cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heartache and heartbreak—the link between depression and cardiovascular disease

The close, bidirectional relationship between depression and cardiovascular disease is well established. Major depression is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and acute cardiovascular sequelae, such as myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and isolated systolic hypertension. Morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease and depression are significantly higher than in patients with cardiovascular disease who are not depressed. Various pathophysiological mechanisms might underlie the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with depression: increased inflammation; increased susceptibility to blood clotting (owing to alterations in multiple steps of the clotting cascade, including platelet activation and aggregation); oxidative stress; subclinical hypothyroidism; hyperactivity of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; reductions in numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and associated arterial repair processes; decreased heart rate variability; and the presence of genetic factors. Early identification of patients with depression who are at risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as prevention and appropriate treatment of cardiovascular disease in these patients, is an important and attainable goal. However, adequately powered studies are required to determine the optimal treatment regimen for patients with both depression and cardiovascular disorders.
Towards an Early Warning System for Heat Events

Severe and sustained episodes of hot weather during the summer season are associated with marked short‐term increases in morbidity and mortality in the United States and Europe. The death toll in an unprepared region can be substantial, as was evidenced in the 2003 heat event in Western Europe. There is growing interest in developing early warning systems to advise the public when weather conditions pose risks to health. These systems link meteorological forecasts of dangerous weather with public health actions. The principal components of an early warning system include identification and forecasting of the event (including consistent, standardised weather criteria for when warnings are activated and deactivated), prediction of possible health outcomes that could occur, an effective and timely response plan that targets high‐risk populations, and an ongoing evaluation and revision of the system and its components. A particular challenge is the development of effective communication of the behavioural cha...
Nitrogen isotope ratio of cyanobacterial chlorophyll: Chemostat vs. batch culture

Abstract Nitrogen isotope records of chloropigments can be used to reconstruct photic zone processes. However, the 15N offset between chlorophyll and biomass (epor = δ15Nbiomass − δ15Nchlorophyll) of cyanobacteria and eukaryotes grown in laboratory batch cultures differs significantly and the cause of the difference remains unknown. Here, in four experiments with Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, values of epor were statistically invariant when cultures were maintained at pH 6.5–9.5 under constant growth conditions in a chemostat. The results suggest that the negative values of epor observed for freshwater cyanobacteria are not artifacts of batch culturing.
Effect of extreme soil acidity conditions on plant growth and yield of cassava

Abstract Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is perhaps one example of a crop exceptionally adapted to marginal conditions, although it too performs poorly in extreme soil acidity conditions. The differential response of cassava cultivars to high levels of KCl‐extractable soil Al in a Typic Tropudult of Panama is reported in this study. High levels of soil Al reduced plant height and root yields of most cultivars, although some genotypes showed good potential to produce acceptable root yields at Al levels above 5 cmol (p+)/kg. Cultivars showed distinctive leaf area indices (LAI) and leaf area distribution patterns that in some cases appeared to be Al toxicity related. Two possible ways Al might have affected LAI, leaf area distribution and hence root yields are suggested: 1) impairment of its ability to develop and sustain leaf area, and 2) disturbance of its capacity to distribute and accumulate assimilates by roots.
Dynamic similarity in erosional processes

A study is made of the dynamic similarity conditions obtaining in a variety of erosional processes. The pertinent equations for each type of process are written in dimensionless form; the similarity conditions can then easily be deduced. The processes treated are: raindrop action, slope evolution and river erosion.
Horizontal Models: From Bakers to Cats

Abstract At the center of quantum chaos research is a particular family of models known as quantum maps. These maps illustrate an important “horizontal” dimension to model construction that has been overlooked in the literature on models. Three ways in which quantum maps are being used to clarify the relationship between classical and quantum mechanics are examined. This study suggests that horizontal models may provide a new and fruitful framework for exploring intertheoretic relations.
ISSUES AND ETHICS IN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION.

It is assumed that psychological techniques are now available for the modification of human behavior. This paper focuses on the implications of this technological advance for clinical psychology. The dilemma consists in the problem of justifying use of subtle influencing techniques in clinical procedures in the face of the popular assumption of the integrity, dignity and rights to freedom of the patient. The first step in the resolution of this dilemma is the recognition that a therapeutic effort by necessity influences the patient's value system as well as his specific symptoms. Control of behavior is wide-spread and historically not a new discovery. It was the purpose of this paper to discuss three features of the psychotherapeutic process which tend to raise ethical as well as scientific problems: (1) the particular methods of control used, (2) the domain of the behavior to be controlled, and (3) the discrepancy between personal values and cultural metavalues. It was noted that methods of psychological...
A smart routing scheme for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we present a smart energy routing scheme for wireless sensor networks in order to improve the overall energy efficiency and the reliability in the network. Preliminary experiments have been conducted in the experiment environment and show a promising result. In the future, we will continue to improve the scheme and conduct more and longer experiments to precisely measure the benefits of our scheme.
Bound and estimate for the maximum compression of single shocks

We derive that the compression for any single shock has an upper bound of 7. This is in the case of shocking from any initial state except gaseous densities with temperatures such that a significant fraction of the electrons are bound. For shocks in condensed material initially near ambient, we present a simple analytic estimate for the maximum compression as a function of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ (initial density), A (atomic weight), Z (atomic number), and $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ (the sum of cohesion, dissociation, and total ionization energies).
TRANSLOCATION AS A MEANS OF DISSEMINATING LIPID HYDROPEROXIDE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND EFFECTOR ACTION

Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) generated in cells and lipoproteins under oxidative pressure may induce waves of damaging chain lipid peroxidation near their sites of origin if O2 is readily available and antioxidant capacity is overwhelmed. However, recent studies have demonstrated that chain induction is not necessarily limited to a nascent LOOH's immediate surroundings but can extend to other cell membranes or lipoproteins by means of LOOH translocation through the aqueous phase. Mobilization and translocation can also extend the range of LOOHs as redox signaling molecules and in this sense they could act like the small, readily diffusible inorganic analogue H2O2, which has been studied much more extensively in this regard. In this article, basic mechanisms of free-radical- and singlet-oxygen-mediated LOOH formation and one-electron and two-electron LOOH reduction pathways and their biological consequences are reviewed. The first studies to document spontaneous and protein-assisted LOOH transfer in model systems and cells are described. Finally, LOOH translocation is discussed in the context of cytotoxicity vs detoxification and expanded effector action, i.e., redox signaling activity.
Nitrostyrenes. I. Polymerization of m‐nitrostyrene

m-Nitrostyrene, prepared from m-nitrocinnamic acid in 60% yields, has been converted to polymers of low molecular weight in bulk and in solution with benzoyl peroxide, boron fluoride, and aluminum chloride initiators, and in aqueous emulsion with persulfate initiator.
Research note: In vitro inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth by veillonellae cultures grown on tartrate media

Veillonellae cultures were grown on agar media supplemented with tartrate and examined for inhibitory effects on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Veillonellae cultures grown on media supplemented with 0 or 50 mmol l -1 of tartrate did not inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes; however, veillonellae grown on media supplemented with 100, 150 or 200 mmol l -1 of tartrate did inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. The inhibition of the growth of L. monocytogenes by the veillonellae was correlated with the increased production of acetate and propionate from tartrate by veillonellae and with the reduction of the pH of the media by L. monocytogenes.
Spin-rotation effects on radiationless transitions

Abstract The possible role of first and second order spin-rotation interactions in radiationless transition processes is discussed.
Effect of number of arms on diffusion of star polymers

UNLIKE small-molecule liquids, polymer melts can display complex and often highly non-newtonian flow behaviour, which reflects the dynamics of the entangled polymer chains. Star-branched polymers, which have f arms each containing Na monomeric units, joined covalently at a common branch point, provide good model systems for understanding the slow dynamics of branched polymers. These dynamics may be probed by measurement of the diffusion coefficient, D. It is well established1–3 that for three-armed star polymers, Dα exp(–αNa), where α is a constant. This result is consistent with early theories4,5, which assumed that to diffuse, all but two arms of the star must retract simultaneously to the branch point; these theories predict Dα exp(–α(f–2)Na). Here we present experimental measurements of D for polymers with f = 3–12, which indicate a much weaker decrease with f: Dα exp (–0.41f). This result is consistent with more recent theories6 which predict that a star can diffuse by retracting just one arm at a time.
ATPase Gene Transfer and Mutational Analysis of the Cation Translocation Mechanism

The peptide segment interposed between cation binding and phosphorylation domains retains a high degree of homology in all cation transport ATPases. Mutational analysis and chimeric replacements of Ca2+ ATPase components with corresponding Na+,K(+)-ATPase components indicate that this segment is utilized by various cation ATPases as a common structural device for a long-range functional linkage of enzyme phosphorylation and cation transport. Vectorial displacement of bound cation is rendered possible by a transmembrane channel formed by four clustered helices (M4, M5, M6, and M8). Originating from the four helices, the oxygen functions of Glu309, Glu771, Thr799, Asp800, and Glu908 form a duplex Ca2+ binding site in the middle of the channel, while Lys297 seals the luminal end of the channel with its positively charged side chain. The perturbation triggered by enzyme phosphorylation is apparently transmitted through the linkage segment to produce rotational displacement of the M4 helix with minimal change of secondary structure. The cation binding site is thereby disrupted and the Lys297 side chain removed, permitting Ca2+ to dissociate in exchange for H+ and to flow through the luminal end of the channel.
Psychosocial stress induces tubulointerstitial nephritis unrelated to hypertension in CBA mice.

SUMMARY 1. Groups of mice interacting socially in complex population cages become hypertensive. Some also develop fatal chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. 2. Long-term administration of the cardioselective β-blocker metoprolol controls stress-induced elevation of plasma renin and adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. It also normalizes blood pressure. Despite the effectiveness of this sympathetic blockade, the incidence of nephritis was not diminished. 3. The fact that stress-induced increases of adrenal weight and plasma cortico-sterone persist during metoprolol treatment points to the independence of the pituitary-adrenal cortical system and its possible role in the aetiology of renal disease.
Comparison of low-density lipoprotein size by polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis.

We evaluated a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfraction separation method using polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis (PTGE) and compared it with the reference method, polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PGGE-REF). Excellent intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were obtained ( 200 mg/dL [2.26 mmol/L]). Excellent agreement between the methods was observed (weighted kappa = 0.78). Of 51 samples classified as small, dense LDL by PGGE-REF, none were misclassified as large LDL and 4 as intermediate LDL by PTGE (92% concordance); of 44 samples classified as large LDL by PGGE-REF, 3 were misclassified as small and 7 as intermediate by PTGE (77% concordance). The PTGE method is precise and compares favorably with PGGE-REF. It has the advantage of being simple, less expensive, and more suitable for use in the clinical laboratory.
Short-term amnestic effects of electroconvulsive shock in a one-trial maze learning paradigm

Abstract This study investigated the effects of ECS on the retention of open-field maze problems in which positive reinforcement was employed. After extensive pre-training, rats were exposed to a series of novel maze problems. Experimental animals received ECS (a) immediately after a single trial (b) 60 sec after trial 1 and (c) immediately after trial 2. The retest performance of convulsed animals was inferior to that of controls only when ECS was administered immediately after trial 1; even then considerable savings were obtained. The results show that only short-term amnestic effects of ECS are obtained with highly trained animals running for positive reinforcement in an open field maze.
Multiple-logical-channel subsystems: increasing zSeries I/O scalability and connectivity

With the advent of the z990 multi-book multiprocessor family of server offerings, significant increases in total system capacity and scalability can be realized. Essential to an increased processing capacity is the corresponding need for significant increases in total I/O scalability and connectivity. With the z990, increased I/O capacity is provided by increasing the number of physical I/O channels that can be configured to the system and by restructuring the physical channel subsystem (CSS) into logically distinct channel subsystems. This restructuring is commonly called the multiple-channel subsystem (MCSS) facility. Each logical CSS is then assigned to one or more logical partitions as necessary in order to provide the total I/O connectivity necessary to accommodate the increased processing capacity of the system. An overview of the z990 MCSS architecture is presented with respect to how it is structured, the channel-subsystem constraints that have been removed, and how MCSS functions are provided to the operating systems executing in each of the system's logical partitions (LPARs) in a predominantly transparent manner. Also discussed is the channel-subsystem ardware and firmware (embedded software) design necessary to accommodate the MCSS architecture, as well as overviews of the MCSS I/O configuration process and the z/OS® programming support necessary to accommodate the MCSS facility. Finally, enhancements to the MCSS I/O measurement facility necessary to facilitate autonomic computing are discussed.
Dynamic programming approach to the optimal control of systems governed by Goursat-Darboux equations

The method of dynamic programming is extended to a class of ‘two-dimensional time’ problems, the Goursat-Darboux systems (hyperbolic systems with initial-boundary data on characteristics). A formal derivation of a maximum principle of Pontryagin's type is obtained by using the ‘semi-dynamic programming’ equations. Controlled Goursat-Darboux systems have applications to the probiems of gas absorption and drying processes.
The motirod: a novel physical skill task that enhances motivation to learn and thereby increases neurogenesis especially in the female hippocampus.

Abstract Males and females perform differently on a variety of training tasks. In the present study we examined performance of male and female rats while they were trained with a gross motor skill in which they learn to maintain their balance on an accelerating rotating rod (the accelerating rotarod). During training, many animals simply step off the rod, thus terminating the training. This problem was addressed by placing cold water below the rod. We termed the new training procedure “motirod” training because the trained animals were apparently motivated to remain on the rod for longer periods of time. Groups of male and female adult Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on either the standard accelerating rotarod or the motirod for four trials per day on four consecutive days. Latency to fall from the rod (in seconds) was recorded. The motivating feature increased performance especially in females ( p =.001). As a consequence of enhanced performance, females retained significantly more new cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus than those trained on the accelerating rotarod or those that received no training. In addition, individuals that learned well retained more new cells, irrespective of sex or task conditions. Previous studies have established that new cells rescued from death by learning remain in the hippocampus for months and mature into neurons ( Leuner et al., 2004a; Shors, 2014 ). These data suggest that sex differences in physical skill learning can arise from sex differences in motivation, which thereby influence how many new neurons survive in the adult brain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory .
Caesium‐137‐derived erosion rates in an agricultural setting: the effects of model assumptions and management practices

Soil erosion rates at the National Soil Tilth Laboratory Deep Loess Research Station in southwest Iowa (USA) were determined from 137Cs inventories using a multi-box numerical model that incorporates time-dependent atmospheric 137Cs deposition. Nine sites along a downslope transect where 137Cs inventories were measured in 1974 by Spomer et al. (Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1985, vol. 28, pp. 767–772) were revisited in 1998, allowing estimation of erosion over three time periods: 1954–1974, 1954–1998 and 1974–1998. Modelled 1954–1974 erosion rates (mean = 1·01 ± 0·41 g cm−2 a−1) were significantly higher (p < 0·001, t-test) than those reported by Spomer et al. (0·36 ± 0·10 g cm−2 a−1). A key reason for the significant difference is that our model used a monthly time step whereas Spomer et al. used a single 20-year time step. As the model time step was increased from 1 month to 20 years, the erosion rate decreased by a factor of three to rates in general agreement with those reported by Spomer et al. This suggests that failing to account for temporal variations in atmospheric deposition and/or cultivation practices will result in substantially miscalculated erosion rates. Erosion rates over 1974–1998 were calculated by comparing our 1998 measured 137Cs inventory to the decay-corrected 1974 inventories reported by Spomer et al. This comparison yielded erosion rates of −0·10 to 0·48 g cm−2 a−1 (mean = 0·19 ± 0·17 g cm−2 a−1), indicating that soil loss was reduced by 81 ± 52 per cent over 1974–1998 compared to the period 1954–1974. This estimate is in reasonable agreement with measurements of soil flux at the weir which indicate that soil loss has been reduced by 43 per cent since grass buffer strips were added to the field in 1991. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copolymerization of fluorinated acrylic monomers with p‐vinylphenol and hydroxyethyl methacrylate

Copolymers of p-vinylphenol were prepared in bulk with heptafluorobutyl and pentadecafluorooctyl acrylates and trifluoroethyl, hexafluoroisopropyl, heptafluorobutyl, octafluoropentyl and pentadecafluorooctyl methacrylates using azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator in sealed tubes. Intrinsic viscosities of the copolymers ranged from 0.44 to 1.85. Monomer reactivity ratios for copolymers of trifluoroethyl methacrylate (M1) were: with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (M2), r1 = 0.47, r2 = 1.0; with methyl methacrylate (M2), r1 = 0.82, r2 = 0.50; with styrene (M2), r1 = 0.29, r2, = 0.20; and with p-vinylphenol (M2), r1 = 0.096, r2 = 1.5. Q and e values of trifluoroethyl methacrylate were 1.30 and 0.92, respectively. Monomer reactivity ratios of octafluoropentyl methacrylate (M1) were: with styrene (M2), r1 = 0.26, r2 = 0.20; and with p-vinylphenol, r1 = 0.21, r2 = 1.5. Q and e values for octafluoropentyl methacrylate were 1.27 and 0.92, respectively. Critical surface tensions of the homopolymers ranged from 17.9 to 14.8 dyn/cm. A copolymer of hexafluoro-i-propyl methacrylate and p-vinylphenol exhibited a critical surface tension of 16.5 dyn/cm.
Dissolution of zinc-cadmium sulfide solid solutions in aerated aqueous suspension

Anoxic conditions in Zn- and Cd-contaminated soils and sediments result in the formation of highly insoluble metal sulfides. Little is known, however, about the ability of mixed Zn-Cd sulfides, the most likely solid phases to form in these environments, to persist and limit Zn and Cd solubility under intermittently oxidizing conditions that are common with fluctuating water tables in wet soils. We therefore conducted laboratory experiments to measure the zero-order rate constants for oxidative dissolution of synthetic solid solutions of Zn-Cd sulfides under aerated conditions, and the release of SO 4 2- , Zn 2+ , and Cd 2+ into solution. It was found that ultrafine synthetic metal sulfide particles with moderately high Zn/Cd mole ratios (>20) were relatively stable under fully aerated conditions, and oxidized at much slower rates than sulfides with low Zn/Cd ratios. At the same time, high-Zn sulfides were very efficient at retaining Cd in insoluble form even at very high solid-phase Cd concentrations (>10 000 mg kg -1 and low pH (<5), preferentially releasing Zn into solution. The preferential retention of Cd in sulfide particles with high Zn/Cd ratios was indicated by the persistence of much higher Zn/Cd mole ratios in solution than in the solid as the sulfide suspensions were equilibrated with atmospheric O 2 . In contrast, Cd-rich Zn-Cd sulfides were readily oxidized under aerated conditions with the release of high concentrations of both Zn and Cd into solution. We concluded that colloidal Zn-Cd sulfide solid solutions high in Cd would be unlikely to limit the solubility of Cd or Zn to levels that would be nontoxic to soil biota or plants, whereas metal sulfides with high Zn/Cd ratios may be sufficiently persistent to retain Cd in an insoluble form in intermittently aerobic as well as anaerobic heavy-metal-contaminated wetlands.
Sample selection models with a common dummy endogenous regressor in simultaneous equations: A simple two-step estimation

Abstract This note studies sample selection models where a common dummy endogenous regressor appears both in the selection equation and in the censored equation. We interpret this model as an endogenous switching model and develop a simple two step estimation procedure.
Regulation of the fetal mouse ductus arteriosus is dependent on interaction of nitric oxide and COX enzymes in the ductal wall

Nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandins are critical regulators of the fetal ductus arteriosus. To examine the interaction of these pathways within the ductus wall, the ductus arteriosus of term and preterm fetal mice was evaluated by pressurized myography. The isolated preterm ductus was more sensitive to NOS inhibition than at term. Sequential NOS and COX inhibition caused 36% constriction of the preterm ductus regardless of drug order. In contrast, constriction of the term ductus was dependent on the sequence of inhibition; NOS inhibition prior to COX inhibition produced greater constriction than when inhibitors were given in reverse order (36+/-6% versus 23+/-5%). Selective COX-1 or COX-2 inhibition prior to N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) induced the expected degree of constriction. However, NOS inhibition followed by selective COX-2 inhibition caused unexpected ductal dilation. These findings are consistent with NO-induced activation of COX in the ductus arteriosus wall and the production of a COX-2-derived constrictor prostanoid that contributes to the balance of vasoactive forces that maintain fetal ductus arteriosus tone.
Study on the Filtering Purification of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy

High quality magnesium casting depends significantly on the purification of its alloy melt. However, it is very difficult to obtain high-quality magnesium alloy melt due to its high reactivity and its tendency of combustion. The fluxing processing, a traditional purification method for magnesium melt, not only bears the risk of flux inclusions but also is facing more and more environmental pressure today. Therefore, the effective substitutes for fluxing processing, such as physical filtering method, are paid more attention recently. In this paper, the effects of technological conditions including the pore size of stainless steel mesh and the filtering temperature on the purification degree of AZ91 alloy melt were investigated in the mesh filtering processing, in which 2 wt.% calcium was added into the melt in order to obtaining ignition-proof property. The results indicated that mesh filtering processing could improve the purification degree markedly, and the purification degree increased with the increase of filtering temperature properly or the decreased of pore size of mesh. However, too high filtering temperature would lead to the increasing of the tendency of oxidation and combustion, and too small pore size would decrease the filtering ability of mesh which would lead to the interrupting of purification operation.
Fiber optic LAN systems and costs

Abstract An overall review of nine fibre optic local area network systems used today is made, in terms of topology (bus, star, ring), access protocol (CSMA/CD, token ring, etc.), and trade-offs (fibre type, bandwidth availability, access complexity, transport and access delay, reliability and costs, where applicable, etc.). The LANs are reviewed according to the IEEE 803.2 standards. In the current fibre optic LANs the double-ring topology with time division multiple access and the circuit/packet switching mode is the most widely used. An existing fibre optic LAN at the Stevens Institute of Technology, NJ, USA, is employed as a model to describe the costs involved in the realistic installation of a LAN. The cost analysis review of the LAN model is based on the first cost (material acquisition and installation), operational cost, and incremental expansion cost.
Conditional adherence of Enterococcus faecalis to extracellular matrix proteins

The adherence of 44 clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, a common cause of endocarditis, and 13 Enterococcus faecium to substrates of six extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins was examined using 35S-labeled bacteria. One E. faecalis strain, isolated from a patient with endocarditis, adhered to collagen types I and IV and another E. faecalis strain adhered to laminin and to collagen types I and IV. However, most isolates showed little adherence (<5% of added cells adhered) when grown at 37°C regardless of their source (endocarditis, urine or fecal sample). When grown at 46°C (but not when grown in CO2 or nutrient limited media), most isolates of E. faecalis increased their adherence to immobilized laminin, collagen types I and IV but not to fibronectin, fibrinogen or bovine serum albumin, whereas none of the E. faecium increased adherence when grown at 46°C or 50°C. The adherence of E. faecalis was eliminated by digestion with trypsin, suggesting that a protein is somehow important, directly or indirectly, for adherence to occur. Pre-incubation of bacteria with soluble collagen types I and IV inhibited the adherence to these ECM proteins. These results demonstrate that in E. faecalis, adherence to ECM proteins is produced during routine in vitro growth conditions by occasional isolates and can be produced during certain stressful growth conditions by others. Whether this adherence relates to the propensity of E. faecalis to cause endocarditis remains to be determined.
Creating, displaying, and querying interactive paleoanthropological maps using GIS: An example from the Uinta Basin, Utah

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) comprise a powerful set of tools designed for the storage, retrieval, mapping, and analysis of geographic data. In GIS, all spatial data are geographically referenced to a map projection in an earth coordinate system. Each of these spatial features is associated with descriptive attributes entered in spreadsheet form that can be layered together for mapping and analysis. Spatial data can usually be “reprojected” from one coordinate system into another, thus allowing data from various sources to be integrated into a common database. In such cases, however, it is important to recognize that boundaries of spatial features should “register” or align properly when reprojected into the new coordinate system.
Absolute Photoluminescence Quantum Yields of IR-26 Dye, PbS, and PbSe Quantum Dots

In this study, we have directly measured the photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦPL) of IR-26 at a range of concentrations and the ΦPL of PbS and PbSe QDs for a range of sizes. We find that the ΦPL of IR-26 has a weak concentration dependence due to reabsorption, with a ΦPL of 0.048 ± 0.002% for low concentrations, lower than previous reports by a full order of magnitude. We also find that there is a dramatic size dependence for both PbS and PbSe QDs, with the smallest dots exhibiting a ΦPL in excess of 60%, while larger dots fall below 3%. A model, including nonradiative transition between electronic states and energy transfer to ligand vibrations, appears to explain this size dependence. These findings provide both a better characterization of photoluminescence for near-infrared emitters and some insight into how improved QDs can be developed.
Theories of Policy Diffusion: Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform

What accounts for the waves of policy diffusion that increasingly sweep across regions of the world? Why do many diverse countries adopt similar changes? Focusing on the spread of Chilean-style pension privatization in Latin America, this article assesses the relative merit of four theoretical explanations that scholars of diffusion have proposed. As the principal mechanism driving innovations' spread, these approaches emphasize external pressures, emanating especially from international financial institutions; the quest for symbolic or normative legitimacy; rational learning and cost-benefit calculation; and cognitive heuristics, respectively. The article assesses which one of these frameworks can best account for the three distinctive features of diffusion, namely its wavelike temporal pattern; its geographical clustering; and the spread of similarity amid diversity. While several approaches contribute to understanding policy diffusion, the analysis suggests that the cognitive-psychological framework offers a particularly persuasive account of the spread of pension reform.
Factors affecting trust in market research relationships.

Building on previous work suggesting that trust is critical in facilitating exchange relationships, the authors describe a comprehensive theory of trust in market research relationships. This theor...
Analysis of large peptides by MALDI using a linear quadrupole ion trap with mass range extension.

Analysis of large peptides can be used to discover or to monitor biomarkers for various diseases. For example, the levels of such peptides can determine the effectiveness of an experimental drug or the progress of a disease. Many mass spectrometric methods for monitoring these peptides use MALDI-ToF instruments because of their high molecular weights, although such instruments typically lack MS/MS or MSn capabilities. Here, the m/z range of a MALDI-LIT instrument was extended to m/z 5500 for the MS or MSn analysis of large peptides. Instrument performance was examined using amyloid β 1−40 and 1−42 (avg. MW 4330.8 and 4515.0, respectively), large peptides that comprise the bulk of neuritic plaques and are potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease. The amyloid β 1−40 was detected in the full-scan mass spectrum with sufficient resolution to distinguish and match the expected isotopic pattern. The MS/MS product ion spectra of both peptides matched the expected fragmentation patterns; up to MS4 experiments ...
Phase Transition in Elastic Disks

The study of a two-dimensional system consisting of 870 hard-disk particles in the phase-transition region has shown that the isotherm has a van der Waals-like loop. The density change across the transition is about 4% and the corresponding entropy change is small.
Real Interest Differentials and Macro Fundamentals: Empirical Estimates

This paper explores the implications of an open-economy version of the Lucas asset pricing model for the empirical relationship between pairwise real interest rate differentials and macroeconomic fundamentals for the United States, West Germany, and the United Kingdom from 1974 to 1989. Using Hansen's Generalized Method of Moments, the model's overidentifying restrictions cannot be rejected, while exclusion restrictions on the effect of fluctuations in money and output growth rates on real interest differentials are rejected in the majority of cases. These results are encouraging for those who believe that structural models driven by fundamental macroeconomic variables can help explain price determination in international financial markets.
Officialization and linguistic acculturation of Spanish in the United States Catholic Church

The present investigation brings to light some of the changes associated with the use of English and Spanish in the US Catholic Church. The first part is an examination of the process of officialization from a historical perspective, acknowledging the impact of some groups or associations in the use of vernacular languages within the Church. The second part examines the role of acculturation during this process of officialization; and the final section analyzes the use of inclusive language in the Church, as an attempt to have a more gender-balanced institution. These three elements serve to provide a more complete perspective of the reality, expansion, revitalization and maintenance of the Spanish language in the United States. The article also reveals some of the language planning policies (direct and indirect) that have made an impact on the use of Spanish within US Catholicism.
Industry trade between Canada and Mexico: Will a weakening peso help Mexican manufacturing in the long run?

Abstract Mexico has longed served as one of Canada's major trade partner, but the plunging peso has had drastic effects across North America. This study investigates the bilateral trade relationship between Canada and Mexico for 27 individual industries, from 1973 to 2006. Cointegration analysis shows that overall sensitivity to the real exchange rate is weak, but that the trade balances of certain manufacturing industries do indeed improve after a currency depreciation. The “J-curve” effect is present for certain electrical and mechanical industries, suggesting that the recent decline of the peso may currently be having a negative impact on Mexican trade—but that it might eventually be beneficial, particularly for the Machinery and Transport Equipment sector.
Phase Separation of Bose-Einstein Condensates

We distinguish two types of spatial separation exhibited by atomic trap Bose-Einstein condensates: potential separation, in which case the condensates diffuse into each other as the trap is opened adiabatically, and phase separation, in which case the separation persists in the absence of external potentials. We discuss relevant features of the dynamics and statics of the phase separation of dilute condensates.
On Utopias and Dystopias: Toward an Understanding of the Discourse Surrounding the Internet

It is clear that the Internet has the capacity to change how individuals interact with others as well as increase access to information. Whether either one of these factors affects the social landscape has yet to be determined. This fact has not kept many from anticipating the effects of the technology on society. In this paper, we contextualize some of the main issues of discussion regarding the Internet, describing these positions in terms of utopian and dystopian perspectives. By resurrecting William Ogburn's theory of the cultural lag (1964), we present a framework for understanding the extreme responses to the technology. The lag suggests that the effects of a technology will not be apparent to social actors for some time after it is introduced to a society. As such, much of the discourse concerning the Internet is ideologically charged, filled as much with the hopes and fears of individual authors as with the reality of the medium's effects.
Protein recovery from gel slices by steady-state stacking: an apparatus for the simultaneous extraction and concentration of ten samples.

Abstract A relatively effortless and efficient way to recover proteins from polyacrylamide gel is electrophoresis on a steady-state stacking gel equipped with a collection cup of small volume ( H. Wachslicht and A. Chrambach, 1978 , Anal. Biochem. , 84 , 533–538). The design of a suitable gel tube with a funnel-shaped top reservoir and removable bottom collection cup was simplified. In addition, a multitube apparatus capable of extracting and concentrating several proteins from gel slices simultaneously was designed, constructed, and tested for protein recovery. In the load range of 10–100 mg of protein per collection tube (1.33 cm 2 surface area in the stem), protein recovery on concentration alone was higher than 70%. With a load of 200,000–400,000 cpm of radioiodinated human growth hormone plus 20 mg bovine serum albumin per tube, the yield of growth hormone after extraction from gel sllices and concentration was 70%.
Feature transformation of neural activity with sparse and low-rank decomposition

We propose a novel application of the sparse and low-rank (SLR) decomposition method to decode cognitive states for concept activity measured using fMRI BOLD. Current decoding methods attempt to reduce the dimensionality of fMRI BOLD signals to increase classification rate, but do not address the separable issues of multiple noise sources and complexity in the underlying data. Our feature transformation method extends SLR to separate task activity from the resting state and extract concept specific cognitive state. We show a significant increase in single trial decoding of concepts from fMRI BOLD using SLR to extract task specific cognitive state.
Regional genome transcriptional response of adult mouse brain to hypoxia

Since normal brain function depends upon continuous oxygen delivery and short periods of hypoxia can precondition the brain against subsequent ischemia, this study examined the effects of brief hypoxia on the whole genome transcriptional response in adult mouse brain. Pronounced changes of gene expression occurred after 3 hours of hypoxia (8% O2) and after 1 hour of re-oxygenation in all brain regions. The hypoxia-responsive genes were predominantly up-regulated in hindbrain and predominantly down-regulated in forebrain - possibly to support hindbrain survival functions at the expense of forebrain cognitive functions. The up-regulated genes had a significant role in cell survival and involved both shared and unshared signaling pathways among different brain regions. Up-regulation of transcriptional signaling including hypoxia inducible factor, insulin growth factor (IGF), the vitamin D3 receptor/retinoid X nuclear receptor, and glucocorticoid signaling was common to many brain regions. However, many of the hypoxia-regulated target genes were specific for one or a few brain regions. Cerebellum, for example, had 1241 transcripts regulated by hypoxia only in cerebellum but not in hippocampus; and, 642 (54%) had at least one hepatic nuclear receptor 4A (HNF4A) binding site and 381 had at least two HNF4A binding sites in their promoters. The data point to HNF4A as a major hypoxia-responsive transcription factor in cerebellum in addition to its known role in regulating erythropoietin transcription. The genes unique to hindbrain may play critical roles in survival during hypoxia. Differences of forebrain and hindbrain hypoxia-responsive genes may relate to suppression of forebrain cognitive functions and activation of hindbrain survival functions, which may coordinately mediate the neuroprotection afforded by hypoxia preconditioning.
Puberty and Physical Self-Perceptions of Competitive Female Figure Skaters II: Maturational Timing, Skating Context, and Ability Status

This study considered the interrelationships among biological maturation and its physical correlates, social physique anxiety, and appearance-related physical self-perceptions in 113 adolescent female figure skaters participating in solo (n = 73) or partner contexts (n = 40). Participants were interviewed about their menarcheal status, underwent a battery of anthropometric measurements, and completed the Physical Self Description Questionnaire and the Social Physique Anxiety Scale. Menarcheal status was a stronger correlate of physical self-perceptions than age. A combination of biological and psychological characteristics accounted for 25% of the variance in appearance-related physical self-perceptions. Younger, premenarcheal, ectomorphic skaters reporting lower social physique anxiety were more satisfied with their body fat and sport competence but reported lower self-esteem, global physical self-concept, and appearance scores. Skating context did not predict physical self-perceptions.
Recent Progress in Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Research in the Cardiovascular System

Abstract—Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays an important role in regulating cardiovascular hemodynamics and structure. Multiple lines of evidence have suggested the existence of Ang II receptor subtypes...
Survey 16; Privatization and the Rhetoric of Planning Practice:

In this paper the privatization of the planning profession is examined. The analysis proceeds with an exploration of how planners represent their profession through text and speech. Three kinds of rhetoric dominate discussion: a rhetoric of instrumentalism, which is concerned with reestablishing physical planning at the core of the discipline; a rhetoric of negotiation, which often loses sight of why negotiation was initiated in the first place; and a rhetoric of performance assessment, which is content with a planning which achieves its sponsors' goals. None of these concentrations is intrinsically wrong, but their cumulative effect has been to permit a commodification of the functions of planning, which has subsequently facilitated the privatization process. Other elements of planning, not susceptible to commodification, have been dropped from the discourse. One such loss has been the rhetoric of reform, which has traditionally connected planning with its progressive roots and political action. Also abs...
Effect of Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Release of Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Vitro by Anterior Pituitaries from Lactating and Cycling Rats

The ability of pituitaries from lactating animals to secrete LH and FSH in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was studied in vitro using a pituitary incubation system. Hemipituitaries were exposed to GnRH for 6 min during each hour of incubation. LH release by anterior pituitaries (APs) from day 5 postpartum rats nursing eight pups, in response to pulsatile exposure to GnRH, was significantly less than that released by APs from diestrous cycling females. Even though the amount of LH released by APs increased as lactation progressed, LH release by APs from day 15 postpartum rats nursing eight pups was still less than LH release by APs from diestrous females. In contrast pituitaries from lactating females nursing two pups released amounts of LH similar to that released by pituitaries from diestrous females, whereas females deprived of their litters for 48 h showed a greater response than diestrous females. Generally, there was a good quantitative relationship between the amount of LH released...
Scale-invariant uncertainty-averse preferences and source-dependent constant relative risk aversion

Preferences are defined over payoffs that are contingent on a finite number of states representing a horse race (Knightian uncertainty) and a roulette wheel (objective risk). The class of scale-invariant (SI) ambiguity-averse preferences, in a broad sense, is uniquely characterized by a multiple-prior utility representation. Adding a weak certainty-independence axiom is shown to imply either unit coefficient of relative risk aversion (CRRA) toward roulette risk or SI maxmin expected utility. Removing the weak independence axiom but adding a separability assumption on preferences over pure horse-race bets leads to source-dependent constant-relative-risk-aversion expected utility with a higher CRRA assigned to horse-race uncertainty than to roulette risk. The multiple-prior representation in this case is shown to generalize entropic variational preferences. An appendix characterizes the functional forms associated with SI ambiguity-averse preferences in terms of suitable weak independence axioms in place of scale invariance.
Genomewide scan of hoarding in sib pairs in which both sibs have Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

A genome scan of the hoarding phenotype (a component of obsessive-compulsive disorder) was conducted on 77 sib pairs collected by the Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics (TSAICG). All sib pairs were concordant for a diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). However, the analyses reported here were conducted for hoarding as both a dichotomous trait and a quantitative trait. Not all sib pairs in the sample were concordant for hoarding. Standard linkage analyses were performed using GENEHUNTER and Haseman-Elston methods. In addition, novel analyses with a recursive-partitioning technique were employed. Significant allele sharing was observed for both the dichotomous and the quantitative hoarding phenotypes for markers at 4q34-35 (P=.0007), by use of GENEHUNTER, and at 5q35.2-35.3 (P=.000002) and 17q25 (P=.00002), by use of the revisited Haseman-Elston method. The 4q site is in proximity to D4S1625, which was identified by the TSAICG as a region linked to the GTS phenotype. The recursive-partitioning technique examined multiple markers simultaneously. Results suggest joint effects of specific loci on 5q and 4q, with an overall P value of .000003. Although P values were not adjusted for multiple comparison, nearly all were much smaller than the customary significance level of .0001 for genomewide scans.