cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Detection of Ion Pair Formation and Collapse in a Migration Reaction of a β-Phosphate Radical

In solutions of trifluorotoluene or toluene containing 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, the β-phosphate radical heterolyzed to give a detectable ion pair, identified as a solvent-separated species. Rate constants for the radical fragmentation reaction forming the ion pair, for ion pair collapse, and for diffusive escape to free ions were measured. The kinetics and entropy of activation for fragmentation indicate that the rearrangement reaction occurs by a heterolysis pathway in all solvents.
Disciplinary style and child abuse potential: association with indicators of positive functioning in children with behavior problems.

Reduction of ineffective parenting is promoted in parent training components of mental health treatment for children with externalizing behavior disorders, but minimal research has considered whether disciplinary style and lower abuse risk could also be associated with positive functioning in such children. The present study examined whether lower dysfunctional disciplinary style and child abuse risk was associated with children’s positive self-concept, adaptive attributional style, and hopefulness. Recruited from children undergoing treatment for disruptive behavior disorders, 69 mother–child dyads participated, with maternal caregivers reporting on their disciplinary style and abuse potential and children reporting independently on their positive functioning (adaptive attributional style, overall self-concept, and hopelessness). Findings supported the hypothesized association, with lower scores on mothers’ dysfunctional discipline style and abuse potential significantly predicting children’s reported positive functioning. Future research directions pertaining to more adaptive functioning in children with behavior problems are discussed.
Force decomposition model for tool-wear in turning with grooved cutting tools

The lack of a satisfactory methodology to predict the tool-wear progression/tool-life in a machining operation with a grooved tool necessitates development of quantitative predictive models for tool-wear. This paper presents a new methodology for decomposing and distributing the resultant force generated in machining with a grooved tool within the three major tool-wear regions: edge region, secondary-face region, and groove backwall region. By measuring the edge force from the experiments, the forces acting on the other two major wear regions can be found from the kinematics of the 3-D chip-flow and the geometry of the tool insert. The Coulomb coefficient of friction is assumed only at the groove backwall region. The effect of chip side-flow is considered by measuring the chip side-flow angle from experiments using high speed filming techniques. With the new methodology, the decomposed forces acting on the wear regions can be related to the dominant wear modes of a grooved tool. The new methodology implicitly includes the influencing parameters on tool-wear, including cutting conditions, tool geometry and chip-groove geometry, since changes in these parameters are reflected in the cutting forces. This force decomposition method offers a new approach for predicting the cutting tool-wear analytically using the measured cutting forces.
Reply to Discussion: Corrosion of Steel in Cracked Concrete

Abstract This work replies to a discussion by D.B. McDonald of “Corrosion of Steel in Cracked Concrete,” which was published in Corrosion 50, 6 (1994): pp. 419–421. The original work by N.S. Berke, M.P. Dallaire, M.C. Hicks, and R.J. Hoopes was published in Corrosion 49, 11 (1993): pp. 934–943.
Optimum thrust-nozzle contours for gas-particle flows.

Optimization analysis for axisymmetric rocket motor nozzle design based on assumptions for gas particle flow
$h$-Fold Sums from a Set with Few Products

In the present paper we show that if $A$ is a set of $n$ real numbers and the product set $A.A$ has at most $n^{1+\varepsilon}$ elements, then the $h$-fold sumset $hA$ has at least $n^{\log(h/2)/2\log2+1/2-f_h(\varepsilon)}$ elements, where $f_h(c)\to0$ as $c\to0$. We also prove results on the $h$-fold sumset $h(A.A)=A.A+\dots+A.A$.
Examination of mask disturbance behavior during a carbon dioxide-enriched air challenge.

Abstract Background and objectives The present investigation examined mask disturbance behavior in the context of a biological challenge. Method Participants included 128 adults (63.3% women; M age = 23.2, SD = 8.9) who underwent a 10% carbon dioxide-enriched air challenge. Results Mask disturbance behavior, including complete or partial mask removal, was common during the challenge. Moreover, mask removal behavior during the challenge was significantly related to a greater increase in anxiety pre- to post-challenge, as well as greater levels of self-reported avoidance of a future challenge administration. However, mask touching and lifting behaviors were not related to other challenge criterion variables. Limitations The current study consisted primarily of young adults and did not include individuals with a panic disorder diagnosis. Replication and extension of the current findings is recommended. Conclusions Results suggest that mask removal behavior during the challenge may represent a possible behavioral marker of panic-relevant risk, although further work is necessary to determine its usefulness as a challenge measure.
Abuse liability of barbiturates and other sedative-hypnotics.

The principal action of the sedative-hypnotic drugs, of whom the barbiturates are the most widely known and utilized, is to produce drowsiness and promote sleep. At one time these were also the only drugs available to calm seriously anxious or disturbed people. Unfortunately, in addition to their clinical applications these drugs manifest a very high abuse potential. Experienced drug abusers report feelings of well-being and euphoria while under the influence of these drugs. Self-administration experiments conducted in animals have shown that the barbiturates are potent reinforcing agents. In controlled studies in humans, former drug abusers express a preference for barbiturates over benzodiazepines and will "work" to receive barbiturates. Long term consumption of the sedative-hypnotics, particularly barbiturates, leads to dependence characterized by a severe, potentially life-threatening abstinence syndrome following the abrupt withdrawal of the drug. Withdrawal manifestations include delirium and grand mal seizures. Because of the high abuse potential of these drugs, their manufacture and distribution has been greatly curtailed, and for most clinical applications they have been largely replaced by drugs, e.g., the benzodiazepines, which appear to have much less abuse liability.
Sphincter tears in primiparous women: is age a factor?

Anal sphincter tears during vaginal delivery may result in serious sequelae. We examined whether younger primiparous patients were at increased risk for sphincter tears during vaginal delivery. Data from an obstetric automated record were analyzed. Primiparous women delivering term infants (n = 5,937) were included to test for an association between age and sphincter tear rates. Three age groups were considered: young adolescents (≤16 years), older adolescents (17–20 years), and adults (≥21 years). No significant difference was found in tear rates among age cohorts (9.2%, 8.0%, and 9.6% respectively; p = 0.12). Logistic regression modeling revealed that young adolescents were not more likely to have sphincter tears compared to older cohorts. Younger adolescents may not be at increased risk of anal sphincter tears. Decisions regarding interventions to decrease sphincter tears during vaginal delivery should not be made on the basis of maternal age alone.
SU-GG-T-529: Pre-Clinical Evaluation of a 4D Tracking DmMLC-Based Delivery to Lung Tumor

Purpose: The aim of this study is to provide a pre‐clinical evaluation of four‐dimensional tracking radiation therapy to lungtumor using a prototype tracking system. The evaluation was based on films dosimetric analysis, time delay measurements and treatment planning DVH analysis by using two types of dynamic phantoms. Method and Materials: The key component of the 4DTRT system was a prototype of TrackBeam. It consists of an image processing tools and a first‐of‐its‐kind dual‐layer micro MLC. DmMLC has two layers of orthogonal leaves which provide advantages in speed and conformality when forming beam aperture for tracking. The TrackBeam was mounted to a Varian Linac and connected to a workstation which process the online MV fluence and controls each leaf's motion. A Quasar dynamic phantom was used for radiographic film irradiation with 4DTRT and also 3DCRT. The phantom has a Gafchromic film insert and a gold marker in the insert. It can move in Sinusoid mode as well as real patient respiratory cycle. Another tissue‐equivalent thorax dynamic phantom was used for DVH analysis after a phantom‐based 3DCRT planning and a 4DTRT planning developed respectively. Results: The synchronization of marker motion and the DmMLC leaf motion was achieved within less than 0.05 seconds. The films analysis indicated that total 29.91% over the tolerance of 5% and 5.09% of over the tolerance of 5% when the 3DCRT and 4DTRT films compared to a static film. The DVH comparisons indicate 4DTRT reduces significant dose to the Ring from 75% (80% volume) to 60% (50% volume). 4DTRT also reduces considerable amount dose to the total lung from 33% (30% volume) to 22% (22%). Conclusion: The 4D tracking using MLC provides a feasible solution delivering conformal dose to lungtumor and spare the surrounding tissue. Conflict of Interest: The work was partially supported by Initia‐RT medical device.
Probability Versus Certainty Equivalence Methods in Utility Measurement: Are they Equivalent?

Certainty equivalence CE and probability equivalence PE methods are the two most frequently used procedures for constructing von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions. In this paper, we compare these methods experimentally, using a two-stage within-subject design. By asking subjects first for a CE judgment and later for a related PE judgment or vice versa, a consistency test is devised which any deterministic expectation model, including those allowing probability transformations, should meet. Using four related experiments, this consistency test is applied separately to gain and loss questions, and to the two sequences of linked equivalence judgments, namely CE-PE and PE-CE. The empirical results reveal serious inconsistencies between the CE and PE responses for each of the four experiments. The extent of discrepancy depends strongly on the subject's initial risk attitude and whether the gain or loss domain is examined. To explain the complex pattern of results, the second part of the paper explores several plausible hypotheses. The first of these concerns the role of random error, in either the responses or the utility function itself. It is shown that both can lead to bias, although not of a type that could explain our results. Thereafter shifts in reference points are examined. A particular reframing of the PE response mode is postulated in which a pure gamble is psychologically translated into a mixed one, leading to increased risk aversion. This hypothesis, which is also supported by other evidence, offers a complete and simple explanation of the results. Finally, several other behavioral hypotheses are examined, after developing a weighted average model to simulate them. They concern anchoring effects, differences in salience between the probability and outcome dimensions, strategic misrepresentation, regret or rejoice influences, and endowment effects. Although each hypothesis predicts some type of bias, none of these five could singly explain the particular pattern of bias observed. In general, the study demonstrates 1 that serious discrepancies exist between the CE and PE methods of utility measurement, 2 that the particular results are incompatible with traditional deterministic choice models, 3 how random response errors, through propagation, can induce systematic biases in the utility function, 4 that reframing of the PE mode offers a simple reference shift explanation of the complex findings, and 5 how various heuristics and biases can be operationalized and simulated to assess their effects on utility measurement. As such, this study represents a further step toward a systematic investigation of response mode biases in utility measurement.
High incidence of multi-domain disabilities in very preterm children at five years of age.

Objectives To describe the prevalence and co-occurrence of disabilities and their association with parental education in preterm children and term control subjects. Study design In a prospective study, preterm children (n = 104), born at Results Of the preterm children, 75% had at least one disability and 50% more than one, compared with 27% and 8%, respectively, of term control subjects ( P Conclusions Disabilities occur frequently after very preterm birth and tend to aggregate. Neurologic and motor outcomes are mostly influenced by biologic risk, and social risks contribute to cognitive and behavioral outcome.
Detecting information-hiding in WAV audios

In this article, we propose a steganalysis method for detecting the presence of information-hiding behavior in wav audios. We extract the neighboring joint distribution features and the Markov features of the second order derivative, and combine these features with the error response by randomly modifying the least significant bit, then apply learning machines to the features for distinguishing the stegoaudios from cover videos. Experimental results show that our method performs well in steganalysis of the audio stegograms that are produced by using Hide4PGP, Invisible Secrets and S-tools4.
Global Four-Band Spectral Classification of Jupiter's Clouds: Color/Albedo Units and Trends

Voyager 2 digital images of Jupiter have been used to construct a global data base of cloud reflectance normal albedo in four spectral bands: three wideband "colors" with effective wavelengths at 431 nm VI, 564 nm GR, and 599 nm OR, plus the narrowband CH4 filter cen tered at 621 nm. This data base has been spectrally classified at 0.5Â° resolution 625 km at Jupiter's equator to separate the complex scene into cloud color/albedo units on a pixel-by-pixel basis, revealing 20 distinct and 5 tentative units. These include both large, globally dis tributed units and very small, localized units. Global color maps and unit membership maps in printed and reprojected video form are used to highlight associations and trends. Of note are the common spectral properties of areas within white ovals and zones, and within brown barges and belts, but the spectral uniqueness of the Great Red Spot, barge cores, and other small features.
Radar applications of X-band fiber optic links

High-speed fiber-optic delay lines for use in radar phase noise and repeater test sets are described. Both FM and AM signal-to-noise performance measurements of the X-band modulated (10-GHz) fiber-optic links for these applications are presented. Using long delay lines, improved measurement capability and flexibility was achieved with small components. >
LAS ELECCIONES LEGISLATIVAS Y MUNICIPALES DE 2006 EN LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA

Para las elecciones legislativas y municipales de 2006 en la Republica Dominicana se elegirian 32 senadores (uno por cada una de las 31 provincias del pais mas el Distrito Nacional), 178 diputados a la Camara Baja (electos proporcionalmente), y 151 sindicos (o alcaldes) con sus respectivos cabildos (para un total de 934 regidores). El oficialista Partido de la Liberacion Dominicana (PLD) logro una contundente victoria a nivel legislativo, lo que le da el control del Senado y la Camara de Diputados durante los proximos cuatro anos, mientras que los partidos de la oposicion (representados en la Gran Alianza Nacional) perdieron importantes plazas. El PLD tambien obtuvo una mayoria de los municipios del pais.
Load Distribution for a Highly Skewed Bridge: Testing and Analysis

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications provide formulas for determining live load distribution factors for bridges. For load distribution fac...
Rational synthesis of ultrathin n-type Bi2Te3 nanowires with enhanced thermoelectric properties.

A rational yet scalable solution phase method has been established, for the first time, to obtain n-type Bi2Te3 ultrathin nanowires with an average diameter of 8 nm in high yield (up to 93%). Thermoelectric properties of bulk pellets fabricated by compressing the nanowire powder through spark plasma sintering have been investigated. Compared to the current commercial n-type Bi2Te3-based bulk materials, our nanowire devices exhibit an enhanced ZT of 0.96 peaked at 380 K due to a significant reduction of thermal conductivity derived from phonon scattering at the nanoscale interfaces in the bulk pellets, which corresponds to a 13% enhancement compared to that of the best n-type commercial Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 single crystals (∼0.85) and is comparable to the best reported result of n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 sample (ZT = 1.04) fabricated by the hot pressing of ball-milled powder. The uniformity and high yield of the nanowires provide a promising route to make significant contributions to the manufacture of nanotechnology-...
GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES AND MARRIAGE AMONG YOUNG WOMEN

Although sociological research on family change has emphasized the importance of gender role attitudes for decades, relatively few empirical studies have demonstrated behavioral consequences of the...
All causes mortality in male professional soccer players

BACKGROUND: Despite the great public concern for the health status of professional soccer players, no formal study on mortality from all causes in soccer players has been performed so far. A study on mortality rates of professional soccer players in Italy between 1975 and 2003 was conducted. METHODS: A total of 5389 players, age 14-35 years at enrollment were identified from public sources, and actively followed up for vital status from birth up to 31 December 2003, for 204 125 subject-years of follow-up. Overall and cause-specific mortality rates were calculated; expected number of deaths was calculated by applying the calendar period and age cause-specific mortality rates for men to the cohort of soccer players. The ratios between the observed and expected deaths gave the Standardized Mortality Ratios. RESULTS: Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system, cancer and immune deficiency were significantly lower than expected. The SMR for car accidents was 2.23 (95% CI 1.46-3.27). There were four deaths for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and 0.2 expected, giving a SMR of 18.18 (95% CI 5.00-46.55). CONCLUSION: The pubic health impact of these findings has to be balanced against the significant observed lower mortality for cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, the early age at death, and the youthful composition of the cohort pose questions on the relative weight of ALS mortality in this population in the coming years. Language: en
Report from the President

: SANA member research provides critical insights into key issues facing contemporary North America. The section depends on, and thrives because of the research of members and the contributions of members who take on leadership roles. We thank them profusely. The article also focuses on the thoughts of past and current presidents about the challenges of engaged public anthropology. It is important to consider not only “how” to do engaged anthropology, but “why”.
Deficiency of regulatory B cells increases allergic airway inflammation.

Objective: To investigate the effect of the X-linked immunodeficiency (Xid) B cell defect on the response to the cockroach allergen in mice.
Ochratoxin A and Citrinin Induced Nephrosis in Beagle Dogs I. Clinical and Clinicopathological Features

Ochratoxin A and citrinin, both mycotoxins, were given separately and combined to young Beagle dogs for 14 days. Ochratoxin A, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg, was given by capsule, and citrinin, 5 and 10 mg/kg, was dissolved in ethanol and given by intraperitoneal injection. Clinical signs of toxicosis in dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin and the higher combined doses included anorexia, retching, tenesmus, weight loss, prostration and death. Severity of the clinical disease and mortality were increased when the mycotoxins were combined, which indicated synergism. The clinicopathological abnormalities reflected renal damage, in that glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase increased in the urine of the dogs with clinical signs of poisoning. Serum lactic dehydrogenase was increased in dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin. Cellular and granular casts, ketones, protein and glucose were in the urine of dogs given large doses of citrinin alone or combined with ochratoxin A. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the dogs given high doses of each group.
Synchronization with multiprocessor caches

Introducing private caches in bus-based shared memory multiprocessors leads to the cache consistency problem since there may be multiple copies of shared data. However, the ability to snoop on the bus coupled with the fast broadcast capability allows the design of special hardware support for synchronization. We present a new lock-based cache scheme which incorporates synchronization into the cache coherency mechanism. With this scheme high-level synchronization primitives as well as low-level ones can be implemented without excessive overhead. Cost functions for well-known synchronization methods are derived for invalidation schemes, write update schemes, and our lock-based scheme. To accurately predict the performance implications of the new scheme, a new simulation model is developed embodying a widely accepted paradigm of parallel programming. It is shown that our lock-based protocol outperforms existing cache protocols.
A Qualitative Exploration of Resilience in Long-Term Lesbian Couples

Counselors continually strive to expand knowledge about relational dynamics. This article focuses on a qualitative exploration of resilience with 10 lesbian couples in relationship for 10 to 24 years. The researcher used an ethnographic and phenomenological methodology from a feminist point of view to explore resilience in two joint interviews. Couples described two thematic processes of resilience that helped thwart the effects of cultural marginalization. Relational resiliency, which served to safeguard and protect couples against stressors, consisted of the subthemes of mutuality, relational balance, and interdependence. Couple resilience, processes that facilitated couples overcoming and rebounding from adversity, included subthemes of couple unification, determination, perspective, and external buffers. These areas are discussed along with recommendations and implications for research and counseling.
Infectious Complications in Patients with Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases Receiving Bone Marrow Transplants

AbstractImmunologic reconstitution was achieved in 8 of 12 patients with combined immunodeficiency diseases receiving transplants of allogeneic bone marrow. Long-term survival with successful reconstitution occurred in 4 patients. One of the remaining patients died of accidental complications and 7 of infections: 3 of gram-negative bacillary septicaemia, 2 of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1 of parainfluenza virus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and 1 of cytomegalovirus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. 58 separate episodes of infections occurred in the 12 patients. Predisposing factors included severe underlying disease, malnutrition, long-term exposure to resistant hospital organisms, and graft-versus-host disease. Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequent cause of infection. In every instance of septicaemia, identical organisms were isolated from blood and stool cultures. Isolation of patients in laminar air flow rooms prevented colonization and infection with exogenous organisms in contra...
Towards Autonomic Fault Recovery in System-S

System-S is a stream processing infrastructure which enables program fragments to be distributed and connected to form complex applications. There may be potentially tens of thousands of interdependent and heterogeneous program fragments running across thousands of nodes. While the scale and interconnection imply the need for automation to manage the program fragments, the need is intensified because the applications operate on live streaming data and thus need to be highly available. System-S has been designed with components that autonomically manage the program fragments, but the system components themselves are also susceptible to failures which can jeopardize the system and its applications. The work we present addresses the self healing nature of these management components in System-S. In particular, we show how one key component of System-S, the job management orchestrator, can be abruptly terminated and then recover without interrupting any of the running program fragments by reconciling with other autonomous system components. We also describe techniques that we have developed to validate that the system is able to autonomically respond to a wide variety of error conditions including the abrupt termination and recovery of key system components. Finally, we show the performance of the job management orchestrator recovery for a variety of workloads.
On-line threshold learning for Neyman-Pearson distributed detection

This paper considers the problem of Neyman-Pearson distributed detection. In distributed detection structures, a number of subordinate decision makers decide upon the active hypothesis based on their own data, and then transmit these decisions to one or more primary decision makers. Then the Neyman-Pearson performance criterion is deployed, the objective is to maximize the probability of detection (also known as power probability) induced by the primary decision makers, subject to a given false alarm constraint. In this formulation, the overall optimization problem reduces to the problem of threshold evaluation. This paper deals exactly with this issue. An on-line threshold learning algorithm is proposed that operates directly an data and requires-no explicit knowledge of the underlying probability distributions. The algorithm adapts recursively the pertinent threshold parameters in a way that minimizes the Kullback-Leibler distance between the observed and the desired output distribution. A formal convergence study is carried out and shows that, under some general conditions, the algorithm is strongly consistent; that is, the sequences of the produced threshold estimates converge to the optimal threshold values with probability 1. The rate of convergence is examined, and methods for controlling it are proposed. Simulation results are included and provide additional support to the theoretical arguments. >
Metadata Based Web Mining for Topic-Specific Information Gathering

As the World-Wide-Web grows at an exponential rate, we are faced with the issue of rating pages in terms of quality and trust. In this siutation, with significant linkage among web pages, what other pages say about a web page can be as important as and more objective than what the page says about itself. The cumulative knowledge of such recommendations (or lack of them) can help a system to decide whether to pursue a page or not. This metadata information can also be used by a web robot program, for example, to derive summary information about web documents written in a foreign language. In this paper, we describe how we exploit this type of metadata to drive a web information gathering system, which forms the backend of a topic-specific search engine. The system uses metadata from hyperlinks to guide itself to crawl the web staying focused on a target topic. The crawler follows links that point to information related to the topic and avoids following links to irrelevant pages. Moreover, the system uses the metadata to improve its definition of the target topic through association mining. Ultimately, the guided crawling system builds a rich repository of metadata information, which is used to serve the search engine.
Use of a recombinant parvovirus to facilitate screening for human melanoma cell clones expressing tetracycline-responsive transactivators

The tetracycline regulatory (TET) system provides a useful means of controlling foreign gene expression in mammalian cells. Exploiting this system in cultured cells requires the prior isolation, from the cells of interest, of transfectant clones expressing the necessary TET transactivator, tTA, or reverse transactivator, rtTA. We describe a simple screening procedure for identifying transfectant clones expressing a properly regulated transactivator, and the application of this method to isolating clones of human melanoma cells expressing either tTA or rtTA. Clones in multi-well plates are transduced by exposure to a recombinant parvovirus containing a luciferase reporter, under control of a promoter responsive to the TET system transactivators. Transactivation of reporter expression in the presence or absence of doxycycline (DOXY) is determined after one to two days, using a rapid luciferase assay. Screening is easier and more reproducible with this transduction method than with conventional transient transfection of analogous reporter plasmids. Clones of two human melanoma cell lines showing >100-200-fold transactivation after transfection with either tTA or rtTA were readily identified using this method.
The Avian Egg: In vivo Conductances to Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor in Late Development

In vivo measurements of both O2 and water vapor conductances(\({\text{G}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\) and \({\text{G}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} \)) were made at 38°C on the same hen’s eggs between days 12 and 18 of incubation. Neither \({\text{G}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\) or \({\text{G}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}\) changed systematically during this phase of incubation. Average \({\text{G}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\) (cm3/day/torr) was 12.60 ± 0.30 (S.D.); average \({\text{G}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}\), 15.26 ± 0.51; \({\text{G}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \)/\({\text{G}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} \)= 0.83. In vivo determination of \( {\text{G}}_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} } \) and \({\text{G}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} \) in a second group of eggs gave values of 9.22 ± 1.54 and 14.60 ± 0.65, respectively; \({\text{G}}_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} }\)/\({\text{G}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}\)= 0.64. The conductance ratios agree closely with the binary diffusivity ratios (in air or N2) of the gases in question. We conclude that O2, CO2, and water vapor diffuse between environment and air cell of the chicken egg via the same diffusion path, whose chief resistance lies in the shell itself. The outer shell membrane offers little resistance in vivo to passage of gas molecules.
Sociocultural approaches to teaching and learning in engineering education: Research-based applications in a pre-engineering course

In this paper, we propose a sociocultural approach as an alternate model of teaching and learning to replace existing and often ineffective models of direct instruction in engineering education. We discuss preliminary findings from a project funded by the U.S. Department of Education Minority Science and Engineering Improvement Program to demonstrate the implementation of a sociocultural model of teaching and learning in a freshmen pre-engineering course at a large, Hispanic serving institution located on the US-Mexico border. Specifically, we highlight four features of sociocultural teaching and learning as applied within the context of key activities in this course. These four features include: peer-scaffolding, learning-in-practice, distributed expertise, and engineering-specific writing. Findings from student interviews and focus groups, as well as classroom observations, show that student learning and engagement are positively impacted by class activities that are constructed with an emphasis on small-group social interaction and participation in authentic engineering tasks.
Fixed-length Poisson MRF: adding dependencies to the Multinomial

We propose a novel distribution that generalizes the Multinomial distribution to enable dependencies between dimensions. Our novel distribution is based on the parametric form of the Poisson MRF model [1] but is fundamentally different because of the domain restriction to a fixed-length vector like in a Multinomial where the number of trials is fixed or known. Thus, we propose the Fixed-Length Poisson MRF (LPMRF) distribution. We develop AIS sampling methods to estimate the likelihood and log partition function (i.e. the log normalizing constant), which was not developed for the Poisson MRF model. In addition, we propose novel mixture and topic models that use LPMRF as a base distribution and discuss the similarities and differences with previous topic models such as the recently proposed Admixture of Poisson MRFs [2]. We show the effectiveness of our LPMRF distribution over Multinomial models by evaluating the test set perplexity on a dataset of abstracts and Wikipedia. Qualitatively, we show that the positive dependencies discovered by LPMRF are interesting and intuitive. Finally, we show that our algorithms are fast and have good scaling (code available online).
Body Weight and Body Image in Adults

Body weight plays an important role in body image. Although obesity is not universally related to body dissatisfaction, several variables may help to identify which obese individuals are at risk for elevated body image distress. This article will discuss important factors associated with body image in obese individuals, such as obesity stigma, binge eating, ethnicity and gender, and weight change. Underweight may also be associated with body image dissatisfaction. Understanding the factors that increase body image distress in overweight and underweight populations may help future researchers to prevent and alleviate that distress.
The Physiological Role of the Lymphoid System VIII. THE NATURE OF THE IN VITRO BINDING OF ERYTHROPHILIC γ-GLOBULIN AND ITS EFFECT ON THE CONFIGURATION OF THE ERYTHROCYTE

Erythrophilic γ-globulin that binds to the autologous cell membrane influences the shape of the erythrocyte in vitro. In its absence, the cell is rounded and crenated with spikelike projections arising sharply from the membrane. The addition of erythrophilic γ-globulin immediately restores the original biconcave disc structure. Isolated Fab and F(ab)2 fragments, like the parent molecule, bind in low ionic strength isotonic media and dissociate at high ionic strength. A modified method that is regularly reproducible was devised for better separation of Fab and Fc fragments of the γ-globulin molecule.
The Engines of Positive Relationships across Differences: Learning and Conflict

Despite the daunting challenge of creating high-quality interpersonal relationships across differences in organizations, they exist and they create positive outcomes for the individuals and for the organizations. This paper argues that the presence of a learning stance in the relationship is the key to creating high-quality relationships across differences. The often difficult path to this learning stance begins, however, with the two individuals' previous personal experiences with members of the other group and hinges on the skill with which the individuals negotiate the conflict and power dynamics that emerge in the relationship. Such competencies as giving and receiving feedback, self-disclosing in identity-relevant ways, overcoming fear and carefulness, and remaining engaged in the relationship help individuals move from frustrating, unfulfilling, and disjointed interpersonal interactions to engaged, productive, and healing relationships.
Optical and Dimensional Changes Which Accompany the Freezing and Melting of Hevea Rubber

Abstract At suitable, low temperatures, unvulcanized rubber loses its elasticity and becomes hard and opaque. Similar changes frequently occur in baled rubber which has been tightly compressed before shipment. It is said to be frozen or “boardy.” The phenomenon has been studied by many investigators who have determined changes of volume, softening temperatures, the effects of increasing time of storage at low temperatures, the influence of pressure during freezing, and changes in heat capacity and entropy. These effects have generally been ascribed to a form of crystallization, and x-ray diffraction powder patterns indicate that crystals are present in frozen rubber. When total rubber is stretched, there are changes of volume and of heat content such as attend crystallization. With x-rays a crystal fiber pattern is obtained. It and the powder pattern obtained with frozen, compact rubber have been shown to indicate similar spacings and are assumed to be caused by the same type of crystal, the differences b...
Movements and Feeding of Larvae of the Southwestern Corn Borer on Two Stages of Corn Growth

On whorl-stage corn, most of the larvae of Diatraea graudiosella Dyar moved from the site of hatch to the inner whorl where they fed for about 10 days on Immature leaves. Then the larvae left the whorl zone, moved down the stalk, bored into the stalk, and tunneled. On tassel-stage corn, most newly hatched larvae moved into the middle (ear) zone of the corn plant and fed 7-9 days between the husk layers of the primary ears and ear shoots. Later, they fed on the kernels, cob, and shank of the car. Their movement from the primary cars and ear shoots to the stalk occurred mostly between 15 and 20 days after egg hatch.
Perineal scent gland of wild and domestic guinea pigs

Wild and domestic male guinea pigs (Cavia aperea andCavia porcellus) prefer the perineal secretion from males of the same species to that of males of the other species. Gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analyses of the volatile components of the secretions show complex mixtures comprised primarily of fatty acids, alcohols, and ketones. Inter-species differences in the composition of the volatiles are evident. The possible role of bacteria in odor production is discussed.
Teacher Conceptions, Curriculum Ideologies, and Adaptations to Linear Change in River School District: Implications for Gifted and Talented

Curriculum ideologies are educational theories applied in everyday pedagogical practice. In this study, to better meet the learning needs of their students, four middle school teachers used a varie...
Evaluation of pain and stress in healthy volunteers undergoing research lumbar punctures

The use of lumbar punctures (LPs) in clinical research is increasing as emerging data demonstrate that CSF biomarkers can provide useful information about neurophysiology and the pathogenesis of diseases such as Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson disease. Given the invasive nature of LPs, we sought to prospectively evaluate pain and hormonal indices of stress in participants undergoing research LPs in order to improve the quality of informed consent. Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful to the study participants for their involvement and to Shveta Dighe for help with recruitment and administration.
Coupling Capillary Zone Electrophoresis to a Q Exactive HF Mass Spectrometer for Top-down Proteomics: 580 Proteoform Identifications from Yeast.

We used reversed-phase liquid chromatography to separate the yeast proteome into 23 fractions. These fractions were then analyzed using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled to a Q-Exactive HF mass spectrometer using an electrokinetically pumped sheath flow interface. The parameters of the mass spectrometer were first optimized for top-down proteomics using a mixture of seven model proteins; we observed that intact protein mode with a trapping pressure of 0.2 and normalized collision energy of 20% produced the highest intact protein signals and most protein identifications. Then, we applied the optimized parameters for analysis of the fractionated yeast proteome. From this, 580 proteoforms and 180 protein groups were identified via database searching of the MS/MS spectra. This number of proteoform identifications is two times larger than that of previous CZE-MS/MS studies. An additional 3,243 protein species were detected based on the parent ion spectra. Post-translational modifications including N...
The Formal Semantics of Absolutes

In the preceding three chapters, the formal semantics of free adjuncts has been discussed in detail.
Long-Path Quantum Cascade Laser–Based Sensor for Methane Measurements

AbstractA long-path methane (CH4) sensor was developed and field deployed using an 8-μm quantum cascade laser. The high optical power (40 mW) of the laser allowed for path-integrated measurements of ambient CH4 at total pathlengths from 100 to 1200 m with the use of a retroreflector. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy was used to make high-precision measurements of atmospheric pressure–broadened CH4 absorption over these long distances. An in-line reference cell with higher harmonic detection provided metrics of system stability in rapidly changing and harsh environments. The system consumed less than 100 W of power and required no consumables. The measurements intercompared favorably (typically less than 5% difference) with a commercial in situ methane sensor when accounting for the different spatiotemporal scales of the measurements. The sensor was field deployed for 2 weeks at an arctic lake to examine the robustness of the approach in harsh field environments. Short-term precision over a 458-m pathlen...
An Empirical Study of a Hybrid Code Clone Detection Approach on Java Byte Code

Code clones increase the complexity of the system; therefore the software maintenance costs. Code clone detection techniques have been proposed and evaluated based on metric value and runtime evaluations. But in the existing methods, many false positive clones are detected. In this paper, we suggest a hybrid approach combining Program Dependence Graph-based technique with Metric-based technique to improve the precision of clone detection. We conduct a case study on two open source code Java projects such as Eclipse-ant and Eclipse-JDT core to show the effectiveness of our tool. The application of this hybrid technique is then compared with the existing clone detection technique, CloneDR. The result shows that our tool increases the performance in precision, recall, false positive and false negative compared to CloneDR.
Strategic manipulation in tournament games

Abstract I consider the strategic manipulation problem in multistage tournaments. In each stage, players are sorted into groups in which they play pairwise matches against each other. The match results induce a ranking over players in each group, and higher ranked players qualify to the next stage. Players prefer qualifying to higher stages. In this setting, a player may potentially profit by exerting zero effort in some matches even when effort exertion is costless. Since such behavior manipulates the tournament, it is desired that full effort exertion is an equilibrium and any equilibrium ranking of qualifying players is immune to manipulation. To this end, I show that it is both necessary and sufficient to allow only the top-ranked player to qualify from each group. Otherwise, rankings can become a noisy indicator of players' strengths, while effort cost and heterogeneous prize spread can be of little relevance to players' effort choices.
Quality of Care of Hospitalized Infective Endocarditis Patients: Report from a Tertiary Medical Center.

OBJECTIVE There have been no recent studies describing the management and outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis (IE). PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients admitted to a tertiary medical center from 2007 to 2011 with a Duke criteria consistent discharge diagnosis of IE. We examined concordance with guideline recommendations. Outcomes included embolic events, inhospital and 1-year mortality, length of stay (LOS) and cardiac surgery. We used descriptive statistics to describe the cohort and Fisher exact and unpaired t tests to compare native valve endocarditis (NVE) with prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). RESULTS Of 170 patients, definite IE was present in 135 (79.4%) and possible IE in 35 (20.6%); 74.7% had NVE, and 25.3% had PVE. Mean ± standard deviation age was 60.0 ± 17.9 years. Comparing PVE to NVE, patients with PVE were less likely to have embolic events (14.0% vs. 32.3%; P = 0.03), had shorter LOS (median 12.0 days vs. 14.0 days; P = 0.047), but they did not show a statistically significant difference in inhospital mortality (20.9% vs. 12.6%; P = 0.21). Of 170, patients 27.6% (n = 47) underwent valve surgery. Most patients received timely blood cultures and antibiotics. Guideline-recommended consults were underused, with 86.5%, 54.1%, and 47.1% of patients receiving infectious disease, cardiac surgery, and cardiology consultation, respectively. As the number of consultations increased (from 0 to 3), we observed a nonsignificant trend toward reduction in 6-month readmission and 12-month mortality. CONCLUSION IE remains a disease with significant morbidity and mortality. There are gaps in the care of IE patients, most notably underuse of specialty consultation. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2017;12:414-420.
Reduced Myocardial Flow Reserve Is Associated With Diastolic Dysfunction and Decreased Left Atrial Strain in Patients With Normal Ejection Fraction and Epicardial Perfusion

Abstract Introduction Coronary microvascular dysfunction (MVD) may contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Using myocardial flow reserve (MFR) measured by positron emission tomography (PET) as an assessment of microvascular function, we hypothesized that abnormal MFR is associated with LV diastolic dysfunction (DD) and reduced LV and LA strain in patients with risk factors for HFpEF and normal epicardial perfusion on cardiac PET. Methods and Results Retrospective study of patients without heart failure who underwent cardiac rubidium-82 PET and echocardiography. Global MFR was calculated as the ratio of global stress to rest myocardial blood flow. Echocardiographic measures of diastolic function were recorded. Global longitudinal LA and LV strain were measured with a 2-dimensional speckle-tracking technique. Relationships among MFR and echocardiographic measures were assessed with linear regression, analysis of variance, and test for trend. Seventy-three patients (age 64 ± 11 years, 52% male) were identified with no epicardial perfusion defect on cardiac PET and an ejection fraction ≥50%. Decreased MFR was associated with LV DD (P = .02) and increased E/e', an estimation of LV filling pressure (low E/e' [ 15], P Conclusions In patients with risk factors for HFpEF, MVD assessed with MFR was associated with DD, increased estimated LV filling pressure, and abnormal LA strain.