cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Film Effectiveness Downstream of a Row of Compound Angle Film Holes

Effects that two different compound-angle film-hole configurations have on film cooling effectiveness are investigated. Effectiveness measurements have been made downstream of a single row of compound-angle cylindrical holes with a diameter of 7.5 mm, and a single row of compound-angle, diffuser-shaped holes with an inlet diameter of 7.5 mm. Both geometries were inclined with respect to the coverage surface at an anglea of 25 deg. The cylindrical holes, however, were oriented perpendicular to the high-temperature airflow direction while the diffuser-shaped holes had a compound angle of 45 deg with respect to the high temperature air flow direction. Both geometries were tested over a blowing ratio range of 0.7 to 4.0 Surface temperatures were measured along four longitudinal rows of thermocouples covering the downstream area between two adjacent holes. The results showed that the best overall protection over the widest range of blowing ratios was provided by the diffuser-shaped film cooling holes, particularly at high blowing ratios. The increased cross-sectional area at the shaped hole exit lead to a reduction of the momentum flux of the jet exiting the hole. Therefore, the penetration of the jet into the main flow was reduced, resulting in an increased cooling effectiveness. CFD analyses were also performed to study the film cooling effectiveness downstream of the row of holes. Comparisons between the test and numerical results showed a reasonable agreement between the two, thus CFD can be considered a viable tool to predict the cooling performance of different film cooling configurations in a parametric study. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1865222#
Root system morphology and development of seedling and juvenile Juniperus occidentalis

Abstract Root systems of 55 Juniperus occidentalis Hook. ssp. occidentalis (4–65 cm tall, 3–28 years old) were excavated at two sites in central Oregon. Above- and below-ground tree components were measured, and root system morphology was delineated into three phases of development. The prominence of tap root length and biomass declined as trees grew. In the tallest trees, excavated tap roots penetrated to 130 cm; lateral roots 1–5 mm diameter accounted for most of lateral root biomass, but lateral root length was dominated by roots of less than 1 mm diameter. Total root length for the tallest trees was 152 m; lateral roots extended 5.7 m from the trunk, occupied 102 m2 of soil, and were concentrated in the upper 25 cm of the profile. Tree height was a good predictor of root parameters of biomass, length, tap root penetration, and lateral root extension with r2 values of 0.82–0.96. The period of major changes in foliage morphology and root system structure coincide with a significant decrease in fine root/foliage biomass ratio.
Overexpression of SR-BI by adenoviral vector promotes clearance of apoA-I, but not apoB, in human apoB transgenic mice

Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is a multi-ligand lipoprotein receptor that mediates selective lipid uptake from HDL, and plays a central role in hepatic HDL metabolism. In this report, we investigated the extent to which SR-BI selective lipid uptake contributes to LDL metabolism. As has been reported for human LDL, mouse SR-BI expressed in transfected cells mediated selective lipid uptake from mouse LDL. However, LDL-cholesteryl oleoyl ester (CE) transfer relative to LDL-CE bound to the cell surface (fractional transfer) was ∼18-fold lower compared with HDL-CE. Adenoviral vector-mediated SR-BI overexpression in livers of human apoB transgenic mice (∼10-fold increased expression) reduced plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein (apo)A-I concentrations to nearly undetectable levels 3 days after adenovirus infusion. Increased hepatic SR-BI expression resulted in only a modest depletion in LDL-C that was restricted to large LDL particles, and no change in steady-state concentrations of human apoB. Kinetic studies showed a 19% increase in the clearance rate of LDL-CE in mice with increased SR-BI expression, but no change in LDL apolipoprotein clearance. Quantification of hepatic uptake of LDL-CE and LDL-apolipoprotein showed selective uptake of LDL-CE in livers of human apo B transgenic mice. However, such uptake was not significantly increased in mice over-expressing SR-BI. We conclude that SR-BI-mediated selective uptake from LDL plays a minor role in LDL metabolism in vivo.
Dividend Policy and the Earned/Contributed Capital Mix: A Test of the Lifecycle Theory

Consistent with a lifecycle theory of dividends, the fraction of publicly traded industrial firms that pays dividends is high when retained earnings are a large portion of total equity (and of total assets) and falls to near zero when most equity is contributed rather than earned. We observe a highly significant relation between the decision to pay dividends and the earned/contributed capital mix, controlling for profitability, growth, firm size, leverage, cash balances, and dividend history, a relation that also holds for dividend initiations and omissions. In our regressions, the mix of earned/contributed capital has a quantitatively greater impact than measures of profitability and growth opportunities. We document a massive increase in firms with negative retained earnings (from 11.8% of industrials in 1978 to 50.2% in 2002). Controlling for the earned/contributed capital mix, firms with negative retained earnings show virtually no change in their propensity to pay dividends from the mid-1970s to 2002, while those whose earned equity makes them reasonable candidates to pay dividends have a propensity reduction that is twice the overall reduction in Fama and French (2001). All our evidence supports the lifecycle theory of dividends, in which a firm's stage in that cycle is well-proxied by its mix of internal and external capital.
JULIFORMIAN MILLIPEDES FROM THE LOWER DEVONIAN OF EURAMERICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TIMING OF MILLIPEDE CLADOGENESIS IN THE PALEOZOIC

Two new xyloiuloid millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Juliformia) are described and placed in the new family Gaspestriidae: Gaspestria genselorum n. gen and sp. from the Emsian of Quebec and New Brunswick and Sigmastria dilata n. gen. and sp. from the Pragian of the Midland Valley of Scotland. These new millipedes extend the stratigraphic range of xyloiuloid millipedes, which previously were only described from the Pennsylvanian of Europe and North America. All xyloiuloid millipede families are placed within the superfamily Xyloiuloidea which is left incertae sedis within Juliformia due to a lack of preservation of diagnostic characters that would allow placement within an extant order. The presence in the Lower Devonian of the superorder Juliformia, universally agreed among diplopod taxonomists to represent the most derived clade of Diplopoda, indicates that most of millipede cladogenesis leading to high-rank extant clades had to have occurred by this time, much earlier than previously indicated by the fossil record. A stratocladogram for Myriapoda is constructed, and in combination with data from the plant fossil record and nuclear protein-encoding genes, new hypotheses regarding timing of millipede high-rank cladogenesis in the Paleozoic are formulated. These include terrestrialization of Diplopoda no later than the Ordovician along with the origin of the lineage leading to Penicillata and Arthropleuridea, followed by a period of relative stasis until the Middle Silurian, at which point there was a rapid radiation of Diplopoda, producing most of the high-rank clades by the Lower Devonian.
A Generalization of Kharitonov's Four Polynomial Concept for Robust Stability Problems with Linearly Dependent Coefficient Perturbations

From a systems-theoretic point of view, Kharitonov's seminal theorem on stability of interval polynomials suffers from two fundamental limitations: First, the theorem only applies to polynomials with independent coefficient perturbations. Note that uncertainty in the physical parameters of a linear system typically results in dependent perturbations in the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial. Secondly, Kharitonov's Theorem only applies to zeros in the left half plane?more general zero location regions are not accommodated. In view of this motivation, the main result of this paper is a generalization of Kharitonov's four polynomial concept to the case of linearly dependent coefficient perturbations and more general zero location regions.
Population of Be 13 in a nucleon exchange reaction

The neutron-unbound nucleus $^{13}\mathrm{Be}$ was populated with a nucleon exchange reaction from a 71 MeV/u secondary $^{13}\mathrm{B}$ beam. The decay-energy spectrum was reconstructed using invariant mass spectroscopy based on $^{12}\mathrm{Be}$ fragments in coincidence with neutrons. The data could be described with an $s$-wave resonance at ${E}_{r}=0.73(9)\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ with a width of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{r}=1.98(34)\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ and a $d$-wave resonance at ${E}_{r}=2.56(13)\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ with a width of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{r}=2.29(73)\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$. The observed spectral shape is consistent with previous one-proton removal reaction measurements from $^{14}\mathrm{B}$.
A Novel Suspended Hydrogel Membrane Platform for Cell Culture

Current cell-culture is largely performed on synthetic two-dimensional (2D) petri dishes or permeable supports such as Boyden chambers, mostly because of their ease of use and established protocols. It is generally accepted that modern cell biology research requires new physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) cell culture platform to mimic in vivo cell responses. To that end, we report the design and development of a suspended hydrogel membrane (ShyM) platform using gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel. ShyM thickness (0.25–1 mm) and mechanical properties (10–70 kPa) can be varied by controlling the size of the supporting grid and concentration of GelMA prepolymer, respectively. GelMA ShyMs, with dual media exposure, were found to be compatible with both the cell-seeding and the cell-encapsulation approach as tested using murine 10T1/2 cells and demonstrated higher cellular spreading and proliferation as compared to flat GelMA unsuspended control. The utility of ShyM was also demonstrated using a case-study of invasion of cancer cells. ShyMs, similar to Boyden chambers, are compatible with standard well-plates designs and can be printed using commonly available 3D printers. In the future, ShyM can be potentially extended to variety of photosensitive hydrogels and cell types, to develop new in vitro assays to investigate complex cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions.
Ischemically sensitive visceral afferents: importance of H+ derived from lactic acid and hypercapnia

Ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents reflexly stimulate the cardiovascular system. To explore the role of H+ contribution by lactic acid and hypercapnia, we recorded single-unit activity of ischemically sensitive abdominal afferents in anesthetized cats. The individual responses to sodium lactate, lactic acid, and hypercapnia then were examined. Abdominal ischemia significantly decreased organ tissue pH from an average of 7.21 +/- 0.03-7.05 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.05), during which impulse activity of 13 A delta- and 32 C-fibers significantly increased. Although hypercapnia (12% CO2) induced a similar decrease in tissue pH, impulse frequency increased in 0 of 4 A delta- and only 2 of 13 C-fibers. In contrast, lactic acid decreased tissue pH significantly less than ischemia or hypercapnia but increased impulse activity in 7 of 10 A delta- and 11 of 12 C-fibers. Conversely, only 1 of 3 A delta- and 0 of 10 C-fibers responded to sodium lactate. Thus ischemically sensitive visceral afferents respond to the H+ derived from lactic acid rather than hypercapnia. However, these afferents do not respond to sodium lactate. These data suggest that ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents are responsive specifically to lactic acid rather than to the dissociated ions lactate or H+ or to changes in PCO2.
Static eccentricity fault detection of the BLDC motor inside the air handler unit (AHU)

Because of the wide range of application of BLDC (brushless DC) motors, the fault diagnose of BLDC becomes an essential problem. For those BLDC motors in application, rotor faults account for most of the faults in BLDC motors. Static eccentricity and dynamic eccentricity are two of the main faults in the rotor of BLDC motor. In this paper, an improved method detecting static eccentricity is proposed based on the comparison between the positive sequence current and negative sequence current. Comparing to the traditional method which only focuses on the change of the negative sequence of fundamental frequency current, the method proposed in this paper could be more reliable since the positive sequence current and harmonics current are considered as well. A BLDC motor with static eccentricity in AHU (air handler unit) will be tested. The effectiveness and availability are verified in both simulation and experiment results.
Design of off-axis mirrors for the phase-induced amplitude apodization complex mask coronagraph

The phase-induced amplitude apodization complex mask coronagraph (PIAACMC) provides an efficient way to control diffraction propagation effects caused by the central obstruction/segmented mirrors of the telescope. PIAACMC can be optimized in a way that takes into account both chromatic diffraction effects caused by the telescope obstructed aperture and the tip-tilt sensitivity of the coronagraph. As a result, unlike classic phase-induced amplitude apodization (PIAA), the PIAACMC mirror shapes are often slightly asymmetric even for an on-axis configuration and require more care in calculating off-axis shapes when an off-axis configuration is preferred. A method to design off-axis PIAA mirror shapes given an on-axis mirror design is presented. The algorithm is based on geometrical ray tracing and is able to calculate off-axis PIAA mirror shapes for an arbitrary geometry of the input and output beams. The method is demonstrated using the third generation PIAACMC design for WFIRST-AFTA telescope. Geometrical optics design issues related to the off-axis diffraction propagation effects are also discussed.
Electrical Properties of Metal Microelectrodes

As metal microelectrode use increases, especially in intraoperative procedures, there is a need for greater understanding of the intrinsic signal and noise properties of these electrodes. In this communication we explore some intrinsic noise levels in the electrode-amplifier system and its frequency response function. Noise levels were studied in the presence of a grounded Faraday cage, an ungrounded Faraday cage, and an open electrode-amplifier system, In the 100-2000 Hz frequency range, total noise power in the grounded Faraday cage was 44 μV, compared to 168 μV for the ungrounded Faraday cage and 525 μV without any shielding. The Faraday cage appeared to reduce most of the low frequency noise and grounding reduced mostly line noise. This noise was still in the region of 1000 times greater than the noise in other electrode-amplifier systems. The frequency response of the metal microelectrode system is fairly consistent above 1000 Hz but decreases sharply below 1000 Hz, showing approximately -15 dB between 100 and 1000 Hz. Even though these measured results are fairly mediocre compared to other electrode-amplifier systems, in practice they are still acceptable because single-cell recording amplitudes (intraoperatively, with human subjects) are on the order of 100 to 10,000 times greater than other recordings such as evoked potentials and EEG.
Perioperative Care of the Patient with Psychiatric Disease

Psychiatric and behavioral problems are frequently seen in the perioperative setting and may significantly complicate a patient’s postoperative course. Such problems fall into three main categories: drugs and alcohol, delirium, and the “difficult” patient. This chapter deals with these challenging clinical problems, addresses the additional issue of capacity and informed consent, and further adds a discussion concerning how to best interact with the psychosocial team.
Identifying and Addressing Critical Usability Issues to Strengthen Nurses’ Interactions with Health IT

Technology usability, especially electronic health record (EHR) usability, is a global concern for clinicians. Despite critical user experience (UX) issues, nurses are not vocal about interactions with health IT. The purpose of this project was to identify nurses’ health IT UX issues and propose solutions for them. Using a snowball sampling technique, 25 experts were interviewed using a semi-structured format. Three themes emerged from content analysis (1) The Burdens of Health IT, (2) The Voice of Nursing, and (3) We Need a New Vision. Lack of cognitive support underscores the burden theme. The voice of nursing is missing throughout the systems life cycle, and a need exists for new visions of EHRs and training delivery. Solutions include the need for national leadership, modular redesign of EHRs to support the way nurses think and do work, and a concerted effort to incorporate UX methods into health IT design in the future.
Sociocultural Theory and Teaching and Learning

What are the theoretical foundations in doing sociocultural research? Teaching and learning embody dialectical relationships that frame and mediate interactions. As teachers, we contribute to how knowledge is created, recreated, and understood. In the process we ourselves are changed continuously and often unexpectedly.
Publishing your work: A bird's-eye view outline

Figure out what you want to do. (a) Are you on track for an academic position? (b) Are you publishing to get a residency/fellowship position? (c) Which field of medicine interests you? (d) What research experience do you have?
Fluid Structure Interaction During Shock Loading in a Compressible Fluid

The compressibility of a fluid highly affects the fluid structure interaction during a shock loading. The currently available fluid structure interaction models all ignore the compressibility of a fluid; this is only valid for an underwater shock loading or a very weak air shock loading. In this paper, a new 1-D fluid structure interaction model based on the gas-dynamic theory (Rankine-Hugoniot relation) is proposed. This model considers the fluid compressibility and therefore is more accurate for a shock loading process in a compressible fluid, such as air. A series of well-designed 1-D shock wave loading experiments on free-standing monolithic metal plates using a shock tube apparatus are performed to verify the proposed model. The reflected pressure profile and the impulse imparted upon the specimens are all predicted. The results show that the current model can give a more accurate prediction on the reflected pressure profile and the imparted impulse on the specimen than that from the classic Taylor’s model, which does not consider fluid compressibility.
Passive Enrollment Of Dual-Eligible Beneficiaries Into Medicare And Medicaid Managed Care Has Not Met Expectations

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Financial Alignment Initiative represents the largest effort to date to move beneficiaries who are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid—known as dual eligibles—into a coordinated care model by the use of passive (automatic) enrollment. Thirteen states are testing integrated payment and delivery demonstration programs in which an estimated 1.3 million dual eligibles are qualified to participate. As of October 2016, passive enrollment had brought over 300,000 dual eligibles into nine capitated programs in eight states. However, program participation levels remained relatively low. Across the eight states, only 26.7 percent of dual eligibles who were qualified to participate were enrolled, ranging from 5.3 percent for the two New York programs together to 62.4 percent in Ohio. Although the exact causes of the high rates of opting out and disenrolling that we observed among passively enrolled dual eligibles are unknown, experience to date suggests that adminis...
Sleep the good sleep

Walker discusses on how people can protect themselves from Alzheimer's disease by having enough sleep. As a sleep scientist, he became interested in this connection some years ago, where he found out not only does sleep disruption play a role in the declining mental abilities that typify Alzheimer's disease, but getting enough sleep is one of the most important factors determining whether people will develop the condition in the future. Assessing a patient with Alzheimer's disease, the disruption of deep sleep is exaggerated, where Alzheimer's disease is associated with the build-up of a toxic form of protein called beta-amyloid, which aggregates in sticky clumps, or plaques, within the brain. Moreover, he set about testing whether the reason of Alzheimer's patients have such impaired deep NREM sleep, which conducted at her sleep centre at the University of California, Berkeley. And arrived at the answer that the more amyloid deposits there are in the middle regions of the frontal lobe, the more impaired that person's deep-sleep quality.
Mapping multi-scale vascular plant richness in a forest landscape with integrated LiDAR and hyperspectral remote-sensing

The central role of floristic diversity in maintaining habitat integrity and ecosystem function has propelled efforts to map and monitor its distribution across forest landscapes. While biodiversity studies have traditionally relied largely on ground-based observations, the immensity of the task of generating accurate, repeatable, and spatially-continuous data on biodiversity patterns at large scales has stimulated the development of remote-sensing methods for scaling up from field plot measurements. One such approach is through integrated LiDAR and hyperspectral remote-sensing. However, despite their efficiencies in cost and effort, LiDAR-hyperspectral sensors are still highly constrained in structurally- and taxonomically-heterogeneous forests - especially when species' cover is smaller than the image resolution, intertwined with neighboring taxa, or otherwise obscured by overlapping canopy strata. In light of these challenges, this study goes beyond the remote characterization of upper canopy diversity to instead model total vascular plant species richness in a continuous-cover North Carolina Piedmont forest landscape. We focus on two related, but parallel, tasks. First, we demonstrate an application of predictive biodiversity mapping, using nonparametric models trained with spatially-nested field plots and aerial LiDAR-hyperspectral data, to predict spatially-explicit landscape patterns in floristic diversity across seven spatial scales between 0.01-900 m2 . Second, we employ bivariate parametric models to test the significance of individual, remotely-sensed predictors of plant richness to determine how parameter estimates vary with scale. Cross-validated results indicate that predictive models were able to account for 15-70% of variance in plant richness, with LiDAR-derived estimates of topography and forest structural complexity, as well as spectral variance in hyperspectral imagery explaining the largest portion of variance in diversity levels. Importantly, bivariate tests provide evidence of scale-dependence among predictors, such that remotely-sensed variables significantly predict plant richness only at spatial scales that sufficiently subsume geolocational imprecision between remotely-sensed and field data, and best align with stand components including plant size and density, as well as canopy gaps and understory growth patterns. Beyond their insights into the scale-dependent patterns and drivers of plant diversity in Piedmont forests, these results highlight the potential of remotely-sensible essential biodiversity variables for mapping and monitoring landscape floristic diversity from air- and space-borne platforms.
Self-Renewal of Naïve State Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells: Role of LacdiNAc in LIF/STAT3 Signaling

Recent studies have indicated that mouse and human ES/iPS cells are at different developmental stages, namely the naive state and the primed state, respectively. They therefore require different extrinsic signals for the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency. LIF/STAT3 signaling is one of the important factors that distinguishes the naive and primed states. In general, signals from extrinsic factors are regulated by the glycosylation of molecules on the cell surface and the extracellular matrix, such as ligand receptor molecules. LacdiNAc carbohydrate structures on LIFR and gp130 are required for a sufficiently strong LIFR/STAT3 signal to maintain self-renewal in naive state cells; these structures act by controlling the localization of the receptors to cell membrane rafts/caveolae. Therefore, an important factor in the differential response of naive and primed state pluripotent cells to LIF is the level of LacdiNAc structures on LIFR and gp130, and expression of LacdiNAc is required for the induction and maintenance of naive state pluripotent stem cells. The characterization and functional analyses of cell surface glycans on stem cells will provide further information of value for defining and characterizing stage-specific pluripotent stem cells, and this information will be vital to the development of these cells as a resource for regenerative medicine.
Ridesharing-Inspired Trip Recommendations

The objective of this paper is to determine how ridesharing can help lowering the travel cost of a user who already has a preplanned trip. This problem is formulated as the Ridesharing-Inspired Trip Recommendation Query (RSTR). In the first phase of the proposed method, the trip of the query initializer is matched with other users. In the second phase, a heuristic-based algorithm is employed to generate a new trip recommendation. Experimental results showed that the proposed solution is comparable to the optimal solution and performs much better in run-time efficiency and scalability.
The Association Between Pediatric Faculty Factors and Resident Physician Ratings of Teaching Effectiveness.

Background. Faculty factors not inherently related to teaching effectiveness can influence teaching ratings. No studies have focused on pediatric faculty who possess unique differences from general medical faculty. Methods. We designed a retrospective observational study to compare faculty teaching ratings with measured factors across 3 academic pediatric institutions. Results. Our study included 196 faculty members. The majority (76%) of variation in teaching effectiveness ratings was not accounted for by any measured variable, but 24% was attributed to measurable factors. Increased resident exposure (sequential r2 = .10, P < .0001) significantly affected teaching effectiveness. Variation between resident ratings of pediatric faculty teaching can be partially explained by measured factors not necessarily related to teaching effectiveness. Conclusions. The identification of faculty factors that significantly contribute to rating variation can enhance interpretation of these rating.
Teacher Leaders’ Mathematical Noticing: Eliciting and Analyzing

There is a growing knowledge base in mathematics education highlighting the importance of teachers’ cognizance about what and how they are noticing, namely considerations about their attending, interpreting, and decisions to respond on the basis of students’ thinking. However, less focus has centered on those in teacher leader positions and how those individuals may arrive at claims about students’ thinking and use evidence to support their assertions, meaning how they notice. As a result, a process to engage teacher leaders in considering students’ thinking was implemented for professional growth for those who support mathematics teachers. Findings highlight the degree of specificity of the teacher leaders’ noticing, the origin of the evidence they cite, and their connection between claims about students’ mathematical thinking, evidence, and broader implications for teaching and learning. Most teacher leaders included limited or robust evidence, with a majority citing transcript quotes as evidence for their claims about student thinking. Most teacher leaders were noticing at a mixed (Level 2) or focused (Level 3) level, based on a four-point scale. Implications for those working with mathematics teachers or teacher leaders to support the development of noticing and how to cite evidence are provided.
Conservation of Power in the Galerkin Approximation of the Electric Field Integral Equation

The problem of transient scattering from an arbitrary surface is an extremely important one with many potential applications. In order to solve this problem recourse must generally be made to a numerical method. One such approach which has received considerable attention recently is that of a time-marching algorithm based on the electric field integral equation (EFIE) (Rynne, 1991; Rao and Wilton, 1991). This approach has several advantages over other numerical methods, however, the solution obtained is prone to numerical instability. In order to suppress the onset of this instability Rynne and Smith (1990) introduced a scheme for time-averaging the solution for the current density obtained from the EFIE. These averaging schemes are reminiscent of Crank-Nicholson schemes for a numerical solution of the wave equation. Other considerations have also been found to affect the stability of numerical solutions. Rynne (1985) noted that the use of centred differences to approximate time derivatives tended to suppress the onset of solution instability. Whilst such methods have been shown to suppress (although not eliminate) the numerical instabilities observed in time marching solutions of the EFIE, a clear physical interpretation of these results has not been given.
Investigation and beyond

A substantial part of this section is devoted to the investigative process because, although most health professionals will never have a role that is central to a detailed investigation, it is useful for them to know how suspected cases are managed. Enhanced understanding of the processes should ensure that they give appropriate information to those more directly involved and will equip them to provide support and help to anyone, patient or colleague, who may be depending on them.
Asthma prevalence among women aged 18 to 44 in the United States: National health and nutrition examination survey 2001-2016.

Objective: To provide updated prevalence estimates of asthma and asthma medication use for women of childbearing age in the United States.Methods: Using data from 11,383 women aged 18–44, including...
GIDL Increase Due to HCI Stress: Correlation Study of MOSFET Degradation Parameters and Modelling for Reliability Simulation

This work presents a correlation study between gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) increase and standard n-MOSFET degradation parameters (I Dlin and I Dsat ) due to Hot Carrier Injection (HCI) both for SiON and SiO 2 gate nodes. The same mechanism is responsible for the changes in these n-MOSFET parameters, so we propose the use of a unique HCI lifetime model, including the GIDL increase in accumulation. The GIDL parameter degradation can be implemented into aging models in CAD libraries along with the degradation models for standard n-MOSFET parameters. We also discuss model limitations for high-K metal gate (HKMG) devices.
Modeling Change with Dynamical Systems Models

In this chapter, we use the paradigm,in order to model systems that exhibit change. We choose to start with dynamical systems for several reasons. First, they are fairly easy to model following the paradigm and they can be solved through iteration on an Excel spreadsheet. We need to initially define a few terms. Let n be a counting number, 0, 1, 2, … representing the time steps to be modeled. Let A(n) represent the system at time period n. Let A(n+1) represent the system in the future, time period n+1. The model is
Paget's Disease

Osteitis deformans, also known as Paget's disease of the bone, is a disease of a progressive metabolic disorder that results in abnormal disorganized bony remodeling. The disease affects 3% of individuals older than 55 years and has a predilection for patients of European descent. Its cause is unknown, although viral, environmental, and genetic factors have been implicated. The most common presenting symptom is pain. However, as many as 30% of patients develop neurological symptoms during the course of their disease. Therapy for symptomatic patients consists of the administration of potent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates.
Thyroidectomy for euthyroid patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and persisting symptoms: A cost-effectiveness analysis

Abstract Background Despite thyroid hormone replacement, some euthyroid patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis will continue to experience persistent symptoms that reduce their quality of life. Recent studies indicate that total thyroidectomy is superior to medical therapy alone in improving these symptoms. However, there is a high complication rate after total thyroidectomy in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of total thyroidectomy for euthyroid patients who have Hashimoto thyroiditis with persistent symptoms. Methods We utilized a Markov model to compare total thyroidectomy and medical therapy alone over the lifetime of the cohort. Costs, probabilities, and utility parameters were derived from literature and Medicare cost data. A willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/quality-adjusted life years was used. We performed sensitivity analyses to ascertain model uncertainty. Results On average, medical therapy alone costs $12,845, produced 16.9 quality-adjusted life years, and was dominated. Total thyroidectomy costs $1,490 less and produced 1.4 more quality-adjusted life years. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis confirmed total thyroidectomy as the optimal strategy in 89% of cases. Medical therapy alone will become cost-effective if the cost of uncomplicated thyroidectomy increases by 25%, if the probability of permanent complication after total thyroidectomy increases 12-fold, or if there is no gain in quality of life after thyroidectomy. Conclusion Total thyroidectomy is more cost-effective than medical therapy alone for the management of euthyroid patients who have Hashimoto thyroiditis with persistent symptoms.
Iatrogenic cervicofacial emphysema after dental procedures: a case series and radiographic review.

Abstract Cervicofacial emphysema (CE) is a rare but dangerous complication of head and neck surgery and injury. CE presents as a pronounced swelling with crepitus that can cause dysphagia and airway deviation secondary to a mass effect. Air can infiltrate potential spaces of the head that are otherwise not present, propagate through the neck, and even travel into the mediastinum through the retropharyngeal space or the danger space. In this report we present two patients who had CE but were erroneously diagnosed with anaphylaxis. We discuss the unique radiographic findings of CE and its management.
Opinion Dynamics under Social Pressure.

We introduce a new opinion dynamics model where a group of agents holds two kinds of opinions: inherent and declared. Each agent's inherent opinion is fixed and unobservable by the other agents. At each time step, agents broadcast their declared opinions on a social network, which are governed by the agents' inherent opinions and social pressure. In particular, we assume that agents may declare opinions that are not aligned with their inherent opinions to conform with their neighbors. This raises the natural question: Can we estimate the agents' inherent opinions from observations of declared opinions? For example, agents' inherent opinions may represent their true political alliances (Democrat or Republican), while their declared opinions may model the political inclinations of tweets on social media. In this context, we may seek to predict the election results by observing voters' tweets, which do not necessarily reflect their political support due to social pressure. We analyze this question in the special case where the underlying social network is a complete graph. We prove that, as long as the population does not include large majorities, estimation of aggregate and individual inherent opinions is possible. On the other hand, large majorities force minorities to lie over time, which makes asymptotic estimation impossible.
Assessing boundary condition and parametric uncertainty in numerical-weather-prediction-modeled, long-term offshore wind speed through machine learning and analog ensemble

Abstract. To accurately plan and manage wind power plants, not only does the time-varying wind resource at the site of interest need to be assessed but also the uncertainty connected to this estimate. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models at the mesoscale represent a valuable way to characterize the wind resource offshore, given the challenges connected with measuring hub-height wind speed. The boundary condition and parametric uncertainty associated with modeled wind speed is often estimated by running a model ensemble. However, creating an NWP ensemble of long-term wind resource data over a large region represents a computational challenge. Here, we propose two approaches to temporally extrapolate wind speed boundary condition and parametric uncertainty using a more convenient setup in which a mesoscale ensemble is run over a short-term period (1 year), and only a single model covers the desired long-term period (20 year). We quantify hub-height wind speed boundary condition and parametric uncertainty from the short-term model ensemble as its normalized across-ensemble standard deviation. Then, we develop and apply a gradient-boosting model and an analog ensemble approach to temporally extrapolate such uncertainty to the full 20-year period, for which only a single model run is available. As a test case, we consider offshore wind resource characterization in the California Outer Continental Shelf. Both of the proposed approaches provide accurate estimates of the long-term wind speed boundary condition and parametric uncertainty across the region ( R2>0.75 ), with the gradient-boosting model slightly outperforming the analog ensemble in terms of bias and centered root-mean-square error. At the three offshore wind energy lease areas in the region, we find a long-term median hourly uncertainty between 10 % and 14 % of the mean hub-height wind speed values. Finally, we assess the physical variability in the uncertainty estimates. In general, we find that the wind speed uncertainty increases closer to land. Also, neutral conditions have smaller uncertainty than the stable and unstable cases, and the modeled wind speed in winter has less boundary condition and parametric sensitivity than summer.
WakeMeUp: Weight Dependent Intelligent and Robust Alarm System Using Load Cells

Race of having better life and living standards are the major cause of sleep deprivation, depression and irritating behaviours. Indulging in such competitions yield in imbalance between rest and study/office hours. Sleeping late due to tough routine usually results in waking up late the following morning, and will also affect working schedules along personal and professional commitments. Once the sleep time is determined which varies from person to person (different age groups), an alarm system can be synced with daily schedule. People tend to use a variety of alarm systems available in market, but they are not smart enough to achieve their prime objective. i.e. waking up the concerned individual. This paper aims to propose a smart solution to accomplish its objective by: (1) Monitoring weight of individual on the bed, (2) Alerting at pre-set alarm time and (3) Powering ON vibrating motors and DC light. If the sensed weight exceeds the specified threshold at alarm time, the alarm, vibrating motors and DC light will activate to operate. To switch the alarm OFF, the sensed weight must be less than threshold, i.e. the individual needs to be out of bed. The proposed system has been validated on a number of actual test cases and achieved upto 95% accuracy and efficiency.
A Rare Case of Burkitt's Lymphoma Presenting With Features Mimicking Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease.

Here, we report a case of Burkitt’s lymphoma in an HIV-positive patient presenting with features suggestive of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKHD), which in retrospect was likely a misdiagnosis. We hope to describe a rare presentation of lymphoma in order to prevent misdiagnosis and promote early recognition. The patient was a 25-year-old male who initially presented with right eye pain and blurry vision. He was found to have bilateral serous retinal detachments and was diagnosed with VKHD and started on prednisone. He stopped taking the prednisone, and his vision worsened. He then developed right eye ptosis, restricted eye movements, nausea, vomiting, headache, dysphagia, tongue deviation, and slurred speech. MRI showed diffuse cranial nerve enhancement. He was found to be positive for HIV and Hepatitis A with CD4 count of 41. Lumbar puncture showed WBC 83 (94% lymphocytes), RBC 1460, glucose 62, and protein 195, with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positivity and negative cytology. Gd1a antibody was positive (72). He underwent empiric treatment with IV solumedrol for possible VKHD exacerbation, followed by empiric intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) for possible acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP). He subsequently developed diffuse limb weakness and loss of reflexes, and he was treated with plasma exchange (PLEX). He demonstrated minimal response to treatment. Electromyography (EMG) was unrevealing, and the MRI of the cervical and lumbar spine showed diffuse nerve root thickening and enhancement. He underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for continued dysphagia, and the biopsy was positive for an aggressive B-cell lymphoma strongly favoring Burkitt’s lymphoma. VKHD is a rare condition diagnosed based on retinal exam findings. Few cases of lymphoma report findings suggestive of VKHD. This is a rare case of lymphoma initially presenting with these retinal findings. Understanding this potential presentation of lymphoma is essential for early diagnosis and treatment and for optimizing patient outcomes.
Simultaneous Force, Torque, Position, and Orientation Control of a Robot Manipulator on a Constrained Surface Incorporating Force Sensor Feedback

This paper proposes a new control scheme which simultaneously regulates and tracks the force, torque, position, and orientation of the end effector of a robot manipulator along a constrained surface. A general model for constrained surfaces is derived. A general control structure using information from both the joint encoders and a force/torque sensor attached to the wrist is presented. From these devices, the current position and orientation of the end effector along with the applied forces and torques can be calculated. Models of both the constraint surface and the compliance of the end effector are included into the control algorithm. This leads to a more robust control strategy than previously developed. Simulation studies show that the steady state error of the system in the regulator mode goes to zero, even with significant errors in the constraint location and orientation. In the tracking mode, the steady state error goes to zero if there is only an error in the offset of the constraint. If there is an orientation error in the constraint while the system is in the tracking mode, then there will be a constant error in the force component. In both modes, the controller will exhibit zero error if the constraint is exactly modeled.
Application of optimality criteria to automated structural design

This paper presents a recursive design method for the minimum weight design of linear elastic redundant structures subject to multiple independent static loading conditions and with behavioral constraints on allowable element stresses and nodal displacements and constraints on design variables. This recursive method is based on the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions for a local optimum and gives, upon completion, a local optimum design. An iterative procedure is used to resize the structure until a design satisfying the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions is obtained. For resizing, it is necessary to identify the current near-active (critical) constraints and to use this data to construct the Kuhn-Tucker test. If the current design is not converged, then the information from the test is used to resize the design variables and improve the design. Each iteration or redesign requires only the solution of a set of linear algebraic equations equal in number to the number of currently active constraints. The method is used to design several well-known truss-type structures, and the results are shown to compare favorably with previous results obtained using mathematical programing algorithms and other optimality criteria methods.
Abstract IA19: Response and resistance PD-1 pathway blockade

Melanoma is a genetically complex cancer harboring a multitude of somatic mutations for potential targeting by the immune system. However, melanoma cells can co-opt normal immune tolerance mechanisms to evade elimination. The immunoglobulin-like molecule PD-L1 (B7-H1), expressed by many melanomas in situ, creates a protective shield against immune attack. PD-L1 is a ligand for the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor expressed on activated T and B cells, and it delivers an inhibitory signal to suppress antitumor immunity. Blocking the PD-1:PD-L1 interaction can rejuvenate anti-melanoma immunity and mediate tumor regression. Multicenter clinical trials of blocking antibodies against PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) or PD-L1 (BMS-936559, MPDL3280A, MEDI4736) have been undertaken. In an early phase trial of biweekly nivolumab administration, durable objective tumor regressions and disease stabilization were observed among 31% and 7%, respectively, of 107 patients with advanced treatment-refractory melanoma. Median overall survival in this trial was 17 months. Partial tumor regressions that are durable and persist after drug discontinuation suggest that PD-1 blockade can reset the balance between the immune system and melanoma. In some patients, “mixed” tumor regressions or initial disease progression followed by regression suggest that tumor lesions separated anatomically or chronologically may be immunologically heterogeneous. Durable objective tumor regressions reported in clinical trials of various antibodies blocking the PD-1 and PD-L1 immune checkpoints validate the importance of targeting this pathway in melanoma therapy. Ongoing investigations into pharmacodynamics and potential biomarkers of response are designed to reveal the basis for immunological heterogeneity among different patients, and among diverse tumor sites in individual patients, to enable the optimal clinical development of these drugs. Supported by research grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, the National Institutes of Health, Stand Up 2 Cancer, the Barney Family Foundation, the Laverna Hahn Charitable Trust, Moving for Melanoma of Delaware, and the Melanoma Research Alliance. Citation Format: Suzanne L. Topalian. Response and resistance PD-1 pathway blockade. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Melanoma: From Biology to Therapy; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(14 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.