cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soak Distribution Inputs to Mobile Source Emissions Modeling: Measurement and Transferability

Soak period distribution is a key input for modeling the emissions factors for mobile sources. Methods for deriving soak period distributions from travel survey data are discussed. Data from the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) were analyzed to derive soak times. Detailed analyses were conducted to relate soak time variability to geographic, trip-purpose, and time-of-day variables. The findings reinforce the prevailing general guidance on inputs to modeling the emissions from mobile sources. That is, whenever possible, local data should be used to derive soak distribution inputs to the emissions models. Alternatives are offered to accurate but more expensive local surveys as well as to the roughly aggregate and potentially inaccurate national defaults on soak period inputs to emissions factor models such as MOBILE6. On the basis of a detailed statistical analysis, a grouping scheme is devised to consolidate soak distribution inputs by time period. The grouping scheme will enhance the utility of survey data in deriving the soak distributions and reduce the effort in providing soak distribution inputs to MOBILE6. The soak periods derived from the NPTS data also can be used for deriving the operating-mode fractions inputs needed for MOBILE5B and modal emissions models.
Effects of peridialytic oral supplements on nutritional status and quality of life in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Objective Our objective was to determine the effects of peridialytic oral supplements on nutritional markers and quality of life (QOL) in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Design This trial was open, prospective, nonrandomized, and comparative. Setting This study was performed at an outpatient hemodialysis unit in a teaching hospital. Patients This study included 88 adults with chronic kidney disease at stage 5. Intervention This study involved directly observed nutrition therapy with ≥1 can of enteral nutrition (Nepro) with each hemodialysis session thrice weekly for 3 months, or standard care. Main Outcome Measure Changes in biochemical markers of nutritional status and QOL, as measured by the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form, were determined. Results Peridialytic oral nutrition resulted in a significant difference between the nutrition and comparison groups in serum albumin change over time ( P = .03; repeated-measures analysis of variance with covariates). Mean (±SD) serum albumin concentration did not differ between baseline and month 3 in the nutrition group (3.68 ± 0.33 g/dL vs. 3.75 ± 0.40 g/dL; P = .12), but in the comparison group, serum albumin levels declined significantly (3.93 ± 0.34 g/dL at baseline versus 3.81 ± 0.37 g/dL at month 3; P = .04). The "role-physical" domain score of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form significantly changed over time in the nutrition group versus the comparison group ( P = .02; repeated-measures analysis of variance with covariates). Nepro was well-tolerated, and greater than 80% of the prescribed therapy was consumed. Conclusion Oral nutrition, as part of structured, directly observed peridialytic therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients, was well-accepted, and resulted in the maintenance of serum albumin levels and QOL with respect to impact of physical health on daily activities. These findings need to be confirmed in a randomized, controlled trial.
Cable Interactions in a Depth Controlled Submersibler

The interaction of a long towing cable with a depth controlled submersible is studied from the point of view of the eifect of cable motion on the stability of the vertical motion of the submersible. The planar dynamics of a submerged vehicle towed at constant speed by a long cable are analyzed subject to simplified models of the hydrodynamics. The coupled motions of the vehicle and cable are treated for small perturbations about the towed equilibrium configuration in which the system translates as a whole at the towing speed. In the special case of a straight towed equilibrium state, the modes and frequencies of vibration of the linearized equation governing the cable are derived and the interaction between the vehicle and the massive heavily damped cable is studied. The conditions for stability of the system are determined by the Parameter Plane method whereby the values of two disposable control system parameters which yield stable operation are displayed. It is determined that a relatively small amount of damping opposing the vehicle's motion is adequate to guarantee stability for a broad range of the system gains. The method of analysis presented is applicable to the case of an arbitrary steady state configuration where the modes of vibration about equilibrium are obtained in other than closed form.
AVERAGING MODELS FOR LINEAR PIEZOSTRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

In this paper, we consider a linear piezoelectric structure which employs a fast-switched, capacitively shunted subsystem to yield a tunable vibration absorber or energy harvester. The dynamics of the system is modeled as a hybrid system, where the switching law is considered as a control input and the ambient vibration is regarded as an external disturbance. It is shown that under mild assumptions of existence and uniqueness of the solution of this hybrid system, averaging theory can be applied, provided that the original system dynamics is periodic. The resulting averaged system is controlled by the duty cycle of a driven pulse-width modulated signal. The response of the averaged system approximates the performance of the original fast-switched linear piezoelectric system. It is analytically shown that the averaging approximation can be used to predict the electromechanically coupled system modal response as a function of the duty cycle of the input switching signal. This prediction is experimentally validated for the system consisting of a piezoelectric bimorph connected to an electromagnetic exciter. Experimental results show that the analytical predictions are observed in practice over a fixed "effective range" of switching frequencies. The same experiments show that the response of the switched system is insensitive to an increase in switching frequency above the effective frequency range.
Phlorizin: Its effect on glucose-induced insulin secretion and protection against the alloxan effect in isolated islets

By using isolated rat islets in a perifusion system, 5 min exposure to alloxan (20 mg%) in a 1 mg/ml glucose medium is shown to produce complete inhibition of glucose (5 mglml)-induced insulin secretion and this alloxan effect is prevented by simultaneous presence of 5 mgjml glucose in alloxan medium [l] . The order of potencies of hexoses to protect against alloxan toxicity in vitro [glucose( 100)>3-0methylglucoseZ=mannose>2deoxyglucose galactose>>Lglucose(O)] does not parallel the established order of their insulin-releasing action [glucose( 1 OO)>mannose>fructose>>galactose = 2-deoxyglucose = 3-O-methyl-glucose = L-glucose(O)] [l] . To further understand the effect of alloxan, phlorizin, an inhibitor of glucose transport, is used in the present experiment. Alloxan was shown to induce penetration of extracellular marker ([ 14C] Mamtitol) into toadfish islet tissue and this effect was protected by simultaneous presence of phlorizin (0.5 mM) [2]. The interaction of alloxan and phlorizin has not been reported so far in isolated islets in terms of insulin secretion.
Origin of compact type A refractory inclusions from CV3 carbonaceous chondrites

Compact type A (CTA) inclusions are one of the major types of coarse-grained refractory inclusions found in carbonaceous chondrites. They have not been studied in a systematic fashion, leading to some uncertainties and unproven assumptions about their origin. To address this situation, we studied a total of eight CTAs from Allende, Efremovka and Axtell by scanning electron-microscopic and electron and ion-microprobe techniques. These inclusions are very melilite-rich, ranging from ∼60 vol% to nearly monomineralic. Also present are Mg–Al spinel (5–20%), perovskite (trace–∼3%) and, in some samples, Ti-rich (∼17 wt% TiO2tot) fassaite (trace–∼20%), and rhonite (≤1%). Melilite compositions are mostly between Ak15 and Ak40. Chondrite-normalized REE abundance patterns for melilite (flat at ∼10 × CI with positive Eu anomalies) and fassaite (slight HREE enrichment relative to LREE and negative Eu anomalies) are like those for their counterparts in once-molten type B inclusions. The patterns for rhonite have positive slopes from La through Lu and abundances <10 × CI for La and 35–60 × CI for Lu. Features of CTAs that suggest that they were once molten include: rounded inclusion shapes; positively correlated Sc and V abundances in fassaite; radially oriented melilite laths at inclusion rims; and the distribution of trace elements among the phases. Fractional crystallization models show that, with one exception, the REE contents of perovskite and fassaite arose by crystallization of these phases from late, residual liquids that would have resulted from prior crystallization of the observed proportions of melilite and spinel from liquids having the bulk compositions of the inclusions. One Allende CTA (TS32), however, has several features (irregular shape, reversely zoned melilite, fassaite REE contents) that are not readily explained by crystallization from a melt. This inclusion may have undergone little melting and may be dominated by relict grains.
Punishment of instinctive behavior: Suppression of mouse-killing by rats

Rats that consistently killed mice stopped killing when attacks were punished by electric shock. Punishment suppressed rather than eliminated the behavior, for the rats eventually resumed killing after the termination of punishment. The suppressive effects of punishment on killing were quite enduring, however, for suppression was exhibited as long as 60 days after punishment.
Modeling concurrent flame spread over a thin solid in a low-speed flow tunnel

A three-dimensional model of concurrent flame spread over a thin solid in a low-speed flow tunnel in microgravity was formulated and numerically solved. In a parametric study varying the flow velocity, oxygen level, and tunnel and solid fuel widths, two distinctive types of flame behavior were noted. In high-oxygen-percentage and/or higher-speed flows, the flames were long and far away from the quenching limit. In such cases, three-dimensional effects were dominated by heat loss to the wall in the downstream portion of the flame. In low-oxygen and low-speed flows, the flames were short and in the region near the quenching limit. These near-limit flames were controlled by the oxygen supply rate. Oxygen-side diffusion in the cross-wind direction became a dominant mechanism exhibiting large effects on the narrow three-dimensional flames. A number of trend reversals on spread rates and extinction limits were discovered for these nearlimit flames. Aided by the detailed flame profiles obtained in the computations, an explanation for the reversal phenomena is offered in the paper.
Photo-assisted switching and trapping in BaTiO3 and Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 ferroelectrics

Abstract The effects of optical illumination and charge creation have been investigated in (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PLZT) and BaTiO 3 ferroelectric materials. Intrinsic photo-induced switching and charge trapping are observed in both perovskite materials. The trapping manifests itself by pinning domain walls, thereby suppressing the amount of switchable polarization. The photoferroelectric effects are found to be reproducible, reversible, and stable in both PLZT and BaTiO 3 . These results reinforce the idea that electronic charge trapping centers can lock certain domain configurations.
Behind the Smokescreen: Native American Tobacco Use in Oklahoma

The rate of Native American adult cigarette use in Oklahoma is 33.6%, exceeding the average state adult smoking rate of 24.7%. The present study examines differences in attitudes toward cigarette use and perceptions of tobacco-related health dangers held by Native Americans in Oklahoma. We analyze cross-sectional data from the 2004 and 2008 Oklahoma Adult Tobacco Surveys (n = 4,530) in order to evaluate whether Native American Oklahomans held differing perspectives of the risks of cigarette use and secondhand smoke. Oklahoma Native Americans were less likely than Oklahoma whites to believe that cigarettes are addictive, maternal smoking is harmful, and secondhand smoke is harmful. There was no significant difference between Oklahoma whites and Native Americans in the belief that certain diseases could be attributed to cigarettes and secondhand smoke. We conclude that for those identifying as Native Americans, Oklahoma agencies can bolster knowledge in the areas of cigarette addiction, maternal tobacco use...
Burn therapy 1985: acute management.

Mortality occurs from a burn injury because of infections which result from the metabolic and bacterial consequences of a large open wound, depression of the host's resistance, and both protein and total caloric malnutrition. Systemic antibiotics, topical wound therapy, and gentle wound debridement constitute traditional burn therapy. The systemic antibiotics and topical wound therapy do not solve problems presented by large open wounds and the related protein and caloric deprivation. A more rational approach uses antibiotics and topical wound therapy only as adjuncts to a program of early operative removal or excision of the devitalized, burned tissue and immediate closure of the wound. The excised wound is normally closed with available autograft, but in massive burn injuries, donor skin is insufficient. In these massive injuries, artifical skin can provide that immediate wound closure. As long as devitalized, burned tissue remains present in the setting of depressed host resistance, cross infection tends to colonize those remaining devitalized burn wounds with more virulent organisms than those that were already present. Bacterial controlled nursing units (BCNU) provide strict protection against that cross infection. Though inevitably a catabolic response occurs with massive injury, intensive nutritional support provides the calories necessary for the response to injury to avoid a prolongation of that negative nitrogen balance.
Correction: Effects of Management Tactics on Meeting Conservation Objectives for Western North American Groundfish Fisheries

There is considerable variability in the status of fish populations around the world and a poor understanding of how specific management characteristics affect populations. Overfishing is a major problem in many fisheries, but in some regions the recent tendency has been to exploit stocks at levels below their maximum sustainable yield. In Western North American groundfish fisheries, the status of individual stocks and management systems among regions are highly variable. In this paper, we show the current status of groundfish stocks from Alaska, British Columbia, and the U.S. West Coast, and quantify the influence on stock status of six management tactics often hypothesized to affect groundfish. These tactics are: the use of harvest control rules with estimated biological reference points; seasonal closures; marine reserves; bycatch constraints; individual quotas (i.e., ‘catch shares’); and gear type. Despite the high commercial value of many groundfish and consequent incentives for maintaining stocks at their most productive levels, most stocks were managed extremely conservatively, with current exploitation rates at only 40% of management targets and biomass 33% above target biomass on average. Catches rarely exceeded TACs but on occasion were far below TACs (mean catch:TAC ratio of 57%); approximately $150 million of potential landed value was foregone annually by underutilizing TACs. The use of individual quotas, marine reserves, and harvest control rules with estimated limit reference points had little overall effect on stock status. More valuable fisheries were maintained closer to management targets and were less variable over time than stocks with lower catches or ex-vessel prices. Together these results suggest there is no single effective management measure for meeting conservation objectives; if scientifically established quotas are set and enforced, a variety of means can be used to ensure that exploitation rates and biomass levels are near to or more conservative than management targets.
Distribution of substance P‐like immunoreactivity in the goldfish brain

Immunohistochemical methods were used to study the distribution of SP-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in the brain of the common goldfish (Carassius auratus). SPLI cell bodies and fibers were seen in distant areas and nuclei throughout the brain. In the telencephalon, SPL1 was found in the area dorsalis telencephali pars centralis and pars lateralis, areas that have been compared to the basal ganglia of land vertebrates. In the diencephalon, SPLI somata were seen in the hypothalamus. Four primary visual centers contained SPLI fibers: the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the area pretectalis, the nucleus dorsolateralis thalami and the optic tectum; the origin of these fibers could not be determined. SPLI cell bodies were seen in the oculomotor nucleus; the possibility that this may be the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is discussed. A high density of immunoreactive fibers was seen in the tractus retroflexus and the interpeduncular nucleus, though the habenula showed a few SP-like immunopositive fibers. In the hindbrain, SPLI cell bodies and fibers were seen in the nuclei ambiguus and commissuralis of Cajal and in the dorsal motornucleus of the vagus nuclei; even though these nuclei are known to belong to the visceral and sensory motor columns, the exact role SP plays in processing this information is at present unknown.
Elimination of P1 arginine 393 interaction with underlying glutamic acid 255 partially activates antithrombin III for thrombin inhibition but not factor Xa inhibition.

Abstract The mechanism for heparin activation of antithrombin III has been postulated to involve disruption of interactions between its reactive loop P1 residue and Glu255 on the underlying protein surface. To test this hypothesis, the potential P1-constraining Arg393–Glu255 hydrogen bond and ionic interactions were eliminated by converting Glu255 to alanine. E255A and wild-type ATIIIs have identical reactive loop sequences (including the P1 and P14 residues), but differ in that Glu255-mediated, P1-constraining interactions with the underlying surface cannot form in the mutant. Relative to its wild-type parent, E255A had a 5-fold higher affinity for heparin and pentasaccharide. In the absence of cofactor, E255A exhibited a 5-fold activation of thrombin inhibition but no activation of factor Xa inhibition. Pentasaccharide addition elicited no further activation of thrombin inhibition but increased the factor Xa inhibition rate 100-fold. E255A heparin-dependent thrombin and factor Xa inhibition rates were 1000- and 2-fold faster, respectively, than pentasaccharide-catalyzed rates. Although “approximation” is the predominant factor in heparin activation of ATIII thrombin inhibition, and removal of the P1 constraint plays a distinct but minor role, the primary determinant for activation of factor Xa inhibition is the pentasaccharide-induced conformational change, with approximation making a further minor contribution, and removal of the P1 constraint playing no role at all.
On the thermal gradient migration of lenticular voids

Abstract Available data on the velocity of gas-filled lenticular void motion in oxides subjected to a thermal gradient have been evaluated. Excellent agreement is found with a theoretical model based on vapor-phase diffusion control. Equilibrium vapor pressure is assumed to be maintained at the pore surface and the actual local thermal gradient, as determined by pore shape and relative thermal conductivity, is employed. The quantitative success of the theory in spite of the “flat” void surfaces is especially significant and raises serious questions concerning the practice of some authors in assuming, a prior, that a “flat” interface implies “interfacial control”.
Abstract 3558: In vitro and in vivo profiling of class I and class II ATP-competitive c-Met kinase inhibitors defines potential c-Met-specific sensitivity biomarkers

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL c-Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase with oncogenic potential for which several small molecule inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials. There are suggestions in the literature that c-Met inhibitors could have anti-tumor effects under a variety of contexts, including in tumors in which the MET gene is amplified, contains a gain-of-function mutation or in tumors with receptor overexpression. We have developed ATP-competitive c-Met inhibitors that possess different selectivity profiles and fall into two categories. Class I molecules are highly selective for c-Met while class II molecules are multi-kinase inhibitors. These molecules were profiled in vitro and in vivo to identify biomarkers of c-Met dependence. We show that both classes of molecules inhibited c-Met kinase activity in vitro and in vivo. However, class I and class II molecules differed extensively in their spectrum of anti-tumor activity. The anti-proliferative effects of the different c-Met inhibitors were tested in 359 cancer cell lines in vitro. The activity of class I molecules was exclusively restricted to cell lines that harbor MET amplification. Western blotting in sensitive or resistant cell lines showed that c-Met inhibitors effectively block signaling downstream of c-Met only in MET amplified cell lines. In vivo, class I molecules inhibited only the growth of tumor models that are highly dependent on c-Met activity due to MET amplification or due to a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-driven autocrine loop. The same models that were sensitive to class I inhibitors were also sensitive to class II inhibitors. However, class II inhibitors had additional anti-tumor activities in vitro and in vivo in models that did not respond to class I inhibitors. The majority of cell lines that responded only to a class II molecule in vitro required much higher drug concentrations than those required to inhibit the growth of MET amplified cell lines. Finally, the growth inhibitory effects observed in vitro and in vivo were consistent with the selectivity profiles of the different c-Met inhibitors. Together our data demonstrate that MET amplification is a clinically identifiable, potential sensitivity biomarker for selective c-Met kinase inhibitors. c-Met expression alone is not a sensitivity biomarker in preclinical models. The spectrum of c-Met inhibitor sensitive models defined in this work could be used to understand whether other small molecule c-Met inhibitors are exquisitely selective for c-Met or harbor additional activities. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3558. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3558
Effects of Multisensory Training in Perceptual Learning

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of multisensory input on the performance of learning disabled boys on a visual matching task. A thirty-item multiple-choice visual dot pattern matching task was given to 160 boys, ages 6 years through 8 years, 11 months, who were enrolled in special classes for children with learning problems. Of the four treatment groups (visual input only, visual plus tactile input, visual plus auditory input, visual plus auditory plus tactile input), the difference between the means of the visual only and visual-auditory and visual-auditory-tactile groups was significant at p<.05. The results suggest that on a perceptual task not related to reading or mathematics, the addition of input from tactile and auditory sensory modalities does not improve learning performance and, in certain combinations, actually interferes with such performance.
Induction of glutamine synthetase expression after major burn injury is tissue specific and temporally variable

Background: Major burn injury results in a translocation of amino acids from peripheral tissues to the abdominal viscera. Glutamine is a major participant in this event. Thermal injury causes a depletion of plasma and muscle glutamine pools as well as activation of proteolysis and release of glutamine from skeletal muscle. De novo synthesis of glutamine is regulated by the expression of the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS). We studied the tissue-specific regulation of GS expression after thermal injury. Methods: Burn injury of rats was produced by scalding of 25 or 40% of skin surface. In normal rats, four organs, including lung, muscle, kidney, and liver were assayed for relative GS messenger RNA content by Northern blotting 8 and 24 hours after 40% area burn. The effect of adrenalectomy on GS mRNA induction in muscle was assessed 24 hours after 25% area burn injury. Results: GS mRNA levels were increased 2.3-fold in lung at 8 hours and 7.3-fold in muscle at 24 hours after burn injury. No appreciable increase in GS mRNA level was observed in kidney or liver. Muscle GS mRNA levels were lower than sham-operated controls in both burned and unburned adrenalectomized rats. However, adrenalectomy did not attenuate relative GS mRNA induction in muscle at 24 hours after burn injury. Conclusions: Burn injury causes an induction in GS mRNA levels in a tissue-specific fashion. Adrenalectomy greatly reduced GS mRNA levels, but did not completely block the induction of GS express in muscle after burn injury. This finding suggests that glucocorticoid hormones together with a unknown factor of nonadrenal origin influence this metabolic response to burn injury.
Medicare: The Place To Start Delivery System Reform

The development of accountable care organizations (ACOs) is an appropriate goal for delivery system reform. The Medicare program can be instrumental in starting the necessary transformations in payment design, incentives, and delivery system structure. Payment reforms are critical; should come first; and may need to be substantial, cumulative in impact, and dramatic in design. Learning from successful models of physician-hospital integration and creating new models that can pass legal, regulatory, and antitrust concerns will be needed, if the promise of ACOs is to be fulfilled.
Charge Amplification without Charge Leak Resistor

Charge amplification without the conventional charge leak resistor is considered. It is shown that any charge leak mechanism based on continuous conduction current would contribute noise. Pulsed conduction of current from the amplifier input avoids this problem. A method for pulsed removal of charge is proposed here, based on charge pumping via the detector capacitance and the gate-channel junction of the input field-effect transistor. In this configuration the detector is the only component connected to the gate of the field-effect transistor, and these two are the only components required to be in the cryostat. The detector capacitance serves also as feedback capacitance.
Sμbp-2 Represses the Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Switch Promoter

Abstract Sμbp-2 is a novel transcription factor that was first identified through its interaction with the immunoglobulin Sμ region (Mizuta et al., 1993) and has been cloned by virtue of its binding to two 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-responsive elements in the Epstein–Barr virus immediate-early BZLF1 promoter (Gulley et al., 1997). In this report, we examined the effect of Sμbp-2 overexpression on BZLF1 promoter activity. Overexpression of Sμbp-2 in the B lymphocyte cell line BJAB caused repression of the BZLF1 gene promoter. A 14-bp region that partially overlaps with a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-responsive element was required for maximal repression by Sμbp-2, but some repression was also seen with a minimal promoter containing only the BZLF1 promoter TATA box and an initiation site. A 30-bp fragment containing the 14-bp region could transfer Sμbp-2-mediated repression to heterologous promoters. Sμbp-2 was found to associate with the basal transcription factor TATA binding protein (TBP) and to disrupt the formation of a stable TBP–TFIIA–DNA complex on the BZLF1 promoter TATA box and the adenovirus E1B promoter TATA box. Repression of the BZLF1 promoter by overexpressed Sμbp-2 was rescued by overexpression of the basal factor TFIIA. These results suggest that complete repression of the BZLF1 promoter by Sμbp-2 involves disruption of a functional TBP–TFIIA–TATA box complex and requires the −93 bp-to-−79 bp region of the promoter.
Ethnography, Demography and Service-Learning: Situating Lynwood Park

This paper reports the results of a one-year service-learning project that excited students about sociology, and created useful analytic tools for a modest-income African American community. In the course of deepening our understanding of one neighborhood — including collecting extant demographic data, conducting surveys and interviews, site visits, and simply “hanging out,” — it becomes possible to demonstrate how using formal demography and community ethnography together provide better understandings of the processes of social stratifi- cation, segregation, and gentrifi cation than would be possible using only one of the methodological orientations. The paper begins with an introduction to theoretical and didactic challenges, proceeds to describing Lynwood Park itself using insights derived from qualitative evidence, and then describes our eclectic means of investigating the community. The second half of the paper situates Lynwood Park demographically and ethnographically in terms of the larger Atlanta ...
Suicide screening tools and their association with near-term adverse events in the ED

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between various suicide screening tools and clinical impression with subsequent patient psychiatric admission and near-term adverse emergency department (ED) events. Methods We performed a prospective observational study of 50 patients with suicidal ideation in the ED. Subjects completed a series of depression/suicide screening tools: the Columbia Suicide Severity Scale, SAD PERSONS scale, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation. Clinicians were also asked about their impression on likelihood of patient admission. Outcome measures were as follows: need for psychiatric hospital admission, prolonged stay at psychiatric facility, and any adverse events during ED stay including need for unscheduled psychiatric or sedating medications, need for physical restraints, and need for intervention by security staff. Results The Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, and Columbia Suicide Severity Scale did not significantly predict within-ED adverse events or admissions to psychiatric facilities. Wald test for individual parameters at an α of .10 level found that patients who were screened positive by their nurse had 3.37 times the odds of adverse within-ED events; patients with a positive SAD PERSONS score had 8.18 times the odds of psychiatric admission greater than 5 days. However, at the α of .05 level, no screening tools correlated with patient ED course or likelihood of psychiatric admission. Conclusion Clinical impression alone and the suicide screening tools showed poor predictive value for near-term events. Data from this study highlight the need for the development of ED-based suicide screening instruments capable of identifying those patients with suicidal ideation at greatest risk.
COMPARATIVE MICROSTRUCTURE OF RED MEAT, POULTRY AND FISH MUSCLE

Since muscle food researchers tend to focus on disciplines such as red meats, poultry or fish; there is little shared information across commodity lines. Comparisons among these three groups of muscle foods are discussed.
Sex differences in Nintendo Wii performance as expected from hunter-gatherer selection.

To test the hunter-gatherer theory of cognitive sex differences, men and women each played four video games on a Wii™ console: two games simulating skills necessary for hunting (navigation and shooting) and two games simulating skills necessary for gathering (fine motor and visual search). Men outperformed women on the two hunting games, whereas there were no sex differences on the gathering skill games. The findings are discussed in terms of evolutionary psychology theory.
Narrative Focus Predicts Symptom Change Trajectories in Group Treatment for Traumatized and Bereaved Adolescents

Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents (TGCT-A) in reducing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and maladaptive grief (MG) reactions. This pilot study explored whether the specific focus of students' narratives (i.e., focus on trauma vs. focus on loss) as shared by TGCT-A group members would predict initial pretreatment levels, as well as pre- to posttreatment change trajectories, of PTSD symptoms and MG reactions. Thirty-three adolescents from three middle schools completed a 17-week course of group-based TGCT-A. PTSD and MG symptoms were assessed at pretreatment, twice during treatment, and at posttreatment. The focus (trauma vs. loss) of each student's narrative was coded using transcripts of members' narratives as shared within the groups. The reliable change index showed that 61% of students reported reliable pre-post improvement in either PTSD symptoms or MG reactions. Students whose narratives focused on loss both reported higher starting levels and showed steeper rates of decline in MG reactions than students whose narratives focused on trauma. In contrast, students whose narratives focused on trauma reported higher starting levels of PTSD than students who narrated loss experiences. However, narrative focus was not significantly linked to the rate at which PTSD symptoms declined over the course of treatment. This study provides preliminary evidence that TGCT-A treatment components are associated with reduced PTSD symptoms and MG reactions. Loss-focused narratives, in particular, appear to be associated with greater decreases in MG reactions.
Water relations of lettuce seed thermoinhibition. I. Priming and endosperm effects on base water potential

A water relations (hydrotime) model was employed to characterize the responses of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seed germination to temperature, water potential (ψ), endosperm disruption, and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). The base water potentials (ψ b ), standard deviations of base water potential and hydrotime constants (θ H ) estimated by the model were used to predict the germination rates at reduced ψ and supraoptimal temperatures in the presence or absence of ACC. The distribution of ψ b values among seeds in the population (ψ b ( g )) increased (became more positive) as the imbibition temperature increased, indicating a greater sensitivity of seeds to reduced ψ at thermoinhibitory temperatures. Slitting the seeds at the cotyledonary end to disrupt the integrity of the endosperm extended the high temperature range for germination and maintained lower ψ b ( g ) distributions compared with intact seeds as temperature increased. ACC (10 m m ) in the imbibition solution raised the upper temperature limit for germination by about 2°C, and also lowered ψ b ( g ) values by 0.1 to 0.2 MPa. The effect of ACC on ψ b ( g ) was more pronounced at higher imbibition temperatures and in slit seeds. ACC (via conversion to ethylene) extends the high temperature limit for lettuce seed germination by acting in the embryo to maintain a lower ψ threshold for the initiation of growth as temperature increases. Evidence from other species as well suggests that this may be a general mechanism for the action of ethylene in promoting seed germination.
Typologies of Cohabitation: Implications for Clinical Practice and Research

This article will explore the current evolution in the practice of cohabitation. The intent of this literature- and web-based article is to acquaint counselors with three typologies of cohabitation...
Waiving Away the Chance of Freedom: Exploring Why Prisoners Decide Against Applying for Parole

Little is known about inmates’ decisions regarding seeking release on parole, even though many choose to waive their parole hearings. Using semistructured, in-depth interviews with 25 adult male parole-eligible inmates who had waived a parole hearing, we seek to better understand the reasons inmates forgo the possibility of parole. We frame the study in rational choice theory, which suggests that inmates balance the perceived costs and benefits of remaining in prison versus returning to the community in reaching their decisions. A large majority of inmates attributed the decision to waive their hearings, in part, to concerns about the hearing process (e.g., parole denial likely, fear of negative experience), and most also listed various reasons that made remaining in prison a better outcome compared with release on parole (e.g., prison easier than parole, fear of revocation). The findings suggest that inmates’ parole waiver decisions involve multiple factors that merit further examination.
Impact of Developmental Maturity of Soybean on the Seasonal Abundance of Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), alternates between a primary overwintering host (buckthorn, Rhamnus sp.) and a secondary summer host (soybean, Glycine max). Selection of soybean cultivars with different maturity groups may provide growers with a management tool for A. glycines, either directly through its effect on summer populations that cause economic damage or indirectly through its effect on the production of migrants that disperse to the primary host in fall. This study investigated the abundance and seasonality of A. glycines on soybean cultivars with different maturity rates in central Indiana. The abscission of soybean foliage occurred earlier for early maturing than late maturing cultivars, but no other consistent difference in development or yield was detected among the cultivars tested in this study. The abundance of aphids did not vary consistently among cultivars when soybean was most susceptible to economic damage. A laboratory assay evaluating the larviposition preference of A. glycines alate females, combined with a 7-yr survey documenting the colonization of buckthorn by winged aphids, indicated that the production of gynoparae on soybean began in mid-September and continued until leaf abscission. The abundance of aphids during this period was higher on late maturing cultivars than on early maturing cultivars in both 2006 and 2008, whereas no significant effect was detected in 2007. Altogether, these results suggest that planting early maturing soybean cultivars has little effect on damage by aphids on the current season crop but may reduce the number of fall migrants to the primary host.
Red Lights: Selected Tanka Sequences from Shakkō. By Mokichi Saitō. Translated by Sanford Goldstein and Seishi Shinoda. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue Research Foundation, 1989. ix, 385 pp. $32.50.

Red Lights by Mokichi Saito (1882-1953), who was a major Japanese tankaist, continued the trend in bringing new life to tanka. Sbakko, translated as Red Lights, appeared in 1913. This collection of tanka created an immediate sensation in Japan as it introduced into this venerable art form the modern note of a rich variety of subject matter, including sordid sexuality and chaste love, psychiatric scrutiny, and the complicated mental processes of a mind reaching into those layers of nature and human nature that hardly seemed possible in thirty-one syllables.
RobuSTore: a distributed storage architecture with robust and high performance

Emerging large-scale scientific applications require to access large data objects in high and robust performance. We propose RobuSTore, a storage architecture that combines erasure codes and speculative access mechanisms for parallel write and read in distributed environments. The mechanisms can effectively aggregate the bandwidth from a large number of distributed disks and statistically tolerate pear-disk performance variation. Our simulation results affirm the high and robust performance of RobuSTore in both write and read operations compared to traditional parallel storage systems. For example, for a 1GB data access using 64 disks, RobuSTore achieves average bandwidth of 186MBps for write and 400MBps for read, nearly 6x and 15x that achieved by a RAID-0 system. The standard deviation of access latency is only 0.5 second, about 9% of the write latency and 20% of the read latency, and a 5-fold improvement from RAID-0. The improvements are achieved at moderate cost: about 40% increase in I/O operations and 2x-3x increase in storage capacity utilization.
From Citizenship to Négritude: “Making a Difference” in Elite Ideologies of Colonized Francophone West Africa

By examining three historical stages between 1914 and the late 1950s in the development of African political ideology in Francophone West Africa, this essay will explore the problem represented by the category of the colonized.1 This category, first formulated in 1961 by Frantz Fanon, has increasingly been used to revise understandings of African ideologies formed before 1960 in terms of political economy. Indeed, ever since Fanon published his polemical, The Wretched of the Earth (1968), the rage of the colonized has been naturalized in academic literature as the reaction to colonization. Yet in arguing that the rage of the peasants did not characterize the reaction of the “most completely” colonized (the elites and merchants), Fanon acknowledged that rage did not define the position of his elite predecessors. Fanon's work appeared in the twilight of the colonial era not as a dispassionate analysis but as a call to action. He intended to awaken the peasant's rage, which he considered the legitimate and local reaction to colonialism, within the elites, who did not share this attitude towards the colonizer.
Heritability of Body Weight at Three Ages in Cross-bred Broiler Chickens Resulting from Two Systems of Breeding

Abstract BODY WEIGHT at broiler age frequently is considered the most important character in a breeding program directed toward improvement of meat-type chickens. Heritability of body weight at different ages up to broiler age has been estimated by a number of workers. The magnitude of an estimate may be influenced, however, by the absolute amount of genetic variation present, the extent to which environmental variation has been controlled during the experiment, the experimental design and by the method of statistical analysis. Studies investigating the influence of age on the efficiency of genetic selection for early growth are limited and findings from them are not consistent. El-Ibiary and Shaffner (1951) in a population of New Hampshires found sire component estimates of heritability in general smallest at 2 weeks, slightly higher at 10 weeks, and consistently higher in females than in males. Martin et al. (1953) with Rhode Island Reds calculated heritability estimates …
Ultrasonic output measurements of multiple-mode diagnostic ultrasound systems

Electronic control has brought unprecedented flexibility and complexity in the variety of ultrasonic signals and beams available from a single modern multiple-mode ultrasonic imaging system. The process of measuring the ultrasonic output of these systems is started with the identification of relevant system parameters. Because the combinations of control settings for these parameters can number in the tens of thousands for some of the newer systems, a rational methodology for finding the highest global intensity or pressure values was necessary. To aid in the search, a linear simulation model was developed to predict those control settings that produce the highest relative intensity and pressure levels and their peak locations. This information became the starting point for actual measurements. An equipment setup suitable for multimode measurements is described. Experimental mapping procedures were used to find actual global maxima by varying a smaller subset of control parameters. Data were checked by formulae derived specifically for multimode measurements. >
Induced ovulation, development of the corpus luteum, and tubal transport in the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Ovulatory pattern, development of the corpus luteum (CL), and early tubal transport are described for 6 unmated and 19 mated striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) killed after known copulation times. Ovulation is induced by copulation and occurs around 42 hours (range = 40--50 hours) after first insemination. Seventeen of 19 females killed between 36 hours and 19 days postcoitus had ovulated. Two females killed at 36 hours had not ovulated; however, their follicles showed preovulatory changes and were significantly larger (p less than 0.01) than those of unmated females. Six unmated females, killed during and three weeks after the normal breeding season, had not ovulated. Ovarian events, such as preovulatory changes, ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum (CL), are described for animals killed 36 hours to 19 days post-coitus. Maximum CL size occurred at 11 days post-coitus and coincided with the onset of embryonic migration and enlargement. Embryonic development reflected individual variation in ovulation times. The first polar body was extruded at ovulation and the second at fertilization. Pronuclear stages were predominant at 42 to 48 hours and 3 to 8-cell stages at 72 to 96 hours; morulae (containing up to 95 cells) entered the uterus at seven days. Blastocysts were observed first at 11 days when embryonic spacing and enlargement began. Implantation occurred by 19 days.
Cognition and cognitive aging.

Cognitive effects of estrogen have been considered in a number of large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Most have involved older, postmenopausal women, and results of these provide little support for the view that estrogen-containing hormone therapy initiated after age 60 substantially affects mean cognitive performance over periods of time ranging up to 5 years. This conclusion appears particularly true for episodic memory, a cognitive domain in which impairments are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Other domains have been less thoroughly assessed. For women undergoing surgical menopause, limited clinical trial evidence suggests that prompt initiation of estrogen therapy may benefit verbal episodic memory, at least over a period of several months. Among middle-aged women, observational studies indicate no important deleterious effect of the natural menopause transition on cognitive performance. Similarly, limited clinical trial evidence from middle-aged postmen...
Cooperation in Ad Hoc Networks with Noisy Channels

-An underlying assumption of multi-hop data communication in ad hoc networks is that the nodes forward each others' packets. An important challenge in such scenario is to attain mutual cooperation. This paper provides a game theoretic solution to enforce cooperation in ad hoc network in the presence of channel noise. We focus on the packet forwarding process and model it as a hidden action game with imperfect private monitoring. We propose a state machine based strategy to reach Nash Equilibrium. The equilibrium is proved to be a sequential equilibrium with carefully designed system parameters. Furthermore, we extend our discussion to a general ad hoc network scenario by refining the strategy profiles to handle multi-hop packet forwarding. The simulation results illustrate the efficiency of the proposed forwarding strategies. In addition, network throughput performance is measured with respect to parameters like channel loss probability, route hop count and mobility. Results suggest that the performance due to our proposed strategy is in close agreement with that of unconditionally cooperative nodes.