cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Units of video compression

Video compression was widely adopted for bandwidth saving reasons in Internet and in digital TV. Although advanced compression methodologies were exceedingly desirable for much higher compression ratios and much better quality of a streaming video, the standard compression methods remained nevertheless at the level of JPEG2000 for single frames of images using DCT & wavelets, and MPEG using DCT and exhaustive pixel correlations for the optical flow compression for the video. However, with the recent advent of sophisticated sensory technologies for NASA space missions, both the frame rate and the resolution of video streams become soon beyond the traditional capability of those DCT based compression methods. The goal was to find fundamental units of video that could be applied to the ultra-high frame rates of video streams. In this paper a novel implementation of video compression was based on the singularity maps in both space and time for the first time.
Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor of the Testes Metastatic to the Corpus Cavernosum of the Penis

Metastases to the penis are rare, with less than 200 cases reported. Within the genitourinary tract, advanced prostate cancer is the most common culprit. These cases typically represent widely disseminated disease and are associated with a poor prognosis. We present images of a case of a testicular nonseminomatous mixed germ cell tumor, which metastasized to the corpus cavernosum of the penis 8 months after a negative bilateral retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. The patient received chemotherapy and experienced a complete response.
Prediction, Diagnosis, and Causal Thinking in Forecasting

Imagine that you lived several thousand years ago and belonged to a tribe of methodologically sophisticated cave-dwellers. Your methodological sophistication is such that you have available to you all present day means of the methodological arsenal—details of the principles of deductive logic, probability theory, access to computational equipment, etc. However, your level of substantive knowledge lags several thousand years behind your methodological sophistication. In particular, you have little knowledge about physics, chemistry, or biology. In recent years, your tribe has noted an alarming decrease in its birth-rate. Furthermore, the tribe’s statistician estimates that unless the trend is shortly reversed, extinction is a real possibility. The tribe’s chief has accordingly launched an urgent project to determine the cause of birth. You are a member of the project team and have been assured that all means, including various forms of experimentation with human subjects, will be permitted to resolve this crucial problem.
Core Competencies in Hospital Pharmacy Practice: Regulatory Compliance:

The focus of this Director's Forum is on regulatory compliance and it serves as the last in the small series of articles on core practices or competencies in hospital pharmacy practice. Future Dire...
Modulation of intracellular Ca2+ in the parathyroid cell: Release of Ca2+ from non-mitochondrial pools by inositol trisphosphate

Abstract Stimuli which enhance secretion from parathyroid cells such as low extracellular Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ are associated with a decrease in the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration as measured by quin2. Current evidence suggests that increased production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP 3 ) releases Ca 2+ from cellular stores thus increasing cytosolic Ca 2+ . We used saponin-permeabilized dispersed bovine parathyroid cells to study the effect of IP 3 on intracellular Ca 2+ . IP 3 released Ca 2+ from these cells in a dose-dependent manner; half-maximal response occurred with 0.3 μM IP 3 and maximal response with 1.2 μM IP 3 . Permeabilized cells incubated in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A released a similar amount of Ca 2+ suggesting that IP 3 releases Ca 2+ from a non-mitochondrial pool. These results suggest that IP 3 regulates cytosolic Ca 2+ in this system and may function as a second messenger controlling hormone secretion.
Complications of sedation with midazolam in the intensive care unit and a comparison with other sedative regimens

ObjectiveTo describe the various complications that have been reported with use of midazolam for sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU).Data SourcesPublications in scientific literature.Data ExtractionComputer search of the literature.SynthesisSedation is required in the ICU in order for patients
Enhanced Negative Ion Formation in ArF-Laser-Irradiated Methane: Possible Implications for Plasma Processing Discharges

Oberservation of enhanced electron attachment to ArF-excimer-laser irradiated methane is reported. Preliminary evidence is presented that laser-excited superexcited states of CH 4 (or other excited states to which these convert) are responsible for the observed enhanced electron attachment, and, that predominantly H - ions are produced via this process. The possible significance of this process for plasma processing discharges using CH 4 and its mixtures is indicated.
Carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy for treatment of asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a randomized trial in a community hospital.

Objective Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is effective in reducing the risk of stroke in individuals with more than 60% carotid stenosis. Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has been proffered as effective and used in treating individuals with asymptomatic carotid stenosis despite the absence of proven clinical equivalency. This randomized trial was designed to explore the hypothesis that CAS is equivalent to CEA for treating asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Methods A total of 85 individuals presenting with asymptomatic carotid stenosis of more than 80% were selected randomly for CAS or CEA and followed up for 48 months. Results Stenosis decreased to an average of 5% after CAS. The patency of the reconstructed artery remained satisfactory regardless of the technique, as determined by carotid ultrasonography. No major complications such as cerebral ischemia or death occurred. Procedural complications associated with CAS (n = 5) were hypotension and/or bradycardia; those concomitant with CEA (n = 3) were cervical nerve injury or complications related to general anesthesia (n = 4). Both procedures were well tolerated in the context of pain and discomfort. Hospital stay was similar in the two groups (mean, 1.1 versus 1.2 d). The occurrence of complications associated with CAS or CEA prolonged hospitalization by 3 days (mean, 4.0 versus 4.5 d). Return to full activity was achieved within 1 week by more than 85% of patients; all returned to their usual lifestyle by 2 weeks. Although hospital charges were slightly higher for CAS, costs were similar. Conclusion CAS and CEA may be equally effective and safe in treating individuals with asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
High-performance organic field-effect transistors with dielectric and active layers printed sequentially by ultrasonic spraying

High-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are reported with dielectric and active layers sequentially deposited by ultrasonic spray-printing. A cross-linkable insulator and a soluble small molecule semiconductor are developed which are both printable and highly robust. Using plastic with pre-patterned indium tin oxide gate contacts as required for display applications, two different layers are sequentially spray-printed: the semiconductor 6,13-bis(trisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-PEN), and the insulator poly-4-vinylphenol (PVP). OFETs printed in ambient air with a bottom-gate/top-contact geometry are shown to achieve on/off ratios of >104 and mobilities up to 0.35 cm2 V−1 s−1. These rival the characteristics of the best solution-processable small molecule FETs fabricated by other processing methods such as drop casting and ink-jet printing.
Parkinsonism: Alterations in spatial orientation as determined by a route-walking test

Abstract Previous studies in patients with parkinsonism revealed alterations in their ability to judge their own “postural vertical” with vision excluded. To assess the significance of this finding and its relationship to underlying pathology, further studies of spatial orientation were carried out. The performance of 47 Parkinsonian patients was compared with that of 32 controls on a route-walking test previously used by S EMMES et al. (1955). It was found that the total parkinsonian group was significantly worse than the controls in their ability to guide themselves through space according to pattern as specified by a visual map. Further, when the patients were subdivided into three groups according to the laterality of their major parkinsonian symptoms, it was found that they reacted differentially to the test. Those with primarily right-sided symptoms did not differ in their performance from the controls, whereas those with left-sided symptoms or those with approximately equal symptoms on both sides of the body performed significantly worse.
Ectopic expression of a viral adenine methyltransferase gene in tobacco

Abstract Plant genomes contain both methylated adenine and cytosine residues although the roles of these methylations are not well understood. A Chlorella virus adenine methyltransferase gene under the control of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in a binary plant transformation vector was expressed both in transgenic tobacco plants and transformed tobacco calli. The transgenic plants as well as transformed calli produced functional adenine methyltransferase enzyme, but the level of expression was higher in tobacco calli. A transgenic tobacco cell line that expressed the methyltransferase enzyme and carried an Arabidopsis cab3 gene containing a single target site for the adenine methyltransferase enzyme showed that the adenine residue was not methylated. HPLC analysis of genomic DNA from transgenic calli also showed no detectable levels of methylated adenine residues.
Subpopulations of mouse T lymphocytes. II. Suppression of graft-vs.-host reactions by naturally proliferating splenic T cells.

The immunological role of a naturally proliferating subpopulation of splenic T cells was investigated using the graft-vs.-host (GvH) reaction on the mouse. Normal parental spleen cells, purified splenic T cells or lymph node cells were pulse-treated for one hour in vitro with tritiated thymidine of high specific activity ([3H]dThd, "thymidine suicide"). The treatment specifically and selectively kills proliferating cells which are actively synthesizing DNA, i.e. cells in S phase. Following treatment, the cells were transferred to F1 recipients and the GvH reaction measured by the splenomegaly assay. The results showed that the GvH effector cells in the donor spleen and lymph node are nonproliferating T cells. Furthermore, donor spleen cells treated with [3H]dThd consistently had enhanced GvH reactivity when compared to the controls, while the phytohemagglutinin response of these same treated cell suspensions was significantly inhibited. When purified splenic T cells were used, treatment with [3H]dThd also caused an increase in the GvH reaction, showing that a T cell population was being affected by the cycleactive agent. These results indicated that some naturally proliferating T cells have suppressor functions, and their specific inactivation allows nonproliferating effector T cells to mount a more vigourous GvH reaction.
Sleep Quality and Efficiency in Adolescents With Chronic Pain: Relationship With Activity Limitations and Health-Related Quality of Life

The primary purpose of this report was to test hypothesized relationships among poorer sleep quality, increased activity limitations, and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents with and without chronic pain. Forty adolescents (20 with chronic pain, 20 healthy) completed measures of HRQOL, activity limitations, pain, depression, and sleep quality. Actigraphy was completed over 7 days. Correlational analyses demonstrated significant relationships where poorer subjective sleep quality was associated with greater activity limitations and reduced HRQOL. Lower actigraphic sleep efficiency was associated with greater activity limitations. In multiple regression analyses, frequency of pain predicted activity limitations and HRQOL. Controlling for pain and depression, lower sleep efficiency was a significant predictor of greater activity limitations but not of HRQOL. Adolescents with chronic pain would benefit from thorough assessment and treatment of sleep disturbances, as alleviation of sleep complaints might enhance HRQOL and physical functioning in this population.
Carbon dioxide plasticization of thin glassy polymer films

Abstract We have demonstrated in previous studies that thin glassy polymer films exhibit complex responses to highly sorbing penetrants, such as CO 2 , relative to their thick film counterparts. In this paper, we apply similar experiments to two new polymers, including a polysulfone made from bisphenol A (PSF), and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO), and compare their responses to Matrimid ® to understand better CO 2 plasticization behavior of these materials when in thin film form. As expected, the extent of plasticization response tracks with CO 2 solubility; CO 2 diffusivity may also be an important factor at shorter exposure times. Experiments at longer CO 2 exposure times revealed that each polymer experiences the permeability maximum observed in our previous work as well. However, polymers that are not as highly sorbing to CO 2 , like polysulfone, may not at some conditions exhibit a distinct permeability maximum but will still decrease in permeability after a long period of CO 2 exposure owing to physical aging.
Identification of a novel chromosome region, 13q21.33-q22.2, for susceptibility genes in familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent form of leukemia in adults in western countries. A genome scan of CLL-prone families revealed a lod score of one in band 13q22.1. To investigate this finding, we selected 6 CLL families consisting of 63 individuals (CLL affected, n = 19; unaffected, n = 44) for fine mapping of a 23-megabase region in 13q14.2-q22.2. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed 13q14 deletion in 85% (11/13) of CLL patients. Four CLL families shared a 3.68-Mb minimal region in 13q21.33-q22.2. Two asymptomatic siblings who shared the 13q21.33-q22.2 at-risk haplotype exhibited CD5+ monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) on flow cytometry. One of these individuals also had a 13q14 deletion by FISH. These 2 individuals with MBL shared the at-risk haplotype with their CLL-affected relatives, providing further evidence of the relationship between CLL and MBL, as well as of the biologic significance of this novel region. Using direct DNA sequencing analysis, we screened 13 genes for mutations, but no frameshift or nonsense mutations were detected. Our studies revealed that 11 of the 13 genes in the candidate region were expressed in immune tissues, supporting their functional relevance in investigations of familial CLL. In conclusion, we identified a novel candidate region that may predispose to familial CLL.
A Comparison of Recruiting Strategies for Increasing Older Adults' Initial Entry and Compliance in a Memory Training Program

Older adults in highrise buildings were recruited for memory training using positive (“build your memory power”), neutral (“learn memory skills”), or negative (“avoid memory failures”) content appr...
Auditory midbrain neurons that count

Many acoustic communication signals, including human speech and music, consist of a precise temporal arrangement of discrete elements, but it is unclear whether this precise temporal patterning is required to activate the sensory neurons that mediate signal recognition. In a variety of systems, neurons respond selectively when two or more sound elements are presented in a particular temporal order and the precise relative timing of these elements is particularly important for 'delay-tuned' neurons, including 'tracking' types, in bats. Here we show that one class of auditory neurons in the midbrain of anurans (frogs and toads) responds only to a series of specific interpulse intervals (IPIs); in the most selective cases, a single interval that is slightly longer or shorter than the requisite interval can reset this interval-counting process.
Picture book reading with young children: A conceptual framework

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to synthesize research on picture book reading with young children (i.e., children under the age of 3). In this paper, we review cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention reading research and describe changes in both parental and children’s behaviors during picture book reading from birth to age 3. Research related to additional factors that impact picture book reading between parents and their children such as parental characteristics (e.g., socioeconomic status), children’s characteristics (e.g., interest in books), and attachment status is also reviewed. Such factors are proposed to influence the frequency and/or quality of reading interactions and the beneficial outcomes of reading on children’s language development. Throughout the paper, we highlight gaps in the existing literature. From our synthesis, we propose a theoretical framework to guide future research involving reading with young children.
Aggregation and pairwise aggregation of demand when the distribution of income is fixed

Abstract This paper derives necessary and sufficient conditions for “pairwise aggregation” of the demand functions of a group of consumers (conditions under which the mean demand for each pair of consumers satisfies the Slutsky restrictions) when the distribution of income is fixed. The sufficient conditions imply existence of a “representative” competitive consumer whose demand is the mean demand of the group. The necessary conditions imply that such a representative consumer exists for every fixed income distribution only if the consumers have homothetic preferences or, alternatively, if for each price vector, all the consumers' income expansion paths lie in the same plane.
Ornithopter Flight Maneuver Control

Ornithopter studies in the past have focused on ornithopter construction, power sources, wing design, maximizing thrust, energy efficiency, steady flight trajectories, and flight stability. The next step is to control unsteady maneuvers: the transition from hovering flight to forward flight, turns, and vertical takeoff and landing. The design of stable trim conditions for forward flight and for hover has been achieved. In forward flight, an ornithopter is configured like a conventional airplane or large bird. Its fuselage is essentially horizontal and the wings heave in a vertical plane. In hover, however, the body pitches vertically so that the wing stroke in the horizontal plane. Thrust directed downward, the vehicle remains aloft while the downdraft envelops the tail to provide enough flow for vehicle control and stabilization. To connect these trajectories dynamically is the goal. This study of the transition from forward flight to hovering uses two approaches: to first achieve adequate trajectories, and then optimal trajectories. The object is to connect an initial state—in this case forward flight—and a final state—a steady hover at a designated point—through a feasible flight trajectory. A simple approach is to immediately switch between feedback controllers that regulate each trajectory. When the forward flight trajectory approaches the desired location, the computer switches to a control law that regulates the desired hovering trajectory, which—barring instability—should cause the vehicle to settle. A second approach is to select a range of intermediate trims to stabilize. Starting with the full forward speed, the controller will successively stabilize a trim with lower forward velocity. After a finite number of controllers, the system will achieve a stable hover. This approach would lessen the jump between trim conditions, increasing the likelihood of a stable transition. A third approach is to establish an open-loop trajectory through a trajectory optimization algorithm—optimized for shortest altitude drop, shortest stopping distance, or lowest energy consumption. This path itself could be stabilized. This serves to establish the feasibility of new maneuvers in mechanical flapping flight. It also will make it easier to perform the maneuvers by computer assisted control or by providing an example for a pilot to use.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Triplet ultrasound growth parameters.

OBJECTIVE: To create ultrasound growth curves for normal growth of fetal triplets using statistical methodology that properly accounts for similarities of growth of fetuses within a mother as well as repeated measurements over time for each fetus. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, all triplet pregnancies managed at a single tertiary center from 1992-2004 were reviewed. Fetuses with major anomalies, prior selective reduction, or fetal demise were excluded. Data from early and late gestation in which there were fewer than 30 fetal measurements available for analysis were excluded. We used multilevel models to account for variation in growth within a single fetus over time, variations in growth between multiple fetuses within a single mother, and variations in fetal growth between mothers. Medians (50th), 10th, and 90th percentiles were estimated by the creation of multiple quadratic growth models from bootstrap samples adapting a previously published method to compute prediction intervals. Estimated fetal weight was derived from Hadlock's formula. RESULTS: One hundred fifty triplet pregnancies were identified. Twenty-seven pregnancies were excluded for the following reasons: missing records (23), fetal demise (3), and fetal anomaly (1). The study group consisted of 123 pregnancies. The gestational age range was restricted to 14-34 weeks. Figures and tables were developed showing medians, 10th and 90th percentiles for estimated fetal weight, femur length, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and head circumference. CONCLUSION: Growth curves for triplet pregnancies were derived. These may be useful for identification of abnormal growth in triplet fetuses. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
Focal adhesion kinase plays a driver role in aggressive pediatric renal tumors

INTRODUCTION: Malignant rhabdoid kidney tumors (MRKT) are rare, aggressive pediatric malignancies that respond poorly to current therapeutic regimens. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays a key role in tumorigenesis and maintenance of the malignant phenotype in many human tumors, including renal cell carcinoma. We hypothesized that MRKTs would express FAK, and that FAK would have a driver role in the malignant phenotype of this tumor.
Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic organ prolapse

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pelvic organ prolapse is technically feasible and has several advantages when compared with fluoroscopic cystoproctography. Organ descent and the supportive structures of the pelvic floor can be assessed with MRI. The role of MRI in evaluating patients with pelvic floor dysfunction is evolving, and there have been many developments in the past few years. The current status of MRI of pelvic organ prolapse is reviewed.
Experimental Investigation of Numerical Design Method for Point-Supported Glass

AbstractCalculating stresses in structural glass components is essential for design, but is especially complex for customized components like point-supported glass (PSG) balustrades. Stress concentrations are introduced at the discontinuities of the plates precisely where boundary conditions elicit maximum field stresses. Further complicating design, most published stress data for glass components are based on annealed, edge-supported glass experiments—with limited applicability to fully tempered (FT), PSG applications. This article presents experimental and numerical results for a typical application of FT glass as a PSG structural balustrade. Strain data from six FT, monolithic glass balusters loaded to both service and ultimate conditions indicates 55.2-MPa stresses at service load and 155-MPa stresses at failure. Additionally, a design algorithm is developed, using beam theory with stress concentration factors to establish preliminary thickness for use in an optimized numerical analysis to calculate s...
Alpha seeding for support vector machines

A key practical obstacle in applying support vector machines to many large-scale data mining tasks is that SVM's generally scale quadratically (or worse) in the number of examples or support vectors.
Effects of nitrification inhibitors on chemical composition of plants: A review

The potential of nitrification inhibitors to improve N fertilizer efficiency is well recognized. However, their effects on crop quality have received much less attention. Recent literature pertaining to the effects of nitrification inhibitors on chemical composition of plants is reviewed. The topics examined include how the form of inorganic N and retardation of nitrification affects accumulation and content of protein and nitrogenous compounds, cations and anions, and organic acids. There is ample evidence to suggest that nitrification inhibitors hold promise to improve the quality of crops in situations where accumulation of NO− 3 or organic acids such as oxalic acid is a problem. There is need for future research to examine how nitrification retardation affects cation‐anion balance in plants under field conditions because experiments conducted under controlled conditions and in the field have at times given divergent results. Since the use of nitrification inhibitors is increasing, investigations to evaluate their use to improve crop quality In addition to quantity should receive priority.
GENDER EFFECTS AND LABOR SUPPLY IN PUBLIC ACCOUNTING: AN AGENDA OF RESEARCH ISSUES.

Abstract Considerations of gender effects on labor supply issues are significant because of the potential to provide information to employees, firms and society. This paper presents a research agenda regarding women as a source of labor in public accounting. The research agenda indentifies issues which have been either uninvestigated or underinvestigated. Studies suggested by the agenda have purposes varying from exploratory to confirmatory, and from social justice and equity to economic. Research design concerns and related theory are provided. The androcentric culture of public accounting, patriarchy, cultural expectations and the dynamics of change are key issues affecting the proposed research.
Immune islet killing mechanisms associated with insulin-dependent diabetes: three rabbit antibody-mediated islet cell cytotoxicity models.

Antibody-mediated islet cell killing mechanisms have been associated with human insulin-dependent diabetes. Several types of antibody-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms exist, but only complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity is reported for islet killing. To evaluate further islet cytotoxic antibody mechanisms, we have studied antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement augmented antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity using polyclonal rabbit anti-rat islet cell immune serum and 51Cr-labelled dispersed normal rat islet target cells. Maximal immune serum-mediated islet cell specific cytotoxicity was 80% for complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity, 40% for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and 20% for complement-augmented antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The minimum serum dilution for maximal islet cell cytotoxicity was 1∶100 for complement-dependent antibodymediated cytotoxicity, 1∶10 for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and 1∶1000 for complement-augmented antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These data indicate a unique optimal serum dilution for each of the three antibody killing mechanisms. Immune serum-mediated cytotoxicity was more specific for rat islet target cells than macrophage target cells. That antibody mediated these cytotoxic events was documented using immune serum-derived, DEAE purified immunoglobulin G which induced killing in all three antibody assays. Both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays appear useful for studies of human diabetes, since human non-T mononuclear cells are cytotoxic to islet cells. These results suggest that for studies of potential islet cell killing mechanisms in insulin-dependent diabetes, specific xenogeneic assays exist not only for complement-dependent antibody mediated islet cytotoxicity, but also for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement augmented antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
A Method for Calculating the Baumé Reading of Condensed Ice Cream Mixes

Summary The Baume hydrometer may be used as an accurate indicator of the composition of ice cream mixes during condensation and as a method for prediction of when to strike the batch. This work was designed to originate a method for prediction of Baume readings for mixes of a definite finished composition, using composition as the basis for calculation. In preliminary work, homogenization of the mix was found to have no effect on Baume reading; that, to be comparable from day to day, readings had to be taken at the same temperature; that the average mix condensed at a 24 inch vacuum boiled at 140° F., which made the temperature of 125° F. a convenient one at which to take Baume readings; that density of all mixes studied varied 0.0016 and Baume reading varied 0.2° for each 5° F. change in temperature within the range of 115–155° F.; that pan condensed mixes are similar in viscosity and surface tension to vat prepared mixes; and that, as a rule, great increase in viscosity resulted in slight increase in surface tension. Twelve mixes of different compositions were made up, condensed, analyzed, restandardized to desired composition and their Baume readings taken for use as standards. By using this standard it was found that a 1235 pound mix could be drawn to within ten pounds of its desired weight. Within the range of 60° F. to 155° F. milk solids-not-fat, sugar, and gelatin were found with increase in temperature to remain constant in volume when in suspension or solution. Densities of ice cream ingredients, determined by the methods described, were found to be as follows: milk-solids-not-fat, 1.6129; sucrose, 1.6107; and gelatin, 1.5384. Use was made of densities of water and butterfat, as given in table 7. Additive density was calculated, as described, using the value for water and butterfat at the temperature at which the Baume was to be read. This additive density, divided by 100, and the result multiplied by the factor, 0.949, for readings within the temperature range of 120° F. to 135° F., gave a predicted density, which when converted to Baume give an average density accuracy within 0.2° Baume. To make use of these values in predicting Baume reading for a mix the number of pounds of each component of the mix in 100 pounds is multiplied by the density of the ingredient at the, temperature at which the Baume reading is to be made. Density of milk-solids-not-fat, sugar, gelatin, and butterfat and water have been given. The density factors are added, divided by 100, and multiplied by 0.949, if the Baume reading is to be made between the optimum temperature range of 120° F. to 135° F. The density yalue secured is converted to Baume by reference to table 8. This value should give correct Baume, within 0.2°, at which to strike the mix.
Insertion Loss of Noise Barriers on an Aboveground, Full-Scale Model Longwall Coal Mining Shearer

The U.S. mining industry struggles with hazardous noise and dust exposures in underground mining. Specifically, longwall coal mine shearer operators are routinely exposed to noise levels at 151% of the allowable daily dose, and approximately 20% exceed regulatory dust levels. In the current study, a partial barrier was mounted on the full-scale mock shearer at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory. A simulated, full-scale, coal mine longwall shearer operation was employed to test the feasibility of utilizing a barrier to separate the shearer operator from the direct path of the noise and dust source during mining operations. In this model, noise levels at the operators' positions were reduced by 2.6 to 8.2 A-weighted decibels (dBA) from the application of the test barriers. Estimated insertion loss underground was 1.7 to 7.3 dBA. The barrier should be tested in an underground mining operation to determine if it can reduce shearer operators' noise exposure...
A review of bovine fertilization in vitro

Abstract Progress has been made toward developing conditions to enable bull sperm to penetrate and fertilize ova in vitro. Efforts toward understanding oocyte maturation also hold promise. A procedure for bovine in vitro fertilization (IVF) involving recovery of oocytes near the time of ovulation, fertilization with in vitro capacitated sperm, embryo culture and transfer has led to development of normal offspring. Additional research is needed to facilitate recovery of mature oocytes and to improve in vitro conditions to insure development of viable embryos that can continue normal development following non-surgical uterine transfer. Bovine IVF promises a means to overcome certain types of infertility, to produce large numbers of half-siblings simultaneously, to greatly extend valuable semen, a better way to assess functional performance of male and female gametes, to provide synchronously developing pronuclear stage ova for nuclear transfer and/or gene injection, and many possibilities in research and for future applications.
Tracing of afferent and efferent pathways in the left inferior cardiac nerve of the cat using retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase

Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to trace afferent and efferent pathways in the left inferior cardiac nerve of the cat. Cardiac efferent and afferent neurons were located, respectively, in the stellate ganglion (average cell count per experiment:2679) and in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from C8 to T9 (average cell count per experiment:213). Labeled cardiac afferent projections to the spinal cord were most dense in segments T2-T6 where they were located in Lissauer's tract and in lamina 1 on the lateral border of the dorsal horn. Labeled afferent axons extended ventrally through lamina 1 into lamina 5 and the dorsolateral region of lamina 7 in proximity to the intermediolateral nucleus. A weak projection was noted on the medial side of the dorsal horn. These sites of termination are similar to projections by other sympathetic afferent pathways (i.e. renal, hypogastric and splanchnic nerves) to the lower thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, indicating that visceral afferents may have a uniform pattern of termination at various segmental levels. This pattern of termination in regions of the gray matter containing spinothalamic tract neurons and neurons involved in autonomic mechanisms is consistent with the known functions of sympathetic afferent pathways in nociception and in the initiation of autonomic reflexes.
Lagrangian analysis of a convective mixed layer

[1] We characterize and quantify the transport of heat (Boussinesq density) in a highly idealized entraining convective mixed layer based on simulations of Lagrangian measurements in a two-dimensional model. The primary objectives are to assess and explore the merits and difficulties in estimating the heat budget from perfect and imperfect Lagrangian floats. A significant advantage of Lagrangian measurements is that the time derivative of temperature along these trajectories gives a direct measure of the diffusive heat flux. Using simulated perfect Lagrangian floats, estimates of the surface buoyancy flux, the depth of the mixed layer, vertical profiles of advective and diffusive heat flux, and the overall rate of cooling are shown to agree accurately with the known results extracted from the Eulerian simulations. The Lagrangian nature of the data is exploited to reveal the structure of the flow within the convective layer and to quantify the heat fluxes associated with the different types of eddies. Phase plots of Lagrangian trajectories in density-depth space reveal three distinct classes of motions: (1) plumes, which develop in the cold, heavy near-surface thermal boundary layer and plunge into the mixed layer interior carrying heavy water downward; (2) interior turbulence, comprising random motions between the base of the thermal boundary layer and the base of the surface mixed layer; and (3) entrainment of interior water into plumes below the thermal boundary layer, i.e., a transition from class 2 to class 1. Plumes dominate the heat transport. Simulations were also made using slightly buoyant floats; these are not perfectly Lagrangian. Buoyancy concentrates the floats near the surface resulting in an oversampling of the stronger plumes. Making the same heat budget calculations as with the perfect floats results in a nonzero estimated Lagrangian heating rate in the interior and a curved profile of vertical heat flux that is up to 3 times too large. The local time rate change of density is not significantly affected. A correction of the heat transport for oversampling of the plumes removes most of the error. This technique allows the correct heat budget to be measured for this flow using weakly buoyant floats.
Positive Lyapunov exponents for a class of ergodic orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle

Abstract Consider ergodic orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle whose Verblunsky coefficients are given by α n ( ω ) = λ V ( T n ω ) , where T is an expanding map of the circle and V is a C 1 function. Following the formalism of [Jean Bourgain, Wilhelm Schlag, Anderson localization for Schrodinger operators on Z with strongly mixing potentials, Comm. Math. Phys. 215 (2000) 143–175; Victor Chulaevsky, Thomas Spencer, Positive Lyapunov exponents for a class of deterministic potentials, Comm. Math. Phys. 168 (1995) 455–466], we show that the Lyapunov exponent γ ( z ) obeys a nice asymptotic expression for λ > 0 small and z ∈ ∂ D ∖ { ± 1 } . In particular, this yields sufficient conditions for the Lyapunov exponent to be positive. Moreover, we also prove large deviation estimates and Holder continuity for the Lyapunov exponent.
Chaos as a social determinant of child health: Reciprocal associations?

Abstract This study informs the social determinants of child health by exploring an understudied aspect of children's social contexts: chaos. Chaos has been conceptualized as crowded, noisy, disorganized, unpredictable settings for child development ( Evans, Eckenrode, & Marcynyszyn, 2010 ). We measure chaos at two levels of children's ecological environment – the microsystem (household) and the mesosystem (work-family-child care nexus) – and at two points in early childhood (ages 3 and 5). Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3288), a study of predominantly low-income women and their partners in large US cities, we develop structural equation models that assess how maternal-rated child health (also assessed at ages 3 and 5) is associated with latent constructs of chaos, and whether there are important reciprocal effects. Autoregressive cross-lagged path analysis suggest that increasing chaos (at both the household and maternal work levels) is associated with worse child health, controlling for key confounders like household economic status, family structure, and maternal health status. Child health has little effect on chaos, providing further support for the hypothesis that chaos is an important social determinant of child health in this sample of relatively disadvantaged children. This suggests child health may be improved by supporting families in ways that reduce chaos in their home and work/family environments, and that as researchers move beyond SES, race, and family structure to explore other sources of health inequalities, chaos and its proximate determinants may be a promising avenue for future research.
The Relationship Between Learning Styles and Visualization Skills Among Interior Design Students

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if learning styles were an influencing factor on visualization skills among interior design students. RESEARCH DESIGN: A sample of 578 interior design students from thirteen universities who were enrolled in interior design courses between fall of 1997 and spring of 1999 completed a biographical data sheet, Kolb's Learning Style Inventory, and Isham's visualization skills test. ANALYSIS: Frequencies, means, and percentages were used to analyze the data. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test these hypotheses: (a) there is a relationship between students' learning styles and visualization skills, and (b) factors that influence students' visualization skills are their year in current major, preprofessional experience, and cultural background. KEY FINDINGS: Results of this study revealed that there is a relationship between learning styles and visualization skills. Converger and Assimilator learning styles scored the highest on visualization tests. Year in major and cultural background were significant factors influencing skills. As students progress through their courses, visualization skills significantly improve, and the greatest improvement occurs between the second and fourth years. Asian/Asian American students scored highest on the visualization test. CONCLUSIONS: Teaching methods need to be developed to enhance visualization skills for all learning styles for interior design students.
Electronic spectrum of crystalline antimony.

Energy levels and interband oscillator strengths of antimony calculated in Brillouin zone by pseudopotential method, predicting polarization effects and spin-orbit splittings
Chemical characterization of the ambient organic aerosol soluble in water: 2. Isolation of acid, neutral, and basic fractions by modified size-exclusion chromatography

[1] A method employing size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with Total Organic Carbon detection is developed to isolate and quantify the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) component of ambient aerosol particles by acid, neutral, and basic functional groups. The method provides unique quantitative insights into the characteristics and possible sources of a large fraction of the organic aerosol. The SEC is combined with a XAD-8 method that separates WSOC into hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions. Calibrations show the hydrophilic fraction separates into short-chain aliphatic acids (WSOCxp_a), neutrals (WSOCxp_n, e.g., saccharides, polyols, and short-chain carbonyls), and organic bases. Recovered hydrophobic fractions are separated into acids (WSOCxrr_a, e.g., aromatic) and neutrals (WSOCxrr_n, e.g., phenols). 13Carbon–nuclear magnetic resonance on ambient samples support the calibration-based conclusions; however, calibrations only provide a guide to the type of ambient organic compounds expected in each group. Comparisons are made between XAD-8/SEC results from urban Atlanta summer and winter and biomass burning samples. The largest isolated fraction of Atlanta summer WSOC is WSOCxp_a (29% μg C/μg C), suggesting aliphatic acids of less than C4 or C5 are the dominant secondary organic aerosol product. Combined with WSOCxrr_a, these acid groups are a higher fraction of summer organic carbon (20%) than winter (14%). They are correlated with each other (R2 = 0.74), with WSOCxp_n (R2 = 0.61 and 0.52), and with gaseous 24-hour averaged volatile organic compounds linked to mobile sources. In biomass burning samples, neutrals (WSOCxp_n and WSOCxrr_n) dominate the WSOC. Atlanta winter samples have characteristics that appear to be a combination of summer and biomass samples.
Adding Dynamic Types to C^\sharp

Developers using statically typed languages such as C\(^\sharp\) and Java are increasingly having to interoperate with APIs and object models defined in dynamic languages. This impedance mismatch results in code that is difficult to understand, awkward to analyze, and expensive to maintain. In this paper we describe new features in C\(^\sharp\) 4.0 that support the safe combination of dynamically and statically typed code by deferring type checking of program fragments with static type dynamic until runtime. When executed, these dynamic code fragments are type-checked and resolved using the same rules as statically typed code. We formalize these features in a core fragment of C\(^\sharp\) and prove important safety properties. In particular, we show that subtyping remains transitive.
Metrics and Geodesics Induced by Order Relations

A metric on a space S gives an order on S x S, or equivalently, a mapping of S • S onto a totally ordered set P. Conversely, under suitable conditions such an order induces a uniformity on S which is metrizable. This paper is concerned with the more delicate geometric question of what conditions such an order must satisfy to induce a "canonical" metric on S. By this we mean first that the order induced by the metric coincide with the original order, at least in the small. Second, the ternary relation (xyz) on a metric space (S, d), meaning that d(x, y)+d(y, z)=d(x, z), can be given a plausible formulation in terms of the order on S • S; we want (xyz) to hold in this formulation if and only if it does with respect to the induced metric. More generally, a (geodesic) segment can be defined in terms of the relation (xyz), and we want such a set to be a geodesic segment in the usual sense relative to the induced metric. In terms of a mapping (x, y ) ~ x y of S • S onto P, the conditions we impose are: (1) this mapping induces a non-discrete Hausdorff uniformity on S; (2) the mapping is continuous in each variable to the order topology of P; (3) S is complete; (4) any point of S can be reached f rom any other point in finitely many small steps; (5) a strong form of M-convexity holds. Precise formulation of these conditions is given in w 1 and w below. Under these conditions, a metric d which is canonical in the above sense exists and is essentially unique. Moreover, S is arc-wise connected, and (xyz) holds if and only if y lies on a curve f rom x to z having length d(x, z). Applications of these results to the characterization of G-spaces in the sense of BUSEMANN [3] by order relations are given in w Several authors have investigated the connections between mappings f rom S x S to an ordered set and uniformities on S, e.g. APPERT [1] and the references there, KALISCH [5], and COHEN and GOFFMAN [4]; the question of introducing geometric entities, such as geodesic segments, in terms of orderings is not considered, however. The present work is more in the spirit of the investigations of the foundations of geometry, e.g. PIERI'S axioms for Euclidean geometry (see [2]), which use only the concept " y is equidistant f rom x and z" .