cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
W3 Is a New Wax Locus That Is Essential for Biosynthesis of β-Diketone, Development of Glaucousness, and Reduction of Cuticle Permeability in Common Wheat

The cuticle plays important roles in plant development, growth and defense against biotic and abiotic attacks. Crystallized epicuticular wax, the outermost layer of cuticle, is visible as white-bluish glaucousness. In crops like barley and wheat, glaucousness is trait of adaption to the dry and hot cultivation conditions, and hentriacontane-14,16-dione (β-diketone) and its hydroxy derivatives are the major and unique components of cuticular wax in the upper parts of adult plants. But their biosynthetic pathway and physiological role largely remain unknown. In the present research, we identified a novel wax mutant in wheat cultivar Bobwhite. The mutation is not allelic to the known wax production gene loci W1 and W2, and designated as W3 accordingly. Genetic analysis localized W3 on chromosome arm 2BS. The w3 mutation reduced 99% of β-diketones, which account for 63.3% of the total wax load of the wild-type. W3 is necessary for β-diketone synthesis, but has a different effect on β-diketone hydroxylation because the hydroxy-β-diketones to β-diketone ratio increased 11-fold in the w3 mutant. Loss of β-diketones caused failure to form glaucousness and significant increase of cuticle permeability in terms of water loss and chlorophyll efflux in the w3 mutant. Transcription of 23 cuticle genes from five functional groups was altered in the w3 mutant, 19 down-regulated and four up-regulated, suggesting a possibility that W3 encodes a transcription regulator coordinating expression of cuticle genes. Biosynthesis of β-diketones in wheat and their implications in glaucousness formation and drought and heat tolerance were discussed. Key Message W3 is essential for β-diketone biosynthesis but suppresses its hydroxylation. Loss-of-function mutation w3 significantly increased cuticle permeability in terms of water loss and chlorophyll efflux.
The Relationship of Cardiovascular Disease to Physical Functioning in Women Surviving to Age 80 and Above in the Women’s Health Initiative

Author(s): Stefanick, Marcia L; Brunner, Robert L; Leng, X; Limacher, Marian C; Bird, Chloe E; Garcia, David O; Hogan, Patricia E; LaMonte, Michael J; Mackey, Rachel H; Johnson, Karen C; LaCroix, Andrea; Robinson, Jennifer G; Seguin, Rebecca A; Tindle, Hilary A; Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia | Abstract: BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly prevalent at ages 80 and above. The association of physical functioning (PF), a key to an optimal aging trajectory, with CVD and specific CVD diagnosis in women who survive to age 80 and above has not been described previously and has important public health significance given our aging population.MethodsWomen's Health Initiative participants aged 80 years or older at the time of self-reporting PF (RAND SF-36) were studied in relationship to CVD diagnosis, whether present at study baseline (1993-1998) or diagnosed during follow-up through 2012. Cross-sectional analyses utilized demographic, medical, lifestyle, and psycho-social questionnaire data from baseline or updated at the time of self-reported PF.ResultsAmong 27,145 older Women's Health Initiative participants, 22.0% (N = 5,959) had been diagnosed with CVD, specifically: 11.3% (N = 3,071) with coronary heart disease; 4.7% (N = 1,279), stroke; 5.2% (N = 1,397), venous thromboembolism; 2.7% (N = 737), peripheral arterial disease; and 2.7% (N = 725), congestive heart failure. PF scores (mean ± SE) were significantly (p l .0001) higher without CVD (60.0 ± 26.9), compared with any CVD (47.9 ± 27.3), and for each specific CVD diagnosis: coronary heart disease (48.8 ± 27.1); stroke (44.8 ± 27.9); venous thromboembolism (48.9 ± 27.4); peripheral arterial disease (41.9 ± 2.2); and congestive heart failure (38.8 ± 26.1). Regardless of CVD diagnosis, higher PF was associated with: younger age at the time of PF assessment; lower body mass index; higher recreational physical activity; better self-reported general health; fewer hip fractures after age 55; no history of arthritis; and no recent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.ConclusionsOlder women with any CVD, and particularly women with congestive heart failure or peripheral arterial disease, reported significantly lower PF compared to women with no CVD. Regardless of CVD diagnosis, higher PF was strongly associated with a more active lifestyle and lower body mass index, suggesting potential intervention targets for more optimal aging.
FACTORS INFLUENCING FREQUENCY OF THE MID-STYLED MORPH IN TRISTYLOUS POPULATIONS OF OXALIS ALPINA.

Genetic models and computer simulations suggest that modifications of incompatibility in tristylous populations of Oxalis alpina from southeastern Arizona should result in evolution of distyly, due to the inability of the mid floral morph to compete effectively with the short and long floral morphs. To evaluate this hypothesis, progeny testing of naturally pollinated individuals was carried out over a three-year period for populations with differing mid frequencies. In contrast to expectations, mids appeared in greater than expected proportions in many cases. Detailed analysis of results from two trimorphic populations where the mid form is relatively uncommon revealed that mid morphs produced far more mid progeny among their offspring than expected. Assuming that all compatible pollen has the same probability of deposition on appropriate stigmas, mid excesses were found among progeny of shorts and longs in these populations as well. In a third population where the mid form is abundant, mid excesses were not found among the progeny of mids, nor were mid excesses typical among the progeny of shorts and longs. Mid excesses among progeny of populations where the mid form is uncommon may explain retention of this form, despite incompatibility modifications that should favor evolution of distyly. Over-representation of mids may result from gametophytic selection favoring mid alleles. If this is the case, tristylous populations may be in equilibrium, with the frequencies of the three morphs determined by the balance of the opposing selective forces resulting from incompatibility modifications and gametophytic selection.
Further Studies on Properties of the Gastric Secretory Depressant in Gastric Juice.

ConclusionsA method for extraction of the gastric secretory depressant factor from urine (urogastrone) does not extract the gastric secretory depressant from an alcohol precipitate of human gastric juice, hence evidence is offered that these two factors are not identical.
Morphology and morphogenesis of Shanxi karst

Shanxi is the main province where the biggest proportion of northern karst is distributed, accounting for 75 2% of provincial area. This paper introduces some of its peculiar morphology and discusses the factors influencing it and the morphogenesis of it.
Surgical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Intracaval Neoplastic Extension Above the Hepatic Veins

AbstractCardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia, temporary cardiac arrest and exsanguination represent the next logical step in the evolutionary management of intracaval neoplastic extension with renal cell carcinoma. This method of management provides control of the circulation of the entire body and allows for careful dissection in a bloodless field with less risk of embolization. From 1981 to 1986, 15 patients were treated with intracaval neoplastic extension of renal cell carcinoma above the level of the most inferior hepatic veins. In 6 patients mobilization of the vena cava with division of the hepatic veins to the caudate lobe allowed excision of the tumor and tumor thrombus without cardiopulmonary bypass (group 1). The remaining 9 patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia (group 2). There was 1 postoperative mortality in the entire group. Most patients had advanced regional disease but the feasibility of this technique has been demonstrated. Survival appeared to be less in the bypass g...
Picosecond Dynamics of Avobenzone in Solution

Avobenzone, a dibenzoylmethane compound commonly found in sunscreens, can photoisomerize after exposure to near-ultraviolet light. At equilibrium, avobenzone exists as a chelated enol characterized by a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond. Many nanosecond- to microsecond-scale experiments have shown that the photoisomerization involves several nonchelated enol (NCE) isomers and reaction paths, including some that reduce avobenzone’s efficacy as a sunscreen. Because some of the NCE isomers are unstable, these experiments do not directly measure their spectroscopic signatures. Here, we report the dynamics of avobenzone on the picosecond time scale. We excite avobenzone at 350 nm and observe the formation and relaxation of new isomers and vibrationally excited species with broadband visible probe pulses and 266 nm probe pulses. Our results show the first direct evidence of two unstable NCE isomers and establish the lifetimes of and the branching ratio between these isomers.
Resonant x-ray diffraction near the iron K edge in hematite (α- Fe 2 O 3 )

An unexpected resonant enhancement in x-ray diffraction occurs at a forbidden reflection in the antiferromagnet hematite. This fifty fold increase in the diffracted signal, 10 eV below the iron K edge, exhibits a rotation in the x-ray polarization and a 60 o azimuthal symmetry as the crystal is rotated about the reflection vector. The erect is explained to result from electronic quadrupole transitions in the anomalous scattering from iron and demonstrates that diffraction can be a sensitive probe of the electronic environment at specific atomic sites in the crystal
The Relative Importance of Physical Versus Service Attributes with Respect to Small Business Vendor Selection

Recent literature on the topic of vendor selection has focused on a broad, macro view of the relationship between the selection and buying processes (see e.g., Dempsey, 1978; Holt, 1981). However, most of the studies have not examined such processes in the context of the small business enterprise nor have they discriminated between the importance of physical versus service attributes. A recent study by Manzer, Ireland, and Van Auken (1981) did employ the small business in a “matrix approach” to vendor selection. However, there appears to be a paucity of research involving the relative importance of physical versus service attributes by small businesses in their vendor selection.
Real-time metareasoning with dynamic trade-off evaluation

This paper describes dynamic trade-off evaluation (DTE), a new technique that has been developed to improve the performance of real-time problem solving systems. The DTE technique is most suitable for automation environments in which the requirement for meeting time constraints is of equal importance to that of providing optimally intelligent solutions. In such environments, the demands of high input data volumes and short response times can rapidly overwhelm traditional AI systems. DTE is based on the recognition that in time-constrained environments, compromises to optimal problem solving (in favor of timeliness) must often be made in the form of trade-offs. Towards this end, DTE combines knowledge-based techniques with decision theory to 1) dynamically modify system behavior and 2) adapt the decision criteria that determine how such modifications are made. The performance of DTE has been evaluated in the context of several types of real-time trade-offs in spacecraft monitoring problems. One such application has demonstrated that DTE can be used to dynamically vary the data that is monitored, making it possible to detect and correctly analyze all anomalous data by examining only a subset of the total input data. In carefully structured experimental evaluations that use real spacecraft data and real decision making, DTE provides the ability to handle a three-fold increase in input data (in realtime) without loss of performance.
Recent American Research on Luther’s German Bible

(1943). Recent American Research on Luther’s German Bible. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 161-171.
Participatory Design of a Pediatric Virtual Patient Creation Tool

Virtual patients are computer simulations that behave in the same way that an actual patient would in a medical context. Since these characters are simulated, they can provide realistic yet repetitive practice in patient interaction since they can represent a wide range of patients and each scenario can be practiced until the student achieves competency. However, the development costs for virtual patients are high, since creation of a single scenario may take up to nine months. In this work, we present a virtual patient platform that reduces development costs. The SIDNIE (Scaffolded Interviews Developed by Nurses in Education) system can adapt a single scenario to multiple levels of learners and supports the selection of multiple learning goals. We report on the participatory design of a scenario-builder tool that enables nursing faculty to create their own scenarios for SIDNIE, without the aid of a computer scientist.
PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors that includes receptors for steroids, thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and vitamin D. Upon activation in the cytoplasm, PPARs heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXR) and form a complex that translocates to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. PPARs are thought to play roles in diverse physiological processes ranging from lipid metabolism to inflammation, and have been implicated in diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Although information about the function of PPARs in lung is scarce, data implicating these molecules in key processes in lung biology are rapidly emerging. In lung, PPARs are expressed by recruited immune cells (e.g., monocytes) and in resident cells such as tissue macrophages, bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells, endothelium, and airway smooth muscle, among other cell types. Of the three PPAR forms (PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, PPAR-γ), PPAR-γ is the best studied, and it is believed to regulate cellular differentiation and proliferation. Several studies suggest that PPAR-γ serves to downregulate lung inflammation, promotes vascular function, and acts as a tumor suppressor in lung and other carcinomas.
Laboratory Investigations into the Spectra and Origin of Propylene Oxide: A Chiral Interstellar Molecule

Propylene oxide was recently identified in the interstellar medium, but few laboratory results are available for this molecule to guide current and future investigations. To address this situation, here we report infrared spectra, absorption coefficients, and band strengths of solid propylene oxide along with the first measurement of its refractive index and a calculation of its density, all for the amorphous solid form of the compound. We present the first experimental results showing a low-temperature formation pathway for propylene oxide near 10 K in interstellar ice analogs. Connections are drawn between our new results and the interstellar molecules propanal and acetone, and predictions are made about several as yet unobserved vinyl alcohols and methylketene. Comparisons are given to earlier laboratory work and a few applications to interstellar and solar system astrochemistry are described.
Using Elasticity to Correct for Boundary Effects in Calculations of Stress-Diffusion Coupling Parameters

The effect of stress on diffusion during semiconductor processing becomes important as device dimensions shrink from microns to nanometers. Simulating these effects requires accurate parameterization of the formation and migration volume tensors of the defects that mediate diffusion on the atomistic scale. We investigate the effect of boundary conditions on the accuracy of atomistic calculations of defect formation energies and formation volume tensors. Linear elasticity provides a correction to the effect of the boundaries on the resulting relaxation volume tensor. By a formal proof we show that the correction term is zero for free boundaries and for periodic boundary conditions with zero mean boundary stress. This is demonstrated in the far field for periodic and free boundary conditions for an isotropic (vacancy) and an anisotropic ( intersitial) defect in Stillinger-Weber silicon. For periodic boundary conditions, formation volume tensor components converge to within 5in a 216 atom simulation cell. For free boundary conditions, slow convergence of elastic constants results in slow convergence of formation volumes. Most significantly, this provides a new method to calculate the formation volume from constant volume calculations. This removes the need for relaxing boundaries, allowing for simpler and more efficient algorithms. We apply this method to both the vacancy and the interstitial in Stillinger-Weber silicon.
Modular and Personalized Smart Health Application Design in a Smart City Environment

The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions to create a smart, connected city that is composed of ubiquitous environmental and user sensing along with distributed, low-capacity computing. This provides ample information regarding the citizens in various smart environments. We can leverage this people-centric information, provided by the smart city infrastructure, to improve “smart health” applications: user data from connected wearable devices can be accompanied with ubiquitous environmental sensing and versatile actuation. The state-of-the-art in smart health applications is black-box, end-to-end implementations which are neither intended for use with heterogeneous data nor adaptable to a changing set of sensing and actuation. In this paper, we apply our modular approach for IoT applications—the context engine—to smart health problems, enabling the ability to grow with available data, use general-purpose machine learning, and reduce compute redundancy and complexity. For smart health, this improves response times for critical situations, more efficient identification of health-related conditions and subsequent actuation in a smart city environment. We demonstrate the potential with three sets of interconnected context-aware applications, extracting health-related people-centric context, such as user presence, user activity, air quality, and location from IoT sensors.
Fuzzy Control of Production Planning in Distributed Manufacturing Systems

Abstract A fuzzy system for production planning in a multi-item manufacturing facility is discussed. The mathematical model of the fuzzy control of aggregate production planning is formulated and extended in such a way as to permit it to be applied to the multi-item case. This extension is discussed in terms of its application to operating production systems, its robustness, and the interaction between manufacturing centers.
Effect of Access Site Choice on Acute Kidney Injury After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with worse outcomes. Consecutive patients undergoing PCI between 2005 and 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients undergoing PCI using transfemoral access (TFA) were categorized as the TFA Group, and those using transradial access (TRA) were categorized as the TRA Group. Post-PCI AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine >0.5 mg/dl or >25% increase from baseline 48 to 72 hours after the procedure. Independent predictors of post-PCI AKI were identified using inverse probability weighted multivariable analysis. There were 7,529 patients included in the analysis, 5,353 (71%) in the TFA Group and 2,176 (29%) in the TRA Group. Patients in the TRA Group were younger, more likely to be female, taller, heavier and have acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and were less likely to have previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery, cardiogenic shock, and intra-aortic balloon pump use and had shorter fluoroscopy time and less contrast use. Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3 or 5 was significantly less frequent in the TRA Group. The primary end point of post-PCI AKI was observed significantly less frequently in the TRA Group compared with the TFA Group (1.1% vs 2.4%, p = 0.001). TRA was independently associated with a lower incidence of post-PCI AKI (odds ratio 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.35 to 0.91, p = 0.018). In conclusion, access site choice is an independent predictor of post-PCI AKI with a significant risk reduction associated with TRA compared with TFA.
Minimally Invasive Surgical Pulmonary Embolectomy: A Potential Alternative to Conventional Sternotomy

ObjectiveSurgical pulmonary embolectomy has gained increasing popularity over the past decade with multiple series reporting excellent outcomes in the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism. Ho...
Estimating habitat volume of living resources using three-dimensional circulation and biogeochemical models

Abstract Coupled three-dimensional circulation and biogeochemical models predict changes in water properties that can be used to define fish habitat, including physiologically important parameters such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. However, methods for calculating the volume of habitat defined by the intersection of multiple water properties are not well established for coupled three-dimensional models. The objectives of this research were to examine multiple methods for calculating habitat volume from three-dimensional model predictions, select the most robust approach, and provide an example application of the technique. Three methods were assessed: the “Step,” “Ruled Surface”, and “Pentahedron” methods, the latter of which was developed as part of this research. Results indicate that the analytical Pentahedron method is exact, computationally efficient, and preserves continuity in water properties between adjacent grid cells. As an example application, the Pentahedron method was implemented within the Habitat Volume Model (HabVol) using output from a circulation model with an Arakawa C-grid and physiological tolerances of juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis). This application demonstrates that the analytical Pentahedron method can be successfully applied to calculate habitat volume using output from coupled three-dimensional circulation and biogeochemical models, and it indicates that the Pentahedron method has wide application to aquatic and marine systems for which these models exist and physiological tolerances of organisms are known.
Organ Transplantation, Past and Present

There can no longer be doubt that transplantation of tissues and organs will be practiced with increased frequency and success in the future. The number of patients who have been returned to a useful place in society after renal homotransplantation has risen steadily since 1962.* Clinical transplantations of the liver,11, 49, 62, 63, 72 lung,17, 40,. 88 heart,16, 32, 33 spleen41, 69 and pancreas 27 have also recently been undertaken. Progress in various areas of transplantation research has been summarized in several books, monographs and special issues of journals5, 10, 12, 38, 58, 61, 86, 87 and will not be recapitulated here. Instead, attention will be focused upon several specific questions that pertain to transplantation of the kidney and liver, but that probably also have relevance to the transplantation of other organs.
Models and algorithms for workforce allocation and utilization

Workforce planning is an important process that: (1) enables organizations to determine the most efficient workforce composition, and (2) provides a foundation to recruit and/or reorganize the workforce to achieve organizational goals. An effective workforce plan has the right number of workers with the right skills for the right tasks at the right time. Unfortunately, simultaneously determining the workforce allocation - the number of workers with each skill set available during the horizon - and the workforce utilization - the sequence of tasks scheduled during the horizon to meet customer demand - is not a trivial task. In workforce planning problems one decision affects many others, resulting in many inter-connected, complicated constraints. Applying traditional techniques to solve workforce planning problems can lead to tremendous challenges. For example, the use of mathematical programming techniques can be hampered by non-linearities and weak linear programming relaxations. This dissertation presents new mathematical models and solution techniques to accurately model and efficiently solve workforce planning problems. The work in this dissertation is motivated by existing problems in the service and manufacturing industries. Computational results based on data from a major automotive manufacturer demonstrate how the models and algorithms developed provide high-quality, realistic workforce plans in reasonable run times. This research could be extended to address other workforce planning problems in the manufacturing and service industries. In addition, the algorithms and models created can be applied to other resource allocation and utilization problems.
Validation of near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probes in vivo with dual laser NIRF endoscope.

Purpose The development of NIRF cathepsin activity probes offered the ability to visualize tumor associated tumor reaction and act as a surrogate marker to delineate the dysplastic lesions. One major type is a NIRF substrate of cathepsins (SBP), which is involved in catalytic way to produce high levels of fluorescence emission. The other major type (ABP) reacts with active cathepsins in stoichiometric manner since they bind covalently with their active center. Little is known about the sensitivity and the specificity of the NIRF probes to detect autochthonous developed dysplastic lesions. Dual laser NIRF endoscope provides a good tool to determine the efficiency of various NIRF probes in vivo in the same lesions. Experimental design In the current study, we validated both types of NIRF probes by using the dual laser NIRF endoscope to detect lesions colon cancer mouse model (TS4Cre/cAPC +/lox). Results The dual laser NIRF endoscope is emitting equal power with both lasers. It can detect with the same efficiency in 680 mode, as well as, 750 mode when NIFR probes of the same scaffold in vivo. When SBP and ABP were used, our results showed both probes are efficient enough to detect large polyps but small dysplastic lesions could not efficiently imaged with the ABP. Conclusions The dual laser NIRF endoscope is a powerful tool to validate probes. The probes that react catalytically with the active center of cathepsins are more efficient than the ones that react stoichiometrically in detecting small lesions.
The Market for Corporate Control as a Limit to Short Arbitrage

We hypothesize that corporate takeover markets create significant constraints for short sellers. Both short sellers and corporate bidders often target firms with declining economic prospects. Yet, a target firm’s stock price generally increases upon a takeover announcement, resulting in losses for short sellers. Therefore, short sellers should require higher rates of return when takeover likelihood is higher. Consistent with this prediction, the return predictability of monthly short interest increases with industry-level takeover probability and decreases as takeover defenses are implemented. Our results suggest that efficient takeover markets create trading frictions for short sellers and can therefore inhibit overall market efficiency.
Exact boson mappings for nuclear neutron (proton) shell-model algebras having SU(3) subalgebras

In this paper the commutation relations of the fermion pair operators of identical nucleons coupled to spin zero are given for the general nuclear major shell in LST coupling. The associated Lie algebras are the unitary symplectic algebras S-italicp-italic(2M-italic). The corresponding multipole subalgebras are the unitary algebras U-italic(M-italic), which possess S-italicU-italic(3) subalgebras. Number conserving exact boson mappings of both the Dyson and hermitian form are given for the nuclear neutron (proton) s--d-italic, p-italic--f-italic, s-italic--d-italic--g-italic, and p-italic--f-italic--h-italic shells, and their group theoretical structure is emphasized. The results are directly applicable in the case of the s-italic--d-italic shell, while in higher shells the experimentally plausible pseudo-S-italicU-italic(3) symmetry makes them applicable. The final purpose of this work is to provide a link between the shell model and the Interacting Boson Model (IBM) in the deformed limit. As already implied in the work of Draayer and Hecht, it is difficult to associate the boson model developed here with the conventional IBM model. The differences between the two approaches (due mainly to the effects of the Pauli principle) as well as their physical implications are extensively discussed.
Pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression in hip pathology

Aims Psychological factors play a critical role in patient presentation, satisfaction, and outcomes. Pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression are important to consider, as they are associated ...
Influence of Autonomous Vehicles on Car-Following Behavior of Human Drivers:

Despite numerous studies on general human–robot interactions, in the context of transportation, automated vehicle (AV)–human driver interaction is not a well-studied subject. These vehicles have fu...
The T-Cell Response to Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV).

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause severe reproductive and respiratory pathologies resulting in immense monetary and welfare costs for the swine industry. The vaccines against PRRSV are available; but they struggle with providing protection against the plethora of heterologous PRRSV strains. To improve PRRSV vaccine development, the aim of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the crucial heterologous T-cell response to type-2 PRRSV. Following PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccination or infection using one high- or one low-pathogenic PRRSV-strain, this nine-week study evaluated the T-cell response to different PRRSV strains. Our results demonstrate an important role for T cells in this homo- and heterologous response. Specifically, the T-helper cells were the main responders during viremia. Their peak response at 28 dpi correlated with a reduction in viremia, and their homing receptor expression indicated the additional importance for the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic and lung tissue. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was the strongest at the site of infection—the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage. The TCR-γδ T cells were the main responders post viremia and PRRSV induced their expression of the lymph node homing the chemokine receptor, CCR7: This indicates a crucial role for TCR-γδ T cells in the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic system.
Pipeline embolization for recurrent vertebral artery thromboembolic events secondary to a misplaced pedicle screw.

Cervical spine instrumentation carries a risk of vertebral artery injury which can cause devastating neurological events. Flow diversion using the Pipeline embolization device (PED) is a commonly used endovascular modality that can treat various vessel wall abnormalities including aneurysms and arterial dissections. We report the case of a 69-year-old female who presented with multiple cryptogenic strokes secondary to a vertebral artery irregularity from a misplaced pedicle screw. She continued having ischemic infarcts despite maximal medical therapy. The patient was successfully treated with the PED and has not had any further ischemic events at 1-year follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first published case of a chronic vertebral artery abnormality secondary to a misplaced pedicle screw that was treated with flow diversion. This is likely a safe and effective treatment for this rare complication of pedicle screw placement.
The Io of Selection Markets

This is an invited chapter for the forthcoming Volume 4 of the Handbook of Industrial Organization. We focus on "selection markets," which cover markets in which consumers vary not only in how much they are willing to pay for a product but also in how costly they are to the seller. The chapter tries to organize the recent wave of IO-related papers on selection markets, which has largely focused on insurance and credit markets. We provide a common framework, terminology, and notation that can be used to understand many of these papers, and that we hope can be usefully applied going forward. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
An Empirical Study of Selective Optimization

This paper describes an empirical study of selective optimization using the Jalapeno Java virtual machine. The goal of the study is to provide insight into the design and implementation of an adaptive system by investigating the performance potential of selective optimization and identifying the classes of applications for which this performance can be expected. Two types of offline profiling information are used to guide selective optimization, and several strategies for selecting the methods to optimize are compared. The results show that selective optimization can offer substantial improvement over an optimize-all-methods strategy for short-running applications, and for longer-running applications there is a significant range of methods that can be selectively optimized to achieve close to optimal performance. The results also show that a coarse-grained sampling system can provide enough accuracy to successfully guide selective optimization.
Biological Objectives of Fishery Management

Both the role of the fishery biologist and the meaning of biological objectives of fishery management have changed in the last few decades. Tbe economic, social, and, above all, political nature of fishery management is now recognized. Tbe most important use of biological information is to evaluate the constraints to achieving social objectives. These issues were discussed by the workshop introduced by this paper. Topics included the biological component of management objectives and the nature and uses made of the scientific assessments and predictions provided by fishery biologists.
Spatial Pictogram Enhanced Conceptual Data Models and Their Translation to Logical Data Models

The successful development of any geographic information system project needs the careful design and implementation of spatial databases via conceptual and logical data-modeling. This involves understanding the underlying spatial data model, spatial data types and operators, spatial query languages and spatial indexing techniques. Conventional entity-relationship diagrams have limitations for conceptual spatial data-modeling, since they get cluttered with numerous spatial relationships. In addition the logical data model gets cluttered with redundant tables representing materialization of the M:N spatial relationships. In this paper we present an extension to ER diagrams using pictograms for entities and as well as relationships. This approach effectively reduces the cluttering, as spatial relationships will become implicit. We have provided a complete grammar using "yacc" like syntax to translate the pictogram-extended ER diagram into a SQL3-level logical data model using OGIS-standard spatial data types.
Baseline face detection, head pose estimation, and coarse direction detection for facial data in the SHRP2 naturalistic driving study

Keeping a driver focused on the road is one of the most critical steps in insuring the safe operation of a vehicle. The Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP2) has over 3,100 recorded videos of volunteer drivers during a period of 2 years. This extensive naturalistic driving study (NDS) contains over one million hours of video and associated data that could aid safety researchers in understanding where the driver's attention is focused. Manual analysis of this data is infeasible; therefore efforts are underway to develop automated feature extraction algorithms to process and characterize the data. The real-world nature, volume, and acquisition conditions are unmatched in the transportation community, but there are also challenges because the data has relatively low resolution, high compression rates, and differing illumination conditions. A smaller dataset, the head pose validation study, is available which used the same recording equipment as SHRP2 but is more easily accessible with less privacy constraints. In this work we report initial head pose accuracy using commercial and open source face pose estimation algorithms on the head pose validation data set.
Pro-tumour activity of interleukin-22 in HPAFII human pancreatic cancer cells.

Interleukin (IL)-22 is a cytokine involved in inflammatory and wound healing processes that is secreted primarily by T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. IL-22 receptor (IL-22R) expression is limited to epithelial cells of the digestive organs, respiratory tract and skin. Most tumours originating in these sites over-express IL-22R. Interestingly, there is an increase in Th17 frequency within the peripheral blood and tumour microenvironment of advanced cancer patients. Subsequently, IL-17 has been shown to display both pro-tumour and anti-tumour functions. Because many tumours lack expression of the IL-17 receptor, the effects of IL-17 on tumour growth are generated by cells that surround the tumour cells. Like IL-17, high levels of IL-22 have been detected in tumour tissues and the peripheral blood of cancer patients; however, the direct effect of IL-22 on tumour cells has remained largely unknown. In this report, we show that IL-22 stimulated production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-XL in IL-22R-positive HPAFII human pancreatic cancer cells. Additionally, IL-22 augmented HPAFII cell production of immunosuppressive cytokines. We show further that IL-22 activation of HPAFII cells diminished T cell production of interferon (IFN)-γ through the action of IL-10. Strikingly, we show for the first time that IL-22 can fully protect cancer cells from natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity by stimulating tumour production of IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Our data support the idea that IL-22 may act to promote the pathogenesis of cancers rather than function in anti-tumour immunity.
Finding two disjoint paths in a network with normalized α + -MIN-SUM objective function

Given a number α with 0 < α < 1, a network G = (V, E) and two nodes s and t in G, we consider the problem of finding two disjoint paths P1 and P2 from s to t such that length(P1) ≤ length(P2) and length(P1)+α·length(P2) is minimized. The paths may be node-disjoint or edge-disjoint, and the network may be directed or undirected. This problem has applications in reliable communication. We prove an approximation ratio ${1+\alpha} \over {2\alpha}$ for all four versions of this problem, and also show that this ratio cannot be improved for the two directed versions unless P = NP. We also present Integer Linear Programming formulations for all four versions of this problem. For a special case of this problem, we give a polynomial-time algorithm for finding optimal solutions.
Selection of Slow and Fast Variables in Three-Dimensional Flight Dynamics

A transformation from the altitude and velocity state variables of three-dimensional flight mechanics to a new set of more desirable variables is found. The new variables provide a greater time-scale separation, decrease system coupling, and give better estimates of the fast-variable values along the reduced solution. One of the new variables is the often-used specific energy, whereas the other variable changes along a given trajectory, depending on the nature of the local reduced solution. Numerical examples are included.
Secretory processes, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in isolated mouse hepatocytes. Aspects of regulation by glucagon and insulin.

Abstract The procedure of Berry and Friend for isolation of inntact hepatocytes has been adapted to mouse livers. The ultrastructure of these cells was satisfactorily preserved. Isolated mouse hepatocytes secreted proteins and triacyglycerols. These secretory processes were inhibited by colchicine, indicating a likely involvement of the microtubular system for their normal occurence. Ultracentrifugation of medium incubated with hepatocytes, followed by electrophoresis and electron microscopic examination of the floating fraction (density
Rent, Rent-Seeking, and Social Inequality

The compensation paid out to workers reflects (i) the value of their contribution to their firm or organization and (ii) a possible premium because of restrictions on competition. The latter restrictions, which may take the form of corruption or monopolies that preclude labor from freely flowing throughout the economy, allow for various types of rent to be extracted. This essay addresses the way in which rents may arise, the sectors of the labor market that are gaining new opportunities to extract rent, and the sectors of the labor market that are losing the capacity to extract rent. Although it is typically argued that all forms of rent are gradually withering away, the available evidence suggests, to the contrary, that rent destruction is mainly occurring at the bottom of the class structure. At the top of the class structure, new opportunities to collect rent appear to be emerging, opportunities that raise earnings among the already privileged and thus increase income inequality. The foregoing characterization of the evidence, although not without support, is necessarily controversial because of intrinsic difficulties in distinguishing the true marginal contribution of workers from returns that are attributable to market failure. Keywords: inequality; income; earnings; labor market; poverty; class; occupation; stratification; closure; redistribution
New formula for integrals in semiempirical molecular orbital methods: Part 1. General theory and results for two-center overlap integrals and their first and second derivatives with respect to Cartesian nuclear displacements

Abstract A very simple method for deriving formulas for integrals over Slater—Zener type atomic orbitals is given. Essentially, the method obtains integrals over orbitals having higher n and l quantum numbers from the integral over 1 s orbitals by repeated application of operators involving the orbital exponents and the positions of the orbital centers. The method is made practicable by using a symbolic algebra expert system to derive the formulas. Formulas for overlap integrals (and their derivatives) over 1 s , 2 s , and 2 p atomic orbitals are given directly in Cartesian coordinates, thus avoiding the transformation from a local to a molecular coordinate system.
Emergency Physician Task Switching Increases With the Introduction of a Commercial Electronic Health Record

Study objective We evaluate how the transition from a homegrown electronic health record to a commercial one affects emergency physician work activities from initial introduction to long-term use. Methods We completed a quasi-experimental study across 3 periods during the transition from a homegrown system to a commercially available electronic health record with computerized provider order entry. Observation periods consisted of pre-implementation, 1 month before the implementation of the commercial electronic health record; "go-live" 1 week after implementation; and post-implementation, 3 to 4 months after use began. Fourteen physicians were observed in each period (N=42) with a minute-by-minute observation template to record emergency physician time allocation across 5 task-based categories (computer, verbal communication, patient room, paper [chart/laboratory results], and other). The average number of tasks physicians engaged in per minute was also analyzed as an indicator of task switching. Results From pre- to post-implementation, there were no significant differences in the amount of time spent on the various task categories. There were changes in time allocation from pre-implementation to go-live and go-live to pre-implementation, characterized by a significant increase in time spent on computer tasks during go-live relative to the other periods. Critically, the number of tasks physicians engaged in per minute increased from 1.7 during pre-implementation to 1.9 during post-implementation (difference 0.19 tasks per minute; 95% confidence interval 0.039 to 0.35). Conclusion The increase in the number of tasks physicians engaged in per minute post-implementation indicates that physicians switched tasks more frequently. Frequent task switching behavior raises patient safety concerns.
Stimulation of dense tubular Ca2+ uptake in human platelets by cAMP.

Elevation of intracellular cAMP is shown to increase the rate (V) and maximal extent of Ca2+ uptake by the dense tubules in intact human platelets. Elevation of [cAMP] was accomplished by preincubation with the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin or with dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2-cAMP). The free concentration of Ca2+ in the dense tubular lumen ([Ca2+]dt) was monitored using the fluorescence of chlorotetracycline (CTC) according to protocols developed in this laboratory. The free cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) was monitored in parallel experiments with quin2. Both [Ca2+]cyt and [Ca2+]dt were analyzed in terms of competition between pump and leak mechanisms in the plasma membrane (PM) and dense tubular membrane (DT). When platelets are incubated in media with approx. 1 μM external Ca2+, [Ca2+]cyt is approx. 50 nM and [Ca2+]dt is very low. When 2 mM external Ca2+ is added, [Ca2+]cyt rises to approx. 100 nM and the process of dense tubular Ca2+ uptake can be resolved. Forskolin (10 μM) and Bt2-cAMP increase the rate of dense tubular Ca2+ uptake (V) to 2.1 ± 0.60 and 1.70 ± 40 times control values (respectively). The agents also increase the final [Ca2+]dt tto 1.72 ± 0.21 and 1.72 ± 0.60 times control values (respectively). Titrations with ionomycin (Iono) showed that the increase was due to an increase in the Vm of the dense tubular Ca2+ pump. With [Iono] = 500 nM, [Ca2+]cyt was raised to ⩾ 1.0 μM and Vm of the dense tubular pump was elicited. (At[Iono]= 1.0 μM, the final [Ca2+]dt values were degraded 15% due to shunting of Ca2+ uptake.) Analysis showed that forskolin (10 μM) and Bt2-cAMP (1 mM) increase the Vm by a factors of 1.56 ± 40 and 1.56 ± 40, respectively. Analysis showed that neither agent changed the Km of the pump significantly from its control value of 180 nM. Neither agent changed the rate constant for passive leakage of Ca2+ across the DT membrane (1.7 min−1).