cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation at the ARM SGP site: Cloud radar observations and simulations from the multiscale modeling framework

Millimeter Wavelength Cloud Radar (MMCR) data from Dec. 1996 to Dec. 2010, collected at the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program Southern Great Plains (SGP) site are used to examine the diurnal cycle of hydrometeor occurrence. These data are categorized into clouds (-40 dBZe ≤ reflectivity < -10 dBZe), drizzle and light precipitation (-10 dBZe ≤ reflectivity < 10 dBZe), and heavy precipitation (reflectivity ≥ 10dBZe). The same criteria are implemented for the observation-equivalent reflectivity calculated by feeding outputs from a Multiscale Modeling Framework (MMF) climate model into a radar simulator. The MMF model consists of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) with conventional cloud parameterizations replaced by a cloud resolving model (CRM). We find that a radar simulator combined with the simple reflectivity categories can be an effective approach for evaluating diurnal variations in model hydrometeor occurrence. It is shown that the MMF only marginally captures observed increases in the occurrence of boundary layer clouds after sunrise in spring and autumn, and does not capture diurnal changes in boundary layer clouds during the summer. Above the boundary layer, the MMF captures reasonably well diurnal variations in the vertical structure of clouds, light and heavy precipitation in the summer but not in the spring.
Ambidentate ligand reactivity with the rhenium(I) compounds [BrRe(CO)4]2 and cis-BrRe(CO)4L: A kinetic and mechanistic study

The reaction of the dimer [BrRe(CO)4]2 with the ambidentate donor 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine (PN) has been investigated. The substitution reaction is rapid at room temperature and regioselective for phosphorus coordination to yield exclusively cis-BrRe(CO)4(κP-PN) (1). Thermolysis of 1 furnishes the PN-chelated product fac-BrRe(CO)3(κP,N-PN) (2) and CO. The regioselectivity in the ligand substitution reaction involving [BrRe(CO)4]2 and the tridentate donor 6-(diphenylphosphino)-2-formylpyridine (PON) was also studied, and consistent with the PN donor, only the κP-product, cis-BrRe(CO)4(κP-PON) (3) is formed. The reaction of the dimer [BrRe(CO)4]2 with 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine (PN) has been computationally modeled by DFT calculations. The energetics for the creation of an unsaturated intermediate through the cleavage of one of the bridging bromide ligands, followed by the addition of the donor to the unsaturated rhenium center, versus the direct attack of the pnictogen donor on the dimer have been evaluated. The latter process is computed as the preferred route for dimer activation, with an attack of the pyridyl moiety slightly favored compared to the phosphine moiety. Concerning the reaction of the PN ligand with [BrRe(CO)4]2, we predict the initial formation of the κN-isomer of 1 as the kinetic product of substitution, which in turn undergoes a rapid isomerization to furnish the thermodynamically more stable κP-isomer through a reversible ligand dissociation process.
Supply Chain Management: A Teaching Experiment

How firms choose and manage their inventory is a question of interest for academics and practitioners in many fields, including Operations Management, Marketing, and Information Technology. Much recent attention has focused on the possibilities of information-sharing systems to aid in this setting, including sharing inventory information among firms (SAP) and sharing point-of-sale data (EDI). This classroom exercise illustrates the existence and implications of bounded rationality on the part of inventory managers, and shows how systems like these can help in inventory decision-making.
Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Nonselective Cation Channels: A Multifunctional Gene Family

The light-regulated flow of ions across the plasma membrane of vertebrate rod and cone photoreceptors passes through a nonselective cation channel that is directly gated by guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). It is the purpose of this brief chapter to review the physiological and structural properties of this channel. As will be described below, these channels appear to have structural features in common with some other voltage-gated channels. Whether or not they also show structural relationships to other types of nonselective cation channels, such as those described in other chapters in this volume, remains to be determined.
The Impact of Alexithymia on Emotion Dysregulation in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa over Time.

Research supports that anorexia nervosa-restricting subtype (AN-R) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are associated with emotion regulation difficulties and alexithymia. However, the impact of diagnosis on the relationship between these constructs is less well understood. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether eating disorder diagnosis moderated the association between admission alexithymia and emotion regulation through discharge. Adult patients with AN-R (n = 54) and BN (n = 60) completed assessments at treatment admission and discharge from a partial hospital program. Eating disorder diagnosis moderated the association between admission alexithymia levels and change in global emotion dysregulation, impulse control difficulties and access to emotion regulation strategies. At higher levels of admission alexithymia, there were no differences between AN-R and BN on emotion dysregulation, whereas at lower levels of alexithymia, AN-R patients demonstrated lower levels of emotion dysregulation. Results imply that difficulties with alexithymia appear to have a greater impact on emotion dysregulation for AN-R patients. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Serum Triamcinolone Levels following Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Injection.

Background. Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are commonly performed procedures to treat painful cervical radiculopathy, but little is known about the systemic absorption and serum levels of steroids following injection. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of fluoroscopy-guided cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone acetonide in a cohort of patients with cervical radicular pain seeking treatment in a pain medicine clinic. Methods. The study cohort included eight patients undergoing a fluoroscopically guided C7-T1 interlaminar ESI at a pain medicine specialty clinic. Blood was collected prior to the ESI and on days 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 following the injection. The sample extract was analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Results. The terminal elimination half-life of cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone in a noncompartmental analysis was 219 hours. In the noncompartmental analysis, peak triamcinolone concentrations of 5.4 ng/mL were detected within 22.1 hours after administration. Conclusions. The pharmacokinetics of cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone is consistent with our previous study of lumbar ESI, demonstrating that the elimination half-life is longer than that which has been reported following intravenous triamcinolone. The elimination half-life was shorter following cervical ESI than that which has been reported following lumbar ESI.
Moving a Dance History Course

ABSTRACTThis article outlines one approach to bringing movement into a college-level modern dance history course taught in a traditional lecture hall to a mix of students who are either new to dance or pursuing a dance minor. Three examples are given of exercises that bring embodied learning into the dance history course, with special emphasis on an exercise that can be done inside a lecture hall despite the lack of open space. The article centers on the following question: How does one teach about a form that is ephemeral and rooted in somatic experience in a format that feels static and unchanging?
When Indigenous and Modern Education Collide in the Global Culture

Indigenous education has been heralded as an effective pedagogical strategy for perpetuating and reinvigorating the history, culture, and language of indigenous groups globally. In this chapter, we present the case that the specific goals and practices of indigenous education, with an indispensable particularistic approach, find opposite hegemonic counterparts in national systems of education, which end up diluting and weakening its intended purpose. By exploring the curricular and pedagogical issues, relationship between children and nature, connections between school and community, promotion of certain languages above others, and commodification of education, this chapter analyzes the common tensions that arise from the divergent epistemologies of indigenous and Western, modern education in the global culture. The chapter concludes that if indigenous education is to be successful, it must continuously re-invent itself to ensure that it honors the basic cultural tenets of the ethnic groups that it serves, recognizes the hybrid nature of many indigenous practices, and uses learning as a springboard to foster social and environmental integrity both locally and globally.
Phenotypic and functional analysis of B cell lines from patients with multiple myeloma

We characterized phenotypic and functional properties of B cell lines obtained from patients with multiple myeloma to determine how well they conform to particular stages of B cell differentiation. This information is a prerequisite for using such lines as tools for studying B cell growth and the regulation thereof. Two lines, GM1312 and GM1500, expressed B1 and Ia, determinants on early B cells, but expressed little, if any, T10, a determinant expressed on plasma cells. By contrast, B1 and Ia were poorly expressed on two other lines, GM2132 and U266. T10 was expressed on GM2132 but not on U266. Using a reverse hemolytic plaque assay, we also assessed the numbers of cells actively secreting immunoglobulin (IgSCs) in such cultures to provide a functional marker of B cell differentiation. We observed consistently higher numbers of IgSCs in cultures of GM2132 than in GM1500 and GM1312. These phenotypic and functional markers were stable over several months. The data suggest that such cell lines represent early (GM1312, GM1500) and later stages (GM2132, U266) of B cell differentiation, although all lines were derived from patients with multiple myeloma.
Impact of extended sintering times on mechanical properties in PA-12 parts produced by powderbed fusion processes

Abstract Additive Manufacturing provides many advantages in reduced lead times and increased geometric freedom compared to traditional manufacturing methods, but material properties are often reduced. This paper considers powder bed fusion of polyamide 12 (PA12, Nylon 12) produced by three different processes: laser sintering (LS), multijet fusion (MJF)/high speed sintering (HSS), and large area projection sintering (LAPS). While all utilize similar PA12 materials, they are found to differ significantly in mechanical properties especially in elongation to break. The slower heating methods (MJF/HSS and LAPS) produce large elongation at break with the LAPS process showing 10x elongation and MJF/HSS exhibiting 2.5x the elongation when compared to commercial LS samples. While there are small differences in crystallinity between these samples, the difference may be attributed to changes in the heating and cooling rates of the LAPS samples.
The "differential diagnosis" for multiple diseases: comparison with the binary-truth state experiment in two empirical studies.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives In practice readers must often choose between multiple diagnoses. For assessing reader accuracy in these settings, Obuchowski et al have proposed the “differential diagnosis” method, which derives all pairwise estimates of accuracy for the various diagnoses, along with summary measures of accuracy. The current study assessed the correspondence between the differential diagnosis method and conventional binary-truth state experiments. Materials and Methods Two empirical studies were conducted at two institutions with different readers and diagnostic tests. Readers used the differential diagnosis format to interpret a set of cases. In subsequent readings they interpreted the cases in binary-truth state experiments. Spearman rank correlation coefficients and the percentages of agreement in scores were computed, and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were estimated and compared. Results The between-format Spearman rank correlation coefficients were 0.697–0.718 and 0.750–0.780 for the two studies; the between-reader correlations were 0.417 and 0.792, respectively. The percentages of agreement between formats for the two studies were 50.0%–51.7% and 72.9%–78.8%; the percentages of agreement between readers were 45.0% and 80%, respectively. In the first study there were several significant differences in the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves; in the second study these differences were small. Conclusion The differences observed between the two formats can be attributed to within-reader variability and inherent differences in the questions posed to readers in the multiple-diagnoses versus binary-truth state reading sessions. The differential diagnosis format is useful for estimating accuracy when there are multiple possible diagnoses.
Medical Assessment and Treatment of Suspected Child and Adolescent Victims of Sexual Abuse

The medical evaluation for suspected child sexual abuse can be a daunting consideration for parents, caretakers, patients, and non-medical professionals. Such evaluations serve to provide comprehensive medical assessments of potential victims, to provide possible testing and treatment of possible infections and other physical or psychological sequelae of the abuse or assault, and to provide forensic information and collection of such evidence when needed. A thorough medical assessment of potential child victims when conducted sensitively and responsibly can provide important information regarding the child’s body and health. With this in mind, the medical assessment has important therapeutic value and serves as a powerful tool in the total evaluation and recovery of the child.
Human mast cells and basophils-structure, function, pharmacology, and biochemistry

This review will focus on the structure and function of human mast cells and basophils and on the biochemistry and regulation of their activity by pharmacologic agents. In the last two years or so, techniques have been developed in this laboratory 1'2 for the purification of these cells. It has become possible, therefore, to characterize the pharmacologic and biochemical profiles of the purified human mast cells and basophils. These studies are in a very early stage, however, and much work remains to be done. As a result, this review will include information that has been obtained from studies of non-human mast cells, where such studies provide information which has not yet been corroborated in the human systems. Basophils account for less than 1% of the circulating leukocytes in the blood and appear to be descendents of the promyelocytic series in bone marrow. Mast cells, on the other hand, tissue bound cells generally found in the vicinity of small blood vessels and the lymphatic draining system, may be derived either from bone marrow, thymus, or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. Both cell types are highly granulated, excitable cells which, when exposed to appropriate stimuli, degranulate and release granule-contained mediators such as are listed in Table 1. Mediators released by mast cells and basophils are divided into two types: preformed mediators such as histamine, inflammatory proteases, neutrophil chemotactic factor, and heparin, and newly synthesized mediators such as the metabolites of arachidonic acid, PAF (acetylglycerylether phosphorylcholine-AGEPC), and others. Mast cells appear to generate quantities of arachidonic acid metabolites that are at least an order of mag
The Role of Relationships: An Exploratory Study of Early Childhood Educators Earning a Bachelor’s Degree:

Professional standards increasingly call for early childhood educators to hold a bachelor’s degree as one measure of educator quality. This has prompted many educators to return to college, creatin...
Validation Assessment for Joint Problem Using an Energy Dissipation Model

We use structural dynamics models implemented in codes to predict the shock response spectra (SRS) at a specific location for two bodies connected with a joint excited by an external force. The Iwan model is used to represent the energy dissipation of the joint between the two bodies. For this problem, experimental data has been collected and processed to provide shock response spectra at the corresponding location. This work provides a model validation assessment for the SRS at various frequencies using techniques that are based on a multivariate metric that accounts for correlated errors in differences between prediction and measurement. In this paper, we describe the problem, provide results of the simulation and experiment, describe the validation assessment technique, and present results for the validation assessment.
Factors controlling saltwater intrusion across multi-time scales in estuaries, Chester River, Chesapeake Bay.

Abstract The relative dominance of controlling factors in saltwater intrusion depends on the time scale in which the variability in characterized. Long-term time series data of salinity and temperature has been collected in the Chester River, Chesapeake Bay, showing considerable variabilities of saltwater intrusion with time scales from days to years. In this study, the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) was applied to the data over a decadal time scale from 2002 to 2011 to identify the drivers and their relative importance in controlling the variability of saltwater intrusion with different time scale ranging from events of a few days, through seasonal to interannual variations. FVCOM successfully reproduced the observed variations in saltwater intrusion over the entire simulation period, and thus completed time series data from monthly samples to daily and even at a higher temporal resolution for statistical analysis. The results shows that river discharge is the primary factor controlling the saltwater intrusion variability on interannual time scales, but sea surface level is more dominating on seasonal variations, while wind has more important influence on short-time scales during weather events, mostly through modulation of sea surface level on regional scales rather than local wind strain and Ekman transport. Tide has limited influence due to short tidal excursion and amplitude in the Chester Estuary. The estuarine geometry has a significant influence on the two-layer estuarine circulation and saltwater intrusion in the Chester Estuary. The upper estuary is the shallow narrow channel where two-layer estuarine circulation is limited, the meanders in the mid-estuary also restrict the development of the two-layer circulation due to helical circulation, while the lower estuary has stronger stratification and two-layer circulation as compared to the upper and mid-estuary.
Perception of Benefits and Harms of Medical Cannabis among Seriously Ill Patients in an Outpatient Palliative Care Practice.

Introduction: Patients with serious illness often have pain, uncontrolled symptoms, and poor quality of life. Evidence continues to evolve regarding the role of cannabis to treat chronic pain, nausea, and anorexia. Little is known about how patients with serious illness perceive its benefits and harms. Given that an increasing number of clinicians across the United States are treating patients with medical cannabis, it is important for providers to understand patient beliefs about this modality. We assessed patient perceptions of benefits and harms of cannabis who obtained a medical cannabis card within an ambulatory palliative care (APC) practice. Methods: We recruited patients with a medical cannabis card, allowing for legal possession of cannabis oil, from an APC practice in Georgia. All participants reported using cannabis products. Patients completed an online survey that included questions about their cannabis use, concurrent opiate or controlled medication use, and perceptions of benefits and harms of cannabis. Results: All 101 patients invited to participate completed the survey. A majority had cancer (76%) and were married (61%), disabled or retired (75%), older than 50 years of age (64%), and men (56%). Most patients ingested (61%) or vaporized (49%) cannabis products. A majority of respondents perceived cannabis to be important for their pain (96%) management. They reported that side effects were minimally bothersome, and drowsiness was the most commonly reported bothersome harm (28%). A minority of patients reported cannabis withdrawal symptoms (19%) and concerns for dependency (14%). The majority of patients were using concurrent prescription opioids (65%). Furthermore, a majority of cancer patients reported cannabis as being important for cancer cure (59%). Conclusion: Patients living with serious illnesses who use cannabis in the context of a multidisciplinary APC practice use cannabis for curative intent and for pain and symptom control. Patients reported improved pain, other symptoms, and a sense of well-being with few reported harms.
How Computers See Gender: An Evaluation of Gender Classification in Commercial Facial Analysis Services

Investigations of facial analysis (FA) technologies-such as facial detection and facial recognition-have been central to discussions about Artificial Intelligence's (AI) impact on human beings. Research on automatic gender recognition, the classification of gender by FA technologies, has raised potential concerns around issues of racial and gender bias. In this study, we augment past work with empirical data by conducting a systematic analysis of how gender classification and gender labeling in computer vision services operate when faced with gender diversity. We sought to understand how gender is concretely conceptualized and encoded into commercial facial analysis and image labeling technologies available today. We then conducted a two-phase study: (1) a system analysis of ten commercial FA and image labeling services and (2) an evaluation of five services using a custom dataset of diverse genders using self-labeled Instagram images. Our analysis highlights how gender is codified into both classifiers and data standards. We found that FA services performed consistently worse on transgender individuals and were universally unable to classify non-binary genders. In contrast, image labeling often presented multiple gendered concepts. We also found that user perceptions about gender performance and identity contradict the way gender performance is encoded into the computer vision infrastructure. We discuss our findings from three perspectives of gender identity (self-identity, gender performativity, and demographic identity) and how these perspectives interact across three layers: the classification infrastructure, the third-party applications that make use of that infrastructure, and the individuals who interact with that software. We employ Bowker and Star's concepts of "torque" and "residuality" to further discuss the social implications of gender classification. We conclude by outlining opportunities for creating more inclusive classification infrastructures and datasets, as well as with implications for policy.
Gadd45a and Gadd45b Protect Haematopoetic Cells from Ultraviolet Radiation Induced Apoptosis Via Distinct Signaling Pathways.

Gadd45 expression, which is stress inducible, has been associated with growth arrest, but the exact role of gadd45 family genes in apoptosis still remains unclear. We have found that myeloid progenitor cells from gadd45a and gadd45b-deficient mice are more sensitive to ultra-violet radiation, VP-16 or daunorubicin induced apoptosis. indicating that gadd45a or gadd45b protect haematopoetic cells from DNA damaging agents. To determine, how gadd45a or gadd45b proteins exert their anti-apoptotic function, bone marrow cells from wild-type and gadd45a or gadd45b deficient mice were exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UV) and analyzed for expression of stress responsive kinases, including JNK and p38. It was observed that P38 and JNK were activated in wt bone marrow cells in response to UV but not in bone marrow cells defecient in gadd45a. Also, the transcription factor NF-kB was activated in wt bone marrow cells, but not in gadd45a−/− cells. The pharmacological inhibitor SB203580 specific for p38, increased apoptosis in reponse to UV, indicating that p38 is implicated in signaling myeloid cell survival. SB203580 was observed also to inhibit the expression of certain NF-kB target genes, including cIAP-1, c-IAP-2, bcl-2 and bcl-xl, in gadd45a+/+ cells but not in gadd45a deficient bone marrow cells. Taken together this data provides first evidence for the role gadd45a plays in the control of hematopoietic cell survival in response to UV, via modulation of P38 MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathways. Unlike in gadd45a−/− bone marrow cells, p38 activation appeared not to be impaired in gadd45b−/− cells, indicating that gadd45b is not involved in p38 activation in myeloid cells. However, UV induced JNK activation was sustained in gadd45b−/− myeloid cells compared to wt cells, indicating that gadd45b is a negative modulator of UV induced JNK signaling in myeloid cells. UV induced activation of MKK4 an upstream regulator of JNK also was impaired in gadd45b−/−. NF-kB was also found activated in wt cells, but not in gadd45b−/− cells. This data indicates that in bone marrow cells exposed to UV, NF-kB induced expression of Gadd45b plays a protective role against UV induced apoptosis via inhibition of MKK4 kinase which in turn results in suppression of JNK activity. Taken together this data provides evidence that Gadd45a and Gadd45b protect haematopoetic cells from genotoxic-stress induced apoptosis via distinct signaling pathways.
The Rise, Fall, and Afterlife of the Death Penalty in the United States

This review addresses four key issues in the modern (post-1976) era of capital punishment in the United States. First, why has the United States retained the death penalty when all its peer countri...
Ferrous Iron-Dependent Pharmacology

The recent emergence of oxidation state selective probes of cellular iron has produced a more nuanced understanding of how cells utilize this crucial nutrient to empower enzyme function, and also how labile ferrous iron contributes to iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) and other disease pathologies including cancer, bacterial infections, and neurodegeneration. These findings, viewed in light of the Fenton chemistry promoted by ferrous iron, suggest a new category of therapeutics exhibiting ferrous iron-dependent pharmacology. While still in its infancy, this nascent field draws inspiration from the remarkable activity and tremendous clinical impact of the antimalarial artemisinin. Here, we review recent insights into the role of labile ferrous iron in biology and disease, and describe new therapeutic approaches designed to exploit this divalent transition metal.
Capacitive sensor measurement rate improves by pre-stretching *

Large-deformation capacitive stretch sensors have proven to be a reliable sensing method for soft robots and wearables. However, the measurement rate at which capacitance is accurately measured is often limited by the relatively high resistance of the conductive composite electrodes. At high measurement frequencies, the measured capacitance underestimates the real capacitance, resulting in inaccurate strain estimation. High measurement rates allow for fast sensor feedback, which is essential for closed loop control of fast moving systems. In this work, we show that the measurement rate of elastic capacitive sensors with conductive composite electrodes can be increased by cyclic pre-stretching of the sensors before each use.
Effectiveness of surface-based North Atlantic right whale detection methods for vessel strike mitigation

Abstract Increasing commercial and recreational use of the world’s ocean leads to growing concerns on vessel and marine mammal encounters. For endangered species, like the North Atlantic right whale (NARW), vessel strikes can be responsible for the majority of the recorded deaths. Reducing the number of vessel strikes is key to improve North Atlantic right whale protection and a number of mitigation methods have been proposed and implemented. In this manuscript, we developed an agent-based model to assess the effectiveness of surface-based whale detection methods for vessel strike mitigation. We find that the effectiveness of such systems varies highly depending on the vessel’s speed and maneuverability. We also find that if vessel-based whale detection systems are used in conjunction with other mitigation measures such as general speed restrictions, they can be very effective and could lead to a significant decrease in vessel strikes when deployed at a large-scale.
Antibody-drug conjugate and free geldanamycin combination therapy enhances anti-cancer efficacy.

Abstract Antibody drug-conjugates (ADCs) targeting human epidermal growth factor (HER2) are a rapidly expanding class of cancer therapeutics. Such ADCs are known to suffer from inefficient trafficking to the lysosome due to HER2 endosomal recycling, leaving most bound ADCs at the cell surface or in early endosomes. This study aims to increase the maximum cytotoxicity of ADC treatment by co-delivering a small molecule inhibitor targeting the primary chaperone of HER2, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). We hypothesized that inhibiting HSP90 could aid ADC cytotoxicity by overcoming HER2 endosomal recycling. Flow cytometric studies tracking HER2 surface expression revealed ∼ 10 nM geldanamycin (GA) as the threshold for inhibiting HSP90 mediated HER2 recycling. Cytotoxicity studies in HER2 overexpressing cancer cell lines NCI-N87, MDA-MB-453, and SKOV3 demonstrated that co-administration of ADC alongside 100 nM GA significantly increased cytotoxicity compared to ADC alone. In all cases, baseline cytotoxicity was observed even in low HER2 expressing line MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating possible off-target effects. To mitigate this baseline cytotoxicity, a “pulse treatment” regime was adopted where cells are pre-loaded with T-DM1 or T-MMAE ADCs for 4 h, followed by a 4-hour pulse treatment with ADC and 100 nM GA to initiate trafficking of HER2 bound ADC to the lysosome. Afterwards, GA is removed, and ADC treatment is continued. GA pulse co-treatment decreased the amount of ADC required to achieve maximum cytotoxicity while minimizing baseline cytotoxicity. No such co-treatment regime featuring a pulse sequence has been explored before. Such co-treatments could offer a viable solution to increase ADC efficacy in hard to treat or resistant HER2-positive cancers.
The Impact of Engineering Ethics on the Development of Modern Civil Engineering Practice, 1776-1976

Engineering ethics is a system of values that forms the ground rules by which we practice our profession. These values are determined by ideals, priorities, authority, power, needs, and individual morals. Our nation’s first 200 years can be divided into four periods showing the development of today’s ethics. The period 1776-1850 marked the beginning of a new nation which had an “absolute code of personal morality based on the Ten Commandments and Christian teaching on faith, hope and charity.” From 1850-1900, there was a strong feeling of civic-mindedness in applying a rapidly increasing knowledge of technology. From 1900-1950, there were numerous laws passed to regulate unethical business practices by many of the large corporations. The last 26 years of United States history show an increased trend toward promoting personal goals and in the distrust of one’s fellow man.
Computational Structural Genomics of a Complete Minimal Organism

Structural genomics aims to provide an experimental structure or computational model of every tractable protein in a complete genome. A considerable fraction of the genes in all sequenced genomes have no known function, and have diverged sufficiently from functionally characterized homologues that the evolutionary relationship cannot be detected from sequence alone. Determining the structure of these proteins may reveal distant homology, which can be used to infer cellular and molecular functions. The structure is also important for acquiring a detailed understanding of enzymatic catalysis and interaction with small molecule ligands and other proteins. More generally, knowledge of an increasingly complete repertoire of protein structures will aid structure prediction methods, improve understanding of protein structure, and ultimately lend insight into molecular interactions and pathways. Mycoplasma genitalium has the smallest bacterial genome, with only 480 proteins. Its close relative, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, has 677. The small size of these genomes should allow us to obtain structures or models for all tractable proteins in these genomes within 5 years. This is expected to yield important insight into the minimal set of genes necessary for life; many genes in more complex organisms may be variations on genes in the minimal set.
Chapter 3 Surface science studies of the mechanism of NOx conversion: Correlations between kinetics in vacuum versus under catalytic conditions

Abstract A review is provided on the contribution of modern surface-science studies to the understanding of the kinetics of DeNOx catalytic processes. A brief overview of the knowledge available on the adsorption of the nitrogen oxide reactants, with specific emphasis on NO, is provided first. A presentation of the measurements of NOx, reduction kinetics carried out on well-characterized model system and on their implications on practical catalytic processes follows. Focus is placed on isothermal measurements using either molecular beams or atmospheric pressure environments. That discussion is then complemented with a review of the published research on the identification of the key reaction intermediates and on the determination of the nature of the active sites under realistic conditions. The link between surface-science studies and molecular computational modeling such as DFT calculations, and, more generally, the relevance of the studies performed under ultra-high vacuum to more realistic conditions, is also discussed.
The Use of the History of Mathematics in the Teaching of Preservice Teachers

Many scholars have written about using the history of mathematics in the teaching of preservice mathematics teachers. For this study, preservice mathematics teachers developed an electronic journal of reflections based on presentations in the history of mathematics in a secondary mathematics education course. The main purpose of the Mathematics History Journal was to help measure the mathematics content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge of the preservice mathematics teachers for accreditation purposes. Results of the study indicated that by allowing preservice teachers to investigate and present topics in the history of mathematics, preservice teachers believed they strengthened their mathematics content knowledge and were introduced to a new avenue for teaching secondary students about mathematics. Keywords: History, Preservice Teachers, Secondary Mathematics, Teacher Knowledge
The Expanding Toolchest for Peacebuilders

The basic premise of this chapter is that we have learned much more about building peace in the 20th century, through research and practice, than we normally tend to apply. Therefore, we will attempt an inventory of the available instruments for pursuing peace, Twenty-four peace ‘tools’ will be presented—two that were inherited from the 19th century, and twenty-two that have been developed in this century. Applying the concept ‘tools’ as a label for these twenty-four approaches can help to create a practical orientation toward their application.
Effect of ascorbic acid nutriture on blood histamine and neutrophil chemotaxis in guinea pigs.

Histamine suppresses certain immune responses, including neutrophil chemotaxis. The present study examined whether the histamine-lowering effect of ascorbate was accompanied by enhanced chemotaxis in guinea pigs. Animals were fed low ascorbate, adequate or high ascorbate diets (0.5, 2.0 or 50 mg ascorbate.100 g body wt-1.d-1) for 4 wk. Mean liver ascorbate paralleled dietary intake, and these values differed significantly. Blood histamine was significantly depressed in the high ascorbate group compared to the adequate and low ascorbate groups, and liver ascorbate was inversely correlated to blood histamine levels (r = -0.64, P less than 0.001). The random migration of neutrophils was not significantly affected by vitamin dosage. Leukocyte chemotaxis was significantly impaired in low ascorbate animals compared to that of animals with adequate ascorbate nutriture. Leukocyte chemotaxis in high ascorbate animals did not differ significantly from that in the adequate or low ascorbate groups. Furthermore, chemotaxis was significantly lower when cells extracted from animals with adequate ascorbate nutriture were incubated in low ascorbate or high ascorbate serum rather than in autologous serum. These data suggest that the histamine-lowering effect of supplemental ascorbate does not appear to enhance leukocyte chemotaxis and that serum from guinea pigs fed low or high levels of ascorbate appears to contain factors that depress chemotaxis.
Change in college students' love-styles

55 upper-division college students in two classes were administered a love-styles inventory (SAMPLE-70) at the beginning and end of the academic quarter. 25 received lectures on love and 30 did not...
Modeling of progressive damage in aligned and randomly oriented discontinuous fiber polymer matrix composites

Damage constitutive models based on micromechanical formulation and a combination of micromechanical and macromechanical damage criterions are presented to predict progressive damage in aligned and random fiber-reinforced composites. Progressive interfacial fiber debonding models are considered in accordance with a statistical function to describe the varying probability of fiber debonding. Based on an effective elastoplastic constitutive damage model for aligned fiber-reinforced composites, micromechanical damage constitutive models for two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) random fiber-reinforced composites are developed. The constitutive relations and overall yield function for aligned fiber orientations are averaged over all orientations to obtain the constitutive relations and overall yield function of 2D and 3D, random fiber-reinforced composites. Finally, the present damage models are implemented numerically and compared with experimental data to show the progressive damage behavior of random fiber-reinforced composites. Furthermore, the damage models will be implemented into a finite element program to illustrate the dynamic inelastic behavior and progressive crushing in composite structures under impact loading.
Rituais políticos e a transformação do Partido Comunista Italiano

Os rituais exercem um papel central na vida politica contemporânea, mesmo que, frequentemente, este papel nao seja reconhecido. Demonstramos, atraves da analise da transformacao, entre 1989-1991, do Partido Comunista Italiano (PCI) em um partido pos-comunista, o papel-chave do ritual na politica moderna. Ao longo deste caminho, examinamos e ilustramos as maneiras pelas quais os rituais sao empregados para propositos politicos. Apos a queda do muro de Berlim, lideres do PCI decidiram que a identidade comunista tornou-se demasiadamente estigmatizada, e que uma nova identidade era necessaria para o Partido, para que se evitasse o seu declinio. Desde a metade dos anos 1979, o segundo maior partido da Italia, o PCI, vinha constantemente perdendo suporte eleitoral. Na tentativa de mudar sua identidade, no entanto, os lideres do PCI deparam-se com a grande forca do simbolismo associado ao Comunismo na Italia. Para muitos membros, o ser "Comunista" era parte central de sua propria auto-imagem. A oposicao dentro do Partido tirou vantagem da forca deste simbolismo, e dos ritos associados a ele, para opor-se a mudanca. A inabilidade para inventar novos ritos e simbolos que tivessem o mesmo poder, deixou a lideranca vulneravel. Este artigo examina esta disputa, pensada atraves do simbolismo e do ritual, olhando para o processo pelo qual o Partido Comunista Italiano tornou-se o Partido Democratico da Esquerda (PDS).
Structural equilibria in chalcogenide glass formation. A re-examination of 31P magic-angle spinning NMR studies of the system phosphorus-arsenic-selenium☆

Abstract Results from a previous NMR study of the system phosphorus-arsenic-selenium are re-examined within a quantitative framework of mutually dependent equilibria occurring in the liquid material at and above the glass transition temperature. It is shown that the compositional dependence of the fraction of four-coordinated phosphorus atoms can be understood quantitatively by considering the interplay of two equilibria: (a) reaction of trigonal-pyramidal PSE 3 2 units with free selenium to form tetrahedral Se = PSe 3 2 groups, and (b) association of these tetrahedral groups with trigonal AsSe 3 2 units. These results reveal structural correlations among different local coordination environments in this system.
Operation of a Cherenkov counter with an ultraviolet photoionization detector

We have built and successfully operated a Cherenkov counter employing the far ultraviolet region of the spectrum to photoionize benzene in a proportional chamber. The operating conditions for such a chamber are described. The results of tests in a beam of pions are shown.
Inverse estimation of indoor airflow patterns using singular value decomposition

The fast pace in the development of indoor sensors and communication technologies is allowing a great amount of sensor data to be utilized in various areas of indoor air applications, such as estimating indoor airflow patterns. The development of such an inverse model and the design of a sensor system to collect appropriate data are discussed in this study. Algebraic approaches, including singular value decomposition (SVD), are evaluated as methods to inversely estimate airflow patterns given limited sensor measurements. In lieu of actual sensor data, computational fluid dynamics data are used to evaluate the accuracy of the airflow patterns estimated by the inverse models developed in this study. It was found that the airflow patterns estimated by the linear inverse SVD model were as accurate as those estimated by the nonlinear inverse-multizone model. For the zones tested, sensor measurements along on the walls and near the inlet and outlet provided the greatest improvement in the accuracy of the estimated airflow patterns when compared with the results using measurements from other locations.
Spontaneous electrical activity in a hydroid polyp

Abstract 1. 1. Spontaneous electrical potentials can be recorded from a microelectrode in the hydranth or distal stalk of the hydroid Tubularia crocea . These potential appears as repeating single pulse and short burst of pulses. The duration of the pulse is usually about 40 msec. 2. 2. Evidence indicates the electrical potentials are due to activity in a nerve net. The patterns of activity imply that the generating it has spontaneity, feed-back and formation of patterned bursts. These properties emphasize the complexity which can be found in even a “simple” nervous system like that coelecterates. 3. 3. The most typical pattern of activity is single pulses, repeating often fairly rhythmically at a frequency of from 1/1·5 sec-1/30 sec, interrupted at regular (10 sec to several min) or irregular intervals by a burst of 3–12 pulses at a freqeuncy of about 5/sec. There is usually a post-burst-pause. Activity can appear as only single pulses, pulses and burst, or only bursis in different preparations or in the same preparation at different times. 4. 4. Single pulses are rarely and burst never restricted to one portion of the distal polyp. The conduction velocity of potentials in the upper stalk is about 42 cm/sec. Patterns of activity can be recorded from both isolated hydranths and decapitated stalks. 5. 5. Of the several types of spontaneous polyp movements. only concerted elevation of the proximal tentacles is clearlly with electrical activity. Such concerned elevation always occurred during a burst, following a burst, or following single pulses immediately after a burst. Movements of individual proximal tentacles are sometimes associated with burst, but usually have no electrical correlates. Bursts often occur with no associated tentacle movements. No correlation was found between electrical activity and movements of distal tentacles, or between single pulses other than those immediately following bursts and visible polyp behavior. Excess Mg 2+ first abolishes spontanous polyp movements, then causes a slow reduction in the amplitude fo the recorded potentials, but does not seem to affect the freqeuncy of the potentials.
Simple classical vibrator

The Physics of Vibration. By A. B. Pippard. Vol. 1. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, London, New York and Melbourne, 1978.) £22.50.
Research on the Master Meter Method and Static Weight Method Flow Standard Device

Flow standard device not only is the reference and transferring of flow unit value, but also is widely used as experimental device .The research and application of it is an important link in the development of flow measurement and test technology. In view of the characteristics of industrial application fields, A set of "standard and combined" water flow device is researched and designed in the paper. The device will be static weight method and the standard meter method gives reasonable collocation from system scale and uncertainty synthesis, it can realize the verification and experimental studies of various velocity type flowmeter has the characteristics of high verification efficiency, low cost and high automation. More than flow meters have been calibrated on the device. It is confirmed by the operation status and the experimental data that every technology criterion has reached the design requirements, and it proved is reasonable to the design scheme about water flow standard device of master meter and static weight method.
Recent developments in infrared and visible imaging for astronomy, defense, and homeland security

Recent developments at Rockwell Scientific in the advancement of infrared and visible Focal Plane Array (FPA) technologies is presented. The technologies reviewed are hybrid silicon PIN visible, substrate-removed IR/VIS, MCT on silicon, 2-color, large format NIR FPAs, system-on-a-chip technology, and mosaic packaging. The basic aspects of each technology is described followed by a review of present performance achieved and the path for further development.
Measurements of incipient motion of sediment particles in the marine environment

Abstract During the past few years a series of measurements has been made of flow conditions and associated sediment motion occurring in several high-velocity tidal channels in Puget Sound, Washington. Measurements consist of the velocity distribution occurring within 2 m of the bed, visual observation of the occurrence of incipient grain movement, and time-lapse photography of the seabed. From these data estimates have been made of the mean bottom velocity ( U 100 ), shear velocity ( U∗ ) and Shield's friction coefficient (θt) associated with the sediment movement. Results indicate that for mean grain sizes ranging from 0.30 mm to 1.10 mm and a variety of bed configurations the critical values of U 100 , U∗ , and θt required to initiate general sediment motion agree with experimentally derived competency curves. The bed-load transport of sediment corresponding to the occurrence of general sediment motion for grain sizes approximately 0.40 mm in diameter is estimated to be 8.4·10−3 g cm−1sec−1. This movement is associated with mean velocity ( U 100 ) and shear velocity ( U∗ ) of 38.5 and 2.30 cm/sec, respectively.