cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High strain rate superplasticity of a powder metallurgy SiC particulate reinforced 6061 Al composite (6061/SiC/17.5p)

One of the major drawbacks of conventional superplastic forming is that the phenomenon is only found at relatively low strain rates, typically about 10[sup [minus]4] to 10[sup [minus]3] s[sup [minus]1]. Recent studies have demonstrated that superlasticity can exist at considerably higher strain rates than 10[sup [minus]3] s[sup [minus]1]. This high-strain-rate superplasticity (HSRS) phenomenon has now been observed principally in metal matrix composites and mechanically alloyed materials, but it has also been observed in more conventionally produced metallic alloys. Metal matrix composites can be fabricated by various techniques, e.g., squeeze casting, vortex methods, compocasting, powder metallurgical (PM) methods, and spray deposition. However, metal matrix composites that show HSRS are fabricated primarily by PM methods. Recently, Hikosaka et al. demonstrated that an ingot metallurgy (IM) 20 vol% SiC[sub p]-reinforced 6061 Al can also exhibit the HSRS phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to investigate the HSRS behavior of a SiC particulate-reinforced 6061 Al prepared by a powder metallurgy method and to compared its behavior with that of the composites produced by IM methods. The effect of thermomechanical processing and testing temperature will be discussed.
Subanesthetic Doses of Propofol Induce Neuroapoptosis in the Infant Mouse Brain

Drugs that block N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptors or that promote gamma-aminobutyric acid type A inhibition trigger neuroapoptosis in the developing rodent brain. Propofol reportedly interacts with both gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptors, but has not been adequately evaluated for its ability to induce developmental neuroapoptosis. Here we determined that the intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of propofol required to induce a surgical plane of anesthesia in the infant mouse is 200 mg/kg. We then administered graduated doses of propofol (25-300 mg/kg i.p.) and found that doses >or=50 mg/kg induce a significant neuroapoptosis response. We conclude that propofol induces neuroapoptosis at 1/4 the dose required for surgical anesthesia.
Language lateralization by fMRI and Wada testing in 229 patients with epilepsy: rates and predictors of discordance.

Purpose To more definitively characterize Wada/fMRI language dominance discordance rates with the largest sample of epilepsy patients to date, and to examine demographic, clinical, and methodological predictors of discordance.
Does Globalization Breed Ethnic Conflict

Despite the popularly held belief that globalization has led to a rise in ethnic conflict, there has generally been a paucity of empirical evidence offered to support this view. This article seeks to investigate the relationship between globalization and ethnic conflict, specifically the degree to which globalization: (1) heightens the propensity of politicized ethnic groups to make political demands for autonomy and independence and (2) promotes communal violence. These relationships are tested using data from 102 minority groups across 34 different developing countries. However, rather than simply examine the bivariate relationship between levels of globalization and ethnic politics, this article employs a multivariate technique (ordinal logistic regression) that evaluates the effect of globalization along with other variables, such as democratization, socio-cultural variables and the state of the economy. In general, the findings suggest that globalization is not related to ethnic conflict, although gl...
Behavioral economics and drug choice: effects of unit price on cocaine self-administration by monkeys

The application of microeconomic theory to the experimental analysis of behavior has been termed behavioral economics. There has been an increasing interest in applying the concepts of behavioral economics to the study of drug self-administration. In a previously published experiment (Nader and Woolverton, 1992), rhesus monkeys (N = 3) were trained in a discrete-trials choice procedure and allowed to choose between intravenous injections of cocaine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg/injection) and food presentation (1 or 4 pellets; 1 g/pellet) during daily 7-h experimental sessions. When cocaine or food was available under a fixed-ratio (FR) 30 schedule, cocaine intake increased in a dose-related manner for all monkeys. When the response requirement (FR) for cocaine was differentially increased by doubling or quadrupling, the frequency of cocaine choice decreased, shifting the cocaine dose-response function to the right. The present paper is a reanalysis of data from that experiment. Several mathematical models, differentially incorporating the effects of FR, dose and number of food pellets, were compared. When cocaine consumption was analyzed using a multiple linear regression analysis with FR, dose and number of pellets as separate main effects (model I), the R2 was 0.82. When FR and dose were combined into one factor, unit price (UP, responses/mg/kg), and cocaine consumption was analyzed as a linear function of UP (model IIA), the R2 was 0.54. When cocaine consumption was analyzed as a curvilinear, negatively accelerated function of UP (model IIB), the R2 was 0.53. The difference between models I and IIA was statistically significant while models IIA and IIB were not different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parenting a Child With an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Public Perceptions and Parental Conceptualizations

In the middle part of the 20th century, parents were frequently blamed for causing autism. Although this idea is no longer prevalent in professional circles, this qualitative study indicates that parents still experience blame from community members and extended family. Eleven parents of children with autism participated in two focus groups. This qualitative study examined themes of parent blame as well as parents' own conceptualizations of autism. Results indicate that parents experienced blame for their children's autism-related behavior from the public and extended family, but most parents viewed the child with autism in positive ways.
Phase equilibria at Si-HfO 2 and Pt-HfO 2 interfaces from first principles thermodynamics

The phase diagrams of ${\text{Si-HfO}}_{2}$ and ${\text{Pt-HfO}}_{2}$ interfaces as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure have been determined using first principles thermodynamics (FPTs), i.e., by combining conventional density-functional theory results with thermodynamics. The vibrational and configurational entropic contributions to the free energies of the condensed phases are explicitly included in this treatment. We demonstrate that the predictions of the FPT approach are in quantitative agreement with experiments for the classes of interfaces considered here. In particular, under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, we show that FPT methods predict the correct ${\text{Si-HfO}}_{2}$ silicalike interface configurations. Likewise, we also show that an interfacial oxygen coverage of 0.5--1.0 monolayer is favored under UHV conditions at the ${\text{Pt-HfO}}_{2}$ interface before rapid oxidation of Pt may be expected (for higher oxygen pressures). These results have important implications both for the applicability of FPT methods for the considered classes of interfaces as well as for ``high-$K$'' dielectrics-based electronic devices in which such interfaces are expected.
Dynamic mechanical analysis of compatibilized polymer blends

Abstract Immiscible blends of thermoplastics containing copolymer to enhance compatibilization between the phases have been analyzed using dynamic mechanical analysis. Results are compared to blends in which no compatibilization was attempted. Systems studied included polyphenylene sulfide/poly ether imide, impact modified polyphenylene sulfide/polyphenylene ether, polycarbonate/polyphenylene ether, and polycarbonate/polystyrene, where copolymer was present for compatibilization. For each system, the maximum in G″ corresponding to the glass transition temperature of the high Tg phase decreases with compatibilization. Also, G′ was found to decrease more rapidly between the Tg. This occurs whether or not the high Tg phase is dispersed or continuous. This behavior is explained in terms of the effect of copolymer on molecular mobility.
Energy Calibration of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometers. II. Issues in Peak Location and Comparison of Methods

An analysis is presented of issues involved in peak location for the calibration of the binding energy (BE) scales of x-ray photoelectron spectrometers. These issues include the effects of peak asymmetry, the surface core-level shift, and the avoidance of a sloping background when fitting spectra for energy calibration purposes. Examples of uncertainty budgets for BE measurements are then presented in which illustrative values are shown for the repeatability standard deviation (for repeated BE measurements of the same calibration peak), the expanded uncertainty (at the 95% confidence level) for BE measurements following calibrations based on different numbers of peak measurements, and the tolerance for BE-scale drift and non-linearity for two chosen values (±0.1 and ±0.2 eV) of the total expanded uncertainty for a BE measurement (at the 95% confidence level). It is recommended that a user prepare an uncertainty budget of this type to show clearly the sources of random and systematic error in BE measurements following a calibration. The reference data published by the UK National Physical Laboratory for BE-scale calibration were obtained from fits with a quadratic function to a group of points comprising the top 5% of each peak. Most commercial x-ray photoelectron spectrometers have software available for spectrum synthesis, and we consider here the use of the commonly available Lorentzian, Gaussian, and asymmetric Gaussian functions for peak location. Illustrative fits with Cu 2p3/2 spectra (measured with unmonochromated Al x-rays) showed that comparable accuracy and precision could be obtained with Lorentzian and Gaussian functions as with the quadratic-equation method when different fractions of the peak were fitted. For this asymmetrical line, the asymmetric Gaussian function allowed better accuracy and precision to be obtained with a greater fraction of the line than was possible with the symmetrical functions. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A descriptive study of asthma in young adults conceived by IVF.

Abstract Although asthma has been previously associated with preterm delivery and low birthweight, evidence supporting a relationship between IVF and asthma remains inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to characterize asthma experiences in the oldest IVF-conceived generation in the USA. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 173 young adults (age: 18–26years) conceived by conventional IVF between 1981 and 1990 at a major fertility treatment centre. A self-administered questionnaire was used with standard questions adapted from the 2008 Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System to assess asthma characteristics. Sixteen percent of participants reported a lifetime diagnosis of asthma; nearly half of those were no longer experiencing asthma symptoms at the time of the survey. The asthma profile of young adults conceived by IVF appeared to be favourable compared with the general population of the USA. Although few statistically significant results were obtained, low birthweight infants and individuals of a multiple gestation tended to be diagnosed at a later stage and were more likely to be current asthmatics seeking healthcare services than normal-weight infants and individuals of a singleton gestation. Further studies using larger samples and more advanced designs are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Although asthma has been previously associated with preterm delivery and low birthweight, evidence supporting a relationship between IVF and asthma remains inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to characterize asthma experiences in the oldest IVF-conceived generation in the USA. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 173 young adults (aged 18–26 years) conceived by conventional IVF between 1981 and 1990 at a major fertility treatment centre. A self-administered questionnaire was used with standard questions adapted from the 2008 Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System to assess asthma characteristics. Sixteen percent of participants reported a lifetime diagnosis of asthma; nearly half of those were no longer experiencing asthma symptoms at the time of the survey. The asthma profile of young adults conceived by IVF appeared to be favourable compared with the general population of the USA. Although few statistically significant results were obtained, low birthweight infants and individuals of a multiple gestation tended to be diagnosed at a later stage and were more likely to be current asthmatics seeking healthcare services than normal-weight infants and individuals of a singleton gestation. Further studies using larger samples and more advanced designs are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
Studies on Intercostal Nerve Physiology

Summary and Conclusions1. Stimulation of the central end of any intercostal nerve causes a reflex inhibition of respiration and effects a concomitant drop in blood pressure. 2. The lower intercostal nerves (7-12) elicit a greater response than do the upper ones. 3. Stimulation of the intercostal branches to the parietal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, and rectus abdominis muscle give the respiratory inhibition and lowered blood pressure (approximately 25 mm of Hg.) 4. Stimulation of sensory or intercostal fibers in the diaphragm causes reflex contraction of the abdominal musculature through reflex connection with other lower intercostal nerves. 5. Among other things, these results furnish the physiological mechanisms involved in referred pain and muscular rigidity in the lower abdominal quadrant as a result of involvement of the base of the lungs, in lobar pneumonia for example. 6. Both expiration and inspiration cause the intercostal nerves to be stimulated and thereby effect reflexly respiratory inhibitio...
Laszewski and Alarcon reply.

E1 and M1 excitations in Zr(90) are discussed in terms of proton inelastic scattering and the authors' tagged-photon results. (AIP)
Ezh2 represses the basal cell lineage during lung endoderm development

The development of the lung epithelium is regulated in a stepwise fashion to generate numerous differentiated and stem cell lineages in the adult lung. How these different lineages are generated in a spatially and temporally restricted fashion remains poorly understood, although epigenetic regulation probably plays an important role. We show that the Polycomb repressive complex 2 component Ezh2 is highly expressed in early lung development but is gradually downregulated by late gestation. Deletion of Ezh2 in early lung endoderm progenitors leads to the ectopic and premature appearance of Trp63+ basal cells that extend the entire length of the airway. Loss of Ezh2 also leads to reduced secretory cell differentiation. In their place, morphologically similar cells develop that express a subset of basal cell genes, including keratin 5, but no longer express high levels of either Trp63 or of standard secretory cell markers. This suggests that Ezh2 regulates the phenotypic switch between basal cells and secretory cells. Together, these findings show that Ezh2 restricts the basal cell lineage during normal lung endoderm development to allow the proper patterning of epithelial lineages during lung formation.
TRIALKYLAMMONIUM MIXED SALTS IN AMINE EXTRACTION SYSTEMS. INFRARED STUDY OF THE SALTS (R3NH)3[ PMO12O40] AND (R3NH) Cl AND MIXED SALT (R3NH)3[ PMO12O40] 3(R3NH) Cl

ABSTRACT Infrared spectrophotometry has been used to compare the hydrogen–bonding (H-bonding) interactions in the set of solid trialkylammonium salts and double salts (R3NH)3[DMP], (R3NH)C1, and (R3NH)3[DMP].3(R3NH)C1, (A), where R represents a straight or methyl–branched alkyl group containing 8 to 13 carbons and DMP is the large dodecamolybdophosphate anion PMO12O40 3- Through an examination of the characteristic heteropolymolybdophosphate vibrational bands of A and (R3NH)3[DMP], the complex anion is identified as α–DMP and shown to be in an environment chemically similar to its tetrabutylammonium salt. A relatively weak H–bond in (R3NH)3[DMP] is indicated by small downward shifts in the N–H stretching frequencies νNH of the trialkylammonium cations from the hypothetical free–ion value. By contrast, large shifts in νNH induced by strong H–bonding occur in the salts (R3NH)C1. In the double salts A, the intermediate value of νNH suggests the existence of compTex cations like like [R3NH…cl…HNR3]+. The effe...
Adjuvant use of ε-aminocaproic acid (Amicar) in the endovascular treatment of cranial arteriovenous fistulae

We report our experience with the use of the antifibrinolytic agent epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), Amicar, as an adjuvant to endovascular treatment of cranial arteriovenous fistulae. We also review applications of antifibrinolytic agents to neurovascular disorders and discuss the mechanism of action, dosing strategy, contraindications, and possible complications associated with the use of EACA. We identified 13 patients with cranial arteriovenous fistulae (five direct carotid cavernous fistulae [CCF], seven dural arteriovenous fistulae [DAVF], and one vein of Galen malformation) who received EACA as an adjunct to endovascular treatment. In all cases embolic coils were the primary embolic agent. We reviewed the modes of initial endovascular therapy and angiographic findings immediately thereafter and the response to EACA. Two direct CCF and two DAVF were completely thrombosed on follow-up angiography, and two DAVF demonstrated diminished flow after EACA therapy. Seven fistulae did not respond to EACA. Four of eight tightly coiled fistulae thrombosed, while none of five loosely coiled fistulae thrombosed. None of four cases with a residual fistula separate from the coil mass underwent thrombosis with EACA, while four of nine cases without a separate fistula thrombosed. There was no morbidity related to EACA therapy. EACA may thus be useful as an adjunct to endovascular treatment of cranial arteriovenous fistulae. Loose or incomplete coil packing of the fistula predicts a poor response to EACA therapy.
Cigarette smoking in adult patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Abstract Previous work has shown that adolescent hyperactivity patients are significantly more likely to smoke than controls. To determine whether this pattern persists in adults, we studied a series of 71 patients (55 males, 16 females; mean age ±SD: 33.9 ± 11.4 years) diagnosed with ADHD. Of the males, 23 (42%) were current smokers, 7 (13%) were ex-smokers, and 25 (45%) were never smokers. Comparable figures for males in the general population in 1991, unselected for ADHD, were 28.1%, 29.1%, and 42.1%, respectively. Of the females, 6 (38%) were current smokers, 5 (31%) were ex-smokers, and 5 (31%) had never smoked, as compared with 23.5%, 19.0%, and 57.6%, respectively, in the general population. Quit ratio (percentage of ever-smokers who were ex-smokers) was 29% for ADHD patients, compared with 48.5% in the general population. The discrepancy was accounted for by the males, whose quit ratio was 23%, compared with 51.6% in the general population; the figure for ADHD females (45%) was similar to that in the general population (44.7%). Smokers recalled experiencing a significantly higher number of ADHD symptoms (11.5 ± 1.7) as children than never smokers (9.9 ± 2.3; p
Reactions of the azobenzene-dilithium adduct with some substituted chloro compounds of silicon, germanium, tin and lead

Treatment of the azobenzene-dilithium adduct with dichlorodimethylsilane gave 1,2,4,5-tetraphenyl-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-tetraaza-3,6-disilacyclohexane. Similar reactions of dichlorodiethylsilane, dichloridibenzylsilane, dichlorophenylvinylsilane, and cyclopentamethylenedichlorosilane gave the corresponding cyclic compounds. Substituted silylhydrazines were obtained from the reaction of the azobenzene-dilithium adduct with chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorotriethylsilane, chlorodimethylphenylsilane and chlorodiphenylmethylsilane. Reaction of dichlorodiphenylgermane with the azobenzene-dilithium adduct gave octaphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetraaza-3,6-digermacyclohexane. Diphenyltin and azobenzene were obtained from the reaction of diphenyltin dichloride with the azobenzene-dilithium adduct; whereas, metallic lead and azobenzene were isolated from the corresponding reaction employing diphenyllead dichloride.
DNA guanine-guanine crosslinking sequence specificity of isophosphoramide mustard, the alkylating metabolite of the clinical antitumor agent ifosfamide.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the base sequence specificity of isophosphoramide mustard (IPM), the alkylating metabolite of ifosfamide, by crosslinking of designed DNA oligomers in comparison with the clinical alkylating agents mechlorethamine (ME) (nitrogen mustard) and phosphoramide mustard (PM), the alkylating metabolite of cyclophosphamide. Methods: IPM, as well as PM and ME were each reacted with three dodecameric duplexes, which were designed to detect interstrand crosslinking between guanines in 5′-GC-3′ (I), 5′-GNC-3′ (II) or 5′-GNNC-3′ (III) sequences (N=A or T). Results: All three agents preferentially react with 5′-GNC-3′ target sequences. The 5′-GNNC-3′ target sequence is less reactive by a factor of approximately 2.5- to 10-fold, while 5′-GC-3′ is of even lower reactivity. Conclusion: These results indicate that all three agents show approximately equal preference for reaction with a 5′-GNC-3′ target sequence in spite of the fact that IPM yields a 7-atom crosslink, while the other two agents yield 5-atom crosslinks.
Antidiuretic hormone and water transfer.

There has been remarkable progressin recent years in our understanding of the physiology of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), from its synthesis and release in the central nervous system to its action on the renal tubular cell. Several recent reviews [1–5] have considered the physiology of antidiuretic hormone in detail, and only a brief summary will be given of the steps leading to the permeability response of the collecting duct. The question to be emphasized in this article is the following: how does vasopressin increase the rate of osmotic water flow across the cell membrane?
Enhancement of fatigue crack monitoring by surface acoustic wave reflection and modulation in a space-cycle-load domain: an imaging approach

The surface wave acoustic method is applied to the in situ ultrasonic monitoring (during fatigue) of fatigue crack initiation and evolution. A small low-frequency periodic loading is also applied, resulting in a nonlinear modulation of reflected pulses. The acoustic wave reflections are collected for: each experimental cycle; a range of applied fatigue and modulation load levels; and a range of spatial propagation positions, and are presented in image form to aid pattern identification. Salient features of the image are then extracted and processed to evaluate the initiation time of the crack, its opening/closing behavior and its subsequent size evolution until sample failure. This image representation improves the visibility of the small-crack reflectivity pattern and thus enhances the detectability of small cracks.
Depression and Memory: Are Impairments Remediable Through Attentional Control?:

People who are in depressed mood states or who are formally di agnosed as clinically depressed fre quently complain of impaired mem ory. Such complaints have been substantiated by laboratory re search, most of which supports the theoretical assumption that atten tional resources play a causal role in producing the impairments. Specific theoretical frameworks do differ, however, in the proposed nature of this role and in their corresponding implications for remediation. The most prevalent positions are versions of a capacity framework (e.g., cog nitive effort or resource allocation).1 If you are depressed, according to the capacity framework, your atten tional resources are either reduced neurochemically or allocated perva sively to matters of personal con cern.2 Either way, if the task at hand requires hard thinking, your performance is impaired by the in sufficiency of attentional resources. Presumably, the lifting of the impair ment awaits successful psychophar macological treatment or resolution of your personal concerns. Now consider the viewpoint of what I have called the cognitive initiative framework.3 According to this framework, your attentional re sources are sufficient. What is miss
Liquid phase behavior of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with alcohols : effect of hydrogen bonding and non-polar interactions

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) have been suggested as potential “green” solvents to replace volatile organic compounds in reaction and separation processes due to their negligible vapor pressure. In order to develop ILs for these applications, it is important to understand the factors that control their phase behavior with other liquids. In this work, we continue our study of the effect of different factors on the phase behavior of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with alcohols, focusing on ILs with somewhat longer alkyl chains (hexyl and octyl) on the cation. All systems exhibit upper critical solution temperatures (UCSTs), with low solubility of the IL in the alcohol and high solubility of the alcohol in the IL. Increasing the alkyl chain length on the alcohol causes an increase in the UCST of the system. By contrast, increasing the alkyl chain length on the cation results in a decrease in the UCST of the system. Decreasing hydrogen bonding opportunities with the cation by replacing a hydrogen atom with a methyl group at the C2 position on the imidazolium ring results in an increase in the UCST. The degree to which the anion affects the UCST diminishes with increasing length of the cation alkyl chain.
CMOS Compatible Fabrication Processes for the Digital Micromirror Device

DLP® technology has been widely used in the display products since it was first introduced to the world in 1996 by Texas Instruments. Projectors powered by DLP® technology range from cinema projectors that light up large movie theater screens to palm-sized “Pico” projectors. The heart of the technology is the digital micromirror device (DMD) that features an addressable array of up to 8 million microscopic mirrors. DMDs are fabricated using standard semiconductor processing equipment. However due to the unique nature of MOEMS application and digital operation of the DMDs, special CMOS-compatible fabrication processes have been developed to produce highly reflective digital micromirrors with robust operation margin and long term reliability. This paper will present an overview of the fabrication processes of the DMDs.
Scheduling with Deadlines and Loss Functions

The problem of this paper is that of scheduling several one-stage tasks on several processors, which are capable of handling the tasks with varying degrees of efficiency, to minimize the total loss, which is a sum of losses associated with the individual tasks. Each task has a deadline; the individual loss associated with it is a function of amount of time between the deadline and the time of completion if the former precedes the latter, and zero otherwise.
The Reconstruction presidents

During and after the Civil War, four presidents faced the challenge of reuniting the nation and of providing justice for black Americans - and of achieving a balance between those goals. This first book to collectively examine the Reconstruction policies of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, and Rutherford B. Hayes reveals how they confronted and responded to the complex issues presented during that contested era in American politics. Brooks Simpson examines the policies of each administration in depth and evaluates them in terms of their political, social, and institutional contexts. Simpson explains what was politically possible at a time when federal authority and presidential power were more limited than they are now. He compares these four leaders' handling of similar challenges - such as the retention of political support and the need to build a southern base for their policies - in different ways and under different circumstances, and he discusses both their use of executive power and the impact of their personal beliefs on their actions.
Bariatric Surgery in Severe Obesity and End-stage Heart Failure With Mechanical Circulatory Support as a Bridge to Successful Heart Transplantation: A Case Report

We present the first report of the concurrent use of mechanical circulatory support and bariatric surgery in a morbidly obese patient as a bridge to successful heart transplantation. The concurrent use of mechanical circulatory support and bariatric surgery allowed the patient to lose weight and subsequently to qualify for placement on the heart transplant waiting list. This strategy supports consideration of patients previously deemed unsuitable for heart transplantation owing to morbid obesity. Careful patient selection and strict monitoring of the immunosuppressive regimens are important considerations for a favorable outcome.
Differential Cross Sections for the Scattering of Medium Energy Protons on Carbon

Extensive experimental results are presented showing the variation with energy of the absolute angular distributions for the elastic and inelastic scattering of medium energy protons on carbon. For the scattering with $Q=0$ and $Q=\ensuremath{-}4.4$ Mev, angular distributions between 20 deg and 170 deg were obtained for eleven incident proton energies spaced between 14.0 Mev and 19.4 Mev. Distributions for scattering leading to the excitation of the 7.7-Mev and 9.6-Mev states of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ were measured at energies of 16.7, 17.8, and 18.9 Mev. The experimental results are discussed qualitatively in their relation to the predictions of the theories of nuclear reactions. The elastic scattering cross sections are roughly what one might expect from the complex potential theory, but no numerical comparisons have been made. The predominant inelastic scattering is forward, though the angular distributions corresponding to the three levels studied do not resemble each other. In no single case is one of these distributions symmetrical about 90 deg. The simple Bessel-function distributions of the first-order direct interaction theory do not agree well with the data, but only the scattering leading to the 4.4-Mev level of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ is in apparently complete disagreement.Experimental differential cross sections as a function of energy are also presented for the scattering of protons on hydrogen near 90 deg (center-of-mass system).
A History of Schooling and Family Life on Southern Argentine Sheep Ranches

Changing schooling patterns and concurrent changes in residence patterns have altered family life on the isolated sheep ranches of Peninsula Valdes, Argentina, over the last century. Examination of the schooling and familial experiences of individuals belonging to eight cohorts in fifteen families reveals that the lack of nearby educational facilities has played an important part in an exodus from the ranches to town. In three phases, the rich family-oriented life on the ranches has been transferred to town, and family life on the ranches has been impoverished.
An integrated GC/FT‐IR system for the analysis of environmental pollutants

An integrated gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (GC/FT-IR) system developed for the analysis of environmental pollutants is described. The versatility of the system allows the utilization of many different techniques of sample introduction and manipulation during analysis. The sample can be introduced by direct injection or thermal desorption from an adsorbent cartridge, and can then be separated on one of two capillary columns and detected by FT-IR or an FID. Cold traps and collection cartridges incorporated in the system permit recovery and additional fractionation of samples. Recovered sample and sample fractions can then be re-analyzed by GC/FT-IR or subsequently analyzed by GC/MS or other methods.
Automatic segmentation of liver structure in CT images

The segmentation and three-dimensional representation of the liver from a computed tomography (CT) scan is an important step in many medical applications, such as in the surgical planning for a living-donor liver transplant and in the automatic detection and documentation of pathological states. A method is being developed to automatically extract liver structure from abdominal CT scans using a priori information about liver morphology and digital image-processing techniques. Segmentation is performed sequentially image-by-image (slice-by-slice), starting with a reference image in which the liver occupies almost the entire right half of the abdomen cross section. Image processing techniques include gray-level thresholding, Gaussian smoothing, and eight-point connectivity tracking. For each case, the shape, size, and pixel density distribution of the liver are recorded for each CT image and used in the processing of other CT images. Extracted boundaries of the liver are smoothed using mathematical morphology techniques and B-splines. Computer-determined boundaries were compared with those drawn by a radiologist. The boundary descriptions from the two methods were in agreement, and the calculated areas were within 10%.
Physical measures of image quality in mammography

A recently introduced method for quantitative analysis of images of the American College of Radiology (ACR) mammography accreditation phantom has been extended to include signal- to-noise-ratio (SNR) measurements, and has been applied to survey the image quality of 54 mammography machines from 17 hospitals. Participants sent us phantom images to be evaluated for each mammography machine at their hospital. Each phantom was loaned to us for obtaining images of the wax insert plate on a reference machine at our institution. The images were digitized and analyzed to yield indices that quantified the image quality of the machines precisely. We have developed methods for normalizing for the variation of the individual speck sizes between different ACR phantoms, for the variation of the speck sizes within a microcalcification group, and for variations in overall speeds of the mammography systems. In terms of the microcalcification SNR, the variability of the x-ray machines was 40.5% when no allowance was made for phantom or mAs variations. This dropped to 17.1% when phantom variability was accounted for, and to 12.7% when mAs variability was also allowed for. Our work shows the feasibility of practical, low-cost, objective and accurate evaluations, as a useful adjunct to the present ACR method.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On award to Crichton

It is somewhat unusual for a scientific society to criticize the actions of another learned or professional society [Brigham-Grette et al., 2006]. So when the Council of the American Quaternary Association (AMQUA) takes issue with the American Association of Petroleum Geologists over its 2006 Journalism Award to writer and climate skeptic Michael Crichton, citing a recently issued government scientific report [Karl et al., 2006],one must take notice. The AMQUA council members demonstrate that they have not read (or understood) the cited Karl et al. U.S. Climate Change Science Program report. It is true that the report's summary (and press release) claim ‘clear evidence’ for anthropogenic global warming, but the report itself clearly contradicts this. Specifically Figure 5.4G, which compares key observations with the calculations of major greenhouse models, shows a considerable disparity. There are other differences between observed and calculated ‘fingerprints’ of temperature trends [Singer, 2006], further demonstrated by more detailed comparisons [Douglass et al., 2004].
An inverse boundary element method/genetic algorithm based approach for retrieval of multi-dimensional heat transfer coefficients within film cooling holes/slots

An inverse methodology is developed as a means of determining heat transfer coefficient distributions in film cooling holes/slots. Thermal conditions are over-specified at exposed surfaces amenable to measurement, while the temperature and surface heat flux distributions are unknown at the film cooling hole/slot walls. The latter are determined in an iterative manner by solving an inverse problem whose objective is to adjust the film-cooling hole/slot wall temperatures and heat flux distributions until the temperature and heat fluxes at the measurement surfaces are matched in an overall heat conduction solution. The heat conduction problem is solved using boundary element methods, and the inverse problem is solved using a genetic algorithm. The resulting film coefficient distributions are fit to a correlation reflecting dependency on position, the Prandtl and Reynolds numbers.
The flight behaviour of individual passerine nocturnal migrants: A tracking radar study

Abstract Nocturnal passerine migrants were tracked with a small automatic tracking radar during spring migration in eastern New York. Climbing, descending and markedly non-linear tracks were selected for analysis because they may reveal relationships not evident in normal straight and level tracks. Climbing individuals ascended at 1 to 2 vertical metres per second by heading into the wind and increasing their ascent angles while air speed tended to remain constant. Within individual tracks, birds flew slower when flying downwind than when flying into the wind and changes in air speed were performed over periods of a few seconds. A small amount of data suggested that this behaviour did not occur under overcast skies. Both the direction and speed of the wind force were important in predicting air speed. Multiple regression analysis indicated that faster flying birds were more likely to fly in winds of high speed and at large angles into the wind.
Clinical efficacy and safety of pimobendan in treatment of heart failure--experience in Japan.

The results of Japanese studies on the clinical efficacy and safety of pimobendan in the treatment of heart failure are summarized in this paper. In patients with acute heart failure, a single oral 2.5 mg dose of pimobendan produced a significant increase in cardiac index (27.9%) and stroke volume index (24.4%), as well as a significant decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (-21.3%). A single oral 5.0 mg dose of pimobendan increased anaerobic threshold during exercise (7.3%). In a multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, 8 weeks of treatment with pimobendan 2.5 mg b.i.d., which was suggested to be the optimal dose in a preceding dose-finding study, definitely improved symptoms and signs of heart failure in 52.6% of patients, and New York Heart Association function class in 64.1% of patients. This regimen was also associated with a significantly greater increase in physical activity than placebo. Furthermore, another double-blind, placebo-controlled study suggested that pimobendan 1.25 mg and 2.5 mg b.i.d. may have long-term beneficial effects on morbidity and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. Adverse reactions developed in 26 of 241 (10.8%) patients receiving multiple doses of pimobendan, but none of the reactions were serious. It is concluded that pimobendan may be useful in the treatment of patients with heart failure.
Brain damage, development, and behavior: Early findings

Differences in symptomatology as a function of age at the time of brain damage have been observed for almost 200 years. The present contribution examines the use of young animals in research from the time of Julien Jean Cesar Legallois, who worked on rabbits and other animals in the early 1800s, to Margaret Kennard, who began her work on young primates in the mid‐1930s. Although the emphasis of this historical review is on experimental studies, some mention is made of parallel observations involving children in early clinical literature.
Implementation of Rosenbrock Methods

Rosenbrock formulas have shown promise in research codes for the solution of initial-value problems for stiff systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To help assess their practical value, the author wrote an item of mathematical software based on such a formula. This required a variety of algorithmic and software developments. Those of general interest are reported in this paper. Among them is a way to select automatically, at every step, an explicit Runge-Kutta formula or a Rosenbrock formula according to the stiffness of the problem. Solving linear systems is important to methods for stiff ODEs, and is rather special for Rosenbrock methods. A cheap, effective estimate of the condition of the linear systems is derived. Some numerical results are presented to illustrate the developments.
There is plenty for everyone: transection of the infracardiac inferior vena cava during organ recovery.

Liver Transplantation is pleased to introduce a new section of the Journal, which willbe devoted to short, rapid communication of innovative clinical techniques andsurgical problems. As the ﬁeld of liver transplantation continues to evolve rapidly,clinical surgeons need incorporate novel approaches to the complex problems whichwe face in the OR. Letters from the Frontline will provide the opportunity for ourcommunity to present innovative solutions or pose difﬁcult technical questions to thecommunity at large.Communications to this new section need to be addressed in the form of a letter tothe editor of Liver Transplantation. They may include one or two illustrations or imagesand a limit of 5 references. We encourage you to submit small series or even singlecases which illustrate your innovations or solutions. As the section develops, we hopeto present debates about the merits of alternative approaches to clinical livertransplantation. Thank you for considering Liver Transplantation and we lookforward to your feedback and suggestions for future topics.
A thick-film calormetric sensor for monitoring the concentration of combustible gases

Abstract A calorimetric sensor consisting of two identical platinum heater/ resistance thermometer films fabricated by a thick-film metallization process is used to monitor the steady-state concentration of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon gases in a flow reactor. Platinum black and palladium are used as catalysts and are deposited either chemically or electrolytically on one of the platinum films, while the other serves as a compensating element. Experimental studies show that the sensors fabricated by this process have good sensing characteristics for the combustible gases examined.
Chirped AM ladar for anti-ship missile tracking and force protection 3D imaging: update

Shipboard infrared search and track (IRST) systems can detect sea-skimming anti-ship missiles at long ranges. Since IRST systems cannot measure range and line-of-sight velocity, they have difficulty distinguishing missiles from slowly moving false targets and clutter. In a joint Army-Navy program, the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is developing a chirped amplitude modulation ladar to provide range and velocity measurements for tracking of targets handed over to it by the distributed aperture system IRST (DAS-IRST) under development at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) under Office of Naval Research (ONR) sponsorship. By using an array receiver based on Intevac Inc.'s Electron Bombarded Active Pixel Sensor (EBAPS) operating near 1.5 μm wavelength, ARL's ladar also provides 3D imagery of potential threats in support of the force protection mission. In Phase I, ARL designed and built a breadboard ladar system for proof-of-principle static platform field tests. In Phase II, ARL is improving the ladar system to process and display 3D imagery and range-Doppler plots in near real-time, to re-register frames in near real-time to compensate for platform and target lateral motions during data acquisition, and to operate with better quality EBAPS tubes with higher quantum efficiency and better response spatial uniformity. The chirped AM ladar theory, breadboard design, performance model results, and initial breadboard preliminary test results were presented last year at this conference. This paper presents the results of tests at the Navy's Chesapeake Bay Detachment facility. The improvements to the ladar breadboard since last year are also presented.
Provision of Hepatitis C Education in a Nationwide Sample of Drug Treatment Programs

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has reached epidemic proportions among drug users, and drug programs are in a unique position to provide each of their patients with HCV education. Using a nationwide sample (N = 434) of drug treatment programs, we report the results of a logistic regression analysis that differentiates programs providing HCV education to all of their patients versus programs that do not. Fifty-four percent of the programs provide HCV education to all of their patients. Programs are about four and a half times as likely to provide HCV education to all patients if they dispense methadone; almost four times as likely to provide this service if they educate most of their staff about HCV; twice as likely if they are residential; and almost twice as likely if they conduct HIV testing on-site. Our findings indicate that there is a need to increase HCV educational services in drug treatment programs.
Taxonomic isolation and the accumulation of herbivorous insects: a comparison of introduced and native trees

Evidence from leaf-mining insects on Fagaceous hosts suggests that range expansions of insects onto introduced trees often involve species that feed on native hosts closely related to the introduced host. 2. An examination of the herbivorous entomofauna of British trees illustrates that the size of the entomofauna is partially determined by the taxonomic isolation of the host tree.
Profilin-mediated Competition between Capping Protein and Formin Cdc12p during Cytokinesis in Fission Yeast

Fission yeast capping protein SpCP is a heterodimer of two subunits (Acp1p and Acp2p) that binds actin filament barbed ends. Neither acp1 nor acp2 is required for viability, but cells lacking either or both subunits have cytokinesis defects under stressful conditions, including elevated temperature, osmotic stress, or in combination with numerous mild mutations in genes important for cytokinesis. Defects arise as the contractile ring constricts and disassembles, resulting in delays in cell separation. Genetic and biochemical interactions show that the cytokinesis formin Cdc12p competes with capping protein for actin filament barbed ends in cells. Deletion of acp2 partly suppresses cytokinesis defects in temperature-sensitive cdc12-112 cells and mild overexpression of capping protein kills cdc12-112 cells. Biochemically, profilin has opposite effects on filaments capped with Cdc12p and capping protein. Profilin depolymerizes actin filaments capped by capping protein but allows filaments capped by Cdc12p to grow at their barbed ends. Once associated with a barbed end, either Cdc12p or capping protein prevents the other from influencing polymerization at that end. Given that capping protein arrives at the division site 20 min later than Cdc12p, capping protein may slowly replace Cdc12p on filament barbed ends in preparation for filament disassembly during ring constriction.
Effective Teacher Evaluation

It is now recognized that there are almost as many learning styles as there are learners. Today's teacher is faced with the difficult task of developing a multidimensional system to evaluate his teaching effectiveness.