cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of acoustic waves using finite acoustic metaclusters

In this talk, a novel method to model finite metaclusters that can steer the energy of an incident wave preferentially toward a given direction will be presented. This design is realized by solving an inverse multiple scattering problem for selecting a desired energy distribution of scattered waves. The incident wave energy can be redirected toward a desired direction using a 2D metacluster configuration with a finite number of fluid cylinders embedded in a homogeneous fluid medium. For a faster implementation of the method, we consider a small cylindrical particle limit which corresponds to low frequency scattering. The required mechanical properties of fluid scatterers are defined by T-matrix components obtained by solving a linear system of equations. A major challenge in implementing and applying our computational model to the design of metacluster devices is to ensure that the scatterers remain manufacturable using available conventional materials. These metaclusters are designed by minimizing the relative error between given and computed scattering patterns and by using advanced optimization algorithms and deep learning. Steering the incident acoustic wave energy is realized by designing simple physically implementable configurations consisting of only three or more scatterers.
Abstract PO-29: Conserved and unique transcriptional programs in human and canine non-Hodgkin lymphomas inform the judicious applications for the spontaneous canine model of disease

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) represent a diverse group of tumors that are common in both humans and dogs. Extensive work has documented driver genes and inferred the cell of origin for many subtypes of human NHL, and emerging data suggest that the driver events are distinct for the corresponding subtypes of canine NHL. This raises important questions about how and when spontaneous canine NHLs can or should be considered as models for human NHLs. Here, we show the application of bioinformatics tools that allow us to systematically reduce the dimensionality of complex transcriptional patterns across independent datasets, platforms, and species, and that are capable of identifying conserved and unique traits, as well as outcome associations. The application of these tools to human and canine NHL datasets shows that, for example, the gene expression cluster that defines the germinal center-B-cell (GCB)-like subtype is exclusively present in human samples, but not in dog samples. Conversely, we confirm that non-GCB subtypes (activated B-cell [ABC] or ABC-like) include a heterogeneous group of subtypes defined by expression of shared and species-specific gene clusters, including resident or infiltrating cells that mold the stromal and immune microenvironments. Moreover, we are able to expand this approach to other subtypes of NHL to discern the contributions from stromal transcriptional programs and from lymphocyte transcriptional programs by including samples in the analyses where stromal cells were depleted. Overall, our comparative genomic approach will enhance our understanding of the conserved and species-specific events that underlie the molecular etiology of NHL, informing when spontaneous canine NHL subtypes should be considered as independent, unrelated conditions and improving and refining when and how they can be used as a relevant spontaneous model of human NHL. Citation Format: Aaron L. Sarver, Jaime F. Modiano. Conserved and unique transcriptional programs in human and canine non-Hodgkin lymphomas inform the judicious applications for the spontaneous canine model of disease [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: Advances in Malignant Lymphoma; 2020 Aug 17-19. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2020;1(3_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-29.
Nuclear Resonaynce Vibrational Spectroscopy

We learned in Chap. 9 that Mossbauer spectroscopy and nuclear forward scattering rely on the zero-phonon, recoil-free fraction, as determined by the Lamb-Mossbauer factor—fLM. In the Mossbauer experiment, the intensity is reduced by this factor, so that the observed cross section is reduced from the total cross section according to σ(0) ~ (π/2) σN fLM. However, there is a “sum rule” that states that the integrated cross section for a nuclear transition remains the same [478]. So, where does this missing intensity go?
Human Rights' Anti-Globalization in a Multinational Corporatized State

In this Book Chapter, the Author discusses how tension and conflict can sometimes occur when private actors use domestic public resources, such as law enforcement, to promote private beliefs and interests, at the expense of civil and international human rights. An example is the October 7, 2014 preseason basketball game hosted by the New York-based Brooklyn Nets against an Israeli basketball team, Maccabi Tel Aviv, at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. This event became a complex, multi-tiered arrangement involving perspectives on international crimes, freedom of speech, public versus private space, and the investment of the State in the private sphere. The Author opines that international protection of human rights will likely encourage greater investment in cities like New York, which may expand its welcome to fundraising for extraterritorial causes by severely restricting public dissent. Greater private investment may occur where there will be greater control over association and speech rights, to the benefit of the State and its choices on reallocation of assets to populations. But in doing so, we step away from a globalizing and expansive view of human rights, except to the extent we intend to expand human rights for the non-natural corporate entity, and restrict those rights to natural persons.
An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System-Based Approach to Real Estate Property Assessment

This paper describes a first effort to design and implement an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system-based approach to estimate prices for residential properties. The data set consists of historic sales of houses in a market in the Midwest region of the United States and it contains parameters describing typical residential property features and the actual sale price. The study explores the use of fuzzy inference systems to assess real estate property values and the use of neural networks in creating and fine-tuning the fuzzy rules used in the fuzzy inference system. The results are compared with those obtained using a traditional multiple regression model. The paper also describes possible future research in this area.
The physiological role of β-cell heterogeneity in pancreatic islet function

Endocrine cells within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are heterogeneous in terms of transcriptional profile, protein expression and the regulation of hormone release. Even though this heterogeneity has long been appreciated, only within the past 5 years have detailed molecular analyses led to an improved understanding of its basis. Although we are beginning to recognize why some subpopulations of endocrine cells are phenotypically different to others, arguably the most important consideration is how this heterogeneity affects the regulation of hormone release to control the homeostasis of glucose and other energy-rich nutrients. The focus of this Review is the description of how endocrine cell heterogeneity (and principally that of insulin-secreting β-cells) affects the regulation of hormone secretion within the islets of Langerhans. This discussion includes an overview of the functional characteristics of the different islet cell subpopulations and describes how they can communicate to influence islet function under basal and glucose-stimulated conditions. We further discuss how changes to the specific islet cell subpopulations or their numbers might underlie islet dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We conclude with a discussion of several key open questions regarding the physiological role of islet cell heterogeneity.
Directions of Human Potential Development in Russia

Abstract Today's economy has a strong social orientation. In this regard,it is necessary to speak on the economic and socio-economic development, human development. This article analyzes the “human development” category and identifies the factors affecting human development in Russia.
Personnel scheduling and supplies provisioning in emergency relief operations

The practice of emergency operations often involves the travelling of medical teams and the distribution of medical supplies. In an emergency, such as an earthquake, a medical team often has to visit various hospitals (the customers) one after another in a predetermined sequence in order to perform on-site operations that require certain amounts of medical supplies. Because of their perishable nature, the medical supplies are typically shipped in batches from upstream suppliers and kept at multiple distribution centers during the disaster relief process. The scheduling of the medical teams and the provisioning of the medical supplies give rise to a scheduling problem that involves the timely dispatching of supplies from distribution centers to hospitals in coordination with the scheduling of medical teams so as to minimize the total tardiness of the completions of the operations to be performed. We introduce a mathematical programming based rolling horizon heuristic that is
A TIME TO DEFINE: MAKING THE SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY DEFINITION PRESCRIBE SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY

Unlike other special education categories defined in U.S. law (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), the defini tion of specific learning disability (SLD) has not changed since first proposed in 1968. Thus, although the operational definition of SLD has responded to new knowledge and understanding about the construct, the formal definition has remained static for 40 years, creating a schism between theory and practice. Using con cepts gleaned from the scientific study of formal and operational definitions as well as the history of another special education cat egory (i.e., mental retardation), in this article we demonstrate why change in the SLD definition is necessary. Finally, we propose a change in the SLD definition in federal regulations to redress the disconnect between theory and practice and restore integrity to the SLD field.
Non-parametric analysis of a generalized regression model: the maximum rank correlation estimator

The paper considers estimation of a model yi = D · F(x′iβ0, ui), where the composite transformation D · F is only specified that D: R → R is non-degenerate monotonic and F: R2 → R is strictly monotonic in each of its variables. The paper thus generalizes standard data analysis which assumes that the functional form of D · F is known and additive. The estimator which it proposes is the maximum rank correlation estimator which is non-parametric in the functional form of D · F and non-parametric in the distribution of the error terms, ui. The estimator is shown to be strongly consistent for the parameters β0 up to a scale coefficient.
Chemical Research and Instruction in Zürich, 1833-1872.

SummaryThe development of universities and technical schools in nineteenth century Switzerland is commonly assumed to be similar to the development of comparable schools in Germany. To a large extent this is correct, but there are subtle differences in the founding and organization of Swiss institutions that are reflective of the Swiss national and local cantonal contexts. In the case of Zurich, the specific local political and financial conditions underlying the formation of the University of Zurich, the Zurich Cantonal School and the Swiss Federal Polytechnic resulted in a complex set of dual appointments and shared facilities that were absent at comparable chemical laboratories at German universities. This essay outlines the origins of these complex relationships under Carl Lowig (1833–1853) and Georg Stadeler (1853–1870) and follows in more detail the complex career path of Johannes Wislicenus in Zurich from his appointment as Privatdozent in 1860 to his appointment as Director of the Polytechnic in 1...
A palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation of conjugated dienones : A macrocyclic dienone lactone model for the carbomycins

Abstract A Pd catalyzed coupling of terminal vinylic iodides with methyl vinyl ketone and related enones to produce dienones is described. The application of this method to macrocyclization is demonstrated in a model system for the agylcone of carbomycin B.
Wide-band spectrum sensing using Neighbor Orthogonal Matching Pursuit

Spectrum sensing is one of the most challenging problems in cognitive radio systems. It is frequently impractical to implement theoretical methods due to the limitation of the existing hardware operational bandwidth. To solve this problem, an emerging technique, compressive sensing (CS), is introduced to cognitive radio field so that only compressive measurements are needed in real implementation and the requirement for the hardware bandwidth is reduced. In this paper, a modified CS algorithm named Neighbor Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (NOMP) is proposed to detect the spectrum usage state in cognitive networks. It combines the continuous property of real-world spectrum and the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit(OMP) Method. Compared with the traditional CS algorithms such as matching pursuit (MP), OMP and Bayesian Compressive Sensing(BCS) methods, the modified algorithm can provide a reconstruction ability with much higher accuracy. Meanwhile, it is also a computational efficient method that costs less computation time than the other three methods under low SNR condition.
Promoting early detection of breast cancer among Vietnamese-American women. Results of a controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Although breast cancer is the second most common cancer among Vietnamese-American women, previous research has shown that they are less likely to have ever had, and to be more often overdue for, clinical breast examinations (CBE) and mammograms than women in the general population. METHODS Over a 2.5-year period, the following intervention activities were targeted at both Vietnamese women and physicians in Alameda County, California: neighborhood-based educational activities; dissemination of health education materials; a media campaign; and continuing medical education seminars for physicians. Women in Los Angeles and Orange Counties served as controls. Preintervention telephone interviews were conducted with 384 randomly selected Vietnamese women in the intervention community and 404 women in the control community in 1996, and post-test intervention interviews were conducted with 405 and 402 women, respectively, in 1998. RESULTS Multiple logistic regression analyses of postintervention surveys showed the intervention community women at posttest were no more likely to recognize, receive, plan, or be up-to-date for CBE or mammograms than women in the control community. However, women who reported greater exposure to the various intervention elements were significantly more likely to have heard of, have had, and to plan CBE and mammograms than women with less exposure. CONCLUSIONS Although the effect on the women in the intervention group was not significant, the intervention did have a modest positive impact on women who had more exposure to it. Cancer 2001;91:267–73. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Factorisation of finite state machines under strong and observational equivalences

The factorisation problem is to construct the specification of a submoduleX when the specifications of the system and all submodules butX are given. It is usually described by the equation $$P|X\mathop = \limits^e Q$$ where P and X are submodules of system Q, ¦ is a composition operator, and $$\mathop = \limits^e $$ is the equivalence criterion. In this paper we use a finite state machine (FSM) model consistent with CCS and study two factorisation problems:P |||P ~Q andP |||P źQ, where ||| is a derived CCS composition operator, ~ and ź represent strong and observational equivalences. Algorithms are presented and proved correct to find the most general specification of submoduleX forP |||P ~Q withQ ź-deterministic and forP |||P źQ withQ deterministic. Conditions on the submachines of the most general solutions that remain solutions toP |||P ~Q(P |||P źQ) are given. This paper extends and is based on the work of M. W. Shields.
Onychomatricoma has channel-like structures on in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy

Background Onychomatricoma is a benign fibroepithelial nail matrix tumor that infiltrates the nail plate leading to multiple tunneled cavities lined with matrix epithelium and filled with serum. Diagnostic features of onychomatricoma on reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) have not been previously described. Objective We sought to demonstrate the feasibility of using RCM to diagnose onychomatricoma. Methods Reflectance confocal microscopy was used to evaluate four patients with onychomatricoma before tumor excision. We evaluated the affected nail and one unaffected nail of each patient with VivaScope 1500 (Lucid Inc., Rochester, NY, USA). Results Reflectance confocal microscopy evaluation of onychomatricomas revealed longitudinal dark areas and bright/grey lines, forming channel like structures. The channels were outlined by bright circular lines with grey dot centers. These RCM features correlated with the pathology of the onychomatricomas within the nail plate. Limitations Proximal portion of onychomatricoma was not reach by RCM. Conclusions Reflectance confocal microscopy can assist in rapid and noninvasive diagnosis of onychomatricoma showing characteristic channel like structures within nail plates.
Measurement Invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory–Second Edition (BDI-II) Across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in College Students:

Measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory–Second Edition (BDI-II) across gender, race, and ethnic groups was evaluated in a large sample of college students, using pooled data from 11...
Distribution of ferritin in the cerebral cortex of the mouse revealed by electron microscopy

Abstract In the cerebral cortex of the mouse, ferritin, administered intravenously or intraperitoneally, readily passes from blood to brain. It is observed to enter the neuropil in an apparently nonspecific manner and is found free in the cytoplasmic ground substance of astrocytes and other cells adjacent to the capillary basement membrane. Its passage through the neuropil appears to occur with water from one cell to another and is not restricted to astrocytes, other cell species, or extracellular space. The data presented suggest that ferritin may specifically activate cell membranes and induce an uptake of molecular species similar to, but more rapid than, that accomplished by pinocytosis.
The visual pigments of epipelagic and rocky-shore fishes.

Abstract Visual pigments of eleven species of marine teleost fishes have been studied in aqueous digitonin extracts of dark-adapted retinae. Five species that occur in habitats along rocky coasts have “rhodopsins” with λ max near 500 mμ. In six epipelagic species the visual pigments are also “rhodopsins”, but there is a trend for λ max to be at shorter wavelengths. These results are correlated with the spectral transmission of sunlight by the types of sea water in which these fishes live. In addition, a second “rhodopsin”, more sensitive to red light, has been characterized in several of the species.
Status of (US) High Energy Physics Networking

The current status of Networking to and between computers used by the High Energy Physics community is discussed. Particular attention is given to developments over the last year and to future prospects. Comparison between the current status and that of two years ago indicates that considerable strides have been made but that much remains to be done to achieve an acceptable level of functionality.
Tranexamic acid: Preoperative prophylactic therapy for patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema

Abstract Short-term therapy of 96-hr duration with tranexamic acid was prophylactically effective as defined by the absence of attacks of angioedema in 14 patients with hereditary angioedema undergoing 10 dental and 4 general surgical procedures. Eight of the 14 patients had previously undergone dental extractions without prophylactic therapy with antifibrinolytic agents and each had experienced one or more attacks of angioedema. Seven of these 8 patients had a cumulative experience of 13 episodes of laryngeal edema after dental extractions and the eighth had a bout of cutaneous angioedema. Although the number of dental extractions conducted without prophylactic antifibrinolytic therapy cannot be accurately defined in retrospect, the prominence of laryngeal edema in this circumstance is striking when compared with the absence of attacks in the presence of prophylaxis with tranexamic acid. Methyltestosterone and impeded androgens are now known to be effective prophylaxis for spontaneous and, presumably, postoperative attacks when employed chronically because their administration is associated with correction of the biochemical defect of hereditary angioneurotic edema, but their chronic administration to children and women of childbearing age requires further definition because of their potential pituitary suppressive action. Tranexamic acid prophylaxis makes it possible to offer to untreated patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema dental work and other operative procedures that in the past were withheld or conducted with considerable risk.
Feminists of faith: Sonia Johnson and the Mormons for ERA

The Mormons for ERA is analyzed in this essay as an innovational movement. In this way, Sonia Johnson's appeals to mainstream Mormons before her excommunication can he understood as reformist discourse which became radicalized only in a second stage.
Tracing the Envelope of the Objective-Space in Multi-Objective Topology Optimization

In multi-objective problems, one is often interested in generating the envelope of the objective-space, where the envelope is, in general, a superset of pareto-optimal solutions. In this paper, we propose a method for tracing the envelope of multi-objective topology optimization problems, and generating the corresponding topologies. The proposed method exploits the concept of topological sensitivity, and is applied to bi-objective optimization, namely eigenvalue-volume, eigenvalue-eigenvalue and compliance-eigenvalue problems. The robustness and efficiency of the method is illustrated through numerical examples.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The effect of synaptic stimulation of RNA and protein metabolism in the R2 soma of aplysia.

Excitatory synaptic stimulation of the R2 neuron in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica causes an increased incorporation of 3Huridine into RNA. However, this could be the result of a change in precursor specific activity rather than an increase in RNA synthesis. We find that at low external uridine concentrations (1.5 μM) there is no increase in 3H-uridine incorporation correlated with synaptic stimulation. In addition, no change in incorporation of 3H-leucine into total protein or in the pattern of newly-synthesized proteins, resolved by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, was detected with stimulation. Since the R2 neuron can be stimulated without a detectable change in RNA or protein synthesis, we conclude that the increase in incorporation observed at high external uridine concentrations (100 μM) could be caused by increased specific activity in a precursor pool rather than by an RNA synthesis change.
An Atomistic Study of the Nickel-Alumina Interfacial Reactions

The initial stage of formation of the Ni/A12O3 interface under different conditions was studied by various surface science techniques. Nickel was deposited in situ in a UHV system onto the basal plane of a sapphire substrate at various temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The interfacial reaction processes were simultaneously monitored by XPS. When Ni was deposited at elevated temperatures and in the presence of sufficient oxygen, the NiAl204 spinel was formed epitaxially on the Al2O3 substrate, as confirmed by LEED. While under UHV conditions (<4×10−11 torr) and at elevated temperatures (<800°C), the Al2O3 was partially reduced by Ni, and the evidence of Ni-Al intermetallic alloy formation was observed. Further efforts include the construction of a UHV system capable of preparing interfaces suitable for interfacial structure and adhesion studies.
Gavagai!: or the Future History of the Animal Language Controversy

Abstract In placing the attempts to teach language to nonhuman species in both a cultural and philosophical context, we consider evolutionary claims about the origins of human language, and Quine's indeterminacy of translation thesis. In contrasting the natural language acquired by humans with the artificial language taught nonhumans, we propose treating the human mind as a blend of learning, hard-wiring and cognition. We discuss the nature of each of the components, suggest how they may interact, and compare the three-component human system with the two-component system of other species.
Stress and Anxiety in Caregivers of Lung Transplant Patients: Effect of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction

Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to test the feasibility of using Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MSBR) techniques to decrease stress and anxiety in caregivers of lung transplant candidates/recipients. Methods and Materials 30 caregivers of lung transplant candidates/recipients were recruited during the hospitalization of their significant other. Each completed the Perceived Stress Scale and State Trait Anxiety Inventory prior to and 4-weeks after receiving a DVD that demonstrated MBSR techniques. Participants were asked to watch the DVD in its entirety and then practice MSBR techniques for a minimum of 5-15 minutes a day for 4 weeks. The DVD was developed by the authors, one of whom was an expert in MBSR. Results Participants were 55.6±13.6 years of age, 77% female, and 93% Caucasian. Most had not participated in a formal stress reduction program. While all agreed to participate, only 15 self-reported they watched the entire DVD and performed the exercises; 6 self-reported they watched some and 9 watched none of the DVD. There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between caregivers who watched the entire DVD and those who watched some or none of the DVD except age of the caregivers. Caregivers who watched the entire DVD were younger (50.5 vs 60.7 yrs, p=.04). Scores for caregivers who stated they watched the entire DVD and practiced the MSBR techniques as requested (n=15) decreased significantly from pre to post testing for perceived stress (p=.001), state anxiety (p=.003) and trait anxiety (p=.006). Scores for those who watched some or none of the DVD (n=15) did not change significantly. Conclusions Findings of this study suggest that caregivers of lung transplant candidates/recipients can benefit from stress reduction techniques using MSBR. Further study is warranted using a control group and participants followed for a longer time interval.
The stimulation of prostaglandin production by transforming growth factor-α and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate or 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol is synergistic

Stimulation of prostaglandin production in C-9 rat liver cells by transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha was synergistic with that of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). TGF-alpha and TPA synergized the release of radiolabelled compounds from [3H]arachidonic acid prelabelled C-9 cells. 1-Oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (OAG) and TGF-alpha also synergized prostaglandin production in the C-9 cells suggesting that the tumor promoter was mimicking the physiological activator of protein kinase C, 1,2-diacylglycerol. TGF-alpha and TPA also synergistically stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism by NRK-49F rat kidney cells. In A-549 human lung carcinoma cells, TGF-beta, but not TGF-alpha, stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism synergistically with TPA.
Strategies for Regulatory Reform: Forward Compared to Backward Mapping

Most efforts to reform regulation have relied on a forward mapping strategy, which views policy design and implementation from the top down. The limited success of many such reform efforts suggests the need for an alternative approach, based on a backward mapping strategy. The advantages of such a strategy are that it brings affected stakeholders into the process of designing and implementing reforms; proceeds incrementally to build a consensus for change; and leads to proposals that allow greater discretion and flexibility at the ground level, which is the direction that nearly all critics of existing regulation argue should be taken. Recent initiatives in environmental policy illustrate the uses and potential strengths of a backward mapping strategy for regulatory reform.
Cell-attached patch clamp study of the electropermeabilization of amphibian cardiac cells

Potential gradients imposed across cell or lipid membranes break down the insulating properties of these barriers if an intensity and time-dependent threshold is exceeded. Potential gradients of this magnitude may occur throughout the body, and in particular in cardiac tissue, during clinical defibrillation, ablation, and electrocution trauma. To study the dynamics of membrane electropermeabilization a cell-attached patch clamp technique was used to directly control the potential across membrane patches of single ventricular cells enzymatically isolated from frog (Rana pipiens) hearts. Ramp waveshapes were used to reveal rapid membrane conductance changes that may have otherwise been obscured using rectangular waveshapes. We observed a step increase (delta t less than 30 microseconds) or breakdown in membrane conductance at transmembrane potential thresholds of 0.6–1.1 V in response to 0.1–1.0 kV/s voltage ramps. Conductance kinetics on a sub-millisecond time scale indicate that breakdown is preceded by a period of instability during which the noise and amplitude of the membrane conductance begin to increase. In some cells membrane breakdown was observed to be fully reversible when using an intershock interval of 1 min (20–23 degrees C). These findings support energetic models of membrane electropermeabilization which describe the formation of membrane pores (or growth of existing pores) to a conducting state (instability), followed by a rapid expansion of these pores when the energy barrier for the formation of hydrophilic pores is overcome (breakdown).
A microcomputer-based data acquisition system for continuous recording of feeding and drinking by rats.

Abstract A monitoring system to continuously record the daily pattern of drinking and eating of rats is described. This system, based on a North Star microcomputer, can record the amount of food ingested with a temporal resolution of ±1.0 second and quantitative accuracy within ±5%. Drinking behavior is detected using a drinkometer which also has a temporal resolution of ±1.0 second. Data are analyzed by computer to determine absolute amounts of consumption and patterns of intake. The patterns of feeding and drinking recorded by this system are similar to those observed using other monitoring devices.
System Stability as a Design Problem

Under modern conditions of operation the ability of the component machines of a power system to hold in step during system disturbances has become of major importance in the choice of system layout and machine design. This situation has greatly stimulated activity in the study of the problems involved. This paper reviews the general problem in the light of recent analytical and experimental studies made by the authors. The subject matter of the paper is grouped according to the following headings: Part I reviews the factors affecting stability, including generator short-circuit ratio, voltage regulators, excitation systems, neutral impedance, governors, amortisseurs, intermediate condensers. Part II gives methods of calculating stability, under the following heads: preliminary calculations, idealized case of two machines, general case of two machines, extension to include more than two machines, simplified method of calculating tie lines. The appendixes include an example illustrating the method of calculation in a particular case.
A universal menopausal syndrome

A variety of symptoms are reported frequently as being part of a menopausal syndrome. These include hot flashes, night sweats, menstrual irregularities, vaginal dryness, depression, nervous tension, palpitations, headaches, insomnia, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, and dizzy spells. The question of whether and how symptoms occur together is important for women who want to know which symptoms can be attributed to menopause and which to aging generally or to other physical or psychosocial factors. To address this question, the present article examines the following avenues of research: (1) the clustering or grouping of symptoms; (2) the temporal association of different symptoms with stages of the menopausal transition; (3) the consistency of symptom reporting across cultures, race, and ethnicity; and (4) the consistency of risk factors for symptoms. Results of the factor analysis studies do not support a single syndrome consisting of menopausal and psychological or somatic symptoms. The prevalence of symptom reporting across the transition also argues against a menopausal syndrome because vasomotor symptoms follow a unique pattern that differs from that of other symptoms. Cross-cultural differences suggest that symptom reporting is not universal. Finally, although there is some overlap in risk factors for symptoms, menopausal status is more consistently related to vasomotor symptoms than to psychological or physical ones. Results of these investigations all argue against a universal menopausal syndrome. Future research should focus on how symptoms are interrelated, what factors are uniquely related to vasomotor symptoms, and identifying whether there is a subgroup of women who are more likely to report symptoms.
Diffusion across a bumpy barrier

Abstract The diffusion transfer across a barrier with bumpy surfaces is studied for the first time. The perturbation method is used to determine the detailed field. For prescribed surface temperature (concentration) the increase in net flux cannot be attributed solely to the increase in surface area due to unevenness. Opposite phase bumps cause larger flux than in phase bumps, the difference decreases with increased barrier thickness. The constant surface flux case induces local hot spots.
Comparison of clinical characteristics of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalised children and adolescents

While significant morbidity due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in the paediatric population has been well acknowledged, little is known about the burden of influenza in primarily healthy children in Europe. In our institution, a University Children’s Hospital in Switzerland, medical staff were encouraged to take nasopharyngeal specimens for multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for influenza A and B, RSV and several other pathogens from patients hospitalised with respiratory symptoms. We took advantage of this strategy and performed a retrospective study to compare specific characteristics of influenza virus infections with those of RSV during two consecutive winter seasons. Overall, 126 patients were positive for RSV and 60 patients were positive for influenza (type A: 45; type B: 15). The median age of children with RSV, influenza A, and influenza B infection was 4 months; 2 years and 4 months; and 6 years and 2 months, respectively (P<0.001). Fever and cough predominated in children with influenza infection whereas cough, rhinorrhoea, feeding difficulties and dyspnoea were the major symptoms in children with RSV infection. Of patients with influenza, 41% suffered from lower respiratory tract infection compared to 91% of those with RSV infection (P<0.001). Of 60 patients hospitalised with influenza, 12 (20%) experienced febrile convulsions. None of the patients with influenza had been immunised in the respective winter season, although 27% of them had at least one underlying medical condition that would have counted as an indication for immunisation in Switzerland. Conclusion: influenza virus infections, like respiratory syncytial virus infections, are a major cause of hospitalisation in children with respiratory illness during the winter season. Since it is impossible to make an aetiological diagnosis on clinical grounds, it is important to apply specific diagnostic tools in children hospitalised with respiratory illness in order to better characterise the relative burden of disease caused by the respective agents.
Science Signaling Podcast: 9 October 2012

This Podcast features an interview with Eric Nestler, author of a Report published in the 5 October 2012 issue of Science . BDNF is a secreted ligand that stimulates the growth and survival of neurons and promotes neural plasticity, which is the phenomenon by which a neural network is altered by activity through that network and by environmental factors. Changes in BDNF expression have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, to mood and behavioral disorders, and to neural plasticity induced by cocaine use. Nestler’s group reports that whereas BDNF plays a positive role in cocaine-induced neural plasticity, it plays a negative modulatory role in morphine-induced neural plasticity and has a different site of action. These findings have implications for understanding and treating addiction and highlight the complex role of BDNF in modulating neural function through its action on multiple downstream signaling pathways.
New Bell-type inequalities for N > 4 necessary for existence of a hidden variable

The purpose of this paper is to extend Bell's inequalities to obtain some general necessary conditions for the existence of a joint probability distribution for any finite collection of Bell-type random variables. Our results show that forN > 4 many new elementary inequalities beyond those of Bell must be satisfied by any hidden variable theory.
A dose-response study of phenylephrine in critically ill, septic surgical patients.

Objective: To determine the response of haemodynamic and oxygen-transport parameters to phenylephrine in a dose-response fashion in septic non-hypotensive, vasodilated surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Surgical ICU of a tertiary care, university medical centre. Patients: Ten septic non-hypotensive, vasodilated surgical ICU patients. Interventions: Routine ICU monitoring, including pulmonary and radial artery catheters. Measurements: Haemodynamic and oxygen-transport measurements were taken at baseline and during therapy. Phenylephrine was infused intravenously for 3 h at progressively increasing doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 8.0 μg · kg−1 · min−1 at 30-min intervals. Measurements were taken after each dose. Results: Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVRI) increased linearly with phenylephrine dose. Cardiac index and pulmonary artery occlusion pressures did not change. Statistically significant changes were observed in heart rate, MAP, stroke index, and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. Eight patients had a clinically significant increase (>15%) in oxygen consumption (VO2I). Oxygen delivery (D2OI) increased in only three patients. Serum lactate concentrations were unchanged or lower at the end of the study in all eight pateints, who displayed a 15% increase in VO2I. Conclusions: Treatment with phenylephrine increased expected haemodynamic parameters in a linear fashion; however, clinical changes in VO2I occurred at variable doses. Dose-response trials are needed to determine the optimal dose of phenylephrine. Further study is needed to evaluate the clinical effects of phenylephrine in septic patients.
Place knowing of persons and populations: restoring the place work of nursing.

Place emerges when space acquires definition in social constructions of meaning as landscape-languages, which reflect assumptions about physical and social realities. The place work of nursing, which resonated throughout Nightingale’s work and the profession’s evolution, focuses on human health and healing in the historical transitions and landscape-languages of populations. However, evidence-based practice dominated by empirical knowing inadequately addresses complex health and illness dynamics between place and populations. Translating evidence to the life course experiences of individuals and populations requires place knowing of human situated embodiment within discrete space. An exploration of the concept of place, its application to nursing, and the need for a place paradigm for practice is presented. A sense of salience and situated cognition has been identified as the essential element of the transformation needed in the education of nurses. Place knowing integrates other patterns of knowing (empi...
Chemisorption-induced interaction between electronic levels of a two-level adsorbate on an fcc(100) surface

Abstract A model calculation is presented for the orbital density of states, as well as the change in the density of states due to the chemisorption, of a two-level adsorbate bonded to the s-band of an fcc(100) metal surface. The adsorption geometry assumes that the adatom is over the fourfold hole site, with a π-bonding interaction with the diagonal substrate atoms. The method used is the Green's function formalism, with the LCAO-tight-binding approximation. Even when the model assumes only one level interacts directly with the surface, the orbital resonances contain contributions from both adorbitals as well as from the substrate group orbital which participates in the bonding. The admixture of each orbital in the resonances can be understood qualitatively in terms of both direct and indirect interactions which depend on the parameters of the model, namely, the unperturbed adorbital energies, the adsorbate-substrate coupling strengths, and the intra-adsorbate coupling strength.
Microsporidia parasitizing mosquitoes collected in Connecticut.

Abstract Nine species of mosquitoes in Connecticut were found infected with Microsporidia. Eight of these harbored species belonging to the genus Thelohania ; the remaining one was infected with Stempellia magna . New host records were established for Thelohania: Aedes abserratus, Aedes cantator, Aedes excrucians , and Aedes cinereus . Measurements of fresh and stained stages of the pathogens are given. Transovarial transmission of Microsporidia was noted in two species of mosquitoes. Adipose tissue was the site of infection of Thelohania in all mosquitoes studied, including three species of univoltine aedine mosquitoes. Sporogony of Thelohania occurred in both males and females of the seven species of mosquitoes in which a sufficient number (i.e., an adequate sample) of larvae were examined. Included were three univoltine Aedes .
Sommerville's Missing Tetrahedra

D.M.Y. Sommerville's 1923 classification of tetrahedra that can tile 3-space in a proper, face-to-face manner is completed, by showing that the case he failed to consider cannot occur, although it does occur in non-proper and in non-face-to-face tilings.
Measuring Early Literacy Skills: A Latent Variable Investigation of the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening for Preschool:

Psychometric properties of the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening for Preschool (PALSPreK) instrument were investigated in a sample of 4,518 children. PALS-PreK figures prominently in state and federal early literacy programs as an assessment of emergent literacy skills in preschool-aged children. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and multigroup CFA were employed to evaluate the underlying factor structure and determine whether the identified structure was invariant across boys and girls. Results suggest that PALSPreK effectively measures the most important precursors to successful literacy acquisition: alphabet knowledge, phonological awareness, and print concepts, with generally the same degree of accuracy for boys and girls. These results, combined with the instructional transparency of the instrument, support the educational utility of PALS-PreK as a tool for guiding instruction in preschool literacy.
Asymptotic behavior of nonexpansive mappings in finite dimensional normed spaces

If X is a finite dimensional real normed space, C is a closed convex subset of X and f: C → C is nonexpansive with respect to the norm on X, then we show that either f has a fixed point in C or there is a linear functional ϕ ∈ X * such that lim k→∞ ϕ(f k (x)) = ∞ for all x ∈ C.
Urban telecommunications: A new planning context∗☆

Abstract A number of emerging communications technologies are posing opportunities for urban and community development. Due to the complexity of these technologies, particularly of their market and regulatory implementation, a planning context is outlined for the resolution of some of the issues their advent is generating. Focusing on cable television, the paper points out how this technology could affect public services, land use and political life. It then suggests several motivating factors for the initiation of public planning activity in telecommunications. The paper ends by discussing overall criteria for the design of large-scale telecommunications systems as well as how planning responsibilities in this area might be allocated.
Meal patterns in the genetically obese Zucker rat.

Abstract Meal patterns of genetically obese rats and their lean littermates were compared. Total food intake of the genetically obese rats exceeded that of nonobese rats by approximately 30%. Differences in the obese animals' meal patterns included enlarged meal size and decreased meal frequency. The normal pattern of predominantly nocturnal feeding was absent in obese animals.
4.1-megapixel JFET imaging sensor LBCAST

A new type of imaging sensor suitable for digital SLR cameras has been developed. Each pixel in the sensor comprises a buried photodiode, a junction field-effect transistor (JFET), a transfer gate, two reset gates, and a reset drain. The JFET receives signal charge directly from the buried photodiode through the transfer gate and outputs the converted voltage signal, while the reset gate together with the reset drain controls both resetting and selecting operations of the JFET. The pixel does not have a floating diffusion nor a row select gate, resulting in a simplified structure, an increased fill factor and a better production yield. Another feature of the sensor is the parallel readout scheme. Signals from green pixels arrayed in a checker pattern are read out from one output terminal, while those from red and blue pixels are read out, row-by-row, from the other output terminal. This enables high-speed readout without introducing fixed pattern noise. Total and effective pixel numbers are 4.26 and 4.08 mega respectively. A pixel size is 9.4um square with a fill factor of 36%. Power consumption is 600mW under consecutive operation mode of 9.3 frames/sec. Saturation output voltage is 700mV with a noise floor of 0.20mVrms, having a dynamic range of about 70dB including the camera system.