cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Losing the Polestar of Legislative Intent in Double Jeopardy Multiple Punishment: Adopting a Modification to Blockburger’s Abstract Elements Test

As the United States Supreme Court continues to apply Blockburger ambiguously in the context of vague statutes to determine whether two offenses are the “same offense” under the Fifth Amendment, a rift in multiple punishment jurisprudence is developing amongst state supreme and federal circuit courts as to whether Blockburger has been modified. The modified Blockburger approach takes the position that Blockburger should not be applied so strictly in the context of vague statutes, and that resort must be had to the prosecution’s legal theory of the case, which includes facts or evidence as alleged, to determine whether one offense requires proof of evidence the other does not. When courts realize that the modification is an exception to Blockburger and not a replacement, it is clear that the modification is not a deviation from federal law, but a solution to it that is implicit in U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence. More importantly, the modified approach puts the analysis back on its proper track of determining legislative intent, rather than turning on mere accidents of words. The states should follow New Mexico’s adoption of the modification as a shining example of how to interpret the federal jurisprudence, and federal courts should expressly recognize that their jurisprudence does lead to the conclusion that the abstract elements test of Blockburger, without using the legal theory of the prosecution for vague statutes, is not logically or practically sound. This article clarifies the debate surrounding the scope of Blockburger and argues that the modification fits comfortably with Blockburger and the principles of the Fifth Amendment.
Abstract 109: Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Gene Deletion is Protective Against Delayed Microvascular Vasospasm in a Mouse Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Accumulating evidence supports a role for microvascular dysfunction in the development of delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The mechanism underlying delayed microva...
Dexamethasone Stimulation of Fetal Rat Lung Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Parallel With Surfactant Stimulation

It has recently been determined that fetal lung antioxidant enzyme activity markedly increases late in gestation. A test was made of whether this normal late-in-gestation change in O2-protective enzymes would be responsive to the maturing effect of hormonal (glucocorticoid) treatment. Pregnant rats received 0.2 mg/kg of dexamethasone (or saline) at 48 and 24 hours prior to delivery of their fetuses on gestational days 19, 20, 21, and 22 (newborn). Lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine showed an expected response to prenatal dexamethasone exposure with significant elevations of surfactant lipid at gestational days 20 and 21. A similar effect of prenatal dexamethasone treatment on the lung antioxidant defensive system was found. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase--enzymes protective against hyperoxia-induced lung injury--showed an accelerated pattern of maturation with significant increases in the dexamethasone-treated fetal lungs compared with control fetal lung enzyme levels at gestational days 20 and 21. The results suggest that prenatal dexamethasone treatment may have dual benefits when used in impending premature deliveries--that is, it may stimulate maturation of both the surfactant system and also the antioxidant enzyme system, and this maturation can help protect the premature newborn's lungs from the toxic complications of hyperoxic therapy that may be required because of immaturity.
SURVEY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND DEPENDENCE IN PHYTOPHTHORA

When culture blocks were incubated on V-8 agar plates containing 300 ppm streptomycin sulfate, mutants appeared as fast-growing sectors within 30 days. Streptomycin-resistant mutants were isolated from the sectors of both A' and A2 mating types of P. parasitica, P. palmivora, P. capsici and P. cinnamomi. Streptomycin also caused mating type change in P. parasitica. Streptomycin-dependent mutants were also isolated from the fast-growing sectors of A2 isolates of P. parasitica and A' and A2 isolates of P. palmivora, P. capsici and P. cinnamomi. Presence of CaCl2 in the medium induced a greater need for streptomycin for the dependent isolates of P. parasitica. Fast-growing sectors also appeared when culture blocks were incubated on medium containing 100 ppm chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol-resistant mutants were isolated from sectors of A' and A2 mating type of P. parasitica, P. palmivora, P. capsici and P. cinnamomi. By incubating streptomycin-resistant mutants of P. parasitica on medium containing chloramphenicol and vice versa, mutants resistant to both antibiotics were obtained.
Osteology of the Late Triassic aetosaur Scutarx deltatylus (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia)

Aetosaurians are some of the most common fossils collected from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, especially at the Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO). Aetosaurians collected from lower levels of the park include Desmatosuchus spurensis, Paratypothorax, Adamanasuchus eisenhardtae, Calyptosuchus wellesi, and Scutarx deltatylus. Four partial skeletons collected from the park between 2002 and 2009 represent the holotype and referred specimens of Scutarx deltatylus. These specimens include much of the carapace, as well as the vertebral column, and shoulder and pelvic girdles, and a new naming convention proposed for osteoderms descriptions better differentiates portions of the carapace and ventral armor. A partial skull from the holotype specimen represents the first aetosaur skull recovered and described from Arizona since the 1930s. The key morphological feature distinguishing Scutarx deltatylus is the presence of a prominent, triangular boss located in the posteromedial corner of the dorsal surface of the dorsal paramedian osteoderms. Scutarx deltatylus can be distinguished from closely related forms Calyptosuchus wellesi and Adamanasuchus eisenhardtae not only morphologically, but also stratigraphically. Thus, Scutarx deltatylus is potentially an index taxon for the upper part of the Adamanian biozone.
Magnetic Field - Stellar Winds Interaction

As per the recent study by the MiMeS collaboration, only about 10% of massive stars possess organized global magnetic fields, typically dipolar in nature. The competition between such magnetic fields and highly non-linear radiative forces that drive the stellar winds leads to a highly complex interaction. Such an interplay can lead to a number of observable phenomena, e.g. X-ray, wind confinement, rapid stellar spindown. However, due to its complexity, such an interaction cannot usually be modeled analytically, instead numerical modeling becomes a necessary tool. In this talk, I will discuss how numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations are employed to understand the nature of such magnetized massive star winds.
What is the medical rationale for the treatment of varicose veins

Varicose veins occur in up to one-third of Western populations and are associated with clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, isolated varicose veins (C2 disease) to venous ulceration. While the development of less invasive treatment options, such as endovenous ablation and sclerotherapy, have been well accepted by patients they have led to increased utilization of scarce health-care resources. While few would argue with the treatment of acute complications such as superficial venous thrombosis and variceal haemorrhage, the role of interventional treatment in the management of lifestyle limiting symptoms and the prevention of disease progression may be debatable. Good-quality evidence does suggest that surgical management of varicose veins is associated with improved quality of life at costs below the thresholds of many Western health-care systems. However, the progression of isolated C2 disease to advanced chronic venous insufficiency occurs infrequently and the role of treatment to prevent such progression remains undefined at present.
ADVANCES IN ABDOMINAL ANGIOGRAPHY.

The newer abdominal arteriographic and venographic technics are described and illustrated. Selective catheterization offers several advantages in studying branches of the abdominal aorta and viscera supplied by these vessels. Contrast material can be delivered in greater concentration solely into the artery of interest (celiac, hepatic, splenic, superior mesenteric, renal, inferior mesenteric). The selective technics are particularly helpful in evaluation of solid abdominal viscera. An improved method for demonstrating the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is introduced.
The updated advancements in synaptic plasticity mediated by glial cells

Synaptic plasticity is the basis of learning and memory and extensive studies focused on neurons and synapses whereas glial cells are neglected for a long time. Recent studies indicate that glial cells can be involved in the formation of tripartite synapse and affect the activities of synapse, and thereby the roles of glial cells in synaptic plasticity have'been noticed gradually. There are evidences that astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes can modulate the synaptic plasticity via multiple signaling pathways, including glutamate, serine, glycine and ATP et al. These studies have provided new directions for the synaptic plasticity study and will contribute greatly to the clarification of the synaptogenesis and learning and memory.
Clostridium botulinum and Acid Foods 1,2.

Outbreaks of botulism involving acid foods are rare. Of the 722 total botulism outbreaks reported from 1899 to 1975, only 34 (4.7%) involved acid foods. Home-canned acid foods were implicated in 34 of the 35 acid food outbreaks. Clostridium botulinum cannot grow at a pH of ⩽ 4.6; therefore, for a botulism hazard to exist in an acid food, a contamination with other microorganisms due to a process delivery failure and/or post-process contamination, (c) favorable composition of the food and storage conditions which are particularly conducive to C. botulinum growth and toxin production, and (d) metabiosis. The way each factor affects the botulism hazard in acid foods is discussed in this report. An acid food is safe from C. botulinum if the heat process kills all organisms capable of growth at a pH of ⩽4.6 and there is no post-process contamination.
Clear, Aqueous Topical Drop of Triamcinolone Acetonide

The objective of this study was to develop a clear aqueous mixed nanomicellar formulation (NMF) of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) with a combination of nonionic surfactant hydrogenated castor oil 60 (HCO-60) and octoxynol-40 (Oc-40). In order to delineate the effects of drug-polymer interactions on entrapment efficiency (EE), loading efficiency (LE), and critical micellar concentration (CMC), a design of experiment (DOE) was performed to optimize the formulation. In this study, full-factorial design has been used with HCO-60 and OC-40 as independent variables. All formulations were prepared following solvent evaporation and film rehydration method, characterized with size, polydispersity, shape, morphology, EE, LE, and CMC. A specific blend of HCO-60 and Oc-40 at a particular wt% ratio (5:1.5) produced highest drug EE, LE, and smallest CMC (0.0216 wt%). Solubility of TA in NMF improved 20 times relative to normal aqueous solubility. Qualitative 1H NMR studies confirmed the absence of free drug in the outer aqueous NMF medium. Moreover, TA-loaded NMF appeared to be highly stable and well tolerated on human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) and human retinal pigment epithelial cells (D407 cells). Overall, these studies suggest that TA in NMF is safe and suitable for human topical ocular drop application.
Dynamic Optimal Design of Groundwater Remediation Using Genetic Algorithms

The use of genetic algorithms for the dynamic optimal design of pump-and-treat groundwater remediation systems is demonstrated through two new dynamic formulations. In the first formulation in which the contaminant sorption was assumed to be in equilibrium, the lengths of management periods were decision variables. The second formulation assumed a pulsed pumping approach to remove a contaminant with mass-transfer-limited sorption. While the genetic algorithm could successfully solve these dynamic problems, only small percentage reductions in the overall remediation costs were achieved. However, the savings in the operational costs were more significant with the mass transfer-limited pulsed pumping example saving up to 10% compared to continuous pumping and the flexible-length management periods saving up to 3% compared to fixed-length periods. With the high costs of remediation, even a small percentage of savings in operational costs could be significant. For instance, the 3% savings with flexible management periods corresponded to a cost reduction of more than $26,000 that was achieved by allowing for variable length management periods, a relatively simple change within the GA algorithm. Dynamic pumping that is adapted over time to the unique site conditions may be an option to improve the cost-effectiveness of a remediation design, especially for mass-transfer limited sites.
Bandwidth Management for Soft Real-Time Control Applications in Industrial Wireless Networks

Industrial distributed control systems would greatly benefit from the adoption of wireless communication technologies, if only guarantees could be provided on timing of time-critical data delivery over the ether. This paper presents solutions to handle single-hop deadline-constrained periodic traffic, which combine centralized transmission scheduling according to earliest deadline first (EDF) and automatic repeat request (ARQ). For each solution, an admission control test is provided, which guarantees a configurable number of retries to each data instance within its deadline, statically addressing both timeliness and reliability on a per-instance basis. Dynamic bandwidth management strategies are also introduced that use runtime information about unperformed guaranteed retries and reassign them, as extra retries, to failed instances whose deadline has not yet expired. Simulation results show that significant benefits can be obtained, in terms of both determinism and improved performance, by a careful static/dynamic management of the available communication resources.
Throwing the Rascals Out: Partisan Identities and Political Evaluations

Although no longer a household name, AlbenWilliam Barkley enjoyed an accomplished political career.He began as an elected county prosecutor in Kentucky at the age of 29. Six years later he was elected to the US House of Representatives. After seven terms, he was elected to the US Senate, where he would go on to serve in the leadership, and in 1948 he was chosen to be President Truman's running mate and subsequently served as the nation's thirty-fifth vice president. Barkley was fond of telling a story in his campaign stump speeches about a farmer who lived in the county where his political career began. The farmer had long been a loyal supporter, so Barkley was surprised to learn that he was thinking of voting for his opponent in an upcoming election and called on him.He reminded the man of all of the things he had done for him as a county prosecutor, representative, and senator. It was a mighty long list, and after reciting it, Barkley implored, “How can you think of voting for my opponent? Surely, you remember all of the things I have done for you.” The farmer replied, “Yeah, I remembered. But what the hell have you done for me lately?” (Barkley, 1954, 165). Barkley's story speaks to the heart of what democratic accountability is all about at the level of the individual voter. Elections give individual voters the opportunity to punish incumbent politicians when they behave like rascals. There are two avenues by which people can accomplish this task. The first involves choosing the candidate offering to enact policies that fall closest to the voter's ideological position on the left/right continuum (Downs, 1957; Kramer, 1977; McKelvey, 1975). We have already discussed a significant obstacle in this pathway. For many voters, their ideological “preferences” are endogenous to their partisan loyalties, which gives politicians from their party leeway to take positions that they prefer even at the expense of their constituents. In addition to the problem of endogenous preferences, Ferejohn (1986) offers another downside to issue-based voting. Even if we assume the best-case scenario – people have coherent ideological preferences and partisan identities are inconsequential – the fact that incumbents must reveal their policy positions in office means that challengers can always offer a set of policy positions that defeat the incumbent.
Recognition organisations that evaluate agencies accrediting medical education programmes: Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?

AbstractThe goals of agencies that accredit medical education programmes or institutions are to ensure high quality student experiences and to certify the readiness of graduates to further their training or begin practice as physicians. While accreditation provides a level of legitimacy, the agencies conducting the reviews vary in their organisation, robustness and transparency of decisions. Therefore, to enhance validity and comply with governmental or medical professional regulations, some agencies undergo external evaluations of their standards and protocols, a process commonly referred to as recognition. Recognition also provides stakeholders with unbiased and credible information on accrediting agencies and the educational institutions they accredit. The author compares six European and United States-based recognition organisations that evaluate agencies that accredit medical education to highlight similarities and differences in scope, processes and consequences of the review. These results contribu...
Random-projection-based nonnegative least squares for hyperspectral image unmixing

Nonnegative least squares, a state-of-the-art approach to endmember abundance estimation in the hyperspectral-unmixing problem, is coupled with random projection employed for dimensionality reduction. Both Hadamard- and Gaussian-based projections are considered. Experimental results reveal that random projections can significantly reduce data volume without detrimentally affecting the accuracy of the abundance estimation, with the Hadamard-based approach slightly outperforming its Gaussian counterpart.
Excited state electron and energy relays in supramolecular dinuclear complexes revealed by ultrafast optical and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy

The kinetics of photoinduced electron and energy transfer in a family of tetrapyridophenazine-bridged heteroleptic homo- and heterodinuclear copper(I) bis(phenanthroline)/ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes were studied using ultrafast optical and multi-edge X-ray transient absorption spectroscopies. This work combines the synthesis of heterodinuclear Cu(I)–Ru(II) analogs of the homodinuclear Cu(I)–Cu(I) targets with spectroscopic analysis and electronic structure calculations to first disentangle the dynamics at individual metal sites by taking advantage of the element and site specificity of X-ray absorption and theoretical methods. The excited state dynamical models developed for the heterodinuclear complexes are then applied to model the more challenging homodinuclear complexes. These results suggest that both intermetallic charge and energy transfer can be observed in an asymmetric dinuclear copper complex in which the ground state redox potentials of the copper sites are offset by only 310 meV. We also demonstrate the ability of several of these complexes to effectively and unidirectionally shuttle energy between different metal centers, a property that could be of great use in the design of broadly absorbing and multifunctional multimetallic photocatalysts. This work provides an important step toward developing both a fundamental conceptual picture and a practical experimental handle with which synthetic chemists, spectroscopists, and theoreticians may collaborate to engineer cheap and efficient photocatalytic materials capable of performing coulombically demanding chemical transformations.
Spatiotemporal polarization modulation microscopy with a microretarder array

A patterned microretarder array positioned in the rear conjugate plane of a microscope enables rapid polarizationdependent nonlinear optical microscopy. The pattern introduced to the array results in periodic modulation of the polarization-state of the incident light as a function of position within the field of view with no moving parts or active control. Introduction of a single stationary optical element and a fixed polarizer into the beam of a nonlinear optical microscope enabled nonlinear optical tensor recovery, which informs on local structure and orientation. Excellent agreement was observed between the measured and predicted second harmonic generation (SHG) of z-cut quartz, selected as a test system with well-established nonlinear optical properties. Subsequent studies of spatially varying samples further support the general applicability of this relatively simple strategy for detailed polarization analysis in both conventional and nonlinear optical imaging of structurally diverse samples.
Crizotinib and erlotinib inhibits growth of c-Met+/EGFRvIII+ primary human glioblastoma xenografts.

Abstract Objectives Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), such as c-Met and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are implicated in the malignant progression of glioblastoma. Studies show that RTK systems can co-modulate distinct and overlapping oncogenic downstream signaling pathways. EGFRvIII, a constitutively activated EGFR deletion mutant variant, leads to increased tumor growth and diminishes the tumor growth response to HGF: c-Met pathway inhibitor therapy. Conversely, activation of the c-Met pathway diminishes the tumor growth response to EGFR pathway inhibitors. Previously we reported that EGFRvIII and c-Met pathway inhibitors synergize to inhibit tumor growth in isogenic GBM cell lines engineered to express EGFRvIII. More recently, studies suggest that despite targeting RTK signaling in glioblastoma multiforme, a subpopulation of stem-like tumor-propagating cells can persist to replenish the tumor cell population leading to tumor recurrence. Patients and Methods Mayo 39 and Mayo 59 xenograft lines were cultured and xenografts were maintained. Subcutaneous xenograft lines were serially passaged in nude mice to generate subcutaneous xenografts. Xenografts were implanted in 6–8 week old nude mice. Once tumors reached a substantial size (150 mm3), mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) control vehicle, 2) Crizotinib (crizo), 3) Erlotinib (erlot), or 4) Crizotinib + Erlotinib, (n = 5 per group). Results Crizotinib (c-Met pathway inhibitor) and Erlotinib (EGFR pathway inhibitor) in combination significantly inhibited tumor growth, phospho-EGFRvIII, phospho-Met, phospho-AKT, phospho-MAPK, and neurosphere growth in Mayo 39 and Mayo 59 primary GBM subcutaneous xenografts. The expression of the stem cell markers Nestin, Musashi, Olig 2 and Sox2 were also significantly down-regulated by c-Met inhibition, but no additive down-regulation was seen by co-treatment with Erlotinib. Conclusions These results are consistent with and corroborate our previous findings demonstrating that targeting these two parallel pathways with c-Met and EGFR inhibitor therapy provides substantial anti-tumor activity in glioblastoma models.
Drug Effects on Primate Alarm Vocalizations

Mammalian vocalization traditionally has been an area of intense ethological analysis. Vocal behavior often promotes predictable responses in conspecifics, providing a convenient basis for classifying social interactions. The current volume extends the analysis of vocalizations to evaluate potential physiological mechanisms involved in their production. A primary means for addressing physiologic mechanisms is by pharmacological manipulation. Although a large literature has described ethological determinants of vocalization, relatively little is known of the effects of drugs on these behaviors. If specific neuronal mechanisms mediate vocalization, then neurochemically selective agents might be expected to have specific effects on these behaviors. In turn, orderly pharmacological effects on vocal behavior might lead to a better understanding of the role of underlying physiologic mechanisms. Furthermore, as specific types of calls typically occur in particular situations, a pharmacological analysis of vocalizations might lead to a better understanding of the interaction of neurochemistry with environmental determinants of vocal behavior.
Shape optimisation for aerodynamic performance using adjoint methods

This paper presents an industrial approach to optimisation using the ANSYS Fluent Discrete Adjoint Solver (AS) and a morphing tool utilising Radial Basis Functions (RBF Morph). The approach shown here is based on the use of the AS to drive the shape modification of the considered geometry: the adjoint sensitivities are used to guide intelligent design modifications and improve the product performance. We show also how the presence of geometrical uncertainties can be handled using RBF morph that combines a very accurate control of the geometrical parameters with fast mesh deformation: a system of radial basis functions is used to produce a solution for the mesh movement/morphing, from a list of source points and their displacements. An industrial application is presented to show that the AS can be used for optimisation of a Formula 1 front wing, taking into account the geometrical uncertainties associated with the rotating rubber tire and vehicle steering.
Motion sickness and otolith sensitivity - A pilot study of habituation to linear acceleration

Astronauts, particularly in Skylab flights, experienced varying degrees of motion sickness lasting 3-5 days. One possible mechanism for this motion sickness adaptation is believed to be a reduction in otolith sensitivity with an attendant reduction in sensory conflict. In an attempt to determine if this hypothesis is valid, a ground-based pilot study was conducted on a vertical linear accelerator. The extent of habituation to accelerations which initially produced motion sickness was evaluated, along with the possible value of habituation training to minimize the space motion sickness problem. Results showed that habituation occurred for 6 of the 8 subjects tested. However, in tests designed to measure dynamic and static otolith function, no significant differences between pre- and post-habituation tests were observed. Cross habituation effects to a standard Coriolis acceleration test were not significant. It is unlikely that ground-based pre-habituation to linear accelerations of the type examined would alter susceptibility to space motion sickness.
Risk Factors for the Development of Cytomegalovirus Resistance in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

Abstract Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) resistance is an emerging problem in solid organ transplant recipients. Risk factors are not well defined. Methods Recipients with CMV viremia of solid organ transplants who underwent CMV resistance testing between January 2010 and March 2016 were divided in 2 groups: proven CMV resistance and refractory CMV infection. A third group was added to compare patients with viremia during the study period with patients with no resistance proven or suspected. We aimed to identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of CMV genotypic resistance. Results Forty-nine patients underwent resistance testing. Eleven (22.45%) developed genotypic mutations. Group 1 vs groups 2 and 3 had higher prednisone (P = .01) and tacrolimus levels (P = .03); did not respond to antivirals (P Conclusion Persistent clinical disease despite antiviral therapy is an important risk factor and may in part be due to a high degree of immunosuppression. Graft loss and survival were not impacted by CMV resistance.
Non-commutative functional calculus

We develop a functional calculus for d-tuples of non-commuting elements in a Banach algebra. The functions we apply are free analytic functions, that is, nc-functions that are bounded on certain polynomial polyhedra.
The Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. The Republika Srpska: Human Rights in a Multi-Ethnic Bosnia

This Article examines the Islamic Community case by setting it within its historical and jurisprudential context and discussing the implications of the Human Rights Chamber's decision for the protection of human rights in Bosnia and beyond. Part I describes the structure and functions of the Chamber. Part II considers the applicant, the Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the rich Muslim heritage of the city of Banja Luka. Part III explains the proceedings before the Chamber and the body's decision in Islamic Community. Part IV analyzes the difficulties faced by the Chamber and the international community in enforcing the decision. The Article concludes by exploring the implications of Islamic Community and the Chamber's jurisprudence for the protection of human rights in Bosnia and transitional justice efforts elsewhere in the world.
Characterizing Color with Reflectance.

Pigments, dyes, and transition-metal compounds are made in courses across the undergraduate chemistry curriculum, but student characterization of these compounds’ most striking features, their colors, seldom goes beyond verbal descriptions. Affordable, hand-held, fiber-optic reflectance spectrophotometers make it possible to advance students’ understanding of color. Reflectance spectra provide graphical information about color, whereas CIE L*a*b* color coordinates describe color quantitatively. This article describes how collection and interpretation of reflectance data are used to round out pigment syntheses in a course for nonscience majors. This approach is transferrable to any experiment in which students obtain colored solids.
Database Audit Workload Prioritization via Game Theory

The quantity of personal data that is collected, stored, and subsequently processed continues to grow rapidly. Given its sensitivity, ensuring privacy protections has become a necessary component of database management. To enhance protection, a number of mechanisms have been developed, such as audit logging and alert triggers, which notify administrators about suspicious activities. However, this approach is limited. First, the volume of alerts is often substantially greater than the auditing capabilities of organizations. Second, strategic attackers can attempt to disguise their actions or carefully choose targets, thus hide illicit activities. In this article, we introduce an auditing approach that accounts for adversarial behavior by (1) prioritizing the order in which types of alerts are investigated and (2) providing an upper bound on how much resource to allocate for each type.Specifically, we model the interaction between a database auditor and attackers as a Stackelberg game. We show that even a highly constrained version of such problem is NP-Hard. Then, we introduce a method that combines linear programming, column generation, and heuristic searching to derive an auditing policy. On the synthetic data, we perform an extensive evaluation on the approximation degree of our solution with the optimal one. The two real datasets, (1) 1.5 months of audit logs from Vanderbilt University Medical Center and (2) a publicly available credit card application dataset, are used to test the policy-searching performance. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods for searching the audit strategies, and our general approach significantly outperforms non-game-theoretic baselines.
Retrospective Review of Revision Surgery After Image-guided Instrumented Spinal Surgery Compared With Traditional Instrumented Spinal Surgery.

Study design Retrospective cohort series. Objective The objective of this study was to determine if the use of image-guided navigation offers a clinically significant advantage over fluoroscopy-assisted pedicle screw and non-navigated screw placement in reducing the risk of revision surgery for malpositioned screws in instrumented spinal surgery. Summary of background data Use image-guided navigation has become increasingly commonplace in instrumented spine surgery, but there is a lack of information regarding differences in the rates of clinically relevant screw malposition with image-guided compared with non-navigated screw placement. Materials and methods This is a retrospective cohort series of consecutive patients who underwent instrumented spinal surgery by the senior authors at 2 academic tertiary care centers in New York. Results A total of 663 instrumented spinal surgeries were analyzed, including 271 instances with image-guided navigation. For the image-guided navigation cohort, 110 of the patients underwent screw placement using O-Arm image-guidance, yielding data on 1115 screws. The remaining 161 surgeries utilizing image-guided screw placement were performed using Brainlab Spine Navigation, for a total of 1001 screws. A fluoroscopy-assisted technique or freehand technique was used in 419 instances, with a total of 3689 screws. Of the non-navigated cohort, 10 patients required a surgical revision of screw placement, for a total of 15 malpositioned screws. Amongst the image-guided navigation cohort, 1 patient in the O-Arm group and 2 in the Brainlab group required revision surgery, with 3 malpositioned screws in total. The rate of revision surgery for a malpositioned screw placed via non-navigated techniques was 2.39%. This risk was decreased to 1.11% with the use of the intraoperative image-guided navigation. However, no comparisons between non-navigated and image-guided screw placement reached statistical significance. Conclusion Although not reaching statistical significance, these data suggest there may be an advantage offered by image-guided screw placement in instrumented spinal surgery.
What Therapists Learn from Psychotherapy Clients: Effects on Personal and Professional Lives.

While considerable research has examined how clients learn from psychotherapists, there is only sparse literature on what therapists learn from their therapy clients. In a qualitative, exploratory study, nine researchers interviewed 61 psychologists from across North America in order to see what psychotherapists may have learned and how they have been affected by their clients both personally and professionally. Participants responded to nine open-ended questions on learning about life-lessons, relationships, ethical decision-making, coping, courage, wisdom, psychopathology, personality, cultural differences, lifespan development and more. Participants’ richly elaborated responses were coded thematically and narrative data illustrates the most frequent themes. Therapists reported learning a great deal across each of the questions, consistently expressing respect for their clients' resilience, courage and moral sensibilities. Keywords: Therapist Development, Therapy Relationship, Client Wisdo, Cultural Difference, Life Lessons
DeepSubQE: Quality estimation for subtitle translations

Quality estimation (QE) for tasks involving language data is hard owing to numerous aspects of natural language like variations in paraphrasing, style, grammar, etc. There can be multiple answers with varying levels of acceptability depending on the application at hand. In this work, we look at estimating quality of translations for video subtitles. We show how existing QE methods are inadequate and propose our method DeepSubQE as a system to estimate quality of translation given subtitles data for a pair of languages. We rely on various data augmentation strategies for automated labelling and synthesis for training. We create a hybrid network which learns semantic and syntactic features of bilingual data and compare it with only-LSTM and only-CNN networks. Our proposed network outperforms them by significant margin.
Who's Learning? Using Demographics in EDM Research

The growing use of machine learning for the data-driven study of social issues and the implementation of data-driven decision processes has required researchers to re-examine the often implicit assumption that data-driven models are neutral and free of biases. The careful examination of machine-learned models has identified examples of how existing biases can inadvertently be perpetuated in fields such as criminal justice, where failing to account for racial prejudices in the prediction of recidivism can perpetuate or exasperate them, and natural language processing, where algorithms trained on human languages corpora have been shown to reproduce strong biases in gendered descriptions. These examples highlight the importance of thinking about how biases might impact the study of educational data and how data-driven models used in educational contexts may perpetuate inequalities. To understand this question, we ask whether and how demographic information, including age, educational level, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and geographical location, is used in Educational Data Mining (EDM) research. Specifically, we conduct a systematic survey of the last five years of EDM publications that investigates whether and how demographic information about the students is reported in EDM research and how this information is used to 1) investigate issues related to demographics, 2) use the information as input features for data-driven analyses, or 3) to test and validate models. This survey shows that, although a majority of publications reported at least one category of demographic information, the frequency of reporting for different categories of demographic information is very uneven (ranging from 5% to 59%), and only 15% of publications used demographic information in their analyses.
Hadronic Resonances in Heavy-Ion Collisions at ALICE

Modifications to the masses and widths of hadronic resonances in heavy-ion collisions could be a sign of chiral symmetry restoration. Uncorrected spectra, masses, and widths of the ϕ (1020) and K *(892)0 resonances have been measured in Pb–Pb collisions at √s NN = 2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector. These measurements are presented and compared to resonances in other collision systems.
Experiences of Stereotyping and Tracking in Appalachia: A Case in Consolidation and Social Class:

This case explores the complexities of how consolidation perpetuates stereotypes among different social classes in a rural Appalachian school setting. Examined are the experiences at the intersecti...
The Role of Genetic Testing in the Evaluation of Dilated Cardiomyopathies

We present an adolescent African American male admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit with cardiogenic shock and acute respiratory failure. Through an overview of his presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment, we demonstrate the clinical utility of genetic testing in the evaluation of unexplained dilated cardiomyopathies.
3rd-order Spectral Representation Method: Simulation of multi-dimensional random fields and ergodic multi-variate random processes with fast Fourier transform implementation

Abstract This paper introduces a generalized 3rd-order Spectral Representation Method for the simulation of multi-dimensional random fields and ergodic multi-variate stochastic processes with asymmetric non-linearities. The formula for the simulation of general d -dimensional random fields is presented and the method is applied to simulate 2D and 3D random fields. The differences between samples generated by the proposed methodology and the existing classical Spectral Representation Method are analysed. The formula for the simulation of multi-variate random processes is subsequently developed. An important feature of the methodologies is that they can be implemented efficiently with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), details of which are presented. Computational savings are shown to grow exponentially with dimensionality as a testament of the scalability of the simulation methodology. Examples highlighting the salient features of these methodologies are also presented.
Atrial flutte

Atrial flutter can have serious short- and long-term consequences. Treatment options for an acute attack include direct-current cardioversion, atrial pacing, and intravenous drug therapy. For chronic disease or for recurrence, treatment options include ablation of the flutter, rate-controlling therapy, and antiarrhythmic drugs. Anticoagulation should be considered.
Knowledge is Key: Viewpoints of New Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections Guidelines.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate management patterns, measure familiarity with the new guidelines, and gauge the level of education and confidence in treating rUTIs according to recent guidelines, specifically in the context of trainee education. Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) are a common urologic complaint and a heavy burden on the healthcare system. Until recently, the AUA did not have a guideline on the management of rUTIs. METHODS Participants were medical students (PGY3-4, n = 41), residents (n = 48), and fellows (n = 11) from a single institution (N = 100) from both urology and non-urology backgrounds. This prospective survey study measured demographic information, personal history of rUTI management, knowledge of the new guideline, personal practice patterns, and guideline education. RESULTS Trainees reported that they felt "slightly unknowledgeable" (M = 2.6/4, P < .001) about rUTI treatment, although level of knowledge increased with increased training level. Participants were asked about the new rUTI guidelines that were published in 2019, with urology trainees (M = 83.3%) more aware (P < .001) of their recent release compared to non-urology residents and fellows (M = 12.2%) and medical students (M = 7.5%). When looking specifically at peri- and postmenopausal women, antibiotic treatment was the highest recommendation for rUTI in both peri- (70.6%), and post-menopausal women (68.2%), followed by cranberry juice/extract (43.5% vs 42.4%). Providers were more likely to recommend vaginal estrogens for post-menopausal (45.9%) compared to perimenopausal (28.2%, P < .05) women. CONCLUSION Better trainee education about the current rUTI guidelines is warranted, including management of peri- and postmenopausal women which have specific guideline recommendations.
Conceptions of Peace in the Niger Delta

The meaning of peace in Nigeria’s oil region is theoretically and politically contested, and the means of achieving it is inherently complex. This chapter examines the perceptions of peace in Nigeria’s oil region. Four main concepts—stability, nonviolence, development, and freedom—have become the critical features that convey people’s perceptions of peace. These concepts derive from the meanings individuals give to their experience in relation to the insecurities that arose in their communities in the wake of the insurgency. The challenges, which continually arise, manifest through the various processes of peacebuilding, the actions they consider as appropriate for addressing insurgency, and their personal vision of a peaceful world. This understanding is crucial in ensuring that the four concepts become fully embedded in peace and conflict studies.
The regulation of presenilin-1 by nerve growth factor.

Presenilin-1 (PS1) protein concentration is linked to neuronal development and to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, yet little is known about the biological factors and mechanisms that control cellular levels of PS1 protein. As PS1 levels are highest in the developing brain, we tested whether neurotrophin-induced differentiation influences PS1 expression using neuronotypic pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) caused ∼ 60–75% increases in the steady-state levels of endogenous PS1 N- and C-terminal fragments. PS1 protein accumulation was dose-responsive to NGF and required the presence of the TrkA NGF receptor tyrosine kinase. NGF also induced PS1 fragment accumulation in cultured explants of rat dorsal root ganglia. Quantitative northern blot analysis using PC12 cultures indicated that NGF did not increase steady-state PS1 mRNA levels. However, pulse-chase experiments indicated that NGF slowed the degradation rate of endogenous PS1 fragments, increasing the half-life from t1/2 @22.5 to @25.0 h. This increase in half-life was insufficient to account for the ∼ 60–75% increase in PS1 fragment levels measured in NGF-treated cells. Thus, NGF may regulate PS1 protein concentration in NGF-responsive cells by a complex mechanism that increases PS1 fragment production independent of holoprotein synthesis.
Properties of Aldolase from Francisella tularensis

The aldolase of Francisella tularensis resembles Class II aldolases in its requirement for divalent ions and its inactivation by metal chelating agents. Cysteine and other reducing agents stimulated the activity of the enzyme.
Adrenal Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase as Related to Vitamin A

Abstract The reported relationship between vitamin A status of rats and Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of adrenals was investigated. Specific activity of this enzyme was measured with varying amounts of adrenal homogenate; at each level there was no significant difference between preparations from vitamin A-normal or -deficient rats with either androstenolone or pregnenolone as substrate. When rats with initial low body reserves of retinyl ester were examined periodically while maintained on a deficient diet, the activities of the homogenates were in the normal range until the animals became moribund. When rats without body stores of retinyl ester but maintained by means of retinoic acid were examined after withdrawal of the supplement, no change in specific activity occurred though weight loss was rapid. When vitamin A-depleted rats, which were losing weight, were restored to normalcy after administration of retinoic acid, the specific activity of the dehydrogenase did not increase. The results do not support previous claims that vitamin A is necessary for the activity of adrenal Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
Soil physical properties associated with the invasive spotted knapweed and native grasses are similar

Centaurea maculosa Lam. (spotted knapweed), a Eurasian perennial forb, has invaded disturbed and undisturbed semiarid grasslands in the western United States. In the past, success in controlling C. maculosa and restoring invaded areas has been limited. Most research has addressed chemical aspects of invasive species interactions with soils, while potential impacts of altered soil physical properties on C. maculosa's success has not been studied. We hypothesized that the persistence of C. maculosa in semiarid rangelands might reflect an ability to alter site conditions. The objective of this study was to compare selected soil physical properties under C. maculosa-dominated and native perennial grass-dominated areas on semiarid grassland. We used six field sites in western Montana containing adjacent plots dominated by C. maculosa and by native perennial grasses. Soil physical properties including particle size fractions, bulk density, and hydraulic and thermal properties, as well as total organic carbon content, of near-surface soils were measured for each vegetation type. Soil physical properties seldom differed between C. maculosa- and native grass-dominated areas. When soil physical properties differed, the differences were inconsistent within and among sites. Presence of C. maculosa did not alter surface soil characteristics at our six sites, thus its persistence on these semi-arid grasslands cannot be explained by an ability to alter near-surface soil characteristics.