cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Power and Control Differentials: Understanding Dysfunctional Agency from the Client's Perspective

ABSTRACT A critique of unidirectional understandings of power and control in social psychology, conflict theory, critical theory, and social work empowerment theories provides the framework for a new synthetic conceptualization of power and control in human behavior. A criminological theory called control balance is enlarged as an explanation of non-conforming behavior. Both a surplus of autonomy and an excess of repression provide subjective motivation for subversive acts that empower the actor. This dual-tension model is a theoretically useful predictor of human behavior, and in concert with symbolic interactionism, provides a theoretical frame for consideration of secondary socialization as a potential means of Social Work intervention
Liderazgo distribuido durante el proceso de elaboración e implementación de planes de mejoramiento educativo en una comuna rural en Chile

La gestion de los centros educativos es uno de los elementos relevantes a la hora de explicar la mejora en la calidad y la equidad en la educacion. En Chile se ha puesto atencion a una serie de variables tales como liderazgo, gestion curricular, gestion de recursos, convivencia escolar que incidirian en el logro de resultados de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. A partir del ano 2009, los Planes de Mejoramiento Educativo (PME) se propusieron como la principal estrategia para el logro de un aprendizaje continuo en cada una de estas variables. El objetivo del articulo es comprender las practicas de liderazgo y aprendizaje organizacional que se dan durante el proceso de elaboracion e implementacion de dichos planes. Se utilizo una metodologia cualitativa de tipo descriptiva e inductiva basada en el metodo hermeneutico. 6 Escuelas Basicas y 1 Liceo de Ensenanza Basica y Media pertenecientes a una Comuna Rural participaron en este estudio. El diseno es longitudinal utilizando entrevistas activas semi-estructuradas individuales y grupos focales. Los resultados dan cuenta de cuatro tipos de liderazgo que emergen durante el proceso de elaboracion e implementacion de los planes: estrategico, tactico, espontaneo y pragmatico. Se discuten las implicancias de estos resultados para los procesos de cambio y mejora educativa.
Choreographing the Folk: The Dance Stagings of Zora Neale Hurston

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Anthea Kraut Year: 2008 Pages: 312 Publisher: University of Minnesota Press ISBN: 978-0-8166-4711-8 (hard cover). Prices: $75.00 USD(hard cover).
Simple Micromethod for Detecting Antifungal Activity

A bioassay that can be carried out on thin-layer chromatograms is described for rapid detection of antifungal or general cytotoxic activity with microquantities of test compound.
Tongue and pen: a challenge to philosophers from Africa

There's a tendency to assume that knowledge, education, jurisprudence, and especially philosophy, come from the pen. This is because knowledge, the world over, reaches us through books. The most do...
Cloning of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene encoding diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) asymmetrical hydrolase: sequence similarity with the histidine triad (HIT) protein family.

Abstract Diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) asymmetric hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.17) is a specific catabolic enzyme of Ap4A found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We have previously described the partial purification of Ap4A hydrolase from S. pombe [Robinson, de la Pena and Barnes (1993) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1161, 139-148]. We determined the sequence of the N-terminal 20 amino acids of Ap4A hydrolase and designed two degenerate PCR primers based on the sequence. The 60 bp DNA fragment obtained by PCR, which is specific to Ap4A hydrolase, was used to isolate the Ap4A hydrolase gene, aph1, from S. pombe by screening a genomic DNA library in a multicopy plasmid. Ap4A hydrolase activity from the crude supernatant of a positive S. pombe transformant was about 25-fold higher than the control. There was no detectable stimulation of enzymic activity by phosphate. The aph1 gene from S. pombe contains three introns. The intron boundaries were confirmed by sequencing the cDNA of the aph1 gene from a S. pombe cDNA library. The deduced open reading frame of the aph1 gene codes for 182 amino acids. Two regions of significant local similarity were identified between the Ap4A hydrolase and the histidine triad (HIT) protein family [Seraphin (1992) DNA Sequence 3, 177-179]. HIT proteins are present in prokaryotes, yeast, plants and mammals. Their functions are unknown, except that the bovine protein inhibits protein kinase C in vitro. All four histidine residues which are conserved among the HIT proteins, including the HxHxH putative Zn(2+)-binding motif, are conserved in the Ap4A hydrolase. In addition, there are two regions of similarity between the Ap4A phosphorylases I and II from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Ap4A hydrolase from S. pombe. These regions overlap with the HIT protein similarity regions. The aph1 gene from S. pombe is the first asymmetrical Ap4A hydrolase gene to be cloned and sequenced.
Phenomenology and Rigid Dualisms: Joachim Renn's Critique of Alfred Schutz

Joachim Renn argues that Schutz fails to integrate two fundamental strands in his work: phenomenology and pragmatism. Gaps between separated consciousnesses block synchronization and access to others, and objective symbol schemes, absorbed within the egological outlook, cannot bridge these gaps. Renn, however, construes phenomenology as practicing a solipsistic withdrawal of a self cut off from its environs, denies that contents correlative to individual intentional acts can be objective and common, and overlooks the intricacies of Schutz’s descriptive methodology. Furthermore, for Renn, Schutz’s distinctions between inner and outer time and ego and alter congeal into hardened dualisms. Renn expects more than Schutz’s methodology can deliver, but correctly points to problems of the social world that need to be addressed by several philosophical strategies, including pragmatism and Schutzian phenomenology.
A comparative study of the reproductive effects of methadone and benzo [a] pyrene in the pregnant and pseudopregnant rat

Benzo [a] pyrene (BP; 50 mg/kg) or methadone (5 mg/kg) was given subcutaneously to pregnant rats at different stages of gestation. Both BP and methadone affected the reproductive performance of pregnant rats by significantly increasing the number of resorptions and fetal wastage, and by decreasing the fetal weight. The same dosage levels of BP and methadone were also given to pseudopregnant rats (PSP) with an induced decidual cell reaction (DCR) in an attempt to distinguish whether adverse effects occur in the maternal or fetal compartment or both. Since the hormonal requirements for DCR and implantation are similar and the anatomical, histological, cytological, time sequential changes as well as appearance of the vasculature system for DCR and decidua are indistinguishable, PSP with DCR is similar to pregnancy except for the lack of a fetal compartment. BP, in this PSP model, significantly reduced the uterine wet weight and cyclic nucleotide (cAMP) and cGMP) levels whereas methadone was without a detectable effect. Our findings then suggest that BP may exert its effects adversely on both the maternal and fetal compartments, whereas methadone may act primarily in the fetal compartment.
High-Pressure Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)

High-pressure Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectroscopy was used to study poly(methyl methacrylate) in a diamond anvil cell at pressures up to ≈ 8G Pa. The positions of the vibrational modes were measured as a function of pressure. The data were analyzed to determine mode Gruneisen parameters and bond anharmonicities. The vibrational modes were analyzed using models that include both volume independent and dependent Gruneisen parameters, and the different models were compared. The vibrational frequency shifts as a function of pressure were found to be consistent with those measured for similar types of bonds in other molecules. This data may find appli- cations where polymers are subjected to large pressures, including shock compression experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 358-367, 2007
The Neuroendocrine Effects of Interleukin-2 Treatment

Observations of neuropsychiatric changes in patients receiving interleukin-2 (IL-2) led us to examine the effects of IL-2 administration on the stress-related hormones, beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol, and CRH. We evaluated 30 cancer patients who received immunotherapy with IL-2 or IL-2 plus lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Blood samples were taken immediately before and 4 and 8 h after infusion of IL-2 or IL-2 plus LAK cells. IL-2 stimulated increased hormone levels 4 h after infusion compared with those before therapy and with basal levels in normal volunteers at the following magnitudes: beta-endorphin, 10-fold; ACTH, 20-fold; and cortisol, 2-fold. The effect of IL-2 was not altered in patients also receiving LAK cells. An effect of treatment course was noted, with higher stimulated values seen 4 h after IL-2 in the second treatment course compared with those after the first course [change (delta) in beta-endorphin, 101 vs. 11 fmol/mL; delta ACTH, 138 vs. 8 pmol/L; delta cortisol, 414 vs. 218 nmol/L]. We conclude that IL-2 treatment induces the release of neuroendocrine hormones and that a significant increase in hormonal stimulation occurs upon reexposure to IL-2.
“In vivtro” method of assembling a synthetic gene

Abstract Without prior in vitro enzymatic ligation a DNA duplex was assembled successfully by directly transforming competent cells with a mixture containing six synthetic complimentary oligodeoxyribonucleotides and a linearized plasmid. One out of 100 transformants was positive in colony hybridization with one of the synthetic fragment probe. The sequence of the DNA duplex inserted into the plasmid was confirmed by dideoxy sequencing method.
Cost/benefit analysis of open tracheotomy, in the or and at the bedside, with percutaneous tracheotomy.

Objectives/Hypothesis: (1) To determine whether percutaneous dilational tracheotomy (PDT), open tracheotomy in the operating room (OT/OR), and open tracheotomy at the bedside (OT/BS) are equally safe; and (2) to determine which procedure was most cost effective. Study Design: Retrospective review of patient medical records and billing data. Methods: Any adult patient (>20 y of age) on the medical or surgical services at Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center who required a tracheotomy, elective or emergent, from September 1996 to July 1997 was included. The decision to perform OT in the OR, PDT, or OT at BS was made by the attending surgeon independent of this study. Each patient's course after tracheotomy was reviewed. All complications, perioperatively or postoperatively, for up to 10 days were documented. The complications were divided into two groups: major and minor. Determination of patient cost used surgical billing and OR materials staff records. The necessary equipment and staff for each procedure was determined, and an itemized cost list was retrospectively developed for a typical PDT, OT in OR, or OT at BS. The P values were calculated with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) X 2 test of association. Results: All procedures were equally safe, with PDT being the most cost effective. Conclusion: This report confirms the results of several studies demonstrating that PDT, OT in the OR, and OT at the BS are equally safe; PDT appears to be most cost effective. Our analysis, however, does reveal several options for decreasing the cost of bedside tracheotomy to allow this procedure to be even more cost effective than PDT.
Causal effects of foster care: An instrumental-variables approach☆

Abstract This paper describes the use of instrumental-variables (IV) to estimate causal effects of foster care on long- and short-term outcomes. This estimation strategy provides a tool to evaluate what are known as “natural experiments”: settings that mimic randomization usually associated with a controlled trial. The proposed natural experiment involves the effective randomization of investigators to child-protection cases. The results suggest that foster care placement increases like likelihood of delinquency and emergency healthcare episodes. Care must be taken when interpreting IV estimates. The results apply to cases that are part of the natural experiment—“marginal cases” where the investigators may disagree about the placement recommendation.
Bifurcation into invariant tori at points of resonance

Let Xu be a family of vector fields on some manifold with real parameters p, and 7 be a periodic orbit of X.o with period T for some/2o. A natural way to study the behavior of the phase portraits ofX u near 7 as # passes through/2o is to consider the associated PoincarO map ~Pu: V ~ U for # close to Po. Here, U stands for a local cross section of the periodic orbit 7 through some point p in y, and V denotes a small open neighborhood ofp in U. For each q in V, ~0.(q) is the first return of the solution x.( t ) (t > 0) with xu(0) = q. For instance, a fixed point ofq~. corresponds to a periodic orbit with period close to T. A periodic point of ~o. with order n gives a subharmonic solution of X. with period close to nT. An invariant circle of an orientation preserving ~o. corresponds to an invariant torus of X.. When the spectrum of the differential D~0.o at p lies away from the unit circle in the complex plane, the phase portraits remain the same for/2 near #o. On the other hand, if Dq~.o has an eigenvalue 2(#o) with 12(#o) [ = 1, then bifurcations of phase portraits are expected. Suppose that D~p. o has a simple complex eigenvalue 2(po) with 12(/2o)[ = 1 (2(#0) + + 1). Since all bifurcation phenomena will occur in a center manifold associated to ~0., without loss of generality the dimension of U can be assumed to be two. By the implicit function theorem one gets a unique fixed point p, of~o, for/2 near/2o. Denote by 2(/2) the eigenvalue of D~0, at p,. It is well known from the works of SACKER [6] and RUELLE & TAKENS [5] that, in general, invariant
Stability and constraint of the proximal interphalangeal joint

The kinematics of the intact proximal interphalangeal joint of 12 fresh cadaver index fingers were measured by means of an electromagnetic tracking system. The specimens were then randomly divided into two groups for ligament sectioning in two different sequences and for testing under lateral stress. Lateral stress of the intact proximal interphalangeal joints produced an average of 5 degrees of adduction and 9 degrees of supination motion throughout the arc of flexion/extension. Maximum lateral angulation was 15 degrees under 1 kg of force (30 N cm) applied at the distal end of the middle phalanx. Joint angulation increased to 20 degrees after total sectioning of the collateral ligament. Joint laxity was greatly reduced in full extension, in full flexion, and when the muscles were loaded. The proximal interphalangeal joint remained stable when one half of the collateral ligament was left intact. The results indicate that lateral stability of the proximal interphalangeal joint is provided primarily by the collateral ligament. When the lateral stress test is normal in proximal interphalangeal joint extension, an additional test in 20 to 30 degrees of flexion should be considered to avoid a false-negative result. Angulation greater than 20 degrees is abnormal and indicates a loss of collateral ligament integrity.
Measurement of opacity during the setting of the gel-forming solutions and the syneresis of gels of sodium oleate and sodium erucate in a fraction of turpentine

The opacities of solutions giving rise to gels of sodium oleate and sodium erucate in a fraction of turpentine, increase during their setting and the syneresis of the set gels and reach a maximum value in about six hours. Increase in the concentration of soaps and the amounts of the addition agents brings about an increase in opacity changes with time.
Biochemical analyses of phospholipid in normal and sympathectomized lungs

The phospholipid component of the surfactant system has been under investigation since it was described by Klaus et ul. in 1961 [13]. Increased interest in this subject developed when a surfactant disorder was implicated in the etiology of the infant and adult respiratory distress syndromes [3, 111. Today it is generally agreed that the main component of surfactant is lipid (80% of which is phospholipid [ 121). The major phospholipid is dipalmityl lecithin, which has been localized within the granular II pneumocyte, as well as in the alveolar lining layer [l]. Preliminary studies indicate some type of neural control of phospholipid production and distribution within the lung. Using pilocarpine injections, it is possible to decrease the number of lamellated bodies in the granular II pneumocyte and increase the amount of phospholipid in the lung lavage. Similar findings were produced with isoproterenol [15]. These stimulatory effects of cholinergic and adrenergic agents can be blocked by their respective antagonists [6, 10, 161. In an earlier study, we demonstrated that chemical sympathectomy alters the ultrastructural appearance of the granular II pneumocyte [7], particularly the lamellated bodies, which may be the site of phospholipid synthesis [2, 141. Phospholipid staining indicated that sympathectomy affects the distribution of phospholipids, both within the granular II pneumocyte and along the alveolus [7]. Although morphologic evidence suggests a significant role of the sympathetics on the production and distribution of pulmonary phospholipid, little biochemical data exist supporting such a role for the sympathetic nervous system. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze pulmonary phospholipids following sympathectomy, and to substantiate biochemically the previous morphologic data.
Weak interactions and photoinitiated unimolecular decomposition

Abstract Numerical studies have been carried out to examine the applicability of the density of states measured just below dissociation threshold to transition state rate theory. The model system consists of two weakly interacting manifolds of levels, one of which is optically accessible. Both manifolds are coupled to dissociative continua. These studies demonstrate that immediately above reaction threshold, coupling to continua is relatively slow on the time scale of inter-manifold coupling, and it is the mixed manifolds which decay. At higher energies, couplings to continua exceed inter-manifold couplings, and it is the photoexcited bright states which undergo unimolecular decomposition.
Use of a Registry-generated Audit, Feedback, and Patient Reminder Intervention in an Internal Medicine Resident Clinic—A Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND Disease registries, audit and feedback, and clinical reminders have been reported to improve care processes.
Characterization of instrument drift using a spherical artifact

Abstract Drift is a common and inevitable error source in measurements. Currently there are two main approaches to address instrument drift in image or area-based measurements, drift calibration with target tracking and active feedback correction. We propose an alternative approach to drift calibration for profilometers, particularly high speed instruments such as confocal microscopes or scanning white light interferometers. The method is based on sequential measurements of a spherical artifact whose diameter is larger than the field of view. A best fit sphere algorithm is used to determine the movement of the spherical artifact's center over time. This reduces drift measurement uncertainty because it uses height data over the full field of view, compared to target tracking strategies that involve tracking small features. Simulation results show that under practical conditions, e.g. with typical noise levels and typical drift rates, this method is quite effective and can yield measurements with low uncertainty. The measurement is demonstrated on a commercial confocal microscope to determine drift rate magnitude and direction.
The use of 18-crown-6 as an ionizable phase label for the expedited synthesis of small molecules

Abstract A silica-supported propylbenzenesulfonic acid ion-exchange column was treated with a methanol solution of potassium carbonate to give the corresponding potassium sulfonate salt. This column was shown to effectively sequester 18-crown-6 and its derivatives presumably due to chelation of the macrocyclic ether with the ionically bound potassium cation. This phenomenon was also observed to a lesser extent with ammonium ion but not with other cations such as lithium and cesium. This crown ether technique was then used to facilitate the purification of an amidation reaction.
The temperature dependences of halogen and cobalt NQR frequencies in trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride hydrochloride dihydrate and related compounds

Abstract The temperature dependences of 59Co and ligand halogen NOR frequencies of trans-[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl·HCl·2H2O(I), trans-[Co(en)2Cl2]NO3, trans-[Co(en)2Cl2]ClO4, trans-[Co(tn)2Cl2]Cl·HCl·2H2O, trans-[Co(en)2Br2]Br·HBr·2H2O, and trans[Rh(en)2Cl2]Cl·HCl·2H2O are presented. While the 59Co coupling constants have substantial negative temperature coefficients, the 35Cl frequency of I is essentially temperature independent and the halogen frequencies of the other compounds have small temperature coefficients that are either positive or negative. An analysis of the effects of librational motion using thermal parameters from a neutron diffraction study of I accounts for less than 15% of the 59Co coupling-constant temperature dependence. Point charge model calculations indicate that the direct contributions to the 59Co and 35Cl field gradients from lattice charges are small and have only a minor contribution to the temperature dependences. On the basis of extended H6ckel molecular orbital calculations, hydrogen bonds involving the complex ions are postulated to give a positive contribution to the halogen temperature coefficient that competes with the negative contribution from motional averaging. The hydrogen bonding may also result in 59Co temperature coefficients more negative than expected, but this explanation does not seem completely consistent with the data.
Elastic Scattering of Low-Energy Electrons by Atomic Hydrogen

The differential and total cross sections for elastic scattering of electrons by atomic hydrogen are calculated below the threshold for excitation of the second target quantum level (10.2 ev). A close-coupling approximation is used in which the total wave function is expanded in hydrogen eigenstates, and only terms corresponding to the $1s$, $2s$, and $2p$ states are retained; the wave function is symmetrized or antisymmetrized explicitly.The coupled set of integro-differential equations resulting from the approximate wave function is integrated numerically on an IBM 709 computer, subject to standard boundary conditions, to yield the phase shift in each total spin and total angular-momentum state. The solution involves an iteration procedure to treat the integral terms, and a specialized integration scheme, including an asymptotic expansion of the solution, to overcome certain numerical difficulties associated with low-incident electron energy.The results of this calculation agree reasonably well, in regions where comparison is possible, both with previous analyses and with experiment---although in states in which short-range correlation effects are important, the close-coupling expansion is seen to converge very slowly. It is suggested that this situation may be rectified either by including continuum hydrogen eigenstates in the wave function, or by replacing the close-coupling approximation by some different method, such as the alternative expansion suggested in the present work.The most striking feature of our results is the appearance in many of the spin and angular-momentum states of pronounced, extremely narrow Breit-Wigner resonances at energies slightly below the second quantum excitation threshold. The resonance lying lowest in energy has been analyzed in most detail; it occurs in the singlet $S$ state. It is found to have a full width at half maximum of 0.109 ev, and to be centered at 9.61 ev.The long-range polarization effect is found to be dominant only at and very near zero energy for $S$ and $P$ states; for $D$ states it is important up to 6 or 7 ev, and for $F$ states it is of central importance for almost the entire range of energy below threshold.The results of the calculation differ most from previous calculations at small scattering angles in the differential cross section, and in the existence of resonances near threshold. It is suggested that the former discrepancies can be resolved by differential cross-section measurements at angles of 30 deg and less, whereas the latter phenomenon requires electron-energy resolutions less than, or of the order of, 0.1 ev for experimental verification.
Plane Discontinuities in Coaxial Lines

The present paper establishes the equivalent circuit of a plane discontinuity in a coaxial line as a simple shunt capacitance. This capacitance is calculated for concentric changes of cross-section and concentric disks. In order to utilize the results of the analogous discontinuities in parallel-plate guides, "equivalent radii" are asymptotically calculated; and the results are sufficiently accurate for most practical applications.
An Introduction to QR Codes: Linking Libraries and Mobile Patrons

QR codes, or "Quick Response" codes, are two-dimensional barcodes that can be scanned by mobile smartphone cameras. These codes can be used to provide fast access to URLs, telephone numbers, and short passages of text. With the rapid adoption of smartphones, librarians are able to use QR codes to promote services and help library users find materials quickly and independently. This article will explain what QR codes are, discuss how they can be used in the library, and describe issues surrounding their use. A list of resources for generating and scanning QR codes is also provided.
Water, wood and wild animal populations : seeing the spread of rinderpest through the physical environment in Bechuanaland, 1896

Extracted from text ... 1. Diamond Fields Advertiser (hereafter DFA), 22 July 1896, 6. 2. Secondary publications include C. van Onselen, 'Reactions to Rinderpest in Southern Africa, 1896-1897', Journal of African History, 13 (1972), 473-88; P. Phoofolo, 'Epidemics and Revolutions: The Rinderpest Epidemic in Late Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa', Past and Present, 138 (Feb. 1993), 112-43; H. Saker and J. Aldridge. 'The Origins of the Langeberg Rebellion', Journal of African History, 12, 2 (1971), 299-317; K. Shillington, The Colonisation of the Southern Tswana, 1870-1900 (Braamfontein, 1985); A.S. Chigwedere, 'The 1896 Rinderpest Disease and its Consequences', Heritage, 2 (1982), 29-34; C. Ballard, 'The Repercussions of ..
QCD and minimum-bias physics : the importance of HERA photoproduction measurements

Abstract The complexity of the structure of very high energy hadron interactions can be described in a QCD-inspired model often referred to as the mini-jet model. We point out that, when combined with vector-meson dominance and the additive quark model, this model makes a definite prediction for the high energy photoproduction cross section which is in agreement with recent HERA results.
Induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by Sepharose-insulin

Abstract Insulin covalently bound to Sepharose causes a nearly 2-fold increase in tyrosine aminotransferase activity in monolayer cultures of hepatoma cells previously incubated with dexamethasone. The time course of the induction and its resistance to inhibition by actinomycin D is similar to that obtained with free insulin, although approximately 100 times higher concentrations of Sepharose-insulin than free insulin are required to achieve the same stimulation. Control experiments demonstrated that 0.2–2% of the bound insulin is released from the Sepharose during incubation with the cells. Because of the much greater sensitivity of the hepatoma cells to free insulin, however, this is sufficient to account for the majority of the stimulatory effect of Sepharose-insulin on transaminase activity. Our data do not exclude the hypothesis that insulin bound to Sepharose stimulates tyrosine aminotransferase activity in HTC cells, but do indicate the need for caution in the use of insoluble derivatives of insulin to determine whether insulin can exert its effects on specific protein synthesis without entering the cell.
Phosphorylation of regulatory subunit of type I cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase: biphasic effects of cyclic AMP in intact S49 mouse lymphoma cells.

Intact S49 mouse lymphoma cells were used as a model system to study the effects of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and its analogs on the phosphorylation of regulatory (R) subunit of type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation of R subunit was negligible in mutants deficient in adenylate cyclase; low levels of cAMP analogs, however, stimulated R subunit phosphorylation in these cells to rates comparable to those in wild-type cells. In both wild-type and adenylate cyclase-deficient cells, R subunit phosphorylation was inhibited by a variety of N6-substituted derivatives of cAMP; C-8-substituted derivatives were generally poor inhibitors. Two derivatives that were inactive as kinase activators (N6-carbamoylmethyl-5′-AMP and 2′-deoxy-N6-monobutyryl-cAMP) were also ineffective as inhibitors of R subunit phosphorylation. Preferential inhibition by N6-modified cAMP analogs could not be ascribed simply to selectivity for the more aminoterminal (site I) of the two cAMP-binding sites in R subunit: Analog concentrations required for inhibition of R subunit phosphorylation were always higher than those required for activation of endogenous kinase; 8-piperidino-cAMP, a C-8-substituted derivative that is selective for cAMP-binding site I, was relatively ineffective as an inhibitor; and, although thresholds for activation of endogenous kinase by site I-selective analogs could be reduced markedly by coincubation with low levels of site II-selective analogs, no such synergism was observed for the inhibitory effect. The uncoupling of cyclic nucleotide effects on R subunit phosphorylation from activation of endogenous protein kinase suggests that, in intact cells, activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase requires more than one and fewer than four molecules of cyclic nucleotide.
Effects of ethanol on gangliosides in the plasma, liver, and brain of inbred mouse strains

The mouse inbred strains C57BL/6ByJ and BALB/cJ show genetically different alcohol-related behaviors. Using these strains, we examined ganglioside contents in the plasma, liver, and brain with or without acute ethanol treatment. The quantification of GM1 was performed with a TLC-immunostaining procedure using choleragenoid, and the contents of other gangliosides were measured after staining with resorcinol reagents. It is known that there are polymorphisms in ganglioside compositions among inbred mouse strains. We found that the plasma GM1 level in BALB/cJ mice (1.6 ± 0.6 ng/μL) was 12 times higher than the level found in C57BL/6ByJ mice (0.13 ± 0.03 ng/μL) although the major ganglioside in both strains was GM2. The ganglioside profiles in the liver were similar to those of the plasma, and the GM1 level in BALB/cJ was 25 times higher than that of C57BL/6ByJ. The liver probably synthesizes the plasma gangliosides as suggested in other studies. The total brain ganglioside compositions were also different between BALB/cJ and C57BL/6ByJ. The levels of GD1b and GQ1b were higher in BALB/cJ although the GM1 contents were similar. These animals were injected with 20% ethanol intraperitoneally in a single dose of 3 g/kg and the ganglioside contents were measured after 4 h. The GM1 levels in the liver and plasma were lower in ethanol-treated animals while the GM1 levels were higher in erythrocytes and brains. Since it has been shown that the administration of GM1 attenuates or modifies the effects of ethanol in several animal models, the difference in GM1 contents in the plasma between BALB/cJ and C57BL/6ByJ may contribute to some of the differences in ethanol-related behaviors or toxicity between these strains.
Stress relaxation of branched polymers

Stress relaxation dynamics of model branched homopolymers with a range of architectures (A2B (T-shaped) and AB2 (Y-shaped) asymmetric stars, ABn (combs), B2-A-B2 (H-shaped), and B3-A-B3 (pom-poms))...
Preparation of carbon-14 labeled hair dyes: Disperse blue 1

Friedel-Crafts acylation of [U- 14 C]p-dichlorobenzene with 3,6-dichlorophthalic anhydride in aluminum bromide melt followed by oleum cyclization afforded [U- 14 C]-1,4,5,8-tetrachloroanthraquinone. Potassium fluoride mediated amidosulfonation followed by hydrolysis gave [U- 14 C]-1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone with specific activity 39.7 mCi/mmol in 5.6% radiochemical yield.
Secure document engineering

With the boom in interactive and composite documents and the increased coupling between the on-line and physical worlds, the need for secure document engineering is greater than ever. Four important factors contribute to the need to re-engineer document lifecycles and the associated workflows. The first is the rapid increase in mobile access to documents. The second is the movement of documents from private directories, shared directories and intranets to the cloud. The third is the increased generation of - and expectation for - document content, context and use analytics. Finally, the proliferation of social website applications and services over the past half-decade have created for many a constant state of log-in. Each of these trends creates a significantly increased "attack surface" for individuals, organizations and governments interested in breaching the privacy and security of web users. Combined, these transformations create as big a change to content security as that of the browser in the 1990s. In this workshop, we consider the impact of these ongoing transformations in document creation and interaction, and consider what the best approaches will be to provide privacy and security in light of these transformations.
Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q): norms for US college students

To present normative data for the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire, 6th edition (EDE-Q) from a large (n = 2,448), diverse (56 % White) sample of college students. Participants completed the EDE-Q online. Mean scores and percentile ranks for global and subscale (restraint and eating, weight, and shape concerns) scores and binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior (dietary restraint, self-induced vomiting, medicine misuse, excessive exercise) frequencies were computed. Women had higher global and subscale scores and tended to engage in inappropriate compensatory behaviors more often than men. Women with clinically significant restraint, and eating, shape, and weight concerns scores equaled 5.4, 2.0, 18.6, and 13.0 %, respectively, and, for men, equaled 3.0, 0.3, 6.0, and 2.0 %. Compared with less diverse samples, women in this study had significantly higher shape concern and lower restraint and eating concern scores and men had lower shape and weight concern scores. Normative data from this diverse sample can help healthcare professionals and researchers better interpret EDE-Q scores.
DETERMINATION OF BTEX CONTAMINANTS IN WATER VIA A LONG-PATHLENGTH FIBER-OPTIC RAMAN 'DIP-STICK'

Abstract A novel device is described for measuring benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) in water. The instrument employs a long-pathlength fiber-optic Raman ‘dip-stick’ for rapid in-situ interrogation of liquid samples. The instrumental set-up, experimental conditions and fiber probe design are described in detail. Signal enhancements by factors of 100–150 over conventional Raman measurements have been achieved and limits of detection at the 95% confidence interval of 8–48 ppm for the BTEX analytes in water have been calculated. Signal response has been demonstrated to be linear over four orders of magnitude. Factors limiting detection limits have been identified and possible solutions are presented.
The Role of Heritage Language Development in the Ethnic Identity and Family Relationships of Adolescents from Immigrant Backgrounds.

The influence of immigrant-background adolescents' heritage language (HL) proficiency and use of the language on parent–adolescent relationships and ethnic identity was investigated in a sample of 414 adolescents from Latin American and Asian backgrounds. HL proficiency, but not language use, was positively associated with the quality of parent–adolescent relationships. Although HL proficiency and language use were both associated with ethnic identity, when taken together, only HL proficiency was a reliable predictor. These findings indicate that it is the development of proficiency in the HL that influences adolescents' successful adjustment, rather than their choice of languages. It is therefore important to support HL development in order to help immigrant-background students to better cope with the stresses of adolescence.
The efficacy and safety of quinapril in the treatment of moderate to severe and severe hypertension: Comparison to captopril

Major studies comparing the efficacy and safety of quinapril and captopril in the treatment of moderate to severe or severe hypertension are reviewed. Given concurrently with hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg/day to patients with moderate to severe hypertension, quinapril 20-80 mg/day twice daily was found to be more effective than captopril 50-200 mg/day twice daily, and quinapril 10-40 mg/day once daily was found to be as effective as captopril 25-100 mg/day twice daily. Given as initial monotherapy to patients with severe hypertension, quinapril 10-40 mg/day twice daily was found to be as effective as captopril 50-200 mg/day twice daily. Quinapril was found to be well tolerated, both when administered against a diuretic background and when diuretic was added to a quinapril regimen.
Crisis Management Teams (CMT): Leveraging the Science of Team Performance under Stress

Crisis management teams play a vital role in our nation's ability to effectively respond to disaster situations. However, the tasks that these teams perform happen infrequently and are often ambiguous and dynamic in nature. Furthermore, they involve interdependent action from many different organizations that may not work together on a regular basis. While it is common to train members in task-work skills, less common is the explicit training of teamwork skills. Research and real-world examples show that teamwork is not an automatic consequence of being in a team. As CMTs are often interdisciplinary and operate in environments characterized by stressors effective teamwork becomes even more of a challenge. Several communities have invested heavily into understanding the impact of stress on teamwork and decision-making within complex environments. The focus of this paper will be extracting lessons from these communities in an effort to provide guidance to CMTs.
Scientific writing seminar for early-stage investigators in substance abuse research.

ABSTRACTBackground: There is little information on how to increase the scientific writing productivity of early-stage investigators in the addictions field. A scientific writing seminar is presented in this article, aiming to encourage manuscript writing and dissemination of addiction research, and outcomes are reported for 14 years of the seminar. Methods: In 14 years, there were 113 postdoctoral fellow enrollments in a 6-month writing seminar. Records of submission and publication rates of manuscripts were collected for 14 cohorts. Results: Of the 113 participant enrollments, 97 (86%) submitted a manuscript for publication, and 87 participants (77%) published their manuscript. Conclusions: A scientific writing seminar may benefit writing productivity, but more research is needed to compare this training model with other existing models.
Airway reconstruction in children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Summary Objective To determine if children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis were at increased risk of complications due to their disease following major airway reconstruction. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our airway surgery database and the medical records of all children diagnosed with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis who were evaluated at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center between January 1998 and August 2003. All patients with active airway papillomas or a history of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis who underwent open airway reconstruction at our institution were included in the study. Results Seven children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis underwent major airway reconstruction. Six children had tracheotomies and five are now decannulated following their airway reconstruction. Five children had active papillomas at the time of surgery and none had significant worsening of their papillomas following their procedures. Two patients in remission underwent airway reconstruction without recurrence of their papillomas. Conclusions Major airway reconstruction can be safely performed in children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
Donor-recipient sex mismatch in kidney transplantation.

Abstract Background The lack of reliable human proxies for minor (ie, non-HLA) histocompatibility loci hampers the ability to leverage these factors toward improving transplant outcomes. Despite conflicting reports of the effect of donor–recipient sex mismatch on renal allografts, the association between acute rejection of renal allografts and the development of human alloantibodies to the male H-Y antigen suggested to us that donor–recipient sex mismatch deserved re-evaluation. Objective To evaluate whether the relationships between donor sex and allograft failure differed by recipient sex. Methods We studied recipients of deceased-donor (n = 125,369) and living-donor (n = 63,139) transplants in the United States Renal Data System. Using Cox proportional hazards models stratified by donor type, we estimated the association between donor–recipient sex mismatch and death-censored allograft failure with adjustment for known risk factors, with and without the use of multiple imputation methods to account for potential bias and/or loss of efficiency due to missing data. Results The advantage afforded by male donor kidneys was more pronounced among male than among female recipients (8% vs 2% relative risk reduction; interaction P Conclusions Donor–recipient sex mismatch affects renal allograft survival in a direction consistent with immune responses to sexually determined minor histocompatibility antigens. Our study provides a paradigm for clinical detection of markers for minor histocompatibility loci.
A review of physical activity correlates in patients with bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Existing studies do suggest that physical activity interventions may be feasible and have a role in promoting mental and physical health in patients with bipolar disorder. The present review evaluates systematically quantitative studies of correlates of physical activity in patients with bipolar disorder. Methods We searched EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL from their inception, combining the medical subject headings ‘bipolar disorder’ or ‘mania’ or ‘manic depression’ with ‘physical activity’ or ‘physical inactivity’ or ‘exercise’. Results Out of 40 potentially eligible studies, 11 papers evaluating 26 correlates were included. Correlates that were associated with lower physical activity participation were lower self - efficacy, presence of medical co-morbidity, lower educational status and social isolation. Less consistent variables associated with lower physical activity participation included higher BMI, older age, financial strains, not being connected to a health care service, and minority ethnicity. A larger study sample size was related to a higher proportion of significant associations ( p =0.04). Current gaps in literature which need to be examined more in detail are the role of psychiatric symptoms, environmental and policy - level factors. Limitations The diversity of physical activity measures and subject samples prevented us to perform a meta - analysis. Conclusions All significant correlates should be confirmed in prospective studies and interventions to improve the modifiable variables should be developed and evaluated. The reviewed data also demonstrate that validation studies on physical activity measurements are highly needed.
Dutch disease economics and oil syndrome: An empirical study

Abstract This paper integrates the existing Dutch Disease models of an oil boom into a reduced-form three-sector model and estimates it for five developing oil-exporting countries having significant agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Time-series annual data for the period 1966–1986 are used for Algeria, Ecuador, Indonesia, Nigeria and Venezuela. Their output composition is altered by an increase in their oil revenues, the spending effect, and in the world price of manufactured goods relative to agricultural products, the world-price effect. Both effects expand the manufacturing sectors of these countries and contract their agricultural sectors. The spending effect expands their nontraded sectors whereas the world-price effect may expand or contract them. The opposite results are implied for the oil collapse of the 1980s.
Male aggression against women : An evolutionary perspective.

Male aggression against females in primates, including humans, often functions to control female sexuality to the male’s reproductive advantage. A comparative, evolutionary perspective is used to generate several hypotheses to help to explain cross-cultural variation in the frequency of male aggression against women. Variables considered include protection of women by kin, male-male alliances and male strategies for guarding mates and obtaining adulterous matings, and male resource control. The relationships between male aggression against women and gender ideologies, male domination of women, and female sexuality are also considered.
Analyzing the Held-Karp TSP bound: a monotonicity property with application

Abstract In their 1971 paper on the travelling salesman problem and minimum spanning trees, Held and Karp showed that finding an optimally weighted 1-tree is equivalent to solving a linear program for the traveling salesman problem (TSP) with only node-degree constraints and subtour elimination constraints. In this paper we show that the Held-Karp 1-trees have a certain monotonicity property: given a particular instance of the symmetric TSP with triangle inequality, the cost of the minimum weighted 1-tree is monotonic with respect to the set of nodes included. As a consequence, we obtain an alternate proof of a result of Wolsey and show that linear programs with node-degree and subtour elimination constraints must have a cost at least 2 3 OPT where OPT is the cost of the optimum solution to the TSP instance.