cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Self-Government Rationale of Free Speech

Among the purposes and values of free speech are the truth value, the self-fulfillment value, the safety-valve value, and the democratic self-governance value. This latter value is often associated with the writings of Alexander Meiklejohn, who argues that self-government depends for its survival on a free and robust democratic dialogue. Meiklejohn took a Madisonian view of the First Amendment, seeing its protections as existing primarily to serve the democratic process.
Methods for Estimating Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from Combustion Processes

Abstract Methods for estimating emissions of oxides of nitrogen from combustion processes have been developed. Nitrogen oxide formation is related to temperature or heat supplied in the combustion process; and temperature or heat supplied is related to exhaust gas volume as a function of per cent CO2 in the exhaust gas. The formation of nitrogen oxides is related to fuel consumption by a power function which is linear on a log-log plot. Equations and nomographs have been derived by means of which the pounds of nitrogen oxides per hour emitted from a combustion process may be estimated.
Effect of a Liquid Diet on the Protein Composition of Rat Parotid Saliva

The object of the present study was to determine of the secretory proteins of rats parotid saliva were altered following parotid gland atrophy induced by feeding rats a liquid stock diet which eliminated mastication. Compared to rats fed the pelleted stock diet, the parotid glands of rats fed liquid stock diet showed 40% to 55% reductions in gland weight and content of RNA, amylase, and protein. Gland DNA content was reduced by 26%. The concentration of protein and the activities of three secretory enzymes in parotid saliva were reduced by 40% to 70%. The secretory enzymes were affected in a nonparallel manner so that per milligram of secretory protein DNase was increased, while RNase and amylase were reduced. Examination of the protein composition by acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that several secretory proteins were no longer present. This study showed that feeding rats a standard stock diet, but in liquid form to eliminate mastication, results in a reduction in the protein concentration of parotid saliva, a loss of several secretory proteins and nonparallel changes in some of the proteins which remain.
A Whig History of Ethic: A Review of The Invention of Autonomy by J. B. Schneewind

J. B. Schneewind's The Invention of Autonomy has been hailed as a major interpretation of modern moral thought. Schneewind's narrative, however, elides several serious interpretive issues, particularly in the transition form late medieval to early modern thought. This results in potentially distorted accounts of Thomas Aquinas, Hugo Grotius, and G. W. Leibniz. Since these thinkers play a crucial role in Schneewind's argument, uncertainty over their work calls into question at least some of Schneewind's larger agenda for the history of ethics.
Denervation: Sequence of neuromuscular degenerative changes in rats and the effect of stimulation

Abstract Rat extensor digitorum longus muscles were denervated from 3 h to 7 days to study the initial sequence of degenerative changes at the neuromuscular junction. As a result of cutting or crushing the nerve, miniature endplate potential frequency transiently increased then disappeared, and eventually muscle resting membrane potential depolarized. The time of onset of all measured denervation changes was dependent on the length of the remaining nerve stump. Miniature endplate potentials disappeared 12 to 13 h after denervation at synapses 1 mm from the denervation site and 17 to 18 h at synapses 6 to 7 mm from the denervation site. Resting membrane potentials measured in vitro began to depolarize 3 to 4 h after miniature endplate potentials disappeared. Stimulation of the distal nerve stump for 1 h at the time of denervation accelerated the disappearance of miniature endplate potentials by 2 to 3 h but had no effect on the time of resting membrane depolarization. That the onset of miniature endplate potential disappearance occurs earlier when a short nerve stump remains and also when the stump is electrically stimulated is consistent with the idea that a depletion of some substance in the nerve precedes degenerative alterations in the nerve and later in the muscle.
New apparatus for detecting micron-scale deviations from Newtonian gravity

We describe the design and construction of a new apparatus for detecting or constraining deviations from Newtonian gravity at short length scales. The apparatus consists of a new type of probe with rotary mass actuation and cantilever-based force detection which is used to directly measure the force between two micromachined masses separated by tens of microns. We present the first data from the experiment, and discuss the prospects of more precisely constraining or detecting non-Newtonian effects using this probe. Currently, the sensitivity to attractive mass-dependent forces is equal to the best existing limits at length scales near $5\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. No non-Newtonian effects are detected at that level.
Compact graph representation for Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF)

Abstract Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) processes offer the capability of fully automated production of parts. Current processes like SLA (stereolithography) trade accuracy and material properties to achieve this. A new set of processes is emerging that can deliver production-grade parts using a combination of deposition and shaping techniques. The added complexity of the process makes manufacturing planning and execution more difficult. To achieve the same level of automation that current SFF processes exhibit, this paper presents a part representation formalism that captures the basic elements of the manufacturing process and allows for automated algorithms to produce viable process plans. These ideas have been applied to the Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM) process developed at Stanford University and Carnegie Mellon University.
Use of the equilibrium-dispersive model of nonlinear gas chromatography for the modelling of the elution band profiles in the preparative-scale gas chromatographic separation of enantiomers

Abstract The equilibrium-dispersive model of chromatography is applied to the study of enantioselective separations of methyl 2-chloropropionate in gas chromatography. The single-component and competitive bi-Langmuir isotherm equations that describe the sorption behavior of single enantiomers and racemates, respectively, are utilized by the equilibrium-dispersive model to predict the elution band profiles of single-component and binary mixture samples. The measured and the calculated band profiles are compared both for the analytical open tubular column used to acquire the isotherm data and for the 1 m×22.5 mm I.D. preparative packed column, followed by the comparison of the enantiomeric purity vs. production curves for both the measured and the simulated systems.
Efficacy of Zinc Against Common Cold Viruses: An Overview

Objective: To review the laboratory and clinical evidence of the medicinal value of zinc for the treatment of the common cold. Data Sources: Published articles identified through Medline (1980‐2003) using the search terms zinc, rhinovirus, and other pertinent subject headings. Additional sources were identified from the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. Study Selection: By the author. Data Extraction: By the author. Data Synthesis: Human rhinoviruses, by attaching to the nasal epithelium via the intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) receptor, cause most colds. Ionic zinc, based on its electrical charge, also has an affinity for ICAM-1 receptor sites and may exert an antiviral effect by attaching to the ICAM-1 receptors in the rhinovirus structure and nasal epithelial cells. Clinical tests of zinc for treatment of common colds have been inconsistent, primarily because of study design, blinding, and lozenge contents. Early formulations of lozenges also were unpalatable. In three trials with similar study designs, methodologies, and efficacy assessments, zinc effectively and significantly shortened the duration of the common cold when it was administered within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. Recent reports of trials with zinc gluconate administered as a nasal gel have supported these findings; in addition, they have shown that treatment with zinc nasal gel is effective in reducing the duration and severity of common cold symptoms in patients with established illness. Conclusion: Clinical trial data support the value of zinc in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms of the common cold when administered within 24 hours of the onset of common cold symptoms. Additional clinical and laboratory evaluations are warranted to further define the role of ionic zinc for the prevention and treatment of the common cold and to elucidate the biochemical
Sexual access to females as a motivation for joining gangs: An evolutionary approach

Previous theories of gangs have largely ignored a crucial aspect of the motivation young males have for joining gangs: a desire for increased sexual access to females. We first argue that an understanding of the evolutionary psychology of sex and reproductive competition can account for the typical age and sex compositions of gangs. We then review the anecdotal evidence from the gang research literature concerning the role of sexual access to females in the motivation of males who join gangs. Finally, we present an analysis of a unique study of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) outbreak that occurred in Colorado Springs, Colorado, between 1989 and 1991. This analysis revealed that the 57 male gang members involved in the outbreak had a significantly (p < .03) higher average number of sex partners than did the 63 male non‐gang members who were also involved in the outbreak.
Expanding and Understanding Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease

To the Editor. —The importance of identifying persons at increased risk for developing coronary artery disease is highlighted in the article on evaluating coronary heart disease (CHD) risk by Dr Hoeg. 1 The author advocates that examination of an individual patient's risk factors is essential in planning effective treatment. Both nonmodifiable risk factors such as a family history of heart disease and potentially modifiable factors such as cigarette smoking and obesity were described as "established" CHD risk factors. In addition to conventional risk factors, a list of 17 particularly promising proposed CHD risk factors was presented. We were surprised to note that none of the listings or case conceptualizations included psychosocial risk factors that have been shown to play an important role in the progression of coronary artery disease. 2 In particular, low levels of social support and economic resources 3 and depression 4 have been shown to be strongly
Short-Exposure Incoherent Imaging Through Turbulence For Circular and Annular Aperture Systems

A new theoretical development is described for modeling terrestrial incoherent passive imaging through optical turbulence for circular and annular aperture optical systems. Path varying turbulence effects and system aperture diffraction influences are incorporated.
Janus Kinase 2 Determinants for Growth Hormone Receptor Association, Surface Assembly, and Signaling

GH signaling depends on functional interaction of the GH receptor (GHR) and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), which possesses a C-terminal kinase domain, a catalytically inactive pseudokinase domain just N-terminal to the kinase domain, and an N-terminal half shown by us and others to harbor elements for GHR association. Computational analyses indicate that JAKs contain in their N termini (∼450 residues) divergent FERM domains. FERM domains (or subdomains within them) in JAKS may be important for associations with cytokine receptors. For some cytokine receptors, JAK interaction may be required for receptor surface expression. We previously demonstrated that a JAK2 mutant devoid of its N-terminal 239 residues (JAK2-Δ1–239) did not associate with GHR and could not mediate GH- induced signaling. In this report we employ a JAK2-deficient cell line to further define N-terminal JAK2 regions required for physical and functional association with the GHR. We also examine whether JAK2 expressi...
Integrated 30GHz passive ring mode-locked laser with gain flattening filter

We demonstrated a 30GHz integrated InGaAsP/InP ring mode-locked laser with a gain flattening filter that doubles the locking bandwidth and decreases the pulse width from 840fs to 620fs.
Phonation threshold pressure estimation using electroglottography in an airflow redirection system.

Objectives/Hypothesis The present study proposed to estimate phonation threshold pressure (PTP) non-invasively using airflow redirection into a pneumatic capacitance system.
Controlled Synthesis of Semiconductor PbS Nanocrystals and Nanowires Inside Mesoporous Silica SBA-15 Phase

A new flexible approach is developed to fabricate uniform nanocrystals and nanowires of binary compound semiconductor PbS inside the channels of mesoporous silica SBA-15. The approach combines functionalization of the channel surface with thiol groups, absorption of Pb2+, and heating in N2 atmosphere at high temperature. The separate introduction of thiol groups and Pb2+ makes the loading of a binary compound efficient and as easy as the loading of a single element. The nanocrystals are uniform and their sizes (5 nm) are consistent with the diameter of mesoporous SBA-15. The diameter of the PbS nanowires is about 6 nm and the length is several hundred nanometers. TEM images first intuitively confirm the formation of binary sulfide nanocrystals and nanowires dispersing uniformly inside the channels of mesoporous SBA-15. The key for transition from nanocrystals to nanowires is to increase the amount of the Si−OH group on the channel surface of SBA-15, and ethanol extraction proves to be effective to keep la...
The effect of thermal history on intergranular boron segregation and fracture morphology of substoichiometric Ni 3Al

While it has attractive mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance, the usefulness of polycrystalline Ni/sub 3/Al has been restricted because of its propensity for brittle intergranular fracture. While this intergranular brittleness can be aggravated by the intergranular segregation of certain impurities, particularly sulfur, the grain boundaries of Ni/sub 3/Al are intrinsically brittle and Ni/sub 3/Al will fail intergranularly in the absence of detectable impurity segregation. Addition of boron resulted in the fracture morphology changing from primarily intergranular to largely transgranular; and more importantly, the intergranular segregation of boron was conclusively demonstrated. The range of boron concentrations over which these beneficial effects are observed is well within the solubility limit, which has been estimated to be 1.5 at. % (4,5). Rice (6) developed a relationship between equilibrium intergranular segregation and grain boundary cohesion. According to this theory, the potential for intergranular embrittlement by a solute is related to the relative intensity of segregation of the solute to free surfaces as compared to segregation to grain boundaries. Rices theory allowed for the case of a solute segregating more strongly to grain boundaries than to free surfaces. If this difference is sufficiently large (approximately a factor of two), Rice's theory predicts an enhancementmore » of grain boudary cohesion. White and coworkers (4,7) noted the rather unusual phenomenon of boron segregating much more strongly to grain boundaries of Ni/sub 3/Al than to free surfaces, while sulfur (an embrittling impurity) was shown to exhibit the opposite effect.« less
A heuristic approach to effective sensor placement for modeling of a cylinder wake

Abstract The effectiveness of a sensor configuration for feedback flow control on the wake of a circular cylinder is investigated in both direct numerical simulation as well as in a water tunnel experiment. The research program is aimed at suppressing the von Karman vortex street in the wake of a cylinder at a Reynolds number of 100. The design of sensor number and placement was based on data from a laminar two-dimensional simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations for the unforced condition. A low-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was applied to the vorticity calculated from the flow field and sensor placement was based on the intensity of the resulting spatial eigenfunctions. The numerically generated data was comprised of 70 snapshots taken over three cycles from the steady state regime. A linear stochastic estimator (LSE) was employed to map the velocity data to the temporal coefficients of the reduced order model. The capability of the sensor configuration to provide accurate estimates of the four low-dimensional states was validated experimentally in a water tunnel at a Reynolds number of 108. For the experimental wake, a sample of 200 particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements was used. Results show that for experimental data, the root mean square estimation error of the estimates of the first two modes was within 6% of the desired values and for the next two modes was within 20% of the desired values. This level of error is acceptable for a moderately robust controller.
BACTERICIDAL ANTIBODY TO NON-TYPABLE STRAINS OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

Ninety per cent of H. influenzae from middle ear effusions are non-typable (HiNT). We have used a bactericidal antibody assay to classify HiNT and detect specific antibody. Rabbit antisera to two strains (T1 and T2), with complement, kill homologous organisms. Anti-T2 is specific after absorption with T1 bacteria(anti-T2 abs). Sensitivity to these sera distinguished 4 serogroups among 22 HiNT strains from middle ear effusion: Human sera were tested for activity against T1, T2, an SR strain, and a type b strain: The age and strain differences in prevalence of antibody demonstrate the specificity of this typing scheme. Classification of HiNT should facilitate epidemiologic study of otitis media.
Transfer RNA may be axonally transported during regeneration of goldfish optic nerves.

Abstract If [3H]uridine is injected into the eyes of goldfish during optic nerve regeneration, then the return of fibers to the optic tectum is accompanied by the appearance of [3H]RNA in the tectum. The amount of [3H]RNA arriving in the tectum is consistently greater than in non-regenerating controls and reaches maximum levels (more than 10 times controls) 24 days after optic nerve crush. When [14C]uridine is injected subarachnoidally 1 day prior to sacrificing, the amount of [14C]RNA in the tectum is approximately doubled throughout the regeneration period. In order to characterize the radioactive tectal RNA in these experiments, we have crushed the optic nerves of 15 fish, and 18 days later injected [3H]uridine into both eyes. Five days later[14C]uridine was injected subarachnoidally and all fish were sacrificed a day later. RNA was extracted and fractionated in 2.0% polyacrylamide gels, The amounts of 3H- and 14C-labeled ribosomal as well as small molecular weight RNAs were increased during regeneration. Analysis of the area under the 28S, 18S and 4–7S RNA peaks indicated a small increase in 14C radioactivity in each peak (1.2, 1.5 times control, respectively). On the other hand, 3H radioactivity showed the greatest increase in the 4–7S fraction (8.0 times control) whereas large molecular weight ribosomal fractions were approximately 3 times control. Electrophoresis of the RNA on 10% polyacrylamide gels demonstrated that all of the small molecular weight RNA was confined to the 4S (tRNA) peak. These results suggest that when optic nerves of goldfish regenerate, they may enter the tectum carrying 4S (transfer) RNA.
New hepatitis A vaccines and their role in prevention.

The hepatitis A virus (HAV) accounts for 20 to 25% of clinically apparent hepatitis cases worldwide. It generally causes mild to moderately severe acute illness. The serological prevalence of this virus is high in underdeveloped countries where poor sanitary conditions facilitate the spread of the virus. The Sentinel Counties studies of the Centers for Disease Control in the US have identified a number of factors associated with the acquisition of HAV, including household members, homosexual men, children and caretakers in day-care facilities who come into contact with individuals who are incubating or in the early phases of HAV infection. Poor sanitary conditions, international travel and intravenous drug use promote the transmission of the virus. However, in 40% of cases, no risk factor can be identified. Immune globulin (IG), once used exclusively for the prevention of HAV infection, acts by provoking passive-active immunity. It prevents clinical disease but permits subclinical disease to develop. Unfortunately, IG provides protection for only 3 to 6 months, necessitating repeat inoculation for exposure extending over 180 days. More recently, a number of live-attenuated and formalin-inactivated HAV vaccines have been developed and studied. The vaccines are well tolerated and highly immunogenic, with only mild local adverse reactions. The suggested dose and schedule is 720 ELISA units of inactivated vaccine injected intramuscularly at 0, 1 and 6 months. A single intramuscular dose of 1440 ELISA units followed 6 to 12 months later by a further injection has also been approved by the FDA and is available in several European countries. 90% of vaccinees achieve protective levels of anti-HAV after the first injection. Routine use of the HAV vaccine for pre-exposure prophylaxis is expected to replace IG in healthy adults travelling to endemic areas, children in day-care centres, military personnel, homosexual men, healthcare workers and residents in institutions for the mentally disabled.
SU‐FF‐T‐295: Monte Carlo Treatment Planning: The Influence of “variance Reduction” Techniques (ECUT, PCUT, ESTEP) On the Accuracy and Speed of Dose Calculations

Purpose: To investigate the influence of low energy electron cutoff values and electron step size on accuracy and speed of dose calculations in MCtreatment planning over a range of anatomical sites. Because low energy cutoffs and electron step size are not true variance reduction techniques, they are likely (if not used judiciously) to systematically bias the results. Consequently, tradeoffs between accuracy and speed associated with the use of these parameters must be carefully examined over the range of sites encountered in MC clinical planning. Method and Materials:MC planning (using RT_DPM) was performed for several anatomical sites including the head/neck, lung and prostate. Plans generally consisted of complex, multiple segment fields using 6 and/or 15 MV photons. Multiple calculations were performed for each treatment plan in which each of the parameters, ECUT, PCUT, and ESTEP were independently varied. ECUT ranged from 10 to 500 keV for two values of PCUT, 10 and 50 keV — typical values encountered in clinical MC planning. ESTEP ranged from 2 to 5 mm. Additionally, the scoring voxel size was reduced from 5 to 2.5 mm3 in some cases. All calculations were performed with sufficient histories for average uncertainties (1 σ) of less than 1% within the PTV's. Results: Evaluation a variety of dose metrics showed in some instances significant differences amongst plans using different cutoff and step values. We demonstrate that for treatment sites, such as the lung and head/neck, where low density structures are prevalent, even the use of conservative cutoffs (ECUT=50 keV) introduce significant systematic errors. In contrast, for homogeneous (water‐like) sites, such as the prostate, the time savings associated with use of higher energy cutoffs may be taken advantage of without affecting the dose accuracy. Conclusion: Further studies of energy cutoffs and step sizes are warranted before MC is used for routine clinical planning.
The Pharmacoeconomics of Newer Therapeutics for Rheumatic Diseases

Rheumatic diseases are common, serious conditions characterized by alterations in normal immune homeostasis with resultant end-organ injury. Although diverse in clinical expression and pathophysiologic basis, therapeutic approaches for these conditions frequently overlap. Over the past decade, several important new therapies have been introduced into the clinic for the treatment of many rheumatic conditions. Although these agents have proven highly effective, their higher costs have raised questions concerning their most appropriate use in the clinic. This issue has been analyzed in greatest detail in rheumatoid arthritis. Increasing data suggest that newer therapeutics may be cost-effective for rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.
Dreams Deferred but Not Deterred: A Qualitative Study on Undergraduate Nursing Student Attrition:

A qualitative study using grounded theory was conducted to examine the reasons that a sample of undergraduate baccalaureate nursing students withdrew from their nursing programs. The sample consist...
Some aspects of retrospective studies.

The "retrospective" or "case-control" study provides a more economical way of estimating the relative risk of disease than the prospective method because it does not require the devotion of considerable study resources to those who did not develop the disease. In such a study one identifies all or a well-defined sample of the new cases of a disease as they occur during some period of time and only after the occurrence of the disease are they classified by the presence or absence of the characteristic. Those who did not develop the disease during the period are also sampled and similarly classified by presence or absence of the characteristic. A basic assumption for estimating relative risk from the retrospective study is that it is possible to enumerate all new cases of a disease or a representative sample of them without having to observe all individuals in the population from which they arise and watching for cases to develop. This assumption might be accurate if all new patients with the disease sought medical attention all medical sources to which such patients might go were completely canvassed and an effective system for reporting such cases was in operation. In actuality these conditions may be far from satisfied. Another and closely related assumption which requires examination is that the sample of individuals not developing the disease supplies an unbiased estimate of the prevalence of the characteristic under study among the entire nondiseased population of interest. Most retrospective studies are satisfied to select a "control" group consisting of individuals with some disease other than that being investigated and to assume that the prevalence of the characteristic in that control group is an unbiased estimate of the required proportion. A discussion of Pearls study of the association between cancer and tuberculosis is included as an illustration that this can be a dangerous assumption. There are several ways of guarding against the possibility of error arising from the unrepresentative nature of the controls and these are identified. It is assumed in this discussion that the measures of association can be computed without regard to the effects of other known or suspected variables but this assumption will rarely be true. Methods of eliminating the possible effects of other variables must be considered.
Turned on by Ca2+! The physiology and pathology of Ca2+-binding proteins in the retina

Abstract Vertebrate photoreceptor cells can signal the absorption of a single photon and then modulate their response as the intensity of the light and the intensity of the background illumination vary, and it has long been recognized that Ca 2+ ions contribute to the underlying processes. Recently, several Ca 2+ -binding proteins of the EF-hand family were identified that mediate the actions of Ca 2+ during the response to light. Molecular interactions between these Ca 2+ -binding proteins and their cellular targets are amenable to study owing in part to the unique features of phototransduction. In addition, two of the proteins, recoverin and guanylate cyclase activating protein (GCAP), appear to be involved in separate degenerative diseases of the retina that arise in humans and in animal models of human disease. Information obtained from these studies should also be relevant to the growing number of homologous proteins found in other neural tissues. Trends Neurosci. (1996) 19, 547-554
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Single-Chain Monellin, a Sweet Protein

Single-chain monellin, a sweet protein, was synthesized by stepwise solid-phase synthesis. After deprotection, and purification with HPLC, single-chain monellin was obtained in a yield of 0.3% based on the starting resin.
Contemporary experience with surgical treatment of aortic valve disease in children

Objectives Surgical treatment of aortic valve (AoV) disease in childhood involves complex decisions particularly in very small patients. There is no consensus regarding the optimum surgical option. The objective of this review was to analyze a contemporary experience of AoV surgery in a large children's hospital. Methods A retrospective review of children (aged ≤18 years) undergoing AoV repair or replacement from June 1995 to December 2011 was carried out. Results A total of 285 AoV operations (97 repairs, 188 replacements) were performed on 241 patients. Hospital survival for repair was 98% and for replacements was 97%. At follow-up of repairs, there were 16 (17%) reoperations and 3 (3%) late deaths. Follow-up of AoV replacements demonstrated 31 (16%) reoperations (homograft 27, autograft 3, mechanical 1) and 8 (4%) late deaths (homograft 5, autograft 2, mechanical 1). Freedom from reintervention or death (FRD) was found to be lower in repairs for infants ( P = .048) and truncal valves ( P P Conclusions AoV repairs and replacements were generally found to be associated with low death and reoperation rates at long-term follow-up. Infants had a lower freedom from reintervention or death after either an AoV repair or replacement, although truncal valve repairs and AoV replacement in patients with concomitant CHD were associated with lower valve survival. Among the valve options, homograft root replacement had a higher risk of death/reoperation and lowest freedom from reintervention or death.
Effects of cyclopropene fatty acids on the lipid composition of the Morris hepatoma 7288C.

Fatty acids ofSterculia foetida were added to the medium used to maintain the Morris hepatoma 7288C in culture. The effect of this supplement on the lipid composition was examined. Overall, monoene levels were decreased with 18∶1 levels reduced by 40%. Saturated fatty acid levels were increased, with stearate (18∶0) levels 220% of control values. No effect occurred on the level of polyunsaturates (18∶2, 20∶4, 22∶5, 22∶6). These changes in fatty acid makeup were observed in both neutral and phospholipid fractions, and all lipid classes were affected. Triglycerides were most affected with a 66% decrease in 18∶1. There appeared to be little specificity of effect in the phospholipids with 18∶1 levels decreased 40–60% in all classes. All classes were therefore dependent on an endogenous supply of 18∶1. Examination of the distribution of geometrical isomers of 18∶1 reveals that in all lipid classes, except diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), the ratio of Δ11 to Δ9 isomer decreased toward the isomeric distribution displayed by total medium lipids. In DPG, although 18∶1 levels were lowered, the isomeric distribution increased. DPG, synthesized and found in the mitochondria, may use a separate pool of 18∶1 during synthesis. Cyclopropene fatty acids (sterculic and malvalic) were incorporated into both neutral and phospholipid fractions with preferential incorporation into triglycerides. Cyclopropene fatty acids were not selectively incorporated into any phospholipid species. Sphingomyelin did not incorporate cyclopropene fatty acids, indicating that a different class of acyltransferase is used in the formation of this phospholipid class.
Meteoroid Impacts as Seismic Sources on Mars

Abstract Meteoroid impacts on Mars are potential sources of seismic radiation that could be used to determine the internal structure of the planet. An estimate is made of the seismic signals that are expected on Mars based on the Lunar Apollo experiment, where large impacts, believed to be caused by stony asteroid fragments with masses greater than 10 kg, were recorded at a rate of one every 5 days. Mars is expected to have a different impact rate from the Moon because it has a different population of impactors, and ablation and deceleration in the martian atmosphere affect final impact energy. Using estimates of the mass and velocity distributions of meteoroids at Mars' orbit the atmospheric drag and ablation equations are solved to calculate the number of meteoroids which would be detected with a martian seismometer of Apollo sensitivity. The entry flux at Mars is taken to be 2.6 times the entry flux at Earth. The number of meteoroids impacting the surface as a function of energy is calculated and converted to the number expected to be detected on a seismometer assuming an energy detection threshold similar to that used during observations on the Moon. Atmospheric effects reduce the number of detectable events on Mars to about 0.8 of the value expected on Mars were no atmosphere present. The net result, which has at least a factor of three uncertainty, is that the number of large impacts per year detected by a Mars seismic station of Apollo sensitivity is calculated to be 116 events, which is similar to that on the Moon, i.e., 76 events per year.
Blood flow and structure interactions in a stented abdominal aortic aneurysm model

Since the introduction of endovascular techniques in the early 1990s for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), the insertion of an endovascular graft (EVG) into the affected artery segment has been greatly successful for a certain group of AAA patients and is continuously evolving. However, although minimally invasive endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is very attractive, post-operative complications may occur. Typically, they are the result of excessive fluid-structure interaction dynamics, possibly leading to EVG migration. Considering a 3D stented AAA, a coupled fluid flow and solid mechanics solver was employed to simulate and analyze the interactive dynamics, i.e., pulsatile blood flow in the EVG lumen, pressure levels in the stagnant blood filling the AAA cavity, as well as stresses and displacements in the EVG and AAA walls. The validated numerical results show that a securely placed EVG shields the diseased AAA wall from the pulsatile blood pressure and hence keeps the maximum wall stress 20 times below the wall stress value in the non-stented AAA. The sac pressure is reduced significantly but remains non-zero and transient, caused by the complex fluid-structure interactions between luminal blood flow, EVG wall, stagnant sac blood, and aneurysm wall. The time-varying drag force on the EVG exerted by physiological blood flow is unavoidable, where for patients with severe hypertension the risk of EVG migration is very high.
Home-based behavioral family treatment of the impaired elderly

This research was designed to examine the utility of training caregivers to effectively manage behavior problems of impaired elderly persons. Of primary interest was whether caregivers could be trained to use procedures, based on operant theory, to manage behavior problems of sufficient severity to threaten continued home care. Both the caregivers and the impaired individuals were targets of study: behavior change of the impaired individual was monitored and caregiver's perceptions of burden and competence were measured pre- and postintervention. Data were analyzed on a case-by-case basis using single-subject designs. Improvement was observed in 76% of the targeted behaviors. Caregivers acknowledged improvements in their interactions with their relatives and reported that they were satisfied with their abilities to learn to change their relative's behavior.
Covering the homeless: The Joyce Brown story

This analysis examines how network news makes sense of the homeless. We interpret three conventional news narratives and a 60 Minutes story about Joyce Brown, a homeless woman who, against her will, was institutionalized by the city of New York. We examine then how television news marks boundaries between the marginal and the mainstream, between a major socioeconomic problem demanding collective engagement and a personal problem requiring private remedy.
IMPACT STRENGTH AND FRACTURE SURFACES OF INTERFACES BETWEEN POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE AND SOME ETHYLENE-CONTAINING COPOLYMERS

The impact strength of annealed interfaces between high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP) and some ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene-co-acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers was obtained using the Notched Izod test. The impact strengths of EVA-HDPE, EVA-LDPE, and EVA-PP interfaces using EVA copolymers with 9 to 27.5 wt % vinyl acetate (VA), and of EAA-PP interfaces using EAA with 3 to 20 wt % acrylic acid (AA), were all equal to or greater than those of the homopolymer used. However, the impact strengths of EAA-HDPE and EAA-LDPE interfaces were all lower than those of pure HDPE or LDPE, with the exception of 3EAA-LDPE. Scanning electron micrographs showed the presence of fibrils and/or voids, mostly on those copolymer-homopolymer fracture surfaces which had high impact strength. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the fracture surfaces showed a greater calculated percentage of AA or VA on both the copolymer and homopolymer sides of the interface than in the bulk for most samples at 15 A penetration. This greater calculated percentage of AA or VA is probably due to chain scission during sample preparation or fracture, which results in additional acid or alcohol groups at the surface that are calculated as increased VA or AA content. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2221–2235, 1997
The effects of nicotine, cotinine and anabasine on rat adrenal 11β-hydroxylase and 21-hydroxylase

Abstract The effects of nicotine, cotinine and anabasine on rat adrenal steroidogenesis were examined by spectral and enzymatic techniques. The addition of nicotine, cotinine or anabasine to preparations of rat adrenal mitochondria produced type II cytochrome P-450 difference spectra. The addition of nicotine or anabasine, but not cotinine, to rat adrenal microsomes yielded type II cytochrome P-450 difference spectra. Nicotine and anabasine competitively inhibited rat adrenal mitochondrial 11β-hydroxylase and microsomal 21-hydroxylase. Cotinine competitively inhibited mitochondrial 11β-hydroxylase, but did not inhibit microsomal 21-hydroxylase. The apparent enzymatic inhibition constants for cotinine, nicotine, anabasine and metyrapone inhibition of the mitochondrial 11β-hydroxylase were 32, 96, 120 and 74 μM respectively. These studies suggest that components of cigarette smoke may alter patterns of adrenal steroidogenesis.
Association between lung function and airway wall density

Computed tomography (CT) examination is often used to quantify the relation between lung function and airway remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this preliminary study, we examined the association between lung function and airway wall computed attenuation ("density") in 200 COPD screening subjects. Percent predicted FVC (FVC%), percent predicted FEV1 (FEV1%), and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC as a percentage (FEV1/FVC%) were measured post-bronchodilator. The apical bronchus of the right upper lobe was manually selected from CT examinations for evaluation. Total airway area, lumen area, wall area, lumen perimeter and wall area as fraction of the total airway area were computed. Mean HU (meanHU) and maximum HU (maxHU) values were computed across pixels assigned membership in the wall and with a HU value greater than -550. The Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) between FVC%, FEV1%, and FEV1/FVC% and meanHU were -0.221 (p = 0.002), -0.175 (p = 0.014), and -0.110 (p = 0.123), respectively. The PCCs for maxHU were only significant for FVC%. The correlations between lung function and the airway morphometry parameters were slightly stronger compared to airway wall density. MeanHU was significantly correlated with wall area (PCC = 0.720), airway area (0.498) and wall area percent (0.611). This preliminary work demonstrates that airway wall density is associated with lung function. Although the correlations in our study were weaker than a recent study, airway wall density initially appears to be an important parameter in quantitative CT analysis of COPD.
Response to “Clinical Relevance of CYP3A5 Genotype on Maraviroc Exposures”

We appreciate the comments by Vourvahis et al. (2015). We agree, and we believe that it goes without saying, that there are several variables that affect the pharmacokinetics of any drug, including maraviroc. Yet our study is the only work to date to report investigations of the effect of the cytochrome P450 genotype on maraviroc pharmacokinetics. As such, although the commentary provided by Vourvahis et al. regarding the relationship between ethnicity and maraviroc pharmacokinetics is interesting, the comparison of maraviroc exposure based on ethnicity cannot be used to substitute or surmount analysis of maraviroc exposure based on the CYP3A5 genotype since each of the African American and European American groups contain a mixture of CYP3A5 genotypes (homozygous wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous dysfunctional). For instance, previous studies have noted that 10%–40% of Europeans/European Americans are either homozygous or heterozygous for the CYP3A5*1 allele, resulting in expression of CYP3A5 protein that is readily detectable and comparable in abundance to what has been observed in African Americans with at least one CYP3A5*1 allele (Kuehl et al., 2001; Lamba et al., 2002; Lin et al., 2002). Hence, simple juxtaposition of ethnicity and genotype creates a false parallel that does not actually speak to whether the CYP3A5 genotype contributes to interindividual differences in maraviroc pharmacokinetics, which is a concept that our work was the first to put forth. Thus, we are excited to hear that in light of our findings, other groups are planning to perform analyses of the relationship between the CYP3A5 genotype and maraviroc pharmacokinetics, and we anxiously await the results of these studies.
Differentiation of Flagellated Spores in Thalassomyces Ellobiopsid Parasite of Marine Crustaceae

Thalassomyces marsupii, an ellobiopsid parasite of the pelagic amphipod Parathemisto pacifica, produces biflagellate swarmers following simultaneous cleavage of the gonomere. One flagellum is directed posteriorly, the other circumferentially. The vegetative thallus is bounded by a complex pellicle and not a cell wall. Our observations suggest that Thalassomyces is a member of the achlorophyllous Dinophyceae.
Expiation, Substitution and Surrender: Levinasian Implications for Psychotherapy

This essay will build on Emmanuel Levinas’s rejection of ontology as foundational and draw out the implications for psychotherapy. We will explore Levinas’s concept of substitution (in both his more Jewish writings and his philosophical treatises) and consider its meaning in relationship to the role of a psychotherapist. Levinas understands the Other as a calling for substitution of the self and of a taking on of responsibility. We explore the notion of surrender in the work of the psychoanalyst Emmanuel Ghent and argue that his position is ultimately lacking in ethical injunction; requiring nothing of the self in relationship to the Other. It remains within the confines of the conventional, self-reflexive models that Levinas critiques. Following Levinas, we suggest that the therapist bear the burden of ethical responsibility by being exposed to the client’s ethical call and by responding out of a kenotic self-emptying.
Analytic continuation of the two-Reggeon-cut discontinuity formula

We give a detailed treatment of the analytic continuation of the two-Reggeon-cut discontinuity formula from above the four-particle threshold in the $t$ channel down to negative $t$. We confirm the negative sign of the two-Pomeron-cut contribution to the total cross section. We show how the Mandelstam graphs can be used as a check on this result. We trace the negative sign to signature factors and use this to argue that multi-Pomeron cuts should contribute to the total cross section with alternating signs.
Formation and vesiculation of biomembranes during spaceflight.

Shuttle flight, sounding rocket flight, and parabolic flight experiments demonstrate the formation of bilayer membrane vesicles (liposomes) in reduced gravity, following the dilution of detergent from detergent-phospholipid mixed micelles. The reduction in detergent concentration initiates assembly of bilayer membrane sheets, which are sensitive to solution disturbances. An increase in disturbances by forced dilution results in small diameter liposomes (less than 150 nm), in both ground and flight samples. In the absence of forced dilution, liposomes remain small at 1-g, but exhibit much larger diameters at 0-g (1000-2000 nm). Our spaceflight data reveal that membrane assembly and vesiculation are strongly influenced by gravity-induced solution disturbances (e.g., convection currents), which limit vesicle diameter.
An Abortive Isomerization Branch in the Transcription Initiation Pathway At a σ54 Promoter As Revealed By Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

Regulated transcription initiation is a complex process that involves multiple protein factors and a series of polymerase-DNA complexes that are intermediates in the reaction. This complexity presents a significant challenge for ensemble experiments that aim to elucidate the reaction pathway. We here report the kinetic mechanism of initiation at the σ54 promoter of the glnALG operon in Salmonella typhimurium. This prototypical activator-dependent promoter is regulated by nitrogen stress. To circumvent the complexity of ensemble analysis, we used multi-wavelength single-molecule fluorescence colocalization methods to follow initiation reactions on individual surface-anchored DNA molecules that contain σ54 promoters. Three distinguishable dye labels enabled us to follow reactions in which RNA polymerase binding, open complex formation, escape into transcription elongation and departure of the σ54 subunit were detected in individual transcription complexes, and the interconversion kinetics for all states were measured. Transcription initiation from this promoter occurs only following a polymerase isomerization that is induced by interaction with the NtrC activator protein in the presence of ATP. However, we observed that with NtrC present the polymerase leaves the promoter faster than the combined rates of initiation plus closed complex departure. Thus, a fraction of activator-mediated polymerase isomerizations displace the polymerase from the promoter without initiating transcript synthesis. This activator-induced abortive isomerization is a non-productive branch off of the initiation pathway and is more common than productive transcription initiation. We speculate that abortive isomerization is a consequence of the large energy input required to disrupt promoter-polymerase interactions prior to promoter escape. Taken together, our results define the full pathway and dynamics of initiation at this activator-dependent promoter and illustrate the power of multi-wavelength single-molecule colocalization methods in the elucidation of complex biological regulatory mechanisms.