cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Étale descent for hochschild and cyclic homology

IfB is an etale extension of ak-algebraA, we prove for Hochschild homology thatHH*(B)≅HH*(A)⊗AB. For Galois descent with groupG there is a similar result for cyclic homology:HC*≅HC*(B)G if\(\mathbb{Q} \subseteq A\). In the process of proving these results we give a localization result for Hochschild homology without any flatness assumption. We then extend the definition of Hochschild homology to all schemes and show that Hochschild homology satisfies cohomological descent for the Zariski, Nisnevich and etale topologies. We extend the definition of cyclic homology to finite-dimensional noetherian schemes and show that cyclic homology satisfies cohomological descent for the Zariski and Nisnevich topologies, as well as for the etale topology overQ. Finally we apply these results to complete the computation of the algebraicK-theory of seminormal curves in characteristic zero.
Finite element prediction of high cycle fatigue life of aluminum alloys

A new method is described for calculating the long fatigue life (>105 cycles) portion of the stress-life (S-N) fatigue curve for precipitation-hardened aluminum alloys. It is based upon a finite element model of the deformation of a persistent slipband (PSB), and the only material parameter required is the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the alloy. The stress dependence of the plastic strain at the tip of a PSB is shown to be very pronounced and to closely match that of anS-N fatigue curve. Very good agreement is obtained for 6061-T6, 2014-T6, 2024-T4, and 7075-T6 aluminum, and the fatigue strength (at 108 cycles) is calculated to be 26 pct of the tensile strength of each alloy, in agreement with experimental data. By contrast, the plastic strain at a crack tip has a much weaker stress dependence. Thus, these calculations also confirm that the elongation of a PSB, and not crack growth, is the rate-controlling process in high cycle fatigue.
Preclinical Characterization of a (S)-N-(4-Cyano-3-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl)-3-(3-Fluoro, 4-Chlorophenoxy)-2-Hydroxy-2-Methyl-Propanamide: A Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator for Hormonal Male Contraception

The pharmacologic effects of (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro, 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide (S-23) were characterized in male rats as an animal model of hormonal male contraception. S-23 showed high binding affinity (inhibitory constant = 1.7 +/- 0.2 nm) and was identified as a full agonist in vitro. In castrated male rats, the ED50 of S-23 in the prostate and levator ani muscle was 0.43 and 0.079 mg/d, respectively. In intact male rats treated for 14 d, S-23 alone suppressed LH levels by greater than 50% at doses greater than 0.1 mg/d, with corresponding decreases in the size of the prostate but increases in the size of levator ani muscle. In intact male rats treated for up to 10 wk with S-23 and estradiol benzoate (EB; necessary to maintain sexual behavior in rats), S-23 showed biphasic effects on androgenic tissues and spermatogenesis by suppressing serum concentrations of LH and FSH. EB alone showed no effect on spermatogenesis. In the EB + S-23 (0.1 mg/d) group, four of six animals showed no sperm in the testis and zero pregnancies (none of six) in mating trials. After termination of treatment, infertility was fully reversible, with a 100% pregnancy rate observed after 100 d of recovery. S-23 increased bone mineral density and lean mass but reduced fat mass in a dose-dependent manner. This is the first study to show that a selective androgen receptor modulator combined with EB is an effective and reversible regimen for hormonal male contraception in rats. The beneficial effects of S-23 on the muscle, tissue selectivity, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties make it a strong candidate for use in oral male contraception.
How Should School Districts Shape Teacher Salary Schedules? Linking School Performance to Pay Structure in Traditional Compensation Schemes.

This study examines the relative distribution of salary schedule returns to experience for beginning and veteran teachers. We argue that districts are likely to benefit from structuring salary sche...
Interaction of REM deprivation and stage 4 deprivation with total sleep loss: experiment 2.

To determine whether prior deprivation of stage REM or stage 4 sleep would potentiate the effects of total sleep loss, 7 young adult males were denied REM sleep and 7 were denied stage 4 sleep for 3 nights before 1 night of total sleep loss. Measures of autonomic and EEG activity, mood, anxiety, Rorschach CET and on several performance tasks were obtained during baseline, following stage deprivation, total sleep loss, and during recovery. There were no marked changes in any area following 3 nights of stage REM and stage 4 deprivation. The changes following total sleep loss were similar for both groups. Prior deprivation of stage REM or stage 4 did not potentiate sleep loss effects. Ss who had no stage deprivation prior to 1 night of sleep loss had more impairment following sleep loss than did the Ss of this study.
Isotopic and chemical constraints on the crustal evolution and source signature of Ferrar magmas, north Victoria Land, Antarctica

Isotopic (Nd and Sr) and chemical compositions of the 177 Ma Kirkpatrick Basalt and Ferrar Dolerite from north Victoria Land, Antarctica, are examined in order to address the role of crustal assimilation and the characteristics of their mantle source. Results for the Scarab Peak chemical type (SPCT) that constitutes the flow unit capping the lava sequence [Mg-number, Mg/(Mg+Fe+2)=24, MgO=2.4%, SiO2=57.1%, initial87Sr/86Sr=0.7087–0.7097, (eNd=−4.3) conform previous reports that attribute variations in the concentrations of the more mobile elements and calculated initial87Sr/86Sr to mid-Cretaceous alteration and elevated δ18O to low-temperature interaction with meteoric water. The underlying lavas and the sills that are of the Mt. Fazio chemical type (MFCT) display a much wider range of both chemical and isotopic compositions (Mg-number=40–65, MgO=3.7 7.5%; SiO2=52.6–58.3%, initial87Sr/86Sr=0.7087–0.7117, eNd=−5.6 to −4.8). The effects of rock alteration on apparent initial87Sr/86Sr are demonstrated by large differences between the initial ratio of mineral separates or leached fractions and whole rocks. Cretaceous alteration produced Rb and Sr redistribution within the lava sequence that results in erroneous calculated initial87Sr/86Sr ratios. These effects are responsible for the large initial87Sr/86Sr variations previousl7 proposed which, combined with the large range in whole-rock δ18O, were purported to show very large degrees of crustal assimilation. The variations in eNd are restricted and indicate much smaller degrees of assimilation. The least altered of the MFCT rocks show good chemical and isotopic correlations that can be integrated into a model involving fractionation of pyroxene and plagioclase coupled with assimilation of material similar to early Paleozoic basement. The lower87Sr/86Sr and higher eNd of the SPCT suggest that they were derived by extensive fractionation of a more primitive, less contaminated, precursor of the MFCT. The most isotopically primitive Ferrar rocks from the region still have a high initial87Sr/86Sr and low initial143Nd/144Nd; this may reflect either earlier assimilation or an enriched source. The chemical and isotopic similarities, as well as the close geographic correspondence of the Ferrar Group to granitoids produced during the early Paleozoic Ross Orogeny suggest that in either case Ross-type material may have been involved in the development of the enriched isotopic signature.
Collaboration in a loosely coupled system: Librarian-faculty relations in collection development

This case study based on theories of loose coupling and loosely coupled systems focuses on the relationship between librarians and faculty who share in the responsibilities for collection development. Data gathered through focused interviews and examination of archival documents indicate that areas of collaboration at a public comprehensive university library center more on procedures of collection development than on substantive issues. There is an ambiguous understanding of the role of departmental library representatives and the function of collection development due to differing perceptions of the role of the library during a period of shrinking resources, the nature of cooperation, equity in the allocation of resources, and goals of collection development.
Development of Steam Reforming for the Solidification of the Cesium and Strontium Separations Product from Advanced Aqueous Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel

Steam reforming is one option currently being investigated for stabilization of the cesium/strontium strip products from spent fuel reprocessing solvent extraction processes because it can potentially destroy the nitrates and organics present in these aqueous, nitrate-bearing solutions, while converting the cesium and strontium into leach resistant aluminosilicate minerals, such as pollucite. To produce pollucite and other mineral analogs of the alkaline metals, the feeds must be mixed with aluminosilicate compounds and thermally sintered or calcined to activate solid-state crystal formation. Scoping tests completed indicated that the cesium/strontium in these organic and acid solutions can be converted into aluminosilicate materials using steam reforming.
Male Prostitution: Pathology, Paradigms and Progress in Research

The body of research on male sex workers (MSWs) in the social science literature has evolved concurrently with the research that de-pathologized homosexuality. Unfortunately, the majority of studies focusing on MSWs have been dominated by paradigms that dehumanize the researched. Psychopathology, social deviance and, with the advent of HIV, MSWs as "vectors of disease," framed research questions. Further, many researchers have focused on typologies of MSWs, reporting respective associated characteristics. However, the knowledge gained by past research was often a product of the places MSWs were sampled; social scientists relied heavily on street MSWs. although other places and venues for sex work existed. What has been learned through this narrow focus has often been generalized to all men engaged in sex work resulting in stigmatization, stereotyping, and demonization. In the past decade, two important developments related to the field of sex work have been introduced. First, researchers have embraced a new paradigm that respects MSWs' personal motivations for sex work. Dominant among these motivations is the view of sex work as a job and, hence, a valid source of income. Second, the Internet has emerged as a new venue for sex work; a venue to which researchers are just beginning to turn their gaze.
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the lower extremity: a distinct subset of squamous cell carcinomas.

Background Some patients develop a disproportionate number of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) on their lower extremity (LE). Objective We sought to characterize the clinical features, treatment, and outcome in patients who develop multiple LE SCCs. Methods We identified 22 patients with 4 or more biopsy-diagnosed LE SCCs during a 4.5-year study period. The location, size, treatment, and clinical outcome of each LE SCC were recorded. Results Of the 22 patients studied, 18 were female. Of the 360 SCCs our patients developed, 260 (72.2%) were on the LE. The incidence of SCCs in these patients was nearly 7 times greater than the incidence of basal cell carcinoma in the same patients. Limitations The number of patients is small and limits definitive conclusions about prevalence of SCCs on the LE in the general population. Conclusions LE SCCs are a distinct subset of cutaneous SCCs and may have distinctive clinical features and biologic behavior requiring additional study.
Dietary supplements in patients with cancer: risks and key concepts, part 1.

Purpose. The risks and key concepts regarding the use of dietary supplements in patients with cancer are described. Summary. There are six common characteristics of dietary supplements that must be addressed when used by patients with cancer. Clinicians must establish if the supplement is an antioxidant, is an anticoagulant or procoagulant, has immunosuppressive or immunomodulating properties, has hormonal properties, has known safety issues, and has known or theoretical drug interactions. These six characteristics of the dietary supplements commonly used by patients with cancer are reviewed to aid in the analysis of the scientific data and communication of the results with the patient or family members. A framework upon which clinicians can adequately help patients make informed decisions regarding the use of complimentary and alternative medicine and dietary supplements is also described. When evaluating the appropriateness of a supplement for use by a patient with cancer, clinicians must conduct a safety review (evaluate the six characteristics). If the supplement is considered safe, an efficacy review must be conducted, after which the clinicians can recommend the supplement’s use, accept the patient’s decision to use the supplement if no or inconclusive evidence exists, or discourage use if there is conclusive evidence supporting inefficacy. Available resources for locating information regarding dietary supplements are also discussed. Conclusion. Counseling patients with cancer about dietary supplements requires a systematic thought process that considers the available theories and data, as well as the patients’ views about the agents.
Lobular carcinoma in situ. Some ultrastructural observations

Bilateral, multifocal areas of lobular carcinoma in situ in the breast of two women were examined by electron and light microscopy. A striking dilatation of the Golgi apparatus was observed in the hyperplastic epithelial tumor cells which contained granular material of varying electron density within the cisternae, suggesting a secretory and/or concentrating activity. Abundant tumor cells filled the dilated mammary ductules leaving small, irregular luminal renants and occasional “pseudo-intracytoplasmic” lumens. The tumor cells related to each other by an intricate system of microvilli and well-defined desmosomes; however, large intercellular cisternae were observed in some areas as if the cells had lost cohesiveness. Well-defined myoepithelial cells at the periphery of the dilated ductules revealed vacuolation, and fragmentation of the cytoplasm. It is possible that lobular carcinoma in situ is mostly an epithelial lesion; the myoepithelial cells are not participating in the neoplastic process and they seem to be crowded and compressed by the proliferating tumor cells against the basement lamina.
Explaining variation across grantees in breast and cervical cancer screening proportions in the NBCCEDP

Purpose There is substantial variation across the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) grantees in terms of the proportion of the eligible population served by the grantees each year (hereafter referred to as the screening proportion). In this paper, we assess program- and state-level factors to better understand the reason for this variation in breast and cervical cancer screening proportions across the NBCCEDP grantees.
Iterative Solutions of the Schrödinger Equation

In the first example containing a long ranged potential, the long range part of the solution is obtained by an iterative Born-series type method. The convergence is illustrated for a case with the long range part of the potential given by C 6/r 6. Accuracies of 1 : 108 are achieved after 8 iterations. The second example iteratively calculates the solution of a non-linear Gross–Pitaevskii equation for condensed Bose atoms contained in a trap at low temperature.
Woodland canopy structure and the light response of juvenile Quercus lobata (Fagaceae)

I investigated competition for light between canopy plants and juvenile valley oaks (Quercus lobata Nee) in a mixedbroadleaf woodland of California's northern Coast Ranges. Canopy effects on understory light supply were separated among the overlying adult valley oak, the adult's woody understory, and neighboring trees and shrubs through a series of light sampling surveys and measurements of the number, size, and spatial distribution of neighboring plants. Light supply in the understory was primarily influenced by neighboring plants, with no detectable effect of the overlying adult valley oak. Light supply in the understory averaged 25% full sun due to a high frequency of canopy gaps and a typically open understory. Seedling response to understory light supply was investigated in an experimental sunfleck gradient (10%, 19%, and 100% full sun). Between 10% and 100% full sun, seedling growth increased by 90% and the shoot: root ratio changed from 1.561 to 0.607. Shade seedlings were also taller and produced fewer, larger, and thinner leaves than seedlings grown in full sun. A field survey of the spatial distribution and crown morphology of saplings and young adults found 1) the distance between young valley oaks and neighboring overstory trees to increase with neighbor size, and 2) crowns of the young oaks to be skewed away from neighbors. Although shading by the canopy was only moderate, canopy effects on understory light supply may restrict juvenile recruitment of valley oak in this woodland.
Alcohol and oxidative liver injury

Acute and chronic ethanol treatment has been shown to increase the production of reactive oxygen species, lower cellular antioxidant levels, and enhance oxidative stress in many tissues, especially the liver. Ethanol-induced oxidative stress plays a major role in the mechanisms by which ethanol produces liver injury. Many pathways play a key role in how ethanol induces oxidative stress. This review summarizes some of the leading pathways and discusses the evidence for their contribution to alcohol-induced liver injury. Many of the seminal reports in this topic have been published in Hepatology , and it is fitting to review this research area for the 25th Anniversary Issue of the Journal. (Hepatology 2006;43:S63–S74.)
Synergistic folding of two intrinsically disordered proteins: searching for conformational selection

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) lack stable structures under physiological conditions but often fold into stable structures upon specific binding. These coupled binding and folding processes underlie the organization of cellular regulatory networks, and a mechanistic understanding is thus of fundamental importance. Here, we investigated the synergistic folding of two IDPs, namely, the NCBD domain of transcription coactivator CBP and the p160 steroid receptor coactivator ACTR, using a topology-based model that was carefully calibrated to balance intrinsic folding propensities and intermolecular interactions. As one of the most structured IDPs, NCBD is a plausible candidate that interacts through conformational selection-like mechanisms, where binding is mainly initiated by pre-existing folded-like conformations. Indeed, the simulations demonstrate that, even though binding and folding of both NCBD and ACTR is highly cooperative on the baseline level, the tertiary folding of NCBD is best described by the “extended conformational selection” model that involves multiple stages of selection and induced folding. The simulations further predict that the NCBD/ACTR recognition is mainly initiated by forming a mini folded core that includes the second and third helices of NCBD and ACTR. These predictions are fully consistent with independent physics-based atomistic simulations as well as a recent experimental mapping of the H/D exchange protection factors. The current work thus adds to the limited number of existing mechanistic studies of coupled binding and folding of IDPs, and provides a first direct demonstration of how conformational selection might contribute to efficient recognition of IDPs. Interestingly, even for highly structured IDPs like NCBD, the recognition is initiated by the more disordered C-terminal segment and with substantial contribution from induced folding. Together with existing studies of IDP interaction mechanisms, this argues that induced folding is likely prevalent in IDP–protein interaction, and emphasizes the importance of understanding how IDPs manage to fold efficiently upon (nonspecific) binding. Success of the current study also further supports the notion that, with careful calibration, topology-based models can be effective tools for mechanistic study of IDP interaction and regulation, especially when combined with physics-based atomistic simulations and experiments.
Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.

The hollow fiber test has been developed for the preliminary in vivo assessment of cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of selected natural products. Using this model, we have established growth conditions for HL-60, HUVEC, Ishikawa, KB, KB-V1, LNCaP, Lu1, MCF-7, Mel2, P-388, and SW626 cells implanted at the intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) compartments of athymic mice. Five cytotoxic natural product isolates (2−6) were tested in this model, along with paclitaxel (taxol) (1). Among the compounds tested, dioscin (2) and 13-methoxy-15-oxozoapatlin (3) were found to be active, indicating their potential to function as cancer chemotherapeutic agents. On the other hand, ochraceolide A (4), α-lapachone (5), and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)naphtha[2,3-b]furan-4,9-quinone (6), all of which were significantly cytotoxic to cultured mammalian cells, did not mediate significant responses with the hollow fiber model. In further xenograft studies using KB cells implanted at the subcutaneous site, compound 3 mediated a ...
CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA IN CHILDREN

We have reviewed the 40 cases of adult-type chronic myelogenous leukemia (ACML) and 21 cases of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) seen at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital since 1964. The ACML patients ranged in age from 9 mo to 20-4/12 yr (median 11-1/12 yr) and included 23 boys and 17 girls. The JCML patients ranged from 6 mo to 11-8/12 yr (median 2 yr) and included 14 boys and 7 girls. Cytogenetic studies from 32 of the 36 ACML patients demonstrated the Philadelphia chromosome, whereas studies from only 1 of the 15 JCML patients had a structural chromosome abnormality. The range and median of other presenting characteristics are summarized below: The survival of the ACML patients ranged from 5 to 63 mo from diagnosis (median 25) and for the JCML patients from 2 to 28 mo (median 9). Eight ACML patients remain alive in chronic phase, 4 died in chronic phase, 5 had disease acceleration without clear documentation of blast crisis, 23 entered blast crisis 4 to 63 mo after diagnosis (6 lymphoblastic, 17 nonlymphoblastic). Five of the 6 patients entering lymphoblastic crisis achieved remission after 4 weeks of a vincristine-prednisone containing regimen. All 21 JCML patients died of disease despite modern therapy. Our studies suggest that better characterization of blast crisis cells of ACML patients may permit more specific and effective therapy. New therapeutic approaches are needed for both ACML and JCML.
Extinction and Adventures on the Chinese Diasporic Frontier

This article examines the discovery and appropriation of the Chinese diaspora in nationalistic and literary discourse in early 20th-century China. The overseas Chinese experience entered into the main field of vision of the Chinese intellectuals at a strategic moment at the turn of the century, when the diasporic frontier was uncovered only to be re-incorporated into the nationalistic imagination. This analysis begins with a look at Liang Qichao's ambivalent attitude toward the overseas Chinese whom he praised as national colonial heroes on the one hand, and denigrated for tarnishing China's image abroad on the other. In the context of national survival and the theory of evolution, Chinese laborers were hailed by some writers as the exception to the rule of extinction of the unfit. This representation was in no small part reinforced by literary and fictional writings about post-apocalyptic societies where the Chinese once again found their proper role of leadership and dominance over other races. After examining the hitherto largely unknown novels and stories on the subject, the discussion ends with an analysis of the 1906 novel, Icy Mountains and Snowy Seas, set in the 24th century in a brave new world near the South Pole.
Selenium and difluoromethylornithine additively inhibit DMH-induced distal colon tumor formation in rats fed a fiber-free diet.

We investigated the effects of difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and selenium supplementation on tumor formation induced by the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in Sprague-Dawley rats. A biochemical link between polyamine biosynthesis and selenium metabolism to its cancer preventative form has been suggested by the common requirement of S-adenosylmethionine. One-hundred and twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into experimental (n = 80) and control (n = 40) groups. Experimental animals received DMH 20 mg/kg s.c. for 20 weeks. Animals were fed either a regular diet (selenium content 0.2 p.p.m.) or a high selenium diet (5 p.p.m.) with or without 0.2% DFMO in the drinking water. At death, week 30, animal weights within experimental or control groups were not different between the four diet treatment groups. Tumor number and incidence in the proximal colon was not affected by DFMO treatment, selenium supplementation or the combined treatment. In contrast, in the distal colon, 19 tumors developed in the DFMO treated group, 22 tumors in the high selenium group and only 12 tumors in the combined high selenium/DFMO treatment group compared to 32 tumors in the regular diet group. Similarly, tumor incidence was decreased by DFMO and selenium supplementation and their effects were additive. In control animals, ODC activity was decreased by DFMO treatment and selenium supplementation in the distal colon and liver, but not the proximal colon. ODC activity of tumor tissue was greater than normal colon tissue from diet paired animals for proximal and distal colon, except for distal colonic tumors in the high selenium/DFMO treatment group. Polyamine content, however, did not correlate with ODC activity in normal or neoplastic tissue. In general, S-adenosylmethionine levels from normal colon and liver tissue were unaffected by diet treatment. Selenium supplementation in combination with DFMO treatment selectively inhibited distal colon tumor formation in rats fed a fiber-free diet.
DOUBLE-REGGE-POLE MODEL ANALYSIS OF pp $Yields$ pn$pi$$sup +$ AT 28.5 GeV/ c: PION EXCHANGE AND THE 1400-MeV $pi$N ENHANCEMENT.

Experimental distributions in all kinematic variables for the reaction $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pn}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ at 28.5 GeV/c are consistent with predictions of a double-Regge-pole model employing Pomeranchuk and pion exchanges with the pion required to couple in conspiracy fashion to $\mathrm{np}$. The 1400-MeV $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ enhancement seen in these data is well fitted.
Non-condon effects on radiative lifetimes of induced electronic transition

Abstract Radiative decay rate constants of hot bands in a totally symmetric progression are shown to be larger than those of colder bands if (i) the intensity is borrowed vibronically or spin—orbitally and (ii) the lending state is displaced relative to the borrowing state along the totally symmetric coordinate.
AuSn alloy phase diagram and properties related to its use as a bonding medium

Abstract AuSn eutectic alloy has been successfully used in microelectronic packaging for high reliability applications where a hard solder as well as a low processing temperature are required. A new multilayer bonding technology not only has produced nearly perfect bonding but also has reduced the processing temperature even below the eutectic melting point. Knowledge of the different phases of the alloy and their formation, as well as the interdiffusion that occurs, thus becomes important in studying the bonding principle and the long-term reliability. In this paper, we review a large number of publications on the AuSn system and summarize the important properties. We hope that this summary would further enhance the development of new AuSn bonding methods as a result of an overall understanding of oxidation and diffusion properties.
Social dimensions of geographic disorientation in Arctic Alaska

Une recente etude sur les techniques d’orientation utilisees par les Inupiat residant dans les communautes de Barrow, Wainwright et Anaktuvuk Pass, suggere que les episodes de desorientation se sont accrus depuis les recentes decennies et ce, malgre l’acces aux cartes, compas, et autres aides pour la navigation et l’orientation. Un modele general centre sur l’environnement et les sources cognitives de desorientation est presente afin de comprendre cette apparente deterioration des competences des Inupiat en matiere de voyage. Certaines des consequences sociales de la desorientation sont aussi discutees, incluant: a) la reaction de la communaute vis-a-vis des individus qui se perdent et b) la resolution de conflits ayant rapport a l’espace durant les voyages en groupe. Finalement, des questions sont soulevees concernant la nature des «savoirs traditionnels» et de leur role dans le systeme d’orientation des Inupiat.
Prevention and Reversal of Antibody Responses Against Factor IX in Gene Therapy for Hemophilia B

Intramuscular (IM) administration of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector represents a simple and safe method of gene transfer for treatment of the X-linked bleeding disorder hemophilia B (factor IX, F.IX, deficiency). However, the approach is hampered by an increased risk of immune responses against F.IX. Previously, we demonstrated that the drug cocktail of immune suppressants rapamycin, IL-10, and a specific peptide (encoding a dominant CD4+ T cell epitope) caused an induction of regulatory T cells (Treg) with a concomitant apoptosis of antigen-specific effector T cells (J. Thromb. Haemost. 7:1523, 2009). This protocol was effective in preventing inhibitory antibody formation against human F.IX (hF.IX) in muscle gene transfer to C3H/HeJ hemophilia B mice (with targeted F9 gene deletion). Here, we show that this protocol can also be used to reverse inhibitor formation. IM injection of AAV1-hF.IX vector resulted in inhibitors of on average 8-10 BU within 1 month. Subsequent treatment with the tolerogenic cocktail accomplished a rapid reduction of hF.IX-specific antibodies to 4.5 months. Systemic hF.IX expression increased from undetectable to >200 ng/ml, and coagulation times improved. In addition, we developed an alternative prophylactic protocol against inhibitor formation that did not require knowledge of T cell epitopes, consisting of daily oral administration of rapamycin for 1-month combined with frequent, low-dose intravenous injection of hF.IX protein. Experiments in T cell receptor transgenic mice showed that the route and dosing schedule of drug administration substantially affected Treg induction. When combined with intravenous antigen administration, oral delivery of rapamycin had to be performed daily in order to induce Treg, which were suppressive and phenotypically comparable to natural Treg.
A new method for multiple source detection and identification from array data using cumulants and its application to shock waves propagation

The problem of multiple component signal estimation is addressed in both frequency and time domains using higher order statistics. A multiple component signal is defined as a superposition of independent non-Gaussian linear processes. Two algorithms are proposed to estimate the transfer function characteristics of the individual component filters: the first approach is based on an eigen-decomposition of the trispectrum matrix whereas the second on an adaptive inverse filter estimation procedure. It is shown that both techniques have the capability to resolve more input signal components than the number of sensors. >
Effects of butyrate and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on hCG-secreting trophoblastic and non-trophoblastic cells.

The ability of N6,O2’-dibutyryl cyclic 3’:5’ AMP (dbcAMP) plus theophylline (T) to stimulate the secretion of hCG and its α and /β subunits was compared with the effect of butyrate in short-term explants of human placenta, in human malignant trophoblastic cultures (BeWo and JAr lines), and in three human malignant non-trophoblastic cell lines. The non-trophoblastic cultures included the EICo (established in 1973 from breast carcinoma and a producer of hCGa), CaSki (established in 1974 from cervical carcinoma and a producer of hCG/β), and DoT (established in 1974 and a producer of hCG/β) cell lines. Butyrate (0.01—5 HIM) did not stimulate the secretion of hCG or its subunits in the BeWo or JAr trophoblastic cells. In incubations with placental explants, 0.2—5 mM butyrate caused only a 1.5- to 2.5-fold stimulation of hCG secretion. By contrast, 5 mM butyrate stimulated secretion of hCGa (EICo) and hCG/8 (DoT) by 14 to 24 times (expressed per milligram of cell protein). The effects of dbcAMP and T on secreti...
A Boundary Value Analysis Tool - Design and Description

The design and description of a software testing tool utilizing the boundary value analysis is presented. The tool initially generates the test cases using the specifications of three selected functions and then automatically executes the test cases on these functions to evaluate correctness. The proposed tool uses the implementations of the triangle, next date and commission functions for the correctness evaluation. The potential application of the tool is also outlined.
An introduction to social and historical factors affecting multiracial college students

This chapter describes social and historical developments coinciding with the emergence of increasing numbers of biracial and multiracial college students. It thus sets the context for the chapters that follow on identity development, student experiences, student services, and policy.
Expression of β-glucosidase increases trichome density and artemisinin content in transgenic Artemisia annua plants

Artemisinin is highly effective against multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the aetiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. However, a low level of accumulation of artemisinin in Artemisia annua is a major limitation for its production and delivery to malaria endemic areas of the world. While several strategies to enhance artemisinin have been extensively explored, enhancing storage capacity in trichome has not yet been considered. Therefore, trichome density was increased with the expression of β-glucosidase (bgl1) gene in A. annua through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgene (bgl1) integration and transcript were confirmed by molecular analysis. Trichome density increased up to 20% in leaves and 66% in flowers of BGL1 transgenic plants than Artemisia control plants. High-performance liquid chromatography, time of flight mass spectrometer data showed that artemisinin content increased up to 1.4% in leaf and 2.56% in flowers (per g DW), similar to the highest yields achieved so far through metabolic engineering. Artemisinin was enhanced up to five-fold in BGL1 transgenic flowers. This study opens the possibility of increasing artemisinin content by manipulating trichomes' density, which is a major reservoir of artemisinin. Combining biosynthetic pathway engineering with enhancing trichome density may further increase artemisinin yield in A. annua. Because oral feeding of Artemisia plant cells reduced parasitemia more efficiently than the purified drug, reduced drug resistance and cost of prohibitively expensive purification process, enhanced expression should play a key role in making this valuable drug affordable to treat malaria in a large global population that disproportionally impacts low-socioeconomic areas and underprivileged children.
The what and the how of metaphorical imagining, Part One

We humans are remarkably interested in and skilled at games of make believe, games whose rules make what we are called on to imagine depend on what’s actually perceivably true about things and people that have what it takes to assume various fictional roles and that thereby function in the games as props. For the most part we play these games on an improvised pickup basis, working out the rules we play by in the very act of playing by them. Part of what makes this coordinative feat possible are signals to the effect that as the speaker sees things, the rules and available props are such that this or that role is assumed by this or that prop, or props of this or that kind. Metaphors are make believe signals put to ambitious prop-characterizing use outside the game they serve to initiate, sustain, or otherwise regulate. Metaphoric competence is one manifestation of make believe competence.
Innate recognition systems in insect immunity and development: new approaches in Drosophila

Phagocytosis is important in immune defense and development in vertebrates and invertebrates. It leads to swift ingestion of microorganisms and dying cells by phagocytes. How particles are recognized is not well understood. Studies in insects, and Drosophila in particular, argue that these are powerful model systems to dissect this process.
Schizophrenia and the Sense of Self

Sense of self (SOS)—understood as the foundation upon which individuals experience their daily lives—has been increasingly investigated in schizophrenia. A disrupted SOS is thought to represent a platform for the experience of psychiatric symptoms, social cognitive deficits, and other abnormalities of consciousness. Few studies, however, have investigated the specificity of disrupted SOS to schizophrenia. The primary objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that SOS is deficient in schizophrenia patients compared to both nonpsychiatric controls and patients with psychotic bipolar disorder. Using select scales from the Assessment of Self Descriptions, the present study assessed SOS from spontaneous narratives provided by schizophrenia patients (N = 50), bipolar patients with psychotic features (N = 17), and nonpsychiatric controls (N = 24). Our findings indicate that facets of SOS—in particular, certain aspects of agency and relatedness to others—are deficient in schizophrenia compared to nonpsychiatric controls and bipolar patients with psychotic features, even when overall level of functioning and psychiatric symptoms are accounted for. Implications of these results are discussed.
PAR: Payment for Anonymous Routing

Despite the growth of the Internet and the increasing concern for privacy of online communications, current deployments of anonymization networks depend on a very small set of nodes that volunteer their bandwidth. We believe that the main reason is not disbelief in their ability to protect anonymity, but rather the practical limitations in bandwidth and latency that stem from limited participation. This limited participation, in turn, is due to a lack of incentives to participate. We propose providing economic incentives, which historically have worked very well. In this paper, we demonstrate a payment scheme that can be used to compensate nodes which provide anonymity in Tor, an existing onion routing, anonymizing network. We show that current anonymous payment schemes are not suitable and introduce a hybrid payment system based on a combination of the Peppercoin Micropayment system and a new type of "one use" electronic cash. Our system claims to maintain users' anonymity, although payment techniques mentioned previously --- when adopted individually --- provably fail.
Experiences with Pregnancy of Adolescents with Disabilities from the Perspectives of the School Social Workers Who Serve Them

Adolescents with disabilities are more likely than adolescents without disabilities to become pregnant, although very little is known about the lived contexts of their sexual and pregnancy experiences. Such youths are often deprived of sexual health information across a range of potential sources, although school social workers are in a unique position to provide them services. Thirteen school social workers working primarily with adolescents with disabilities were interviewed using a phenomenological study design to offer their perspectives concerning the sexual and pregnancy experiences of such youths. Inductive content analysis revealed that school social workers provided services for pregnant and parenting adolescents with a range of disabilities in areas that included making decisions about sex, deciphering whether they were pregnant, and making decisions once they were pregnant. These experiences were complicated by cognitive impairments; emotional struggles; desires to fit in with peers; histories of sexual abuse; and issues with communication, self-esteem, and impulsivity. School social workers play an integral role in preventing pregnancy and supporting adolescents with disabilities who are pregnant. Recommendations pertaining to the provision of sexual health services for adolescents with disabilities are provided.
Editorial: Technical Communication and Usability Studies

This special section highlights the efforts of technical communicators to innovate new approaches for postmodern usability. Redish provides an invaluable historical overview of where we have been, and she also addresses where we might be headed as technical communicators engaged in shaping usability studies. Cooke presents a mixed-methods approach for data analysis, leaning on a mixture of eye tracking and concurrent think-aloud protocol. Finally, Kase, Zhang, Carroll, and Rosson offer a pattern-based approach as an alternative method for investigating sustainable strategies of information-technology learning.
Dryness increases predation risk in efts: support for an amphibian decline hypothesis

One hypothesis for amphibian declines is that increased dryness attributed to global climate change exposes amphibians to greater biotic threat and, consequently, greater mortality. But, little is known about behavioral responses of terrestrial amphibians to dry conditions alone or in combination with biotic threats. We used field observations and laboratory experiments to test the response of efts (terrestrial juveniles) of the eastern red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, to separate and combined desiccation and predation risks. When only at risk of desiccation, efts moved into shade, traveled down slope, decreased activity, and adopted water-conserving postures. Efts also significantly reduced the rate of water loss by huddling and were attracted to chemical cues from conspecific efts but not from conspecific adults. Thus, efts have a variety of behaviors that reduce the risk of dehydration associated with climate change. When faced only with a predation risk, represented by adult and eft newt tissue extracts (alarm chemicals), efts reduced their activity and avoided alarm cues from both sources. When exposed to combined desiccation and predation risks, efts were less active than when exposed to either risk separately and avoided adult tissue extracts, but not eft extracts. These results suggest that under dry conditions, conspecific tissue extracts contain both attractive (huddling) and repulsive (predator-related) chemical components that induce offsetting behavioral responses. This is the first study to demonstrate moisture-dependent responses to conspecific rinses and alarm substances, underscoring the importance of considering environmental moisture and animal hydration in studies examining responses to conspecific odors and/or alarm chemicals. These results support the hypothesis that elevated dehydration risk may compromise anti-predator behavior and exacerbate amphibian population declines.
Metabotropic glutamate receptors limit adenylyl cyclase-mediated effects in rat hippocampus via protein kinase C

Abstract Glutamate receptors of the metabotropic type (mGluRs) activate protein kinase C in hippocampus, but few physiological functions of this pathway are known. The present data show that mGluRs utilize protein kinase C to inhibit another second messenger system, the adenylyl cyclase pathway, in neurons of the CA1 area of hippocampus. Activation of mGluRs prevented β -adrenergic receptors, which couple to adenylyl cyclase, from blocking the slow Ca 2+ -dependent afterhyperpolarization (AHP). Since the afterhyperpolarization modulates neuronal responsiveness, crosstalk between protein kinase C and the adenylyl cyclase pathway is likely to have physiological consequences. Moreover, mGluRs themselves block the afterhyperpolarization, so the observed interference with the β -adrenergic response constitutes a hierarchical relationship in which mGluRs are dominant over β -adrenergic receptors.
Behavioral and Developmental Components of Child Health Promotion: How Can They Be Accomplished?

Child health supervision has been a service highly valued both by the consumer and by pediatricians. In addition to improved public health practices, nutrition, housing, and other environmental factors, pediatric health promotion has made a major contribution to the improved health status of children which has occurred in recent decades in the United States. Although the current preoccupation with cost containment might suggest otherwise, the present question is not how we can do less in health promotion but how we can do more, and with better effectiveness, especially in relation to behavior and development. The potential for child and family health promotion in these areas remains largely unrealized. We live in a society characterized by rapid change. By 1 990, one fourth of the children in the United States will spend part or all of their lives in one-parent families. Today, most mothers work outside the home. Parental divorce, separation, and remarriage are events now frequently experienced by children. Many upwardly mobile families are postponing parenthood and having few children or none. In our highly migratory society, grandparents and other relatives are less available to provide emotional and other support, especially for young parents and children. NEED FOR NEW MODELS In view of all this, the model of pediatric practice that has gradually envolved over the decades to provide care, in the beginning for infants with nutritional and acute infectious disorders, requires constant reevaluation and renewal if it is to remain responsive to emerging health promotion needs, particularly in relation to behaviour and development.
Review of A Step-by-Step Approach to Using SAS for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.), by Norm O’Rourke and Larry Hatcher

In the second edition of A Step-by-Step Approach to Using SAS for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling, O’Rourke and Hatcher have provided an easy-to-understand introduction to some of ...
INTERCONVERSION OF COMPOUNDS WITH PENTA-AND HEXACOORDINATE PHOSPHORUS. CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE TRIALKYLAMMONIUM HEXAOXYPHOSPHORIDE, [(PO6)(C6H5)2(C6H4)(CF3C[dbnd]CCF3)]−[(C2H5)3NH]+

Abstract The structure of triethylammonium diphenoxy-o-phenylenedioxy-1,2-bistrifluoromethylethenylenedioxyphosphoride, a compound with hexacoordinate phosphorus obtained by addition of triethylammonium phenoxide to the pentacoordinate phosphorus precursor, has been determined by x-ray crystallographic methods. The compound crystallizes from ether in space group P21/n of the monoclinic system. There are four formula units, (C22H14O6P)-(NC6H15)+ in the unit cell (Z=4), with one ion-pair constituting the asymmetric unit of the crystal. The cell dimensions are a=10.787(5), b=16.604(6), c=16.668(4) A; β=102.84°(3); D ctlc=1.415 g cm−3, D meas=1.412 g cm−3 (25°). Data were obtained on a CAD4 automatic diffractometer; 5310 unique non-zero reflections were collected with θ≤ 75° using (θ-2θ) scan, with a scan width of 1.0°. The phosphorus and oxygen atoms were located using the MULTAN program. All other non-hydrogen atoms were found in subsequent iterations of partial-structure phased Fourier maps. The structure ...