cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of Clinical Pharmacists in Family Medicine Residency Programs.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Clinical pharmacists are valued educators and practitioners within family medicine residency programs (FMRPs). Since the last survey of clinical pharmacists within FMRPs, there have been significant advancements to pharmacy education and training as well as growth of interprofessional education and collaborative practice within family medicine. The objective of this study is to describe the integration of clinical pharmacists within FMRPs. METHODS All 480 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-approved FMRPs were contacted to identify clinical pharmacists involved with their programs. An electronic survey was distributed to these 253 pharmacists. Questions addressed educational, clinical, scholarly, and administrative activities. RESULTS Of 396 FMRPs reached, 208 (52.5%) reported 253 clinical pharmacists within their programs. Survey responses were received from 142 (56.1%) pharmacists. Academic appointments in colleges/schools of pharmacy and medicine were held by 105 (75.5%) and 69 (50.0%) respondents, respectively. Eighty-nine (64.0%) pharmacists reported a single source of salary, 19.1% of which received full support from the FMRP. Clinical pharmacists dedicated an average of 50.4% of their overall time to the FMRP, and 14.5% of pharmacists dedicated all of their time to the FMRP. Time within the FMRP was spent on patient care (52.9%), teaching (31.6%), research/scholarship (7.5%), administrative activities (5.9%), and drug dispensing (0.7%). DISCUSSION Prevalence of clinical pharmacists within FMRPs has increased since 2000, from 27.9% to 52.5%. However, the amount of time dedicated to the FMRPs has decreased. This shift from teaching to a more clinical role may reflect both a growth of patient-centered, interprofessional care and a needed mechanism to assist funding these positions.
Seismic Characterization of the Decatur, Illinois (USA) Carbon Capture and Storage Site

Abstract To improve the detection of microearthquakes down to very small magnitude levels, we apply the empirical Matched Field Processing (MFP) method to 14.5 months of continuous borehole seismic data from the USGS seismic network at Decatur, Illinois and identify 95% more events than were detected in the original catalog. Improved microseismic event detection is one component of a new Microseismic Toolkit that aims to reduce specific technical difficulties that make seismic hazard assessments for CO2 injection and storage projects difficult. These tools can also allow for an improved understanding of the subsurface reservoir at the Illinois Basin – Decatur Project (IDBP) site as observed through changes in the dynamic microearthquake activity and in the more slowly-varying subsurface medium changes associated with CO2 plume growth.
Corporate Governance Beyond Economics

In recent years, changes to state and federal law have increased pressure on corporate law to serve as an ordering mechanism for interests and values beyond economics. On the federal front, two U.S. Supreme Court cases have put existing corporate law in a new quasi-constitutional light. In the landmark decisions of Citizens United v. FEC and Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., the Supreme Court has pointed to state corporate law as the mechanism for ordering political and religious activity. In addition, Congress, the SEC, and federal courts have been embroiled in battles about the scope and appropriateness of regulating corporate speech and disclosures on topics such as conflict minerals and political expenditures that are driven principally by humanitarian and democratic concerns rather than economic goals. On the state law front, a movement of social entrepreneurs has catalyzed a majority of states to adopt legislation for a new form of business entity — the benefit corporation. The public push for this form of corporate entity harkens back to early American law, permitting businesses to be chartered to pursue a dual mission of profits and a social, religious, or environmental goal. This chapter examines these developments and their implications, and anticipates future challenges on the horizon, including with respect to corporate commercial speech and freedom of association. Significant issues remain to be worked out in coming years in reconciling the increased social, political, and religious activity of business corporations.
Discharge prescribing of enteral opioids after initiation as a weaning strategy from continuous opioid infusions in the Intensive Care Unit.

Objective: To evaluate the proportion of patients receiving a hospital discharge prescription for a scheduled enteral opioid following initiation as a weaning strategy from a continuous opioid infusion in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Design: Retrospective, observational study. Setting: Five adult ICUs at a large, quaternary care academic medical center. Patients: Endotracheally intubated, opioid-naive adults receiving a continuous opioid infusion with a concomitant scheduled enteral opioid initiated. Exclusion criteria were receipt of fewer than two enteral opioid doses, documentation of a long-acting opioid as a home medication, the indication for the enteral opioid was not a weaning strategy, death during hospital admission or discharge to hospice. Interventions: None. Main outcome measures: The proportion of ICU and hospital survivors who received a discharge prescription for a scheduled enteral opioid, total duration of continuous opioid infusion, duration of continuous opioid infusion after initiation of an enteral opioid therapy, total duration of enteral therapy, ICU and hospital length of stay. Results: Of 62 included patients, 19 patients (30.6 percent) received a new prescription for a scheduled enteral opioid at hospital discharge. The median duration of enteral opioid therapy was longer for patients who received a discharge prescription compared to those who did not (20.09 vs 8.89 days, p = 0.02), though the remaining endpoints were not different. Conclusions: Utilizing scheduled enteral opioids as a weaning strategy from continuous opioid infusions may place patients at risk of ICU-acquired physical dependence on opioids.
The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality

Rapid expansion of human activity has driven well-documented shifts in the spatial distribution of wildlife, but the cumulative effect of human disturbance on the temporal dynamics of animals has not been quantified. We examined anthropogenic effects on mammal diel activity patterns, conducting a meta-analysis of 76 studies of 62 species from six continents. Our global study revealed a strong effect of humans on daily patterns of wildlife activity. Animals increased their nocturnality by an average factor of 1.36 in response to human disturbance. This finding was consistent across continents, habitats, taxa, and human activities. As the global human footprint expands, temporal avoidance of humans may facilitate human-wildlife coexistence. However, such responses can result in marked shifts away from natural patterns of activity, with consequences for fitness, population persistence, community interactions, and evolution.
External Doping of Tunnel Junctions

Inelastic tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) with M-I-M diodes has been used to detect and study the vibrational modes of organic molecules contained in monolayer amounts inside the barrier layer. In previous experiments it has been necessary to introduce these molecules as an intermediate step in the fabrication process with an additional vacuum evaporation of the top metal electrode coming last. We have developed a method whereby the completed and undoped tunnel junctions can be fabricated in batches and stored in air for later doping with various organic molecules. The doping method is a vapor exposure technique in which the presence of water vapor is a condition for the infusion of molecules into the barrier region. A microscopic layer of adsorbed water apparently acts as a carrier for the introduction of molecules. Experiments with D2O show that the OH can be exchanged with OD inside the barrier. A large number of polar organic molecules (e.g. formic acid, methyl alcohol, hydrogen cyanide) have been infused in monolayer coverages in a few minutes by this method. Deuteration experiments have verified this interpretation. The sensitivity and selectivity of this technique is illustrated by the ability to detect low levels (<10 ppm) of formic acid in singly distilled or deionized tap water. Some of the species studied (methyl alcohol, pyridine) could not be studied easily by previous IETS doping methods. Further study is in progress to understand the details of the doping mechanism and determine the size and types of detectable molecular species. This approach to IETS has been found easier and more flexible than before and is capable of high sensitivity and selectivity to certain types of molecules.
A Van Der Waals Fixed Point

In recent years, the interest of both experimentalists and theoreticians in phase transitions has been centered on the non-analytic behavior of thermodynamic and other properties in the neighborhood of a critical point or continuous phase transition [1]. In pursuing this interest it has been easy to lose sight of the fact that global features of many phase transitions are satisfactorily described by a physical picture which in the context of liquid-vapor phase transitions is called the Van der Waals theory, and in the context of magnetism, the mean-field theory. This physical picture is exact for the weak long range force model in which the forces are infinite ranged but weak in such a way that the product of the potential and the volume in which the force operates is finite [2]. Recently, in the course of an attempt to apply the scaling theory of critical phenomena and its extensions to the liquid-vapor transition in SF6 by M. Ley-Koo and the author [3], it became apparent that the Van der Waals theory may be more than a qualitative guide but may rather form the basis for a quantitative representation of the data to within a few percent of the critical density. It would appear that an adequate theory of the liquid-vapor phase transition requires a model with short range forces near the critical point and the weak long range force model far from the critical point.
Using Social Network Analysis in the Classroom: An Experiential Activity and Tool to Enhance a Sense of Community.

This article presents an experiential exercise where students learn the basics of social network analysis, relate social networks to social capital, and analyze their own networks in the classroom....
Orthogonale lineare regression: Stichprobenparameter

Das Problem der othogonalen linearen Regression [1, 2], durch eine Menge vonn PunktenP i (x i ,y i ) ∈R×R eine Ausgleichsgeradeg so zu legen, das der orthogonale Abstand dieser PunkteP i von der Geradeng im quadratischen Mittel minimal wird, kann sehr einfach gelost werden, wenn man jedem PunktP i die komplexe Zahlz i =x i +jy i zuordnet. Der zugehorige Algorithmus wird in FORTRAN IV angegeben.
Studying Multielectron Excitation and Fragmentation with Ultrafast XUV-IR Spectroscopy

We used XUV-IR transient photoelectron spectroscopy to study excited state dynamics in oxygen and observed 4p excited atomic fragments, which are not an expected dissociation product. This fragment results from previously unexplored multielectron excitation pathway.
Impact of Manufacturing Tolerances on a Low-Reactance Slotless PM Synchronous Machine

This paper presents the impacts of manufacturing tolerances on a 1 MW slotless permanent magnet synchronous motor used in an aircraft propulsion system. The motor was designed using multiphysics analysis of electromagnetics, mechanical structure and thermal analysis to obtain a high torque density. It has several governing characteristics, including a Halbach permanent magnet arrangement, slotless stator windings, an outer rotor, lower reactance and a high current density. Since the current density of this design is high, the existence of circulating currents should be considered for safe operation under different levels of manufacturing tolerances. In particular, the low reactance of the motor and the slotless structure greatly contribute to increase the circulating current. Therefore, this paper analyzes various factors affecting the circulating current such as eccentricity and imbalanced windings. Finally, an analytical model is used to calculate magnetic and electric loading, and non-linear finite element analysis are applied and compared to obtain the machine performance.
Dr. Hans Steyskal: A Tribute to his Life and Technical Accomplishments

This paper chronicles the life and technical accomplishments of Dr. Hans Steyskal. His career as an eminent researcher in the field of phased array antennas spanned over 50 years, with significant contributions in the areas of digital beamforming, adaptive pattern synthesis, EM analysis of arrays, and wideband conformal arrays.
2404 Standardized Curriculum to Enhance Hysteroscopy Education and Performance

Study Objective To investigate a standardized curriculum enhancing resident hysteroscopy education and performance. Design Prospective, observational study from 2018 to 2019 Setting Three OB/Gyne residency programs Patients or Participants OB/Gyne residents from three different institutions in Chicago, IL. Interventions A standardized hysteroscopy curriculum was developed in line with ACOG hysteroscopy training guidelines. The curriculum consists of a series of one-hour lectures followed by hands-on hysteroscopic instrumentation. Each session includes a pre-test to evaluate baseline performance and a post-test to assess for overall improvement. The testing consists of both written and skills based examinations to assess for understanding and implementation of hysteroscopic assembly, diagnostic hysteroscopy, and basic instrument use. Measurements and Main Results The first portion of this analysis reviewed the effectiveness of including a lecture series in hysteroscopy training to increase hysteroscopy knowledge. For all residents (PGY 1-4), the intervention showed a significant difference (p 0.05). Conclusion A traditional lecture curriculum made a significant change in residents' knowledge of hysteroscopy as demonstrated by improved post-test scores. The hands-on training aspect of this study did not show a substantial difference in performance among first and second-year residents because it was limited by a low number of participants. Only PGY-1 and PGY-2 residents were assigned the skills lab portion of the curriculum. Further studies need to be completed regarding hands-on training with larger sample sizes and improved inter-assessment performance training.
Management of Acute, Severe, and Life-Threatening Exacerbations

Severe acute exacerbations are common in children with asthma. They are troublesome to patients and caregivers, can result in long-term morbidity, and are costly. While severe (requiring emergency room and hospital-based care) and life-threatening (with impending or established respiratory failure requiring intensive care unit-based care) exacerbations can occur in any child with asthma, children with more severe chronic asthma and those with a recent exacerbation are at highest risk. Systemic corticosteroids and beta2-agonists are the primary treatments used, with many adjunctive therapies available although less well studied.
Word games and Python in CS I and II

There has been extensive discussion in the Computer Science literature on the advantages of teaching in context, drawing examples and assignments from a particular area (e.g., computer graphics, or robotics). One potential context that does not get very much attention is one based on word games -- games based on language. It transpires that there is an entire discipline, known as recreational linguistics or logology, devoted to the classification, study, and development of these word games. They are relatively easy to learn, highly enjoyable to play, and range from the very simple to the highly complex. The simpler of these can be easily made into assignments in CS I and CS II that are as enjoyable to program as they are to play.
3 – Operating Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter shows how a multitasking operating system, such as Microware Systems Corporation's Ariel operating system, provides an infrastructure for a powerful embedded processor, such as Mototola's MMC2001. The chapter first introduces the operating system to understand what a service call is, and what an operating system is supposed to do. It then introduces service calls to manage time, memory, and inter task communication. The chapter can be scanned over at a high level to understand the idea of a service call and to appreciate its complexity and power. It also provides some detailed information for writing Ariel service calls. An operating system kernel is generally used to manage time, memory, and communication in a larger microcontroller, such as the MMC2001. The Ariel kernel infrastructure enables user-level programmers to concentrate on the application, rather than on duplicating often-written code. However, a programmer must adhere to operating system conventions, which might poorly fit the application, and might take time to learn. The chapter provides knowledge regarding working of a device and its control, which is essential to writing device drivers.
Social Media Use and Deliberate Self-Harm Among Youth: A Systematized Narrative Review.

Abstract Background Suicide is now the 2nd leading cause of death among adolescents and young adults. Social media’s influence on youth suicidal risk or attenuation of risk is a novel and rapidly expanding topic of research that requires attention from a broad range of mental health services professionals. We aimed to provide an updated review of social media-related risk and protective factors to youth deliberate-self harm (DSH) to guide mental health services professionals in offering care and support to youth vulnerable to suicide. Methods Studies on which primary research was conducted that evaluated young people’s use of social media platforms related to DSH were systematically searched via Scopus and identified through expert recommendation and the Association for Computing Machinery’s digital library of conference materials. The search focused on the timeframe June 2014 to September 2019, to offer an update since the time the most recent systematic reviews on this topic concluded their literatures searches. Quality was reviewed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Results A total of 38 articles were eligible, and 24 articles rated as high quality were included in a narrative review. Of the included articles, 19 explored DSH risk and 8 explored DSH protection. Most articles reported on cross-sectional quantitative or qualitative studies. Opportunities for both risks and benefits were explored, and potential influences of social media use were considered for subgroups of youth who may be especially vulnerable to suicide. Conclusions In the relatively short period of review, the association between social media use and youth DSH was tested in population-based studies, offering preliminary evidence for suicide prevention and treatment efforts. Further research is needed to understand the contribution of social media use to youth DSH, particularly among youth most vulnerable to suicidal risk.
Power-Assisted Liposuction: An Important Tool in the Surgical Management of Lymphedema Patients.

Background: Debulking via power-assisted liposuction has been established internationally as the gold standard for patients with chronic fat-dominant lymphedema. In this study we share our experien...
Multi-generation point kinetics for subcritical systems

Abstract This paper presents a novel approach for the modelling of the reactor kinetics of subcritical systems. The new model, named multi-generation point kinetics, shares some of the features of the classical point kinetics, such as the factorization of the solution in shape / amplitude and the projection of the reactor kinetic equations to derive a lumped parameter model. Unlike classical point kinetics, this approach introduces additional amplitudes to account for the independent evolution of the first few terms in the multi-collision series. After truncation of the series, the multiply-collided component (i.e. residue) is modelled using a separate amplitude. Results presented in this paper show that the additional degree of freedom offered by the multi generation point kinetics significantly increases its accuracy compared to point kinetics, with a limited additional computational effort.
Higher admission and rapid readmission rates among medically hospitalized youth with anorexia nervosa/atypical anorexia nervosa during COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had sweeping and deleterious effects on the well-being of individuals worldwide. Eating disorders (EDs) are no exception, with incidence and prevalence of EDs rising since COVID-19 onset. The current study examined inpatient census and readmission rates among youth (aged 8-18) hospitalized for medical complications of anorexia nervosa (AN) or atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) throughout distinct periods of the COVID-19 pandemic, including pre-COVID-19 (n = 136), COVID-19 lockdown (n = 3), and post COVID-19 lockdown (n = 24). Data from the COVID-19 lockdown period was excluded from analyses due to low sample size. Youth hospitalized during post COVID-19 lockdown were over 8-times more likely to be readmitted within 30-days of discharge compared to patients hospitalized before the pandemic (p = .002). Further, the inpatient census of youth with AN/AAN was significantly higher during post COVID-19 lockdown compared to pre-COVID-19 (p = .04). One-third of patients hospitalized since the pandemic identified COVID-19 consequences as a primary correlate of their ED. Our findings, although not causal, suggest an association between COVID-19 and AN/AAN development and exacerbation in youth, thus prompting more medical admissions and rapid readmissions among this demographic. This study has important implications for understanding how AN/AAN onset and exacerbation in youth has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and can inform new efforts to support individuals navigating treatment during a global crisis.
Approximate Bayesian Implementation and Exact Maxmin Implementation: An Equivalence

This paper provides a micro-foundation for approximate incentive compatibility using ambiguity aversion. In particular, we propose a novel notion of approximate interim incentive compatibility, approximate local incentive compatibility, and establish an equivalence between approximate local incentive compatibility in a Bayesian environment and exact interim incentive compatibility in the presence of a small degree of ambiguity. We then apply our result to the implementation of efficient allocations. In particular, we identify three economic settings---including ones in which approximately efficient allocations are implementable, ones in which agents are informationally small, and large double auctions---in which efficient allocations are approximately locally implementable when agents are Bayesian. Applying our result to those settings, we conclude that efficient allocations are exactly implementable when agents perceive a small degree of ambiguity.
A Strong Antioxidant Found in Young Green Barley Leaves

An isoflavonoid, 2″-O-glycosyl isovitexin (2″-O-GIV), was isolated and identified from an ethanol extract of young green barley leaves. 2″-O-GIV was examined for antioxidative activity using various lipid peroxidation systems, and its activities were compared to those of known antioxidants: a-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and β-carotene. The antioxidative activity of 2″-O-GIV toward malonaldehyde (MA) formation from fatty acid ethyl esters oxidized by Fenton’s reagent was similar to that of α-tocopherol. Generally, α-tocopherol inhibited MA formation more effectively from the lipids with lower numbers of double bonds than from those with higher numbers of double bonds. On the other hand, 2″-O-GIV more effectively inhibited MA formation from a sample with a higher number of double bonds such as fish oil than from a sample with a lower number of double bonds such as lecithin I. The antioxidative activity of 2″-O-GIV toward ω-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was higher than that of the known natural antioxidants α-tocopherol or β-carotene.
SU-E-J-28: Gantry Speed Significantly Affects Image Quality and Imaging Dose for 4D Cone-Beam Computed Tomography On the Varian Edge Platform

Purpose: 4D-CBCT facilitates assessment of tumor motion at treatment position. We investigated the effect of gantry speed on 4D-CBCT image quality and dose using the Varian Edge On-Board Imager (OBI). Methods: A thoracic protocol was designed using a 125 kVp spectrum. Image quality parameters were obtained via 4D acquisition using a Catphan phantom with a gating system. A sinusoidal waveform was executed with a five second period and superior-inferior motion. 4D-CBCT scans were sorted into 4 and 10 phases. Image quality metrics included spatial resolution, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), uniformity index (UI), Hounsfield unit (HU) sensitivity, and RMS error (RMSE) of motion amplitude. Dosimetry was accomplished using Gafchromic XR-QA2 films within a CIRS Thorax phantom. This was placed on the gating phantom using the same motion waveform. Results: High contrast resolution decreased linearly from 5.93 to 4.18 lp/cm, 6.54 to 4.18 lp/cm, and 5.19 to 3.91 lp/cm for averaged, 4 phase, and 10 phase 4DCBCT volumes respectively as gantry speed increased from 1.0 to 6.0 degs/sec. CNRs decreased linearly from 4.80 to 1.82 as the gantry speed increased from 1.0 to 6.0 degs/sec, respectively. No significant variations in UIs, HU sensitivities, or RMSEs were observed with variable gantry speed. Ion chambermore » measurements compared to film yielded small percent differences in plastic water regions (0.1–9.6%), larger percent differences in lung equivalent regions (7.5–34.8%), and significantly larger percent differences in bone equivalent regions (119.1–137.3%). Ion chamber measurements decreased from 17.29 to 2.89 cGy with increasing gantry speed from 1.0 to 6.0 degs/sec. Conclusion: Maintaining technique factors while changing gantry speed changes the number of projections used for reconstruction. Increasing the number of projections by decreasing gantry speed decreases noise, however, dose is increased. The future of 4DCBCT’s clinical utility relies on further investigation of image optimization.« less
Chicken Anemia Virus

Chicken anemia virus (CAV), the only member of the genus Gyrovirus of the Circoviridae, is a ubiquitous pathogen of chickens and has a worldwide distribution . CAV shares some similarities with Torque teno virus (TTV) and Torque teno mini virus (TTMV) such as coding for a protein inducing apoptosis and a protein with a dual-specificity phosphatase. In contrast to TTV, the genome of CAV is highly conserved. Another important difference is that CAV can be isolated in cell culture. CAV produces a single polycis-tronic messenger RNA (mRNA), which is translated into three proteins. The promoter-enhancer region has four direct repeats resembling estrogen response elements. Transcription is enhanced by estrogen and repressed by at least two other transcription factors, one of which is COUP-TF1. A remarkable feature of CAV is that the virus can remain latent in gonadal tissues in the presence or absence of virus-neutralizing antibodies. In contrast to TTV, CAV can cause clinical disease and subclinical immunosuppression especially affecting CD8 + T lymphocytes. Clinical disease is associated with infection in newly hatched chicks lacking maternal antibodies or older chickens with a compromised humoral immune response.
The Effectiveness of Deceptive Tactics in Phishing

Phishing, or the attempt of criminals to obtain sensitive information through a variety of techniques, is still a serious problem for IT managers and Internet consumers. With over 57 million Americans exposed to phishing in 2005, a reported 5% of recipients were victimized. Some believe that one percent of all email is phishing-related, and estimates of financial losses vary from 100 million to 1 billion dollars (US) a year (Goth, 2005). Our research examines the properties in a phishing email that may or may not influence the users to give out personal and sensitive information. For this field experiment we use students to test the effect that certain types of content have on the phishing process. The study outcomes suggest that user’s do not pay attention to the sender’s domain in a phishing email but do respond to personalized messages and messages that demand an immediate response.
Evaluation of resonance effects on reactivity by application of the linear inductive energy relationship-IV: Hyperconjugation effects of para-alkyl groups

Abstract The σ * (or σ I ) scale of inductive effects and the linear inductive energy relationship, inductive effect = σ * π * (or σ I π I ), enables an empirical but quantitative estimation of inductive effects on reaction rates and equilibria. In the present paper the inductive effects of para -alkyl groups (Me, Et, Pr i , Bu t ) in diverse reactivities of benzene derivatives are evaluated in this manner by using the inductive reaction constants, π I , obtained in previous work with groups such as NO 2 , CN, OCH 3 and halogens. The observed effects of the para -alkyl groups, i.e., log ( k / k 0 values, upon correction for the inductive effects (equation (1)) give results (called R values) which are in accord with resonance theory. The Baker-Nathan order is obtained and the Berliner and the Bartlett theories of CC hyperconjugation effects are confirmed. In most instances the R values follow satisfactorily Brown's empirical additive relationship (3): R - n H h H + n C h C , where n H and n C are the number of aCH and aCC bonds, respectively, in the alkyl group, and h H and h C are the corresponding hyperconjugation constants. The ratio h H / h C is found equal to 1·3 ± 0·1, totally independent (within these limits) of electron demand (π I values range from - 12 to + 6), solvent, temperature and nature of the reaction process (rate or equilibrium). An independent method (equation (2)) of obtaining R values provides evidence of second-order solvation effects of alkyl groups in certain reactions. The effects of alkyl groups on the transition energies of the OO bands of the gaseous benzene ultraviolet spectra follow equation (3), providing independent evidence corroborating the above interpretation of R values. The unequivocal evidence for CC hyperconjugation in the aromatic reactivities has lead to a re-examination of the aliphatic series reactivities correlated previously by Kreevoy and Taft in terms of inductive and CH hyperconjugation parameters. The R values obtained follow equation (3) with improved precision. However, h H / h C = 2·5, in accord with the earlier conclusion that CH hyperconjugation effects in these aliphatic series reactions are appreciably larger than CC hyperconjugation effects.
Effect of hemofiltration filter adsorption on circulating IL-6 levels in septic rats.

Introduction Hemofiltration may modulate the inflammatory response in sepsis through a variety of mechanisms. We sought to distinguish clearance from adsorption as the principal mechanism responsible for reducing circulating IL-6 levels with hemofiltration.
Implications of recent CO 2 emission-limitation proposals for stabilization of atmospheric concentrations

The stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations is the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. To investigate the gas emissions required to achieve this goal for CO2 over the next few hundred years, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)1,2 has used two sets of concentration pathways (‘profiles’). One set is based solely on smooth changes in emission towards concentration stabilization3, and the other goes further by incorporating economic considerations4. Here I devise new profiles that take into account emissions-limitation proposals restricted to ‘Annex I’ (developed) countries, as well as the constraints imposed by more recent emissions data (now available until the end of 1995; ref. 5). The Annex I scenarios considered are two that span proposals recently considered by the IPCC6, and a less restrictive case. Using the new CO2-concentration profiles and a carbon-cycle model7 to determine global CO2 emissions, and taking into account the prescribed Annex I country emissions, I determine the CO2-emission requirements for non-Annex I (developing) countries to achieve the stabilization of atmospheric concentration at about twice preindustrial values. I show that action by Annex I countries within the bounds of the scenarios considered can mean that non-Annex I countries have several decades before their emissions need to depart significantly from a ‘business as usual’ (no intervention) trajectory. Alternatively, if international trade in carbon emissions is permitted, non-Annex I countries can choose to emit below their ‘business as usual’ baseline and benefit from the trading of emission rights.
Sources of International River Basin Disputes

In the twentieth century the world has experienced substantial growth in the demand for fresh water for agriculture and industry along with a decline in the uncontaminated supply of this resource. Rather than seeing the geopolitical concern of water access recede as technology diversifies our means of consumption and substitution, we have witnessed unprecedented attention focused on this most traditional natural resource. International river basins, historically cradles of modern civilization, have been transformed into tense arenas for competitive exploitation by neighboring nations. As a result, it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish between water as an environmental issue and water as a national security issue, and international disputes have arisen almost everywhere among the users of the world's waterways.
ICA by Maximization of Nongaussianity using Complex Functions

We use complex, hence analytic, functions to achieve independent component analysis (ICA) by maximization of nonGaussianity and introduce the complex maximization of nonGaussianity (CMN) algorithm. We show that CMN converges to the principal component of the source distribution and that the algorithm provides robust performance for both circular and non-circular sources
On Software Protection via Function Hiding

Software piracy is a major economic problem: it leads to revenue losses, it favors big software houses that are less hurt by these losses and it prevents new software economy models where small enterprises can sell software on a per-usage basis. Proprietary algorithms are currently hard to protect, both at the technical as well as the legal level. In this paper we show how encrypted programs can be used to achieve protection of algorithms against disclosure. Moreover, using this approach we describe a protocol that ensures - under reasonable conditions - that only licensed users are able to obtain the cleartext output of the program. This protocol also allows to charge clients on a per-usage basis.
Application of Survival Analysis to CTD Risk Assessment

This paper demonstrates the application of survival models to CTD (Cumulative Trauma Disorder) studies. Survival analysis techniques are usually applied to the analysis of prospective epidemiological studies examining related risk factors. However, survival models have never been used in CTD etiology, perhaps due to mathematical complexities imposed on survival analysis techniques and its interpretation. The other reason might be the fact that it has not been considered as serious as other diseases usually studied in epidemiology. However, the conditions and assumptions of survival models fit completely into CTD studies (the existence of concomitant variables, a heterogeneous study population, censored observations etc.). Thus it is inappropriate to analyze CTD problems (specifically etiology and prevention) using typical statistical technique (ANOVA or ordinary regression).In this study, 143 subjects participated from an automobile carpet manufacturing plant which was experiencing a high number of CTD ca...
Video Educational Intervention Improves Reporting of Concussion and Symptom Recognition.

Context: Concussion management is potentially complicated by the lack of reporting due to poor educational intervention in youth athletics. Objective: Determine if a concussion-education video developed for high school athletes will increase the reporting of concussive injuries and symptom recognition in this group. Design: Cross-sectional, between groups. Setting: Athletes participating in South Carolina interscholastic athletics. Patients or Other Participants: High school athletes (N = 68; males n = 42; females n = 26; mean age = 14.78 ± 1.38 years) participated in this study. The athletes were randomly assigned into 2 groups: concussion education (n = 34) and control (n = 34). Main Outcome Measures: Participants were administered a survey before and after watching a video about concussion incidence, symptoms, and reporting conditions (intervention group) or a nutrition video (control group). Total symptom score and survey items served as dependent variables. Examination of group differences was perfor...
Surface Femtochemistry: Photocatalytic Reaction Dynamics of Methanol / TiO2(110)

We observe a strong charge-transfer resonance for the methanol/TiO2(110) surface by time-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy. The resonance decays in a two-component process corresponding to the Charge transfer induced wave packet motion followed by solvation by the surrounding molecules.
The Radiation Patterns Produced by a Linear Array of Half-Wave Dipoles Coupled Electromagnetically to a Two-Wire Transmission Line

AbstractThe radiation patterns produced by a linear array of half-wave dipoles coupled electromagnetically to a two-wire transmission line are analysed by an idealized theory. The effects of the various physical parameters on the radiation pattern are studied from theoretical and physical considerations. The theoretical conclusions are verified by actual measurements. In general, the radiation pattern of the antenna contains four major lobes, two in the end-fire and two in the broadside directions. The levels of the end-fire and broadside radiation can be controlled by simple means. The electromagnetic coupling principle used in this antenna array provides more flexibility for controlling the radiation pattern than in the case of the usual method of coupling the dipoles to a two-wire transmission line. A step-by-step design procedure is outlined in the end; this can be used in order to obtain the desired radiation pattern from the antenna.
Developmental incompetence to stand trial in juvenile courts

Juveniles' competency to participate in delinquency proceedings has received increased attention in recent years. Developmental incompetence, whereby juveniles' incompetency is based upon their immaturity, as opposed to a mental disorder or developmental disability, is an evolving and important aspect of this area of law. The following paper reviews theories used to support the notion of developmental incompetence, as well as the extant empirical research on juveniles' competency-related abilities. Using a LexisNexis search, statutory and case laws pertaining to juvenile competency were identified across the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Only six states clearly allow developmental incompetence, whereas 17 have laws that do not include developmental immaturity as an acceptable basis of incompetence in juvenile courts. Developmental incompetence is likely to affect a relatively small proportion of juvenile cases, but has important implications for juvenile forensic practice. Recommendations are offered for forensic practitioners conducting this type of evaluation. Language: en
The Evolution of Empiricism: Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Geometry

During the nineteenth century there was a growing trend towards specialisation in science. It became more and more rare to find individuals who remained 'natural philosophers', and more common to find those who saw themselves as 'chemists', 'physicists', 'physiologists', or 'mathematicians'. Despite this trend, which has continued with increasing strength until the present day, there were a number of scientific investigators who continue to move with a certain freedom from field to field, and who made significant contributions to many of them. The phenomenon of the late nineteenth-century scientific universalist poses a number of historio-philosophic questions. How can his concerns be understood within the context of a specialised discipline? In what ways do his wider concerns affect the choice of problems and content of his work in each distinct field? Concentrating on one particular case of a late nineteenthcentury universalist, perhaps the answers to these and similar questions can be clarified.
Referral of Very Low Birth Weight Infants to High-Risk Follow-Up at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Discharge Varies Widely across California

Objectives To determine rates and factors associated with referral to the California Children's Services high-risk infant follow-up (HRIF) program among very low birth weight (BW) infants in the California Perinatal Quality of Care Collaborative. Study design Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined independent associations of demographic and clinical variables, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) volume and level, and California region with HRIF referral. Results In 2010-2011, 8071 very low BW infants were discharged home; 6424 (80%) were referred to HRIF. Higher odds for HRIF referral were associated with lower BW (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.4; ≤ 750 g vs 1251-1499 g), higher NICU volume (OR 1.6, 1.2-2.1; highest vs lowest quartile), and California Children's Services Regional level (OR 3.1, 2.3-4.3, vs intermediate); and lower odds with small for gestational age (OR 0.79, 0.68-0.92), and maternal race African American (OR 0.58, 0.47-0.71) and Hispanic (OR 0.65, 0.55-0.76) vs white. There was wide variability in referral among regions (8%-98%) and NICUs ( Conclusions There are considerable disparities in HRIF referral, some of which may indicate regional and individual NICU resource challenges and barriers. Understanding demographic and clinical factors associated with failure to refer present opportunities for targeted quality improvement initiatives.
Willingness to Pay for an Ecological Park Experience

The purpose of this study is to estimate an ecological park's use values and to show the statistical relationship between emotional/psychological determinants and visitors' willingness to pay (WTP). The study employs the contingent valuation method (CVM) to elicit the park's economic values. CVM, however, has been criticized due to potential exaggeration bias, so this study attempts to reduce this bias by reaffirming visitors' “yes” responses. Results demonstrate a more conservative WTP, and show that sense of place meanings did not have a significant relationship with respondents' WTP but satisfaction did influence people's willingness to pay for an ecological park experience.
Where's the fat? Trends in U.S. diets 1965-1996.

Background. Controlling fat intake has been an ongoing health concern since the late 1950s. This study examines 30-year trends in food sources of fat intake. It focuses on both total fat and specific fatty acid classes to ascertain if there are trend differences by age, sex, or race/ethnicity. Methods. Nationally representative cross-sectional U.S. Department of Agriculture surveys from 1965, 1977–1978, 1989–1991, and 1994–1996 form the basis of this analysis, which compares 45,357 adults aged 18 years and older. Food files linked over time are used to create comparable food groups and nutrient values. Results. The proportion of fat in the diet from grain-based mixed dishes, higher-fat snack foods, and higher fat potatoes has increased to partially offset reductions in fat from dairy, red meat, and added fat categories. Food sources of fat differ by race/ethnicity and age. The percentage of fat from fast foods and ethnic foods increased over time from 1 to 11% of total fat. The ratio of visible to invisible fat declined considerably. Conclusion. While animal product-based sources of fat continue to require emphasis, the shift toward fast foods, fried foods, and grain-based mixed dish and edible oil sources requires more focus.
Thunder-storms and runoff at high elevations in northwestern New Mexico

Water-supply in the southwest region of the United States has always been a problem to those living or traveling in that area. Water for household uses, stock, and agriculture has been sought both on the surface and below the ground. The fact that all but the largest stream-beds are dry most of the time, and that summer floods are noted for the rapidity with which they rise and recede and for the large debris-load they carry, makes the planning for surface-water conservation irrigation, and drainage very difficult.
Multicultural health care: A select bibliography

The purpose of this bibliographic guide is to acquaint librarians with resources on health care provision for patients of various cultures. The sources in this bibliography address lingual and cultural barriers to communication between patients and health care providers. They also cover the health care needs of specific ethnic groups, the impact of cultural beliefs on health behavior and knowledge, and traditionally held health care practices.
The effect of corticosteroids on in vitro endotoxin-induced microclots.

SUMMARY The in vitro endotoxin-induced fibrin microclots could be completely inhibited in blood by treating the patient with an oral dose of 30–60 mg prednisone 24 h before drawing the blood sample. When added to 100 ml blood in vitro, the minimal inhibiting dose of corticosteroid is 0.004 mg betamethasone or 0.5 mg hydrocortisone.
Sample size and design considerations for phase II clinical trials with correlated observations

Several methods are available for the design of phase II clinical trials with binary endpoints. A primary assumption for most methods is that observations on the endpoint of interest are uncorrelated; however, this assumption is violated if an individual patient provides more than one observation on the endpoint of interest. In such cases, one solution is to use a summary measure for each patient; an alternative solution is to perform an observation-specific analysis using a technique that properly accounts for the correlation. In this paper, we investigate the effect that ignoring correlated observations can have on the design properties of the typical phase II clinical trial. In cases in which an observation-specific analysis is desirable, we propose a simple method that adjusts a standard one- or two-stage phase II design to account for loss of information due to correlated observations. Simulations demonstrate that the method ensures that type I and type II error rate design requirements are met even in the presence of strong correlation. We develop the method in the context of phase II oncology trials, but the method applies readily to other clinical areas in which multiple responses per patient are of interest.