cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Derivation, cross-validation, and comparison of analytic formulas for electrostatic deflector aberrations

Abstract We derived first and second order analytic aberration formulas in the horizontal transverse plane for an electrostatic deflector specified by the reference orbit radius, the central angle spanning the deflector, and its inhomogeneity coefficients. The derivation was performed using an iterative order-by-order perturbation method in a Frenet–Serret beamline coordinate system. We produced a C program edabrt for calculation of the first and second order aberrations using the formulas that we derived. The electrostatic deflector aberration formulas from Wollnik (1965) disagree with COSY INFINITY and the aberration formulas that we derived here, and they also deviate from the first and second order symplecticity conditions. The reason for this discrepancy is that the aberration formulas from Wollnik (1965) consider only motion in the main field of the deflector and do not properly account for fringe field effects, in particular the necessarily occurring change of kinetic energy due to the change in potential. The code GIOS uses electrostatic aberration formulas from Wollnik (1965) and exhibits the same discrepancy. We performed a comparison of first and second order electrostatic deflector aberrations for (1) the analytic formulas derived in this work, (2) differential-algebraic (DA) numerical integration of the equations of motion using the code COSY INFINITY, (3) the aberration formulas from Wollnik (1965) , (4) aberrations computed using the code GIOS, and (5) the aberration formulas from Wollnik (1965) adjusted to account for the occurring change in potential. An electrostatic spherical deflector and an electrostatic cylindrical deflector were used as test cases for this comparison. There is excellent agreement between methods (1), (2), and (5), and these three methods satisfy the first and second order symplecticity conditions.
Sub-chronic dermal exposure to aircraft engine oils impacts the reproductive organ weights and alters hematological profiles of Sprague Dawley rats.

Abstract There is little data available for the toxicity of used aircraft engine oils relative to their unused (new) versions. This study was conducted to determine if grade 3 (G3) and 4 (G4) aircraft engine oils in their new states (G3-N and G4-N) and their used versions (G3-U and G4-U) have the potential to induce toxicity via dermal application. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were dermally exposed to water (control), new and used versions of G3 and G4 oils to determine the oil sub-chronic toxicity potentials. A volume of 300 μL of undiluted oil was applied to the pad of the Hill Top Chamber System©. Then the chamber was attached to a fur-free test site located at the back of the rat for 6 h/day for 5 consecutive days/week for 21 days (15 total exposures). Recovery rats also received similar treatments and were kept for 14 days post-exposure to screen for reversibility, persistence, or delayed occurrence of toxic effects. Both G3 and G4 oils had a significant impact on the weight of male and female reproductive organs: testes weights for recovery rats exposed to G3-N significantly decreased (12%) relative to controls; G3-N and G3-U decreased uterus weights by 23% and 29%, respectively; G4-N decreased uterus weights by 32% but were resolved at the end of the recovery period; G4-N increased the weight of the adrenals and spleen for females by 34% and 27%, respectively, during the recovery period. G3 and G4 induced more changes in female blood indices than in those for males. Of all versions of oils, G4-N induced the most changes in profiles of female blood. G4-N significantly decreased the white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and increased the mean platelet volumes. Interestingly, males were not affected by exposure to G4-N oil. While G3-N decreased the white blood cells and lymphocytes for females it slightly increased those for males. In summary, G3 and G4 oils impacted the weights for male and reproductive organs. This study highlights the health risks that aircraft maintenance workers may be exposed to if precautions are not taken to minimize exposure to these oils.
Finding Spatial Clusters Susceptible to Epidemic Outbreaks due to Undervaccination

Geographical clusters of undervaccinated populations have emerged in various parts of the United States in recent years. Public health response involves surveillance and field work, which is very resource intensive. Given that public health resources are often limited, identifying and rank-ordering critical clusters can help prioritize and allocate scarce resources for surveillance and quick intervention. We quantify the criticality of a cluster as the additional number of infections caused if the cluster is underimmunized. We focus on finding clusters that maximize this measure and develop efficient approximation algorithms for finding critical clusters by exploiting structural properties of the problem. Our methods involve solving a more general problem of maximizing a submodular function on a graph with connectivity constraints. We apply our methods to the state of Minnesota, where we find clusters with significantly higher criticality than those obtained by heuristics used in public health.
Half and both: on color and subject/object tactility

How is my personhood contingent on my objecthood? To what degree is my mixed race constructed as a fracture not only between Asian/white, but between subject/object? In an effort to answer these qu...
8T XNOR-SRAM based Parallel Compute-in-Memory for Deep Neural Network Accelerator

A 65nm XNOR-SRAM macro is presented for binary deep neural network (DNN) accelerator. It features 1) a custom XNOR-SRAM bit-cell design with 8 transistors (8T); 2) a fully parallel compute-in-memory capability of XNOR bit-counting for the inference. Multi-level sense amplifier is employed as Flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) at edge of the array. The impact of ADC offset on the algorithm-level accuracy is statistically evaluated on a VGG-like XNOR-Net with the CIFAR-10 dataset, showing a marginal degradation ~1.77%. Read-disturb of SRAM bit-cell during parallel computation is also evaluated and its impact is minimized by lowering the word-line (WL) voltage. Silicon measurement results show that the proposed XNOR-SRAM unit-macro achieves a fast access time (2.3 ns) for parallel bit-counting and a high energy efficiency (44.8-62.8) TOPS/W depending on the WL voltage.
In Defense of Complete Preemption

Recent writings by Professors Gil Seinfeld and Trevor Morrison criticize the Supreme Court's complete preemption doctrine as misguided and unconstitutional, respectively. Professor Seinfeld suggests reforming the doctrine around field preemption, and Professor Morrison rejects complete preemption as inconsistent with separation of powers. This response defends the Supreme Court's doctrine as it currently stands: A state law claim arises under federal law (and so may be removed to federal court) when a federal statute both preempts the claim and supplies an exclusive federal remedy. This doctrine is a sensible application of the well-pleaded complaint rule that prevents improper circumvention of federal question jurisdiction.
Fragment-Specific Distal Radius Fixation

This chapter presents a case of a comminuted intra-articular distal radius fracture requiring fragment-specific fixation. Fixation was accomplished from both dorsal and volar approaches using the TriMed distal radius plating system. Fragments fixated include the radial styloid, the dorsal radial rim, the dorsal ulnar rim, and the volar rim.
Measure Learning Environments, Not Just Students, to Support Learning and Development:

BackgroundYoung people are more likely to develop into effective learners, productive adults, and engaged citizens when their learning environments afford them certain kinds of experiences. For exa...
CALIFORNIA'S SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES

An earthquake design criteria developed for bridges in California is presented. The criteria considers the proximity of maximum credible seismic events, local soil conditions, dynamic structural characteristics, ductility, and risk. The rationale for development of a flexible criteria which permits future revisions is given. The development of a map of maximum bedrock accelerations for California is examined. The development of response spectra at the bedrock level based on actual recorded events is presented. A method for considering the effects of soils at a site is developed and incorporated into the criteria. Four sets of soil curves are shown to represent the majority of bridge sites in California. The rationale behind the ductility and risk reductions for modern California bridges is described. Recent dynamic analysis applications and approximate methods of analysis are presented, as well as future directions of seismic bridge design. /Author/
Combined magnetic and chemical surveys of Forts Kaskaskia and de Chartres Number I, Illinois

Fort Kaskaskia and Fort de Chartres I were two in a series of forts built by the French along the Mississippi River in the first half of the 18th century. The sites of these forts are now Illinois State property, the first being a State Park. In order to assess the archaeological resources inside the known boundaries of Kaskaskia and to locate the boundaries of de Chartres I, first seen as a dark area on an aerial photo, both sites were subjected to combined magnetic and chemical surveys. The magnetic surveys were conducted in the difference mode (using two magnetometers) on a one meter grid unit. The chemical surveys were sampled at 10 m intervals along two transects at Kaskaskia and at 2 m intervals along two transects at de Chartres. The samples were tested for phosphate, pH, and several elements. At both sites there were positive correlations between some magnetic anomalies and phosphate, pH, and some elements. At Fort Kaskaskia the survey results indicate that the west side contains activity areas while the central parade ground has little or none. At Fort de Chartres I it is believed that the fort boundaries and a possible interior building area have been identified by the magnetic record and the chemical results.
Reverberation chamber measurement of theatre chair absorption

In most auditoria, theatre chairs and their occupants are the major source of sound-absorbing material. Knowledge of their sound-absorbing properties is critical to the acoustical design of an auditorium. Although the effects of the chairs and their occupants were first predicted in terms of the total absorption per chair, Beranek has suggested that it is better to describe the effects in terms of the absorption coefficients of the audience seating areas. The results of reverberation chamber tests on small samples are used to estimate the sound absorbing-properties of materials in rooms. Such tests have been found to overestimate the effects of standard porous absorbing materials due to both edge absorption and diffraction effects. For these simple materials, the measured absorption coefficients have been found to relate approximately linearly to the ratio of perimeter/area, of the samples
US Photovoltaic Program plan

The US Photovoltaic Program stands midway into its Five-Year Plan, 1991-1995. Compared to previous periods, the progress and momentum of the past year and a half has been unprecedented on all fronts-from record efficiencies in the laboratory, to advances in manufacturing, progress in PV industry scale-up, new applications, a more favorable regulatory environment, and growing market opportunities, both domestically and internationally. All of this activity is happening in the context of a new administration which supports accelerated development of environmental technologies. The DOE is committed to keeping this momentum alive to ensure US leadership in the growing photovoltaic market. The purpose of this paper is to give an update of the exciting progress and discuss ways to build on this momentum. >
Synchronous Motor Drives

The sections in this article are 1 Machine Models 2 Power Converters 3 General Control Philosophy 4 Sensor Requirements 5 General Relationships for Analyzing Drive Systems 6 Voltage-Source, Inverter-Fed, Permanent-Magnetic, Synchronous Machine Drives 7 Current-Regulated, Inverter-Fed, Permanent-Magnet, Synchronous Machine Drives 8 Voltage-Source Inverter-Fed, Synchronous-Reluctance, Machine Drives 9 Current-Regulated, Inverter-Fed, Synchronous-Reluctance, Machine Drives 10 Semicontrolled, Inverter-Fed, Wound-Rotor, Synchronous Machine Drives Keywords: brushless dc motors; current regulation; current-regulated inverters; hysteresis current control; inverter control; load-commutated inverter; normal load commutation; PWM power converters; permanent magnet; permanent-magnet synchronous motor drives; revolving field; rotor speed; round rotor; salient pole; sine-triangular modulation; synchronous reluctance; torque angle; voltage source inverters; wound field
How Much Will Consumers Pay? A Hedonic Analysis of the Cable Television Industry

Because cable television is the classic example of a bundled commodity, it is difficult to determine how consumers value individual cable networks offered on a typical system. This paper uses a modified hedonic framework to determine the marginal willingness to pay by consumers for individual cable networks. The traditional hedonic framework is adapted to allow for the lack of competition on the supply side of the market. It is clear that consumers do value some types of programming more than other types. Sports, news, and family programming all have positive implicit prices while program guides have negative marginal prices.
Transport of an export-defective protein by a highly hydrophobic signal peptide

We have examined the sequence constraints on the amino-terminal region of the mature portion of alkaline phosphatase that are important for its efficient transport in Escherichia coli. Using a homopolymeric sequence of serines to replace 6 residues in this region, a transport-incompetent mutant was produced. Reintroduction of residues from the native sequence which restore charge and beta-turn potential resulted in little improvement. However, by replacing the hydrophobic core of the signal peptide with a homopolymeric series of leucines, not only was transport restored but precursor processing was more efficient than for the wild type and was insensitive to disruption of the protonmotive force. Moreover, we have titrated the signal peptide with leucine to alanine substitutions (Doud, S. K., Chou, M. M., and Kendall, D. A. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 1251-1256) and determined the minimum level of hydrophobicity necessary to achieve transport of the mutant protein. The results indicate that signal peptide hydrophobicity can completely override possible requirements for negatively charged residues and strong beta-turn forming potential in the mature protein and that the polyleucine-containing signal peptide may act as a generic signal sequence for the transport of non-native proteins in E. coli.
Renal Ion Channels

The sections in this article are: 1 Historical Overview 2 What is an Ion Channel? 3 Techniques for Studying Ion Channels 3.1 Fluctuation (Noise) Analysis 3.2 Reconstitution in Lipid Bilayers 3.3 Patch-Clamp 3.4 Application of the Patch-Clamp to Renal Tubules 3.5 Parameters Derived from Patch-Clamp Measurements 4 Ion Channels Along the Nephron 4.1 Proximal Tubule 4.2 Thick Ascending Limb/Diluting Segment 4.3 Collecting Tubule/Urinary Bladder 4.4 Channels in Cell Volume Homeostasis 5 Summary
Analysis of P-Cyclic Iterations for Markov Chains

We consider the convergence theory of the Successive Overrelaxation (SOR) iterative method for the solution of linear systems Ax = b, when the matrix A has block a p × p partitioned p-cyclic form. Our purpose is to extend much of the p-cyclic SOR theory for nonsingular A to consistent singular systems and to apply the results to the solution of large scale systems arising, e.g., in queueing network problems in Markov analysis. Markov chains and queueing models lead to structured singular linear systems and are playing an increasing role in the understanding of complex phenomena arising in computer, communication and transportation systems.
Outcomes in pediatric patients with Chiari malformation Type I followed up without surgery.

Object The natural history of untreated Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) is poorly defined. The object of this study was to investigate outcomes in pediatric patients with CM-I who were followed up without surgical intervention. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed 124 cases involving patients with CM-I who presented between July 1999 and July 2008 and were followed up without surgery. The patients ranged in age from 0.9 to 19.8 years (mean 7 years). The duration of follow-up ranged from 1.0 to 8.6 years (mean 2.83 years). Imaging findings, symptoms, and findings on neurological examinations were noted at presentation and for the duration of follow-up. Results The mean extent of tonsillar herniation at presentation was 8.35 mm (range 5–22 mm). Seven patients had a syrinx at presentation. The syrinx size did not change in these patients on follow-up imaging studies. No new syrinxes developed in the remaining patients who underwent subsequent imaging. The total number of patients with presenting sy...
OpenCL performance evaluation on modern multicore CPUs

Utilizing heterogeneous platforms for computation has become a general trend, making the portability issue important. OpenCL (Open Computing Language) serves this purpose by enabling portable execution on heterogeneous architectures. However, unpredictable performance variation on different platforms has become a burden for programmers who write OpenCL applications. This is especially true for conventional multicore CPUs, since the performance of general OpenCL applications on CPUs lags behind the performance of their counterparts written in the conventional parallel programming model for CPUs. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of OpenCL applications on out-of-order multicore CPUs from the architectural perspective. We evaluate OpenCL applications on various aspects, including API overhead, scheduling overhead, instruction-level parallelism, address space, data location, data locality, and vectorization, comparing OpenCL to conventional parallel programming models for CPUs. Our evaluation indicates unique performance characteristics of OpenCL applications and also provides insight into the optimization metrics for better performance on CPUs.
A Possible Classification of Suicidal Acts Based on Murray's Need System

Recently, Baechler (in his book Suicides) stated that the central question for suicidological investigation was: "What kind of people seek what solutions to what problems by means of suicide?" It can be argued that the principal problems of human beings relate to the frustration of their satisfaction of a variety of psychological needs. Thus, a full accounting of human needs might furnish a psychologically meaningful basis for a better understanding of suicidal events. Happily, such an explication already exists (in Henry Murray's Explorations in Personality). A classification of suicidal acts based on Murray's need system is proposed. A brief example is given.
Renal Uptake and Disposal of Proteins and Peptides

While the normal kidney provides an effective barrier to the elimination of large proteins from the systemic circulation, it serves as a major route for the elimination of most small proteins (Maack et al., 1985; Rabkin and Kitaji, 1983). In health the glomerular capillary wall almost completely restricts the passage of molecules of molecular radius greater than ~ 42 A (~ 50 kDa) while increasingly favoring the passage of proteins as their size decreases (Brenner et al., 1978). Thus, serum proteins the size of albumin (36 A; 60 kDa) or greater are severely restricted by the renal vascular barrier and the normal kidney plays a negligible role in their metabolism (Waldmann et al., 1972). In contrast, the renal elimination of small proteins that circulate as monomers with radii < 20 A (< 25 kDa) is highly efficient. These small proteins escape from the renal circulation through the glomerular capillaries and, to a variable though usually minor extent, through the peritubular capillaries (Baylis, 1982). The contribution of the kidney to the metabolism of small proteins has been particularly well studied and, depending on the contribution of extrarenal sites, the kidney may account for up to 80% of the total metabolism of certain proteins.
Refugees: On the Road to Revictimization

Abstract The terrorist attack on the United States September 11 has profoundly changed the outlook for millions of refugees around the world. It is difficult to predict what the long-term effects will be on the refugee resettlement program, but to some degree the world's response to the terrorism has contributed to an increased refugee crisis today. This paper discusses how the war on terrorism has unwittingly revictimized genuine refugees, and considers what policy directives might minimize the humanitarian crisis of refugees.
Rapid turnover of the CD8+CD28- T-cell subset of effector cells in the circulation of patients with head and neck cancer

CD8(+) T cells in the circulation of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) were previously shown to be significantly more sensitive to, and preferentially targeted for, apoptosis than CD4(+) T cells (Hoffmann et al., Clin Cancer Res, 8:2553-2562, 2002). To distinguish global from CD8(+) subset-specific apoptosis, we studied Annexin-binding to naive, memory, and effector subsets of CD8(+) cells by multicolor flow cytometry. Age-related changes in naive and effector CD8(+) cell subsets were observed in patients and normal controls (NC). The frequencies of naive (CD28(+)CD45RO(-)) CD8(+) T cells were lower and those of memory (CD28(+)CD45RO(+)) and effector (CD28(-)) CD8(+) T cells significantly higher in the circulation of HNC patients relative to age-matched NC. Among CD8(+) T cells, the CD28(-) effector cell subset contained the highest proportion of Annexin-binding cells, while the naive CD28(+)CD45RO(-) subset contained the lowest. This suggested a high turnover rate of the CD8(+)CD28(-) effector cell subset in patients with HNC, which was being compensated by a rapid transition of naive CD8(+) T cells to the effector cell pool. Following tumor resection, the frequency of CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells normalized in the patients, an indication that the presence of tumor had an influence on the size of CD8(+)CD28(-) T-cell pool. Ex vivo, in mixed lymphocyte-tumor cultures (MLTC) with semiallogeneic T cells as responders, CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells could be generated from CD8(+)CD28(+) cells by repeated stimulations with tumor cells. These CD8(+)CD28(-) effector cells lysed the tumor, produced IFN-gamma in response to the tumor, and strongly expressed granzyme B. Thus, the high rate of their apoptosis in the circulation of patients with HNC might be expected to contribute to tumor progression. However, the ex vivo generation of this cell subset was suppressed by strong CD28/B7 ligation or by overexpresson of MHC molecules on tumor cells, suggesting that adequate costimulation is necessary for protection from apoptosis. It appears that interactions of immune and tumor cells might determine the fate of this terminally differentiated effector cell subset.
Predictors of blood product use in orthotopic liver transplantation using the piggyback hepatectomy technique.

Abstract Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has historically been associated with massive blood loss and hemodynamic instability related to the coexistence of varices, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, and portal hypertension. Piggyback hepatectomy (PGB) is a technique increasingly utilized in OLT to avoid veno-venous bypass and vena cava clamping. This study evaluated the factors associated with blood loss and blood product requirement in PGB. Methods This study is a retrospective review of the anesthesia preoperative and operative notes and computerized lab values for all adult cadaveric liver transplants over a 42-month period. These data were combined with the liver transplant database for analysis. Approximately 98% of the transplants were performed using a standard piggyback approach with no use of veno-venous bypass. Results Data were included for all 526 transplants performed during this time period. Estimated blood loss (EBL) was 1000 cc. Median transfusion requirement was 3 units packed red blood cells, 7 units fresh frozen plasma, and 6 units platelets. Multivariate linear regression demonstrated that predictors of EBL were age, MELD score, preoperative hemoglobin, initial fibrinogen, initial central venous pressure, and total anesthesia time. Predictors of PRBC useage were age, MELD score, preoperative hemoglobin, initial fibrinogen, and anesthesia time. Postoperatively increased transfusion requirement was associated with increased length of hospital stay and lower 90-day and 1-year graft and patient survivals. Conclusion These results demonstrate that PGB can be safely accomplished in nearly all liver transplant patients without venovenous bypass or vena cava clamping and with less warm ischemia, which may ultimately be associated with less perioperative morbidity and improved outcomes.
Particle Flow in Turbomachinery with Application to Laser to Doppler Velocimetry Particle

Theme L velocimetry (LDV) is a noncontact, optical technique for determining the velocity of flowing fluids by measuring the velocity of tracer particles entrained in the fluid rather than by measuring the velocity of the fluid itself. The accuracy of the LDV system is limited by the accuracy with which the naturally occurring or artificially generated tracer particles follow the fluid flow. In order to help identify application guidelines of the LDV technique for the aircraft turbomachinery field, a theoretical analysis was conducted of the dynamic behavior of micron-size particles entrained in high Mach number subsonic gas flow passing through a stationary cascade of turbine stator blades. The particle-to-gas velocity ratio and particle angular deviation relative to the gas were determined as functions of particle size and mass density. Results for the blade configuration examined indicated that velocity and angular deviations generally less than 1% and 0.5°, respectively, could be achieved with 1 g/cc tracer particles with diameters of 0.5 // or less.
Fault tolerant computing and reliable communication: a unified approach

Abstract We define and study varying-structure linear systems (VLS) over finite Abelian groups. All the VLS computational procedures are very fast with upper bounds on the number of computer operations similar to that of fast Fourier transform algorithms over groups. Specially designed VLS process n -vectors in linear (in n ) number of computer operations. These systems are used in problems related to information channels (optimal estimation of noise-corrupted signals) and computation channels (error detection). We consider problems of optimal synthesis procedures of such systems relative to two easily computed criteria. The best approximation problem of classical systems by VLS also is studied. It is shown that the VLS constitute a class of suboptimal systems from which approximations can be found to a given information and/or computation channel. The approach chosen for these two channel types is unified. Information channel problems are usually solved in Euclidean type norms, whereas computation channel problems are dealt with via the generalized Hamming distance.
Polar ice melting

Shrinking polar ice caps may be causing the earth's sea level to rise and its days to lengthen. ‘Rising mean sea level is a significant indication of global climate change,’ R. Etkins and E. Epstein report, pointing out that global sea levels have risen slightly more than one-tenth of an inch each year, on the average, since 1940, for a total of nearly 5 inches (Science, 215, 287–289, 1982). This is triple the rate of rise measured during the preceding half century, from 1890 to 1940. Etkins and Epstein estimate that more than 10,000 cubic miles of polar ice, most of it presumably from Antarctic ice sheets, must have melted in the past 40 years. They calculate that transfer of this great mass to the equivalent of a thin layer of water spread over the world's oceans also would tend to reduce the speed of the earth's rotation. This would lengthen each day by about one-thousandth of a second, they say, accounting for about three-fourths of the actual increase in the length of the day observed by scientists over the past 40 years.
Research abstracts: Technological forecasting for decisionmaking

This Research Abstract describes a recently published book on technological forecasting. It includes an abbreviated version of the Preface of the book, and the Table of Contents.
Heat-capacity behavior of impure neptunium metal below 320°K☆

Abstract The experimentally determined low temperature C p vs. T curve of impure neptunium metal was found to exhibit irregular behavior. A small but persistent peak was found at about 85°K. The heat capacity data had considerable scatter between 75°K and 140°K, and a change of slope was found in the C p vs. T curve at about 240°K. The effects noted were real and correlate with anomalies in resistivity and magnetic susceptibility observed by others; they exhibit some similarity to effects observed in α-U and α-Pu. It is felt that the observed behavior is intrinsic to the neptunium metal, and that results observed between 75°K and 140°K would be clearer cut in pure metal.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING MAMMARY GLAND SUBSTANCE UPON THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE RAT

The fact that a physiological relationship exists between the mammary gland and the uterus was somewhat vaguely understood by the ancients, whose simple observations were not obscured by the mass of conflicting experimental data of the present day. Hippocrates (1) wrote: “If in a woman with child, much milk flow from the breasts it indicates that the fetus is weak; but if the breasts be firm, it indicates that the fetus is in a more healthy state.” Celsus (2) states that “the nourishment which they (mammae) draw to themselves passes from the womb (after parturition) to the breasts.” It is common knowledge that in late gestation the mammary glands hypertrophy at the same time that the uterus is increasing in size and the menstrual function is suspended, and that during the period of lactation, especially the early part, amenorrhea commonly occurs. It has often been suggested that such amenorrhea may be due to a hormone elaborated in the mammary cells. This hormone might exert an inhibitory effect upon the ...
Chicken Broth Flavor and pH

Abstract INTRODUCTION BOUTHILET (1949) found that a pH range of 1 to 5.8 favored development of strong chicken flavor and attributed the effect to a volatile, unidentified, and acidic constituent. Peterson (1957) found that several flavor and odor characteristics of chicken broth were affected unfavorably when the pH was changed from 6.4 to 8.7. Kazeniac (1961) determined that the quantities of ammonia, sulfide, and diacetyl produced by chicken dark meat increased over the pH range 5 to 8, but did not relate these results to chicken flavor. Brant and Hanson (1962), using the triangle test, observed that the percent correct judgments increased as the pH difference between chicken broth samples became greater and found that judges associated more intense flavor with lower pH values. The objectives of this study were to determine if pH differences during cooking or after cooking cause flavor differences in chicken broth. A pH value that differed…
Characteristics of diagnosed polymorphous light eruption

Background: The characteristics of polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) have been described in patients evaluated and diagnosed at specialized photodermatology centers. Our goal was to describe the characteristics of PMLE diagnosed in a general clinic setting. Methods: We used electronic medical records to identify patients diagnosed with PMLE from 2000 to 2002 within a large group practice. We then collected additional information from medical records about patient demographics, lesion morphology, diagnostic testing, and therapies for the selected patients. Results: We identified 142 patients with diagnosed PMLE. After manual chart review, we excluded 18 patients with other forms of photosensitivity, eczema, or collagen vascular disease. Eighty-percent of the remaining 124 patients were diagnosed by a dermatologist during the study period. Females predominated in our patient series and the mean age of PMLE onset was 37.8 years. Lesions were commonly described as papular, edematous papulare, papulo-vesicular, eczematous, and plaque-like. Few skin biopsies were performed, and no patient had phototesting or photopatch testing. Topical corticosteroids and antihistamines were the most commonly prescribed therapies. Only four patients were treated with phototherapy. Conclusions: Patient demographics and lesion morphology in our cohort were similar to other reports, but patterns of diagnostic testing and treatment were somewhat different than those observed in photodermatology clinics.
Asymmetries in Judgments of Responsibility and Intentional Action

Recent experimental research on the ' Knobe effect ' suggests, somewhat surprisingly, that there is a bi-directional relation between attributions of intentional action and evaluative considerations. We defend a novel account of this phenomenon that exploits two factors: (i) an intuitive asymmetry in judgments of responsibility (e.g. praise/blame) and (ii) the fact that intentionality commonly connects the evaluative status of actions to the responsibility of actors. We present the results of several new studies that provide empirical evidence in support of this account while disconfi rming various currently prominent alternative accounts. We end by discussing some implications of this account for folk psychology. Awareness that an action is intentional plays an important role in evaluations of an actor and her action. This is only natural: if x intentionally acts to bring about a bad outcome, we may form different judgments about x or x ' s behavior than if that same outcome is simply an accident or the result of (non-willful) ignorance. In this way, whether or not a given action is intentional matters to us when we assess an action ' s or actor ' s evaluative status. This relation between judgments of intentionality 1 and judgments about the goodness/badness of actions or the responsibility (e.g. praiseworthiness/ blameworthiness) of actors seems to be a
The development of inflammatory joint disease is attenuated in mice expressing the anticoagulant prothrombin mutant W215A/E217A

Thrombin is a positive mediator of thrombus formation through the proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs), fibrinogen, factor XI (fXI), and other substrates, and a negative regulator through activation of protein C, a natural anticoagulant with anti-inflammatory/cytoprotective properties. Protease-engineering studies have established that 2 active-site substitutions, W215A and E217A (fIIWE), result in dramatically reduced catalytic efficiency with procoagulant substrates while largely preserving thrombomodulin (TM)–dependent protein C activation. To explore the hypothesis that a prothrombin variant favoring antithrombotic pathways would be compatible with development but limit inflammatory processes in vivo, we generated mice carrying the fIIWE mutations within the endogenous prothrombin gene. Unlike fII-null embryos, fIIWE/WE mice uniformly developed to term. Nevertheless, these mice ultimately succumbed to spontaneous bleeding events shortly after birth. Heterozygous fIIWT/WE mice were viable and fertile despite a shift toward an antithrombotic phenotype exemplified by prolonged tail-bleeding times and times-to-occlusion after FeCl3 vessel injury. More interestingly, prothrombinWE expression significantly ameliorated the development of inflammatory joint disease in mice challenged with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The administration of active recombinant thrombinWE also suppressed the development of CIA in wild-type mice. These studies provide a proof-of-principle that pro/thrombin variants engineered with altered substrate specificity may offer therapeutic opportunities for limiting inflammatory disease processes.
Tissue Breakdown and Exposure Associated with Orbital Hydroxyapatite Implants

Tissue breakdown and exposure of a hydroxyapatite implant were observed in eight patients: in four of six patients after evisceration and in four of 31 after enucleation. The reasons for evisceration were a blind, painful eye and endophthalmitis in two patients each. The reasons for enucleation were a choroidal melanoma in two patients and endophthalmitis and irreparable traumatic damage in one patient each. The patients with endophthalmitis received the implant in a second surgical procedure after intensive antibiotic treatment. Small tissue defects healed spontaneously, whereas large defects showed little tendency to heal by secondary intention. Tissue breakdown over a hydroxyapatite implant may be related to delayed ingrowth of fibrovascular tissue, and possibly related to an inflammatory reaction incited by the hydroxyapatite. Careful case selection, facilitation of tissue penetration by drilling holes into the hydroxyapatite sphere, delayed fitting of the prosthesis, and vaulting of the posterior surface of the initial prosthesis to reduce pressure on the tissues covering the anterior pole of the implant may alleviate the problems of tissue breakdown and exposure.
A BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ANALYSIS OF THE LATIN AMERICAN DEBT CRISIS

In this paper we offer a definition of a country “debt crisis” based upon the amount of new borrowing relative to the cost of servicing past debt. Policy implications for both debtor countries and their creditors are examined. An empirical application is made to Latin American countries, 1978–82. The causes of the debt problems created during this period are investigated with respect to the extent they were the result of rising interest rates vis a vis increased borrowing.
Computer simulation of geologic strata: A teaching tool

Abstract Computer-assisted instruction material helps geology students understand the dependent relationship between changing sedimentary conditions and the rock record. Students can specify various sedimentary conditions and then observe the resulting changes in a graphic printout of the stratigraphic column. The program assists in lending insight into this important geologic principle, but it also may serve more advanced students. The statistical output allows the student to compare the synthesized data with actual field measurements. The program can provide the type and amount of data which statistical studies of rock stratification find difficult to gather. The simulation of the Flysch environment is based on a number of simple assumptions. The assumptions may not exactly capture the extremely complex ties between sedimentation parameters and the rock record. However they do preserve the basic relationships which govern the depositional model. The program provides a framework from which more sophisticated simulation studies may be formulated. Included along with program listing and sample run are a set of exercises which are designed to be used in conjunction with program FLYSCH.
The social impact of computers

During two recent years at MIT, I had a teletypewriter assigned to my use. The teletype gave me instant access to a large computer complex in which I had various sets of data stored. The teletype was located in a basement room which was generally dark except for the light focused over my teletype and small desk. It was always silent in that room except for the noise of the teletype. In this setting, I would conduct analysis of my data by the hour. I would sort along particular variables, intersect those which seemed promising and in this way be led from one avenue of investigation to another. I was in effect carrying on a dialogue with the computer. I asked a question and I got an answer. The answer led me to other questions. Sometimes the computer would complain that I had not made my inquiry in the correct form and it would suggest that I try again. It kept me informed of the time I had used and how much I had remaining; what data sets I had placed on file and what analysis I had completed. I could cuss it (and often did), thank it, wait impatiently the few seconds it sometimes required to respond, and get excited about what it was telling me. Given all of this, it should not seem strange that this machine came to be human to me for long periods of time. It had personality, value, integrity---and it carried on conversations with me alone. I understand Kronenberg when he says "computers are good guys."
Diameter control and emission properties of carbon nanotubes grown using chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We grow multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via thermal chemical vapor deposition from a sputtered 4-nm-thick nickel catalyst film on a tungsten-coated silicon substrate. CNTs grow from a mixture of nitrogen and acetylene gases at temperatures ranging from 630 to 790 °C, resulting in CNT outer diameters of 5–350 nm. CNT diameters increase exponentially with temperature. These results define regimes for template growth fabricated in catalytically active anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) with controlled pinhole sizes ranging from 10 to 50 nm. We measure a threshold electron emission field of 3 V/μm and a field enhancement factor β=5230 on randomly oriented 10-nm diameter CNTs.
N-Acyl-N-alkylcarbamoyloxy radicals: Entries to amidyl radicals by decar☐ylation and to α-amide radicals by radical translocation

Abstract N′-Acyl-N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione carbamates react in radical chain reactions to give the title radicals which can decar☐ylate or react by intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer; the competing reaction pathways are controlled by the structure of the alkyl group and the conformation of the precursor which can be influenced by addition of a Lewis acid.
Calculating the conformal charge from the second moment of the spin-spin correlation function

We develop high field expansions for the second moment of the spin-spin correlation function of the two-dimensional Ising model at arbitrary temperature T. Setting T = T$_{\text{c}}$ and approaching the critical point along the field direction, this quantity has a 1/h$^{2}$ divergence as the external field h goes to zero. The amplitude for this divergence is estimated by series extrapolation methods, and is shown to lead to an estimate for the central charge of 0.50 by using Cardy's formula for the central charge in terms of hyperuniversal amplitude ratios.
Cyclosporin ameliorates traumatic brain-injury-induced alterations of hippocampal synaptic plasticity.

Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in impaired learning and memory functions, the underlying mechanisms are unknown and there are currently no treatments that can preserve such functions. We studied plasticity at CA3-CA1 synapses in hippocampal slices from rats subjected to controlled cortical impact TBI. Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission was markedly impaired, whereas long-term depression (LTD) was enhanced, 48 h following TBI when compared to unoperated and sham control rats. Post-TBI administration of cyclosporin A, a compound that stabilizes mitochondrial function, resulted in a highly significant amelioration of the impairment of LTP and completely prevented the enhancement of LTD. Our data suggest that alterations in hippocampal synaptic plasticity may be responsible for learning and memory deficits resulting from TBI and that agents such as cyclosporin A that stabilize mitochondrial function may be effective treatments for TBI.
Botulism: Emotional impact on patient and family

During the third largest outbreak of botulism reported in the United States, affective responses of patients and their family members were assessed to monitor and compare the emotional distress experienced by the two groups during the initial, acute phase of the life-threatening illness. Ratings of 12 patients and 16 family members indicated that family members were significantly more fearful and depressed than patients during the first week and as fearful and depressed as patients during the second week of hospitalization/treatment. Anxiety and helplessness decreased significantly in both groups by week 2. Results illustrate the impact of catastrophic illness on the entire family system and provide support for the utility of family-oriented, crisis interventions. In future outbreaks of catastrophic illness, the early identification of emotional distress and informational needs and provision of appropriate counselling to family members as well as patients may be clinically indicated and valuable in facilitating the coping process.
Refractive Index of Water in the Infrared

The infrared reflectance of water at incidence angles of 70° and 75° has been measured in the spectral region between 2 and 25 μm. We have used the measured reflectances of polarized radiant flux to determine the real part of the refractive index from the Fresnel equations. The imaginary part of the refractive index can be accurately determined from reflection measurements alone only in regions of strong absorption; in other regions we have used values based on measurements of transmittance. We give values of the optical constants in tabular form and compare them with recent determinations by other investigators.
Purification and characterization of recombinant mouse growth hormone binding protein produced in the baculovirus expression system.

Sf21 insect cells were infected with recombinant baculovirus containing cDNA for the entire coding region of the mouse growth hormone binding protein (mGHBP). Recombinant (r) mGHBP was expressed at a yield of 17.3 mg/liter/3 days. The molecular size (Mr) of the rmGHBP was approximately 33,000 as estimated by SDS–PAGE. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the recombinant protein yielded two sequences: one identical to amino acids 1–15 and another corresponding to amino acids 14–21 of the GHR/GHBP. Western blot analysis revealed that this is the sameMras that of one of the two majorMrforms of serum mGHBP. Deglycosylation of serum mGHBP and recombinant mGHBP caused a shift in the molecular size of both proteins to that expected after removal of all N-linked carbohydrates. Binding characteristics of the recombinant mGHBP to mouse growth hormone were similar to those for serum GHBP. Scatchard analysis showed an equilibrium association constant (Ka) for rmGHBP of 3.8 × 108± 0.6 × 108M−1(mean ± SEM,n= 3) andKaof 9.2 × 108± 2.0 × 108M−1(mean ± SEM,n= 3) for the serum mGHBP. In conclusion, this expression system should allow a production of relatively large quantities of mGHBP suitable for physiological studies on the role of this protein.
The stereochemistry of the Peters reaction (RSO2HgX → RHgX)

Thermal decomposition of either exo- or endo-2-norbornylsulfinatomercuric chloride (exo-A or endo-A) in DMF at 100°C yields only exo-2-norbornylmercuric chloride. Under similar conditions, erythro-3,3-dimethylbutyl-1-sulfinatomercuric chloride-1,2-d2 yields a 11 mixture of erythro- and threo-3,3-dimethylbutyl-1-mercuric chloride-1,2-d2. endo-2-Norbornylmercuric chloride is not epimirized under the reaction conditions, and endo-A is recovered from partial decompositions without detectable epimerization. These results suggest that the product-forming step proceeds via a stereochemically labile intermediate. Although several qualitative experiments provide evidence against a free radical chain mechanism, the detailed pathway of the reaction has not been established.