cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiency and Detectability of Random Reactive Jamming in Wireless Networks

A natural basis for the detection of a wireless random reactive jammer (RRJ) is the perceived violation by the detector (typically located at the access point (AP)) of the carrier sensing protocol underpinning many wireless random access protocols (e.g., WiFi). Specifically, when the wireless medium is perceived by a station to be busy, a carrier sensing compliant station will avoid transmission while a RRJ station will often initiate transmission. However, hidden terminals, i.e., activity detected by the AP but not by the sensing station, complicate the use of carrier sensing as the basis for RRJ detection since they provide plausible deniability to a station suspected of being an RRJ. The RRJ has the dual objectives of avoiding detection and effectively disrupting communication, but there is an inherent performance tradeoff between these two objectives. In this paper we capture the behavior of both the RRJ and the compliant stations via a parsimonious Markov chain model, and pose the detection problem using the framework of Markov chain hypothesis testing. Our analysis yields the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of the detector, and the optimized behavior of the RRJ. While there has been extensive work in the literature on jamming detection, our innovation lies in leveraging carrier sensing as a natural and effective basis for detection.
CD163+ macrophages infiltrate axon bundles of postmortem optic nerves with glaucoma.

Prior research in animal models has shown that macrophages and microglia play an important role in pathogenesis of glaucoma, but the phenotype and distribution of macrophages in human glaucomatous tissue have not been sufficiently characterized. We analyzed H&E, CD68-, and CD163-immunostained slides from 25 formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded autopsy eyes: 12 control eyes and 13 eyes with glaucoma. The diagnosis of glaucoma was made based on a history of glaucoma as reported in the medical record and histological changes characteristic of glaucoma. Glaucoma cases and controls were matched in terms of age, sex, and race. Qualitative analysis of the conventional outflow pathway and the optic nerve revealed that all eyes contained CD163+ cells but a negligible number of CD68+ cells. CD163+ macrophages infiltrated the trabecular meshwork and surrounded Schlemm’s canal of normal eyes and eyes with glaucoma, but the pattern was variable and qualitatively similar between groups. In optic nerves of control eyes, CD163+ macrophages were present at low levels and restricted to septa between axon bundles. In glaucomatous optic nerves, the number of CD163+ cells was increased both qualitatively and quantitatively (glaucoma 5.1 ± 0.6 CD163+ cells/mm2, control 2.5 ± 0.3 CD163+ cells/mm2, p < 0.001), with CD163+ cells infiltrating axon bundles in cases of both mild and severe diseases. The increase in CD163+ cell number in eyes with mild and severe glaucoma is the first demonstration of macrophage infiltration in glaucomatous human optic nerves. This finding supports a role for macrophages in glaucoma pathogenesis and progression.
Twisting the bone marrow stem cell niche

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are the source of blood cells over the whole lifespan of mammals. HSC locate in the bone marrow microenvironment in the so-called bone marrow stem cell niche. This niche consists of multiple cell types, such as endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), CXCL12-
Diagnostic and reporting issues of preneoplastic polyps of the large intestine with early carcinoma.

Abstract Premalignant polyps of the large intestine are common specimens in surgical pathology. They consist of several different subtypes identifiable by histological criteria that are associated with different molecular characteristics and with the development of different types of colorectal carcinoma. The most common of these is the conventional adenoma, which most commonly leads to carcinomas with a low degree of methylation (CIMP-L) that are microsatellite stable. In Lynch syndrome patients these polyps lead to CIMP-L carcinomas that are microsatellite instable. The second most common is the sessile serrated adenoma, which leads to carcinomas with a high degree of methylation (CIMP-H) that may be either microsatellite stable or instable. The least common premalignant polyp is the traditional serrated adenoma, which can lead to either CIMP-L or CIMP-H carcinomas, most often microsatellite stable. This paper will review the histological features of these lesions, discuss problems in diagnosis and discuss the role of histology in management.
A Holocene paleoenvironmental record based on ungulate stable isotopes from Lukenya Hill, Kenya

Abstract Investigating the development of Holocene behavioral adaptations requires knowing how and why different human groups are distributed on the landscape. An expanded dataset of site-specific environmental and habitat reconstructions from eastern Africa are crucial contextual components necessary for pushing this line of inquiry forward. This paper provides localized paleoenvironmental data from Holocene deposits at the multi-site Lukenya Hill archaeological complex on the Athi-Kapiti Plains of Kenya. Lukenya Hill preserves two temporal units, an early-mid Holocene (~9.0–4.6 ka) and a late Holocene (~2.3–1.2 ka), which span the end of the African Humid Period and the onset of late Holocene aridification. Carbon isotope analysis of herbivore tooth enamel (n = 22) indicates an increase in open grasslands over time with the early-mid Holocene having a woodier signal than the late Holocene and Recent populations in the Athi ecosystem. This pattern deviates from local environmental sequences in the Lake Victoria and Lake Turkana basins, providing additional evidence of heterogeneous habitat conditions during the Holocene of eastern Africa. The expansion of locally specific paleoecological datasets in eastern Africa allows for an examination of the role climate and ecology played in human economic and behavioral development during the Holocene.
Targeting TP53 to augment therapeutic response in head and neck cancer

Abstract Despite recent advances in treatment modalities, patient survival for non-viral mediated oropharyngeal cancer patients continues to remain poor over the past years. Whole-exome sequencing studies reveal that TP53 is commonly mutated in human papillomavirus-negative HNSCC patients. Clinically, TP53 mutations are significantly associated with poor survival and tumor resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in HNSCC patients, suggesting a potential utilization of the TP53 mutational status as a useful molecular prognostic marker to predict clinical response. Several approaches for restoration of wild-type p53 function in HNSCC tumors have been developed using gene transfer therapy via adenovirus and nanoparticles delivery. These approaches have shown relative success inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Recently, small molecules that specifically reactivate mutant p53 and trigger mutant p53-dependent apoptosis have been developed and tested in clinical trials and show great promise. Targeting HNSCC cells harboring mutant p53 with ATR, Chk1/2 and Wee1 inhibitors alone or in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation has become an intensive area of investigation. Numerous studies have revealed a novel function of p53 in regulation of cellular metabolism. A compelling evidence for a novel gain-of-function (GOF) of mutant p53 proteins in promoting metabolic changes has been recently demonstrated in HNSCC. We have demonstrated that TP53 mutations are associated with poor clinical outcome and increased radioresistance in HNSCC. We have also provided evidence that metformin acts as a radiosensitizer in vitro in TP53 mutant HNSCC by increasing expression of p21 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, leading to induction of cellular senescence. Collectively, these novel strategies raise hopes for more effective therapies for head and neck cancers.
Food Production and Domestication Produced Both Cooperative and Competitive Social Dynamics in Eastern North America

ABSTRACTRecent research emphasises the importance of both within-group cooperation and between-group competition for human sociality, past and present. We hypothesise that the shift from foraging t...
Reconstruction After Salvage Total Laryngectomy: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis:

ObjectiveTo determine the most cost-effective reconstruction method after salvage total laryngectomy.Study DesignCost-effectiveness analysisSettingTertiary care hospitals with head and neck oncolog...
Instabilities and turbulence in a forced turbulent convex wall jet

The outer part of a turbulent wall jet streaming over a convex surface satisfies the centrifugal instability criterion. This gives rise to streamwise vortices that convect and grow with the wall jet. These vortices are highly unsteady, which causes the turbulence characteristics of a convex wall jet to be much stronger than that of a plane wall jet. Particle image velocimetry based investigations have been carried out in this work to understand the source of this unsteadiness. A cylinder with steady spanwise heterogeneities at the nozzle lip has been used to restrict the unsteadiness of the naturally occurring streamwise vortices such that ensemble averaging techniques can be applied. The analysis reveals that the turbulent stresses are spanwise periodic; radial and azimuthal fluctuations are highest in the upwash regions, and spanwise fluctuations are highest in the downwash regions between the counter-rotating vortices. The spanwise wavelength of the vortices increases by merging, but the merging process does not restore the spanwise uniformity of the Reynolds stresses. A Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis in the cross-stream plane suggests the existence of instabilities that extract energy from the mean flow to sustain these fluctuations. Secondary flows produced by steadier streamwise vortices generate inflection points in the spanwise and radial directions that trigger such secondary instabilities. POD analysis in the streamwise plane reveals the presence of a traveling wave that gives rise to the spanwise meandering of the vortices. The local Strouhal number of this traveling wave, defined using the local spanwise wavelength and jet maximum velocity, is a constant value of 1. Instability waves with similar characteristics have also been observed in other centrifugally unstable flows.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Arene Alkenylation Using Only Dioxygen as the Oxidant

We report the oxidative conversion of unactivated arenes and alkenes to alkenyl arenes using unpurified air or purified dioxygen as the only oxidant. This method uses RhCl3 salt as the catalyst pre...
Big Data and Sketching

The term big datarefers to the easy collection and storage of large amounts of data that by virtue of its scale causes rethinking linearly CPU-bound computational approaches and analysis methodologies. These challenges, and the development of approaches to handle them, were in many ways a necessary precursor to the data science revolution. For complex phenomena, with small data, the central limit theorem may not reach convergence, and there may not be enough data points to successfully hold out data to faithfully cross-validate. With small data, abstract analysis models are less essential: low-dimensional data does not need its dimension reduced, and data may be clustered or classified by hand (perhaps with the help of plotting).
Effect of native ligament versus graft reconstruction on sensitivity of clinical tests used to diagnose anterior cruciate ligament tears.

Abstract Purpose Although there have been multiple clinical studies evaluating the accuracy of physical examination tests used to diagnose anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, there are no data to date evaluating the accuracy of these tests in diagnosing re-injury after prior ACL reconstruction. We compared the sensitivity of three clinical tests — Lachman, anterior drawer, and pivot shift — in diagnosing initial ACL tears versus graft re-tears following a prior ACL reconstruction. Methods Twenty consecutive adult patients who had undergone primary ACL reconstruction and 20 consecutive adult patients who had undergone revision ACL reconstruction by a single surgeon at a tertiary care center from November 2011 to December 2017 were included in this study. Results The sensitivity of the Lachman test was 95.0% in diagnosing ACL tears in patients with native ACL versus 85.0% in patients with prior ACL reconstruction with allograft or autograft. The sensitivity of the anterior drawer test was 80.0% in patients with native ACL compared to 77.8% in patients with prior ACL reconstructions. The sensitivity of the pivot shift test could not be accurately assessed because pain and swelling prevented the physician from performing this test in most patients on their initial presentation to the clinic. Conclusions This study suggests that a clinician may need to have a lower threshold to perform advanced imaging or diagnostic arthroscopic evaluation in a patient with prior ACL reconstruction with a suspected re-injury even if the physical examination tests are not immediately positive.
Data-driven networking research: models for academic collaboration with industry (a Google point of view)

We in Google's various networking teams would like to increase our collaborations with academic researchers related to data-driven networking research. There are some significant constraints on our ability to directly share data, which are not always widely-understood in the academic community; this document provides a brief summary. We describe some models which can work - primarily, interns and visiting scientists working temporarily as employees, which simplifies the handling of some confidentiality and privacy issues. We describe some specific areas where we would welcome proposals to work within those models.
Orientational anisotropy and interfacial transport in polycrystals

Abstract Interfacial diffusion is governed to a large degree by geometric parameters that are determined by crystallographic orientation. In this study, we assess the impact of orientational anisotropy on mass transport at internal interfaces, focusing on the role of preferred crystallographic orientation (i.e., texture) on mass diffusion in a polycrystal. More specifically, we perform both numerical and analytical studies of steady-state diffusion for polycrystals having various grain-orientation distributions. By relating grain misorientation to grain-boundary energies and, via the Borisov relation, to the diffusivity, we link microstructure variability to kinetics. Our aim is to correlate shape features of the orientation distribution, such as the location and shapes of peaks, with the calculated effective diffusivity. Finally, we discuss the role of crystallographic constraints, such as those associated with grain junctions, in determining the effective diffusivity of a polycrystal.
Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics

Nobel laureate Richard H. Thaler has spent his career studying the radical notion that the central agents in the economy are humans-predictable, error-prone individuals. Misbehaving is his arresting, frequently hilarious account of the struggle to bring an academic discipline back down to earth-and change the way we think about economics, ourselves, and our world. Traditional economics assumes rational actors. Early in his research, Thaler realized these Spock-like automatons were nothing like real people. Whether buying a clock radio, selling basketball tickets, or applying for a mortgage, we all succumb to biases and make decisions that deviate from the standards of rationality assumed by economists. In other words, we misbehave. More importantly, our misbehavior has serious consequences. Dismissed at first by economists as an amusing sideshow, the study of human miscalculations and their effects on markets now drives efforts to make better decisions in our lives, our businesses, and our governments. Coupling recent discoveries in human psychology with a practical understanding of incentives and market behavior, Thaler enlightens readers about how to make smarter decisions in an increasingly mystifying world. He reveals how behavioral economic analysis opens up new ways to look at everything from household finance to assigning faculty offices in a new building, to TV game shows, the NFL draft, and businesses like Uber. Laced with antic stories of Thaler's spirited battles with the bastions of traditional economic thinking, Misbehaving is a singular look into profound human foibles. When economics meets psychology, the implications for individuals, managers, and policy makers are both profound and entertaining. Shortlisted for the Financial Times & McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award
Erythropoietin treatment of human ovarian cancer cells results in enhanced signaling and a paclitaxel-resistant phenotype.

Erythropoietin (Epo), a glycoprotein hormone that is the principal regulator of erythropoiesis, is known to act also on nonhematopoietic cell types. Epo receptors have been reported on several normal and neoplastic human cells and tissues, including ovarian cancer cells. We found that long-term Epo treatment of A2780 cells resulted in the development of a phenotype exhibiting both enhanced Epo signaling, evidenced by increased peak levels of phospho-Erk1/2 and increased paclitaxel resistance. This phenotypic effect was specific for paclitaxel, since no change in cisplatin or carboplatin sensitivity was observed. In addition, the change in phenotype was stable, even after the removal of Epo. Measurement of mono- and oligonucleosome formation revealed that long-term Epo treated A2780 cells exhibited markedly less apoptosis than nonerythropoietin treated cells at essentially all concentrations of paclitaxel tested. Western blot analyses revealed that the long-term Epo treated cells had significantly reduced expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-10. These findings may have implications for the clinical use of recombinant human Epo and other erythropoiesis stimulating agents to correct anemia in paclitaxel-treated cancer patients. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reliance, Immersion, and Enjoyment: An Exploratory Socio-Psychological Analysis on Internet Involvement

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between various socio-psychological variables and the level of involvement in the Internet. Two hundred thirty-four college students completed a self-administered questionnaire that contains the measures of Internet involvement, Internet usage, face-to-face interaction anxiety, computer ownership, and socio-demographic variables. A factor analysis identified three dimensions of Internet involvement: Reliance, Immersion, and Enjoyment. The results of stepwise regressions showed that face-to-face interaction anxiety is a significant indicator of both the Reliance and Immersion dimensions of Internet involvement. Age was another positive indicator of the Immersion dimension, whereas computer ownership contributed significantly to the prediction of the Reliance dimension of Internet involvement. The Enjoyment dimension was not significantly affected by any of the independent variables.
The Unenforceable Corrupt Contract: Corruption and 19th Century Contract Law

This paper explores the 19th century practice of courts refusing to enforce "corrupt" contracts as against public policy.
Travel Motivations of Mainland Chinese Travelers to the United States

The U.S.-bound Chinese market has demonstrated great potential for growth, especially after the two countries reached the approved destination status (ADS) agreement in December 2007. The objective of this study was to investigate potential Chinese travelers' motivations to visit the United States. The study identified five factors that may motivate potential Chinese travelers to visit the United States, including ego enhancement, international exposure, communication opportunities, financial incentives, and destination stimuli. This study also examined the differences in each motivation factor among potential Chinese travelers with different sociodemographic backgrounds, suggesting significant relationships between travel motivations and sociodemographic factors. The findings contribute to tourism literature on the emerging Chinese outbound market and have practical implications for targeting this promising market.
The Importance of Implicit and Explicit Measures for Understanding Social Stigma

Previous studies of stigma have relied largely on explicit (i.e., consciously controllable) measures and have revealed little damage to stigmatized targets’ self-concepts. The present research compared aspects of the self-concept in stigmatized and nonstigmatized groups using both explicit measures and implicit measures over which participants had little conscious control. Black and White participants completed implicit and explicit measures of in-group evaluations, in-group identity, and self-esteem. With one exception (i.e., in-group evaluations), implicit and explicit measures were dissociated for members of both racial groups. Replicating and extending previous research, Blacks exhibited more positive self-concepts than Whites on explicit, but not on implicit, measures. The present results underscore the utility of both implicit and explicit measures for understanding social stigma.
Abiotic Changes Within a Reservoir After a Complete Drawdown: A Case Study of Lake Griffy

Aquatic ecosystems are created and dictated by their physical and chemical environment; when catastrophic events cause an ecosystem shift, such as the draining and refilling of a reservoir, the composition and quality of the ecosystem state can change based on the new physical and chemical environment. This research project examines the physical and chemical limnological changes in Griffy Lake, Bloomington, IN, after the complete drawdown of water for the purpose of dam reconstruction. After two years of sediment oxidation and terrestrial plant growth, the reservoir naturally refilled. The study summarizes recovery results from data collected on a monthly basis. The results focus on the variables of temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, pH, specific conductance, and nutrient concentrations. After analysis of the data, this project will allow for better understanding of the effects of complete drawdowns on abiotic variables. The work presented is part of a larger project that will examine how aquatic ecosystems recover and ecosystem states may shift within reservoirs after complete drawdowns. With more than 75,000 dams across the United States, many of which are approaching the end of their life spans, in the near future it is important to understand how such events affect the quality of the water, in addition to aquatic ecosystems.
Increased rate of hair regrowth in mice with constitutive over expression of the angiogenic factor Del1 in basal keratinocytes

Abstract Introduction: Del1 is a secreted extracellular matrix-associated protein that stimulates angiogenesis through integrin binding and is implicated in vasculogenesis. We used transgenic mice engineered to over-express Del1 in the skin to examine the effect of increased Del1 in wound healing. No effect was found on wound healing, but we found an increased rate of hair regrowth. Methods: Del1 was cloned behind a keratin 14 promoter (K14-Del1) that drives constitutive expression in the basal keratinocytes and this construct was used to generate two separate transgenic mouse lines. 6–8 week old transgenic animals were shaved and depilated with Nair along the posterior midline. Wild-type littermates were used as controls, and tissues were harvested at 10, 12, 14, 15, and 18 days post-depilation. Progress of hair regrowth was followed by photography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Results: K14-Del1 animals appear normal and heal excisional wounds normally. Immunohistochemistry confirmed increased Del1 expression, but indicated no increase in vascularity. Following depilation, hair regrowth was grossly visible by day 15 in littermates compared to day 18 for normals. Full-length hair follicles were visible by histology at post-depilation day 15 in K14-Del1 animals, while wild type animals showed very rudimentary hair-follicle regeneration. Conclusions: Constitutive expression of Del1 in skin does not appear to increase vascularity or improve wound healing. Surprisingly, we found this led to increased hair regrowth following depilation. Depilation is a known inducer of hair anagenesis and Del1 appears to speed this process. Future studies will elucidate a mechanism for this phenotype.
Theory of vesicles and droplet type microemulsions : Configurational entropy, size distribution, and measurable properties

A model of vesicles and droplet type microemulsions is presented. It is shown that the size distribution of the droplets (either vesicles or microemulsions) coexisting with excess fluid is determined in general by only two terms : the free energy of the interface between the drops and the continuous phase, and a size dependent entropic factor commonly referred to as 'the entropy of mixing'. The last mentioned term arises from translational configurations of the droplets. In this work we use an estimate of the translational contribution as derived in earlier work. A conjecture of the finite size effects coupled to the entropy of the interfacial layer is made based on experimental data. We treat the summation over the size distribution as an 'effective partition function' from which all relevant measurable properties are calculated. The necessity of invoking a curvature dependence of the interfacial tension is proved. For vesicles, their average size is shown to scale as the volume fraction raised to a universal power, whereas their polydispersity is fully determined by a universal coefficient. Because of the existence of a finite preferred curvature, no such universal behavior is found for microemulsions. Approximate analytical expressions for their size, interfacial tension of the planar oil-water interface, and polydispersity are obtained. A limit (though not a physical one) is found at which universal behavior is recovered. The model is compared to experimental data found in the literature. Quantitative comparison reveals full agreement at a consistency level. Good agreement is found even when using only a single free parameter in the theory. However, this comparison points to an additional size independent term in the size distribution. Includes an erratum, published in vol. 101, issue 12, 1997, -p. 1963
On the effect of branching and polydispersity on the angular distribution of the light scattered by gaussian coils

Abstract : Analysis shows that the initial curvature of the distribution curve is always smaller for a polydisperse system than for a monodisperse system than for a monodisperse system. From this information and a knowledge of the position of the asymptote, it appears that the curve for a polydisperse case lies below the curve for a monodisperse case. The asymptotic behavior of the angular distribution function is shown to be unmodified by branching. These and other considerations indicate that the precise determination of the whole distribution curve is highly desirable, since it can give useful information about branching or polydispersity provided that only 1 of these 2 effects is present. If both effects are present, the asymptote only permits the determination of the size of unbranched molecules with molecular weight .
Chronic Work Stress and Marital Dissolution Increase Risk of Posttrial Mortality in Men From the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial

Background: Acute life stressors can trigger premature death, but the role of more enduring, chronic stressors is less clear. We evaluated men’s mortality risk associated with number of different work stressors and marital dissolution during the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Methods: Men without definite evidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) at study entry but with aboveaverage risk for CHD mortality based on blood pressure, serum cholesterol levels, and/or cigarette smoking were recruited into MRFIT. Survivors at the end of the trial were followed up for mortality for an additional 9 years. All 12 336 survivors who completed the workevent checklist at the annual evaluations during the trial were included in the analyses of work stressors, whereas the 10904 who were married at the start of the trial were included in the analyses of marital dissolution. Results: Increasing number of different work stressors and divorce during the trial were associated with total and cardiovascular mortality during the 9-year follow-up period (Ps.01 for linear trend), with a relative risk of 1.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.48) for those reporting 3 or more different work stressors compared with those reporting none, and relative risk of 1.37 (95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.72) for those who divorced compared with those who remained married for total mortality. Analyses were adjusted for age, intervention group, educational attainment, occurrence of a nonfatal cardiovascular event during the trial, smoking, diastolic blood pressure, alcohol consumption, and serum cholesterol level (the last 4 adjustments were trial averages). Conclusion: Work and marital stressors increase risk for mortality in men. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:309-315
Stop bands for optical wave propagation in cholesteric liquid crystals

The stop-band characteristics of waves in cholesteric-liquid-crystal half-space are investigated using the exact wave solution, the Floquet theorem, and the corresponding Brillouin diagram. The other half-space is filled with a uniform dielectric medium. By appropriate choice of the dielectric constant of the uniform medium and the angle of incidence of the incoming plane wave, the stop band may split into two or three stop bands.
Synthesis of ketones and aldehydes via reactions of Weinreb-type amides on solid support

Abstract Ketones and aldehydes were formed in low to good yields in reactions of Weinreb-type amides on solid support and no overaddition occurred.
The 1990 Reform of U.K. Local Authority Finance

In April 1990 the U.K. Government implemented the largest change to local authority finance in England and Wales in the postwar period. It involves the introduction of a poll tax on domestic residents, the centralization of local business taxes, and an overhaul of central government grants. This paper analyzes the effect of these reforms on local government and the wider economy.
Treatment of hemorrhagic lymphatic malformation of the tongue with a pulsed-dye laser

Hemorrhagic lymphatic malformation (formerly called hemolymphangioma) of the tongue is an uncommon malformation that may pose both functional and cosmetic problems for the patient. The challenge has been to find a conservative treatment with low morbidity and better results than those achieved with surgical excision, which has been the mainstay of therapy. We report a case of successful treatment of a hemorrhagic lymphatic malformation of the tongue with a variable-pulse 595-nm pulsed-dye laser (Vbeam; Candela Corp, Wayland, Mass). In this patient, pulsed-dye laser treatment of the hemorrhagic lymphatic malformation achieved satisfactory functional and cosmetic outcomes. Its use in superficial vascular lesions of the mucosa should be considered.
Quantifying the cost of thermoregulation: thermal and energetic constraints on growth rates in hatchling lizards

Summary The optimality model of thermoregulation predicts that as the cost of thermoregulation increases, thermoregulation effort will decrease. We designed a manipulative experiment to quantify the energetic cost of thermoregulation on growth rates in eastern collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris) by comparing growth of hatchling lizards from high- and low energetic cost of thermoregulation treatments. We designed treatments to mimic restricted thermal microenvironments (which require lizards to devote more time and energy to maintain preferred body temperatures) and unrestricted thermal micro-environments (which minimize time and energy needed to maintain body temperature). Lizards maintained similar body temperature between treatments – contradicting predictions of the optimality model of thermoregulation – but grew more slowly in the high-cost thermoregulation treatment than in the low-cost thermoregulation treatment. The reduction in growth rates in the high energetic cost thermoregulation treatment was most consistent with animals diverting energy from growth to locomotion for thermoregulation.
Bonding and composition diagrams for sputtered a-Si : H

Abstract The combined influence of H partial pressure (pH) and deposition rate (RD) on Si-H bonding and total H content in diode-sputtered a-Si : H is presented in two simple graphs for the case of substrate temperature (Ts) equal to 225°C. Similar to a phase diagram, the graphs predict the H content and Si-H bonding that will result if a deposition is carried out with any prescribed pair of values (pH, RD), where 0.04
Mirror Deformations Due To Thermal Expansion Of Inserts Bonded To Glass

The support of mirrors often requires bonding inserts into holes in the mirror material. Temperature change and shrinkage of the bonding material and temperature change of the insert produce stresses that deform the optical surface. Using both classical analytical methods and finite element techniques the deformation of plates and shells due to temperature and shrinkage effects are computed. The depth of the hole can be chosen to minimize the deflection of the optical surface. A variety of geometries which include hole diameters both large and small compared to the plate thickness are studied. In addition to the general formulation of the problem, some quantitative results for the Keck Observatory Ten Meter Telescope mirror segments are presented.
Technical Note-Solutions of a Special Class of Linear Programming Problems

Explicit solutions for linear problems of the form: maximize h, x, subject to Ax â¦ b, b ∈ RA, are given, as well as explicit solutions for its dual problem. This note replaces the full row rank assumption on A of earlier results of Ben-Israel and Charnes by the assumption b ∈ RA. With this assumption, explicit solutions are derived for the dual problem that are different from related results of Zlobec and Ben-Israel.
Chemical and electrical properties of cavities in silicon and germanium

Cavities were formed in Si and Ge by He ion implantation and annealing, and resultant chemical and electrical properties were investigated. The dissociation energies for Si-H and Ge-H surface monohydride bonds were determined, showing that H chemisorption on Si is energetically stable with respect H{sub 2} gas whereas H chemisorption on Ge is not. Cavity walls in Si were found to trap transition metals strongly, suggesting application to impurity gettering in devices. Measurement and modeling of cavity electrical properties elucidated surface electronic states and indicated a potential for controlled electrical isolation in devices. 35 refs.
Transmembrane signals in the activation of T-lymphocytes by lectin mitogens

The induction of T-lymphocyte proliferation by mitogens involves both cell<ell interaction and molecular communication (Hadden, 1987). The nature of the intercellular communication is not well understood. However, evidence points to important molecular communications. T-cells are triggered to proliferate by at least two signals. The mitogen in the relative (but not complete) absence of accessory cells can induce T-cells to enter a G, phase of the cell cycle from a resting G, phase of the cell cycle. This first stage of activation is associated with cellular enlargement and both protein and RNA synthesis. The lymphocyte enters DNA synthesis (S phase) only when a second signal is presented. This second process is initiated by mitogen interaction directly or indirectly with adherent accessory cells, which produce interleukin 1 (IL-l). The IL-1 then acts on T-lymphocytes to induce the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and the appearance of cell surface receptors for IL-2. As a result of the second signal, T-cells triggered by mitogen then advance through a G, s boundary and complete the cycle. Subsequent divisions do not require re-exposure to the mitogen but do require the presence of IL-2. Most studies so far have concentrated on early events following mitogen addition to peripheral blood lymphocytes. It is assumed that the events occur in T-cells and are contributory to the replication process. These studies have led to hypotheses that a number of different molecules are central to lymphocyte activation including cyclic nucleotides, calcium and others. The purpose of this review is to describe the current information on the first phase of T-lymphocyte activation initiated by the binding of the mitogen to cell surface receptors and leading to nuclear activation. The mitogen need not enter the cell, since insolubilized phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and con-
Transfer of Gamma Globulin from Mother to Offspring in Mink.

SummaryNewborn mink have no detectable gamma globulin, and acquire gamma globulin from the mother via the colostrum and milk. Gamma globulin concentration in the colostrum was less than that of the maternal serum.
The zebrafish as a model to study polycystic liver disease.

Abstract In the polycystic liver diseases (PLD), genetic defects initiate the formation of cysts in the liver and kidney. In rodent models of PLD (i.e., the PCK rat and Pkd2WS25/− mouse), we have studied hepatorenal cystic disease and therapeutic approaches. In this study, we employed zebrafish injected with morpholinos against genes involved in the PLD, including sec63, prkcsh, and pkd1a. We calculated the liver cystic area, and based on our rodent studies, we exposed the embryos to pasireotide [1 μM] or vitamin K3 [100 μM] and assessed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cholangiocytes in embryos treated with 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). Our results show that (a) morpholinos against sec63, prkcsh, and pkd1a eliminate expression of the respective proteins; (b) phenotypic body changes included curved tail and the formation of hepatic cysts in zebrafish larvae; (c) exposure of embryos to pasireotide inhibited hepatic cystogenesis in the zebrafish models; and (d) exposure of embryos to 4-PBA resulted in the ER i...
Effects of Laboratory Scale Processing on Chromium and Zinc in Vegetables

Bush beans, kale and soybeans were used as models for studying the effects of processing by canning and freezing upon 51Cr and 65Zn content. Plants were grown hydroponically, intrinsically labeled with 51Cr and 65Zn, and processed either by canning or freezing. Freezing resulted in 65Zn losses of 10.7% for kale, 8.6% for bush beans, and 6.7% for soybeans. A loss of 3.8% of 51Cr resulted during freezing of bush beans. Canning resulted in 65Zn losses of 23% for kale, 19.7% for bush beans, and 28.8% for soybeans. Canned bush beans and kale contained 40.7% and 62.7% respectively, less 51Cr than unprocessed samples. Freezing resulted in a greater mineral retention than canning. Less opportunity for leaching is available in freezing and reduction in radionuclide content of the vegetables by canning was accounted for by transfer to the drained liquid.
A Holistic Analysis of Circuit Performance Variations in 3-D ICs With Thermal and TSV-Induced Stress Considerations

In 3-D ICs, through silicon via (TSV)-induced thermal residual stress impacts several transistor electrical parameters—low-field mobility, saturation velocity, and threshold voltage. These thermal-stress related shifts are coupled with other temperature effects on transistor parameters that are seen even in the absence of TSVs. In this paper, analytical models are developed to holistically represent the effect of thermally-induced variations on circuit timing. A biaxial stress model is built, based on a superposition of 2-D axisymmetric and Boussinesq-type elasticity models. The computed stresses and strains are then employed to evaluate transistor mobility, saturation velocity, and threshold voltage. The electrical variations are translated into gate-level delay and leakage power calculations, which are then elevated to circuit-level analysis to thoroughly evaluate the variations in circuit performance-induced by TSV stress.
Effect of light quality on photosynthesis of the reef coral Montipora verrucosa

Pieces of the reef coral Montipora verrucosa (Lam.), collected from Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii in 1982, were grown in four low-light treatments (11% sunlight): blue, green, red and the full spectrum of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); and at high-intensity full PAR (90% sunlight). These acclimated corals were then tested for photosynthetic ability in blue, green, red, and white light. The photosynthetic parameters that were measured were; ligh-saturated photosynthetic rate, the initial slope of the photosynthesis/irradiance curve, the light intensity where these two lines crossed, and dark respiration. While acclimation intensity had a pronounced effect, the results also showed that the color of the acclimation treatment influenced the photosynthetic responses of the corals. The color of the light used in the measurements of photosynthesis had much less effect on the photosynthetic responses of the corals.
The effect of nanotwins on the corrosion behavior of copper

Abstract Ultrafine grain sized (∼0.4 μm) Cu samples having different fractions of nanotwinned grains (∼5%, ∼60% and >90%) were synthesized in order to evaluate the effect of the nanotwins on the overall microstructure. It was observed that nanotwins have a fundamental effect on altering the grain boundary network and texture of sputtered Cu samples. Increasing the fraction of nanotwinned grains increases both the fraction of special (Σ3) grain boundaries and the intensity of the {1 1 1} texture. Polarization and immersion corrosion tests using a 3.5% NaCl solution were performed on the nanotwinned Cu samples and compared to microcrystalline Cu (grain size ∼ 9 μm). It was found that highly nanotwinned Cu (nanotwinned grains > 90%) had the highest corrosion resistance among all samples, which is attributed to its unique grain boundary network and {1 1 1} texture. In addition, the passive layer formed on highly nanotwinned Cu during corrosion achieved the highest pitting resistance when compared with the other samples.
Micro-CT imaging assessment of dobutamine-induced cardiac stress in rats.

Abstract Introduction Dobutamine (DOB) stress in animal models of heart disease has been imaged so far using echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose of this study was to assess normal response to DOB stress in rats using anatomical and functional data using micro-computed tomography (CT). Methods Ten normal adult male rats were first injected with a liposomal-based blood pool contrast agent and next infused with DOB via a tail vein catheter. Using prospective gating, 5 pairs of systole/diastole micro-CT images were acquired (a) pre-infusion baseline; (b) at heart rate plateau during infusion of 10 μg/kg/min DOB; (c) at post-DOB infusion baseline; (d) at heart rate plateau during infusion of 30 μg/kg/min DOB; and (e) after post-infusion return to baseline. Heart rate, peripheral and breathing distensions were monitored by oximetry. Micro-CT images with 88-μm isotropic voxels were segmented to obtain cardiac function based on volumetric measurements of the left ventricle. Results DOB stress increased heart rate and cardiac output with both doses. Ejection fraction increased above baseline by an average of 35.9% with the first DOB dose and 18.4% with the second dose. No change was observed in the relative peripheral arterial pressures associated with the significant increases in cardiac output. Discussion Micro-CT proved to be a robust imaging method able to provide isotropic data on cardiac morphology and function. Micro-CT has the advantage of being faster and more cost-effective than MR and is able to provide higher accuracy than echocardiography. The impact of such an enabling technology can be enormous in evaluating cardiotoxic effects of various test drugs.
Prevention of femoral vein occlusion by local injection of Thrombolysin in the rat

An experimental model was developed that will produce femoral vein occlusion greater than 90% of the time in rats weighing less than 500 grams. This standard venous clot, produced by combining intimal trauma with local venous stasis, can simulate clinical crush and replantation problems. Using this standard clot model, Thrombolysin was injected in the femoral artery after trauma to the vein but before venous stasis. Femoral vein patency was determined at the end of the 30 minute period of venous stasis. With the appropriate dosage, ipsilateral venous occlusion was prevented ( P P
Reactivity of chlorine dioxide with amino acids, peptides, and proteins

Amino acids, proteins, and peptides are found ubiquitously in waters. They can form harmful byproducts during water treatment by reaction with disinfectants. Chlorination and chloramination of water containing natural organic matter is known to result in the production of toxic substances, often referred to as disinfection byproducts. The main advantage of using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) over other known chlorine-containing disinfectants is the minimization of the formation of harmful trihalomethanes. Because ClO2 is a promising alternative to other chlorine-containing disinfectants, the chemistry of ClO2 interactions with amino acids, proteins, and peptides should be understood to ensure the safety of potable water supplies. Here, we present an overview of the aqueous chemistry of ClO2 and its reactivity with amino acids, peptides, and proteins. The kinetics and products of the reactions are reviewed. Only a few amino acids have been reported to be reactive with ClO2, and they have been found to follow second-order kinetics for the overall reaction. The rate constants vary from 10−2 to 107 M−1 s−1 and follow an order of reactivity: cysteine > tyrosine > tryptophan > histidine > proline. For reactions of histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine with ClO2, products vary depending largely on the molar ratios of ClO2 with the specific amino acid. Products of ClO2 oxidation differ with the presence or absence of oxygen in the reaction mixture. Excess molar amounts of ClO2 relative to amino acids are associated with the production of low molecular weight compounds. The oxidation of the biochemically important compounds bovine serum albumin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by ClO2 suggests a denaturing of proteins by ClO2 by an attack on tryptophan and tyrosine residues and relates to the inactivation of microbes by ClO2.
Monopolistic Discrimination in the Cranberry Industry

I. Need for economic criteria in evaluating monopolistic practices, 330. — II. Development of cranberry growing, 332. — III. Development of processing, 336. — IV. Indictment of marketing organizations, 339. V. Demand for fresh cranberries, 340. — VI. Demand for cranberry sauce, 345. — VII. Growers' revenue from sales, 350. — VIII. Monopolistic vs. competitive allocation of the supply, 358. — IX. The quality factor, 365. — X. Reconsideration of the antitrust indictment, 366.
Censored Data and the Bootstrap

Abstract This article concerns setting standard errors and confidence intervals for the parameters of an unknown distribution when the data is subject to right censoring. The bootstrap, which is an elaboration of the jackknife, provides a general method for answering such questions. The validity of bootstrap methods is investigated using real data, computer simulations, and, in the final section, brief theoretical considerations.