cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Models of Steepest Entropy Ascent Quantum Thermodynamics, Master Equation and the Difference Equation for a Simple Quantum System Interacting with Reservoirs

There is increasing interest concerning the details about how quantum systems interact with their surroundings. A number of methodologies have been used to describe these interactions, including Master Equations (ME) based on a system-plus-reservoir (S + R) approach, and more recently, Steepest Entropy Ascent Quantum Thermodynamics (SEAQT) which asserts that entropy is a fundamental physical property and that isolated quantum systems that are not at stable equilibrium may spontaneously relax without environmental influences. In this paper, the ME, SEAQT approaches, and a simple linear difference equation (DE) model are compared with each other and experimental data in order to study the behavior of a single trapped ion as it interacts with one or more external heat reservoirs. The comparisons of the models present opportunities for additional study to verify the validity and limitations of these approaches.
Risk factor and treatment of intractable postpartum hemorrhage

Objective: To analyze risk factor and treatment of intractable postpartum hemorrhage.Methods: A total of 150 cases with postpartum hemorrhage admitted from 2009 September to 2012 September were selected as observation group,and another 303 cases with delivery were selected as the control group.Risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage were analyzed.According to the mode of delivery patients in observation group were divided into cesarean section group,which included two groups: uterine cavity tamponade group and B-Lynch group;and vaginal delivery group,which included oxytocin group and hemabate group.The treatment effect was observed and compared.Results:The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage was 1.42%.There was significant difference in maternal age,uterine atony,injury of soft birth canal,abnormal stage of labor,placental factors,coagulation dysfunction,neonatal abnormalities,pregnancy complications between observation group and control group(P0.05).Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that uterine atony,coagulation dysfunction,placental factors,pregnancy complications,neonatal abnormalities were risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage;occupation,mode of delivery were protective factors of postpartum hemorrhage.In cesarean section group,patients with B-Lynch suture had better efficacy,and in vaginal delivery group hemabate showed better efficacy.Conclusions:Postpartum hemorrhage is caused by multiple factors,preventive measures according to risk factors can reduce the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage.
Patterns of Fuel Utilization During Parenteral Nutrition

Utilization of fuel in clinical conditions has become an important area of interest to the clinician. Injury and sepsis cause predictable changes in the metabolism of fuel, favoring a shift toward the oxidation of fat. Similar considerations apply to the tumor-bearing host.
Studies on stimulation of DNA synthesis with epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I in cultured human keratinocytes

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin are the most widely used growth factors (GFs) in human keratinocyte cultures. Insulin is supposed to exert its growth-promoting activity in this system through the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor. In order to obtain more information about the contribution of EGF and IGF-I to the proliferation of keratinocytes, the effect of each factor on DNA synthesis was studied with 3H thymidine incorporation in an otherwise GF-free system. Both factors are able to initiate DNA synthesis, DNA synthesis peaks 18-20 h after the addition of each factor, and neither factor influences significantly the binding of the other to the respective receptor. IGF-I is the more potent growth factor, and IGF-I-stimulated cells enter the S-phase regularly approximately 3 h earlier than EGF-stimulated keratinocytes (7-9 h vs 10-12 h). However, IGF-I-stimulated DNA synthesis can be completely turned off by the addition of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the EGF receptor LA1. This inhibition cannot be reversed by higher IGF-I concentrations, but only by the addition of EGF to the culture medium. These results may suggest the presence of two keratinocyte populations, one responding to EGF and one to IGF-I, with an additional signal from the EGF receptor, or they may be explained on the basis of only one cell population for which EGF acts as a "competence' factor and IGF-I as a "progression' factor.
Statin Use in Prostate Cancer: An Update:

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, known as statins, are commonly prescribed for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease. A systematic review was conducted using the keywords “statin and prostate cancer” within the title search engines including PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for relevant research work published between 2004 and December 2015. Although still premature, accumulating clinical evidence suggests that statin use may be beneficial in the prevention and/or treatment of prostate cancer. These human studies consist of meta-analyses of secondary endpoints obtained from randomized, controlled cardiovascular disease clinical trials of statins, patient database, observational studies, and a few, small case–control studies, directly addressing statin use on prostate cancer pathology and recurrence. This review summarizes and discusses the recent clinical literature on statins and prostate cancer with a recommendation to move forward with randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, investigating the use of statins. Additional preclinical testing of statins on prostate cancer cell lines and in vivo models is needed to elucidate pathways and determine its efficacy for prevention and/or treatment of prostate cancer, more specifically, the difference in the effectiveness of lipophilic versus hydrophilic statins in prostate cancer.
An ESD control for a manufacturing facility

The author describes the electrostatic hazards present during manufacturing, transportation, and installation of a missile on a launcher. He also describes procedures that should be followed to protect the missile and personnel during these operations. Electrostatic hazards are known to exist at manufacturing facilities during the assembly and test of electrostatic parts as well as during shipment and subsequent receipt and handling at contractor facilities. The life of a missile can be reduced to about four years or less due to latent failure caused by electrostatic discharges (ESDs). It is concluded that ESD-sensitive parts, assemblies, equipment, and vehicles need to be adequately protected from damage due to ESD. Parts, assemblies and equipment must remain in ESD-protective packages when they are not within the protective area of a workstation. These parts should be handled only by ESD-trained personnel at the workstation. An ESD control procedure should be prepared and implemented in a manufacturing facility. >
Classic Psychedelics and Rational Suicide in the Elderly: Exploring the Potential Utility of a Reemerging Treatment Paradigm

The objective of the current chapter is to evaluate the potential utility of classic psychedelics including dimethyltryptamine (found in the Amazonian plant decoction ayahuasca), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline (found in peyote and other psychoactive cacti), and psilocybin (found in certain mushrooms) in addressing rational suicide among the elderly. An overview of the sociopolitical history of classic psychedelics is presented, followed by an examination of empirical findings pertaining to rational suicide. This chapter concludes that classic psychedelics may counteract rational suicide among the elderly by promoting the perception that life is worth living even in the face of great adversity and encourages future study on this important topic.
Properties of a Maximum Under Active Constraint

The calculus and envelope properties of an actively constrained maximum are developed. The necessary first order condition is the Lagrange Multiplier Rule, and the necessary second order condition is a collection of signs on some principal minors of the Hessian of the Lagrangian function. The Envelope Theorem is not a true envelope in this setting but is, rather, a tangency property between the optimal value and Lagrangian functions. These calculus conditions lead to the comparative statics methodology for exploring the direction of change of the optimal choice when the parameter of the optimization changes.
Rarefied gas dynamic simulation of transfer and escape in the Pluto–Charon system

Abstract We apply the direct simulation Monte Carlo rarefied gas dynamic technique to simulations of Pluto's rarefied upper atmosphere motivated by the need to better understand New Horizons (NH) data. We present a novel three-dimensional DSMC model of the atmosphere that spans from several hundred km below the exobase – where continuum flow transitions to the rarefied regime – to fully free-molecular flow hundreds of thousands of km from Pluto's center. We find molecular collisions in Pluto's upper atmosphere to be significant in shaping the flowfield, both by promoting flux from the plutonian exobase to Charon and by increasing the proportion of that flux generated on the exobase's anti-Charon hemisphere. Our model accounts for the gravitational fields of both Pluto and Charon, the centripetal and Coriolis forces due to the rotation of Pluto in our reference frame, and the presence of Charon as a temporary sink for impacting particles. Using this model, we analyze the escape processes of N2 and CH4 from Pluto across different solar heating conditions, and evaluate the three-dimensional structure of the upper plutonian atmosphere, including gas transfer to and deposition on Charon. We find results consistent with the NH-determined escape rate, upper atmospheric temperature, and lack of a detectable Charon atmosphere. Gas-transfer structures are noted in a binary atmospheric configuration, including preferential deposition of material from Pluto's escaping atmosphere onto Charon's leading hemisphere that peaks at 315° E on the equator. As the moon gravitationally focuses incident flow, a high density structure forms in its wake. If molecules are permitted to escape from Charon in diffuse reflections from its surface, a returning flux forms to Pluto's exobase, preferentially directed toward its trailing hemisphere. Charon is capable of supporting a thin atmosphere at column densities as high as 1.5 × 1017 m−2 in simulations with a plutonian exobase condition similar to the NH encounter. Results computed from a fit to the NH encounter exobase (Gladstone et al., 2016) predict a system escape rate of 7 × 1025 CH4 s−1 in close agreement with those reported by NH (Bagenal et al., 2016; Gladstone et al., 2016), and a net depositional flux to Charon of 2 × 1024 s−1, of which ∼98% is methane.
Codevelopment of preschoolers' temperament traits and social play networks over an entire school year.

Children enter preschool with temperament traits that may shape or be shaped by their social interactions in the peer setting. We collected classroom observational measures of positive emotionality (PE), negative emotionality (NE), effortful control (EC), and peer social play relationships from 2 complete preschool classrooms (N = 53 children) over the course of an entire school year. Using longitudinal social network analysis, we found evidence that children’s traits shaped the formation of play relationships, and that the traits of children’s playmates shaped the subsequent development of children’s own traits. Children who exhibited high levels of NE were less likely to form social play relationships over time. In addition, children were more likely to form play relationships with peers who were similar to their own levels of PE. Over the course of the school year, children’s level of PE and EC changed such that they became more similar to their playmates in levels of these traits. Finally, we observed moderate to strong rank-order stability of behavioral observations of PE, NE, and EC across the school year. Our results provide evidence for the effects of traits on the formation of play relationships, as well as for the role of these play relationships in shaping trait expression over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Emergency Department-Initiated Buprenorphine for Opioid Dependence with Continuation in Primary Care: Outcomes During and After Intervention

Background Emergency department (ED)-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone with continuation in primary care was found to increase engagement in addiction treatment and reduce illicit opioid use at 30 days compared to referral only or a brief intervention with referral.
Updating structure-function relationships in the bZip family of transcription factors: Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1992, 2:116…-123

Abstract Transcriptional control is modulated by the interaction of various transcription factors both with DNA and with other proteins. Dimer formation is an important feature of the interaction of these proteins with DNA. The leucine zipper motif defines a novel dimerization interface formed by the supercoiling of two α-helices to form a parallel coiled coil. The bZip family of leucine-zipper proteins has an adjacent basic region that is amino-terminal to the coiled-coil subdomain and which is responsible for sequence-specific DNA binding. Sequence specificity, binding affinity and regulatory protein-protein interactions appear to be modulated by homodimer-heterodimer equilibria both within and between subclasses of the bZip family.
Toward realization of small-size dual-band long-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattices

Abstract In this study, we demonstrate 12 × 12 µm2 high-performance, dual-band, long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) photodetectors based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattices. The structure consists of two back-to-back heterojunction photodiodes with 2 µm-thick p-doped absorption regions. High quality dry etching combined with SiO2 passivation results in a surface resistivity value of 7.9 × 105 Ω cm for the longer (red) channel and little degradation of the electrical performance. The device reaches dark current density values of 4.5 × 10−4 A/cm2 for the longer (red) and 1.3 × 10−4 A/cm2 for the shorter (blue) LWIR channels at quantum efficiency saturation. It has 50% cut-off wavelengths of 8.3 and 11.2 µm for the blue and red channel, respectively, at 77 K in back-side illumination configuration and exhibits quantum efficiencies of 37% and 29%, respectively. This results in specific detectivity values of 2.5 × 1011 cm·Hz1/2/W and 1.3 × 1011 cm·Hz1/2/W at 77 K.
Learning by doing: The challenge of engaging undergraduates in economics research

This article describes strategies developed at Princeton University to foster and promote research by all undergraduate students majoring in economics. It describes core features of the undergraduate research program and provides tangible recommendations for addressing resource constraints, and for incentivizing faculty advisors and students to engage in rigorous undergraduate research.
Partial discharge detection in medium voltage stators using an antenna

Partial Discharges, if initiated give rise to progressive deterioration of insulation material and lowers its life expectancy. If allowed to persist further, PD can even lead to the electric breakdown of insulation. However, in spite of its damaging effects on machine insulation, its application during the production phase of machines, to avoid their permanent failure has gained importance in this research field. This paper discusses a Partial Discharge detection technique developed for medium voltage stator insulation utilizing an antenna to sense the discharge currents and record PD events produced inside a stator insulation. To reduce the effect of noise on detections process, some grounding techniques incorporated and later Undecimated Discrete Wavelet Transform was used to extract the discharge events from antenna output. To extract the best out of the technique, outputs were analyzed on a repetitive basis to make a confident decision on the presence of PD. This technique of detecting PD shows high sensitivity, as the detections are independent of the impedance of test setup used for experiments.
Ramus and the History of Mathematics

Peter Ramus (Pierre de la Rame, 1515–1572), was born in Picardy, the son of a once wealthy family, now severely impoverished. Despite his family’s financial condition, Ramus gained entrance to the University of Paris, where he paid his way by working as a servant to wealthier students. Eventually he became a teacher, at various small colleges of the University – a life of academic obscurity that was ended by his publication in 1543 of two books based on his lectures to undergraduates, in which he subjected Aristotle to remorseless attack. This led to his being banned from teaching philosophy at the University (an interdict that was, in part, the work of his great opponent Jacques Charpentier, who will figure largely in these pages). In 1551 he was not only restored to philosophical teaching but even elevated to a regius professorship in the College Royal – a position he held (with some interruptions) until his murder in 1572, at the hands of rioting Parisians during the St Bartholomew’s Day massacre.
The Molecular Biology of Erythropoietin and the Expression of its Gene

The primary structures of human, monkey and mouse erythropoietins are compared and some chemical features related to biological activity are discussed. The cloning of mouse erythropoietin made it possible to develop probes to study the expression of the erythropoietin gene.We find the specific mRNA in kidney of stimulated mice and rats, occasionally in liver of stimulated animals but not detectable in spleen, thymus, or salivary glands. In the study of expression in IW32 cells, that synthesize and secrete erythropoietin constitutively, we found that the cells have in addition to the normal gene an amplified and rearranged erythropoietin gene and that there is a DNase-1 hypersensitive site associated with that gene but not with the normal gene, suggesting that the normal gene is not being expressed.
Machine learning and medical education

Artificial intelligence (AI) driven by machine learning (ML) algorithms is a branch in computer science that is rapidly gaining popularity within the healthcare sector. Recent regulatory approvals of AI-driven companion diagnostics and other products are glimmers of a future in which these tools could play a key role by defining the way medicine will be practiced. Educating the next generation of medical professionals with the right ML techniques will enable them to become part of this emerging data science revolution.
Fatal injuries among Hispanic workers in the U.S. construction industry: Findings from FACE investigation reports.

Abstract Introduction Identifying and understanding the characteristics of workplace accidents can provide vital information required to clarify their causes and prevent similar accidents from happening in the future. The Hispanic workforce represents a significant segment of the U.S. construction labor force that is projected to continue increasing in population. The government statistical data show higher rates of fatalities among Hispanic workers when compared to other ethnic groups. Method This study aims to provide details about the trends of fatal injuries among Hispanic workers. The study examined 92 government investigation reports to reveal the general trends, then an examination of fatal fall injuries within the study sample was conducted since falling is the predominant cause of fatal injuries. Results The findings suggest differences in accident characteristics between Hispanic workers and all workers, which could indicate a need for different interventions to improve the overall site safety. The study also revealed the dire need to propose revised investigation procedures that would help identify the root causes of accidents, which in turn leads to better recommendations and interventions.
The Development of a Methodology for Gamifying Surveys

While some promising early work exists, gamified surveys are still not widespread. In this work-in-progress paper, we present our methodology for gamifying surveys, which combines the rigor of survey design with the creativity and affordances of game design and makes use of an existing tool to ease development. We illustrate our methodology with four different gamified surveys focused on personality tests and frameworks---in general and in the context of games. We discuss the challenges and opportunities and describe a research agenda to advance this work.
How Democratic Candidates For The Presidency In 2020 Could Choose Among Public Health Insurance Plans.

Democratic candidates for president in 2020 will likely include some type of public plan in their health care reform platforms. Existing public plans take many forms and often incorporate private e...
Clinical Instruction for Professional Practice

Objective: To present the principles of adult learning and mentoring to help clinical instructors better educate athletic training students (ATSs) during their clinical experiences, with the end re...
Place Representation Based Bike Demand Prediction

Bike-sharing service as an important public transportation system has grown over 1800% from 2014 to 2018 in worldwide. Accurate bike demand prediction of bike-sharing system is critical for increasing user satisfaction, improving the system efficiency, and expand bike stations to new regions. There are two major challenges for existing bike demand prediction methods: First, several current works heavily rely on historical bike transition records and can not predict bike demands for new stations. Second, people movement patterns as an important factor for bike demand prediction are not considered. To address these challenges, in this paper, we develop a place representation based bike demand prediction framework, which uses large scale people movement data to analyze bike demand. The framework is based on an origin-destination algorithm, which is a novel approach for learning latent representation of places, and a feature selection process to reduce place’s embedding size to a proper number. Hourly bike check-ins/check-outs of each station is predicted by integrating three factors: place embedding, station geography, and POI distribution. Experiments on NYC CitiBike system show that compared with the state-of-the-art function zone based method, our model reduces error rate by 6% and root mean squared logarithmic error by 4% in prediction of existing bike station demand and by 6% and 5% for new stations in error rate and root mean squared logarithmic error respectively.
Vowel unpredictability in Hijazi Arabic monosyllabic verbs

We study the distribution of vowels in the monosyllabic verbs of Urban Hijazi Arabic, showing that speakers use the presence of a root emphatic consonant to partially predict the quality of stem vowels. The effect of the emphatic is observed in the lexicon, and is productively extended to nonce verbs, showing that speakers generalize over lexical representations that include both vowels and consonants; the purely consonantal representations that are commonly assumed for Arabic are insufficient to capture speakers’ knowledge of consonant-vowel interactions. We propose a probabilistic analysis that learns lexical trends from surface forms and extends them productively to nonce words.
Inpatient Versus Outpatient Management of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Pediatric Patients.

Abstract Background Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is commonly used to manage complex wounds in the pediatric population. With recently developed portable NPWT devices, providers have the opportunity to transition NPWT to the outpatient setting. However, there are no studies describing outpatient NPWT in pediatric patients. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to leverage a population-level analysis to advance our current knowledge about outpatient NPWT use in pediatric patients. Materials and methods We analyzed the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan Commercial Claims Database from 2006 to 2014 to identify children treated with NPWT. We compared patient characteristics, indications, complications before and after NPWT, health care utilization within 30 d of NPWT initiation, and health care cost profile of patients treated with NPWT primarily as outpatients versus inpatients. Outpatient NPWT was defined as patients with ≤50% of NPWT coded during an inpatient hospitalization, whereas inpatient NPWT was defined as patients with >50% of NPWT. Results We identified 3184 patients (1621 inpatients and 1563 outpatients) aged 0-17 y, who were treated with NPWT from 2006 to 2014. Outpatient NPWT was implemented across multiple ages, comorbidities, and indications, with a low complication rate (2.4%). After controlling for hematologic comorbidity and indications, outpatient NPWT was associated with lower risk of complications (odds ratio: 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.38-0.86) and lower median total costs ($5602.03) compared with inpatient ($15,233.21) therapy. Conclusions Outpatient NPWT management in pediatric patients was associated with low complication rates. Additional studies are necessary to determine the most overall cost-effective treatment setting for NPWT in the pediatric population.
Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmia Management in Elite Athletes

Elite endurance athletes are at risk for the development of symptomatic tachyarrhythmias that may impair exercise performance. Therapeutic management is dictated by symptom burden with options including conservative observation, pharmacologic suppression, and catheter ablation. Although aggressive left atrial catheter ablations may “cure” the arrhythmia they may not “fix” the athlete. We describe and discuss a case whereby a relatively conservative ablation strategy is taken to treat a competitive athlete with atrial arrhythmia in order to minimize atrial scar burden for the preservation of atrial conduit and contractile function.
Positive allosteric modulators that target NMDA receptors rectify loss-of-function GRIN variants associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediate a slow component of excitatory synaptic transmission that plays important roles in normal brain function and development. A large number of disease-associated variants in the GRIN gene family encoding NMDAR GluN subunits have been identified in patients with various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Many of these variants reduce the function of NMDARs by a range of different mechanisms, including reduced glutamate potency, reduced glycine potency, accelerated deactivation time course, decreased surface expression, and/or reduced open probability. We have evaluated whether three positive allosteric modulators of NMDAR receptor function (24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, pregnenolone sulfate, tobramycin) and three co-agonists (d-serine, l-serine, and d-cycloserine) can mitigate the diminished function of NMDARs harboring GRIN variants. We examined the effects of these modulators on NMDARs that contained 21 different loss-of-function variants in GRIN1, GRIN2A, or GRIN2B, identified in patients with epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism, and/or movement disorders. For all variants, some aspect of the reduced function was partially restored. Moreover, some variants showed enhanced sensitivity to positive allosteric modulators compared to wild type receptors. These results raise the possibility that enhancement of NMDAR function by positive allosteric modulators may be a useful therapeutic strategy.
Tabula in action: a sampling middleware for interactive geospatial visualization dashboards

In this paper, we demonstrate Tabula, a middleware that sits between the data system and the geospatial visualization dashboard to increase user interactivity. The proposed system adopts a sampling cube approach that stores prematerialized spatial samples and allows data scientists to define their own accuracy loss function such that the produced samples can be used for various user-defined visualization tasks. The system ensures that the difference between the sample fed into the dashboard and the raw query answer never exceeds the user-specified loss threshold. For demonstration purposes, we connect Apache Zeppelin, a visualization dashboard, to the system and show how Tabula accelerates interactive visualizations on NYC Taxi Trip data, Yelp review data and San Diego Smart Streetlights data.
Research Questions that Matter to Us: priorities of young people with chronic illnesses and their caregivers

The rising number of children carrying chronic disease with them into adulthood presents the research community with an obligation to address their unique needs. Authentic involvement of individuals and communities directly affected by the condition being studied ensures that research answers the questions of those most affected. Our aim was to identify the highest priority research questions of young people living with chronic illness and their caregivers. We conducted a qualitative study using the Research Prioritization by Affected Communities (RPAC) method. Participants were recruited from two hospitals and two community organizations to participate in focus groups. Twenty three participants developed and prioritized 300 potentially researchable questions. Thematic analysis of the priority research topics revealed three health dimensions of chronic illness (physical health, social-emotional health and navigating the health care system) and two cross-cutting dimensions (living with a chronic illness and future with a chronic illness). Young people experiencing different chronic conditions were able to achieve consensus on the same set of condition-agnostic research priorities, age and role influenced research priorities. We report these research priorities to inform and influence local and national research agendas and funding priorities.
Expanisns

Biochemical dissection of the “acid-growth” process of plant cell walls led to the isolation of a new class of wall loosening proteins, called expansins. These proteins affect the rheology of growing walls by permitting the microfibril-matrix network to slide, thereby enabling the wall to expand. Molecular sequence analysis suggests that expansins might have a cryptic glycosyl transferase activity, but biochemical results suggest that expansins disrupt noncovalent bonding between microfibrils and the matrix. Recent discoveries of a new expansin family and gene expression in fruit, meristerms and cotton fibers have enlarged our view of the developmental functions of this group of wall loosening proteins.
On-stack replacement for program generators and source-to-source compilers

On-stack replacement (OSR) describes the ability to replace currently executing code with a different version, either a more optimized one (tiered execution) or a more general one (deoptimization to undo speculative optimization). While OSR is a key component in all modern VMs for languages like Java or JavaScript, OSR has only recently been studied as a more abstract program transformation, independent of language VMs. Still, previous work has only considered OSR in the context of low-level execution models based on stack frames, labels, and jumps. With the goal of making OSR more broadly applicable, this paper presents a surprisingly simple pattern for implementing OSR in source-to-source compilers or explicit program generators that target languages with structured control flow (loops and conditionals). We evaluate our approach through experiments demonstrating both tiered execution and speculative optimization, based on representative code patterns in the context of a state-of-the-art in-memory database system that compiles SQL queries to C at runtime. We further show that casting OSR as a high-level transformation enables new speculative optimization patterns beyond what is commonly implemented in language VMs.
A Finite Element Test Bed for Diffraction Tomography

Finite element analysis methods have been successfully applied to the study of ultrasonic wave propagation in elastic solids [1–4]. As a natural part of such numerical solutions. displacements are predicted for every node of the spatial discretization describing the solids geometry and at every instant of time in the temporal discretization used to define the pulse propagation through the material. All of the data constitute a solution to the forward problem and can be used to visualize wavefront propagation and interactions with defects, thus predicting displacement signals at any point in or on the solid.
Segmented Copolymers with Emphasis on Segmented Polyurethanes

The aim of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the structure/property behaviour of segmented copolymers, with the principal emphasis being on segmented elastomers. While the authors have emphasized the segmented urethanes, information regarding the segmented polyether/polyester materials, as well as some information on the segmented urethane-urea materials, is also provided. Where possible, contrast is made with the ‘long block’ ABA block copolymers discussed in several of the other chapters within this book. While the authors provide several comments concerning specific work of other researchers in the literature, caution should be taken with regard to readily applying the structure-property behaviour from one system to that of another of varied chemistry. Rather, it is hoped that the information provided by this chapter will induce some understanding of the general structure/property aspects that arise from the wide diversification of chemistry and processing variables that may influence the final behaviour of these materials.
MR fingerprinting using fast imaging with steady state precession (FISP) with spiral readout

Purpose This study explores the possibility of using gradient echo-based sequences other than balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) in the magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) framework to quantify the relaxation parameters . Methods An MRF method based on a fast imaging with steady-state precession (FISP) sequence structure is presented. A dictionary containing possible signal evolutions with physiological range of T1 and T2 was created using the extended phase graph formalism according to the acquisition parameters. The proposed method was evaluated in a phantom and a human brain. T1, T2, and proton density were quantified directly from the undersampled data by the pattern recognition algorithm. Results T1 and T2 values from the phantom demonstrate that the results of MRF FISP are in good agreement with the traditional gold-standard methods. T1 and T2 values in brain are within the range of previously reported values. Conclusion MRF-FISP enables a fast and accurate quantification of the relaxation parameters. It is immune to the banding artifact of bSSFP due to B0 inhomogeneities, which could improve the ability to use MRF for applications beyond brain imaging. Magn Reson Med 74:1621–1631, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parameter and System Identification for Fluid Flow in Underground Reservoirs

The mathematical modeling and simulation of the flow of fluids in underground reservoirs is an essential exercise for planning aspects associated with two seemingly disparate applications: production of petroleum and the remediation of water resources. Mathematical simulation is used in order to: (1) evaluate different recovery (or remediation) processes, (2) help make decisions regarding the placement of wells, and (3) specify various operating procedures associated with injection and production wells.
From Social Friction to Social Meaning: What Expressive Uses of Code Tell Us About Free Speech

This article relates social friction to First Amendment theory and doctrine. The article defines social friction as the cost of engaging in one expressive behavior rather than another, and of moving among different types of behavior. Social friction separates social contexts and practices from one another. By separating them, it partly defines and stabilizes them, so courts may use them to relate expressive conduct to free speech values. Social friction is therefore integral to social meaning, and thus to free speech analysis. Cases involving the Internet distribution of software code exemplify the importance of social friction to free speech analysis. Because code is expressive, courts worry about the First Amendment. Because code does things, such as circumvent technological measures protecting content, they worry about its function. Because posting and distributing code is inexpensive, many people may use code in either a public or private manner, for various purposes, in very little time. Because consumption of code is non-rivalrous, it may be distributed widely among different contexts while remaining active in each of them, which means courts worry that distribution of code may cause significant and present harm even when it is simultaneously used in ways that advance First Amendment values. For these reasons, courts have had trouble relating software code to free speech values. Using cases such as United States v. Elcom, Ltd. and Universal City Studios, Inc., v. Corley, the article suggests ways in which courts may distinguish uses of code that implicate free speech values from those that do not. It suggests that incitement doctrine be adapted to deal with cases in which free speech interests are at stake. The article concludes with an appendix addressing objections to these recommendations.
New Imminence in the Time of Obama: The Impact of Targeted Killings on the Law of Self Defense

President Barak Obama's authorization to use unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, to lethally incapacitate persons he believes constitute a threat to the US has become a hallmark of his Administration. Consider that President Barak Obama oversaw fifty-three drone missile attacks during his first year in office, which is more than the total number of similar strikes carried out during the eight years of President George W. Bush's two terms. The Obama Administration justifies its use of force as self-defense in anticipation of an inevitable attack, whose time and place is uncertain. While international law recognizes the legitimacy of anticipatory self-defense, the Obama Administration's targeted killing practice, redefines the traditional meaning of imminence by relaxing its temporal standards. The Obama Administration, purports that modern day warfare characterized by adversarial non-state actors coupled with access to devastating weaponry makes the traditional meaning of imminence inappropriate and anachronistic in dealing with these particular threats. Its contention reflects similar concerns raised by US Administrations dating back to Ronald Reagan in the mid-eighties. Indeed, the U.S. has steadily shifted the meaning of imminence for nearly three decades in its response to terrorist threats, not least of which during the George W. Bush Administration, which explicitly declared a “war on terror.” More broadly, the definitional shift of imminence implicates the regulation of the use of force by states. The concept of "new imminence" is highly susceptible to abuse because it can neither be externally regulated nor restrained. To mitigate the risks posed by new imminence, states must either affirm and/or establish an oversight mechanism of the use of force. Alternatively, states should preserve the traditional law of self-defense and insist that states adopt a political, as opposed to a legal, framework to respond to terrorist threats.
In vitro uptake and incorporation of amino acids by blastocysts from intact and ovariectomized mice

Blastocysts were recovered from the uteri of intact or ovariectomized mice and incubated with a mixture of 14C amino acids in vitro. The level of uptake and incorporation of the amino acids as estimated by scintillation counting was higher in blastocysts from intact than in those from ovariectomized animals. Furthermore, when the two types of eggs were “pre-incubated” for varying periods in non-radioactive medium and then placed in 14C amino acids, the level of incorporation by blastocysts from intact animals remained constant while that in blastocysts from ovariectomized animals increased with time. The increasing ability to take up and incorporate amino acids in vitro by blastocysts recovered from the uteri of ovariectomized animals suggest that in the absence of ovarian hormones, the uterus exerts a negative influence on the metabolism of the blastocysts. In addition, incubation of the blastocysts with estradiol 17β and/or progesterone did not affect the uptake or incorporation of amino acids suggesting that the hormones do not influence protein synthesis in the eggs by direct action.
Making MUSIC: A multiple sampling ionization chamber

Abstract A multiple sampling ionization chamber (MUSIC) was developed for use in conjunction with the Atlas scattering chamber (ATSCAT). This chamber was developed to study the (α, p) reaction in stable and radioactive beams. The gas filled ionization chamber is used as a target and detector for both particles in the outgoing channel (p + beam particles for elastic scattering or p + residual nucleus for (α, p) reactions). The MUSIC detector is followed by a Si array to provide a trigger for anode events. The anode events are gated by a gating grid so that only (α, p) reactions where the proton reaches the Si detector result in an anode event. The MUSIC detector is a segmented ionization chamber. The active length of the chamber is 11.95 in. and is divided into 16 equal anode segments (3.5 in. × 0.70 in. with 0.3 in. spacing between pads). The dead area of the chamber was reduced by the addition of a Delrin snout that extends 0.875 in. into the chamber from the front face, to which a mylar window is affixed. 0.5 in. above the anode is a Frisch grid that is held at ground potential. 0.5 in. above the Frisch grid is a gating grid. The gating grid functions as a drift electron barrier, effectively halting the gathering of signals. Setting two sets of alternating wires at differing potentials creates a lateral electric field which traps the drift electrons, stopping the collection of anode signals. The chamber also has a reinforced mylar exit window separating the Si array from the target gas. This allows protons from the (α, p) reaction to be detected. The detection of these protons opens the gating grid to allow the drift electrons released from the ionizing gas during the (α, p) reaction to reach the anode segment below the reaction.
Multiobjective optimal structural control of the Notre Dame building model benchmark

Reduced-order, multiobjective optimal controllers are developed for the Notre Dame structural control building model benchmark. Standard H 2 /LQG optimal control excels at noise and disturbance rejection, but may have difficulty with actuator saturation and plant uncertainty. The benchmark problem is adapted to a multiobjective optimal control framework, using l 1 and H∞ constraints to improve controller performance, especially attempting to reduce peak responses, avoid saturation, and improve robustness to unmodelled dynamics. The tradeoffs between H 2 performance, output peak magnitudes, and robust stability are examined. Several optimal controllers and their performance on the benchmark are given.
Characterization of the 2008 Kasatochi and Okmok eruptions using remote infrasound arrays

[1] The 2008 Plinian eruptions of Kasatochi and Okmok volcanoes were recorded by six remote International Monitoring System infrasound arrays. High-amplitude infrasound at these stations, combined with remote sensing, permits insight into important volcanic source parameters, such as origin times, durations, and source characteristics. Infrasound from the 7–8 August Kasatochi eruption consists of three well-defined eruption pulses, with the first two steam-rich and the last ash-rich. Pulse 2 is the most energetic and impulsive. Okmok produced over 9 h of continuous infrasound on 12–13 July. Acoustic propagation modeling for the Okmok eruption and first Kasatochi pulse predict thermospheric ducting and origin times consistent with seismic and satellite observations. However, theoretical acoustic origin times of pulses 2–3 are predicted to occur ∼15 min earlier than the seismic. Stratospheric ducting for these later pulses provides more consistent origin times. Although both volcanoes ejected ash into the stratosphere (>15 km), Kasatochi produced higher amplitude infrasound than Okmok. Previous studies have shown sustained infrasound with frequencies 2000 km) and does not seem to be appreciably affected by changes in ash content between the eruption pulses.
Clinical Reasoning Behind the Federal Indicators

Many consultant pharmacists are familiar with the federal government's list of drug irregularities, or indicators, used as guidelines for performing drug regimen reviews; however, they are not always aware of the actual reasoning behind these indicators. The indicators are the minimal standards for drug regimen reviews and consultants must understand them thoroughly in order to advance further their clinical consultant practice. This article will address the clinical background for these indicators in order to enhance their use by consultants. Particular attention will be given to therapy modifications necessary in the older adult. Some specific topics covered include the monitoring of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, sedative/hypnotic therapy, cardiovascular drugs, certain antibiotics, laxatives, and drugs that require serum concentration monitoring.
Hypothesis: Control of hepatic utilization of alanine by membrane transport or by cellular metabolism?Review

The rate of alanine transport into the liver limits its utilization even under the high alanine load resulting from a 90% casein diet, given that the rat has been adapted to that diet. A coordinated acceleration of alanine catabolism allows transport to remain ratelimiting. which in turn allows the adaptive regulation of transport to remain effective at high alanine loads. Accelerated degradation of alanine may change the hepatic amino acid content in a way that derepresses the activity of the alanine carrier system(s).
Laminin α5 Is Required for Lobar Septation and Visceral Pleural Basement Membrane Formation in the Developing Mouse Lung

Laminin alpha/beta/gamma heterotrimers are the major noncollagenous components of all basement membranes. To date, five alpha, three beta, and three gamma chains have been identified. Laminin alpha 5 is expressed early in lung development and colocalizes with laminin alpha1. While laminin alpha1 expression in the lung is restricted to the embryonic period, laminin alpha 5 expression persists throughout embryogenesis and adulthood. Targeted mutation of the mouse laminin alpha 5 gene Lama5 causes embryonic lethality at E14-E17 associated with exencephaly, syndactyly, placentopathy, and kidney defects, all attributable to abnormal basement membranes. In this investigation, lung development in Lama5(-/-) mice up to E16.5 was examined. We observed normal lung branching morphogenesis and vasculogenesis, but incomplete lobar septation and absence of the visceral pleura basement membrane. Preservation of branching morphogenesis was associated with ectopic deposition of laminin alpha 4 in the airway basement membrane. Perturbation of pleural basement membrane formation and right lung septation correlated with absence of laminin alpha 5, which was found to be the only laminin alpha chain present in the normal visceral pleura basement membrane. Our finding of normal lung branching morphogenesis with abnormal lobar septation demonstrates that these processes are not obligatorily linked.
Sarcoidosis and malakoplakia.

Abstract A case of malakoplakia in a patient with generalized sarcoidosis is reported. A discussion of the histologic and clinical characteristics is presented. This is the sixth case in the literature of concomitant malakoplakia and sarcoidosis. The suggestion is made that the two disorders may be related.