cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid Identification of Novel Human Lymphoid-Restricted Genes by Automated DNA Sequencing of Subtracted cDNA Libraries

The long term interest of our laboratory has been in identifying nuclear regulatory factors that control the differentiation and function of B lymphocytes. This interest began with the identification of a lymphoid-restricted transcription factor, Oct-2, which binds to the highly conserved octamer motif in the promoter regions of immunoglobulin genes (1,2). Through the work of many laboratories, this factor was cloned and found to contain a DNA binding domain belonging to the homeodomain family (3–7). In view of the profound importance of homeodomain proteins in many developing systems, it was initially hoped that Oct-2 would be required for the development of the B lymphoid lineage. Subsequent analysis has suggested, however, that Oct-2 must act in concert with other transcription factors to fully direct B cell development. Firstly, Oct-2 is not confined in expression to B lymphocytes: it is readily detected in the central nervous system (8) and in T lymphocytes (9) and thus may play a role in these lineages. Most telling was the inactivation of Oct-2 by homologous recombination in the mouse (10). These Oct-2 “knock-out” mice died shortly after birth for unknown reasons but at the time of death, B cell development appeared relatively normal. The B lymphocytes did, however, have a functional deficit in their response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Thus, Oct-2 appears to be dispensable for much of B cell development but it does control an aspect of mature B cell function.
Searching for the Model of Common Ground in Human-Computer Dialogue

Natural language dialogue is a desirable method for human-robot interaction and human-computer interaction. Critical to the success of dialogue is the underlying model for common ground and the grounding process that establishes, adds to, and repairs shared understanding. The model of grounding for human-computer interaction should be informed by human-human dialogue. However, the processes involved in human-human grounding are under dispute within the research community. Three models have been proposed: alignment, a simple model that has been influential on dialogue system development, interpersonal synergy, an automatic coordination emerging from interaction, and perspective taking, a strategic interaction based on intentional coordination. Few studies have simultaneously evaluated these models. We tested the models’ ability to account for human-human performance in a complex collaborative task that stressed the grounding process. The results supported the perspective taking model over the synergy model and the alignment model, indicating the need to reassess the alignment model as a foundation for human-computer interaction.
Discourse-based treatment in mild traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Background Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) present with numerous discourse deficits associated with impairments to the linguistic system and other cognitive systems. Individuals with TBI may produce discourse that is lacking important information and poorly organized, as well as containing numerous coherence disrupting elements. Yet there are few studies directly addressing discourse deficits in individuals with TBI to guide clinicians. Aims The purpose of the study was to determine if discourse processing treatment improved the discourse production in individual with TBI. Aims of the study included determining if the discourse processing treatment improved completeness and informativeness in TBI discourse samples. Methods & procedures The study included three participants with mild-to-moderate TBI. The study utilized an A-B with maintenance design that incorporated components of functional practice, structured cues in the form of comprehension questions and story guide, and meta-cognitive and meta-linguistic processes. Discourse samples were obtained for baseline, treatment, and maintenance one-week and one-month post treatment. Stimuli included 12 sequential pictures, as well as a single picture and a recount probe. Outcomes & results All participants demonstrated small gains in completeness and informativeness for treated items, and 2 of 3 participants demonstrated a medium therapeutic effect for untreated stimuli. Participants also produced discourse with fewer errors for both treated and untreated stimuli after treatment with no therapeutic effect to a small effect for the generalization stimuli. Conclusions The study demonstrated that the discourse processing treatment is capable of producing small therapeutic effects that persisted one-month post treatment in adults with mild-to-moderate TBI.
Self-Leadership: A Paradoxical Core of Organizational Behavior

This review focuses on the paradoxical concept of self-leadership—defined as a comprehensive self-influence process capturing how individuals motivate themselves to complete work that is naturally ...
The Flood Lavas of Kasei Valles, Mars.

Abstract Both the northern and southern arms of Kasei Valles are occupied by platy-ridged flood lavas. We have mapped these flows and examined their morphology to better understand their emplacement. The lavas were emplaced as high-flux, turbulent flows (exceeding 106 m3 s−1). Lava in southern Kasei Valles can be traced back up onto the Tharsis rise, which is also the likely source of lavas in the northern arm. These eruptions were similar to, but somewhat smaller than, the Athabasca Valles flood lava in Elysium Planitia, with estimated volumes of > 1200 km3 here and 5000 km3 in Athabasca Valles. The flood lavas in both Kasei and Athabasca Valles have evidence for distal inflation as well as widespread drainage or volume loss in medial areas; this may be an important characteristic of many large, recent Martian eruptions. Despite their great size and flux, the Kasei Valles flood lavas are only a late modification to the valley system capable of only modest local erosion. The more vigorous Athabasca Valles lava may have been capable of somewhat more erosion in its smaller valley system.
A glycine-specific N-degron pathway mediates the quality control of protein N-myristoylation

The N-terminal residue influences protein stability through N-degron pathways. We used stability profiling of the human N-terminome to uncover multiple additional features of N-degron pathways. In addition to uncovering extended specificities of UBR E3 ligases, we characterized two related Cullin-RING E3 ligase complexes, Cul2ZYG11B and Cul2ZER1, that act redundantly to target N-terminal glycine. N-terminal glycine degrons are depleted at native N-termini but strongly enriched at caspase cleavage sites, suggesting roles for the substrate adaptors ZYG11B and ZER1 in protein degradation during apoptosis. Furthermore, ZYG11B and ZER1 were found to participate in the quality control of N-myristoylated proteins, in which N-terminal glycine degrons are conditionally exposed after a failure of N-myristoylation. Thus, an additional N-degron pathway specific for glycine regulates the stability of metazoan proteomes.
Rearrangements of Optically Pure Hydroperoxides

The mechanism of autoxidation of lipid materials has been the focus of much investigation. Hydroperoxides are the primary products formed in lipid autoxidation and these hydroperoxide products undergo free radical rearrangements. For example, the hydroperoxides formed in the autoxidation of linoleate rearrange by a mechanism thought to involve formation of the peroxyl radical from the corresponding hydroperoxide and fragmentation of this peroxyl radical to the delocalized carbon radical. Readdition of oxygen to the delocalized radical leads to mixtures of products. Simple allylic hydroperoxides also rearrange by a mechanism involving formation of a peroxyl radical intermediate. The mechanism of this rearrangement has been shown to be concerted. This was demonstrated by the fact that the rearrangement carried out under 180 labelled oxygen does not lead to products that have incorporated labelled oxygen. Furthermore, rearrangement of optically pure allylic hydroperoxides leads to rearrangement products that are also optically pure. A concerted mechanism is consistent with these results. The optically pure allylic hydroperoxides have not been previously prepared and a major focus of our work has been the development of methods for the synthesis of these compounds. We have succeeded in developing methods for the resolution of allylic and dienylic hydroperoxides. Our method involves conversion of the hydroperoxides to perketal derivatives that are formed from the hydroperoxide and α-methyl vinyl ethers derived from (-)-2-phenyl-cyclohexanol. The diastereomeric perketal derivatives can be separated by chromatographic techniques and the perketal protecting group then removed with mild acid. In this way, seven different optically active hydroperoxides have been resolved. In fact, we have yet to encounter a chriral hydroperoxide that cannot be resolved by this approach. Rearrangement of optically pure allylic hydroperoxides occurs with chirality transfer to the new stereocenter formed in the rearrangement.
Hydrogen Acidities and Brønsted Relations

Hydrogen isotope exchange rates in methanolic sodium methoxide of hydrocarbons having delocalized carbanions give two separate linear Bronsted-type relations when log K values are plotted against the corresponding pKCsCHA values, one of slope 0.36 at 45° applicable to fluorenes and indenes and another of slope 0.58 applicable to polyaryl methanes. Both calculations have been extended by measurements with additional compounds and the intersection of the two correlations has been characterized by phenylene derivatives. The results show that the proton transfer, even of extensively conjiugated hydrocarbons, can show subtle variations between transition states and equilibrium carbanions.
A Young Female With Refractory Hypertension

A 29-year-old female was referred to the urology clinic because of an incidentally found left renal mass discovered during workup for secondary erythrocytosis. Since 12 years of age, she has had headaches and poorly controlled hypertension refractory to trimodal antihypertensive therapy. Laboratory workup revealed markedly elevated aldosterone and renin levels. Computed tomography demonstrated a 3 cm left renal mass. The patient was admitted for intravenous blood pressure control. After partial nephrectomy, aldosterone and renin levels normalized. The patient was weaned off of blood pressure medications. Pathology was consistent with a juxtaglomerular cell tumor secreting renin (ie, reninoma).
Effect of Preveraison Water Deficits on the Yield Components of 15 Winegrape Cultivars

Accurate information regarding crop reproductive development and yield formation in response to water deficits is needed for informed vineyard irrigation management decisions, particularly when water supply is limiting. Fifteen red winegrape cultivars grown in the San Joaquin Valley of California were subjected to two regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatments for four years to determine yield component responses to water deficits (no applied water) preveraison (ED) and postveraison (LD). In the fifth year, the cultivars were kept well-watered to determine carryover effects. In the first four years, early water deficits (ED) consistently and significantly reduced yields compared to the control (sustained deficit, SD; applied water at 50% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) throughout the growing season) across all years and cultivars, but the late (postveraison) deficit (LD) treatment vines were not different from the control. The reduction in yield with ED was primarily due to a significant reduction in berry fresh weight (FW) and clusters per vine, with little change in berries per cluster. Neither flowers per cluster nor percent berry set were affected by the treatments, although flowers per cluster varied significantly among cultivars. Berries per cluster increased linearly with flowers per cluster until saturation at ~150 berries per cluster as percent berry set declined at ~250 flowers per cluster. In the fifth year, yields of the two RDI treatments recovered somewhat because of increases in berry FW and a small, but significant, increase in clusters per vine. These results show that berry size, because of a reduction in FW, is the most sensitive yield component to water deficits, followed by clusters per vine and berries per cluster, with sensitivity maximum preveraison and few differences among cultivars.
The Utilization of Nerve Transfer for Reestablishing Shoulder Function in the Setting of Acute Flaccid Myelitis: A Single-Institution Review.

Abstract Background Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare disease of young children. The typical presentation involves acute-onset flaccid paralysis in one or more extremities with a nonspecific viral prodrome. Long-term outcomes demonstrate that functional recovery plateaus around six to nine months. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of nerve transfers for restoring shoulder function in these patients. Methods A retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with AFM at a single institution. Shoulder function was evaluated using the active movement scale (AMS). Children at a minimum of six months after diagnosis with plateaued shoulder AMS scores of 4 or less were indicated for surgery. Results Eleven patients were identified with a mean time from symptom onset to surgery of 12 months. Average follow-up was 19 months. The mean AMS score at follow-up for shoulder external rotation and abduction was 4.6 and 2.8, respectively. A total of six different nerve transfers with five different donor nerves were used individually or in conjunction with each other. The most common transfers were from the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve (n = 8) and from the intercostal nerves ×3 to the axillary nerve (n = 5). Patients who received a transfer from the radial nerve to the axillary nerve (n = 2) had the best functional returns, with the mean AMS score of 6.5 in both external rotation and abduction at follow-up. Conclusion Nerve transfer procedures may help restore shoulder function in the setting of AFM. Combination procedures that involve a transfer from the radial nerve to the axillary nerve may provide the best functional results.
Risk Factors for Lymphedema after Thigh Sarcoma Resection and Reconstruction.

Secondary lymphedema can be a lifelong and debilitating consequence of lower extremity oncologic resection and reconstruction. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors for the development of lymphedema in patients treated for thigh sarcoma. Methods A retrospective review analyzed all patients who underwent thigh sarcoma resection and reconstruction by a plastic surgeon at the Mayo Clinic between 1997 and 2014. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, surgical management, adjunctive therapies, and complications of patients who did and did not develop postoperative lymphedema were compared. Results A total of 148 patients were identified. Twelve percent of patients developed lymphedema postoperatively during an average follow-up of 26 months. Risk factors for the development of lymphedema included defect location in the medial thigh (P = 0.04), arterial resection (P = 0.001), arterial reconstruction (P = 0.027), and a history of cardiac disease (P = 0.03). Twenty-two percent of patients who developed lymphedema also experienced wound dehiscence compared with 4.6% of patients without lymphedema (P = 0.02). There were no differences in age, body mass index, smoking, history of deep venous thrombosis or venous stasis, wound dimensions, or type of reconstruction performed in patients with and without lymphedema. Conclusions Lymphedema is common following major oncologic resection. Preexisting cardiac disease, tumor location in the medial thigh, and arterial resection and reconstruction were associated with a higher risk of postoperative lymphedema. Noninfectious wound dehiscence may be secondary to lymphedema or represent an early indicator of patients who will ultimately develop lymphedema.
Metabolic Flexibility of Mitochondria Plays a Key Role in Balancing Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Diabetic Heart

In order to meet its energy requirements, the heart has the intrinsic capability to metabolize a wide range of energy substrates. In normal conditions, the heart favors fatty acids as the main energetic substrate, followed by carbohydrates, ketone bodies, and, lastly, amino acids (1,2). Yet, the myocardium is able to dynamically switch its metabolism according to substrate availability, in order to attempt to guarantee an efficient pumping function in virtually any scenario (2,3). Mechanistically, this phenomenon seems to be possible, as the different substrates available in the heart compete as source of energy, making the final choice essentially based on the relative substrate concentrations. In a seminal Nature article published in 1961, Schipp et al. (4) demonstrated for the first time that increasing fatty acid availability resulted in a marked inhibition of glucose oxidation. Overall, the high flexibility in selecting the most suitable fuel is considered a fingerprint of a healthy myocardium (1). Accordingly, an impaired metabolic flexibility is strongly linked to cardiac damage and dysfunction (2). In the presence of diverse pathological conditions, cardiac metabolism might lose the ability to use some substrates. Whether this phenomenon is deleterious or actually denotes an adaptive response of the myocardium to keep its metabolic rate remains controversial. However, clarifying this aspect is of crucial importance, especially in order to design new therapeutic strategies. In this context, diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the most critical knots to untie. In diabetes, despite the hyperglycemic status, a reduced capability to use glucose by myocardium has been reported (5,6). However, whether such impairment in glucose oxidization is an adaptive or maladaptive response of the diabetic heart remains to be elucidated. The matter is highly debated, despite recent evidence …
Negative Liberty, the Rule of Law, and Nomocratic Pluralism

This chapter completes the treatment of the implications of value pluralism for political theory and practice. It offers a specification of liberal pluralism which deals with the institutionalization of the protection of negative liberty by law, and refers to this further specification of liberal pluralism as nomocratic pluralism. In a nomocratic pluralist state, the institutional manifestation of the protection of negative liberty is a regime governed by the rule of law. I develop the conception of the rule of law in connection with the specific type of political community that would be acceptable to self-conscious value pluralists. As suggested in Chapters 4 and 5, pluralists would reject any notion that the political community ought to be understood as a collective and cooperative arrangement in pursuit of a shared substantive purpose or set of purposes. Instead, the political community is best understood as a means of peaceful coexistence among people with their own lives to live. The role of the government is to maintain the articles of peaceful coexistence, which are noninstrumental rules which do not command specific performances but, instead, condition the self-chosen actions of individual citizens. I call this regime a nomocratic pluralist state under the rule of law.
How Do Exposure Estimation Errors Affect Estimated Exposure-Response Relations?

Associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure concentrations and a wide variety of undesirable outcomes are routinely reported. Adverse outcomes associated with PM2.5 range from autism, auto theft, and COVID-19 mortality to elderly mortality, suicide, and violent crime. Many influential articles argue that reducing National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5 is desirable to reduce these outcomes; of late, it has become fashionable to explicitly interpret estimated statistical associations causally, implying that reducing PM2.5 would reduce associated adverse outcomes, typically by making untested modeling assumptions to justify interpreting association as causation. Yet, other studies have found that reducing particulate pollution dramatically, by as much as 70% and dozens of micrograms per cubic meter, has not detectably affected all-cause mortality rates even after decades, despite strong, statistically significant positive exposure concentration-response (C-R) associations between them (Zigler and Dominici 2014; see also Chap. 17).
SkewIT: The Skew Index Test for large-scale GC Skew analysis of bacterial genomes

GC skew is a phenomenon observed in many bacterial genomes, wherein the two replication strands of the same chromosome contain different proportions of guanine and cytosine nucleotides. Here we demonstrate that this phenomenon, which was first discovered in the mid-1990s, can be used today as an analysis tool for the 15,000+ complete bacterial genomes in NCBI's Refseq library. In order to analyze all 15,000+ genomes, we introduce a new method, SkewIT (Skew Index Test), that calculates a single metric representing the degree of GC skew for a genome. Using this metric, we demonstrate how GC skew patterns are conserved within certain bacterial phyla, e.g. Firmicutes, but show different patterns in other phylogenetic groups such as Actinobacteria. We also discovered that outlier values of SkewIT highlight potential bacterial mis-assemblies. Using our newly defined metric, we identify multiple mis-assembled chromosomal sequences in previously published complete bacterial genomes. We provide a SkewIT web app https://jenniferlu717.shinyapps.io/SkewIT/ that calculates SkewI for any user-provided bacterial sequence. The web app also provides an interactive interface for the data generated in this paper, allowing users to further investigate the SkewI values and thresholds of the Refseq-97 complete bacterial genomes. Individual scripts for analysis of bacterial genomes are provided in the following repository: https://github.com/jenniferlu717/SkewIT.
Autophagy Induction by α-Santalol in Human Prostate Cancer Cells.

Background/aim Previous studies have shown that the sandalwood oil constituent α-santalol inhibits growth of cultured human prostate cancer cells in vitro and PC-3 prostate cancer xenografts. Along with the studies from our laboratory, it is well established that α-santalol targets the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-AKT serine/ threonine kinase 1 (AKT) pathway to induce apoptosis but its growth-suppressive effects have not been fully elucidated. The current study was undertaken to investigate the role of autophagy in α-santalol-induced prostate cancer cell death. Materials and methods Cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 were maintained in an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2 at 37°C. Trypan blue dye exclusion assay was employed to assess the effects of α-santalol with/without 3-methyl adenine on the cell viability of prostate cancer cells. Acidic vesicular organelles induced by α-santalol treatment were detected by staining with acridine orange. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting were performed to analyze expression of proteins involved in the AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Results LNCaP and PC-3 cells upon treatment with α-santalol resulted in characteristic features analogous to autophagic response, including formation of acidic vesicular organelles, recruitment and cleavage of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) to autophagosomes. Alpha-santalol treatment further suppressed phosphorylation of activated AKT and mTOR, which are critical regulators of autophagic response. In addition, pre-treatment of PC-3 cells with specific inhibitor of autophagy (3-methyladenine) and co-treatment with α-santalol attenuated the expression of LC3-II and phospho-AKT, and significantly reduced the cell viability. Conclusion The present study indicates that α-santalol induces autophagy by targeting the AKT-mTOR pathway in prostate cancer cells, which may serve as a protective mechanism.
HerQules: securing programs via hardware-enforced message queues

Many computer programs directly manipulate memory using unsafe pointers, which may introduce memory safety bugs. In response, past work has developed various runtime defenses, including memory safety checks, as well as mitigations like no-execute memory, shadow stacks, and control-flow integrity (CFI), which aim to prevent attackers from obtaining program control. However, software-based designs often need to update in-process runtime metadata to maximize accuracy, which is difficult to do precisely, efficiently, and securely. Hardware-based fine-grained instruction monitoring avoids this problem by maintaining metadata in special-purpose hardware, but suffers from high design complexity and requires significant microarchitectural changes. In this paper, we present an alternative solution by adding a fast hardware-based append-only inter-process communication (IPC) primitive, named AppendWrite, which enables a monitored program to transmit a log of execution events to a verifier running in a different process, relying on inter-process memory protections for isolation. We show how AppendWrite can be implemented using an FPGA or in hardware at very low cost. Using this primitive, we design HerQules (HQ), a framework for automatically enforcing integrity-based execution policies through compiler instrumentation. HQ reduces overhead on the critical path by decoupling program execution from policy checking via concurrency, without affecting security. We perform a case study on control-flow integrity against multiple benchmark suites, and demonstrate that HQ-CFI achieves a significant improvement in correctness, effectiveness, and performance compared to prior work.
The Indirect Effect of Parental Intolerance of Uncertainty on Perinatal Mental Health via Mindfulness During COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with mental health difficulties, especially during pregnancy and early postpartum. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and reduced capacity for mindfulness—a protective factor for child-bearers—may be particularly relevant factors driving mental health problems given the unpredictable nature of the pandemic. The current study aims to shed light on modifiable paths to perinatal psychological distress by testing whether there is an indirect effect of IU on psychological symptoms through a perceived reduction in mindfulness during the pandemic. Pregnant individuals (67%, n = 133) and new mothers within 6 months postpartum (33%, n = 66) participated in a cross-sectional online survey assessing IU, current and retrospective pre-pandemic mindfulness (FFMQ), and psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression, somatization; BSI). Perceived change in mindfulness was captured by including retrospective mindfulness as a covariate in the PROCESS macro used for analyses. Tests of the direct association between mindfulness, IU, and psychological symptoms showed significant effects of IU (b = 0.46, SE = 0.064; p < .001) and perceived decrease in mindfulness during the pandemic (b = − 0.72, SE = 0.08, p < .001) on psychological symptoms (R2 = .21–.34; F[2, 197] = 51.13–52.81, p < .001). The indirect effect of IU on symptoms via perceived decrease in mindfulness during the pandemic (b = 0.13, SE = 0.043, 95%CI [.060, .226]) was significant (R2 = .41, F[3, 195] = 45.08, p < .001). Results suggest that mothers who are less able to tolerate uncertainty experience more psychological symptoms, in part due to perceived reduction in mindfulness during the pandemic. Future research should examine whether IU is a screening risk marker and target for mindfulness-based interventions to improve maternal well-being and family outcomes.
Versatile Polymer Nanocapsules via Redox Competition.

Polymer nanocapsules have demonstrated significant value in materials science and biomedical technology, but require complicated and time-consuming synthetic steps. We report here the facile synthesis of monodisperse polymer nanocapsules via a redox-mediated kinetic strategy from two simple molecules: dopamine and benzene-1,4-dithiol (BDT). Specifically, BDT forms core templates and modulates the oxidation kinetics of dopamine into polydopamine (PDA) shells. These uniform nanoparticles can be tuned between ~70 and 200 nm because the core diameter directly depends on BDT while the shell thickness depends on dopamine. The supramolecular core can then rapidly disassemble in organic solvents to produce PDA nanocapsules. Such nanocapsules exhibit enhanced physicochemical performance (e.g., loading capacity, photothermal transduction, and anti-oxidation) versus their solid counterparts. Particularly, this method enables a straightforward encapsulation of functional nanoparticles providing opportunities for designing complex nanostructures such as yolk-shell nanoparticles.
The “Comparative Statics” of the Shackle-Vickers Approach to Decision-Making in Ignorance

The analysis of decision-making under conditions of ignorance developed by Shackle [8] and Vickers [9], [10] begins with the assumption that the decision-maker is able to describe a potential surprise function defined over the subsets of an incomplete2 collection of possible outcomes or states of the world.3 The potential surprise of an outcome-set A is the surprise the decision-maker imagines now that he would experience in the future were A to occur. Let a decision set containing the objects of choice be specified, and suppose that the decision-maker has an ordinal utility function defined over the Cartesian product of the decision set and the incomplete collection of states of the world. For each state of the world, then, the utility function maps objects of choice or elements of the decision set into associated utility values. More importantly, for each object of choice, the utility function also maps states of the world into utility values. Using this latter relation, the potential surprise function can be translated into a potential surprise density (or frequency) function4 defined over utility values. Thus the original potential surprise function, whose domain is a collection of outcome-sets, becomes a potential surprise density function with a domain consisting of utility magnitudes, or real numbers. Although it has a different significance and meaning, the potential surprise density function is often drawn to look something like an inverted probability density function.
India's New Capital Restrictions: What Are They, Why Were They Created, and Have They Been Effective?

In mid and late 2007, India enacted a set of three capital controls to reduce the volume of capital inflows entering India, end the appreciation of the rupee, discourage further loan and portfolio inflows, increase the maturity of debt inflows, and reduce volatility, turnover, and speculation on the Mumbai exchange. This paper examines the effectiveness of these controls from a historical, empirical, and theoretical viewpoint. Its results show that India’s new capital controls did little to change the inherent issues India experienced as a result of the recent influx of capital because (1) several of the goals of India’s “targeted” controls were unattainable; (2) even among the goals seen by scholars as achievable, India’s capital controls were only effective in de jure terms and made very little impact on the de facto situation experienced by the Indian economy; and (3) due to the “targeted” nature of India’s new controls, they were too limited in scope to hit their “moving targets.”
Gideon v. Wainwright Revisited: What Does the Right to Counsel Guarantee Today?

In Gideon v. Wainwright, the Supreme Court unanimously held that indigent state felony defendants are constitutionally entitled to the appointment of trial counsel. The opinion aroused wide support, and even enthusiasm, almost from the moment it was announced in 1963. Two and a half decades later this support has not diminished. However, are the words of praise only lip service to the noble idea of the right to counsel? Has Gideon really made a difference? Has its promise of a fair shake for poor criminal defendants been kept, or has Gideon meant only that defendants are provided with the fleeting and pressured presence of an unprepared lawyer? Moreover, does Gideon's extend beyond the initial criminal trial stage to other important quasi-criminal and civil proceedings? To commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of Gideon, to reflect upon its impact today, and to assess its broader meaning, the Legal Aid Society of New York convened a meeting on October 22, 1988, at the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. A diverse collection of distinguished individuals addressed the conference. The speakers included a leading author and chronicler of Gideon, judges, practitioners, academics, and even players in the Gideon drama. Pace Law Review has chosen to publish this edited version of the proceedings to provide an illuminating perspective on one of the most significant Supreme Court decisions of our time.
MRI guided iron assessment and oral chelator use improve iron status in thalassemia major patients

Oral iron chelators and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of heart and liver iron burden have become widely available since the mid 2000s, allowing for improved patient compliance with chelation and noninvasive monitoring of iron levels for titration of therapy. We evaluated the impact of these changes in our center for patients with thalassemia major and transfusional iron overload. This single center, retrospective observational study covered the period from 2005 through 2012. Liver iron content (LIC) was estimated both by a T2* method and by R2 (Ferriscan®) technique. Cardiac iron was assessed as cT2*. Forty-two patients (55% male) with transfused thalassemia and at least two MRIs were included (median age at first MRI, 17.5 y). Over a mean follow-up period of 5.2 ± 1.9 y, 190 MRIs were performed (median 4.5 per patient). Comparing baseline to last MRI, 63% of patients remained within target ranges for cT2* and LIC, and 13% improved from high values to the target range. Both the median LIC and cT2* (cR2* = 1000/cT2*) status improved over time: LIC 7.3 to 4.5 mg/g dry weight, P = 0.0004; cR2* 33.4 to 28.3 Hz, P = 0.01. Individual responses varied widely. Two patients died of heart failure during the study period. Annual MRI iron assessments and availability of oral chelators both facilitate changes in chelation dose and strategies to optimize care. Am. J. Hematol. 89:684–688, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methylation of somatic and sperm DNA in the homosporous fern Ceratopteris richardii

Plants, in general, have a high proportion of their CpG and CpNpG nucleotide motifs modified with 5-methylcytosine (5mC). Developmental changes in the proportion of 5mC are evident in mammals, particularly during gametogenesis and embryogenesis, but little information is available from flowering plants due to the intimate association of gametes with sporophytic tissues. In ferns, sperm are uninucleate and free-swimming and thus are easily isolated. We have examined 5mC in DNA isolated from fern sperm and other tissues with methylation-sensitive and -insensitive restriction enzyme isoschizomers, Southern blots probed with chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal RNA genes and end-labeled restriction fragments. We conclude that fern sperm DNA is methylated to a similar or greater degree than DNA isolated from either sporophytes or gametophytes.
Formal Modeling and Analysis of Advanced Scheduling Features in an Avionics RTOS

Integrated modular avionics (IMA) architectures found in modern aircraft contain applications of different criticalities executing on the same CPU. The execution of these applications must be scheduled so that they do not inadvertently consume CPU time that has been budgeted for other applications. This scheduling function may be performed by a real-time operating system (RTOS) that provides time partitioning guarantees. The large number of variables affecting application execution interleavings makes it difficult and costly to verify time partitioning by traditional means.This paper reports on our efforts to use model checking techniques to verify time partitioning properties in an avionics RTOS. Our modeling and analysis is based on the actual embedded software so as to capture the implementation details of the scheduler. We focus here on several advanced scheduling features of the RTOS that are particularly challenging to verify.
Living Documents, Dying Archives: Towards a Historical Anthropology of Medieval Arabic Archives

Based on an analysis of several collections of Medieval Arabic documents, this paper argues for the study of “archiving practices”, which selectively use documents as parts of wider social strategies of group formation and reproduction. This method also allows us to uncover the temporality (life-cycle) of documents and archives, including their dispersal, cycles of obsolescence and recycling; tactics of erasure, and deliberate destruction.
Ethynylsilanes : II. Syntheses and characterization of some group IV dimetalloid acetylenes and olefins

Syntheses are reported for new dimetalloid acetylenes and olefins with the general structures RnSi[CCSi(C6H5)3]4−m RnSi[CCSn(C6H5)3]4−n, trans-RnSi[CHCHSi(C6H5)3]4−n and trans-RnSi[CHCHSn(C6H5)3]4−n where n = 2 or 3 and R = CH3 and/or C6H5. Characteristic infrared and proton magnetic resonance spectral data are given.
On the compositeness criteria for particles with identical quantum numbers

We have examined the compositeness criteria for channels containing two and three particles by making use of a previously proposed c approach. The previous formalism is extended to take into account the possible zeros of the propagator function. Under the reasonable assumptions on both high- and low-energy behaviors of the scattering amplitude so as to guarantee the minimal number of arbitrary parameters, we find that the matrix of the wave-function renormalization constant becomes singular,i.e. detZ=0 as soon as at least one of the particles in the channel becomes a bound state defined as in theS-matrix theory, thus confirming our previous results. The positive real constant obtained from the Herglotz property of the single-particle reducible part of the scattering amplitude is incorporated to analyse systematically the various situations. In particular, we notice the importance of including a CDD term due to a zero of the propagator in the scattering amplitude when a bound state is to be generated in the channel in addition to an elementary particle.
Verbal Response Modes and Psychotherapeutic Technique

This paper presents a taxonomy of verbal response modes and applies that taxonomy to the verbal behavior of psychotherapists of three contrasting schools: client-centered, gestalt, and psychoanalytic. The taxonomy consists of a theoretically based set of classificatory principles that define a mutually exclusive and exhaustive set of modes. Its purpose is to describe dyadic verbal interaction comprehensively and quantitatively. Such description is a necessary first step in investigating the therapeutic effectiveness of different interaction styles.
Ordered phase sequence testing in SLM for improved blind detection

Selected mapping (SLM) is a promising technique to reduce the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. In this paper we present an altered form of SLM that tests phase sequences in an ordered manner and ceases testing when the PAR is below a threshold. Aside from having a reduced computational complexity compared to traditional SLM, our modification allows for maximum a posteriori (MAP) blind detection of SLM phase mappings in the receiver. MAP detection is possible because, by testing the phase sequences in an ordered way, different phase mappings have different probabilities of occurrence. We derive the MAP metric as well as a lower-complexity approximation to the MAP metric.
A Historical Analysis of Lottery Terms

Lottery tickets have been bought and sold in many countries for several centuries. There are many discussions of the historical social customs attending lotteries; the psychological, gambling, and fraudulent aspects of lotteries; the moral issues involved in the state licensing of lotteries; the lottery as a source of government revenue; and the mechanics of drawing. Economists have generally neglected to study the historical significance of lotteries. Friedman and Savage have suggested that the lottery may be a fruitful source of historical economic data; more recently, Aitken examined in some detail a large lottery firm which operated in the United States between 1821 and 1834. The purpose of this paper is to set down systematically quantitative measures of two essential lottery features: the inequality of the prize distribution and the actuarial value of the gamble. Some interesting historical comparisons can be made, and some hypotheses are suggested by the data which might be the subject of further research. The lotteries of this study are restricted to those with cash prizes to lend some uniformity to the lottery terms and, from the consumer's point of view, to make all alternatives money incomes. The selection of the sample can best be described by giving a short history of English and United States lotteries.
Clinical Trials and External Validity

Although a number of clinical trials are available estimating the benefits of lipid-lowering therapies that include economic end-points, development of modeling methodologies are essential to extend results of those trials over time and to other populations. We reviewed the key issues to be considered when extending trial data to real-world situations. The availability of recent randomized controlled trials of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglu-taryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors in primary and secondary prevention has demonstrated the limitations of earlier modeling efforts to project benefits of lipid modification. The importance of risk stratification is demonstrated, particularly the importance of both LDL and HDL cholesterol either together or as a ratio measure. The selection of modeling methodology to extend benefits of a treatment beyond the end of a trial and over a lifetime is discussed. The relationship between benefits from lipid reduction and risk difference is described, demonstrating that for individuals with established coronary heart disease (CHD) and those older than age 58, benefits from lipid reduction are greater than those predicted from baseline lipid-related risk differences alone. The implications of these data for primary prevention of CHD in the elderly are discussed.
A wake-on sensor network

This paper present a wake-on sensor network formed with the wake-on motes, TelosW. Our wake-on hardware and software design enable lower power operations and longer network lifetime.
Insitu Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis of the formation of nitrogen-doped graphene from urea and graphite oxide

A comprehensive in situ analysis of the formation of graphene during the thermal exfoliation via reduction expansion synthesis (RES) of graphite oxide (GO) in the presence of urea is presented. The addition of urea expedites the exfoliation and reduction process while introducing nitrogen (N) impurities, which serve as dopants within the graphene lattice. The aim of this study is to provide deeper insight into the physical and chemical processes that take place during the synthesis and to gain better understanding of the effect of urea on the reduction, thermal exfoliation and doping of GO. In situ Raman spectroscopy was employed to shed light on the structural changes that occurred during the GO–graphene transformation in the temperature range 25–800 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and mass spectroscopy, were used as complementary techniques to monitor sample weight, reaction heat, and gas evolution, in order to distinguish between the various chemical reactions. Finally, the above characterization methods were utilized to gather information about the thermal stability and reactivity of the N-doped graphene by exposing the synthesized sample to additional heating–cooling cycles, after the initial transformation was completed.
Tutoring rules for guiding a case method dialogue

The first version of an “intelligent computer-aided instruction— program built on MYCIN-like expert systems has been implemented. This program, named GUIDON, is a case method tutor in which the problem-solving and tutorial dialogue capabilities are distinct. The expertise to be taught is provided by a rule-based consultation program. The dialogue capabilities constitute teaching expertise for helping a student solve a case. In this paper we describe the rule-based formalism used by MYCIN-like programs, and then argue that these programs are not sufficient in themselves as teaching tools. We have chosen to develop a mixed-initiative tutor that plays an active role in choosing knowledge to present to a student, based on his competence and interests. Furthermore, we argue that is desirable to augment the domain expertise of MYCIN-like programs with other levels of domain knowledge that help explain and organize the domain rules. Finally, we claim that it is desirable to represent teaching expertise explicitly, using a flexible framework that makes it possible to easily modify tutorial strategies and communicate them to other researchers. The design of the GUIDON program is based on natural language studies of discourse in AI. In particular, our framework integrates domain expertise in tutorial dialogues via explicit, modular tutoring rules that are controlled by a communication model. This model is based on consideration of the student's knowledge and interests, as well as the tutor's plans for the case session. This paper discusses interesting examples of tutoring rules for guiding discussion of a topic and responding to a student's hypothesis based on the evidence he has collected.
Respiratory effects on phase contrast imaging of the jugular vein

An analysis of the effect of respiratory function on MR flow measures of the internal jugular vein (IJV) is presented. A novel 2D radial acquisition and reconstruction method allows for retrospective gating to both the cardiac and respiratory cycle. In-vivo scans of human volunteers verify the efficacy of the algorithm, showing increased IJV flow during inspiration and decreased flow during expiration for each cardiac time frame.
The degradation of 2,4-D in forest litter.

These studies have shown that 2,4-D is rapidly degraded in forest litter and that the rate of degradation varies with the type of litter, herbicide formulation and the presence of DDT. The degradation of 2,4-D varies slightly in litter from different vegetation types when incubated under similar environmental conditions. Greater variation in herbicide degradation rates may be expected in the field; but this will be due primarily to differences in the site microenvironment, rather than inherent differences in the litter.Various formulations of 2,4-D are degraded at different rates in forest litter although we believe this to be more a function of constituents of formulation than a direct effect of the technical acid, salt or ester.Finally, these experiments have shown that up to 4 gallons per acre of diesel oil has little or no effect on the decomposition of 2,4-D isooctyl ester, while 1 lb./A. of DDT appears to stimulate herbicide degradation.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Inhibits Interleukin-1 Induced Acute Lung Leak

Abstract Because plasminogen activators (PA) may participate in the inflammatory process associated with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we measured the effect of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on inflammation and acute lung leak caused by intratracheal instillation of IL-1α (50 ng) into male (300–400 g) Sprague–Dawley rats. Lung leak, lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and lung lavage neutrophil counts were increased in rats given IL-1 intratracheally compared to control rats that were given saline intratracheally. Giving tPA (12 mg/kg) intraperitoneally increased lung tPA concentration and reduced acute lung leak in rats given IL-1 intratracheally (p