cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovation and product reallocation in the great recession

Abstract We use detailed product- and firm-level data to study the sources of innovation and the patterns of productivity growth over the period from 2007 to 2013. We document several new facts on product reallocation. First, every quarter around 8 percent of products are reallocated in the economy, and the entry and exit of products are prevalent among different types of firms. Second, most reallocation of products occurs within the boundaries of the firm. The entries and exits of firms only make a small contribution in the overall creation and destruction of products. Third, product reallocation is strongly pro-cyclical and declined by more than 25 percent during the Great Recession. This cyclical pattern is almost entirely explained by a decline in within firm reallocation. Motivated by these facts, we study the causes and consequences of reallocation within incumbent firms. As predicted by Schumpeterian growth theories, the rate of product reallocation strongly depends on the innovation efforts of the firms and has important implications for revenue growth, improvements in products’ quality, and productivity dynamics. Our estimates suggest that the decline in product reallocation through these margins has contributed greatly to the slow growth experienced after the Great Recession.
Formal Abstractions for Attested Execution Secure Processors

Realistic secure processors, including those built for academic and commercial purposes, commonly realize an “attested execution” abstraction. Despite being the de facto standard for modern secure processors, the “attested execution” abstraction has not received adequate formal treatment. We provide formal abstractions for “attested execution” secure processors and rigorously explore its expressive power. Our explorations show both the expected and the surprising.
Apprehending joule thieves with cinder

Energy is the critical limiting resource to mobile computing devices. Correspondingly, an operating system must track, provision, and ration how applications consume energy. The emergence of third-party application stores and marketplaces makes this concern even more pressing. A third-party application must not deny service through excessive, unforeseen energy expenditure, whether accidental or malicious. Previous research has shown promise in tracking energy usage and rationing it to meet device lifetime goals, but such mechanisms and policies are still nascent, especially regarding user interaction.We argue for a new operating system, called Cinder, which builds on top of the HiStar OS. Cinder's energy awareness is based on hierarchical capacitors and task profiles. We introduce and explore these abstractions, paying particular attention to the ways in which policies could be generated and enforced in a dynamic system.
How Hybrids Manage Growth and Social–Business Tensions in Global Supply Chains: The Case of Impact Sourcing

This study contributes to the growing interest in how hybrid organizations manage paradoxical social–business tensions. Our empirical case is “impact sourcing”—hybrids in global supply chains that hire staff from disadvantaged communities to provide services to business clients. We identify two major growth orientations—“community-focused” and “client-focused” growth—their inherent tensions and ways that hybrids manage them. The former favors slow growth and manages tensions through highly integrated client and community relations; the latter promotes faster growth and manages client and community relations separately. Both growth orientations address social–business tensions in particular ways, but also create latent constraints that manifest when entrepreneurial aspirations conflict with the current growth path. In presenting and discussing our findings, we introduce preempting management practices of tensions, and the importance of geographic embeddedness and distance to the paradox literature.
Classifying Drosophila Olfactory Projection Neuron Subtypes by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing.

The definition of neuronal type and how it relates to the transcriptome are open questions. Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs) are among the best-characterized neuronal types: different PN classes target dendrites to distinct olfactory glomeruli, while PNs of the same class exhibit indistinguishable anatomical and physiological properties. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we comprehensively characterized the transcriptomes of most PN classes and unequivocally mapped transcriptomes to specific olfactory function for six classes. Transcriptomes of closely related PN classes exhibit the largest differences during circuit assembly but become indistinguishable in adults, suggesting that neuronal subtype diversity peaks during development. Transcription factors and cell-surface molecules are the most differentially expressed genes between classes and are highly informative in encoding cell identity, enabling us to identify a new lineage-specific transcription factor that instructs PN dendrite targeting. These findings establish that neuronal transcriptomic identity corresponds with anatomical and physiological identity defined by connectivity and function.
New Synthesis Techniques for Finite Time Stochastic Adaptive Controllers

Abstract A method for stochastic adaptive control synthesis as applicable to finite-time problems is established. In this technique, denoted as the method of utility costs, control policies are generated from the dynamic programming equations for the closed-loop optimal (CLO) policy by replacing the optimal cost to go at each stage by an approximation. This approximation corresponds to the cost associated with using a prespecified control policy (denoted as the utility control sequence) for all future control decisions. Control policies synthesized by this method are actively adaptive even though utility control sequences may be chosen as passive policies. A result useful for establishing theoretical performance bounds on the synthesized control policy is given. The method of utility costs is applied to defining a new class of actively adaptive control policies C α m m = 1 N − 1 . The control policy C α m is generated by specifying the utility control sequences to be a certain passive policies based on the assumption that only m future measurements will be taken. The use of passive control policies to generate active control policies is desirable, since passive policies can be determined by the solution of deterministic rather than stochastic optimal control problems. The assumption of only m future measurements allows a further reduction in the computation involved. A theoretical performance bound is given for policy C α N − 1 demonstrating its improvement over the performance of the OLF policy. A numerical example is included to study by simulation the relative performance of the C α N − 1 policy as well as to suggest a method for implementation.
The Transected Urachus: An Unusual Cause of Neonatal Ascites

Neonatal ascites may arise from a number of different causes.1,2 The purpose of this report is to describe an unusual iatrogenic cause of neonatal urinary ascites. The patient was a 3-day-old white male infant born by precipitous vaginal delivery. His Apgar scores were 7 and 9 at one and five minutes, respectively, and birth weight was 3,147 g. Initially, the infant was noted to have hypoglycemia, which resolved with oral feeding, as well as transient tachypnea and temperature instability, which resolved spontaneously. The physical examination was otherwise normal. On the second day of life, the patient became jaundiced and had recurrent temperature instability, hypoglycemia, and seizure activity.
Neonatal Ovarian Cysts: Therapeutic Dilemma

Seven cases of neonatal ovarian cysts that presented over the past seven years were studied. Complications included torsion and rupture and usually occurred in cysts more than 5 cm in diameter. Surgical removal, either oophorectomy or cystectomy, was the treatment of choice. Because even cystectomy results in loss of normal ovarian tissue, and because spontaneous regression of cysts less than 5 cm in diameter can occur, a more conservative approach is now proposed. Regular ultrasonography alone is recommended if the cysts are less than 5 cm in diameter, and aspiration of the cysts followed by regular ultrasonographs if the cysts are more than 5 cm in diameter. Operation should be reserved for recurrent cysts or for those with complications. Cysts diagnosed antenatally may be aspirated in utero if there are signs of thoracic compression.
The Prognostic Value of DNA Ploidy Combined With Histologic Substaging for Incidental Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland

Although current methods of histologic substaging for incidental prostatic carcinoma are useful, they offer only general indications of potential tumor behavior. To further define the biologic tendencies of stage A cancers, an examination was made of the role of DNA ploidy combined with histologic staging in archival material selected to achieve both a representative sample and long-term follow-up. With histology alone, 36% of stage A2 cancers and 9% of Al neoplasms were progressive. Adding DNA flow cytometry to histology resulted in a significant improvement in the capacity of pathologic evaluation to predict outcome. Progression occurred in 67% of aneuploid stage A2 prostate cancers and in none of the nonaneuploid stage Al tumors. Despite current limitations in the interpretation of DNA histograms from archival tissue, flow cytometry has significant potential in the pathologic evaluation of incidental prostatic carcinomas. (
Pheochromocytoma, Polycythemia, and Venous Thrombosis

Polycythemia is rarely associated with pheochromocytoma. A patient with a 22-year history of malignant pheochromocytoma is presented in whom major complications developed as a result of long-standing polycythemia, apparently due to secretion of erythropoietin by the tumors. Despite attempts to reduce tumor burden by surgery, chemotherapy, and large doses of I-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine, polycythemia persisted. Extensive venous thrombosis developed requiring hospitalization and anticoagulation. Thus, polycythemia itself may be a cause of major morbidity in patients with pheochromocytoma, and prophylactic measures may be warranted. Review of the 130 patients with benign and malignant pheochromocytoma studied since the introduction of I-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine in 1980 revealed another six patients with hematocrits over 50 but only one had a hematocrit greater than 55 and required regular phlebotomy. In contrast, anemia (hematocrit less than 35) due to variety of causes was present in 18 cases.
Prolactin-Secreting Tumors

A case of galactorrhea induced by hyperprolactinemia has been reported. This patient had bronchogenic carcinoma, undifferentiated, spindle-cell-type, and underwent a pneumonectomy followed by postoperative irradiation of the mediastinum. The initial surgical resection, followed by irradiation, returned the abnormal levels of prolactin secretion to normal. Although subsequent determinations could not be made, this case supports evidence from earlier reports that galactorrhea-induced hyperprolactinemia may occur concomitantly as a paraneoplastic syndrome with this rare form of carcinoma.
Surgical Staging in Carcinoma of the Prostate: The RTOG Experience

One hundred thirty-six patients with carcinoma of the prostate entered on phase III RTOG studies (RTOG 75-06 and RTOG 77-06) between 1976 and the end of 1980 underwent staging lymphadenectomy prior to irradiation. The operative reports and histological findings have been reviewed in order to determine the patterns of intrapelvic tumor spread and to correlate the type of surgical procedure and the extent of lymphatic dissection with the incidence and type of postirradiation complications (primarily genital and lower extremity lymphedema). The surgical procedures were classified into three categories according to extent: 1) biopsy only, 2) limited (diagnostic) dissection, and 3) complete (therapeutic) dissection. The incidence of postirradiation lymphedema was found to be strongly dependent upon the extent of dissection. Patients undergoing limited (diagnostic) dissection followed by pelvic irradiation have a 25-30% risk of developing this debilitating complication. In patients undergoing complete (therapeutic) dissection followed by pelvic irradiation lymphedema has been observed in 66% of cases.
Diffusion as a Ruler: Modeling Kinesin Diffusion as a Length Sensor for Intraflagellar Transport.

An important question in cell biology is whether cells are able to measure size, either whole cell size or organelle size. Perhaps cells have an internal chemical representation of size that can be used to precisely regulate growth, or perhaps size is just an accident that emerges due to constraint of nutrients. The eukaryotic flagellum is an ideal model for studying size sensing and control because its linear geometry makes it essentially one-dimensional, greatly simplifying mathematical modeling. The assembly of flagella is regulated by intraflagellar transport (IFT), in which kinesin motors carry cargo adaptors for flagellar proteins along the flagellum and then deposit them at the tip, lengthening the flagellum. The rate at which IFT motors are recruited to begin transport into the flagellum is anticorrelated with the flagellar length, implying some kind of communication between the base and the tip and possibly indicating that cells contain some mechanism for measuring flagellar length. Although it is possible to imagine many complex scenarios in which additional signaling molecules sense length and carry feedback signals to the cell body to control IFT, might the already-known components of the IFT system be sufficient to allow length dependence of IFT? Here we investigate a model in which the anterograde kinesin motors unbind after cargo delivery, diffuse back to the base, and are subsequently reused to power entry of new IFT trains into the flagellum. By mathematically modeling and simulating such a system, we are able to show that the diffusion time of the motors can in principle be sufficient to serve as a proxy for length measurement. We found that the diffusion model can not only achieve a stable steady-state length without the addition of any other signaling molecules or pathways, but also is able to produce the anticorrelation between length and IFT recruitment rate that has been observed in quantitative imaging studies.
Primary Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: The Role of Surgical Treatment

Malignant tumors arising from the anatomic structures of the retroperitoneal space are rare [l--5]; therefore, it has been difficult to accurately assess their prognosis and clearly delineate the role that surgical excision plays in their overall therapy. Using their embryologic origin and histologic characteristics, Ackerman [6] categorized the malignant tumors of the retroperitoneal space as follows: tumors of mesodermal origin including liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma and xanthogranuloma; tumors of nervous origin including schwannoma, neuroblastoma, malignant paraganglioma and malignant pheochromocytoma; and tumors arising from embryonic remnants, primarily malignant teratoma and chordoma. Most malignant retroperitoneal tumors are of mesodermal origin as documented in three important reports. In 1954, Pack and Tabah [5] studied 103 cases; 54 percent of them were sarcomas and 24 percent lymphomas. In 1967, Braasch and Mon [I] analyzed 88 cases; 43 percent of them were sarcomas and 32 percent lymphomas. In 1970, Gill et al [7] found that 70 percent of their 22 cases were sarcomas and 15 percent were lymphomas. In all three series, malignant retroperitoneal tumors originating from nervous tissue or embryonic remnants, or with undifferentiated histologic features, comprised less than 25 percent of the cases analyzed. Because lymphomas originating in the abdominal cavity frequently involve the retroperitoneal space and their course and management differ often from those of sarcomatous tumors, they were excluded. This study attempts to elicit factual information that would provide reliable guidelines for establishing the best plan for diagnosis and therapy, and an accurate
Nonparametric Causal Effects Based on Incremental Propensity Score Interventions

ABSTRACTMost work in causal inference considers deterministic interventions that set each unit’s treatment to some fixed value. However, under positivity violations these interventions can lead to nonidentification, inefficiency, and effects with little practical relevance. Further, corresponding effects in longitudinal studies are highly sensitive to the curse of dimensionality, resulting in widespread use of unrealistic parametric models. We propose a novel solution to these problems: incremental interventions that shift propensity score values rather than set treatments to fixed values. Incremental interventions have several crucial advantages. First, they avoid positivity assumptions entirely. Second, they require no parametric assumptions and yet still admit a simple characterization of longitudinal effects, independent of the number of timepoints. For example, they allow longitudinal effects to be visualized with a single curve instead of lists of coefficients. After characterizing incremental inter...
Odyssey of a Sailor’s Diagnosis Since 1795 AD

In the year 1795, a British East Indiaman bound for China had a sick sailor on board who was diagnosed as having testis cancer by the ship's surgeon, who then treated him with an antiscorbutic diet, because scurvy was rampant among the sailors. He was completely cured of his cancer, as reported in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal by Livingstone in 1805. However, the sailor actually had scurvy and not testis cancer. This diagnostic error has been perpetuated in the medical literature until rectified by Shetty after 191 years. This is reconstructed account of the sailor's case history and the ship's journey as it actually took place in 1795 AD.
Translation-based Recommendation

Modeling the complex interactions between users and items as well as amongst items themselves is at the core of designing successful recommender systems. One classical setting is predicting users' personalized sequential behavior (or 'next-item' recommendation), where the challenges mainly lie in modeling 'third-order' interactions between a user, her previously visited item(s), and the next item to consume. Existing methods typically decompose these higher-order interactions into a combination of pairwise relationships, by way of which user preferences (user-item interactions) and sequential patterns (item-item interactions) are captured by separate components. In this paper, we propose a unified method, TransRec, to model such third-order relationships for large-scale sequential prediction. Methodologically, we embed items into a 'transition space' where users are modeled as translation vectors operating on item sequences. Empirically, this approach outperforms the state-of-the-art on a wide spectrum of real-world datasets. Data and code are available at https://sites.google.com/a/eng.ucsd.edu/ruining-he/.
WEAR OF HIGHLY CROSSLINKED UHMWPE AGAINST AN ADVANCED POLYMER TO PREVENT IN VIVO TRUNNION CORROSION

Introduction Corrosion of the femoral head-trunnion junction in modular hip components has become a concern as the corrosion products may lead to adverse local tissue reactions. A simple way to avoid trunnion corrosion is to manufacture the femoral head with a non-metallic material, such as ceramics that are widely. An alternative solution may lie in advanced polymers like polyaryletherketones (PAEKs). These thermoplastics have high mechanical strength necessary for use as femoral heads in hip arthroplasty, but they must be tested to ensure that they do not adversely affect the wear of the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) liner counterface. Pin-on-disc (POD) wear testing has been extensively used to evaluate the wear properties of UHMWPE prior to more extensive and costly analysis with joint simulators. We hypothesized that the wear of crosslinked UHMWPE would not be adversely affected in POD tests when articulated against an advanced thermoplastic counterface. Methods 0.1 wt.% VitE blended UHMWPE stock was e-beam irradiated to 100, 125, 140, 160, and 175 kGy and machined into cylindrical pins for testing. An additional group of 100 kGy e-beam irradiated and melted UHMWPE (with no vitamin E) was also machined and tested. Three different counterface materials were tested: (1) Cobalt-chrome (CoCr) with a surface roughness (R a ) of A bidirectional POD wear tester [1] was used to measure the wear rate of UHMWPE specimens, where the specimens moved in a 10 mm × 5 mm rectangular pattern under a Paul-type load curve [2] synchronized with the motion. The peak load of the loading curve corresponded to a peak contact pressure of 5.1 MPa between each UHMWPE pin specimen and the counterface disc. Each test was conducted at 2 Hz in undiluted bovine serum stabilized with ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) and penicillin. The pins were cleaned and weighed daily, and a wear rate was calculated at the end of each test by linear regression. Results As expected, higher radiation doses led to lower wear rates against all counterface materials (Fig 2). The PEEK discs produced the lowest UHMWPE wear in each group and the CoCr discs produced the highest UHMWPE wear; however, the two UHMWPE groups with the lowest wear rates showed no difference between the three counterface materials. Conclusions Even though the PEEK discs had visible machining marks – that is they were not polished to an implant surface finish – they still yielded the lowest wear rates for UHMWPE articulating against them when compared to the highly polished and smooth CoCr and ceramic materials. Implementing further steps to better the surface roughness of the PEEK counterface may yield even better wear rates. Using PEEK in femoral heads may alleviate issues with trunnion corrosion without increasing the incidence of osteolysis or other wear related issues. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly (see Info & Metrics tab above).
Improved autologous cortical bone harvest and viability with 2Flute otologic burs

Objectives To determine if 2Flute (Stryker Corporation, Kalamazoo, MI) otologic burs improve the size, cellular content, and bone healing of autologous cortical bone grafts harvested during canal wall reconstruction (CWR) tympanomastoidectomy with mastoid obliteration. Study Design Institutional review board-approved prospective cohort study. Methods Human autologous cortical bone chips were harvested using various burs (4 and 6 mm diameter; multiflute, and 2Flute [Stryker Corporation]) from patients undergoing CWR tympanomastoidectomy for the treatment of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma. Bone chip size, cell counts, cellular gene expression, and new bone formation were quantified. Results Bone chips were significantly larger when harvested with 2Flute (Stryker Corporation) bur compared to multiflute burs at both 6 mm diameter (113 ± 14 μm2 vs. 66 ± 8 μm2; P < 0.05) and 4 mm diameter (70 ± 8 μm2 vs. 50 ± 3 μm2; P < 0.05). After 2 weeks in culture, cell numbers were significantly higher when harvested with 2Flute (Stryker Corporation) bur compared to multiflute burs at both 6 mm diameter (48.7 ± 3 vs. 31.8 ± 3 cells/μg bone; P < 0.05) and 4 mm diameter (27.6 ± 1.2 vs. 8.8 ± 1.2 cells/μg bone; P < 0.05). Bone-derived cells express osteoblast markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin). Cultured cells are able to form new bone in culture, and bone formation is facilitated by the presence of bone chips. Conclusion Use of 2Flute (Stryker Corporation) otologic burs for human autologous cortical bone harvest results in more viable bone fragments, with larger bone chips and more osteoblasts. Future studies are needed to determine if this leads to improved bone healing. Level of Evidence NA. Laryngoscope, 2017
A backward Monte-Carlo method for time-dependent runaway electron simulations

Kinetic descriptions of runaway electrons (REs) are usually based on Fokker-Planck models that determine the probability distribution function of REs in 2-dimensional momentum space. Despite the simplification involved, the Fokker-Planck equation can rarely be solved analytically and direct numerical approaches [e.g., continuum and particle-based Monte Carlo (MC)] can be time consuming, especially in the computation of asymptotic-type observables including the runaway probability, the slowing-down and runaway mean times, and the energy limit probability. Here, we present a novel backward MC approach to these problems based on backward stochastic differential equations that describe the dynamics of the runaway probability by means of the Feynman-Kac theory. The key ingredient of the backward MC algorithm is to place all the particles in a runaway state and simulate them backward from the terminal time to the initial time. As such, our approach can provide much faster convergence than direct MC methods (by ...
THE JUMBO CUP: THE WORKHORSE OF THE REVISION TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Using the Mayo Clinic definition (>62mm in women and >66mm in men), the “jumbo acetabular component” is the most successful method for acetabular revisions now, even in hips with severe bone loss. There are numerous advantages: surface contact is maximised; weight-bearing is distributed over a large area of the pelvis; the need for bone grafting is reduced; and usually, hip center of rotation is restored. The possible disadvantages of jumbo cups include: may not restore bone stock; may ream away posterior column or wall; screw fixation required; the possibility of limited bone ingrowth and late failure; and a high rate of dislocation due to acetabular size:femoral head ratio. The techniques for a successful jumbo revision acetabular component involve: sizing-“reaming” of the acetabulum, careful impaction to achieve a “press-fit”, and multiple screw fixation. We recommend placement of an ischial screw in addition to dome and posterior column screw fixation. Cancellous allograft is used for any cavitary defects. The contra-indications for a jumbo acetabular cup are: pelvic dissociation; inability to get a rim fit; and inability to get screw fixation. If stability cannot be achieved with the jumbo cup alone, then use of augment(s), bulk allograft, or cup-cage construct should be considered. Using titanium fiber-metal mesh components, we reported the 15-year survival of 129 revisions. There was 3% revision for deep infection and only 3% revision for aseptic loosening. There were 13 reoperations for other reasons: wear, lysis, dislocation, femoral loosening, and femoral fracture fixation. The survival was 97.3% at 10 years, but it dropped to 82.8% at 15 years. Late loosening of this fiber metal mesh component is likely related to polyethylene wear and loss of fixation. Dislocation is the most common complication of jumbo acetabular revisions, approximately 10%, and these are multifactorial in etiology and often require revision. Based on our experience, we now recommend use of an acetabular component with an enhanced porous coating (tantalum), highly crosslinked polyethylene, and large femoral heads or dual mobility for all jumbo revisions.
Hyperfine splittings in heavy-quark systems

The hyperfine splittings in heavy-quark systems are calculated to fourth order in the strong coupling constant. The ψ-η c mass difference gives Λ M S ¯ = 0.16 + 0.02 + 0.07 GeV ( M S ¯ refers to the modified minimal-subtraction scheme) where the first uncertainty is experimental and the second is a crude estimate of the uncertainty arising from scheme dependence. From the γ-η b mass difference we expect a more reliable and accurate determination of Λ.
Loss of OCRL increases ciliary PI(4,5)P2 in Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome.

ABSTRACT Lowe syndrome is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by bilateral congenital cataracts and glaucoma, mental retardation, and proximal renal tubular dysfunction. Mutations in OCRL, an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase that dephosphorylates PI(4,5)P 2 , cause Lowe syndrome. Previously we showed that OCRL localizes to the primary cilium, which has a distinct membrane phospholipid composition, but disruption of phosphoinositides in the ciliary membrane is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that cilia from Lowe syndrome patient fibroblasts exhibit increased levels of PI(4,5)P 2 and decreased levels of PI4P. In particular, subcellular distribution of PI(4,5)P 2 build-up was observed at the transition zone. Accumulation of ciliary PI(4,5)P 2 was pronounced in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Lowe syndrome mouse model as well as in Ocrl -null MEFs, which was reversed by reintroduction of OCRL. Similarly, expression of wild-type OCRL reversed the elevated PI(4,5)P 2 in Lowe patient cells. Accumulation of sonic hedgehog protein in response to hedgehog agonist was decreased in MEFs derived from a Lowe syndrome mouse model. Together, our findings show for the first time an abnormality in ciliary phosphoinositides of both human and mouse cell models of Lowe syndrome.
FreeGuard: A Faster Secure Heap Allocator

In spite of years of improvements to software security, heap-related attacks still remain a severe threat. One reason is that many existing memory allocators fall short in a variety of aspects. For instance, performance-oriented allocators are designed with very limited countermeasures against attacks, but secure allocators generally suffer from significant performance overhead, e.g., running up to 10x slower. This paper, therefore, introduces FreeGuard, a secure memory allocator that prevents or reduces a wide range of heap-related security attacks, such as heap overflows, heap over-reads, use-after-frees, as well as double and invalid frees. FreeGuard has similar performance to the default Linux allocator, with less than 2% overhead on average, but provides significant improvement to security guarantees.
THE EFFECTS OF JOB RELOCATION ON SPOUSAL CAREERS: EVIDENCE FROM MILITARY CHANGE OF STATION MOVES

We investigate the impact of military job relocation on spousal earnings and employment by creating a unique longitudinal database that tracks over 900,000 military spouses over the period 2001–2012, based on data from two administrative sources—military records on personnel and their dependents, and Social Security earnings records. This database allows us to estimate the effects of military change of station moves controlling for some key observable characteristics of the service‐member and household and controlling for individual spouse fixed effects. We find that military moves cause a substantial decline in spousal earnings in the year of the move, on the order of $2,100, or 14% of average spousal earnings. Moves also increase the likelihood that the spouse has no earnings for the year. We find larger earnings reductions for moves that cross state lines, and for older spouses, male spouses, and those with young children. The career costs persist over time and spouses continue to experience significantly lower earnings 2 years after the move. This persistence, combined with the typical military member experiencing a change of station move every 2 or 3 years, may substantially limit the ability of military spouses to accumulate human capital over time. (JEL H56, R23, J45, J16, J64)
Fair Value versus Amortized Cost Measurement and the Timeliness of Other-than-Temporary Impairments: Evidence from the Insurance Industry

ABSTRACT We investigate the impact of recurring fair value versus amortized cost measurement for accounting recognition purposes on the timeliness of insurers' other-than-temporary (OTT) impairment...
The greening of Christianity? A study of environmental attitudes over time

In contradistinction to the ideas of Lynn White and others who have long suggested that the Judeo-Christian tradition fosters a ‘dominion over nature’ ethos, a number of scholars have recently argu...
Fast Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth of Gallium Nitride by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition Using a Two-Step Process

We demonstrate a two-step process wherein the lateral epitaxial growth (LEO) of GaN from $$\left\langle {10\bar 10} \right\rangle $$ -oriented stripes is initiated at a low V/III ratio to produce smooth, vertical $$\left\{ {11\bar 20} \right\}$$ sidewalls, and where the V/III ratio is subsequently raised in order to increase the lateral growth rate. We find that the formation of the $$\left\{ {1\bar 101} \right\}$$ facets is inhibited using this two-step process, and that it is possible to maintain the $$\left\{ {11\bar 20} \right\}$$ sidewalls while achieving a large lateral growth rate. The ratio of lateral to vertical growth rate has been increased by up to factor of 2.6 using this approach relative to identical growth conditions without the initiation at low V/III ratio. The effect of lateral growth rate on the structural properties of the stripes is discussed.
Siamese Survival Analysis with Competing Risks

Survival analysis in the presence of multiple possible adverse events, i.e., competing risks, is a pervasive problem in many industries (healthcare, finance, etc.). Since only one event is typically observed, the incidence of an event of interest is often obscured by other related competing events. This nonidentifiability, or inability to estimate true cause-specific survival curves from empirical data, further complicates competing risk survival analysis. We introduce Siamese Survival Prognosis Network (SSPN), a novel deep learning architecture for estimating personalized risk scores in the presence of competing risks. SSPN circumvents the nonidentifiability problem by avoiding the estimation of cause-specific survival curves and instead determines pairwise concordant time-dependent risks, where longer event times are assigned lower risks. Furthermore, SSPN is able to directly optimize an approximation to the C-discrimination index, rather than relying on well-known metrics which are unable to capture the unique requirements of survival analysis with competing risks.
What do experimental simulations tell us about the effect of neuro/genetic evidence on jurors?

Online simulations have their purpose and they are economically efficient to conduct. Indeed, participants recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk will complete online studies for literally pennies. But these types of studies do not supply the type of evidence that is likely to affect the decisions made by legal professionals. If experimental simulations are to have a real-world impact, it is time for the field to ween off ecologically invalid experiments and invest more resources to better emulate the setting and conditions of a jury when studying the impact of neuro/genetic evidence on jurors.
Determinants of Yields in Private Colleges’ Revenue Bonds

This study examines the yield spreads of 3,362 revenue bonds issued by 213 private colleges and universities in the United States. The authors find that the bond ratings of Moody’s and S&P have the most important effect on the spreads and that higher ratings result in lower debt costs. Furthermore, the college financial grades of Forbes have a similar effect on the ratings of the private colleges’ revenue bonds. They also find that private colleges can save 34 to 40 basis points in financing costs by issuing premium bonds because of greater demand by investors who seek a larger tax exemption from higher coupon payments. Additionally, private colleges who purchase insurance can finance bonds at lower interest rates. For example, bond insurance can result in a decrease of approximately 52 basis points in the yield spreads. Additionally, colleges with better quality credit and colleges located in states with high income tax rates have a greater likelihood of issuing premium bonds.
Central precocious puberty: From genetics to treatment

Central precocious puberty (CPP) results from early activation of the hypothalamic - pituitary -gonadal (HPG) axis and follows the same sequence as normal puberty. While many factors involved in pubertal initiation remain poorly understood, the kisspeptin system is known to play a key role. Currently, mutations in the kisspeptin system, MKRN3, and DLK1 have been identified in sporadic and familial cases of CPP. The diagnosis is based on physical exam findings indicating advancing puberty and on laboratory tests confirming central HPG axis activation. GnRH analogs are the mainstay of treatment and are used with the goal of height preservation. Newer extended release formulations continue to be developed. Currently there is no evidence of long-term complications associated with treatment. However, many areas remain to be explored such as targeted therapies and aspects of clinical management. Further investigation into psychological effects and additional data regarding long-term outcomes, particularly in males, is needed.
Early reading skill profiles in typically developing and at-risk first grade readers to inform targeted early reading instruction

Abstract This study identified distinct, homogeneous latent profiles of at-risk ( n = 141) and not at-risk ( n = 149) first grade readers. Separate latent profile analyses were conducted with each subgroup using measures of phonological awareness, decoding, linguistic comprehension, and oral reading fluency. This study also examined which measures best differentiated the latent profiles. Finally, we examined differences on two measures of reading comprehension as a function of profile membership. Results showed two latent profiles of at-risk students and three latent profiles of not at-risk students. Latent profiles were generally rank ordered with regard to achievement across measures. However, the higher performing at-risk profile and the lowest performing not at-risk profile were nearly identical across measures. Phonological awareness and decoding measures were best at differentiating latent profiles, but linguistic comprehension was also important for the lowest performing students. Oral reading fluency was limited to distinguishing the highest achieving students from the other profiles, and did not perform well with the lower achieving profiles. Most of the pairwise comparisons of reading comprehension scores were consistent across measures, but the nearly identical profiles showed a significant difference on only one reading comprehension measure. Implications for identifying at-risk first grade readers and designing targeted early reading interventions for at-risk students are discussed.
Decomposing the Persistence of International Equity Flows

Abstract The portfolio flows of institutional investors are widely known to be persistent. What is less well-known, however, is the source of this persistence. One possibility is the ‘informed trading hypothesis:’ that persistence arises from autocorrelated trades of individual investors who believe they have information about value and who face an imperfectly liquid market. Another possibility is that there are asynchroneities with respect to investment decisions across funds, across investments, or both. These asynchroneities could be due to wealth effects (across investments for a single fund), investor herding (across funds for a single investment), or generalized contagion (across funds and across investments). We use daily data on institutional flows into 21 developed countries by 471 funds to measure and decompose aggregate flow persistence. We find that the informed trading hypothesis explains about 75% of total persistence, and that the remaining amount is attributable entirely to cross-fund own-country persistence. While asynchroneities across funds investing in the same country are important, asynchroneities across countries, either within a given fund, or across funds, are not important. The cross-fund flow lags we identify might result from different fund investment processes, or from some funds mimicking others' decisions. We reject the hypothesis that wealth effects explain persistence.
Laplace transform approach for the dynamics of N qubits coupled to a resonator

Abstract An approach to use the method of Laplace transform for the perturbative solution of the Schrodinger equation at any order of the perturbation for a system of N qubits coupled to a cavity with n photons is suggested. We investigate the dynamics of a system of N superconducting qubits coupled to a common resonator with time-dependent coupling. To account for the contribution of the dynamical Lamb effect to the probability of excitation of the qubit, we consider counter-rotating terms in the qubit-photon interaction Hamiltonian. As an example, we illustrate the method for the case of two qubits coupled to a common cavity. The perturbative solutions for the probability of excitation of the qubit show excellent agreement with the numerical calculations.
EUS-guided fine needle injection is superior to direct endoscopic injection of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate for the treatment of gastric variceal bleeding

Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate into gastric varices may be performed by EUS-guided fine needle injection (EUS-FNI) or direct endoscopic injection (DEI). The aim of this study is to compare the rate of recurrent GV bleeding and adverse events between DEI and EUS-FNI for treatment of GV. In a single-center study, a retrospective cohort of patients with actively/recently bleeding or high-risk GV treated with DEI were compared with a prospective cohort of similar patients treated with EUS-FNI. Repeat endoscopy after index treatment was performed 3 months later or earlier if rebleeding occurred. The main outcomes assessed were rates of GV or overall rebleeding and adverse events. Forty patients (mean age 57.2 ± 9.1 years, 73% male) and 64 patients (mean age 58.0 ± 12.5 years, 52% male) underwent DEI and EUS-FNI, respectively. Compared to the DEI group, the frequency of isolated gastric varices type 1 (IGV1) were higher (p < 0.001) but MELD scores were lower (p = 0.004) in the EUS-FNI group. At index endoscopy, EUS-FNI utilized a lower mean volume of cyanoacrylate (2.0 ± 0.8 mL vs. 3.3 ± 1.3 mL; p < 0.001) and injected a greater number of varices (1.6 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4; p < 0.001) compared to DEI. Overall, GV rebleeding [5/57 (8.8%) vs. 9/38 (23.7%); p = 0.045] and non-GV-related gastrointestinal bleeding [7/64 (10.9%) vs. 11/40 (27.5%); p = 0.030] were less frequent in the EUS-FNI group compared to the DEI group, respectively. Adverse event rates were similar (20.3% vs. 17.5%, p = 0.723). EUS-guided CYA injection of active or recently bleeding GV in patients with portal hypertension appears to decrease the rate of GV rebleeding despite injection of more varices and less CYA volume during the initial endoscopic procedure. Adverse events are similar between the two groups. EUS-FNI appears to be the preferred strategy for treatment of these patients.
CanvasGAN: A Simple Baseline for Text to Image Generation by Incrementally Patching a Canvas.

We propose a new recurrent generative model for generating images from text captions while attending on specific parts of text captions. Our model creates images by incrementally adding patches on a “canvas” while attending on words from text caption at each timestep. Finally, the canvas is passed through an upscaling network to generate images. We also introduce a new method for generating visual-semantic sentence embeddings based on self-attention over text. We compare our model’s generated images with those generated by Reed’s model and show that our model is a stronger baseline for text to image generation tasks.
Femtosecond laser amorphization of tellurium

Polycrystalline tellurium becomes amorphous after irradiation with strong femtosecond pulses. The amorphization is sensitive to the initial temperature but not very sensitive to the temporal profile of the optical excitation. Above the amorphization threshold, single-shot transient reflectivity traces show clear coherent phonon oscillations within 1 ps. These results suggest that amorphization is due to thermal melting rather than nonthermal melting or switching for pump fluences up to the ablation threshold.
Disagreement and Liquidity

Disagreement can affect the relation between private information and liquidity. In a model in which trading is entirely generated by disagreement stemming from overconfident interpretation of private signals, private information increases trading and enhances liquidity. In a more general version of the model that incorporates both disagreement and liquidity trading, the relation between private information and liquidity is non-monotonic. Private information at first decreases liquidity and then enhances it, potentially explaining why private information seems to destroy liquidity in money markets but not in markets that are more informationally sensitive to start with.
Using the Service Science Canvas to Understand Institutional Change in a Public School System

Reforming STEM education in the United States continues to be a topic of active discussion and research. Why do some school districts succeed while others fail at implementing similar educational interventions? To answer this question, we apply the service science theory to characterize a pK-12 district that is viewed as a complex educational system. Our analysis utilizes the Service Science Canvas, which is a convenient methodological tool that includes common elements of the service science framework.
Reviewing the DATAS of aviation research data: Diversity, availability, tractability, applicability, and sources

Abstract The field of aviation research is entering the era of big data. While data-driven advancements in aviation have clearly brought about applicable models and results with immediate implications, we argue that the influx of aviation data should be better characterized and documented to enable more efficient and standardized usage. To this end, we examine 200 well-cited research articles from sub-disciplines ranging from revenue management to air traffic control published on or after 2010 in order to analyze the diversity, availability, tractability, applicability, and sources (DATAS) of data utilized in aviation research. We find high levels of data diversity within aviation research, with 16 data categories ranging from air traffic flow management-type data to data from distributed sensors in line with the Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm. We identified a dominance of proprietary, non-public data in aviation research, with 68% of the 200 research articles utilizing solely proprietary data in deriving their results, and a further 8% utilizing a mixture of proprietary and publicly available data. The pervasiveness of proprietary data has implications on reproducibility and extending research results. We also highlight the increasing tractability of the data by surveying the computational power required to process the data sets, and present vignettes of applications and results that stem from these data-driven studies. Finally, we propose several recommendations regarding standardizing data source nomenclature as well as increasing the availability of and usage of publicly available data.
Chapter 18 – Inviscid and Incompressible Flows

The finite element solution of ideal flows, also known as inviscid and incompressible flows, is presented in this chapter. The applicability of the methods presented includes the flow around a cylinder, the flow out of an orifice, and the flow around an airfoil. These problems can be formulated in terms of either a velocity potential or a stream function. The x and y components of the velocity of the fluid (u and v) can be defined in terms of the potential or stream function. The boundary conditions need to be stated in terms of the potential or stream function depending on how the equations are formulated. Both the potential and stream function formulations are presented. For each formulation, the governing differential equation and its variational form as well as the boundary conditions are given, the finite element equations are derived using the Galerkin approach, and computational details are presented using a comprehensive example giving step-by-step details of the finite element computation and the resulting solution.