cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterodyne frequency measurements and frequency calibration standards for tunable diode lasers

New frequency calibration tables are required to keep abreast of the resolution attainable by currently available tunable lasers. One key to the generation of tables with requisite accuracy involves accurate heterodyne frequency measurements; another key consists of reliable fitting and analysis. Coordinated activity in NBS involves selection of suitable molecular calibration candidates, their frequency measurement and analysis, and dissemination of the results in the form of frequency calibration tables. Current status of these efforts is described.
Axoplasmic transport of proteins in vitro in primary afferent neurons of frog spinal cord: effect of Ca2+-free incubation conditions.

—The effects of Ca2+-free incubation medium on in vitro axoplasmic transport of proteins were studied in the central and peripheral branches of primary afferent spinal neurons of frog. Following exposure of dorsal root ganglia to [3H]leucine, the amount of radioactive protein transported along the axons during a subsequent 19 h period was decreased by approximately 60 per cent in preparations incubated in Ca2+-free, 1 mm-EGTA medium compared to those in normal medium. In similar Ca2+-free conditions the endogenous calcium levels were decreased to one-fourth the levels found following incubation in normal medium. Neither raising EGTA concentrations to 10 mm nor incubation in Ca2+-free medium prior to the [3H]leucine pulse were found to decrease the amount of transported protein in Ca2+-free medium by more than 70 per cent. The decrement in the amount of transported proteins did not appear to be due to an effect of Ca2+-free medium upon either the uptake of [3H]leucine into ganglion cells or upon the incorporation of radioactive amino acid into protein. The data are interpreted to suggest (i) that‘loading' of proteins onto the transport system is inhibited during Ca2+-free incubation and (ii) that the apparent transport of radioactive proteins during Ca2+-free incubation conditions might reflect proximo-distal movement of either microtubular protein or some other protein components of the transport system. It is proposed that calcium ions might function as reversible bonds between the transport system and‘transported' proteins.
An experimental investigation of iso-octane ignition phenomena

Abstract High-speed digital imaging has been used in rapid compression facility (RCF) studies to investigate ignition phenomena of iso-octane/air mixtures. Sequential images were captured for each experiment. The results indicate the existence of two ignition regimes. In one domain, ignition is rapid, typically less than 76 μs, and ignition occurs simultaneously throughout the test volume. In the other domain, reaction fronts form and propagate within the test volume prior to volumetric ignition. The data span equivalence ratios from ϕ = 0.20 to 1.98, with inert/O2 gas ratios from 1.38 to 5.89, pressures from 8.7 to 16.6 atm, and temperatures from 903 to 1020 K. The transition between the two regimes is discussed in the context of the mixture composition and experimental conditions. The analysis shows that the fuel mole fraction is a key parameter dictating the boundary between the modes of ignition. Below a critical mole fraction limit, volumetric ignition is observed; above the critical limit, reaction fronts are consistently present prior to volumetric ignition. The ignition delay times for both ignition regimes are well reproduced using a homogeneous simulation with detailed reaction chemistry, when the state conditions are modified to account for the presence of the reaction fronts. The results are discussed in terms of proposed reaction chemistry, ignition theory, and previous studies of iso-octane ignition.
Split-beam Towed Sonar for Ocean Acoustic Measurements

The Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, has developed a split-beam, mobile acoustic measurement system that is suited to a variety of tasks such as the study of fish populations, bottom features, and reverberation. Like an earlier configuration, the present system allows phase-coherent analog recording of multiple acoustic channels. New features include improved attitude and environmental sensing, programming of electronic functions, and greater freedom in choosing the type and frequency or the transmitted signal.
An Adaptable Scheduling Algorithm for Flexible Flow Lines

Consider a manufacturing line that produces parts of several types. Each part must be processed by at most one machine in each of several banks of machines. This paper presents an algorithm that schedules the loading of parts into such a line. The objective is primarily to minimize the makespan and secondarily to minimize queueing. The problem is decomposed into three subproblems and each of these is solved using a fast heuristic. The most challenging subproblem is that of finding a good loading sequence, and this is addressed using workload concepts and an approximation to dynamic programming. We make several extensions to the algorithm in order to handle limited storage capacity, expediting, and reactions to system dynamics. The algorithm was tested by computing schedules for a real production line, and the results are discussed.
All-terrain vehicle-related maxillofacial trauma in the pediatric population.

PURPOSE: Nearly 40% of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) crash-related fatalities involve pediatric patients, with many of these patients dying from head and neck injuries. West Virginia is in a unique position to examine these injuries because of its high rate of ATV use. This study examines craniofacial ATV-related trauma in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a single-center, retrospective, descriptive study of 26 children presenting with a craniofacial injury(ies) resulting from an ATV crash from January 2001 to December 2004. RESULTS: Twenty-six children (65% boys) with a mean age of 13.1 years presented with craniofacial injuries during the study period. Two patients were helmeted. Mortality was 3.8% (n = 1, head injury related, postinjury day 3). Patients were most often drivers of the ATV (65%), although girls were more likely to be passengers (P = .03). Facial contusions, lacerations, and abrasions were highly prevalent (62%, 69%, 65%, respectively), as were fractures of the facial bones and skull (77%). Thirty-five percent sustained closed head injuries, which were significantly associated with mandible fractures (odds ratio 12.8%; 95% CI, 1.15-143). Mean length of hospital stay was 4.6 +/- 5 days, and 36% required an ICU stay (mean, 5.1 +/- 3 days). Twenty-four percent required ventilator support (mean, 107 +/- 43 hours; range, 48 to 168 hours). Operative intervention was required in 72% of patients (n = 18). CONCLUSION: Maxillofacial injury patterns from ATV-related crashes in children suggest a high percentage of significant facial injuries and closed head injuries. As new ATV legislation that addresses operator use is enacted, a decrease in the number and severity of craniofacial injuries may be seen. Language: en
Focus of attention at work: Construct definition and empirical validation

This paper introduces a multifaceted construct labelled ‘employee focus of attention’. Conceptual and operational definitions for the construct are provided. Evidence from four different studies is presented to establish content, construct and face validity for the operationalization. Data support the general hypothesis that the degree to which employees think about various targets in their work environment affects their reactions to those targets. It is concluded that with further development the focus of attention construct may provide a viable way to enhance explanations of employee reactions to their work environments. Suggestions for future research on the focus of attention construct are provided.
A comparison of enterotomies through the antimesenteric band and the sacculation of the small (descending) colon of ponies

Summary Three pairs of longitudinal enterotomies were performed in the small colon of 10 ponies. Each pair consisted of one enterotomy through the antimesenteric band and one through the sacculation. The ponies were destroyed 96 h after surgery. The enterotomies in the two sites were compared for: speed of surgery, adhesions, bursting wall tension, neovascularisation by micro-angiography, and histological reaction. Enterotomies made through the antimesenteric band were superior because they were quicker to perform, stronger, more accurately apposed, and had less inflammation than those made through the sacculation.
Defining Indications for Rotator Cuff Repair: Predictors of Failure of Nonoperative Treatment of Chronic, Symptomatic, Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears

failed to restore the intact compressive force at all rotational and abduction angles (P < .005). At neutral humeral rotation at 0 abduction, the rotator cuff tear caused an anteriorly directed force andwas restored by the trapezius transfer 24N load (P < .05), whereas the latissimus transfer did not show any significant difference from the cuff tear condition (Figure 2). Conclusion: Both the lower trapezius transfer and the latissimus dorsi transfer are beneficial in restoring rotational balance of the humerus due to muscle loading and glenohumeral kinematics. The trapezius transfer was able to provide a better AP centering force than the latissimus transfer and restored contact forces to the intact condition. The increase in contact forces seen with the trapezius transfer, however, may be more problematic in patients with subtle osteoarthritis. Overall, we found that the lower trapezius transfer is biomechanically superior to the latissimus transfer in restoring native glenohumeral biomechanics. Clinical studies to evaluate the results of the trapezius transfer are warranted. Level of evidence: Basic Science Study, Biomechanical, Cadaveric model.
A Hybrid Data-Model Fusion Approach to Calibrate a Flush Air Data Sensing System

A hybrid data-model fusion approach has been devised to calibrate a Flush Air Data Sensing system. Numerical simulation and artificial neural network based approaches have been previously applied to predict airdata state from flush pressure measurements. However both approaches have their shortcomings. Numerical simulations rely on approximations to model the truth while learning algorithms do not incorporate the physics of the problem and often need a large set of data for training. A principled approach has been devised to fuse experimental FADS data and numerical solutions in an optimal manner. The purpose of this approach is to improve the prediction accuracies of the airdata state obtained by a pure neural network based approach. Other objectives of this approach include better noise tolerance and a need for fewer experimental data.
Vitrectomy and scleral buckling methods for proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Abstract The authors operated on 95 eyes with retinal detachment (RD) complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) using vitrectomy combined with scleral buckling. The retina was successfully reattached in 10 (91 %) of 11 eyes with mild PVR (B, C1), 14 (93%) of 15 eyes with moderate PVR (C2-C3), and 52 (75%) of 69 eyes with severe PVR (D1-D3). Thirteen (88%) of 15 eyes in which silicone oil was injected were successfully reattached. Eighty-eight percent of the 76 successfully reattached cases had a postoperative visual acuity of 5/200 or better; the median postoperative visual acuity was 20/200. Severe PVR was the cause of failure in 17 (89%) of 19 eyes in which the retina was not reattached.
Dynamic LSP provisioning in overlay, augmented, and peer architectures for IP-MPLS over WDM networks

We consider an IP/MPLS over WDM network, in which label switched routers (LSRs) in the IP/MPLS layer are interconnected through optical cross-connects (OXCs) in the optical core network (WDM layer) providing an end-to-end wavelength routing capability. In this paper, we study a dynamic label switched path (LSP) provisioning problem for the three different network models of the IP/MPLS over WDM network, namely, overlay, augmented, and peer models. For the overlay model, we propose an algorithm, called MLH/spl I.bar/OVLY, in which a network finds a path with the minimum number of logical hops for an LSP request. We also propose, for the augmented model, a simple and efficient dynamic LSP provisioning algorithm, called CAPA/spl I.bar/AUG, utilizing summarized capacity information from the WDM layer. We compare the proposed algorithms with the existing algorithms available for the overlay and peer models, and also provide an in-depth analysis of the algorithms. The algorithms are compared and evaluated using two key performance measures: LSP blocking probability and network (lightpath) utilization. Simulation results show that at low loads with a limited number of ports available in the network, CAPA/spl I.bar/AUG achieves an order of magnitude better blocking performance and outperforms all other algorithm. Considering the small amount of information that is exchanged between the layers in the augmented model, these results suggest that the augmented model can be a practically good compromise between the overlay and peer models.
Calibration of HF radar systems with ships of opportunity

This paper addresses the application of ships of opportunity to determine the proper phase corrections for HF ground-wave phased array radar systems. Such HF radar systems are being used more and more extensively for measurements of coastal ocean surface currents. In order to correctly determine the spatial bearing of the currents that such systems measure, antennas must be appropriately calibrated for amplitude and phase variations within the array. Phase and amplitude corrections are often accomplished through ship-based transponder runs. Such calibration runs, however, require the use of a ship and thus are expensive and may not be done as frequently as is needed, such as if there are changes in the elements of the array or the local terrain. A technique is described below that can potentially make use of ships of opportunity with unknown bearings to determine the required phase corrections for the array elements and to determine the bearing of the unknown ship. Examples run thus far from transponder data collected with an 8-element loop receiving antenna array indicate that with this technique, for cases where the SNR exceeds 20 dB, the antenna phase corrections are generally within 0.2-0.3 radians of the values obtained from a direct transponder run where the ship's bearing is known. When the ship's bearing is assumed unknown and is uniquely determined from different radar frequencies, for cases where the SNR exceeds 20 dB, the results for the ship bearing are consistent to within 2-3/spl deg/.
Outcome of interspecific interactions among brown-rot and white-rot wood decay fungi

Interspecific mycelial interactions among brown-rot fungi resulted in either deadlock or replacement of one fungus by the other. Similarly, most of the brown-rot fungi deadlocked with some or all of the whitre-rot fungi tested, while a few were able to replace some of the white-rot fungi. The results indicate similarities in interspecific mycelial interactions among brown-rot fungi and between brown-rot and white-rot fungi. The results further suggest that some brown-rot fungi are capable of invading and occupying domains within white-rot fungal communities in decaying wood.
DEPROTONATION DYNAMICS OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS IN HYDROPHOBIC MEDIA: DIBUCAINEHCI IN WATER/ALCOHOL OR SURFACTANT MIXTURES

— The emitting chromophores, emitting states, state orderings and phosphorescence lifetimes of neutral, hydrogen-bonded, and protonated dibucaines in water/alcohol mixtures were determined experimentally and were confirmed theoretically using a HAM/3 method. These photophysical properties are used to probe the deprotonation dynamics of dibucaine-HCl in the water/hydrophobic media. It is found that the protonated dibucaine in an aqueous solution is deprotonated and/or forms hydrogen-bonded dibucaine when it is brought into contact with the alcohols and surfactants. The observed deprotonation processes could lend some insight on the molecular basis of pharmacological action of dibucaine.
Citation searching: a new feature in PsycINFO.

This paper reports the usefulness of a new reference citation feature of the database PsycINFO. Limitations were noted.
Modes in human-automation interaction: initial observations about a modeling approach

This paper is an exploration into the relationship between the operating environment and the mode-structure of supervisory control systems. Based on a field-study describing operators (e.g., pilots, controllers, technicians) interaction with modal systems, the authors developed several hypotheses about why and how operators transition among modes. The authors used these hypotheses to develop a framework of the complete environment-human-machine relationship. The framework, called 'OFAN', is based on Statecharts and Operator-Function models-both modern extensions to the finite-state-machine theory. Using the OFAN framework, the authors describe two examples of moding problems and identify the system's features that induce such problems. In the first example, a moding problem in a display, it was the product of dual transitions into a state: one consistent with the layout of the controls/displays (and therefore intuitive), the other dependent upon some internal state (and therefore unintuitive). In the second example, a moding problem in an automatic flight control system, it was a default entry into a state (of the machine) which was inconsistent with the state of the environment. For both examples, the underlying approach and methods used to highlight these moding problems are briefly discussed.
Effects of Turfgrass Endophytes (Clavicipitaceae: Ascomycetes) on White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Control by the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae)

We evaluated the effect of endophyte infection in the two turfgrasses tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) and strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra) on the susceptibility of three white grub species to the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar. Endophyte infection in strong creeping red fescue (only tested under greenhouse conditions) had no effect on nematode-susceptibility of third-instar oriental beetle (Exomala (=Anomala) orientalis Waterhouse) and northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis Arrow). In tall fescue under greenhouse conditions, endophyte infection had a weak and variable enhancing effect on nematode-susceptibility of second- and third-instar E. orientalis and no effect on nematode susceptibility of third-instar C. borealis and Popillia japonica. However, under field conditions with natural white grub populations, endophyte infection in tall fescue had no significant effects on nematode efficacy against E. orientalis, P. japonica, and C. borealis. While it is possible that stronger interactions between endophytes and nematodes may occur with different grass species, cultivars, and endophyte strains, nematode-endophyte interactions appear to be too variable to allow predictions on nematode efficacy based on turfgrass endophyte status.
SPATIAL SPREAD OF AN EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE: CONJUNCTIVITIS IN HOUSE FINCHES

In this paper we quantify the rate of spread of the newly emerged pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum of the House Finch, Carpodacus mexicanus, in its introduced range. We compare and contrast the rapid, yet decelerating, rate of spread of the pathogen with the slower, yet accelerating rate of spread of the introduced host. Comparing the rate of spread of this pathogen to pathogens in terrestrial mammalian hosts, we see that elevation and factors relating to host abundance restrict disease spread, rather than finding any major effects of discrete barriers or anthropogenic movement. We examine the role of seasonality in the rate of spread, finding that the rate and direction of disease spread relates more to seasonality in host movement than to seasonality in disease prevalence. We conclude that asymptomatic carriers are major transmitters of Mycoplasma gallisepticum into novel locations, a finding which may also be true for many other diseases, such as West Nile Virus and avian influenza.
Exploiting Graduate Students

With regard to exploitation, I have two concrete examples. In one case, a graduate student sent her paper to an editor. The editor was interested more in her data than in her paper. The editor asked for the data and the paper and then hired a research assistant to reanalyze the data with constant consultation with the original author. In the end, both the original author and research assistant were ac-
The Hog-Nosed Bat in New Mexico

On August 20, 1956, I captured a hog-nosed bat, Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi, in Skeleton Canyon on the west side of the Peloncillo Mountains, 10 miles south of Rodeo, Hidalgo County, New Mexico, …
Impact of Simple Ovarian Cysts on the Interpretation of Endometrial Thickness in Women with Postmenopausal Bleeding.

Abstract Background: There is evidence that premenopausal hormones may persist for variable time after menopause. Histological specimens from postmenopausal women support the presence of follicular growth at that age. Residual ovarian function may explain postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), which is not associated with endometrial pathology. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of sonographic diagnosis of simple ovarian cysts on the association between thickened endometrium and endometrial pathology in women with PMB. Materials and Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from medical records of women who underwent office hysteroscopy for PMB between January 2007 and October 2011. Women with sonographic reports within 3 months of presentation were included. Endometrial thickness and the presence of a simple ovarian cyst (≤5 cm) were documented by reviewing sonographic reports. Diagnosis of endometrial pathology was abstracted according to pathology reports or hysteroscopic impression. Endometria with h...
Estriol in pregnancy. V. Unconjugated and total plasma estriol in the managements of pregnant diabetic patients.

Abstract Sixty-two consecutive diabetic women hospitalized from one to eight weeks prior to delivery were included in this study. Some 1,100 simultaneous unconjugated plasma estriol, total plasma estriol, 24 hour urinary estriol, and creatinine assays were performed on an almost daily schedule. Clinical management was based upon a weekly oxytocin challenge test and daily 24 hour urinary estriol and creatinine determinations. Twenty patients had spontaneous onset of labor and 32 were delivered electively at 38 weeks while three were delivered for maternal and seven for fetal indications. Gestational age at delivery averaged 38 weeks and ranged from 35 to 42 weeks. A total of 840 day-to-day variations of unconjugated plasma estriol, total plasma estriol, and the urinary estriol/creatinine ratio were computed as the per cent rise or fall from the highest mean of three consecutive preceding values. Observed were 369, 419, and 428 decreases in unconjugated plasma estriol, total plasma estriol, and urinary estriol/creatinine, respectively, averaging 12.8 ± 9.6 (S.D.), 13.4 ± 10.1, and 14.4 ± 10.6 per cent. One stillbirth occurred, which was preceded by a 42 per cent decrease in unconjugated plasma estriol but unheralded by either a drop in total plasma estriol or the urinary estriol/creatinine ratio. There were fewer falls of more than 40 per cent unassociated with perinatal morbidity and death with unconjugated plasma estriol (No. = 3) than with total plasma estriol (No. = 8) and urinary estriol/creatinine (No. = 8). These data suggest that unconjugated plasma estriol is the most predictive test among presently available estriol assays for managing the pregnant diabetic patient.
Middle school students’ patterning performance on semi-free generalization tasks

Abstract This longitudinal study empirically addresses the issue of structure construction and justification among a class of US seventh and eighth-grade Algebra 1 students (mean age of 12.5 years) in the context of novel semi-free pattern generalization (PG) tasks before and after a teaching experiment that emphasized a multiplicative thinking approach to patterns. We compared the students’ PG responses before and after the experiment and found that (1) one source of variability in their abduced structural processing was in part due to an initial conceptual preference toward thinking either in parts or in wholes and (2) a multiplicative understanding of structures significantly aided them in PG conversion (e.g., from the visual to the alphanumeric) and processing (e.g., from nonstandard to standard function-based formulas). Our findings provide both necessary and sufficient conditions for constructing, establishing, and justifying valid structures in the case of (semi-) free figural patterning tasks.
Brief Announcement: An Exponential Separation Between Randomized and Deterministic Complexity in the LOCAL Model

Over the past 30 years numerous algorithms have been designed for symmetry breaking problems in the LOCAL model, such as maximal matching, MIS, vertex coloring, and edge-coloring. For most problems the best randomized algorithm is at least exponentially faster than the best deterministic algorithm. In this paper we prove that these exponential gaps are necessary and establish numerous connections between the deterministic and randomized complexities in the LOCAL model. Each of our results has a very compelling take-away message: Fast Δ-coloring of trees requires random bits. Building on the recent randomized lower bounds of Brandt et al. [6], we prove that the randomized complexity of Δ-coloring a tree with maximum degree Δ is θ(logΔ log n), for any Δ ≥ 55, whereas its deterministic complexity is θ(logΔn) for any Δ ≥ 3. This also establishes a large separation between the deterministic complexity of Δ-coloring and (Δ+1)-coloring trees.Randomized lower bounds imply deterministic lower bounds. We prove that any deterministic algorithm for a natural class of problems that runs in O(1) + o(logΔn) rounds can be transformed to run in O(log* n -- log*Δ + 1) rounds. If the transformed algorithm violates a lower bound (even allowing randomization), then one can conclude that the problem requires Ω(logΔn) time deterministically. (This gives an alternate proof that deterministically Δ-coloring a tree with small Δ takes Ω(logΔn) rounds.)Deterministic lower bounds imply randomized lower bounds. We prove that the randomized complexity of any natural problem on instances of size n is at least its deterministic complexity on instances of size √log n}. This shows that a deterministic Ω(logΔn) lower bound for any problem (Δ-coloring a tree, for example) implies a randomized Ω(logΔ log n) lower bound. It also illustrates that the graph shattering technique employed in recent randomized symmetry breaking algorithms is absolutely essential to the LOCAL model. For example, it is provably impossible to improve the 2O(√log log n) terms in the complexities of the best MIS and (Δ+1)-coloring algorithms without also improving the 2O(√log n})-round Panconesi-Srinivasan algorithms.
Semantics and visual cognition: the processing of Bulgarian and Polish majority quantifiers

I provide experimental evidence that quantifier semantics is transparently associated with a canonical verification strategy (Lidz et al. 2011). I tested the processing of two majority quantifiers in Bulgarian and Polish: Most1, the counterpart of English most, and Most2, meaning “the largest subset”. Three notable results have been obtained: (i) Most1 is verified by a Subtraction strategy, directly replicating the findings of Lidz et al. for Slavic; (ii) Most2 is verified by a Selection strategy in accordance with its lexical semantics; (iii) the canonical verification strategies are used even in cases where either strategy would yield the correct truth value.
Extracranial complications of cerebrospinal fluid shunt function in childhood hydrocephalus

There were 112 separate hospital evaluations in 84 patients for suspected shunt malfunction; 96 evaluations were of ventriculoperitoneal shunts, 13 were of ventriculoatrial shunts, and three were of both types of shunts. In 45 (47%) of 96 ventriculoperitoneal shunts, complications eventually led to surgical revision; 20 (44%) of these were problems of the peritoneal end and therefore peculiar to this type of shunt. Peritoneal end problems included tubing disconnection, bowel obstruction, perforation, and abdominal cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst. Of the 13 ventriculoatrial shunts, 10 (79%) required revision; eight (61 %) of these were due to problems of the atrial end. These problems included relative shortening of the tubing due to patient growth, superior vena cava thrombosis, and disconnection. Ventriculoperitoneal shunts were used most frequently and had a lower complication rate (47%). Ventriculoatrial shunts were used less often and had a higher complication rate (79%) and more serious problems.
Perfusion Imaging for Brain Tumor Characterization and Assessment of Treatment Response

Abstract Since 2005, a number of perfusion imaging techniques have been developed for the evaluation of brain tumors. These techniques are allowing a means to assess not only tumor size, but also tumor vascular morphology and physiology. Therefore, they provide new methods for measuring tumor progression as well as response to therapy.
Preparation of a selected high vibrational energy level of isolated molecules.

Stark induced adiabatic Raman passage (SARP) allows us to prepare an appreciable concentration of isolated molecules in a specific, high-lying vibrational level. The process has general applicability, and, as a demonstration, we transfer nearly 100 percent of the HD (v = 0, J = 0) in a supersonically expanded molecular beam of HD molecules to HD (v = 4, J = 0). This is achieved with a sequence of partially overlapping nanosecond pump (355 nm) and Stokes (680 nm) single-mode laser pulses of unequal intensities. By comparing our experimental data with our theoretical calculations, we are able to draw two important conclusions: (1) using SARP a large population (>1010 molecules per laser pulse) is prepared in the (v = 4, J = 0) level of HD and (2) the polarizability α00,40 (≅0.6 × 10−41 C m2 V−1) for the (v = 0, J = 0) to (v = 4, J = 0) Raman overtone transition is only about five times smaller than α00,10 for the (v = 0, J = 0) to (v = 1, J = 0) fundamental Raman transition. Moreover, the SARP process selects a specific rotational level in the vibrational manifold and can prepare one or a phased linear combination of magnetic sublevels (M states) within the selected vibrational-rotational level. This capability of preparing selected, highly excited vibrational levels of molecules under collision-free conditions opens new opportunities for fundamental scattering experiments.
History, Biogeography, Biodiversity and Bioprospecting: Scenario from the Western Ghats

The history of the Western Ghats goes back to the event of breaking‐up of the super continent of Gondwana, during the continental drift, some 150 million years ago. The origin is a debatable subject among geologists with several views and theories based on different kinds of evidences. Fault escarpment theory suggest that mountains of the Western Ghats are results of a gigantic fault due to an upward distorting of a large rigid shield of the Indian peninsula during the volcanic period. Erosional escarpment hypothesis advocates the origin of the Western Ghats due to coastal planation whereas Oldham proposed that the Western Ghats as a dead cliff. Biogeographically, the Western Ghats represents 4% of India's land region with high torrential rainfall which experiences monsoon and tropical climate with high variation in wind speed makes it one of the ten bio‐geographic zones in India. With nearly 40% of the total number of species being endemic, the Western Ghats is considered to be one among the hotspots in the world but facing severe threats. Bio prospecting may help to ensure the participation of indigenous ethnic people in biodiversity protection and sustainable resource utilization. A National policy has to be designed in such a way that local ethnic communities get benefits from the utilization of natural resources by marketing natural resources.
System issues for WDM components

Two major advantages of wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) are: (i) added capacity when transmitting several wavelengths on the same fiber simultaneously, and (ii) added throughput and flexibility in a network when routing of data is based on the wavelength of the signal. This paper will describe some of the limitations which WDM devices place on optical system and network performance and, conversely, some of the specifications which systems require of WDM devices.
Targeting AMPK for the Alleviation of Pathological Pain

Chronic pain is a major clinical problem that is poorly treated with available therapeutics. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has recently emerged as a novel target for the treatment of pain with the exciting potential for disease modification. AMPK activators inhibit signaling pathways that are known to promote changes in the function and phenotype of peripheral nociceptive neurons and promote chronic pain. AMPK activators also reduce the excitability of these cells suggesting that AMPK activators may be efficacious for the treatment of chronic pain disorders, like neuropathic pain, where changes in the excitability of nociceptors is thought to be an underlying cause. In agreement with this, AMPK activators have now been shown to alleviate pain in a broad variety of preclinical pain models indicating that this mechanism might be engaged for the treatment of many types of pain in the clinic. A key feature of the effect of AMPK activators in these models is that they can lead to a long-lasting reversal of pain hypersensitivity even long after treatment cessation, indicative of disease modification. Here, we review the evidence supporting AMPK as a novel pain target pointing out opportunities for further discovery that are likely to have an impact on drug discovery efforts centered around potent and specific allosteric activators of AMPK for chronic pain treatment.
Nonlinear coupled dynamics analysis of a truss spar platform

Accurate prediction of the offshore structure motion response and associate mooring line tension is important in both technical applications and scientific research. In our study, a truss spar platform, operated in Gulf of Mexico, is numerically simulated and analyzed by an in-house numerical code ‘COUPLE’. Both the platform motion responses and associated mooring line tension are calculated and investigated through a time domain nonlinear coupled dynamic analysis. Satisfactory agreement between the simulation and corresponding field measurements is in general reached, indicating that the numerical code can be used to conduct the time-domain analysis of a truss spar interacting with its mooring and riser system. Based on the comparison between linear and nonlinear results, the relative importance of nonlinearity in predicting the platform motion response and mooring line tensions is assessed and presented. Through the coupled and quasi-static analysis, the importance of the dynamic coupling effect between the platform hull and the mooring/riser system in predicting the mooring line tension and platform motions is quantified. These results may provide essential information pertaining to facilitate the numerical simulation and design of the large scale offshore structures.
Rural After-School Programs: Meeting the Needs of At-Risk Youth and Their Families

Extant research has focused on out-of-school time among urban and suburban youth, yet there remains scant information on rural low-income youth and their families. This study examines the salience of after-school programs for rural youth. Using an ecological framework, we assess changes in youth behavior and skill acquisition based on reports from 47 youth attending after-school programs in two rural communities, along with their primary caregivers and teachers. Results indicate enhanced life skills and social behaviors among youth attendees. Implications for future research, programming, and policymaking are discussed.
Poster Abstract: EdgeEye: Fine Grained Traffic Visibility at Wireless Network Edge

The growth of smart devices with their diverse applications and services making the network activities at the edge unique. Specially in the context of bringing the resources within one wireless hop distance away from the end users to provide latency sensitive, privacy aware, and high bandwidth applications, rising new challenges of network management and control capabilities at the wireless network edges (i.e. mobile devices, APs). In order to have the control capability at the edge, it is essential to have greater visibility over the network traffic, especially about the knowledge of network flow-types and applications. Unfortunately, existing network application and flow-type awareness solution, specially designed for network core, are centralized, heavyweight, and impose significant overhead over the traffic at the wireless network edges. In this project, we present EdgeEye - a light weight, flexible and real-time application and flow types awareness framework for wireless network edges. EdgeEye is the first of its kind that provides on-fly fine-grained visibility and control over the network traffic generated by different mobile applications and corresponding various flow-types running on wireless network edges.
Stress, Burnout and Self-Esteem Among Educators

Over the past thirty years, researchers have gradually become more interested in examining stress, burnout, and self-esteem in the teaching profession. The relationship of these factors does not have a single cause; rather, the covarying stressors that educators experience in the performance of their daily roles contribute to the process of burning out andattrition. Whentheworkingconditionsofteachersremainconduciveto the interactive, dynamics of a non-stressful environment, highly motivated teachers teach students to become highly motivated, thus, repeating a positive, productive cycle.
DBT as a Screening Tool and a Diagnostic Tool

Purpose of Review The purpose of this study is to review recent and classic references on digital breast tomosynthesis to evaluate the clinical utility of the technology in both the screening and diagnostic evaluation of women.
A period of change

Neutron stars are the remnants of supernova explosions, packing a mass as great as that of the Sun into a radius of only about 10 km. Some of them rotate at up to about 1,000 revolutions per second. These ‘millisecond pulsars’ are believed to be old neutron stars that have been spun up by material consumed from a companion star. Now one has been caught in this process of transition.
Prevention and Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer: Mission Impossible?

Epithelial ovarian cancer is neither a common nor a rare disease. In the United States, the prevalence of ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women (1 in 2,500) significantly affects strategies for prevention and detection. If chemoprevention for ovarian cancer were provided to all women over the age of 50, side effects would have to be minimal in order to achieve an acceptable ratio of benefit to risk. This ratio might be improved by identifying subsets of individuals at increased risk or by bundling prevention of ovarian cancer with treatment for other more prevalent conditions. Approximately 10% of ovarian cancers are familial and relate to mutations of BRCA1, BRCA2, and mismatch repair genes. More subtle genetic factors are being sought in women with apparently sporadic disease. Use of oral contraceptive agents for as long as 5 years decreases the risk of ovarian cancer in later life by 50%. In one study, fenretinide (4- HPR) delayed development of ovarian cancer in women at increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Accrual to confirmatory studies has been prohibitively slow and prophylactic oophorectomy is recommended for women at increased genetic risk. Vaccines may have a role for prevention of several different cancers. Breast and ovarian cancers express mucins that could serve as targets for vaccines to prevent both cancers. Early detection of ovarian cancer requires a strategy with high sensitivity (>75% for stage I disease) and very high specificity (>99.6%) to achieve a positive predictive value of 10%. Transvaginal sonography (TVS) has achieved these values in some studies, but is limited by the cost of annual screening in a general population. Two-stage strategies that incorporate both serum markers and TVS promise to be more cost-effective. An algorithm has been developed that calculates risk of ovarian cancer based on serial CA125 values and refers patients at highest risks for TVS. Use of the algorithm is currently being evaluated in a trial with 200,000 women in the United Kingdom that will critically test the ability of a two-stage screening strategy to improve survival in ovarian cancer. Whatever the outcome, additional serum markers will be required to detect all patients in an initial phase of screening. More than 30 serum markers have been evaluated alone and in combination with CA125. Recent candidates include: HE4, mesothelin, M-CSF, osteopontin, kallikrein(s) and soluble EGF receptor. Proteomic approaches have been used to define a distinctive pattern of peaks on mass spectroscopy or to identify a limited number of critical markers that can be assayed by more conventional methods. Several groups are placing known markers on multiplex platforms to permit simultaneous assay of multiple markers with very small volumes of serum. Mathematical techniques are being developed to analyze combinations of marker levels to improve sensitivity and specificity. In the future, serum markers should improve the sensitivity of detecting recurrent disease as well as facilitate earlier detection of ovarian cancer.
Precursor Availability and Function of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons were once thought of as a very homogeneous population of neurons with similar biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological properties and regulatory controls. However, it is now known that these midbrain neurons are quite heterogeneous and are comprised of several distinct subsets. Biochemical and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that certain mesocortical DA neurons, in contrast to the intensively-studied nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA neurons, appear to lack impulse-regulating somatodendritic and synthesis-modulating nerve terminal autoreceptors (1). The absence or insensitivity of this important class of receptors on mesoprefrontal and mesocingulate DA neurons may, in part, explain some of the unique biochemical and electrophysiological properties of these two subpopulations of midbrain neurons (2). For example, the mesoprefrontal and mesocingulate DA neurons appear to have a faster firing rate, exhibit more bursting, and have a more rapid turnover of transmitter than those DA neurons innervating the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and pyriform cortex. The mesoprefrontal and mesocingulate DA neurons also exhibit diminished biochemical and electrophysiological responsiveness to DA agonists and antagonists. Chronic administration of antipsychotic drugs leads to the development of biochemical tolerance in those midbrain DA neurons possessing autoreceptors, but not in the systems lacking autoreceptors. Transmitter synthesis is also readily influenced by altered availability of the dopamine precursor tyrosine in those midbrain DA neurons lacking autoreceptors; this observation is perhaps related to the enhanced rate of physiological activity of this subpopulation of midbrain DA neurons.
Health Service Utilization and State Costs Among Adults Aging With Early-Acquired Physical Disabilities in Medicaid Managed Care:

Objective: We evaluated the impact of Medicaid managed care (MMC) on health service use and state costs among adults with early-acquired physical disabilities. Method: Using claims data, we tracked...
Immune persistence 17 to 20 years after primary vaccination with recombination hepatitis B vaccine (CHO) and the effect of booster dose vaccination

To assess the immune persistence conferred by a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-derived hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) 17 to 20 years after primary immunization during early life. Participants born between 1997 and 1999 who received a full course of primary vaccination with HepB (CHO) and who had no experience with booster vaccination were enrolled. Blood samples were required from each participant for measurement of hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), surface antigen and core antibody levels. For those who possessed an anti-HBs antibody < 10 mIU/mL, a single dose of HepB was administered, and 30 days later, serum specimens were collected to assess the booster effects. A total of 1352 participants were included in this study. Of these, 1007 (74.5%) participants could retain an anti-HBs antibody ≥10 mIU/mL, with a geometric mean concentration (GMC) of 57.4 mIU/mL. HBsAg was detected in six participants, resulting in a HBsAg carrier rate of 0.4% (6/1352). Of those participants with anti-HBs antibodies < 10 mIU/mL, after a challenge dose, 231 (93.1%) presented an anti-HBs antibody ≥10 mIU/mL, with a GMC of 368.7 mIU/mL. A significant increase in the anti-HBs positive rate (≥ 10 mIU/mL) after challenge was observed in participants with anti-HBs antibodies between 2.5 and 10 mIU/mL and participants boosted with HepB (CHO), rather than those with anti-HBs antibodies < 2.5 mIU/mL and those boosted with HepB (SC). Since satisfactory immune protection against HBV infection conferred by primary vaccination administered 17–20 years ago was demonstrated, there is currently no urgent need for booster immunization.
Catalyzing Peace: Re-humanizing Through Embodied Experience of Cinema

Kickasola begins his exploration of the embodied experience of cinema with a couple of surprising cinematic examples, one satirizing the yearning for “world peace,” and the other highlighting how peaceful rhetoric can be used to promote violent ends. By contrast, in this essay he considers how film can play a role in re-humanizing conflict situations, in spite of its potential to do the opposite. He does this through a discussion of what “re-humanization” might mean, outlining some fundamental areas for what he describes as re-humanizing cinema. He does not attempt to outline a “recipe” for peace through cinema, but instead reflects on how the cinema can be a tool in multivalent peacebuilding efforts, by encouraging empathy, world-making, truthtelling, and imagining alternative futures.
Medical comorbidities in pediatric autism spectrum disorder

Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have many and varied social, emotional, behavioral, and academic needs. In many cases, these children also have medical needs, adding to the level of care they require. Medical conditions commonly co-occur in children with ASD; some of the most common include epilepsy, gastrointestinal issues, sleep problems, and feeding disorders. The diagnosis and treatment of these conditions is often complicated by their ASD symptoms. The care and collaboration of professionals from multiple disciplines is needed to effectively conceptualize and treat these conditions. This chapter provides a review of common co-occurring medical conditions in children with ASD and highlights the need for interprofessional collaboration.
College Choice: Considerations for Academically Advanced High School Seniors

When choosing a college, high school students and those who guide them through the process must consider the complex interactions between student-level and institution-level variables in order to a...