cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exact $p$-values for global network alignments via combinatorial analysis of shared GO terms (Subtitle: REFANGO: Rigorous Evaluation of Functional Alignments of Networks using Gene Ontology).

Network alignment aims to uncover topologically similar regions in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of two or more species under the assumption that topologically similar regions tend to perform similar functions. Although there exist a plethora of both network alignment algorithms and measures of topological similarity, currently no gold standard exists for evaluating how well either is able to uncover functionally similar regions. Here we propose a formal, mathematically and statistically rigorous method for evaluating the statistical significance of shared GO terms in a global, 1-to-1 alignment between two PPI networks. We use combinatorics to precisely count the number of possible network alignments in which $k$ proteins share a particular GO term. When divided by the number of all possible network alignments, this provides an explicit, exact $p$-value for a network alignment with respect to a particular GO term. Just as with BLAST's p-values and bit-scores, this method is designed not to guide the formation of any particular alignment, but instead to provide an after-the-fact evaluation of a fixed, given alignment.
Smart Products, Smarter Services: Strategies for Embedded Control

Billions of smart connected products are changing the competitive landscape for business and the daily lives of consumers. This book analyzes the evolution of embedded product intelligence and the impact of smart products on the automotive, wireless, energy, residential and health industries. It considers the transformation of consumer ownership models and privacy issues when smart products continuously monitor consumer behavior. Smart Products, Smarter Services recommends strategies for creating profitable smart ecosystems, product platforms and services.
Efficient and Fair Resource Trading Management

In this chapter, we investigate the resource trading problem in a utility and cloud computing setting where multiple tenants communicate in a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) fashion. Enabling resource trading in cloud unleashes the untapped cloud resources, thus presents a flexible solution for managing resource allocation. However, finding an efficient and fair resource allocation is challenging mainly due to the heterogeneity of resource valuations. Our work first develops a utility-oriented model to support resource negotiation and trading. Based on this model, we adopt a multiagent-based technique that allows a group of autonomous tenants to reach an efficient and fair resource allocation. Further, we add budget limitation to each tenant and propose a directed hypergraph model to facilitate resource trading amongst heterogeneous tenants. We develop a directed hypergraph model to facilitate trading decision making, and design a class of heuristic-based distributed resource trading protocols in favor of different performance metrics.
Organization of Mutant Genes in Mouse t-Haplotypes

Embryonic lethal mutations at the “T-locus” in the mouse (Mus musculus) were first identified more that 50 years ago (Dobrovolskaia-Zawaclskaia, 1927) and quickly recognized by L.C. Dunn and his colleagues as providing valuable material for studying the genetics of development (Chesley and Dunn, 1936). Studies of that locus have occupied generations of scientists since that time, and provided significant insights into both development and the organization of genes that regulate it. This paper will attempt to trace the evolution of our understanding of the structure of the “T-locus” and to speculate on what it may teach us in the future when its secrets finally succumb to the techniques of molecular biology.
Perceived Executive Leader's Integrity in Terms of Servant and Ethical Leadership on Job Burnout among Christian Healthcare Service Providers

Integrity is a key component in the definition of servant and ethical leadership, and honesty, authenticity, sincerity, respect and righteousness are major virtues and descriptors that make up this leadership integrity. Many leadership studies indicate that the lack of integrity from a leader, as well as the perception of the lack thereof, will exhaust the employees’ exhilaration, degrade their physical and psychological health, and lead to frustration, fatigue and anxiety. For human service professions, this has become an occupational hazard for human service professions and is regarded as the last straw for workers, causing people to burnout and quit their jobs. 325 Full-time employees of the Metroplex Adventist Hospital were surveyed. Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis showed that a leader's integrity offers two virtues: perceived positive integrity behavior and perceived negative integrity behavior, both of which significantly correlated with job burnout in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Excluding ethnic backgrounds, some of the most significant demographic variables to determine a leader's integrity and job burnout include Years of Service, gender and age. Employees with income below $29, 999, have 1–5 years of service, who are Asian, and are of female gender have experienced the highest score of job burnout and perceived highest score of negative integrity behavior and lowest score of perceived positive integrity behavior.
Mapping three-dimensional chromosome architecture in situ.

Publisher Summary Molecular sequence information can be used to probe relationships among the large-scale, three-dimensional organization of chromosomes and their many functions. Investigation of chromosome architecture are accomplished mainly through direct microscopic observation with the use of staining agents that bind to nucleic acids, including orcein, Feulgen, Giemsa, and the fluorescent dyes 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Hoechst, and propidium iodide. The indirect detection of specific chromosomal regions by means of in situ hybridization to chromosomal DNA began to reveal the new aspects of chromosome architecture. The development of fluorescent labeling and detection methods for chromosomal probes, along with advances in fluorescence microscopy, has created new opportunities to investigate the organization of the nucleus with minimal perturbation of the sample. Robust methodology enables the fluorescent detection of chromosomal loci within well-preserved, three-dimensional specimens. In most cases, chromosomal in situ hybridization methods are applied to samples in which chromosomes or nuclei are spread flat on glass slides and fixed with reagents that tend to strip away or precipitate most of the associated proteins.
BRAIN INJURY RISK ASSESSMENT OF FRONTAL CRASH TEST RESULTS

An objective, biomechanically based assessment is made of the risks of life-threatening brain injury of frontal crash test results. Published 15 ms HIC values for driver and right front passenger dummies of frontal barrier crash tests conducted by Transport Canada and NHTSA are analyzed using the brain injury risk curve of Prasad and Mertz. Ninety-four percent of the occupants involved in the 30 mph, frontal barrier compliance tests had risks of life-threatening brain injury less than 5 percent. Only 3 percent had risks greater than 16 percent which correpsonds to 15 ms HIC > 1000. For belt restrained occupants without head contact with the interior, the risks of life- threatening brain injury were less than 2 percent. In contrast, for the more severe NCAP test condition, 27 percent of the drivers and 21 percent of the passengers had life-threatening brain injury risks greater than 16 percent. However, for belt/air bag restrained occupants the brain injury risks were less than 7 percent. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 874898.
On the Benefits of Backdating

In this paper we examine options backdating from a wider agency perspective. Recognizing that any options grant will always create timing incentives for managers, we show how the more flexible choice of a grant date implied by backdating actually can mitigate such agency problems. In the absence of backdating, managers can always time investments as to maximize the value of their expected future option grants. While there is no particular wealth-transfer implication of backdating as the wealth consequences are known and can be adjusted for at the time of grant, investment delay however comes at a real economic cost to shareholders. Viewed from an economic perspective, thus, backdating if done right is a shareholder value maximizing feature and thus worth preserving. Explicitly incorporating option pricing theory allows us to quantify managers' incentives. The commonly awarded very long maturity options minimize the sensitivity of the option value to the strike price, and thus minimize moral hazard ahead of an option grant. Our modelling leads to sharp testable implications.
MEAN-PLUS-NOISE FACTOR MODELS: AN EMPIRICAL EXPLORATION†

In this paper I propose an alternative factor model whose common factor follows a mean-plus-noise process. While the existing methods for factor models should be valid for this model, their performance may be misleading in small samples. Because the likelihood function of this model is not tractable, I estimate this model by Bayesian methods. When applied to US macroeconomic time series, we find that the estimated mean-plus-noise factor is useful for predicting real personal income, industrial production and unemployment at long prediction horizons.
The effect of acute ethanol challenge on global visuospatial attention: exaggeration of leftward bias in line bisection.

Acute alcohol challenge has been associated with a selective impairment of right hemisphere function. A hallmark of visuospatial neglect syndrome is that patients with right hemisphere lesions misbisect horizontal lines far rightward of veridical centre. Neurologically intact participants misbisect lines with a systematic leftward bias (pseudoneglect). Neuroimaging studies in neurologically intact participants reveal predominant right hemisphere activation during performance of line bisection tasks. The current study assessed whether acute alcohol challenge alters global visuospatial attention. Participants (N=18; 10 male; strongly right-handed; mean age 23 years) engaged in a forced-choice tachistoscopic line bisection task in both ethanol challenge (mean BAC=.077) and no ethanol control conditions. Mean leftward bisection error in the control condition was −0.238 degrees visual angle (1.05% line length), and leftward bisection error significantly increased (p=.001) under ethanol challenge (−0.333 degree...
The interaction between dietary and life goals: using goal systems theory to explore healthy diet and life goals.

Objective: To examine the types of life and dietary goals individuals report and how these goal domains interact as framed by goal systems theory. Methods: This work is a cross-sectional survey study. Measures included the incidence of common life and dietary goals and how these goals interact with and facilitate each other. Results: The results of a quantitative survey (n = 46 participants), which was informed by two focus groups (n = 17 participants), showed that participants are trying to achieve several different life (e.g. achieving financial success) and dietary goals (e.g. eating more fruits and vegetables, drinking more water, and losing weight) and that these two types of goals interact to both facilitate and conflict with each other. Having a life goal of exercising was significantly associated with healthy eating goals when compared with other life goals (p's < .05), suggesting these goals may be linked and help to facilitate one another. Being in the maintenance phase with the goal of healthy eating was associated with participants feeling like they were more successful in their other non-diet-related health goals (p < .05), suggesting maintenance of goals can facilitate success in achieving other goals. Conclusions: Life goals can have an impact on a person's ability to achieve and maintain dietary and other health goals. Health educators may help to facilitate long-term behavior change by examining a person's life goals as well as dietary goals.
Mechanistic Investigation of Drug Release from Asymmetric Membrane Tablets: Effect of Media Gradients (Osmotic Pressure and Concentration), and Potential Coating Failures on In Vitro Release

An asymmetric membrane (AM) tablet was developed for a soluble model compound to study the in vitro drug release mechanisms in challenge conditions, including osmotic gradients, concentration gradients, and under potential coating failure modes. Porous, semipermable membrane integrity may be compromised by a high fat meal or by the presence of a defect in the coating that could cause a safety concern about dose-dumping. The osmotic and diffusional release mechanisms of the AM tablet were independently shut down such that their individual contribution to the overall drug release was measured. Shut off of osmotic and diffusional release was accomplished by performing dissolution studies into receptor solutions with osmotic pressure above the internal core osmotic pressure and into receptor solutions saturated with drug, respectively. The effect of coating failure modes on in vitro drug release from the AM tablet was assessed through a simulated high-fat meal and by intentionally compromising the coating integrity. The predominant drug release mechanism for the AM tablet was osmotic and accounted for approximately 90–95% of the total release. Osmotic release was shutoff when the receptor media osmotic pressure exceeded 76 atm. Diffusional release of the soluble drug amounted to 5–10% of the total release mechanism. The observed negative in vitro food effect was attributed to the increased osmotic pressure from the high fat meal when compared to the predicted release rates in sucrose media with the same osmotic pressure. This suppression in drug release rate due to a high fat meal is not anticipated to affect in vivo performance of the dosage form, as the rise in pressure is short-lived. Drug release from the AM system studied was determined to be robust to varying and extreme challenge conditions. The conditions investigated included varying pH, agitation rate, media osmotic pressure, media saturated with drug to eliminate the concentration gradient, simulated high fat meal, and intentionally placed film coating defects. Osmotic and diffusional shut off experiments suggest that the mechanism governing drug release is a combination of osmotic and diffusional at approximately 90–95% and 5–10%, respectively. In addition, the coating failure mode studies revealed this formulation and design is not significantly affected by a high fat meal or by an intentionally placed defect in the film coating, and more specifically, did not result in a burst of drug release.
Abstract ED03-02: Issues in applications of genome-wide methylation data to epidemiology

Epigenetic alterations are now well accepted as crucial changes in the development of cancer. Common epigenetic mechanisms affecting carcinogenesis ultimately phenotypically affect gene expression and genomic stability. This is effected through altered miRNAs, dysregulation of the histone code, changes in the chromatin structure and common changes in DNA methylation, again most commonly occurring at CpG dinucleotides, in specific gene regions and at well known DNA repeat regions. There is limited knowledge of the environmental or physiological factors that are associated with most of these somatic changes and epidemiologic investigation is poised to provide significant important information in human studies. In this presentation we will assess the types of epigenetic alterations amenable to epidemiologic investigation and discuss applications and interpretations of the data, including contrasting phenotypically driven candidate and discovery-based approaches, identifying appropriate cell types for different study designs and briefly touching upon the opportunities and limitations of various approaches. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):ED03-02.
Electric and Magnetic Charges in Superstring Models

Abstract We investigate the allowed values of magnetic and electric charge in superstring models in which a grand unified O(10) or E6 gauge group is broken by Wilson lines. In general, the minimum value of magnetic charge is not the Dirac quantum 2π/e but an integer multiple of it. Conversely, the quantum of electric charge (for unconfined, color singlet particles) is less than the charge of the electron by the same ratio.
Proton NMR signals associated with eco- and endodormancy in winegrape buds

Abstract Characteristic changes in proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR 1H-NMR) signals occur when winegrape buds, responding to their environment, proceed through endo- (approximately rest) and ecodormancy (approximately quiescence). These NMR signals were processed using a recently developed method Gardea et al., 1992, Spectroscopy, 8 (1): 27–35), that synchronizes second derivative minima allowing fine resolution of signal complexes, and uses careful orientation of the bud in the magnetic field to maximize signal resolution arising from McCain anisotropy (McCain et al., 1984. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81: 748–752). Changes in 1H-NMR signals associated with changes in dormancy, spectroscopy measurement temperatures (from 25 to −30°C) and centrifugal removal of water are described. An 1H-NMR signal, tentatively associated with the presence of intact large vacuoles, is discussed.
Childhood abuse and EEG source localization in crack cocaine dependence

Fourteen subjects with histories of sexual and/or physical abuse in childhood and 13 matched control subjects were selected from a consecutive series of clients in residential treatment for crack cocaine dependence. Standardized low-resolution electromagnetic brain tomography (sLORETA) was used to estimate the source generators of the EEG in a cortical mask with voxel z-scores referenced to normative data at frequency intervals of 039 Hz, with nonparametric permutation to correct by randomization for the number of comparisons and the intercorrelations and variance of distribution of voxel values. Subjects with histories of abuse in childhood had significantly greater EEG power than controls in the theta frequency range (3.51–7.41 Hz), with greatest differences in the 3.90-Hz band distributed mainly in the parahippocampal, fusiform, lingual, posterior cingulate, and insular gyri. The groups did not differ significantly with regard to delta (1.56–3.12 Hz), alpha (7.81–12.48 Hz), beta (12.87–19.89 Hz), and gamma (20.28–35.10 Hz) frequency power. In excess, theta EEG power, a bandwidth of transactions among hippocampus and amygdala and paralimbic and visual association cortex, may be a correlate of childhood exposure to abuse.
Non-credible language deficits following mild traumatic brain injury

Identification of non-credible memory and other cognitive symptoms has received widespread attention within the past two decades. However, minimal information is available regarding patterns of non-credible language symptoms. We present the case of a 36-year-old female civil litigant who displayed delayed onset, severe, relatively focal speech and language symptoms, including difficulties with articulation, dysfluent speech, expressive language impairments with minor receptive difficulties, and lack of prosody, subsequent to a minor head trauma. On neuropsychological evaluation 3 years post injury, the patient presented with the same speech/language characteristics, but additionally exhibited a vague "foreign accent." Cognitive scores generally were normal with the exception of poor performance on many language tasks and processing/motor speed. The patient showed passing performance on most measures of response bias, but she failed effort indicators requiring rapid letter discrimination (b Test), rapid verbal repetition (timed forward digit span), and sensory function (finger agnosia errors) while passing effort indicators falling within the domains of memory, math/number skills, visuo-constructional ability, and attention. Thus, the type of failed effort indicators predicted the categories of standard cognitive tests on which she underperformed. Personality testing revealed patterns generally consistent with hysterical personality orientation. Given her long-standing history of multiple unexplained medical symptoms, the patient was diagnosed with a somatization disorder, as well as a current conversion disorder involving language symptoms. However, given her compensation-seeking status, the possibility of additional conscious feigning of symptoms could not be ruled out. The need for validation of additional measures to detect feigned language impairment is recommended.
Eggs of Sialis (Sialidae: Megaloptera) in eastern North America.

Egg masses and eggs of Sialis hasta, S. iola, S. joppa, S. infumata, S. aequalis, S. vagans, S. glabella, S. mohri, S. velata, and S. itasca are described using SEM micrographs. Diagnostic characteristics of chorion surface and micropylar structure and a key for specific determination of eggs of these 10 species are given. Oviposition is confined to leaves and twigs near or overhanging water. Eggs are oriented either vertically or horizontally in the egg mass, and hatch in 5 to 10 days in the laboratory. Hatching larvae are aided by an egg burster which tears the chorion and aids in removing the embryonic envelope.
Inhibition of purified rabbit muscle phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b by polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated biphenylols and polybrominated biphenyls

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated biphenylols and polybrominated biphenyls inhibited both rabbit muscle phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b ( l,4-α- d - glucan:orthophosphate α- d - glucosyltransferase , EC 2.4.1.1). The degree of inhibition was dependent upon the relative hydrophobicity of the compounds and steric hinderance. 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-Hexabromobiphenyl and Firemaster BP-6 were the most effective inhibitors (K i , 15·10 -6 M). Phosphorylase b was inhibited by compounds of all three groups. 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexabromobiphenyl did not significantly inhibit phosphorylase a . All of the compounds inhibited phosphorylase a less than phosphorylase b , except 2′,3′,4′,5,5′-pentachloro-2-biphenylol, which was equally effective on each enzyme. Kinetic analysis showed the inhibition was non-competitive and mixed. The results indicate that the compounds bind to hydrophobie site(s) on phosphorylase access to which is limited by phosphorylation of serine 14.
Managing Crises in the Twenty-First Century

Editor's Note: As we near the midpoint in the first decade of the new century, more citizens as well as leaders are becoming aware of the changing nature and constant presence of crises in our midst, be they at the local, national, transnational, or international levels. Last summer (August 6–10, 2003), three institutes engaged in the study of how crises are managed—the …
The estimation of thorium and uranium at the submicrogram level in bone by neutron activation

Abstract A method for determining thorium and uranium at the sub-microgram level (down to 10−3 μg) is described. Bone which has previously been ashed at 600°C is irradiated in a neutron flux of 2 × 1013 cm−2 sec−1 for 20 min. After chemical separation which involves elution from an anion exchange column using a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, the induced Pa223 and Np239 activities were measured and compared to a standard. The method was tested using samples of ashed cow bone to which were added known concentrations of uranium and thorium and results for the analysis of several bones with widely differing histories are presented.
Critical Success Factors for Strategic Alliances in the Information Technology Industry: An Empirical Study*

Intense competition in the marketplace is forcing organizations to examine different ways by which they could enhance or retain their competitive edge. Strategic alliance is one such option through which an organization can leverage its resources to emerge as an effective competitor. Such alliances are burgeoning in the information technology industry, which is characterized by rapid change and short innovation cycles. Successful management of alliances has proved to be very elusive for the most part, and there is a lack of theoretical and empirical work in this area. Literature on critical factors was synthesized, and then a parsimonious set of critical factors was identified using a combination of interview and survey methodologies. Our study has implications for both practice and future research.
Diffusion and melting in solids

Abstract Using the methods of statistical mechanics, the relationship between melting and self-diffusion is examined in close packed metals. The analysis develops an equation which relates the melting temperature to the activation barrier for diffusive motion as follows: V 8k − h√ ( V m )/16bk−T m = 0 . Through the course of the analysis it is emphasized that the diffusion process itself has a very small effect upon the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of metals; however, an atomic diffusive type motion is hypothesized to nucleate melting. The melting process then continues with similar motions of the neighboring atoms.
Quantitative diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy: tool to monitor tumor physiology in vivo.

This study demonstrates the use of optical spectroscopy for monitoring tumor oxygenation and metabolism in response to hyperoxic gas breathing. Hemoglobin saturation and redox ratio were quantified for a set of 14 and 9 mice, respectively, measured at baseline and during carbogen breathing (95% O2, 5% CO2). In particular, significant increases in hemoglobin saturation and fluorescence redox ratio were observed upon carbogen breathing. These data were compared with data obtained concurrently using an established invasive technique, the OxyLite partial oxygen pressure (pO2) system, which also showed a significant increase in pO2. It was found that the direction of changes were generally the same between all of the methods, but that the OxyLite system was much more variable in general, suggesting that optical techniques may provide a better assessment of global tumor physiology. Optical spectroscopy measurements are demonstrated to provide a reliable, reproducible indication of changes in tumor physiology in response to physiologic manipulation.
Frequency and management of internal hernias after laparoscopic antecolic antegastric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass without division of the small bowel mesentery or closure of mesenteric defects: review of 1400 consecutive cases

Abstract Background It is common practice to close mesenteric defects in abdominal surgery to prevent postoperative herniation and subsequent closed-loop obstruction. The aim of this study was to review our experience with antecolic antegastric laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (AA-LRYGBP) without division of the small bowel mesentery or closure of potential mesenteric defects. Methods Data for 1400 patients who underwent AA-LRYGBP between January 2001 and December 2004 was prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed for the incidence of internal hernias. In all cases, an antecolic antegastric approach was performed without division of the small bowel mesentery or closure of potential hernia defects. Results Three patients (0.2%) developed a symptomatic internal hernia. Two of these patients had a 200-cm-long Roux limb, and the other had a 100-cm-long Roux limb. All three patients exhibited mild symptoms of partial small bowel obstruction. In all three cases the internal hernia was clinically manifested more than 10 months after the original AA- LRYGBP. Exploration revealed that the hernia site was between the transverse colon and the mesentery of the alimentary limb at the level of the jejunojejunostomy (Petersen's defect) in all three cases. All three patients underwent successful laparoscopic revision, hernia reduction, and mesenteric defect closure. Conclusions AA-LRYGBP without division of the small bowel mesentery or closure of mesenteric defects does not result in an increased incidence of internal hernias. The laparoscopic approach for reexploration appears to be an effective and safe option.
High-Performance $\hbox{In}_{0.7}\hbox{Ga}_{0.3}\hbox{As}$ -Channel MOSFETs With High- $\kappa$ Gate Dielectrics and $\alpha$ -Si Passivation

Long and short buried-channel In0.7Ga0.3As MOSFETs with and without alpha-Si passivation are demonstrated. Devices with alpha-Si passivation show much higher transconductance and an effective peak mobility of 3810 cm2/ V middots. Short-channel MOSFETs with a gate length of 160 nm display a current of 825 muA/mum at Vg - Vt = 1.6 V and peak transconductance of 715 muS/mum. In addition, the virtual source velocity extracted from the short-channel devices is 1.4-1.7 times higher than that of Si MOSFETs. These results indicate that the high-performance In0.7Ga0.3 As-channel MOSFETs passivated by an alpha -Si layer are promising candidates for advanced post-Si CMOS applications.
Calculation of the structure and absorption spectra of phthalocyanines in the gas-phase and in solution

Abstract Ab initio calculations have been carried out on both gas-phase and solvated phthalocyanines in order to determine equilibrium structures, vibrational spectra, and electronic spectra. Density functional theory (DFT) optimized geometries have the expected symmetries of D 2h for free-base phthalocyanine, D 4h for copper phthalocyanine, and C 4v for tin phthalocyanine, whereas Hartree–Fock optimized geometries, which also include lead phthalocyanine, are slightly displaced from the expected symmetries. Both sets of optimized geometries agree reasonably well with the available experimental structures. Vibrational spectra, calculated by the Hartree–Fock method, are in partial agreement with measured spectra, whereas visible absorption spectra calculated using molecular geometries obtained at three different levels of theory (DFT, HF, and PM3) showed good agreement with the measured vapor-phase spectra in the Q-band, and using the DFT optimized geometry resulted in very good agreement with measurements in the B-band. The self-consistent reaction field method for including bulk solvent effects in HF calculations had a small, nearly negligible, effect on the molecular structure of SnPc, whereas the DFT/ cosmo solvation model yielded the predictable result of increasing the Sn–N bond length by pulling the Sn atom further out of the molecular plane.
Internal Heat Transfer Enhancement by Two Perforated Baffles in a Rectangular Channel

The effect of two in-line inclined baffles on the local heat transfer distributions and the associated frictional losses for a turbulent flow with uniform heating from the top surface of a rectangular channel is presented for different Reynolds numbers. A combination of two baffles of same overall size is used in this experiment. The upstream baffle remains attached to the top heated surface and the position, orientation, and geometry of the other is varied. These inclined perforated baffles combine the three major heat transfer augmentation techniques, i.e., jet impingement, internal flow swirls, and boundary layer separation. The results indicate that placement of two inclined baffles augment the overall heat transfer coefficient significantly along with the local heat transfer distribution. The pattern of local Nusselt number ratio strongly depends on the position, orientation, and geometry of the second plate. Like single inclined baffles and rib mounted channels, two baffles offer more pressure drop at higher flow Reynolds number.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Peptide-mediated selective adhesion of smooth muscle and endothelial cells in microfluidic shear flow.

Microfluidic devices have recently emerged as effective tools for cell separation compared to traditional techniques. These devices offer the advantages of small sample volumes, low cost, and high purity. Adhesion-based separation of cells from heterogeneous suspensions can be achieved by taking advantage of specific ligand−receptor interactions. The peptide sequences Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV) and Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VAPG) are known to bind preferentially to endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), respectively. This article examines the roles of REDV and VAPG and fluid shear stress in achieving selective capture of ECs and SMCs in microfluidic devices. The adhesion of ECs in REDV-coated devices and SMCs in VAPG-coated devices increases significantly compared to that of the nontargeted cells with decreasing shear stress. Furthermore, the adhesion of these cells is shown to be independent of whether these cells flow through the devices as suspensions of only one cell type or as a heterogeneous sus...
An Example Performance Trade-Off Evaluation Using the Integration Framework for Architecture Development (IFAD) for Conceptual Vehicle Design

The Integration Framework for Architecture Development (IFAD) is an integrated framework that provides fast and consistent discipline analysis results and identifies discipline consequences corresponding to vehicle design changes. This information is valuable for balancing and integration in the early design phase. In this paper, the IFAD framework is utilized to conduct an example multi-objective multi-disciplinary optimization to evaluate vehicle performance trade-offs for a hypothetical vehicle. We consider design changes on high-level geometrical dimensions including front overhang, rear overhang and vehicle width at rocker. We also study vehicle configurations including choice of materials and tires and choice of powertrains. A commonly used multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) technique, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGAII [1]) is chosen because of the mixed types of design variables involved (i.e., continuous design variables representing high-level geometrical dimensions and discrete design variables representing vehicle configurations such as powertrain selection and material choice). Vehicle performance analyses in a range of disciplines such as geometry, aerodynamics and energy are carried out automatically through IFAD. The use of response surface modeling (RSM) is desired due to the large number of evaluations typical for a MOGA application. A comparison of the engineering performance trade-offs based on two different sets of performance objectives is presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Density Maps: Determining Where to Sample in Participatory Sensing Systems

Participatory sensing (PS) systems are a new emerging sensing paradigm based on the participation of cellular users. While they present interesting characteristics, such as spatiotemporal granularity and low cost, they also create new problems and challenges. One key challenge in PS systems is that of the determination of the locations and number of users where to obtain samples from so that we can accurately represent the variable of interest with a low number of participants. This paper proposes the use of density maps, based on the current estimations of the variable, to address this challenge. The density maps are then utilized by the incentive mechanism in order to encourage the participation of those users indicated in the map. Our results show how the density maps greatly improve the quality of the estimations while maintaining a stable and low total number of users in the system.
Disability and democracy in Cambodia: an integrative approach to community building and civic engagement

The political framework through which the various communities of disabled persons in Cambodia advocate for and claim their rights is complex and confusing. Both governmental and non‐governmental actors engage this political framework through the mobilization of persons from the various disabled communities, competing in the civic sphere through issue‐oriented advocacy in ways that seek to influence the process of democratic governance. While the status of disabled rights in Cambodia is still comparatively weak, it is argued here that this civic engagement has allowed disabled communities to find common cause with non‐disabled persons and groups in the project of deepening the roots of democracy in Cambodia. This article discusses the demographic composition of disability, the framework of political action that addresses disability issues and the practice of civic engagement and activism by disabled and non‐disabled communities in Cambodia.
Hydrocarbon Potential of the Sargelu Formation, North Iraq

Microscopic and chemical analysis of 85 rock samples from exploratory wells and outcrops in northern Iraq indicate that limestone, black shale, and marl within the Middle Jurassic Sargelu Formation contain abundant oil-prone organic matter. For example, one 7-m (23-ft) thick section averages 442 mg HC/g S2 and 439°C Tmax (Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses) and 16 wt% TOC. The organic matter, comprised principally of brazinophyte algae, dinoflagellate cysts, spores, pollen, foraminiferal test linings, and phytoclasts, was deposited in a distal, suboxic to anoxic basin and can be correlated with kerogens classified as Type A and Type B or, alternatively as Type II. The level of thermal maturity is within the oil window with TAI = 3‾ to 3 , based on microspore color of light yellowish brown to brown. Accordingly, good hydrocarbon generation potential is predicted for this formation. Terpane and sterane biomarker distributions, as well as stable isotope values, were determined for oils and potential source rock extracts to determine valid oil-to-source rock correlations. Two subfamily carbonate oil types-one of Middle Jurassic age (Sargelu) carbonate rock and the other of Upper Jurassic/Cretaceous age-as well as a different oil family related to Triassic marls, were identified based on multivariate statistical analysis (HCA & PCA). Middle Jurassic subfamily A oils from Demir Dagh oil field correlate well with rich, marginally mature, Sargelu source rocks in well MK-2 near the city of Baiji. In contrast, subfamily B oils have a greater proportion of R28 steranes, indicating they were generated from Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous carbonates such as those at Gillabat oil field north of Mansuriyah Lake. Oils from Gillabat field thus indicate a lower degree of correlation with the Sargelu source rocks than do oils from Demir Dagh field. One-dimension, petroleum-system models of key wells were developed using IES PetroMod Software to evaluate burial-thermal history, source-rock maturity, and the timing and extent of petroleum generation; interpreted well logs served as input to the models. The oil-generation potential of sulfur-rich Sargelu source rocks was simulated using closed-system, Type II-S kerogen kinetics. Model results indicate that throughout northern Iraq generation and expulsion of oil from the Sargelu began and ended in the late Miocene. At present, Jurassic source rocks might have generated and expelled between 70 and 100% of their total oil.
A correlation of clinical, electroencephalographic, and roentgenographic findings in children with epilepsy.

Summary One hundred epileptic children followedin a pediatric seizure clinic were evaluated relative to the response of seizures to medication and the type, degree, and localization of pathologic abnormality in the electroencephalogram and abnormalities observed in the air studies. Eighty-three per cent of the patients were improved or clinically free of seizures and their response to treatment correlated with the type, degree, and localization of pathologic abnormality. Seventeen per cent of the patients with unimproved seizure control had more abnormal electroencephalograms on subsequent follow-up. Decreased intellectual ability and speechproblems were found in about one third of all the patients, while 46 per cent had abnormal neurological findings and 63 per cent had behavior problems. The correlation between the response ofseizures to medication and electroencephalographic abnormalities was observed in the three groups of patients in both the Minnesota and Norwegian epileptic populations.
Dual energy radiography (DER): A preliminary comparative study

Dual energy radiography (DER) has been recently proposed as a new technique for the non invasive measurement of vertebral mineral density. This preliminary study was undertaken to assess the short-term precision of DER and to compare DER to dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) measurements. Three DER measurements were obtained in 19 healthy volunteers (mean age 34.7 ±9.3 years) over a 3 week period. In addition, both DER and DPA measurements were obtained in 52 women (mean age 54.3±12.5 years). The coefficient of variation for the DER measurements was 1.00%. A highly significant correlation (r=0.94; p<0.0001) was found between DPA and DER. Using this curve a conversion factor of −6.8% was calculated to convert DER to DPA values. Both DER and DPA were significantly and similarly correlated with age (r=−0.43, p<0.005; r=−0.38, p<0.05, respectively). The rates of bone loss, 0.66% per year for DER and 0.57% per year for DPA, were also similar with the two techniques. From these data, it is concluded that DER is a precise new method for vertebral bone mass measurements.
Serum levels of activin a and inhibin a and the subsequent development of preeclampsia

Abstract Objective: To determine whether serum levels of activin A and inhibin A are altered in patients before development of preeclampsia. Methods: Blood samples were collected from patients during the second trimester of prenatal care. We identified patients who subsequently developed preeclampsia and matched them with patients who had no evidence of preeclampsia during their gestation. Matching criteria included gestational age at blood sampling, gestational age at delivery, and birth weight. Assays were then performed to assess the levels of activin A and inhibin A in the control and study groups. A power calculation determined that 12 patients who subsequently developed preeclampsia, if matched with controls in a 1:2 ratio, would allow the detection of differences in analyte levels that were 60% as large as those previously reported between patients already diagnosed with preeclampsia and matched controls. Results: Twelve patients with preeclampsia were identified and matched with 24 controls. No differences in serum levels of activin A or inhibin A were detected between the two groups. Because of the significant overlap of analyte levels between the two groups, no cutpoint that would allow identification of patients destined to become preeclamptic could be determined. Conclusion: These data suggest that activin A and inhibin A cannot be used as markers for later development of preeclampsia in a low-risk population.
Laparoscopic Cryoablation of Renal Masses: Which Lesions Fail?

Objective To identify potential predictive characteristics of lesions which failed in laparoscopic renal cryoablation (LRC). We analyzed 47 lesions that underwent this approach. Methods We reviewed 45 consecutive patients who underwent LRC of a renal mass between 2003 and 2008 at a single institution. A total of 47 masses were identified; all were treated by 2 surgeons. We analyzed patient age, ASA, pre- and postoperative creatinine, tumor size, location, number of cryoprobes used, and histology of the lesions. We reviewed imaging to identify characteristics of those lesions which failed LRC management, defined as lesions that demonstrated persistent enhancement and/or did not decrease in size within 6 months of therapy. Results A total of 47 lesions in 45 patients were identified. The median follow-up was 13 months. Mean lesion size was 2.7 cm (range, 1.2-5.4), with 25 anterior and 22 lateral or posterior lesions. Of the biopsy samples from 40 of 47 lesions, renal cell carcinoma was found in 23, oncocytoma was found in 7, and 10 were benign or inconclusive. Treatment failure was noted in 8 of 47 lesions (17%), 7 of which (87.5% of failed lesions) had broad-based contact with the renal sinus. Broad-based lesions which made contact with the renal sinus were successfully treated 53.3% of the time, whereas lesions which lacked contact with the renal sinus were treated successfully 96.9% of the time ( P Conclusions Broad-based central location of a renal mass may predict a significantly increased risk of failure of LRC and should be considered in patient counseling.
Thalidomide inhibited the synthesis of IgM and IgG whereas Thalidomide+Dexamethasone and Dexamethasone alone acted as co-stimulants with pokeweed and enhanced their synthesis.

Abstract Thalidomide (Thal) provides effective treatment for erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). In combination with Dexamethasome (Dex) it is an effective treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). Thal's mechanism(s) of action in the treatment of these diverse medical conditions is not known, but it could be suppression of immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis. Mononuclear cells were stimulated with pokeweed (PWM), and treated with Thal, Thal + Dex or Dex. The cultures were assayed for IgM and IgG. The maximum synthesis was expected to occur in cultures stimulated with PWM at 0.5, 5.0 or 10 μg/ml. The test agents at 15 μM each were expected to alter the response. Compared to cultures stimulated with PWM alone, there was significantly less Ig in the cultures containing Thal + PWM, and significantly more Ig in the cultures containing Thal + Dex + PWM or Dex + PWM (Wilcoxon). The median % of maximum was 57 for cultures treated with Thal + PWM; 184 for cultures treated with Thal + Dex + PWM, and 139 for cultures treated with Dex + PWM. Thal also acted as a co-stimulant with PWM and enhanced the synthesis of IL-2, IL-6 and DNA; whereas, Thal + Dex or Dex enhanced Ig synthesis, but suppressed IL-2, IL-6 and cell proliferation. Thal's ability to suppress Ig may explain its activity in ENL, MM and WM. The enhancement of Ig by Dex does not help to explain a role for Dex alone or in combination with Thal for the treatment of MM and WM.
Plaque Formation of Influenza Virus at 25° C

INFLUENZA virus was adapted to growth at 25° C by gradually lowering the temperature at which infected cells were incubated during serial passage until the optimum yield of infectious virus was obtained1. Using this method it was possible to adapt various strains of type A and B influenza viruses to growth at 25° C in tissue culture or embryonic eggs. Adaptation of the virus to reproduce at 25° C has resulted in its attenuation when tested in a susceptible host1. Infection of the host occurred without apparent disease but with good antibody response (my own unpublished results). During earlier work, purification of these variants was achieved using the limiting dilution technique, which is adequate but not highly reliable. The purpose of the study reported here was to develop plaque assay, and to select plaque progeny for more vigorous growth at 25° C. The development of plaques at 25° C was used also for clone purification of cold variants for genetic studies. Kidneys were excised from 1–6 day old chicks and were processed according to the method published earlier2 and incubated at 36° C. Monolayers of chick kidney cells were formed between the fourth and fifth day after seeding, and the cultures were infected immediately thereafter and transferred to incubation at 25° C. Briefly, the cell monolayer was washed with prewarmed Hanks balanced salt solution (BSS) and infected with the appropriate dilutions of the virus contained in a small volume; for example, when using 3 oz. prescription bottles, 0.5 ml. of a given dilution was inoculated. The adsorption was allowed to proceed for 1 h at room temperature with gentle mechanical agitation. The infected chick cell monolayers were then overlayered with agar; the composition of the agar overlay used was exactly like the one devised by Sugiura and Kilbourne3 for the Chang conjunctival cell line clone l-5c-4 but with a final agar concentration of 1.2 per cent instead of 0.9 per cent. After incubation for 5 days at 25° C a second overlay of the agar medium with neutral red was added. The cultures were returned to 25° C for further incubation.