cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bipolaron mechanism for bias-stress effects in polymer transistors

The slow formation of hole bipolarons is proposed to explain the bias-stress effect that is observed in some polymer thin-film transistors (TFT). The primary evidence is the observation that holes are removed from the channel at a rate proportional to the square of their concentration. As bound hole pairs form, they deplete the TFT channel of mobile holes, which reduces the TFT current and causes a threshold voltage shift. The slow rate of bipolaron formation is attributed to the mutual Coulomb repulsion of the holes. Contrasting stress effects in different polymers are related to the magnitude of the bipolaron binding energy. Present experiments cannot distinguish whether the bipolarons are intrinsic, or associated with disorder, interfaces, or impurities.
Reduction of Cripto-1 Expression by a Hammerhead-Shaped RNA Molecule Results from Inhibition of Translation Rather Than mRNA Cleavage

Cripto-1 (CR-1) is a transforming growth factor which has been associated with breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer. Overexpression of CR-1 in non-tumorigenic mouse mammary epithelial cells and fibroblasts results in an increase in anchorage-dependent and -independent growth in vitro. Reduction of CR-1 expression in human colon carcinoma or embryonal teratoma cells results in a decrease in growth in vitro. In an effort to better define the role of CR-1 in breast cancer, we have developed an underexpression vector for CR-1 to reduce CR-1 levels in a tumorigenic mouse mammary epithelial cell line (-SA). This vector specifically targets the expression of the murine homolog of CR-1 in murine cancer lines and utilizes a hammerhead ribozyme-like structure directed toward the extreme 5' end of the Cripto-1 mRNA. We dramatically reduced expression of CR-1 through the expression of this RNA. This is the first use of a ribozyme-like molecule to alter Cripto-1 expression. This ribozyme-shaped molecule appears to act principally through a block in translation. A possible mechanism for this block is described, and its implications for modifying expression of other bioactive proteins are discussed.
Isolation, Characterization and Aggregation of a Structured Bacterial Matrix Precursor

Biofilms are surface-associated groups of microbial cells that are embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a network of biopolymers, mainly polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. ECM proteins serve a variety of structural roles and often form amyloid-like fibers. Despite the extensive study of the formation of amyloid fibers from their constituent subunits in humans, much less is known about the assembly of bacterial functional amyloid-like precursors into fibers. Using dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopy, we show that our unique purification method of a Bacillus subtilis major matrix protein component results in stable oligomers that retain their native α-helical structure. The stability of these oligomers enabled us to control the external conditions that triggered their aggregation. In particular, we show that stretched fibers are formed on a hydrophobic surface, whereas plaque-like aggregates are formed in solution under acidic pH conditions. TasA is also shown to change conformation upon aggregation and gain some β-sheet structure. Our studies of the aggregation of a bacterial matrix protein from its subunits shed new light on assembly processes of the ECM within bacterial biofilms.
Template-Free Routes to Macroporous Monoliths of Nickel and Iron Oxides: Toward Porous Metals and Conformally Coated Pore Walls

In our continuing efforts to prepare macroporous monoliths of functional inorganic materials through novel template-free routes, we present here routes to porous NiO starting from Ni−Zn oxalates, and to porous ZnFe2O4 starting from Zn−Fe oxalates. Monolithic Ni has been prepared from porous NiO by hydrogen reduction, with retention of the macropore structure. Heating porous ZnFe2O4 under high hydrogen flow rates simultaneously reduces the metals and transports zinc in the vapor phase, leaving behind a macroporous Fe monolith. Robust monoliths with pore dimensions ranging from 1 to 5 μm have been formed in all cases, with narrow pore diameter distributions. To further functionalize the porous NiO monolith, we have dip-coated a lanthanum source and fired it in air to obtain a conformal coating of La4Ni3O10 particles on the surfaces of the NiO pore walls. Unlike conventional dip-coating, the skeletal support is itself a reactant in this process, ensuring that the coating is well-dispersed on the pore walls.
Task Activities, Postures and Work Performances among Computer Operators in a State Agency

The use of computer keyboard and the associated work posture have been reported as major risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms in computer work, but their specific interactions have not been cl...
A streamflow model using physically-based instantaneous unit hydrographs

Abstract The Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph watershed modeling approach is extended to account for subsurface runoff. Watershed response to rainfall is modelled as a Markov process whose parameters can be related to physical watershed characteristics. Time-varying instantaneous unit hydrographs are subsequently derived and convoluted with antecedent rainfall intensities to generate total streamflow discharges. This watershed model was applied to simulate the Little River Watershed in southeast Georgia. Predicted streamflows were found to be in good agreement with streamgage measurements.
Defective activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (leigh disease)

Autopsy examination confirmed the diagnosis of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) in a 7-month-old male infant who underwent several metabolic studies before death. Intermittent lactic acidemia and fumaric aciduria, an extreme hyperglycemic response to an intravenous bolus of alanine, and an elevated total body flux rate of glucose (58.4 mumoles . kg-1 . min-1) suggested a disturbance in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Enzymological studies of postmortem samples revealed low nonactivated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in liver (19.4%) and brain (53.8%). The lowest brain pyruvate dehydrogenase activities were noted in the midbrain and pontine regions. Supramaximal activation of the hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (135% of control values) occurred in vitro. Spontaneous reactivation following in vitro inactivation of the complex with adenosine triphosphate was significantly less (p less than 0.02) in the patient's samples compared to controls. The biochemical defect was not apparent in fibroblasts. These enzymological observations point to an in vivo defect in the activation mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as the biochemical disturbance in SNE. The findings suggest that dichloroacetate may be beneficial in treating SNE.
ATP activates dnaA protein in initiating replication of plasmids bearing the origin of the E. coli chromosome

ATP is bound to dnaA protein with high affinity (KD = 0.03 microM) and hydrolyzed slowly to ADP in the presence of DNA. ADP is also bound tightly to dnaA protein and exchanges with ATP very slowly. The ATP form is active in replication; the ADP form is not. A unique conformation of oriC, formed in an early initiation stage, depends on dnaA protein being in the ATP form. The subsequent entry of dnaB protein to form a prepriming complex also requires ATP binding and is blocked by bound ADP. Inasmuch as hydrolysis of ATP is far slower than these initiation reactions and since the poorly hydrolyzable analogue ATP gamma S can replace ATP, the ATP function appears to be allosteric. The extraordinary affinity of ATP for dnaA protein, its slow hydrolysis to ADP, the profound inhibition of dnaA functions by ADP, and the very slow exchange of ADP all point to a possible regulatory role for these nucleotides in the cell cycle.
Native uridine 5'-diphosphate-sulfoquinovose synthase, SQD1, from spinach purifies as a 250-kDa complex.

Abstract Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol is a polar lipid present in photosynthetic membranes. It contributes to the negative surface charge of the membrane and plays a pivotal role under phosphate stress. The SQD1 protein is the key enzyme involved in the formation of the sulfolipid head group precursor, uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP)–sulfoquinovose, from UDP–glucose and sulfite. A cDNA encoding the spinach SQD1 protein was isolated and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was compared to the native enzyme purified from isolated spinach chloroplasts. While the Km for UDP–glucose was indistinguishable for the two forms, the Km for sulfite was more than fourfold lower (
Emphysematous urinoma in a renal transplant patient

Urinary infection is a common complication after kidney transplantation. In some instances, especially with Escherichia coli infections, there is formation and collection of gas in the parenchyma and collecting system of the kidney, giving rise to the condition of emphysematous pyelonephritis. Such a process could occur in collections of urine (urinoma) secondary to ureteric leak in the transplant kidney. This process has not been described so far. In this report, we describe the first case of an infected urinoma with an interesting radiologic finding, a so-called emphysematous urinoma.
Comparison of the chemical composition of lipomannan from Micrococcus agilis membranes with that of Micrococcus luteus strains

A neutral lipomannan has been isolated from the membranes of Micrococcus agilis. In contrast to the lipomannans from 2 strains of Micrococcus luteus, which contained succinic acid ranging from 5.1%–8.0%, the M. agilis lipomannan had no detectable succinyl residues and exhibited neutral behaviour on Concanavalin A-agarose rocket electrophoresis. As with the M. luteus lipomannans, mannose was the only sugar detectable (as alditol acetate) by GLC analysis in the purified M. agilis lipomannan. Fatty acids accounted for 2% of the M. agilis lipomannan and were predominantly C15 branched-chain acids, with higher amounts of C16iso and C17anteiso than that found in the M. luteus polymers. Neither conditions of growth of the organism nor the method of membrane preparation appeared to be responsible for the absence of succinyl residues. This appears to be the first report of a neutral membrane amphiphile.
An efficient solution technique for shockwave-boundary layer interactions with flow separation and slot suction effects

An efficient method for computing two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes flow fields is presented. The solution algorithm is a fully-implicit approximate factorization technique based on an unsymmetric line Gauss-Seidel splitting of the equation system Jacobian matrix. Convergence characteristics are improved by the addition of acceleration techniques based on Shamanskii's method for nonlinear equations and Broyden's quasi-Newton update. Characteristic-based differencing of the equations is provided by means of Van Leer's flux vector splitting. In this investigation, emphasis is placed on the fast and accurate computation of shock-wave-boundary layer interactions with and without slot suction effects. In the latter context, a set of numerical boundary conditions for simulating the transpiration flow in an open slot is devised. Both laminar and turbulent cases are considered, with turbulent closure provided by a modified Cebeci-Smith algebraic model. Comparisons with computational and experimental data sets are presented for a variety of interactions, and a fully-coupled simulation of a plenum chamber/inlet flowfield with shock interaction and suction is also shown and discussed.
New Edition of Willard Gibbs's Works and Proposed Commentary

IN 1906 the writings of Willard Gibbs were printed in a collected edition of two volumes entitled “The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs.” Vol. 1 contained all of his papers on thermodynamics, and Vol. 2 the remainder of his published writings with the exception of the book “Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics,” which had been published only five years earlier and was at that time still available. At the present time both Vol. 1 of the “Scientific Papers” and the volume on statistical mechanics are out of print.
Linear analysis of an axially grooved rectangular gyrotron for harmonic operation

In an axially grooved rectangular waveguide the linearized Vlasov equation is solved to find the perturbed distribution function resulting from the electromagnetic forces on the electrons. The resulting beam current and the propagating electromagnetic waves of the cold tube are used in the inhomogeneous Maxwell's equation to derive the general dispersion equation. This equation is then transformed into the electron beam frame and the resulting linear growth rate of amplification is calculated. By maximizing the linear growth rate, the operational parameters of the gyrotron are then optimized.
Evaluation of the NCEP NCAR and ECMWF 15- and 40-Yr Reanalyses Using Rawinsonde Data from Two Independent Arctic Field Experiments*

Abstract Many aspects of reanalysis data are of high quality over regions with sufficiently dense data, but the accuracy is uncertain over areas with sparse observations. NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NNR) and ECMWF 15/40-Yr Re-Analysis (ERA-15 and ERA-40) variables are compared to two independent rawinsonde datasets from the periphery of the Arctic Ocean during the late 1980s and early 1990s: the Coordinated Eastern Arctic Research Experiment (CEAREX) and the Lead Experiment (LeadEx). The study is prompted by J. A. Francis who found that the NNR and ERA-15 upper-level winds are very different from those observed during these two field experiments. All three reanalyses display large biases in comparisons of the wind components and wind speeds with CEAREX observations, particularly above the 500-hPa level, but exhibit smaller discrepancies with respect to the LeadEx data, generally consistent with the previous findings of J. A. Francis. However, all three reanalyses well capture the wind variability during both ex...
Metabolism and excretion of gallium arsenide and arsenic oxides by hamsters following intratracheal instillation

The increasing use of gallium arsenide (GaAs) in the electronics industry has produced the need for pharmacokinetic and toxicologic data on GaAs. The disposition in male Syrian golden hamsters (n=4) following intratracheal instillation of GaAs (mean volume diameter 5.8 μm), arsenic(III) oxide (arsenite), and arsenic(V) oxide (arsenate) at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight was examined. Blood, kidney, liver, and lung samples were collected at 1, 2, and 4 days after administration. Excreta were collected daily. Urinary metabolite profiles were determined after separation on a mixed anion-cation-exchange column. Total As content was analyzed by direct hydride flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion. Arsenic blood levels after GaAs, arsenite, and arsenate administration were 0.185 ± 0.041, 0.596 ± 0.117, and 0.310 ± 0.045 ppm, respectively, after Day 1. Arsenic blood levels after GaAs administration increased to 0.279 ± 0.021 ppm on Day 2 indicating continued absorption while levels decreased for the arsenite and arsenate groups. At Day 1 the liver contained 0.565 ± 0.036, 2.62 ± 0.26, and 0.579 ± 0.144% of the arsenic dose of GaAs, arsenite, and arsenate, respectively. The arsenite and arsenate were rapidly excreted in the urine with almost half the dose appearing after 4 days; in contrast, only about 5% of the GaAs was found at the corresponding time. Total recoveries, as arsenic equivalents, for the three compounds were between 75 and 80%. Ratios of the two major urinary metabolites (dimethylarsinic acid/total inorganic As species) were 1.41, 1.71, and 0.983 for GaAs, arsenite, and arsenate, respectively. GaAs is metabolized to the same compounds as arsenite and arsenate, and shows a metabolic profile most similar to that observed for sodium arsenite.
Physical Properties of Several II-V Semiconductors

The physical properties of single crystals of the noncubic II-V semiconducting compounds ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{3}$${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$, Zn${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$, ZnSb, ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{3}$${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$, Cd${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$, and CdSb have been investigated. Energy gaps in these materials vary from approximately 0.13 to 1.0 ev. Mobilities at 297\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K range from 10 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec to 15 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec and increase at low temperature. Resistivity and mobility anisotropy have been investigated in detail for Cd${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$. Except for the ${{A}_{3}}^{\mathrm{II}}{{B}_{2}}^{\mathrm{V}}$ compounds, high optical transmission has been observed from the intrinsic edge to approximately 30 microns.
Multiplexed fiber optic electric and magnetic field sensors

Nonlinear transduction mechanism in electrostrictive and magnetostrictive materials is exploited to demonstrate multiplexed low frequency fiber optic electric and magnetic field sensors. The sensor utilizes a single interferometer and a single unmodulated laser while demonstrating extremely low cross-talk between the electric and magnetic channels. Low frequency electromagnetic signals from remotely located electric and magnetic dipoles are detected with the fiber optic sensor.
Exact solutions for selective excitation pulses. II. Excitation pulses with phase control

Abstract Previous results on the inverse scattering solution to the calculation of selective excitation pulses are extended to describe in detail excitation pulses. It is seen that phase within an excited profile may be adjusted by the incorporation of bound states in the inverse scattering problem. From this a general technique for the creation of phase-controlled excitation pulses is developed. These techniques are illustrated in the creation of refocused and non-refocused RF pulses with square profiles.
Homemaking-role quality and the psychological well-being and distress of employed women

This paper examines the quality of employed women's experience in the homemaking-role and its relationship to their psychological well-being and distress. The subjects (N=403) were drawn from a random stratified sample of women, ages 25 to 55, who were employed as social workers or licensed practical nurses. Positive homemaking-role experience was associated with increased psychological well-being and lowered psychological distress. These associations were affected by the quality of the subjects' experiences in the paid work-role. Thus the favorable association of positive homemaking-role quality with psychological well-being and distress was enhanced by positive paid work-role quality, suggesting that the relationship of homemaking-role quality to the psychological outcomes is influenced by the effects of paid work-role quality on psychological well-being and distress.
Design of apertureless tips with very high plasmon field enhancement

In contrast with aperture-limited Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy, where the focusing of light is achieved only with very high attenuation, in apertureless near-field optics light is both focused and strongly amplified by the surface plasmons of the probe. Although the general feasibility of this idea and the unprecedented in optics lateral resolution of ~ 15-30 nm have already been demonstrated, the actual field enhancement has so far been well below theoretical expectations, and the useful optical signals have been weak. To bridge the gap between the "proof-of-concept" experiments and reliable optical microscopy with molecular-scale resolution, one needs to unify accurate simulation with effective measurements of the optical properties of the tips and with fabrication. We use dark-field microscopy with side collecting optics for measurements of the optical properties of the tip. The side view allows us to observe the radiation of the tip and hence to analyze its optical properties at the apex. In addition, the measured Raman signal provides an estimate of the electric field enhancement by the tip. Our simulation protocol consists of two parts: electrostatics and wave analysis. Electrostatic simulations give good qualitative predictions, are very fast and therefore conducive to multiparametric optimization. Full wave analysis is needed to evaluate the dephasing effects and far-field signals. The Finite Element Method is used for all simulations. Various tip designs with the field enhancement ranging from ~ 50 to over 250 (depending on various parameters), with the commensurate enhancement of the Raman signal by ~ 454 (for gold coating) and ~ 2704 (for silver coating), are presented and analyzed.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theory of crystallization waves in He 4 at finite frequency

We determine the spectrum of crystallization waves and Rayleigh waves at the interface between superfluid and solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, taking into account the effect of elasticity and the finite-growth coefficient of the crystal. For $k\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ the coupling between these two modes significantly changes the entire spectrum.
Interest rate differentials on short-term securities and rational expectations of inflation

Abstract This paper tests a theorem to the effect that the difference in nominal interest rates between two securities of the same maturity but different risk is an increasing linear function of the expected rate of inflation. When inflation is modelled in a way which is rational in the sense of Muth, the evidence is highly consistent with the theorem's inferences. Estimates are also obtained of the real risk premiums that certain types of securities generate over the three-month treasury bill rate (which is assumed to be risk-free). These range from three basis points for three-month finance paper to 16 basis points for three-month Eurodollar deposits.
Noncommutative topology and the world’s simplest index theorem

In this article we outline an approach to index theory on the basis of methods of noncommutative topology. We start with an explicit index theorem for second-order differential operators on 3-manifolds that are Fredholm but not elliptic. This low-brow index formula is expressed in terms of winding numbers. We then proceed to show how it is derived as a special case of an index theorem for hypoelliptic operators on contact manifolds. Finally, we discuss the noncommutative topology that is employed in the proof of this theorem. The article is intended to illustrate that noncommutative topology can be a powerful tool for proving results in classical analysis and geometry.
Employment, Parental Responsibility, and Psychological Distress A Longitudinal Study of Married Women

This article uses panel data from 745 married women in the Detroit Metropolitan Area to examine the mental health effects of employment and parenting status changes. Contrary to popular belief, the transition to parenting is not directly related to increases in psychological distress. Changes in employment status, however, are. Women who significantly increase their labor force participation report lower levels of psychological distress over the study period, while women who significantly decrease their labor force participation report higher psychological distress. The effects of labor force changes on mental health are not all modified by parenting status or changes in parenting status. The transition to parenting and increased parenting responsibilities, however, are indirectly related to increased psychological distress insofar as they result in decreased labor force participation. The implications of these results are used to evaluate four competing perspectives on the relationship between roles, str...
Food and Genocide: Nazi Agrarian Politics in the Occupied Territories of the Soviet Union

This article explores the connection between food politics and genocide in the occupied eastern territories. The examination focuses on Herbert Backe, the ‘second man’ in the agricultural administration during the period of Nazi rule. Backe was in charge of food rationing during the war, and was involved in the planning of the economic exploitation of the Soviet Union after the invasion. Under Backe's directive, food policy turned into ‘starvation policy’ for people in the occupied lands of the Soviet Union. The author uses a range of archival sources, including rarely used personal letters and diaries of Backe and his wife, to understand Backe's role and motivations.
Quantifying Error Propagation in Data Flow Models

Model-based design is increasingly applied for the design and certification of flight-critical software. Software verification tools, however, have profound weaknesses in handling errors associated with signal values. Such errors can non-deterministically affect the performance and physical behavior of the cyber-physical system controlled by the software. We describe a scalable method that supports the analysis of signal value errors for applications specified as MATLAB Simulink data flow models. The approach explicitly propagates the errors associated with signal type and range bounds through the model and analyzes the possible effects of the errors on the cyber-physical system's behavior. We demonstrate the run time and scalability of the proposed approach on a set of avionics models developed for a commercial aircraft.
Food partitioning among Malagasy primates

Food partitioning among lemurs was studied in relation to food patch size and plant chemistry in the eastern rainforest and a western deciduous forest of Madagascar. Patch size (i.e. crown diameter of food trees) is significantly correlated with group body weight of different lemur species. But intraspecific variability is high and prevents effective species separation. Chemical analyses of more than 400 plant parts eaten by seven different lemur species revealed major differences in their food choice with respect to protein concentrations, condensed tannins and alkaloids. Among the leaf eating lemurs discriminant analysis segregates three groups a two species based on chemical characteristics of their food. Whereas differences in food chemistry are pronounced between groups they are lacking between the two species within each group. The two species of each group avoid interference competition by different activity rhythms. Actual competition for slowly renewable resources such as leaves and fruit, however, can not be reduced by different activities. Here interspecific differences in gross categories of food, food species composition and different habitat utilization due to other constraints may contribute to the possible coexistence of species. Thus interspecific differences in food selection in relation to primary and secondary plant chemicals is an integrated part of the mechanisms allowing several primate species to coexist in sympatry.
The Prospective Association of Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-Binding Protein-1 Levels with All Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Older Adults: The Rancho Bernardo Study

The IGF system has been implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. The prospective association of serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) with all cause, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and non-IHD CVD mortality was examined in 633 men and 552 nonestrogen-using postmenopausal women, aged 51-98 yr (mean, 74 yr) in 1988-1992, who were followed through July 2001 (96% follow-up). During the 9- to 13-yr follow-up, there were 522 deaths; 224 were attributed to CVD, and 105 were caused by IHD. IGF-I and IGFBP-1 were independently and jointly related to risk of IHD mortality. In a proportional hazards model including both IGF-I and IGFBP-1 and adjusting for CVD risk factors, the relative risk of IHD mortality was 38% higher for every 40 ng/ml (1 SD) decrease in IGF-I (95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.76; P = 0.005) and 3.11 times greater for those in the lowest quintile of IGFBP-1 (95% confidence interval, 1.74-5.56; P < 0.001) compared with those with higher IGFBP-1 levels. IGF-I and IGFBP-1 (alone or in combination) were not related to risk of all cause or non-IHD CVD mortality. We conclude that low baseline levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-1 increase the risk of fatal IHD among elderly men and women independent of prevalent IHD and CVD risk factors.
Quantitative in situ detection of phosphoproteins in fixed tissues using quantum dot technology.

Detection and quantitation of phosphoproteins (PPs) in fixed tissues will become increasingly important as additional inhibitors of protein kinases enter clinical use and new disease entities are defined by molecular changes affecting PP levels. We characterize fixation conditions suitable for accurate PP quantitation that are achievable in a clinical laboratory and illustrate the utility of in situ quantitation of PPs by quantum dot (QD) nanocrystals in two models: (1) a therapeutic model demonstrating effects of a targeted therapeutic (quantitative reduction of phospho-GSK3β) in xenografts treated with enzastaurin; and (2) a diagnostic model that identifies elevated levels of nuclear phospho-STAT5 in routine bone marrow biopsies from patients with acute myeloid leukemia based on the presence of the activating FLT3-ITD mutation. Finally, we document production of a well-characterized tissue microarray of widely available cell lines as a multilevel calibrator for validating numerous phosphoprotein assays. QD immunofluorescence is an ideal method for in situ quantitation of PPs in fixed samples, providing valuable cell type–specific and subcellular information about pathway activation in primary tissues. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:701–708, 2009)
Increase in Nalidixic Acid Resistance among Non-Typhi Salmonella enterica Isolates in the United States from 1996 to 2003

Fluoroquinolones commonly are used to treat adult Salmonella infections. Fluoroquinolone treatment has failed for persons infected with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella. From 1996 to 2003, state public health laboratories forwarded 12,252 non-Typhi Salmonella enterica isolates to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 203 (1.6%) of the isolates were nalidixic acid resistant, and 14 (7%) of those were ciprofloxacin resistant. Resistance to nalidixic acid significantly increased from 0.4% in 1996 to 2.3% in 2003. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates had at least one point mutation in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and did not harbor qnr or have point mutations in the QRDR of gyrB, parC, or parE. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among non-Typhi S. enterica isolates is needed to mitigate the increasing prevalence of nalidixic acid resistance.
Effect of interference on throughput of adaptive hybrid ARQ protocol

The author analyzes the effect of unanticipated CW and pulsed interference on the throughput of an adaptive hybrid ARQ protocol used with a discrete-time Markovian channel. He evaluates the degradation in the performance of this protocol due to additional, unanticipated interference and shows that the protocol is only slightly suboptimal under these conditions, i.e. only a small part of the degradation can be attributed to the protocol's reliance on incorrect channel statistics. He also shows that the performance of the adaptive protocol is at least as good as that of a simpler nonadaptive protocol over almost the entire range of jammer power levels. >
Export of NOy from the North American boundary layer: Reconciling aircraft observations and global model budgets

[1] Fossil fuel combustion accounts for >50% of the global atmospheric emission of NOx, but this source is concentrated in the polluted continental boundary layer (CBL) and only a small fraction is exported as NOy (NOx and its oxidation products) to the global troposphere. Better quantification of this export efficiency is needed because of its implications for global tropospheric ozone. A recent Lagrangian analysis of the NOy-CO correlations observed from the North Atlantic Regional Experiment in September 1997 (NARE'97) aircraft campaign downwind of eastern North America (September 1997) indicated a NOy export efficiency of <10%, with <10% of the exported NOy present as NOx. In contrast, previous three-dimensional (3-D) model Eulerian budget analyses for the North American boundary layer indicated NOy export efficiencies of 25–30%, with 30–35% of the exported NOy present as NOx. We investigated this apparent discrepancy by simulating the NARE'97 aircraft observations with a global 3-D model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-CHEM) and using the model to calculate the NOy export efficiency both through a Lagrangian analysis of the NOy-CO correlations along the aircraft flight tracks and through an Eulerian budget analysis for the North American boundary layer. The model reproduces the variability and NOy-CO correlations observed in the aircraft data and also at the Harvard Forest surface site in the northeastern United States. We show that the previous Lagrangian analyses of the NOy export efficiency during NARE'97 were probably biased low because of underestimation of the CO background. Correcting for this bias, we find a NOy export efficiency of 17 ± 7% in the model and 15 ± 11% in the observations. A similar NOy export efficiency (20%) in the model is obtained from the Eulerian budget analysis, demonstrating that the Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches are in fact consistent. Export efficiencies of NOy in previous 3-D model Eulerian budget analyses were probably too high because of insufficient scavenging out of the CBL. Model results indicate that only 6% of the exported NOy is present as NOx along the aircraft flight tracks, in agreement with the observations, but that 40% of the NOy export flux is present as NOx, in agreement with the previous 3-D model analyses. This result reflects the fast oxidation of NOx between the point of exit from the CBL and the point of sampling by the aircraft. The eventual ozone production in the global troposphere due to exported NOx and peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), with equal contributions from each, is comparable in magnitude to the direct export of ozone pollution from the North American boundary layer.
On E-values for tandem MS scoring schemes

In a recent article in this journal, Khatun, Hamlett, and Giddings (2008) (KHG) advance a new scoring scheme for use in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) based peptide identification. As they note, such identifications are fundamental to much proteomics research but, due to MS/MS data complexity and the scale of attendant database searches, their accuracy is limited. The scoring technique they propose, which employs a hidden Markov model (HMM) over a set of states that represent key features of MS/MS data, is convincingly motivated and exhibits good performance. The purpose of this brief note is to critique the method chosen for calibrating the HMM scores, rather than the genesis of the scores themselves.
Deviant Career Mobility: The Case of Male Prostitutes

This paper examines deviant career mobility using data from interviews with 28 male prostitutes. These respondents identified three modes of operation in their world—street hustling, bar hustling, and escort prostitution—and ranked them according to level of income and safety from arrest. While some prostitutes developed relatively stable careers within a given rank, others developed ascending careers. Most of the respondents moved from street hustling to bar hustling, and a few ascended to escort prostitution. I analyze the interplay of objective and subjective contingencies that shapes these patterns of mobility, and I discuss the conditions that affect career mobility in various deviant worlds.
Techniques for compressing program address traces

In this paper a technique for generating consistent, reproducible traces with about an order of magnitude better compression than standard general-purpose compression programs is described. With this approach, the trace is read once, an intermediate form is generated and then read as the input to the second pass over the address stream. No program source code is required, and this technique will work on address streams that include OS calls. As a result of the way the address trace is encoded and processed, representing each reference requires only a fraction of a bit, between 0.00114 to 0.878 bits per reference. For example, the roughly 1.6 billion references generated by the xlisp benchmark from the SPEC92 suite can be stored using only about 48.6 million bytes. Depending on the benchmarks, more or less bits per references may be needed.
Flexible Transfer Learning under Support and Model Shift

Transfer learning algorithms are used when one has sufficient training data for one supervised learning task (the source/training domain) but only very limited training data for a second task (the target/test domain) that is similar but not identical to the first. Previous work on transfer learning has focused on relatively restricted settings, where specific parts of the model are considered to be carried over between tasks. Recent work on covariate shift focuses on matching the marginal distributions on observations X across domains. Similarly, work on target/conditional shift focuses on matching marginal distributions on labels Y and adjusting conditional distributions P(X|Y ), such that P(X) can be matched across domains. However, covariate shift assumes that the support of test P(X) is contained in the support of training P(X), i.e., the training set is richer than the test set. Target/conditional shift makes a similar assumption for P(Y). Moreover, not much work on transfer learning has considered the case when a few labels in the test domain are available. Also little work has been done when all marginal and conditional distributions are allowed to change while the changes are smooth. In this paper, we consider a general case where both the support and the model change across domains. We transform both X and Y by a location-scale shift to achieve transfer between tasks. Since we allow more flexible transformations, the proposed method yields better results on both synthetic data and real-world data.
Geographic distribution and taxonomic circumscription of populations within Coryphantha section Robustispina (Cactaceae)

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF STUDY Taxonomic circumscription of subspecific taxa within Coryphantha robustispina was evaluated with morphological data and microsatellites. This study was the first to compare adequately sampled morphological and DNA analyses at the population level in the Cactaceae. This comparison was important to test reliability of both methods and to gain a better understanding of phytogeography, evolution, and systematics of the species, knowledge that could prove useful for other taxa as well. Populations of C. robustispina subsp. robustispina are listed as endangered by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Our primary goal was to explore correlations among geographical distribution, morphology, and genetics of selected populations throughout the range of the species and the outgroup, C. poselgeriana. • METHODS Stem characters were measured for 638 individuals among 16 populations. Flower characters were measured for 180 individuals among 12 populations. Ten microsatellite DNA loci were isolated and characterized for 204 individuals among 13 populations. Data were analyzed using various multivariate analyses. • RESULTS Our results indicated that, within Coryphantha robustispina, there were three morphologically, genetically, and geographically coherent groups represented by the names C. robustispina subsp. robustispina, C. robustispina subsp. uncinata, and C. robustispina subsp. scheeri. For most analyses, distinctions among the three groups were primarily not as great as those between any one of them and the outgroup. • CONCLUSIONS Results suggested that the three subspecific taxa within Coryphantha robustispina are good subspecies but should not be elevated to species rank. The closely aligned results between morphology and microsatellite data support the design and utility of both methods.
Experimental and analytical study of wall reaction and transport effects in fast reaction systems

This paper extends previous modeling calculations of concentration profiles and reaction rates in tubular flow reactors by including very fast wall reactions such as surface catalyzed atom recombinations. The plug flow assumption is investigated and found to be valid in tubular flow reactors when the dimensionless wall reaction rate is less than on (H 1). If these criteria are not met, this work provides a correlation yielding a correction factor which can be applied to the mean residence time. The method is applied to experimental data relating to the deactivation probability of two types of atoms on teflon and quartz. Values of 1.0 + 0.2 × 10−4 and 1.7 + 0.4 × 10−4 for the deactivation probabilities of 0 and N atoms, respectively, are reported.
Cytomegalovirus disease and infection in lung transplant recipients in the setting of planned indefinite valganciclovir prophylaxis

A.P. Wiita, N. Roubinian, Y. Khan, P.V. Chin-Hong, J.P. Singer,J.A. Golden, S. Miller. Cytomegalovirus disease and infection inlung transplant recipients in the setting of planned indeﬁnitevalganciclovir prophylaxis.Transpl Infect Dis 2012: 14: 248–258. All rights reservedAbstract: Background. The optimal method of both predictingand preventing cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in lung transplantrecipients remains unclear. In particular, the most appropriateduration of CMV prophylaxis post transplant is unresolved. Wereport herein our experience with a planned indeﬁnite regimen ofvalganciclovir prophylaxis and monitoring of quantitative CMVload in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) ﬂuid.Methods. We performed a single-center observational study withboth prospective and retrospective components. The includedpatients (n = 128) received a planned regimen of indeﬁnitevalganciclovir prophylaxis post transplant, regardless of donor(D)/recipient (R) CMV serostatus. Real-time polymerase chainreaction assay for detection of CMV in BAL was prospectivelyperformed over a 1-year period. Clinical data were reviewedretrospectively; median follow-up was 24.8 months (range1–93 months).Results. Sixty-ﬁve patients (50.6%) discontinued valganciclovirprophylaxis, either temporarily or permanently, with a primarycause of mild leukopenia. Six cases of CMV disease wereidentiﬁed (4.7%), with no signiﬁcant difference between those whowere on continuous prophylaxis or not (4.6% vs. 4.9%; P = non-signiﬁcant [ns]). However, those who discontinued prophylaxisshowed an increased incidence of laboratory-detected CMVinfection (40.7% vs. 12.7%; P = 0.001). High-risk D+/R patientsdid not demonstrate a signiﬁcantly increased incidence of CMVdisease (8.1% vs. 3.3% other serotypes; P = ns). Three patients(2.3%) developed valganciclovir-resistant CMV disease. Moleculardetection of CMV in BAL ﬂuid was signiﬁcantly more sensitivethan shell vial culture. However, BAL CMV viral load was notpredictive of subsequent disease development.Conclusions. Extended valganciclovir prophylaxis for all lungtransplant recipients led to a low incidence of CMV disease andresistance. In such low-incidence populations, routine quantitationof CMV in BAL did not confer signiﬁcant clinical beneﬁt over non-quantitative methods in prediction of CMV disease onset.A.P. Wiita
High‐Temperature Mixed Oxidation of Nitride‐Bonded Silicon Carbide in Oxidizing Gas Mixtures Containing 2% Cl2

Nitride-bonded silicon carbide ceramics have lower processing costs than many other SiC-based ceramics and adequate properties for use as high-temperature heat exchangers in oxidizing environments. Silicon nitride has much better resistance to attack by chlorine at temperatures above 900 C than silicon carbide. When nitride bonded silicon carbide ceramics are exposed to gas mixtures containing 2% Cl{sub 2} and small amounts of oxygen in this temperature range, the SiC is selectively chlorinated, leaving behind a porous matrix of silicon nitride. The rate of corrosion is controlled by a combination of interfacial kinetics at the surfaces of the SiC grains and transport of volatile species through the silicon nitride skeleton. In more oxidizing environments, the rate of chlorination is suppressed by the formation of a protective SiO{sub 2} film. In more oxidizing environments at temperatures in excess of 1,200 C, the formation of volatile chloride reaction products at the interface between the SiC and the passivating SiO{sub 2} layer causes bubbles to form in the SiO{sub 2}, which accelerates the oxidation.
DNA based molecular analysis in the rapid diagnosis of Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa.

The junctional form of epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is an inherited blistering disease in which blisters occur at the level of the lamina lucida in the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Specific mutations have been detected in the genes encoding different components of the hemidesmosomal-anchoring filament complex. In the recessively inherited lethal (Herlitz) type of JEB (H-JEB), typically nonsense mutations or insertions or deletions are present on both alleles of any of the three genes encoding the polypeptide subunits of the anchoring filament protein, laminin 5. In this study, we searched for mutations in a proband who presented at birth with severe and extensive blistering. We detected a novel 1 bp deletion and a previously reported hotspot mutation (R635X) in the LAMB3 3 gene. This mutation combination established the diagnosis of H-JEB in this case, in which attempted diagnosis by skin biopsy had failed. The molecular analysis was performed shortly after birth while the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit, and the definitive molecular diagnosis allowed the parents and physicians to devise management plans.
Seff-Discrepancies and Biographical Memory: Personality and Cognition at the Level of Psychological Situation

This study examined whether persons who possess different types of self-discrepancies are sensitive to different types of psychological situations as evident in their memory for another person's experiences. All subjects read the same essay in which a target person experienced events reflecting different types of psychological situations (e.g., the presence of a positive outcome; the absence of a negative outcome). The target person's experiences were circumstantial and not personality related (e.g., finding money on the street; escaping an unpleasant school day because of an election). Half the subjects were predominant actual: ideal discrepancy persons, who, according to self-discrepancy theory, are oriented toward hopes and wishes and are sensitive to the presence and absence of positive outcomes. The remaining subjects were predominant actual: ought discrepancy persons, who are oriented toward sanction-dictated duties and obligations and are sensitive to the absence and presence of negative outcomes. ...
Differential Predation on Tadpoles Influences the Potential Effects of Hybridization between Hyla cinerea and Hyla gratiosa

Long-term effects of hybridization and introgression are influenced by performance of hybrids in habitats of parental species. The treefrogs Hyla cinerea and Hyla gratiosa, which typically breed in permanent and temporary habitats, respectively, have occasionally hybridized throughout the Southeastern United States. To predict in which of the parental habitats effects of hybridization might be strongest, I performed experiments to evaluate predation on tadpoles of H. cinerea, H. gratiosa, and F1 hybrids with predators typical of the breeding habitats of the parental species. Hybrid tadpoles had lower survival with sunfish than odonate naiad (dragonfly) predators and tended to increase hiding behavior in response to sunfish predation. Tadpoles of H. gratiosa also had higher survival with odonates than sunfish, but H. cinerea had similar survival with both predator types. These results suggest that hybrids are most likely to survive and return to breed in temporary habitats used by H. gratiosa. Thus, hybridization and introgression might be more likely to have adverse effects on populations of H. gratiosa than H. cinerea.