cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Diagnoses of In-Flight Icing Conditions in Regions of Sparsely Distributed Surface Observations

The accurate diagnosis of in-flight icing conditions is dependent on surface observations of cloud coverage, cloud base height, and surface precipitation type. However, the network for collecting these data over the the United States is neither contiguous nor evenly distributed. Surface observational gaps exist over much of the domain where in-flight icing conditions are diagnosed. Due to the way these observations are treated when diagnosing inflight icing conditions, the result is often circles where icing conditions are possible next to areas with no icing conditions diagnosed due to absence of surface observations. To avoid these visually unappealing and scientifically inconsistent artifacts, a method was developed to create surrogate surface observation data from numerical weather prediction model output. Using the individual condensate fields, accumulated precipitation, and temperature all three of the required datasets used from surface observations in diagnosing in-flight icing conditions were derived. The Current Icing Product (CIP) shows in-flight icing diagnoses created with the model derived surface observations that are similar to those created when using only real observations.
The Early Contributions of Carl Schoy

(1926). The Early Contributions of Carl Schoy. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 28-31.
Response entropy as a function of the affective quality of the stimulus

Earlier experimental work has attempted to account for Word Association Test response faults as being due to response entropy, thereby discounting emotional disturbance as an explanatory variable. The present study demonstrates that response entropy is a function of the emotional connotation of the stimulus word, for both college and schizophrenic Ss, and that this affective variable is more important than stimulus familiarity in determining the response variability.
The interaction of host immunocompetence and tumor aggressiveness in superficial bladder carcinoma.

AbstractThe results of our studies suggest that in the natural history of bladder cancer intrinsic tumor aggressiveness as measured by loss of normal antigenic activity may be more relevant than intact host defenses as measured by an intact cell-mediated immune response. Our contention that tumor aggressiveness may be the more important variable fits in with the occasional success in cancer patients treated with chemotherapeutic agents that act by altering the genetic material of rapidly dividing tumor cells. Our data suggest that therapy directed at bolstering the host’s immune system may not be as effective as therapy directed against molecular events within the cancer cells themselves. Unfortunately, presently available non-surgical modalities do not discriminate between aggressor (tumor) and defender (lymphocyte) cells.
T-Cell Subsets Required for Intravesical BCG Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer

Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been shown in prospective randomized clinical trials to be the treatment of choice for superficial bladder cancer. In this investigation we evaluated the role of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in the antitumor response. Monoclonal antibodies to thy 1.2, CD8, CD4 and an isotype control were injected intravenously to deplete T cell populations. After depletion (verified by flow cytometry), BCG therapy was initiated. The results demonstrate that the depletion of either CD4 or CD8 T cell subsets eliminated BCG-mediated antitumor activity. Footpad delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was aborted only in CD4 depleted mice; it was essentially unchanged in CD8 depleted mice. However, the presence of DTH was not sufficient for induction of BCG-mediated antitumor activity. Exogenous IL-2 at levels sufficient to induce lymphokine activated killer cell activity did not substitute for CD4 cells. There was no evidence for the induction of protective immunity to the tumor after BCG therapy. These results demonstrate the requirement for T lymphocytes in BCG-mediated antitumor activity and further demonstrate that the presence of both CD4 and CD8 subsets are required. CD8 depletion experiments suggest that the presence of CD4-mediated DTH is not sufficient for the induction of antitumor activity. Furthermore, these data suggest that BCG-mediated antitumor activity is a localized phenomenon that does not induce protective immunity.
XPS/LEED/SIMS Study of the Ni(100)/02 System: Origin of the Two 0(1s) Features

Numerous previous papers generally agree that the room temperature adsorption of oxygen on Ni/02 at low pressures leads to a “passivated” surface with an oxide 2–3 atomic layers thick. However, despite individual LEED [1], XPS [2–4], and SIMS [5,6] studies, it is still not clear as to what the mechanism of the oxidation stage following initial chemisorption, or what is the exact nature of the oxide product. In this paper we concentrate on the latter aspect. LEED has shown that some NiO domains certainly form on single crystal surfaces. XPS often shows two 0(ls) features, however, indicating the presence of two types of atomic oxygen. The relative intensities of the two features vary greatly from study to study. The two 0(ls) features have been ascribed to chemisorbed 0 atoms on top of an NiO layer [3]; to the formation of “Ni2O3” in addition to NiO [2]; and in non-UHV situations to Ni(0H)2 [7].
A Brownian dynamics study on ferrofluid colloidal dispersions using an iterative constraint method to satisfy Maxwell’s equations

Ferrofluids are often favored for their ability to be remotely positioned via external magnetic fields. The behavior of particles in ferromagnetic clusters under uniformly applied magnetic fields has been computationally simulated using the Brownian dynamics, Stokesian dynamics, and Monte Carlo methods. However, few methods have been established that effectively handle the basic principles of magnetic materials, namely, Maxwell’s equations. An iterative constraint method was developed to satisfy Maxwell’s equations when a uniform magnetic field is imposed on ferrofluids in a heterogeneous Brownian dynamics simulation that examines the impact of ferromagnetic clusters in a mesoscale particle collection. This was accomplished by allowing a particulate system in a simple shear flow to advance by a time step under a uniformly applied magnetic field, then adjusting the ferroparticles via an iterative constraint method applied over sub-volume length scales until Maxwell’s equations were satisfied. The resultant ferrofluid model with constraints demonstrates that the magnetoviscosity contribution is not as substantial when compared to homogeneous simulations that assume the material’s magnetism is a direct response to the external magnetic field. This was detected across varying intensities of particle-particle interaction, Brownian motion, and shear flow. Ferroparticle aggregation was still extensively present but less so than typically observed.
Synthesis and Properties of "Sandwich" Diimine-Coinage Metal Ethylene Complexes.

Synthesis and full characterization of cationic isostructural “sandwich” diimine-coinage metal ethylene complexes are reported. Ethylene self-exchange kinetics proceeds by an associative exchange mechanism for Cu and Au complexes. The fastest ligand exchange was observed for Ag complex 8a. The upper limit of ΔG⧧, assuming associative ligand exchange, was found to be ca. 5.0 kcal/mol. Ethylene self-exchange in Cu complex 7b proceeds with ΔG298⧧ = 12.9 ± 0.1 kcal/mol, while the exchange is the slowest in Au complex 9, with ΔG298⧧ = 16.7 ± 0.1 kcal/mol. Copper complex 7b is unusually stable and can survive in air for years.
Why Do We Need to be Conscious

It is an odd quirk of history that two such opposite approaches to psychology as behaviorism and psychoanalysis should each have looked with skepticism at the role of consciousness. For the behaviorist, consciousness was suspect on methodological grounds—it was untrustworthy and not a suitable subject for scientific investigation. For the psychoanalyst, consciousness was suspect on empirical grounds—it did not tell the whole story and had to be seen through in order to arrive at the underlying unconscious causes. It has only been fairly recently that consciousness has emerged as a subject in its own right worthy of both philosophical examination and scientific investigation. In the sentence following the epigraph quoted above, Freud (1900/1953) continued on to say, “Only that of a sense organ for the perception of psychical qualities,” (p. 615) an attempt at an answer to the question posed in the title of this paper. But, as we shall also see, Freud gave a number of different answers at various points in his theorizing.
JOURNAL CLUB: Assessment of Interobserver Variability in the Peer Review Process: Should We Agree to Disagree?

OBJECTIVE. Peer review is an important and necessary part of radiology. There are several options to perform the peer review process. This study examines the reproducibility of peer review by comparing two scoring systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS. American Board of Radiology–certified radiologists from various practice environments and subspecialties were recruited to score deidentified examinations on a web-based PACS with two scoring systems, RADPEER and Cleareview. Quantitative analysis of the scores was performed for interrater agreement. RESULTS. Interobserver variability was high for both the RADPEER and Cleareview scoring systems. The interobserver correlations (kappa values) were 0.17–0.23 for RADPEER and 0.10–0.16 for Cleareview. Interrater correlation was not statistically significantly different when comparing the RADPEER and Cleareview systems (p = 0.07–0.27). The kappa values were low for the Cleareview subscores when we evaluated for missed findings (0.26), satisfaction of search (0.17), and i...
Short-term adverse effects of early subclinical allograft inflammation in kidney transplant recipients with a rapid steroid withdrawal protocol.

The impact of subclinical inflammation (SCI) noted on early kidney allograft biopsies remains unclear. This study evaluated the outcome of SCI noted on 3-month biopsy. A total of 273/363 (75%) kidney transplant recipients with a functioning kidney underwent allograft biopsies 3-months posttransplant. Among those with stable allograft function at 3 months, 200 biopsies that did not meet the Banff criteria for acute rejection were identified. These were Group I: No Inflammation (NI, n = 71) and Group II: Subclinical Inflammation (SCI, n = 129). We evaluated differences in kidney function at 24-months and allograft histology score at 12-month biopsy. SCI patients had a higher serum creatinine (1.6 ± 0.7 vs 1.38 ± 0.45; P = .02) at 24-months posttransplant, and at last follow-up at a mean of 42.5 months (1.69 ± 0.9 vs 1.46 ± 0.5 mg/dL; P = .027). The allograft chronicity score (ci + ct + cg + cv) at 12-months posttransplant was higher in the SCI group (2.4 ± 1.35 vs 1.9 ± 1.2; P = .02). The incidence of subsequent rejections within the first year in SCI and NI groups was 24% vs 10%, respectively (P = .015). De novo donor-specific antibody within 12 months was more prevalent in the SCI group (12/129 vs 1/71, P = .03). SCI is likely not a benign finding and may have long-term implications for kidney allograft function.
Intolerance for smoking abstinence among nicotine-deprived, treatment-seeking smokers.

Abstract Introduction The Intolerance for Smoking Abstinence Discomfort Questionnaire (IDQ-S) assesses distress tolerance specific to nicotine withdrawal. Though developed to assess withdrawal-related distress, the IDQ-S has not been validated among nicotine-deprived, treatment-seeking smokers. The present study extended previous research by examining the predictive utility of the IDQ-S among abstinent, motivated-to-quit smokers. Methods Abstinent, treatment-seeking smokers completed the IDQ-S Withdrawal Intolerance and Lack of Cognitive Coping scales, assessments of nicotine dependence and reinforcement, and smoking history at baseline. At baseline and at 24-h, 2-week, and 1-month follow-up, participants completed a smoking cue-reactivity task (collection of cue-elicited craving and negative affect), and assessments of cigarettes per day (CPD; daily diaries at follow-up), carbon monoxide (CO), and cotinine. Results Greater IDQ-S Withdrawal Intolerance was associated with younger age, higher nicotine dependence and reinforcement, and less smoking years (ps .10). Conclusions Withdrawal intolerance and lack of cognitive coping did not predict smoking outcomes among nicotine-deprived, treatment-seeking smokers, but were associated with smoking characteristics, including nicotine dependence and reinforcement. Withdrawal intolerance and lack of cognitive coping may not be especially useful in predicting craving and smoking behavior, but future studies should replicate the present study's findings and assess the stability of the IDQ-S before forming firm conclusions about its predictive utility.
DARPA ACTIVITIES IN PACKET NETWORK INTERCONNECTION

A fundamental premise of all current Command, Control and Communications (C3) research is that digital technology and computing systems will play a central role in the future. It is already apparent that computers are being employed in tactical as well as strategic military equipment both to replace older technology and to significantly improve our ability to control weapons systems. Automatic fire control, computer-aided information collection and correlation, computer-controlled array sensors and computer-controlled communication systems are all symptomatic of an increasingly automated C3 environment.
Multiple exposures to adult males and reproductive activation of virgin female Microtus Ochrogaster.

Virgin female Microtus ochrogaster living in family groups were reproductively activated by twelve 1-hr exposures over a 3-day period to unrelated sexually experienced males. Reproductive activation among virgin females receiving six or eight exposures over a 2- or 3-day period did not differ significantly from that of unexposed control females. Thus, frequent multiple exposures to unfamiliar males (and repeated stimulation by a male urinary chemosignal) can override the reproductive suppression typically experienced by virgin females remaining in family groups.
Mammalian Progesterone Receptors: Biosynthesis, Structure and Nuclear Binding

Because estrogen and progesterone receptors may be involved in the endocrine sensitivity of certain breast and endometrial carcinomas (1,2), considerable interest has been generated in the study of steroid receptors in hormonally sensitive tumors. In this chapter, we will review some recent progress on three aspects of receptor biology as applied to mammalian progesterone receptors: regulation of receptor biosynthesis, structure of the receptor and nuclear binding of the steroid-receptor complex.
Controlled Single-Crystalline Polymerization of C10H8·C10F8 under Pressure

Controlling the solid-state polymerization of organic molecules to form crystalline materials remains a challenge for the synthetic chemist. In an effort to control reaction pathways through topoch...
A Structured Image Processing Operation Library to Automatically Isolate Weeds and Crops

We propose a computer-vision framework that isolate parts of the image pertaining to specific weeds and crops using image processing. We developed a structured Image Processing Operation (IPO) library, implemented in JSON format, for efficient representations of the algorithms needed to isolate the desired parts of the image. For each species, a specialized sequence of IPOs, along with their parameters, are obtained. Emphasis is placed on morphological image processing. The IPOs are mostly standard MATLAB functions, but specific and specialized image processing algorithms can be added as needed. We show preliminary success and discuss various aspects and complications.
Professional Identity: Creating Stories in the Academy

The area of professional identity is a fascinating topic of research as it involves the examination of personal experiences and individual values and beliefs. Learning to teach is fundamentally an introspective pursuit, and knowing yourself is the key to good pedagogical practice. In this chapter, I take a step back and contemplate my own professional identity and how my experiences have shaped my work and helped me to navigate the challenges and requirements for doing work in the academy. Thinking narratively (Clandinin, 2013), I inquire into stories from my academic life to understand the many ways that I have been shaped by my work and my relationships with others.
Inertial Measurements for Tongue Motion Tracking Based on Magnetic Localization With Orientation Compensation

Permanent magnet localization (PML) is designed for applications requiring non-line-of-sight motion tracking with millimetric accuracy. Current PML-based tongue tracking is not only impractical for daily use due to many sensors being placed around the mouth, but also requires a large training set of tracer motion. Our method was designed to overcome these shortcomings by generating a local magnetic field and removing the need for the localization to be trained with tracer rotations. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) is used as a tracer that moves in a local magnetic field generated by a magnet strip. The magnetic strength can be optimized to enable the strip to be placed further away from the tracer, thus hidden from view. The tracer is small ( $6\times 6\times 0.8$ mm 3) to reduce hindrance to natural tongue movements, and the strip is designed to be worn as a neckband. The IMU’s magnetometer measures the local magnetic field which is compensated for the tracer’s orientation by using the IMU’s accelerometer and gyroscope. The orientation-compensated magnetic measurements are then fed into a localization algorithm that estimates the tracer’s 3D position. The objective of this study is to evaluate the tracking accuracy of our method. In a $8\times 8\times 5$ cm 3 volume, positional errors of 1.6 mm (median) and 2.4 mm (third quartile, Q3) were achieved on a tracer being rotated ±50° along both pitch and roll. These results indicate this technology is promising for tongue tracking applications.
Rhabdomyolysis in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease and its effect on multiple systems is growing. Kidney injury has been a topic of focus, and rhabdomyolysis is suspected to be one of the contributing mechanisms. However, information on rhabdomyolysis in patients affected by COVID-19 is limited. We aim to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who developed rhabdomyolysis. Materials and methods A retrospective observational cohort consisted of patients who were admitted and had an outcome between March 16 to May 27, 2020, inclusive of those dates at a single center in the Bronx, New York City. All consecutive inpatients with lab-confirmed COVID-19 were identified. Patients with peak total creatine kinase (CK) over 1,000 U/L were reviewed; 140 patients were included in the study. The main outcomes during hospitalization were new-onset renal replacement therapy and in-hospital mortality. Results The median age was 68 years (range: 21-93); 64% were males. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (73%), diabetes mellitus (47%), and chronic kidney disease (24%). Median CK on admission was 1,323 U/L (interquartile range [IQR]: 775 - 2,848). Median CK on discharge among survivors was 852 (IQR: 170 - 1,788). Median creatinine on admission was 1.78 mg/dL (IQR: 1.23 - 3.06). During hospitalization, 49 patients (35%) received invasive mechanical ventilation, 24 patients (17.1%) were treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT), and 66 (47.1%) died. Conclusions Rhabdomyolysis was a common finding among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in our hospital in the Bronx. The incidence of new-onset renal replacement therapy and in-hospital mortality is higher in patients who develop rhabdomyolysis. McMahon score, rather than isolated creatine kinase levels, was a statistically significant predictor of new-onset RRT. Clinicians should maintain a high level of suspicion for rhabdomyolysis in COVID-19 patients throughout their admission and use validated scores like McMahon score to devise their treatment plan accordingly.
Leaning into the Crisis: Managing COVID-19 in Social Services and Behavioral Health Agencies

In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United States causing significant disruptions in daily life including disruptions for social service and behavioral health agencies. This qualitative, p...
Growth hormone secreting pituitary carcinomas: Case report and review of literature

Abstract Objective Pituitary carcinoma is a rare tumor, defined as a tumor of adenohypophyseal cells with systemic or craniospinal metastasis. We present a case of a growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary carcinoma with a review of literature to better characterize this disease. Design Case report and literature review of 25 cases of GH-secreting pituitary carcinomas Results The age of diagnosis of GH-secreting carcinomas ranged 24–69 years old with a mean age of 44.4 with 52% of cases present in females. Mean latency period between diagnosis of acromegaly and transition to pituitary carcinoma was 11.4 years with mean survival being 3.4 years. Conclusion Growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary carcinomas are rare and hard to distinguish from aggressive pituitary adenomas. From review of literature, treatment options include debulking surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy with dismal outcomes. There are no diagnostic markers or features which can predict metastatic progression of these tumors. Future studies with genomic landscapes and relevant tumor markers are needed to identify pituitary tumors most likely to metastasize.
Social motivation and behavior in first-episode psychosis: Unique contributions to social quality of life and social functioning.

Abstract Social functioning is diminished among people early in the course of psychotic illnesses, and is likely influenced by the negative symptoms that accompany these disorders, including changes in motivation and experience of pleasure. Though social impairments have a deleterious impact on functioning, socialization is a multifaceted behavior and little is known about how the various aspects may influence social functioning and social quality of life among people with first-episode psychosis. In the present study, we investigated the associations of specific aspects of social motivation and behavior with social functioning and social quality of life in a group of 54 young people (aged 15 to 35) with first-episode psychosis. Though different aspects of social motivation and behavior correlated positively with one another, social motivation for peer interactions was uniquely associated with social functioning and social quality of life – including when a broad measure of negative symptoms was considered within the same model. When these same associations were examined longitudinally, social motivation for peer interactions again emerged as a unique predictor of change in social functioning over 6 months. Our results suggest that the unique contribution of aspects of social motivation has implications for treatment, including the importance of developmentally-informed interventions to improve peer socialization in youth and young adults with psychosis.
The medication-use process: Now as ever, pharmacy's domain.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.
Analysis of Low-Aspect-Ratio Aircraft Structures

Summary Two methods are presented for the analysis of complex lowaspect-ratio aircraft structures. Both methods provide for arbitrary external loading, are general with respect to the orien­ tation of structural members, and permit arbitrary boundary conditions. For purposes of analysis a structure is idealized as a network of flexural members with interconnected torsion boxes. In the first method, sets of linear equations are obtained by expressing boundary conditions, member deflection equations, equilibrium requirements, and slope-compatibility relationships in terms of deflections and internal forces. The solution for deflections and internal forces is then formed as the product of an inverse structural matrix and a column matrix of load functions. In the second method, the conditions at a given boundary are assembled as a column matrix and are transferred in a step-bystep fashion over the entire structure to an opposite boundary. The transfer is accomplished by successive multiplications of square matrices composed independently for the different trans­ fer ranges. The final operation is the inversion of a relatively small matrix and provides the solution for the unknown boundary conditions.
Una teoría política sobre la ayuda exterior

Along this work, the author reflects on the foreign aid, its necessity and opportunity ?or not?, and whether it has value by itself. With this purpose, he defines six modalities of foreign aid, as well as their respective consequences and political contents, among them the humanitarian, the foreign aid oriented to economic development ?equivalent currently to development cooperation?, the military or the prestige aid. One of his main conclusions is that the foreign aid, as part of the political weaponry of a nation, must fall into the domain of political action, criticizing the primacy of economists and their protagonist role regarding the management of this aid, to the extent that the ultimate goals of this policy must be the political reinforcement of the donor. In the view of Hans Morgenthau, who doubts about the efficacy in terms of progress and modernization of the economic aid, even being a successful one, the results of this aid are unforeseeable and could be potentially counterproductive, to the extent that they would change necessarily the statu quo ?even provoking a revolution?, being preferable then the prestige aid for its immediate political effects and benefits for the donor.
Induction of the Hepatic Amino Acid Transport System and Tyrosine Aminotransferase in Rats on Controlled Feeding Schedules

In considering the “biochemical responses to environmental stress” in mammalian organisms it is appropriate to examine the adaptive changes that occur in the liver. This organ is not only concerned with the detoxification of toxic environmental hazards but it is also primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the internal environment despite uneven variations in the time of food ingestion and in the proportions of dietary carbohydrate, protein and fat. The concept of environmental stress is coupled with the concept of physiological adaptation and both have been given definitions that range from the idea that stress is something harmful to the idea that some stress and adaptation is part of everyday living and that indeed we have to inquire about the range of stress levels that might be regarded as part of an “optimum environment” (see Aschoff, 1967, The Handbook of Physiology, Sect. 4 and discussions by Potter, 1969, 1970).
Force dysmetria in spinocerebellar ataxia 6 correlates with functional capacity.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a genetic disease that causes pure cerebellar degeneration affecting walking, balance, and coordination. One of the main symptoms of SCA6 is dysmetria. The magnitude of dysmetria and its relation to functional capacity in SCA6 has not been studied. Our purpose was to quantify dysmetria and determine the relation between dysmetria and functional capacity in SCA6. Ten individuals diagnosed and genetically confirmed with SCA6 (63.7 ± 7.02yrs) and nine age-matched healthy controls (65.9 ± 8.5yrs) performed goal-directed isometric contractions with the ankle joint. Dysmetria was quantified as the force and time error during goal-directed contractions. SCA6 functional capacity was determined by ICARS and SARA clinical assessments. We found that SCA6 participants exhibited greater force dysmetria than healthy controls (P < 0.05), and reduced time dysmetria than healthy controls (P < 0.05). Only force dysmetria was significantly related to SCA6 functional capacity, as measured with ICARS kinetic score (R2 = 0.63), ICARS total score (R2 = 0.43), and SARA total score (R2 = 0.46). Our findings demonstrate that SCA6 exhibit force dysmetria and that force dysmetria is associated to SCA6 functional capacity. Quantifying force and time dysmetria in individuals with SCA6 could provide a more objective evaluation of the functional capacity and disease state in SCA6.
Turning virulence on and off in staphylococci.

The progress made in a multidisciplinary research programme designed to elucidate the molecular basis of the interaction of Staphylococcus aureus secreted autoinducing peptides (AIPs) with their respective cell surface receptors is reviewed. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Putting a Price on Zen: The Business of Redefining Religion for Global Consumption

Over the past several decades, Zen has become a mark of global cosmopolitanism. Largely divorced from its religious context, the word “zen” appears in many languages with a remarkable diversity of accepted meanings and usages. In this paper, I outline the historical and cultural factors which have contributed to the dramatic semiotic transformation of Zen in the popular imagination and international media over the past century. I demonstrate that ideas about Zen have evolved through strategic cultural and linguistic associations, and show how the resulting polysemy has led to Zen becoming an ideal marketing byword—one that is freely appropriated and commoditized in a manner that differentiates Zen from almost all other religious traditions. I further suggest that for the Japanese Zen sects, the global popularity and cosmopolitan appeal of Zen has come hand-in-hand with a decentralization of traditional authority and a challenge to the clergy’s role in shaping the future development of Zen.
Studies on heart phosphofructokinase. Reversibility of the reaction.

Abstract Crystalline sheep heart phosphofructokinase catalyzed the formation of ATP and fructose 6-phosphate from ADP and fructose 1,6-diphosphate (the reverse reaction). Optimal conditions for the reverse reaction were described and compared to those for the forward reaction. The rate of the reverse reaction was approximately 5% of the rate of the forward direction. Kinetic studies were carried out on the reverse reaction at pH 6.5 and pH 8.2. At an acidic pH, the saturation curve for fructose 1,6-di-P was sigmoidal and dependent upon the ADP concentration. At pH 8.2, the effect of one substrate on the Km of the second substrate was investigated. It appears that the slopes of double reciprocal plots remained constant and, therefore, both the Vmax and the Km values were altered. The results of several experiments indicate that the same molecular state of phosphofructokinase catalyzed both the forward and the reverse reactions.
Perception of sparkle in anti-glare display screens

In this paper, we describe a series of psychophysical experiments to quantify the relationships between anti-glare (AG) glass treatments and perceived sparkle in emissive displays. The experiments show the following: (1) that a new measure, pixel power deviation, correlates well with perceived sparkle; (2) that for a given AG treatment, sparkle is worse on high-pitch displays; (3) that tests of sparkle using small samples provide a conservative bound on perceived sparkle in display-sized samples; and (3) that sparkle visibility is affected by the content of displayed images. The goal of these efforts is to enable the development of AG glass treatments for emissive displays that effectively reduce front surface reflections while preserving high image quality.
Inelastic polarized and unpolarized neutron scattering measurements on UBe13.

We present the results of polarized and unpolarized inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the heavy-fermion superconductor UBe13 at 10 K. At this temperature, the energy spectrum of the magnetic scattering is characterized by a broad quasielastic Lorentzian line shape modified by the Bose occupation factor, with a width of 132 meV (half-width at half maximum). No evidence of a narrow (few meV) f-level resonance predicted by the electronic specific-heat coefficient is observed. The energy-integrated magnetic scattering yields a susceptibility which is consistent with bulk measurements, indicating that any additional response must have a small spectral weight. © 1986 The American Physical Society.
Short-Time Fourier Transform and Wigner-Ville Transform for Ultrasound Image De-Noising through Dynamic Mask Thresholding

New approaches to filter out multiplicative noise from ultrasound medical images are presented in this paper. A performance comparison is made between the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and the Wigner-Ville Transform (WVT). After segmenting the image into small, overlapping, dyadic lengths segments, STFT or WVT is applied to each segment individually. A minimum number of coefficients per STFT or WVT time-frequency plane is used, which has been found sufficient to represent the entire time-frequency plane. When applied on simulated and real ultrasound images, these approaches have outperformed popular nonlinear de-noising techniques, such as Wavelets, Total Variation Filtering and Anisotropic Diffusion Filtering. STFT provided the maximum cleaning of speckle noise, while WVT preserved the image edges and provided maximum resolution.
Lattice Vibrations in Crystals with Molecular Impurity Centers

The Green's function formalism of Lifshitz and others for the calculation of lattice vibrations in impure crystals is restricted to disturbed lattices with an unchanged number of particles (monatomic impurity centers). A method is given here which reduces the problem of polyatomic impurities to the Lifshitz formalism. This is achieved by means of a molecular Green's function which describes the influence of the molecular particles as an effective disturbance among the lattice particles, excluding the molecular coordinates themselves.
What Makes Sammy-Samantha and Other Mammals Run? A First Round of Closure

This article attempts to bring a first round of closure to an entire series of articles on command control (1960-1995). This contribution is of significance for the Gibsonian program (e.g., Iberall, 1995). This article attempts to complete a primitive physical foundation for that control process, for the basis of attention, action, and so-called purposeful or intentional movement or change in all complex systems, particularly mammalian and human. It assumes and neglects the very high-speed reflex actions that are dealt with by the autonomic nervous system. A discussion is included on the general character of the dynamic problem of command control in all of nature.
Differential competition with cytotoxic agents: an approach to selectivity in cancer chemotherapy

An approach to increasing the selectivity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents is presented in which noncytotoxic competitive substrates are used to discern the differences in structural requirements for transport of cytotoxic agents between tumor cells and a sensitive host tissue, the hematopoietic precursor cells of the bone marrow. Examples are given for two such systems, one responsible for the transport of nucleosides and another for the transport of amino acids. Cytidine is twice as effective in reducing the toxicity of showdomycin for murine bone marrow cells in culture as it is for murine L1210 leukemia cella. Conversely, homoleucine is twice as effective in reducing the toxicity of melphalan for L1210 cells as it is for bone marrow cells. These observations can serve as a basis for the development of bone marrow protective agents and for the design of cytotoxic agents that may be preferentially transported into tumor cells.
Risk factors for aortic valve disease in bicuspid aortic valve: A family‐based study

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common cardiovascular malformation and is a risk factor for aortic valve disease (AVD). AVD typically manifests later in life, and the majority of cases have BAV. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for AVD in individuals with BAV. Families enriched for BAV were identified in a pediatric population, and echocardiography was performed on all family members. AVD was identified as stenosis and/or insufficiency, and BAV morphology was defined as right–left (RL), right–non (RN) or indeterminate. Heritability (h2) of AVD and BAV morphology was estimated using variance components analysis (SOLAR). To assess AVD risk over time, we used Generalized Estimating Equations methodology (SAS) adjusting for age and gender. A total of 1,128 individuals from 226 families were evaluated. BAV was identified in 281 individuals (25%), and AVD was identified in 167 (59%) individuals with BAV. Previously, we identified a high heritability for BAV (h2 = 0.89 ± 0.06, P < 0.00001), but the heritability of AVD in the present study (0.07 ± 0.17, P = 0.33) was low. AVD was significantly associated with BAV morphology (P = 0.0027) and age (P = 0.0068). Children with RN BAV and adults with RL BAV were more likely to develop AVD. BAV is determined largely by genetic effects, but the phenotypic variability of AVD is primarily determined by nongenetic factors. BAV morphology may have predictive value for the time course of AVD. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stress-induced alterations in plasma catecholamines and behavior of rats: Effects of chlorisondamine and bretylium

The response of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla was examined in rats subjected to the stress of handling and transfer to a shock chamber and to the stress of 5 min of intermittent footshock. Ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine chloride (3 mg/kg) resulted in a significant decrease below basal levels in plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) that persisted following transfer and footshock whereas in saline-injected controls there were significant elevations in NE and EPI. In addition, chlorisondamine-treated rats were less active and deposited fewer fecal boli than did controls. In a second experiment, sham-operated and adrenal demedullated (A-D) rats received injections of saline or bretylium tosylate (a drug which blocks release of NE from sympathetic nerve endings). Administration of bretylium attenuated the increase in circulating levels of NE in rats following transfer to the shock chamber. In A-D rats, there was a reduction (> 90%) in plasma EPI throughout testing. Both bretylium and A-D significantly reduced increments in plasma levels of NE following 5 min of footshock. In addition, rats injected with bretylium were less active during footshock than were saline-injected rats. These results indicate that the adrenal medulla of rats is a significant source of circulating NE during mildly and intensely stressful stimulation (approximately 33 and 45%, respectively). Further, activity during footshock stress was greater in rats with an intact sympathetic nervous system. The presence of EPI in the circulation did not appear to have a significant effect on the activity of rats during stress. The possible mechanisms of alterations in behavior induced by peripheral catecholamines and the usefulness of bretylium in blocking sympathetic responses are discussed.
Strategies to Assess Validity of Self-Reported Exposures during the Persian Gulf War☆☆☆

Research in the area of Persian Gulf War Unexplained Illnesses (PGWUI) is heavily dependent on self-reports of exposures. The Portland Environmental Hazards Research Center (PEHRC) conducted a population-based case-control study utilizing techniques to measure the magnitude of potential error in self-reports of exposure. While it is impossible to verify most exposures in the Persian Gulf War (PGW), results of our study reveal significant overreporting of exposures that can be verified based on the time period served in the Persian Gulf. Test-retest reliability estimates indicate inconsistency in frequency and rate of self-reported exposures during the PGW. Unexplained illness in PGW veterans has received much political and scientific attention. Self-reported exposures in surveys returned preceeding and following media reports on particular exposure such as nerve gas or pesticides are presented. These results are useful in the interpretation of findings related to the PGWUI and in the design of future investigations.
On the Measurement of Indices of Refraction of Nematic Liquids

Abstract We wish to report on a simple method for measuring the birefringence and indices of refraction of nematic liquids with an accuracy comparable with or superior to previously reported means.(1–3) The method is exemplified in measurement of the temperature dependences of the indices of refraction of p-methoxybenzylidene p-butylaniline (MBBA) at two wavelengths.
On the frequency of the most frequently occurring variable in dual monotone DNFs

Abstract Let f ( X l ,…, X N )=⋁ I ∈ F ⋀ i ∈ I X i and g ( X l ,…, X N )=⋁ I ∈ G ⋀ i ∈ I X i be a pair of dual monotone irredundant disjunctive normal forms, where F and G are the sets of the prime implicants of tf and g , respectively. For a variable x i , i = 1, …, n , let μ i = # { I ∈ F | i ∈ I }/| F | and v i = # { I ∈ G | i ∈ I }/| G | be the frequencies with which x i occurs in f and g . It is easily seen that max { μ 1 , v 1 , …, μ n , v n } ⩾ 1/log(| F | + | G |). We give examples of arbitrarily large F and G for which the above bound is tight up to a factor of 2.
Small group communication and performance: do cognitive flexibility and context matter?

Global competition and its resultant product proliferation have left a multitude of organizations scrambling to deal with their oft‐chaotic environment. Many organizations have responded to the changing nature of international business by developing new cooperative forms (joint ventures, self‐managed work teams, virtual corporations, etc.). The success of these relatively new organizational forms depends on clear communication between co‐workers. However, business practitioners and theoreticians have insufficiently researched the question “How do we group people to improve communication and performance?” This study seeks to fill that void by analyzing therelationship between individual cognitive flexibility, cooperative context, and communication competence. Results show that groups comprising individuals with similar cognitive processes outperform diverse thinking groups. Additionally, collaborative exercises appear to be an important precursor to the establishment of perceptions of communication competence. Recommendations for managers include front loading activities with collaborative exercises and evaluating cognitive flexibility prior to assigning individuals to groups.
Bayesian Multiple Changepoint Analysis of Hurricane Activity in the Eastern North Pacific: A Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approach

Abstract A Bayesian framework is developed to detect multiple abrupt shifts in a time series of the annual major hurricanes counts. The hurricane counts are modeled by a Poisson process where the Poisson intensity (i.e., hurricane rate) is codified by a gamma distribution. Here, a triple hypothesis space concerning the annual hurricane rate is considered: “a no change in the rate,” “a single change in the rate,” and “a double change in the rate.” A hierarchical Bayesian approach involving three layers—data, parameter, and hypothesis—is formulated to demonstrate the posterior probability of each possible hypothesis and its relevant model parameters through a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Based on sampling from an estimated informative prior for the Poisson rate parameters and the posterior distribution of hypotheses, two simulated examples are illustrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Subsequently, the methodology is applied to the time series of major hurricane counts over th...
A Cu – CeO2-LDC Composite Anode for LSGM Electrolyte-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

A bilayer structure with a 250 μm thick La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.83 Mg 0.17 O 3―δ (LSGM) electrolyte layer and a 150 μm porous La 0.4 Ce 0.6 O 2―δ (LDC) anode skeleton was fabricated by a copressing/cofiring method. Single cells based on the bilayer structure with a low loading of Cu (10 wt %)―CeO 2 (5 wt %) impregnated into the porous LDC as an anode and a screen-printed SrCo 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3―δ layer as a cathode were evaluated with H 2 and CH 4 fuels from 650 to 800°C. The maximum power densities at 800°C were 880 and 275 mW cm ―2 with H 2 and CH 4 as fuels, respectively. The Cu―CeO 2 ―LDC composite anode was free of visible coking in dry CH 4 and had adequate sulfur tolerance with up to 200 ppm H 2 S in dry H 2 . The utilization of this fuel-flexible anode might simplify the processing of the LSGM-based cells while maintaining adequate cell performance.
The double integral method applied to separation calculation

Using a specially chosen velocity profile, the double integral method is used to derive an easily applied analytical result for the location of the laminar separation point. Predictions from this result are compared to the accepted separation point locations for many different adverse pressure gradients with very good agreement. An effective velocity profile across the boundary layer was developed and was found to compare well to an exact solution and to experimental data in separated and near separated flows. It also provides an explanation for the better performance of the double integral method compared to the standard integral method.
Doppler ultrasound of the kidney

Conventional ultrasound of the kidney is used commonly to depict structural abnormalities. It is limited, however, by a lack of functional and vascular information. Doppler sonography can reduce this limitation of standard sonography quickly and noninvasively. Doppler examinations, although not difficult, must be done property to obtain useful data. Information regarding the presence and direction of flow in renal vessels can be obtained. Vascular stenosis can be identified by several Doppler criteria, although the role of Doppler as a screening measure remains controversial. Assessment of vascular resistance is possible from Doppler waveform analysis, using parameters such as the resistive index. These data may provide hemodynamic and predictive information regarding a dilated collecting system identified by conventional ultrasound. Analysis of the resistive index also may provide helpful clinical information in nonobstructive renal disease. In certain clinical settings, such analysis provides diagnostic data not readily available with other clinical and laboratory assessment methods. Pharmacologically stimulated renal Doppler examinations may lead to even greater benefits in the future. This article reviews renal Doppler ultrasound, including the physiological basis for Doppler examination, the technical principles of renal Doppler sonography, and the clinical applications of Doppler findings.