cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Typing of Sports: An Investigation of Metheny's Classification

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate if children perceived certain sports to be masculine, feminine, or neutral. Students attending a University Laboratory school (grades K-l 2) were asked to fill out a survey about sports during a class period. Children in grades K–6 were given a sport (such as baseball) and asked if a boy named David would play it, if a girl named Jane would play it, or if both David and Jane would play the sport. Students in grades 7–12 were asked to name their favorite athlete or team and sport and indicate what sports they felt was best for a girl and a boy. Then they were given a list of sports and asked to indicate, using a 5-point Likert-type scale, whether they believed the sport was masculine, neutral, or feminine. Results from loglinear analyses indicated that students sex-typed certain sports, such as aerobics and football. Additionally, although some responses from students in grades 7–12 indicated that individuals should be able to play any sport they wanted...
Altered phosphorylation of lung proteins following administration of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to mice.

Abstract The incorporation of P 32 from ( γ − 32 P)ATP into lung proteins was examined using lung extracts from mice which had been injected with BHT. Increased phosphorylation, relative to mice not treated with BHT, was associated with proteins of 87,000 M.W. (5–12 fold) and 135,000 M.W. (40–70%). These changes in phosphorylation correlated in time with the transient lung enlargement induced by BHT and were dependent upon the dose of BHT. Antioxidants and structural derivatives of BHT which did not affect lung size also had no effect on lung protein phosphorylation. BHT slightly increased cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity but had no effect on cyclic AMP-binding activity.
Amino-termini Isoforms Of Slack K(Na) Channel Differentially Influence The Rate Of Neuronal Adaptation.

The rates of activation and unitary properties of Na+-activated K+ currents, K(Na) currents have been found to vary substantially in different types of neurons. One class of K(Na) channels are encoded by the Slack gene. We have now determined that alternative RNA splicing gives rise to at least five different transcripts for Slack, one class of K channels which produce Slack channels that differ in their predicted cytoplasmic amino-termini and in their kinetic properties. Two of these, termed Slack-A channels, contain an amino-terminus domain closely resembling that of another class of K(Na) channels encoded by the Slick gene. Neuronal expression of Slack-A channels and of the previously described Slack isoform, now called Slack-B, are driven by independent promoters. Slack-A mRNAs were enriched in the brainstem and olfactory bulb and detected at significant levels in four different brain regions. Slack-A channels activate rapidly upon depolarization and, in single channel recordings in Xenopus oocytes, are characterized by multiple subconductance states with only brief transient openings to the fully open state. In contrast, Slack-B channels activate slowly over hundreds of milliseconds, with openings to the fully open state that are ∼6 fold longer than those for Slack-A channels. In numerical simulations, neurons in which outward currents are dominated by a Slack-A-like conductance adapt very rapidly to repeated or maintained stimulation over a wide range of stimulus strengths. In contrast, Slack-B currents promote rhythmic firing during maintained stimulation, and allow adaptation rate to vary with stimulus strength. Our data suggest that alternative promoters of the Slack gene differentially modulate the properties of neurons. Supported by NIH Grants NS61479 and DC01919.
5′-adenylylation and 5′-uridylation of N-acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester: A general synthesis of 5′-nucleotidylated tyrosyl residues

Summary A synthetic procedure for nucleotidylated tyrosine derivatives using 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole as a condensing agent is demonstrated by the synthesis of the adenylyl and uridyl derivatives of N-acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester. The spectral properties, susceptibility to snake venom phosphodiesterase, and alkaline stability are fully compatible with the formation of an 0-nucleotidyl tyrosyl residue.
Unintended vaccination of pregnant adolescents: estimating the scope of the problem and the impact of different pregnancy testing strategies.

Among a hypothetical cohort of 11–18-year-old females, we used a probabilistic decision tree model to estimate the number of pregnant adolescent females potentially receiving contraindicated vaccines during well child exams, and to determine the impact of two different pregnancy screening strategies on pregnancy detection rates, vaccine administration and pregnancy detection-associated costs. We found that under current practice conditions, the majority (95–99%) of adolescent pregnancies are likely missed during well child exams, allowing the opportunity to administer contraindicated vaccines. A strategy to test everyone detected the highest proportion of pregnancies, but at a substantial financial cost ($12,270,037–$19,430,607). Testing was more efficient for older adolescents, but both testing strategies were associated with a significant number of false positive test results (41–98%), regardless of age. These results suggest that systematic pregnancy screening strategies would be effective for preventing pregnant adolescents from receiving contraindicated vaccines, but may not be worth the potentially high financial and psychological costs.
Impact of Global Medicine on Urologic Education

Collaborative and academic partnerships between institutions in North America and those in resource-limited nations are a burgeoning trend. Leveraging the academic quality and outcomes-based infrastructure of university medical centers to increase surgical capacity in regions where urologic disease burden is immense offers potentially bilateral opportunities. Host institutions benefit from exposure to contemporary surgical approaches, while the surgical volume enables larger-scale collaborative outcome studies and exposure of residents-in-training to rare pathophysiology. This article surveys this growing trend in globalizing health care specific to urology, and the development of a program focused on urologic education at a tertiary referral center in India.
Seasonal Variation of Corticosterone Levels in Graptemys flavimaculata, an Imperiled Freshwater Turtle

Currently, little is known about the seasonal variation of corticosterone (CORT) levels, either baseline or stress response, within freshwater turtles. We conducted a seasonal CORT study with a species of freshwater turtle, Graptemys flavimaculata (Yellow-blotched Sawback; family Emydidae), that is endemic to the Pascagoula River system of southeastern Mississippi. Graptemys flavimaculata is commonly observed while basking on deadwood snags, with us using basking traps and dip nets as active capture methods. We caught both male (n = 60) and female (n = 49) turtles during the months of April–October during 2007 and 2008. Immediately after capture, we collected an initial blood sample, confined the turtle for 35 minutes, and then took a second blood sample. Competitive binding radioimmunoassays were done to determine CORT levels. Time zero CORT levels for both sexes were generally lower than previously reported levels for other turtle species, likely due to the trapping methods used. By time 35 min, COR...
Creating multiple longitudinal foci with parametric spatio-temporal focusing

Multiple foci are created along the propagation direction of a laser beam using simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing of an ultrafast laser pulse in conjunction with parametric pulse shaping. The pulses are characterized with scanning SEA TADPOLE. The longitudinal and transverse positions of the foci are controlled using phase and amplitude shaping in a 4-f laser pulse shaping system. Measurements of the pulse duration as a function of spatial position of the foci are in agreement with the predictions of a Fourier optics model.
Neighborhood Structure and Riot Behavior in Detroit: Some Exploratory Findings

Participation in the 1967 Detroit riot, counter-riot activity, and withdrawal from riot participation were studied. Data from both pre- and post-riot surveys permitted some comparisons over time. A typology of neighborhoods based on social interaction, reference group orientation, and values provided a framework for analysis. Neighborhoods with high riot activity showed little social interaction but tended to have positive reference orientations. Counter-riot areas showed both extensive informal social interaction, values oriented to the larger society, and positive reference orientations. Neighborhoods where little riot involvement occurred lacked social organization more than other areas. The findings highlight the need for focus on the more immediate social unit, the neighborhood, in the black ghetto.
Errors in availability estimation by 2-state models of 3-state systems

Errors in steady-state availability estimation by 2-state models of one-unit systems which can be represented by 3-state Markovian models are evaluated. It is found that, except for very specific cases, the 2-state models result in unacceptably large error for the case in which degraded systems are not repaired; hence, multistate models should be used. On the other hand, the 2-state models can present a reasonable accuracy for the cases in which degraded systems are repaired. It is recommended that analyst select better models (2-state or 3-state models) by first estimating the model errors as well as the error due to data uncertainty.
Processes of Transport and Absorption in the Developing Infant Intestine

An understanding of changes in the processes of absorption, detoxification, and intoxication in the intestine of infants, especially during the perinatal period, may aid in reaching an understanding of why the syndrome of infant botulism is restricted to the first six months of life. Some of the important metabolic changes associated with both the perinatal and the postnatal period of development are emphasized in these studies. A more complete understanding of the processes by which substances are absorbed into the intestine and then reexposed via the enterohepatic circulation may provide clues about why infant botulism occurs. Infant botulism occurs predominantly during the first six months of an infant's life; thus, there may be an important developmental aspect to this particular syndrome. An understanding of the changes that occur in the processes of absorption, detoxification, and intoxication in the intestine, especially during the perinatal period, may aid in reaching an understanding of why the syndrome is restricted to this particular age group. A review of the importance of the local immune response in neonates and a description of the transport of macromolecules by the intestine of infants can be found elsewhere [1]. This review will present information concerning intestinal growth as well as the development of intestinal metabolism and the processes of detoxification and intoxication.
Unresolved questions, changing definitions, and novel paradigms for defining endothelial progenitor cells

The field of vascular biology has been stimulated by the concept that circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may play a role in neoangiogenesis (postnatal vasculogenesis). One problem for the field has been the difficulty in accurately defining an EPC. Likewise, circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are not well defined. The lack of a detailed understanding of the proliferative potential of EPCs and CECs has contributed to the controversy in identifying these cells and understanding their biology in vitro or in vivo. A novel paradigm using proliferative potential as one defining aspect of EPC biology suggests that a hierarchy of EPCs exists in human blood and blood vessels. The potential implications of this view in relation to current EPC definitions are discussed.
Meeting the Access Challenge: An Examination of Indiana's Twenty-First Century Scholars Program

Early intervention programs can promote access by providing encouragement for academic preparation, but adequate grant aid may be necessary to ensure access for students who prepare. This study examines the impact of Indiana's Twenty-first Century Scholars Program, an intervention that provides supplemental grant aid and academic support for low-income middle and high school students. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that 8th grade students who participated in the program were more likely to apply than their peers, indicating that encouragement had a modest influence on preparation. Receiving grant aid had a substantial influence on enrollment, indicating adequate aid is an important aspect of a comprehensive postsecondary encouragement program.
Development of global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models

It has long been believed that a climate model capable of realistically simulating many features of global climate, variability, and climate change must interactively represent the major components of the dynamically coupled climate system, particularly the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere. This effort traditionally has been constrained by computing power, our understanding of the observed system, and climate modeling capability. With the advent of supercomputers, improved understanding of global climate processes, and computationally efficient general circulation climate models, we have witnessed a rapid increase in the simulation of global climate by coupling together various representations of atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice. Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing through the early 1980s, general circulation models (GCMs) of the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice were coupled and run asynchronously to produce credible simulations of the global climate. Systematic errors in these component models later led some modeling groups to use flux correction or flux adjustment, whereby either one or several of the variables at the air-sea interface are adjusted to bring the simulations in closer agreement with observations. Further advances in computing power and climate modeling techniques in the past few years have allowed global coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs to be run synchronously (i.e., atmosphere and ocean communicate at least once each model day). Computing constraints, combined with the need for multidecadal climate integrations, still only allow relatively coarse-grid ocean GCMs to be coupled to correspondingly coarse-grid atmospheric models (on the order of 500 km × 500 km). However, results from this current generation of global, coupled GCMs have revealed interesting characteristics associated with ocean dynamics and global climate in experiments with gradual increases of carbon dioxide. Another somewhat surprising aspect of the global-coupled GCM simulations is the appearance of some features associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Along with concurrent efforts with other types of limited-domain, dynamical coupled models, this has led to the realization that inherent unstable coupled modes exist in the climate system that are the unique product of the interactive coupling of the atmosphere and the ocean. All of these efforts are leading to the next generation of coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs. These models will run on even faster and larger-memory computers and will have higher-resolution atmosphere and ocean components, more accurate sea-ice formulations, improved cloud-radiation schemes, and increasingly realistic land-surface processes.
The Absorption and Fate of Androsterone Ester

To evaluate the possible use of orally administered androsterone esters as a means of delivering free androsterone (A) to the circulation, [3H]androsterone palmitate (AP) was prepared, characterized, and given to five subjects. For comparison, [3H]A was ingested by three of these subjects in separate studies, and one of them was also given a tracer dose of [3H]androsterone benzoate (AB) by the same route. As judged by the quantity of radioactivity appearing in the urine after A, AP, and AB (42.4–76.0%, 23.5–61.0%, and 52.0%, respectively), all were absorbed to the same extent. In the circulation, 74–100% of the radioactivity in all studies could be accounted for as the glucosiduronate and sulfate conjugates of A, while in the urine, 62–87% of the radioactivity from A and AP was identified as these same conjugates, with minor amounts recovered as isoandrosterone; only 33.8% of the radioactivity after AB could be identified as these substances. While the absorption and fate of these tracers were essentially...
Ion beam mixing in amorphous silicon I. Experimental investigation

Atomic mixing in amorphous Si has been investigated by measuring the irradiation-induced spreading of very thin impurity layers embedded in vacuum-deposited Si as a function of ion species, dose, implantation temperature and impurity species. Samples consisting of ∼10 A layers of Ni, Ge, Pd, Sn, Sb, Pt and Au at depths of 200–600 A were irradiated at temperatures from 77 to 523 K with 50–300 keV Ne+, Ar+, Kr+ and Xe+ ions to doses of about 1014−1017 ions cm−2 and analyzed by 1.5 MeV He+ ion backscattering spectrometry. The morphologies of the samples before and after irradiation were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The effective diffusion lengths squared, Dt, were deduced from the increases in the variances of the backscattering signals from the impurity species. This quantity was found to vary linearly with the ion dose φ for Kr+ doses ranging from 6.3 × 1014 to 2.0 × 1016 ions cm−2 for the markersthat were investigated (Ge, Sb and Pt). This suggests that Dtφ is a pertinent parameter to characterize the interaction of ion beams with amorphous Si. Dtφ was found to be independent of the temperature during irradiation from ∼80K to ∼300 K for Ni, Ge, Sn, Sb, Pt and Au markers. Mixing of Pd is strongly temperature-dependent over the entire range investigated. Our data are consistent with a linear dependence of Dtφ on νRp, the total nuclear energy loss divided by the projected range.
A randomized comparison of A-CASI and phone interviews to assess STD/HIV-related risk behaviors in teens.

Abstract Purpose: To compare response bias associated with a telephone survey of sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus (STD/HIV)-related risk behaviors and an in-home self-administered audio computer assisted self interview (A-CASI). Methods: We randomly assigned an urban household sample of 223 African-American adolescents to a telephone interview or an A-CASI in their home. The sample was previously recruited by telephone for an earlier study regarding STDs and sexual behavior. We queried participants about their STD/HIV-related risk behaviors. We also assessed their perceived comfort, honesty, and accuracy in answering questions in the different modes through a telephone computer-assisted self-interview (T-CASI). Results: There were no significant differences by mode in percentages of participants reporting STD/HIV-related risk behaviors, except more A-CASI participants reported having engaged in sexual intercourse in past 3 months (43.8% vs. 33.3%). There were no differences in perceived comfort, honesty, and accuracy in answering questions in the different modes. These results also did not change after we adjusted for age, household structure, and current school enrollment. Conclusions: Telephone interviews, a more economical mode, can be employed without much risk of increasing the response bias in the data assessing crude measures of risk.
Relations among characteristic classes and fixed points, I: The recognition principle

Abstract In this paper we consider relations between characteristic classes and fixed point sets of group actions. The first such example of such a relation is Hopf's theorem relating the zeroes of a vector field on a manifold (fixed points of an action of R ) to the Euler characteristic of the manifold. More recent examples are given by the theorems of Atiyah and Segal (1968), Baum and Cheeger (1969), Bott (1967), Bott and Baum (1970), Gomez (1982), Alamo and Gomez (1989), Daccach and Wasserman (1985,1984), Jeffrey and Kirwan (1995), Guillemin and Kalkman (1996), Quillen (1971) and Witten (1982). Such theorems are called residue theorems or localization theorems because they relate a global invariant of a manifold to local invariants of the fixed point sets. An excellent exposition of this point of view is given by Atiyah and Bott (1984).
Glucose and potassium transfer in the isolated heart of Venus mercenaria.

Il cuore diVenus mercenaria consuma glucosio durante incubazione in acqua di mare artificiale. L'assunzione di glucosio e accompagnata da una penetrazione di potassio nell'organo. Cuori pretrattati con uabaina diffondono potassio nel medium di incubazione. L'insulina non modifica ne l'assunzione di glucosio e potassio dei cuori normali ne la diffusione di potassio dai cuori digitalizzati.
Animal nutrition and management in the 21st century: dairy cattle

Dairy producers strive to increase production and efficiency. Consumers want products that contain less fat and more protein. Negative impacts of pollutants from animal agriculture on the environment must be controlled. The foregoing can be accomplished by regulating metabolic processes of the dairy cow through nutrition and biotechnology. The application of genetic engineering techniques can increase production and its efficiency, change the composition of milk and improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease. Competent nutrition, reproduction and health programs and improved information systems for managing and utilizing information will be required.
Slow Protein Conformational Dynamics from Multiple Experimental Structures: The Helix/Sheet Transition of Arc Repressor

Conformational transitions underlie the function of many biomolecular systems. Resolving intermediate structural changes, however, is challenging for both experiments and all-atom simulations because the duration of transitions is short relative to the lifetime of the stable species. Simplified descriptions based on a single experimental structure, such as elastic network models or Gō models, are not immediately applicable. Here, we develop a general method that combines multiple coarse-grained models to capture slow conformational transitions. Individually, each model describes one of the experimental structures; together, they approximate the complete energy surface. We demonstrate the method for the helix-to-sheet transition in Arc repressor N11L. We find that the transition involves the partial unfolding of the switch region, and rapid refolding into the alternate structure. Transient local unfolding is consistent with the low hydrogen exchange protection factors of the switch region. Also in agreement with experiment, the isomerization occurs independently of the global folding/dimerization transition.
Correlations between ovarian sensitivity vaginal cyclicity and luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in lightly androgenized rats.

In an investigation of the possible sequence of changes that occurs as lightly androgenized rats become sterile, a combined test of ovarian sensitivity to LH and the ability of gonadal steroids to facilitate luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion was administered to normal and androgenized rats given 10 μg testosterone propionate on day 5 (to induce the delayed anovulation syndrome). Pentobarbital- b locked proestrous or similarly treated persistent estrous rats were given an iv injection of LH, and one ovary was removed the next morning for microscopic examination of tiibal ova. The following morning (1000 h), estradiol benzoate was injected and a blood sample taken that afternoon (1700h). The next morning (1000 h) progesterone was injected and blood samples were taken that and the following afternoon (both at 1700 h). The entire test was repeated in the same animals 3–4 weeks later, with removal of the remaining ovary. In cycling animals (both normal controls and cycling androgenized rats), the LH induced o...
Management as Science versus Management as Practice in Postgraduate Business Education

This first article in our Special Feature on Management Education aims to set the scene and ask fundamental questions about the function and methodology of teaching business studies. The authors start by summarising the history of management education from a US perspective. Distinguishing between research and education, they then argue that in education the pendulum needs to swing away from what they call “scientism” and that management should be taught as a craft rooted in action.
A meristic, morphometric and biochemical investigation of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe)

Juvenile Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, were collected from estuarine waters of the Atlantic coast of the United States. Those collected north of latitude 40°N had lower numbers of total and trunk vertebrae, ventral scutes and interhaemal spines, and shallower heads, smaller eyes, shorter predorsal lengths, and lower frequencies of the fastest allele observed at the transferrin locus than those collected south of Long Island. Although the evidence is still inconclusive, the potential for at least two subpopulations still exists: one which spawns in the spring and early summer and is responsible for the primary recruitment in the northern North Atlantic area, and one which spawns in the autumn and winter and contributes the majority of recruitment in the middle and southern North Atlantic areas of the United States.
SU-FF-T-387: Treatment Plan Evaluation and Optimization For SRS and IMRT Using Dose-Surface Histograms

Purpose: To introduce a new method in determination of the periphery dose and dose differences between the tumor and surrounding tissues, including organs at risk (OARs), for stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) and/or intensity modulation radiotherapy(IMRT) using dose‐surface histograms (DSHs). Method and Materials: Plan‐target volume (PTV) and its expansion into surrounding healthy tissue (TISSUE) by 3 mm (or 5 mm) for a small (or large) PTV are created. The contours of the TISSUE on CT or MRI slices are modified at the region where the Tissue intersects with an OAR. The PTV and TISSUE are then expanded or shrunk, denoted as PTV' and TISSUE', by a pixel size (PS) within a fine dose grid, respectively. DSH for the PTV (DSHPTV) can then be determined by (DVHPTV*PTV − DVH PTV'*PTV')/(PTV − PTV')/PS. Similarly, DSH for the TISSUE (DSHTISSUE) is given by (DVHTISSUE*Tissue − DVH TISSUE'*TISSUE')/(TISSUE − TISSUE')/PS. The mean and variation of DSHPTV characterizes the periphery doses and the difference between the mean doses on DSHPTV and DSHVOI quantifies the dose drop‐off from the PTV to the surrounding tissue. Results: Application of the new method on Gamma Knife plans and LINEAC‐based SRS plans clearly shows that gamma knife plan has better dose drop‐off but worse periphery doses for relative rounded target. However, the LINEAC‐based MLC‐shaped arcs plans are generally superior for irregular‐shape lesions. In comparison of plans using MLC‐shaped arcs, conformal beams, and IMRT, we found no improvement on periphery dose and dose drop‐off in IMRT for some cases due to lack of DSHPTV in the inverse planning systems. Conclusion: The accurate quantification of the periphery dose and dose drop‐off is extremely important because they are closely correlated to the treatment prescription and the clinical outcomes.
Colonoscopic injection for murine solid cecal cancer model

The validity of current animal colon cancer models is questionable. This study was performed to evaluate whether colonoscopic injection of a murine colon cancer cell line into the cecal wall of immunocompetent rats leads to a solid tumor. A bolus of bowel prep was given to BD-IX rats. Anesthesia was injected intraperitoneally. Video fiberscope allowed for irrigation and suction. Failure was inability to reach/inject cecum. Procedure was performed by four surgeons; 100 μl of colon tumor cell suspension (DHD/K12TRb; 10 million cells in 0.1 ml) was injected into cecal wall with 23-gauge needle placed on 3 mm wire resulting in a blister. Rats were allowed to recover. Solid tumor growth was measured at scheduled necropsy at 4 weeks. Sample size (107 rats: type I error 0.05; power 80%) was based on a pilot study. Data were presented as median (range). A total of 107 male BD-IX retired breeders weighing 356 g (range 256–432 g) underwent colonoscopy with submucosal injection of cecal wall. A single solid cecal cancer was identified in 98 (91.5%) rats at scheduled necropsy. Histology confirmed adenocarcinoma with tumor size of 4 mm (range 2.6–8.4 mm). Peritoneal carcinomatosis was found in ten (9.3%) rats. Distant metastases were found in three (2.8%) rats. Complications occurred in four (3.8%) rats: two aspirations and two colon perforations. A solid cecal tumor without carcinomatosis or metastasis has been developed by colonoscopic injection of a rat colon cancer cell line in 79% of immunocompetent rats.
Electrons, positrons and holes

Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of electrons, positrons, and holes in insulators. It is observed that positrons and holes behave quite differently in an accelerating crystal lattice. Their composite particles, the positronium atom and the exciton, also have quite different properties in an accelerating crystal lattice. The former slips behind, the latter accelerates rigidly with the lattice. Regarded as bosons these two composites belong to different classes: Positronium atoms, if they could be condensed, would be superfluid; excitons, when condensed, are not superfluid but change the spatial long range order.
Potentiometric Response Characteristics of Oxide-Coated Gallium Electrodes in Aqueous Solutions

Abstract This paper reports on the potentiometric response characteristics of gallium electrodes coated with native or anodic oxide layers in aqueous solutions. Solid metallic gallium electrodes were prepared by cooling liquid gallium monoliths supported either on planar silicon substrates or incorporated within glass capillaries. These metallic gallium electrodes showed potentiometric pH responses with a slope of ca. -38 mV/pH in the pH range between 3 and 9. The potentials measured could originate from redox processes involving surface oxide that was formed as a result of reactions between the metallic gallium and water (and/or OH−), as observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Similar potentiometric measurements were examined for planar and capillary-incorporated gallium electrodes that were anodized in ice-cooled aqueous H2SO4 at 10 V. Although the resulting nanoporous anodic oxide-coated electrodes did not initially show potentiometric pH responses, they exhibited pH responses with a smaller response slope (ca. -30 mV/pH; pH 3∼9) after potentiometric measurements in a solution of pH ≤ 3. This observation could be explained by the acid-induced dissolution of an oxide-based barrier layer that passivated the underlying gallium electrode. This explanation was compatible with the observation of an additional gallium oxide layer over the nanoporous anodic oxide after the potentiometric pH measurements. Interestingly, in contrast to the metallic gallium electrodes, the anodic oxide-coated electrodes exhibited potentiometric Nernstian responses to SO42− at ≥ 10−4 M, reflecting the presence of sulfate doped into the oxide during the anodization. These results provide fundamental knowledge required to design miniaturized electroanalytical probes based on gallium electrodes.
Chandra Observations of Coronal Emission from the Early G Supergiants α and β Aquarii

We report Chandra detections of coronal X-rays from the early G supergiants α Aquarii (HD 209750: G2 Ib) and β Aquarii (HD 204867: G0 Ib). Previous ROSAT observations of these archetypical "hybrid chromosphere" stars were inconclusive, in the case of α Aqr owing to a 38' mispointing, and for β Aqr because of a small positional discrepancy of the apparent source. The Chandra High Resolution Camera (HRC-I), with its superior spatial resolution and sensitivity, has obtained a positive detection of α Aqr and recovered faint emission at the location of β Aqr, now well separated from the stronger source to the southeast that dominated the earlier ROSAT image. The coronal LX/LC IV luminosity ratios of both supergiants are extremely depressed relative to early G main-sequence stars, continuing the "X-ray deficiency syndrome" originally identified in late F/early G luminosity class III giants of the Hertzsprung gap.
The reflection character of the finite symplectic and odd-dimensional orthogonal groups

(1979). The reflection character of the finite symplectic and odd-dimensional orthogonal groups. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 7, No. 16, pp. 1747-1757.
Antifreeze agents of terrestrial arthropods

Abstract 1. 1. Many insects and other terrestrial arthropods which overwinter in exposed sites in temperate and polar regions are freeze-susceptible (unable to survive freezing) and therefore the seasonal production of antifreezes is critical for their survival. 2. 2. Many of these freeze-susceptible terrestrial arthropods employ low molecular weight antifreezes. such as polyols and sugars. These solutes lower the supercooling point of the insect approximately 2 × more than they lower the melting point. 3. 3. Proteins, similar to the antifreeze proteins and glycoproteins of polar marine fishes, which produce a thermal hysteresis (differences between freezing and melting points) of several degrees function as antifreezes in a number of insects, spiders and a centipede. In some species these proteins are the only identifiable antifreezes, while in other species polyols are also produced. 4. 4. Temperature and photoperiod are the most important environmental cues used to trigger the production and loss of the thermal hysteresis proteins (THP's). The physiological timing processes which control antifreeze levels involve the insect's circadian system. 5. 5. Several insect THP's have now been purified and their compositions analyzed. In general, these insect THP's have more hydrophilic amino acids and a much lower alanine content than fish THP's. Perhaps the most interesting of the insect THP's is one from Tenebrio molitor , which contains 28% cysteine residues.
Sequence analysis of a Staphylococcus aureus gene encoding a peptidoglycan hydrolase activity.

Abstract The nucleotide (nt) sequence of a 2.0-kb NheI-XbaI DNA fragment containing a peptidoglycan hydrolase-encoding gene, lytA, tentatively identified as encoding an N-acetylmuramyl- l -alanine amidase, from Staphylococcus aureus, was determined. The nt sequencing revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 1443 bp with a consensus ribosome-binding site located 7 nt upstream from the ATG start codon. The primary amino acid (aa) sequence deduced from the nt sequence revealed a putative protein of 481 aa residues with an Mrof 53 815. Comparison of the aa sequence of the ORF with aa sequences in the GenBank data base (version 63, March 1990) revealed that the C-terminal sequence showed significant homology to the C-terminal sequence of lysostaphin from Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus.
Laser spectroscopic assessment of a phthalocyanine-sensitized solar cell as a function of dye loading

Abstract Silicon phthalocyanines with bulky axial ligands are interesting materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) because they possess a strong absorption in the red region (~670 nm) and their ligands hinder the stacking of their rings. This suppresses the formation of aggregates, a common tendency of dyes on the surface of dye-sensitized metal-oxide layers. Herein, the novel silicon phthalocyanine, Pc 61, which has ligands terminating in carboxylic acid groups has been synthesized, characterized and used in studies on the harnessing of photons in the long-wavelength visible light range. To investigate the relation between dye loading and performance of DSSCs, a series of Pc 61-sensitized TiO2 films and DSSC devices with different dye immersion times have been prepared and characterized through optical, electrical and laser spectroscopic studies. To our knowledge, this is the first time that injection rates of phthalocyanine-based DSSC performance have been assessed as a function of dye immersion time. The results of the incident photocurrent conversion efficiency (IPCE) and power conversion efficiency (ηeff) studies reveal that solar cells fabricated with a 120 min Pc 61 immersion time have the best performance among the tested ones. This is corroborated by time-resolved emission lifetime data. Our studies demonstrate that the short photoluminescence lifetime of Pc 61–TiO2 films results from efficient electron injection by excited-state Pc 61 into the TiO2 film. This agreed with both experimentally obtained higher IPCE and higher ηeff.
Fabrication of MWCNT incorporated Sn–Bi composite

Abstract Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) incorporated with Sn–Bi alloy to form composite was successfully fabricated using an electrochemical co-deposition method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination found that MWCNT clusters act as the nucleation sites of BiSn alloy and form refined BiSn alloy grains. It was observed that the addition of MWCNTs eliminates the porous cavities associated with the deposited BiSn alloy by a bridging and nucleation/growth effect on CNT clusters. The addition of MWCNTs also changes the deposited BiSn composition by reducing the Bi content in the deposited BiSn alloy thus easier to obtain the desired low Bi content alloy with the desired lower melting points.
Energy absorption mechanisms during dynamic fracturing of fibre-reinforced composites

Dynamic photoelastic experiments were conducted to study crack propagation in fibrereinforced materials and, in particular, to determine the energy losses occurring during the crack growth and arrest process. This study utilized modified compact tension specimens which were fabricated from polyester matrix and different reinforcing fibres. The effect of the fibre-matrix interface on energy absorbed was also studied. The energy absorbed was partitioned into two parts: that absorbed in the fracture process zone associated with the crack tip, and the energy lost outside this zone. Results show that fibre reinforcement reduces the energy absorbed in the fracture process zone by about 10% for well-bonded and 15% for partly debonded fibres. For the same initial strain energy, this reduction in fracture energy manifests itself in reduced KID and lower crack-jump distance as compared to monolithic specimens. Reinforced specimens are found to retain a higher strain energy after crack arrest. The energy absorbed outside the fracture process zone for monolithic and well-bonded fibres is about 45% of the initial strain energy, while for partly debonded fibres it is about 55%.
MUC2 Is a Molecular Marker for Pseudomyxoma Peritonei

Pseudomyxoma peritonei, a syndrome first described by Rokitansky in 1842, is an enigmatic, often fatal intra-abdominal disease characterized by dissecting gelatinous ascites and multifocal peritoneal epithelial implants secreting copious globules of extracellular mucin. Although much past interest in the syndrome has focused on the question of whether the disease arises from primary appendiceal or ovarian mucinous tumors of varying malignant potential, the accumulation of extracellular mucin with its resulting obstruction of abdominal viscera and adhesion formation is one major cause of this disease's morbidity and mortality irrespective of the origin or transformed status of the epithelium secreting it. Because of this and because of the recent discovery and cloning of a series of specific mucin genes responsible for mucin secretion and extracellular deposition, we decided to analyze cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei with specific mucin cDNAs and corresponding antibodies to identify a characteristic marker for this disease which ultimately might be targeted therapeutically. Our study specifically investigated MUC2 and MUC5AC because these two mucins possessed the physicochemical property of being gel-forming, a property exhibited by pseudomyxoma peritonei grossly. Expression of MUC2 and MUC5AC in pseudomyxoma peritonei and in accompanying and non-accompanying appendiceal and ovarian mucinous neoplasms were analyzed by in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and digital image analysis. A striking overexpression of both MUC2 and MUC5AC was observed in nearly all cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei of unknown and appendiceal origin. In these cases, however, MUC2 gene expression was more prominent. The mucin:cell ratio averaged 10 to 1 in these cases. The primary ovarian mucinous tumors, some of which exhibited pseudomyxoma ovarii and/or peritoneal implants but not classic pseudomyxoma peritonei, in contrast, expressed only MUC5AC and gave rise to implants where the mucin:cell ratio averaged only 1 to 1. MUC2 overexpression then supported an intestinal rather than ovarian origin for true pseudomyxoma peritonei, irrespective of whether an appendiceal primary was documented. In all cases studied, the fidelity of MUC2 and MUC5AC expression held irrespective of the degree of malignant transformation which was present. MUC2 is therefore a reliable molecular marker for pseudomyxoma peritonei.
Isolation and characterization of mitochondrial DNA from the basidiomyceteSchizophyllum commune

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from DNase I-treated mitochondrial preparations from a homokaryotic strain of the woodrotting basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune . An AT-rich satellite DNA was also isolated from both homokaryotic and dikaryotic strains using CsCl-bisbenzimide gradients. The satellite DNA and the DNA from DNase I-treated preparations of mitochondria have identical buoyant densities and hybridize to the same restriction fragments in Southern hybridizations. It is concluded that this satellite DNA is mitochondrial DNA. Restriction analyses of the mitochondrial DNA of strain 4–40 with five endonucleases show the mitochondrial genome to be about 49.85 kbp. Mitochondrial DNA from the 4–39 × 4–40 dikaryon has identical restriction fragments. The satellite, which we have shown to be mitochondrial DNA, represents 3–4% of the total cellular DNA and averages 22–29 copies per haploid cell under our growth conditions. Mitochondrial DNA prepared from three other strains of Schizophyllum revealed restriction enzyme polymorphisms and ranged in size from 50.3 to 52.2 kbp.
Design of hyperbolic metamaterials by genetic algorithm

We explain the design of one dimensional Hyperbolic Metamaterials (HMM) using a genetic algorithm (GA) and provide sample applications including the realization of negative refraction. The design method is a powerful optimization approach to find the optimal performance of such structures, which “naturally” finds HMM structures that are globally optimized for specific applications. We explain how a fitness function can be incorporated into the GA for different metamaterial properties.
Efficacy and safety of endoscopic treatment of ileal pouch strictures

Background: Endoscopic management of ileal pouch strictures has not been systemically studied. The aim was to evaluate endoscopic balloon therapy of pouch strictures in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with ileal pouches and to identify risk factors for pouch failure for those patients. Methods: Consecutive IBD patients with pouches from the Pouchitis Clinic who underwent nonfluoroscopy-guided outpatient endoscopic therapy were studied. The location, number, degree (range 0–3), and length of strictures and balloon size were documented. Efficacy and safety were evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 150 patients with pouch strictures were studied. Stricture locations were at the pouch inlet (n = 96), outlet (n = 73), afferent limb (n = 33), and pouch body (n = 2). A cumulative of 646 strictures were endoscopically dilated, with a total of 406 pouchoscopies. The median stricture score was 1 (interquartile range [IQR] 1–2); the median stricture length was 1 (IQR 0.5–1.25) cm, and the median balloon size was 20 (IQR 18–20) mm. Of 406 therapeutic endoscopies performed, there were two perforations (0.46%) and four transfusion-required bleeding (0.98%). The 5-, 10-, and 25-year pouch retention rates were 97%, 90.6%, and 85.9%, respectively. In a median follow-up of 9.6 (IQR 6–17) years, 131 patients (87.3%) were able to retain their pouches. The number of strictures and underlying diagnosis were independent risk factors for pouch failure in the Cox regression model. Conclusions: Endoscopic treatment of pouch stricture appears to be efficacious and generally safe to perform in experienced hands. Underlying diagnosis of Crohn's disease of the pouch and surgery-related strictures and multiple strictures were the risk factors for pouch failure. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011)
Increase in positive selection of CD8+ T cells in TAP1-mutant mice by human beta 2-microglobulin transgene

Mice harboring a deletion of the gene encoding the transporter associated with antigen presentation-1 (TAP1) are impaired in providing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules with peptides of cytosolic origin and lack stable MHC class I cell surface expression. They consequently have a strongly reduced number of CD8+ T cells. To examine whether selection of CD8+ T cells is dependent on TAP-dependent peptides, we partially restored MHC class I cell surface expression in TAP1-deficient mice by introduction of human beta 2-microglobulin. We show that selection of functional CD8+ T cells can be augmented in vivo in the absence of TAP1-dependent peptides.
Inhibition of Renin Release in the Dog by Vasopressin and Vasotocin

In anesthetized dogs the intravenous infusion of arginine vasotocin, 25 mU/min, or vasopressin, 10 mU/min, inhibited renin secretion when control secretion rates were normal or when they were elevated by complete ureteral occlusion. Vasotocin, 5 mU/min, or vasopressin, 1 mU/min, was ineffective. Direct intraarterial infusion of vasotocin, 5 mU/min, into the right kidney inhibited renin secretion by the right kidney only. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were not changed, and mean arterial pressure was either not changed or was decreased. Vasotocin caused no change in urine flow but did produce a significant natriuresis secondary to decreased tubular reabsorption. The physiological implications of these polypeptide-renal relationships are discussed.
PARTICLE-TURBULENCE INTERACTIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC CLOUDS

▪ Abstract Turbulence is ubiquitous in atmospheric clouds, which have enormous turbulence Reynolds numbers owing to the large range of spatial scales present. Indeed, the ratio of energy-containing and dissipative length scales is on the order of 105 for a typical convective cloud, with a corresponding large-eddy Reynolds number on the order of 106 to 107. A characteristic trait of high-Reynolds-number turbulence is strong intermittency in energy dissipation, Lagrangian acceleration, and scalar gradients at small scales. Microscale properties of clouds are determined to a great extent by thermodynamic and fluid-mechanical interactions between droplets and the surrounding air, all of which take place at small spatial scales. Furthermore, these microscale properties of clouds affect the efficiency with which clouds produce rain as well as the nature of their interaction with atmospheric radiation and chemical species. It is expected, therefore, that fine-scale turbulence is of direct importance to the evolu...