cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertebrate Hosts and Phylogenetic Relationships of Amphibian Trypanosomes from a Potential Invertebrate Vector, Culex territans Walker (Diptera: Culicidae)

The blood meals of field-collected female Culex territans (Diptera: Culicidae) were concurrently assayed for the presence of trypanosomes and for vertebrate host identification. We amplified vertebrate DNA in 42 of 119 females and made positive identification to the host species level in 29 of those samples. Of the 119 field-collected Cx. territans females, 24 were infected with trypanosomes. Phylogenetic analysis placed the trypanosomes in the amphibian portion of the aquatic clade of the Trypanosomatidae. These trypanosomes were isolated from Cx. territans females that had fed on the frog species Rana clamitans, R. catesbeiana, R. virgatipes, and Rana spp. Results support a potential new lineage of dipteran-transmitted amphibian trypanosomes may occur within the aquatic clade. The frequency in which female Cx. territans acquire trypanosomes, through diverse feeding habits, indicates a new relationship between amphibian trypanosomes and mosquitoes that has not been examined previously. Combining Trypanosoma species, invertebrate, and vertebrate hosts to existing phylogenies can elucidate trypanosome and host relationships.
“I'll get that off the audio”: a case study of salvaging multimedia meeting records

We describe a case study of a complex, ongoing, collaborative work process, where the central activity is a series of meetings reviewing a wide range of subtle technical topics. The problem is the accurate repxting of the results of these meetings, which is the responsibility of a single person, who is not well-versed in all the topics. We provided tools to capture the meeting discussions and tools to “salvage” the cap tured multimedia recordings. Salvaging is a new kind of activity involving replaying, extracting, organizing, and writing. We observed a year of mature salvaging work in the case study. From this we describe the nature of salvage work (the constituent activities, the use of the workspace, the affordances of the audio medium, how practices develop and differentiate, how the content material affects practice). We also demonstrate how this work relates to the larger work processes (the task demands of the setting, the interplay of salvage with capture, the influence on the people being reported on and reported to). Salvaging tools are shown to be valuable for dealing with free-flowing discussions of complex subject matter and for producing high quality documentation.
PASSAGE OF MHPG FROM PLASMA TO CSF IN A NON-HUMAN PRIMATE

In experimental protocols with humans and non-human primates, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG), the predominant end-product of norepinephrine metabolism in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), have been widely used as an index of the rate of CNS norepinephrine metabolism. However, an earlier investigation showed that there was slow but free exchange between plasma and CSF MHPG. To define more precisely the time-course of equilibration of plasma and CSF MHPG, we intravenously administered 100 micrograms/kg of [2H3]-MHPG to drug-naive squirrel monkeys. Measurements were made of the concentrations of [2H3]- and [1H]-MHPG in plasma and cervical CSF samples collected at time points from 10 min to 4 hr thereafter. The results indicated that neither plasma nor CSF concentrations of [1H]-MHPG changed during the course of the experiment, and that [2H3]-MHPG appeared in the CSF within 10 min of intravenous administration. The maximal plasma and CSF concentrations of [2H3]-MHPG were 7.6- and 2.3-fold higher than the respective concentrations of [1H]-MHPG. The plasma and CSF pools of [2H3]-MHPG reached concentration equilibrium within 30 min, and thereafter the temporal decline in concentration of [2H3]-MHPG was the same in plasma and CSF. These results demonstrate that MHPG rapidly crosses from plasma to CSF, and support the suggestion that this factor be included in any attempts to estimate norepinephrine turnover in the CNS from measurements of steady-state MHPG concentrations in CSF or plasma.
Delayed implantation in the rat induced by atropine.

Groups o rats were treated with atropine sulfate during early pregnancy. This neurodepressive drug was consistently effective in causing implantation to be delayed when administered early on Day 3 of pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotropin reversed the effect of atropine causing implantation to occur at the usual time. The results indicate a neural influence over the time of ovoimplantation.
WEAK-MORPHISMS AND CONTROL

In this paper, the controllabilities of general systems are studied with existence of weak-morphisms between systems.
Astrocyte loss of mutant SOD1 delays ALS disease onset and progression in G85R transgenic mice

Approximately 10% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have familial ALS (FALS), and 20% of FALS are caused by mutations of superoxide dismutase type 1 (MTSOD1). The fact that some MTSOD1s that cause FALS have full dismutase activity (e.g. G37R) and others no dismutase activity (e.g. G85R) suggests that MTSOD1 causes FALS due to toxicity of the protein rather than a loss in enzymatic function. Compelling data have demonstrated that motor neuron (MN) degeneration can result from a non-cell autonomous effect of the MTSOD1. In order to clarify the role of astrocytes in FALS, we deleted MTSOD1 in astrocytes of G85R transgenic mice. In contrast to a similar study using G37R mice in which astrocyte MTSOD1 loss affected only the late phase of ALS disease, we found that astrocyte MTSOD1 loss in G85R mice delayed disease onset and prolonged the early phase of disease progression, without affecting the late phase. In addition, astrocyte G85R knockdown resulted in decreased microgliosis, decreased SOD1-immunoreactive inclusions and preservation of GLT-1 transporter expression. The differential effects of astrocyte G85R versus G37R knockdown on MN death demonstrate SOD1 mutation-specific effects on ALS pathogenesis; these differences may be a result of the different dismutase activities of the two mutants. The effect of the knockdown of G85R expression in astrocytes on onset as well as disease duration highlights the importance of this cell type in FALS.
To scale or not to scale

Herein is reviewed the utility of scaling relations and pitfalls to be avoided in their application. This is illustrated by recourse to a discussion of selected proposed scaling relationships including their range of validity, experimental foundation and efficacy in determining the basis of fundamental physical interaction processes. The latter is illustrated using the scaling of damage threshold with the duration of an incident laser pulse. It is shown that for a defect dominated pulsed laser interaction mechanism, the pulse length scaling dependence can change over a narrow range due to a variation of the characteristics of the defect which is most sensitive or easiest to damage under the experimental conditions of import even though the gross aspects of the interaction mechanism do not change appreciably.
Gender differences in the expression of sleep-disordered breathing : role of upper airway dimensions.

Study objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder that is characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway narrowing and collapse. Obesity is a major risk factor for OSA. Compared with men, women have greater total body fat and are more obese, and yet the prevalence of OSA is much higher in men. The airway size and compliance and pharyngeal muscle tone are important determinants of upper airway patency during sleep. The discrepancy between greater frequency of obesity and lower prevalence of OSA in women has not been explained and suggests a different pathogenetic mechanism underlying this condition. Most clinical studies in OSA have either combined the sexes or have described results from men only. The object of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the effect of obesity on pharyngeal size in both men and women, and (2) to determine the role of upper airway dimensions in the expression of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and its relationship to gender. Design: Prospective study of subjects referred for evaluation of SDB. Setting: University-based sleep center. Subjects: Seventy-eight male patients (mean SE age, 49.2 1.5 years) and 52 female patients (mean age, 47.4 1.5 years). Measurements and results: All subjects underwent in-laboratory polysomnography with measurement of upper airway size using the acoustic reflectance method. Although the two groups were similar in age, the female patients were slightly heavier than the male patients (body mass index [BMI], 36.0 1.7 kg/m 2 vs 33.3 0.8 kg/m 2 , respectively; p < 0.0001). Despite similar clinical presentation of snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness, women had mild OSA (respiratory disturbance index [RDI], 9.2 2.7 events per hour) or increased upper airway resistance syndrome compared with men with more severe OSA (RDI, 28.0 3.5 events per hour; p < 0.0001). In contrast, women had a significantly smaller oropharyngeal junction and pharynx than men (p < 0.02). Upper airway size correlated significantly with the severity of sleep apnea in men only. There was no correlation between BMI and pharyngeal size in either gender. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the static properties of upper airway in awake men but not women correlate with the severity of sleep apnea. This suggests inherent structural and functional differences in upper airway during sleep between men and women with more favorable airway mechanics in women. (CHEST 2001; 120:1442–1447)
Enzymatically Active Prostate-Specific Antigen Promotes Growth of Human Prostate Cancers

Background Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is the best-known member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family, with an established role as a prostatic disease biomarker. Although it is produced at high levels by all stages of prostate cancer, it is uncertain if PSA plays a role in prostate cancer initiation and progression. We decided to investigate the impact of PSA and its enzymatic activity on tumor cell growth rates.
Cell Communications in the Heart

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Nearly 2400 Americans die of cardiac causes each day, 1 death every 37 seconds.1 Thus, the heart still reigns supreme: “[F]oundation of their [animals’] life, the sovereign of everything within them, the sun of their microcosm, that on which all growth depends, from which all power proceeds” (William Harvey, 1628). Effective myocardial function depends primarily on oxidative energy production. In humans, at a heart rate of 60 to 70 beats per minute, the oxygen consumption normalized per gram of myocardium is 20-fold higher than that of skeletal muscle at rest. As an adaptation to this high oxygen demand, the heart maintains a high level of oxygen extraction of 70% to 80% compared with 30% to 40% in skeletal muscle.2 This is facilitated by the capillary density of 3000 to 4000 compared with 500 to 2000 per 1 mm2 in skeletal muscle and a tight regulation of the coronary blood flow.3 In the case of exercise-induced hypertrophy, the heart preserves the oxygen supply/demand, matching the proportional increases in cardiac myocyte size and the extent of coronary microvasculature.3,4 Different forms of hemodynamic stress (hypertension, aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, mitral regurgitation, and myocardial infarction, among others) increase intraventricular pressure or volume and lead to a hypertrophic response.5 A prolonged increase in wall stress may result in progressive ventricular dilation and myocardial decompensation owing to ongoing myocyte death and fibrosis and, ultimately, heart failure and death.6,7 This pathological progression demonstrates a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand, as the extent of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is not matched by a corresponding increase in the arterial blood supply.3 The human heart contains an estimated 2 to 3 billion cardiac muscle cells, but they account for fewer than a …
18 Fungal and Bacterial Volatile Organic Compounds: An Overview and Their Role as Ecological Signaling Agents

Both fungi and bacteria emit many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as mixtures of low molecular mass alcohols, aldehydes, esters, terpenoids, thiols, and other small molecules that easily volatilize. Most determination (separation and identification) of VOCs now relies on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) but developments in “electronic nose” technology promise to revolutionize the field. Microbial VOC profiles are both complex and dynamic: the compounds produced and their abundance vary with the producing species, the age of the colony, water availability, the substrate, the temperature, and other environmental parameters. The single most commonly reported volatile from fungi is 1-octen-3-ol which is a breakdown product of linoleic acid. It functions as a hormone within many fungal species, serves as both an attractant and deterrent for certain species of arthropods, and exhibits toxicity at relatively low concentrations in model systems. Bacterial and fungal VOCs have been studied by scientists from a broad range of subdisciplines in both theoretical and applied contexts. VOCs are exploited for their food and flavor properties, their use as indirect indicators of microbial growth, their ability to stimulate plant growth, and their ability to attract insect pests. Because these compounds can diffuse a long way from their point of origin, they are excellent chemical signaling molecules (semiochemicals) in non-aqueous habitats and facilitate the ability of microbes to engage in “chemical conversations.” The physiological effects of bacterial and fungal VOCs in host–pathogen relationships and in mediating interspecific associations in natural ecosystem functioning is an emerging frontier for future research.
Care of Women During Menopause.

Abstract We would like to introduce a new section in the Journal of Women's Health, the Clinical Update. Important studies are continually published in both this Journal and other medical publications. However, it is difficult for busy providers to stay current with the changing literature. The Clinical Update is designed to serve as a review of recently published, high-impact, and potentially practice-changing journal articles, digested for our readers. The Clinical Update will be published on a quarterly basis. Each edition of the update will focus on a specific women's health topic, with planned topics to include menopause, sexual dysfunction, breast health, contraception, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease.
What edited retweets reveal about online political discourse

How widespread is the phenomenon of commenting or editing a tweet in the practice of retweeting by members of political communities in Twitter? What is the nature of comments (agree/disagree), or of edits (change audience, change meaning, curate content). Being able to answer these questions will provide knowledge that will help answering other questions such as: what are the topics, events, people that attract more discussion (in forms of commenting) or controversy (agree/disagree)? Who are the users who engage in the processing of curating content by inserting hashtags or adding links? Which political community shows more enthusiasm for an issue and how broad is the base of engaged users? How can detection of agreement/disagreement in conversations inform sentiment analysis - the technique used to make predictions (who will win an election) or support insightful analytics (which policy issue resonates more with constituents). We argue that is necessary to go beyond the much-adopted aggregate text analysis of the volume of tweets, in order to discover and understand phenomena at the level of single tweets. This becomes important in the light of the increase in the number of human-mimicking bots in Twitter. Genuine interaction and engagement can be better measured by analyzing tweets that display signs of human intervention. Editing the text of an original tweet before it is retweeted, could reveal mindful user engagement with the content, and therefore, would allow us to perform sampling among real human users. This paper presents work in progress that deals with the challenges of discovering retweets that contain comments or edits, and outlines a machine-learning based strategy for classifying the nature of such comments.
A Logic-Based Methodology for the Formalization of Shikake Principles and Examples

Shikake is a design approach that proposes solving problems by inducing spontaneous behavior, rather than by relying on the use of extensive resources or expertise. This paper contributes to the study of Shikake principles and examples by describing a methodology for their formalization in the declarative, logic-based language of Answer Set Prolog (ASP). Modeling qualitative theories and principles such as Shikake in the precise language of ASP can play a significant role in indicating possible areas for their future refinement and improvement, as shown here. Our formalization is used in creating a system, SHASP, that can automatically determine if a design is a Shikake or not, as illustrated by two examples and one counterexample.
Spherocytic hemolytic disease during magnesium deprivation in the rat.

Young male rats (115 g) were maintained on diets containing 4-8 mg of magnesium per 100 g of diet for 12 wk. By 3 wk the characteristic features of magnesium deprivation developed, including decreased plasma and tissue magnesium concentration, growth retardation, ruffled fur, patchy dermatitis, irritability, hyperemia of acral parts, onychymegaly, and in the most severely restricted, premature death. By 7 wk of deprivation, evidence of a hemolytic state existed and thereafter reticulocytosis, spherocytosis, shortened 51 Cr red cell survival, erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow, and mild anemia were present. Erythrocytes during magnesium deficiency were characterized by decreased intracellular magnesium, glucose utilization, lactate production, ATP and 2,3-DPG concentration. A progressive decrease in red cell deformability as measured by cell elastimetry occurred. The reduction in lactate production and in ATP concentration due to magnesium deficiency may be causal in the development of rigid spherocytes with shortened survival in vivo. In addition, the shape and deformability alteration of the red cell may be due to defective membrane construction in a magnesium-deficient environment.
On Legal Deficiencies of Food Security Crime in China and its Improvements

The food security in China has been significantly improved,but the current situation is not optimistic yet. There exist a number of disadvantages in the criminal law on the food security crime,such as the discordance with relevant administration laws,the limited regulations on the subjective aspect of criminals,and the singularity in the criminal responsibility patterns. Therefore,it proposed to link up with the administration laws,to complete regulations on grievous faulty because of subjective fault,and to supplement the punishment against qualifications and non-criminal punishment.
Effect of spinal cord ischemia on vesicourethral function.

AbstractWe studied 9 patients with clinical evidence of spinal cord ischemia or infarction who had altered vesicourethral function. Of the patients 6 had some preservation of bladder and lower extremity sensation, a clinical pattern consistent with the anterior spinal artery syndrome. A total of 3 patients had a clinical picture more consistent with complete transverse myelopathy, since they had no preservation of bladder or lower extremity sensation. Despite sensory levels well above the sacral spinal cord segments, 6 patients had detrusor areflexia (4 with bethanechol supersensitivity and 4 with neuropathic changes in the perineal electromyograph) indicating longitudinal spinal cord involvement. Three patients had detrusor hyperreflexia with vesicosphincter dyssynergia, indicating some preservation of the sacral spinal cord. In 6 patients appreciation of pinprick in the lower extremities was absent or decreased but light touch or position sense was preserved. Bladder sensation was dissociated in 4 of th...
Influence of urothelial or suburothelial cholinergic receptors on bladder reflexes in chronic spinal cord injured cats

The effects of intravesical administration of a muscarinic receptor agonist (oxotremorine-M, OXO-M) and antagonist (atropine methyl nitrate, AMN) and of a nicotinic receptor agonist (nicotine) and antagonist (hexamethonium, C6) on reflex bladder activity were investigated in conscious female chronic spinal cord injured (SCI) cats using cystometry. OXO-M (50μM) decreased bladder capacity (BC) for triggering micturition contractions, increased maximal micturition pressure (MMP), increased frequency and area under the curve of pre-micturition contractions (PMC-AUC). Nicotine (250μM) decreased BC, increased MMP, but did not alter PMC-AUC. The effects of OXO-M on BC and PMC-AUC were suppressed by intravesical administration of AMN (50-100μM), and the effects of nicotine were blocked by hexamethonium (1mM). Antagonists infused intravesically alone did not alter reflex bladder activity. However, AMN (0.2mg/kg, subcutaneously) decreased PMC-AUC. 8-OH-DPAT (0.5mg/kg, s.c.), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, suppressed the OXO-M-induced decrease in BC but not the enhancement of PMC-AUC. These results indicate that activation of cholinergic receptors located near the lumenal surface of the bladder modulates two types of reflex bladder activity (i.e., micturition and pre-micturition contractions). The effects may be mediated by activation of receptors on suburothelial afferent nerves or receptors on urothelial cells which release transmitters that can in turn alter afferent excitability. The selective action of nicotine on BC, while OXO-M affects both BC and PMC-AUC, suggests that micturition reflexes and PMCs are activated by different populations of afferent nerves. The selective suppression of the OXO-M effect on BC by 8-OH-DPAT without altering the effect on PMCs supports this hypothesis. The failure of intravesical administration of either AMN or hexamethonium alone to alter bladder activity indicates that cholinergic receptors located near the lumenal surface do not tonically regulate bladder reflex mechanisms in the SCI cat.
Ectopic Thyroid Tissue Versus Nodal Metastasis

The finding of thyroid tissue in a neck mass without distinct connections to the thyroid gland is uncommon but poses a diagnostic dilemma to the cytologist as to whether the finding represents a metastatic thyroid malignancy to the cervical node or ectopic thyroid tissue/benign thyroid inclusions in cervical lymph node. Some consider that all thyroid tissues found in the lateral cervical nodes represent nodal metastases from a primary thyroid carcinoma while others believe the existence of benign thyroid tissue inclusions in cervical lymph nodes. The finding of cytologically benign-appearing follicular cells with or without colloid does not necessarily imply a benign process since the pattern of growth of certain thyroid carcinomas can be so well differentiated as to simulate non-neoplastic thyroid tissue. On the other hand, the presence of cytologic and/or architectural atypia in follicular cells, even if accompanied by a lymphoid background, does not always indicate a metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Therefore, it is best to adopt a conservative stance with respect to a diagnosis of malignancy as long as definitive cytologic features of papillary thyroid carcinoma are not identified.
A Descriptive and Comparative Analysis of the Social Support Structure of Heroin Addicted Women

The aim of the present study was to explore various aspects of the social support structure for addicted women as compared to addicted men and a group of socioeconomically similar women (presumed to be unaddicted) in an attempt to identify those critical elements that might be usefully attended to in treatment.
App Factory: A flexible approach to rehabilitation engineering in an era of rapid technology advancement.

AbstractThis article describes a flexible and effective approach to research and development in an era of rapid technological advancement. The approach relies on secondary dispersal of grant funds to commercial developers through a competitive selection process. This “App Factory” model balances the practical reliance on multi-year funding needed to sustain a rehabilitation engineering research center (RERC), with the need for agility and adaptability of development efforts undertaken in a rapidly-changing technology environment. This approach also allows us to take advantage of technical expertise needed to accomplish a particular development task, and provides incentives to deliver successful products in a cost-effective manner. In this article, we describe the App Factory structure, process and results achieved to date; and we discuss the lessons learned and the potential relevance of this approach for other grant-funded research and development efforts. Data presented on the direct costs and number of...
Rare Presentation of Relapsed Extranasal Natural Killer/T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma Involving the Hypothalamus

42 year old male was diagnosed with stage IV extranasal natural killer T cell leukemia/lymphoma in the liver in 2013. He was treated with 5 cycles of SMILE regimen and one cycle of gemcitabine based chemotherapy after which he achieved complete remission. He had 10/10 matched unrelated donor myeloablative allogeneic transplant on 2/26/2014. His Day 100 and 1 year work up showed complete remission and 100% donor chimerism. He had no chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGVHD). In March 2015 he presented with change in mental status and electrolyte abnormalities. Patient was oriented to self only without focal neurologic deficits and initially presented with hypovolemic hypernatremia. His work up showed Central Diabetes Insipidous. CT head was unremarkable. MRI of brain showed bilateral hypothalamic, cerebellar and frontal hyperdensity concerning for tumor infiltration. Brain Biopsy of frontal lesion showed tumor cells diffusely infiltrating the neutrophil with perivascular predilection, tumor cells were positive for CD 3, CD 7, CD 56, bcl-2, and cytoplasmic positivity for granzyme B consistent with NK T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Cells were negative for EBV, CMV HSV, HHV-8, Polyoma virus and CD 20. This was similar to his pathologic finding at initial diagnosis. Further work up including bone marrow biopsy and aspirate, CSF analysis, and peripheral blood flow cytometry were unremarkable. He was treated with 6 cycles of high dose methotrexate. MRI brain at the end of treatment showed improvement in his brain lesion. Mature T or NK/T-cell lymphoma makes up only 5-18% of all cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In a case study among 1153 adult cases of peripheral T cell lymphoma, 11.8% were classified as extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma and only 26% of these were extranasal type. In published studies, NK/T-cell lymphoma extranasal type typically involve the skin, testis, cervix, intestine, liver, spleen, soft tissue, and orbit but CNS involvement is rare and has only been reported in only a select number of clinical cases. Primary CNS involvement of extranasal NK T cell lymphoma and direct intracranial extension and progression of nasal NK/T cell lymphoma have been reported as rare presentations however, to our knowledge, recurrence or relapse of extranasal NK/T cell lymphoma within the brain parenchyma and more importantly involving the hypothalamus after a year of disease remission has not yet been reported. Disclosures Roberts: Millenium: Speakers Bureau.
Behavioral Patterns of Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus truncatus) Within the Galveston—Port Bolivar Ferry Lane

The objective of this study is to assess Tursiops truncatus truncatus (Common Bottlenose Dolphin) group behavior as a function of spatial, temporal, and vessel proximity variables within the Galveston—Port Bolivar ferry lane, in lower Galveston Bay, TX. This area is subjected to vessel traffic entering the Houston, Texas City, and Galveston ship channels and at risk for environmental accidents. We used the Galveston—Port Bolivar ferries as a platform of opportunity to observe group behavior within the ferry lane. We conducted 1412 hours of observation between 1 June and 30 November 2013 and then utilized canonical correspondence analysis to evaluate behavioral state as a function of spatial, temporal, and vessel-proximity variables. Principal response curve (PRC) analysis showed significant variation in behavioral states over time in the Bolivar and Galveston zones as compared to the passage zone. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests showed significant deviations from expected behavior observation across zone and time block. These findings demonstrate finescale behavioral variability in an area of high anthropogenic activity.
Varenicline-associated cutaneous reaction

We report the first case of varenicline-induced urticaria in a 43-year-old female patient. Varenicline is a partial agonist of the α4β2nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which is a frequently prescribed smoking cessation aid. Patients need to be aware of drug-induced urticarial reaction, and that prompt medical attention is needed. We review the recognition of mechanisms of pathogenesis and treatment of drug-induced urticaria. In addition, we review the differential diagnosis of urticaria and side effects associated with varenicline and report a novel cutaneous reaction. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care and medical knowledge.
The Veil of Esteem: On Seeing Oneself Being Seen (Part Two: Riddle and Accident)

This article is the second of a three-part series entitled: The Veil of Esteem: On Seeing Oneself Being Seen. Inspired by Walter Benjamin’s “reflection through vignette” method, the author inquires into the notions and interconnections between memory and esteem. Esteem is the truth of oneself through the eyes of the other, and any truth of esteem must be told from the perspective of that other, through the spectating other. Thus, the author finds that any story of esteem is veiled. This second part, Riddle and Accident, explores unconditional love as maintained without the merit-worthy, yet it is its esteem that catalyzes it. The story is narrated not as a representation of a person or of people but the discourse through which the author has been lent her voice. The author is the translator through whom she is now speaking. The translator is the producer of the discourse that suffocates her and allows her to breathe in gasped breaths, the producer of the discourse that both takes away her voice and gives her voice. The first part of this series, Fragment/Never Thinking of Tomorrow, appears in International Review of Qualitative Research, Volume 5, Issue 1; the third part, A Loan, appears in Qualitative Inquiry, Volume
Mass Incarceration at Sentencing

Courts can address the problem of mass incarceration at sentencing. Although some scholars suggest that the most effective response may be through policy and legislative reform, judicial consideration of mass incarceration at sentencing would provide an additional response that can largely be implemented without wholesale reform. Mass incarceration presents a difficult problem for courts because it is a systemic problem that harms people on several scales — individual, family, and community — and the power of courts to address such broad harm is limited. This Article proposes that judges should consider mass incarceration, a systemic problem, in individual criminal cases at sentencing. Sentencing is well suited to this purpose because it is a routine phase of a criminal case when courts have great flexibility to individualize punishment based on individual and systemic factors. In this phase, judicial discretion is at its highest, the judges’ contact with defendants is most direct, and the court can consider the broadest information relevant to sentencing options and impacts. Mass incarceration can be viewed as a systemic concern that is relevant to both the defendant’s history and the traditional sentencing purposes — including the need to benefit public safety and to ensure that sentences are fair and just. Information about mass incarceration would enhance courts’ understanding of the impacts of sentencing on the defendant and others in the local community. This Article articulates how this can be accomplished in federal sentencing and suggests doctrinal and practice changes that would enhance courts’ capacity to consider and mitigate the harms of mass incarceration in individual cases.
CAPITAL in the twenty-first century

In the tradition of Reverend Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, and other prophets of doom who were disturbed by the unequal distribution of wealth, Thomas Piketty’s timely and well received...
Hospital and Pharmacy Departmental Policies and Procedures for Gene Therapy at a Teaching Institution

Gene therapy is an emerging, promising field in health care. Although still in investigational trials, gene therapy offers utility in a variety of disease states. This article details hospital and ...
Adsorption and molecular fractionation of dissolved organic matter on iron-bearing mineral matrices of varying crystallinity

Iron (Fe)-bearing mineral phases contribute disproportionately to adsorption of soil organic matter (SOM), due to their elevated chemical reactivity and specific surface area (SSA). However, the spectrum of Fe solid-phase speciation present in oxidation-reduction-active soils challenges analysis of SOM-mineral interactions and may induce differential molecular fractionation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). This work used paired selective dissolution experiments and batch sorption of post-extraction residues to 1) quantify the contributions of Fe-bearing minerals of varying crystallinity to DOM sorption, and 2) characterize molecular fractionation using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). A substantial proportion of soil SSA was derived from extracted Fe-bearing phases, and FT-ICR-MS analysis of extracted DOM revealed distinct chemical signatures across Fe-OM associations. Sorbed carbon (C) was highly correlated with Fe concentrations, suggesting that Fe-bearing phase...
Basic assessment and screening for substance abuse in the pediatrician's office

The pediatrician is in a unique relationship with infants, children, adolescents, and their families. The opportunity to develop an approach to substance abuse prevention, education, evaluation, and referral exists from the perinatal period through young adulthood. This article suggests an approach that does not require clinical expertise in chemical dependency but only a sincere commitment to addressing the problem in the context of primary care pediatric practice. Knowledge of risk factors, screening techniques, laboratory assessment, and community resources facilitate this challenge.
The Nature of Naked Metal Clusters in Solution

Recently, Chini and Heaton investigated the nature of [Ptn (CO) 2n]2- (n=3, 6, 9) and [Rh5Pt(CO)15]- clusters in solution by 195Pt NMR. The results showed that these metal polyhedra are fluxional and static, respectively (1, 2) in solution.
Morphogenic Evolutionary Design: Cellular Automata Representations in Topological Structural Design

This paper provides the initial results of a study on the applications of cellular automata representations in evolutionary design of topologies of steel structural systems in tall buildings. In the paper, a brief overview of the state of the art in cellular automata and evolutionary design representations is presented. Next, morphogenic evolutionary design is introduced and illustrated by several types of cellular automata representations. Further, Emergent Designer, a unique evolutionary design tool developed at George Mason University, is briefly described. It is an integrated research and design support tool which applies models of complex adaptive systems to represent engineering systems and analyze design processes. The paper also reports the initial results of several structural design experiments conducted with Emergent Designer. The objective of the experiments was to determine feasibility of various types of cellular automata representations in topological structural optimization. Finally, initial research conclusions and recommendations for the further research are provided.
Focal Cortical Dysplasia in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proved to be extremely useful in the detection of central nervous system pathology (Brant-Zawadzki et al, 1983). Its value in the investigation of patients with epilepsy has been confirmed by our studies (Kuzniecky et al., 1988; Berkovic et al, 1991) and by those of others (Jack et al., 1990; Bronen et al., 1991; Theodore, 1986; Duncan, 1990). In the majority of patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy the underlying pathological substrate is mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). This abnormality can be detected by MRI in almost all cases, if the appropriate techniques are used (Kuzniecky et al., 1987). The typical imaging findings consist of hippocampal and amygdaloid atrophy, increased T2-weighted signal from the abnormal hippocampi and loss of internal structure of the hippocampal formation. Other pathological abnormalities include glial and non-glial neoplasms, vascular malformations, post-traumatic changes and other conditions (Avrahami et al., 1987; Altman, 1988; Bracchi, 1988). A less common pathological entity encountered in patients with intractable partial seizures is focal cortical dysplasia (Kuzniecky et al, 1991). It is characterised by a lack of cortical organisation associated with abnormal giant neurons and increased astrocytosis (Taylor et al., 1971; Kuzniecky et al., 1991). Although this anomaly was originally reported in 1971 by Taylor et al., it was not until recently that other investigators reported similar findings in surgical specimens from other brain regions. As high-resolution MRI is sensitive in the detection of subtle lesions, it has been possible to detect pre-operatively these developmental lesions in some patients selected for resective surgery. Recognition of these peculiar and often subtle abnormalities in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy has increased the value of MRI in the pre-surgical investigation of these patients.
Vulnerability to the Cardiovascular Effects of Ambient Heat in Six US Cities: Results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Background With climate change, temperatures are increasing. Heat-associated health events disproportionately affect certain subpopulations. However, prior research has often lacked information on individual-level health and air conditioning and neighborhood stressors/protections. Objectives To assess whether (1) heat (2-day mean temperature above local 75th percentiles) is associated with increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure, controlling for age, time, season, daily ozone, and daily particulate matter (PM2.5) and (2) associations differ by antihypertensive medication use, renal function, fasting glucose, emotional support, air conditioning ownership and use, normalized difference vegetation index, neighborhood safety, and residence- specific oxides of nitrogen and PM2.5. Methods Health and behavioral characteristics were obtained repeatedly on participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis in six US sites (2000-2010). These were linked with airport temperature, air quality, and satellite- and survey-derived neighborhood characteristics. We used a fixed-effects design, regressing health outcomes on linear temperature splines with knots at the 75th percentiles, interaction terms for each characteristic, and adjustment for month of year, age, PM2.5, and ozone. Results Overall, heat was not associated with heart rate. However, for a 2°C increase in heat, systolic blood pressure decreased by 1.1 mmHg (95% CI = -1.6, -0.6) and diastolic blood pressure by 0.3 mmHg (95% CI = -0.6, -0.1). Among nonusers of antihypertensive medications, heat-associated decreases in SBP were 2.1 mmHg greater among individuals with central air conditioning versus those without. Confidence intervals around the remaining modifiers were wide after multiple-comparisons corrections or sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Outdoor heat is associated with decreasing blood pressure, and cardiovascular vulnerability may vary primarily by ownership of central air conditioning.
Dollars and Sense: Student Price Sensitivity to Law School Tuition

Law school tuition prices have been on a steady upward trajectory over the past decade, leading to declining affordability. Using institution-level data on 194 law schools from 2006 to 2015, this study investigates whether students are price sensitive to increasing costs. Incorporating two-way fixed effects models, results suggest that higher tuition and fee prices are not associated with fewer applications to law school. However, higher estimated net costs of attendance are associated with greater numbers of first-year enrollments, particularly among private schools. When stratified by tiers on the basis of selectivity, this positive relationship exists among law schools in the third and fourth tiers, yet no association between net costs and enrollments are observed among law schools in the first, second, and fifth tiers.
Abstract WMP115: Acid-Sensing Ion Channels: Novel Mediator of Cerebrovascular Responses

Carbon dioxide (CO2), via effects on extracellular pH, is one of the most potent regulators of cerebral blood flow. Clinically, CO2 inhalation or acetazolamide treatment (to produce tissue acidosis...
Principles of Clinical Epidemiology

Broadly, epidemiology studies the distribution and determinants of health (or disease)-related states at the population-level. This chapter introduces readers to key concepts in clinical epidemiology, applying epidemiologic reasoning and methods to clinical medicine. This includes the role of descriptive epidemiology in medicine and important methods in analytic epidemiology such as common study designs, principles of defining exposures and outcomes, an overview of measures, and sources of bias that can threaten internal validity. Not only does this chapter cover principles that are important whether one is designing a study involving prospective data collection or utilizing existing data, but will also aid in the interpretation of existing research and the published medical and scientific literature.
TU-A-207B-00: Imaging Genomics Associations and Biological Correlates of Radiomics

With the growth of quantitative imaging and quantitative image analysis, image-based biomarkers (i.e. image-based phenotypes) are becoming potential descriptors in personalized medicine as well as in cancer discovery research. Genomic study measures molecular cancer status and provides abundant information about cancer development mechanism. There is a need to understand the relationship between the image-based cancer phenotypes (from radiomics) and the underlying molecular and genomic system. Imaging scientists and genomic scientists need to be able to speak the same language in this common era of Big Data. The objective of this session is to learn the basics and mathematics of phenotype-genomics correlation and association studies, in particular radiomic phenotype-genomic studies. We will take genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and imaging data from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) as an example to show how to organize multi-platform genomic data and integrate with quantitative tumor image phenotypes to perform association studies. We will show the software and procedure of discovering statistically significant associations between various imaging phenotypes (such as those characterizing tumor size, shape, margin, enhancement texture, and blood flow kinetics) and genomic features involved in multiple molecular regulation layers (including pathway gene expressions, pathway copy number variations, gene somatic mutations, miRNA expressions, and protein expressions). These findings form a basis for future studies using non-invasive imaging techniques for accurate cancer diagnosis and prognosis and for discovering the genetic mechanisms leading to specific tumor phenotypes for the development of personalized cancer treatment.
Two mechanisms of modulation of very-large-scale motions by inertial particles in open channel flow

Very-large-scale motions (VLSMs) and large-scale motions (LSMs) coexist at moderate Reynolds numbers in a very long open channel flow. Direct numerical simulations two-way coupled with inertial particles are analysed using spectral information to investigate the modulation of VLSMs. In the wall-normal direction, particle distributions (mean/preferential concentration) exhibit two distinct behaviours in the inner flow and outer flow, corresponding to two highly anisotropic turbulent structures, LSMs and VLSMs. This results in particle inertia’s non-monotonic effects on the VLSMs: low inertia (based on the inner scale) and high inertia (based on the outer scale) both strengthen the VLSMs, whereas moderate and very high inertia have little influence. Through conditional tests, low- and high-inertia particles enhance VLSMs following two distinct routes. Low-inertia particles promote VLSMs indirectly through the enhancement of the regeneration cycle (the self-sustaining mechanism of LSMs) in the inner region, whereas high-inertia particles enhance the VLSM directly through contribution to the Reynolds shear stress at similar temporal scales in the outer region. This understanding also provides more general insight into inner–outer interaction in high-Reynolds-number, wall-bounded flows.
Being the Other in Inuit Society

As among the Inuit described in Chap. 3, in another Inuit community thousands of kilometres to the East Nicole Stuckenberger was persistently perceived as qallunaat—a “non-Inuit”—as well. But she was subjected to similar restrictions that were imposed on Inuit women. These applied particularly to hunting, a male domain par excellence that sustains the cosmological existence of spiritual and human beings. But in this chapter Stuckenberger describes also how her status as “stranger” allowed her to ask the elders many questions, which Inuit would not do. Hence her hosts assigned to her the task to document the ancestral knowledge deemed worthy to be preserved and transferred to the younger generations of Inuit.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Fruiting Body Extract and Solid-State-Cultivated Mycelia of Taiwanofungus camphoratus.

Taiwanofungus camphoratus is a rare and valuable medicinal mushroom indigenous to Taiwan. It has traditionally been used to promote good health. This study aimed to explore the immunomodulatory effects of “Leader Deluxe Taiwanofungus camphoratus capsule” (LDAC). LDAC is a healthy food product composed of fruiting body extract and solid-state-cultivated mycelia of T. camphoratus. Two complementary studies were performed. In the first, LDAC was orally administered to BABL/c female mice for 6 weeks as part of a non-specific immune study. In the second, mice were treated with LDAC for 8 weeks and immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) in a specific immune study. LDAC increased the growth of splenic immune cells and enhanced the activity of macrophages and natural killer cells. It increased the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G, and OVA-IgG, and decreased the levels of IL-4, IL-5, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, serum IgE, and OVA-IgE. Thus, the findings of this study strongly supported the idea that LDAC possesses immunomodulatory activity.