cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ozonolysis of cyclic alkenes as surrogates for biogenic terpenes: primary ozonide formation and decomposition.

Alkene ozonolysis reactions proceed through an unstable intermediate, the primary ozonide (POZ). POZ decomposition controls the complex mechanism. We probe the kinetics of primary ozonide decomposi...
Management and immediate outcome of patients with intracoronary thrombus during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Abstract A retrospective analysis of our experience with intraprocedural thrombus complicating percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was undertaken. Of 983 PTCA procedures reviewed, 62 (6.3%) were complicated by thrombus. Patients were managed conservatively (group I, n = 18), with redilation (group II, n = 17), or with intracoronary urokinase and redilation (group III, n = 27). The three groups did not differ with respect to demographic or baseline angiographic variables, but complications, defined as death, myocardial infarction, bypass surgery, or threatened occlusion requiring emergency stenting, occurred in 11% of patients in group I, 24% in group II, and 48% in group III. Occlusive thrombus behavior was observed in 80% of these 62 patients. Patients with complications were less likely to have received antecedent antiplatelet therapy (79% vs 95% of patients without complications), had more complex baseline lesion morphology, more often had thrombus present at baseline (42% vs 19%), and more often had a low activated clotting time at the start of PTCA (53% vs 8%). Thrombi that led to complications more frequently exhibited occlusive behavior before therapy was begun (95% vs 71%) and more often occurred in the setting of intimal dissection (42% vs 14%). Patients undergoing PTCA at the time of diagnostic catheterization were more likely to have complications than those in whom PTCA was delayed. A successful outcome was more likely (83% vs 27%, p = 0.03) in group III if at least 140,000 U of urokinase were administered within 50 minutes of the appearance of thrombus. Thus intracoronary thrombus formation during PTCA remains a significant source of morbidity. Antecedent antiplatelet therapy and intensive anticoagulation at the start of PTCA are important in avoiding complications resulting from thrombus formation. Intracoronary infusion of urokinase when initiated promptly appeared to minimize the frequency of complications and improve the angiographic results.
Gene expression in stringent and relaxed strains of Escherichia coli during amino acid deprivation

Summary The effect of leucine deprivation on newly synthesized proteins in Escherichia coli was studied by SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis. Leucine deprivation was found to induce the synthesis of several proteins in a stringent but not in the isogenic relaxed strain of E. coli .
Modular invariance and discrete torsion on orbifolds

We show that fermionic left-right level matching is necessary and sufficient to guarantee modular invariance to 1-loop order in orbifold compactification of heterotic string. We also discuss the possibility of turning on discrete torsion on orbifolds.
Ontogeny of fos protein‐like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

This study examined the normal development of neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of rats between age 3-60 days, using Fos protein-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) as a marker. At age 3 days, Fos-positive nuclei are sparsely distributed throughout the SCN. Between age 3-10 days, the density of labeled nuclei increases significantly. Fos-LI labeling is maximal at 10 days. Between age 10-14 days, the number of labeled nuclei decreases and remains relatively constant thereafter, although the intensity of the reaction product diminishes as the animal matures. By age 60 days, the number of Fos-LI labeled nuclei in the SCN is substantially decreased and is essentially the same as in the 3-day-old rat. The appearance of Fos-LI nuclei in the SCN during development appears to reflect the development of visual system afferents to the nucleus as well as the development of intrinsic SCN synaptology.
Iteratively Designed Optical Correlation Filters For Distortion Invariant Recognition

An iterative method is used to design distortion invariant correlation filters. Target images can be detected, for example, independently of their position, rotation, or scale. Optical correlation filters designed using this technique retain full position invariance. The filter design begins by finding the distortion invariant modes for a particular image. This paper reviews the basic design process for a filter that is position, rotation, and intensity invariant. The emphasis is on determining the practical utility of the proposed methods and demonstrating the filters experimentally. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed method can detect targets that are buried in noise. Computer generated holographic filters are fabricated using an electron beam. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with analytical and numerical computations.
Adipocyte Accumulation of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Obesity is Multifactorial, Resulting from Increased Fatty Acid Uptake and Decreased Activity of Genes Involved in Fat Utilization

Background The obesity epidemic causes significant morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of cellular function and gene expression in obese adipose tissue will yield insights into obesity pathogenesis and suggest therapeutic targets. The aim of this work is to study the processes determining fat accumulation in adipose tissue from obese patients.
Mechanical and Piezoelectric Properties of PZT Nanofibers

This paper reports the measurement of the mechanical and piezoelectric properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PbZr52 Ti48 O3 , PZT) nanofibers. Partially aligned PZT nanofibers were fabricated by sol-gel electrospinning process. The diameters of the fiber were tuned from 50 to 150 nm by changing the concentration of the sol-gel in the precursor. The fiber consists of nanocrystal grains with average grain size of 10 nm. The Young’s modulus of individual fiber was obtained by nanoscale three-point bending using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), which was 42.99GPa. Titanium strip was used as the substrate to collect the nanofibers for the three-point bending test to measure the piezoelectric response. The output voltages from the nanofibers under different strain were recorded by Labview, and the highest value of the output voltage was 0.17±0.005V. These results have shown that PZT nanofibers have great potential in nano sensor and actuator applications.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Intergovernmental Cooperation in the Provision of Public Safety: Monitoring Mechanisms Embedded in Interlocal Agreements

This article examines how monitoring mechanisms embedded in interlocal agreements (ILAs) are associated with vertical and horizontal intergovernmental relations. The authors hypothesize that ILAs established by local governments with higher-level governments are likely to rely on a clearly specified set of rules to establish an administrative structure, whereas ILAs established by local governments with other local governments rely on associational benefits to ensure that policy preferences are aligned across multiple political boundaries. The article examines ILAs established by small town, county, and municipal governments in Denton County, Texas, for the provision of emergency medical, police, and fire services. Findings show that more than half of the ILAs specified a financial reporting system, but an almost equal percentage did not contain features requiring financial records to be available for audit by a third party. Quadratic assignment procedure correlation analysis confirmed the presence of cross-monitoring mechanisms and showed that the patterns of ILAs tend to cluster around a geographic space. Practitioner Points Monitoring mechanisms embedded in interlocal agreements (ILAs) matter, highlighting the important managerial functions played by frontline officers drafting ILAs. The rules embedded in ILAs are important not only for encouraging intergovernmental cooperation but also for reducing the risks associated with contract failures. With the increasing number of ILAs, local government officials need to consider various types of ILAs that are suitable to meet jurisdictional interests and policy preferences.
Examining mummichog growth and movement: Are some individuals making intra-season migrations to optimize growth?

Abstract We used a combination of field experiments and stable isotopes to examine mummichog growth and movement within a New England estuary. We documented physical and biological patterns within the estuary by caging individually-marked fish in enclosures at four locations along a coastal river and measuring environmental parameters (e.g., salinity, tidal inundation) and fish characteristics (e.g., gut-contents, growth, and stable isotope values) at each location. The upstream location was fresh (1 ppt) at low tide, and the downstream location was saline at high tide (32 ppt). The upstream and downstream locations had more tidal inundation than the intermediate location. Fish gut contents were dominated by terrestrial insects at the upstream location, by algae and detritus at the intermediate locations, and by aquatic insects at the downstream location. Fish grew fastest at the upstream location and slowest at the downstream location. Stable isotope values (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) of fish held in cages were significantly different at upstream, intermediate, and downstream locations. We transferred fish from one location to another in order to document how stable isotope values change when fish switch diets by moving within this estuary. Because differences in rates at which different tissue types approach the isotopic value of new diet sources can be used as a way to estimate the time since diet shift, we used the δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of liver and muscle as indicators of short term previous diet (liver) and longer term previous diet (muscle). We collected wild (uncaged) mummichogs from each location, and we compared their liver and muscle isotope values to values of fish that were transferred among locations. When fish were transferred from one location to another, their stable isotope values were intermediate between expected values at the previous and current locations. The liver approached stable isotope values representative of current location faster than muscle. Wild fish showed greater variation in stable isotope values than fish held in cages. Wild fish from the upstream location showed patterns in liver and muscle stable isotope values that were consistent with patterns in fish that were transferred from the downstream location to the upstream location (∼ 10 km away). These patterns in stable isotope values could have multiple causes including intra-season movement between downstream and upstream locations.
Blink Rate Abnormalities in Autistic and Mentally Retarded Children: Relationship to Dopaminergic Activity

Abstract Blink rate, a putative noninvasive measure of central dopaminergic activity, was observed in developmentally disabled children. Autistic subjects had elevated blink rates when compared with normal subjects. These results are consistent with research that suggests that autism is associated with brain dopaminergic hyperactivity. The findings of diminished blink rate in mentally retarded children may not be related to dopaminergic activity and raise questions about what alternative mechanisms might be responsible.
Characterization of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposures of Office Workers

Abstract The purpose of this study is to present results of an extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure assessment performed in a large office building environment. The extremely low frequency magnetic field assessment strategy included an evaluation of full-shift personal exposure for building occupants, a determination of average work area magnetic fields, and magnetic field characterizations of sources within each work area. An employee questionnaire regarding daily utilization patterns of workplace magnetic field sources was also used to help interpret exposure information. Magnetic field exposures were determined using EMDEX magnetic field exposure meters. For personal magnetic field characterization, each participant wore the monitor for a full shift, and office area magnetic fields were determined as the average of five equally spaced measurements. In situ source characterization included measuring magnetic fields at 30 and 50 cm from pieces of electrical equipment. 259 employees in the buil...
The purification of hypertensin II.

The purification of hypertensin I has been described. The final product which is four times as powerful a pressor agent as l-arterenol, is obtained with an over-all recovery of 40 per cent. The product consists of a single component in countercurrent distribution, having a nitrogen content of 15.97 per cent and a specific activity of 7050 Goldblatt units per mg. of N or 1125 units per mg. of solid. Acid hydrolysis and paper chromatography indicate in a preliminary fashion that there are about nine amino acids present in the intact polypeptide.
Carbon assimilation and biomass partitioning in Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle seedlings in response to soil redox conditions

Abstract Under controlled environmental conditions, seedlings of black mangrove ( Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn) and red mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle L.) obtained from the Florida coastal zone were subjected to a range of soil redox conditions (Eh) plus 20 p.p.t. salinity to assess the effects of reducing soil Eh condition on selected plant functions. The hypotheses tested were: (1) the two species differ in their tolerance of reduced soil Eh conditions and (2) such differences are reflected in gas exchange and carbon allocation patterns. Plant gas exchange, growth and biomass partitioning were studied under +400, +210, 0 and −180 mV Eh treatments. Net photosynthesis ( P n ) was reduced significantly in the lowest Eh treatment (−180 mV) in both species averaging 31.1 and 39.7% as compared to control (+400 mV) treatment in A. germinans and R. mangle , respectively. In addition, P n was significantly ( P R. mangle than A. germinans under most treatments, averaging 36.2% greater in R. mangle than A. germinans across treatments. Total dry weights (shoot and root) in A. germinans were reduced significantly to 61.6, 37, and 48.3% of control in +210, 0 and −180 mV treatments, respectively. In contrast, total dry weight in R. mangle was not reduced significantly (except in the +210 mV treatment) averaging 76.2, 102, and 83.5% of the control in +210, 0 and −180 mV treatments, respectively. Overall, seedlings of A. germinans showed a greater sensitivity to low Eh conditions than R. mangle seedlings and the level of sensitivity was closely related to the intensity of soil reduction. The present study demonstrated that seedlings of the two species differ in their responses to low soil Eh conditions and such differences may be partially explained by the differences in net photosynthetic rates and by the patterns of biomass partitioning, i.e. under low soil Eh conditions, there is a greater photosynthetic rate and a shift in biomass allocation to the roots in R. mangle compared to A. germinans .
Photoperiodically induced variation in testicular RNA, DNA and protein content in hamsters and ground squirrels

Abstract 1. 1. The total testicular content of RNA, DNA and protein was found to decrease sharply in hamsters with shortened photoperiod and in ground squirrels during the spring breeding season. 2. 2. RNA and DNA per g testes were found to increase in both animals, while protein per g testes remained fairly stable. 3. 3. Cell-free protein synthesis by testicular PMS during testicular regression remained constant when expressed per mg of testicular RNA, but decreased 75% when expressed per testes. 4. 4. These findings suggest that decreases in testicular protein synthesis are due to a decrease in RNA content and not to alteration of the translational activity of the RNA.
Carbon-13 NAM spectra of trifluoromethanes

Abstract The carbon-13 chemical shifts and carbon-fluorine coupling constants are reported for a series of trifluoromethyl derivatives. The chemical shifts occur between 78–129 ppm. A qualitative attempt was made to reveal the important factors determining the chemical shifts by correlating them with electronegativities, fluorine-19 chemical shifts and the one-bond carbon-fluorine coupling constants.
One-step synthesis of a new photoelectron-accepting, n-dopable oligo(pyrazole)

Abstract A new photoelectron-accepting, n-dopable organic oligomer has been synthesized in a single step. It is a fluorescent tetramer formed from a substituted aminopyrazole, 3-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile, which has a low cost (about two USD per gram). Its chemical structure was verified using FTIR, mass spectrometry, and 1 H/ 13 C NMR. When used as an electron acceptor in an ITO-supported photocell containing a PEDOT-PSS hole transporting layer, the tetramer can support photocurrents of as high as 1.40 × 10 −4 A at 0 V bias, and 7.20 × 10 −3 A above baseline at 1.0 V bias. The cell, having a fabrication method that is not yet optimized, showed a photodiode responsivity of as high as 0.48 A/W, and a sensitivity of as high as 6.0 × 10 −4 Sm/W. Most importantly, it also demonstrated a detectivity of as high as 2.7 × 10 12 Jones, which is comparable to state-of-the-art inorganic photodiodes. The tetramer may represent a new, very inexpensive class of conducting organics useful in polymer-based photodiodes and solar cells.
Effect of Diet With and Without Exercise Training on Markers of Inflammation and Fat Distribution in Overweight Women

The independent effects of exercise and weight loss on markers of inflammation (MOI) in obese individuals have not been clearly characterized. The objectives of this study were to: (i) identify the independent effects of exercise and weight loss on MOI and (ii) determine whether changes in MOI were associated with changes in fat distribution. Subjects were 126 healthy, premenopausal women, BMI 27–30 kg/m2. They were randomized to one of three groups: diet only, diet + aerobic-, or diet + resistance training until a BMI <25 kg/m2 was achieved. Fat distribution was measured with computed tomography, and body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), soluble TNF receptor 2 (sTNF-R2), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin (IL)-6 were assessed. Results of repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a significant effect of time on MOI, such that MOI decreased with weight loss. Results of mixed-model analysis indicated that adjusting for intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and total fat mass explained the decreases in TNF-α and sTNF-R1, whereas only total fat mass explained the decreases in sTNF-R2, IL-6, and CRP. In conclusion, weight loss was associated with decreases in MOI. The effect of weight loss appeared to be mediated by changes in total fat mass or IAAT. Addition of exercise did not alter the response, suggesting that weight loss has a more profound impact for reducing MOI in overweight women than exercise.
Fundamental Electron-Precursor-Solid Interactions Derived from Time-Dependent Electron-Beam-Induced Deposition Simulations and Experiments

Unknown parameters critical to understanding the electron-precursor-substrate interactions during electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) have long limited our ability to fully control this nanoscale, directed assembly method. We report here values that describe the precursor-solid interaction, the precursor surface diffusion coefficient (D), the precursor sticking probability (delta), and the mean precursor surface residence time (tau), which are critical parameters for understanding the assembly of EBID deposits. Values of D = 6.4 microm(2) s(-1), delta = 0.0250, and tau = 3.20 ms were determined for a commonly used precursor molecule, tungsten hexacarbonyl W(CO)6. Space and time predictions of the adsorbed precursor coverage were solved by an explicit finite differencing numerical scheme. Evolving nanopillar surface morphology was derived from simulations considering electron-induced dissociation as the critical depletion term. This made it possible to infer the space- and time-dependent precursor coverage both on and around nanopillar structures to better understand local precursor dynamics during mass-transport-limited (MTL) and reaction-rate-limited (RRL) EBID.
Hyperfine polarization and its normal gradient coefficient of (87)Rb atoms in the vicinity (approximately 10(-5) cm) of coated and uncoated Pyrex glass surfaces.

We have made regionally specific measurement of the hyperfine polarization of 87Rb atoms in the vicinity ( approximately 10(-5) cm) of coated and uncoated Pyrex glass surfaces. We find that the polarization near an uncoated surface decreases rapidly with decreasing distance from the surface whereas for a silicone-coated surface the polarization is independent of the distance from the surface. We have also determined the normal gradient coefficient micro (S.I) of the hyperfine polarization in uncoated cells. In a representative uncoated cell, at a Rb density 7.35 x 10(13) cm(-3) and a pump beam intensity 1.3 W/cm(2), we find micro(S.I)=24+/-7 microm(-1).
Terahertz-frequency quantum oscillator operating in the positive differential resistance region

The traditional implementation of resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) as a high-frequency power source always requires the utilization of negative-differential resistance (NDR). However, there are inherent problems associated with effectively utilizing the two-terminal NDR gain to achieve significant levels of output power. This paper will present a new design methodology where resonant tunneling structures (RTS) are engineered to exhibit electronic instabilities within the positive-differential-resistance (PDR) region. As will be demonstrated, this approach utilizes a microscopic instability that alleviates the need to reduce device area (and therefore output power) in an effort to achieve low-frequency stabilization.
Teachers' beliefs about developing language proficiency within the context of study abroad

Abstract The study described here is grounded in naturalistic inquiry, a research methodology that seeks to understand phenomena in context-specific settings. The goal of the study was to identify the beliefs about developing language proficiency of a group of North American French-as-a-foreign language teachers in the specific context of a three-week, NEH-sponsored institute that took place in Lyon, France, and to determine if their beliefs are compatible with the literature on foreign language teaching. The teachers kept diaries in which they recorded their experiences about increasing their proficiency in French. The final data set consisted of 273 pages of handwritten diary entries. Analysis of the data revealed five distinct beliefs and related corollaries about SLA. The number of diary entries that substantiated each belief ranged from 14 to 39, with between 42 percent and 63 percent of the teachers expressing each belief. As in all naturalistic inquiry, generalizing the results of this study to other contexts should not be made. The beliefs found are unique to the context of the three-week institute and to the particular group of teacher diarists.
Reliability program plan for R & D organizations

The reliability program plan outlined herein represents what is considered a minimum program for an R & D laboratory or industrial company. If a requirement exists for an R & D laboratory to set up a reliability program, it should determine the desirability of having an overall reliability program which encompasses all projects or applying this reliability program to individual projects as required by military requirements. Projects are defined here as tasks or programs contracted or subcontracted to the R & D laboratory and where the R & D laboratory must provide certain defined outputs, e.g., a computer system. The latter approach warrants serious consideration since it will allow the laboratory's operation to be free of the unnecessary constraints a reliability program imposes.
Myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS

Recent studies have expanded our knowledge, at the molecular level, of how myelin inhibits axonal regeneration after injury to the mammalian central nervous system. Several inhibitors have been identified that seem to signal inhibition through the same receptor complex. New molecular information has also accumulated on how the neuron can be changed intrinsically to overcome myelin inhibitors. Together, these important advances in the field have identified many new targets for therapeutic intervention to encourage nerve regeneration after spinal cord or brain injury.
Ask the Experts: CT scans for lung cancer screening

Frederic W Grannis Jr is clinical professor of thoracic surgery at the City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte (CA, USA). Grannis has spent most of his adult life treating diseases caused by tobacco products, including lung cancer. He has served as a principal investigator in the International Early Lung Cancer Action Program (IELCAP) consortium and is a panel member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Guideline Committee and the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Tobacco Related Disease Projects at the University of California (CA, USA). His career is based upon the premise that reduction of lung cancer morbidity and mortality can be achieved by a tripartite combination of tobacco control policy reform, smoking cessation interventions and screening of tobacco-caused disease in high-risk individuals.
Rational-emotive therapy and the christian client

In some cases a person's religious beliefs can cause or exaccerbate emotional problems. Sometimes religious concepts can be used to ameliorate a client's problems. In dealing with Christian clients, the RET therapist can utilize the teachings and actions of Jesus in leading a client to recognize irrational beliefs. This paper illustrates and discusses rational teachings and actions of Jesus as regards four basic irrational beliefs and eleven underlying irrational beliefs.
The Cryopumping System for the Indiana University 200 WeV Cyclotron

The cryopumping system for the 200 MeV cyclotron being designed and built at Indiana University is described. The volume of the vacuum chamber is approximately 28,000 liters and the estimated net area is 3.5 × 106 cm2. Two flange mounted cryopump assemblies are used to reach a pressure in the low 10-6 Torr region. Each assembly consistg of a 20°K refrigerator which uses ambient temperature helium gas and a chevron radiation shield which uses helium gas in a closed cycle at a nominal 80°K from a cryogenerator. The pumping speed of each pump is in the region of 30,000 1/s for nitrogen at 1 × 10-5 Torr or less, plus 250,000 1/s for water vapor. Liquid nitrogen is not used for cooling the radiation shield because of explosive hazards. A cryogenic heat exchanger (part of the closed cycle) in a safe location can be used also with liquid nitrogen for cooling the 80°K helium circuit should the cryogenerator be out of use for more than its scheduled maintenance period. A method for cryopumping a beam line is also described.
Development of operational thought without a normal sensorimotor stage

Abstract Piaget claimed that infants' sensorimotor activities are the origins of intelligence and prerequisites for later operational thought. Nevertheless, a child, an adolescent, and an adult who had abnormal sensorimotor activity due to severe brain damage to all motor systems were shown to have concrete operational thought. The adolescent and the adult also showed beginning signs of formal operational thought. It is argued that procedural knowledge underlying mental acts may not be based on earlier sensorimotor acts and that sensorimotor activity is neither the sole origin of intelligence nor a prerequisite for all kinds of intellectual development.
Contralateral coronoid process bone grafts for orbital floor reconstruction: An anatomic and clinical study

Abstract Purpose: This study compares the contour of the coronoid process with the orbital floor using skulls and shows the use of this bone as a graft for orbital floor reconstruction. Methods: Measurements and contour evaluations of the orbital floor and the contralateral mandibular coronoid process (12 right orbital floors with the lateral surface of the left coronoid process and 12 left orbital floors with the lateral surface of the right coronoid processes) were made in 24 dried adult human skulls (age, race, gender unknown) to assess the feasibility of using the mandibular coronoid process for orbital floor reconstruction. Applying the findings of this study, eight patients who had sustained either an isolated orbital floor blowout fracture (n = 2) or orbital floor compromise with an associated zygomatic bone fracture (n = 6) were treated by using their contralateral coronoid process for repair of the orbital floor. Results: Anatomic Study: Measurements and contour comparisons of the right orbital floor with the left lateral cortex of the coronoid process in 12 skulls and the left orbital floor with the right lateral cortex of the coronoid process in the another 12 skulls showed a close match in contour and demension. Clinical Study: Although minimal trimming of the peripheral bony margins and medial coronoid cortical plate was needed, none of the grafts required recontouring of their lateral cortical surface in the eight patients. Postoperative radiographic studies showed a correct anatomic contour of the orbital floor. A 1-year follow-up of each patient showed no occurrence of diplopia, enophthalmia, muscle entrapment, or infection. All eight patients had transient (1 to 2 weeks) trismus. Conclusion: Based on the anatomic studies and clinical results, the coronoid process makes an excellent donor graft site for reconstruction of orbital floor deformities.
Origin of the coverage-dependent vibrational shift for O on Ni(100)

The p(2 x 2) and c(2 x 2) coverages of O on Ni(100) are studied with a cluster model. The p(2 x 2) coverge is modeled by the addition of a single O at a fourfold site. The c(2 x 2) is modeled by the explicit inclusion of four additional O atoms. Consistent with electron-energy-loss spectroscopy results, the O-Ni vibration is 85/cm lower for the c(2 x 2) cluster than for the p(2 x 2). The height of O above the surface is 11 pm smaller for the c(2 x 2) coverage. The nature of the O-to-Ni bonding is similar for both coverages.
Group Predictions Of Future Events

Resume L'habitude de predire l'avenir et celle de faire des projets pour l'avenir sont des tendances modernes. Une psychologie qui omet une description du comportement des experts a l'egard de l'avenir, et celui des non experts, est assez incomplete. Les non experts predisent les evenements futurs en conformite de leurs notions sur l'avenir et de leurs attitudes a l'egard de l'avenir. Cet article rapporte une experience, en 1930, dans laquelle on a demande a 607 etudiants de l'Universite du Maine de remplir de certaines formes. On a appris leurs notions a l'egard des possibilities futures de dix choses differentes. Les estimations ou conjectures de ces etudiants indiquent que des progres et des expansions en plusieurs domaines sont probables a l'avenir: les avions voleront a une vitesse beaucoup plus rapide; avant 1950, on doit maǐtriser completement le cancer; a cette date, les Etats-Unis seront membre de la Societe des Nations; les populations du Maine, des Etats-Unis, et du monde continueront a s'accro...
A Review of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a cause of infection among otherwise healthy children and adults in the community. Skin and soft tissue infections are most common, but invasive manifestations also occur. A limited number of strains that may possess unique virulence or transmissibility factors have accounted for the majority of these infections. These strains emerged in the community but now are being transmitted in both community and healthcare settings. Incision and drainage remains the primary treatment for skin abscesses. Strains of MRSA circulating in the community generally are susceptible to a number of nonbeta-lactam antimicrobial agents, although resistance patterns may vary temporally and geographically. Educating patients on strategies to prevent further transmission is a critical component of case management. More data are needed to determine optimal strategies for management and prevention of MRSA skin infections in the community.
Microprogram control for the experimental sciences

In many areas of the experimental sciences, increasing use is being made of general-purpose computers to control experimental apparatus and to record data from experiments. In most such applications the problem exists of connecting the apparatus to the computer so that data and control information may flow between the two. The problem is usually solved by placing a controller between the computer and the external equipment (Fig. 1). In this position the controller serves two functions:(a) It provides a suitable electrical and logical interface between the computer and the external equipment; and(b) It provides detailed control of the external equipment, thus leaving the computer free for other work.
Having a weak versus strong sense of self: The sense of self scale (SOSS)

Clinicians have identified the need for a measure of the strength of sense of self (e.g., Gunderson, 1984). This article reports on the development and initial validation of such a measure—the Sense of Self Scale (SOSS). Three studies involving a total of over 1200 undergraduate college students were conducted to evaluate the reliability and validity of the SOSS. Results indicate a unidimensional factor structure, a high degree of internal consistency and test – retest reliability, excellent convergent validity, and strong predictive and discriminant validity with respect to a checklist measure of self-expressive behaviors and experiences. Although these preliminary psychometric results are quite promising, further studies are needed to establish the scale's ability to predict theory-relevant observable behaviors, its ability to discriminate between a clinical and a normal population, and its sensitivity to treatment response.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PROJECT VISION: ITS COMPONENTS AND IMPACT ON INNOVATION SUCCESS

The concept of corporate vision has been receiving considerable attention in the strategy scholarship. A clear and lofty organisational vision can provide direction to a company and can positively impact on its ability to succeed. Yet research on vision at the project level has been curiously lacking. The purpose of this research is to define project vision, discuss its components and its impact on successful new product development. By studying the vision on a series of innovations at one company (IBM), we identified several components of an effective vision that include clarity, agreement, support and stability. This article concludes with an assessment of the applicability of these vision components for the extreme form of innovation called radical innovation.
The assessment of depression in children: The internal structure of the child depression inventory (CDI)

Abstract In the present report three separate studies of childhood depression were conducted. First, the internal structure of the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), with 216 children representing various ethnic groups with equal numbers of boys and girls, was evaluated through a factor analysis and by various internal-reliability measures (e.g. split-half reliabilities, Pearson correlations of each item to the total score). Four factors were established and internal reliability of the scale proved to be high. The relationship of the factor structure of the CDI to Kendell's Type A and B categorization of depression are discussed. In Study 2 the relationship of demographic variables to the CDI using the same group of children described for Study 1 was employed. Evaluating the characteristics of depression across age, sex and so on in children has not been frequently studied, and was deemed appropriate for the present investigation. Age proved to be a significant factor in depression scores although race and gender did not. With respect to age, older children tended to display more symptomatology. Comparisons of depressed children to nondepressed children also showed that age was a factor in the obtained scores, and range of severity in both groups. Depressed children differed from nondepressed children on all 27 items indicating that all the items on the CDI seem to be measuring a unitary concept. Study 3 compared CDI scores to a measure of social behavior, the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngster (MESSY). Seventy-six children (36 girls and 40 boys), ages 4–10 yrs ( X = 7) were evaluated. Appropriate Social Skills was negatively correlated with childhood depression, and Inappropriate Impulsive/Assertiveness was positively correlated with depressive features described under the factor Guilt/Irritability. The implications of these data for further research on assessment, differential diagnosis and evaluation of treatment research are discussed.
Characterization of Rough Engineering Surfaces for Use in Thermal Contact Conductance Modeling

Most surface properties used in calculating contact conductance are not intrinsic to the surface, but vary with the sampling frequency of the instrument used to characterize the surface. This paper offers a methodology for characterizing a surface based on intrinsic surface characterization properties (the self-affine fractal dimension and topothesy), intrinsic material properties, and applied load. A surface characterization model is developed to predict the wavelengths on a surface that are significant in predicting thermal contact conductance. The surface characterization model is combined with surface deformation and constriction resistance models to predict contact conductance across nominally flat, metallic surfaces. The long-wavelength cutoff in the surface characterization is set by the dimensions of the contact area. A theoretical correlation for the short-wavelength cutoff as a function of surface and material properties and load is developed, and then improved by a least-squares fit to experimental data. The integrated model developed predicts contact conductance in three modules: defining unique asperity geometries important in deformation modeling; calculating the mode of asperity deformation; and accounting for the actual geometry of asperities in the constriction resistance model. The predicted contact conductance compares well to experimental data over a range of surface roughnesses, pressures, and substrate materials.
Two multigrid methods for three-dimensional problems with discontinuous and anisotropic coefficients

The subject of this paper is two multigrid methods for the numerical solution of \[ - \nabla \cdot (D(x,y,z)\nabla U(x,y,z)) + \sigma (x,y,z)U(x,y,z) = F(x,y,z) \] in a bounded region $\Omega $ of $R^3 $, where $D = (D^1 ,D^2 ,D^3 ),D^i $ is positive, $i = 1,2,3$, and $D^i ,\sigma $, and F are allowed to be discontinuous across internal boundaries of $\Omega $. The first method differs in two important ways from previously considered multigrid methods for such problems; first, if standard coarsening is used, then anisotropic problems require plane relaxation to obtain a good smoothing factor; for problems with discontinuous coefficients, this was previously done with an ICCG method; here it is done with a two-dimensional multigrid method. Second, a slightly different form of interpolation is used which improves performance for nearly singular problems. Previously considered multigrid methods for problems with discontinuous coefficients have defined the coarse grid operators by Galerkin coarsening; in the second method, such coarsening is also used but with auxiliary intermediate grids obtained by semicoarsening successively in each of the three independent variables; this artifice simplifies coding considerably and results in comparable convergence.
Muonic, pionic, kaonic and Σ− X rays, atomic de-excitation cascades and nuclear absorption rates in the light elements☆

Abstract The yields, energies and line-widths of muonic, pionic, and kaonic X rays in Li, Be, and C are given. The data have been compared with calculations of atomic cascades, including absorption from s-, p-, and d-states. Good agreement is obtained among experimental data, cascade calculations, and theoretical shell-model predictions. In all three elements, additional line structure beyond that attributable to kaonic X rays was observed when kaons were captured. In Li, two lines were observed which are provisionally attributed to X rays from Σ− capture. The hyperons arising from previous nuclear absorption, after moderation, are themselves captured, producing X rays. Energies and yields are consistent with this interpretation.
A new approach to quantify and map carbon stored, sequestered and emissions avoided by urban forests

Abstract This paper describes the use of field surveys, biometric information for urban tree species and remote sensing to quantify and map carbon (C) storage, sequestration and avoided emissions from energy savings. Its primary contribution is methodological; the derivation and application of urban tree canopy (UTC) based transfer functions (t C ha−1 UTC). Findings for Los Angeles and Sacramento illustrate the complex role of regional and local determinants. Although average tree density and size were substantially greater in Los Angeles, the mean C storage density (8.15 t ha−1) was 53 percent of Sacramento's (15.4 t ha−1). In Sacramento, native oaks with very high wood densities (815 kg m−3) accounted for 30 percent of total basal area. In Los Angeles, the most dominant taxa had relatively low wood densities (350-550 kg m−3). The inclusion of relatively more wooded land in the Sacramento study area may partially explain higher C storage levels. In Los Angeles, where development is relatively dense, 14 percent of all trees surveyed shaded more than one building compared to only 2 percent in Sacramento. Consequently, the transfer function for avoided emissions in Los Angeles (2.77 t ha−1 UTC yr−1) exceeded Sacramento (2.72 t ha−1 UTC yr−1). The approach described here improves C estimates and increases the resolution at which C can be mapped across a region. It can be used to map baseline C storage levels for climate action planning, identify conservation areas where UTC densities are highest and determine where opportunities for expanding UTC are greatest.
How Does Time Poverty Affect Behavior? A Look at Eating and Physical Activity

This paper uses data on daily activities from the American Time Use Survey and the associated Eating & Health Module to analyze the relationships between time poverty and specific energy-balance behaviors. The authors estimate a simultaneous model to jointly analyze the relationships between time poverty and the probability of a fast food purchase, the number of eating and drinking occurrences, minutes spent engaging in sports and exercise, and the probability of engaging in active travel (walking or cycling). Time-poor individuals were found to have different eating and physical activity patterns than non-time-poor individuals; those who were time-poor were less likely to purchase fast food and also less likely to engage in active travel.
Changes in rat hypothalamic and brain stem catecholamine concentrations following acute administration of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase inhibitors

The effect of acute phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibition on rat brain catecholamine concentrations was studied. All PNMT inhibitors tested were effective in depleting hypothalamic and brain stem epinephrine. Norepinephrine concentrations were unaffected; however, dopamine levels were increased in all areas studied. While several possible explanations are offered for this phenomenon, the mechanism is not yet understood.
Oxidation of leucine by Leishmania donovani.

The metabolism of leucine by Leishmania donovani was investigated. Washed promastigotes were incubated with [1-14C]- or [U-14C]leucine or [1-14C]alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) and 14CO2 release was measured. The amount of KIC-derived acetyl-CoA oxidized in the citric acid cycle was computed. Promastigotes from mid-stationary phase cultures oxidized each of these labeled substrates less rapidly than cells from late log phase cultures, and significantly less acetyl-CoA derived from KIC oxidation was oxidized in the citric acid cycle. Glucose was a stronger inhibitor than was acetate of CO2 formation in the citric acid cycle in log phase promastigotes, but the reverse was observed in cells from mid-stationary phase. Alanine also inhibited leucine catabolism, but glutamate had little effect. Acute hypo-osmotic stress did not affect leucine catabolism, but hyper-osmotic stress caused appreciable inhibition of leucine oxidation. Cells grown under hypo- or hyper-osmotic conditions showed no changes in the effects of hypo- or hyper-osmotic stress on leucine catabolism, i.e. L. donovani is not an osmoconformer with respect to leucine metabolism. Leucine utilization in L. donovani was insensitive to a number of drugs that affect leucine metabolism in mammalian cells, indicating that the leucine pathway in L. donovani is not regulated in the same manner as in mammalian cells.
Accuracy of colposcopy in HIV seropositive and seronegative women with abnormal Pap tests

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to compare colposcopic findings and the accuracy of colposcopic impression in HIV seropositive and seronegative women with abnormal Pap tests. Methods HIV seropositive and seronegative women in a national cohort study had Pap tests collected every six months, with colposcopy for any abnormal result. Prospectively collected colposcopy and histology findings were analyzed retrospectively using Pearson Chi-square, t -test and Wilcoxon two-sample tests, logistic regression models, and Kappa coefficients. Results After adjusting for age and Pap result, 1618 eligible HIV seropositive women were more likely than 406 seronegative women to have inadequate colposcopic examinations, abnormal colposcopic findings, and large cervical lesions. However, among those with abnormal colposcopy, colposcopic characteristics and lesion size and number did not differ by HIV serostatus. Agreement between colposcopists' impressions and highest grade biopsy diagnoses was fair (kappa coefficient 0.35, 95% C.I. 0.31, 0.38). Agreement did not differ by HIV serostatus and did not improve with multiple biopsies (weighted kappa coefficient 0.35, 95% C.I. 0.32, 0.39) or after including all histology results over two years following colposcopy. Conclusion Although HIV seropositive women with abnormal cytology are more likely to have colposcopic abnormality, the performance of colposcopy appears to be similar to that in HIV seronegative women. Biopsy is required to confirm colposcopic impression.
Tung Ch'ing, a cardiac drug.

This section introduces a new department in the American Journal of Chinese Medicine. We intend to provide information on all aspects of Chinese herbology here including translations from many sources as well as original articles.