cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A microfluidic electroporation device for cell lysis

We demonstrate a micro-electroporation device for cell lysis prior to subcellular analysis. Simple circuit models show that electrical lysis method is advantageous because it is selective towards plasma membrane while leaving organelle membrane undamaged. In addition, miniaturization of this concept leads to negligible heat generation and bubble formation. The designed microdevices were fabricated using a combination of photolithography, metal-film deposition, and electroplating. We demonstrate the electro-lysis of human carcinoma cells in these devices to release the subcellular materials.
Wegener's Granulomatosis: A Review of the Clinical Implications, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Wegener’s granulomatosis is an autoimmune disorder that results in inflammatory reactions, necrotizing vasculitis and granulomatous lesions in various tissues and organs of the body. In Wegener’s granulomatosis, the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys are typically involved early in the course of the disease. Microscopic examination of biopsied tissue from an involved organ and the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody test (cANCA) are the most reliable diagnostic tests for Wegener’s granulomatosis. Early diagnosis and treatment (ie, combination of cyclophosphamide and prednisone) are imperative in WG since it is an almost invariably fatal condition if left untreated.
Production Losses from Mastitis: Carry-Over from the Previous Lactation

The study examined whether elevation in SCC in the second lactation was associated with reduced milk production in the third lactation. Lactation records from 10,705 Holstein cows from 770 herds were taken from the Dairy Records Processing Center at Raleigh. Cows in the data set were selected so that no SCC test in the first lactation was elevated above a linear score of 4.5 (no mastitis in the first lactation). Using actual and mature equivalent milk production in the first lactation as a baseline, effects of elevated SCC on production in the second and third lactations were examined using linear regression. The effect of high SCC during a cow's current lactation was found to be essentially the same as previously reported by other investigators. An increase in the lactation average linear score of 1.0 was associated with a decrease of approximately 200 kg of milk per lactation. Limited carry-over effect of elevated SCC during the second lactation was found in the third lactation. For third lactation milk production, the effect of increased SCC during the preceding (second) lactation was only about 20 to 30% as much as the effect of SCC increases in the third lactation.
Addition of the chromophore to rat rhodopsin is an early post-translational event

Abstract Rat retinas were labeled either by intravitreal injection of [14C]leucine or by incubation with [3H]-leucine or [35S]-methionine. Subcellular fractions were prepared on linear sucrose gradients and rhodopsin was extracted with detergent and purified by chromatogaphy on ConA-Sepharose. A fraction enriched in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and substantially free of rod outer segments (ROS) was found to contain a light-sensitive protein exhibiting the properties of rhodopsin on ConA-Sepharose or Agarose chromatography and on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as well as immunologically. Intravitreal injection of [3H]-retinol also labeled the rhodopsin in the RER under conditions in which the rhodopsin in the ROS was not heavily labeled. Thus the chromophore appears to be attached to opsin shortly after the apoprotein is translated in the RER.
Hysteresis Loop Shifts in Magnetic Field Cooled FeOOH Nanoparticles

Measurements of the magnetization M as a function of temperature (5K - 300K) and applied magnetic field H (up to 50 kOe) in 30 A particles of FeOOH are reported. M increases with decreasing T, peaking at T B = 65 K below which the ZFC (zero-field-cooled) and the FC (field-cooled) data separate. Hysteresis loop measured at 10 K for ZFC shows an open loop up to 40 kOe with coercivity = 2 kOe. For the FC case, the loop shifts and the loop-shift increases with the cooling field ItL, approaching saturation above H c = 20 kOe. From the variation of M vs H above T B , a magnetic moment/particle μp = 300 μ B is determined. These results suggest that the FeOOH nanoparticles have an antiferromagnetically ordered core with uncompensated surface spins yielding μp and the surface spins order in a spin-glass-like state below T B , possibly due to interparticle interactions.
Effects of norepinephrine on endothelium-dependent vasodilation of forearm resistance vessels

Background: Endothelium-dependent dilation of forearm resistance vessels is attenuated in patients with heart failure. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system could cause this abnormality by way of vasoconstriction and chemical inactivation of nitric oxide. Methods and results: The effects of concurrent intra-arterial norepinephrine infusions (25, 50 and 100 ng/min) on forearm blood flow responses to equipotent doses of an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, methacholine (0.3 and 1.5 µg/min), and an endothelium-independent vasodilator, nitroprusside (1 and 5 µ/min), were studied in 12 normal subjects. Norepinephrine infusions increased the mean plasma norepinephrine from 255 pg/ml at baseline to 460, 629, and 1089 pg/ml, respectively. Basal forearm blood flow was reduced from 2.9 to 1.6 ml/min/100 ml of forearm volume at the highest dose (p < 0.01). The average response to the lowest dose of methacholine (4.5 ml/min/100 ml) was not significantly reduced by concurrent infusion of norepinephrine (4.4, 4.2, and 4.3 ml/min/100 ml, respectively), whereas the response to the higher dose of methacholine (8.9 ml/min/100 ml) tended to be lower (7.2, 6.7, and 7.4 ml/min/100 ml, respectively) but did not attain statistical significance. Methacholine induced vasodilation was not more sensitive to norepinephrine than nitroprusside responses. Lower body negative pressure (− 80 mm Hg) also significantly reduced baseline forearm flow and increased plasma norepinephrine but did not effect either methacholine or nitroprusside induced vasodilation. Conclusion: Sympathetic stimulation induced by infusion of norepinephrine or lower body negative pressure is not a potent antagonist to endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the forearm vasculature. These data suggest that sympathetic activation does not completely explain the abnormal endothelium-dependent vasodilation seen in patients with heart failure. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1993) 53, 374–379; doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.35
Metabolism, Roles, and Involvement of Lyso-glycerophospholipids in Neurological Disorders

Lysophospholipids are metabolic intermediates in glycerophospholipid metabolism. In unstimulated neural cells, lysophospholipids occur at low levels (0.5–3%). They are transiently synthesized during the remodeling of glycerophospholipids (Farooqui et al., 2000a). Lysophospholipids interact with neural membrane’s lipid and enzyme components and modulate activities of membrane-associated enzymes and growth factors. The metabolism of lysophospholipid facilitates translocation of Toll-like receptor 4 to membrane and this process regulates inflammatory responses (Jacson et al., 2008a).
Multi-Wavelength Digital Holographic Microscopy Using A Telecentric Reflection Configuration

A telecentric recording configuration for multi-wavelength digital holographic microscopy (MW-DHM) is proposed. The advantage of this configuration is to optically remove, without post-processing, the parabolic phase distortion caused by the microscope objective in traditional MW-DHM.
cis-Bis(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2N,N′)dichloridocobalt(II) trihydrate

In the title complex, [CoCl2(C10H8N2)2]·3H2O, the Co(II) ion is situated on a twofold rotation axis and exhibits a slightly distorted octa­hedral geometry and is chelated by four N atoms of the two bidentate 2,2′-bipyridine ligands and two Cl− ions. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen bonding formed between chloride ions and adjacent water mol­ecules. One of the two independent water molecules in the asymmetric unit is disordered over two sets of sites, each on a twofold rotation axis, in a 0.734 (17):0.269 (17) ratio.
12 C( 3 He, p) 14 N Reaction from 7 to 17 MeV

Yield curves of the $^{12}\mathrm{C}(^{3}\mathrm{He}, p)^{14}\mathrm{N}$ reaction were taken at 11 angles from 30 to 169\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the beam energy interval of 7 to 17 MeV. From these data, angular distributions and the total cross section were deduced at 0.2-MeV intervals for 7 to 11 MeV and at four higher energies. The results are compared with recent measurements of the same reaction leading to the first nine excited states of $^{14}\mathrm{N}$. Compound-nuclear effects appear to dominate. There is little correlation between excitation functions for the different states. In contradiction to previous suggestions, little evidence is seen for direct processes.
Behavioral constancy in formica obscuripes hymenoptera formicidae

Workers of a mound-building ant nest were marked and the nest monitored. Over 715 min of observation, a mean recapture rate of 0.24 was obtained. The frequencies of resighting marked ants at or very near to their marking stations ranged from 0.79–1.00 (X = 0.93). Foragers return to the same area daily while those engaged in nest reconstruction repeat their established activities with a high degree of fidelity.
The Twin Hypotheses Brain Code and the Fundamental Code Unit: Towards Understanding the Computational Primitive Elements of Cortical Computing

The Brain Code (BC) relies on several essential concepts that are found across a range of physiological and behavioral functions. The Fundamen- tal Code Unit (FCU) assumes an abstract code unit to allow for a higher order of abstractions that informs information exchanges at the cellular and genetic levels, together the two hypotheses provide a foundation for a system level un- derstanding and potentially cyphering of the Brain Code (1-3). This paper dis- cusses an organizing principle for an abstract framework tested in a limited scope experimental approach as a means to show an empirical example of cog- nitive measurement as well as a framework for a Cortical Computation metho- dology. Four important concepts of the BC and FCU are discussed. First, the principle of activation based on Guyton thresholds. This is seen in the well- known and widely documented action potential threshold in neurons, where once a certain threshold is reached, the neuron will fire, reflecting the transmis- sion of information. The concept of thresholds is also valid in Weber minimum detectable difference in our sensing, which applies to our hearing, seeing and touching. Not only the intensity, but also the temporal pattern is affected by this (4). This brings insight to the second important component, which is dura- tion. The combination of both threshold crossing and duration may define the selection mechanisms, depending on both external and intrinsic factors. How- ever, ranges exist within which tuning can take place. Within reason it can be stated that no functional implication will occur beyond this range. Transfer of information and processing itself relies on energy and can be described in waveforms, which is the third concept. The human sensing system acts as transducer between the different forms of energy, the fourth principle. The aim of the brain code approach is to incorporate these four principles in an explana- tory, descriptive and predictive model. The model will take into account fun- damental physiological knowledge and aims to reject assumptions that are not yet fully established. In order to fill in the gaps with regards to the missing in- formation, modules consisting of the previous described four principles are ex- plored. This abstraction should provide a reasonable placeholder, as it is based on governing principles in nature. The model is testable and allows for updating as more data becomes available. It aims to replace methods that rely on struc- tural levels to abstraction of functions, or approaches that are evidence-based, but across many noisy-elements and assumptions that outcomes might not reflect behavior at the organism level.
Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

SUMMARY Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurs at some point in the course of disease in approximately 85 per cent of patients with AIDS. Because of the frequency of P. carinii pneumonia and because it is readily treatable, prompt, accurate, and efficient diagnostic schemes are of extreme importance. The clinical presentation is generally characterized by fever, nonproductive cough, and shortness of breath. Such symptoms in a patient from a recognized HIV transmission category should prompt a diagnostic evaluation to identify P. carinii or other opportunistic infections. A chest radiograph usually provides an objective indication of lung disease. Pulmonary function tests, particularly the DLCO and lung imaging using 67Ga-citrate, are useful screening tests in patients with normal chest films. Examination of sputum induced by inhalation of a mist of hypertonic saline is a very useful means of identifying P. carinii. Bronchoalveolar lavage is nearly 100 per cent sensitive to the presence of P. carinii and should be performed in patients who have a nondiagnostic sputum examination. Transbronchial biopsy increases the overall yield for diagnoses other than P. carinii and should be performed in patients in whom bronchoalveolar lavage does not provide a diagnosis. Because of the effectiveness of sputum examinations and bronchoscopic procedures, open lung biopsy is rarely necessary. Measurements of circulating P. carinii antigen and antibodies are of no help in diagnosis.
Chronic Leukemias of Childhood

Chronic leukemias account for fewer than 5 per cent of childhood hematologic malignancies. The various subtypes are chronic myelocytic leukemia (adult, juvenile, and familial), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, chronic monocytic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The most common of these, adult-type chronic myelocytic leukemia, is characterized by specific cytogenetic alterations; recent advances in molecular biology are linking these genetic events to the pathophysiology and course of this fascinating neoplasm.
The pediatrician's role in caring for the child with cancer.

With the improved outlook in childhood cancer, the precise role of the pediatrician in the ongoing care of the child with cancer must be redefined and clarified. This article addresses the issue of how the practitioner can best function as an active and constructive member of the multidisciplinary team.
The F-Region Gravity and Pressure Gradient Current Systems: A Review

The ionospheric gravity and pressure-gradient current systems are most prominent in the low-latitude $F$ -region due to the plasma density enhancement known as the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). This enhancement of plasma density which builds up during the day and lasts well into the evening supports a toroidal gravity current which flows eastward around the Earth in the $F$ -region during the daytime and evening, and eventually returns westward through the $E$ -region. The existence of pressure-gradients in the EIA region also gives rise to a poloidal diamagnetic current system, whose flow direction acts to reduce the ambient geomagnetic field inside the plasma. The gravity and pressure-gradient currents are among the weaker ionospheric sources, with current densities of a few $\mbox{nA/m}^{2}$ , however they produce clear signatures of about 5–7 nT in magnetic measurements made by low-Earth orbiting satellites. In this work, we review relevant observational and modeling studies of these two current systems and present new results from a 3D ionospheric electrodynamics model which allows us to visualize the entire flow pattern of these currents throughout the ionosphere as well as calculate their magnetic perturbations.
Physical mechanism causing rapid changes in ultrarelativistic electron pitch angle distributions right after a shock arrival: Evaluation of an electron dropout event

Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain relativistic electron flux depletions (dropouts) in the Earth's outer radiation belt during storm times: adiabatic expansion of electron drift shells due to a decrease in magnetic field strength, magnetopause shadowing and subsequent outward radial diffusion, and precipitation into the atmosphere (driven by EMIC wave scattering). Which mechanism predominates in causing electron dropouts commonly observed in the outer radiation belt is still debatable. In the present study, we evaluate the physical mechanism that may be primarily responsible for causing the sudden change in relativistic electron pitch angle distributions during a dropout event observed by Van Allen Probes during the main phase of the 27 February 2014 storm. During this event, the phase space density of ultrarelativistic (>1 MeV) electrons was depleted by more than 1 order of magnitude over the entire radial extent of the outer radiation belt (3 < L* < 5) in less than 6 h after the passage of an interplanetary shock. We model the electron pitch angle distribution under a compressed magnetic field topology based on actual solar wind conditions. Although these ultrarelativistic electrons exhibit highly anisotropic (peaked in 90°), energy-dependent pitch angle distributions, which appear to be associated with the typical EMIC wave scattering, comparison of the modeled electron distribution to electron measurements indicates that drift shell splitting is responsible for this rapid change in electron pitch angle distributions. This further indicates that magnetopause loss is the predominant cause of the electron dropout right after the shock arrival.
Who's Who in Mineral Names: Sidney Arthur Williams (1933–), James Dwight Dana (1813–1895)

(1988). Who's Who in Mineral Names: Sidney Arthur Williams (1933–), James Dwight Dana (1813–1895) Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 36-39.
Cardinal vs. Characteristic Indices of Preference for Applied Welfare Economics

The concept of cardinality is defined for a binary index of preference. The qualifications on the cardinality of the compensating and equivalent variations are examined in detail. It is argued that a characteristic index, such as the sign of the monotonic variation of consumer surplus, is adequate for most practical applications.
A remark on generators of $$\mathtt D(\hbox {X})$$ and flags

We give a simple proof of the following fact. Let \(\hbox {X}\) be an n-dimensional, smooth, projective variety with ample or anti-ample canonical bundle, over an algebraically closed base field. Let \(\hbox {Y}_0 \subset \hbox {Y}_{1} \subset \cdots \subset \hbox {Y}_n = \hbox {X}\) be a complete flag of closed smooth subvarieties, where \(\hbox {Y}_{j+1} {\setminus } \hbox {Y}_{j}\) is affine. Then \(\hbox {G} = \bigoplus _{j=0}^n \mathcal O_{\mathrm{Y}_{j}}\) is a generator of the (bounded coherent) derived category \(\mathtt D(\hbox {X})\). Moreover, from the endomorphism dg-algebra \({{\mathrm{REnd}}}_{\mathrm{X}}(\hbox {G})\) one can recover not only \(\hbox {X}\) but also the flag \(\hbox {Y}_0 \subset \hbox {Y}_{1} \subset \cdots \subset \hbox {Y}_n\).
Phase I trial of sorafenib, bevacizumab, and temsirolimus in advanced solid tumors.

2611 Background: Pathway crosstalk and emergence of drug resistance have limited the activity of targeted therapies, including anti-angiogenic agents and mTORC1 inhibitors. However, this vulnerability may be addressed by rationally combining targeted therapies to improve outcomes. We sought to determine the MTD/recommended phase II dose and define the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the combination of sorafenib (S), bevacizumab (B), and temsirolimus (T) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods: S was given once or twice daily, B was given intravenously every three weeks, and T was given intravenously weekly. Doses were escalated in a stair-step dose escalation with 6 planned dose levels (DL) in a standard 3+3 design. Responses were defined using RECIST 1.1. Results: To date, 51 patients have been enrolled. Three patients withdrew consent after only one dose. One dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) occurred at DL 5 (grade 4 fatigue, pain) and one DLT occurred at DL 6 (G3 headache). However, 5/6 patients required ...
Data Assimilation of Wildfires with Fuel Adjustment Factors in farsite using Ensemble Kalman Filtering

Abstract This paper shows the extension of the wildfire simulation tool FARSITE to allow for data assimilation capabilities on both fire perimeters and fuel adjustment factors to improve the accuracy of wildfire spread predictions. While fire perimeters characterize the overall burn scar of a wildfire, fuel adjustment factors are fuel model specific calibration numbers that adjust the rate of spread for each fuel type independently. Data assimilation updates of both fire perimeters and fuel adjustment factors are calculated from an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) that exploits the uncertainty information on the simulated fire perimeter, fuel adjustment factors and a measured fire perimeter. The effectiveness of the proposed data assimilation is illustrated on a wildfire simulation representing the 2014 Cocos fire, tracking time varying fuel adjustment factors based on noisy and limited spatial resolution observations of the fire perimeter.
Rigorous coupled-wave analysis and applications of grating diffraction

A review of the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) as applied to the diffraction of electromagnetic waves by gratings is presented. The analysis is valid for any polarization, angle of incidence, and for conical diffraction. Cascaded and/or multiplexed gratings as well as material anisotropy and loss can be incorporated under the same formalism. Volume and surface-relief gratings can be analyzed. Convergence analysis is presented for rectangular-groove surface-relief dielectric and metallic gratings. The role of multilevel surface-relief and holographic gratings in the substrate-mode photonic interconnect configuration is investigated. Results obtained using the RCWA are presented for 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-level surface-relief gratings and are compared with the predictions of the simple scalar model. Two practical configurations are analyzed: (a) a silicon substrate at a freespace wavelength of 1.3 microns and (b) a glass substrate at a freespace wavelength of 0.84 microns. Equivalent holographic gratings are also designed and compared. Small period rectangular groove gratings can also be modeled using approximately equivalent uniaxial homogeneous layers (effective media). The ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of these layers depend on the grating filling factor, the refractive indices of the substrate and superstrate, and the ratio of the freespace wavelength to grating period. It is shown how these models result from the eigenvalue equation of the boundary-value rectangular-groove grating problem. Comparisons of the homogeneous effective medium approximations with the rigorous coupled-wave analysis are presented. Antireflection designs (single-layer or multilayer) using the effective medium models are presented and compared.
The Racial Gap in Voting Among Women: White Women, Racial Resentment, and Support for Trump

In this article, the question I answer is why did so many white women vote for Donald Trump? I reexamine the gender gap in voting to answer this question and to better understand the 2016 election ...
Soluble CD14, CD163, and CD27 biomarkers distinguish ART-suppressed youth living with HIV from healthy controls.

Objective To define inflammatory pathways in youth living with HIV infection (YLWH), assessments of biomarkers associated with lymphocyte and macrophage activation, vascular injury, or bone metabolism were performed in YLWH in comparison with healthy controls (HC). Design Longitudinal multicenter study comparing biomarkers in YLWH suppressed on antiretroviral therapy (ART), those with ongoing viral replication, and HC were compared using single blood samples obtained at end of study. Methods Twenty-three plasma proteins were measured by ELISA or multiplex assays. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to define contributions of individual biomarkers to define outcome groups. Results The study cohort included 129 predominantly African American, male participants, 21-25 years old at entry. Nine biomarkers of lymphocyte and macrophage activation and cardiovascular injury differed between HC and YLWH. Significant positive correlations were identified between lymphocyte and macrophage activation biomarkers among HC and YLWH. Correlations distinct to YLWH were predominantly between biomarkers of macrophage and vascular inflammation. PCA of outcome groups showed HC and suppressed YLWH clustering together for lymphocyte activation biomarkers, whereas macrophage activation markers showed all YLWH clustering distinct from HC. Cardiovascular biomarkers were indistinguishable across groups. Averaged variable importance projection to assess single biomarkers that maximally contribute to discriminate among outcome groups identified soluble CD27, CD14, and CD163 as the 3 most important with TNFα and LPS also highly relevant in providing separation. Conclusions Soluble inflammatory and lymphocyte biomarkers sufficiently distinguish YLWH from HC. Persistent macrophage activation biomarkers may provide a means to monitor consequences of HIV infection in fully suppressed YLWH.
Memristors and Electrical Memory in Plants

Plants have different forms of memory, such as sensory, short, and long-term memory. Memory is the ability to store the state of a system at a given time and access this information at a later time. Possible candidates for memory in plants are memristors, which are resistors with memory. Voltage-gated K+ channels have memristive properties in seeds, plants, flowers, and fruits. The Venus flytrap, which has memristors, can accumulate small subthreshold charges, and when the threshold value is reached, the trap closes. The cumulative character of electrical stimuli points to the existence of short-term electrical memory in the Venus flytrap. As soon as the 8 μC charge for a small trap or a 9 μC charge for a large trap is transmitted between a lobe and midrib from the external capacitor, the trap starts to close at room temperature. At temperatures 28–36 °C, a smaller electrical charge of 4.1 μC is required to close the trap of the Dionaea muscipula. Sensory and long-term memory were also found in the Venus flytrap. Plants have biological clocks and circadian rhythms, which involve electrical elements of memory. Many plants are able to memorize daytime and nighttime. The biological clock in plants is sensitive to light, which can reset the phase of the rhythm.
Shielding An Associative Organizer

It is one of the hallmarks of Freud’s genius that he takes a concept, a single word, and endows it with myriad meanings and expanding significance. For example, the words shield, sheath, and crust can be found through five decades of Freud’s writings. In tracing the use of these words, one witnesses both the evolution of psychoanalytic thought and its consistent adherence to principles.
Purple Dinosaurs and Victim Consent to Research in Disasters

Informed consent is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for ethical research on human subjects. There are some exceptions to this rule when the research involves no risk to the subject, such as data collection that cannot be linked to the subject. This chapter addresses the question of whether, and if so when, research on the victims of disasters can be ethically conducted without their consent. Drawing on a wide range of previous research conducted without consent or with dubious consent, the conclusion is that consent to research involving risks is an ethical requirement that cannot be waived in disaster-related research. If this makes some research impossible, then that research should not be done. Upholding the human rights and dignity of current victims of disasters is more important than doing research on them for the possible benefit of future disaster victims. People do not lose their human rights by becoming disaster victims.
Unsupervised sentiment analysis with emotional signals

The explosion of social media services presents a great opportunity to understand the sentiment of the public via analyzing its large-scale and opinion-rich data. In social media, it is easy to amass vast quantities of unlabeled data, but very costly to obtain sentiment labels, which makes unsupervised sentiment analysis essential for various applications. It is challenging for traditional lexicon-based unsupervised methods due to the fact that expressions in social media are unstructured, informal, and fast-evolving. Emoticons and product ratings are examples of emotional signals that are associated with sentiments expressed in posts or words. Inspired by the wide availability of emotional signals in social media, we propose to study the problem of unsupervised sentiment analysis with emotional signals. In particular, we investigate whether the signals can potentially help sentiment analysis by providing a unified way to model two main categories of emotional signals, i.e., emotion indication and emotion correlation. We further incorporate the signals into an unsupervised learning framework for sentiment analysis. In the experiment, we compare the proposed framework with the state-of-the-art methods on two Twitter datasets and empirically evaluate our proposed framework to gain a deep understanding of the effects of emotional signals.
Novel approaches for improving stability of cysteamine formulations

Abstract Cystinosis is a genetic disorder that leads to the formation of cystine crystals in many organs in the body including cornea. Ocular manifestation of this disease is treated by eye drops of cysteamine which can easily oxidize into its disulfide cystamine. The rapid oxidation limits the shelf life as well the duration during which the drug can be used after opening the eye drop bottle. We evaluate two approaches of preventing the oxidation of cysteamine with the goal of increasing the time of use after opening the bottle to one month. The first approach integrates antioxidants such as catalase enzyme and vitamins C and E into the aqueous solution. Results show that catalase is the most effective additive as it decreases the oxidation rate by 58%, which on its own is not sufficient to reach targeted one month stability. The second approach focuses on incorporating diffusion barriers to prevent oxygen from reaching the cysteamine solution. This was accomplished by two methods: formulation of a hydrophobic layer which floats on the surface of the aqueous solution and integration of OMAC® oxygen-resistant material into the eye drop bottle. Both methods delay the onset of cysteamine degradation and decrease the rate of degradation. In particular, an eye drop bottle with three layers of OMAC® has less than 10% degradation after one month of opening the bottle and withdrawing a drop each day. By integrating all three methods, we designed a system where >90% of cysteamine remains in the active form for 70 days after opening the bottle. In addition, we examine the use of OMAC® as heat-sealed pouches for storage of cysteamine eye drop bottles during packaging to eliminate the need for the current approach of freezing the formulation during shipping. The results show that such heat-sealed pouches would keep cysteamine stable for over one year at ambient conditions.
Hospital-skilled nursing facility collaboration: A mixed methods approach to understanding the effect of linkage strategies

Objective To characterize the nature and degree of hospitals' efforts to collaborate with skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and associated patient outcomes. Data sources/study setting Qualitative data were collected through 138 interviews with staff in 16 hospitals and 25 SNFs in eight markets across the United States in 2015. Quantitative data include Medicare claims data for the 290,603 patients discharged from those 16 hospitals between 2008 and 2015. Study design/data collection Semi-structured interviews with hospital and SNF staff were coded and used to classify hospitals' collaboration efforts with SNFs into high versus low collaboration hospitals, and risk-adjusted, claims-based hospital readmission rates from SNF were compared. Principal findings Hospital collaboration efforts were defined as establishing SNF partners, transition management initiatives, and hospital staff visits to SNFs. High collaboration hospitals were more likely to send patients to SNFs (as opposed to home, home with home health, or other PAC settings), sent a higher share of patients to high quality SNFs, and had fewer hospital readmissions from SNF sooner than did low collaboration hospitals. Conclusions Although collaboration with SNF requires significant administrative and clinical time investment, it is associated with positive patient outcomes.
FTS measurements of O2 collision-induced absorption in the 565–700 nm region using a high pressure gas absorption cell

Abstract The collision-induced absorption (CIA) spectra of oxygen and dry air have been measured in the near-infrared and visible regions, covering the O2(B) band at 687 nm and double transitions in the 630 nm and 577 nm regions. A custom-design 1 m path length high-pressure cell was developed and configured to a Bruker 125HR Fourier transform spectrometer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. A super-luminous Laser Driven Light Source (LDLS) was also used to improve the photon flux incident upon the spectrometer. A series of spectra of pure O2 and dry air were obtained at various high pressures up to 131 bars at room temperature. For the measurement of O2–O2 CIA in the B band region, the monomer resonance absorption contribution has been subtracted from the observed spectra by simulating the O2(B) band absorption with a speed-dependent Voigt line shape profile with line mixing effects taken into account. The remaining absorption component was regarded as the CIA in the region. The integrated absorption coefficient was measured to be 3.2(6) × 10−6 cm−2/Amagat2 for the O2(B) band region, which is significantly lower than literature values. For the two double transition bands in the 630 and 577 nm regions, the integrated CIA bands from the present work were measured to be 2.50(14) and 3.26(18) × 10−4 cm−2/Amagat2, respectively. The present measurements are significantly higher than prior measurements for the 630 nm band region, while they are slightly lower than prior measurements for the 577 nm band region. For dry air, the integrated CIA bands were measured to be 0.10(2) and 0.15(2) × 10−4 cm−2/Amagat2, respectively, for the 630 and 577 nm regions, no appreciable contribution from O2–N2 pairs was observed. The results are compiled in electronic supplements.
RECEPTION AND CIRCULATION OF MACHADO'S DRAMATIC WORKS

Abstract This article examines how Machado's consecration as a national literary hero, and more recently as a world literature figure, has included or excluded his dramatic works. In doing so, the piece considers the role of collections, critical evaluations, book reviews, and performances. The effort to trace the presence and reception of his plays in various publications and languages demonstrates that in Brazil, the dramatic works initially were preserved out of obligation, but now they are undergoing a limited re-evaluation. Outside of Brazil, appreciation for Machado is genre specific; his plays largely are excluded from the world literature scene. In essence, his prose overshadows his dramatic works, and his extant plays do not enter into his construction as a world literature author.
Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Artery Stenting for Patients With Crescendo Transient Ischemic Attacks: A Systematic Review.

Importance Thromboembolic stroke attributable to an ipsilateral carotid artery plaque is a leading cause of disability in the United States and a major source of morbidity. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting at minimizing stroke risk in patients with minor stroke and transient ischemic attack. However, there is no consensus on guidelines for medical management and the timing of revascularization in patients with multiple recurrent episodes of transient ischemic attack over hours or days, an acute neurological event known ascrescendo transient ischemic attack. Objective To review the management of and timing of intervention in patients presenting with crescendo transient ischemic attack. Evidence Review This systematic review included all English-language articles published from January 1, 1985, to January 1, 2019, available from PubMed (MEDLINE) and Google Scholar. Articles were excluded if they did not include analysis of patients with symptoms, did not report the timing of intervention after crescendo transient ischemic attack, or mixed analysis of patients with stroke in evolution with patients with crescendo transient ischemic attack. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the modified rating from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Observations Patients with crescendo transient ischemic attack were found to have a higher risk of stroke or death after carotid endarterectomy compared with patients with a single transient ischemic attack or stable stroke. With medical therapy alone, a considerable number of patients with crescendo transient ischemic attack experience a completed stroke within several months and have a poor prognosis without intervention. Urgent carotid endarterectomy, typically performed within 48 hours of initial presentation, is beneficial in carefully selected patients. There have been several reports of operative treatment within the first 24 hours of presentation; however, review of these reports does not show any additional benefit from emergency treatment. Carotid artery stenting is reserved only for selected patients with prohibitive surgical risk for endarterectomy. The literature does not clearly support any additional benefit of intravenous heparin therapy over mono or dual antiplatelet therapy prior to carotid endarterectomy. Conclusions and Relevance Crescendo transient ischemic attack is best managed with optimal medical management as well as urgent carotid endarterectomy within 2 days of presentation. Surgical endarterectomy appears to be preferred because of the increased embolic potential of bifurcation plaque, whereas stenting is an option for patients with contraindications for surgery. With ongoing advances in cerebrovascular imaging and medical treatment of stroke, there is a need for better evidence to determine the optimal timing and preoperative medical management of patients with crescendo transient ischemic attack.
Aerodynamic Voice Assessment

During voice production, the larynx acts as an energy transducer that converts aerodynamic energy from the lungs into acoustic energy heard as voice. The efficiency of this energy transduction is dependent on a variety of factors including glottal configuration, hydration, vocal fold tension, as well as the aerodynamic inputs of airflow and pressure. The aerodynamic inputs are analogous to an electrical circuit where airflow, subglottal pressure, and laryngeal resistance correspond to current, voltage, and resistance. Aerodynamic parameters that reflect the energy required to produce voice are helpful indicators of vocal function. Abnormal aerodynamic parameters have been demonstrated in the setting of numerous laryngeal pathologies including vocal nodules, polyps, and Reinke’s edema. Accordingly, aerodynamic measurement remains a critical component of the comprehensive voice assessment.
Factors impacting attrition of vulnerable women from a longitudinal mental health intervention study.

OBJECTIVE This study explored factors associated with attrition of vulnerable women from a community-based, longitudinal mental health intervention study. DESIGN The study employed a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent comparison group pretest-posttest design. The intervention consisted of six, 90-min meetings featuring education and support. SAMPLE One hundred and eighteen women aged 18-88 years enrolled from four urban neighborhoods. MEASUREMENTS The team used the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, the Primary Health Questionnaire-9, a self-care knowledge for anxiety and depression instrument, and demographics to measure variables. INTERVENTION Sessions occurred at trusted neighborhood sites. The team provided transportation, child care, and reminder calls or texts. Community health workers actively encouraged participants to continue in the study. The researchers did not offer financial incentives. Completion of the intervention involved attending four of six sessions. RESULTS The study had a 39% attrition rate. Results, using a Chi-square test for independence, indicated significant associations between attrition, neighborhood/homelessness, and family income. Additionally, there were significant associations between attrition, a past diagnosis of anxiety, and a lack of concurrent therapy for anxiety/depression. CONCLUSIONS This study identified social determinants and mental health factors linked to the attrition of urban, ethnically diverse, and impoverished women from longitudinal intervention studies.
Short-form writing: Studying process in the context of contemporary composing technologies

Abstract In this article, I argue that writing studies scholarship has little understanding of what happens when writers compose the short-form, networked writing which is increasingly prevalent across the culture. Situated within the existing broad disciplinary understanding of writing and technology as cultural practices with literacy, data-based pictures of what writers are doing in situ with contemporary writing technologies provide an additional necessary layer of understanding to the ways writing technologies intersect with and impact what writers do with language. I argue that as a field we should also pay close, systematic attention to writers’ writing processes, in particular, developing an understanding of writers composing with short-form, interactive writing. I build these arguments through analysis of examples drawn from a study of eight Facebook writers’ composing processes captured in think-aloud screencast videos.
Prevention program for the COVID-19 in a children's digestive endoscopy center

The pneumonia caused by the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. The gastrointestinal symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain and the detection of COVID-19 nucleic acid from fecal specimens in a small number of patients suggest the possibility of transmission via the gastrointestinal tract. People of all ages are vulnerable to this virus, including children. Digestive endoscopy is an invasive procedure during which children cannot wear masks; therefore, they have higher risks of exposure to COVID-19, and the digestive endoscopy center is a relatively high-risk area for COVID-19 infection. Based on these factors and in combination with related policies and regulations, a prevention and control program for the COVID-19 pneumonia in a children's digestive endoscopy center was established to prevent the COVID-19 nosocomial infection.
Intraflagellar transport-A deficiency ameliorates ADPKD renal cystogenesis in a renal tubular- and maturation-dependent manner

BackgroundPrimary cilia are sensory organelles that are built and maintained by intraflagellar transport (IFT) multi-protein complexes. Deletion of certain ciliary genes in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) mouse models markedly attenuates PKD severity, indicating that a component of cilia dysfunction may have critical therapeutic potential. MethodWe have ablated the Ift-A gene, Thm1, globally in juvenile and adult mouse models of ADPKD. ResultsRelative to juvenile Pkd2 conditional knock-out mice, deletion of Thm1 together with Pkd2 resulted in a complex phenotype, with reduced kidney weight/body weight (KW/BW) ratios, reduced cortical collecting duct-derived cysts, but increased proximal tubular and glomerular dilations, and similar blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Additionally, primary cilia of cortical collecting duct epithelia were lengthened in Pkd2 conditional knock-out kidneys, as well as in Pkd2;Thm1 double knock-out kidneys. In contrast, Thm1 deletion in adult ADPKD mouse models markedly reduced multiple disease parameters, including KW/BW ratios, collecting duct- and loop of Henle-derived cysts, proximal tubular dilations, and BUN levels. Further, primary cilia lengths of cortical collecting duct epithelia were increased in Pkd1 and Pkd2 conditional knock-out mice, but similar to control in Pkd1;Thm1 and Pkd2;Thm1 double knock-out mice. ConclusionsThese data reveal that during kidney development, Thm1 both promotes and inhibits different aspects of ADPKD renal cystogenesis in a tubule-dependent manner; however, during adult kidney homeostasis, Thm1 promotes virtually all features of ADPKD renal cyst growth. These findings suggest that differential factors between tubules and between developing versus mature renal microenvironments influence cilia dysfunction and ADPKD pathobiology.
Are current DRG-based bundled payment models for revision total joint arthroplasty risk-adjusting adequately?

Aims Currently, the US Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) has been testing bundled payments for revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA) through the Bundled Payment for Care Improvement...
Impacts of Changes in Marriage Law: Implications for Fertility and Educational Attainment of Women

In 1957 the state of Mississippi amended its marriage law. Changes included raising the minimum age for men and women, parental consent requirements, compulsory blood tests and proof of age. As a result, the number of marriages performed in Mississippi fell by more than 60 percent in 2 years. This paper examines the causal impact of the change in marriage law on marriage rates, fertility and educational attainment of women who were affected by the change in law. After the passage of the law, marriage rates declined sharply, and as a result, fertility declined and educational attainment increased. The results are much stronger for blacks than for whites. The black marriage rate among 19-23 year old women in the affected states declined by around 14% over that of the decline in the unaffected states. Black women in this age group also had 0.3 fewer children, and had a 9% higher probability of being enrolled in school. In addition, black women affected by the law change obtained nearly an extra year of schooling as compared to black women not affected by this law change. Among whites, the results are qualitatively similar, though weaker in magnitude and statistical significance. Hence, barriers to marriage can have significant implications for reducing fertility and increasing educational attainment of women.
A critical analysis of methods used to investigate the cellular uptake and subcellular localization of RNA therapeutics

RNA therapeutics are a promising strategy to treat genetic diseases caused by the overexpression or aberrant splicing of a specific protein. The field has seen major strides in the clinical efficacy of this class of molecules, largely due to chemical modifications and delivery strategies that improve nuclease resistance and enhance cell penetration. However, a major obstacle in the development of RNA therapeutics continues to be the imprecise, difficult, and often problematic nature of most methods used to measure cell penetration. Here, we review these methods and clearly distinguish between those that measure total cellular uptake of RNA therapeutics, which includes both productive and non-productive uptake, and those that measure cytosolic/nuclear penetration, which represents only productive uptake. We critically analyze the benefits and drawbacks of each method. Finally, we use key examples to illustrate how, despite rigorous experimentation and proper controls, our understanding of the mechanism of gymnotic uptake of RNA therapeutics remains limited by the methods commonly used to analyze RNA delivery.