cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information literacy in a biology laboratory session

Abstract This paper describes a collaboration between librarians and the biology department to create a science information literacy component in a general biology laboratory. The objectives, planning, and execution of the program are outlined. The program was assessed in two ways: by judging the quality of the students' final reports and by a student feedback questionnaire. Both forms of evaluation indicate that the goals of the program were met. The assessment also indicated areas for improvement, such as moving the session earlier in the semester and broadening the range of topics to reduce overlap among the groups. Overall, this initial attempt to incorporate information literacy in the general biology course was deemed a success.
Review of the Current Status of Cold Fusion

We review the current status of cold fusion experiment and theory. Recent experiments connected with neutron production, heat and fusion products are discussed. Conventional nuclear physics and it’s application to the problem of cold fusion is reviewed.
Hydrothermal Processing of Zircon

Zircon was prepared hydrothermally from zirconium oxychloride, tetraethoxysilane or tetramethoxysilane, water and/or alcohol by heating in teflon-lined hydrothermal vessels at 150°C for 6 hr or at 200°C for 4 hr. The effects of starting materials, temperature, heating time and catalysts on the crystallization of zircon were studied.
A novel sediment fingerprinting method using filtration: application to the Mara River, East Africa

Purpose Sediment fingerprinting with elemental tracers is widely used to identify sources of sediment to rivers. However, due to the need to isolate large amounts of suspended sediment, this approach can be difficult to implement in remote locations, such as the Mara River in Kenya, where high (and increasing) sediment loads are of concern.
On the nonlinear on–off dynamics of a butterfly valve actuated by an induced electromotive force

Abstract In this paper, we study the nonlinear dynamics of a butterfly valve actuated by the induced electromotive force (emf) of a permanent magnet, with a focus on the on–off dynamics of the valve and its nonlinear response under ambient perturbation. The complex interplay between the electromagnetic, hydrodynamic and mechanical forces leads to a fundamentally multiphysical, nonlinear dynamical model for the problem. First, we analyze the stability of the on–off conditions in terms of three critical dynamical parameters – the actuating DC voltage, inlet velocity and the opening angle. Next, the response of the system to perturbations around the equilibrium points is studied in terms of the frequency response using the method of multiple scales. Finally, evidence of fractality is established using Melnikov analysis and a plot of the basins of attraction. The results reported in the article, in addition to being of fundamental theoretical interest, are expected to impact practical design considerations of electromechanical butterfly valves.
Meniscus effects and fracture in Portland cement paste

Resultats d'essais de mecanique de la rupture realises sur une pâte de ciment et du verre poreux afin d'elucider le role de l'effet de menisque dans le processus de rupture
1105 EVIDENCE THAT IMMUNE COMPLEX GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH INDOLENT BACTERIAL SEPSIS MAY LEAD TO PROGRESSIVE RENAL DISEASE

Glomerulonephritis (GN) associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) or an infected ventricular jugular shunt (IVJS) is due to the development of immune complexes and complement fixation via the classical pathway. This process is thought to be self limiting once the infection is eradicated. Two children, one with SBE and one with IVJS, developed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (determined by biopsy) accompanied by azotemia, hematuria, proteinuria and hypocomplementemia (C1, C4, C2, C3). Serum levels of properdin, but not factor B, were also markedly depressed. After elimination of infection by antibiotics (and removal of the V-J shunt in the patient with hydrocephalus), C3 levels rapidly returned to normal. Serum levels of C4 and P, however, remained low for 6 months suggesting continued complement involvement. Hematuria, proteinuria, reduced GFR and hypertension also persisted. Both patients were normocomplementemic by 9 months but even after 2 years had residual proteinuria and hypertension. These data suggest that complement fixation may occur for long periods in the absence of new immune complex formation. During that time, glomerular inflammation apparently continues and may eventually result in irreparable renal damage. (Supported in part by USPHS grant #AI 12721 and New York State Health Research Council grant #352.)
Lithium chloride-produced prey aversion in the toad (Bufo americanus).

This research examined the ability of the toad ( Bufo americanus ) to develop an aversion to a palatable prey (mealworms) when LiCl injections followed ingestion. Experiment 1 indicated that the toad rapidly developed a selective aversion to mealworms. Experiment 2 explored the effect of various doses of LiCl (0.5 M LiCl) on the development of this aversion. Isotonic saline and 0.25% body wt doses produced no aversion, while 0.5–1.0% body wt doses produced a strong taste aversion. A 1.5% body wt dose was lethal.
Evidence Base for Practice: Reduction of Restraint and Seclusion Use During Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatient Treatment

Background: Restraint and seclusion of children has great potential for harm. Since the mid-1980s, psychiatric inpatient personnel for children and adolescents have put considerable energy in reducing the use of extreme measures of aggression management. While the use of restraints is a particular problem in the United States, aggression management and means of control in psychiatric settings is an international issue. Approach: The core question of this review was: What is the current state of the evidence supporting restraint reduction efforts with children and adolescents? Studies were reviewed and critiqued that related to programs of restraint reduction, restraint reduction methods, and aggression management. Internationally, there seems to be more emphasis on reducing coercive measures by understanding the context of their use. Thus, studies exploring staff perceptions and decisions concerning coercive measures were also examined. Findings: The evidence supporting restraint reduction methods in the United States comes mainly from case study reports of clinical sites' quality improvement projects. Consequently, a collection of studies is accumulating that supports a multi-strategy approach to restraint reduction. Limited evidence exists for aggression management measures and training in de-escalation techniques. Controversial aggression management techniques such as the use of pro re nata medication and holding continue to be used with very little support for their efficacy. Recommendations: Recommendations include taking a view of restraint and seclusion as emergency measures to address dangerous aggression, not interventions examined in controlled studies. As such it is suggested that sites pool data on restraint use and reduction efforts to create a database for benchmarking and studying variations among hospitals. Furthermore, attention should also be given to developing additional means for addressing aggressive behaviors. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing 2006; 3(1):19-30
Latent Toxicity of Insecticides to Resistant and Susceptible Strains of the House Fly

The latent toxicity of aldrin, chlordane, DDT, diazinon, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane, malathion, and methoxychlor was determined in resistant and susceptible strains of the house fly, Musca domestica L. In the susceptible SCR-60 strain, measureable latent toxicity was shown by aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, and heptachlor. No latent toxicity was exhibited by the other insecticides. Aldrin and heptachlor exhibited very low levels of latent toxicity to the resistant Hawaiian strain. The adults of the Hawaiian strain were significantly more resistant than the adults of the SCR-60 strain to all the insecticides tested except diazinon, to which both strains were equally susceptible. The larvae of the Hawaiian strain were particularly resistant to the polycyclic hydrocarbon insecticides.
Analysis of oxygen sources and reaction pathways of carbon support corrosion at the cathode in PEMFC using oxygen-18 DEMS

Abstract Oxygen gas, water used to humidify the gases, and surface oxides originated from the carbon black and catalyst preparation are the three possible oxygen sources contributing to carbon support corrosion (CSC) at the cathode in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). To discriminate among them, oxygen was isotopically labeled by replacing regular water with oxygen-18 ( 18 O) enriched water (H 2 18 O, 98%) in differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). The DEMS spectra of the cathode exhaust gases O 2 , O 18 O, 18 O 2 , CO 2 , CO 18 O and C 18 O 2 ( m / z equal to 32, 34, 36, 44, 46 and 48 correspondingly), sampled by a mass spectrometer during cyclic voltammetry (potential cycled for 100–1400 mV at the rate of 10 mV s −1 ) and chronoamperometry, were analyzed to identify the sources of oxygen, identify mechanistic pathways, and classify the surface oxides on carbon for CSC. It was found that water is the main direct oxygen source for CSC. Water reacts with carbon to produce at least three types of carbon surface oxides, which are then further oxidized with water to produce CO 2 in different potential ranges.
Biomimetic autonomous robot inspired by the Cyanea capillata (Cyro)

A biomimetic robot inspired by Cyanea capillata, termed as ?Cyro?, was developed to meet the functional demands of underwater surveillance in defense and civilian applications. The vehicle was designed to mimic the morphology and swimming mechanism of the natural counterpart. The body of the vehicle consists of a rigid support structure with linear DC motors which actuate eight mechanical arms. The mechanical arms in conjunction with artificial mesoglea create the hydrodynamic force required for propulsion. The full vehicle measures 170?cm in diameter and has a total mass of 76?kg. An analytical model of the mechanical arm kinematics was developed. The analytical and experimental bell kinematics were analyzed and compared to the C. capillata. Cyro was found to reach the water surface untethered and autonomously from a depth of 182?cm in five actuation cycles. It achieved an average velocity of 8.47?cm s?1?while consuming an average power of 70?W. A two-axis thrust stand was developed to calculate the thrust directly from a single bell segment yielding an average thrust of 27.9?N for the whole vehicle. Steady state velocity during Cyro's swimming test was not reached but the measured performance during its last swim cycle resulted in a cost of transport of 10.9 J (kg???m)?1?and total efficiency of 0.03.
Grave doubts about 'reasonable doubt': Confusion in state and federal courts

The United States Supreme Court, in the companion cases Victor v. Nebraska and Sandoval v. California (114 S.Ct. 1239, 1994) attempted for the third time in recent years to determine what constitutes a constitutionally sufficient definition of the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. This legal concept is familiar to lawyers and laypersons alike, but its precise meaning is unclear. This article examines the history of reasonable doubt and analyzes the various definitions used in state courts and the thirteen federal Courts of Appeal. The various definitions are classified and categorized to determine commonalities. The study finds that reasonable doubt needs to be defined more precisely and suggests a way whereby this can be done. It suggests that the United States Supreme Court provide a clearer definition for use by trial courts.
Psychological Strengths as Predictors of Effective Student Leadership.

This study investigated the degree to which strengths ownership, psychological capital (PsyCap) qualities of hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and resiliency, and demographic characteristics of gender, college class level, leadership experience, and strengths experience are predictive of effective leadership practices as defined by the Leadership Challenge model. Participants included 153 students in leadership positions in student development programs at five faith-based colleges and universities. All participants had completed the Clifton StrengthsFinder earlier in their college experience. Participants completed the Student Leadership Practices Inventory (SLPI), the PsyCap Questionnaire, and the Strengths Ownership scale. The criterion variable consisted of student leader scores on the SLPI and each of its five scales. Hierarchical multiple regression was utilized to analyze the contribution of psychological capital variables and strengths ownership to student leader ratings of effective leadership. Findi...
Epigenetic networks and miRNAs in stem cells and cancer.

Stem-like cells in human cancer (CSCs) have multiple properties of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In this issue, Iliopoulos et al. (2010) identify molecular mechanisms that link miRNAs to epigenetic states and drive CSCs, contributing to tumor aggressiveness.
The paradox of negation in Nāgārjuna's philosophy

This essay discusses the paradox of the Nāgārjunian negation as presented in his Vigrahavyāvartani. In Part One it is argued that as the Naiyāyika remarks, Nāgārjuna's speech act ‘No proposition ha...
Minorities and majorities: a dynamic model of assimilation

. The paper analyses the population dynamics of a country that has two ethnic groups, a minority and a majority, and minority members can choose to assimilate into the majority. Depending on the minority's size, the long-run outcome can be full or no assimilation. Under certain parameter values multiple equilibria exist, including the two extreme cases. The paper demonstrates that both the long-run outcome and the equilibrium path may be inefficient. Two extensions to the basic model are considered. The first one allows for a comparison between a multicultural and a ‘melting pot’ society. The second one introduces population growth and studies the interplay between exogenous and endogenous changes in the minority's size. JEL classification: J110, J150, J180 Minorites et majorites : un modele dynamique d’assimilation. Ce memoire analyse la dynamique de la population d’un pays compose de deux groupes ethniques – une majorite et une minorite– ou il y a possibilite pour les membres de la minorite de s’assimiler a la majorite. Selon la taille de la minorite, le resultat a long terme peut etre une assimilation complete ou pas d’assimilation du tout. Pour certaines valeurs des parametres, des equilibres multiples existent incluant les deux cas limites. On montre que a la fois le resultat a long terme et le sentier d’equilibre qui y mene peuvent ne pas etre efficaces. On considere deux extensions du modele: la premiere permet une comparaison entre une societe multiculturelle et une societe de «melting pot»; la seconde injecte un element de croissance demographique et etudie l’interaction entre les changements exogenes et endogenes dans la taille de la minorite.
Determination of the redox potential and diffusion coefficient of the protein plastocyanin using optically transparent filar electrodes

Direct and mediated electrolysis of the protein plastocyanin at a gold filar electrode is described. The filar electrode used is of a unique design that allows potentiometric measurements, steady-state voltammetry and absorption spectrophotometry to be performed on a few microliters of solution containing 0.1-1.0 mM protein. As a result, we have determined the formal potential and diffusion coefficient of the blue copper protein, plastocyanin, to be 372 +/- 5 mV vs. normal hydrogen electrode and 8.9 X 10(-7) cm2 X s-1, respectively. The same value of the formal potential is obtained from a steady-state current experiment, an equilibrium spectrophotometric experiment, and a twin-electrode steady-state spectrophotometric experiment. The fact that the diffusion coefficient is measured under conditions of steady-state current, results in significant improvement in signal to background over techniques that monitor a transient current, while the potential is changing.
Inhibition of the cardiovascular effects of lysine acetylsalicylate by propranolol in dogs during halothane anaesthesia.

The cardiovascular effects of lysine acetylsalicylate and/or Propranolol were studied in 26 dogs. All animals were maintained under anaesthesia with halothane 0.75 per cent, supplemented by the intravenous administration of succinylcholine to allow controlled ventilation during a two hour period of monitoring. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, Paco2, Pao2 and base deficit were measured in each dog.
A 90-kD Na+-H+ Exchanger Kinase Has Increased Activity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Abstract Increased activity of the Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE-1 isoform) has been observed in cells and tissues from hypertensive humans and animals, including the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). No mutation in NHE-1 DNA sequence or alteration in NHE-1 mRNA and protein expression has been demonstrated in hypertension, indicating that alterations in proteins that regulate NHE-1 activity are responsible for increased activity. The recent finding that NHE-1 phosphorylation in SHR vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was greater than in Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) VSMCs suggested that NHE-1 kinases may represent an abnormal regulatory pathway present in hypertension. To define NHE-1 kinases altered in the hypertensive phenotype, we measured NHE-1 kinase activity by an in-gel-kinase assay using a recombinant glutathione S -transferase NHE-1 fusion protein as a substrate. At least 7 NHE-1 kinases (42 to 90 kD) were present in VSMCs. We studied a 90-kD kinase because it was the major NHE-1 kinase and exhibited differences between SHR and WKY. Comparison of 90-kD kinase activity revealed that SHR VSMCs had increased activity in growth-arrested cells and in cells stimulated by angiotensin II (100 nmol/L for 5 minutes). Activation of the 90-kD kinase by angiotensin II was Ca2+ dependent, PKC independent, and partially dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These findings indicate that increased activity of a 90-kD NHE-1 kinase is a characteristic of SHR VSMCs in culture and suggest that alterations in the 90-kD NHE-1 kinase and/or proteins that regulate its activity may be a pathogenic component in hypertension in the SHR.
Critical Issues in Participatory GIS: Deconstructions, Reconstructions, and New Research Directions

In the mid-1990s, several critical texts raised concerns about the social, political, and epistemological implications of GIS. Subsequent responses to these critiques have fundamentally altered the technological, political, and intellectual practices of GIScience. Participatory GIS, for instance, has intervened in multiple ways to try to ameliorate uneven access to GIS and digital spatial data and diversify the forms of spatial knowledge and spatial logic that may be incorporated in a GIS. While directly addressing core elements of the ‘GIS & Society’ critique, these reconstructions of a critical GIScience introduce their own ambiguities with respect to access, equity, digital representation of spatial knowledge, and epistemologies of new GIS research practices. In this paper, I examine some of the new and persistent ambiguities of participatory GIS that bear inclusion in future critical GIScience research.
Autoradiographic localization of serum retinol-binding protein in rat testis.

An interstitial target site in the rat testis for vitamin A has been detected using radioactively labeled retinolbinding protein (RBP) in autoradiography at the light microscope level. RBP purified from rat serum was iodinated by the lactoperoxidase procedure and was also complexed with [3H]-retinol. The radioactively labeled RBP was administered to rat testis tissue by a direct intratesticular injection, an iv injection, and through an in vitro incubation of decapsulated tissue in medium containing the labeled protein. Localization on the autoradiograms of both [125I]RBP and [3H]retinol-RBP was interstitial; there was no interaction of RBP with cells in or on the seminiferous tubules. The patterns of localization were identical in normal rats and vitamin A-deficient rats. [3H]Retinol uncomplexed with RBP (administered with rat serum albumin) was distributed evenly throughout testicular tissue, with no specific localization. Although the labeling of the cels on the autoradiograms was not visibly diminishe...
Spheroidal bodies and globi of human leprosy.

From the plasma and/or buffy coats of 80% of 38 cases of (tuberculoid and lepromatous) leprosy have been isolated in pure culture a group of spheroidal organisms (spheroidal bodies of leprosy, SPBL) showing on various media a versatility of differention ranging from naked protoplasts to globi containing acid-fast rods. The acid-fastness of the latter, like the unique acid-fastness of leprosy bacilli from lepromatous leprosy, can be extracted with C5H5 N. Inoculation of chick embryos with SPBL elicits the nodular response evoked by homogenates of lepromatous tissue. From these nodules SPBL can be recovered in pure culture. SPBL appears to be the long sought etiologic agent of leprosy.
Infrared and microwave magnetoplasma effects in semiconductors

The interaction of electromagnetic waves with free-carrier plasmas in semiconductors and semimetals is analysed, with particular emphasis on microwave and infrared effects arising in the presence of external magnetic fields. The general frequency- and field-dependent dielectric tensor is initially developed for a single isotropic band via the Boltzmann equation in the local approximation. Solution of the electromagnetic wave equation in the tensor medium yields two normal modes, whose complex propagation constants and polarizations are determined by the microscopic medium parameters as well as the angle θ between wave vector q and applied magnetic field B0. We first consider wave propagation in the lossless (collisionless) limit, and concentrate on the properties of normal modes in the Faraday (q parallel B0) and Voigt (q perpendicular B0) geometries. Essential features of the wave interaction with the medium are conveniently set forth in `contour maps' which display zeroes and infinities of the lossless dielectric constants, indicating resonances, dielectric anomalies and black-out regions for each mode of propagation over a wide range of frequencies and fields. Losses are then explicitly incorporated into the dielectric tensor, and their effect discussed in some detail. A number of experimental examples associated with the single band model are presented, including free-carrier absorption, cyclotron resonance, Faraday and Voigt effects, helicon waves, magnetoplasma reflection and small-particle effects. The presentation is subsequently generalized to more complicated systems. The dielectric tensor is developed for a multiple-carrier plasma and for anisotropic bands. A variety of new effects is seen to arise, including hybrid resonances, tilted-orbit resonances and Alfven wave propagation. `Contour maps' of appropriate lossless dielectric constants are again found convenient in discussing these new features. Effects of spatial dispersion (nonlocal phenomena) and of orbital quantization on the high-frequency response of a free-carrier system are then considered. The contribution of the polar lattice, which gives rise to a vast array of coupled magnetoplasma-phonon modes, is finally examined. A further elaboration of certain topics arising in this review is presented in an appendix, including a detailed discussion of electron dynamics, the `polariton' formalism, fundamentals of Kramers-Kronig analysis and magneto-optics of birefringent media.
Effects of aldehydes on sodium plus potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of mouse brain.

Abstract The biogenic aldehydes, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetal-dehyde, derived from norepinephrine and dopamine, respectively, as well as acetaldehyde, porpionalde-hyde, benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde, inhibited both Na + + K + -activated ATPase and Mg 2+ -ATPase. In addition, K + ion-dependent p -nitrophenylphosphatase activity was inhibited by these compounds. The Na + + K + -ATPase was much more sensitive than Mg 2+ -ATPase of K + -activated phosphatase to inhibition by various aldehydes. The inhibition of Na + + K + -ATPase by aldehydes was reversible and was non-competitive with ATP or K + as the variable substrate or activator respectively. Addition of cysteine or mercaptoethanol protected the enzymes from inhibition by aldehydes. The concentrations of aldehydes which produced marked inhibition of Na + + K + -ATPase ranged from 2 × 10 −2 M to 6 × 10 −6 M for acetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycoladehyde respectively. All aldehydes, including acetaldehyde, were more potent inhibitors of Na + + K + -ATPase activity than was ethanol.
Estimating the size of a truncated sample

The family of maximum modified likelihood estimators of the sample size of a truncated sample is examined, The leading term of a series approximation of the mean squared error of the estimator is derived. It is used to choose the estimator in the family of MMLE which minimizes the maximum asymptotic mean squared error for scale parameter dependent distributions.
Potentiation of Fractional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Release by Total and Free Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Concentration

Our aim was to measure the influence of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium content ([Ca](SRT)) and free SR [Ca] ([Ca](SR)) on the fraction of SR calcium released during voltage clamp steps in isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes. [Ca](SRT), as measured by caffeine application, was progressively increased by conditioning pulses. Sodium was absent in both the intracellular and in the extracellular solutions to block sodium/calcium exchange. Total cytosolic calcium flux during the transient was inferred from I(Ca), [Ca](SRT), [Ca](i), and cellular buffering characteristics. Fluxes via the calcium current (I(Ca)), the SR calcium pump, and passive leak from the SR were evaluated to determine SR calcium release flux (J(rel)). Excitation-contraction (EC) coupling was characterized with respect to both gain (integral J(rel)/integral I(Ca)) and fractional SR calcium release. Both parameters were virtually zero for a small, but measurable [Ca](SRT). Gain and fractional SR calcium release increased steeply and nonlinearly with both [Ca](SRT) and [Ca](SR). We conclude that potentiation of EC coupling can be correlated with both [Ca](SRT) and [Ca](SR). While fractional SR calcium release was not linearly dependent upon [Ca](SR), intra-SR calcium may play a crucial role in regulating the SR calcium release process.
Analysis of a pressure driven absorption refrigeration cycle

This study presents an analysis of a pressure driven absorption refrigeration cycle which utilizes a membrane separation process to achieve refrigerant-absorbent (R/A) separation. Since the performance of such membranes cannot be predicted generally, the analysis is accomplished by computing cycle performance as a function of the effectiveness of the membrane separation process. The net refrigeration effect and work input are determined based on thermodynamic property data for several working fluid combinations, and desirable characteristics for refrigerant-absorbent pairs are identified. The solubility parameter is used to characterize the potential for separation by candidate membrane materials. The absorbent tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (E-181) is found to have good potential for separation from Refrigerants 21 and 22 by typical membranes such as cellulose acetate. The coefficient of performance of the proposed cycle is lower than that of a standard vapour compression cycle operating between the same temperature limits. Improved cycle performance may be achieved by development of a working fluid pair having a more nearly optimum combination of properties.
Caribbean Flamingo Resting Behavior and the Influence of Weather Variables

This observational study of captive Caribbean Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) sought to investigate the possible functions of unipedal and bipedal resting. In particular, this research sought to further examine the possibility that thermoregulation is a primary function of unipedal resting. Significant negative correlations were found between length of unipedal resting and average temperature, and between length of unipedal resting and average heat index, indicating that temperature is a major factor in determination of resting stance. A significant negative correlation was also obtained between length of unipedal resting and average wind chill, but as the observed wind chills did not significantly differ from the temperatures, such a finding is to be expected. These results suggest that flamingos rest on one leg for longer intervals in an attempt to conserve body heat. Further, a significant positive correlation between length of bipedal resting and average wind speed suggests that on windy days, a bipedal stance is preferred to enhance stability when resting.
On the robustness of the results of adoption date choice studies: The case of pension accounting

This paper examines the robustness of the results of adoption date choice studies to sample selection criteria, variable set, and the approach to model building. We use the new pension accounting standard (SFAS 87) in our examination. To this end, we develop a model of the relationship between the adoption date of the pension standard and the variables commonly used in adoption date studies. The variables are: (1) Firm size (2) income change prior to the adoption date and proxies for income management; (3) tightness of debt constraints; and (4) extent of the impact of the standard on financial statements.
Altered overnight modulation of spontaneous waking EEG reflects altered sleep homeostasis in major depressive disorder: A high-density EEG investigation

Background Prior investigations have suggested sleep homeostasis is altered in major depressive disorder (MDD). Low frequency activity (LFA) in the electroencephalogram during waking has been correlated with sleep slow wave activity (SWA), suggesting that waking LFA reflects sleep homeostasis in healthy individuals. This study investigated whether the overnight change in waking LFA and its relationship with sleep SWA are altered in MDD.
A numerical evaluation of an analytical representation of the components in a Fourier decomposition of the phase matrix for the scattering of polarized light

Abstract An analytical representation of the components in a Fourier decomposition of the phase matrix for a theory of multiple light scattering that includes the effects of polarization is evaluated, and selected numerical results are given for several particular scattering models.
Large eddy simulation of thermal driven cavity: Evaluation of sub-grid scale models and flow physics

Abstract Three eddy-viscosity and one non-eddy-viscosity type sub-grid scale models have been evaluated in large eddy simulations of buoyant turbulent flows in the three-dimensional thermal driven cavity of aspect ratio 4. The eddy-viscosity models considered include the traditional dynamic Smagorinsky model, and the recently developed dynamic Vreman and constant coefficient Sigma models. The non-eddy-viscosity Stretched Vortex model has also been evaluated. A high-order numerical framework has been used for the present LES of buoyant turbulent flows. Excellent comparison to DNS data has been obtained using dynamic Smagorinsky, Sigma and Stretched Vortex models, while more tests are required to ascertain the applicability of the dynamic Vreman model for buoyant turbulent flows. The use of WENO advective scheme for scalars has been established by comparing to results using BQUICK scalar advective scheme. Finally, the flow structure in the thermal cavity has been examined in detail, and features such as inhomogeneity, wave-vortical interactions, the turbulent kinetic energy budget, and the boundary layer dynamics have been studied. In particular, the near wall behavior of the turbulent shear stress and the turbulent streamwise heat flux has been studied in conjunction with their respective production terms.
Reactions of Me3P, Me3N and R2NH with the small closo-carboranes C2BxHx+2) (x = 3, 4, 5)

Abstract The reactivity of the small carboranes with Me3L (L = P or N) follows the order 1,5-C2B3H5 > 1,6-C2B4H6 > 2,4-C2B5H7. The smallest cage forms unstable adducts whereas 1,6-C2B4H6 gives the dipolar Me3LC2B4H6-. The largest cage does not react with Me3L, but Me2NH readily cleaves C2B5H7 to give Me2NH - BH3, a nonvolatile polymer which probably has the basic structure A, Me2NBHMe, and other volatile products that can formally be accounted for in terms of a disproportionation of the latter compound.
Regression of Hypernephromas

Clear cell carcinomas of the kidney (hypernephromas) do regress within the kidney under certain circumstances. The Swedish pathologists, Bartley and Hultquist (1), have clearly shown this and illustrated it when they reviewed the literature and reported their own cases in 1950.
Tofacitinib in kidney transplantation.

Introduction: This review will discuss the mechanism of action and important kidney transplant clinical trial data for the small molecule Janus kinase (JAK) 3 inhibitor tofacitinib, formerly known as CP-690,550 and tasocitinib. Areas covered: Successful kidney transplantation requires adequate immunosuppression. Current maintenance immunosuppressive protocols which rely on calcineurin inhibitors have long-term nephrotoxicity and negative impact on cardiometabolic risk factors. JAKs are cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that participate in the signaling of a broad range of cell surface receptors, particularly members of the cytokine receptor common gamma (cγ) chain family. JAK3 inhibition has immunosuppressive effects and treatment with tofacitinib in clinical trials has demonstrated efficacy in autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Nonhuman primate models of renal transplantation demonstrated prolonged graft survival with tofacitinib compared to control. Renal transplant clinical tri...
Quinolinolato-complexes of aluminum, gallium and indium dialkyls

Abstract Monomeric complexes of the type R2MQ (R = Me, Et, iBu; M = Al, Ga, In; Q = quinoline-8-olate anion) have been isolated, and characterized by elemental analyses, and i.r., electronic, NMR and mass spectroscopy. Molecular weight of Et2GaQ was determined by vapor pressure osmometry. The compounds are generally yellow and crystalline. The reactivity of CM bond seemed to be much reduced compared to the CM bond in free metal alkyls. The chemical shifts in the NMR the participation of s and d orbitals of the metal atom, which in turn reduced the CM bond reactivity. Electronic spectra suggested ligand π → metal d (or s) transition. Metal-nonmetal vibrations a1 and t2 could be identified for iBu2MQ in the region 535-380 cm−1.
Phototaxic behavior and the retinotectal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in surgically created cyclopean salamander larvae (Ambystoma)

Abstract Negative phototaxis (NP) was used to evaluate the recovery of vision in albino axolotl larvae with one eye discarded and the other transplanted either to the orbit (orthoclops) or to the top of the head (cyclops). NP was assessed at approximately 1, 2 and 3 months postoperatively, using an automated, infrared monitor. Some 88% of the orthoclopes and 64% of the cyclopes recovered NP. However, among the cyclopes that did recover, the quantitative aspects of NP were virtually the same as those of the orthoclopes. That the cyclopean eye can regenerate retinotectal pathways was established by anterograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). But where previously uninjured animals transported HRP to the contralateral tectum, both the cyclopes and the orthoclopes distributed the enzyme to the left and right tectal halves. Heavy deposits of HRP were found in the tecta of some animals that lacked NP. To find out if an optic tectum is actually required for NP, a series of ablation experiments were performed, using Ambystoma punctatum larvae. Tectectomy had the same effect on NP as bilaterally extirpating the eyes or intracranially severing both optic nerves, i.e. removing the tectum abolished NP. The results: (1) confirm the efficacy of the ectopic eye in the cyclops preparation; (2) show that the ectopic eye can regenerate retinotectal pathways; (3) indicate that retinotectal contact is a necessary but insufficient condition for NP.
The role of calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ in modulation of aqueous humor drainage and Ca2+ sensitization of trabecular meshwork contraction.

The contractile and relaxation characteristics of trabecular meshwork (TM) are presumed to influence aqueous humor (AH) drainage and intraocular pressure. The mechanisms underlying regulation of TM...
Hemodynamic and clinical appraisal of coarctation four to seven years after resection and end-to-end anastomosis of the aorta.

This study was undertaken to ascertain whether coarctation of the aorta produces permanent hemodynamic abnormalities that may persist despite resection and end-to-end anastomosis. The results of studies in 10 patients 4 to 7 years after operation are compared to those obtained before and immediately after operation. The most significant finding was continued decrease in residual coarctation, in addition to dramatic immediate postoperative improvement in the degree of circulatory impairment.
Oxidation of single-stranded oligonucleotides by carbonate radical anions: generating intrastrand cross-links between guanine and thymine bases separated by cytosines

The carbonate radical anion is a biologically important one-electron oxidant that can directly abstract an electron from guanine, the most easily oxidizable DNA base. Oxidation of the 5'-d(CCTACGCTACC) sequence by photochemically generated CO3*- radicals in low steady-state concentrations relevant to biological processes results in the formation of spiroiminodihydantoin diastereomers and a previously unknown lesion. The latter was excised from the oxidized oligonucleotides by enzymatic digestion with nuclease P1 and alkaline phosphatase and identified by LC-MS/MS as an unusual intrastrand cross-link between guanine and thymine. In order to further characterize the structure of this lesion, 5'-d(GpCpT) was exposed to CO3*- radicals, and the cyclic nature of the 5'-d(G*pCpT*) cross-link in which the guanine C8-atom is bound to the thymine N3-atom was confirmed by LC-MS/MS, 1D and 2D NMR studies. The effect of bridging C bases on the cross-link formation was studied in the series of 5'-d(GpC(n)pT) and 5'-d(TpC(n)pG) sequences with n = 0, 1, 2 and 3. Formation of the G*-T* cross-links is most efficient in the case of 5'-d(GpCpT). Cross-link formation (n = 0) was also observed in double-stranded DNA molecules derived from the self-complementary 5'-d(TTACGTACGTAA) sequence following exposure to CO3*- radicals and enzymatic excision of the 5'-d(G*pT*) product.
Novel Actinomycins Formed by Biosynthetic Incorporation of cis- and trans-4-Methylproline

Streptomyces parvulus ( Streptomyces parvullus ) normally produces actinomycin D; in the presence of cis -4-methylproline, this species synthesizes two additional actinomycins, designated K 1c and K 2c , in which one and two proline sites, respectively, are occupied by cis -4-methylproline. Analogously, actinomycins K 1t and K 2t are formed in the presence of trans -4-methylproline. Both mixtures were separated chromatographically, and the four novel actinomycins were obtained in crystalline form. Their biological activities were compared with that of actinomycin D in respect to inhibition of ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis and antimicrobial potency. In all cases examined, the order of activity D > K 1t > K 1c > K 2t > K 2c was observed, and the same sequence prevailed in a spectroscopic measure of their binding to deoxyribonucleic acid. In addition, proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that the replacement of proline by cis -4-methylproline alters the conformation of the antibiotic molecule.
An Ab Initio Study of the Geometries and Rotational Barriers of 1-, 2-, and 5-Phenylimidazole

The torsional barrier was calculated in the 3-21G basis set for 1-, 2-, and 5-phenylimidazole. Full geometry optimization was carried out at inter-ring torsional angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°, and additional intermediate angles. All torsional potential energies were found to be symmetric with respect to the 90° conformation. The 2-phenylimidazole torsional energy exhibits a minimum at 0° (and 180°) and a maximum at 90° with a barrier height of 5.83 kcal/mol relative to the 0° conformation. The minima in the 1- and 5-phenylimidazole torsional potential energies correspond to non-planar conformations, resulting in a double-well potential with maxima at 0° (180°) and 90°. The 1-phenylimidazole minima are located at 46.5 and 133.5°; the 5-phenylimidazole minima, at 35.3 and 144.7°. In the 0° (180°) and 90° conformations, 1-phenylimidazole exhibits torsional barriers of 1.84 and 0.75 kcal/mol, respectively, relative to the energy of the 46.5° conformation. For 5-phenylimidazole, these barriers are 0.94 and 1.89 kcal/mol, relative to the energy of the 35.3° conformation. The energy of 5-phenylimidazole in the 35.3° conformation corresponds to a relative tautomeric energy difference of 1.80 kcal/mol compared to the 0° conformer of the 4-phenylimidazole tautomer.
Protein Interactions Within the Cytoplasmic Dynein Complex as Probed by Mass Spectrometry and Nmr.

INTRODUCTION. Cytoplasmic dynein is a principle motor for minus-end directed transport along microtubules[1]. It functions to position organelles and other materials within the cell, and plays an essential role in the separation of chromosomes. Cytoplasmic dynein is a large (1.2 MDa) complex made up of two heavy chain subunits linked by stalk-like domains to a common base. The heavy chains contain the ATP hydrolysis and microtubule binding sites required for motility. Located at the base are a number of subunits thought to regulate the assembly of the complex and its attachment to appropriate cargo. The intermediate chain IC74 forms a key intermediary in the complex, as it is known to associate with the heavy chain and the essential accessory complex dynactin as well as other subunits in the base. We have found that two light chains, LC8 and Tctex-1, attach to the N-terminal domain of IC74 (N-IC74). Here, the interactions between IC74 and the light chains have been characterized by limited proteolysis and mass spectrometry and by NMR spectroscopy. METHODS. The interactions of LC8, Tctex-1 and the N-IC74 from Drosophila melanogaster were characterized in vitro by affinity methods, limited proteolysis, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Limited digestion of N-IC74 in the presence and absence of LC8, Tctex-1 or both localized binding of the light and intermediate chains to specific segments in the protein. These interactions were further investigated by heteronuclear NMR. RESULTS. Limited tryptic digestion and mass spectrometry[2] localized binding of Tctex-1 to the vicinity of K104 and K105, and localized binding of LC8 to the region downstream of K130. Circular dichroism, fluorescence, sedimentation velocity and proteolysis studies indicate that NIC74 has limited secondary and tertiary structure at near physiological solution conditions. Upon addition of LC8, N-IC74 becomes more ordered. This conformational change is reflected in increased global protection of N-IC74 from proteolytic digestion following the interaction, and in a significant change in the CD signal consistent with a shift from random coil to a more helical conformation. The sequence of IC74 that is responsible for the increase in structure upon binding was identified by heteronuclear NMR using IC74 constructs that contain the binding site, and regions of the protein predicted to fold into a coiled coil structure.
Surpassing the Diffraction-limit of Digital Imaging Systems using Sinusoidal Illumination Patterns

This work presents experimental evidence on surpassing the diffraction limit of digital imaging systems using sinusoidal illumination patterns. Unique contributions of the work include aliasing-management and the notion of incoherent bandpass filtering using sinusoidal modulation.
Thermal-neutron intensities in soils irradiated by fast neutrons from point sources

Abstract Thermal-neutron fluences in soil are reported for selected fast-neutron sources, selected soil types, and selected irradiation geometries. Sources include 14 MeV neutrons from accelerators, neutrons from spontaneously fissioning 252 Cf, and neutrons produced from alpha-particle interactions in the 241 Am/Be source. Soils are of five types, ranging from a dry porous soil to a wet dense soil. Neutron fluences are reported for sources above the soil surface and positioned at selected depths below the soil surface. Methods are demonstrated for incorporating thermal-neutron fluence data into the deconvolution of capture gamma-ray spectral data in the method of assessing soil contamination using prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis.
An Engineering Appraisal of Egg Shell Strength Evaluation Techniques

Abstract INTRODUCTION MANY poultry researchers have stated that losses due to thin and weak shells during production, processing, and marketing cost the industry millions of dollars annually, estimated at five to seven percent of United States production. Factors affecting the strength of egg shells in general are heredity, age, health, season, production rate, clutch position, diet, environment, and others more well known to specialists in poultry research. However, it is the strength of individual eggs, and the evaluation of strength itself, which has posed a difficult problem in research directed toward improvement of egg shell strength—often referred to simply as egg shell quality. Numerous attempts have been made to evaluate shell strength, however most have merely resulted in a new technique or a new instrument rather than actually yielding useful data on the strength of shells. Usually the researcher interested in actually causing a change in egg shell strength has…
Sexually dimorphic regulation of estrogen receptor α mRNA in the ventromedial hypothalamus of adult whiptail lizards is testosterone dependent

Abstract Female, but not male, whiptail lizards will respond to exogenous estrogen with an increase in estrogen receptor α (ERα) mRNA in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). The current study tested whether differences in long-term testosterone exposure may be responsible for this sex difference. In the first experiment, female whiptails were gonadectomized and implanted for 6 weeks with either a Silastic capsule containing testosterone or an empty capsule after which the implant was removed. In a second experiment, male whiptail lizards were castrated for 1 week or for 6 weeks. In both experiments animals were then injected with either estradiol benzoate or steroid suspension vehicle and the brains collected 24 h later. Brain mRNA expression was assayed using in situ hybridization. Chronic testosterone treatment reduced estrogen-induced ERα mRNA levels (number of grains per cell) in the VMH in females. In contrast, there were no significant effects of time after castration or estrogen treatment on induction of ERα mRNA in the VMH in males. The abundance of estrogen-induced ERα mRNA in the VMH, therefore, appears to be responsive to testosterone environment in the female but not in the male, suggesting a difference in this species between the sexes in the mechanism of steroid receptor regulation.