cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategies To Integrate Community Engagement In Medical Student Education

Community engagement during medical education can assist in helping students to obtain the competencies necessary to be a successful community-centered physician. There is an increasing need for physicians to learn about community issues and to understand diverse community perspectives to more effectively improve the health of the community. The necessity of community engagement in medical education to address society’s health challenges is emphasized across the globe. In this article, authors share 12 tips for successfully implementing community engagement in medical student education. The tips were based on a comprehensive literature review and the authors’ experiences developing and implementing a community-engagement program, which incorporates a required two-year community-engaged scholarly project.
Induced triggered activity in isolated rat cardiac cells by incorporation of a stretch activated conductance

Stretch of the myocardium, sympathetic activity and oxidative stress have been implicated as substrates for cardiac arrhythmias. We adapted our coupling clamp circuit so that a model ionic current that represents stretch-activated channels (SACs) was injected into an isolated rat cardiac cell in real time. This current was calculated as I/sub SAC/=G/sub SAC/*(V/sub m/-E/sub SAC/), where G/sub SAC/ and E/sub SAC/ are the stretch-activated conductance and reversal potential and V/sub m/ is the membrane potential. In atrial cells, repetitive automaticity was induced by G/sub SAC/ of sufficient magnitude. Isoproterenol decreased the value of G/sub SAC/ required for automaticity (from 0.55/spl plusmn/0.06 nS to 0.33/spl plusmn/0.004 nS, p<0.01). Additionally, delayed afterdepolarizations were seen in isoproterenol. In ventricular cells, G/sub SAC/ did not produce sustained automaticity, although some transient activity occurred at high levels of G/sub SAC/ (6.0/spl plusmn/0.4 nS). In 100 /spl mu/M H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ solution, the action potential prolonged but did not have early afterdepolarizations (EADs) without G/sub SAC/. The combination of G/sub SAC/ and H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ consistently produced EADS at lower levels of G/sub SAC/ (3.2/spl plusmn/0.5 nS, n=7, p<0.05). In conclusion, triggered activity can be induced in isolated rat cardiac cells by application of a model of SACs and exposure to sympathetic stimulation or oxidative stress enhances the effects of stretch.
On the Intensifier 'propre' ('own') in French: a Counterpart of '-même' ('-self') in Possessive DPs?

(1) a. Paul lui-meme va venir. Paul himself is_going_to come ‘Paul himself will come.’ (and not only his sister) b. Dans un moment de folie, Michel a tue ses propres enfants. in a moment of madness Michel has killed his own children ‘In a moment of madness, Michel killed his own children.’ (and not only the neighbors' children) b'. the children of Michel himself c. Dans un moment de folie, Michel a tue ses propres enfants. in a moment of madness Michel has killed his own children ‘In a moment of madness, Michel killed his own children.’ (and not only the neighbors) c'. Michel's children themselves
High Rayleigh Number Flows in a Cubical Enclosure

High Rayleigh number (Ra) natural convective flows in cubical enclosures were investigated using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). Here the bottom of the cavity was heated while the top was cooled, each maintained at a different constant temperature, with the sidewalls insulated. The Prandtl number was maintained at 2.5 and the Ra varied between 106 and 108 . In order to observe the transition to turbulence with increasing Ra, power spectrum slopes were compared with Kolmogorov’s −5/3 rule for turbulent flows. At the higher Ra studied, the flows showed characteristics typically attributed to “chaotic” flows. However, the transition to full turbulence was not observed, which is expected around Ra ∼ 109 and may not be predicted using DNS with the state-of-the-art computing technology.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Clinical applications of the altered iron kinetics of toxemia of pregnancy.

Abstract The previously reported elevation of serum iron in association with toxemia of pregnancy was evaluated to determine if this chemical test could be clinically useful. When patients with toxemia and pregnant women with chronic hypertension were compared, a serum iron value >100 μg/dl or an increase >70% above baseline was a sensitive and specific indicator of toxemia. The predictive value is high and exceeds that of other commonly available tests. The clinical value of this model is discussed.
The Trials of the Scottsboro Boys

No crime in American history - let alone a crime that never occurred - produced as many trials, convictions, reversals, and retrials as did an alleged gang rape of two white girls by nine black teenagers on a Southern Railroad freight run on March 25, 1931. Over the course of the two decades that followed, the struggle for justice of the Scottsboro Boys, as the black teens were called, made celebrities out of anonymities, launched and ended careers, wasted lives, produced heroes, opened southern juries to blacks, exacerbated sectional strife, and divided America's political left.
Consumer Movements, History of

Over the span of the twentieth century, there were four major consumer movements in the United States. Each of these organized efforts arose in response to economic, social, and political changes that affected citizens in their role as consumers, and each involved a range of strategies to alter asymmetries between producer and consumer and to pass legislative reforms for this purpose. The first such movement, which emerged in the early 1900s, during the Progressive era, called for changes to deplorable industry work and production practices through consumer protection laws. The second, which occurred in the 1930s, was a response to the proliferation of advertising after World War I, and was led by consumer advocates demanding informative advertising and quality standards for goods. The third movement arose in the 1960s and continued into the following decade, calling for regulatory reforms and stricter government oversight of corporate conduct. Consumers rallied yet again in the twentieth century, echoing a century of unresolved demands, but this time in a global context. Keywords: consumerism; consumption; social movements and social change
Radiocarbon in dissolved organic carbon of the South Pacific Ocean

Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) originates mainly from primary production using dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that has young 14C ages. Paradoxically, the 14C age of deep DOC ranges from 4000 to 6400 14C years, indicating that a portion of DOC survives multiple, deep ocean mixing cycles. Here we show that 14C ages of DOC from the deep South Pacific are equal to those from the deep north central Pacific. This is contrary to DIC 14C ages that increase from south to north in the deep Pacific. We hypothesize that DOC in the South Pacific is influenced by input of ancient DOC from hydrothermal flanks and ridges of the East Pacific Rise. We show that DOC Δ14C values in the deep Pacific are not controlled by aging during northward transport of deep waters, indicating that the deep oceanic carbon cycle needs reassessment.
Molecular Basis of Residue 192 Participation in Determination of Coagulation Protease Specificity

Residue 192 (chymotrypsin numbering system) in thrombin, activated protein C, and factor Xa contributes to the specificity of these enzymes toward their substrates and inhibitors. A Glu192Gln mutation in both thrombin and activated protein C yielded enzymes that reacted better with some, but not all, of their natural substrates and inhibitors. To determine whether the specificity change is due to productive interactions of Gln192 with substrates and inhibitors or elimination of repulsive electrostatic interactions, we prepared forms of thrombin, des-(1–45)-factor Xa and activated des-(1–45)-protein C with Glu, Gln, or Met at position 192 and compared their activities toward inhibitors and substrates. All mutants had nearly normal amidolytic activity. The Glu192Gln and Glu192Met mutations of thrombin and activated des-(1–45)-protein C increased the second-order rate constant (k2) of inhibition by α1-antitrypsin about 700-fold and 170-fold for thrombin, and 185-fold and 150-fold for activated des-(1–45)-protein C, respectively. [E192]faxtor Xa, but not [M192]factor Xa, was resistant to inhibition by α1-antitrypsin. GluGln or GluMet mutants of both thrombin and activated des-(1–45)-protein C were effectively inhibited by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (Ki<200 nM) and, except for [M192]thrombin, by bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Ki<60 nM). With respect to substrate cleavage, Glu192Gln and Glu192Met mutations of activated des-(1–45)-protein C both inactivated factor Va 2–3-fold faster than activated des-(1–45)-protein C. Thrombin and [M192]thrombin activated protein C at similar slow rates compared to rapid activation by [Q192]thrombin. The Gln192Glu and Gln192Met mutants of des-(1–45)-factor Xa activated prethrombin 1, 8–11-fold slower than wild-type enzyme. With thrombomodulin or factor Va present, these differences in protein C and prethrombin 1 activation rates were decreased to about 2-fold. We conclude that residue 192 contribution to enzyme specificity is achieved by both productive and repulsive interactions and that the magnitude and nature of the participation varies among enzymes, substrates, and inhibitors.
Object release in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Fingertip forces were examined in eight subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) both OFF and ON medication and eight age-matched control subjects during the replacement and release of an instrumented object on a table. While the employed grip forces were similar in the PD subjects and controls, four PD subjects had greater than 25% increases in their grip forces ON compared to OFF medication. The PD subjects also had a greater reduction in their grip forces prior to table contact. However, the rate and duration of isometric force decrease following table contact were similar to the controls', and the forces were scaled according to the object's weight. This suggests that most aspects of object release are not greatly disrupted, and emphasizes the specificity of impairment in PD.
FEATURED ABSTRACT Correlation of treadmill test outomes with symptom improvement after treatment for aortoiliac claudication

Purpose The CLEVER Study (Claudication: Exercise Vs. Endoluminal Revascularization) previously reported superior treadmill peak walking time at 6 months when claudicants are treated with supervised exercise compared with stent revascularization. Conversely, it also showed better symptom improvement at 6 months for stent than supervised exercise. The purpose of this post-hoc analysis is to examine the relationship of disease-specific QOL (i.e., symptom) improvement with treadmill test outcomes, using data from CLEVER Study participants. Materials and Methods Multivariable regression analyses were done on treadmill test walking performance (peak walking performance and claudication onset time) using the 5 scales of the Peripheral Artery Questionnaire (PAQ) and Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ), to examine the correlation and treatment group interaction effects. Results The correlation between change in symptoms and change in peak treadmill test walking performance showed a significant interaction effect with treatment group. Symptom improvement correlated with peak treadmill walking performance for those treated with stents but not for those treated with supervised exercise. There was a much larger improvement in symptoms for each minute of improvement in peak treadmill walking for stent compared with supervised exercise. In contrast, there was no significant treatment group interaction for claudication onset time on the treadmill, and improvements in symptoms correlated well with increases in claudication onset time, with no significant interaction with treatment group for any of the 5 scales. Conclusion Six month results from the CLEVER study show that although supervised exercise resulted in superior peak treadmill walking than stent revascularization, peak treadmill walking did not correlate with improved symptoms in that treatment group, whereas it did for the stent group. Treadmill claudication onset time may be a better endpoint for claudication treatment strategy trials, because symptom improvement and walking performance are both measured by it, independent of treatment group.
Comparison of particle light scattering and fine particulate matter mass in central California.

Particle light scattering (Bsp) from nephelometers and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass determined by filter samplers are compared for summer and winter at 35 locations in and around California’s San Joaquin Valley from December 2, 1999 to February 3, 2001. The relationship is described using particle mass scattering efficiency (sp) derived from linear regression of Bsp on PM2.5 that can be applied to estimated PM2.5 from nephelometer data within the 24-hr filter sampling periods and between the every-6th-day sampling frequency. An average of sp 4.9 m 2 /g was found for all of the sites and seasons; however, sp averaged by site type and season provided better PM2.5 estimates. On average, the sp was lower in summer than winter, consistent with lower relative humidities, lower fractions of hygroscopic ammonium nitrate, and higher contributions from fugitive dust. Winter average sp were similar at non-source-dominated sites, ranging from 4.8 m 2 /g to 5.9 m 2 /g. The sp was 2.3 m 2 /g at the roadside, 3.7 m 2 /g at a dairy farm, and 4.1 m 2 /g in the Kern County oilfields. Comparison of Bsp from nephelometers with and without a PM2.5 inlet at the Fresno Supersite showed that coarse particles contributed minor amounts to light scattering. This was confirmed by poorer correlations between Bsp and coarse particulate matter measured during a fall sampling period.
GESTATIONAL CHORIOCARCINOMA PRESENTING AS HEMOTHORAX

Choriocarcinoma include a spectrum of chorionic neoplasms that may be gestational or non-gestational. By virtue of their high vascularity and affinity of trophoblast for blood vessels, metastases often occur early, and the most common site of such metastases is the lung. Metastatic pleural effusions from choriocarcinoma are infrequent. Pleural seeding usually results from extension of a sub-pleural peripheral nodule. We describe a case of gestational choriocarcinoma whose clinical presentation was medical like hemothorax as in our case rather than gynecologic.
Observational studies of dopamine D1 and D2 agonists in squirrel monkeys.

The behavioral effects of selective D1 and D2, nonselective, and indirectly acting dopamine agonists were compared in squirrel monkeys using continuous observation procedures. D1 agonists including SKF 81297, SKF 82958, andR(+)-6-Br-APB produced dose-dependent increases in the frequencies of stationary postures and head movements and had little or no effect on either huddling or scratching. In contrast, SKF 75670 andR-SKF 38393, which are considered to be D1 partial agonists, had effects comparable to those of the D1 antagonist SCH 39166. That is, the D1 partial agonists increased the duration of huddling without greatly altering the frequencies of stationary postures, head movements, or scratching. Unlike the D1 agonists, the D2 agonists (+)-PHNO, quinpirole, and bromocriptine increased the frequency of scratching, but did not consistently alter other observable behaviors. The indirect dopamine agonists cocaine, GBR 12909, andd-amphetamine and the nonselective D1/D2 agonist CY 208–243, but not (−)apomorphine, had effects comparable to those of D1 agonists such as SKF 81297. That is, each of these drugs increased the frequencies of stationary postures and head movements with little or no effect on scratching or huddling. Additionally, effects of the D1 agonist SKF 82958 and the indirect dopamine agonist cocaine were surmountably antagonized by the D1 antagonist SCH 39166. The present results show that: 1) behavioral effects of D1 and D2 agonists in monkeys are qualitatively different; 2) D1 agonists presumed to differ in intrinsic activity have dissimilar effects; and 3) effects of indirect dopamine agonists are comparable to those of D1 agonists with presumably high intrinsic activity.
Is Winning Everything? A Data Envelopment Analysis of Major League Baseball and the National Football League

The data envelopment analysis technique is used to measure franchise payroll efficiency in the National Football League (NFL) from 1981 to 2000 and Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1985 to 2001. This article shows that there is a significant difference in the level of franchise inefficiency between MLB and the NFL because of the different financial structure in these leagues. MLB franchises, with little revenue sharing and no salary cap, tend to be less efficient than NFL franchises. Big spending and inefficient MLB franchises tend to come from large media markets, although this is not the case in the NFL. This article also shows that NFL franchise efficiency significantly improved after the salary cap was introduced in 1994.
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma: long-term outcome of ocular and systemic involvement.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report long-term outcomes of patients with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, to investigate the propriety of therapeutic surgical excision or debulking, and to study tissue specimens by immunoperoxidase staining and in situ hybridization. METHODS: Medical records of all patients at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma between 1980 and 1997 were reviewed. A follow-up letter was sent to each patient inquiring about the current status of the lesions, the treatment regimen, and associated systemic diseases. RESULTS: The average age (± standard deviation) of the 15 men and 11 women was 56.8 ± 14.8 years. Of the 26 patients, 21 (81%) had lesions of the ocular adnexa. Ulceration of the lesions occurred in 11 patients (42%). The lesions recurred after surgical removal in 11 patients (42%) and on prior incision sites from unrelated operations in three patients (12%). The average duration of follow-up from the appearance of characteristic skin lesions was 10 ± 6.1 years. Four patients had multiple myeloma, five had a plasma cell dyscrasia, and one had a lymphoproliferative disorder during this period. Time to development of associated malignancy ranged from 8 years before the skin lesions to 11 years after the skin lesions. Overall survival was 100% at 10 years and 90% at 15 years (95% confidence limit, 0.73 to 1.00). Immunoperoxidase stains demonstrated that most histiocytes are not of Langerhans cell lineage. Monoclonal immune globulins were not identified in tissue specimens. CONCLUSION: Care of patients with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma should include avoidance of surgical removal, if possible, and lifelong follow-up to detect the development of associated malignancy.
The in situ generation and trapping of some fluorine-substituted ketenes

Abstract Fluoroketene, difluoroketene, methylfluoroketene, trifluoromethylfluoroketene, and phenylfluoroketene were each generated, in situ , via dehydrohalogenation of the respective acid chlorides. In the presence of cyclopentadiene [2 + 2] adducts were obtained in all but the difluoroketene case. In the absence of cyclopentadiene, low temperature 19 F nmr indicated the presence of acyl ammonium salts and enolates, potential precursors of the ketenes, but no actual ketene species could unambiguously be detected. The stereochemical results were consistent with the currently accepted steric-based mechanistic rationale for stereochemical determination in ketene cycloadditions.
Molecular characterization of nitrogen-containing species in switchgrass bio-oils at various harvest times

Abstract Nitrogen-containing species in bio-oils obtained from fast pyrolysis of switchgrass were studied using high resolution mass spectrometry at various harvest times throughout the year. Almost three hundred chemical compositions of nitrogen species were determined through efficient ionization and accurate mass information. N2 is the most abundant heteroatom class, followed by NO, N2O, NO2, and N1 compounds. Nitrogen species, especially N2 compounds, dominate the bio-oil spectra in early summer, but decrease significantly in later harvest times. From the contour plots of double bond equivalent versus carbon number and tandem mass spectrometric analysis, the major structural motif for N1 and NO class compounds are assigned as pyridine and that of N2 class compounds as imidazole. The dramatic decrease of N2 class compounds in delayed harvest bio-oils is well correlated with the decomposition of proteins, represented by imidazole as a pyrolysis product of histidine, as the senescence of the perennial plant proceeds. Some of the heterocyclic aromatic compounds are also found in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, further supporting our analysis.
Lessons from babies: inducing HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies.

A new study in infants shows that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV can be found early in life, demonstrating for the first time that these antibodies can be induced by the infant immune system.
Assessment of model simulation of long-distance transport

Abstract The ability of trajectory models and meteorological data bases to simulate long-distance transport of air pollutants is assessed by comparing trajectories of tetroons and tetroon grounding locations from several recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency field studies with diagnostic trajectories computed from National Weather Service wind measurements. Trajectories from three different models were used in the assessment; trajectories based on 24-h surface wind data, isentropic trajectories based on 12-h NWS radiosonde data and boundary layer trajectories based on 6- and 12-h NWS radiosonde data. The results suggest that a large uncertainty is inherent in diagnostic trajectories, regardless of the model or wind data used.
Measurement of quality in child care centers

Assessment of quality of care in 363 classrooms with infants, toddlers, and preschool children was conducted in 120 child care centers in three states with widely varying regulations. Three major process measures, InfantToddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS; Harms, Cryer & Clifford, 1987), Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS; Harms & Clifford, 1980), and the Assessment Profile for Early Childhood Programs (Abbott-Shim & Sibley, 1987) were included. Regulatable aspects of quality of child care included ratio of caregivers to children, group size, teacher training in child development or child care, teacher education, highest wage paid to a teacher in the center, and staff turnover. The goal of the study was to evaluate how well the quality of child care is measured by process and regulatable variables. For research purposes, the process measures proved to be highly redundant, both internally and with each other. Much smaller sets of items, drawn randomly from the instruments' item pools, were found to be perfectly acceptable measures of quality of care. Regulatable measures did not prove to be acceptable measures of quality care, except for teachers' wages, which were highly correlated with process measures of quality.
Allegorically speaking: Intertextuality of the postmodern culture and its impact on print and television advertising

We propose a framework for classifying postmodern advertising discourse that places intertextuality at the creative center of media convergence. Allegorical references provide connections between advertising texts and other texts. At the same time as technological developments are enabling media to converge in an electronic sense (video and audio integrated with computer networks), the tendency for advertising to depend upon other forms of communication for fall meaning is also growing. This tendency is described and discussed in the context of postmodern thought and of the tension between advertising's utilitarian and aesthetic goals.
Compatibility of current DSM-IV and proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for cocaine use disorders.

Abstract Objectives The present study examined the compatibility of the current DSM-IV and proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for cocaine use disorders (CUD) among state prison inmates, and evaluated the diagnostic utility of the proposed criteria in accounting for DSM-IV “diagnostic orphans” (i.e., individuals who meet one or two of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence yet fail to report indications of substance abuse). Method Data were derived from routine clinical assessments of adult male inmates ( N = 6871) recently admitted to the Minnesota Department of Corrections state prison system from 2000 to 2003. An automated (i.e., computer-prompted) version of the Substance Use Disorder Diagnostic Schedule-IV (SUDDS-IV; Hoffmann & Harrison, 1995) was administered to all inmates as part of routine assessments. DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria were coded using proposed guidelines. Results The past 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV CUDs was 12.7% (Abuse, 3.8%, Dependence, 8.9%), while 11.0% met past 12-month DSM-5 criteria for a CUD (Moderate [MCUD], 1.7%; Severe [SCUD], 9.3%). When DSM-5 criteria were applied, 11.8% of the DSM-IV diagnostic orphans received a MCUD diagnosis. The vast majority of those with no diagnosis (99.6%) continued to have no diagnosis, and a similar proportion who met dependence criteria (98.4%) met SCUD criteria of the proposed DSM-5. Most of the variation in diagnostic classifications was accounted for by those with a current abuse diagnosis. Conclusions The proposed DSM-5 criteria perform similarly to DSM-IV criteria in terms of the observed past 12-month CUD prevalence and diagnostic classifications. The proposed criteria appear to account for diagnostic orphans that may warrant a diagnosis. DSM-IV abuse cases were most affected when DSM-5 criteria were applied. Additional criteria, beyond those included in the proposed DSM-5 changes, concerning use to relieve emotional stress and preoccupation with use were frequently endorsed by those with a proposed DSM-5 diagnosis.
The effects of retinal abnormalities on the multifocal visual evoked potential.

PURPOSE To examine the effects on the amplitude and latency of the multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) in retinal diseases associated with depressed multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG). METHODS Static automated perimetry (SAP), mfERGs, and mfVEPs were obtained from 15 individuals seen by neuro-ophthalmologists and diagnosed with retinal disease based on funduscopic examination, visual field, and mfERG. Optic neuropathy was ruled out in all cases. Diagnoses included autoimmune retinopathy (n = 3), branch retinal arterial occlusion (n = 3), branch retinal vein occlusion (n = 1), vitamin A deficiency (n = 1), digoxin/age-related macular degeneration (n = 1), multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (n = 1), and nonspecific retinal disease (n = 5). Patients were selected from a larger group based on abnormal mfERG amplitudes covering a diameter of 20 degrees or greater. RESULTS Fourteen (93%) of 15 patients showed significant mfVEP delays, as determined by either mean latency or the probability of a cluster of delayed local responses. Thirteen of 15 patients had normal mfVEP amplitudes in regions corresponding to markedly reduced or nonrecordable mfERG responses. These findings can be mimicked in normal individuals by viewing the display through a neutral-density filter. CONCLUSIONS Retinal diseases can result in mfVEPs of relatively normal amplitudes, often with delays, in regions showing decreased mfERG responses and visual field sensitivity loss. Consequently, a retinal problem can be missed, or dismissed as functional, if a diagnosis is based on an mfVEP of normal or near-normal amplitude. Further, in patients with marked mfVEP delays, a retinal problem could be confused with optic neuritis, especially in a patient with a normal appearing fundus.
Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of metal(II) complexes prepared withN-2-(5-picolyl)-N′-phenylthiourea

The chlorides and bromides of cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) along with the acetates of the latter two metal ions and copper(II) tetrafluoroborate were used to prepare complexes ofN-2-(5-picolyl)-N′-phenylthiourea (5MTUH). 5MTUH coordinates as a bidentate ligand via the pyridyl nitrogen and the sulphur atoms in the cobalt(II) complexes and the compounds isolated with Cu(BF4)2 and CuCl2. Complexes of stoichiometry [Cu(5MTU)X] (X=Br or C2H3O2) appear to have the deprotonated ligand coordinated via the pyridyl andN′ thioamide nitrogens and the sulphur atom. The nickel(II) complexes involve monodentate 5MTUH with sulphur being the donor atom. A violet, octahedral [Co(5MTUH)2Cl2] complex and a blue, tetrahedral [Co(5MTUH)Cl2] complex have been isolated, but with CoBr2 only an octahedral complex could be prepared.
Laparoscopic surgery for patients with Crohn's colitis: a case-matched study.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to compare short and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic colectomy with open colectomy in patients with Crohn’s disease confined to the colon.
Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on sleep and amygdala-kindled seizure thresholds in cats.

This study examined the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on sleep and seizure susceptibility in amygdala-kindled cats. Six cats with stable seizure thresholds were treated with 150 mg/kg of chloramphenicol or its cogener, thiamphenicol, at 12-h intervals over a 30-h period. State pattern variables were monitored continuously during the first 18 h. At 30 h, kindled seizure thresholds were measured in terms of minimum stimulus intensities (μA) required to elicit generalized tonic clonic convulsions. All cats were exposed to both drugs, with a 1-week intertial interval and the order of drug treatment counterbalanced. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was significantly attenuated after chloramphenicol but was unaffected by thiamphenicol, as previously shown. Seizure thresholds were unaltered regardless of changes in sleep state physiology. The results extend previous work showing that protein synthesis inhibitors which suppress REM sleep increase seizure susceptibility only in animals that are either highly predisposed to seizures or that display REM sleep disruption as the sole sleep deficit associated with their seizure condition.
Extent of intraoperative muscle dissection does not affect long-term outcomes after minimally invasive surgery versus open-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery: A prospective longitudinal cohort study

Background Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) versus open TLIF, addressing lumbar degenerative disc disease (DDD) or grade I spondylolisthesis (DS), are associated with shorter hospital stays, decreased blood loss, quicker return to work, and equivalent short- and long-term outcomes. However, no prospective study has assessed whether the extent of intraoperative muscle trauma utilizing creatinine phosphokinase levels (CPK) differently impacts long-term outcomes. Methods Twenty-one patients underwent MIS-TLIF (n = 14) versus open-TLIF (n = 7) for DDD or DS. Serum CPK levels were measured at baseline, and postoperatively (days 1, 7, and 1.5, 3 and 6 months). The correlation between the extent of intraoperative muscle trauma and two-year improvement in functional disability was evaluated (multivariate regression analysis). Additionally, baseline and two-year changes in Visual Analog Scale (VAS)-leg pain (LP), VAS-back pain (BP), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Short-Form-36 (SF-36) Physical Component Score (PCS) and SF-36 Mental Component Score (MCS), and postoperative satisfaction with surgical care were assessed. Results Although the mean change from baseline in the serum creatine phosphokinase level on POD 1 was greater for MIS-TLIF (628.07) versus open-TLF (291.42), this did not correlate with lesser two-year improvement in functional disability. Both cohorts also showed similar two-year improvement in VAS-LP, ODI, and SF-36 PCS/MCS. Conclusion Increased intraoperative muscle trauma unexpectedly observed in higher postoperative CPK levels for MIS-TLIF versus open-TLIF did not correlate with any differences in two-year improvement in pain and functional disability.
Localization and characterization of neuropeptide Y-like peptides in the brain and islet organ of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus)

Results from a previous report demonstrate that more than one molecular form of neuropeptide Y-like peptide may be present in the islet organ of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus). Most of the neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive material was anglerfish peptide YG, which is expressed in a subset of islet cells, whereas an additional neuropeptide Y-like peptide(s) was localized in islet nerves. To learn more about the neuropeptide Y-like peptides in islet nerves, we have employed immunohistochemical and biochemical methods to compare peptides found in anglerfish islets and brain. Using antisera that selectively react with either mammalian forms of neuropeptide Y or with anglerfish peptide YG, subsets of neurons were found in the brain that labelled with only one or the other of the antisera. In separate sections, other neurons that were labelled with either antiserum exhibited similar morphologies. Peptides from brains and islets were subjected to gel filtration and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Radioimmunoassays employing either the neuropeptide Y or peptide YG antisera were used to examine chromatographic eluates. Immunoreactive peptides having retention times of human neuropeptide Y and porcine neuropeptide Y were identified in extracts of both brain and islets. This indicates that peptides structurally similar to both of these peptides from the neuropeptide Y-pancreatic polypeptide family are expressed in neurons of anglerfish brain and nerve fibers of anglerfish islets. The predominant form of neuropeptide Y-like peptide in islets was anglerfish peptide YG. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive peptides from islet extracts that had chromatographic retention times identical to human neuropeptide Y and porcine neuropeptide Y were present in much smaller quantities. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that peptides having significant sequence homology with human neuropeptide Y and porcine neuropeptide Y are present in the nerve fibers that permeate the islet.
Disruption of bovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos by urea and acidic pH.

Abstract Feeding cattle diets high in degradable crude protein (CP) or in excess of requirements can reduce fertility and lower uterine pH. Objectives were to determine direct effects of urea and acidic pH during oocyte maturation and embryonic development. For experiment 1, oocytes were matured in medium containing 0, 5, 7.5, or 10m M urea (0, 14, 21, or 28mg/dl urea nitrogen, respectively). Cleavage rate was not reduced by any concentration of urea. However, the proportion of oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage at d 8 after insemination was reduced by 7.5m M urea. In addition, the proportion of cleaved oocytes becoming blastocysts was decreased by 5 and 7.5m M urea. For experiment 2, putative zygotes were collected ∼9h after insemination and cultured in modified Potassium Simplex Optimized Medium (KSOM). Urea did not reduce the proportion of oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage, although 10m M urea reduced cleavage rate slightly. For experiment 3, dimethadione (DMD), a weak nonmetabolizable acid, was used to decrease culture medium pH. Putative zygotes were cultured in modified KSOM containing 0, 10, 15, or 20m M DMD for 8 d. DMD reduced cleavage rate at 15 and 20m M and development to the blastocyst stage at all concentrations. Results support the idea that feeding diets rich in highly degradable CP compromises fertility through direct actions of urea on the oocyte and through diet-induced alterations in uterine pH.
Crystalline boson phases in harmonic traps: beyond the Gross-Pitaevskii mean field.

Strongly-interacting bosons in two-dimensional harmonic traps are described through breaking of rotational symmetry at the Hartree-Fock level and subsequent symmetry restoration via projection techniques, thus incorporating correlations beyond the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) solution. The bosons localize and form polygonal-ringlike crystalline patterns, both for a repulsive contact potential and a Coulomb interaction, as revealed via conditional-probability-distribution analysis. For neutral bosons, the total energy of the crystalline phase saturates in contrast to the GP solution, and its spatial extent becomes smaller than that of the GP condensate. For charged bosons, the total energy and dimensions approach the values of classical pointlike charges in their equilibrium configuration. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.230405 PACS numbers: 03.75.Hh, 03.75.Nt
Significance of QRS Complex Duration in Patients With Heart Failure

Prolongation of QRS (≥120 ms) occurs in 14% to 47% of heart failure (HF) patients. Left bundle branch block is far more common than right bundle branch block. Left-sided intraventricular conduction delay is associated with more advanced myocardial disease, worse left ventricular (LV) function, poorer prognosis, and a higher all-cause mortality rate compared with narrow QRS complex. It also predisposes heart failure patients to an increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias, but the incidence of cardiac or sudden death remains unclear because of limited observations. A progressive increase in QRS duration worsens the prognosis. No electrocardiographic measure is specific enough to provide subgroup risk categorization for excluding or selecting HF patients for prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy. In ICD patients with HF, a wide underlying QRS complex more than doubles the cardiac mortality compared with a narrow QRS complex. There is a high incidence of an elevated defibrillation threshold at the time of ICD implantation in patients with QRS ≥200 ms. Mechanical LV dyssynchrony potentially treatable by ventricular resynchronization occurs in about 70% of HF patients with left-sided intraventricular conduction delay, a fact that would explain the lack of therapeutic response in about 30% of patients subjected to ventricular resynchronization according to standard criteria relying on QRS duration. The duration of the basal QRS complex does not reliably predict the clinical response to ventricular resynchronization, and QRS narrowing after cardiac resynchronization therapy does not correlate with hemodynamic and clinical improvement. Mechanical LV dyssynchrony is best shown by evolving echocardiographic techniques (predominantly tissue Doppler imaging) currently in the process of standardization.
Long-term impacts of fish provisioning on the behavior and survival of wild bottlenose dolphins

Abstract To promote close encounters with wildlife, humans sometimes provision wild animals with food. However such practices can be harmful, and the impacts of human provisioning on wild animals can be difficult to determine, especially indirect effects such as those on the offspring of provisioned animals. In Shark Bay, Australia, a small subset of the resident population of bottlenose dolphins is regularly provisioned with fish handouts under the supervision of the West Australian Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). Previous studies have shown that calves born to provisioned females experienced reduced care and higher mortality relative to calves of non-provisioned mothers. These results led to changes in the management practices in 1994, which we assessed the efficacy of by comparing (1) calf mortality before and after the intervention and (2) behavior of provisioned with non-provisioned dolphins in the population. Although calves born to provisioned females exhibited higher survivorship (86.7%) than before the intervention (23.1%, χ2 = 9.05, df = 1, p = 0.003, N = 28), group differences in maternal and calf activity budgets were still observed over the course of calf development. Provisioned mothers provided less care to their calves and their calves appeared to compensate by foraging more and separating more from their mothers compared to their non-provisioned counterparts (N = 114 calves). Our study shows that careful regulation and reduced wildlife provisioning can increase calf survivorship, but behavioral development continues to be affected.
RNA editing: new insights into the storage and expression of genetic information.

Abstract Kinetoplastid flagellates, and possibly other parasites and viruses, have evolved a novel form of gene regulation at different phases of their life cycle by ‘editing' their own RNA transcripts. This article discusses the significance of the process and proposes a hypothesis to explain how it may be done.
The level structure of 20Na and the impact upon the stellar reaction rate for 19Ne(p, γ)20Na

Abstract The level structure of 20Na up to 3.6 MeV excitation energy has been investigated via the 20Ne(3He, t)20Na charge exchange reaction. The observed bound and unbound states are discussed in terms of the analog structure of the A = 20, T = 1 triplet. The partial widths of the unbound levels have been calculated to derive the resonance strengths of these states in the 19Ne(p, γ)20Na reaction channel. The stellar reaction rate for 19Ne(p, γ)20Na has been calculated and is compared with previous estimates.
Mid-season physical fitness profile of interagency hotshot firefighters

The purpose of this study was to generate a physical fitness profile of an interagency hotshot crew mid-way through the wildland fire season. Twenty interagency hotshot crew firefighters completed measures of body composition, aerobic fitness, hamstring flexibility, muscular strength, explosive strength and muscular endurance. Firefighters exhibited 12.9 ± 2.3% body fat, scored 9.4 ± 0.4 min on the 1.5-mile (2.41 km) run, 48.8 ± 5.3 cm on the sit-and-reach test, 63.7 ± 8.2 kg and 58.7 ± 7.6 kg for right- and left-hand grip strength, and 55.9 ± 9.9 cm on the vertical jump. Firefighters scored 45 ± 12 for push-ups, 60 ± 6 for sit-ups and 13 ± 4 for pull-ups. All fitness scores were at or above average compared with sex- and age-corrected norms, and interagency hotshot crew-specific recommendations for completion of the 1.5-mile run, push-up, sit-up and pull-up tests. Although these data provide a cross-sectional gauge of mid-season fitness parameters, it is unclear how the occupational stresses of the job alter common measures of fitness in interagency hotshot crews. Future research may help highlight seasonal fluctuations in physical fitness, and the effect of physical fitness training on fitness parameters throughout the fire season.
Comparison of flexible sigmoidoscopy with other diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of rectocolon neoplasia

Flexible sigmoidoscopy was compared to rigid sigmoidoscopy in the detection of colorectal neoplasia in a select group of patients. A distance of 30 cm or greater was obtained by flexible sigmoidoscopy in 94% of patients and a distance of 50 cm or greater in 46% of patients. A significant number of cancers and adenomas detected by flexible sigmoidoscopy were not detected by rigid sigmoidoscopy. Flexible sigmoidoscopy was tolerated better than rigid sigmoidoscopy but required twice the time. Flexible sigmoidoscopy could be combined with air-contrast barium enema the same day with the one preparation and did not interfere with the x-ray examination. All cancers and a significant number of adenomas detected subsequently on colonoscopy were detected by the combination of flexible sigmoidoscopy and air-contrast barium enema. Although the combination of flexible sigmoidoscopy and air-contrast barium enema is not adequate for thorough diagnostic evaluation of patients with a positive screening test, it may be of value in other select clinical situations. Flexible sigmoidoscopy has the potential for higher yield and better patient tolerance as compared to rigid sigmoidoscopy. This warrants further evaluation.
Income Effects, Wealth Effects, and Multiple Equilibria in Trade Models with Durable Goods*

We examine the conditions for multiplicity of equilibrium in a dynamic, two-country model of trade with a durable good of the type proposed by Shimomura (1993, 2004). If trade must balance in each period, we show that there will be a unique autarkic steady-state equilibrium and that the principle of comparative advantage will hold if the nondurable good is not inferior. A necessary condition for the existence of multiple steady-state equilibria with free trade is that the marginal propensity to consume a good be higher in the exporting country. We provide an example with three steady states where the “extreme” steady states are saddle points and the “middle” steady state will be either a source or a sink, depending on the intertemporal elasticity of substitution. If there is international lending, this example has the property that there is a range of initial endowments for which there are three distinct and Pareto-optimal (saddle) paths that can be equilibria. We also show that there must be a unique saddle path from any endowment point with international capital markets when preferences are identical, homothetic, and have constant intertemporal elasticity of substitution.
A Method of Processing of Involute Profiles of Large-Module Gear Wheels

The article presents a study on the influence of changes in the angle of rotation of the tool axis produced relative to the involute profile on the accuracy of its approximation of the hyperboloid tool and also the effect on the accuracy of the generating line segmentation.
Accentuated Intraday Stock Price Volatility: What is the Cause?

In equity markets, the opening and closing of trading are particularly stressful periods. Ozenbas, Pagano, and Schwartz investigate the quality of price determination at these times (compared to midday periods) for large-, mid-, and smallcapitalization stocks on the NYSE, NASDAQ, and London Stock Exchange. Using three different metrics, they consistently find lower quality at both the open and the close.The deterioration of market quality at openings is greatest for large-cap stocks, but no systematic association with cap size is observed at the close. Large-cap stocks evidently lead smaller-cap stocks in finding new equilibrium values, and accentuated volatility at the open is in large part attributable to the complexities of price discovery.
Phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria)

Sea anemones (order Actiniaria) are among the most diverse and successful members of the anthozoan subclass Hexacorallia, being found at all depths and latitudes and in all marine habitats. Members of this group exhibit the greatest variation in anatomy, biology, and life history in Hexacorallia, and lack any morphological synapomorphy. Nonetheless, previous molecular phylogenetic studies have found that Actiniaria is monophyletic with respect to other extant hexacorallians. However, relationships within Actiniaria have remained unresolved, as none of these earlier works have included sufficient taxon sampling to estimate relationships within Actiniaria. We have analyzed sequences from two mitochondrial and two nuclear markers for representatives of approximately half of the family-level diversity within the order, and present the first phylogenetic tree for Actiniaria. We concur with previous studies that have suggested that molecular evolution is unusually slow in this group. We determine that taxonomic groups based on the absence of features tend not to be recovered as monophyletic, but that at least some classical anatomical features define monophyletic groups.