cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerial Observations of the Yugoslavian Bora

Abstract The first aircraft observations of the bora in Yugoslavia were accomplished during the ALPEX project in 1982. Data from all five ALPEX bora flights have been analyzed in a comparative study of bora structure. Although the bora varies considerably in depth, in the strength of the incoming low level flow, and in the direction of the winds aloft, several common features are evident. These include: upstream descent and acceleration beginning where the mountains rise; an approximate coincidence between the depth of the uppermost descending streamline and the wind reversal level upstream (when a reversal exists); a decoupling of the flow aloft associated with a splitting of the inversion and the formation of a thick mixed layer downstream; a narrow region of intense turbulence and an ascending jet just downstream of the plunging bora. The bora structure is similar in many respects to the Boulder windstorm. Internal hydraulic theory, taking into account the decoupling effect of the intermediate layer, a...
Differential expression of aurora-A kinase in T-cell lymphomas

Aurora-A is a mitotic kinase implicated in oncogenesis and is known to be overexpressed in B-cell lymphomas and plasma cell myeloma. The expression of Aurora-A kinase (henceforth referred to as Aurora-A) in T-cell lymphomas is not well characterized. In this study, we assessed Aurora-A expression by immunohistochemical analysis in 100 lymphomas encompassing a variety of T-cell lymphomas as categorized in the World Health Organization classification. Aurora-A expression was highest in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas and variably expressed in other types of T-cell lymphomas. In addition, the pattern of Aurora-A expression was predominantly cytoplasmic in ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and was nuclear in ALK-negative anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and other T-cell lymphomas, suggesting altered biochemical mechanisms of Aurora-A nuclear transport in ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis showed that Aurora-A is more highly expressed in ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma than in ALK-negative anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and is relatively lower in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Using western blot analysis and the DEL cell line (derived from ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma), we showed that Aurora-A expression is decreased after treatment with either MYC or MEK inhibitors, consistent with the MYC and MAP kinase signaling pathways being involved in driving Aurora-A expression; the greatest decrease was observed after MYC inhibition. These findings provide insights into the possible importance of Aurora-A overexpression in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma pathogenesis, and also suggest that Aurora-A inhibition could be a potential therapeutic approach for patients with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma.
Do staff attitudes vary by position?: A look at one juvenile correctional center

Correctional staff are a vital part of an inmate’s institutional experience. Prior research suggests interaction between staff and inmates may be a function of worker attitudes toward crime and punishment. The current study examines attitudes about crime causation and punishment by surveying correctional staff members at a single-purpose juvenile treatment center. Correctional officers and treatment personnel exhibit different levels of support for rehabilitative ideals. Organizational ramifications stemming from these divergent outlooks are discussed.
Style and the Pedagogy of Response

This essay expands style pedagogy to include teachers' comments on student writing. To do so, it analyzes three major studies on response and the conceptions of style they both reflect and perpetuate. Ultimately, this essay argues that to teach style effectively though written commentary, we must use language that moves beyond impression and considers the rhetoricality of students' stylistic choices.
Fast and efficient linear programming and linear least-squares computations

We present a new parallel algorithm for computing a least-squares solution to a sparse overdetermined system of linear equations Ax = b such that the m × n matrix A is sparse and the graph, G = (V, E), of the matrix H=IATAO has an s(m + n)-separator family, i.e. either |V| < n0 for a fixed constant n0 or, by deleting a separator subset S of vertices of size ⩽s(m + n), G can be partitioned into two disconnected subgraphs having vertex sets V1, V2 of size ⩽23 (m + n), and each of the two resulting subgraphs induced by the vertex sets S U Vi, i = 1, 2, can be recursively s(|S U Vi|)-separated in a similar way. Our algorithm uses O(log (m + n) log2 s (m + n)) steps and ⩽s3(m + n) processors; it relies on our recent parallel algorithm for solving sparse linear systems and has several immediate applications of interest, in particular to mathematical programming, to sparse nonsymmetric systems of linear equations and to the path algebra computations. We most closely examine the impact on the linear programming problem (LPP) which requires maximizing cTy subject to ATy ⩽ b, y ⩾ 0, where A is an m × n matrix. Hereafter it is assumed that m ⩾ n. The recent algorithm by Karmarkar gives the best-known upper estimate [O (m3.5 L) arithmetic operations, where L is the input size] for the cost of the solution of this problem in the worst case. We prove an asymptotic improvement of that result in the case where the graph of the associated matrix H has an s (m + n)-separator family; then our algorithm can be implemented using O (mL log m log2 s (m + n)) parallel arithmetic steps, s3 (m + n) processors and a total of O (mLs3 (m + n) log m log2 s (m + n)) arithmetic operations. In many cases of practical importance this is a considerable improvement on the known estimates: for example, s (m + n) = √8 (m + n) if G is planar [as occurs in many operations research applications; for instance, in the problem of computing the maximum multicommodity flow with a bounded number of commodities in a network having an s (m + n)-separator family], so that the processor bound is only 8 √8 (m + n)1.5 and the total number of arithmetic steps is O (m2.5 L). Similarly, Karmakar's algorithm and the known algorithms for the solution of overdetermined linear systems are accelerated in the case of dense input matrices via our recent parallel algorithms for the inversion of dense k × k matrices using O (log2 k) steps and k3 processors. Combined with a modification of Karmarkar's algorithm, this implies solution of the LPP using O (Lm log2 m) steps and m2.5 processors. The stated results promise some important practical applications. Theoretically, the above processor bounds can be reduced for dense matrix inversion to o (k2.5) and for the LPP to o (m2.165) in the dense case and to o (s2.5 (m + n)) in the sparse case (preserving the same number of parallel steps); this also decreases the known sequential time bound for the LPP by a factor of m0.335, i.e. to O (Lm3.165).
A progressive ratio schedule of self-stimulation testing in rats reveals profound augmentation of d-amphetamine reward by food restriction but no effect of a "sensitizing" regimen of d-amphetamine.

Rationale Prior research indicates that psychostimulant-induced sensitization is not expressed in lateral hypothalamic electrical self-stimulation (LHSS)-based measures of drug reward, although the augmenting effect of chronic food restriction is. Neuroadaptations within the brain dopamine system have been identified in both psychostimulant-sensitized and food-restricted animals. Consequently, a variant of the LHSS paradigm in which responding is particularly sensitive to changes in dopaminergic tone may be best suited to detect and compare effects of chronic d-amphetamine and food restriction. Instrumental responding on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule is more sensitive to dopaminergic manipulations than is responding on a continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule, but has not previously been used to examine chronic psychostimulant and food restriction effects on LHSS-based measures of drug reward.
Initial experience with transvaginal incisional hernia repair

Introduction Natural orifice surgery has evolved from a preclinical setting into a common occurrence at the University of California San Diego (UCSD). With close to 40 transvaginal cases, we have become comfortable with this technique and are exploring other indications. One of the perceived advantages in natural orifice surgery is the potential reduction in the incidence of hernia formation. Patients with abdominal wall hernias may be at increased risk of forming additional hernias at incision sites. In addition, patients with recurrent incisional hernias may, likewise, be at increased risk. We believe that reducing or eliminating abdominal wall incisions may be of benefit in the repair of abdominal wall hernias. Here, we describe what we believe to be the first natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgical (NOTES) approach to the repair of an abdominal wall hernia.
Progress on the Investigation of Coal-Water Slurry Fuel Combustion in a Medium-Speed Diesel Engine: Part 6—In-Cylinder Combustion Photography Studies

In the GE 7FDL single cylinder research diesel engine, in-cylinder high-speed photographic studies were conducted on coal-water slurry (CWS) fuel combustion. Distinct flames of pilot and CWS combustion were noticed. It was proven that the coal fuel burns after piston impingement and secondary atomization. Agglomerated particles will develop when combustion conditions are not favorable. Cylinder pressure data were simultaneously recorded for each film frame. Heat release data can thus be produced for each photo study. Most of the findings of earlier combustion studies on engine performances were confirmed.
Complications of pregnancy in mice exposed prenatally to DES.

Women exposed prenatally to diethylstibestrol (DES) develop a variety of reproductive tract anomalies. Most of these anomalies have been replicated in strain CD-1 mice after similar DES exposure. Recently, impaired reproductive performance in DES-exposed women has been reported. To see whether the mouse model also replicates this defect, at study of reproduction was performed. Pregnant CD-1 mice were injected with DES and their female offspring were raised to breeding age. The latter were then exposed continuously to untreated males for a maximum of 4 months. Among 74 mated mice, 34 became pregnant and 11 of these pregnancies ended in abortion or stillbirth. Other anomalies encountered were: two fetuses with compressed heads, one of which seemed blocked from delivery by a vaginal adenocarcinoma; two uterine tumors, one of which was a teratocarcinoma; two teratomas located in uterine lumina; and two uteri containing placentas without embryos. Since the frequency of successful pregnancies in the DES-exposed mice was reduced below control levels to a degree similar to that reported for DES-exposed women, the validity of the mouse model has been confirmed for this characteristic.
Three novel activating mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor responsible for autosomal dominant hypocalcemia.

We report three novel activating mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) that are responsible for autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH) in three unrelated families. Each mutation involves a missense substitution resulting in a nonconservative amino acid alteration, P221L, E228Q, and Q245R. These mutations were observed in affected family members, but not in unaffected family members or in unrelated control samples. All three mutations are clustered in the extracellular domain of the CASR in a region dominated by negatively charged amino acids. Each mutant and wild-type receptor was expressed in Cos-1 cells. A luciferase reporter gene assay was utilized to detect the level of receptor activity by utilizing a protein kinase C-activated promoter to drive the production of luciferin, the reporter gene product. All three mutant receptors exhibited an increased sensitivity to calcium at all concentrations tested when compared to the wild-type receptor, supporting the hypothesis that these are activating mutations and are responsible for the ADH phenotype in these families. The data presented in this study suggest the importance of this highly negatively charged region of the extracellular domain in normal CASR function.
Preliminary Heat-Flow Profile across the Atlantic

DURING the 1962 Zephyrus expedition of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, fourteen heat-flow measurements were made from Martinique to the Canary Islands. The measurements are on a line except on the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where an area was sampled. The instrumentation has been discussed previously1,2, and our preliminary values are presented in Table 1 and in Fig. 1 with bathymetry.
Mechanisms controlling summertime oxygen depletion in western Long Island Sound

Physical profile data (salinity, temperature, oxygen, and downwelling irradiance) and in situ incubations of light and dark bottles were used to characterize vertical structure and elucidate mechanisms controlling summertime hypoxia in western Long Island Sound. The period of oxygen depletion corresponded with the period of thermally-controlled stratification. Bulk density differences between surface and bottom waters were only 1.2 to 2.7 sigma-t units; but they were apparently sufficient to resist destratification by winds and tides. Thus oxygen depletion was a cumulative process through the summer. During the stratification period, net oxygen production (measured using light BOD bottles) was confined to a narrow surface zone of 1.8–4.5 m. Below this zone was an intermediate zone of high net oxygen uptake, beneath which was a subpycnoclinic zone where oxygen uptake was very low. Rates of total oxygen uptake (dark bottles) were greatest in the surface layer and diminished with depth. There was close coupling between physical conditions and metabolic structure. Vertical patterns of oxygen production and removal were strongest in calm weather. The location of the intermediate zone corresponded with that of the oxycline. The thickness of the zone and the steepness of the oxycline were determined by the depth and intensity of both physical stratification and biological production and respiration. The biological structure was weakened by physical mixing in the upper water column, and the intermediate zone disappeared with fall destratification. We hypothesize that biological uptake within the water column influences oxygen depletion through two mechanisms. (1) In bottom waters, uptake rates per unit volume are low, but bulk uptake is a significant factor in oxygen depletion because of the large volume of water involved. (2) The intermediate zone, where respiratory uptake is also significant, is strategically located between the surface zone of oxygen renewal and the bottom zone of depletion, where it constitutes an active filter which reinforces the pycnocline as a barrier to vertical oxygen dispersion. The magnitude of direct oxygen removal in the water column relative to removal by sediment oxygen demand and the potential effects of this biological filtering mechanism are important considerations for understanding eutrophication dynamics and managing Long Island Sound. Dynamic models which (1) underestimate the role of water column uptake and (2) incorporate only the two-zone characteristics of physical stratification will tend to (a) overestimate the contribution of sediments to summertime oxygen deficits and (b) overestimate rates of vertical dispersion and reventilation of bottom waters.
Characterization of a membrane-associated ATPase from Methanococcus voltae, a methanogenic member of the Archaea.

Abstract A membrane-associated ATPase with an M(r) of approximately 510,000 and containing subunits with M(r)s of 80,000 (alpha), 55,000 (beta), and 25,000 (gamma) was isolated from the methanogen Methanococcus voltae. Enzymatic activity was not affected by vanadate or azide, inhibitors of P- and F1-ATPase, respectively, but was inhibited by nitrate and bafilomycin A1, inhibitors of V1-type ATPases. Since dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibited the enzyme when it was present in membranes but not after the ATPase was solubilized, we suggest the presence of membrane-associated component analogous to the F0 and V0 components of both F-type and V-type ATPases. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the alpha subunit showed a higher similarity to ATPases of the V-type family than to those of the F-type family.
Effects of nitrogen doping in the insulational character of anodically oxidized films of tantalum

The effects of nitrogen doping as a terminator in an anodically oxidized film of tantalum have been investigated. In the oxide film of nitrogen-free tantalum, the electric leakage current abruptly increased with the applied voltage. It is well-known as the Poole-Frenkel effect [1] [2]. After annealing at 623K in a hydrogen atmosphere, the leakage current increased. On the other hand, in the oxidized films of nitrogen-doped tantalum the leakage current increased in proportion to the applied voltage, but it was very small as compared with the nitrogen-free oxide. Moreover the leakage current decreased after annealing. The decrement strongly depended on the amount of doped nitrogen.
Velocity/Mixture Fraction Statistics of Round, Self-Preserving, Buoyant Turbulent Plumes

An experimental study of the structure of round buoyant turbulent plumes was carried OUL limited to conditions m the self-preserving portion of the flow. Plume conditions were simulated using dense gas sources (carbon dioxide and sulfur hexafluoride) in a still and unstratifkd air environment. Velocity/mixturefraction statistics, and other higher-order turbulence quantities, were measured using laser velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence. Similar to earlier observations of these plumes, self-preserving behavior of all properties was observed for the present test range, which involved streamwise distances of 87-151 source diameters and 12-43 Morton length scales from the source. Streamwise turbulent fluxes of mass and momentum exhibited countergradient diffusion near the edge of the flow, although the much more significant radial fluxes of these properties satisfied gradient diffusion in the normal manner. The turbulent Prandtl/Schmidt number, the ratio of time scales characterizing velocity and mixture function fluctuations and the coefficient of the radial gradient diffusion approximation for Reynolds stress, all exhibited significant variations across the flow rather than remaining constant as prescribed by simple turbulence models. Fourth moments of velocity and velocity/mixture fraction fluctuations generally satisfied the quasi-Gaussian approximation. Consideration of budgets of turbulence quantities provided information about kinetic energy and scalar variance dissipation rates, and also indicated that the source of large mixture fraction fluctuations near the axis of
WEYL GROUPS AND BASIS ELEMENTS OF HECKE ALGEBRAS OF GELFAND–GRAEV REPRESENTATIONS

The initial section of this article provides illustrative examples on two ways to construct the Weyl group of a finite group of Lie type. These examples provide the background for a comparison of the elements in the Weyl groups of GL(n, q) and U(n, q) that are used in the construction of the standard bases of the Hecke algebras of the Gelfand–Graev representations of GL(n, q) and U(n, q). Using a theorem of Steinberg, a connection between a theoretic description of bases of these Hecke algebras and a combinatorial description of these bases is provided. This leads to an algorithmic method for generating bases of the Hecke algebras of the Gelfand–Graev representations of GL(n, q) and U(n, q).
Brain cardiolipin: isolation and fatty acid positions.

Abstract— Cardiolipin (diphosphatidyl glycerol) was isolated from bovine brain grey matter in pure form by column chromatography. A combination of a DEAE cellulose column, an acid-silicic acid column and a bicarbonate-treated silicic acid column was used for the isolation. Analytical data on cardiolipin (and lyso-cardiolipin), including phosphorus and fatty ester values, infrared and ultraviolet spectra, and chromatographic behaviour of intact cardiolipin, lyso-cardiolipin and their water-soluble hydrolysis products gave results which were consistent with the diphosphatidylglycerol structure proposed by MacFarlane. Cardiolipin constituted 1·2 per cent of the total lipids from grey matter, or 0·43 per cent of the dry weight. No aldehydes were detected in purified cardiolipin. The major fatty acids were 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2 and 20:4. Cardiolipin contained much higher concentrations of 18:2 (17·8 per cent) than any of the other major grey matter glycerophosphatides. Cardiolipin was hydrolysed by incubation with snake venom (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) phospholipase A (phosphatide acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) to determine the distribution of fatty acids on the carbons of its diglyceride moieties. The fatty acids were not distributed randomly; 16:0, 18:0 and 18:2 were predominantly localized in the α and α positions, while 18:1 and 20:4 were predominantly localized in the β and β positions.
Exact analytical solutions for steady three-dimensional inviscid vortical flows

Vortical flows with an axial ( z -axis) swirl and a toroidal circulation (in the ( rho , z )-plane) can be observed in a wide range of fluid mechanical phenomena such as flow around rotary machines or natural vortices like tornadoes and hurricanes. In this paper, we obtain exact analytical solutions for a general class of steady systems with such three-dimensional circulating structures. Assuming incompressible ideal fluid, a general single-variable equation, known as the Squire–Long equation, can be constructed which can uniquely describe the velocity fields with steady axial and toroidal circulations. In this paper, we consider the case where this type of flow can be analysed by solving a linear homogeneous partial differential equation. The derived equation resembles the governing equation of the hydrogen problem. As a result, we obtain a quantization relation which is similar to the expression for the quantized energy states in a hydrogen atom. For circulating flows, this formalism provides a complete set of orthogonal basis functions which are regular and localized. Hence, each of the basis solutions can be used as a simplified model for a realistic phenomenon. Moreover, an arbitrary circulating field can be expanded in terms of these orthogonal functions. Such an expansion can be potentially useful in the study of more general vortices. As illustrations, we present a few examples where we solve the linear homogeneous equation to analyse fluid mechanical systems which can be models for circulating flow in confined geometry. First, we consider three-dimensional vortices confined between two parallel planar walls. Our examples include flows between two infinite planar walls, inside and outside a vertical cylinder bounded at the ends by horizontal plates, and in an axially confined annular region. Then we describe the special way in which the basis functions should be superposed so that a complicated steady velocity-field with three-dimensional vortical structures can be constructed. Two such cases are discussed to indicate that the derived solutions can be used for complicated fluid mechanical modelling.
Heat stress enhances arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity via increased sensitivity of burst gating, not burst area, in humans

The relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and diastolic blood pressure has been used to describe two sites for arterial baroreflex control of MSNA. By determining both the likelihood of occurrence for sympathetic bursts and the area of each burst for a given diastolic blood pressure, both a ‘gating’ and an ‘area’ control site has been described in normothermic humans. Assessing the effect of heat stress on these mechanisms will improve the understanding of baroreflex control of arterial blood pressure under this thermal condition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that heat stress enhances arterial baroreflex control of burst gating and area. In 10 normotensive subjects (age, 32 ± 2 years; mean ±s.e.m.), MSNA (peroneal) was assessed using standard microneurographic techniques. Five minute periods of data were examined during normothermic and whole-body heating conditions. The burst incidence (i.e. number of sympathetic bursts per 100 cardiac cycles) and the area of each burst were determined for each cardiac cycle and were placed into 3 mmHg intervals of diastolic blood pressure. During normotheric conditions, there was a moderate, negative relationship between burst incidence and diastolic blood pressure (slope =−2.49 ± 0.38; r2= 0.73 ± 0.06; mean ±s.e.m.), while area per burst relative to diastolic blood pressure exhibited a less strong relationship (slope =–1.13 ± 0.46; r2= 0.45 ± 0.09). During whole-body heating there was an increase in the slope of the relationship between burst incidence and diastolic blood pressure (slope =–4.69 ± 0.44; r2= 0.84 ± 0.03) compared to normothermia (P < 0.05), while the relationship between area per burst and diastolic blood pressure was unchanged (slope =–0.92 ± 0.29; r2= 0.41 ± 0.08) (P= 0.50). The primary finding of this investigation is that, at rest, whole-body heating enhanced arterial baroreflex control of MSNA through increased sensitivity of a ‘gating’ mechanism, as indicated by an increase in the slope of the relationship between burst incidence and diastolic blood pressure. This occurrence is likely to afford protection against potential decreases in arterial blood pressure in an effort to preserve orthostatic tolerance during heat stress.
Hepatic myelopathy case report with review of the literature

Hepatic myelopathy is a rare complication of hepatic insufficiency, causing progressive spastic paraparesis. There are few reports detailing the clinical and diagnostic aspects of this uncommon cause of neurological deterioration in patients with liver disease. Early recognition of this disorder will become more important as patients with liver disease survive longer due to medical advances, including liver transplantation. We present an additional patient with hepatic myelopathy associated with infantile portal vein thrombosis and review the previous reports of hepatic myelopathy in the English literature.
Isoform-level gene signature improves prognostic stratification and accurately classifies glioblastoma subtypes

Molecular stratification of tumors is essential for developing personalized therapies. Although patient stratification strategies have been successful; computational methods to accurately translate the gene-signature from high-throughput platform to a clinically adaptable low-dimensional platform are currently lacking. Here, we describe PIGExClass (platform-independent isoform-level gene-expression based classification-system), a novel computational approach to derive and then transfer gene-signatures from one analytical platform to another. We applied PIGExClass to design a reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) based molecular-subtyping assay for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumors. Unsupervised clustering of TCGA (the Cancer Genome Altas Consortium) GBM samples, based on isoform-level gene-expression profiles, recaptured the four known molecular subgroups but switched the subtype for 19% of the samples, resulting in significant (P = 0.0103) survival differences among the refined subgroups. PIGExClass derived four-class classifier, which requires only 121 transcript-variants, assigns GBM patients' molecular subtype with 92% accuracy. This classifier was translated to an RT-qPCR assay and validated in an independent cohort of 206 GBM samples. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of PIGExClass in the design of clinically adaptable molecular subtyping assay and have implications for developing robust diagnostic assays for cancer patient stratification.
Isolation, cloning and determination of biologic characteristics of five new species of Crithidia.

SYNOPSIS. Thru the application of technics of serology, cultivation in acid and basic media, host specificity and reaction in foreign hosts it became possible to characterize 10 species of Crithidia and to assign names to 5 of those previously undesignated. Despite a loose host specificity under experimental conditions it was found that each isolate from a different insect host was a different species.
Leaders' Upward Influence in the Organization Replication and Extensions of the Pelz Effect to Include Group Support and Self-Monitoring

A survey of 183 nurses at two hospitals tested for replication and extensions of previous work on Pelz Effects, defined as the moderating effect of leaders' upward influence on the relationship bet...
In situ light and phosphorus manipulations reveal potential role of biofilm algae in enhancing enzyme‐mediated decomposition of organic matter in streams

Summary Biofilms play crucial roles in the carbon and nutrient dynamics of stream ecosystems. Measuring extracellular enzyme activities can reveal universal patterns in C, N and P dynamics at the microbial level and enhance our understanding of how microorganisms influence ecosystem-level processes. Because algae may potentially enhance the activities of enzymes produced by heterotrophic microorganisms for degrading allochthonous organic matter, more work is needed to understand how factors that influence biofilm algae could in turn alter activities of these enzymes and how these influences alter the demand for inorganic nutrients. The purpose of this study was to use extracellular enzymes (alkaline or acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, leucine aminopeptidase and phenol oxidase) to examine the response of biofilms to in situ shade and phosphorus manipulations in two streams with contrasting DOC quantity and quality. Despite the water column nutrient ratios indicating P limitation in both streams, shade had the biggest effect on algal and bacterial biomass. Enzyme results clearly demonstrated the positive effects of algae on the activities of both hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in stream biofilms. In most cases, we observed at least a doubling in activities between the shaded and ambient treatments, with P additions indicating enhanced P demand under ambient light. Furthermore, similar phenol oxidase activities between the two streams suggests pH or enzyme inhibitors might have played a role or that a proportion of the measured enzyme activities was directed at the degradation of fine particulate organic matter embedded in the biofilm matrix in addition to water column DOC. This study provides further evidence that algae might contribute to the degradation of terrestrial organic matter through indirect influences on extracellular enzyme activities and possibly priming.
The dependence potential of benzodiazepines

A series of studies has been carried out using a choice procedure to investigate the reinforcing properties of benzodiazepines in adult volunteer subjects. Amphetamine and other drugs with undisputed dependence potential are clearly preferred by the majority of subjects using this procedure. However, diazepam has not been found to be an effective reinforcer across a range of doses, using various subject populations and under different experimental conditions. In the present study, lorazepam, a benzodiazepine with a shorter half-life than diazepam, was tested. Twelve normal volunteer subjects were tested in 4 separate experiments in which three doses of lorazepam (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg) were each compared to placebo, and in a separate experiment, 1.0 mg lorazepam was compared to 5.0 mg diazepam. Subjects showed no preference between 0.5 mg lorazepam and placebo or between 1.0 mg lorazepam and 5.0 mg diazepam, but at the 1.0 and 2.0 mg doses of lorazepam they showed a clear preference for placebo. Subjective effects of the drugs were also monitored, and showed changes consistent with the anxiolytic and sedative effects of the drugs. The duration of the effects of lorazepam was unexpectedly long (as long as 6 hours), so the question whether a shorter-acting benzodiazepine would be a more effective reinforcer in this situation remains unanswered.
Does affective disposition moderate the relationship between job satisfaction and voluntary turnover

J. Weitz (1952) argued that job dissatisfaction would be more predictive of turnover if it was considered in light of an individual's predisposition to be satisfied with everyday life events. In the present study it was hypothesized that affective disposition moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and voluntary turnover. With data collected from a sample of nurses, support was indicated for the hypothesis. The more positive the disposition of the individual, the stronger the relationship that was observed between job dissatisfaction and turnover. Furthermore, individuals dissatisfied with their jobs but positively disposed to life in general were the individuals most likely to quit. Implications of the results for future research and practice are discussed. Empirical work over the years has clearly established the significant role of job satisfaction in predicting turnover. Carsten and Spector (1987), in a meta-analysis of 47 studies, estimated a corrected correlation between job satisfaction and turnover of-.26 (the 95% confidence interval did not include 0). Because sampling error accounted for only 21 % of the variance in correlations across studies, the authors concluded that room for significant moderator effects existed. In fact, Carsten and Spector found that alternative employment opportunities moderated the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover. On the basis of Carsten and Specter's findings, the potential exists that other variables interact with job satisfaction in predicting turnover. Given the importance of turnover decisions to individuals and organizations (Dalton & Todor, 1979; Mobley, 1982; Staw, 1980), it is surprising that more research concerning potential moderators of the job satisfaction-turnover relationship has not been conducted.
Slow gait speed – an indicator of lower cerebral vasoreactivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Results: Diabetic participants had slower gait speed as compared to non-diabetic participants (1.05 ± 0.15 m/s vs. 1.14 ± 0.14 m/s, p < 0.001). Lower global vasoreactivity (r 2 adj = 0.13, p = 0.007), or lower global vasodilation reserve (r 2 adj = 0.33, p < 0.001), was associated with slower walking in the diabetic group independently of age, BMI and hematocrit concentration. For every 1 mL/100 g/min/mmHg less vasodilation reserve, for example, gait speed was 0.05 m/s slower. Similar relationships between vasodilation reserve and gait speed were also observed regionally within the cerebellum, frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes (r 2 adj = 0.27–0.33, p < 0.0001). In contrast, vasoreactivity outcomes were not associated with walking speed in non-diabetic participants, despite similar vasoreactivity ranges across groups. Conclusion: In the diabetic group only, lower global vasoreactivity was associated with slower walking speed. Slower walking in older diabetic adults may thus hallmark reduced vasomotor reserve and thus the inability to increase perfusion in response to greater metabolic demands during walking.
The Oscilloscope: a Stabilized Cathode-Ray Oscillograph with Linear Time-Axis

A method is described for using a cathode-ray oscillograph for the simultaneous observation of a number of variable quantities by means of a distributor. A linear time-axis, obtained by means of a gas-discharge lamp connected to a source of direct-current through a resistance or thermionic tube, is stabilized by introducing into this circuit a small e. m. f. derived from the same source that supplies the unknown quantities under observation. By making stabilization definitive rather than casual, distortion is avoided. The unknown quantities are thus shown in a form convenient for observation, appearing as stationary curves plotted with time as abscissa. The curves may be superposed about a common zero line, or displaced with reference to each other with separate zero lines. The name oscilloscope is applied to the apparatus here described, assembled as an instrument.
Sex Hormones, Apoptosis and the Fas/Fas Ligand System in Normal Endometrial Tissue Remodeling

INTRODUCTION. Tissue remodeling is an important physiological mechanism for maintaining adequate cellular balance in differentiated tissues showing high turnover, and for cancer prevention. The human endometrium is continuously undergoing remodeling mediated by survival and differentiation factors such as estrogen and progesterone. Absence of survival factors at the end of each differentiation cycle results in cellular death of the endometrium, via activation of apoptotic genes such as the Fas/Fas Ligand (FasL) system. In contrast to past studies, and consistent with the above information, new data indicate that menstruation results from activation of apoptotic genes. We hypothesized that remodeling of endometrial tissue is mediated by activation of the Fas/FasL system as result of hormonal changes in the endometrium’s microenvironment. METHOD. We performed in vitro studies using primary cultures of human endometrial cells and the estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PR)-positive Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line. Cells were incubated with physiologic concentrations of estradiol, progesterone or a combination of both (10 -8 M). The endometrial cells were then incubated in a hormone-depleted milieu and evaluated for apoptosis (MTT assay), Fas and FasL mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein (Western blot) expressions. Sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis was evaluated using an anti-Fas mAb to trigger the Fas signal and MTT assay. RESULTS. Estrogen and/or progesterone-withdrawal induced apoptosis of endometrial cells (48% and 43% respectively, p<0.05). At the same time, hormonal withdrawal increased Fas and FasL expression as determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Treatment of the endometrial cells with an anti-Fas antibody further increases apoptosis after hormonal removal (69%), suggesting that the Fas pathway is functional in these cells. Furthermore, application of anti-FasL antibody prior to hormonal withdrawal prevents cellular death. DISCUSSION. Apoptosis in reproductive tissues is a physiological mechanism that eliminates differentiated, senescent, or dysfunctional cells. The cyclic changes of estrogen and progesterone promote a clean up of the endometrium preventing the accumulation of differentiated/mutated cells. In the present study we show that sexhormone withdrawal represents the signal for apoptosis, in part via the Fas/FasL system. These results underscore the importance of sex-hormone cyclicity for providing a protective effect against neoplastic transformation in the endometrium. It
Perceived discrimination, parenting, and academic adjustment among racial/ethnic minority adolescents

Abstract The present study examined the extent to which perceived racial/ethnic discrimination at school was directly and indirectly (via parenting practices) related to academic adjustment among racial and ethnic minority adolescents. Participants (58% female) were 208 minority students (63% African American, 19% Latino, 18% Multiracial) in grades 6–8 from an urban middle school in the Midwestern United States. In the fall (Time 1) and subsequent spring (Time 2) of the school year, youth completed in-school surveys with items on discrimination experiences, parental monitoring, and academic outcomes (intrinsic motivation, school self-esteem, commitment to learning, school bonding). Results from mediation analyses revealed that experiences with discrimination were in part related to academic outcomes through their effect on parental monitoring, and showed that exposure to discrimination predicted lower levels of parental monitoring, which in turn predicted lower levels of academic motivation and school engagement.
Decision Analysis with Geographically Varying Outcomes: Preference Models and Illustrative Applications

This paper presents decision analysis methodology for decisions based on data from geographic information systems. The consequences of a decision alternative are modeled as distributions of outcomes across a geographic region. We discuss conditions that may conform with the decision maker's preferences over a specified set of alternatives; then we present specific forms for value or utility functions that are implied by these conditions. Decisions in which there is certainty about the consequences resulting from each alternative are considered first; then probabilistic uncertainty about the consequences is included as an extension. The methodology is applied to two hypothetical urban planning decisions involving water use and temperature reduction in regional urban development, and fire coverage across a city. These examples illustrate the applicability of the approach and the insights that can be gained from using it.
WHAT IS WRONG WITH NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS (And What is Still Wrong With Austrian Economics)

A discipline, a region of the world of thought, should seek to know itself. Like an individual human being, it has received from its origins a stamp of character, a native mode of response to the situtations confronting it. Right responses, 'responsibility', will require of the profession as of the individual an insight into the powers and defects of the tool which history has bequeathed to it.
Effects of Dietary Cation-Anion Difference on the Acid-Base Status of Dry Cows

Responses in dry matter intake (DMI) and acidbase balance to three sources of anionic salts (dietary cation-anion difference = -63 to -40 meq/kg of dry matter), an acidified fermentation by-product, MgSO4.7H2O + NH4Cl, and MgSO4.7H2O + CaCl2.2H2O + CaSO4, were evaluated relative to the responses of cows fed a control diet (dietary cationanion difference = 203 meq/kg of dry matter) that did not contain anionic salts. Diets were fed for 1-wk periods to eight nonlactating Holsteins assigned to two replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares. Daily DMI increased as time of access to the diet increased up to d 5; mean DMI over d 5 to 7 was reduced by dietary anionic salts. Diets containing anionic salts induced a mild metabolic acidosis that was completely compensated by nonrespiratory mechanisms (decreased blood bicarbonate and base excess; pCO2 and pH values were unaffected). Urinary pH values and bicarbonate excretion were reduced, and urinary NH4+ and titratable acidity excretion were increased, for cows fed diets containing anionic salts. Strong ion difference in urine was decreased by dietary anionic salts because of the relatively greater excretions of Cl- and S2- versus Na+ and K+ by cows fed these diets. Dietary anionic salts decreased mean ruminal pH by 0.12 units, possibly because of the reduced strong ion difference of ruminal fluid. Dietary anionic salts increased mean ruminal NH3 concentration by 2.2 mM, probably because of the higher nonprotein N content of these diets. The strong negative relationship (r2 = 0.95) between urinary pH and net acid excretion by cows fed the diets containing anionic salts suggested that urinary pH measurement might be a useful tool to assess the degree of metabolic acidosis that was imposed by dietary anionic salts.
The Onshore Surge of Marine Air into the Pacific Northwest: A Coastal Region of Complex Terrain

Abstract Many coastal locations around the world experience rapid transitions from warm, dry continental air to cool, moist marine air. These onshore “pushes” or surges of marine air can be accompanied by strong winds, large temperature drops and a substantial increase in low clouds. A detailed case study of a typical Pacific Northwest event as well as a composite of several events are presented. It is shown that all major surges are initiated by synoptic-scale changes and that the mesoscale topography of the region “amplifies” the synoptic signal. Annual, monthly and diurnal climatologies are discussed. This paper also discusses the origin of associated West Coast phenomena such as heat troughs and narrow coastal pressure ridges.
181 IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) USING SEMI-DEFINED CULTURE CONDITIONS FROM LOW OR HIGH ANTRAL FOLLICLE COUNT PUBERTAL BEEF HEIFERS

To compare the in vitro fertilization (IVF) and production (IVP) of embryos from low and high antral follicle count (AFC) heifers, AFC were determined on 106 heifers using transrectal ultrasonography. Ten heifers with the lowest AFC (avg. 13.2) and 10 heifers with the highest AFC (avg. 27.4) with evidence of oestrous cyclicity were synchronised with 2 injections of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α); half were harvested on Days 5 to 6 and half on Days 15 to 16 of the oestrous cycle. The IVF procedures included protocols for semi-defined media and were as described (IVP Protocol, P. J. Hansen’s Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA). Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) from follicles less than 8 mm in diameter were cultured in maturation medium (5% CO2; 38.5°C) for 24 h. Matured COC were fertilised using thawed frozen semen from a crossbred bull that was purified using Percoll gradient separation procedures. Motile spermatozoa were added to COC in fertilization medium at a final concentration of 1 × 106 spermatozoa per mL. About 24 h later, presumptive zygotes were placed in microdrops of development medium under oil, and cultured (5% CO2, 5% O2, balance N2, 38.5°C). On Days 3 and 8 after fertilization, cleavage and blastocyst development rates, respectively, were assessed. Data were analysed using the mixed procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and the model included the effects of collection day, group (high or low AFC), and their interaction. More COC (P < 0.0005) were collected from high than low AFC heifers (30.3 v. 9.3 ± 3.12 per heifer). Both the number and percentage of COC that cleaved had an interaction between collection day and group (P < 0.03). The interaction appeared to be due to low cleavage and development rates on 1 of 4 collection days (appeared not related to day of oestrous cycle). Although high compared to low AFC heifers had more COC that cleaved (18.7 v. 4.4 ± 1.84 per heifer), the percentage of cleaved COC did not differ (59.2 v. 49.8 ± 3.36%). There were no significant differences between high and low AFC heifers in the number of blastocysts (3.1 v. 0.6 ± 1.21 per heifer) or in the percentage of COC that developed to blastocysts (8.8 v. 5.2 ± 3.60%). In previous replicates (years), we reported that high AFC heifers had more COC collected, more COC that cleaved, and more COC that developed to blastocysts than low AFC heifers. In contrast, in this study numbers of COC that developed to blastocysts did not significantly differ between high and low AFC heifers. Additionally, the percentage of COC that cleaved, and that developed to blastocyst have been similar between high and low AFC heifers. Therefore, high compared to low AFC heifers may produce more IVP embryos; however, AFC does not appear to affect the competence of an oocyte to develop and mature to the blastocyst stage.