cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritive value of high moisture alfalfa hay preserved with urea.

Abstract Urea (2 and 4%) was added to high moisture hays and compared with untreated wet or dry hays. Means for bale temperatures (°C) for 1 wk postharvest were highest for wet control (41.2), lowest for dry control (31.4), and intermediate for urea treatments (36.7). By 4 wk postharvest, all temperatures were equal. Protection from molding was most effective for 4% urea, and 2% urea was superior to wet control. By 4 mo postharvest, CP for low urea had decreased due to NH 3 loss, and CP for wet control had increased due to DM loss, so they were not different. Initially, ADF was similar for the hays, but after 4 mo storage the wet control was highest (41.7%), the dry control lowest (36.0%), and urea treatments intermediate. Lignin and NDF followed similar trends. In vitro DM digestibilities were highest for the wet control at harvest but lowest at 120 d with high urea and dry control greater than low urea. Feed intakes and milk yields in lactating cows fed the hays were not different. These data show that addition of 2 or 4% urea improved quality of hay baled at about 25% moisture; high urea was more effective than low urea.
Relationships Between Hydrology and Soils Describe Vegetation Patterns in Seasonally Flooded Tree Islands of the Southern Everglades, Florida

Tree island ecosystems are important and distinct features of Florida Everglades wetlands. We described the inter-relationships among abiotic factors describing seasonally flooded tree islands and characterized plant–soil relationships in tree islands occurring in a relatively unimpacted area of the Everglades. We used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to reduce our multi-factor dataset, quantified forest structure and vegetation nutrient dynamics, and related these vegetation parameters to PCA summary variables using linear regression analyses. We found that, of the 21 abiotic parameters used to characterize the ecosystem structure of seasonally flooded tree islands, 13 parameters were significantly correlated with four principal components, and they described 78% of the variance among the study islands. Most variation was described by factors related to soil oxidation and hydrology, exemplifying the sensitivity of tree island structure to hydrologic conditions. PCA summary variables describing tree island structure were related to variability in Chrysobalanus icaco (L.) canopy cover, Ilex cassine (L.) and Salix caroliniana (Michx.) canopy cover, Myrica cerifera (L.) plot frequency, litter turnover, % phosphorus resorption of co-dominant species, and nitrogen nutrient-use efficiency. This study supported findings that vegetation characteristics can be sensitive indicators of variability in tree island ecosystem structure. This study produced valuable, information which was used to recommend ecological targets (i.e. restoration performance measures) for seasonally flooded tree islands in more impacted regions of the Everglades landscape.
Partial purification and properties of lysosomes from rabbit testes.

Summary: Rabbit testes lysosomes were prepared by differential centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation on Percoll. The participate material sedimented at 1.054 g/ cm3. The enrichment in the activities of lysosomal marker enzymes was 9-fold. The contamination by other subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, microsomes and the plasma membrane was limited to 0.1% or less. The marker enzymes of isolated lysosomes exhibited bound activity of 80%, thus indicating the integrity of granules. The testicular lysosomes also exhibited osmofragility characteristics. Partielle Reinigung und Eigenschaften der Lysosome des Rattenhodens Zusammenfassung: Mittels Differentialzentrifugierung und Dichtegradientenzentrifu-gierung auf Percoll wurden Rattenhodenlysosome prapariert. Das aufgearbeitete Material sedimentierte bei 1.054 g/cm3. Die Anreicherung der Aktivitaten der lysosomalen Mar-kerenzyme war 9-fach. Die Kontamination mit anderen subzellularen Organellen wie Mi-tochondrien, Mikrosomen und mit der Plasmamembran war auf 0, 1% oder weniger be-grenzt. Die Markerenzyme der isolierten Lysosome wiesen eine Bindungsaktivitat von 80% auf, was die Integritat der Granula bedeutet. Die Hoden-Lysosome weisen ebenfalls Osmofragilitats-Charakteristika auf.
Impact of agricultural management on carabid communities and weed seed predation

This study evaluated the relationship between diversity and activity-density of carabid beetles and invertebrate weed seed predation in conventional, no-till, and organic management systems in the Midwest USA. Carabid beetles were sampled with pitfall traps and invertebrate seed predation rates of fall panicum and common lambsquarters were assayed with exclosure cages. Total carabid activity-density was over two times higher in the conventional systems compared to the no-till and organic management systems. In contrast, activity-densities of seed-predating carabid species were over three times higher in the no-till compared to the conventional and organic systems. Carabid diversity was higher in the no-till and organic systems compared to the conventional system, and a multivariate analysis showed that carabid community structure was distinct among the three systems. Predation of fall panicum and common lambsquarters seeds was often over two times higher in the no-till compared to the conventional and organic systems, and there was a strong correlation (r > 0.94) between seed removal rates and the total number of carabid seed predators captured in each system.
Comparison of radiolytic compounds from saturated and unsaturated triglycerides and fatty acids

Formation of certain radiolysis products from palmitic acid, oleic acid, tripalmitin and triolein has provided a means for comparing the radiolytic effects in saturated and unsaturated triglycerides and fatty acids. These substances were chosen to represent the major constituents of fat found in beef. Fractionation and concentration of radiolytic compounds from the irradiated samples was accomplished by the means of size exclusion chromatography. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed using a combined GC/MS computer system. In addition to the primary radiolytic compounds, recombination products of relatively high molecular weight and various propanediol diesters from the corresponding glyceryl moities were identified. Quantitative analyses indicated a greater yield of various radiolytic compounds from free fatty acids than from the corresponding triglycerides. Similarly, radiolytic compounds were produced in greater quantities from the saturated fats than the unsaturated fats. Most of the radiolytic compounds identified in this study have not been previously reported.
Ant Colony Optimization algorithm for robot path planning

Path planning is an essential task for the navigation and motion control of autonomous robot manipulators. This NP-complete problem is difficult to solve, especially in a dynamic environment where the optimal path needs to be rerouted in real-time when a new obstacle appears. The ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) algorithm is an optimization technique based on swarm intelligence. This paper investigates the application of ACO to robot path planning in a dynamic environment. Two different pheromone re-initialization schemes are compared and computer simulation results are presented.
Two-electron oxidation of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphenylenediamine with a chromium(V) salen complex

The oxidation of tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD) with (salen)CrVO+ generates initially the 2-electron product TMPD2+, followed by the reaction with excess TMPD to yield the radical cation, TMPD˙+. The kinetics of both TMPD/(salen)CrVO+ and TMPD/TMPD2+ reactions are acid-dependent, with TMPD being the most reactive form, and the doubly protonated TMPDH22+ exhibiting no discernible reactivity toward either (salen)CrVO+ or TMPD2+. The specific rate constants for the individual reactions are: TMPD/(salen)CrVO+, k = (6.28 ± 0.50) × 109 M−1 s−1, TMPDH+/(salen)CrVO+, (3.89 ± 0.31) × 105, TMPD/TMPD2+, (7.61 ± 0.42) × 108, and TMPDH+/TMPD2+, (3.46 ± 0.22) × 104.
Alternative materials for three endosseous implants.

Three endosseous post-type implant geometries were evaluated: a serrated solid with a 2-degree taper and a rectangular cross section, a cylindrical screw-type solid, and a finned solid with a 1-degree 9′ taper and a circular cross section. Each implant geometry was analyzed with 10 different moduli of elasticity. Stress contour plots were used to identify which implant material was best suited to each implant geometry. Careful examination of all of the contour plots showed that, for all geometries, increasing the material stiffness transmitted more of the occlusal load to the apical bone. These plots further suggested that an implant material can be too stiff as the punching stresses increase at the apex of the implant. Of the three endosseous implants analyzed, only the finned solid type seemed to be made of the proper material, titanium alloy. The screw-type implant, made of sapphire, should be made of aluminum or possibly titanium. The serrated implant, made of polycrystalline alumina, was too stiff. An implant's elastic behavior is not the only governing factor. An implant's geometry seems to be the determining factor in properly distributing stresses from the implant to the bone.
Reelin mouse mutants as models of cortical development disorders

Developmental defects in neuronal positioning and synaptic connectivity are commonly found in neurological diseases, and they are believed to underlie many cognitive and affective disorders. Several mouse mutants are currently available that model at least some aspects of human developmental brain disorders. With the identification of the genes mutated in these animals and the study of the cellular basis of the phenotypes, we have taken significant strides toward an understanding of the mechanisms controlling proper brain development and the consequences of their dysfunction. In particular, mouse mutants deficient in the Reelin gene have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of cortical development. Absence of Reelin expression in the spontaneous mutant mouse reeler leads to extensive defects in neuronal position and dendrite development. In humans, loss of Reelin results in a type of lissencephaly with severe cortical and cerebellar malformation. Genetic and biochemical studies using mouse mutants suggest that the Lis1 protein may participate in the Reelin signaling pathway controlling cortical development. Reduced levels of Reelin are also present in postmortem brains of patients with schizophrenia, suggesting a possible link with this cognitive disorder. The regulation of the Reelin gene may thus provide insights into the mechanisms of this disease.
Phenolic-rich leaf carbon fractions differentially influence microbial respiration and plant growth

Phenolics can reduce soil nutrient availability, either indirectly by stimulating microbial nitrogen (N) immobilization or directly by enhancing physical protection within soil. Phenolic-rich plants may therefore negatively affect neighboring plant growth by restricting the N supply. We used a slow-growing, phenolic-rich alpine forb, Acomastylis rossii, to test the hypothesis that phenolic-rich carbon (C) fractions stimulate microbial population growth and reduce plant growth. We generated low-molecular-weight (LMW) fractions, tannin fractions, and total soluble C fractions from A. rossii and measured their effects on soil respiration and growth of Deschampsia caespitosa, a fast-growing, co-dominant grass. Fraction effects fell into two distinct categories: (1) fractions did not increase soil respiration and killed D. caespitosa plants, or (2) fractions stimulated soil respiration and reduced plant growth and plant N concentration while simultaneously inhibiting root growth. The LMW phenolic-rich fractions increased soil respiration and reduced plant growth more than tannins. These results suggest that phenolic compounds can inhibit root growth directly as well as indirectly affect growth by reducing pools of plant available N by stimulating soil microbes. Both mechanisms illustrate how below-ground phenolic effects may influence the growth of neighboring plants. We also examined patterns of foliar phenolic concentrations among populations of A. rossii across a natural productivity gradient (productivity was used as a proxy for competition intensity). Concentrations of some LMW phenolics increased significantly in more productive sites where A. rossii is a competitive equal with the faster growing D. caespitosa. Taken together, our results contribute important information to the growing body of evidence indicating that the quality of C moving from plants to soils can have significant effects on neighboring plant performance, potentially associated with phytoxic effects, and indirect effects on soil biogeochemistry.
Inotropic properties of an isoquinoline derivative (NC 7197) in man

Abstract An isoquinoline derivative (NC 7197) was administered intravenously in a dose of 0.2 to 1.0 mg. per kilogram of body weight in four normal subjects and in 18 patients with shock or heart failure. An increase in cardiac output averaging 45 per cent in the normal subjects and 47 per cent in the patients was sustained for at least two hours. Heart rate was only slightly increased and stroke volume consistently rose. Arterial pressure was unchanged in normals but rose in the patients, although peripheral vascular resistance usually fell. Forearm blood flow rose only with the higher doses but renal and hepatic flow rose in the two patients studied. Norepinephrine-induced forearm vasoconstriction was not blocked during intra-arterial administration of NC 7197. Infusion into the left circumflex coronary artery of dogs led to a localized increase in myocardial contractility which was blocked by propranolol or pretreatment with reserpine. These data indicate that NC 7197 is a potent inotropic drug of prolonged duration of action which acts through an adrenergic mechanism and may be useful in the treatment of low output states.
A unified quantum theory of mechanics and thermodynamics. Part IIb. Stable equilibrium states

Part IIb presents some of the most important theorems for stable equilibrium states that can be deduced from the four postulates of the unified theory presented in Part I. It is shown for the first time that the canonical and grand canonical distributions are the only distributions that are stable. Moreover, it is shown that reversible adiabatic processes exist which cannot be described by the dynamical equation of quantum mechanics. A number of conditions are discussed that must be satisfied by the general equation of motion which is yet to be discovered.
The exocytotic fusion pore modeled as a lipidic pore

Freeze-fracture electron micrographs from degranulating cells show that the lumen of the secretory granule is connected to the extracellular compartment via large (20 to 150 nm diameter) aqueous pores. These exocytotic fusion pores appear to be made up of a highly curved bilayer that spans the plasma and granule membranes. Conductance measurements, using the patch-clamp technique, have been used to study the fusion pore from the instant it conducts ions. These measurements reveal the presence of early fusion pores that are much smaller than those observed in electron micrographs. Early fusion pores open abruptly, fluctuate, and then either expand irreversibly or close. The molecular structure of these early fusion pores is unknown. In the simplest extremes, these early fusion pores could be either ion channel like protein pores or lipidic pores. Here, we explored the latter possibility, namely that of the early exocytotic fusion pore modeled as a lipid-lined pore whose free energy was composed of curvature elastic energy and work done by tension. Like early exocytotic fusion pores, we found that these lipidic pores could open abruptly, fluctuate, and expand irreversibly. Closure of these lipidic pores could be caused by slight changes in lipid composition. Conductance distributions for stable lipidic pores matched those of exocytotic fusion pores. These findings demonstrate that lipidic pores can exhibit the properties of exocytotic fusion pores, thus providing an alternate framework with which to understand and interpret exocytotic fusion pore data.
Freeze-fracture observations on the plasma membrane, the cell wall and the cuticle of growing protonemata of Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

Using freeze-fracture electron microscopy we have examined the morphology of the plasma membrane and the cell wall of single-celled protonemal filaments of the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris grown under continuous red light. The surface of the protonemal cell wall is completely covered by a multilayered, lipid-like coat, probably consisting of cuticular waxes. The rhizoid seems to lack this type of coat. The cell walls of the protonemata contain 8-nm thick, randomly oriented fibrils. In rapidly growing protonemata the P-face of the plasma membrane contains both randomly distributed particles and distinct particle rosettes. The rosettes consist of six 8–9-nm-wide particles in a ring-like configaration and have an outer diameter of 24 nm. They closely resemble the particle rosettes seen on the P-face of the plasma membrane of green algae and of higher plants, which recently have been implicated in the synthesis of cellulose fibrils. Within 20 μm from the tip of the protonemata, and coinciding with the region of maximal cell-wall growth and expansion and thus cellulose-fibril synthesis, the greatest density of rosettes (20/μm2) is observed. Beyond 20 μm from the tip this number drops rapidly to near zero at 50 μm. The rosettes have a tendency to form small, irregular clusters, but only very rarely are three or more rosettes found in a row or in a geometrical pattern. Our measurements of the size and the density of the randomly distributed plasma membrane particles indicate that the tip region must be specialized with respect to other plasma-membrane activities as well. Thus the tip region contains not only the highest density of randomly destributed intramembrane particles, but also particles of different sizes than those found elsewhere in the plasma membrane.
Effect of thyroxine and thiouracil on the Mg++-activated ATPase on the rat myocardium

Abstract The effect of thyroxine and thiouracil on the Mg ++ -activated ATPase of the rat myocardium has been studied in vivo and in vitro . In vitro at a concentration of 1 × 10 −9 M, thyroxine stimulation of the Mg ++ -activated ATPase in all cellular components has been observed. At the concentration of 5 × 10 −9 M, only the 5, 000 x g sediment and 95, 000 x g supernatant showed an increase of this enzymatic activity. At thyroxine concentrations of 5 × 10 −9 to 100 × 10 −9 , and 50 × 10 −9 to 100 × 10 −9 M, inhibition was demonstrated in the 700 x g and 95, 000 x g sediments respectively. In vivo male albino rats were given thyroxine (1 μg/ml) and thiouracil (0.1%) ad libitum in their drinking water for ten days. The thyroxine treatment increased the heart weight whereas thiouracil treatment reduced the heart and adrenals size and raised the thyroid weight. There was a slight but not statistically significant elevation in the Mg ++ -activated ATPase activity of the 5,000 x g and 95,000 x g sediment of the thyroxine treated rat heart and in the 95,000 x g sediment of thiouracil treated rat heart.
Plants as a Source of Butyrylcholinesterase Variants Designed for Enhanced Cocaine Hydrolase Activity

Cocaine addiction affects millions of people with disastrous personal and social consequences. Cocaine is one of the most reinforcing of all drugs of abuse, and even those who undergo rehabilitation and experience long periods of abstinence have more than 80% chance of relapse. Yet there is no FDA-approved treatment to decrease the likelihood of relapse in rehabilitated addicts. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated a promising potential treatment option with the help of the serum enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which is capable of breaking down naturally occurring (-)-cocaine before the drug can influence the reward centers of the brain or affect other areas of the body. This activity of wild-type (WT) BChE, however, is relatively low. This prompted the design of variants of BChE which exhibit significantly improved catalytic activity against (-)-cocaine. Plants are a promising means to produce large amounts of these cocaine hydrolase variants of BChE, cheaply, safely with no concerns regarding human pathogens and functionally equivalent to enzymes derived from other sources. Here, in expressing cocaine-hydrolyzing mutants of BChE in Nicotiana benthamiana using the MagnICON virus-assisted transient expression system, and in reporting their initial biochemical analysis, we provide proof-of-principle that plants can express engineered BChE proteins with desired properties.
Learning without Awareness Revisited: Extending Williams (2005).

The role of awareness or consciousness in learning has been a relatively contentious issue in non-SLA fields (e.g., cognitive psychology). With the publications of Williams (2004, 2005), a similar debate appears to be brewing in the field of SLA. Contrary to Leow (2000), who reported that unawareness did not appear to play an important role in second or foreign language development, Williams (2005) offered empirical evidence that learning without awareness appears to be feasible. At the same time, it is also noted that Leow’s and Williams’s (2005) research designs measured unawareness at different stages (online encoding and offline retrieval, respectively) of the acquisitional process. The present study revisited and extended Williams’s (2005) study by using a hybrid design to gather concurrent data at the stage of encoding and during the testing phase as well as nonconcurrent data after the experimental exposure. Some methodological changes were also implemented to probe deeper into learners’ thought processes. The quantitative analyses performed on the data of 34 carefully screened participants revealed that, at the encoding stage, unaware learners do not appear capable of selecting or producing the correct determiner-noun combination when required to do so from options that include both animacy and distance information. The qualitative data underscore the importance of not only situating the measurement of the construct (un)awareness from different stages—that is, both online and offline—but also triangulating data from several sources in any report on its role in learning. Plausible explanations for the differences in findings are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL USE OF A NEW ATRIALLY PASSED, SUTURELESS, VENTRICULAR APEX TO AORTA CONDUIT

Ventricular outflow obstruction in the infant remains a surgical challenge with high operative mortality despite a variety of approaches. An apical to aortic conduit would be a direct approach but usually required cardiopulmonary bypass and removal or fixation of perhaps a critical amount of apical myocardium. Therefore, we developed a two component apical prosthesis consisting of a grommet, fixed internally by a flange, that can be placed via the atrium without bypass and an external female adapter. This transatrial ventricular access device (TAVAD) does not require removal of myocardial tissue or sutures. The TAVAD concept was acutely tested in 8 anesthesized dogs (mean wt. = 15 kg). Initially the TAVAD device was capped and acute stability in the myocardium was demonstrated in 5 dogs. Subsequently, in 3 dogs, the TAVAD method was used to achieve communication with a valved conduit to the thoracic aorta. Acute grommet stability in the myocardium was evident even with the conduit attached and ventricular pressures up to 250 mmHg. The ability to carry cardiac output was demonstrated by ascending aortic occlusion. Chronic implantation off bypass in 3 lambs (mean wt, = 8.5 kg) has shown continued myocardial fixation and conduit function. Angiography demonstrated unobstructed apical to aortic flow and normal ventricular wall motion. Since the lamb myocardium is similar in thickness to the human infant, we conclude that the TAVAD device and method may be useful in relieving ventricular outflow obstuction in infants while preserving myocardial tissue and function.
C-Terminal Truncation and Histidine-Tagging of Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit II Reveals the Native Processing Site, Shows Involvement of the C-Terminus in Cytochrome c Binding, and Improves the Assay for Proton Pumping†

To enable metal affinity purification of cytochrome c oxidase reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles, a histidine-tag was engineered onto the C-terminal end of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c oxidase subunit II. Characterization of the natively processed wildtype oxidase and artificially processed forms (truncated with and without a his-tag) reveals Km values for cytochrome c that are 6-14-fold higher for the truncated and his-tagged forms than for the wildtype. This lowered ability to bind cytochrome c indicates a previously undetected role for the C-terminus in cytochrome c binding and is mimicked by reduced affinity for an FPLC anion exchange column. The elution profiles and kinetics indicate that the removal of 16 amino acids from the C-terminus, predicted from the known processing site of the Paracoccus denitrificans oxidase, does not produce the same enzyme as the native processing reaction. MALDI-TOF MS data show the true C-terminus of subunit II is at serine 290, three amino acids longer than expected. When the his-tagged form is reconstituted into lipid vesicles and further purified by metal affinity chromatography, significant improvement is observed in proton pumping analysis by the stopped-flow method. The improved kinetic results are attributed to a homogeneous, correctly oriented vesicle population with higher activity and less buffering from extraneous lipids.
Counting Species: Biopower and the Global Biodiversity Census

Biopolitical analyses of census-taking usually focus on human censuses and consider how human experience is shaped by the practice. Instead, this article looks at the proposed global biodiversity census, which aims to take inventory of every species on earth as a response to anthropogenic species extinction. I suggest that it is possible to extend and modify Foucault's concept of biopower to consider contemporary human-nonhuman interactions. Specifically, I argue that an ecologically-extended version of biopower offers a useful way to conceptualise how power circulates in the practices that surround the biodiversity census, and that it points us towards thinking about how analyses of power, authority, and community can consider ecological, rather than purely human, locations and networks.
Identification of Piecewise-Constant Potentials by Fixed-Energy Phase Shifts

The identification of a spherically symmetric potential by its phase shifts is an important physical problem. Recent theoretical results assure that such a potential is uniquely defined by a sufficiently large subset of its phase shifts at any one fixed energy level. However, two different potentials can produce almost identical phase shifts. To resolve this difficulty we suggest the use of phase shifts corresponding to several energy levels. The identification is done by a nonlinear minimization of the appropriate objective function. It is based on a combination of probabilistic global and deterministic local minimization methods. The Multilevel Single-Linkage Method (MSLM) is used for the global minimization. A specially designed Local Minimization Method (LMM) with a Reduction Procedure is used for the local searches. Numerical results show the effectiveness of this procedure for potentials composed of a small number of spherical layers.
The molecular pathology of schizophrenia—Focus on histone and DNA modifications

Dysfunction of cerebral cortex and other brain regions in schizophrenia is often accompanied by dysregulated expression of numerous genes. However, the underlying genetic risk architecture remains unclear for a large majority of cases. Therefore, the study of epigenetic regulators of gene expression, including covalent modifications of DNA and nucleosome core histones, offers an attractive alternative to further explore the molecular pathology of schizophrenia beyond the level of RNA quantification. Several studies reported alterations in DNA cytosine methylation and histone methylation at specific genes and promoters in postmortem brain of subjects with schizophrenia, often in conjunction with changes in levels of the corresponding RNAs. While evidence for such "epigenetic dysregulation" is increasing, many of the reported alterations await independent replication. Interestingly, studies across the lifespan indicate that DNA and histone methylation markings are developmentally regulated in human cerebral cortex, suggesting that at least some of the epigenetic changes in the brain of adult subjects with schizophrenia reflect disordered neurodevelopment.
Scanning aperture polarized light microscope: observation of small calcite crystals using oblique illumination

The article presents a new design of a polarization microscope with a scanning liquid crystal aperture. The scanning device is based on the earlier reported Pol-Scope technique and includes a liquid crystal universal compensator. It is mounted in the front focal plane of the high numerical aperture condenser lens on the microsccope. By occluding different portions of the aperture, an oblique beam of variable tilt angle and azimuth is created for illuminating the specimen. Birefringence measurements are recorded for different mask configurations and results are evaluated to determine the retardance magnitude, azimuth and direction of optic axis of the specimen. We report measurements using small calcite crystals that confirm our theoretical predictions.
Competitive Interference Effects in Consumer Memory for Advertising: The Role of Brand Familiarity:

Although consumers often encounter ads for familiar brands, previous advertising interference studies have used ads for low-familiarity brands. The authors focus on brand familiarity's role in incr...
Space shuttle glow observations

Photographic and television observations made during the third flight of the Space Shuttle in March 1982 reveal the presence of a diffuse optical emission surrounding surfaces of the vehicle exposed to the atmosphere in the ram direction. The line of sight intensity of this emission is comparable to that of airglow emissions seen at the limb of the earth and competes with the brightness of stars seen within the field of view of the photographic and TV cameras. The glow emission appears to be a manifestation of an atmosphere-vehicle interaction. Light from vehicle thruster operations was also seen, as well as the optical emissions resulting from the operation of a 100 mA electron beam.
Mental Strategies, Mental Capacity, and Instruction: A Neo-Piagetian Investigation.

Abstract Pascual-Leone's neo-Piagetian theory of development was used to predict the pre- and postinstruction distributions of scores on a subject-controlled digit placement task as a function of three parameters: (1) the mental strategy which subjects attempted to apply, (2) the demand which attempting to apply this strategy placed on their mental capacity, and (3) the maximum mental capacity which they were capable of mobilizing. The predicted and obtained distributions corresponded quite closely for each kind of strategy at each age level sampled (6, 8, and 10). The discussion focused on the methodological and analytic requirements which must be met if the same approach is to be applied to making successful predictions in more naturalistic paradigms.
Metal hydride heat pumps for upgrading spacecraft waste heat

Spacecraft waste heat may be upgraded using a metal hydride heat pump. Thermodynaihic analysis is used to choose suitable hydride pairs and to estimate system efficiency; promising reductions in radiator weight are indicated. To investigate whether such reductions can be realized in practice, the dynamic response of two coupled hydride beds is modeled accounting for heat transfer, absorption kinetics, and hydrogen flow. Parametric calculations are reported for the Mg2 4Ni/LaNi4 9 A^ j pair, which show an optimal cycle time of 10 ~ 12 min. Actual radiator weight savings prove to be substantially less than thermodynamic analysis estimates. Use of hydride heat pumps shows possible merit only in the case of high sink temperatures when using hardened radiators.
Effects of in vivo myocardial ischemia and reperfusion on interstitial nitric oxide metabolites.

Abstract Background . There have been numerous studies examining the role of nitric oxide (NO) in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, few studies have included measurements of NO or related reactive nitrogen species. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of in vivo regional myocardial ischemia on interstitial fluid (ISF) reactive nitrogen species. Methods . Open chest pigs were submitted to one of three protocols: (1) 15 minutes coronary occlusion and 2 hours reperfusion, (2) 60 minutes coronary occlusion and 2 hours reperfusion, or (3) two-cycle ischemic preconditioning (IPC) followed by prolonged ischemia and 2 hours reperfusion. The stable NO metabolites, nitrite plus nitrate (NOx), in cardiac microdialysis samples were measured by ozone chemiluminescence. Results . NOx concentration decreased 40% ± 6% ( p p p p p Conclusions . These results suggest that ischemia is associated with decreased ISF NOx concentration. Reperfusion NOx levels are increased after prolonged ischemia, an effect that is significantly blunted by ischemic preconditioning.
The digital portfolio in education: an innovative learning and assessment tool

This project, designed in conjunction with two K-12 schools in the Washington DC area of the United States (one private school and one public school) examined the use of digital student portfolios as an instructional, assessment and evaluation tool. The project demonstrates the process through which pre-service and in-service teachers worked with students to create their own digital portfolios using the HyperStudio Authoring Program. These portfolios were then published on CD-ROM and on the Internet on the schools' web pages. Evaluation of these portfolios showed a significant improvement in student achievement, and teachers found these portfolios to be a valuable tool in monitoring student behavior and communicating future educational goals to parents, administrators, and other teachers.
Demonstration of vDelay: A Tool to Measure Capture-to-Display Latency and Frame Rate

We present vDelay, a tool for measuring the capture-to-display latency (CDL) and frame-rate of real-time video applications such as video chat and conferencing. vDelay allows measuring CDL and frame-rate without modifying the source code of these applications. Further, it does not require any specialized hardware. We have used vDelay to measure the CDL and frame-rate of popular video chat applications such as Skype, Windows Live Messenger, and GMail video chat. vDelay can also be used to measure the CDL and frame-rate of these applications in the presence of bandwidth variations.
Extending Emotion Science to the Study of Discrete Emotions in Infants

Many emotion researchers would probably agree that at least some aspects of discrete emotions are evolutionarily conserved (e.g., the sensation/feeling component cannot be learned). Such agreement probably extends to the notion that aspects of emotions emerge in ontogeny as a function of developmental, learning, and cultural processes. Determining when and under what circumstances they emerge seems largely a matter for empirical research, though theories differ in their predictions and in the way they describe the relevant emotional-, cognitive-, and neuro-developmental processes.
Patterns in food use and compliance with NCI dietary guidelines

Abstract We developed multidimensional measures of diet by identifying seven gender‐specific patterns among 1,475 male and 780 female subjects selected as neighborhood controls in a case‐control study of cancer at various sites. The purpose of this study was to examine these patterns for compliance with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Dietary Guidelines. Diets were scored and each subject assigned fertile ranks for each pattern. Mean values for indicators of compliance were compared across tertiles for each pattern. No one pattern signified compliance with all guidelines. High‐fat patterns in both genders and the low‐cost pattern in women were the best indicators of poor compliance with NCI guidelines.
Some hemodynamic determinants of immune complex trapping by the kidney

Some hemodynamic determinants of immune complex trapping by the kidney. This study was undertaken to help clarify the relationship between capillary hemodynamic events and the tissue uptake of circulating immune complexes (IC). In each of 23 dogs, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit antiBSA soluble IC labeled with 125 I were given by constant i.v. infusion, and IC uptake by a normally perfused kidney was compared to that of the contralateral kidney in which renal blood flow (RBF) was changed by renal artery constriction or raised ureteral pressure. In these same animals, IC uptake in 15 other major organ systems was also measured simultaneously. During IC infusion microspheres of 85 Sr were injected to measure cardiac output and tissue blood flow, and red cells labeled with 51 Cr were infused to mark tissue vascular volume. At completion of the IC infusion, tissue samples were taken from the kidneys and the 15 other major organs systems. From the isotope content of each tissue, we determined IC content, blood flow rate, vascular transit time, and fractional uptake of IC (F IC ). In addition, glomeruli were isolated from renal cortex to assess IC uptake in glomerular versus renal nonglomerular tissue. We found that 1) for kidney, IC delivery rate, capillary hydrostatic pressure, and capillary ultrafiltration rate are less important than the plasma IC concentration in determining IC uptake; 2) for each organ studied, the principal determinant of IC uptake per gram of tissue, at any given P IC , is vascular volume per gram of tissue; 3) tissue vascular volume per gram of tissue may determine IC uptake per gram of tissue because tissue vascular volume determines the capillary surface area in contact with circulating IC or because tissue vascular volume determines tissue vascular transit time, at any given tissue blood flow rate.
Differential regulation of primary protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS, MLP, GAP-43, RC3) mRNAs in the hippocampus during kainic acid-induced seizures and synaptic reorganization.

In the mature hippocampus, kainic acid seizures lead to excitotoxic cell death and synaptic reorganization in which granule cell axons (mossy fibers) form ectopic synapses on granule cell dendrites. In the present study, we examined the expression of four major, developmentally regulated protein kinase C (PKC) substrates (MARCKS, MLP, GAP-43, RC3), which have different subcellular and regional localizations in the hippocampus at several time points (6 hr, 12 hr, 18 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or 15 days) following kainic acid seizures using in situ hybridization. Consistent with previous reports, following kainate seizures, GAP-43 mRNA expression exhibited a delayed and protracted elevation in the granule cell layer, which peaked at 24 hr, whereas expression in fields CA1 and CA3 remained relatively unchanged. Conversely, RC3 mRNA expression exhibited a delayed reduction in the granule cell layer that was maximal at 18 hr, as well as a reduction CA1 at 48 hr, whereas CA3 levels did not change. MARCKS mRNA expression in the granule cell layer and CA1 remained stable following kainate, although an elevation was observed in subfield CA3c at 12 hr. Similarly, MLP mRNA expression did not change in the granule cell layer or CA1 following kainate but exhibited a protracted elevation in subfields CA3b,c beginning at 6 hr post-kainate. Collectively these data demonstrate that different PKC substrate mRNAs exhibit unique expression profiles and regulation in the different cell fields of the mature hippocampus following kainic acid seizures and during subsequent synaptic reorganization. The expression profiles following kainate seizures bear resemblance to those observed during postnatal hippocampal development, which may indicate the recruitment of common regulatory mechanisms.
Effects of Internal Luminescence and Internal Optics on $V_{\bf oc}$ and $J_{\bf sc}$ of III--V Solar Cells

For solar cells dominated by radiative recombination, the performance can be significantly enhanced by improving the internal optics. We demonstrate a detailed model for solar cells that calculates the external luminescent efficiency and discuss the relationship between the external and internal luminescence. The model accounts for wavelength-dependent optical properties in each layer, parasitic optical and electrical losses, multiple reflections within the cell, and assumes isotropic internal emission. For single-junction cells, the calculation leads to Voc, and for multijunction cells, the calculation leads to the Voc of each junction as well as the luminescent coupling constant. In both cases, the effects of the optics are most prominent in cells with high internal radiative efficiency. Exploiting good material quality and high luminescent coupling, we demonstrate a two-junction nonconcentrator cell with a conversion efficiency of (31.1 ± 0.9)% under the global spectrum.
Erythroderma with atypical lymphocytes (Sézary syndrome)

Abstract A clinical, histopathologic and cytologic study of erythroderma with atypical lymphocytes (Sezary syndrome) was carried out in 19 patients observed at the Mayo Clinic. Cutaneous lesions may begin as dermatitis or infiltration. Erythroderma, pruritis and edema, alopecia, keratoderma and onychodystrophy were cutaneous features of the syndrome. Benign lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly were observed; spleen and bone marrow findings were normal. The atypical lymphocyte is present in the skin and in the blood. Four patients died of aggressive chemotherapy. Lymphoma developed in three patients. In five recent patients remission has been achieved with the use of cortico-steroids and chlorambucil.
Computational Free Energy Scale of Amino Acid Residues in Membrane Protein from Statistical Mechanics

Free energy scale is essential for understanding membrane protein folding and for predicting membrane protein structures. Hydrophobicity scales for membrane proteins have been measured experimentally in lipid bilayer and biological membrane. However, they were based on measurement of model peptides. Recently, a new biological scale of water-to-bilayer transfer free energy of 20 amino acids was obtained by measurement in the context of a native β-barrel transmembrane protein OmpLA [Moon and Fleming, 2011]. Here we report results on computational transfer free energy. It is based on an energy function composed of three terms, single-body burial, inter-strand interaction and sequential nearest neighbor contact interaction. Using a mechanics and statistical model, we have computed the full partition function of OmpLA and the transfer free energy of residues. The computed result of free energy scale of 19 amino acid residues correlates well with experimental data (r2 >0.80). In addition, our results indicate that free energy changes are context dependant. Our computational results also show that the occurrence of Arg is depth dependant and is not be overly costly.
Low Print-Through Technology With Rare Earth Tantalate Phosphors

Fundamental properties of the family of rare earth tantalate phosphors are reviewed, including crystal structure, morphology, density and luminescence. Ultraviolet emitting YTa0A becomes a good choice for commercial applications, based on low print-through with double emulsion films, high DQE and high sharpness to speed ratio. Speed, DQE and MTF data for Quanta Detail and Quanta Fast Detail screens made from YTaO4 are presented.
Chromatin-Mediated Candida albicans Virulence

Candida albicans is the most prevalent human fungal pathogen. To successfully propagate an infection, this organism relies on the ability to change morphology, express virulence-associated genes and resist DNA damage caused by the host immune system. Many of these events involve chromatin alterations that are crucial for virulence. This review will focus on the studies that have been conducted on how chromatin function affects pathogenicity of C. albicans and other fungi. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Histone chaperones and Chromatin assembly.
A review of the application of thermal analysis to cement-admixture systems

Abstract The application of thermal analysis in the investigation of the role of chemical admixtures in cement hydration is reviewed. The relevant literature published on DTA, TG and DTG techniques during the past two decades has covered both the kinetic and mechanism aspects of cement hydration, with or without the presence of accelerators, retarders/water reducers and plasticizers. Two vital components of cement, namely C 3 S and C 3 A, have been of particular interest to researchers, C 3 S being the major compound controlling the overall hydration, and C 3 A being the most reactive component controlling the initial setting of the cement. Modifications of various products that develop in cement pastes in the presence of admixtures as monitored by thermal analysis are quoted frequently in this review in order to elucidate the mechanism of the action of admixtures on the cement hydration.
Gene Therapy for Hemophilia

The current treatment of hemophilia, whether due to a deficiency of factor VIII or factor IX — as reviewed in this issue of the Journal 1 — consists of periodic replacement of the deficient factor ...
Management of priapism by Cavernoglandular shunt

Cavernoglandular shunt is a new simple operation consisting of the formation of a window between the corpus cavernosum and glans penis to establish drainage of trapped blood from the corpora cavernosum.
The Tories and Europe. By John Turner. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001. 282p. $29.95.

In this thoroughly researched, well-organized, and clearly written work, John Turner raises important questions of comparative politics. The book is packed with facts and informed by ideas. You may well disagree with his conclusions, as I do. But you must give him credit for the seriousness of his concerns and his willingness to present the evidence, even though it can sometimes be used to support a different interpretation. “Over the past forty years,” he writes, when stating his central conclusion, “Europe has transformed the nature of British politics and Tory politics in particular” (p. 1). Contrary to a view common among political scientists that foreign policy normally has far less influence on electoral behavior than on domestic policy, he finds that Britain's relation to European integration has “gradually…moved to the heart of the domestic political agenda” (p. 1), radically altering the balance of power between the two main parties. As the Euroskeptical champions of national independence, the Conservatives have become “increasingly beleaguered over the issue,” thereby making it possible for Labour “to use Europe as a way of revitalizing the party's programme and image” (p. 2). He clearly would like to see terminal decline for the Conservatives and continued success for a social democratic Britain in a similarly collectivist Europe.