cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of defect sites on oxide surfaces by metastable impact electron spectroscopy

Abstract In this review, thin films of SiO 2 on Mo(1 1 2) and MgO(1 0 0) on Mo(1 0 0) have been characterized using metastable impact electron and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies (metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy). The electronic and chemical properties of the thin films are identical to those of the corresponding bulk oxides. For different prepared defective SiO 2 surfaces, additional features are observed in the band-gap region. These features arise from vacancies or excess oxygen and are consistent with theoretical predictions of additional occupied states in the band-gap due to point defects. Extended defect sites on SiO 2 and MgO are identified using MIES by a narrowing of the O(2p) features with a reduction in the density of extended defect sites. MIES of adsorbed Xe (MAX) is also used to estimate the density of extended defect sites. Furthermore, it is shown that CO is an appropriate probe molecule for estimating the defect density of MgO surfaces. Upon Ag exposure, the change in the work function of a low defect MgO(1 0 0) versus a high defect surface is markedly different. For a sputter-damaged MgO(1 0 0) surface, an initial decrease of the work function was found, implying that small Ag clusters on this surface are electron deficient. In contrast, for SiO 2 no significant change of the work function upon Ag exposure with increasing defect density was observed. On MgO(1 0 0), the presence of defect sites markedly alter the electronic and chemical properties of supported Ag clusters. Such a strong influence of defect sites was not found for Ag clusters on SiO 2 .
Effects of prostaglandin F2α administration at CIDR insertion on artificial insemination pregnancy rates in beef heifers

The objective of this experiment was to compare reproductive performance of beef heifers at 5 locations assigned to the 7-d Select Synch + a controlled intravaginal drug release insert (CIDR) and timed-AI (7dSS; n = 297), 5-d Select Synch + CIDR and timed-AI (5dSS; n = 368), or an experimental 7-d estrous synchronization protocol in which PGF2α (PGF) was given at CIDR insertion (Mod; n = 374). On d – 7, the 7dSS treatment received a CIDR and GnRH, whereas the Mod treatment received a CIDR and PGF. On d -5, the Mod treatment received GnRH and the 5dSS treatment received a CIDR and GnRH. On d 0, CIDR were removed and heifers received two 25-mg doses of PGF given 8 h apart. Estrus was detected twice daily for 60 h and heifers detected in estrus were AI by the AM/ PM rule. At 72 h after CIDR removal, heifers not detected in estrus were timed-AI and received GnRH. Estrous response was greater (P < 0.05) in the 7dSS (67.1%) and Mod (69.3%) treatments than the 5dSS (56.1%) treatment. Conception rate of heifers in estrus was greater (P < 0.05) in the 5dSS (62.0%) and Mod (65.6%) treatments than the 7dSS (50.0%) treatment. Conception rate to timed-AI did not differ between treatments (mean = 45.8%). More (P < 0.05) heifers became pregnant to AI in the 5dSS (57.1%) and Mod (58.4%) treatments than the 7dSS (47.3%) treatment. In conclusion, the 5dSS and Mod protocols yielded greater AI pregnancy rates in beef heifers than the 7dSS protocol.
Haiti Unbound: The Stylistics of Possession

Franketienne From the very beginning … the cry imposed its very particular syntax on the slave. For the Antillean, the word is, first and foremost, sound. Noise is speech. Clamor is discourse. This must be understood. —Edouard Glissant Of the three Spiralists, Franketienne has been perhaps the most overt in his attention to the specifically formal challenges to writing in and from a geographical space where the distance between the written and the real is so remarkable. Author of the world's first full-length novel in Haitian Creole, resolute refuser of exile, math teacher, and community leader, Franketienne's actions reveal a commitment to the insular collective that inspires his literary production. At the same time, however, the sesquipedalian acrobatics of his prose fiction certainly appear, at first (and second and third) glance, to be at odds with any sort of populist intent. Franketienne is aware of this apparent contradiction. In fact, he ultimately goes so far as to name it: “schizophonia,” officially introducing the term in the title of his 1993 spiral, L'Oiseau schizophone . Though this title appears some years after the publication of the three works discussed here, there is no question that the concepts it describes are present from Franketienne's first writings. Yves Chemla defines schizophonia as the attitude or position of the artist … who realizes little by little that the sounds s/he hears and that s/he produces are the only ones capable of evoking the chaos and the pollution that affect the world (as well as language itself) by means of neologism, lexical invention, rhymes and echoes, alliterations and encounters between sounds and images. (Chemla, “Iconographie”)
Channel Environment and Channel Leadership

The relationship between various factors characteristic of channel environments and the extent of control of a channel leader in his channel is explored. The characteristics of demand, the marketin...
Thyroglobulin Measurement in Fine Needle Aspirates (Tg-FNA) of Cystic Neck Masses for Detection of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC)

Introduction: Nuclear pseudoinclusions are one of the most specific pathologic features in diagnosing papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, the biologic nature of these pseudo-inclusions is largely unknown. Beta-catenin is an oncoprotein involved in Wnt signaling pathway which is activated in several malignancies including PTC. Using immunohistochemistry, we studied the expression of beta-catenin in PTC and hyalinizing trabecular adenoma (HTA), with particular focus on its expression in pseudoinclusions, both on histologic sections and on cytologic specimens. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 13 cases, including 8 cases of PTC and 5 cases of HTA, was applied in this study. Beta-catenin immunohistochemitry was performed on histology block recuts and cytology slides of each case. The beta-catenin labeling index of pseudoinclusions was counted in 15 high power fields and calculated in comparison with those counted on immediate next H&E stained histologic slides. Cytology slides were digitally scanned before destaining and restaining with beta-catenin. The number of beta-catenin-labeled pseudo-inclusions was compared with those digitally scanned slides. Results: On histologic sections, neoplastic cells from both PTC and HTA show much stronger membranous staining pattern of beta-catenin, compared to adjacent normal follicles or colloid nodules. However, labeling index of beta-catenin for nuclear pseudo-inclusions is significantly different between PTC and HTA. Strong intranuclear staining of beta-catenin was seen in 93.5% (range of 72-100%) of the pseudoinclusions in PTC, while only 6.4% (range of 0-13%) of pseudo-inclusions in HTA showed positive staining pattern (p<0.001). For cytologic slides, although it demonstrated similarly strong membranous staining pattern for beta-catenin in PTC cells, none of the nuclear pseudo-inclusions in both PTC and HTA was labeled with beta-catenin antibody on cytologic smears. Conclusions: Overexpression of the beta-catenin oncoprotein was seen in majority of the nuclear pseudo-inclusions in PTC, but only rarely seen in HTA. This differential expression suggests that activation of the betacatenin is likely involved in the formation of “malignant peudoinclusions” in PTC, but not in “benign peudoinclusions” in HTA. The failure of betacatenin labeling of pseudoinclusions on cytologic slides may be in part attributed to inability of the antibody to penetrate into nucleus through the intact cell membranes in cytologic preparations.
Night Watch in One Brain Hemisphere during Sleep Associated with the First-Night Effect in Humans

We often experience troubled sleep in a novel environment [1]. This is called the first-night effect (FNE) in human sleep research and has been regarded as a typical sleep disturbance [2-4]. Here, we show that the FNE is a manifestation of one hemisphere being more vigilant than the other as a night watch to monitor unfamiliar surroundings during sleep [5, 6]. Using advanced neuroimaging techniques [7, 8] as well as polysomnography, we found that the temporary sleep disturbance in the first sleep experimental session involves regional interhemispheric asymmetry of sleep depth [9]. The interhemispheric asymmetry of sleep depth associated with the FNE was found in the default-mode network (DMN) involved with spontaneous internal thoughts during wakeful rest [10, 11]. The degree of asymmetry was significantly correlated with the sleep-onset latency, which reflects the degree of difficulty of falling asleep and is a critical measure for the FNE. Furthermore, the hemisphere with reduced sleep depth showed enhanced evoked brain response to deviant external stimuli. Deviant external stimuli detected by the less-sleeping hemisphere caused more arousals and faster behavioral responses than those detected by the other hemisphere. None of these asymmetries were evident during subsequent sleep sessions. These lines of evidence are in accord with the hypothesis that troubled sleep in an unfamiliar environment is an act for survival over an unfamiliar and potentially dangerous environment by keeping one hemisphere partially more vigilant than the other hemisphere as a night watch, which wakes the sleeper up when unfamiliar external signals are detected.
UV fluorescence enhancement from nanostructured aluminum materials

Interest in label-free detection of biomolecules has given rise to the need for UV plasmonic materials. DNA bases and amino acid residues have electronic resonances in the UV which allow for sensitive detection of these species by surface-enhanced UV fluorescence spectroscopy. Electrochemical roughening has been used extensively to generate plasmonically-active metal surfaces that produce localized enhancement of excitation and emission of electromagnetic radiation from surface-bound molecules. Electrochemically roughened gold and silver surfaces produce enhancement in the visible and near-IR regions, but to the best of our knowledge, application of this technique for producing UV-enhancing substrates has not been reported. Using electropolishing of aluminum, we are able to generate nanostructured surfaces that produce enhanced spectroscopic detection of molecules in the UV. Aluminum is a natural choice for substrate composition as it exhibits a relatively large quality factor in the UV. We have fabricated electropolished aluminum films with nanometer scale roughness and have studied UV-excited fluorescence enhancement from submonolayer coverage of tryptophan on these substrates using a UV-laser based spectrometer. Quantitative dosing by dip-coating was used to deposit known surface concentrations of the aromatic amino acid tryptophan, so that fluorescence enhancement could be evaluated. Compared to a dielectric substrate (surface-oxidized silicon), we observe a 180-fold enhancement in the total fluorescence emitted by tryptophan on electropolished aluminum under photobleaching conditions, allowing detection of sub-monolayer coverages of molecules essential for development of biosensor technologies.
Potential predictability sources of the 2012 U.S. drought in observations and a regional model ensemble

The 2012 drought was the most severe and extensive summertime US drought in half a century with substantial economic loss and impacts on food security and commodity prices. A unique aspect of the 2012 drought was its rapid onset and intensification over the Southern Rockies, extending to the Great Plains during late spring and early summer, and the absence of known precursor large-scale patterns. Drought prediction therefore remains a major challenge. This study evaluates relationships among snow, soil moisture, and precipitation to identify sources of potential predictability of the 2012 summer drought using observations and a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model multi-physics ensemble experiment. Although underestimated in intensity, the drought signal is robust to the way atmospheric physical processes are represented in the model. For the Southern Rockies, soil moisture exhibits stronger persistence than precipitation in observations and the ensemble experiment. Correlations between winter/spring snowmelt and concurrent and following season soil moisture, and between soil moisture and concurrent and following season precipitation, in both observations and the model ensemble, suggest potential predictability beyond 1 and 2-month lead-time reside in the land surface conditions for apparent flash droughts such as the 2012 drought.
Adaptation of the chevron-notch beam fracture toughness method to specimens harvested from diesel particulate filters

The apparent fracture toughness of a porous cordierite ceramic was estimated using a large specimen whose geometry was inspired by the ASTM-C1421-standardized chevron-notch beam. Using the same combination of experiment and analysis used to develop the standardized chevron-notch test for small, monolithic ceramic bend bars, an apparent fracture toughness of 0.6 and 0.9 MPa√m were estimated for an unaged and aged cordierite diesel particulate filter structure, respectively. The effectiveness and simplicity of this adapted specimen geometry and test method lends itself to the evaluation of (macroscopic) apparent fracture toughness of an entire porous-ceramic, diesel particulate filter structure.
Spontaneous Adrenal Hemorrhage in Pregnancy: A Case Series

Background. Abdominal pain during pregnancy has a broad differential diagnosis which includes spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage (SAH). There is scant literature available on optimal mode of delivery in stable patients. Cases. Patient 1 was a 35-year-old nullipara who presented at 36 weeks of gestation with left flank pain. Patient 2 was a 27-year-old multipara at 38 weeks who presented with left upper quadrant pain. Diagnosis of SAH was made by CT scan and both were managed with pain control, serial hemoglobin assessments, and abdominal exams resulting in uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. Conclusion. SAH, although rare, is an important consideration when evaluating abdominal and flank pain in pregnancy. Management options vary from conservative management to surgical intervention depending on the stability of the patient.
Pimps and Pied Pipers: Quality Television in the Age of Its Direct Delivery

This essay examines the fascination with bodily conversion that characterizes recent HBO programming. Dramas and comedies like True Blood, Veep, Silicon Valley, and True Detective describe human forms in various states of transformation: into a menagerie of supernatural creatures, polling data, digital information and, even, the landscape of the American South. These transformations anticipate and seek to rationalize the exchange of the programs in which they appear into and out of diverse forms of Time Warner brand equity – even as they rehearse anxieties that the network's famed “quality” diminishes in the face of such exchanges. Female characters bear the brunt of this reflexivity; their forcibly contorted and monetized bodies figure the temporary material form assumed by otherwise liquid equity as it moves within Time Warner and, ultimately, over Internet lines and into the viewer's home. The network's famed misogyny is, in this respect, self-conscious and idiosyncratic, and reveals something essential about the incoherence of HBO's parent company at the moment that the network discovers new pathways for the direct distribution of its product.
Conceptual Learning Outcomes of Virtual Experiential Learning: Results of Google Earth Exploration in Introductory Geoscience Courses

Virtual globe programs such as Google Earth replicate real-world experiential learning of spatial and geographic concepts by allowing students to navigate across our planet without ever leaving campus. However, empirical evidence for the learning value of these technological tools and the experience students gain by exploration assignments framed within them remains to be quantified and compared by student demographics. This study examines the impact of a Google Earth-based exploration assignment on conceptual understanding in introductory geoscience courses at a research university in the US Midwest using predominantly traditional college-age students from a range of majors. Using repeated-measures ANOVA and paired-samples t tests, we test the significance of the activity using pretest and posttest scores on a subset of items from the Geoscience Concept Inventory, and the interactive effects of student gender and ethnicity on student score improvement. Analyses show that learning from the Google Earth exploration activity is highly significant overall and for all but one of the concept inventory items. Furthermore, we find no significant interactive effects of class format, student gender, or student ethnicity on the magnitude of the score increases. These results provide strong support for the use of experiential learning in virtual globe environments for students in introductory geoscience and perhaps other disciplines for which direct observation of our planet’s surface is conceptually relevant.
Social Stressors and Intoxicated Sex Among an Online Sample of Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) Drawn from Seven Countries.

Background: Rates of drug and alcohol use are higher among men who have sex with men (MSM) than the general adult male population, and are often associated with increased sexual risk-taking. Object...
Spatial correlation in matter-wave interference as a measure of decoherence, dephasing, and entropy

The loss of contrast in double-slit electron diffraction due to dephasing and decoherence processes is studied. It is shown that the spatial intensity correlation function of diffraction patterns can be used to distinguish between dephasing and decoherence. This establishes a measure of time reversibility that does not require the determination of coherence terms of the density matrix, while von Neumann entropy, another measure of time reversibility, does require coherence terms. This technique is exciting in view of the need to understand and control the detrimental experimental effect of contrast loss and for fundamental studies on the transition from the classical to the quantum regime.
Larval host plant influences male body size and mating success in a tephritid fruit fly

In phytophagous insects, the larval host plant may have a profound effect on the biology of the adult stage. This influence has been most widely studied in females, where larval diet may affect their fecundity and survival. Males have been less well studied, with focus on host plant effects on (1) male size and the consequences of variable male size on male mating success, ejaculate, and/or nuptial gifts, or (2) male‐produced chemical signals important in sexual communication. The melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a world‐wide agricultural pest that infests plants of the family Cucurbitaceae primarily but also attacks hosts in other unrelated families. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether larval host influenced female choice in Z. cucurbitae and, in particular, test for random mating using adults (Z flies) whose larvae fed on a cucurbit host (zucchini, Cucurbita pepo L.) and adults (P flies) whose larvae fed on a non‐cucurbit host (papaya, Carica papaya L., Caricaceae). In field tent trials, both Z and P females mated more often with Z males than P males, and in no‐choice laboratory cage trials, mating latency was generally shorter for Z than for P males. Wing vein measurements, made both within and between generations, showed that Z males were consistently larger than P males. Further observations of fly trios — one female plus one large and one small male — revealed that large males dominated in aggressive encounters and exhibited wing fanning (signaling) more often than their smaller counterparts. Although olfactory signals associated with wing fanning were not investigated in the present study, the observed host‐mediated difference in male size is, if not solely responsible, certainly an important determinant of the mating patterns described.
T-Cell-Mediated Injury

Despite numerous studies performed during the last decade, the actual mechanism of cell-mediated injury is still poorly understood. However, on the basis of in vitro findings, a variety of pathways have been proposed whereby different categories of immunocytes, in concert with macrophages, antibodies, and soluble mediators (lymphokines), participate in tissue and cellular damage. Different effector cell types, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, have been implicated. We shall discuss here the mechanism of activation and lytic activity of T lymphocytes, a possible role for oxidative metabolism in T-lymphocyte function, and alterations of T-lymphocyte function in autoimmune diseases.
An integrodifferential model for phase transitions: Stationary solutions in higher space dimensions

We study the existence and stability of stationary solutions of an integrodifferential model for phase transitions, which is a gradient flow for a free energy functional with general nonlocal integrals penalizing spatial nonuniformity. As such, this model is a nonlocal extension of the AllenCahn equation, which incorporates long-range interactions. We find that the set of stationary solutions for this model is much larger than that of the AllenCahn equation.
Waves in Two Dimensional Models of Myocardium

Normal heart function is directly connected with periodic propagation of excitation waves initiated by the pacemaker heart system. Electrophysiological experiments show that distortions in heart rhythm such as tachycardia are a precursor to ventricular fibrillation (see Fig. 5A and 5B in Chapter 1, Introduction). Ventricular fibrillation may occur in either already damaged or initially healthy hearts. The mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation are not fully understood. In current literature [1], monomorphic tachycardia is associated with stationary propagation of spiral excitation waves, while polymorphic tachycardia is thought to be due to nonstationary propagation. The breakup of a wavefront of a non-stationary propagating spiral wave obtained in computer simulation with tissue formed of AP models without Ca dynamics is considered fibrillation [2]. Spiral waves were discovered during computer simulations [3]. Their existence was confirmed, years later, in the course of physiological experiments [4] in 2D normal atrium cardiac tissue by properly applied premature stimulation.
Proceedings of the 1982 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems

The ACM SIGMETRICS Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems has established itself as a unique forum for discussing the development and application of state-of- the-art computer system analysis techniques. Over the years the conference has achieved a bal- ance of theory and practice that can be contrasted on the one hand to conferences emphasizing computer performance analysis through measurement, and on the other hand to conferences emphasizing the mathematical aspects of computer system modeling. In organizing the program for the 1982 conference we have attempted to continue this tradition. The 27 papers in the program were selected from among more than 60 submissions, each of which was reviewed by the Program Chairman, two other members of the Program Committee, and at least one external referee. Several papers of special merit were forwarded to the Systems Modeling and Performance Evaluation department of CACM for consideration. Only extended abstracts appear in this Proceedings for the two papers accepted by CACM: The Aggregate Sewer Method for Analyzing Serialization Delays in Computer Systems;" S.C. Agrawal (Purdue University) and J.P. Buzen (BGS Systems) Performance Bound Hierarchies for Queueing Networks; Derek L. Eager and Kenneth C. Sevcik (University of Toronto)
Chronic Disease Burden, Sexual Frequency, and Sexual Dysfunction in Partnered Older Adults.

AbstractThis research evaluates the relationship between chronic disease burden and partnered sexuality of older adults by using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Ordin...
The increasing cost of pediatric otolaryngology care.

Abstract Introduction Defining the costs associated with healthcare is vital to determining and understanding ways to reduce costs and improve quality of healthcare delivery. The objective of the present study was to identify the current public health burden of inpatient admissions for conditions commonly treated by pediatric otolaryngologists and compare trends in healthcare utilization with other common surgical diagnoses. Methods A retrospective cohort study using the Kids’ Inpatient Database for pediatric discharges in the United States from 2000 to 2012. A list of the top 500 admission diagnoses was identified and subsequently grouped into surgical diagnoses typically managed by otolaryngologists and those managed by any other surgical discipline with the top 10 in each category included. Database analyses generated national estimates of summary statistics and comparison of trends over the twelve-year period. Results Of the top pediatric admission diagnoses, the most common conditions managed by surgical specialties involved inflammatory or infectious causes. Hospital charges significantly increased during this time across all diagnoses. On average, the charges for otolaryngologic diagnoses increased by 37.13% while costs increased by almost 12%. In comparison, the charges for non-otolaryngologic diagnoses increased by 35.87% and the costs by 10.43%. Conclusions The public health impact and rising costs of healthcare are substantial. It is of critical significance that the healthcare system be aware of opportunities and lessons that may be learned across specialties to identify the primary drivers of healthcare cost while maintaining high quality standards for patient care.
A Community-Based Social Marketing Anti-littering Campaign: Be the Street You Want to See

The “Be the Street You Want to See” (BTS) is a regional litter abatement program developed by the Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association (BASMAA) in California. The program primarily targeted 14–24-year-old San Francisco Bay Area youth who had been identified as a key polluting demographic. The program, launched in 2012, applied community-based social marketing techniques to a well-defined audience to reduce pollution. BTS focused heavily on social media with the end goal of promoting peer-to-peer interactions regarding littering and raising awareness of its environmental impacts. Whenever possible, the program involved the members of the target audience themselves and invited them to recast environmental messaging in their own words. In this way, the content of the campaign remained fresh and relatable, and the target audience felt the program was talking “with them,” not “at them.”
Proton radiotherapy for rhabomyosarcoma: Preliminary results from a multicenter prospective study.

9585 Background: Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is commonly cured with chemotherapy and radiation. However, late effects of radiotherapy (RT) can be disabling. Proton RT irradiates less normal ti...
How to Make Manual Conjunctive Normal Form Queries Work in Patents Search

This year we focused on the Technology Survey (TS) task: Given a natural language description of the topic, look for related patents about that topic. The task is close to an ad hoc retrieval task, except for the additional information of the specific chemicals or chemical reactions that the user cares about. Since there are only 6 topics for the TS task, this notebook paper is more of a case study report, than the ordinary TREC report with significance tests. We found that on average, with the infAP measure, manually created conjunctive normal form queries performed similarly as automatic keyword search with some tuning of term weights. Manual queries do not seem to always help, especially when initial keyword performance is high, but can give large improvements on difficult queries. We also used the same querying strategy in the Patent Olympics 2011 ChemAthlon task, and also include some of the ChemAthlon cases in this report. Since CNF queries are strictly more expressive than keyword queries, we try to identify problems that may have caused the manual CNF queries to be seen sometimes performing worse than the automatic keyword queries.
Volumetric measurement of the synchronization and desynchronization of the dust acoustic wave with an external modulation

A spatio-temporal measurement showing the volumetric nature of the phase synchronization of a naturally occurring dust acoustic wave to an external modulation and the relaxation from the driven wave mode back to the naturally occurring wave mode (phase desynchronization) is presented. It is shown that the phase synchronization and desynchronization occur behind a propagating synchronization/desynchronization front that travels at a slower speed than the phase velocity of the wave and that the speed of this synchronization/desynchronization front decreases with increasing neutral gas pressure. It is also observed that volume of the wave that is synchronous depends on the frequency of the external modulation and the neutral gas pressure.
Ecommerce Fraud Detection Through Fraud Islands and Multi-layer Machine Learning Model

Main challenge for e-commerce transaction fraud prevention is that fraud patterns are rather dynamic and diverse. This paper introduces two innovative methods, fraud islands (link analysis) and multi-layer machine learning model, which can effectively tackle the challenge of detecting diverse fraud patterns. Fraud Islands are formed using link analysis to investigate the relationships between different fraudulent entities and to uncover the hidden complex fraud patterns through the formed network. Multi-layer model is used to deal with the largely diverse nature of fraud patterns. Currently, the fraud labels are determined through different channels which are banks’ declination decision, manual review agents’ rejection decisions, banks’ fraud alert and customers’ chargeback requests. It can be reasonably assumed that different fraud patterns could be caught though different fraud risk prevention forces (i.e. bank, manual review team and fraud machine learning model). The experiments showed that by integrating few different machine learning models which were trained using different types of fraud labels, the accuracy of fraud decisions can be significantly improved.
Sensitivity to Pulse Phase Duration as a Marker of Neural Health Across Cochlear Implant Recipients and Electrodes

In cochlear implants, loudness has been shown to grow more slowly with increasing pulse phase duration (PPD) than with pulse amplitude (PA), possibly due to “leaky” charge integration. This leakiness has been recently quantified in terms of “charge integration efficiency,” defined as the log difference between the PPD dynamic range and PA dynamic range (both expressed in charge units), relative to a common threshold anchor. Such leakiness may differ across electrodes and/or test ears, and may reflect underlying neural health. In this study, we examined the across-site variation of charge integration in recipients of Cochlear© devices. PPD and PA dynamic ranges were measured relative to two threshold anchors with either a 25- or 50-microsecond PPD. Strength-duration functions, previously shown to relate to survival of spiral ganglion cells and peripheral processes, were compared to charge integration efficiency on selected electrodes. Results showed no significant or systematic relationship between the across-site variation in charge integration efficiency and electrode position or threshold levels. Charge integration efficiency was poorer with the 50-μs threshold anchor, suggesting that greater leakiness was associated with larger PPD dynamic ranges. Poorer and more variable charge integration efficiency across electrodes was associated with longer duration of any hearing loss, consistent with the idea that poor integration is related to neural degeneration. More variable integration efficiency was also associated with poorer speech recognition performance across test ears. The slopes of the strength-duration functions at maximum acceptable loudness were significantly correlated with charge integration efficiency. However, the strength-duration slopes were not predictive of duration of any hearing loss or speech recognition performance in our participants. As such, charge integration efficiency may be a better candidate to measure leakiness in neural populations across the electrode array, as well as the general health of the auditory nerve in human cochlear implant recipients.
Oscillopsia following orbitotomy for intracranial tumor resection.

Background Oscillopsia is a visual phenomenon in which an individual perceives that their environment is moving when it is in fact stationary. In this report, we describe two patients with pulsatile oscillopsia following orbitocranial approaches for skull base meningioma resection. Case description Two patients, both 42-year-old women, underwent orbitocranial approaches for resection of a right sphenoid wing (Patient 1) and left cavernous sinus (Patient 2) meningioma. Patient 1 underwent uncomplicated resection and was discharged home without neurologic or visual complaints; she presented 8 days later with pulsatile oscillopsia. This was managed expectantly, and MRA revealed no evidence of vascular pathology. She has not required intervention as of most recent follow-up. Patient 2 developed trochlear and trigeminal nerve palsies following resection and developed pulsatile oscillopsia 4 months postoperatively. After patching and corrective lens application, the patient's symptoms had improved by 26 months postoperatively. Conclusion Oscillopsia is a potential complication following skull base tumor resection about which patients should be aware. Patients may improve with conservative management alone, although the literature describes repair of orbital defects for ocular pulsations in traumatic and with some developmental conditions.
Thomas Whittam, Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, and the Clinical Consequences of Clonality

This chapter reviews the impact of Tom's contributions to the field of microbial evolution and to the evolution of one's understanding of the enteric pathogenicity of E. coli. Additional progress was made, also in Germany, in the 1920s: Adam demonstrated groups of E. coli that were biochemically distinct, which he termed ‘’dyspepsiekoli’’. The resulting genetic analysis categorized the species into four main groups (A, B1, B2, and D) and one minor group (E), and generated a widely used phylogenetic reference that has served as the foundation for investigators in the generation since. The putative cardinal virulence trait of E. coli O157:H7, namely, the possession of one or more Shiga toxin genes, was not by itself sufficient to cause severe human disease. The author says that Tom also identified different eae (intimin) alleles as different classes of EPEC and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) were described, and framed his work in the context of microbial evolution, epidemiology, and clinical medicine. Despite these limitations, Tom expounded graciously and patiently on his theories of clonality. Tom's investigations into the emergence of diarrheagenic E. coli, and most particularly of the O157:H7 EHEC 1 clade, stand as monumental and enduring contributions to the field.
Topology, Limits, and Continuity

A topological space is a pair (X, T) (or simply X) consisting of a set X and a subset T of 2 X : T is the topology for X. The elements of T are the open sets of X, ϕ, X ∊ T, and T is closed with respect to the formation of arbitrary unions and finite intersections.
The even-parity and simplified even-parity transport equations in two-dimensional x-y geometry

The finite element and lumped finite element methods for the spatial differencing of the even-parity discrete ordinates neutron transport equations (EPS{sub N}) in two-dimensional x-y geometry are applied. In addition, the simplified even-parity discrete ordinates equations (SEPS{sub N}) as an approximation to the EPS{sub N} transport equations are developed. The SEPS{sub N} equations are more efficient to solve than the EPS{sub N} equations due to a reduction in angular domain of one-half, the applicability of a simple five-point diffusion operator, and directionally uncoupled reflective boundary conditions. Furthermore, the SEPS{sub N} equations satisfy the same diffusion limits as EPS{sub N} in an optically thick regime, appear to have no ray effect, and converge faster than EPS{sub N} when using a diffusion synthetic acceleration (DSA). Also, unlike the case of EPS{sub N}, the SEPS{sub N} solutions are strictly positive, thus requiring no negative flux fixups. It is also demonstrated that SEPS{sub N} is a generalization of the simplified P{sub N} method. Most importantly, in these second-order approaches, an unconditionally effective DSA scheme can be achieved by simply integrating the differenced EPS{sub N} and SEPS{sub N} equations over the angles. It is difficult to obtain a consistent DSA scheme with the first-order S{submore » N} equations. This is because a second-order DSA equation must generally be derived directly from the differenced first-order S{sub N} equations.« less
Primary radiotherapy versus radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: a decision analysis.

BACKGROUND: Two evidence-based therapies exist for the treatment of high-risk prostate cancer (PCA): external-beam radiotherapy (RT) with hormone therapy (H) (RT + H) and radical prostatectomy (S) with adjuvant radiotherapy (S + RT). Each of these strategies is associated with different rates of local control, distant metastasis (DM), and toxicity. By using decision analysis, the authors of this report compared the quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) between men with high-risk PCA who received RT + H versus S + RT versus a hypothetical trimodality therapy (S + RT + H). METHODS: The authors developed a Markov model to describe lifetime health states after treatment for high-risk PCA. Probabilities and utilities were extrapolated from the literature. Toxicities after radiotherapy were based on intensity-modulated radiotherapy series, and patients were exposed to risks of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and fracture for 5 years after completing H. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to model uncertainty in outcome rates, toxicities, and utilities. RESULTS: RT + H resulted in a higher QALE compared with S + RT over a wide range of assumptions, nearly always resulting in an increase of >1 quality-adjusted life year with outcomes highly sensitive to the risk of increased all-cause mortality from H. S + RT + H typically was superior to RT + H, albeit by small margins (<0.5 quality-adjusted life year), with results sensitive to assumptions about toxicity and radiotherapy efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: For men with high-risk PCA, RT + H was superior to S + RT, and the result was sensitive to the risk of all-cause mortality from H. Moreover, trimodality therapy may offer local and distant control benefits that lead to optimal outcomes in a meaningful population of men. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Personalized care of the surgical patient by nurse and doctor

Abstract Several years ago our surgical team began modifying our surgical technique for abdominal hysterectomy in an attempt to reduce trauma and thereby morbidity. Simultaneously, our paramedical personnel—nurses, secretaries, and bookkeepers—started a program of preoperative education of our surgical patients in an attempt to reduce anxiety. It is apparent to us that this has contributed significantly to our improved surgical results. We are reporting here our routine with a discussion of some of the psychological and philosophical considerations for the surgical experience.
A Place to Die, a Place to Sleep

It seems that mRNAs are peripatetic molecules that roam from place to place in the cell. In a Perspective, Wickens and Goldstrohm provide us with coordinates of this remarkable journey and unveil a new particle where mRNAs die or escape the sound and the fury of the cytoplasm (Sheth and Parker).
Antigen binding to lymphoid cells from unimmunized mice. IV. Shedding and reappearance of multiple antigen binding Ig receptors of T- and B-lymphocytes.

Abstract Patterned antigen-binding cells (ABC) can bind two antigens and show “islands” of Ig receptor with mixed specificity. However, these cells, when unfixed, lose most of their bound fluorescent antigen within minutes upon warming above 0 °C. Residual antigen moves to one pole of the cell forming a “cap” within 5 min at room temperature. If such patterned ABC are capped with a single antigen, receptors to a second antigen can be detected on a portion of the capped cells, but only in the cap. The frequency of capped, “double” ABC approximated the frequency of patterned “double” ABC originally present. If lymphoid cells are mixed with fluorescent antigens at 0 °C and then incubated for 4 hr at 37 °, no ABC are found. When the cells are then fixed and the fluorescent antigens readded, new antigen-binding Ig receptors can be shown to have reappeared on the cell surface during the 4-hr incubation. The reappearance of antigen receptor could be inhibited by prior addition of either 10 −2 M sodium azide or 50 μg/ml cycloheximide, implying that the receptors were actively synthesized by the cell. These inhibitors did not prevent shedding, but azide did inhibit the capping process. Both B-cells (bone marrow or spleen cells) and T-cells (splenic T-cells or 99.5% pure cortisone-resistant T-cells) were shown to regenerate multispecific ABC to the frequency found prior to incubation.
Acute pancreatitis in two five-day-old Appaloosa foals.

Summary Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in foals is rare and treatment has not been documented. This paper describes the clinical, haematological and ultrasonographic findings as well as attempted treatment of SAP in two 5-day-old Appaloosa fillies. Clinical signs, including colic, diarrhoea and coma, may be mistaken for sepsis or neonatal encephalopathy. Hyperlipaemic serum and peritoneal fluid, and elevated serum and peritoneal fluid amylase and lipase activities aided the diagnosis. Severe acute pancreatitis should be included as a differential in an acutely ill foal with diarrhoea, colic, cerebral cortical dysfunction and hyperlipaemia.
THEORIES OF URBAN POVERTY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HOUSING POLICY

Urban poverty has been the subject of sociological and political debate for more than a century. In this article I examine theories of urban poverty and their place in American housing policy. I first discuss theories that have arisen out of the sociological and policy discourse on urban poverty and the research that supports and challenges these theories. I then review current public housing initiatives and discuss the impact of these theories on current housing policy.
Bloch, Iwan (1872–1922)

Iwan Bloch was a German dermatologist and pioneering researcher in sexual anomalies. Instrumental in formalizing the discipline of sexology, which upheld the biological basis of sexual phenomena, he revolutionized sexology by integrating cultural and anthropological insights into medical theories of sexual life. Bloch's research upheld the naturalness of sexual variety and argued against scientific theories that classified sexual anomalies as perversions. His 150 publications include a groundbreaking cultural history of the Marquis de Sade, numerous sexual histories, and unprecedented scientific forays into sexual phenomena, including syphilis, prostitution, sadism, and impotence. Bloch was also an advocate of sexual reform and supported women's rights and the decriminalization of prostitution, abortion, and homosexuality. Keywords: cultural history of prostitution; cultural history of sexuality; sexology; vita sexualis
Stereoselective epoxidation of acyclic allylic alcohols. A correction of our previous work.

Abstract A reinvestigation of the stereoselectivities for the epoxidation of acyclic allylic alcohols with MCPBA, and with tert -butyl hydroperoxide catalyzed by V+5 and Mo+6 revealed a number of errors in our original work1 which are rectified. Optimum O-C-C=C dihedral angles are proposed.
Results of the 2013 Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology career planning survey of practicing physicians in the United States.

Purpose The goal of this study was to develop insights about the job application process for graduating radiation oncology residents from the perspective of those involved in hiring. Methods In May and June 2013, a nationwide electronic survey was sent to 1,671 practicing radiation oncologists in academic and private practice settings. Descriptive statistics are reported. In addition, subgroup analysis was performed. Results Surveys were completed by 206 physicians. Ninety-six percent were willing to hire individuals directly from residency. Participants believed that the first half of the fourth postgraduate year is the most appropriate time for residents to begin networking and the beginning of the fifth postgraduate year is the most appropriate time to begin contacting practices in pursuit of employment. Seventy percent began interviewing 4 to 9 months before the job start date, and 84% interviewed ≤6 candidates per available position. The 5 most important factors to participants when evaluating prospective candidates were (from most to least important) work ethic, personality, interview impression, experience in intensity-modulated radiation therapy, and flexibility. Factors that participants believed should be most important to candidates when evaluating practices included a collegial environment; emphasis on best patient care; quality of equipment, physics, dosimetry, and quality assurance; quality of the support staff and facility; and a multidisciplinary approach to patient care. Those in academics rated research-related factors higher than those in private practice, who rated business-related factors higher. Conclusions The perspectives of practicing physicians on the job application process are documented to provide a comprehensive resource for current and future residents and employers.