cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial

This study followed children who participated in a feeding trial in which the type of randomized infant formula fed from 2 weeks significantly affected weight gain velocity during the first 4 months and weight-for-length Z (WLZ) scores up to 11.5 months. We focused on measures of anthropometry, dietary intakes, and parenting related to the provision of snack foods that were collected at the end of the trial (1 year) and the 1.5 years follow-up visit. We not only describe what toddlers are eating, but we also determined the independent and/or interactive effects of randomized formula group, early weight gain velocity, the nutrient content of the post-formula diet, and maternal snack food practices, on toddlers’ weight status. Diet quality underwent drastic changes during this 6-month period. As infant formula disappeared from the diet, fruit and 100% fruit juice intake increased slightly, while intake of “What We Eat in America” food categories sweetened beverages and snacks and sweets more than doubled. Added sugars accounted for 5% of energy needs at 1 year and 9% at 1.5 years. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that, independent of the randomized formula group, greater velocities of weight gain during early infancy and lower access to snacks as toddlers predicted higher WLZ and a greater proportion of toddlers with overweight at 1.5 years. Energy and added sugar intake had no significant effects. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that unhealthy dietary habits are formed even before formula weaning and that, along with improving early diet, transient rapid weight gain and parental feeding practices are modifiable determinants that may reduce risks for obesity.
Justice Perverted: Sex Offense Law, Psychology, and Public Policy

Introduction Chapter 1: Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders Chapter 2: Sex Offender Registration, Notification and Restriction Laws Chapter 3: Possession of Child Pornography Chapter 4: Internet Sex Offenders Epilogue Notes
Living in a Gangsta’s Paradise: Dr. C. DeLores Tucker’s Crusade Against Gansta Rap Music in the 1990s

iv Introduction: “Now let me welcome everybody to the wild, wild west”: The Beginnings of Rap Music and its Relationship to Dr. C. DeLores Tucker 1 Chapter One: “It ain’t personal, strictly business baby”: Dr. C. DeLores Tucker’s Crusade Methodology 17 Direct Action 17 Political Action 26 Conclusion 34 Chapter Two: “They wanna censor me; they’d rather see me in a cell livin in hell – only a few of us’ll live to tell”: Tucker and the Crusade’s Inevitable Failure 36 The Response from Gangsta Rap Artists 36 Record Companies and Gangsta Rap Profits 41 Arguments Presented in the Media Against Tucker’s Crusade 42 Congressional Hearings and the First Amendment 46 Conclusion 50 Epilogue: “You tryin hard to maintain, then go head ‘cause I ain't mad at cha”: Tucker’s Death and Legacy 51 Bibliography 59
Fermentation and Post-fermentation Processing

Fermentation is one of the oldest methods of food preservation. The hygenic value of wine, as an alternative to local water supplies, has been known since well before the crusades. Although the interactive effects of ethanol, low pH, and the presence of preservatives have generally been credited for the antimicrobial properties of wine, recent research has clearly shown that health and hygenic benefits go well beyond these to include other naturally occurring compounds as well (Weisse et al., 1995; Muller and Fugelsang, 1996).
Reduction of Reactive Distance and Foraging Success in Smallmouth Bass, Micropterus dolomieu , Exposed to Elevated Turbidity Levels

We determined how turbidity affected the reactive distance and foraging success of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu. Smallmouth bass reactive distance decreased exponentially with increasing turbidity, from 65 cm in clear water to 10 cm at the highest turbidity. Turbidity significantly decreased the probability of a fish reacting to a prey item, but did not influence foraging success following reaction to the prey. Elevated turbidity may reduce stream fish foraging efficiency and decrease prey consumption.
High-speed metallic quantum-dot cellular automata

The computation approach known as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is based on encoding binary information in the charge configuration of quantum-dot cells. This paradigm provides a possible route to transistor-less electronics at the nano-scale. QCA devices using single-electron switching in metal-dot cells have been fabricated. Here we examine the limits of switching speed and temperature in QCA circuits. We calculate the dynamic behavior of a semi-infinite shift register. We employ the orthodox, theory of Coulomb blockade and a master-equation approach for the dynamics. A complete phase diagram of the operational space of the circuit as a function of clock speed and temperature is constructed. The crucial role of power gain as a function of temperature is evident.
Effects of Low Temperature Plasmas on Cancer Cells

Biologically tolerant plasmas (BTPs) are plasmas with gas temperatures less than 40 °C that are generated near atmospheric pressures and in non-toxic gases such as air or helium. BTPs have recently garnered great interest as a therapeutic for cancer. Here, we review and discuss conventional cancer treatments, some of the plasma devices that are currently used and the influence of BTPs on cancer cells such as melanomas, carcinomas, and leukemia. The active agents of BTPs have been investigated and reveal the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O, O2−, O3, and OH as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as NO and NO2. ROS and RNS exhibit oxidative properties and trigger signaling pathways in biological cells. In cancer cells, different doses and plasma induce signaling pathways including apoptosis.
A genetic analysis of spontaneous alternation in mice.

A genetic analysis of spontaneous alternation behaviour using two 6×6 diallel matrices of mice reared under either enriched or standard cage conditions indicated (1) a high degree of directional dominance toward increased alternation rates, (2) no overall effect of early enrichment on alternation, (3) an increase in alternation due to early enrichment only among hybrids with one DBA/1J parent. These results, when examined in conjunction with an earlier genetic study, indicated that the pattern observed in alternation was similar to that for emotional reactivity to experimenter handling, suggesting either pleiotropic gene effects or that the alternation scores obtained were artifacts of genetically influenced fear responses. A second experiment, testing 3 strains under bright and dim illumination supported the hypothesis that fear can suppress alternation in mice, although one strain showed consistently low alternation in both test conditions. The importance of systematic sampling of genotypes, environments, and test parameters is stressed.
A survey of energy and environmental applications of glass

Glasses can be engineered with a wide range of properties and in a variety of forms that make them important materials for current and emerging energy and environmental technologies. The increasing worldwide demand for sustainable, environmentally friendly energy supplies, and for access to clean water, will provide glass scientists and manufacturers opportunities to develop new materials for new markets. Glass applications for solar, wind and nuclear power generation are reviewed, and recent research on new glassy materials for super-capacitors and electrochemical devices is discussed, with an emphasis on the needs that will drive glass research through the year 2020.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 245

Abstract The available nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A=245 is presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, and spin and state assignments are given.
Effect of preservation media on cellular apoptosis in autologous saphenous vein grafts procured for coronary revascularization

Purpose: Ischemic injury of the saphenous vein graft (SVG) during temporary storage prior to implantation in coronary bypass grafting (CABG) is believed to contribute to SVG thrombosis and stenosis. We aimed to show that; cellular apoptosis in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the SVG is amplified by the short-term preservation, and that pyruvate-based preservation reduces the degree of cellular apoptosis as compared to other media. Methods: 5-cm SVG segments were taken from 14 patients undergoing CABG. Each 5-cm segment was then subdivided into five 1-cm units (totalling 70 units). For each patient, the first of the five subunits became the control and was immediately examined for apoptosis. These units did not undergo storage. The other four segments were stored at 20°C for 1-hour in one of the following solutions: Normal saline, Euro-Collins (EC), University of Wisconsin solution (UWS) or a 10mM pyruvate solution. Apoptotic cells were detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL assay) and the Student’s t-test was used for comparison. To minimize variability, each patient served as his/her own control. Results: Mean (SEM) number of TUNEL positive cells was similar in segments preserved with pyruvate when compared to Controls (4.00 ± 0.47% versus 4.03 ± 0.40%). When these compared by Student’s t-test, there was no significant difference in the number of apoptotic cells among 10/14 patients (71%). Pyruvate preserved segments had significantly less apoptosis (p < 0.05) in 10/14 patients (71%) when compared to normal saline, in 7/14 patients (50%) when compared to EC, and in 3/14 patients when compared to UWS. Conclusions: Procurement of SVGs is associated with a measurable degree of cellular apoptosis and cellular apoptosis is amplified by the short-term preservation. However, pyruvate preserved SVGs had less cell damage when compared to those preserved in other media and where similar to controls.
Short note: GEODIST: A C++ program for calculating geodesic distances with a shapefile

In this project a GIS utility, GEODIST, was developed. It allows users to calculate geodesic distances with shapefiles. A C++ class for geodesic calculation was developed too. GEODIST supports 55 pre-defined ellipsoids and, in addition, users can use their own ellipsoids. The utility was tested with the US Interstate Highways dataset. Results showed that the utility is very effective in calculating accurate distances at regional and global scales.
The Jacobian analysis of workspaces of mechanical manipulators

Abstract The workspace is considered to be the mapping of the m- dimensional manipulator space consisting of m independent coordinates denoting variables at m one degree of freedom joints onto n- dimensional space consisting of n coordinates of the rigid body attached to the last link of the manipulator. Several theorems for this class of mapping have been proved and algorithms for determining the boundaries of the workspace have been derived in the paper. The concept of orientational boundaries and dextrous workspace has been explored. The determination of maximum reach of the manipulator and cross section of the boundary with a specified plane has been investigated. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theory.
Empirical model of roughness effect on vehicle speed

Vehicle speed–roughness relationship has a significant research gap in life cycle assessment model. The current available models describing the roughness effect on vehicle speed are very limited and outdated. In this paper, 32 individual pavement sections, each of which has roughness data of up to 8 years, were selected to develop the model. The roughness data cover a wide range, and the selected pavement sections contain both flexible and rigid pavement types and various numbers of lanes. Involved regression variables include the following: vehicle speed, roughness, volume–capacity ratio, pavement type, number of lanes and speed limit. Analysis of variance was first performed, indicating that pavement type and speed limit are not significant factors influencing the average vehicle speed. Following, strict statistical technique was used to correct the unobserved heterogeneity during the regression using a one-way fixed random model. The obtained regression model reveals that the average vehicle speed decr...
Determinism and evil: Some clarifications

(1982). Determinism and evil: Some clarifications. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 163-166.
Asymptotic theories for the unsymmetric vibrations of cylindrical shells, part II—Application

The asymptotic theories which were developed in part I of this paper are applied to the problem of wave propagation in infinite cylindrical shells. It is shown that the wave velocity-wavelength spectrum can, in the range of the defined validity of the theories, be represented by a superposition of the membrane and simplified bending theories.
The transplanted hairline: leg room for improvement.

Background The large caliber of head hair in hair transplantation imparts a coarse hairline, whereas natural hairlines are typically softer. In hirsute individuals, transplantation of leg hair to the hairline may result in a superior aesthetic appearance. Observation A total of 1025 leg hair follicles in 1 patient were grafted to an area 0.5 to 1.0 cm in front of and 0.5 to 1.0 cm internal to the vanguard hair of the original hairline and temporal recesses; the other patient received approximately 1000 leg hairs and 600 head hairs to advance and soften his hairline and to create a custom widow's peak. Transplantation resulted in a fully grown and soft-looking hairline after 9 months in the first patient, with growth of 75% to 80% of the transplanted leg hair. The mean length of the transplanted leg hair was longer than the length of the original leg hair, with less curliness but similar hair width. Transplanted leg hair width was significantly finer compared with existing head hair width. After 4 years, results were sustained, minimizing concerns that subsequent hair loss might result from leg hair cycle variations. In the second patient, similar results were observed at 3 years. Conclusion The use of leg hair in transplantation provides additional options in patients with hairlines that need to be refined.
From anarchy to security: Comparing theoretical approaches to the process of disarmament following civil war

This essay offers a critical evaluation of two contending theoretical approaches to achieving disarmament and an enduring peace following the negotiated resolution of civil war. The neorealist appr...
Half-integral spin-singlet quantum Hall effect.

We provide numerical evidence that the ground state of a short-range-interaction model at ν=1/2 is incompressible and spin singlet for a wide range of repulsive interactions. Furthermore it is accurately described by a trial wave function studied earlier. For the Coulomb interaction we find that this wave function provides a good description of the lowest-lying spin-singlet state, and propose that fractional quantum Hall effect would occur at ν=1/2 if this state became the global ground state. Some conclusions of an earlier paper are invalidated by the present numerical study of a larger system; these will be indicated
Spinal Cord Repair: Progress Towards a Daunting Goal

Research over the past decade has demonstrated that, under some circumstances, structural reorganization of the CNS, including the spinal cord, can occur after injury, raising hopes that spinal cord repair associated with functional recovery, although a daunting goal, may not be an unreachable one. This brief review dis cusses recent approaches to this problem: use of neurotrophins and the rerouting of axons within the transected spinal cord from white matter to gray matter through nerve grafts, and the transplantation of exogenous myelin-forming glial cells to spinal cord tracts in which myelin has been lost. Results available to date indicate that, in models mimicking some aspects of human spinal cord injury, these approaches may yield anatomical repair that is associated with partial restoration of physiological and behavioral func tion. Many important questions remain unanswered. Nevertheless, although the clinical goal of repairing spinal cords in humans is a very challenging one, results in animal m...
Cisplatin and Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Hearing Loss and Its Prevention

This review introduces the pathology of aminoglycoside antibiotic and the cisplatin chemotherapy classes of drugs, discusses oxidative stress in the inner ear as a primary trigger for cell damage, and delineates the ensuing cell death pathways. Among potentially ototoxic (damaging the inner ear) therapeutics, the platinum-based anticancer drugs and the aminoglycoside antibiotics are of critical clinical importance. Both drugs cause sensorineural hearing loss in patients, a side effect that can be reproduced in experimental animals. Hearing loss is reflected primarily in damage to outer hair cells, beginning in the basal turn of the cochlea. In addition, aminoglycosides might affect the vestibular system while cisplatin seems to have a much lower likelihood to do so. Finally, based on an understanding the mechanisms of ototoxicity pharmaceutical ways of protection of the cochlea are presented.
Optical Vortex Coronagraph

The optical vortex coronagraph is a promising scheme for achieving high contrast low loss imaging of exoplanets. Observatory and laboratory measurements will be presented and analyzed. Procedures for achieving improved performance will be described.
Disease-specific remodeling of cardiac mitochondria after a left ventricular assist device.

Abstract Background . Failing hearts can exhibit elements of structural and molecular "reverse remodeling" after support with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The present study examined LVAD-induced remodeling of cardiac mitochondria. Methods . Left ventricular tissue from 20 failing and 21 LVAD-supported hearts, catagorized as ischemic (ICM) or dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathy and four nonfailing hearts were studied. Myocyte mitochondrial ultrastructure was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography determination of cardiolipin, a specific lipid component of the inner membrane, and its three major molecular species: L 4 , L 3 O, and L 2 O 2 . Results . Both failing and LVAD-supported hearts exhibited a reduction in cardiolipin content that was independent of the type of cardiomyopathy. However, in failing/ICM hearts, there was a 25% increase in the L 4 /L 3 O ratio and a 70% increase in the L 4 /L 2 O 2 ratio, indicating a change in cardiolipin composition. These alterations were normalized by LVAD support. In sharp contrast, molecular species ratios in DCM hearts were the same as those in nonfailing hearts regardless of whether LVAD support had been used or not. Conclusions . These data demonstrate LVAD-induced reverse remodeling of myocyte cardiolipin composition in ICM but not DCM hearts.
Experimental and theoretical description of a technique for the concentration measurement of binary liquids containing nanoparticles

Abstract Nanoparticles are known to enhance both the heat and mass transport properties of fluids in which they are suspended resulting in significant interest for many fields, including refrigeration systems whose efficiency is linked to effective heat and mass transport. Within absorption refrigeration the concentration of the binary liquid is a key component in evaluating the performance during operation. Conventional techniques for concentration measurement rely on properties such as the density or electrical conductivity which are changed when nanoparticles are present. In addition to changing the thermophysical properties by adding nanoparticles, the volume fraction of the nanoparticles changes during a mass transfer process which further complicates the concentration measurement. The method presented here is a density based measurement that incorporates the changing volume fraction of the nanoparticles and concentration of the base fluid. Experiments include LiBr and LiCl solutions containing silver and iron-oxide nanoparticles at multiple initial volume fractions and particle sizes. The method developed is extremely robust and useful, as it is possible to determine the concentration of any unknown sample based only on knowledge of the initial concentration of base liquid and nanoparticle volume fraction when the sample is synthesized.
High resolution absorption spectroscopy of exploding wire plasmas using an x-pinch x-ray source and spherically bent crystal

We present here the use of absorption spectroscopy of the continuum radiation from x-pinch-produced point x-ray sources as a diagnostic to investigate the properties of aluminum plasmas created by pulsed power machines. This technique is being developed to determine the charge state, temperature, and density as a function of time and space under conditions that are inaccessible to x-ray emission spectroscopic diagnostics. The apparatus and its characterization are described, and the spectrometer dispersion, magnification, and resolution are calculated and compared with experimental results. Spectral resolution of about 5000 and spatial resolution of about 20 μm are demonstrated. This spectral resolution is the highest available to date in an absorption experiment. The beneficial properties of the x-pinch x-ray source as the backlighter for this diagnostic are the small source size (<5 μm), smooth continuum radiation, and short pulse duration (<0.1 ns). Results from a closely spaced (1 mm) exploding wire p...
Prognosis of patients with frequent premature ventricular complexes and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Background: Previous studies in small groups of predominantly nongeriatic patients showed that comple ventricular arrhythmias occurring after coronary artery graft (CABG) surgery are of no prognostic significance. The purpose of this study was to compare the prognosis of patients with and without advanced grade ventricular arrhythmias (AGVA) after CABG in a large group of patients. [In this paper, AGVA is used as an abridged definition of frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) which represent advanced grade ventricular arrhythmias.] Methods: Twenty-four hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring was performed 3 days after CABG in 185 consecutive patients with and 185 closely matched control patients without AGVA. Of 185 patients with AGVA, 77 had frequent PVCs, 45 had NSVT, and 63 patients had both. The average age of both groups was 65 ± 9.7 years. Patients were followed for 34 ± 10 months, and in 30 patients ambulatory monitoring was repeated at the end of the follow-up. Results: Fifteen AGVA and nine control patients died. In each group seven deaths were noncardiac. Six nonsudden and two sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) occurred in the AGVA group at 2-36 months after CABG and two nonsudden cardiac deaths in the control group at 3 and 35 months after CABG (p = 0.053). Both SCDs occurred 33 months after CABG after new events known to predispose to SCD. In 18 of 30 patients AGVA was no longer present when ambulatory ECG monitoring was repeated 36 ± 11 months after CABG. Conclusions: AGVA after CABG was not a marker of an early sudden cardiac death. In 60% of patients not treated with antiarrhythmic drugs, AGVA was no longer present late after operation.
Finite-range-scaling analysis of metastability in an Ising model with long-range interactions

We apply both a scalar field theory and a recently developed transfer-matrix method to study the stationary properties of metastability in a two-state model with weak, long-range interactions: the [ital N][times][infinity] quasi-one-dimensional Ising model. Using the field theory, we find the analytic continuation [ital [tilde f]] of the free energy across the first-order transition, assuming that the system escapes the metastable state by the nucleation of noninteracting droplets. We find that corrections to the field dependence are substantial, and, by solving the Euler-Lagrange equation for the model numerically, we have verified the form of the free-energy cost of nucleation, including the first correction. In the transfer-matrix method, we associate with the subdominant eigenvectors of the transfer matrix a complex-valued constrained'' free-energy density [ital f][sub [alpha]] computed directly from the matrix. For the eigenvector with an associated magnetization most strongly opposed to the applied magnetic field, [ital f][sub [alpha]] exhibits finite-range scaling behavior in agreement with [ital [tilde f]] over a wide range of temperatures and fields, extending nearly to the classical spinodal. Some implications of these results for numerical studies of metastability are discussed.
Dynamics of Single mRNPs in Nuclei of Living Cells

Understanding gene expression requires the ability to follow the fate of individual molecules. Here we use a cellular system for monitoring messenger RNA (mRNA)expression to characterize the movement in real time of single mRNA-protein complexes (mRNPs) in the nucleus of living mammalian cells. This mobility was not directed but was governed by simple diffusion. Some mRNPs were partially corralled throughout the nonhomogenous nuclear environment, but no accumulation at subnuclear domains was observed. Following energy deprivation, energy-independent motion of mRNPs was observed in a highly ATP-dependent nuclear environment; movements were constrained to chromatin-poor domains and excluded by newly formed chromatin barriers. This observation resolves a controversy, showing that the energetic requirements of nuclear mRNP trafficking are consistent with a diffusional model.
MODELING AND PARAMETER EVALUATION FOR ADSORPTION IN SLURRY REACTORS

Revue des differents modeles d'adsorption, et developpement d'un modele de diffusion en phase solide homogene pour predire les vitesses d'adsorption dans les adsorbeurs a suspension de particules. Resolution numerique des equations du modele pour un isotherme non lineaire, et estimation des coefficients de transfert de matiere et de diffusion en phase solide. Resultats experimentaux obtenus avec quatre solutes dont les caracteristiques d'adsorption sont differentes, permettant de verifier le modele
Two-wave mixing in Ta-doped KNbO 3

This Communication describes preliminary experimental two-wave mixing results with a new electrooptic material, 1% tantalum (Ta)-doped potassium niobate, KNbO(3).
2. Enzyme replacement in Fabry's disease

Fabry's diease was originally conceived diagnostically as a dermatological disorder (angiokeratoma). The systemic manifestations due to blood vessel involvement of renal, cardiac, and neural tissues widened the spectruk of clinical disease. The earliest manifestations occur in childhood and are a confusing diagnostic problem. The scope of the disease lias been enlarged and manifested by the female heterozygote and by the several “forme fruste” genetic variants in males without skin lesions. Recent studies have provided explicit knoweledge about the metabolic abnormality. Increased levels of galactosyl-galactosyl-glycosyl ceramide (GL-3) in blood, urine sediment, and most tissues have been consistently noted (J. Lipid Res., 10: 188, 1969 and 11: 31, 1970). These are correlated with the absence of a specific galactosyl hydrolase in hemizygotes. Heterozygous females have intermediate levels of the lipid and partial deficiency of the enzyme. Recently, the same galactosyl hydrolase which is absent in patients with Fabry's disease has been found in normal blood plasma. This suggested the possibility the possibility of direct enzyme therapy by plasma transfer. Six hours after the plasma infusion an “enhanced” or “induced” level of enzyme was noted. This level was 20-fold greater in the recipient than could be accounted for by the amount from the donor. Therapy with plasma infusion is under active investigation at present.
The private sector in agricultural research systems: Will it fill the gap?

Abstract This article examines whether the private sector can fill the gap of declining public research in developing countries. Economic theory suggests private for-profit research will focus on areas where returns to research are appropriable and reasonable profits are generated. Actual private for-profit research activities concentrate on countries and industries with large markets, appropriable returns, strong science infrastructure, and favorable government policies. Governments and donors can promote private research by easing constraints to private entry and operations. But, if governments stop funding research on public goods and technologies with limited market potential, the private sector is unlikely to fill the gap completely.
Effects of crop residue cover and architecture on heat and water transfer at the soil surface

Different residue types and standing stubble versus distributed flat residues affect heat and water transfer at the soil surface to varying degrees. Understanding the effects of various residue configurations can assist in better residue management decisions, but this is complex due to various interacting influences. Therefore, modeling the effects of crop residues on heat and water movement can be an effective tool to assess the benefits of differing residues types and architectures for various climates. The purpose of this study was to test the ability of the Simultaneous Heat And Water (SHAW) model for simulating the effects of residue type and architecture on heat and water transfer at the surface and to evaluate the impacts of differing residue types and architectures on heat and water transfer in significantly different climates. The model was tested on bare tilled soils and corn, wheat and millet residues having varying amounts of standing and distributed flat residues for three separate locations: Ames, IA, Akron, CO and Pullman, WA. Modifications to the model were necessary to correctly simulate the effect of wind on convective transfer through a flat corn residue layer. Model efficiencies for simulated soil temperature approached or exceeded 0.90 for nearly all residue treatments and locations. The root mean square deviation for simulated water content compared to measured values was typically around 0.04 m3 m−3. Satisfied that the model could reasonably simulate the effect of residue type and architecture, the model was applied to simulate the effects of differing residue architectures to 30 years of generated weather conditions for four diverse climate stations: Boise, ID; Spokane, WA; Des Moines, IA; Minneapolis, MN. Simulated frost depths for bare and standing residues were typically deeper than for flat residues. Bare soil had the highest evaporation at all sites, and flat wheat residue generally had the lowest evaporation. The wetter climates (Des Moines and Minneapolis) tended to favor flat residues for reducing evaporation more so than the drier climates. Near-surface soil temperature under standing residues warmed to 5 °C in the spring by as much as 5–9 days earlier compared to bare and flat residue cover depending on location, which can have important ramifications for early seedling germination and plant establishment.
Anaphylaktischer Schock nach intravenöser Hydrokortisonsuccinatgabe

Glucocorticoids are frequently used in clinical anaesthesiology and intensive care because of their antiallergic, antiinflammatory and antioedematous properties and anaphylactic reactions are rare. We report on a 62-year-old asthmatic patient with evidence of aspirin sensitivity. We administered 100 mg of hydrocortisone-21-hemisuccinate (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Erlangen, Germany) dissolved in 100 ml 0.9% sodium chloride solution for perioperative corticoid substitution. The patient immediately developed severe bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. He received adrenaline, isoflurane, ketamine and inhalational fenoterol. He then developed atrioventricular block type III for which we transcutaneously paced the patient. Subsequently he was tested via skin prick tests, intracutaneous tests and i.v.-challenges resulting in the patient having positive reactions to hydrocortisone-21-hemisuccinate. Thus when allergic-like reactions result from glucocorticoid therapy one should consider corticoid allergy as a differential diagnosis.
Galectin-glycan lattices regulate cell-surface glycoprotein organization and signalling.

The formation of multivalent complexes of soluble galectins with glycoprotein receptors on the plasma membrane helps to organize glycoprotein assemblies on the surface of the cell. In some cell types, this formation of galectin–glycan lattices or scaffolds is critical for organizing plasma membrane domains, such as lipid rafts, or for targeted delivery of glycoproteins to the apical or basolateral surface. Galectin–glycan lattice formation is also involved in regulating the signalling threshold of some cell-surface glycoproteins, including T-cell receptors and growth factor receptors. Finally, galectin–glycan lattices can determine receptor residency time by inhibiting endocytosis of glycoprotein receptors from the cell surface, thus modulating the magnitude or duration of signalling from the cell surface. This paper reviews recent evidence in vitro and in vivo for critical physiological and cellular functions that are regulated by galectin–glycoprotein interactions.
The design requirements for a viable photochemical solar heating and cooling system

Abstract The results of a systems analysis and economic study of a photochemical solar energy system are presented and compared with a conventional hot-water solar energy system. Conversion efficiency, energy storage capacity, and life-cycle costs are the primary bases of comparison. The paper indicates the requirements to make a photochemical solar energy system technically and economically feasible and identifies potential advantages of the photochemical solar energy system—i.e. lower cost and lighter weight collector, cloudy-day effectiveness, smaller storage tank, storage at room temperature and uniform energy levels in the stored fluid, both winter and summer. Two possible problem areas have been identified for a photochemical system: anticipated higher initial cost of the working fluid, and possible deterioration of the energy storage capacity with time.
Serial changes in regional right ventricular free wall and left ventricular septal wall lengths during the first 4 to 5 years after index anterior wall myocardial infarction

Abstract Objectives. This study investigated serial changes in regional right ventricular free wall and interventricular septal wall lengths during the first 4 to 5 years after an index anterior wall myocardial infarction. Background. We previously demonstrated that remodeling after anterior wall myocardial infarction was a biventricular process; however, regional changes in biventricular topology were not investigated. Methods. Serial electron beam computed tomographic scanning was performed in 19 patients at five times (hospital discharge and at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and 4 to 5 years) after an index anterior wall myocardial infarction, and global and regional right ventricular free wall and interventricular septal wall lengths were quantified. Results. At a mean (±SD) of 1,642 ± 171 days (4 to 5 years) after infarction, global end-diastolic and end-systolic right ventricular free wall and interventricular septal wall lengths increased in parallel by 13% to 23% as global left and right ventricular volumes increased 22% to 29% from hospital discharge to 4 to 5 years after infarction. When global right ventricular free wall was compared with interventricular septal wall lengths, percent increases at end-diastole and end-systole were not statistically different at any time during the study period. Distinct regional changes in both right ventricular free wall and interventricular septal wall lengths after infarction were most dramatic during the first 6 weeks and primarily confined to the most apical levels. However, further and significant increases in both were observed by 4 to 5 years after infarction. Conclusions. Changes in both right ventricular free wall and interventricular septal wall lengths were apparent during the 4 to 5 years after the index anterior wall infarction, and the combination of both contributed to global increases in right and left ventricular chamber volumes. Regional changes in both right ventricular free wall and interventricular septal wall lengths were almost exclusively confined to their respective apices and progressed generally in parallel; however, the cause-and-effect relation remains speculative at the present time.
Indirect Effects of Impoundment on Migrating Fish: Temperature Gradients in Fish Ladders Slow Dam Passage by Adult Chinook Salmon and Steelhead

Thermal layering in reservoirs upstream from hydroelectric dams can create temperature gradients in fishways used by upstream migrating adults. In the Snake River, Washington, federally-protected adult salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) often encounter relatively cool water in dam tailraces and lower ladder sections and warmer water in the upstream portions of ladders. Using radiotelemetry, we examined relationships between fish passage behavior and the temperature difference between the top and bottom of ladders (∆T) at four dams over four years. Some spring Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) experienced ∆T ≥ 0.5 °C. Many summer and fall Chinook salmon and summer steelhead (O. mykiss) experienced ∆T ≥ 1.0 °C, and some individuals encountered ΔT > 4.0°C. As ΔT increased, migrants were consistently more likely to move down fish ladders and exit into dam tailraces, resulting in upstream passage delays that ranged from hours to days. Fish body temperatures equilibrated to ladder temperatures and often exceeded 20°C, indicating potential negative physiological and fitness effects. Collectively, the results suggest that gradients in fishway water temperatures present a migration obstacle to many anadromous migrants. Unfavorable temperature gradients may be common at reservoir-fed fish passage facilities, especially those with seasonal thermal layering or stratification. Understanding and managing thermal heterogeneity at such sites may be important for ensuring efficient upstream passage and minimizing stress for migratory, temperature-sensitive species.
A Coarse-Grained Model of Water Confined in a Hydrophobic Tube

We present a lattice model of water confined in a hydrophobic nanotube. Using analytical methods and computer simulation, we find conditions where filled and empty tubes can be degenerate in equilibrium. We further find that flow of water molecules through a filled tube with appropriate but simple stochastic rules can be interpreted as water conduction in a pulse-like fashion. These two results are consistent with an atomistic molecular dynamics study of this system [Hummer et al. Nature 2001, 414, 188−190]. Finally, we analyze transitions between the filled and the empty tube, and find that density fluctuations at the entrances to the tube play the rate-determining role in this process.
Hydrogen-bond cooperativity in protein secondary structure

Hydrogen bonding in the α-helix and β-sheet has been studied by ab initio molecular orbital calculations carried out on complexes of formamide. Hydrogen-bond geometries were taken from x-ray crystallography of polypeptides. Positive cooperativity is found in all cases. The limiting value for infinite chains is obtained by use of a double-reciprocal plot and indicates an increase in the effective bond strength of 25% over that of a single isolated bond. Parallel calculations based on a classical electrostatic model yield qualitatively similar trends but underestimate the cooperativity by half. Charge redistribution accompanying cooperativity is characterized by a new type of charge-density difference plot, the cooperativity map. The magnitude and distance over which cooperativity acts suggest several significant biological consequences. Thus the average of α-helices and the number of β-sheet strands found in protein may be influenced by cooperativity. Cooperativity in the interpeptide hydrogen bond may also be partly responsible for the rapid formation of secondary structure in renaturing proteins and help stabilize secondary structure relative to the random-coil conformation.
Red-Absorbing Visual Pigment of Butterflies

Noninvasive photochemical and physiological experiments with intact butterflies of 17 species showed that nine species have a rhodopsin absorbing maximally at 610 nanometers, contained in retinular cells that are maximally sensitive at 610 nanometers. This is the longest-wavelength visual pigment known for an invertebrate. Eight species of butterflies lack the 610-nanometers rhodopsin. All species possess a rhodopsin absorbing maximally in the green region of the spectrum.
The kinetics of in vivo sister chromatid exchange induction in mouse bone marrow cells by ethylnitrosourea and methylnitrosourea

Abstract Administration of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) (20, 25, 40, 50, and 60 mg/kg body weight) or methylnitrosourea (MNU) (25, 40, 50, 60, 75, and 80 mg/kg body weight) to male CD-1 mice 2 hr after sc implantation of a 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) pellet (55 mg) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in bone marrow cells. Treatment with ENU (50 mg/kg body weight) at several time points prior to BrdUrd implantation resulted in a multiphasic curve of SCE induction indicating at least two events that result in SCEs. Treatment with ENU at the time of BrdUrd implantation and post-BrdUrd reflected a similar mechanism apparent in the pre-BrdUrd curve. Treatment with MNU (50 mg/kg body weight) pre- and post-BrdUrd resulted in a linear monophasic curve of SCE induction in both the pre- and post-BrdUrd time periods. The overall MNU time-course curve resembled an inverted V function suggesting the mechanisms of SCE induction for ENU and MNU are different. These observations suggest that at least one explanation for the differences in the time courses for ENU and MNU SCE induction may result from a more persistent lesion being induced by ENU. In addition, these results indicate that in vivo SCE protocols which utilize a single acute chemical exposure at or near the time of BrdUrd labeling may not be useful for judging the relative activities of genotoxic agents.
Vibration Control of a String Using Zero-Displacement Constraint at a Point Near One Boundary: Theory and Experiment

A new method for vibration control of a string is proposed in which a zero displacement constraint is sequentially applied and released at a point near one boundary. When the constraint is applied, the string is partitioned into two vibrating strings, one of them is much shorter in length than the other. The vibration in the shorter segment of the string decays out much faster than the longer segment due to higher frequency. After the vibration in the shorter segment has decayed, the constraint is removed and the string is allowed to vibrate in its full length. The total energy is now redistributed over the full length, and this provides the scope for application of the constraint again for further reduction of energy. Vibration suppression is achieved through sequential application and removal of the constraint and this is simulated using a linear damped model of the string. Experiments were conducted and the experimental results were found to match well with simulation results.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Effect of Intermittent Light on Broiler Performance, Dust Production and Litter Moisture

Abstract A comparison was made of broiler-type chicks subjected to two light regimes, continuous and intermittent (15 minutes light followed by 90 minutes dark) throughout the growing period. Both males and females grown under the intermittent light schedule were significantly heavier (P
A novel pseudo-2D structural motif in an anionic copper(II) dicyanamide coordination polymer

Abstract Anionic coordination polymers of divalent first-row transition elements are promising components of multifunctional molecular materials in which electronic conduction and magnetism can coexist. We report that a tetraphenylphosphonium salt containing a copper(II) dicyanamide anion has a novel pseudo-two-dimensional anionic structure and may provide a suitable electrolyte for the electrocrystallization of charge transfer salts. This (PPh4)3Cu4(dca)11 salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with lattice parameters, a = 7.1911(4) A, = 55.050(3) A, c = 11.7964(7) A, β = 99.166(3)° and V = 4610.2(7) A3 at T = 298 K.
Direct patterns and the rubber dam

Abstract A method is suggested for obtaining direct inlay or crown patterns with the desired occlusal relationship and anatomic form, even though the rubber dam is in place. After a little practice and perhaps with modification to meet the specific conditions in different patients' mouths, this method can save the dentist's time. It also allows the dentist to modify or make as many patterns as needed under one rubber dam application.
Performance of Single and Multiple Caged White Leghorn Layers

Abstract ELIMINATION of competition is probably the most important advantage of housing one layer in a cage, but because of the success of the individual cage system, attempts to lower housing costs have led to the development of the colony cage system. Crowding layers into cages is becoming the rule rather than the exception. To the best of our knowledge, little study has been made of the mortality, egg production, and efficiency of feed utilization of layers maintained in cages in various densities and colonies. However, Shupe and Quisenberry (1961), reported higher mortality, poorer efficiency of feed utilization, and lower egg production among colony caged birds than among those individually caged. In Arizona the conversion to colony cages is becoming popular, and due to the economies of multiple hen caging, it was thought desirable to establish limits to which this practice may be safely carried out in a subtropical, semiarid climate.…
Phylogenetic relationships of Cornaceae and close relatives inferred from matK and rbcL sequences.

Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene matK for members of Cornales, a well-supported monophyletic group comprising Cornaceae and close relatives. The shortest trees resulting from this analysis were highly concordant with those based on previous phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences. Analysis of a combined matK and rbcL sequence data set (a total of 2652 bp [base pairs]) provided greater resolution of relationships and higher internal support for clades compared to the individual data sets. Four major clades (most inclusive monophyletic groups) of Cornales are indicated by both sets of genes: (1) Cornus-Alangium, (2) nyssoids (Nyssa-Davidia-Camptotheca)- mastixioids (Mastixia, Diplopanax), (3) Curtisia, and (4) Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae. The combined evidence indicates that clades 2 and 3 are sisters, with clade 4 sister to the remainder of Cornales. These relationships are also supported by other lines of evidence, including synapomorphies in fruit and pollen morphology and gynoecial vasculature. Comparisons of matK and rbcL sequences based on one of the most parsimonious rbcL-matK trees indicate that matK has a much higher A-T content (66.9% in matK vs. 55.8% in rbcL) and a lower transition:transversion ratio (1.23 in matK vs. 2.21 in rbcL). The total number of nucleotide substitutions per site for matK is 2.1 times that of rbcL in Cornales. These findings are similar to recent comparisons of matK and rbcL in other dicots. Variable sites of matK are almost evenly distributed among the three codon positions (1.0:1.0:1.3), whereas variable sites of rbcL are mostly at the third position (1.8:1.0 :7.5). Among- lineages rates of nucleotide substitutions in rbcL are basically homogeneous throughout Cornales, but are more heterogeneous in matK.