cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of hydroxyapatite using phosphate-rich glasses in the system CaO-P2O5-H2O and acoustic waves

Phosphate-rich glass powders in the CaO-P2O5 system were prepared by the sol-gel method using aqueous solutions of Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and H3PO4. Glass powders were subjected to reaction with Ca(OH)2 and water under varied experimental conditions, such as temperature (25–90 °C), particle size (1–5 and 40 μm), and ultrasound waves (20 kHz). Parallel experiments were also conducted without ultrasound for comparison. The reaction products were composed of Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O (monocalcium phosphate monohydrate), CaHPO4 (monatite), CaHPO4 · 2H2O (brushite), Ca5(PO4)3OH (hydroxyapatite) and amorphous calcium phosphate. It is interesting to note that hydroxyapatite and brushite were obtained at a low temperature of 60 °C in a very short period of time (30 min). All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
Videostroboscopy of the Pharyngoesophageal Segment in Laryngectomy Patients Treated With Botulinum Toxin

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to use videostroboscopy to study the physiologic and biomechanical effects of botulinum toxin (Botox) injection on the pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) in total laryngectomy patients with poor-quality tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) voice caused by PES spasm. Methods: The following was a prospective study. Videostroboscopy of the PES and videotaped recordings of patients performing TEP voice tasks were conducted before and after Botox injection of the PES. Ratings of videostroboscopic and speech samples were performed by 3 blinded judges with extensive experience with this patient population. Results: Perceptually, TEP voice was more fluent and less strained after injection. Videostroboscopically, patients demonstrated improved PES volitional control and mucosal wave characteristics after Botox injection. Conclusion: Botox injection in total laryngectomy patients with poor-quality TEP voice caused by PES spasm provides improved physiologic and biomechanical function of the PES, as demonstrated for the first time videostroboscopically. These findings help explain the perceptual ratings of TEP voice improvement noted after Botox injection. Videostroboscopy can be used to provide diagnostic information to help confirm the clinical impression of PES spasm, as well as to document the effects of Botox injection on PES function. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:38-43.)
Behavioural state affects saccades elicited electrically from neocortex

Reviewed is how behavioural context influences saccadic eye movements elicited electrically from the neocortex of monkeys. Factors found to affect stimulation-evoked saccades include (1) motor state, i.e. whether stimulation is delivered during free-viewing, or during or after active fixation, or before an animal is about to execute a saccade to a target location, and (2) reward delivery, i.e. the characteristics and timing of reward, which can promote or inhibit the evocation of saccades. We conclude that anyone using electrical stimulation in neocortex to study sensory and cognitive processes must control for the possibility that stimulation of cortex is merely generating a saccade vector whose expression is being obscured by the behavioural paradigm in use. Areas of neocortex from which saccades can be evoked using low currents (<100 μA) are surprisingly widespread and include regions traditionally considered within the sensory domain (e.g. V1, V2, V4, and MT), in addition to visuomotor regions such as the lateral intraparietal area, the dorsomedial frontal cortex, the frontal eye fields, and the prefrontal cortex. This is especially true once the behavioural state of a stimulated animal is put under experimental control.
A Measure of Impact for Platform Changes

In today’s product development environment, most companies develop product platforms rather than individual products due to the time and cost savings that are reaped from subsequent development efforts. Most of the product platform development literature focuses on the development decisions for a product platform while it is under development, which is logically where the biggest benefits would be gained. However when a new market or a new technology arises, firms often struggle to assess these opportunities within the context of their existing product platforms. There is relatively little work that examines the product platform decisions after the platform has been developed and new, unanticipated opportunities are presented to the development organization. The focus of this work is to leverage the existing literature to development an impact assessment process that explicitly accounts for the constraints of a preexisting product platform when considering new technology and/or market opportunities. In this paper, an overview of the overall assessment process is presented. This is followed by the development of the impact metrics and a case study to illustrate the assessment process. The paper concludes with the next step in this work.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The planetary nebulae as radio sources

Abstract Planetary nebulae are weak thermal radio sources, the maximum observed flux densities being a few flux units. A little over a hundred planetary nebulae have been detected at radio frequencies. There are no proven cases of non-thermal emission although NGC7027 possibly contains a small-diameter high-brightness component the mechanism for which is not yet understood. Radio observations are in general compatible with the optical data. They provide a basis for estimation of optical extinction and offer improved precision in studies of masses and distances. Electron temperatures deduced from radio flux densities and angular widths suggest that in some cases the mean temperatures are lower than indicated by forbidden-line intensity ratios, but the accuracy of the data leaves some question on this point. Recombination lines have been observed in the strongest radio planetaries, and measurements in the 21-cm line of neutral hydrogen allow an upper limit to be placed on the mass of the neutral hydrogen component of two nebulae. Radio observations have also proved valuable in distinguishing between planetary nebulae and small, high-density H ii regions.
Precision of free energies calculated by molecular dynamics simulations of peptides in solution

Errors in free energies for molecular replacement and for conformation change of a small model peptide have been determined empirically by repeated simulations from different starting points. All calculations have been done using thermodynamic integration, in which the system's potential energy is coupled to a parameter λ, that is increased or decreased by a small amount at each step of the simulation. The effects of several factors that may alter the precision are evaluated. These factors include: the length of the simulation, the dependence of the potential energy on λ, the use of conformational restraints, and their magnitude and form. The methods used for restraint and conformational forcing are described in detail. The free energy change, calculated as the mean from several successive simulations with alternately increasing and decreasing λ, is found to be independent of the length of the simulations. As expected, longer simulations produce more precise results. The variation of the calculated free energies is found to consist of two parts, a random error and a systematic hysteresis, i.e., a dependence on the direction in which λ changes. The hysteresis varies as the inverse of the length of the simulation and the random error as the inverse square root The advantage of the use of a different (nonlinear) dependence of the attractive and repulsive parts of the nonbonded potential energy on the coupling parameter when “creating” particles in solution is found to be very large. This nonlinear coupling was found to be superior to the use of linear coupling and a nonlinear change of the coupling parameter with the simulation time. The hysteresis in conformational free energy calculations is found to increase markedly if too weak a forcing restraint is chosen. It is shown how to deconvolute the contribution of a torsional restraint from the dependence of the free energy on a torsion angle.
Angioedema after nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug initiation in a patient stable on an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor.

Purpose A case of angioedema associated with the initiation of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug in a patient stable on an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor is reported. Summary A 68-year-old African-American man with no known drug allergies and a history of hypertension, benign prostatic hypertrophy, diverticulosis, and gout arrived at the clinic with swelling of the lips and tongue three days after he started taking naproxen 375 mg every eight hours as needed for pain associated with acute gout. He denied urticaria, difficulty breathing, fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. His other medications included quinapril 10 mg daily (taken for 5 years), tamsulosin hydrochloride 0.4 mg daily, omeprazole 20 mg daily, and colchicine 0.6 mg daily. He had reported smoking approximately 2.5 packs of cigarettes per week and consuming alcohol (one to two drinks) on the weekends. He denied any illicit drug use, drug rash, or seasonal allergies. Naproxen was discontinued, and the patient was treated with prednisone (tapered regimen) and acetaminophen 650-mg tablets, and his angioedema resolved. The Naranjo et al. probability scale revealed that naproxen and quinapril coadministration was the probable cause of the patient’s adverse reaction (score of 7). Conclusion A 68-year-old African-American man who had been receiving quinapril for 5 years developed angioedema after initiation of naproxen.
A Definition-Driven Theorem Prover

This paper describes a theorem prover, running on a PDP-10-Tenex system, that can prove some theorems whose statements involve a relatively large number of definitions. Such theorems require special methods because 1) their statements contain a large number of clauses and 2) their proofs are quite long although straightforward.
The television text: spectatorship, ideology, and the organization of consent

–The problem with popular polarizations in television reception research is that either quantitative or qualitative methodologies considered separately fails to render a complete understanding. Television viewing is both individual and collective. Thus this paper proposes an analytical framework synthesized from alternate approaches not conventionally petitioned in reception research, among them Gramsci's consent theory, which identifies a logical and justifiable space for both considerations, a means of accounting for the ebbs and flows of both individual and collective forces continuously at work in culture and in television reception.
Grain growth kinetics and thermal stability in a nanocrystalline multiphase mixture prepared by low-energy ball milling

Abstract A multiphase powder mixture consisting of approximately 40 vol.% Nb2Al, 30 vol.% Nb, 28 vol.% Nb3Al and 2 vol.% Al with their crystallite sizes of approximately 5 to 8 nm was subjected in vacuum to elevated temperatures. The anneal at 1373 K for 25.2 ks produced a three phase mixture of Nb, Nb2Al, Al and Nb3Al, their volume fractions being 3.9, 4.8 and 91.3 vol.% and their ultimate paniculate sizes being 8.2, 13.8 and 36.0 nm, respectively. The detailed analysis of isothermal annealing from 973 to 1373 K for 3.6, 10.8 and 25.2 ks revealed complex grain growth kinetics for Nb2Al and Nb3Al phases with an exponent of n = 1 8 in D = ktn where D is grain size, k the growth constant and t annealing time. The analysis of grain growth data yielded a dual-stage activation energy of 68.2 ± 4 and 91.3 ± 6 kJ mol for grain growth in Nb3Al below and above 1173 K, respectively. Likewise, the activation energy for grain growth in Nb2Al was found to be 62.8 ± 2 and 83.9 ± 7 kJ mole below and above 1173 K, respectively.
The case for TCP/IP puzzles

Since the Morris worm was unleashed in 1988, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks via worms and viruses have continued to periodically disrupt the Internet. Client puzzles have been proposed as one mechanism for protecting protocols against denial of service attacks. In this paper, we argue that such puzzles must be placed within the slim waistline of the TCP/IP protocol stack in order to truly provide protection. We then describe several scenarios in which TCP/IP puzzles could be used to thwart port scans and coordinated DDoS attacks. Finally, while puzzles hold the promise of being able to change the Internet landscape, we describe a large number of open research issues that must be resolved before such a vision can be achieved.
Prioritizing Abandoned Coal Mine Reclamation Projects Within the Contiguous United States Using Geographic Information System Extrapolation

Coal mine reclamation projects are very expensive and require coordination of local and federal agencies to identify resources for the most economic way of reclaiming mined land. Location of resources for mine reclamation is a spatial problem. This article presents a methodology that allows the combination of spatial data on resources for the coal mine reclamation and uses GIS analysis to develop a priority list of potential mine reclamation sites within contiguous United States using the method of extrapolation. The extrapolation method in this study was based on the Bark Camp reclamation project. The mine reclamation project at Bark Camp, Pennsylvania, USA, provided an example of the beneficial use of fly ash and dredged material to reclaim 402,600 sq mi of a mine abandoned in the 1980s. Railroads provided transportation of dredged material and fly ash to the site. Therefore, four spatial elements contributed to the reclamation project at Bark Camp: dredged material, abandoned mines, fly ash sources, and railroads. Using spatial distribution of these data in the contiguous United States, it was possible to utilize GIS analysis to prioritize areas where reclamation projects similar to Bark Camp are feasible. GIS analysis identified unique occurrences of all four spatial elements used in the Bark Camp case for each 1 km of the United States territory within 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 km radii from abandoned mines. The results showed the number of abandoned mines for each state and identified their locations. The federal or state governments can use these results in mine reclamation planning.
An Absence of Twist1 Results in Aberrant Cardiac Neural Crest Morphogenesis

Abstract The basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor Twist1 plays an essential role in mesenchymal cell populations during embryonic development and in pathological disease. Remodeling of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) into the functionally separate aortic arch and pulmonary trunk is dependent upon the dynamic, coordinated contribution of multiple mesenchymal cell populations. Here, we report that Twist1−/− mice exhibit OFTs that contain amorphic cellular nodules within their OFT endocardial cushions. The nodular mesenchyme expresses the related bHLH factors Hand1 and Hand2, but reduced levels of the normal cushion marker Periostin. Lineage mapping confirms that nodule cells are exclusively of cardiac neural crest origin (cNCC), and are not ectopic cardiomyocytes or smooth muscle cells. These studies also reveal a delay in cNCC colonization of the OFT cushions. Furthermore, these mapping studies uncover nodules in the pharyngeal arches, and identify Twist1−/− neural crest cell defects within the dorsal neural tube, which exhibits an expanded domain of Wnt1-Cre-lineage marked cells. Together, these data support a model where Twist1 is required both for proper cNCC delamination, and for emigration from the dorsal neural tube and along cNCC migration pathways. Within the Twist1−/− neural crest cell populations that do emigrate to the OFT, a Hand-expressing subpopulation displays defective maturation, tracking, and, presumably, cell–cell adhesion, further compromising cNCC morphogenesis.
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of a FRP-Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Bridge

Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) models are developed to examine the structural behavior of the Horsetail Creek Bridge strengthened by fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs). A sensitivity study is performed varying bridge geometry, precracking load, strength of concrete, and stiffness of the soil foundation to establish a FE model that best represents the actual bridge. Truck loadings are applied to the FE bridge model at different locations, as in an actual bridge test. Comparisons between FE model predictions and field data are made in terms of strains in the beams for various truck load locations. It is found that all the parameters examined can potentially influence the bridge response and are needed for selection of the optimal model which predicts the magnitudes and trends in the strains accurately. Then, using the optimal model, performance evaluation of the bridge based on scaled truck and mass-proportional loadings is conducted. Each loading type is gradually increased until failure occ...
Can current velocity mediate trophic cascades in a mountain stream

Summary Trophic cascades can be context-dependent in that they occur under some conditions but not others. An important context for stream benthic communities is near-bed current velocity, which varies at the spatial scale at which benthic species interactions occur. To investigate how centimetre-scale variation in near-bed current velocity influenced the occurrence of benthic cascades, I studied a stonefly/mayfly/algal system in a high-gradient Rocky Mountain stream and examined the effect of 10 and 25 cm s−1 current (i.e. ‘slow’ and ‘fast’, respectively) on stonefly predation and its top-down effects. There were two experiments using stream-side mesocosms and a third using in-stream troughs. The two mesocosm experiments had known numbers of stoneflies and mayflies and examined how near-bed current influenced (i) top-down cascades driven by non-trophic, behaviourally mediated predator effects (stonefly mouthparts were glued shut) and (ii) direct predation. The in-stream experiment allowed mayfly grazers to arrive and depart freely and examined how near-bed current and stoneflies influenced algal accumulation and community structure. Results from these experiments showed that top-down cascades occurred in slow, but not fast current, and that these cascades are driven largely by the non-trophic effects of predation. The mesocosm experiment showed that mayflies removed less algae in slow current when stoneflies with glued mouthparts were present. There was 33% greater algal biomass in slow compared with fast current, and algal biomass in the slow current did not differ from that in the grazer-free controls. The predation experiment showed that stoneflies captured approximately twice as many mayflies in slow as compared to fast current. The in-stream experiment found that algal biomass increased when stoneflies were present, but grazer densities did not differ from stonefly-free controls, supporting the hypothesis that effects mediated by behaviour drove the cascade. This study suggests that near-bed current can turn stonefly/mayfly/algae cascades ‘on’ and ‘off’ at small spatial scales and provides a new perspective for understanding algal heterogeneity on natural streambeds.
Performance Evaluation of Linear Turbine Cascades Using Three-Dimensional Viscous Flow Calculations

The overall performance of two geometrically similar linear turbine cascades is calculated using an elliptic flow program. The increase in the mass-averaged total pressure loss is calculated within and downstream of the cascades and the results show good agreement with the measured values. The buildup and decay of the secondary kinetic energy are also shown; measurements are available for one of the cascades near and downstream of the trailing edge and these are in close agreement with the calculated values. Details of the flow development are also compared with measurements. Calculated velocity vectors near the endwall show the overturning revealed by surface flow visualization and similarly near the suction surface the strong spanwise flow is well calculated. Calculated contours of total pressure loss in cross-sectional planes confirm the important interaction of the passage vortex with the profile boundary layer at midspan. Regions of high loss near midspan are calculated downstream of both cascades; this three-dimensional flow development is followed in the calculations.
A pool-adjacent-violators-algorithm approach to detect infinite parameter estimates in one-regressor dose–response models with asymptotes

Binary response models are often applied in dose–response settings where the number of dose levels is limited. Commonly, one can find cases where the maximum likelihood estimation process for these models produces infinite values for at least one of the parameters, often corresponding to the ‘separated data’ issue. Algorithms for detecting such data have been proposed, but are usually incorporated directly into in the parameter estimation. Additionally, they do not consider the use of asymptotes in the model formulation. In order to study this phenomenon in greater detail, we define the class of specifiably degenerate functions where this can occur (including the popular logistic and Weibull models) that allows for asymptotes in the dose–response specification. We demonstrate for this class that the well-known pool-adjacent-violators algorithm can efficiently pre-screen for non-estimable data. A simulation study demonstrates the frequency with which this problem can occur for various response models and c...
Weighted Dagum and related distributions

In this paper, a new class of weighted Dagum and related distributions is proposed. Probability weighted moments of Dagum distribution and the resulting weighted distributions are presented. This class of distributions contains several weighted Dagum distributions such as length-biased Dagum, proportional hazard moment Dagum, proportional reverse hazard moment Dagum and Dagum distributions as special cases. Entropy and Fisher information of the weighted Dagum distribution are derived. We estimates the model parameters via the maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Examples and comparison of this model with the weighted generalized gamma, generalized gamma and generalized Lindley distributions are presented.
A Statewide Investigation of Grading Practices and Opinions Concerning Mainstreamed Handicapped Pupils.

A statewide survey of grading practices and opinions regarding mainstreamed handicapped pupils in grades 5 through 12 was undertaken to provide a current data base and to measure agreement concerning practice and opinion among regular educators, special educators, and adminstrators. Almost one-third of the school systems in North Carolina were represented. Results indicated that respondents agreed about mos practices and that opinions about practices were somewhat consistent with opinions about grading. Respondents graded traditionally an d subjectively. Few had written policies concerning the grading of mainstreamed handicapped pupils though many reported unwritten policies at the classroom, school, and system level.
Pro/ENGINEER and I-DEAS Based Courses Favorite Among Mechanical Engineering Students

Since 1998 the author has been developing and teaching computer aided design and computer aided engineering courses intended for mechanical engineering students using the Pro/ENGINEER and I-DEAS software systems. An outline of one of these courses is given and the experience related to another such course is discussed in detail. Students find these courses challenging and enjoyable. The success rate has regularly been very high. By taking such CAD/CAE courses and learning these widely used industry-standard, high-end software systems the students gain valuable experience directly applicable as they join the workforce. The participating students have regularly rated these courses among the most popular ones. The paper discusses the author’s experiences in developing and teaching courses in CAD and CAE, which utilize high-end software. It is intended to provide two examples of successful blends of theoretical and practical topics that have worked very well.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A new compression algorithm for spectral and time-series data

Abstract We have developed a general purpose data compression algorithm using Chebyshev polynomials which preserves the needed information for quantitative scientific analysis. The algorithm is computationally simple yet provides compression factors much greater than two. This method is suitable for compression of science data from many types of space instruments, including spectral data, particle or photon count rate data, and magnetometer data. Presently available data compression schemes are not well suited for such scientific data streams and are not generally used. We present the status of our development effort of this algorithm and its potential implementation on future space qualified flight processors.
Trimethyltin induces gelatinase B and urokinase in rat brain.

The neurotoxicant trimethyltin (TMT) increases mRNA levels for cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1α, and interleukin-6. Cytokines induce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). MMPs and uPA disrupt extracellular matrix. Since matrix damage may play a role in the neuropathological changes seen with TMT toxicity, we determined the effect of TMT on proteolytic enzyme production. Adult rats were injected with 8.0 mg TMT/kg. At different times after TMT injection, tissue samples from frontal lobe and hippocampus were assayed for MMPs and uPA, using gelatin-substrate and casein/plasminogen-substrate zymography. Gelatinase B (92 kDa type IV collagenase) production increased significantly in frontal lobe tissue at 24, 48 and 96 h, and in hippocampus at 48 h compared to saline-injected controls. Gelatinase A (72 kDa type IV collagenase) was significantly decreased at 12 and 24 h in frontal lobe compared to controls. Urokinase-type PA was significantly increased in hippocampus at 12 and 96 h, and in frontal lobe at 96 h compared to controls. Gelatinase B and uPA are up-regulated by TMT in frontal lobe and hippocampus, suggesting that they may contribute to the neuropathology of TMT.
Improved method for determining parathyroid hormone in biological material.

Abstract A method was described for concentrating fluids containing parathyroid hormone (PTH) to permit its determination by bioassay with a recovery of 70% or more. The method employs gel filtration through Sephadex G-50 followed by bioassay using the avian bioassay method of Dacke and Kenny (1) and thus is capable of revealing the degree of fragmentation of the biologically active material. Two applications of the method are also described. Its application to a commercial preparation of bovine parathyroid extract (Parathyroid Injection, USP, Lilly) revealed for the first time two major and distinct biologically active fragments of PTH, both of which emerged later than the 1–84 PTH peptide but prior to the 1–34 PTH peptide. Its application to small aliquots of urine (50 ml or less), obtained from individual patients with chronic renal failure, revealed detectable PTH-like activity associated with fractions representing two distinct molecular species.
Protein D is differentially expressed and regulated in the rat epididymis.

Summary We report the use of a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to study the expression of protein D, a major androgen-regulated sperm-binding glycoprotein at the protein and mRNA level in different anatomical regions of the rat epididymis. The concentration of protein D in the caput, corpus and cauda region of the epididymis was 10.2 ± 0.67, 7.3 ± 0.61 and 22.8 ± 1.34 ng/μg total protein, respectively. The total RNA extracted from the caput, corpus and cauda regions of the rat epididymis was amplified by PCR with oligonucleotide primers specific for the 5′ and 3′ portion of protein D cDNA. Compared to the caput and cauda region, a significant reduction (>82 ± 3%) in the expression of protein D mRNA levels was observed for corpus epididymal RNA. This data demonstrates regional differences in the concentration of protein D and suggests that protein D expression may be regulated at the level of mRNA within the corpus epididymidis.
Viral detection using an embedded piezoresistive microcantilever sensor

The detection of aerosol-based vaccinia virus and solution-based vaccinia virus has been studied using a new type of microsensor design. In the embedded piezoresistive microcantilever (EPM) sensor, a tiny piezoresistive microcantilever is embedded or partially embedded into an active sensing material whose volumetric response to the presence of an analyte is recorded as a strain in the cantilever, and subsequent change in the resistance of the cantilever. In one set of experiments, a composite consisting of poly(ethylene oxide), or PEO, combined with vaccinia antibody was used as the active sensing material. In aerosol exposures, this sensor produced a distinct signal owing to vaccinia virus adsorption/incorporation. In addition, experiments using a piezoresistive microcantilever in direct contact with a pure antibody layer in solution were also performed to detect vaccinia virus in solution. Again, a clear and distinct analyte signals obtained.
Evaluation of an Oral Disease Control Program Administered to a Clinic Population at a Suburban Dental School

This study included 99 patients. Seventy-four of these participated in the Oral Disease Control program at Emory University School of Dentistry and 25 control patients did not. Those who completed the Oral Disease Control program were examined and scored from 2 to 24 months afterward. The Patient Hygiene Performance Scoring was used. It was found that there was no significant difference in levels of plaque between subjects who completed the Oral Disease Program and those who did not participate. Also, the patient's knowledge of the causes of dental caries and gingival disease bore no significant relationship to the amount of plaque present. Further, certain selected hygiene habits had no significant effect on plaque level. The patients studied were enthusiastic about the control program and developed an increased awareness of oral disease control. However, this study confirms others that demonstrate the need for repeated professional reinforcement in any effective oral disease control program.
Effects of Estradiol on the Thermoneutral Zone and Core Temperature in Ovariectomized Rats

Hot flushes represent a disorder of central thermoregulation characterized by the episodic activation of heat loss mechanisms. Although flushes are associated with estrogen withdrawal, there is little understanding of the effects of estrogen on thermoregulation in any species. It has been proposed that hormone withdrawal increases the sensitivity of hypothalamic neural pathways that control heat dissipation effectors. If so, we predicted that ovariectomized rats without estradiol treatment would activate tail skin vasodilatation (a major heat loss effector) at lower ambient temperatures and thereby lower the thermoneutral zone. The thermoneutral zone, defined as the range of ambient temperatures in which thermoregulation is achieved only by sensible (dry) heat loss, was evaluated based on properties of skin vasomotion. Core and tail skin temperatures were recorded in ovariectomized rats (with and without estradiol-17beta) exposed to ambient temperatures from 13 to 34 C in an environmental chamber. Rats without estradiol exhibited increased skin vasodilatation and a shift in the thermoneutral zone to lower ambient temperatures. Moreover, the ambient temperature threshold for skin vasodilatation was significantly lower in rats without estradiol treatment. At most ambient temperatures, average core temperature was unaffected by estradiol. However, at ambient temperatures of 32.5 C and above, untreated ovariectomized rats exhibited higher core temperatures compared with estradiol-treated rats. Thus, estradiol-17beta treatment enhanced the maintenance of core temperature during heat exposure. These findings support the hypothesis that estrogen withdrawal increases the sensitivity of thermoregulatory neural pathways and modifies the activation of heat loss mechanisms.
Antagonism of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors potentiates the increases in extracellular monoamines induced by duloxetine in rat hypothalamus

In the current study we examined the effects of coadministration of a serotonin 5-HT 1A antagonist, (±)-1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(cyclohexylamino)-2-propanol maleate (LY 206130), and a dual 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor, duloxetine, on extracellular levels of NE, 5-HT, dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in rat hypothalamus microdialysates. LY 206130 (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) alone significantly increased NE and DA levels by 60 and 34%, respectively, without affecting 5-HT levels. Duloxetine administration at 4.0 mg/kg, i.p. alone produced no significant changes in levels of 5-HT, NE, or DA. In contrast, when LY 206130 and duloxetine were coadministered at 3.0 mg/kg, s.c. and 4.0 mg/kg, i.p., respectively, 5-HT, NE, and DA levels increased to 5.7-, 4.8-, and threefold over their respective basal levels. These data demonstrate that antagonism of somatodendritic 5-HT 1A autoreceptors and concomitant inhibition of 5-HT and NE uptake with duloxetine may promote synergistic increases in levels of extracellular 5-HT, NE, and DA in hypothalamus of conscious, freely moving rats.
Delving Ever Deeper: Gifted Students and Philosophy

This paper is a reflection on practice, specifically, the practice of introducing philosophy into the middle school grades at one of the United States' most highly acclaimed public schools for the intellectually gifted, located in a large and highly diverse city on the East Coast. While the paper describes some salient features of the school and its philosophy program, it moves beyond mere description to ask what philosophy has to offer gifted students, and how the experience at this particular school and others like it, might have been, and might yet be, improved. One issue not taken up in the paper, other than descriptively, is the familiar conundrum of how - or even whether -giftedness is to be characterized in
Perceptual magnet and phoneme boundary effects in speech perception: Do they arise from a common mechanism?

The question of whether sensitivity peaks at vowel boundaries (i.e., phoneme boundary effects) and sensitivity minima near excellent category exemplars (i.e., perceptual magnet effects) stem from the same stage of perceptual processing was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants gave phoneme identification and goodness ratings for 13 synthesized English /i/ and /e/ vowels. In Experiment 2, participants discriminated pairs of these vowels. Either the listeners discriminated the entire range of stimuli within each block of trials, or the range within each block was restricted to a single stimulus pair. In addition, listeners discriminated either one-step or two-step intervals along the stimulus series. The results demonstrated that sensitivity peaks at vowel boundaries were more influenced by stimulus range than were perceptual magnet effects; peaks in sensitivity near the /i/-/e/ boundary were reduced with restricted stimulus ranges and one-step intervals, but minima in discrimination near the best exemplars of /i/ were present in all conditions.
Utilization of Matched Filters in Cochannel Interference Suppression

This paper discusses the use of matched filters in the suppression of cochannel interference. Attention is particularly focused on matched filters which exhibit a large time-bandwidth product (i.e., spread spectrum systems). For these cases, the output signal-to-interference power ratio is determined for any type of interfering signal. The central limit theorem also allows the determination of error probabilities for these cases. In the determination of error probabilities, two receiver configurations have been employed, one a completely linear receiver employing a simple threshold and the other a receiver which uses an envelope detector followed by a threshold decision mechanism. The results of a preliminary investigation of the low-time band-width case have also been discussed and show that smaller amounts of processing gain can also be obtained for this case. A tabulated summary of the gains available for 81 signal and interference cases has been given.
Personal Names and Name Changes

The subject of personal names, when approached from an academic point of view, has attracted the attention of a variety of disciplines. The psychologist (Drury & McCarthy, 1980; Marcus, 1976; Rickel & Anderson, 1981; Strumpfer, 1978) is interested in names because names often affect a person's identity; the sociologist (Besnard, 1979; Zweigenhaft, 1981) is interested in names because names codify relationships and can thus determine conflict and cooperation between groups; the anthropologist (Azevedo, 1980; Carucci, 1984; Chuks-Orji, 1972; Koopman, 1979; Lasker, 1980) is interested in the subject because the name that a group of people relates to serves as a conceptual label for cultural consistency. This element of consistency also causes the historian and political scientist (McClure, 1979; Smith, 1950; Stewart, 1979; Yonge, 1966) to take an interest in names; such scholars recognize that changes in names often reflect major changes in society. Although it is this latter area of interest that has had the greatest influence on the present research, it should be noted that areas of academia outside of the social and behavior sciences have also studied the subject of names. Linguistics (Adler, 1978; Shankle, 1955/1976) is an obvious example. Less obvious, perhaps, is the interest that philosophers (Greet, 1948; Zabeeth, 1968) hold in names. The philosophical interest stems from a more general interest in words, and how words relate to the perceived world. African American scholars (Tyman-Thompson, 1978; Walker, 1977) have, in particular, been interested in the subject of personal names. This is perhaps because one of the more visible aspects of recent social change among African Americans is the increased use of non-
Physiological aspects of molting in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Synopsis. From a respiratory and metabolic standpoint, a blue crab is in an extremely precarious condition during a molt. A molt is physiolog? ically possible for two major reasons. First, a premolt alkalosis anticipates the acidosis that arises during actual exuviation when the gas exchanger and ventilatory appendage are impaired and thus anaerobic metabolism must be activated. Second, the crab is able to revert to more primitive forms of skeletal support and, immediately after exuviation, gas exchange. These mechanisms are very fragile, however, as are the cardiovascular mechanisms that provide the force for exuviation; any one may fail. Changes in various enzyme activities and in free amino acid content of the tissues, which are usually associated with osmotic challenges, are associated specifically with a molt as well. I suggest that they are related to isosmotic water uptake and cell volume regulation.
Stereo Vision Based Terrain Mapping for Off-Road Autonomous Navigation

Successful off-road autonomous navigation by an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) requires reliable perception and representation of natural terrain. While perception algorithms are used to detect driving hazards, terrain mapping algorithms are used to represent the detected hazards in a world model a UGV can use to plan safe paths. There are two primary ways to detect driving hazards with perception sensors mounted to a UGV: binary obstacle detection and traversability cost analysis. Binary obstacle detectors label terrain as either traversable or non-traversable, whereas, traversability cost analysis assigns a cost to driving over a discrete patch of terrain. In uncluttered environments where the non-obstacle terrain is equally traversable, binary obstacle detection is sufficient. However, in cluttered environments, some form of traversability cost analysis is necessary. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has explored both approaches using stereo vision systems. A set of binary detectors has been implemented that detect positive obstacles, negative obstacles, tree trunks, tree lines, excessive slope, low overhangs, and water bodies. A compact terrain map is built from each frame of stereo images. The mapping algorithm labels cells that contain obstacles as no-go regions, and encodes terrain elevation, terrain classification, terrain roughness, traversability cost, and a confidence value. The single frame maps are merged into a world map where temporal filtering is applied. In previous papers, we have described our perception algorithms that perform binary obstacle detection. In this paper, we summarize the terrain mapping capabilities that JPL has implemented during several UGV programs over the last decade and discuss some challenges to building terrain maps with stereo range data.
Job-Related Stress and Sleep Disorders Among North Carolina College Presidents

The purpose of this study was threefold. First, the study was to determine the extent of job-related stress among North Carolina community college presidents. Second, the study was to determine the extent of sleep disorders that exist in the target population. And finally, the study was to measure, if any, the relationship between job-related stress, sleep disorders, and stress reduction methods. The findings of the study indicated that the presidents may feel job-related stress in the form of job pressures such as demands, but are less stressed by job-related threats such as a feeling of being overwhelmed. In the area of sleep, the findings suggest that community college presidents are generally sleeping without difficulties. Overall, the scores were on the lower end of the range that indicates better sleep quality. The study results also indicated that all respondents except one used some method of stress reduction.
Stability of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid using the Quantisal™ collection device

This article details the stability of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid during collection, extraction and storage. Oral fluid is being increasingly used as the specimen of choice for the detection of drug use in various applications. Studies to determine the extraction efficiency of THC from the collection buffer and stability under various laboratory storage conditions were carried out. THC was extracted from the collection pad and buffer with an average efficiency over 80% and was stable in Quantisal oral fluid extraction buffer when stored at refrigerated temperatures. Fluorescent lighting caused THC losses of over 50%, however the presence of the pad reduced the loss. In the dark, the loss of THC at room temperature was approximately 20% over 14 days. When stored with the serum separators in place, THC losses were significant. After 3 days, THC concentration was reduced by almost 30%, and after 14 days, 60% of the drug was lost and the losses were not concentration dependent.
On Recent Trends in Atmospheric and Limnological Variables in Lake Ontario

Thesurface air andwater temperatures increased at allseasonalandannualtime scales duringthe last40 yr in Lake Ontario. The annual mean air and surface water temperatures have increased by 1.43 86 0.398 and 1.26 86 0.328C, respectively, over 1970‐2009. The air temperature increased at a faster rate than the surface water temperature in winter and autumn, whereas in spring and summer the surface water temperature warmed faster than the air temperature. The length of summer stratified season has increased by 12 6 2 days since the early 1970s due to the increase in water temperature. The decline of surface wind speed over Lake Ontario resulted in a shallower surface mixed layer and enhanced the summer thermal stratification, which increased the summer surface water temperature more rapidly than the air temperature.
A molecular orbital study of atomization energies of pnicogen fluoride molecules and ions

Abstract A bicentricly rescaled energy partitioned version of CNDO/2 molecular orbital theory is employed in a study of the atomization energies of the following pnicogen fluoride molecules, their cations and anions: NF, NF 2 , NF 3 , N 2 F 2 , N 2 F 4 , PF, PF 2 , PF 3 , PF 4 , PF 5 and P 2 F 4 . Trends predicted for ionization energies and electron affinities are discussed in terms of orbital structure and compared with available experimental data. Results indicate that normal CNDO/2 parameterization incorrectly weights relative bicentric contributions to the total molecular energy.
Digital Images for the Information Professional, by Melissa M. Terras. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008. 245 pp. $114.95 cloth. ISBN 978-0-7546-4860-4 (cloth)

Digitization for libraries, archives, cultural heritage, and memory institutions has been a boon to the exchange of information across physical borders around the world and to the online experience...
Calculation of the Resonant Properties of Electrical Cavities

It is shown that the resonant properties of axially symmetric cavities can be calculated using data obtained on an analogous static system in an electrolytic tank. The electrodes simulating the cavity are split into segments to allow a measurement of the current distribution along the electrodes. This current distribution is then used to obtain an approximation to the distribution of dynamic charge density over the walls of the cavity, and so yields the current distribution in the cavity. Calculations of the cavity parameters from the estimated current distribution yield results within a few per cent of the values measured on an actual cavity.
Nucleation of Solid‐State Reactions between Nickel Oxide and Aluminium Oxide

The initial stages of the solid-state reaction between high-quality thin films of nickel oxide and single-crystal aluminum oxide have been investigated. Thin films were grown on specially cleaned and annealed basal-plane (0001) alumina substrates by pulsed-laser deposition. The thin-film reaction couples were then heat-treated in air at 1080° and 1100°C for different times in order to induce the formation of the nickel aluminate spinel. The reaction couples were characterized in cross section by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and conventional transmission electron microscopy. The films of nickel oxide consisted of two twin variants with a common {111} plane, parallel to the basal plane of alumina, but rotated by 60° or 180° about the direction normal to that plane. The spinel nucleated where the twin boundaries in the nickel oxide film met the alumina substrate and contained the same twin variants as the original NiO film.
Submandibular-infratemporal interpositional carotid artery bypass for cranial base tumors and giant aneurysms.

Objective Cerebral revascularization is an important strategy in the surgical management of some complex cranial base tumors and unclippable aneurysms. A high-flow bypass may be necessary in planned carotid occlusion or sacrifice. The cervical-to-supraclinoid internal carotid artery bypass or cervical carotid-to-middle cerebral artery bypass are useful procedures to bypass lesions at the base of the cranium. We describe technical modifications of the submandibular-infratemporal interpositional saphenous vein (or radial artery) graft bypass technique specifically designed to avoid removal of the zygoma. Methods The saphenous vein or radial artery interpositional graft is tunneled through a burr hole created in the floor of the middle fossa via a submandibular-infratemporal route avoiding removal of zygoma and attachments of the masseter or temporalis muscles. Results The technique is demonstrated in one patient with removal of a malignant cavernous sinus tumor and in another patient with an unclippable giant carotid bifurcation aneurysm. Conclusion The advantages of this approach include preservation of the facial anatomy and creation of a short and safe route for passage of the saphenous vein or radial artery graft.