cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Congressional Attempt to Alleviate the Uncertainty of the Court's Establishment Clause Jurisprudence: The Public Expression of Religion Act

The Public Expression of Religion Act of 2005 (Act), introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives as H.R. 2679, addresses the damages available under 42 U.S.C. §§1983 and 1988 as a result of alleged violations of the First Amendment Establishment Clause. For such actions, the Act seeks to limit the remedies to mere injunctive relief, as well as to prohibit any award of attorney's fees. This limitation and prohibition seems logical, in that 1983 claims generally relate to violations of individual rights, whereas Establishment Clause claims relate more to violations of a structural provision of the Constitution. Indeed, these key provisions in the Act may be necessary to prevent a governmental chilling of free speech and free exercise rights under the First Amendment. As numerous Supreme Court decisions have revealed, fear of incurring Establishment Clause litigation can often cause governmental entities to enact policies that discriminate against religious speech or practice. Moreover, the threat of a court assessing attorney's fees under 42 U.S.C. §1988, should a governmental entity's allowance of religious speech on public property later be deemed an unconstitutional establishment of religion, may be sufficient to incite that fear and subsequently bring about that discrimination. As such, the threat of an attorney's fee award is particularly chilling because of the highly uncertain and inconsistent status of current constitutional doctrines governing the Establishment Clause. Over the past several decades, the courts have not only used an array of different constitutional tests for determining Establishment Clause violations, but have applied those tests in confusing and inconsistent ways.
Inventing the Egghead: The Battle over Brainpower in American Culture Aaron Lecklider. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

Inventing the Egghead: The Battle over Brainpower in American Culture Aaron Lecklider. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.Although the use of the term "egghead" dates back to the 1950s, the negotiation of what Lecklider calls "brainpower" in the US has existed since at least the beginning of the twentieth century. On one hand, there are intellectual elites such as writers, journalists, scholars, and others with formal education who often account for a large part of the upper and upper middle class. On the other hand, there are those who are frequently categorized as working class laborers and are not engaged in intellectual work. The sheer number of these laborers is large, despite their limited socioeconomic impact. Lecklider argues that the rise of mass culture and waves of social transformation helped the eggheads lose their control over cultural productions as the masses increasingly determined how a culture would develop. Consequently, the brainpower of the non-elites started to overpower that of those who were considered to be out of touch with reality. In Inventing the Egghead, Lecklider examines the history of American popular and mass culture in the twentieth century to chronicle how this negotiation occurred and how traditional intellectual minorities-working class Americans, women, racial minorities, and others -acquired intellectual authority.The author uses the term "brainpower" to refer to intelligence that empowered ordinary Americans who did not have access to formal higher education. Brainpower challenged existing social and political hierarchical structures and oftentimes led to their demise. This shift occurred when popular and mass culture, and not formal educational and political institutions, became the means of sharing knowledge. From Coney Island to Albert Einstein, the array of evidence the book provides is broad. For example, Luna Park at Coney Island was where tens of thousands of people, if not more, gathered for both simple and educational amusement. Early in the twentieth century, intellectual experiences at an amusement park did not top formal intellectualism. However, the fact that ordinary citizens could obtain education and intellectual experiences through mass popular culture signaled the egghead negotiation which was to come during the following century. For example, even though many intellectuals at the time were confused by intricate works by Einstein, Lecklider argues that he simultaneously gave a sense of hope to many Americans that perhaps one day they would become intellectuals like himself. In other words, Einstein embodied the negotiation between the intellectual elites and non-elites, enemies and friends, and fear for and the fascination of the unknown. …
Educational Technology: Using Computer-Based Scenario Authoring Tools in Athletic Training

Column Editor's Note: Welcome to the inaugural issue of the ATEJ Educational Technology Column (ETC). This first issue of the ETC is monumental in that it continues the legacy of the athletic training profession's commitment to educational technology. Educational technology has been a frequent topic in the ATEJ. A quick skim of the ATEJ archive reveals keywords such as DVD, mobile learning, online assessment, web-based database, and computer-based training CPR. The goal of the ETC is to provide a compendium of affordable, easy-to-use, time-saving educational technology tools for the athletic training educator. Each issue of the ETC will be dedicated to a specific theme and paired with a set of tools which can be used by you, the athletic training educator, for teaching, learning and/or administrative purposes. The ETC will provide understandable reviews of the advantages, disadvantages, and practical applications for each tool. A typical column will provide a hypothetical problem and technology tool solut...
L2 Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition Through Extensive Listening to Podcasts

During my first semester of teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) I had five hundred students. I taught ten sections of Advanced English at the University of Science and Technology in Beijing, China. Each section had fifty students, whom I met with for one and a half hours once a week. The main goal of the course was to help undergraduates with advanced English proficiency pass the College English Test, a university exit requirement for all undergraduates in China. A secondary goal of the course was to prepare students for graduate study in Englishspeaking academic environments, since a majority of them would eventually go on to graduate studies in the U.S., England, or Australia.
Paul's Letters as Artifacts: The Value of the Written Text among Non-Literate People

Paul's letters were composed in an era when the vast majority of the population could not read the correspondence delivered by Paul's couriers. This article explores why Paul might have written instead of merely sending messengers to present his greetings to his churches and how Paul's non-literate communities may have reacted to his written documents. An examination of the use of written texts by non-literate cultures in a variety of cultures reveals that written texts hold a place of honor and are recognized, in some instances, as sacred, mystical objects that are imbued with power because of their indecipherability. In light of the human tendency to revere writing, the long-held position in biblical scholarship that Paul operated under a marked disadvantage and diminished authority due to his necessary reliance upon letters rather than a personal visit is called into question. This article argues that Paul's written messages to largely non-literate churches functioned as sacred artifacts that contribut...
Pesticide Drift V. Vertical Drift from Aerial Spray Applications

Vertical drift, or upward loss of aerially applied sprays, was measured using cascade air samplers suspended from helium-filled weather balloons. Measurable quantities of the added fluorescent dye were collected from 1- to 150-foot altitudes 82 to 660 feet downwind. Generally the greater the altitude the less the drift, except at the station nearest application, where the greatest drift was detected in the highest sampler. Twenty-four percent of the drift spray volume was in the respirable particle size. In two tests the on-target deposits were 49.6% and 84.2%, the differences correlating with air movement during application.
Development of a Particle-Particle Hybrid Scheme based on ESBGK and DSMC Methods to Simulate Multi-scale Transitional Flows

In the present work, we have developed a new particle-particle hybrid method that consists of the statistical ESBGK and DSMC method. The switching criterion between two methods is not based on macroscopic gradients, as was previously used by many other researchers. Instead, in this work, a switching criterion has been developed based on the deviation of the velocity distribution function from Maxwellian, and is based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistical test. The selection of a particular particle method in each cell in the computational domain is based on the local K-S parameter value with respect to a pre-set global switching criterion. A numerically efficient technique to compute the K-S parameter is developed from which the degree of non-equilibrium can be calculated for the whole computational domain. Two well known fluid flow problems, expanding argon flow through a nozzle and a hypersonic flow over a blunt body, have been studied. The K-S parameter is shown to demarcate the regions of non-equilibrium from the near-equilibrium regions, and the solutions obtained by the hybrid method are shown to agree well with the benchmark DSMC solutions for both of the case studies. The newly developed hybrid method is also shown to be numerically more efficient than either of the component methods.
Tipping: the case of hotel turndown service.

Abstract Turndown services are experiential and value-added practices to make guests feel cared-for in luxury hotels. Previous research has found that when receiving an additional or exceptional service, people may feel obligated to respond with a reciprocal behavior, such as providing tips. This study aims to investigate the effects of hotel turndown services on tips given to hotel room attendants. The results revealed that the room attendants received more tips for providing turndown service, both in terms of the frequency of receiving tips and the amount of those tips. The findings suggest that without the existence of a tipping norm in hotel guest rooms, the relationship between service and tip seems much clearer.
'A Model Prison for the Next 50 Years': The High-Tech, Public-Private Shimane Asahi Rehabilitation Center

The declining incarceration rate in America provides an opportunity to rethink the quality of prisons and ask: If you were told that your neighbors were newly released prisoners, what kind of institution would you want them to have served time in? One positive model of prison is a high-tech, public-private partnership prison that embraces rehabilitation, reentry and restorative justice – and that also strives to have the local community as a partner. The article reports on a visit to Shimane Asahi rehabilitation center in Japan. It provides background on the prison and Japan’s experiment with privatizing “social infrastructure.” The article then describes the involvement of the private sector and the infusion of technology, including tracking, scanners, and automated food delivery. Next, it provides an overview of numerous educational, therapeutic, and vocational programs. Finally, it discusses how the prison has a center for community engagement and makes many efforts to utilize the resources of the local region.
Differential Diagnosis of Polyarticular Arthritis

Polyarticular arthritis is commonly encountered in clinical settings and has multiple etiologies. The first step is to distinguish between true articular pain and nonarticular or periarticular conditions by recognizing clinical patterns through the history and physical examination. Once pain within a joint or joints is confirmed, the next step is to classify the pain as noninflammatory or inflammatory in origin. Noninflammatory arthritis, which is mostly related to osteoarthritis, has a variable onset and severity and does not have inflammatory features, such as warm or swollen joints. Osteoarthritis usually presents with less than one hour of morning stiffness and pain that is aggravated by activity and improves with rest. A review of systems is usually negative for rashes, oral ulcers, or other internal organ involvement. In contrast, inflammatory arthritis generally causes warm, swollen joints; prolonged morning stiffness; and positive findings on a review of systems. Once inflammatory arthritis is suspected, possible diagnoses are sorted by the pattern of joint involvement, which includes number and type of joints involved, symmetry, and onset. The suspicion for inflammatory arthritis should be confirmed by the appropriate serologic/tissue and/or imaging studies in the clinical setting or in consultation with a subspecialist.
Rule-based modeling with Virtual Cell

Summary: Rule-based modeling is invaluable when the number of possible species and reactions in a model become too large to allow convenient manual specification. The popular rule-based software tools BioNetGen and NFSim provide powerful modeling and simulation capabilities at the cost of learning a complex scripting language which is used to specify these models. Here, we introduce a modeling tool that combines new graphical rule-based model specification with existing simulation engines in a seamless way within the familiar Virtual Cell (VCell) modeling environment. A mathematical model can be built integrating explicit reaction networks with reaction rules. In addition to offering a large choice of ODE and stochastic solvers, a model can be simulated using a network free approach through the NFSim simulation engine. Availability and implementation: Available as VCell (versions 6.0 and later) at the Virtual Cell web site (http://vcell.org/). The application installs and runs on all major platforms and does not require registration for use on the user’s computer. Tutorials are available at the Virtual Cell website and Help is provided within the software. Source code is available at Sourceforge. Contact: vcell_support@uchc.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Teacher Leaders Building Foundations for Data-Informed Teacher Learning in One Urban Elementary School

ABSTRACTWe examine how teacher leaders (TLs), working in a low-income urban elementary school, supported their colleagues to learn how to collect quality formative data and to discuss it in collaborative conversations in order to make their students’ learning visible. The TLs faced challenges reflecting consequences resulting from the district’s high stakes accountability policies restricting teachers’ agency with instructional decision-making and limiting their definitions of data as summative test scores. We document how the TLs worked to reframe teachers’ understanding of data to include evidence of student thinking and supported their colleagues to reclaim teaching as professional versus technical work.
Interaction of Water with Hydrophilic Polyether Polyurethanes: DSC Studies of the Effects of Polyether Variations

Chemical composition and structure in segmented polyurethane materials has a marked effect upon the amount of water which these polymers will sorb (1,2). These factors will also influence the states in which the sorbed water is present in the polymer. Scanning calorimetry has proved valuable for highly hydrated synthetic and biological polymers in assessing states of water in several systems (See Reference 3 and its references). One useful means of interpreting the data is to assume that water which gives rise to an “endotherm” during the heating scan has the heat of fusion of pure water. This gives a direct measure of “free” water and by inference a measure of “bound” water which may exist in one or more states. Compositional variation of soft segment in a polyurethane from pure poly(propyleneoxide) (PPO) through a (PEO)-(PPO)-(PEO) block copolymer to pure poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) produces greater than an order of magnitude change in sorptive capacity (2). This study is concerned with elucidating the effect of polyether structure on the state of water in the polymer over a broad range of water content. The evidence concerning the state of water is drawn from observations of the shifts in polyurethane soft segment Tg and variations in size of the “melting” endotherm for water.
Growing Older With a Physical Disability: A Special Application of the Successful Aging Paradigm.

Objectives In the United States, the average age of people living with early-acquired physical disabilities is increasing. This cohort is said to be aging with disability and represents a unique population among older adults. Given recent policy efforts designed to merge aging and disability services, it is critical that models of "successful aging" include and are relevant to this population. However, many current definitions of successful aging emphasize avoidance of disability and high levels of physical function as necessary to well-being. Method In 9 focus groups, we examined perspectives of "successful aging" in 49 middle-aged and older individuals living with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, or postpolio syndrome. Transcripts were analyzed using a structured qualitative coding approach and Dedoose indexing software. Results Participants ranged in age from 45 to 80 years (M = 62) and had lived with their disability diagnosis for an average of 21 years. Analysis revealed 4 primary themes of successful aging: resilience/adaptation, autonomy, social connectedness, and physical health (including access to general and specialty healthcare). Discussion Results highlight the need for a nuanced application of the "successful aging" paradigm in this population.
Flexibility of generalization studies with a neuromolecular model: towards learning generalization

An abstract neuromolecular neuron model (called the cytomatrix neuron) that illustrates the structure-function plasticity similar to the one in biological organizations is described. The cytomatrix neuron is a softened cellular automaton with molecular components, roughly motivated by interactions that could occur in a molecular or cellular complex. A multiparameter evolutionary algorithm that acts on the various parameters is used for learning. Experiments with various type bit-pattern learning tasks demonstrate that the flexibility of generalization can be increased. This increase in variability of responses can be exploited further. A multiparameter evolutionary algorithm for learning generalization is presented and discussed.
Pemetrexed in the treatment of thoracic malignancies: a single centre experience in Singapore.

Introduction This study aimed to examine the efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed in Singapore. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients treated with pemetrexed between July 2005 and November 2007. RECIST was used to assess the efficacy independent of the treating physician's assessment, and NCI CTC-AE version 3.0 was used to describe adverse events. Results 37 patients had non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and six had malignant pleural mesothelioma. Those with NSCLC had a median age of 60 and an ECOG PS of 0-1, and they were predominantly male, ethnic Chinese and smokers. A median of two cycles were delivered (total 95; range 1-12). Grade 3/4 toxicity was rare. Five (14 percent) patients had an objective response (one complete, four partial) and 13 (35 percent) had stable disease. Median time to treatment failure was 1.86 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 0-6.5). Median overall survival was 18.6 months (95% CI 12.6-27.7). Median age of patients with mesothelioma was 46.5 (range 29-73) years. Five men and one woman received a median of four (total 30, range 1-15) cycles of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin. Three patients had a partial response, two had stable disease and one had disease progression. Grade 3/4 toxicities were as follows: leucopenia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in one patient. Conclusion The results of this retrospective study and literature review show that pemetrexed is safe and efficacious in the treatment of Asian patients with NSCLC and mesothelioma.
Torsades de pointes with high-dose loperamide.

Abstract Case A 41 year-old male presented with torsades de pointes. The patient was taking over 100 mg of loperamide per day to self-medicate for chronic pain. Coronary angiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and genetic testing were negative for pre-disposing ischemia, cardiomyopathy, or genetic variant respectively. Conclusions Patients without predisposing genetic or cardiac abnormalities are at risk of life-threatening QTc prolongation and torsades with use of high-dose loperamide. The authors suggest consideration of regulating the quantity of loperamide that can be purchased at a single time similar to the regulations in place for other over-the-counter medications with high potential for misuse.
Early Outcomes of Kinematic Alignment in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis of the Literature.

Abstract Background Kinematic alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) seeks to more anatomically align the knee prosthesis to promote more physiological kinematics. However, there are questions about the durability, function, and complication rate of a non–mechanically aligned TKA. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate early outcomes after kinematic alignment. Methods Two independent reviewers performed a systematic review of the English literature using both the MEDLINE and Embase databases searching for studies on kinematic TKA. Of the initial 839 published reports, 9 studies were included in the review. Four randomized, controlled trials comparing outcomes of kinematic and conventional alignment TKA were identified. Data were extracted and aggregated using inverse variance and Mantel-Haenszel fixed effects meta-analysis. Results Of an aggregated 877 kinematic TKAs, the cumulative survivorship was 97.4% at a weighted mean follow-up of 37.9 months. The most common reasons for revision were patellofemoral problems in 8 patients (1.2%). We found no difference in the complication rate between the 229 kinematic and 229 conventional TKA patients (3.9% vs 4.4%; P = .83). The kinematic TKA group had a higher combined postoperative Knee Society Score than the conventional TKA group (mean difference, 9.1 points; 95% confidence interval, 5.2-13.0 points; P Conclusion Small deviations from the traditional mechanical axis alignment in TKA do not appear to impact overall survivorship or complication rates at short-term follow-up. Functional outcome as measured by the Knee Society Score favored kinematic alignment. These preliminary results illustrate the concept that there may be more than a single alignment target for all patients undergoing primary TKA.
Tulane Studies in Geology

TULANE STUDIES IN GEOLOGY is devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Each number is issued separately and contains an individual monographic study, or several minor studies. As volumes are completed, title pages and tables of contents will be distributed to institutions exchanging the entire series.
Genetics in LGB Assisted Reproduction: Two Flipped Classroom, Progressive Disclosure Cases.

Introduction There have been several educational reforms calling for increasing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) education materials, application of basic sciences to clinical medicin...
Abstract W P157: Frequency of Occurrence and Predictors of Myocardial Infarction after Incident Ischemic Stroke: A Population-Based Study

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in ischemic stroke (IS) patients. IS and CAD often coexist and share common risk factors. Absolute risk and predictors of myocardial infarction (MI) in IS and by IS etiology subtype is not well known. We determined the risk of MI and its predictors in patients with incident IS in a population based cohort. Methods: Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) medical records linkage system we identified all residents with incident IS in a 5-year period between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1994. Comprehensive medical records were reviewed and variables of interest were retrieved and analyzed. Univariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were constructed to assess hazard ratios and 95% CI for predictors of MI occurrence after IS. Results: We identified 490 persons with IS, mean age at IS was 76.6 (SD 12.9) years, mean follow up to death or final follow-up was 6.5 (SD 6.3, range 0.0-23.8) years. There were 126 recurrent strokes and 93 MIs during followup. The 1-year actuarial risk of MI was 3.6% (95% CI, 2.2% - 5.9%), and 5-year actuarial risk of MI was 11.4% (95% CI, 8.4% - 15.3%). Univariate predictors of MI included (HR; 95% CI): age (1.02;1.0-1.04), pre-IS history of MI (1.37;1.13-1.65), CHF (1.85;1.06-3.23), CABG (2.11;1.19-3.75), left ventricular dyskinesia (2.14;1.32-3.4), peripheral vascular disease (1.32;1.18-1.49), diabetes mellitus (1.54;1.21-1.96), elevated creatinine (1.93;1.44-2.59), LDL level (1.01;1.00-1.01). Conclusion: MI is common after first IS. Several factors predicted an increased risk of MI after stroke, and should be taken into account in determining CAD screening strategies at the time of IS. Recurrent stroke was more common than MI during long-term followup.
Disorders of Rumen Distension and Dysmotility

Rumen distension and hypomotility are common clinical findings in ruminants. A thorough physical examination to assess the rumen shape and consistency of rumen contents are critical to determining the underlying pathology. Most cases can be classified into 1 of the 4 types of vagal indigestion. Type 1 is characterized by gas distension of the rumen dorsally on the left side. Types 2, 3, and 4 will often appear similar on physical examination with fluid distension of the rumen on the left and ventrally on the right. Serum chloride and bicarbonate measurement and assessment of rumen chloride allow for differentiation of type 2 versus types 3 and 4 vagal indigestion. This is critical, as type 2 vagal indigestion will commonly require a rumenotomy, whereas types 3 and 4 typically are addressed through a right flank exploratory.
Dose-Escalated Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: 15-Year Outcomes Data.

Abstract Purpose To report 15-year outcomes for dose-escalated intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for localized prostate cancer (PC) by evaluating biochemical relapse, distant metastases, cancer-specific survival, and long-term toxicity. Methods and materials A database search was conducted for the first cohort of patients treated at this institution with 81 or 86.4 Gy between 1996 and 1998 using IMRT. Toxicity data were scored according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Median follow-up was 11.6 years (range, 5-21 years). Results In the study, 301 patients were treated with 81 Gy (n = 269, 89%) or 86.4 Gy (n = 32, 11%). Patients were analyzed by National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk group, with 29% low risk (LR), 49% intermediate risk (IR), and 22% high risk (HR). Late grade 3 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity was seen in 3 patients (1.0%). No grade 4 GI toxicity events occurred. Median time from radiation therapy to late grade 3 GI toxicity was 2.9 years. One event occurred after 10 years. Late grade 3 and 4 genitourinary (GU) toxicity was seen in 6 (2.0%) and 1 (0.3%) patient, respectively. Median time to late grade 3+ GU toxicity was 5.5 years. Two events occurred after 10 years. In addition, 38 (12.6%) developed second primary malignancies (SPMs), 8 of which were in-field malignancies. Median time from radiation therapy to all SPM and in-field SPM was 10 years. The 15-year relapse-free survival was 76%, 65%, and 55% in the LR, IR, and HR groups, respectively. Distant metastases-free survival was 88%, 75%, and 63% for LR, IR, and HR patients, respectively. PC-specific mortality was 1.9%, 7.1%, and 12.2% for LR, IR, and HR patients. Conclusions This report represents the longest follow-up data set to our knowledge of patients treated with high-dose IMRT for PC. Our findings indicate that it is well tolerated with 1.0% and 2.3% incidence of long-term grade 3+ GI and GU toxicity, respectively. The cohort had excellent PC-specific survival.
Effects of storage time and temperature on greenhouse gas samples in Exetainer vials with chlorobutyl septa caps.

Abstract Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) flux using static chamber methods typically occurs immediately following sample collection. However, situations may arise requiring sample storage prior to analysis by gas chromatography. The objective of this study was to determine effects of storage time and temperature on carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations in vials containing “low” and “high” concentrations of certified standards. Samples were stored for 3, 7, 14, 28, and 84 days at four storage temperatures: room temperature, 25?°C, 4?°C, and -10?°C. Results indicated low and high concentration standards were not impacted by sample storage up to 28 days at any storage temperature. After 84 days, CO2 concentrations were 0.6–14.4% lower than expected while CH4 concentrations were up to 22% greater than expected. Results from future studies will allow for further refinement of scientifically supported guidance regarding appropriate storage temperature and time of GHG samples. • Few studies have examined impacts of storage time and temperature on GHG samples retained in traditional septa-capped vials. • Effects of storage time and temperature on GHG samples were examined. • Based on this study, GHG samples can be stored for up to 28 days at temperatures ranging from -10?°C to 25?°C.
Revisiting the Manifesto and Rolling Back Computer Software Copyrights

During the 1990s, courts and legislatures worldwide extended copyright protection to software code as a form of literary work. At the time this was understandable given the perceived need for legal protection to promote innovation in a fledgling industry in the wake of the personal computer revolution. However, many criticized this approach as paradoxically contributing to both over-protection and under-protection in the computer software industry. The ensuing decade has shown these criticisms to have been well-founded, both due to concerns that were apparent at the time, and now to more recent developments in programming methodology and digital copyright law. This article suggests that there is today a pressing need to revisit the question of copyright protection for computer software with a view to abolishing such protection. Factors that contribute to this suggestion include: (a) important developments in programming methodology in recent years including object-oriented approaches to programming; (b) the advent of effective contractual and digital rights management ("DRM") measures to protect computer code; and, (c) the impact of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA") on digital copyright law and practice. This article suggests that copyright protection for software code is no longer necessary in the 21st century and potentially chills innovation. It should therefore be discontinued. Other more appropriate legal and technological protections are now available for software code outside the copyright context.
Genomic characterization of malignant pleural mesothelioma and associated clinical outcomes.

e20555Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. While treatment with pemetrexed and platinum based chemotherapy is the standard of care, many pati...
QTL mapping of Fusarium head blight resistance and deoxynivalenol accumulation in the Kansas wheat variety ‘Everest’

Fusarium head blight (FHB) reduces grain yield and accumulates mycotoxins in wheat kernels and flour and thus compromise the end-use quality. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with components of FHB resistance were mapped in the Kansas wheat variety Everest. A doubled haploid (DH) population with 176 lines was developed from a cross between Everest and WB-Cedar, which are moderately resistant and moderately susceptible to FHB, respectively. Two-year field evaluations were conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation and Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) were estimated using a single-kernel near-infrared (SKNIR) system. Four QTL from Everest were identified on 1BS, 3DS, 4BL, and 5AS, indicating that this variety is a source of native FHB resistance conditioned by multiple loci. A large-effect QTL (Qksu-fhbE-5AS) from Everest explained up to 13% of the DON variation in the 2-year experiment average. A single QTL from WB-Cedar, Qksu.fhbC-1AS, was identified contributing FHB resistance. QTL grouping analysis showed that individuals containing multiple QTL were significantly more resistant, indicating that QTL pyramiding enhances FHB resistance. A 36% reduction in DON content was observed in DH lines carrying all mapped QTL for DON accumulation. Further validation of the QTL mapped here will allow breeding programs to increase FHB resistance in other genetic backgrounds. This is the first study that identified QTL associated with low DON accumulation in multiple years of field experiment using the SKNIR technology, supporting the use of this methodology in future genetics and breeding studies.
Freeloader's Guide Through the Google Galaxy

One of the largest impediments to pervasive sensing is ensuring equally pervasive network access. While we can create wireless sensors that last for years without human intervention, the network infrastructure to support their deployment requires planning, power, and maintenance. The potential for a crowd-based solution to this problem is ripe---ever pervasive smart phones have the hardware and connectivity to serve as ubiquitous mobile gateways---however the fragmentation of low power wireless protocols combined with the lack of incentive for users to sacrifice their own resources transporting others' data has made this approach untenable. Through an "off label'' use of Google's Physical Web and Nearby Notifications, it was possible to ignore these problems and exploit nearly the entire global population of Android phones to slowly transport sensor data to an arbitrary web server. This mechanism was enabled by default and transparent to the phone's user. On one hand, it served as an exciting opportunity to explore infrastructure-free wireless networking. In a one week deployment of five devices transmitting at 1\,Hz, we were able to successfully transport 326\,kB of data with an average data rate of 0.1--2.6\,bps. This is slow, but sufficient for many applications such as environmental monitoring and sensor status reporting. On the other hand, a mobile operating system probably should not have enabled exfiltration of arbitrary data without a user's knowledge or consent. While Nearby Notifications has now been decommissioned, we examine security policy requirements for future systems that interact with nearby devices, and we envision a similar, intentional mechanism to allow data hitchhiking for the Internet of Things.
Sex differences in the expression of morphine withdrawal symptoms and associated activity in the tail of the ventral tegmental area

Abstract Recent studies, in male rodents, have begun to elucidate a role for the GABAergic neurons in the tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA) in morphine withdrawal. To date, the mechanisms underlying morphine withdrawal have been studied almost exclusively in male animals. As a result, there is a considerable gap in our current understanding of the processes underlying sex differences in morphine withdrawal behaviors and its effects on cellular activity in the tVTA in females. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of sex on the expression and duration of spontaneous somatic morphine withdrawal syndrome, and to characterize the relationship between spontaneous somatic withdrawal symptoms and cellular activation (measured as phosphorylated CREB; pCREB), in the GABAergic tVTA in male and female rats. Morphine-dependent adult male and female Long Evans rats underwent 72 h of spontaneous withdrawal, and somatic withdrawal symptoms were assessed every 12 h. Male morphine-dependent rats expressed more severe symptoms during the early phases of withdrawal compared to females. Although, females demonstrated lower overall symptom severity, their symptoms persisted for a longer period of time, thus demonstrating higher withdrawal-symptom severity than males during late withdrawal. pCREB activity in the tVTA was elevated in morphine-withdrawn rats and was positively correlated with the severity of withdrawal symptoms. These results demonstrate sex differences in the timing of the expression of somatic withdrawal. Our data add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating a role for the tVTA in morphine withdrawal and begin to establish a sex-dependent behavioral and molecular profile within this brain region.
Multiphoton Ionization/Mass Spectrometric Study of OMCVD Mechanisms Under Single Gas-Surface Collision Conditions

In order to elucidate the mechanisms of gas-surface reactions related to the synthesis of III/V-semiconductors by organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD), we have recently carried out a series of experiments using the technique of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization/mass spectrometry (REMPI/MS) to detect gas phase products under single gassurface collision conditions.1–5 The technique has the inherent optical specificity of laser spectroscopy and mass selectivity of mass spectrometry. Accordingly, for the mass-selected REMPI detection of atomic and free radical species, concentrations at 103–104 particles/cc level can be readily detected.6 Aside from the detection of transient gaseous species by laser ionization, stable products such as CH4 and C2H6 can also be detected in our experiments and their concentrations measured by means of the conventional electron impact ionization/mass spectrometry (EI/MS) with appropriate calibrations.
Impedance-Enabled Catheter-Based Real-Time Hematocrit Sensor

Trauma is the leading cause of life years lost, with the majority of deaths resulting from hemorrhage. Commonly, physicians diagnose hemorrhage following a blood draw, delaying the clinical process; therefore, impedance analysis is integrated with a conventional peripheral intravenous catheter for real-time hematocrit sensing of hemorrhage in trauma patients. Variable hematocrit resulted in changes to the permittivity in the near field medium which is perceived in the electrode gap as capacitive change. Herein, we have experimentally demonstrated that spiral configured electrodes on a catheter can be implemented for real-time detection of hemorrhage by means of the changing hematocrit values.
Interactions of laser speckles due to kinetic stimulated Raman scattering

We examine the possible interactions of two laser speckles due to the exchange of electrons and waves generated by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. By controlling the relative polarization, spatial placement, and timing of two laser speckles, one above-threshold and one below-threshold for SRS, we isolate and characterize SRS growth stimulated in below-threshold speckles. SRS in the below-threshold speckle is shown to be triggered by energetic electrons, scattered light waves, and scattered plasma waves generated from the above-threshold speckle. We show that scattered light or electrons alone can be an intermediary trigger for SRS.
Quality factors in beef, pork, and lamb cooked by microwaves.

As microwave cooking becomes more general—both in the home and in foodservice operations—more data on the effect on quality and nutrients of foods cooked by high frequency are needed. This report concerns beef, pork, and lamb.
Transcutaneous innervation zone imaging from high-density surface electromyography recordings

Objective- It is of great value to accurately localize innervation zones (IZs) for better diagnosing and treating neuromuscular diseases, but it is challenging to do so noninvasively from surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings because of the blurring/ distorting effect of the low conductive fat tissues. This study aimed to develop an innovative transcutaneous IZ imaging (TIZI) technique to precisely and efficiently localize the IZ distribution directly over the muscle surface in vivo from high-density sEMG recordings (HD-sEMG). Approach- The TIZI technique was implemented by incorporating HD-sEMG recording, signal decomposition, finite element analysis and inverse calculation. The performance of TIZI was evaluated on the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle with simulated sEMG signal and experimental signal recorded from both healthy (n=3) and stroke participants (n=4). The accuracy of imaging was validated by both of the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and localization error (LE) between the TIZI results and the 'true' IZ distribution. Main Results- In the simulation study, results have shown PCCs of 99.85±0.11%, 99.79±0.08%, 99.63±0.22% and 99.31±0.54% at the depth of 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm and SNR of 25 dB. PCCs of 98.74±1.78% and 97.82±1.20% were respectively obtained for experimental signals acquired from the healthy and spastic FDS muscles. The TIZI provided smaller LEs of 1.4±0.92 mm and 2.02 ± 1.3 mm, compared to LEs of 7.42±2.29 mm and 7.8±1.77 mm from skin observations in healthy and spastic FDS, respectively. Significance- Results have demonstrated the high performance of the proposed TIZI technique in transcutaneously imaging the IZ distribution of the skeletal muscles. The performance improvement can be attributed to the elimination of blurring/ distorting effect caused by the low conductive fat and high conductive skin tissues. TIZI may provide an advanced neurological tool for the clinical treatment of neuromuscular diseases, such as guiding botulinum neurotoxin injections in spasticity management.
Predictors of Treatment Outcome in Group or Individual Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Active Duty Military

The purpose of this study was to examine demographic, psychological, military, and deployment variables that might predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom improvement in a sample of active duty service members who received either group or individual cognitive processing therapy (CPT). Data were analyzed from 165 active duty service members with pre- and posttreatment data participating in a randomized controlled trial comparing group with individual CPT. Pretreatment variables were examined as predictors of change in PTSD severity from baseline to posttreatment, assessed using the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview Version (PSS-I). Predictors of PSS-I change were first evaluated using Pearson correlations, followed by partial and multiple correlations to clarify which associations remained when effects of other predictors were controlled. Multiple regression analyses were used to test for interactions between pretreatment variables and treatment format. Only age was a significant predictor of PTSD symptom change after controlling for other variables and statisitically correcting for testing multiple variables. There was also an interaction between age and treatment format. Younger participants had greater symptom improvement, particularly if they received individual treatment. Other pretreatment variables did not predict outcome. CPT appears to be robust across most pretreatment variables, such that comorbid disorders, baseline symptom severity, and suicidal ideation do not interfere with application of CPT. However, individual CPT may be a better option particularly for younger service members.
Laser based remote and rapid inspection for composite plates

Composites have been extensively used in aero structure and become the predominate components in the new airframes. Thus, rapid and effective inspection for composite structures is highly desired in aerospace engineering in order to shorten the certificate cycle for new structures or provide safety guarantee for existing ones. In this paper, a laser based remote Lamb wave inspection system is presented and implemented on composite plates for simulated damage detection. The system employs pulsed laser (PL) and scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) for noncontact and remote Lamb wave actuation and wavefield sensing. A composite plate with simulated defect (surface bonded quartz rod) is inspected with the PL-SLDV laser system. Wave scattering are observed in the SLDV acquired wavefield and the damage is further evaluated with wavefield imaging and frequency wavenumber analysis. Potential application towards automatic PL Lamb wave excitation is also explored through employing an industry robotic arm towards rapid inspection.
Under pressure: investment behaviour of insurers under different financial and regulatory conditions

Firms that have losses are expected to sell tax-free securities and replace them with taxable securities since they can no longer benefit from tax savings. However, after the most recent financial crisis, firms’ decisions to rebalance their investment portfolios may have led to additional losses during a period of stressed financial performance and increased insurance regulation. This study examines portfolio allocation behaviour in the property and casualty insurance industry. The results show that investment limitations imposed by insurance regulators can inhibit desired investment allocation post the financial crisis.
A Post-COVID-19 Lifestyle Sport Research Agenda: Communication, Risk, and Organizational Challenges

The cancellations and postponements of large-scale organized sport competitions provided the first indicators of the impact that COVID-19 would have on society During the pandemic, sport media reporting has focused on cancellations Although not receiving as much media attention, "lifestyle sports", such as rock climbing, parkour, BMX, kayaking, or skateboarding, were also impacted by COVID-19 in ways that differ from organized team sports In this commentary, the author draws upon select media reports and subcultural social media posts to highlight two primary impacts of COVID-19: (a) the civic organizational challenges of limiting lifestyle sport participation and (b) the influence on the social and risk-laden experience of these sports The article concludes by detailing lifestyle sport stakeholder communication, digital sporting communities, the use of social media for organizing lifestyle sport communities, and sport risk communication as fruitful avenues for future research in a postpandemic lifestyle sports