cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robustness of Meteorological Droughts in Dynamically Downscaled Climate Simulations

We examine the robustness of a suite of regional climate models (RCMs) in simulating meteorological droughts and associated metrics in present-day climate (1971-2003) over the conterminous United States (U.S.). The RCMs that are part of North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) simulations are compared with multiple observations over the climatologically homogeneous regions of the U.S. The seasonal precipitation, climatology, drought attributes, and trends have been assessed. The reanalysis-based multi-model median RCM reasonably simulates observed statistical attributes of drought and the regional detail due to topographic forcing. However, models fail to simulate significant drying trend over the Southwest and West. Further, reanalysis-based NARCCAP runs underestimate the observed drought frequency overall, with the exception of the Southwest; whereas they underestimate persistence in the drought-affected areas over the Southwest and West-North Central regions. However, global climate model-driven NARCCAP ensembles tend to overestimate regional drought frequencies. Models exhibit considerable uncertainties while reproducing meteorological drought statistics, as evidenced by a general lack of agreement in the Hurst exponent, which in turn controls drought persistence. Water resources managers need to be aware of the limitations of current climate models, while regional climate modelers may want to fine-tune their parameters to address impact-relevant metrics.
Of Tornados and Earthquakes: Qualitative Historical Analysis and Changes in Turkey’s Foreign Policy

What explains the seemingly sudden changes in Turkey’s foreign policy after the 2002 electoral victory of the Justice and Development Party (JDP)? Existing explanations are limited by their reliance on short-term causes. I draw on qualitative methodological tools for expanding the time horizons of studies to argue that the changes in Turkish foreign policy represent an “earthquake” rather than a “tornado;” the short-term effect -- the changes -- were the result of long-term changes in Turkish domestic politics, not short-term causes. Specifically, they are the result of a causal chain beginning with political and economic reforms in the 1980s that brought conservative religious elements into the political process, expanded the middle class, and undermined the power of the secularist old-guard; this did not result in changes to foreign policy, though, until a threshold was reached with the JDP’s election in 2002. The paper contributes to the development of qualitative methods, as well as debates on religion and politics and studies of Turkish politics.
Observations on the Seasonal Biology and Apparent Migration of Argynnis (Speyeria) coronis (Nymphalidae) in Central Washington

Abstract. Opportunistic observations on the seasonal biology of Argynnis coronis in central Washington obtained over 40 years, suggest that the ecology of this species is characterized by well defined seasonal population movements between low and high elevations. Unfed first instar larvae diapause and overwinter in lithosol shrub-steppe areas immediately east of the Cascade Mountains feeding and developing on sagebrush violets (Viola trinervata) during March–May. Males eclose 7–14 days before females in mid-late May. After mating, females delay egg development and migrate 50–100 km westward reaching high elevations in the Cascades by late June-early July. Most males die in the shrub-steppe but a few migrate with the females. Female-dominated populations over-summer at 2,000–2,500m and are active feeding on flowers but remain non-reproductive. Ovaries develop in early August and females begin an eastward downslope movement returning to shrub-steppe areas by early September. Oviposition on soil, stones, roc...
P2P file sharing: What the Supreme Court has an opportunity to consider

In MGM v. Grokster, over 25 of the world's largest entertainment conglomerates joined together in petitioning the Supreme Court in an effort to shut down (yet another) p2p file sharing site. This case highlights the fault line of copyright in the digital-broadband era: where public use clashes with private control, and the contours of innovation are less clear due to evolving technologies that make us developers, not merely consumers. This case asks to what extent are distributors of a multi-purpose p2p utility liable for the infringing acts of its users - a Sony v. Universal case for the digital age. The entertainment industry characterizes this case as one of the most important copyright cases ever to reach this Court. The makers of this software contend that the software withstands legal challenge, and to hold otherwise plays into the content industry's overstated claim of impending calamity, while it punishes technology, impedes true innovation, and creates a lock-down on culture. This case presents stark choices for the Supreme Court on to how best to promote progress.
Characteristic Ratio and Plateau Modulus of 1,2-Polybutadiene. A Comparison with Other Rubbers

Abstract In the course of work on linear and ring polybutadienes with 62% 1,2 units, a number of discrepancies were noted with data on polybutadienes of various microstructure available in the literature. For example, GNο=870 kPa for our 62% 1,2-polybutadiene. This is larger than GNο=730 kPa for a 56% 1,2-polybutadiene and GNο=550 kPa for a 78% 1,2-polybutadiene sample. The cis : trans ratio of our 62% 1,2-polybutadiene, prepared with potassium counterion, is 1 : 4, On the other hand, the cis : trans ratio of 62% 1,2-polybutadiene prepared with a modified Li catalyst is estimated to be 1 : 2. It is conceivable that the different cis : trans ratio leads to different properties at constant 1,2 content. Nevertheless, the low levels of both the cis and the trans units are not expected to cause more than minor differences in the properties of the polybutadienes. Correct values for GNο of model polymers are important for the study of the influence of the chemical structure on the melt characteristics of a polym...
Some Results on Order-Convexity

(1962). Some Results on Order-Convexity. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 357-359.
Belief structures, weight generating functions and decision-making

We describe the Dempster---Shafer belief structure and provide some of its basic properties. We introduce the plausibility and belief measures associated with a belief structure. We note that these are not the only measures that can be associated with a belief structure. We describe a general approach for generating a class of measures that can be associated with a belief structure using a monotonic function on the unit interval, called a weight generating function. We study a number of these functions and the measures that result. We show how to use weight-generating functions to obtain dual measures from a belief structure. We show the role of belief structures in representing imprecise probability distributions. We describe the use of dual measures, other then plausibility and belief, to provide alternative bounding intervals for the imprecise probabilities associated with a belief structure. We investigate the problem of decision making under belief structure type uncertain. We discuss two approaches to this decision problem. One of which is based on an expected value of the OWA aggregation of the payoffs associated with the focal elements. The second approach is based on using the Choquet integral of a measure generated from the belief structure. We show the equivalence of these approaches.
Hydrogen Peroxide Formation in a Surrogate Lung Fluid by Transition Metals and Quinones Present in Particulate Matter

Inhaled ambient particulate matter (PM) causes adverse health effects, possibly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (HOOH), in the lung lining fluid. There are conflicting reports in the literature as to which chemical components of PM can chemically generate HOOH in lung fluid mimics. It is also unclear which redox-active species are most important for HOOH formation at concentrations relevant to ambient PM. To address this, we use a cell-free, surrogate lung fluid (SLF) to quantify the initial rate of HOOH formation from 10 transition metals and 4 quinones commonly identified in PM. Copper, 1,2-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and phenanthrenequinone all form HOOH in a SLF, but only copper and 1,2-naphthoquinone are likely important at ambient concentrations. Iron suppresses HOOH formation in laboratory solutions, but has a smaller effect in ambient PM extracts, possibly because organic ligands in the particles reduce the reactivity of iron. Overall, copper produces the majority of HOOH chemically generated from typical ambient PM while 1,2-naphthoquinone generally makes a small contribution. However, measured rates of HOOH formation in ambient particle extracts are lower than rates calculated from soluble copper by an average (±1σ) of 44 ± 22%; this underestimate is likely due to either HOOH destruction by Fe or a reduction in Cu reactivity due to organic ligands from the PM.
The Puzzling Vocal Repertoire of the South American Collared Jay, Cyanolyca Viridicyana Merida

Previously, I have indicated (Kansas Sci. Bull., 42:113, 1961) that the New World jays could be systematically grouped in two tribes on the basis of a variety of morphological and behavioral characteristics. I subsequently demonstrated (Occas. Papers Adams Ctr. Ecol. Studies, No. 11, 1964) the relationships between Cyanolyca and Aphelocoma. The tribe Aphelocomini, comprising the currently recognized genera Apkelocoma and Cyanolyca, may be characterized as follows: pattern and ornamentation of head simple, consisting of a dark mask, pale superciliary lineation, and no tendency for a crest; tail plain-tipped; vocal repertoire of one to three basic components, including alarm calls, flock-social calls, or both, that are nasal, querulous, and upwardly or doubly inflected. In contrast, the Cyanocoracini may be charactized as follows: pattern of head complex, consisting of triangular cheek patch, superciliary spot, and tendency for a crest; tail usually pale-tipped; vocal repertoire usually complex, commonly including a downwardly inflected cawing call and never an upwardly inflected, nasal querulous call (when repertoire is limited it almost always includes the cawing call). None of the four Mexican aphelocomine jays has more than three basic calls in its vocal repertoire. There are two exclusively South American species of Cyanolyca (C. viridicyana and C. pulchra). On the basis of the consistency with which the Mexican and Central American species of this genus hew to a general pattern of vocalizations as I described it for the tribe, I inferred (1964 op. cit., p. 1) that these two South American forms, then both unknown to me in the wild, would also exhibit the aphelocomine vocal characteristics.
Current Controversies in Pediatric Transplantation

Transplantation in children has become a therapeutic option for several end stage organ diseases. The kidney, liver, and heart are the most common organs' transplanted; however, an increasing number of children are undergoing successful intestine, lung, and multiple organ transplant combinations. Through case study reports, emerging transplant options for the child experiencing end stage liver, intestine, heart, and lung failure are described. Critical care nurses play a crucial role in the postoperative recovery of these patients. An understanding of the transplant process and consequences of immunosuppression will help the critical care nurse identify signs of rejection, infection, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease.
Evaluation of the Gen-Probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Detection Test

Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct (MTD) testing was performed on 423 specimens (from 293 patients) submitted for mycobacterial culture, including 121 from 47 patients with current or recent cultures positive for tuberculosis. Resolved sensitivity and specificity were 91.4% and 99.3%, respectively. The assay detected 12 of 14 patients with one specimen and 31 of 32 with > or = 2 specimens. The 10 missed specimens included 2 resembling blood clots and 6 smear negative or 1+ specimens; however, a 2+ and a 4+ specimen were missed, which implies inhibitors. Some smear positive/culture negative and smear negative/culture negative specimens from treated patients gave positive results. The number of smear negative, culture positive specimens from untreated patients was too low to evaluate rigorously. Consideration of these observations and of costs suggests that the assay is appropriate only for untreated patients with smear-positive, nonbloody specimens. They should not be reported as negative for tuberculosis until three smear positive specimens have given negative MTD results. Factors involved in the generation of false positive results, including amplicon contamination, are evaluated.
Pharmacological approaches to the challenge of treatment-resistant depression

Although monoaminergic antidepressants revolutionized the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) over a half-century ago, approximately one third of depressed patients experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Such patients account for a disproportionately large burden of disease, as evidenced by increased disability, cost, human suffering, and suicide. This review addresses the definition, causes, evaluation, and treatment of unipolar TRD, as well as the major treatment strategies, including optimization, augmentation, combination, and switch therapies. Evidence for these options, as outlined in this review, is mainly focused on large-scale trials or meta-analyses. Finally, we briefly review emerging targets for antidepressant drug discovery and the novel effects of rapidly acting antidepressants, with a focus on ketamine.
Legislative Advocacy Days: Building Political Self-Efficacy in Social Work Students

ABSTRACTLegislative advocacy days are one strategy social work programs use to develop advocacy skills in students. This study examines how past experience, confidence in advocacy skills, and beliefs about the ability to affect change influence intent to advocate in the future among 111 undergraduate social work students who recently participated in a legislative advocacy day. Findings indicate that greater confidence and beliefs are significant predictors of intent to advocate in the future. These findings underscore the importance of fostering elements of political self-efficacy in students and the use of legislative advocacy days to achieve that goal.
Genetic Variability and Population Structure of Gulf Menhaden Compared with Yellowfin Menhaden

AbstractGulf Menhaden Brevoortia patronus is one of the most intensively fished organisms in the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery managers and industry operators have historically worked towards a sustainable fishery and have cooperated on stock assessments to estimate feasible reference points for management. These stock assessments are necessarily rooted in a strong definition of the fishery stock, including the estimation of the number of populations that are exploited. Here, genetic population structure and variability were examined in B. patronus, using genetic markers specifically designed for the species. We observed genetic variability that indicates a relatively high effective population size for a marine finfish (Ne ≥ 1,200), and two analytical approaches implied a single genetic population of B. patronus. We compared the latter finding with the population structure in the closely related Yellowfin Menhaden B. smithi, for which two distinct populations from Florida were identified using the same genetic ...
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic (PKPD) Analysis with Drug Discrimination.

Discriminative stimulus and other drug effects are determined by the concentration of drug at its target receptor and by the pharmacodynamic consequences of drug-receptor interaction. For in vivo procedures such as drug discrimination, drug concentration at receptors in a given anatomical location (e.g., the brain) is determined both by the dose of drug administered and by pharmacokinetic processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that deliver drug to and from that anatomical location. Drug discrimination data are often analyzed by strategies of dose-effect analysis to determine parameters such as potency and efficacy. Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic (PKPD) analysis is an alternative to conventional dose-effect analysis, and it relates drug effects to a measure of drug concentration in a body compartment (e.g., venous blood) rather than to drug dose. PKPD analysis can yield insights on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic determinants of drug action. PKPD analysis can also facilitate translational research by identifying species differences in pharmacokinetics and providing a basis for integrating these differences into interpretation of drug effects. Examples are discussed here to illustrate the application of PKPD analysis to the evaluation of drug effects in rhesus monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine from saline.
EZH2 Modulates the DNA Methylome and Controls T Cell Adhesion Through Junctional Adhesion Molecule A in Lupus Patients

Objective EZH2 is an epigenetic regulator that mediates H3K27 trimethylation and modulates DNA methylation. The aim of this study is to characterize the role of EZH2 in CD4+ T cells upon lupus pathogenesis. Methods EZH2 expression levels were determined in CD4+ T cells isolated from lupus patients and healthy controls. The epigenetic effects of EZH2 overexpression in CD4+ T cells were evaluated using a genome-wide DNA methylation approach. Gene expression and miRNAs were assessed by qPCR while protein expression was examined by Western blotting. A cell adhesion assay was used to assess adhesion of CD4+ T cells to human microvascular endothelial cells. Results EZH2 and H3K27me3 levels were increased in CD4+ T cells in lupus compared to healthy controls. MiR-26a and miR-101 downregulated EZH2, and were reduced in lupus CD4+ T cells. Overexpressing EZH2 in CD4+ T cells resulted in significant DNA methylation changes. Genes involved in leukocyte adhesion and migration, including F11R encoding JAM-A, become hypomethylated in CD4+ T cells when EZH2 is overexpressed. Overexpression of EZH2 resulted in increased JAM-A expression and CD4+ T cell adhesion. Pre-incubation of EZH2-transfected CD4+ T cells with neutralizing antibodies against JAM-A significantly blunted cell adhesion. Similarly, CD4+ T cells from lupus patients overexpressed JAM-A and adhered significantly more to endothelial cells compared to T cells from healthy controls. Blocking JAM-A or EZH2 significantly reduced endothelial cell adhesion of lupus CD4+ T cells. Conclusions We identified a novel role for EZH2 in T cell adhesion mediated by epigenetic remodeling and upregulation of JAM-A. Blocking EZH2 or JAM-A might have a therapeutic potential in lupus by reducing T cell adhesion, migration, and extravasation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Basics About Graphs

A review of basic concepts of simple graphs introduces the important notion of a strongly gated subgraph. Graph morphisms, along with a theory of universal covers, are described. For any collection C of circuits in a connected graph, there exists a universal C-cover defined by C-homotopy classes of paths emanating from a fixed base vertex. Among criteria for simple C-connectedness, one of these, due to J. Tits, will play a role in Chap. 10.
Abstract 426: MicroRNA-30c Mimic Treatment Attenuates Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis in Mice

Background: High plasma cholesterol levels are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Plasma cholesterol can be reduced by inhibiting lipoprotein production; however, this is associated with steatosis. Previously we showed that lentiviral mediated hepatic over-expression of microRNA-30c (miR-30c) reduced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice without causing hepatosteatosis. Since viral therapy would be formidable, we tested the hypothesis that a miR-30c oligonucleotide mimic can mitigate hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis without causing steatosis. Methods and results: Delivery of a miR-30c mimic to the liver diminished Western diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in C57BL/6J wild type mice. Reductions in plasma cholesterol levels were significantly correlated with increases in hepatic miR-30c levels. Long-term dose escalation studies showed that miR-30c mimic causes sustained reductions in plasma cholesterol without increasing hepatic lipids and plasma transaminases. Further, miR-30c mimic significantly reduced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Apoe –/– mice without causing steatosis or increasing plasma transaminases. Mechanistic studies indicated that miR-30c mimic reduced hepatic lipoprotein production, in part by reducing microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity. This is supported by the observation that miR-30c did not lower plasma cholesterol in liver-specific MTP deficient mice but did reduce hepatic lipid synthesis. In order to understand why there was no increase in hepatic lipids, we carried out whole transcriptome studies by RNA-sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis of the data revealed that genes down-regulated by miR-30c mimic are most significantly enriched for lipid synthesis pathways. Consistent with this finding, we showed that miR-30c mimic reduced fatty acid and glycerolipid synthesis in the liver but had no effect on hepatic β-oxidation. Conclusions: We conclude that miR-30c reduces plasma cholesterol by targeting MTP and prevents hepatosteatosis by repressing lipid synthesis programs in the liver. These findings suggest that increasing hepatic miR-30c levels may be a viable treatment modality for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
Influence of Formulation Factors on the Aerosol Performance and Stability of Lysozyme Powders: a Systematic Approach

With the growing interest in developing biologics for pulmonary delivery, systematic fast screening methods are needed for rapid development of formulations. Due to the labile nature of macromolecules, the development of stable, biologically active formulations with desired aerosol performance imposes several challenges both from a formulation and processing perspective. In this study, spray-freeze-drying was used to develop respirable protein powders. In order to systematically map the selected design space, lysozyme aqueous pre-formulations were prepared based on a constrained mixture design of experiment. The physicochemical properties of the resulting powders were characterized and the effects of formulation factors on aerosol performance and protein stability were systematically screened using a logic flow chart. Our results elucidated several relevant formulation attributes (density, total solid content, protein:sugars ratio) required to achieve a stable lysozyme powder with desirable characteristics for pulmonary delivery. A similar logical fast screening strategy could be used to delineate the appropriate design space for different types of proteins and guide the development of powders with pre-determined aerodynamic properties.
Venomix: a simple bioinformatic pipeline for identifying and characterizing toxin gene candidates from transcriptomic data

The advent of next-generation sequencing has resulted in transcriptome-based approaches to investigate functionally significant biological components in a variety of non-model organism. This has resulted in the area of "venomics": a rapidly growing field using combined transcriptomic and proteomic datasets to characterize toxin diversity in a variety of venomous taxa. Ultimately, the transcriptomic portion of these analyses follows very similar pathways after transcriptome assembly often including candidate toxin identification using BLAST, expression level screening, protein sequence alignment, gene tree reconstruction, and characterization of potential toxin function. Here we describe the Python package Venomix, which streamlines these processes using common bioinformatic tools along with ToxProt, a publicly available annotated database comprised of characterized venom proteins. In this study, we use the Venomix pipeline to characterize candidate venom diversity in four phylogenetically distinct organisms, a cone snail (Conidae; Conus sponsalis), a snake (Viperidae; Echis coloratus), an ant (Formicidae; Tetramorium bicarinatum), and a scorpion (Scorpionidae; Urodacus yaschenkoi). Data on these organisms were sampled from public databases, with each original analysis using different approaches for transcriptome assembly, toxin identification, or gene expression quantification. Venomix recovered numerically more candidate toxin transcripts for three of the four transcriptomes than the original analyses and identified new toxin candidates. In summary, we show that the Venomix package is a useful tool to identify and characterize the diversity of toxin-like transcripts derived from transcriptomic datasets. Venomix is available at: https://bitbucket.org/JasonMacrander/Venomix/.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the breast: current status.

Abstract In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the breast can be used to measure the level of choline-containing compounds, which is a biomarker of malignancy. In the diagnostic setting, MRS can provide high specificity for distinguishing benign from malignant lesions. MRS also can be used as an early response indicator in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This article describes the acquisition and analysis methods used for measuring total choline levels in the breast using MRS, reviews the findings from clinical studies of diagnosis and treatment response, and discusses problems, limitations, and future developments for this promising clinical technology.
LAMtm Hybrid System for Window Glazing Design

The LAMtm hybrid system is currently in use by architects, glazing specifiers, and laminators. LAMtm was developed by Ray V. Foss, a senior research engineer with E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Du Pont Polymers and Automotive - “Butacite”, Parkersburg, W.V. Dieter H. Droste also collaborated in this project. Mr. Foss is the primary author of this chapter.
A natural nano formulation for renal failure cure

The present patent pending invention relates to a herbal nano mix for renal failure The herbal mix extract for treating this problem is formed of a natural nano herbal mix corn silk extract black seed Nagilla Sativa Linn extract gum arabic and frozen dried camel milk powder nbsp or extract of them In particular the formulation is given orally in capsules Observed results showed excellent results for chronic renal failure CRF with no adverse or side effects
How we evaluate red blood cell compatibility and transfusion support for patients with sickle cell disease undergoing hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation

Multiple hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplantation options for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are currently under investigation. Patients with SCD have a high rate of alloimmunization to red blood cell antigens, often complicating transfusion support. Transfusion reactions, including acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, have been observed despite immunosuppressive regimens. Allogeneic donor transplants have been shown to carry a risk of prolonged reticulocytopenia and acute hemolysis with severe anemia in nonmyeloablative regimens. We discuss our experience providing transfusion support to patients with SCD undergoing HPC transplantation, propose an outline for a complete pretransplantation evaluation, and discuss donor/recipient compatibility issues and their implications.
Wideband Frequency Reconfigurable Patch Antenna With Switchable Slots Based on Liquid Metal and 3-D Printed Microfluidics

In this paper, a novel wideband frequency reconfigurable patch antenna with switchable slots (PASSs) based on liquid metal manipulation in 3-D printed microfluidic channel has been proposed. The frequency reconfiguration relies on the tuning and switching the slots achieved by continuous movement of the liquid metal volume over the channel that covers the narrow slots. The prototype patch antenna was designed with three pairs of composite slots, with the microfluidic channel bonded on top of the metal layer. The simulation and measurement results show that by tuning and switching the liquid metal-loaded slot in the designed microfluidic channel, a frequency tuning bandwidth of around 70% is achieved with a 2% instantaneous bandwidth, without significant change in the radiation pattern. Prototype has been fabricated, assembled, and measured with very good agreement between simulations and measurements.
Ethnic Discipline Gap: Unseen Dimensions of Racial Disproportionality in School Discipline:

Research on the school discipline gap reveals growing awareness of the disproportionate impact on students of color; however, dynamics of the racial discipline gap remain underanalyzed. This articl...
Chronic Diarrhea and Constipation Are More Common in Depressed Individuals.

Background and Aims Depression is a major health issue in the United States and is highly comorbid with gastrointestinal conditions. We collected data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a representative sample of the US population, to study the relationship between depression and bowel habits. Methods Using data from the NHANES (2009–2010), we identified 495 depressed and 4709 non-depressed adults who filled out the Bowel Health Questionnaire. Depression was defined according to a validated questionnaire. We used multivariable analysis, controlling for clinical and demographic variables, to evaluate the relationship between mood and bowel habits. Results In our weighed sample, 24.6% of depressed individuals and 12.6% of non-depressed individuals reported disordered bowel habits. Chronic diarrhea was significantly more prevalent in depressed individuals (15.53%; 95% CI, 11.34%–20.90%) than non-depressed individuals (6.05%; 95% CI, 5.24%–6.98%; P = .0001). Chronic constipation was also more common in depressed individuals (9.10%; 95% CI, 7.02%–11.69%) than non-depressed individuals (6.55%; 95% CI, 5.55%–7.70% CI; P = .003). Mean depression scores in patients with chronic diarrhea (4.9 ± 5.8) and with chronic constipation (4.4 ± 4.93) were significantly higher than mean depression scores for individuals with normal bowel habits (3.2 ± 4.6) (P Conclusions In an analysis of the NHANES database, we found a higher proportion of depressed individuals to have chronic diarrhea and constipation than non-depressed individuals; chronic diarrhea was more strongly associated with depression. Our findings provide support for the relationship between mood and specific bowel habits, accounting for multiple co-variables in a large sample of the general US population.
A coherent phonon pulse model for transient phonon thermal transport

Abstract In this work, we present a novel heat source model, the coherent phonon pulse (CPP), composed of spatiotemporal Gaussian wave packets to mimic the coherent excitation of a non-equilibrium phonon population by ultrashort laser techniques, for the study of transient phonon thermal transport. Through molecular dynamic simulations of phonon transport in bicrystalline silicon-nanowires containing Σ 3 and Σ 19 grain-boundaries (GBs), we demonstrate that the new model facilitates not only a quantitative measurement of phonon-interface scattering, but also a mechanistic understanding of the highly non-equilibrium process of phonon transport with the coherent wave nature being preserved.
Preparing to Live the Institutional Mission: An Evaluation of a Pilot Program with Engaged Students.

The current study investigated how a select group of mission-engaged, upper division students (n = 7) compared to a random sample of junior- (n = 20) and senior- (n = 20) year students in their perception of an urban, Catholic, and religious-order-sponsored university’s identity. Across two years, we assessed mission identity and mission-driven activities of seven Vincentian Mission Fellows (VMF) enrolled in a pilot program for engaged junior-year students. The program blended service and community action in real-world settings beyond the university. The seven participants were surveyed at the start and end of each academic year, yielding four measurement waves. Results indicated that engagement in the VMF program refi ned student perceptions of the university mission in terms of its institutional identity as compared to stratifi ed random samples of peers at baseline (juniors) and upon completion (seniors). Such programs at Catholic colleges might facilitate lifelong commitment to creating a more socially just community through public service.
Shoulder mechanical impingement risk associated with manual wheelchair tasks in individuals with spinal cord injury.

Abstract Background Most individuals with spinal cord injury who use manual wheelchairs experience shoulder pain related to wheelchair use, potentially in part from mechanical impingement of soft tissue structures within the subacromial space. There is evidence suggesting that scapula and humerus motion during certain wheelchair tasks occurs in directions that may reduce the subacromial space, but it hasn't been thoroughly characterized in this context. Methods Shoulder motion was imaged and quantified during scapular plane elevation with/without handheld load, propulsion with/without added resistance, sideways lean, and weight-relief raise in ten manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury using biplane fluoroscopy and computed tomography. For each position, minimum distance between rotator cuff tendon insertions (infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus) and the coracoacromial arch was determined. Tendon thickness was measured with ultrasound, and impingement risk scores were defined for each task based on frequency and amount of tendon compression. Findings Periods of impingement were identified during scapular plane elevation and propulsion but not during pressure reliefs in most participants. There was a significant effect of activity on impingement risk scores (P Interpretation The occurrence of mechanical impingement during certain manual wheelchair tasks, even without increased load/resistance, demonstrates the importance of kinematics inherent to a task as a determinant of impingement. Frequency of and technique used to complete daily tasks should be carefully considered to reduce impingement risk, which may help preserve shoulder health long-term.
Confronting Anxiety and Despair in Environmental Studies and Sciences: An Analysis and Guide for Students and Faculty

In the field of environmental studies and sciences (ESS), teachers and students face a daily barrage of dire news and information from all manner of sources and all corners of the earth. Accepting, processing, and using that information in a professional learning context present existential, emotional, intellectual, and physical challenges that are too seldom made explicit in teaching and learning. This lack of explicit recognition of the deeply personal challenges of teaching and learning ESS represents a missed opportunity that disadvantages faculty and students alike by increasing, rather than decreasing, the likelihood of anxiety and despair in ESS. We analyze and provide a perspective on these circumstances, and offer several strategies for improving our ability to integrate personal and collective wellbeing into formal teaching and learning in ESS.
Interplay between the factorization of the Jarlskog invariant and location of the solar and atmospheric resonances for neutrino oscillations in matter

The Jarlskog invariant which controls the size of intrinsic $CP$ violation in neutrino oscillation appearance experiments is modified by Wolfenstein matter effects for neutrinos propagating in matter. In this paper we give the exact factorization of the Jarlskog invariant in matter into the vacuum Jarlskog invariant times two, two-flavor matter resonance factors that control the matter effects for the solar and atmospheric resonances independently. We compare the location of the minima of the factorizing resonance factors with the location of the solar and atmospheric resonances, precisely defined. They are not identical but the fractional differences are both found to be less than 0.1%. In addition, we explain why symmetry polynomials of the square of the mass of the neutrino eigenvalues in matter, such as inverse of the square of the Jarlskog invariant in matter, can be given as polynomials in the matter potential.
A Survey of the relationship between management practices and risk of acute interstitial pneumonia at US feedlots

Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a recognized cause of feedlot morbidity and mortality, but the cause is unknown. Management practices have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of AIP, but little supportive data exists. A cross-sectional survey of US feedlots evaluated the relationship between management practices and subjective and objective measures of AIP risk. Of 65 respondents, 75.4% recognized AIP as a cause of morbidity or mortality in their feedlot. Managers reported that 80.5% of AIP deaths occurred in cattle on feed over 60 days, 62% of AIP deaths occurred in the summer and 62.2% of AIP deaths were heifers. Thirty-three feedlots reported the percent of placements that died of AIP, which ranged from 0.001-0.75%. Feedlots in northern states were less likely to report AIP as a cause of morbidity/mortality, while larger feedlots and feedlots placing higher proportions of yearlings more often recognized AIP as a cause of morbidity/mortality. Although heifers were recognized to account for 62% of AIP deaths, feedlots placing a large proportion of heifers were not more likely to recognize AIP as a cause of morbidity/mortality than feedlots placing a small proportion of heifers. Feedlots that vaccinated over 95% of cattle for Mannheimia haemolytica/Pasteurella multocida were less likely to recognize AIP as a cause of morbidity/mortality than feedlots who vaccinated less than 95% of cattle for these pathogens. The percent of cattle dying of AIP in feedlots that vaccinated over 95% of cattle for Mannheimia/Pasteurella was 0.06%, compared to 0.14% for feedlots vaccinating less than 95% of cattle for these pathogens. Although these data must be interpreted in light of the limitations of a survey as a data collection device, results suggest the impact of feedlot location and size, animal gender and vaccination strategy merit further scrutiny in research to determine the cause of feedlot AIP.
Preserving the Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege

This Article argues that, while legislation such as the Attorney-Client Privilege Protection Act ("ACPPA") is necessary to preserve that corporate attorney-client privilege, any such legislation must include judicial oversight to deter prosecutorial misconduct effectively. Part II examines the costs and benefits of granting corporations the attorney-client privilege in criminal investigations. It concludes that the benefits of the privilege fat outweigh the costs and that the privilege must be safeguarded from unnecessary infringement. Part III traces the evolution of the DOJ's waiver policies that have threatened the corporate attorney-client privilege. It also examines the costs and benefits of the waiver policy and finds that the costs of the policy are substantial compared to the benefits. Thus, it concludes that congressional intervention is necessary to protect the corporate attorney-client privilege. Part IV argues that Congress should enact the ACPPA or similar legislation, but that there must be a provision in the legislation that permits courts to review charging decisions where the corporation alleges that the DOJ violated the statute. Thus, it outlines a proposal for overseeing prosecutorial corporate charging decisions that involve waiver of the corporate attorney-client privilege. It concludes that the benefits of this procedure prevail over the costs and that this proposal is more effective than the alternatives.
Bargaining under Almost Complete Information

It is well-established that in bargaining under complete information, two agents reach an agreement immediately. I assume that nature selects a state that favors one or the other, and the agents may not know the state with probability e, inducing higher- order uncertainty. A unique equilibrium emerges, resembling a war of attrition. Given the bargaining environment, as e → 0, in equilibrium, in all states, agents almost immediately agree as they do under complete information. However, this convergence is not uniform. Given e (however small), one can find a bargaining environment where immediate agreement is impossible in one state or the other.
American Psychology‐Law Society

The American Psychology-Law Society (APLS), which is Division 41 of the American Psychological Association (APA), is a professional organization dedicated to the advancement of scholarship, education, public service, and practice in the field of psychology and law. The Society was founded in 1969 by several APA members, including Eric Dreikurs and Jay Ziskin, who had specific interests in psychology and law. Ziskin became the first president of APLS. The goals of the original members included advancing the professional practice of psychology in the legal field, using research to improve the quality of psychological expert testimony to the courts, and developing a community for researchers interested in the application of psychological methods and theory to the legal context (Grisso, 1991; Fulero, 1999). Most of the original members of the Society were trained in clinical psychology and were academicians or clinical practitioners (Grisso, 1991). Early members of the Society were interested in issues such as expert testimony, competency to stand trial, the insanity defense, jury decision making, and eyewitness testimony (Fulero, 1999). APLS established a conference in 1974. These conferences began as biennial meetings and became annual meetings in 2002.
Microwave optical double resonance and continuous wave dye laser excitation spectroscopy of NO2: Rotational assignment of the K = 0−4 subbands of the 593 nm band

Abstract A rotational assignment of approximately 80 lines with Ka′ = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 has been made of the 593 nm 2 A 1 → 2 B 2 band of NO2 using cw dye laser excitation and microwave optical double-resonance spectroscopy. Rotational constants for the 2B2 state were obtained as A = 8.52 cm−1, B = 0.458 cm−1, and C = 0.388 cm−1. Spin splittings for the Ka′ = 0 excited state levels fit a simple symmetric top formula and give (ϵ bb + ϵ cc ) 2 = −0.0483 cm −1 . Spin splittings for Ka′ = 1 (N′ even) are irregular and are shown to change sign between N′ = 6 and 8. Assuming that the large inertial defect of 4.66 amu A2 arises solely from A, a structure for the 2B2 state is obtained which gives r (NO) = 1.35 A and an ONO angle of 105°. Alternatively, weighting the three rotational constants equally gives r = 1.29 A and θ = 118°.
Note on the Mechanics of Spreadsheet-Based Simulation with Application to Project Risk Analysis

This teaching note provides step-by-step instruction for simulating the net present value and the internal rate of return of a five-year project. The uncertainty lie in the initial level of sales, sales growth rates, gross profit margins, operating expenses before depreciation, and the terminal value multiples for net working capital and plant, property and equipment. The problem is based on the opening example in the chapter on Project Risk Analysis of Titman and Martin’s (2011) valuation text, with a multi-period version of uncertain variables added, and separate random variables representing the terminal value multiples for net working capital and plant, property and equipment.
Visualizing technology mining results on life cycle axes: A study of server virtualization

Text data mining of research abstract databases, across time, shows how an emergent technology is progressing towards commercialization. Text data mining tools like VantagePoint can provide insights into the progress of a technology discipline showing the projection of research trends for strategic analysis and displaying the interconnections between research topics. Technology development starts with the underlying science where theoretical concepts are proposed and tested, to a more focused and technical research on devices that apply these theories. This paper demonstrates a time series text mining approach to the development of server virtualization technology as example of an emerging technology. Since there are three dimensions in the development of technology; basic science, technology development, and business process focus, this research presents the results of the text data mining of research abstracts projected in a three-dimensional virtual reality visualization.
Creation of Space-Charge Regions in Solids

The basic relations of the creation of space-charge regions caused by inhomogeneous doping can best be studied in a semiconductor with an abrupt step in the density of shallow donors (an nn+-junction). The interrelations to electric fields and currents are transparent and present the foundation for more complex space-charge effects.
The next frontier in the molecular biology of the opioid system

The analgesic and euphoric properties of some plant alkaloids such as morphine have been known and exploited for centuries. In contrast, only during the last twenty years have we begun to unravel the molecular basis by which opiates exert their effects, mechanisms important to our general understanding of the nervous system. The analgesic response to opiates is the result of a cascade of biochemical events that are triggered by the interaction of the opiate with specific macromolecular components found on the membranes of nervous system tissues, the opioid receptors. The endogenous ligands of these receptors are small peptides, the opioid peptides. Although much has been learned about the structures and the mode of synthesis of the opioid peptides, little is understood about the structure of their receptors. The application of molecular genetic techniques was of great importance to the studies of the opioid peptides. It is now expected that this same technology will unravel the physical mysteries of the opioid receptors.
Learning and assistive technologies for college transition

Today's college environment requires knowledge and skill with a variety of learning technologies. Transition planning for students with disabilities addresses academic preparation with limited attention paid to teaching students to use emerging technologies or assistive technologies for learning. Transition assessment that includes learning and assistive technologies pro- vides students with a better understanding of the impact of their disability in the college environment and how to advocate for appropriate accommodations based on this data. While assistive technologies are considered academic accommodations, emerg- ing technologies which are universally designed for a broader range of users offer the opportunity to increase accessibility of information technology. The availability of web based information and built in features opens doors for students to strengthen individual cognitive and functional skills necessary for college success. Access to these technologies affords individuals with disabilities the flexible, yet individualized means to communicate and engage in increasingly digital learning environments.
The Relative Size of Windfall Income and the Permanent Income Hypothesis

A reconciliation is offered for the diverse test results on Friedman's permanent income hypothesis. A large data sample of those receiving windfall income in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' 1972–1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey is divided according to the size of the windfall relative to estimated permanent income. A pattern of a declining marginal propensity to consume windfall income as the relative size of the windfall increases is apparent. These results support the permanent income hypothesis for relatively large windfalls.