cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Management of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency in Adolescents and Young Adults

Abstract Study Objective To identify clinical features associated with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and collect data on the evaluation and treatment received. Design Retrospective chart review. Data were abstracted on etiology of POI, history, laboratory evaluation, imaging results, return for clinical care, and treatment plans. Setting Urban children's hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. Participants Fifty female patients, age 11-26 years, with initial presentation of POI between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2015. Main Outcome Measures Etiology of POI, bone mineral density (BMD), laboratory evaluation, and services utilized at presentation. Results Three hundred thirty-one charts were reviewed, 71 with confirmed diagnosis of POI, and 50 with sufficient data for inclusion. Among the 50, 21 (42%) had Turner syndrome, 18 (36%) remained idiopathic, and 11 (22%) had another condition (eg, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, galactosemia, etc). Thirty-six (72%) were karyotyped; in 14 (28%), 21-hydroxylase antibodies were measured; 32 (64%) underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry BMD measures of lumbar spine. Eight of 50 patients (16%) reported fracture. Of these, at presentation, 4 (50%) had low BMD, and 2 (25%) had slightly low BMD. On initial spinal dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 9 of 32 (28%) had low BMD (Z-score ≤ −2.0) and 7 of 32 (22%) were slightly low (−1.0 to −1.9). All started estrogen therapy within 2 years of presentation. In follow-up, only 2 patients (4%) saw a mental health consultant for emotional support. Conclusion POI is a model of estrogen deficiency with most cases due to Turner syndrome or idiopathic causes. At presentation, many had low BMD and few were seen for psychological support as part of multidisciplinary care.
Myxoid-round cell liposarcoma: MRI appearance after radiation therapy and relationship to response

Liposarcomas are classified into 4 different subtypes, with the myxoid-round cell variant demonstrating increased morbidity and metastatic potential dependent on cell composition. Unique to sarcomas, the myxoid-round cell liposarcoma is remarkably sensitive to radiation therapy in the pretreatment setting, owing to the tumor morphology and vascular distribution. Herein we report a case of myxoid-round cell liposarcoma within the deep soft tissues of the thigh of an 81-year-old male with excellent neoadjuvant response to radiation. We briefly review treatment options.
Feedback Control for Distributed Massive MIMO Communication

We present a distributed nullforming algorithm where a set of transmitters transmit at full power to minimize the received power at a designated receiver. Each transmitter adjusts the phase and frequency of its transmitted RF signal in a purely distributed fashion as it uses only an estimate of its own channel gain to the receiver, and a feedback signal from the receiver, that is common across all the transmitters. This assures its scalability; in contrast any noniterative approach to the nullforming problem requires that each transmitter know every other transmitter’s channel gain. We prove that the algorithm practically, globally converges to a null at the designated receiver. By practical convergence we mean that the algorithm always converges to a stationary trajectory, and though some of these trajectories may not correspond to a minimum, those that do not are locally unstable, while those that do are locally stable. Unlike its predecessors the paper does not assume prior frequency synchronization among the transmitters, but asymptotically secures frequency consensus.
Efficiency of Photosynthesis and Photoelectrochemical Cells

The 21st century confronts us with significant challenges, summarized by the UN Sustainability Goals.
Robotic Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

A robotic system for performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is now clinically available. The system consists of a bedside robotic arm, a disposable cassette, and a lead-lined cockpit that houses the robotic controls. Robotic PCI allows operators to perform the PCI from a seated position from within the cockpit. Robotic PCI is associated with high technical and procedural success rates, and has been demonstrated to reduce physician radiation exposure by >95% when compared with manual PCI. Additionally, robotic PCI eliminates the need for the physician operator to wear traditional lead apparel, and thus robotic PCI has the potential to reduce the risk of orthopedic injury over time. Regarding potential patient benefits, the robotic system is capable of accurately measuring lesion length, which may reduce the risk of longitudinal geographic miss during PCI. This chapter provides an overview of robotic PCI, including a description of the robotic system, the benefits of robotic PCI, the current limitations of robotic PCI, and future applications of robotic technology in the catheterization laboratory.
The large deviation principle for common statistical tests against a contaminated normal

We examine the performance of the standard tests—the mean test, the t-test, the Wilcoxon test and the sign test—for testing that the measure of central tendency of a distribution is zero. We do this by comparing the Bahadur slopes in a contaminated normal model. We first establish the large deviation principle (LDP) and then calculate the Bahadur slopes for the standard test statistics when the observations come from a contaminated normal distribution. An examination of tables of Bahadur efficiencies reveals that the Wilcoxon test outperforms other tests in a neighborhood of the null hypothesis, even in the presence of moderate contamination, but not uniformly over the whole alternative hypothesis.
Analysis of Submergence in Flow Measuring Flumes

The calibration curves which describe submergence in flow-measuring flumes are developed by a combination of dimensional analysis and empiricism. The parameters developed in this manner are further verified by the theoretical submerged flow equation developed from momentum relationships. A flat-bottomed rectangular measuring flume was used to generate data necessary for establishing the parameters describing submerged flow. The resulting form of the discharge equation has been verified for a trapezoidal flat-bottomed flume and a Parshall flume. For any particular flume geometry, both the free flow and submerged flow equations can be placed on a single graph.
New Horizons in Women’s Political Rights

This chapter maps several new horizons in women’s political rights, focusing on achievements and ongoing challenges to ensuring that women have equal rights to vote and to run for political office. The chapter focuses in greater depth on the newest horizon, the growing momentum globally to recognize and combat the problem of violence and harassment against politically active women. It first maps the global emergence of the concept of violence against women in politics. It then discusses some definitional issues and surveys the various forms this phenomenon takes around the world. It presents a short overview of emerging solutions and concludes that violence and harassment pose a serious threat to women’s political rights—and thus to democracy itself.
Chameleons in the Midst of Hawks: The Real Meaning to Be Attributed to the Definition of Fraud (Presentation Slides)

The assumption of a different name for professional purposes dates back centuries – where environments did not encourage certain practices by certain genders. Even presently, the Internet Revolution – fuelled by online transactions and practices, is inducing many to assume measures aimed at the protection of their data – as well as privacy. How important is a professional career or the need to protect privacy such that the necessary, consequent (and ultimate) change involved with official documents also justifies such change? It will be argued by some that getting used to a new name is just a matter which can be adjusted to (and easily over time) – particularly with ease during an age where all documentation is also increasingly becoming digital. And what of those who have done nothing at all to change their names – but who have already been defined by society through their names – even though such definition or expectations may not necessarily accord with their true or real nature? Are they to be criticized for choosing to live genuine lives – which are regarded as contrary to societal expectations – by virtue of prior and already perceived perceptions? A case of the character or person (behind the name) not corresponding to what was expected – hence in the public view, not the real deal? As well as highlighting what should constitute ultimate considerations in determining whether fraudulent acts have been committed, this paper and presentation also aims to highlight challenges faced in an increasingly digital economy – as well as highlight the role of forensic accountants in addressing such challenges.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and colorectal cancer survival

Liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and ensuing alterations to the micro-environment may affect development of liver metastasis. Mirroring the rise in obesity rates, prevalence of NAFLD is increasing globally. Our objective was to examine the association between NAFLD and mortality in colorectal cancer patients. Colorectal Cancer-Sarcopenia and Near-term Survival (C-SCANS) is a retrospective cohort study which included 3,262 stage I–III patients, aged 18–80 years, and diagnosed between 2006 and 2011 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). After up to 10 years of follow-up, 879 deaths, including 451 from CRC were identified. Cases diagnosed with NAFLD before and within 1 month after CRC diagnosis (pre-existing NAFLD; n = 83) had a HR of 1.64 (95% CI 1.06–2.54) for overall and a HR of 1.85 (95% CI 1.03–3.30) for CRC-specific mortality compared to those without NAFLD. Findings did not differ significantly by sex, stage, tumor location, and smoking status, and were also similar when restricted to obese patients only. Independent of body mass index and prognostic indicators, CRC patients with pre-existing NAFLD had a worse prognosis than those without NAFLD.
A Treecode Algorithm for 3D Stokeslets and Stresslets

The Stokeslet and stresslet kernels are commonly used in boundary element simulations and singularity methods for slow viscous flow. Evaluating the velocity induced by a collection of Stokeslets and stresslets by direct summation requires $O(N^2)$ operations, where $N$ is the system size. The present work develops a treecode algorithm for 3D Stokeslets and stresslets that reduces the cost to $O(N\log N)$. The particles are divided into a hierarchy of clusters, and well-separated particle-cluster interactions are computed by a far-field Cartesian Taylor approximation. The terms in the approximation are contracted to promote efficient computation. Serial and parallel results display the treecode performance for several test cases. In particular the method has relatively simple structure and low memory usage, and this enhances parallel efficiency for large systems.
157 Dietary l-arginine supplementation affects boar seminal plasma proteome

There are numerous benefit claims for the supplementation of l-arginine in animal production systems. Its positive effect on fertility has been widely characterised in females of various species; however, the effects on the male reproductive system remain debatable with still unfolding molecular mechanisms. Here we investigated the effects of a dietary l-arginine supplementation on boar semen production outcomes, sperm characteristics, and seminal plasma proteome. Nine mature (20 months of age) Nebraska Index Line boars were individually housed and randomly assigned to a soybean meal-based diet containing 0.77% standard l-arginine (control, n = 4) or 1.77% high l-arginine (n = 5). Boar semen was collected weekly during the 6-week dietary arginine trial. Semen production outcomes (volume and total spermatozoa) and sperm motion (total and progressive motility) and morphology characteristics were subsequently analysed using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer (CEROS II). On Week 6, the seminal plasma of each boar was obtained by centrifugation at 4°C for proteome analysis. The clarified seminal plasma was precipitated; the purified proteins were resuspended in an appropriate buffer and loaded (300 μg) onto an immobilized pH gradient strip (isoelectric point 3-10) for the first-dimension electrophoresis. The second-dimension was subsequently performed (4-20% gradient gel), and all gels were stained with Coomassie R250 dye. The PDQuest software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) was used to detect all significantly differentially expressed protein spots (Student’s t-test with P 0.05). Similarly, various sperm motility (total and progressive motility) and velocity characteristics were not affected (P > 0.05). By the end of the feed trial, the average (mean ± standard error of the mean) semen volume (389 ± 40 mL), the total spermatozoa per ejaculate (39 ± 8 × 109), the total (82 ± 2%) and progressive (62 ± 3%) sperm motility, the sperm velocity (e.g. average path: 98 ± 7 μm s−1), and sperm morphology (e.g. distal droplet: 5 ± 1%) parameters of the control group were not significantly different from the group supplemented with high l-arginine: 393 ± 35 mL, 47 ± 4 × 109, 82 ± 2%, 61 ± 3%, 92 ± 8 μm s−1, and 5 ± 0%, respectively (P > 0.05). In contrast, the proteome profiles of seminal plasma harvested on the sixth week of diet revealed various changes, characterised by the significantly increased expression of 8 protein spots in seminal plasma samples derived from arginine-fed boars (P < 0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of l-arginine does not affect the semen outputs, neither the sperm motility characteristics nor their morphology. However, the proteome profile of the seminal plasma was changed by the presence of l-arginine. The findings may have significant implications for boar fertility, and the identification of these proteins is ongoing. This work was supported by USDA-Agricultural Research Service Biophotonics Initiative #58-6402-3-018.
Percent genome alteration and outcomes after radical prostatectomy in African American men.

24Background: African American (AA) men have a higher incidence of and mortality from prostate cancer (PCa) than European American (EA) men. The potential biological determinants of these racial di...
Writing and Teaching behind Barbed Wire: An Exiled Composition Class in a Japanese-American Internment Camp.

O n 19 February 1942, ten weeks after the Pearl Harbor attack, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 to exclude any and all per sons, citizens, and aliens ofJapanese descent from the three Pacific Coast states of California, Oregon, and Washington in order to provide security against sabo tage and espionage, in spite of the fact that not a single documented act of sabotage or espionage had been committed by an American citizen or resi dent ofJapanese ancestry (Daniels, Concentration Camps xv; U.S. Commission 2-3). Shortly thereafter, 112,000 people of Japanese descent, including Ameri can citizens, were expelled from their homes to California assembly centers and then incarcerated in ten internment camps located in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming, places where nobody had lived before and nobody has lived since (Daniels, Concentration Camps 96).1 After the war, many memoirs and historiographies reflected on the nation's "worst wartime
Predictors for Blood Pressure Reduction in American Latinos: Secondary Analysis of the Adelgaza Program Data.

Little is known about factors that predict blood pressure (BP) reduction in overweight American Latinos. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore predictors of changes in mean systolic and diastolic BPs over an 8-week weight loss intervention period in a sample of 54 overweight American Latinos using data collected during the Adelgaza trial. Baseline BP, exercise energy use (in units of metabolic equivalent of task), weight change, average daily intake of calories from beverages, average daily intake of calories from fat, age, and gender were considered as potential predictors of reductions in BP, as measured at baseline, 3, and 8 weeks. Baseline characteristics were as follows: mean age 45.3 (SD = 10.8) years, 31.5% male, 61.1% born in the United States. Mean baseline systolic and diastolic BPs were 122.1 (SD = 14.4) mmHg and 76.6 (SD = 9.8) mmHg, respectively. Both baseline systolic and diastolic BPs predicted reductions in systolic BP after adjusting for other factors (p .05). This finding suggests that overweight American Latinos with higher baseline systolic or diastolic BP should be identified and provided with early intervention education to achieve better hypertension management or prevention.
Evidence of Allosteric Coupling between Substrate Binding and Adx Recognition in the Vitamin D Carbon-24 Hydroxylase CYP24A1

Metabolic inactivation of 1,25(OH)2D3 requires molecular recognition between the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) and its cognate redox partner adrenodoxin (Adx). Recent evidence supports a model of CYP24A1 function in which substrate binding and Adx recognition are structurally linked. However, the details of this allosteric connection are not clear. In this study, we utilize chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and CYP24A1 functional assays to inform a working model of a CYP24A1-Adx complex. We report that differential cross-linking internal to CYP24A1 points toward an Adx-induced conformational change that perturbs the F and G helices, which are required for substrate binding. Moreover, the modeled complex suggests that a semiconserved nonpolar interaction at the interface may influence CYP24A1 regioselectivity. Taken together, these findings contribute to our understanding of Adx recognition in a critical vitamin D-inactivating enzyme and provide broader insight regarding the variability inherent in CYP-Adx interactions.
Linking Virus Discovery to Immune Responses Visualized during Zebrafish Infections

The discovery of new viruses currently outpaces our capacity for experimental examination of infection biology. To better couple virus discovery with immunology, we genetically modified zebrafish to visually report on virus infections. After generating a strain that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under an interferon-stimulated gene promoter, we repeatedly observed transgenic larvae spontaneously expressing GFP days after hatching. RNA sequencing comparisons of co-housed GFP-positive and GFP-negative zebrafish revealed a naturally occurring picornavirus that induced a canonical interferon-mediated response and hundreds of antiviral defense genes not observed following immunostimulatory treatments or experimental infections with other viruses. Among the many genes induced by picornavirus infection was a large set encoding guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) of immunity-associated proteins (GIMAPs). The GIMAP gene family is massively expanded in fish genomes and may also play a crucial role in antiviral responses in mammals, including humans. We subsequently detected zebrafish picornavirus in publicly available sequencing data from seemingly asymptomatic zebrafish in many research institutes and found that it altered gene expression in a previous study of zebrafish development. Experiments revealed a horizontal mode of virus transmission, highlighting a system for studying the spread of picornavirus infections within and between individuals. Our study describes a naturally occurring picornavirus that elicits strong antiviral responses in zebrafish and provides new strategies for simultaneously discovering viruses and their impact on vertebrate hosts.
CMOS Full-Duplex Mixer-First Receiver With Adaptive Self-Interference Cancellation

A full-duplex transceiver with on-chip self-inter-ference-cancellation (SIC) is presented. The achieved SIC is 110 dB, and it is realized in three stages: RF front-end hybrid, baseband analog, and baseband digital. An integrated hybrid is used in the RF front-end which employs an adaptive tuning impedance network (TIN) to track the antenna impedance variations, achieving over 50 dB of SIC. $N$ -path mixer-first architecture is used for the receiver to improve the linearity and to provide out of band blocker cancellation. The self-interference is further attenuated in the analog domain using the down-converted sample of the transmit signal. The analog transmit interference canceler (TIC) receives the sampled copy of the transmitted signal of the power amplifier and offers adaptive amplitude and phase adjustment for the cancellation signal, obtaining more than 20 dB on-chip cancellation in the analog domain. The last step of SIC is realized in the digital domain using a nonlinear system with memory to cancel the remnant of self-interference and distortions, resulting in 43 dB of SIC. The front-end hybrid, mixer-first receiver, and analog TIC are implemented in a CMOS 65-nm technology. Thanks to adaptive gradient decent algorithm employed in the system, the total SIC of the hybrid and TIC is more than 70 dB, which is one of the highest cancellation values achieved on the chip. The die area is 4 mm2, and the fabricated chip consumes 80 mW dc power. The average transmit power is 23 dBm, and the noise figure of the receiver in the full-duplex mode is 11 dB.
Balloon sphincteroplasty in pediatric laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

The management of choledocholithiasis in children and teenagers is often a two-procedure process with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and either pre- or post-operative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The addition of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) during LC can provide definitive treatment for choledocholithiasis during a single anesthetic event. In an effort to minimize sedation and radiation exposure from fluoroscopy, we have employed dilating balloons via a transcystic approach to stretch the sphincter of Oddi with subsequent ductal flushing. We describe the technique of balloon sphincteroplasty as a straightforward adjunct within the pediatric surgeon's skill set to manage choledocholithiasis during LC and our clinical experience.
Dirac neutrino mass matrix and its link to freeze-in dark matter

Abstract Using a mechanism which allows naturally small Dirac neutrino masses and its linkage to a dark gauge U ( 1 ) D symmetry, a realistic Dirac neutrino mass matrix is derived from S 3 . The dark sector naturally contains a fermion singlet having a small seesaw mass. It is thus a good candidate for freeze-in dark matter from the decay of an U ( 1 ) D Higgs boson.
Evaluation of ampicillin trihydrate for treatment of metritis and subsequent fertility in lactating dairy cows

Metritis affects 10%-30% of dairy cows and results in production losses, impaired fertility, and increased risk of culling and death early in lactation. Economic losses of metritis have been estimated at $328/affected cow. Cows that develop metritis are at an increased risk to develop clinical and subclinical endometritis. Escherichia coli expressing fimH early postpartum (1-3 days in milk [DIM]) has been associated with development of metritis, which suggests this bacterium has an important role and is a virulence factor for initial tissue damage and subsequent bacterial infection and development of uterine diseases. It is possible that reduction of the amount of E. coli in the uterus of cows with metritis in early lactation might reduce its detrimental impact. Ampicillin is efficacious against E. coli, but to date, studies to evaluate the efficacy of ampicillin for the treatment ofmetritis in dairy cows are lacking. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of ampicillin trihydrate (AMP) for the treatment of metritis in dairy cows compared with that of ceftiofur hydrochloride (CEFT). Our hypothesis was that AMP would be an effective treatment for metritis in dairy cows.
Cryptogams build up a living microcosm: Geoecological effects of biocrusts on volcanic tephra (Haleakalā, Maui, Hawai’i)

Abstract This study analyzes data of moss/lichen biocrusts on volcanic tephra at 2335 m in Haleakalā Crater (Maui, Hawaiʻi). Samples were compared among three adjacent positions: rolling crusts, pinnacled crusts, and bare tephra; two profiles contrasted substrate variation in crust and tephra areas. Field experiments assessed soil shear- and compressive-strength, infiltration rates, and diurnal soil temperatures; a lab experiment measured evaporation from crust specimens for 9 days. Biocrusts significantly affected physical, chemical, and structural soil properties. Fine particles, organic matter, and water storage were appreciably greater in biocrusts. Microsampling indicated upper-pinnacle sections accumulated more fine grains due to capture of volcanic ash, and also contained greater organic matter, than lower-pinnacle portions. Crust areas experienced infiltration rates ~2.8 times faster than tephra; mean diurnal temperatures were 12.1 °C (26.9 vs 39.0 °C) cooler in crusts than in tephra. Saturated crust specimens stored ~2.7 times more moisture than tephra soils; slower evaporation in biocrusts significantly lengthened the period over which poikilohydric cryptogams are able to maintain metabolic activity. Soil shear- and compressive-strength were higher on crusts than on tephra. Biocrust soils showed greater fertility, as available Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, NH4+-N, and cation-exchange capacity were higher than in tephra. NH4+-N was more concentrated under rolling crusts than in pinnacled ones; this is mainly ascribed to sampling methodology. Buried profile horizons suggest the site experienced additional tephra deposition during episodic volcanic eruptions. A developmental model assesses interactions among soil and environmental processes, and provides an integrated geoecological view of linkages that influenced biocrust genesis.
The Need for More than Role Relations

This article argues for the necessity of a social group ontology in Confucian ethics. The heart of Confucian ethics is self-cultivation begun in familial relations. Social group categories can disrupt family structures in ways that can only be ignored at a high cost to the well-being of biological family members who do not share the dominant group identities. To make this disruption clear, I will articulate the challenge queer lives pose for classical Confucian self-cultivation. This discussion will give rise to an account of queer chosen kin and its compatibility with the existing Confucian role-relational ontology. The incorporation of social group identities and an account of the sociopolitical constitution of persons is necessary not only for the development of Confucian social and political philosophy, but also for illustrating the significant ways in which Confucianism can shape cross-cultural discussions of ethical self-cultivation.
Relationship between brain Aβ deposition and CSF Aβ42 several years prior to amyloid positivity

188 Objectives In the study of the natural course of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology in cognitively normal adults, we have recently characterized the rate of transition to beta-amyloid (Aβ) positivity using PIB PET. Here we have evaluated beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition on the first (“baseline”) PIB PET scan (PIB-1) and its relationship to the levels of CSF Aβ42, tau, and p-tau. Methods Standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) corrected for partial volume effect using a regional spread function approach was calculated for cortical gray matter regions defined with FreeSurfer software. PIB-positivity was defined using the mean cortical SUVR from precuneus, prefrontal and temporal cortical FreeSurfer ROIs; the threshold for PIB-positivity was an SUVR of 1.4. Levels of CSF Aβ42, tau and p-tau181 were obtained by ELISA. Results Sixty seven individuals were PIB-negative on all PET scans (PIBnn); 11 individuals who were PIB-negative on the PIB-1 scan demonstrated PIB-positivity on the follow-up PET scan (PIBnp); 18 individuals were PIB-positive on all PET scans (PIBpp). At the time of PIB-1 scan, PIBnp demonstrated higher levels of mean cortical PIB deposition compared to PIBnn and lower values compared to PIBpp; CSF Aβ42 in PIBnp were lower compared to PIBnn and higher compared to PIBpp. A high correlation between PIB and CSF Aβ42 was demonstrated for mean cortical SUVR in PIBnp (R=-0.906, p Conclusions Our findings suggest that reductions in CSF Aβ42 are coupled with amyloid deposition throughout the process of Aβ accumulation and appear to begin years prior to reaching the global brain threshold for increased Aβ deposition detected by amyloid imaging. Research Support P50AG05681, P01AG03991, and P01AG026276
Cytoplasmic mRNA Recapping: An Unexpected Form of RNA Repair

The cap consists of a 7-methylguanosine residue joined to the first nucleotide of an mRNA through a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage. It is added co-transcriptionally to all mRNAs, and proteins binding to the cap modulate subsequent steps in pre-mRNA processing, export, quality control, localization, and translation. Eukaryotic cells have a number of enzymes that hydrolyze the cap structure, and loss of the cap was generally thought to be both irreversible and to commit the transcript to decay. However, this proved to be an oversimplification. Although capping was originally thought to be restricted to the nucleus, my lab identified cytoplasmic forms of all of the enzymes necessary to add a cap onto a decapped mRNA. These assemble on the common adapter protein, Nck1, which serves as a scaffold for a functional capping metabolon. This chapter describes the discovery of cytoplasmic capping and how the proteins that catalyze this process were identified. It tells how we discovered cap homeostasis, a process of decapping and recapping, and the relationship of this process to translational control, mRNA decay, and transcriptome complexity.
Debs and the Federal Equity Power

The United States can sue for equitable relief without statutory authorization, and the leading case on this question is In re Debs. But what Debs stands for is controversial. This Essay understands Debs against the backdrop of equity’s traditional limiting principles, including the need for a connection between equitable relief and a proprietary interest. Although Debs offers an aggressive reading of “property,” the most plausible reading of the case is consistent with those traditional limiting principles. And indeed that is how Debs was read in the subsequent decades. This Essay shows not only that this is a sound reading of Debs, but also that there is a normative basis for these traditional limiting principles in equity today.
Induction and isolation of cold-sensitive lines of Chinese hamster cells.

Publisher Summary It is possible, using modifications of standard procedures for the selection of heat-sensitive variants, to obtain cold-sensitive mammalian cell lines. The frequency of ribosomal subunit assembly defective mutants among these lines is apparently not as high as in prokaryotes. These cold-sensitive mammalian lines should however, provide an additional source of cells with conditional defects in essential cellular functions. Cold-sensitive mutants of prokaryotes have been a valuable source of cells with defects in essential cellular processes. Some of these cold-sensitive mutations are in genes for which no heat-sensitive counterparts have been discovered. Cold-sensitive strains of bacteria include an especially high frequency of ribosomal subunit assembly defective mutants. This phenomenon is probably explained by the observation that ribosome assembly is a highly temperature-dependent process. Subunit assembly defective mutants also appear among cold-sensitive strains of fungi, but with a much lower frequency than in bacteria. The mutagenesis and selection temperatures were reversed, and the times for each treatment were altered to compensate for the difference in the growth rates of wild-type cells at high and low temperatures.
A carboxy-terminal domain of ELL is required and sufficient for immortalization of myeloid progenitors by MLL-ELL.

The t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) chromosomal translocation in acute myeloid leukemias fuses the gene encoding transcriptional elongation factor ELL to the MLL gene with consequent expression of an MLL-ELL chimeric protein. To identify potential mechanisms of leukemogenesis by MLL-ELL, its transcriptional and oncogenic properties were investigated. Fusion with MLL preserves the transcriptional elongation activity of ELL but relocalizes it from a diffuse nuclear distribution to the nuclear bodies characteristic of MLL. Using a serial replating assay, it was demonstrated that the MLL-ELL chimeric protein is capable of immortalizing clonogenic myeloid progenitors in vitro after its retroviral transduction into primary murine hematopoietic cells. However, a structure–function analysis indicates that the elongation domain is not essential for myeloid transformation because mutants lacking elongation activity retain a potent ability to immortalize myeloid progenitors. Rather, the highly conserved carboxyl terminal R4 domain is both a necessary and a sufficient contribution from ELL for the immortalizing activity associated with MLL-ELL. The R4 domain demonstrates potent transcriptional activation properties and is required for transactivation of a HoxA7 promoter by MLL-ELL in a transient transcriptional assay. These data indicate that neoplastic transformation by the MLL-ELL fusion protein is likely to result from aberrant transcriptional activation of MLL target genes. Thus, in spite of the extensive diversity of MLL fusion partners, these data, in conjunction with previous studies of MLL-ENL, suggest that conversion of MLL to a constitutive transcriptional activator may be a general model for its oncogenic conversion in myeloid leukemias.
Structure for an LHC 90 mm Nb/sub 3/Sn quadrupole magnet

A full-scale mechanical model of the LHC Nb/sub 3/Sn quadrupole magnet structure has been designed, built and tested. The structure will support a 90 mm bore, lm long magnet prototype as part of the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP). The structure utilizes Bladder and Key Technology to control and transfer pre-stress from an outer aluminum shell to an inner coil. Axial aluminum rods take care of pre-stress at the ends-ensuring that the coil is fully constrained along all three axes. The outer aluminum shell and an inner "dummy coil" (aluminum tube) were extensively instrumented with strain gauges. The gauges were used to monitor and map the effectiveness of the stress relation between the loading structure and a "dummy" coil through varying mechanical load conditions-from bladder and key pre-stress at room temperature through cool-down. Test results of the stress distribution in the structure and the in dummy coil is reported and compared with expected results calculated with the structural analysis program ANSYS.
Candy vs. snacks: parent and child discussions of characteristics that define candy and snack foods (1022.4)

Despite an increasing focus on the intake of snack foods, not much research has studied variations in parents’ and children’s definitions, categorizations, and conceptualizations of candy and other snack foods. Focus groups with parents (n=35) and structured interviews with children aged 5-8 (n=38) were conducted to examine their views and perceptions around candy and other snack foods. Parents and their children also completed a card sort task with 39 images of snack foods and candies, in which they were asked to group similar foods together. Food groupings were analyzed in Syncaps (Syntagam Ltd., UK) using hierarchical clustering. Results for the card sort tasks revealed that both parents and children separated foods traditionally viewed as candy (e.g. chocolate, lollipops) from other snack foods (cookies, chips, and natural snacks), and often grouped the candies into categories labeled “chocolate” or “candy”. When asked for characteristics that define candy in relation to other snack foods, parents ten...
Effects of innovation versus efficiency tasks on recall and transfer in individual and collaborative learning contexts

Two experiments tested the effects of a framework for promoting productive collaboration and transfer. The framework uses the dimensions of innovation and efficiency to characterize learning tasks according to the types of knowledge they should promote. Innovation tasks involve the construction of novel solutions to unfamiliar problems while efficiency tasks feature repeated application of optimal solutions. The former are intended to help students appreciate key features of an expert solution while the latter aim to increase speed and accuracy. The overarching hypothesis was that having an opportunity to innovate would promote productive collaboration and learning more than efficiently copying and studying correct answers. The first experiment, involving third graders, found benefits of innovation for individual learning. The second, with university students working collaboratively, found effects of innovation on interaction.
Geometric, kinematic, and erosional history of the central Andean Plateau, Bolivia (15–17°S)

[1] Latitudinal changes in topography, climate, and thrust belt geometry in the central Andes have led to conflicting hypotheses that climate or tectonics exert a first-order control on orogen evolution. The relative roles of climate and tectonics in the evolution of the Andean orogen are difficult to quantify because of a lack of detailed observations for both the long-term deformation and erosion history of the Andean fold-thrust belt. We contribute to the resolution of this problem by presenting a sequentially restored, balanced cross section based on new mapping across the northern Bolivia portion of the thrust belt (15–17°S). The timing and magnitude of exhumation across the cross section are determined by synthesizing 10 new and ∼70 previously published mineral cooling ages. Once balanced and restored, the section was sequentially forward modeled using stratigraphic and cooling age constraints. Results indicate the Eastern Cordillera (EC) records the highest magnitudes of shortening (123 km or 55%). The Interandean zone (IA) has shortened 48 km or 30%. In both the EC and IA individual thrust sheets are tightly folded and have minor offsets of 1–5 km. The Subandes (SA) has multiple levels of detachments allowing for thrust sheets with relatively large offsets (6–17 km). Total shortening in the SA is 66 km or 40%. Total magnitude of shortening for the entire fold-thrust belt in this region is 276 km (40%). New apatite and zircon fission track cooling ages in conjunction with published ages indicate two phases of rapid exhumation; an earlier phase from ∼40 to 25 Ma in the EC and one prior to ∼25 Ma in the IA, followed by distributed exhumation of the entire fold-thrust belt from ∼15–0 Ma. Combined exhumation estimates from the balanced cross section and thermochronology suggest ∼9–11 km of exhumation in the EC, ∼5–9 km in the IA, and ∼3–4 km in the SA. Long-term shortening rates are 7 mm/a for the EC and IA and 4–8 mm/a for the SA. The SA shortening rates are based on a ∼15–0 Ma or 8–0 Ma deformation window. By linking cooling ages to location and magnitude of shortening, we suggest an ∼10–17 Ma pause or a dramatic deceleration in the rate of deformation and propagation of the fold-thrust belt between 25 and ∼15 or 8 Ma.
Differentiation of ductal carcinoma in-situ from benign micro-calcifications by dedicated breast computed tomography

Abstract Purpose Compare conspicuity of ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) to benign calcifications on unenhanced (bCT), contrast-enhanced dedicated breast CT (CEbCT) and mammography (DM). Methods and materials The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant study. 42 women with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System 4 or 5 category micro-calcifications had breast CT before biopsy. Three subjects with invasive disease at surgery were excluded. Two breast radiologists independently compared lesion conspicuity scores (CS) for CEbCT, to bCT and DM. Enhancement was measured in Hounsfield units (HU). Mean CS ± standard deviations are shown. Receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) measured radiologists’ discrimination performance by comparing CS to enhancement alone. Statistical measurements were made using ANOVA F-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test and robust linear regression analyses. Results 39 lesions (17 DCIS, 22 benign) were analyzed. DCIS (8.5 ± 0.9, n = 17) was more conspicuous than benign micro-calcifications (3.6 ± 2.9, n = 22; p Conclusion DCIS is more conspicuous than benign micro-calcifications on CEbCT. DCIS visualization on CEbCT is equal to mammography but improved compared to bCT. Radiologists’ discrimination performance using CEBCT is significantly higher than enhancement values alone. CEbCT may have an advantage over mammography by reducing false positive examinations when calcifications are analyzed.
The Laugh Model: Reframing and Rebranding Public Health Through Social Media.

Objectives. We examined the use of low-cost social media platforms in communicating public health messages and outline the laugh model, a framework through which public health organizations can reach and engage communities.Methods. In August 2014, we developed an online campaign (Web site and social media) to help promote healthy family meals in Utah in conjunction with the state and local health departments.Results. By the end of September 2014, a total of 3641 individuals had visited the Utahfamilymeals.org Web site. Facebook ads reached a total of 29 078 people, and 56 900 people were reached through Twitter ads. The per-person price of the campaign was 0.2 cents, and the total estimated target population reach was between 10% and 12%.Conclusions. There are 3 key takeaways from our campaign: use of empowering and engaging techniques may be more effective than use of educational techniques; use of social media Web sites and online marketing tactics can enhance collaboration, interdisciplinary strategies...
Organic coatings and the challenge-no clean presents

Organic solderability preservatives (OSP's) are rapidly being implemented within the PCB fabrication industry. OSP's have shown to be excellent corrosion inhibitors and solderability preservatives. However, little has been reported on the "processability" during second level assembly. A small number of PCB assemblers, IBM included, have successfully used Benzotriazole (BTA) based OSP for a number of years. The BTA/OSP the Austin facility has been using will be compared to a new, next generation Benzimidazole (BIM) OSP on the market. Sequential Electrochemical Reduction Analysis (SERA) is an analytical method designed to correlate the type and amount of oxide species present on a PCB metal surface to its solderability, However, in this study we have attempted to characterize and correlate the PCB's processability, i.e., reflow atmosphere and In-Circuit Test, to the SERA results. This paper will report on the process challenges OSP's must meet for successful use in No-Clean solder assembly.
Social and Cultural Capital in Colonial British America: A Case Study

Social and Cultural Capital in Colonial British America: A Case Study Social capital is a relatively new concept that political scientists and sociologists have developed to distinguish certain social resources from others, namely, financial or investment capital, physical capital in the form of fixed or movable material resources, and human capital in the form of individual knowledge and technical skills. As employed by modern social scientists, such as Putnam, social capital consists of the organizations and connections that foster cooperation, trust, participation, the exchange of information, civil interaction, and coordinated activity in pursuit of social goals. An expression of the traditional social science concern with outcomes, the concept has proven useful to explain or predict the emergence of civil society, the development and growth of market economics, and the achievement of political democracy.l Whether the concept can be equally useful to historians remains to be seen. Far less concerned with how to attain the
Expression for Expressivists

Expressivism’s central idea is that normative sentences bear the same relation to non-cognitive attitudes that ordinary descriptive sentences bear to beliefs: the expression relation. Allan Gibbard tells us that “that words express judgments will be accepted by almost everyone”– the distinctive contribution of expressivism, his claim goes, is only a view about what kind of judgments words express. But not every account of the expression relation is equally suitable for the expressivist’s purposes. In fact, what I argue in this paper, considering four possible accounts of expression, is that how suitable each account is for the expressivist’s purpose varies in proportion to how controversial it is. So Gibbard is wrong – if expression is to get expressivism off the ground, then it will be enormously controversial whether words do express judgments. And thus expressivism is committed to strong claims about the semantics of non-normative language.
Management of epilepsy during pregnancy

Over a million women with epilepsy are of childbearing age in the USA and require careful consideration of not only type of antiepileptic drug (AED) but also dosage, in the event of a planned or unplanned pregnancy. Careful selection of AEDs can lower the potential adverse effects of AEDs while maintaining seizure control for the health of not only on the patient, the mother, but also the unborn fetus. The number of treatment options has increased significantly in the last 20 years and remarkable progress has been made in characterizing the risks AEDs pose to pregnant women and fetuses. There are now robust data on teratogenesis, a growing body of data on neonatal/obstetrical outcomes and on neurodevelopmental problems associated with each AED, and some data about seizure control during pregnancy. Based on clinical evidence so far, levetiracetam and lamotrigine have emerged as the safest during pregnancy, although others may also be suitable. Despite being a common belief, not all polytherapy combinations may be detrimental, especially when avoiding valproate and topiramate. Here, we review the available clinical research, highlighting recent findings and provide thoughts for future directions in the field.
Raman scattering of high-temperature phase transition in KH2PO4

Abstract Raman scattering was applied to study the high-temperature phase transition (near 175°C) in KH2PO4. Drastic temperature-dependent changes were observed to take place in the normal modes of B1 symmetry between 1000–3400 cm−1. The disintegration of the dominant broad feature near 2500 cm−1 when temperature rises beyond 150°C suggests that the alteration of the hydrogen-bond network is closely connected with this high-temperature phase transition.
Melioration and self-experimentation

Operant researchers rarely use the arena of applied psychology to motivate or to judge their research. Absence of tests by application weakens the field of basic operant research. Early in their development, the physical and biological sciences emphasized meliorative aspects of research. Improvement of human life was a major goal of these young sciences. This paper argues that if basic operant researchers analogously invoked a melioration criterion, the operant field might avoid its tendency toward ingrowth and instead generate a broadly influential science. Operant researchers could incorporate melioration by (a) creating animal models to study applied problems; (b) confronting questions raised by applied analysts and testing hypotheses in applied settings; or (c) performing self-experiments-that is, using experimental methods and behavioral techniques to study and change the experimenter's behavior.