cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control consoles&#8212;The VHF integrators

Control circuitry integrate pieces of communication equipment into VHF communication systems. The control functions for simpler systems are adequately provided by standard remote control units, using options to provide for a variety of needs. More complex systems require special control circuitry and control consoles whose design is part of the overall system design. A duplex backbone system such as used on cross-state turnpikes is typical of such complex systems. Party line vs. multi-channel design of such systems is contrasted and use of various devices such as receiver voting discussed. Console design is illustrated by discussing features of the Massachusetts Turnpike Control Console. Range of control design is indicated by mention of two-way mobile telephone requirements and the potential field of remote control from portable control consoles, such as remote control of a switching locomotive.
Semi-supervised image classification for automatic construction of a health image library

Images represent an important aspect of the entire medical knowledge. Health illustrations and photos are essential for patient education and self-care. Currently there is few effort in automatically building comprehensive image bases for general health information consumers. We present an approach to automatically construct a consumer-oriented image library containing images of human organs, diseases, drugs and other medical entities. Such an image library can then be annotated with standard medical ontologies such as the FMA [26] and RxNorm [20], creating a rich information resource for illustration and educational purposes. As a first step in constructing such an image library, we present a semi-supervised bootstrapping classification method to retrieve relevant images from the web for given medical terms. Our method uses one positive image (for each term) as a seed and iteratively searches for images that are visually similar to the seed. We have conducted experiments in classifying web images for seven organs, four diseases and four drug tablets. We achieved average precisions of 62.4% and 66.8% for organ and drug images, which are comparable to those of a supervised classification method based on standard support vector machine (SVM) (precisions of 59.5% and 56.7%), while requiring minimum human intervention.
The Multiplicity Free Permutation Representations of the Ree Groups 2 G 2(q), the Suzuki Groups 2 B 2(q), and Their Automorphism Groups

Abstract Let G a simple group of type 2 B 2(q) or 2 G 2(q), where q is an odd power of 2 or 3, respectively. The main goal of this paper is to determine the multiplicity free permutation representations of G and A ≤ Aut(G) where A is a subgroup containing a copy of G. Let B be a Borel subgroup of G. If G = 2 B 2(q) we show that there is only one non-trivial multiplicity free permutation representation, namely the representation of G associated to the action on G/B. If G = 2 G 2(q) we show that there are exactly two such non-trivial representations, namely the representations of G associated to the action on G/B and the action on G/M, where M = UC with U the maximal unipotent subgroup of B and C the unique subgroup of index 2 in the maximal split torus of B. The multiplicity free permutation representations of A correspond to the actions on A/H where H is isomorphic to a subgroup containing B if G = 2 B 2(q), and containing M if G = 2 G 2(q). The problem of determining the multiplicity free representations...
Geographic variation in metabolic seasonal acclimatization in House Finches

Seasonal acclimatization in small passerine birds is primarily a metabolic process, yet the physiological mechanism is incompletely understood. This study draws on both original and previously published data to examine physiological characteristics associated with seasonal acclimatization in House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) from southern California (CA), Colorado (CO), and Michigan (MI). House Finches from MI and CO demonstrate metabolic seasonal acclimatization that is not found in CA birds. The MI and CO birds show seasonal fattening and greater standard metabolic rates than CA individuals. Results from body composition analyses and enzyme activity determinations suggest that seasonal changes in fat stores and catabolic capacity are associated with acclimatization in both CO and MI birds. However, the seasonal patterns of several other physiological parameters reveal differences between MI and CO populations. For instance, the magnitude of winter fattening is much greater in MI than CO birds, and MI House Finches show seasonal changes in peak metabolic rate and lean mass that are absent in CO individuals. These findings indicate that MI birds, in the introduced eastern distribution, and CO birds, in the original western distribution, may employ different physiological mechanisms for seasonal acclimatization. Alternatively, the differences between MI and CO birds may reflect direct or indirect responses to the markedly different altitudes of the locations. The results from this study reinforce the potential dangers of extrapolating findings from single populations to a larger scale in widely distributed species.
The influence of machine design on numerical algorithms

A great deal has been said and written recently about the poor arithmetic characteristics of computer designs, largely because anomalies long present in the floating point arithmetic of binary computers have suddenly been magnified in importance by the appearance of base 16 arithmetic. This paper is not intended as an attempt to influence present or future machine design--we will leave that project to those who think they can influence such designs. Rather, it is written in the spirit of H. R. J. Grosch when he advised programmers "to go back to work; quit trying to remodel the hardware ... accept reality...."
Response to Comments on the “Age and Evolution of the Grand Canyon Revealed by U-Pb Dating of Water Table–Type Speleothems”

Pederson et al . and Pearthree et al . offer critical comments on our study of the age and evolution of the Grand Canyon. Both sets of authors question our use of incision rates from two sample sites located outside the canyon and present alternative interpretations of our data. As we explain, even without the sites in question, our data support a “precursor” western Grand Canyon older than 6 million years.
Spin convertance at magnetic interfaces

Exchange interaction between conduction electrons and magnetic moments at magnetic interfaces leads to mutual conversion between spin current and magnon current. We introduce a concept of spin convertance which quantitatively measures magnon current induced by spin accumulation and spin current created by magnon accumulation at a magnetic interface. We predict several phenomena on charge and spin drag across a magnetic insulator spacer for a few layered structures.
Nucleotide binding states of hsp70 and hsp90 during sequential steps in the process of glucocorticoid receptor.hsp90 heterocomplex assembly.

A minimal system of five purified proteins, hsp90, hsp70, Hop, hsp40, and p23, assembles glucocorticoid receptor (GR).hsp90 heterocomplexes and causes the simultaneous opening of the steroid binding cleft to access by steroid. The first step in assembly is the ATP-dependent and hsp40 (YDJ-1)-dependent binding of hsp70 to the GR, which primes the receptor for subsequent ATP-dependent activation by hsp90, Hop, and p23 (Morishima, Y., Murphy, P. J. M., Li, D. P., Sanchez, E. R., and Pratt, W. B. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 18054-18060). Here we have examined the nucleotide-bound states of the two essential chaperones in each step. We show that it is the ATP-bound state of hsp70 that interacts initially with the GR. After rapid priming and washing, the primed GR.hsp70 complex rapidly binds hsp90 in the second step reaction in a nucleotide-independent manner. The rate-limiting step is the ATP-dependent opening of the steroid binding cleft after hsp90 binding. This activating step requires the N-terminal ATP-binding site of hsp90, but we cannot establish any role for a C-terminal ATP-binding site in steroid binding cleft opening. The reported specific inhibitors of the C-terminal ATP site on hsp90 inhibit the generation of steroid binding, but they have other effects in this multiprotein system that could explain the inhibition.
Influence of type II endoleak volume on aneurysm wall pressure and distribution in an experimental model.

Objective(s) We have previously shown that type II endoleak size is a predictor of aneurysm growth after aortic endografting. To better understand this observation, we investigated the influence of endoleak size on pressure transmitted to the aneurysm wall and its distribution within the aneurysm sac. Methods In an ex vivo model, an artificial aneurysm sac was incorporated within a mock circulation comprised of rubber tubing and a pulsatile pump. Three strain-gauge pressure transducers were placed in the aneurysm wall at different locations, including the site of maximum aneurysm diameter. The aneurysm was filled with either human aneurysm thrombus or dough that mimicked thrombus and simulated type II endoleaks of varying volumes (1 to 10 mL) were created. Aneurysm wall pressure (AWP) measurements were recorded at mean arterial pressures (MAPs) of 60, 80, and 100 mm Hg. Correlation coefficients ( r ) and analysis of variance were used to assess the relationship between endoleak volume and AWP. Results Increasing endoleak volume '3 cm 3 resulted in proportionally increased AWP at all levels of MAP and at all sites, with highest pressures recorded at the site of the maximum aneurysm diameter ( r = 0.83 when MAP=100 mm Hg; r = 0.85 when MAP=80 mm Hg; r = 0.88 when MAP=60 mm Hg; P 3 cm 3 . Pressure distribution within the sac was not uniform. Although the difference was within ±10%, statistically significant higher AWPs were observed at the site of maximum aneurysm diameter ( P Conclusions Increasing type II endoleak volume results in proportionally higher AWP, which is greatest at the site of maximum aneurysm diameter. This study confirms the clinical observation that type II endoleak volume and MAP may be important predictors of aneurysm expansion.
The application of glucose oxidase-labeled antibodies for the detection of proteins on nitrocellulose

We have evaluated the sensitivity of immunostaining with glucose oxidase for the detection of monomeric human serum albumin (HSA) and monomeric human immunoglobulin G (IgG). A modification of a histochemical procedure was utilized by replacing phenazine methosulfate (PMS) with 1-methoxyphenazine methosulfate (mPMS) and by replacing Tris-HCl with Tris-citrate to improve the solubility of the tetrazolium compounds tested. mPMS is less sensitive to light, and may be stored for long periods in solution; it is now used routinely by histochemists in place of PMS in dehydrogenase cytochemistry. pH values of 6.3-8.3 were tested, with the reaction at pH 8.3 providing a slight increase in sensitivity. The reaction rate increased markedly as the pH became more alkaline. The minimum quantity of HSA detected was 3 ng applied directly to nitrocellulose and 10 ng when blotted. Human IgG was routinely detected at 250 pg and occasionally at 100 pg when dotted on the nitrocellulose.
Higgs self-coupling as a probe of the electroweak phase transition

We argue that, within a broad class of extensions of the standard model, there is a tight correlation between the dynamics of the electroweak phase transition and the cubic self-coupling of the Higgs boson: Models which exhibit a strong first-order electroweak phase transition predict a large deviation of the Higgs self-coupling from the standard model prediction, as long as no accidental cancellations occur. Order-one deviations are typical. This shift would be observable at the Large Hadron Collider if the proposed luminosity or energy upgrades are realized, as well as at a future electron-positron collider such as the proposed International Linear Collider. These measurements would provide a laboratory test of the dynamics of the electroweak phase transition.
Two‐step selective formation of three disulfide bridges in the synthesis of the C‐terminal epidermal growth factor‐like domain in human blood coagulation factor IX

The 45-residue C-terminal EGF-like domain in human blood coagulation factor IX has been synthesized by a 2-step method to form selectively 3 disulfide bridges. Four out of 6 cysteines are blocked with either trityl or 4-methyl-benzyl, and the remaining 2 cysteines are blocked with acetamidomethyl (Acm). In the first step, 4 free cysteinyl thiols are released concurrently with the removal of all protecting groups except Acm and are oxidized to form 1 of the 3 possible isomers containing 2 pairs of disulfides. In the second step, iodine is used to remove the Acm groups to yield the third disulfide bridge. This approach reduces the number of possible disulfide bridging patterns from 15 to 3. To determine the optimal protecting group strategy, 3 peptides are synthesized, each with Acm blocking 1 of the 3 pairs of cysteines involved in disulfide bridges: Cys5 to Cys16 (Cys 1-3), Cys12 to Cys26 (Cys 2-4), or Cys28 to Cys41 (Cys 5-6). Only the peptide having the Cys 2-4 pair blocked with Acm forms the desired disulfide isomer (Cys 1-3/5-6) in high yield after the first step folding, as identified by proteolytic digestion in conjunction with mass spectrometric peptide mapping. Thus, the choice of which pair of cysteines to block with Acm is critically important. In the case of EGF-like peptides, it is better to place the Acm blocking groups on one of the pairs of cysteines involved in the crossing of disulfide bonds.
Beneficial Effects of Testosterone Replacement for the Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson Disease

Objective: To investigate whether a single daily dose of testosterone replacement gel has beneficial effects on testosterone deficiency symptoms, cognitive function, nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), and motor symptoms of PD. Background: Recently it has been observed that testosterone replacement therapy improves refractory nonmotor symptoms in testosterone-deficient men with PD. Many of the symptoms of testosterone deficiency are nonspecific and overlap with the nonmotor symptoms of PD, such as decreased enjoyment of life, lack of energy, sexual dysfunction, and depression. Replacement therapy for men with PD and comorbid testosterone deficiency may be an important addition to antiparkinsonian management strategies. Methods: A prospective open-labeled pilot study of testosterone topical gel (5 g of AndroGel; Unimed Pharmaceutical Inc, Deerfield, Ill) administered daily to testosterone-deficient (free testosterone80 pg/mL) men with PD. All 10 patients were followed up for 1 month and 6 patients were followed up for a total of 3 months. Patients were administered a battery of testosterone deficiency questionnaires, cognitive studies, and scales of PD nonmotor and motor function at baseline, 1, and 3 months. Results: With the daily transdermal testosterone gel, patients had an average increase in levels of free testosterone from baseline (53 pg/mL) to a 1-month follow-up visit (131 pg/mL; P=.06) and to a 3-month follow-up visit (98 pg/mL; P=.04). Testosterone deficiency symptoms improved in these patients (St Louis Testosterone Deficiency Questionnaire) from baseline (7.9 deficiency symptoms) to 1 month (5.6 deficiency symptoms, P=.04) and 3 months (5.8 deficiency symptoms, P=.08). The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale IV showed improvement at 1 month (P=.008). Additionally, there were trends toward improvement in the following scales: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale I at the 3-month follow-up (P = .09), Letter Fluency at the 3-month follow-up (P=.08), and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale at the 1-month follow-up (P=.09). Conclusions: A daily dose of transdermal testosterone gel improved testosterone deficiency symptoms in men with PD. Although there were trends in improvement in other nonmotor and motor symptoms of PD, future placebo control studies will need to be powered to answer these important questions. Whether testosterone deficiency is simply a comorbidity in PD or whether it plays a role in the pathogenesis of disease also remains for future study. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1750-1753
Perinatal transmission of SHIV-SF162P3 in Macaca nemestrina.

We developed a SHIV/macaque model of transmission from infected dams to their infants. Ten pregnant dams were infected intravenously with 100 MID50 of macaque-titered SHIV-SF162P3 during the second trimester. Nine infants were born; the seven surviving beyond day of birth suckled for 6 months. Four of nine infants were infected (transmission rate = 44.4%), with one infection in utero, and three intrapartum and/or immediately post-birth via suckling. Varying levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies were transplacentally transferred to infants. Passive antibodies were detected in plasma on the day of birth and persisted for 5 weeks. Infants infected at or after birth controlled acute and post-acute viremia. Exposure to maternal SHIV-SF162P3 during birth and suckling in the presence of autologous maternal neutralizing antibodies may have affected transmission or pathogenesis in the infants. This transmission model can allow investigation of key parameters involved in perinatal transmission of HIV.
Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis by phosphorylated glycerol and glycolytic intermediates in diabetic and control Chinese hamsters

Abstract Metabolic regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis by two phosphorylated derivatives of glycerol, G3P, and DHAP, and by F2,6BP, was assessed in vitro in liver homogenates obtained from Chinese hamsters ( C. griseus ) of two types: diabetic animals from sublines with consistent glycosuria and hyperglycemia, and normoglycemic controls. Only FBPase was sensitive to inhibition by the phosphorylated metabolites. G3P was weakly inhibitory of FBPase. Addition of 7 × 10 −3 m DHAP halved FBPase activity in the diabetic hamsters and 4 × 10 −3 m DHAP produced the same effect in the controls. The other gluconeogenic enzymes and phosphorylase a were only negligibly inhibited. In contrast, F2,6BP inhibited FBPase at concentrations in the micromolar range. Liver homogenates from diabetic hamsters appeared significantly more sensitive to F2,6BP inhibition of FBPase than those from controls at concentrations 0.6 × 10 −6 m and higher. These data indicate that in well-fed hamsters phosphorylated glycerol derivatives are unlikely to regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis at physiologic concentrations. However, the effects of F2,6BP on gluconeogenesis and glycolysis may be linked to those mediated by insulin. Thus, the deficiency of insulin, elevated end-organ insulin resistance, the alteration in the glucagon-insulin interaction, or a combination of these possible causes can be involved in an abnormal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis at the FBPase step, associated with changes in F2,6BP concentration.
Routine nasogastric suction may be unnecessary after a pancreatic resection

Background Most surgeons routinely place a nasogastric tube at the time of a pancreatic resection. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the outcome when a pancreatic resection is performed without routine post-operative nasogastric suction.
Detection of fungal DNA in effusion associated with acute and serous otitis media.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Routine bacterial and viral cultures of middle ear fluid are often negative, suggesting that other infectious agents may be involved. Because of the similarities between the paranasal sinuses and middle ear space and the recent recognition of fungi as important pathogens in inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, we investigated the potential role of fungi in acute otitis media and serous otitis media using culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques. Study Design: Prospective study. Methods: Middle ear effusions of 29 patients who underwent myringotomy and pressure equalization tube placement for persistent serous otitis media or recurrent acute otitis media were collected. Fungal culture of the effusion samples was performed on potato flake agar. DNA from the effusion was isolated using standard techniques. Polymerase chain reaction, using radiolabeled universal fungus primer for internal transcribed spacer of 5.8s ribosomal DNA, was performed to detect the presence of any fungal DNA in the samples. Results: Culture of middle ear effusions showed no evidence of fungal growth. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was able to detect the constituent ribosomal DNA of a single fungal genome. Fungal DNA was present in 34% of middle ear effusion samples. Conclusions: Fungal DNA is present in recurrent acute otitis media and serous otitis media suggesting that it may play an etiological role in serous otitis media and acute otitis media. However, additional studies are necessary to delineate the role of fund in the pathogenesis of otitis media.
Solid fuel combustion in a forced, turbulent, flat plate flow: The effect of buoyancy

An experimental study is conducted of the effect of flow velocity, grid-generated turbulence and buoyancy on the combustion of a solid fuel in a flat plate boundary layer flow. The effect of buoyancy is determined by comparing the surface regression rates, flame characteristics, and exhaust products composition for the solid burning in a floor and ceiling orientation. Measurements are presented for the ceiling surface regression rate of PMMA sheets burning in air, and compared with previously obtained floor data. It is shown that the ceiling and floor data can be correlated in terms of a non-dimensional mass burning rate "x/(αρB) that is approximately linearly proportional to the non-dimensional flow parameter, aRex0.5 [1+ b(u′/U)0.5]. It is found that although the overall trends are similar for the ceiling and floor, there are differences caused by buoyancy effects on the flame structure. This is corroborated with measurements of the exhaust species concentrations that show higher CO and HC concentrations in the ceiling than in the floor burning. It is concluded that buoyancy has two major, and counteracting, effects. One is to affect the heat transfer by shifting the flame away from the surface in the floor burning and closer to the surface in the ceiling. The other is also due to the flame shifting and the instabilities associated with it that favors, in the floor case, the mixing of the reactants, and consequently the overall heat release rate. In the ceiling, the proximity of the flame to the cold surface causes quenching of the reaction, and the stability of the flame hampers reactants mixing, both of which reduce the heat generation rate. The overall result of these two counteracting mechanisms is that the surface regression rates are not that different in both geometries, although the composition of the combustion products are quite different.
ULTRASONIC BEAM MODELS FOR THE GENERATION OF SURFACE WAVES AND PLATE WAVES WITH ANGLE BEAM TRANSDUCERS

A new transducer beam model is developed for the generation of Rayleigh surface wave and Lamb plate waves by an angle beam transducer, which is one of the configurations commonly used for the generation of these wave types. The beam model is a fully 3‐D model that takes into account the fields generated by the transducer acting on the surface of a wedge. The model also accounts for the leaky wave nature of the surface or plate waves under the wedge surface through an explicitly defined leaky wave attenuation coefficient.
Insolubilized Whey Protein Concentrate and/or Chicken Salt‐Soluble Protein Gel Properties

Properties of gels prepared from five whey protein concentrates (WPC) with protein solubilities ranging from 27.5% to 98.1% in 0.1M NaCl, pH 7.0, chicken breast salt-soluble protein (SSP), or a combination of SSP and WPC at pH 6.0, 7.0 or 8.0 were compared. WPC did not form gels when heated to 65°C. SSP gels heated to 65°C were harder than those heated to 90°C at all pHs and hardness decreased as pH was increased. Hardness of combination gels heated to 65°C increased as WPC solubility decreased at all pHs; however, the opposite trend was observed at 90°C. Combination gels of the same WPC solubility at 65°C were more deformable than those heated to 90°C.
Nuclear Factor-Y is an adipogenic factor that regulates leptin gene expression.

Abstract Objective Leptin gene expression is highly correlated with cellular lipid content in adipocytes but the transcriptional mechanisms controlling leptin expression in vivo are poorly understood. In this report, we set out to identify cis - and trans -regulatory elements controlling leptin expression. Methods Leptin-BAC luciferase transgenic mice combining with other computational and molecular techniques were used to identify transcription regulatory elements including a CCAAT-binding protein Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y). The function of NF-Y in adipocyte was studied in vitro with 3T3-L1 cells and in vivo with adipocyte-specific knockout of NF-Y. Results Using Leptin-BAC luciferase mice, we showed that DNA sequences between −22 kb and +8.8 kb can confer quantitative expression of a leptin reporter. Computational analysis of sequences and gel shift assays identified a 32bp sequence (chr6: 28993820–2899385) consisting a CCAAT binding site for Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y) and this was confirmed by a ChIP assay in vivo . A deletion of this 32bp sequence in the −22 kb to +8.8 kb leptin-luciferase BAC reporter completely abrogates luciferase reporter activity in vivo . RNAi mediated knockdown of NF-Y interfered with adipogenesis in vitro and adipocyte-specific knockout of NF-Y in mice reduced expression of leptin and other fat specific genes in vivo . Further analyses of the fat specific NF-Y knockout revealed that these animals develop a moderately severe lipodystrophy that is remediable with leptin therapy. Conclusions These studies advance our understanding of leptin gene expression and show that NF-Y controls the expression of leptin and other adipocyte genes and identifies a new form of lipodystrophy.
Morphological aspects of human lymphoid cells grown in vitro.

An established immunoglobulin-producing human cell line exhibits a variety of morphological entities described as reticular, lymphoid, and plasmacytoid cells. Transitional forms are frequent, and time lapse photomicrography experiments demonstrate morphological interconversion. The round forms and their morphological precursors synthesize immunoglubulin and constitute about 44% of the cell population. This cell line displays a variety of morphological and functional properties assigned to in vivo lymphoid cell series. It is proposed as an in vitro model for the study of lymphoid cells.
RCC1 AND NUCLEAR ORGANIZATION

We have examined the effect of RCC1 function on the nuclear organization of pre-mRNA splicing factors and poly(A)+ RNA in the tsBN2 cells, a RCC1 temperature-sensitive mutant cell line. We have found that at 4-6 h after shifting cells from the permissive temperature (32.5 degrees C) to the restrictive temperature (39.5 degrees C), both small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and a general splicing factor SC35 reorganized into 4-10 large round clusters in the nucleus, as compared with the typical speckled distribution seen in cells at the permissive temperature. In situ hybridization to poly(A)+ RNA resulted in a similar pattern. Examination by double labeling demonstrated that the redistribution of splicing factors coincides with that of poly(A)+ RNA. Such changes in the nuclear organization of splicing factors and poly(A)+ RNA were not the result of the temperature shift or of chromatin condensation. Cellular transcription was not significantly altered in these cells and extracts made from both the permissive and restrictive temperature were splicing competent. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated that the large clusters containing both splicing factors and poly(A)+ RNA were fused interchromatin granule clusters. In addition, small electron-dense dot-like structures measuring approximately 80 nm in diameter were also observed, most of which are accumulated in enlarged interchromatin granule clusters in the nucleoplasm of RCC1- cells. In spite of the significant changes observed in the nucleoplasm, relatively little alteration was observed in nucleolar structure by both light and electron microscopic examination. The above observations suggest that the RCC1 protein directly or indirectly regulates the organization of splicing components and poly(A)+ RNA in the cell nucleus and that RCC1 may play a role in nuclear organization.
Reverse Monte Carlo simulations of light pulse propagation in nonhomogeneous media

This paper presents a follow-up study of our previous work on the reverse Monte Carlo solution of transient radiation transport in the homogeneous media. In this study, the method is extended to consider nonhomogeneous media, which exist in many practical problems. The transport process of ultra-short light pulse propagation inside the non-emitting, absorbing, and anisotropically scattering multi-layer media is studied. Although only one-dimensional geometry is treated here, the method is applicable and easy to extend to multi-dimensional geometries. In multi-layer media, the time-resolved reflectance exhibits a direct correlation between the signal magnitude and the travel time to the layer interface if the ballistic photons encounter a strongly scattering layer. Furthermore, it is found that even with a symmetric radiative property distribution in a three-layer medium, the reflectance and transmittance signals do not converge at long time when the mid-layer is optically thick. The long time slope of the temporal signal does not provide the specificity required for an inverse analysis parameter as stipulated by earlier studies.
Multi-sensor integration using neural networks for predicting quality characteristics of end-milled parts: part I--individual effects of training parameters

This paper presents a systematic evaluation of the individual effects of training parameters: learning rate, momentum rate, number of hidden layer nodes, and processing element's transfer function, on the performance of back propagation networks in predicting quality characteristics of end milled parts. Multi-sensor signatures (acoustic emission, spindle vibration, and cutting force components) acquired during circular end-milling of 4140 steel and the corresponding measured quality characteristics (surface roughness and bore tolerance) were used to train the networks. The network is part of a proposed Intelligent Machining Monitoring and Diagnostic System for Quality Assurance of Machined Parts. The network performances were evaluated using four different criteria: maximum error, RMS error, mean error and number of training cycles. One of the results obtained shows that hyperbolic tangent transfer function gave a better performance than the sigmoid and sine functions respectively. Optimum combinations of training parameters have been observed. The effects of various combinations of training parameters are presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Scalable and Adaptable Solution Framework within Components of the Community Climate System Model

A framework for a fully implicit solution method is implemented into (1) the High Order Methods Modeling Environment (HOMME), which is a spectral element dynamical core option in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), and (2) the Parallel Ocean Program (POP) model of the global ocean. Both of these models are components of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). HOMME is a development version of CAM and provides a scalable alternative when run with an explicit time integrator. However, it suffers the typical time step size limit to maintain stability. POP uses a time-split semi-implicit time integrator that allows larger time steps but less accuracy when used with scale interacting physics. A fully implicit solution framework allows larger time step sizes and additional climate analysis capability such as model steady state and spin-up efficiency gains without a loss in scalability. This framework is implemented into HOMME and POP using a new Fortran interface to the Trilinos solver library, ForTrilinos, which leverages several new capabilities in the current Fortran standard to maximize robustness and speed. The ForTrilinos solution template was also designed for interchangeability; other solution methods and capability improvements can be more easily implemented into the models as they are developed without severely interacting with the code structure. The utility of this approach is illustrated with a test case for each of the climate component models.
Dichloro[1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl‐2H‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene](tricyclohexylphosphine) (phenylalkylidene)ruthenium

[223415-64-3] C46H64Cl2N2PRu (MW 847.96) InChI = 1S/C21H25N2.C18H33P.C7H6.2ClH.Ru/c1-14-9-16(3)20(17(4)10-14)22-7-8-23(13-22)21-18(5)11-15(2)12-19(21)6;1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7;;;/h7-13H,1-6H3;16-18H,1-15H2;1-6H;2*1H;/q;;;;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = HOZCKNNRTFBZSB-UHFFFAOYSA-L (catalyst for olefin metathesis) Alternate Name: second generation Grubbs' catalyst; Nolan's ruthenium catalyst. Physical Data: soluble in tetrahydrofuran, acetone, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, and hydrocarbon solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR spectroscopy: 1H NMR (500 MHz, C6D6): δ 19.91 (s, 1H, RuCH), 7.14 (m, 2H, o-H of C6H5), 6.97 (br m, 1H, p-H of C6H5), 6.89 (s, 4H, m-H of mesityl), 6.19 (s, 2H, NCHCHN), 6.15 (m, 2H, m-H of C6H5), 2.17 (s, 12H, o-CH3 of mesityl), 1.81 (s, 6H, p-CH3 of mesityl), 2.63, 2.51–2.48, 1.65, 1.53, 1.12 (all m, 33H, PCy3). 31P NMR (202.4 MHz, C6D6): δ 34.89 (s); elemental microanalysis. Preparative Methods: synthesis of RuCl2(CHPh)(IMes)(PCy3).2 Under inert atmosphere,3 using dry solvents, a 200 mL Schlenk flask is charged with RuCl2(CHPh)(PCy3)2, Grubbs' catalyst4 (5.0 g, 6.05 mmol), IMes·HCl5 (commercially available from Strem and Aldrich) (3.1 g, 9.1 mmol), KOtBu (1.55 g, 13.65 mmol), and dry hexanes (50 mL). The reaction mixture is then heated to 50 °C for 5 h and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The suspension is collected on a frit, washed with dry hexanes, and dried in vacuo to yield 78% (4.0 g) of 1 (pink-brown powdery solid). Another improved synthetic procedure is as follows:6 In a glove box a 200 mL Schlenk flask was charged with IMes·HCl5 (3.1 g, 9.10 mmol), potassium tert-amylate (1.26 g, 10.0 mmol), and dry hexanes (40 mL). The slightly turbid yellow reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. RuCl2(= CHPh)(PCy3)24 (5.0 g, 6.1 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture as a solid over 30 min to give a purple reaction mixture. The flask was removed from the glove box and stirred under 1 atm argon3 for 12 h. During the course of the reaction, the color of the mixture changed to pinkish-brown (the color of the precipitating product). The product was collected on a Schlenk frit and washed with hexanes (3 × 10 mL) then methanol (3 × 10 mL) and dried in vacuo to afford 4.8 g (92%) of 1. Purification: extract into benzene; remove solvent in vacuo. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air stable complex, water tolerant. Glove box stable for 5 + months. Bench stable for up to 6 + weeks. Stable in toluene solution for > 21 d at 60 °C under inert conditions. Incompatible with acids Disposal: metal waste.
Medial-Guided Fuzzy Segmentation

Segmentation is generally regarded as partitioning space at the boundary of an object so as to represent the object’s shape, pose, size, and topology. Some images, however, contain so much noise that distinct boundaries are not forthcoming even after the object has been identified. We have used statistical methods based on medial features in Real Time 3D echocardiography to locate the left ventricular axis, even though the precise boundaries of the ventricle are simply not visible in the data. We then produce a fuzzy labeling of ventricular voxels to represent the shape of the ventricle without any explicit boundary. The fuzzy segmentation permits calculation of total ventricular volume as well as determination of local boundary equivalencies, both of which are validated against manual tracings on 155 left ventricles. The method uses a medial-based compartmentalization of the object that is generalizable to any shape.
Identification of the Volatile Constituents from Scuppernong Berries (Vitis rotundifolia)

Steam volatile oils were obtained from three cultivars of scuppernong berries at three levels of maturity and analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). Thirtyeight compounds consisting of aldehydes, substituted furans, ketones, alcohols, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, terpenes, and esters were identified. Major components from ripe berries were 2-pentanone, hexanal, toluene, furfural, 2-hexenal, xylene, benzylaldehyde, geraniol, β-phenylethanol formate, γ-terpinene, benzylalcohol, phenylethanol, linalool, isomer of nonadienal, β-ionone, and an unidentified pair of terpenes, m/e 152 and 154. Green berries had higher levels of 2-hexenal, hexanal, and toluene than ripe and midripe berries, and included other low retention-time compounds. Sugar levels of fruit increased with berry maturity, whereas acidity decreased.
Integrating Nutrition in the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment

Malnutrition continues to be a serious problem in older adults. Experts have suggested a mandatory integration of nutrition into the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). The purpose of this article is to briefly review the components of the CGA and discuss the nutrition implications of each individual domain of the CGA. Any problem identified during the assessment (including positive findings on nutrition screening and assessment tools) should be addressed and interventions implemented in a timely fashion. Recommendations for interdisciplinary health professionals across the care continuum are provided.
Crosslinking studies in gelatin capsules treated with formaldehyde and in capsules exposed to elevated temperature and humidity

Incomplete in vitro capsule shell dissolution and subsequent drug release problems have recently received attention. A modified USP dissolution method was used to follow capsule shell dissolution, and a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay was used to follow loss of epsilon-amino groups to study this shell dissolution problem postulated to be due to gelatin crosslinking. The dissolution problems were simulated using hard gelatin capsule (HGC) shells previously treated with formaldehyde to crosslink the gelatin. These methods were also used to study the effect of uncrosslinked HGC stored under stressed conditions (37 degrees C and 81% RH) with or without the presence of soft gelatin capsule shells (SGC). A 120 ppm formaldehyde treatment reduced gelatin shell dissolution to 8% within 45 min in water at 37 degrees C. A 200 ppm treatment reduced gelatin epsilon-amino groups to 83% of the original uncrosslinked value. The results also support earlier reports of non-amino group crosslinking by formaldehyde in gelatin. Under stressed conditions, HGC stored alone showed little change over 21 weeks. However, by 12 to 14 weeks, the HGC exposed to SGC showed a 23% decrease in shell dissolution and an 8% decrease in the number of epsilon-amino groups. These effects on the stressed HGC are ascribed to a volatile agent from SGC shells, most likely formaldehyde, that crosslinked nearby HGC shells. This report also includes a summary of the literature on agents that reduce gelatin and capsule shell dissolution and the possible mechanisms of this not-so-simple problem.
A modified stack decoder for protein secondary structure prediction

Secondary structure prediction is an important step in determining the structure and function of proteins. A fundamental assumption of current Bayesian secondary structure prediction methods is the conditional independence of residues which occur in distinct segments. This assumption enables the exact calculation of posterior probabilities by using pre-determined probabilistic models. However, this assumption is clearly violated in the case of protein sequences due to the existence of structural motifs which rely on sequentially distant segments interacting in three-dimensional space, including /spl beta/-sheets. It has been suggested that the inability to capture such nonlocal interactions may be the main reason for the low accuracy typically achieved in /spl beta/-strand prediction (Schmidler, S.C. et al., 2000; Frishman, D. and Argos, P., 1996). Furthermore, current Bayesian segmentations are based on maximum a posteriori or marginal posterior mode searches, which return a single segmentation that is optimal in some sense. We introduce a new secondary structure prediction method based on a modified version of the well-known stack decoder. The proposed method is an N-best search algorithm, which enables us to use the returned multiple segmentations to improve over a single segmentation. Also, due to the way the segmentations are constructed, it is possible to exploit the non-local interactions between /spl beta/-strands in a sub-optimal way with the ultimate goal of increasing the overall prediction accuracy.
Design considerations of a fast 0-Ω gate-drive circuit for 1.2 kV SiC JFET devices in phase-leg configuration

This paper presents detailed design considerations of an ultra fast gate-drive circuit for 1.2 kV SiC JFET devices in phase-leg configuration using 0-Ω gate resistance. The proposed gate-drive achieved turn-on and turn-off times in the range of 12 to 55 ns operating from a 600 V dc bus with an inductive load of 10 A, and junction temperatures varying from 25° to 200° C. An in-depth experimental evaluation is presented as well fully characterizing the performance attained by the proposed gatedrive circuit.
Quality of Broiler Thigh Meat Patties as Affected by the Addition of Giblets

Abstract The quality and functional properties of poultry meat patties as affected by the incorporation of 10% broiler giblets were evaluated. The major meat component of the products was skinless broiler thigh meat. Four products were prepared: a control with no giblet meat and three products that contained one giblet meat source each (either hearts, livers, or gizzards). An emulsion consisting of broiler neck skin, salt, seasoning, water, and a soy concentrate was added to comprise 20% of the product. Skinless thigh meat contained significantly less moisture and more fat than the giblets; gizzards contained significantly more moisture than livers, and livers contained more moisture than hearts. Hearts contained significantly more fat than livers or gizzards. When cooked, patties containing hearts had the most fat and the least moisture. There were no significant differences among the cooked patties in retention of moisture or fat. Among raw components, livers showed the highest water-holding capacity and hearts the lowest. Cooked patties showed no significant difference in water-holding capacity or cooked yield. Giblets incorporated into the patties significantly affected objective texture; patties with giblets were less hard and not as cohesive or chewy as patties with thigh meat alone. Panelists noted significant differences between patties with and without giblets in triangle tests, and a panel using affective scaling scored patties with livers lowest for taste and overall acceptability.
Application of transforms to accelerate the summation of periodic free-space Green's functions

The results of using two acceleration techniques to accelerate the convergence of free-space Green's functions of the Helmholtz equation are presented. An overview of the acceleration methods is given. The techniques make use of Kummer's Poisson's, and Shanks's transforms. The application of Shanks's transform improves dramatically the convergence of the one-dimensional free-space Green's functions. This is indicated by the computation time, which in some cases is reduced by a factor of 10 over the direct summation of the series. The first-order acceleration with Shanks's transform converges faster than first-order acceleration in each case. The advantage offered by the use of Shanks's transform is that no analytical work has to be done to the series. Numerical results include relative error versus number of terms taken in the series, and computation time versus a predefined convergence factor. >
Environmentally Contingent Reproductive Strategies in Mayan and Ache Males

Abstract This research explores male reproductive parameters, particularly the timing of first reproduction, in two traditional populations. Predictions are drawn from theoretical arguments that have their roots in evolutionary psychology and behavioral ecology, and that interpret variation in reproductive outcomes as environmentally contingent adaptations. In both Ache and Mayan samples, father absence, predicted to act as a stressor that causes precocious sexuality and reproduction as well as unstable pair bonds, did not affect the timing of first reproduction in male offspring in the expected way. Father absence in Mayan men, however, was found to be associated with responses to questionnaire items indicating lack of willingness to pay time and energy costs to maintain existing sexual unions. The results suggest that father absence affects male mating strategy, but that strategic differences did not translate into reproductive outcomes in the sample. In the Mayan population, education was associated with early reproduction, more lifetime sex partners, and higher fertility, which was also contrary to the predicted pattern based on a life-history tradeoff approach. Parental resources were associated with earlier reproduction in the Mayan sample, confirming the prediction that restricted resources should delay reproduction.
An alternate empirical relationship for the optical absorption edges of certain ferroelectric materials

Abstract No theoretical justification has been found for the empirical relationship which has been used previously to describe the optical absorption edges of BaTiO3 and KTaO3. In this communication, another, equally valid, empirical relationship is presented that describes both the absorption edges of these materials and new data on gadolinium molybdate.
Psychoanalytic Aspects of Pregnancy

Among the psychophysiological crises in a women’s life, pregnancy holds a unique position. Like menarche and menopause, it is a crisis because it revives unsettled psychological conflicts from previous stages and requires psychological adaptations to achieve a new integration. Like menarche and menopause, it represents a developmental step in relationship to the self (as well as here in relationship to the mate and child). And like menarche and menopause, pregnancy sets off an acute disequilibrium endocrinologically, somatically, and psychologically (Bibring, 1959).