cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age, Memory Changes, and the Varying Utility of Recognition as a Media Effects Pathway

Numerous media campaign evaluations use self-reported exposure measures in assessing media effects, and many of these measures rely on participant recognition of campaign material. Rather than accepting the utility of such measures at face value, however, we should probe their limits. We can predict at least one theoretically important limit on the basis of what we know about age-related memory changes. Specifically, the utility of a recognition item as an indicator of past exposure should decline as audiences age, especially for the most elderly. Analysis of data from a science communication project evaluation offers support for these ideas, demonstrating that age predicts recognition error and that the relationship between experimentally assigned physical exposure and subsequent self-reported recognition wanes among adults 70 and older. We also examine the possibility that media content might nonetheless affect older adults in ways often overlooked by reliance on recognition items.
No difference in postoperative complications, pain, and functional outcomes up to 2 years after incidental durotomy in lumbar spinal fusion: A prospective, multi-institutional, propensity-matched analysis of 1,741 patients

Abstract Background Incidental durotomies occur in up to 17% of spinal operations. Controversy exists regarding the short- and long-term consequences of durotomies. Purpose The primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of incidental durotomies on the immediate postoperative complications and patient-reported outcome measures. Study design Prospective study. Patient sample A total of 1,741 patients undergoing index lumbar spine fusion were selected from a multi-institutional prospective data registry. Outcome measures Patient-reported outcome measures used in this study included back pain (BP-Visual Analog Scale), leg pain (LP-Visual Analog Scale), and Oswestry Disability Index. Methods A total of 1,741 patients were selected from a multi-institutional prospective data registry, who underwent primary lumbar fusion for low back pain and/or radiculopathy between January 2003 and December 2010. We collected and analyzed data on patient demographics, postoperative complications, back pain, leg pain, and functional disability over 2 years, with risk-adjusted propensity score modeling. Results Incidental durotomies occurred in 70 patients (4%). Compared with the control group (n=1,671), there was no significant difference in postoperative infection (p=.32), need for reoperation (p=.85), or symptomatic neurologic damage (p=.66). At 1- and 2-year follow-up, there was no difference in patient-reported outcomes of back pain (BP-Visual Analog Scale), leg pain (LP-Visual Analog Scale), or functional disability (Oswestry Disability Index) (p>.3), with results remaining consistent in the propensity-matched cohort analysis (p>.4). Conclusion Within the context of an on-going debate on the consequences of incidental durotomy, we found no difference in neurologic symptoms, infection, reoperation, back pain, leg pain, or functional disability over a 2-year follow-up period.
On the capillary instability of a dielectric viscous liquid cylinder surrounded by another viscous fluid in an electric field

Capillary instability of dielectric viscous liquid cylinder under axisymmetric disturbances in electric field, discussing flow perturbation and surrounding viscous fluid effect
Layer by layer approach to transport in noncollinear magnetic structures

By now a common method to solve for transport phenomena in a multilayered structure is to solve the equations of motion in each layer and use boundary conditions to match the solutions across interfaces. This has worked quite well for magnetic multilayers as long as the magnetic layers are collinear, however, when they are noncollinear one has to introduce an artifice to account for correlations between states in different layers that are left out in the layer by layer approach. We have calculated the steady state transport properties, i.e., the charge and spin currents, spin torque, and resistance, as a function of the angle between two magnetic layers separated by a normal (nonmagnetic) spacer, by using the Boltzmann equations of motion for spin transport in the layers and by including current induced spin flip scattering at interfaces (the artifice). We compare our results to those found when one does not include the artifice at the interfaces, and find they agree only at times before which the current driven spin accumulation in the spacer layer has been able to couple the scattering at its interfaces with the magnetic layers.
Studies on the mechanism of intestinal absorption of sugars. V. The influence of several cations and anions on the active transport of sugars, in vitro, by various preparations of hamster small intestine.

Abstract Active sugar transport by hamster small intestine, in vitro, was studied with regard to the influence of the ionic composition of the medium on the overall process. Active transport was absolutely dependent upon Na+. No other cation tested could replace Na+ and no other cation was specifically required. There was no specific requirement for an anion. Also, active transport occurred in the presence of several anions which do not penetrate tissues, indicating that trans-membrane movements of anions are not involved in active sugar transport. The rate of active transport, the steady-state tissue levels of accumulated sugar and the exchange rate of tritium-labelled sugar in the steady-state condition were dependent on Na+ and were apparently directly proportional to the external Na+ concentration. The conclusion is drawn that Na+ directly affects the transport rate and that the steady-state levels of actively transported sugars reflect a balance between inward active transport and outward leakage and diffusion of the sugars. Measurements of actively transported sugar in different parts of the intestinal wall show that the locus of Na+ action is the brush-border pole of the epithelial cell; the same pole at which it was previously shown that the concentration difference of actively transported sugar is established.
Prostitution as a Form of Work

In recent years, prostitution increasingly has been recast as a form of ‘sex work’, which directs attention to both the work itself and the larger occupational milieu in which it takes place. This article examines several aspects of the work environment, including important variations between different types of workers (on the street and in indoor venues), relations between workers and customers, and what is known about the role of various managers involved in recruitment, socialization, and control over workers. The article highlights areas in which further research will provide a more complete picture of sex work in different kinds of contexts.
MICROTUBULE SLIDING, BEND INITIATION, AND BEND PROPAGATION PARAMETERS OF CIONA SPERM FLAGELLA ALTERED BY VISCOUS LOAD

The effect of altered viscous resistance on flagellar bending has been reexamined, utilizing ATP-reactivated sperm flagella from Ciona and newer methods that resolve metachronous and synchronous components of microtubule sliding and allow the examination of bend initiation as well as bend propagation. Large changes in amplitude and wavelength of bend propagation occur with little change in bend initiation parameters, other than frequency, indicating that bend initiation and bend propagation are regulated by quite different mechanisms. At increased viscosity, reduced amplitude of propagating bends, measured as metachronous shear amplitude, is associated with both reduced amplitude during bend initiation and amplitude adjustment after bends begin to propagate. This combination of effects was seen previously when reduced amplitudes were induced by increased salt concentration, and it was suggested to be caused by an imbalance between active moments and viscous resistances. However, in contrast to the results at increased salt concentrations, which involved significant reduction in bend curvature and little reduction in wavelength, increased viscosity causes very little change in curvature and causes a major reduction in wavelength. This difference can be explained by a model of flagellar bending in which inner arm dyneins have primary responsibility for maintaining bend curvature and outer arm dyneins have primary responsibility for performing work against viscous resistances. Both sets of dyneins would be inhibited by increased salt concentration, but increased viscous resistance would be irrelevant to the operation of inner arm dyneins.
Liquid helium cryostat with internal fluorescence detection for x-ray absorption studies in the 2-6 keV energy region.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in the intermediate x-ray region (2–6 keV) for dilute biological samples has been limited because of detector/flux limitations and inadequate cryogenic instrumentation. We have designed and constructed a new tailpiece/sample chamber for a commercially available liquid helium cooled cryostat which overcomes difficulties related to low fluorescence signals by using thin window materials and incorporating an internal photodiode detector. With the apparatus, XAS data at the Cl, S, and Ca K edges have been collected on frozen solutions and biological samples at temperatures down to 60 K. A separate chamber has been incorporated for collecting room-temperature spectra of standard compounds (for energy calibration purposes) which prevents contamination of the cryostat chamber and allows the sample to remain undisturbed, both important concerns for studying dilute and radiation-sensitive samples.
Formation in vitro of A 5.8-S-26-S sea urchin rRNA complex.

Abstract Sea urchin 26-S rRNA has been demonstrated to contain a hydrogen-bonded 5.8-S rRNA that is dissociated by heat with a T m of 50°, or completely dissociated at 22° in the presence of 5 M urea with a salt concentration of 0.0375 M NaCl-0.00375 M trisodium citrate (pH 7.3). The RNA is composed of 150 nucleotides, contains no methyl groups, and has a high G + C composition that resembles that of the 18 S rRNA. The conditions have been determined both for the release as well as the reassociation of 5.8-S rRNA from its 26-S rRNA using urea and salt solutions as denaturants.
A membrane-proximal basic domain and cysteine cluster in the C-terminal tail of CCR5 constitute a bipartite motif critical for cell surface expression.

We examined the structural requirements for cell surface expression, signaling, and human immunodeficiency virus co-receptor activity for the chemokine receptor, CCR5. Serial C-terminal truncation of CCR5 resulted in progressive loss of cell surface expression; mutants truncated at the 317th position and shorter were not detected at the cell surface. Alanine substitution of basic residues in the membrane-proximal domain (residues 314–322) in the context of a full-length C-tail resulted in severe reduction in surface expression. C-terminal truncation that excised the three cysteines in this domain reduced surface expression, but further truncation of upstream basic residue(s) abolished surface expression. Substituting the carboxyl-terminal domain of CXCR4 for that of CCR5 failed to rectify the trafficking defect of the tailless CCR5. In contrast, tailless CXCR4 or a CXCR4 chimera that exchanged the native cytoplasmic domain for that of wild type CCR5 was expressed at the cell surface. Deletion mutants that expressed at the cell surface responded to chemokine stimulation and mediated human immunodeficiency virus entry. Substitution of all serine and threonine residues in the C-terminal tail of CCR5 abolished chemokine-mediated receptor phosphorylation but preserved downstream signaling (Ca2+ flux), while substitutions of tyrosine residues in the C-tail affected neither phenotype. CCR5 mutants that failed to traffic to the plasma membrane did not exhibit obvious changes in metabolic turnover and were retained in the Golgi or pre-Golgi compartments(s). Thus, the basic domain (-KHIAKRF-) and the cysteine cluster (-CKCC-) in the C-terminal tail of CCR5 function cooperatively for optimal surface expression.
The Impact of Frequency-Agility on Dynamic Spectrum Sharing

Designed to adapt spectrum usage on-the-fly, frequency-agile radios can drastically improve performance of wireless networks. Such flexibility, however, comes with a cost of increased hardware complexity. This motivates us to understand when and why having higher degree of frequency-agility helps and how much improvement it can lead to. In this paper, we approach this question by comparing two types of agile radios in the context of dynamic spectrum sharing in any given spectrum chunk. We consider 1-agile radios that use a single frequency channel but can adjust the channel's width and central frequency, and k-agile radios that can combine up to k non-contiguously aligned frequency segments into one transmission. We show that, due to inherent demand dynamics and conflict heterogeneity, networks using 1-agile radios often face the problem of spectrum fragmentation. But k-agile radios can effectively suppress this problem directly at the physical layer. Using theoretical analysis and simulation experiments, we quantify the advantage of k- agile radios over 1-agile radios in their network spectrum usage. For a fair comparison, we abstract the impact of demand and topology configurations by evaluating the worst case and average case performance. Our results show that in worst cases, the improvement of using fully-agile radios is arbitrarily large, although the improvement of using k-agile radios is upper bounded by k. In average cases, the improvement reduces to 10-40% under typical network configurations. Interestingly, in the context of dynamic spectrum sharing, 2-agile radios realize the majority of the improvement brought by fully-agile radios.
A formulation of asymptotic and exact boundary conditions using local operators

In this paper we describe a systematic approach for constructing asymptotic boundary conditions for isotropic wave-like equations using local operators. The conditions take a recursive form with increasing order of accuracy. In three dimensions the recursion terminates and the resulting conditions are exact for solutions which are described by finite combinations of angular spherical harmonics. First, we develop the expansion for the two-dimensional wave equation and construct a sequence of easily implementable boundary conditions. We show that in three dimensions and analogous conditions are again easily implementable in addition to being exact. Also, we provide extensions of these ideas to hyperbolic systems. Namely, Maxwell's equations for TM waves are used to demonstrate the construction. Finally, we provide numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of these conditions for a model problem governed by the wave equation.
Differential effects of cycloheximide on protein and RNA synthesis as a function of dose

Abstract The in vivo dose response of rat liver protein and DNA synthesis to cycloheximide have been determined. Protein synthesis was quite sensitive to relatively low doses of cycloheximide being inhibited by more than 90% with 1.5 mg/kg. Maximal inhibition of 98% was achieved with 5 mg/kg. There was no inhibition of RNA synthesis with this dose of cycloheximide. Larger doses of cycloheximide did lead to quite marked inhibition of RNA synthesis without any change in the already maximally inhibited rate of protein synthesis. This differential effect of cycloheximide on protein and RNA synthesis as a function of dose indicates that the inhibition of RNA synthesis caused by the antibiotic is not a consequence of the inhibition of protein synthesis but related otherwise to the effects of large doses of cycloheximide.
Anomalous Cyclization of 1, 19-Dimethyl-A, C-Biladienes: Direct Synthesis of meso-Aminoporphyrin Derivatives

Abstract Treatment of the a, c-biladiene (3) with copper(II) acetate in DMF leads, after demetallation, to expected porphyrin (4) along with the meso-N, N-dimethylaminoporphyrin (5) in which the new meso carbon is derived from the carbonyl carbon of the DMF solvent.
Intraspecific divergence in sperm morphology of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis: implications for selection in broadcast spawners

Sperm morphology can be highly variable among species, but less is known about patterns of population differentiation within species. Most studies of sperm morphometric variation are done in species with internal fertilization, where sexual selection can be mediated by complex mating behavior and the environment of the female reproductive tract. Far less is known about patterns of sperm evolution in broadcast spawners, where reproductive dynamics are largely carried out at the gametic level. We investigated variation in sperm morphology of a broadcast spawner, the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis), within and among spawnings of an individual, among individuals within a population, and among populations. We also examined population-level variation between two reproductive seasons for one population. We then compared among-population quantitative genetic divergence (QST) for sperm characters to divergence at neutral microsatellite markers (FST). All sperm traits except total length showed strong patterns of high diversity among populations, as did overall sperm morphology quantified using multivariate analysis. We also found significant differences in almost all traits among individuals in all populations. Head length, axoneme length, and total length had high within-male repeatability across multiple spawnings. Only sperm head width had significant within-population variation across two reproductive seasons. We found signatures of directional selection on head length and head width, with strong selection possibly acting on head length between the Pacific and West Atlantic populations. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of the QST-FST comparison. Sperm morphology in S. droebachiensis is highly variable, both among populations and among individuals within populations, and has low variation within an individual across multiple spawnings. Selective pressures acting among populations may differ from those acting within, with directional selection implicated in driving divergence among populations and balancing selection as a possible mechanism for producing variability among males. Sexual selection in broadcast spawners may be mediated by different processes from those acting on internal fertilizers. Selective divergence in sperm head length among populations is associated with ecological differences among populations that may play a large role in mediating sexual selection in this broadcast spawner.
Contact rearrangements form coupled networks from local motions in allosteric proteins.

Allosteric proteins bind an effector molecule at one site resulting in a functional change at a second site. We hypothesize that networks of contacts altered, formed, or broken are a significant contributor to allosteric communication in proteins. In this work, we identify which interactions change significantly between the residue-residue contact networks of two allosteric structures and then organize these changes into graphs. We perform the analysis on 15 pairs of allosteric structures with effector and substrate each present in at least one of the two structures. Most proteins exhibit large, dense regions of contact rearrangement, and the graphs form connected paths between allosteric effector and substrate sites in five of these proteins. In the remaining ten proteins, large-scale conformational changes such as rigid-body motions are likely required in addition to contact rearrangement networks to account for substrate-effector communication. On average, clusters which contain at least one substrate or effector molecule comprise 20% of the protein. These allosteric graphs are small worlds; that is, they typically have mean shortest path lengths comparable to those of corresponding random graphs and average clustering coefficients enhanced relative to those of random graphs. The networks capture 60 to 80% of known allostery-perturbing mutants in three proteins, and the metrics degree and closeness are statistically good discriminators of mutant residues from non-mutant residues within the networks in two of these three proteins. For two proteins, coevolving clusters of residues which have been hypothesized to be allosterically important differ from the regions with the most contact rearrangement. Residues and contacts which modulate normal mode fluctuations also often participate in the contact rearrangement networks. In summary, residue-residue contact rearrangement networks provide useful representations of the portions of allosteric pathways resulting from coupled local motions.
Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS): what have we learned and what will we learn?

The Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) is a North American national registry for mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs) that are used to treat advanced heart failure. Durable MCSDs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are included in this registry; however, MCSDs that remain in FDA trials pending initial approval (ie, investigational device exemption [IDE] trials) and devices intended for short-term use (eg, Abiomed BVS 5000 ventricular assist device [Abiomed, Danvers, MA]) are not included. The purposes of this article are to present a developmental history of INTERMACS, to outline the collaboration of INTERMACS with various constituencies (eg, FDA, National Institutes of Health, Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services, industry, and physicians), to present a summary of information generated to date by INTERMACS, and to describe the future directions of INTERMACS. The concept of using mechanical circulatory assistance for more than a brief time after a cardiac operation dates to the early 1960s with the development of MCSDs that fit the definitions of counterpulsation devices (eg, the intra-aortic balloon pump), ventricular assist devices (VADs), and total artificial hearts.1–5 The development and initial clinical evaluation of these devices were regulated by individual academic medical center review groups that evolved into institutional review boards. The FDA entered this arena in 1976 with the advent of the FDA section for device regulation based on passage of the 1976 Medical Device Amendments.6 By 1991, groups including the Institute of Medicine foresaw the need for a detailed longitudinal database for patients receiving MCSDs, stating in an Institute of Medicine report that “patients should be followed through a registry for the remainder of their lives….”7 The committee further recommended that the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute support long-term follow-up studies. Eventually, a …
Non-Contact Surface Temperature Measurements Coupled with Ultrafast Real-Time Computation

This work presents the next step following a previous effort (Raad et al., 2006) toward creating a coupled experimental-computational technique devised for the full characterization of the thermal behavior of complex three-dimensional active submicron electronic devices. A newly developed CCD based thermoreflectance thermography (TRTG) system is used to measure the 2D surface temperature field of an activated device, non-invasively, with submicron spatial resolution. Then, the geometry and material thermal properties of the device are used to construct the corresponding numerical model. The measured temperature distribution field is then used as input for an ultrafast inverse computational technique to fully characterize the thermal behavior of three multilayered devices. For the purposes of this investigation, micro-heater devices were constructed, activated, and measured with the TRTG approach. The coupled system was used to extract key geometric properties of the micro-heaters. In this work, two parameters were chosen for optimization; namely, the thickness of bottom oxide and the length of the heat source of the micro-heaters. The results show that the extracted thickness compares well with the thickness measured by the use of a profiler. However, the extracted heat source length increases with the width of the micro-heater due to end effects. In the second part, the surface temperature results obtained with the coupled method are compared with those obtained from the fully independent electro-resistance thermometry approach. The results of the two methods compare very well, providing validation of the coupled experimental-computational system as well as confidence in its ability to thermally fully characterize complex 3D electronic devices.
The impact of foodborne calicivirus disease: The Minnesota experience

The first outbreaks of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis in Minnesota were confirmed in 1982. Since then, Norwalk-like caliciviruses have been recognized to be the most common cause of foodborne disease outbreaks, accounting for 41% of all confirmed foodborne outbreaks in Minnesota from 1981-1998. Although laboratory confirmation of caliciviruses in stool samples was not attempted in most of these outbreaks, all conformed to epidemiologic criteria for defining outbreaks of Norwalk virus. Since 1996, the availability of polymerase chain reaction testing at the Minnesota Department of Health has allowed for the confirmation of calicivirus infection among patients involved in epidemiologically defined outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis. Results have confirmed the usefulness of characterizing foodborne disease outbreaks by epidemiologic criteria and also confirmed the importance of human caliciviruses as the leading cause of foodborne disease outbreaks in Minnesota.
An empirical comparison of cutoff score methods for content-related and criterion-related validity settings

The objective of this paper was to comparatively evaluate different methods for obtaining cutoff scores in content and criterion-related validity settings. Cutoff score methods were compared in reference to the predictor standard error of measurement, number of correct and incorrect classification decisions obtained with each cutoff score procedure, and overall actual criterion performance of individuals passing each cutoff score. Results indicate that while the various methods do result in slightly different cutoff score values, they all fell within the standard error of measurement. In addition, although differences in cutoff values were reflected in differences in the number of correct and incorrect decisions, differences in the actual criterion performance of individuals passing each cutoff score were minimal. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for applied decision making especially in situations where criterion data are unavailable and the use of tests is based on content-relate...
Pesticide Pollution Control: Suggestions are made for improving the quality of water subject to pollution by pesticides

The suggested methods for evaluating water quality with respect to its content of selected groups of pesticides are based on interpretation of generally available information. They are intended to provide a base for discussion leading to the development of public policy for the inclusion of such values in water quality standards.
The behaviourt of small- and large-scale variations of in-cylinder flow during intake and compression strokes in a motored four-valve spark ignition engine

AbstractAn experimental study was conducted to investigate the small-scale and large-scale variations of flow within the cylinder of an internal combustion engine (turbulence and cyclic variation) during the intake and compression processes. Spatial fast Fourier transform (FFT) filtering techniques with various cut-off lengths were used to determine whether there existed a particular length scale that differentiated turbulence from cyclic variations. The flow field was measured using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system, which was set with 1.25 mm grid spacing. From the experiments and analysis, it was found that there was no particular size of vortical structures dominating the flow field during intake and compression strokes over many cycles. It was also found that not only the ensemble-averaged variation but also the standard deviation of the large- and small-scale variations were greater during the early intake and late compression compared with late intake through the early compression process.
Ocean disposal of CO2: Conditions for producing sinking CO2 hydrate

Abstract Carbon dioxide sequestration at intermediate ocean depths in the form of a sinking CO2 stream has been shown to be technically feasible. Buoyancy characteristics of CO2 hydrate particles obtained from a coflow reactor operating under conditions that produce negatively buoyant CO2 hydrate composite particles were studied. Using a simplified process model, the limiting ratios of CO2 to water to produce sinking hydrate composite streams were established for pressure and temperature conditions of intermediate ocean depths. A kinetic model involving a mass transfer step and a reaction step was proposed to explain experimental data using a seafloor process simulator. Results suggest that the reactor operates under mass‐transfer controlled conditions. Although the density of freshwater is only a few percentage units less than that of seawater, operating conditions derived from freshwater‐based studies are significantly different for ambient seawater. Owing to the higher density of seawater, greater conv...
Interannual variability of surface climate in the Amazon basin

This empirical study examines the circulation mechanisms of anomalously wet and dry years in the Amazon basin. Data sources include surface ship observations in the tropical Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as various hydrometeorological indices in Amazonia during 1951–1983. Rainfall and river water level anomalies in northern Amazonia are associated with distinct circulation patterns in the tropical Atlantic, particularly at the March–April peak of the rainy season. Thus, abundant rainfall in northern Amazonia and high Rio Negro water levels are accompanied by a strong North Atlantic high, steep meridional pressure gradient on its equatorward side, accelerated North-east trades, and cool surface waters in the tropical North Atlantic. The intensified North-east trades may entail enhanced boundary-layer moisture transport from the tropical North Atlantic into the Amazon basin. This ensemble of atmospheric and oceanic anomalies is characteristic of, but not limited to, the high phase of the Southern Oscillation (defined by anomalously high/low pressure at Tahiti/Darwin).
Is Natriuretic Peptide Receptor C a New Target for Hypertension Therapeutics

See related article, pp 846–855 Natriuretic peptides (NPs) include atrial NP (ANP), B-type NP, and C-type NP. NPs exert cardiovascular protective effects through interaction with their receptors. There are 2 major classes of NP receptors (NPRs): guanylyl cyclase–coupled receptors A and B (NPR-A and NPR-B) and inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (inhibitory G protein)–coupled receptor C (NPR-C; Figure). The cardiovascular protective effects of NPs have been primarily attributed to the elevation of intracellular cGMP via NPR-A and NPR-B.1 NPR-C, initially identified as a clearance receptor,2 has been shown to inhibit adenylyl cyclase via the α subunit of the inhibitory G protein and to stimulate phospholipase C signaling via the βγ subunits of the same inhibitory G protein.3 NPR-C is widely distributed in many tissues and cell types and has higher density than …
A Review of: “Communicating Public Health Information Effectively: A Guide for Practitioners.”: Nelson, D., Brownson, R., Remington, P. and Parvanta, C. (Editors). (2002). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. ISBN: 0-87553-027-3 (Paperback, $33.95), 240 pages.

At a time when many public health campaigns fail to achieve their objectives, a guide that bridges health communication and public health in an effort to help practitioners learn why, how, and with...
Reconstitution of beef heart mitochondrial F0F1 in reverse phase evaporation vesicles

Abstract Beef heart mitochondrial F0F1 was reconstituted in proteoliposomes by a new procedure. MF0F1 was inserted in preformed reverse phase evaporation vesicles of large diameters prepared from asolectin (MF0F1–REV). Reconstitution was mediated by Triton X-100, which was subsequently removed by treatment with Bio-Beads. Parameters which resulted in optimal reconstitution were described. The MF0F1–REV proteoliposomes catalyzed an exchange between Pi and ATP and were capable of proton pumping. Both reactions were inhibited by oligomycin and uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. The range of Pi–ATP exchange activity of the proteoliposomes (70–110 nmol min−1 mg−1) compared favorably with activities obtained in vesicles reconstituted by cholate dialysis or cholate dilution. The most important aspect of this method is that, unlike other reconstitution methods, exogenous F1 and other coupling factors are not required to obtain high Pi–ATP exchange activity by MF0F1–REV. This simple and rapid reconstitution procedure should be useful for future studies dealing with functional analysis of MF0F1.
Evaluation of Remote Monitoring in Home Health Care

Remote telehealth monitoring has become a common practice in home health care in the United Sates. Further, there is growing evidence of the effectiveness of remote monitoring on patient outcomes. The Visiting Nurse of New York, the largest not-for-profit home health care agency in the country tested the impact of remote monitors on a sample of 132 patients compared to a matched control group (n=264). The results indicated that regardless of diagnosis, the rate of hospitalization for the control group was 45.5% and for the remote monitoring group it was 35.6%. The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.06). However, at the diagnosis level there were significant differences for congestive heart failure and hypertension patients. The diagnoses chosen for analysis were the most frequent (primary or secondary) among the remote monitoring patients with sample sizes greater than 20. Implications of these and other findings are discussed.
Lab-on-a-chip sensor for assessment of manganese exposure

In this paper, we describe development of a point-of-care sensor for rapid electrochemical measurement of biological exposure to manganese (Mn). The sensor was fabricated using bismuth as working electrode and Ag/AgCl as integrated reference. Electrochemical performance of the lab-on-a-chip sensor was characterized by measuring oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of reference solutions and square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) of Mn standard solutions. The envisioned sensor will permit workers quickly and safely monitor their biological dose of Mn on the jobsite, minimizing exposure and ensuring worker safety.
Physical Causation and Difference-Making

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between physical theories of causation and theories of difference-making. It is plausible to think that such theories are compatible with one another as...
Synthesis of 2‐Alkylamino‐3‐fluoropyridines Using Buchwald Conditions

Abstract Synthesis of 2‐alkylamino‐3‐fluoropyridines from 2‐chloro‐3‐fluoropyridine using palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction under Buchwald conditions is described.
Performance comparisons of the forward-backward LMS adaptive filters and the split-path LMS adaptive filters for adaptive line enhancement

Performance comparisons of the forward-backward LMS (FBLMS) adaptive algorithm and the split-path LMS (SPLMS) adaptive algorithm are presented. Typical simulation results are shown for the adaptive line enhancement application. It is shown that the FBLMS algorithm uses both forward and backward linear prediction errors in two different filters. The FBLMS algorithm converges at the same speed as the LMS, but gives about half the misadjustment and about twice the number of computations. The SPLMS algorithm also uses both forward and backward linear prediction errors, but splits the filter in two to maintain about the same number of computations. The SPLMS algorithm converges faster than the LMS, but gives some misadjustment and requires a few more additions. >
A virtual environment for IA education

With the increased potential of a bona fide cyber terrorist attack and the possibility of a future "war in the wires", we must continue to improve the education, training, and resourcing of individuals responsible for defending our national borders-whether those borders be physical or electronic. The Information Analysis and Research (IWAR) laboratory at the United States Military Academy (USMA) has proven to be an exceptional resource for such an education for our students and faculty studying information warfare and information assurance. The lab has also been successful in motivating the need for continued education and training in this area on a much larger scope. A recent initiative, the virtual information assurance network (VIAN) allows us to provide a robust and fully configurable network for each student to administer in the pursuit of information assurance mastery-contained on a single computer! we justify why information warfare labs are necessary, describe the phenomenon that is occurring as a result of the IWAR lab, explain the current configuration, and present lessons learned that others might use in designing an information warfare laboratory.
Deetoo: Scalable unstructured search built on a structured overlay

We present Deetoo, an algorithm to perform completely general queries, for instance high-dimensional proximity queries or regular expression matching, on a P2P network. Deetoo is an efficient unstructured query system on top of existing structured P2P ring topologies. Deetoo provides a reusable search tool to work alongside a DHT, thus, it provides new capabilities while reusing existing P2P models and software. Since our algorithm is for unstructured search, there is no structural relationship between the queries and the network topology and hence no need to provide a mapping of queries onto a fixed DHT structure. Deetoo is optimal in terms of the trade-off in querying and caching cost. For networks of size N, O(√N) cost for both caching and querying is required to achieve a constant (in N) search success probability. Queries execute a time of O(log2 N).
Large scale patterns of genetic variation and differentiation in sugar maple from tropical Central America to temperate North America

Geological events in the latter Cenozoic have influenced the distribution, abundance and genetic structure of tree populations in temperate and tropical North America. The biogeographical history of temperate vegetation that spans large ranges of latitude is complex, involving multiple latitudinal shifts that might have occurred via different migration routes. We determined the regional structuring of genetic variation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum subsp. saccharum) and its only subspecies in tropical America (Acer saccharum subsp. skutchii) using nuclear and chloroplast data. The studied populations span a geographic range from Maine, USA (46°N), to El Progreso, Guatemala (15°N). We examined genetic subdivisions, explored the locations of ancestral haplotypes, analyzed genetic data to explore the presence of a single or multiple glacial refugia, and tested whether genetic lineages are temporally consistent with a Pleistocene or older divergence. Nuclear and chloroplast data indicated that populations in midwestern USA and western Mexico were highly differentiated from populations in the rest of the sites. The time of the most recent common ancestor of the western Mexico haplotype lineage was dated to the Pliocene (5.9 Ma, 95 % HPD: 4.3–7.3 Ma). Splits during the Pleistocene separated the rest of the phylogroups. The most frequent and widespread haplotype occurred in half of the sites (Guatemala, eastern Mexico, southeastern USA, and Ohio). Our data also suggested that multiple Pleistocene refugia (tropics-southeastern USA, midwestern, and northeastern USA), but not western Mexico (Jalisco), contributed to post-glacial northward expansion of ranges. Current southern Mexican and Guatemalan populations have reduced population sizes, genetic bottlenecks and tend toward homozygosity, as indicated using nuclear and chloroplast markers. The divergence of western Mexican populations from the rest of the sugar maples likely resulted from orographic and volcanic barriers to gene flow. Past connectivity among populations in the southeastern USA and eastern Mexico and Guatemala possible occurred through gene flow during the Pleistocene. The time to the most common ancestor values revealed that populations from the Midwest and Northeast USA represented different haplotype lineages, indicating major divergence of haplotypes lineages before the Last Glacial Maximum and suggesting the existence of multiple glacial refugia.
Potential Geographic Distribution of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in North America

Abstract The potential for ecological and economic damage caused by invasive species is only beginning to be appreciated. A recently arrived, and particularly worrisome, invader in North America is the Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), the larvae of which damage trees and forests. The geographic extent and likely path of its possible invasion of North American forests, however, are unknown. Herein, we develop and test ecological niche models for the species based on features of climate from the species' native distribution in eastern Asia, and then project them onto North America to identify areas of potential distribution. These models suggest that the species has the potential to invade much of eastern North America, but only limited areas in western North America, and that a focus of initiation of invasions is likely to lie in the area south of the Great Lakes. This result is particularly clear under modeled scenarios of spread and contagion.
Axillary Bud Development in Pea: Apical Dominance, Growth Cycles, Hormonal Regulation and Plant Architecture

Apical meristems of the shoot and root are responsible for building the vegetative plant body. Precise patterns of cell division and differentiation at the shoot apex result in the iterative formation of modules or phytomers comprised of a leaf, an axillary bud, a node and an internode (Sussex, 1989). Axillary bud meristems have the same potential for growth and development as the terminal meristem; however, most buds remain dormant and never realize this potential. As any gardener or keeper of house plants knows, removing the terminal bud promotes the growth of dormant axillary buds and gives rise to bushier plants. Control of axillary bud growth by the terminal bud is called apical dominance.
GENETIC APPROACHES FOR ESTIMATING THE EFFECTIVE SIZE OF POPULATIONS

Abstract The effective population size (Ne) provides information on how fast genetic variation is being lost, or relatedness is increasing, in a population of interest. This parameter is often considered to be related to population viability. Genetic approaches offer several avenues for estimating Ne; recent developments have helped relax assumptions of closed populations and stable population sizes that have hindered the estimation of Ne in many wildlife populations. The most promising areas of development are in the assessment of temporal changes in genetic composition for the estimation of contemporary Ne and the application of coalescent theory for estimation of historical Ne. Application of most estimators still requires making some questionable assumptions about wildlife populations. In general, these methods will be most beneficial when used in conjunction with current and historical demographic information.
Distribution of bark beetle attacks after whitebark pine restoration treatments: A case study

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), an important component of high elevation ecosystems in the western United States and Canada, is declining due to fire exclusion, white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.), and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of whitebark pine restoration treatments on the distribution of bark beetle attacks. At a site in Idaho, silvicultural treatments were implemented in summer 1998 and 1999, with prescribed burning implemented in Oct. 1999. Permanent plots (400m 2 ) were established during summer 1999 within each treatment and monitored for 4 years. Within plots, tree characteristics were measured and a bark beetle survey was conducted. Bark beetle attacks remained low throughout the study; however, there was an increase in bark beetle attacks in 2000 after the prescribed burning. By years 3 and 4, there were virtually no successful attacks. Although bark beetles were not a serious concern at the site assessed in this study, our results indicate that managers should consider and monitor the bark beetle component of these ecosystems when implementing restoration treatments. If baseline bark beetle popula- tions are high at the time of implementation, our results indicate that increases in beetle activity would be expected in some treatments, perhaps requiring mitigation. West. J. Appl. For. 20(2):110-116.
Prediction of early relapse in patients with operable breast cancer by detection of occult bone marrow micrometastases.

We used monoclonal antibodies to identify occult micrometastases in the bone marrow of 49 patients with operable (stage I and II) breast carcinoma. Follow-up (mean, 29 months; median, 30 months) revealed that 12 patients recurred. The presence of bone marrow micrometastases (BMM) was significantly associated with early recurrence (P less than .04). The estimated 2-year recurrence rate for patients with no BMM detected (BMM-) was 3%; in patients with BMM, the 2-year recurrence rate was 33%. When BMM and axillary lymph node (LN) status were combined, groups of patients at low risk (LN-, BMM-; 2-year recurrence rate, 0%) and high risk (LN+, BMM+; 2-year recurrence rate, 42%) for early recurrence were identified. Bone marrow tumor burden was related to early recurrence. Among patients with BMM, those who did not recur had on average fewer extrinsic cells in their marrow than those who recurred (15 v 43 cells, respectively). Multivariate analysis comparing BMM, LN+ versus LN-, and tumor size (less than or equal to 2 cm v greater than 2 cm) revealed no factor independently associated with early recurrence. Peripheral tumor burden of BMM (0 or less than 10 extrinsic cells v greater than or equal to 10 extrinsic cells) was the only independent predictor of early recurrence (P less than .003). In conjunction with conventional prognostic factors, particularly axillary LN status, evaluation for BMM might be used to stratify patients for adjuvant treatment programs. Because this pilot study involved few patients with short-term follow-up, the results should be interpreted with caution. The examination of bone marrow for micrometastases remains an experimental procedure; the clinical usefulness of the test will be established through larger studies with long-term follow-up.
The Microprocess Moment: A Tool for Evaluating Skills in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

specific milestones in an effort to transform somewhat abstract competencies into more uniform, meaningful, and transparent expectations (5). Within the milestones for psychiatry, there are two sub-competencies—one re- lated to patient care and another related to medical knowledge—that are specifically focused on psychother- apy (6). The psychotherapy sub-competency for patient care refers to "the practice and delivery of psychother- apies including psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and supportive therapies" and is most related to the psychotherapy skills we hope that residents will achieve.