cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on location accuracy of Dual-Satellite Geolocation system

The location accuracy of Dual-Satellite Geolocation system, that estimates the location of a stationary source using Difference Time Offset (DTO) and Difference Frequency Offset (DFO) measurements of a signal as retransmitted by the two adjacent geostationary satellites and received by two ground stations in the area of visibility of both satellites, is relevant to the accuracy of parameters estimation and ephemerides of two satellites. With the analysis of the location principles and parameters measurements, the constrained CRLB of the location accuracy has been derived in this paper. Simulation results verify the theoretical development.
Catalytic diversification upon metal scavenging in a prebiotic model for formation of tetrapyrrole macrocycles

A prebiotic model for the formation of tetrapyrrole macrocycles was examined in aqueous solution containing representative Earth-available metals [Mg(II), Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pd(II)]. First, a hydrophilic porphyrin (uroporphyrin I) was found to undergo metalation with all metals examined except Mg(II). Second, a competition experiment among the eight metals with uroporphyrin in limiting quantity afforded preferential metalation with Mn(II), Co(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II). A multicomponent analysis method enabled absorption spectrophotometric detection of 8 distinct uroporphyrins (7 metallo-, 1 free base) in a single mixture. Third, a dione–aminoketone reaction was performed in aqueous solution containing the metals followed by photooxidation in the presence of a quinone. The reaction proceeds through multiple stages: (1) dione–aminoketone condensation to give a pyrrole equipped for self-condensation, (2) tetramerization of the pyrrole and cyclization to give uroporphyrinogens, (3) 6e−/6H+ dehydrogenation (e.g., photooxidation) to give the uroporphyrins, and (4) metalation of the uroporphyrins. The presence versus absence of metals resulted in lower yields, yet Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) each individually gave the corresponding metallouroporphyrin [with trivalent metals observed in three cases: Mn(III), Fe(III), and Co(III)]. Analogous reaction in the presence of all eight metals together gave the free base, Mn(III), and Zn(II) chelates whereas other metal chelates could not be reliably detected by absorption spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. Such metalloporphyrins greatly broaden the accessible redox levels, catalytic avenues, and photochemical features versus those of the free base porphyrins. Taken together, scavenging of metals is expected to increase the functional diversity of tetrapyrroles on early Earth.
Modification of a cylindrical bidomain model for cardiac tissue.

Abstract Previous models based on a cylindrical bidomain assumed either that the ratio of intracellular and interstitial conductivities in the principal directions were the same or that there was no radial variation in potential (i.e., a planar front, ∂V m ⧸ ∂p = 0). This paper presents a formulation and the expressions for the intracellular, interstitial, extracellular, and transmembrane potentials arising from nonplanar propagation along a cylindrical bundle of cardiac tissue represented as a bidomain with arbitrary anisotropy. For unequal anisotropy, the transmembrane current depends not only on the local change of the transmembrane potential but also on the nature of the transmembrane potential throughout the volume.
Atomistic considerations of stressed epitaxial growth from the solid phase

A dual-timescale model of stressed solid-phase epitaxial growth is developed to provide a basis for the atomistic interpretation of experiments where the macroscopic growth velocity of (0 0 1) Si was studied as a function of uniaxial stress applied in the plane of the growth interface. The model builds upon prior empirical modeling, but is a significant improvement as it provides solid physical bases as to the origin of growth being dual-timescale and more accurately models growth kinetics.
Zu J. A. Ernestis Reden und philologischen Schriften

J. A. Ernesti, a 18th century German theologian and philologist, was famous both as rhetorician and as a scholar. In this paper I investigate the Latinity and identify quotations of collections of his speeches and of his scholarly works.
INV-WATFLX, a code for simultaneous estimation of soil properties and planar vector water flux from fully or partly functioning needles of a penta-needle heat-pulse probe

Soil thermal properties and water fluxes are fundamental for understanding water and heat transport phenomena in the vadose zone. Processes of interest include quantifying infiltration and runoff in addition to solute transport rates, which are of great interest in many scientific and engineering applications where water flux and temperature are key parameters. In this study, INV-WATFLX was developed for simultaneously fitting thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and heat velocities in a plane normal to a penta-needle heat-pulse probe (PHPP) using temperature rise measurements in a porous medium. The inverse problem is formulated as the minimization of a generalized least-squares criterion by means of a Gauss-Newton-Levenberg-Marquardt method. Fitted temperature measurements following a heat-pulse injection were calculated from an analytical solution of temperature rise derived at the four thermistor positions of the PHPP. The INV-WATFLX code was tested with a set of synthetic simulations using CORE^2^D V4. Relative errors of thermal diffusivity, conductivity, bulk volume heat capacity, and water fluxes estimated in INV-WATFLX to their prescribed values in the synthetic simulations were smaller than 3%. We also evaluated the ability of INV-WATFLX to provide estimation of thermal properties and fluxes from temperature rise measured by a sub-set of the four thermistors. INV-WAFLX was applied to laboratory column flow experiments for water flux estimation using a PHPP. Water fluxes estimated using INV-WATFLX was comparable to independently measured fluxes. The new code provides reliable estimation of soil thermal properties and water fluxes from temperature rise using heat-pulse measurements.
An instrument for direct observations of seismic and normal-mode rotational oscillations of the Earth

The rotations around the vertical axis associated with the normal mode oscillations of the Earth and those induced by the seismic and other disturbances have been very difficult to observe directly. Such observations will provide additional information for 3D modeling of the Earth and for understanding earthquakes and other underground explosions. In this paper, we describe the design of an instrument capable of measuring the rotational motions associated with the seismic oscillations of the Earth, including the lowest frequency normal mode at ν ≈ 3.7 × 10−4 Hz. The instrument consists of a torsion balance with a natural frequency of ν0 ≈ 1.6 × 10−4 Hz, which is observed by an autocollimating optical lever of high angular resolution and dynamic range. Thermal noise limits the sensitivity of the apparatus to amplitudes of ≈ 1.5 × 10−9 rad at the lowest frequency normal mode and the sensitivity improves as ν−3/2 with increasing frequency. Further improvements in sensitivity by about two orders of magnitude may be achieved by operating the balance at cryogenic temperatures. Alternatively, the instrument can be made more robust with a reduced sensitivity by increasing ν0 to ≈10−2 Hz. This instrument thus complements the ongoing effort by Igel and others to study rotational motions using ring laser gyroscopes and constitutes a positive response to the clarion call for developments in rotation seismology by Igel, Lee, and Todorovska [H. Igel, W.H.K. Lee and M.I. Todorovska, AGU Fall Meeting 2006, Rotational Seismology Sessions: S22A,S23B, Inauguration of the International Working Group on Rotational Seismology (IWGoRS)].
Histochemically detected enzymatic alterations in rat lung exposed to ozone.

Abstract Enzymatic activities were studied histochemically in lungs from young rats which had been exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone continuously for 7 days. Walls of terminal airways and interalveolar septa in centriacinar regions were the areas of the lung most noticeably affected by ozone exposure. Histologically these structures were observed to be thickened and infiltrated by mononuclear cells. Bronchiolar epithelium in infiltrated areas had lower NADH- and NADPH-diaphorase reactivities and higher ATPase reactivity than similar epithelium in control lungs. Interalveolar septa in centriacinar regions of ozone-exposed lungs had increased diaphorase, LDH, ATPase, and cytochrome oxidase reactivities. Increased septal histochemical reactivity was observed not only in the centriacinar zone of septa that were thickened and infiltrated, but also in an immediately adjacent zone of septa that were histologically unaffected. The increases in enzymatic reactivity could be part of a protective mechanism operating locally in centriacinar regions of ozone-exposed lungs to help maintain cellular integrity.
Growth Hormone Stimulation of Glucose Transport in Isolated Rat Hepatocyte Suspensions and Primary Cultures

[14C]-3-O-Methyl-D-glucose transport in response to GH stimulation was measured in freshly prepared and cultured hepatocytes from hypophysectomized (hypox) adult female rats. Sugar transport in freshly isolated hepatocytes from hypox animals was stimulated by 10-9 M human GH (hGH) and 10-9 M rat GH (rGH) during 0–30 and 60–90 min of incubation, respectively. Monosaccharide transport in freshly isolated hepatocytes from normal female rats was unaffected by either hGH or rGH addition. Specific [125I]iodo-hGH binding to freshly isolated hepatocytes from hypox rats was detectable as early as 9 min of incubation and reached maximum binding levels by approximately 30–60 min. Specific [125I]iodo-rGH binding was not detectable until 30 min of incubation and reached a binding plateau after 60 min of incubation. Porcine insulin at 10-9 and 10-7 M was ineffective in stimulating sugar transport in either freshly isolated or cultured hepatocytes from hypox animals. Sugar transport in cultured hepatocytes was stimulate...
Leveraging Transactional Execution for Memory Consistency Model Emulation

System emulation is widely used in today’s computer systems. This technology opens new opportunities for resource sharing as well as enhancing system security and reliability. System emulation across different instruction set architectures (ISA) can enable further opportunities. For example, cross-ISA emulation can enable workload consolidation over a wide range of microprocessors and potentially facilitate the seamless deployment of new processor architectures. As multicore and manycore processors become pervasive, it is important to address the challenges toward supporting system emulation on these platforms. A key challenge in cross-ISA emulation on multicore systems is ensuring the correctness of emulation when the guest and the host memory consistency models differ. Many existing cross-ISA system emulators are sequential, thus they are able to avoid this problem at the cost of significant performance degradation. Recently proposed parallel emulators are able to address the performance limitation; however, they provide limited support for memory consistency model emulation. When the host system has a weaker memory consistency model compared to the guest system, the emulator can insert memory fences at appropriate locations in the translated code to enforce the guest memory ordering constraints. These memory fences can significantly degrade the performance of the translated code. Transactional execution support available on certain recent microprocessors provides an alternative approach. Transactional execution of the translated code enforces sequential consistency (SC) at the coarse-grained transaction level, which in turn ensures that all memory accesses made on the host machine conform to SC. Enforcing SC on the host machine guarantees that the emulated execution will be correct for any guest memory model. In this article, we compare and evaluate the overheads associated with using transactions and fences for memory consistency model emulation on the Intel Haswell processor. Our experience of implementing these two approaches on a state-of-the-art parallel emulator, COREMU, demonstrates that memory consistency model emulation using transactions performs better when the transaction sizes are large enough to amortize the transaction overhead and the transaction conflict rate is low, whereas inserting memory fences is better for applications in which the transaction overhead is high. A hybrid implementation that dynamically determines which approach to invoke can outperform both approaches. Our results, based on the SPLASH-2 and the PARSEC benchmark suites, demonstrate that the proposed hybrid approach is able to outperform the fence insertion mechanism by 4.9p and the transactional execution approach by 24.9p for two-thread applications, and outperform them by 4.5p and 44.7p, respectively, for four-threaded execution.
Pulsed fast/thermal neutron analysis: a technique for explosives detection

Abstract Explosives, narcotics and other contraband material contain various chemical elements, such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, etc. in quantities and ratios that differentiate them from each other and from other innocuous substances. Neutrons and γ-rays have the ability to penetrate through various materials to large depths. They are able to interrogate, in a non-intrusive manner, volumes ranging from suitcases to Sea–Land containers. Pulsed fast/thermal neutron analysis (PFTNA) is a neutron-based technique which utilizes the (n,n′γ), (n,pγ), and (n,γ) reactions to identify and quantify a large number of elements. The elements emit characteristic γ-rays that are the ‘fingerprints’ of each isotope. This technique is being employed in a variety of applications: bulk coal analysis, contraband detection and detection of explosives.
Do regions matter in interjurisdictional competition? Evidence from state taxation

Abstract By relaxing the assumption that states respond equally to competition, we demonstrate that significant regional differences exist in both the degree and direction of interstate competition. This suggests empirical models of interstate competition benefit from more complex forms of interaction.
Developmental transitions among affective and behavioral disorders in adolescent boys.

Background: This paper expands upon recent efforts to advance beyond the examination of concurrent comorbidity between affective and behavioral disorders by testing developmental sequences among disorders. Doing so allows for improved tests of theories, such as Capaldi and Patterson's failure model of Conduct Disorder (CD) and depression. Furthermore, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is rarely considered distinctly from CD, minimizing the ability to identify distinct effects among behavioral disorders. Methods: This paper used data from the Developmental Trends Study, a clinic-referred cohort of 177 boys, along with their parents, who were assessed regularly using a structured clinical interview and a comprehensive set of other measures. Boys were recruited when they were between the ages of 7 and 12, and were reassessed annually until age 18. Predictive regression models tested the continuities among disorders, with depression, overanxious disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), ODD and CD examined separately as outcomes. Results: Each disorder showed homotypic continuity, but a clear developmental sequence of heterotypic continuity also emerged. ADHD was predicted by no other disorders, and exclusively predicted ODD. CD was predicted only by ODD. However, ODD was also directly predictive of future anxiety and depression, and anxiety predicted future depression as well. A specific test of the failure model of CD and depression supported that model. Conclusions: ODD appears as a pivotal developmental disorder in young males, in that ODD is notably influential in both subsequent behavioral and affective disorders. CD influences later depression only indirectly, through psychosocial impairment. Anxiety precedes depression, and ADHD is not predicted by other disorders.
Questions of Balance

Book reviewed in this article: The First R: Every Child's Right to Read. Edited by Michael F. Graves, Paul van den Broek, and Barbara M. Taylor. 1996.
Live Wire Segmentation Tool for Osteophyte Detection in Lumbar Spine X-Ray Images

Computer-assisted vertebra segmentation in X-ray images is a challenging problem. Inter-subject variability and the generally poor contrast of digitized radiograph images contribute to the segmentation difficulty. In this paper, a semi-automated live wire approach is investigated for vertebrae segmentation. The live wire approach integrates initially selected user points with dynamic programming to generate a closed vertebra boundary. In order to assess the degree to which vertebra features are conserved using the live wire technique, convex hull-based features to characterize anterior osteophytes in lumbar vertebrae are determined for live wire and manually segmented vertebrae. Anterior osteophyte discrimination was performed over 405 lumbar vertebrae, 204 abnormal vertebrae with anterior osteophytes and 201 normal vertebrae. A leave-one-out standard back propagation neural network was used for vertebrae segmentation. Experimental results show that manual segmentation yielded slightly better discrimination results than the live wire technique.
Gingival lesion of recent onset in a patient with neurofibromatosis

CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 14-year-old African-American male with a history of neurofibromatosis, type 1, was referred for evaluation of a nodule involving his right maxillary anterior gingiva and alveolar mucosa. The lesion had been present for 3 weeks and was relatively painless, although the patient had experienced some difficulty in eating and speaking because of the size of the mass. Examination showed a sessile, ulcerated, 2 x 2.5 cm nodule with a 1.5 cm attached blue-black mass that overlapped the teeth in the area (Fig. 1). On palpation the gingival mass was rubbery firm, while the blueblack portion was soft, friable, and hemorrhagic. No tenderness was elicited. Radiographic examination was uuremarkable.
Accounting for the Tax Benefits of Employee Stock Options and Implications for Research

This paper explains firm disclosures of the tax benefits of employee stock options and discusses the implications of this disclosure for academic research studies and financial statement users. We do this in order to show that there are important implications for empirical research studies and inferences regarding tax burdens. The effects of this accounting have not often been taken into account in empirical research yet it may impact the inferences made from the studies. We find that firm disclosures are not always clear as to the amount of the corporate tax benefits from the exercise of stock options. In addition, in many cases, firms' reported effective tax rates are overstated as are estimates of marginal tax rates and tax burdens using financial statement disclosures. This study is important because it explains the accounting for the tax benefits of stock options, describes the problems this accounting may cause in empirical studies and for financial statement users, and provides some suggestions on adjusting for this accounting to more correctly estimate tax rates and burdens.
Fortress Under Siege: A New German History

Measured against its subject, German history from the ancient forests to the “Berlin Republic,” A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People by Steven Ozment is a very short book. Karl Lamprecht (1856–1915) required some 6,000 pages in twelve volumes to cover the subject, and he had no twentieth century to master. Ozment's book is readable. It moves along in the athletic style and at the brisk pace we expect from him and is largely free of the sarcasms that pepper some of his earlier (though not the earliest) writings. The most surprising thing about A Mighty Fortress is that it was written at all. Why no German historian would tackle the subject today needs no explanation, but it is truly curious that a foreigner would essay the task. Yet Ozment has done just that. The product is a book easy and fun to read, in many respects better entertainment than history. A Mighty Fortress ' point of view is so obstinately personal, its attitude toward established scholarship so brusque, and its narrative so broken and at times opaque, that only generous quotations can supply a fair impression of the book.
Combination Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, and Gemcitabine Is an Active Treatment for Advanced Urothelial Cancer

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy and toxicity of the drug combination of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients eligible included those with advanced urothelial malignancy of any histology, no previous chemotherapy for metastatic disease, Southwest Oncology Group performance status of 2 or less, serum creatinine levels of 2 mg/dL or less, and adequate bone marrow and hepatic function. Treatment consisted of paclitaxel 200 mg/m2, carboplatin (target area under the curve = 5) on day 1, and gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, repeated every 21 days. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients (44 men and five women) were enrolled; the patients’ median age was 63 years, and their median creatinine clearance was 78 mL/min (range, 26 to 165 mL/min). Forty-three patients had transitional cell carcinoma, and six had squamous cell carcinoma or mixed histology. Ten patients had metastases to lymph nodes only, six had locally advanced disease, fo...
The digital divide: the special case of gender

Abstract This paper examines the evidence for the digital divide based on gender. An overview of research published in the last 20 years draws to the conclusion that females are at a disadvantage relative to men when learning about computers or learning other material with the aid of computer-assisted software. The evidence shows that the digital divide affects people of all ages and across international boundaries. We suggest that the digital divide is fundamentally a problem of computer anxiety whose roots are deep in socialization patterns of boys and girls and that interact with the stereotype of computers as toys for boys. A model of the digital divide is presented that examines gender stereotypes, attribution patterns, and stereotype threat as antecedents of computer anxiety. Computer anxiety in turn leads to differences in computer attitudes and computer performance. A number of suggestions are offered to reduce the impact of the digital divide.
Does fun pay? The impact of workplace fun on employee turnover and performance.

This research demonstrated that fun in the workplace has both beneficial and potentially negative effects on employees in the hospitality industry. This research focused on the impact of fun activi...
Financial services and the African-American market: what every financial planner should know

Abstract African-American consumers differ markedly from their Caucasian counterparts in terms of financial product preferences, product research, and investment asset portfolio composition. This study examines some of the principal differences between African-American and Caucasian households in evaluating and purchasing investment assets and explores differences in asset holdings between the two racial groups. This information can help financial planners seeking to market to the African-American community better understand this community, tailor investment information for the unique needs of this community, and render more effective service to individuals and families that comprise this attractive and growing market segment.
In vivo reflectance of blood and tissue as a function of light wavelength

The reflectance of light from in vivo tissue is described for wavelengths in the range from 420 to 940 nm, based on photon diffusion theory and on experimental results from studies of 17 subjects. The results show a minimum reflectance and a peak sensitivity to the blood pulsations in the wavelength range from 510 to 590 nm. Skin pigmentation is seen to attenuate reflectance rather than altering the character of the modulation spectra. Based on the model presented, the dependence of modulation spectra on mean blood fractional volume as well as wavelength is described theoretically and corroborated by further experimental data at 570 and 630 nm. At these latter wavelengths, the signal-to-noise ratio is calculated for the blood volume pulsation signal in the presence of physiological noise. The median for calculated ratios of reflectance modulation by blood pulsation and ratios of signal to noise between the two wavelengths are 13.1 and 7.5, respectively, for 93 sites in nine subjects. These results are seen to be consistent with the theory. >
The arrangement of CO adsorbed on a Pt(533) surface

Abstract We propose a spatial arrangement for CO adsorbed on Pt(533) that is consistent with recent experimental results from several laboratories. We test this spatial arrangement, using a site-specific coupled-harmonic-oscillator model, to verify that the arrangement is consistent with a reflection—absorption infrared spectroscopy study of CO adsorbed on Pt(533). We find that the infrared cross section is different for CO adsorbed on sites with different coordination number.
Hypothesis grids: improving long baseline navigation for autonomous underwater vehicles

Navigation continues to fundamentally limit our ability to understand the underwater world. Long baseline navigation uses range measurements to localize a remote vehicle using acoustic time-of-flight estimates. For autonomous surveys requiring high precision navigation, current solutions do not satisfy the performance or robustness requirements. Hypothesis grids represent the survey environment capturing the spatial dependence of acoustic range measurement, providing a framework for improving navigation precision and increasing the robustness with respect to non-Gaussian range observations. Prior association probabilities quantify the measurement quality as a belief that subsequent observations will correspond to the direct-path, a multipath, or an outlier as a function of the estimated location. Such a characterization is directly applicable to Bayesian navigation techniques. The algorithm for creating the representation has three main components: Mixed-density sensor model using Gaussian and uniform probability distributions, measurement classification and multipath model identification using expectation-maximization (EM), and grid-based spatial representation. We illustrate the creation of a set of hypothesis grids, the feasibility of the approach, and the utility of the representation using survey data from the autonomous benthic explorer (ABE)
A META-ANALYSIS OF DRIVER EYE-SCANNING BEHAVIOR WHILE NAVIGATING

In this study, a meta-comparison of link analyses was performed using two eye scanning studies. One study was an analysis of the Etak navigator, while the second study was an evaluation of the TravTek system.
Human immunodeficiency virus-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a distinct subtype of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) characterized by the expression of CD30 in lymphoma cells. Like aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the risk of developing PTCL is also increased in the setting of HIV infection. To date, the occurrence of ALCL in HIV-positive individuals is limited to a few case reports and small case series. A total of 37 cases of HIV-associated ALCL were identified after reviewing the available published literature. Analysis of these cases showed that this group of HIV-infected patients was on average 38 years of age with a male-to-female ratio of 4:1, and a reported median CD4 cell count of 83 cells/mm(3). HIV-associated ALCL cells rarely expressed anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Epstein-Barr virus infection was associated with one-third of the cases. These lymphomas manifested almost exclusively with extranodal involvement and exhibited a very aggressive clinical course. The median overall survival was 5 months. The administration of chemotherapy and early stages at presentation were identified as good prognostic factors, while the use of HAART showed a statistical trend toward improved survival in HIV-associated ALCL.
Aortic root dilatation in patients with emphysema

Abstract Background Abdominal aortic aneurysms have been recognized to occur more frequently in patients with emphysema. However, the prevalence of aortic root dilatation in patients with emphysema and its relationship to risk factors for aortic enlargement have not been previously described. Methods We studied 47 patients, past smokers (aged 67 ± 6 years, 18 women) with severe emphysema diagnosed by a pulmonary function test and an ultrafast computed tomographic scan. Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to measure the aortic root at the aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular junction and proximal part of the ascending aorta. Measured mean values were compared with published normal values and age- and sex-matched patients without emphysema. The relationship between aortic root size and cardiac risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes) was also examined. Results In patients with emphysema the mean aortic root dimensions were significantly larger than normal values at each measured site ( P P Conclusions (1) In patients with emphysema the aortic root dimension is significantly larger than in patients without emphysema. (2) Systemic hypertension is associated with additional enlargement of the proximal ascending aorta, the sinus of Valsalva, and the sinotubular junction. (Am Heart J 2001;142:1024-7.)
Struggling Readers' "Noticings" to Make Meaning of Picture Books

For today's elementary teacher, comprehension instruction must include strategies that include viewing to make sense of information in multimodal texts. Using case study methodology, this research describes the extent of how struggling readers notice images in picture books in order to make meaning. Data sources include written transcriptions of 13 video-taped reading sessions, the participants' criterion-based fluency measures and word identification proficiencies per book, and the researcher's field notes. Results reveal the participants most often noticed visual information in interpreting and then used the visual memory of these "noticings" to decode and increase oral reading accuracy. The results further reveal the ways in which the second graders' processed nonverbal information by (1) transacting with images/text via socio-cultural references, (2) interpreting images via representational aspects of the world, interactions of social relations, and compositions of integrated texts, and (3) questioning images/text. While "noticings" of visual information exceed "noticings" of verbal/written information, the students' meaning-making transactions are apparent with both images and text. Frequently, the participants' processing of information includes noticing the composition of an image. Yet, interpretations reference representations from their experiential worlds, such that "gaps" between what is represented/noticed and what the students' knew from prior experiences generated questions.
Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in the Serum Antibody Profiles of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons with and without Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis

The importance of humoral immunity for resistance to Cryptococcus neoformans is uncertain. A case-controlled study of the human antibody response to C. neoformans comparing the serum antibody profiles of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons who did (HIV+/CM+) or did not (HIV-infected controls) develop cryptococcal meningitis (CM) and HIV-uninfected persons with samples obtained from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study was performed. Total immunoglobulin concentrations were determined, and the specificity, isotype, and idiotype expression of antibodies to C. neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan were analyzed by ELISA. Compared with the HIV+/CM+ group, the HIV-infected control group had significantly lower levels of total IgM, IgA, and antibodies expressing a certain VH3 determinant. The HIV-infected control group manifested an increase in immunoglobulin levels with a decrease in CD4 lymphocytes. The findings suggest a possible association between reduced expression of certain immunoglobulin subsets and HIV-associated CM.
Composite electromagnetic pulse threat

A new electromagnetic pulse threat based on a composite ambient field defined by a combination of lightning, NEMP (nuclear electromagnetic pulse) and microwave threats is discussed. The composite electromagnetic pulse threat has been used to harden a military helicopter. The hardening to a composite threat resulted in the development of simplified hardening verification procedures. It also provided an economical advantage. >
Effectiveness of Asynchronous Reference Services for Distance Learning Students within Florida's Community College System.

Abstract The provision of equitable library services to distance learning students emerged as a critical area during the 1990s. Library services available to distance learning students included digital reference and instructional services, remote access to online research tools, database and research tutorials, interlibrary loan, and document delivery. Digital reference services appeared to be one of the more significant services proffered by academic libraries although these services were developed often without forethought to goals and assessment. Previous studies evaluated traditional and telephone reference service; however, the literature lacked studies addressing asynchronous digital reference service.
Perspectives of Common Breastfeeding Situations: A Known Group Comparison

Infant feeding choice is influenced by social and cultural factors, as reflected in sociodemographic correlates of breastfeeding, which show consistently low breastfeeding rates among women from lo...
A type of gain scheduling which converts to a "classical" problem in several complex variables

We treat H/sup /spl infin// control design for a plant where part of it is known and a subsystem /spl delta/ is not known, that is, the response of the plant at "frequency" s is P(s, /spl delta/(s)). We assume that once our control system is running, we can identify the subsystem /spl delta/ online. Thus the problem is to design a function K off-line that uses this information to produce an H/sup /spl infin// controller via the formula K(s, /spl delta/(s)). The challenge is to pick K so that the controller yields a closed loop system with H/sup /spl infin// gain at most /spl gamma/ no matter which /spl delta/ occurs. While this is entirely a frequency domain problem, it can be considered as H/sup /spl infin// gain scheduling. However, we call this the linear model varying (LMV) control problem. In this article we show that LMV control problems are equivalent to certain problems of interpolation by analytic functions in several complex variables. These precisely generalize the classical interpolation problems which lay at the core of H/sup /spl infin// control.
Organization of the Glycoprotein and Polysaccharide Synthetic Pathways in the Plant Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus serves as a processing and sorting station for secretory proteins as they pass from their site of origin, the endoplasmic reticulum, to their final destination, the cell surface or the lysosomal/vacuolar systems. There is general consensus that in animal cells the Golgi apparatus consists of at least four distinct functional compartments known as cis, medial and trans Golgi cisternae, and the trans Golgi network (TGN) (Farquhar, 1985; Griffiths and Simons, 1986). Proteins enter the stack at its cis face and depart from the opposite trans face (Dunphy and Rothman, 1985), and transport between the cisternal compartments is mediated by transport vesicles (Duden et al., 1991). The definition of these compartments is based on biochemical fractionation studies, as well as on the histochemical and immuno-cytochemical localization of specific glycosyltransferases and their products (Kornfeld and Kornfeld, 1985; Roth, 1987). Cis Golgi cisternae contain the enzyme N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-1-phosphodiester α-N-acetylglucosaminidase, which is involved in the addition of mannose 6-phosphate residues to the oligosaccharide side chains of lysosomal enzymes. The enzyme GlcNAc transferase I is found in the medial cisternae, whereas most of the galactosyltransferase activity is located in the trans cisternae. The addition of terminal sialic acid residues, finally, is largely confined to the TGN. Thus the presence of a specific type of Golgi compartment in a biochemical fraction can be defined by the presence of specific marker enzyme activities, and the types of cisternae through which a given N-linked glycoprotein has passed can be determined by the types of modifications that are present on its oligosaccharide side chain(s). This knowledge of the functional organization of the Golgi apparatus has proven immensely valuable for designing experiments to explore mechanisms of trafficking through the Golgi apparatus of animal cells, and for deciphering the sites of action of drugs such as brefeldin A that interfere with the secretory pathway.
Identifying subgroups of enhanced predictive accuracy from longitudinal biomarker data by using tree‐based approaches: applications to fetal growth

Longitudinal monitoring of biomarkers is often helpful for predicting disease or a poor clinical outcome. In this paper, We consider the prediction of both large and small-for-gestational-age births using longitudinal ultrasound measurements, and attempt to identify subgroups of women for whom prediction is more (or less) accurate, should they exist. We propose a tree-based approach to identifying such subgroups, and a pruning algorithm which explicitly incorporates a desired type-I error rate, allowing us to control the risk of false discovery of subgroups. The proposed methods are applied to data from the Scandinavian Fetal Growth Study, and are evaluated via simulations.
Post-Broadcast Democracy: From Low Choice to High Choice: Does Greater Media Choice Affect Total News Consumption and Average Turnout?

Greater media choice increases inequality in political involvement. The last chapter demonstrated that the growing reach of cable television and the Internet has widened gaps in news exposure, political knowledge, and turnout between those who like news and those who prefer entertainment. But the Conditional Political Learning model and the empirical analysis had little to say about average political involvement. Increases in news exposure, knowledge, and turnout among news-seekers offset declines among entertainment fans. My theory does not predict whether or not one change exceeds the other to produce changes in average political involvement. Yet, even in the absence of firm theoretical expectations, the effects of new media on the size of the news audience and the level of electoral participation are important and have recently been subject to wide speculation. In this chapter, I examine the effects of greater media choice on average news exposure and turnout. As far as turnout is concerned, assessing the relevant average is straightforward — it is simply the turnout rate. The following analysis examines if increasing cable penetration in the 1970s and 1980s affected average turnout in presidential and congressional elections. It relates changes in cable penetration in different media markets to changes in turnout rates in those markets. This time series research design provides rigorous estimates of cable television's causal effect on average turnout. It also allows an additional test of the Conditional Political Learning model because cable offered very little news before CNN began operation.
Membrane recycling and epithelial cell function

The plasma membrane composition of virtually all eucaryotic cells is established, maintained, and modified by the process of membrane recycling. Specific plasma membrane components are inserted by exocytosis of transport vesicles, and are removed by endocytosis of segments of the membrane in which particular proteins are concentrated. In the kidney collecting duct, vasopressin induces the cycling of vesicles that are thought to carry water channels to and from the apical plasma membrane of principal cells, thus modulating the water permeability of this membrane. In the intercalated cells of the collecting duct, hydrogen ion secretion is controlled by the recycling of vesicles carrying proton pumps to and from the plasma membrane. In both cell types, "coated" carrier vesicles are involved, but whereas clathrin-coated vesicles participate in water channel recycling, the vesicles in intercalated cells are coated with the cytoplasmic domains of proton pumps. Following a brief outline of membrane recycling in general, this review summarizes previous data on membrane recycling in the collecting duct and related transporting epithelia and discusses some selected points relating to the role of membrane recycling and cell-specific function in the collecting duct.
Feasibility of Spanish-language acquisition for acute medical care providers: novel curriculum for emergency medicine residencies

INTRODUCTION Language and cultural barriers are detriments to quality health care. In acute medical settings, these barriers are more pronounced, which can lead to poor patient outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We implemented a longitudinal Spanish-language immersion curriculum for emergency medicine (EM) resident physicians. This curriculum includes language and cultural instruction, and is integrated into the weekly EM didactic conference, longitudinal over the entire 3-year residency program. Language proficiency was assessed at baseline and annually on the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) scale, via an oral exam conducted by the same trained examiner each time. The objective of the curriculum was improvement of resident language skills to ILR level 1+ by year 3. Significance was evaluated through repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS The curriculum was launched in July 2010 and followed through June 2012 (n=16). After 1 year, 38% had improved over one ILR level, with 50% achieving ILR 1+ or above. After year 2, 100% had improved over one level, with 90% achieving the objective level of ILR 1+. Mean ILR improved significantly from baseline, year 1, and year 2 (F=55, df =1; P<0.001). CONCLUSION Implementation of a longitudinal, integrated Spanish-immersion curriculum is feasible and improves language skills in EM residents. The curriculum improved EM-resident language proficiency above the goal in just 2 years. Further studies will focus on the effect of language acquisition on patient care in acute settings.
Benefits of Sewerage System Real-Time Control

Real-time control (RTC) is a custom-designed computer-assisted management system for a specific urban sewerage network that is activated during a wet-weather flow event. Though uses of RTC systems had started in the mid 60s, recent developments in computers, telecommunication, instrumentation, and automation made RTC an advanced technology of the 21 st century. There have been huge improvements in the sophistication and dependability of these systems. Currently, RTC systems can be designed to address any aspect of sewerage management by controlling: combined sewer overflows, surcharges, sanitary sewer overflows, flooding, in-line and off-line storage, load increases to treatment plants, and locations of unavoidable discharges to receiving waters. An important feature of the RTC management is its cost effectiveness. RTC operations maximize storage, a source of substantial savings. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Urban Watershed Management Branch’s predecessor storm and combined sewer overflow management research program has been compiling information on RTC systems since 1967. Management of eight RTC projects have been completed and two are in progress. The findings from the U.S. EPA studies will support and illustrate multiple uses and benefits of RTC.
The fatigue behavior of shape-memory alloys

Shape-memory alloys have two unique properties: the shape-memory effect (ability of a material to be deformed at a low temperature and then revert to its prior shape upon heating) and superelasticity (the ability of a material to experience large recoverable strains when deformed). Many applications that take advantage of these properties require cyclic deformation, making fatigue behavior an important consideration.
Constructing the Nation: Japanese Emigration and Immigration from the late 19th to the 21st Century

Japan shares with the Netherlands the characteristic of being a historic country of emigration but differs in the distinction of being a ‘latecomer to immigration’. Japan was a country of emigration from late 19th century until well into the 20th century. In the late 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, Japan wrestles with the challenges of contemporary immigration. A New York Times article quoted a Latin American Nikkeijin foreign worker in 2009 … “They put up with us (Latin American Nikkeijin) as long as they needed the labor …. But now that the economy is bad, they throw us a bit of cash and say goodbye.” The above quotes reveal a certain ambivalence (White et al., 1990) about the role of nationalism, particularly minzokushugi (ethnic nationalism), in Japan’s emigration and immigration policy. The first quote references Japan’s post-war prohibition against unskilled foreign labour and the change in immigration policy in 1990 that prioritized the ‘blood ties’ of Nikkeijin (Japanese descendants) and resulted in a surge of Latin American Nikkeijin immigration. The second quote refers to the 2009 programme that facilitated the paid voluntary repatriation of the very same unemployed Latin American Nikkeijin to their countries of origin. Nationalism is deployed at different times and periods to justify and legitimize various political actors and actions (Brubaker, 2004). This chapter looks at emigration and immigration policy in modern Japan and argues that they reveal long unresolved and contested visions of the role of ethnicity in Japanese nationalism and national identity.
Obstructive Factors and Alternate Ways in the Course of Non-agriculturization of Western China

With a larger population of surplus labor and rural residents, a relatively low level of agro-industrialization, a backward urbanization and a low ratio of marketing, Western China finds itself on a low level of non-agriculturization. Several factors are involved in obstructing the process of non-agriculturization, including barriers from non-agriculturizing system, non-agriculturizing capital, non-agriculturizing technology in town and in the country, quality of the non-agriculturizing subject, and non-agriculturizing conception. However, non-agriculturization in Western China can be accelerated by means of the following alternate ways: to enhance non-agriculturization in Western China by agro-industrialization, by rural urbanization, by farmer intellectualization, and by surplus labor outflowing.