cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Warm‐Carrier Resistivity in Impure n‐InSb in a Magnetic Field

The influence of a transverse magnetic field on the warm carrier behavior of the conductivity and resistivity is studied for different scattering mechanisms. An electron temperature model of the Shockley type is used throughout. For a calculation of the conductivity, the coefficient β of the quadratic deviation from Ohm's law vanishes in high magnetic fields like H−2. For a calculation of the resistivity it saturates to a constant value (not including quantization). Only for polar optical scattering at low temperatures the saturation value has opposite sign to that of β in a low magnetic field. The theory is applied to some resistivity measurements [2] in impure n-InSb at 77 ° K. It is concluded that these can be essentially explained by a combination of polar optical scattering and ionized impurity scattering. An explicit account of compensation between donor and acceptor impurities is essential to explain the difference between the results for different samples at magnetic fields above 2 kG, where it is easiest to obtain a good quantitative agreement with experiment. The low magnetic field data are harder to understand, because of the difficulty in describing polar scattering in sufficient detail. Es wird der Einflus eines transversalen Magnetfeldes auf das Verhalten warmer Stromtrager bezuglich Leitfahigkeit und Widerstand fur verschiedene Streumechanismen untersucht. Die Berechnungen werden im Shockley'schen Modell durchgefuhrt, das durch die Einfuhrung einer Elektronentemperatur charakterisiert ist. Im nicht-quantisierten Fall nimmt der Koeffizient β, der die quadratische Abweichung vom Ohm'schen Gesetz beschreibt, bei der Leitfahigkeit bei hohen Magnetfeldern wie H−2 ab, wahrend er beim Widerstand konstant wird. Nur bei Streuung an polaren optischen Gitterschwingungen bei tiefen Temperaturen hat dieser konstante Wert β das entgegengesetzte Vorzeichen, als das bei schwachen Magnetfeldern resultierende β. Diese Theorie wird benutzt, um Widerstandsmessungen zu deuten, die am dotierten InSb bei 77 °K durchgefuhrt wurden. Es wird gezeigt, das diese Ergebnisse durch ein Zusammenwirken von Streuungen an polaren optischen Gitterschwingungen und ionisierten Fremdatomen erklart werden konnen. Um die Unterschiede zwischen den fur verschiedene Proben erhaltenen Ergebnissen bei Magnetfeldern uber 2 kG (bei denen eine gute quantitative Ubereinstimmung mit den Experimenten am leichtesten zu erzielen ist) zu erklaren, mus die Kompensation von Donatoren und Akzeptoren explizit berucksichtigt werden. Es ist schwerer, eine Ubereinstimmung mit den Experimenten zu erhalten, die bei schwachen Magnetfeldern durchgefuhrt wurden. Das liegt an der Schwierigkeit, die Streuung an polaren optischen Gitterschwingungen hinreichend genau zu beschreiben.
Why History of Education

History of education has become more or less en trenched as part of the professional education of teachers and school administrators. At one level, that in clusion makes a certain amount of sense. We are told vaguely that education professionals need a historical background or a historical perspective on their work, and these grounds are sometimes sufficient to justify the ad mittance of such a course into a professional program of study. But if we push that justification a step further and ask of what real value is that background or that perspec tive, we are sometimes hard pressed to find a persuasive answer. We are also told that we ought to study history because, as we all know, history repeats itself and, there fore, a knowledge of the subject will somehow guide our professional behavior in the right direction and thereby keep us from repeating old mistakes. Upon examination, however, that rationale leaves something to be desired as well. If history is supposed to guide us, how exactly does it provide such guidance? When the renowned sociologist Emile Durkheim began to teach a required course for future secondary school teachers at the University of Paris in 1904-1905 titled History of Education in France, he felt obliged in his opening lecture to provide a rationale for why anyone should study history in the first place. Rejecting the idea that the function of any course in professional education is "a question of simply instructing our future teachers in how to apply a number of sound recipes," Durkheim de veloped his course around the nature of school culture and how it evolved over time. Deriving lessons from that approach, however, was no easy task. There is, he noted, the commonsensical assumption that because the past consists of a series of old mistakes anyway, a study of the past can keep us from repeating those mistakes. In reject ing that rationale, Durkheim argued:
Individual variation in resisting temptation: implications for addiction.

When exposed to the sights, sounds, smells and/or places that have been associated with rewards, such as food or drugs, some individuals have difficulty resisting the temptation to seek out and consume them. Others have less difficulty restraining themselves. Thus, Pavlovian reward cues may motivate maladaptive patterns of behavior to a greater extent in some individuals than in others. We are just beginning to understand the factors underlying individual differences in the extent to which reward cues acquire powerful motivational properties, and therefore, the ability to act as incentive stimuli. Here we review converging evidence from studies in both human and non-human animals suggesting that a subset of individuals are more “cue reactive”, in that certain reward cues are more likely to attract these individuals to them and motivate actions to get them. We suggest that those individuals for whom Pavlovian reward cues become especially powerful incentives may be more vulnerable to impulse control disorders, such as binge eating and addiction.
Is There Significant Hypoxic Depression of Fertility among Andean Natives? A Reply to Goldstein, Tsarong, and Beall

Criticisms made by Goldstein Tsarong and Beall in the American Anthropologist 85(1): 28-49 of an Andean fertility study (Hoff C. "Reproduction and Viability in a Highland Peruvian Indian Population" in P.T. Baker ed. High Altititude Adaptation in A Peruvian Community 1968 pp. 85-152) were rejected. Criticisms were: 1) the sample size of 31 women was inadequate and 2) the study findings did not support the conclusion that low fertility among the Andean residents was due to the hypoxic effect of high altitude. The sample of 31 menopausal women used to compute the completed fertility ratio approached the required size of 35 for statistical accuracy at the p<.05 level. In addition a regression equation of the completed fertility ratio by age for 105 women under 45 years of age was also calculated but ignored in the critique. An estimated completed fertility ratio of 6.3/woman was obtained when the average menopausal threshold age of 45 was entered into the equation. The ratio was similar to the completed fertility ratio of 6.7/woman obtained for the sample of 31 menopausal women and therefore supportive of the findings based on the smaller sample. The inference that the conclusions were based solely on the sample of 31 women and the claim that the age specific fertility rates were not published are simply false. The 2nd criticism is a mistatement of the studys conclusions. The report of the study clearly indicated that despite the hypoxic depression of fertility the natural fertility level and fecundity of the Andean women was high. Goldstein et al. failed to accurately report the findings and conclusion of the study. This failure demonstrates the need for the American Anthropologist to revise its review policy of articles critical of the work of others. Authors should have the right to review critiques of their work prior to publication.
Neutral glycosphingolipid expression in B-cell neoplasms.

The expression of neutral glycosphingolipids (GSL) in 37 B-cell neoplasms [7 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 5 Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), 7 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 5 diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphoma (DPDL), 6 diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL), 3 hairy-cell leukemia (HCL), and 4 multiple myeloma (MM)] was examined. Patterns of expression of simple (GlcCer, LacCer) and globo-series GSL (Gb3, Gb4,) were found for each tumor type. In addition, pre-B ALL expressed the neo-lacto series GSL, paragloboside, which was not significantly seen at later stages of maturation. As a group, leukemias expressed about 10 times higher ratios of simple GSL to Globo-series GSL as compared to lymphomas, regardless of stage of differentiation. Significant amounts of GSL of other series were not found except in one CLL which contained asialo-GM2. GSL phenotype in these cells was not grossly affected by cell genotype since pre-B ALL containing Philadelphia chromosome t(9q;22q) translocations were similar to other ALL; and DHL with t(8q;14q) translocations had GSL patterns similar to other DHL samples and dissimilar to GSL patterns found in Burkitt's lymphomas with t(8q;14q). Differences in GSL expression among the different types of B-cell neoplasm suggested that GSL patterns form a phenotypic map that may complement the traditional glycoprotein immunophenotypic map and contribute to our understanding of the biology of these diseases and B-cell differentiation.
Capacitated inventory problems with fixed order costs: Some optimal policy structure

Abstract Almost 40 years ago, H. Scarf (The optimality of (s,S) policies in dynamic inventory problems, in: K. Arrow, S. Karlin, P. Suppes (Eds.), Mathematical Models in the Social Sciences, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1960) established the optimal (s,S) policy structure for the periodic review inventory problem with fixed ordering costs and no capacity constraint. Since then, the capacitated problem has resisted characterization. In the present paper we partially bridge this gap; using a generalization of Scarf's K-convexity we show that the optimal capacitated policy has an (s,S)-like structure. To do so we divide the parameter space into four regions: In two of these regions the optimal policy is completely specified, while in the other two, it is partially specified. We complement these findings with a computational study. This study suggests that a still simpler optimal policy structure exists.
Comparison between “short” and “long” protocols in an ICSI programme

In the present retrospective study we compare the efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist in a long protocol and a GnRH agonist in a short protocol administration for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) in an ICSI program. A total of 424 consecutive patients with a history of male factor were included in the present study. Three hundred and three patients were included in the long protocol and 121 in the short protocol. Patients treated with the short protocol were stimulated in a shorter time and achieved lower estradiol levels. A significantly higher percentage of oocytes transferred were found in the long protocol. The clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer was 39.3% in the long protocol and 19.2% in the short protocol (p=0.001).
Phospho-Ser/Thr-binding domains: navigating the cell cycle and DNA damage response

Coordinated progression through the cell cycle is a complex challenge for eukaryotic cells. Following genotoxic stress, diverse molecular signals must be integrated to establish checkpoints specific for each cell cycle stage, allowing time for various types of DNA repair. Phospho-Ser/Thr-binding domains have emerged as crucial regulators of cell cycle progression and DNA damage signalling. Such domains include 14-3-3 proteins, WW domains, Polo-box domains (in PLK1), WD40 repeats (including those in the E3 ligase SCF(βTrCP)), BRCT domains (including those in BRCA1) and FHA domains (such as in CHK2 and MDC1). Progress has been made in our understanding of the motif (or motifs) that these phospho-Ser/Thr-binding domains connect with on their targets and how these interactions influence the cell cycle and DNA damage response.
Firmness Control of Sweetpotato French Fry‐Type Product by Tissue Acidification

The softening of a French fry-type product prepared from‘Jewel’ sweetpotatoes decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.01) when the tissue pH was incrementally lowered from ca. 6 to 3.8 prior to blanching. Tissue pH was decreased by vacuum infiltration of a series of organic and mineral acids of 0.01 to 0.4M. Firmness retention decreased when the ionic strength of the acidulant was increased by addition of NaCl. The structures of the pectic substances were affected by the tissue pH and starch hydrolysis decreased as tissue pH decreased from its normal value of ca. 6, reflecting partial inactivation of endogenous amylolytic enzymes.
Relations between the electrogastrogram and gastric ulceration during exposure to stress.

Relations between development of gastric ulceration and changes in motility of the stomach, as recorded by the electrogastrogram (EGG), were studied under conditions where Ss (rats) were exposed to physical (immobilization) and chemical (reserpine) stressors and to the two in combination. Following 36 hrs of the various treatments, all restraint + reserpine Ss were ulcerated; 60% of the restraint-only Ss had lesions; and, only three of ten no-restraint Ss showed gastric damage. The same rank order was obtained for the mean number of lesions per group. There were no significant differences among groups in total acidity of the stomach at autopsy immediately after their experimental treatments. The restraint-only groups showed a trend toward increased gastric motility during the treatment period, while the restraint + reserpine groups showed a progressive decrease in motility, the divergence leading to statistically significant differences as exposure to the different stressors continued. The results do not support the hypothesis that the experimentally-produced lesions are related to an increase in gastric acidity; they do support the hypothesis that the ulceration is related to changes in gastric motility, more severe lesions appearing in Ss whose motility decreased during the treatment period.
The epidemiology of cancer among police officers.

Background This review summarizes peer-reviewed studies examining cancer risks among police officers. It provides an overview of existing research limitations and uncertainties and the plausible etiologic risk factors associated with cancer in this understudied occupation. Methods Previous cancer studies among police officers were obtained via a systematic review of the MEDLINE, CABDirect, and Web of Science bibliographic databases. Results Quality observational studies of cancer among police officers are sparse and subject to limitations in exposure assessment and other methods. Results from three studies suggested possible increased mortality risks for all cancers, and cancers of the colon, kidney, digestive system, esophagus, male breast, and testis, as well as Hodgkin's disease. Few incidence studies have been performed, and results have been mixed, although some associations with police work have been observed for thyroid, skin, and male breast cancer. Conclusions Police are exposed to a mix of known or suspected agents or activities that increase cancer risk. Epidemiologic evidence to date is sparse and inconsistent. There is a critical need for more research to understand the biological and social processes underlying exposures and the suggested disproportionate risks and to identify effective prevention strategies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:439–453, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Future Plans of Iraqi Physicians in Jordan: Predictors of Migration

The continuing violence in Iraq has led to further damage to the health sector in a country already affected by sanctions, war and harsh rule. As a consequence some doctors have been killed and others have migrated, both within Iraq and from Iraq to neighbouring countries. In this article we report patterns of migration of Iraqi physicians, identify perceived future plans, and assess factors behind physicians' decisions. Respondent driven sampling in 2007 was used to interview 401 Iraqi medical doctors who migrated to Jordan after the 2003 invasion of Iraq The main outcome measure for this study was the future plans of physicians, which included permanently residing outside Iraq or returning to Iraq. Physicians who planned to return to Iraq differed from those who planned to reside permanently outside Iraq in the following factors: age categories (relative odds comparing age 50 plus to those under 30 = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.21–0.97), years spent outside of Iraq (RO = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.28–3.21), no difficulties in Jordan (RO = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.31–0.93), and household members residing in Iraq (RO = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05 – 1.31). Many doctors who fled Iraq after the 2003 invasion do not plan to return, which must be considered in future training strategies for the Iraqi health sector.
Estimation of transmission eigenvalues and the index of refraction from Cauchy data

Recently the transmission eigenvalue problem has come to play an important role and received a lot of attention in inverse scattering theory. This is due to the fact that transmission eigenvalues can be determined from the far field data of the scattered wave and used to obtain estimates for the material properties of the scattering object. In this paper, we show that transmission eigenvalues can also be obtained from the near field Cauchy data. In particular, we use the gap reciprocity method to estimate the lowest transmission eigenvalue. To determine the index of refraction, we apply an optimization scheme based on a finite element method for transmission eigenvalues. Numerical examples show that the method is stable and effective.
Behavioral compliance with warnings: effects of voice, context, and location

This research examined the effects of several warning sign variables on compliance behavior. Participants followed a set of printed instructions to perform a chemistry task that involved measuring and mixing disguised (nonhazardous) chemicals. Whether or not participants wore protective equipment as directed by the warning was measured. The environment around the sign was either visually cluttered or uncluttered. In some conditions, pictorials, a voice warning, and/or a flashing strobe light were added. The results showed that compliance was significantly greater when the warning was presented in an uncluttered environment compared to a cluttered environment. The presence of a voice warning produced a strong and reliable increase in compliance compared to conditions without a voice warning. No statistically reliable effects of pictorials or strobe were found though the results did show a trend of greater compliance when they were present. In addition, compliance was positively related to memory of the warning, perception of hazard, and reported carefulness. Experiments 2 and 3 directly compared the effect of a postedsign warning and a within-instructions warning. Results showed that a warning embedded in a set of task instructions produced significantly greater compliance than a similar, larger warning posted as a sign nearby. Experiment 3 confirmed this finding, but, like Experiment 1, no significant increase in compliance was shown when pictorials were added to either warning.
The effect of second signals on the induction of B cell tolerance: failure of helper T cells to block tolerance induction.

The effect of carrier-primed helper T (Th) cells and T cell-replacing factors on the induction of hapten-specific tolerance in B cells from adult mice has been tested. The 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl conjugate of human gamma-globulin (TNP17HGG) was used as tolerogen in an in vitro tolerance induction system. Tolerance was assessed by the subsequent induction of plaque-forming cell responses using TNP-Brucella abortus and trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC) plus SRBC-primed Th cells as T-independent (TI) and T-dependent (TD) forms of TNP, respectively. B cells that respond to the different forms of TNP appear to be distinct B cell subpopulations. TNP17HGG induced TNP-specific tolerance in B cells responsive to TI and TD forms of the antigen, although more tolerogen was required to induce unresponsiveness in the TD antigen-reactive B cells. The presence of antigen nonspecific T cell-replacing factors during tolerance induction had no effect on the induction of unresponsiveness in either TI or TD antigen-responsive B cells, although these factors were able to support primary anti-TNP responses in T-depleted B cell populations to subtolerogenic doses of TNP-HGG. Populations of irradiated lymphocytes enriched for HGG-specific Th cells also had no effect on tolerogenesis in TI or TD antigen-responsive B cells, although priming of TD antigen-responsive B cells occurred at subtolerogenic doses of tolerogen. The inability of these Th cells to modulate B cell unresponsiveness was not due to their inability to exert helper function at higher concentrations of HGG. Thus, in this system, tolerance susceptibility is an intrinsic property of B lymphocytes, i.e. immunogenicity vs. tolerogenicity of signals is not determined by a "second signal" provided by Th cells.
Counterions in Polymeric Amino Acid Based Surfactants: Effect on Physical Properties and Enantioselectivity

The influence of alkali metal counterions on micellar properties and chiral recognition of poly-N-undecenoyl-l-leucinate (poly-L-UL) surfactant was investigated by use of surface tensiometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG-NMR), and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The larger counterions (Rb+ and Cs+) showed a dramatic increase in the critical micelle concentration. In addition, fluorescence and PFG-NMR experiments showed a general increase in micellar polarity and diffusion coefficients, respectively, with increasing counterion size. Fluorescence and PFG-NMR data were interpreted in terms of different micellar aggregates that form in the presence of the different counterions: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+. Significant effects were observed in the presence of Rb+ and Cs+. A group of six chiral analytes were used to test the chiral selectivity (α), chiral resolutions (Rs), and retention factors (k‘) using the alkali metal counterions of poly-L-UL micelles in MEKC. In ...
Agricultural Change Among Great Plains Russian Germans

ABSTRACT Russian German farmers who concentrated on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century brought with them agricultural experience in a subhumid environment. Their diversified operations and use of small grains contrasted sharply with the humid-land agricultural system, emphasizing corn and livestock, dominant among settlers from the Midwest. The need to adopt strategies appropriate to the climate of the Great Plains conflicted with the pressures of acculturation. The immigrants quickly accepted some of the components of the Midwestern system in order to compete in the marketplace, but they also retained a number of elements from their Russian experience. In their continued use of certain adaptive practices, particularly a highly diversified cropping system, the Russian Germans remained unique among immigrant groups and distinctive among Great Plains farmers.
The effect of the lanthanide contraction on coordination with the polyazine bridging ligand 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp)

Abstract Attempts to make homodinuclear lanthanide complexes using the polyazine bridging ligand 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp) with Pr3 +, Nd3 +, Eu3 +, and Gd3 + are presented. The ionic radius of the Ln3 + ion plays a crucial role in complex formation, with the larger lanthanides forming mononuclear complexes, and the smaller lanthanides forming dinuclear complexes. The structural and temperature dependent luminescent properties of [Eu(tta)3]2dpp; where tta = 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione, are reported. The β-diketonate ligand (tta) is used as a capping ligand in this bonding motif. Both Eu3 + ions are eight‐coordinate with six O atoms from the β-diketones and two N atoms from the polyazine bridging ligand. Repulsion of the pyridyl hydrogens causes a distortion in the bridging ligand. Excitation of the β-diketonate ligand tta at ca. 340 nm in methanol solutions results in the characteristic Eu3 + emission in the visible region of the spectrum. The emission intensity, associated with the Eu3 + centers, decreases as the temperature of the solution is increased. Evaluation of the data in comparison to data obtained from a monometallic Eu3 + analog reveals very similar photoluminescent properties. This suggests little electronic communication between Eu3 + ions via the polyazine dpp bridging ligand.
Improving novel food choices in preschool children using acceptance and commitment therapy

Abstract The present study examined the effects of a novel treatment package consisting of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based activities with and without contingent rewards on children׳s consumption of low-preferred healthy foods. Participants were 6 children, age 3–5, who attended a local day care center. The effects of the two treatment packages on children׳s tasting and approach of foods were assessed using a multiple baseline design across food categories. During the ACT-based mindfulness condition, the experimenter led a set of four ACT activities prior to the presentation of food. This condition produced a mean increase in foods tasted of 7.4% for fruits but 0% for vegetables, and mean increases in foods approached of 18.6% for fruits and 8.7% for vegetables. A second condition consisting of the same ACT condition with an added emphasis on values and committed action. Through the use of rewards delivered contingent upon tasting the foods produced mean increases in foods tasted of 69.2% for vegetables, 25.3% fruits, and 43.2% for beans, and increases for foods approached of 54.7% for vegetables, 16.2% for fruits, and 44.6% for beans. The results suggest that the values and committed action components of ACT are critical for behavior change at young ages.
Usage derived recommendations for a video digital library

We describe a minimalist methodology to develop usage-based recommender systems for multimedia digital libraries. A prototype recommender system based on this strategy was implemented for the Open Video Project, a digital library of videos that are freely available for download. Sequential patterns of video retrievals are extracted from the project's web download logs and analyzed to generate a network of video relationships. A spreading activation algorithm locates video recommendations by searching for associative paths connecting query-related videos. We evaluate the performance of the resulting system relative to an item-based collaborative filtering technique operating on user profiles extracted from the same log data.
Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime contrast in deep tissue imaging: prospects in redox imaging and disease diagnosis

Turbid tissues pose serious problems of strong absorption and scattering that make steady state fluorescence imaging methods less successful in imaging tissue layers deeper than a few tens of micrometers. Complications arise as one progresses from imaging cells to tissues to whole animal--which include enormous autofluorescence background in tissues and poor signal from regions of interest. Since the steady state, intensity-based methods cannot discriminate the photons arising from the fluorophores and the autofluorescence background, it is almost impractical to isolate these two signals. We describe multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging methods in the time domain to demonstrate fluorescence lifetime contrast in discriminating autofluorescence background from the fluorescent signals. Since the photophysical schemes of the fluorophore and autofluorescence contributions are distinct, it is feasible to isolate these two contributions in every pixel based only on their decay constants without compromising the SNR. We present preliminary lifetime measurements to characterize autofluorescence in various cell lines and ex vivo tissues obtained from mouse models. Together, these results suggest a novel direction in obtaining quantitative information from endogenous tissue fluorescence without any exogenous staining. The prospects for this approach in metabolic redox imaging and disease diagnosis are discussed.
Adaptive control of wing/store flutter

Preliminary results on the feasibility of adaptive control of wing/store flutter are described. A new method for selecting sensor combinations for the flutter control problem is presented. An identifiability study shows that adaptation is feasible within the time available and with realistic environmental and test input data. Three adaptive concepts are proposed for possible implementation in this application.
Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Botanist: Edgar Anderson Prepares the 1941 Jesup Lectures with Ernst Mayr

The correspondence between Edgar Anderson and Ernst Mayr leading into their 1941 Jesup Lectures on “Systematics and the Origin of Species” addressed population thinking, the nature of species, the relationship of microevolution to macroevolution, and the evolutionary dynamics of plants and animals, all central issues in what came to be known as the Evolutionary Synthesis. On some points, they found ready agreement; for others they forged only a short term consensus. They brought two different working styles to this project reflecting their different appreciations of what was possible at this point in evolutionary studies. For Mayr, it was a focused project with definitive short term conclusions imminent while Anderson viewed it as an episode in an ongoing historical process that, while exciting and suggestive, remained openended. Thus, Mayr and Anderson represent two distinct perspectives on the Evolutionary Synthesis in formation; by understanding both of their points of view, we can grasp more fully the state of evolutionary theory at this key moment.
Standing wave design of a four-zone thermal SMB fractionator and concentrator (4-zone TSMB-FC) for linear systems

For a dilute feed, a four-zone SMB with temperature gradient (4-zone TSMB-FC) can fractionate and simultaneously concentrate two solutes. Optimization of the operating parameters for this system, which include four zone flow rates and port switching time, is a major challenge because of the five variables. Initial choice of the variables using the triangle theory followed by a systematic search using rate model simulations is time-consuming. In this study, the SWD developed previously for isothermal systems is modified for the first time for a 4-zone TSMB-FC. The optimum operating parameters are determined with the new method. Only linear isotherm systems with significant mass transfer resistances are considered. For a dilute feed, a 4-zone SMB-FC can produce pure desorbent, in addition to extract and raffinate products with high purities. For the separation of p-xylene and toluene with silica gel in the temperature range from 0 to 80 °C, the enrichment factor in the linear region can be as high as 80 fold for an extract purity of 99.99 % and tenfold for raffinate purity of 99.8 %, while withdrawing the desorbent at a desorbent to feed flow rate ratio of 0.53 and 0.78, respectively.
Replication Pauses of the Wild-Type and Mutant Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase Gamma: A Simulation Study

The activity of polymerase γ is complicated, involving both correct and incorrect DNA polymerization events, exonuclease activity, and the disassociation of the polymerase:DNA complex. Pausing of pol-γ might increase the chance of deletion and depletion of mitochondrial DNA. We have developed a stochastic simulation of pol-γ that models its activities on the level of individual nucleotides for the replication of mtDNA. This method gives us insights into the pausing of two pol-γ variants: the A467T substitution that causes PEO and Alpers syndrome, and the exonuclease deficient pol-γ (exo−) in premature aging mouse models. To measure the pausing, we analyzed simulation results for the longest time for the polymerase to move forward one nucleotide along the DNA strand. Our model of the exo− polymerase had extremely long pauses, with a 30 to 300-fold increase in the time required for the longest single forward step compared to the wild-type, while the naturally occurring A467T variant showed at most a doubling in the length of the pauses compared to the wild-type. We identified the cause of these differences in the polymerase pausing time to be the number of disassociations occurring in each forward step of the polymerase.
Anterior eye protection with orbital neoplasia

The administration of adequate doses of radiation to tumors involving the orbit and surrounding facial structures and sinuses is often complicated by the need to protect the sensitive ocular components, the lens and cornea. A technique has been devised that uses four photon beam fields and an optional electron field to treat the contents of both orbits and adjacent sinuses with effective, reproducible protection of cornea and lens. Essential features include: alignment of the corneal surfaces with the central plane of rotation of the treatment machine, use of a narrow eye block across the entire beam to shield a strip equal to the width of the cornea, positioned symmetrically across the central plane of rotation, fine alignment of the eye block with both corneal surfaces by altering pedestal angle, treatment with paired, wedged, anterior oblique fields to encompass desired orbital and sinus volumes with additional blocking placed as needed, and complementary, lateral strip fields using collimators set to eye block thickness to equalize dose in the posterior orbit shielded by the strip eye block. A similar anterior electron beam strip field may be added to boost the medial orbit and ethmoid regions covered by the eye block. Bite block head immobilization and easy, direct daily visualization of block position assures eye protection for each treatment and provides substantial reduction in dose to the cornea, lens and iris. Additional blocking may be incorporated to provide partial lacrimal and parotid sparing.
NOD-Like Receptors in Intestinal Homeostasis and Epithelial Tissue Repair

The intestinal epithelium constitutes a dynamic physical barrier segregating the luminal content from the underlying mucosal tissue. Following injury, the epithelial integrity is restored by rapid migration of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) across the denuded area in a process known as wound healing. Hence, through a sequence of events involving restitution, proliferation and differentiation of IECs the gap is resealed and homeostasis reestablished. Relapsing damage followed by healing of the inflamed mucosa is a hallmark of several intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). While several regulatory peptides, growth factors and cytokines stimulate restitution of the epithelial layer after injury, recent evidence in the field underscores the contribution of innate immunity in controlling this process. In particular, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) play critical roles in sensing the commensal microbiota, maintaining homeostasis, and regulating intestinal inflammation. Here, we review the process of intestinal epithelial tissue repair and we specifically focus on the impact of NLR-mediated signaling mechanisms involved in governing epithelial wound healing during disease.
Topiramate in the treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with cancer.

Abstract Introduction Neuropathic pain has been reported to affect 40%–50% of patients with cancer. Patients and Methods Consecutive patients selected from the outpatient/adult patient palliative care clinic of the Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Indiana University Palliative Clinic were reviewed. A verbal pain linear analogue assessment scale was used to assess neuropathic pain. Pain medication history was also reviewed in addition to percent pain relief. The following variables were extracted from the medical record: pain characteristics, location, cause, date of initiation of therapy, maximal tolerated dose, pain scores on the visit of optimal tolerated dose, other concurrent medications, number of months of pain before initiation of topiramate therapy, and total duration of topiramate therapy. Decrease in worst, best, and average pain was recorded, as were the development of any adverse effects. Results Of the 13 patients on second- and third-line therapy, 53.8% had ≥ 30% decrease in worst pain; 69.2% had ≥ 30% decrease in average pain, and 53.8% had ≥ 30% decrease in best pain. Eight of 13 patients (61.5%) experienced adverse effects. Five patients discontinued (38.5%) topiramate because of adverse events. Conclusion Because our retrospective study showed topiramate to be a beneficial second- and third-line therapy in patients with cancer who did not experience adequate pain control on previous regimens, further prospective studies are needed to establish this medication in the armamentarium of neuropathic cancer pain management.
Effects of dielectric inhomogeneity on the magnitude of van der Waals interactions

Abstract We develop a formalism for calculating van der Waals forces between bodies with inhomogeneous dielectric properties in the nonretarded limit. The result obtained by pairwise summation of forces is given and is shown to yield good agreement with more exact calculations when the variations in dielectric properties are not too great. Finally, we calculate the magnitude of the free energy of interaction for spatial variation of the form ( α + βz ) n where z is the spatial coordinate, α and β can depend on frequency, and n is a constant. By varying n we study the effects of different profile shapes on van der Waals interactions. These effects are found to be substantial in some of the cases studied.
PLAB, a novel placental bone morphogenetic protein.

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) constitute a sub-group of the large transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- β ) family. They play important roles in the embryonic development of multiple structures and in adult bone modeling. We have recently isolated a novel member of the BMP family from placenta, termed PLAB. PLAB is expressed highly in placenta, but can be found upon stringent analysis in low levels in most other tissues. At the amino acid level, PLAB is most closely related to BMP-8/OP-2, another member of the BMP family. Like TGF- β , PLAB inhibits the proliferation of primitive hematopoietic progenitors. The high expression of PLAB by placenta raises the possibility that it may be a mediator of placental control of embryonic development.
Specification of synaptic connections between sensory and motor neurons in the developing spinal cord.

Experimental studies of mechanisms underlying the specification of synaptic connections in the monosynaptic stretch reflex of frogs and chicks are described. Sensory neurons innervating the triceps brachii muscles of bullfrogs are born throughout the period of sensory neurogenesis and do not appear to be related clonally. Instead, the peripheral targets of these sensory neurons play a major role in determining their central connections with motoneurons. Developing thoracic sensory neurons made to project to novel targets in the forelimb project into the brachial spinal cord, which they normally never do. Moreover, these foreign sensory neurons make monosynaptic excitatory connections with the now functionally appropriate brachial motoneurons. Normal patterns of neuronal activity are not necessary for the formation of specific central connections. Neuromuscular blockade of developing chick embroys with curare during the period of synaptogenesis still results in the formation of correct sensory-motor connections. Competitive interactions among the afferent fibers also do not seem to be important in this process. When the number of sensory neurons projecting to the forelimb is drastically reduced during development, each afferent still makes central connections of the same strength and specificity as normal. These results are discussed with reference to the development of retinal ganglion cells and their projections to the brain. Although many aspects of the two systems are similar, patterned neural activity appears to play a much more important role in the development of the visual pathway than in the spinal reflex pathway described here.
Inhibition of striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase 61 in the dorsomedial striatum is sufficient to increased ethanol consumption

The STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase 61 (STEP61) inhibits the activity of the tyrosine kinase Fyn and dephosphorylates the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, whereas the protein kinase A phosphorylation of STEP61 inhibits the activity of the phosphatase (Pharmacol. Rev., 64, 2012, p. 65). Previously, we found that ethanol activates Fyn in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) leading to GluN2B phosphorylation, which, in turn, underlies the development of ethanol intake (J. Neurosci., 30, 2010, p. 10187). Here, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of STEP61 by ethanol is upstream of Fyn/GluN2B. We show that exposure of mice to ethanol increased STEP61 phosphorylation in the DMS, which was maintained after withdrawal and was not observed in other striatal regions. Specific knockdown of STEP61 in the DMS of mice enhanced ethanol-mediated Fyn activation and GluN2B phosphorylation, and increased ethanol intake without altering the level of water, saccharine, quinine consumption or spontaneous locomotor activity. Together, our data suggest that blockade of STEP61 activity in response to ethanol is sufficient for the activation of the Fyn/GluN2B pathway in the DMS. Being upstream of Fyn and GluN2B, inactive STEP61 in the DMS primes the induction of ethanol intake. We show that ethanol-mediated inhibition of STEP61 in the DMS leads to Fyn activation and GluN2B phosphorylation. (a) Under basal conditions, active STEP61 inhibits Fyn activity and dephosphorylates GluN2B. (b) Ethanol leads to the phosphorylation of STEP61 on a specific inhibitory site. The inhibition of STEP61 activity contributes to the activation of Fyn in response to ethanol, which, in turn, phosphorylates GluN2B. These molecular adaptations in the DMS promote ethanol drinking.
Ion sites in deuterated dimethylsulfoxide solutions of NaNO3 and cryptand complexed NaNO3 by digital infrared spectroscopy

Infrared spectra in digitized form were measured for NaNO3 and [Na·C221]+NO 3 − solutions in DMSO-d6 between 1150 and 1500 cm−1 using a technique and instrumentation that obtains each point of the average absorbance spectrum at the same (reduced) noise level. Similar spectra were also obtained for the solvent and the Na+ complexed cryptand C221 and used to remove the contribution of these entities from the above spectra. By taking appropriate differences of spectra, it was possible to reveal both bands of the contact ion pair in the NaNO3/DMSO-d6 solution-removing one from under the strong band of the D3h site—and to show the presence of three ion sites in this solution. The third site is tentatively identified as a close ion pair. Two ion sites are also identified in the [Na·C221]+NO 3 − /DMSO-d6 solution.
Mature results of a pilot study of pelvic radiotherapy with concurrent continuous infusion intra-arterial 5-FU for stage IIIB-IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the long-term results of continuous infusion intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil (CI IA 5-FU) given with concurrent pelvic radiotherapy (RT) for FIGO stage IIIB–IVA carcinoma of the cervix. Methods and Materials: Between 1965 and 1974, 27 patients with extensive FIGO Stage IIIB (22 patients) or Stage IVA (5 patients) squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were treated with CI IA 5-FU and RT. Twenty-one patients (78%) had bilateral pelvic wall involvement, 25 (93%) had massive tumors (≥8 cm in diameter), 7 (27%) had involvement of the lower one-third of the vagina, and 15 (56%) presented with hydronephrosis. All patients underwent routine clinical staging, transperitoneal para-aortic lymph node dissection, and bilateral hypogastric artery catheter placement. 5-FU was continuously infused at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg/day on Days 1–15 of RT. The median dose of 5-FU was 376 mg/m 2 /day (range 270–692). All patients received concurrent pelvic RT to a median dose of 50 Gy at 2.0 Gy per fraction. Only 4 patients received intracavitary RT. The median follow-up of surviving patients was 190 months. Results: The overall 5-year survival rate was 37%. For the 22 patients with FIGO Stage IIIB disease, the 5-year survival rate was 41%. The survival rate for 18 patients treated with only external beam radiation and chemotherapy for Stage IIIB disease was 33%. Four of 10 patients treated with only 50 Gy of external beam radiation and CI IA 5-FU were long-term survivors. Acute complications, including hematologic toxicity and skin reactions, were severe, with 1 death from neutropenic sepsis. Severe late complications were only observed in patients treated with ≥ 60 Gy of external beam radiation. Conclusions: While this series is small, the fact that 4 patients with massive Stage IIIB tumors survived after a total radiation dose of only 50 Gy suggests that RT with CI IA 5-FU deserves further study. Modifications in dose, technique, and route of administration should reduce toxicity, and the addition of intracavitary RT should improve the local effectiveness of combined treatment.
Plasmon-Enhanced Quantum Dot Fluorescence Induced by Brownian Motion

Metal-enhanced fluorescence has been extensively studied over the past three decades due to numerous opportunities for enhanced fluorescence sensing and imaging in microfluidics and medical diagnostics. Since the interaction between plasmonic nanoparticles and quantum dots (QDs) is the near-field phenomenon, most of past studies employed dielectric spacers to maintain the nanoscale interparticle distance. In the present study, however, we investigate the enhanced fluorescence from QDs that are mixed with plasmonic nanostructures, such as gold nanoshell (GNS), in the aquatic medium without confining inter-particle distances. Although the near-field interaction could not occur according to the distance estimation based on the particle concentrations, the experimental results indicate that the QD fluorescence can be greatly enhanced. A simple two-dimensional model based on Monte Carlo simulation reveals that there exist considerable probability that QDs reach the near-field region of GNSs due to the thermally induced Brownian motion. The results obtained from this study will facilitate the development of QD-mediated thermometry and ultimately enable image-guided deep-tissue thermal therapy.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
ESE-1 Is a Novel Transcriptional Mediator of Inflammation That Interacts with NF-κB to Regulate the Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase Gene

Inflammation is a hallmark of several vascular diseases. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factors are dimeric proteins involved in the activation of a large number of genes in response to inflammatory stimuli. We report the involvement of a novel member of the ETS transcription factor, ESE-1, in mediating vascular inflammation. ESE-1 is induced in response to inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide in vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. This induction occurs within hours of stimulation and is mediated by NF-κB transactivation of the ESE-1 promoter. We have identified the inducible form of nitric-oxide synthase (NOS2) as a putative target for ESE-1. ESE-1 can bind to the p50 subunit of NF-κB, and cotransfection of ESE-1 with the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-κB synergistically enhances transactivation of theNOS2 promoter by ESE-1. An ESE-1-binding site within theNOS2 promoter has been identified, the site-directed mutagenesis of which completely abolishes the ability of ESE-1 to transactivate the NOS2 promoter. Finally, in a mouse model of endotoxemia, associated with acute vascular inflammation, ESE-1 is strongly expressed in vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells. In summary, ESE-1 represents a novel mediator of vascular inflammation.