cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of farfield tectonic stress in oceanic intraplate deformation, Gulf of Alaska

[1] An integration of geophysical data from the Pacific Plate reveals plate bending anomalies, massive intraplate shearing and deformation, and a lack of oceanic crust magnetic lineaments in different regions across the Gulf of Alaska. We argue that farfield stress from the Yakutat Terrane collision with North America is the major driver for these unusual features. Similar plate motion vectors indicate that the Pacific plate and Yakutat Terrane are largely coupled along their boundary, the Transition Fault, with minimal translation. Our study shows that the Pacific Plate subduction angle shallows toward the Yakutat Terrane and supports the theory that the Pacific Plate and Yakutat Terrane maintain coupling along the subducted region of the Transition Fault. We argue that the outboard transfer of collisional stress to the Pacific Plate could have resulted in significant strain in the NE corner of the Pacific Plate, which created pathways for igneous sill formation just above the Pacific Plate crust in the Surveyor Fan. A shift in Pacific Plate motion during the late Miocene altered the Yakutat collision with North America, changing the stress transfer regime and potentially terminating associated strain in the NE corner of the Pacific Plate. The collision further intensified as the thickest portion of the Yakutat Terrane began to subduct during the Pleistocene, possibly providing the impetus for the creation of the Gulf of Alaska Shear Zone, a > 200 km zone of intraplate strike-slip faults that extend from the Transition Fault out into the Pacific Plate. This study highlights the importance of farfield stress from complex tectonic regimes in consideration of large-scale oceanic intraplate deformation.
Sequence-based Lyapunov stability of power-electronic converters

This paper1 outlines a methodology [1] to analyze the reaching condition of a class of switching system, which will be referred to as switching power converter (SPC), using a piecewise linear (PWL) model and multiple Lyapunov method. The reaching criteria for orbital existence are formulated as a linear matrix inequality (LMI), which is solved using a convex optimization solver. Further, the criterion is modified to distinguish the different modes of convergences of the reaching dynamics. A case study using a basic SPC is provided to illustrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.
Vibrational solvatochromism in organic photovoltaic materials: method to distinguish molecules at donor/acceptor interfaces.

We report the observation of vibrational solvatochromism in organic photovoltaic materials. The frequency of the carbonyl (CO) stretch of the methyl ester group of the functionalized fullerene, PCBM, is sensitive to the local phase separated morphology of polymer blends and bilayers incorporating the fullerene. In particular, PCBM molecules at interfaces with conjugated polymers exhibit higher frequency carbonyl stretch vibrations in comparison to molecules imbedded in the interiors of PCBM clusters/layers. The resulting frequency gradient was recently used to examine the dynamics of charge photogeneration in a blend of the conjugated polymer, CN-MEH-PPV, with PCBM. In this contribution, we explore the origin of the frequency shift and show that it arises from variations in the inhomogeneous solvent environments experienced by PCBM molecules as a result of phase separation in the polymer blend.
Classroom Space to Cyber Space: Benefits and Challenges of Developing and Delivering an Online, Rigorous Initial Teacher Certification Program

(2011). Classroom Space to Cyber Space: Benefits and Challenges of Developing and Delivering an Online, Rigorous Initial Teacher Certification Program. Childhood Education: Vol. 87, Teacher Education Programs: In the Midst of Change, pp. 345-350.
The mutant "proboscipedia" in Drosophila melanogaster - A case of hereditary homoösis.

The recessive mutant "proboscipedia", found by Bridges April 27, 1931, has its locus in the third chromosome at approximately 5.3 units to the right of Dichaete, or at 45.7. In proboscipedia the oral lobes are converted into a labium-like organ, which also resembles a pair of antenna-like or tarsus-like appendages. This change, as well as the modifications of the labrum, maxillae, maxillary palpi, and other structures give to the mouth parts of proboscipedia a resemblance to those of the biting type found in insects of lower orders. The four-fold resemblance of the modified oral lobes in proboscipedia to the labrum, the maxillary palpi, the antenae and the tarsi is comprehensible in view of the homology of these three head-appendages with each other and with the walking legs.
Characterizing the Interactions of Lipid Bilayers with Antimicrobial Peptide and Phospholipase A2

Artificial models of cell membrane attracts increasing attention, because they can be used to study the interactions between a lipid bilayer, the protective envelope of cell membrane, and other small molecules. Two artificial models have been studied: supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs).Antimicrobial peptides are involved in defense system for most of organisms, including humans. These peptides attach onto cell surfaces, and further insert into the membrane, either forming pores or accumulating like a carpet, both of which will cause the cell death. Thus antimicrobial peptides have therapeutic potential as new antibiotics for bacteria that are resistant to common antibiotics. In this study, alamethicin is chosen, because it follows a typical barrel-stave model. Our QCM data shows that the SLBs can be disrupted by alamethicin at 50uM. This disruption is confirmed by confocal microscope using fluorescent lipids. To better understand the interaction between alamethicin and lipid bilayer, we use microfluidic devices to monitor the interaction between alamethicin and bilayer.The next molecule to be studied with lipid bilayer is phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which hydrolyzes the second acyl bond of phospholipids. It has been reported that PLA2 activities are related with some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The study of PLA2 may help us understand its biological roles in cellular processes and may also have therapeutic potential. The PLA2 used in this study is secreted PLA2, requiring the presence of calcium to be catalytic. The lysis of SLBs caused by PLA2 is observed on QCM after the addition of calcium. Moreover, PLA2 is not activated immediately by calcium, the lag phase is about 8 min. We have studied the activity of PLA2, as well as peptide-lipid interactions through membrane leakage experiments.
Patterns of Hospital and Physician Utilization among the Uninsured

Despite numerous studies of access to care by the uninsured, few researchers have examined whether access to hospitals among the uninsured differs from access to physicians. This study employs a correlational, two-group design (n=102,055) to analyze cross-sectional data from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare the likelihood of hospitalization for the uninsured and insured in chronically ill, acutely ill, and well nonelderly subpopulations. When compared to data from a previous study on physician visits, disparities in hospitalization among the three subgroups differed in both magnitude and relative order from disparities in physician visits. The disparities between the insured and uninsured clustered at 38 percent for hospitalization, and 20 percent for physician visits. Overall, being uninsured resulted in a larger difference for hospital utilization than for physician utilization. These findings suggest that the uninsured face even greater access barriers for hospitalization than they do for physician care.
Distinguishing between cellular and Fe-oxide-associated trace elements in phytoplankton

In cultures and in nature, ferric (oxyhydro-)oxides (FeOx) precipitate and become associated with phytoplankton surfaces. Other trace elements adsorb on FeOx and it is thus difficult to differentiate between cellular- and oxide-associated concentrations of both iron and these elements. Existing techniques to selectively dissolve the FeOx associated with phytoplankton surfaces often contaminate the sample or necessitate elaborate pre-cleaning procedures and/or proceed by unknown and thus uncontrolled mechanisms. Here we examine the efficacy of various washing techniques, the mechanisms effecting FeOx dissolution, and the methods for controlling contamination from the wash solutions. Solutions containing a single chelating agent are ineffective at dissolving FeOx. A wash solution containing two types of chelating agents, oxalate and EDTA, is effective for dissolving fresh precipitates via a ligand-promoted process, in which oxalate and EDTA function synergistically. This is in contrast with a Ti–citrate–EDTA wash technique, which effectively dissolves fresh or aged FeOx by a reductive mechanism. Contaminating trace elements in the wash solutions that are complexed by excess EDTA can be effectively eliminated from filters by appropriate rinsing with a clean NaCl solution. For those elements that are not bound by excess EDTA, it is necessary to add specific chelating agents to the wash solution and, in some cases, to pre-clean the reagents. We show that under defined culture conditions, Ba and V in the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii are mostly adsorbed on the extracellular FeOx so that their apparent cellular concentrations increase with the concentration of Fe in the culture medium. In contrast, the cellular concentrations of Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, and Mn, which are dominated by their intracellular pools, are independent of the Fe concentration in the medium and can be measured directly on rinsed filters without dissolving the FeOx.
Osteoarthritis: Virtual joint replacement as an outcome measure in OA.

Effective osteoarthritis (OA) therapies would delay the need for total joint replacement (TJR). Recently, a committee of researchers attempted to develop a threshold for virtual TJR to be used as a standardized outcome for OA trials; their failure highlights challenges that complicate the measurement of OA and provision of TJR.
An example of nutrient control of gene expression: amino acid-dependent regulation of asparagine synthetase**

Amino acid deprivation of mammalian cells causes a significant enhancement in gene expression for a number of important cellular activities, among these is included asparagine synthetase (AS). A full length cDNA clone for rat AS was isolated previously from a subtracted cDNA library enriched for amino acid-regulated sequences. The present report summarizes the use of the AS cDNA to investigate the amino acid-dependent regulation of AS mRNA in normal rat liver and Fao hepatoma cells. In response to complete amino acid starvation, there was an increase in steady state AS mRNA content. Three species of mRNA, approximately 2.0, 2.5 and 4.0 kb, were detected and each was simultaneously regulated to the same degree. In hepatoma cells the increased AS mRNA content was prevented by either actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Partial repression of the AS mRNA content was maintained by the presence of a single amino acid in the culture medium, but the effectiveness varied. Glutamine effectively repressed the AS mRNA content, even at a concentration 10 times below its plasma level. Conversely, depletion of selected single amino acids from complete culture medium also caused up-regulation. A role for tRNA charging in the signalling mechanism was suggested by the observation that the addition of histidinol, an inhibitor of histidinyl tRNA synthetase, caused an increase in AS mRNA content when added to complete medium. The increased AS mRNA is associated with polysomes and is actively translated. The data indicate that nutrient regulation of the rat AS gene occurs by a general control mechanism that is responsive to the availability of selected individual amino acids.
Keeping the World Safe for Primary Colors: Area Studies, Development Studies, International Studies, and the Vicissitudes of Nation-Building

Abstract This paper focuses on the theory and practice of nation-building. This is done primarily in an effort to explicate how area studies (AS), development studies (DS), and international studies (IS) have been, and continue to be, embedded in international security and economic/development policy processes and questions of national sovereignty, international relations, and global governance. The central argument is that at this world-historical juncture the nation-state system (and the pursuit of modernity via the nation-state) is one of the key obstacles to the achievement of a genuinely emancipatory modernity in an era of global oligopolistic capitalism centered on US hegemony. The analysis followed here challenges the way in which the nation-state, and the nation-state system, remain central to and continue to be routinized and naturalized by the dominant discourses within AS, DS, and IS. Furthermore, with the end of the Cold War, the boundaries between AS, DS, and IS, and their relationship to int...
Religion, morality, and the Euthyphro dilemma

In what follows, I shall sketch MacBeath 's argument, make some observations c< cerning Kant's understanding of the relationship between morality and religi that are intended to show that MacBeath's analysis has misconstrued the nati of the Euthyphro dilemma, and conclude that Socrates had Euthyphro on 1 ropes after all. MacBeath begins by showing that the disjunction in A is exhaustive if and o] if A is combined with:
INTEGRATIVE STUDY OF THE CIRCULATION IN MODERATE HYPOTHERMIS.

Abstract The influence of blood cooling on the circulation was examined with methods that ranged in complexity from isovolumic beating hearts to animals with closed chest, fixed cardiac output and spontaneous respiration. In these experiments, effects of hypothermia were referable to the lower temperature itself and not to concomitant changes of blood pH or oxygen tension. When compensatory carotid baroceptor reflexes were controlled by separate perfusion, it was found that hypothermic dilatation of arteries and veins was attributable to a direct influence of cool blood on systemic vessels, and to a neurogenic mechanism, elicited by perfusion of the carotid vessels with cool blood. Systemic blood cooling slowed the heart rate; it augmented myocardial contractile strength and also retarded the rate of change of left ventricular volume so that cooled hearts ejected blood more slowly and relaxed more slowly. Moderate hypothermia relieved hemodynamic signs of left heart failure, but at the cost of additional myocardial injury that was evident from further increments of left ventricular enddiastolic pressure after rewarming. When inflow and heart rate became disproportionate during progressive blood cooling, hyperacute left ventricular failure and ventricular fibrillation supervened. Hypothermia also could result in a very different circulatory dysfunction, characterized by normal left ventricular pressures and dimensions but excessive left atrial and pulmonary venous pressures; it was referable to prolongation of ventricular systole so that residual contraction of the heart muscle persisted between cardiac cycles. It had not been appreciated before, but is evident from these data, that hypothermia increases the heart's vulnerability to volume overloads, in spite of its potentiated contractile strength. The experiences reported here suggest that hypothermia, when combined with adequate monitoring technics, offers promise in the management of nonsurgical heart disease.
Photomask etch: addressing the resist challenges for advanced phase-shift and binary photomasks

As lithography requirements mandate ever-thinner resist thickness, the need for in-situ monitoring has become more urgent. In this paper we present an in-situ optical methodology-based system to determine residual photoresist thickness during advanced photomask etch with < 1000 A photoresist. Several types of phase-shift masks and photoresists were examined. A series of masks were etched to demonstrate the performance of the system. Results show an average accuracy of better than 2%, with a maximum absolute range of all tests within 8%.
Quench dynamics of one-dimensional bosons in a commensurate periodic potential: A quantum kinetic equation approach

Results are presented for the dynamics arising due to a sudden quench of a boson interaction parameter with the simultaneous switching on of a commensurate periodic potential, the latter providing a source of nonlinearity that can cause inelastic scattering. A quantum kinetic equation is derived perturbatively in the periodic potential and solved within the leading order gradient expansion. A two-particle irreducible formalism is employed to construct the stress-momentum tensor and hence the conserved energy. The dynamics is studied in detail in the phase where the boson spectrum remains gapless. The periodic potential is found to give rise to multiparticle scattering processes that relaxes the boson distribution function. At long times the system is found to thermalize with a thermalization time that depends in a nonmonotonic way on the amount of energy injected into the system due to the quantum quench. This nonmonotonic behavior arises due to the competing effect of an increase of phase space for scattering on the one hand, and an enhancement of the orthogonality catastrophe on the other hand as the quench amplitude is increased. The approach to equilibrium is found to be purely exponential for large quench amplitudes, and more complex for smaller quench amplitudes.
Can single dose preoperative intrathecal morphine sulfate provide cost-effective postoperative analgesia and patient satisfaction during radical prostatectomy in the current era of cost containment?

Can single dose preoperative intrathecal morphine sulfate provide cost-effective postoperative analgesia and patient satisfaction during radical prostatectomy in the current era of cost containment?
MR-Based Correction of Brain PET Measurements for Heterogeneous Gray Matter Radioactivity Distribution

Partial volume and mixed tissue sampling errors can cause significant inaccuracy in quantitative positron emission tomographic (PET) measurements. We previously described a method of correcting PET data for the effects of partial volume averaging on gray matter (GM) quantitation; however, this method may incompletely correct GM structures when local tissue concentrations are highly heterogeneous. We have extended this three-compartment algorithm to include a fourth compartment: a GM volume of interest (VOI) that can be delineated on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Computer simulations of PET images created from human MR data demonstrated errors of up to 120% in assigned activity values in small brain structures in uncorrected data. Four-compartment correction achieved full recovery of a wide range of coded activity in GM VOIs such as the amygdala, caudate, and thalamus. Further validation was performed in an agarose brain phantom in actual PET acquisitions. Implementation of this partial volume correction approach in [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [11C]-carfentanil PET data acquired in a healthy elderly human subject was also performed. This newly developed MR-based partial volume correction algorithm permits the accurate determination of the true radioactivity concentration in specific structures that can be defined by MR by accounting for the influence of heterogeneity of GM radioactivity.
CpG hypermethylation of the promoter region inactivates the estrogen receptor‐β gene in patients with prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND The down-regulation of the estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) gene is associated with several malignancies, including prostate carcinoma. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mechanisms of ERβ inactivation through the analysis of CpG methylation of the promoter region of ERβ gene. METHODS ERβ protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 23 cases of human prostate carcinoma and 40 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). DNA was extracted from these tissues and processed for sodium bisulfite genomic sequencing. The percentage of methylation of CpG sites in the promoter region of ERβ (−376 to −117), which contains 19 CpG sites, was determined from genomic sequencing data. The prostate carcinoma cell lines DU145 and ND1 were treated with the demethylating agent 5-AZAC and ERβ mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In BPH tissues, ERβ protein expression was found mainly in epithelial cells. ERβ protein expression was lacking in 83% of prostate carcinoma samples (19 of 23 samples) whereas all cases of BPH (40 of 40) demonstrated expression of ERβ protein. The mechanism of inactivation of the ERβ gene in prostate carcinoma was CpG methylation because the degree of methylation at all CpG sites within the promoter region between −376 and −117 was higher in prostate carcinoma samples compared with BPH tissues. Nine of 19 CpG sites within the promoter region of ERβ displayed significant differences in methylation between prostate carcinoma and BPH samples. The prostate carcinoma cell lines appeared to lack ERβ expression. However, 5-AZAC treatment restored ERβ expression in those cell lines, suggesting that methylation inactivates the ERβ gene in prostate carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study demonstrate, for what we believe to be the first time, that the inactivation of the ERβ gene in prostate carcinoma occurs through CpG methylation of the promoter region of this gene. Cancer 2001;92:2076–83. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Reproductive performance of captive white-footed mice fed a PCB

Feeding a diet containing 200 ppm of the polychlorinated biphenyl, Aroclor 1254 (PCB), to pairs of captive white-footed mice adversely affected their reproduction. During the 60 day period in which the experimental diets were fed, 26 pairs receiving no PCB produced 33 litters while 27 pairs receiving feed containing 200 ppm PCB produced only nine. Of the pairs receiving no PCB, 84.6 percent produced litters, whereas only 29.6 percent of the PCB-fed pairs produced litters. No offspring of the PCB-fed pairs survived to an age of 21 days.
The effects of multiple injections of thiopental sodium on the sleeping time and the physiologic disposition of the drug in male rats.

Abstract On the basis of the data collected and statistically analyzed, it has been found that: 1. 1. Rats develop a tolerance to thiopental sodium which is maximum within three to five days after daily injections of the drug. 2. 2. Tolerance to thiopental sodium in rats is lost if the drug is discontinued for four days. 3. 3. Changes in body weight do not alter the course of tolerance to thiopental sodium in rats. 4. 4. There are significant differences between the tissue levels of thiopental sodium in tolerant and nontolerant rats sacrificed at various times(Times I and II).
The Magnetic Susceptibility of Gases II. Temperature Dependence

The susceptibilities of CO2, N2 and H2 are measured at room temperature and at liquid air temperature using O2 as a standard. The results are: Molecular susceptibility × 10^6 298°K 88°K CO2 -24.2 - N2 -14.8 -14.2 H2 -5.8 -3.3 The relative values at room temperature are in fair agreement with most previous observations, but the absolute values are more diamagnetic than any previously recorded. The low temperature observation on N2 can be interpreted as meaning that if a permanent moment is present, it is less than 1/25 of a Bohr magneton. The large change observed in H2 is entirely unexpected, and the observations should be repeated.
DNA polymerase of Dictyostelium discoideum

Only one molecular weight species of DNA polymerase was found in different developmental stages of the eukaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. The molecular weight of this DNA polymerase is estimated to be about 127 000 by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The enzyme is present in all stages of growth and development, including dormant spores. All DNA polymerase activity is lost upon incubation of the crude extract with N-ethylmaleimide. The reaction properties, molecular weight and N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity of the D. discoideum DNA polymerase are similar to those of the DNA polymerase-α from mammalian sources.
Undecidable statements and random graphs

In this paper we will consider random graphsG n,p ,p=n−α a rational number between 0 and 1. We show that there is no decision procedure that separates those first order statements that hold almost always inG n,p from those whose negation holds almost always.
Effect of Local Anaesthetics on Barbiturate Sleeping Time

The effect of certain local anaesthetics on barbiturate sleep in the mouse and the guinea pig is described. One of a series of new local anaesthetics 1-(1-methyl-2-phenylcarbamoylethyl)pyrrolidine (WS 10) prolongs barbiturate sleep in the guinea pig 2.3 times at the optimal dose without obvious side effects; other closely related members of the same series diminish barbiturate sleep.
Near-net-shaped (Ba, Sr)Al2Si2O8 bodies by the oxidation of machinable metal-bearing precursors

A novel process has been used to fabricate refractory aluminosilicate bodies of near net shape: the oxidation of machinable, alkaline-earth-metal-bearing precursors. Ba–Sr–Al–Al2O3–SiO2 precursors of similar molar volume as strontium-doped celsian, (Ba,Sr)Al2Si2O8, were prepared by powder metallurgical processing. Precursor powder mixtures, obtained by high-energy vibratory ball milling, were compacted and formed into bars or disks by uniaxial pressing. The bar-shaped precursors were machined on a metal-working lathe using hardened steel tooling. The shaped precursors were oxidized and converted into celsian. The resulting celsian bodies retained the shapes, and fine machined features, of the precursors. The measured changes in dimensions were small and in good agreement with calculated values.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in critical care areas.

Although vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are an increasing threat in critical care areas, the available treatments are not increasing at the same rate. Nurses working in these critical care areas are in a unique position to provide their patients with the care to prevent and treat VRE infections appropriately. This article provides a general overview of VRE, describes its origin, diagnosis, and management, and discusses strategies for surveillance and prevention.
Effect of intramuscular 15-methyl prostaglandin F2α after second-trimester delivery

Objective To determine whether 15-methyl prostaglandin (PG) F 2 α shortens the third stage of labor in second-trimester pregnancy loss. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study of women between 13 and 28 weeks' gestation admitted for spontaneous or induced pregnancy termination. Subjects were randomized on admission to receive either PG (250 μ g) or placebo (normal saline), 1 mL intramuscularly every 20 minutes, for a maximum of three doses if the placenta had not delivered spontaneously within 10 minutes of the fetus. A dilute oxytocin infusion was given to women in both groups. The patients were managed expectantly with hourly vaginal examinations until intervention was required or up to 6 hours, when curettage was scheduled. Results Thirty-eight women received PG and 29 received placebo. There was no difference between the groups with regard to method of pregnancy termination or gestational age. There was a statistically significant decrease in the time from first injection to placental delivery (40.0 versus 92.5 minutes; P =.02) between the PG and control groups, respectively. Conclusions The therapeutic use of PG in the third stage of labor in second-trimester pregnancy loss reduces the time to complete spontaneous placental delivery.
Plastic Optical Fibers

Having known for thousands of years how to carry water through a channel or conduit, and for over 100 years how to carry electrical current through a cable, man's discovery of a way to pipe light took a remarkably long time to develop. It was in 1951 that the first true optical fiber was described and not until 1956 that there was any commercial activity to speak of.
Guidelines consolidated for developing nation grants

Cooperative research projects between scientists from the United States and developing nations have been funded for more than a decade through a variety of programs of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Agency for International Development (AID). Uniform guidelines for such projects have now been established and are grouped under a new NSF program called Science in Developing Countries (SDC). Under the program, grants will be made to U.S. institutions for science and engineering projects that are mutually beneficial to both the United States and the developing country. Activities that contribute to the capacity of the developing country to train and utilize scientists and engineers will be especially sought. Evidence of local support in the form of relevant correspondence must be incorporated into proposals.
Laser-Excited Fluorescence of Diatomic Molecules of Copper and Lead in Glow Discharge Sputtering:

Cathodic sputtering within a low-pressure inert gas discharge provides a simple and convenient means for atomic spectroscopic studies of the atomic vapor produced from cathode material. However, the vapor consists of not only the atomic species but also the molecular species. These species were investigated by probing the vapors sputtered from the copper-lead cathode in the glow discharge source using a nitrogen laser pumped dye laser to excite the fluorescence. The laser-induced fluorescence spectral characteristics were used to identify the molecular species in the vapors. The identification and assignment of the spectral band systems revealed the presence of Cu2, CuO, and Pb2 species in the sputtered vapors. It is important to be aware of the reduced number density of atoms due to clustering and the possibility of spectral interferences from molecular species while using the glow discharge sputtering sources in atomic spectroscopic applications.
The localization of acid phosphatase activity in the ameba, Chaos chaos.

Abstract Staining for acid phosphatase activity in starved amebae was found to be localized mainly in small peripherally-located structures resembling pinocytosis droplets and channels. In amebae that were starved and then refed, only a few such structures remained. However, the many food vacuoles in organisms of the latter group stained intensely for acid phosphatase activity. The relationship of the smaller structures to pinocytosis and to lysosomes was discussed.
Characterizing unambiguous precedence systems in expressions without superfluous parentheses

When infix notation is used, parentheses are sometimes omitted according to specified rules, where it is assumed that the operators are stratified in precedence levels, and operators on each level are either left or right associative. Instead of making such an assumption, we carefully analyse the notion of superfluous parentheses by first giving a definition of a general precedence system, which declares the superfluous parenthesis pairs for any given expression. We provide a characterization of unambiguity in this general setting, and study the complexity of parsing expressions without superfluous parentheses. Also, we study the two notions of maximal unambiguous and complete precedence systems, and give a characterization for each one of these notions. Finally, we show that complete precedence systems can be equivalently described by a chain of left associative and right associative classes of operators, with some extra restrictions on the relative positions and the associativity of unary operators.
Optical Holographic Associative Memory Using A Phase Conjugate Resonator

An all-optical fully parallel associative memory system is described which utilizes a holographic data base. Phase conjugate mirrors are used to provide feedback, thresholding, and gain. The memory is compared to the Hopfield neural network model of associative memory and preliminary experimental results are presented.
Childhood hypertension is not a silent disease

Early hypertension has generally been considered to be an asymptomatic condition; however, recent data show that many hypertensive children have evidence of end organ damage. We sought to determine if a spectrum of common symptoms is associated with early hypertension and whether those symptoms resolve with lowered blood pressure. Four hundred and nine consecutive children, 7–18 years old, examined in the Texas Children’s Hospital Hypertension Clinic for new-onset high blood pressure (BP) completed a questionnaire, including the self-reporting of 15 symptoms potentially attributed to high blood pressure. Subjects received anti-hypertensive treatment and repeated the questionnaire 4–6 months after initiation of therapy. One-hundred fifty healthy, normotensive children completed the questionnaire as controls. Of hypertensive children, 64% were symptomatic, compared with 26% of normotensive children (P 4 symptoms. Following treatment only 28% of children remained symptomatic. The three most common symptoms in hypertensive patients, headache, 42%, difficulty initiating sleep, 27%, and daytime tiredness, 26%, were markedly reduced with treatment, to 6.2%, 1.5% and 10%, respectively (P<0.001). We conclude that newly diagnosed hypertensive children had a variety of non-specific symptoms, more prevalent than those of normotensive children, and most somatic complaints improved with 4–6 months of anti-hypertensive treatment.
Acceleration of Cognitive Development of Kindergartners.

A curriculum modification was designed to increase the general reasoning ability of kindergarten children who were lagging in cognitive development. The new instructional program was tested with 22 kindergarters who scored in the lowest 9% on the EAS measure of general learning and reasoning ability taken from SRA's Survey of Basic Skills. The experimental children were given “learning set” instruction on unidimensional classification, unidimensional seriation, and number conservation for four months. They received the instruction in groups of six for 15 minutes two or three times per week during the time usually reserved for mathematics. Control children received the normal mathematics instruction, also in groups of six, for matched sessions. The experimental children made twice the gains of the control children on the EAS measure, and matched their gains on reading and mathematics achievement. It appears that integrated “learning set” training on these three Piagetian concepts may be a potent tool for aiding kindergartners who are falling behind their peers in cognitive development.
An apparatus for the direct measurement of the saturation temperatures of solutions

Apparatus (The General Electric Co. Ltd., 1950) is described whereby the saturation temperature (with respect to a given solute) of a solution of known or unknown composition can be measured while the bulk of the solution is at a temperature several degrees above or below that of saturation. There is no need to bring the whole of the solution into equilibrium with excess of solute at any time or to change its temperature. In the apparatus, a current of the solution is passed through an adjustable heater to a cell containing a piece of solute, and the measurement is based on observation of the refractive-index gradient in the solution near the solid. The method is of particular value for measuring the degree of supersaturation maintained in a crystal-growing tank, and also for the construction of solubility curves.
Brain Maturation and Cognitive Development: Comparative and Cross‐Cultural Perspectives

Brain Maturation and Cognitive Development: Comparative and Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Kathleen R. Gibson and Anne C. Petersen. eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991. 390 pp. $69.95 (cloth)
A case study on multisensor data fusion for imbalance diagnosis of rotating machinery

Techniques for machine condition monitoring and diagnostics are gaining acceptance in various industrial sectors. They have proved to be effective in predictive or proactive maintenance and quality control. Along with the fast development of computer and sensing technologies, sensors are being increasingly used to monitor machine status. In recent years, the fusion of multisensor data has been applied to diagnose machine faults. In this study, multisensors are used to collect signals of rotating imbalance vibration of a test rig. The characteristic features of each vibration signal are extracted with an auto-regressive (AR) model. Data fusion is then implemented with a Cascade-Correlation (CC) neural network. The results clearly show that multisensor data-fusion-based diagnostics outperforms the single sensor diagnostics with statistical significance.
Wavelength correction of refractivity variation measurements

The index of refraction structure constant, Cn2 indicates how strongly the index of refraction varies in a region of the atmosphere. These variations usually arise through turbulent motions, creating an inhomogeneous distribution of species, density, temperature and pressure. Because the index of refraction also depends on wavelength, the measured value of Cn2 will depend on wavelength. This Cn2 difference generally becomes more pronounced as the difference in wavelength increases. This paper describes a technique for converting between measurements of Cn2 at different wavelengths, and gives an example for converting from centimeter to visible and near IR wavelengths.
Kinetics of hydrolysis of metal alkoxide aerosol droplets in the presence of water vapor

Abstract The rate of hydrolysis of aerosol droplets of aluminum and titanium alkoxides, and of droplets consisting of various mixtures of the two alkoxides, to corresponding metal oxides was studied in situ on a flowing system in a specially designed reaction chamber. The process was followed by light scattering, which allowed the determination of the change with time in the size distribution and in the refractive index of the aerosols interacting with excess water vapor. During the initial reaction period (less than 40 msec) a considerable loss in volume was observed with all systems. The particle size continued to decrease more slowly until completely solidified. The ratios of initial to final volumes were in reasonable agreement with the calculations based on respective densities of the original alkoxides and final metal oxides.
Research Education of New Scientists: Implications for Science Teacher Education.

This study examined an interdisciplinary scientific research project to understand how graduate and undergraduate honors students learn to do science. It was found that the education of the students occurs as part of an apprenticeship. The apprenticeship takes place in research groups. In general, research groups are structured in two ways: loosely organized and tightly organized, and have characteristics of both communities of practice and epistemic communities. Students have different roles in the research groups: novice researcher, proficient technician, or knowledge producer. Their role depends on their knowledge and skills, and their degree programs. It is possible for students to develop expertise along a continuum from novice researcher to knowledge producer. The members of the research group, including the professor and other students, facilitate the development of the students along the continuum of roles. Implications for the education of science teachers are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 442–459, 2009
Optical Fiber Distributed Sensing Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Strain Measurements Taken During Cryotank Y-Joint Test Article Load Cycling at Liquid Helium Temperatures

This paper outlines cryogenic Y-joint testing at Langley Research Center (LaRC) to validate the performance of optical fiber Bragg grating strain sensors for measuring strain at liquid helium temperature (-240 C). This testing also verified survivability of fiber sensors after experiencing 10 thermal cool-down, warm-up cycles and 400 limit load cycles. Graphite composite skins bonded to a honeycomb substrate in a sandwich configuration comprised the Y-joint specimens. To enable SHM of composite cryotanks for consideration to future spacecraft, a light-weight, durable monitoring technology is needed. The fiber optic distributed Bragg grating strain sensing system developed at LaRC is a viable substitute for conventional strain gauges which are not practical for SHM. This distributed sensing technology uses an Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometer (OFDR). This measurement approach has the advantage that it can measure hundreds of Bragg grating sensors per fiber and the sensors are all written at one frequency, greatly simplifying fiber manufacturing. Fiber optic strain measurements compared well to conventional strain gauge measurements obtained during these tests. These results demonstrated a high potential for a successful implementation of a SHM system incorporating LaRC's fiber optic sensing system on the composite cryotank and other future cryogenic applications.
Structure, Context, and Ideological Dissonance in Transnational Religious Networks

Many US-based religious groups engage in networked relationships with religionists in countries elsewhere around the world, investing millions of dollars and personnel hours annually. Evangelical or fundamentalist groups alone do not account for all this network activity; even more liberal-leaning Christian denominations engage extensively in transnational relationships. This inductive study begins with a description of the scope of global network involvement by so-called mainline Christian bodies in the US, then examines in greater detail the structure and context of the transnational ties of one denomination, the Episcopal Church, using data drawn from surveys and four indices relevant to the study of civil society. The potential implications of these transnational religious networks, especially for civil society in developing regions, are tentatively explored by considering ideological differences between religionists linked by network ties.
Antigenic variants of influenza A virus, PR8 strain. I. Their development during serial passage in the lungs of partially immune mice.

Antigenically different strains of mouse-adapted PR8 influenza A virus have been produced by 17 serial passages of the virus in the lungs of mice immunized with the homologous agent. Comparative serological tests show that the variant strains share antigenic components with the parent strain but the dominant antigen is different. By means of antibody absorption it was shown that the "new" antigenic component of the variant was already present in minor amounts up to the eighth passage and thereafter gained prominence with continued passage in vaccinated mice. Groups of mice vaccinated with either the PR8-S or T21 virus and having comparable antibody titers showed no growth of virus in the lungs following aid-borne challenge with homologous strains. On the other hand, following heterologous air-borne challenge no deaths occurred, but virus grew in the lungs of both groups of vaccinated mice. Almost unrestricted virus multiplication took place in the lungs of mice vaccinated with the parent strain and challenged with the PR8-T21 virus which resulted in extensive consolidation. Less virus grew in the lungs of the mice vaccinated with the variant strains and challenged with the PR8-S virus. In these animals only microscopic evidence of changes due to virus growth in the lungs was observed. The successful serial passage of PR8 influenza A virus in immunized animals was dependent on the initial selection of mice with uniformly low H.I. antibody titers as determined on tail blood, and the intranasal instillation of sufficient virus to favor the survival of those virus particles least related to the antibodies present. The epidemiological implications of these observations are discussed briefly.
Eye movements and visual perception: A “two visual system” model*

Eye movement is one of the few externally measurable activities of visual perception, and provides a checkpoint for models of perceptual processes. Here the model of Arbib & Didday (1971) is compared with that of Noton & Stark (1970, 1971 a , b ), and is found to predict the same behavior but without requiring explicit storage of eye movement commands.
Methodological considerations in alcohol research with human subjects.

Abstract Although the methodology of alcohol experiments with humans has improved substantially in the last decade, several important variables are still often ignored or uncontrolled in this research. This paper is an examination of the way (a) subject characteristics, (b) variables which affect the blood alcohol level function, and (c) time of assessment of dependent variables can influence the results of experiments on the effects of alcohol. Studies reported in the literature are described to illustrate the effect of each variable, and how failure to control for the effects of these variables can make findings difficult to interpret.
A Comparative Analysis Between Researchers, Innovative Practitioners, and Department Chairs of Critical Issues for Turnaround Leadership in Community College Instructional Programs and Services 2010 and Beyond

The Community College Futures Assembly has met annually in Orlando, Florida since 1995 to serve as a showcase for best practices in community colleges as well as a think tank for research into the critical issues facing community colleges. Select conference attendees would have the opportunity to participate in focus groups with respect to critical issues facing community colleges. Later, the entire assembly would have the opportunity to rank order the top issues identified by the focus groups. In addition, the authors presented the findings to the audiences at the annual conferences of the Academic Chairs Conference and the Council for the Study of Community Colleges for comparative analysis. Results and limitations of the research and directions for future research in the instructional, programming, and services category conclude the paper.
Flagella overexpression attenuates Salmonella pathogenesis.

Flagella are cell surface appendages involved in a number of bacterial behaviors, such as motility, biofilm formation, and chemotaxis. Despite these important functions, flagella can pose a liability to a bacterium when serving as potent immunogens resulting in the stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Previous work showing appendage overexpression, referred to as attenuating gene expression (AGE), was found to enfeeble wild-type Salmonella. Thus, this approach was adapted to discern whether flagella overexpression could induce similar attenuation. To test its feasibility, flagellar filament subunit FliC and flagellar regulon master regulator FlhDC were overexpressed in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium wild-type strain H71. The results show that the expression of either FliC or FlhDC alone, and co-expression of the two, significantly attenuates Salmonella. The flagellated bacilli were unable to replicate within macrophages and thus were not lethal to mice. In-depth investigation suggests that flagellum-mediated AGE was due to the disruptive effects of flagella on the bacterial membrane, resulting in heightened susceptibilities to hydrogen peroxide and bile. Furthermore, flagellum-attenuated Salmonella elicited elevated immune responses to Salmonella presumably via FliC’s adjuvant effect and conferred robust protection against wild-type Salmonella challenge.
Testing Faraday Rotation Estimates of Magnetic Field Strengths toward Dark Clouds

We have carried out OH Zeeman observations toward a position at the edge of a Taurus molecular cloud where a continuum polarization minimum and excessive Faraday rotation measure were reported by Wolleben & Reich in 2004. They had interpreted this result as requiring a line-of-sight magnetic field strength in excess of 20 μG. Our Zeeman measurement failed to detect a field consistent with this result.