cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor spintronics: manipulating electron and nuclear spins

Summary form only given. Control over spins in the solid state forms the basis for nascent spintronics and quantum information technologies. There is a growing interest in the use of electronic and nuclear spins in semiconductor nanostructures as a medium for the manipulation and storage of both classical and quantum information. Spin-based electronics offer remarkable opportunities for exploiting the robustness of quantum spin states by combining standard electronics with spin-dependent effects that arise from the interactions between electrons, nuclei, and magnetic fields. Here we provide an overview of recent developments in coherent electronic spin dynamics in semiconductors and quantum structures, including a discussion of temporally- and spatially-resolved magneto-optical measurements that reveal an interesting interplay between electronic and nuclear spins. These experiments investigate the electronic, photonic, and magnetic manipulation of electron and nuclear spins in a variety of semiconductor structures and focus on investigating the underlying physics for quantum information processing in the solid state.
Real-time hardware design for improving laser detection and ranging accuracy

Digital signal processing algorithms for estimating target range and backscatter intensity from laser detection and ranging systems are limited by the sampling rate of data collected and computation time requirements. An interpolating matched filter algorithm, deployed on a field programmable gate array, improves range accuracy while maintaining a low sampling rate and unity throughput. Research and simulation results comparing the effectiveness of different reference waveform models and interpolation factors are presented. A matched filter with zero padding interpolation using a Gaussian shape reference waveform and an interpolation factor of thirty-two showed an eighty-seven percent improvement in range accuracy over the peak detector design currently used in real-time LADAR systems.
mTORC1 and 2 coordinate transcriptional and translational reprogramming in resistance to DNA damage and replicative stress in breast cancer cells

mTOR coordinates growth signals with metabolic pathways and protein synthesis and is hyperactivated in many human cancers. mTOR exists in two complexes: mTORC1, which stimulates protein, lipid, and ribosome biosynthesis, and mTORC2, which regulates cytoskeleton functions. While mTOR is known to be involved in the DNA damage response, little is actually known regarding the functions of mTORC1 compared to mTORC2 in this regard or the respective impacts on transcriptional versus translational regulation. We show that mTORC1 and mTORC2 are both required to enact DNA damage repair and cell survival, resulting in increased cancer cell survival during DNA damage. Together mTORC1 and -2 enact coordinated transcription and translation of protective cell cycle and DNA replication, recombination, and repair genes. This coordinated transcriptional-translational response to DNA damage was not impaired by rapalog inhibition of mTORC1 or independent inhibition of mTORC1 or mTORC2 but was blocked by inhibition of mTORC1/2. Only mTORC1/2 inhibition reversed cancer cell resistance to DNA damage and replicative stress and increased tumor cell killing and tumor control by DNA damage therapies in animal models. When combined with DNA damage, inhibition of mTORC1/2 blocked transcriptional induction more strongly than translation of DNA replication, survival, and DNA damage response mRNAs.
Take Your Pick: Vitamins and Microbiota Facilitate Pathogen Clearance

The gut microbiota plays a chief role in vitamin production. Changes in its membership impact the gut metabolome and host susceptibility to pathogens. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Miki et al. (2017) show that RegIIIβ impacts microbiota composition, decreasing vitamin B6 production and promoting sustained colonization by Salmonella.
A fast and frugal algorithm to strengthen diagnosis and treatment decisions for catheter-associated bacteriuria

Objectives Guidelines for managing catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and asymptomatic bacteria (ASB) are poorly translated into routine care due in part to cognitive diagnostic errors. This study determines if the accuracy for CAUTI and ASB diagnosis and treatment improves after implementation of a fast and frugal algorithm compared with traditional education methods. Materials and methods A pre and post-intervention with contemporaneous comparison site involving inpatient and long term care wards at two regional Veterans Affairs Systems in United States. Participants included 216 internal medicine residents and 16 primary care clinicians. Intervention clinicians received training with a fast and frugal algorithm. Comparison site clinicians received guidelines education. Diagnosis and treatment accuracy compared with a criterion standard was assessed during similar three-month, pre- and post-intervention periods. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were compared for both periods at each site. Results Bacteriuria management was evaluated against criterion standard in 196 cases pre-implementation and 117 cases post-implementation. Accuracy of bacteriuria management among intervention participants was significantly higher, post-implementation, than those at the comparison site (Intervention: positive likelihood ratio (LR+) = 8.5, specificity = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.78−1.00; comparison: LR+ = 4.62, specificity (95%CI) = 0.79 (0.63−0.95). Further, improvements at the intervention site were statistically significant (pre-implementation: LR+ = 2.1, specificity (95%CI) = 0.60 (0.50−0.71); post-implementation: LR+ = 8.5, specificity (95%CI) = 0.89 (0.78−1.00). At both sites, there were similar improvements in negative LR from pre- to post-implementation: [Intervention site = 0.28 to 0.08; comparison site = 0.13 to 0.04]. Inappropriate management of ASB declined markedly from 32 (40%) to 3 (11%) cases at the intervention site. Conclusions A fast and frugal algorithm improves diagnosis and treatment accuracy for CAUTI and reduces inappropriate treatment of ASB. Fast and frugal algorithms that realign diagnostic intuitions and treatment norms can enhance translation of evidence into practice.
Self-Tracking for Fertility Care: Collaborative Support for a Highly Personalized Problem

Infertility is a global health concern that affects countless couples trying to conceive a child. Effective fertility treatment requires continuous monitoring of a wide range of health indicators through self-tracking. The process of collecting and interpreting data and information about fertility is complex, and much of the burden falls on women. In this study, we analyzed patient-generated content in a popular online health community dedicated to fertility issues. The objective was to understand the process in which women engage in tracking relevant information, and the challenges they face. Leveraging the Personal Informatics Model, we describe women's self-tracking experiences during their fertility cycles. We discuss how a complex and highly personalized context leads to responsibility, pressure, and emotional burden on women performing self-tracking activities, as well as the role of collaboration in creating individualized solutions. Finally, we provide implications for technologies aiming to support women with fertility care needs.
Pleiotropic effects of O-glycosylation in colon cancer

Changes in the O-glycosylation of proteins have long been associated with the development of cancer, but establishing causal relationships between altered glycosylation and cancer progression remains incomplete. In this study, the authors perform comparative analyses of the cellular phenotypes, transcriptional changes, and alterations in the glycoproteome in colon cancer cells that differentially express one glycosyltransferase. Their results provide a wealth of data on which future studies can be based.
The Ambient and Interpeduncular Cisterns

This chapter focuses on the pterional approach toward the ambient and interpeduncular cisterns. The surgical orientation of the patient’s head (see Fig. 4.8) is similar to that for the pterional approach to the sylvian, carotid, and chiasmatic cisterns. However, the operating microscope is shifted from a more rostral direction (see Fig. 4.5) to a more caudal line-of-sight (see Fig. 4.7).
Postoperative Care of the Lung Transplant Patient

The early postoperative management of recipients of a lung transplant has changed dramatically since the first successful reports of these operations in the early 1980s. Patients were usually placed in reverse isolation and subjected to mechanical ventilation for days. Staff physicians rarely left the bedside. Twenty years later, new transplant recipients are handled much like other patients in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). The precautions against nosocomial infection are similar, and extubation often occurs on the first day following the transplant. Surgical bleeding is much less common and perioperative death rates have fallen from at least 20% to around 10% (1). Many factors account for this improvement in outcome including the establishment of multidisciplinary care teams, improved selection of transplant candidates, experience and technique refinement by physicians and surgeons, and a better understanding of immunosuppression, infection prophylaxis, and early medical complications. This chapter summarizes the current early management of lung transplant recipients.
Infanticide in Propithecus diadema edwardsi: An Evaluation of the Sexual Selection Hypothesis

Infanticide might be described as a reproductive strategy employed by anthropoid primate males when they immigrate into new groups. But infanticide has rarely been observed in wild prosimian primates. For the Malagasy lemurs this may reflect one or more of the following: strict breeding seasons; relative monomorphism in canine tooth and body size; small group sizes; male–female dominance relations; and male–female dyads within groups. We addressed the following questions: Do prosimian males commit infanticide in circumstances similar to those in which anthropoids do? and Is there any reproductive advantage for a highly seasonal breeder to commit infanticide? To help answer these questions, we describe the death of a 24-hr-old infant male Propithecus diadema edwardsi from wounds received during a fight between his mother, her adult daughter, and a newly immigrant male. Interbirth intervals between surviving offspring are 2 years for Propithecus diadema edwardsi; therefore, a male could dramatically shorten the time between reproductive windows by killing an infant. Whether this tactic would be favored by sexual selection cannot be addressed until more information has been collected on the length of interbirth interval due to infanticide relative to that of infant death by other causes; how social factors such as stability of breeding relationships affect long-term male reproductive success; how effective female counterstrategies are to prevent infanticide and/or whether they choose to mate with males that commit infanticide; and how often males that kill infants subsequently sire infants, particularly in groups that contain a resident male.
Presenting Characteristics Associated With Outcome in Children With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Secondary Analysis From a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Therapeutic Hypothermia.

OBJECTIVES To identify injury patterns and characteristics associated with severe traumatic brain injury course and outcome, within a well-characterized cohort, which may help guide new research and treatment initiatives. DESIGN A secondary analysis of a phase 3, randomized, controlled trial that compared therapeutic hypothermia versus normothermia following severe traumatic brain injury in children. SETTING Fifteen sites in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. PATIENTS Children (< 18 yr old) with severe traumatic brain injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Baseline, clinical, and CT characteristics of patients (n = 77) were examined for association with mortality and outcome, as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Pediatric Revision 3 months after traumatic brain injury. Data are presented as odds ratios with 95% CIs. No demographic, clinical, or CT characteristic was associated with mortality in bivariate analysis. Characteristics associated with worse Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Pediatric Revision in bivariate analysis were two fixed pupils (14.17 [3.38-59.37]), abdominal Abbreviated Injury Severity score (2.03 [1.19-3.49]), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (3.36 [1.30-8.70]). Forward stepwise regression demonstrated that Abbreviated Injury Severity spine (3.48 [1.14-10.58]) and midline shift on CT (8.35 [1.05-66.59]) were significantly associated with mortality. Number of fixed pupils (one fixed pupil 3.47 [0.79-15.30]; two fixed pupils 13.61 [2.89-64.07]), hypoxia (5.22 [1.02-26.67]), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (3.01 [1.01-9.01]) were independently associated with worse Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Pediatric Revision following forward stepwise regression. CONCLUSIONS Severe traumatic brain injury is a clinically heterogeneous disease that can be accompanied by a range of neurologic impairment and a variety of injury patterns at presentation. This secondary analysis of prospectively collected data identifies several characteristics associated with outcome among children with severe traumatic brain injury. Future, larger trials are needed to better characterize phenotypes within this population.
Nanotechnology: The future of fire safety

Abstract This study reviews fire protection developments and explores the applicability of nanotechnology for mitigating emerging issues. There are many types of fire retardant materials that can mitigate damage and compartmentalize fire, but nanotechnology has been shown to be more effective in providing adequate protection against destructive fires. This study further examines nanotechnology and how it can be used to minimize fire damages to property and personnel. Nanotechnology is based on miniaturized particles in the order of 10 - 9 in size, which makes it very useful because the materials can be manipulated for beneficial use beyond the capacity of regular materials. This in turn creates a stronger light-weight material that can be used in many fields. In this instance, nanotechnology can be used for fire protection. This study additionally reviews some of the disadvantages with the use of nanotechnology. Presently, there has been minimal research identifying the chronic effects from nanotechnology exposure, preliminary studies of nanoparticles show that there are side effects that mimics the overexposure of asbestos. When nanotechnology penetrates the skin and lung tissues of workers that are exposed to it, it can cause spores to grow in the lungs and can be lethal if overexposed. Nanotechnology has a few concerns but if it is tested and applied properly, it can become the future in not only fire safety but healthcare and manufacturing.
Anharmonic stabilization and lattice heat transport in rocksalt β-GeTe

Peierls-Boltzmann transport equation, coupled with third-order anharmonic lattice dynamics calculations, has been widely used to model lattice thermal conductivity (κl) in bulk crystals. However, its application to materials with structural phase transition at relatively high temperature is fundamentally challenged by the presence of lattice instabilities (imaginary phonon modes). Additionally, its accuracy suffers from the absence of higher-than-third-order phonon scattering processes, which are important near/above the Debye temperature. In this letter, we present an effective scheme that combines temperature-induced anharmonic phonon renormalization and four-phonon scattering to resolve these two theoretical challenges. We apply this scheme to investigate the lattice dynamics and thermal transport properties of GeTe, which undergoes a second-order ferroelectric phase transition from rhombohedral α-GeTe to rocksalt β-GeTe at about 700 K. Our results on the high-temperature phase β-GeTe at 800 K confirm the stabilization of β-GeTe by temperature effects. We find that considering only three-phonon scattering leads to significantly overestimated κl of 3.8 W/mK at 800 K, whereas including four-phonon scattering reduces κl to 1.7 W/mK, a value comparable with experiments. To explore the possibility to further suppress κl, we show that alloying β-GeTe with heavy cations such as Pb and Bi can effectively reduce κl to about 1.0 W/mK, whereas particle size needs to be around 10 nm through nanostructuring to achieve a comparable reduction in κl.
The Translation of Memory Through Television: El tiempo entre costuras and the Spanish Civil War

This chapter examines translation and the Spanish television series El tiempo entre costuras in light of the evolving cultural and political discourses in contemporary Spain around memories of the Spanish Civil War. Translation is understood here in multiple ways: the transmission of collective memory from one generation to another; the adaptation of cultural artifacts from one medium to another; the transmission of cultural memory from one culture to another; and inter-lingual translation from one language to another. Through a humanistic exploration of the television series and its English Netflix subtitles, this chapter concludes that El tiempo entre costuras moves the collective memory of Spain’s painful past away from trauma and towards the creation of a new memory that looks towards the future.
CULTIVATING A PROFESSIONAL POSE:: Collegiate Black Men and Professional Self-Presentations

In this article I investigate how a group of Black men in college worked together to learn and practice the professional pose—professional styles and behaviors meant to navigate professional settings. I argue that these behaviors were adopted to preempt any potential discriminatory acts and would ideally disassociate them from the negative labels associated with Black men. Specifically, I examine how leaders of the group Uplift and Progress (UP) prepared other members and recruits by teaching them how to present themselves as professional Black men who were familiar with White middle-class practices. To further encourage their success, group members sought out opportunities to practice these styles in public. By cultivating this professional pose, they were able to claim their place at a White institution and distance themselves from the unfavorable stereotypes of Black men. This strategy also bolstered their reputation on campus and would ideally prepare them for the predominantly White workplace.
Long-term impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil well blowout on methane oxidation dynamics in the northern Gulf of Mexico

The Deepwater Horizon oil well blowout discharged an unprecedented amount of methane into the water column of the northern Gulf of Mexico between April and July 2010. The methanotrophic community bloomed in response to the sustained methane release, resulting in the highest methane oxidation rates measured in the water column of an open ocean environment to date. To assess the long-term impact and recovery of the northern Gulf of Mexico methanotrophic community, we tracked methane dynamics for five years post-blowout. We determined methane concentration and methane oxidation rates at 31 different sites, resulting in ~900 discrete water column samples across the northern Gulf ecosystem, the largest compilation of methane oxidation rate measurements in an offshore ocean environment. Though methane concentrations approached pre-blowout concentrations within one year, methane oxidation rates exhibited a more gradual trend of decreasing activity. These results suggest that Gulf-wide circulation patterns dispersed and redistributed methanotrophic biomass that bloomed and accumulated in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon blowout, and that this biomass was able to perpetuate elevated methanotrophic activity for multiple years after the blowout at levels above anticipated background rates. This dataset provides a rare view of the response of an ocean ecosystem to a large pulse of methane and reveals unanticipated dynamics of microbial methanotrophy as a result of such human-induced methane releases.
Quantifying the Interactions between Biomolecules: Guidelines for Assay Design and Data Analysis.

The accurate and precise determination of binding interactions plays a central role in fields such as drug discovery where structure–activity relationships guide the selection and optimization of drug leads. Binding is often assessed by monitoring the response caused by varying one of the binding partners in a functional assay or by using methods where the concentrations of free and/or bound ligand can be directly determined. In addition, there are also many approaches where binding leads to a change in the properties of the binding partner(s) that can be directly quantified such as an alteration in mass or in a spectroscopic signal. The analysis of data resulting from these techniques invariably relies on computer software that enable rapid fitting of the data to nonlinear multiparameter equations. The objective of this Perspective is to serve as a reminder of the basic assumptions that are used in deriving these equations and thus that should be considered during assay design and subsequent data analysi...
Abstract P1-06-09: Withdrawn

This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Yu Y, Zhen Y, Zhang Y. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-06-09.
Integrating venturesomeness and consumption needs: effects on destination choice along the TALC

This research studies destination choice based on Plog’s venturesomeness concept, incorporating the effects of four consumption needs from the theory of market choice behavior. An empirical test in...
NLRB Resolution of Contract Disputes under Section 8(a)(5)

Rather than attempt to lay to rest the broad subject of National Labor Relations Board contract resolution, I confine myself in this article to the NLRB's role in deciding whether an employer has violated section 8(a)(5) of the Act when he engages in unilateral acts during the term of the collective bargaining contract. In turn, this will take me into a discussion of the Board's "clear and unmistakable waiver" rule, when the Board should defer to what I call the "usual" machinery for contract dispute resolution, and whether a breach of a collective bargaining contract is or ought to be of itself an unfair labor practice.
Exemplification theory: a review and meta-analysis of exemplar messages

Exemplification theory has been used to explain media and message effects across a variety of domains. However, the theory has been critiqued for lacking empirical support for many of its predictio...
Tethys knowledge management system: Working to advance the marine renewable energy industry

Development of the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry has been challenged by uncertainty about potential environmental effects, which has resulted in slowing of permitting/consenting processes, and ultimately to constraints on the industry. These challenges result from a lack of sufficient devices in the water from which to learn, a dearth of quality monitoring data, and a lack of accessibility to information about these effects in general. This paper describes an ongoing process to improve understanding of the environmental effects of MRE through a public, online knowledge management system funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, known as Tethys (https://tethys.pnnl.gov). Tethys collects and curates relevant documents while supporting a diverse international community through intentional outreach and synthesis activities, which occurs largely through an international collaboration under the IEA Ocean Energy System’s OES-Environmental, formerly known as Annex IV. After nearly ten years of operation, Tethys is internationally recognized and viewed as a trusted broker of information, with over 75,000 visitors annually. Tethys has provided clarity around environmental effects during a critical time in the industry when deployments are increasing in size and frequency.
A Probabilistic Approach to Satisfiability of Propositional Logic Formulae.

We propose a version of WalkSAT algorithm, named as BetaWalkSAT. This method uses probabilistic reasoning for biasing the starting state of the local search algorithm. Beta distribution is used to model the belief over boolean values of the literals. Our results suggest that, the proposed BetaWalkSAT algorithm can outperform other uninformed local search approaches for complex boolean satisfiability problems.
Multi-layer Facial Representation Learning for Early Prediction of Septic Shock

Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) have become the state-of-the-art approaches for mining Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Generally speaking, RNN extracts the temporal dependency among features as a time series of hidden states, whereas CNN summarizes the local patterns among features as a set of feature maps. Many studies have leveraged their complementary effects by using a stack of neural network layers with CNN on the input, followed by RNN layers for the output. However, the feature representations learned by these two types of neural networks are often hard to be visualized and interpreted in a unified way. In this work, we propose a general framework which represents the extracted temporal relationships and local patterns in a unified and systematic way through facial representations that have evolving emotional expressions based on a patient’s health conditions. This form of feature representation not only improves the potential to visualize EHRs, but also further benefits our downstream task on early prediction of septic shock. More specifically, we show that our proposed framework consistently out-performed all other baseline models including various deep learning models for sepsis shock early prediction.
The Charge Ordering Behavior of Colossal Magnetoresistive (CMR) Layered Compounds La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (x = 0.5 ∼ 0.6)

In colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) materials, large changes in physical properties stem from the interplay between charge ordering (CO) coupled with orbital and magnetic orderings. Thus detailed microstructural studies are important in understanding these changes in physical properties. In-situTEM observation is a very useful approach to study CO transitions in these CMR compounds. We have recently studied the CO behavior of the three-dimensional perovskite Nd1/2Sr1+2xMnO3. in this work, we report the CO of two-dimensional naturally layered compounds La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (327 phase), where x is the hole doping level and varies from 0.5 to 0.6 in this work.Thin foil TEM specimens were prepared from polycrystalline bulk samples by conventional thinning and ion milling method at liquid N2 temperature. The in-situ TEM work was carried out in the Electron Microscopy Center at Argonne National Laboratory using a Philips CM30 with a liquid N2 cold stage, and a Hitachi H-9000 with liquid He cold stage.
Transactinide studies with sulfur macrocyclic extractant using mercury

Mercury extraction has been studied in nitric and hydrochloric acids with hexathia-18-crown-6 dissolved in carbon tetrachloride. Batch study experiments have been performed to determine the best conditions for maximum extraction. In both acids, Hg(II) was best extracted at low molarity while almost no extraction was observed above 2 M. Speciation studies were carried out in an attempt to describe the extraction mechanism, but the exact composition of the extracted species was not determined. The extraction kinetics were studied to assess the feasibility of this crown ether for extracting Cn and/or Fl in a future online experiment.
Architecture of remnant trees influences native woody plant recruitment in abandoned Hawaiian pastures

Abandoned tropical pastures offer opportunities for passive and active restoration of native forest communities. Tree architecture of remnant canopy trees may be one important factor that can facilitate native plant recruitment in abandoned pastures but has largely been overlooked. Here, we evaluated patterns of native woody plant recruitment under remnant trees in abandoned pastures on Hawai’i Island and how these might be related to both tree architectural features and landscape variables. We measured native woody stems (excluding sprouts of the tree itself) in a 5 m radius around the base of each tree and modeled total basal area of native stems as a function of tree architectural characteristics. Recruitment was positively correlated with tree height as well as horizontal woody area below 1 m (tree structure that occurred below 1 m and was < 45° angle from the ground) around the base of trees. Tall trees likely attract more avian seed dispersers due to their higher visibility on the landscape and increased crown volume. Horizontal woody area likely provides establishment microsites that are above the pasture grass layer, similar to how dead or decaying logs act as nurse substrates. Unlike previous studies, we found little evidence that landscape variables such as distance to the intact forest or nearest canopy neighbor influenced understory recruitment. Tree architectural characteristics can be important predictors of native plant recruitment in abandoned tropical pastures and should be considered in addition to local and landscape-level variables.
Who is at the table? Civic engagement in small town housing decision-making

Small towns possess many of the components needed for stakeholder-led governance models, including strong social ties, frequent interactions and social norms that support participation in civic lif...
Is lymphangitic streaking associated with different pathogens

Abstract Objectives Little is known regarding the differences in microbiology associated with cellulitis or abscess with or without lymphangitic streaking. The objective of our study is to assess whether there are differences in the pathogens identified from wound cultures of patients with paronychia with and without associated lymphangitis. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study at a tertiary pediatric emergency department over 25 years. We opted to assess patients with paronychia of the finger, assuming that these cases will have a greater variety of causative pathogens compared to other cases of cellulitis and soft tissue abscess that are associated with nail biting. Case identification was conducted using a computerized text-screening search that was refined by manual chart review. We included patients from 1 month to 20 years of age who underwent an incision and drainage (I&D) of a paronychia and had a culture obtained. The presence or absence of lymphangitis was determined from the clinical narrative in the medical record. We excluded patients treated with antibiotics prior to I&D as well as immune-compromised patients. We used descriptive statistics for prevalence and χ2 tests for categorical variables. Results Two hundred sixty-six patients met inclusion criteria. The median age was 9.7 years [IQR 4.7, 15.4] and 45.1% were female. Twenty-two patients (8.3%) had lymphangitic streaking associated with their paronychia. Patients with lymphangitis streaking were similar to those without lymphangitis in terms of age and sex (p = 0.52 and p = 0.82, respectively). Overall, the predominant bacteria was MSSA (40%) followed by MRSA (26%). No significant differences were found between the pathogens in the 22 patients with associated lymphangitis compared to the 244 patients without. Conclusion Staphylococcus aureus represent the majority of pathogens in paronychia, although streptococcal species and gram-negative bacteria were also common. Among patients with paronychia of the finger, there seems to be no association between pathogen type and presence of lymphangitic streaking.
Stochastic and spectra contents of detonation initiated by compressible turbulent thermodynamic fluctuations

A canonical system that contains the basic elements of detonation initiated by compressible turbulence thermodynamic fluctuations was proposed by Towery et al. [“Detonation initiation by compressible turbulence thermodynamic fluctuations,” Combust. Flame 213, 172–183 (2020)] and successfully tested using direct numerical simulation (DNS). In the present study, the DNS dataset is used to assess the applicability of a few compressible turbulence theories to the problem of detonation and to investigate some statistical aspects of the problem and the spectra of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and reactive scalar fields within the context of detonating and deflagrating compressible flows. It has been found that scaling of the dilatational and solenoidal components of compressible turbulence as reported in the literature does not apply to the case of detonation or deflagration. Also, the detonating cases were found to have significantly lower Karlovitz numbers compared to the nondetonating ones and to conform to the Bray–Moss–Libby premixed combustion (bimodal probability density function) model for intense turbulence and large Damkholer number. The nondetonating cases show distributed pdfs. The stronger combustion in the detonating cases shows effects on the spectra of the TKE and reactive scalars, particularly when the wavenumber is scaled with the Kolmogorov length and the Schmidt number.
Notes on the Nonextensive-Entropy Derived Evolution and Fundamental Metric Tensors in the Continuum Mechanics of Media and of Special and General Relativity

Many successes of special and general relativity in describing the universe have occurred as a result of the derivation of flat and curved spacetime metrics compatible with the Einstein equation of general relativity. These metrics were written on, or rather multiplied linear and nonlinear scalar coefficient functions to the background of a flat extensive spacetime (‘special relativity’) metric. In this letter we present a new perspective complementary to the one of fractional derivatives, this where fractional deformations of spacetime are supposed, which in this letter is obtained from a q-deformed non-extensive entropy derived type of metric that reduces to the flat Minkowski or Euclidean metric depending on application dimension and signature. This q-deformed metric then, is a parametrically deviated-from flat spacetime metric that encodes parametrically a scalar 'curvature' which tends to zero (flat) as q->1 for several instances and under minimal assumptions. Its derivation & some of its qualities will be presented. Also presented are calculations of the Ricci tensors, and scalar curvatures and therefore the stress-energy tensors for some of these cases, with at least one case closely corresponding to a q-deformed ADS metric.
Decarceration from Local County Jails during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Closer Look

The COVID-19 pandemic initially compelled population reductions at local county jails. This study uses daily population counts at 970 jail facilities in 43 different U.S. states to; assess changes ...
Polarized Light Demonstrations with the Overhead Projector

The overhead projector is perhaps passing out of use, but it is still a useful device with which to do lecture demonstrations. In my early years at Kenyon I was teaching the pre-med course, and found that the overhead projector was an ideal platform for showing the phenomena of polarized light. This note is a discussion of how I learned to use the projector for these demonstrations. Now that I am in my eighth decade, I would like to pass on some of my earlier teaching techniques to my younger colleagues.
Body weight and the incidence of flat feet.

(1946). Body Weight and the Incidence of Flat Feet. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 102-113.
Improving efficacy testing of bird-repellent seed treatments

To overcome certain deficiencies in field evaluation of chemical repellents used to protect corn seed from birds, a test procedure was developed in which half of each test plot was exposed to birds and half was protected by bird-tight wire mesh. This arrangement isolated the effects of bird attack from the effects of the chemical on germination and on insects and diseases of seeds and sprouts. Bird pressure was controlled by enclosing all plots with netting, and placing the birds inside. Repellency under the conditions set for a test was the "covered-minus-uncovered difference" in sprouts or sprout damage in treated plots compared with the "covered-minus-uncovered difference" in untreated plots. The results of several small-plot tests (both open and enclosed) with six candidate repellents indicated that reliable economical tests can be conducted under conditions of controlled soil and moisture and under various intensities of bird attack, to yield accurate information, heretofore unavailable, on the performance of bird repellents.
Local Speed Functions in Level Set Based Vessel Segmentation

A new segmentation scheme is proposed for 3D vascular tree delineation in CTA data sets, which has two essential features. First, the segmentation is carried out locally in a small volume of interest (VOI), second, a global topology estimation is made to initialize a new VOI. The use of local VOI allows that parameter settings for the level set speed function can be optimally set depending on the local image content, which is advantageous especially in vascular tree segmentation where contrast may change significantly, especially in the distal part of the vascular. Moreover, a local approach is significantly faster. A comparison study on five CTA data sets showed that our method has the potential to segment larger part of the vessel tree compared to a similar global level set based segmentation, and in substantially less computation time.
Low-Interference Topology Control for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.

Topology control has been well studied in wireless ad hoc networks. However, only a few topology control methods take into account the low interference as a goal of the methods. Some researchers tried to reduce the interference by lowering node energy consumption (i.e. by reducing the transmission power) or by devising low degree topology controls, but none of those protocols can guarantee low interference. Recently, Burkhart et al. [?] proposed several methods to construct topologies whose maximum link interference is minimized while the topology is connected or is a spanner for Euclidean length. In this paper we give algorithms to construct a network topology for wireless ad hoc network such that the maximum (or average) link (or node) interference of the topology is either minimized or approximately minimized.
Mining library and university data to understand library use patterns

– Library data are often hard to analyze because these data come from unconnected sources, and the data sets can be very large. Furthermore, the desire to protect user privacy has prevented the retention of data that could be used to correlate library data to non-library data. The research team used data mining to determine library use patterns and to determine whether library use correlated to students’ grade point average. , – A research team collected and analyzed data from the libraries, registrar and human resources. All data sets were uploaded into a single, secure data warehouse, allowing them to be analyzed and correlated. , – The analysis revealed patterns of library use by academic department, patterns of book use over 20 years and correlations between library use and grade point average. , – Analysis of more narrowly defined user populations and collections will help develop targeted outreach efforts and manage the print collections. The data used are from one university; therefore, similar research is needed at other institutions to determine whether these findings are generalizable. , – The unexpected use of the central library by those affiliated with law resulted in cross-education of law and central library staff. Management of the print collections and user outreach efforts will reflect more nuanced selection of subject areas and departments. , – A model is suggested for campus partnerships that enables data mining of sensitive library and campus information.
Decomposition-based evolutionary computing in multicriteria optimization environment

The paper presents strategies for implementing decomposition based genetic algorithms in multicriteria design optimization. The decomposition approach requires that the system design problem be partitioned into smaller sized subsystems, and the system solution obtained as a combination of the solutions from the subsystems. The absence of gradient information in a genetic algorithm based search strategy requires alternative methods for communicating the design information in different subsystems. Two newly developed methods referred to as experiential inheritance and interspecies migration were used to coordinate the solutions of subsystems in the decomposition based approach. Both the weighted sum and weighted minimax methods were explored in the solution to the multicriteria design problem. The proposed strategies were validated through implementation in representative algebraic and structural design problems.
From the East to the West and from the West to the East / Od východu na západ a od západu na východ

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2005 Pages: 75 Publisher: Městske kulturni středisko ISBN: 80-903416-2-4 (soft cover).
States, Statutes and Fraud: Emerging State Efforts to Combat White Collar Crime

This article addresses the trend of using private citizens to help prosecutors detect and prove fraud. The "premiere" white collar crime tool used by the United States Department of Justice is the civil False Claims Act (FCA) which, with its promise of sharing judgments collected from lawsuits filed with private individuals, encourages individuals to bring information about fraud to DOJ. With generous awards of attorneys' fees and costs, the FCA also encourages private attorneys to partner with DOJ lawyers in investigating and litigating these complex cases. But does this prosecutorial model work? In the most thorough study done of this trend, we address this question. In a study of prosecutors in the fifty states and the District of Columbia we examine whether the states have responded to Congressional incentives to pass their own False Claims Acts, and why or why not. In the states that have enacted False Claims Acts, we look at whether these statutes are working as hoped. Our Article contains the results of our study and analysis of those results.
Organizational Populations and Fields

This essay examines two major perspectives on organizations that have been prominent since the 1970s: ecology and institutionalism, both of which emerged as reactions against rationalist approaches to the study of organizations. Both take as their primary units of analysis collections of organizations, rather than individual organizations: “populations” for ecologists (groups of organizations with the same form) and “fields” for institutionalists (groups of organizations of different forms that interact with each other in some social sector). Ecologists seek to explain the changing distribution of organizations (rates of founding, failure, growth, and change) in terms of the features of organizations' environments. Institutionalists seek to explain organizational legitimacy, variety, and change by reference to cultural norms, values, and expectations about what is the “right” or “normal” way to organize. While ecologists seek general explanations that apply to all populations, institutionalists seek explanations that are sensitive to the peculiarities of the field under study. Ecological and institutional studies of organizations have converged in the past decade, which has yielded studies that minimize the weaknesses of each perspective and maximize their strengths. Ecologists have examined many explanatory factors, such as pressures to imitate legitimate organizational forms, which were originally highlighted by institutionalists. In the same vein, institutionalists have turned their attention to founding and failure, outcomes that were ecologists' original focus, and have used factors such as the number of organizations, much studied by ecologists, to explain these outcomes. We conclude by suggesting potential fruitful avenues for further integration between these perspectives. Keywords: organization; population; field; ecology; institutionalism
The use of meta-analytic statistical significance testing

Meta-analysis multiplicity, the concept of conducting multiple tests of statistical significance within one review, is an underdeveloped literature. We address this issue by considering how Type I errors can impact meta-analytic results, suggest how statistical power may be affected through the use of multiplicity corrections, and propose how meta-analysts should analyze multiple tests of statistical significance. The context for this study is a meta-review of meta-analyses published in two leading review journals in education and psychology. Our review of 130 meta-analyses revealed a strong reliance on statistical significance testing without consideration of Type I errors or the use of multiplicity corrections. In order to provide valid conclusions, meta-analysts must consider these issues prior to conducting the review.
In vivo loss of cement-bone interlock reduces fixation strength in total knee arthroplasties.

Prevention of aseptic loosening of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) remains a clinical challenge. Understanding how changes in morphology at the implant–bone interface with in vivo service affect implant stability and strength could lead to new approaches to mitigate loosening. Enbloc TKA retrievals and freshly-cemented TKA tibial components were used to determine if the mechanical strength of the interface depended on the amount of cement–bone interlock and the morphology of the supporting bone under the cement layer. Implants were sectioned into small specimens of the cement–interface–bone from under the tibial tray. Micro-CT scans were used to document interlock morphology and architecture of the supporting trabecular bone. Axial compression tests were used to assess mechanical behavior. Postmortem retrievals had lower contact fraction (42 ± 55%) compared to freshly-cemented constructs (121 ± 61%) (p = 0.0008). Supporting bone architecture parameters were not different for the two groups. Increased interface contact fraction and supporting bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were positive predictors of interface strength (r2 = 0.72, p = 0.0001). For the same supporting bone BV/TV, postmortem specimens had weaker interfaces; they were also more compliant. Cemented TKAs with in vivo service experience a loss of fixation strength and increased micro-motion due to the loss of cement–bone interlock. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1052–1060, 2014.