cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pressure on the Mössbauer Resonance in Ferrocene and Pyrite

The effect of pressure to 200 kbars has been measured on the Mossbauer resonance in ferrocene and pyrite. For both compounds a large increase in s‐electron density at the iron nucleus with pressure was observed. For ferrocene, calculations showed that the increase is primarily due to decrease in shielding of the 3s electrons by the 3d. To account for the change quantitatively it would be necessary to consider the change both in the occupation and radial extent (shape) of the 3d orbitals.The quadrupole splitting in pyrites increased with pressure. Although both qlat and qval are probably important, the results could be accounted for in terms of the former component only.For ferrocene a decrease in quadrupole splitting with increasing pressure was observed. A Wolfsberg—Helmholz type calculation gave a change in electric field gradient which accounted for the effect. The same calculation accounted for the change of the optical absorption frequency with pressure which was previously observed for the e2g→e2g* ...
A theoretical study of cyclooctatetraeneberyllium

Abstract An ab initio STO-3G SCF study of beryllium cyclooctatetraenide (BeCOT) shows that a Saturn-like structure is less stable than alternative non-planar and polymeric structures. In the Saturn structure the Be lies in a number of nodal planes and bonding is largely ionic. Moving the Be out of the ring plane permits covalent bonding interactions as well.
The self-force and effective mass of a generally accelerating dislocation I. Screw dislocation

The self-force and effective mass of a moving dislocation in a generally accelerating motion are explicitly obtained on the basis of a surface-independent dynamic J-integral. Logarithmic singularities due to non-zero acceleration result in divergent integrals in the dynamic J-integral, which are treated by smearing out the dislocation core (ramp-core) and by regularizing in the sense of distributions, both coinciding in the leading terms.
Semiactive control of a two-span bridge using field-controllable magneto-rheological dampers

This paper presents a semi-active control of a scaled two-span bridge structure. Magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) dampers are utilized as the semi-active devices and a bridge vibration control system is developed. Both open and closed-loop control systems are used to suppress the bridge deck motion under simple harmonic and simulated earthquake excitation. Effectiveness of each system is discussed. It is demonstrated that the closed-loop control systems can reduce the relative deck displacement of the bridge, while simultaneously limiting the peak damper forces.
Load sharing and graft forces in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with the Ligament Augmentation Device.

Buckle transducers were used to directly measure load sharing and overall force in three segment (semitendi nosus, gracilis, Ligament Augmentation Device) and two segment (patellar tendon, LAD) composite ACL grafts during the application of anteriorly directed loads to a series of five fresh knee specimens with a pneu matic load apparatus. The total graft forces generated in the two segment and three segment composite reconstructions during this immediate postoperative state were highly variable when compared to the normal ACL in each specimen, and were irreproducible among the five specimens. Load sharing among the graft com ponents occurred and was also variable in both recon structions, with this variation being greater in the three segment graft. The LAD carried an average of 45% of the total graft force in the three segment graft and 28% in the two segment graft. Further work is required to clarify the source of the variability in the total graft force and load sharing observed in this study.
Perceptual difference paradigm for analyzing image quality of fast MRI techniques

We are developing a method to objectively quantify image quality and applying it to the optimization of fast magnetic resonance imaging methods. In MRI, to capture the details of a dynamic process, it is critical to have both high temporal and spatial resolution. However, there is typically a trade-off between the two, making the sequence engineer choose to optimize imaging speed or spatial resolution. In response to this problem, a number of different fast MRI techniques have been proposed. To evaluate different fast MRI techniques quantitatively, we use a perceptual difference model (PDM) that incorporates various components of the human visual system. The PDM was validated using subjective image quality ratings by naive observers and task-based measures as defined by radiologists. Using the PDM, we investigated the effects of various imaging parameters on image quality and quantified the degradation due to novel imaging techniques including keyhole, keyhole Dixon fat suppression, and spiral imaging. Results have provided significant information about imaging time versus quality tradeoffs aiding the MR sequence engineer. The PDM has been shown to be an objective tool for measuring image quality and can be used to determine the optimal methodology for various imaging applications.
NMR imaging in solids

Abstract The use of NMR imaging for the study of solids is demonstrated. A modified version of the convolution algorithm is used to construct the images. The modification removes the NMR linebroadening as the image is formed. Examples are presented using the mixed ionic conductor (Na 1−x , K x ) β-alumina.
Some metabolic characteristics of kidney cortex slices stored at 4°C☆

Abstract Rat kidney cortex slices stored for up to 72 hours in oxygenated buffer were examined with regard to glucose utilization, accumulation and oxidation. All of these metabolic functions were normally maintained. Octanoate oxidation and gluconeogenesis from lactate, pyruvate, glutamate and fructose were impaired after 24 hours storage. Pyruvate oxidation remained normal for the entire storage period. These observations plus others showing normal amino acid transport on storage demonstrate the inherent feasibility of long-term kidney preservation.
Three-dimensional superlattice packing of faceted silver nanocrystals

Orientational ordering of faceted nanocrystals in nanocrystal arrays has been directly observed for the first time, by use of transmission electron microscopy imaging and diffraction to resolve the structure of thin molecular-crystalline films of silver nanocrystals passivated by alkylthiolate self-assembled monolayers. The type of ordering found is determined by the nanocrystals faceted morphology, as mediated by the interactions of surfactant groups tethered to the facets on neighboring nanocrystals. Orientational ordering is crucial for the understanding of the fundamental properties of quantum-dot arrays, as well as for their optimal utilization in optical and electronic applications.
Design, synthesis and photoactivation studies of fluorous photolabels

Two fluorous diazirine photolabels were designed, synthesized and subjected to photoactivation studies. The photoactivation studies revealed an unexpected photoreaction when the fluorous tag was directly connected to the diazirine ring, leading to the formation of a fluorous alkene. The more efficient photolabel of the two was identified as a flexible precursor for target specific photoaffinity labels for fluorous proteomics by adding appropriate ligands depending on the target protein subset. As a proof of feasibility, mannose residues were added to the photolabel making it a potential photoaffinity label to tag proteins that bind mannose.
Use of experimental ecosystems in regulatory decision making

Tiered testing for the effects of chemicals on aquatic ecosystems has begun to include tests at the ecosystem level as a component in pesticide regristration. Because such tests are expensive, regulators and industry need to know what additional information they can gain from such tests relative to the costs of the simpler single-species toxicity bioassays. Requirements for ecosystem-level testing have developed because resource managers have not fully understood the implications of potential damage to resources without having evaluations of the predicted impacts under field conditions. We review approaches taken in the use of experimental ecosystems, discuss benefits and limitations of small- and large-scale ecosystem tests, and point to correlative approaches between laboratory and field toxicity testing. Laboratory experimental ecosystems (microcosms) have been successfully used to measure contaminant bioavailability, to determine routes of uptake in moderately complex aquatic systems, and to isolate factors modifying contaminant uptake into the biota. Such factors cannot be as readily studied in outdoor experimental ecosystems because direct cause-and-effect relations are often confounded and difficult to isolate. However, laboratory tests can be designed to quantify the relations among three variables: known concentrations of Stressors; specific sublethal behavioral, biochemical, and physiological effects displayed by organisms; and responses that have been observed in ecosystem-level analyses. For regulatory purposes, the specificity of test results determines how widely they can be applied. Ecotoxicological research should be directed at attempts to identify instances where single-species testing would be the appropriate level of analysis for identifying critical ecological endpoints and for clarifying relationships between ecosystem structure and function, and where it would be inadequate for a given level of analysis.
Methods for simulating solute breakthrough curves in pumping groundwater wells

In modeling there is always a trade-off between execution time and accuracy. For gradient-based parameter estimation methods, where a simulation model is run repeatedly to populate a Jacobian (sensitivity) matrix, there exists a need for rapid simulation methods of known accuracy that can decrease execution time, and thus make the model more useful without sacrificing accuracy. Convolution-based methods can be executed rapidly for any desired input function once the residence-time distribution is known. The residence-time distribution can be calculated efficiently using particle tracking, but particle tracking can be ambiguous near a pumping well if the grid is too coarse. We present several embedded analytical expressions for improving particle tracking near a pumping well and compare them with a finely gridded finite-difference solution in terms of accuracy and CPU usage. Even though the embedded analytical approach can improve particle tracking near a well, particle methods reduce, but do not eliminate, reliance on a grid because velocity fields typically are calculated on a grid, and additional error is incurred using linear interpolation of velocity. A dilution rate can be calculated for a given grid and pumping well to determine if the grid is sufficiently refined. Embedded analytical expressions increase accuracy but add significantly to CPU usage. Structural error introduced by the numerical solution method may affect parameter estimates.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF SYNCHRONIZED PACING

Pak et al.1 demonstrated an experimental technique for termination of fibrillation in the heart. Their method used feedback pacing, and resulted in an eight-fold increase in the success rate compared to conventional overdrive pacing. Our goal is to study this technique numerically. Computer simulations were performed using the Fenton-Karma model of membrane excitability, with a correction introduced to allow more realistic modeling of external stimulation. We found that both overdrive pacing and independent synchronized pacing resulted in significantly improved success compared to spontaneous termination of fibrillation. We conclude that synchronized pacing may provide a low-energy alternative to traditional defibrillation.
A molecular marker for cell guidance information in the axolotl embryo.

Previous studies from this laboratory suggested that the elongation of the pronephric duct (PND) in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum is directed by an adhesion gradient along the migrating cells' substratum. We have also shown that cranial neural crest (CNC) cells are able to follow the PND guidance information, for which these cells serve as useful probes (S. L. Zackson and M. S. Steinberg, (1986) Dev. Biol. 117, 342–353). These experiments allow the construction of a map of the cell guidance information. This map is presumed to reflect a molecular prepattern representing the distribution of a cell guidance associated molecule (CGAM) responsible for the ensuing pattern of cell migration. We refer to this proposal as the molecular prepattern hypothesis. In this paper we describe and identify a candidate CGAM displaying a localization pattern corresponding closely with our map of the PNDCNC guidance information on the embryonic flank. This candidate CGAM is also found to be abundant on the posterior neural tube, an embryonic region not previously explored for PNDCNC guidance information. The latter observation has provided the opportunity for an independent test of the correlation between the presence of this molecule in an embryonic region and the ability of that region to direct cell migration. We have found that grafted CNC cells do indeed migrate upon the strongly labeling posterior neural tube in preference to the neighboring poorly labeling presomitic mesoderm. We identify this candidate CGAM as the cell-surface enzyme alkaline phosphatase. Possible roles for alkaline phosphatase in directing embryonic cell migrations are discussed.
Acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol blocks gastric hemorrhages induced by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium in mice

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are among the most widely used analgesics in the world, cause gastrointestinal inflammation that is potentially life-threatening. Although inhibitors of endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes protect against gastropathy in fasted NSAID-treated mice, the gastroprotective effects of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, have yet to be investigated. Male C57BL/6J mice were fasted, administered vehicle or Δ(9)-THC (.01-50mg/kg; oral or intraperitoneal), and then treated with the NSAID diclofenac sodium (100mg/kg, p.o.) to induce gastric lesions. In separate groups of mice, the cannabimimetic behavioral effects of Δ(9)-THC given via each route of administration were compared using a battery of tests, consisting of assessment of locomotor activity, nociception in the tail withdrawal test, catalepsy in the bar test, and hypothermia. Δ(9)-THC dose-dependently attenuated diclofenac-induced gastric hemorrhagic streaks through both p.o. and i.p. routes of administration (ED50 (95% confidence interval)=0.64 (0.26-1.55)mg/kg and 0.06 (0.01-0.34) mg/kg, respectively). Δ(9)-THC given i.p. was 2-3 orders of magnitude more potent in reducing diclofenac-induced gastric ulcers than in producing locomotor immobility, antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy, while the potency of ratio of p.o. Δ(9)-THC between each behavior measure was 7-18. These data indicate that the phytocannabinoid Δ(9)-THC protects against diclofenac-induced gastric inflammatory tissue damage at doses insufficient to cause common cannabinoid side effects.
Observations on the epidermis of desert-living iguanids

The epidermis of 146 specimens of Dipsosaurus dorsalis and 182 Uma notata collected throughout the active period of the animals' year has been examined. The morphology of the epidermis is essentially similar to previously described lacertilians but differs in the relatively great degree of development of the mesos layer and the complete keratinization of the lacunar tissue prior to sloughing. Analysis of sloughing frequency throughout the year suggests that species specific patterns may exist, but these do not correlate with any particular known ecologic datum. The patterns do not reflect the reproductive activity of the two species supporting previous experimental conclusions on the lack of effect of gonadial hormones on epidermal activity. There appears to be no evidence of association of femoral gland activity with epidermal activity in D. dorsalis, but the situation is not clearcut in U. notata. These data are discussed in the light of recent studies of the evolutionary origin of epidermal glands in lizards.
Hydrogen Diffusion in Undoped and B-Doped a-Si1-xCx:H

A deuterium secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) study of hydrogen diffusion in undoped and boron-doped a-Si0.86C0.4:H deposited by an electron cyclotron resonance plasma is described. The undoped films deposited at 250°C clearly indicated deuterium-hydrogen interdiffusion at T ≥ 350°C. The dispersion parameter a of the power-law time dependent diffusion constant D = D00(ωt)−α decreased from ∼0.3 at T = 350 and 400°C to ∼0.1 at 450°C, and the activation energy for a diffusion length of 1000 A was ∼1.0 eV. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies of a-Si:H. The diffusion in ∼0.2 and ∼0.6 at.% B-doped a-Si0.86C0.14:H sharply differs from that in B-doped a-Si:H, where an enhancement of up to ∼103 was previously observed. In doped a-Si0.86C0.14:H, the diffusion of most of the H atoms is strongly suppressed, but a small fraction undergoes fast diffusion. IR Measurements indicate that the B-doping reduces the bulk-like Si-H stretch vibration at ∼2000 cm1. Upon annealing, the Si-CHn and C-H wag modes at ∼780 and ∼1000 cm−1, resp., increase, while the 640 and ∼2000 cm1 Si-H wag and stretch modes, resp., weaken, indicating transfer of hydrogen from Si- to C-bonds, in which the H atoms are apparently deeply trapped. As in a-Si:H, the fast diffusion component is apparently due to carrier recombination-enhanced weak Si-Si bond breaking. The results suggest that B-doping also induces microvoids and enhances the rate of breaking of weak Si-C bonds, leading to enhanced trapping of H.
Probing the Binding Sites and Transmembrane Prolines of GPCRs Using Unnatural Amino Acids

We describe a general application of the nonsense suppression methodology for unnatural amino acid incorporation in functional G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We have evaluated key aromatic residues in the binding sites of the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and the D2 and D4 dopamine receptors. In addition, highly conserved transmembrane proline residues of the D2 dopamine receptor have been probed with proline analogues and α-hydroxy acids. Receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and activation of a G protein-coupled, inward-rectifying K+ channel (GIRK) provided, after optimization of conditions, a quantitative readout of receptor function. Incorporation of a series of fluorinated tryptophan derivatives at W6.48 of the D2 receptor establishes a cation-π interaction between the agonist dopamine and W6.48, suggesting a reorientation of W6.48 on agonist binding, consistent with proposed ‘‘rotamer switch’’ models. Interestingly, no comparable cation-π interaction was found at the aligning residue in the M2 receptor. Incorporation of α-hydroxy acids at transmembrane proline sites 4.59, 5.50, 6.50, and 7.50 yielded D2 receptors with EC50 values similar to wild-type, whereas natural amino acids other than proline proved detrimental to receptor function. We propose that lack of hydrogen bond donor ability, common to both proline and α-hydroxy acids, is key to the functional role of proline within GPCR transmembrane helices.
Inequalities and bounds for elliptic integrals

Computable lower and upper bounds for the symmetric elliptic integrals and for Legendre's incomplete integral of the first kind are obtained. New bounds are sharper than those known earlier. Several inequalities involving integrals under discussion are derived.
Additional Plasmodium species from Anolis lizards of Hispaniola and Panama

Saurian malaria parasites in the Caribbean were previously represented by only two species, Plasmodium azurophilum and P. floridense. An additional three species of Plasmodium occur on Hispaniola which appear, because of morphometric and qualitative similarities, to be related to South and Middle American species: a subspecies of Plasmodium tropiduri in Anolis cybotes; a population of Plasmodium minasense anolisi in A. cybotes and A. distichus; and another parasite in A. distichus which is designated as a subspecies of a previously undescribed Plasmodium species in Anolis limifrons. Taxonomic descriptions based upon morphology of mature schizonts and gametocytes are given, the previously unknown parasites are described as new species/subspecies, and comparison is made with P. floridense which also occurs in their respective host species. A Fallisia species was also present but is not described. The increased diversity of Plasmodium parasites in Hispaniolan anoles is attributed to colonization of the island by four separate evolutionary lines of Anolis lizards, in comparison to fewer invasions of Jamaica and Puerto Rico, where only P. floridense and P. azurophilum are found.
Prolog-Based World Models For Mobile Robot Navigation

Prolog-Based World Models for Mobile Robot NavigationMarkB.KadonoffDenning Mobile Robotics, Inc., 21 Concord St., Wilmington, MA 01887andLaboratory for Perceptual Robotics, Dept. of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003ABSTRACTWe describe a method of autonomous programming for mobile robots. A set of procedures are defined for a small class of features. The robot searches for these features, and determines their locations. The features and their locations comprise a world model. Errors in dead reckoning arise during navigation through the environment. These errors result in uncertainty in the feature locations. A Prolog-based world model is used to represent the feature locations, thereby determining the robot's path through its environment.1. INTRODUCTIONSpatial modeling is an important factor in intelligent robotics applications. Robot manipulators can use solid models to plan stable grasps. Vision systems can use surface models for orientation-independent inspection tasks. Mobile robots can use terrain models for path planning and navigation.Creating this model is not always a simple matter. There are basically two approaches to robot programming; off-line or interactively via a teach pendant. Off-line programming could involve developing a CAD model of the part to be manipulated or inspected. For a mobile robot, a blueprint or map can be represented in some discretized form.Interactive programming of a manipulator might involve leading the robot through its desired motions, or showing a vision system examples of acceptable and unacceptable parts. A mobile robot could be taken on a tour of its environment.Regardless of which method is used, or what the application is, the model can be thought of as consisting entirely of "features" - geometric models with locations and labels. Robot programming consists then of defining the locations of these features, along with the procedures to be applied to them. This is a form of task-level programming. In a mobile robotics domain, this program is the world model.We are investigating the possibility of autonomous task-level programming. A class of features are identified by the programmer as appropriate for particular application. The robot searches for these features, and in doing so determines their locations.Difficulties arise when uncertainties are present in the robot's estimated position. These must be taken into account in the world model. Repeated sightings of a feature should allow the robot to reduce its positional uncertainty, and therefore increase the certainty of the feature locations.This paper illustrates this approach by describing the autonomous programming of a mobile robot. Two features are employed - the horizontal and vertical angle to a coded beacon, and the range to walls at the ends of paths. Section 2 will provide motivation for this approach. Section 3 will describe algorithms for local navigation and position estimation. Section 4 will describe a representation for programming these algorithms, and Section 5 will discuss continuing developments and conclusions.
How philosophers use intuition and ‘intuition’

Whither the philosophy of intuition? Herman Cappelen�s Philosophy Without Intuitions (PWI) is a novel study in philosophical sociology�or, as Cappelen at one point suggests, �intellectual anthropology� (96). All undated references are to Cappelen (2012). Its target is the thesis that intuition is central, in the descriptive sense that contemporary analytic philosophers rely on intuitions for evidence�or, more generally, positive epistemic status. Cappelen labels the target thesis Centrality. If Centrality is true, then especially urgent are two questions in the rapidly growing field that is the philosophy of intuition: [Q1] What are intuitions? [Q2] Can intuitions serve as evidence? There are of course others, but in chapter one Cappelen singles out these two as The Burning Questions about intuition. He then summarizes the overall upshot of PWI as follows: In this book I argue that Centrality, on any reasonable interpretation, is false. If you share that view, the Burning Questions will no lo ...
Reconsidering the Relationship Between Welfare Spending and Serious Crime: A Panel Data Analysis with Implications for Social Support Theory

Several researchers have found an inverse relationship between welfare spending and serious crime. With few exceptions, these findings have been based on cross‐sectional designs, single measures of welfare spending, and few indicators of crime. In response to these limitations, the relationship between welfare spending and crime was reconsidered using panel data from California counties. Fixed‐effects regressions revealed virtually no relationship between several measures of welfare spending and five types of serious crime: (1) homicide; (2) robbery; (3) assault; (4) burglary; and (5) larceny. The estimates were resistant to numerous robustness checks and alternative specifications. The most plausible explanation for the findings is that heterogeneity was not controlled for in previous studies. Implications for social support theory are discussed.
Three Classes of Motion in the Dynamic Neutron-Scattering Susceptibility of a Globular Protein

A simplified description of the 295 K dynamics of a globular protein over a wide frequency range (1--1000 GHz) is obtained by combining neutron scattering of lysozyme with molecular dynamics simulation. The molecular dynamics simulation agrees quantitatively with experiment for both the protein and the hydration water and shows that, whereas the hydration water molecules subdiffuse, the protein atoms undergo confined motion decomposable into three distinct classes: localized diffusion, methyl group rotations, and jumps. Each of the three classes gives rise to a characteristic neutron susceptibility signal.
Metabotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for schizophrenia.

Abstract Treatment options for schizophrenia that address all symptom categories (positive, negative, and cognitive) are lacking in current therapies for this disorder. Compounds targeting the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors hold promise as a more comprehensive therapeutic alternative to typical and atypical antipsychotics and may avoid the occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects that accompany these treatments. Activation of the group II mGlu receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3) and the group I mGlu5 are hypothesized to normalize the disruption of thalamocortical glutamatergic circuitry that results in abnormal glutamaterigic signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Agonists of mGlu2 and mGlu3 have demonstrated efficacy for the positive symptom group in both animal models and clinical trials with mGlu2 being the subtype most likely responsible for the therapeutic effect. Limitations in the chemical space tolerated by the orthosteric site of the mGlu receptors has led to the pursuit of compounds that potentiate the receptor’s response to glutamate by acting at less highly conserved allosteric sites. Several series of selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for mGlu2 and mGlu5 have demonstrated efficacy in animal models used for the evaluation of antipsychotic agents. In addition, evidence from animal studies indicates that mGlu5 PAMs hold promise for the treatment of cognitive deficits that occur in schizophrenia. Hopefully, further optimization of allosteric modulators of mGlu receptors will yield clinical candidates that will allow full evaluation of the potential efficacy of these compounds in the treatment of multiple symptom domains in schizophrenia patients in the near future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Schizophrenia’.
Total cross sections and thermonuclear reaction rates for C 13 ( d , n ) and C 14 ( d , n )

The $^{13}\mathrm{C}$(d,n) and $^{14}\mathrm{C}$(d,n) cross sections have been measured for 0.2\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$\ensuremath{\le}2.1 MeV and 0.2\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$\ensuremath{\le}1.3 MeV, respectively, using a 4\ensuremath{\pi} neutron detector. The cross sections are used to calculate the thermonuclear reaction rates for temperatures below 10 GK. The implications of these and other new nuclear-physics results for inhomogeneous primordial nucleosynthesis are discussed.
Augmented social cognition: using social web technology to enhance the ability of groups to remember, think, and reason

We are experiencing a new Social Web, where people share, communicate, commiserate, and conflict with each other. As evidenced by systems like Wikipedia, twitter, and delicious.com, these environments are turning people into social information foragers and sharers. Groups interact to resolve conflicts and jointly make sense of topic areas from "Obama vs. Clinton" to "Islam." PARC's Augmented Social Cognition researchers -- who come from cognitive psychology, computer science, HCI, CSCW, and other disciplines -- focus on understanding how to "enhance a group of people's ability to remember, think, and reason". Through Social Web systems like social bookmarking sites, blogs, Wikis, and more, we can finally study, in detail, these types of enhancements on a very large scale. Here we summarize recent work and early findings such as: (1) how conflict and coordination have played out in Wikipedia, and how social transparency might affect reader trust; (2) how decreasing interaction costs might change participation in social tagging systems; and (3) how computation can help organize user-generated content and metadata.
The synthesis of [2H], [3H], and [14C]‐labeled 8β‐[(methylthio)methyl]‐6‐propylergoline mesylate (pergolide mesylate), a potent, long‐acting dopamine agonist

The [3H]- and two [14C]-isotopomers of 8β-[(methylthio)methyl]-6-propylergoline mesylate (pergolide mesylate) have been synthesized. The [3H]-derivative was synthesized by the palladium catalyzed tritiation of the corresponding 6-allyl derivative. Reaction of 8β-[(methylthio)methyl]-ergoline with 1-[14C]-1-propyl bromide yielded pergolide labeled in the 6-propyl group. Alternatively, reaction of 8β-mesyloxy-6-propylergoline with [14C]-sodium cyanide, followed by base hydrolysis, yielded 8β-carboxy-6-propylergoline-[14C], which was subsequently converted to pergolide mesylate radiolabeled in the 17-position via a four step sequence.
Fiber-optic imaging for in-situ chemical measurements

Fiber-optic imaging sensors are being developed for in-situ chemical measurements using microfiber image guides. Applications of particular interest are analyte transport in thin membranes and ion transport in electrochemical boundary layers. We have demonstrated that microfiber image guides can be used for in-situ transport studies of analyte transport in thin membranes and for ion transport at electrode boundary layers in a working electrochemical cell. We have also shown that imaging sensors can be made by coating the image guide with pH sensitive and other ion- sensitive fluorescent indicator molecules, and that these sensors can be used to measure the time development of concentration gradients in-situ. Finally, it is demonstrated that these techniques can be used to obtain fundamental transport information such as diffusion coefficients in-situ at the microscopic level. Image guide sensors are described here along with a discussion of preliminary transport studies.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental Observation of Plasma Wake Field Acceleration

We report the first experimental test of the physics of plasma wake-field acceleration performed at the Argonne National Laboratory Advanced Accelerator Test Facility. Megavolt-per-meter plasma wake fields are excited by a intense 21-MeV, multipiscosecond bunch of electrons in a plasma of density ${n}_{e}\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and probed by a low-intensity 15-MeV witness pulse with a variable delay time behind the intense bunch. Accelerating and deflecting wake-field measurements are presented, and the results compared to theoretical predictions.
Global Links and Environmental Flows: Oil Disputes in Ecuador

Employing the works of Spaargaren and Mol, the intersections of “environmental flows,” including both material flows (the extraction, transportation and exportation of oil) as well as non-material flows (community and environmental campaigns), are examined along an oil supply chain. Four communities in Ecuador are studied in order to reveal how a community's spatial and social dimensions influence its response to the construction of an oil pipeline as well as its establishment of advocacy networks. By holding constant the point of contention, these cases reveal that grassroots and professional organizations in communities most integrated in petroleum's commodity chain are least coupled with transnational campaigns. In contrast, environmental groups in areas least experienced in the environmental and health burdens associated with residing near oil facilities establish denser international ties. From these findings, this article calls for the insertion of community deliberation and community monitoring as ...
Effect of collector voltage and collector current on junction temperature

Experiments have been carried out on the 2N929 transistor to investigate the effect of collector voltage and collector current on junction temperature. The results indicate that at constant power dissipation increasing the collector voltage will increase the junction temperature and give the apparent effect of a higher thermal resistance.
Steinbeck's Dysfunctional Families: A Coast-to-Coast Dilemma

At The Beginning Of A Semester, when I ask American Literature students to tell me what they know about the writings of John Steinbeck, his main themes and subject matter, their answers depend on which works they have read. More often than not, I will get responses that allude to his sympathy and support for the plight of farm workers and the dispossessed. Some mention his interest in the outcasts of society, in particular the retarded or the malformed. Rarely is there any mention of the family. These answers are to be expected. After all, Steinbeck's international reputation is based largely on The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men , the two works most likely to represent his presence in the canon, the former omnipresent on those lists of the one hundred most important novels in twentieth century American literature. And these works are primarily about the plight of migrant workers and the powerless and oppressed. Initial investigation for this article confirmed what my students and my own rudimentary research and reading have suggested. I started with the MLA International Bibliography, the standard search engine for literary investigation. Inputting the words "Steinbeck" and "Family," I was disappointed but not sur-
Sales forecasting using multi‐equation transfer function models

The purpose of this study is first, to demonstrate how multivariate forecasting models can be effectively used to generate high performance forecasts for typical business applications. Second, this study compares the forecasts generated by a simultaneous transfer function model (STF) model and a white noise regression model with that of a univariate ARIMA model. The accuracy of these forecasting models is judged using their residual variances and forecasting errors in a post-sample period. It is found that ignoring the residual serial correlation can greatly degrade the forecasting performance of a multi-variable model, and in some situations, cause a multi-variable model to perform inferior to a univariate ARIMA model. This paper also demonstrates how a forecaster can use an STF model to compute both the multi-step ahead forecasts and their variances easily.
A regularity criterion for the 3D NSE in a local version of the space of functions of bounded mean oscillations

A spatio-temporal localization of the BMO-version of the Beale–Kato–Majda criterion for the regularity of solutions to the 3D Navier–Stokes equations obtained by Kozono and Taniuchi, i.e., the time-integrability of the BMO-norm of the vorticity, is presented.
SHG imaging of Cancer

SHG imaging microscopy is used to quantitatively study structural changes in the collagen organization in the ECM in ovarian and breast cancers using in in vitro models, animal models and ex vivo human tissues.
Test of Intrarater and Interrater Reliability for the Star Excursion Balance Test

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the intrarater and interrater reliability of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), thereby increasing understanding of its efficient utilization. [Subjects and Methods] There were 67 subjects (49 female; 18 male). For the SEBT, eight lines were made using tape at 45-degree angles from the center of a circle. The experiment was conducted in the following order: the anterior, anterior-medial, medial, posterior-medial, posterior, posterior-lateral, lateral, and anterior-lateral directions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (3,1) were used to evaluate the intrarater and interrater reliability (2,1) for each reach distance, while the standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable distance (SDD) were employed to assess absolute reliability. [Results] For intraratar reliability, the ICC values for all directions ranged from 0.88 to 0.96, SEM values ranged from 2.41 to 3.30, and SDD values ranged from 6.68 to 9.15. For interrater reliability, the ICC values for all directions ranged from 0.83 to 0.93, SEM values ranged from 3.19 to 4.26, and SDD values ranged from 8.85 to 11.82 [Conclusion] The SEBT is a highly reliable tool for measuring dynamic balance. Measurements for intrarater reliability are more reliable than measurements for interrater reliability. When measurement for eight directions was difficult, the SEBT was used. While the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions employed in the Y Balance Test KitTM can be utilized, this study recommends using the reverse Y Balance Test KitTM method with the posterior direction, not the anterior direction.
Alpha-Particle Scattering by P 31 at 18.2 MeV

The differential cross sections for the inelastic (1.265- and 2.232-MeV states) and elastic scattering of 18.2-MeV alpha particles from vacuum-evaporated phosphorous targets have been measured using silicon surface-barrier detectors. The measurements were made at 2.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} intervals in the nominal angular range from 10 to 173\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. All the angular distributions exhibit an oscillatory diffraction-like structure with rather uniformly spaced maxima for angles less than about 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. In each angular distribution the oscillatory behavior persists to backward angles but becomes less distinct and regular. The elastic cross section increases rapidly at extreme backward angles, a behavior exhibited to a lesser degree by the inelastic cross sections. Analyses of the ground-state angular distribution were made in terms of the simple diffraction model yielding $R=6.28$ F and the sharp-cutoff Akhieser-Pomeranchuk-Blair (APB) model yielding ${l}_{0}=9$. A graphical compilation of experimental elastic alpha-particle angular distributions for a series of light nuclei corresponding to incident alpha-particle energies in the range from 18.0 to 22.5 MeV is presented, and the possible existence of a systematic difference in the backward-angle behavior of the cross sections for certain even-even and odd-$A$ nuclei is discussed. A Blair diffraction-model analysis of the inelastic angular distribution associated with the 2.232-MeV state resulted in the following values for the collective-model parameters: $\frac{{C}_{2}}{{({C}_{2})}_{\mathrm{irrot}}}=7.9$ and $\frac{{B}_{2}}{{({B}_{2})}_{\mathrm{irrot}}}=50$ assuming a pure vibrational transition; and $|{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}|=0.13$ assuming a pure intra-band rotational transition with $K=\frac{1}{2}$. The inelastic angular distributions associated with the 1.265- and 2.232-MeV states were analyzed using the direct-interaction theories of Austern, Butler, and McManus; and McCarthy and Pursey. Satisfactory fits were obtained at forward angles for both angular distributions with ${{j}_{2}}^{2}(\mathrm{QR})$ using $R=6.52$ F, and with the expressions of McCarthy and Pursey using $R=6.62$ F, $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1.0$ F, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}=0.8$.
Ethics and care : an ethnographic study of psychiatric community health nursing practice

The purpose of this ethnographic study was to explore, describe, and document the practice of a group of psychiatric community health nurses (CHNs), and to provide a forum through which their voices could be heard. Discovery of the nature of issues CHNs experience in an effort to meet the needs of patients with mental illness was the focus. The paper describes the ethical conflict experienced by many of these nurses who wanted to provide beneficial, high-quality care to patients with mental illness but encountered obstacles in practice. Insight into the difficulties nurses experience in applying an ethic of care in the context of administrative constraints, resulting from the strict regulatory mechanisms imposed by third party insurance payers is provided. The negative impact of increasingly stricter payment restrictions on nursing practice and on quality of care is exposed.
Effects of Age and Collateral Behavior on Temporally Discriminated Performance of Children

28 5- and 7-yr.-old children were reinforced for key pressing according to a DRL (differential reinforcement of low rates) 5-sec. schedule of reinforcement. For half of the subjects in each age gro...
Initial Investigation Into User Acceptance Of VISIDEP (tm) Three-Dimensional Technology

Little if any research has been done on the acceptability of the VISIDEP (tm) three-dimensional image to viewers. The authors have had experiences which indicated to them that such acceptance would be readily obtained and that viewers would find the depth illusion satisfactory in almost every video screen, format. However, no controlled data collection has previously been carried out. This paper reports the first investigation with controls which results in evidence confirming the views held by the authors concerning the viewer and VISIDEP (tm) presentations. Several avenues of needed study were identified. As an initial investigation, the study attempts to establish future questions and trends rather than extensive amounts of hard data and findings. The results are reported as such.
A factor in the b2 region affecting site-specific recombinations in lambda.

Abstract Under certain conditions site-specific recombination of N − lambda is enhanced with λ imm 434 helper but not with λ imm 21 helper. The stimulation has been previously observed in prophage excision and phage-phage recombination involving several att pair combinations. The defect with λ imm 21 is observed only when the b 2 region of the helper is intact. Three mutants have been isolated that mimic the effect of a b 2 deletion in λ imm 21 helpers. The mutants are not large deletions and have a normal att . The alteration has been mapped to the 3.5% of lambda immediately to the left of att . Additionally, it has been found that an int c mutation on the prophage overcomes the deficiency of λ imm 21 helper.
The combined effect of prazosin and autogenic training on cold reactivity in Raynaud's phenomenon.

Prazosin and Autogenic Training had an additive effect in attenuating vasomotor tone during an ambient cold challenge in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. The combination of these two treatments significantly elevated finger temperature during a 16 deg C ambient exposure, while neither treatment alone was found to produce this effect. This suggests that Autogenic Training and prazosin had an additive effect on reducing peripheral vasomotor activity.
Institutional change and higher education

Institutional change includes the supplanting of the old model of production with a new one, the elimination of old markets and the emergence of new ones. As higher education around the world shifts from national markets to an integrated transnational market, and possibly toward a virtual market, Christian higher education, like other market sectors, will have the opportunity to redefine its market niche. Emerging opportunities linked to new institutional rules will challenge higher education in ways that may not yet be obvious to its present managers and faculties. How the university in its portfolio of options might negotiate the elimination of old markets and the creation of new markets is the subject of this essay. A general set of principles and recommendations is offered.
Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. Part V: Fluorescence Emission Behavior of Select Tetraaza- and Diazaarenes in Nonelectrolyte Solvents:

Fluorescence emission spectra are reported for tricycloquinazoline, dibenzo[c,f][2,7]naphthyridine, dibenzo[a,c]phenazine, dibenz[b,h]indeno[1,2,3de][1,6]naphthyridine, and dibenz[c,f]indeno[1,2,3ij][2,7]naphthyridine dissolved in organic nonelectrolyte solvents of varying polarity and acidity. Results of these experiments were used to screen PANHs for potential probe character. The effect of nitromethane as a selective quenching agent on both the unprotonated and protonated PANHs was also examined. Nitromethane was found to quench fluorescence emission of dibenzo[c,f][2,7]naphthyridine. Emission intensities of the remaining four PANHs, and of the three protonated PANHs for which emission spectra could be obtained, remained essentially constant and were not affected by nitromethane.
Pituitary-adrenal stimulating effect of superior mesenteric venous constriction.

Occlusion of the superior mesenteric vein in dogs with adrenal venous cannulas results in rapid activation of pituitary adrenal secretion as indicated by measurement of corticosteroid content in timed samples of adrenal venous blood. This occurs despite the absence of significant alterations in mean systemic arterial blood pressure. Massive distention of the isolated superior mesenteric venous system did not elicit an adrenal cortical response, thereby ruling out venous “stretch” receptors. Dogs with chronic adrenal venous cannulas were rapidly infused with 1000-2000 ml of normal saline followed by superior mesenteric venous constriction with a polyethylene choker device. No adrenal cortical activation resulted, although the same animals responded promptly to venous constriction prior to saline infusion. It is concluded that superior mesenteric venous congestion results in pituitary adrenal activation as a result of pooling of blood in the splanchnic viscera, with oligemic activation of multiple barorecep...