cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fracture of Amorphous Polymeric Solids: Time to Break

The failure theory of Bueche and Halpin is generalized and expanded to obtain a prediction of the time dependence of the tensile strength and ultimate elongation. The model pictures rupture as the propagation of tears or cracks within the material. The growth of a tear or crack is viewed as an ideally simple process in which the molecular chains at the tear tip stretch viscoelastically under the influence of a high stress concentration until they rupture. As a consequence, the failure process is a nonequilibrium one, developing with time and involving the consecutive rupture of the molecular chains. Substantial support for the theory is found by comparing the theoretical prediction against experimental results obtained for SBR and EPR rubbers. In addition, it is experimentally demonstrated that delayed and forced rupture experiments can yield qualitatively identical data for viscoelastic bodies. Also discussed is the basis for the approach to the nonlinear response of a viscoelastic body required here in ...
Managing physical and mental health conditions: Consumer perspectives on integrated care.

ABSTRACTDespite the growing trend of integrating primary care and mental health services, little research has documented how consumers with severe mental illnesses (SMI) manage comorbid conditions or view integrated services. We sought to better understand how consumers perceive and manage both mental and physical health conditions and their views of integrated services. We conducted semi-structured interviews with consumers receiving primary care services integrated in a community mental health setting. Consumers described a range of strategies to deal with physical health conditions and generally viewed mental and physical health conditions as impacting one another. Consumers viewed integration of primary care and mental health services favorably, specifically its convenience, friendliness, and knowledge of providers, and collaboration between providers. Although integration was viewed positively, consumers with SMI may need a myriad of strategies and supports to both initiate and sustain lifestyle chan...
Nonprofit Lobbying Strategy: Challenging or Championing the Conventional Wisdom?

Research on nonprofit lobbying conceives of strategy in various ways. This article presents a more comprehensive view encompassing four components: lobbying motivation (lobbying for organizational or self-interest as well as for societal benefit), concentration (lobbying in a narrow versus wide range of policy domains), type (lobbying policymakers directly or indirectly), and target (lobbying different levels of government). Based on the analysis of the population of nonprofit organizations that registered to lobby in the State of North Carolina in 2010 (N = 402), findings demonstrate the complexity and distinctiveness of nonprofit lobbying strategies: Most nonprofits register to lobby for organizational and societal benefit, in multiple policy domains, directly and indirectly, and at several levels of government. The article discusses the findings and their implications and suggests a research agenda on nonprofit lobbying strategy that would incorporate the roots of these strategic choices.
Antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens.

Each year diarrheal disease results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the United States diarrhea is associated with 1.5 outpatient visits, 200,000 hospitalizations and approximately 300 deaths per year. Worldwide in children under 5 years of age, over 1.5 billion diarrhea episodes and approximately 2 million deaths occur annually, although mortality due to diarrhea has been reduced significantly worldwide by oral rehydration therapy (King et al. 2003). Enteric infections generally are self-limited conditions that require fluid and electrolyte therapy, but with certain bacterial and protozoal agents, antimicrobial therapy should be considered. Antimicrobial agents should be prescribed with an appreciation of their limitations, specifically the potential for development of bacterial resistance which occurs following widespread use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals (Johnson et al. 2006; Gallay et al. 2007). Because resistance among enteric pathogens can spread rapidly, constant monitoring of susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates is critical for selection of appropriate antimicrobial agents for therapy when indicated (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NARMS 2006). The purpose of this article is to review limitations of and indications for antimicrobial therapy of enteric infections with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance.
Atoms for Brazil, dangers for all

How the increasing competition for international markets combined with a growing nation's ‘great power’ aspirations to produce a major step forward in the world's approach to nuclear war
Generating Optimal Initial Conditions for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Simulations

We review existing smoothed particle hydrodynamics setup methods and outline their advantages, limitations, and drawbacks. We present a new method for constructing initial conditions for smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations, which may also be of interest for N-body simulations, and demonstrate this method on a number of applications. This new method is inspired by adaptive binning techniques using weighted Voronoi tessellations. Particles are placed and iteratively moved based on their proximity to neighbouring particles and the desired spatial resolution. This new method can satisfy arbitrarily complex spatial resolution requirements.
The physics of 'vacuum' breakdown

Summary form only given. A self-consistent physical model which describes the onset of vacuum breakdown and the formation of a cathode spot plasma is presented. The development of a current with j > j/sub FE/ (vacuum) requires that ions exist in front of the electron emitting spot. The initial ionization must occur in the cathode-anode gap near the electron emitting spot. Ionization of desorbed neutrals provides the mechanism. As the diode voltage increases, the 100 V equipotential surface which moves towards the cathode is met by the desorbed neutrals moving away from the cathode. These two regions proceed from no overlap to a significant amount of overlap on a nanosecond time scale. This results in a delayed, sharp risetime for the onset of ionization. Ions produced in the ionization region, a few /spl mu/m from the electron emitting spot, are accelerated back. Surface heating by these /spl sim/ 100 eV ions is initially orders of magnitude more efficient than Joule heating. As more ions are produced, a positive space charge layer forms which now increases the effective E and thus strongly enhances j/sub FE/.
Optimization via characteristic functions of cones

As Finsler metrics generalize Riemannian metrics, so one can generalize Lorentzian metrics to the consideration of manifolds equipped with a cone field and an appropriately smooth function F on the tangent bundle such that F restricted to each tangent space yields a so-called “length function” for the cone assigned to that point. This provides a type of quantification of a typical situation arising in nonsmooth analysis and and control. As in Lorentzian geometry, one considers “forward” curves in the manifold which are length maximizing. In this paper we consider how the methods of optimal control can be applied to the study of these curves.
Mononuclear ruthenium polypyridine complexes that catalyze water oxidation.

Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in the development of molecular water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) in the context of developing a system that would accomplish artificial photosynthesis. Mononuclear ruthenium complexes with polypyridine ligands have drawn considerable attention in this regard, due to their high catalytic activity and relatively simple structure. In this perspective review, we will discuss mononuclear Ru polypyridine WOCs by organizing them into four groups according to their ligand environments. Each group will be discussed with regard to three fundamental questions: first, how does the catalyst initiate O-O bond formation? Second, which step in the catalytic cycle is rate-determining? Third, how efficient is the catalyst according to the specific descriptors such as turnover frequency? All discussion is based on the high-valent ruthenium intermediates that are proposed in the catalytic cycle according to experimental observation and theoretical simulation. Two fundamental mechanisms are set forth. An acid-base mechanism that involves the attack of a water molecule on the oxo of a high valent Ru 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 O species to form the O-O bond. Subsequent steps lead to dissociation of O2 and rehydration of the metal center. A second mechanism involves the formation of a Ru-O˙ radical species, two of which then couple to form a Ru-O-O-Ru species that can release O2 afterwards. The acid-base mechanism appears to be more common and mechanistic differences could result from variation directly related to polypyridine ligand structures. Understanding how electronic, steric, and conformational properties can effect catalyst performance will lead to the rational design of more effective WOCs with not only ruthenium but also other transition metals.
Robust Assessment of an Operational Algorithm for the Retrieval of Soil Moisture From AMSR-E Data in Central Italy

In this study, the soil moisture content (SMC) derived from the AMSR-E acquisitions by using the “HydroAlgo” algorithm, which is based on artificial neural networks (ANN), is compared with simulated data obtained from the application of a soil water balance model (SWBM) in central Italy. All the overpasses available for the 9-year lifetime of AMSR-E have been considered for this comparison, which was carried out point by point over a grid of 91 nodes spaced at 0.1° × 0.1°, roughly corresponding to the Umbria region. HydroAlgo includes a disaggregation technique (smoothing filter-based intensity modulation), which allowed obtaining an SMC product with enhanced spatial resolution (0.1°) that is expected to be more suitable for hydrological applications. The main purpose of this study is to exploit the potential of AMSR-E sensors for hydrological studies, and in particular for SMC monitoring on a regional scale in heterogeneous landscapes typical of Mediterranean environment. Slightly different results were obtained using ascending or descending overpasses; however, the overall correlation coefficient between the SMC retrieved by HydroAlgo and the SMC simulated by SWBM was higher than 0.8 and the corresponding root mean square error was less than 0.055 m3/m3. Based on these successful results, HydroAlgo is going to be implemented for current multifrequency microwave radiometers (AMSR2) in order to obtain a high-resolution SMC product suitable to be assimilated into flood- and landslide-related modeling in central Italy.
What Goes Around Comes Around: From the Coloniality of Power to the Crisis of Civilization

This article combines world-systems, decolonial, eco-feminist and post-human ecological approaches to deconstruct the planetary crisis of the hegemonic civilization. Underpinned by anthropocentric, androcentric, hetero-patriarchal, Euro/Western-centric, modern/colonial and capitalist systems of power, this civilization causes devastating socioecological effects. Globalized through (neo)colonialism/(neo)imperialism, it has subjugated the rural under the urban and the Global South under the North, becoming globally hegemonic. Through the coloniality of power hegemonic conceptions of progress, growth, development and modernity have been spread, procuring the loyalty of semi-peripheral and peripheral regimes into a civilizational obsession with endless accumulation based on the “mastery of nature.” Most “postcolonial” elites, especially across “emerging economies,” have not broken with this coloniality. They often reproduce govern-mentalities aimed at “catching-up” with, cloning, emulating, imitating or conforming to hegemonic models enacted in the North’s metropolitan cores. Overcoming this crisis requires not only a critique of neoliberal capitalist modernity, but a world-systemic transformation towards ecosufficient lifeways based on indigenous, eco-feminist, and post-human alternatives.
Multiple Infection Sources Identification with Provable Guarantees

Given an aftermath of a cascade in the network, i.e. a set VI of "infected" nodes after an epidemic outbreak or a propagation of rumors/worms/viruses, how can we infer the sources of the cascade? Answering this challenging question is critical for computer forensic, vulnerability analysis, and risk management. Despite recent interest towards this problem, most of existing works focus only on single source detection or simple network topologies, e.g. trees or grids. In this paper, we propose a new approach to identify infection sources by searching for a seed set S that minimizes the symmetric difference between the cascade from S and VI, the given set of infected nodes. Our major result is an approximation algorithm, called SISI, to identify infection sources without the prior knowledge on the number of source nodes. SISI, to our best knowledge, is the first algorithm with provable guarantee for the problem in general graphs. It returns a 2/((1-e)2 Δ-approximate solution with high probability, where Δ denotes the maximum number of nodes in VI that may infect a single node in the network. Our experiments on real-world networks show the superiority of our approach and SISI in detecting true source(s), boosting the F1-measure from few percents, for the state-of-the-art NETSLEUTH, to approximately 50%.
Keep Your Cool or Let It Out: Nonlinear Effects of Expressed Arousal on Perceptions of Consumer Reviews

AbstractThis research explores how expressed emotional arousal in a consumer review affects reader perceptions of its helpfulness. Drawing from research on written communication and lay theories of emotion, the authors propose a pattern of diminishing returns, in which the marginal effect of arousal on perceived helpfulness is positive at low levels of arousal but diminishes at higher levels. Results of a field study using Apple’s App Store, a follow-up survey, and two laboratory experiments provide consistent evidence for the predicted pattern. In addition, the results suggest that the nonlinear effect is explained in part by perceptions of reviewer effort and that the effect is stronger for products that are utilitarian in nature. By revealing a nuanced relationship between emotional expression and perceived helpfulness, these findings offer valuable implications for effective word-of-mouth communication.
Structural dominance analysis of large and stochastic models

The last decade and a half has seen significant efforts to develop and automate methods for identifying structural dominance in system dynamics models. To date, however, the interpretation and testing of these methods have been with small deterministic models (fewer than five stocks) that show smooth behavioral transitions. While the analysis of simple and stable models is an obvious first step in providing proof of concept, the methods have become stable enough to be tested on a wider range of models. In this paper I report the findings from expanding the application domain of these methods in two important dimensions: increasing model size and incorporating stochastic variance in some model variables. I find that the methods work as predicted with large stochastic models, that they generate insights that are consistent with the existing explanations for the behavior of the tested model, and that they do so in an efficient way. Copyright © 2016 System Dynamics Society
How do voters matter? Evidence from US congressional redistricting

Abstract How does the partisan composition of an electorate impact the policies adopted by an elected representative? We take advantage of variation in the partisan composition of Congressional districts stemming from Census-initiated redistricting in the 1990's, 2000's, and 2010's to examine how an increase in Democrat share within a district impacts the district representative's roll call voting. We find that an increase in Democrat share within a district causes more leftist roll call voting. This increase occurs because a Democrat is more likely to hold the seat, but also because – in contrast to existing empirical work – partisan composition has a direct effect on the roll call voting of individual representatives. The finding holds for both Democrats and Republicans. It is also true regardless of the nature of the redistricting (e.g., whether the redistricting was generated by a partisan or non-partisan process). Our main results are robust to an alternative identification strategy that does not rely on variation stemming from redistricting.
SuFEx Click: New Materials from SOxF and Silyl Ethers

New forms of click chemistry present new opportunities in materials science. Sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) is a recently discovered click reaction between molecules containing SOx F groups and silyl ethers, two functionalities that are orthogonal to all other known click chemistries, that generates sulfate or sulfonate connections upon the addition of certain organobases or fluoride sources. SuFEx also has several important advantages over other click reactions in that it is insensitive to ambient oxygen and water, and its precursor materials, especially SOx F, are chemically, UV, and thermally inert. This Concept article focuses on the unique reactivity of SuFEx and its relation to building high molecular weight polymers and surface coatings, both of which make it a powerful new tool for materials science.
Coherence Disparity in Broadcast and Multiple Access Channels

Individual links in a wireless network may experience unequal fading coherence times due to differences in mobility or scattering environment. This paper studies broadcast and multiple access channels whose nodes experience unequal fading block lengths. Channel state information (CSI) is not available at the transmitters, and the cost of acquiring CSI at the receivers is fully accounted for in the degrees of freedom. In the broadcast channel, the method of product superposition is employed to find the achievable degrees of freedom. When the number of symbols in any fading block is at least twice the number of antennas at any active node and the fading block lengths have integer ratios, achievable degrees of freedom meet the upper bound in four cases: when the transmitter has fewer antennas than the receivers, when all receivers have the same number of antennas, when the coherence time of one receiver is much shorter than all others, or when all receivers have identical block fading length. The degrees of freedom region of the broadcast under identical coherence times was also previously unknown and is settled by the results of this paper. The disparity of coherence times leads to gains that are distinct from those arising from other techniques, such as spatial multiplexing or multiuser diversity. This new class of gains is denoted coherence diversity . The inner bounds in the broadcast channel are further extended to fading block lengths of arbitrary ratio or alignment. In addition, in the multiple access channel with unequal coherence times, achievable and outer bounds on the degrees of freedom are obtained.
Friends and Family: The Role of Relationships in Community and Workplace Attachment

Most work–life research focuses on the spillover of the nuclear family to the workplace, offering little insight into how other family relationships and friendships can spill over to affect employees’ organizational attachment. Past research has also overlooked the role of relationship quality and the mechanisms underlying these life-to-work spillover effects. Addressing these shortcomings, we integrate the systemic model of community attachment with job embeddedness theory to develop a model of community relational embeddedness and then use this model to examine how nonwork relationships connect people to their workplaces. We used survey data from a national sample of 2025 accounting professionals and tested mediation hypotheses using structural equation modeling. Employees’ relationships with friends and family predicted their attachment to their communities, which in turn predicted their workplace turnover intentions. Supporting our theoretical model, bonds with friends and family predicted moving intentions, and community fit and sacrifice mediated these effects. Community fit and sacrifice also predicted work turnover intentions indirectly through moving intentions. Tests also revealed that, surprisingly, friendships had a stronger impact on community attachment than family. Employees are connected to their organizations through an array of close community relationships that extend beyond the nuclear family (i.e., spouse, children). Organizations can enhance employees’ workplace attachment by recognizing the role of friends and offering work–life programs that use a broad conceptualization of family (e.g., adult siblings, parents). Our study illustrates the importance of community relationships to workplace attachment, and the need to incorporate relational quality, nonnuclear family, and friendships in future research.
Improving live performance in HTTP adaptive streaming systems

While HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) technology has been very successful, it also generally introduces a significant amount of live delay as experienced by the end viewer. Multiple elements in the video preparation and delivery chain contribute to live delay, and many of these elements are unique to HAS systems versus traditional streaming systems such as RTSP and RTMP. This paper describes how improvements both in the structure of the media, the delivery workflow, and the media player can be combined to produce a system that compares well with broadcast. The paper concludes with a preview of advances in delivery technology (such as HTTP2) that will improve the experience even more in the near future.
Probabilistic Graphical Models: A New Way of Thinking in Financial Modelling

Alexander Denev has written a book with a sweeping goal: introducing a new way of thinking to finance. The new thinking is supported by probabilistic graphical models, which organize knowledge in w...
\Did the Orientale Impact Melt Sheet Undergo Large‐scale Igneous Differentiation by Crystal Settling?

Significant quantities of shock-induced melt are predicted to form during basin-scale impact events, and may contribute substantially to compositional variation in the lunar crust through differentiation processes. Knowledge of the evolution of impact melt sheets and the cooling and crystallization processes involved is therefore important to understanding the geology and petrology of the Moon. Here, we perform a case study on the Orientale basin and investigate the possibility of differentiation of the impact melt sheet by assessing the thermal and physical processes that drive cooling and crystallization, focusing on crystal settling. Results predict that convective processes within the impact melt sheet enhance cooling and solidification and inhibit settling of crystals ~1.5 mm in diameter and smaller, preventing differentiation at or below this size. Impact melt sheet thickness is predicted to have minimal influence on crystallization history, suggesting that crystal size is the primary factor controlling lunar impact melt sheet differentiation.
Age-Dependent Gender Disparities in Post Lung Transplant Survival Among Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Background The influence of age and gender on survival after lung transplant in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is not well defined. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried to identify IPF patients receiving lung transplant between 2005 and 2015. Results There were 6,677 patients receiving lung transplant between May 2015 and June 2015 who met the inclusion criteria, predominantly males (n = 4,769, 71%). Within 1 year posttransplant, the survival curves of male and female recipients diverged, with male recipients having significantly worse survival (log-rank test p = 0.008). Univariate Cox proportional hazards regressions demonstrated no gender difference in survival below age 65 years (HR = 1.051; 95% CI = 0.945, 1.168; p = 0.362) but a significant increase in mortality hazard associated with male gender among patients age 65 years and older (HR = 1.161; 95% CI = 1.000, 1.347; p = 0.049). Multivariable Cox regression accounting for age modulation of the gender effect further demonstrated the emergence of a male disadvantage in post-transplant survival above age 65 years at transplantation. Conclusions In patients with IPF receiving lung transplant at greater than 65 years of age, male gender is associated with significantly increased risk for death, so referral for lung transplant in IPF should be considered early in the disease course.
Joins via Geometric Resolutions: Worst Case and Beyond

We present a simple geometric framework for the relational join. Using this framework, we design an algorithm that achieves the fractional hypertree-width bound, which generalizes classical and recent worst-case algorithmic results on computing joins. In addition, we use our framework and the same algorithm to show a series of what are colloquially known as beyond worst-case results. The framework allows us to prove results for data stored in BTrees, multidimensional data structures, and even multiple indices per table. A key idea in our framework is formalizing the inference one does with an index as a type of geometric resolution, transforming the algorithmic problem of computing joins to a geometric problem. Our notion of geometric resolution can be viewed as a geometric analog of logical resolution. In addition to the geometry and logic connections, our algorithm can also be thought of as backtracking search with memoization.
Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Comparative genomic hybridization is a method for directly identifying regions of gains and losses of genomic material in chromosomes. The results are measured as a series of test-to-reference signals from fluorescent dyes for a large number of distinct chromosomal regions and statistical methods are used to identify regions where the signal ratios are significantly different from 1.0. It is applied to microarrays to define abnormality in tumours. Keywords: DNA ; fluorescent dyes; tumours
Latest results from the NEMO-3 experiment and status of SuperNEMO

The NEMO-3 experiment, designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, was carried out from 2003 to 2011 in the Modane Underground Laboratory in the Frejus Tunnel under the French-Italian Alps. The detector employed thin isotopic foils surrounded by a drift chamber and scintillator blocks to reconstruct topology, energy, and timing features of nuclear decays. This multi-observable technique offers a powerful means not only to identify double beta decays but also to reject background events mostly due to natural radioactivity. NEMO-3 employed seven different isotopes to construct foils, with most notable mass of 100Mo of 6.9 kg and 82Se of 0.93 kg. Data from the entire running period are currently being analyzed but NEMO-3 has already achieved the best-to-date results on half-lives of all seven isotopes and has reported lower limits on neutrinoless double beta half-lives which can be translated to the most stringent upper limit on the effective neutrino mass.
Analysis of a free surface film from a controlled liquid impinging jet over a rotating disk including conjugate effects, with and without evaporation

Abstract A detailed analysis of the liquid film characteristics and the accompanying heat transfer of a free surface controlled liquid impinging jet onto a rotating disk are presented. The computations were run on a two-dimensional axi-symmetric Eulerian mesh while the free surface was calculated with the volume of fluid method. Flow rates between 3 and 15 lpm with rotational speeds between 50 and 200 rpm are analyzed. The effects of inlet temperature on the film thickness and heat transfer are characterized. The evaporative effects are captured when the fluid impinges on the disk at saturated conditions. The conjugate heating effect is modeled, and was found to effect the heat transfer results the most at both the inner and outer edges of the heated surface. The heat transfer was enhanced with both increasing flow rate and increasing rotational speeds. When evaporative effects were modeled, the evaporation was found to increase the heat transfer at the lower flow rates the most because of a fully developed thermal field that was achieved. The evaporative effects did not significantly enhance the heat transfer at the higher flow rates.
A new type of balanced-bridge controlled oscillator

A novel bridge-controlled crystal oscillator circuit with exceptional temperature stability is described. The contribution to the oscillator temperature coefficient of frequency (tempco) from the circuit components (exclusive of the crystal) is reduced to about 10/sup -11///spl deg/C, which is several orders of magnitude better than conventional oscillator circuits. This avoids a situation in which the overall tempco is limited by circuit component drift rather than crystal stability, which can easily occur with conventional circuits when the crystal is ovenized at a turnover point. Previous attempts to use a bridge in an oscillator were made by Meacham (1938), who used an imperfectly balanced bridge, and Sulzer (1955), who used a balanced pseudo-bridge. The reasons why these are unsatisfactory are discussed. Although the bridge greatly reduces reactive frequency pulling, it does not address directly the additional issue of pulling caused by variations in crystal drive current amplitude. However, it is an enabling technology for a novel ALC circuit with greatly improved stability. The new bridge-controlled oscillator is also much less sensitive to other environmental effects such as humidity (2/spl times/10/sup -11/, 5%/25% R.H. @70/spl deg/C), power supply voltage, load impedance, and stray capacitance.
Threshold voltage controllability in double-diffused-MOS transistors

The sensitivity of double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (D-MOS) transistor threshold voltage to fabrication process variations has been studied. Computed impurity profiles are used to study the process dependencies. For the double diffused process, the channel predeposition is shown to be the most critical step in threshold voltage control for long channel devices. Experimental results confirm this relationship. Process considerations appropriate for the fabrication of short channel D-MOS devices are also presented. Computed variations of threshold voltage with expected process tolerances for the channel predeposition are consistent with experimental results. Computer results show that for D-MOS deviceswith source junction depths of about 1 µm and channel lengths greater than 2 µm, threshold voltage can be controlled to ±20 percent using thermal diffusion and ±5 percent using ion implanted predeposition. Greater variation in threshold voltage is found for shorter channel lengths.
Comprehensive assessment of youth violence in five Caribbean countries: Gender and age differences

ABSTRACTDifferences in gender and age have been established in the context of crime, violence, and prevalence of risk and protective factors. These studies are often notable only in the Western Hemisphere. Despite growth in crime and violence in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), relatively little understanding of violence in CARICOM member states exists. In light of these concerns, the major purposes of this study include: (1) comprehensively assessing the scope of the four behaviors (i.e., engagement, victimization, witness, and report) in relation to violence and youth’s perceptions of risk and protective factors in family and school domains, and (2) examining how they differ by youth’s gender and age. This study draws on assessment data on youth violence in five CARICOM Member States: Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago using a completed 51-item quantitative questionnaire from approximately 512 students. The results suggest that violence engagement, vi...
How to Visualize Success: Presenting Complex Data in a Writing Strategy Tutor.

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) have been successful at improving students' performance across a variety of domains. To help achieve this widespread success, researchers have identified important behavioral and performance measures that can be used to guide instruction and feedback. Most systems, however, do not present these measures to the teachers who employ the systems in classrooms. The current paper discusses visualizations that will be displayed to teachers using the writing strategy tutor, Writing Pal. We present visualizations for both classroom and student level data and offer descriptions of each.
Dry particle generation with a 3-D printed fluidized bed generator

Abstract. Here we describe the design and testing of PRIZE (PRinted fluidIZed bed gEnerator), a compact fluidized bed aerosol generator manufactured using stereolithography (SLA) printing. Dispersing small quantities of powdered materials – due to either rarity or expense – is challenging due to a lack of small, low-cost dry aerosol generators. With this as motivation, we designed and built a generator that uses a mineral dust or other dry powder sample mixed with bronze beads that sit atop a porous screen. A particle-free airflow is introduced, dispersing the sample as airborne particles. Total particle number concentrations and size distributions were measured during different stages of the assembling process to show that the SLA 3-D printed generator did not generate particles until the mineral dust sample was introduced. Time-series measurements with Arizona Test Dust (ATD) showed stable total particle number concentrations of 10–150 cm−3, depending on the sample mass, from the sub- to super-micrometer size range. Additional tests with collected soil dust samples are also presented. PRIZE is simple to assemble, easy to clean, inexpensive and deployable for laboratory and field studies that require dry particle generation.
Intelligent Transportation Technology Elements and Operational Methodologies for Shared-Use Vehicle Systems:

There has been significant interest and activity in shared-use vehicle systems as an innovative mobility solution. Shared-use vehicle systems, that is, carsharing and station cars, consist of a fleet of vehicles used by several different individuals throughout the day. Shared-use vehicles offer the convenience of a private automobile and more flexibility than public transportation alone. From the 1990s to today, varying degrees of intelligent transportation system technologies have been applied to shared-used systems, providing better manageability and customer service. Many shared-use vehicle service providers today include some degree of advanced technologies (online reservations, vehicle tracking, smart card access) in their operations. Currently, there is a developing need for interoperability among shared-use vehicle service providers (e.g., smart card access among carsharing organizations) and transit operators (e.g., transit fare collection via smart cards). Interoperability will likely result in h...
Truth and Regret in Online Scheduling

We consider a scheduling problem where a cloud service provider has multiple units of a resource available over time. Selfish clients submit jobs, each with an arrival time, deadline, length, and value. The service provider's goal is to implement a truthful online mechanism for scheduling jobs so as to maximize the social welfare of the schedule. Recent work shows that under a stochastic assumption on job arrivals, there is a single-parameter family of mechanisms that achieves near-optimal social welfare. We show that given any such family of near-optimal online mechanisms, there exists an online mechanism that in the worst case performs nearly as well as the best of the given mechanisms. Our mechanism is truthful whenever the mechanisms in the given family are truthful and prompt, and achieves optimal (within constant factors) regret. We model the problem of competing against a family of online scheduling mechanisms as one of learning from expert advice. A primary challenge is that any scheduling decisions we make affect not only the payoff at the current step, but also the resource availability and payoffs in future steps. Furthermore, switching from one algorithm (a.k.a. expert) to another in an online fashion is challenging both because it requires synchronization with the state of the latter algorithm as well as because it affects the incentive structure of the algorithms. We further show how to adapt our algorithm to a non-clairvoyant setting where job lengths are unknown until jobs are run to completion. Once again, in this setting, we obtain truthfulness along with asymptotically optimal regret (within polylogarithmic factors).
Stationary Points for Parametric Stochastic Frontier Models

Stationary point results on the normal–half-normal stochastic frontier model are generalized using the theory of the Dirac delta, and distribution-free conditions are established to ensure a statio...
MINIMUM 13-YEAR MULTICENTRE STUDY OF THR WITH HIGHLY CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE AND STANDARD DIAMETER FEMORAL HEADS

Introduction The first highly crosslinked and melted polyethylene acetabular component for use in total hip arthroplasty was implanted in 1998. Numerous publications have reported reduced wear rates and a reduction in particle induced peri-prosthetic osteolysis at short to mid-term follow-up. The purpose of this study was to re-assemble a previous multi-center patient cohort in order to evaluate the radiographic and wear analysis of patients receiving this form of highly crosslinked polyethylene articulating against 32mm femoral heads or less at a minimum of 13 years follow-up. Methods Inclusion criteria for patients was a primary THR with femoral heads 32mm or less and a minimum 13 year follow-up. 139 hips have been enrolled with an average follow-up of 13.7 years (13–16), 80 females (57%). Wear analysis was performed using the Martell Hip Analysis software. Radiographic grading was performed on the longest follow-up AP hip films. The extent of radiolucency in each zone greater than 0.5mm in thickness was recorded along with the presence of sclerotic lines and osteolysis. Results Wear analysis: Using the average of the slopes of the individual regression lines, the wear rate was 0.006±0.033mm/yr. Using the early to latest film method, the wear rate was 0.003±0.056mm/yr. Radiographic analysis: Acetabular side: the greatest incidence of radiolucency occurred in zone 1 at 21%; sclerotic lines had a less than 2% incidence in any of the 3 zones; there was no identified osteolysis. Femoral side: the incidence of radiolucencies was limited to zone 1, 2%; sclerotic lines were rare in any zone, maximum in zone 3, 4%; there was no identified osteolysis. Conclusion The wear of this form of irradiated and melted highly crosslinked polyethylene remained at levels lower than the detection limit of the software at minimum 13 year follow-up and there was no identified osteolysis.
Hydrodynamics and collective behaviour in relativistic nuclear collisions

Abstract Hydrodynamics is applied to describe the dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The focus of the present study is the influence of a possible (phase) transition to the quark-gluon plasma in the nuclear matter equation of state on collective observables, such as the lifetime of the system and the transverse directed flow of matter. It is shown that such a transition leads to a softening of the equation of state, and consequently to a time-delayed expansion which is in principle observable via two-particle correlation functions. Moreover, the delayed expansion leads to a local minimum in the excitation function of transverse directed flow around AGS energies.
Contact topology and hydrodynamics II: solid tori

We prove the existence of periodic orbits for steady real-analytic Euler flows on all Riemannian solid tori. By using the correspondence theorem from part I of this series, we reduce the problem to the Weinstein Conjecture for solid tori. We prove the Weinstein Conjecture on the solid torus via a combination of results due to Hofer et al and a careful analysis of tight contact structures on solid tori.
On a quantitative reversal of Alexandrov's inequality

Alexandrov's inequalities imply that for any convex body $A$, the sequence of intrinsic volumes $V_1(A),\ldots,V_n(A)$ is non-increasing (when suitably normalized). Milman's random version of Dvoretzky's theorem shows that a large initial segment of this sequence is essentially constant, up to a critical parameter called the Dvoretzky number. We show that this near-constant behavior actually extends further, up to a different parameter associated with $A$. This yields a new quantitative reverse inequality that sits between the approximate reverse Urysohn inequality, due to Figiel--Tomczak-Jaegermann and Pisier, and the sharp reverse Urysohn inequality for zonoids, due to Hug--Schneider. In fact, we study concentration properties of the volume radius and mean width of random projections of $A$ and show how these lead naturally to such reversals.
Feelings of ownership in dictator games

•We compare Dictator Earns-Give to Recipient Earns-Take games.•Dictators’ generosity decreases when they earn the endowment and give.•Feelings of ownership mediate the effect.•Earning the endowment and the giving frame strengthen feelings of ownership.•Stronger feelings of ownership reduce dictators’ generosity.
DNA methylation age is elevated in breast tissue of healthy women.

Limited evidence suggests that female breast tissue ages faster than other parts of the body according to an epigenetic biomarker of aging known as the “epigenetic clock.” However, it is unknown whether breast tissue samples from healthy women show a similar accelerated aging effect relative to other tissues, and what could drive this acceleration. The goal of this study is to validate our initial finding of advanced DNA methylation (DNAm) age in breast tissue, by directly comparing it to that of peripheral blood tissue from the same individuals, and to do a preliminary assessment of hormonal factors that could explain the difference. We utilized n = 80 breast and 80 matching blood tissue samples collected from 40 healthy female participants of the Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center who donated these samples at two time points spaced at least a year apart. DNA methylation levels (Illumina 450K platform) were used to estimate the DNAm age. DNAm age was highly correlated with chronological age in both peripheral blood (r = 0.94, p < 0.0001) and breast tissues (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001). A measure of epigenetic age acceleration (age-adjusted DNAm Age) was substantially increased in breast relative to peripheral blood tissue (p = 1.6 × 10−11). The difference between DNAm age of breast and blood decreased with advancing chronologic age (r = −0.53, p = 4.4 × 10−4). Our data clearly demonstrate that female breast tissue has a higher epigenetic age than blood collected from the same subject. We also observe that the degree of elevation in breast diminishes with advancing age. Future larger studies will be needed to examine associations between epigenetic age acceleration and cumulative hormone exposure.
Intrinsic residual stresses in metal films synthesized by energetic particle deposition

Abstract Residual stresses are intrinsic to all physical vapor deposited coatings. Bombardment with energetic particles (ions or neutrals) has a strong influence on both the sign and the magnitude of intrinsic stresses. For example, stresses can change from large tensile to large compressive with increasing particle bombardment. We develop a model for the evolution of tensile residual stress with increasing bombardment based on the hypothesis that the tensile stresses originate due to the attractive interatomic forces between the coalescing crystallites. The model predictions are shown to compare favorably with experimental results.
Knot theory and statistical mechanics

Recent development in the mathematical theory of knots using the method of statistical mechanics is examined. We show that knot invariants can be obtained by considering statistical‐mechanical models on a lattice. Particularly, we establish that the Kauffman’s bracket polynomial is the partition function of a q‐state vertex model previously considered by Perk and Wu, and that the Jones polynomial is generated by a q2‐state Potts model partition function. The generation of further new knot and link invariants many very well rely on computed‐aided studies of solutions of certain Yang‐Baxter equations.
Adaptation and the Mortality Effects of Temperature Across U.S. Climate Regions

We estimate how the mortality effects of temperature vary across U.S. climate regions to assess local and national damages from projected climate change. Using 22 years of Medicare data, we find th...
Pharmacologic Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

The burden of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) results from its widespread prevalence and the unfavorable impact of its symptoms on well-being and quality of life. Whereas abnormalities of the antireflux barrier (lower esophageal sphincter) are important in the pathophysiology of GERD, pharmacologic therapy for GERD is based on suppression of acid, which is responsible for the majority of the symptoms and for epithelial damage. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the agents of choice for achieving the goals of medical therapy in GERD, which include symptom relief, improvement in quality of life, and healing and prevention of mucosal injury. As a class, these drugs are extremely safe. The newest PPI, esomeprazole, brings a statistically significant increase in healing of mucosal injury and symptom relief in patients with erosive esophagitis, compared with omeprazole and lansoprazole. This article reviews the role of medical therapy in the short- and long-term management of symptomatic patients with or without erosive esophagitis, including extraesophageal presentations, GERD during pregnancy, and Barrett's esophagus. Management of refractory patients is addressed.