cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunneled dialysis catheters: recent trends and future directions.

Despite aggressive efforts to increase autogenous fistula prevalence primarily from recommendations by the NKF and the Fistula First National Vascular Access Improvement Initiative, catheters remain an essential access modality for a large percentage of the hemodialysis population. Tunneled dialysis catheters or chronic catheters are associated with a multitude of complications including infections, stenosis, thrombosis, and increased morbidity and mortality even after adjustment for potential confounding variables. Also, given the blood flow rates of catheters, dialysis adequacy is compromised as compared with arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous grafts. This review endeavors to provide an update on catheter outcomes in the Fistula First and Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative era in relation to the increasing fistula prevalence and decline in graft placements. The conflicting view of whether catheters are increasing concurrently with the increase in fistula prevalence is discussed. The management of tunneled dialysis catheter–related complications is considered with a review of the most recent data. Future research strategies and innovations in catheter design are also addressed. This review provides a comprehensive update of tunneled hemodialysis catheters, their necessity and pitfalls, and novel directions for future investigation.
The influence of inclusion shape on the overall viscoelastic behavior of composites

The Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka method is extended into the Laplace domain to examine the linearly viscoelastic behavior in two types of composite materials: a transversely isotropic one with aligned spheroidal inclusions and an isotropic one with randomly oriented inclusions. Though approximate in nature, the method offers both simplicity and versatility, with explicit results for the sphere, disk, and fiber reinforcements in the transformed domain. The results coincide with some exact solutions for the composite sphere and cylinder assemblage models and, with spherical voids or rigid inclusions, the effective shear property also lies between Christensen’s bounds. Consistent with the known elastic behavior, the inverted creep compliances in the time domain indicate that, along the axial direction, aligned needles or fibers provide the most effective improvement for the creep resistance of the aligned composite, but that in the transverse plane the disk reinforcement is far superior. For the isotropic composite disks are always the most effective shape, whereas spheres are the poorest. Comparison with the experimental data for the axial creep strains of a glass/ED-6 resin composite containing 54 percent of aligned fibers indicates that the theory is remarkably accurate in this case.
Simulations of small-pore microchannel plates for fast gated X-ray imaging and spectroscopy of high-energy density plasmas

This paper builds on work done at National Security Technologies and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) over the past several years on the design and characterization of microchannel plate (MCP)-based fast gated x-ray imagers for use on the SNL Z machine. These cameras use 10-micron-pore MCPs, similar to the type used for spectroscopy and imaging applications at other facilities. To aid in the understanding of MCP behavior, we have developed a Monte Carlo simulation model for prediction of MCP response. The code contains a detailed physical model of the electron cascade and amplification process of the MCP that includes energy conservation for the secondary electrons, the effects of elastic scattering of low-energy electrons from the channel wall, and gain saturation mechanisms from wall charging and space charge. Our model can simulate MCP response for both static and pulsed voltage waveforms. Excellent agreement between the Monte Carlo simulations and laboratory measurements has been achieved. Here, we apply our simulation model to 2-micron-pore MCPs, which, while readily available from a variety of vendors, are not used in imaging applications. We investigate the DC and pulsed gain characteristics of such an MCP, with particular emphasis on dynamic range, temporal response, and spatial resolution. The results are compared to the predicted and measured characteristics of 10-micron-pore MCPs.
Software verification and functional testing with XML documentation

Continuous testing is an important aspect of achieving quality during rapid software development. By making the user documentation for a software product into part of its testing machinery, we can leverage each to benefit the other. The documentation itself can be automatically tested and kept in a state of synchronization with the software. Conversely, if the documentation can be machine interpreted, evaluation of the software's adherence to this description simultaneously verifies the documentation and serves as a functional test of the software. This paper presents an application of these ideas to a real project, the manual for Jess, the Java Expert System Shell. The Jess manual is rich in machine-interpretable information and is used in several distinct modes within Jess' extensive functional and unit test suites. The effort to maintain the accuracy and completeness of Jess's documentation has dropped significantly since this method was put in place.
Psychosomatic disorders of gravida status: false and denied pregnancies.

Objective The authors review the literature on two dramatic psychosomatic disorders of reproduction and offer a potential classification of pregnancy denial. Method Information on false and denied pregnancies is summarized by comparing the descriptions, differential diagnoses, epidemiology, patient characteristics, psychological factors, abdominal tone, and neuroendocrinology. Pregnancy denial's association with neonaticide is reviewed. Results False and denied pregnancies have fooled women, families, and doctors for centuries as the body obscures her true condition. Improvements in pregnancy testing have decreased reports of false pregnancy. However, recent data suggests 1/475 pregnancies are denied to 20 weeks, and 1/2455 may go undiagnosed to delivery. Factors that may contribute to the unconscious deception include abdominal muscle tone, persistent corpus luteum function, and reduced availability of biogenic amines in false pregnancy, and posture, fetal position, and corpus luteum insufficiency in denied pregnancy. For each condition, there are multiple reports in which the body reveals her true pregnancy status as soon as the woman is convinced of her diagnosis. Forensic literature on denied pregnancy focused on the woman's rejection of motherhood, while psychiatric studies have revealed that trauma and dissociation drive her denial. Conclusions False pregnancy has firm grounding as a classic psychosomatic disorder. Pregnancy denial's association with neonaticide has led to misleading forensic data, which obscures the central role of trauma and dissociation. A reappraisal of pregnancy denial confirms it as the somatic inverse of false pregnancy. With that perspective, clinicians can help women understand their pregnancy status to avoid unexpected deliveries with tragic outcomes.
The influence of psychiatric comorbidity on perioperative outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty

Background Psychiatric comorbidity has been associated with increased health risks and poor long-term treatment outcomes in numerous medical disciplines, but its effect in short-term perioperative settings is incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a preoperative diagnosis of depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, or dementia on in-hospital (1) adverse events, (2) blood transfusion, and (3) nonroutine discharge in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty. Methods Using the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) database, we identified 348,824 discharges having undergone partial or total shoulder arthroplasty from 1990 to 2007. Multivariable regression analysis was performed for each of the outcome variables. Results The prevalence of diagnosed depressive disorder was 4.4%, anxiety disorder, 1.6%; schizophrenia, 0.6%; and dementia, 1.5%. Preoperative psychiatric disorders, with the exception of schizophrenia, were associated with higher rates of adverse events. Depression and schizophrenia were associated with higher perioperative rates of blood transfusion. Any preoperative psychiatric illness was associated with higher rates of nonroutine discharge. Conclusions Patients with preoperative psychiatric illness undergoing shoulder arthroplasty are at increased risk for perioperative morbidity and posthospitalization care. Preoperative screening of psychiatric illness might help with planning of shoulder arthroplasty.
A Longitudinal Examination of Sleep Quality and Physical Activity in Older Adults

The relationship between sleep quality and physical activity is bidirectional, yet prior research on older adults has mainly focused on investigating whether increasing levels of physical activity leads to improvements in sleep quality. The current longitudinal study examined both directional relationships by assessing sleep quality and physical activity twice over a two-year period among 426 community-dwelling older adults (ages 61-100). A cross-lagged panel analysis that included age, gender, perceived stress, functional ability, and severity of chronic health conditions as covariates, revealed that better initial sleep quality predicted higher levels of later physical activity beyond the effects of prior physical activity; whereas initial physical activity did not predict later sleep quality after accounting for prior sleep quality. These findings highlight sleep quality as an important contributor to a physically active lifestyle among older adults.
Datamonkey: rapid detection of selective pressure on individual sites of codon alignments

Summary: Datamonkey is a web interface to a suite of cutting edge maximum likelihood-based tools for identification of sites subject to positive or negative selection. The methods range from very fast data exploration to the some of the most complex models available in public domain software, and are implemented to run in parallel on a cluster of computers. Availability:http://www.datamonkey.org. In the future, we plan to expand the collection of available analytic tools, and provide a package for installation on other systems. Contact: spond@ucsd.edu
Computational Large‐Scale Mapping of Protein‐Protein Interactions Using Structural Complexes

Although the identification of protein interactions by high-throughput methods progresses at a fast pace, “interactome” datasets still suffer from high rates of false positives and low coverage. To map the interactome of any organism, this unit presents a computational framework to predict protein-protein or gene-gene interactions utilizing experimentally determined evidence of structural complexes, atomic details of binding interfaces and evolutionary conservation. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 73:3.9.1-3.9.9. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: protein interaction; structural complex; binding interface; IBIS; Inferred Biomolecular Interactions Server
Severe Hypocalcemia Associated With Denosumab in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Risk Factors and Precautions for Treating Physicians.

Agents that delay or prevent skeletal complications in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are valuable treatments in this bone tropic malignancy. Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B ligand) a driver of osteoclast formation, function, and survival, inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. Treatment with denosumab delays the time to skeletal-related events (SREs) such as pathologic fracture or the need for radiotherapy or surgery to bone and decreases the incidence of SREs. In a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority/superiority trial comparing denosumab to zoledronic acid (ZA) in 1901 patients with mCRPC (trial 20050103), denosumab delayed time to first SRE by 3.6 months (20.7 vs 17.1 months) or 18% compared to ZA (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.95; P = .0002 for noninferiority, P = .008 for superiority).1 Hypocalcemia resulting from a reduction of homeostatic calcium efflux from bone is a known toxicity of both denosumab and ZA.2-4 In the denosumab 20050103 trial, rates of grade 3 or higher hypocalcemia were 5% with denosumab and 1% with ZA. The need for hospitalization and details of severe hypocalcemia were not reported, but no fatal hypocalcemic events were reported.1 In November 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved denosumab for the prevention of SREs in patients with bone metastases from solid tumors.
ClinVar: public archive of relationships among sequence variation and human phenotype

ClinVar (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/) provides a freely available archive of reports of relationships among medically important variants and phenotypes. ClinVar accessions submissions reporting human variation, interpretations of the relationship of that variation to human health and the evidence supporting each interpretation. The database is tightly coupled with dbSNP and dbVar, which maintain information about the location of variation on human assemblies. ClinVar is also based on the phenotypic descriptions maintained in MedGen (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen). Each ClinVar record represents the submitter, the variation and the phenotype, i.e. the unit that is assigned an accession of the format SCV000000000.0. The submitter can update the submission at any time, in which case a new version is assigned. To facilitate evaluation of the medical importance of each variant, ClinVar aggregates submissions with the same variation/phenotype combination, adds value from other NCBI databases, assigns a distinct accession of the format RCV000000000.0 and reports if there are conflicting clinical interpretations. Data in ClinVar are available in multiple formats, including html, download as XML, VCF or tab-delimited subsets. Data from ClinVar are provided as annotation tracks on genomic RefSeqs and are used in tools such as Variation Reporter (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/variation/tools/reporter), which reports what is known about variation based on user-supplied locations.
Hippocampal context processing is critical for interference free recall of odor memories in rats.

Interference is a critical problem for memory systems and a primary cause of retrieval failure. One strategy for minimizing interference is to associate the items to be remembered with the context in which they were learned. For example, human subjects who learn two lists of words in separate contexts experience less interference and better recall than subjects who learn both lists in the same context. The hippocampus has long been known to be involved in processing contextual information and recent studies have shown that hippocampal neurons exhibit context-unique firing patterns that could serve as a neural representation of the context. These observations suggest that hippocampal context processing may play a critical role in overcoming interference. To test this hypothesis, we adapted the context based list learning procedure for use with rats. Control rats and rats given temporary lesions of the hippocampus were trained on two lists of eight odor pairs, either in the same context or in different contexts. In order to induce interference, some of the odors appeared on both lists with their predictive value reversed. As with human subjects, rats that learned the two lists in different contexts performed significantly better than rats that learned the lists in the same context. However, hippocampal lesions completely abolished this contextual learning advantage. We also trained rats on a low interference version of the task by using lists that did not contain any common items. Interestingly, rats with hippocampal lesions were entirely unimpaired when the learning situation did not involve high levels of interference. These findings are consistent with the idea that the hippocampus encodes contexts and further suggest that hippocampal context coding is beneficial because it provides a means of overcoming interference.
Electrical Stimulation for Wound Healing: A Review of Evidence From In Vitro Studies, Animal Experiments, and Clinical Trials

This article reviews theories linked to endogenous bioelectric currents and the role they may play in wound repair with further appraisal of in vitro and in vivo research related to the effects of clinically applicable electrical currents on protein synthesis, cell migration, and antibacterial outcomes. In addition, studies on the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on skin grafts, donor sites, and musculocutaneous flaps in animals are evaluated, as well as assessments of numerous clinical reports that examined the effects of ES on angiogenesis, perfusion, PtcO2, and epithelialization. Finally, a plethora of clinical trials related to the responses of chronic lower extremity wounds to ES therapy are reviewed, with emphasis on wounds caused by venous insufficiency, diabetic neuropathy, and ischemia in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. A glossary that addresses ES terminology is also included.
A GrpE Mutant Containing the NH2-Terminal “Tail” Region Is Able to Displace Bound Polypeptide Substrate from DnaK

A key feature to the dimeric structure for the GrpE heat shock protein is the pair of long helices at the NH,-terminal end followed by a presumable extended segment of about 30 amino acids from each monomer. We have constructed a GrpE deletion mutant protein that contains only the unique tail portion (GrpEl-89) and another that is missing this region (GrpE88-197). Circular dichroism analysis shows that the GrpEl-89 mutant still contains one-third percent a-helical secondary structure. Using an assay that measures bound peptide to DnaK we show that the GrpEl-89 is able to lower the amount of bound peptide, whereas GrpE88197 has no effect. Additionally, when the same peptide binding assay is carried out with the COON-terminal domain of DnaK, the full-length GrpE and the two GrpE deletion mutants show little to no effect on peptide release. Furthermore, the GrpE88-197 mutant is able to enhance the off-rate of nucleotide from DnaK and the 1-89 mutant has no effect on the nucleotide release. Similar results of nucleotide release are observed with the NH,-terminal ATPase domain mutant of DnaK. The results presented show directly that there is interaction between the GrpE protein's "tail" region and the substrate COOH-terminal peptide binding domain of DnaK, although the effect is only fully manifest with an intact full-length DnaK molecule. © 2001 Academic Press
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence from carbon dots

We report an interesting property of carbon dots: they emit light under charge injection. We synthesized carbon dots in diameter about 20 nm using wet chemistry methods. The photoluminescence quantum efficiency of the carbon dots dissolved in water was about 11%. We observed strong electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) from the sample. This observation of ECL from carbon dots indicates that they could be a good candidate material for carbon-based electroluminescent devices.
Effects of Short -Term Lathyrogen Treatment on the Rupture Strength of Healing Wounds

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA LE EFFECTOS DE BREVE PERIODOS DE TRACTAMENTO CON LATHYROGENO SUPER LE FORTIA DE RESISTENTIA CONTRA RUPTURAS IN VULNERES DURANTE LE PROCESSO GUARITORI.—Le alterationes de tissu conjunctive incontrate in lathyrismo experimental es possibilemente mediate per le liberation de collagenase tissular. Iste hypothese esseva testate indirectemente per un analyse del fortia tensile de vulneres cutanee in stato guaritori in rattos subjicite a injectiones de fumarato de di-beta-aminopropionitril. Tres consecutive injectiones diurne causava un declino in le fortia de resistentia contra rupturation usque ad un nivello infra illo attingite per vulneres de controlo 3 dies previemente. II pare justificate concluder que iste resultatos se trova in harmonia con le hypothese sub investigation, sed il non es justificate concluder que illos provide un prova de illos in ulle senso del termino. Un studio simultanee del acceptation de sulfato ha remanite inconclusive.
Exploring the Generalization Process from Past Behavior to Predicting Future Behavior

Substantial evidence in social psychology documents that traits predict behavior. Research in behavioral economics establishes prior behavioral information-the actual behavior of another person in the past-influences future decision making, suggestive of the role of traits in guiding future behavior, but agnostic to the specific psychological mechanism. Yet the entire generalization process from past behavior to predicting future behavior has not been fully explored. Additionally, previous paradigms do not adequately dissociate prediction from explanation, and provide participants with trait information, or rely on participants to generate the appropriate trait. Here, we combine literature and experimental approaches in social psychology and behavioral economics to explore the generalization process from prior behavior that guides future decisions. Across three studies utilizing consequential economic game paradigms and online questionnaires, an initial group of participants (employees) played a time estimation game and a charity donations game before a second group of participants (employers) viewed the behavior of the first group, then decided whether to invest in employees in a trust game and rock guessing game. Although participants infer trait warmth and competence from the behavioral information in the first two games, estimates of normative behavior predicted investment decisions on the warmth-relevant games better than trait inferences. These results dissociate generalizations guided by warmth and competence behavioral information, and question the extent to which traits always serve as heuristics to predict behavior. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Cognitive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis

Cognitive dysfunction is one of the more common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), with an estimated point prevalence of 30 to 60%. The lifetime prevalence may be closer to 50 to 75%, as cognitive symptoms tend to progress with disease progression. Unfortunately, cognitive dysfunction can also be one of the more disabling symptoms of MS (1, 2, 3). This chapter reviews the prevalence, diagnosis, possible etiologies, assessment, and treatment of cognitive disorders in MS.
Hemodynamic and vascular activity of LY127210, a new vasodilator, in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats: comparison with hydralazine.

We used microsphere techniques to determine cardiac output and tissue blood flows in chloralose-anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with LY127210 (10 mg/kg, i.p.), hydralazine (2 mg/kg, i.p.), or saline. LY127210 decreased blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Regional vascular resistance fell in kidney, cerebral cortex, ileum and skin, and blood flow decreased in skin, and cerebral cortex. After hydralazine, blood pressure, systemic resistance and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure also decreased, but heart rate increased. Regional vascular resistance decreased in the kidney, cerebral cortex, ileum, myocardium and skeletal muscle, and blood flow was either maintained or increased in these tissues. Unlike LY127210, hydralazine decreased blood flow and increased vascular resistance in the skin. Thus, LY127210 reduces blood pressure in hypertensive rats by reducing vascular resistance, although about 1/3 of the fall in pre...
A Risk Based Random Utility Model for Discrete Choice Analysis in Medical Health Economics with Application to Diabetes Patients' Choices Among Treatment Plans in the US

In an ever expanding patient-centered care system such as the U.S. Health care system, understanding patients' enrollment decisions among alternative health plans is crucial to improving the quality of care from the perspective of patients, their physicians and third party providers. This paper develops a risk based Random Utility Model for discrete choice analysis in Medical health economics. It presents a framework for analyzing Patient-centered health care decision making, and complements tools already developed by the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. The model is based on a subjective interpretation of the choice probabilities and the economic theory of decision making under risk, and designed to help patients and their providers arrive at optimal decisions both medically and economically. It lends itself to a more general specification of the utility function, allowing the analyst to link Health economic theory with a broader class of linear statistical models that subsumes most currently available linear functional form representations as special cases. More specifically, a mixed multinomial logit specification with normal utility errors is considered to allow for interdependencies and heterogeneity across medical treatment plans. The proposed model is estimated within the Bayesian paradigm, and illustrated through an empirical analysis of diabetes patients' decisions among alternative medical treatment plans.
VARIATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENOTYPIC SEX-DETERMINING MECHANISMS ACROSS A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT IN THE FISH, MENIDIA MENIDIA

Models of environmental sex determination (ESD) usually assume that genetic influences on sex are polygenic, but the validity of this (or any other) form of genotype-environment interaction is virtually unknown. In the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, sex is determined by an interaction between temperature and genotype and the response of sex ratio to temperature differs among populations from different latitudes. We examined the genetic basis of this pattern by measuring among family variation in the proportion of females, F/(F + M), within and among high (21°C) and low (15°C) temperatures for two populations: one from Nova Scotia (NS) where the level of ESD is low, and another from South Carolina (SC) where the level of ESD is high. In NS fish, temperature had a significant influence on sex ratio in only 1 of 23 families. The distribution of the fraction of females within temperatures for families from NS was highly heterogeneous and tended to fall into distinct classes (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0) like that expected from Mendelian segregation of a major sex factor(s). In contrast, temperature had a highly significant influence on sex ratio in all SC families examined (N = 24). Family sex ratios within temperatures were highly heterogeneous and, at least at 15°C, did not conform to simple Mendelian ratios. At 21°C, the proportion of females in most SC families was near zero and so the underlying sex tendencies of different families could not be discerned. Based on a previous study, mid-latitude fish appear to have an intermediate form of sex determination: simple Mendelian sex-ratio patterns exist and there is a moderate thermal influence on sex ratio in most but not all families. We suggest that sex determination in M. menidia is controlled by an interaction between major genetic factors, polygenic factors, and temperature and that the relative importance of each component differs with latitude. High latitude populations appear to have evolved a major sex-determining factor(s) that overrides the effect of temperature, and this factor(s) is lacking in low latitude populations.
Hybrid Optimal Data Replica Placement Scheme Based on Mosquitoes Oviposition Mating and Simulated Annealing

The multiple data replica scheme should be adopted in cloud storage system in order to improve system scalability and reliability and improve user access capability at the same time.Selecting proper location for each replica and realizing the optimal allocation of user access requests to data replica should be solved.In this paper,a hybrid optimal multiple data replica placement scheme based on MOX(Mosquitoes Oviposition Mating)and SA(Simulated Annealing)was proposed.With minimizing the total cost as its optimization objective,it uses the ideas of MOX to determine the candidate data replica placement solutions and then uses SA to refine the candidates further to get the optimal solution.We simulated implementation and performance evaluation on the proposed scheme based on CloudSim and then carried out comparative analysis with certain existing scheme.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is feasible and efficient with better performance.
Patient-choice cesarean delivery.

Patient-choice cesarean delivery, although uncommon in the United States, has become controversial in the medical literature and among pregnant women and their maternity care providers over the past three years.
Rare earth-dependent trend of the glass transition activation energy of doped phosphate glasses: Calorimetric analysis

Abstract Eight types of rare earth (RE)-doped barium phosphate glasses have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the glass transition region. Proposed is a concurrent analysis of a family of heat flow data assessing the glass transition activation energies. Furthermore, the DSC data indicate correlation of the activation energy with the ionic radius of the RE dopant, in agreement with the bond strength modifications suggested by the Raman data. Estimated activation energy values between 4.0(2) eV and 4.9(2) eV are in support of P O bond exchange theory of the glass transition. It is proposed that the measured activation energy can serve as a relative quantifier of the intermediate-range order of the glass structure.
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research

American Dirne novels (1860–1915) are very much worth a second look for aesthetic as well as material culture research, and recent efforts at digitization and reprinting of Dirne novel texts and paratextual materials provide opportunities for important new scholarship. Dirne Novels and the Roots of American Detective Fiction argues that an evolution theory of genre that connects each development in detective fiction to a specific time and place is inadequate in explaining the ongoing appeal of the genre because it emphasizes the idea that popular fiction represents precise socio cultural anxieties. After all, many of the detective formulas typically associated with the twentieth century — most surprisingly even formal self-ref lexivity and detectives of diversity — appear in quite developed form within the mass of detective Dirne novels so popular in the 1880s and 1890s. This provides substantial support for Stephen Knight’s contention that the relationship between canonical and popular writers needs to be reexamined, since it is quite possible that rather than being imitators, popular writers are in fact working out the successful conventions that will be adopted by canonical writers.
The use of amino acid indices for assessing organic matter quality and microbial abundance in deep-sea Antarctic sediments of IODP Expedition 318

Abstract The Adelie Basin, located offshore of the Wilkes Land margin, experiences unusually high sedimentation rates (~ 2 cm yr− 1 ) for the Antarctic coast. This study sought to compare depthwise changes in organic matter (OM) quantity and quality with changes in microbial biomass with depth at this high-deposition site and an offshore continental margin site. Sediments from both sites were collected during the International Ocean Drilling (IODP) Program Expedition 318. Viable microbial biomass was estimated from concentrations of bacterial-derived phospholipid fatty acids, while OM quality was assessed using four different amino acid degradation proxies. Concentrations of total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) measured from the continental margin suggest an oligotrophic environment , with THAA concentrations representing only 2% of total organic carbon with relative proportions of non-protein amino acids β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid as high as 40%. In contrast, THAA concentrations from the near-shore Adelie Basin represent 40%–60% of total organic carbon . Concentrations of β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid were often below the detection limit and suggest that the OM of the basin as labile. DI values in surface sediments at the Adelie and margin sites were measured to be + 0.78 and − 0.76, reflecting labile and more recalcitrant OM, respectively. Greater DI values in deeper and more anoxic portions of both cores correlated positively with increased relative concentrations of phenylalanine plus tyrosine and may represent a change of redox conditions , rather than OM quality. This suggests that DI values calculated along chemical profiles should be interpreted with caution. THAA concentrations, the percentage of organic carbon (C AA%) and total nitrogen (NAA%) represented by amino acids at both sites demonstrated a significant positive correlation with bacterial abundance estimates. These data suggest that the selective degradation of amino acids, as indicated by THAA concentrations, CAA% or NAA% values may be a better proxy for describing the general changes in sedimentary bacterial abundances than total organic matter or bulk sedimentation rates.
How to utilize caching to improve spectral efficiency in device-to-device wireless networks

In this paper, we study the impact of caching on a recently-proposed spectrum sharing mechanism for device-to-device networks, ITLinQ, which schedules communication based on information-theoretic optimality principles. We provide a lower bound on the spectral reuse (the fraction of users simultaneously scheduled in the ITLinQ framework) as a function of the caching redundancy by proposing a greedy algorithm for source-user association and determining its achievable reuse. In order to demonstrate that higher spectral reuse also results in more efficient communication, we numerically evaluate the rates achieved by our scheme and show that it provides substantial throughput gain over the state-of-the-art.
Evolutionary Optimization of a Charge Transfer Ionic Potential Model for Ta/Ta-Oxide Heterointerfaces

Heterostructures of tantalum and its oxide are of tremendous technological interest for myriad technological applications, including electronics, thermal management, catalysis, and biochemistry. In particular, local oxygen stoichiometry variation in TaOx memristors comprising thermodynamically stable metallic (Ta) and insulating oxide (Ta2O5) have been shown to result in fast switching on the subnanosecond time scale over a billion cycles. This rapid switching opens up the potential for advanced functional platforms such as stateful logic operations and neuromorphic computation. Despite its broad importance, an atomistic scale understanding of oxygen stoichiometry variation across Ta/TaOx heterointerfaces, such as during early stages of oxidation and oxide growth, is not well understood. This is mainly due to the lack of a unified interatomic potential model for tantalum oxides that can accurately describe metallic (Ta) and ionic (TaOx) as well as mixed (Ta/TaOx interfaces) bonding environments simultaneo...
Design of COX-1 Inhibitors Utilizing Class I Isosteres, Class II Isosteres, and Nonclassical Bioisosteres for Substituent Substitution on Proved Parent Structures

Aims: To identify isosteres and bioisosteres suitable for substitution on the molecular scaffold of meclofenamic acid and tolfenamic acid. The compounds will be studied to determine drug-likeness and other properties. Study Design: Isosteres and bioisosteres were selected and emplaced on the scaffold of meclofenamic acid and tolfenamic acid to ascertain drug-likeness outcome. Drug candidates were selected based on favorable drug-likeness. Place and Duration of Study: Chemistry Department, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha Nebraska from March 2015 to May 2015. Methodology: Two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, meclofenamic acid and tolfenamic acid, are selected based on versatile isosteres and bioisosteres substitution. Placement of class I isosteres, class II isosteres, and nonclassical bioisosteres was accomplished using molecular modeling software. Physicochemical properties were determined and compared by numerical Original Research Article Bartzatt; JAMPS, 4(1): 1-15, 2015; Article no.JAMPS.18954 2 analysis and by pattern recognition. This approach is evaluated for success in generating drug-like compounds. Results: Utilizing meclofenamic acid as parent compound, a total of 13 class I isosteres, five class II isosteres, and four non-classical bioisosteres were identified. For this group the Log P and polar surface area values ranged from 2.534 to 6.268 and 49.326 Angstroms 2 to 101.372 Angstroms 2 , respectively. Utilizing tolfenamic acid as parent compound, a total of ten class I isosteres, five class II isosteres, and four non-classical bioisosteres were identified. For this group the range of Log P and polar surface area values were 1.904 to 5.408, and 37.299 Angstroms to 75.349 Angstroms, respectively. Multiple regression analysis of properties produced equations useful for prediction of similar drugs for both groups. Conclusion: Variations of physicochemical properties by isosteres (class I and class II) and bioisosteres, successfully produced 22 of meclofenamic acid based drug designs and 19 of tolfenamic acid based drug designs. All compounds were evaluated for drug-likeness and similarities by cluster analysis. New drug designs are needed for COX-1 inhibition.
Applied Technology: Visual Response System: A Mediated Resource Room for Children with Learning Problems:

Five reasons are proposed why efforts to mainstream learning disabled students into the regular classroom are often unsuccessful. A mediated resource room, the Visual Response System (VRS), is desc...
Titanium nitride based hybrid plasmonic-photonic waveguides for on-chip plasmonic interconnects

Over the past few decades, photonic technologies have emerged as a promising technology for data communications. They offer advantages such as high data bandwidths at comparable or even lower power consumption than electronics. However, photonic integrated circuits suffer from the diffraction limit of light which is a major obstacle in achieving small device footprints and densely packed on-chip interconnects. In recent years, plasmonics has emerged as a possible solution for densely packed on-chip nanophotonic circuitry. The field of plasmonics deals with oscillations of free electrons in a metal coupled to an electromagnetic field. The large wave-vector associated with these oscillations enables light to be localized in volumes much smaller than the diffraction limit. Consequently, there have been many demonstrations of plasmonic interconnects for on-chip communications, using well known metals such as gold and silver. However these materials are not CMOS compatible and hence their use is not technologically feasible. The growing need for plasmonic materials which are robust, cost-effective, and CMOS-compatible has led to the study of alternate plasmonic materials. For the visible and near infrared ranges, transition metal nitrides have been shown to be suitable metals for plasmonic applications These materials have optical properties comparable to that of gold and are CMOS-compatible, hence, they can be easily integrated into a silicon platform for on-chip applications. In this work, we demonstrate titanium nitride based plasmonic interconnects in an all-solid state geometry which can be easily integrated on a silicon platform.
Forgetting in Immortality

In the philosophical debate about the desirability of immortality it is argued that immortality could never be desirable, since it requires us to either take on a life where none of our projects or interests stimulate us anymore, or else to loosen our connections to our past selves and no longer survive. I argue that both concerns can be met by considering the role that partial forgetting of past experiences would play in the immortal life. One who loses some non-essential memories of their past stands to be able to enjoy experiences that have grown tiresome with age. My contribution is to clarify how partial forgetting of only the non-essential memories allays concerns about our potentially loosened connections to our earlier states. I then consider an objection to my account, that since the standards governing collective memory might be more demanding than those governing individual memory, immortal people might sacrifice aspects of their collective lives to render their own immortal lives enjoyable.
Immunohistochemistry for predictive biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer

In the era of targeted therapy, predictive biomarker testing has become increasingly important for non-small cell lung cancer. Of multiple predictive biomarker testing methods, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely available and technically less challenging, can provide clinically meaningful results with a rapid turn-around-time and is more cost efficient than molecular platforms. In fact, several IHC assays for predictive biomarkers have already been implemented in routine pathology practice. In this review, we will discuss: (I) the details of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ROS (ROS1) IHC assays including the performance of multiple antibody clones, pros and cons of IHC platforms and various scoring systems to design an optimal algorithm for predictive biomarker testing; (II) issues associated with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) IHC assays; (III) appropriate pre-analytical tissue handling and selection of optimal tissue samples for predictive biomarker IHC.
Parent and child care provider partnerships: Protocol for the Healthy Me, Healthy We (HMHW) cluster randomized control trial.

Abstract Background Formation of diet and physical activity habits begins during early childhood. However, many preschool-aged children in the United States do not achieve recommendations for a nutritious diet or active lifestyle. Two important spheres of influence, home and child care, could ensure that children receive consistent health messages. Innovative approaches that engage both parents and child care providers in a substantial way are needed. Social marketing, a promising approach for health promotion targeting children, uses principles that recognize the need to engage multiple stakeholders and to emphasize benefits and overcome barriers associated with behavior change. Yet, application of social marketing principles in interventions for preschool-age children is limited. Methods Healthy Me, Healthy We (HMHW) is 2-arm, cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a 8-month social marketing campaign on the diet and physical activity behaviors of preschool children (3–4 years old), their parents, and child care providers. The campaign is delivered by the child care center and includes branded classroom and at-home activities and materials. Primary outcomes are children's diet quality (assessed with Healthy Eating Index scores) and minutes of non-sedentary activity (measured via accelerometers). Secondary outcomes assess children's body mass index, nutrition and physical activity practices at the child care center and at home, and health behaviors of child care providers and parents. Conclusion HMHW is an innovative approach to promoting healthy eating and physical activity in preschool children. The campaign targets children during a key developmental period and leverages a partnership between providers and parents to affect behavior change.
Increased GPNMB, phospho-ERK1/2, and MMP-9 in cystic fibrosis in association with reduced arylsulfatase B.

Abstract Background GPNMB was increased in a CF gene array and in Arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase)-null mice, consistent with previous reports that ARSB is reduced in cystic fibrosis (CF). Implications of GPNMB increase in CF are unknown. Methods GPNMB levels were determined in serum and circulating leukocytes from CF patients and healthy controls. GPNMB binding with β-1 integrin and measurements of phospho-ERK1/2 and MMP-9 in CFTR-uncorrected, CFTR-corrected, and normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) were determined, following ARSB and GPNMB knockdown, and treatment with RGD peptide, and ERK phosphorylation inhibitor. Results GPNMB was markedly increased in CF patients compared to controls (p Conclusions Findings suggest that decline in ARSB activity caused by decline in CFTR function leads to increased GPNMB, which may contribute to organ dysfunction in CF by increased MMP-9 expression.
What does the humanized monoclonal anti-CGRP antibody (TEV-48125) teach us about the perception of migraine headache? (P2.159)

Objective: To understand better how a humanized monoclonal anti-CGRP antibody (CGRP-mAb) modulates meningeal sensory pathways. Background: A large body of evidence supports an important role for CGRP in the pathophysiology of migraine. This evidence gave rise to a global effort to develop a new generation of therapeutics that reduces the availability of CGRP in migraineurs. Recently, the second generation of such drugs, all humanized monoclonal anti-CGRP antibody was found to be effective in reducing the frequency of chronic or episodic migraine. Design/Methods: Single-unit extracellular recording techniques were used to determine the effects of TEV-48125 (30 mg/kg IV) and its isotype (control) on spontaneous and evoked activity in naive and CSD-sensitized central trigeminovascular neurons in the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn in anesthetized male and female rats. Results: The study demonstrates that the CGRP-mAb TEV-48125 inhibits naive high-threshold (HT) but not wide dynamic range (WDR) trigeminovascular neurons, that the inhibitory effects are limited to their activation from the intracranial dura but not facial skin or cornea, and that when given sufficient time, this drug prevents activation and sensitization of HT but not WDR neurons by cortical spreading depression. This inhibition was similar in the male and female rats. Conclusions: For patients whose chronic and episodic migraines are relieved by the CGRP-mAb, the findings raise the possibility that HT neurons play a critical role (not recognized before) in the initiation and chronification of the perception of headache whereas WDR neurons contribute to the associated allodynia and central sensitization. Clinically, the findings may help explain why the therapeutic effects of CGRP-mAb are selective to headaches of intracranial origin such as migraine and why this therapeutic approach may not be effective for every migraine patient. Study Supported by: Teva Pharmaceuticals NIH Grants: R37 NS079678 and NS085510 Disclosure: Dr. Melo-Carrillo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Strassman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reuven-Nir has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burstein has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, GSK, and Merck as a consultant or member of the scientific advisory board.
Evaluating Scientific Evidence: An Interdisciplinary Framework for Intellectual Due Process

Introduction 1. Triers of science 2. Intellectual due process 3. A framework of analysis 4. Toxic torts and the causation conundrum 5. Criminal identification evidence 6. Future dangerousness testimony: the epistemology of prediction 7. Barefoot or Daubert? A cognitive perspective on vetting future dangerousness testimony 8. Future dangerousness and sexual offenders 9. Models of rationality: evaluating social psychology 10. Evaluating battered woman syndrome Conclusion.