cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Fracture Mechanics in Assuring Against Fatigue Failure of Ceramic Components

The use of ceramics in high performance applications offers a challenge to scientists and engineers; the challenge of designing structural components with brittle materials. Design problems arise for two reasons when brittle materials are used as structural components: 1. The strength of brittle materials is not a well defined quantity, but can vary widely depending on the material; 2. The strength of brittle materials is time dependent so that these materials often exhibit a time delay to failure. This time dependence and scatter of strength so typical of most ceramic materials occurs because of the presence of defects such as cracks or crack-like flaws in these materials. When subjected to an applied tensile stress, these defects act as stress concentrators and fracture occurs when the applied stress intensity factor reaches a critical value. Scatter in the strength of ceramic materials is a consequence of the scatter in the size of the most critical defect in the ceramic. The time dependence of strength results from subcritical crack growth, which gradually lengthens the crack until it reaches critical dimensions, at which time failure occurs. The time delay to failure is the time required for the crack to go from a subcritical to a critical size.
A Developmental Approach to School-Based Treatment of Adolescents Exposed to Trauma and Traumatic Loss

Over the past decade, the UCLA Trauma Psychiatry Program has developed a school-based intervention program for children and adolescents who have been exposed to trauma and/or traumatic loss, and who suffer from chronic distress and related impairments in academic, peer and family functioning. The program includes a systematic method for screening a student body, a manualized 16–20 week trauma/grief focused group psychotherapy protocol, adjunctive individual and family therapy and specialized measures to assess symptom reduction and adaptive functioning. This article provides a description of the Program, focusing on the group therapy component and the conceptual model that has guided the design of the assessment tools and treatment strategies.
Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Responses to Traps Baited With Pheromones in Peach and Apple Orchards.

Monitoring insect populations is a fundamental component of integrated pest management programs. In many cropping systems, monitoring is accomplished through captures in baited traps. The aggregation pheromone and pheromone synergist for the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are known. We compared the response of H. halys to commercial lures in peach and apple orchards. Two commercial pheromone formulations, PHEROCON Trece BMSB ('Trece') and AgBio Inc. Stink Bug Xtra Combo ('Xtra Combo'), were compared with unbaited traps in peach orchards in 2015 and 2016 and in an apple orchard in 2016. In both crops and years, more H. halys responded to the Trece lure, and fruit from trees near baited traps had correspondingly higher injury. In both years, peach fruit near Trece baited traps had significantly higher feeding injury (52.2 ± 5.0%) than fruit near Xtra Combo baited and unbaited traps (35.2 ± 4.5% and 22.2 ± 3.4%, respectively). Injury to apple fruit near baited traps in 2016 was significantly different from fruit near unbaited traps (Trece: 93.0 ± 3.8%, Xtra Combo: 74.1 ± 5.1%, and unbaited: 19.0 ± 2.7%). A field response index, which quantifies attraction of H. halys to each lure, demonstrated an equal response to both lures in 2015 peach and a higher response to Trece lure in 2016 in both crops, which suggests the lure is pulling bugs from a larger area. We conclude that formulation differences, population pressure, and host plant species influence H. halys populations' response and resulting injury, and should be considered for trap-based decision management.
TIA1 regulates the generation and response to toxic tau oligomers

RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are strongly linked to the pathophysiology of motor neuron diseases. Recent studies show that RBPs, such as TIA1, also contribute to the pathophysiology of tauopathy. RBPs co-localize with tau pathology, and reduction of TIA1 protects against tau-mediated neurodegeneration. The mechanism through which TIA1 reduction protects against tauopathy, and whether TIA1 modulates the propagation of tau, are unknown. Previous studies indicate that the protective effect of TIA1 depletion correlates with both the reduction of oligomeric tau and the reduction of pathological TIA1 positive tau inclusions. In the current report, we used a novel tau propagation approach to test whether TIA1 is required for producing toxic tau oligomers and whether TIA1 reduction would provide protection against the spread of these oligomers. The approach used young PS19 P301S tau mice at an age at which neurodegeneration would normally not yet occur and seeding oligomeric or fibrillar tau by injection into hippocampal CA1 region. We find that propagation of exogenous tau oligomers (but not fibrils) across the brain drives neurodegeneration in this model. We demonstrate that TIA1 reduction essentially brackets the pathophysiology of tau, being required for the production of tau oligomers, as well as regulating the response of neurons to propagated toxic tau oligomers. These results indicate that RNA binding proteins modulate the pathophysiology of tau at multiple levels and provide insights into possible therapeutic approaches to reduce the spread of neurodegeneration in tauopathy.
Behavior: Should I Stay or Should I Go?

Laboratory-conditioned ‘wild-type' Caenorhabditis elegans are different from wild-isolated strains. Now it seems some differences lead lab-conditioned animals to act irrationally after experiencing starvation early in development. This increases the repertoire of behaviors we can study with these fascinating animals.
Are Circuit Courts Right to Deny Jurors the Ability to Set Punitive Damages?: The Curious Case of Marla

2019 was a strange year. One of its strangest cases was decided only a month ago. The case—Saccameno v. Ocwen—involves a dizzying nightmare of facts. The jury thought the ordeal, which caused the plaintiff to develop severe mental illness, merited $3,000,000 in punitive damages. The 7th Circuit disagreed with both the jury and the district judge, partly because (it said) the "reprehensibility" analysis used to determine the constitutionality of punitive damage awards takes a plaintiff's deteriorating physical but not mental state into account. In doing so, it lowered the award to produce a 1:1 ratio of punitive to compensatory damages—$582,000. Although it may have been legally correct, the 7th Circuit's decision highlights a troubling trend in American law—one undermining the Seventh Amendment—wherein judicial elites instead of juries, our most democratic institution, are empowered to decide punitive damages awards.
Variation in Pediatric Palliative Care Allocation Among Critically Ill Children in the United States

OBJECTIVES The objectives are as follows: 1) estimate palliative care consult rates and trends among critically ill children and 2) characterize which children receive palliative care consults, including those meeting previously proposed ICU-specific palliative care screening criteria. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. SETTING Fifty-two United States children's hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information Systems database. PATIENTS Hospitalized children with nonneonatal ICU admissions from 2007 to 2018. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary outcome was palliative care consultation, as identified by the palliative care International Classification of Disease code. Patient characteristics and outcomes were compared between those with and without palliative care. We used a mixed-effects multivariable model to estimate the independent association between the palliative care and patient characteristics accounting for institution and subject clustering. Hospitalizations were categorized into three mutually exclusive groups for comparative analyses: 1) meeting ICU-specific palliative care criteria, 2) presence of a complex chronic condition not in ICU-specific palliative care criteria, or 3) not meeting ICU-specific palliative care or complex chronic condition criteria. Rates and trends of palliative care consultation were estimated including variation among institutions and variation among subcategories of ICU-specific palliative care criteria. The study cohort included 740,890 subjects with 1,024,666 hospitalizations. About 1.36% of hospitalizations had a palliative care consultation. Palliative care consult was independently associated with older age, female sex, government insurance, inhospital mortality, and ICU-specific palliative care or complex chronic condition criteria. Among the hospitalizations, 30% met ICU-specific palliative care criteria, 40% complex chronic condition criteria, and 30% neither. ICU-specific palliative care patients received more mechanical ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, had longer hospital and ICU lengths of stay, and had higher inhospital mortality (p < 0.001). Palliative care utilization increased over the study period with considerable variation between the institutions especially in the ICU-specific palliative care cohort and its subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Palliative care consultation for critically ill children in the United States is low. Palliative care utilization is increasing but considerable variation exists across institutions, suggesting inequity in palliative care allocation among this vulnerable population. Future studies should evaluate factors influencing allocation of palliative care among critically ill children in the United States and the drivers of differences between the institutional practices.
High-fidelity DNA ligation enforces accurate Okazaki fragment maturation during DNA replication.

DNA ligase 1 (LIG1, Cdc9 in yeast) finalizes eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication by sealing Okazaki fragments using DNA end-joining reactions that strongly discriminate against incorrectly paired DNA substrates. Whether intrinsic ligation fidelity contributes to the accuracy of replication of the nuclear genome is unknown. Here, we show that an engineered low-fidelity LIG1Cdc9 variant confers a novel mutator phenotype in yeast typified by the accumulation of single base insertion mutations in homonucleotide runs. The rate at which these additions are generated increases upon concomitant inactivation of DNA mismatch repair, or by inactivation of the Fen1Rad27 Okazaki fragment maturation (OFM) nuclease. Biochemical and structural data establish that LIG1Cdc9 normally avoids erroneous ligation of DNA polymerase slippage products, and this protection is compromised by mutation of a LIG1Cdc9 high-fidelity metal binding site. Collectively, our data indicate that high-fidelity DNA ligation is required to prevent insertion mutations, and that this may be particularly critical following strand displacement synthesis during the completion of OFM. DNA ligase 1 (LIG1) finalizes eukaryotic nuclear DNA synthesis by sealing Okazaki fragments using DNA end-joining reactions. Here the authors, by studying an engineered low-fidelity LIG1, reveal that LIG1 is a highly accurate DNA ligase in vivo.
Neonatal endocrinology

Neonatal endocrinology is a diverse topic. Several chapters could be devoted to the endocrinology of fetal transition alone. The next several pages contain a brief overview of some pertinent illnesses. It is intended not to give an absolute map in the care of these patients but to help guide the physician in tailoring an approach for each patient based on current theories and practice parameters. It could also aid in improving the physician’s understanding of screening laboratories used to identify those infants at risk of preventable, treatable and potentially disastrous diseases (i.e.congenial hypothyroidism). These metabolic screens are discussed due to their efficacy in the United States. In our experience, depending on the prevalence of a specific disease a few simple procedures allow for an efficient and economic way to reach ill children in a timely fashion. Other topics included in this article were reported based on their common occurrence, the lethality of illnesses if undiagnosed or their unique treatment. In the neonate hypoglycemia, either iatrogenic or secondary to sepsis, a congenital disorder of neisidioblastosis can have severe implications on the development of the CNS if not promptly treated and prevented. Some of these disorders require an experienced endocrinologist or neonatologist to treat and supervise conscientiously (i.e. CAH). However, as most of us know, it is sometimes hard to find such an individual in a community based practice. Therefore, it becomes of paramount value that each of us pays attention to the treatment of these illnesses for the sake of the children we care for.
Fair Seat Allocations in Plurality Systems with Implications for the Efficiency Gap and Detecting Partisan Gerrymandering

We construct a baseline standard for determining fair seat proportions in plurality voting for two-party and multiparty elections. The construction is intuitive and computationally simple, and it produces sensible theoretical and empirical results when applied to U.S. and Canadian elections. It also includes the efficiency gap standard as its best linear approximation at parity. The new standard implies that plurality voting systems are inherently biased in favor of large parties, irrespective of any practical limitations or gerrymandering. Finally, we apply the standard to the detection of partisan gerrymanders in a way that remedies well-known deficiencies in measures like the efficiency gap.
Effectiveness of lending for vocational education and training: lessons from World Bank experience

This paper reviews the Bank involvement in the vocational education and training (VET) sub-sector in the 1990s. The paper aims to do just that, by mainly seeking answers to the following questions: 1) How has the Bank performed in its lending services to its clients in VET? 2) How have VET projects performed in terms of meeting stated objectives? 3) What factors led to the success, or failure of Bank operations? Based on what has been learned, the paper provides suggestions about how the performance of future VET interventions can be improved. This review concerns itself primarily with implementation performance, and proposes measures to improve project outcomes.
Scientific Perspectives: Structural Biology of LRRK2 and its Interaction with Microtubules.

Mutations in leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a major cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and a risk factor for its sporadic form. LRRK2 hyperactivity has also been reported in sporadic PD, making LRRK2 an appealing target for PD small-molecule therapeutics. At a cellular level, increasing evidence suggests that LRRK2 regulates membrane trafficking. Under some conditions LRRK2 also associates with microtubules, the cellular tracks used by dynein and kinesin motors to move membranes. At a structural level, however, relatively little was known about LRRK2. An important step toward bridging this gap took place last year with the publication of structures of LRRK2's cytosolic and microtubule-bound forms. Here, we review the main findings from these studies and discuss what we see as the major challenges going forward with a focus on areas that will require structural information. We also introduce the structural techniques-cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography-that were instrumental to solving the structures of LRRK2. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Calibrating Thermomechanical Triaxial Cells for Transient Thermal Loads

This paper presents a method to integrate the thermal calibration of triaxial cells into the testing procedure, facilitating accurate measurements of thermally-induced pore pressures and volumetric strains during transient thermal loads. For this purpose, a modified thermomechanical triaxial cell that can control the specimen temperature at a specified rate is utilized. Unlike other thermomechanical systems, a separate backpressure pump is connected to each drainage line (top and bottom) measuring the thermally-induced volumetric strains of water filling the respective line. These volumetric strains are measured using a solid acrylic dummy sample under different effective stresses and heating rates. These calibrated system strains were independent of the temperature change rate but impacted by effective stress. These system volumetric strains are withdrawn from the system when applying a transient thermal load to an actual soil specimen either at the drained or undrained boundaries. In the end, we demonstrate the capability of the developed system calibration to capture accurate thermally-induced pore pressures and volumetric strains in two clay specimens subjected to transient heating loads at different rates.
How to Better Frame Problems

Before managers can solve problems or take advantage of opportunities that may arise in their businesses, they must frame those problems or opportunities. Typically, leaders identify and frame problems intuitively and without much conscious deliberation.Framing problems is more an art than a science. It is also profoundly linked with the way our brains work, especially the intuitive processes we use to make sense of the world around us. This technical note illustrates how this process unfolds and how one can find a better frame, thus discovering actions that actually work to solve problems. Excerpt UVA-G-0630 Jul. 13, 2012 How to Better Frame Problems In mid-2009, a global clothing retailer found itself in an unexpected and difficult situation. The past decade had seen unprecedented growth and expansion of the company. The company's number of retail stores in the world had risen from 50 in 1995 to 852 in 2009. Despite this spectacular growth, the company's profits had remained stagnant in recent quarters, and thus its stock price had fallen—in part because investors had lost faith in the company's ability to grow revenues and decrease costs. Executives in the company were also concerned about the decrease in profitability. They framed the problem as one of revenue growth, and as a result, the company began efforts to open more stores, hire more associates, and cross-sell more items to each customer. Despite throwing tens of millions of dollars and hundreds of thousands of employee work hours at the problem, the company's profits continued to decline. At the end of 2010, the board enlisted a new CEO who framed the profitability problem in a different way. For the new CEO, revenues were dropping because the company was not fulfilling its value proposition to customers. When the profitability problem was reframed from a growth problem to a customer satisfaction problem, it became clear to the new CEO and her team that the old tactics used to grow revenues were actually hurting the customer experience and further eroding profitability. Thinking about the problem as a customer satisfaction problem offered different opportunities for action. The new CEO reduced the number of new retail locations, trained new staff to deliver a high-quality customer experience, and reduced the number of items that were available in stores to sell to customers—all in an effort to restore the brand experience and make customers happy. Over the following year, these measures slowly restored profitability to the company. Problem Framing . . .
Are Banks Necessary or a Problem and Do All Bailouts Create More Inequality

The history of banking provides a view that banks are often a liability to stable economies and their behavior can promote inequality, especially when they are involved in imprudent manipulation of credit and money and require government bailouts. What is the future of capitalism without banks, can new e-financial institutions take their place?
Adaptive Collaborative Intelligence: Key Strategies for Sensemaking in the Wild

In the real world, no one makes decision alone. Whether developing community responses during a pandemic, intelligence driven military operations, or business plans in turbulent economic times, effective collaboration and coordination between teams, across organizational levels, and organizations is often critical for success. For example, disaster response systems often require local personnel to estimate supply needs they have little or no experience with, resulting in wasted effort, wasted resources, or worse failure to deliver. To support adaptive systems for collaboration, one must first identify key dimensions of collaborative sensemaking that need to be adaptive. In this paper, I review several themes of collaboration from field studies we conducted against a literature review of ethnographic studies to highlight the role of adaptive collaborative intelligence in operational teams. Three collaborative themes are highlighted: coordinate through awareness of work progress, attention, while not disrupting, and supporting layers of context. They provide initial suggestions for where adaptive systems could support collaborative intelligence .
Long-Term Redistribution of Residual Gas Due to Non-convective Transport in the Aqueous Phase

Geological CO $$_2$$ sequestration is an effective approach to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by permanently trapping CO $$_2$$ in the subsurface. A large portion of injected CO $$_2$$ is trapped by capillary forces in pores and eventually dissolves into the reservoir brine due to convective mixing to achieve permanent entrapment. In regions where convective mixing is slow, non-convective transport can play an important role in redistributing residually trapped CO $$_2$$ , but the mechanisms and timescales for redistribution have yet to be explored thoroughly. In previous work, we have shown that capillary pressure difference among residually trapped gas ganglia can induce Ostwald ripening, thereby redistributing the separate-phase gas through diffusion despite the gas phase remaining trapped over the entire course of equilibration. In this study, we show from a thermodynamic point of view that other natural gradients in geologic formations— hydrostatic pressure, geothermal gradients and capillary heterogeneity—can also redistribute CO $$_2$$ by non-convective transport. Mechanisms for resulting non-convective transport include molecular diffusion, the sedimentation effect and potentially the Soret effect. Results show that hydrostatic pressure dominates redistribution such that the separate-phase gas is transported upward through molecular diffusion and accumulates under the seal at the steady state. A typical timescale for gas phase redistribution is $$10^5$$ years/m; for a 100-m-thick formation, redistribution is complete after $$\sim 10^7$$ years. Although non-convective transport is an extremely slow process, it causes local accumulation of the gas phase and in some settings may remobilize the trapped gas phase.
Impact of the Boston Marathon bombing and its aftermath on refugees and survivors of torture

On April 15, 2013, Boston residents and guests gathered for the Boston Marathon. Two explosives at the finish line killed three people and injured hundreds of others. As part of our clinical encounters, patients of the Boston Center for Refugee Health & Human Rights were asked about the marathon bombing. We were concerned about the high level of armed security as many of our patients had been detained in their countries of origin. Eighty patients seen between April 16 and July 7, 2013 were asked about their experience of the Boston Marathon bombing and its aftermath. A retrospective chart review was undertaken and data analyzed using Atlas.ti & SPSS. Approximately 86 % of those interviewed were reminded of their past trauma. The following themes emerged: triggering and trauma related symptoms, content specific cognitive schemas, recognition of the universality of violence, fears of discrimination, issues surrounding safety, and specific concerns of Muslims.
Environmental application of remote sensing methods to coastal zone land use and marine resources management

The interrelationships of biophysical environmental systems are investigated. Social decision-making affecting the environments of a coastal megapolis are examined. Remote sensing from high altitude aircraft and satellites afforded a powerful and indepensible tool for inventory and planning for urban development. Repetitive low to medium altitude photography is also used for studying environmental dynamics, and to document the cultural impact of man on his environment.
Time constant of defect relaxation in ion-irradiated 3C-SiC

Above room temperature, the buildup of radiation damage in SiC is a dynamic process governed by the mobility and interaction of ballistically generated point defects. Here, we study the dynamics of radiation defects in 3C-SiC bombarded at 100 °C with 500 keV Ar ions, with the total ion dose split into a train of equal pulses. Damage–depth profiles are measured by ion channeling for a series of samples irradiated under identical conditions except for different durations of the passive part of the beam cycle. Results reveal an effective defect relaxation time constant of ∼3 ms (for second order kinetics) and a dynamic annealing efficiency of ∼40% for defects in both Si and C sublattices. This demonstrates a crucial role of dynamic annealing at elevated temperatures and provides evidence of the strong coupling of defect accumulation processes in the two sublattices of 3C-SiC.
Selecting Sawn-Timber Compression and Tension Members

Columns are generally thought of as the vertical supporting members of buildings. However, there are other structural members that act as columns—the piers of a bridge or the compression chord of a truss, for example. Generally columns are compression members, but they can also have combined compression and bending or can even have tensile axial force under loading that causes uplift. For purposes of design, we define a column as a structural member whose primary loads are axial compression.
USSR NATIONALITY REDISTRIBUTION BY REPUBLIC, 1979-1989: From Published Results of the 1989 All-Union Census

An additional report on the results of the 1989 population census...describes changes in the ethnic composition of Soviet republics and other major regions (e.g. Siberia) as well as changes in the spatial distribution of the countrys major ethnic groups. Data from the major 1989 Goskomstat source publication are refined and supplemented by information from more recent sources. Coverage is in a format similar to the reported ethnic results of the 1979 population census...to facilitate comparability. (EXCERPT)
Evaluation of Corn, Soybean and Barley Varieties for Certified Organic Production—Crawfordsville Trial, 2002

Introduction Beginning in 1998, a long-term crop rotation experiment was initiated to examine the effects of organic practices on crop yield, soil quality, and grain quality. A minimum three-year crop rotation is required for certified organic crop production (National Organic Program, 2002). Organic fields at the Southeast Research Farm follow a rotation of corn-soybean-barley/red clover. Results reported here represent the fifth year of production—the second year of the row crop (corn or soybean) following a full 3-year rotation.
Immunologic Identification of Tissue Factor (Thromboplastin) Synthesized by Cultured Fibroblasts

Immunologic methods were employed in an attempt to identify a potent procoagulant present in homogenates of human skin fibroblasts cultured in vitro. The activity of this procoagulant was restricted to the early stages of coagulation and was heretofore considered to be due to tissue factor (tissue thromboplastin, factor III) either alone or in combination with one or more of the first-stage coagulation factors (VIII, IX, XI, XII). The present studies demonstrated that procoagulant activity was not diminished by incubation with anti-VIII or anti-IX antibodies of human origin or with anti-VIII antibody of rabbit origin. Furthermore, cell culture homogenates failed to bind antifactor VIII antibody and did not contain an inhibitor of the reaction between factor VIII and its antibody. By contrast, procoagulant activity was obliterated by an antibody to tissue factor protein regardless of whether plasmas deficient in factor VIII, IX, XI, or XII were used in the assay system. The antitissue factor antibody failed to block the procoagulant effect after tissue factor had complexed factor VII. The procoagulant, therefore, consisted entirely of tissue factor.
Structural and functional properties of the hsp16.4-bearing plasmid pER341 in Streptococcus thermophilus.

Abstract The plasmid pER341 (2798 bp) ofStreptococcus thermophilusST134 was sequenced and its open reading frame (ORF) regions were characterized. Analysis of nucleotide sequences showed the putative translation product of ORF1 (rep) sharing a high level of homology with replication proteins of several small plasmids present in lactic acid bacteria and staphylococci. This and homology of regions of plus-strand (ORI) and minus-strand (ssoA) origin of replication with pC194-class plasmids indicated that pER341 replicates by the rolling-circle mechanism. ORF2 corresponded to a putativehspgene that apparently encodes Hsp16.4, a 142-amino-acid heat stress protein. Hsp16.4 shared significant identity with other small, 18-kDa-class heat stress proteins from prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources. Hsp16.4 is apparently the first plasmidborne low-molecular-weight heat stress protein reported in dairy fermentation bacteria with a potential role in temperature-regulated functions inS. thermophilus.
g factors of high spin states in 154Dy.

Applying a self-consistent cranked Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory the variation of [ital g] factors in [sup 154]Dy as a function of angular momentum is studied up to high spins, [ital I]=40. In the spin range 20--40 our calculated numbers are in a better agreement with the data than the earlier predictions. We find that several single-particle orbitals undergo rotation alignment and proton pairing does not collapse even at [ital I]=40.
Phylogeny of the Gas‐Exchange System: Red Cell Function

The sections in this article are: 1 Evolution of Hemoglobin Molecule 2 Hemoglobin Function Inside Red Cells 2.1 Red Cell Metabolism 2.2 Allosteric Controllers of Hemoglobin Function 2.3 Red Cell pH 3 Oxygen Capacity of Blood 4 Hematopoiesis in Ectothermic Vertebrates 5 Oxygen Dissociation Curve and the Environment 5.1 Adaptations to Temperature 5.2 Adaptations to Hypoxia 5.3 Transition From Water Breathing to Air Breathing 6 Organismic Adaptations 6.1 Oxygen Uptake and Metabolic Machinery 6.2 Allometry 6.3 Circulatory Shunts 7 Conclusion
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib enhances the activity of docetaxel in orthotopic human pancreatic tumor zenografts

Bortezomib (Velcade, formerly known as PS-341) is a boronic acid dipeptide derivative, which is a selective and potent inhibitor of the proteasome. We examined the antitumor activity of combination therapy with bortezomib + docetaxel in two human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaCa-2 and L3.6pl) selected for their divergent responses to bortezomib alone. Bortezomib blocked docetaxel-induced apoptosis in the MiaPaCa-2 cells and failed to enhance docetaxel-induced apoptosis in L3.6pl cells in vitro but did interact positively with docetaxel to inhibit clonogenic survival. These effects were associated with decreased accumulation of cells in M phase, stabilization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21 and p27, and inhibition of cdk2 and cdc2 activities. In orthotopic xenografts, combination therapy produced significant reductions in tumor weight and volume in both models associated with accumulation of p21, inhibition of proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Combination therapy also reduced tumor microvessel densities, effects that were associated with reductions in tumor cell production of vascular endothelial growth factor and increased levels of apoptosis in tumor-associated endothelial cells. Together, our results suggest that bortezomib enhances the antitumoral activity of taxanes by enforcing cell growth arrest and inhibiting angiogenesis.
The Joint Accomplishment of Identity

Identity has become a central concept in the analysis of learning from social perspectives. In this article, we draw on a situative perspective to conceptualize identity as a joint accomplishment between individuals and their interactions with norms, practices, cultural tools, relationships, and institutional and cultural contexts. Employing vignettes from our prior research, we examine the joint accomplishment of identity with respect to different levels of activity, including how identity develops in relation to the practices of a particular activity, how identity shifts over time across activities, and how more enduring communities and practices frame the ways that identity develops within and across activities. We illustrate, in particular, how a situative perspective on identity enables researchers to capture the dynamic interplay of individuals and resources, thus accounting for aspects of structure and agency in all social interactions.
The Strange Death of Academic Commercial Law

In the 1960s, commercial law was a hot field. Bright young things flocked to commercial law; the best law journals regularly published commercial law articles; the field, recently upended by the then-current enactment of the Uniform Commercial Code, seemed a Golconda for the eager scholar. Now, though, what do we see? An aging and shrinking professoriate, particularly at the better schools; fewer and fewer offerings, and those not infrequently taught by adjuncts - again, mainly at the better schools; less and less scholarship, especially in the top journals. In short, a dying field, and one with few signs of revival. In this essay, part of a symposium on commercial calamities to be published in the Ohio State Law Journal, I first see whether these signs of decline, generally acknowledged by academic commercial lawyers, are in fact present. By looking over the last several decades at teaching demographics and publication records, we see that they are, particularly at the schools that produce most law professors. The causes are many: a hiring boom in the 1960s, followed by a hiring bust of a few decades; the emergence of other, more apparently glamorous fields as contenders for the attentions of ambitious academic fledglings; the relaxed attention given curriculum generally by the leading law schools; the often unimaginative teaching materials that make the field seem intellectually uninteresting. The consequences of these many causes are dire. If leading schools do little to produce commercial law scholars, and if their journals publish little if anything in the area, then it is hard to see how this decline might cease. This should concern us all, not merely within the shrinking commercial professoriate; if the field lacks intellectual vitality, then we are likely to see unimaginative and sterile law, whether through law reform or through judicial development. The essay concludes with some suggested means to reverse this trend. Most, to be sure, require a degree of individual or institutional inconvenience uncommon in the academy, and others require that concerns of ranking be somewhat subordinate - again, not a usual vantage, particularly now. But rescuing academic commercial law is important enough that some temporary inconvenience is a modest enough cost - at least, if we are willing to bear our share of responsibility for the well-being of the law.
The best combination of physical performance and self-report measures to capture function in three patient groups

Background: Outcome measures are used to evaluate patients with shoulder pathology and provide an assessment of function. There are two categories of outcome measures: self-report measures (SRMs), which provide the patient's perspective, and physical performance measures (PPMs), which provide an objective assessment. Collection of both SRM and PPM is indicated, although little evidence dictates that a combination of SRM and PPM measures is best for different populations of patients. Objectives: We reviewed shoulder-specific SRMs and PPMs for general outpatient, athlete, and geriatric populations with shoulder pain and provided our recommendations for the best combination of SRM and PPM currently available for each population, based on the literature and our clinical opinion. Major Findings: Each population has diverse needs and expectations, thus requiring different measures to evaluate function. Although additional, population-specific research is still needed, we propose these clinical recommendations. ...
Reasons for Returning and Not Returning to Rural U.S. Communities

Population loss persists in nonmetropolitan America, especially in isolated counties with limited natural amenities. Communities in these counties experience high levels of outmigration among high school graduates, but low in-migration is more important in distinguishing declining from growing nonmetropolitan counties, and return migration is a much more prominent component of in-migration to these locationally disadvantaged areas. This research uses a multisited, interview-based methodology to understand the factors that influence decisions of people in their late twenties to late forties to move back to rural communities and the barriers that keep others from making such moves. The life course segment considered here captures a critical “settling down” period when career and family obligations overlap and return migration peaks. Interviews at high school reunions, the only venues where stayers, return migrants, and nonreturn migrants are found together, show that limited rural employment opportunities a...
Morphological Correlates of Auditory Sensitivity in Anuran Amphibians

It is largely unknown how the presence and morphology of various auditory structures, including extratympanic structures, affect auditory sensitivity in anuran amphibians. This study examines body siz
FOXBOX: a system for manipulating symbolic objects in black box representation

The dreaded phenomenon of expression swell in symbolic computation can be palliated by adopting implicit representations for symbolic objects, such as straight-line programs or so-called black box representations. In the latter, each expression is a symbolic object, more specifically, a computer program with a set of statically initialized data, which takes as input a value for each variable and then produces the value of the symbolic object it represents at the specified point. In this thesis we introduce F sc OXB sc OX, a software package that puts in practice the black box representation of symbolic objects and provides algorithms for performing the symbolic calculus with such representations. Improved versions of the algorithms found in Kaltofen and Trager (Journal of Symbolic Computing, vol. 9, nr. 3, p. 311 (1990)) and Kaltofen and Diaz (International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation '95,) p. 232) are discussed. Also we describe an interpolation scheme based on a Zippel's algorithm (Journal of Symbolic Computing, vol. 9, nr. 3, p. 375 (1990)) that optimizes the number of required black box evaluations. The design of F sc OXB sc OX is intended to demonstrate how plug-in software components can be employed for generally used symbolic systems. Our implementation incorporates data types parameterized by arbitrary coefficient domains and generic algorithms. By providing a mechanism for interfacing to general purpose computer algebra systems, we broaden F sc OXB scOX's applicability. Furthermore we provide a distribution mechanism that allows for parallel and distributed execution of F sc OXB sc OX programs independent of the underlying parallel architecture. Finally, we present the results of several challenge problems which exercise our F sc OXB sc OX library and represent the first symbolic solutions of such problems.
Group algebras with units satisfying a group identity

Let K[G] be the group algebra of a group G over a field K, and let U(K[G]) be its group of units. A conjecture by Brian Hartley asserts that if G is a torsion group and U(K[G]) satisfies a group identity, then K[G] satisfies a polynomial identity. This was verified earlier in case K is an infinite field. Here we modify the original proof so that it handles fields of all sizes.
Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Use by Older Mexican-American Women

Objectives To determine the prevalence of current hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use and describe its correlates among community-dwelling, Mexican-American women aged 67 and older. Design A population-based survey of older Mexican-Americans conducted in 1995/1996. Setting Five Southwestern states: Texas, New Mexico, California, Arizona, and Colorado. Participants An area probability sample of 1,424 noninstitutionalized Mexican-American women aged 67 and older (mean age = 75.1) completed the survey instrument via a 90-minute in-home interview, which included examination and recording of all medications taken. Measurements Current use of HRT. Results In this sample of older Mexican-American women, 4.7% were current users of HRT. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics (age, marital status, living arrangements, years of education, income, language of interview), current HRT use is significantly related to years of education (per each year) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.20), having had a hysterectomy (OR = 4.37; 95% CI 2.50-7.64), a diagnosis of osteoporosis (OR = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.58-7.33), age at menopause (per each year) (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.03-1.12), ever having a mammogram (OR = 3.72; 95% CI = 1.66-8.37), ever having a Pap test/pelvic examination (OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.08-4.12), having spoken with a pharmacist within the past year regarding health conditions (OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.06-3.65), and having Medicare plus private insurance (OR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.14-3.97). Conclusion The prevalence of HRT use is lower than that reported in the older non-Hispanic white female population. In general, these findings indicate that access to and utilization of the traditional U.S. health care system are indicators of HRT use.
Implementation of continuous risk utility assessment: The total hip replacement decision

Abstract Application or utility theory to medical decision-making problems has received considerable attention in the decision analysis literature but has not led to widespread clinical use. Potential reasons for this stem from the fact that standard preference assessment protocols offer choices that are too simplistic to adequately address a number of medical issues and can result in choices that are unrealistic and unfamiliar to the patient. Continuous risk utility assessment (CRUA) offers an alternative methodology by which more realistic assessment scenarios can be used. However, continuous risk assessment questions can be complex, and issues involving the suitability of CRUA to medical treatment decisions in a clinical setting need to be addressed. This paper describes the use of CRUA in the treatment decision facing a patient with advanced osteoarthritis of the hip. A microcomputer-based implementation of the CRUA protocol is presented, and the results of an evaluation of this protocol arc reported. The study results indicate that CRUA is feasible in a clinical selling and might serve a useful and valuable purpose in the clinical decision-making process.
Approximation in certain intermediate spaces

Abstract A theorem of Bojanic gives a precise estimate on the rate of convergence of the Fourier series of a function of boundend variation. While the method of K -functionals is not directly applicable to obtain similar estimates for functions in classes intermediate to BV [−1, 1] and C [−1, 1]. we obtain such an estimate in the case of a general class of operators. The result is given in terms of an expression, which for continuous functions, is equivalent to the K -functional. As particular cases, we study the expansions in certain (general) orthogonal polynomials, Lagrange interpolation at the zeros of (general) orthogonal polynomials, and Hermite-Fejer interpolation at the zeros of generalized Jacobi polynomials. When applicable, our result (essentially) includes the previously known results, while many corollaries are new.
Chlorophyll orientation in crystals of bacteriochlorophyll-protein from green photosynthetic bacteria

Abstract Optical properties of single crystals of a bacteriochlorophyll-protein complex from Chloropseudomonas ethylicum were investigated. The absorption spectrum of these crystals is essentially the same as that of the complex in solution. The crystals are weakly dichroic at both the 603-nm ( D = 1 1.21 ) and the 809-nm (D = 1.30) absorbances. This dichroism is confirmed by selective dispersion of birefringence: Negative at 603 nm and positive at 809 nm with respect to the optic axis. The sites of bacteriochlorophyll binding are therefore oriented with respect to the crystal axes. A radial arrangement of the porphyrin sites within each macromolecule is proposed and evaluated.
Wittgenstein on the phenomena of belief

The appropriation of Wittgenstein's later work for issues in philosophy of religion is as difficult as it is promising. He sometimes seems to embrace non-cognitivism, the view that religious beliefs are, essentially, not affirmations about what is true or false o f reality, but expressions of the believer's ethical or aesthetic attitudes. But at other times it seems clear that he regards religious beliefs as affirmations that are susceptible in some sense of being true or false. That would mean that religious beliefs had cognitive content, that they were attempts, at least, to state facts of some sort. However, our difficulty in locating Wittgenstein's view of religious language in terms of this dichotomy may be due less to an inconsistency in his treatment of these issues than to the fact that a major part of his later work is an attack on the concepts in terms of which the cognitive/non-cognitive distinction is defined. Central among those concepts is the traditional notion of be l i e f the picture of belief as some kind of mental act of assent or affirmation performed on some propositional or ideational content that purports to represent how some portion of reality stands. Belief, construed as mental assent to a representation of reality, is an official corollary of what Ryle called, in disparagement, "the official doctrine" about minds. In this essay I will investigate Wittgenstein's treatment of the "mental assent" aspect o f this picture of belief. The even more troublesome, and troubling aspect belief as representation will be touched upon only tangentially. In addition, Wittgenstein also devoted a great deal of reflection to expressions of belief (and of knowledge) in the notes published as On Certainty. But because the disposal of a false picture of belief is a necessary prolegomenon to that examination o f the actual use o f talk about believing, in this essay I attend to Wittgenstein's critique of the notion that belief is a feeling. The idea is or was that I am aware of my belief directly through the "feel" of the act o f believing. Locke suggests as much in characterizing belief as a "kind of entertainment which the mind gives [to a] proposition, ''1 and Hume follows the same line of thought in defining belief according to "the manner, in which we conceive [an idea]." Hume, of course, defined that manner as a matter of"liveliness"