cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lest we forget: NVSM from origins to the "beyond CMOS" era

The nonvolatile semiconductor memory (NVSM) technical community has witnessed great progress in the past four decades, and is currently looking at the challenge of finding specific technologies that will be compatible with nano-scale CMOS. In this brief review, efforts to explore new memory alternatives was examined in historical context, and an invitation was extended for volunteers to provide inputs to this project. Nonvolatile semiconductor memory (NVSM) is going through transitions in technology and in market applications that require examination of alternative approaches. In the background of this ongoing competition is the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). The ITRS outlines the boundary conditions and parameters for successive generations of memory capable of maintaining historical growth rates for density. The ITRS, that once tracked only a few parameters for flash memory, has expanded the depth of coverage for flash and is now including a number of alternative technologies. In addition, a relatively new portion of the ITRS is devoted to emerging research devices (ERD). The ERD attempts to identify technologies that are in the research stage of maturity and examine whether those technologies have the potential to play a part in the integrated circuit systems that are expected to appear after the anticipated breakdown of conventional CMOS scaling. While this dynamic is a leading edge subject commanding the attention of a world wide community of technologists, it is not true that the task is entirely new; there are many similarities in the history of NVSM to the present situation. Looking back at the issues and state of research and development over the past five decades reveals that we solve what appears to be the same problem over and over again. The difference is that we approach these problems in the context of the current state of technology, and each re-invention of the wheel represents a new set of compromises to achieve practical systems. The tabulations and discussions presented in the ITRS are a composite of technical inputs from many highly qualified individuals. The mechanics of how this information is developed was described. This is to some extent a volunteer effort, and the participation of additional scientists and engineers is sought in the model developments and critiques for individual NVSM technologies. Interested persons are encouraged to express willingness to help by sending an email message that briefly describes their technical background and specific NVSM technology expertise.
Conditions on the energy and potential function for multiparticle nonrelativistic bound states

Necessary conditions on energy eigenvalues and potential functions are derived for bound-state solutions to then-degree-of-freedom nonrelativistic Schrodinger equation. These generic bound-state inequality relations apply to arbitrarily complexN-particle quantum systems with negligible spin-dependent interactions.
Effect of avitaminosis A and hypervitaminosis A on urinary bladder carcinogenicity of N [4 (5 nitro 2 furyl) 2 thiazolyl]formamide

Summary The effect of vitamin A deficiency and hypervitaminosis A on the urothelial carcinogenicity of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) was determined in female weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. Vitamin A deficiency resulted in squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder and high incidences of cystitis, ureteritis, and pyelonephritis. Administration of FANFT to vitamin A-deficient rats appeared to accelerate the carcinogenic process, with earlier appearance of urinary bladder tumors and the development of ureteral and renal pelvic carcinomas. Most of these tumors were squamous cell, occasionally with transitional cell foci. Hypervitaminosis A prevented the appearance of squamous metaplasia and squamous cell neoplasia in rats fed FANFT, but it did not inhibit the formation of transitional cell hyperplasia or neoplasia in comparison to rats receiving normal levels of vitamin A and FANFT.
Prescription opioid abuse, pain and addiction: clinical issues and implications

Issues.Prescription opioid misuse in the USA has increased over threefold since 1990 to epidemic proportions, with substantial increases in prescription opioid use also reported in other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand. The broad availability of prescription pain medications, coupled with public misconceptions about their safety and addictive potential, have contributed to the recent surge in non-medical use of prescription opioids and corresponding increases in treatment admissions for problems related to opioid misuse. Given competing pressures faced by physicians to both diagnose and treat pain syndromes and identify individuals at risk for addictive disorders, the use of opioids in the treatment of pain poses a significant clinical challenge. Approach.This paper reviews the interaction between pain and opioid addiction with a focus on clinical management issues, including risk factors for opioid dependence in patients with chronic pain and the use of assessment tools to identify and monitor at-risk individuals. Treatment options for opioid dependence and pain are reviewed, including the use of the partial µ agonist buprenorphine in the management of concurrent pain and opioid addiction. Implications.Physicians should strive to find a reasonable balance between minimising potential adverse effects of opioid medications without diminishing legitimate access to opioids for analgesia. Conclusions.The article discusses the need to identify methods for minimising risks and negative consequences associated with opioid analgesics and poses research directions, including the development of abuse-deterrent opioid formulations, genetic risk factors for opioid dependence and opioid-induced hyperalgesia as a potential target for medication therapy.[Ling W, Mooney L, Hillhouse M. Prescription opioid abuse, pain and addiction: Clinical issues and implications. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:300–305]
Using Slicing to Identify Duplication in Source Code

Programs often have a lot of duplicated code, which makes both understanding and maintenance more difficult. This problem can be alleviated by detecting duplicated code, extracting it into a separate new procedure, and replacing all the clones (the instances of the duplicated code) by calls to the new procedure. This paper describes the design and initial implementation of a tool that finds clones and displays them to the programmer. The novel aspect of our approach is the use of program dependence graphs (PDGs) and program slicing to find isomorphic PDG subgraphs that represent clones. The key benefits of this approach are that our tool can find non-contiguous clones (clones whose components do not occur as contiguous text in the program), clones in which matching statements have been reordered, and clones that are intertwined with each other. Furthermore, the clones that are found are likely to be meaningful computations, and thus good candidates for extraction.
Low-dose cyclophosphamide selectively decreases regulatory T cells and inhibits angiogenesis in dogs with soft tissue sarcoma.

Background: Low-dose, continuous (metronomic) chemotherapy improves tumor control by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and suppressing regulatory T cells (Treg) in mice and humans. The effects of metronomic chemotherapy on Treg and tumor angiogenesis in dogs has not been investigated previously. Objective: To determine whether metronomic cyclophosphamide (CYC) therapy decreases Treg or exhibits antiangiogenic activity or both in dogs with soft tissue sarcoma (STS). We hypothesized that Treg numbers would be increased in dogs with STS and that continuous dosing of CYC would decrease Treg in a dose-dependent manner, as well as exhibit antiangiogenic activity. Animals: Eleven client-owned dogs with grade I or II STS. Twenty-one healthy dogs were used as controls. Methods: Prospective, open, clinical trial. Dogs with STS were enrolled in 2 dose cohorts and administered CYC at 12.5 or 15 mg/m2 PO once daily for 28 days. Whole blood and tumor biopsy specimens were obtained on days 0, 14, and 28 to assess changes in T lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry and tumor microvessel density (MVD), respectively. Results: Administration of CYC at 12.5 mg/m2/d significantly decreased the number of Treg from days 0 to 28, but there was no change in the percentage of Treg or tumor MVD. In dogs that received CYC at 15.0 mg/m2/d, both the number and percent of Treg as well as tumor MVD were significantly decreased over 28 days. Conclusions: CYC administered at 15 mg/m2/d should be used in further studies examining the antitumor properties of low-dose CYC in dogs.
Preliminary design of the APS PID global orbit control system

The Advanced Photon Source third generation synchrotron light source needs a stabilized particle beam position to produce high brightness and low emittance of the beam. Global orbit correction control is introduced which is utilized to achieve the demanding needs of the accelerator. This paper describes the procedure to determine an effective and optimal performing controller to meet the global orbit correction requirements. These conditions include frequency domain and time domain requirements consisting of vibrational noise attenuation, limiting of controller gains for stability, and improving the system time response. Theoretical analysis is discussed with different control schemes compared graphically to reveal the best control design. A range or set of control parameters are selected as acceptable to achieve the system's performance requirements. >
MUC1/sec-Expressing Tumors Are Rejected In Vivo by a T Cell-Dependent Mechanism and Secrete High Levels of CCL2

MUC1/sec is a secreted form of the glycoprotein mucin 1 (MUC1). To characterize the role that MUC1 and MUC1/sec have in tumor progression, these genes were expressed in DA-3 mammary tumor cells. DA-3 cells and DA-3 cells expressing the transmembrane MUC1 gene (DA-3/TM) grow with similar kinetics in BALB/c mice. Surprisingly, DA-3 cells expressing and secreting MUC1/sec (DA-3/sec) fail to form tumors in vivo. The mechanism of rejection was evaluated using mice deficient in constituents of the immune system. All mice lacking IFN-γ, NK, NKT, or macrophages formed DA-3/sec tumors that regressed shortly after implantation. However, progressively growing DA-3/sec tumors developed in mice devoid of T lymphocytes. The importance of T lymphocytes in the rejection of DA-3/sec tumors was further supported by detection of DA-3-specific CTL in mice challenged with the DA-3/sec tumor. Recruitment of appropriate APC and effector cells is an important first step in the tumor clearance. Indeed, DA-3/sec cells or cell supernatants recruited 3–4 times as many macrophages as DA-3/TM cells in vivo, suggesting that a secreted chemotactic product is produced from DA-3/sec cells. RNA and protein analysis of DA-3/sec cells revealed that several genes are up-regulated by MUC1/sec expression, including MCP-1 (CCL-2). These results suggest DA-3/sec cells are capable of recruiting immune cells, and that rejection of DA-3/sec tumors, although aided by cells of the innate immune response, is ultimately due to T cell-mediated events.
Synthesizing animal and human behavior research via neural network learning theory

Abstract Animal and human research have been “divorced” since approximately 1968. Several recent articles have tried to persuade behavior therapists of the merits of animal research. Three reasons are given concerning why disinterest in animal research is so widespread: (1) functional explanations are given for animals, and cognitive explanations are given for humans; (2) serial symbol manipulating models are used to explain human behavior; and (3) human learning was assumed, thereby removing it as something to be explained. Brain-inspired connectionist neural networks, collectively referred to as neural network learning theory (NNLT), are briefly described, and a spectrum of their accomplishments from simple conditioning through speech is outlined. Five benefits that behavior therapists can derive from NNLT are described. They include (a) enhanced professional identity derived from a comprehensive learning theory, (b) improved interdisciplinary collaboration both clinically and scientifically, (c) renewed perceived relevance of animal research, (d) access to plausible proximal causal mechanisms capable of explaining operant conditioning, and (e) an inherently developmental perspective.
X-ray photoelectron study on Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co x Fe 1−x O 3−δ (BSCF: x = 0.2 and 0.8) ceramics annealed at different temperature and p O 2

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were measured for the sintered BSCF ceramics (Ba0.5Sr0.5Co x Fe1−x O3−δ, x = 0.2 and 0.8: BSCF5528 and BSCF5582, respectively), which were annealed at different temperatures (700 and 950 °C) and gases (O2 and Ar). The unit cell of the annealed BSCF5528 at 950 °C under Ar expanded by 0.8%, while contracting by 0.45% under O2. The cubic and rhombohedral phases coexist in the BSCF5582 annealed at 700 °C under O2. The XPS peak areas of lattice oxygen (O2−) in O1s , ~528 eV, and the shoulder peak of Co2p /Ba3d in BSCF5582 (~778 eV) increased significantly after being annealed in O2. The areas of the peaks for BaCO3 (87.9/90.2 eV) in Ba4d preferentially were shown to decrease in Ar and increase in O2.
On large deviations for uniformly strong mixing sequences

Abstract We prove the large deviation principle for the arithmetic means of a uniform strong mixing stationary sequence which has either fast enough φ-mixing rate or is ψ-mixing.
The Kodaira Embedding Theorem for Kähler varieties with isolated singularities

The Kodaira Embedding Theorem is extended to Kahler varieties with isolated singularities. UsingL2 estimates for the bundle-valued\(\bar \partial - operator\), it is shown that a necessary and sufficient condition for a compact normal Kahler variety with isolated singularities to be biholomorphic to a projective-algebraic variety is that the variety admit a holomorphic line bundle that is positive when restricted to the regular part of the variety.
Skeletal Isomerization of Hexane over Pt/H-Beta Zeolites: Is the Classical Mechanism Correct?

Abstract The isomerization of n -hexane occurs over Pt-loaded H-β zeolites in a highly selective manner. At 250°C, with 45 Torr n -hexane and 2.0×10 3 Torr H 2 over a 0.65% Pt/H-β zeolite, the isomerization activity was 3.7 μmol g −1 s −1 , and the isomerization selectivity was 99%. Both the activity and the selectivity were stable with respect to time on stream. Pure H-β zeolite was only about 10% as active as the Pt-loaded sample, and the isomerization selectivity was 66%, with the remaining 34% caused by cracking reactions. The addition of 1-hexene by several means decreased both the overall reaction rate and the isomerization selectivity. Moreover, the reaction of 1-hexene over H-β zeolite did not result in the formation of any observable hexene isomers. These results, together with the fact that the equilibrium hexene concentration is very small (4.9×10 −4 Torr) under the reaction conditions, suggest that hexene produced by the dehydrogenation of hexane at the metal component is not directly involved in the isomerization reaction. An alternate mechanism is proposed in which an acid-catalyzed chain reaction involving methyl shifts and hydrogen transfer is responsible for the isomerization of hexane. The chain is terminated when an alkene reacts with a C 6 H + 13 species that is bonded to the zeolite. The principal role of the Pt is to hydrogenate alkenes so that their steady-state concentration remains negligibly small. The proximity of the Pt particles and the acid sites is important in order to prevent an increase in the local concentration of alkenes.
Performance-Based Evaluations of Guidelines for Nitrogen Fertilizer Application after Animal Manure

Nitrogen fertilizer needs for corn (Zea mays L.) in fields already treated with animal manure can be estimated by using general guidelines or soil testing for inorganic N. Although the soil-testing approach has been extensively evaluated for ability to predict yield responses to applied N under field conditions, the general-guideline approach has not been subjected to comparable performance-based evaluations. Fertilizer response trials were conducted in 205 manured fields to (i) compare the two approaches for ability to predict corn yield responses to fertilizer N applied after animal manure, (ii) identify reasons for differences in predictive ability, and (iii) explore the benefits of performance-based comparisons of the alternative approaches. Analyses showed that 34% of the observed variability in response could be explained by inorganic N concentrations whereas less than 5% of this variability could be explained by the general-guideline approach. The soil-testing approach, therefore, had greater ability to integrate the effects of all factors affecting yield responses across the range of conditions studied. Mean yield responses (0.55 Mg ha -1 ) were smaller than are usually detectable in individual trials, but they were great enough to prompt farmers to fertilize. Results of this study indicate that the most commonly accepted approach to estimating N fertilizer needs is less reliable than generally believed and, therefore, that superior approaches are likely to remain unrecognized unless the performance of the commonly accepted approach is objectively evaluated under realistic field conditions.
Torsional collapse of thin-walled prismatic columns

Torsional collapse of thin-walled prismatic columns is studied analytically and numerically. Simple torsional collapse models are developed to predict the collapse behavior of square columns under large plastic rotation using energy method. By considering the combined effect of geometry and material, the onset of the sectional plastic buckling is predicted and the critical twisting rotation for sectional buckling is obtained. Next, an analytical expression is derived for the moment-rotation relation valid for rotation up to 180°. The analytical solution is shown to compare well with the numerical results. The solutions are then extended for rectangular and hexagonal thin-walled columns. Numerical simulations for rectangular and hexagonal columns are also carried out and the results are presented in this paper for the purpose of comparison.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of two spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae)

Within-plant distribution and population patterns of two spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch on field corn in the Sacramento river delta were determined. Eggs, immatures, quiescent female deutonymphs and adults of both sexes were counted on each leaf of all plants sampled. Populations of each stage increased slowly the first month of the season, then quickly rose to peak levels. Populations peaked between the sixth and eighth week of the study, then rapidly crashed. Mites were aggregated on the lower leaves early in the season and on the mid-plant leaves towards the end of the season. Most mites did not reach the upper leaves. The results suggest that mite sampling could focus on the number of females on lower leaves early in the season. Zusammenfassung Zur raumlichen und zeitlichen Verbreitung von Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) Auf einem Maisfeld im Flusdelta des Sacramento wurde das Verteilungsmuster von Tetranychus urticae an Einzelpflanzen untersucht. Auf jedem Blatt der Probepflanzen wurden die Eier, Larven, weibliche Deutonymphen und die Adulten beider Geschlechter gezahlt. Die Populationen der einzelnen Stadien nahmen im ersten Monat der Vegetationsperiode nur langsam zu, stiegen dann aber rasch an. Der Populationshohepunkt lag zwischen dem 6. und 8. Untersuchungsmonat, danach brach die Population rasch zusammen. Zu Beginn der Vegetationsperiode konzentrierten sich die Spinnmilben auf den unteren Blattern, gegen Ende auf den Blattern des mittleren Pflanzenteils. Die meisten Milben erreichten die oberen Blatter nicht. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse kann die Spinnmilbenprognose auf das Auszahlen der Weibchen auf den unteren Blattern zu Beginn der Vegetationsperiode konzentriert werden.
Lateral interactions between oxygen atoms adsorbed on platinum (111) by first principles

In this paper, first principles were used to obtain a set of lateral interactions of oxygen atoms adsorbed on Pt (111) which can be applied in future studies of the phase diagram of O–Pt (111). Density functional theory (DFT) total energy computations were performed for fifteen configurations of oxygen adsorbed on Pt (111), with oxygen coverages ranging from zero to one. A cluster expansion was then carried out to fit lateral interaction parameters between and among oxygen atoms. The interaction parameters extracted from first principles indicate that strong repulsions exist between first (237.1 meV) and second nearest neighbours (39.5 meV), and weak attractions exist between third nearest neighbours (−5.8 meV). These weak attractions may explain the formation of islands of oxygen with p(2 × 2) symmetry, observed to form on Pt (111).
College Students' Judgments of Verbal Sexual Harassment1

Most studies of sexual harassment focus on physical coercion or pressure for sexual favors. This research attempts to outline the factors involved in verbal sexual harassment, which is conceived of as a speech act similar to taboo language, with conversational “rules” and semantic categories that differentiate it from merely inappropriate language. One hundred thirty-seven college students rated 37 sexual remarks for degrees of sexual harassment and inappropriateness. Total harassment scores correlated with total appropriateness scores at r = .68; although harassment ratings were high, remarks were judged more inappropriate than harassing. Five harassment factors and six appropriateness factors emerged. Women rated harassment factors of euphemisms and obscenity as significantly more harassing, and appropriateness factors of objectification, belittling competency, and name calling as more inappropriate. We conclude that men, who are less likely to be targets of harassment, are more used to taboo language and “naming” games, and are reluctant to admit to harassment, even when remarks are deemed inappropriate. Practical implications for defining verbal sexual harassment are discussed.
Alfalfa fiber estimation in mixed stands and its relationship to plant morphology

In New York, most alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is grown in mixed stands with grass, and models for estimating neutral detergent fiber (NDF) are not used. The objectives of this experiment were to test the suitability of existing equations for estimating NDF of the alfalfa component of mixed stands, and to better understand how alfalfa is affected by the presence of grass. Stands of first-cut alfalfa and grass (10-90% glass) were sampled at two experimental sites and producers' fields in 19 New York counties during May and June 2004 and 2005. A range of plant measurements and environmental characteristics were recorded. The predictive equations for alfalfa quality (PEAQ) and other models were examined for applicability to mixed stand alfalfa NDF estimation. The R2 values ranged from 0.80 to 0.87 and RMSE ranged from 20.5 to 25.2 g kg-1. The most biased model was PEAQ, possibly due to the lower cutting height used to generate the PEAQ equation than the cutting height used in this study. For producer fields, a model based on alfalfa height was the best one-variable model, with R2 of 0.84 and RMSE of 22.7 g kg -1. Presence of grass increases the number of nodes and increases alfalfa height; however, the relationship between alfalfa height and NDF is not changed, suggesting that the predictive ability of models based on alfalfa height is not affected by the percentage of grass in the sward. © Crop Science Society of America.
Performance Guarantees for Hazard Based Lateral Vehicle Control

Today’s vehicles are incorporating many advanced driver assistance systems and in the near future it will be likely to have increased capabilities such as lanekeeping assist systems. These systems will be an integral part of the driving experience, aiding the driver in avoiding hazardous obstacles. One approach for these systems is to represent the hazards as artificial potential fields that add control inputs to move the vehicle towards safe regions on the road. This paper focuses on bounding the lateral motion of a vehicle for a lanekeeping system. A Lyapunov approach is used where the bounding function consists of the artificial potential energy associated with the controller, the kinetic energy in the lateral and yaw modes, and energy terms that are dependent on vehicle heading. In order to achieve this bound, a condition has to be met for the lookahead distance and the location of the control force (which can also be interpreted as a condition on the decoupling of lateral and yaw modes). Using this bound, a potential field gain can be chosen to guarantee collision avoidance with fixed lateral obstacles.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Interactions between nitrogen, hydrogen, and gallium vacancies in GaAs 1-x N x alloys

The effects of H on the interaction between Ga vacancies ${V}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$ and N in ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}$ dilute alloys are studied through first-principles total-energy calculations. We find that N binds to Ga vacancies and that in the presence of H this binding is enhanced. The formation energy of ${V}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$ bonded to N and H (resulting in a $\mathrm{N}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{-}{V}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$ complex) can be more than 2 eV lower than that of the isolated Ga vacancy ${V}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$ in GaAs. Our finding that the concentration of ${V}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$ increases with N and even more in the presence of H allows us to interpret several recent experiments.
Characterization of genes involved with classical conditioning that produce differences between bidirectionally selected strains of the blow fly Phormia regina.

Mean response levels for classically conditioned proboscis extensions in hybrid generations from a cross between bidirectionally selected strains of blow flies were used in a biometrical analysis. The best-fitting genetic model suggests the presence of additive, dominance, and digenic epistatic effects from at least four autosomal and X-linked genes. Neither maternal nor Y-linked effects were detected. Earlier studies have described the genetic and behavioral relations between the central excitatory state (CES) and classical conditioning. That evidence indicated that covariability of the two traits is produced by one autosomal gene. The results herein are consistent with such a hypothesis, and they explain why the CES—conditioning correlation is not perfect. Finally, knowledge that some genes associated with conditioning are located on the X chromosome and, therefore, are independent of the CES gene will facilitate efforts to identify new single genes affecting associative learning inPhormia.
Demand for Agricultural Extension Services Among Small-Scale Maize Farmers: Micro-Level Evidence from Kenya

AbstractPurpose: The objective of the study was to determine the level and determinants of demand for extension services among small-scale maize farmers in Kenya.Design/methodology/approach: Based on an exploratory research design, primary data were collected from a sample of 352 households through face-to-face interviews. Focus group discussions were used to collect contextual data. The sample comprised of organic and conventional small-scale maize farmers in Bungoma County, Kenya. In data analyses, descriptive statistics and a zero inflated negative binomial regression were employed.Findings: Results indicate that organic farmers had a mean of three contacts with extension providers compared to conventional farmers who had a mean of one contact during the year. Further, age of the household head, education level, farming experience, amount of off-farm income and credit received, group membership, land tenure and distance to the nearest extension service provider significantly influence the demand for ex...
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical characteristics, temporal relationships, and survival data in a series of 14 patients at Mayo Clinic.

Background We examined the course of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), which has been associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in patients with CLL. Materials and methods A search was conducted of the master diagnosis index at our institution to identify patients with both CLL and CTCL from 1980 to 2010. A retrospective chart review was then conducted. Results Of the 14 patients with CTCL and CLL, eight had mycosis fungoides (MF; two with patch stage, two with plaque stage, two with tumor stage, and two with erythrodermic stage), four had Sezary syndrome, one had natural killer cell lymphoma involving the skin, and one had peripheral T-cell lymphoma involving the skin. Eight had concurrent diagnoses, five received a CLL diagnosis first, and one received a CTCL diagnosis first. Ten patients were deceased at the time of data abstraction due to unknown causes (n = 4), lymphoma (n = 2), pneumonia (n = 2), MF (n = 1), or respiratory failure (n = 1). Of the nine patients with concurrent or prior CTCL, seven were deceased, with a median time to death of 10.2 months (range, 6–89 months). Of the five patients with CLL prior to CTCL, three were deceased at 18, 27, and 47 months, respectively, after the CTCL diagnosis. The median survival for the two groups was 12 and 47 months, respectively. Conclusions Patients with CTCL concurrent with or prior to CLL have a worse overall survival than patients with CLL in whom CTCL later develops. Larger studies are needed.
Development and validation of artificial neural network models of the energy demand in the industrial sector of the United States

Abstract In the United States, the industrial sector is the driving engine of economic development, and energy consumption in this sector may be considered as the fuel for this engine. In order to keep this sector sustainable (diverse and productive over the time), energy planning should be carried out comprehensively and precisely. This paper describes the development of two types of numerical energy models which are able to predict the United States' future industrial energy-demand. One model uses an ANN (artificial neural network) technique, and the other model uses a MLR (multiple linear regression) technique. Various independent variables (GDP, price of energy carriers) are tested. The future industrial energy demand can then be forecasted based on a defined scenario. The ANN model anticipates a 16% increase in energy demand from 2012 by 2030. In this forecast, the model assumes that the effective independent parameters remain constant during this period and only GDP grows with a second-order polynomial trend. The forecast result, which shows consistency with published predictions, may be considered as an indication of the need for development of new and low-cost energy sources. This study suggests that the ANN technique is a reliable and powerful technique which can effectively perform input/output mapping. In order to validate the performance of the models, the results of the ANN model is compared to the projections from the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Developmental plasticity in retinohypothalamic connections and the entrainment of circadian rhythms

The role of retinohypothalamic pathways in the reentrainment of drinking rhythms after a 12-hr phase shift in the light-dark cycle was investigated by comparing the rate of reentrainment of the following groups of rats: (1) unilaterally enucleated as adults (AE), (2) unilaterally enucleated within 24 hr of birth (NE), and (3) intact controls (C). As previously reported, AE rats required more days to invert drinking rhythms than controls. On the other hand, NE rats were not significantly different from controls. Previous anatomical observations indicate that neonatal enucleation results in a nearly equal distribution of retinal input to both suprachiasmatic nuclei. Therefore, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the unequal distribution of retinohypothalamic fibers in AE rats interferes with the entrainment process. Compared to controls, AE and NE rats showed a smaller reduction in water intake during a 48-hr exposure to constant light. This response, believed to be mediated by the inferior accessory optic tract, was not affected by age of enucleation. The onset of puberty, determined by vaginal opening, was delayed by 2 days in NE rats compared to intact controls.
On the Stability of the S(8) Molbcule and the Structure of Fibrous Sulfur.

Sulfur is unique among the elements in consisting in its standard state of octatomic molecules. It is interesting that the stability of the S8 molecule can be understood by consideration of the forces determining the orientation around the sulfur-sulfur single bond.
Incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after temozolomide for CNS malignancies without prophylaxis

SUMMARY Aims: Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) is currently recommended for patients receiving chemoradiation with temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. At our institution, PJP prophylaxis during temozolomide treatment has not been routinely given because of the paucity of supporting data. We investigated the rate of PJP infections in our patients. Patients & methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 240 brain tumor patients treated between 1999 and 2012 with temozolomide and no PJP prophylaxis, 127 of which received concurrent chemoradiation. Results: One in 240 patients (0.4%; 95% CI: 0.01–2.00; median total dose: 7375 mg/m2; interquartile range: 1300) were diagnosed with PJP. Conclusion: There was a <1% rate of PJP for brain tumor patients treated with temozolomide until progression without PJP prophylaxis.
2B-6 Phase Aberration Correction using Ultrasound Radiation Force and Vibrometry Optimization

Diagnostic ultrasound images suffer from degradation due to wave propagation through tissues with inhomogeneities in their speed of sound causing phase shifts of the propagating waves. These phase shifts serve to defocus the ultrasound beam, reducing spatial resolution and image contrast of the resulting image. Many methods have been proposed over the past two decades to address this problem. A phase aberration correction method that uses the dynamic ultrasound radiation force to harmonically excite an object using amplitude modulated continuous wave ultrasound is described. The phase of each element of an annular array transducer is adjusted to maximize the radiation force and obtain optimal focus of the ultrasound beam. The optimization of the radiation force is performed by monitoring the amplitude of the velocity of the object used as a target. Theory is presented that models the optimization process. Simulation results show the ability to regain a focused field after a phase screen with an RMS time delay of 96.8 ns is applied. Experimental validation is shown for correcting phase aberration caused by an acrylic lens aberrator placed near the face of annular array transducer. A stainless steel sphere with diameter 1.59 mm was used as a target. The radiation force magnitude was improved by 11.8 dB and resolution of the sphere at -6 dB was improved from 3.05 mm to 1.68 mm which compares well with the un-aberrated resolution of 1.51 mm. An ultrasound beam defocused by phase aberration can be focused using dynamic radiation force and monitoring the velocity of scatterers in the focal region. This method has a well-behaved cost function which allows efficient correction. Simulation and experimental results show that the focus of the beam can qualitatively and quantitatively improved with this method
Src kinases in Ph+ lymphoblastic leukemia.

Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemia may present as chronic myeloid leukemia or B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A new study shows that certain Src kinases are necessary for the induction of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia but not chronic myeloid leukemia.
Visual interaction between end users and goal-based systems

Abstract People spend considerable amounts of time and energy to plan and monitor work processes, such as preparing a conference, supervising a construction project or performing an energy audit. To assist people in the planning and monitoring stages of their work we present a visual task support system that is based on a cognitive model. An interactive visual language enables users to cope better with complex work requirements by taking advantage of Al planning techniques, diagrammatic representations of process networks and knowledge-based support. Components of the users' daily work are represented at many levels of abstraction. These components form a behavioral library that can be combined in new ways by system and user to create solutions to problems in situations not previously encountered. The effectiveness of a visual task support system is dependent upon the display techniques used to represent these components as well as the usability of the visual language; both enable the user to participate in planning domain tasks. The visual language and knowledge representation used in the task support system are based on a cognitive model of the human understanding of activities and their visualization. A usability study of visual interaction for task planning is reported.
Spectrographic Analyses of Pasture Grass and Drinking Water in Relation to Stomach Cancer Mortality in Iceland

(1964). Spectrographic Analyses of Pasture Grass and Drinking Water in Relation to Stomach Cancer Mortality in Iceland. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 65-76.
Effect of Ferroelectric Polarization on Ionic Transport and Resistance Degradation in BaTiO3 by Phase‐Field Approach

We proposed a model to study the resistance degradation behavior of ferroelectric oxides in the presence of ferroelectric spontaneous polarization by combining the phase-field model of ferroelectric domains and nonlinear diffusion equations for ionic/electronic transport. We took into account the nonperiodic boundary conditions for solving the electrochemical transport equations and Ginzburg–Landau equations using the Chebyshev collocation algorithm. We considered a single domain structure relative to a thin film BaTiO3 single crystal orientated to the normal of the electrode plates (Ni) in a single parallel plate capacitor configuration. The capacitor was subjected to a dc bias of 0.5 V either along the polarization direction or opposite to the polarization direction at 25°C. It is shown that the polarization bound charges at the metal/ferroelectric interface play an important role in charge carrier transport and leakage current evolution in BaTiO3 capacitor.
The Fc receptors on chicken T lymphocytes.

Abstract Agammaglobulinemic chickens were used as a source of T lymphocytes, uncontaminated by B lymphocytes, to study subpopulations of thymus-derived lymphocytes. A subpopulation of T lymphocytes (T G lymphocytes) possessing IgG receptors and lacking membrane immunoglobulins was identified in these chickens. The IgG receptor specifically bound the Fc but not the Fab portion of chicken IgG. T G cells were not macrophages and did not adhere to plastic or nylon surfaces. The proportion of T G lymphocytes in the spleen (mean 14%, range 9–18%) was higher than that in the thymus or peripheral blood. The number of T G lymphocytes in the spleens increased after immunization, suggesting that primed T cells may possess IgG-Fc receptors. T G and T cells lacking the IgG-Fc receptor (T G − lymphocytes) were obtained from the Spleens of carrier primed agammaglobulinemic chickens and assayed for helper activity by an adoptive transfer method. It was shown that T G staggered− lymphocytes, but not T G lymphocytes, were capable of providing helper activity for hapten primed B lymphocytes in anti-hapten antibody responses.
Cholinergic degeneration and memory loss delayed by vitamin E in a Down syndrome mouse model

Down syndrome (DS) individuals develop several neuropathological hallmarks seen in Alzheimer's disease, including cognitive decline and the early loss of cholinergic markers in the basal forebrain. These deficits are replicated in the Ts65Dn mouse, which contains a partial trisomy of murine chromosome 16, the orthologous genetic segment to human chromosome 21. Oxidative stress levels are elevated early in DS, and may contribute to the neurodegeneration seen in these individuals. We evaluated oxidative stress in Ts65Dn mice, and assessed the efficacy of long-term antioxidant supplementation on memory and basal forebrain pathology. We report that oxidative stress was elevated in the adult Ts65Dn brain, and that supplementation with the antioxidant vitamin E effectively reduced these markers. Also, Ts65Dn mice receiving vitamin E exhibited improved performance on a spatial working memory task and showed an attenuation of cholinergic neuron pathology in the basal forebrain. This study provides evidence that vitamin E delays onset of cognitive and morphological abnormalities in a mouse model of DS, and may represent a safe and effective treatment early in the progression of DS neuropathology.
Health Decision Aids To Facilitate Shared Decision Making in Office Practice

Health decision aids facilitate shared decision making by helping patients and their physicians choose among reasonable clinical options. Although these aids vary in content, common denominators ar...
Cohesion: A concept and framework for confident association discovery with potential application in microarray mining

The minimal frequency constraint in classical association mining algorithms turns out to be a challenging bottleneck in discovery of large number of infrequent associations that can be potential in knowledge content. A lower choice for threshold frequency not only incurs huge cost of pattern explosion but also cuts reliability of discovered knowledge. The goal of the present paper is to devise a new framework addressing two necessities. The first is discovery of confident associations unconstrained to classical minimal frequency. The second is to ensure quality of the discovered rules. We propose a new property among items, terming it cohesion, and develop cohesion-based scalable algorithms for confident association discovery. In order to assess quality of rules in terms of knowledge content, we propose two new measures, accuracy and predictability based on documented associations. Experiments with market-basket data as well as microarray data establish superiority of cohesion-based technique both in terms of amount and quality of discovered knowledge.
Effects of inducer addition and removal upon the level of allophanate hydrolase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary A number of investigators have shown that 8 to 10 minutes are required before an increase in enzyme activity is observed following addition of various inducers to cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They have also observed messenger RNA and synthetic capacity half lives of approximately 20 minutes. Our data on the other hand indicate that only 3 minutes elapse between addition of inducer and appearance of active allophanate hydrolase. In addition the capacity of an induced culture to continue producing allophanate hydrolase decays with a half life of 3 minutes following removal of the inducer. These observations raise the possibilities that different species of mRNA possess quite different rates of metabolism or that regulation of the allantoin degradative enzymes may occur at levels other than transcription.
Semiparametric estimation of models with conditional moment restrictions in the presence of nonclassical measurement errors

Abstract This paper develops a framework for the analysis of semiparametric conditional moment models with endogenous and mismeasured causes, which is of empirical importance. We show that one set of valid instruments is sufficient to control for both endogeneity and measurement errors of the causes of interest, which has been observed in linear parametric models. Two-step consistent estimators of the parameters of interest are proposed. We also show that the proposed estimators are consistent with a rate faster than n − 1 / 4 under a certain metric, and the proposed estimators of the finite-dimensional unknown parameters obtain root- n asymptotic normality. Monte Carlo evidences show that the proposed estimators perform well under a variety of identification conditions. An application to instrumental variables estimation of Engel curves illustrates the usefulness of our method. It supports that correcting for both endogeneity and measurement errors on total expenditure is substantial in estimating economically meaningful Engel curves.
Assessing pesticide reduction in constructed wetlands using a tanks-in-series model within a Bayesian framework

Abstract Frequent pesticide detection at toxic levels to test organisms in California's Central Coast waterbodies has motivated regulators, resource agencies and end-users to investigate and adopt management practices and technologies to diminish agricultural chemicals entering receiving waters. Treatment wetlands are a technology of special interest because of their ability to simultaneously treat multiple pollutants commonly found in agricultural and urban runoff including nitrate, suspended sediment and pesticides. We sought evidence for transformation of three highly water-soluble pesticides (diazinon, methomyl and acephate) in a full-scale constructed treatment wetland located at the base of the Salinas Valley. We pumped water into the wetland from a slough containing agricultural runoff. The pumping rate was set to achieve a four-day mean residence time, and outlet samples were collected four days after inlet samples. We developed a dynamic tanks-in-series model and fit it to pesticide concentration data from the wetland, using parameters for number of tanks in series, mean hydraulic residence time, pesticide decay, and two parameters for inlet concentrations outside of the sampling period. We used a Bayesian analytical approach to determine the 95% credible intervals (CI) and most likely values for the five model parameters, and developed inference for pesticide decay based on the CI for the decay rate parameter. The CIs for the three pesticide decay parameters were positive and did not span zero, supporting the postulate that the wetland removed these pesticides to some extent. CIs for first-order decay rates were 0.097–0.289 day−1 for diazinon, 0.068–0.232 day−1 for methomyl, and 0.068–0.246 day−1 for acephate. These intervals can be used in conjunction with simple decay models to optimize the design of wetlands and to estimate size requirements.
Colossal negative magnetoresistance in an antiferromagnet

The magnetization and resistivity of single crystals of the Zintl compound ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{14}{\mathrm{MnBi}}_{11}$ are measured as functions of temperature and applied magnetic field. The magnetization data show an apparent antiferromagnetic transition at ${T}_{N}=32\mathrm{K}$ even though the high-temperature susceptibility suggests that the exchange coupling is ferromagnetic in nature. The zero-field resistivity is approximately independent of temperature above 32 K. Below 32 K the resistivity increases slightly and peaks at about 20 K before decreasing as the temperature is decreased. This temperature dependence is fairly normal for an antiferromagnetic metal. On the other hand, in contrast to other antiferromagnets, the single-crystal magnetoresistance is large and negative at all temperatures below about ${3T}_{N}.$ In addition, the dependence of the resistivity upon the magnetization is quite similar to the colossal-magnetoresistance materials.