cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy dependence of state-to-state reaction probabilities for H2 + OH → H + H2O in six dimensions

We report benchmark time-dependent quantum calculation ofstate-to-state reaction probabilities for the title reaction in fulldimensions (6D) using the widely used Schatz-Elgersma potential energysurface (PES). The time-dependent wave function is propagated using thediatom-diatom Jacobi coordinates and the energy-specific state-to-statereaction probabilities are obtained by using the correlation functionmethod. All results reported here are for reaction resulting from theground state of H{sub 2} + OH to various product states H + H{sub 2}Ofor total angular momentum J = 0. The present calculation shows thatalthough the total reaction probability is a smooth function of energy,the final state-specific reaction probabilities show oscillatorystructures as a function of collision energy for the title reaction. 19refs., 4 figs.
An Analytical Model for Determining Two-Dimensional Receptor-Ligand Kinetics

Cell-cell adhesive interactions play a pivotal role in major pathophysiological vascular processes, such as inflammation, infection, thrombosis, and cancer metastasis, and are regulated by hemodynamic forces generated by blood flow. Cell adhesion is mediated by the binding of receptors to ligands, which are both anchored on two-dimensional (2-D) membranes of apposing cells. Biophysical assays have been developed to determine the unstressed (no-force) 2-D affinity but fail to disclose its dependence on force. Here we develop an analytical model to estimate the 2-D kinetics of diverse receptor-ligand pairs as a function of force, including antibody-antigen, vascular selectin-ligand, and bacterial adhesin-ligand interactions. The model can account for multiple bond interactions necessary to mediate adhesion and resist detachment amid high hemodynamic forces. Using this model, we provide a generalized biophysical interpretation of the counterintuitive force-induced stabilization of cell rolling observed by a select subset of receptor-ligand pairs with specific intrinsic kinetic properties. This study enables us to understand how single-molecule and multibond biophysics modulate the macroscopic cell behavior in diverse pathophysiological processes.
Abstract 1214: Single nucleotide polymorphism in HER family members increases susceptibility to human invasive cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is the second-most common cancer among women worldwide (Parkin et al. 1999). Some studies address prognostic roles that different genes play after the development of cervical cancer. However, there is a lack of studies addressing polymorphisms in genes of normal tissues that influence susceptibility to cervical cancer prior to malignant transformation. Such studies could be pivotal in prevention and timely diagnosis. It is well-known that Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to be the primary causative factor for cervical cancer, but host factors must be crucial since only a fraction of HPV-infected women develop cervical cancer. HPV antigens are the ligands of HER family members, and the E5 protein may play a role in the early stage of HPV infection before transformation. Thus, we studied whether there are excessive parent-to-offspring transmissions of specific HER SNP variants in EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3 and ERBB4, in cases of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3). Based on single SNP TDT tests, we identified a significant association between ICC/CIN3 and rs11770506, which is located at intron1 of EGFR and in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with multiple enhancers. Our study provides clues for the identification of vulnerable populations and will advance the development of early detection of ICC in appropriate populations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1214. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1214
Codreanu, Romanian National Traditions and Charisma

The leader of the ‘Legion of the Archangel Michael’, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, figures prominently in accounts of the rise of ‘fascism’ in the interwar era, although his life and views and rarely di...
Fracture and Fatigue Behavior in Nb3Al+ Nb Intermetallic Composites

Model high-melting point Nb3Al + Nb intermetallic composites have been fabricated in situ by vacuum hot pressing and reaction sintering elemental powders mixed in the ratio Nb + 7wt. % Al. In both cases, microstructures feature islands of ductile Nb solid solution (~20 vol. %) in a brittle Nb3Al intermetallic matrix. Thermal treatment for 24 h at 1800°C results in a lamellar microstructure containing a uniform and fine distribution of filamentary Nb in a Nb3Al matrix following the massive peritectic transformation. In this paper, the fatigue and fracture resistance of these two microstructures are examined and compared to pure Nb3Al and Nb. Preliminary results suggest that the Nb phase can provide significant toughening to Nb3Al via crack bridging, plastic stretching and interfacial debonding mechanisms. Measured plane-strain fracture toughness values for the as hot-pressed and fully-aged microstructures are ~6-8 Mpa√m compared to ~2 MPa√m for pure Nb3Al. However, under cyclic loading, the composites tend to show a strong dependence on applied stress-intensity level; fatigue thresholds range between 2–3 Mpa√m.
DIABETES IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE MINORITY POPULATIONS

ABSTRACT Purpose To review epidemiologic data for prevalence of diabetes in high-risk minority populations in the United States, drawing on recently published epidemiologic studies to summarize the effect of a worldwide diabetes epidemic in high-risk populations. Findings The epidemic of diabetes in the United States is heavily influenced by the degree of penetration of the disease in populations of ethnic Americans. Although the largest percentage increase in diabetes during the past decade was in the 30- to 39-year-old age-group, high-risk minorities such as African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and American Indians have also had an increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. At the other end of the age spectrum, type 2 diabetes is increasing among the aging “baby boomers.” Both an increased risk of developing diabetes and an increased occurrence of diabetes-related complications, such as retinopathy and end-stage renal disease, are evident in ethnic minorities in comparison with whites. The possible reasons for this increased risk include (1) differences in lifestyle preferences and choices, (2) more limited access to health care, (3) poorer quality of health care, and (4) biologic or genetic determinants. Conclusion Additional research is needed to determine whether these differences predict a varied clinical course for diabetes in high-risk populations and whether they compel a different approach to treatment.
Induction of the terminal differentiation of a human squamous cell carcinoma by steroids with glucocorticoid activity.

Abstract SqCC/Yl, a human malignant squamous cell carcinoma, spontaneously differentiates when grown to confluence in delipidized serum-containing medium, as measured by the capacity to form detergent-insoluble cornified cell envelopes. Thus, 30% of SqCC/Yl cells spontaneously attained the differentiated state after 6 days in culture. Exposure of SqCC/Yl cells to 30, 100, or 300 nM hydrocortisone increased the number of mature cells, producing a 25, 100, and 225%, respective, increase in the number of differentiated cells over the spontaneous rate of maturation. Retinoic acid at levels of 3–300 nM was inhibitory, causing a 24–85% decrease in the number of differentiated cells. Simultaneous treatment with hydrocortisone and retinoic acid indicated mutual antagonism of the effects of these agents on the formation of cornified envelopes. Since hydrocortisone possesses antiangiogenic (AG), mineralocorticoid (MC) and glucocorticoid (GC) activities, steroids with different degrees of GC, MC, and AG potency were examined for their capacities to induce terminal differentiation. Only steroids with GC activity, such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and RU-28362, were capable of increasing the degree of SqCC/Yl differentiation and antagonizing the inhibitory effects of retinoic acid on the maturation process. In addition, the GC antagonist, RU-38486, reversed the stimulation of cellular differentiation produced by the glucocorticoids. The findings indicate that GC activity is required for the steroid-induced terminal differentiation of SqCC/Yl cells.
The Complexity of Information Retrieval: A Hypothetical Example.

Abstract Inquiries made by academic library users are frequently more complex than they may appear at first glance. Successful information retrieval based on complex queries is a function of cataloging, classification, and the librarian's interpretation. Aspects of complexity are explored using a proposed query as an example.
The Cognitive Load of Geographic Information

Multimedia presentations that combine verbal and visual information are increasingly becoming important methods for communicating geographic information. This article discusses literature related to cognitive load theory (CLT) and offers ideas on how this theory might be used for geography education and research. By considering the limitations of the human mind, CLT offers geographers a way to assess critical components of the spatial learning processes. Methods for measuring cognitive load and reducing overloads are discussed within a map context. It is argued that managing the cognitive load experienced by learners is the key to representing geographic information.
Thiazoles and thiadiazines. The condensation of ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate with thiosemicarbazide

By varying the acidity, solvent polarity, and temperature when thiosemicarbazide reacted with ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, ethyl 2-amino-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine-5-acetate hydrochloride, ethyl 2-hydrazinothiazole-4-acetate, and ethyl 2-imino-3-aminothiazoline-4-acetate hydrochloride were prepared selectively. Double bond migration occurred after neutralizing the thiadiazine and thiazoline hydrochlorides to form the α,β-unsaturated esters: 2-amino-5-carbethoxymethylidene-4,5-dihydro-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine and 2-imino-3-amino-4-carbethoxymethylidenethiazolidine. Pmr studies revealed that an equilibrium existed in solution between the imine and enamine tautomers of the thiadiazine free base. In the enamine structure, a 6-membered hydrogen bonded ring system promotes stability. The thiadiazine contracted in acidic aqueous acetone to ethyl 2-isopropylidenehydrazonothiazole-4-acetate. Monobenzoylation at the primary amine of the thiadiazine yielded ethyl 2-benzamido-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine-5-acetate without disruption of the hydrogen bonded ring, but benzoylating the imino functionality of the thiazolidine caused deconjugation of the α,β-unsaturated ester by double bond migration back into the ring, and ethyl 2-benzimido-3-aminothiazoline-4-acetate was produced, dehydration yielded ethyl 2-phenylthiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazole-5-acetate. This compound was also obtained by reacting 3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol with ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, while the monobenzoylated derivative of the hydrazinothiazole, ethyl 2-(2-benzoylhydrazino)thiazole-4-acetate underwent a dehydrative cyclization to ethyl 3-phenyl-thiazolo [2,3-c]-s-triazole-5-acetate. In chloroform solvent, the second site of benzoylation on the thiadiazine was ring nitrogen 3 while in ethanol or acetonitrile-pyridine ring nitrogen 4 was benzoylated instead. Benzoylation at ring nitrogen 3 resulted in deconjugation of the α,β-unsaturated ester moiety and formed the endocyclic imine, ethyl 2-benzimido-3-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine-5-acetate. However, deconjugation of the unsaturated ester did not occur after benzoylation at ring nitrogen 4; the product was trans-2-benzamido-4-benzoyl-5-carbethoxymethylidene-4,5-dihydro-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine. The hydrogen bonded oximes, syn-2-amino-5-ethyloxalyl-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine oxime, 3,3-dimethyl-5-ethyloxalyl-2H-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]thiazole oxime, and 2-(2-benzoylhydrazino)-4-ethyloxalylthiazole oxime were synthesized by nitrosation. 2-Amino-5-ethyloxalyl-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine oxime benzoate, 2-benzamido-5-ethyloxalyl-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine oxime dibenzoate, and the tribenzoylated derivatives, 2-benzimido-3-benzoyl-5-ethyloxalyl-2,3-dihydro-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine oxime benzoate and 2-benzamido-4-benzoyl-5-ethyl-oxalyl-4H-1,3,4-thiadiazine oxime benzoate, of the thiadiazine oxime were prepared. The oxime benzoylated first, the primary amine second, and the number 3 and 4 ring nitrogens last.
Hepatic amyloidosis in intravenous drug abusers and AIDS patients

The clinical and pathological features of four live rbiopsies and 12 autopsies from 1981–1990 with hepatic amyloidosis were reviewed. All of the patients had a history of both intravenous and subcutaneous cocaine and heroin use with chronic suppurative skin ulcers. Five patients were proven to have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at autopsy. Systemic amyloidosis was diagnosed in only five out of the 16 patients prior to death. Hepatomegaly was present in 12 patients. The amyloid protein was AA in 14 and AL in one case. Definitive characterization of the amyloid substance was not possible in one case. There was no evidence of multiple myeloma or a plasma cell dyscrasia in the one patient with AL amyloid. The amyloid distribution in the liver was both parenchymal and vascular in 12 cases. Cholestasis, which appeared to occur preterminally, was the only histological finding that correlated with the patient's clinical condition. The histological pattern of amyloid in the liver could not predict the type of amyloid protein that was identified. Amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained hepatomegaly in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with chronic suppurative infections.
A minor groove binding track in reverse transcriptase.

Evidence is presented indicating that processive synthesis by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase involves interactions between the minor groove of the template-primer and a discrete protein structural element, the minor groove binding track (MGBT).
Watts-inside: A hardware-software cooperative approach for Multicore Power Debugging

Multicore computing presents unique challenges for performance and power optimizations due to the multiplicity of cores and the complexity of interactions between the hardware resources. Understanding multicore power and its implications on application behavior is critical to the future of multicore software development. In this paper, we propose Watts-inside, a hardware-software cooperative framework that relies on the efficiency of hardware support to accurately gather application power profiles, and utilizes software support and causation principles for a more comprehensive understanding of application power. We show the design of our framework, along with certain optimizations that increase the ease of implementation. We present a case study using two real applications, Ocean (Splash-2) and Streamcluster (Parsec-1.0) where, with the help of feedback from Watts-inside framework, we made simple code modifications and realized up to 5% power savings on chip power consumption.
A simple tachistoscope for student labs

An inexpensive tachistoscope for student labs is described that utilizes a camera shutter to control exposure duration and a potentiometer to vary light intensity. Stimuli can be drawn or typed on 3 x 5 index cards.
Construction, propagation and expression of simian virus 40 recombinant genomes containing the Escherichia coli gene for thymidine kinase and a Saccharomyces cerevisae gene for tyrosine transfer RNA

Abstract Recombinant simian virus 40 (SV40) virus genomes have been constructed in vitro by joining SVGT1, the segment of SV40 DNA between map co-ordinates 0.15 and 0.73 (clockwise), to either the Escherichia coli gene for thymidine kinase ( Ecotdk ), or one of the Saccharomyces cerevisae genes for tRNA Tyr ( ScetyrG ); the resulting recombinants were propagated in CV-1 monkey cells at 41 °C using ts A58 as a helper. The sEcotdk gene was obtained first as an approximately 20 kb ‡ DNA segment in a defective transducing phage, φ 80 dtdk 5, then as overlapping 1.85 and 2.35 kb segments in pMB9- Ecotdk , prior to insertion into SVGT1. The ScetyrG segment introduced into SVGT1 was a 1.25 kb DNA fragment contained in λgtl- ScetyrG , a recombinant that had been cloned previously by Olson et al. (1979). After infection of CV-1 monkey cells with the SVGT1- Ecotdk or SVGT1- ScetyrG hybrid viruses, RNA complementary to the exogenous DNA was produced. With SVGT1- Ecotdk the RNA homologous to the Ecotdk segment was heterogeneous, ranging in size from 1 to > 8 kb in length. At least 30 to 40% of this RNA was covalently joined to SV40-specific RNA. No E. coli thymidine kinase enzyme activity could be detected in the infected cells. By contrast, infection with SVTG 1- ScetyrG resulted in the formation of a transfer RNA-sized RNA, complementary to the tRNA Tyr coding sequence of the ScetyrG segment, as well as a population of heterogenous large RNAs. Since the formation of the tRNA-sized RNA occurred after infection with recombinants having the ScetyrG segments in either of the two alternative orientations in SVGT1, it is possible that transcription of the tyrG sequence is initiated within the cloned segment.
Natural Resource and Environmental Economics: A Retrospective View

This article reviews the methodological and theoretical foundations of natural resource and environmental economics prior to an examination of three examples of topics of current interest in the field. The three examples are nonmarket values, benefit—cost analysis, and the new institutional economics. The article draws on the review of contemporary work to identify a number of topics deserving of attention in subsequent work in this field. The items listed would have the effect of making future research more particular and less doctrinaire.
Interindividual variations in susceptibility and sensitivity : linking risk assessment and risk management

In the past few years, our knowledge of mammalian genomes has increased enormously. Our understanding of the molecular basis of the normal cellular processes of DNA replication and repair and cell cycle control, together with how their fidelity malfunctions as part of tumor development, has increased in parallel. This has led to a clearer appreciation that there are subpopulations that have been generically described as being genetically or otherwise susceptible to the induction of cancer or birth defects. The term susceptibility is a default option, since there clearly will be a very broad range of sensitivities among the so-called susceptible populations, dependent upon the specific underlying mechanism. This could lead to the conduct of risk assessments for each specific situation, involving both genotypes of individuals and agents of concern. This would ideally take into account the effects on response of various modifying factors, genetic and other. One advantage to be gained from this approach is the ability to determine if a particular susceptibility places subpopulations at extreme risk as compared to the overall normal distribution of risk in the population, or whether such a susceptible population presents a slight extension of the upper bound of the risk distribution or lies within the normal distribution. In addition, the specific mechanism of the susceptibility as related to exposure scenarios and the magnitude and demographics of the susceptible populations need to be taken into account. Thus, the management of risk has to be linked to the specific risk assessment. For many of the so-called susceptible populations an uncertainty factor of less than 10, even including 1, would be predicted to bring the risk within the normal distribution. It is hoped that as more mechanistic information on susceptibility becomes available and a specific risk can be defined, the practice of risk management will be considerably improved.
Use of the Vectra Polyetherurethaneurea Graft for Dialysis Access in HIV-Positive Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease

The primary objective of this study was to establish the safety, efficacy, infection rate, and patency of the Vectra graft (polyetherurethaneurea) for dialysis access in patients diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and end-stage renal disease. The Vectra graft has a unique self-sealing property; therefore we hypothesize that these patients will have fewer infections. A Vectra graft was implanted in 30 consecutive HIV-positive patients without sufficient veins for an autologous fistula. These surgeries were carried out over a 2.5-year period. Primary graft patency was 42% at 12 months and 3 (10%) of the grafts developed infection. This rate of graft infection was less (10% vs 45%) than both our prior experience and published reports using polytetrafluorothene bridge grafts. The unique self-sealing property of the Vectra graft minimizes the development of perigraft hematoma with repetitive needle cannulation and in the immunosuppressed HIV-positive patient, may account for the observed decrease in dialysis access infection.
Nonindustrial private landowners, fires, and the wildland–urban interface

Abstract We estimate the value to a non-industrial forest landowner of information about the magnitude of fire arrival rates. A simulation based on a model from Amacher et al. [Amacher, G., Malik, A., Haight, R., in press. Not getting burned: the importance of fire prevention in forest management. Land Economics] is used to assess the cost of mistakes made by a landowner when stand management decisions are made without perfect knowledge of the fire arrival probability. These costs are reflected in the higher losses incurred by a landowner if fire arrives during a rotation. The representative landowner studied in the simulation is assumed to value nontimber benefits, and to make rotation age, planting density and fuel reduction decisions. We find that the value of information about the overall magnitude of fire risk is more than twice as high when the landowner underestimates fire risk, rather than overestimating it.
RNA traffics information systemically in plants

A new paradigm for intercellular signaling in vascular plants is emerging that offers to revolutionize our understanding of these deceptively simple organisms and reveal the true level of their sophistication in information processing. The new conceptual understanding is based on directed trafficking of information-rich macromolecular signals (transcription factors and RNA molecules) between cells and systemically throughout the plant (for review, see ref. 1). Intercellular and systemic movement occurs via two specialized structures: (i) intercellular organelles known as plasmodesmata, which provide continuity of cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum between adjacent cells; and (ii) the phloem, which is responsible for translocation of photoassimilates from source leaves to sink tissues and, together with the xylem, forms the vascular system of higher plants. siRNAs can trigger RNA silencing in plants, just as in animals.
Cogtool-explorer: towards a tool for predicting user interaction

In recent years, research predicting search through webpages has begun to be successful. However, existing tools ignore the order in which on-screen options are evaluated and therefore might make inaccurate predictions. We developed CogTool-Explorer and used it to model a previously published web-based experiment. Its predictions were better than those of a previously published tool, and included the order of evaluation effect not accounted for by previous tools. These more accurate predictions can be attributed to the approach used in CogTool-Explorer.
Molecular Nanoparticles Are Unique Elements for Macromolecular Science: From “Nanoatoms” to Giant Molecules

In this Perspective, we present a unique approach to the design and synthesis of giant molecules based on “nanoatoms” for engineering structures across multiple length scales and controlling their macroscopic properties. Herein, “nanoatoms” refer to shape-persistent molecular nanoparticles (MNPs) with precisely defined chemical structures and surface functionalities that can serve as elemental building blocks for the precision synthesis of giant molecules by methods such as sequential “click” approach. Typical “nanoatoms” include those MNPs based on fullerenes, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, polyoxometalates, and folded globular proteins. The resulting giant molecules are precisely defined macromolecules. They include, but are not limited to, giant surfactants, giant shape amphiphiles, and giant polyhedra. Giant surfactants are polymer tail-tethered “nanoatoms” where the two components have drastic chemical differences to impart amphiphilicity. Giant shape amphiphiles not only are built up by cova...
A Combined Cluster and Interaction Model: The Hierarchical Assignment Problem

This article presents a new spatial modeling approach that deals with interactions between individual geographic entities. The developed model represents a generalization of the transportation problem and the classical assignment problem and is termed the hierarchical assignment problem (HAP). The HAP optimizes the spatial flow pattern between individual origin and destination locations, given that some grouping, or aggregation of individual origins and destinations is permitted to occur. The level of aggregation is user specified, and the aggregation step is endogenous to the model itself. This allows for the direct accounting of aggregation costs in pursuit of optimal problem solutions. The HAP is formulated and solved with several sample data sets using commercial optimization software. Trials illustrate how HAP solutions respond to changes in levels of aggregation, as well as reveal the diverse network designs and allocation schemes obtainable with the HAP. Connections between the HAP and the literature on the p-median problem, cluster analysis, and hub-and-spoke networks are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.
Quality of life and survival of septuagenarians and octogenarians after repair of descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

Objective We assessed quality of life and survival in elderly patients after complex aortic operations to aid in surgical decision making. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 93 patients who underwent descending thoracic aneurysm or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair from 2002 to 2008. A Cox model was used for survival analysis. The SF-36 Item Health Survey was administered to assess postoperative quality of life in 39 patients and was compared with age- and gender-matched normal scores. Results The mean age at operation was 75 ± 4.1 years; 51% of patients were male. In-hospital mortality was 15%. One-year survival was 69%, and 5-year survival was 45%. Only acute respiratory distress syndrome was a predictor of in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio = 3.75; P P P = .81). Being male is a predictor of long-term survival (hazard ratio = 0.18; P P Conclusions TAAA repair in this selected older surgical population yields acceptable survival beyond the first year. Among 1-year survivors, quality of life is similar to that of an age- and gender-matched population.
Mon Japon : the revue theater as a technology of Japanese imperialism

In this article I examine the role of the montage-like revue theater in dramatizing and aestheticizing Japanese imperial ideology in the first half of this century. The all-female Takarazuka Revue serves as an organizing framework for exploring the general pattern of theater-state relations during this time. I review intersections of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and nationalism on and off the revue stage together with the specific Japanese orientalism informing the imperialist project and the formation of national identity. As a technology of imperialism, the revue theater helped to bridge the gap between perceptions of colonized others and actual colonial encounters; it was one way of linking imperialist fantasies and colonial realities.
Homology of linear groups via cycles in BG×X

Abstract For X a smooth separated scheme of finite type over a field k , and for G a linear algebraic group over k , we construct homology-type functors H i (X,G) from cycles in the simplicial scheme BG × X . When X =Spec( k ) and k is algebraically closed, these groups are the ordinary homology groups H i ( G ( k )) of the discrete group of k -rational points of G . We construct a spectral sequence beginning with our groups and converging to the etale cohomology of the simplicial scheme BG , thus relating this theory to conclude with some calculations in the case where X= Spec ( R ) .
Extending the Boundaries of Rhetoric in Legal Writing Pedagogy.

In the study of law, postmodernism's interpretive turn has given rise to a wealth of scholarship analyzing the relationship of law's rhetoric to its social, cultural, and political contexts. This s...
Cassini Spacecraft In-Flight Swap to Backup Attitude Control Thrusters

NASA's Cassini Spacecraft, launched on October 15th, 1997 and arrived at Saturn on June 30th, 2004, is the largest and most ambitious interplanetary spacecraft in history. In order to meet the challenging attitude control and navigation requirements of the orbit profile at Saturn, Cassini is equipped with a monopropellant thruster based Reaction Control System (RCS), a bipropellant Main Engine Assembly (MEA) and a Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA). In 2008, after 11 years of reliable service, several RCS thrusters began to show signs of end of life degradation, which led the operations team to successfully perform the swap to the backup RCS system, the details and challenges of which are described in this paper. With some modifications, it is hoped that similar techniques and design strategies could be used to benefit other spacecraft.
Instructional Design Paradigms: Is Object‐Oriented Design Next?

The current systematic approaches taught to. and perhaps used by, instructional designer's share much in common with structured computer software design approaches. The computing field is currently undergoing major changes fostered by the growth of object-oriented (OO) analysis, design, and programming methods. The OO paradigm may also offer a revised focus for ID research. Several instructional design (ID) researchers are already adopting OO computing terminology. The suggested cross-over of OO from computing to instructional design is tied to design trends and ongoing research in II).
Polyphenylquinoxalines containing pendant phenylethynyl groups: Preliminary mechanical properties

Polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQ's) containing various amounts of crosslinkable pendant phenylethynyl groups were prepared from the reaction of 3,3′,4,4′-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-oxydibenzil, and 4,4′-oxybis(4″-phenylethynylbenzil). The distribution of the pendant phenylethynyl groups along the polymer chain was varied in an attempt to alter the properties of the polymers. Preliminary film, adhesive, and laminate properties of PPQ void of pendant crosslinkable groups and containing pendant phenylethynyl groups were determined. The thermally induced reaction of the phenylethynyl group crosslinked the polymer which resulted in better dimensional stability at elevated temperatures.
Multiply Resonant High Quality Photonic Crystal Nanocavities

A photonic crystal cavity allowing at least two separately tunable resonances is designed. Both frequency degenerate structures and structures with frequency separations of up to 506 nm are experimentally demonstrated.
Energy Transfer and Trapping in Rigid Solutions of Aromatic Polymers

Abstract Energy transfer by excitons is now well established in films and solutions of aromatic polymers. Excitons in disordered systems can be considered as electronically excited states, which are transferred between the light absorbing groups in a random hopping process (the same is true in molecular crystals if, because of thermal vibrations, the coherence length of the exciton waves approaches the lattice constant and consequently the band model of the excitons breaks down).
A Three-Dimensional Data/Instruction Systolic Array For Signal Processing Applications

A three-dimensional, multipurpose systolic architecture is proposed in which instructions, as well as data, propagate through the array structure. This paper presents the requirements and characteristics of this Data/Instruction Systolic Array (DISA) architecture. In addition, an algorithm for the multiplication of two matrices on a three-dimensional DISA is presented. Examples of two-dimensional DISA algorithms are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. Finally, analysis indicates that the performance of algorithms implemented on the DISA approaches that of those implemented on more traditional, single purpose arrays while providing the advantage of multiple, pipelinable functions.
Effect of Cyclic Sound Cues on Sexual Development in Nonphotostimulated Japanese Quail

Abstract The influence of cyclic ambient sound stimuli on sexual development was studied in nonphotostimulated [6 hr light: 18 hr dark (16L:18D)] Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The incidence of accelerated gonadal development was reduced when ambient daily sound stimuli were attenuated by the presence of a white noise mask in the animal quarters. In a second experiment nonphotostimulated (9L:15D) male quail showed a phase-dependent testicular response to a daily 3-hr radio broadcast presented at different portions of the day. The radio sound stimulus induced a higher incidence of accelerated gonadal development when presented 6 hr prior to the photophase than when presented either 3 hr prior to the photophase or when presented coincidently with the photophase onset. In a third experiment locomotion was monitored in nonphotostimulated quail (9L:15D) with a 3-hr radio sound stimulus presented 6 hr prior to photophase onset. The onset of a daily locomotor activity pattern was associated with radio sound in some individuals, but sound-induced locomotion was not consistently associated with soundinduced accelerated gonadal development.
How not to undermine the goal of an acquisition theory

Much of Drozd's penetrating review of Investigations in Universal Grammar (IUG), beyond noting countless lamentable misattributions of ideas and inconsistencies, evaluates its methodology. The standardization of methodology in IUG can, I believe, undermine our understanding of acquisition more than it supports it. It is a pity if we lose the real value of their useful experimental refinements of existing experiments (and several novel ones in semantics).
Embarrassing E-mails in Organizations: Exploring Online Embarrassment and Identity Management

This study addresses a void in the computer-mediated communication literature by examining how embarrassment is commonly triggered in organizational e-mails. Facework theory is used to examine embarrassment and its implications for professional and organizational image. Twenty-one in-depth interviews were conducted and data referencing embarrassing e-mails were extracted and analyzed for themes. Two types of e-mail faux pas themes were identified: misdirected e-mail and faulty content. Theoretical implications of studying embarrassment in a computer-mediated context are considered.
Effects of anticholinesterases and of sodium fluoride on neuromyal desensitization.

Abstract Desensitization of amphibian neuromyal junction was obtained by either repetitive, brief (2 msec) iontophoretic pulses of acetylcholine (ACh) or by a prolonged (40 sec) iontophoretic application of ACh. When ACh was applied repetitively, ACh potentials diminished gradually at a rate dependent on ACh pulse frequency; the recovery time constant amounted to approximately 7 sec following 30 sec of brief ACh pulses applied at 20 Hz. In the case of prolonged, 40 sec ACh pulses, repolarization occurred within the duration of the pulse. Subsequent test (2 msec) pulses of ACh showed a diminished endplate response. Anticholinesterase drugs, the organophosphorus tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) and the carbamate, neostigmine, markedly accelerated desensitization. This occurred even when the iontophoretic current was decreased following anticholinesterase treatment in order to generate ACh potentials similar in amplitude to those recorded prior to the treatment. These and additional results indicated that anticholinesterases exert a direct, desensitizing effect independently of the possibility of their causing accumulation of iontophoretically applied ACh. Sodium fluoride (NaF) employed in concentrations of 0.1 to 5 mM, significantly delayed the onset of desensitization whether the latter was induced by repetitive or prolonged pulses of ACh; it also accelerated the recovery of the endplate from desensitization. At concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2 mM, NaF also antagonized the acceleration of desensitization induced by either TEPP or neostigmine; in the combined presence of the anticholinesterase and NaF, the rate constant of desensitization approximated to that recorded under control conditions. This action by NaF was exerted after prolonged (30 min) TEPP treatment; thus, this effect was not due to the reactivating potential of NaF. Repetitive (at 50 Hz) indirect stimulation of the endplate produced progressive diminution of the EPP's, with a plateau occurring at 60 sec. This was concomitant with marked diminution of the response to test pulses of ACh and a slight decrease in the quantal content of the EPP's; thus, it was not due to diminution of the release of ACh. The rate of this phenomenon was markedly increased by anticholinesterases and markedly decreased by NaF. It is emphasized in the Discussion that the antidesensitizing action of NaF does not depend on its chelation of Ca 2+ and that it may be due to the direct action of NaF on the recentor.
The physical properties of bovine corneal collagen.

Some of the physical properties of collagen from the bovine cornea have been studied and compared with those of collagens from other sources. Polymeric and essentially monomeric collagens were prepared by extraction of the corneas with acetic acid, and the collagens were purified and fractionated on the basis of solubility in solutions of varying salt concentrations. Ultracentrifugal and viscometric studies indicated that the corneal collagen monomer is essentially identical to the monomer of other collagens in respect to size and shape and that the soluble corneal collagen polymers appear to occur as aggregates with axial ratios close to that of the monomer. Native and denatured corneal collagen were found to be similar to native and denatured collagens from other sources in respect to optical rotatory dispersion. Significant differences between corneal and skin collagen were found in their amino acid compositions and in their behavior during thermal denaturation. There appeared to be a definite correlation between the extensive intermolecular cross-linking of the collagen polymer obtained by acid extraction and the increased thermal stability. The differences in amino acid composition could not be related to this observation.
Chaotropic anions and the surface potential of bilayer membranes.

Abstract The chaotropic anions perchlorate and thiocyanate adsorb to artificial phospholipid membranes. The negative electrostatic potential they produce at the surface of the membranes was measured by two independent techniques. The conductance produced by neutral carriers of cations and anions was measured to estimate changes in the surface potentials of planar black lipid films and the electrophoretic mobility of phospholipid vesicles was used to monitor changes in the zeta potentials of spherical bilayer membranes. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with the two techniques. The results, moreover, agreed with the change in surface potential produced by these anions at an air water interface, as measured directly with an ionizing electrode (Randles, J.E.B. (1957) Discuss. Faraday Soc. 24, 194–199). The results obtained with artificial bilayers may explain the observation (Wieth, J.O. (1970) J. Physiol. 207, 581–609) that thiocyanate increases the sodium or potassium and decreases the sulfate permeability of erythrocyte membranes.
Toward a systems biology of mouse inner ear organogenesis: gene expression pathways, patterns and network analysis.

We describe the most comprehensive study to date on gene expression during mouse inner ear (IE) organogenesis. Samples were microdissected from mouse embryos at E9–E15 in half-day intervals, a period that spans all of IE organogenesis. These included separate dissections of all discernible IE substructures such as the cochlea, utricle, and saccule. All samples were analyzed on high density expression microarrays under strict statistical filters. Extensive confirmatory tests were performed, including RNA in situ hybridizations. More than 5000 genes significantly varied in expression according to developmental stage, tissue, or both and defined 28 distinct expression patterns. For example, upregulation of 315 genes provided a clear-cut “signature” of early events in IE specification. Additional, clear-cut, gene expression signatures marked specific structures such as the cochlea, utricle, or saccule throughout late IE development. Pathway analysis identified 53 signaling cascades enriched within the 28 patterns. Many novel pathways, not previously implicated in IE development, including β-adrenergic, amyloid, estrogen receptor, circadian rhythm, and immune system pathways, were identified. Finally, we identified positional candidate genes in 54 uncloned nonsyndromic human deafness intervals. This detailed analysis provides many new insights into the spatial and temporal genetic specification of this complex organ system.
Experimental investigation of a swirling, axisymmetric, turbulent boundary layer with pressure gradient

The results of an experimental investigation designed to document data on both mean and turbulence quantities in the axisymmetric, swirling boundary layer (with and without a pressure gradient) flowing over a stationary cylinder downstream of a spinning cylindrical section are discussed. The pressure gradient was introduced into the flow field by a 25.4-mm-high, forward-facing circular step mounted on the stationary cylinder, the step height being nearly equal to the approaching boundary-layer thickness. All the measurements were made at upstream reference velocity of 36-37 m/sec, with the rotation of the spinner set to make its peripheral speed equal to the reference velocity. The data reported include measurements of surface pressure and the mean surface-shear-stress vector (using a miniature directional surface-fence gage) and oil-flow visualization studies of the stationary cylinder. The data indicate that the streamwise pressure gradient controls the development of the streamwise component of wall shear but leaves the peripheral component of wall shear practically unaffected.
Settler Colonialism and the State of Exception: The Example of Palestine/Israel

Discourse on Israel, both propagandistic and analytical, has the peculiar tendency of representing it at one moment as normal – a normal democracy, a normal Western society, a normal state – and at others as exceptional: a democracy uniquely embattled among hostile neighbors, a secular state that historically fulfills the religious destiny of a people, a democracy that defines itself as a state for a single people and religion, the only democracy in the region, and so forth. At times, defenders of Israel lay claim to its normality as the reason to exempt it from the norms of human rights and international law, at others complain that Israel is being ‘singled out’ for criticism. This paper argues that these apparent contradictions, over and above their value to public relations opportunism, can best be explained by understanding Israel’s occupation of Palestine as an exemplary settler colonial project whose contradictions are embedded in the early framing of Zionism and whose unfolding follows a logic long...
Electron heating of inflowing interstellar gas

The heating of inflowing interstellar gas by solar electrons is calculated. In the present work it is assumed that the thermal energy of the electrons is constant with distance from the Sun and that the inflowing gas follows Keplerian trajectories, and the contours of constant temperature so obtained are given. At a heliocentric distance of 1 AU the estimated temperature is 500 K upwind and 2000 K downwind for hydrogen atoms, and is 240 K downwind and 100 K upwind for helium.
Schizophrenia and Sex Associated Differences in the Expression of Neuronal and Oligodendrocyte Specific Genes in Individual Thalamic Nuclei

Considerable evidence based on the study of postmortem brain tissue suggests deficits in both neuronal and myelin systems in schizophrenia (SZ). To date, the majority of the biochemical and molecular biological studies have focused on the cerebral cortex. Most information traveling to or from the cortex is relayed or synaptically gated through the thalamus, and numerous studies suggest structural and functional abnormalities in interconnected regions of the thalamus and cortex in SZ. The present study extends our gene expression studies of neuronal and myelin systems to the thalamus. Quantitative PCR was employed to assess the expression of 10 genes in 5 divisions of the thalamus which were precisely harvested using Laser Capture Microdissection. The divisions studied were present on coronal sections at the level of the centromedian nucleus (CMN) taken from 14 schizophrenic and 16 normal control postmortem brains. The genes examined were specific for oligodendrocytes (MAG, CNP, MBP), neurons (ENO2), glutamatergic neurons (VGlut1, VGlut2, PV, CB) or GABAergic neurons (GAD65, GAD67). Expression levels for each of these markers were quantitated and compared between diagnoses, between sexes, and across nuclei. CB was much more highly expressed in the CMN in SZs compared to NCs. No other diagnosis related differences in gene expression were observed. The expression levels of CNP and MAG, but not MBP, were highly correlated with one another and both, but not MBP, were much more highly expressed in females than in males in all thalamic divisions examined. All markers were differentially expressed across nuclei.
Hydroxylapatite with substituted magnesium, zinc, cadmium, and yttrium. II. Mechanisms of osteoblast adhesion

The present in vitro study investigated osteoblast adhesion on hydroxylapatite (HA) doped with either cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), or yttrium (Y). Compared with any other dopant tested in the present study, osteoblast adhesion was significantly (p < 0.05) greater on HA doped with Y after 4 h; in addition, osteoblast adhesion increased with concentration (2-7 mol%) of Y in HA. The findings that HA doped with greater amounts of Y adsorbed higher concentrations of calcium and, subsequently, of vitronectin and collagen (proteins known to mediate osteoblast adhesion), but not of albumin, laminin, and fibronectin, may explain the observed enhanced adhesion of osteoblasts on these substrates. Interactions (i.e., adsorption and configuration/bioactivity) of vitronectin and collagen may have been promoted by increased porosity of doped HA. Through doping with Y, the present study provided the first evidence that HA can be synthesized and processed with improved cytocompatibility properties for osteoblast adhesion, and thus offered essential information for the design of novel proactive bioceramics. Proactive bioceramics which elicit specific, timely, and desired responses from surrounding cells and tissues are necessary for improving bonding of orthopaedic/dental implants to juxtaposed bone; such osseointegration will, undoubtedly, enhance implant efficacy.