cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Condom vending machines in Canada's secondary schools.

PIP: A case study of 1 of the 3 school boards approving in 1989 installation of condom machines is presented: The Lisgar Collegiate Institute, Ottawa, Canada. The school is characterized as having 1000 college preparatory students from middle and upper middle class homes and university educated parents. The project was student initiated and involved 1) meeting with communication consultants to determine feasibility, 2) conducting an informal peer consultation to seek out interest and support, 3) meeting with public health officials to gain support and ideas, and 4) conducting research. Condom machine installation (2) was only 1 component; a pilot sexuality education program was included as well. The student proposal was presented and rejected by the principal and the Superintendent of Student Services. Students then lobbied the school board trustees. 2 students lobbies each school board member. Letters of support were obtained from parents' advisory groups, parents, the student council, and other influential people. The media provided coverage in a popular morning television show. The student proposal was submitted to the Board of Education's Education Committee in June 1989; students were assisted by teachers and the Parents Advisory Committee. The school board approved. In the fall of 1989, sexuality awareness week was designated as October 30-November 3. Parents were asked for comments on the designated program, but only 50 contributed in a supportive way. During this week lunch-hour displays and videos, peer-facilitated discussion groups, informal talks by experts, and student theater presentations were sponsored activities. Following this event, the school board arranged for the installment of machines in the men's and women's washrooms near where social events were held and in toilet cubicles in order to provide privacy, as requested by students. The individual cost is US$1/condom. Evaluation is planned. Students have been amused by the amount of public response to this action. Other participating schools include Qualicum School District in Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and Toronto's 36 secondary schools.
Partial purification and characterization of a novel bovine adrenocortical protein kinase that phosphorylates endogenous 120,000 dalton peptide.

Abstract We describe partial purification of a novel protein kinase (designated PK 380) from bovine adrenal cortex. The enzyme binds neither cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP, nor phosphorylates the known exogenous substrates such as histones, phosphorylase b, casein, phosvitin, or protamine, in the presence or absence of the cyclic nucleotides. The protein kinase activity of the enzyme was not inhibited by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor. Addition of exogenous calcium, calmodulin, or EGTA did not affect the process of phosphorylation. It catalyzes, however, the phosphorylation of an endogenous 120,000 dalton polypeptide. We, therefore, conclude that PK 380 is a cyclic nucleotide- and calcium-or calcium-calmodulin independent protein kinase, that phosphorylates the endogenous substrate, a 120,000 dalton polypeptide. Recently, we have found that PK 380 specifically phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α. This enzyme therefore, might play an important role in the translation control of eukaryotic cell.
Polymer bragg waveguide ultrasound detectors

Polymer Bragg Grating Waveguides (BGW) are demonstrated as ultrasound detectors. The device is fabricated by direct electron beam lithography technique using SU-8 as the core material with grating features fabricated on the side walls of the rib waveguide. The main motivation for this design is the linear geometry of the device, which can be used in a linear array facilitating high frequency ultrasound imaging. The fabricated BGW device has a grating periodicity of 530 nm and the grating length is 500 μm. The device is tested for optical resonance spectrum. The BGW device is characterized both optically and acoustically. The BGW device is experimentally demonstrated for the detection of ultrasound waves emitted by a 25 MHz transducer. Detection sensitivity depends on optimal grating design for a steep resonance. The results demonstrate the potential use of BGW devices in highly compact array of optoacoustic detectors for high sensitivity ultrasound detection and photoacoustic imaging.
Hepatic insulin action in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: relationship with long-term glycemic control.

The relationship between hepatic insulin action and long-term glycemic control was assessed in 20 adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and five healthy matched controls using a two-step (0.8 and 1.6 mU/kg/min) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and [6,6-2H2]glucose. The night before the study, diabetic patients received variable-rate intravenous insulin in an attempt to normalize fasting plasma glucose concentrations. In the postabsorptive state, hepatic glucose production (HGP) was similar in IDDM patients and controls (593 +/- 40 v 518 +/- 27 mumol/m2/min); however, plasma glucose and free insulin concentrations were higher in IDDM patients than in controls (6.5 +/- 0.4 v 5.4 +/- 0.1 mmol/L [P = .01], and 207 +/- 21 v 104 +/- 10 pmol/L [P 11.4% HbA1) revealed two distinct patient populations with regard to hepatic and peripheral insulin action and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) suppression. During hyperinsulinemia, the percent suppression of HGP was lower in group no. 2 compared with group no. 1 (65.7% +/- 9.8% v 94.4% +/- 3.8%; P = .018). Rates of glucose disposal were lower in group no. 2 compared with controls and with group no. 1. Postabsorptive FFA levels were similar between group no. 2 and group no. 1 (0.45 +/- 0.03 and 0.43 +/- 0.04 mmol/L) despite higher free-insulin concentrations in group no. 2 (260 +/- 30 v 171 +/- 25 pmol/L; P = .04).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A new method for the rapid calculation of infrared transmittances of atmospheric gases.

A new procedure is outlined for the rapid calculation of transmittances of atmospheric gases in the infrared. A feature of the method is the relatively high accuracy (better than 1%) and the fact that any line shape can be handled. The highest gain in speed over direct line-by-line integration is in the low pressure region (Voigt or Doppler profiles).
Stress-function variational method for stress analysis of bonded joints under mechanical and thermal loads

Abstract High interfacial stresses near the ends of adherends are responsible for debonding failure of bonded joints used extensively in structural engineering and microelectronics packaging. This paper proposes a stress-function variational method for determination of the interfacial stresses in a single-sided strap joint subjected to mechanical and thermal loads. During the process, two interfacial shear and normal (peeling) stress functions are introduced, and the planar stresses of adherends of the joints are expressed in terms of the stress functions according to the static equilibrium equations. Two coupled governing ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of the stress functions are obtained through minimizing the complementary strain energy of the joints and solved explicitly in terms of eigenfunctions. The stress field of the joints based on this method can satisfy all the traction boundary conditions (BCs), especially the shear-free condition near the adherend ends. Compared to results based on finite element method (FEM) and other analytic methods in the literature, the present variational method is capable of predicting highly accurate interfacial stresses. Dependencies of the interfacial stresses upon the adherend geometries, moduli and temperature are examined. Results gained in this study are applicable to scaling analysis of joint strength and examination of solutions given by other methods. The present formalism can be extended conveniently to mechanical and thermomechanical stress analysis of other bonded structures such as adhesively bonded joints, composite joints, and recently developed flexible electronics, among others.
Critical review of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for water treatment applications

Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have emerged as novel water treatment technologies for the elimination of a broad-range of organic contaminants. Considerable validation of this technology has been performed at both the bench-scale and pilot-scale, which has been facilitated by the development of stable electrode materials that efficiently generate high yields of hydroxyl radicals (OH˙) (e.g., boron-doped diamond (BDD), doped-SnO2, PbO2, and substoichiometic- and doped-TiO2). Although a promising new technology, the mechanisms involved in the oxidation of organic compounds during EAOPs and the corresponding environmental impacts of their use have not been fully addressed. In order to unify the state of knowledge, identify research gaps, and stimulate new research in these areas, this review critically analyses published research pertaining to EAOPs. Specific topics covered in this review include (1) EAOP electrode types, (2) oxidation pathways of select classes of contaminants, (3) rate limitations in applied settings, and (4) long-term sustainability. Key challenges facing EAOP technologies are related to toxic byproduct formation (e.g., ClO4− and halogenated organic compounds) and low electro-active surface areas. These challenges must be addressed in future research in order for EAOPs to realize their full potential for water treatment.
The impact of foreign-born scientists and engineers on American nanoscience research

This paper assesses the contribution of foreign-born scientists and engineers to nanoscience innovation. While studies have assessed immigrants’ general contributions to American science and engineering, less is known about their presence within emergent, cutting-edge, and multidisciplinary fields. Multiple sources are utilized to determine the nativity of researchers within nanotechnology, a platform technology with important implications for economic growth, industrial competitiveness, and numerous fields of scientific research. Specifically, it examines the authors of the most highly-cited articles published in the period 1999–2009. Based on comparisons with the prevalence of foreign-born in the scientific and engineering community and general population, the study’s findings reveal that researchers were disproportionally foreign-born, a trend that has grown over time. Additionally, although over-represented among high-impact researchers, there were no significant differences between the institutional locations (academia versus industry) and research activities (productivity and patterns of collaboration) of foreign and native scientists and engineers.
Soldiers and Buses: All Aboard

The field of retrospective justice has spawned interesting scholarship on the complexities of redress for histories of slavery and Jim Crow, including reparation, official apologies, judicial remed...
Attachment and Garnishment as Bases for Adjudicatory Jurisdiction Over foreigners: A Comparative Study

The purpose of this paper is the comparative study of the jurisdictional functions performed by attachment and garnishment under Belgian and American law. In other words, an attempt will be made to ascertain how and to what extent Belgian and American courts may adjudicate upon claims involving foreigners whose assets are found within their respective jurisdictions.
Engineering supermode silicon/III-V hybrid waveguides for laser oscillation

We analyze a silicon/III-V hybrid semiconductor waveguide structure for laser oscillation. We show that, by optimally designing and controlling the resonant supermode behavior in such structures, the modal gain can be enhanced five times compared with that of the existing silicon evanescent laser, while maintaining efficient coupling to outside silicon waveguide circuits.
Adaptive alternate routing in WDM networks and its performance tradeoffs in the presence of wavelength converters

Routing in wavelength-routed all-optical WDM networks has received much attention in the past decade, for which fixed and dynamic routing methods have been proposed. Taking into account the observation that wavelength-routed all-optical WDM networks are similar to circuit-switched voice networks, except with regard to wavelength conversion, we propose an adaptive alternate routing (AAR) scheme for wavelength-routed all-optical WDM networks. A major benefit of AAR is that it can operate and adapt without requiring an exchange of network status, i.e., it is an information-less adaptive routing scheme. The scope of this work is to understand this scheme in its own right since no other dynamic routing schemes are known to have the information-less property. In this paper, we conduct a systematic study of AAR with regard to factors such as the number of converters, load conditions, traffic patterns, network topologies, and the number of alternate paths considered. We observe that the routing scheme with multiple alternate routes provides more gain at a lower load instead of requiring any nodes to be equipped with wavelength converters. On the other hand, the availability of wavelength converters at some nodes, along with adaptive routing, is beneficial at a moderate to high load without requiring all nodes to be equipped with wavelength converters. We also observed that a small number of alternate routes considered in a network without wavelength converters gives a much better performance than a network with full wavelength converters and fewer alternate routes. Throughout this study, we observed that the proposed adaptive alternate routing scheme adapts well to the network traffic condition.
23 Na nuclear magnetic resonance in fine powders of sodium chloride

Abstract The effect of electric quadrupole interactions on the 23Na magnetic resonance has been studied at room temperature in a series of NaCl powder samples with specific surface areas ranging from approximately 7 to 70 m2 g−1 (average particle size ranging from 4 × 10 −5 cm to 4 × 10−6 cm). First order quadrupole effects are prominent in each case. The normalized resonance intensity shows a maximum in the vicinity of 18 m2g−1. This behaviour is attributed to perturbations of the lattice associated both with the crystal surface and with dislocations present in the larger particles. Interpreting the data using the “all or nothing” model, it is found that there is no satellite contribution from 23Na nuclei situated within approximately 80 A of the crystal surface and that particles with specific surface area greater than about 7 m2g−1 are predominantly dislocation-free. The electric field gradient near the free {100} crystal surface has been computed using theoretical values of ionic displacement and polarization. In agreement with experiment, the results show that quadrupole interactions associated with the crystal surface are likely to be of long range. The saturation behaviour of the 23Na resonance has been studied for each sample. The interpretation of this saturation data is discussed, particular attention being paid to cross-relaxation effects. The possibility that we may have detected a spin-lattice relaxation mechanism associated with the crystal surface is considered.
Protecting anonymity in dynamic peer-to-peer networks

Peer-to-peer anonymous networks offer the resources to support todaypsilas Internet applications. In todaypsilas dynamic networks, the key challenge to these systems arises from node dynamics and failures that disrupt anonymous routing paths, forcing them to be frequently rebuilt. Not only do these path rebuilds interrupt application sessions, but they also leak information to logging attacks such as the predecessor attack, leading to significant degradation of anonymity over long sessions. In this paper, we propose Bluemoon, a new anonymous protocol that provides strong resilience against the predecessor attack through the use of persistent anonymous links called hooks. When chained together, these links create robust anonymous paths that avoid path disruptions and rebuilds across node failures. Through detailed analysis, we show that relative to prior approaches, Bluemoon provides significantly stronger resistance against predecessor attacks. Finally, we implement and deploy a prototype on both local and Internet-scale network testbeds, and show that it provides high throughput even in high-load environments such as PlanetLab.
Enhancement of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity by fever-range thermal stress is dependent on NKG2D function and is associated with plasma membrane NKG2D clustering and increased expression of MICA on target cells

Circulating NK cells normally experience temperature gradients as they move about the body, but the onset of inflammation can expose them and their targets to febrile temperatures for several hours. We found that exposure of human peripheral blood NK cells and target cells to fever-range temperatures significantly enhances lysis of Colo205 target cells. A similar effect was not observed when NK cell lines or IL-2-activated peripheral blood NK cells were used as effectors, indicating that thermal sensitivity of effectors is maturation or activation state-dependent. Use of blocking antibodies revealed that this effect is also dependent on the function of the activating receptor NKG2D and its ligand MHC class I-related chain A (MICA). On NK cells, it was observed that thermal exposure does not affect the total level of NKG2D surface expression, but does result in its distinct clustering, identical to that which occurs following IL-2-induced activation. On tumor target cells, a similar, mild temperature elevation results in transcriptional up-regulation of MICA in a manner that correlates with increased sensitivity to cytolysis. Overall, these data reveal that NK cells possess thermally responsive regulatory elements, which facilitate their ability to capitalize on reciprocal, stress-induced changes simultaneously occurring on target cells during inflammation and fever.
INTEGRATING THE POLICY MODELS OF TERRORISM AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

International and domestic terrorism present some of the same kinds of policy imperatives as do natural and other man-made disasters. In terms of the unpredictability and potential destructiveness of the events, the problems of preparing for, mitigating or lessening the effects of, responding to, and recovering from the disasters are essentially the same. This article suggests that the current emergency management models can be adapted to fit the circumstances created by terrorist violence. A model of antiterrorism policy interventions can be f i t into the preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery model now guiding the efforts of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and other disaster preparedness and response agencies in the United States.
Investigation of E. coli and Virus Reductions Using Replicate, Bench-Scale Biosand Filter Columns and Two Filter Media

The biosand filter (BSF) is an intermittently operated, household-scale slow sand filter for which little data are available on the effect of sand composition on treatment performance. Therefore, bench-scale columns were prepared according to the then-current (2006–2007) guidance on BSF design and run in parallel to conduct two microbial challenge experiments of eight-week duration. Triplicate columns were loaded with Accusand silica or crushed granite to compare virus and E. coli reduction performance. Bench-scale experiments provided confirmation that increased schmutzdecke growth, as indicated by decline in filtration rate, is the primary factor causing increased E. coli reductions of up to 5-log10. However, reductions of challenge viruses improved only modestly with increased schmutzdecke growth. Filter media type (Accusand silica vs. crushed granite) did not influence reduction of E. coli bacteria. The granite media without backwashing yielded superior virus reductions when compared to Accusand. However, for columns in which the granite media was first backwashed (to yield a more consistent distribution of grains and remove the finest size fraction), virus reductions were not significantly greater than in columns with Accusand media. It was postulated that a decline in surface area with backwashing decreased the sites and surface area available for virus sorption and/or biofilm growth and thus decreased the extent of virus reduction. Additionally, backwashing caused preferential flow paths and deviation from plug flow; backwashing is not part of standard BSF field preparation and is not recommended for BSF column studies. Overall, virus reductions were modest and did not meet the 5- or 3-log10 World Health Organization performance targets.
Analysis of Lifting and B-Spline DWT Implementations for Implantable Neuroprosthetics

The large amount of data generated by neuroprosthetic devices requires a high communication bandwidth for extra-cranial transmission, critically limiting the number and utility of wireless implantable applications. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) can provide exceptionally efficient data compression for neural records. Two energy efficient hardware implementations for one dimensional, multi-level, multi-channel DWT have been compared to identify the optimal approach for real time processing within an implanted device. This paper defines area-power minimized hardware implementation of the lifting and B-spline DWT schemes and analyzes their performance tradeoffs for implantable neuroprosthetics. The lifting scheme is shown to be increasingly superior for a larger number of input channels.
Improvements on Pozzolanic Reactivity of Coal Refuse by Thermal Activation

Today, coal refuse as industrial solid waste stockpiled on the ground is one of the greatest threats to the environment. One of the practical solutions to utilize this huge amount of solid waste is to activate the coal refuse and utilize it as substitution for portion of ordinary Portland cement. The key purpose of activation is to enhance the pozzolanic property of the coal refuse.Many scientists and engineers found that thermal activation is a practical approach on increasing pozzolanic property. For thermal activation, temperature and time are two important parameters which significantly determine the activation effect. In this paper, a systematic research has been conducted to seek for anoptimal solution for enhancing pozzolanic reactivity of the relatively inert solid waste-coal refuse in order to improve the utilization efficiency and economy benefit forconstruction and building materials.The mechanical property analysis shows that coal refusethat activated at 700°C to 800°C with 1 hour to 1.5 hours has much higher reactivity when compared with coal refuse activated at 500°C to 600 °C with 1 hour to 1.5 hours. And 28-dayscompressive strength value of prepared blended cementitious material containing 25% of the 700°C 1h activated coal refuse based pozzolanareaches 43.4MPa, which is higher than 28-days strength of OPC group as control.
Development of a High‐Temperature Deformation and Life Prediction Model for an Advanced Silicon Nitride Ceramic

A new deformation model inclusive of life prediction capability is introduced for describing general thermal-mechanical loading behavior of an advanced structural ceramic at high temperatures. The model is formulated using the state variable approach. Two internal state variables, namely, “hardening” and “damage” variables, are employed to characterize the current state of the material. The model consists of three rate equations: a flow rule describes the creep rate as a function of the hardening state variable, applied stress, and temperature; and two evoluton rules describe the rate changes of the two internal variables. Material history is accounted for through the evolution of the internal variables. The model was characterized and evaluated based on experimental creep and creep rupture data of an advanced silicon nitride ceramic tested under constant and stepwise-varied loading conditions. A unique strength of the model, not empowered in conventional approaches such as the Norton power-law creep and Monkman-Grant creep rupture relations, is demonstrated with the aid of the hardening variable, which enables the effcts of thermal annealing on subsequent creep and creep rupture behavior to be delineated.
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Use on Survival After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis: The Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort

Purpose To examine the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and survival among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and to evaluate whether this association varies by sex, insulin treatment, and durations of T2DM and insulin use. Patients and Methods This study was conducted among 2,278 men and women diagnosed with nonmetastatic colon or rectal cancer between 1992 and 2007 in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort, a prospective study of cancer incidence. In 1992 to 1993, participants completed a detailed, self-administrated questionnaire. Vital status and cause of death were ascertained through the end of 2008. Multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Among the 2,278 men and women with nonmetastatic CRC, there were 842 deaths by the end of follow-up (including 377 deaths from CRC and 152 deaths from cardiovascular disease [CVD]). Among men and women combined, compared with patients without T2DM, pati...
Relative properties and localizations of synaptic vesicle protein isoforms: the case of the synaptophysins

Synaptophysins are abundant synaptic vesicle proteins present in two forms: synaptophysin, also referred to as synaptophysin I (abbreviated syp I), and synaptoporin, also referred to as synaptophysin II (abbreviated syp II). In the present study, the properties and localizations of syp I and syp II were investigated to shed light on their relative functions. Our results reveal that syp II, similar to syp I, is an abundant, N-glycosylated membrane protein that is part of a heteromultimeric complex in synaptic vesicle membranes. Cross-linking studies indicate that syp II is linked to a low-molecular-weight protein in this complex as has been observed before for syp I. Furthermore, after transfection into CHO cells, syp II, similar to syp I, is targeted to the receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. Immunocytochemistry of rat brain sections reveals that syp II expression is highly heterogeneous, with high concentrations of syp II only in selected neuronal populations, whereas syp I is more homogeneously expressed in most nerve terminals. In general, nerve terminals expressing syp II also express syp I. In addition to high levels of syp II observed in selected neurons, a rostrocaudal gradient of syp II expression was observed in the cerebellar cortex. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that syp II is localized to synaptic vesicles. Immunoprecipitations of synaptic vesicles from rat brain with antibodies to syp I demonstrated that syp II is colocalized with syp I on the same vesicles. However, after detergent solubilization, no coimmunoprecipitations of the two proteins were observed, suggesting that they are not complexed with each other although they are on the same vesicles. Together our results demonstrate that syp I and syp II have similar properties and are present on the same synaptic vesicles but do not coassemble. The presence of the two proteins in the same nerve terminal suggests that they have similar but nonidentical functions and that the relative abundance of the two proteins may contribute to the functional heterogeneity of nerve terminals.
Genetic analysis of amino acid accumulation in opaque-2 maize endosperm.

The opaque-2 mutation in maize (Zea mays) is associated with an increased level of free amino acids (FAA) in the mature endosperm. In particular, there is a high concentration of lysine, the most limiting essential amino acid. To investigate the basis for the high-FAA phenotype of opaque-2 maize, we characterized amino acid accumulation during endosperm development of several wild-type and opaque-2 inbreds. Oh545o2 was found to have an exceptionally high level of FAA, in particular those derived from aspartate (Asp) and intermediates of glycolysis. The FAA content in Oh545o2 is 12 times greater than its wild-type counterpart, and three and 10 times greater than in Oh51Ao2 and W64Ao2, respectively. We crossed Oh545o2 to Oh51Ao2 and analyzed the F2:3 progeny to identify genetic loci linked with the high FAA level in these mutants. Quantitative trait locus mapping identified four significant loci that account for about 46% of the phenotypic variance. One locus on the long arm of chromosome 2 is coincident with genes encoding a monofunctional Asp kinase 2 and a bifunctional Asp kinase-homo-Ser dehydrogenase-2, whereas another locus on the short arm of chromosome 3 is linked with a cytosolic triose phosphate isomerase 4. The results suggest an alternation of amino acid and carbon metabolism leads to overproduction and accumulation of FAA in opaque-2 mutants.
Novel 1-Phenylcycloalkanecarboxylic Acid Derivatives Are Potent and Selective .sigma.1 Ligands

Carbetapentane (1, 2-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]ethyl 1-phenyl-1-cyclopentanecarboxylate) binds with high affinity to sigma sites and is a potent antitussive, anticonvulsant, and spasmolytic agent. However, carbetapentane interacts at muscarinic binding sites as well, and it is not clear whether either of these receptor systems is involved in the mechanism(s) of action(s) of this drug. In an attempt to determine whether these psychoactivities can be attributed to interaction at sigma sites, a series of carbetapentane analogs were prepared. Phenyl ring substitution; contraction, expansion, and replacement with a methyl group of the cyclopentyl ring; replacement of the carboxylate function with an amide, methyl ether, and methylamine; and replacement of the N,N-diethyl substituent with a morpholino or piperidino moiety were investigated. All of these novel analogs were evaluated for binding to sigma 1 and sigma 2 sites, and comparison of binding at muscarinic m1 and m2 and PCP (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine) receptors was performed. All of the compounds were selective for sigma 1 over sigma 2 sites, with the three most selective analogs being compounds 34 (65-fold), 35 (78-fold), and 39 (51-fold). None of the compounds were active at PCP sites, and chemical modification including (1) replacing the ester function, (2) replacing the cyclopentyl ring with a smaller ring system (cyclopropyl) or a methyl group, and (3) replacing the diethylamino moiety with a morpholino group resulted in > 220-fold selectivity over muscarinic receptor binding. Therefore, several of these novel compounds are potent, sigma 1-selective ligands which can now be investigated as potential antitussive, anticonvulsant, and antiischemic agents. These studies may reveal whether sigma 1 sites play a role in the pharmacological actions of these drugs.
Trust me: the keys to success in cooperative collections ventures

Purpose – Cooperation among research libraries is a venerable pursuit with a long history. The purpose of this paper is to examine three collaborative tools and programs ranging from the late 1970s to the present to identify the promise of each as well as the challenges, the factors that both facilitate and interfere with true cooperation, highlighting the lessons learned. Design/methodology/approach – The author analyzes the development and functions of the Conspectus of the Research Libraries Group, the Global Resources Program of the Association of Research Libraries, and the Triangle Research Libraries Network in the state of North Carolina, USA. Findings – While the goals of collaborative collections initiatives are laudable, it is often difficult to accomplish true, balanced, and lasting cooperation that results in both expanded access and financial reallocation. Originality/value – The study is a first-hand, inside look at the methods and mechanisms of cooperative collection development that offers...
Maternal Tdap vaccination: Coverage and acute safety outcomes in the vaccine safety datalink, 2007-2013.

Abstract Introduction Since October 2012, the combined tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) has been recommended in the United States during every pregnancy. Methods In this observational study from the Vaccine Safety Datalink, we describe receipt of Tdap during pregnancy among insured women with live births across seven health systems. Using a retrospective matched cohort, we evaluated risks for selected medically attended adverse events in pregnant women, occurring within 42 days of vaccination. Using a generalized estimating equation, we calculated adjusted incident rate ratios (AIRR). Results Our vaccine coverage cohort included 438,487 live births between January 1, 2007 and November 15, 2013. Across the coverage cohort, 14% received Tdap during pregnancy. By 2013, Tdap was administered during pregnancy in 41.7% of live births, primarily in the 3rd trimester. Our vaccine safety cohort included 53,885 vaccinated and 109,253 matched unvaccinated pregnant women. There was no increased risk for a composite outcome of medically attended acute adverse events within 3 days of vaccination. Similarly, across the safety cohort, over a 42 day window, incident neurologic events, thrombotic events, and new onset proteinuria did not differ by maternal receipt of Tdap. Among women receiving Tdap at 20 weeks gestation or later, as compared to their matched controls, there was no increased risk for gestational diabetes or cardiac events while venous thromboembolic events and thrombocytopenia were diagnosed within 42 days of vaccination at slightly decreased rates. Conclusion Tdap coverage during pregnancy increased from 2007 through 2013, but was still below 50%. No acute maternal safety signals were detected in this large cohort.
Management Issues and the Challenge for Cataloging Education

Cataloging departments have faced enormous transitions during the last twenty years due to technological advances, changing administrative goals, and shrinking budgets. The role of the professional cataloger has expanded to include wider responsibilities for database management. New cataloging professionals will be expected to serve in supervisory and administrative capacities, yet previous research by the authors indicates that some entry-level catalogers felt unprepared for managerial responsibilities by their graduate education. Educators and practioners are asked to examine the need for potential cataloging managers and to consider changing library school curricula in an effective and realistic manner to support this trend.
Celebrity Influence and Identification: A Test of the Angelina Effect.

Angelina Jolie's announcement that she is a BRCA1 carrier and has had a prophylactic bilateral mastectomy was met with widespread support as well as speculation about its possible impact on the public. These speculations were the subject of a Time magazine cover story titled “The Angelina Effect” (Kluger et al., 2013). Although there is anecdotal evidence to support this hypothesized Angelina effect, empirical tests are lacking. To explore possible links between Angelina's announcement and public health, we surveyed 356 adults immediately after the announcement. Guided by a model of celebrity influence, the survey assessed participants’ demographics and health history, identification and parasocial interaction with Jolie, and genetic testing intentions. Results supported the model's predictions and provided preliminary evidence of an Angelina effect.
Studies on the 2060-JH viruses. II. Seroepidemiological survey of infections with the 2060 agent in a group of families.

1. The presence of neutralizing antibodies against the 2060 virus has been investigated in the sera of 187 individuals belonging to 47 low-income families in Philadelphia, Pa. On screening the sera collected in the fall of 1957, it was found that 23% of the younger children, 51% of the teenagers and 68% of the adults had significant levels of antibody against this agent. 2. On comparing the neutralizing antibody levels in the sera obtained in the fall of 1957 with those in the sera collected one year previously, it was found that 22 out of a possible 130 paired sera showed a significant increase in antibody titer against the 2060 virus. About half of the individuals with antibody rise had no clinical record of upper respiratory illness during the corresponding period. 3. 200 nose and throat specimens obtained from various upper respiratory illness episodes were inoculated into cultures of monkey kidney cells. Although one agent was thus isolated which exerted a cytopathic effect similar to that of the 2060 and JH viruses, no virus antigenically related to the 2060-JH agents could be recovered from these specimens. 4. These findings are discussed and compared with those of other investigators.
An Experimental Study of Unsteady Vortex Structures in the Wake of a Piezoelectric Flapping Wing

An experimental study was conducted to explore the potential applications of compact, gearless, piezoelectric flapping wings with the wing size, stroke amplitude and flapping frequency within the range of actual insect characteristics for the development of novel insect-sized, flapping-wing-based Nano-Air-Vehicles (NAVs). Unlike most of previous studies with 2-D flapping airfoil models, a fix-rooted 3-D piezoelectric flapping wing was used in the present study with the consideration of more practical configurations usually used in NAV designs. The experimental study was conducted in a low-speed wing tunnel with the test parameters of chord length of C = 12.7mm, chord Reynolds number of Re = 1,200, flapping frequency of f = 60 Hz, reduced frequency of k = 3.5, and non-dimensional flapping amplitude at wingtip h = A/C = 1.3. The corresponding Strouhul number of the root-fixed 3-D piezoelectric flapping wing is Str = 0.30, which is within the optimal range of 0.2 < Str < 0.4 usually used by flying insects and swimming fishes. A digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to achieve phased-locked and time-averaged flow field measurements to quantify the formation and separation processes of the Leading Edge Vortex (LEV) structures on the upper and lower surfaces of the flapping wing in relation to the phase angle (i.e., the positions of the flapping wing) during upstroke and down stroke flapping cycles. The evolutions of the wake vortex structures in the chordwise cross planes at different wingspan locations of the rootfixed flapping wing were compared quantitatively to elucidate underlying physics for better understanding of the unsteady aerodynamics of the flapping flight and to explore/optimize design paradigms for the development of novel insect-sized, flapping-wing-based NAVs.
Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Thrombin-Thrombomodulin Reveal Potential for Entropic Allostery

The specificity of the serine protease thrombin is altered from procoagulative cleavage of fibrinogen to anticoagulative cleavage of protein C upon distal binding of cofactor thrombomodulin (TM). The fourth EGF-like domain of TM (TM4) is necessary to elicit this response, though it makes no direct contact with thrombin. While this effect can be described as allosteric, crystal structures of apo and TM bound thrombin do not reveal a significant structural change, making a significant enthalpic contribution to allostery unlikely. We hypothesize that allostery in thrombin may instead occur through a primarily entropic mechanism.To investigate the potential for entropic allostery in thrombin a series of accelerated molecular dynamics (AMD) simulations were performed. AMD applies a bias energy to the underlying potential of a classic MD system to model longer timescales on which allosteric events are more likely to occur. Residue by residue cross-correlation analysis and community network models constructed from the resulting trajectories are indicative of an allosteric pathway between the thrombin active site and TM4. In addition, order parameters back-calculated from trajectories of apo and TM bound thrombin, show differential dynamics near the thrombin active site and TM binding site. Together these results show that TM binding alters thrombin dynamics in a manner that could reasonably contribute to the observed change in specificity through entropic allostery.
The Practical Logic of Clientelist Domination

espanolCon base en una serie de revisiones analiticas de tres rondas de trabajo de campo etnografico que se realizaron en Buenos Aires, Argentina, y un enfoque microsociologico de analisis empirico, este articulo se propone reorientar el estudio de la politica clientelar hacia su caracter cotidiano y reconocer el importante papel que desempenan los estrechos lazos que mantienen los agentes mediadores con sus seguidores mas cercanos y confiables, con el fin de comprender y explicar mejor los rasgos practicos del dominio clientelista. En contra de lo que comunmente se afirma, este trabajo sostiene que la politica clientelar tiene lugar en la rutina de la vida diaria (no solo cuando hay campanas y elecciones) y que el comportamiento de los clientes mas leales no debe entenderse y explicarse como producto de la accion racional ni de conductas normativas, sino como resultado de habitos clientelares, es decir, un conjunto de disposiciones politicas de tipo cognitivo y afectivo, que se producen con las interacciones repetidas que ocurren en el seno de los circulos internos de los seguidores de los agentes mediadores. EnglishOn the bases of a series of analytical exams of three rounds of ethnographic field-work in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and with a micro-sociological approach of empirical analysis, this article sets out to reorient the study of clienteles’ politics towards its every day nature, and recognize the relevant role played by the close links mediating agents keep with their closest and most reliable followers- Thus it aims to contribute to better understand and explain the practical features of clientelist domination. Against what’s commonly asserted, this paper maintains clientelist politics takes place in daily life’s routine (and not only in the context of campaigns and elections), and that the behaviour of the most loyal clients must not be understood nor explained as a product of rational action or normative conducts, but as resultant of clientelist habits, that is, a set of cognitive and affective political dispositions, produced by repeated interactions that take place within the inner circles of the followers of the mediating agents.
Educating Consultants for Multicultural Practice of Consultee-Centered Consultation

ABSTRACTLiterature about educating consultants with knowledge, skills, and dispositions to work effectively within culturally and linguistically diverse schools is scarce. Research suggests that additional attention is needed on the preparation of consultants to practice with multicultural competence. This article reviews theories and research and presents four educational strategies for preparing consultants for multicultural practice of consultee-centered consultation (CCC). Specific attention is given to ways that educators can teach and supervise learners of CCC by integrating issues of worldview, culture, and different perspectives, thereby scaffolding learning toward the development of multicultural competence in consultation.
Topical treatment of onychomycosis with efinaconazole solution 10

Onychomycosis, a common nail infection that often is associated with substantial patient distress, disability, and pain, is a challenge to manage successfully. This report presents the case of a 44-year-old man with moderate distallateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) of more than 5 years' duration and discusses effective treatment with efinaconazole solution 10%, a new topical antifungal, once daily for 48 weeks. At baseline, 50% of the great toenail was affected and laboratory test results were positive for Trichophyton rubrum. Mycologic cure was noted at week 36 with complete cure observed at the end of treatment (week 48). This case demonstrates for physicians that efinaconazole solution 10% is a promising new topical treatment of onychomycosis and emphasizes the importance of mycologic cure as an early indicator of treatment success.
Evaluation of Two Field Screening Test Kits for the Detection of PCBs in Soil by Immunoassay

Effective field screening methods could minimize the time and reduce the cost of characterizing and remediating hazardous waste sites. Rigorous evaluation of novel field screening methods is required before they can be considered as replacements for, or adjuncts to, currently used laboratory methods. Alternatives to standard laboratory analytical methods should be rapid, analyte-specific, cost-effective, accurate, and sensitive in the range at which the analyte is regulated. In this study, 2 immunoassay-based field test kits for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil were evaluated with reference to those criteria. PCBs were analyzed in both spiked and field soil samples
Endometriosis and mammographic density measurements in the Nurses’ Health Study II

Endometriosis and mammographic density have been hypothesized to be influenced by sex steroid hormonal exposures in adolescence and early adulthood. We investigated the association between endometriosis and mammographic density, a consistent and independent risk factor for breast cancer. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 1,581 pre- and postmenopausal women not previously diagnosed with breast cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort. We measured average percent mammographic density and absolute dense and non-dense breast area using a validated computer-assisted method. Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate the association between endometriosis and mammographic density among pre- and postmenopausal women separately. Among premenopausal women, average percent mammographic density was 43.1 % among women with endometriosis (n = 91) and 40.5 % among women without endometriosis (n = 1,150). Endometriosis was not associated significantly with mammographic density among premenopausal (% difference = 2.00 percentage points 95 % CI −1.33, 5.33) or among postmenopausal women (% difference = −0.89 percentage points 95 % CI −5.10, 3.33). Among premenopausal women, there was heterogeneity by BMI at age 18 (p value = 0.003), with a suggested association among those who were lean at age 18 (BMI < 20.6 kg/m2) (% difference = 3.74 percentage points 95 % CI −0.29, 7.78). Endometriosis was not found to be associated with overall measurements of mammographic density.
Laparoscopy Is Safe in Infants and Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease: A National Study of 3684 Patients

Abstract Purpose: Concerns have been raised about the use of laparoscopic surgery (LS) in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) due to their unique physiology. Prior studies on the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopy in children with CHD are limited in scope and cohort size. Materials and Methods: We identified children <1 year of age with CHD who underwent abdominal surgery in the 2012–2013 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project Pediatric database. Patients were stratified by surgical approach: open surgery (OS) versus LS. We then compared postoperative complications, postoperative length of stay, and 30-day mortality by using multivariable regression methods. Results: In total, 3684 patients met study criteria: 2502 underwent OS while 1182 underwent LS. Infants who underwent LS were older (98 days versus 36 days), larger by weight (4.2 kg versus 3.2 kg), and more likely to require nutritional support preoperatively (74.7% versus 60.5%) (all P < .001). After ...