cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Environment-Based Interventions for People With Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias

A systematic review of evidence for the efficacy of environment-based interventions on the affect, behavior, and performance of people with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias was conducted as part of the American Occupational Therapy Association's Evidence-Based Literature Review Project. Thirty-three reports met inclusion criteria. Results suggest that ambient music, aromatherapy, and Snoezelen are modestly effective in reducingagitation but do not consistently have long-term effects. Visually complex environments that give the illusion of barriers deter people from wandering to unsafe places but do not reduce the urge to wander. Evidence that bright light therapy can aid in regulating mood and the sleep-wake cycle and thus help people remain awake during the day is preliminary. Montessori-based programming can be useful in matching activities to the person's remaining skills. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effect, contraindications, and best dosages of these interventions.
Capitalism and Efficiency: A Review and Appraisal of the Recent Discussion

The paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical work by neo-Marxists suggesting that capitalist firms are inefficient, either technically or by Pareto criteria. The paper examines potential inef...
Critical Roles for Fast Synaptic Transmission in Mediating Estradiol Negative and Positive Feedback in the Neural Control of Ovulation

A switch in the balance of estradiol feedback actions from negative to positive initiates the GnRH surge, triggering the LH surge that causes ovulation. Using an ovariectomized, estradiol-treated (OVX+E) mouse model that exhibits daily switches between negative in the morning and positive feedback in the evening, we investigated the roles of fast synaptic transmission in regulating GnRH neuron firing during negative and positive feedback. Targeted extracellular recordings were used to monitor activity of GnRH neurons from OVX+E and OVX mice in control solution or solution with antagonists to both ionotropic glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (blockade). Blockade had no effect on activity of OVX cells. In contrast, in OVX+E cells in the morning, blockade increased activity compared with control cells, whereas in the evening, blockade decreased activity. In vivo barbiturate sedation of OVX+E mice that blocked LH surge induction prevented the in vitro evening changes in firing rate and response to blockade. These observations suggest at least partial inversion of the negative-to-positive switch in estradiol feedback action and indicate that changes in fast synaptic transmission to GnRH neurons and within the network of cells presynaptic to GnRH neurons are critical for mediating estradiol negative and positive feedback actions on GnRH neurons. Fast synaptic transmission may also affect GnRH neuron activity indirectly through altering release of excitatory and inhibitory neuromodulators onto GnRH neurons at specific times of day. Fast synaptic transmission is thus critical for proper generation and timing of the GnRH surge.
Review On Guided-Wave Acousto-Optics With Application To Wideband Real-Time Signal Processing*

This paper presents a selective review of planar guided-wave acoustooptics with emphasis on those aspects which relate to wideband real-time signal processing. First to be discussed are the working principle and some key analytical results of a basic Bragg modulator which uses a single aperture SAW transducer. Key para-meters relevant to modulation and signal processing are then discussed. Next the design parameters and procedures for wideband Bragg modulators and deflectors which use multiple transducers in Y-cut LiNb03 waveguides are established. Some potential applications of such wideband modulators and deflectors in rf signal pro-cessing are then described. Finally, a brief up-to-date progress report on the implementation of integrated acoustooptical circuits in both LiNb03 and Si substrates is given.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Competitive adsorption of nitrogen species in HDS: Kinetic characterization of hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis sites

Abstract Through modeling of the transient response of dibenzothiophene (DBT) hydrodesulfurization (HDS) to inhibition by 3-ethylcarbazole (3ECBZ), the hydrogenation (HYA) and hydrogenolysis (HYL) functions of a sulfided CoMo/Al2O3–SiO2 catalyst are characterized. The HYL sites, accounting for about one third of the total active sites, have a lower adsorption affinity for 3ECBZ than for DBT. The opposite is true for the HYA sites. The adsorbed nitrogen species are denitrogenated more rapidly on the HYL sites than on the HYA sites. As a result, the HYL sites are less inhibited by 3ECBZ and drive the HDS of DBT almost single-handedly in the presence of 3ECBZ. The catalyst surface is sparsely occupied by sulfur species because the HDS rate is much faster than the hydrodenitrogenation rate on both HYA and HYL sites. These results give a quantitative understanding of why 3ECBZ is a far weaker inhibitor to the HDS of DBT than it is to the HDS of 4,6-diethyldibenzothiophene. There appears a tradeoff between the HYA and HYL functions, which can be exploited for HDS catalyst and process optimization.
Ethical considerations in psychological research: a comparative review.

Four representative psychological journals (Behavior Therapy, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Educational Psychology, and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) were reviewed for their degree of reported concern with ethical standards established to guide psychological research on human subjects from 1971 through 1974. After surveying 1430 articles it was noted that there was a great deal of variability among journals in both the type and amount of ethical concern presented. All of the journals failed to report the obtaining of consent in a high percentage of cases when stress was present. It was speculated that underreporting of ethical procedures is related to the factors of: poor acceptance of the current ethical standards, a lack of their operational clarity, inadequate training, professional indolence, and ineffective editorial policies.
T = states in 21Na as seen in the 20Ne(p, p)20Ne reaction

Abstract The two lowest T = 3 2 states in 21 Na have been observed as narrow scattering anomalies in 20 Ne(p, p) 20 Ne, using a differentially-pumped gas target. The observed resonance energies are E p = 6.872 ± 0.005 MeV and E p = 7.128 ± 0.005 MeV corresponding to E x = 8.973 ± 0.007 MeV and E x = 9.217 ± 0.007 MeV in 21 Na. No other narrow scattering anomaly was found in the proton laboratory energy range 6.76–7.33 MeV although six anomalies of width greater than 13 keV were seen. From an analysis of the data using single level dispersion theory the following parameters were extracted for the T = 3 2 states: for the 8.973 MeV state, J π = 5 2 + (or 3 2 + ) , ⊥ total , ⊥ po = 0.10 ± 0.05 keV and, for the 9.217 MeV state, j π = if 1 2 + , ⊥ total = 2.3 ± 0. 5keV and ⊥ Po = 1.1 ± 0.3 keV.
Feeding and Developmental Rates of the Mexican Bean Beetle on Soybeans

In the laboratory, development times of larvae of Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, when feeding on soybean variety ‘York’, were 5.3, 4.0, 4.8, 7.9, and 7.3 days at 20°C for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th instars and pupa, respectively (slighter shorter durations were obtained at 26°C). Soybean leaflet surface area consumed was 0.6, 1.7, 5.8, and 26.9 cm2 at 20°C, and 0.6, 1.8, 7.6, and 21.4 cm2 at 26°C for the 4 larval stages. Adult consumption of foliage was 2.7 and 3.4 cm2 at 20°C and 3.7 and 3.8 cm2 at 26°C for male and female, respectively. Dry weight consumption also was recorded for larvae and adults.
Molecular structure determination of crystalline specimens in frozen aqueous solutions

Images were obtained of eukaryotic ribosome crystals, bladder membranes and gap junctions preserved in frozen aqueous solutions under conditions where either amorphous or crystalline ice is formed. Evaluation of these images by optical diffraction showed that specimens containing the largest open spaces were sensitive to ice crystal damage during freezing, whereas those containing the smallest open spaces were not. Projection maps were calculated from the images and compared to maps obtained from the same specimens at the same resolution in negative stain. Significant differences were apparent between each pair of maps. These were attributed to details being revealed of the RNA and protein (ribosomes) or the complete protein (membranes) when using frozen solutions, compared to just the hydrophilic surfaces when using stain. Thus the freezing method appears to provide the most complete and accurate descriptions of these structures.
Influence of meteorological conditions on aerosol vertical distribution and composition off the Northeast American coastline

The size distribution and composition of lower tropospheric aerosols were measured off the northeast American coastline under clear air and disturbed meteorological conditions. Under the clear air conditions observed on 5 August 1982, with air flow from west to east, sulfate-rich stratified layers are the dominant feature of aerosol distribution in the lowest 3000 m of the troposphere. The encroachment of a warm frontal system over the study area on 9 August 1982 resulted in dramatic changes in aerosol distribution and composition prior to any precipitation, probably due to increased vertical mixing and dilution of pollutant aerosols. Chloride becomes the dominant water soluble anion in the lower 3000 m, primarily due to a several fold decrease in sulfate. Although these results are limited to only two sets of measurements, the data indicate the variability which can occur in the tropospheric vertical aerosol distributions at remote locations. A knowledge of the structure and stability of these stratified layers is of particular importance to studies of the ocean-troposphere chemistry problem.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Thyroglossal Duct Cyst (TGDC): Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management

Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a TGDC is a rare event, and a high index of suspicion is therefore needed for reaching a correct preoperative diagnosis to plan adequate therapy. The work-up should include fine needle aspiration cytology and high-resolution CT scan. The recommended therapy is adequate wide resection with frozen section control of the surgical margins. For localized lesions within the TGDC (diagnosed as an incidental histological finding), the Sistrunk operation is adequate. If, however, the tumor invades surrounding structures, wider resections (which may include strap muscles, thyroid, larynx, or base of tongue) are recommended. Neck dissection is reserved for cases with nodal metastasis. There is no role for prophylactic neck dissections except perhaps for the paratracheal nodes. Postoperative radiation therapy is recommended for larger lesions, positive surgical margins, or extensive nodal disease. Strict follow-up is recommended for prolonged periods of time, because local recurrences are common and could occur many years after the initial treatment.
Sulfated Graphene Oxide as a Hole-Extraction Layer in High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells.

In this study, we have rationally designed and successfully developed sulfated graphene oxide (GO–OSO3H) with −OSO3H groups attached to the carbon basal plane of reduced GO surrounded with edge-functionalized −COOH groups. The resultant GO–OSO3H is demonstrated to be an excellent hole extraction layer (HEL) for polymer solar cells (PSCs) because of its proper work function for Ohmic contact with the donor polymer, its reduced basal plane for improving conductivity, and its −OSO3H/–COOH groups for enhancing solubility for solution processing. Compared with that of GO, the much improved conductivity of GO–OSO3H (1.3 S m–1 vs 0.004 S m–1) leads to greatly improved fill factor (0.71 vs 0.58) and power conversion efficiency (4.37% vs 3.34%) of the resulting PSC devices. Moreover, the device performance of GO–OSO3H is among the best reported for intensively studied poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) devices. Our results imply that judiciously functionalized graphene ma...
Effects of False-Alarm vs. Miss-Prone Automation and Likelihood Alarm Technology on Trust, Reliance, and Compliance in a Miss-Prone Task

We investigated the effects of false-alarm prone (FP) vs. miss-prone (MP) automation and the effects of likelihood alarm technology (LAT) on trust, reliance, and compliance. One hundred participant...
Pressure induced transition between superhydrophobic states: Configuration diagrams and effect of surface feature size

The stability of wetting states, namely the Cassie state (partial wetting) and the Wenzel state (complete wetting) of surfaces with protrusions, is determined by comparing the total free energy of a liquid drop in terms of their apparent contact angles for different protrusion features. It is found that when the area fraction of the topographical features and the intrinsic contact angle for a flat surface are large, the Cassie state is favored, but it can be either the metastable or stable state. It is shown that the transition from the Cassie state to the Wenzel state requires the application of a pressure to the meniscus between the surface protrusions. The critical transition pressure increases not only with increasing area fraction and intrinsic contact angle, but also with decreasing protrusion size. During the transition, a high-pressure gas can be trapped around the protrusions that can cause the Cassie state to be recovered after the release of the applied pressure. The analysis shows that a droplet can 'hang' upside-down when the protrusion size is very small; namely, the protrusions can pin the meniscus. These results are discussed relative to the advancing and receding contact angle.
A comparison of incompressible, anelastic and Boussinesq dynamics

A comparative study of the incompressible and anelastic approximations is presented, including an energy budget analysis. The pure incompressible system for liquids and Durran's pseudo-incompressible system for gases decouple density from pressure fluctuations and thereby eliminate acoustic modes. The traditional Boussinesq incompressible and the Ogura-Phillips anelastic systems require linearization of the pressure-buoyancy terms in the equation of motion about a state of neutral static stability. This linearization is their principal merit but it costs accuracy, especially for strongly stratified or diabatic flows. By subtracting mean hydrostatic terms, disturbance forms of the pure incompressible and pseudo-incompressible equations of motion can be constructed, which allow a more uniform scaling of terms than the original equations but are not linearized. Conservative energy budget relations are derived for all the systems described.
A late Triassic trove of fossil plants.

Although it could be assumed from Erik Stokstad's News Focus article “Utah's fossil trove beckons, and tests, researchers” (5 Oct., p. [41][1]) that the only fossils found in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah are the remains of dinosaurs, mammals, and other
Central Autonomic Disorders

Central autonomic dysfunctions can be due to primary (degenerative) or secondary disorders. Autonomic failure (AF) may be a major manifestation of multiple system atrophy (MSA) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). In both MSA and IPD, AF is almost invariably associated with neuronal loss in the intermediolateral cell columns. Dysautonomia in MSA is early, severe, and progressive, including marked orthostatic hypotension and urinary incontinence and is complicated by respiratory disturbances, such as laryngeal stridor and sleep apnea. MSA/AF can be differentiated from primary (or pure) autonomic failure (PAF) without central nervous system involvement. PAF is mainly a disorder of the postganglionic neurons. In contrast to PAF, MSA/AF has preserved basal sympathetic activity, decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitter markers, impaired vasopressin response to hypotension, and impaired adrenocorticotrophic hormone/beta endorphin response to hypoglycemia. AF in IPD is generally less severe than in MSA. Poor response to L-Dopa, abnormal urethral sphincter electromyography, and CSF markers may distinguish MSA from IPD. Secondary autonomic disorders may result from traumatic, vascular, inflammatory, demyelinating, or neoplastic lesions involving corticolimbic, hypothalamic, brainstem, or spinal autonomic network. These disorders can cause AF or autonomic hyperactivity, such as arrhythmia, hypertension, and hyperthermia. However, many disorders may only produce subclinical abnormalities.
Motorically impaired infants: Impact of a massage procedure on caregiver-infant interactions

The capacity of both the infant and the caregiver to elicit and respond to behaviors in mutually pleasurable ways is vital for the development of attachment behavior and early social development. The objective of this study was to observe interactions between neuromotor-handicapped infants and their caregivers to determine if specialized handling procedures could be utilized by caregivers to enhance appropriate reciprocal attachment-separation behaviors. An attachment-separation behavior observation scale (A-S) was used to measure infant behaviors and contingent caregiver responses relative to attachment behaviors. A massage technique was taught to the caregivers of one-half of a matched group of neuromotor-delayed infants enrolled in an infant stimulation program. Data analysis indicates that while both groups progressed in appropriate contingent attachment-separation behaviors, only the experimental group showed significant change in the caregiver-infant discrepancy score, suggesting that the handling procedures may have facilitated the development of more compatible and positive interactions between caregivers and their infants.
The Nutrient-Responsive Transcription Factor TFE3 Promotes Autophagy, Lysosomal Biogenesis, and Clearance of Cellular Debris

The discovery of a gene network regulating lysosomal biogenesis and its transcriptional regulator transcription factor EB (TFEB) revealed that cells monitor lysosomal function and respond to degradation requirements and environmental cues. We report the identification of transcription factor E3 (TFE3) as another regulator of lysosomal homeostasis that induced expression of genes encoding proteins involved in autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis in ARPE-19 cells in response to starvation and lysosomal stress. We found that in nutrient-replete cells, TFE3 was recruited to lysosomes through interaction with active Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) and exhibited mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent phosphorylation. Phosphorylated TFE3 was retained in the cytosol through its interaction with the cytosolic chaperone 14-3-3. After starvation, TFE3 rapidly translocated to the nucleus and bound to the CLEAR elements present in the promoter region of many lysosomal genes, thereby inducing lysosomal biogenesis. Depletion of endogenous TFE3 entirely abolished the response of ARPE-19 cells to starvation, suggesting that TFE3 plays a critical role in nutrient sensing and regulation of energy metabolism. Furthermore, overexpression of TFE3 triggered lysosomal exocytosis and resulted in efficient cellular clearance in a cellular model of a lysosomal storage disorder, Pompe disease, thus identifying TFE3 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of lysosomal disorders.
Source and characterization of host recognition kairomones of Tetrastichus hagenowii, a parasitoid of cockroach eggs

. Recognition of Periplaneta americana (L.) oothecae by the egg parasitoid Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is mediated by mucopolysaccharides from the salivary glands, and calcium oxalate from the colleterial glands of the roach. Calcium oxalate, the most active compound isolated, only elicits stereotyped host recognition behaviour from the parasitoid when perceived in the context of a curved surface. Although empty oothecae contain calcium oxalate, female T. hagenowii appear to determine the unsuitability of these oothecae soon after drumming begins and abandon them. The potential usefulness of host recognition kairomones in biological control is discussed.
Microclimate and interactions between the atmosphere and Orvieto Cathedral

Abstract Some field tests have been carried out to study the weathering of Orvieto Cathedral. Orvieto is a small town in central Italy, sited on the top of a hill, a windy and relatively unpolluted site. The local microclimate, the solar radiation and the induced thermal wave, the main thermohygrometric parameters, the exchanges of heat and moisture and the deposition processes have been carefully taken into consideration with reference to the deterioration of the stone and the fall of the tesseras of mosaic. The thermal pattern of the Cathedral is strongly influenced by solar radiation in that the surface is warmed by the direct radiation which is, however, limited by the surrounding buildings. The different materials and variety of albedos of the coloured tesseras cause thermal gradients and internal stresses. The relative humidity is quite high, especially during the night and, in winter, throughout the whole day. The NNW side of the Cathedral is the coldest and condensation forms in the micropores and on the surface thus favouring the growth of lichens. The diurnal heating of the zones affected by direct solar radiation forces marked condensation-evaporation cycles. The droplets condensing on the mosaic grow until they run off and are partially absorbed between the tesseras, facilitating their detachment. The thermophoretic deposition and the Stefan flow are only seldom active; unlike the inertial deposition which is always present.
Mechanisms of Neuronal Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease

Although a consensus on the primary mechanism(s) of neuronal degeneration in AD has not yet been reached, several potential pathogenic mechanisms have emerged. The involvement of APP and Aβ in the neurodegenerative process and their relationship to the tau-related neurofibrillary pathology are central issues. The pathogenic mechanism associated with inheritance of the ApoE4 allele remains to be determined, although initial investigations implicate effects on Aβ or possibly tau. Increasing evidence implicates oxidative stress in the neurodegenerative process, although this has yet to be convincingly linked to specific molecular mechanisms. Most importantly, the recent identification of new AD susceptibility genes promises to rapidly advance our understanding of the primary neurodegenerative mechanisms. In the broader context of human neurobiology, AD poses fundamental questions about how the brain ages and why the systems subserving memory and cognition are selectively vulnerable. The potential to answer these questions and treat this devastating illness makes this an exciting time in AD research.
Treatment of familial pancreatic cancer and its precursors

Approximately 10% of pancreatic cancers are believed to have a familial basis. The familial aggregation of pancreatic cancers provides a unique opportunity to prevent the development of pancreatic cancer, to identify and treat precancerous lesions of the pancreas, and to advance our understanding of the genetic basis for the development of all forms of pancreatic cancer. After appropriate genetic counseling, individuals with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer can now be tested for inherited genetic alterations that are known to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. These include germline BRCA2, STK11/LKB1, p16/CDKN2A and PRSS1 gene mutations. Individuals with one of these inherited genetic alterations and individuals with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer can be counseled on smoking cessation and possible dietary modifications. Selected individuals, even if they are asymptomatic, can be screened using a combination of endoscopic ultrasound and multidetector computed tomography. Patients found to have a mass lesion in the pancreas would then be candidates for surgical resection. The resection of noninvasive precancers will cure these lesions before they have the opportunity to spread and metastasize. Even with the best early detection efforts, some patients will still be diagnosed with an invasive cancer. Surgical resection of invasive pancreatic cancer is proven to be safe and can provide long-term survival in patients with small, node-negative, and margin-negative cancers. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are effective in some patients with invasive pancreatic cancer, but these therapies do not usually result in long-term cures. Individuals with a family history of pancreatic cancer may also choose to join a research study such as the National Familial Pancreas Tumor Registry.
LOW TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF A SELF-ASSEMBLING COMPOSITE : HYDROXYAPATITE-POLY BIS(SODIUM CARBOXYLATOPHENOXY)PHOSPHAZENE

The present study was undertaken to investigate the low temperature formation of a hydroxyapatite-polyphosphazene polymer composite likely to be biocompatible. The temperature range studied (25 to 60°C) was selected to bracket physiological temperatures. The composite precursors consisted of CaHPO4·2H2O, Ca4(PO4)2O, and poly[bis(sodium carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene]. The results indicate that a synergistic relationship exists in the formation of a polyphosphazene network and hydroxyapatite (HAp) matrix phase during composite synthesis. Calcium from the HAp precursors participates in the formation of a Ca crosslinked polymeric network which influences the rate of HAp formation and its morphology. The mechanistic paths taken during composite formation were followed by determining variations in the concentration of species in solution (at physiological temperature), rates of heat evolution, and microstructural development. These analyses indicate that the polymer controls the kinetics of hydroxyapatite formation and the composite microstructure. Low reaction temperatures and a high proportion of polymer facilitate the formation of a highly interconnected composite. The presence of the polyphosphazene allows a metastable calcium phosphate solution to persist for extended periods prior to the formation of hydroxyapatite. The degree of supersaturation and the length of the induction period increase with an increase in polyphosphazene content. The temperature dependence of these induction periods obeyed an Arrhenius relationship.
Variations in normal electrocardiographic response to treadmill testing

Forty healthy young men at low risk for coronary artery disease underwent progressive maximal treadmill testing. Four bipolar electrocardiographic leads including CM5, CC5, inferior-superior Y, anterior-posterior Z, and a standard V5 were recorded and later computer-processed. Measurements included amplitudes of the Q, R, S, J junction and T wave, R-T and Q-S intervals and S-T segment slope. These variables are presented as the 10th, 50th (median) and 90th percentiles throughout the testing procedure to define reference values for the electrocardiographic response to maximal treadmill testing. The medians are presented graphically so that the exercise-induced changes can be visualized. In addition, the percent change of R wave amplitude in V5 compared with the supine pretest value is displayed for each subject during and after testing.
Tooth transplantation in the mouse. I. The use of procion dyes and tritiated proline in a study of syngeneic tooth germ transplantation.

Tooth germs of first molars from four- to six-day old mice were transplanted heterotopically into the connective tissue under the dorsal skin of adult syngeneic recipients. The rate of the transplants was studied by histologic staining, vital staining with procion dyes, and autoradiography. Together these methods provided the following picture of the development of the transplant. Extraction of the tooth germ severs its vascular connections and disturbs the nutritional environment of the tooth so that many cells undergo necrosis and degeneration. The resulting inflammatory response clears the transplant of necrotic tissue, leaving a fibrous pulp of low cellularity and an extensively disrupted odontoblastic layer; the enamel organ is reduced to only a few epithelial cells. In the second week following transplantation, however, the surviving cells start to proliferate and the tissues of the transplant begin to reorganize. Reorganization starts at the apical foramen and spreads to the rest of the tooth. The central pulp is penetrated by new blood vessels, its cellular content is reestablished, and its morphology returns to normal. Odontoblasts start producing dentin which at first is highly irregular and contains many cells (osteodentin). Later the dentin formation becomes more and more regular and the dentin assumes its normal tubular structure. New enamel is not formed at any time after transplantation. The cells of the enamel organ undergo squamous metaplasia and form epithelial cysts. Abortive root formation is observed but typical roots never develop. Rudiments of periodontal ligament develop rarely. The transplants are enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue. It is concluded that the heterotopically transplanted tooth germs maintain their capability to recover, develop, and differentiate in syngeneic recipients. Although almost all of the developmental processes continue in the transplant after a period of adjustment, some of them are abortive.
Physiologic characterization of transformed and cloned rat granulosa cells.

Properties of a clonal line of SV4O-transformed rat granulosa cells (DC3 cells) were elucidated. DC3 cells were maintained in vitro in Iscove Modified Dulbecco Medium that contained 20% fetal bovine serum. The cells had a logarithmic growth phase doubling time of approximately 18 h and produced detectable quantities of estrone, estradiol, and progesterone. Steroidogenesis was increased by supplementation with either steroidogenic substrates or agents that stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase. Production of progesterone and estrogens was enhanced when medium was supplemented with 25-hydroxycholesterol, and production of estradiol was enhanced by medium supplementation with androstenedione. Treatments with forskolin and cholera toxin resulted in marked increases of cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate (cAMP) in medium and cells and enhanced steroidogenesis. Isoproterenol and vasoactive intestinal pep tide, but not follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), insulin or prolactin, stimulated cAMP secretion by suspended cells. DC3 cells had small but detectable levels of binding to FSH, but binding of LH and epidermal growth factor could not be detected. DC3 cells possess characteristics expected of granulosa cells arrested in an early stage of differentiation and may provide a useful model for studies of “immature” granulosa cell functions.
Effectiveness of Online Discussion Strategies: A Meta-Analysis

This study addressed the argument that online courses rarely use discussion strategies that are specifically designed and constructed for soliciting learners' cognitive presence and higher-order thinking. Prompted by this argument, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of the empirical studies that examined the effectiveness of discussion strategies in online learning. More specifically, the meta-analysis was to reveal whether learners perform better in a strategic discussion session than when they engage in a conventional online discussion and under what conditions the learners' differences in performance are greater or smaller. Furthermore, the investigation examined the extent to which the online discussion strategies that included instructional elements and the pedagogical recommended by the literature make a difference in learners' performance.
Holed Nanostructures Formed by Aluminum Droplets on a GaAs Substrate

We have studied the morphology evolution of holed nanostructures formed by aluminum droplet epitaxy on a GaAs surface. Unique outer rings with concentric inner holed rings were observed. Further, an empirical equation to describe the size distribution of the outer rings in the holed nanostructures has been established. The contour line generated by the equation provides physical insights into quantum ring formation by droplets of group III materials on III–V substrates. Open image in new window
Renal Blood Flow

The sections in this article are: 1 Measurement of Renal Blood Flow 1.1 Total Renal Blood Flow 1.2 Regional Cortical Blood Flow 1.3 Medullary Blood Flow 1.4 Renal Microcirculation 2 Control of Renal Circulation 2.1 Intrinsic Factors 2.2 Extrinsic Control 3 Renovascular Resistance Changes in Selected Pathophysiological States 3.1 Extracellular Volume Expansion 3.2 Hemorrhagic Hypotension 3.3 Acute Renal Failure
A covariance inequality under a two-part dependence assumption

Abstract A covariance inequality is proved under a certain “two-part” dependence assumption. It generalizes and sharpens, with a simpler and more transparent proof, two earlier covariance inequalities used in central limit theory under certain “two-part” strong mixing assumptions.
Universal white blood cell reduction in Europe: has transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease been prevented?

Universal white blood cell (WBC) reduction was introduced in Europe to prevent transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) by transfusion. Findings from rodent models indicate that WBC reduction should not prevent vCJD transmission because the residual plasma infectivity suffices to infect transfusion recipients even under optimistic infectivity assumptions. Although infectivity in human blood may not partition in the manner in which it is distributed in rodents, prion-reduction filters remove the residual plasma infectivity in rodent models. Precautionary introduction of prion filtration in the UK—for patients without dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy and in the absence of a reported case of vCJD transmission attributable to infectivity residing in plasma—is consistent with the (already in place for such subjects) precautionary importation to the UK of fresh frozen plasma from low-risk countries. Thus, implementation of prion filtration in the UK does not imply that universal WBC reduction—as currently practiced in Europe—does not abrogate transmission of vCJD. Because neither a human case of vCJD transmission through transfusion of WBC-reduced red blood cells nor a case of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy transmission by WBC-reduced transfusion to sheep has been reported, it cannot be concluded that ordinary WBC reduction is ineffective in preventing transfusion transmission in humans. Accordingly, universal WBC reduction for the prevention of vCJD in Europe should continue.
Mostly Heterosexual as a Distinct Sexual Orientation Group: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence.

Abstract We reviewed empirical evidence regarding whether mostly heterosexual exists as a sexual orientation distinct from two adjacent groups on a sexual continuum—exclusively heterosexual and substantially bisexual. We addressed the question: Do mostly heterosexuals show a unique profile of sexual and romantic characteristics that distinguishes them as a separate sexual orientation group? We found sufficient data in four areas to support an affirmative answer. Individuals who acknowledged a mostly heterosexual orientation were distinct from adjacent sexual orientation groups in having a small degree of same-sex sexual and/or romantic attraction and, occasionally, same-sex behavior; constituted a substantial prevalence in the population; were relatively stable in their orientation over time; and reported that this sexual identity was subjectively meaningful to them. Findings suggested that self-identification as mostly heterosexual or an acknowledgment of slight same-sex sexuality increases during the teenage years, peaks around the early twenties (somewhat sooner for men than women), and remains relatively high during young adulthood. Limited evidence suggested that prevalence is lower among older participants. These findings have implications for our conceptualization of sexual orientation as a continuum, the nature of sex differences in sexuality, developmental changes in sexuality, biologically based assessments of sexual orientation, and an etiological theory of mostly heterosexuality.
Southern hospitality and the politics of African American belonging: an analysis of North Carolina tourism brochure photographs

Building upon James “Pete” Shortridge's appreciation for the multiple and contradictory meanings associated with the portrayal of regions, we explore the racial politics of representation within the American South and actively link the study of regional identity with a concern for social justice and African American belonging. Our study of the American South, a region with a long history of limiting if not altogether denying the right of African Americans to travel, exposes the racial inequalities that characterize the seemingly harmless arena of southern hospitality and tourism promotion. Although the power to be seen is an important cultural right, African Americans are frequently made invisible in photographs published in North Carolina tourism brochures. In framing the region in this fashion, these brochures communicate powerful ideas about who is most welcome and, conversely, who is not. Our examination of brochures indicates that some communities are attempting to make a place for African Americans,...
Altered calcium sensitivity of isometric tension in myocyte-sized preparations of porcine postischemic stunned myocardium.

Postischemic ventricular myocardial dysfunction, termed stunning, is characterized by a persistent but ultimately reversible depression of contractile function. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibilities that reduced contractile force in stunning is due to a decrease in maximal tension-generating capability or to a decrease in the Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments. The experiments combine an in vivo open-chest porcine heart model of stunning (n = 5) with in vitro measures of myocyte myofilament calcium sensitivity from these same hearts. Regional myocardial function in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) perfusion bed of porcine hearts was measured with transmural ultrasonic crystals. The protocol was 45 minutes of low-flow LAD ischemia at 40% of control flow, followed by 30 minutes of postischemic reperfusion at control aerobic flow. Percent systolic wall thickening decreased to 8 +/- 5% of control during ischemia (p < 0.05) and returned to 38 +/- 8% of control in the postischemic stunned state (p < 0.05). Serial endocardial biopsies were obtained from the preischemic and postischemic myocardium in the LAD perfusion bed and from the aerobically perfused myocardium in the circumflex bed. The biopsies were mechanically disrupted, and myocyte-sized preparations of permeabilized myocardium were attached to a force transducer and a length-changing device to allow for direct measurement of steady-state tension-pCa (i.e., -log[Ca2+]) relations. The pCa for half-maximal activation of tension, i.e., pCa50, in LAD myocardium decreased from 5.88 +/- 0.05 before ischemia to 5.69 +/- 0.03 after ischemia (p < 0.05); however, maximal Ca(2+)-activated tension and the slope of the tension-pCa relation were unaffected by the ischemic episode.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The role of water solubility of the oil phase in the formation of miniemulsions

Abstract Oil-in-water miniemulsions are prepared at slow agitation by an emulsification process that involves the use of mixed emulsifier solutions of an ionic surfactant (sodium lauryl sulfate) and a long chain fatty alcohol (cetyl alcohol) in low concentrations, 1–2% by weight based on the oil phase. The effect of the water solubility of the oil phase on the ease of miniemulsion formation and degradation was studied. This was done by observing the shelf-life and ultracentrifugation stability, by measuring the conductivity, and by determining the partitioning of cetyl alcohol and sodium lauryl sulfate between the aqueous phase and the dispersed phase. Miniemulsions of oils with relatively high water solubility (> 2 × 10−3M) are formed with ease and at a faster rate than those with lower water solubility. The phenomenon of spontaneous emulsification is also observed when an oil phase of a high water solubility is used. However, these miniemulsions also degrade faster during aging experiments at room temperature. Concomitantly, the fraction of sodium lauryl sulfate in the continuous phase increases, but virtually all cetyl alcohol present in the system remains in the oil phase. A formation mechanism is presented, comprising the swelling of large mixed emulsifier structures with solvent and a concurrent break-down of these swollen structures. It is suggested that the driving force for miniemulsion formation is the gain in entropy of mixing during the net transfer of cetyl alcohol from the aqueous phase to the oil phase.
Layering as Optimization Decomposition: Questions and Answers

Network protocols in layered architectures have historically been obtained on an ad-hoc basis, and much of the recent cross-layer designs are conducted through piecemeal approaches. Network protocols may instead be holistically analyzed and systematically designed as distributed solutions to some global optimization problems in the form of generalized Network Utility Maximization (NUM), providing insight on what they optimize and on the structures of network protocol stacks. In the form of 10 Questions and Answers, this paper presents a short survey of the recent efforts towards a systematic understanding of "layering" as "optimization decomposition". The overall communication network is modeled by a generalized NUM problem, each layer corresponds to a decomposed subproblem, and the interfaces among layers are quantified as functions of the optimization variables coordinating the subproblems. Furthermore, there are many alternative decompositions, each leading to a different layering architecture. Industry adoption of this unifying framework has also started. Here we summarize the current status of horizontal decomposition into distributed computation and vertical decomposition into functional modules such as congestion control, routing, scheduling, random access, power control, and coding. We also discuss under-explored future research directions in this area. More importantly than proposing any particular crosslayer design, this framework is working towards a mathematical foundation of network architectures and the design process of modularization.
Prescription opioid abuse and diversion in an urban community: the results of an ultrarapid assessment.

Objective Prescription drug diversion is a topic about which comparatively little is known, and systematic information garnered from prescription drug abusers and dealers on the specific mechanisms of diversion is extremely limited.
Comparison of living polymerization mechanisms. Acrylates and carbocationic polymerization

The concept of a living polymerization is critically discussed. A system ranking various classes of “livingness” is proposed, and the importance of determining the real values of ktr/kp and kt/kp ratios is expounded. New living systems, including carbocationic polymerization and group transfer polymerization of acrylates are compared with classic ionic systems. The mechanism of propagation and the nature of the true active species are similar in both new and classic polymerizations. The role of various components which improve the “livingness” of the polymerizations is discussed and explained by dynamic equilibration between dormant and active species and suppression of side reactions.
Videoconferencing: A Viable Teaching Strategy for Social Work Education?

The findings of a study that examined students' reports about their experience with ITV are presented. The results are based on two different courses with different instructors and different composition of students. Results show that students in both sites report that the use of technology does not compromise their learning but they dislike it. Strategies for future research to understand the nature of the reaction are suggested.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF BRAIN METASTASES

In the past 15 years, significant advancement has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases. The distinction between the management of single and multiple brain metastases is an important one. Although radiotherapy remains a mainstay of treatment, especially in multiple brain metastases, surgical resection and stereotactic radiosurgery also have their place in the management of selected patients. Rarely, interstitial radiation or chemotherapy also may be used to treat brain metastases in the setting of relapse.
Pore scale coupling of fluid displacement and unconsolidated sediment mechanics

In unconsolidated sediments, capillary pressure in the pore space may be large enough to move grains apart during drainage. This motion alters the pore throat sizes which control subsequent displacement in the sediment. We present two grain scale models for this coupled process. In both cases, we assume fluid interfaces are controlled by capillary forces, and determine the detailed geometry of those interfaces. We compute the net force exerted on each grain by capillary pressure, including cohesion at grain contacts supporting pendular rings. We combine those forces to determine the movement of grains using a a kinematic model b a rigorous model where mechanical stress and elastic properties of grains are included via a discrete element method. This is the first coupling in 3D, albeit in samples of limited size. Preliminary results in disordered dense sphere packs suggest the development of high permeability gas channels rather than planar structures.
CONSISTENCIES AND BIASES IN RISK PERCEPTION: I. ANCHORING PROCESS AND RESPONSE-RANGE EFFECT

49 undergraduate subjects provided intuitive frequency judgments of deaths due to 11 well-known causes. The responses were collected in three different formats, estimates of the frequency of deaths per 10,000 people in the population, estimates of the frequency of deaths per 100 people, and rank-order of the causes according to the estimated frequencies. Analysis showed that estimated proportions were reliably higher in the “out of 100” format than in the “out of 10,000” format. I argue that processes of anchoring and adjustment underlie this phenomenon. Also, the subjects' response tendencies seemed to maintain consistency across different methods of judgment. Relationship with previous risk-perception research is discussed.
Open-field behavior in mice: Effect of test illumination

The open-field behavior of two inbred strains of mice (BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J) was observed under five levels of test illumination. Increased level of test illumination resulted in reduced activity in both strains, with the albino BALB strain more greatly affected than the pigmented C57BL strain. In addition, open-field defecation scores of the BALB strain were increased as a function of increasing test illumination, whereas those of the C57BL strain were little affected. These results support the hypothesis that differences in open-field behavior are due in part to a visually mediated fear reaction which is a function of test illumination.