cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Older Adults as “Trained Patients” to Teach Advance Care Planning to Third-Year Medical Students

Background:Advance care planning (ACP) is a critical component of end-of-life (EoL) care, yet infrequently taught in medical training.Objective:We designed a novel curriculum that affords third-yea...
Optimo: A 65Nm 270Mhz 143.2Mw Programmable Spatial-Array-Processor With A Hierarchical Multi-Cast On-Chip Network For Solving Distributed Optimizations

This paper presents OPTIMO, a 65nm, 16-b, fully-programmable, spatial-array processor with 49-cores and a hierarchical multi-cast network for solving distributed optimizations. We demonstrate six template algorithms and their applications and measure a peak energy-efficiency of 0.279 TOPS/W.
Laser-produced uranium plasma characterization and Stark broadening measurements

This work reports the spatiotemporal diagnostics of uranium species in plasma plumes produced by nanosecond near-infrared laser pulses in a low-pressure environment. Spatially and temporally resolved emission spectroscopy experiments are combined with the modeling of uranium emission for investigating the dynamics of the plume. The Saha-Eggert equation and Boltzmann plots generated from numerous U I transitions are used to infer temperature. This work also reports the measurements of uranium Stark broadening parameters for U I 499.01 nm and U II 500.82 nm transitions. The Stark widths of select U transitions were measured by comparing their linewidths with the broadening of the O I 777.19 nm line. The electron density was found to be of the order of 1016 cm−3, while the temperature was found to be in the range of 3000–9000 K. In addition to enhancing the fundamental understanding of high-Z plasmas in reduced-pressure environments, the knowledge of Stark broadening parameters could improve the modeling capabilities and analytical performance of techniques that rely on emission plasma spectroscopy.
Mutated MYD88 Regulates HCK Pro-Survival Signaling through JunB in MYD88 Mutated B-Lymphoma Cells

Hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) is a member of the SRC family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) that is down-regulated in later stages of B-cell ontogeny. In MYD88 mutated B-cell lymphomas, HCK is aberrantly over-expressed and is activated and triggers multiple growth and survival pathways including BTK, PI3Kδ/AKT and ERK1/2 which are essential to tumor cell survival. Ibrutinib, a pleiotropic inhibitor of BTK, that produces remarkable responses in MYD88 mutated WM, ABC-DLBCL, and Primary CNS Lymphoma was found also potently inhibits HCK. Mutations that abolish ibrutinib-HCK binding greatly diminish anti-tumor activity in MYD88 mutated lymphoma cells, highlighting the importance of HCK as an essential target in MYD88 driven diseases. To clarify the transcriptional regulation of HCK in MYD88 mutated malignancies, we performed promoter binding TF profiling, PROMO weighted transcription factor (TF) consensus binding analysis, and chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP) studies. We identified PAX5, and mutated MYD88 downstream signaling mediators, STAT3, AP-1 and NF-kB as important drivers of HCK transcription. Knockdown of PAX5, a crucial regulatory factor required for B-cell commitment and identity, abrogated HCK transcription in MYD88 mutated lymphoma cells. Deletion of STAT3, AP-1 or NF-kB binding sites greatly reduced corresponding TFs binding and HCK promoter activity, indicating the importance of MYD88 directed signaling in the regulation of HCK transcription. Among AP-1 complex components, JunB but not c-Jun showed greatest relevance to TLR/MYD88 signaling and regulation of HCK transcription. Since STAT3 and NF-kB are known downstream mediators of mutated MYD88 signaling, we focused on the function of JunB. JunB phosphorylation increased following MYD88 pathway activation through TLR4 (with LPS-EB) or TLR9 (with ODN-2006), as well as lentiviral mediated expression of mutated MYD88 (L265P) but not wild type MYD88 (MYD88-WT) at Thr102 and Thr104 in either MYD88 mutated BCWM.1 cells or MYD88-WT Ramos cells. Conversely, c-Jun phosphorylation was not impacted by either intervention. Knockdown of MYD88 in BCWM.1 WM cells also reduced the phosphorylation of JunB, while c-Jun phosphorylation showed modest increase. Moreover, knockdown of JunB reduced HCK protein levels in MYD88 mutated WM and ABC-DLBCL cells. These data demonstrate that JunB is an important mediator of mutated MYD88 signaling among AP1 complex members and is directly involved in the regulation of HCK expression in MYD88 mutated B-cell lymphoma. The findings provide new insights into the transcriptional regulation of HCK by MYD88 driven TFs, and opportunities for further advancing targeted therapeutics in MYD88 driven B-cell malignancies. Disclosures Hunter: Janssen: Consultancy. Castillo: TG Therapeutics: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Beigene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding. Treon: Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy.
Abstract A143: Identification of the synergistic drugs in combination with EGFR therapy that can target ASCL1+ Lung Adenocarcinoma (A+ LUAD)

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. and in the world. In 2018, lung cancer alone resulted in 25.3% of all cancer deaths evaluated worldwide. Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a major subtype of lung cancer and accounts for 40% of these tumors. Our group has recently discovered that about 20% of LUAD are characterized by abnormally high expression of the neuroendocrine transcription factor, ASCL1. In these tumors, ASCL1 orchestrates a network of genomic changes that create opportunities for treatment. We have shown that LUAD tumors expressing high ASCL1 have RET mRNA levels that are predictive of patient survival (p Citation Format: Kshama Gupta, Farhad Kosari. Identification of the synergistic drugs in combination with EGFR therapy that can target ASCL1+ Lung Adenocarcinoma (A+ LUAD) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A143. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-A143
How does combinatorial testing perform in the real world: an empirical study

Studies have shown that combinatorial testing (CT) can be effective for detecting faults in software systems. By focusing on the interactions between different factors of a system, CT shows its potential for detecting faults, especially those that can be revealed only by the specific combinations of values of multiple factors (multi-factor faults). However, is CT practical enough to be applied in the industry? Can it be more effective than other industry-favored techniques? Are there any challenges when applying CT in practice? These research questions remain in the context of industrial settings. In this paper, we present an empirical study of CT on five industrial systems with real faults. The details of the input space model (ISM) construction, such as factor identification and value assignment, are included. We compared the faults detected by CT with those detected by the in-house testing teams using other methods, and the results suggest that despite some challenges, CT is an effective technique to detect real faults, especially multi-factor faults, of software systems in industrial settings. Observations and lessons learned are provided to further improve the fault detection effectiveness and overcome various challenges.
Aspirin Protects Melanocytes and Keratinocytes against UVB-Induced DNA Damage In Vivo

UVR promotes skin cancer through multiple mechanisms, including induction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage such as 8-oxoguanine and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. We investigated whether the anti-inflammatory activities of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) could protect against UVB-induced DNA damage and skin carcinogenesis. ASA reduced UVB-induced 8-oxoguanine and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in Melan-A melanocytes and HaCaT keratinocytes. Skin from UVB-irradiated C57BL/6 mice receiving 0.4 mg ASA daily by gavage exhibited less inflammation, fewer sunburn cells, and reduced 8-oxoguanine lesions than skin from irradiated control animals. ASA similarly reduced UVB-induced sunburn cells, 8-oxoguanine, and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesions in skin of melanoma-prone TN61R mice, and this was associated with decreased prostaglandin E2 in plasma and skin. These effects of ASA, however, did not delay melanoma onset in TN61R mice exposed to a single neonatal dose of UVB. In SKH1-E mice prone to squamous cell carcinoma, ASA reduced plasma and skin prostaglandin E2 levels and indices of UVB-induced DNA damage and delayed squamous cell carcinoma onset induced by chronic UVB. These results indicate that ASA can protect against UVB-induced inflammation in skin and reduce UVB-induced DNA damage in both melanocytes and keratinocytes. These effects translated into greater chemopreventive efficacy for UVB-induced squamous cell carcinoma than melanoma mouse models.
RAVIS: Resource Forecast and Ramp Visualization for Situational Awareness of Variable Renewable Generation

The Resource Forecast and Ramp Visualization for Situational Awareness (RAVIS) is an innovative, open-source tool for visualizing variable renewable resource forecasts and alerts for significant up- and down-ramps in renewable generation and the consequent system net load. The modular dashboard of RAVIS contains configurable panes for viewing probabilistic time-series forecasts, ramp event alerts on the look-ahead timeline, and spatially resolved resource sites, and forecasts. For comprehensive situational awareness, the tool can add additional data layers from simulation and independent system operator (ISO) market clearing data---including electric line utilization, nodal price, and available generation flexibility---in response to continuously updated renewable forecasts. This paper introduces the RAVIS technology suite employed to provide optimum visualization and flexible design characteristics. The paper also illustrates some use cases of the tool using site-specific solar power forecast data obtained from the IBM Watt-Sun forecasting platform for the California ISO and Midcontinent ISO footprints. The source code for RAVIS is public (https://github.com/ravis-nrel/ravis), and the intended users are forecasters, utility planners, ISO operators, and researchers.
Social comparisons between group members during behavioural weight loss treatment: comparison direction, scale, and associations with weight loss maintenance

OBJECTIVE To examine distinct types of social comparisons (i.e. self-evaluations relative to others) in behavioural weight loss groups and their relations with weight loss maintenance. DESIGN Participants (N = 127, MBMI = 35.66 kg/m2) reported on their comparisons at mid-treatment (6 months), including identification of their primary individual comparison target (group member) and perceptions of their own treatment adherence versus that of their group and identified target. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Weight was assessed at baseline, mid-treatment, end-of-treatment (12 months), and 18- and 24-month follow-ups. RESULTS Comparisons with individual targets perceived as more successful with weight loss were most frequent (i.e. upward comparisons), though comparisons differed based on group versus individual targets and specific treatment behaviours (e.g. self-monitoring). Comparisons did not align with participants' own treatment progress, suggesting that comparisons reflect more than just their objective weight loss relative to others. Relations between participants' initial weight loss and maintenance was moderated by the type of individual target identified at mid-treatment (p = 0.02, sr = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS Social comparisons in group-based weight loss treatment are multifaceted and predict long-term weight loss maintenance. Additional work is needed to determine how best to harness comparison processes to promote success in behavioural weight loss treatment.
Points of contention: Tradition, resistance, and arrow points in the California missions

Abstract Archaeological excavations at California mission sites have revealed diverse projectile points manufactured and used by Indigenous people. Through the examination of assemblages from four central California missions—San Jose, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and San Carlos—this paper considers the potential of lithic technologies to illuminate the interrelated issues of tradition and resistance. Based on our case study, and a comparative discussion of similar projectile points from other missions in Alta and Baja California, we argue that these artifacts offer an opportunity to move beyond the idea that the persistence of cultural traditions equals passive resistance in colonial settings. In addition to strong continuities of arrow point types from precontact times into the colonial period, the data from California also demonstrate that Native people incorporated new materials into their lithic technologies and perhaps even created new point types after the Spanish invasion. These patterns speak to the dynamic nature of tradition as well as the varied ways that Indigenous people sought to repudiate the values of colonialism in their daily lives. Taken together, the projectile points from California mission sites encourage archaeologists to consider how lithic technologies may reflect the capacity (realized or not) for Indigenous autonomy and active refusal of colonialism.
Torsion in Sections with Open and Closed Parts

A concise method is presented for locating the shear center and investigating torsional stresses in beams that are free to warp and with cross sections consisting of both open and closed parts. The application of the method is illustrated in detail by an example problem with beam cross sections which may be found in certain concrete box girder bridges.
Stress-driven melt segregation in partially molten rocks

[1] We demonstrate that deformation of partially molten ductile rocks can produce melt segregation by two-phase flow. In simple shear experiments on several melt-rock systems at high temperature and pressure, melt segregates into distinct melt-rich layers oriented 20° to the shear plane. Melt segregates in samples in which pressure gradients can develop at length scales less than the sample thickness. A simple scaling argument combined with a comparison of length scale data suggests that such pressure gradients can develop in the samples with compaction lengths less than or on the order of the sample thickness. In nature, stress-driven melt segregation may produce both high-permeability pathways that contribute to rapid extraction of melt and localization of deformation that increases the anisotropy in viscosity of partially molten regions of the upper mantle and lower crust.
Preparation of N-Acylbenzotriazole Derivatives of Dicarboxylic Acids

N-Acylbenzotriazole derivatives of dicarboxylic acids have been prepared by convenient methods.
A Review of: “Alan B. Albarran, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted, and Michael O. Wirth, Eds. The Handbook of Media Management and Economics”

An area of study can be said to have come of age when it is considered a definable entity, when it emerges from the shadow of its parent sciences and paradigms and begins to take a form of its own....
Information capacity of bosonic channels

The capacity C for transmitting classical information is investigated for noisy bosonic channel models. An exact result is obtained for the pure-loss case. Upper and lower bounds are established for channels with active noise sources
Stock Splits: Tests of the Earnings Signaling and Attention Directing Hypotheses Using Analyst Forecasts and Revisions:

The major findings of this study are: (1) earnings performance of splitting firms is favorable relative to preevent longterm analyst (Value Line) forecasts; (2) analysts significantly revise earnings forecasts upward in response to stock split announcements; and (3) in the case of stock split announcing firms, there is a high correlation between future earnings performance and analyst forecast revision.These findings indicate that stock split announcements convey “permanent” earnings information to the market, and security analysts scrutinize the earnings signal at the firm specific level. The results support both the earnings signaling hypothesis and the attention directing hypothesis concerning stock split events.
A trace formula for isometric pairs

It is well known that for every isometry V, tr[V*, V] = -ind(V). This fact for the shift operator is a basis for many important developments in operator theory and topology. In this paper we prove an analogous formula for a pair of isometries (V 1 , V 2 ), namely tr[V* 1 , V 1 , V* 2 , V 2 ) = -2ind(V 1 ,V 2 ), where [V* 1 , V 1 , V* 2 , V 2 ] is the complete anti-symmetric sum and ind(V 1 , V 2 ) is the Fredholm index of the pair (V 1 , V 2 ). The major tool is what we call the fringe operator. Two examples are considered.
Free Speech Constitutionalism

This article develops a contextual model of free speech. Despite extensive work in this area, dating back to the early twentieth century, the three dominant theories of free speech do not adequately describe the full range of expressions protected by the Constitution. The proponents of the first school of thought claim that the purpose of protecting free speech is to further democratic institutions. Those of the second conceive personal autonomy to be the predominant reason why free speech is so carefully guarded by courts and society at large. And those of the third persuasion relate the American people’s high regard for free speech to the advancement of knowledge. While each touches on the ideals of representative democracy, none fully accounts for the intricacies of the First Amendment within the context of overall constitutional structure. Each contains elements of why free speech is so important to our legal culture, but none of these three provides a comprehensive account.The First Amendment is not solely established to protect speech but also the other predicates of representative democracy. Speech empowers individuals to engage in self-realization within a community of equals committed to the general welfare. Any regulations inhibiting, limiting, or restraining it should be narrowly tailored to safeguard the Constitution’s overarching guarantee of liberal equality for the common good. This principle derives from the Preamble to the Constitution’s General Welfare Clause and the Declaration of Independence’s Unalienable Rights Clause. Scholars and courts have too often ignored these two sources of federal power. Yet they provide the groundwork for representative democracy, wherein expressive liberty enables individuals to voice their political opinions, enjoy personal dignity, and attain knowledge and expertise. Free speech is a function of a constitutional system that enables people to pursue happiness for the betterment of the whole polity. After expounding a comprehensive theory of free speech and critiquing its most important alternatives, the article applies this major shift in First Amendment thought to defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and incitement doctrines.
Treatment of Agoraphobia

Agoraphobia, a potentially chronic and debilitating psychiatric syndrome, is seen more often in clinical settings than any other phobia (Marks, 1969) and is believed to affect approximately 2% to 6% of the general population (Myers et al., 1987). The relative prevalence and clinical significance of agoraphobia underscores the importance of identifying effective treatments. However, consumers and practitioners may find it difficult to evaluate existing treatment options. Representatives of many psychotherapeutic approaches claim to be able to treat this disorder successfully, and reviewers of the general psychotherapy literature have often concluded that all approaches are equally beneficial (Luborsky, Singer, & Luborsky, 1975; Smith & Glass, 1977).
Landslide Detection Service Based on Composition of Physical and Social Information Services

Social media have been used in the detection and management of natural hazards such as earthquakes. However, disasters often lead to other kinds of disasters, forming multi-hazards. Landslide is an illustrative example of a multi-hazard, which may be caused by earthquakes, rainfalls, water erosion, among other reasons. Detecting such multi-hazards is a significant challenge, since physical sensors designed for specific disasters are insufficient for multi-hazards. We describe LITMUS -- a landslide detection service based on a multi-service composition approach that combines data from both physical and social information services by filtering and then joining the information flow from those services based on their spatiotemporal features. Our results show that with such approach LITMUS detects 25 out of 27 landslides reported by USGS in December and 40 more landslides unreported by USGS. Also, LITMUS provides a live demonstration that displays results on a web map.
ILAN intelligent local area network planning software

Abstract The objective of this research is to develop an analysis tool for evaluating a token bus topology, supporting the Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP). Furthermore this research describes an easy-to-use graphical interface for a complex simulation program. Specifically, a graphical user interface for MAP network simulation program is illustrated. Simulation of MAP sub-networks interconnected by bridges can be performed without further programming. This software, called ILAN, features a unique graphical user interface with message definition facility and an error-checking inference engine which advises users of any instances of duplicated or omitted information. ILAN's problem-definition phase is simplified by implementing a single graphical user interface for all inputs. Two main procedures within ILAN consist of a local area network simulation and an intelligent graphical interface with a unique graphical message definition facility. The simulation procedure includes the ability to model different numbers of multiple MAP sub-networks interconnected by bridges and different numbers of associations between stations using the token bus protocol. Higher layers in the protocol stacks are modeled as queues having variable delays for different messages at different stations. In order to aid users with the difficulty of inputting parameters needed to simulate complex MAP networks, a graphical user interface is developed. By means of this graphical interface, users can describe the MAP hardware configurations as well as message definitions to be simulated. Sequences of messages to be transmitted can be displayed on the screen as users describe them.
A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions

Two field studies were undertaken to investigate the nature of the relationships between job security, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and withdrawal cognitions. Study 1 was conducted in an organization immediately following its acquisition by another company (N=137). Study 2 was conducted in an organization that had experienced a number of layoffs and expected more in the future (N=188). Covariance structure analysis was used to test for direct, complete mediating, and partial mediating effects. Study 2 was used to cross-validate the findings from study 1. Results from both studies provide strong support for the proposition that job satisfaction and organizational commitment mediate the effects of job security on withdrawal cognitions. The two studies diverge when explicating the nature of the relations between job security, satisfaction, and commitment. Study 1 suggests job satisfaction completely mediates the effects of job security on commitment. Study 2 suggests that both satisfaction and commitment mediate the relationship between job security and withdrawal cognitions. Contextual differences that may have contributed to these findings are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agricultural health and hygiene--with special reference to the Canadian position.

Abstract This report assesses agricultural health and hygiene from the aspects of demography, legislation, administration, research, and teaching—with special reference to the position in Canada. It followed a canvass of the following Canadian sources—Federal Ministries of Health, Labor and Agriculture, Provincial Health and Agriculture Ministries, Attorneys General of the Provinces, Workmen's Compensation Boards, University Schools of Medicine, Engineering and Agriculture, the Canada Safety Council, and Canadian Chamber of Commerce. The Canadian literature on the subject has been reviewed. Health and hygiene activities are enmeshed with accident prevention (safety) in Canada so a consistent separation of the two fields could not be made.
Sweet Home Mine Rhodochrosite Wall: At the Denver Museum of Natural History

(1997). Sweet Home Mine Rhodochrosite Wall: At the Denver Museum of Natural History. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 240-243.
Avian retrovirus RNA-directed DNA synthesis by purified reverse transcriptase. Covalent linkage of RNA to plus strand DNA.

Summary DNA with the same polarity as its viral RNA template was synthesized in reconstructed reactions containing highly purified avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase and 35S RNA template-·tRNA trp primer. By performing radioisotope transfer experiments with plus strand DNA isolated from synthetic reactions containing one of the four α-[ 32 P] deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, it was determined that RNA is covalently linked to the 5′ termini of plus strand DNA. While all 16 possible rNMP-dNMP linkages were detected, 50% of all transfers were to 2′(3′)-AMP. We conclude that 35S RNA·tRNA trp template·primer-directed synthesis of plus strand DNA is initiated with RNA primer(s). The most probable origin of the primer(s) is viral RNase H-generated fragments of the viral RNA template.
Classification of continuous phase transitions and stable phases. I. Six-dimensional order parameters.

We have classified continuous phase transitions in physical systems where the order parameter transforms as a six-dimensional representation of a space group. The Landau potential is minimized with the use of Kim's geometrical method and a table of isotropy subgroups recently obtained by Stokes and Hatch. For most images of the active six-dimensional space-group representations, the complete list of stable phases is presented along with the corresponding region in coupling coefficient space (or pressure-temperature plane) for each stable phase.
Markov Chains for the RISK Board Game Revisited.

(2003). Markov Chains for the RISK Board Game Revisited. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 129-135.
Brain Adrenergic receptors and resistance to stress

Abstract The relationship between brain beta-adrenergic receptors and adaptation to stress was studied in rats subjected to repeated restraint stress. The stress was found to produce a reduction in the density of these receptors in the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and brain stem. This change first appeared after 4–7 days and persisted for the duration of the two-week stress. Adaptation, as judged by resistance to the anorexic and gastric lesion-inducing effects of the stress, occurred progressively over the full two-week period. The loss of beta-receptors was found to correlate positively with the degree of adaptation. The relationship was strongest for the hypothalamus but was also apparent in the cortex and brain stem. These findings support the hypothesis that a reduction in the number of brain adrenergic receptors is one of the biochemical factors underlying adaptation to stress.
Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

The ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae (filament‐core rhabdoids) of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea is described and the phylogenetic utility of these organelles evaluated. Pseudocnidae of Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons are clavate structures, measuring 3–5 µm in length with a bulbous lateral process present near their midregion, whereas those of Carinomella lactea are rod‐shaped structures, measuring 2–3 µm in length and lack a lateral process. In both species, these structures exhibit a somewhat electron‐lucent cortex, an electron‐dense medulla and a distinct filament‐like core, extending from the apex of the pseudocnida toward its base. The pseudocnidae are situated within pseudocnida‐forming cells that constitute a portion of the glandular proboscis epithelium and are oriented parallel to the apical basal axis of the cell. No evidence of core extrusion was observed in these species. Comparative structural analyses confirm that these secretory granules are neither rha...
SMIF capability at Intel Mask Operation improves yield

At Intel Mask Operations (IMO), Standard Mechanical Interface (SMIF) processing has been employed to reduce environmental particle contamination from manual handling-related activities. SMIF handling entailed the utilization of automated robotic transfers of photoblanks/reticles between SMIF pods, whereas conventional handling utilized manual pick transfers of masks between SMIF pods with intermediate storage in Toppan compacts. The SMIF-enabling units in IMO's process line included: (1) coater, (2) exposure, (3) developer, (4) dry etcher, and (5) inspection. Each unit is equipped with automated I/O port, environmentally enclosed processing chamber, and SMIF pods. Yield metrics were utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of SMIF processing compared to manual processing. The areas focused in this paper were blank resist coating, binary front-end reticle processing and 2nd level PSM reticle processing. Results obtained from the investigation showed yield improvements in these areas.
Numerical Simulation of Saturated Film Boiling on a Horizontal Surface

The past efforts in applying linear Taylor instability theory to the prediction of heat transfer during film boiling on a horizontal surface have suffered from the fact that empirical correlations must be used to define the shape of vapor-liquid interfaces and to determine the transport of mass and heat across these interfaces. The objective of this study is to clarify the physics of film boiling and to predict heat transfer coefficients through complete numerical simulation of the evolving interface between superposed layers of immiscible fluids. A coordinate transformation technique supplemented by a numerical grid generation method and a second-order projection method are combined to solve for the flow and temperature fields associated with an evolving interface. From the numerical simulation, the film thickness and, in turn, the heat transfer coefficient are found to vary both spatially and temporally. Increased wall superheat not only thickens the vapor film in the valley but also enlarges the vapor bulge. The effect of increased system pressure is to slow down the growth of the interface.
Intense Photon Beam Processing Of Materials

A number of photon-assisted techniques have recently been employed for processing of materials that include insulators, semi-conductors, metals and superconductors. The present article focuses on three techniques developed by the authors: (a) laser ablation processing for superconductors (b) laser induced forward transport of metals and (c) wavelength control laser induced chemical vapor deposition for magnetic alloys.
A comparison between Krause's first order analytic orbit theory and a new solution for small eccentricity orbits

The accuracy of two analytic first order orbit theories is compared for typical low earth orbits of small eccentricity. The first theory due to Krause is based on the analytic integration of the Lagrange planetary equations in the classical orbit elements. using only the first-order short-period part of the disturbing function, which is dependent on the second zonal harnonic J2. The short-pricd variations of the elements are given as a function of the true anomaly, the independent variable, and are valid for any orbit with a nonzero eccentricity. A short-period analytic orbit predictor is obtained if these short-period perturbations are linearly combined with the first-order secular perturbations. This theory breaks dom, however. for small eccentricities approaching zero. For example for e = 10-3, the positional error can be a$ large as 25 km for a typical low-altitude polar sun synchronous orbit, w h m compared to an e x a c t numerically integrated orbit. The second theory refers the perturbed motion to a rotating Cartesian frame attached to a reference circular orbit and is valid for small eccentricities including the circular Case. In fact, it is m s t accurate at zero eccentricity where the positional error is of the order of Some 200 m. Starting from initial osculating elewnts, both the Krause and the present analytic theories are used to generate typical low-altitude orbits and cornparedwith numerically integrated ones. accuracies achieved by these two analytic predictors are compared for eccentricities approaching zero and the various advantages and disadvantages of each predictor depicted for terminal rendezvous and autonornus orbit determination applications. I
Precession measurements of the 545 keV (6+) rotational state of 154Sm

Abstract The ion implantation perturbed angular correlation technique was used to measure γ-ray angular distributions from the decay of the 545 keV (6+) rotational state of 154Sm recoiled into both copper and polarized iron. The precession angle (ωτ) measured in the polarized iron implantation experiments is consistent with present knowledge of the transient and static magnetic hyperfine fields acting on nuclei recoiled into ferromagnetic hosts. These data and the results of previous measurements give values of Ho = 2.3±0.2 MOe and H1τ1 = 10.7±9.1 MOe · psec for the magnetic hyperfine fields at samarium nuclei recoiled into polarized iron (300°K). The g-factor ratio for the second (4+) and third (6+) excited states of the 154Sm ground state rotational bwand is g 6 + g 4 + = 1.05 ±0.11 .
Numerical simulation of flow and temperature evolution during the initial phase of steady-state solidification

Abstract Steady-state solidification processes have been used widely in the materials industry for the production of single crystals and metal ingots or near-net-shape products. In these processes, the formation of some macro defects such as thermal cracking, hot tearing, surface cracking, etc., has been found to initiate during the starting phase of the operation and has been affected by the fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification that are dynamically evolving during that period of time. In this paper, a numerical study of these developing fluid flow and thermal phenomena during the initial phase of steady-state solidification processes is presented. The deforming finite-element method, coupled with a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation, is used to represent the growth of metal being solidified and the accompanying dynamic fluid flow and thermal behavior. Two sets of results obtained using the algorithm are presented. The first one is concerned with the evolution of temperature and solidification phenomena during a round ingot casting process, as it evolves from the beginning of casting operation to a steady state, whilst the second one describes the fluid flow field and its effect on the temperature distribution in a metal spreading caster during the initial stage. These results show that the time-varying, complex fluid flow and thermal phenomena during continuous-casting processes can be very well represented by the computational algorithm. It is found that, for the round ingot casting, the temperature field changes drastically at the initial stage but evolves slowly afterwards. For the spreading casting process, however, the fluid flow and the thermal field are strongly coupled, and ignoring the fluid flow effect may result in substantial error in numerical predictions.
Spillovers from the Rising Value of Time

A. New decisions, given tastes, possible spillovers, 638. — B. New decisions, new tastes, possible spillovers, 640.
In utero alcohol exposure increases mammary tumorigenesis in rats

Findings in humans and animal models suggest that in utero hormonal and dietary exposures increase later breast cancer risk. Since alcohol intake by adult women consistently increases their breast cancer risk, we wondered whether maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy increases female offspring's mammary tumorigenesis. In our study, pregnant female rats were pair-fed isocaloric diets containing either 0 (control), 16 or 25 g alcohol kg−1 feed between days 7 and 19 of gestation. These alcohol exposures generate blood alcohol levels that correspond to low and moderate alcohol consumption and are lower than those that induce foetal alcohol syndrome. Serum oestradiol levels were elevated in pregnant rats exposed to alcohol (P<0.003). When adult, female offspring of alcohol-exposed dams developed significantly more 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene -induced mammary tumours, compared to the controls (tumour multiplicity; mean±s.e.m., controls: 2.0±0.3, 16 g alcohol: 2.7±0.4 and 25 g alcohol: 3.7±0.4; P<0.006). In addition, the mammary epithelial tree of the alcohol-exposed offspring was denser (P<0.004) and contained more structures that are susceptible for the initiation of breast cancer (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical assessment indicated that the mammary glands of 22-week-old in utero alcohol-exposed rats contained elevated levels of oestrogen receptor-α (P<0.04) that is consistent with the changes in mammary gland morphology. In summary, maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy increases female offspring's mammary tumorigenesis, perhaps by programming the foetal mammary gland to exhibit persistent alterations in morphology and gene expression. It remains to be determined whether an increase in pregnancy oestradiol levels mediated alcohol's effects on offspring's mammary tumorigenesis.
Physical and Compositional Characteristics of Beef Carcasses Selected for Leanness

Ten muscles and muscle groups were excised from each of eight typical (average yield grade 2.99) and eight lean (average yield grade 1.73) steer carcasses and analyzed to determine differences between carcass types. Lean carcasses (raw basis) were higher (P 0.05) were found between carcass types (cooked basis) for moisture, protein, cholesterol, dry matter cholesterol, cooking loss or shear force value. Semitendinosus muscles from typical carcasses were rated higher (P<0.05) for juiciness and tenderness than from lean carcasses. Differences (P<0.05) were found among muscles for all traits measured.
CYP26A1 knockout embryonic stem cells exhibit reduced differentiation and growth arrest in response to retinoic acid

CYP26A1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, metabolizes all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) into polar metabolites, e.g. 4-oxo-RA and 4-OH-RA. To determine if altering RA metabolism affects embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation, we disrupted both alleles of Cyp26a1 by homologous recombination. CYP26a1(-/-) ES cells had a 11.0+/-3.2-fold higher intracellular RA concentration than Wt ES cells after RA treatment for 48 h. RA-treated CYP26A1(-/-) ES cells exhibited 2-3 fold higher mRNA levels of Hoxa1, a primary RA target gene, than Wt ES cells. Despite increased intracellular RA levels, CYP26a1(-/-) ES cells were more resistant than Wt ES cells to RA-induced proliferation arrest. Transcripts for parietal endodermal differentiation markers, including laminin, J6(Hsp 47), and J31(SPARC, osteonectin) were expressed at lower levels in RA-treated CYP26a1(-/-) ES cells, indicating that the lack of CYP26A1 activity inhibits RA-associated differentiation. Microarray analyses revealed that RA-treated CYP26A1(-/-) ES cells exhibited lower mRNA levels than Wt ES cells for genes involved in differentiation, particularly in neural (Epha4, Pmp22, Nrp1, Gap43, Ndn) and smooth muscle differentiation (Madh3, Nrp1, Tagln Calponin, Caldesmon1). In contrast, genes involved in the stress response (e.g. Tlr2, Stk2, Fcgr2b, Bnip3, Pdk1) were expressed at higher levels in CYP26A1(-/-) than in Wt ES cells without RA. Collectively, our results show that CYP26A1 activity regulates intracellular RA levels, cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation of primary RA target genes, and ES cell differentiation to parietal endoderm.
Improving object tracking through distributed exploration of an information map.

Tracking the position of moving objects requires tight coordination of sensing and movement, in both biological contexts such as prey pursuit and capture, and in target localization by mobile robots. Algorithms for target tracking often use a probabilistic map, or information map, of the domain to guide active search. Though it is reasonable to expect that the best approach would be to choose control actions driving the robot toward the maximum of this information map, we show improved performance in simulation by using a simple heuristic incorporating the time history of robot movement into the map. Furthermore, our results indicate that as the distribution of robot positions approaches the distribution of the density of information, the variance of the estimate is decreased and tracking improves. We conclude that control actions based solely on information maximization may underperform in information orientated tasks, such as the estimation of moving target positions.
A dual band telescope for microwave instrument on Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO)

In this paper the requirements, specifications, design procedures, and analytical results for a dual frequency space-based telescope are discussed. The telescope is used as part of the microwave instrument on board the Rosetta Orbiter spacecraft, which will be launched early in the next century to rendezvous with and probe the Comet Wirtanen for water content and other material properties. The Offset-fed Cassegrain telescope reaches two receivers at millimeter (190 GHz) and sub-millimeter (560 GHz) via a beam waveguide arrangement. Gaussian beam and Physical Optics methods have been used in the successful design and analysis of the telescope. The telescope provides far field patterns with good efficiency better than 60%, and very low sidelobes better than 30 dB. RF properties of the telescope at varying temperatures, mechanical tolerances, and other operational situations are discussed.
Ode to Joy.

Excerpt When you've gone through the four-year fire of medical school and you've walked the wards as a surgical intern, you think you're ready for anything. You think you can do anything. You learn...
Extract from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Attenuates Oxidant Stress in Cardiomyocytes

Extract from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Attenuates Oxidant Stress in Cardiomyocytes.Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (1999) 31, 1885–1895. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a Chinese herbal medicine used to treat allergic and inflammatory diseases. The medicinal effects of S. baicalensis root may result, in part, from its constituent flavones reported to have antioxidant properties. Since oxidants play multiple roles in cells, we tested whether S. baicalensis could confer protection in a cardiomyocyte model of ischemia and reperfusion. The intracellular fluorescent probes 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA, sensitive to H2O2and hydroxyl radicals) and dihydroethidium (DHE, sensitive to superoxide) were used to assess intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and propidium iodide (PI) was used to assess viability in cultured embryonic cardiomyocytes. S. baicalensis extract (SbE) quickly attenuated levels of oxidants generated during transient hypoxia and during exposure to the mitochondrial site III inhibitor antimycin A, as measured by DCFH oxidation or by DHE oxidation. These attenuated oxidant levels were associated with improved survival and function. Cell death after ischemia/reperfusion decreased from 47±3% in untreated to 26±2% in S. baicalensis treated cells (P<0.001). After antimycin A exposure, S. baicalensis decreased cell death from 49±6% in untreated to 23±4% in treated cells. Return of contraction occurred in S. baicalensis -treated cells but was not observed in control cells. Other in vitro studies revealed that baicalein, a major flavone component of SbE can directly scavenge superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Collectively, these findings indicate that SbE and its constituent flavones such as baicalein can attenuate oxidant stress and protect cells from lethal oxidant damage in an ischemia–reperfusion model.
21st century computer architecture keynote at 2014 international conference on supercomputing (ICS)

This talk has two parts. The first part will discuss possible directions for computer architecture research, including architecture as infrastructure, energy first, impact of new technologies, and cross-layer opportunities. This part is based on a 2012 Computing Community Consortium (CCC) whitepaper effort led by Hill, as well as other recent National Academy and ISAT studies. See: http://cra.org/ccc/docs/init/21stcenturyarchitecturewhitepaper.pdfThe second part of the talk will discuss examples of cross-layer research advocated in the first part. First, our analysis shows that many "big-memory" server workloads, such as databases, in-memory caches, and graph analytics, pay a high cost for page-based virtual memory: up to 50% of execution time wasted. Via small changes to the operating system (Linux) and hardware (x86-64 MMU), this work reduces execution time these workloads waste to less than 0.5%. The key idea is to map part of a process's linear virtual address space with a new incarnation of segmenta-tion, while providing compatibility by mapping the rest of the virtual address space with paging. Second, we will briefly discuss memory consistency models for graphic processing units (GPUs) and other accelerators that support synchronization on a subset of threads called "scopes."
Interfacial Forces and Friction on the Nanometer Scale

In this tutorial, I will review the molecular origin of some of the forces that may be observed between interacting bodies, and the effects of such forces on adhesion and friction of surfaces and thin films at the atomic and nanoscopic scale.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Notes on the Geographical Distribution and Host Preferences in the Order Siphonaptera Part 4. Coptopsyllidae, Pygiopsyllidae, Stephanocircidae and Xiphiopsyllidae

All of the presently known species of the siphonapteran families Coptopsyllidae, Pygiopsyllidae, Stephanocircidae and Xiphiopsyllidae are listed and their principal hosts and geographic distribution are discussed. Author and date of description are included for each taxon.
Latent learning of spatial information is impaired in middle-aged rats

The present study determined if the middle age related impairment that occurs with nonspatial latent learning also occurs in spatial latent learning. Thirty young (3-months-old) and 30 middle-aged (12-months-old) male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either pre-exposure to spatial cues surrounding a Barnes maze (SpatialPX), or pre-exposure to just the maze (MazePX). They were then given 10 training trials in which they had to find a hidden escape box while experiencing an aversive environment produced by bright lights and wind. Results showed that young rats given the SpatialPX condition demonstrated faster escape latencies and fewer errors than young rats given the MazePX condition. However, middle-aged rats given the SpatialPX condition did not show this improved performance. These findings indicate that the middle age learning deficit is not task specific, but rather is a general impairment in latent learning, possibly due to the early degeneration of the entorhinal cortex.