cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perception of sentence and paragraph boundaries in natural conversation

Abstract: Subjects were presented with two versions (with and without semantic information) of a natural conversation and in each condition were asked to respond when they heard a sentence or paragraph boundary. Presence of semantic information resulted in increased numbers of both very quick and very slow responses. Sentence boundaries are cued by non-level intonation contours, laryngealization, pre-boundary lengthening, and presence of a pause, all unit-terminal phenomena; cues for paragraph boundaries both precede and follow a change in topic, reflecting the optional nature of topic changes in natural conversations.
Does Bone Loss Imaging Modality, Measurement Methodology, and Interobserver Reliability Alter Treatment in Glenohumeral Instability?

Purpose To determine, in the context of measuring bone loss in shoulder instability, whether measurement differences between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), linear-based and area-based methods, and observers altered the proposed treatment when a standardized algorithm was applied. Methods This was a retrospective, comparative imaging study of preoperative patients with anterior shoulder instability with both an MRI and CT scan within 1 year of one another. On parasagittal images reoriented en face to the glenoid, 2 attending orthopaedic surgeons measured glenoid width, glenoid area, glenoid defect width, and glenoid defect area. On axial images maximal Hill−Sachs width was measured. From these, linear percent glenoid bone loss (%GBL) and area %GBL were calculated, and on-versus off-track was determined. With these results, a recommended treatment was determined by applying a standardized algorithm, in which the Latarjet procedure was selected for %GBL >20%, arthroscopic labral repair and remplissage for off-track lesions with %GBL Results In total, 53 patients with mean ± standard deviation 45 ± 83 days between scans were include with a CT linear %GBL of 23.5 ± 9.6% (range 0%-47%). CT lead to larger measurements of %GBL than MRI (linear P = .008, area P = .003), and fewer shoulders being considered on-track (33.0% vs 40.5%), which would alter treatment in 25% to 34%. Linear measurements produced larger values for %GBL (CT, P Conclusions The significant differences in bone loss measurement between imaging modality, measurement method, and observers may lead to differences in treatment in up to 34% of cases. Linear CT measurements resulted in the most aggressive treatment recommendations. Level of Evidence Retrospective Comparative Study: Diagnostic, Level III.
Work-Related Emotional Communication Model of Burnout: An Analysis of Emotions for Hire:

This study proposes the Work-Related Emotional Communication model of burnout to explicate the relationships between processes of emotional work and emotional labor leading to burnout. The model wa...
Cyp1b1 directs Srebp-mediated cholesterol and retinoid synthesis in perinatal liver; Association with retinoic acid activity during fetal development.

Background Cytochrome P450 1b1 (Cyp1b1) deletion and dietary retinol deficiency during pregnancy (GVAD) affect perinatal liver functions regulated by Srebp. Cyp1b1 is not expressed in perinatal liver but appears in the E9.5 embryo, close to sites of retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Hypothesis Parallel effects of Cyp1b1 and retinol on postnatal Srebp derive from effects in the developing liver or systemic signaling. Approach Cluster postnatal increases in hepatic genes in relation to effects of GVAD or Cyp1b1 deletion. Sort expression changes in relation to genes regulated by Srebp1 and Srebp2.Test these treatments on embryos at E9.5, examining changes at the site of liver initiation. Use in situ hybridization to resolve effects on mRNA distributions of Aldh1a2 and Cyp26a1 (RA homeostasis); Hoxb1 and Pax6 (RA targets). Assess mice lacking Lrat and Rbp4 (DKO mice) that severely limits retinol supply to embryos. Results At birth, GVAD and Cyp1b1 deletion stimulate gene markers of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation but also suppress Hamp. These treatments then selectively prevent the postnatal onset of genes that synthesize cholesterol (Hmgcr, Sqle) and fatty acids (Fasn, Scd1), but also direct cholesterol transport (Ldlr, Pcsk9, Stard4) and retinoid synthesis (Aldh1a1, Rdh11). Extensive support by Cyp1b1 is implicated, but with distinct GVAD interventions for Srebp1 and Srebp2. At E9.5, Cyp1b1 is expressed in the septum transversum mesenchyme (STM) with β-carotene oxygenase (Bco1) that generates retinaldehyde. STM provides progenitors for the HSC and supports liver expansion. GVAD and Cyp1b1-/- do not affect RA-dependent Hoxb1 and Pax6. In DKO embryos, RA-dependent Cyp26a1 is lost but Hoxb1 is sustained with Cyp1b1 at multiple sites. Conclusion Cyp1b1-/- suppresses genes supported by Srebp. GVAD effects distinguish Srebp1 and Srebp2 mediation. Srebp regulation overlaps appreciably in cholesterol and retinoid homeostasis. Bco1/Cyp1b1 partnership in the STM may contribute to this later liver regulation.
Conducted EMI Performance of Active Neutral Point Clamped Phase Leg for Dual Active Bridge Converter based DC system

Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) converter configuration is suitable for operation at Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) level as it allows the use of a higher DC bus voltage than the blocking capability of individual switching devices. The Active NPC (ANPC) configuration offers more flexibility than NPC in terms of control and power loss distribution. NPC/ANPC phase leg aspires to be an ideal candidate for the MVDC side of a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter which is used in a wide range of applications requiring bidirectional power flow, voltage matching and soft-switching. Operation under Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) and the conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) performance of the ANPC converter phase leg is being analyzed in this paper. Based on the analysis, a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) bus-bar has been designed to suppress the high frequency conducted EMI of the system. Minimization of parasitic capacitance from drain to heat sink has also been discussed.
Liver-specific microRNA-185 knockout promotes cholesterol dysregulation in mice

Abstract Background The liver plays a key role in regulating whole body cholesterol homeostasis. Hepatic cholesterol accumulation causes liver injury in fatty liver disease and hypercholesterolemia increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) have been shown to regulate various pathways in cholesterol metabolism. Recently, miR-185 has been shown to regulate sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) to modulate cholesterol synthesis and uptake. Materials and methods The role of miR-185 in regulating diet-induced metabolic disorders were studied in liver-specific miRNA-185 knockout (L-miR-185 KO) mice. Results L-miR-185 KO mice developed worsened hepatic steatosis upon high fat high cholesterol Western diet feeding with accumulation of triglyceride and cholesterol in the liver. In addition, L-miR-185 KO mice developed hypercholesterolemia upon Western diet feeding. Gene expression analysis showed that L-miR-185 KO mice did not show increased hepatic mRNA expression of SREBP2 or its targets LDLR and HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Although expression of miR-185 mimic inhibited the mRNA of SREBP2, HMGCR and LDLR in HepG2 cells, miR-185 inhibitor did not increase the mRNA of SREBP2, HMGCR or LDLR in HepG2 cells. Conclusions In conclusion, we reported that L-miR-185 KO mice were more sensitive to Western diet induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia. The molecular mechanisms underlying these metabolic changes remain to be investigated in future studies.
Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages mediate resistance to migrating helminths through depletion of arginine availability

Abstract We examined the activation and effector functions of lung macrophages in mediating immunity against helminth parasites. Using fate mapping mice, we showed that monocytes recruited to the lung assume an alveolar macrophage phenotype and comprise as many as 10% of alveolar macrophages by 7 days after inoculation. Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages assume distinct transcriptional and metabolic profiles that include high levels of arginase expression and preferentially mediate helminth damage, both of which are dependent on neutrophil help. In further studies, arginase was shown to mediate helminth killing through localized depletion of arginine.
Modeling Data Movement Performance on Heterogeneous Architectures.

The cost of data movement on parallel systems varies greatly with machine architecture, job partition, and nearby jobs. Performance models that accurately capture the cost of data movement provide a tool for analysis, allowing for communication bottlenecks to be pinpointed. Modern heterogeneous architectures yield increased variance in data movement as there are a number of viable paths for inter-GPU communication. In this paper, we present performance models for the various paths of inter-node communication on modern heterogeneous architectures, including the trade-off between GPUDirect communication and copying to CPUs. Furthermore, we present a novel optimization for inter-node communication based on these models, utilizing all available CPU cores per node. Finally, we show associated performance improvements for MPI collective operations.
SBRT re-irradiation after prior SBRT in pancreatic cancer—outcomes and a focus on stomach and bowel toxicity

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is increasingly used for pancreatic cancer; however, there is a dearth of data guiding its use after prior SBRT. We conducted an institutional review board (IRB)–approved retrospective study of patients treated with SBRT for pancreatic cancer on two occasions from 2005 to 2018. Patients were followed for response to treatment and toxicity assessment (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] version 5). Demographic and survival data for the cohort were described using frequencies, medians, and ranges. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Twenty-four patients met the inclusion criteria. Local control at 1 year after the second SBRT treatment was 77.2%. Median survival from 1st SBRT course and 2nd SBRT course was 31 months and 13 months, respectively. Most patients were treated with 24 Gy in 3 fractions for their first course and 25 Gy in 5 fractions for their second course. Thirteen patients did not undergo surgery, and 9 had detailed radiation treatment planning data available with non-distorted GI anatomy. For the total summation dose (first and second courses of SBRT combined), the D0.03cc and D1cc to the duodenum received up to 46.1 Gy and 42.3 Gy, respectively, while the stomach received up to D0.03cc of 49.2 Gy and D1cc of 43.8 Gy. SBRT after prior SBRT for pancreatic cancer is a reasonably safe and efficacious treatment that leads to durable local control and reasonable survival. Retreatment of the duodenum and stomach with a D0.03cc and D1cc of at least 40 Gy may be safe, although more data is needed.
A Longitudinal Study of Gender Effects among Entrepreneurs in Decision Making: Chile, Hong Kong, Europe, & the USA

The purpose of this paper is to generate a holistic view of the differences between men and women in entrepreneurialism and investment and explore the aspects that factor into the strategic decision making process. Previous papers have focused solely on one aspect at a very specific time but this paper will look at multiple studies in different time periods to evaluate the scope of differences over time. The data has been collected from studies conducted in Hong Kong, Chile, Europe, and the United States between 1997 and 2016. The findings showed that women are still more risk averse than men and tend to save more than invest. This is reflected in entrepreneurialism as well as in the factors influencing their management decisions. This paper is original because it uses studies across time to collect data for comparison across genders and includes three aspects of management: entrepreneurial, investment, and savings. We contribute to the literature by showing there may be a trend of smaller gender differences over time.
Understanding the Summertime Warming in Canyon and Non-Canyon Surfaces

Abstract Urban landscapes, made of unique buildings, pavements, and vegetation, create complex influences on the atmosphere. These influences induce increased nighttime warming and daytime cooling, especially in arid regions. This study compared three types of surfaces, including rooftop, turfgrass, and canyons, in terms of surface temperature and surface energy fluxes. A 68 sq.km parcel in Phoenix, AZ was considered for comparison. The study found that the canyons' land surface temperatures (LST) were 5 °C lower than the rooftop surfaces. The turfgrass surfaces were 4 °C cooler than the canyon surfaces. Moreover, north and south (N-S) oriented canyons were 2 °C cooler than east and west (E-W) oriented canyons. No significant changes were observed in net radiation for rooftop, turfgrass, or canyon surfaces. However, conductive fluxes, warranting nighttime warming, showed higher absorption of 45 W/m2 on the rooftop surfaces, than in the canyons. The turfgrass showed nighttime cooling, as the heat absorption was 210 W/m2 lower than the rooftop surfaces and 165 W/m2 lower than the canyons. Additionally, a 50 W/m2 difference of heat absorption was observed between N-S oriented canyons and E-W oriented canyons. The study concludes that canyons are major causes of daytime cooling and nighttime warming.
Evolutionary dynamics of asexual hypermutators adapting to a novel environment

Abstract How microbes adapt to a novel environment is a central question in evolutionary biology. While adaptive evolution must be fueled by beneficial mutations, whether higher mutation rates facilitate the rate of adaptive evolution remains unclear. To address this question, we cultured Escherichia coli hypermutating populations, in which a defective methyl-directed mismatch repair pathway causes a 140-fold increase in single-nucleotide mutation rates. In parallel with wild-type E. coli, populations were cultured in tubes containing Luria-Bertani broth, a complex medium known to promote the evolution of subpopulation structure. After 900 days of evolution, in three transfer schemes with different population-size bottlenecks, hypermutators always exhibited similar levels of improved fitness as controls. Fluctuation tests revealed that the mutation rates of hypermutator lines converged evolutionarily on those of wild-type populations, which may have contributed to the absence of fitness differences. Further genome-sequence analysis revealed that, although hypermutator populations have higher rates of genomic evolution, this largely reflects the effects of genetic draft under strong linkage. Despite these linkage effects, the evolved populations exhibit parallelism in fixed mutations, including those potentially related to biofilm formation, transcription regulation, and mutation-rate evolution. Together, these results generally negate the presumed relationship between high mutation rates and high adaptive speed of evolution, providing insight into how clonal adaptation occurs in novel environments. Significance statement While mutations are critical source for the adaptation in a new environment, whether or not the elevated mutation rates can empirically lead to the elevated adaptation rates remains unclear, especially when the environment is more heterogenous. To answer this question, we evolved E. coli populations with different starting mutation rates in a complex medium for 900 days and then examined their fitness and genome profiles. In the populations that have a higher starting mutation rate, despite faster genome evolution, their fitness improvement is not significantly faster. Our results reveal that the effect of elevated mutation rates is only very limited, and the mutations accumulated in hypermutators are largely due to linkage effect.
Awe, Group Cohesion, and Religious Self-Sacrifice

Awe is an emotion frequently experienced in religious contexts. Research has documented the effects of awe on feelings of small self, spirituality, and sense of interconnectedness. We extend this l...
Current Flow Across the Interface

When two immiscible solutions of electrolytes are in contact and in equilibrium, no net flow of charge occurs between the two phases. Only mutual exchange of ions responsible for determination of the Nernst potential takes place in a manner completely analogous to the situation typical for metal electrode immersed in solution of potential determining ions. The exchange of ions at equilibrium can be characterized by an exchange current, a quantity which is not important in Potentiometric equilibrium measurement, but has its significance when charge is being passed through the interface.
Scalable video streaming over the internet

The objectives of this thesis are to investigate the challenges on video streaming, to explore and compare different video streaming mechanisms, and to develop video streaming algorithms that maximize visual quality. To achieve these objectives, we first investigate scalable video multicasting schemes by comparing layered video multicasting with replicated stream video multicasting. Even though it has been generally accepted that layered video multicasting is superior to replicated stream multicasting, this assumption is not based on a systematic and quantitative comparison. We argue that there are indeed scenarios where replicated stream multicasting is the preferred approach. We also consider the problem of providing perceptually good quality of layered VBR video. This problem is challenging, because the dynamic behavior of the Internet's available bandwidth makes it difficult to provide good quality. Also a video encoded to provide a consistent quality exhibits significant data rate variability. We are, therefore, faced with the problem of accommodating the mismatch between the available bandwidth variability and the data rate variability of the encoded video. We propose an optimal quality adaptation algorithm that minimizes quality variation while at the same time increasing the utilization of the available bandwidth. Finally, we investigate the transmission control protocol (TCP) for a transport layer protocol in streaming packetized media data. Our approach is to model a video streaming system and derive relationships under which the system employing the TCP protocol achieves desired performance. Both simulation results and the Internet experimental results validate this model and demonstrate the buffering delay requirements achieve desired video quality with high accuracy. Based on the relationships, we also develop realtime estimation algorithms of playout buffer requirements.
Sex differences in vasoconstrictor reserve during 70 deg head-up tilt.

Women are generally recognized to be less orthostatically tolerant than men. We hypothesized that during head-up tilt (HUT), women would demonstrate less splanchnic vasoconstriction, leading to splanchnic pooling, lower blood pressure and lower orthostatic tolerance. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (, assessed by C2H2 rebreathing), stroke volume, splanchnic blood flow (SpBF, assessed by Indocyanine Green clearance) and vascular conductance (systemic,; splanchnic, SpVC = SpBF/MAP; non-splanchnic, non-SpVC = SVC – SpVC) were measured during supine baseline conditions, 70 deg HUT and recovery in 14 healthy women (23 ± 6 years old; mean ±s.d.) and 16 men (23 ± 5 years old). The proportion of sexes surviving 45 min of HUT trended towards significance (χ2= 2.92, P= 0.09). The MAP was lower in women than in men (supine, 77 ± 5 versus 86 ± 9 mmHg, P < 0.01; tilt, 72 ± 8 versus 83 ± 10 mmHg, P < 0.01), while HR and cardiac index (/body surface area) were not different between the sexes (heart rate supine, 66 ± 6 versus 64 ± 8 beats min−1; heart rate tilt, 96 ± 13 versus 94 ± 10 beats min−1; cardiac index supine, 3.8 ± 0.9 versus 3.7 ± 0.7 l min−1 m−2; cardiac index tilt, 2.7 ± 0.8 versus 2.3 ± 0.5 l min−1 m−2). The SpBF and SpVC were lower in women at rest but not during tilt (SpBF supine, 1174 ± 243 versus 1670 ± 391 ml min−1, P < 0.01; SpVC supine, 14.83 ± 3.61 versus 19.59 ± 4.95 ml min−1 mmHg−1, P < 0.01; SpBF tilt, 884 ± 300 versus 1094 ± 271 ml min−1; SpVC tilt, 13.14 ± 4.28 versus 14.82 ± 4.16 ml min−1 mmHg−1). However, in the women the SpVC did not decrease from baseline to tilt (ΔSpVC, in women, −1.70 ± 3.19 ml min−1 mmHg−1, n.s.; in men, −4.81 ± 3.44 ml min−1 mmHg−1, P < 0.01), suggesting a blunted vasoconstrictor response. In conclusion, women tended to have lower tilt-table tolerance associated with a smaller splanchnic vasoconstrictor reserve than men.
Estimating cracking behavior of metallic structures

Engineering design problems may include the need to estimate whether an observed or suspected crack or crack-like flaw in a metallic structure will extend slowly enough during service operations that structural integrity will not be compromised before repairs or replacement can be conveniently scheduled. This aspect of sub-critical cracking in metal structures can be usefully treated with methods derived from linear elastic fracture mechanics. With these available formulations, the experimental bases for estimating Model I sub-critical fatigue cracking are reviewed. The effects of differing material characteristics, loading variables, and environmental factors are analyzed. Within this framework, estimated solutions for three example problems of increasing complexity are demonstrated.
Intermittent parathyroid hormone administration attenuates age-related endothelial dysfunction (1156.8)

Aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is characterized by a decline in conduit artery function. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment has been shown to increase endotheli...
Intestinal Absorption and Retention of Cadmium in Neonatal Pigs Compared to Rats and Guinea Pigs

The purpose of this study was to measure intestinal absorption and retention of cadmium in the newborn pig and to compare data from the pig, rat and guinea pig, three species that differ greatly in their ability to absorb macromolecules at birth. Newborn pigs were administered a single oral dose of 50 muCi of 115mCd (0.20 mCi/mg Cd) 24 hours after birth and killed at intervals between 1 and 14 days after dosing. Cd absorption and gastrointestinal retention were then determined; these data were compared with similar data from the rat and guinea pig. The cumulative Cd absorption was about 4.0, 5.0 amd 23% of the dose in the day-old pig, rat and guinea pig, respectively. The residence time of Cd in the intestinal tract was longer in the rat than in the pig or guinea pig, the 50% excretrion time being 15, 8, and 5 days in the rat, pig and guinea pig, respectively. Cd absorption in the neonate appears to be a two-step process: mucosal uptake of Cd from the lumen, probably by pinocytosis, followed by transfer of a portion of this Cd into the body. This transfer process is similar, but does not entirely coincide with changes associated with protein absorption in the neonate.
Robust SISO H∞ controller design for nonlinear systems

Abstract Presented in this paper is a nonlinear SISO controller design methodology for a class of Hammerstein models. The design process is composed of standard system identification techniques integrated with an H ∞ linear controller synthesis formulation. The system identification portion of this work first identifies the static, single-valued nonlinearity capturing the nonlinear behavior of the system. This nonlinearity is then inverted and serves as a precompensator to the system input. The frequency response function is then identified with the precompensator in place to capture the linear dynamics of the system. Errors associated with the nonlinear inversion are addressed in an unstructured uncertainty formulation. A robust H ∞ controller is synthesized using the identified uncertain Hammerstein model and a systematic performance weighting selection process for a class of L ∞ constraints. Closed-loop performance and stability are assessed via sector bounds quantifying the maximum allowable precompensator error. Frequency domain conditions guaranteeing an L 2 output provided the system input belongs to L 2 are also presented. To illustrate the procedure, the design methodology is applied to synthesize a robust feedback controller to regulate the mass air flow of a 4.6 L V8 spark ignition engine equipped with an electronic throttle.
A Literature Review of Depression, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Disease in Women

ABSTRACT Objective To review current literature regarding depression and anxiety in women with cardiovascular disease. Data Sources Publications retrieved from database searches using multiple medical subject headings including depression, anxiety, behavioral symptoms, affective symptoms, cardiovascular disease. Study Selection Large clinical trials, cohort studies, studies reporting gender‐specific outcomes were included in the review. Data Extraction Independent extraction by multiple observers was conducted to determine study design, strength of study instruments, adequacy of sample size, and strength of causal inference. Data Synthesis Tabular and narrative summaries of study findings are reported. Conclusions In women with cardiovascular disease, depression and anxiety are inversely related to quality of life and associated with increased angina, sleep disturbance, and family stress.
Fighting in thin air: operational wilderness medicine in high Asia.

Objective The current conflict in Afghanistan is the first major military action in which the United States and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces have found themselves regularly engaged in combat at high altitudes. However, high altitude warfare is not a new concept in Asia by any means. Methods This article will offer a short general historical review of high altitude warfare in Asia and then specifically address some of the operational challenges faced by troops carrying out missions at high altitude in the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan. Additionally, there will be discussion of evidence-based interventions being used to attempt to maintain optimal health of the warfighter at high altitude in this theater of operations. Conclusions Years of research into how to alleviate the problematic nature of military operations in the high altitude environment has resulted in extensive risk management recommendations from the US Army, specifically aimed at preventing altitude-related casualties.
Polymerization and in vitro motility properties of yeast actin: a comparison with rabbit skeletal alpha-actin.

Actin purified from the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) was polymerized faster than rabbit skeletal α-actin by MgCl2. The two actins polymerized at similar rates in the presence of CaCl2. Yeast actin, up to 25 μM, was not polymerized by KCl (100−300 mM); the monovalent salt also inhibited the MgCl2-induced polymerization of actin. The local structure of the subdomain-2 region in yeast actin filaments was probed by subtilisin and trypsin digestions. Loop 38−52 appeared more flexible and accessible to subtilisin in yeast than in rabbit actin. In contrast, tryptic digestions at Lys-61 and -68 occurred at the same rate for yeast and α-actin filaments. Modification of yeast actin by a sulfhydryl reagent CPM [7-(diethylamino)-3-(4‘-maleimidophenyl)-4-methylcoumain] was specific to the Cys-374 residue; no labeling of a yeast actin mutant containing an alanine substitution for cysteine 374 was observed. The rates of Cys-374 labeling by CPM were similar for yeast and muscle actin, suggesting a similar environment ...
Transforming Walras Into a Marshallian Economist: A Critical Review of Donald Walker's Walras's Market Models

The history of economics can be compared to a calm sea that once in a while happens to be shaken by heavy storms. This arises when works come out aimed at turning upside down the received interpretation of a great bygone economist's views. Professor Donald A. Walker's recent book, Walras's Market Models (1996), is likely to be among them. Its main thrust is that the view present-day economists have of Leon Walras is incorrect. The basic reason, he claims, is that to date all interpretations of Walras have been based on the last (posthumous) edition of the Elements d' economie pure (henceforth the Elements), itself a slightly amended version of its fourth edition. To him this is a pity because Walras's most interesting theoretical ideas are to be found in its second and third editions—the embodiment of what he calls Walras's mature phase of theoretical activity—yet were abandoned by him when he revised his work for the fourth edition. The aim of Walker's book, then, is to bring to the fore the picture of what he considers to be the real Walras: an economist interested in the functioning of real-world markets and abiding by a realistic methodology who is attentive to the institutional set-up underlying his system of equations, and who is keen to provide his readers with disequilibrium models. In other words, Walker is trying to make the same claim apropos Walras as Axel Leijonhufvud (1968) did thirty years ago about Keynes when defending the view of a breach between the economics of Keynes and Keynesian economics. To Walker, modern Walrasian economics, or neo-Walrasian theory as it is more often called, is a betrayal of Walras's economics.
Compassionate Protector of America: The Symbolism of Old Hickory in a Jackson Woman's Mind

Serving as America's only female newspaper editor during the election of 1832, Anne Royall became possibly the first public “Jackson Woman” by supporting the chief executive's bid for re-election in her sheet titled Paul Pry. A closer look at Royall's recollections from her travels in Alabama from 1818 to 1822 shows her to be a blooming “Jackson Woman” developing before the Jackson party was even conceived. In 1828, Royall's Black Books produced a scathing indictment of American society. Both the Adams and Jackson campaigns actively recruited her for their mud-slinging contest but she declined. Three years later Royall started printing Paul Pry. The Black Books and Paul Pry gave Royall a public voice, and she was not afraid to use it. Between 1818 and 1832, Anne Royall went from being a Jackson admirer to being a public Jackson woman.
Organizational strategies in memory for prose: A developmental analysis

Abstract Two studies investigated the use of organizational schemes in memory for prose. In Experiment I adult subjects generated either a narrative (structured) or a descriptive (relatively unstructured) passage from a prompt word outline. They were either informed of the later recall test prior to generating the passage to be remembered, uninformed, or informed afterward. A significant interaction between instructions and materials indicated that organizational activity in memory for prose is a function of both the structure of the material and the degree to which an individual intentionally structures a passage for later recall. Experiment 2 investigated the use of “retrieval plans” developmentally. Third-grade (8-year-olds), sixth-grade (11-year-olds), and college students either generated or listened to either a narrative or a descriptive passage for later recall. Younger children only initiated retrieval plan activity with structured (narrative) materials and only under optimal comprehension (generate passage) conditions. Older children initiated retrieval plan activity with either structured passages or under optimal comprehension conditions. Adults initiated effective retrieval plan activity under a wide range of situations and only the combination of relatively unstructured (descriptive) passages and average comprehension (listen to passage) conditions significantly impeded recall. Marked sex differences in recall were noted; males tended to perform like younger individuals at each age.
The use of eBooks and interactive multimedia as alternative forms of technical documentation

The use of eBooks and interactive multimedia in technical documentation is an emerging and important trend for delivering abstract and complex technical information that is enticing, engaging, and -most important of all- effective. With the substantial (and growing) number of documents available electronically, it is a non-trivial task for technical writers to even reach their target audience, let alone engage them. Both eBooks and interactive multimedia feature unique characteristics that serve two important functions: piquing the interest in the user, and aiding in the transmittal of complex technical information. Further, the use of eBooks and interactive multimedia in technical documentation helps to differentiate from the myriad other technical documents. At the IBM Toronto Software Laboratory, the Media Design Studio (MDS) works collaboratively with the information development community to produce graphics and diagrams for technical documentation. This paper explores alternative forms of IBM technical documentation in the form of two case studies-one an eBook and the other a Macromedia Flash-based interactive multimedia presentation. Both projects were co-developed by the writers and graphic designers, with a mandate to create a rich, graphical approach to entice and engage users to read and understand complex technical concepts.
Inheritance of slow rusting to stem rust in wheat

The inheritance of the slow rusting character was studied on F5 progenies from seven spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals. The cultivars and their progenies were evaluated for slow rusting in 1974 and 1975 in epidemics of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, races 15 and 151, and traces of other races. Slow rusting varied significantly among the parents and among the F5 progeny of each cross. Transgressive segregation occurred in each cross, i.e. some progeny rusted more slowly than the parents and some faster. In crosses with both Idaed 59 and Kenya 58 the progeny distributions were skewed towards slow rust development but the distributions in the other crosses were normal. The genetic control of slow rusting was predominantly additive, and narrow sense heritability was approximately 80 percent. The number of segregating genes having an effect on slow rusting was estimated to be 2 to 12 pairs depending on the cross. Correlation between slow rusting and maturity was usually negative but in most crosses the relationship was small.
Sensitive webpage classification for content advertising

Online advertising has been a popular topic in recent years. In this paper, we address one of the important problems in online advertising, i.e., how to detect whether a publisher webpage contains sensitive content and is appropriate for showing advertisement(s) on it.We take a webpage classification approach to solve this problem. First we design a unique sensitive content taxonomy. Then we adopt an iterative training data collection and classifier building approach, to build a hierarchical classifier which can classify webpages into one of the nodes in the sensitive content taxonomy. The experimental result show that using this approach, we are able to build a unique sensitive content classifier with decent accuracy while only requiring limited amount of human labeling effort.
A novel method to improve recognition of antimicrobial peptides through distal sequence-based features

Growing bacterial resistance to antibiotics is urging the development of new lines of treatment. The discovery of naturally-occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is motivating many experimental and computational researchers to pursue AMPs as possible templates. In the experimental community, the focus is generally on systematic point mutation studies to measure the effect on antibacterial activity. In the computational community, the goal is to understand what determines such activity in a machine learning setting. In the latter, it is essential to identify biological signals or features in AMPs that are predictive of antibacterial activity. Construction of effective features has proven challenging. In this paper, we advance research in this direction. We propose a novel method to construct and select complex sequence-based features able to capture information about distal patterns within a peptide. Thorough comparative analysis in this paper indicates that such features compete with the state-of-the-art in AMP recognition while providing transparent summarizations of antibacterial activity at the sequence level. We demonstrate that these features can be combined with additional physicochemical features of interest to a biological researcher to facilitate specific AMP design or modification in the wet laboratory. Code, data, results, and analysis accompanying this paper are publicly available online at: http://cs.gmu.edu/∼ashehu/?q=OurTools.
Circumjovian powered and free-return trajectories.

Round-trip missions to Jupiter, powered during encounter, have been analyzed throughout a typical departure opportunity (1980). Free-return missions have been located and mapped to form a "valley of free-returns" in first-vs-second-leg trip time space. Jupiter swingby distance and Earth entry velocity were superimposed upon this, to reveal their importance in the trajectory synthesis process, particularly for manned missions. Evaluation of these charts yielded as most likely a near-4-yr, conjunction-type reference mission departing in early December 1980 and requiring a hyperbolic excess velocity of 9.39 km/sec. The trajectory would swing (nominally free) about Jupiter 722 days later at a 9.8-Jovian-surface-radii (JR) altitude, well outside the radiation belts and near Europa's orbit. On the 1410th day of flight the spacecraft would enter the Earth's atmosphere (400 kft) with a 14.59-km/sec entry velocity, a local minimum.
Write Now! Using reflective writing beyond the humanities and social sciences

Writing is an important teaching and learning tool that fosters active and critical thinking. There are multiple pressures for disciplines outside the humanities and social sciences to integrate writing in their courses. The shift from teaching solely discipline-specific skills to including writing in a meaningful way can be a daunting process. An instructor and education reference librarian at a public, four-year research university infused an urban planning course with reflective writing exercises. The collaboration proved effective in increasing students’ perceived writing abilities and active thinking via increased immediacy, frequency of writing and active learning.
An automatic pptimum kernel-size selection technique for edge enhancement

Abstract Edge enhancement is a technique that can be considered, to a first order, a correction for the modulation transfer function of an imaging system. Digital imaging systems sample a continuous function at discrete intervals so that high-frequency information cannot be recorded at the same precision as lower frequency data. Because of this, fine detail or edge information in digital images is lost. Spatial filtering techniques can be used to enhance the fine detail information that does exist in the digital image, but the filter size is dependent on the type of area being processed. A technique has been developed by the authors that uses the horizontal first difference to automatically select the optimum kernel-size that should be used to enhance the edges that are contained in the image.
The microanatomy and fine structure of the rostellum of Hymenolepis diminuta.

The microanatomic arrangement of the muscular, nervous, and excretory systems as well as the organization of the tegument are described for the rostellum ofHymenolepis diminuta. An inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer of muscle comprise the rostellar capsule, delimiting the rostellum from the scolex proper. A similar muscular arrangement surrounds an apical invagination of the rostellar tegument, the anterior canal. Elements of the excretory and nervous systems enter the rostellum basally through a discontinuous region of the capsule. Although excretory canals extend into the rostellum, flame cells and their associated collecting ducts are absent. The rostellar nervous system is comprised of a single bilateral pair of ganglia, which provide motor innervation of the anterior canal, and the circular muscles of the rostellar capsule; it also receives dendrites from apical uniciliate sensory receptors. The tegument lining the anterior canal and covering the apical rostellum is syncytial and continuous with the tegument of the scolex proper. Twelve to 15 cytons are radially arranged around the anterior canal. They stain selectively with paraldehyde-fuchsin between days 3 and 35 postinfection, but are clearly tegumental, not neurosecretory elements. The appearance of ovoid granules in the rostellar tegumentary cytons coincides with the onset of fuchsinophilia, but the granules persist despite the subsequent loss of this staining characteristic. Intact granules are secreted into the lumen of the anterior canal, although their function has not been ascertained.
Efficacy and feasibility of breast shielding during abdominal fluoroscopic examinations

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose was to measure radiation exposure to the breasts during abdominal fluoroscopic examinations and evaluate the efficacy of breast shielding with a leaded vest. Materials and Methods. Sixty-six women underwent routine abdominal fluoroscopic examinations. During the examinations, one breast was covered with a leaded shield. Radiation doses to both breasts were measured with a thermoluminescent dosimeter. The amount of radiation at the skin of the shielded breast was then compared with that at the skin of the nonshielded breast. Results. Radiation exposure to the breasts varied substantially with the type of examination being performed and with the individual patient. The average radiation level at the skin of the unshielded breast was 119 mR (range, 0–6,320 mR), compared with 59.6 mR (range, 0–1,640 mR) at the shielded breast. The average reduction in radiation exposure was 50% with shielding. Conclusion. Although the average level of radiation exposure to the breast during abdominal fluoroscopic examinations is generally low, use of a leaded vest can further reduce radiation to the breast for different types of examinations.
Effect of Amiodarone on Electric Induction, Morphology, and Rate of Ventricular Tachycardia and its Relation to Clinical Efficacy

Using His bundle electrograms and programmed ventricular stimulation, the effects of chronic amiodarone treatment on induction, morphology, and the rate of ventricular tachycardia (VT) were studied in 17 consecutive patients treated with amiodarone for control of recurrent sustained VT or ventricular fibrilation. Studies were done before and after treatment with amiodarone for an average duration of 5.3 (range 2 to 18) months. During the control study, sustained VT could be induced in 16 patients. VT was initiated by single or double right ventricular (RV) extrastimuli in 14 patients, by double left ventricular (LV) extrastimuli in 1 patient, and by RV burst pacing in 1 patient. Only one pattern (morphology) of VT similar to that of spontaneous VT was induced in 12 patients and two patterns of VT in 4 patients. The average cycle length (CL) (mean ± SD) of induced VT was 325.8 ± 61.2 ms. After amiodarone, VT could be induced in 7 of 17 patients and was initiated by single RV extrastimuli in 5 patients, double RV extrastimuli in 1 patient, and RV burst pacing in 1 patient. In 3 of 5 patients in whom VT could be initiated by single RV extrastimuli, initiation of VT required double RV or double LV extrastimuli in the control study; in 1 of 5 patients VT could not be induced in the control study. Amiodarone induced nonclinical, polymorphic VT in 4 patients in whom only clinical VT could be induced during the control study. Compared to control, the CL of induced VT was significantly longer (322 ± 65.7 vs 416 ± 41.5 ms; P < 0.001). During a follow-up period ranging from 4 to 53 (mean ± SD; 18.6 ± 11.4) months, VT did not recur in 8 patients with no inducible VT and in 6 patients with persistence of inducible VT. One patient without inducible VT died suddenly; VT recurred in 2 patients, one without inducible VT and one with inducible VT. The results show that programmed stimulation studies late in the course of treatment do not accurately reflect the clinical efficacy of amiodarone in VT.
Stranski-Krastanov growth of InSb, GaSb, and AlSb on GaAs: structure of the wetting layers

Abstract Thin layers of InSb, GaSb and AlSb were grown on GaAs(0 0 1) by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized in situ with scanning tunneling microscopy. All three materials exhibit a Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. Distinct wetting layers and self-assembled quantum dots are present after deposition of one to four monolayers of (In,Ga,Al)Sb. The wetting layers consist of anisotropic, ribbon-like structures oriented along the [1 1 0] direction, with characteristic separations of 40–50 A. The initial GaAs surface reconstruction affects both the wetting layer structure and the quantum dot density.
Surface pH controls purple-to-blue transition of bacteriorhodopsin. A theoretical model of purple membrane surface

We have developed a surface model of purple membrane and applied it in an analysis of the purple-to-blue color change of bacteriorhodopsin which is induced by acidification or deionization. The model is based on dissociation and double layer theory and the known membrane structure. We calculated surface pH, ion concentrations, charge density, and potential as a function of bulk pH and concentration of mono- and divalent cations. At low salt concentrations, the surface pH is significantly lower than the bulk pH and it becomes independent of bulk pH in the deionized membrane suspension. Using an experimental acid titration curve for neutral, lipid-depleted membrane, we converted surface pH into absorption values. The calculated bacteriohodopsin color changes for acidification of purple, and titrations of deionized blue membrane with cations or base agree well with experimental results. No chemical binding is required to reproduce the experimental curves. Surface charge and potential changes in acid, base and cation titrations are calculated and their relation to the color change is discussed. Consistent with structural data, 10 primary phosphate and two basic surface groups per bacteriorhodopsin are sufficient to obtain good agreement between all calculated and experimental curves. The results provide a theoretical basis for our earlier conclusion that the purple-to-blue transition must be attributed to surface phenomena and not to cation binding at specific sites in the protein.