cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induced sputum to diagnose Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunosuppressed pediatric patients.

significance and there have been no clinical observations suggesting a correlation between Intralipid infusions and risk of infection. 12 Other nutritional manipulations in humans may also impair neutrophil function. A currently popular highprotein, low-carbohydrate diet induced sustained ketosis similar to that in our study p0pulation2 ~ Ketosis in dieting patients was associated with a depression in neutrophil chemotaxis and microbial killing. Patients with weight loss but without ketones had no differences in these two measurements. McMurray et al? ~ reported that phagocytosis was not impaired. In summary abnormalities of neutrophil function develop in patients with ketosis induced by any of a variety of manipulations or disease states. Consideration should be given to discontinuing iatrogenic causes of ketosis in such patients if bacterial infections develop.
High prevalence of the amphibian chytrid pathogen in Gabon.

Amphibian chytridiomycosis is an infectious disease caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) that is implicated in the worldwide decline and extinction of amphibians. Africa has been proposed as a potential source for the global expansion of Bd, yet the distribution of Bd across the continent remains largely unexplored. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we screened for the presence of Bd in 166 adult anurans from two national parks in Gabon (Monts de Cristal and Ivindo). Bd was detected in 20 of the 42 species and was present at all three sites surveyed (two in Monts de Cristal, and one in Ivindo) with high prevalence (19.6%–36.0%). Both national parks were Bd-positive at all elevations and across habitat types, though no dead or dying frogs were encountered. To our knowledge, this study presents the first evidence of Bd in Gabon and the first record of infection for 19 of the 20 species that were Bd-positive. Documenting the distribution and virulence of Bd across Africa will be essential for understanding the dynamics of amphibian chytridiomycosis across the globe.
Revisiting Multi-Tape Automata for Semitic Morphological Analysis and Generation

Various methods have been devised to produce morphological analyzers and generators for Semitic languages, ranging from methods based on widely used finite-state technologies to very specific solutions designed for a specific language or problem. Since the earliest proposals of how to adopt the elsewhere successful finite-state methods to root-and-pattern morphologies, the solution of encoding Semitic grammars using multi-tape automata has resurfaced on a regular basis. Multi-tape automata, however, require specific algorithms and reimplementation of finite-state operators across the board, and hence such technology has not been readily available to linguists. This paper, using an actual Arabic grammar as a case study, describes an approach to encoding multi-tape automata on a single tape that can be implemented using any standard finite-automaton toolkit.
Influence of γ‐irradiation on the transition temperatures of crystalline polytetrafluorethylene

The influence of γ-irradiation on the melting and two solid-solid transitions, occurring near 19° and 30°C, of polytetrafluorethylene was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. A continuous depression of all three transition temperatures, with increasing dose was observed in a first scan of highly crystalline samples at a heating rate of 20°C/min. Additional information was obtained about the accompanying heats of transition. Values for the number of CF2 units excluded from the crystal lattice per 100 eV energy deposition were calculated by using an equation for the depression of the melting point by chemical impurities. The value obtained of G(–units) = 3.3 ± 0.3 is in agreement with a value of G(chemically damaged units) = 3.0 ± 0.1 previously reported on the basis of scavenging techniques. It is concluded that chemical radiation-induced damage in this polymer may be estimated by reference to changes in the melting temperature. A value of G(–units) = 1.6 ± 0.2 was obtained by reference to the 19°C transition.
Resistance Mechanisms to Methotrexate in Tumors

The mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance to methotrexate (MTX) in human tumors are reviewed herein. In blasts from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, resistance mechanisms found are decreased uptake and increased dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity. A major cause of intrinsic resistance to MTX in soft tissue sarcoma cells and in acute myelocytic leukemia appears to be a lack of drug retention, due mainly to low levels of polyglutamylation. A novel association between lack of the retinoblastoma protein and intrinsic MTX resistance has been found. This has been attributed to an increase in DHFR activity, due to an increased rate of transcription of this gene, stimulated by an increase in levels of free E2F, not sequestered by hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein.
Time‐related effects on MMPI profiles of police academy recruits

Assessed secular changes in MMPI normative scores related to three developmental components: Age, year of birth, and time of measurement, in police academy recuits (N = 1119). Assessment involved two-way univariate analyses of variance to test for changes in MMPI scale scores laid out in three bifactor models: Age × year of birth (cohort-sequential), time of measurement × year of birth (cross-sequential), and age × time of measurement (time-sequential). Age and year of birth did not affect MMPI scale scores. Time of measurement affected 9 of 13 scale scores (L, F, K, HS, PD, PT, SC, MA, and SI). From 1964-1971 a gradual mild drift was noted wherein more “symptomatology” and less “defensiveness” was reported, although not of clinical significance. After 1971, an abrupt reversal was noted. The significant environmental change that occurred in early 1972 and that may have been powerful enough to influence approach to the test was the police department's hiring of a consultant clinical psychologist.
Time and angle of arrival uncertainties in echo-sounding

Estimates of the time of arrival, angle of arrival, and intensity of echoes are the primary quantities obtained with echo-sounders used for underwater remote sensing of targets in the ocean volume, near the sea surface or on the seafloor. Uncertainties in these estimates translate into uncertainties in the location of the detected targets relative to the echo-sounder, which may impact the accuracy of the end product such as a map or an algorithm for autonomous navigation of an underwater vehicle. In addition, uncertainties in these estimates depend on the target detection method used and on sonar parameters such as output signal-to-noise ratio, beamwidth, receiver bandwidth and sampling frequency, and the corresponding spatial sampling geometry. The target detection methods considered here assume that the arrival angle is aligned with the maximum response axis of the beam, which is known a priori. The time of arrival is then estimated based on (1) the echo-amplitude weighted mean time of arrival, or (2) the time of zero phase difference at the output of a split-aperture correlator. Analytical expressions are derived for the uncertainties in time (range) and angle of arrival of echoes given by the variance of the estimated mean of these quantities. These uncertainty expressions are applied to models of sounding uncertainty used in swath bathymetry and compared with such models in current use (e.g. Hammerstad, 1995; Lurton, 2003)).
Of Courts and Commerce

Courts often interpret and attempt to enforce rules designed to economically integrate federal and international organizations. In this article, we investigate to what degree court rulings can liberalize trade by examining data from the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Studying the ECJ allows us to compare the Court’s effectiveness through two different mechanisms: infringement proceedings, which are purely a form of international adjudication, and preliminary references, which are applied through national courts. We find infringement rulings have no effect on a nation’s intra-EU imports, while preliminary rulings have a positive, though temporary, effect on a nation’s intra-EU imports.
Diagnosis of Takotsubo syndrome via the electrocardiogram.

I agree with Drs. Kosuge, and Kimura [1], about what needs to be done to evaluate the potential usefulness of low voltage ECG and/or attenuation of the ECG voltage in the diagnosis of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) [2], and particularly in its differentiation from acute coronary syndromes, and more specifically acute anterior ST-elevation MI (AASTMI). The issue of time elapsed between the onset of symptoms and the recording of ECG in TTSmay prove an elusive one, because often patients are vague about this item. The evaluation of the relationship of low QRS voltage/attenuation, in serial ECGs with myocardial edema, and its intensity and topography, may be problematic, since this will require implementation of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging early in the clinical course, and repeat such testing thereafter. The authors emphasized the differential diagnosis of TTS with AASTMI [3]; however the vast majority of the current reports of TTS are associated with nonspecific ECG changes, rather than the ST-elevation in precordial leads, which will call for differentiation between TTS and AASTMI. Perhaps what one could expect the contribution of the ECG to be in the diagnosis of TTS is by showing attenuation of the QRS complexes between the first and subsequently recorded ECGs, or augmentation of the QRS complexes in ECGs recorded during hospitalization, in comparison with the first ECG obtained upon admission. For a meaningful contribution of the ECG, in terms of expeditious differential diagnosis between TTS and AASTMI, the first ECG recorded upon admission will need to be compared with possibly available ECGs of the afflicted patient, recorded prior to the inception of the TTS episode. The ubiquitous availability of smart phones, and the soon to be realized implementation of smart personal medical data cards, and cloud computing, will provide the means to instantly compare, in terms of the amplitude of the QRS complexes, the admission ECG of patients presenting with possible TTS, with previous ECGs recorded at any past time point, and at any geographical location. Indeed algorithms could be easily designed that will provide instantly measurements, and percent changes, of all ECG leads, or groups of leads, as was recently proposed [4].
Reprisal, retribution and requital: Investigating customer retaliation

Abstract Customers, regardless of context or culture, will go to any extreme to retaliate against an offending service provider. Retaliation is an action taken in return for an injury or offense [Huefner, J.C. and H.K. Hunt, “Consumer retaliation as a response to dissatisfaction,” J Consum Satisf Dissatisfaction Complaining Behav, (2000); 13, 61–82.]. To date, research has had only a limited discussion of customer's use of anti-consumption behaviors as an expression of retaliation. This study uses qualitative methods to demonstrate that the motivations for retaliation extend beyond simply “getting even,” customers retaliate to teach the service provider a lesson or to save others from the same fate. The research identifies specific roles taken by customers as they retaliate, the emotions of customers and store issues that are at the root of these behaviors. In addition, the authors categorize a range of retaliatory behaviors as follows: cost/loss; consumption prevention; voice, exit and betrayal; and boycotting.
Crosswell seismic imaging in a contaminated basalt aquifer

Multiple seismic crosswell surveys have been acquired and analyzed in a fractured basalt aquifer at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Most of these surveys used a high-frequency (1000‐ 10,000 Hz) piezoelectric seismic source to obtain P-wave velocity tomograms. The P-wave velocities range from less than 3200 m/s to more than 5000 m/s. Additionally, a new type of borehole seismic source was deployed as part of the subsurface characterization program at this contaminated groundwater site. This source, known as an orbital vibrator, allows simultaneous acquisition of P- and S-waves at frequencies of 100 to 400 Hz, and acquisition over larger distances. The velocity tomograms show a relationship to contaminant transport in the groundwater; zones of high contaminant concentration are coincident with zones of low velocity and high attenuation and are interpreted to be fracture zones at the boundaries between basalt flows. The orbital vibrator data show high Vp= Vs values, from 1.8 to 2.8. In spite of the lower resolution of orbital vibrator data, these data were sufficient for constraining hydrologic models at this site while achieving imaging over large interwell distances. The combination of piezoelectric data for closer well spacing and orbital vibrator data for larger well spacings has provided optimal imaging capability and has been instrumental in our understanding of the site aquifer’s hydrologic properties and its scale of heterogeneity.
Fabrication and physical properties of large-area HgBa2CaCu2O6 superconducting films

Epitaxial c -axis-orientated HgBa2 CaCu2 O6 (Hg-1212) superconducting thin films with their dimensions as large as ½ inch × ½ inch have been recently achieved using a cation-exchange process. Uniformity of the film was studied by slicing samples into eight pieces, on which uniform zero-resistance Tc values above 120 K were observed. In self-field, Jc values of the film range from 14.6 × 106 to 23.7 × 106 A cm-2 at 5 K, 1.77 × 106 to 3.85 × 106 A cm-2 at 77 K and 0.54 × 106 to 1.38 × 106 A cm-2 at 100 K. The scattering of Jc is found to be within 44% across the film and could be smaller with improvement of processing.
A STUDY WITH THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH OF THE MODE OF DEATH OF THE HUMAN HEART

In four of the seven cases the ventricles remained active from one and a half to eighteen minutes after the electrocardiograms failed to show evidence of auricular activity. In two cases the auricles outlasted the ventricles and in one case only did the auricles and ventricles stop apparently at the same time. Complete dissociation occurred three times. Some delay in the conduction time was seen in five of the seven cases. In two cases the auricles ceased to beat before evidence of impaired conduction appeared. There was always marked slowing; the slowest independent ventricular rates varied from 13.6 to 47.0. The slowest rates at which the auricles beat regularly varied from 20 to 65 per minute. There was never evidence of auricular fibrillation, although in two cases the electrocardiograms give fairly conclusive evidence that ventricular fibrillation occurred. The ventricles reestablished a regular rhythm after a short period of ventricular fibrillation in one case, while in the other but one ventricular contraction occurred after the appearance of fibrillation. Characteristic changes in the ventricular complex of the electrocardiograms occurred in all the records. They consisted of a gradual fusion of the R- and T-waves, forming, when the fusion was complete, a large rounded or peaked wave. In some cases the identity of the two waves was not entirely lost. In spite of the marked change in shape of the ventricular complexes, there was often but little change in their duration. In some cases the ventricular systole was shortened at the end, while in others it was prolonged. The change in the form of the ventricular electrical complex indicates that the course of the stimulus and the manner of the contraction of the muscle were abnormal. The fact that the R-wave became gradually prolonged suggests that the conduction of the stimulus through the ventricular walls became delayed as the heart died. The fact that after death there is a continuation of cardiac muscular activity sufficient to cause a difference in electrical potential between the two sides of the body does not necessarily mean that a ventricular systole in the sense of muscular shortening takes place. It has been observed experimentally that well defined electrical complexes may be caused by cardiac activity which cannot be seen or recorded graphically. As the duration of the ventricular complexes characteristic of the dying heart usually does not differ markedly from the duration of the complexes before clinical death, it seems probable that the entire musculature of the ventricles participates in the contraction; as definite shortening, or at least a marked change in duration, would be expected if only a part of the ventricular musculature participated in the activity which produced the complex.
CCR1 expression and signal transduction by murine BMMC results in secretion of TNF-α, TGFβ-1 and IL-6

Chemokine receptors (CCRs) are important co-stimulatory molecules found on many blood cells and associated with various diseases. The expression and function of CCRs on mast cells has been quite controversial. In this study, we report for the first time that murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) express messenger RNA and protein for CCR1. BMMC cultured in the presence of murine recombinant stem cell factor and murine IL-3 expressed CCR1 after 5-6 weeks. We also report for the first time that mBMMC(CCR1+) cells endogenously express neurokinin receptor-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. To examine the activity of CCR1 on these BMMC, we simultaneously stimulated two receptors: CCR1 by its ligand macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and the IgE receptor FcepsilonRI by antigen cross-linking. We found that co-stimulation enhanced BMMC degranulation compared with FcepsilonRI stimulation alone, as assessed by beta-hexosaminidase activity (85 versus 54%, P < 0.0001) and Ca(2+) influx (223 versus 183 nM, P < 0.05). We also observed significant increases in mast cell secretion of key growth factors, cytokines and chemokine mediators upon CCR1-FcepsilonRI co-stimulation. These factors include transforming growth factor beta-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the cytokine IL-6. Taken together, our data indicate that CCR1 plays a key role in BMMC function. These findings contribute to our understanding of mechanisms for immune cell trafficking during inflammation.
Hyperthyroidism Induced by Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Mice

To test whether repeated administration of thyrotropin—releasing hormone (TRH) results in hyperthyroidism, we administered TRH, 1 μg every 12 hr, to 6 groups of mice for 1–10 days. No increase in thyroid size, 131I uptake or serum T4 was noted in any group of animals when compared to saline injected controls. When the experiment was repeated with a higher dose, 10 ¼g of TRH, hyperthyroidism evidenced by a mild increase in serum T4 was detected only after 2 doses of TRH; it was not present in any other group despite continued administration of TRH at 12–hr intervals for up to 7 days. In another experiment, where TRH (10 ¼g) was administered at 2–hr intervals around the clock for 1–10 doses, serum T4 increased after the first dose and the increment was maintained at comparable or higher levels during subsequent injections. Thyroid 131I uptake and thyroid size were not significantly affected after 1–5 doses of TRH; however, significant increase in both was noted after administration of 10 doses. These result...
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Actinide and Lanthanide Ion Transport Across Supported Liquid Membranes

In this work, we propose a new transport mechanism for metal ions relevant for used nuclear fuel separation processes by a supported liquid membrane (SLM). Two SLM extraction systems were investigated where the membrane was impregnated with either di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) or tributyl phosphate (TBP). A HDEHP impregnated membrane was used to extract neodymium (III), representative of a typical trivalent lanthanide. Cerium, which was oxidized by sodium bismuthate from trivalent to tetravalent state, was extracted by TBP. Oxidized cerium was used as a surrogate for oxidized americium to investigate the kinetics and possibility of americium and curium separation by membrane extraction. Both extraction systems were operated at varying nitric acid concentrations, and changes in the kinetics and extraction efficiency of metal ions were investigated. The proposed transport mechanism that was chosen for our studies was modified from the previous works by Danesi et al.[1,2] and Cussler et al.[3] The...
Towards stereo from scale trees

The image trees described in this paper hierarchically organize image segments according to scale, with the coarsest scale, the scale of the image itself, as the root of the tree and the finest scales as the leaves. The segmentation algorithm used to form the nodes of the tree is the sieve, a nonlinear morphological scale-space operator. We use a conventional matching criterion, the sums of squares of differences, SSD, which is statistically meaningful when ergodicity of its matching regions is assumed. Here, simple statistical similarity measures are applied to the scale tree to simplify it into a set of relatively homogeneous regions. This simplified scale tree is then used to generate matching regions which frequently satisfy the ergodicity condition. This approach reduces the errors in the resulting disparity map particularly within sharp-edged regions with low texture-where conventional methods fail.
Characteristics of Emergency Room Patients That Predict Hospitalization or Disposition to Alternative Treatments

Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify variables that predicted three different dispositions of patients seen in a psychiatric emergency room: hospitalization, an emergency housing program, and an outpatient crisis program. Methods: Social, psychiatric, demographic, and vocational characteristics of 50 patients in each dispostion group were examined to learn whether they varied sufficiently to explain the different dispositions. Results: Patients in the hospitalized group were most psychologically impaired and those in the crisis program group least impaired. Patients referred to emergency housing were more moderately impaired but not always significantly different in impairment from hospitalized patients. Discriminant analysis yielded a model of 11 variables whose combined effect accounted for 79 percent of the variance. Psychiatric determinants were the most important predictors, although social, vocational, and demographic variables were also significant. Using these predictors, 76 percent...
Localized Moments of Dilute Iron in Nonmagnetic Host Metals

One very useful application of the Mossbauer effect has been the study of the magnetic behavior of Fe57 in various environments. The readily resolvable hyperfine spectrum allows an easy and relatively accurate determination of the effective field at the site of the Mossbauer nucleus.
Reliability and validity of a single-item measure of job satisfaction.

Abstract Purpose. To investigate the reliability and validity of a single-item overall job satisfaction measure. Methods. Public agency employees (n = 745) were surveyed regarding job satisfaction, work, personality, and health variables. The single-item measure underwent the following analyses: correction for attenuation formula to estimate minimum reliability; correlations with multiple-item job satisfaction, work, personality, and health measures to determine concurrent validity, construct validity, and specific relevance to health promotion; and logistic regression to determine the predictability of turnover intention. Results. For the single-item measure the minimum reliability estimate was high, all correlational tests for validity were significant, logistic regression indicated substantial predictability of turnover intention, and correlations with the health measures were significant. Discussion. These results are consistent with other studies and support the psychometric properties of this single...
Where poetry points: deixis and poetry's ‘you’ in Éluard and Desnos

The struggle in poetics between the textual hermeticism of semiotic readings, on the one hand, and materialist theories of reference, on the other, has been a thorny issue for theorists of the lyric for some time. Taking up the question of whether or not poetic texts open on to a world of referents, this article considers deictics (words for showing or indicating) in poems by Paul Eluard and Robert Desnos, recalling Emile Benveniste's inclusion of the personal pronouns I and you, along with demonstratives, under the rubric of indicateurs. Specifically, the article examines the function of words such as this, that and you and looks into the possibility that poems are always addressed to their reader and therefore mean you in the strongest sense possible. Poems do not refer to the world mentioned on the level of their themes or fiction but rather perpetually refer to relationships they sustain with the reader. In this sense, the reader's understanding or interpretation is an extension of a poem's addressivity, a kind of intimacy whereby the reader manages to meet the requirements of love and desire according to a uniquely discursive reality. It is precisely in understanding how a poem's semiotic operations carry within them their own justification: that the reader fleshes out the addressee or the you of the text.
Putting Consultation into Context: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

Growth in interest about consultation as a special education service delivery model has been so rapid that little attention has been paid to the broader context into which it fits. This article briefly outlines the development of consultation as a professional practice, reviews how other educational issues are shaping current views about consultation, and examines the influence that the trend toward consultative services is having across the professional disciplines represented in schools. The knowledge gleaned from historical and contemporary perspectives is then employed as a basis on which to reflect on the future of consultation.
Early profile pruning on XML-aware publish-subscribe systems

Publish-subscribe applications are an important class of content-based dissemination systems where the message transmission is defined by the message content, rather than its destination IP address. With the increasing use of XML as the standard format on many Internet-based applications, XML aware pub-sub applications become necessary. In such systems, the messages (generated by publishers) are encoded as XML documents, and the profiles (defined by subscribers) as XML query statements. As the number of documents and query requests grow, the performance and scalability of the matching phase (i.e. matching of queries to incoming documents) become vital. Current solutions have limited or no flexibility to prune out queries in advance. In this paper, we overcome such limitation by proposing a novel early pruning approach called Bounding-based XML Filtering or BoXFilter. The BoXFilter is based on a new tree-like indexing structure that organizes the queries based on their similarity and provides lower and upper bound estimations needed to prune queries not related to the incoming documents. Our experimental evaluation shows that the early profile pruning approach offers drastic performance improvements over the current state-of-the-art in XML filtering.
Ideal tilings and symbolic dynamics for negatively curved surfaces

Let X be a non-compact surface (or 2-orbifold) of finite type with a metric of strictly negative curvature. Using an ideal tiling of the universal cover of X , we give a symbolic description of the recurrent geodesics on X . This extends Series’s method of coding geodesics on the modular surface.
Diversity and School Restructuring: Creating Partnerships in a World of Difference

As public school classrooms become increasingly diverse and school reform initiatives take shape, teacher education programs must also change. In large part, a responsiveness to all children is needed, along with considerations for children and families who have historically been less successful in scbool settings. In Florida, African American children currently experience the most negative outcomes among all ethnic groups in school settings. Having collaborated with public schools, the authors identify issues pertaining to African American children and other ethnic minority and poor children that should be addressed in school and university reform initiatives. The paper describes five research projects and presents implications for pre- and in-service preparation and practice.
Characteristics of high performance 1.3 /spl mu/m tunnel injection quantum dot lasers

1.3 /spl mu/m tunnel injection InAs quantum dot lasers are reported for the first time. They exhibit T/sub 0/ = /spl infin/ (5/spl deg/C /spl les/ T /spl les/ 70/spl deg/C), a -3 dB modulation bandwidth of 11 GHz, and near-zero /spl alpha/-factor and chirp.
An application of the maximum entropy method for assessments of residual radioactivity at contaminated sites

An important requirement in surveying for residual radioactivity is the detection of localized areas of elevated contamination, sometimes referred to as hot spots. In the present work we have developed a computer code that searches for distributions of surface activity (possibly many) that are consistent with a series of in situ measurements on a grid indicating the possible presence of hot spots. The algorithm makes use of a maximum entropy deconvolution of the data, followed by further analysis. The algorithm is quite general and could be modified for use in other types of measurements. Properties of the algorithm are demonstrated using data from actual field measurements.
Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin Under Fasting Conditions, With Food, and With Antacids

Study objectives Determine the intrasubject and intersubject variability in, and the effects of food or antacids on, the pharmacokinetics of rifampin (RIF). Design Randomized, four-period crossover phase I study. Subjects Fourteen healthy male and female volunteers. Interventions Subjects ingested single doses of RIF, 600 mg, under fasting conditions twice, with a high-fat meal, and with aluminum-magnesium antacid. They also received standard doses of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Measurements and main results Serum was collected for 48 h and assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed using noncompartmental methods and a compartmental analysis using nonparametric expectation maximization. Both fasting conditions produced similar results: a mean RIF maximal serum concentration (Cmax) of 10.54 ± 3.18 μg/mL, the time at which it occurred (Tmax) of 2.42 ± 1.32 h, and the area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC 0–∞ ) of 57.15 ± 13.41 μg · h/mL. These findings are similar to those reported previously. Antacids did not alter these parameters (Cmax of 10.89 ± 5.22 μg/mL, Tmax of 2.36 ± 1.28 h, and AUC 0–∞ of 58.37 ± 18.49μ g · h/mL). In contrast, the Food and Drug Administration high-fat meal reduced RIF Cmax by 36% (7.27 ± 2.29 μg/mL), nearly doubled Tmax (4.43 ± 1.09 h), but reduced AUC 0–∞ by only 6% (55.20 ± 14.48 μg · h/mL). Conclusions These changes in Cmax, Tmax, and AUC 0–∞ can be avoided by giving RIF on an empty stomach whenever possible.
Emotional state and local versus global spatial memory

The present work investigated the effects of participant emotional state on global versus local memory for map-based information. Participants were placed into one of four emotion induction groups, crossing high and low arousal with positive and negative valence, or a control group. They then studied a university campus map and completed two memory tests, free recall and spatial statement verification. Converging evidence from these two tasks demonstrated that arousal amplifies symbolic distance effects and leads to a globally-focused spatial mental representation, partially at the expense of local knowledge. These results were found for both positively- and negatively-valenced affective states. The present study is the first investigation of emotional effects on spatial memory, and has implications for theories of emotion and spatial cognition.
Impacts of Community Supported Agriculture Program Participation on Consumer Food Purchases and Dietary Choice

Few studies have assessed changes in dietary choice and food preparation habits through community supported agriculture (CSA) program membership. If CSA program participation does indeed produce attitude and behavioral change in its participants, public policy encouraging CSA program membership, such as is currently done with farmers’ markets, would provide another vehicle for fostering dietary improvements, especially in areas where farmers’ markets may not be available or accessible for targeted populations. This study attempts to explore the effects of CSA membership on consumer dietary choice and nutritional intake, as well as the potential modifications in food purchase, preparation and dining out practices.
Measuring Cognition in Bipolar Disorder with Psychosis Using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery

Given the substantial overlap in cognitive dysfunction between bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), we examined the utility of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)-developed for use in SZ-for the measurement of cognition in patients with BD with psychosis (BDP) and its association with community functioning. The MCCB, Multnomah Community Ability Scale, and measures of clinical symptoms were administered to participants with BDP (n=56), SZ (n=37), and healthy controls (HC) (n=57). Groups were compared on clinical and cognitive measures; linear regressions examined associations between MCCB and community functioning. BDP and SZ groups performed significantly worse than HC on most neurocognitive domains; BDP and HC did not differ on Social Cognition. Patients with BDP performed better than patients with SZ on most cognitive measures, although groups only differed on social cognition, working memory, verbal memory, and the composite after controlling for clinical variables. MCCB was not associated with community functioning. The MCCB is an appropriate measure of neurocognition in BDP but does not appear to capture social cognitive deficits in this population. The addition of appropriate social cognitive measures is recommended.
Skin Absorption of Anions: Part Two. Skin Absorption of Halide Ions.

The purpose of the study was to sort skin penetration of anions with respect to their properties and to assess their mechanisms of penetration. Aqueous solutions of halides at two concentrations were prepared and quantitative penetration studies were carried out for 24 h using Franz diffusion cells. The iodide permeation was also measured after blocking of anion channels and transporters to investigate the role of this specific transport. Absorption of halide ions into skin revealed large differences of transport between these anions according to the Hofmeister series. Increasing steady-state fluxes and lag times in the order F− < Cl− < Br− < I− were observed in permeation experiments. The steady-state fluxes were proportional to the concentration for each halide ion. Longer lag times for iodide or bromide ions were explained by the ability of such sticky chaotropic anions to interact with apolar lipids especially in the stratum corneum. Inhibiting ion exchangers and channels decreased the flux of iodide ions by 75%, showing the high contribution of the facilitated transport over the passive pathway. Ions transport had contributions coming from passive diffusion through the skin layers and transport mediated by ion channels and binding to ion transporters.
INTERACTION OF WAVES AND A TURBULENT CURRENT

An experimental investigation was made to study wave-current interaction. Wave amplitude attenuation was measured along a laboratory wave channel to compare wave dissipation with and without flow. Mean, wave, and turbulent velocities were also measured to determine the modifications of the flow imposed by the gravity waves propogating with the current. The process of energy transfer in the wave current system was studied. Energy was found to be extracted from the waves, diffused downward and dissipated by an increase in bottom shear stress.
Key to Known Pupae of the Genus Calendra, with Host-Plant and Distribution Notes

The preparation of a table or “key” for determining the several species of beetles of the rhynchophorus genus Calendra [*][1] in the pupa stage has been necessary in order to facilitate the study of the species involved in economic outbreaks. [1]: #fn-2
Characterization of Cu-Al alloy/SiO 2 interface microstructure

Cu-Al alloys have been recommended for application as the diffusion barriers/adhesion promoters for advanced copper based metallization schemes. This approach to barrier formation is to generate an ultra-thin interfacial layer through Cu alloying without significantly affecting the resistivity of Cu. In this paper the microstructure of the bilayers of Cu/Cu-5 at%Al and Cu-5 at%Al/Cu sputter deposited on SiO 2 before and after thermal annealing is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interfacial layer is observed in both cases. The variation of the resistance of the Cu-Al alloy film is consistent with its microstructure. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of Cu-5 at%Al on SiO 2 shows that the addition of Al into Cu intends to favor the Cu (111) texture. These results will be presented and discussed showing that films of Cu doped with Al appear to act as a suitable barrier and adhesion promoter between SiO 2 and Cu.
THE INTERPRETATION OF SPANISH SUBJUNCTIVE AND INDICATIVE FORMS IN ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: A Cross-Sectional Study

The present study fills a need for investigations of learner and native speaker (NS) interpretation of the Spanish subjunctive in contexts that allow variation. The analysis compares responses by NSs and three levels of learners on a written interpretation task in which each item contained a temporal indicator (cuando “when”, despues de que “after”, or hasta que “until”) and in which verbal mood, verbal morphological regularity, the order of clauses, and the temporal indicator were manipulated. Participants indicated their interpretation of each item by selecting that the event happened habitually or had not yet occurred, or that both were possible. Results show that NSs’ and highly advanced learners’ interpretations corresponded with verbal mood, whereas intermediate learners patterned separately. Using models generated with binomial regressions, the current study proposes stages of development for the interpretation of adverbial clauses that are essential for the growing number of theoretical approaches to language variation.
Involuntary and Voluntary Memory Sequencing Phenomena

One of the most enduring questions about long-term memory is how such a vast quantity of information is organized for efficient and reliable retrieval. Within semantic memory, the clustering of items in category generation tasks informs our understanding of organization. Bousefield (1953) defined a cluster as “a sequence of associates having an essential relationship between its members . . . [with the] assumption that clustering is a consequence of organization in thinking and recall” (p. 229). Similarly, clustering in the recall of personal experiences can inform our understanding of autobiographical memory organization. There are two sources of clustering in the autobiographical memory literature. One is a laboratory technique known as event cueing, where subjects voluntarily generate sequences of autobiographical memories. The other is a naturally occurring phenomenon known as involuntary memory chaining, where subjects spontaneously generate sequences of autobiographical memories. While both of these clustering sources have produced internally consistent sets of results, the findings between the sources are contradictory, with the former indicating dominance for temporal associations, the latter dominance for conceptual associations among autobiographical memories.
Isolated chylopericardium after cardiac operations

Case histories are reported of four patients having chylopericardium following cardiac operations. This entity can be recognized by noting the presence of postprandial milky mediastinal drainage that stains positive for fat with Sudan III. Chylopericardium is caused by operative injury to the thoracic duct, by operative injury to tributaries of the thoracic duct, or by thrombosis at the confluence of the left subclavian and jugular veins with subsequent obstruction of thoracic duct drainage. Appropriate management, which may be either conservative or operative, depends upon the volume and duration of drainage. The conservative approach entails adequate pericardial drainage and institution of a medium-chain triglyceride diet; operative therapy entails ligation of the thoracic duct low in the posterior mediastinum.
Immediate Radiological Evaluation and Early Surgical Management of Genitourinary Injuries from External Trauma

An immediate diagnostic evaluation of genitourinary trauma is mandatory for an early operation. A method of immediate radiological evaluation is presented and the accuracy rate in the diagnosis of the type and site of injury is detailed. The advantages of early surgical management are compared to the results with expectant management.
Semistructured Models, Queries and Algebras in the Big Data Era: Tutorial Summary

Numerous databases promoted as SQL-on-Hadoop, NewSQL and NoSQL support semi-structured, schemaless and heterogeneous data, typically in the form of enriched JSON. They also provide corresponding query languages. In addition to these genuine JSON databases, relational databases also provide special functions and language features for the support of JSON columns, typically piggybacking on non-1NF (non first normal form) features that SQL acquired over the years. We refer to SQL databases with JSON support as SQL/JSON databases. The evolving query languages present multiple variations: Some are superficial syntactic ones, while other ones are genuine differences in modeling, language capabilities and semantics. Incompatibility with SQL presents a learning challenge for genuine JSON databases, while the table orientation of SQL/JSON databases often leads to cumbersome syntactic/semantic structures that are contrary to the semistructured nature of JSON. Furthermore, the query languages often fall short of full-fledged semistructured query language capabilities, when compared to the yardstick set by XQuery and prior works on semistructured data (even after superficial model differences are abstracted out). We survey features, the designers' options and differences in the approaches taken by actual systems. In particular, we first present a SQL backwards-compatible language, named SQL++, which can access both SQL and JSON data. SQL++ is expected to be supported by Couchbase's CouchDB and UCI's AsterixDB semistructured databases. Then we expand SQL++ into the Configurable SQL++, whereas multiple possible (and different) semantics are formally captured by the multiple options that the language's semantic configuration options can take. We show how appropriate setting of the configuration options morphs the Configurable SQL++ semantics into the semantics of 10 surveyed languages, hence providing a compact and formal tool to understand the essential semantic differences between different systems. We briefly comment on the utility of formally capturing semantic variations in polystore systems. Finally we discuss the comparison with prior nested and semistructured query languages (notably OQL and XQuery) and describe a key aspect of query processor implementation: set-oriented semistructured query algebras. In particular, we transfer into the JSON era lessons from the semistructured query processing research of the 90s and 00s and combine them with insights on current JSON databases. Again, the tutorial presents the algebras' fundamentals while it abstracts away modeling differences that are not applicable.
AXIOMATIC SET THEORY

This chapter discusses the axiomatic set theory. Knowledge of the fundamental features of set theory is of the greatest importance for the understanding of the foundations of logic and of mathematics, and of the nature of mathematics as a whole. It is known that all of classical mathematics can be developed within set theory. All the basic concepts within classical mathematics are defined in terms of set theoretical concepts. Many of the traditional concepts of mathematics, which prior to the rise of set theory were left at a rather vague and inexact level, receive exact analyses within set theory and considerable generalization. The development of set theory has brought a good deal of conceptual clarity and precision to mathematical thinking. Set theory is especially important for an understanding of 20th century mathematics. The generality and abstractness, and the very rapid growth of 20th century century mathematics have to be understood largely in terms of the extent to which this mathematics is permeated by the concepts and methods of set theory. The chapter presents a number of well-known paradoxes, which indicate the need for taking precautionary measures in the construction of an axiomatic set theory, so as to exclude paradoxes from that theory. It also discusses the axioms of the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.
Prothrombotic Platelet Signaling By the Scavenger Receptor CD36

Abstract The scavenger receptor CD36 binds a broad array of ligands, including oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), thrombospondin-1, fatty acids and apoptotic cells. CD36 was first isolated and characterized structurally from platelets, but the functional role of CD36 on platelets remains relatively obscure. We previously determined that treating platelets with oxLDL activated platelets and that activation was not seen in CD36-null platelets. Using a pharmacological inhibitor we now show that inhibition of JNK MAP kinase abrogated the activation of platelets by oxLDL. This effect was specific to oxLDL-mediated activation because this inhibitor had minimal effect on platelet activation by other classic agonists as exemplified by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). We demonstrated by immunoblotting that JNK2 and its upstream activator MKK4 were phosphorylated in the presence of oxLDL. We also found that the increase of JNK2 phosphorylation by oxLDL was diminished in CD36-null platelets. We showed that a src family kinase inhibitor (AG1879) blocked both platelet activation and JNK2 phosphorylation upon oxLDL treatment. By co-immunoprecipitation we demonstrated that CD36 recruited “active” fyn and lyn in platlets upon oxLDL treatment. These studies suggest that CD36 ligands can activate platelets through a signaling cascade involving src family tyrosine kinases and MAPK signaling molecules such as MKK4 and JNK2. OxLDL forms in the setting of hyperlipidemia and inflammation and plays an important role in atherosclerosis. A common characteristic of atherosclerosis is a prothrombotic state. Our results suggested that a specific signaling cascade activated by CD36 ligands generated in pathological states may contribute to a prothrombotic phenotype in vivo.
Exploring N-Arylsulfonyl-l-proline Scaffold as a Platform for Potent and Selective αvβ1 Integrin Inhibitors.

One small molecule inhibitor of αvβ1 integrin, c8, shows antifibrotic effects in multiple in vivo mouse models. Here we synthesized c8 analogues and systematically investigate their structure–activity relationships (SAR) in αvβ1 integrin inhibition. N-Phenylsulfonyl-l-homoproline analogues of c8 maintained excellent potency against αvβ1 integrin while retaining good selectivity over other RGD integrins. In addition, 2-aminopyridine or cyclic guanidine analogues were shown to be equally potent to c8. A rigid phenyl linker increased the potency compared to c8, but the selectivity over other RGD integrins diminished. These results can provide further insights on design of αvβ1 integrin inhibitors as antifibrotics.