cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 279: Loss Of Rad GTPase Produces A Sympathomimetic Cardiac Phenotype Leading To Calcium Overload And Arrhythmia.

Background: Rad is a small GTPase that regulates inward calcium current in excitable cells. In human heart failure, calcium dysregulation is accompanied by lowered levels of Rad expression, and dampened responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation. However, the effects of Rad ablation on calcium cycling in the heart have yet to be examined. Hypothesis: Loss of Rad emulates beta-adrenergic stimulation in cardiac myocytes, elevating calcium levels, and promoting after depolarizations. Methods: The role of Rad was evaluated using knockout mice (RadKO)at several levels of biological organization. Inward calcium current, action potentials, fractional shortening, and calcium transients were measured in isolated ventricular myocytes. Functional parameters were recorded in the isolated working heart, and telemetry was used to monitor ECGs in intact freely-roaming mice. Results: Isolated ventricular myoctyes from Rad null mice display increased ICaL density, greater inward current at low voltages, and after depolarizations at low frequencies. Isolated cells exhibit increased diastolic calcium levels and increased dynamic calcium changes in transient amplitude during pacing. Further, RadKO cardiomyocytes develop a significantly greater number of spontaneous calcium transients than wildtype cohorts. Ventricular myocytes and intact working hearts from RadKO mice fail to respond to beta-adrenergic stimulation at the level of channel activation, calcium transient kinetics, and exhibit a significantly dampened change in +dP/dt in the isolated heart. Consistent with these effects, PKA substrates are phosphorylated at baseline in RadKO cardiomyocytes, suggesting tonic PKA activation. Conclusion: These data suggest the new provocative hypothesis that beta-adrenergic-mediated changes in excitation, calcium handling, and heart contraction involve relief of Rad-dependent negative regulation of channel function.
Cytopenias + mutations - dysplasia = what?

Increasingly, clinicians are obtaining molecular genetic tests when evaluating patients with unexplained cytopenias. In this issue of Blood, Kwok et al and Cargo et al describe results of mutation testing in 2 series of patients with nondiagnostic marrows. These reports raise an important question: if a clonal mutation is discovered, yet diagnostic criteria for a hematologic neoplasm are not met, what is the diagnosis?1,2
Toward Improved Solar Irradiance Forecasts: Derivation of Downwelling Surface Shortwave Radiation in Arizona from Satellite

Over the past few decades, substantial progress has been made in the retrieval of surface shortwave radiation from satellite measurements for the Earth’s energy budget as well as solar energy applications. We present a new algorithm to derive the downwelling surface shortwave radiation for the Southwestern US using geostationary satellite products. A look-up table generated by the Goddard Space Flight Center Radiative Transfer Model is employed to derive the shortwave radiation at the ground by comparing observed and modeled top of atmosphere shortwave albedo. The algorithm was compared to ground observation stations at three locations, such as the University of Arizona, the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and Desert Rock, NV. For all sky conditions, the average values of root-mean-square error between the instantaneous estimates and in situ measurements ranged from 84.2 to 89.4 W m−2 and were 30 W m−2 when evaluated on daily time scales. The error statistics were considerably better for clear sky than for cloudy sky. The average values of instantaneous root-mean-square error for the clear-sky conditions range from 39.4 to 43.7 W m−2, while average root-mean-square error for the cloudy-sky conditions is between 137.0 and 141.2 W m−2.
THE EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE DISTRI- BUTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELDS IN FC MOLD

In order to find out the distribution laws of magnetic fields and to provide the basic theoretical data for the structure design, the analysis of flow control and the numerical calculation of mold, the magnetic fields in FC Mold were measured by use of the Tesla meter of model CT-3. The method of vector composition was adopted in the measurement of magnetic fields. The results showed that the magnetic field consists of two main magnetic fields and two leaking ones and its distribution is symmetrical in FC Mold. In the condition of common slab continuous casting, the intensities of the leaking magnetic fields approch those of the main ones, so they would not be ignored in the structure design, the analysis of flow control and the numeral simulation of mold.
The histopathology of gamma heavy-chain disease.

Gamma heavy-chain disease is a serologically determined entity, and the nature of the associated pathologic changes has remained in question. A review of eight cases from our institution and 66 cases previously reported in the world literature indicates that this disease has no specific histopathologic pattern.
Endothelium modulates anion channel-dependent aortic contractions to iodide

Anion currents contribute to vascular smooth muscle (VSM) membrane potential. The substitution of extracellular chloride (Cl) with iodide (I) or bromide (Br) initially inhibited and then potentiate...
MR imaging of the biliary system.

SUMMARY MR imaging has a distinct role to play in two areas of hepatobiliary imaging that continue to challenge the radiologist—evaluation of the gallbladder and evaluation of the jaundiced patient. The distinction between primary gallbladder carcinoma and chronic cholecystitis remains a diagnostic dilemma for all cross-sectional imaging modalities. MR imaging may be useful in detection of local invasion or metastatic disease. Gallstones are commonly seen coincidentally on cross-sectional imaging studies; the imaging characteristics of gallstones must be well-understood for the interpretation of routine abdominal MR examinations. The evaluation of jaundice is a multi-modality process, often requiring three or four separate imaging techniques to determine the cause of biliary obstruction. MR may supplant more invasive techniques for anatomic depiction prior to therapeutic intervention.
Paranoia and the ego-ideal: death of a salesman's son.

Abstract Since Freud's (1911) explication of the nature of paranoia, much has been written concerning the dynamic underpinnings of the illness but less have been detailed regarding its manifestations structurally. This essay, with its case illustration, attempts to detail the relationship between paranoia and the ego–ideal. Both Bios' (1974) ideas on the negative Oedipus complex and Kohut's (1966) ideas on the developmental line of narcissism prove to be useful ways of linking the clinical picture of paranoia to the psychic structure of the ego–ideal. Both technical aspects of treatment as well as theoretical understandings are explored.
Clinical signs of androgen excess as risk factors for coronary artery disease

Women with androgen excess have been found to have higher triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations than nonhirsute women and are presumed to be at increased risk of coronary artery disease. However, definitive data linking androgen excess with coronary artery disease is lacking. We evaluated 102 women coming to coronary artery catheterization for signs and symptoms of androgen excess. Hirsutism was found more commonly in those women with confirmed coronary artery disease (chi 2 = 10.11). Waist:hip ratio (an index of android fat distribution) was associated with hirsutism (by ANOVA, F-test) and with coronary artery disease (t-test). The strongest associations were found in older women (aged greater than or equal to 60). Androgen excess in women may signal risk for coronary artery disease.
Radical and Incremental Innovation and the Role of University Scientist

Innovation has emerged as a source of economic growth, employment creation, and global competitiveness in the United States. On February 2011, President Barack Obama released his vision and plan for A Strategy for American Innovation: Securing Our Economic Growth and Prosperity. Similarly, in his 2011 State of the Union Address to the United States Congress, President Obama emphasized, “America’s economic growth and competitiveness depend on its people’s capacity to innovate. We can create the jobs and the industries of the future by doing what America does best—investing in the creativity and imagination of our people. To win the future, the U.S. must out-innovate, out-educate, and out-build the rest of the world. We have to make America the best place on earth to do business.”
Were You There

While conducting qualitative research in an English as a Second Language classroom in a high school, the author increasingly struggled with her researcher position as she interacted with JanCarlos, a 15-year-old research participant from Honduras.1 In this chapter, the author shares the discomfort and resistance that she felt when JanCarlos subverted the researcher-participant relationship by asking her questions about her own school experiences, namely her memories and feelings about the tragic school shootings at Virginia Tech on April 16, 2007. She critically examines this moment, raising questions about ethics, researcher-participant relationships, school violence, and the positioning of students in research and actual school spaces.
Imaging cell biology in transplantation

we here present a miniature suction-assisted endoscope suitable for imaging cellular events in the beating heart graft of the mouse and we demonstrated the applicability of our imaging method for a wide range of cardiovascular research (1-3). Over the past decade, intravital optical microscopy (IVM) has emerged as a powerful tool in animal research. By monitoring the complex behavior of cells, it will possible to answer many of outstanding questions in the field. Despite their earlier success with openheart vasculature imaging (4), This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Managing Muslims: imperial Japan, Islamic policy, and Axis connections during the Second World War*

Probing into Japan’s quest to legitimize itself within the Islamic sphere, this article examines some of the lessons that imperial Japan hoped to learn from the Germans and the Italians regarding their respective handling of Muslim populations in the Middle East and North Africa. For their part, Muslims living under Japanese occupation on the mainland often benefited from Axis cooperation and were able to create relationships with Muslims beyond China. In the article, I posit that Japanese militarists used their Axis connections as a powerful rhetorical tool to position themselves as liberators from Western imperialism and communism throughout Asia. I also argue that, by examining intellectual currents circulating Eurasia through Axis-facilitated connections, we glean a more nuanced understanding of global anti-colonial movements among Muslim populations from the Maghreb to Manila in the post-war era.
ProvChain: A Blockchain-based Data Provenance Architecture in Cloud Environment with Enhanced Privacy and Availability

Cloud data provenance is metadata that records the history of the creation and operations performed on a cloud data object. Secure data provenance is crucial for data accountability, forensics and privacy. In this paper, we propose a decentralized and trusted cloud data provenance architecture using blockchain technology. Blockchain-based data provenance can provide tamper-proof records, enable the transparency of data accountability in the cloud, and help to enhance the privacy and availability of the provenance data. We make use of the cloud storage scenario and choose the cloud file as a data unit to detect user operations for collecting provenance data. We design and implement ProvChain, an architecture to collect and verify cloud data provenance, by embedding the provenance data into blockchain transactions. ProvChain operates mainly in three phases: (1) provenance data collection, (2) provenance data storage, and (3) provenance data validation. Results from performance evaluation demonstrate that ProvChain provides security features including tamper-proof provenance, user privacy and reliability with low overhead for the cloud storage applications.
Collective Memory and National Identity

This chapter analyzes the important functions of historical memory in collective identity formation. Ethnic, national, or religious identities are built on historical myths that define who a group member is, what it means to be a group member, and typically, who the group’s enemies are. This chapter provides a few frameworks to understand how historical memory can serve as a constitutive, relational, and purposive content for group identity. Each of these types of identity content implies an alternate causal pathway between this collective identity and policy behaviors or practices. Understanding a group of people’s collective memory can help us to better understand their national interests and political actions.
From Economic Security to Equality: Frieda Miller, Esther Peterson, and the Revival of the Alternative View of Public Administration, 1945-1964:

This article examines how Frieda Miller and Esther Peterson, two influential directors of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Women’s Bureau after World War II, revived and continued the alternative view of public administration through a combination of primary and secondary sources. Miller, who served as director from 1944 through 1953, reestablished a social justice–centered view of public administration through the creation of a special advisory committee and the institution of a new agenda that stressed equality over economic security. Peterson, who served from 1961 through 1964, quickly moved the Women’s Bureau into a political network with women’s labor leaders and the John F. Kennedy presidential administration, helping to create the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) and to enact a federal Equal Pay Act.
Spectrum Analyzer CW Power Measurements and the Effects of Noise

Spectrum analyzers are used in various applications to measure the power of an electrical signal, their frequency discrimination capability making them a key component in the electronic test and me...
Integrated management of the persistent-storage and data-processing layers in data-intensive computing systems

Over the next decade, it is estimated that the number of servers (virtual and physical) in enterprise datacenters will grow by a factor of 10, the amount of data managed by these datacenters will grow by a factor of 50, and the number of files the datacenter has to deal with will grow by a factor of 75. Meanwhile, skilled information technology (IT) staff to manage the growing number of servers and data will increase less than 1.5 times. Thus, a system administrator will face the challenging task of managing larger and larger numbers of production systems. We have developed solutions to make the system administrator more productive by automating some of the hard and time-consuming tasks in system management. In particular, we make new contributions in the Monitoring, Problem Diagnosing, and Testing phases of the system management cycle. We start by describing our contributions in the Monitoring phase. We have developed a tool called Amulet that can continuously monitor and proactively detect problems on production systems. A notoriously hard problem that Amulet can detect is that of data corruption where bits of data in persistent storage differ from their true values. Once a problem is detected, our DiaDS tool helps in diagnosing the cause of the problem. DiaDS uses a novel combination of machine learning techniques and domain knowledge encoded in a symptoms database to guide the system administrator towards the root cause of the problem. Before applying any change (e.g., changing a configuration parameter setting) to the production system, the system administrator needs to thoroughly understand the effect that this change can have. Well-meaning changes to production systems have led to performance or availability problems in the past. For this phase, our Flex tool enables administrators to evaluate the change hypothetically in a manner that is fairly accurate while avoiding overheads on the production system. We have conducted a comprehensive evaluation of Amulet, DiaDS, and Flex in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, integration of these contributions in the system management cycle, and how these tools bring data-intensive computing systems closer the goal of self-managing systems.
A Model for Implementing the Marketing Audit

Despite its real and potential short-run and long-run benefits, the marketing audit has not yet gained widespread acceptance by large or small firms. In this paper, the background of the marketing audit is examined. A comprehensive. model for conducting such an audit and a detailed checklist of potential areas of analysis are presented.
Sigmoid Colectomy and Left Hemicolectomy: Robotic Approach

Following the overview of laparoscopic techniques to sigmoid resection and Hartmann’s reversal in the previous chapters, we will expand on the utilization of the da Vinci robotic system for this procedure. Certain operative steps described in this chapter are part of a total robotic low anterior resection and proctectomy described in a later chapter for this book.
Integrated TGA, FTIR, and Computational Laboratory Experiment

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and computational chemistry are used in concert to evaluate the thermal decomposition of calcium acetate monohydrat...
The Politics of Terror and Radicalization

There are three perennial questions about political violence and terrorism, both in popular and in academic discussions, that continue to challenge researchers. Why do particular individuals and or...
Esthetic reduction of the thyroid cartilage: A systematic review of chondrolaryngoplasty.

Abstract Background The transgender patient seeking transition from male to female suffers a significant stigma from the prominent male thyroid cartilage. Natal men and women may seek elective reduction of the “Adam's apple” as well. There are various techniques for performing chondrolaryngoplasty, but these techniques and their associated outcomes are poorly described in the literature. Methods A literature review was performed for articles related to esthetic chondrolaryngoplasty. Data related to outcomes and complications were extracted. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The authors also present the case of a transgender 58 year-old male-to-female patient who underwent chondrolaryngoplasty. Results Four case series, including 69 patients who had esthetic chondrolaryngoplasty, were identified that met inclusion criteria. Qualitative assessment of patient satisfaction was reported in two studies (n = 62), with a 98.4% satisfaction rate. The most common complications were odynophagia in 20.3% of patients, hoarseness in 36.2% of patients, and laryngospasm in 1.4% of patients. Of patients that had postoperative hoarseness, 96% had resolution within 20 days. In our patient's case, chondrolaryngoplasty was performed with a tracheal shave in combination with high-speed burring for fine contouring. The patient experienced hoarseness for 1 week postoperatively that self-resolved. Conclusion Overall, chondrolaryngoplasty for reduction of the thyroid cartilage appears to be a safe and effective procedure. The complications that occurred in identified case series were mild and self-limiting. Although serious complications are certainly possible, we were not able to identify their occurrence in the literature. Recent modifications in chondrolaryngoplasty involve protecting the anterior commissure tendon to prevent iatrogenic voice modification.
Warming-up, Sociometric Selection, and Therapeutic Factors

The content of this chapter is focused on the importance of the warming-up process, the sociometric selection of a group topic and protagonist, and Yalom’s therapeutic factors as they relate to psychodrama groups. The warming-up process, often overlooked, is presented as integral to the success of any experiential structure. The role of the psychodrama director is described while presenting four sub-roles—therapist, analyst, group leader/sociometrist, and producer. The importance of contracting and the initial interview at the start of a psychodrama enactment are emphasized. Each of Yalom’s therapeutic factors is introduced while identifying their significance in psychodrama practice.
CNN-based CP-OCT sensor integrated with a subretinal injector for retinal boundary tracking and injection guidance

Significance: Subretinal injection is an effective way of delivering transplant genes and cells to treat many degenerative retinal diseases. However, the technique requires high-dexterity and microscale precision of experienced surgeons, who have to overcome the physiological hand tremor and limited visualization of the subretinal space. Aim: To automatically guide the axial motion of microsurgical tools (i.e., a subretinal injector) with microscale precision in real time using a fiber-optic common-path swept-source optical coherence tomography distal sensor. Approach: We propose, implement, and study real-time retinal boundary tracking of A-scan optical coherence tomography (OCT) images using a convolutional neural network (CNN) for automatic depth targeting of a selected retinal boundary for accurate subretinal injection guidance. A simplified 1D U-net is used for the retinal layer segmentation on A-scan OCT images. A Kalman filter, combining retinal boundary position measurement by CNN and velocity measurement by cross correlation between consecutive A-scan images, is applied to optimally estimate the retinal boundary position. Unwanted axial motions of the surgical tools are compensated by a piezoelectric linear motor based on the retinal boundary tracking. Results: CNN-based segmentation on A-scan OCT images achieves the mean unsigned error (MUE) of ∼3 pixels (8.1 μm) using an ex vivo bovine retina model. GPU parallel computing allows real-time inference (∼2 ms) and thus real-time retinal boundary tracking. Involuntary tremors, which include low-frequency draft in hundreds of micrometers and physiological tremors in tens of micrometers, are compensated effectively. The standard deviations of photoreceptor (PR) and choroid (CH) boundary positions get as low as 10.8 μm when the depth targeting is activated. Conclusions: A CNN-based common-path OCT distal sensor successfully tracks retinal boundaries, especially the PR/CH boundary for subretinal injection, and automatically guides the tooltip’s axial position in real time. The microscale depth targeting accuracy of our system shows its promising possibility for clinical application.
Sphenoid Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

Management of sphenoid CSF leaks is complicated in the setting of prior surgery and radiation. Active CSF leak in the presence of recalcitrant sinus infections, cranial base osteomyelitis, and life-threatening bleeding offers additional complexity to the hierarchy of treatment strategies. We present a case of a traumatic carotid pseudoaneurysm in the sphenoid sinus with sentinel bleeding, active CSF leak, and long-standing cranial base infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A multidisciplinary approach prioritizing the most emergent issues in the patient’s care was critical to ensure successful outcomes.
The Academic Librarian as Instructor

Abstract Academic librarians have increasingly active teaching roles, particularly with the advent and expansion of information literacy in library and information science, and higher education. For many librarians, this expanded teaching role causes varying degrees of anxiety. Yet, teacher anxiety studies typically include classroom teachers only. This exclusion may be due to external perceptions of librarianship that often do not view librarians as teachers. Librarians' perceptions of themselves can heighten this exclusion, with librarians identifying with stereotypes or eschewing teaching duties altogether. This study aims to determine whether identified causes and symptoms of teacher anxiety are consistent within academic librarianship, and whether internal or external perceptions of librarianship have any effect on occurrences of teacher anxiety.
US and EU Regulatory Competition and Authentication Standards in Electronic Commerce

This article examines the role of law reform in promoting the development of technical standards for the authentication of parties engaged in Internet commerce. Law reforms intended to improve the security of Internet commerce can only succeed if they address business, technical and legal issues simultaneously. The EU has used commercial law reform and formal standard development to coordinate work on authentication standards, while the US has allowed the market to determine what type of authentication technology is appropriate and has left the development of standards to private consortia. While the EU approach may solve collective action problems more effectively, the US approach may discover end user requirements and may allow business judgments about risk to inform the law more effectively. Neither approach has yet resolved the authentication problems facing businesses engaged in online commerce.
Land Retirement as a Strategy for Long-Term Management of Agricultural Drainage and Related Problems

Land retirement—the policy of removing land from irrigation—is compared to other drainage management alternatives for areas where shallow ground-water tables contain elevated levels of selenium. These drainage management alternatives, which are being evaluated by the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program (SJVDP), are: Drainage water treatment, evaporation, dilution, and ground-water pumping. Candidate lands are identified by the ground-water concentration of selenium. The criterion for determining whether to retire a candidate parcel is the minimization of social cost. The value of water made available through retirement for other uses is another important consideration. In several of the cases analyzed, land retirement is the least-cost management alternative.
Tribocharging and the Triboelectric Series

Tribocharging is a process in which materials contact one another, rub, and then separate, each with a resulting charge distribution. This process is familiar and applied extensively in processes such as electrophotography and energy harvesting, but it is not completely understood. The triboelectric series is a qualitative or semiquantitative ordering of materials according to their tendency to develop a positive or negative net charge when tribocharged against other materials. It is remarkable that, despite differences in surface preparation, modes of contact among materials, and laboratory conditions, triboelectric series generated by different groups remain largely consistent with each other. This article examines a variety of triboelectric series, discrepancies among them, and the competing possible mechanisms behind tribocharging, which appear to include electron transfer, ion transfer, H+ and OH– partitioning, bond dissociation, chemical changes, and material transfer. Combinations of these mechanisms may occur simultaneously but at different rates, which may help to explain some of the inconsistencies among different triboelectric series. Keywords: contact electrification; electrets; electrophotography; static charging; static cling; static electricity; toner; tribocharging; triboelectric series
Abdominal Obesity Is an Independent Risk Factor for Chronic Heart Failure in Older People

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether total and abdominal adiposity are risk factors for the development of chronic heart failure (CHF) in older men and women. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal cohort: The Health, Aging and Body Composition study. SETTING: Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, metropolitan areas. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand seventy-five well-functioning community-dwelling older adults aged 70 to 79. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, visceral adipose tissue area using computed tomography, adjudicated CHF. RESULTS: Of the remaining (640 participants excluded from original group of 3,075) 2,435 participants (1,081 men, 1,354 women) without coronary heart disease or CHF at baseline, there were 166 confirmed diagnoses of CHF during the median ± standard deviation (SD) follow-up of 6.1 ± 1.4 years. After adjustment for age, race, sex, site, education, smoking, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, all adiposity variables (body mass index (BMI), adipose tissue mass, percentage body fat, waist-to-thigh ratio, waist circumference, and visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue) were significant predictors of the development of CHF. In a model that included waist circumference and BMI, waist circumference was associated with incident CHF (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-1.54 per SD increase, P=.02), but BMI was not (HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.86-1.35). When waist circumference and percentage fat were included together, both variables were significant predictors of CHF (waist: HR= 1.17, 95% CI = 1.00-1.36 per SD increase, P=.05; percentage fat: HR=1.47, 95% CI = 1.16-1.87 per SD increase, P =.002). Stepwise adjustment for inflammation, hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus did not decrease the relative risk of a greater waist circumference for the development of CHF (all HR = 1.27-1.32, 95% CI = 1.02-1.61 per SD increase). CONCLUSION: Abdominal body fat distribution may be a stronger risk factor for CHF than overall obesity.
Two-Peak and Three-Peak Optimal Complex Networks

A central issue in complex networks is tolerance of random failures and intentional attacks. Current literature emphasizes the dichotomy between networks with a power-law node connectivity distribution, which are robust to random failures but fragile to targeted attacks, versus networks with an exponentially decaying connectivity distribution, which are less tolerant to failures but more resilient to attacks. We prove analytically that the optimal network configuration under a classic measure of robustness is altogether different from both of the above: in all cases, failure and/or attack, there are no more than three distinct node connectivities in the optimal network.
Induction and accumulation of caffeine in young, actively growing leaves of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by wounding or infection with Crinipellis perniciosa

Abstract Crinipellis perniciosa , the causal agent of witches' broom disease, attacks young actively growing shoots, flowers and developing fruits of cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L.). Infected shoots become fasciated and a profusion of hypertrophic shoots with small leaves develop from the lateral buds. This is followed by desiccation and death of the infected stem and leaves. Infected stem tissue contains significant amounts of caffeine (109 ± 35 μ g g −1 ), approximately seven to eight times greater than healthy stems (14 ± 1 μ g g −1 ). Wounding young actively growing leaves induces the production of considerable amounts of caffeine within 1 day of treatment, whereas the level of caffeine in older leaves is unaffected by wounding. Caffeine production is stimulated by treatment of young actively growing leaves with salicylic acid (SA) and its synthetic analog, benzothiadiazole, compounds that induce pathogen defense responses in plants. Growth of C. perniciosa is also significantly inhibited on caffeine-containing media. The results suggest that in cocoa, the caffeine pathway is inducible in young actively growing leaves by pathogen attack, wounding and SA, and may be part of the defense response of this species to herbivory and infection.
Membrane-type pin protector for pin grid array devices

A membrane-type pin protector (membrane) for pin grid array (PGA) devices and its implementation in ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) final manufacturing are discussed. First, the membrane design issues and membrane parameters are outlined. Then, experimental design techniques are applied to obtain proper membrane settings that satisfy both compliance and gripping force requirements. Membrane-related equipment and operations are also described. Finally, the effectiveness of the membrane for ESD (electrostatic discharge) and bent pin protection is demonstrated. >
Developments in the Psychometric Foundations of Neuropsychological Assessment

The last decade for neuropsychology has been a fruitful period for developing a new psychometric methodology. The major development in methodology has also initiated a significant theoretical advance. The methodological development has been the creation of computerized scoring programs. The construction of these programs utilized new methods to norm large test batteries. These methods, in turn, required the perfection of a methodology theory related to groups or batteries of tests. The theory may be called a test set theory. While there have been many developments in regard to individual tests, this chapter will concentrate on those aspects of neuropsychology that are related to this development of computerized assessment batteries.
History of soil geography in the context of scale

Abstract We review historical soil maps from a geographical perspective, in contrast to the more traditional temporal–historical perspective. Our geographical approach examines and compares soil maps based on their scale and classification system. To analyze the connection between scale in historical soil maps and their associated classification systems, we place soil maps into three categories of cartographic scale. We then examine how categories of cartographic scale correspond to the selection of environmental soil predictors used to initially create the maps, as reflected by the maps' legend. Previous analyses of soil mapping from the temporal perspective have concluded that soil classification systems have co-evolved with gains in soil knowledge. We conclude that paradigm shifts in soil mapping and classification can be better explained by not only their correlation to historical improvements in scientific understanding, but also by differences in purpose for mapping, and due to advancements in geographic technology. We observe that, throughout history, small cartographic scale maps have tended to emphasize climate–vegetation zonation. Medium cartographic scale maps have put more emphasis on parent material as a variable to explain soil distributions. And finally, soil maps at large cartographic scales have relied more on topography as a predictive factor. Importantly, a key characteristic of modern soil classification systems is their multi-scale approach, which incorporates these phenomena scales within their classification hierarchies. Although most modern soil classification systems are based on soil properties, the soil map remains a model, the purpose of which is to predict the spatial distributions of those properties. Hence, multi-scale classification systems still tend to be organized, at least in part, by this observed spatial hierarchy. Although the hierarchy observed in this study is generally known in pedology today, it also represents a new view on the evolution of soil science. Increased recognition of this hierarchy may also help to more holistically combine soil formation factors with soil geography and pattern, particularly in the context of digital soil mapping.
Psychosocial Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Clinician Knowledge, Common Approaches, and Barriers to Effective Treatment

Objective:Nonphysician mental health clinicians were surveyed to understand their knowledge about bipolar disorder, treatment approaches, and perceived barriers to optimal treatment.Methods:Nonphysician mental health clinicians (N=55) from five community mental health clinics reported on their therapeutic approach, knowledge, and skill related to treatment of bipolar disorder. Chi square and t tests were used to detect differences in responses by clinician characteristics.Results:Most clinicians wished to improve their treatment for bipolar disorder. They felt best prepared to provide counseling and least prepared to identify medication side effects. Among psychotherapies, CBT was the most familiar to clinicians. Although knowledgeable overall about bipolar disorder, the clinicians were less knowledgeable about pharmacotherapy. The most commonly reported treatment barrier was comorbid substance use disorders.Conclusions:Clinicians would benefit from additional training in effective therapeutic approaches ...
FAST{_}AD Code Verification: A Comparison to ADAMS

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) has refocused its wind turbine design-code comparison effort to verify FAST{_}AD with ADAMS. FAST{_}AD is a wind turbine structural-response code developed by Oregon State University for the NWTC. ADAMS is a commercial, general-purpose, multibody-dynamics code developed by Mechanical Dynamics, Inc. ADAMS, which is used in many industries, has been rigorously tested. Both ADAMS and FAST{_}AD use the AeroDyn subroutine package for calculating aerodynamic forces. The University of Utah developed AeroDyn for the NWTC. To compare FAST{_}AD to ADAMS, we modeled a rough approximation of the AWT-27 P4 turbine, using the same properties for both simulators. The AWT-27 is a 275-kilowatt (kW), two-bladed wind turbine. We also created three-bladed versions of the turbine models to verify FAST{_}AD for three-bladed turbines. In this paper, we list the aerodynamic features used in the comparison. We also explain how the programs model the turbine structure, describe the degrees of freedom (DOFs) used for this study, and present simulation comparisons that show very good agreement.
O3 destruction by clouds: Observational and theoretical studies over Athens, Greece

The analysis of the measurements of the vertical ozone distribution over Athens, Greece, shows that there exists a strong anti‐correlation between ozone concentration and the relative humidity. When the water vapor mixing ratio profile is deduced from the observed relative humidity profile, this anti‐correlation becomes even more prominent. It is clear that some mechanism is operative whereby ozone is being depleted. One of the main aims of this study is to obtain a profile of ozone uptake rate theoretically. Although, the theoretical analysis has been performed by using available observations over Athens (typical of the mid‐latitude regions), the module described can easily be applied anywhere else. This theoretical module has been designed to incorporate all the relevant dominant microphysical processes and is described in this study.
OP20.05: First trimester detection of fetal anomalies in pregestational diabetes

the transvaginal transducer. Continuing pregnancies were rescanned at 20–22 weeks. Pregnancies with major anomalies were offered termination. Actual structural anomalies among newborns from the studied group were obtained from our computerized database. Results: The average age of pregnant women was 30 years (95%CI: 26.1–34.8). The incidence of sonographically detectable anomalies diagnosed preand postnatally was 16.08 per 1000 (143/8889). 46.9% (67/143) of all anomalies were detected at the 11–14 week scan. The most common abnormalities in the first trimester were cystic hygroma (30/67), followed by omphalocoele (13/67), and megacystis (7/67). The detection rates for fetal abnormalities in the first trimester were: central nervous system defects 50% (4/8), neck anomalies 100% (30/30), neural tube defects (0%, 0/2), heart anomalies 7% (1/13) and limb defects 23% (3/11). Later in pregnancy, another 22.3% (32/143) of structural anomalies was detected. Overall, 69.2% (99/143) of all morphologic anomalies were detected prenatally. Conclusions: We were able to detect 46.9% of all fetal malformations during the routine first-trimester scan. Obviously, the second trimester scan cannot be abandoned, as it provides effective detection of other anomalies, especially those of the face and heart.
Free recall as a function of intralist similarity and order of presentation constraints.

The free recall of low-meaningfulness CCC trigrams was studied as a function of fixed versus random order of presentation and high versus low intralist similarity. Order of presentation had no significant effect; however, the low intralist similarity group showed better free recall across 10 trials, with the superiority of the low intralist similarity group increasing across trials.
An adaptive local grid refinement and peak/valley capture algorithm to solve nonlinear transport problems with moving sharp-fronts

Highly nonlinear advection–dispersion-reaction equations govern numerous transport phenomena. Robust, accurate, and efficient algorithms to solve these equations hold the key to the success of applying numerical models to field problems. This paper presents the development and verification of a computational algorithm to approximate the highly nonlinear transport equations of reactive chemical transport and multiphase flow. The algorithm was developed based on the Lagrangian-Eulerian decoupling method with an adaptive ZOOMing and Peak/valley Capture (LEZOOMPC) scheme. It consists of both backward and forward node tracking, rough element determination, peak/valley capturing, and adaptive local grid refinement. A second-order tracking was implemented to accurately and efficiently track all fictitious particles. Shanks’ method was introduced to deal with slowly converging case. The accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm were verified with the Burger equation for a variety of cases. The robustness of the algorithm to achieve convergent solutions was demonstrated by highly nonlinear reactive contaminant transport and multiphase flow problems.
A Robust Numerical Algorithm for Studying Biomolecular Transport Processes

We present a numerical algorithm that is well suited for the study of biomolecular transport processes. In the algorithm a continuous Markov process is discretized as a jump process and the jump rates are derived from local solutions of the continuous system. Consequently, the algorithm has two advantages over standard numerical methods: (1) it preserves detailed balance for equilibrium processes, (2) it is able to handle discontinuous potentials. The formulation of the algorithm also allows us to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient or, equivalently, the randomness parameter. We provide several simple examples of how to implement the algorithm. All the MATLAB functions files needed to reproduce the results presented in the article are available from www.amath.unc.edu/Faculty/telston/matlab_functions.
rsCherryRev and NISO Red-shifted Optical Switch Probes for Optical Lock-in Detection (OLID) Imaging and 2-colour OLID-FRET

Optical lock-in detection (OLID) microscopy using synthetic or genetically encoded optical switches is was developed by our group to generate high-contrast images of the distributions and interactions of proteins in the presence of high and time-varying background signals such as those found in living cells in culture and in live tissue. OLID requires an optical switch probe whose fluorescence intensity can be modulated through deterministic optical control of its fluorescent and non-fluorescent states. Our initial studies focused on Dronpa, while in this study we show how the genetically-encoded optical switch rsCherryRev can be used to extend the wavelength region of OLID to the red (>550 nm) and for 2-colour OLID imaging in combination with Dronpa.Optical lock in detection (OLID) of Foerster resonance energy transfer, OLID-(FRET) using optical switches as acceptor probes can overcome several limitations of FRET imaging of protein interactions in living cells, including detecting low levels of protein complexes that result from endogenous unlabeled proteins, and non-stoichiometric formation of protein complexes between donor and acceptor probes. We have previously used NitroBIPS as an optically switchable acceptor probe for GFP, and in this study we show how the synthetic, red-shifted optical switch spironaphthoxazine (NISO) serves as a switchable acceptor for both GFP and mCherry in OLID-FRET. These new probes are used for 2-colour OLID-FRET of protein interactions in living cells.
Body fatness and markers of thyroid function among U.S. men and women.

Background We evaluated the association of central versus overall adiposity on levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) among euthyroid subjects taken from a cross-sectional, representative sample of the adult non-institutionalized U.S. population.
Effect of work load and respirator wear on postural stability, heart rate, and perceived exertion.

The effects on postural stability (sway) were investigated for different work loads under conditions of wearing a full facepiece respirator and not wearing any respiratory protection device. Fifteen subjects accomplished light (40 W), moderate (85 W), and heavy (125 W) work loads under the two conditions. Measurements of postural sway were nude immediately after each load by using a multicomponent, strain gage-type force platform. Changes in each subject's movement pattern of the center of pressure were quantitated and compared to their initial baseline sway tests. Each subject's heart rate and perceived exertion were also recorded during each condition. A statistically significant effect (p=0.007) caused by work load was observed for total length of sway with or without a respirator. An interaction approaching statistical significance (p=0.056) between work load and respirator use was found. This indicated that sway increased more quickly and in a more consistently linear fashion with increasing work loa...
Explaining Policy Failure: Japan and the International Economy, 1969–1971

This paper examines the determinants of Japan's most serious postwar blunder: failure to define and implement effective and timely counter-measures to deal with its change from deficit to surplus international monetary status during the 1969–1971 period. It concludes that intense bureaucratic compartmentalization and a lack of supra-ministerial leadership of national policy were key determinants of this failure, leaving Japan's political system dependent upon irresistible external pressure ( gai-atsu ,) in this case from the United States, to define and force implementation of necessary policy changes. This critical but largely ignored episode illustrates a negative aspect of the traditional insulation of Japan's national bureacracy from political (as opposed to administrative) interference in the definition and pursuit of basic national policy objectives.
CHILDREN WHO DO NOT EAT: THE DEVELOPMENTAL IMPACT OF NON-ORAL NUTRITION

To examine the concern that disruption of early oral feeding patterns may delay development by altering normal psychosocial maturation, we reviewed the records of all children referred for evaluation of feeding and/or developmental problems who had had at least 2 months of non-oral nutrition(NON). 40 such cases were assessed with the Gesell Schedules or the Stanford-Binet between 1978 and 1983. The mean age at testing was 20.1 ± 13 mos. with an average of 15.5 ± 13 mos. of NON. 88% of the cases were begun on NON in the first 3 months of life. Children with developmental (DQ) or intelligence quotients (IQ) 90(n=15)(92% vs 65%, p<.01). However, they also had more time hospitalized(72% vs 29%, p<.01), more medical complications(p<.02) and more frequent deficiencies in growth (p<.005). Not significantly different were the age at testing, the number of major surgeries, and the percentage starting NON in the first 3 mos. The high scoring group did have a better socio-economic rating(SES)(p<.01). The middle group(n=14) with DQ/IQ scores of 80 to 90, had ratings in most variables between those of the high and low groups. Non-oral feeding alone is not an adequate explanation for the developmental problems seen in some children who require it. More likely factors are prolonged hospital stay and medical complications, the underlying medical syndrome and/or related social factors.