cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of cancer metastasis using a novel macroscopic hyperspectral method

The proposed macroscopic optical histopathology includes a broad-band light source which is selected to illuminate the tissue glass slide of suspicious pathology, and a hyperspectral camera that captures all wavelength bands from 450 to 950 nm. The system has been trained to classify each histologic slide based on predetermined pathology with light having a wavelength within a predetermined range of wavelengths. This technology is able to capture both the spatial and spectral data of tissue. Highly metastatic human head and neck cancer cells were transplanted to nude mice. After 2- 3 weeks, the mice were euthanized and the lymph nodes and lung tissues were sent to pathology. The metastatic cancer is studied in lymph nodes and lungs. The pathological slides were imaged using the hyperspectral camera. The results of the proposed method were compared to the pathologic report. Using hyperspectral images, a library of spectral signatures for different tissues was created. The high-dimensional data were classified using a support vector machine (SVM). The spectra are extracted in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues in lymph nodes and lung tissues. The spectral dimension is used as the input of SVM. Twelve glasses are employed for training and evaluation. The leave-one-out cross-validation method is used in the study. After training, the proposed SVM method can detect the metastatic cancer in lung histologic slides with the specificity of 97.7% and the sensitivity of 92.6%, and in lymph node slides with the specificity of 98.3% and the sensitivity of 96.2%. This method may be able to help pathologists to evaluate many histologic slides in a short time.
Techniques in facile calculation of molecular orbital parameters and related conceptualizations—molecular orbital functional groups

Abstract The superhighway to greater understanding requires the development of techniques for facile methods (i.e. back of an envelope methods) of calculation and conceptualization of chemical phenomena. Huckel molecular orbital (HMO) theory is one of the vehicles on this superhighway. While reviewing some examples within this framework, new insights are given and select HMO data will be tabulated for the first time.
Multiwavelength Raman Spectroscopic Study of Silica-Supported Vanadium Oxide Catalysts

The molecular structure of silica-supported vanadium oxide (VOx) catalysts over wide range of surface VOx density (0.0002−8 V/nm2) has been investigated in detail under dehydrated conditions by in situ multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy (laser excitations at 244, 325, 442, 532, and 633 nm) and in situ UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Resonance Raman scattering is clearly observed using 244 and 325 nm excitations, whereas normal Raman scattering occurs using excitation at the three visible wavelengths. The observation of strong fundamentals, overtones, and combinational bands due to selective resonance enhancement effect helps clarify assignments of some of the VOx Raman bands (920, 1032, and 1060 cm−1) whose assignments have been controversial. The resonance Raman spectra of dehydrated VOx/SiO2 show a V═O band at a smaller Raman shift than that in visible Raman spectra, an indication of the presence of two different surface VOx species on dehydrated SiO2 even at submonolayer VOx loading. Quantitat...
Patient Bypass Behavior and Critical Access Hospitals: Implications for Patient Retention

PURPOSE: To assess the extent of bypass for inpatient care among patients living in Critical Access Hospital (CAH) service areas, and to determine factors associated with bypass, the reasons for bypass, and what CAHs can do to retain patients locally. METHODS: Six hundred and forty-seven subjects, aged 18 years and older, who had been admitted to a hospital for inpatient care in the past 12 months and lived within 15-20 miles of 25 randomly selected CAHs were surveyed by phone during the period from early February through late July 2005. Survey questions included demographic characteristics, general health status, travel time/distance to health care, questions on satisfaction with local health services, bypass behavior, and solicited suggestions on how local hospitals could retain patients locally. FINDINGS: About 60% of surveyed patients bypassed their local CAHs for inpatient care including 16% who were referred to another facility by the local CAH/health care providers and would use the local hospital if needed services were available. Bypass rates ranged from 16% to 70% across the sampled CAHs. Factors associated with bypass included age, income, satisfaction with the local hospital, and traveling distance/time. Lack of specialty care, limited services, and the quality/reputation of local services/doctors were most frequently mentioned as reasons why patients bypass local CAHs. CONCLUSIONS: The bypass rate for sampled CAHs is considerably higher than the 20%-50% bypass rates documented in the literature for all hospitals in general using discharge/administrative data. The sizeable variation in bypass rates across CAHs suggests that the appropriate response/fix should come from the facility/community levels. Language: en
An Improved Adaptive Filter for Voltage and Current Reference Extraction

A novel improved adaptive filter is presented is this paper for extraction of fundamental components of voltage and current signals. The filter uses the concept of Least Square Method to cancel the distortions. Mathematical analysis of the proposed filter is described. The application of this filter includes active filters, UPS systems, and other power quality conditioners. The simulation and experimental results of the system are also presented to verify the viability of this filter.
Observations of mesoscale eddies in the South Atlantic Cape Basin: Baroclinic and deep barotropic eddy variability

[1] Anticyclones and cyclones in the eastern South Atlantic are characterized based on data collected during January 2003 to March 2005, along a Jason 1 satellite altimeter ground track, as part of the Agulhas South Atlantic Thermohaline Transport Experiment. Large and small cyclones and anticyclones were ubiquitous in the deep ocean of the eastern South Atlantic, as well as in the upper ocean. Eddy structures jointly corotating in the upper and deep water column were common; most of the time (94%) these were not axially aligned as they copropagated. The Agulhas rings and cyclones that populate the region generally carry both a steric component (baroclinic) and a mass loading component (deep barotropic structure). Average translation speeds were 7.5 cm s−1 for baroclinic eddies and twice as fast for barotropic eddies, irrespective of polarity. Translation speeds were higher than advection by the mean background flow field. In addition, large mixed baroclinic-barotropic rings crashed into the Agulhas Ridge and nearby seamounts and split into two or more parts. Some ring parts were also observed to fuse together. Deep cyclones, as well as interactions with topography, were observed to play a role in the fission process of Agulhas rings. These processes can increase the population of Agulhas rings and their remnant eddies, which took three pathways from the Agulhas and into the Cape Basin: (1) a deep pathway between the continental slope and Erica Seamount, (2) a shallower pathway over or near the Agulhas Ridge and Schmitt-Otto Seamount, and (3) a deep seaward pathway around the Agulhas Ridge.
Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol in the neonatal horse

Chloramphenicol sodium succinate was administered as an intravenous bolus (50 mg/kg) to eight foals which weighed 49-57 kg (mean +/- 1 standard deviation = 53.19 +/- 2.66) each, and were 1-9 days (4.5 +/- 2.56) of age. The drug was rapidly distributed and followed first-order elimination. Mean pharmacokinetic values were: zero-time serum concentration (C0) = 36.14 microgram/ml (+/- 14.80); apparent specific volume of distribution (Vd) = 1.614 1/kg (+/- 0.669); and elimination rate constant (K) = 0.7295 h-1 (+/- 0.3066) which corresponds to a biological half-life (t1/2) = 0.95 h. These values do not differ greatly from those reported for adult horses and ponies. A suspension of chloramphenicol was administered by nasogastric tube (50 mg/kg) to a second group of seven foals which weighed 49 to 57 kg (51.34 +/- 2.82) each and were 1 to 7 days (4.43 +/- 1.90) of age. A mean peak serum chloramphenicol concentration of 23.97 microgram/ml (+/- 7.06) was achieved 1.14 h (+/- 0.63) after administration. The bioavailability of this preparation was 83.27 percent.
Magnetization studies of amorphous antiferromagnetism in manganese phosphate glass

Abstract The magnetization of amorphous antiferromagnetic manganese phosphate glass has been studied as a function of manganese concentration, temperature, and magnetic field. The experimental results are interpreted using a two spin model of amorphous antiferromagnetism where the probability of a given exchange interaction is calculated using crystalline Mn 2 P 2 O 7 as a structural model.
Effect of Image Compression on Telepathology

Abstract Context.—For practitioners deploying store-and-forward telepathology systems, optimization methods such as image compression need to be studied. Objective.—To determine if Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPG or JPEG) compression, a lossy image compression algorithm, negatively affects the accuracy of diagnosis in telepathology. Design.—Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Setting.—University-based pathology departments. Participants.—Resident and staff pathologists at the University of Illinois, Chicago, and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Intervention.—Compression of raw images using the JPEG algorithm. Main Outcome Measures.—Image acceptability, accuracy of diagnosis, confidence level of pathologist, image quality. Results.—There was no statistically significant difference in the diagnostic accuracy between noncompressed (bit map) and compressed (JPG) images. There were also no differences in the acceptability, confidence level, and perception of image quality. Additionally,...
Managing the optical networking solution: is increased bandwidth enough to reduce delays?

Many corporate network managers and service providers believe that more capacity can address bandwidth demands as well as delays in message transfer. As the sidebar "Optical Technology and Wavelength-Division Multiplexing" briefly describes, the solution of choice is optical technology that uses wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). The implication of WDM is that network managers can improve their Internet application and network response time by leasing more capacity from service providers - response time being the sum of message (request and response) and application-processing delays. But although WDM transmission is promising, it presents a trade-off between bandwidth and message-transfer latency - a trade-off that is particularly significant for long-haul networks where latency begins to dominate and offset any additional bandwidth advantage for single-message transfers. To help IT network managers get the most from WDM-based technology, the authors have derived a model that establishes a boundary bandwidth for single message transfers. The boundary represents the point at which latency begins to offset any advantage from additional bandwidth. The model clearly shows that bandwidth management is as critical to the success of this technology as having access to a large supply of raw bandwidth.
Looking in the Wrong Place: Why Chile Provides No Evidence for Social Security Privatization

The performance of Chile's system of state-sponsored private pensions has been a major theme for advocates of privatizing U.S. Social Security. Chile's experience also has been criticized by defenders of the current U.S. system. This article explains why, though the critics deserve the upper hand, the whole discussion is misguided. The most basic issue in the policy debate is how adequately pensions could be financed through regulated individual investment in financial markets. Chilean experience offers little evidence on this question because, for the first fifteen years of the system, pensions and accumulations in the Chilean funds had little to do with the kinds of market forces that would be relevant to predicting experience anywhere.
Role of CD28-B7 interactions in generation and maintenance of CD8 T cell memory

Although the role of CD28-B7 interaction in the activation of naive T cells is well established, its importance in the generation and maintenance of T cell memory is not well understood. In this study, we examined the requirement for CD28-B7 interactions in primary T cell activation and immune memory. Ag-specific CD8 T cell responses were compared between wild-type (+/+) and CD28-deficient (CD28(-/-)) mice following an acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). During the primary response, there was a substantial activation and expansion of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells in both +/+ and CD28(-/-) mice. However, the magnitude of the primary CD8 T cell response to both dominant and subdominant LCMV CTL epitopes was approximately 2- to 3-fold lower in CD28(-/-) mice compared with +/+ mice; the lack of CD28-mediated costimulation did not lead to preferential suppression of CD8 T cell responses to the weaker subdominant epitopes. As seen in CD28(-/-) mice, blockade of B7-mediated costimulation by CTLA4-Ig treatment of +/+ mice also resulted in a 2-fold reduction in the anti-LCMV CD8 T cell responses. Loss of CD28/B7 interactions did not significantly affect the generation and maintenance of CD8 T cell memory; the magnitude of CD8 T cell memory was approximately 2-fold lower in CD28(-/-) mice as compared with +/+ mice. Further, in CD28(-/-) mice, LCMV-specific memory CD8 T cells showed normal homeostatic proliferation in vivo and also conferred protective immunity. Therefore, CD28 signaling is not necessary for the proliferative renewal and maintenance of memory CD8 T cells.
Towards better measurement of household food security: Harmonizing indicators and the role of household surveys

A variety of indicators are currently used for food security analysis, monitoring, and programming, and most agencies have their preferred variant on methods of data collection, aggregation, and analysis. This lack of consensus is reflected in an inefficient multiplicity of survey instruments collecting information on various dimensions of food and nutrition security, with tremendous variation in the content, quality, and quantity of the information collected. No single existing survey instrument will ever be able to collect all needed indicators at the desired periodicity, and no single institution has either the mandate or the ability to measure and monitor food security in its many dimensions on a global scale. However, with better coordination across institutions and survey efforts, the state of food security measurement worldwide can be greatly improved. This paper attempts to identify the elements of a strategy, built around a combination of short-term fixes and long-term methodological advancements, to reverse the existing trends of poor coordination and slow methodological innovation in food security measurement and monitoring. International focus on a small dashboard of indicators, collected on a regular basis by different stakeholders through a number of available data collection options, is feasible and can be partially achieved by repurposing existing surveys to better suit food security monitoring goals.
Mesenchymal-like pancreatic cancer cells harbor specific genomic alterations more frequently than their epithelial-like counterparts

The aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer is associated with the acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics by a subset of pancreatic cancer cells. The factors driving the development of this subset are not well understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype occurs selectively in tumor cells that harbor specific enabling genetic alterations. We obtained whole-genome comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) measurements on pancreatic cancer cell lines that have either an epithelial-like (17 cell lines) or a mesenchymal-like (9 cell lines) phenotype in vitro. The total amounts of amplifications and deletions were equivalent between the epithelial and mesenchymal groups, but 20 genes showed a major difference between the groups in prevalence of alterations. All 20 alterations (18 deletions and 2 amplifications) were more prevalent in the mesenchymal group, confirming the advanced nature of this cellular subtype. CDKN2A was altered in more than 50% of both groups, but co-deletions in neighboring genes, and concomitant loss of gene expression, were more prevalent in the mesenchymal group, suggesting that the size of the loss around CDKN2A affects cell phenotype. Whole-genome CGH on 11 primary cancer tissues revealed that the 20 genes were altered at a higher prevalence (up to 55% of the cases for certain genes) than randomly selected sets of 20 genes, with the same direction of alteration as in the cell lines. These findings support the concept that specific genetic alterations enable phenotype plasticity and provide promising candidate genes for further research.
Landsat sensor performance: history and current status

The current Thematic Mapper (TM) class of Landsat sensors began with Landsat-4, which was launched in 1982. This series continued with the nearly identical sensor on Landsat-5, launched in 1984. The final sensor in the series was the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), which was carried into orbit in 1999. Varying degrees of effort have been devoted to the characterization of these instruments and data over the past 22 years. Extensive short-lived efforts early in the history, very limited efforts in the middle years, and now a systematic program for continuing characterization of all three systems are apparent. Currently, both the Landsat-5 TM and the Landsat-7 ETM+ are operational and providing data. Despite 20+ years of operation, the TM on Landsat-5 is fully functional, although downlinks for the data are limited. Landsat-7 ETM+ experienced a failure of its Scan Line Corrector mechanism in May 2003. Although there are gaps in the data coverage, the data remain of equivalent quality to prefailure data. Data products have been developed to fill these gaps using other ETM+ scenes.
Using next-generation sequencing approaches to isolate simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in the plant sciences

The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for the development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite loci for genetic research in the botanical sciences is described. Microsatellite markers are one of the most informative and versatile DNA-based markers used in plant genetic research, but their development has traditionally been a diffi cult and costly process. NGS technologies allow the effi cient identifi cation of large numbers of microsatellites at a fraction of the cost and effort of traditional approaches. The major advantage of NGS methods is their ability to produce large amounts of sequence data from which to isolate and develop numerous genome-wide and gene-based microsatellite loci. The two major NGS technologies with emergent application in SSR isolation are 454 and Illumina. A review is provided of several recent studies demonstrating the effi cient use of 454 and Illumina technologies for the discovery of microsatellites in plants. Additionally, important aspects during NGS isolation and development of microsatellites are discussed, including the use of computational tools and high-throughput genotyping methods. A data set of microsatellite loci in the plastome and mitochondriome of cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is provided to illustrate a successful application of 454 sequencing for SSR discovery. In the future, NGS technologies will massively increase the number of SSRs and other genetic markers available to conduct genetic research in understudied but economically important crops such as cranberry.
Heat and Mass Transfer in Power-Law Nanofluids Over a Nonisothermal Stretching Wall With Convective Boundary Condition

A boundary layer analysis that has been presented for the heat and mass transfer in power-law nanofluids over a stretching surface with convective boundary condition are investigated numerically. The surface nanoparticle concentration is kept constant. A power-law model is used for non-Newtonian, fluids, whereas Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are incorporated in the nanofluid model. A similarity transformation is used to reduce mass, momentum, thermal energy, and nanoparticles concentration equations into nonlinear ordinary differeratial equations which are solved numerically by using a finite difference method. The effects of nanofluid parameters, suction/injection, and convective parameters and generalized Pr and Le numbers on dimensionless functions, skin friction, local Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers are shown graphically. The quantitative comparison of skin friction and heat transfer rates with the published results for special cases is shown in tabular form and is found in good agreement.
Treatment of Candida glabrata Infection in Immunosuppressed Mice by Using a Combination of Liposomal Amphotericin B with Caspofungin or Micafungin

While Candida albicans remains the most common Candida isolate, Candida glabrata accounts for approximately 15 to 20% of all Candida infections in the United States. In this study we used immunosuppressed mice infected with C. glabrata to investigate the efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B alone or in combination with the echinocandin caspofungin or micafungin. For monotherapy, mice were given six daily doses of liposomal amphotericin B (3 to 20 mg/kg of body weight), caspofungin (1 to 5 mg/kg), or micafungin (2.5 to 10 mg/kg). With concomitant therapy, mice received liposomal amphotericin B (7.5 mg/kg) in addition to caspofungin (2.5 mg/kg) or micafungin (2.5 mg/kg) for 6 days. For sequential therapy, liposomal amphotericin B was administered on days 1 to 3 and caspofungin or micafungin was given on days 4 to 6; conversely, caspofungin or micafungin was administered on days 1 to 3 and liposomal amphotericin B was given on days 4 to 6. Efficacy was based on the number of CFU per gram of kidney 21 days postchallenge. Monotherapy with liposomal amphotericin B (7.5 to 20 mg/kg) was significantly more effective than no drug treatment (control group) (P < 0.05) and demonstrated a dose-dependent response, with 20 mg/kg lowering the CFU/g from 6.3 to 4.2 (significantly different from the value for the control group [P < 0.001]). Monotherapy with all echinocandin doses lowered the CFU/g from 6.0 to 6.4 to 2.7 to 3.3 (significantly different from the value for the control group [P < 0.001]) with no dose-dependent response. Complete clearance of infection could be achieved only when liposomal amphotericin B was given either concomitantly with caspofungin or micafungin or if liposomal amphotericin B was given sequentially with caspofungin. In conclusion, the combination of liposomal amphotericin B with an echinocandin markedly improved the therapeutic outcome in murine C. glabrata systemic infection.
Thermal and chemical evidence for rapid water exchange across the sediment‐water interface by bioirrigation in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida

Time-series measurements of chloride (Cl 2 ) concentrations in lagoon and pore waters of an estuary on the east coast of Florida (Indian River Lagoon) demonstrate exchange of lagoon surface water to depths of ,40 cm in the sediment in less than 46 h. The exchange rate may be as fast as 150 cm d 21 based on models of the decay in the amplitude of diurnal temperature variations and the time lag of maxima and minima of the temperature variations at depths of 15 and 30 cm below the sediment–water interface. These flow rates indicate a minimum residence time of 0.33 d for the pore water. Considering the small tides and waves, rate of the exchange, and large number of bioturbating organisms in the Indian River Lagoon, the exchange of water is driven largely by bioirrigation. The exchange provides a greater flux of excess radon-222 from the sediment to the lagoon than would occur from diffusion alone. The exchange also pumps oxygenated water into the sediments, thereby enhancing organic carbon remineralization and the flux of nitrogen from sediments to the lagoon water. High rates of exchange across the sediment–water interface indicate that marine sources are volumetrically more important than terrestrial sources to submarine groundwater discharge in the permeable sediments of this estuary. Conceptualization of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has long been based on the Dupuit–Ghyben– Herzberg model of a buoyant freshwater lens that overlies seawater and discharges at a seepage face along the
POLITICAL INCORPORATION AND CRITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF BLACK PUBLIC OPINION

The 2000 presidential election was unprecedented not only because of the lengthy dispute over the results, but also because both the Republican and Democratic Party presidential candidates directed their campaign appeals to minority voters. Because Black public opinion has moderated over time, Blacks are closer ideologically to the Democratic and Republican parties. Whereas in the 1970s and early 1980s Blacks believed the Democratic Party to be to the right of their position on issues such as government aid to Blacks and minority groups, today they see little difference, placing the Democratic Party slightly to the left of themselves on average. Black attitudes have moderated, I argue, because of the coercive dynamic of their incorporation into mainstream, electoral politics. And, indeed, the greatest force behind the newfound unity between Blacks and the Democratic Party is, ironically, the exogenous expansion of Black members' opportunities for political power and advancement in the United States House of Representatives. However, in contrast to other structural accounts, my analysis still leaves open the possibility that Black opinion could re-radicalize in the future.Note: Earlier versions of this paper were presented at a May 2003 conference on “New Perspectives on the Study of Race and Political Representation” at the University of Rochester organized by Fredrick C. Harris and Valeria Sinclair-Chapman, and at the 2002 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association meeting in Boston. The author thanks the participants at these events and Emory Denise Christian for their comments, and UCI's Center for the Study of Democracy for its financial support.
Tracheoesophageal and Aortoesophageal Fistulae Complicating Corrosive Esophagitis

A 54-year-old man suffered third-degree caustic burns of the esophagus and proximal two-thirds of the stomach. A tracheoesophageal fistula developed, and surgery was performed to exclude the esophagus from gastrointestinal reflux and to divert the oral secretions. An uneventful postoperative course was interrupted on the 27th day after the burn by massive hemoptysis and sudden death. Autopsy revealed an aortoesophageal fistula in addition to a tracheoesophageal fistula.
ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY HEAT PIPE FLIGHT PERFORMANCE DATA

The paper describes preflight and inflight performance checkout of the three isothermalizer heat pipes onboard the OAO-C spacecraft. The three pipes are 1) an axially grooved pipe, 2) a pedestal artery pipe, and 3) a self-priming spiral artery pipe. All pipes are 1/2-in.-diam tube rolled into a 48-in.-diam hoop. They are constructed of aluminum and use ammonia as working fluid. Periodic inflight performance checks have been made since launch in August 1972. No degra­ dation in performance of any of the pipes has been detected. The flight data are in excellent agreement with ground test data.
Topomorphologic Separation of Fused Isointensity Objects via Multiscale Opening: Separating Arteries and Veins in 3-D Pulmonary CT

A novel multiscale topomorphologic approach for opening of two isointensity objects fused at different locations and scales is presented and applied to separating arterial and venous trees in 3-D pulmonary multidetector X-ray computed tomography (CT) images. Initialized with seeds, the two isointensity objects (arteries and veins) grow iteratively while maintaining their spatial exclusiveness and eventually form two mutually disjoint objects at convergence. The method is intended to solve the following two fundamental challenges: how to find local size of morphological operators and how to trace continuity of locally separated regions. These challenges are met by combining fuzzy distance transform (FDT), a morphologic feature with a topologic fuzzy connectivity, and a new morphological reconstruction step to iteratively open finer and finer details starting at large scales and progressing toward smaller scales. The method employs efficient user intervention at locations where local morphological separability assumption does not hold due to imaging ambiguities or any other reason. The approach has been validated on mathematically generated tubular objects and applied to clinical pulmonary noncontrast CT data for separating arteries and veins. The tradeoff between accuracy and the required user intervention for the method has been quantitatively examined by comparing with manual outlining. The experimental study, based on a blind seed selection strategy, has demonstrated that above 95% accuracy may be achieved using 25-40 seeds for each of arteries and veins. Our method is very promising for semiautomated separation of arteries and veins in pulmonary CT images even when there is no object-specific intensity variation at conjoining locations.
SHORT-TERM STABILITY OF ADULT REFLECTION-IMPULSIVITY

Short-term stability of error and latency scores on the adult Matching Familiar Figures test was examined in 35 male and 35 female college students. Subjects received one form of the matching test in an individual testing session, followed by a second form approximately 2 wk. later. Results indicated moderate stability of errors and latencies for males and females, although the reliability for errors was generally lower than for latencies. The discussion focused on methodological implications of the findings.
On An Extremal Property of Antichains in Partial Orders. The Lym Property and Some of Its Implications and Applications

Let F be a collection of subsets of an n element set S, such that no member of F contains another. We call such a collection an antichain, in contrast to a collection that is totally ordered by inclusion which one usually calls a chain.
Peracetic Acid Treatment of Eggs

ABSTRACT Peracetic acid, CH3COOOH, is a relatively stable and highly potent bactericide which decomposes to acetic acid, oxygen and water. Although these qualities indicate that peracetic acid (PAA) should be useful as a germicide for the food industries, few investigators have examined the practical applications of PAA in food processing. Hutchings and Xezones (1949) and Gershenfeld and Davis (1952) reported that PAA was an effective bactericide for food plant sanitation. The former investigators found PAA to be more effective than the twenty-five quaternaries, chlorine-containing compounds and proprietary cleaners evaluated for bactericidal action. Greenspan and collaborators (1950 (1951) described large-scale field tests where PAA was found to retard mold growth on tomatoes and grapes over two to three day holding periods. The F.D.A. had not objected to use of PAA as a germicidal wash for tomatoes where a water-wash step precedes processing (Greenspan, 1955). Cotterill and Hartman (1955) found that PAA lacked . . .
The bleaching syndrome among people of color implications of skin color for human behavior in the social environment

In the aftermath of mass migrations from Europe, most Americans have been of European descent, i.e., “white.” From said migration light skin evolved as the American ideal not irrelevant to people of color. Using a sample of African-American college freshmen, hypotheses were formulated to assess extent of the problem and by inference the Bleaching Syndrome. According to these data, there is a statistically significant relationship between self-identified skin color correlated with light skin providing evidence of the Bleaching Syndrome (the conscious awareness of the cognitive and attitudinal levels of the similarities and differences between the dominant group mainstream and dominated out-group to negate one's self for the purposes of assimilation). Those who study people of color are then challenged to decipher the maze of tradition and create a suitable climate for the study of human behavior in the social environment. In this they will accommodate social justice and an overall ability of diver...
Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly

Objectives. To determine the effect of sodium (Na) reduction on occurrence of headaches.Methods. In the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly, 975 men and woman (aged 60–80 years) with hypertension were randomized to a Na-reduction intervention or control group and were followed for up to 36 months. The study was conducted between 1992 and 1995 at 4 clinical centers (Johns Hopkins University, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and the University of Tennessee).Results. Mean difference in Na excretion between the Na-reduction intervention and control group was significant at each follow-up visit (P < .001) with an average difference of 38.8 millimoles per 24 hours. The occurrence of headaches was significantly lower in the Na-reduction intervention group (10.5%) compared with control (14.3%) with a hazard ratio of 0.59 (95% confidence interval = 0.40, 0.88; P = .009). The risk of headaches was significantly associated with average level of Na excr...
Sustainability in the University Curriculum: Teaching Introductory Economics

Economics is the study of human behavior in relation to a resource-constrained world. The discipline is a behavioral science. From this perspective, economics incorporates the evaluation of both individual and societal behavior within the context of prevailing cultural values to assess resource use, constraints and sustainability relative to anthropomorphic or human-focused resource utilization. However, many cultural values can be described as legacy, defined as an inheritance from a previous generation. Additionally and related, unless there is a continuous assessment and reassessment of and between social actions and societal frameworks, there can be a delay in the needed responsiveness to modify cultural values. The latter statement addresses the need for promoting awareness of the parameters that define sustainable consumption. This paper explores one example of how increasing awareness of the assumptions embedded within supply and demand, as overtly visible in “fair” market prices, can increase awareness of the inherent responsibility of consumption decisions. Using a replicable life cycle cost assessment assignment, the author provides a rationale and outcome for the incorporation of a sustainability project in the teaching of introductory economics.
Editorial Commentary: Keeping it simple: The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

For several decades now, implantable cardioverterdefibrillators (ICDs) have been accepted as the standard approach in preventing death due to lethal arrhythmias [1,2]. Their use has become so commonplace that the term “defibrillator” is no longer met with confusion when directed toward non-medical laypersons. While the earliest ICDs were large, abdominal-based systems implanted surgically via thoracotomy, progression to much smaller pectoral systems implanted via transvenous route is now customary. These early systems rendered life-saving capabilities but little if any diagnostic information. More modern systems, of course, have demonstrated improvements not only in smaller size but also in their capabilities—enhanced diagnostic possibilities such as heart rate and rhythm data, heart failure monitoring, and assessment of system and lead function. Similarly, advancements in ICD therapeutics have been seen —treatment of bradycardia with atrial and ventricular pacing support, anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP), and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Benefits from ICDs are so widely recognized that they are frequently recommended by clinicians and often accepted by patients. So what is the impetus for improving on such a successful treatment platform? What further developments could realistically be sought beyond what has been seen thus far? From decades of experience, insights into unresolved issues with current ICD systems have indeed been learned. While logic would suggest using such information to create a “better” more complex ICD, the newly available wholly subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) is paradoxically borne out of the concept of simplicity while maintaining effectiveness.
Enhanced Biological Nitrogen Removal Process in Step-feed Sequencing Batch Reactor

The operation mode,characteristics,key parameters of step-feed sequencing batch reactor(SFSBR)process as well as its research progresses were introduced,and the application prospect of SFSBR process was also analyzed.Compared to the conventional SBR process,the reaction stage of SFSBR is divided into multiple anoxic/anaerobic-aerobic sub-cycles,and feeding is conducted at the beginning of each anoxic/anaerobic phase.Owing to stepfeed strategy driving organic matters in the feeding to serve as carbon source for denitrifiers to a great extent,denitrification efficiency and thus nitrogen removal efficiency are enhanced in the system.Additionally,SFSBR process is not only suitable for application in a newly-constructed wastewater treatment plant,but also applicable to modification of traditional SBR process improving nutrients removal efficiency.Therefore,it is highly feasible to extend SFSBR process in the practical wastewater treatment engineering.
Comparison of two methods for rapid detection of influenza virus

Objective:Comparison of merits and limitations between colloidal gold colloid immunochromatography assay and dot immuno-enzyme filtration assay.Methods:Four subtype of Influenza virus were diluted,then the dilutions were detected with two methods above.Results:Colloidal gold colloid immunochromatography assay are more simpl and rapid than dot immuno-enzyme filtration assay,and the latter are more sensitive.Conclusion:Dot immuno-enzyme filtration assay are suitable in clinical diagnosis and colloidal gold colloid immunochromatography assay are convenient in field-test and the massive specimens.
Effect of Natto on immune function in mice

Objective:To explore the immunomodulation of Natto tablet in mice.Methods:Natto tablet were orally given to mice with the doses of 0.25 g/kg,0.50 g/kg and 1.50 g/kg of body weight for 30 days and then various immune indexes were determined.Results:Natto tablet was capable of stimulating multiplication of mice's spleen lymphocytes,increasing the level of serum hemolysin,enhancing the devouring index of the peritoneal macrophage and the carbon clearance,and the activity of NK cells have certain rising trend in mice.Conclusion:Natto tablet can enhance the immune function of mice.
A Digital Model for Determining Oxygen Consumption in Tissue

Tissue oxygenation models based on the Krogh cylinder geometry have often been used to determine oxygen distribution in various tissues, especially brain and muscle. Often, the quantity of interest is the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) at the point in the tissue farthest from the arterial end of the capillary. This point is designated the “lethal corner” since it corresponds to the least oxygenated point in the tissue and is therefore theoretically at the greatest risk of becoming anoxic. Generally, assumptions are made regarding the dynamics of oxygen transport within such a geometry and appropriate partial differential equations are written to describe the system. Given a set of values, including tissue cylinder radius, length of capillary, metabolic rate and others, a solution can be obtained by programming the equations on a digital and/or analog computer. The solution to the equations is the pO2 at any point in the tissue or capillary cylinder.
Teaching surgical skills in Ethiopia

An innovative process of training non-medically qualified staff to perform emergency surgery is described. The benefits to the rural communities are balanced against the potential threat to the surgical establishment in Ethiopia.
Trona and sodium bicarbonate in beef cattle diets: effects on site and extent of digestion.

Six yearling Hereford X Angus steers (avg 272 kg), each with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were used in a 6 X 6 Latin-square metabolism trial to evaluate the impact of NaHCO3 and trona (a ground, nonrefined ore with chemical composition NaHCO3-Na2CO3-2H2O) on site and extent of digestion of nutrients in the digestive tract. The diets were 50:50 or 90:10 (cracked corn-based concentrate:cottonseed hulls) with no buffer, 1% NaHCO3, or 1% trona. Intake, across all treatments, averaged 2.4% of body weight. Dry matter (DM) and starch digestibility (via indigestible acid detergent fiber) before the duodenum was decreased (P less than .10) with trona in the 50:50 diet. Digestibility of DM, crude protein and starch before the ileum were greater (P less than .05) in the 90:10 diet vs 50:50 diet. Total tract digestibility was similar across buffer treatments in the 90:10 diet. Addition of NaHCO3 increased (P less than .05) digestibility of dry matter and cell solubles in the 50:50 diet. Organic matter and crude protein digestibility were also increased (P less than .10) with NaHCO3. Apparent crude protein and cell solubles digestibility were greater (P less than .10) with trona than NaHCO3 in the 50:50 diet. This trial indicates that buffers provide overall enhancement of diet digestibility in mixed grain/roughage diets.
Transfiguring portraits

People may look dramatically different by changing their hair color, hair style, when they grow older, in a different era style, or a different country or occupation. Some of those may transfigure appearance and inspire creative changes, some not, but how would we know without physically trying? We present a system that enables automatic synthesis of limitless numbers of appearances. A user inputs one or more photos (as many as they like) of his or her face, text queries an appearance of interest (just like they'd search an image search engine) and gets as output the input person in the queried appearance. Rather than fixing the number of queries or a dataset our system utilizes all the relevant and searchable images on the Internet, estimates a doppelganger set for the inputs, and utilizes it to generate composites. We present a large number of examples on photos taken with completely unconstrained imaging conditions.
Intermittent Versus Daily Calorie Restriction in Visceral Fat Loss

Visceral adiposity is associated with several metabolic abnormalities, and diet-induced reduction of visceral fat improves many of these abnormalities. Daily calorie restriction (DCR) is a popular weight loss diet that reduces energy intake by 15–40% every day. Intermittent calorie restriction (ICR) is an alternative weight loss diet that produces the same reduction in average energy intake as DCR, but instead alternates between periods of intense energy restriction and periods of unrestricted intake. This chapter reviews short-term (8–12 weeks) and moderate-term (13–30 weeks) DCR and ICR studies to determine whether one diet regimen is better for reducing visceral fat (estimated via waist circumference). Results reveal that waist circumference reduction was comparable between ICR (5.5%) and DCR (6.5%) trials over the short term. However, ICR was more effective at reducing waist circumference (8.0%) than DCR (6.2%) in moderate-term trials. These findings indicate that ICR and DCR are equally effective at reducing visceral fat mass in the short term ( 12 weeks).
Health Effects of a Pecan [ Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] Nut-rich Diet

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the contribution of pecans to human nutrition and reviews epidemiological and clinical research on pecan consumption and health. The epidemiological evidence is strong for the cardioprotective effect of nut consumption. When incorporated into meals, pecans reduce cardiovascular disease through a reduction in lipid and lipoprotein risk factors. Pecan extracts show high antioxidant capacity when tested by various assays in vitro. Pecan cultivars exhibit a high degree of variability in chemical composition and polyphenolic content due to genetic species and growth conditions. Total antioxidant capacity (sum of hydrophilic and lipophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity of pecans at 179 micromols of Trolox equivalents) is the highest among the nuts. These data demonstrate that pecans are a rich source of redox-active compounds and may contribute to antioxidant protection provided in the diet by plant foods. There is a paucity of clinical intervention trials examining the effect of pecan consumption on in vivo oxidative stress biomarkers. Despite clear evidence of a link between nut consumption and heart disease, little is known about the mechanisms that mediate this effect. Preliminary research suggests that pecans may lower lipid oxidation and enhance antioxidant capacity.
Ocular Rosacea: A Histologic and Immunopathologic Study

Acne rosacea is an idiopathic dermatologic disease that frequently produces conjunctival inflammation. The authors studied the histology and immunopathology of epibulbar conjunctival biopsy specimens from eight patients with ocular rosacea and compared the findings with those from conjunctiva from 13 normal individuals. The conjunctival epithelium in ocular rosacea was attenuated and infiltrated by inflammatory cells, mainly T-helper/inducer (CD4) cells, phagocytic cells, and antigen-presenting (CD14, Mac-1) cells. The difference between the normal control group and the rosacea group in the number of mononuclear cells forming these populations was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The substantia propria of the rosacea specimens contained large subepithelial infiltrates of chronic inflammatory cells, and in some cases frank granulomaformation was evident. There was an overall mean increase of nearly all cell types, but especially of T-helper cells in the rosacea specimens compared with the controls. Interestingly, T-helper/inducer (CD4) cells, which were outnumbered by the T-suppressor (CD8) cells in the normal conjunctiva) epithelium (CD4/CD8 = 0.85), outnumbered the CD8-positive cells in the rosacea specimens (CD4/CD8 = 1.6). There also was a 3.5-fold increase of the CD4/CD8 ratio in the rosacea conjunctiva) stroma compared with the normal specimens. The mechanism involved in rosacea conjunctiva) inflammation resembles a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
Interagency collaboration: Strengthening substance abuse resources in child welfare.

Abstract Supporting child welfare (CW) workers’ ability to accurately assess substance abuse needs and link families to appropriate services is critical given the high prevalence of parental substance use disorders (SUD) among CW-involved cases. Several barriers hinder this process, including CW workers’ lack of expertise for identifying SUD needs and scarcity of treatment resources. Drawing from theories and emergent literature on interagency collaboration, this study examined the role of collaboration in increasing the availability of resources for identifying and treating SUDs in CW agencies. Using data from the second cohort of families from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, study findings highlight a lack of SUD resources available to CW workers. On the other hand, the availability of SUD resources was increased when CW agencies had a memorandum of understanding, co-location of staff, and more intense collaboration with drug and alcohol service (DAS) providers. These results provide evidence to support efforts to improve collaboration between CW and DAS providers and showcase specific collaboration strategies to implement in order to improve service delivery.