cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Design Procedure for Effervescent Atomizers

A methodology for the design of effervescent atomizers is described. The objective is to achieve sprays of minimum mean drop size for any stipulated values of liquid flow rate, air supply pressure, and air/liquid ratio. Application of the method leads to optimum values for all the key atomizer dimensions, including the number and size of the air injection holes, and the diameters of the mixing chamber and discharge orifice. It also enables optimum dimensions to be determined for a convergent-divergent nozzle should such a device be fitted to the nozzle exit to improve atomization performance. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the recommended design procedure and to illustrate the relative importance of various flow and geometric parameters in regard to their effects on atomization quality
Neopentylglycolborylation of Aryl Chlorides Catalyzed by the Mixed Ligand System NiCl2(dppp)/dppf

The mixed ligand system 10 mol % NiCl2(dppp) with 5 mol % dppf was discovered to be an extremely efficient catalyst for the neopentylglycolborylation of a diversity of electron-rich and electron-deficient aryl chlorides. Optimization showed that 5 mol % catalyst with 10% dppf was even more efficient. These results highlight the complexity of the relationship between catalyst and coligand in Ni catalysis and the benefit of combinations of mixed ligand in catalyst design.
An accurate method for measuring the dielectric constant of printed wiring board materials

A new time‐domain reflectometry measurement method is described that provides accurate measurements of the average high‐frequency (0.1GHz ‐ 10GHz) dielectric constant of printed wiring board materials and is suitable for “factory floor” use. A parallel‐plate transmission line is used for the sample geometry. Only simple numerical processes are required to extract the characteristic impedance and dielectric constant of the sample from the acquired data. The long‐term measurement reproducibility and short‐term measurement repeatability of the method are described.
Sharp bounds for the valence of certain harmonic polynomials

In Khavinson and Światek (2002) it was proved that harmonic polynomials z - p(z), where p is a holomorphic polynomial of degree n > 1, have at most 3n - 2 complex zeros. We show that this bound is sharp for all n by proving a conjecture of Sarason and Crofoot about the existence of certain extremal polynomials p. We also count the number of equivalence classes of these polynomials.
ON THE KAUFFMAN BRACKET SKEIN MODULE OF THE QUATERNIONIC MANIFOLD

We use recoupling theory to study the Kauffman bracket skein module of the quaternionic manifold over ℤ[A±1] localized by inverting all the cyclotomic polynomials. We prove that the skein module is spanned by five elements. Using the quantum invariants of these skein elements and the ℤ2-homology of the manifold, we determine that they are linearly independent.
Do Intangible Assets Explain High U.S. Foreign Direct Investment Returns

Abstract U.S. investors abroad receive a higher return on their assets than their counterparts that invest in the United States. I examine the degree to which excluding intangible assets and repatriation taxes from the international transactions accounts can account for this gap. Using a growth accounting framework, I find that adjusting for these exclusions cuts the gap by more than half. The overall returns gap is nearly eliminated when the adjusted FDI rates of return are applied to the overall overseas asset portfolio. The results suggest a portion of the gap is persistent.
Risk---incentives trade-off and outside options

Despite the prominence of the risk---incentives trade-off in the agency theory, empirical evidence provides at best a mixed result. In this paper, we argue that these mixed results may be attributed to the heterogeneity of risk aversion magnitude among the agents and the outside options available on the market. We show that when an increase in the uncertainty amplifies the riskiness of principal's internal project more than the agent's outside option, a positive risk---incentives relationship can be predicted when the internal project is sufficiently risky. On the other hand, when an uncertainty increase amplifies the riskiness of outside option more than the internal project, this positive risk---incentives relationship occurs if the internal project is of limited risk. These results hold irrespective of whether the agent's risk aversion magnitude is publicly observable or privately known. Our analysis leads to a more fine-tuned empirical validation of agency theory and some testable hypotheses on the interactions between internal and external uncertainties.
Comparing Pattern Recognition Feature Sets for Sorting Triples in the FIRST Database

Pattern recognition techniques have been used with increasing success for coping with the tremendous amounts of data being generated by automated surveys. Usually this process involves construction of training sets, the typical examples of data with known classifications. Given a feature set, along with the training set, statistical methods can be employed to generate a classifier. The classifier is then applied to process the remaining data. Feature set selection, however, is still an issue. This paper presents techniques developed for accommodating data for which a substantive portion of the training set cannot be classified unambiguously, a typical case for low-resolution data. Significance tests on the sort-ordered, sample-size-normalized vote distribution of an ensemble of decision trees is introduced as a method of evaluating relative quality of feature sets. The technique is applied to comparing feature sets for sorting a particular radio galaxy morphology, bent-doubles, from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters (FIRST) database. Also examined are alternative functional forms for feature sets. Associated standard deviations provide the means to evaluate the effect of the number of folds, the number of classifiers per fold, and the sample size on the resulting classifications. The technique also may be applied to situations for which, although accurate classifications are available, the feature set is clearly inadequate, but is desired nonetheless to make the best of available information.
Benzylic Manganese Halides, Sulfonates, and Phosphates: Preparation, Coupling Reactions, and Applications in Organic Synthesis

The use of highly active manganese, prepared by the Rieke method, for the direct preparation of benzylic manganese reagents was investigated. The oxidative addition of the highly active manganese (Mn) to benzylic halides was easily completed under mild conditions. More importantly, benzylic manganese sulfonates and phosphates were prepared by direct oxidative addition of Mn to the carbon-oxygen bonds of benzylic sulfonates and phosphates. The resulting benzylic manganese reagents were found to undergo cross-coupling reactions with a variety of electrophiles. The majority of these reactions were carried out in the absence of any transition metal catalyst under mild conditions. This approach also provided a facile synthetic route to the preparation of resorcinolic lipids.
Affective Factors: A Model of Cognition Under Emotional States:

A range of aversive emotions, such as fear, anger and surprise, are automatically triggered when humans engage in mission critical tasks or operate in risky environments. These emotions modulate human cognition and behavior to protect and prevent from any harm being inflicted on them. Emotion accomplishes this by drawing attention to stimuli with emotional valence and by prioritizing the manner and order in which information processing occurs. It is known from research done in the neurosciences and social psychology that emotional states alter the cognitive processes non-consciously, well before the feelings of an emotion are perceived in the consciousness. Human information processing models, which inform and guide human factors research and practice, have not accounted for emotions. This paper presents a framework as to how emotions could be integrated into human information processing models. It does this by first demonstrating the primacy of emotional modulation of cognition, and its applicability to ...
FAR-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY OF THE NOVA-LIKE VARIABLE KQ MONOCEROTIS: A NEW SW SEXTANTIS STAR?

New optical spectra obtained with the SMARTS 1.5 m telescope and archival International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra of the nova-like variable KQ Mon are discussed. The optical spectra reveal Balmer lines in absorption as well as He I absorption superposed on a blue continuum. The 2011 optical spectrum is similar to the KPNO 2.1 m IIDS spectrum we obtained 33 years earlier except that the Balmer and He I absorption is stronger in 2011. Far-ultraviolet IUE spectra reveal deep absorption lines due to C II, Si III, Si IV, C IV, and He II, but no P Cygni profiles indicative of wind outflow. We present the results of the first synthetic spectral analysis of the IUE archival spectra of KQ Mon with realistic optically thick, steady-state, viscous accretion-disk models with vertical structure and high-gravity photosphere models. We find that the photosphere of the white dwarf (WD) contributes very little FUV flux to the spectrum and is overwhelmed by the accretion light of a steady disk. Disk models corresponding to a WD mass of {approx}0.6 M {sub Sun }, with an accretion rate of order 10{sup -9} M {sub Sun} yr{sup -1} and disk inclinations between 60 Degree-Sign andmore » 75 Degree-Sign , yield distances from the normalization in the range of 144-165 pc. KQ Mon is discussed with respect to other nova-like variables. Its spectroscopic similarity to the FUV spectra of three definite SW Sex stars suggests that it is likely a member of the SW Sex class and lends support to the possibility that the WD is magnetic.« less
An identity on SU(2) invariants

We prove an identity (equation (1) below) among SU(2) 6j and 9j symbols that generalizes the Biedenharn–Elliott sum rule. We prove the result using diagrammatic techniques (briefly reviewed here), and then provide an algebraic proof. This identity is useful for studying meson–baryon scattering in which an extra isoscalar meson is produced.
Functional neuroanatomical correlates of episodic memory impairment in early phase psychosis

Studies have demonstrated that episodic memory (EM) is often preferentially disrupted in schizophrenia. The neural substrates that mediate EM impairment in this illness are not fully understood. Several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have employed EM probe tasks to elucidate the neural underpinnings of impairment, though results have been inconsistent. The majority of EM imaging studies have been conducted in chronic forms of schizophrenia with relatively few studies in early phase patients. Early phase schizophrenia studies are important because they may provide information regarding when EM deficits occur and address potential confounds more frequently observed in chronic populations. In this study, we assessed brain activation during the performance of visual scene encoding and recognition fMRI tasks in patients with earlyphase psychosis (n = 35) and age, sex, and race matched healthy control subjects (n = 20). Patients demonstrated significantly lower activation than controls in the right hippocampus and left fusiform gyrus during scene encoding and lower activation in the posterior cingulate, precuneus, and left middle temporal cortex during recognition of target scenes. Symptom levels were not related to the imaging findings, though better cognitive performance in patients was associated with greater right hippocampal activation during encoding. These results provide evidence of altered function in neuroanatomical circuitry subserving EM early in the course of psychotic illness, which may have implications for pathophysiological models of this illness.
Capital Formation and Economic Growth in China

First, production functions are estimated for China's aggregate economy and for the five sectors—agriculture, industry, construction, transportation, and commerce—using annual data (some constructed by the author) from 1952 to 1980. Then, this paper measures the contribution of capital formation to the growth of these sectors, the effects of the Great Leap Forward of 1958–1962 and of the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976 on outputs, the impact of economic reforms since 1979 on growth, the rates of return to capital, and the effects of sectorial growths on relative prices.
A Signature of Planetary Migration: The Origin of Asymmetric Capture in the 2:1 Resonance

The spatial distribution of Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) in 2?:?1 exterior resonance with Neptune constrains that planet's migration history. Numerical simulations demonstrate that fast planetary migration generates a larger population of KBOs trailing rather than leading Neptune in orbital longitude. This asymmetry corresponds to a greater proportion of objects caught into asymmetric resonance such that their resonance angles librate about values greater than ? (trailing) as opposed to less than ? (leading). We provide, for the first time, an explanation of this phenomenon, using physical, analytic, and semianalytic arguments. Central to our understanding is how planetary migration shifts the equilibrium points of the superposed direct and indirect potentials. Symmetric libration, in which librates about ~?, precedes capture into asymmetric resonance. As a particle transitions from symmetric to asymmetric libration, if exceeds the value ? at the unstable point of asymmetric resonance, then the particle is caught into trailing resonance, while if ? while in symmetric libration. This fractional time increases with faster migration because migration not only shifts ? to values less than ? but also shifts the stable point of symmetric libration to values greater than ?. Smaller eccentricities prior to capture strengthen the effect of these shifts. Large capture asymmetries appear for exponential timescales of migration ? shorter than ~107 yr. The observed distribution of 2?:?1 KBOs (two trailing and seven leading) excludes ? ? 106 yr with 99.65% confidence.
Large Deflection Microstructure Theory for a Composite Beam

A continuum model with microstructure is developed for a composite beam under large deflection. The von Karman strain-displacement relations are employed. The assumed approximate displacement field accounts for the gross transverse shear deformation and the local transverse shear deformation in the constituents. The equations of motion, as wen as the boundary conditions, are derived. The theory is employed to investigate the influence of large amplitudes on flexural wave propagation and free vibrations. It is found that the anisotropy of the composite beam substantially affects the flexural motion through the geometric nonlinearity incorporated in the model.
On the Nature of the NGC 1275 System

Subarcsecond images, taken in B, R, and Hα filters, and area spectroscopy obtained with the WIYN 3.5 m telescope provide the basis for an investigation of the unusual structures in the stellar body and ionized gas in and around the Perseus Cluster central galaxy NGC 1275. Our Hα filter is tuned to gas at the velocity of NGC 1275, revealing complex, probably unresolved, small-scale features in the extended ionized gas, located up to 50 h kpc from NGC 1275. The mean Hα surface brightness varies little along the outer filaments; this, together with the complex excitation state demonstrated by spectra, imply that the filaments are likely to be tubes, or ribbons, of gas. The morphology, location, and inferred physical parameters of the gas in the filaments are consistent with a model, whereby the filaments form through compression of the intracluster gas by relativistic plasma emitted from the active nucleus of NGC 1275. Imaging spectroscopy with the DensePak fiber array on WIYN suggests partial rotational support of the inner component of low-velocity ionized gas. Our broadband data is used to derive color maps of the stellar distribution and also to investigate asymmetries in the stellar surface brightness. We confirm and extend evidence for features in the stellar body of NGC 1275 and identify outer stellar regions containing very blue, probably very young, star clusters. We interpret these as evidence for recent accretion of a gas-rich system, with subsequent star formation. Other star clusters are identified, some of which are possibly associated with the high-velocity 8200 km s-1 emission-line system being in the same projected location. We suggest that two main processes, which may be causally connected, are responsible for the rich phenomenology of the NGC 1275 system—NGC 1275 experienced a recent merger and/or interaction with a group of gas-rich galaxies, and recent outflows from its AGN have compressed the intracluster gas and perhaps the gas in the infalling galaxies to produce a complex web of filaments.
Computation of conserved densities for systems of nonlinear differential-difference equations

Abstract A new method for the computation of conserved densities of nonlinear differential-difference equations is applied to Toda lattices and discretizations of the Korteweg-de Vries and nonlinear Schrodinger equations. The algorithm, which can be implemented in computer algebra languages such as Mathematica, can be used as an indicator of integrability.
What Have African Housing Policies Wrought

This paper is a review of contemporary African housing markets, particularly the consequences of current housing policies. Overall, we conclude that the resource allocation which results from the current housing policies are quite contrary to their intended objectives. Many of the policies are suspect, both in terms of underlying economic rational and realistic economic achievement. In many respects, these policies have discouraged housing investment, and have been both inequitable and distortional. In rethinking these policies, our prescription is that since the private sector has efficiently provided the majority of the housing in the past, African governments must disengage themselves from direct production of housing. They must deregulate the housing markets and provide the right incentives, so as to realign the risks and rewards of investment in housing and permit private production to flourish.
Integrated production and delivery scheduling with disjoint windows

Consider a company that manufactures perishable goods. The company relies on a third party to deliver goods, which picks up delivery products at regular or irregular times. At each delivery time, there is a time window that products can be produced to be delivered at that delivery time. The time windows are disjoint. Suppose we have a set of jobs with each job specifying its delivery time, processing time and profit. The company can earn the profit if the job is produced and delivered at its specified delivery time. From the company point of view, we are interested in picking a subset of jobs to produce and deliver so as to maximize the total profit. The unpicked jobs will be discarded without penalty. We consider both the single machine case and the parallel and identical machine case. In this article we consider three kinds of profits: (1) arbitrary profit, (2) equal profit, and (3) profit proportional to its processing time. In the first case, we give a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for a single machine with running time O(n^[email protected]). Using the bound improvement technique of Kovalyov, the running time can be further reduced to O(n^[email protected]+n^2logn). In the second case, we give an O(nlogn)-time optimal algorithm for a single machine. In the third case, we give an FPTAS for a single machine with running time O(n^[email protected]). All of our algorithms can be extended to parallel and identical machines with a degradation of performance ratios.
The Nature of LINERs

We present J-band (1.15-1.35 μm) spectroscopy of a sample of nine galaxies showing some degree of LINER activity (classical LINERs, weak-[O I] LINERs, and transition objects), together with H-band spectroscopy for some of them. A careful subtraction of the stellar continuum allows us to obtain reliable [Fe II] 1.2567 μm/Paβ line ratios. We conclude that different types of LINERs (i.e., photoionized by a stellar continuum or by an active galactic nucleus) cannot be easily distinguished based solely on the [Fe II] 1.2567 μm/Paβ line ratio. The emission-line properties of many LINERs can be explained in terms of an aging starburst. The optical line ratios of these LINERs are reproduced by a model with a metal-rich H II region component photoionized with a single stellar temperature T* = 38,000 K, plus a supernova remnant (SNR) component. The [Fe II] line is predominantly excited by shocks produced by SNRs in starbursts and starburst-dominated LINERs, while Paβ tracks H II regions ionized by massive young stars. The contribution from SNRs to the overall emission-line spectrum is constrained by the [Fe II] 1.2567 μm/Paβ line ratio. Although our models for aging starbursts are constrained only by these infrared lines, they consistently explain the optical spectra of the galaxies also. The LINER-starburst connection is tested by predicting the time dependence of the ratio of the ionizing luminosity (Lion) to the supernova rate (SNr), Lion/(SNr). We predict the relative number of starbursts to starburst-dominated LINERs (aging starbursts) and show that it is in approximate agreement with survey findings for nearby galaxies.
Spectroscopy and orbital periods of four cataclysmic variable stars

We present spectroscopy and orbital periods Porb of four relatively little-studied cataclysmic variable stars. The stars and their periods are: AF Cam, Porb=0.324(1) d (the daily cycle count is slightly ambiguous); V2069 Cyg (= RX J2123.7+4217), 0.311683(2) d; PG 0935+075, 0.1868(3) d; and KUV 03580+0614, 0.1495(6) d. V2069 Cyg and KUV 03580+0614 both show He iiλ4686 emission comparable in strength to Hβ. V2069 Cyg appears to be a luminous nova-like variable, and the strong He ii suggests it may be an intermediate polar. The period of KUV 03580+0614 is similar to members of the SW Sex-type nova-like variables, and it shows the phase-dependent absorption in the Balmer and He i lines typical of this subclass. AF Cam shows absorption features from a K-type secondary, as expected given its rather long orbital period. The secondary spectrum and the outburst magnitude both suggest that AF Cam is approximately 1 kpc distant. The spectrum of PG 0935+075 resembles that of a dwarf nova at minimum light, with a noticeable contribution from an M-dwarf secondary star. The secondary spectrum and a tentative outburst magnitude both suggest a distance near 500 pc.
Reactions of NO3-naphthalene adducts with O2 and NO2

The kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of the NO3 radical with naphthalene have been investigated at 150 torr O2 + 590 torr N2 and 600 torr O2 + 140 torr N2 at 298 ± 2 K. Relative rate measurements were carried out in reacting NO3N2O5-naphthalene-propene-O2N2 mixtures by longpath Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. A rate constant ratio for the reactions of O2 and NO2 with the NO3-naphthalene adduct of k/k < 4 × 10−7 was obtained from the competition between O2 and NO2 for reaction with the NO3-naphthalene adduct and thermal decomposition of the adduct back to reactants. Atmospheric pressure ionization MS/MS measurements of the nitronaphthalene products of the NO3 radical-initiated reaction of naphthalene are consistent with the proposed reaction mechanism, and the atmospheric implications of the data are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of commercial microwave ovens to organic synthesis.

Abstract Commercial microwave ovens have been safely used to dramatically reduce the reaction times (at comparable yield) of Diels-Alder, Claisen, and ene reactions. Significant solvent effects were also observed.
ICANN and Internet governance: sorting through the debris of “self‐regulation”

Discusses ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), which is a new private corporation for managing Internet domain names and IP addresses, which was created in the USA and produces a historical and conceptual assessment of the policy involved.
Prognostic significance of indeterminate lung nodules in renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives Many patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are found to have lung nodules at the time of diagnosis. The significance of these nodules is unclear. This study sought to determine whether the presence of indeterminate lung nodules affects survival for patients with early-stage RCC. Methods and materials A retrospective review was performed of patients with stages I to III RCC at an academic hospital who underwent nephrectomy between 2001 and 2006 and had baseline imaging available for review. Presence of lung nodule(s) was determined, along with patient and disease characteristics. The time from diagnosis to last known follow-up, metastasis, and death were determined. The study follow-up period extended to July 2012. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models assessed disease-free and overall survival. Results Of 548 patients, 240 met the inclusion criteria. Lung nodules were absent in 148 and present in 92 cases. Disease-free survival was associated with the presence of nodules (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.04–3.46; P = 0.0362), tumor stage (stage II—HR = 5.61; 95% CI: 2.69–11.72; P P = 0.0129) and tumor grade (HR = 2.43 for grades 3 or 4; 95% CI: 1.31–4.53; P = 0.005). The number and size of nodules were not associated with survival. Overall survival was associated with Charlson comorbidity score (HR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.15–1.47; P P P = 0.1454). Conclusions The presence of indeterminate lung nodules had a negative effect on disease-free survival. Stage and grade were also significant. These findings underscore the importance of baseline imaging and vigilant surveillance of patients in whom nodules are identified.
Mechanistically Diverse Copper-, Silver-, and Gold- Catalyzed Acyloxy and Phosphatyloxy Migrations: Efficient Synthesis of Heterocycles via Cascade Migration/Cycloisomerization Approach

A set of cycloisomerization methodologies of alkynyl ketones and imines with concurrent acyloxy, phosphatyloxy, or sulfonyloxy group migration, which allow for the efficient synthesis of multisubstituted furans and N-fused heterocycles, has been developed. Investigation of the reaction course by way of employing 17O-labeled substrates allowed for elucidation of the mechanisms behind these diverse transformations. It was found that, while the phosphatyloxy migration in conjugated alkynyl imines in their cycloisomerization to N-fused pyrroles proceeded via a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, the analogous cycloisomerization of skipped alkynyl ketones proceeds through two consecutive 1,2-migrations, resulting in an apparent 1,3-shift, followed by a subsequent 1,2-migration through competitive oxirenium and dioxolenylium pathways. Investigations of the 1,2-acyloxy migration of conjugated alkynyl ketones en route to furans demonstrated the involvement of a dioxolenylium intermediate. The mechanism of cycloisomerization of skipped alkynyl ketones containing an acyloxy group was found to be catalyst dependent; Lewis and Bronsted acid catalysts caused an ionization/SN1' isomerization to the allene, followed by cycloisomerization to the furan, whereas transition metal catalysts evoked a Rautenstrauch-type mechanistic pathway. Furthermore, control experiments in the cycloisomerization of skipped alkynyl ketones under transition metal catalysis revealed that, indeed, these reactions were catalyzed by transition metal complexes as opposed to Bronsted acids resulting from hydrolysis of these catalysts with eventual water. Further synthetic utility of the obtained phosphatyloxy-substituted heterocycles was demonstrated through their efficient employment in the Kumada cross-coupling reaction with various Grignard reagents.
Indirect tests of the Haugen‐Lakonishok small‐firm/January effect hypotheses: window dressing versus performance hedging

Equity mutual fund data from 1976–1993 is used to test hypotheses that distinguish window dressing from performance hedging. No significant difference is found pre/post 1983 in the number of funds choosing non-December fiscal year ends or in the percentage of dollars invested when comparing December/non-December fiscal year ends. Significant differences are found in both January returns for mutual funds with December/non-December fiscal year ends and in one month returns for funds with/without a fiscal year end in the previous month. Therefore, if the small-firm/January effect is portfolio manager related, performance hedging, not window dressing, is the more probable source for the “excess” returns.
Search for a Point-Source Counterpart of the Unidentified Gamma-Ray Source TeV J2032+4130 in Cygnus

We have made a multiwavelength study of the overlapping error boxes of the unidentified γ-ray sources TeV J2032+4130 and 3EG J2033+4118 in the direction of the Cygnus OB2 association (d = 1.7 kpc) in order to search for a point-source counterpart of the first unidentified TeV source. Optical identifications and spectroscopic classifications for the brighter X-ray sources in ROSAT PSPC and Chandra ACIS images are obtained, without finding a compelling counterpart. The classified X-ray sources are a mix of early- and late-type stars, with one exception. The brightest source in the Chandra observation is a new, hard absorbed source that is both transient and rapidly variable. It lies 7' from the centroid of the TeV emission, which places it outside of the claimed 2 σ location (r ≈ 48). A possible eclipse or "dip" transition is seen in its light curve. With a peak 1-10 keV luminosity of ≈7 × 1032(d/1.7 kpc)2 ergs s-1, this source could be a quiescent low-mass X-ray binary that lies beyond the Cyg OB2 association. A coincident, reddened optical object of R = 20.4, J = 15.4, H = 14.2, and K = 13.4 is observed but not yet classified as a result of the lack of obvious emission or absorption features in its spectrum. Alternatively, this Chandra and optical source might be a considered a candidate for a "proton blazar," a long hypothesized type of radio-weak γ-ray source. More detailed observations will be needed to determine the nature of this variable X-ray source and to assess the possibility of its connection with TeV J2032+4130.
Strategic overbidding in contingent valuation: Stated economic value of public goods varies according to consumers expectations of funding source

Abstract A long standing concern among practitioners of contingent valuation is strategic responding by respondents. This paper examined one variant of strategic behavior; the overbidding of true value. College students' maximum willingness to pay for improvements in community living areas was elicited in one of two conditions. Students were told that if the aggregate of individual valuations of the proposed improvements was greater than the costs of making the improvements, they would be made. Students were further told either: (a) they would be responsible for funding the improvements because tuition would increase or, (b) the college would fund the improvements. Results supported the overbidding hypothesis: respondents who expected the college to pay for the improvements reported higher willingness to pay than respondents who thought the costs would be paid by students. Conditions when overbidding for public goods is likely and implications for the interpretation of contingent valuation are discussed. PsycINFO classification : 3920; 2360
Citicorp–Travelers Group merger: Challenging barriers between banking and insurance

Abstract The Citicorp–Travelers Group merger increased the prospects for new legislation to remove the barriers between banking and insurance, resulting in a positive wealth effect for institutions most likely to gain from deregulation. Analysis of abnormal returns surrounding the merger show that life insurance companies and large banks (excluding Citicorp and Travelers Group) have significant stock price increases, while the returns of small banks, health insurers, and property/casualty insurers are insignificantly different from 0. This analysis provides evidence that investors expect large banks and insurance companies to receive significant benefits from recent congressional legislation removing barriers to bancassurance.
Age and sex differences in body size and composition during Rhesus monkey adulthood

Body size and composition were measured in forty-one adult Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in order to characterize changes that occur during later life for both genders. Data were obtained by traditional somatometric techniques and by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Representative monkeys were chosen within six categories defined by age (Young Adult, 6–9 yearold; Middle Aged, 15–19 year-old; Older Adult, 26–30 year-old), and sex. Body weight and most external measures of body size were greater during middle age and later life than in young adulthood, as were body fat content and lean body mass. Females tended to have a higher percentage body fat than males in all age categories. Lean tissue mass was markedly greater in the two younger groups for both sexes, compared to older adults. Bone mineral content and density were higher in the males than the females, but differences in bone mineralization among age groups did not achieve statistical significance. Such data derived from adult nonhuman primates are useful for defining fundamental biological changes with age in these species, and have value as a comparative model for studies of human aging and age-related morbidity.
Symmetry reduction of discrete Lagrangian mechanics on Lie groups

For a discrete mechanical system on a Lie group G determined by a (reduced) Lagrangian l we define a Poisson structure via the pull-back of the Lie–Poisson structure on the dual of the Lie algebra g^* by the corresponding Legendre transform. The main result shown in this paper is that this structure coincides with the reduction under the symmetry group G of the canonical discrete Lagrange 2-form ωL on G×G. Its symplectic leaves then become dynamically invariant manifolds for the reduced discrete system. Links between our approach and that of groupoids and algebroids as well as the reduced Hamilton–Jacobi equation are made. The rigid body is discussed as an example.
The Statistical Approach to Quantifying Galaxy Evolution

Studies of the distribution and evolution of galaxies are of fundamental importance to modern cosmology; these studies, however, are hampered by the complexity of the competing effects of spectral and density evolution. Constructing a spectroscopic sample that is able to unambiguously disentangle these processes is currently excessively prohibitive due to the observational requirements. This paper extends and applies an alternative approach that relies on statistical estimates for both distance (z) and spectral type to a deep multiband data set that was obtained for this exact purpose. These statistical estimates are extracted directly from the photometric data by capitalizing on the inherent relationships between flux, redshift, and spectral type. These relationships are encapsulated in the empirical photometric-redshift relation that we extend to z≈1.2, with an intrinsic dispersion of δz~0.06. We also develop realistic estimates for the photometric-redshift error for individual objects and introduce the use of the galaxy ensemble as a tool for quantifying both a cosmological parameter and its measured error. We present deep, multiband, optical number counts as a demonstration of the integrity of our sample. Using the photometric redshift and the corresponding redshift error, we can divide our data into different redshift intervals and spectral types. As an example application, we present the number-redshift distribution as a function of spectral type.
A Hidden Broad-Line Region in the Weak Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 788

We have detected a broad Hα emission line in the polarized flux spectrum of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 788, indicating that it contains an obscured Seyfert 1 nucleus. Although such features have been observed in ~15 other Seyfert 2 galaxies, this example is unusual because it has a higher fraction of galaxy starlight in its spectrum, a lower average measured polarization, and a significantly lower radio luminosity than other hidden Seyfert 1 galaxies discovered to date. This demonstrates that polarized broad-line regions can be detected in relatively weak classical Seyfert 2 galaxies and illustrates why well-defined, reasonably complete spectropolarimetric surveys at Hα are necessary in order to assess whether or not all Seyfert 2 galaxies are obscured Seyfert 1 galaxies.
Skin temperature and chronic venous insufficiency

Abstract Objective: This study compared lower leg skin temperatures in adults age 50 years and older with and without chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Norms and ranges of skin temperature were also established. Design: A descriptive comparative design was used. Setting and subjects: Sixty-six adults recruited from hospital clinics and senior community dwellings participated in the study, which was conducted in an examination room of an outpatient clinic. To be included in the study, those with CVI showed stage 4 and 5 clinical signs. Those without CVI had no clinical signs. Instruments: Skin temperature was measured with an infrared dermal thermometer. Methods: Subjects were seated with legs extended, free of clothing and socks, and loosely covered with a draped sheet for 10 minutes to acclimatize to room temperature. The skin temperature of 4 sites on the lower legs was measured. Analysis of variance and independent t tests were used to compare groups. Results: There was a significant increase in skin temperature at all 4 sites in the ankle area in the group with CVI compared with the comparison group (89.9°F ± 2.7°F versus 88.1°F ± 2.1°F, P=.004). Conclusions: Elevated skin temperature may be an important nursing assessment parameter to evaluate worsening or impending CVI complications such as venous ulcers.
Sonic-Boom Wind-Tunnel Testing Techniques at High Mach Numbers

Sonic boom wind tunnel testing techniques at high Mach numbers, giving sample pressure signatures
Elemental tests of the traditional rational voting model

A simple, robust, quasi-linear, structural general equilibrium rational voting model indicates turnout by voters motivated by the possibility of deciding the outcome is bell-curved in the ex-post winning margin and inversely proportional to electorate size. Applying this model to a large set of union certification elections, which often end in ties, yields exacting, lucid tests of the theory. Voter turnout is strongly related to election closeness, but not in the way predicted by the theory. Thus this relation is generated by some other mechanism, which is indeterminate, as no existing theory explains the nonlinear patterns of turnout in the data.
Radiation management of carcinoma of the cervical stump.

In spite of a low incidence of carcinoma of the cervical stump at the present time, the management of this interesting disease deserves special attention because of the success which can be obtained with proper treatment. We have reviewed our cervical stump cases treated at the University of Maryland Hospital, Department of Radiation Therapy, from 1962 to 1973. Of 107 cases treated, only 100 cases were “true cases” of carcinoma of the stump and were eligible for this study. 7 cases were excluded from the study because they were probably coincidental carcinomas and were treated soon after subtotal hysterectomy. The lesions were staged according to the FIGO system. 93 cases (93%) were invasive squamous cell carcinoma, 6 cases (6%) adenocarcinoma and 1 case (1%) transitional cell carcinoma. Of 100 cases with a minimum 5 year follow-up, the absolute 5-year cure rate for various clinical stages is as follows: Stage I 83.3% (20/24); Stage IIA 75.0% (9/12); Stage IIB 62.5% (20/32); Stage IIIA 50% (1/2); Stage IIIB 48% (12/25); Stage IV 20% (1/5). The overall absolute 5-year cure rate for all stages combined is 63% (63/100) compatible with a series reported by M. D. Anderson. A better result in Stage IIIB as compared to several previous reports is thought to be due to extensive and aggressive interstitial radium therapy properly combined with external supervoltage irradiation. Techniques of treatment stage by stage including computerized dosimetry will be discussed along with complications and failures.
High Fidelity Vibratory Seismic (HFVS) I: Enhanced Data Quality

We present here a novel combination of heritage-Mobil and heritage-Exxon vibrator technologies, which improves on both. The following problems with vibratory data are solved or reduced: • first-arrival times difficult to pick • first-arrival times not accurate • well ties poor • pulses ring from correlation sidelobes • noise from harmonic ghosts • vibrator coupling differences In addition, data from multiple vibrators can be separated by 60 dB or more. The advantages of processing separated vibrator data as unique source points are discussed in a second paper (Krohn and Johnson, 2003).
Combinatorics on ideals and axiom A

Throughout this paper denotes a nonprincipal ultrafilter and ℐ denotes the dual ideal. ℙ( ℐ ) is the poset of all partial functions p : ω → 2 such that dom( p ) ∈ ℐ . In [2], Grigorieff proved that ω 1 is preserved in the corresponding generic extension if and only if is a P-point. Later, when Shelah introduced the notion of a proper poset, many people observed that if is a P-point, then ℙ( ℐ ) is proper. One way of proving this is to show that player II has a winning strategy in the game for ℙ( ℐ ) (see [3, p. 91].) The notion of an Axiom A poset was introduced by Baumgartner [1]. If a poset satisfies Axiom A, then player II has a winning strategy in the game for ℙ, and thus, ℙ is proper. Indeed most of the naturally occurring proper posets satisfy Axiom A (e.g., Mathias's poset and Laver's poset). Thus, it is natural to ask whether or not ℙ( ℐ ) satisfies Axiom A. The main result of this paper is a negative answer to this question. We will prove this by introducing another game and showing that is a P-point if and only if the corresponding game is undetermined. We will then show that if ℙ( ℐ ) satisfied Axiom A, then player II would have a winning strategy in the corresponding game . We let [ X ] ω = { s ⊆ X ∣ ∣ s ∣ ω }. We let Seq( X ) denote the set of finite sequences of elements of X . If s = 〈 x 0 , …, x n 〉 ∈ Seq( X ) and y ∈ X , then s * 〈 y 〉 = 〈 x 0 ,…, x n , y 〉 ∈ Seq( X ).
Norming algebras and automatic complete boundedness of isomorphisms of operator algebras

We combine the notion of norming algebra introduced by Pop, Sinclair and Smith with a result of Pisier to show that if A 1 and A 2 are operator algebras, then any bounded epimorphism of A 1 onto A 2 is completely bounded provided that A 2 contains a norming C*-subalgebra. We use this result to give some insights into Kadison's Similarity Problem: we show that every faithful bounded homomorphism of a C*-algebra on a Hilbert space has completely bounded inverse, and show that a bounded representation of a C*-algebra is similar to a *-representation precisely when the image operator algebra A-norms itself. We give two applications to isometric isomorphisms of certain operator algebras. The first is an extension of a result of Davidson and Power on isometric isomorphisms of CSL algebras. Secondly, we show that an isometric isomorphism between subalgebras A i of C*-diagonals (C i ,D i ) (i = 1, 2) satisfying D i C A i C C, extends uniquely to a *-isomorphism of the C*-algebras generated by A 1 and A 2 ; this generalizes results of Muhly-Qiu-Solel and Donsig-Pitts.
Regioselective rhodium-catalyzed allylic alkylation/ring-closing metathesis approach to carbocycles

Treatment of the allylic carbonates 1a–c with the sodium anion of the α-substituted malonates (n=0–2) and Wilkinson's catalyst modified with a triorganophosphite, furnished the allylic alkylation products 2/3a–i in 83–97% yield, favoring 2a–i. The dienes 2a–i were then subjected to ring-closing metathesis using either I or II, to afford the carbocycles 4a–i in 79–99% yield.
The reactivity of the highly functionalized copper, zinc reagents RCu(CN)ZnI toward 1-haloalkynes and acetylenic esters

Abstract The highly functionalized organometallics RCu(CN)ZnI 1 react efficiently with 1-haloalkynes providing polyfunctionalized alkynes in high yields. This method has been used to prepare a pheromone of the Amathes c-nigrum in 3 steps and 64% overall yield. The reagents 1 also add in the presence of an excess of Me3SiCl to acetylenic esters to afford polyfunctionalized C—silylated ethylenic esters. In the case of ethyl propiolate, the reaction is highly stereoselective and affords 97% pure (E)-2-trimethylsilyl ethylenic esters.
Analysis of tenure choice and housing expenditure patterns

This study employs a selectivity model to account for the simultaneity existing between determinations of tenure status and level of spending. Important socio-economic characteristics affecting housing tenure were identified. Results indicate that income had a more important effect on the housing expenditures of renters than owners at a lower household income level. The race of the household head had a significant effect on variations in housing expenditures for owners but not for renters, suggesting that race may be a more important factor in owner-occupant than in renter-occupant housing. While household size may be an important factor in a family's decision-making in terms of buying a home, it is suggested that once tenure status is selected family size had no significant impacts on housing expenditures. Similarly, married couples were most likely to own their own homes than were other household types; however, married households did not spend more or less than other types of households on either owned or rented accommodation. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that in assessing empirical results, attention should be given to meaningful interpretation of estimated selectivity effects as well as to testing for occurrence of selectivity bias.
Tailoring the Nation: Fashion Writing in Nineteenth-Century Argentina

(2000). Tailoring the Nation: Fashion Writing in Nineteenth-Century Argentina. Fashion Theory: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 89-117.
Measurement and analysis of LDAP performance

The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is being used for an increasing number of distributed directory applications. We describe a tool to analyze the performance of LDAP directories, and study the performance of a LDAP directory under a variety of access patterns. In the experiments, we use a LDAP schema proposed for the administration of Service Level Specifications (SLSs) in a differentiated services network. Individual modules in the server and client code are instrumented to obtain a detailed profile of their contributions to the overall system latency and throughput. We first study the performance under our default experiment setup. We then study the importance of the factors in determining scalability, namely front-end versus back-end processes, CPU capability, and available memory. At high loads, the connection management latency increases sharply to dominate the response in most cases. The TCP Nagle algorithm is found to introduce a very large additional latency, and it appears beneficial to disable it in the LDAP server. The CPU capability is found to be significant in limiting the performance of the LDAP server, and for larger directories, which cannot be kept in memory, data transfer from the disk also plays a major role. The scaling of server performance with the number of directory entries is determined by the increase in back-end search latency, and scaling with directory entry size is limited by the front-end encoding of search results, and, for out-of-memory directories, by the disk access latency. We investigate different mechanisms to improve the server performance.