cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial Misclassification and Disparities in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Among American Indians and Alaska Natives

Maternal substance misuse can result in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), a drug withdrawal process in newborns exposed in utero to drugs. This study aimed to examine the effect of racial misclassification of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) on rates of NAS in two hospital discharge datasets in the Pacific Northwest. We conducted probabilistic record linkages between the Northwest Tribal Registry and Oregon and Washington hospital discharge datasets to correct racial misclassification of AI/AN people. We assessed outcomes using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision/Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM or ICD-10-CM) diagnosis codes. Linkage increased ascertainment of NAS cases among AI/AN by 8.8% in Oregon and by 18.1% in Washington. AI/AN newborns were 1.5 and 3.9 times more likely to be diagnosed with NAS than NHW newborns in Oregon and Washington, respectively. The results showed that newborns residing in rural Washington were 1.4 times more likely to be diagnosed with NAS than those living in urban areas. Correct racial classification is an important factor in improving data quality for AI/AN populations and establishing accurate surveillance to help address the disproportionate burden of neonatal abstinence syndrome among AI/AN. The results highlight the need for programing efforts tailored by insurance status and rurality for pregnant women using substances.
Midline intracranial cysts in identical twin brothers

Midline cysts of the anterior brain are common in infants e.g. cavum septum pellucidum et vergae. We report twin brothers with midline intracranial cysts, mildly increased ventricular size, and macrocephaly. One brother had a cavum septum pellucidum and vergae and the other a cavum septum pellucidum. With the obliteration of each brother's midline cyst the head circumference was noted to return to a normal head circumference curve and the ventricles decreased in size. We hypothesize that in infancy some cases of infantile macrocephaly are induced by a midline cyst and that as the cyst obliterates that physiologic cerebrospinal fluid pathways are established so that the head circumference returns within normal parameters. This knowledge should be kept in mind by the clinician who may wish to surgically intervene with a midline cyst prior to it demonstrating its natural history. Moreover, these data should especially be entertained in the premature infant. (J Pediatr Neurol 2004; 2(2): 107–110).
EZH2, a unique marker of malignancy in effusion cytology.

Distinguishing reactive mesothelial cells from metastatic disease, typically adenocarcinoma, in effusion cytology can be challenging at times. We currently use a panel of immunocytochemical markers for select cases including MOC-31 and BerEp4, but difficulties still exist. Enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) plays important roles in epigenetic silencing and cell cycle regulation and is upregulated in a wide variety of malignancies. Thus, we hypothesized that EZH2 immunocytochemistry, which to our knowledge has not yet been reported on cytology material, might serve as a unique marker of malignancy in morphologically equivocal effusion specimens by highlighting aberrant protein expression in malignant cells. A total of 96 (48 benign and 48 malignant) effusion cases were selected retrospectively from our department archives. All malignant cases were metastatic adenocarcinomas except for three high grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (two lungs and one ovary), one cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and one epithelioid endometrial stromal sarcoma. The 48 benign cases were all negative for EZH2, and 43 of 48 malignant effusions were positive. As a solitary marker, EZH2 exhibited a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 100% (P < 0.0001). EZH2 functioned as a unique and accurate marker of malignancy in this series of effusions. Relative to published data, EZH2 demonstrated a sensitivity comparable to MOC-31 and superior to BerEp4, and a specificity superior to both of these commonly used immunostains. Thus, EZH2 is likely to be of great value as an adjunct to morphology in diagnosing malignancy in effusion specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42: 111–116. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The 15th Infantry in China

In 1921, my father received orders assigning him to U.S. 15 th infantry which was based in Tientsin on the South China Sea, 90 miles from Peking. A few months after Capt. Cushman and his bride joined it, I was born into the regiment. Since the mid-19 th century, European powers had been in China with extraterritorial concessions wrung from the weak Manchu dynasty. The Boxer Rebellion of 1900 had brought an eight-nation allied force into Peking to restore Manchu rule. The Boxer Protocols, signed by the Chinese and by Western powers and japan, provided for foreign continents to be stationed, among other places, in Tientsin. This article previously appeared in the Command and General Staff College Foundation News, Number 11/fall 2011. Attempts to locate prior publications (if any) of this article were unsuccessful. Every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holder. Permission to reprint the Foundation News version of this article had been granted.
Resolving Policy Chaos in High Speed Internet Access

Public policy for high-speed internet access is in chaos. The nation's primary regulator of the communications sector, the Federal Communications Commission, has pursued "asymmetric regulation" (that is, different rules) for the technologies that can provide some form of high-speed internet access (telephony, cable television, wireless data networks, and satellite distribution systems). Three federal courts (two circuit courts of appeals and one district court) have issued contradictory decisions regarding whether cable modem access can be regulated and, if so, by whom. Two federal regulatory agencies, the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission, have adopted mutually inconsistent policies regarding cable modem access, each in the context of approving a merger. Numerous local franchising authorities have reached mutually vastly different conclusions about whether they can and should impose equal access requirements on cable modem access. Much has been written about whether high-speed internet access should be regulated, and if so, what those regulations should be and which bodies - whether franchising entities, utility regulators, or antitrust authorities, and whether local, state or federal government - should have front-line responsibility for making the rules. With few exceptions, these analyses are adversarial documents written by individuals who work as consultants for parties that have a major financial stake in this issue. And even the few exceptions usually are defenses of a particular policy position. Although many, if not most, of these arguments are logically correct, they tend to be partial and incomplete. The purpose of this essay is to step back from this adversarial debate for the purpose of describing the issues on which access policy should turn, and to provide a guide to policy makers about how to sort out the adversarial arguments. The foundation for this essay is the idea that decision theory provides useful framework for thinking about regulatory policy in this domain. Specifically, each regulator is one player in a sequential game with incomplete information that involves other regulators, the courts, state and federal legislatures, the firms in the industry, customers of internet services, and nature. Nature's role is periodically to deliver random technology shocks that disrupt the relative costs and performance characteristics of communications technologies and the competitive positions of the firms that supply access, navigating and operating services, and end-use services. The structure of the essay is as follows. Section I reviews the current state of policy chaos, the policy choices to be made, and the arguments for and against these choices. Section II reviews the debate about high-speed access policy using the analytical framework of antitrust policy. Section III explores the relationship between the timing of decisions and the net benefits of a decision to impose an equal access requirement. Section IV provides a brief conclusion.
Compressive Hyperspectral Imaging via Approximate Message Passing

We consider a compressive hyperspectral imaging reconstruction problem, where three-dimensional spatio-spectral information about a scene is sensed by a coded aperture snapshot spectral imager (CASSI). The CASSI imaging process can be modeled as suppressing three-dimensional coded and shifted voxels and projecting these onto a two-dimensional plane, such that the number of acquired measurements is greatly reduced. On the other hand, because the measurements are highly compressive, the reconstruction process becomes challenging. We previously proposed a compressive imaging reconstruction algorithm that is applied to two-dimensional images based on the approximate message passing (AMP) framework. AMP is an iterative algorithm that can be used in signal and image reconstruction by performing denoising at each iteration. We employed an adaptive Wiener filter as the image denoiser, and called our algorithm “AMP-Wiener.” In this paper, we extend AMP-Wiener to three-dimensional hyperspectral image reconstruction, and call it “AMP-3D-Wiener.” Applying the AMP framework to the CASSI system is challenging, because the matrix that models the CASSI system is highly sparse, and such a matrix is not suitable to AMP and makes it difficult for AMP to converge. Therefore, we modify the adaptive Wiener filter and employ a technique called damping to solve for the divergence issue of AMP. Our approach is applied in nature, and the numerical experiments show that AMP-3D-Wiener outperforms existing widely-used algorithms such as gradient projection for sparse reconstruction (GPSR) and two-step iterative shrinkage/thresholding (TwIST) given a similar amount of runtime. Moreover, in contrast to GPSR and TwIST, AMP-3D-Wiener need not tune any parameters, which simplifies the reconstruction process.
ITU-T‘s internodal broadband signalling protocol

Broadband integrated services user part (B-ISUP) is an internodal signalling protocol defined by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-T). Its purpose is to establish, maintain and release asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) connections in a public network, via the use of signalling messages. The initial release of B-ISUP was in February 1995, known as capability set 1 (CS-1). Since then, continued progress has been made extending the capabilities of B-ISUP with the development of CS-2. This paper provides an overview of the B-ISUP signalling protocol capabilities and describes its impact on the traditional Signalling System No 7 (SS7) architecture.
Writing about C

Since its beginnings ten years ago, C++ has grown from a specialty language used by a handful of researchers to a major development language. Today, C++ documentation has to describe a large, complex language to a varied audience. This paper describes some of the problems that face writers of C++ documentation.
Effects of dietary fiber on intestinal growth, cell proliferation, and morphology in growing pigs.

Growing pigs (initial BW 14.3 +/- 1.2 kg) were fed isocaloric (3.26 Mcal of ME/kg) and isonitrogenous (16% CP) diets containing either 0 (low fiber, LF; n = 4) or 10% (high fiber, HF; n = 4) wheat straw for ad libitum intake for 14 d. On d 14, each pig was injected i.v. with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, a thymidine analog; 5 mg/kg) and was slaughtered 1 h later. Visceral organs (liver, pancreas, and intestines) were weighed, and tissue samples were obtained. Feed consumption, daily gain, gain: feed, and final BW did not differ between treatments. Neither visceral weights nor visceral weights per unit of eviscerated BW were affected by diets. Tissue concentrations of DNA (milligrams/gram of tissue) were lower (P < .03) in HF than in LF only for jejunum, ileum, and liver. Contents of DNA and protein (milligrams) did not differ between LF and HF for intestinal segments or liver. Content of RNA (milligrams) was greater (P < .04) in HF than in LF only for colon. The number of crypt cell nuclei that were labeled with BrdU (indicating DNA synthesis and thus cell proliferation) was increased (P < .03) in HF relative to LF for jejunum and colon. The number of epithelial cells exhibiting DNA fragmentation (indicating programmed cell death) was greater (P < .07) in the HF than in the LF group for jejunum and ileum. Width of intestinal villi was increased (P < .10) in HF vs LF for jejunum and ileum. Depth of intestinal crypts was increased (P < .08) in HF vs LF for jejunum, ileum, and colon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison of complication rates in dogs with nasoesophageal versus nasogastric feeding tubes.

Objective To compare complication rates between nasoesophageal (NE) and nasogastric (NG) feeding tubes in dogs. Design Retrospective study. Setting University referral veterinary hospital. Animals A total of 46 dogs that were fed through a NE (n = 28) or NG (n = 18) tube between January 2007 and December 2011 and that also had either thoracic radiography or computed tomography performed so that location of the distal tip of the tube in either the esophagus or stomach could be confirmed. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results The medical record of each eligible case was reviewed and data recorded included signalment, underlying disease, body weight, body condition score, medications, duration of feeding, diet used, and complications observed (ie, vomiting, regurgitation, diarrhea, early tube removal, clogged tube, epistaxis, pulmonary aspiration, hyperglycemia, and refeeding syndrome). Dogs with NE tubes were significantly younger than dogs with NG tubes (P = 0.03) but there were no other significant differences in signalment, underlying disease, medications, duration of anorexia, percent of resting energy requirement achieved, or change in weight during tube feeding. There also was no significant difference between the NE and NG groups for any of the recorded complications. Significantly fewer dogs in the NE group died or were euthanized (3/28) compared to the NG group (7/18; P = 0.02) but outcome was not associated with age, underlying disease, or any of the recorded tube complications. Conclusions This study did not identify a difference in complication rate between NE and NG feeding tubes in dogs. Additional studies are required to determine the optimal terminal location of feeding tubes in dogs.
Towards a Creative Belonging: Merleau-Ponty and Thetemporality of Habituation

This paper looks at how belonging—our attachments to a specific community and the pleasure, security, and comfort that are derived from these attachments—can still be sustained in an accelerated and increasingly complex world. While the tendency in recent years has been to either valorize the supposed erosion of particularized attachments in the face of an inescapable globalization or to highlight the danger of reactionary loyalties that have emerge in response to this globalization, I present a mode of belonging that is at once possible in a contingent world and affirmative of change and of the creative potential that is inherent in such a world. I call this mode ‘creative belonging’ in that it refers to a commitment to a particular community that does not foreclose engagements with pluralistic possibilities and democratic innovation. I elaborate on such a mode of belonging by drawing upon Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s discussion of the temporal structure of habituation and its role in the inauguration of this world that is mine to which I profess a belonging. What I take to be instructive in this discussion is a concept of habit that is not the negation of experimentation but is in fact the structure that makes innovation possible. Habits, in this regard, necessarily open our particularized world onto difference and the new.
Lensing Reconstruction Using Redshifted 21 Centimeter Fluctuations

We investigate the potential of second generation measurements of redshifted 21 cm radiation from before and during the epoch of reionization (EOR) to reconstruct the matter density fluctuations along the line of sight. To do so we generalize the quadratic methods developed for the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to 21 cm fluctuations. We show that the three-dimensional signal can be decomposed into a finite number of line-of-sight Fourier modes that contribute to the lensing reconstruction. Our formalism properly takes into account correlations along the line of sight and uses all the information contained in quadratic combinations of the signal. In comparison with the CMB, 21 cm fluctuations have the disadvantage of a relatively scale invariant unlensed power spectrum, which suppresses the lensing effect. The smallness of the lensing effect is compensated by using information from a range of observed redshifts. We estimate the size of experiments that are needed to measure this effect. With a square kilometer of collecting area and a maximal baseline of 3 km, one can achieve lensing reconstruction noise levels an order of magnitude below CMB quadratic estimator constraints at L = 1000, and map the deflection field out to less then a tenth of a degree (L > 2000) within a season of observations on one field. Statistical lensing power spectrum detections will be possible to subarcminute scales, even with the limited sky coverage that currently conceived experiments have. One should be able to improve constraints on cosmological parameters by using this method. With larger collecting areas or longer observing times, one could probe arcminute scales of the lensing potential and thus individual clusters. We address the effect that foregrounds might have on lensing reconstruction with 21 cm fluctuations.
On Monge-Ampère equations with homogenous right-hand sides

We study the regularity and behavior at the origin of solutions to the two-dimensional degenerate Monge-Ampere equation det D2u = |x|α with α > −2. We show that when α > 0, solutions admit only two possible behaviors near the origin, radial and nonradial, which in turn implies C2, δ-regularity. We also show that the radial behavior is unstable. For α < 0 we prove that solutions admit only the radial behavior near the origin. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enteral Nutrition for Adults in the Hospital Setting

In patients unable to tolerate oral intake, multiple options of nutrient delivery are available to the clinician. Administration of enteral nutrition (EN) has long been considered the standard of care for nutrition support among patients unable to meet energy and protein requirements orally. Healthcare practitioners must make careful decisions related to ordering, administering, and monitoring EN therapy. In the hospital setting, the registered dietitian is a key resource in enteral formula selection and method of administration, monitoring for and troubleshooting EN-related complications, and transitioning to oral feeding. The hospital setting also presents many unique challenges in providing optimal nutrition to the enterally fed patient.
Toward Effective Probiotics for Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Hsaio and colleagues link gut microbes to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in a mouse model. They show that ASD symptoms are triggered by compositional and structural shifts of microbes and associated metabolites, but symptoms are relieved by a Bacteroides fragilis probiotic. Thus probiotics may provide therapeutic strategies for neurodevelopmental disorders.
Typological evidence and Universal Grammar

The paper discusses the relevance of typological evidence for the construction of a theory of Universal Grammar (UG). After introducing UG-based approaches to typology, it goes on to argue that most typological generalizations are in no sense ‘knowledge of language’. In fact, some of the best-established typological generalizations have explanations based on language use, and so it is either empirically unmotivated or redundant to attempt to encompass them within UG theory. This conclusion is reinforced by a look at the widely-accepted Lexical Parameterization Hypothesis and by the current shift of interest to ‘microparameters’. The paper goes on to take a critical look at Mark Baker’s Parameter Hierarchy.
Equilibrium relationships in elutriating columns

Abstract A concept based on the analogy between elutriation and distillation or sorption is developed for the purpose of providing a rational basis for the design of air elutriating columns. Current design of air elutriating systems is based primarily on the concept of a rate of elutriation determined using an elutriation velocity constant analogous to the reaction rate of kinetic reactor design. The design of an elutriating column is approached from the theoretical stage point of view rather than the reactor design basis. Equilibrium among the various sizes of particles is determined from limited data on binary systems and extended to a ternary system. This equilibrium condition is presented in the form of a pseudo-relative volatility similar to the relative volatility of vapor-liquid equilibrium and is then used to calculate the number of ideal stages required for the separation of a three-component system. When additional data prove the validity of the concept, it can be extended to encompass multi-component systems which could include variations of particle size and densities as well.
Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium Data and Predictive Correlations for the Carbon Dioxide−Dimethyl Carbonate Binary Mixture

Mixture critical points and liquid-phase density, component concentration, and volume expansion were measured for the carbon dioxide−dimethyl carbonate binary mixture at temperatures between (310 and 423) K [(37 to 150) °C] and pressures between (1.1 and 14.4) MPa. Data were correlated well by the Redlich−Kwong−Aspen equation of state as well as several empirical engineering correlations. Importantly, the experimental and modeling procedures outlined in this work may be adapted to other carbon dioxide−liquid binary mixtures and used to facilitate the design of CO2-based reaction and separation processes.
Realization of the Sensor Web Concept for Earth Science using Mobile Robotic Platforms

In this paper, we discuss the realization of a robotic mobile sensor network that allows for controlled reconfiguration of sensor assets in a decentralized manner. The motivation is to allow the construction of a new system of in-situ science observations that requires higher spatial and temporal resolution models that are needed for expanding our understanding of Earth system change. These observations could enable recording of spatial and temporal variations in environmental parameters required for such activities as monitoring of seismic activity, monitoring of civil and engineering infrastructures, and detection of toxic agents throughout a region of interest. The difficulty in establishing these science observations are that global formation properties must be achieved based on the local interactions between individual sensors. As such, we present a novel approach that allows for the sensor network to function in a decentralized manner and is thus able to achieve global formations despite individual sensor failure, limitations in communication range, and changing scientific objectives. Details on the sensing and control algorithms for controlled reconfiguration will be discussed and results of field deployment will be presented.
The building of Fermi-LAT

The Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument on the Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope mission was inspired by the breadth of discoveries in high energy gamma ray sky by the EGRET instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory . Founded in the new technologies and capabilities in high energy particle physics detectors, the first studies for the LAT concept were begun in 1992 and the foundations of the LAT international collaboration, bringing together the high energy particle physics community and astrophysics community, were established shortly thereafter. This paper reviews the evolution of the LAT design from concept to launch and attempts to highlight the successes, problems and lessons learned along the way.
Specimen findings and survival after preoperative 252Cf neutron brachytherapy for stage II cervical carcinoma.

Abstract Twenty-seven patients with operable Stage II cervical cancer with a mean diameter tumor of 8.0 cm were studied in a feasibility study using preoperative 252 Cf implants plus whole-pelvis radiation to 45 Gy followed by extrafascial total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy 4 to 6 weeks later. Hysterectomy specimens were studied by a set protocol. With the protocol used, 1327 (51%) specimens and abdominal stagings were negative for residual tumor. The survival rate for the patients with negative findings was 93% at 5 years. In 1427 (49%) patients the specimens were positive for residual tumor. In contrast, the 5-year survival rate for this group was 46% ( P 8 cm in maximum diameter, (2) positive or negative residual tumor status, and (3) total dose of radiation given. Survival was lower for larger tumors and specimens were more likely to show residual tumor. A lower treatment dose led to more positive specimens, as well as to poorer survival. While the patients with Stage II disease fared very well when negative specimens were found, further prospective studies of the appropriate treatment for those with positive tumor specimens are needed.
SlidePacer: Improving Class Pace for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students

Following multimedia lectures in mainstream classrooms in university education is challenging for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students even when they are provided accommodations to best address their individual needs. Due to multiple visual sources of information (teacher, slides, interpreter), these students struggle to divide their attention among several simultaneous sources of input, which may result in their missing important parts of the lecture content; as a result, DHH students' access to information can be limited in comparison to that of their hearing peers. This paper introduces SlidePacer, a tool aimed at improving coordination between the instructor--s speech, the sign language interpretation of the lecture and the slide projection change. The goal of SlidePacer is to prevent DHH students-- loss of information by promoting an adequate pace of the lecture, which can contribute to their learning and academic achievements.
Spot welding the gap in atrial flutter ablation.

Figure 1. A, Left anterior oblique view of right atrium (view is from right ventricle looking into right atrium with tricuspid valve removed). Yellow curved arrow demonstrates electrical activation around tricuspid valve annulus during atrial flutter. Isthmus catheter has multiple electrode pairs that record electrical activation and spans isthmus of tissue between inferior vena cava and tricuspid valve annulus. Its poles I-1,2 (I is for isthmus catheter, and 1 and 2 are most distal electrodes) are at coronary sinus ostium, and poles I-19,20 are low lateral right atrium. Intervening poles are numbered sequentially but not labeled. MEA indicates multiple electrode array, part of Ensite 3000 noncontact mapping system, which reconstructs endocardial electrical activation in a 3-dimensional model. Dashed line depicts site of linear ablation for atrial flutter. B, Right anterior oblique view of …
Optimal design of sandwich beams for elastic deflection and load factor at plastic collapse

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem optimalen Entwurf eines einfach gestutzten Balkens mit rechteckigem Sandwich-Querschnitt von konstanten Kernabmessungen und abschnittsweise konstanter Belegungsdicke, wenn eine obere Schranke fur die elastische Durch-biegung unter vorgegebener Last und eine untere Schranke fur den Belastungsfaktor fur Erreichen der Grenztragfahigkeit vorgeschrieben sind.
Eliza Leslie's 1854 The Behaviour Book and the Conduct of Women's Writing

In 1854 Eliza Leslie—an author well known for her recipes, adolescent literature, and short fiction—slipped in advice to fellow women on how to write and publish under the cover of an etiquette manual. Between pages devoted to table settings, church decorum, and shopping, Leslie upheld women's right to write during a time of significant cultural ambivalence about female authorship. Leslie used the genre of an etiquette book to perform a complicated rhetorical act that simultaneously normalized, validated, and informed mid-nineteenth-century women writers at a time in which women's desire to write faced significant challenges.
Effects of disorder on electronic structures of a-Si:H and a-SiO2.

Si ${L}_{23}$ x-ray emission spectra from c-Si, doped and intrinsic a-Si:H, quartz, and a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ are presented. The first and second moments of the valence-band transition density of states of each of these samples were computed. The variance of the disorder potential that characterizes the amorphous network was found for the amorphous samples from their second moments. Lifetime broadening as a function of energy in the valence band of silicon samples was found to vary significantly between the crystalline and amorphous structures.
Photopair Production of Charged, Semiweakly Interacting Vector Bosons

The total cross section for the coherent photopair production of charged, semiweakly interacting vector bosons in the Coulomb field of the nucleon Fe/sup 56/ was calculated in the lowest order perturbation theory. (C.E.S.)
Hematopoiesis flies high with Ikaros.

Ikaros regulatory proteins are essential for proper lymphoid cell development. Several new functions for Ikaros have been defined by surrogate marker expression in early hematopoietic progenitor populations.
Delta agent and hepatitis B.

Excerpt In 1977, Rizzetto and associates (1) reported an intriguing finding seen while staining liver biopsy specimens from patients whose sera were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)...
Sinus Headaches Reconsidered: Referred Cephalgia of Rhinologic Origin Masquerading as Refractory Primary Headaches

Headache associated with acute sinusitis is a well-recognized entity; the diagnosis is easily made due to the associated nasal and sinus symptoms. However, the phenomenon of referred headache from chronic sinusitis or intranasal abnormalities or both without upper respiratory symptoms is not well understood. Only recently have the nasal and sinus cavities been adequately visualized by both the human eye and radiographic techniques; a fact that may account for the historic neglect in considering this region a factor in headache etiology. Modern techniques employed in the workup of sinusitis, namely the use of rigid nasal endoscopes and coronal-plane CT scanning, have greatly enhanced the clinician's ability to evaluate and diagnose pathology in this area. This report describes a series of patients presenting with various primary headache syndromes without significant nasal or sinus symptoms who failed to respond to conventional antiheadache therapy. On nasal endoscopic and coronal CT examinations, various intranasal and sinus abnormalities were found (either anatomic variations or subclinical inflammation). Medical and/or surgical therapy addressing the sinonasal pathology resulted in improvement in every case, ranging from decreased severity of attacks to total resolution of headaches. A model explaining the possible mechanism of referred vascular-type headache from sinus and nasal origin is proposed.
Written Feedback: Response Certitude and Durability.

Abstract This study tested assumptions of a servocontrol model of test item feedback. High school students responded to multiple-choice items and rated their certainty of correctness in each response. Next, learners either received feedback on the items or responded again to the same test. The same items were tested again after 1 and 8 days, with the order to alternatives randomized for half of the subjects in each feedback group. The results generally supported the control model and suggest that response certitude estimates can be treated as an index of comprehension.
Fluoro-ketones VII. Synthesis of perfluoro mono- and di-ketones from perfluoro-grignard or lithium reagents and diethyl carbonate and diethyl oxalate

Abstract The reaction between perfluoroalkyl-Grignard or lithium compounds and diethyl carbonate has been investigated. Under appropriate conditions, symmetric or asymmetric ketones can be prepared. The reactions of the perfluoro- Grignard or lithium compounds with diethyl oxalate can yield keto-esters and symmetric or asymmetric ketones.
Energy issues and policies in Eastern Europe

Abstract Energy policies in the six nations of Eastern Europe - East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania — have changed in recent years. The CEMA meeting in June 1984 produced a revised energy agreement between the Soviet Union and these nations whereby Soviet oil would continue to be supplied at beneficial terms in return for increased economic collaboration and specialization within CEMA. The Soviet Union thereby is assisted in its economic development. The approaches to energy problems are different in all countries and issues and policies are examined for each separately. An assessment of the likelihood of success is made for each country and possible future trends are evaluated.
The art of assessment in psychology: Ethics, expertise, and validity.

Psychological assessment is a hybrid, both art and science. The empirical foundations of testing are indispensable in providing reliable and valid data. At the level of the integrated assessment, however, science gives way to art. Standards of reliability and validity account for the individual instrument; they do not account for the integration of data into a comprehensive assessment. This article examines the current climate of psychological assessment, selectively reviewing the literature of the past decade. Ethics, expertise, and validity are the components under discussion. Psychologists can and do take precautions to ensure that the “art” of their work holds as much merit as the science. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 631–641, 1999.
Software for efficient visualization and analysis of multiple, large, multi-dimensional data sets from magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols create multiple, large, multi-dimensional data sets that are challenging to review and interpret in an efficient manner. We report on a program called CliniViewer © that uses a common data file format to display all files originating from the scanner and other post-processing programs in an integrated display matrix. The five rows of images and maps have general themes of Anatomic Images, Echo-Planar Images, Parametric Maps (derived from echo-planar images), Metabolic Images, and Non-Image Data, respectively. Each row of the matrix contains related image windows of individual MR acquisitions or maps derived from such acquisitions. An interpreter can quickly screen all images and then select any image from the display to create a separate daughter window incorporating a set of analysis tools for in-depth examination. Given that the images can be acquired in the same co-registered planes without moving the subject, regional analysis can be performed simultaneously across multiple MR image types and the corresponding maps, thereby integrating anatomic features with parametric properties. Color can be used to highlight parametric values that fall outside normal ranges to quickly identify abnormalities on each map. CliniViewer © is an efficient environment for analyzing multiple images and maps from comprehensive clinical imaging protocols, aiding the neuroradiologist in providing an integrated interpretation of all available MR data for efficient clinical decision making. CliniViewer © is compared to AnalyzeAVW and NIH Image, two popular MR image analysis tools. CliniViewer © allows efficient clinical analysis of multiple images and maps from comprehensive clinical imaging protocols.
On higher-order semiclassical corrections to high-energy cross sections in the one-instanton sector

Abstract The relationship between classical euclidean field configurations and particle production in the electroweak theory in the presence of an instanton is examined. A new calculation of the W-boson propagator corrections to the ( E / M sp ) 2 contribution to In σ is given. It is shown explicitly how these corrections are related to minimum action configurations of well-separated instanton-anti-instanton pairs.
Conservation laryngeal surgery.

Conservation laryngeal surgery is an increasingly available alternative for treatment of laryngeal cancer. In addition to the traditional techniques of vertical partial laryngectomy (hemilaryngectomy) and supraglottic laryngectomy, new techniques are now in practice that extend the indications to a far greater number of patients. The carbon dioxide laser is used to resect both glottic and supraglottic cancers. This procedure is best applied to early stage I and stage II cancers. Reports indicate superior functional outcome to open surgical procedures, with shorter hospital duration, less morbidity, and equivalent survival rates. The supracricoid partial laryngectomy is becoming increasingly popular for intermediate extent tumors. This novel procedure allows resection of transglottic tumors and tumors with vocal cord paralysis while preserving the patient’s speech and swallowing and avoiding a permanent tracheal stoma.
Seasonal changes in the effects of temperature and water flow rate on the growth of juvenile Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)

Abstract This study, initiated because of local interest in the feasibility of using heated power plant effluents in the culture of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, sought to investigate seasonal changes in the effects of temperature and water flow rate on the growth of oysters. As a part of the study, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen suspended in the sea water entering the oyster trays were also monitored. Experiments using small (3–25-mm) cultchless spat exposed to variable controlled temperatures and flow rates were repeated seasonally. The results show profound seasonal changes in the growth rate of immature Pacific oysters. These growth fluctuations are independent of temperature and appear to be related to changes in the quantity of particulate organic material suspended in the water. Growth was minimal between November and March, regardless of the temperature, and reached a maximum in July and August. There was not a consistent growth advantage to temperatures in excess of 15°C. In fact, during periods of low food availability or at low flow rates, growth was inversely related to temperature between 10°C and 23°C. Hypothetical curves relating temperature, food availability, and oyster growth are proposed. The form of these curves, which is based on observed relationships and on similar studies involving other aquatic organisms, suggest that under ideal conditions and with high food availability maximum growth might be achieved at temperatures approaching 20°C.
Clinician Approaches and Strategies for Engaging Older Men in Depression Care

Objective: The aim of this study is to explore primary care physicians' (PCPs) and depression care managers' (DCMs) approaches to diagnosing and treating depression in older men. The authors focus on older men because studies have shown that they are undertreated compared with women and younger groups. The authors contribute to previous research by identifying facilitators of care for older men from the perspective of clinicians. Methods: Participants in this study were part of the Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) trial, an effectiveness study of collaborative care for late-life depression in 18 diverse primary care practices. Nine PCPs and 11 DCMs were interviewed to collect information on specific roles in caring for depressed patients and their experiences in working with depressed older men. All interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically in several steps using standard qualitative data analysis techniques. Results: The authors identified three general approaches to building trust and talking about the depression: 1) an indirect approach ("call it something else"), 2) a gradual approach ("building up to depression"), and 3) a direct approach ("shock and awe"). The authors also found specific strategies that PCPs and DCMs used to manage depression among elderly male patients, such as increased monitoring of mood, treating somatic symptoms first, medicalizing depression, and enlisting the cooperation of family. In our interviews, enlisting family involvement was the most prominent strategy used by clinicians. Conclusions: A variety of approaches and strategies are used by clinicians for diagnosing and treating depressed older men. Clinicians change strategies as a response to a patient's compliance with treatment and the decision about which strategy to pursue is usually made on an "on-the-go" basis throughout the course of clinician-patient interaction. Based on clinicians' experience, depression management requires concerted efforts and persistence, and the family seems to play an important role in how older men receive the diagnosis of depression and adhere to clinicians' prescribed treatment. However, more research is needed to discover the best way of engaging and working with family members to facilitate effective depression care for older adults.
Clinical toxicity of cocaine adulterants

Adulterants are found in all street samples of cocaine. They add an unappreciated dimension to the clinical toxicity of cocaine abuse. Identification of these adulterants is necessary to separate their effects from those of cocaine. The comprehensive toxic screen, which provides multiple modalities of drug analysis, will be a key diagnostic tool in the further investigation of these inherently toxic agents and their impact on syndromes of cocaine intoxication.
Assessment of Pharmacological Activity of Baminercept (LTBR-Ig) in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

of Th2 lymphocytes and promotion of eosinophil transmigration across endothelium. IL-4 signals through type I receptor, which consists of IL4Rα and the common γ chain, and through the type II receptor composed of IL4Rα and IL13Rα1 subunits. While IL-4 serves as a sole ligand for type I receptor, both IL-4 and IL-13 are capable of signaling through the type II receptor. Therefore, targeting the shared subunit IL4Rα is expected to inhibit both IL-4and IL-13-induced signaling. To test this hypothesis, we developed a fully human antibody specific for IL-4Rα (REGN668/SAR231893) and tested its potential to block IL-4 mediated Type I and Type II signaling and IL-13 mediated Type II signaling using in vitro cell-based assays. Utilizing microarray technology, IL-4and IL-13induced expression profiles were generated for human leukocytes after in vitro stimulation. REGN668/SAR231893 was shown to antagonize both IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, evidenced by its ability to attenuate IL-4 and IL-13-mediated changes in gene expression. Significantly, IL-4 or IL-13 were shown to up-regulate expression of six chemokine mRNAs following stimulation of whole blood leukocytes: TARC (CCL17), eotaxin-3 (CCL26), MIP-4 (CCL13), PARC (CCL18), MDC (CCL22) and MIP-3 (CCL23). Significantly, REGN668/ SAR231893 was shown to reverse upregulation of TARC and eotaxin-3 levels measured by TaqMan arrays and ELISA. The chemokines TARC and eotaxin-3 have been reported as biomarkers in atopy. We conclude that REGN668/SAR231893 has potential clinical application in the treatment of the atopic disease.
Adrenergic receptor properties of hepatocytes from male and female rats.

α1- and β-adrenergic receptor properties of intact hepatocytes from adult male and female rats were evaluated in ligand binding studies using [3H]prazosin and [3H]CGP-12177 (4-(t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-[5,7-3H]benzimidazole-2-one-HCl), a hydrophilic β antagonist. Prior work had suggested that the response of hepatocytes from males to α1-adrenergic stimulation was greater than that of cells from females. However, little sexual difference in prazosin affinity, number of binding sites or kinetics of association/dissociation with the cells was found. Epinephrine, [3H]prazosin competition for binding sites on intact cells was performed at 2° C and 80–90% of agonist sites remained in a high affinity state with an epinephrine Kd comparable to that previously found in glucose release and phosphorylase a activation studies. Agonist Kd inferred from these competition experiments also showed no sexual dimorphism. These data suggest that the greater rise in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium and release of 45Ca from cells of males in response to epinephrine stimulation is not due to male/female α1-receptor differences but, rather, may be a function of the previously observed sexual difference in cell calcium metabolism. [3H]CGP binding to hepatocytes from females was stereospecific, saturable and identified a single, high affinity site. Comparable sites were not found on cells from males, however, [3H]CGP binding to crude membrane preparations from both sexes was identical. This suggests that the loss of hepatic β-receptor function in the adult male is due to an inaccessibility of β-receptors at the external surface of the plasma membrane of the intact cell. Further studies with other β-receptor ligands are being carried out to confirm these initial findings.
Enhanced Activity of a Ca-Calmodulin-Dependent Isozyme of NAD Kinase Caused by Gibberellic Acid in Photodormant Lettuce Seeds

Summary We tested the hypothesis that GA3, like red light (Zhang et al., 1994), enhances activity of a Ca-calmodulin- dependent isozyme of NAD kinase and causes lower levels of NAD+ and higher levels of NADP+ in half-seeds of Grand Rapids lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Half-seeds containing hypocotyl/radicle sections were imbibed for 1 h in H2O or 560 μM GA3, treated with far-red light, then kept in darkness for various times up to 17 h. NAD kinase activity from crude extracts was measured, and activities of a partially purified Ca-calmodulin-independent and a Ca-calmodulin-dependent isozyme were determined. In all experiments kinase activity increased with time after treatment. GA3 enhanced activity in crude extracts and of the Ca-calmodulin-dependent isozyme 30 min after irradiation, but it had no effect on the Ca-calmodulin-independent isozyme at any time period. GA3 caused increased amounts of NADP+ and NADPH and decreased amounts of NAD+, all effects significant 30 min after irradiation. Although these results might be explained partially by GA3-enhanced formation of Ca-calmodulin in vivo, it appears that GA3 additionally or alternatively induced formation of the Ca-calmodulin-dependent isozyme of NAD kinase. These effects of GA3 are similar to those of red light, and they support the hypothesis that Pfr somehow promotes synthesis of a gibberellin as it overcomes photodormancy of the seeds.
Biochemical methods in the detection and diagnosis of metabolic diseases affecting the nervous system.

Abstract Diagnostic procedures applicable for the detection of various metabolic disturbances affecting the nervous system are described. In the majority of patients the presence of such a disorder may be suspected upon obtaining a positive reaction when testing urine with ferric chloride, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine or Benedict's reagent. Although but a small percentage of neurologic patients have a detectable metabolic defect to account for their illness, there is little doubt that every hereditary neurologic disturbance is due to a genetically transmitted enzymatic defect. As these abnormalities may be confined to intracerebral enzyme systems, it will in the future be necessary to direct one's attention to the structure and metabolic activity of brain tissue as obtained by autopsy, or preferably, cerebral biopsy.