cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disposition and metabolism of [14C]citrinin in pregnant rats.

Abstract Citrinin is a product of fungal metabolism capable of producing nephrotoxicity. Distribution, excertion and metabolism of [14C]citrinin was studied in preganant female rats after subcutaneous administration of 35 mg/kg on the 12th day of gestation. Elimination of [14C]citrinin-derived radioactivity from plasma was biphasic. The half-lives for the rapid (α) and slower (β) phases of elimination were 1.95 h and 39.7 h,r espectively. Approximately 74% of the radioactivity appeared in the urine in the first 24 h, with only 1.7% and 1.4% in the urine ay 48 h and 72 h, respectively. Fecal elimination accounted for 9.5%, 4.1% and 7.3% of the total radioactivity at each of t hese times. At least one metabolite of citrinin was demonstrable with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of plasma extracts. Retention times for the parent compound and metabolite were 270 s and 175 s, respectively. The metabolite was more polar than the parent compound. At least 2 metabolites of citrinin were found in urine of the same rats. Retention times for two metabolites were 140 s and 180 s, with both metabolites more polar than the parent compound. Chromatograms of the bile samples suggested at least one metabolite was present with a retention time of 140 s. Chromatograms of uterus extracts indicated the presence of one metabolite with a retention time of 180 s. Chromatograms of fetus extracts induicated that no metabolites of critin were present.
The Hardy–Zuckerman 2-FeSV, a new feline retrovirus with oncogene homology to Abelson-MuLV

There is substantial evidence that oncogenes (v-onc) of acute transforming retroviruses have been acquired by transduction of cellular genes (c-onc) with retroviruses1,2. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)-associated feline fibrosarcomas have proven to be extremely useful for the isolation of acute transforming retroviruses of a mammalian species. Three different v-onc genes have been identified in five acute transforming feline retroviruses. The Susan McDonough feline sarcoma virus (SM-FeSV)3 contains the oncogene fms (ref. 4). The Snyder–Theilen (ST)5 and Gardner–Arnstein (GA)6 FeSVs contain the oncogene fes (ref. 4), which is homologous to the oncogene fps of the avian sarcoma viruses FSV, RRCII, PRCIV and 16L (refs 7, 8). The v-onc sequences of the Parodi–Irgens (PI) FeSV have recently been found to be homologous with the v-sis sequences of the simian sarcoma virus9,10. We report here the isolation of another acute transforming feline retrovirus from a naturally occurring feline fibrosarcoma, designated the Hardy–Zuckerman 2 feline sarcoma virus (HZ2-FeSV) and demonstrate that the HZ2-FeSV and Abelson murine leukaemia virus (A-MuLV) have homologous oncogenes.
Esophageal manometric characteristics and outcomes for laparoscopic esophageal diverticulectomy, myotomy, and partial fundoplication for epiphrenic diverticula.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to characterize the esophageal motor and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) abnormalities associated with epiphrenic esophageal diverticula and analyze outcomes for laparoscopic esophageal diverticulectomy, myotomy, and partial fundoplication.
Corneal endothelial cell transplantation using Descemet's membrane as a carrier.

Abstract Rabbit corneal endothelial cells were transplanted into the right eyes of four New Zealand white rabbits using bovine Descemet's membrane as a cell carrier. Descemet's membranes were dissected from cow eyes, flattened on 36 mm culture dishes, and cut into discs with a 6 mm trephine. Rabbit corneal endothelial cells were seeded onto the discs and maintained in tissue culture conditions for seven days until a complete monolayer with a cell density of 3,000 cells/mm 2 was formed. Before transplantation, corneal edema was induced in the host animals by an endothelial scrape wound, which removed the corneal endothelium. Five weeks later, the animals were prepared for transplantation. A corneal button was cut and placed on a dissection table so the host Descemet's membrane could be removed. The donor Descemet's membrane with a complete monolayer of rabbit corneal endothelial cells was placed on the stroma of the corneal button. To keep the donor membrane in place, the button was cauterized at three peripheral points and sutured back into the host eye. Prednisolone sodium phosphate eyedrops and dexamethasone eyedrops and ointment were applied twice daily during the postoperative period. All grafts stayed clear for a period of 12 to 17 weeks. This study shows the potential for using Descemet's membrane as a carrier for corneal endothelial cell transplantation.
Erratum to ‘Identifying policy target groups with qualitative and quantitative methods: the case of wildfire risk on nonindustrial private forest lands’ [Forest Policy and Economics. 25: 62–71]

Abstract Designing policies to harness the potential of heterogeneous target groups such as nonindustrial private forest owners to contribute to public policy goals can be challenging. The behaviors of such groups are shaped by their diverse motivations and circumstances. Segmenting heterogeneous target groups into more homogeneous subgroups may improve the chances of successfully identifying policy strategies to influence their behavior. Findings from a multimethod study of nonindustrial private forest owners in eastern Oregon suggest four unique subgroups of owners with different fuel management motivations and suitabilities for policy tools: commodity managers could benefit from market-based incentives; amenity managers could benefit from capacity building programs paired with symbolic campaigns; recreational managers could benefit from public incentives provided through consultants or contractors who can help plan the work; and passive managers may benefit from opportunities to respond to the policy strategies designed for the other groupings until more information can be gathered. Incorporating qualitative analysis of interview data with statistical analysis of survey data improved understanding of the groupings and appropriate policy strategies for them.
Transient network model for a multiphase polymeric fluid

Rheological behaviors of entangled polymer melts filled with rigid solid particles are phenomenologically described based on a Yamamoto type transient network model. Entanglement points are described by one kind of temporary junctions with a lifetime τp. Presence of fillers introduces another kind of network junctions with a lifetime τs, characteristic of adsorption of polymer chains at the filler surface. The degree of compatibility of filler surfaces with the polymer medium is characterized in terms of the adsorption time τs relative to the disentanglement time τp. By incorporating the effects of interfacial slippage into the deformation mechanism of the transient network, one can explain the variation of such rheological functions as shear viscosity with surface treatment of fillers and with molecular weight of the polymer matrix at a given filler volume fraction.
Autoinhibition of Bcr-Abl through Its SH3 Domain

Bcr-Abl is a dysregulated tyrosine kinase whose mechanism of activation is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that, like c-Abl, Bcr-Abl is negatively regulated through its SH3 domain. Kinase activity, transformation, and leukemogenesis by Bcr-Abl are greatly impaired by mutations of the Bcr coiled-coil domain that disrupt oligomerization, but restored by an SH3 point mutation that blocks ligand binding or a complementary mutation at the intramolecular SH3 binding site defined in c-Abl. Phosphorylation of tyrosines in the activation loop of the catalytic domain and the linker between the SH2 and catalytic domains (SH2-CD linker) is dependent on oligomerization and required for leukemogenesis. These results suggest that Bcr-Abl has a monomeric, unphosphorylated state with the SH3 domain engaged intramolecularly to Pro1124 in the SH2-CD linker, the form that is sensitive to the inhibitor imatinib (STI-571). The sole function of the coiled-coil domain is to disrupt the autoinhibited conformation through oligomerization and intermolecular autophosphorylation.
African American and White perceptions of police services: Within- and between-group variation

Abstract Existing research on attitudes toward the police identified demographic variables predicting citizen satisfaction with police services and performance. Common themes in this literature were the disparate rates of satisfaction reported by African American and Caucasian citizens. While it is generally understood that African American citizens express lower levels of satisfaction, the degree to which this reduced satisfaction is consistent among African Americans and the factors causing such variation are unclear. In addition, variation in levels of citizen satisfaction across diverse measures of police services has yet to be considered by race. This study used data from a medium-sized Midwestern community to contrast samples of White and African American citizens to better understand how demographic, experiential, and neighborhood contextual factors shape perceptions of global, traditional, and community police services. Results from this study indicate that there is significant variation in the importance of certain exogenous factors in predicting satisfaction with police services. The differences between perceptions and race are most prominent in the community policing services model.
ADRENAL STEROID SECRETION IN RABBITS FOLLOWING PROLONGED ACTH ADMINISTRATION.

SummaryPorcine ACTH was administered to rabbits for periods of 15 and 30 days. At the end of this time the quantity of corticosterone isolated from adrenal venous blood was significantly reduced, while the secretion of cortisol tripled. This resulted in a drop in the corticosterone/cortisol ratio from a control value of 20:1 towards unity. The hypertrophied adrenals of the ACTH treated rabbits secreted the same quantity of steroids per unit time as the control animals. A possible explanation of these changes is discussed.We wish to thank Miss Jannas Rice for valuable technical assistance.
Generalization of pattern recognition in a self-organizing system

A self-organizing system reported upon earlier is briefly described. Two further experiments to determine its properties have been carried out. The first demonstrates that self-organization still takes place even if the input patterns are subjected to considerable random variation. The second experiment indicates that, after organization with the usual fixed patterns, the system classifies other input patterns statistically according to a simple preponderance criterion. Significance of this result as a generalization in pattern recognition is discussed. Some remarks are made on methods of simulation of such systems and their relation to computer design.
Target Selection in Error Selective Learning

SR shows a typical acquisition pattern of first avoiding marked structures, then repairing them, then producing them faithfully. I propose a method for diagnosing and quantifying avoidance, and then analyze the avoidance using the null parse approach. I offer a computationally implemented Tessier 2007, 2008, 2009, Becker and Tessier 2012), modeling the avoidance of marked structure as selection of the null parse. The model predicts a realistic acquisition path using a persistent M > F > MParse bias and the relativization of MParse to markedness constraints.
A novel approach to resonance ionization mass spectrometry employing a glow discharge atom source

Abstract This paper reports on preliminary efforts to design and implement a novel combination of a laser, a glow discharge atom source, and a magnetic sector mass spectrometer to be used for resonance ionization of the discharge sputtered material. In this experimental design, a glow discharge source has been constructed and interfaced to a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. The laser is then focused in a spatial region between the exit orifice of the glow discharge source and the extraction optics of the mass spectrometer. Laser interaction in the low pressure region external to the discharge plasma is believed to provide several advantages for resonance ionization over previous designs in which the laser was allowed to interact within the discharge plasma. Preliminary results show resonance ionization to improve the isotopic ratios of iron in an aluminum matrix (iron-58 content of 396 μg g −1 ) relative to those observed directly from the glow discharge which are subject to isobaric overlaps.
Inhibition of the esterase activity of thrombin by Na

SummaryThe hydrolysis of TAME by bovine and human thrombin was inhibited about 40% by 0.1 M NaCl but not by even higher concentrations of KCl. Probably Na+, and not an impurity in the NaCl used, produced the inhibition because NaCl from a second source gave the same results, and in addition, rates of hydrolysis when using a buffer made from the mono- and dipotassium phosphates were double those found when using a buffer made from the corresponding sodium phosphates. No evidence was found that Na+ inhibited, not thrombin, but a contaminant in the 4 thrombin preparations tested. Increasing concentrations of glycerol in the tests produced increasing inhibition of hydrolysis, but the percentage inhibition due to Na+ remained constant. Incubating thrombin at 37° and pH 3.4 gradually destroyed its ability to hydrolyze TAME, but at all times tested the percentage inhibition due to Na+ remained constant. SBTI did not inhibit the rates, and the percentage inhibition by Na+ was the same in the presence and in the a...
Entropy stabilization of deformed regions characterized by an excess volume for hydrogen storage applications

A general framework using the universal equation of state is given to quantify the excess entropy present in deformed regions of metals and metal hydrides characterized by an excess volume. The conditions under which the excess entropy leads to a stabilization of the deformed regions with respect to multiple hydriding/dehydriding cycles are determined. The impact of the energy barrier created by the excess entropy on the recrystallization rate of the deformed regions is quantified using a homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth model. At high temperature, due to the energy barrier, metal hydride systems containing a large excess volume can have a recrystallization rate that is several orders of magnitude smaller than the recrystallization rates of regions containing low excess volume. This entropy stabilization can create a regime where the reduced enthalpy of formation of the metal hydride could be maintained over multiple cycles because of the increased stability of the nanostructures responsible for the reduction in the enthalpy of formation.
Standards for infant day care in the United States and Canada

State and provincial departments concerned with licensing day care were surveyed to determine the extent to which their standards promoted and assured quality care of infants reared in group day care settings. Twenty-seven states and five provinces were found currently to license infant day care. Licensing standards were judged to make fairly adequate provision for the health and safety of infants but to neglect other aspects of infant development. Policies to be incorporated into licensing regulations were proposed. Recommendations were advanced for construction of curricula for infant day care settings that would maximize quality care.
Multiple Response Comparison of Parietal EEG and Frontalis EMG Biofeedback

In Study I parietal EEG and frontalis EMG were simultaneously recorded from 20 normal subjects while half of the subjects received 45 min of eyes-closed alpha EEG enhancement feedback and the other half received a similar amount of EMG suppression feedback. EMG feedback resulted in a significant reduction in frontalis EMG activity accompanied by a reliable increase in parietal alpha density, while EEG feedback produced only an increase in alpha without corresponding EMG reduction. In Study II, each of 8 subjects underwent four separate feedback contingencies in two 40-min sessions—one session with eyes open and the other with eyes closed. The four types of feedback were: a) alpha-up (alpha enhancement), b) alpha-down (alpha suppression), c) EMG-down (frontalis tension decrease), and d) EMG-up (frontalis tension increase). EMG feedback, up and down, resulted in the more consistent pattern of generalized arousal changes reflected in heart rate and respiratory rate as well as EEG and EMG activity. Within the constraints of a limited training period, the results suggest that frontalis EMG feedback is the more efficient procedure for producing a generalized relaxation response. However, since fingertip vasoconstriction accompanied all four types of feedback, caution must be exercised to avoid the oversimplification of generalized organism effects.
Aberrant Synaptic Integration in Adult Lamina I Projection Neurons Following Neonatal Tissue Damage

Mounting evidence suggests that neonatal tissue damage evokes alterations in spinal pain reflexes which persist into adulthood. However, less is known about potential concomitant effects on the transmission of nociceptive information to the brain, as the degree to which early injury modulates synaptic integration and membrane excitability in mature spinal projection neurons remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that neonatal surgical injury leads to a significant shift in the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition onto identified lamina I projection neurons of the adult mouse spinal cord. The strength of direct primary afferent input to mature spino-parabrachial neurons was enhanced following neonatal tissue damage, whereas the efficacy of both GABAergic and glycinergic inhibition onto the same population was compromised. This was accompanied by reorganization in the pattern of sensory input to adult projection neurons, which included a greater prevalence of monosynaptic input from low-threshold A-fibers when preceded by early tissue damage. In addition, neonatal incision resulted in greater primary afferent-evoked action potential discharge in mature projection neurons. Overall, these results demonstrate that tissue damage during early life causes a long-term increase in the gain of spinal nociceptive circuits, and suggest that the prolonged consequences of neonatal trauma may not be restricted to the spinal cord but rather include excessive ascending signaling to supraspinal pain centers.
Semiempirical Thermodynamic Modeling of Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibria: Coal Tar Dissolution in Water-Miscible Solvents

This work investigates thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria of mixtures of coal tar, solvent, and water using the nonrandom, two-liquid (NRTL) equation, a semiempirical excess free energy equation. Coal tar, a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was represented as a pseudocomponent, permitting coal tar/ solvent/water systems to be modeled as ternary systems. Experimental ternary liquid-liquid equilibria (LLF) and coal tar/water mutual solubility data, alongwith literature data for solvent/watervaporliquid equilibria (VLF), were used in a simultaneous regression procedure to optimize the representation of ternary LLF
Broad-spectrum behavior therapy with children: A case presentation

The purpose of this case study is to describe how a therapist can adapt a variety of behavioral techniques (both classical and operant conditioning) to meet the needs of elementary school aged children in one-to-one relationships. The broad-spectrum behavior therapy program is discussed, techniques are illustrated by examples, and relevant references are cited. A positive relationship was established and there was marked improvement in interpersonal activities with both adults and peers. Assertive training resulted in less inhibition: behavior rehearsal to learn new patterns of responding was not particularly successful; relaxation techniques were generally effective in dispelling anxiety; both fine and gross motor skills were developed to enhance self-image and to channel feelings by directed muscular activities; cognitive restructuring gains were minimal, although school functioning improved; parents were trained as behavioral managers.
Measuring Professional Identity Development Among Counselor Trainees

This study examined the differences in professional identity development between novice and advanced counselor trainees (N = 161). Multivariate analyses of variance indicated significant differences between groups. Specifically, advanced counselor trainees demonstrated greater professional development compared with novice counselor trainees. No differences existed between groups with understanding of professional orientation and values. Implications are presented.
The effect of consolidation of abortion services on patient outcomes.

Abstract Background In 2001, a service dedicated to family planning was created within a large public hospital to improve patient care services. This retrospective chart review demonstrates the benefit of focusing these services in a specialty clinic. Study Design A power analysis was performed and determined that a minimum of 136 charts were needed in each arm of the study to determine if, following an elective abortion, there was a significant increase in attendance at the scheduled postoperative visit. Secondary variables included analysis of contraceptive choice, incidence of continuation of injectable contraception and incidence of repeat pregnancy. Results After counseling services were initiated, there was a 27% increase in the number of patients returning for the postoperative clinic appointment within 8 weeks [32% (61/191) in 1998 vs. 59% (80/136) in 2001; p Conclusion Consolidation of abortion services improves subsequent use of contraception and reduces incidence of repeat pregnancy.
CSF testosterone: relationship to aggression, impulsivity, and venturesomeness in adult males with personality disorder.

Abstract Objective Studies of various species suggest that testosterone, assayed in various compartments, is correlated with aggression and possibly related behaviors. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid testosterone (CSF TEST) and measures of aggression, impulsivity, and venturesomeness in male personality disordered subjects and test the hypothesis that CSF TEST would correlate directly with each measure in this group. Methods Lumbar CSF for morning basal levels of testosterone were obtained from 31 male subjects with personality disorder. Aggression was assessed dimensionally through the use of the life history of aggression (LHA) assessment, and categorically by the research diagnosis of intermittent explosive disorder. Impulsiveness and venturesomeness were assessed using the Eysenck personality questionnaire - II (EPQ-II). Results CSF TEST did not correlate with measures of aggression or impulsivity but did correlate directly with venturesomeness ( r = .42, p = .021). Adjusting for age and height modestly reduced the magnitude and statistical significance of this correlation. Conclusions In contrast to some published studies, CSF TEST was not found to have a significant relationship with aggression. The presence of a modest correlation between CSF TEST and venturesomeness, but not impulsivity, in male personality-disordered subjects suggests a possible relationship between CSF TEST and a type of sensation-seeking that involves consideration of the consequences of action taken.
Immunolocalization of transcription factor AP1 in human ocular surface epithelia.

Purpose. The present study examined whether normal human ocular surfcae epithelia express AP1 components. Changes in expression patterns of these components in a case of ocular surface epithelial dysplasia was also evaluated before and after topical mitomycin C treatment. Methods. Specimens of normal corneas (n = 2) and conjunctiva (n = 4) were obtained from 4 patients during cataract surgery or post mortem, while specimens of dysplastic epithelial tissue from the limbus were obtained from one patient. Specimens were immunohistochemically studied using antibodies against components of AP1. Results. The normal corneal epithelium showed no staining with antibodies against c-Fos, Fra-2, FosB, c-Jun or JunB, whereas the limbal and bulbar conjunctival epithelia were positive for c-Fos, Fra-2, and c-Jun. Anti-FosB and -JunB antibodies reacted weakly with the conjunctival epithelium. JunD was absent in normal corneal and conjunctival epithelia. The dsyplastic epithelium showed positive labelling for c-Fos, Fra-2...
Repression of Transposable Elements by Histone Biotinylation

Transposable elements constitute >40% of the human genome; transposition of these elements increases genome instability and cancer risk. Epigenetic mechanisms are important for transcriptional repression of retrotransposons, thereby preventing transposition events. Binding of biotin to histones, mediated by holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS), is a novel histone mark that plays a role in gene regulation. Here, we review recent findings that biotinylation of lysine-12 in histone H4 (H4K12bio) is an epigenetic mechanism to repress long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons in human and mouse cell lines, primary cells from human adults, and in Drosophila melanogaster. Further, evidence is summarized that supports a causal relationship between the repression of LTR in H4K12bio-depleted cells and increased production of viral particles, increased frequency of retrotransposition events, and increased frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in mammals and Drosophila. Although HCS interacts physically with histones H3 and H4, the mechanism responsible for targeting HCS to retrotransposons to mediate histone biotinylation is uncertain. We hypothesize that HCS binds specifically to genomic regions rich in methylated cytosines and catalyzes increased biotinylation of histone H4 at lysine-12. Further, we hypothesize that this biotinylation promotes the subsequent dimethylation of lysine-9 in histone H3, resulting in an overall synergistic effect of 3 diet-dependent covalent modifications of histones in the repression of LTR.
Skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience.

Background: Skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction has become popular with patients because, compared with delayed reconstruction, it improves the cosmetic result, reduces cost and anesthetic risk, and in one stage completes most of the surgical treatment that the patient will ever require for treatment of her breast cancer. In the past, reconstruction was often delayed because of an unwarranted fear of locoregional recurrence or because the patient, having to live for some time with a flat chest wall, would be more appreciative of her reconstruction. This concept is now considered unacceptable, and many women regard this attitude as evidence of a lack of concern for the psychological impact of mastectomy. Method: Provided that the breast skin is not involved with or close to the tumor, we prefer to perform the mastectomy with removal of only the nipple-areolar complex and the tumor biopsy scar. The mastectomy is otherwise the same as a standard modified radical mastectomy with removal of all breast tissue and a level I–II axillary node dissection. Our preference is to use the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap with a microvascular anastomosis because it provides a better blood supply, reduces abdominal wall muscle sacrifice, and eliminates the bulge from tunneling required by a pedicled flap. Result: Using the skin-sparing technique with immediate reconstruction in 545 patients with early-stage breast cancer, our overall incidence of regional recurrence was 2.6%. Of 95 patients who were followed for >four years, the recurrence rate was 4.2%. Conclusions: Regional recurrence after skin-sparing mastectomy is a function of the biology of the tumor and the stage of the disease and is not affected by the use of immediate reconstruction or skin-preservation mastectomy.
Cocycle Conjugacy Classes of Shifts on the Hyperfinite II1 Factor

Abstract We study a class of endomorphisms of subfactor index 2, called binary shifts, on the hyperfinite II1 factor. Invariants are identified for cocycle conjugacy and strong cocycle conjugacy classes. In particular, there is a connection between the Bratteli diagram associated with a binary shift and strong cocycle conjugacy.
Liddle’s syndrome mutations disrupt cAMP-mediated translocation of the epithelial Na+ channel to the cell surface

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) plays a critical role in Na+ absorption, and mutations in this channel cause diseases of Na+ homeostasis, including a genetic form of hypertension (Liddle’s syndrome). To investigate cAMP-mediated stimulation of ENaC, α, β, and γENaC were coexpressed in Fischer rat thyroid epithelia to generate apical Na+ channels and transepithelial Na+ current. cAMP agonists stimulated Na+ current by 70%. Following covalent modification of cysteines introduced into ENaC, cAMP increased the rate of appearance of unmodified channels at the cell surface. In addition, cAMP increased the fluorescent labeling of ENaC at the apical cell surface. Inhibition of vesicle trafficking by incubating epithelia at 15°C prevented the cAMP-mediated stimulation of ENaC. These results suggest that cAMP stimulates Na+ absorption in part by increasing translocation of ENaC to the cell surface. Stimulation of ENaC by cAMP was dependent on a sequence (PPPXY) in the COOH terminus of each subunit. This sequence is the target for mutations that cause Liddle’s syndrome, suggesting that cAMP-mediated translocation of ENaC to the cell surface is defective in this genetic form of hypertension.
Cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos: Optimization by theoretical versus empirical analysis

Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago. This procedure has come to be an important, almost essential component in the practice of assisted reproduction in animals and humans. Literally millions of animals of more than 20 species and undoubtedly hundreds of thousands of children have been born from frozen embryos. Nevertheless, there still remain shortcomings with methods used to cryopreserve oocytes and embryos. A wide variety of approaches has been used to try to improve and optimize methods of cryopreservation. These approaches range from the very basic to the completely empirical. Some investigators make use of rigorous mathematical formulations to define and describe the behavior of oocytes and embryos at subzero temperatures. Others conduct "trial-and-error" studies to improve the results by dint of many replicate experiments in which they examine the effects of various protective compounds, macromolecular supplements, and compare different cooling and warming conditions. This review considers both extremes.
Quantifying the potential for high‐altitude smoke injection in the North American boreal forest using the standard MODIS fire products and subpixel‐based methods

All chemical transport models require an estimation of the vertical distribution of smoke particles near the source. This study quantitatively examines the strengths and weaknesses of several fire products for characterizing plume buoyancy and injection heights in the North American boreal forest during 2004–2005. Observations from the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer show that 21% of smoke plumes are injected more than 500 m above the boundary layer (BL500) and 8% exceed 2.5 km above ground level. Corresponding observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) show that probability of injection above the BL500 exceeds 60% for pixel-based fire radiative power (FRPp) values above ~2500 MW. Increasing values of subpixel-retrieved fire area and temperature also correspond to higher injections but only after removing fire pixels with a weak 11 µm fire signal and clustering. The probability of injection above the BL500 reaches 50% when the subpixel radiant flux (FRPf flux) exceeds 20 kW/m2, highlighting its potential for estimating plume buoyancy. However, these data have limitations similar to FRPp, where the highest probability of injection corresponds to a small percentage of the data set (5–18%), and many high-altitude injections occur with lower values. Examinations of individual smoke plumes highlight the importance of combining pixel-level and subpixel outputs and show that plume injection is also sensitive to the fire pixel spatial distribution and meteorology. Therefore, an optimal method for predicting high-altitude injections will require some combination of injection climatology, FRPp, FRPf flux, and meteorology, but each variable's importance will depend on fire event characteristics.
Capital, profession and medical technology: the electro-therapeutic institutes and the Royal College of Physicians, 1888-1922.

L'A. analyse les implications d'un drame historique qui opposa les medecins du College Royal de Londres aux ingenieurs en electricite de l'Institut d'electricite medical, de 1888 a 1922
Dengue Virus Infects Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in a Mouse Model of Infection

Dengue fever is a mosquitoborne viral illness caused by 4 dengue viruses (DENV-1-4). The cellular tropism of DENV has not been definitively determined, despite its importance for understanding viral pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. To define DENV cellular tropism in a small animal model, 129/Pas mice lacking interferon-alpha/beta and/or-gamma receptors were infected with DENV via a subcutaneous route. During the first week after infection, virus was present in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and circulating white blood cells. F4/80+CD11b+ macrophages and CD11c+ dendritic cells were demonstrated to be targets for DENV-2 infection in the spleen by flow cytometry directed to structural and nonstructural DENV proteins and by magnetic bead separation followed by strand-specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We find that the initial cellular tropism of DENV in mice is similar to that reported in humans, thereby paving the way for investigation of cellular tropism and pathogenesis of DENV in primary and secondary infections.
Screening for autism spectrum disorders in primary care settings

The need for autism-specific screening during pediatric well-child visits has been established. However, additional support for specific screening instruments is needed. The current study used the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) and the M-CHAT Follow-Up Interview to screen 4797 children during toddler checkups. Of the 4797 cases, 466 screened positive on the M-CHAT; of the 362 who completed the follow-up interview, 61 continued to show risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). A total of 41 children have been evaluated; 21 children have been diagnosed with ASD, 17 were classified with non-ASD delays, and three were typically developing. The PPV of M-CHAT plus interview was .57. It is notable that only four of the 21 cases of ASD were flagged by their pediatrician. These findings suggest that the M-CHAT is effective in identifying ASD in primary care settings. Future research will follow this sample longitudinally.
Modeled connectivity between northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) spawning and nursery areas in the eastern Bering Sea

article i nfo Connectivity between spawning and potential nursery areas of northern rock sole, Lepidopsetta polyxystra ,i n the eastern Bering Sea was examined using an individual-based biophysical-coupled model. Presumed spawning areas were identified using historical field-collected ichthyoplankton data, and nursery habitats were characterized based on previously described settlement areas. Simulated larvae were released from spawning areas near the Pribilof Islands, south of the Pribilof Islands along the outer continental shelf, on the north side of the Alaska Peninsula, and in the Gulf of Alaska south of Unimak Island. Simulated larvae were transported along two general pathways: 1) northwards along the outer continental shelf from Unimak Island towards the Pribilof Islands and further north offshore of mainland Alaska, and 2) eastward along the Alaska Peninsula. At the end of the 2-month simulation, drift pathways placed pre-settlement stage larvae offshore of known nursery areas of older juveniles near mainland Alaska, consistent with a hypothesis that initial settlement may be followed by substantial post-settlement redistribution. Published by Elsevier B.V.
A P-band SAR Interference Filter

The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interference filter is an adaptive filter designed to reduce the effects of interference while minimizing the introduction of undesirable side effects. The author examines the adaptive spectral filter and the improvement in processed SAR imagery using this filter for Jet Propulsion Laboratory Airborne SAR (JPL AIRSAR) data. The quality of these improvements is determined through several data fidelity criteria, such as point-target impulse response, equivalent number of looks, SNR, and polarization signatures. These parameters are used to characterize two data sets, both before and after filtering. The first data set consists of data with the interference present in the original signal, and the second set consists of clean data which has been coherently injected with interference acquired from another scene.
Working memory updating and the development of rule-guided behavior

The transition from middle childhood into adolescence is marked by both increasing independence and also extensive change in the daily requirements of familial demands, social pressures, and academic achievement. To manage this increased complexity, children must develop the ability to use abstract rules that guide the choice of behavior across a range of circumstances. Here, we tested children through adults in a task that requires increasing levels of rule abstraction, while separately manipulating competition among alternatives in working memory. We found that age-related differences in rule-guided behavior can be explained in terms of improvement in rule abstraction, which we suggest involves a working memory updating mechanism. Furthermore, family socioeconomic status (SES) predicted change in rule-guided behavior, such that higher SES predicted better performance with development. We discuss these results within a working memory gating framework for abstract rule-guided behavior.
Bioassay for evaluating attraction of the phorid fly, Megaselia halterata to compost colonized by the commercial mushroom, Agaricus bisporus and to 1‐octen‐3‐ol and 3‐octanone

A bioassay chamber was developed to evaluate the attraction of the phorid fly pest, Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera, Phoridae), to volatiles from mushroom compost colonized by the commercial mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Fungi, Agaricaceae) and to its volatile constituents, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone. The bioassay chamber consisted of a large round container which was attached, via glass tubes, to three removable sample cups situated below the container. Once a fly had entered a sample cup, the flatly cut glass tubes prevented the flies from readily returning to the release chamber and, in effect, was a pit fall trap which kept the flies in the cups until the flies were counted. Holes in the bottom of the cups and removal of 20 ml of air from the chamber to fill the entrance tubes with volatiles from the cups were necessary for the success of the bioassay. Mated and unmated female M. halterata and, to a lesser extent, mated males preferred spawned compost (compost well colonized by fungal mycelia) relative to unspawned compost or blank cups. Unmated males were not attracted to spawned compost. Males and females were not attracted to unspawned compost. No attraction of male or female M. halterata to the spawned compost volatiles, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, could be demonstrated under various experimental conditions. These two compounds seemed to deter females at high concentrations.
A practical, decision-theoretic approach to multi-robot mapping and exploration

An important assumption underlying virtually all approaches to multi-robot exploration is prior knowledge about their relative locations. This is due to the fact that robots need to merge their maps so as to coordinate their exploration strategies. The key step in map merging is to estimate the relative locations of the individual robots. This paper presents a novel approach to multi-robot map merging under global uncertainty about the robot's relative locations. Our approach uses an adapted version of particle filters to estimate the position of one robot in the other robot's partial map. The risk of false-positive map matches is avoided by verifying match hypotheses using a rendezvous approach. We show how to seamlessly integrate this approach into a decision-theoretic multi-robot coordination strategy. The experiments show that our sample-based technique can reliably find good hypotheses for map matches. Furthermore, we present results obtained with two robots successfully merging their maps using the decision-theoretic rendezvous strategy.
philosophy for children, community of inquiry, and human rights education

The Community of Inquiry (COI) is a unique discourse model that brings adults and children together in collaborative discussions of philosophical and ethical topics. This paper examines the potential for COI to deepen children’s moral and intellectual understanding through recursive discourse that encourages them to transcend cultural limitations, confront their own moral predispositions, and increase inter-cultural understanding. As children become familiar with normative values couched in ethical dialogue, they are immersed in ideals of reciprocity and empathy. Such dialogues can become effective vehicles for introducing children to discussions of human dignity and rights that also challenge traditional power relationships between adults and children. The uncritical assumption underlying such power differentials often contests the de facto rights and dignity of children. COI is a valuable tool for human rights education as it encourages children’s sensitivity to the rights and dignities of others and, simultaneously, honors children’s own rights and dignities as participating citizens in the global community.
Boyle, Malpighi, and the Problem of Plastic Powers

In this paper, I examine Boyle’s views on generation and his appeal to plastic powers as an explanatory agent following a brief overview of the secondary literature. Further, I also look at the relationship between Boyle and the Italian anatomist Marcello Malpighi, who was one of the most prolific medical writers in the second half of the seventeenth century. This paper looks at their correspondence, which included not only ideas about experiments and the mechanical philosophy, but mineral samples as well. I argue that Malpighi appropriated Boyle’s notion of plastic powers in his own writings as part of a mechanical account of generation. Thus, Boyle’s description of a plastic power was perceived as being mechanical by one of his own contemporaries similarly committed to the mechanical philosophy. In both Boyle and Malpighi, moreover, we see a shared philosophy regarding mechanical explanation. For each of them, mechanical explanations involve physical agents acting on matter. Their shared view implies an important shift in which the power of an explanatory agent like a plastic power is in its mechanical mode of operation.
Adjustment of the rat to the 23-hr. food-deprivation schedule under two conditions of water availability.

Adjustment of rats to the 23-hr. food deprivation schedule was affected by presence or absence of water during the daily 1-hr. food-intake period. Ss with water adjusted in 15–20 days; Ss without water required an estimated 30–35 days to adjust.
Morphologic Characteristics of Oviducts from Hens Producing Eggs of Different Haugh Units Caused by Genetics and by Feeding Vanadium as Determined with Computer Software-Integrated Digitizing Technology

Abstract Magnum and isthmus morphologic characteristics (surface epithelium height, fold height and diameter, and periodic acid-Schiff-positive area and surface epithelium cells) of stained 6- μ m tissue sections were measured by light microscopy, with data acquisition using a digitizing tablet interfaced to a microscope and to a personal computer with morphometric-dimensional software. Tissues were obtained from Leghorn layers in two separate experiments in which production of eggs with low and high Haugh unit (HU) values was induced by either genetic selection or by feeding V. Eggs produced by these hens had HU differences between the high and low groups of 11 to 14 units (both experiments, P = .0001) and had a greater volume of thick albumen fraction in high-HU groups (both experiments, P = .0001). The computer software-integrated digitizing system enabled rapid measurements of multiple characteristics. In the genetic lines, higher magnum fold height and magnum and isthmus surface epithelium height were detected at moderate significance (all at P
High speed all optical shear wave imaging optical coherence elastography (Conference Presentation)

Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) is a non-invasive testing modality that maps the mechanical property of soft tissues with high sensitivity and spatial resolution using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PhS-OCT). Shear wave OCE (SW-OCE) is a leading technique that relies on the speed of propagating shear waves to provide a quantitative elastography. Previous shear wave imaging OCT techniques are based on repeated M-B scans, which have several drawbacks such as long acquisition time and repeated wave stimulations. Recent developments of Fourier domain mode-locked high-speed swept-source OCT system has enabled enough speed to perform KHz B-scan rate OCT imaging. Here we propose ultra-high speed, single shot shear wave imaging to capture single-shot transient shear wave propagation to perform SW-OCE. The frame rate of shear wave imaging is 16 kHz, at A-line rate of ~1.62 MHz, which allows the detection of high-frequency shear wave of up to 8 kHz. The shear wave is generated photothermal-acoustically, by ultra-violet pulsed laser, which requires no contact to OCE subjects, while launching high frequency shear waves that carries rich localized elasticity information. The image acquisition and processing can be performed at video-rate, which enables real-time 3D elastography. SW-OCE measurements are demonstrated on tissue-mimicking phantoms and porcine ocular tissue. This approach opens up the feasibility to perform real-time 3D SW-OCE in clinical applications, to obtain high-resolution localized quantitative measurement of tissue biomechanical property.
Study on Effect of Cod Liver Oil on the Immune Function of Mice

Objective To explore the effect of cod liver oil on the immune function in mice.Methods Two hundred Kunming female mice of SPF grade were divided into five groups,and then each group was randomly divided into four subgoups(low-,middle-,and high-dose subgroups and solvent control group).Seven immune function indices,including lymphocyte transformation capacity,delayed type hypersensitivity,antibody forming spleen cells,50% hemolytic concentration,carbon clearance capacity of the spleen macrophages,the phagocytosis of abdominal macrophages and NK cell activity in mice were detected after oral administration of the test substance at 20 ml/kg.bw for 30 days.Results As compared with the control mice,the three dosages of cod liver oil could significantly enhance lymphocyte transformation capacity and the delayed type hypersensitivity,and significantly increase antibody forming spleen cells,serum hemolytic level and NK cell activity.Conclusions The cod liver oil can enhance the immune function of mice.
Transactional correctness for secure nested transactions

Secure Nested Transactions are an adaptation of traditional nested transactions to support the synergy of language-based security and multi-level database security. They have application in security for enterprise applications, where transactional semantics are a critical feature in middleware systems. This article considers correctness in terms of transactional properties for secure nested transactions. Correctness is expressed in terms of a labeled transition system, the TauZero calculus.