cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy and efficiency of three methods of preparing piggyback admixtures.

The efficiency and accuracy of three methods of preparing i.v. admixtures in small-volume plastic bags were compared. One hundred individual 1-g doses of cephalothin sodium in 50-ml minibags were prepared by each of three methods; the PharmAide Fluid Dispensing System (PAFDS), the Valleylab IV Formulator, and the Viavac vacuum unit, using 20-g, 20-g, and 1-g vials of cephalothin sodium, respectively. For each method, preparation time and cost were recorded. To determine accuracy, a random 10% sample of minibags prepared by each method was assayed for cephalothin concentration by microbiologic assay. The IV Formulator required the least time to prepare 100 doses, followed by the PAFDS and the vacuum unit. Cost data for the three methods were nearly identical, with a difference of only $0.07 per dose between the least and most expensive. The minibags prepared using the vacuum pump and unit-of-use vials were more accurate than those prepared with 20-g vials and the other two methods. However, the initial concentration of the cephalothin sodium vials before transferring to the minibags was not tested. Each method studied was found to have advantages and disadvantages. No one system could be judged best for all situations.
Living Well With Chronic Illness: A Call for Public Health Action

Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet considers for review books of interest to librarians and health care consumers. This column will concentrate on reviews of resources or recent books about...
Design and Testing of an Improved Cryopump for the Confined Helium Experiment

A cryopump flown on the space shuttle for the Lambda Point Experiment1 (LPE) was improved and redesigned for use in the Confined Helium Experiment (CHeX). The successful Lambda Point Experiment (LPE) flew on the space shuttle in October 1992. The Confined Helium Experiment (CHeX) will launch in October 1997. CHeX uses high resolution thermometers2 to measure the heat capacity of liquid helium when confined within finely spaced parallel disks. To eliminate heat flow between the calorimeter and the cryogenic bath, a cryopump is used to reduce the pressure in the experimental probe. The LPE cryopump trapped activated charcoal behind a nuclepore filter. The new cryopump uses activated charcoal glued to copper plates to eliminate the nuclepore filter. Vibration tests verified that the cryopump does not generate charcoal dust contamination. Early performance tests indicated that the probe vacuum is significantly lower with the new pump, and that the pressure falls more rapidly than with the previous design. Recent tests with the CHeX experimental probe show a significant reduction in the heat leak between the calorimeter and the cryogenic bath.
Serine Hydroxymethylase From Soybean Nodules

Serine hydroxymethylase (SHM, EC 2.1.2.1) catalyzes the reaction serine + tetrahydrofolate (FH4) glycine + methylene·FH4. It has been proposed that SHM may be important in the C flow from glycolysis to purine biosynthesis in ureide transporting soybean nodules. Through its products glycine and methylene·FH4, this enzyme has the potential to provide four C to the purine ring. This paper reports a partial purification and some of the kinetic properties of SHM from soybean root nodules.
Phrasing!: Archer, Taboo Humour, and Psychoanalytic Media Theory

This chapter considers the FX animated comedy series Archer from the perspective of Freudian psychoanalytic theory. Taking a pedagogical approach, it begins by theorizing the ideal traits of a text to be used in the teaching of psychoanalytic ideas to students raised in the contemporary media environment. Through a close analysis of Archer’s visual, verbal, and narrative construction, the chapter goes on to detail the ways in which the animated series both overtly and covertly illustrates core Freudian ideas ranging from the taboo of Oedipal attraction to the ‘kettle logic’ of dreams. Ultimately the chapter argues that by weaving explicit references to Freudian themes into a text that also subtly exhibits psychoanalytic concepts Archer offers an ideal opportunity to illustrate the repression and expression of taboos in comedy.
Sensitivity to Morphosyntactic Information in 3-Year-Old Children with Typical Language Development: A Feasibility Study.

Purpose This study tested the feasibility of a method designed to assess children's sensitivity to tense/agreement information in fronted auxiliaries during online comprehension of questions (e.g.,...
A physical breast phantom for 2D and 3D x-ray imaging made through inkjet printing

Physical breast phantoms are used for imaging evaluation studies with 2D and 3D breast x-ray systems, serving as surrogates for human patients. However, there is a presently a limited selection of available phantoms that are realistic, in terms of containing the complex tissue architecture of the human breast. In addition, not all phantoms can be successfully utilized for both 2D and 3D breast imaging. Additionally, many of the phantoms are uniform or unrealistic in appearance, expensive, or difficult to obtain. The purpose of this work was to develop a new method to generate realistic physical breast phantoms using easy to obtain and inexpensive materials. First, analytical modeling was used to design a virtual model, which was then compressed using finite element modeling. Next, the physical phantom was realized through inkjet printing with a standard inkjet printer using parchment paper and specialized inks, formulated using silver nanoparticles and a bismuth salt. The printed phantom sheets were then aligned and held together using a custom designed support plate made of PMMA, and imaged on clinical FFDM and DBT systems. Objects of interest were also placed within the phantom to simulate microcalcifications, pathologies that often occur in the breast. The linear attenuation coefficients of the inks and parchment were compared against tissue equivalent samples and found to be similar to breast tissue. The phantom is promising for use in imaging studies and developing QC protocols.
Long-term control medication use and asthma control status among children and adults with asthma

ABSTRACTBackground: Uncontrolled asthma decreases quality of life and increases health care use. Most people with asthma need daily use of long-term control (LTC) medications for asthma symptoms and to prevent asthma attacks. Ongoing assessment of a person's level of asthma control and medication use is important in determining the effectiveness of current treatment to decrease the frequency and intensity of symptoms and functional limitations. Objective: To assess the use of LTC medication among children and adults with current asthma and identify contributing factors for LTC medication use. Methods: We used the 2006–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) child and adult Asthma Call-back Survey (ACBS) data to assess the level of asthma control and LTC medication use. Asthma control was classified as well controlled and uncontrolled using guideline-based measures. We used multivariable logistic regression models to identify contributing factors for LTC medication use and having uncontroll...
Emerging scholars and social media use: a pilot study of risk

The ubiquity of social media for professional and personal purposes has proven both an asset to scholars in writing studies (broadly conceived) and, in some cases, a cause for concern. Recent news events suggest that institutional decision-making surrounding social media is reactionary, severe, and steeped in discussions of "risky behaviors." These events (and others) result in anxiety surrounding social media use among individuals and organizations. In this article, we respond to these concerns with an empirical, mixed methods pilot study that investigates the ways new and emergent scholars might mitigate potential problems associated with social media use. The article presents preliminary findings that destabilize rule-based approaches and introduce uncertainties and vulnerabilities that accompany social media use.
Phospholipase Cβ interacts with cytosolic partners to regulate cell proliferation

Abstract Phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) is the main effector of the Gαq signaling pathway relaying different extracellular sensory information to generate intracellular calcium signals. Besides this classic function, we have found that PLCβ plays an important but unknown role in regulating PC12 cell differentiation by interacting with components in the RNA-induced silencing machinery. In trying to understand the role of PLCβ in PC12 cell differentiation, we find that over-expressing PLCβ reduces PC12 cell proliferation while down-regulating PLCβ increases the rate of cell proliferation. However, this behavior is not seen in other cancerous cell lines. To determine the underlying mechanism, we carried out mass spectrometry analysis of PLCβ complexes in PC12 cells. We find that in unsynchronized cells, PLCβ primarily binds cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)16 whose activity plays a key role in cell proliferation. I n vitro studies show a direct association between the two proteins that result in loss in CDK16 activity. When cells are arrested in the G2/M phase, a large population of PLCβ is bound to Ago2 in a complex that contains C3PO and proteins commonly found in stress granules. Additionally, another population of PLCβ complexes with CDK18 and cyclin B1. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) confirms cell cycle dependent associations between PLCβ and these other protein binding partners. Taken together, our studies suggest that PLCβ may play an active role in mediating interactions required to move through the cell cycle.
Temperature Sensor Using Fluid-Filled Negative Curvature Fibers

We propose a new temperature sensor based on fluid-filled negative curvature fibers. The temperature sensitivity increases from 0.8 nm/°C to 2.5 nm/°C when the refractive index of the fluid increases from 1.30 to 1.42.
Medicaid's Soaring Cost - Time to Step on the Brakes

Current trends and policies imply unsustainable growth in federal Medicaid outlays. Making conservative assumptions about future growth in Medicaid enrollment and spending per beneficiary, this paper estimates that the present value of federal Medicaid outlays over the next 100 years will take up 24 percent of the present value of federal general revenues and 3.7 percent of the present value of GDP calculated over the same period. If current policies and trends are maintained, federal Medicaid outlays will take up 36 percent of lifetime federal general revenue taxes for males born in 2025 and 69 percent for females born in that year. For females born after 2050, almost all of their lifetime federal nonpayroll taxes will be consumed by their lifetime Medicaid benefits. Higher tax rates cannot plausibly cover this growing spending commitment. Limiting Medicaid spending growth is, thus, an essential component of putting the federal budget on a sustainable course without imposing crushing tax burdens on younger and future generations, thereby harming the prospects for future economic growth.
Exploring the Linkages between Quality System, Service Quality, and Performance Excellence: Service Providers' Perspectives

This study explores the linkages between quality system, employee service-quality culture, and performance excellence in the banking industry operating in a turbulent business environment. Properly...
LATERAL MOBILITY OF TETRAMETHYLRHODAMINE (TMR) LABELLED G PROTEIN ALPHA AND BETA GAMMA SUBUNITS IN NG 108-15 CELLS

Multi-step signal transducing events, such as those mediated by G proteins, have been difficult to study in intact cells. We prepared fluorescently labelled G protein subunits, tetramethylrhodamine-alpha o (TMR-alpha o) and TMR-beta gamma, in order to study their subcellular distribution and lateral mobility. Heterotrimeric G proteins labelled in the alpha (TMR-alpha o/beta gamma) or beta (TMR-beta gamma/alpha o) subunit were reconstituted into lipid vesicles and fused to NG-108-15 cells using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Vesicles fused completely to the cells as determined by dequenching of a fluorescent lipid probe, octadecyl rhodamine B. The orientation of G protein beta gamma subunits after fusion followed the expected random distribution; the quenching of surface fluorescence with anti-fluorescein antibodies showed that about 50% of the label was accessible extracellularly. G proteins incorporated by the fusion method were able to couple to endogenous alpha 2 adrenergic receptors based on the restoration of high affinity agonist binding to pertussis toxin-treated cells. The subcellular localization of TMR-alpha o and TMR-beta gamma determined by differential centrifugation and confocal microscopy indicated that TMR-alpha o was present in the plasma membrane and in intracellular membranes, whereas TMR-beta gamma was mainly localized in the plasma membrane. The lateral mobility of TMR-alpha o and TMR-beta gamma measured using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) demonstrated low mobile fractions of 0.34 +/- 0.03 and 0.16 +/- 0.03, respectively. The translational diffusion coefficients of the mobile components were similar, 4.0 x 10(-9) and 2.0 x 10(-9) cm2/s, for alpha and beta gamma respectively. Neither activation of Gi-linked receptors nor cytoskeletal disruption with nocodozole or cytochalasin D changed the mobile fraction or diffusion coefficient of the alpha or beta gamma subunits. The FRAP data combined with the localization of fluorescent subunits by confocal microscopy suggest that the beta gamma subunits are highly constrained to localized regions of the plasma membrane while the alpha subunit may diffuse in intracellular regions to transmit signals from receptors to effector proteins.
Molecular dynamics simulations of macromolecular crystals

The structures of biological macromolecules would not be known to their present extent without X-ray crystallography. Most simulations of globular proteins in solution begin by surrounding the crystal structure of the monomer in a bath of water molecules, but the standard simulation employing periodic boundary conditions is already close to a crystal lattice environment. With simple protocols, the same software and molecular models can perform simulations of the crystal lattice, including all asymmetric units and solvent to fill the box. Throughout the history of molecular dynamics, studies of crystal lattices have served to investigate the quality of the underlying force fields, correlate the simulated ensembles to experimental structure factors, and extrapolate the behavior in lattices to behavior in solution. Powerful new computers are enabling molecular simulations with greater realism and statistical convergence. Meanwhile, the advent of exciting new methods in crystallography, including femtosecond free-electron lasers and image reconstruction for time-resolved crystallography on slurries of small crystals, is expanding the range of structures accessible to X-ray diffraction. We review past fusions of simulations and crystallography, then look ahead to the ways that simulations of crystal structures will enhance structural biology in the future.
From Cubicles to Community: Reducing Library Anxiety through Critically Reimagined Social Spaces.

AbstractResearchers in the Graduate and Undergraduate Services (GUS) department at the J. Willard Marriott Library at the University of Utah designed and created a collaborative service interaction...
In vitro and in silico modeling of perfluoroalkyl substances mixture toxicity in an amphibian fibroblast cell line

Poly and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of emerging organic pollutants that can persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in biota. They are found in complex mixtures, and although the exact number of PFAS is unknown, it has been estimated to be in the thousands. The objective of this study was two-fold. First, we examined the cytotoxicity of PFAS singly and in binary mixtures using an amphibian fibroblast cell line. Second, we used this experimental data to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for single and binary mixtures. We tested the cytotoxicity of four common PFAS: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS); perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA); perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS); and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). PFOS was the most toxic and PFHxA the least cytotoxic. Binary mixtures allowed for the construction of isobolograms to test for additivity, synergism, or antagonism. Using this data, QSAR modeling was used for predicting the toxicity of 24 single and 1380 binary mixtures (theoretically generated). Overall, our experimental and modeling results showed that mixtures were approximately additive, with the exception of PFOS and PFOA, which were found to be weakly synergistic. This data shows that certain mixtures of PFAS may have increased toxicity potential above what the simple sum of PFAS concentrations would suggest. More studies are needed that test the toxicity of PFAS mixtures.
Thermodynamic and nonstoichiometric behavior of promising Hi-Tc cuprate systems via electromotive force measurements: A short review

Electromotive force (EMF) measurements of oxygen fugacities as a function of stoichiometry have been made on the YBa2Cu3O x , GdBa2Cu3O x , NdBa2Cu3O x , and bismuth cuprate systems in the temperature range ∼400 °C to 750 °C by means of an oxygen titration technique with an yttriastabilized zirconia electrolyte. The shapes of the 400 °C isotherms as a function of oxygen stoichiometry for the Gd and Nd cuprate systems suggest the presence of miscibility gaps at values of x that are higher than those in the YBa2Cu3O x system. For a given oxygen stoichiometry, oxygen partial pressures above GdBa2Cu3Ox and NdBa2Cu3O x the higher (above x=6.5) than that for the promising YBa2-Cu3Ox system.
Intramolecular B-B Linkage Between Polyhedral Cages in a Commo-Metallacarborane. Synthesis and Structure of a Fluxional Metal-Boron Cluster, (n(5)-C5(CH3)5)2Co3(CH3)4C4B8H7.

Abstract : The reaction of Li(+) C5(CH3)5(-), CoCl2, and Na(+)(CH3)2C2B4H5(-) in cold THF forms primarily closo-1,2,3-(eta 5-C5(CH3)5)Co(CH3)2C2B4H4 (I), the triple-decker complex 1,7,2,3-(eta 5-C5(CH3)5)2Co2(CH3)2C2B3H3 (II), a structurally novel complex, (eta 5-C5(CH3)5)2Co3(CH3)4C4B8H7 (III), and traces of other products, in a combined isolated yield of about 50%. Complexes I and II are C5(CH3)5 analogues of C5H5-substituted cobalta-carboranes reported earlier, but III has no previous counterpart. An X-ray diffraction study of III disclosed a structure consisting of two identical (eta 5-C5(CH3)5)Co(CH3)2C2B4H3 units face-coordinated to a third cobalt atom, with a direct B-B bond (1.758(5) A) between the two ligands; the linked boron atoms have terminal hydrogen atoms in the solid-state structure. The 'extra' hydrogen atom was not directly located, but its general position was indicated by a 3.5 deg fold in the molecule which creates a larger inter-ligand pocket on one side than the other. Possible mechanisms and stereochemical implications of the structure and fluxional behavior of III are presented. The chemistry of complex I resembles that of its C5H5-substituted counterpart; thus, degradation of I in basic CH3CN produces nito-1,2,3-(eta 5-C5(CH3)5)Co(CH3)2C2B3H5 in 93% yield.
Diffusion-accelerated solution of the two-dimensional S[sub n] equations with bilinear-discontinuous differencing

A new diffusion synthetic acceleration scheme is developed for solving the two-dimensional S[sub n] equations in x - y geometry with bilinear-discontinuous finite element spatial discretization. This method differs from previous methods in that it is unconditionally efficient for problems with isotropic or weakly anisotropic scattering. Computational results are given that demonstrate this property.
Comprehensive Diagnosis and Analysis of Early Damp Defects On a Single Section of EHV 750kV Arrester

With the extention of the arrester’s running time, there appears the situation that a single section of extrahigh voltage 750kV four series surge arrester may get damp and deteriorated.Once subjected to over-voltage intrusion, a serious situation may even lead to a single section of arrester’s explosion, which will bring a very negative impact to the system over-voltage protection.Through the on-line monitoring of the arrester, it is found that the leakage current of an ultrahigh voltage 750kV arrester became over-limited, we carried out full current and resistive current live detection for the whole arrester and blackout test for single section.We analyzed the data and disintegrated the single section. It is concluded that, for the extrahigh voltage 750kV four series surge arrester, especially for early hidden defects, in terms of live detection, it should be effective to combine the on-line monitoring of arrester, live detection, we should pay attention to data accumulation and development trend.In terms of blackout test, DC leakage test is still the most reliable way to diagnose the arrester defect. Therefore, we should strengthen the on-line monitoring and charge detection data accumulation,and also focus on the development trend and combine with the blackout plan to carry out the DC leakage test actively. In this way we can detect early latent fault of single-stage arrester in time, and provide over-voltage protection correctly.
From lower-division to upper-division foreign language classes : Obstacles to reaching the promised land

Dans la plupart des departements de langues etrangeres de niveau universitaire aux Etats-Unis, les immatriculations d'etudiants chutent gravement une fois que les etudiants ont rempli les exigences minimales d'apprentissage d'une langue etrangere. Cette chute peut s'expliquer par le fait que les sections superieures sont trop difficiles pour l'etudiant qui n'a pas eu l'occasion d'utiliser la langue de maniere intensive en dehors de la salle de classe. Dans cet article, les As. confirment cette hypothese en presentant les resultats d'une enquete ayant porte sur trois langues cibles (francais, allemand, espagnol). Cette enquete indique en effet que les etudiants ayant eu une experience exterieure se sentent plus a l'aise en classe, et que cette experience influence leur comportement en classe ainsi que leur niveau d'etude
A polling experiment on public opinion on the future expansion of Medicare and Medicaid.

Objective To conduct a polling experiment to understand the possible framing effects that drive constituents' views around Medicare For All (MFA) and Medicaid Buy-In (MBI). Data sources and study setting Five thousand and fifty-one US adults aged 18 and older were recruited to participate in an online poll conducted between September 12, 2018, and September 26, 2018. Study design Participants were randomized to receive one of four polls: (a) a poll measuring respondent approval for MFA, with the name of the proposal stated with a description; (b) a poll measuring approval for MFA, with only a description of the proposal; (c) a poll measuring approval for MBI, with the name stated with a description; or (d) a poll measuring approval for MBI, with only a description. Principal findings Including the names "Medicare For All" and "Medicaid Buy-In" increases approval by 3.4 (from 32.7 percent to 36.1 percent) and 5.0 (from 50.1 percent to 55.1 percent) percentage points, respectively. Support varies by age, where MBI is most strongly supported by Millennials, while Baby Boomers and those older than 65 are more likely to support MFA. Conclusions Constituents are more likely to support a proposal when given the names of the proposal. Approval is also higher for health policies that are framed as expansions of existing policies than as new programs.
Expression analysis of mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes

Abstract Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) are essential components for the structural and functional integrity of the mitoribosome complex. Throughout evolution, the mammalian mitoribosome has acquired new Mrp genes to compensate for loss of ribosomal RNA. More than 80 MRPs have been identified in mammals. Here we document expression pattern of 79 Mrp genes during mouse development and adult tissues and find that these genes are consistently expressed throughout early embryogenesis with little stage or tissue specificity. Further investigation of the amino acid sequence reveals that this group of proteins has little to no protein similarity. Recent work has shown that the majority of Mrp genes are essential resulting in early embryonic lethality, suggesting no functional redundancy among the group. Taken together, these results indicate that the Mrp genes are not a gene family descended from a single ancestral gene, and that each MRP has unique and essential role in the mitoribosome complex. The lack of functional redundancy is surprising given the importance of the mitoribosome for cellular and organismal viability. Further, these data suggest that genomic variants in Mrp genes may be causative for early pregnancy loss and should be evaluated as clinically.
Pulmonary complications in trauma patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing pelvic or lower limb operation

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increasingly prevalent in the range of 2% to 24% in the US population. OSA is a well-described predictor of pulmonary complications after elective operation. Yet, data are lacking on its effect after operations for trauma. We hypothesized that OSA is an independent predictor of pulmonary complications in patients undergoing operations for traumatic pelvic/lower limb injuries (PLLI). Methods Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2009–2013) was queried for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for PLLI requiring operation. Elective admissions and those with concurrent traumatic brain injury with moderate to prolonged loss of consciousness were excluded. Outcome measures were pulmonary complications including ventilatory support, ventilator-associated pneumonia, pulmonary embolism (PE), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and respiratory failure. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used, adjusting for OSA, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and specific comorbidities (obesity, chronic lung disease, and pulmonary circulatory disease). P Results Among the 337 333 patients undergoing PLLI operation 3.0% had diagnosed OSA. Patients with OSA had more comorbidities and were more frequently discharged to facilities. Median length of stay was longer in the OSA group (5 vs 4 days, p Conclusion OSA is an independent and underappreciated predictor of pulmonary complications in those undergoing emergency surgery for PLLI. More aggressive screening and identification of OSA in trauma patients undergoing operation are necessary to provide closer perioperative monitoring and interventions to reduce pulmonary complications and improve outcomes. Level of evidence Prognostic Level IV.
Towards an Interface Description Template for Reusing AI-enabled Systems

Reuse is a common system architecture approach that seeks to instantiate a system architecture with existing components. However, reusing components with AI capabilities might introduce new risks as there is currently no framework that guides the selection of necessary information to assess their portability to operate in a system different than the one for which the component was originally purposed. We know from SW-intensive systems that AI algorithms are generally fragile and behave unexpectedly to changes in context and boundary conditions. The question we address in this paper is, what type of information should be captured in the Interface Control Document (ICD) of an AI-enabled system or component to assess its the compatibility with a system for which it was not designed originally. We present ongoing work on establishing an interface description template that captures the main information of an AI-enabled component to facilitate its adequate reuse across different systems and operational contexts. Our work is inspired by Google’s Model Card concept, which was developed with the same goal but focused on the reusability of AI algorithms. We extend that concept to address system-level autonomy capabilities of AI-enabled cyberphysical systems.
The strange case of a regional cultural revolution : Sverdlovsk in the perestroika years

This chapter discusses a “cultural revolution” in Sverdlovsk (renamed Ekaterinburg in 1992) of the perestroika period. Affecting different cultural media (literature, film, theater, visual art), participants of this process subsequently significantly contributed to Russian culture at the national level. This intense but short-lived phenomenon (approximately from 1987 to 1993) is interpreted as an example of internal “post-coloniality” characterized by in betweenness and hybridity. The Urals perestroika-period culture conflates the local and global, or rather presents the local as the global, and vice versa. This self-presentation releases the regional culture from the obligatory attachment to local themes and certain (also constructed but presented as “authentic”) local stylistic palette. At the same, the vision of the global created by Sverdlovsk cultural activists proved to be rather homogenous, leading toward both European modernism and postmodernism, on the one hand, and the iterations of imperialist “all-inclusive” nationalism in the 2000s–2010s, on the other.
FAMASITO: FASTMAP Shim Tool towards user‐friendly single‐step B0 homogenization

Fast, automatic shimming by mapping along projections (FASTMAP) is an elegant analytical method developed to quantify three-dimensional first- and second-order spherical harmonic B0 shapes along six one-dimensional column projections. The straightforward application of this theoretical concept to B0 shimming, however, neglects crucial aspects of sequence implementation and shim hardware, commonly necessitating multistep iterative adjustments. We demonstrate a software package, referred to as FASTMAP Shim Tool (FAMASITO), which is composed of a FASTMAP pulse sequence, automated calibration and analysis routines, and a script for automatically performing experiments. With FAMASITO we demonstrate optimal single-step adjustment of first- and second-order terms (with potential <1% mean refinement of linear terms) in the prefrontal cortex of seven volunteers, one of the most difficult-to-shim areas in the adult human brain.
Interrogating the “gold standard”: Play-based early childhood education and perpetuating white supremacy

This article examines the role of play-based early childhood programs in perpetuating or interrupting messages of white supremacy which murder the spirits of Black children while reinforcing a sens...
The role of diffuse correlation spectroscopy and frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy in monitoring cerebral hemodynamics during hypothermic circulatory arrests

Abstract Objectives Real-time noninvasive monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during surgery is key to reducing mortality rates associated with adult cardiac surgeries requiring hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). We explored a method to monitor cerebral blood flow during different brain protection techniques using diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), a noninvasive optical technique which, combined with frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FDNIRS), also provides a measure of oxygen metabolism. Methods We used DCS in combination with FDNIRS to simultaneously measure hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2), an index of cerebral blood flow (CBFi), and an index of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2i) in 12 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with HCA. Results Our measurements revealed that a negligible amount of blood is delivered to the cerebral cortex during HCA with retrograde cerebral perfusion, indistinguishable from HCA-only cases (median CBFi drops of 93% and 95%, respectively) with consequent similar decreases in SO2 (mean decrease of 0.6 ± 0.1% and 0.9 ± 0.2% per minute, respectively); CBFi and SO2 are mostly maintained with antegrade cerebral perfusion; the relationship of CMRO2i to temperature is given by CMRO2i = 0.052e0.079T. Conclusions FDNIRS-DCS is able to detect changes in CBFi, SO2, and CMRO2i with intervention and can become a valuable tool for optimizing cerebral protection during HCA.
Racial and ethnic disparities in post-traumatic stress and illness coherence in breast cancer survivors with comorbid diabetes.

CONTEXT Breast cancer survivors (BCS) with comorbid diabetes mellitus (DM) and of racial and ethnic minority status are at higher risk of cancer-related post-traumatic stress (PTS) and severe illness beliefs. These affective and cognitive outcomes influence self-management and treatment adherence in patients with chronic conditions, yet little is known regarding the interplay of these processes in diverse BCS with comorbid DM. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to (1) describe racial and ethnic differences in cancer-related PTS and illness perceptions; and (2) examine the relationship between PTS and illness perceptions in BCS with comorbid DM. METHODS Female BCS with DM completed measures of cancer related stress (Impact of Events Scale-Revised) and cancer and DM illness perception (Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised). Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between PTS, race and illness perceptions. RESULTS Of the 135 BCS with comorbid DM, the mean (standard deviation) age was 65.3 (7.1) years, 38% were Black, 31% Non-Hispanic White (NHW), 13% Hispanic/Latina, and 18% were "other." Minority women were more likely to report cancer-related PTS (p < 0.01). In adjusted analyses, PTS was associated with chronicity (odds ratio [OR] = 9.79, p = 0.005), time-cycle (OR = 6.71, p = 0.001), negative consequences (OR = 3.95, p = 0.018), and negative emotional impact (OR = 12.63, p < 0.001) of cancer. CONCLUSION Minority BCS with comorbid DM report higher rates of cancer-related PTS and lower cancer illness coherence relative to NHW survivors. Cancer-related PTS influences cancer and DM illness perceptions. Culturally sensitive care is needed to improve these outcomes in minority BCS. KEY MESSAGE This article presents findings from a cross sectional cohort of an understudied population of racially and ethnically diverse BCS with comorbid diabetes. The results indicate that the occurrence of PTS is significantly higher in racial and ethnic minority women and is strongly associated with more severe illness perceptions.
Extent of Inclusion of "Rural" in Comprehensive Cancer Control Plans in the United States.

Introduction The National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program requires states, territories, and tribal organizations to develop comprehensive cancer control plans (CCCPs). In 2019, the National Advisory Committee on Rural Health and Human Services released a series of policy recommendations, including one recommending that CCCPs address rural cancer disparities. The objective of our study was to assess the extent to which jurisdictions considered "rural" in their CCCPs. Methods We reviewed the 66 CCCPs available on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website as of January 2020 to assess their inclusion of rural across 7 elements: 1) cancer burden data, 2) reduction of cancer disparities, 3) rural population description, 4) rural definition, 5) goals, 6) objectives, and 7) strategies. We summarized these elements by plan type (state or territory/tribal organization). For state CCCPs, we also compared the number of element types and the inclusion of rural-specific strategies by the percentage of the state's population that was rural and the rural cancer mortality rate. Results Of 66 plans, 45 included a mention of rural in at least 1 element, including 38 of 50 state plans and 7 of 16 territory/tribal organization plans. Reduction of cancer disparities was the most common element noted. Less than one-third of all CCCPs included a rural-specific strategy. States with a high rural cancer mortality rate tended to have at least 1 rural-specific strategy. Conclusion Technical and financial support to improve rural data inclusion and implementation of rural-specific strategies in CCCPs may help improve the inclusion of rural data and strategy development.
Embedded I/O Device Design

In order to make intelligent design decisions, the designer needs to understand the capabilities of on-chip hardware, as well as the techniques for designing such hardware, which affect the cost and the time taken to design it. This chapter shows how to design hardware implemented in a programmable logic array that is to be put on the MMC2001 chip. Hardware can be designed using hardware description languages, or using graphical design programs. This chapter provides an overview of a hardware description language, verilog, which is used by many hardware design teams. It provides an adequate means of describing the hardware that can be put on the MMC2001. From the understanding of this particular language, one should be able to adapt to other hardware description languages or graphical design programs. After introducing verilog, this chapter describes the interface to the MMC2001, and lists the control signals and bounds on the gate capacity of microcontroller.
Visualizing CMEs and Predicting Geomagnetic Storms from Solar Magnetic Fields

Because solar photospheric magnetic fields are the main source of the magnetic field in the corona and interplanetary space, changes in the photospheric field may be expected to drive transients in both regions. However, because the solar field is both complex and influenced by the solar wind, it is difficult to determine whether specific photospheric field features underlie the important transients called Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). Models enable us to link the photospheric field to coronal field changes and visualize the response. The potential field source surface (PFSS) model is known for its combination of relative simplicity and ability to approximate coronal hole geometry and eclipse images. We utilize PFSS models and specialized synoptic maps of the solar magnetic field to study the relationship between coronal field changes and CMEs, and to attempt to visualize CMEs and predict geomagnetic storms. For prediction purposes, updated synoptic maps in real time are needed. Several solar observatories and SOHO/MDI are currently providing such maps on a roughly daily basis, although the potential exists for hourly updates. Our results to date suggest that the combination of photospheric field observations and coronal models can provide a useful addition to the collection of space weather forecast tools.
Spectral Narrowing and Stabilization for Broad-Area Lasers via Modified Delivery Fiber

A proof-of-concept experiment for fiber-based broad-area laser stabilization is experimentally demonstrated using coupling optics and a 1-nm wide, 98% reflectivity fiber Bragg grating. The output spectrum of a 3-W, 100- $\mu \text{m}$ wide, 2-mm long commercial broad-area laser was narrowed by more than $10\times $ to 0.26-nm full-width half-max. In addition, the system showed 7%–13% enhanced output power. The system also shows potential for slow-axis beam quality improvement in the desired operating regime. A pump delivery fiber scheme is proposed for integration of the diode feedback into a pump system package for enhanced-brightness fiber pumping.
To Waive and Waive Not: Property and Flexibility in the Digital Era

Even in an era when creative works can sometimes be made collectively, and where copying and modifying existing works is often easy, individual ownership of discrete creative works still makes sense. Individual creative effort is still the crucial ingredient for many high quality works, and the control conferred by ownership is often the most efficient, and even more frequently the most fair, social arrangement. Even so, a common argument against property rights in the digital era is that they come with a heavy transactional burden. The need to clear permission to use digital works is said to impede the potential of high velocity distribution models and participatory creative efforts. There are, broadly speaking, three solutions to the problem. First, society can cut back on the number of property rights, or rework the structure of rights with an eye toward transactional efficiencies. Second, right holders or society in general can invest in rights clearance mechanisms that make it easier for users and consumers of rights-protected works to transact more efficiently. Third, legal rules can be tailored to make it easier for right holders to commit to a binding non-enforcement of their rights.The purpose of this brief Article is to explore in some depth this third option. I begin by describing how waiver contributes to the supple texture of property rights, making it easy for individuals to exercise choices after rights have been granted. This is, in my view, a cornerstone feature of property rights, and one of their chief advantages over other entitlements and incentive regimes. Next, I show how waiver fits with other basic features of property rights. I argue that waiver can be thought of as an aspect of the structure of rights, as well as a (particularly simple) rights clearance mechanism. Finally, I describe some simple ideas that could clarify knotty issues surrounding legal requirements for waiver of intellectual property rights. The most important are: 1) binding, easily verified waiver mechanisms that are “good against the world”; and 2) scope of waiver rules that make it simple for right holders to selectively waive rights, for example, permitting some uses and not others. I conclude with a call for more attention to the waiver strategy as a way of retaining our traditional commitment to property while easing the transactional burden that property rights entail.
Gene regulation at the right operator (OR) bacteriophage lambda. I. OR3 and autogenous negative control by repressor.

Abstract In a λ lysogen, transcription of the repressor gene, cI, initiates at the promoter PRM (see, for example, Reichardt & Kaiser, 1971). Construction of a hybrid operon is described in which this promoter directs transcription of the trpA and lacZ genes permitting facile analysis of the regulation of PRM in vivo. As reported previously (Ptashne et al., 1976), low levels of repressor stimulate PRM while higher levels of repressor turn it off. We report that mutations which render PRM insensitive to turnoff by repressor are found in OR3, an operator site which overlaps PRM. This and other results indicate that transcription of cI from PRM is turned off by a repressor bound to OR3. Our experiments also indicate that OR3 is largely free of repressor in an ordinary lysogen (
Momentum transfer by adiabatic passage in a light field

We have demonstrated the transfer of both population and momentum (8hk) in a multilevel system by adiabatic following of a slowly evolving light field. Spontaneous emission is suppressed because the atoms remain in a ‘dark’ state during their evolution. This technique will be useful for the realization of coherent, large angle atomic beam splitters. Our results are in good agreement with calculations using the optical Bloch equations.
Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: Correlation between cytology and histology and evaluation of discrepant cases

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and to determine the reasons for the discrepancies between the cytologic and histologic diagnoses. METHODS The authors evaluated the cytologic and histologic results of 133 FNAs obtained from 92 patients who underwent subsequent thyroidectomies. RESULTS The initial cytologic results were indeterminate in 39 of 133 cases (29%) because a neoplasm could not be ruled out. These cases corresponded histologically to 9 adenomatoid nodules (ANs), 14 follicular adenomas (FAs), and 16 malignant thyroid neoplasms. The reported FNA diagnoses of the remaining 94 cases (71%) were 48 ANs, 19 follicular neoplasms (FNs), 21 papillary carcinomas (PCs), and 6 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Correlation of cytology and histology showed that 69 of 94 FNA results (73%) correlated with the histologic diagnoses, whereas 25 (27%) were discrepant. The discrepancies resulted from cytodiagnostic errors in 13 cases (52%), suboptimal smears in 11 (44%), and an FNA sampling error in 1 (4%). The false-negative rate of FNA was 19% and the false-positive rate was 6%. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic pitfalls and indeterminate FNA diagnoses were predominantly due to overlapping cytologic criteria between ANs, FNs, and follicular variants of PCs. Rendering a definite diagnosis on suboptimal FNA samples is also a significant source of pitfalls. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1997; 81:253-9. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Behind Closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England – By Amanda Vickery

In lively, vivid prose, this book depicts in exquisite detail the domestic world of Georgian England, both in terms of gender roles and in terms of the material and spatial environments. Amanda Vic...
Stocking strategies for production of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in amended freshwater in inland ponds

The performance of the Paci¢c white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) under various stocking strategies was evaluated in earthen ponds ¢lled with freshwater amended with major ions. Six 0.1-ha earthen ponds located in Pine Blui, AR, USA, were ¢lled with freshwater in 2003 and 2004, and potassium magnesium sulphate added to provide 50 mg K 1 L 1 and stock salt added to provide 0.5 g L 1 salinity. In 2003, three ponds either were stocked with PL15 shrimp (39 PL m 2 )f or 125 days of grow out or with PL25 shrimp for 55 days (23 PL m 2 ) followed by a 65-day (28 PL m 2 )g rowout period. In 2004, ponds were stocked with 7,13 or 30 PL15 m 2 for 134 days of grow out. Salinity averaged 0.7 g L 1 during both years, and concentration of SO4 2 ,K 1 ,C a 21 and Mg 21 was higher, and Na 1 and Cl was lower in amended pond water than in seawater at 0.7 g L 1 salinity. Potassium concentration in amended water was 52^61% of the target concentration. Shrimp yields ranged from 3449 kg ha 1 in 2003 to 4966 kg ha 1 in 2004 in ponds stocked with 30^39 PL15 m 2 for a 125^134-day culture period. At harvest, mean individual weight ranged from 17.1 to 19.3 g shrimp 1 . In ponds stocked with PL25 shrimp, yields averaged 988 and 2462 kg ha 1 for the 1st and 2nd grow-out periods respectively. Gross shrimp yield in 2004 increased linearly from 1379^4966 kg ha 1 with increased stocking rate. These experiments demonstrated that L. vannamei can be grown successfully in freshwater supplemented with major ions to a ¢nal salinity of 0.7 g L 1 .
Submicron particles from coal combustion

The mechanism of submicron particle formation during pulverized coal combustion is examined. Residual ash particles formed by the coalescence of molten ash droplets on the burning carbon surface and the break-up of the burning coal particles account for most of the aerosol mass. The sizes of these large particles are related to the sizes of coal particles burned. Some of the ash vaporizes at the high temperatures of pulverized coal combustion. Large numbers of submicron particles may be produced by nucleation of these ash vapors or other species. These fine particles appear to coagulate more rapidly than is explained by Brownian coagulation even when interparticle dispersion forces are considered. Imperfect mixing may also accelerate coagulation. Calculated particle size distributions are compared with data obtained upstream of gas cleaning equipment of utility boilers.
Candor and the Politics of Law Teaching

Over the past 25 years, the price of legal education has skyrocketed, while the labor market for new attorneys has contracted sharply relative to law school graduation rates. This article addresses the ethical obligations law teachers owe their students as a consequence of the crisis of the contemporary American law school.