cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of operating systems courseware

Operating systems (OS) courses often possess a significant open laboratory component. These programming projects can range from a semester-long multiphase implementation of a complete (though sparse) OS to simply tweaking a particular algorithm in a single OS module. There currently exist a number of courseware systems to support these projects. The number of such courseware systems is few, though, due to the enormous complexity involved in building them. Even though the number of such courseware systems is small, it is a non-trivial task for educators wishing to structure an instance of an OS course around such programming projects, to select which courseware system to use. Selecting from among the set of currently available courseware systems is a far more difficult task than selecting from among the set of currently available OS textbooks. Furthermore the stakes are higher in comparison with textbook selection. Consider the nightmare of structuring a course around a courseware system that turns out to be overly buggy, poorly documented, and too focused on minutiae to be of pedagogic value. Of course one need not make (OS) courseware decisions in a vacuum. One can post queries on appropriate newsgroups (e.g. comp.os.research or comp.edu) or listservs (e.g. the SIGCSE membership list), or follow the recommendations of those textbook authors willing to make such recommendations[lO, 111. This panel has been assembled for the purpose of providing more data regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the set of currently available OS courseware systems. Each of the panelists is an instructor (not a courseware author) that has significant experience in using one of the following OS courseware systems. Stephen Hartley Richard Stockton College Pomona, NJ 08240 hartleys@loki.stockton.edu
On the tribological behavior of MoS2-coated thrust ball bearings operating under oscillating motion

Abstract Lubrication mechanism of MoS2-coated thrust ball bearings operating over extended time is investigated. The results of extensive set of tests are presented for various loads and oscillation frequencies to assess the friction and wear characteristics as function of time. It is shown that the coating behavior can be described using a debris formation-and-ejection mechanism. The results of microscopic investigations using scanning electron microscope and chemical analysis techniques including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are presented to validate the findings.
The relationship of acetylcholinesterase activity to optic fiber projections in the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum.

In the tiger salamnder the distribution of optic fibers, as revealed by the Fink-Heimer method, is compared with the localization of acetylcholinesterase, as revealed by histochemical methods. AChE activity coincides with optic nerve axons in the optic fiber layer of the retina, in the optic nerve, in the optic tracts and in every optic projection. Reginons of optic fiber terminals show heavier activity than optic fibers of passage. Comparison with other vertebrates is also made.
Laryngeal biomechanics: An overview of mucosal wave mechanics

The biomechanics of wave propagation in viscoelastic materials can be useful in understanding the nature of normal and pathologic vocal fold vibration. Mucosal wave movement is the primary means by which the larynx transforms the egressive pulmonary air flow into sound. This short tutorial describes a number of concepts fundamental to the understanding of the vocal fold traveling wave. The displacement velocity of the vocal folds is shown to be proportional to the wave speed, which in turn is proportional to the elastic modulus or stiffness of the vocal folds. Finally, a few cases of unilateral paralysis are used to demonstrate how vocal fold stiffness, entrainment, and degree of vocal fold closure interact to create the complex vibratory patterns that occur in disordered laryngeal states. It is emphasized that surgical voice restoration must consider these properties of the mucosal wave to improve phonatory function.
Thiazolyl Peptide Antibiotic Biosynthesis: A Cascade of Post-translational Modifications on Ribosomal Nascent Proteins

Antibiotics of the thiocillin, GE2270A, and thiostrepton class, which block steps in bacterial protein synthesis, contain a trithiazolyl (tetrahydro)pyridine core that provides the architectural constraints for high affinity binding to either the 50 S ribosomal subunit or elongation factor Tu. These mature antibiotic scaffolds arise from a cascade of post-translational modifications on 50–60-residue prepeptide precursors that trim away the N-terminal leader sequences (∼40 residues) while the C-terminal 14–18 residues are converted into the mature scaffold. In the producing microbes, the genes encoding the prepeptide open reading frames are flanked in biosynthetic clusters by genes encoding post-translational modification enzymes that carry out lantibiotic-type dehydrations of Ser and Thr residues to dehydroamino acid side chains, cyclodehydration and oxidation of cysteines to thiazoles, and condensation of two dehydroalanine residues en route to the (tetrahydro)pyridine core. The trithiazolyl pyridine framework thus arises from post-translational modification of the peptide backbone of three Cys and two Ser residues of the prepeptide.
Virulence and stress-related periplasmic protein (VisP) in bacterial/host associations

Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing LPS. LPS is constituted of an oligosaccharide portion and a lipid-A moiety that embeds this molecule within the outer membrane. LPS is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and several pathogens modify their lipid-A as a stealth strategy to avoid recognition by the innate immune system and gain resistance to host factors that disrupt the bacterial cell envelope. An essential feature of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium pathogenesis is its ability to replicate within vacuoles in professional macrophages. S. Typhimurium modifies its lipid-A by hydroxylation by the Fe2+/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzyme (LpxO). Here, we show that a periplasmic protein of the bacterial oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold family, herein named virulence and stress-related periplasmic protein (VisP), on binding to the sugar moiety of peptidoglycan interacts with LpxO. This interaction inhibits LpxO function, leading to decreased LpxO-dependent lipid-A modifications and increasing resistance to stressors within the vacuole environment during intramacrophage replication promoting systemic disease. Consequently, ΔvisP is avirulent in systemic murine infections, where VisP acts through LpxO. Several Gram-negative pathogens harbor both VisP and LpxO, suggesting that this VisP-LpxO mechanism of lipid-A modifications has broader implications in bacterial pathogenesis. Bacterial species devoid of LpxO (e.g., Escherichia coli) have no lipid-A phenotypes associated with the lack of VisP; however, VisP also controls LpxO-independent phenotypes. VisP and LpxO act independently in the S. Typhimurium murine colitis model, with both mutants being attenuated for diverging reasons; ΔvisP is less resistant to cationic antimicrobial peptides, whereas ΔlpxO is deficient for epithelial cell invasion. VisP converges bacterial cell wall homeostasis, stress responses, and pathogenicity.
Optimization Model for the Design of Infiltration Basins

A nonlinear programming (NLP) optimization model has been developed for the minimum cost design of infiltration basins and infiltration trenches. The focus of this optimization model and approach is to provide a functional and versatile tool to simultaneously determine the peak inflow and runoff from a design storm event based on watershed parameters, and to optimize the size of an infiltration basin based on the design storm parameters, infiltration characteristics, basin capacity, and mounding. Two optimization models are developed, one is based upon the rational method and the second is based upon the modified rational method. Both approaches use the Green-Ampt method for infiltration, in addition to a method for defining the mounding effects. The various hydrologic concepts are defined through constraints in the optimization models. No previous optimizations models for infiltration basin design have been developed that can accomplish the detail of this new model. The nonlinear programming model is solved using the GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling system) software which is readily available.
CO2 methanation by Ru-doped ceria: the role of the oxidation state of the surface

Ru0.05Ce0.95Ox is an active catalyst for methanation of CO2 with H2. Under reaction conditions one expects that oxygen vacancies are present on the oxide catalyst surface and that their steady-state concentration depends upon the relative ratio of the oxidant (CO2) to the reductant (H2). We show that the activity of the catalyst is sensitive to the degree of surface reduction: a surface that is too reduced or too oxidized loses activity. Exposing the oxidized surface to CO2 and then to H2 produces no methane, while on a reduced surface methane is produced by exposure to CO2 followed by H2. If the reaction is carried out at the steady state, purged, and then exposed to only hydrogen, methane is produced. Methane is formed through the reaction of hydrogen with surface species, whose infrared spectrum is associated with a variety of surface carbonates, and not through CO or a formate intermediate.
Managing Earnings by Manipulating Inventory: The Effects of Cost Structure and Valuation Method

Using absorption costing, manufacturing firms can manipulate production (relative to sales) to shift fixed costs between cost of goods sold and inventory accounts, thereby managing earnings either upward or downward. Considering two earnings targets (avoiding losses and consensus analyst forecasts), we use a large sample of manufacturing firms to study how production cost structure and inventory valuation method affect this strategy. We report the following results: Firms with high fixed-cost ratios are more likely to manipulate inventory but make smaller abnormal inventory changes than companies with low fixed-cost ratios. Because LIFO firms in the manufacturing sector may also manage earnings by liquidating LIFO layers and releasing the LIFO reserve, LIFO firms are less likely than other companies to manage earnings by shifting fixed costs between COGS and inventory.
Patterns of Genetic Differentiation Among Populations of Smilisca fodiens

Abstract The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and surrounding areas contain substantial biological diversity. The mountains that make up the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt are a hypothesized biogeographic barrier for the terrestrial fauna found in the region. Several phylogeographic studies have provided genetic evidence in support of this historical narrative; however, the species examined represent a small percentage of the diversity found in this part of Mexico. Thus, additional studies are needed to identify concordant phylogeographic patterns and infer the historic species composition of particular ecoregions. In this study we investigated genetic variation in the Lowland Burrowing Treefrog, Smilisca fodiens, a species that occurs on both sides of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. We used mitochondrial (12S and 16S ribosomal subunits; 1039 base pairs [bp]) and nuclear (tyrosinase precursor; 513 bp) DNA to perform phylogenetic analyses on frogs from several localities in Mexico. Mitochondrial DNA supported two...
False Aneurysm with Delayed Hemorrhage after Carotid Artery Endarterectomy: A Case Report

False aneurysm following carotid endarterectomy seldom occurs when the arteriotomy is closed primarily with durable polyester suture material. A case of pseudoaneurysm caused by infection is reported. The patient required re- exploration for acute hematoma postoperatively with insertion of a Penrose drain. Resection of the aneurysm and interposition of a saphenous vein graft resulted in no neurological complications.
Simultaneous Analysis of Tocopherols, Cholesterol, and Phytosterols Using Gas Chromatography

A method for the simultaneous analysis of tocopherols and sterols was developed. Lipids were extracted with the Folch method, saponified by KOH-ethanol, and then tocopherols, cholesterol, and phytoster- ols were extracted with hexane. The extracted samples were dried under a nitrogen stream, derivatized using trimethylsilyl compounds, and then subjected to a gas chromatography. The recovery rates for cholesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol were about 100%, but recovery rates for tocopherols were low (25% for -tocopherol and 66% for -tocopherol) and varied according to compound structures. However, the recovery rates for - and -tocopherols increased to about 100% when the amounts of water and hexane were increased to 15 mL at the extraction step after saponification.
Acute and short-term oral toxicity of 2-N-ethylaminoethanol in rats.

Acute oral doses of neutralized 2-N-ethylaminoethanol (EAE) in rats greatly increased gastric secretion, resulting in dehydration and death after 3-4 days. The effect of EAE on gastric secretion did not appear to be due to osmotic effects or to histopathological changes in the gastro-intestinal tract. Short-term administration of neutralized EAE in the drinking water produced evidence of pronounced cumulative toxicity. The 30-day LCso was 1412 4- 710 ppm. At lower concentra- tions given over a period of 90 days the main toxic effects of EAE were retardation of growth and degenerative changes in the liver and kidneys. A concentration of 25 ppm EAE in the drinking water for 90 days resulted in minor changes and was considered to be close to the no-effect level.
Production and Ultrastructure of Lysozyme and Ethylenediaminetetraacetate-Lysozyme Spheroplasts of Escherichia coli

Spheroplast production by lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was examined as a means of obtaining osmotically sensitive cells for studies of enzyme localization. Physiologically young cells plasmolyzed with 0.5 m sucrose in 0.01 m tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) buffer (pH 7, 8, or 9) were quantitatively converted to plasmolyzed osmotically sensitive rods after lysozyme treatment. Although such cells were osmotically sensitive, a 1:1 dilution in Tris buffer was necessary for conversion of rods into spheroplasts. Addition of EDTA resulted in a rapid conversion of the plasmolyzed spheroplasts into spherical structures devoid of a plasmolysis vacuole. These structures, which we call EDTA-lysozyme spheroplasts, contained a number of attached membranes. We believe that this conversion results from a weakening of the outer trilaminar component of the cell wall by EDTA, resulting in the collapse of the plasmolysis vacuole. Dilution of sucrose below 0.15 m also resulted in the collapse of the plasmolysis vacuole. Both the lysozyme spheroplasts and the EDTA-lysozyme spheroplasts were osmotically sensitive. Thin sections of the EDTA-lysozyme spheroplasts demonstrated that the outer trilaminar component of the cell wall was broken, exposing large areas of the cytoplasmic membrane to the environment.
A formal [3 + 3] cycloaddition reaction. 5. An enantioselective intramolecular formal aza-[3 + 3] cycloaddition reaction promoted by chiral amine salts.

A detailed account on chiral secondary amine salt promoted enantioselective intramolecular formal aza-[3 + 3] cycloadditions is described here for the first time. The dependence of enantioselectivity on the structural feature of these chiral amines is thoroughly investigated. This study also reveals a very interesting reversal of the stereochemistry in the respective cycloadducts obtained using C1- and C2-symmetric amine salts. In addition, the influence of solvents, counteranions, and temperatures on the enantioselectivity is described, and a unified mechanistic model based on experimental results as well as semiempirical calculations is proposed.
Automatic dialect identification of extemporaneous conversational, Latin American Spanish speech

A dialect identification technique is described that takes as input extemporaneous, conversational speech spoken in Latin American Spanish and produces as output a hypothesis of the dialect. The system has been trained to recognize Cuban and Peruvian dialects of Spanish, but could be extended easily to other dialects (and languages) as well. Building on our experience in automatic language identification, the dialect-ID system uses an English phone recognizer trained on the TIMIT corpus to tokenize training speech spoken in each Spanish dialect. Phonotactic language models generated from this tokenized training speech are used during testing to compute dialect likelihoods for each unknown message. This system has an error rate of 16% on the Cuban/Peruvian two-alternative forced-choice test. We introduce the new "Miami" Latin American Spanish speech corpus that is capable of supporting our research efforts into the future.
Early occlusion following successful coronary angioplasty: clinical and angiographic observations.

To assess clinical and angiographic features of early occlusion after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 25 successful PTCA procedures (3%) with early occlusion were analyzed from a PTCA population of 917. Twenty patients (80%) had unstable angina, while 12 (48%) had a recent (less than 1 mo) myocardial infarction subtended by the PTCA vessel. All patients received a calcium blocker, aspirin, dipyridamole, and heparin prior to PTCA. In 20 of 25 patients (80%), occlusion occurred in the catheterization laboratory, while five occurred out of laboratory, three within 5 hours and 1 each within 24 and 48 hours. Angiographic features before PTCA included complex lesions (hazy, stained, or ulcerated) in 12 (48%) and intracoronary filling defects in eight patients (32%). Post-PTCA intracoronary filling defects were present in 17 dilated stenoses (68%). Compared to a consecutive control population of 100 patients with similar demographics but without acute occlusion, the frequency of unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and filling defects was greater in patients with early occlusion (P less than .001 for all). Intracoronary nitroglycerin was utilized in all patients with reopening in only one (4%), while bypass surgery was performed in five (20%). Intravenous streptokinase was administered to two patients with reperfusion in one. Immediate repeat PTCA was successful in 15 of 17 patients (88%). In summary, recent unstable angina, myocardial infarction, complex lesions or intracoronary filling defects before and particularly after PTCA all suggest an association of clot with early occlusion. Immediate repeat PTCA is frequently successful.
Aerospace applications of optimization under uncertainity

The multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) branch at NASA Langley Research Center develops new methods and investigates opportunities for applying optimization to aerospace vehicle design. We describe MDO branch experiences with three applications of optimization under uncertainty: (1) improved impact dynamics for airframes, (2) transonic airfoil optimization for low drag, and (3) coupled aerodynamic/structures optimization of a 3-D wing. For each case, a brief overview of the problem and references to previous publications are provided. The three cases are aerospace examples of the challenges and opportunities presented by optimization under uncertainty. We illustrate a variety of needs for this technology, summarize promising methods, and uncover fruitful areas for new research
The influence of vacular function on left ventricular contraction/relaxation coupling

Indexes of ventricular function have conventionally been classified into indexes of systolic (contractile) or diastolic (relaxation/stiffness) function. Systolic indexes include maximum elastance (Emax) or equivalently the end-systolic pressure volume relation (ESPVR) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Diastolic indexes include the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (/spl tau/) and the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation (EDPVR). The conceptualization of ventricular contraction/relaxation coupling presents a challenge when mechanical events of the cardiac cycle are depicted in conventional pressure (P) or volume (V) terms. Additional conceptual difficulty arises when ventricular/vascular coupling is considered using P, V variables. In this preliminary work, we introduce the concept of thermodynamic phase-plane (TPP) defined by the PdV and VdP axes. TPP allows all cardiac mechanical events and their coupling to the vasculature to be geometrically depicted and simultaneously analyzed. Conventional systolic and diastolic function indexes are easily recovered, novel indexes of contraction-relaxation coupling are discernible and the influence of vascular function can be assessed.
Determination of the Transmembrane Topology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein K (gK)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein K (gK) plays an essential role in viral replication and cell fusion. gK is a very hydrophobic membrane protein that contains a signal sequence and several hydrophobic regions. It has been shown that mutations inducing cell fusion map to two distinct domains of gK, suggesting that these domains are functionally important. To understand the transmembrane topology of gK and the localization of these functional domains, we constructed a set of gK deletion, insertion, and truncation mutants and expressed these by in vitro translation in the presence of microsomal membranes. The transmembrane topology of gK was determined by examination of the post-translational processing and protease sensitivity of the mutant proteins. Our data demonstrate that gK contains three transmembrane domains (amino acids 125-139, 226-239, and 311-325). Another hydrophobic domain (amino acids 241-265), which is relatively less hydrophobic and much longer compared with the transmembrane sequences, is located in the extracellular loop. The analysis showed that the domains containing syncytial mutations are both ectodomains. They may interact with each other to form a complex tertiary structure that is critical for the biological function of gK.
Production of autoinducer 2 in Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson contributes to its fitness in chickens but not on cilantro leaf surfaces.

Food-borne illness caused by Salmonella enterica has been linked traditionally to poultry products but is associated increasingly with fresh fruits and vegetables. We have investigated the role of the production of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) in the ability of S. enterica serovar Thompson to colonize the chicken intestine and the cilantro phyllosphere. A mutant of S. enterica serovar Thompson that is defective in AI-2 production was constructed by insertional mutagenesis of luxS. The population size of the S. enterica serovar Thompson parental strain was significantly higher than that of its LuxS mutant in the intestine, spleen, and droppings of chicks 12 days after their oral inoculation with the strains in a ratio of 1:1. In contrast, no significant difference in the population dynamics of the parental and LuxS strain was observed after their inoculation singly or in mixtures onto cilantro plants. Digital image analysis revealed that 54% of S. enterica serovar Thompson cells were present in large aggregates on cilantro leaves but that the frequency distributions of the size of aggregates formed by the parental strain and the LuxS mutant were not significantly different. Carbon utilization profiles indicated that the AI-2-producing strain utilized a variety of amino and organic acids more efficiently than its LuxS mutant but that most sugars were utilized similarly in both strains. Thus, inherent differences in the nutrients available to S. enterica in the phyllosphere and in the chicken intestine may underlie the differential contribution of AI-2 synthesis to the fitness of S. enterica in these environments. Quorum sensing is a process by which small molecules released by bacteria increase in concentration and provide signals to the bacterial cells about the density of their neighboring microbial population. This cell-cell communication controls bacterial behaviors such as virulence, conjugation, bioluminescence, sporulation, and biofilm formation and occurs in a wide range of species that include marine bacteria, epiphytic and plant-pathogenic bacteria, and human pathogenic bacteria. At least three different common signaling systems mediate quorum sensing in gram-negative bacteria: the acyl-homoserine
Further examination of the Si KLL Auger line in silicon nitride thin films

Abstract The chemical bonding of Si in silicon nitride thin films has been studied using XPS. The kinetic energies of the Si KLL and Si LVV lines and the binding energies of the photoelectron lines along with their Auger parameters have been tabulated for sputter deposited, plasma deposited and CVD silicon nitride films. Characteristics of the silicon nitride thin films formed by N + 2 bombardment of Si have been discussed. Ar + bombardment of the silicon nitride films is shown to cause reduction of the Si 3 N 4 with greater amounts at the very near surface. The reduced species seem to be mostly substoichiometric Si 3 N 4 rather than elemental Si. Analysis of the Si KLL line shapes shows variation in the amount of substoichiometric Si 3 N 4 present for some of the silicon nitride films.
FastMesh: efficient view-dependent meshing

The article presents an optimized view-dependent meshing framework for adaptive and continuous level-of-detail (LOD) rendering in real-time. Multiresolution triangle mesh representations are an important tool for adapting triangle mesh complexity in real-time rendering environments. Ideally, for interactive visualization, a triangle mesh is simplified to the maximal tolerated perceptual error, and thus mesh simplification is view-dependent. The paper introduces an efficient hierarchical multiresolution triangulation framework based on a half-edge triangle mesh data structure, and presents an optimized computation of several view-dependent error metrics within that framework, providing conservative error bounds. The presented approach called FastMesh, is highly efficient both in space and time cost, and it spends only a fraction of the time required for rendering to perform the error calculations and dynamic mesh updates.
Consistent effective theory of long-wavelength cosmological perturbations

Effective field theory provides a perturbative framework to study the evolution of cosmological large-scale structure. We investigate the underpinnings of this approach, and suggest new ways to compute correlation functions of cosmological observables. We find that, in contrast with quantum field theory, the appropriate effective theory of classical cosmological perturbations involves interactions that are nonlocal in time. We describe an alternative to the usual approach of smoothing the perturbations, based on a path-integral formulation of the renormalization group equations. This technique allows for improved handling of short-distance modes that are perturbatively generated by long-distance interactions.
Evolutionary Social Learning Through Networks

We study evolutionary learning processes through social networks. We show that network heterogeneity, in particular scale-freeness, enhances social learning by studying a model in which an agent set on a network imitates the strategy only from the neighborhood. Further, in order to determine whether it is the heterogeneity of the game network (which determines who plays with whom) or the heterogeneity of the learning network (which determines who learns from whom) that enhances social learning, we study another model wherein a network of learning exists but a game does not exist. We show that network heterogeneity enhances social learning not because the network of learning is heterogeneous but because the network of games is heterogeneous. Moreover, we also study a coordination game on a network. We derive the condition that a Pareto optimal strategy spreads over time. We show that Pareto optimal strategy spreads if the players taking the Pareto optimal strategy are on hub vertices in the beginning.
Abstract B100: Rotating night shift work and risk of ovarian cancer

Introduction: Night shift work has been associated with higher risks of breast, endometrial, colorectal, prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma. These associations may be driven by a diminished ability of the pineal gland to produce melatonin among those exposed to light at night. Melatonin likely has multiple anti-cancer mechanisms, including down-regulation of the reproductive axis and direct actions of melatonin on estrogen receptors — both of note for ovarian cancer. Moreover, melatonin exhibits a growth-inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell lines. Few epidemiological studies have evaluated an association between night shift work and ovarian cancer risk. Within the NHS and NHSII cohorts, we prospectively assessed the association of rotating night shift work with ovarian cancer risk. Methods: Total number of years of rotating night shift work (defined as at least 3 nights per month in addition to days and evenings during that month) was queried in 1988 for NHS and in 1989 for NHSII. Duration was updated in 1991, 1993, 2001, and 2005 for NHSII. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to model the incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ovarian cancer for each shift work category (1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years, 20-29 years, and 30+ years), compared to those who never worked rotating shifts, adjusting for age in months, cohort, tubal ligation, duration of oral contraceptive use, parity, BMI, smoking status, menopausal status, family history of ovarian cancer, and duration of breastfeeding. In our analysis, we updated the values for these covariates when new data were available and otherwise carried forward the values from the previous cycle or the last cycle when each covariate was assessed. Results: There were 666 cases of ovarian cancer among 2,856,537 person-years of follow-up time. Overall, rotating shift work was not associated with ovarian cancer risk: 15-19 years vs. none: OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.78-1.86; 20-29 years vs. none: OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.35-1.19; 30+ years vs. none: OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.40-1.54. Estimates were unchanged when adjusted for menstrual irregularity. Conclusion: In this large prospective study, overall, there was no association between duration of rotating night shift work and risk of ovarian cancer. Additional analyses stratifying by hormonal receptor status. menopausal status and other potential effect modifiers are ongoing and may reveal subgroup associations. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):B100.
Entomology Is Everybody's Business

During the past year as your President of the Entomological Society I have had the opportunity to visit and meet with all of the Branches. In doing so, I have had the grand experience of feeling the pulse of the membership, as well as that of the science of entomology. As I met with various groups and with individuals I soon sensed an attitude of great concern among my fellow entomologists and friends over the future of our profession. It is for these reasons that I chose the title “Entomology is Everybody's Business.”
Compact Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Microfluxgate Devices With Thin-Film Magnetic Cores

This paper presents a compact nonlinear equivalent circuit modeling methodology for dual-core micro-fluxgates with thin-film magnetic cores. The new modeling methodology uniquely uses wafer-level-compatible terminal measurements to extract the complete model, and thus includes the dominant effects of conductor loss, core saturation, and demagnetization without needing independent knowledge of magnetic material characteristics. The modeling methodology includes an innovative extraction algorithm that produces an accurate and guaranteed passive circuit within a few minutes. The resulting circuit model is compatible with popular circuit solvers including SPICE and Spectre. The modeling methodology is validated with both a field solver and a fabricated device over a wide range of external magnetic field strengths. The field-solver L2-norm error is 7.4%. The fabricated device measurements also support the modeling approach.
Inflammatory mediators and neonatal sepsis : rarely has so little been known by so many about so much

Many questions remain unanswered (and probably many more remain unasked) about neonatal sepsis. In addition, many mediators of inflammation have been implicated in neonatal sepsis at one time or another. The goal of this article is to put together what the authors view as some of the more important outstanding questions with what is known about some of the more important mediators. We address four questions specifically: (1) Why is neonatal sepsis different from all other (adult) sepsis? (2) 41Is control of pulmonary hypertension the white whale or red herring in neonatal septic shock? (3) Is sepsis more like dominoes or like 52 pick-up? and (4) Is disruption of QO2/VO2 coupling a legitimate clinical concern or a laboratory anomaly?
Cytokine Regulation in Alzheimer’s Disease

The idea that Alzheimer’s disease involves an ‘inflammation-like’ process, involving orchestrated cytokine and cellular responses that culminate in neuronal injury and destruction, has become so widely accepted that it is now difficult to remember how radical this idea was less than a decade ago. Alzheimer’s disease, at that time, was seen as a ‘neurodegenerative’ disease, in which accumulations of Aβ protein damaged neurons through direct and, we thought, soon-to-be elucidated, toxic mechanisms. Any associated glial cells were considered to be passive or ‘reactive’ late-comers, of no significance toward understanding the disease or its progression.
Three-Dimensional Data Analytics for Pathology Imaging

Three-dimensional (3D) structural changes and spatial relationships of micro-anatomic objects in whole-slide digital pathology images encode a large wealth of information on normal tissue development and disease progression. In this paper, we present a complete framework for quantitative spatial analytics of 3D micro-anatomic objects with pathology image volumes, with special focus on vessels and nuclei. Reconstructing 3D vessel structures from a sequence of whole-slide images, we simulate 3D biological systems by generating 3D nuclei uniformly distributed around 3D vessels. Given nuclei are distributed around vessels, intersection detection with 3D nuclei and vessels is conducted by a heuristic algorithm with data structure Axis-Aligned Bounding-Box (AABB). Motivated by real-world use case, we also travel the AABB tree constructed from 3D vessel structures to perform the distance-based query between 3D nuclei and vessels. We quantitatively evaluate the performance of 3D intersection detection by the heuristic algorithm and distance-based query based on AABB tree traversal. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of our framework for 3D spatial analytics with whole-slide serial pathology image dataset.
Ethylene-bridged asymmetric cavitands as building blocks for supramolecular polymers and capsules

A supramolecular polymer as well as a dimeric capsule, both constructed from a combination of a tetra-carboxylic acid functionalized cavitand and a suitable N-heterocyclic ‘linker’, have been crystallographically characterized.
An Unexpected Regulatory Cascade Governs a Core Function of the Drosophila PRC1 Chromatin Protein Su(z)2

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are major chromatin-bound factors that can read and modify chromatin states to maintain gene silencing throughout development. Here we focus on a close homolog of the PcG protein Posterior sex combs to better understand how these proteins affect regulation. This homolog, called Suppressor 2 of zeste [Su(z)2] is composed of two regions: the N-terminal homology region (HR), which serves as a hub for protein interactions, and the C-terminal region (CTR), which is believed to harbor the core activity of compacting chromatin. Here, we describe our classical genetic studies to dissect the structure of Su(z)2 Surprisingly, we found that the CTR is dispensable for viability. Furthermore, the core activity of Su(z)2 seems to reside in the HR instead of the CTR. Remarkably, our data also suggest a regulatory cascade between CTR and HR of Su(z)2, which, in turn, may help prioritize the myriad of PcG interactions that occur with the HR.
Pull-out behavior of straight steel fibers from asphalt binder

Abstract The interaction between a straight steel fiber and the surrounding asphalt matrix is investigated through single fiber pull-out tests and numerical simulations. Based on experimental observations from 240 pull-out tests for various temperatures, displacement rates, and fiber dimensions, pull-out failure modes are classified into three types: matrix, interface, and mixed failure modes. The experimental data suggests that there is a critical shear stress beyond which fiber-binder interface debonding will occur. Detailed finite element analyses employing a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model for asphalt are carried out to explain the observed test results. The numerical simulations show that the stress distribution along the fiber surface varies substantially with temperature and fiber dimensions. At −20 °C, the concentration of interfacial shear stress becomes significant as the embedded aspect ratio of fibers becomes higher, and causes a decrease in the value of average interfacial shear stress at the onset of the interface debonding. The simulations also showed that this stress concentration decreases at 0 °C as the contribution of viscous behavior becomes more significant. The simulation results confirm that the shear bond strength between steel fiber and asphalt binder is 6.9 MPa, and it is independent of temperature, loading rate, and fiber dimensions within the ranges used in the study.
Ultrastructure of the human cornea.

The transparent nature of the cornea and its importance in the visual pathway as the major refracting lens of the eye have intrigued workers in many different disciplines and their studies have added immeasurably to the understanding of the cornea in health and disease. Reviews of the structure of the cornea date back to the earliest days of electron microscopy (Hogan et al., 1971; Klyce and Beuerman, 1988; Kuwabara, 1978; Rouiller et al., 1954), yet, due to changing insights into corneal structure provided by cell biology, as well as new clinical developments, current ultrastructural reviews of the cornea have new relevance in both basic science and clinical ophthalmic research. Evolving as an avascular tissue with the need for increasingly better optical properties, the cornea has acquired many unique structural adaptations. In addition to its optical properties, the cornea also serves a major protective function for the visual organ. The position at the front of the globe subjects the cornea to the greatest number of interactions with the environment of any ocular structure. It is subject to insult from both airborne and solid objects, as well as disease organisms, and has developed an elaborate array of sensory nerves to signal impending danger. At birth, the cornea is relatively large compared with the rest of the globe. The growth of the cornea occurs mainly between the ages of six months and one year, although the adult size of approximately 1.3 cm2 is not attained until some time between the first and second years. The optical properties of the anterior surface, or tear surface, of the cornea have become increasingly refined in mammals to allow more precise image projection at the retina (Walls, 1942). Specialized skin covering the eye in lower vertebrates, for example in the lamprey, has given way to a refracting surface in amphibians and, ultimately, to the cornea and lids in mammals. However, the more primitive structures are not as clear as the mammalian and human cornea, and a layer similar to Bowman's in human corneas begins to be seen in reptiles and birds (Thomas, 1955). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Goodness-Frequency Relation And The Evaluative Character Of Words Newly Introduced Into The English Language

If words, or other stimuli, tend to become more positive in affect as frequency of exposure increases, then one would expect a higher proportion of words newly introduced into the English language to be negative in affect than among words with a longer history of usage. Data support this position.
Glutaredoxin-1 control on liver fibrosis in aged mice

Objective Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a cytosolic enzyme which removes glutathione (GSH) adducts of protein thiols (S-glutathionylation), and controls protein functions including cellular signaling and gene transcription. We previously showed that Glrx knockout middle-aged mice developed liver steatosis and Glrx replenishment by viral gene transfer suppressed lipid accumulation in the liver (Shao 2016). It is reported that decreasing GSH adducts by inhibiting glutathione-S-transferase attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Therefore, we determine whether up-regulated Glrx can attenuate age-induced liver fibrosis and functional changes. Methods Global Glrx transgenic (TG) and wild type (WT) mice of age 9-28 months were used to obtain liver sections to assess fibrotic areas by Picrosirius red collagen staining. Gene expression was assessed in the liver by RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. Hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells were isolated to examine the effects of in vitro Glrx overexpression on collagen synthesis. Results Our data showed that collagen staining in the liver significantly increased in WT aged mice (> 18 months old) compared to WT middle-aged mice (9 months). Overexpression of Glrx in aged TG mice attenuated collagen deposition compared to WT aged mice. TGFβ mRNA expression in the liver was lower in TG than WT mice. Conclusion Data indicate that aging increases liver fibrosis and Glrx overexpression suppresses the fibrotic change, in part, by inhibiting TGFβ expression. Further studies are required to examine signaling pathways and Glrx target(s) in aging liver. This study may demonstrate the protective role of Glrx and its anti-fibrotic effects in the liver.
Synthetic Polypeptide Models of Collagen: Synthesis and Applications

Collagen, the major skeletal protein in the vertebrate body, possesses many unique features which contribute directly to its role as a structural material. Collagen is characterized by a left-handed conformation which is very similar to polyproline II or polyglycine II. Since these amino acids occur more frequently in collagen than in any other vertebrate protein, considerable interest has arisen in the use of polymers containing glycine and proline as models for collagen. The relationship between the primary structure and function of a protein is not always easy to follow; however, the unusual repeating structure of collagen with glycine occurring in every third position makes it ideally suited for model building. Model building based on synthetic polypeptide analogs permits the examination of isolated features of the natural protein molecule in a manner uncomplicated by the influence of neighboring components of differing structure and properties. Synthetic polyproline models of collagen have provided invaluable information concerning the structure of collagen and have been of considerable help in elucidating the mechanism of some of the synthetic steps in the elaboration of collagen.
Matching Trends for the Fellowship in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Since Participation in the National Residency Match Program.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the level of interest in the fellowship in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (FMIGS) using data from the National Residency Match Program (NRMP) over the past 5 years. Design Retrospective report (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Publicly reported data from the NRMP. Participants Applicants using the NRMP to match into fellowship training. Interventions Reporting matching trends for the gynecologic surgical subspecialty programs starting in 2014, when the FMIGS programs began participating in the NRMP. Measurements and Main Results From 2014 to 2018, the number of FMIGS positions increased from 28 to 38. Over the 5 application cycles, the FMIGS programs had the highest ratio of applicants to positions overall (range, 1.7–2.0 for FMIGS) of the surgical gynecologic subspecialty programs analyzed (Gynecologic Oncology, Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility). Conclusions Since the FMIGS programs began participating in the NRMP in 2014, the FMIGS match has been highly competitive as a gynecologic surgical subspecialty, suggesting a high level of interest from residency graduates. This may reflect growing recognition that there is a body of knowledge unique to minimally invasive gynecologic surgeons.
Keynotes: Computational sustainability

Computational sustainability is a new interdisciplinary research field with the overarching goal of developing computational models, methods, and tools to help manage the balance between environmental, economic, and societal needs for a sustainable future. I will provide examples of computational sustainability problems, ranging from wildlife conservation and biodiversity, to poverty mitigation, to materials discovery for renewable energy materials. I will also highlight cross-cutting computational themes and challenges at the intersection of constraint reasoning, optimization, machine learning, citizen science, and crowd-sourcing.
Wisdom as a Pillar for Servant Leadership

This chapter describes how Robert K. Greenleaf’s accumulated wisdom from multiple disciplines and extraordinary people prepared him to write his servant series of essays. The chapter defines wisdom, contrasts it with mere knowledge, and outlines Greenleaf’s four steps to acquiring wisdom: Experience, Reflection, Insight, and Action. Each is illustrated by writings from Greenleaf and others. All four are demonstrated in the story of “The Heroine’s Journey” traveled by a remarkable woman who sought wisdom and then created servant-leader communities and a nonprofit foundation. Finally, three examples of core servant-leader capacities—listening, foresight, and persuasion—demonstrate how Greenleaf used a lifetime of wisdom-building to bring fresh understanding to skills that most people thought they already understood.
Modelling with Finite State Machines

Our discussion thus far of the object-oriented software construction process has focused on the use case model. While this is a comprehensive technique that finds widespread application, it is inadequate for handling situations where the operations cannot be modeled by end-to-end use cases. This is typically the case with dynamic systems that respond to external input in real-time
Evidence for the attachment of RNA to pulse-labeled DNA in the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract When Physarum polycephalum is pulse-labeled for up to 20 minutes with 3H-thymidine and the shortest labeled DNA strands are partially purified by sedimentation through a neutral aqueous sucrose gradient and then through a formamide-sucrose gradient, these short strands band in Cs2SO4 isopycnic density gradients at a density greater than that of bulk single-stranded DNA. Their density is brought partially or nearly completely back to that of single-stranded DNA by hydrolysis with pancreatic RNase A or alkali, respectively. Therefore the dense material attached to the short pulse-labeled DNA strands consists at least partially of RNA.
A Plea for Action Research in Accounting Information Systems

In recent years there has been a growing appreciation of the use of action research in information systems (see Baskerville and others in this volume). A comparable use of action research has not been seen in Accounting Information Systems (AIS). Because AIS is an important sub-area of the accounting discipline, this chapter makes a plea for an increased use of action research in AIS.