cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chlorpyrifos Resistance in German Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) from Restaurants

Visual inspections and trapping revealed the presence of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), in 62 of 100 randomly selected commercial food-handling establishments. From live cockroaches trapped in 55 restaurants, 35 strains were established and tested for chlorpyrifos resistance. Poor sanitation and the likelihood of trapping cockroaches were associated. Twenty strains had resistance ratios (RR) at LD50 > 10-fold, a value exceeding the pest management threshold level for this insecticide. Resistance ratios were not associated with numbers of cockroaches trapped, the level of sanitation, numbers of different insecticide products used, or the number of treatments per month. Significantly more categories of insecticides (e.g., carbamate, organophosphate, inorganic) were used in restaurants with RR >10 than in those with RR <10.
Noncardiac surgery in cardiac patients. 3. Postoperative management.

Complications of noncardiac surgery in cardiac patients are better managed and often prevented by monitoring certain vital functions. Some of the complications discussed here are electrolyte imbalance, hypovolemia, hypervolemia, hypotension, respiratory depression, fever, and thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism. The complications causing surgical mortality are the same for cardiac and noncardiac patients, but are more prevalent and more poorly tolerated in the cardiac patient.
Release of acrosin inhibitor from human spermatozoa

On the basis of results of studies on spermatozoal acrosin, the following can be concluded: (1) The total amount of acrosin in human spermatozoa averages about 5 mU/10 6 spermatozoa. The large majority of the enzyme is bound to acrosin inhibitor (acrostatin) when extracted. (2) Acid extraction of human spermatozoa consistently yields a higher amount of acrosin than does detergent extraction. (3) Only a small amount of acrosin is spontaneously released from human spermatozoa when these are incubated at approximately physiologic pH, the highest release rate occurring during the 1st hour. All or most of the liberated acrosin forms a complex with inhibitor, so that the highly lytic proteinase is not released in the active form. This is of importance in the genital tract, where the death of spermatozoa and the subsequent release of acrosin could otherwise cause tissue damage. A physiologic function for the acrosin inhibitor is thus established. (4) Acrostatin cannot be removed by washing or aging the spermatozoa, indicating that its dispersal in the female genital tract during capacitation is an active process. (5) A zymogen form of acrosin (proacrosin) is not present in the material that is spontaneously released from human spermatozoa at physiologic pH. (6) p-Nitrophenyl-p′-guanidinobenzoate readily penetrates the plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane of human spermatozoa. (7) The gelatin-plate (substrate film) test should not be used to measure the amount of acrosin in human spermatozoa. (8) The hypothesis is made that both acrosin and acrostatin are associated with two sites on the human spermatozoon: (a) the outer acrosomal membrane and (b) the inner sperm head membranes.
Gotta Sue 'Em All? The Property, Privacy, and Safety Ramifications of Pokemon Go

This paper will discuss the data collection, privacy, public safety, and property concerns related to the popular game Pokemon Go. As crimes have already been committed during the playing of this game (e.g., muggings, car accidents, property damage/trespassing), it leaves one to wonder: who is liable? If a mugging occurs in a public space, is Nintendo (the makers of Pokemon Go) responsible in some way?
When Does Monitoring Defendants and Their Lawyers Cross the Line

Recently, government officials have been intruding into attorney-client relationships in unexpected ways. These intrusions have ranged from the surreptitious recording of client attorney visits in prisons and jails, to the secret acquisition of attorney work product by a private company working for the FBI. These incidents raise important and troubling issues concerning government officials prying into attorney-client relationships and threatening the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. The incidents also raise a number of ethical issues. In this ethics column, we explore what is protected by attorney-client privilege, work product, and client confidentiality. We also analyze the obligations of lawyers advising jails, prisons, and other entities or individuals on behalf of the government concerning client confidentiality, as well as the ethical obligations of prosecutors who come into possession of confidential information.
Mathematical Modeling of Respiratory Care

In this paper we discuss some basic models for mechanical ventilation and its adjuncts. Various one-compartment models for pressure controlled ventilation are derived and analyzed. Using these ventilation models, recruitment, tracheal gas insufflation (TGI), and noninvasive ventilation are investigated.
The Writers' Choice: Corporation or Campus?

(1961). The Writers' Choice: Corporation or Campus? Research Management: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 217-222.
Discrete element simulation studies of angles of repose and shear flow of wet, flexible fibers

A discrete element method (DEM) model is developed to simulate the dynamics of wet, flexible fibers. The angles of repose of dry and wet fibers are simulated, and the simulation results are in good agreement with experimental results, validating the wet, flexible fiber model. To study wet fiber flow behavior, the model is used to simulate shear flows of wet fibers in a periodic domain under Lees-Edwards boundary conditions. Significant agglomeration is observed in dilute shear flows of wet fibers. The size of the largest agglomerate in the flow is found to depend on a Bond number, which is proportional to liquid surface tension and inversely proportional to the square of the shear strain rate. This Bond number reflects the relative importance of the liquid-bridge force to the particle's inertial force, with a larger Bond number leading to a larger agglomerate. As the fiber aspect ratio (AR) increases, the size of the largest agglomerate increases, while the coordination number in the largest agglomerate initially decreases and then increases when the AR is greater than four. A larger agglomerate with a larger coordination number is more likely to form for more flexible fibers with a smaller bond elastic modulus due to better connectivity between the more flexible fibers. Liquid viscous force resists pulling of liquid bridges and separation of contacting fibers, and therefore it facilitates larger agglomerate formation. The effect of liquid viscous force is more significant at larger shear strain rates. The solid-phase shear stress is increased due to the presence of liquid bridges in moderately dense flows. As the solid volume fraction increases, the effect of fiber-fiber friction coefficient increases sharply. When the solid volume fraction approaches the maximum packing density, the fiber-fiber friction coefficient can be a more dominant factor than the liquid bridge force in determining the solid-phase shear stress.
Glomerulonephropathies and Disorders of Tubular Function

Abstract • Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is comprised of persistent heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. • Genetic abnormalities of structural or regulatory proteins within the glomerular basement membrane and/or podocyte lead to primary congenital NS (CNS). • Treatment of CNS does not involve immunosuppression and is aimed at minimizing symptoms and preventing serious complications. • Infections causing secondary NS include human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, hepatitis B, malaria, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. • Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) causes a nonanion gap metabolic acidosis. It is important to evaluate for other sources of bicarbonate (HCO3–) loss before initiating a work-up for RTA and to note that immature tubular function in premature infants may cause a self-limited moderate metabolic acidosis in the first 2 weeks of life. • Inherited renal tubulopathies are rare and can be distinguished from each other in part by differences in serum potassium levels, presence of metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, presence of hypertension, and urine findings (Table 91.1). • Fanconi syndrome is a condition of diffuse proximal tubule dysfunction resulting in polyuria and wasting of HCO3–, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate, glucose, and low-molecular-weight proteins. Fanconi syndrome may be due to an isolated defect or can be a part of a broader genetic syndrome. • Primary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may present during pregnancy as polyhydramnios. In the newborn period, treatment should focus on maintaining adequate fluid balance.
Design of dual band rectifiers for energy harvesting applications

Design, simulation and implementation of dual band radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) system operating at 900MHz and 1.8GHz is introduced. In the proposed design, RF-DC conversion system is designed to passively amplify the available voltage for rectification by developing a resonator with high quality factor. Passive amplification and rectification is implemented using a combination of clamper and peak detector. Harmonics presented in the rectified output voltage is eliminated by using matching network and filter. Energy harvesting system designed and simulated is then implemented and tested. Close agreement between analytical, simulation and measurement results are obtained.
Maternal serum uric acid levels in pregnancy and fetal growth.

Objective: Studies of maternal serum uric acid (UA) in pregnancy focus primarily on high levels of UA, however, both low and high UA levels can be markers of oxidative stress, a biological state po...
Amplification of 4-9-kb human genomic DNA flanking a known site using a panhandle PCR variant

We present a method for the in vitro amplification of >6.0 kb of DNA flanking a known site. This is accomplished by ligating an oligonucleotide to create an inverted repeat of a portion of the known sequence, followed by single-primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications. This method generates a panhandle template following primer extension on the strand of interest. It does not involve template-directed extension from the ligated oligonucleotide, and it is carried out without DNA extractions. We have used this method to amplify 4.5–9.4 kb of DNA flanking the original primer annealing sites directly from human genomic DNA.
Automatic Data Recording During Manual Ultrasonic Inspection

The Southwest Research Institute Search Unit Tracking and Recording System (SUTARS™) is an automatic data recording and processing system for use in manual ultrasonic inspection of welds. SUTARS is based on the proven concept of using pulsed sound waves to track the scanning search unit and pulse-echo ultrasonic techniques to detect, locate, and characterize defects in metals. Since SUTARS records substantially all the ultrasonic data for computer analysis, manual ultrasonic inspection personnel need training only in the operation of SUTARS and in search unit manipulation. The system relieves operating personnel of the time-consuming task of data recording and allows evaluation to be computer-assisted. Due to the large number of reflectors typically observed in pipeline welds, automatic data collection could significantly decrease inspection time and improve the opportunity to effectively analyze results.
1 COMPARISON OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER IN XXY AND XXYY SYNDROMES.

Purpose of Study XXY syndrome (Klinefelter) and XXYY syndrome share a similar physical phenotype but differ in their behavioral phenotypes. Previous studies on XXY males describe academic difficulties and attentional problems, while reports of males with XXYY syndrome describe impulsivity, aggression, and anxiety. Despite multiple reports describing inattention, impulsivity, and behavioral problems in these groups, a study investigating the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in XXY and XXYY patients has not yet been described. The purpose of this study is to (1) compare rates and subtypes of ADHD and ODD in XXY and XXYY syndromes and (2) to describe response of ADHD symptoms to psychopharmacologic treatment in these 2 groups. Methods Parents and teachers of males 5 to 25 years with XXY (n = 15) or XXYY (n = 24) completed the SNAP-IV rating scale that contains the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and ODD. Clinical history and review of medication effectiveness were obtained by interview and record review. Results 33% of males (5/15) with XXY syndrome met criteria for ADHD. 80% met criteria for ADHD-Inattentive subtype while 20% met criteria for the Combined subtype. 2 of 15 males with XXY (13%) met criteria for ODD, and both also had ADHD. In comparison, 70% (17/24) with XXYY syndrome met criteria for ADHD. 50% of XXYY males with ADHD had the Combined subtype, while the other 50% had the Inattentive subtype. 11 of 24 XXYY male children (46%) also met diagnostic criteria for ODD. Clinical history was consistent with SNAP-IV responses in all patients. Psychopharmacologic treatment of ADHD with stimulants was effective in 65% of patients, although XXYY patients were more likely to need additional medications. Conclusions ADHD is an important clinical consideration in patients with both XXY and XXYY syndrome. Rates of ADHD of 33% in XXY and 70% in XXYY patients are considerably higher than the 3-10% reported in the general population and have not been previously reported in these patients. Males with XXY are more likely to have symptoms of inattention while XXYY males are more likely to have the combined subtype of ADHD. Males with XXYY are more likely to have ODD than XXY males. Stimulant treatment for ADHD symptoms is effective in both groups, and specific psychopharmacologic interventions will be discussed.
Mosquito Hemocytes Associate With Circulatory Structures That Support Intracardiac Retrograde Hemolymph Flow.

A powerful immune system protects mosquitoes from pathogens and influences their ability to transmit disease. The mosquito’s immune and circulatory systems are functionally integrated, whereby intense immune processes occur in areas of high hemolymph flow. The primary circulatory organ of mosquitoes is the dorsal vessel, which consists of a thoracic aorta and an abdominal heart. In adults of the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, the heart periodically alternates contraction direction, resulting in intracardiac hemolymph flowing toward the head (anterograde) and toward the posterior of the abdomen (retrograde). During anterograde contractions, hemolymph enters the dorsal vessel through ostia located in abdominal segments 2-7, and exits through an excurrent opening located in the head. During retrograde contractions, hemolymph enters the dorsal vessel through ostia located at the thoraco-abdominal junction, and exits through posterior excurrent openings located in the eighth abdominal segment. The ostia in abdominal segments 2-7 – which function in anterograde intracardiac flow – are sites of intense immune activity, as a subset of hemocytes, called periostial hemocytes, respond to infection by aggregating, phagocytosing, and killing pathogens. Here, we assessed whether hemocytes are present and active at two sites important for retrograde intracardiac hemolymph flow: the thoraco-abdominal ostia and the posterior excurrent openings of the heart. We detected sessile hemocytes around both of these structures, and these hemocytes readily engage in phagocytosis. However, they are few in number and a bacterial infection does not induce the aggregation of additional hemocytes at these locations. Finally, we describe the process of hemocyte attachment and detachment to regions of the dorsal vessel involved in intracardiac retrograde flow.
Preoperative Risk Assessment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patients Undergoing General Surgery

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of the pulmonary vasculature that is characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary artery pressure ...
Discharge Day: A Case-Based Interprofessional Exercise About Team Collaboration in Pediatrics

Introduction Interprofessional education, which gives medical students the opportunity to learn from, with, and about other health professionals, is an essential component of the undergraduate medi...
Characterization and development of microsatellite markers for Echinomastus johnsonii and congeneric taxa.

Premise Microsatellite markers were developed in Echinomastus johnsonii (Cactaceae) for use in several morphologically similar, closely related taxa within the genus to study genetic structure and diversity within and among individuals and populations. Methods and Results Using reads from shallow, whole genome Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing, we developed and characterized 15 microsatellite primer pairs for E. johnsonii, E. erectocentrus var. erectocentrus, E. erectocentrus var. acunensis, and E. intertextus. Of the 15 microsatellite markers, 14 amplified successfully and were polymorphic in three of the four taxa tested, with the exception of three markers in E. intertextus. In E. johnsonii, the number of alleles ranged from one to 15 and levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 and 0.000 to 0.917, respectively. Conclusions These markers will be useful for investigating population genetics and clarifying taxonomic relationships of E. johnsonii and congeneric species.
Coherent acoustic phonons and ultrafast carrier dynamics in hetero-epitaxial BaTiO3-BiFeO3 films and nanorods

The desire for multifunctional devices has driven significant research toward exploring multiferroics, where the coupling between electric, magnetic, optical, and structural order parameters can provide new functionality. While BiFeO3 is a well studied multiferroic, recent research has shown that the addition of BaTiO3 can improve the material properties. In this study, we perform time resolved differential reflectivity measurements of (1 − x)BaTiO3–(x)BiFeO3, with x = 0.725 epitaxial films grown on a lanthanum strontium manganite (LSMO) layer with a strontium titanate (STO) substrate, and BaTiO3–BiFeO3 nano-rods grown on Pt/Si. Our time resolved measurements can be used to probe dynamical properties on picosecond time scales. Information obtained is vital towards the design and understanding of high speed devices that incorporate multiferroic materials. We find that the contribution to the transient reflectivity response of a BaTiO3–BiFeO3 film due to carrier dynamics can be quantitatively explained by the diffusion of the photoexcited carriers away from the surface and that the ambipolar diffusion constant is below 1–2 cm2 s−1. At low temperature and for thicker films, in addition to a response from carrier dynamics, we also observed oscillations in the transient reflectivity with periods of 30–37 ps. We attribute these oscillations to propagating coherent acoustic phonons in the films. In the BaTiO3–BiFeO3 nano-rods samples only, we observed an additional oscillation with frequency in the range of 8 GHz. This is close to a theoretically predicted magnon frequency, but the strength of this oscillation only had a very weak magnetic field dependence. Another explanation for this feature could be multiple reflections of the acoustic phonons at the Pt interfaces (due to the large acoustic impedance mismatch).
Spray pyrolysis of yttria-stabilized zirconia nanoparticles and their densification into bulk transparent windows

We describe an aerosol spray pyrolysis system for the synthesis of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) nanoparticles with precisely tunable composition. Extensive structural and compositional characterization confirm that this technique gives access to particles with combined size and composition that are not commercially available. We have densified these particles via spark plasma sintering to investigate the mechanical and optical properties of the resulting bulk samples. Direct transmittance of the densified samples was measured to determine the role of grain size, porosity, oxygen vacancies, and crystal structure on the transparency of the samples. Small grain sizes and low porosity are commonly suggested as the essential property to obtain transparency. We have found that the transparency strongly correlates with crystal structure, with isotropic crystal structure having the highest transparency. Finally, to determine the mechanical properties of the densified samples, we used Vickers hardness testing confirming that YSZ in a tetragonal crystal structure is both harder and tougher than in a cubic crystal structure. This study suggests that aerosol spray pyrolysis is a promising synthetic approach for the synthesis of small YSZ nanocrystals with controllable composition. This could enable the optimization of both the optical and mechanical properties of bulk YSZ.
Breast imaging in transgender individuals

Abstract It is estimated that there are 8–25 million transgender individuals in the United States, many of whom will choose to undergo a treatment with a gender-affirming hormone regimen or surgery. This population has unique health screening needs that may be distinct from those of their age-matched cisgender peers. It is the responsibility of medical providers to deliver informed, effective, and culturally sensitive care given the best available data.
MXene polymer nanocomposites: a review

Abstract MXenes are a relatively new and exciting class of two-dimensional materials, which offer a wide range of compositions and excellent properties including ease of dispersibility and metallic conductivity. These properties render them promising candidates for use as fillers in polymer nanocomposites. Herein, we review how MXene processing methods, their volume fraction, and their incorporation into polymer hosts impact the properties and performance of a wide variety of nanocomposites. Several challenges and barriers that remain are discussed.
Comprehensive Lifestyle Medicine Program Improves Fitness, Function, and Blood Pressure in Poststroke Veteran Cohort: A Pilot Study:

Comprehensive lifestyle medicine programs have begun to show efficacy in patients with cerebrovascular disease. The Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system has a large poststroke population and VA...
Characterization of CM572, a Selective Irreversible Partial Agonist of the Sigma-2 Receptor with Antitumor Activity

The sigma-2 receptors are promising therapeutic targets because of their significant upregulation in tumor cells compared with normal tissue. Here, we characterize CM572 [3-(4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-6-isothiocyanatobenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one] (sigma-1 Ki ≥ 10 µM, sigma-2 Ki = 14.6 ± 6.9 nM), a novel isothiocyanate derivative of the putative sigma-2 antagonist, SN79 [6-acetyl-3-(4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one]. CM572 bound irreversibly to sigma-2 receptors by virtue of the isothiocyanate moiety but not to sigma-1. Studies in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells revealed that CM572 induced an immediate dose-dependent increase in cytosolic calcium concentration. A 24-hour treatment of SK-N-SH cells with CM572 induced dose-dependent cell death, with an EC50 = 7.6 ± 1.7 µM. This effect was sustained over 24 hours even after a 60-minute pretreatment with CM572, followed by extensive washing to remove ligand, indicating an irreversible effect consistent with the irreversible binding data. Western blot analysis revealed that CM572 also induced cleavage activation of proapoptotic BH3-interacting domain death agonist. These data suggest irreversible agonist-like activity. Low concentrations of CM572 that were minimally effective were able to attenuate significantly the calcium signal and cell death induced by the sigma-2 agonist CB-64D [(+)-1R,5R-(E)-8-benzylidene-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylmorphan-7-one]. CM572 was also cytotoxic against PANC-1 pancreatic and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of CM572 was selective for cancer cells over normal cells, being much less potent against primary human melanocytes and human mammary epithelial cells. Taken together, these data show that CM572 is a selective, irreversible sigma-2 receptor partial agonist. This novel irreversible ligand may further our understanding of the endogenous role of this receptor, in addition to having potential use in targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Why NMDA-receptor-dependent long-term potentiation may not be a mechanism of learning and memory: Reappraisal of the NMDA-receptor blockade strategy

The hypothesis that the processes mediating the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus also subserve hippocampally mediated learning and memory has recently been examined using an NMDA-receptor antagonist (AP5) to block the induction of LTP during training on learning tasks (Morris, Anderson, Lynch, & Baudry, 1986; Staubli, Thibault, DiLorenzo, & Lynch, 1989). The authors claim that their results support the NMDA-receptor-dependent LTP/memory hypothesis. Our reappraisal of the empirical support for this claim, however, suggests that it is premature, and that some aspects of the data can be used to argue just the opposite: that NMDA-receptor-dependent synaptic changes are not critically involved in the learning and memory processes that were under investigation. We support our position by arguing that (1) these studies did not convincingly rule out sensorimotor interpretations of the behavioral impairments that were observed, and (2) in all tasks studied, the AP5-treated animals displayed substantial evidence of learning, a result that contradicts the NMDA-receptor-dependent LTP/memory hypothesis. We also consider data from studies in which the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 was used, and we conclude that the results obtained with this agent cannot be used to support the LTP/memory hypothesis, because MK-801 does not block NMDA-receptor-dependent LTP in vivo in doses that permit animals to behave.
Research award: Interactive information retrieval

EDITOR'S SUMMARY Diane Kelly progressed from having no idea of information science as a field of inquiry to receiving the 2014 ASIS&T Research Award for her outstanding contributions to the field. Through an early library science course, Kelly met information science scholars and soon started her journey researching interactive information retrieval, search behavior, search interfaces and research methods. She became one of the “user study people” when few in the information retrieval community thought about the search process. Kelly appreciates starting her studies before Google's search box and blinking cursor became pervasive and realizing the wealth of ideas predating Google that are worthy of renewed investigation. She expressed concern that information seeking may become passive receipt of preformed information. In her further research, Kelly hopes to shed more light on the process of search and success metrics.
Fusion systems of F_2-type

We prove results on 2-fusion systems related to the 2-fusion systems of groups of Lie type over the field of order 2 and certain sporadic groups. The results are used in a later paper to determine the N-systems: the 2-fusion systems of N-groups.
Cosmic Ray Electrons

Modulation of cosmic electrons is similar to that of nuclei, but there are clear differences. At energies below 100 MeV the electron spectrum has a negative slope, which may in some way be related to electrons released from the magnetosphere of the planet Jupiter. If there is such a relationship, its nature is not established, and alternative explanations for the upturn exist. At higher energies, electrons are predominantly negatively charged, and it is probable that the difference in net charge sign from that of nuclei is responsible for many of the observed differences in the behavior of electrons and nuclei under modulation. A consistent picture of the cosmic positron abundance and its time variation may be emerging from the world dataset.
Calcium Signaling: Up, Down, Up, Down.... What's the Point?

Many cells respond to external signals by generating pulses of the calcium ion in their cytoplasm, which somehow tells other cellular components to turn on or off. In his commentary, Putney poses this decoding problem and explains how a [report][1] by De Koninck and Schulman in this issue shows that one of calcium's main targets, the enzyme calcium-calmodulin, has intrinsic properties that allow it to translate the pulses into useful information for the cell. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5348/227
Outlier rejection for diffusion weighted imaging

This paper introduces an outlier rejection and signal reconstruction method for high angular resolution diffusion weighted imaging. The approach is based on the thresholding of Laplacian measurements over the sphere of the apparent diffusion coefficient profiles defined for a given set of gradient directions. Exemplary results are presented.
Pathogenic pathways are activated in each major cell type of the glomerulus in the Cd2ap mutant mouse model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Mutations in several genes expressed in podocytes, including Cd2ap, have been associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in humans. Mutant mouse models provide an opportunity to better understand the molecular pathology that drives these diseases. In this report we use a battery of transgenic-GFP mice to facilitate the purification of all three major cell types of the glomerulus from Cd2ap mutant mice. Both microarrays and RNA-seq were used to characterize the gene expression profiles of the podocytes, mesangial cells and endothelial cells, providing a global dual platform cross-validating dataset. The mesangial cells showed increased expression of profibrotic factors, including thrombospondin, Tgfb2 and Tgfb3, as well as the angiogenesis factor Vegf. They also showed upregulation of protective genes, including Aldh1a2, involved in retinoic acid synthesis and Decorin, a Tgfb antagonist. Of interest, the mesangial cells also showed significant expression of Wt1, which has generally been considered podocyte specific. The Cd2ap mutant podocytes showed upregulation of proteases as well as genes involved in muscle and vasculature development and showed a very strong gene expression signature indicating programmed cell death. Endothelial cells showed increased expression of the leukocyte adhesion associated factors Vcam1 and Sele, as well as Midkine (promoting angiogenesis), endothelin and many genes responsive to cytokines and interferons. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the changing properties of the three cell types of the glomerulus in Cd2ap mutants, identifying activated and repressed pathways and responsible genes, thereby delivering a deeper molecular understanding of this genetic disease.
Teaching Research Skills to Pediatric Housestaff • 1927

In 1991, in order to satisfy Resident Review Committee requirements for teaching housestaff an understanding of research, journal reading skills, and critical thinking skills, we developed a program to address all of these issues. The curriculum includes a journal club component and a series of didactic presentations focusing on reading the literature, project design, epidemiology, and statistics. In addition, each resident is required to plan, conduct, and present the results of a small, focused research project during their three year training experience. The projects are conducted with a faculty mentor and are overseen by a small faculty committee, which is also responsible for implementing the entire program. Since the inception of the program, 71 residents have completed the curriculum. In a rough categorization, six of these project could be called laboratory based, 34 were clinical subspecialty based (primarily neonatology, infectious disease, and nephrology), and 31 addressed issues in general and community pediatrics. Many of the subspecialty based projects dealt with issues of importance to the general physician. The results of the projects have been presented at an annual research forum in the format of presentations at a national meeting (15 minute presentations plus questions). Prizes for the first and second best projects are awarded by an impartial jury. Evaluations of the process by the participating housestaff have consistently been positive (78% learned a lot, 69% felt it helped them to critically read the literature). An evaluation of the learning needs of the housestaff in various areas related to research(e.g., statistics, journal reading) showed improvement during their three years of training. The major expressed concerns were the time required to conduct the projects and the stress of giving presentunities). Problems that the program had to overcome included initial resistance to a new curriculum, motivation of the trainees, coordination with mentors, and evaluation of the program. Thus, a curriculum to develop critical thinking skills in a diverse group of residents, the majority of whom will become primary care physicians, can be implemented successfully. The major driving force of the program has been accomplishment of individual projects which stimulate learning with mentors, other experienced research faculty, and peers.
Intentional injury treated in community hospitals

Abstract Background: The impact of intentional injury in major metropolitan trauma centers has been established. Nonaccidental injury has become an increasingly important component of trauma care in mid-sized urban areas. To determine the medical and economic impact of personal violence in the Spokane, Washington, community we undertook a 5-year retrospective review. Patients and methods: Trauma registries were used to identify all victims of intentional injury admitted between May 1, 1994, and April 31, 1999. Demographic data, blood alcohol, mechanism, injury severity, hospital course, and outcome were abstracted from the registries. Financial data were obtained from hospital financial offices. Setting: Spokane, Washington, has a population of 200,000 with 400,000 in the metropolitan area. Trauma patients are triaged to hospitals according to Washington Administrative Code guidelines, supervised by central medical control. The two level II and two level III facilities are staffed by private practice surgeons and serve a referral area of 650,000. Results: Five hundred eighty-one intentional injury patients were admitted. This represented 15% of all significant injuries. Males accounted for 80% of the patients and 84%were Caucasian. The mean patient age was 30 years, only one quarter were listed as employed. Sixteen percent of the injuries were self-inflicted, gunshot was the most common mechanism (39%). Alcohol was involved in one half of the injuries. Sixty-three patients died, 39 died prior to intensive care unit admission. Hospital stay averaged 6.4 days, with a mean hospital charge of $18,000. Hospitals were reimbursed at 67%. Surgeons collected 31% of billed fees. Fewer than one third of patients had any form of private insurance. Conclusions: Intentional injury is a significant component of trauma care in our community. Patients are seriously injured and the fatality rate is high. Care is expensive and poorly funded.
The role of environmental conditions in in‐situ experiments in the high‐voltage electron microscope

Thin foil specimens may undergo changes in microstructure during examination in a high-voltage electron microscope as a result of specimen interaction with the electron beam and/or its surrounding gaseous environment. When these effects are recognized, and in-situ experiments are performed under well-controlled conditions, useful information can be derived from the observed changes in structure. This is illustrated with three examples; electron beam-induced surface oxidation of Fe—Al alloys, the detection of oxidation-induced surface stresses by dislocation network formation, and the investigation of the structure of glassy phase ceramics through electron beam-induced ionization effects. Une lame mince peut, au cours d'observations en microscopie electronique a haute tension, interagir avec le faisceau d'electrons et/ou avec l'atmosphere environnante. Lorsqu on sait detecter ces effets en connaissance de cause, on peut mener a bien des experiences in-situ dans des conditions bien controlees et obtenir des renseignements utiles concernant les modifications de structure. Ceci est illustre a l'aide de trois exemples; l'oxydation superficielle d'alliages Fe—Al induite par le faisceau d'electrons, la mise en evidence de contraintes liees a la presence d'un film d'oxyde en surface provoquant l'apparition de reseaux de dislocations, et l'etude de la structure des phases amorphes a l'interieur de ceramiques grace aux effets d'ionisation dus au faisceau d'electrons.
[59Fe]Ferrous bathophenanthroline sulfonate: a radioactive stain for labeling proteins in situ in polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract The use of a protein stain, [ 59 Fe]ferrous bathophenanthroline, to radioactively label proteins in polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis using simple staining and destaining procedures is described.
Multiple distinct small RNAs originate from the same microRNA precursors

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which originate from precursor transcripts with stem-loop structures, are essential gene expression regulators in eukaryotes. We report 19 miRNA precursors in Arabidopsis that can yield multiple distinct miRNA-like RNAs in addition to miRNAs and miRNA*s. These miRNA precursor-derived miRNA-like RNAs are often arranged in phase and form duplexes with an approximately two-nucleotide 3'-end overhang. Their production depends on the same biogenesis pathway as their sibling miRNAs and does not require RNA-dependent RNA polymerases or RNA polymerase IV. These miRNA-like RNAs are methylated, and many of them are associated with Argonaute proteins. Some of the miRNA-like RNAs are differentially expressed in response to bacterial challenges, and some are more abundant than the cognate miRNAs. Computational and expression analyses demonstrate that some of these miRNA-like RNAs are potentially functional and they target protein-coding genes for silencing. The function of some of these miRNA-like RNAs was further supported by their target cleavage products from the published small RNA degradome data. Our systematic examination of public small-RNA deep sequencing data from four additional plant species (Oryza sativa, Physcomitrella patens, Medicago truncatula and Populus trichocarpa) and four animals (Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila) shows that such miRNA-like RNAs exist broadly in eukaryotes. We demonstrate that multiple miRNAs could derive from miRNA precursors by sequential processing of Dicer or Dicer-like proteins. Our results suggest that the pool of miRNAs is larger than was previously recognized, and miRNA-mediated gene regulation may be broader and more complex than previously thought.
Ecosystem services and Indiana agriculture: Farmers and conservationists perceptions

The fate of ecosystem services (ESS) in the United States depends on the actions of private landowners and operators (‘farmers’). This work uses a mixed qualitative and quantitative method to understand farmer knowledge of ESS and willingness to manage lands from an ESS perspective. Fourteen interviews were conducted to analyze farmer understanding of ESS within the context of conservation management. Two hundred surveys of Indiana farmers and 33 surveys of Indiana US Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service conservationists (‘conservationists’) were analyzed in order to assess ESS knowledge derived from varied land types. Though most farmers and conservationists were unfamiliar with ESS, both groups consistently recognized environmental benefits from land types and conservation practices. They were also able to identify trade-offs in ESS when managing lands for maximum food production. Farmers and conservationists differed in their views of the beneficiaries and stewards of ESS, wh...
Right hemisphere superiority in the recognition of famous faces

Words and famous faces were tachistoscopically presented in bilateral view to normal right-handed subjects. A left visual field advantage was obtained for famous faces whether naming or recognition from an array was required and a right visual field advantage was obtained for words. While the finding of a left visual field advantage for the recognition of famous faces is consistent with studies of face recognition deficits in brain-damaged patients, a right visual field advantage for the recognition of famous faces has recently been reported in normal subjects. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.
A cleavage product of the adenovirus DNA binding protein is active in DNA replication in vitro

Abstract The 72,000-dalton adenovirus DNA binding protein is coded by the adenovirus gene containing the H5ts125 mutation. The wild-type DNA binding protein can complement the H5ts125 temperature-sensitive defect in an in vitro DNA replication reaction. Chymotrypsin treatment of the 72,000-dalton DNA binding protein cleaved this protein into two fragments of 44,000 and 26,000 daltons. The 44,000-dalton polypeptide, derived from the wild-type adenovirus DNA binding protein, can replace the wild-type 72,000 dalton protein and complement the H5ts125 defect in the in vitro DNA replication system.
Terra Economica: Waste and the Production of Enclosed Nature

This essay provides an analysis of the "dirty" history and geography of enclosure, as both an instance of primitive accumulation and a production of nature. Specifically, I reconsider the English enclosures as a struggle over the land-use designation of "waste". Whereas both open fields and common waste lands were an essential and valuable part of the common right economy, advocates of enclosure came to see these same lands as wasted commons; lands that were potentially, but not yet, improved. This dialectic of waste and potential permeates the fabric of the nature produced through enclosure, which I name terra economica. Typically, this terrain has been understood as a passive repository of free resources, extending across absolute space. While such accounts consider the making of nature into a universal means of production, it is equally important to consider the ways in which nature is produced as a universal condition of production.
Elevation of cadmium, lead, and Zinc in the hair of adult black female hypertensives

The southern portion of the United States has the highest mortality due to cardiovascular disease of any region of the country. The prevalence of hypertension in the South is also higher. In Mississippi, 37% and 16% of adult blacks and whites respectively, are estimated to be hypertensive by the Mississippi Affiliate of the American Heart Association. Dietary intake of sodium, an overweight condition, and genetic factors may contribute to the problem. The role of trace elements in producing hypertension was first recognized by Schroeder (1965, 1967). Rats became hypertensive by ingesting cadmium in drinking water or by intraperitoneal injection of the elements. The addition of dietary zinc could block the cadmium induced hypertension, suggesting a complex interaction among elements. Trace elements may be involved in the etiologies of other circulatory diseases as well. For example, Klevay (1975) has suggested that a copper-zinc imbalance may lead to hypercholesterolemia and ischemic heart disease while the World Health Organization (1974) has reported increased copper concentration in the heart tissue of coronary victims. Epidemiological studies (Schroeder 1960 and 1966; Sharrett and Feinleib 1975; Perry and Perry 1974) have revealed an inverse relationship between water hardness and the prevalence of heart disease. Borgman et al. (1982) demonstrated a positive correlation between hair copper, cadmium, lead, and chromium concentrations of adolescents and the heart disease rate of their respective home counties. The objective of the present study was to explore the relationship of selected trace elements with tensive status using hair as a biopsy material. The study examined the differences in hair elemental concentrations between adult black female hypertensives and normotensives from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
11B NMR: A New Tool for the Determination of Hapticity of Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Ligands

While X-ray crystallography provides reliable solid-state information, the assignment of hapticity in [HB(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)3]MLn (M = Rh, Ir, Pt) complexes in solution is complicated by the dy...
Complete Atrophy of Kidney in Pigeons Following Section of the Ureter.

Atrophy, partial and complete, of the kidney of dove or pigeon can be obtained by section of one ureter. Pressure develops in the occluded duct and kidney, and insoluble urates later disappear from the contents of the duct. The uninjured kidney readily undergoes functional hypertrophy. These observations have a bearing on the problem of the agenesis of organs. They indicate that in some cases the absence of a glandular organ which, like the kidney, is functional in the embryo may have been formed (not agenesis) and-through malformation or malfunction of its duct-later undergone complete atrophy. In contrast, section of the genital ducts of these birds was not followed by atrophy of testis or ovary; this evidence therefore indicates that the absence of gonads in birds has a different origin and significance.
Biological activities of deletion mutants of simian virus 40.

Abstract Mutants of Simian virus 40 (SV40) with large deletions in the early or late regions of the genome were tested for biological activity. Deletion mutants lacking portions of both late genes (B/C and D), but with an intact early genomic segment, were able to induce T antigen in infected cells, replicate their DNA in the absence of helper virus, stimulate thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA, and transform mouse and hamster cells. Cells transformed by late deletion mutants were shown to contain the mutant genome by a fusion-complementation rescue procedure. Deletion mutants lacking substantial portions of the early genomic region, including those segments where ts A mutants map, lacked all of the above activities. However, both early and late deletion mutants interfered with SV40 DNA replication.
Behavioral Differences Between C57BL/6J × FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J × NZB/B1NJ F1 Hybrid Mice: Relation to Control of Ethanol Intake

C57BL/6J x FVB/NJ F1 (B6 x FVB) mice consume more alcohol than C57BL/6J x NZB/B1NJ F1 (B6 x NZB) mice and this high alcohol consumption is stable after abstinence whereas B6 x NZB show reduced consumption, thus providing models of Sustained Alcohol Preference (SAP) and Reduced Alcohol Preference (RAP). In female hybrids, we assessed several behavioral responses to define behaviors which might predict SAP and RAP. B6 x FVB exhibited less severe ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion and were less sensitive to ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex than B6 x NZB. Both hybrids demonstrated ethanol-induced place preference and a low ethanol withdrawal severity. We found that these hybrids differ in their sensitivity to the aversive and sedative, but not rewarding, effects of ethanol. Results of elevated plus maze, mirror chamber, and locomotor tests reveal B6 x FVB mice are less anxious and more active than B6 x NZB mice. Results obtained offer insights about factors that determine SAP and RAP in these new genetic models of alcohol consumption.