cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antiviral therapies for herpes zoster infections. Are they economically justifiable

Antiviral treatment of herpes zoster is controversial because of uncertain benefits and relatively high costs. Most studies show that antiviral therapy lessens acute herpes zoster symptoms and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Current clinical recommendations support antiviral treatment of severely symptomatic herpes zoster in all adults, and mild herpes zoster in those 50 or 60 years of age or older. However, it is unclear if these recommended strategies are cost effective. Published studies of herpes zoster costs and the effect of antiviral therapy on costs and quality of life have significant variation in study design and results, as well as many shortcomings in the data. Thus, definitive economic recommendations cannot be made based on the present data. Another approach, which we have used, is to develop a 'reference case' analysis using decision-analysis techniques and the available data to estimate the incremental cost effectiveness of antiviral treatment in patients of differing age and herpes zoster severity. In the baseline analysis, parameter values and assumptions were consistently slightly biased against antiviral use. Effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). We assumed that antiviral treatment did not change PHN risk, but decreased PHN duration in patients older than 50 years. PHN risk increased with age and with acute herpes zoster severity as seen in published data. Mild acute herpes zoster was assumed to have a utility value of 0.9 and severe acute herpes zoster a value of 0.7 on a scale where 0 = death and 1 = perfect health. Treating mildly symptomatic acute herpes zoster cost $US89,200/QALY gained in 40-year-olds, $US47,700/QALY in 60-year-olds and $US40,700/QALY in 70-year-olds (1995 values). Results were most sensitive to variation of antiviral costs (baseline $US134), but changes in acute symptom relief, PHN risk, duration, costs and utility, and antiviral effect on PHN duration increased costs/QALY above $US50,000 in 60- and 70-year-olds in extremes of parameter ranges. However, no variation resulted in treatment of mild illness in 40-year-olds to fall below $US50,000/QALY gained. Treatment of severe acute herpes zoster cost $US29,700, $US18,000 and $US16,500/QALY gained in 40-, 60- and 70-year-olds, respectively. Results were sensitive to variation of antiviral costs (> $US225) and acute symptom relief (< 21%) in 40-year-olds. Based on this analysis, antiviral therapy of herpes zoster seems economically justifiable for mildly symptomatic acute herpes zoster in patients aged 50 years and older, and for severely symptomatic acute herpes zoster in all adults.
Infrared Studies of Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange in Biological Molecules

Abstract In the ever expanding field of protein chemistry it has become more and more important to be able to determine tertiary as well as secondary and primary structure in order to decide what properties of a given protein determine its functions. Therefore, various techniques are introduced from time to time as tools in such investigations.
Spina bifida and mobility in the transition years

Objective: Adolescents with spina bifida experience decreased mobility (Johnson KL, Dudgeon B, Kuehn C, et al: Am J Public Health 2007;97:330-6), especially during the time of transition from pediatric to adult care, but little research has been done on the relationships between mobility and self-management skills, psychological health, or quality of life. Design: In this multicenter, interdisciplinary study, a convenience sample of 61 participants with spina bifida from regional spina bifida clinics (mean age = 21.0 ± 2.1 yrs) participated in a structured clinical interview on self-management and completed standardized self-report measures of psychological distress, quality of life, and mobility status. Participants were divided into three mobility groups: ambulators, part-time wheelchair users, and full-time wheelchair users and were compared with respect to outcome measures. Results: We found that full-time wheelchair use is associated with reduced quality of life but that psychological distress and problems with self-management are prevalent, regardless of mobility status. Conclusion: Research should be aimed at assessing life satisfaction as it relates to assistive technology use to delineate further how technological advancements in wheelchair Design and universal Design of homes and communities can have the greatest impact on mobility and quality of life. Copyright © 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Enhance-synergism and suppression effects in multiple regression

Relations between pairwise correlations and the coefficient of multiple determination in regression analysis are considered. The conditions for the occurrence of enhance-synergism and suppression effects when multiple determination becomes bigger than the total of squared correlations of the dependent variable with the regressors are discussed. It is shown that such effects can occur just for stochastic relations among the variables that have non-transitive signs of pairwise correlations. Consideration of these problems facilitates better understanding the properties of regression.
Personal Value Profiles and Ethical Business Decisions

Abstract Most previous research studies regarding values have taken one value at a time when investigating the influence of values on ethical business decisionmaking. In the current study, we examined the relationship between personal value profiles (a combination of value decisions) and ethical decisionmaking. Our results showed that value profiles do play a role in the likelihood of a person's making an unethical business decision. Our study findings, implications, and suggestions for future research are also presented.
Splitting patterns in the infrared and Raman spectra of solid cyclopropane-1,1-d2 and cyclopropane-1,1,2,2-d4

Abstract Details of the infrared and Raman spectra of pure crystalline cyclopropane-1,1-d 2 and cyclopropane-1,1,2,2-d 4 and of dilute solid solutions of these isotopic molecules in cyclopropane and cyclopropane-d 6 are presented. Site symmetry considerations lead to the prediction that vibrational modes should exhibit two closely spaced components with an intensity ratio of roughly two to one in solid solution spectra. Such splitting patterns are observed for many fundamentals. The observed effects of correlation field splitting in the spectra of pure crystalline cyclopropane-1,1-d 2 and cyclopropane-1,1,2,2-d 4 are discussed. A calculation of the frequencies of the two spectral components of vibrational fundamentals based upon the assumption of exp-6 and exp-6-1 nonbonded atom—atom potential functions has led to an unanticipated reversal of calculated low frequency and high frequency components.
Familiality of DSM-III dramatic and anxious personality clusters.

This double-blind family study was an investigation of the familiality of DSM-III avoidant, dependent, borderline, anxious cluster, and flamboyant cluster personality disorders (PDs) using a standardized DSM-III axis II measure. With the exception of borderline personality, there are no previous rep
Ultrafast nonequilibrium Fourier-transform two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy

We present what we believe to be the first implementation of nonequilibrium two-dimensional IR spectroscopy (2DIR) combining electronic excitation within the Fourier transform (FT) approach. Nonequilibrium 2DIR spectra of Mn2(CO)10 and its photoproducts are obtained in two modalities: photoexcitation at 400 nm, either before a 2DIR probe or during the waiting time of the FT 2DIR measurement. Extending FT 2DIR to nonequilibrium systems offers insight into complex condensed-phase reaction dynamics.
Applied surface analysis in magnetic storage technology

Abstract This paper gives a synopsis of today’s challenges and requirements for a surface analysis and materials science laboratory with a special focus on magnetic recording technology. The critical magnetic recording components, i.e. the protective carbon overcoat (COC), the disk layer structure, the read/write head including the giant-magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor, are described and options for their characterization with specific surface and structure analysis techniques are given. For COC investigations, applications of Raman spectroscopy to the structural analysis and determination of thickness, hydrogen and nitrogen content are discussed. Hardness measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM) scratching techniques are presented. Surface adsorption phenomena on disk substrates or finished disks are characterized by contact angle analysis or so-called piezo-electric mass adsorption systems (PEMAS), also known as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). A quickly growing field of applications is listed for various X-ray analysis techniques, such as disk magnetic layer texture analysis for X-ray diffraction, compositional characterization via X-ray fluorescence, compositional analysis with high lateral resolution via electron microprobe analysis. X-ray reflectometry (XRR) has become a standard method for the absolute measurement of individual layer thicknesses contained in multi-layer stacks and thus, is the successor of ellipsometry for this application. Due to the ongoing reduction of critical feature sizes, the analytical challenges in terms of lateral resolution, sensitivity limits and dedicated nano-preparation have been consistently growing and can only be met by state-of-the-art Auger electron spectrometers (AES), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, time-of-flight–secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF–SIMS) characterization, focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning and TEM lamella preparation via FIB. The depth profiling of GMR sensor full stacks was significantly improved by the ToF–SIMS Cs method.
Learning from concepts and ideas presented in Process Safety Progress

Magazine articles, such as those in Process Safety Progress (PSP), are a source of new ideas as well as old ideas restated and emphasized. While busy schedules increasingly interfere with getting the most out of these types of information sources, studying such published papers should not be given a low priority. Presented below are ideas and thoughts (some garbage, some gems) on a variety of subjects from just one such issue (September 2001 of PSP). They include: comments on the probabilistic nature of electrostatic ignition, the domino effect in explosion scenarios, MY Tree analysis of accidents, an argument from the viewpoint of the industrial ecosystem in support of a fault data bank, the prescriptiveness of performance-based standards, the applicability of HAZOP to analogous systems different in scale and purpose, keys to a good HAZOP and a good FMEA, an argument in support of a universal effort to improve process safety by throwing cash at the hazards, initiator/enabler concepts, the use of a bar chart to effectively present the relative effectiveness of strategies used to control overall plant risk, the flammability diagram: a living, pulsating thing, and comments on the relationship between minimum ignition energy and turbulence.
Anthocyanin quantification and radical scavenging capacity of Concord, Norton, and Marechal Foch grapes and wines.

The anthocyanin content and the radical scavenging capacity of three non-Vitis vinifera grapes (Marechal Foch, Norton, and Concord varieties) were determined. Analyses of anthocyanins in the skin (S) and wine (W) of these grape varieties were performed by spectrophotometry, HPLC with electrochemical detection, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI). The total anthocyanin contents of S samples were 258 ± 37 mg/100 g of wet weight for Foch, 888 ± 78 mg/100 g for Norton, and 326 ± 5.9 mg/100 g for Concord grapes. The malvidin 3,5-diglucoside content quantified by HPLC indicated that Norton S had the highest amount of the compound (327 ± 110 mg/100 g). The MALDI mass spectrometric analysis indicated an abundance of malvidin glucosides in W of Foch grapes and in S and W of Norton grapes and of cyanidin aglycon in S and W of Concord grapes. S samples were subjected to a radical scavenging capacity test using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and compared to Trolox. The radical scavengin...
A simple and rapid method for the preparation of plasma membranes

A simple and rapid method for preparing plasma membranes from isolated cells or tissues is described. The membranes were characterised (a) biochemically by an analysis of specific marker enzymes, (b) by quantitation of cell surface receptors, and (c) immunologically by their ability to elicit specific allogeneic responses from cytotoxic T cells in secondary in vitro stimulations. Based on both biochemical and immunologic criteria, plasma membranes prepared by the method described here are of equal or greater 'purity' compared to those prepared by two other methods that are most widely used to date and the yields are several-fold higher.
Adjustment of Immigrant Children as a Function of Parental Attitudes to Change

This study examined the relationship between the adjustment in school of immigrant children and their parents' attitudes to social change and new experiences. The subjects were 51 Jewish children between the ages of six and fifteen, all born in the former Soviet Union and immigrants to the United States, and a comparison group of 51 American-born Jewish children attending the same parochial school in San Francisco. Parental attitudes to social change and new experi? ences were found to be significant predictors of the adjustment in school of both immigrant and native children, even when the effects of parental education, family SES, and children's age, intelligence, English language competence and immigrant/native status were held constant. Parental attitudes to social change and new experience were not found to be differentially associated with adjustment for immi? grant as opposed to native children. An interaction was found between the gender of die parent holding the set of attitudes toward change and new experiences, and the differential adjustment of sons and daughters.
Tandem geminal dialkylation: Nucleophilic double addition of organocopper reagents to 3-ethynyl-2-cycloalkenones

Abstract Enynones 1 undergo regiospecific double addition of organocopper reagents at their terminal sp-hybridized carbons to yield enones 2 or 3.
Advertising and Audience Offense: The Role of Intentional Humor

The use of humor in advertising has long been considered risky, partly due to its potential for causing offense. However, the conditions under which humor might be associated with offense in advertising had never been empirically explored, prior to the content analysis reported in this article. The findings of this study of consumer complaint adjudication reports, published by the Advertising Standards Authority of New Zealand, confirm that intentional humor is often present in advertisements audience members complain about. However, findings also suggest that audiences are (1) more offended by inherently offensive themes than anything else, and (2) when an intentionally humorous advertisement offends, it is likely because it is a certain type of humor that frequently includes an inherently offensive theme.
Pre-treatment and absorptive properties of platinum electrodes

Abstract The nature of the major factors which are involved in the common methods of pretreament and their influence on the adsorptive properties were studied for smooth platinum electrodes by cathodic charging curves, cyclic voltammetry, and voltammetry with superimposed a.c. current. The differences of the current-potential curves and the capacitive component-potential curves during the first cycle and the subsequent cycles are discussed. It is shown to what extent these differences result from a contamination of the surface, introduced by the pre-treatment.
Synchronous bowel anastomoses.

A retrospective review of patients who underwent double bowel resections and synchronous anastomoses without ileostomy or colostomy was undertaken. The study goal was to determine whether there was an increased incidence of complications attributable to the presence of a second anastomosis. A total of 66 patients who met the criteria were identified and divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 30 patients who had had two colonic resections and two colonic anastomoses. In Group B were 36 patients who had undergone separate colonic and small-bowel resections with two subsequent anastomoses. The indications for primary resection were: 1) adenocarcinoma, 54 percent; 2) Crohn's disease, 26 percent; 3) diverticulitis, 11 percent; 4) “other” indications, 9 percent. The indications for the second resection were: 1) metastatic adenocarcinoma, 30 percent; 2) Crohn's disease, 26 percent; 3) synchronous bowel lesions, 18 percent; 4) adhesions and enterotomies, 14 percent; 5) “other” indications, 12 percent. Overall, there were four major complications (6 percent), and 11 minor complications (17 percent). The sole anastomotic leak occurred in a patient who had undergone a double colonic resection (3%). The other major complications were one death, one ureteral complication that required reoperation, and one early small-bowel obstruction. Minor complications included two wound infections (3 percent), three seromas (5 percent), three prolonged ileus (5 percent), and three urinary infections (5 percent). These results are comparable to the best results reported for patients undergoing single colonic anastomoses. The conclusion is that it is safe to perform synchronous anastomoses without diversion provided the following conditions are present: well-prepared bowel with minimal fecal soilage, an adequate blood supply, technically good anastomoses, and lack of tension on the suture lines.
Applications And Design Considerations For Optical Interconnects In VLSI

This paper introduces new applications and design tradeoffs anticipated for free space optical interconnections of VLSI chips. New implementations of VLSI functions are described that use the capability of making optical inputs at any point on a chip, and take advantage of greater flexibility in on-chip signal routing. These include N-port addressable memories, CPU clock phase distribution, hardware multipliers, dynamic memory refresh, as well as enhanced testability. Fault tolerance and production yields may be improved by reprogramming the optical imaging system to circumvent defective elements. These attributes, as well as those related to performance alone, will affect the design methodology of future VLSI ICs. This paper will focus on identifying the design issues, their possible solution, and their impact on VLSI design techniques.
Exploring the Effectiveness of Transit Security Awareness Campaigns in the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Public involvement in alerting officials of suspicious and potentially harmful activity is critical to the overall security of a transit system. As part of an effort to get passengers and the public involved, many transit agencies have security awareness campaigns. The objective of this research is to learn how transit agencies seek to make security awareness campaigns effective and to explore how they measure the effectiveness of such campaigns, if at all. This research project includes data from case studies of five major agencies that provide transit service in the San Francisco Bay Area region of California. The case study data consist of descriptions of the types of security awareness campaigns the agencies have implemented, the goals of the campaigns, and how they seek to make their campaigns effective, as well as whether and how these agencies measure and determine the effectiveness of their campaigns. One positive finding of this research is the consistency with which Bay Area transit organization...
PHASE ANALYSIS OF BURNOUT AND OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

Phase analysis appears to have the potential to increase knowledge and improve ameliorative solutions for burnout. This article explored potential uses of the phase models of burnout and social and practical implications of the phases. The use of phase analysis to increase understanding of other psychological phenomena such as anxiety, citizenship behavior, and hardiness is introduced.
The Kinetics of Sodium Extrusion in Striated Muscle As Functions of the External Sodium and Potassium Ion Concentrations

After a 20 min initial washout, the rate of loss of radioactively labeled sodium ions from sodium-enriched muscle cells is sensitive to the external sodium and potassium ion concentrations. In the absence of external potassium ions, the presence of external sodium ions increases the sodium efflux. In the presence of external potassium ions, the presence of external sodium ions decreases the sodium efflux. In the absence of external potassium ions about one-third of the Na+ efflux that depends upon the external sodium ion concentration can be abolished by 10-5 M glycoside. The glycoside-insensitive but external sodium-dependent Na+ efflux is uninfluenced by external potassium ions. In the absence of both external sodium and potassium ions the sodium efflux is relatively insensitive to the presence of 10-5 M glycoside. The maximal external sodium-dependent sodium efflux in the absence of external potassium ions is about 20% of the magnitude of the maximal potassium-dependent sodium efflux. The magnitude of the glycoside-sensitive sodium efflux in K-free Ringer solution is less than 10% of that observed when sodium efflux is maximally activated by potassium ions. The inhibition of the potassium-activated sodium efflux by external sodium ions is of the competitive type. Reducing the external sodium ion concentration displaces the plots of sodium extrusion rate vs. [K]o to the left and upwards.
Surface and structural characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes following different oxidative treatments

Abstract Six commonly used wet chemical oxidants (HNO3, KMnO4, H2SO4/HNO3, (NH4)2S2O8, H2O2, and O3) were evaluated in terms of their effects on the surface chemistry and structure of MWCNTs using a combination of analytical techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) were used to characterize the extent of surface oxidation, while chemical derivatization techniques used in conjunction with XPS allowed the concentration of carboxyl, carbonyl, and hydroxyl groups at the surface to be quantified for each MWCNT sample. Our results indicate that the distribution of oxygen-containing functional groups was insensitive to the reaction conditions (e.g., w/w% of oxidant), but was sensitive to the identity of the oxidant. MWCNTs treated with (NH4)2S2O8, H2O2, and O3 yielded higher concentrations of carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups, while more aggressive oxidants (e.g., HNO3, KMnO4) formed higher fractional concentrations of carboxyl groups. IR spectroscopy was unable to identify oxygen-containing functional groups present on MWCNTs, while Raman spectra highlighted the frequently ambiguous nature of this technique for measuring CNT structural integrity. TEM was able to provide detailed structural information on oxidized MWCNT, including the extent of sidewall damage for different oxidative treatments.
Effect of Shoulder Pain on Shoulder Kinematics During Weight-Bearing Tasks in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Nawoczenski DA, Riek LM, Greco L, Staiti K, Ludewig PM. Effect of shoulder pain on shoulder kinematics during weight-bearing tasks in persons with spinal cord injury. Objective To assess 3-dimensional scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics between subjects with spinal cord injury and disease (SCI/D) with and without shoulder pain during a weight-relief raise and transfer task. Design Case-control, repeated-measures analysis of variance. Setting Movement analysis laboratory. Participants Subjects (N=43; 23 with clinical signs of impingement and 20 without) between 21 and 65 years of age, at least 1 year after SCI/D (range, 1–43y) resulting in American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale T2 motor neurologic level or below, and requiring the full-time use of a manual wheelchair. Interventions Weight-relief raises and transfer tasks. Main Outcome Measures An electromagnetic tracking system acquired 3-dimensional position and orientation of the thorax, scapula, and humerus. Dependent variables included angular values for scapular upward and downward rotation, posterior and anterior tilt, and internal and external rotation relative to the thorax, and glenohumeral internal and external rotation relative to the scapula. The mean of 3 trials was collected, and angular values were compared at 3 distinct phases of the weight-relief raise and transfer activity. Comparisons were also made between transfer direction (lead vs trail arm) and across groups. Results Key findings include significantly increased scapular upward rotation for the pain group during transfer ( P =.03). Significant group differences were found for the trailing arm at the lift pivot (phase 2) of the transfer, with the pain group having greater anterior tilt (mean difference ± SE, 5.7°±2.8°). The direction of transfer also influenced kinematics at the different phases of the activity. Conclusions Potentially detrimental magnitude and direction of scapular and glenohumeral kinematics during weight-bearing tasks may pose increased risk for shoulder pain or injury in persons with SCI/D. Consideration should be given to rehabilitation strategies that promote favorable scapular kinematics and glenohumeral external rotation.
Searching through cyberspace: the effects of link display and link density on information retrieval from hypertext on the World Wide Web

This study investigated information retrieval from hypertext on Internet's World Wide Web (WWW). Significant main and interaction effects were found for both link density (number of links per display) and display format (in paragraphs or lists) on search performance. Low link densities displayed in list format produced the best overall results, in terms of search accuracy, search time, number of links explored, and search task prioritization. Lower densities affected user ability to prioritize search tasks and produced more accurate searches, while list displays positively affected all aspects of searching except task prioritization. The performance of novices and experts, in terms of their previous experience browsing hypertext on the WWW, was compared. Experts performed better, mostly because of their superior task prioritization.
An emerging technique: multi-ice-core multi-parameter correlations with Antarctic sea-ice extent

Using results stemming from the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE) ice-core array plus data from ice cores from the South Pole and Siple Dome we investigate the use of sodium (Na + ), non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO4 2- ) and methylsulfonate (MS - ) as proxies for Antarctic sea-ice extent (SIE). Maximum and mean annual chemistry concentrations for these three species correlate significantly with maximum, mean and minimum annual SIE, offering more information and clarification than single ice-core and single species approaches. Significant correlations greater than 90% exist between Na+ and maximum SIE; nssSO4 2- with minimum and mean SIE; and MS - with mean SIE. Correlations with SIE within large geographic regions are in the same direction for all ice-core sites for Na + and nssSO4 2- but not MS - . All ice cores display an SIE correlation with nssSO4 2- and MS - , but not all correlate with Na + . This multi-core multi-parameter study provides the initial step in determining which chemical species can be used reliably and in which regions as a building block for embedding other ice-core records. Once established, the resulting temporal and spatial matrix can be used to relate ice extents, atmospheric patterns, biological productivity and site conditions.
Phosphorylation of the Rat Skeletal Muscle Sodium Channel by Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase

: Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the rat brain sodium channel was reported to be restricted to five sites within an ˜210 amino acid region of the primary sequence that is deleted in the homologous sodium channel from rat skeletal muscle. We find that, in spite of this deletion, the rat muscle sodium channel α-subunit is also an excellent substrate for phosphorylation by this kinase both in primary muscle cells in tissue culture and in vitro after isolation from adult muscle. Sodium channel protein purified from adult rat skeletal muscle was readily phosphorylated in vitro by the catalytic subunit of the bovine cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKa). Only the 260,000 MW α-subunit was labeled, with a maximum level of incorporation in vitro of ˜0.5 mol [32P]phosphate per mole of channel protein. The β-subunit of the channel is not phosphorylated under these conditions. In primary rat skeletal muscle cells in culture, incorporation of phosphate into the channel α-subunit is stimulated 1.3- to 1.5-fold by treatment of the cells with forskolin. Phosphorylation of the sodium channel isolated from these cells could also be demonstrated in vitro using PKa. This in vitro phosphorylation could be inhibited 80–90% by pretreatment of the cells in culture with forskolin, suggesting that the sites labeled in vitro by PKa were the same as those phosphorylated in the intact cells by the endogenous cyclic AMP-dependent kinase. In both the adult muscle channel and the channel from muscle cells in culture, phosphorylation by PKa was limited to serine residues. The location of the phosphorylated residue in the primary sequence of the channel was examined by studying the distribution of label among proteolytic fragments generated in situ from the α-subunit by endogenous proteases. The label in the intact 260-kDa α-subunit partitioned with a 130-kDa polypeptide representing the amino terminal half of the molecule whereas none was associated with fragments derived from the carboxy-terminal half of the protein. No label was found in the next smaller 90-kDa amino-terminal fragment, however, indicating that the phosphorylated residue is located between 90 and 130 kDa from the amino terminus of the subunit, a region that includes the DI–DII interdomain region and the DII repeat domain. Phosphopeptide analysis of the 260-kDa α-subunit and of its 130-kDa amino-terminal half confirmed that the single major labeled peptide in each had identical migratory characteristics in this two-dimensional analysis. Electrophoresis of the tryptic digest in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea system indicated a MW of ˜2,500 for the limit phosphopeptide.
Effects of gaseous hydrogen and water vapor pressure on environmental embrittlement of Ni3Al

Abstract Tensile ductilities of undoped and boron-doped Ni3Al have been determined under H2 and H2O pressures in the range of 10−3 ~ 103Pa. In agreement with other studies, boron-doped Ni3Al was found to be insensitive to water vapor, while undoped Ni3Al is severely embrittled by water vapor at pressures greater than about 10−3Pa. This observation is consistent with previous conclusions that the ductilizing effect of boron additions in Ni3Al is at least partly due to its remedial effect on embrittlement by environmental water vapor. For undoped Ni3Al in H2 and H2O, and for boron-doped Ni3Al in H2, ductilities increased as the pressure of the embrittling gas was decreased. In each case, however, a critical gas pressure was observed, below which no further improvement in tensile ductility was observed. The limiting ductility of each alloy at very low pressures (i.e., under ultrahigh vacuum) is taken to represent the intrinsic ductility of the alloy. Comparison of intrinsic ductilities for boron-doped and undoped Ni3Al indicates that boron additions also exert an intrinsically ductilizing effect, independent of the remedial effect associated with embrittlement by environmental water vapor.
Influence of spatial differential reflection parameters on 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT) absorption spectra

Differential reflectometry has been shown to be a sensitive and fast tool to detect explosive substances on surfaces such as luggage and parcel. This paper elucidates the influence of several parameters on the sensitivity of the technique. An expression for the reflected intensity that contains the influence of angle of incidence, wavelength of the incident light, and surface roughness has been established. The feature used to identify and detect TNT stems mainly from the diffuse component of the reflected light. This spectral "finger-print" shape does not change by varying these parameters. The maximum sensitivity is obtained for samples which are strongly diffusive and weakly specular.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Saturation of TRIM5α-mediated restriction of HIV-1 infection depends on the stability of the incoming viral capsid

HIV-1 infection is restricted at a post-entry stage in some simian cell lines by species-specific variants of TRIM5α. Restriction targets the viral capsid protein (CA) and results in attenuated reverse transcription. TRIM5α restriction can be inhibited by the addition of noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs), thus rendering cells permissive for infection by an HIV-1 reporter virus. Through the use of HIV-1 VLPs containing Gag cleavage site substitutions and point mutations in CA which alter the stability of the viral capsid, we demonstrate that saturation of TRIM5α restriction depends on the stability of the capsid in the incoming VLPs. Differences in the requirement for cleavage of the specific sites in Gag were observed between distinct African green monkey cell lines. The results strongly suggest that the mechanism of HIV-1 restriction by TRIM5α involves engagement of the viral capsid by the restriction factor prior to completion of uncoating.
Mass transfer in gas-solid systems at supercritical conditions

Abstract Gas-solid mass transfer in the CO2-naphthalene system was studied under subcritical to supercritical conditions. Theoretical and experimental mass transfer correlations for laminar flow in a packed bed are presented for the given experimental conditions (10–203 bar and 35–45°C) and are compared with those obtained at ambient conditions (1.01 bar and 25°C). Both natural and forced convection are found to be important but laminar natural convection is dominant at 100 bar and 45°C. Mass transfer is enhanced at supercritical conditions, largely due to strong natural convection effects caused by very low kinematic viscosities and large density differences across the boundary layer.
Magnetofingerprints of superconducting films: Vortex dynamics and mesoscopic-scale disorder.

The variations of voltage and voltage noise with magnetic field in [ital c]-axis-oriented DyBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][delta]] thin films exhibit reproducible, microstructure-dependent magnetofingerprints'' (MF's). The MF's can be scrambled with the reversal of the direction of the Lorentz force on field-induced vortices. Analysis of the noise suggests a strong dependence of the [ital local] free-energy landscape on vortex density similar to global frustration effects found in periodic superconducting networks. Above fields which roughly match vortex separation with mesoscopic-scale disorder in the films the noise and the fine structure of the MF's are suppressed, suggesting a crossover to a more weakly pinned vortex-liquid regime.
Program Evaluation of a Community Crisis Stabilization Program

The purpose of this program evaluation was to evaluate the outcomes of treatment for participants in a community crisis stabilization (CCS) program. This CCS incorporated a patient-centered and wellness model of treatment. A descriptive study was conducted to assess change in psychological symptoms and quality of life of participants from admission to discharge. The sample (n = 42) was evaluated on admission and at discharge with four measurements: the Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI), the Revised 24-Item Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-24), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Brief Measure (WHOQOL-BREF). Changes in total scores on the BSI (t = 6.263, P < .001), the BASIS-24 (t = 6.964, P < .001), the BPRS (t = 4.638, P < .001), and the WHOQOL-BREF (t = 6.574, P < .001) demonstrated improvement at discharge.
Sequence of diffuse plasma resonances observed on Alouette 2 ionograms

An investigation of more than 1400 Alouette 2 ionograms indicates that a sequence of diffuse plasma resonances exists and that these resonances are grouped according to the following plasma conditions: (1) fD1 is observed between 1.3 and 2fH when 2.2 6.8fH; the upper limit may be due to insufficient frequency resolution. The diffuse resonance fD, reported earlier by others as occurring at or near 1.5fH, corresponds to fD1 of this sequence. A nearly linear increase of fDn with increasing fN/fH is observed for n = 1 and n = 2 with dip near fN/fH = 3 for n = 1; the correlation for n higher than 3 is not as apparent. The present observations cannot be explained in terms of pure Bernstein-mode electrostatic waves.
Galilean satellite ephemeris improvement using Galileo tour encounter information

Accurate navigation of the satellite tour portion of the Galileo mission requires an accurate ephemeris of the Galilean satellites. The ephemeris is updated using radiometric and optical tracking data acquired during the satellite tour. The improved accuracy of the satellite ephemeris leads to improved targeting accuracy at subsequent encounters. The Galileo mission will benefit from improved targeting accuracy through reduced propellant costs and improved pointing accuracy. The predicted error in the updated ephemeris can be less than approximations inherent in the analytical theory used for the ephemeris, so an alternate numerical representation is applied. This alternate description shows promise but also raises questions of numerical stability.
Shortage of donor organs and long waits.

Abstract Organ transplantation is psychologically stressful for patients and families, and the shortage of donor organs and consequent increased waiting times can make the experience more difficult. Disruptions occur in the relationship between the patient and the transplant team, and physicians and nurses may begin to avoid contact with the candidates and their families. Long waits for scarce organs promote feelings of competition as well as harmful misconceptions about how transplant priority is determined. Preventive interventions such as those described here can help foster cooperation and mutual support, while reducing misunderstanding and emotional distress.
A Right to Sing the Blues: African Americans, Jews, and American Popular Song

Introduction: The Languages of Black-Jewish Relations "Yiddle on Your Fiddle": The Culture of Black-Jewish Relations "I Used to Be Color Blind": The Racialness of Jewish Men "Swanee Ripples": From Blackface to White Negro "Lift Ev'ry Voice": African American Music and the Nation "Melancholy Blues": Making Jews Sacred in African American Music Epilogue: The Lasting Power of "Black-Jewish Relations" Notes Index
Locomotion-inducing sites in the vicinity of the pedunculopontine nucleus.

Abstract The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) was identified physiologically by inducing controlled locomotion on a treadmill in the precollicular rat following application of low amplitude current pulses to areas of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum. The same brains were processed using either of two techniques known to label neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry. Histologieal reconstruction of locomotion-inducing sites were localized within or adjacent to ChAT or NADPH-diaphorase labeled cell groups. Three dimensional reconstructions of the PPN were used to visualize the colocalization of low threshold locomotion-inducing stimulation sites within PPN neuronal aggregates. These findings lend further support to the suggestion that the PPN is part of the MLR. A theoretical framework is proposed to account for results derived from various lines of research on this area.
Super-resolution PIV by Recursive Local-correlation

This paper presents a method of accurately determining the displacement of tracer particles between two images using recursive correlation. The local correlation value is iteratively arrived at through successive approximations of local displacement using increasingly smaller regions of determination. By starting with a large search area and iteratively narrowing the search restricting the search after each iteration based on the resulting calculation, very high-resolution PIV processing can be achieved. Spurious vectors are eliminated and accuracy and processing speed is maintained by correlating images in compressed (sparse array) format using second-order spatial correlation. The methodology of this unique image analysis method is presented along with a discussion of its limitations and applicability.
Effects of hog pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone in women: antihormone formation and inhibition of ovarian function.

In Addition to their hormonal actions, gonadotropins may evoke the formation of antihormones. This phenomenon, which is similar if not identical to antibody formation, is seen when a gonadotropin derived from one species is administered for a prolonged period to an individual of another species (1). In a previous study (2) antihormones were detected by the second month of therapy in each of 7 infertile men who received daily injections of sheep pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The antihormones prevented the actions of several gonadotropins, including human pituitary gonadotropin. Neutralization of the patients' endogenous gonadotropins resulted in inhibition of spermatogenesis (3). number of sperm in the seminal fluid fell below pretreatement levels, and testicular morphology, studied by repeated biopsies, regressed to a state resembling that seen after hypophysectomy.
Inhibition of rat testicular androgen synthesis in vitro by melantonin and serotonin.

Carbon-14-labeled progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone were incubated with rat testicular preparations with and without serotonin or melatonin. Serotonin inhibited 17α-hydroxylase, 17α-hydroxypregnene-C17-C20-lyase, and 17-keto reductase activities. Serotonin increased 17P-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, but decreased 20α-reductase for 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Melatonin also inhibited 17ot-hydroxylase, 17α-hydroxypregnene- C17-C20-lyase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, but not 17-keto reductase activities. It increased 20a-reductase activity. Serotonin and melatonin altered the A/T ratios in the incubations. The effects of serotonin on steroid biotransformations correlated well with recent reports of the presence of serotonin in testicular tissue and with the metabolism of serotonin as it related to age changes in the rat. The differential action of serotonin and melatonin on the 17βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system is consistent with the hypothesis that t...
Renormalization-group study of Anderson and Kondo impurities in gapless Fermi systems

Thermodynamic properties are presented for four magnetic impurity models describing the scattering of fermions from a localized orbital at an energy-dependent rate $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ which vanishes precisely at the Fermi level, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=0$. Specifically, it is assumed that for small $|\ensuremath{\epsilon}|$, $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\epsilon})\ensuremath{\propto}|\ensuremath{\epsilon}{|}^{r}$ with $rg0$. The cases $r=1$ and $r=2$ describe dilute magnetic impurities in unconventional $(d$- and $p$-wave) superconductors, ``flux phases'' of the two-dimensional electron gas, and certain zero-gap semiconductors. For the nondegenerate Anderson model, the main effects of the depression of the low-energy scattering rate are the suppression of mixed valence in favor of local-moment behavior and a marked reduction in the exchange coupling on entry to the local-moment regime, with a consequent narrowing of the range of parameters within which the impurity spin becomes Kondo screened. The precise relationship between the Anderson model and the exactly screened Kondo model with power-law exchange is examined. The intermediate-coupling fixed point identified in the latter model by Withoff and Fradkin (WF) is shown to have clear signatures both in the thermodynamic properties and in the local magnetic response of the impurity. The underscreened, impurity-spin-1 Kondo model and the overscreened, two-channel Kondo model both exhibit a conditionally stable intermediate-coupling fixed point in addition to unstable fixed points of the WF type. In all four models, the presence or absence of particle-hole symmetry plays a crucial role in determining the physics both at strong coupling and in the vicinity of the WF transition. These results are obtained using an extension of Wilson's numerical renormalization-group technique to treat energy-dependent scattering. The strong- and weak-coupling fixed points of each model are identified and their stability is analyzed. Algebraic expressions are derived for the fixed-point thermodynamic properties and for low-temperature corrections about the stable fixed points. Numerical data are presented confirming the algebraic results, identifying and characterizing intermediate-coupling (non-Fermi-liquid) fixed points, and exploring temperature-driven crossovers between different physical regimes.
A Nephelometric Procedure for Determination of Fat and Protein in Milk

Abstract A nephelometric procedure for determination of protein and fat content of milk has been developed. Protein is aggregated into a colloidal suspension by the addition of an anhydrous reagent consisting of 15.75% acetic anhydride, 83.75% glacial acetic acid, and .5% p-toluenesulfonic acid. Protein then is redissolved, and the fat is aggregated into an emulsion by addition of an aqueous surfactant solution consisting of 5% IGEPAL DM-970 in water. Correlation of the nephelometric method with the standard Kjeldahl protein determination gives a coefficient of .977; that of the nephelometric and Babcock fat determination gives .985.
Correcting for Classification Errors when Estimating the Number of Genes Using Recombinant Inbred Chromosome Lines

Techniques based on intercultivar chromosome substitution lines in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have been used to identify and locate the genes controlling quantitative traits on a specific chromosome. For a particular trait, the number of segregating loci affecting differences between two parental lines are generally determined by the frequency distribution of recombinant inbred chromosome lines (RICLs). Recombinant inbred chromosome lines are the inbred progeny of crosses between a chromosome substitution line and its parent cultivar. The determination of the presence, and the number of segregating loci becomes difficult (i) when the distribution exhibits no clear discrete classes, (ii) when there is a considerable chance of misclassifying lines into parental and recombinant types, and (iii) when loci are linked. We describe an approach to estimate the number of segregating loci responsible for the difference between a chromosome substitution line and parental cultivar using the derived RICLs when classification errors are likely. We also discuss the effects of linked loci on the estimates. The method was used to estimate the number of genes on chromosome 3A controlling grain yield, kernels spike -1 , kernel weight, spikes m -2 , grain volume weight, plant height and anthesis date in wheat.