cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defect in Resistance to Salmonella typhimurium in Iron-Deficient Rats

Iron-deficiency anemia is a well-known result of inadequate iron in the diet, but the consequences of such a dietary regime are vague and ill defined. Rats were fed diets containing either five or 35 parts per million of iron and were infected orally with Salmonella typhimurium. The amount of antimicrobial enzyme containing iron, the amount of myeloperoxidase, the number of myeloperoxidasecontaining cells, and the number of S. typhimurium organisms in the gut were measured in animals sacrificed up to 30 days after challenge. Iron-deficient rats were unable to produce and deliver cells containing myeloperoxidase to the gut in sufficient quantity quickly enough to withstand the stress of enteric infection.
Precollege science plan offered

The federal government should help create a system of 2,000 “exemplary” precollege public schools that would lead the country in initiating sweeping changes in science and math education. This is among the recommendations in a recent National Science Board (NSB) report on precollege education that urged increased exposure of students to science and improved teacher quality. The report is unique among recent education reports in that it offers an itemized price tag for its recommendations. The bottom line: a first-year federal government outlay of $956 million.
The histopathology of cutthroat trout experimentally infected with the blood fluke Sanguinicola klamathensis.

The pathological effects of the blood fluke, Sanguinicola klamathensis Wales 1958, was studied in the cutthroat trout host (Salmo clarki). Cutthroat trout fingerlings of a non-infected group and a group experimentally infected by exposure to 6,000 Fluminicola fusca snails, with a 6% prevalence of infection with S. klamathensis, were maintained for 7 months. The experimental group had 80% mortality after 3 months exposure to the blood flukes. Histopathology revealed a progressive infection with fluke eggs and miracidia within the gills, kidney, and heart as evidenced by necrosis and calcification of heart and kidney tissue, and hyperplasia of the gills.
Effect of heat shock on the synthesis of low molecular weight RNAs in drosophila: Accumulation of a novel form of 5S RNA

Abstract The synthesis and stability of low molecular weight RNAs following heat shock in Drosophila melanogaster cell cultures have been examined. When cultures are raised from 25°C to 37°C, the synthesis of tRNA and at least two other low molecular weight RNAs continues at the 25°C rate. 5.8S ribosomal RNA and most of the low molecular weight nuclear RNAs are not synthesized. The synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA is greatly reduced. A large amount of an RNA of about 135 nucleotides in length accumulates at 37°C. Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals that this RNA is a novel form of 5S RNA with approximately 15 additional nucleotides at its 3′ end.
A routine method for diagnosis of early myocardial infarction

We compared Barbeito-Lopez Trichrome stain with H-E, the basic fuchsin picric acid and Nitro Blue of Tetrazolium stains. The Barbeito-Lopez Trichrome stain was much more sensitive than the other stains for the diagnosis of early myocardial coagulation necrosis.
Pay as You Go in the Cloud: One Watt at a Time

Advancements in virtualization have led to the construction of large data centers that host thousands of servers and to the selling of virtual machines (VMs) to consumers under a per-hour rate. This current pricing scheme employed by cloud computing providers ignores the disparities in consumer usage and in its related infrastructural costs of providing the service to different users. We thus propose a new pricing model based on the liable power consumption of the VM, which we correlate to the VM's proportion of CPU and disk I/O usage. We evaluate the fairness and practicality of our accountable power consumption model on various machines and storage types. We then demonstrate the benefits of the proposed pricing model by looking four consumer cases. Our work is undergoing further experimentation and we hope to expand our testing using cloud services.
Symbol block construction for frequency domain equalization of multi-h CPM

This paper considers the construction of a symbol block to generate a cyclic multi-h continuous phase modulated (CPM) signal so as to permit frequency domain equalization (FDE) at the receiver. Like single-h CPM, the memory inherent in a multi-h CPM waveform requires an intra-fix in each transmitted block. We propose a novel procedure that determines the intra-fix symbols, such that the intra-fix length is minimized. The constraints on the required intra-fix symbols are shown to form a set of Linear Diophantine Equations (LDEs). The proposed procedure is applied to a dual-h CPM scheme.
Tobacco Advertising in the United States: A Proposal for a Constitutionally Acceptable Form of Regulation

Lorillard Tobacco Co. v Reilly is the latest in a series of Supreme Court cases striking down public health regulation of advertising as a violation of the First Amendment. In its decision, the Supreme Court significantly reduced the scope of constitutionally acceptable forms of regulation of tobacco advertising and created an almost insoluble dilemma for public health authorities. Control over advertising, along with taxes and restrictions on smoking in public settings, plays an important role in the public health response to tobacco. Those committed to reducing the patterns of cigarette-related morbidity and mortality should broaden their advertising-related strategies and consider the role that greater disclosure of the health harms of tobacco can have on reducing consumption. Toward this end, we propose a comprehensive system of taxation and regulation designed to increase public appreciation and comprehension of the health risks of cigarettes. First, we consider a tax to be levied on tobacco advertising and promotion or, as an alternative, a new excise tax, the proceeds of which would be used exclusively to fund a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–directed national antitobacco campaign. Second, all print advertising should be required to carry public health warnings equivalent to 50% of the space devoted to the advertisement. Third, manufacturers should be required to devote one full side of cigarette packages to graphic pictorials displaying the dangers of smoking. The tobacco industry would no doubt respond by declaring such efforts an unwarranted burden, an example of constitutionally suspect compelled speech. However, this would be a battle worth engaging, because it might have an impact on tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the United States.
Excision of cytosine hydrates from Z-DNA

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of DNA produces cytosine hydrate, released as a free base by E. coli endonuclease III. Cytosine hydrate excision was investigated by assaying photoproduct release from cytosine-radiolabeled, irradiated poly(dG-dC):poly(dG-dC). Conformational shifts between B-DNA and Z-DNA were affected by heating the polymer in either nickel chloride or cobaltous chloride, and were determined by circular dichroism. Rates of enzymic cytosine hydrate release did not differ between the different substrate conformations. Irradiation of left-handed poly(dG-dC):poly(dG-dC) resulted in cytosine hydrate formation. Therefore, neither formation nor enzymic excision of ultraviolet-induced cytosine hydrates are substantially affected by these DNA conformational states.
Protein synthesis in isolated rat brain mitochondria and nerve endings

Abstract The relationship of brain mitochondrial protein synthesis to nerve ending protien synthesis was investigated by isolating both fractions simultaneously from young rats and comparing the incorporation of [ 14 C]leucine under identical incubation conditions. Both fractions had similar requirements for sodium and potassium activation with concentrations of100mMand10mMrespectively producing maximum levels of incorporation. Calcium, magnesium, insulin, and EDTA inhibited both systems in a parallel fashion. Chloramphenicol had almost no effect on either fraction. Cycloheximide depressed protein synthesis to approximately 25% of control values at concentrations of 10 μg/ml. The data suggest that the mechanism of protein synthesis in nerve endings and brain mitochondria is similar if not identical, and that this mechanism is sensitive to cycloheximide and resistant to chloramphenicol.
Forelimb biomechanics of nonavian theropod dinosaurs in predation

Theoretical models of theropod forelimb biomechanics are often tainted with preconceived ideas. Actualistic modeling using specimens and casts, coupled with CAT-scans and dissections of extant vertebrate forelimbs, demonstrates that forelimb motion in theropods is considerably less than hypothetical models indicate. The forelimbs ofCoelophysis, cf.Coelurus, Allosaurus, Deinonychus, andTyrannosaurus were investigated. Motion at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and digits were analyzed and compared with those of birds and crocodiles, then motion of the entire forelimb was examined. The results have considerable implications for forelimb use in predation. Three models of predation are recognized: 1) long armed grasper —Deinonychus, cf.Coelurus; 2) clutcher -Tyrannosaurus; 3) combination grasper-clutcher -Allosaurus. Analysis of the joints ofDeinonychus show that the forelimb could not fold avian fashion. The scapula of the theropodUnenlagia was oriented incorrectly and differs little from the standard theropod scapula.
Viral, HLA and T cell elements in cross-reactive immune responses to HIV-1 subtype A, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG vaccine sequence in Ivorian blood donors.

Abstract Comprehensive understanding of the determinants of cross-subtype immune responses in HIV infection is critical to developing efficacious HIV vaccines against multiple viral subtypes. Because HIV-1 subtype A or recombinants comprising subtype A are prevalent in Africa and parts of Asia where HIV is spreading, we assessed the determinants of cross-subtype immune responses in HIV-infected blood donors from Cote d’Ivoire to peptides from a candidate CRF02_AG vaccine sequence, a subtype A sequence from western Kenya and a CRF01_AE sequence from Thailand. We present evidence that immune recognition of multiple viral subtypes is maintained by recognition of multiple epitopes. Our data suggest that complete escape of HIV from immune recognition is uncommon. Evaluation of these frequently generated cross-reactive responses should be included in immunogenicity trials of HIV vaccines.
Neonatal intestinal obstruction simulating meconium ileus in infants with long-segment intestinal aganglionosis: radiographic findings that prompt the need for rectal biopsy

Background: The initial clinical presentation and radiographic finding of microcolon in children with long-segment intestinal aganglionosis involving the entire colon, ileum and sometimes the jejunum can mimic meconium ileus. This makes the diagnosis difficult for the radiologist and surgeon. Objective: To document and describe the clinical and radiographic findings in children with long-segment intestinal aganglionosis who are initially thought to have meconium ileus. Materials and methods: We reviewed the cases of six neonates with long-segment intestinal aganglionosis presenting as meconium ileus at our institutions between 1978 and 2002. We examined the clinical presentation and the radiographic, surgical, and pathologic findings. In addition, 17 cases from the literature were identified and are included in the discussion. Results: A total of 23 cases were reviewed. Right lower quadrant intraluminal calcifications were noted on abdominal radiographs in all six neonates of our series and were described in 13 of the 17 neonates reported in the literature. Similarly, a microcolon was present in five of the six neonates of our series and in 14 of 16 historical neonates (one not reported). Conclusion: In a neonate with small-bowel obstruction and a microcolon, the presence of right lower quadrant intraluminal calcifications should raise the suspicion of long-segment intestinal aganglionosis even if the operative findings are typical of meconium ileus and a biopsy should be performed.
Interspecific allozyme variation within the fungal genus Pleurotus

Sixty isolates of Pleurotus spp., collected from world-side sources, were examined for interspecific allozyme variation by horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis and standard histochemical staining. Interspecific variation was recorded for only those enzymes which revealed little or no intraspecific variation. Several isolates originally described as one species based on morphology were classified as another based on electrophoretic banding patterns. This lack of congruence between data sets may help to explain the taxonomic difficulties within the genus. A dendrogram of genetic similarities is presented and applications of allozyme data to the systematics and breeding of these commercially important fungi is discussed.
Spontaneously hypertensive rats are resistant to the development of hypercholesterolemia

The arterioles of young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are purported to have an enhanced sensitivity to nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilators, relative to normotensive animals, while NO-related arteriolar responses are diminished in both mature SHR as well as hypercholesterolemic normotensive rats. Because endothelial production of NO relaxes vascular smooth muscle and inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation, hypercholesterolemia may synergistically affect the development of genetic hypertension. The NO-mediated baseline vascular tone, acetylcholine-induced dilation, and inhibition of platelet thrombus formation were studied over time (10 weeks) in SHR and hypercholesterolemic SHR (HC-SHR). The in vivo microcirculation of the cremaster muscle was used to quantitate all observations. The HC-SHR became significantly hypercholesterolemic after 1 week on the cholesterol-supplemented diet, with serum cholesterol concentrations remaining elevated for the 10 weeks studied. However, the serum cholesterol concentrations of HC-SHR were significantly less than those of Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Kyoto rats fed the same diet. Dietary hypercholesterolemia did not exacerbate the development of genetic hypertension. Second- and third-order arterioles of SHR and age-matched HC-SHR constricted to the same extent when the NO synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was applied. The third order arterioles of both groups also dilated the same amount to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. Platelet thrombus formation induced by light/dye photochemistry was not different between the SHR and HC-SHR groups either at 1 or 10 weeks of diet, and L-NAME decreased the time to thrombus occlusion of blood flow equally in both groups. This is in marked contrast to the previously reported hypercholesterolemia-induced decreases in vascular reactivity in Sprague-Dawley rats. These current findings demonstrate that SHR are resistant to the development of hypercholesterolemia and that NO-mediated vascular responses in SHR are not attenuated by hypercholesterolemia.
Teachers Working Together to Resist and Remake Educational Policy in Contexts of Standardization.

Recently, those examining the role teachers of language minority students play in the language policy-making process have found that their autonomy has been threatened by increasing standardization as reflected in rigid one-size fits all curricular mandates focused on the learning of discrete skills in the national language, enforced high-stakes standardized testing, and external monitoring. Given the pervasive nature of this policy environment, we are heartened by our experiences working with a teacher collective in Northern California that has resisted policies of standardization requiring them to teach in ways that ignore students’ instructional needs, interests, and experiences. In elucidating a perspective that considers all educational stakeholders, including teachers, as engaged in the LPP process, this article provides an account of how the collective is negotiating educational policies concerning the teaching of language and literacy to students designated as English language learners. As a members of the collective, the authors draw on participatory and ethnographic approaches to describe how resistance and agency are implicated in the LPP processes, paying special attention to the processes, actions, and impacts that have comprised our collaboration. In addition to discussing how these findings contribute to a dynamic and complex view of the role teacher agency and resistance play in the LPP process, the authors discuss the implications of their findings for promoting agentive teacher education.
The Preparation of Highly Qualified Teachers for English Language Learners: Educational Responsiveness for Unmet Needs

As the number of English language learners (ELLs) continues to grow in Califorina and throughout the country, there is a need to examine present policies that impact the preparation of teachers to meet the varying needs of this diverse student poplulation. This article utilizes a framework of educational responsiveness to examine the definition and expectations of a “highly qualified teacher” as presented at the federal level by No Child Left Behind law (2002) that presents a generic approach to the education of ELLs. It is within this “unresponsive” policy and sociopolitical context that concerns and actions for equity in education and, specifically, for bilingual teacher preparation are situated. In this article we examine the federal and state contexts and describe efforts in California to be responsive to English language learners. Finally, we highlight ongoing efforts that challenge these mandates and policies in order to more effectively meet the needs of ELLs in California. These efforts are manife...
All-sky radial velocity surveys using a multi-object fixed-delay interferometer

Multi-object dispersed fixed-delay interferometry provides a powerful way for all sky Doppler radial velocity (RV) searches for extrasolar planets. This technique takes advantage of high sensitivity of a fixed-delay interferometer for precision Doppler RV measurements. The interferometer fringes are dispersed by a moderate resolution spectrometer for broad band observing. Compared to current state-of-the-art high resolution echelle techniques responsible for detection of more than 100 exoplanets, this technique offers several new capabilities such as wide field multiple object observation capability, high instrument throughput and stable instrument responses. The instrument can be used in the visible as well as in the near-IR and UV for observing stars with all spectral types from early A type to later M and L types. Once this kind of instrument is coupled with wide field telescopes (a few degrees of field of view, such as Sloan and WIYN), hundreds of stars with m v < 12 or brighter can be simultaneously monitored with Doppler precision of σ = 15 m/s or better within an hour integration. Millions of stars can be monitored annually. Tens of thousands of extrasolar planets will be uncovered by this proposed all sky RV technique in a decade for studying planet formation and evolution. A prototype instrument has been observed at the KPNO 2.1m telescope in 2002, demonstrating a short term Doppler precision of ~ 3 m/s with eta Cas (V = 3.5), a RV stable star. It also helped to uncover a RV curve for 51 Peg (V = 5.5), confirming previous planet detection using the echelles. The total measured detection efficiency from the above the atmosphere to the CCD detector is about 5% without iodine absorption under 1.5 arcsec seeing conditions, comparable to all of the echelle spectrometers for planet detection. A new instrument, fed with both interferometer outputs, is being developed with a higher efficiency Volume phase holographic grating and better optical design for an initial planet search at the KPNO 2.1m telescope in 2003. It will provide about 20% total detection efficiency. In this paper, we will present principle of the technique, new results from our current instruments and grand plans for all sky Doppler surveys for extrasolar planets.
Computer Aided Bucking on a Mechanized Harvester

Abstract During June 1989, researchers from the Forest Engineering Department at Oregon State University evaluated the feasibility of using the computer program BUCK® to aid the Hahn Harvester operator in determining the best bucking cuts. The computer was able to increase the total value by 7.5%. This is about US $6.40 per tree for the 38–cm [15-in] diameter trees we processed. This increase was from improved log quality and increased scaling volume when Scribner rules were used. The computer solution cuts roughly 16% more logs. The computer solution increased the volume in the best export sort by 8%. The computer solution could increase the total value by 19.6% if more accurate tree quality information were sent to the computer before the bucking cuts were made.
Effects of Acute Stress on Blood Clotting and Yeast Killing by Phagocytes of Rainbow Trout

Abstract The effects of different levels of acute stress on blood parameters in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were examined. Experimental fish were exposed to a combination of stressors, including handling, confinement, and thermal shock, and were bled 30 s to 30 min later. Control fish were sampled quickly without intentional stress. Two activities of blood were investigated: (1) whole-blood clotting (coagulation) times and (2) the ability of heparinized plasma to influence the survival of yeast soaked in this plasma and subsequently exposed to trout phagocytes. The speed of blood clotting increased with increasing levels of stress, whereas blood from many resting fish failed to clot. Yeast incubated in plasma from stressed fish before exposure to pronephric phagocytes experienced a greater reduction in colony-forming units (cfus) than yeast incubated in plasma from resting fish. Different levels of stress did not induce significant differences in reduction of yeast cfus. These data support the idea ...
Reactions of large groups experimentally confined in an austere environment.

7 large-group simulated fallout shelter occupancy tests have been conducted at the University of Georgia during the past 4 yr. These studies included large groups of men, women, and children confined for periods varying from 1 day to 1 wk. This report presents shelteree reaction in terms of post-shelter questionnaire response and in terms of defections, i.e., occupants who left shelter prior to completion of the study.
Students’ proofs of one-to-one and onto properties in introductory abstract algebra

Learning to write formal mathematical proofs presents a major challenge to undergraduates. Students who have succeeded in algorithm-intensive courses such as calculus often find the abstract logic and nonprocedural nature of proof writing to be technically difficult, ambiguous and filled with potential errors and misconceptions. This mixed-methods study examines 23 undergraduate students’ attempts to write one-to-one and onto proofs in an introductory abstract algebra course. Data collected consisted of six rounds of assessments on one-to-one and onto proofs, including homework, quizzes and exams. Using an existing framework of undergraduate proof writing, the researchers found that students’ misconceptions and errors varied substantially by student and task, with one-to-one proofs presenting unique challenges. Implications for teaching and research include emphasis on the logic of proof approaches and providing structured proof frameworks to assist undergraduates with the procedural and conceptual challe...
A comparison of autoanalyzer and manual methods for red cell antibody screening.

A method for antibody screening using reagent red blood cells and the Technicon 15 Channel Blood Typing System is compared to the manual enzyme method of Low. Of 17,473 donor units tested, 205 were found to be positive by the automated enzyme method, while only 45 were positive by the manual enzyme method. Further investigation revealed that 91 per cent of the specimens positive by the manual enzyme method showed specificity for red blood cell antigens, whereas only 40 per cent of those positive by the automated method were found to be specific antibodies. Antibodies specific for red blood cell antigens were detected by the automated method which were not detected by the manual enzyme method. However, all of these antibodies were detected in other phases (saline, albumin, or antiglobulin) of the routine manual antibody screening procedure. Thus, the use of the 15 Channel Blood Typing System to replace the manual enzyme method for antibody screening is not indicated because of the large number of false positive reactions which occur.
Transient attention does increase perceived contrast of suprathreshold stimuli: A reply to Prinzmetal, Long, and Leonhardt (2008)

Carrasco, Ling, and Read (2004) showed that transient attention increases perceived contrast. However, Prinzmetal, Long, and Leonhardt (2008) suggest that for targets of low visibility, observers may bias their response toward the cued location, and they propose a cue-bias explanation for our previous results. Our response is threefold. First, we outline several key methodological differences between the studies that could account for the different results. We conclude that the cue-bias hypothesis is a plausible explanation for Prinzmetal et al.'s (2008) results, given the characteristics of their stimuli, but not for the studies by Carrasco and colleagues, in which the stimuli were suprathreshold (Carrasco, Ling, & Read, 2004; Fuller, Rodriguez, & Carrasco, 2008; Ling & Carrasco, 2007). Second, we conduct a study to show that the stimuli used in our previous studies are not near-threshold, but suprathreshold (Experiment 1, Phase 1). Furthermore, we found an increase in apparent contrast for a high-contrast stimulus when it was precued, but not when it was postcued, providing more evidence against a cue-bias hypothesis (Experiment 1, Phase 2). We also show that the visibility of the stimuli in Prinzmetal et al. (2008) was much lower than that of Carrasco, Ling, and Read, rendering their stimuli susceptible to their cue-bias explanation (Experiment 2). Third, we present a comprehensive summary of all the control conditions used in different labs that have ruled out a cue bias explanation of the appearance studies. We conclude that a cue-bias explanation may operate with near-threshold and low-visibility stimuli, as was the case in Prinzmetal et al. (2008), but that such an explanation has no bearing on studies with suprathreshold stimuli. Consistent with our previous studies, the present data support the claim that attention does alter the contrast appearance of suprathreshold stimuli.
Modeling optimistic concurrency using quantitative dependence analysis

This work presents a quantitative approach to analyze parallelization opportunities in programs with irregular memory access where potential data dependencies mask available parallelism. The model captures data and causal dependencies among critical sections as algorithmic properties and quantifies them as a density computed over the number of executed instructions. The model abstracts from runtime aspects such as scheduling, the number of threads, and concurrency control used in a particular parallelization.We illustrate the model on several applications requiring ordered and unordered execution of critical sections. We describe a run-time tool that computes the dependence densities from a deterministic single-threaded program execution. This density metric provides insights into the potential for optimistic parallelization, opportunities for algorithmic scheduling, and performance defects due to synchronization bottlenecks.Based on the results of our analysis, we classify applications into three categories with low, medium, and high dependence densities. Applications with low dependence density are naturally good candidates for optimistic concurrency, applications with medium density may require a scheduler that is aware of the algorithmic dependencies for optimistic concurrency to be effective, and applications with high dependence density may not be suitable for parallelization.
Uniformly convergent finite element methods for singularly perturbed elliptic boundary value problems I: Reaction-diffusion Type

Abstract We consider the bilinear finite element method on a Shishkin mesh for the singularly perturbed elliptic boundary value problem −ϵ 2 ( ι 2 u ιx 2 + ι 2 u ιy 2 ) + a(x,y)u = f(x,y) in two space dimensions. By using a very sophisticated asymptotic expansion of Han et al. [1] and the technique we used in [2], we prove that our method achieves almost second-order uniform convergence rate in L2-norm. Numerical results confirm our theoretical analysis.
Convergence times of timing recovery schemes for magneto-resistive magnetic-recording channels

Before detecting signals from magnetic storage devices, we must derive a clock signal via a timing-recovery technique. We concentrate on decision-directed timing-recovery schemes that operate at baud rate. While magnetic recording readback signals suffer from intersymbol interference and noise, this study also considers possibly asymmetric pulse shapes caused by magneto-resistive readback heads. We show performance results based on baud-rate sampling and introduce new techniques to combat pulse asymmetry.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bimanual simultaneous movements and hemispheric dominance: Timing of events reveals hard-wired circuitry for action, speech, and imagination

The evidence that speech is the marker of hemisphere of action is overwhelming. Thus, contrary to the commonly accepted belief, the evidence indicates that both sides of the body are under the same command (major hemisphere) and that the nondominant side of the body is a callosum-width farther from the major hemisphere. Substantial controversy exists, however, as to the best method for determining the laterality of motor control in an individual case. According to the new understanding, ie, the one-way callosal traffi c circuitry underpin- ning laterality of motor control, the larger excursions of effectors located opposite (contralateral to) the command center while performing bimanual simultaneous drawing tasks provides the best noninvasive and inexpensive approach for demonstrating the laterality of the major hemi- sphere of a person (who is able to perform such tasks). Here, it is documented pictorially that bimanual simultaneous drawing of geometrical designs or straight lines, as well as moving the arms simultaneously from side to side (or up and down) while noting the difference of speed of the two arms (represented by the distance between the two index fi ngers), both provide a reliable indication of the laterality of a person's major hemisphere. In all these maneuvers the nondominant side of the body (even the diaphragms) lags behind the dominant side by an interval equal to the interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT). This lagging behind of the nondominant side of the body in bimanual simultaneous movements is the footprint of directionality of callosal traffi c underpinning the laterality of motor control evidenced by worsening of the delay of the nondominant side following callosotomy (uncoupling). Here, the historical precedence of a novel understanding in motor control together with its neurological implications in daily life as well as in laterality of seizure onset are briefl y addressed, pointing out the deleterious effects of Sir Isaac Newton's infl uence in neurological research on interhemispheric connectivity by suggesting symmetrical representation of visual sense of space in the human brain.
Socialization or social structure: investigating predictors of attitudes toward filial responsibility among Chinese urban youth from one- and multiple-child families

This study explores the influence of familial and social factors on the maturing cohort of China's one-child generation students' attitudes toward filial responsibilities. Based on survey data collected in 1997 and 1998 among 777 Chinese young adults, this research found that family economic conditions had a significant impact on young adults' attitudes; higher family income was positively related to respondents' willingness toward accepting filial responsibility; higher educational levels, though positively related to respondents' attitudes toward xiao, were negatively related to their commitment to parent care when they foresaw job and care conflicts. Family socialization was not found to enhance young adults' attitudes toward filial responsibility. Sharing the same household with grandparents and having dependent grandparents in the family were negatively associated with respondents' sense of obligation for parental care. Further, only children born after the one-child policy implementation scored lower than other children in their willingness to provide parental care when they foresaw job and care conflicts. The author argues that social structure, rather than socialization, plays an increasingly important role in shaping one-child generation students' attitudes toward filial responsibility in China, and will continue to do so in the future.
Two deltaC splice-variants have distinct signaling abilities during somitogenesis and midline patterning.

Abstract Notch signaling is required for many developmental processes, yet differences in the signaling abilities of various Notch ligands are poorly understood. Here, we have isolated a splice variant of the zebrafish Notch ligand deltaC in which the inclusion of the last intron leads to a truncation of the C-terminal 39 amino acids ( deltaC tv2 ). We show that, unlike deltaC tv1 , deltaC tv2 cannot function effectively in somitogenesis but has an enhanced ability to signal during midline development. Additionally, over-expression of deltaC tv2 preferentially affects anterior midline development, while another Notch ligand, deltaD , shows a posterior bias. Using chimeric Deltas we show that the intracellular domain is responsible for the strength of signal in midline development, while the extracellular domain influences the anterior–posterior bias of the effect. Together our data show that different deltas can signal in biologically distinct ways in both midline formation and somitogenesis. Moreover, it illustrates the importance of cell-type-dependent modifiers of Notch signaling in providing ligand specificity.
Chariots of water

Thirst. By Barbara J. Rolls and Edmund T. Rolls. Pp.194. Hbk ISBN 0-521-22918-9; pbk ISBN 0-521-29718-4. (Cambridge University Press: 1982.) Hbk £15, $29.50; pbk £5.50, $10.95.
Sputter deposition of bcc tantalum films with TaN underlayers for protection of steel

Abstract Deposition of tantalum films for protective coatings on steel has been investigated. The desired tough and ductile bcc phase of tantalum, rather than the normally deposited hard and brittle tetragonal phase, has been grown by DC magnetron sputtering on unheated substrates first covered with thin layers of tantalum nitride. The nitride was formed by reactive sputtering with nitrogen gas, with the same DC magnetron source and target as used for deposition of tantalum. The crystal structure and composition of the nitride promoting the growth of bcc Ta, previously undefined, has been identified as the metastable fcc (NaCl like) TaN. Alignment of the (111) crystallographic planes of fcc TaN with (110) planes of bcc Ta is discussed as a possible mechanism for this effect. The minimum thickness of TaN underlayer on steel, required to promote the growth of bcc Ta, has been established and found to be dependent on the substrate surface preparation. Scratch tests with a diamond tip showed that the nitride underlayer does not compromise the film adhesion. Stable and well-adhering coatings of bcc Ta with thickness ranging from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers on steel with a thin TaN underlayer were obtained. The process of deposition of bcc Ta films, including the formation of TaN underlayers is described in detail.
Oxidative Desulfurization of Jet and Diesel Fuels Using Hydroperoxide Generated in Situ by Catalytic Air Oxidation

The objective of this work is to explore the potential of carrying out oxidative desulfurization using air as an oxidant. The liquid fuels to be desulfurized were first contacted with air to produce hydroperoxides in situ, which were then used as selective oxidants to oxidize the sulfur compounds. Unsupported CuO was tested as a catalyst for producing hydroperoxides in the fuel at 120 °C in the presence of air. Air oxidation was also carried out in the presence of Al2O3-supported CuO and also noncatalytically. Unsupported CuO was substantially more active than the other two cases. The yield of the hydroperoxides depends strongly on the catalyst and the reaction temperature; the yield decreased in the order of 120 °C > 140 °C ≫ 100 °C but the rate of oxidation to produce hydroperoxides decreased in the order of 140 °C > 120 °C ≫ 100 °C. It was found that more hydroperoxides could be generated in diesel fuel than in jet fuel, which might be related to the higher concentration of alkyl aromatics in diesel fu...
QSO extended emission-line regions

Abstract Extended emission-line regions (EELRs) on scales of a few tens of kpc are found around a substantial fraction of steep-spectrum radio-loud QSOs. In most cases, at least at low redshifts, the distribution of this gas seems to be uncorrelated with either the stellar distribution in the host galaxy or the radio structure. The origin of the gas and the physical processes that control its distribution are still uncertain. We review circumstantial evidence that high densities required to explain the strengths of certain emission lines in spectra of EELRs are due to transient shocks, and we present new Chandra images that show extended X-ray emission associated with two QSOs with known optical EELRs. These discrete X-ray clumps may also be evidence for shocks. We discuss observations that could potentially confirm a model in which EELRs are results of galaxy-wide superwinds that could originate either from starbursts in the host galaxy or from the QSO itself. Finally, we discuss in some detail the QSO 3C 48, which has one of the most luminous EELRs and for which we also have considerable knowledge about both the host galaxy and processes in the immediate vicinity of the QSO. High-velocity ionized gas near the nucleus, but apparently not associated with the radio jet, indicates an outflow that may be the origin of the EELR.
pH-dependent decarboxylation of 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate, the unstable intermediate in the threonine dehydrogenase-initiated pathway for threonine utilization

2-Amino-3-ketobutyrate can be readily formed enzymatically by the action of L-threonine dehydrogenase. A convenient assay for determining the half-life of this beta-keto acid is afforded by its rapid and quantitative conversion to glycine (+ acetyl CoA), as catalyzed by 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA lyase. Using this system, we have found the half-life of 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate varies with pH from 8.6 minutes at pH 5.9 to 140 minutes at pH 11.1 yielding a theoretical titration curve that predicts a pKa value of 8.15 for the alpha-amino group of this intermediate. These data are considered relevant to discussions pertaining to a threonine dehydrogenase/2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA lyase enzyme complex in the threonine utilization pathway and to mechanistic aspects of the 5-aminolevulinate synthase-catalyzed reaction where 2-amino-3-ketoadipate is involved.
Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ceramic Films and Coatings

Plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition uses energetic electrons to decompose reactant gas molecules into more simple and more highly reactant species to achieve deposition of amorphous and crystalline films and coatings at reduced temperatures. The basis of this technique, as well as the deposition conditions and properties of several ceramic films including Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZnO, AN, BN, TiN, SiC, Si, GaAs, SiC, C (diamond) and GaN, are briefly described. Modifications of the classical immersed method, including remote plasmas, the use of microwave frequencies and electron cyclotron resonance techniques, are also described with material examples.
A Performance Evaluation of Transport Mechanisms in Hybrid Networks

This paper evaluates the performance of several alternative reliable unicast transport mechanisms in a hybrid network. Options investigated include end-to-end TCP (different flavors), end-to-end Space Communications Protocol Standards-Transport Protocol (SCPS-TP), and Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs) (also called Transport Layer Proxies). Our approach is to analyze these options in a specific scenario using Modeling and Simulation (M&S). We describe this scenario and the corresponding OPNET Network Model, our experiment plan, and the results obtained. Finally, we identify several areas for further analyses.
Statistical graphics in APL: Structuring a graphical support system for interactive data analysis

Abstract The design of an interactive statistical graphics system in APL is described. Called STATGRAPHICS, the system is structured to create an environment in which statistical and graphics functions are integrated under flexible user control. An optional menu control scheme allows inexperienced users to execute functions under system control, while experienced users can access program functions directly. Procedure control functions, which generate fullscreen control pages and execute operations through defined program function keys, enable graphics to become an integral part of the statistical modeling process.
Early postnatal development of the monkey globus pallidus: a Golgi and electron microscopic study.

The globus pallidus of 20 monkeys ranging in age from newborn to 4 months was examined in Golgi-impregnated material and ultrastructurally. There was no discernible difference between the lateral and medial segments of the structure. At the light microscope level, all neuronal types described in the adult are found at birth. The most common, the large fusifom cell, shows initial signs of immaturity such as blunt protrusions and dendritic dilations at bifurcation points, as well as growth cones, filopodia, and filiform processes. These features become more rare with age, and by 4 months, the neurons appear fully mature save for the terminal dendritic arborizations which are still underdeveloped. From the earliest ages examined, the large globular cells and the interneurons are more mature than the previous type. The afferent radial fibers of striatal origin are observed from birth, but they are grouped in bundles only after 8 weeks. The density of their climbing branches increases over time, reaching a mature appearance by 16 weeks. Afferents entering from the ventral surface do not yet show clusters of varicosities at 2 weeks. At the latter age, plexuses of fine beaded fibers are already seen covering large extensions of the nucleus. The fine structure correlates well with the Golgi material. The basic features of the neuropil are present at birth, albeit with immature characteristics such as the incomplete covering of the dendrites with axonal boutons and the low level of myelination of the radial fibers. Growth cones and profiles with signs of degeneration are observed during the first month. In the early ages examined, most dendrites show large varicosities and protrusions, some of which are spinelike and can be postsynaptic to multiple terminals. The other dendritic type, with only an occasional axodendritic synapse, is also seen from birth and increases in size as a function of time. The type I axonal boutons, of probable striatal origin, are quite immature at birth, and their characteristic interdigitations are seen only after the first week. The type II, III, IV, and V boutons appear mature at all ages examined but crest synapses formed by the type III terminals are observed in the later stages of the study. Finally, postsynaptic vesicle-containing profiles are present at 4 weeks, but triadic synaptic arrangements are formed only by 16 weeks. Results indicate the occurrence of progressive changes in neuronal and neuropil morphology of both segments of the primate globus pallidus in the first 4 postnatal months and suggest that this structure matures earlier than the neostriatum, probably as a reflection of its diencephalic origin.
Atomic modelling of chemical interactions at crack tips

Abstract A simple atomic model for incorporating the effects of chemically-assisted fracture is described. Development of the model is in two parts, which can be formulated independently: lt]o li](i) the crack itself is represented by two elastic semi-infinte chains of atoms, linked transversely by stretchable bonds (quasi-one-dimensional representation); li](ii) the chemical interaction, which takes place at the crack tip atoms, is represented by a classical reaction between two diatomic molecules. While clearly oversimplistic in relation to real structural materials, the approach offers insight into the actual mechanisms of crack-tip chemistry. In particular, the factors which contribute to the generalised force on the crack-tip bond (viz. the applied load, the lattice, and the cohesive force itself) are clearly identified, and conclusions may be drawn in a quite general way about the prospective response of alternative crack systems. The mechanisms of chemically-assisted crack growth under either equilibrium or kinetic conditions are contained naturally in the formalism. Although explicitly set up along the lines of an ideally brittle crystalline cleavage, the model may well be extended to traditionally more complex crack configurations, e.g. as in glasses and metals.
Electron Microscopic Technique for Determining the Percent Crystallinity of Glass‐Ceramic Materials

With the discovery of techniques for controlling the nucleation and crystallization of many glass compositions came the need for improved methods for determining the percent crystallinity of a variety of glass-ceramic materials where the crystal size was generally too small for analysis with the polarizing microscope. The development of areal analysis, lineal analysis, and point-counting methods is reviewed. The application of the point-counting method employing electron microscopy and diffraction to glass-ceramic materials is discussed and demonstrated.
A Note on Diffuser Generated Flow Unsteadiness

) were tried until a best fit was obtained in comparison with the exact solution of reference [6]. The results are shown as data points in Fig. 2 along with the quasi-steady predictions of equations (2) and (3). The "best" fit was determined by en­gineering judgment. Two values are shown for each damping number. The fit in an average sense effectively matched areas in the corresponding responses (see Fig. 10 of [6]) while the fit in the peak sense matched the extremal values of the exact response. The equal value of R
Structural and magnetization studies on ThCo5−xMnx and ThNi5−xMnx ternaries

The compounds ThCo5−xMnx and ThNi5−xMnx with x = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 are prepared and are found to crystallize in hexagonal CaCu5 structure type. Magnetization studies in the temperature interval 4.2 to 300 K reveal that the partial substitution of Mn for Co in ThCo5 causes a rapid reduction both in the saturation magnetization and in the Curie temperature. These and the results on ThNi5−xMnx ternaries suggest that the Mn atoms in these ternaries do not carry significant local moments. Les produits qu'on a prepare ThCo5−xMnx et ThNi5−xMnxou x = 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2 et 3 cristalisent dans une forme hexagonale de structure type CaCu5. Les etudes magnetiques effectuees dans l'interval de temperatures 4,2 jusqu'a 300 K montre que la substitution partielle du Co par Mn dans ThCo5 provoque une rapide reduction autant dans la magnetisation saturee que dans la temperature Curie. Ces etudes et les resultats concernant les ternaire ThNi5−xMnx suggerent que dans ces ternaires les atomes de Mn ne possedent pas des moments locaux signicatifs.