cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Interchain Coupling on Electron-Spin Resonance in Nearly One-Dimensional Systems

We present a theoretical and experimental study of the electron-spin-resonance (ESR) line shape in Heisenberg linear-chain systems which have small but non-negligible interchain coupling. Weak interchain coupling can drastically alter the characteristic one-dimensional line shape as well as produce three-dimensional ordering below a critical temperature ${T}_{N}$. Since ${T}_{N}$ is observable in a majority of "linear-chain" compounds, the treatment given here has broad application to ESR and structure studies. The rate for off-chain diffusion is proportional to ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}{(\frac{{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{J})}^{\frac{1}{3}}$, where $J$ and ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ are the intra- and interchain couplings, respectively. This dependence comes from the slow rate of diffusion in one dimension. Interchain spin flips then proceed at a rate considerably faster than would be expected on the basis of an anisotropic diffusion equation or transition probabilities. As a consequence, interchain coupling can be very effective in limiting the one-dimensional divergences which produce a non-Lorentzian line. Measurements are reported in Cu${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}$S${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O (CTS), CsMn${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O (CMC), and Cu${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2N${\mathrm{C}}_{5}$${\mathrm{H}}_{5}$ (CuPC). CTS has a Lorentzian line shape out to almost 14 half-widths, which is consistent with our theory and the observed ${T}_{N}$. The line shape in CMC is only moderately non-Lorentzian. The value of ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ required to fit the present theory to the line-shape data is between 2 and 4 times greater than estimated from the observed ${T}_{N}$ and spinwave spectrum in CMC. The line shape in CuPC is highly non-Lorentzian, from which we estimate $\frac{{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{J}\ensuremath{\approx}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. This is in reasonable accord with a recent measurement of ${T}_{N}$ in the compound.
Can a prediction model for vaginal birth after cesarean also predict the probability of morbidity related to a trial of labor

Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether a model for predicting vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) can also predict the probabilty of morbidity associated with a trial of labor (TOL). Study Design Using a previously published prediction model, we categorized women with 1 prior cesarean by chance of VBAC. Prevalence of maternal and neonatal morbidity was stratfied by probability of VBAC success and delivery approach. Results Morbidity became less frequent as the predicted chance of VBAC increased among women who underwent TOL ( P P > .05). When the predicted chance of VBAC was less than 70%, women undergoing a TOL were more likely to have maternal morbidity (relative risk [RR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-3.1) than those who underwent an ERCS; when the predicted chance of VBAC was at least 70%, total maternal morbidity was not different between the 2 groups (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.5-1.2). The results were similar for neonatal morbidity. Conclusion A prediction model for VBAC provides information regarding the chance of TOL-related morbidity and suggests that maternal morbidity is not greater for those women who undergo TOL than those who undergo ERCS if the chance of VBAC is at least 70%.
532 PHARMACOKINETICS OF SULFAPYRIDINE (SP) AND ACETYL SULFAPYRIDINE (ASP) IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH INFLAM MATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)

Sulfasalazine is widely used in treating IBD in children; the side effects are thought to be related to the serum concentration of SP and ASP. The pharmacokinetics of SP and ASP were studied in 15 prepubertal children with IBD. The patients were on maintenance sulfasalazine therapy, 30 to 70 mg/kg divided to 2 doses/day. Five patients were studied both during active disease and in remission. Serum samples were drawn at 0,3,6,9 hours after the a.m. dose. SP and ASP concentrations were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. Acetylator status was determined by % of metabolites in acetylated form (>40%=rapid, <40%=slow). Slow acetylators had higher steady state concnetrations (Cpss) of SP metabolites (p<.05), area under curve (AUC)(total) (p<0.025), AUC(SP) (p<0.001). AUC(total) & AUC(SP) were significantly higher in patients in remission than those in active phase (p<.05). Disease activity and acetylator status had no effect on AUC(ASP). Patients studied during both relapse and remission had a significantly higher Cpss of SP during remission. No correlation was found between SP concentrations and side effects. Conclusion: prepubertal children with active IBD have lower Cpss of SP metabolites compared to quiesent disease, independent of acetylator status. (Supported in part by UB Research Foundation #1502082C).
Optical extinction dependence on wavelength and size distribution of airborne dust

The optical scattering from laser beams propagating through atmospheric aerosols has been shown to be very useful in describing air pollution aerosol properties. This research explores and extends that capability to particulate matter. The optical properties of Arizona Road Dust (ARD) samples are measured in a chamber that simulates the particle dispersal of dust aerosols in the atmospheric environment. Visible, near infrared, and long wave infrared lasers are used. Optical scattering measurements show the expected dependence of laser wavelength and particle size on the extinction of laser beams. The extinction at long wavelengths demonstrates reduced scattering, but chemical absorption of dust species must be considered. The extinction and depolarization of laser wavelengths interacting with several size cuts of ARD are examined. The measurements include studies of different size distributions, and their evolution over time is recorded by an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer. We analyze the size-dependent extinction and depolarization of ARD. We present a method of predicting extinction for an arbitrary ARD size distribution. These studies provide new insights for understanding the optical propagation of laser beams through airborne particulate matter.
Oklahoma City Bombing: Exacerbation of Symptoms in Veterans With PTSD

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops following exposure to an extremely traumatic stressor and consists of reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. Exposure to stimuli reminiscent of the original trauma often causes an exacerbation of symptoms. Models attempting to explain this phenomenon include classical conditioning, emotional network imagery, and memory consolidation. The recent bombing in Oklahoma City caused an exacerbation of symptoms in veterans from World War II, the Korean War, and Vietnam, ranging from images of combat to memories of being called "baby-killer." These various responses to identical stimuli might help to explain the importance of attached meaning to traumatic events.
Estimation of the Mean by Shrinkage to a Point

Abstract The problem of shrinking the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the mean μ of various populations towards a natural origin μ0 is studied. Estimators of the general form, are proposed for the cases of Normal, Gamma, Poisson, and Binomial distributions. The behavior of these estimators is compared with that of the ones suggested by Thompson [3]. Our estimators are shown to be better in the sense of having a smaller mean square error in an interval around μ0.
PROSTATE CANCER RADIATION DOSE RESPONSE: RESULTS OF THE M. D. ANDERSON PHASE III RANDOMIZED TRIAL

Abstract Purpose: A randomized radiotherapy dose escalation trial was undertaken between 1993 and 1998 to compare the efficacy of 70 vs. 78 Gy in controlling prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: A total of 305 Stage T1–T3 patients were entered into the trial and, of these, 301 with a median follow-up of 60 months, were assessable. Of the 301 patients, 150 were in the 70 Gy arm and 151 were in the 78 Gy arm. The primary end point was freedom from failure (FFF), including biochemical failure, which was defined as 3 rises in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were calculated from the completion of radiotherapy. The log-rank test was used to compare the groups. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to examine the independence of study randomization in multivariate analysis. Results: There was an even distribution of patients by randomization arm and stage, Gleason score, and pretreatment PSA level. The FFF rates for the 70- and 78 Gy arms at 6 years were 64% and 70%, respectively ( p = 0.03). Dose escalation to 78 Gy preferentially benefited those with a pretreatment PSA >10 ng/mL; the FFF rate was 62% for the 78 Gy arm vs. 43% for those who received 70 Gy ( p = 0.01). For patients with a pretreatment PSA ≤10 ng/mL, no significant dose response was found, with an average 6-year FFF rate of about 75%. Although no difference occurred in overall survival, the freedom from distant metastasis rate was higher for those with PSA levels >10 ng/mL who were treated to 78 Gy (98% vs. 88% at 6 years, p = 0.056). Rectal side effects were also significantly greater in the 78 Gy group. Grade 2 or higher toxicity rates at 6 years were 12% and 26% for the 70 Gy and 78 Gy arms, respectively ( p = 0.001). Grade 2 or higher bladder complications were similar at 10%. For patients in the 78 Gy arm, Grade 2 or higher rectal toxicity correlated highly with the proportion of the rectum treated to >70 Gy. Conclusion: An increase of 8 Gy resulted in a highly significant improvement in FFF for patients at intermediate-to-high risk, although the rectal reactions were also increased. Dose escalation techniques that limit the rectal volume that receives ≥70 Gy to
Topical Pharmacotherapy for Overactive Bladder

The mainstays of treatment for overactive bladder are antimuscarinic medications. Oral formulations are limited by low patient adherence secondary to anticholinergic side effects (eg, dry mouth). The transdermal oxybutynin formulations oxybutynin transdermal patch (OXY-TD) and oxybutynin transdermal gel (OXY-TGEL) were developed to decrease levels of N-desethyloxybutynin and potentially limit anticholinergic adverse events. Both are efficacious in decreasing urge incontinence compared with placebo. The pharmacokinetics of OXY-TD and OXY-TGEL are similar. Compared with oral oxybutynin, OXY-TD evokes a lower proportion of N-desethyloxybutynin, likely translating to decreased dry mouth. Another advantage of OXY-TD is ease of administration (twice weekly). Unfortunately, application site reactions limit patient adherence. In 12-week studies, OXY-TGEL is effective in decreasing urinary incontinence and urinary frequency. Incidence of application site reactions appear lower than for OXY-TD. Future studies are required to evaluate the impact of OXY-TGEL on quality of life, and long-term studies are needed to confirm its safety and efficacy.
Exchange of phytoplankton across the continental shelf-slope boundary of the Middle Atlantic Bight during spring 1988

A moored array of current meters, transmissometers and fluorometers was deployed off the Delmarva Peninsula, United States, from 8 February to 9 June 1988 to measure the exchange of particles, phytoplankton and water between the continental shelf and the slope sea. The measurements were made at the 90-m isobath and near the shelf-slope front, which is the natural physical boundary between the shelf- and slope-water. The highest standing stocks of phytoplankton (>4 mg Chl a l−1) occurred during April and May directly above the shelf-slope front. Although the shelf-slope front and associated phytoplankton populations made large cross-shelf excursions (>40 km), the vertically averaged advective transport of phytoplankton was onshore at the 90-m isobath. Compared with the estimated primary production on the inner shelf, the advective transport across the 90-m isobath was −2.60% ± 5.52% of the spring production, with the negative values indicating import. These calculations suggest that primary production occurring landward of the 90-m isobath is not exported laterally, as phytoplankton or phytodetritus, to the ocean basin. This places a limit on the possible export from the shelf, but does not exclude shelf export because roughly half the volume of shelf water from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras lies in a thin surface wedge outside the 100-m isobath [Wright and Parker (1976) Limnology and Oceanography, 21, 563–571]. Carbon and nitrogen budgets of the Middle Atlantic Bight should acknowledge the limited exchange of phytoplankton between the inner and outer portions of the shelf.
Single-pin multi-bit digital circuit configuration

The present paper refers to the conversion of a resistor value into N digital bits. It pertains to applications where an external resistor encodes a binary digital value in the corresponding number of resistance values. The method consists in successive comparison, in N steps (equal to the number of bits), of a reference resistor (usually inside the chip) with the resistor to be measured (connected to an input pin).
On the implementation of soft-decision decoders for high-speed optical transmission

We describe large-girth LDPC codes suitable for high-speed optical transmission and several reduced-complexity (RC) LDPC-decoding algorithms. We evaluate quantization effect BER performance degradation and discuss corresponding FPGA implementation.
WS06‐05Disproportion of the four chamber view of the fetal heart: what does it mean?

Background The aim of the study was a retrospective analysis of fetal heart disproportion. Method From the database of 3941 fetuses disproportion based on 4 chamber view was diagnosed in 136 fetuses (3.5%). There were 96 fetuses with the complete neonatal follow-up. Results Fifty-nine fetuses presented with different extracardiac malformations. Three other fetuses presented with heart defects. Thirty-four fetuses with disproportion had ‘normal heart anatomy’ and no extracardiac malformations. Gestational age at the time of diagnosis was 26–40 weeks (mean 35). Out of 34 fetuses with ‘pure’ disproportion, 15 cases (44%) did not have any clinical or postnatal ECH0 abnormalities. In 19 cases (54%) structural or functional abnormalities were found: 6 neonates presented with ASD secundum, 4 with CoA, 2 with lungs abnormalities (cong. pneumonia and cong. lung emphysema), one neonate had PDA, one had aorto-pulmonary window + PDA. In other 5 neonates tricuspid insuffciency was diagnosed. Conclusions Disproportion in fetal heart was the relatively frequent abnormality at the referral center for fetal echocardiography (3.5%) and in majority of cases it was related to the presence of structural or functional abnormalities. In 44% of neonates fetal disproportion had no clinical implications. The most common neonatal heart defect in cases who prenatally presented with disproportion was ASD sac, followed by CoA (4/19, 21%).
Separation of 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate from rat liver homogenates.

Abstract A method has been developed for the separation of radioactive inorganic phosphate from rat liver homogenates by a combination of ion-exchange and precipitation chromatography. The method has been applied to normal rat liver.
Integer Programming Solution Approach for Inventory-Production-Distribution Problems with Direct Shipments

We construct an integrated multi-period inventory–production–distribution replenishment plan for three-stage supply chains. The supply chain maintains close relationships with a small group of suppliers, and the nature of the products (bulk, chemical, etc.) makes it more economical to rely upon a direct shipment, full-truck load distribution policy between supply chain nodes. In this paper, we formulate the problem as an integer linear program that proves challenging to solve due to the general integer variables associated with the distribution requirements. We propose new families of valid cover inequalities, and we derive a practical closed-form expression for generating them, upon the determination of a single parameter. We study their performances through benchmarking several branch-and-bound and branch-and-cut approaches. Computational testing is performed using a large-scale planning problem faced by a North American company.
Exclusion experiments reveal relative contributions of natural enemies to mortality of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Alabama satsuma orchards

Abstract The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an important pest of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marcovitch) in Alabama. A recent study identified several species of beneficial arthropods including spiders (e.g., Hibana sp.), ants (e.g., Solenopis invicta Buren), Chrysoperla sp., Harmonia axyridis Pallas, and two parasitoid species (Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya and Cirrospilus sp.), as potential natural mortality factors of P. citrella in Alabama. Exclusion experiments with complete or timed (early or later) sticky or cage barriers were conducted in two satsuma orchards in southern Alabama during 2007 and 2008 to determine the relative contributions of key beneficial arthropods to natural mortality of P. citrella. Overall mortality of P. citrella on unprotected (control) satsuma tree branches ranged from ∼39%–52% depending on location and year. Results from both locations and years clearly showed that predation was the dominant natural mortality factor acting on P. citrella. Predation accounted for ∼87–96% of all deaths on unprotected (control) satsuma tree branches. In particular, predation by spiders was the single most important mortality element, which accounted for ∼50–70% of all deaths. Predation by ants was second, accounting for ∼10–19% of all deaths. Predation by predatory insect larvae accounted for ∼3–27% of all mortalities, while parasitism contributed the least (0–10%) to P. citrella mortality. Predation by spiders was excluded by a cage barrier, whereas a sticky barrier was more effective in excluding predation by ants. In general, the timed barrier treatments were not as effective in excluding the key predatory arthropods. These results are discussed in relation to the management of P. citrella in Alabama satsuma orchards.
Interpreting demographic effects in duration analyses of first birth intervals.

Estimated demographic effects in proportional hazard models of first birth intervals could reflect time-invariant differences in the risk of a birth, or differences in the timing of a shift in the risk, or both. This paper attempts to distinguish between these possibilities. The procedure is to estimate a more general model than the proportional hazard specification, in which the evolution of the risk of a birth can differ with demographic characteristics. The proportional hazard specification is nested within this more general model. Consequently, the consistency of the data with the “risk” or the “timing” interpretation of demographic effects can be tested. The data studied do not lead to a rejection of the proportional hazard specification.
Predicting outcome in neonatal hypoxic respiratory failure with the score for neonatal acute physiology (SNAP) and highest oxygen index (OI) in the first 24 hours of admission

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical utility of SNAP score versus the highest oxygen index (OI) in first 24 hours of admission in predicting outcome of HRF. STUDY DESIGN: All admissions (1991 to 1999) ≥36 weeks gestation, ventilated for ≥12 hours with FiO2≥0.50, without congenital anomalies were reviewed. Primary outcome measure was survival (without ECMO) versus ECMO and/or death. RESULTS: From 184 infants with HRF, 148 survived (without ECMO) versus 36 died and/or received ECMO. SNAP score and highest OI were similar in predicting outcome of HRF (area under ROC curve: 0.813±0.037 versus 0.814±0.041; P=0.72). Death and/or ECMO requirement were best predicted by a SNAP score of 19 (Sensitivity 75.0%, Specificity 71%) or an OI of 28 (Sensitivity 75.0%, Specificity 76.4%). CONCLUSION: Although both, the SNAP score and highest OI, are useful and similar in predicting outcome of HRF, OI is preferable because of its ease of use. We believe the predictive value of these parameters should be evaluated in a multicenter setting.
Use of the human activity profile for estimating fitness in persons with arthritis

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of the Human Activity Profile (HAP) in predicting estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in persons with arthritis and to evaluate the ability of 2 classification systems to distinguish individuals with arthritis who have poor fitness from those with average and above fitness. Methods Forty-four subjects with arthritis completed the HAP and a submaximal treadmill test. The adjusted activity score (AAS) was derived from responses on the HAP. VO2max was estimated from the submaximal treadmill test. The ability of the AAS and age to predict estimated VO2max was determined with multiple regression analysis. Subjects were also assigned to a fitness category based on their AAS and estimated VO2max, and agreement of these categories was assessed using the kappa statistic. Two classification systems were used, including one proposed by the original authors and one we proposed based on more recent normative data. Results Sixty-six percent of the variance in estimated VO2max could be accounted for by the AAS and age. The kappa statistic for our proposed classification system was 0.35, indicating fair agreement, whereas the kappa statistic for the original classification system was incalculable. The sensitivity of the proposed classification system to identify persons with average and above fitness was 84%, with a specificity of 50%. Conclusion We suggest that the HAP is useful in estimating fitness level when standard exercise testing is not feasible.
Evidence for glacioeustatic control of large, rapid sea-level fluctuations during the Albian-Cenomanian: Dakota formation, eastern margin of western interior seaway, USA

Abstract Sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Albian-Cenomanian marginal marine succession (Dakota Formation) along the eastern margin of the Western Interior Seaway in eastern Nebraska reveals large-scale fluvial incision (13–28 m) that coincides with sequence boundaries. Construction of a relative sea-level curve constrained by high-resolution palynological correlations indicates rapid incision rates (>10 m/m.y.). Lithologic and palynologic analyses of the strata above and below the D 2 sequence boundary show that this hiatus includes the Albian-Cenomanian biostratigraphic boundary. Comparison with the eustatic sea-level curves published by Haq and Al-Qahtani (2005) and Sahagian et al. (1996) places the D 2 sequence boundary in eastern Nebraska at a global sea-level minimum at 99.5 m.y.a. The interpreted sea-level changes from this succession are comparable to other Albian-Cenomanian successions from around the world indicating a eustatic mechanism. We attribute these large-scale and rapid sea-level falls during the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse world to glacioeustasy. The implication that a glacioeustatic mechanism operated during the mid-Cretaceous suggests that the definition of a “greenhouse world” as being ice-free needs to be reevaluated. Perhaps many, if not all, of the “greenhouse” climatic settings included some ice, either in the form of alpine glaciers, small “continental” ice sheets, or both. Understanding past climate changes and their ramifications may be the key to predicting future climatic changes.
The delimitation of maritime boundaries

Abstract Under the new Law of the Sea Convention, some 400 or more international maritime boundaries will have to be delimited. The process of delimitation involves several types of issues. One is the sources of authority for such delimitation, a second is the principal methods by which delimitation is carried out, a third is the dispute settlement process, and finally the technical problems of actually drawing a boundary. Out of these basic issues arise many others: Should adjacent and opposite states have a single maritime boundary or different ones for their exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and their continental shelves? Should the median line, equitable principles or some other method be used for delimitation? When and how should straight baselines be used and how should they be accounted for in delimitation? What ‘relevant circumstances’ should be considered, if any, and how? What, if any, weight should be given to ‘socio-economic elements’ ? Are the charts being used by the parties compatible in terms of projection, scale, low-water lines? In the near-to-intermediate future there will be a continuing need for improved charting facilities and techniques and for experts to deal with these issues. More thought should be given to the establishment of joint development zones, at least as interim devices. The topic of maritime boundary delimitation needs more attention from political geographers; if they fail to act, the lawyers surely will.
Safety and severity of accelerations delivered from whole body vibration exercise devices to standing adults.

Abstract Objectives Whole body vibration devices are used as a means to augment training, and their potential to treat a range of musculoskeletal diseases and injuries is now being considered. The goal of this work is to determine the degree to which acceleration delivered by whole body vibration devices at the plantar surfaces of a standing human is transmitted through the axial and appendicular skeleton, and how this mechanical challenge corresponds to the safety threshold limit values established by the International Standards Organization ISO-2631. Design Non-blinded laboratory assessment of a range of whole body vibration devices as it pertains to acceleration transmission to healthy volunteers. Methods Using skin and bite-bar mounted accelerometers, transmissibility to the tibia and cranium was determined in six healthy adults standing on a programmable whole body vibration device as a function of frequency and intensity. Measures of transmissibility were then made from three distinct types of whole body vibration platforms, which delivered a 50-fold range of peak-to-peak acceleration intensities (0.3–15.1 g p-p ; where 1 g is Earth's gravitational field). Results For a given frequency, transmissibility was independent of intensity when below 1 g . Transmissibility declined non-linearly with increasing frequency. Depending on the whole body vibration device, vibration ranged from levels considered safe by ISO-2631 for up to 8 h each day (0.3 g p-p @ 30 Hz), to levels that were seven times higher than what is considered a safe threshold for even 1 min of exposure each day (15.1 g p-p @ 30 Hz). Transmissibility to the cranium was markedly attenuated by the degree of flexion in the knees. Conclusions Vibration can have adverse effects on a number of physiologic systems. This work indicates that readily accessible whole body vibration devices markedly exceed ISO guidelines for safety, and extreme caution must be practiced when considering their use.
Heavy metal effects on Proteus mirabilis superoxide dismutase production

Proteus mirabilis expressed three Superoxide dismutase activities, which depended on the level of soluble iron and dioxygen in the culture medium. Cadmium and lead decreased production of super oxide dismutase in liquid culture and on solid medium. A fourth super oxide dismutase activity appeared in extracts from cells grown in the presence of cadmium. These results support the idea of an interaction between toxic metal ions and putative iron- and redox-dependent regulatory systems.
New Thinking about the Old Empire: Post‐Soviet Reflections

The writing of Soviet history has always been governed by the obvious questions: What kind of event was 1917 and what kind of political and social system emerged in its wake? Students of the Imperial era have often projected these same questions backwards, probing the character of the old regime for the causes of what followed. Reading the future in the tea leaves of pre-Soviet Russia inclined them to look for certain things and ignore others. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, if nothing else, changed the ending of the story. Russians had entered and exited the Communist era, just as Germans had produced their Nazi past and then put it behind them. Communism seemed less fated, less of a genetic flaw, since the same DNA had caused the bloody system to collapse without bloodshed. The final chapters, moreover, were yet to be written. None of this changed the questions that historians of the Soviet Union were asking: they still wanted to know what it had been and how it had functioned, but they could now approach the questions in a different way.' Access to once forbidden archives promised them the key to high-level political mysteries. Now able to inspect the workings of daily life, they could see how the system operated on the ground and how it was experienced from the inside. And their conclusions changed as well: the evidence of conflict and complexity in itself shattered the model of an all-controlling state. On the other side of the balance, new testimony on the extent and motivation of the Terror made the system appear if anything more sinister and ruthless than it had before. The dramatically altered conditions of research thus changed the nature of the sources and methods historians of the Soviet period were able to use. In a more general sense, historians also responded to broad changes in the ideological landscape. While Eastern Europe was beginning to challenge Soviet control, Western scholars had come to question the value of historical models that claimed to be universal and scientific. At the same time, in the perestroika years, their colleagues in Russia spurned Marxism in favor of "alternative" possibilities of historical development. Instead of assuming that history obeyed objective laws, they preferred now to think it meandered along the byways of accident, personal choice, and chance conjunctures. Not only did the outcome of the Russian story start changing, but the purpose of telling it also seemed less sure. If Hegel were writing this essay, he would say: the dialectic is dead, long live the dialectic! Idea systems at opposite ends of the globe were evolving in the same direction,
Considerations in applying to man the results of drug effects observed in laboratory animals

The appropriateness of applying to man the results of drug effects observed in laboratory animals is discussed. This article provides some ordered points of reference for evaluating reports of the potential therapeutic or morbid effects of drugs administered to experimental animals, in trace to large concentrations, for the purpose of predicting their effect in humans.
Cardiovascular effects of mental arithmetic in Type A and Type B females.

The cardiovascular responsivity of women demonstrating the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern was investigated by presenting female Type A and Type B subjects with a challenging mental arithmetic task. Female subjects responded to the task with elevations in heart rate, blood pressure, and forearm blood flow, but did not show the active vasodilatation in the forearm vasculature seen in males in an earlier study. Type A females as a group were not hyperresponsive compared to Type B. However, measures of Type A behavior interacted with family history of hypertension such that, in the subgroup with a positive family history, the Type A behavior pattern was associated with larger cardiovascular responses. The results suggest that sex differences could be present in the expression of the cardiovascular concomitants of Type A behavior. Both gender and family history of cardiovascular disease may represent additional dimensions in the understanding of the pathological mechanisms linking Type A behavior and coronary disease.
Early adolescents' willingness to intervene: What roles do attributions, affect, coping, and self-reported victimization play?

Limited research has sought to understand early adolescents' willingness to intervene in peer victimization as a function of their own responding to being victimized. The present study examined whether early adolescents' attributions, affect, and coping responses to a victimization vignette were related to their willingness to intervene, and whether self-reported victimization moderated the aforementioned associations. Participants were 653 5th- to 8th-grade students (50.4% girls, 58.5% Caucasian, 34.5% Hispanic) who completed a self-report survey that included a vignette asking students to imagine that they were victimized in school. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted separately for boys and girls. Although attributions and affect showed no significant associations with students' willingness to intervene, seeking social support coping was associated with greater willingness to intervene for both boys and girls, and problem-focused coping was associated with willingness to intervene for girls only. Unexpectedly, self-reported victimization was associated positively with both boys' and girls' willingness to intervene. Findings also revealed two unexpected two-way interactions between peer victimization and boys' characterological self-blame and girls' wishful thinking coping. Overall, study findings highlight the need for future research and anti-bullying programs to address how victimization could either motivate or discourage a student's willingness to intervene.
Late‐Treated Phenylketonuria and Partial Reversibility of Intellectual Impairment

Individuals with late-treated phenylketonuria (PKU) not detected by newborn screening but who followed dietary treatment for at least 12 months before 7 years of age have intelligence quotient (IQ) scores that range from severe impairment to the low-normal range. Among adults with late-treated PKU in California, 85% of those who were born from 1961 to 1978 had IQ scores of 70 or above. Longitudinal studies with repeated cognitive assessments often show average changes in cognitive test scores as high as 20-45 points. Although the severe cognitive impairment associated with untreated PKU can in many cases be partially reversed with dietary treatment, prompt initiation of treatment following newborn metabolic screening is essential for optimal development and the prevention of disability.
Is Mom Still Doing It All? Reexamining Depictions of Family Work in Popular Advertising:

This study examines a sample of 299 advertisements from 4 of the top 10 circulated magazines of 2005 to see how contemporary advertising depicts household labor. Modeling after previous studies that examined the depiction of gender in family advertising, this study seeks to determine whether advertising reflects the changes in families that have occurred in contemporary American culture. The authors use Hochschild's (1989) typology of traditional, transitional, and egalitarian families to examine whether advertisements' portrayal of men and women in family situations resemble traditional (male breadwinner, female caregiver) or more contemporary parenting ideologies (men providing care, women in the labor force, etc.).
An Approach to Scholarly Impact through Strategic Engagement in Community-Based Research

Community-based research (CBR) has potential to enhance the impact of applied social science research. Yet, CBR encompasses an array of different forms of engagement with a variety of types of community partners. Herein, we describe an approach to CBR for increasing the likelihood of research impact on social issues. We call this approach strategic engagement. Strategic engagement can be understood as CBR that is conceptualized and conducted with attention to the role of power in community decision-making. To ground the discussion, we draw on our experience of CBR with community organizing groups. Organizing groups have an overt goal of altering community conditions to improve social environments for residents and families. Furthermore, they are unambiguous about the need for the exercise of social power to affect change in these social conditions. Social research that is developed in conjunction with community organizing groups, defined by interests of community organizing groups, and utilized with an explicit focus on social power by community organizing groups has the potential for magnifying research impact.
Balancing consistency and lag in transaction-based computational steering

Computational steering, the interactive adjustment of application parameters and allocation of resources, is a promising technique for higher-productivity simulations, finer-grained optimization of dynamically varying algorithms, and greater understanding of program behavior, data sets and solution spaces. Typically, these "steerable" programs have been implemented as parallel or distributed programs. Tools for computational steering must provide monitoring, visualization, and interaction facilities, must address issues related to consistency, latency, and scalability at each of these phases, and must consider perturbation effects. In this paper we describe transaction-based components for a computational steering system and present an approach that guarantees consistent monitoring and displays, supports scalable monitoring, and provides the user with the ability to adjust the tradeoffs among lag, consistency and perturbation.
Intersubband nonlinear optical processes in GaN/AlN quantum-well waveguides

We demonstrate ultrafast self- and cross-absorption saturation and self-phase modulation based on near-infrared intersubband transitions in GaN/AlN quantum-well waveguides designed to minimize the nonlinear switching energy.
Signal integrity management in an SoC physical design flow

Signal integrity closure is one of the key challenges in DSM (Deep- SubMicron) physical design. In this paper, we propose a physical design methodology which includes signal integrity management through noise analysis and repair at multiple phases of the design so that a quick noise convergence can be achieved. The methodology addresses both functional and delay noise problems in the design and is targeted for block, platform, and chip level physical design of SoC (System-On-Chip) designs. A number of case studies are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and to provide valuable insights useful for successful signal integrity management.
Interfacial synthesis of condensates of dicyclopentadienyltitanium dichloride and 1,1′s-diacylferrocene oximes

Polymers of the below form were prepared by the interfacial method via condensation of Cp2TiCl2 with ferrocene oximes. A brief kinetic investigation is described. Durch Grenzflachenpolykondensation von Cp2TiCl2 mit Ferrocenoximen wurden Polymere der folgenden Struktur hergestellt. Kinetische Untersuchungen werden beschrieben.
Design Feasibility of a Vortex Induced Vibration Based Hydro-Kinetic Energy Harvesting System

The vortex induced vibration (VIV) based power generating system discussed in this paper is a new concept in power generation from fluid flows in oceans, rivers and streams. The possibility of harnessing energy from the vibrations incurred in a bluff body due to the phenomenon known as VIV, in which motion is induced on a body facing an external flow due to the periodic irregularities in the flow caused by boundary layer separation is explored. The VIV system is based on the idea of maximizing rather than spoiling vortex shedding and exploiting rather than suppressing VIV. The vibrating bodies are in turn used to harness energy using an efficient power-take-off system. The study of fluid dynamics, along with maintaining vortex shedding over the synchronization range, plays an important role in the design of such a system. Apart from this, the main challenge in the design of a VIV generator is introducing optimal damping and low mass ratios for high energy conversion and an efficient power take- off mechanism. This work presents a scoping study of such a device. In contrast to previous work on forced vibrations, the present study focuses on free vibrations that arise due to the shedding of vortices from a cylinder. The working and design considerations of the energy converter is outlined starting with a set of basic definitions pertaining to this technology.
Assessing liver function and hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn

In clinical practice, "liver function" is assessed by either measuring the concentration of substances produced by the hepatocyte, measuring the serum content of substances that are changed by hepatocyte damage, evaluating the serum concentrations of substances released from the cells as a result of injury, assessing the ability of the liver to perform a metabolic task such as conjugation or detoxification, or by measuring enzyme activity and substrate content of the cell and its organelles. After birth, with cessation of placental function, the neonatal liver must assume many different tasks. Distinct developmental sequences rapidly progress for numerous hepatic functions as the newborn adapts to its environment. This manuscript is an attempt to provide guidelines for the evaluation and management of the newborn infant when assessing liver function and hyperbilirubinemia. These guidelines, like all sets of guidelines, are only recommendations and do not substitute for good clinical judgment based upon the individual circumstances of each patient.
Preoperative Pelvic MRI and Serum Cancer Antigen-125: Selecting Women With Grade 1 Endometrial Cancer for Lymphadenectomy.

Objective The objective of our study was to determine the predictive value of preoperative pelvic MRI and serum cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) evaluation in selecting women with grade 1 endometrial cancer for lymphadenectomy as part of the cancer staging operation. Materials and methods A new preoperative clinical protocol including MRI and CA-125 evaluation was adopted at our institution in patients with grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Lymphadenectomy was considered as part of the surgical staging operation if there was an elevated CA-125 value or a positive MRI finding (≥ 50% myometrial invasion, cervical invasion, abnormal lymph nodes, extrauterine disease, or tumor index ≥ 36 cm). From January 2012 through May 2013, a retrospective analysis was performed of 100 women who underwent preoperative MRI and CA-125 evaluation; we refer to this cohort as the "preoperative study cohort." The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using final surgical pathology and CA-125 results as the reference standard. The rate of metastatic lymph nodes in the preoperative study cohort was determined. From May 2009 through January 2011, a retrospective analysis of a cohort who did not undergo preoperative MRI and CA-125 evaluation was undertaken to compare lymphadenectomy and lymph node metastasis rates before and after implementation of the new protocol; we refer to this cohort as the "historical cohort." Results The new clinical protocol had sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 91%, PPV of 84%, and NPV of 97%. When histologic grade alone was considered, positive lymph node rates in the preoperative study cohort was 4.0% versus 4.2% in the historical cohort. In the preoperative study cohort, the lymph node metastasis rate increased to 11.1% with a positive MRI finding or elevated CA-125 value. Conclusion Preoperative MRI and CA-125 evaluation identified women for lymphadenectomy with a high NPV.
Cardiac Troponin I Is Associated With Impaired Hemodynamics, Progressive Left Ventricular Dysfunction, and Increased Mortality Rates in Advanced Heart Failure

Background— Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a sensitive and specific marker of myocardial cell injury, is useful in diagnosing and assessing prognosis in acute coronary syndromes. Small studies report that cTnI is elevated in severe heart failure (HF) and may predict adverse outcomes. Methods and Results— The present study evaluated 238 patients with advanced HF referred for cardiac transplantation evaluation who had cTnI assay drawn at the time of initial presentation. Patients with acute myocardial infarction or myocarditis were excluded from analysis. cTnI was detectable (cTnI ≥0.04 ng/mL) in serum of 117 patients (49.1%). Patients with detectable cTnI levels had significantly higher B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels (P<0.001) and more impaired hemodynamic profiles, including higher pulmonary wedge pressures (P=0.002) and lower cardiac indexes (P<0.0001). A significant correlation was found between detectable cTnI and progressive decline in ejection fraction over time. Furthermore, detectable cTnI was...
Consciousness and Reflective Consciousness

An interactive process model of the nature of representation intrinsically accounts for multiple emergent properties of consciousness, such as being a contentful experiential flow, from a situated and embodied point of view. A crucial characteristic of this model is that content is an internally related property of interactive process, rather than an externally related property as in all other contemporary models. Externally related content requires an interpreter, yielding the familiar regress of interpreters, along with a host of additional fatal problems. Further properties of consciousness, such as differentiated qualities of experience, including qualia, emerge with conscious reflection. In particular, qualia are not constituents or direct properties of consciousness per se. Assuming that they are so is a common and ultimately disastrous misconstrual of the problems of consciousness.
Assessing the role of cognition prior to transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement offers patients with severe aortic stenosis an opportunity to live longer and better lives. Although this procedure allows clinicians to treat sicker and frailer patients who cannot undergo open heart surgery, age-related comorbidities, specifically cognitive impairment, must factor into the evaluation process.
The impact of the accelerated reader software on the reading achievement of third grade students in a rural southeastern mississippi school district

This study was conducted to determine if a significant difference existed based on the reading achievement of 3rd grade students as measured by the Mississippi Curriculum Test Reading Scaled Score of those students who utilized the Renaissance Learning’s Accelerated Reader Software Management Program and those who did not participate in the program. The impact of gender and ethnicity on reading achievement and the relationship between the STAR Test for Assessment of Reading and the Mississippi Curriculum Test (MCT) as measures of reading achievement were also studied. The findings indicate students who participated in the Accelerated Reading Program achieved significantly higher reading scores than students who did not participate in the program. Within the Accelerated Reading Group, Caucasians earned significantly higher scores than the African-American/Other group. Female participants scored significantly higher scores than males. There was a strong association between the scores students on the STAR Test for Reading Assessment and the Mississippi Curriculum Test. The findings of this study indicated that gender, ethnicity, and the Accelerated Reading Program impacted MCT scores. There existed a strong association between scores on the Mississippi Curriculum Test and the scores on the STAR Test for Reading Assessment. Conclusions that emerged from the study suggest that Renaissance Learning’s Accelerated Reader software when used in conjunction with the regular reading series seemed to have a positive impact on reading achievement. Recommendations for future research include investigating a possible gender bias in literature that could impact reading achievement and the impact of ethnicity on reading achievement.
Chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders : How many diseases?

Chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD) are characterized by lymphocytosis due to circulating monoclonal B cells in patients without overt evidence of lymphoma. CLPD is often detected i...