cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demographic characteristics of 38 patients injured in motor vehicle accidents referred by chiropractors to physiatrists.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to describe the demographic profile of patients in the New Jersey area who are involved in motor vehicle personal injury lawsuits and who are referred from chiropractors to physiatrists. Methods The study design was a prospective chart review of patients (N = 38) referred to a private physiatric practice from 5 chiropractic practices. Patient data collected at initial consultation included age, employment status, emergency department consultation, time since accident, visual analog score, neck pain and back pain, review of systems, and functional limitations. Results The average patient was 37.1 years old, with male-to-female ratio nearly 1:1, and presenting 4.5 months after the accident; 81.6% were employed before the accident, 25.8% of which stopped working. The average pain score was 6.6 on a visual analog scale. Neck and back pain were common at 84.2% and 89.5%, respectively. Other complaints included headaches, sleeping difficulties, dizziness, depression, and anxiety. Limitations in function was reported in most patients. Conclusions In this study, patients referred to a physiatrist from doctors of chiropractic had neck and low back pain not requiring hospital admission. Patients referred tended to have complicated cases with a variety of medical, legal, and psychological factors that are associated with delayed recovery. Physiatrists may be uniquely suited to assist chiropractors in management of complicated patients who have been involved in motor vehicle personal injury lawsuits and who have multidisciplinary needs.
A Wind Tunnel and Theoretical Study on the Melting Behavior of Atmospheric Ice Particles: III. Experiment and Theory for Spherical Ice Particles of Radius > 500 μm

Abstract An experimental and theoretical study has been performed on the melting of spherical ice particles between 3 and 20 mm in diameter. For the experimental study the UCLA Cloud Tunnel was employed in determining the melting rate, the mode of melting, the shedding rate, and the hydrodynamic behavior of the melting ice particles. Our experimental results demonstrate that the melting mode of ice particles can be grouped into distinct categories depending on the Reynolds number. For these categories, comparison was made to various theoretical expressions reported in literature and to our own formulations. These comparisons show that experiment and the appropriate theory agree within experimental error.
Measuring spacetime: from the big bang to black holes.

Space is not a boring static stage on which events unfold over time, but a dynamic entity with curvature, fluctuations, and a rich life of its own. Spectacular measurements of the cosmic microwave background, gravitational lensing, type Ia supernovae, large-scale structure, spectra of the Lyman α forest, stellar dynamics, and x-ray binaries are probing the properties of spacetime over 22 orders of magnitude in scale. Current measurements are consistent with an infinite flat everlasting universe containing about 30% cold dark matter, 65% dark energy, and at least two distinct populations of black holes.
Response of chick oviduct adenyl cyclase to steroid hormones.

Adenyl cyclase activity of chick oviduct homogenates after various conditions of in vivo hormonal stimulation was assayed by measuring the conversion of alpha 32P-ATP to 32P-cyclic 3′,5′-AMP. Oviducts from chicks injected with diethylstilbestrol (DES) showed no immediate change in adenyl cyclase activity, nor was there an activation with chronic DES administration. However, if chicks were given a single dose of progesterone, a delayed activation of adenyl cyclase was noted at 3–6 hr, and reached 250% of control by 24 hr. Enzyme activity at maximal progesterone stimulation was 50% of “total” adenyl cyclase activity as estimated with NaF. These studies suggest that 3′,5′-cyclic AMP does not play a primary role in response of the oviduct to DES, but may play a secondary role in the induction of avidin synthesis by progesterone. (Endocrinology 86:1019, 1970)
Membrane fluidity and the probability of complement fixation

Abstract We develop a mathematical theory of the role of membrane fluidity in the initiation of the IgG mediated complement cascade. The basic assumption is that C1q must be at least doubly bound to activate C1r, but that once one Clq is doubly bound, C1r still requires some mean finite time τ to become enzymatically active. If C1q dissociates during this time interval, C1r cannot be activated. We consider the consequences of the simplest model of fluidity—one in which the difference between “fluid phase” lipids and “non-fluid phase” lipids is to allow protein mobility, but not a change in protein conformation. We show that under these conditions fluidity will effect C1r activation only if the rate of formation of multiply bound C1q is limited by diffusion in the membrane. If diffusion in the membrane is not rate-limiting, then, within the framework of this model, fluidity has no effect whatsoever on C1r activation. Thus, an experimental determination that Clq binding is not rate-limited by diffusion in the surface, but that fluidity does effect activation, would suggest a protein conformational change resulting perhaps from altered lipid composition. If diffusion in the surface does rate limit multiple C1q binding, we predict the possibility of an optimum diffusion coefficient for activation. For suitably chosen and reasonable parameter values this optimum will occur in the range (10 −11 ≤ D ≤ 10 −8 ) cm 2 /sec. We predict further, under these circumstances, a precipitous drop in the probability of activation above the optimum. The abrupt switch from a high probability of activation to essentially no probability of activation suggests the possibility of a very sensitive control mechanism exploitable by relatively small changes in membrane lipid composition.
Pharmacological and toxicological effects of β-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine isomers

Abstract Racemic and ( R )-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) caused apparent hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like behavioral responses in mice. ( S )-MDA never produced apparent hallucinogenic behavior but was more potent than either (±)- or ( R )-MDA in eliciting an amphetamine-like behavioral response. The LD50 values of (±)-, ( S )-, and ( R )-MDA were determined to see if the differential behavioral effects carried over to the toxicities of these drugs. ( S )-MDA was the most toxic agent, ( R )-MDA was the least toxic, and (±)-MDA was of intermediate toxicity. Some mice died 6 to 18 hr after dosing. Pretreatment with SKF 525-A markedly enhanced the toxicity of ( R )-MDA while protecting mice from the toxic effects of (±)- and ( S )-MDA. These findings suggest that ( R )-MDA metabolism to ( R )-α-methyldopamine [( R )-α-MeDA] represents a detoxification mechanism. On the other hand, ( S )-α-methyldopamine formed from (±)- or ( S )-MDA might be responsible for at least some of the toxic effects observed. Racemic, ( S )-, and ( R )-MDA caused an initial pressor response in the cat which diminished in amplitude upon repeated administration. This response was blocked by phenoxybenzamine and was greatly reduced by reserpine pretreatment. The MDA isomers also potentiated the rise in blood pressure resulting from norepinephrine. These findings indicate that (±)-, ( S )-, and ( R )-MDA produce initial pressor responses by an amphetamine-like action. ( S )-MDA effects were indistinguishable from those of amphetamine. Repeated administration of (±)- and ( R )-MDA resulted in a depressor response after four or five treatments. This nonamphetamine-like effect is postulated to be mediated in part by ( R )-α-MeDA formed as a metabolite of (±)- and ( R )-MDA in vivo . Low doses of ( R )-α-MeDA produced a fall in blood pressure while higher doses and all doses of ( S )-α-MeDA increased blood pressure by directly stimulating α receptors.
Stirling's Series Revisited

1. INTRODUCTION. We present a concise and elementary derivation of the complete asymptotic expansion for the factorial function n!, which we will refer to as Stirling’s series. While there have been numerous published proofs of Stirling’s series and of its classical dominant term given by Stirling’s formula lim n→∞ n!e n n n √ 2πn = 1
Opioid receptor densities analyzed across seasons in the POM and VTA of the dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis

Abstract The motivation of songbirds to sing is influenced by two brain regions, the medial preoptic area (POM) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), which are located outside the song control system itself. These areas receive opioidergic innervation. Furthermore, the opioid enkephalin has been proposed to play a role in the reward for singing. In order to determine whether seasonal changes in song output relate to seasonal changes in opioid receptor (OR) densities in the POM and VTA, we measured the densities of μ, δ, and κ subtypes in these brain regions in adult male dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) sampled in spring (singing), summer (singing and breeding), and fall (no singing). Receptor densities in the rostral and caudal portions of the POM were measured separately because these subregions are thought to predominantly influence appetitive and consumatory sexual behaviors, respectively. δ ORs were generally denser than μ or κ in both parts of the POM and μ ORs were denser than the other subtypes in the VTA. Densities of μ ORs in the POM were higher in the summer than in spring or fall, although this difference was statistically significant only for cPOM (p = 0.002). In rPOM, κ OR densities tended to be higher in spring and summer than fall, although this pattern did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.057). In contrast, κ OR densities were lowest in the VTA during the summer compared to spring and fall, although this pattern did not reach statistical significance, either (p = 0.094). Results obtained for cPOM μ ORs suggest a heightened reward potential for sexual behavior during the breeding season.
New Magnetic Anisotropy

A new type of magnetic anisotropy has been discovered which is best described as an exchange anisotropy. This anisotropy is the result of an interaction between an antiferromagnetic material and a ferromagnetic material. The material that exhibits this exchange anisotropy is a compact of fine particles of cobalt with a cobaltous oxide shell. The effect occurs only below the N\'eel temperature of the antiferromagnetic material, which is essentially room temperature for the cobaltous oxide. An exchange torque is inferred to exist between the metal and oxide which has a maximum value at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K of \ensuremath{\sim}2 dyne-cm/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of interface.
Science education as a civil right: Urban schools and opportunity-to-learn considerations

In this article I make the case that urban science education is a civil rights issue and that to effectively address it as such we must shift from arguments for civil rights as shared physical space in schools to demands for high-quality academic preparation that includes the opportunity to learn science. The argument is organized into two sections: first, a review of the school desegregation literature to make the case that urban science education for all is a civil rights issue; and second, an examination and critique of opportunity-to-learn literature, including an analysis of three opportunity-to-learn constructs to illustrate their potential as civil rights tools in science education. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 1015–1028, 2001
A Cognitive Theory of Deterrence

Prospect theory is an empirical model of choice that stands as the leading alternative to rationality for explaining decisions under conditions of risk. While many still defend the assumption of rationality as an appropriate starting point for the construction of international relations theory - deterrence theory especially - there is growing support for models of international politics grounded in the actual capacities of real-world decisionmakers. This article accepts that standard depictions of deterrence incentives capture much of the essential character of deterrent relationships. However, it substitutes cognitive assumptions in place of traditional rational choice. Using prospect theory, the article reconsiders three typical deterrence games. The new model of military deterrence put forth unearths a set of conditions that are required for successful deterrence and uncovers a set of causes for deterrence failures that run counter to conventional understanding.
Photosensitization of Singlet Oxygen via Two-Photon-Excited Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in a Water-Soluble Dendrimer

A novel approach for the sensitization of singlet oxygen has been developed which utilizes indirect excitation of the photosensitizer by two-photon-excited fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from separate chromophores assembled into a dendrimer. This approach effectively enhances the two-photon excitation efficiency of a known photosensitizer, without the sort of chromophore modifications that could lead to loss of photosensitization and other desirable photophysical properties. Photosensitization of singlet oxygen via excitation wavelengths transmissive to human body tissue (750−1000 nm) could alleviate the depth limitations of photodynamic therapy. The dendritic photosensitizer was prepared by grafting two-photon-absorbing chromophores and water-solubilizing moieties to a known multivalent porphyrin photosensitizer. Efficient FRET (>99% quenching of donor emission) between the peripheral donor two-photon-absorbing chromophores and the central acceptor photosensitizer at the core of the dendri...
Enhanced Electron Collection in TiO2 Nanoparticle-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by an Array of Metal Micropillars on a Planar Fluorinated Tin Oxide Anode

Charge collection efficiency exhibits a strong influence on the overall efficiency of nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells. It highly depends on the quality of the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer in the photoanode, and hence most efforts have been directed on the improvement and deliberate optimization of the quality the TiO2 nanocrystalline layer. In this work, we aim to reduce the electron collection distance between the place of origin in the TiO2 layer to the electron-collecting TCO anode as an alternative way to enhance the charge collection efficiency. We use an array of metal micropillars on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) as the colleting anode. Under the same conditions, the Ni micropillar-on-FTO-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) exhibit a remarkably enhanced current density, which is approximately 1.8 times greater compared with the bare FTO-based DSSCs. Electron transport was investigated using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. Our results reveal that the electron col...
Modulation of gating of a metabolically regulated, ATP-dependent K+ channel by intracellular pH in B cells of the pancreatic islet.

Membrane-permeant weak acids and bases, when applied to the bath, modulate the resting membrane potential and the glucose-induced electrical activity of pancreatic B cells, as well as their insulin secretion. These substances alter the activity of a metabolite-regulated. ATP-sensitive K+ channel which underlies the B-cell resting potential. We now present several lines of evidence indicating that the channel may be directly gated by pH i . (1) The time course of K+(ATP) channel activity during exposure to and washout of NH4Cl under a variety of experimental conditions, including alteration of the electrochemical gradient for NH4Cl entry and inhibition of the Na o + H i + exchanger, resembles the time course of pH i measured in other cell types that have been similarly treated. (2) Increasing pH o over the range 6.25–7.9 increases K+(ATP) channel activity in cell-attached patches where the cell surface exposed to the bath has been permeabilized to H+ by the application of the K+/H+ exchanger nigericin. (3) Increasing pH i over a similar range produces similar effects on K+(ATP) channels in inside-out excised patches exposed to small concentrations of ATP i . The physiological role of ΔpH i in the metabolic gating of this channel remains to be explored.
Late Paleozoic stromatolites: new insights from the Lower Permian of Kansas

Carboniferous to Permian marine stromatolites are widely dispersed across the Pangaean margins and embayments and are typified by the ‘Ottonosia-grade stromatolite’ (designated herein). This stromatolite type consists of a well-laminated oncoid or domical stromatoid that developed into branching, laminated columns in the upper reaches. To develop a model for the global pattern, we investigated Lower Permian stromatolites from Kansas (Howe Limestone Member, Red Eagle Limestone). Stromatoids from the Lyon County locality typify the Ottonosia-grade stromatolites. The laminae are sharp throughout the stromatoid and are defined by an increase in cornuspirid foraminfera and algal filaments. The upper zone of the stromatoid is composed of well-laminated branching and brecciated columns (‘pseudo-thrombolitic’). Coeval stromatolites from a new exposure at the Tuttle Creek Dam spillway possess a more massive mesostructure. These stromatolites are composed of a turbinate stromatoid or oncoid base and an overlying domical stromatoid, and are rimmed by smaller meandering columns. Only the basal stromatoid, oncoids, and upper columns are well laminated. In both localities, the microbial-constructing ecosystem is dominated by cornuspirids and calcifying filamentous algae (?Girvanella). The mesostructural differences of the stromatolites are due to different environments of formation. The Tuttle Creek stromatolites formed in a shallow-subtidal to intertidal open marine setting. The coeval Lyon County stromatolites formed in a semi-restricted, marginal marine environment such as a lagoon or supratidal zone. Based on this information and independent sedimentological data, we conclude that lagoonal or supratidal zones were common features in the late Paleozoic intracratonal zones of the Pangaean supercontinent and account for Ottonosia-grade stromatolites occurring in the Laurentian mid-continent, the Zechstein Basin, Japan, Brazil, and Tunisia.
Further evidence for a low U/Pb source in the moon: UThPb, SmNd, and ArAr isotopic systematics of lunar meteorite Yamato-793169

Abstract The coarse-grained lunar meteorites, Yamato-793169 and Asuka-881757, represent a new type of low-Ti mare basalt. This paper reports the results of a UThPb, SmNd, and ArAr isotopic study of Yamato-793169 performed as part of a consortium studies of lunar basaltic meteorites. The isotopic study was carried out on a small sample (100 mg) so that only three density fractions could be separated. These fractions were leached with dilute acid in order to eliminate terrestrial Pb contamination. However, the leaching procedure did not completely remove this contamination in some fractions and also apparently caused a fractionation of elements (U, Th, Pb) due to preferential leaching effects, producing a secondary disturbance of the systematics. Furthermore, the ArAr analyses indicate that the isotopic systematics in this meteorite might have been disturbed sometime later than 750 Ma. For these reasons, the ages obtained using different isotopic systems disagree with each other and a precise formation age could not be obtained for this meteorite. However, using what results there are, two reasonable interpretations can be made: (1) the SmNd system yielded an age of 3.4 Ga that could be interpreted as the formation age, assuming that this system is possibly the least disturbed during the metamorphic event(s) that this meteorite experienced at least once, and that all other isotopic systems and their corresponding ages were disturbed, and (2) the U-Pb system yielded a nearly concordant age of 3.8 Ga that could be interpreted as the formation age and the SmNd isotopic systematics were somehow disturbed. We prefer the second interpretation for the reasons discussed below. On a concordia diagram, the CDT (Canon Diablo troilite)-corrected UPb isotopic data yield a discordia line similar to the lunar catastrophic array, indicating that the source of the meteorite formed during early lunar differentiation (∼4.4 Ga) and that the basalt was generated near 3.9 Ga. Total ArAr age on plagioclase is 3.26 Ga, which seems to be too old if the formation age is 3.4 Ga, because low temperature fractions lost large amounts of radiogenic 40 Ar during the late thermal event. If we assume a formation age of 3.8 Ga, the estimated source 238 U/ 204 Pb (μ) is 21.6 ± 3.5 and ϵ Nd is 3.9 ± 0.3. These results indicate that the source of Yamato-793169 is more depleted than Apollo 12 and 15 LT basalts, but less depleted than Asuka-881757. Therefore, Yamato-793169 may represent a new type of LT- or VLT-like mare basalt that is different from Asuka-881757. The wide variety of lead and neodymium isotopic characteristics among LT and VLT mare basalts indicate that the lunar mantle was very heterogeneous with respect to trace element abundances.
Measurement of 13CO2/12CO2 ratio using tunable diode laser based Raman spectroscopy and an atomic vapor filter

We describe a novel scheme for detecting the isotopic ratio (13C/12C) in gaseous carbon dioxide. Raman scattering is excited with a tunable near-infrared diode laser and isotopic discrimination is obtained with an atomic vapor filter.
Cushioning, weathering, place, and community in rural grandmother-mothering.

Place influences rural women's health when distance and lack of anonymity contribute to a reluctance to seek care. A qualitative design was used to explore relationships between place and the health of rural grandmothers raising grandchildren. The study generated findings concerning theory related to perceptual experience of rurality, identifying “Cushioning,” as a basic social concept and “Weathering,” “Paradoxical Place,” and “Community Mothering” as subconcepts. Physical and mental wear and tear, distance, isolation and unraveling community mothering undermined “Cushioning” and reflected in self-health neglect narratives. Findings underscore the importance of place to the health of rural women raising grandchildren.
Photon Echo-Nuclear Double Resonance (PENDOR) in ruby

Abstract PENDOR spectra in ruby have been obtained and analyzed tielding CrAl interaction parameters associated with Al nuclei near Cr3+ ions for Cr3+ in E (2E) optically excited state.
Engineering Informatics and Industrial Information Integration Engineering

Engineering informatics is an emerging engineering discipline combining information technology with a variety of engineering disciplines. It is a new interdisciplinary subject focusing on the application of computing technologies in a variety of engineering disciplines. Before the need for engineering informatics was formally presented in 2007 and the term "engineering informatics" was coined in 2007 and 2008, a scientific and engineering discipline called Industrial Information Integration Engineering (IIIE) was formally proposed and recognized by international organizations IFIP and IEEE in 2005. The concept of IIIE emphasizes multiple aspects, including one of the major aspects that is completely overlapping with the scope of engineering informatics: engineering information integration. The advances in industrial information integration methods have spurred tremendous growth of a variety of techniques that have been used for probing industrial information integration including engineering information integration. These techniques include business process management, workflow management, EAI, SOA, and others. Such techniques are originated from different disciplines and have the potential for significantly improving the performance of engineering informatics. Many applications require a combination of the techniques. In particular, formal methods and systems methods are crucial for modeling complex engineering systems. This paper is focusing on one of the major aspects of IIIE that is completely overlapping with the scope of engineering informatics: engineering information integration.
CO2 anesthesia facilitates a serum antibody response to orally-administered antigens.

Abstract Under most experimental circumstances, mice fed a protein antigen produce a smaller serum antibody response than the response elicited in mice that are parenterally immunized with that same antigen. In our experiments. mice fed keyhole limpet hemocyanin or herpes simplex virus type 1 had low, if any, serum IgG antibody responses regardless of whether antigen consumption was voluntary (in drinking fluids) or involuntary (force-fed by pipette). However, when force-feeding occurred during CO2 anesthesia, mice produced significantly higher serum antibody responses, which were comparable to those elicited in mice injected intraperitoneally with the same antigen. Although its mechanism of action is unclear, this potentiating effect does not appear to be mediated by possible CO2-mediated entry of the antigens into the respiratory tract, since mice fed antigen immediately before CO2 anesthesia also had a substantial antibody response.
Atomic physics of channeled particles

The problem of the modification of the atomic structure of a hydrogenlike atom or ion as it is channeled through a thin single crystal is formulated. For high-velocity channeling there is an approximate decoupling of the internal atomic motion and the solid state. This allows a single-particle equation to be written for the modified hydrogen atom. The effective potential in the equation is absorptive because of the ionization of the atom due to collisions with the solid. Effects of both single-particle and collective excitations are discussed. An approximate Schr\"odinger equation is derived for the atom, and solved approximately for the distorted states.
Scatterometer image reconstruction from aperture-filtered samples

This paper considers sampling and reconstruction theory with application to scatterometer image reconstruction. Backscatter imaging is approached as the inversion of a noisy aperture-filtered sampling operation. A reconstruction estimator based on maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimation is proposed to recover the conventional samples from noisy aperture-filtered samples. Examples from the SeaWinds scatterometer and the Advanced Wind Scatterometer (ASCAT) are presented.
Fatherhood as a growth experience: Expanding humanistic theories of paternity

Abstract Until now, psychological theorists have largely ignored fathering, or have focused on how fathers affect the development of their children. As the institution of fatherhood is rapidly changing, new ideas are needed about how paternal involvement can contribute to the lives of fathers themselves. Previous work by Marcel (1964), Maslow (1954; 1968), and Erikson (1963; 1982), can serve as the inspiration for a new model of fathering, in which fatherhood is viewed as a powerful growth experience. This type of humanistic approach to fathering can account for the loss of creative fidelity men experience when they reject or are cut off from the fathering process. This model will also supplement current scholarship on masculinity, which has too often neglected the central role of fathering in adult male development.
Dose scheduling of the dual VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib (ZD6474, Zactima®) in combination with radiotherapy in EGFR-positive and EGFR-null human head and neck tumor xenografts

Vandetanib (ZD6474, Zactima®) is a novel, orally available inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) tyrosine kinase activity with additional activity against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. Vandetanib has demonstrated enhanced efficacy in combination with radiation therapy (RT) in human tumor models. This study aimed to evaluate the schedule-dependent interaction of clinically relevant dosing of vandetanib with RT in human head and neck cancer models that had been characterized as EGFR positive (EGFR+) or negative (EGFR−) in order to begin differentiating vandetanib and RT interactions at the level of antitumor (EGFR) or antivascular (VEGFR2) activities. The human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines UMSCC2 (EGFR+) and UMSCC10 (EGFR−) are sensitive and resistant to EGFR inhibitors, respectively, while having similar sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Nude mice with UMSCC2 or UMSCC10 tumor xenografts were treated with vandetanib or RT alone, or with combinations of concomitant and sequential therapy. Vandetanib was dosed at 30 mg kg−1 day−1 based on pharmacokinetic studies in nude mice showing that this dose results in drug exposure similar to that seen in humans at clinical doses. RT was dosed at 3 Gy twice a week for two consecutive weeks for a total dose of 12 Gy. Vandetanib alone caused regression in EGFR+ but not EGFR− tumors and RT therapy alone was similar in both tumor types. Combinations of vandetanib and RT showed concomitant use of vandetanib and RT was superior to RT followed by vandetanib or visa versa in EGFR− tumors. Therapeutic response of EGFR+ tumors was similar regardless of treatment sequencing. The combination of vandetanib and RT is active in both EGFR+ and EGFR− HNSCC tumor xenografts, however, vandetanib alone is only active in EGFR+ xenografts. EGFR+ tumor response to vandetanib and RT was independent of treatment sequencing, but concomitant treatment was superior to sequencing in EGFR− tumors. These results suggest that the anti-VEGFR2 antitumor activity of vandetanib is enhanced by RT as presumably the activity seen in EGFR− tumors is due to antiangiogenic activity, whereas the anti-EGFR antitumor activity dominates in EGFR+ tumors such that RT enhancement is not observed.
Circuits-and-Systems Engineer-Physician: A Personal Perspective [Letters]

As I started collecting thoughts for this article, Surgical Intuitive was among the four stocks that are fast approaching $700 per share, with the likes of Apple. Surgical Intuitive's main product is the surgical robotic system aptly named DaVinci which is now in the second generation of its production phase. This is a rather remarkable achievement for an essentially new surgical instrument manufacturer. It signifies the readiness of the market and the public to go beyond traditional medical instrumentation boundaries.
Hypertrophy in the denervated heart: a comparison of central sympatholytic treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine and peripheral sympathectomy with nerve growth factor antiserum.

Abstract The effects of widespread destruction of central catecholaminergic structures on systemic hemodynamics, ventricular performance, myocardial hypertrophy and the renin-angiotensin system in developing male spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Okamoto strain (SHR) and control normotensive Kyoto Wistar (WKY) rats were examined and contrasted with the effects of peripheral sympathectomy. Both centrally administered 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and nerve growth factor antiserum (NGFAS) prevented the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rats but did not affect blood pressure in the control rats. Peripheral vascular resistance remained elevated and cardiac and stroke indexes depressed in both 6-OHDA- and NGFAS-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats despite preservation of normal blood pressure. Ventricular performance was depressed in the sham-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats and was not improved by either treatment. Neither 6-OHDA nor NGFAS treatment prevented the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in the spontaneously hypertensive rats despite the decrease in blood pressure. Plasma renin activity was elevated in the 6-OHDA-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with the sham-treated spontaneously hypertensive control rats but was unaffected by treatment with NGFAS. The data indicate that destruction of central and peripheral noradrenergic structures in the immature spontaneously hypertensive rats prevents the development of hypertension by different physiologic mechanisms but does not alter the suppressed ventricular function, the increased peripheral resistance or the development of myocardial hypertrophy. These results support the concept that increased sympathetic activity is necessary for the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats but not for the development of myocardial dysfunction or hypertrophy.
Multi-wavelength hybrid silicon lasers for optical interconnects

Future high-capacity optical interconnects will require a wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) approach, where signals are carried by a densely spaced grid of optical frequencies. WDM sources would either consist of an array of single-frequency lasers or a single source that can generate all optical frequencies at once. For terabit per second links and beyond, fully integrated solutions will become the technology of choice. Photonic integration on the silicon photonics platform is an attractive solution when volumes scale up. When interconnect links, with volumes of 100ks to 1Ms per year, move into the hundreds of gigabit or even terabit per second range, these seem a prime application for silicon photonics. Heterogeneous integration of III/V materials, such as indium-phosphide (InP), gives the silicon photonics platform access to efficient optical sources, as required for WDM transmitters.
The Photorefractive Effect In Doped Bismuth Silicon Oxide Crystals

Bismuth silicon oxide is one of the most sensitive photorefractive materials available today. It is therefore important to develop an understanding of how its photorefractive properties can be altered by adding impurities during growth. In this paper results from analyses of doped bismuth silicon oxide crystals grown by the addition of impurities to the melt during Czochralski growth are presented, and the influence of these impurities and their concentrations on the photorefractive effect are determined. Doped crystals are used in a holographic arrangement, and the effects of dopants and temperature on grating formation (erasure time and diffraction efficiency) are reported. Data on the effect of dopants on long-term retention time are also presented. The apparent effects of certain impurities on traps are reviewed. The results are discussed and compared with current models.
Length-Weight Relationships for Three Asian Carp Species in the Missouri River

ABSTRACT Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), collectively referred to as Asian carp, are invasive species that have been introduced into the Mississippi River basin. The expansion of Asian carp into the Missouri River is not well understood and knowledge of population characteristics within this river are lacking. The objectives of this study were to describe the length-weight relationships (condition) of Asian carp from 2003 to 2007 in the Missouri River downstream of Gavins Point Dam, South Dakota and Nebraska to St. Louis, Missouri. All total, 388 bighead, 75 silver, and 111 grass carp were measured and weighed. Short bighead weighed significantly less in the upper Missouri River from Gavins Point Dam to the Platte River compared to fish of the lower Missouri River from the Grand River to the Mississippi River. Conversely, long bighead carp in the upper Missouri River attained greater weights than fish of simila...
Facilitating Career Development Concerns of Gender Transitioning Individuals: Professional Standards and Competencies

Gender transition is a complex process that entails various psychosocial challenges, including career development, to transitioning individuals. Career development practitioners are required to be knowledgeable of the current professional standards and competencies of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (2012) and the American Counseling Association (2010) to help gender transitioning individuals address career development concerns. In this article, the authors review these newly proposed professional standards for and competencies in working with gender transitioning individuals and highlight unique career development concerns of this population. Practical implications for career development practitioners are discussed.
Factors associated with planned avoidance of alcohol-impaired driving in high-risk men.

Objective: This study examines the factors associated with planning to avoid alcohol-impaired driving and successful avoidance in high-risk young men. Method: A targeted telephone survey was conducted with male drivers aged 21-35 years who consume alcohol and live in areas of the country where alcohol-related traffic fatalities occur frequently (N = 750). Heavy episodic drinking drivers (i.e., report driving after consuming five or more drinks) were oversampled (N = 230). Respondents were surveyed to assess their attitudes, behavior and social support regarding drinking-driving. Results: Multiple logistic regression revealed that men who believe they can consume six drinks or more before it is too dangerous for them to drive were 45% less likely to report planning to avoid drinking-driving. Men who believe they can drive safely after heavy episodic drinking were 61% less likely to be successful in avoiding drinking-driving. Having friends who disapprove of driving after heavy episodic drinking and believi...
Lifetime Distribution Identities

Five ways of representing the distribution of a continuous nonnegative random variable T are used extensively in the reliability literature: the probability density function, the reliability (survivor function), the hazard rate, the cumulative hazard function, and the mean residual life function. Properties, identities, and intuitive interpretations of the five representations are discussed. Several examples are given. Although there are other functions, such as normalized mean residual life for studying replacement policies, these five distribution representations have surfaced as vehicles for representing a lifetime distribution. The choice of which distribution representation to use depends on whether ? 1. The representation has a tractable form 2. Intuition is gained concerning the distribution by seeing a plot of the representation.
On the perception of shape from shading

The extraction of three-dimensional shape from shading is one of the most perceptually compelling, yet poorly understood, aspects of visual perception. In this paper, we report several new experiments on the manner in which the perception of shape from shading interacts with other visual processes such as perceptual grouping, preattentive search (“pop-out”), and motion perception. Our specific findings are as follows: (1) The extraction of shape from shading information incorporates at least two “assumptions” or constraints—first,that there is a single light source illuminating the whole scene, and second, that the light is shining from “above” in relation to retinal coordinates. (2) Tokens defined by shading can serve as a basis for perceptual grouping and segregation. (3) Reaction time for detecting a single convex shape does not increase with the number of items in the display. This “pop-out” effect must be based on shading rather than on differences in luminance polarity, since neither left-right differences nor step changes in luminance resulted in pop-out. (4) When the subjects were experienced, there were no search asymmetries for convex as opposed to concave tokens, but when the subjects were naive, cavities were much easier to detect than convex shapes. (5) The extraction of shape from shading can also provide an input to motion perception. And finally, (6) the assumption of “overhead illumination” that leads to perceptual grouping depends primarily on retinal rather than on “phenomenal” or gravitational coordinates. Taken collectively, these findings imply that the extraction of shape from shading is an “early” visual process that occurs prior to perceptual grouping, motion perception, and vestibular (as well as “cognitive”) correction for head tilt. Hence, there may be neural elements very early in visual processing that are specialized for the extraction of shape from shading.
The Distribution of Multifamily Mortgage Originations: What We Know and Why We Care

Abstract Three policy-relevant questions about multifamily mortgage originations (MFOs) are addressed. First, what is the annual volume of MFOs? This analysis highlights differences and problems among three publicly available multifamily lending surveys; the 1993 volume is estimated at $30 billion. Second, what is the size distribution of multifamily mortgages? Using kernel density estimation, variation in this distribution among central cities and suburbs, underserved areas, and lender type is examined. Third, what are the primary determinants of the variation in multifamily lending? A relatively simple regression model is estimated to shed light on the variables most highly correlated with multifamily lending. Tract income relative to MSA median income and minority concentrations are shown to be highly correlated with lending volume, but the largest source of variation is the number of multifamily rental units in the tract.
Interactive proof systems and alternating time-space complexity

We show a rough equivalence between alternating time-space complexity and a public-coin interactive proof system with the verifier having a polynomial related time-space complexity. Special cases include
Macroscopic Test of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect

The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is a purely quantum mechanical effect. The original (classified as type-I) AB-phase shift exists in experimental conditions where the electromagnetic fields and forces are zero. It is the absence of forces that makes the AB effect entirely quantum mechanical. Although the AB-phase shift has been demonstrated unambiguously, the absence of forces in type-I AB effects has never been shown. Here, we report the observation of the absence of time delays associated with forces of the magnitude needed to explain the AB-phase shift for a macroscopic system.
Invariant multiattribute utility functions

We present a method to characterize the preferences of a decision maker in decisions with multiple attributes. The approach modifies the outcomes of a multivariate lottery with a multivariate transformation and observes the change in the decision maker’s certain equivalent. If the certain equivalent follows this multivariate transformation, we refer to this situation as multiattribute transformation invariance, and we derive the functional form of the utility function. We then show that any additive or multiplicative utility function that is formed of continuous and strictly monotonic utility functions of the individual attributes must satisfy transformation invariance with a multivariate transformation. This result provides a new interpretation for multiattribute utility functions with mutual utility independence as well as a necessary and sufficient condition that must be satisfied when assuming these widely used functional forms. We work through several examples to illustrate the approach.
Aerodynamic Performance Assessment of Part-Span Connector of Last Stage Bucket of Low Pressure Steam Turbine

Modern steam turbines often utilize very long last stage buckets (LSB’s) in their low-pressure sections to improve efficiency. Some of these LSB’s can range in the order of 5 feet long. These long buckets (aka “blades”) are typically supported at their tip by a tip-shroud and near the mid span by a part span shroud or part span connector (PSC). The PSC is a structural element that connects all the rotor blades, generally at the mid span. It is primarily designed to address various structural issues, often with little attention to its aerodynamic effects. The objective of the current work is to quantify the impact of PSC on aerodynamic performance of the last stage of a LP steam turbine by using detailed CFD analyses. A commercial CFD solver, ANSYS CFX™, is used to solve the last stage domain by setting steam as the working fluid with linear variation of specific heat ratio with temperature. A tetrahedral grid with prismatic layers near the solid walls is generated using ANSYS WORKBENCH™. The results show a cylindrical PSC reduces the efficiency of the last stage by 0.32 pts, of which 0.20 pts is due to the fillet attaching the PSC to the blade. The results also show insignificant interaction of the PSC with the bucket tip aerodynamics. The work presents a detailed flow field analysis and shows the impact of PSC geometry on the aerodynamic performance of last stage of steam turbine. Present work is useful to turbine designer for trade-off studies of performance and reliability of LSB design with or without PSC.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Hyperbolic initial boundary value problems with nonlinear boundary conditions

On developpe une methode pour resoudre des problemes aux valeurs limites et initiales hyperboliques avec des conditions aux limites non lineaires
Segregation of Object and Background Motion in Visual Area MT: Effects of Microstimulation on Eye Movements

To track a moving object, its motion must first be distinguished from that of the background. The center-surround properties of neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) may be important for signaling the relative motion between object and background. To test this, we microstimulated within MT and measured the effects on monkeys' eye movements to moving targets. We found that stimulation at "local motion" sites, where receptive fields possessed antagonistic surrounds, shifted pursuit in the preferred direction of the neurons, whereas stimulation at "wide-field motion" sites shifted pursuit in the opposite, or null, direction. We propose that activating wide-field sites simulated background motion, thus inducing a target motion signal in the opposite direction. Our results support the hypothesis that neuronal center-surround mechanisms contribute to the behavioral segregation of objects from the background.
Consciousness unchained: ethical issues and the vegetative and minimally conscious state.

Nothing piques the interest of philosophers more than the meaning of consciousness. Recently, this word has also permeated both the research and clinical neuroscience community. From a neurological...
1H NMR of acetylated β-ether/β-ether lignin model trimers

Detailed examination of the 1H NMR spectra of acetylated β-ether/β-ether lignin model trimers, particularly those synthesized with partially defined stereochemistry, revealed that all of the eight chemically distinct isomers (sixteen optical isomers from four optical centers) are detectable. These compounds provide excellent models for both internal (etherified) and terminal (free-phenolic) units in lignin and clearly delineate the chemical shifts for each isomer. High-field two-dimensional TOCSY or relayed coherence transfer NMR experiments allow correlation of all the side-chain protons in each isomer, while J-resolved experiments clearly show the presence of all expected isomers. The degree of complexity already encountered with these simple compounds points to the overwhelming improbability of finding even small crystalline regions in lignin.
Antenna measurement range characterization and compensation

This paper reports on research at the Georgia Institute of Technology to compensate measured antenna patterns made on fixed-line-of-sight far-field, anechoic chamber, compact and spherical near-field antenna measurement ranges for measured imperfections in the amplitude, phase and polarization of the test zone fields of these antenna ranges.