cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of a thin barrier film deposited from tetrakis-(dimethylamino)-titanium onto a Si(100)-2×1 substrate

Abstract The formation and structure of a thin film deposited using tetrakis-(dimethylamino)-titanium [Ti(N(CH 3 ) 2 ) 4 , TDMAT] as a precursor onto a Si(100)-2×1 substrate at ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions was investigated by a combination of surface analytical techniques. The effects of surface temperature and pressure of the precursor molecules on the deposition rate are correlated with the monolayer chemistry of the precursor. The titanium carbonitride (TiC x N y ) thin films produced by thermal deposition of TDMAT onto Si(100)-2×1 at 593 K are continuous and smooth with a root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of x = y =1. In addition, it was determined that the lower limit of the sputtering rate for TiC x N y was ∼0.016 nm s −1 under the conditions used here. These films hold great promise as barrier materials in next-generation microelectronic devices.
Impaired vagal modulation of heart rate in individuals with Down syndrome.

The attenuated heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) response to exercise in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has been attributed to autonomic dysfunction, which has been associated with obesity. Our purpose was to determine the role of autonomic control of HR to the attenuated chronotropic response observed in individuals with DS. We evaluated spectral analysis of HR variability (HRV) in 13 individuals with (BMI 32±5 kg/m2, P<0.05) and 14 without DS (BMI 26±3 kg/m2) by means of 2 min isometric handgrip at 30% of maximal force followed by recovery. Noninvasive measures of HR (ECG) and systolic BP (SBP) (Portapres) were recorded continuously. The increases in HR and SBP, and decrease in high frequency (HF) component were significantly greater in controls than in individuals with DS (P<0.05) during handgrip. The increase in LF/HF ratio was not significantly affected by handgrip and was comparable in both groups. During recovery, the decreases in HR, SBP, and LF/HF ratio, and the increase in HF were significantly greater in controls than in individuals with DS (P<0.05). Controlling for BMI did not alter these results. The attenuated HR and SBP response to the handgrip test in individuals with DS is explained by blunted vagal modulation. Our study suggests that autonomic dysfunction in individuals with DS might be independent of obesity.
Perturbed turbulent flow, eddy viscosity and the generation of turbulent stresses

The perturbation of a turbulent flow by an organized wavelike disturbance is examined using a dynamical, rather than phenomenological, approach. On the basis of the assumption that an infinitesimal perturbation results in a linear change in the statistics of the turbulence, and that the turbulence is either weak or that the turbulent perturbations are quasi-Gaussian, a method for predicting the perturbation turbulent Reynolds stresses is developed. The novel aspect of the analysis is that all averaging is delayed until the dynamical equations have been solved rather than attempting to find, apriori, equations for averaged quantities. When applied to long-wave perturbations the analysis indicates that the perturbation shear stress is of primary dynamical importance, and that this stress is determined by the principal component of mean shear through a relation which depends on the spectrum of the turbulent velocity component parallel to the gradient of the undisturbed mean velocity (the component perpendicular to the wall in a turbulent boundary layer). Theoretical arguments and observations are used to estimate the form of this spectrum in a constant stress shear layer. This results in a prediction of the constitutive law relating turbulent stress and the mean flow. The law is visco-elastic in nature, and is in agreement with the known constitutive relation for stress perturbations to a constant stress boundary layer; it resembles the eddy viscosity relation used successfully by others in describing perturbations in turbulent flows. The details of the constitutive law depend on how well the turbulence obeys Taylor's hypothesis that phase velocity equals mean flow velocity, and some insight into this question is given.
Parenting Plans for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers: Research and Issues

In the debate over parenting plans for infants and toddlers, a central question is whether these very young children should spend overnight time away from their mothers in their fathers’ care. This article summarizes and critiques the 11 empirical studies that have addressed this question. Overall, overnighting was not associated with negative outcomes for infants and toddlers and was associated with positive outcomes for preschoolers.
A Vital Role for Interleukin-21 in the Control of a Chronic Viral Infection

Understanding the factors that regulate the induction, quality, and longevity of antiviral T cell responses is essential for devising rational strategies to prevent or combat infections. In this study, we show that interleukin-21 (IL-21), likely produced by CD4+ T cells, directly influences the generation of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells and that the number of CD4+ T cells that produce IL-21 differs markedly between acute and chronic infections. IL-21 regulates the development of CD8+ T cell exhaustion and the ability to contain chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Thus, IL-21 serves as a critical helper factor that shapes the functional quality of antiviral CD8+ T cells and is required for viral control.
Maternal lateral preference at first contact with her newborn infant.

: Previous studies report a preference of human mothers for holding their infants on the left side of the body, regardless of maternal handedness. This study describes maternal lateral preferences during the first hour after 100 deliveries. Seventy-one of the women pulled their infants to their left sides when they first held them and 29 held them on the right. The disparity persisted for the full hour following birth. These results are similar to those reported in previous studies and support the hypothesis that the human mother has a natural tendency to hold her infant on the left side of the body. The implications of this preference are discussed.
Reflector surface distortion on a sub-reflectarray Cassegrain system: Simulations, measurements, and microwave holographic diagnostics

This paper presents surface distortion detection and identification using bipolar measurements and microwave holography on a compact sub-reflectarray Cassegrain system. A ring-type distortion is added to the Cassegrain system which affects the performance of the overall system. Using microwave holographic diagnostics and measurements, the ring distortion is identified and its effect on the overall system is analyzed.
Transmission spectrum of an optical cavity containing N atoms

The transmission spectrum of a high-finesse optical cavity containing an arbitrary number of trapped atoms is presented. These results have important ramifications in limiting our ability to determine the number of atoms in the cavity
Model of human preattentive visual detection of edge orientation anomalies

Psychophysical studies provide evidence of preattentive visual processing characterized by parallel operations performed on a limited set of features. Since these operations extend well beyond the foveal or high-resolution area of the visual field, one may assume that they are based on lower-resolution features. Such parallelism and data reduction imply computationally efficient processing that could be emulated for machine vision pattern recognition purposes. Several models of preattentive texture segmentation have recently been presented in the computational vision literature. This paper presents a model of human preattentive visual detection of pattern anomalies. Operating on a low-frequency, band-pass filtered image, the model detects singularities by comparing local to global statistics of contrast and edge orientation. The model has been applied to simple schematic images. It successfully predicts the asymmetry in search latencies whereby a target characterized by a preattentively detectable feature 'pops out' of a field of distractors not containing the feature, but when target and distractors are switched, serial search is required to locate the 'odd man out.' The model has also been shown to detect pattern defects on periodic, multilevel integrated circuits.
Dangerous enough: Moderating racial bias with contextual threat cues ☆

Abstract Research shows that participants shoot armed Blacks more frequently and quickly than armed Whites, but make don't-shoot responses more frequently and quickly for unarmed Whites than unarmed Blacks. We argue that this bias reflects the perception of threat — specifically, threat associated with Black males. Other danger cues (not just race) may create a similar predisposition to shoot, and if these cues promote shooting when the target is White, they should attenuate racial bias. We embedded targets in threatening and safe backgrounds. Racial bias was evident in safe contexts but disappeared when context signaled danger, and this reduction was largely due to an increased tendency to shoot White targets.
B. J. Ash, R. W. Siegel and L. S. Schadler, 'Glass‐transition temperature behavior of alumina/PMMA nanocomposites', Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics (2004) 42(23) 4371–4383

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics (2004) 42(23) 4371–4383
Improved conditions for bounded tardiness under EPDF fair multiprocessor scheduling

Summary form only given. The earliest-pseudo-deadline-first (EPDF) Pfair algorithm is more efficient than other known Pfair scheduling algorithms, but is not optimal on more than two processors. Srinivasan and Anderson established a sufficient per-task utilization restriction for ensuring a tardiness of at most one quantum under EPDF. They also conjectured that a tardiness bound of one quantum applies to systems that are not restricted in any way. We present counterexamples that show that this conjecture is false. We also present sufficient utilization restrictions that are more liberal than theirs.
Developmental psychobiology of cyclic affective illness: Implications for early therapeutic intervention.

The recurrent affective disorders are discussed from the perspective of accumulating inherited and experiential effects on gene expression. Stress and episodes of affective illness are viewed as leaving biochemical and microstructural residues in the central nervous system (CNS) in relation to their patterning, severity, and recurrence. Comorbid factors such as substance abuse and developmental disturbances may also interact with these illness-related variables. In addition to the primary pathological processes, secondary adaptive changes can also be induced, which, in concert with pharmacological interventions, may be sufficient to counter episode occurrences and illness progression. We postulate that the balance of primary pathological and secondary adaptive changes at multiple levels of CNS regulation accounts for recurrence and cyclicity in the affective disorders. The importance of early, effective, long-term interventions in the recurrent affective disorders and the therapeutic potential of several new treatment modalities including repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are discussed.
Towards the use of human embryonic stem cells in the clinical setting: recent progress

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer great therapeutic promise for the treatment of human diseases due to their ability to generate all tissues in the body and potentially regenerate or replace damaged tissues in patients. Here, I discuss recent progress in the derivation, maintenance, growth, and differentiation of hESCs that are leading the stem cell field one step closer to the efficient and effective utilization of hESCs in the clinical setting.
THE COSTS OF REPRODUCTION IN BRINE SHRIMP

Brine shrimp were subjected to one of four reproductive regimes: complete absence of mating, mating postponed for 20 d or 40 d past sexual maturity, or continuous breeding upon sexual maturity (controls). Each of the four reproductive regimes was further subdivided into low and high feeding groups (1:10 feeding ratio). Under low food, female lifespan was negatively correlated with the length of the reproductive period. However, no such relationship was found among the four high food groups; no intrasex differences were found in survival curves or mean length of lifespan. Fertile females in the delayed reproduction groups gave birth to approximately the same total number of offspring as controls, not by lengthening lifespan but by producing larger broods, with fewer days between broods. The results indicate that although some reproductive costs are unavoidable, nutri- tional resources play a critical role in determining how extensively reproduction will affect lifespan.
Situational Context Affects Definiteness Preferences: Accommodation of Presuppositions

In 4 experiments, we used self-paced reading and eye tracking to demonstrate that readers are, under some conditions, sensitive to the presuppositions of definite versus indefinite determiner phrases (DPs). Reading was faster when the context stereotypically provided a single possible referent for a definite DP or multiple possible referents for an indefinite DP than when context and DP definiteness were mismatched. This finding goes beyond previous evidence that definite DPs are processed more rapidly than are indefinite DPs when there is a unique or familiar referent in the context, showing that readers are sensitive to the semantics and pragmatics of (in)definiteness. However, the finding was obtained only when readers had to perform a simple arithmetic task between reading a sentence and seeing a question about it. The intervening task may have encouraged them to process the sentence more deeply in order to form a representation that would persist while doing the arithmetic. The methodological implications of this observation are discussed.
Seed coat morphology and its systematic implications in Cyanea and other genera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae).

Recent surveys of seed coat morphology in Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) have demonstrated the systematic utility of such data in the subfamily and led to a revision of the supraspecific classification ofLobelia. Expanding upon these studies, we examined via scanning electron microscopy 41 seed accessions, emphasizing lobelioid genera in which only one or no species had been examined. Most conformed to previously described testal patterns. However, five species of the endemic Hawaiian genus Cyanea, comprising the molecularly defined Hardyi Clade, had a unique testal pattern (here termed Type F), characterized by laterally compressed, almost linear, areoles with rounded, knob-like protuberances on the radial walls at opposite ends. This offered a convenient synapomorphy for recognition of a clade originally defined on a molecular basis. A second unique testal pattern was found in the related Hawaiian endemics Brighamia and Delissea, thus supporting their close relationship. In this type (here termed Type G), the seed coat is irregularly wrinkled (rugose), creating broad, rounded ridges that run more-or-less perpendicular to the long axis of the seed and thus to the long axis of the testal cells. Seed coat morphology also supported the monophyly of all 124 species of Hawaiian Lobelioideae and their probable derivation from Asian species of Lobelia subg. Tupa. Additional studies supported close relationships between (1) the neotropical genera Centropogon and Siphocampylus; (2) the western American genera Legenere and Downingia; and (3) Jamaican Hippobroma and Lobelia sect. Tylomium, a group endemic to the West Indies.
CFTR displays voltage dependence and two gating modes during stimulation.

A B S T R A C T The patch-clamp technique in conjunction with current noise analysis was employed to clarify the events underlying the regulation of the CFFR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) during cAMP-dependent stimulation. 3T3 fibroblast cells expressing the CFTR were stimulated in cell-attached mode with forskolin. The number (N) of activated channels per patch ranged from 1 to ~ 100. In true single-channel recordings, CF-FR's gating was best described by two open states (~ 5 and ~ 100 ms) and three closed states (< 5, ~ 100, and ~ 1,000 ms). Current noise analysis resulted in spectra containing two distinct Lorentzian noise components with corner frequencies of 1.3 Hz and ~50 Hz, respectively. Single-channel time constants were dependent on voltage. The fastest closed state increased its contribution from 48% at +100 mV to 87% at -100 mV, and the medium open state reduced its length to one half, resulting in gating dominated by fast events. Similarly, the fast Lorentzian increased its amplitude, and its corner frequency increased from 44 Hz at + 100 mV to 91 Hz at -100 mV, while the slow Lorentzian was voltage independent. In multi-channel recordings N'Po (i.e., N times open probability) increased significantly, on average by 52% between -90 and +90 mV. Stimulation with forskolin increased Po of CF-I'R to ~ 0.5, which resulted from a decrease of the longest closed state while the faster open and closed states were unaffected. Neither corner frequency was affected during stimulation. Recordings from multichannel patches revealed in addition, unique, very long channel openings (high Po mode, average 13 s). Channels exhibiting high Po (i.e., Po ~ 1.0) or low Po (i.e., Po ~ 0.5) gating modes were both present in multichannel recordings, and CFFRs switched modes during stimulation. In addition, the switch to the high Po mode appeared to be a cooperative event for channel pairs. High forskolin concentration (i.e., 10 o,M) favored transition into the high Po mode, suggesting a cellularly mediated regulation of model switching due to a fundamental change in configuration of the CFFR. Thus, during stimulation the CFTR increased its activity through two distinct effects: the reduction of the long closed state and modal switching to the high Po mode.
Centralized and decentralized computation of routing startegies in congested traffic networks

The computational problems associated with routing of traffic in congested networks is analyzed. An optimal and a suboptimal, but partially decentralized approach is presented. In the decentralized case infrequent updates of relative costs are allowed to give aggregate information about congestion downstream, and optimal controls are re-calculated with the horizon pushed-back at each update time.
Impact of Error weight distribution in MB-OFDM based UWB system with spreading

In this paper we evaluate various spreading transforms and their ability to exploit diversity in multi band OFDM based ultra wide band system. The ability of a spreading code to exploit diversity is measured in terms of error weight distribution. Specifically, we consider Hadamard, rotated Hadamard, CI codes and orthogonal Viterbi spreading transforms in this work and present their error weight distribution with QPSK and BPSK modulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the performance gains achievable by these codes in QPSK and BPSK modulated multi band OFDM based UWB system. In summary, we verify the claim that error weight distribution plays an important role in determining the spreading transform to use
Study of OPC accuracy by illumination source types

The study of OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) model that well predict the wafer result has been researched. As the pattern design shrink down, the need for the CD (Critical Dimension) controllability increased more than before. To achieve these requirements, OPC models must be accurate for full chip process and model inaccuracies are one of several factors which contribute to errors in the final wafer image. For that reason, robust OPC using real lithographic terms was proposed. Real lithographic system is quite different from ideal system that is used for OPC modeling. Until now, this difference was acceptable since pattern size used for OPC model was large, but as device size shrinks, this gap between ideal and real system causes degradation of OPC accuracy. So, various optical parameters such as apodization, laser band width, degree of polarization, illumination are used today in order to compensate for this issue. Especially, major issue in modeling error is related to how the illumination source is used. For this study we assess accuracy of optical model for robust OPC using ideal and actual illumination sources, and test conditions are as follows: 1) We examined the difference of pupil types to output model respectively; 2) A parameterized test pattern layout was used by 1D test pattern types that have various lines and spaces; 3) All models were calculated in automation method so as to exclude the dependency of user skills; 4) OPC accuracies were examined by gate layer patterns on full chip level. The study is performed for 5X~4Xnm nodes lithographic processes. The main focus of the study was on usability of model that is made by measured source data in semiconductor manufacturing. Results clearly showed that the actual source for the optical model has merits and demerits.
TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR SPECIAL PATIENT GROUPS ENCOUNTERED IN HOME CARE

The Noncompliant Patient It is important to remember that all behavior is purposeful and has meaning. Realize that noncompliant patients and/or caregivers cannot be helped until the reasons for their behavior are understood. In trying to alter nonadaptive or unhealthy behaviors, consider the term nonparticipation. Why is the patient not participating with the plan of care? What behaviors underline nonparticipation? During this time, a nonjudgmental approach is crucial—accept the patient’s behavior while working to change it. Likewise, do not view nonparticipation or noncompliance as de facto negative, uncooperative behavior on the part of the patient, but rather the patient’s way of trying to communicate that something is unacceptable, uncomfortable, or unsatisfactory about the plan of care. It is important to assess what the patient is trying to convey by not participating with the plan Author’s note: Home care nurses offer patient education as a means to facilitate patient/caregiver self-determination for self-care. Education in health allows the patient to choose personal interventions that promote well-being and a sense of balance. In that spirit, this column features an excerpt from the second edition of my book, Manual of Home Health Nursing Procedures, which is scheduled to be released in November by Mosby.
Socio-cultural aspects of cow–calf operation persistence in a peri-urban county in Iowa

Cow–calf operations in grass-based agricultural systems in Marion County, Iowa, are multifunctional in their provision of agronomic, ecological, economic and social uses. Since 1992, however, pastureland and cow–calf operations have decreased because of urban encroachment, leading to a speculative loss of some beneficial functions. The goal of this interdisciplinary project, conducted from 2003 to 2005, was to employ a farming systems research and evaluation platform to investigate grassland multifunctionality at farm, field and community levels. A socio-cultural analysis was conducted with the objective of identifying motivations of cow–calf operators to remain on the land despite increasing urban pressure. Environmental, as well as socio-economic, parameters were evaluated in understanding grassland multifunctionality in semi-structured interviews and a focus group. Typology classes derived from the study placed the majority of participants as maintaining integrated cattle and grain operations as full-time income sources. At the farm and community levels, themes from participants’ responses suggested that the relevance of profit from a cow–calf operation is mediated by a wide range of livelihood and lifestyle choices, and that operators have diverse criteria regarding the suitability of land for pasture. Themes encompassing farm preservation and building intergenerational social capital were particularly evident among the full-time, integrated cattle/grain crop family farm members. At the community level, governmental policies rewarding practices that increase field and farm biodiversity, as demonstrated by a prairie pasture system implemented in a follow-up on-farm experiment, will facilitate greater support of grass-based systems from local institutions. In order to address the educational needs expressed by study participants, extension and federal environmental agencies are encouraged to provide relevant design and implementation recommendations in recognition of local knowledge related to farmland multifunctionality and sustainable land usage for integrated crop and livestock operations.
Noise Underlies Switching Behavior of the Bacterial Flagellum

We report the switching behavior of the full bacterial flagellum system that includes the filament and the motor in wild-type Escherichia coli cells. In sorting the motor behavior by the clockwise bias, we find that the distributions of the clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) intervals are either exponential or nonexponential with long tails. At low bias, CW intervals are exponentially distributed and CCW intervals exhibit long tails. At intermediate CW bias (0.5) both CW and CCW intervals are mainly exponentially distributed. A simple model suggests that these two distinct switching behaviors are governed by the pres- ence of signaling noise within the chemotaxis network. Low noise yields exponentially distributed intervals, whereas large noise yields nonexponential behavior with long tails. These drastically different motor statistics may play a role in optimizing bacterial behavior for a wide range of environmental conditions.
Compressive image super-resolution

This paper proposes a new algorithm to generate a super-resolution image from a single, low-resolution input without the use of a training data set. We do this by exploiting the fact that the image is highly compressible in the wavelet domain and leverage recent results of compressed sensing (CS) theory to make an accurate estimate of the original high-resolution image. Unfortunately, traditional CS approaches do not allow direct use of a wavelet compression basis because of the coherency between the point-samples from the downsampling process and the wavelet basis. To overcome this problem, we incorporate the downsampling low-pass filter into our measurement matrix, which decreases coherency between the bases. To invert the downsampling process, we use the appropriate inverse filter and solve for the high-resolution image using a greedy, matching-pursuit algorithm. The result is a simple and efficient algorithm that can generate high quality, high-resolution images without the use of training data. We present results that show the improved performance of our method over existing super-resolution approaches.
A Mandated Basis of Interorganizational Relations: The Legal-Political Network

This paper seeks to broaden our understanding of interorganizational phenomena by focusing on the mandated basis of interorganizational relations, which is distinguished from the exchange and power-dependency bases. In particular, the paper defines and elaborates upon a subset of mandated interorganizational relations-the legal-political network. Five characteristics of the legal-political subset are identified based upon the author's prior empirical research. Avenues for future research are cited.
Increased skeletal muscle phosphocreatine recovery after sub-maximal exercise is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness

Background The association between skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and CVD risk in healthy subjects is unknown.
LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF THE WOLF SPIDER PARDOSA SIERRA BANKS (ARANEAE: LYCOSIDAE) IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA

Abstract In 2004, we studied the life history and ecology of a population of Pardosa sierra (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Cave Creek Canyon (Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona). Peak abundance for immatures occurred in July, September, and October. About 64% of all adult males and females were observed in April and May. Females were observed carrying egg sacs between 5 April and 3 August. Diet composition consisted primarily of beetles (18.4%), flies (15.3%), and ants (12.2%). Spiders were active during the day, as well as at night. Immatures and adults preferred sandy or rocky substrates, respectively. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the life cycle consisted of 9 instars, and mean carapace width increased from 0.66 mm (instar 1) to 2.26 mm (instar 9: adult males and females). Clutch size ranged from 35 to 92 (mean = 67.81). Gestation period ranged from 22 to 27 days (mean = 24.06). Significant positive correlations were found between female mass and size, offspring mass and size, female size and clutch si...
ECJ Jurisprudence and Recent Developments in EU Sport Betting

Summer 2008. A year after the ‘Placanica’ decision by the European Court of Justice and roughly 16 years since ‘Schindler’ came to light before the same court. What have we learnt? Has there truly been a dramatic shift in the way European institutions, courts, legislators, and citizens approach the exciting, yet ‘immoral’ subject of gambling? Can sport betting enterprises freely roam the services market of the European Union? Can member states still run lotteries and betting monopolies in exclusion of competitors, embracing the revenue accrued, chastising the ‘corrupt’ competition, and justify the means under EU Law? Is the gambling market yet another ‘failed’ aspect of European integration, destined to be endlessly epitomised by procedural entanglement, lack of political will, conflicts between member states, and inability or reluctance of European collective bodies to assume initiatives and resolve these conflicts, promoting the European Treaty’s purposes? Or could it just be that gambling, twisted as it may be, is in the forefront of a common market realisation? These and other questions are entertained by the modest contribution at hand, one that aspires to unveil certain important concepts from past legal and policy developments in this exhilarating and controversial field. The best element about this academic journey is this: no risk involved whatsoever… Or could this quest be as risky as being dealt an undesirable hand on the blackjack table? The reader will know at the end. Hopefully the final gain will be as enjoyable as the journey.
Eficiencia del reflejo vestíbulo ocular mediante la aplicación de la prueba Video Head Impulse Test, en estudiantes de primer año de las escuelas de Fonoaudiología y de Tecnología Médica de la universidad de Valparaíso

Introduccion: Video Head Impulse Test es una nueva tecnologia dirigida a la evaluacion de los canales semicirculares, especificamente a la eficiencia del reflejo vestibulo ocular. Es un procedimiento rapido, no invasivo y bien tolerado por el paciente. En Chile se evidencia una falta de estudios relacionados a esta prueba. Objetivo: Analizar los resultados de la eficiencia del reflejo vestibulo ocular de los canales semicirculares horizontales, obtenidos mediante la aplicacion de la prueba Video Head Impulse Test en estudiantes de las Escuelas de Fonoaudiologia y de Tecnologia Medica de la Universidad de Valparaiso. Material y metodo: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, no experimental, transversal descriptivo con un tipo de muestreo no probabilistico de participante voluntario. A los 80 estudiantes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusion se les aplico la prueba Video Head Impulse Test. Resultados: El promedio de la ganancia del canal semicircular horizontal derecho fue de 0,92 ± 0,07 y el de izquierdo fue de 0,85 ± 0,07. Ademas el promedio de porcentaje de asimetria fue de 10% ± 7,45. Conclusion: La investigacion entrega datos referenciales en relacion a los valores de normalidad para la eficiencia del reflejo vestibulo ocular en una muestra especifica, los que serviran como base para la ejecucion de estudios posteriores.
Linked Fate and Latino Attitudes Regarding Health‐Care Reform Policy

Objective Despite the Latino electorate's increased political importance and their prominence among the uninsured population, there has been relatively little research focused on Latinos’ political attitudes, particularly in the substantively important area of health policy. We examine the foundations of Latino registered voters support for universal healthcare with a particular focus on the relationship between linked fate (a form of group identity) and support for expansion of health coverage to a wider segment of the population. We theorize that the obstacles to healthcare and health coverage the Latino community faces makes health policy a Latino-salient policy area where group identity becomes relevant. Methods We use the Latino Decisions “100 Days” 2009 survey of Latino registered voters for our analysis, an ideal data set that provides a measure of linked fate, support for universal healthcare, and several key control variables. Results Our findings show that linked fate is a significant predictor of Latino registered voters' support for expansion of health-care coverage, suggesting that healthcare is a salient policy for the Latino community. Conclusions Despite being a tremendously diverse population, our results suggest that Latino policy preferences can be influenced by an underlying sense of group identity when the policy area cues ethnic identity.
Considering definitions of stimulus equivalence

ABSTRACTSidman and Tailby’s original definition of equivalence has been singularly influential in generating a vibrant conceptual, experimental, and applied analysis of essential behavior phenomena. At the same time, the equivalence literature is also characterized by studies indicating the emergence of patterns not directly captured by the standard equivalence definition. Research programs involving class-specific reinforcers, compound conditional or discriminative stimuli, simple discrimination training, and functional stimulus classes have all illustrated reliably emergent patterns predictable on the basis of equivalence-class formation, but which fail to meet the operational definitions of reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. The paper asks whether considering an expanded definition of equivalence, inclusive of a range of interrelated emergent relations, might simultaneously facilitate our efforts to understand the equivalence process(es) and allow for greater application and adoption of these pow...
Determination of L-Hydroxyproline in dairy and dairy products by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Precolumn Derivatization

Objective:Precolumn derivatization-Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method(RP-HPLC) was established for determination of L-Hydroxyproline in dairy and dairy products.Methods: Samples were hydrolyzed in HCl.2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene,a derivatization reagent,was used for sample derivatization.A 5 μm DiamonsilAAA column was used for separation with a mobile phase consist of 0.02 mol/L NaH2PO4/ Na2HPO4-methanol-Acentrile(9∶ 1) for gradient elution.The detection wavelength was at 360 nm.Results: The results showed that concentration of L-Hydroxyproline and peak areas achieved a nice linear relation,r was 0.9994.The recovery was from 94.0% to 97.4%.Conclusion: The proposed method was stable,accurate,high sensitive,less-interference and suitable for determination of L-Hydroxyproline in dairy and dairy products.
Clinical study of desmopressin acetate therapy on primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children

Objective To explore the effect, indication of reduction or discontinuation and side-effects of desmopressin acetate(DA) in treating primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis PMNE in children. Methods Total 151 PMNE patients aged 5-14 years were recruited. According to convenience sampling method, the patients were divided into DA group(n=91) and control group(n=60). Both groups were treated by behavioral psychotherapy, DA group were further treated by DA. In DA group, the patients who could reduction or discontinuation of DA were divided into gradually withdrawn group(n=32) and directly withdraw group(n=28). The gradually withdrawn group was withdrawn the DA doses step by step in 3 months, and the directly withdrawn group was withdraw the DA doses at once. The recurrence of nocturnal enuresis was recorded within 1 month after DA withdrawal. Results In DA group, 91 patients, 61 patients(66.7%) treatment was effective, 21 patients(22.8%) was partial effective. In control group, 60 patients, 5 patients(7.9%) treatment was effective, 17 patients(28.3%) was partial effective. The effective rate was significantly different between two groups(χ2=75.64, P=0.00). In the effective and partial effective patients, 32 cases underwent gradually DA withdrawal, 28 cases underwent directly withdrawal. 17 cases(54.8%) in gradually withdraw group and 24 cases(87.5%) in direct withdraw group were relapsed. The recurrence rate was significantly different between two groups(χ~2=7.329, P=0.007). Conclusions DA is a safe and effective way to treat PMNE. Gradually withdrawn the DA can decrease the recurrence.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Identification and management of the surgical patient

Antireflux surgery remains the most reliable and expedient means of treating patients with a mechanically defective lower esophageal sphincter who are experiencing pathologic gastroesophageal reflux. Identifying these patients, who are known to have a poor response to medical therapy, permits control of the reflux process before serious complications develop. Well-planned and precisely performed antireflux surgery by an experienced medical team will enhance reflux control and reduce postoperative complications.
Protein Residue Contacts and Prediction Methods

In the field of computational structural proteomics, contact predictions have shown new prospects of solving the longstanding problem of ab initio protein structure prediction. In the last few years, application of deep learning algorithms and availability of large protein sequence databases, combined with improvement in methods that derive contacts from multiple sequence alignments, have shown a huge increase in the precision of contact prediction. In addition, these predicted contacts have also been used to build three-dimensional models from scratch.In this chapter, we briefly discuss many elements of protein residue-residue contacts and the methods available for prediction, focusing on a state-of-the-art contact prediction tool, DNcon. Illustrating with a case study, we describe how DNcon can be used to make ab initio contact predictions for a given protein sequence and discuss how the predicted contacts may be analyzed and evaluated.
UDE-based robust control for nonlinear systems with mismatched uncertainties and input saturation

In this paper, the uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE)-based control is adopted for a class of nonlinear systems with mismatched uncertainties and input saturation. By integrating with the backstepping approach, the robustness for the mismatched uncertainties is guaranteed by the recursive structure of backstepping. The “disturbance-like” terms which consist of the unknown dynamics, disturbances and the system intermediate tracking errors are estimated by low-pass filters with the knowledge of spectrum information. An auxiliary system is constructed to deal with the input saturation while only the system order information is known. Stability analysis of the closed-loop system shows that the uniformly ultimate boundedness is guaranteed. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Offloading industrial human-machine interaction tasks to mobile devices and the cloud

This paper presents a three-tier architecture to offload Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) industrial automation tasks to local mobile devices and then the cloud, to take advantage of distributed computing and processing resources and to add new features to the HMI panel system. To best utilize the merits of each tier, a scheduling algorithm intelligently distributes the HMI tasks among the local HMI panel, mobile devices, and the cloud while taking into consideration their real-time characteristics. We demonstrate the proposed architecture with a real implementation on with a turbine control HMI.
Assessment of murine colorectal cancer by micro-ultrasound using three dimensional reconstruction and non-linear contrast imaging

The relatively low success rates of current colorectal cancer (CRC) therapies have led investigators to search for more specific treatments. Vertebrate models of colorectal cancer are essential tools for the verification of new therapeutic avenues such as gene therapy. The evaluation of colorectal cancer in mouse models has been limited due to the lack of an accurate quantitative and longitudinal noninvasive method. This work introduces a method of three-dimensional micro-ultrasound reconstruction and microbubble administration for the comprehensive and longitudinal evaluation of CRC progression. This approach enabled quantification of both tumor volume and relative vascularity using a well-established inducible murine model of colon carcinogenesis. This inducible model recapitulated the adenocarcinoma sequence that occurs in human CRC allowing systematic in situ evaluation of the ultrasound technique. The administration of intravenous microbubbles facilitated enhancement of colon vascular contrast and quantification of relative vascularity of the mid and distal colon of the mouse in three dimensions. In addition, two-dimensional imaging in the sagittal orientation of the colon using Non-Linear Contrast Mode enabled calculation of relative blood volume and perfusion as the microbubbles entered the colon microvasculature. Quantitative results provided by the outlined protocol represent a noninvasive tool that can more accurately define CRC development and progression. This ultrasound technique will allow the practical and economical longitudinal study of murine CRC in both basic and preclinical studies.
Autonomy and Common Good: Interpreting Rousseau’s General Will

Rousseau’s project in his Social Contract was to construct a conception of human subjectivity and political institutions that would transcend what he saw to be the limits of liberal political theor...
Influence of Damage on the Effectiveness of SHCC Covers for Reducing Corrosion Rates in Reinforced-Concrete Structural Elements

Chloride-induced corrosion of rebars and resulting spalling and sectional loss is one of the most commonly observed deterioration mechanisms in reinforced-concrete (RC) structures. Strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) offer a more durable alternative to concrete; however, cost and processing considerations limit the extensive application of SHCC. A prior study by the same authors has shown the feasibility of using SHCC only in the cover of RC structures to achieve the same reduction in corrosion rates, compared to concrete, as that achieved with structures made entirely of SHCC. This study investigates the influence of pre-existing, non-corrosion-related damage on the effectiveness of SHCC cover shells in limiting the corrosion-induced deterioration of RC columns. Potentiostatic accelerated corrosion of lab-scale cylinder specimens (150 mm × 300 mm) is used to simulate the corrosion-induced damage in RC columns. Two different configurations of these cylinder specimens are used in this study: one set of specimens with pre-damaged SHCC shells and second set with intact SHCC shells. The results show that the pre-damaged and intact SHCC shells have the same corrosion rates after initial micro-cracking in the intact shell. In other words, the pre-damaged SHCC shells are as effective in reducing the corrosion rate (compared to conventional concrete) as the intact SHCC shells.
Portable Nitric Oxide (NO) Generator Based on Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrite for Potential Applications in Inhaled NO Therapy and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery

A new portable gas phase nitric oxide (NO) generator is described for potential applications in inhaled NO (INO) therapy and during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. In this system, NO is produced at the surface of a large-area mesh working electrode by electrochemical reduction of nitrite ions in the presence of a soluble copper(II)-ligand electron transfer mediator complex. The NO generated is then transported into gas phase by either direct purging with nitrogen/air or via circulating the electrolyte/nitrite solution through a gas extraction silicone fiber-based membrane-dialyzer assembly. Gas phase NO concentrations can be tuned in the range of 5–1000 ppm (parts per million by volume for gaseous species), in proportion to a constant cathodic current applied between the working and counter electrodes. This new NO generation process has the advantages of rapid production times (5 min to steady-state), high Faraday NO production efficiency (ca. 93%), excellent stability, and very low cost when using ...
Long term (4 years) improved insulin sensitivity following islet cell transplant in type 1 diabetes.

Background Impaired insulin sensitivity (IS) predicts complications and mortality in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin sensitivity improves shortly after islet cell transplant for T1D, yet long-term changes in IS and associated factors such as patient characteristics, transplant factors, clinical management, and IS-related biomarkers are unknown. Methods Up to 9 years (mean 4) of longitudinal data were available on 22 adults (18 female) with T1D who received 1 to 3 transplants in Phase 1/2 or 3 clinical trials (2004-2014). Metabolic testing posttransplant estimated IS by the Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR; 111 observations) and the Simple Index of Insulin Sensitivity (SIis; 95 observations). Results Simple Index of Insulin Sensitivity significantly increased the first year posttransplant (P = .02), then stabilized (P = .39); HOMA-IR remained stable posttransplant (P = .92). Adjusting for age and BMI, higher SIis was associated with lower HbA1c following transplant (P = .03). Greater IS as measured by lower HOMA-IR and higher SIis was associated with lower fasting C-peptide (both P ≤ .04) and also with higher exenatide dose (both P ≤ .01). More islets transplanted were associated with higher SIis (P < .0001). Lower leptin at transplant predicted lower HOMA-IR and higher SIis after transplant, and lower bone marker receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand predicted lower HOMA-IR (all P ≤ .01). Conclusions Insulin sensitivity measured by SIis was improved several years following transplant, while IS measured by HOMA-IR did not worsen. Higher exenatide dose, more islets transplanted, and diet and exercise (lowering leptin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand) may improve IS, which may enhance glycaemic control and lower metabolic demand on transplanted islets. Long-term clamp studies are needed to confirm these results.
Complications of Recognized and Unrecognized Iatrogenic Ureteral Injury at Time of Hysterectomy: A Population Based Analysis.

Purpose: Ureteral injury represents an uncommon but potentially morbid surgical complication. We sought to characterize the complications of iatrogenic ureteral injury and assess the effect of recognized vs delayed recognition on patient outcomes.Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent hysterectomy were identified in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project California State Inpatient Database for 2007 to 2011. Ureteral injuries were identified and categorized as recognized—diagnosed/repaired on the day of hysterectomy and unrecognized—diagnosed/repaired postoperatively. We assessed the outcomes of 90-day hospital readmission as well as 1-year outcomes of nephrostomy tube placement, urinary fistula, acute renal failure, sepsis and overall mortality. The independent effects of recognized and unrecognized ureteral injuries were determined on multivariate analysis.Results: Ureteral injury occurred in 1,753 of 223,872 patients (0.78%) treated with hysterectomy and it was unrecognized in 1,094 (62.4%)....