cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional RF Transmitters for Next Generation Wireless Transceivers

Future generations of wireless communications are expected to place increasing burdens on the efficiency and linearity of power amplifiers, due to the use of more complex waveforms and OFDM. This has implications for the design of transmitters in portable/mobile devices as well as base stations and access points. This paper summarizes the digital techniques that can be employed to improve the performance of wireless power amplifiers
The Emerging Role of Biomarkers in Diabetic and Hypertensive Chronic Kidney Disease

Currently used measures to assess kidney function and injury are largely inadequate. Markers such as serum creatinine, formulas to estimate glomerular filtration rate, cystatin C, and proteinuria largely identify an underlying disease process that is well established. Thus, there has been a recent effort to identify new biomarkers that reflect kidney function, early injury, and/or repair that ultimately can relate to progression or regression of damage. Several biomarkers emerged recently that are able to detect kidney damage earlier than is currently possible with traditional biomarkers such as serum creatinine and proteinuria. Identification of urine biomarkers has proven to be beneficial in recent years because of ease of handling, stability, and the ability to standardize the various markers to creatinine or other peptides generally already present in the urine. Recent markers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and podocin have garnered a lot of attention. The emergence of these and other biomarkers is largely because of the evolution of novel genomic and proteomic applications in investigations of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. In this article, we focus on the applications of these biomarkers in disease.
Efficient error-cancelling algorithmic ADC

An algorithmic ADC that is insensitive to capacitor mismatch and finite opamp gain and offset is described. Using the differential sampling scheme together with the correlated double sampling (CDS) technique, the virtually error-free and fast multiply-by-two operation is obtained for the proposed ADC. For an N-bit converter, a new output word is obtained every 4N clock periods, and this represents a significant improvement in conversion speed (or efficiency) in comparison to the latest work to achieve the same error compensation. Thus it can be used in applications which require low-cost medium-speed and high-resolution A/D conversion.
Legacies of agriculture and forest regrowth in the nitrogen of old-field soils

Abstract In the Carolina Piedmont of the USA, agricultural and forest management in the 19th and 20th centuries has greatly altered soil organic nitrogen (N). The objective of this study is to evaluate effects of two centuries of land use on N in upland Piedmont soils that are derived from the region’s most common bedrock, granitic gneiss. Effects of agriculture on total soil N were examined by comparing soils cropped mainly for cotton since about 1800 with soils that remained under hardwood forest without cultivation or fertilization. Effects of forest regrowth on the N of old-field soils were examined in eight permanent plots resampled on seven occasions from 1962 to 1997 at the Calhoun Experimental Forest in South Carolina. Together, the soil-comparative study and the four-decade field experiment illustrate how soil N in the southern Piedmont has been altered by agricultural management during the 19th and 20th centuries. Not only have agricultural harvests removed considerable N from Piedmont soils, but soil organic matter has been enriched in N by agricultural fertilization, a practice that has now contributed greatly to N cycles of many old-field forests in the region. In old-field pine stands (Pinus taeda) at the Calhoun Experimental Forest, 40 years of forest growth accumulated 366 kg ha−1 of N (CV=9.3%) in tree biomass and 740 kg ha−1 (CV=9.7%) in forest floor between planting in 1957 and the last sampling in 1997. In the four decades, mineral-soil N was diminished by 823 kg ha−1 (CV=39.5%), a reduction in N accompanied by substantial decreases in mineralizable N as well. On the other hand, N accretion in the whole forest ecosystem averaged 5.9 kg ha−1 per year over this period (significant at a probability of
Information Asymmetry Theory, Management Control Theory, andMethod of Payment in Acquisitions

We examine the information asymmetry hypothesis and the management control hypothesis by examining the relation between insider trading and insider holdings to the choice of payment method in acquisitions. Our results indicate that both insider ownership and insider trading are significantly related to payment method. These results provide additional evidence in favor of both the management control theory and the asymmetric information theory in the choice of payment method in acquisitions. Furthermore, we find a significant relation between insider trading activity and the market reaction to the announcement of acquisitions. We conclude that information asymmetry exists in the takeover market and it influences the payment method decision.
Nanotechnology Approaches to Targeting Inflammation and Excitotoxicity in a Canine Model of Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest–Induced Brain Injury

Background Neurocognitive dysfunction and injury remain problematic after cardiac procedures requiring hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). Due to poor blood-brain barrier penetrance and toxicities associated with systemic drug therapies, clinical success has been elusive. Accordingly, we explored targeted dendrimer (a nanoparticle) drug therapies in our well-established canine model of HCA to characterize the biodistribution and cellular localization of these nanoparticles in areas of known neuronal apoptosis and necrosis. Methods Class A, 27- to 30-kg male hounds were administered an initial intravenous bolus (10% of the total dose [200 mg]) of generation-six polyamidoamine dendrimer (6.7 nm) labeled with cyanine 5, and cardiopulmonary bypass with peripheral cannulation was initiated. After 90 minutes of HCA, 70% of the total dose was infused over a 6-hour period. The final 20% of the total dose was given 24 hours post-HCA. The brain was harvested 48 hours later (72 hours post-HCA) and analyzed for dendrimer 6-cyanine 5 biodistribution. Results The dorsal hippocampus demonstrated the highest brain accumulation of dendrimer 6-cyanine 5, which closely corresponds to the distribution of apoptotic neurons evident with histologic staining and on confocal imaging. In injured brain regions, dendrimer traversed the blood-brain barrier and localized within the target cells (injured neurons and microglia). Conclusions These findings have exciting implications for the future development of novel therapeutics to mitigate neurocognitive deficits in this group of patients.
Patellar Dislocations and Reduction Procedure

Acute patellar dislocations are a common injury occurring in adolescents involved in sports and dancing activities. This injury usually occurs when the knee is in full extension and sustains a valgus stress on the knee. The medial patellofemoral ligament is the medial restraint that assists in stabilizing the patella from lateral dislocations. The patella usually dislocates laterally and is usually not difficult to reduce after patient evaluation and prereduction radiographs. After postreduction radiographs confirm proper position of the patella postreduction and the absence of fractures, the patient is usually treated conservatively with initial immobilization, orthopedic referral, and physical therapy.
Effects of Electromagnetic Casting on Microstructures and Distribution of Alloying Elements of Gold-based Alloy

In order to enhance the property of gold-based alloy coating,Au-Cu system gold alloys with additions of multi-alloying elements for making vacuum sputtering target were prepared by electromagnetic casting and conventional die casting respectively. The effects of elec-tromagnetic field on the as-cast microstructure and the distribution of the alloying elements of the gold alloy were investigated. The results show that the solidification structure of the gold-based alloy billets prepared by electromagnetic casting is more uniform and smaller than that by conventional die casting. Meanwhile,the macro-segregation of the alloying elements of the gold alloy is also restrained to a great degree. Furthermore,the effects of electromagnetic field on the refinement mechanism of solidification structure and distribution of alloying elements were also discussed.
The Mini-invasive Treatment of Postsurgical Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction with Self-made Micro-probe Electrotome at Ureteroscopy

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of the mini-invasive treatment of postsurgical ureteropelvic junction obstruction with self-made micro-probe electrotome.Methods:The therapeutic process and outcomes of 25 cases of postsurgical ureteropelvic junction obstruction between January 2001 and October 2006 were analyzed retrospectively.Results:Obstructions were removed and hydronephrosis reduced in all cases.No serious complications occurred.All of 25 patients showed varied ranges of resolution at follow-up.Conclusion:Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy combined with ureteroscopic eletrocision with self-made micro-probe electrotome is one of the effective methods for treatment of postsurgical ureteropelvic junction obstruction which worths futher clinical application in view of least morbidity,good safety,easy use and established outcomes.
Impacts of Environmental Factors on Growth and Survival of Dipterocarpaceae Seedlings: Recent Advances

Progress in the study of the influences of light,water,herbivory and fungal symbiont on the growth and survival of Dipterocarpaceae seedlings is briefly summarized,and the prospects in the future are also discussed.Light is the most important resource condition influencing the growth and survival of Dipterocarpaceae seedlings and the higher irradiance in canopy gaps is benefitial to seedling growth and survival.The death of Dipterocarpaceae seedlings is closely linked to the drought and greatly increased by the vertebrate herbivory,but only a high proportion of foliar herbivory caused by insects could result in the death of seedlings,especially small individuals.Dipterocarpaceae seedlings have the ability to establish the fungal symbiont,which helps them to absorb nutrients and water from mature plants and benefits to their growth,especially in the extreme deficiency of resources.
Northern exposure: Mandibular torus in the Greenlandic Norse and the whole wide world

Objectives In the first issue of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, E.A. Hooton noted the expression of Eskimoid characteristics in the Icelandic skull, one of which was mandibular torus. Our goal is to evaluate this trait in another North Atlantic population, the Greenlandic Norse. Materials and methods An investigation of mandibular torus was carried out on all Greenlandic Norse skeletons disinterred up to 1986 (n = 109), along with comparative samples from Iceland (n = 82), Norway (n = 98), and Denmark (n = 64). Torus expression was scored on a six grade scale with absence and five degrees of trait presence. Results Greenlanders and Icelanders show extraordinarily high frequencies (65–97%) and pronounced expressions of mandibular torus. More surprising was the almost complete absence of this trait in a Danish Viking sample (9%) and a significantly lower frequency in medieval Norwegians (48%). Discussion The dramatic expression of mandibular torus in the Greenlandic Norse and their contrast to related Scandinavian populations in Europe stimulated the collection of data from the literature and the database of Christy G. Turner II for 49,970 individuals in 335 populations. When plotted on a global scale, mandibular torus shows a strong clinal distribution with the highest frequencies in northern latitudes and the lowest frequencies around the equator. Although mandibular torus has some hereditary component, as indicated by family studies, the trait has a strong environmental component of variance. How factors of a northern environment, including climatic stress and dietary behavior, influence torus expression remains enigmatic.
Why is Agrarian Growth Uneven

In this chapter I explore the crucial but complex question at the core of agrarian progress in South Asia: what surplus is produced in agriculture and to whom does it accrue? Answers to this question could illuminate some key elements of social change, by providing clues to the location of investible resources, the dynamics of rural class formation, and the causes of poverty and dispossession. I cannot portray the full picture of surplus appropriation in the eight villages and twelve markets of the study. The evidence I have, however, which relates primarily to the grain surplus and household incomes, illuminates a striking contrast between conditions in Bogra and in Noakhali
Progress in laser produced pair plasma jets for laboratory astrophysics on the national ignition facility

Relativistic electron-positron pair plasmas exist in many astrophysical objects and are important to explain energetic phenomena related to Gamma Ray Bursts, Active Galactic Nuclei, and black holes. Experimental platforms capable of producing relativistic pairs plasmas could have a great impact in our understanding of the basic plasma physics behind these astrophysical objects. However, this effort presents important challenges associated with producing a high density of pairs, the short lifetime of positrons, and their highly relativistic energies.
Hypogammaglobulinemia in infants receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis

Peritonitis is a severe complication of chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) in infants. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the relationship between hypogammaglobulinemia and peritonitis risk, and the potential benefit of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) therapy in infants receiving CPD. Patients aged 0–12 months at initiation of CPD between 1985 and 2012 were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective study. Data collected from the start of CPD up to 2 years post-dialysis initiation included patient demographics, dialysis characteristics, serum immunoglobulin (IgG) levels, IVIG administration history, infectious complications and outcomes. Cox regression analysis and linear mixed model analysis were used for statistical analysis. Twenty-six consecutive patients were included in the study. Annualized peritonitis rates for infants aged 0–30 days (≤1-month age group; n = 16; 320.3 patient-months) and 31–365 days (>1–12-month age group; n = 10; 163.3 patient-months) at dialysis initiation were 0.27 (1 episode per 45.8 patient-months) and 0.15 (one episode per 81.7 patient-months), respectively. Seventy-six percent of the serum IgG levels were >1 standard deviation below the age-appropriate mean levels, and these did not differ in those who developed peritonitis versus those who did not (p = 0.39). Serum IgG levels were significantly lower in patients on CPD with oligoanuria than in non-oliguric patients (p = 0.04) and in patients on CPD for >90 days as compared to those who had received CPD for <90 days (p = 0.018). IVIG therapy was provided to 20 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia; this high prevalence of IVIG usage precluded any drawing of conclusion on the potential role of IVIG in the prevention of peritonitis. Hypogammaglobulinemia is a frequent complication of CPD during infancy. In our experience, it was not associated with an increased risk for peritonitis.
No more broken hearts: weight loss after bariatric surgery returns patients’ postoperative risk to baseline following coronary surgery

Abstract Background The obesity epidemic is associated with a rise in coronary surgeries because obesity is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Bariatric surgery is linked to improvement in cardiovascular co-morbidities and left ventricular function. No studies have investigated survival advantage in postoperative bariatric patients after coronary surgery. Objectives To determine if there is a benefit after coronary surgery in patients who have previously undergone bariatric surgery. Setting National Inpatient Sample. Methods We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of the National Inpatient Sample database from 2003 to 2010. We selected bariatric surgical patients who later underwent coronary surgery (n = 257). A comparison of postoperative complications and mortality after coronary surgery were compared with controls (n = 1442) using χ 2 tests, linear regression analysis, and multivariate logistical regression models. Results A subset population was identified as having undergone coronary surgery (n = 1699); of this population, 257 patients had previously undergone bariatric surgery. They were compared with 1442 controls. The majority was male (67.2%), white (82.6%), and treated in an urban environment (96.8%). Patients with bariatric surgery assumed the risk of postoperative complications after coronary surgery that was associated with their new body mass index (BMI) (BMI 2 : odds ratio (OR) 1.01, 95% CI .76–1.34, P = .94; BMI 25 to 2 : OR .20, 95% CI .02– 2 .16, P = .19; BMI≥35 kg/m 2 : OR>999.9, 95% CI .18 to>999.9, P = .07). Length of stay was significantly longer in postbariatric patients (BMI P = .007). Conclusions Postoperative bariatric patients have a return to baseline risk of morbidity and mortality after coronary surgery.
A modified Park's stitch to correct aortic insufficiency for bioprosthetic valve at time of left ventricular assist device implant: a case report

Background Aortic valve insufficiency (AI) at the time of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) insertion needs to be corrected, however there is little known about how to manage bioprosthetic valvular AI.
Stabilization of whey protein isolate (WPI) through interactions with sugar beet pectin (SBP) induced by controlled dry-heating

Abstract It has been shown previously that reacting whey protein isolate (WPI) with sugar beet pectin (SBP) through a Maillard type reaction in a dry-state led to noticeable improvement in the physical, chemical and functional properties of the end products. Studies on the changes in the molecular structure of whey protein as a result of the reaction were carried out in this work to provide a molecular understanding of these observed improvements. The effect of interacting and conjugating with SBP on the apparent secondary structure of WPI was examined by far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and followed by spectral deconvolution. Results showed that the structure of WPI, especially the antiparallel β-sheet element, was preserved by reacting with SBP at the weight ratios of WPI:SBP = 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1. The analysis of difference UV-VIS spectra indicated significant changes occurred in the molecular electronic states of both WPI and the feruloyl moieties of SBP. Initial Maillard reaction products were detected in the form of the FRET complexes with WPI as the donor, and SBP, the acceptor by the studies of the steady-state fluorescence and the lifetime of the excited states. The tertiary structural contacts in WPI, probed by the intrinsic Trp fluorescence, were disrupted significantly upon reacting with SBP at an equal ratio (1:1). The thermal stability of WPI, however, at both secondary and tertiary structural levels, was greatly improved by the dry-heating induced reaction with SBP at all levels. The thermal stability of the feruloyl groups of SBP was also enhanced by reacting with WPI. Furthermore, the fluorescence lifetime studies definitively identified the distinctive advanced Maillard reaction end products (AMREPs) formed between WPI and SBP at varying ratios.
The Economies of Defense Conversion

The significance of the economic impact of the Cold War has not yet been fully realized. National priorities and investments, attributable to this conflict, distorted communities and industries. Although many countries, east and west, who were participants have already significantly downsized their militaries and reduced the budgets to support them, the industrial base does not have a similar process or measurement. In discussing the broad term of defense conversion, it is important that a definition of conversion is agreed upon. Conversion is not dual use, particularly in terms of industrial strategy. Conversion on this order of magnitude, within national economies and industrially, has no precedent. Nations, economies and industries developed and grew during a unique era in world history. The challenge now is how to accommodate a new global priority of trade and economic security, within an international framework of stability and national security.
Lessons Learned from the US Army Net Zero Energy Program for NATO Installations

The US Army has been a leader in developing net zero installations. This chapter provides lessons learned from the Army program to support NATO installations with their net zero energy efforts.
Jet Quenching in the Direction Opposite to a Tagged Photon in High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions

We point out that events associated with large ${E}_{T}$ direct photons in high-energy heavy-ion collisions can be used to study jet energy loss in dense matter. In such events, the ${p}_{T}$ spectrum of charged hadrons from jet fragmentation in the direction opposite to the tagged photon is estimated to be well above the background which can be reliably subtracted at moderately large ${p}_{T}$. We demonstrate that comparison between the extracted fragmentation function in $\mathrm{AA}$ and $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions can be used to determine the jet energy loss and the interaction mean free path in the dense matter produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions.
Understanding storage I/O behaviors of mobile applications

In the past few years, mobile devices quickly gained high popularity in our daily life. Designed for ultra-mobility, these small yet powerful devices are fundamentally distinct from traditional computer systems (e.g., PCs and servers) - from the internal hardware architecture and software stack, to application behaviors. Storage, the slowest component in the I/O stack, plays an important role in mobile systems and can greatly affect user experience. In this paper, we present a set of comprehensive experimental studies on mobile storage and attempt to gain insight on the unique behaviors of mobile applications and characterize the performance properties of underlying mobile storage. In our experiments, we carefully selected 13 representative mobile workloads from 5 different categories. Our studies reveal several unexpected observations on mobile storage. Based on these findings, we further discuss the associated implications to mobile systems and application designers. We hope this work can inspire system architects, application designers, and practitioners to pay specific attention to the high-latency I/O operations, rather than completely relying on the default APIs. We also suggest a further look to new opportunities, such as adopting a faster medium in the mobile system architecture, for future research.
The Multicultural Education Movement, Anti-Racism and Publishing for Children, 1980–1995

Beginning in the mid-1970s but intensifying following increased racial tensions in the 1980s, two sometimes compatible and sometimes antagonistic models for children’s literature about Black Britons provoked considerable conversation, among publishers but also in the popular media. Multiculturalism and Anti-Racism both focused on increasing the diverse content of children’s literature, but they had different political aims. Multicultural advocates wanted to celebrate the different cultures that made up Britain, but Anti-Racists did not believe that Multiculturalism alone could close the gap between white educators and law enforcement, who continued to see Black children as “problems,” and the new generation of British-born Black and Asian youth. These two philosophies, and the tensions between them, had direct effects on children’s publishing that are explored in this chapter.
Models for evaluating teaching in consultation-liaison psychiatry: II. Decision-oriented research.

This paper reviews the purposes and methodologic requirements of conclusion-oriented research for evaluating outcomes of consultation-liaison (C-L) teaching in psychiatry. Requirements for replicating educational methods and outcomes, and for demonstrating cause-effect relationships between program inputs and program outcomes include: careful definition of educational methods; selection of valid and reliable outcome measures; and use of sound experimental designs. Barriers to meeting these methodologic criteria in C-L settings are identified, and methods for overcoming them are suggested. In addition, useful guidelines are provided for the educator wishing to conduct conclusion-oriented C-L research to determine teaching effectiveness.
Malingering and the Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial

The defendant was quite remarkable. He looked perplexed and preoccupied. He informed me that he had been born on Mars and was two million years old. He said he was not under arrest and had never been in jail. “What’s jail,” he asked, insisting that the long rap sheet was someone else’s. He had altogether seven fingers and nine toes. And his horse had five legs.
Cottonseed Protein Derivatives as Nutritional and Functional Supplements in Food Formulations

Cottonseeds contain protein with desirable food functional and nutritional properties. Storage globulins make up most of the protein stored in cottonseed and can be separated into five fractions by gel filtration chromatography. Each fraction is distinguishable from the other by its amino acid and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic properties. Proteins of cottonseed contribute greatly to the functional properties of emulsions, co-isolates, and texturized derivatives. For example, increasing the amount of high protein cottonseed flour in water suspensions from 2% to 10% improved the capacity (54–97 ml of oil) and viscosity (5,000–100,000+ cps) of emulsions. The 10% suspension formed emulsions with increasing oil capacity (84–100 ml) and viscosity (28,000–100,000+ cps) as the pH was adjusted from 4.5 to 9.5. Consistencies of the products ranged from that of salad dressing (low percent suspensions, or acid pH) to that of mayonnaise (high percent, or basic pH). These data were utilized to derive a multiple regression model to predict optimum use of cottonseed proteins in emulsions of varying consistencies. A coprecipitated isolate containing greater than 94% protein was prepared from a blend of cottonseed and peanut flours. Amino acid content of the co-isolate reflected that of the protein in the two flours of the composite. The co-isolate has lower gossypol level and improved color and functional properties than a cottonseed protein isolate. Storage protein isolate of cottonseed suspended in aqueous solution and heated with constant stirring forms a texturized product; the quality of the product depends on heat, pH, salt, and the quantity of nonstorage proteins. Protein and amino acid content of meat products were improved by the addition of the texturized protein of cottonseed.
Tension-Recompression Response of Shock Loaded Polycarbonateα

An experimental method has been developed to study the tension-recompression response of samples in plate impact experiments. The normal configuration of a spall experiment was modified by placing a small gap followed by a recompression plate behind the rear surface of the target. Material velocity was measured using EMV gauges located at the impact surface and at the surface of the recompression plate. The time at tension, and thus the spall damage, was varied by varying the thickness of the gap; recompression amplitude can be varied by the choice of the recompression plate material. We have used this method to examine the behavior of Lexan2 for two tensile durations. Using Lexan material properties obtained earlier2, the full spall and low damage cases were numerically simulated. The agreement between the calculations and the experiments was good for the full spall case and fair for the low damage case. Potential applications for this method will be indicated.
Phosphorylation of Myosin and the Regulation of Smooth-Muscle Actomyosin

It is accepted that the contractile event in all types of muscle is initiated by an increase in the intracellular concentration of Cap2+. One can consider the regulatory effect of Cap2+ under two broad categories. The first involves the regulation of the level of free Cap2+ within the cell and is usually linked to a membranous system, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum; the second category implicates the contractile apparatus and more specifically is concerned with the effect that a given free Cap2+ level has on the function of the actomyosin system.
Power Wheelchair Footplate Pressure and Positioning Sensor

Power wheelchair users are at risk for severe injuries caused by foot mis-position on the footplate. This can lead to collisions or foot dragging which are severe or lifethreatening injuries for people with spinal cord injuries. The foot cannot be safely immobilized due to tilting pressure relief injuries, therefore, the foot can easily fall into a vulnerable position without the user realizing it. To reduce the likelihood of injury, we have developed a sensor for monitoring foot position in real time, as the wheelchair is driven. The sensor uses an array of force-sensing resistors and infrared distance sensors to detect the pressure and location of the foot within the immediate confines of the footplate. Sensor arrays with 23 force sensors and 14 infrared sensors per foot were fabricated on standard printed circuit boards and encapsulated in a durable thermoplastic urethane for environmental resistance. Fabricated sensors transmitted foot pressures and position data at 10 Hz using a Bluetooth Low Energy radio. An iOS app was developed to notify users of vulnerable foot position. Measured results confirmed the functionality of the system over typical foot pressures, and indicated that the device is ready for next-stage clinical trials with spinal cord injured power wheelchair users.
A personal view on traits useful for success in science: Daniel S. Lehrman Award Lecture.

Abstract As the 2018 recipient of the Daniel S. Lehrman Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, I was asked to give a short lecture in the Young Investigator Symposium of the combined Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology/International Congress on Neuroendocrinology meeting in Toronto. This lecture focused on one person's thoughts on what it takes to be successful in an academic science career. In this paper, I elaborate on success, on traits that may be useful for success in science, and on where the field of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology may be going.
Added value of apparent diffusion coefficient in distinguishing between serous and mucin-producing pancreatic cystic neoplasms

To evaluate the added value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) on MRI in differentiating serous from mucin-producing pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs). One hundred seventeen patients with PCN measuring ≥ 10 mm were included. Three readers independently evaluated MRI with and without the use of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Logistic regression was used to analyze whether confidence scores were different with the use of different image sets. Diagnostic performance with and without ADC was compared. DWI/ADC improved confidence in 44.8%, 73.6%, and 78.2% of patients by the three readers in distinguishing serous from mucin-producing PCNs. The use of ADC increased the probability of a higher confidence in the differentiation as compared to morphological imaging for all three readers (p < 0.001). Odds ratio for increase in the diagnostic confidence with the use of ADC for the three readers with decreasing years of experience were 5.8, 6.8, and 12.7. The diagnostic accuracy of morphological MRI with ADC was higher than that without ADC for two of three readers with lesser experience (87.2% vs. 80.8%; 91.5% vs. 80.8%). DWI may have added value as a complementary tool to conventional morphological MRI in differentiating between serous and mucin-producing PCNs with possibly greater value for readers with less experience in reading abdominal MRI. • Optimal management of PCNs requires differentiation of serous from mucin-producing PCNs. • ADC measurements allow increased confidence in differentiating serous from mucin-producing PCNs. • ADC measurements increase the accuracy in diagnosing serous versus mucin-producing PCNs.
Compensatory spinopelvic motions with and without a handheld task following a perturbation in standing between subjects with and without chronic low back pain

Abstract Background A handheld task-related compensation strategy could be used to avoid injuries in subjects with chronic low back pain (LBP). Those who suffer with LBP demonstrate reduced spinopelvic motion; however, there is a lack of understanding on dynamic mobility with a handheld task. Research question Are there differences in three-dimensional spinopelvic motions following a treadmill-induced perturbation in subjects with LBP while considering a handheld task? Methods Twenty-five subjects (11 female and 14 male) with LBP and 38 control subjects (15 female and 23 male) participated in the study. Each group was introduced to walking perturbations (0.86 m/sec, velocity in 0.1 sec) with and without a handheld tray in a standing position. The induced trip allowed subjects to recover by walking forward for a 5 second duration while the spinopelvic angles were measured during the trip and the subsequent recovery period. Results There was no significant group difference in the three-dimensional (3D) spinopelvic motions while holding or not holding a tray. However, the groups demonstrated a significant interaction on tray usage with 3D motions in the spinopelvic regions (F = 13.46, p = 0.001). The sagittal plane motion was significantly minimized with a handheld task for both the lumbar spine and pelvis in the LBP group. Significance The LBP group demonstrated minimized lumbar and pelvic motions in the sagittal plane, which underpins their concern to reduce motion while holding a tray. The significant interaction between groups on tray usage for spinopelvic compensation represents a strategy for avoiding injuries. Further studies are required to determine strategies to enhance lumbopelvic integration with handheld tasks in individuals with LBP.
Role of temperature-dependent electron trapping dynamics in the optically driven nanodomain transformation in a PbTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattice

The spontaneously formed striped polarization nanodomain configuration of a PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice transforms to a uniform polarization state under the above-bandgap illumination with a time dependence varying with the intensity of optical illumination and a well-defined threshold intensity. The recovery after the end of illumination occurs over a temperature-dependent period of tens of seconds at room temperature and shorter times at elevated temperatures. A model in which the screening of the depolarization field depends on the population of trapped electrons correctly predicts the observed temperature and optical intensity dependence.
PNAS and the pandemic

On January 15, 1915, the first issue of PNAS, the official “organ of publication” of the National Academy of Sciences, appeared in print. It was, in some ways, a less than propitious time to launch a journal—just a little more than seven months after the start of what ultimately became World War I. The hostilities that began in Europe led to disruptions in the scientific enterprise around the world, including science publishing—submissions to journals declined, subscriptions were canceled, and, in some cases, undisguised anti-German sentiments were expressed in editorials (e.g., https://www.nature.com/nature/about/history-of-nature). The challenges for the scientific enterprise multiplied as PNAS began its fourth year of existence, when H1N1 influenza (known then just as “influenza” or the “Spanish flu”) began its 3-year assault. PNAS didn’t publish its first paper on Spanish flu—by Underhill and Ringer (1)—until December 1920, the last month of the pandemic. Titled “Blood concentration changes in influenza,” its message was that respiratory complications associated with influenza resembled those resulting from exposure to “lethal war gases,” including chlorine and phosgene. May R. Berenbaum. A century later, the world’s science enterprise is again challenged by a global pandemic. Detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020; by mid-March, WHO reclassified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. In response, most universities shut down, national …
Biomimetic hydrogels with spatial- and temporal-controlled chemical cues for tissue engineering

Biomimetic hydrogels have emerged as the most useful tissue engineering scaffold materials. Their versatile chemistry can recapitulate multiple physical and chemical features to integrate cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules for tissue regeneration. Due to their highly hydrophilic nature hydrogels can recreate nutrient-rich aqueous environments for cells. Soluble regulatory molecules can be incorporated to guide cell proliferation and differentiation. Importantly, the controlled dynamic parameters and spatial distribution of chemical cues in hydrogel scaffolds are critical for cell–cell communication, cell-scaffold interaction, and morphogenesis. Herein, we review biomimetic hydrogels that provide cells with spatiotemporally controlled chemical cues as tissue engineering scaffolds. Specifically, hydrogels with temporally controlled growth factor-release abilities, spatially controlled conjugated bioactive molecules/motifs, and targeting delivery and reload properties for tissue engineering applications are discussed in detail. Examples of hydrogels that possess clinically favorable properties, such as injectability, self-healing ability, stimulus-responsiveness, and pro-remodeling features, are also covered.
Selective Binding of Complex Glycans and Glycoproteins in Water by Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles.

Synthetic receptors to recognize biological glycans are in great need for modern glycoscience and technology, but their design and synthesis have been a daunting challenge due to strong solvation o...
Contemporary Analysis of Senior Level Case Volume Variation between Traditional Vascular Surgery Fellows and Integrated Vascular Surgery Chief Residents.

Background The present study compares the senior level operative experience of graduates from the traditional vascular surgery fellowship (5 + 2) and integrated vascular surgery training programs (0 + 5) using contemporary operative case log data. Methods The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education integrated vascular surgery, vascular surgery fellowship, and general surgery case logs for trainees graduating between 2013 and 2018 were queried for vascular surgery procedures. “Senior” cases were categorized as cases logged as “surgeon fellow” by 5 + 2 trainees or “surgeon chief” (post graduate year-4,5) by 0 + 5 trainees. Overall case volume was defined as the combined volume of cases logged as “surgeon junior,” “surgeon chief,” “surgeon fellow,” “teach assist,” “first assist,” or “secondary procedure.” To reflect total vascular experience, all vascular cases done during general surgery residency were combined with cases performed during vascular surgery fellowship. Mean case volumes were compared for all operations/procedures. Results The 5 + 2 trainees had higher mean volume of open repair of suprarenal aortic aneurysms (2.4 vs. 1.4, P = 0.0026) and open repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms (0.5 vs. 0.3, P = 0.004) at the fellow level compared to 0 + 5 surgeon chief cases. Additionally, 5 + 2 trainees performed more endovascular repair of abdominal aortoiliac aneurysm (44.7 vs. 28.4, P Conclusions Although both pathways graduate trainees with a similar overall surgical experience, 5 + 2 trainees log significantly more “Senior” cases. Further studies investigating potential variation in operative autonomy between both pathways are necessary.
Habitat selection and movements of Piping Plover broods suggest a tradeoff between breeding stages

In precocial birds, adults select breeding areas using cues associated with habitat characteristics that are favorable for nesting success and chick survival, but there may be tradeoffs in habitat selection between these breeding stages. Here we describe habitat selection and intra-territory movements of 53 Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) broods (320 observations) during the 2007–2008 breeding seasons on mainland- and island-shoreline habitats at Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota, USA. We used remotely sensed habitat characteristics to separately examine habitat selection and movements at two spatiotemporal scales to account for potential confounding effects of nest-site selection on brood-rearing habitat used. The scales used were (1) the entire brood-rearing period within available brood-rearing areas and (2) 2-day observation intervals within age-specific discrete habitat selection choice sets. Analyses at both scales indicated that broods selected areas which were non-vegetated, moderately level, and nearer to the shoreline. Rate of brood movement increased with age up to 5 days, then stabilized; broods that hatched >50 m away from the shoreline moved toward the shoreline. Brood movements were greater when they were in vegetated areas, when the brood-rearing area was of greater topographic complexity, and when broods aged 6–25 days were further away from the shoreline. Using inferences from our results and those of previously published work, we postulate how a potential tradeoff in habitat selection between nesting and brood-rearing can contribute to an ecological trap in a novel habitat. This work, in the context of published works, suggests that plover breeding habitat is a complex of both nesting and brood-rearing habitats and provides a basis for making remotely sensed abundance estimates of suitable breeding habitat for Piping Plovers.
Remote Anatomic Pathology Medical Student Education in Washington State.

OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has halted in-person medical student education in many large academic centers, including the University of Washington. We identified a unique opportunity to bring comprehensive and targeted anatomic pathology training to large numbers of medical students who would not receive it otherwise but also need credited coursework. METHODS: We developed a comprehensive 2-week remote-learning course encompassing lectures, virtual slides, discussion groups, and unique case-based activities. Activities are tailored to the nonpathologist future clinician, emphasizing basic microscopy and pathology terminology. We employ multiple strategies and technologies to increase engagement while distance learning, including screen annotation, "flipped classroom" slide presentations, and repetition of common themes. RESULTS: Given 13 virtual courses to choose between 13% of students enrolled in our course (70 of our 540 rising third- and fourth-year students), a nearly 10-fold increase in average pathology rotators. CONCLUSIONS: This is an unprecedented opportunity to provide tailored anatomic pathology instruction, both helping our medical students continue training during crisis and illuminating the field of pathology for our future colleagues. Preliminary results have been overwhelmingly positive regarding understanding of pathology concepts as well as attitudes toward pathology.
Statistical Study of Chorus Modulations by Background Magnetic Field and Plasma Density

In this study, we use observations of THEMIS and Van Allen Probes to statistically study the modulations of chorus emissions by variations of background magnetic field and plasma density in the ult...
Highlighting gaps in spinal cord injury research in activity-based interventions for the upper extremity: A scoping review.

Background Upper extremity activity-based therapy for neurologic disorders employs high-intensity, high repetition functional training to exploit neuroplasticity and improve function. Research focused on high-intensity upper extremity activity-based therapy for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) is limited. Objective To summarize high-intensity activity-based interventions used in neurological disorders for their current or potential application to SCI. Methods The scoping review included articles from MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and OTseeker with the criteria: non-invasive activity-based interventions delivered atleast three times/week for two weeks, upper extremity functional outcomes, 13 years or older, English language, and neurological disorders three months post onset/injury. Results The search yielded 172 studies. There were seven studies with SCI, all in adults. Activity-based interventions in SCI included task-specific training and gaming, with and without electrical stimulation, and a robotic exoskeleton. The other populations found in the review included studies in stroke, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis. Thirty-four different interventions were reported in other populations. In comparison to the extensive stroke research, work in SCI was not found for high-intensity interventions using virtual reality, brain stimulation, rehabilitation devices, and applications to the home and telerehab settings. Conclusion The results highlight critical gaps within upper extremity high-intensity activity-based research in SCI.
The Resilient Fragility of Law

Are current legal processes computable? Given known limitations of computing likely to continue into the near and medium-term future, the answer for all but the simplest processes is: no. Should they become more computable? Some processes could benefit from further algorithmatization, statistical analysis, and quantitative valuation, but context is critical. For reductionist projects in computational law and legal automation (particularly those that seek to replace, rather than complement, legal practitioners), traces of the legal process are all too often mistaken for the process itself. The words in a complaint and an opinion, for instance, are taken to be the essence of the proceeding, and variables gleaned from decisionmakers’ past actions and affiliations are further used to predict their future actions. Such behavioristic approaches undervalue the resilient fragility of law—that is, the capacity of persons and institutions to creatively interpret language, reframe disputes, and find new patterns of cooperation. In diverse ways, the chapters in this volume reclaim and revalue law’s resilient fragility, identifying labor and judgment as the irreplaceable center of a humane legal system.
Weak Multivalent Biomolecular Interactions: A Strength vs Numbers Tug of War with Implications for Phase Partitioning.

In this short perspective, we discuss how recent dynamic live cell imaging experiments have challenged our understanding of mechanisms driving functional molecular interactions in vivo. While we have generally considered the formation of functional biomolecular complexes as resulting from the stable assembly of two or more partner molecules, here we entertain the possibility that function may actually be maintained while molecules are rapidly exchanged within a complex. We postulate that at high effective concentrations, even very weak interactions can lead to strong binding site occupancy and thereby, mediate function in a highly dynamic fashion. This new perspective in our definition of what represents a functional complex in living cells and in vivo could significantly alter how we define the nature of molecular transactions critical for mediating regulation in the cellular context. These less conventional principles also allow a broadening of the mechanistic options we should explore when interpreting essential biological processes such as gene regulation.