cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating a fault categorization and analysis process in the software build cycle

Much research has been carried out to study the correlations between software faults and other variables including complexity, time, size, etc. Little work, however, has studied the cause of faults in software and how recognizing the type of fault can improve the quality of software code. In this paper I review a programming technique that requires programmers to both categorize and understand the reason for any faults at each iterative build. Using this technique, experiments were carried out that measured software quality along three variables: total number of faults, total time taken to write the code, and total number of builds. The data collected suggests that all three measured variables improve when programmers take the time to categorize and understand the reason for a fault at build time. The output is particularly interesting because while fault analysis in itself is a time consuming process, the act of fault analysis by the programmer allowed him/her to complete the work in less total time.
Distribution and turnover of the heart and liver isoenzymes of aspartate transaminase in the developing and young chick.

Abstract The distribution of the isoenzymes of aspartate transaminase has been followed during organogenesis of heart and liver tissues in chicken. The content of the supernatant (cytoplasmic) and mitochondrial isoenzymes of aspartate transaminase was measured by precipitation from tissue extracts with their respective antibodies. Heart shows a steady increase in aspartate transaminase specific activity from early stages of development to adulthood. The ratio supernatant to mitochondrial isoenzyme remains constant. Liver also shows an increase in over-all transaminase specific activity, but displays a less regular pattern. The near-equal distribution of the isoenzymes during the early stages of organogenesis is altered between the 14th and 18th days of egg incubation in the form of an excess of supernatant enzyme. The isoenzymes return to a near-equal distribution in the young adult liver. These findings are consistent with postulates which implicate the supernatant enzyme with glucogenesis. The presence of multiple forms within each isozyme was detected by starch gel electrophoresis. The multiple forms present in the supernatant and mitochondrial isoenzymes from adult chicken heart or liver are also detectable in extracts of embryonic chicken heart or liver. The rates of synthesis and degradation of the isoenzymes were examined by following the decay in specific radioactivity in the enzyme after a single injection of uniformly labeled l-[14C]leucine and l-[guanidino-14C]arginine. The relative rates of degradation were measured by monitoring the radioactivity of the respective isoenzymes after injections of the young chick with 14C- and 3H-labeled l-leucine or l-arginine, or both. Young chicken heart shows a mean half-life of 3.8 days for the supernatant and mitochondrial aspartate transaminases. The half-life of these isozymes in young chicken liver is 2.8 days. The relative rates of degradation as tested by the double isotope technique also show a greater turnover by the liver enzyme. On the other hand, the apparent rate of synthesis is greater for the liver than for the heart isoenzymes. These rates are based on uncorrected values for as yet unknown variations in the reutilization of the radioactive amino acids in chicken heart or liver. These results indicate that the genes coding the two isoenzymes of aspartate transaminase tend to express themselves simultaneously within a given tissue. However, their regulation may vary among the tissues and, in the case of liver, also during the organogenesis of the tissue to accommodate or trigger physiological needs, or both.
Ergosteroids V: preparation and biological activity of various D-ring derivatives in the 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone series.

Abstract Our previous finding that D-ring seco derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone retained biologic activity (Reich et al., Steroids 1998;63:542–53) motivated us to synthesize and test a number of steroids in which the D-ring is retained but altered in various ways. Several new steroids were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The availability of a number of closely related compounds allowed detailed 13C chemical shift correlations. Using the induction of two thermogenic enzymes in rats, liver mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and cytosolic malic enzyme, as criteria of biologic activity some 30 compounds were assayed. Hydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) at the 16α position was previously shown to diminish activity (Lardy et al., Steroids 1998;63:158–65); the corresponding 7-oxo compound is fully active. Hydroxylation at the 15β position of DHEA, 7-oxo-DHEA, or 16α-hydroxy-7-oxo-DHEA greatly diminished the induction of GPDH but induction of malic enzyme was retained. Most 5,15 diene steroids tested had 2 weak, or no, ability to enhance the formation of GPDH but did increase malic enzyme.
Pediatric toxicology: specialized approach to the poisoned child

The poisoned child presents unique considerations in circumstances of exposure, clinical effects, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic interventions. The emergency provider must be aware of the pathophysiologic vulnerabilities of infants and children and substances that are especially toxic. Awareness is essential for situations in which the risk of morbidity and mortality is increased, such as child abuse by poisoning. Considerations in treatment include the need for attentive supportive care, pediatric implications for antidotal therapy, and extracorporeal removal methods such as hemodialysis in children. In this article, each of these issues and emerging poison hazards are discussed.
Simian virus 40 host range/helper function mutations cause multiple defects in viral late gene expression.

Abstract Simian virus 40 (SV40) deletion mutants dlA2459 and dlA2475 express T antigens that lack the normal carboxy terminus. These mutants are called host range/helper function (hr/hf) mutants because they form plaques at 37 degrees C on BSC-1 and Vero monkey kidney cell lines but not on CV-1p monkey kidney cells. Wild-type SV40 can provide a helper function to permit growth of human adenoviruses in monkey kidney cells; the hr/hf mutants cannot. Progeny yields of hr/hf mutants are also cold sensitive in all cell lines tested. Patterns of viral macromolecular synthesis in three cell lines (Vero, BSC-1, and CV-1) at three temperatures (40, 37, and 32 degrees C) were examined to determine the nature of the growth defect of hr/hf mutants. Mutant viral DNA replication was similar to that of the wild type in all three cell lines, indicating that the mutations affect late events in the viral lytic cycle. In mutant-infected Vero cells, in which viral yields were highest, late mRNA levels were similar to those observed during wild-type infection. Levels of viral late mRNA from mutant-infected CV-1 and BSC-1 cells at 32 and 37 degrees C were reduced relative to those of wild-type-infected cells. The steady-state level of the major viral capsid protein, VP1, in mutant-infected CV-1 cells was reduced to the same extent as was late mRNA. The synthesis of agnoprotein could not be detected in mutant-infected CV-1 cells but was readily detected in CV-1 cells infected by wild-type SV40. Primer extension analyses indicated that most late mRNAs from mutant-infected CV-1 cells utilize start sites downstream from the major wild-type cap site (nucleotide 325) and the agnoprotein initiation codon (nucleotide 335). These results indicate that deletion of the carboxyl-terminal domain of T antigen affects viral late mRNA production, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The agnoprotein is detected late in the wild-type SV40 lytic cycle and is thought to play a role in the assembly or maturation of virions. Reduced hr/hf progeny yields could result from decreased capsid protein synthesis and, in the absence of detectable levels of agnoprotein, from inefficient use of available capsid proteins.
'Revenue Accounting' in the Age of E-Commerce: Exploring Its Conceptual and Analytical Frameworks

This paper explores "revenue accounting" in contrast to traditional "cost accounting." Revenue accounting is to serve information needs of managers and investors in planning and controlling a firm's sales activities and their financial consequences, especially in the E-Commerce Age. Weaknesses of traditional accounting have become particularly evident recently, for example, the lack of 1) revenue mileposts, 2) revenue sustainability measurements, and 3) intangibles capitalization. Some tentative remedies are considered. Several revenue mileposts are explored to gauge progress in earning revenues and a Markov process is applied to an example involving mileposts. Revenue momentum, measured by the exponential smoothing method, is examined as a way of getting feedback on revenue sustainability; and the use of the sustainability concept in the analysis of fixed and variable revenues is illustrated. A project-oriented approach in a manner similar to capital budgeting and to Reserve Recognition Accounting is proposed by treating each customer as a project. Standardization of forecasts are also considered as an important way of bypassing the capitalization issue. The paper emphasizes at the end the need to develop a conceptual framework of revenue accounting and, as a tentative measure, proposes five basic postulates and five operational postulates of revenue accounting.
Neural Crest Stem Cells

Stem cells are defined by their ability to both self-renew and give rise to multiple lineages in vivo and/or in vitro. As discussed in other chapters in this volume, the embryonic neural crest is a multipotent tissue that gives rise to a plethora of differentiated cell types in the adult organism and is unique to vertebrate embryos. From the point of view of stem cell biology, the neural crest is an ideal source for multipotent adult stem cells. Significant advances have been made in the past few years isolating neural crest stem cell lines that can be maintained in vitro and can give rise to many neural crest derivatives either in vitro or when placed back into the context of an embryo. The initial work identifying these stem cells was carried out with premigratory neural crest from the embryonic neural tube. Later, neural crest stem cells were isolated from postmigratory neural crest, presumably more restricted in developmental potential. More recently it has been demonstrated that neural crest stem cell progenitors persist in the adult in at least two differentiated tissues, the enteric nervous system of the gut and the whisker follicles of the facial skin. In all cases, the properties of the stem cells derived reflect their tissue of origin and the potential of the progenitors becomes more restricted with age. In this chapter we will review this work and speculate on future possibilities with respect to combining our knowledge of neural crest gene function in the embryo and the manipulation of adult neural crest stem cells in vitro and eventually in vivo.
DISRUPTING THE PATHWAY FROM FOSTER CARE TO THE JUSTICE SYSTEM—A FORMER PROSECUTOR'S PERSPECTIVES ON REFORM

Nearly half a million children are victims of abuse and neglect and part of our foster care system. Over time, many of these youth cross into our juvenile and then adult justice systems; some will end up as federal offenders, immersed in a process where mandated penalties provide little room for flexibility or consideration of the characteristics and needs of the individual. This article will offer the perspectives of a former prosecutor and child welfare advocate on: (i) the current conditions and challenges within our foster care system—the feeder for many youth into gangs and criminal activity; (ii) the misaligned priorities and disheartening patterns we currently see in our justice system; and (iii) the ill-advised practices, that set our nation apart from the rest of the world, allowing juvenile offenders to receive life without parole sentences. The article will then discuss a series of recommendations in all of these areas that would enable us to turn the corner and chart an improved and more hopeful path for our nation’s vulnerable and at-risk children and youth. fcre_1313 322..337
The Effect of Cause Related Marketing (CRM) on Emotions and Attitudes

Sales promotions that include cause-related marketing (CRM) appeals have become commonplace in today’s marketplace. An exploratory study found that sales promotions that contained a CRM appeal were perceived to be more emotional than "everyday" sales promotions. However, there was no significant difference between the attitudes for the two types of sales promotions. Emotionality of a CRM appeal appears to have an inverted U relationship with the size of the attached promotional incentive offered in the sales promotion.
Chronic pain, negative affect, and prescription opioid abuse

Chronic pain is an international health issue that is influenced by both physical and psychological factors. This article outlines the benefits and complications of opioid medications in chronic pain treatment and explores the roles of negative affect and craving in exacerbating chronic noncancer pain. The role of psychiatric comorbidity and use of validated assessment tools helpful in identifying those individuals who are at greatest risk for opioid misuse are discussed. Additionally, interventional treatment strategies for chronic pain patients who are at risk for opioid misuse are presented. Specific behavioral interventions are also reviewed such as frequent monitoring, motivational counseling, periodic urine screens and opioid checklists designed to improve compliance with prescription opioids among persons treated for chronic pain.
Synergistic interactions between lymph node and thymus cells in response to antigenic differences limited to selected regions of the H-2 complex.

Abstract Thymus and lymph nodes from the A.TL recombinant line were utilized as sources of responding cells in MLR (mixed lymphocyte response) assays to MHC-determined (major histocompatibility complex) antigenic differences. Cells from both sources were stimulated to proliferate by antigenic determinants controlled by the H-2K region alone, H-2D region and the H-2I-H-2S regions. Nylon-fiber-adherent splenic cells from each of the stimulating cell strains stimulated T-cell-dependent responses. Synergistic interactions between A.TL thymus and lymph node cells were initiated by antigenic products limited to single H-2 regions. Antigenic differences determined within the H-2I region were not required for synergistic responses to H-2K-controlled products or for the generation of cytotoxic killer cells to H-2D-associated antigens. The H-2I-region-associated products also were very effective in stimulating T-cell synergy. These data demonstrate that the two responsive T-cell subpopulations can both be stimulated by alloantigens coded within a single known H-2 region.
Combustor Flame Sensor With High Temperature Electronics

A high temperature solid state turbine flame sensor has been developed and is being tested for eventual use as a combustor performance sensor. It directly senses only the flame deep ultraviolet without any response to hot component infrared energy (> 700 nanometers); the dynamic range is large; and the response time is fast enough for combustor control, i.e., less than 200 milliseconds.The sensor electronics operate up to 250°C and some detector performance data has been taken as high as 540°C as described by Cusack et al (1994). The design uses recently available SiC electronic components, other components specially tested for the application, and proprietary techniques of electronic component packaging. Specific experience in packaging turbine engine optical and temperature sensors is necessary for this unique high temperature electronic technology.A test program for discrete components indicates what elements are available for this temperature range and prototype sensor data from both laboratory qualification tests and engine performance tests verify the design.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Phenol mechanism of toxic action classification and prediction: a decision tree approach

Abstract In this study, the use of decision tree in classifying and predicting the aquatic toxicity mechanisms of phenols was investigated. Four mechanisms including polar narcosis, respiratory uncoupling, pro-electrophilicity, and soft electrophilicity were involved. Using molecular descriptors as splitting variables, a three level decision tree with six terminal nodes was obtained. The tree model first separated polar narcosis/pro-electrophilicity from respiratory uncoupling/soft electrophilicity by Elumo in the first level of the tree. In subsequent levels of the tree, polar narcosis was separated from pro-electrophilicity by Nhdon and Ehomo, and respiratory uncoupling was separated from soft electrophilicity by Elumo and log Kow. Validation of the decision tree approach indicated that the overall mechanism prediction accuracy was approximately 85%. The decision tree model had the advantage of easy interpretation.
Tests concerning two non-isotropic principal components

Kshirsagar & Gupta (1965) proposed test criteria for testing the null hypothesis that a p x p covariance matrix, with known smallest latent root of multiplicity p-2. has its two non-isotropic principal components in specified directions. Simula-tion results indicate that the power functions of these test criteria lack some desirable properties. However, another statis-tic discussed by Kshirsagar and Gupta is shown to have a power-function which performs quite well. The situation in which the smallest latent root of multiplicity p-2 is unknown, is also considered.
Syntheses of some new polyaminocarboxylate and CMPO calix[4]arene chelators for the selective extraction of actinide ions

Abstract The syntheses of two new calix[4]arene derivatives designed for the selective liquid-liquid extraction of actinide ions have been achieved. The first, is a novel organic soluble calix[4]arene chelator 2 having four iminocarboxylate ligand moieties anchored to the lower rim. The second calix[4]arene derivative 3 that has been readily synthesized has four CMPO ligand groups tethered to the lower rim. Preliminary studies show that both 2 and 3 extract thorium(IV) more efficiently than europium(III) under acidic conditions into chloroform.
The Effects of Processing Conditions and Chemical Composition on Electronic and Ionic Resistivities of Fuel Cell Electrode Composites

A major goal of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) efforts is an understanding of how process conditions and material composition affect sources of overpotential in an operating cell. Limited ionic conductivity within the catalyst layer is one such source of overpotential. We report the results of a study of the impact of processing conditions, specifically hot pressing and boiling in acid, on the ionic and electronic resistivities of catalyst layers made from platinized VULCAN XC-72 (XC-72) carbon. Our results show that the greatest gains in ionic conductivity for a PEFC catalyst coated membrane comes from acid exchange of the active layer in tetrabutylammonium form. We also probe the dependence of ionic and electronic resistivities of catalyst layers on their chemical composition. We determine the ionic and electronic conductivities of surface modified unplatinized XC-72 carbon with phenyl sulfonic acid of varying weight percentage. Nafion composites with the modified materials display an increase in ionic conductivity of more than an order of magnitude when compared to a composite layer consisting of plain XC-72 and Nafion.
Aquaculture risk management and marine mammal interactions in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract This paper reviews current aquatic farm production in the USA and estimates an annual financial exposure of US$350 million in the marine and coastal environments made up of sales, standing crop value and capital investment. In addition, nationwide aquatic farming creates almost 200,000 jobs and, with secondary and downstream activities combined, contributes about US$5600 million to the GNP. The paper then reviews the increasing risk that elements of the coastal aquaculture industry in the Pacific Northwest face from interactions with populations of marine mammals. These are particularly California sea lions and seals, which have greatly increased in the last 20 years from California to British Columbia. Specifically: (i) shellfish from traditional beds have been contaminated by fecal coliforms from seals and made unfit for human consumption, and have been experiencing increasing losses to river otters and sea otters; (ii) culture-based salmon fisheries, including endangered salmon stocks, have been exposed to heavy predation by sea lions and seals, resulting in both direct losses and reduced market value of wounded survivors; (iii) net-pen farms have been exposed to the same heavy losses from predatory sea lions and seals attacking fish in the pens, together with added financial burdens for anti-predator nets, increased maintenance and labor; and (iv) workers in aquaculture and fisheries, and other waterborne industries, have been observing less fear of humans by sea lions and seals, and more direct damage to servicing facilities. The four issues are discussed both technically and economically, and a number of solutions proposed for managing and controlling these increasing risks.
In vitro activity of epiroprim, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, singly and in combination with brodimoprim and dapsone, against Mycobacterium leprae

The antimicrobial effects of a new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, epiroprim, alone and in combination with dapsone and brodimoprim against Mycobacterium leprae were evaluated in vitro in cell-free culture system. Two biochemical parameters were used to measure metabolic activity (and growth) of the organism. The minimal inhibitory activity of epiroprim against M. leprae was 10 mg/l and the action was bactericidal. When combined with dapsone, epiroprim exhibited a strong synergism; on the other hand, combination of epiroprim and brodimoprim provided only additive effects. The results suggest that epiroprim can be a component in multidrug therapy regimen in leprosy.
Respiratory complications in burned patients: pathogenesis and spectrum of inhalation injury

A NNUALLY, approximately 2 million Americans suffer burns that require medical attention.le3 Of 130,000 hospitalized patients, 70,000 require intensive care.* Patients with large cutaneous burns are usually referred to tertiary institutions or one of 139 specialized burn centers.4 Those with less extensive injuries may be managed in other critical care areas by physicians from multiple disciplines. Despite such supportive efforts, 6,000 to 10,000 individuals die.*v3,’ Reduced mortality from burn shock and wound sepsis have accompanied effective fluid resuscitation and widespread use of topical antimicrobials, but smoke inhalation and burnrelated respiratory injury remain unresolved problems with high morbidity and mortality.‘** Their ominous impact is underscored by mass disasters, clinicopathologic studies, probit analyses of experience at burn centers, and numerous case reports. Pliny the Elder reported that prisoners in the second Punic War were executed in cages above green wood fires.6 Long associated thermal injury with adverse pulmonary effects in 1840.’ Classic descriptions of fires at the Cocoanut Grove,‘-” Delwood Nursery,‘* and Las Vegas Hotels,13,‘4 together with major reviews,‘5”5 have delineated a spectrum of respiratory complications encompassed by the popular collective term, inhalation injury. This nonspecific expression includes diverse problems with heterogeneous clinical and pathologic manifestations, but conveys the acuity of illness, its genesis, and ominous prognosis. Because respiratory complications differ in their anatomic locations, clinical presentations, and severity, classification requires precise description. Although a universally accepted system is presently unavailable, consideration of the anatomic level of involvement, eg, upper airway, small airway, or parenchyma,*,13 the predominant clinical presentation (asphyxia/obtundation, airway obstruction, alveolar dysfunction with hypoxemia),7,‘4 and etiology of injury eg. thermal v chemical,‘6*‘7 all have important implications for management ~2,303
Emotions in word and face processing: Early and late cortical responses

Recent research suggests that emotion effects in word processing resemble those in other stimulus domains such as pictures or faces. The present study aims to provide more direct evidence for this notion by comparing emotion effects in word and face processing in a within-subject design. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded as participants made decisions on the lexicality of emotionally positive, negative, and neutral German verbs or pseudowords, and on the integrity of intact happy, angry, and neutral faces or slightly distorted faces. Relative to neutral and negative stimuli both positive verbs and happy faces elicited posterior ERP negativities that were indistinguishable in scalp distribution and resembled the early posterior negativities reported by others. Importantly, these ERP modulations appeared at very different latencies. Therefore, it appears that similar brain systems reflect the decoding of both biological and symbolic emotional signals of positive valence, differing mainly in the speed of meaning access, which is more direct and faster for facial expressions than for words.
Skeletal sequelae of cancer and cancer treatment

Survivors of cancer may experience lingering adverse skeletal effects such as osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Skeletal disorders are often associated with advancing age, but these effects can be exacerbated by exposure to cancer and its treatment. This review will explore the cancer and cancer treatment-related causes of skeletal disorders. We performed a comprehensive search, using various Internet-based medical search engines such as PubMed, Medline Plus, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for published articles on the skeletal effects of cancer and cancer therapies. One-hundred-forty-two publications, including journal articles, books, and book chapters, met the inclusion criteria. They included case reports, literature reviews, systematic analyses, and cohort reports. Skeletal effects resulting from cancer and cancer therapies, including hypogonadism, androgen deprivation therapy, estrogen suppression, glucocorticoids/corticosteroids, methotrexate, megestrol acetate, platinum compounds, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, interferon-alpha, valproic acid, cyclosporine, vitamin A, NSAIDS, estramustine, ifosfamide, radiotherapy, and combined chemotherapeutic regimens, were identified and described. Skeletal effects of hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, gastrectomy, hypophosphatemia, and hyperprolactinemia resulting from cancer therapies were also described. The publications researched during this review both highlight and emphasize the association between cancer therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and skeletal dysfunction. These studies confirm that cancer survivors experience a more rapid acceleration of bone loss than their age-matched peers who were never diagnosed with cancer. Further studies are needed to better address the skeletal needs of cancer survivors.
Cytosolic Ca2+ domain-dependent protective action of adenosine in cardiomyocytes.

Abstract Recently, in beating cardiac cells heterogeneous spatiotemporal patterns in cytosolic Ca2+ distribution have been visualized, and associated with cell contraction. In non-beating cardiomyocytes, spatial heterogeneity of intracellular Ca2+ distribution has also been observed, yet its functional implication in resting cardiac cells is not known. Herein, distinct domains of lower versus higher concentrations of cytosolic Ca2+ (0.17 and 0.37 μM, respectively) were observed using epifluorescent digital imaging in single, non-beating, fluo-3-loaded cardiomyocytes. Extracellular K+ (16 mM) induced a uniform increase of cytosolic Ca2+, despite the initial presence of distinct domains of cytosolic Ca2+ (from 0.17 to 1.82 μM in domains with lower, and from 0.37 to 2.03 μM in domains with higher Ca2+ concentration, respectively). In contrast, adenosine (1 mM) prevented extracellular K+ to induce cytosolic Ca2+ loading selectively within domains with lower (from 0.17 to 0.18 μM), but not in domains with higher (from 0.37 to 1.4 μM) basal Ca2+ concentration. Thus, the response of a cardiomyocyte to the protective action of adenosine is heterogeneous within a resting single cell. The domain-distinct cytoprotective action of adenosine appears to be set by the basal Ca2+ concentration within a cytosolic domain.
Ghosts and Barbarians: The Vernacular in Italian Modern Architecture and Design

In the twentieth century, Italian architects and designers produced remarkable buildings, paintings and objects inspired by a vernacular tradition that had evolved over centuries of agrarian life. Despite their significant influence on Italian modernism and design, these peasant builders and artisans remained largely behind the scenes as ‘ghosts of the profession’. Through their appropriation of the ‘anonymous’ vernacular, Italian artists and architects achieved a unique synthesis of collective expression and individual identity. As Italy was transformed from a primarily agrarian to an industrial economy, the emergence of new ways of life to accommodate urban and suburban dwelling fostered a dynamic dialogue between long established customs and modern practices, between the ethos of artisanal making and that of industrial production modes, between the anonymous craftsman and the signature designer. Through successive political regimes, a dialectic relation between past and present contributed to the emergence of an innovative regionalist modernism that embraced traditional practices without succumbing to banal historicism or nostalgia. The aim of this essay is to re-read the significant initiatives in Italian modernism that evince the impact of the vernacular in architecture and design during the pre-war, interwar, and post-war periods.
Acoustical Properties of Electrospun Nanofibers for Aircraft Interior Noise Reduction

Electrospun micro and nanofibers produced via electrospinning method were used for the sound absorption purposes. Polymers were initially dissolved in dimethyleformamide (DMF) or ethanol with a ratio of 80:20 and electrospun at 20 kV, 20 cm separation distance and 3 ml/hrs pump speed. The two-microphone transfer function method of the B&K impedance tube was used to determine the acoustical properties of the manufactured nanofibers at various frequencies. The test results showed that the absorption coefficients of nanofibers (∼500 nm) drastically increased. The reason behind this phenomenon may be attributed to the higher surface area of nanofibers and their interactions with more sound waves/air molecules. This result may open up new possibilities for the sound absorption problems in many fields, such as aircrafts, other transportation vehicles and infrastructures.© 2009 ASME
Exercise-Induced Ventricular Tachycardia in Association with a Myocardial Bridge

Sustained ventricular tachycardia induced by exercise is uncommon. This is a report of a patient who has a positive exercise test at a high level of exercise. The electrocardiogram has classic ischemic ST depressions. Following the appearance of these ST depressions, the patient developed ventricular tachycardia at a rapid rate. Workup that included an echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization revealed myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending artery as the only structural abnormality. Electrophysiologic studies revealed the patient to have ventricular tachycardia only with isoproterenol (Isuprel) infusion. (Chest 1991; 99:1295-96)
Metallic Mesoporous Nanocomposites for Electrocatalysis

We describe the fabrication, characterization, and applications of ultrathin, free-standing mesoporous metal membranes uniformly decorated with catalytically active nanoparticles. Platinum-plated nanoporous gold leaf (Pt-NPG) made by confining a plating reaction to occur within the pores of dealloyed silver/gold leaf is 100 nm thick and contains an extremely high, uniform dispersion of 3 nm diameter catalytic particles. This nanostructured composite holds promise as a prototypical member of a new class of fuel cell electrodes, showing good electrocatalytic performance at low platinum loading (less than 0.05 mg cm-2), while also maintaining long-term stability against coarsening and aggregation of catalytic nanoparticles.
Anti‐HIV Effects of CD4‐Pseudomonas Exotoxin on Human Lymphocyte and Monocyte/Macrophage Cell Lines

CD4(178)-PE40 is a recombinant protein consisting of the HIV envelope glycoprotein-binding region of human CD4 linked to active domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. The hybrid toxin selectively kills HIV-infected human T-cell lines and protects against HIV spread in mixtures of uninfected and infected cells. We now report that CD4(178)-PE40 also selectively kills chronically HIV-1-infected cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. The results provide further support for therapeutic use of this hybrid toxin in the treatment of HIV-infected individuals.
Photon path length distributions for an isotropically scattering planar medium.

Abstract The optical path length concept is employed to determine path length distributions by an approximate numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. Six-term or 13-term closed-form representations of the hemispherical reflectance and transmittance optical path length distributions are presented. The mean path lengths and the distributions integrated over path length are found to be in excellent agreement with known results for a scattering optical depth range of 0.001 to 50.0. Any absorption feature of a medium is easily included in a scattering calculation using the results presented. Internal directional heat flux optical path length distributions are shown to exhibit the effects of higher orders of scattering.
Effective Preprocessing Procedures Virtually Eliminate Distance-Dependent Motion Artifacts in Resting State FMRI.

Artifactual sources of resting-state (RS) FMRI can originate from head motion, physiology, and hardware. Of these sources, motion has received considerable attention and was found to induce corrupting effects by differentially biasing correlations between regions depending on their distance. Numerous corrective approaches have relied on the identification and censoring of high-motion time points and the use of the brain-wide average time series as a nuisance regressor to which the data are orthogonalized (Global Signal Regression, GSReg). We replicate the previously reported head-motion bias on correlation coefficients and then show that while motion can be the source of artifact in correlations, the distance-dependent bias is exacerbated by GSReg. Put differently, correlation estimates obtained after GSReg are more susceptible to the presence of motion and by extension to the levels of censoring. More generally, the effect of motion on correlation estimates depends on the preprocessing steps leading to the correlation estimate, with certain approaches performing markedly worse than others. For this purpose, we consider various models for RS FMRI preprocessing and show that the local white matter regressor (WMeLOCAL), a subset of ANATICOR, results in minimal sensitivity to motion and reduces by extension the dependence of correlation results on censoring.
Impact of window blinds on daylight-linked dimming and automatic on/off lighting controls

Abstract This paper presents the field-measured performance of two commercial photocontrolled lighting systems, continuous dimming and automatic on/off, as a function of various configurations of manual and photocontrolled automatic venetian blinds. The performance indicators considered were the space illumination and the electric lighting consumption as a function of blind slat angle and retraction area. The results showed that under clear sky and without blinds both lighting control systems reduced the lighting energy consumption on average by 50–60% when compared to lights fully on from 6 AM to 6 PM. These savings, however, dropped by 5–45% for the dimming system, and by 5–80% for the automatic on/off system with the introduction of various static window blind configurations. The savings in lighting energy were more significant when the lighting control systems were used with photocontrolled blinds. This was due to the capability of the blinds to adjust their position automatically in direct response to the variable daylight levels.
Graduate Medical Education in Internal Medicine

Excerpt The wonderfully challenging article on residency training in internal medicine by Schroeder and colleagues (1) articulates the need for basic modifications in the traditional graduate medic...
Natural Kinds and Natural Kind Terms

The aim of this article is to illustrate how a belief in the existence of kinds may be justified for the particular case of natural kinds: particularly noteworthy in this respect is the weight borne by scientific natural kinds (e.g., physical, chemical, and biological kinds) in (i) inductive arguments; (ii) the laws of nature; and (iii) causal explanations. It is argued that biological taxa are properly viewed as kinds as well, despite the fact that they have been by some alleged to be individuals. Since it turns out that the arguments associated with the standard Kripke/Putnam semantics for natural kind terms only establish the non-descriptiveness of natural kind terms and not their rigidity, the door is open to analyze these terms as denoting traditional predicate-extensions. Finally, special issues raised by physical and chemical kinds are considered briefly, in particular impurities, isotopes and the threat of incommensurability.
Mechanical properties of ion-implanted amorphous silicon

We used nanoindentation coupled with finite element modeling to determine the mechanical properties of amorphous Si layers formed by self-ion implantation of crystalline Si at approximately 100 K. When the effects of the harder substrate on the response of the layers to indentation were accounted for, the amorphous phase was found to have a Young’s modulus of 136 ± 9 GPa and a hardness of 10.9 ± 0.9 GPa, which were 19% and 10% lower than the corresponding values for crystalline Si. The hardness agrees well with the pressure known to induce a phase transition in amorphous Si to the denser β–Sn-type structure of Si. This transition controls the yielding of amorphous Si under compressive stress during indentation, just as it does in crystalline Si. After annealing 1 h at 500 °C to relax the amorphous structure, the corresponding values increase slightly to 146 ± 9 GPa and 11.6 ± 1.0 GPa. Because hardness and elastic modulus are only moderately reduced with respect to crystalline Si, amorphous Si may be a useful alternative material for components in Si-based microelectromechanical systems if other improved properties are needed, such as increased fracture toughness.
Illuminating the black box of B12 biosynthesis

Tetrapyrroles are nearly ubiquitous in nature as participants in a wide variety of biological reactions that are central to life, such as electron transfer, gas binding, and one-carbon metabolism (1, 2). Because of their diverse colors—for example the greens of plant chlorophylls, reds of blood, and blues and browns of avian eggs—tetrapyrroles have been called the “pigments of life.” The chemical diversity of cyclic tetrapyrroles owes much to their ability to coordinate a variety of redox active metals in a fashion that allows for fine-tuning of midpoint potentials, increasing or decreasing reactivity of the metal center, and providing protection against undesirable side reactions. One finds magnesium in chlorophyll, iron in hemes, nickel in factor F430, and cobalt in cyano-cobalamin (vitamin B12) (Fig. 1). Although hemes and chlorophyls are synthesized by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, factor F430, which is involved in methanogenesis, is produced only by some archae, and cobalamin synthesis is found only in bacteria and archae. With regard to cobalamin, it has long been known that two distinct pathways exist for its biosynthesis, one aerobic and the other anaerobic. Whereas the genes required for both aerobic and anaerobic synthesis have been known, the actual mechanism for synthesis via the anaerobic pathway has remained a large “black box” in what is one of the longest known biosynthetic pathways. However, the contents of this box have now been identified and characterized, thanks to an elegant study that can properly be called a tour de force by Moore et al. at the University of Kent (3). Fig. 1. The family of tetrapyrroles originating from uroporphyrinogen III. The central metal atom is colored to represent the color of the metallo-tetrapyrrole. … [↵][1]1E-mail: hdailey{at}uga.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Endomixis and size variations in pure lines of Paramecium aurelia

Jennings1 considers the mean size of a pure line as strictly hereditary throughout the pure line; it belongs to one of the fundamental characteristics of this individual pure line. Eight years later the same author1 reverses his opinion and based on extensive studies, claims that a single stock, i. e., a pure line derived by fission from a single progenitor gradually differentiates into such hereditarily diverse stocks; so that by selection marked results are produced. His former conception of the genotype was gained by experiments with the highly specialized infusorian species Paramecium caudalum and aurelia, his later ideas by his results with Difflugia corona, an amaebina of simpler cytological structure.Diflugia has definite structural characters that can be counted and measured, which are unchanged by growth and environmental conditions, but still are “hereditable, yet variable.” This coincidence of favorable conditions-besides theoretical considerations-gives a priori more support to views that do no...
Behavioral genetics: Genes and aggressiveness

Abstract Four strains of ‘knockout' mice, each with a different gene inactivated, have been found to show increased aggressive behavior. The generation of such knockout strains and quantitative trait locus analysis will help identify the genetic determinants of this complex trait.
Self-regulation, health, and behavior: A perceptual-cognitive approach

Abstract Self-regulation systems are designed to adapt to threats via coping procedures that make efficient use of resources based upon valid representations of the environment. We discuss two components of the common-sense model of health threats: illness representations (e.g., content and organization) and coping procedures (e.g., classes of procedure and their attributes - outcome expectancies, time-lines, dose-efficacy beliefs, etc.). Characteristics of each of these domains, and the connection between the two, are critical to understanding human adaptation to problems of physical health. Rather than posing a barrier to factors outside the person that control behavior, an emphasis on subjective construal involves a view of the person as an active problem-solver embedded in a bidirectional system of sensitivity and responsiveness vis a vis the social, physical, and institutional environments in which health threats occur and through which intervention efforts may be directed.
Structure of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of porcine kidney and human urine cerebroside sulfate activator protein.

The specific sugar residues and their linkages in the oligosaccharides from pig kidney and human urine cerebroside sulfate activator proteins (saposin B), although previously hypothesized, have been unambiguously characterized. Exhaustive sequential exoglycosidase digestion of the trimethyl-p-aminophenyl derivatives, followed by either matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and/or mass spectrometry, was used to define the residues and their linkages. The oligosaccharides were enzymatically released from the proteins by treatment with peptidyl-N-glycosidase F and separated from the proteins by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Reducing termini were converted to the trimethyl-p-aminophenyl derivative and the samples were further purified by normal-phase HPLC. The derivatized carbohydrates were then treated sequentially with a series of exoglycosidases of defined specificity, and the products of each digestion were examined by mass spectrometry. The pentasaccharides from pig kidney and human urine protein were shown to be of the asparagine-linked complex type composed of mannose-α1–6-mannose-β1–4-N-acetylglucosamine-N-acetylglucosamine(α1–6-fucose). This highly degraded structure probably represents the final product of intra-lysosomal exoglycosidase digestion. Oligosaccharide sequencing by specific exoglycosidase degradation coupled with mass spectrometry is more rapid than conventional oligosaccharide sequencing. The procedures developed will be useful for sequencing other oligosaccharides including those from other members of the lipid-binding protein class to which cerebroside sulfate activator belongs. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Abbreviations: CSAct cerebroside sulfate activator protein C8 octyl hydrocarbon chain dHex deoxyhexose ESIMS electrospray ionization mass spectrometry 5-, 2-, 1- and 0-CHO 5, 2, 1 and 0-oligosaccharide containing Fuc fucose GlcNAc N-acetylglucosamine (Hex)n n hexose units (HexNAc)n nN-acetylhexose units HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography HUA human urine CSAct LC/MS liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry Man mannose MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry NP normal-phase MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry P parent ion PNGase peptide N-glycosidase PKA pig kidney CSAct RP reversed-phase TFA trifluoroacetic acid TMAPA trimethyl-p-aminophenylammonium chloride W/A/F water–acetonitrile–formic acid (50 : 50 : 0.1, v/v).
HIV and PTSD: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the PCL Screening Instrument

ABSTRACT The findings are reported from a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the posttraumatic screening checklist (PCL) created by Weathers et al. (1993). One hundred and eighty-six individuals receiving either preventive HIV information or ongoing HIV counseling from community-based AIDS organizations in the New York City area completed the PCL checklist. To identify a model relevant to screening posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within the HIV/AIDS community, six CFAs were conducted. Results indicated that the PTSD scale should include attention to four general areas: a) reexperiencing the traumatic event; b) avoidance of anything associated with the traumatic event; c) a sense of numbing; and d) a hyperarousal state. The CFA produced a more concise model of 12 items, relevant to the HIV community. Future research suggests that the relationships between different components of trauma exposure and different manifestations of PTSD should be examined further.
Clean, Green Chiral Reactions—Just Add a Salt

Chirality—literally handedness—refers to the mirror-image, or left-right asymmetry of objects like shoes and gloves. Like our hands, many chemical compounds (and most biomolecules) exist as enantiomers, which, relative to each other, have mirror-image arrangements of substituents around an atom (typically carbon or nitrogen). In many cases, pharmaceuticals must have a specific chirality in order to be active, but making pure chiral compounds is difficult and costly. Traditionally, chemists have relied on reagents for controlling chirality that contain heavy metals ( 1 ), the presence of which can lead to toxicity issues. A relatively new alternative is the use of nonmetal catalysts called organocatalysts. On page 1376 of this issue, Uyanik et al. ( 2 ) report a more “green” organocatalytic reaction that also uses an iodine reagent to closes rings in a molecule during an oxidation step.