cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coates-Wiles towers in dimension two

Let K be an imaginary quadratic field and E an elliptic curve defined over K with complex multiplication by the ring of integers of K. In 1977 Coates and Wiles proved that if E(K) has positive rank, then the Hasse-Weil zeta function L(E/K, s) of E has a zero at s = 1 [2]. Such curves exist precisely when the class number of K is one. (Subsequent work [1] extended the result to a wider class of CM curves. Another proof emerged from Rubin's important work on the Tate-Shafarevich group [13, 14]. See also [10-12].) Coates and Wiles used formal groups and Iwasawa-theoretic techniques to relate the special value of L(E/F, s) to elliptic units. Employing more classical techniques, Stark and Gupta combined to give a different proof of the theorem [21, 4]. Although the two proofs have different flavors, they include the same ingredients: Let p be one of infinitely many suitably chosen primes of K, and K, the field obtained by adjoining the p"-torsion of E to K. There is a unique prime p, of K, lying over p. Let Q be a point of infinite order in E(K), Q C pE(K), and (5) L,(Q) = K Q . Let v 2 be the Gr6ssencharakter of E, and f2 a fundamental
Initial and extended inflammatory messages of the nongenomic signaling pathway of the TCDD-activated Ah receptor in U937 macrophages

Using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin (TCDD) we have investigated the mechanisms through which the AhR elicits inflammation through the nongenomic pathway. This AhR signaling depends on the initial action of TCDD to rapidly increase the intracellular concentration of free Ca(2+), which subsequently activates cPLA2 and additional inflammatory markers (e.g. COX-2 mRNA expression) lasting up to 72h. Inhibition of cPLA2 activity resulted in attenuation of these inflammatory responses. We have hypothesized that specific protein kinases are responsible for further propagation of the initial transient nongenomic signaling into long-lasting cellular effects, and found protein kinase C (PKC) is activated at an early stage, followed by activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) at later stages. We clearly established in U937 macrophages cPLA2 activation is an essential initial step to activate the nongenomic inflammatory pathway of ligand-activated AhR. Furthermore, this pathway does not require the participation of ARNT, thus distinguishing itself from the classical genomic pathway.
Behavioral resilience in the post-genomic era: emerging models linking genes with environment.

One of the most important deliverables of the post-genomic era has been a new and nuanced appreciation of how the environment shapes – and holds potential to alter – the expression of susceptibility genes for behavioral dimensions and disorders. This paper will consider three themes that have emerged from cutting-edge research studies that utilize newer molecular genetic approaches as well as tried-and-true genetic epidemiological methodologies, with particular reference to evolving perspectives on resilience and plasticity. These themes are: 1) evidence for replicable and robust shared environmental effects on a number of clinically relevant behaviors in childhood and adolescence; 2) evolving research on gene-environment interaction; and 3) a newer focus on differential susceptibility and plasticity. The net sum of these themes is that consideration of genetic effects on behavioral dimensions and disorders needs to be connected to thinking about the role of environment as a potent source for promoting resilience and change.
Do Analysts Underestimate Future Benefits of R&D?

This paper investigates whether future excess returns to R&D-intensive firms documented in prior literature is due to mispricing or compensation for additional risk. Prior research provides evidence consistent with the explanation that the positive association is compensation for additional risk associated with R&D (Chambers et al. 2002). I investigate another possibility: The future excess returns to R&D are correction for undervaluation in the prior periods. I first investigate financial analysts’ behavior about future benefits of R&D-intensive firms because financial analysts are one of the most important information intermediaries between investors and managers. Moreover, investor dependence on analyst information is greater in R&D-intensive firms (Barth et al., 2001). I find that analysts underestimate earnings long term growth in R&D-intensive firms and correct their underestimation in following years. I also find that investors are not aware of analysts’ underestimation of future benefits of R&D suggesting that investors are mislead by analysts long term forecasts.
Alienation, Work Structure, and the Quality of Life: Can Cooperatives Make a Difference?

Description and explanation of life quality have been hindered by the failure to link the aspirations and experience of individuals with the structure of the social settings they occupy. This is an ethnographic study of the structural grounding of social wellbeing, using the concept of alienation to examine the impact of the objective working environments of Mexican American cooperative farmers on their subjective life quality assessments. The findings indicate the inadequacy of the dominant focus on income as a measure of life quality. They also suggest the importance of a) identifying possible variations among working populations in the ways that group values may affect concern with workplace control, and b) exploring workers' actual perceptions of the differences between ideal goals and reasonable expectations.
Epoxidation of natural triglycerides with ethylmethyldioxirane

Phase-transfer catalyzed biphasic epoxidation of a series of fats and oils with ethylmethyldioxirane in 2-butanone was conducted. The series of glycerides studied varied from monounsaturated (olive) to highly polyunsaturated (flaxseed) oils. Best conversions for polyunsaturate-containing oils were obtained with a molar ratio of 2.5:1 (oxidant/oil) with two-step addition of oxidant. Conversion to epoxides was monitored by gas-liquid chromatography, and oxirane content was determined by titration. The effect of phase-transfer catalyst or solvent used for the epoxidation reaction also was investigated.
Evidence for alteration of the membrane-bound ribosomes in Micrococcus luteus cells exposed to lead.

Abstract Micrococcus luteus cells exposed to Pb(NO 3 ) 2 contained cytosol ribosomal particles and disaggregated membranal ribosomal particles as determined by ultracentrifugation and spectral studies. Approx. 60% of the membrane ribosome fraction from lead exposed cells had a sedimentation value of 8.4S. Cytosol ribosomes from lead exposed cells as well as membranal and cytosol ribosomes from control cells were comparable by their contents of predominantly the 70S type with the 50S and 100S present in relatively small amounts. The lead content of the 8.4S component was more than 200 times higher than the components with higher sedimentation coefficients from lead exposed cells and approx. 650 times more than that of control cell ribosomes. The cells exposed to lead, however, showed no adverse effects from the lead in respect to their growth rates and cellular yields. These results indicate that lead is interacting only at specific sites of the membrane and is inducing events initiated only in strategic cellular regions. These data further substantiate that subtle changes do occur in lead exposed cells that show no obvious effects. It is assumed that these ‘minor’ alterations are, in toto, biologically significant.
Biosynthesis of peptidyl leukotrienes and other lipoxygenase products by rat pancreatic islets. Comparison with macrophages and neutrophils

Biochemical evidence in support of a role for arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase activity in pancreatic islet insulin secretion has been obtained. Peptidyl leukotriene metabolism was studied in rat islets using a dual-labeling technique in extended culture, with analysis of arachidonic acid metabolites by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The production of [3H]arachidonoyl/[35S]cysteinyl leukotrienes C4 and E4 by islets was compared with that by mouse resident peritoneal macrophages and with the lipoxygenase metabolism of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The stimulus-specific nature of leukotriene biosynthesis was characterized by low basal biosynthesis in unstimulated islet cells with a calcium-mediated activation of 5-lipoxygenase product formation.
Adoptive immunotherapy involving recombinant human M-CSF and R24 anti- melanoma antibody induces human T-cell infiltration into human melanoma xenografts

Directed motion toward and infiltration of tumor masses by effector cells is essential for successful adoptive immunotherapy. A human/SCID mouse chimeric system was used to examine whether an antitumor antibody and recombinant human monocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhM-CSF) could promote human T-cell infiltration of a human tumor in vivo. Fourteen days after subcutaneous injection of the human melanoma cell line M-14 into SCID recipients, several adoptive immunotherapy regimens were initiated using activated human T cells, an anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (R24), and rhM-CSF. Effects on tumor growth and human T-cell infiltration into the tumor were assessed. Compared with other treatment groups, only mice treated with the combination of activated human T cells, anti-tumor MoAb, and rhM-CSF demonstrated a significant cellular infiltrate in the melanoma. Immunohistology demonstrated human T cells present in the tumor up to 7 days after injection. Groups treated with rhRANTES or rmGM-CSF in place of rhM-CSF exhibited markedly less human T-cell infiltration. Additionally, only mice treated with human T cells, R24, and rhM-CSF demonstrated a significant antitumor response in vivo. This model suggests that activated human T cells can be specifically targeted to in vivo tumor sites by combined treatment with an antitumor antibody and rhM-CSF.
Megascreens USA Inc.—A Foreign Operations Case

This relatively short case gives students a comprehensive overview of the steps required to prepare consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP when a subsidiary prepares its accounts under a foreign GAAP—in this case, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). While the case is closely based on an actual Australasian company seeking listing in the United States, the product and the exact financial details are disguised. Specifically, the case exposes students to the following: accounting for foreign currency transactions; adjustments to convert foreign GAAP to U.S. GAAP (accounting for license fees); translation of financial statements; change of functional currency; remeasurement of financial statements; and foreign consolidation and statement of cash flows with foreign operations. The case has been field‐tested in an advanced accounting course and is also suitable for use in international accounting courses. Both undergraduate and graduate students have profited from the case.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of Ga1−xAlxAs mediated via compositional variation

Abstract A specially prepared Ga1−xAlxAs sample with a laterally graded alloy composition has allowed a novel investigation of resonance Raman scattering from the optical phonons. Instead of varying the exciting light energy, the resonance is probed by changing the alloy composition at fixed incident energy. Both incoming and outgoing resonances are observed at the direct gap of the alloy, free of the usual overwhelming photoluminescence background.
People with mobility impairments in the United States today and in 2010.

This article presents a study undertaken to develop a population profile of people with mobility impairments in the U.S.A. today and to estimate the profile of people with mobility impairments in the year 2010. The profile was developed under contract to the U.S. Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Acccess Board) as part of a project to examine technical requirements for ramp slope and length. The profile was used to establish a representative (both today and in the future) sampling frame for human subjects in the current project, as well as to guide the Access Board in developing accessibility guidelines in the future. The present article highlights findings concerning mobility impairments in the population today and trends likely to influence the future prevalence of such impairments. The findings have implications for accessibility requirements and disability policy in general.
Redox-active cyclopentadienyl Ni complexes with quinoid N-heterocyclic carbene ligands for the electrocatalytic hydrogen release from chemical fuels

We now report the electrocatalytic dehydrogenation of tetrahydroquinaldine by an electron-rich CpNi N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) with quinoid ligand motifs and explore the effects of quinone additives on CpNi compounds without quinoid NHC ligands. Our CpNi(NHC) catalyst exhibits dehydrogenative electrocatalytic activity and demonstrates that a molecular catalyst precursor can be viable in the electrode-driven (H+ + e−) release step of “virtual hydrogen storage”.
Myths versus Data on American Indian Drug Abuse

A drug and alcohol use prevalence study was conducted among Montana Indians by Montana Indians. The results raise questions about culture transmission as a drug prevention strategy. Also, there is ...
Non-linear dynamics of human periodic breathing and implications for sleep apnea therapy

A mathematical model of non-obstructive human periodic breathing (Cheyne–Stokes respiration) or central sleep apnea (CSA) is described which focused on explaining recently reported non-linear behavior. Evidence was presented that CHF (chronic heart failure)–CSA and ICSA (idiopathic central sleep apnea) both involved limit cycle oscillations. The validity of applying linear control theory for stabilization must then be re-examined. Critical threshold values and ranges of parameters were predicted which caused a change (bifurcation) from limit cycle periodic breathing to stable breathing. Changes in lung volume were predicted to form a bifurcation during CHF–CSA where stability and instability can involve a lung volume change as small as 0.1 l. CSA therapy based on reducing control loop gain was predicted to be relatively ineffective during stable limit cycle oscillation. The relative ratios of durations of ventilation to apnea (T v/T a) during periodic breathing were primarily determined by peripheral chemoreceptor dynamics during crescendo, de-crescendo, and apnea phases of CSA.
Ultra-fine trench circuit on polymer film

As electric equipment decreases in size and height and increases in functionalities from day to day, high-density, fine circuits are required more than ever before. According to ITRS, its requirement for trace width/spacing of a printed circuit board will reach less than 10 μm/10 μm in 2014. However, it is difficult to fabricate such fine circuits on an organic substrate using current processes such as a semiadditive process and a subtractive process. So several new processes are suggested for fabricating such fine circuits [1]. This paper focuses on the first demonstration of an ultrafine circuit with a new process, both of which we developed. The circuit fabricated with our new process has trench-shaped traces buried in the insulating layer. The aspect ratio of the trace cross-section is more than 1, namely, the thickness of the trace is greater than the width. The minimum width of the conductor is 2 μm, the minimum spacing between the conductors is 2 μm and the maximum aspect ratio is more than 3. The fabrication process consists of trench-forming on a surface of polymer film and trench-filling by copper plating. Owing to a buried conductor structure, the adhesion of the trace to the polymer film is fairly good without roughening of the surface. No delamination occurred while bending of film and even after a thermal shock test. The adhesion and electrical continuity of the trace was verified by a 3-cycle-reflow test performed after the circuit board was let stand in 85 °C, 85 %Rh for 168 hours, and a thermal shock test in temperatures between -65 °C and 125 °C for 1000 cycles. No visual failure was observed, and the variation of continuity resistance was small. The surface smoothness of the trace is an advantage of this trench circuit for high-speed signal transmission. The trench circuit also shows good insulation and high resistance to electrochemical migration due to a buried trace structure. The insulation resistance between the 5 μm-wide comb traces spaced every 5 μm kept higher than 10M ohms for 336 hours in an unsaturated pressure cooker bias test under the conditions of 135 °C, 85 %Rh, 5V. Furthermore, micro via holes were able to be formed in the insulation layer simultaneously with the trench circuit. Manufacturing of multi-layer test vehicle with this trench circuit and via is finishing.
The influence of communality, factor strength, and loading size on the sampling characteristics of factor loadings.

A Monte Carlo approach is employed in determining whether or not certain variables produce systematic effects on the sampling variability of individual factor loadings. A number of sample correlation matrices were generated from a specified population, factored, and transformed to a least-squares fit to the population values. Influences of factor strength, communality and loading size are discussed in relation to the statistics summarizing the results of the above procedures. Influences producing biased estimators of the population values are also discussed.
Hyperammonemia with valproic acid therapy

workers have reported that the concurrent administration of phenobarbital and valproic acid requires a reduction in the phenobarbital dose. 2-~ This interaction, therefore, should be considered to be of clinical importance not only in adults but also in pediatric patients with seizures. Concurrent administration of these two drugs will generally require reduction of phenobarbital dosage if side effects are to be avoided. Otherwise, management of pediatric patients with seizures taking phenobarbital concurrently with valproate sodium (probably valproic acid) will, in our opinion, require careful monitoring of phenobarbital concentrations in anticipation of the interaction.
Energy metabolism of isolated rat thymus cells.

The energy metabolism of rat thymus cells has been investigated using preparations of isolated cells obtained by mechanical treatment of whole organs.
O(N) tight-binding molecular dynamics study of amorphous carbon

Abstract We have carried out molecular dynamics simulations of amorphous carbon using the recently developed density-matrix order N tight-binding molecular dynamics scheme. Structures and properties of amorphous carbon at three different regimes (i.e., porous, graphite-like, and diamond-like) have been studied. The simulation results demonstrate that the order N tight-binding molecular dynamics scheme is accurate and efficient for atomistic simulation of large and complex systems.
Labyrinthula sp., a marine slime mold producing the symptoms of wasting disease in eelgrass, Zostera marina

Coastal ecosystems along the eastern United States are presently threatened by a recurrence of the wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina L. Using Koch's postulates, a species of the marine slime mold, Labyrinthula, is identified as the causal microorganism of this disease. Our disease tests for pathogenicity performed on eelgrass, using four Labyrinthula spp., indicate only one species produces the disease symptoms identical to those found associated with the wasting disease. The pathogenic Labyrinthula sp. has morphological characteristics that distinguish it from the other three species. Identification of Labyrinthula spp. is difficult because species described in the literature are not clearly characterized or identifiable. Tests at various salinities demonstrate that disease symptoms appear infrequently at salinities of 10%. or less.
The "New Accountability" and School Governance in California

The mid-1980s marked a major turning point in American educational policy. The ideology underpinning this shift asserted that America’s educational system was undermining the nation’s international competitive capacity. The new ideology’s manifesto, A Nation at Risk, predicted in hyperbolic terms the demise of the United States as an international industrial leader if it did not correct major flaws in its system of public education. The urgency for massive school reform intensified with talk about the “new” global economy, the increasing economic competitiveness of Asian countries, and the emergence of a new world order based not on the “wealth of nations” but on the “work of nations” (Reich, 1991). As the visionaries of the new world order saw it, newly developing global economies would reward those countries and individuals who are highly educated and can add to the value of their nations’ goods and services. Conversely, countries with poorly educated workers could expect economic stagnation and poverty. The stakes for school reform were nothing less than the United State’s status as the world’s richest and strongest economy.
A Laboratory Procedure for the Preparation of Ogi, A Nigerian Fermented Food

A laboratory method was developed and used to prepare ogi from seven sorghum cultivars. Mean yields of ogi, bran and solubles were 72.9%, 15.9%, and 7.5% respectively. Mean ogi composition was 84.3% starch, 8.3% protein, 2.5% fat, 0.59% ash, and 1.3% soluble sugars. The protein, fat, ash, and soluble sugar content of laboratory ogi was within 2% of values obtained from analysis of three commercial Nigerian ogi samples. Yields of ogi were significantly affected by variety of sorghum.
Facies Trends, San Pedro Bay, California

Facies trends were developed for San Pedro Bay, California, based upon 44 well-distributed stations. The area of investigation extends from the shore out to depths of 176 m, a distance of about 20 km, and spans a distance along the shelf of about 25 km. Sediments of the bay are mostly detrital sands along the shore line, silty sands on the shelf, and silts and silty sands on the slope off the edge of the shelf; residual and relict sediments (sands and silty sands) occupy a central region, contributing to more complex sedimentary patterns. Values for calcium carbonate and nitrogen are highest along the outer edge of the shelf and in the upper bathyal zone. Polychaetes dominate the megafauna; foraminifera dominate the microfauna. Forammiferal abundance and species diversity are greatest in outer areas of the shelf and in the upper bathyal zone; live/dead ratios are highest in central and inner shelf areas; live foraminifera are about three times as abundant in the upper bathyal zone as on the shelf. Calcareous perforate foraminifera dominate both dead and live assemblages throughout the area. Planktonic/benthic ratios are highest in the upper bathyal region; values for planktonic specimens per gram increase 20–100 times from the shelf into the bathyal zone. In the upper 10 m of the water column, phosphate and plankton cells per liter attain highest values in the central and inner shelf areas; however, in the lower 10 m of the water column, there is a general increase in phosphate values away from shore. Benthic foraminiferal populations may be grouped into inner shelf Buliminella elegantissima (d'Orbigny), central and outer shelf Nonionella-Trochammina, and upper bathyal Bolivina acuminata Natland groups. Hopkinsina pacifica Cushman is diagnostic of the general harbor region; Bulimina marginata denudata Cushman and Parker occurs in both the harbor and in the outer shelf and upper bathyal zones. The edge of the shelf, a structural trend, is defined by the boundary zone between the Nonionella and Bolivina acuminata Natland faunal groups. Similar structural trends may be indicated in the California marine Miocene by boundary zones between analogous faunal groups.
MR Angiography in the Evaluation of Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of lower extremity occlusive vascular disease has evolved into a feasible diagnostic imaging option. The previous emphasis on time-of-flight techniques was associated with lengthy acquisition times and artifactual signal losses. Those limitations presented an obstacle to widespread clinical implementation. However, the emergence of rapid imaging sequences combined with gadolinium chelate enhancement offers time-efficient alternatives that can yield a truer representation of the vascular anatomic structure. The technology is now poised to serve as a routine screening study, provided that radiologists understand all factors needed to generate clinically relevant MR angiograms. This article is intended to provide a useful resource directed toward achieving that understanding.
Ports of Trade in Early Societies

This study is intended as a confirmation of the global presence of the economic institution to which, for want of a better word, we have given the name “port of trade.”
The regularized EM algorithm

The EM algorithm heavily relies on the interpretation of observations as incomplete data but it does not have any control on the uncertainty of missing data. To effectively reduce the uncertainty of missing data, we present a regularized EM algorithm that penalizes the likelihood with the mutual information between the missing data and the incomplete data (or the conditional entropy of the missing data given the observations). The proposed method maintains the advantage of the conventional EM algorithm, such as reliable global convergence, low cost per iteration, economy of storage, and ease of programming. We also apply the regularized EM algorithm to fit the finite mixture model. Our theoretical analysis and experiments show that the new method can efficiently fit the models and effectively simplify over-complicated models.
Stigmasterol as internal standard for simultaneous quantitation of biliary cholesterol and bile acids by gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract The use of stigmasterol (a plant sterol not encountered in bile) as an internal standard during the simultaneous quantitation of biliary cholesterol and individual bile acids by gas-liquid chromatography is described.
Exogenous stem cell factor (SCF) compensates for altered endogenous SCF expression in 2,5-hexanedione-induced testicular atrophy in rats.

Hexanedione (2,5-HD) is a Sertoli cell toxicant that caus- es irreversible testicular atrophy in rats. After toxicant exposure, only Sertoli cells, stem cells, and a few committed type A sper- matogonia remain in the seminiferous epithelium. A majority of the stem cell progeny differentiate into type A spermatogonia, but then, rather than continuing to differentiate, undergo apop- tosis. We hypothesized that the cause for germ cell apoptosis was, at least in part, a deficiency in the function of stem cell factor (SCF), a paracrine growth factor normally made by Sertoli cells. To test this hypothesis, rats were exposed to 1% 2,5-HD for 5 wk and killed at various times after toxicant exposure. Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to determine that, unlike what was observed in control testes, the majority of SCF was expressed in the soluble form after 2,5-HD injury. In vitro co- culture experiments were used to establish the appropriate dose of SCF to administer in vivo. A continuous intratesticular deliv- ery system was established and used to expose 2,5-HD-treated rats to SCF for 2 wk. Animals were exposed to bromodeoxycy- tidine (BrdCyd) for 2 days before being killed in order to assess the effect of SCF on germ cell proliferation. SCF caused a sta- tistically significant increase in the number of germ cells positive for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), indicating that SCF promoted survival and/or stimulated proliferation of the remaining germ cells. We conclude that SCF expression is disrupted after 2,5- HD-induced testicular atrophy and that exogenous administra- tion of SCF promotes recovery of spermatogenesis.
Self-healing polymers and composites

Abstract Inspired by the unique and efficient wound healing processes in biological systems, several approaches to develop synthetic polymers that can repair themselves with complete, or nearly complete, autonomy have recently been developed. This review aims to survey the rapidly expanding field of self-healing polymers by reviewing the major successful autonomic repairing mechanisms developed over the last decade. Additionally, we discuss several issues related to transferring these self-healing technologies from the laboratory to real applications, such as virgin polymer property changes as a result of the added healing functionality, healing in thin films v. bulk polymers, and healing in the presence of structural reinforcements.
A North Pacific decadal variability in subduction rate

[1] Analysis of results from a global eddy-resolving general circulation model has revealed the existence of a North Pacific decadal variability in subduction rate. This decadal variability corresponds well with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The zero-lag correlation between the two time series reaches 0.61 for the period of integration (1950―2003), and increases to as high as 0.80 after the climate shift in the mid-1970s. Much of the North Pacific decadal variability in subduction rate is due to changes in winter mixed layer depth, which in turn are closely related to changes in surface wind and heat flux.
Analysis of small beamlets for IMRT using radiochromic films

Since multileaf collimator (MLC) was introduced to replace Cerrobend blocks, its use has even further evolved for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). MLC use for IMRT often requires small beamlets (even smaller than Icm) to conform the radiation distribution to physical target volume (PTV). For computer treatment planning for IMRT, analytical algorithms have been used. For an example, the finite size pencil beam dose modeling (FSPB) was used in the CORWS IMRT treatment planning system. The requirement of implementing the FSPB dose modeling in the system includes output measurements (from 2 cm /spl times/ 2 cm to 40 cm /spl times/ 40 cm) and geometrical penumbra measurements. The field sizes used for penumbra measurements are 4 cm /spl times/ 4cm and 20 cm /spl times/ 20 cm at 10 and 20 cm depths. For a MIMiC, field sizes of 2 cm /spl times/ 4 cm and 2 cm /spl times/ 20 cm are used for 1 cm mode. For 2 cm mode, 4 cm /spl times/ 4 cm and 4 cm /spl times/ 20 cm are used. Although the FSPB modeling algorithm is fast and simple to use for dose calculation, the algorithm including other analytical algorithms has not been verified with significant measurement data, especially for small beams. Most of verifications were performed with Monte Carlo calculations. Due to the lack of lateral electronic equilibrium in small beams, it is nearly impossible to measure TAR/TMR even with micro-ionization chambers. Therefore, the authors used the near tissue-equivalent film (GAFChromic film) to measure the percent-depth dose (PDD) of 6 MV photon beam. To measure the PDD, the IMRT solid water phantom (NOMOS) was used, which had 0.5 cm sliced water slabs and clamps to prevent any air gap between the film and water slabs.
Three-Dimensional Effective Moduli of Symmetric Laminates

Closed-form expressions of three-dimensional effective moduli of symmetric laminates, which are based on the assumption of constant in-plane strains and constant interlaminar stresses through the thickness, had been proposed by Chou and Carleone (1972) and later re-proposed by Sun and Li (1988). This article modified the effective interlaminar shear moduli to account for the effect of stacking sequence by assuming the parabolic distribution of interlaminar shear stresses through the thickness. In this article, the effective three-dimensional moduli are also re-presented in such forms that it could be seen that several particular forms of the rule of mixture apply for individual stiffness or compliance components. As a result, four stiffness invariants and one compliance invariant are developed. The invariance is helpful in checking the reliability of measurements. The effective moduli predicted by this article are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data measured by ultrasonic methods.
2007 Presidential Address: Singing and Solidarity

As the audience entered the hall, a large screen displayed the title of the talk from an overhead projector. On the dais, about three feet above the floor, was a lectern, and next to it an arrangement of eight chairs facing each other in a square formation, two on each side of the square, the sides at a 45 degree angle from the side of the platform. At the appointed time, SSSR past-president Donald Miller climbed the steps to the lectern to introduce the speaker, Stephen Warner. When he had completed that task, Warner came forward to the lectern and a woman later identified as his wife, Anne Heider, began working the projector. A few minutes into the address, at Warner's cue, she and six others joined him on the dais, taking seats in the arrangement of chairs, from which position, facing each other with Warner standing facing toward them, they sang a song, as described below. When they were finished, they left the dais, and the rest of the address proceeded in a conventional manner. Prior to this singing demonstration, the address itself began as follows.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDBACK ON THE ACCURACY OF CHECKLIST COMPLETION DURING INSTRUMENT FLIGHT TRAINING

This study examined whether pilots completed airplane checklists more accurately when they receive postflight graphic and verbal feedback. Participants were 8 college students who are pilots with an instrument rating. The task consisted of flying a designated flight pattern using a personal computer aviation training device (PCATD). The dependent variables were the number of checklist items completed correctly. A multiple baseline design across pairs of participants with withdrawal of treatment was employed in this study. During baseline, participants were given postflight technical feedback. During intervention, participants were given postflight graphic feedback on checklist use and praise for improvements along with technical feedback. The intervention produced near perfect checklist performance, which was maintained following a return to the baseline conditions.
The Case Against Legislative Codification Of Religious Liberty

In response to a highly controversial Supreme Court decision (Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990)), the U.S. Congress and a number of state legislatures have enacted statutes designed to protect the right to religion-based exemptions from general laws. The Supreme Court has invalidated in part one such federal law, but Congress is seriously contemplating a replacement and a number of states are actively considering their own versions of such a law. This paper argues, primarily on institutional grounds, that such legislation (state or federal) is both unnecessary and unwise. The first part of the paper argues that judge-made, constitutionally-based principles of religious liberty are more vital and dynamic than proponents of such legislation will allow, and that the results in practice of religious liberty statutes are considerably more feeble than these legislative proponents will admit. The second part of the paper argues that, even apart from this comparative assessment of the achievements of constitutional and statutory law on this subject, such legislation is intrinsically flawed as a method for protecting religious freedom. These flaws include the constitutional vulnerability of the legislation; the impossibility of drafting such legislation in ways which adequately guide the exercise of authority by judges and other decision makers; the tendency of such legislation to retard growth or cause atrophy in constitutional principles of religious liberty; and the hazards, constitutional and otherwise, of politicizing (as such legislation inevitably will) the enterprise of protecting religious liberty.
PET statistical reconstruction with modeling of axial effects of FORE

Rebinning methods are often used to simplify the reconstruction of fully 3D PET measurements. These methods result in data sets with first and second order statistics different from conventional 2D collected data. This poses a problem because 2D reconstruction techniques were designed to work with the statistics of conventional 2D data. In this work, we explore how the axial statistics of data rebinned with the commonly used Fourier rebinning (FORE) method deviate from conventional 2D data. FORE essentially interpolates the 3D data into rebinned planes based on frequency content resulting in a blurring and correlating effect amongst planes. We propose an approximation for this effect and describe the conditional mean and covariance of the data. We also present novel methods for incorporating the modified mean and covariance into a 2D iterative reconstruction technique. The method with just the improved second order effect causes little improvement, while the technique with an improved axial mean has strong positive results in terms of contrast.
Do university based biotechnology centres impact regional biotechnology related (commercial) employment

This paper evaluates the commercial spillover impact of university biotechnology research centres in the eastern USA. Using a quasi-experimental technique to select a panel, we test data on a sample of 21 cities with university biotechnology research centres and 40 cities that do not have these centres. We find a strong positive correlation between regional commercial biotechnology employment and the centres. This supports research performed by Zucker et al. (1998) and Zucker (2001) in identifying regional spillovers emanating from biotechnology research at universities. These studies focus on institutional factors related to spillovers of university-based biotechnology centres. This work is differentiated from these studies in that it focuses on institutional and public sector support for the biotechnology centres.
A highly sensitive flexible pressure and shear sensor array for measurement of ground reactions in pedestrian navigation

We present the design, fabrication and testing of a high-resolution ground reaction sensor cluster (GRSC) as an auxiliary sensor for pedestrian navigation. The GRSC consists of a flexible high-density array of compressible, elastomeric capacitive pressure and two-dimensional shear sensors. When placed at the heel of a boot, the 169-cell GRSC measures detailed information about the position and motion of the line of contact with the ground. The GRSC uses fingered capacitive sensors that provide a large sensitivity to shear stress. The GRSC sensors have pressure and shear sensitivities of 0.44 MPa−1 and 0.76 MPa−1, respectively.
Whole-Farm Evaluation of No-Till Profitability in Rice Production using Mixed Integer Programming

Rice production in Arkansas usually involves intensive tillage. No-till rice has been studied, but the focus has been limited to impacts on yields and per acre returns. This study uses mixed integer programming to model optimal machinery selection and evaluate whole-farm profitability of no-till management for rice-soybean farms. Results indicate that lower machinery ownership expenses combined with lower fuel and labor expenses do enhance the profitability of no-till management, but the monetary gains appear to be modest, implying that other incentives may be necessary to entice producers to use the practice.
Description of a Model of Interprofessional Global Education for Allied Health Students

An interprofessional approach to health care involves members of different health professions working together to evaluate health needs and provide care. Health care professionals must be trained to provide this specific type of care, and educating allied health students to provide interprofessional care presents a challenge. One promising approach to educating students about interprofessional care is participation in a community-based rehabilitation (CBR) model of health care provision. This paper describes the development and implementation of an international interprofessional education program with a CBR emphasis, and also describes future plans for this program.
Nanotechnologies for environmental cleanup

Among the many applications of nanotechnology that have environmental implications, remediation of contaminated groundwater using nanoparticles containing zero-valent iron (nZVI) is one of the most prominent examples of a rapidly emerging technology with considerable potential benefits. There are, however, many uncertainties regarding the fundamental features of this technology, which have made it difficult to engineer applications for optimal performance or to assess the risk to human or ecological health.
Optimization of the biped robot trajectory

The optimization of the biped walking trajectory is treated so that it can be used as a reference trajectory for control. The biped is modeled as a kinetic chain of 13 links connected by 12 joints. The inverse kinematics of the biped is derived for the specified positions of the body and feet. The objective is to optimize the location of the zero moment point (ZMP), which is the virtual total ground reaction point. Specifically, the authors minimize the deviation between the ZMP and the center of shape of the supporting area by treating the position of the body as free variables. A simulation of an optimal biped trajectory is presented to illustrate the proposed approach. >
Genetic differentiation in an artificial population of the threatened plant Lupinus oreganus (Fabaceae)

Reintroduction, supplemental planting for genetic rescue, and the creation of artificial seed production populations are common methods to conserve rare plant species, but empirical studies assessing the effects of artificial selection on genetic diversity are rare. I conducted a retrospective DNA genotyping study on an artificial population (hereinafter Office) of the threatened plant, Lupinus oreganus Heller, to determine whether the process of establishing the Office population facilitated genetic differentiation and if genetic diversity was maintained in the Office cohort. Genotyping indicated that uncommon maternal lineages (cpDNA haplotypes) were selected for in the artificial population and that the Office population was genetically distinct from both seed source patches. Furthermore, despite a small population size of seven individuals, cpDNA haplotype and nDNA simple sequence repeat allelic diversity was maintained in the surviving Office cohort. This study suggests that small artificial rare pla...
The fine structure of teleost epidermis. II. Mucous cells.

Mucous cells which resemble intestinal goblet cells appear throughout the epidermis of teleosts but vary in number in different body regions and species. The ergastoplasm is highly developed in immature mucous cells. Several systems of Golgi membranes are found and seem to be foci of mucogenesis. Clear vesicles appear near the convex surface of the curved Golgi lamellae and vesicles containing a relatively dense material are seen at the concave surface, adjacent to the developing mucous droplets. Mucogenesis in the epidermis of teleosts appears to involve transport from the ergastoplasm through the Golgi complex to the mucous droplets. At a later stage the droplets fill nearly the entire cell. Mature mucous cells often are opened at the surface of the epidermis indicating a release of their secretion.
Leaf processing behaviour in Atta leafcutter ants: 90% of leaf cutting takes place inside the nest, and ants select pieces that require less cutting

Leafcutter ants cut trimmings from plants, carry them to their underground nests and cut them into smaller pieces before inoculating them with a fungus that serves as a primary food source for the colony. Cutting is energetically costly, so the amount of cutting is important in understanding foraging energetics. Estimates of the cutting density, metres of cutting per square metre of leaf, were made from samples of transported leaf cuttings and of fungal substrate from field colonies of Atta cephalotes and Atta colombica. To investigate cutting inside the nest, we made leaf-processing observations of our laboratory colony, A. cephalotes. We did not observe the commonly reported reduction of the leaf fragments into a pulp, which would greatly increase the energy cost of processing. Video clips of processing behaviours, including behaviours that have not previously been described, are linked. An estimated 2.9 (±0.3) km of cutting with mandibles was required to reduce a square metre of leaf to fungal substrate. Only about 12% (±1%) of this cutting took place outside of the nest. The cutting density and energy cost is lower for leaf material with higher ratios of perimeter to area, so we tested for, and found that the laboratory ants had a preference for leaves that were pre-cut into smaller pieces. Estimates suggest that the energy required to transport and cut up the leaf material is comparable to the metabolic energy available from the fungus grown on the leaves, and so conservation of energy is likely to be a particularly strong selective pressure for leafcutter ants.
Comprehensive Comparative Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of the Legume Genes Controlling the Nodulation Process

Nitrogen is one of the most essential plant nutrients and one of the major factors limiting crop productivity. Having the goal to perform a more sustainable agriculture, there is a need to maximize biological nitrogen fixation, a feature of legumes. To enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction between legumes and rhizobia, the symbiotic partner fixing and assimilating the atmospheric nitrogen for the plant, researchers took advantage of genetic and genomic resources developed across different legume models (e.g. Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max and Phaseolous vulgaris) to identify key regulatory genes of the nodulation process. In this study, we are presenting the results of a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis to highlight orthologous and paralogous relationships between the legume genes controlling nodulation. Mining large transcriptomic datasets, we also identified several orthologous and paralogous genes characterized by the induction of their expression during nodulation across legume plant species. This comprehensive study prompts new insights into the evolution of the nodulation process in legume plant and will benefit the scientific community interested in the transfer of functional genomic information between species.
Graphical representation of antimatter absorption

The purpose of the research is to find the optimal graphical representation of high energy physics data so we can understand the dynamics of absorption of antimatter in nuclei. The antimatter yield is the result of two competing influences: the initial production of antimatter and its subsequent absorption. Using novel visualization techniques, we begin to disentangle these competing mechanisms.
Experimental overview on small collision systems at the LHC

Abstract These conferences proceedings summarize the experimental findings obtained in small collision systems at the LHC, as presented in the special session on “QGP in small systems?” at the Quark Matter 2015 conference.