cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Potentially Reduced Exposure Tobacco Products Among American Indian Smokeless Tobacco Users: Associations With Cessation Behaviors and Cotinine Levels.

Objectives:American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults use smokeless tobacco products (eg, chewing and dip tobacco) more often than other racial/ethnic groups do. Although US adults increasingly u...
Manufacturing-Uber: Intelligent Operator Assignment in a Connected Factory

Abstract This paper introduces the Manufacturing-Uber concept for dynamic assignment of operators in the Connected Factory. In traditional non-IoT machining environments it is common to assign an operator to a (small) number of machines, clustered in close proximity within a cell. In contrast to “fixed” assignment within a cell, the Manufacturing-Uber approach leverages the connectivity of the IoT environment to allow on-demand “floating” operator assignment across cells. An intelligent assignment engine determines and assigns the operator to achieve best system performance. Results show that Manufacturing-Uber outperforms fixed assignment with respect to reduction in required operators, increased machine up-time and more parts completed.
Chapter II – GROUPS

Publisher Summary A group is a set of distinct elements together with a binary multiplication law. Equality of group elements is an equivalence relation, that is, equality is reflexive, symmetric, transitive, and defined for all pairs of elements in the group in the sense that any two are definitely either equal or not equal. This chapter reviews some properties of “abstract” finite groups, which are relevant to representation theory, where “abstract” groups means the groups whose elements are represented by the symbols whose only duty is to satisfy a group multiplication table. The chapter discusses some applications of finite groups to problems of physics. The chapter further discusses important concepts, such as the concepts of homomorphism, normal sub-groups, quotient group, class, class multiplication coefficient, and function on a group.
Assessing the Use of Blending Charts to Estimate the Allowable Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Binder Content for Mixes Containing RAP from Different Sources

Blending charts are used by many agencies to design mixes with high-content reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). They are typically used with mixes containing more than 25 % RAP to determine the performance grade of the virgin binder or to obtain the maximum allowable RAP content. The aging condition of the RAP binders extracted from RAP can vary greatly based on years of service, climatic conditions, and traffic loading. The current specifications do not consider the stiffness of the RAP in determining the cutoff RAP percentage above which blending charts should be used. According to the current specifications, mixes containing less than 15 % RAP do not require a change to their virgin binder grade regardless of the RAP source. In this paper, extracted and recovered RAP binder from two sources representing different climatic conditions is blended with two virgin binders at different proportions. The rheological properties of the virgin and RAP binders and the resulting binder blends were compared using master curves and Black diagrams, and changes in the rheological parameters such as the crossover frequency and rheological index were noted. The blending chart procedure was used to determine the maximum allowable RAP binder ratio (RAPBR) for different mixes. The results show that the 25 % limit, currently specified, appears appropriate for the not very stiff RAP binder having a performance grade of PG94-4. However, for the stiff RAP binder (PG106+2), blending charts should be used for blends containing more than 18–20 % RAPBR. It was also shown that a change to the virgin binder is required for blends with as low as 6 % RAPBR, when the stiff RAP binder was used.
Factorized linear discriminant analysis for phenotype-guided representation learning of neuronal gene expression data

A central goal in neurobiology is to relate the expression of genes to the structural and functional properties of neuronal types, collectively called their phenotypes. Single-cell RNA sequencing can measure the expression of thousands of genes in thousands of neurons. How to interpret the data in the context of neuronal phenotypes? We propose a supervised learning approach that factorizes the gene expression data into components corresponding to individual phenotypic characteristics and their interactions. This new method, which we call factorized linear discriminant analysis (FLDA), seeks a linear transformation of gene expressions that varies highly with only one phenotypic factor and minimally with the others. We further leverage our approach with a sparsity-based regularization algorithm, which selects a few genes important to a specific phenotypic feature or feature combination. We applied this approach to a single-cell RNA-Seq dataset of Drosophila T4/T5 neurons, focusing on their dendritic and axonal phenotypes. The analysis confirms results obtained by conventional methods but also points to new genes related to the phenotypes and an intriguing hierarchy in the genetic organization of these cells.
Too Noisy to Sleep Safely? – An Observational Study of Noise Levels and Distractions During Critical Phases of Pediatric Anesthesia

BACKGROUND Noise and distraction are recognized as contributing factors in critical incidents associated with surgery and anesthesia. In addition, excessive noise exposure can have negative effects on patients and staff members in these environments. AIMS We aimed to quantify noise exposure of the anesthesiology team and patients in pediatric operating theaters, comparing them to adult studies, internationally recognized standards, and identifying factors contributing to noise and/or distraction. METHODS We measured noise levels during three phases of anesthesia (pre-induction, induction, and postinduction/maintenance) and recorded additional environmental sources of distraction and noise. RESULTS We included 49 theater cases. The median and interquartile range (IQR) of mean noise levels during pre-induction, induction, and maintenance were 61 (59.7-63.5), 61.9 (60.6-63.3), and 61.6 (60.4-63.7) dB, respectively, while the median (IQR) of maximal noise levels was 81.4 (77.3-86.8), 83.7 (78.5-87.4), and 86.3 (84.6-90.4), respectively. There was an average of 8.3 people present in the room during induction. In 23 cases, there were additional unnecessary conversations occurring within the room at induction. We noted the maintenance phase was the noisiest phase of anesthesia. We recorded frequent potential sources of distraction during pre-induction and induction, though no significant correlations between these distractions and recorded noise levels. CONCLUSIONS We documented noise levels well above recommended levels during all phases of pediatric anesthesia. We highlighted factors with potential to contribute to noise and distraction but found no statistically significant correlation with noise levels.
A survey of methods supporting cyber situational awareness in the context of smart cities

A modern urban infrastructure no longer operates in isolation, but instead, leverages the latest technologies to collect, process, and distribute aggregated knowledge in order to improve the quality of the provided services and promote the efficiency of resource consumption. This technological development, however, manifests in the form of new vulnerabilities and a plethora of attack vectors. In the same context, the ambiguity of ever-evolving cyber threats and their debilitating consequences introduce new barriers for decision-makers. Therefore, cyber situational awareness of smart cities emerges as a mission-critical task that requires support methods for effective and timely decision-making. In this article, we investigate the threat landscape of smart cities, survey and reveal the progress in data-driven methods for situational awareness and evaluate their effectiveness when addressing various cyber threats. We draw several potential research directions that aim at advancing cyber situational awareness in the context of smart cities.
Readiness to quit smoking among smokers in substance use treatment: associations with stress, substance use severity, relapse concerns and gender

Smoking prevalence among individuals in substance use treatment remains higher than in the general population. Given that many smokers in substance use treatment are reluctant to quit smoking, it i...
Control response of continuous trailing edge morphing wings

In this research, the morphing wing geometries are studied parametrically to identify the aerodynamic characteristics at various flight conditions. The morphing wing presented considers a NACA 0012 airfoil with a rigid portion at the leading edge and a continuously conforming trailing edge flap. Following the authors' previous study, an elliptical curve was used as the morphing model for the spanwise trailing edge deflection. Control deflection for the trailing edge, hinge location, Reynolds number, and angle of attack were parameterized to investigate trends. This research was conducted numerically through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The CFD simulations are performed using the three- dimensional (3D) Reynolds-Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the k – ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. The results showed that a higher Reynolds number leads to better aerodynamic performance while the control deflection and hinge location needs to be optimized for a given flight condition. The results also indicated that the morphing wing shape optimization should start from lower values of control deflection and hinge location as an initial design approach. The study demonstrates that morphing wings can achieve significant aerodynamic performance gains through active actuation of hinge point location and control deflection to suit the flight regimes encountered through a mission profile.
Balloon occlusion as an adjunctive technique during sclerotherapy of Puig's classified advanced venous malformations:

ObjectivePuig types 2 through 4 venous malformations (VMs) are challenging to treat with sclerotherapy given their robust systemic outflow. Endovenous balloon occlusion offers a means of temporaril...
Mining candidate viruses as potential bio-terrorism weapons from biomedical literature

In this paper we present a semantic-based data mining approach to identify candidate viruses as potential bio-terrorism weapons from biomedical literature. We first identify all the possible properties of viruses as search key words based on Geissler's 13 criteria; the identified properties are then defined using MeSH terms. Then, we assign each property an importance weight based on domain experts' judgment. After generating all the possible valid combinations of the properties, we search the biomedical literature, retrieving all the relevant documents. Next our method extracts virus names from the downloaded documents for each search keyword and identifies the novel connection of the virus according to these 4 properties. If a virus is found in the different document sets obtained by several search keywords, the virus should be considered as suspicious and treated as candidate viruses for bio-terrorism. Our findings are intended as a guide to the virus literature to support further studies that might then lead to appropriate defense and public health measures.
Review of Graph Comprehension Research: Implications for Instruction

Graphs are commonly used in textbooks and educational software, and can help students understand science and social science data. However, students sometimes have difficulty comprehending information depicted in graphs. What makes a graph better or worse at communicating relevant quantitative information? How can students learn to interpret graphs more effectively? This article reviews the cognitive literature on how viewers comprehend graphs and the factors that influence viewers' interpretations. Three major factors are considered: the visual characteristics of a graph (e.g., format, animation, color, use of legend, size, etc.), a viewer's knowledge about graphs, and a viewer's knowledge and expectations about the content of the data in a graph. This article provides a set of guidelines for the presentation of graphs to students and considers the implications of graph comprehension research for the teaching of graphical literacy skills. Finally, this article discusses unresolved questions and directions for future research relevant to data presentation and the teaching of graphical literacy skills.
The Surprise Task: A Solution-Focused Formula Task for Families

Abstract This paper presents an augmentation of two solution-focused formula tasks. The Surprise Task is a specification of the “formula first session task” and the “do something different” task. The first task was designed to get people to view exceptions to their complaints while the second task directs people to take action about their complaint. The Surprise Task combines these two foci and gets one member of the household, the identified client, who is a youngster, to do something different, a surprise, while the adult member(s) of the household attempt to notice change. This noticing can then be used as exceptions and built upon to help the family construct a different view of their current situation. A case example will be utilized to demonstrate how this new task can provide impetus for change in a family.
Achieving International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes and American Diabetes Association clinical guidelines offers cardiorenal protection for youth with type 1 diabetes

Objective Most youth with type 1 diabetes do not meet the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) targets for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), lipids, and body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized that ISPAD/ADA goal achievement at baseline would be associated with cardiorenal risk factors at baseline and 2 yr follow-up in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods We assessed the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between ISPAD/ADA goal achievement at baseline and cardiorenal health at baseline and 2-yr follow-up (n = 297; 15.4 ± 2.1 yr at baseline) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Goal achievement was defined as HbA1c 35 mg/dL, triglycerides (TG) <150 mg/dL and BMI <85th percentile for age and sex. Cardiorenal outcomes included pulse-wave velocity (PWV), brachial distensibility (BrachD), augmentation index (AIx), and epidermal growth factor receptor (eGFR) continuously and categorically as hyperfiltration (eGFR ≥ 135 mL/min/1.73 m2). Results Adolescents with type 1 diabetes who met 1–3 goals, had significantly greater (P < 0.05) baseline PWV (5.1 ± 0.1 vs. 5.4 ± 0.1 m/s), follow-up PWV (5.5 ± 0.1 vs. 5.7 ± 0.1 m/s), greater follow-up eGFR (104 ± 2 vs. 116 ± 3 mL/min/1.73 m2), and greater odds of renal hyperfiltration at follow-up (odds ratio (OR): 20.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.8–105.2) compared to those who met 4–6 goals after adjusting for Tanner stage, sex, age, and diabetes duration. No statistically significant differences in the cardiorenal outcomes were observed between adolescents with type 1 diabetes who met 4–6 goals and non-diabetic controls (n = 96). Conclusions In adolescents with type 1 diabetes, baseline ADA/ISPAD goal achievement was associated with cardiorenal protection at baseline and 2-yr follow-up.
The chemistry of the Group V metal carbonyls : III. The preparation of substituted carbonyl anions of vanadium, niobium and tantalum

Abstract The first practical route to substituted carbonyl anions of niobium and tantalum, involving the photolytically induced substitution of mono- and bidentate phosphines into the hexacarbonylmetallate(−I) anions of these metals, has been utilized in obtaining [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 N][M(CO) 5 P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ] and [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 N][M(CO) 4 - (C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 CH 2 P(C 6 H 5 ) 2 ] (M = Nb, Ta). This new pathway also represents the best available method for preparing phosphine, arsine, and stibene substituted carbonyl anions of vanadium; tetraethylammonium salts of [V(CO) 5 L]-, where L represents (C 6 H 5 ) 3 M (M = P, As, Sb), or (n-C 4 H 9 ) 3 P and [V(CO) 4 L′]-, where L′ is (C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 CH 2 P(C 6 H 5 ) 2 or [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 AsC 5 H 4 ] 2 Fe have been obtained in high yields by this procedure.
Systematic humanization of yeast genes reveals conserved functions and genetic modularity

To determine whether genes retain ancestral functions over a billion years of evolution and to identify principles of deep evolutionary divergence, we replaced 414 essential yeast genes with their human orthologs, assaying for complementation of lethal growth defects upon loss of the yeast genes. Nearly half (47%) of the yeast genes could be successfully humanized. Sequence similarity and expression only partly predicted replaceability. Instead, replaceability depended strongly on gene modules: Genes in the same process tended to be similarly replaceable (e.g., sterol biosynthesis) or not (e.g., DNA replication initiation). Simulations confirmed that selection for specific function can maintain replaceability despite extensive sequence divergence. Critical ancestral functions of many essential genes are thus retained in a pathway-specific manner, resilient to drift in sequences, splicing, and protein interfaces.
Plasma prostaglandin metabolites in human labor.

Abstract To elucidate the role of prostaglandins in initiating uterine contractions we studied the concentrations of 13,14-dihydro- 15-keto-PGE 2 (PGE 2 -M) and 13,14-dihydro- 15-keto-PGF 2α (PGF 2α -M) in peripheral plasma of pregnant patients. The concentrations of PGE 2 -M and PGF 2α -M in pregnant patients at term not in labor were not significantly different from those at midpregnancy. Induction of labor at term pregnancy caused a significant rise of both PGE 2 -M and PGF 2α -M. During spontaneous labor there were no significant minute-to-minute fluctuations of plasma PGE 2 -M and PGF 2α -M and their concentrations were not different from those at oxytocin-induced labor. Initiation of uterine contractions and abortion at midpregnancy by the intra-amniotic infusion of hypertonic saline was not associated with any change in PGE 2 -M concentration and a rise in PGF 2α -M was noted in only one of five patients. The vaginal administration of PGE 2 and the intra-amniotic infusion of PGF 2α were associated in each case with a significant rise of both prostaglandin metabolites. It is concluded that the rise of prostaglandin metabolites in peripheral plasma is secondary to the initiation of uterine contractions at term pregnancy. Such a rise is not usually observed after the initiation of uterine contractions by hypertonic saline at midpregnancy.
Distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive L-[3H]glutamate-binding sites in rat brain

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is an acidic amino acid which depolarizes neurons by selectively interacting with a distinct class of excitatory amino acid receptor. Recent evidence has indicated that this receptor is a neurotransmitter receptor in the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus for which the endogenous ligand is likely to be L-glutamate or a structurally related compound. Using quantitative autoradiography, we have studied the anatomical distribution of the class of L- [3H]glutamate-binding sites displaced by NMDA, which appear to correspond to NMDA receptors. The CA1 region of the hippocampus contains the highest density of sites. In general, telencephalic regions have high levels of binding sites. The cerebral cortex shows significant density variations among the differing layers and regions, with the highest levels found in the frontal cortex layers I to III. Within the basal ganglia, the highest levels are found in the nucleus accumbens, intermediate levels are found in the caudate/putamen, and very low levels are found in the globus pallidus. Thalamic regions have moderate levels with variations among differing regions. Midbrain and brainstem have low levels of binding sites, but within these regions there are structures exhibiting higher levels, e.g., the nucleus of the solitary tract and the inferior olive. The distribution of NMDA sites is consistent with most, but not all, of the regions previously proposed to use glutamate as an excitatory transmitter. Thus, the distribution of NMDA-sensitive L-[3H]glutamate-binding sites suggests that the NMDA receptor represents a major, distinct subset of excitatory amino acid receptors and indicates regions in which neurotransmission may be mediated or modulated by this receptor.
DeepRuler: Design, execute and evaluate path-following for robotic unmanned vehicles and experiment repeatability

In robotics, nowadays, there is a strong evergrowing interest in executing replicable experiments to assess robots performance. This demand can't be easy fulfilled without established ad-hoc procedures to be followed. To this aim, an innovative software framework named DeepRuler is proposed. The presented software is able to design, automatically execute and evaluate highly replicable path-following experiments, minimizing the burden for the human operator of the robot. Among the many advantages of DeepRuler, there is its ease of integration with almost every kind of robot or simulator, without much effort left on the shoulders of the software developer. Another key feature is its open-source nature and its plugin-based structure, that allows the community to expand its functions in a very modular way.
Protein memory through altered folding mediated by intramolecular chaperones

The 77-residue propeptide of subtilisin acts as an intramolecular chaperone that organizes the correct folding of its own protease domain. Similar folding mechanisms are used by several prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins, including prohormone-convertases. Here we show that the intramolecular chaperone of subtilisin facilitates folding by acting as a template for its protease domain, although it does not form part of that domain. Subtilisin E folded by an intramolecular chaperone with an Ile(-48)-to-Val mutation acquires an 'altered' enzymatically active conformation that differs from wild-type subtilisin E. Although both the altered and wild-type subtilisins have identical amino-acid sequences, as determined by amino-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry, they bind their cognate intramolecular chaperones with 4.5-fold greater affinity than non-cognate intramolecular chaperones, when added in trans. The two subtilisins also have different secondary structures, thermostability and substrate specificities. Our results indicate that an identical polypeptide can fold into an altered conformation through a mutated intramolecular chaperone and maintains memory of the folding process. Such a phenomenon, which we term 'protein memory', may be important in investigations of protein folding.
Cultivation and Laboratory Maintenance of Chlamydia pneumoniae

Chlamydiae are Gram-negative obligate intracellular parasites. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a human respiratory pathogen that causes pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and pharyngitis. C. pneumoniae has also been associated with cardiovascular disease. C. pneumoniae can only be grown in cell culture and is more difficult to isolate from specimens than Chlamydia trachomatis. Commonly used cell lines for isolation of C. trachomatis are not sensitive for C. pneumoniae. The most sensitive cell lines for isolation of C. pneumoniae are HL and HEp-2. Centrifugation of the inoculum onto the monolayer and inclusion of cycloheximide in the medium enhance isolation. Inclusions are smaller than those of other chlamydiae and are visualized by staining with FITC-conjugated genus- or C. pneumoniae-specific monoclonal antibodies. Slow expansion and use of a small inoculum are key to successful culture. Infectious organisms can be purified by use of Hypaque-76 gradients to titers >1 x 10(8)/ml.
Simulation of elastic wave propagation using cellular automata and peridynamics, and comparison with experiments

Abstract Peridynamics is a non-local continuum mechanics formulation that can handle spatial discontinuities as the governing equations are integro-differential equations which do not involve gradients such as strains and deformation rates. This paper employs bond-based peridynamics. Cellular Automata is a local computational method which, in its rectangular variant on interior domains, is mathematically equivalent to the central difference finite difference method. However, cellular automata does not require the derivation of the governing partial differential equations and provides for common boundary conditions based on physical reasoning. Both methodologies are used to solve a half-space subjected to a normal load, known as Lamb’s Problem. The results are compared with theoretical solution from classical elasticity and experimental results. This paper is used to validate our implementation of these methods.
Response to Instruction as a Means of Identifying Students with Reading/Learning Disabilities:

To examine a response to treatment model as a means for identifying students with reading/learning disabilities, 45 second-grade students at risk for reading problems were provided daily supplemental reading instruction and assessed after 10 weeks to determine if they met a prior criteria for exit. Students who met criteria no longer received supplemental instruction. Those who did not were regrouped and supplemental instruction was continued for another 10 weeks. After 20 weeks of supplemental instruction, students who still had not met criteria were provided another 10 weeks of supplemental instruction. Students who never met criteria were classified as no exit. Pretest scores on fluency, passage comprehension, and rapid naming were the significant predictors of students who did not meet exit criteria.
Surgical Management of Genitoperineal Hidradenitis Suppurativa in Men

Objective To report our successful experience in treating genital and perineal hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and its sequelae including localized chronic lymphedema. We describe our method of diseased tissue resection and wound defect coverage with local flaps and split-thickness skin grafts (STSG). Methods From 2004 to 2012, we treated 6 patients with genital and perineal HS with radical resection of diseased tissue. Wound coverage was performed with skin flaps and/or STSGs. Results Two patients had enough normal neighboring skin for local flap coverage of their wound defect. Four others had more extensive disease requiring STSG coverage. Two patients with secondary penile skin lymphedema required STSG for penile shaft reconstruction. All patients achieved excellent cosmetic results. There was one recurrence that required repeat resection and wound coverage. No wound complications occurred at the STSG donor site. Successful STSG “take” on the scrotum and penis ranged from 90% to 100% (mean 98%). Wound complications from local flap closure were clinically insignificant and include small (≤2 cm) areas of wound breakdown with no evidence of infection in 3 patients (50%). Conclusion Genitoperineal HS is a debilitating and disfiguring disease that results in the need for repeated abscess drainage operations, chronically painful skin boils, and chronic foul-smelling infectious discharge. It can be associated with lymphedema of surrounding tissues, requiring removal of tissues not originally affected by the disease. The use of complete resection and reconstruction with skin flaps and grafts provides a viable treatment option for these patients.
The Effect of Snake Venoms and Their Components on Adrenomedullary Cells: Catecholamine Efflux and Cell Damage

The effects of snake venom on the cholinergic system have been well-studied; however, no similar studies have been performed on the adrenergic system. Adrenomedullary cells secrete catecholamine (CA) on stimulation; thus they are an ideal system to study the effect of snake venoms on CA secretion or inhibition. Snake venoms from different Families and Genera were investigated. All snake venoms investigated, caused CA efflux. CA can be released when cytolysis takes place; so in order to assert CA efflux was not due to cytolysis, venoms were added after the cells were treated with KCl. Most venom, with the exception of sea snake (Hydrophiidae) venom, was found to induce CA release due to cytolysis. The effects of purified components such as phospholipase A2, neurotoxin I, and cardiotoxin were also investigated. Neurotoxin I caused neither cytolysis nor CA efflux. Cardiotoxin caused marked cytolysis, but with slightly less damaging effects than that of cobra venom. Some ion channel blockers prevented cytolysis induced by cardiotoxin. The CA efflux induced by cardiotoxin may be mediated through Ca2+ channels because the efflux could be completely depressed by a Ca2+ channel blocker (1 mM CdCl2).
Introductory Remarks on Cognition, Culture, and Color Experience

Color naming and categorization research has benefited from a diverse set of interdisciplinary researchers investigating a wide range of phenomena: from psychophysical studies of front-end physical processing in human visual systems, to the philosophical questions of the epistemology and ontology of color sensations, to investigations of the uniformity with which humans across the globe see, think, organize, and communicate about color stimuli in the world. Indeed, the impressive set of multidisciplinary contributions seen in the 1997 volume edited by Hardin & Maffi is consistent with the wide range of investigators who place the study of culture, cognition, and color categorization among their primary interests today. Research on color categorization and naming is particularly important to the study of culture and cross-cultural comparison because it represents one of the few areas of study that is both well defined as an area of multidisciplinary investigation and a relevant domain of psychological inquiry across human culture. The collection of articles presented in these two volumes represents viewpoints from this wide set of research interests. The range encompassed in these articles reflects the current state of
Hemangiopericytoma of the stomach.

Abstract A case of gastric hemangiopericytoma has been reported in which diagnosis was established by emergency operation in the presence of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The clinical and pathologic features of this unusual tumor have been briefly presented. Hemangiopericytoma is a tumor that should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients who on radiologic examination demonstrate the presence of smooth intraluminal filling defects in the body of the stomach. In the limited experience reported so far, partial gastric resection has been an effective form of treatment.
Working memory and long‐term memory for faces: Evidence from fMRI and global amnesia for involvement of the medial temporal lobes

Behavioral studies with amnesic patients and imaging studies with healthy adults have suggested that medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures known to be essential for long-term declarative memory (LTM) may also be involved in the maintenance of information in working memory (WM). To examine whether MTL structures are involved in WM maintenance for faces, and the nature of that involvement, WM and LTM for faces were examined in normal participants via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and in amnesic patients behaviorally. In Experiment 1, participants were scanned while performing a WM task in which they determined if two novel faces, presented 7 s apart, were the same or different. Later, participants' LTM for the faces they saw during the WM task was measured in an unexpected recognition test. During WM maintenance, the hippocampus was activated bilaterally, and there was greater activation during maintenance for faces that were later remembered than faces later forgotten. A conjunction analysis revealed overlap in hippocampal activations across WM maintenance and LTM contrasts, which suggested that the same regions were recruited for WM maintenance and LTM encoding. In Experiment 2, amnesic and control participants were tested on similar WM and LTM tasks. Amnesic patients, as a group, had intact performance with a 1-s maintenance period, but were impaired after a 7-s WM maintenance period and on the LTM task. Thus, parallel neuroimaging and lesion designs suggest that the same hippocampal processes support WM maintenance, for intervals as short as 7 s, and LTM for faces.
Airborne in-situ measurement of particulate sulfur and sulfuric acid with flame photometry and thermal analysis

Abstract An airborne in-situ particulate sulfur monitor based on the FPD principle has been developed and tested. The lower detection limit for particulate sulfur is about 1 ppb(4 μg SO 4 m −3 ). Time response to 90% of signal is about 5 s. The characteristic FPD zero drift caused by changes in pressure, humidity and other environmental factors has been compensated for by including an automatic zeroing cycle so that the zero signal can be monitored along with the sulfur signal. Preliminary results indicate that data collected during altitude descents or ascents is of good quality. With the addition of a preheater system, simultaneous measurement of sulfuric acid and total particulate sulfur profiles in plumes and haze palls is possible with a single monitor.
Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Intestinal Injury: Potential Role of Nitric Oxide and Lipid Peroxidation

Nitric oxide can react with superoxide anion to form peroxynitrite. The resultant free radical can be rapidly protonated to yield even more toxic substances such as hydroxyl radical and nitric dioxide. The generation of either of these free radical species can promote lipid peroxidation and subsequent tissue injury if they are formed in excessive amounts. During sepsis, both nitric oxide synthesis and peroxynitrite production are substantially enhanced in a variety of tissues, effects which favor the development of lipid peroxidation. Consequently, this study was undertaken in conscious rats, to ascertain what effect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the small intestine and to determine whether this is associated with lipid peroxidation or morphologic injury. When examined by Western immunoblot analysis, significantly more inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was detected in the ileum than in the jejunum 5 hr after treatment with intraperitoneal LPS (1 and 20 mg/kg). Further, using the thiobarbituric acid assay as an index of lipid peroxidation, it was demonstrated that significantly more thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were present in the ileal mucosa than in the jejunal mucosa after LPS (20 mg/kg) administration. However, LPS (20 mg/kg) resulted in morphologic damage to both segments of the intestinal epithelium. These data indicate that the gut is a target during sepsis and that regional differences exist within the small bowel with respect to induction of nitric oxide synthase and lipid peroxidation following LPS treatment. Thus, while induction of nitric oxide synthase during endotoxic shock may still represent a mechanism of local intestinal damage, it is not necessarily associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation.
Bioinspiration from fish for smart material design and function

Fish are a potentially rich source of inspiration for the design of smart materials. Fish exemplify the use of flexible materials to generate forces during locomotion, and a hallmark of fish functional design is the use of body and fin deformation to power propulsion and maneuvering. As a result of nearly 500 million years of evolutionary experimentation, fish design has a number of interesting features of note to materials engineers. In this paper we first provide a brief general overview of some key features of the mechanical design of fish, and then focus on two key properties of fish: the bilaminar mechanical design of bony fish fin rays that allows active muscular control of curvature, and the role of body flexibility in propulsion. After describing the anatomy of bony fish fin rays, we provide new data on their mechanical properties. Three-point bending tests and measurement of force inputs to and outputs from the fin rays show that these fin rays are effective displacement transducers. Fin rays in different regions of the fin differ considerably in their material properties, and in the curvature produced by displacement of one of the two fin ray halves. The mean modulus for the proximal (basal) region of the fin rays was 1.34 GPa, but this varied from 0.24 to 3.7 GPa for different fin rays. The distal fin region was less stiff, and moduli for the different fin rays measured varied from 0.11 to 0.67 GPa. These data are similar to those for human tendons (modulus around 0.5 GPa). Analysis of propulsion using flexible foils controlled using a robotic flapping device allows investigation of the effect of altering flexural stiffness on swimming speed. Flexible foils with the leading edge moved in a heave show a distinct peak in propulsive performance, while the addition of pitch input produces a broad plateau where the swimming speed is relatively unaffected by the flexural stiffness. Our understanding of the material design of fish and the control of tissue stiffness is still in its infancy, and the development of smart materials to assist in investigating the active control of stiffness and in the construction of robotic fish-like devices is a key challenge for the near future.
A RECONFIGURABLE ARCHITECTURE FOR IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION

In this paper we describe a reconfigurable architecture for image processing and computer vision based on a multi-ring network which we call a Reconfigurable Multi-Ring System (RMRS). We describe the reconfiguration switch for the RMRS and also describe its VLSI implementation. The RMRS topology is shown to be regular and scalable and hence well-suited for VLSI implementation. We prove some important properties of the RMRS topology and show that a broad class of algorithms for the n-cube can be mapped to the RMRS in a simple and elegant manner. We design and analyze a class of procedural primitives for the SIMD RMRS and show how these primitives can be used as building blocks for more complex parallel operations. We demonstrate the usefulness of the RMRS for problems in image processing and computer vision by considering two important operations—the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the Hough transform for detection of linear features in an image. Parallel algorithms for the FFT and the Hough transform on the SIMD RMRS are designed using the aforementioned procedural primitives. The analysis of the complexity of these algorithms shows that the SIMD RMRS is a viable architecture for problems in computer vision and image processing.
The Effect of the Reliability of the Dependent Variable On Power

This article illustrates a method to estimate the effects on the statistical power of a study that accompany changes in the reliability of the dependent variable. Examples are given where σ is available in the planning stage of a study (such as when standardized tests are to be used), as well as for situations in which the investigator must deal in standard deviation units, i.e., z-scores. When power is very high (e.g., above :95), it will continue to be very high (e.g., above .90) even if reliability is reduced considerably, such as by using a half-lengthened test. But if power falls in the moderate or low range, such increases or decreases of the dependent variable can have a large effect on the statistical power of the study.
On the alleged decline in business ethics

Abstract This article reports the results of a 1988 survey of business executives on the issue of ethics. The survey is directly comparable with a similar survey conducted in 1983. With the exception of a few marginal changes the responses showed no significant differences between the two years. Consequently, allegations of a decline in business ethics over the period would appear to be premature.
Treading Upon Separate Paths: Native American Ideology and Marxist Analysis*

Sociologists have paid much attention to the phenomenon of ideology. In particular, there have been numerous efforts to develop theories of ideology formation from a Marxist perspective. However, one finds that such efforts almost without exception deal with shared beliefs which are characteristic of western, industrial societies. Ideologies of so-called primitive societies, such as Native American tribes, remain largely neglected by Marxist analysis. This can be explained in large measure by the fact that Marxist analysis, with its emphasis on relations of production, is ill-equipped to deal with Native American beliefs. Relations of production are an appropriate focal point for explaining the ideology of the European, industrial tradition. They are not useful in accounting for Native American ideology, which must be viewed as landbased rather than production-based. Awareness of this difference leads to an appreciation of the influence of land and nature upon Native American thought.
A case study of form-based solutions for watershed protection.

Despite an array of policies at the federal and state level aimed at regulating stormwater discharges, engineered solutions enforced by local governments often fall short of meeting water quality standards. Although the implications of land use planning and development regulations are important for stormwater management, they are often overlooked as critical initial steps to improving water quality. This study explores the role of ‘form-based’ regulations as tools for achieving urban planning and water quality objectives. Form-based codes are a new generation of development codes aimed at regulating urban development based on urban form and density, rather than land use. We present an exploratory case study of the feasibility of form-based codes in the Jordan Lake Watershed in North Carolina, a rapidly growing region where fragmented local governments face stringent nutrient reduction standards under new state regulations. Through program analysis and interviews, we explore the viability of form-based codes for reducing development impacts on Jordan Lake’s water quality. We consider the legal feasibility of code enforcement, regional and local barriers and opportunities, and implementation given existing regulatory frameworks. Our findings suggest that high quality information and data modeling are foundational to gaining support for a consensus agreement on the sources and degree of water quality impairment. Furthermore, implementing form-based solutions for water quality is greatly aided by (1) experienced regional planning bodies that have regulatory authority, and (2) local governments whose staff are experienced in implementing complex development ordinances, reviewing architectural renderings, and communicating development requirements with the public and developers.
Nuclear size corrections to the energy levels of single-electron and -muon atoms

We formulate an analytic method which accounts for the finite size of the nucleus by treating it as a boundary value problem. The method is used to obtain solutions of the Dirac equation for a central potential that is proportional to 1/r only for values of the radial coordinate greater than a given value R. Our results are applied to a non-perturbative calculation of the nuclear size corrections to the energy levels of single-electron and single-muon atoms. For values of the nuclear charge number Z greater than 40 in the case of electronic atoms, and greater than 1 in the case of muonic atoms, we find large discrepancies between our results for the atomic energy levels and those obtained from first-order relativistic perturbation theory.
Punctuated incongruity: A new approach to managing trade-offs between conformity and deviation

Abstract Micro and macro scholars alike have long warned about “incongruent” work environments that sow confusion by sending inconsistent normative signals to employees. We argue that these warnings rest on the debatable assumption that employees do not have cognitive bandwidth and emotional resilience to do more than single-mindedly pursue internally consistent goals. Challenging this assumption, we argue that employees in today's complex knowledge economies often face tasks that require balancing opposing risks such as those of conforming too closely to standard practices against those of deviating too far. Given this reality, we explain how congruity can sometimes be maladaptive and incongruity, adaptive. Congruent combinations of process accountability and collectivism can trigger excessive conformity and congruent combinations of outcome accountability and individualism can induce excessive deviation. But incongruent combinations can motivate employees to rethink tacit assumptions and explore better ways of reaping the benefits of conformity (deviation) at a lower cost of the other value. That said, managing tradeoffs can be exhausting—and congruity affords needed guidance. Organizations should therefore introduce incongruity in carefully calibrated quasi-experimental doses. The likelihood of successful implementation of this advice hinges on managers’ ideological resistance to incongruity as well as their ability to mobilize employee “buy in.” Our chapter highlights the dialectical interplay between incongruity which encourages mindfulness and congruity which provides a respite from the burdens of choice.
Renal-vein renin in various forms of renal hypertension.

Abstract Renal and peripheral venous plasmarenin activities were determined by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I in 13 hypertensive patients with radiologically normal kidneys and in 110 patients with suspected renal hypertension. Renal-artery stenosis was present in 78 patients, while 32 had other abnormalities, including unilateral hydronephrosis, segmental renal infarction, and intrarenal vascular malformations. The results in 41 surgically treated patients confirm the predictive value of a renal-vein-renin ratio greater than 1·5 in patients with renal-artery stenosis and suggest that this ratio is also useful in patients with other types of renal hypertension. Evidence of suppression of renin release from the contralateral kidney seems to have additional value in predicting a response to surgery, but peripheral renin levels were normal in 14 out of 34 patients who benefited from surgery. The immunoassay has a high degree of precision, and the chance of an apparently significant ratio resulting from assay variation is negligible.
Studies on growth of Eaton's agent in tissue culture.

SummaryA method for performing quantitative studies of Eaton's agent using a tissue culture system is described. The agent grew slowly in monkey kidney cell cultures, unlike many PPLO, but resembled other members of the genus Mycoplasma in being resistant to penicillin and sensitive to the tetracyclines. Demonstration of growth-inhibitory effects of both rabbit antiserum and sera of patients convalescent from atypical pneumonia, in confirmation of the work of Eaton, provides another parameter for studying immune response and relating Eaton's agent to human disease.