cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the formation of transfer ribonucleic acid-ribosome complexes. I. The effect of streptomycin and ribosomal dissociation on 14-C-aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid binding to ribosomes.

Abstract Streptomycin-sensitive 70S ribosomes which are dissociated into 50S and 30S particles by dialysis against 1 x 10-4 m magnesium acetate, and then reassociated in 0.02 m magnesium acetate, differ from nondissociated 70S ribosomes in 14C-aminoacyl soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA) binding. 1. Reassociated ribosomes bind about twice as much 14C-phenylalanyl-sRNA in the presence of polyuridylic acid as nondissociated ribosomes. 2. 14C-Phenylalanyl-sRNA binding to reassociated ribosomes in the presence of polyuridylic acid is reduced 50% by streptomycin; this binding to nondissociated ribosomes is only slightly affected by streptomycin. 3. Streptomycin can inhibit 14C-isoleucyl-sRNA binding to reassociated ribosomes in the presence of polyuridylic acid, but stimulates this binding to nondissociated ribosomes. These effects are greatly influenced by the sRNA-ribosome ratio. Shearing 70S ribosomes by passage through a micropipette also produces Reactions 2 and 3 above, but not Reaction 1. The results indicate that various treatments of the ribosomes (dissociation, shearing) and sRNA to ribosome ratios modify the effects of streptomycin on 14C-aminoacyl-sRNA binding to ribosomes. In addition, the data suggest that different mechanisms may be involved in the effects of streptomycin on inhibiting protein synthesis and on stimulating ambiguous codon recognitions.
Portfolio Selection Under Partial Observation and Constant Absolute Risk Aversion

This paper is concerned with an optimal investment problem under incomplete information for an investor with constant relative risk aversion. We assume that the investor can only observe the asset prices, but not their instantaneous returns. The instantaneous returns are modeled by an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. We first assume that the initial distribution is Gaussian. In this case, we analytically solve the Bellman equation, and identify the optimal investment strategy under incomplete information. We study the relationship between the value function under partial observation and the value function under full observation, and derive a formula for the economic value of information. Furthermore, we outline how the optimal strategy under partial observation can be computed from the optimal strategy for an investor with full observation. In market with only one risky asset, we are able to derive closed form expressions for the value functions under both partial and full observation. We also provide an explicit formula for the economic value of information. Finally, we point out how our results in the Gaussian case can be extended to general non-Gaussian initial distributions.
A new midlatitude ionosphere electrodynamics coupling model (MIECO): Latitudinal dependence and propagation of medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances

[1] In order to study nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs), we have developed a new midlatitude ionosphere electrodynamics coupling model (MIECO) which can model the coupling process between the E and F regions with dipole magnetic field lines. Using the new model, MSTID structure is reproduced from random perturbation on an Es layer by the coupled Perkins and sporadic-E (Es)-layer instabilities in a wide latitudinal range. A typical wavelength of ∼150 km, larger amplitude, and smaller MSTID's tilt angles at lower latitudes are consistent with observations. It is shown that the polarization process in the E region driven by neutral winds is essentially important for the full development of MSTIDs as well as the seeding of NW–SE perturbation in the F region.
Effect of apolipoprotein A-IV genotype and dietary fat on cholesterol absorption in humans.

We investigated the effect of the A-IV-2 allele, which encodes a Q360H substitution in apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV, and dietary fat on cholesterol absorption in humans. In three separate studies we compared fractional intestinal cholesterol absorption between groups of subjects heterozygous for the A-IV-2 allele (1/2) and homozygous for the common allele (1/1) receiving high cholesterol ( , 800 mg/day) diets with different fatty acid compositions. All subjects had the apoE 3/3 genotype. There was no dif- ference in cholesterol absorption between the two genotype groups receiving a high saturated fat diet (33% of total en- ergy as fat; 18% saturated, 3% polyunsaturated, 12% mo- nounsaturated) or a low fat diet (22% of total energy as fat; 7% saturated, 7% polyunsaturated, 8% monounsaturated) diet. However, on a high polyunsaturated fat diet (32% of total energy as fat; 7% saturated, 13% polyunsaturated, 12% monounsaturated) mean fractional cholesterol absorption was 56.7% 6 1.9 in 1/1 subjects versus 47.5% 6 2.1 in 1/2 subjects ( P 5 0.004). A post hoc analysis of the effect of the apoA-IV T347S polymorphism across all diets revealed a Q360H 3 T347S interaction on cholesterol absorption, and suggested that the A-IV-2 allele lowers cholesterol only in subjects with the 347 T/T genotype. We conclude that a complex interaction between apoA-IV genotype and dietary fatty acid composition modulates fractional intestinal cho- lesterol absorption in humans. —Weinberg, R. B., B. W. Geis- singer, K. Kasala, K. J. Hockey, J. G. Terry, L. Easter, and J. R. Crouse. Effect of apolipoprotein A-IV genotype and dietary fat on cholesterol absorption in humans. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 2035-2041.
Factors governing adherence of Candida species to plastic surfaces

The ability of Candida albicans and Candida spp. to adhere to inert polymeric surfaces may allow these organisms direct ingress into the human host. Biophysical characterization of this adherence shows that the forces responsible for such adherence are attractive London-van der Waals forces (or hydrophobic forces) and electrostatic forces. The hydrophobic affinity of yeasts was determined by (i) a water-hydrocarbon two-phase assay and by (ii) measurement of the contact angle (theta) of a liquid droplet on a monolayer of yeast cells. The hydrophobicity of the yeasts correlated with the tendency of yeasts to adhere to polystyrene and was reduced in the presence of Tween 20. The adherence of yeasts to polymers of increasing hydrophobicity (determined by the contact angle method) was directly proportional to theta. Yeast surface charges were altered by selectively blocking amino and carboxyl groups. The more positively charged yeasts adhered in greater numbers. Increasing the molarity of NaCl increased yeast adherence. These forces probably contribute to the negative cooperativity (determined by Scatchard and Hill plot) that characterizes the adherence of yeasts to polymers.
Localization and bearing estimation via structured sparsity models

Recent work has leveraged sparse signal models for parameter estimation purposes in applications including localization and bearing estimation. A dictionary whose elements correspond to observations for a sampling of the parameter space is used for sparse approximation of the received signals; the resulting sparse coefficient vector's support identifies the parameter estimates. While increasing the parameter space sampling resolution provides better sparse approximations for arbitrary observations, the resulting high dictionary coherence hampers the performance of standard sparse approximation, preventing accurate parameter estimation. To alleviate this shortcoming, this paper proposes the use of structured sparse approximation that rules out the presence of pairs of coherent dictionary elements in the sparse approximation of the observed data. We show through simulations that our proposed algorithms offer significantly improved performance when compared with their standard sparsity-based counterparts. We also verify their robustness to noise and applicability to both full-rate and compressive sensing data acquisition.
Aggressive Treatment of Acquired Phrenic Nerve Paralysis in Infants and Small Children

Abstract Transthoracic diaphragmatic plication is a simple and effective means of treatment for phrenic nerve injury and resultant diaphragmatic paralysis, and should be undertaken as soon as the diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis is established in a child with substantial respiratory difficulty. Seven of more than 1,500 patients sustained phrenic nerve injury during operation for congenital heart disease at our institution over the past five years. All but 1 patient were less than 5 months old, and the average weight was 3.8 kg. Five of the 7 could not be weaned from the ventilator, and the other 2 had persistent postoperative tachypnea and stridor. Before 1980, 3 patients were intubated for an average of 16 days prior to diagnosis by fluoroscopy. Since then, 4 patients have been intubated for an average of 7.8 days before diagnosis. All 7 underwent transthoracic diaphragmatic plication and were extubated by 6 days after operation (mean, 3.7 days). Six patients survived and are doing well. The 1 death occurred in 1976 in a premature infant with multiple congenital cardiac lesions; diagnosis was delayed until the twenty-eighth day after intubation and transthoracic diaphragmatic plication, until the sixty-second day. This infant died of pneumonia one month after extubation. These data support our policy of establishing an early diagnosis of phrenic nerve injury and early treatment utilizing transthoracic diaphragmatic plication in symptomatic children.
Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of normal and malignant breast: new factors and neu paradoxes

Abstract Evidence to date suggests a role for amplification of c-erb B-2 oncogene (or a closely linked gene) in poor prognosis of breast cancer. Its overexpression is associated with proliferation of primary breast cancer but its effects appear to be rather weak when it is transfected into human mammary epithelial cells experimentally. It is hoped that isolation of candidate ligands for the receptor will provide new tools for study of the biological role of c-erb B-2. Strangely, the new growth factor(s) has mixed effects on growth and stimulation of cellular differentiation. A form of lactational differentiation appears to be induced. The primary consequences of expression of c-erb B-2 in breast cancer patients are poor prognosis and failure of the tumour in response to hormonal and certain chemotherapy. The mechanisms at work require further investigation.
The Pricing of Binspace—A Contribution to the Theory of Storage

The short-run supply of grain storage is reexamined. A classical, positively-sloping function applies over most of the observed range. Because different grains compete for space, all grains were considered together. A novel method of computing price was used. This price of binspace is positively related to off-farm grain stocks and sales of grain off farms—each deflated by bin capacity. Sales are a major influence, reflecting current handling demands as opposed to pure storage demands. Handling demands seem to act as a storage supply shifter. The position slope suggests existence of convenience yields for uncommitted bins.
Shade-Induced Action Potentials in Helianthus annuus L. Originate Primarily from the Epicotyl.

Repeated observations that shading (a drastic reduction in illumination rate) increased the generation of spikes (rapidly reversed depolarizations) in leaves and stems of many cucumber and sunflower plants suggests a phenomenon widespread among plant organs and species. Although shaded leaves occasionally generate spikes and have been suggested to trigger systemic action potentials (APs) in sunflower stems, we never found leaf-generated spikes to propagate out of the leaf and into the stem. On the contrary, our data consistently implicate the epicotyl as the location where most spikes and APs (propagating spikes) originate. Microelectrode studies of light and shading responses in mesophyll cells of leaf strips and in epidermis/cortex cells of epicotyl segments confirm this conclusion and show that spike induction is not confined to intact plants. 90% of the epicotyl-generated APs undergo basipetal propagation to the lower epicotyl, hypocotyl and root. They propagate with an average rate of 2 ± 0.3 mm s−1 ...
Simulations of noise in disordered systems

We use particle dynamics simulations to probe the correlations between noise and dynamics in a variety of disordered systems, including super conducting vortices, 2D electron liquid crystals, colloids, domain walls, and granular media. The noise measurements offer an experimentally accessible link to the microscopic dynamics, such as plastic versus elastic flow during transport, and can provide a signature of dynamical reordering transitions in the system. We consider broad and narrow band noise in transport systems, as well as the fluctuations of dislocation density in a system near the melting transition.
(Symposium on Myxobacteria and Flavobacteria: Paper X). Properties of Some Pectolytic, Yellow pigmented, Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Fresh Cauliflowers

Pectolytic, yellow-pigmented, Gram negative bacteria formed 3·3% of the organisms isolated at 23° from fresh cauliflowers, and may contribute to deterioration of this vegetable in storage. The bacteria attacked glucose oxidatively in the Hugh & Leifson (1953) test, were nonmotile and oxidase-positive, conforming to definitions of the genus Flavobacterium. These strains showed differences in morphological and physiological properties from F. pectinovorum NCIB 9059, which has properties resembling those of Cytophaga spp.
The Genetics of Impulsivity: Evidence for the Heritability of Delay Discounting

BACKGROUND: Delay discounting (DD), a decline in the subjective value of reward with increasing delay until its receipt, is an established behavioral model of impulsive choice, a key component of a broader impulsivity construct. Greater DD, i.e., a tendency to choose smaller immediate over larger delayed rewards, has been implicated as a potential intermediate phenotype (endophenotype) for addictive disorders and comorbid externalizing psychopathology, particularly in adolescence. However, genetic and environmental origins of DD remain unclear. Accordingly, the goal of the present study was to assess heritability of DD, an important aspect of its utility as an endophenotype. METHODS: A commonly used computerized procedure involving choice between varying amounts of money available immediately and a standard amount of $100 presented at variable delays was administered to a populationbased sample of twins aged 16 and 18 (n 5 560, including 134 monozygotic and 142 dizygotic pairs). DD was quantified using area under the discounting curve and the k coefficient estimated by fitting a hyperbolic model to individual data. Heritability was assessed using linear structural equation modeling of twin data. RESULTS: The genetic analysis revealed significant heritability of both DD measures (area under the discounting curve: 46% and 62%; k: 35% and 55% at age 16 and 18, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides evidence for heritability of both model-based and model-free DD measures and suggests that DD is a promising intermediate phenotype for genetic dissection of impulsivity and externalizing spectrum disorders.
Transition From Cassie-Baxter to Wenzel States on Micropillar-Formed Surfaces Induced by Evaporation

As a liquid droplet is placed on a rough surface, the wetting may be either in Wenzel state [1] or in Cassie-Baxter state [2]. In the Wenzel state, the droplet completely penetrates between microstructures (e.g., lines and pillars), while in the Cassie-Baxter state air is trapped between these microstructures and the droplet stays on top of the microstructures and trapped air. The Cassie-Baxter state may be transited to the Wenzel State when Laplace pressure reaches a certain value [3]. To date, three pressure criteria have been reported in the literature to predict when the transition may occur from the Cassie-Baxter state to the Wenzel State. The first criterion is [4] Pl−Pg>−4γlg cos θe2b(1+b2a), (1) where Pl is the pressure in liquid, Pg is the pressure in gas, (Pl − Pg ) is so-called Laplace pressure, γlg is surface tension between liquid and gas, θe is the equilibrium contact angle on the flat surface and b is the space between two adjacent pillars. The second criterion has the form Pl−Pg>−4γlg cos θe2b. (2) The third criterion is given by [5] Pl−Pg>−4γlg cos θe2b. (3) Although these pressure criteria have similar forms, there still exist differences in their denominators. It is not clear which criterion gives the best prediction of the transition during the evaporation of a water droplet. Therefore, in this work, we examined these three criteria based on the experimental data obtained through in-situ observation of the transition of a droplet.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Cut as Consequence

The papers where Gerhard Gentzen introduced natural deduction and sequent calculi suggest that his conception of logic differs substantially from the now dominant views introduced by Hilbert, Godel, Tarski, and others. Specifically, (1) the definitive features of natural deduction calculi allowed Gentzen to assert that his classical system nk is complete based purely on the sort of evidence that Hilbert called ‘experimental’, and (2) the structure of the sequent calculi li and lk allowed Gentzen to conceptualize completeness as a question about the relationships among a system's individual rules (as opposed to the relationship between a system as a whole and its ‘semantics’). Gentzen's conception of logic is compelling in its own right. It is also of historical interest, because it allows for a better understanding of the invention of natural deduction and sequent calculi.
Nonlocal boundary value problems for discrete systems

Abstract Our goal in this paper is to provide sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions to discrete, nonlinear systems subject to multipoint boundary conditions. The criteria we present depends on the size of the nonlinearity and the set of solutions to the corresponding linear, homogeneous boundary value problems. Our analysis is based on the Lyapunov–Schmidt Procedure and Brouwerʼs Fixed Point Theorem. The results presented extend the previous work of D. Etheridge and J. Rodriguez (1996, 1998) [5] , [6] and J. Rodriguez and P. Taylor (2007) [18] , [19] .
Sequence and structural analysis of the chitinase insertion domain reveals two conserved motifs involved in chitin-binding.

Background Chitinases are prevalent in life and are found in species including archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They break down chitin, which is the second most abundant carbohydrate in nature after cellulose. Hence, they are important for maintaining a balance between carbon and nitrogen trapped as insoluble chitin in biomass. Chitinases are classified into two families, 18 and 19 glycoside hydrolases. In addition to a catalytic domain, which is a triosephosphate isomerase barrel, many family 18 chitinases contain another module, i.e., chitinase insertion domain. While numerous studies focus on the biological role of the catalytic domain in chitinase activity, the function of the chitinase insertion domain is not completely understood. Bioinformatics offers an important avenue in which to facilitate understanding the role of residues within the chitinase insertion domain in chitinase function. Results Twenty-seven chitinase insertion domain sequences, which include four experimentally determined structures and span five kingdoms, were aligned and analyzed using a modified sequence entropy parameter. Thirty-two positions with conserved residues were identified. The role of these conserved residues was explored by conducting a structural analysis of a number of holo-enzymes. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals calculations revealed a distinct subset of four conserved residues constituting two sequence motifs that interact with oligosaccharides. The other conserved residues may be key to the structure, folding, and stability of this domain. Conclusions Sequence and structural studies of the chitinase insertion domains conducted within the framework of evolution identified four conserved residues which clearly interact with the substrates. Furthermore, evolutionary studies propose a link between the appearance of the chitinase insertion domain and the function of family 18 chitinases in the subfamily A.
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate Activity Probes for the Labeling and Proteomic Characterization of Protein Binding Partners

Phosphatidylinositol polyphosphate lipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3], regulate critical biological processes, many of which are aberrant in disease. These lipids often act as site-specific ligands in interactions that enforce membrane association of protein binding partners. Herein, we describe the development of bifunctional activity probes corresponding to the headgroup of PI(3,4,5)P3 that are effective for identifying and characterizing protein binding partners from complex samples, namely cancer cell extracts. These probes contain both a photoaffinity tag for covalent labeling of target proteins and a secondary handle for subsequent detection or manipulation of labeled proteins. Probes bearing different secondary tags were exploited, either by direct attachment of a fluorescent dye for optical detection or by using an alkyne that can be derivatized after protein labeling via click chemistry. First, we describe the design and modular synthetic strategy used to gener...
Early blood product and crystalloid volume resuscitation: risk association with multiple organ dysfunction after severe blunt traumatic injury.

Background Elements of volume resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock, such as amount of blood product and crystalloid administration, have been shown to be associated with multiple organ dysfunction (MOD). However, it is unknown whether these are causative factors or merely markers of an underlying requirement for large-volume resuscitation. We sought to further delineate the relevance of the major individual components of early volume resuscitation to onset of MOD after severe blunt traumatic injury. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of a large, multicenter prospective observational cohort of severely injured blunt trauma patients, the NIGMS Trauma Glue Grant, to assess the relevance of individual components of resuscitation administered in the first 12 hours of resuscitation including packed red blood cells (PRBC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and isotonic crystalloid, to the onset of MOD within the first 28 days after injury. Deaths within 48 hours of injury were excluded. We used a two tiered, exhaustive logistic regression model search technique to adjust for potential confounders from clinically relevant MOD covariates, including indicators of shock severity, injury severity, comorbidities, age, and gender. Results The study cohort consisted of 1,366 severely injured blunt trauma patients (median new Injury Severity Score = 34). Incidence of 28-day Marshall MOD was 19.6%. Transfusion of ≥10 Units of PRBC in the first 12 hours (odds ratio, 2.06; 95% confidence interval 1.44-2.94), but not FFP (≥8 U) or large volume crystalloid administration (≥12 L), was independently associated with onset of 28-day Marshall MOD. PRBC:FFP ratio in the first 12 hours was not significantly associated with MOD. Conclusions When controlling for all major components of acute volume resuscitation, massive-transfusion volumes of PRBC's within the first 12 hours of resuscitation are modestly associated with MOD, whereas FFP and large volume crystalloid administration are not independently associated with MOD. Previous reported associations of blood products and large-volume crystalloid with MOD may be reflecting overall resuscitation requirements and burden of injury rather than independent causation.
Embedding a quantum rank three quadric in a quantum P3

We continue the classification, begun in [11], [14] and [12], of quadratic Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension 4 which map onto a twisted homogeneous coordinate ring of a quadric hypersurfcice in P3. In this paper, we consider those cases where the quadric has rank 3. We also give sufficient conditions for the point scheme of any quadratic regular algebra of global dimension 4 to be the graph of an automorphism.
A graphic look at GPO depository distribution: 1975–1993

The American Library Association Government Documents Round Table in the early 1980s prepared statistics guidelines for government documents collections. These guidelines suggested that a collection's federal publications be counted and reported in the same manner as similar materials that are nongovernmental. This paper demonstrates how statistics might be maintained on federal publications acquisitions and holdings to describe trends in GPO depository distribution. Such data included in annual reports may be graphically displayed for comparison over a number of years to show how trends in GPO depository distribution have affected budget and space needs.
Thermionic properties of BaO on iridium

Abstract The thermionic properties of BaO films on both single and polycrystalline Ir substrates have been measured using Auger, LEED, and thermionic emission microscopy to determine the chemical and structural effects that contribute to these thermionic properties. Measurements were made of the work function (φ) as a function of film thickness, and the temperature dependence of φ for different film thicknesses and substrate orientations. In addition, the effects of nucleation, carbon contamination, as well as evaporation and diffusion on the electron emission from the BaO-Ir system were examined, and quantitative data were obtained on the steady state coverage of BaO on an Ir surface at cathode operating temperatures. A comparison is made between the thermionic properties of the BaO-Ir system and other Ba/BaO-metal systems that have been used in cathodes.
A software framework for patient data handling in emergencies and disasters

In this paper, we describe the development of a software framework and its guiding principles for patient handling and processing in emergencies and disasters. The MEDTOC system developed earlier is modified and enhanced to include a complete object oriented software model for patient classification, patient handling and patient data processing. The client and server side processing is specified, the patient clustering considerations are discussed and initial results are outlined in terms of software models, algorithms and medical guidelines for effective collaboration.
Synesthesia on Our Mind

Synesthesia in perception and metaphor in language both provide ways to categorize and comprehend the world. Both operate through mechanisms that capitalize on the creation or discovery of links across disparate domains – notably, sensory experiences in different modalities, with cross-modal correspondences serving as perceptual links in synesthesia and as conceptual links in metaphor. The perceptual links in synesthesia are typically fixed and rigid. The conceptual links in metaphor, however, enable meanings to expand, creatively, through the active construction of novel, emergent relations: Metaphors transform meanings, thereby transcending the fixed correspondences of synesthesia. Recent evidence associates the presence of synesthesia with an augmented capacity for creative cognition. Other evidence associates synesthesia with neural hyperconnectivity – augmented connectivity between regions of the cerebral cortex that process the synesthetically linked domains. We suggest that mechanisms underlying synesthesia may also play a role in processes that foster creative transformations of meanings in metaphor.
MCNP analysis and optimization of a triple crystal phoswich detector

Researchers at the University of Missouri-Columbia have designed a triple crystal phoswich detector that allows for simultaneous detection of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. A ZnS:Ag layer detects alpha particles, a CaF2:Eu scintillator preferentially interacts with beta particles, and a NaI:Tl cell is used for gamma detection. The detector output is digitally collected, processed, and analyzed by a personal computer using custom software. MCNP simulations of this detector found that the phoswich design has inherent minimum energy limits of 250 keV Emax for beta particles and 50 keV for gamma-rays. For a 2.54 cm thick NaI:Tl crystal, intrinsic gamma efficiency for photons ranges from a maximum of 80% at 100 keV to 26% for 2 MeV photons. Mischaracterized gamma events in the CaF2:Eu crystal above 175 keV can be corrected by subtracting 26 +/- 4% of the total number of counts in the NaI:Tl crystal from the CaF2:Eu response. Beta induced events in the NaI:Tl crystal primarily result from Bremsstrahlung interactions and can be estimated by multiplying the CaF2:Eu energy spectrum by a normalizing factor.
Depolarization-induced increases in intracellular free calcium detected in single cultured neuronal cells

Microspectrofluorometry was used to examine intracellular free calcium changes in single NG108-15 neurons loaded with the Ca2+ sensitive probe, quin2. The changes in intracellular free Ca2+ were induced either by depolarizing cells with high K+ or veratridine or by the addition of ionomycin. Ca2+-free medium and various inorganic and organic calcium-channel blocking agents blocked changes in intracellular free Ca2+ levels, indicating that Ca2+ entry is most likely through voltage-sensitive calcium channels.
The presence and arrangement of type II collagen in the basilar membrane

Previous studies demonstrating the presence of collagen II in the basilar membrane have used a biochemical approach or have used immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level. In this investigation both the presence and arrangement of collagen II were demonstrated at the ultrastructural level using pre- and post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy. Labeling was dependent on the development of protocols to expose epitopes while maintaining identifiable ultrastructure. Both positive and negative controls indicate that the labeling was specific for collagen II. Collagen II was detected in the fibrous sheet of the pars tecta and in the two fibrous layers of the pars pectinata. It was detected in situ and on isolated individual 10-12 nm fibrils. The presence of collagen II in all the fibrous layers of the basilar membrane places constraints on the biomechanical properties of this important structure.
The Debate about Delayed Memories of Child Sexual Abuse A Feminist Perspective

The debate about delayed memories of child sexual abuse has generated strong emotions and has polarized many psychologists and members of the public. At times, individuals have adopted absolute positions without adequate knowledge of the complex issues involved. This article provides information about the current debate regarding the veracity of delayed memories of child sexual abuse, describes the historical context in which this controversy occurs, discusses the growth and development of psychotherapy for trauma survivors, and reviews the theoretical and empirical literature relevant to abuse memories. The article also outlines recommendations about foundations of knowledge and interventions that will help psychologists engage in competent and ethical practices with clients and generates an initial set of recommendations for future research, training, and social change.
Classroom Environments That Foster a Disposition for Critical Thinking.

In this article, we examine the disposition for critical thinking (CT) from three perspectives and analyse the underlying constructs of the disposition for CT, such as one’s ability, sensitivity and inclination to engage in critical, mindful thought. Environmental factors that enhance or inhibit the development of a generalisable disposition for critical thought are discussed. Finally, we present a set of empirically-verified classroom practices that can help to foster a disposition for CT.
Task ordering and organizational development in the common target game

The current structure of real-life operating organizations is in large part an outcome of their problem-solving histories. The experiment reported here relates organizational development and performance in laboratory groups to variations in the historical sequence of the tasks they have worked on, in an attempt to explore what effect the order of the given task has on the developing structure of the organization: how solutions to problems emerge and how “roles” are assigned within an organization.
Notch1 augments NF-κB activity by facilitating its nuclear retention

Notch1 specifically upregulates expression of the cytokine interferon-c in peripheral T cells through activation of NF-jB. However, how Notch mediates NF-jB activation remains unclear. Here, we examined the temporal relationship between Notch signaling and NF-jB induction during T-cell activation. NF-jB activation occurs within minutes of T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement and this activation is sustained for at least 48 h following TCR signaling. We used c-secretase inhibitor (GSI) to prevent the cleavage and subsequent activation of Notch family members. We demonstrate that GSI blocked the later, sustained NF-jB activation, but did not affect the initial activation of NF-jB. Using biochemical approaches, as well as confocal microscopy, we show that the intracellular domain of Notch1 (N1 IC ) directly interacts with NF-jB and competes with IjBa, leading to retention of NF-jB in the nucleus. Additionally, we show that N1 IC can directly regulate IFN-c expression through complexes formed on the IFN-c promoter. Taken together, these data suggest that there are two ‘waves’ of NF-jB activation: an initial, Notchindependent phase, and a later, sustained activation of NF-jB, which is Notch dependent.
Sex ratio: a biological perspective of ‘Sex and the City’

The primary sex ratio in humans differs remarkably from the theoretically expected equality of 1:1, and may be as high as 170 males to 100 females. A number of environmental, physiological and genetic factors have been observed to impact on the primary sex ratio: sexual behaviour, variation in hormonal concentrations, natural disasters, environmental pollutants and timing of conception. Nevertheless, no biological mechanism or interaction of factors has suitably explained this phenomenon, or that of the prenatal vulnerability of the male, the suspected higher sex ratio in spontaneous abortion and the male excesses in adult diseases related to the intrauterine environment. Knowledge of the environmental effects and causes of natural variation in the primary sex ratio will make possible its manipulation, which will have public health implications as well as cultural and social consequences.
The different shades of responsibility: Examining domestic and international travelers\' motivations for responsible tourism in India

Abstract To address the scarcity of research concerning the demand side of responsible tourism, the present study examines the motivations of domestic and international travelers in India. Data were collected using an Internet survey distributed via e-mail and Facebook to the clients of five responsible tourism operators in India. Using Dann's push–pull typology, factor analysis uncovered nine underlying motivations for responsible tourism, with significant differences between domestic and international travelers for these factors. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct segments of travelers – Responsibles, Novelty Seekers, and Socializers – that differ in their core underlying motivations for responsible tourism and in their socio-demographic characteristics. The study contributes one responsibility-specific push and one pull factor to the literature about travel motivation. Also the findings suggest that operators and destination marketers must develop their products and marketing communications to address the heterogeneity of motivations underlying responsible tourism.
Plato's Theaetetus: What to do with an Honours Student

Socrates' dialogue with the young student, Theaetetus, is a case of the highest form of education : a 'divine service' to the state of Athens, to Theaetetus' family and friends, and to Theaetetus himself. It is less a means for Socrates (or Plato) to present his theory of knowledge than a sort of 'noble lie' designed and intended by Socrates to keep Theaetetus both appropriately humble and hungry for wisdom. The progress of the dialogue is an allegory of moral education, a picturing of what Aristotle later laid out more pedantically in the Nicomachean Ethics.
A Brief Historical Perspective on the Primary Prevention of Childhood Mental Disorders

Abstract A synopsis and overview of the history of primary prevention is presented with special attention to the prevention of emotional problems of children. The need for new models for disorders is considered and the implications of a new model that is shown can lead to revolutionary changes in the whole mental health field.
Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Organosulfur Compounds Using Palladium(II) as a Sensitivity-Enhancing Reagent

Electrospray ionization/ mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) experiments were performed on several polyaromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH) in the presence of Pd(II) in order to promote charge transfer and radical cation formation. Critical experimental parameters, i.e., Pd(II)/organosulfur mole ratio, the effect of polyaromatic hydrocarbon interferences and sample solution flow rate, and MS 2 collision energy, were optimized. PASH compounds in a spiked hydrogenated oil were then identified to determine matrix effects. Selected peaks from a PASH-enriched aromatic fraction obtained from the heavy distillate of an Arabian crude were then analyzed in order to demonstrate the applicability of the method.
Comparison of time to positivity of the VersaTREK® REDOX 80-mL and the REDOX EZ draw 40-mL blood culture bottles for common bacterial bloodstream pathogens

The VersaTREK(®) microbial detection system offers 2 media formulations, an aerobic and an anaerobic bottle available in a 40-mL direct draw format and an 80-mL format. The 40-mL EZ Draw(®) bottle can be inoculated with a maximum volume of 5 mL, while the REDOX 80-mL bottle accommodates a 10-mL volume. The effect of volume of blood inoculum on time to positivity (TTP) has not been clearly established with these bottle types. This study utilized simulated blood cultures seeded with clinically relevant microorganisms in human blood to evaluate the impact of inoculum volume and organism load on TTP for the 2 bottle types. For 13/15 organisms, the EZ Draw bottle flagged positive earlier than the REDOX 80-mL bottles. The lower volume of blood inoculum did not negatively impact TTP using the EZ Draw blood culture bottles as compared to REDOX 80-mL bottles.
The Internet in China’s state–society relations: Will Goliath prevail in the chiaroscuro?

This article explores how state and society relations have been affected by the development of information technology in China over the past 20 years. It argues that despite all the transformative changes that such technology has helped bring about, ‘benefits’ have to be weighed in terms of both empowerment of society and strengthening of state capacity. Ultimately, the digital challenge has not translated into a weakening of the authoritarian state, and this can be explained by the very nature of the party-state in China and how it has managed to make use of communication tools that prove to be both constructive and divisive.
The euro and capital market integration: are we there yet?

Assesses the effect of the introduction of the euro on capital markets, noting “explosive growth” in the corporate bond market and a rising demand for junk bonds. Believes that equities are funamentally strong, although foreign investors have suffered from falling euro values, and sees some signs that investors within the eurozone are diversifying away from their home markets. Gives statistics on the growth in derivatives trading, splitting it by types of contract; and considers why the consolidation of stock and futures exchanges has been slower than expected. Discusses the implications of capital m arket unification for investment allocation and expects an increasing emphasis on sector analysis as national stock indices coverage; but points out that country factors, e.g. fiscal reforms, still remain.
Chemosterilization of Male House Flies with Dithiazolium Compounds and with Tetramethyldithiobiuret

In structure-activity studies the sterilizing activity of 3-5-bis(dimethylamino)-1,24-dithiazolium chloride in made Musca domestica L. has been extended to homologues with diethylamino, pyrrolidinyl, piperidino, and morpholino groups in the 3 and/or 5 positions. Of the 12 active compounds, 9 had similar SD50 about 5 moles × 10-9/♂ which was somewhat higher than that of tepa but lower than those of hempa and hemel. 1,1,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-4 dithiobiuret, a representative of a new class of male sterilants, was compared in feeding and injection tests with its cyclizatioin product, 3-5-bis(dimethylamino) 1,2,4-dithiazolium chloride. Both compounds had similar sterilizing and toxic properties.
The Problem of Natural Inequality: A New Problem of Evil

In this paper, I argue that there is a kind of evil, namely, the unequal distribution of natural endowments, or natural inequality, which presents theists with a new evidential (not logical or incompatibility) problem of evil. The problem of natural inequality is a new evidential problem of evil not only because, to the best of my knowledge, it has not yet been discussed in the literature, but also because available theodicies, such the free will defense and the soul-making defense, are not adequate responses in the face of this particular evil, or so I argue.
Kinetics of atomic-scale fluctuations of steps on Si (001) measured with variable-temperature STM

Abstract Using a variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) we measure the time evolution of the atomic-scale morphology of steps on Si(001) in equilibrium at temperatures up to 350°C. At temperatures above 230°C, local changes in the atomic arrangement of the steps are observed between successive STM images. The relative rate at which events occur depends on the local configuration of the step. Rearrangement events are more likely to occur at kink sites than at straight sections of the step. The relative rates at which the rearrangement events occur are determined by the configuration energy of the steps as expected from detailed balance. By measuring the event rate as a function of temperature we determine the effective activation energy barrier for step rearrangement, 1.3 ± 0.3 eV.
Retired professors and professional activity: A comparative study of three types of institutions

This study compares the professional activities of retired professors from liberal arts colleges, a comprehensive university, and a major research university. Results show that a large majority of faculty continue to perform professional roles and that strength of ties to colleagues and professional organizations outside the institution are correlated with professional activity at all types of institutions. Major differences among institutions are: (1) liberal arts college and research university faculty show consistency between pre- and postretirement professional activity levels, whereas comprehensive university faculty do not; (2) university faculty show higher levels of participation in a number of professional activities than do liberal arts college faculty; (3) rated importance of “research or other creative work” is related to professional activity for comprehensive university faculty and rated importance of “consulting” and “university service” are related to professional activity for research university faculty.
Process Algebra as Modelling

Abstract After 25 years of research (19 personally) into process algebras, I ask what areas of mathematics other than the analysis of concurrent computation could or indeed should its basic approach be applied? In particular, I identify the two areas of reductionism and model comprehension, upon which I believe that process algebra has the potential to have a major impact.
Reanalysis of tropospheric CO trends: Effects of the 1997–1998 wildfires

[1] For the past decade NOAA/CMDL has measured tropospheric carbon monoxide from a global network of sampling sites. The resulting data set provides an internally consistent picture of CO in the lower troposphere that is used to study its distribution, trends and budget. All measurements were referenced to the so-called CMDL Reference Scale (WMO 88), which was based on two sets of primary standards produced at CMDL during the late 1980s and early 1990s. A long-term downward trend in tropospheric CO during the 1990s, overlaid with shorter periods of increase and decrease, was indicated from the air measurements. Primary standards prepared in 1999 and 2000 suggested that the scale had drifted upward over time, and that mixing ratios determined in field samples were underestimated. We have applied a time dependent correction to our CO measurements based upon four sets of primary standards. In this paper, we describe the revision of the CO scale and our atmospheric measurements. A reanalysis of tropospheric trends through 2001 was based on the revised global data set. The results support previous reports of a decline in tropospheric CO. This decrease is now found largely confined to the Northern Hemisphere, where dramatic reductions in fossil fuel emissions have reportedly occurred. In contrast, no significant trend is determined in the Southern Hemisphere between 1991 and 2001. Globally averaged CO exhibits large interannual variability, primarily reflecting year to year changes in emissions from biomass burning. Dramatic enhancements of tropospheric CO in 1997 and 1998 resulted from exceptionally widespread wildfires which provided a strong pulse of CO to the atmosphere. In years of extensive boreal biomass burning, fire emissions can perturb CO levels over regional and global scales, disturbing oxidation/reduction chemistry in the troposphere.
Albedo of a Striated Medium of Isotropically Scattering Particles

Abstract The equation of radiative transfer was approximated by the method of Giovanelli to provide the albedo of an externally illuminated, plane-parallel striated medium. The medium was assumed to consist of isotropic scatterers with a scattering coefficient per unit depth of &kappa = κ0 + &kappa1cos(lx),that depended periodically on one horizontal coordinate. The dependence of the albedo on the angle of incidence of the solar radiance, the mean optical thickness, and the wavelength and amplitude of the striations is presented for media with κ1/&kappa0 = 0.1 and 0.9.
A Review and Critical Analysis of Humanistic Approaches to Treating Disturbed Clients

Humanistic psychotherapies for disturbed clients are reviewed. It is concluded that humanistic treatments are effective and provide a good conceptual framework for working with disturbed clients.
APPLICATION OF LASER INTERFEROMETRY TO THE STUDY OF DROPLET/GAS PHASE INTERACTION AND BEHAVIOR IN LIQUID SPRAY COMBUSTION SYSTEMS

Abstract The application or optical scattering techniques is described for the measurement of droplet properties in liquid sprays. Of the various approaches, phase Doppler interferometry demonstrates the highest promise for obtaining the information necessary to understand the formation and emission of toxic combustion byproducts in liquid-fueled spray reactions. The technique deduces drop size from the spatial variation in the imaged fringe patlern due to drop radius of curvature. Combined with the measurement of velocity via laser anemometry, the capability of sizing allows for the determination of continuous phase velocities as well as droplet size and velocity correlations. Such a capability is necessary to develop an understanding of the physical processes occurring within liquid combustion systems associated with incineration. Three applications are presented which are relevant to the formation of combustion byproducts: the effect of swirl on the dispersion of droplets, an assessment of spray symmet...