cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baxter Algebras, Stirling Numbers and Partitions

Recent developments of Baxter algebras have led to applications to combinatorics, number theory and mathematical physics. We relate Baxter algebras to Stirling numbers of the first and the second kinds, partitions and multinomial coefficients. This allows us to apply congruences from number theory to obtain congruences in Baxter algebras.
Boltzmann machines for image block coding

ABSTRACT In this paper, we study image block coding using the Boltzmann machines. We will first briefly review the basic idea of storing images in the invariant distributions of the Markov chains, in particular, the Markov chains are the Boltzmann machines. Then we present the Perfect Boltzmann Machine(FBM) which can simulate any distributions. A FBM with n neurons has neural connections up to nth order. In practice, only the Boltzmann machines (second order) or third orderBoltzmann machines are used. We will discuss how to convert a FBM to a Boltzmann machine.Finally, we will present idea of image block coding using the Boltzmann machines. The idea is torepresent images in terms of blocks in a similar way as JPEG. The DCT in JPEG is replaced byBoltzmann machine transformation. Image compression ratios for various selections of block sizeand parameter space are calculated.Key words: Boltzmann machine, image, image compression, Markov chain, invariant distribution. 1 . INTRODUCTION In this paper, we study image compression using the Boltzmann machines. We will present a new
Bending Stresses in Spherically Hollow Ball Bearing and Fatigue Experiments

Spherically hollow balls of 21.7, 50.0 and 56.5 per cent mass reduction have been operated in ball bearings and in a 5-ball fatigue tester with differing outcomes. Available theoretical and experimental treatments of stresses in spherically hollow balls are reviewed and compared. Bending stresses are estimated for these spherically hollow balls to better understand the differences in ball bearing and fatigue test experience.
God's Country?

Abstract: Religion has always been a major force in U.S. politics, but the recent surge in the number and the power of evangelicals is recasting the country's political scene—with dramatic implications for foreign policy. This should not be cause for panic: evangelicals are passionately devoted to justice and improving the world, and eager to reach out across sectarian lines.
Chiral technicolor and precision electroweak measurements

Abstract I consider the possibility that electroweak symmetry is broken by a strongly interacting chiral gauge theory. I argue that some of the discrepancies between precision electroweak measurements and the predictions of QCD-like technicolor models can be resolved if technicolor is a chiral gauge theory. I present a toy technicolor model which demonstrates this idea, and gives mt ⪢ mb, with a small value for Δϱ ∗ ≡ αT , and small corrections to Z → b b .
Hormonal therapy of cryptorchidism: A randomized, double-blind study comparing human chorionic gonadotropin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone

We conducted a randomized, double-blind study comparing intranasal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1.2 mg per day for 28 days) with parenteral human chorionic gonadotropin (3300 IU per week for four weeks) in the treatment of cryptorchidism in 33 boys one to five years old (29 with unilateral and 4 with bilateral cryptorchidism). Testicular descent into the scrotum occurred in 3 of the 16 patients (19 percent) treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and in 1 of the 17 (6 percent) treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (P = 0.23). The mean luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were similar in both groups before treatment. During treatment, the testosterone levels were significantly increased in both groups, but higher levels occurred in the group treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (P less than 0.05). In a parallel (but uncontrolled) study of five boys with retractile testes (defined as a nonscrotal testis that could be manipulated into the bottom of the scrotum) who were originally excluded from the main protocol but were treated with the same regimen of human chorionic gonadotropin, descent into the scrotum occurred in all patients. We conclude that hormonal therapy with either gonadotropin-releasing hormone or human chorionic gonadotropin is, in most cases, ineffective in promoting testicular descent of true cryptorchid testes. However, short-term treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin is very effective in producing descent of retractile testes. These results suggest that the wide discrepancies in apparent efficacy in previous trials of hormonal therapy of cryptorchidism may have been due to inclusion in those studies of various proportions of patients with retractile testes.
Voluntary and Mandatory Skin in the Game: Understanding Outside Directors’ Stock Holdings

We examine the determinants of equity ownership by outside directors as well as the relationship between ownership and operating performance. Unlike previous studies of equity ownership by directors, we use hand-collected data on firm-level policies requiring director ownership for SP this is consistent with the theory that ownership requirements reflect optimal ownership levels. By contrast, voluntary holdings are positively and significantly related to future performance, suggesting that they perform an incentivizing role for management.
Heck reactions: a caveat on the use of palladium(II) PCP-type catalysts

Abstract A PCP-type catalyst was prepared and examined within the context of intramolecular Heck reactions. A substrate possessing a 1,4-diene system effectively poisoned the PCP catalyst leading to no reaction. This behavior contrasts with the typical palladium(0) catalyst system.
Creep Analysis of Beams and Arches Based on a Hereditary Visco-Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Law

Etude analytique des poutres planes et des arches, soumises a des cycles thermiques a partir de la temperature ambiante jusqu'a 800°C. Caracterisation des proprietes en temperature et en temps par une loi constitutive elastoviscoplastique de type hereditaire non lineaire unifie, appliquee a l'alliage Hastelloy X. Demonstration d'une forte interaction entre la variable de contrainte retour de la loi constitutive et du champ des contraintes temporel produit par la deformation
Efficient synthesis of 2-vinylcyclobutanones by the rearrangement of 1-methoxy-1-cyclopropylcarbinols under neutral conditions

Abstract A common synthesis of cyclobutanones involves the rearrangement of 1-alkoxy- or 1-(phenylthio)cyclopropylcarbinols under acidic conditions. We report that the synthetically useful 2-vinylcyclobutanones can be prepared in good yield in the absence of protonic acids by treating vinyl-1-(methoxycyclopropyl)carbinols with triflic anhydride in the presence of 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-methylpyridine in methylene chloride. The product is formed before hydrolytic work-up, presumably via demethylation by triflate anion of a 1-methoxycyclobutyl cation. Acid induced destruction of product is thus avoided.
On the Evolution of the Globular Cluster Luminosity Function: The Differences

We consider the observational signatures of dynamical effects on the luminosity function of globular clusters. For the three best studied systems, in the Milky Way, M31, and M87, we find a statistically significant difference between the inner and outer populations of globular clusters. In all cases, the inner clusters are on average brighter than the outer clusters (0.24 < Δm0 < 0.79) and have a smaller dispersion in magnitudes (0.09 < Δσ < 0.61), with the larger differences for the local, better observed samples. The differences are of the type that would be expected if the inner population had been depleted by tidal shocks. The results suggest that the inner population suffers substantial evolution relative to the outer population. The globular cluster luminosity function cannot be used as a standard candle without corrections for dynamical evolution.
Geometry of the log-likelihood ratio statistic in misspecified models

Abstract We show that the asymptotic mean of the log-likelihood ratio in a misspecified model is a differential geometric quantity that is related to the exponential curvature of Efron (1978) , Amari (1982) , and the preferred point geometry of Critchley et al., 1993 , Critchley et al., 1994 . The mean is invariant with respect to reparameterization, which leads to the differential geometrical approach where coordinate-system invariant quantities like statistical curvatures play an important role. When models are misspecified, the likelihood ratios do not have the chi-squared asymptotic limit, and the asymptotic mean of the likelihood ratio depends on two geometric factors, the departure of models from exponential families (i.e. the exponential curvature) and the departure of embedding spaces from being totally flat in the sense of Critchley et al. (1994) . As a special case, the mean becomes the mean of the usual chi-squared limit (i.e. the half of the degrees of freedom) when these two curvatures vanish. The effect of curvatures is shown in the non-nested hypothesis testing approach of Vuong (1989) , and we correct the numerator of the test statistic with an estimated asymptotic mean of the log-likelihood ratio to improve the asymptotic approximation to the sampling distribution of the test statistic.
Optimization of the Mechanical Properties of Silicon Carbide‐Fiber‐Reinforced Zirconia Titanate Matrix Composites through Controlled Processing

The effects of processing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of a SiC-fiber-reinforced ZrTiO4 matrix composite were evaluated through a controlled study. The microstructure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mechanical behavior was characterized by strength and toughness measurements, which were correlated with the microstructure of the composite. The optimized processing schedule developed included incorporation of CO-heat-treated BN-coated fibers, composite calcination at 530°C, and consolidation via hot-pressing at 1270°C and 17.25 MPa applied pressure in an atmosphere of CO at an overpressure of 111.5 kPa (1.1 atm). Use of this processing schedule improved in situ fiber strength and modified the fiber/matrix interfacial microstructure to ameliorate its sliding and debonding resistance, leading to a composite with average strength over 1 GPa and a toughness of 26 MPa.m1/2.
Synthesis of pyrrolo-[2,1-j]quinolone framework via intramolecular electrophilic ipso-cyclization

Abstract The challenging pyrrolo-[2,1- j ]quinolone core structure has been synthesized from N -(alkynoyl)-6-methoxytetrahydroquinoline in good yields using electrophilic cyclization as the key step. These reactions require simple starting materials and mild reaction conditions. In addition, we have demonstrated that the iodine moiety, which could be easily introduced in the final step, is very useful for further functionalization by employing various palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
Cyclization Cascades Initiated by 1,6-Conjugate Addition

Dienyl diketones containing tethered acetates selectively undergo two different 1,6-conjugate addition-initiated cyclization cascades. One is a 1,6-conjugate addition/cyclization sequence with incorporation of the nucleophile, and the other is catalyzed by DABCO and is thought to proceed via a cyclic acetoxonium intermediate. The reaction behavior of substrates lacking the tethered acetate was also studied. The scope of both types of cyclization cascades, the role of the amine additive, and the factors controlling reactivity and selectivity in the two different reaction pathways is discussed.
Interventions to Increase Physical Activity Among Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose of the Study: T o determine the overall effectiveness of interventions designed to increase physical activity (PA) behavior among community-dwelling older adults. Design and Methods: Comprehensi ve literature searching identified eligible PA inter vention studies among community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older, or sample mean age of 70. Diverse study characteristics were extracted and outcome data were duplicate coded. Overall mean effect sizes (ESs) were synthesized using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity of effects was analyzed using Q and I 2 statistics. Moderator analyses were conducted using meta-analytic analogues of ANOVA and regression for dichotomous and continuous moderators, respectively. Results: ESs were calculated from 1 3,829 primary study subjects. The overall mean ES for two-group posttest comparisons was 0.18 (95% CI 0.10–0.26, p < .001). This represents a difference of 620 steps/day or 73 min of P A/week between treatment and control groups. Significant moderators included the use of theory, how interventions were delivered, and cognitive plus behavioral-type intervention components. Non-significant moderators include the type of interventionist, delivery setting, and various measures of intervention dose. Implications: P A interventions significantly improved PA behavior among communitydwelling older adults. Effective PA interventions may be efficiently delivered using already available resources and personnel. Future PA intervention research should be theoretically based, incorporate more diverse subjects, and compare intervention delivery methods.
Connectedness extensions for abelian varieties

Suppose $A$ is an abelian variety over a field $F$, and $\ell$ is a prime not equal to the characteristic of $F$. Let $F_{\Phi,\ell}(A)$ denote the smallest extension of $F$ such that the Zariski closure of the image of the $\ell$-adic representation associated to $A$ is connected. Serre introduced this field, and proved that when $F$ is a finitely generated extension of ${\mathbf Q}$, $F_{\Phi,\ell}(A)$ does not depend on the choice of $\ell$. In this paper we study extensions $F_{\Phi,\ell}(B)/F$ for twists $B$ of a given abelian variety, especially when the abelian varieties are of Weil type.
OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE MOLECULAR GAS CONTENT IN NEARBY STARBURST DWARF GALAXIES

Using star formation histories derived from optically resolved stellar populations in 19 nearby starburst dwarf galaxies observed with the Hubble Space Telescope, we measure the stellar mass surface densities of stars newly formed in the bursts. By assuming a star formation efficiency (SFE), we then calculate the inferred gas surface densities present at the onset of the starbursts. Assuming an SFE of 1%, as is often assumed in normal star-forming galaxies, and assuming that the gas was purely atomic, translates to very high Hi surface densities
Hydroflux crystal growth of platinum group metal hydroxides: Sr6NaPd2(OH)17, Li2Pt(OH)6, Na2Pt(OH)6, Sr2Pt(OH)8, and Ba2Pt(OH)8.

Crystals of five complex metal hydroxides containing platinum group metals were grown by a novel low-temperature hydroflux technique, a hybrid approach between the aqueous hydrothermal and the molten hydroxide flux techniques. Sr6NaPd2(OH)17 (1) crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pbcn with lattice parameters a = 19.577(4) A, b = 13.521(3) A, and c = 6.885(1) A. This compound has a three-dimensional framework structure with Sr(OH)n polyhedra, Na(OH)6 octahedra, and Pd(OH)4 square planes. Isostructural phases Li2Pt(OH)6 (2) and Na2Pt(OH)6 (3) crystallize in trigonal space group P-3 with lattice parameters of a = 5.3406(8) A and c = 4.5684(9) A and a = 5.7984(8) A and c = 4.6755(9) A, respectively. Structures of these materials consist of layers of A(OH)6 (A = Li (2), Na (3)) and Pt(OH)6 octahedra. Sr2Pt(OH)8 (4) crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c with lattice parameters a = 5.9717(6) A, b = 10.997(1) A, c = 6.0158(6) A, and β = 113.155(2)°, while Ba2Pt(OH)8 (5) crystallizes in orthorhombic s...
A generalized Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated waveform for active sonar

Pulse-Compression or Frequency Modulated (FM) active sonar waveforms provide a significant improvement in range resolution and reverberation suppression (RS) over Continuous Wave (CW) waveforms. The Sinusoidal FM (SFM) waveform modulates its instantaneous frequency (IF) by a sinusoid to achieve high Doppler sensitivity while maintaining desirable RS. This allows the SFM waveform to resolve target velocities much better than the Doppler tolerant Hyperbolic FM waveform. However, the SFM suffers from poor range resolution as the Auto-Correlation Function (ACF) contains many large sidelobes. The periodicity of the SFM IF creates these sidelobes, just as the periodicity of the CW waveform causes its large range sidelobes. Modifying the SFM IF to resemble a Linear FM (LFM) waveform should improve range resolution while preserving Doppler sensitivity. This generalized sinusoidal FM waveform resolves both target range and velocity with RS performance comparable to other well-established FM waveforms.
Thermal Conductivity Spectroscopy Technique to Measure Phonon Mean Free Paths

Size effects in heat conduction, which occur when phonon mean free paths (MFPs) are comparable to characteristic lengths, are being extensively explored in many nanoscale systems for energy applications. Knowledge of MFPs is essential to understanding size effects, yet MFPs are largely unknown for most materials. Here, we introduce the first experimental technique which can measure MFP distributions over a wide range of length scales and materials. Using this technique, we measure the MFP distribution of silicon for the first time and obtain good agreement with first-principles calculations.
Strongly 1-Bounded Von Neumann Algebras

Suppose F is a finite tuple of selfadjoint elements in a tracial von Neumann algebra M. For α > 0, F is α-bounded if \({\mathbb{P}}^\alpha (F) -\infty\). It is shown that if M is strongly 1-bounded, then any finite tuple of selfadjoint generators G for M is 1-bounded and δ0(G) ≤ 1; consequently, a strongly 1-bounded von Neumann algebra is not isomorphic to an interpolated free group factor and δ0 is an invariant for these algebras. Examples of strongly 1-bounded von Neumann algebras include (separable) II1-factors which have property Γ, have Cartan subalgebras, are non-prime, or the group von Neumann algebras of \(SL_n({\mathbb{Z}}), n \geq 3\). If M and N are strongly 1-bounded and M ∩ N is diffuse, then the von Neumann algebra generated by M and N is strongly 1-bounded. In particular, a free product of two strongly 1-bounded von Neumann algebras with amalgamation over a common, diffuse von Neumann subalgebra is strongly 1-bounded. It is also shown that a II1-factor generated by the normalizer of a strongly 1-bounded von Neumann subalgebra is strongly 1-bounded.
Fluorinated Cyclobutanes and Their Derivatives

1 Cyclobutanes 2 Cyclobutenes 3 Other Unsaturated Cyclobutanes 4 Perfluoroalkyl-Substituted Systems 5 Afterword 6 Acknowledgments Keywords: four-membered rings and organofluorine chemistry; fluorinated cyclobutanes and derivatives; carbene HOMO–diene LUMO interaction; ring opening of cyclobutenes; hexafluorobenzene–alkene cycloadducts; fluorocarbon tetrafluorocyclobutyne; aromatic compound perfluoroalkyl-substituted valence isomers; Dewar benzenes
Solar and interplanetary observations of the mass ejection on 7 May, 1979

We present observations of a mass ejection that was observed by five different instruments along its way from the solar surface to more than 100 solar radii. The instruments involved are the ground-based Hα coronagraph at Wroclaw, the white-light SOLWIND coronagraph on board the P78-1 satellite, zodiacal light photometers of the HELIOS B spacecraft, in situ plasma detectors and magnetometers on board the HELIOS B spacecraft, and interplanetary scintillation measurements on the ground. By using a CAT-scan analysis of the images obtained by the SOLWIND coronagraph near the Earth and HELIOS B photometers placed at 0.3 AU perpendicular to the Earth-Sun line, we have been able to get a three-dimensional density reconstruction of the mass ejection and fit the best velocity curve for its propagation. Although problems exist in smoothly joining the height-time curves (for instance, we had to reduce the brightness of the SOLWIND data by more than a factor of two to make the data sets agree photometrically), both this analysis and direct measurements by the other experiments clearly indicate higher speeds at greater distances from the Sun. The plasma acceleration in this case was obviously not limited only to distances within 3 R 0 , as is usually the case, but continued beyond the outer limit of the coronagraph view at ∼ 8 R 0 .
A note on uncertainty and discounting in models of economic growth

The implications of uncertainty for appropriate discounting in models of economic growth have been studied at some length, notably, (Review of Economic Studies, 36:153–163; 1969) and (Journal of Public Economics, 85:149–166; 2002). A detailed account has now appeared in Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 37:141–169; 2008, sections 4 and 5 (pp. 160–166). One interesting, if perhaps minor, aspect is that under certain circumstances, there appeared to be no solution or at least no satisfactory one. More importantly, the formulas are usually given for the log normal case and are somewhat complicated and hard to interpret intuitively. I show here that assuming a general distribution for returns to capital gives simpler and more understandable results.
A carotenoid-porphyrin-diquinone tetrad: synthesis, electrochemistry and photoinitiated electron transfer

Abstract A molecular tetrad (C-P-QA-QB) consisting of a carotenoid polyene, a porphyrin and a diquinone moiety has been synthesized. The quinone with the lower reduction potential, the naphthoquinone (QA), was linked directly to the porphyrin and the benzoquinone (QB) was attached in series by a rigid bicyclic bridge. This arrangement was designed to promote a biomimetic sequential electron transfer from the porphyrin to QA, and on to QB. Cyclic voltammetric measurements show two distinct reduction steps at−0.65 and −0.46 V ( vs . SCE) for the diquinone moiety, indicating independence of the benzoquinone and the naphthoquinone components. The initial charge separated state, C-P.+-QA.−-Q-B is formed within 15 ps of excitation and lies about 1.6 eV above the ground state. The final charge separated state C.+-P-QA-QB.− is formed with a quantum yield of 0.23 at room temperature (0.5 at 240 K) and lies ca . 1.1 eV above the ground state. Both parallel and sequential mechanisms for the electron transfer processes are elucidated from studies with model triads which feature a carotenoid, a porphyrin and only one of the components of the diquinone moiety.
Rohlin's invariant and gauge theory II. Mapping tori

This is the second in a series of papers studying the relationship between Rohlin's theorem and gauge theory. We discuss an invariant of a homology S 1 S 3 dened by Furuta and Ohta as an analogue of Casson's invariant for homology 3{spheres. Our main result is a calculation of the Furuta{Ohta in- variant for the mapping torus of a nite-order dieomorphism of a homology sphere. The answer is the equivariant Casson invariant (Collin{Saveliev 2001) if the action has xed points, and a version of the Boyer{Nicas (1990) invariant if the action is free. We deduce, for nite-order mapping tori, the conjecture of Furuta and Ohta that their invariant reduces mod 2 to the Rohlin invari- ant of a manifold carrying a generator of the third homology group. Under some transversality assumptions, we show that the Furuta{Ohta invariant co- incides with the Lefschetz number of the action on Floer homology. Comparing our two answers yields an example of a dieomorphism acting trivially on the representation variety but non-trivially on Floer homology. AMS Classication numbers Primary: 57R57 Secondary: 57R58
Bankruptcy “Reform” in Congress: Creditors, Committees, Ideology, and Floor Voting in the Legislative Process

Both ideology and interest group interventions are important in voting on bankruptcy legislation. Roughly 15 votes in the U.S. House of Representatives appear to have been changed directly through interest group pressures proxied by campaign contributions. Many more could have been changed if resources could be fully devoted to spot purchases, but most contributions appear to have been aimed at maintaining legislation on the agenda. In the U.S. Senate, state interests in homestead exemptions influenced voting. Although committee markups demonstrate an ideological lineup that is not distinct from floor voting, committees promote bargaining on destabilizing issues. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Where are the r modes of isentropic stars

Almost none of the r-modes ordinarily found in rotating stars exist, if the star and its perturbations obey the same one-parameter equation of state; and rotating relativistic stars with one-parameter equations of state have no pure r-modes at all, no modes whose limit, for a star with zero angular velocity, is a perturbation with axial parity. Similarly (as we show here), rotating stars of this kind have no pure g-modes, no modes whose spherical limit is a perturbation with polar parity and vanishing perturbed pressure and density. Where have these modes gone? In spherical stars of this kind, r-modes and g-modes form a degenerate zero-frequency subspace. We find that rotation splits the degeneracy to zeroth order in the star's angular velocity Ω, and the resulting modes are generically hybrids, whose limit as Ω → 0 is a stationary current with axial and polar parts. Lindblom & Ipser have recently found these hybrid modes in an analytic study of the Maclaurin spheroids. Since the hybrid modes have a rotational restoring force, they call them "rotation modes" or "generalized r-modes." Because each mode has definite parity, its axial and polar parts have alternating values of l. We show that each mode belongs to one of two classes, axial-led or polar-led, depending on whether the spherical harmonic with lowest value of l that contributes to its velocity field is axial or polar. We numerically compute these modes for slowly rotating polytropes and for Maclaurin spheroids, using a straightforward method that appears to be novel and robust. Timescales for the gravitational-wave driven instability and for viscous damping are computed using assumptions appropriate to neutron stars. The instability to nonaxisymmetric modes is, as expected, dominated by the l = m r-modes with simplest radial dependence, the only modes which retain their axial character in isentropic models; for relativistic isentropic stars, these l = m modes must also be replaced by hybrids of the kind considered here.
Monte Carlo simulation of O(2) phi(4) field theory in three dimensions.

Using standard numerical Monte Carlo lattice methods, we study non-universal properties of the phase transition of three-dimensional ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory of a two-component real field $\ensuremath{\varphi}=({\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{1},{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{2})$ with O(2) symmetry. Specifically, we extract the renormalized values of $〈{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}〉/u$ and ${r/u}^{2}$ at the phase transition, where the continuum action of the theory is $\ensuremath{\int}{d}^{3}x[\frac{1}{2}|\mathbf{\ensuremath{\nabla}}\ensuremath{\varphi}{|}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}r{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}+(u/4!){\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}].$ These values have applications to calculating the phase-transition temperature of dilute or weakly interacting Bose gases (both relativistic and nonrelativistic). In passing, we also provide perturbative calculations of various $O(a)$ lattice-spacing errors in three-dimensional $\mathrm{O}(N)$ scalar field theory, where a is the lattice spacing.
OSCILLATIONS OF THE INNER REGIONS OF VISCOUS ACCRETION DISKS

Although quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) have been discovered in different X-ray sources, their origin is still a matter of debate. Analytical studies of hydrodynamic accretion disks have shown three types of trapped global modes with properties that appear to agree with the observations. However, these studies take only the linear effects into account. Moreover, observations suggest that resonances between modes play a crucial role. A systematic, numerical study of this problem is therefore needed. In this paper, we use a pseudo-spectral algorithm to perform a parameter study of the inner regions of hydrodynamic disks. By assuming α-viscosity, we show that steady state solutions rarely exist. The inner edges of the disks oscillate and excite axisymmetric waves, which provide a plausible explanation for the high-frequency QPOs observed from accreting black holes. In addition, the flows inside the inner edges are sometimes unstable to non-axisymmetric perturbations. One-armed, or even two-armed, spirals are developed. When the Reynolds numbers are above certain critical values, the inner disks go through some transient turbulent states characterized by strong trailing spirals; while large-scale leading spirals are developed in the outer disks. We compared our numerical results with standard thin disk oscillation models. Albeit the non-axisymmetric features have their analytical counterparts, more careful study is needed to explain the axisymmetric oscillations.
Integrating Dynamic Pricing and Replenishment Decisions Under Supply Capacity Uncertainty

This paper examines an integrated decision-making process regarding pricing for uncertain demand and sourcing from uncertain supply, which are often studied separately in the literature. Our analysis of the integrated system suggests that the base stock list price policy fails to achieve optimality even under deterministic demand. Instead, the optimal policy is characterized by two critical values: a reorder point and a target safety stock. Under this policy, a positive order is issued if and only if the inventory level is below the reorder point. When this happens, the optimal order and price are coordinated to achieve a constant target safety stock, which aims at hedging the demand uncertainty. We further investigate the profit improvement obtained from deploying dynamic pricing, as opposed to static pricing. Our results indicate that either supply limit or supply uncertainty may induce a significant benefit from dynamic pricing, and the compound effect of supply limit and uncertainty can be much more pronounced than the individual effects. Whether or not the supply capacity is limited has a major implication on the value of dynamic pricing. Under unlimited supply, dynamic pricing is more valuable when procurement cost is high or when demand is more sensitive to price. With limited supply, however, the capacity restriction tends to be relaxed, reducing the value of dynamic pricing.
Unifluxor: a permanent memory element

The Unifluxor is a new binary permanent memory element which appears to have the advantages of high-speed operation, easy fabrication, and low cost. Unlike cores, twistors, capacitors, and other commonly used memory devices, the Unifluxor does not depend upon the hysteretic properites of some nonlinear material but instead uses the inductive characteristics of magnetically coupled wires.
Phase structure and Hosotani mechanism in gauge theories with compact dimensions revisited

We investigate the phase structure of SU(3) gauge theory in four and five dimensions with one compact dimension by using perturbative one-loop and PNJL-model- based effective potentials, with emphasis on spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking. When adjoint matter with the periodic boundary condition is introduced, we have rich phase structure in the quark-mass and compact-size space with gauge-symmetry-broken phases, called the SU(2) × U(1) split and the U(1) × U(1) re-confined phases. Our result is qualitatively consistent with the recent lattice calculations. When fundamental quarks are introduced in addition to adjoint quarks, the split phase becomes more dominant and larger as a result of explicit center symmetry breaking. We also show that another U(1) × U(1) phase (pseudo-reconfined phase) with negative vacuum expectation value of Polyakov loop exists in this case. We study chiral properties in these theories and show that chiral condensate gradually decreases and chiral symmetry is slowly restored as the size of the compact dimension is decreased.
The Role of Eruption in Solar Flares

This article focuses on two problems involved in the development of models of solar flares. The first concerns the mechanism responsible for eruptions, such as erupting filaments or coronal mass ejections, that are sometimes involved in the flare process. The concept of ‘loss of equilibrium’ is considered and it is argued that the concept typically arises in thought-experiments that do not represent acceptable physical behavior of the solar atmosphere. It is proposed instead that such eruptions are probably caused by an instability of a plasma configuration. The instability may be purely MHD, or it may combine both MHD and resistive processes. The second problem concerns the mechanism of energy release of the impulsive (or gradual) phase. It is proposed that this phase of flares may be due to current interruption, as was originally proposed by Alfven and Carlqvist. However, in order for this process to be viable, it seems necessary to change one’s ideas about the heating and structure of the corona in ways that are outlined briefly.
Consumer behavior, extended-self, and sacred consumption: An alternative perspective from our animal companions

Abstract This article explores the intimate relationships between pet owners and their animal companions from the extended-self and sacred consumption perspectives using a unique method that Morris Holbrook inspires. The article opens with a brief introduction that includes a summary of the relevant literature. A description of the study's protocol follows. The article then covers five thematic categories that result from the investigation. The analysis of text from the consumer essays and a few precious photographs bring life to the case reports. The close provides implications for consumer-behavior scholarship and marketing practice in a variety of intra- and inter-species domains.
The Splitting Subspace Conjecture

We answer a question of Niederreiter concerning the enumeration of a class of subspaces of finite dimensional vector spaces over finite fields by proving a conjecture of Ghorpade and Ram.
Design of biologically active heparan sulfate and heparin using an enzyme-based approach

Covering: up to August 2008 Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that plays essential physiological and pathophysiological roles. Heparin, a special form of HS, is a commonly used anticoagulant drug. The biosynthesis of HS involves numerous enzymes, including sulfotransferases, glycosyl transferases and an epimerase. It is widely believed that unique sulfation patterns of HS determine its specific functions. Thus, obtaining a series of HS structures with defined sulfation patterns is critical for elucidating the function-structure relationship of this important class of biomolecules. The chemical syntheses of such sulfated saccharides, especially molecules larger than an octasaccharide, are extremely difficult. Therefore, employing HS biosynthetic enzymes to synthesize HS that has the desired biological functions offers an attractive alternative. This review presents the recent progress on this approach. In addition, we discuss the mechanism used by HS sulfotransferases to recognize specific sulfated saccharide sequences. 186 References are cited.
Structure functions and parton distributions

In this talk, I review the status of theoretical understanding of nuclear structure functions and parton distributions and discuss the constraints on nuclear parton distributions from existing data and the global QCD analysis.
The Design of Private Reinsurance Contracts

Abstract This article examines the effect of asymmetric information on the trading of underwriting risk between insurers and reinsurers and how it is mitigated in a context of long-term relationships. It begins by explaining how information problems affect the efficiency of the allocation of risk between insurers and reinsurers and how long-term implicit contracts allow the inclusion of new information in the pricing of reinsurance coverage. A key feature of these relationships is the reliance on loss-contingent rebates and commissions in the pricing of reinsurance coverage. We argue that when information is revealed only over time, long-term implicit contracts between insurers and reinsurers allow the inclusion of new information into reinsurance pricing. Because of this feature, the allocation of risk between insurers and reinsurers is more efficient. Specifically, such arrangements lead to more reinsurance coverage, higher insurer profits, and lower expected distress in the industry. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G22, G13, L15, D81.
Body mass index and health among Union Army veterans: 1891-1905.

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between BMI and several health conditions among Union Army veterans who had medical examinations between 1891 and 1905. We find that BMI, when used as a proxy of nutrition, helps to explain morbidity and mortality differentials among veterans. There is evidence suggesting that among Union Army veterans extremely low or high BMIs were both associated with poor health, as indicated by a higher level of disability rating, higher risk of developing certain diseases, and higher mortality risk than those associated with having normal weight. Compared to veterans with normal weight, underweight veterans were more likely to be diagnosed with cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, but were less likely to be diagnosed with rheumatic and musculo-skeletal conditions at the first examination. High BMI levels are also associated with a higher risk of developing cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases, and higher mortality in the 20 years after the first examination. We performed a longitudinal analysis to study the association between earlier BMI as well as weight change and later development of diseases. The results suggest that, as a predictor of diseases, the explanatory power of BMI becomes lower the farther into the future we try to predict. Compared with those who maintained the same weight, veterans who gained weight were associated with a lower risk of being diagnosed with gastrointestinal diseases at their second examination.
Reverse compute and forward: A low-complexity architecture for downlink distributed antenna systems

We consider a distributed antenna system where L antenna terminals (ATs) are connected to a Central Processor (CP) via digital error-free links of finite capacity R 0 , and serve K user terminals (UTs). This system model has been widely investigated both for the uplink and the downlink, which are instances of the general multiple-access relay and broadcast relay networks. In this work we focus on the downlink, and propose a novel downlink precoding scheme nicknamed “Reverse Quantized Compute and Forward”(RQCoF). For this scheme we obtain achievable rates and compare with the state-of-the-art available in the literature. We also provide simulation results for a realistic network with fading with K > L UTs, and show that channel-based user selection produces large benefits and essentially removes the problem of rank deficiency in the system matrix.1
Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays

We present new results characterizing cosmological shocks within adaptive mesh refinement N-body/hydrodynamic simulations that are used to predict nonthermal components of large-scale structure. This represents the first study of shocks using adaptive mesh refinement. We propose a modified algorithm for finding shocks from those used on unigrid simulations that reduces the shock frequency of low Mach number shocks by a factor of ~3. We then apply our new technique to a large, (512 h−1 Mpc)3, cosmological volume and study the shock Mach number () distribution as a function of preshock temperature, density, and redshift. Because of the large volume of the simulation, we have superb statistics that result from having thousands of galaxy clusters. We find that the Mach number evolution can be interpreted as a method to visualize large-scale structure formation. Shocks with 20 generally follow accretion onto filaments and galaxy clusters, respectively. By applying results from nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration models using the first-order Fermi process, we calculate the amount of kinetic energy that is converted into cosmic-ray protons. The acceleration of cosmic-ray protons is large enough that in order to use galaxy clusters as cosmological probes, the dynamic response of the gas to the cosmic rays must be included in future numerical simulations.
Memory ordering: a value-based approach

Value-based replay enforces memory ordering by simply reexecuting load instructions in program order prior to commit, eliminating the need for associative search functionality from the load queue. The load queue can therefore be implemented as a first-in-first-out buffer, like the reorder buffer, which is fundamentally more scalable and power-efficient. In order to mitigate the bandwidth and resource occupancy costs of replay, a set of heuristics filter the set of loads that must be replayed, resulting in negligible performance degradation and data cache bandwidth increases relative to a conventional machine
Thermodynamic Cycles for a Small Particle Heat Exchange Receiver Used in Concentrating Solar Power Plants

Gas-cooled solar receivers for concentrating solar power plants are capable of providing high temperature, pressurized gas for electrical power generation via a Brayton cycle. This can be accomplished by expanding hot, pressurized gas directly through a turbine, or through using a heat exchanger to indirectly heat pressurized air. Gas-cooled receivers can be divided into two basic technologies. In tube based solar receivers, thermal energy is transferred to air through convection with the heated tube wall. This limits receiver efficiency since the tube wall needs to be substantially hotter than the gas inside due to the relatively poor gas heat transfer coefficient. In volumetric receivers, solar energy is absorbed within a volume, rather than on a surface. The absorption volume can be filled with ceramic foam, wires, or particles to act as the absorbing medium. In a small particle heat exchange receiver, for example, sub-micron sized particles absorb solar radiation, and transfer this energy as heat to a surrounding fluid. This effectively eliminates any thermal resistance, allowing for higher receiver efficiencies. However, mechanical considerations limit the size of volumetric, pressurized gas-cooled receivers. In order to solve this problem, several thermodynamic cycles have been investigated, each of which is motivated by key physical considerations in volumetric receivers. The cyclic efficiencies are determined by a new MATLAB code based on previous Brayton cycle modeling conducted by Sandia National Laboratories. The modeling accounts for pressure drops and temperature losses in various components, and parameters such as the turbine inlet temperature and pressure ratio are easily modified to run parametric cases. The performance of a gas-cooled solar receiver is largely a function of its ability to provide process gas at a consistent temperature or pressure, regardless of variations in solar flux, which can vary due to cloud transients or apparent sun motion throughout the day. Consistent output can be ensured by combusting fuel within the cycle, effectively making a solar/fossil fuel hybrid system. Several schemes for hybridization with natural gas are considered here, including externally fired concepts and combined receiver/combustor units. Because the efficiency of hybridized cycles is a function of the solar thermal input, the part load behavior of the recuperated cycle is examined in depth. Finally, a brief report of economic costs inherent to solar powered gas turbine engines is given. Possibilities for the future of solar power gas turbine power plants are discussed, with key issues regarding thermal storage techniques.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Electronic transport in Mo/Ni superlattices

Abstract An experimental relationship between superconductivity, magnetism and localization is explored in short-wavelength (14A ⩽ ⋀ ⩽ 40A) sputtered Mo/Ni superlattices. A crossover to a superconducting state is observed for ⋀
Capitalism and Kinship: Do Institutions Matter in the Labor Market?

This study examines the determination of employment and pay on capitalist and kinship vessels in the New England fishing industry. Capitalist vessels resemble standard competitive firms in the way that employment and pay respond to changing market conditions; kinship vessels operate under work guarantees and income-sharing rules. These differences in institutional rules lead to different patterns of income, employment, growth, and labor adjustment. The study shows how an understanding of the institutional structure of labor markets can contribute to the design of public policies to facilitate adjustment to change and to promote industrial growth.
The reliability value of storage in a volatile environment

This paper examines the value of storage in securing reliability of a system with uncertain supply and demand, and supply friction. The storage is frictionless as a supply source, but it cannot be filled up instantaneously. The focus is on application to an energy network in which the nominal supply and demand are assumed to match perfectly, while deviations from the nominal values are modeled as random shocks with stochastic arrivals. Due to friction, the random shocks cannot be tracked by the main supply sources. Storage, when available, can be used to compensate, fully or partially, for the surge in demand or sudden drop in supply. The problem of optimal utilization of storage with the objective of maximizing system reliability is formulated as minimization of the expected discounted cost of blackouts over an infinite horizon. It is shown that when the stage cost is linear in the size of the blackout, the optimal policy is myopic in the sense that all shocks will be compensated by storage up to the available level of storage. However, when the stage cost is strictly convex, it may be optimal to curtail some of the demand and allow a small blackout in the interest of maintaining a higher level of reserve, which may help avoid a large blackout in the future. The value of storage capacity in improving reliability, as well as the effects of the associated optimal policies under different stage costs on the probability distribution of blackouts are examined.
On the relationship between the exchange regime and the portfolio rules of optimizing agents

The paper utilizes the overlapping generations framework to derive demand functions for money and capital. We show that many of the macroeconomic comparisons of alternative exchange regimes are not legitimate since changing the exchange regime alters the portfolio rules of rational agents. One cannot simply postulate a set of asset demand equations and then hold various income, interest rate, and wealth elasticities constant when the exchange regime changes. Having derived the demands for money and capital from optimizing behavior, we show how changing the exchange regime affects expected capital holdings and expected utility levels of optimizing agents.
Axially Symmetric Torsional Waves in Circular Composite Cylinders

A method is developed to obtain the dispersion diagram for axially symmetric torsional waves in any type of elastic circular cylinder composed of a core perfectly bonded to an outer casing. The method is based on the application of two sets of bounds that are easily obtained. One set represents solutions of a solid cylinder with geometric and material properties identical with the core; the other set of bounds represents solutions of a hollow cylinder with its properties identical with the casing. Certain intersections of the two sets of bounds correspond to solutions of the frequency equation of the composite cylinder. Therefore the frequency branches weave through these intersections, but otherwise stay between the bounds. The dispersion diagram of the composite cylinder is thus obtained. Both real and imaginary wavenumbers occur. Other complex wavenumbers are shown not to exist.