cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of para halogen modification of S-3-(phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2- methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamides on metabolism and clearance

The purpose of this study was to better understand why para-halogen modifications of S-3-(4-halophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl) propionamide selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) had the opposite of expected effects on total clearance, in which electron-withdrawing groups generally protect benzene ring from hydroxylation. We determined the plasma protein binding of this series of halogen substituted SARMs and characterized the qualitative effects of B-ring halogen substitution on in vivo metabolism. In vivo metabolism of S-9, S-10, and S-11 were determined in rats using LC-MS(n) analysis. Intrinsic clearance was measured by in vitro metabolism using rat liver microsomes. Rat plasma protein binding was measured by equilibrium dialysis and drug concentrations after dialysis were analyzed by LC-MS. The major metabolic pathways of the halogen-substituted SARMs examined were very similar and included three major phase I pathways; (1) hydrolysis of the amide bond, (2) B-ring hydroxylation, and (3) A-ring nitro reduction to an aromatic amine. In plasma protein binding studies, S-1 (F, fu = 0.78 ± 0.17 %) showed the greatest unbound fraction, followed by S-9 (Cl, fu = 0.10 ± 0.04 %), S-10 (Br, fu = 0.03 ± 0.01 %), and S-11 (I, fu = 0.008 ± 0.001 %). The CLint values of S-1, S-9, S-10, and S-11 were 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, and 4.6 μL/min/mg, respectively. These findings suggest that as lipophilicity increased the free fraction was reduced thus compensating for metabolic liability and resulting in the apparent discrepancy between CLint and CL total of halogen-substituted SARMs series.
FRETting over the Spectroscopic Ruler

An excited fluorescent molecule may not emit light if it can transfer its excitation energy to a nearby molecule. Forster's theory describing electronic excitation energy transfer (EET) (1) is now 65 years old, but it is not ready for retirement. It still enjoys popularity through the FRET (2) method for determining molecular-scale distances. A seminal paper by Stryer and Haugland in 1967 provided experimental support for the predicted inverse sixth power distance dependence of FRET efficiency and coined the term "spectroscopic ruler" (2). Despite the widespread use of fluorescence spectroscopy to determine distances between a "donor" (D) and "acceptor" (A), the method can be tricky, and numerous caveats concerning the FRET model have appeared. On page 1586 of this issue, Consani et al. (3) point out another, based on their use of two-dimensional ultraviolet (UV) transient spectroscopy to disentangle the competing contributions of electron transfer and FRET to the decay of excited tryptophan (Trp) residues in myoglobin (Mb).
Rapid, continuous solution-phase peptide synthesis: Application to peptides of pharmaceutical interest

The Fmoc/TAEA and Bsmoc/TAEA methods for the rapid, continuous solution synthesis of peptide segments are shown to be applicable to the gram-scale synthesis of short peptides as well as, for the first time, to the synthesis of a relatively long (22-mer) segment, (hPTH 13−34). In the latter case the crude product was of significantly greater purity than a sample obtained via a solid-phase protocol. The Bsmoc methodology was optimized by a new technique involving filtration of the growing partially deprotected peptide at each coupling−deprotection cycle through a short column of silica gel.
Processing, morphology, and properties of PVC

This article describes the effect of the extrusion conditions on PVC processing, morphology, and physical properties. In agreement with several previous reports, the PVC particulate hierarchy is su...
Lautenbacher will face challenges as new NOAA Head

With a non-controversial confirmation hearing on November 8 before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee, retired U.S. Navy Vice Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher, Jr. is gearing up to soon take over the helm at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). His nomination by the Bush administration also includes serving as undersecretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere. A number of sources familiar with Lautenbacher indicated that his Navy and managerial skills will be useful in these posts, as he likely will face a number of science, budget, and administrative challenges in running this $3.2-billion agency, which comprises 63% of the Commerce Department budget. These sources also sited Lautenbacher's integrity; his ability to listen to different sides of issues and to consult broadly; his connections to both the scientific and political worlds; and his persuasive ability to get things done.
Overexpression of biotin synthase and biotin ligase is required for efficient generation of sulfur-35 labeled biotin in E. coli

Background Biotin is an essential enzyme cofactor that acts as a CO2 carrier in carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions. The E. coli genome encodes a biosynthetic pathway that produces biotin from pimeloyl-CoA in four enzymatic steps. The final step, insertion of sulfur into desthiobiotin to form biotin, is catalyzed by the biotin synthase, BioB. A dedicated biotin ligase (BirA) catalyzes the covalent attachment of biotin to biotin-dependent enzymes. Isotopic labeling has been a valuable tool for probing the details of the biosynthetic process and assaying the activity of biotin-dependent enzymes, however there is currently no established method for 35S labeling of biotin.
THE WILD RAT AS A CARRIER OF ORGANISMS OF THE PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS GROUP

SPONTANEOUS infections among laboratory rats due to organisms of the paratyphoid-enteritidis group are not uncommon.' It is important to determine the frequency of occurrence and local distribution of this group in wild rats because of the association of the organisms with food poisoning outbreaks. Savage and Read 2 report the isolation of true Gaertner bacilli (B. enteritidis) from 5 out of 41 rats all of which were probably infected about a year previous with rat virus. Later Savage and White 3 isolated 6 virulent strains of B. enteritidis from 96 rats obtained from two slaughter houses where bacterial bait had not been used for over a year. They also found that the blood of about 30 per cent of the rats gave positive agglutination reactions with B. enteritidis but not with B. aertrycke or B. suipestifer. It is desirable to know the distribution of the organisms in other localities. No investigations in this country have been reported. Since October, 1923, I have examined 114 wild rats caught in various parts of Chicago; 100 of these rats were obtained from three Chicago packing houses and 14 from a dog kennel. No rat viruses had ever been used around the packing houses; as far as I could determine none had been used in the neighborhood of the dog kennel. All rats were examined within 24 hours after death; most of them were killed in steel traps the night previous to the examination of their bodies. Immediately after cutting through the abdominal wall the viscera were examined for disease lesions but no characteristic gross pathology marked the organs of the rats from which organisms were isolated. A small piece of the liver; onethird to one-half of the spleen, and sections, 1 cm. in length, of both the large and small intestine with their contents were removed and placed in 1 per cent dextrose broth. Brilliant green was added to the broth into which the intestinal tis-sue and contents were placed. After 12 to 18 hours incubation four plates of each culture were made with Endo medium. Suspected colonies were picked from the plates after 24 hours incubation into Russell's medium. Ten organisms belonging to the paratyphoid-enteritidis group were isolated from six of the rats obtained from the packing houses. In four rats the liver and spleen were found infected with B. enteritidis,4 but only the spleen of a fifth. B. aertrycke 4 was isolated only once; it was found in the spleen in pure culture but in no other organ examined. In no instance were the organisms isolated from the intestinal tract of the infected rats.
The Interplay of Ideology and Advice in Economic Policy-Making: The Case of Political Business Cycles

Political business cycle models propose an attractive rationale for presidents to manipulate the economy: it is a way to win votes. But there is little empirical support for the hypothesis. The problem with positing that vote maximization leads to political business cycles is clear: the incentive is universal; the facilitating economic and political conditions occur frequently; but the outcome occurs seldom. Why is it that only some presidents respond to the incentive only some of the time? What features of an administration might help us explain or predict the occurrence of such cycles? The issues here are not limited to economic policy-making: they raise questions about goal-setting and policy coordination. Focusing on economic policy helps to structure observations within an important but bounded context. This paper focuses on two critical aspects of economic policy-making: the president's economic ideology summarizes the administration's goals; the organization of economic advice provides a means thro...
Dynamic functional testing for VLSI circuits

The author discusses the two main problems of dynamic testing (i.e. testing while the simulator is running), namely the design of a high-level vector-generation language and the design of the interface between the vector generator and the simulator. He offers guidelines for designing a high-level vector-generation language as well as several examples written in FHDL, a driver language developed at the University of South Florida. The author also describes a solution to interface design that is based on a special interface data structure that supports several styles of vector generators and interactive circuit debugging. >
Relationships between drinking and type of practice among U.S. female and male attorneys.

The author investigated the relationship between drinking and type of practice among U.S. attorneys. Participants were attorneys from 2 large midwestern cities, chosen through stratified random sampling from bar-association membership lists. Type of law practice was related to whether the participants drank in business-related situations but not to the frequency or the quantity of consumption. The participants in solo, corporate, or government practices were more likely than were those in private group practices to report no business-related drinking in the past 30 days. Female and male attorneys in similar practices reported similar abstention rates and quantities of consumption in business situations, suggesting that occupational norms were strongly salient for both genders. Criminal trial work was related to drinking only for the women. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of occupational culture on drinking.
A Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Bonding in the Complex of Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase with NADH and N-Cyclohexylformamide†

The binding of N-cyclohexylformamide (CXF) to the complex of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase with NADH mimics that of the Michaelis complex for aldehyde reduction catalyzed by the enzyme. The Raman spectra of bound CXF and its 13C- and 15N-substituted derivatives have been obtained using Raman difference techniques, and the results are compared with CXF spectra in aqueous solution and in methylene chloride. The results indicate that the amide N−H bond is trans to the CO bond of CXF both in solution and in the enzyme ternary complex. The CO stretch and N−H bending modes of the amide of CXF shift −16 and −9 cm-1, respectively, in the enzyme ternary complex relative to that in aqueous solution and −48 and 36 cm-1, respectively, relative to that in methylene chloride. Ab initio normal mode calculations on various model systems of CXF show that the observed frequency changes of the CO stretch mode have contributions from the frequency changes induced by the environmental changes near both the local CO bond a...
Annexins II and V Inhibit Cell Migration

Abstract Cell motility is a crucial component involved in wound healing, development, and tumor metastasis. This study investigated whether extracellular annexins, members of a calcium- and phospholipid-binding family of proteins, play a role in the migration of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Using assays for wound closure and migration through 8-μm pores, it was found that annexins II and V significantly (>40%) inhibited migration of these highly metastatic cells. Additionally, anti-annexin II antibodies enhanced migration of these same cells in the wound closure assay, while an irrelevant antibody (anti-calmodulin) showed no effect. These effects may be due to annexin–membrane binding and inhibition of phospholipid movement that is necessary for the formation of membrane protrusions.
Parallel Forms of the Dominoes Test

The D-48 and D-70 (Dominoes) Tests, which are parallel forms of a non-verbal cross-cultural test, were administered to 31 high school freshmen. A correlation of .88 was obtained between the two forms of the test; this value is higher than prior ones. Other results indicated equal means and standard deviations of the two tests. Internal consistency reliability of the two tests was considered adequate. There was no apparent relationship between age and race and the D-48 or D-70. The summary of results supported the parallelism of the two forms of the test.
The Biomechanical Properties of Arterial Elastin With Glucose Effect

Elastin, as one of the major extracellular matrix (ECM) components, is essential to accommodate physiological deformation and provide elastic support for blood vessels. Elastin is a long-lived ECM protein and it can suffer from cumulative effects of exposure to chemical damage, which can greatly compromise its biomechanical properties. The mechanical properties of elastin are related to its microstructure and the chemical environment. Glucose is an important carbohydrate in human body. The effect of glucose on the mechanical properties of blood vessels is especially magnified in diabetic patients [1]. Glucose can directly condense with amino groups of proteins by nonenzymatic glycation, which is one of the main mechanisms of aging [2].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Twenty-Five Years of Championing Nursing Care for Children and Families

The mission of the Society of Pediatric Nurses is to support its members in their practice. One means of accomplishing this mission is to keep What an exciting, celebratory conference we just attended! Reflecting on the Society of Pediatric Nurses' (SPN) heritage and accomplishments, both recent and past, made me proud of how far we, as the organization for all pediatric nurses, have come in 25 years. We have grown in number, but, more importantly, we have become recognized as an important organization in the world of pediatric nursing and regarded as a resource and advocate for promoting excellent nursing care for children and their families. As an organization we have been acknowledged as a visionary leader in safeguarding children and ensuring that their physical, psychosocial, developmental, and mental health needs are addressed. Finally, a review of SPN's position papers demonstrates the organization's steady effort to ensure access to health care, advocacy for children and families in planning and coordinating care delivery, and provision of safe, high quality, innovative, evidence-based care.
Twisted reduced chiral models at large N

Abstract We construct and study the twisted reduced SU( N )×SU( N ) chiral model in two dimensions. The equivalence of the reduced model to the field theory is established by examining the Dyson-Schwinger equations and weak coupling perturbation expansion. We evaluate the internal energy and two-point correlation function by extensive Monte Carlo simulations for N =12, 24 and 36. We find a non-analyticity near the weak coupling edge of the crossover region in which the system flips back and forth between the “normal” state and one characterised by a strongly disordered correlation function.
The Effect of Dexamethasone on Renal Electrolyte Excretion in the Adrenalectomized Rat

The acute effect of low and high doses of dexamethasone on renal electrolyte excretion was examined in chronically (2--3 weeks) adrenalectomized rats and was compared with that of aldosterone. At the lowest effective dose (2 micrograms/100 g BW) dexamethasone injection produced a 70% increase in urinary potassium (K) excretion (0.99 +/- 0.06 to 1.70 +/- 0.20 mueq/min; P less than 0.005) but had no effect on sodium excretion. In contrast, low doses of aldosterone (2.5 micrograms/100 g BW) caused a significant decrease in urinary sodium excretion (6.23 +/- 1.2 to 2.75 +/- 0.7 mueq/min; P less than 0.01) but had no influence on renal potassium excretion (UKV). Higher doses of dexamethasone (10, 20 and 50 micrograms/100 g BW) produced a greater kaliuresis, increasing UKV by more than 100% over baseline and higher (P less than 0.05) than values after a low dose of dexamethasone, but again failed to lower sodium excretion. The increase in UKV after all doses of dexamethasone occurred in association with a significant increase in urinary K concentration; at higher doses of dexamethasone there was a variable increase in urine flow. The increase in UKV was not secondary to an increase in plasma K concentration nor was it associated with a rise in blood pressure or glomerular filtration rate after dexamethasone administration. These findings demonstrate that, in the adrenalectomized rat, acute administration of low and high doses of dexamethasone increases urinary K excretion without affecting sodium excretion. In contrast, aldosterone has little effect on K excretion but significantly decreases sodium excretion. These results indicate that the kaliuresis observed after dexamethasone cannot be attributed to a mineralocorticoid property of the hormone.
A fast method to diagonalize a Hankel matrix

Abstract We consider a Vandermonde factorization of a Hankel matrix, and propose a new approach to compute the full decomposition in O( n 2 ) operations. The method is based on the use of a variant of the Lanczos method to compute a tridiagonal matrix whose eigenvalues are the modes generating the entries in the Hankel matrix. By adapting existing methods to solve for these eigenvalues and then for the coefficients, one arrives at a method to compute the entire decomposition in O( n 2 ) operations. The method is illustrated with a simple numerical example.
Mechanisms responsible for the biodegradation of organic compounds in the subsurface

This study was designed to establish the biodegradation rates of the C1 through C5 alcohols, phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) in two previou
Detecting hidden communities in online auction networks

Online auction networks often use reputation-based systems to help users assess each other's honesty and integrity. Fraudsters, however, can collude with accomplices to accumulate bogus positive feedback to manipulate the reputation systems. In this paper, we model an online auction network with fraudsters as a random network with hidden communities (fraudsters and associated accomplices), and propose a maximum likelihood framework to detect the fraudsters. We develop an iterative message passing algorithm to heuristically solve the maximum likelihood detection problem. This algorithm identifies fraudsters and accomplices in a distributed fashion and is a scalable solution. The algorithm converges in a finite number of iterations and has very high detection rates according to our simulations.
Two Novel Proteins, Dos1 and Dos2, Interact with Rik1 to Regulate Heterochromatic RNA Interference and Histone Modification

Summary Background: Chromosomal behavior during mitosis and meiosis depends in part on heterochromatic modifications such as histone H3 lysine-9 methylation (H3K9me). In fission yeast, the Heterochromatin Protein 1 homolog Swi6 recognizes H3K9me, silences transcription, and retains cohesin at pericentromeric repeats. Heterochromatin formation also depends on processing of transcripts derived from centromeric repeats by the RNAi machinery. The DDB1 homolog, Rik1, and histone methyltransferase, Clr4, act in a complex to promote H3K9me. However, the mechanism underlying this interaction is poorly understood. Results: Using a cytological screen, we have identified two novel genes, dos1 + and dos2 + , which are required for localization of Swi6. Deletion of either of these genes results in mitotic and meiotic chromosome missegregation, defects in mitotic centromeric cohesion and meiotic telomere clustering, and loss of heterochromatic silencing. Dos1 is predominantly located in the nucleus in a Dos2-dependent manner and directly interacts with Rik1. Each of these genes is required for the association of H3K9me with centromeric repeats, as well as for the production of small interfering RNAs. Conclusions: Dos1 and Dos2 are required for the formation of heterochromatin in fission yeast. We hypothesize that the physical interaction between Dos1 and Rik1 represents a role in regulating activity of the Rik1/Clr4 complex. Dos2 contributes to this role by regulating Dos1 localization. Our findings suggest a mechanism for recruitment of Clr4 in the RNAi-dependent heterochromatin pathway, in which Dos1 and Dos2 are essential.
Explaining the Role of Restrictive Rules in the Postreform House

Abstract Four competing explanations have emerged regarding restrictive rules in Congress. Informational theory claims that rules reduce information costs and facilitate committee specialization. The distributional perspective suggests that rules enforce legislative bargains and help members achieve gains-from-trade. Another claim is that rules increase the Rules Committee's independent influence over policy. Lastly, partisan theory asserts that rules are used to increase the majority party's influence over policy. Abstract This analysis tests these claims during the 97th, 98th, 104th, and 105th Congresses. The findings demonstrate that theoretical constructs developed in earlier analyses of special rules are not robust over time and across legislative contexts. The results refute majoritarian assertions that rules are used as informational devices. Similarly, little evidence supports the claim that Rules Committee preferences independently affect rule assignment. Instead, a partisan principal-agent framework emerges as the most useful construct to explain procedural choice in the postreform House.
Falsely negative cholecystography and cholangiography.

Three patients with symptomatic biliary calculi and normal cholecystography or cholangiography are presented. Despite the excellent diagnostic accuracy of biliary tract roentgenography, falsely negative examination results may occur, thereby creating a major diagnostic and therapeutic problem if all the available clinical data is not evaluated.
Best laid plans: Effects of goals on accessibility bias and cognitive control in race-based misperceptions of weapons

Abstract This study applied process dissociation (PD) to investigate the role of conscious goals in controlling automatic influences of stereotypes. A priming procedure was used to show that the presence of Black (vs. White) faces caused stereotypical misidentifications of objects. Specifically, Black primes caused lures to be misidentified as weapons, whereas White primes caused weapons to be misidentified as non-threatening objects. By manipulating the goals with which participants completed the experiment, we demonstrated that the stereotype bias was invariant across conscious goals to avoid vs. use the influence of race. PD analysis provided three major insights. First, the impact of race was mediated solely through an unintentional accessibility bias. Second, requiring participants to respond rapidly increased the impact of stereotypes, an effect that was mediated by a reduction in controlled discrimination among stimuli. Finally, calling attention to race increased the stereotype accessibility bias, regardless of whether race was made salient with the intention to use, or the intention to avoid the influence of race.
Abolition of Spindle Oscillations by Serotonin and Norepinephrine in the Ferret Lateral Geniculate and Perigeniculate Nuclei In Vitro

Abstract The transition from sleep to waking is associated with the abolition of spindle waves in thalamocortical neurons and the GABAergic cells of the thalamic reticular/perigeniculate nuclei. We tested the possibility that norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) may abolish spindle wave generation through an enhancement of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current I h in thalamocortical neurons. Local application of agents known to enhance I h , including 5-HT, NE, the adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, and the β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, to lamina A1 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus resulted in an abolition of local spindle wave generation in thalamocortical neurons. The abolition of spindle waves was reversed by the local application of the I h channel blocker, cesium. These results suggest that NE and 5-HT may abolish the generation of spindle waves through the modulation of I h in thalamocortical neurons.
The semiclassical limit for gauge theory on S 2

It is shown that the Yang-Mills measureZh−1e−S(ω)/h[Dω], whereh>0, describing gauge fields on the two-sphere converges to a probability measure on the moduli space of Yang-Mills connections onS2, ash→0.
Coupled variations in helium isotopes and fluid chemistry: Shoshone Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park

Abstract Early studies of 3He/4He variations in geothermal systems have generally attributed these fluctuations to either differences in the source of the magmatic 3He-rich helium or to local differences in the deep flux of magmatic 3He-rich helium. Kennedy et al. (1987), however, show that near-surface processes such as boiling and dilution may also drastically affect 3 He 4 He ratios of geothermal vapors. Helium isotope ratios were determined for several hot springs at Shoshone Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park for this study, along with other noble gas data. Stable isotope data and water and gas chemistry data for each spring were also compiled. The water chemistry indicates that there is one deep, hot thermal water in the area which is mixing with dilute meteoric water that has entered the system at depth. Spring HCO3− concentrations correlate with 3 He 4 He values, as in nearby Lower Geyser Basin. This correlation is attributed to variable amounts of deep dilution of thermal waters with a relatively cool water that inhibits boiling at depth, thus preventing the loss of CO2 (and therefore HCO3−) and magmatic He in the most diluted samples. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data also support a boiling and dilution model, but to produce the observed fractionations, the boiling event would have to be extensive, with steam loss at the surface, whereas the boiling that affected the helium isotope ratios was probably a small scale event with steam loss at depth. It is possible that deep boiling occurred in the basin and that small amounts of steam escaped along fractures at about 500 m below the surface while all subsequently produced steam was lost near or at the surface.
Terrace stratigraphy in the Tunica Hills of Louisiana

The age and number of important fossil-producing late Pleistocene terraces in the Tunica Hills have recently become quite controversial. One hypothesis holds that only a single loess-mantled Farmdalian terrace flanks the streams in this area. The other maintains that there are two terraces. The youngest is considered essentially Holocene in age while the older is Sangamon in age. Radiometric and stratigraphic evidence collected for this study indicates that there are two terraces. The youngest is late Woodfordian to Holocene in age while the other is Farmdalian.
Deformation twinning: Time dependence and associated strengthening effects in shock-loaded Cu-8.7at.%Ge

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the details of deformation twinning in Cu-8.7at.%Ge subjected to extremely short duration stress pulses generated by shock loading. In addition to providing information about the twinning mechanism and its time dependence, the study established that twin boundaries are about 1% as effective as grain boundaries in strengthening. Twins were shown to form in less than 0.020 μs in the alloy, while the rate of dislocation generation is also high, of the order of 1021 m−2 s.
Combined modality therapy for unresectable non-small cell lung cancer

Unresectable, locally advanced non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) account for approximately one-third of all non-small cell lung cancers (Byhardt et al. 1995). Despite decades of research, the prognosis of unresectable non-small cell lung cancer remains poor.
Units of Analysis, Measurement Theory, and Environmental Assessment A Response and Clarification

The ecological fallacy is the error of interpreting variation among ecological entities as though it applies to individuals. It also is an error to interpret variation among individuals as though it applies to ecological entitles, and the theoretical and empirical ramifications of the latter error have been explored in a series of articles. A recent article by Levine commented extensively on this series and criticized some of its conclusions. The present article argues that Levine's article is incomplete in its application of measurement theory and that it overemphasizes an example that makes an inappropriate postulation about the distribution of universe scores. However, these disagreements are less important than areas of agreement. A substantial consensus exists about choice of units of analysis, usefulness of generalizability theory, and procedures for estimating the reliability of environmental measures.
Identification of a third Protein 4.1 tumor suppressor, Protein 4.1R, in meningioma pathogenesis

Meningiomas are common central nervous system tumors; however, the mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis are largely undefined. In this report, we demonstrate that a third Protein 4.1 family member, Protein 4.1R, functions as a meningioma tumor suppressor. We observed loss of Protein 4.1R expression in two meningioma cell lines (IOMM-Lee, CH157-MN) by Western blotting as well as in 6 of 15 sporadic meningiomas by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. In support of a meningioma tumor suppressor function, Protein 4.1R overexpression resulted in reduced IOMM-Lee and CH157-MN cell proliferation. Similar to the Protein 4.1B and merlin tumor suppressors, Protein 4.1R membrane localization increased significantly under conditions of growth arrest in vitro. Lastly, we show that Protein 4.1R interacted with a subset of merlin/Protein 4.1B interactors including CD44 and βII-spectrin. Collectively, these results suggest that Protein 4.1R functions as an important tumor suppressor in the molecular pathogenesis of meningioma.
The Photoemission of Tungsten in the Region of Predicted Schottky Deviations

Experimental evidence for the existence of deviations from the photoelectric Schottky line theoretically predicted by Guth-Mullin has been obtained. In the phase of the periodic deviations an averaging of data yields for example a maximum at 219\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}18 (v/${\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m})}^{\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}$ and a minimum at 278\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}16, in agreement with theoretical values of 215 and 285, respectively. The amplitudes of the deviations are 0.3-1.5 the predicted values with smaller than theoretical values predominating.
Direct and Indirect Inhibition of Ovulation in Rats by an Antagonist of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone*

The importance of a central or peripheral site of action in the blockade of ovulation induced by LHRH antagonists was investigated. To determine if hCG could induce ovulation in cycling animals given antiovulatory doses of 10 or 100 Mg [N- Ac - D -p - Cl - Phe1, D -p - Cl - Phe2,D - Trp3,D - Arg6,D - Ala10] LHRH, the antagonist was injected at 1200 h of proestrus followed by varying doses of hCG at 1600 h. hCG did induce ovulation in animals given the analog, which suggested that the antagonist acted primarily at the hypothalamus-pituitary level to inhibit ovulation; however, 20 IU hCG induced ovulation in all animals given 10 ng antagonist, but 40 IU were required for the same effect in animals injected with 100 ng. To test whether hormone secretion was differentially affected by the two doses of antagonist, animals were injected with antagonist at 1200 h of proestrus, and groups were killed at 1- or 2-h intervals through 2100 h. Both 10 and 100 ng antagonist suppressed serum LH, FSH, progesterone, and e...
Telling the World: Low Income Women and Their Breastfeeding Experiences:

This study describes the experiences of 17 educated, low-income, culturally diverse women (10 African-American and seven Latin) who were supported by peer counselors/breastfeeding advocates. In-depth interview data were analyzed, using constant comparative analysis. Study findings indicated that the perception of successful breastfeeding can have an empowering effect on women when support for their endeavors are gender- and culturally appropriate. Five themes emerged as primary descriptors of the experience: Making the Discovery, Seeking a Connection, Comforting Each Other, Becoming Empowered, and Telling the World. The final theme best illustrates a substantive theory derived from the data.
Administration Time Estimates For WAIS-R Subtests and Short Forms in a Clinical Sample:

Administration times were recorded for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS-R) subtests and Verbal, Performance, and Full Scales in a sample of 50 Veterans Administration Medical Center psychiatric and neurological patients. Also calculated were the administration times required by a select group of short forms. Results indicated that a complete WAIS-R required an average of 91 minutes, 24 seconds (SD = 14 min 15 sec). The estimate of 60 to 90 minutes' administration time for the standardization sample does not generalize to a clinical population. Five of six short forms reduced testing time by at least 50%. The shortest and least time-consuming abbreviated form consisted of Vocabulary and Block Design (X = 26 min 1 sec, SD = 6 min 23 sec). The most time-demanding short form was the entire Verbal Scale (X = 49 min 9 sec, SD = 9 min 45 sec). Because the complete WAIS-R is a time-consuming measure, its use in some clinical situations may be impractical.
Long‐term Eyes‐closed Alpha‐enhancement Training: Effects on Alpha Amplitudes and on Experiential State

In order to determine the effects of long-term alpha-enhancement training on EEG alpha amplitudes and on experiential states, a 2×2 factorial design was employed with two levels of Sensory Deprivation (high and low) and two of Feedback-Electrode Placement (O2–F4 and Oz–ear). Twelve research participants (3 per cell) engaged in 10 52-min sessions of eyes-closed alpha-enhancement training with proportional auditory feedback of integrated alpha amplitudes. The results led to five major conclusions: 1) even long-term alpha-enhancement training (with proportional feedback of alpha strength) does not result in the learned enhancement of alpha strength significantly above optimal eyes-closed baseline levels; 2) in some cases, alpha-enhancement training does result in the maintenance of optimal alpha levels; 3) sub-baseline increases in alpha production during alpha training are most often the result of the gradual dissipation or neutralization of alpha-inhibitory influences (disinhibition or habituation versus enhancement); 4) the occurrences of unusual experiences during alpha training are partly due to the sensory deprivation conditions of the experimental procedures, and partly due to the effects of suggestion and the experience of success; and 5) alpha feedback from the O2–F4 and Oz–ear placements do not have differential effects on EEG alpha or on experiential state.
Extracting the Free Energy of Adsorption and the Base-Ionization Constant of Triethylamine at the Silica/CH3CN Interface Using Nonlinear Optical Molecular Probes

By using reflection second-harmonic generation (SHG), the adsorption of triethylamine (TEA) at the silica/CH 3 CN interface has been studied with the help of two molecular probes, trans-4-[4-(dibutylamino)-styryl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide (DMP + I - j and trans-4-[4-(dibutylamino)styryl]-1-(3-sulfopropyl)pyridinium (DP). At the silica/CH 3 CN interface, DMP + cations are adsorbed on SiO - sites by charge-charge interaction, while DP molecules are adsorbed on SiOH sites by forming hydrogen bonds. The saturation surface density is 3.10 x 10 13 cm -2 for DMP + cations and is 1.85 x 10 14 cm -2 for DP molecules. The free energy of adsorption ΔG ads is -25.5 kJ mol -1 for DMP + cations and is -22.0 kJ mol -l for DP molecules. The addition of TEA into the solution causes dramatically different changes in the interfacial densities of the two probes: The surface density of DP molecules is decreased by a factor of 5 when the TEA concentration reaches 2 mM, while that of DMP + cations is increased by a factor of 5 under the same condition. From the interfacial behavior of the two molecular probes that are coadsorbed with TEA and TEAH + at the silica/CH 3 CN interface, the free energy of adsorption and the base-ionization constant of TEA at the silica/CH 3 CN interface have been extracted, ΔG TEA = -20.8 kJ mol -l and K b = 0.0173.
Long-term effects of a simple contingency management program with chronic psychiatric patients.

Numerous reports have described effective group contingency behavioral programs, i.e., token economies (Ayllon & Azrin, 1968). Due to staff shortages and legal restraints (Wexler, 1974) many ward-wide programs are difficult to implement. The present study provided long-term data on a program which may avoid many current difficulties. A ward of chronic male psychiatric patients whose duration of hospiralization ranged from 2 to 98 mo. served (N = 39 to 43; age = 19 to 55 yr., M = 34; IQ 70). Psychiatric diagnoses included 80% sch~zophrenia, chronic undifferentiated type; 5% mentally retarded, highly aggressive; and 15% other psychotic diagnoses. Nine measures were recorded in each of three categories: (1) required maintenance duties completed, e.g., getting up, dressing, making bed; (2) attending activity therapies; and (3) following directions, e.g., on walks, going for medication. Patients were monitored from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. Ten days of baseline preceded a neatment of candy, coffee, and cigarette reinforcers presented on a 1%-hr. fixed DRO schedule contingent on completion of targeted activities staggered across the full day of programming. These items were in addition to those patients could provide themselves. TABLE 1 MEAN PBRCBNTAGB OF TARGET BBHAVIORS COMPLBT~D DURING THREE PERIODS
Absence of states in Be8 at 7.56, 13.91 and 18.00 MeV

The Li7 (p, α)α and Li7(p,{gamma})Be8 reactions have been studied in an effort to confirm recently reported states in Be8 at energies of 7.56, 13.91 and 18.00 MeV.
Changing African land tenure: Reflections on the incapacities of the state

State legislation and international development agencies may envision grand programmes revising African systems of land tenure, but local pressures and competitive struggles actually determine many of the terms and conditions of African land holding. This contribution shows how such programmes can be frustrated by the strategies of individuals. It shows that actions on the small scale can cumulatively demolish state policy without the individuals involved ever being collectively mobilised in movements of resistance. Though claims to land in Africa can be translated into human rights terms, this analysis proposes that if human rights discourse omits the political and practical aspects of implementation, it is not very useful.
Short communication: Prediction of retention pay-off using a machine learning algorithm

Replacement decisions have a major effect on dairy farm profitability. Dynamic programming (DP) has been widely studied to find the optimal replacement policies in dairy cattle. However, DP models are computationally intensive and might not be practical for daily decision making. Hence, the ability of applying machine learning on a prerun DP model to provide fast and accurate predictions of nonlinear and intercorrelated variables makes it an ideal methodology. Milk class (1 to 5), lactation number (1 to 9), month in milk (1 to 20), and month of pregnancy (0 to 9) were used to describe all cows in a herd in a DP model. Twenty-seven scenarios based on all combinations of 3 levels (base, 20% above, and 20% below) of milk production, milk price, and replacement cost were solved with the DP model, resulting in a data set of 122,716 records, each with a calculated retention pay-off (RPO). Then, a machine learning model tree algorithm was used to mimic the evaluated RPO with DP. The correlation coefficient factor was used to observe the concordance of RPO evaluated by DP and RPO predicted by the model tree. The obtained correlation coefficient was 0.991, with a corresponding value of 0.11 for relative absolute error. At least 100 instances were required per model constraint, resulting in 204 total equations (models). When these models were used for binary classification of positive and negative RPO, error rates were 1% false negatives and 9% false positives. Applying this trained model from simulated data for prediction of RPO for 102 actual replacement records from the University of Wisconsin-Madison dairy herd resulted in a 0.994 correlation with 0.10 relative absolute error rate. Overall results showed that model tree has a potential to be used in conjunction with DP to assist farmers in their replacement decisions.
Sleep and waking activity of pontine gigantocellular field neurons

Abstract The sleep and waking discharge of pontine gigantocellular field units was studied in unrestrained cats. Three cell types were distinguished on the basis of discharge rate. Type 1 had no spontaneous activity during quiet waking and sleep, discharging only during movements. Type 2 had high rates of tonic activity during both quiet waking and sleep. Type 3 had low activity rates during quiet waking and slow-wave sleep, but discharged in bursts during both waking movements and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Units with augmented discharge restricted to REM sleep were not observed. All pontine gigantocellular field cells discharged rapidly during specific waking movements at rates exceeding mean REM sleep rates. Among type 2 and 3 cells, REM sleep and active waking discharge rates were correlated, with cells that discharged rapidly in REM sleep also showing high rates during active waking. Adaptation to head restraint reduced waking motor activity and the correlated pontine gigantocellular field discharge, yielding a reduced estimate of waking discharge rates. Our results are consistent with an hypothesis of pontine gigantocellular field unit involvement in the motor activation common to both waking and REM sleep, but are not consistent with an executive role for these neurons in the triggering of the REM sleep state.
Ethical considerations in pediatric dysphagia

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are bound by ethical codes that reflect professional and institutional commitments. When professional activities involve working with children with dysphagia and other complex medical issues, SLPs frequently must make judgments that have bioethical implications. This article reviews general ethical theories and principles, examines SLPs' ethical commitments, and presents an approach for ethical decision making and reasoning. Case studies of children with dysphagia are presented to illustrate ethical dilemmas.
The DNA provirus hypothesis

I have discussed the observations and experiments that led to the formulation and establishment of the provirus hypothesis and the DNA provirus hypothesis, which includes RNA-directed DNA synthesis for the formation of the provirus. I have also discussed some aspects of the present status of our knowledge of the mechanism of formation of the DNA provirus both to point out the work remaining to be done and to illustrate hypotheses for the origins of ribodeoxyviruses and the origins of other animal enveloped RNA viruses and of animal small DNA viruses. Finally, I have indicated that I do not believe that infectious viruses cause most human cancers, but I do believe that viruses provide models of the processes involved in the etiology of human cancer.
Existence Theorems Concerning Simple Integrals of the Calculus of Variations for Discontinuous Solutions

In this paper we apply the direct method of the calculus of variations, based on lower semicontinuity and lower closure (see [5]), to prove the existence of optimal solutions x(t) = (x 1,..., x n ), t 1 ≤ t ≤ t 2, for which a components y(t) = (x 1,..., x α ) are AC and n — α components z(t) = (x α+ 1,..., x n ) are BV and not necessarily AC. If α = 0 all components of x are BV, and in this situation no growth assumption is made on the integrand function. The cost functional P is of Serrin type ([14]), i.e. it is obtained from the usual integral expression I by means of a limit process, based on a topology τ, of this integral I over curves x k whose components are all AC. The topology τ that we use here is the topology of uniform convergence on the y k components and pointwise convergence almost everywhere on the z k components. This pointwise convergence almost everywhere has been used by Cesari in the study of area of discontinuous surfaces ([4], 1936) and in existence theorems concerning simple integrals for AC solutions (see [5], Chapt. 15 and the papers cited there).
Dengue surveillance in Veterans Affairs healthcare facilities, 2007-2010.

Background Although dengue is endemic in Puerto Rico (PR), 2007 and 2010 were recognized as epidemic years. In the continental United States (US), outside of the Texas-Mexico border, there had not been a dengue outbreak since 1946 until dengue re-emerged in Key West, Florida (FL), in 2009–2010. The objective of this study was to use electronic and manual surveillance systems to identify dengue cases in Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare facilities and then to clinically compare dengue cases in Veterans presenting for care in PR and in FL. Methodology Outpatient encounters from 1/2007–12/2010 and inpatient admissions (only available from 10/2009–12/2010) with dengue diagnostic codes at all VA facilities were identified using VA's Electronic Surveillance System for Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE). Additional case sources included VA data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BioSense and VA infection preventionists. Case reviews were performed. Categorical data was compared using Mantel-Haenszel or Fisher Exact tests and continuous variables using t-tests. Dengue case residence was mapped. Findings Two hundred eighty-eight and 21 PR and FL dengue cases respectively were identified. Of 21 FL cases, 12 were exposed in Key West and 9 were imported. During epidemic years, FL cases had significantly increased dengue testing and intensive care admissions, but lower hospitalization rates and headache or eye pain symptoms compared to PR cases. There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms, laboratory abnormalities or outcomes between epidemic and non-epidemic year cases in FL and PR. Confirmed/probable cases were significantly more likely to be hospitalized and have thrombocytopenia or leukopenia compared to suspected cases. Conclusions Dengue re-introduction in the continental US warrants increased dengue surveillance and education in VA. Throughout VA, under-testing of suspected cases highlights the need to emphasize use of diagnostic testing to better understand the magnitude of dengue among Veterans.