 or 1.75 mg of S/L (from sodium sulfate). No S x ionophore-antibiotic treatment interactions were noted (P > 0.53) for IVDMD, total gas production, and H(2)S production. Hydrogen sulfide (mumol/g of fermentable DM) was increased (P 0.18). On average, IVDMD (P = 0.05) was greater for ionophores than for antibiotics, whereas total gas production was less for ionophores than for control (P 0.20) in acetate, propionate, or acetate:propionate between ionophores and control (S x treatment interaction, P = 0.03). In Exp. 2, the effects of ionophore-antibiotic combinations with added S were examined using the same procedures as in Exp. 1. Treatments were control, monensin plus tylosin (MT), and lasalocid plus chlortetracycline (LCTC), with concentrations of the ionophores and antibiotics as in Exp. 1. No differences were observed among treatments for H(2)S production (P > 0.55). Treatments MT and LCTC tended (P = 0.06) to increase IVDMD and decreased (P = 0.02) gas production vs. control. Proportion of acetate (P = 0.01) and acetate:propionate (P < 0.01) were decreased and propionate increased (P = 0.01) for both MT and LCTC compared with control. These data suggest that when S is approximately 0.42% of substrate DM, the 3 ionophores and 2 antibiotics we evaluated did not affect production of H(2)S gas in an in vitro rumen culture system.
Self-doping instability of the Wigner-Mott insulator

We present a theory describing the mechanism for the two-dimensional (2D) metal-insulator transition (MIT) in the absence of disorder. A two-band Hubbard model is introduced, describing vacancy-interstitial pair excitations within the Wigner crystal. Kinetic energy gained by delocalizing such excitations is found to lead to an instability of the insulator to self-doping above a critical carrier concentration $n={n}_{c}$, mapping the problem to a density-driven Mott MIT. This mechanism provides a natural explanation of several puzzling experimental features, including the large effective mass enhancement, the large resistivity drop, and the large positive magnetoresistance on the metallic side of the transition. We also present a global phase diagram for the clean 2D electron gas as a function of $n$ and parallel magnetic field ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$, which agrees well with experimental findings in ultraclean samples.
Para explicar 'el bosón de Higgs con manzanas'

Este trabajo aborda el desafio que enfrenta hoy el Periodismo de Ciencia y Tecnologia en medios impresos para atraer la atencion del publico, que esta a menudo saturado de informacion. Para ello proponemos el uso del edutainment, una mezcla de educacion y entretencion, para hacer mas claras y cercanas las noticias en esta area, buscando que la ciencia realmente se transforme en un bien social. Luego de estudiar este recurso en investigaciones anteriores aplicadas a publicaciones de diarios chilenos, proponemos aqui una estrategia metodologica para analizar el uso del edutainment en las noticias de Ciencia y Tecnologia, describiendo categorias acerca del contenido visual y textual de las paginas, que abordan el diseno, las estrategias textuales y la interactividad.
How can innovative uses of technology be harnessed to improve medication adherence

Technology will be a powerful tool to address one of the most significant public health problems – medication nonadherence. Poor medication adherence is prevalent and dramatically effects individua...
Circumcision and HIV Infection: Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis

Thirty-five articles and a number of abstracts have been published in the medical literature looking at the relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection. Study designs have included geographical analysis, studies of high-risk patients, partner studies and random population surveys. Most of the studies have been conducted in Africa. A meta-analysis was performed on the 29 published articles where data were available. When the raw data are combined, a man with a circumcised penis is at greater risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV than a man with a non-circumcised penis (odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.12). Based on the studies published to date, recommending routine circumcision as a prophylactic measure to prevent HIV infection in Africa, or elsewhere, is scientifically unfounded.
Sedimentation beneath ice shelves — the view from ice stream B

Abstract Ice-shelf development is favored by rapid flow of cold ice from outlet glaciers or ice streams into protected embayments with localized high spots. Basal melting of ice shelves is rapid near the ice front and may occur near the grounding line. Ice from outlet glaciers may contain significant englacial debris that is deposited as a dropstone diamicton in regions of basal melting. Englacial debris is sparse or absent in ice streams. Evidence from ice stream B, draining into the Ross Ice Shelf of West Antarctica, suggests that the rapid ice velocity arises from deformation of a several-meter-thick, water-saturated basal till layer that is eroding an unconformity on sediments beneath and that has deposited a “till delta” tens of meters thick and tens of kilometers long at the grounding line. Sea-level fall would cause “conveyor belt” recycling of this till delta and grounding-line advance across the Ross Sea to the edge of the continental shelf, forming an ice sheet with a low, ice-stream profile resting on a several meter-thick deforming till layer eroding an unconformity. The modern Ross Sea is characterized by a regional unconformity overlain by a diamicton of probable latest Pliocene-Pleistocene age measuring several meters to tens of meters thick. We hypothesize that this diamicton is a deformed glacial till and that the Ross Sea sediments record one or more expansions of the till-lubricated West Antarctic ice sheet to the edge of the continental shelf.
Stereotactic radiosurgery of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with a multileaf collimator and a single isocenter.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively demonstrate the safety and efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain with a linear accelerator fitted with a multileaf collimator. METHODS: A novel radiosurgery system was developed at the University of Michigan Medical Center with a standard multileaf collimator and a computer-controlled radiotherapy system. Data were accumulated prospectively on all patients undergoing treatment with this system since treatment began in 1995. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients with 37 AVMs have undergone treatment to date. At more than 3 years since treatment, 15 of 16 AVMs with a volume of less than 10 cc were proven to be obliterated by angiography or magnetic resonance imaging, and one was considered a treatment failure. At more than 24 months since therapy, all four AVMs with a volume of 10 to 25 cc were obliterated. Four patients with AVMs with a volume of more than 25 cc have undergone staged therapy, treating the entire volume to 10 Gy twice, but none has been followed long enough to demonstrate a final outcome. There were four transient and no permanent complications. CONCLUSION: Our early data indicate that stereotactic radiosurgery of cerebral AVMs with a linear accelerator and a multileaf collimator is safe and effective. Large AVMs may be especially suitable for this mode of therapy. Staged treatment of very large AVMs seems to be a promising addition to standard treatment, but longer follow-up is necessary to confirm that complete obliteration can be achieved.
“You Just Belong to Us”: Tales of Identity and Difference With Populations to Which the Ethnographer Belongs

This article, based on the first ethnographic study on the Argentine minority in New York City, addresses some of the conflicting issues emerging from ethnographers’ involvement with research populations to which they belong, including the implications of being perceived as members of the same “flock.” The article explores participants’ self-representations in terms of class and racial and/or ethnic categories vis-a-vis others including the ethnographer, also from Argentine origin. The Whiteness strategy and the cultural divide were two important discursive tools that allowed lighter-skinned study participants to place themselves closer to the White majority, while challenging their perceived socioeconomic dislocation in mainstream America. The ethnographer’s self-representation in the field was also characterized by tensions and adjustments, which relied on the exchange of social resources (social capital) as the unexpected backdrop for trust and reciprocity to be continuously negotiated.
A gravitational first-order action for the bosonic string

The authors present a gravitational first-order action for the bosonic string, treating the metric and the affine connection as independent variables.
MOPP/ABVD Chemotherapy for Advanced Hodgkin's Disease

Excerpt In the past 2 decades, the prognosis of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease has improved dramatically because of the development of curative combination chemotherapy. The MOPP regimen ...
Annual Rituals of Conflict

Great rituals of conflict—annual celebrations containing episodes of threat, insult, or contention—are widely, though sporadically, distributed worldwide. To account for their incidence, propositions derived from Gluckman's analysis of Southeast African rituals of rebellion are tested crossculturally. Results indicate annual rituals of conflict occur disproportionately among societies situated in environments prone to seasonal hunger and possessing political systems strongly inclined to favor communal over individual decision making. Analysis suggests that such rites originate in a spontaneous reaction to sudden, drastic uptakes of food energy. Further substantive findings bearing on mode and amplitude of collective enactments, combined with theoretical understandings of ritualization, lead to conclusions regarding subsequent cultural development.
Multiple-level information source and entropy-reduced transformation models

Abstract An approach has been proposed to analyse systematically the changes in entropy which occur in the different stages of a pattern recognizer. It models the entire pattern recognition system as a multiple level information source (MLIS). For a typical recognition system there are four levels in this information source, i.e. IS1 to IS4, and they can be divided into two categories: entropy-reduced and entropy-increased. By examining the internal structures of a pattern recognition system, MLIS allows us to address all the different factors which increase the entropy at the different levels of the entire system. Such factors include (1) IS1: Intrinsic characteristics of the target pattern set, (2) IS2: Distortions due to the transducer and digitization, and (3) IS4: Information loss due to feature extraction process. A theoretical analysis of the entropy distribution in the MLIS indicates that in order to improve the performance of a pattern recognition system, the entropy of the MLIS must be reduced in all the different levels. Specifically, IS1, IS2 and IS4 must be converted. To perform this conversion, a theoretical framework called entropy-reduced transformation (ERT) has been developed. Two examples are presented to illustrate how the proposed MLIS solves a practical engineering problem of pattern recognition and how the ERT is applied to design a pattern recognizer.
Alternative techniques for the efficient acquisition of haptic data

Immersive environments are those that surround users in an artificial world. These environments consist of a composition of various types of immersidata: unique data types that are combined to render a virtual experience. Acquisition, for storage and future querying, of information describing sessions in these environments is challenging because of the real-time demands and sizeable amounts of data to be managed. In this paper, we summarize a comparison of techniques for achieving the efficient acquisition of one type of immersidata, the haptic data type, which describes the movement, rotation, and force associated with user-directed objects in an immersive environment. In addition to describing a general process for real-time sampling and recording of this type of data, we propose three distinct sampling strategies: fixed, grouped, and adaptive. We conducted several experiments with a real haptic device and found that there are tradeoffs between the accuracy, efficiency, and complexity of implementation for each of the proposed techniques. While it is possible to use any of these approaches for real-time haptic data acquisition, we found that an adaptive sampling strategy provided the most efficiency without significant loss in accuracy. As immersive environments become more complex and contain more haptic sensors, techniques such as adaptive sampling can be useful for improving scalability of real-time data acquisition.
In vivo immune response to TNP hapten coupled to thymus-independent carrier lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract Lipopolysaccharide has been utilized as a carrier for the TNP hapten, producing an antigen which induces an in vivo thymus-independent antibody response to TNP as determined using athymic nude mice and their normal littermates. The immune response to TNP-LPS was investigated at both the antibody-forming cell and the serum antibody levels. The primary response to an optimal dose of TNP-LPS (1.0 μg) exhibited unusual kinetics reaching a sharp peak on day 3 of 58,000 anti-TNP PFC/spleen. Serum antibody to TNP was first detected on day 3 and reached a maximum log 2 titer of 17.5 on day 5, an uncommonly high level for hapten-carrier conjugates and most carriers. Both the anti-TNP serum antibody and PFCs were exclusively IgM. No IgG antibody was detected in the primary response through 28 days postimmunization, nor was any detected in any experiment described in this paper. The primary PFC response to 1.0 μg of TNP-LPS was specific for TNP, producing no evidence of polyclonal antibody synthesis. The relative affinities of PFC-secreted antibody were investigated using hapten inhibition. The hapten inhibition curves for TNP-LPS and TNP-SRBC were very similar, indicating that relatively high affinity antibody was elicited by TNP-LPS. The secondary response to this dose following priming with TNP-SRBC or TNP-LPS was similar to the primary response, though the peak was less sharp in both cases. The response to the homologous secondary challenge shifted somewhat, reaching a peak on days 3–4. The effect of various doses in priming or challenging for the secondary response to TNP-LPS was investigated. Using an increased PFC response as a criterion, no dose was optimal for priming or immunological memory to TNP-LPS. While the adoptive primary response to TNP-LPS reached a low level peak on day 7, the adoptive secondary attained a maximum on day 6. This shift in kinetics in intact mice and in adoptive hosts in comparing primary to secondary responses indicated that a state of B cell priming may be induced. However, its full expression may be suppressed by endogenous factors at the time of priming, such as the high level of circulating anti-TNP antibody or residual antigen. Adoptive transfer would remove the cells from these influences, allowing such B cell priming to manifest itself fully.
Imaging of Meckel's diverticulum in adults: pictorial essay

Meckel's diverticulum is the most common congenital abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract. It is usually asymptomatic but may present with complications of acute diverticular inflammation, ulceration, hemorrhage, small bowel obstruction, perforation, retained foreign bodies, enterolith formation, and neoplasm development. Thus, the preoperative radiological diagnosis is crucial for proper management of the patients. This article reviews the anatomic and clinical features of Meckel's and describes the role of imaging in the detection of Meckel's and evaluation of its associated pathological processes.
Uncalibrated Visual Servo Control of Robot Manipulators with Uncertain Kinematics

It is often desired to describe the control objective for a robotic application in terms of the task-space; hence, the robot kinematics are required to relate the task-space control objective to the joint-space control input. Most of the previous robot controllers assume that the robot kinematics and manipulator Jacobian are perfectly known. In this paper, a joint space controller is coupled with an image-based path planner for end-effector regulation tasks in the presence of uncertain camera calibration, nonlinear distortion effects, and uncertainty in the manipulator Jacobian. Development is first presented for a planar case followed by simulation results. The approach is then extended to the 6 degree-of-freedom case for the camera-in-hand configuration.
Material research with tight-binding molecular dynamics

Abstract Tight-binding molecular dynamics has recently emerged as a useful method for studying the structural, dynamical and electronic properties of realistic systems. In this article, we briefly review some recent achievements of the tight-binding molecular dynamics method and discuss some opportunities for future development.
Characterization of Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid for Precursor of Porcine Motilin

Cloned cDNAs encoding the precursor protein for motilin and a novel peptide, motilin-associated peptide, were isolated from a library derived from porcine intestinal mucosa mRNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis predicts a precursor protein of 119 amino acids including a signal peptide in direct linkage with the 22 amino acid sequence for motilin, and a 70 amino acid peptide of unknown function. The putative bioactive moieties are separated by Lys-Lys, dibasic residues that serve as substrates for cleavage by proteolytic maturation enzymes in many polyprotein precursors. While there is an abundant literature detailing a spectrum of tissues and cell types which express motilin like immunoreactivity, analysis of mRNA derived from many of these tissues suggests that the mRNA for the mucosal motilin precursor is only transcribed in this tissue. The nature of the immunoreactive material in the central nervous system and other peripheral tissues remains to be determined.
How efficiently do corn‐ and soybean‐based cropping systems use water? A systems modeling analysis

Agricultural systems are being challenged to decrease water use and increase production while climate becomes more variable and the world's population grows. Low water use efficiency is traditionally characterized by high water use relative to low grain production and usually occurs under dry conditions. However, when a cropping system fails to take advantage of available water during wet conditions, this is also an inefficiency and is often detrimental to the environment. Here, we provide a systems-level definition of water use efficiency (sWUE) that addresses both production and environmental quality goals through incorporating all major system water losses (evapotranspiration, drainage, and runoff). We extensively calibrated and tested the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) using 6 years of continuous crop and soil measurements in corn- and soybean-based cropping systems in central Iowa, USA. We then used the model to determine water use, loss, and grain production in each system and calculated sWUE in years that experienced drought, flood, or historically average precipitation. Systems water use efficiency was found to be greatest during years with average precipitation. Simulation analysis using 28 years of historical precipitation data, plus the same dataset with ± 15% variation in daily precipitation, showed that in this region, 430 mm of seasonal (planting to harvesting) rainfall resulted in the optimum sWUE for corn, and 317 mm for soybean. Above these precipitation levels, the corn and soybean yields did not increase further, but the water loss from the system via runoff and drainage increased substantially, leading to a high likelihood of soil, nutrient, and pesticide movement from the field to waterways. As the Midwestern United States is predicted to experience more frequent drought and flood, inefficiency of cropping systems water use will also increase. This work provides a framework to concurrently evaluate production and environmental performance of cropping systems.
Bluetongue virus serotype 17 sequence variation associated with neutralization

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an insect-transmitted orbivirus of importance to the cattle and sheep industry. The VP2 protein, encoded by L2, contains neutralizing epitopes. Previously, a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the BTV serotype 17 (BTV-17) prototype strain was generated and it was determined that the neutralization domain consists of three overlapping epitopes. Over 30 amino acid changes were found between a neutralized BTV-17 prototype strain and a non-neutralized BTV-17 198 strain. In this study, the L2 genes from eight additional strains, representing both the neutralized and non-neutralized groups of BTV-17, were sequenced to determine the degree of conservation of the previously characterized differences. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that 91% (30/33) of the previously noted changes were conserved within each group. The sequence of the M5 gene that encodes VP5 was also examined, since this surface protein has also been shown to affect neutralization. No consistent changes were noted between the neutralized and non-neutralized groups of BTV-17 by analysis of the VP5 protein. Finally, the L2 sequences of five MAb neutralization escape mutants were determined to identify specific amino acids involved in neutralization and perhaps virulence. All five mutants contained 1-3 amino acid changes that were in close proximity to a previously described variable region. These amino acid changes likely define critical sites in the overlapping neutralization domains previously described. This is the first description of two BT virus populations that have distinct neutralization characteristics co-circulating in a defined geographical region.
The Large Millimeter-Wave Telescope

The Large Millimeter-wave Telescope (LMT) is a joint project of the United States and Mexico. The project goal is to construct and operate a 50m diameter millimeter-wave antenna. The antenna, shown schematically in Figure 1, will be built on a mountain site in Mexico and will have the highest gain and the highest overall sensitivity of any millimeter-wave antenna ever constructed. The total construction cost is estimated to be approximately 46 million dollars, with completion of the telescope in the year 2000. Initial instrumentation for the antenna will emphasize focal plane arrays for spectroscopy and continuum observations in the 1.3mm wavelength region. Key scientific projects to be carried out with the LMT include studies of: (1) molecular ISM in high redshift systems; (2) spiral structure in external galaxies; (3) chemistry and structure of molecular clouds and star forming cores; and (4) chemistry and physical properties of primitive objects in the solar system.
α–melanocyte‐stimulating hormone peptide analogs labeled with technetium‐99m and indium‐111 for malignant melanoma targeting

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the compact structure of a rhenium-cyclized α–melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptide analog, [Cys3, 4, 10,D-Phe7]α-MSH3–13, or Re-CCMSH, significantly enhanced its in vivo tumor uptake and retention. In this study, the metal chelate 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was coupled to the N-terminus of Re-CCMSH in order to develop a melanoma-targeting peptide that could be labeled with a wider variety of imaging and therapeutic radionuclides. METHODS Biodistribution properties of indium-111 (111In)–labeled DOTA-Re-CCMSH were compared with the non-DOTA-containing technetium-99m (99mTc)–CCMSH in murine melanoma–bearing C57 mice to determine the effects of DOTA on tumor uptake and whole-body clearance. The tumor targeting capacity and clearance kinetics of 111In-DOTA-Re-CCMSH were also compared with other related cyclic and linear 111In-labeled DOTA-α-MSH complexes. RESULTS The in vivo distribution data showed that the conjugation of DOTA to Re-CCMSH did not reduce its initial tumor uptake kinetics but did enhance its tumor retention and renal clearance properties. The tumor uptake of 111In-DOTA-Re-CCMSH was significantly higher than the other 111In-DOTA–coupled cyclic or linear α-MSH analogs used in this study. Moreover, 111In-DOTA-Re-CCMSH displayed lower radioactivity accumulation in normal tissues of interest than its non-Re-cyclized counterpart, 111In-DOTA-CCMSH; the disulfide bond–cyclized 111In-DOTA-CMSH; or the linear 111In-DOTA-NDP. CONCLUSIONS Peptide cyclization via rhenium coordination significantly enhanced the tumor targeting and renal clearance properties of DOTA-Re-CCMSH, making it an excellent candidate for melanoma radiodetection and radiotherapy. Cancer 2002;94:1196–1201. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10284
Persistent monitoring of changing environments using a robot with limited range sensing

This paper presents controllers that enable a mobile robot to persistently monitor or sweep a changing environment. The changing environment is modeled as an accumulation function which grows in areas that are not within range of the robot, and decreases in areas that are within range of the robot. The robot must continually move through the environment to prevent the accumulation of any area from growing unbounded. We consider the case in which a predefined path is given for the robot, and we focus on controlling the robot's speed along the path. We characterize necessary and sufficient conditions on the speed controller of the robot for keeping the accumulation function bounded. We then search among the space of speed controllers that are parametrized by a finite set of basis functions. We develop a linear program to compute the optimal speed controller; that which minimizes the accumulation over the environment. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the controllers.
VDISORT: AN IMPROVED AND GENERALIZED DISCRETE ORDINATE METHOD FOR POLARIZED (VECTOR) RADIATIVE TRANSFER

Abstract A previously developed model for vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer in vertically inhomogeneous plane parallel media has been tested for both Rayleigh and Mie scattering phase matrices. A few errors were found in the implementation of the model that seriously impaired the model output. An improved version of the model was created in which the errors have been corrected. In addition, the procedure for computing the Fourier components of the phase matrix, required as input to the radiative transfer routines, has been replaced by a more efficient and accurate procedure. While the original version of the model was limited to phase matrices of spherical particles or to scatterers much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light (Rayleigh limit), the new version presented here is valid for a much broader range of applications including scattering by an ensemble of nonspherical particles. Extensive tests of the model in the Rayleigh limit as well as for unpolarized and polarized beam source applications in the Mie regime demonstrate the significant improvements in accuracy and efficiency achieved with the new version.
Probing the influence of myelin and glia on the tensile properties of the spinal cord.

Although glia have been historically classified as the structurally supporting cells of the central nervous system, their role in tissue mechanics is still largely unstudied. The influence of myelin and glia on the mechanical properties of spinal cord tissue was examined by testing embryonic day 18 chick embryo spinal cords in uniaxial tension following disruption of the glial matrix using either ethidium bromide (EB) or an antibody against galactocerebroside (αGalC) in the presence of complement. Demyelination was confirmed by myelin basic protein immunoreactivity and quantified using osmium tetroxide staining. A substantial loss of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes concurrent with demyelination was observed following EB injection but not αGalC injection. No morphological changes were observed following injection of saline or IgG with complement as controls for EB and αGalC. Demyelinated spinal cords demonstrated significantly lower stiffness and ultimate tensile stress than myelinated spinal cords. No significant differences were observed in the tensile response between the two demyelinating protocols. The results demonstrate that the glial matrix provides significant mechanical support to the spinal cord, and suggests that myelin and cellular coupling of axons via the glial matrix in large part dictates the tensile response of the tissue.
Identification and Characterization of the Cytoplasmic Protein TRAF4 as a p53-regulated Proapoptotic Gene *

The role of p53 in tumor suppression partly relies on its ability to transcriptionally regulate target genes involved in the initiation of cell cycle arrest or the activation of programmed cell death. In recent years many genes have been identified as p53-regulated genes; however, no single target gene has been shown to be required for the full apoptotic effect. We have identified TRAF4 as a p53-regulated gene in a microarray screen using a Murine 11K Affymetrix GeneChip hybridized with cRNA from the p53 temperature-sensitive cell line, Vm10. TRAF4 is a member the TRAF family of adaptor proteins that mediate cellular signaling by binding to various members of the tumor necrosis family receptor superfamily and interleukin-1/Toll-like receptor super-family. In contrast to its other family members, TRAF4 has not been shown to bind to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily in vivo, nor has it been shown to regulate signaling pathways common to its other family members. Therefore the role of TRAF4 in a signaling pathway has not yet been established and requires further study. TRAF4 is specifically regulated by p53 in response to temperature sensitive p53, overexpression of p53 by use of an adenovirus, and stabilization of p53 in response to DNA damage. The murine TRAF4 promoter contains a functional p53 DNA-binding site ∼1 kilobase upstream of the initiating methionine. TRAF4 localizes to the cytoplasm and appears to remain in the cytoplasm following DNA damage. Interestingly, the overexpression of TRAF4 induces apoptosis and suppresses colony formation. These data suggest a correlation that the orphan adaptor protein TRAF4 may play a role in p53-mediated proapoptotic signaling in the response to cellular stress.
Left Atrial Relaxation and Left Ventricular Systolic Function Determine Left Atrial Reservoir Function

Background—Determinants of left atrial (LA) reservoir function and its influence on left ventricular (LV) function have not been quantified. Methods and Results—In an open-pericardium, paced (70 and 90 bpm) pig model of LV regional ischemia (left anterior descending coronary constriction), with high-fidelity LV, LA, and RV pressure recordings, we obtained the LA area with 2D automated border detection echocardiography, LA pressure-area loops, and Doppler transmitral flow. We calculated LV τ, LA relaxation (a−x pressure difference divided by time, normalized by a pressure), and stiffness (slope between x and v pressure points of v loop). Determinants of total LA reservoir (maximum−minimum area, cm2) were identified by multiple regression analysis. Different mean rates of LA area increase identified 2 consecutive (early rapid and late slow) reservoir phases. During ischemia, LV long-axis shortening (LAS, LV base systolic descent) and LA reservoir area change decreased (7.3±0.3 [SEM] versus 5.6±0.3 cm2, P<0....
Apoptosis in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryonic cells: evidence for internucleosomal DNA modification in the absence of double-strand cleavage.

Abstract Apoptosis in embryonic C3H/10T1/2 (clone 8) cells is marked by specific changes in morphology and DNA fragmentation that differ from those found in apoptotic thymocytes. These results demonstrate that ultrastructural changes within the nucleus associated with endonucleolytic degradation are linked with structural degradation at higher levels of chromatin organization. Strand modifications within the internucleosomal linker region are shown to involve alkaline-sensitive sites that appear to be sensitive to S1 endonuclease. Our results suggest that apoptosis is not dependent upon internucleosomal cleavage and may reveal the penultimate step and the nature of the metabolic cascade that leads to cell death.
Oil ganglion dynamics during immiscible displacement: Model formulation

A model is formulated in order to study the transient behavior of oil ganglion populations during immiscible displacement in oil recovery processes. The model is composed of three components: a suitable model for granular porous media; a stochastic simulation method capable of predicting the expected fate (mobilization, breakup, stranding) of solitary oil ganglia moving through granular porous media; and two coupled ganglion population balance equations, one applying to moving ganglia and the other to stranded ones. The porous medium model consists of a regular network of randomly sized unit cells of the constricted tube type. Based on this model and a mobilization-breakup criterion, computer aided simulations provide probabilistic information concerning the fate of solitary oil ganglia. Such information is required in the ganglion population balance equations, the solution of which delineates the conditions under which oil bank formation suceeds or fails. Successful oil bank formation depends on the outcome of the competition between the process of oil ganglion deterioration through breakup and stranding on one hand and the process of oil ganglion collision and coalescence on the other. The parameters entering the system of population balances are initial ganglion number concentration, average ganglion velocity, ganglion dispersion coefficients, ganglion stranding coefficient, ganglion breakup coefficient and probability of coalescence given a collision. These parameters are, in turn, functions of the porous medium geometry, capillary number, ganglion size distribution, flood velocity, oil saturation and flood composition.
Lifting the veil: the expression of values in online communities

Wikipedia's stated mission is to provide a free encyclopedia that people all over the world can use and contribute to. However, while Wikipedia is successful at providing access to free, high quality information to users around the globe, the degree to which Wikipedia has succeeded in facilitating contribution on a global scale is less well known. The mechanisms used to determine why and how content is included have, for the most part, taken place "off-stage" and in ways that are less visible to the casual Wikipedia user. In this study, we explore the relationship between the ideals on which Wikipedia was founded and the policies and practices of the close-knit community that has developed around the shared practice of building the encyclopedia. Through a case study of a polarized talk page debate we show that the editorial community of the English language Wikipedia has a distinct cultural character, which can be uncovered through an examination of the way community members use the social and technical mechanisms of the website and through an analysis of the rhetorical appeals made by editors engaged in heated talk page debates. Our analysis reveals an inherent tension among the values held by the majority of Wikipedians, the values articulated in Wikipedia's mission statement, and the values of the global community of readers that Wikipedia was created to serve.
Template based semantic similarity for security applications

Today's search technology delivers impressive results in finding relevant documents for given keywords. However many applications in various fields including genetics, pharmacy, social networks, etc. as well as national security need more than what traditional search can provide. Users need to query a very large knowledge base (KB) using semantic similarity, to discover its relevant subsets. One approach is to use templates that support semantic similarity-based discovery of suspicious activities, that can be exploited to support applications such as money laundering, insider threat and terrorist activities. Such discovery that relies on a semantic similarity notion will tolerate syntactic differences between templates and KB using ontologies. We address the problem of identifying known scenarios using a notion of template-based similarity performed as part of the SemDIS project [1, 3]. This approach is prototyped in a system named TRAKS (Terrorism Related Assessment using Knowledge Similarity) and tested using scenarios involving potential money laundering.
Assessing the Quality of Learned Local Models

An approach is presented to learning high dimensional functions in the case where the learning algorithm can affect the generation of new data. A local modeling algorithm, locally weighted regression, is used to represent the learned function. Architectural parameters of the approach, such as distance metrics, are also localized and become a function of the query point instead of being global. Statistical tests are given for when a local model is good enough and sampling should be moved to a new area. Our methods explicitly deal with the case where prediction accuracy requirements exist during exploration: By gradually shifting a "center of exploration" and controlling the speed of the shift with local prediction accuracy, a goal-directed exploration of state space takes place along the fringes of the current data support until the task goal is achieved. We illustrate this approach with simulation results and results from a real robot learning a complex juggling task.
On the Radiative Properties of Polydispersions : A Simplified Approach

Abstract In this paper an analysis is presented to predict the spectral absorption, extinction and scattering coefficients of polydispersions of carbon, different coals, and fly-ash particles. The normalization of the efficiency factors are given. Relatively simple, closed form expressions are derived for the spectral absorption and extinction coefficient. These simplified relations are promising for accurately predicting the radiative properties for use in multidimensional, spectral, radiative heat transfer analyses.
Embedding a Covert Channel in Active Network Connections

Covert timing channels exploit varying packet rates between synchronized sending and receiving hosts to transmit hidden information. The overhead in synchronizing covert timing channels and their inherent dependence on network conditions are their main drawbacks. In this paper, we propose a covert channel using multiple active connections that does not depend on the timing differences between consecutive packets. Our proposed approach uses multiple network connections between a pair of communicating hosts to transmit covert data. Hence this covert channel is unaffected by underlying unpredictable network conditions. The concealed data is embedded in the order and sequence of connections to/from which regular (cover) packets of data are sent/received. Our experimental results show that, in addition to higher channel capacity, our proposed channel is undetectable using contemporary timing channel detection approaches.
Surface plasmonwaveguide mode hybridization and lasing in sub-wavelength microdisks at 1.3µm

Hybridization of surface plasmon and waveguide modes, in sub-wavelength quantum well microdisks with a varying diameter top metal contact, is simulated and experimentally verified. Lasing is achieved in weakly hybridized optically pumped sub-wavelength disks at λ = 1.3µm.
Invited critique: bridging the gap between disaster plan and execution.

Abstract : Burns and inhalation injury constituted the leading diagnosis in survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City. Many of us have speculated that a much large number of seriously burned survivors would have emerged from the twin towers had they not collapsed. Thus, although preparation for a nuclear attack or a small pox outbreak are important tasks, a more pressing homeland security mission is preparation for the more likely scenario of another disaster involving conventional explosives and large numbers of burn and trauma casualties. Numerous reports have demonstrated the value of local, regional, and national disas- ter plans, while documenting the price paid for ineffective planning and execution.