cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preschool children’s participation in representational and non-representational activities

The present study examined representational and non-representational activities in which children in a Head Start classroom participated. This was an investigation from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory of how components (e.g. artifacts and division of labour) of classroom activities vary across and within types of activities. Participants included a class of 21 ethnically diverse 4- and 5-year-olds and two teachers. Data collection involved naturalistic observations of classroom members participating in indoor play, outdoor play, and notational activities (e.g. reading and drawing) over 8 days. Who was involved, artifact use, and artifact-related actions varied by activity. Furthermore, who was involved, actions, and division of labour were strongly linked in second-by-second analyses. The present study contributes research which situates children’s development within daily activities.
ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHEOLOGY AND LITIGATION—ALASKA STYLE: A NOTE ON SOME OF THE ISSUES

The mid 1990s AlaskaNative court cases discussed in this symposium raise a number of important broad issues, a few of which I will comment on here, noting that in a number ofworks, Vine Deloria has expounded upon them very well, and at greater length. These issues are interrelated and concern the changing nature of culture, while maintaining continuity; the greater weight that courts usually give to anthropologists testifying about a tribal culture than to tribal elders testifying about their own culture; and the unwillingness of many judges togive much, if any weight, to oral tradition. The issue of continuity and change in culture as dealt with in the courts, other institutions, and wider society is raised in the call to papers for thisspecial issue in saying, “In the mid-1990s, witnesses testifying for Exxon successfully ‘proved’ that Alutiiq culture could not have been damaged by the spill, because by 1989 it had ceased to exist. One Exxon consultant remarked in his deposition that the residents of the Alutiiq communities were no different from any other typical middle class Americans,because he had observed them using Betty Crocker cake mix.” As stated, this is an excellent example of a Nineteenth Century (and perhaps older) European colonial ethnocentrism, that while now less prevalent, remains a too common misnomer in U.S. culture, courts and other institutions. It fits with thefaulty, colonial social-cultural evolutionary theory that became part of early anthropology (Tyler, and others), but has long since been abandoned, essentially since Boas. The underlying view is that Indigenous and peasantcultures were static and dying out, being replaced by progressive western culture.
Does this patient need ultrasonography of the leg to evaluate for deep vein thrombosis

If the pretest probability of deep vein thrombosis is low, a normal D-dimer level is enough to rule it out.
Parathyroid autotransplantation: an innovative approach.

All too often in the aftermath of a technically successful reoperation for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism the patient has permanent hypoparathyroidism. The reason is that the normal glands were removed at the first operation, and excision of the missed adenoma eliminates the last functioning source of hormone. Autotransplantation of a portion of tumor circumvents the otherwise inevitable permanent hypoparathyroidism.
Description of mathematical models.

Clark and Gibbons have presented a fascinating paper on the temporal pattern of suicide attempts of 955 psychiatric patients. They begin by reducing each patient's history of suicide attempts during 2+ years to the presence or absence of at least one suicide attempt during each of five follow-up intervals. Thus a single patient's history was represented as a sequence of five Os and Is (e.g., 10100), where a 1 indicates at least one attempt during the follow-up period. Given five intervals, 32 (25) patterns are possible. Among the 928 patients included in the analysis, 23 of these patterns were seen. The data clearly show that responses in different time periods are correlated. The problem is to develop an interpretable mathematical model for that correlation.
Variational Analysis of Snakelike Robots

Snakelike robots have been employed in applications ranging from search-and-rescue to minimally invasive surgical procedures, and may yet find new applications in maintaining civil infrastructure and the repair of satellites. This chapter reviews how variational methods have been used previously to analyze three classes of snakelike robots: (1) hyper-redundant manipulators guided by backbone curves; (2) flexible steerable needles; and (3) concentric tube continuum robots. Both coordinate-dependent Euler-Lagrange formulations and coordinate-free Euler- Poincare approaches are discussed. Variational methods are used in the context of hyper-redundant manipulators to constrain degrees of freedom and to provide a means of redundancy resolution. In contrast, variational methods are used for nonholonomic steerable needles, which have fewer actuatable degrees of freedom than those in the task space, to generate optimal open-loop plans for the needle to follow, and to model needle-tissue interactions. For concentric tube robots, variational methods provide a means to determine equilibrium conformations dictated by the principles of elastic mechanics. This chapter therefore illustrates by example how variational methods are a natural tool for the analysis and planning of various kinds of snakelike robots.
Adaptive Laboratory Evolution

We now can observe evolution in laboratory experiments, define its dynamics, and determine the genetic changes underlying new phenotypes. What happens in such experiments may not be directly applicable to evolution in natural habitats, however, unless particular habitats can be accurately reproduced in the laboratory. Nevertheless, experiments in adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) are yielding fundamental insights in microbiology.
Endothelial Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell and Functional Blood Vessels Formation in Vivo

Abstract Background: Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are distinguished by their capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency. Here we characterize the differentiation of hES cell-derived endothelial cells (hESC-ECs), use molecular imaging techniques to examine their survival and function in vivo. Methods and Results: Here we introduced two-step procedures to increase endothelial differentiation efficiency of hESCs by subcultured embryoid bodies (EBs) in collagen. Single cell suspensions from EBs sprouting in collagen were obtained by treatment with collagenase and Liberase Blendzyme IV and CD31/CD144 positive cells were isolated by FACScan. After isolation, these hESC-ECs express endothelial cell markers similar to HUVEC, form vascular-like channels, and incorporate DiI-labeled acetylated low-density lipoprotein (DiI-Ac-LDL) in vitro. Real time PCR array described increasing endothelial transcription. Using whole genome microarrays, we investigated the hESCs derived endothelial cells (hESC-ECs) transcriptome that occur among sequenced hESCs differentiation processes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that hESC-ECs expressed endothelial gene at pattern similar to HUVECs. By intravital microscope, we demonstrated that hESC-ECs can form function vessels with blood flow. Conclusion: Taken together, two-steps procedures increased the endothelial differentiation efficiency hESCs, and hESC-ECs can form functional vessel in vivo.
Activity and Cytotoxicity of Algae Extracts On Normal and Leukemic Hematopoietic Cells.

Abstract Abstract 4815 Algae preparations are commonly used in complementary and alternative medicine for presumed anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. In this study, we have examined the effects of extracts from algae and algae components on the proliferation of normal hematopoietic and leukemia cells. To prepare extracts, 1 gram of Dunaliella salina (Dun), Astaxanthin (Ast), Spirulina (C-phycocyanin) (Spir), or Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) were added to 10 ml of 70% ethanol and incubated at 4°C on a shaker for 24 hours. The slurry was centrifuged at 400 g for 10 minutes at 4°C, and the supernatant was filtered through 413-grade filter paper. Leukemia cell lines were purchased from ATCC and blood or marrow aspirates from normal subjects or patients with leukemia were subjected to Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. CD34+ cells were isolated using Miltenyi Biotec MiniMACS magnetic bead cell separation columns. To determine effects on cell proliferation, increasing concentrations of algae extracts were added in fresh medium to plated cells, and MTT reagent was added followed by detergent and absorbance readings were recorded at 570 nm. Leukemic cell lines such as HL60 and MV4-11 were significantly inhibited by Ast and AFA at concentration of 0.8 mg/mL of extract (p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Novel Therapeutic Targets Against Spreading Depression

Migraine is among the most prevalent and disabling neurological diseases in the world. Cortical spreading depression (SD) is an intense wave of neuronal and glial depolarization underlying migraine aura, and a headache trigger, which has been used as an experimental platform for drug screening in migraine. Here, we provide an overview of novel therapeutic targets that show promise to suppress SD, such as acid-sensing ion channels, casein kinase Iδ, P2X7-pannexin 1 complex, and neuromodulation, and outline the experimental models and essential quality measures for rigorous and reproducible efficacy testing.
Surgical Education Module Improves Operative Proficiency in Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial of Trainees.

Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether an interactive endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) surgical education module can improve knowledge of surgical indications and improve procedural competency. Design An ECTR education module was developed and trainees at various level of training were enrolled and randomized to surgical module and nonmodule (control) groups. Subjects were instructed that they would be the primary surgeon performing an ECTR. A written assessment was administered before and after module completion or independent case preparation to test comprehension of the procedure. The senior author evaluated each subject’s intraoperative performance using a 5-point scoring system. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and paired t-tests. Setting This study took place at a tertiary care hospital at the University of Wisconsin. Results In all, 30 subjects were tested (15 surgical module and 15 nonmodule). There were no differences in prepreparation test scores between groups. Postpreparation test scores following use of the module were significantly higher compared to the nonmodule group. The average operation performance scores for the surgical module group and nonmodule group were 96% and 82%, respectively. The surgical module group performed significantly better on all operative steps except for dressing application. Surgical module subjects without prior ECTR experience (n = 7) had operative scores that were significantly higher than those for nonmodule subjects without previous ECTR experience (n = 8) (95% vs. 75%). There was no difference in operative scores between surgical module subjects with no prior experience (n = 7) and nonmodule subjects who had performed at least 1 prior case (n = 7) (95% vs. 89%). Conclusions The use of an ECTR surgical education module demonstrates a significant benefit in ECTR-naive subjects. When compared to subjects with previous ECTR experience, ECTR-naive subjects trained using the surgical module demonstrate better familiarity with the equipment and equivalent performance of the procedure.
Synergy between grapevine vitiviruses and grapevine leafroll viruses

An interactive relationship between vitiviruses and grapevine leafroll viruses was characterized in grapevine. Grapevine viruses A and B (GVA and GVB) were found more frequently in the presence of co-infecting Grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaV-1, −2 or −3) than in their absence. The titers of the vitiviruses in co-infection with leafroll viruses were found to be higher than were their titers in the absence of leafroll virus infection. The occurrence of vitivirus-associated stem-pitting symptoms was correlated with leafroll virus co-infection. Specific pairing associations on the species level were found between different viti- and leafroll virus species: GVB was associated preferentially with GLRaV-2; GVA was associated preferentially with GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3. In contrast to the increase in vitivirus titer seen with leafroll virus co-infection, the incidence and titer of grapevine leafroll virus appeared to be unaltered by vitivirus co-infection. The potential for a synergistic enhancement of grapevine disease in co-infected vines is discussed.
Implementation and Intervention Practices to Facilitate Communication Skills for a Child With Complex Communication Needs

For children with complex communication needs (CCN), augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices offer a means to communicate and participate in daily activities. Effective implementat...
Racial differences in sexual activity among affluent adolescents: a relative status approach

ABSTRACTThe experiences of black Americans vary widely depending on socioeconomic status (SES), suggesting that a monotonic view of race is inadequate when examining race differences in adolescent ...
Managing vendor relations: a case study of two HPC network issues

High performance computing requires fast networks to move large amounts of data between compute nodes and disk storage. For a variety of reasons, however, the fast speeds achieved by bleeding edge network technology tend to come along with a higher risk of system failure. When designing and building high end computing systems using the fastest available network equipment, a good relationship with the network vendor becomes absolutely crucial for success. Through 2008 and 2009, the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF) faced two serious challenges with the high-speed Myricom data network at the center of its production supercomputers. By studying these challenges and how we worked with Myricom to resolve them, we establish a five-step method for vendor-assisted problem resolution that system and network administrators can use to improve their own vendor relations and time to problem resolution. Furthermore, we include specific examples that can help Myricom network administrators study and debug their own networks.
INFLUENCE OF COAL ASH/ORGANIC WASTE APPLICATION ON DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE METALS IN SOIL, PLANT, AND WATER

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of coal ash mixture (coal ash, biosolids and yard waste compost ratio of 1:1:1 v/v) on accumulation of trace metals in soil and their distribution in crop leaves and fruits, and its leaching potential into groundwater. Coal ash mixture was applied at rates of 0, 25, 75 Mg ha−1. Samples of soil and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. ‘Sanibel’) tissue (leaves and fruits) were collected and analyzed for trace metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Mo). Zero-tension pan lysimeters were installed to monitor water quality. Application of the coal ash mixture significantly increased AB-DTPA extractable Fe, Ni and Mo in treated soils and concentrations of Mn and Mo in tomato leaves. Only concentrations of Fe and Mo in tomato fruits from plots treated with this coal ash mixture were greater than those from control plots. Application of 75 Mg ha−1 coal ash mixture significantly increased total amounts of Zn, Pb and Mo collected in lysimeter water during 12 months following application. Concentrations of trace metals analyzed in this study were very low. The maximum concentrations of Mn, Pb and Cd in lysimeter water samples from both treated and control plots were only occasionally greater than MCL (Manxmen Contaminant Level for drinking water). Therefore, appropriate application of coal ash mixture should not lead to any significant detriment to soil, food, and groundwater.
Numerical model of flow in distensible microfluidic network

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a model for the steady laminar flow of an incompressible fluid through a distensible microfluidic network. First, the laminar flow through a single distensible vessel is modeled. The deformation of the vessel in response to an internal pressure is determined by numerically solving the plane-strain equations, and the resistance of the deformed vessel is found by numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations over the deformed cross-section. A relation is generated to correlate the fluidic resistance of each vessel to its internal pressure. The microfluidic network is modeled as a resistor network and solved iteratively as the resistance of each vessel is altered in response to internal pressure. This model is shown to compare favorably with experimental results. Furthermore, the model presented is highly simplified as it assumes linear elastic behavior of the polymer, small strains limited to two dimensions, and assumes that the vessels remain straight while deforming.
Coupled-wire description of surface A D E topological order

Symmetry-protected and symmetry-enriched topological (SPT/SET) phases in three dimensions are quantum systems that support nontrivial two-dimensional (2D) surface states. These surface states develop finite excitation energy gaps when the relevant symmetries are broken. On the other hand, one-dimensional (1D) gapless modes can populate along interfaces that separate adjacent gapped surface domains with distinct symmetry-breaking orders. A surface strip pattern in general reduces the low-energy SPT/SET surface degrees of freedom onto a 2D array of gapless 1D channels. These channels can be coupled to one another by quasiparticle tunneling, and these interwire interactions collectively provide an effective description of the surface state. In this paper, we study a general class of symmetry-preserving or -breaking SPT/SET surface states that admit finite excitation energy gaps and Abelian topological orders via the coupled-wire construction. In particular, we focus on the prototype Abelian surface topological orders that fall under the $ADE$ classification of simply laced Lie algebras. We also elaborate on the emergent symmetry and duality properties of the coupled-wire models.
Replicable Services for Reproducible Research: A Model for Academic Libraries

Over the past decade, evidence from disciplines ranging from biology to economics has suggested that many scientific studies may not be reproducible. This has led to declarations in both the scientific and lay press that science is experiencing a “reproducibility crisis” and that this crisis has consequences for the extent to which students, faculty, and the public at large can trust research. Faculty build on these results with their own research, and students and the public use these results for everything from patient care to public policy. To build a model for how academic libraries can support reproducible research, the authors conducted a review of major guidelines from funders, publishers, and professional societies. Specific recommendations were extracted from guidelines and compared with existing academic library services and librarian expertise. The authors believe this review shows that many of the recommendations for improving reproducibility are core areas of academic librarianship, including data management, scholarly communication, and methodological support for systematic reviews and data-intensive research. By increasing our knowledge of disciplinary, journal, funder, and society perspectives on reproducibility, and reframing existing librarian expertise and services, academic librarians will be well positioned to be leaders in supporting reproducible research.
Improving judge & jury evaluation of scientific evidence

The role of the expert witness in trials is a paradox. Judges and jurors need help with matters beyond their understanding, and judges are expected to act as gatekeepers to ensure that jurors are n...
Manned aircraft versus small unmanned aerial system—forestry remote sensing comparison utilizing lidar and structure-from-motion for forest carbon modeling and disturbance detection

Sustainable forest management relies on the acquisition of timely (change detection) and accurate structural information of forest landscapes. Light detection and ranging (lidar) remote sensing platforms enable rapid, three-dimensional (3-D), structural data collection with a high spatial resolution. This study explores a functional carbon model applied to a dense, closed deciduous forest. Data are collected by manned airborne systems and unmanned aerial system, producing both lidar and structure-from-motion (SfM) 3-D mapping. A hybrid approach combining cost-effective SfM-generated data with lidar-derived digital elevation models also is explored, since the SfM fails to produce adequate terrain returns. Carbon modeling results are comparable to those achieved by the initial developers ( r 2 = 0.64 versus r 2 = 0.72), despite the challenging uneven-aged forest environment. Vertical profiles, mapped utilizing a volumetric point density from the manned airborne lidar, are leveraged to train a binary classifier for disturbance detection. Producer’s accuracy, user’s accuracy, and Kappa statistic for disturbance detection are 94.1%, 92.2%, and 89.8%, respectively, showing a high likelihood of detecting disturbances (harvesting). The results bode well for the use of unmanned aerial system (UAS) systems, and either lidar or SfM, to assess forest stocking. Although disturbance detection is successful, further study is required to validate the use of UAS, and especially SfM, for this task.
Mathematical Modeling of Motion of a Two-Section Wheeled Robot

The article describes a mobile robotic platform for transporting airplanes on the airfield. A design scheme of the “towing tractor-plane” system in the form of a two-section wheeled robot with the leading front part and the trailed rear one, interconnected by a cylindrical hinge, is proposed. Each section is a three-wheeled mobile platform with two independently motorized coaxial wheels and one passive wheel, while in the front section, the side wheels are leading. A mathematical model of motion of a two-section wheeled robot is described, taking into account nonholonomic constraints, wheel friction against the surface, as well as the relative movement of the sections. A system of differential equations, describing the motion dynamics of a two-section mobile robot, has been obtained. The criteria for the absence of lateral slippage of the driving wheels have been defined. The adequacy of the mathematical model is checked.
HSCT Engraftment Kinetics: Differences in Chimerism between Haploidentical (HI) and Matched Related (MR) Transplant Recipients (HSCT) after the 2 Step Approach

Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CY) toleration has been associated with low rates of graft versus host disease (GVHD) and non-relapse mortality after both HI and MR HSCT. At Jefferson, both recipient types undergo a 2 step approach to HSCT in which after myeloablative (MYA) or reduced intensity (RIC) conditioning, patients receive a fixed dose of 2 x 108/kg donor CD3+ T cells (DLI), followed 2 days later by CY daily x 2 for bidirectional tolerization. A CD34-selected stem cell product containing Data for 292 consecutive patients (232 HI, 60 MR) treated on a 2-step trial were evaluated for incorporation into this analysis. To be included, patients were required to be in remission for 3 months post HSCT and have available d+28 and d+90 peripheral blood T cell chimerism data. Seven HI patients with graft rejection, 5/232 with early (2%-all MYA) and 2/232 with late (0.1%-1 MYA and 1 RIC), were not included in the analysis. No MR patients developed graft rejection. Days to ANC > 500 cells x 103/ul, CD3/4 and CD3/8 counts at d+28 and d+90, peak fever after DLI infusion as a rough measure of alloreactivity, and number of patients requiring post HSCT donor lymphocytes for mixed chimerism were also examined. Independent samples T test was used for chimerism and peak fever comparisons. The final study group contained 201 patients treated on a 2 step MYA [12 Gy total body irradiation (TBI)] or RIC (fludarabine/TBI based) regimen. Patients had various hematological malignancies and 6 had aplastic anemia. Data is contained in the table. Mean T cell chimerism was higher in HI versus MR recipients at d+28 and d+90 (p= 0.001 both time points). In 3 MR recipients, donor T cell chimerism was The data presented here supports the concept that MHC mismatching in HI HSCT is associated with a higher frequency of alloreactive T cells in the DLI which more efficiently eliminate residual host lymphocytes prior to CY administration resulting in more complete donor lymphoid chimerism. Interestingly, further support for this notion was provided by the MR recipient data where higher fevers, a surrogate for more robust immunologic activation, translated into the more rapid achievement of full donor chimerism. This finding was potentially due to higher alloreactivity between some MR recipient/donor pairs from non-MHC polymorphisms. Persistence of small numbers of host lymphocytes, which have also been rendered tolerant by CY administration, does not, in and of itself, lead to graft failure/rejection. However, concerns that low degree of chimerism might contribute to higher risk of relapse led to administration of post-transplant DLIs to push donor lymphoid chimerism closer to 100%. The impact if any, of delayed complete chimerism on GVHD and relapse requires further evaluation and may dictate changes to the 2 step regimen for the MR group. Download : Download high-res image (193KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Porcu: Innate Pharma: Consultancy.
Calcium Imaging Reveals Host-Graft Synaptic Network Formation in Spinal Cord Injury

Summary Neural stem/progenitor cell grafts integrate into sites of spinal cord injury (SCI) and form anatomical and electrophysiological neuronal relays across lesions. To determine how grafts become synaptically organized and connect with host systems, we performed calcium imaging of neural progenitor cell grafts within sites of SCI, using both in vivo imaging and spinal cord slices. Stem cell grafts organize into localized synaptic networks that are spontaneously active. Following optogenetic stimulation of host corticospinal tract axons regenerating into grafts, distinct and segregated neuronal networks respond throughout the graft. Moreover, optogenetic stimulation of graft axons extending out from the lesion into the denervated spinal cord also trigger responses in local host neuronal networks. In vivo imaging reveals that behavioral stimulation of host elicits focal synaptic responses within grafts. Thus, remarkably, neural progenitor cell grafts form functional synaptic subnetworks in patterns paralleling the normal spinal cord.
A 65-Year-Old Man with Pulmonary Opacities and Worsening Cough

Case Presentation A 65-year-old man was referred for evaluation of several years of chest congestion and cough productive of yellow sputum as well as recently noted abnormalities on chest imaging. He denied dyspnea, weight loss, fevers, chills, or hemoptysis. He had no history of systemic illness, pneumonia, other respiratory illness, gastroesophageal reflux, or sinusitis. He had a remote smoking history. He worked as a railroad conductor and had occupational exposure to asbestos, as well as to other uncharacterized dusts and fumes. The patient spent most of his life in Washington and California and regularly traveled through the California Central Valley. Other travel history included trips to Southeast Asia, Iceland, and Europe in the remote past. The patient had one dog but no exposure to other animals. His only medication was loratadine, taken daily for allergic rhinitis. He applied petroleum jelly to his nares nightly to moisturize his nasal passages.
Benign ferroelastic twin boundaries in halide perovskites for charge carrier transport and recombination.

Grain boundaries have been established to impact charge transport, recombination and thus the power conversion efficiency of metal halide perovskite thin film solar cells. As a special category of grain boundaries, ferroelastic twin boundaries have been recently discovered to exist in both CH3NH3PbI3 thin films and single crystals. However, their impact on the carrier transport and recombination in perovskites remains unexplored. Here, using the scanning photocurrent microscopy, we find that twin boundaries have negligible influence on the carrier transport across them. Photoluminescence (PL) imaging and the spatial-resolved PL intensity and lifetime scanning confirm the electronically benign nature of the twin boundaries, in striking contrast to regular grain boundaries which block the carrier transport and behave as the non-radiative recombination centers. Finally, the twin-boundary areas are found still easier to degrade than grain interior. Grain boundaries are known to be generally detrimental to the operation of metal halide perovskite solar cells. Here Xiao et al. show with scanning photocurrent microscopy that ferroelastic twin boundaries are benign to the electrical properties in crystalline samples, in contrast to grain boundaries.
The Precision-Bias Distinction for Evaluating Visual Decision Aids for Risk Perception:

Risk communication is critically important, for both patients and providers. However, people struggle to understand risks because there are inherent biases and limitations to reasoning under uncertainty. A common strategy to enhance risk communication is the use of decision aids, such as charts or graphs, that depict the risk visually. A problem with prior research on visual decision aids is that it used a metric of performance that confounds 2 underlying constructs: precision and bias. Precision refers to a person's sensitivity to the information, whereas bias refers to a general tendency to overestimate (or underestimate) the level of risk. A visual aid is effective for communicating risk only if it enhances precision or, once precision is suitably high, reduces bias. This article proposes a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of visual decision aids. Empirical data further illustrate how the new methodology is a significant advancement over more traditional research designs.
Facilitating Transitions to Adulthood in Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients: the Role of Neuropsychology

Transition-age patients with history of a pediatric brain tumor are at significant risk for difficulties transitioning to adulthood. We review current transition models and the potential role of neuropsychology in the transition process for adolescent and young adult brain tumor survivors. Several recently developed healthcare transition models include consideration of patients’ cognitive and functional capacities, yet currently available transition readiness tools are limited in scope and do not possess adequate normative data across pediatric medical populations. We explore the potential utility and added benefit of systematically incorporating neuropsychology in the transition process for pediatric brain tumor survivors. The literature supports increased evaluation and intervention targeted at psychosocial barriers to transition. Based on these findings, we propose a family-centered and multidisciplinary care model that promotes both medical and broader psychosocial transition processes. Neuropsychology is ideally suited to assess the wide-ranging areas encompassed in transition readiness and to facilitate the transition process.
Estimation of doubly labeled water energy expenditure with confidence intervals

Bivariate regression is used to estimate energy expenditure from doubly labeled water data. Two straight lines are fitted to the logarithms of the enrichments of oxygen-18 and deuterium simultaneously as a bivariate regression, so that the correlations between the oxygen and deuterium regression coefficients can be estimated. Maximum likelihood methods are used to extend bivariate regression to unbalanced situations caused by missing observations and to include replicate laboratory determination from the same urine samples, even if one of the replicates is missing. Use of maximum likelihood allows the determination of a confidence interval for the energy expenditure based on the log likelihood surface rather than use of the propagation of variance methods for nonlinear transformations. The model is extended to include the subject's deviations from the two lines as a bivariate continuous-time first-order autoregression to allow for serial correlation in the observations. The analysis of data from two subjects, one without apparent serial correlation and one with serial correlation, is presented.
Techno-economic optimization of phosphorous recovery in an algal-based sewage treatment system.

Abstract Previous reports have documented the technical viability of an algal pathway for treating primary effluent and recovering its phosphorus-content (P) via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of the resulting biomass. In this pathway, leaching P from HTL-derived biochar was found as the critical step impacting the economics of P-recovery. As such, a process model was developed in the current study to optimize P leaching from biochar as a function of five parameters. Model predictions under various conditions agreed well with measured data (r2 = 0.93; n = 184). The validated process model was then integrated with a cost model to establish the following conditions as optimal for leaching P from biochar: batch leaching time of 72 h; eluent NaOH concentration of 0.5 M; eluent-to-biochar ratio of 20; temperature of 60 °C; and provision of mixing. Under these conditions, 73.5% of P from biochar could be recovered at $5.98/kg P.
Evidence for Short-Range-Ordered Charge Stripes Far above the Charge-Ordering Transition in La 1.67 Sr 0.33 NiO 4

The temperature evolution of structural effects associated with charge order (CO) and spin order in ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{NiO}}_{4}$ has been investigated using neutron powder diffraction. We report an anomalous shrinking of the $c/a$ lattice parameter ratio that correlates with ${T}_{\mathrm{CO}}$. The sign of this change can be explained by the change in interlayer Coulomb energy between the static-stripe-ordered state and the fluctuating-stripe-ordered state or the charge-disordered state. In addition, we identify a contribution to the mean-square displacements of Ni and in-plane O atoms whose width correlates quite well with the size of the pseudogap extracted from the reported optical conductivity, with a non-Debye-like component that persists below and well above ${T}_{\mathrm{CO}}$. We infer that dynamic charge-stripe correlations survive to $T\ensuremath{\sim}2{T}_{\mathrm{CO}}$.
Acquisition, mobility and food insecurity: integrated food systems opportunities across urbanicity levels highlighted by COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate acquisition and mobility experiences of food-insecure individuals across urbanicity levels (i.e., urban, suburban, rural) in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a nationally representative online panel to measure where food-insecure individuals acquired food, food acquisition barriers and mobility to food sources, which were evaluated across urbanicity levels using chi-squared tests and 95 % CI. SETTING: USA. PARTICIPANTS: 2011 adults (18 years or older). RESULTS: Food insecurity impacted 62·3 % of adults in urban areas, 40·5 % in rural areas and 36·7 % in suburban areas (P < 0·001). Food acquisition barriers that were significantly more prevalent among food-insecure adults in urban areas were a change in employment status (34·2 %; 95 % CI 27·2 %, 41·1 %; P < 0·0001) and limited availability of food in retailers (38·8 %; 95 % CI 31·7 %, 45·9 %; P < 0·001). In rural areas, food-insecure adults primarily acquired food for the household from supercentres (61·5 %; 95 % CI 50·4 %, 72·5 %; P < 0·05), while locally sourced foods were less common among food-insecure adults in rural areas (6·9 %; 95 % CI 0·01 %, 13·0 %) compared to urban areas (19·8 %; 95 % CI 14·3 %, 25·4 %; P < 0·01). Transportation as a barrier did not vary significantly by urbanicity, but food-insecure adults across urbanicity levels reported utilising a range of transportation modes to acquire food. CONCLUSIONS: A planning approach that links urban and rural areas could address food insecurity by enhancing the integration of food production, transportation and food distribution, building towards a more resilient and equitable food system for all Americans.
Stokes resolved differential temperature: an important metric of polarimetric precision in the long-wave infrared

In remote sensing, radiometric measurements taken in the mid-wave infrared and beyond (λ > 3μm) are commonly reported in units of Kelvin by utilizing Planck's radiation law to relate measured radiance and target brightness temperature (Tb). Thus, it is desirable to match this formalism in thermal polarimetry and report the unnormalized Stokes parameters in units of K instead of radiance (Wm-2sr-1). This approach also allows common performance metrics in long-wave infrared (LWIR) imaging such as Noise Equivalent Differential Temperature (NEDT) to be modified and extended to metrics of polarimetric accuracy and precision. However, since the relationship between measured radiance and Tb are non-linear, the conversion of I, Q, and U in units of radiance to Tb, Tb,Q, and Tb,U in K is ambiguous. As a solution a metric of performance for thermal linear Stokes polarimetry, the Stokes resolved differential temperature (SRDT), is introduced.
Cryptanalysis of an Encryption Scheme that Uses Elliptic Curve Over Finite Field

In this paper, we cryptanalyzed a recently proposed encryption scheme that uses elliptic curve over a finite field. The security of proposed scheme depends upon elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Two secret keys are used to increase the security strength of proposed scheme as compared to traditionally used one secret key based schemes. In proposed scheme, if an adversary gets one secret key then still he unable to get the contents of original message without the second secret key. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme is not secure and unable to provide the basic security requirements of encryption scheme. Due to our successful cryptanalysis, anyone can able to get the contents of original message from the public parameters, without any secret key. The attempt of improving the security of proposed cryptosystem by increasing the number of secret keys cannot provide the enhanced security.
Unit Formation in Perception and Memory

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the initial apprehension of a stimulus and its representation in memory. Unitary structures are learned more quickly, unitization exerts its effect on memory even under conditions of incidental learning, and units are less susceptible to interference and have emergent properties through which they can be retrieved from memory. The finding that units, in contrast to relational structures, persevere in memory when experienced under conditions of incidental learning indicates that the unitary trace is a direct product of perceptual experience. The perceptual measure based on the notion of concurrent processing shows that a colored form is perceived as a unit. To deal with the form/mode case and to account for the fact that a nominally unitary letter is a color stimulus that does not act as a unit in either perception or memory, two levels of perceptual unitization have been proposed. The first level describes the physical structure of the stimulus. At this level, sets of stimuli that are the potential components of the same object are segregated so that those stimuli can be integrated at the second level. At the second level, the properties are integrated and the percept is constructed provided there is a scheme available that makes it possible. If properties are aggregated at the first level in preparation for the identification of the object, it is at the second level that the process of identification occurs. The association among the properties of a unit is developed at the time the unit is perceived, whereas the association among separately organized entities occurs post perceptually and is the result of mnemonic elaboration.
Theorizing the more responsive state: transcending the national boundaries of law

In a recent essay in the Yale Journal of Law & Feminism, Martha Fineman proposed the concept of shared “vulnerability” as an alternative framework to traditional American equal protection analyses for describing, assessing, and addressing economic and social inequalities. Putting aside the particulars of her theory for a moment, critical to Fineman’s analysis is her assertion that a vulnerability approach to the allocation and (re)distribution of societal resources requires “a more responsive state.” In this paper, I focus on a basic question provoked by her call for a more responsive state, namely: to what does she refer when she invokes the “state”‘ Fineman does not resolve this question, except to say that the state is “the manifestation of public authority and the ultimate legitimate repository of coercive power” but not necessarily the nation-state. If not necessarily, or not only, the nation-state, then where is it (or where might we locate it) for the purposes identified by Fineman‘ At both a conceptual and organizational level, one answer might be transnational or supranational institutions in North America. Much of the American literature theorizing the state has focused on the nation as the locus of state power and authority. Functional theories, instrumental theories, and critical theories have typically conceived of the state as defined by territorial and/or geopolitical borders. Within legal scholarship, an even narrower focus has been common: the state as adjudicatory apparatus. Yet it may be more productive (and promising) for feminists to shift the conceptual lens so that it embraces a wider and less vertical conception of state power. Thus, this paper takes up Fineman’s invitation to begin the task of theorizing a “more responsive state” in the US, by looking beyond the US to North America, and putting two groups of scholars in conversation with one another: feminist legal theorists, on the one hand; and integration theorists, including governance theorists within that broader category, on the other. Ultimately, my aim is to suggest that feminist legal scholars might usefully begin (re)theorizing the state by engaging with the process of North American integration (and with integration theorists) in order to explore integration’s emancipatory or progressive potential for responding to the sorts of inequalities identified by Fineman.
Managing indigenous relations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how shadow constituents are redefining corporate social responsibility (CSR) through activism, and how oil companies in Nigeria are responding to this development.Design/methodology/approach – This paper contributes to the conceptual framework of CSR which asserts that whereas all stakeholders of a company do not have an equal say in its strategic direction, they are affected by such direction, and must hence be considered.Findings – The findings reveal these points: activists are gaining a strong foothold in forcing oil companies to cooperate with their vision of social change; Nigeria lacks legislation compelling oil companies to contribute to the development of their host communities; and although internal oil company documents suggest efforts to help their hosts communities have been made, no meaningful agreement between the oil companies and the indigenous communities have been reached.Research limitations/implications – The paper encourages a broader...
Apelin and insulin resistance: Another arrow for the quiver?

Apelin is a newly discovered peptide hormone that has recently been linked to insulin resistance and obesity. Data collected from both the clinical and basic research settings show that apelin: (i) is correlated with the states of insulin resistance and obesity; (ii) stimulates glucose utilization; (iii) decreases insulin secretion; and (iv) negatively regulates catecholamine-mediated lipolysis. These and other lines of evidence demonstrate that apelin may be a potentially viable candidate in the search for treatments for Type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance (metabolic syndrome). The present review summarizes the literature on the regulation by apelin of glucose and lipid metabolism and the signaling pathways involved.
Clinical risk factors for fracture among postmenopausal patients at risk for fracture: a historical cohort study using electronic medical record data

Osteoporosis represents a growing health burden, but recognition and screening rates are low. Electronic reminders for osteoporosis have been beneficial but are not based on clinical risk factors. Available risk screening tools may contain useful constructs for creating risk-based electronic medical record (EMR) reminders. Using a cohort study design among women ≥50 years with osteoporosis or osteoporosis risk, we searched the EMR for five World Health Organization (WHO) clinical risk factors including older age, lower body mass index (BMI), low bone mineral density (BMD), history of fracture since age 50, and maternal history of osteoporosis or fracture. Rates of reporting were lower than expected for BMD (6.8%), personal history of fracture (3.5%), and maternal history of fracture (0.3%). Despite the limitations, the EMR data were useful for identifying women at highest risk for fracture. Some evidence of bias in reporting rates was present. EMR data can be useful for identifying high fracture risk patients.
Polysaccharide-polyelectrolyte complexes in organic solvent systems

Abstract Dissociation of the following polysaccharide-gelatin complexes was accomplished by 44% phenol/water partitioning: lichenan, glycogen phosphate, dextran phosphate, dextran sulfate, and gum arabic. Both polygalacturonic acid and gum karaya formed 44% phenol/water insoluble complexes with gelatin. Specific polysaccharides and polysaccharide-gelatin mixtures formed interface layers in the phenol-water solvent system. Fucan, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and dextran sulfate interacted with glycogen to form complexes which were soluble in 0.83% trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-79% ethanol. Heparin, fucan, dextran sulfate, and polygalacturonic acid precipitated with gelatin to form 5% TCA insoluble complexes whereas hyaluronic acid-gelatin complexes were soluble in 0.83% TCA-79% ethanol. The presence of 0.009 M NaCl induced the precipitation of anionic polysaccharide-glycogen complexes into the 0.83% TCA-79% ethanol insoluble fraction. TCA-ethanol partitioning of tertiary solute systems revealed that fucan and dextran sulfate competitively bound gelatin in the presence of glycogen. In contrast, gelatin was capable of solubilizing both glycogen and hyaluronic acid in this tertiary solvent system. The 0.83% TCA79% ethanol soluble complexes of glycogen-gelatin and glycogen phosphate-gelatin were dissociated by 3.0 M guanidine hydrochloride whereas 4.0 M tetramethylguanidine only partially dissociated these complexes.