cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative evaluation of oesophageal adenocarcinoma

The preoperative evaluation of oesophageal adenocarcinoma involves endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET). With routine Barrett's oesophagus surveillance, superficial cancers are often identified. EUS, CT and PET have a limited role in the staging of superficial tumours. Standard EUS has limited accuracy, but high frequency ultrasound miniprobes are valuable for assessing tumour stage in superficial tumours. However, the best method for determining depth of invasion, and thereby stage of disease, is endoscopic mucosal resection. In contrast, in advanced oesophageal cancers, a multi-modality approach is crucial. Accurate tumour staging is very important since the treatment of advanced cancers involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. EUS is very useful for staging of the tumour and nodes. High frequency ultrasound miniprobes provide the ability to perform staging when the lesion is obstructing the oesophageal lumen. CT and PET provide valuable information regarding node and metastasis staging.
Abstract LB-234: Aptamer-prodrugs for targeted cancer therapy

Many current cancer therapy drugs are severely hindered in efficiency due to issues of specificity and targeting. We aim to improve the efficacy of these drugs by linking or incorporating them directly to non-immunogenic targeting molecules called aptamers. These aptamers would guide drugs to tumor sites thereby limiting off-target effects and toxicity. As initial targets, we have developed aptamer-prodrugs directed against the cancer markers prostate membrane specific antigen (PSMA) and human transferrin receptor (hTfR). These constructs are capable of binding and internalizing specifically into target cells, but not into non-target cells in tissue culture. We are currently testing the cancer-specific toxicity of several FDA-approved cancer drugs delivered to cells via these aptamers. Additionally, we are developing approaches to directly identify tumor homing RNAs. These molecules will similarly be adapted for drug delivery. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-234. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-234
Second Language Reading: Teaching Decoding Skills

The teaching of the reading skill has been neglected in foreign language methodology due to inadequate definition of the reading task. Many language activities that purport to deal with reading actually emphasize productive skill outcomes and fail to develop the decoding aspect of the reading process. The goal of the reader is to assign meaning to a printed message, and a delineation of the strategies and skills that enable him to solve that problem will clarify the teaching role. An interview technique that encourages students to think aloud as they read identifies strategies pursued by language learners. Tasks identified as advancing contextual guessing include categorizing words grammatically, interpreting grammatical operations, and recognizing cognates and root words. Reading materials need to be designed that adhere to the nature of the receptive skill so that students receive practice in decoding. Evaluation instruments must stress comprehension factors rather than manipulative language skills.
Gender-related concerns of rural women with severe and persistent mental illnesses * ** †

This study used focus groups to investigate the perceptions of rural women with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) about their gender-related health concerns. In a series of five focus groups conducted with 16 women at rural psychosocial clubhouses, women with SPMI discussed many gender-related issues, including unresolved grief over loss of children, isolation from family members, lack of sexual partners, diminished sexuality, and bodily changes secondary to medication side-effects. Women with mental illness felt like their roles as women was superseded by their role as mentally ill individuals. Rural women with SPMI have unmet needs for women's health. Psychiatric nurses have the optimal background for addressing gender-related concerns of rural women with SPMI.
Abstract 2485: The Hippo downstream effector YAP promotes survival, radiation resistance and chromosome instability in medulloblastoma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Medulloblastoma, the most common solid pediatric tumor, originates in the cerebellum during postnatal development. It is postulated that cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) are cells-of-origin for certain classes of medulloblastomas. CGNPs require the mitogen/morphogen Shh to proliferate. We identified YAP as a new Shh target that promotes CGNP proliferation. YAP is a transcriptional co-activator negatively regulated by the Hippo pathway, a signaling cascade involved in organ size regulation and cell contact inhibition. We found YAP to be highly expressed in human and mouse Shh-driven medulloblastomas. Moreover, YAP was strikingly amplified in a subset of human medulloblastomas. YAP was localized to the peri-vascular niche where cancer stem cells have recently been described to reside in brain tumors. When we irradiated medulloblastoma-bearing mice, most of the cells in the tumor underwent apoptosis 6 hours after radiation. However, cells expressing YAP were resistant to radiation-induced apoptosis. These radiation-resistant cells have been described to have the ability to re-populate the tumor. In concordance with this, mouse medulloblastoma cells over-expressing YAP and injected in P0-P4 pups grow faster than those overexpressing GFP and give rise to more aggressive tumors. In vitro, YAP-overexpressing CGNPs and medulloblastoma cells produce higher levels of IGF2, which activates Akt and promotes their survival. 24 hours after radiation, YAP-overexpressing cells contain more damaged DNA; however, they skip the G2/M checkpoint and don't arrest despite the damage in their DNA. Our results indicate that YAP promotes both chromosome instability and survival of medulloblastoma cells, thus is a new attractive potential target for medulloblastoma therapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2485. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2485
An improved adaptive deblocking filter for MPEG video decoder

A highly adaptive deblocking algorithm is proposed for MPEG video in this research. In comparison with previous work in this area, the proposed deblocking filter improves in three aspects. First, the proposed algorithm is adaptive to the change of the quantization parameter (QP). Since blocking artifacts between two blocks encoded with different QPs tend to be more visible due to quality difference, filters should be able to adapt dynamically to the QP change between blocks. Second, the proposed algorithm classifies the block boundary into three different region modes based on local region characteristics. The three modes are active, smooth and dormant regions. The active region represents a complex region with details and high activities while the smooth and the dormant regions refer to moderately flat and extremely flat regions, respectively. By applying different filters of different strengths to each region mode, the proposed algorithm can minimize the undesirable blur so that both subjective and objective qualities improve for various types of sequences at a wide range of bitrates. Finally, the proposed algorithm also provides a way to determine the threshold values. The proposed adaptive deblocking algorithms require several thresholds in determining proper region modes and filters. Since the quality of image sequences after filtering depends largely on the threshold values, they have to be determined carefully. In the proposed algorithm, thresholds are determined adaptively to the strength of the blocking artifact and, as a result, to various encoding parameters such as QP, absolute difference between QPs, the coding type, and motion vectors. It is shown by experimental results that the proposed algorithm can achieve 0.2-0.4 dB gains for I- and P-frames, and 0.1-0.3 dB gains for the B-frame when bit streams are encoded using the TM5 rate control algorithm.
Molecular Characteristics of Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma, Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma Subtype, Predict Response to Erlotinib

Purpose We conducted this phase II trial to determine the efficacy of erlotinib in patients with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and adenocarcinoma, BAC subtype, and to determine molecular characteristics associated with response. Patients and Methods Patients (n = 101) with BAC (n = 12) or adenocarcinoma, BAC subtype (n = 89), were enrolled. All patients received erlotinib 150 mg daily. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, EGFR copy number, EGFR immunohistochemistry (IHC), and KRAS mutation status were analyzed in available tumors. The primary end point was response rate (RR). Results Overall RR was 22% (95% CI, 14% to 31%). In patients with pure BAC, the RR and median survival were 20% and 4 months, as compared with 23% and 19 months in those with adenocarcinoma, BAC subtype. No patient (zero of 18; 95% CI, 0% to 19%) whose tumor harbored a KRAS mutation responded to erlotinib. Patients with EGFR mutations had an 83% RR (15 of 18; 95% CI, 65% to 94%) and 23-month median OS. On univariate...
ANTICIPATION OF COINCIDENCE IN CHILDREN: A TEST OF SCHEMA THEORY

The present study tested Schmidt's (1975) schema theory by manipulating the variability of initial conditions information given during training on a task requiring anticipation of coincidence. 36 first grade children attempted to tap a padded and hinged target barrier coincident with the lighting of the last of a series of runway lights. Equal numbers of males and females received either variable practice with each of four stimulus velocities (134, 179, 268, and 313 cm/sec.), constant practice with one of the four velocities, or no practice. All subjects were then given trials with two illumination velocities different from those presented during training. Both constant and variable practice groups demonstrated greater accuracy of transfer performance than control subjects, but only the absolute error of constant practice subjects was significantly lower than that of the controls. All groups responded with early anticipations, i.e., negative constant errors, to the slower of the two transfer velocities. I...
Functional Replacement of the Mouse E2A Gene with a Human HEB cDNA

The mammalian E2A, HEB, and E2-2 genes encode a unique class of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors that are evolutionarily conserved and essential for embryonic and postnatal development. While the structural and functional similarities among the gene products are well demonstrated, it is not clear why deletion of E2A, but not HEB or E2-2, leads to a complete arrest in B-lymphocyte development. To understand the molecular basis of the functional specificity between E2A and HEB/E2-2 in mammalian development, we generated and tested a panel of E2A knockin mutations including subtle mutations in the E12 and E47 exons and substitution of both E12 and E47 exons with a human HEB cDNA. We find that the alternatively spliced E12 and E47 bHLH proteins of the E2A gene play similar and additive roles in supporting B lymphopoiesis. Further, we find that HEB driven by the endogenous E2A promoter can functionally replace E2A in supporting B-cell commitment and differentiation toward completion. Finally, the postnatal lethality associated with E2A disruption is fully rescued by the addition of HEB. This study suggests that the functional divergence among E12, E47, and HEB in different cell types is partially defined by the context of gene expression.
DNA Polymorphism Detectable by Restriction Endonucleases

Data on DNA polymorphisms detected by restriction endonucleases are rapidly accumulating. With the aim of analyzing these data, several different measures of nucleon (DNA segment) diversity within and between populations are proposed, and statistical methods for estimating these quantities are developed. These statistical methods are applicable to both nuclear and nonnuclear DNAs. When evolutionary change of nucleons occurs mainly by mutation and genetic drift, all the measures can be expressed in terms of the product of mutation rate per nucleon and effective population size. A method for estimating nucleotide diversity from nucleon diversity is also presented under certain assumptions. It is shown that DNA divergence between two populations can be studied either by the average number of restriction site differences or by the average number of nucleotide differences. In either case, a large number of different restriction enzymes should be used for studying phylogenetic relationships among related organisms, since the effect of stochastic factors on these quantities is very large. The statistical methods developed have been applied to data of Shah and Langley on mitochondrial (mt)DNA from Drosophila melanogaster, simulans and virilis. This application has suggested that the evolutionary change of mtDNA in higher animals occurs mainly by nucleotide substitution rather than by deletion and insertion. The evolutionary distances among the three species have also been estimated.
A New Cellular Signaling Mechanism for Angiotensin II Activation of NF-κB An IκB–Independent, RSK–Mediated Phosphorylation of p65

Objective— Angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes vascular inflammation and remodeling via activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–mediated transcription of proinflammatory genes such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). We examined the signaling mechanism whereby Ang II activates NF-κB in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Methods and Results— Ang II treatment did not increase phosphorylation of inhibitor of κBα (IκBα) or IκBβ or decrease their levels. In contrast, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) inhibition (dominant-negative MEK1 adenovirus or inhibitor U0126) suppressed Ang II–induced NF-κB promoter activity, NF-κB DNA-binding activity, p65 phosphorylation, and led to 70% reduction in IL-6 transcription/production. The mechanism involved Ang II activation of Ras and MEK1. Signaling distal to MEK1 involved extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) because inhibition of MEK1 suppressed the Ang II–induced activation of ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), a substrate of ERK. Downregulation of RSK by small interfering RNA (SiRNA) in VSMCs was found to suppress Ang II–induced activation of NF-κB and p65 phosphorylation. Immunopurified RSK from Ang II–treated VSMCs phosphorylated recombinant glutathione S -transferase–p65 in vitro. Conclusion— We uncovered a nonclassical signaling pathway (Ras/MEK1/ERK/RSK) from Ang II to activation of NF-κB, a mechanism by which Ang II stimulates RSK-mediated phosphorylation of p65 to participate in vascular inflammation.
Swine as an In Vivo Model for Electrophysiologic Evaluation of Cardiac Pacing Parameters

Pre-clinical studies of cardiac pacemakers and new electrodes, materials, and designs are for the most part conducted in dogs. Dogs, however, have electrophysiological differences which may preclude accurate translation to clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to develop normal electrophysiological parameters for an animal whose cardiovascular system more closely resembles that of man than any nonprimate animal. The threshold (voltage and current) strength-duration curves of the pig showed the same inverse relationship between the pulse duration and threshold requirements as other species. At 0.5 ms the atrium had 3.5-5.5 times greater energy requirements, over twice the current (2.04 mA vs 0.72 mA) and twice the voltage (0.75 mV vs 0.32 mV) requirements when compared to the ventricles. The pig's S-A nodal P-wave was superior in amplitude (7.80 +/- 1.80 mV vs 4.28 +/- 2.27 mV) and the slew rate was faster (1.30 +/- 0.56 mV/ms vs 0.44 +/- 0.50 mV/ms) compared to that of the atrial appendage. The pig's left ventricular myocardial R-wave had significantly greater amplitude (19.00 +/- 6.44 mV vs 10.70 +/- 4.34 mV) and faster slew rate (1.60 +/- 0.62 mV/ms vs 0.90 +/- 0.30 mV/ms) compared to the right ventricular endocardial R-wave. The electrophysiological parameters of the pig were more similar to those of man than the dog; therefore, the pig is a useful animal model for electrophysiological studies and the testing of pacemaker equipment.
A New Pricing Scheme for Airline Crew Scheduling

Solving LP relaxations of airline crew scheduling models is computationally challenging due to the presence of a large number of variables, complex feasibility rules to generate columns, and nonlinear cost. We perform computational experiments with a nonlinear pricing strategy. We develop a column generation scheme that uses several pruning rules to fathom column enumeration. The pruning rules are categorized into approximate and exact, where the approximate rules might prune columns that would yield an improved objective value. The pruning rules use the fact that columns are paths in a network, and we use shortest path algorithms and their extensions to obtain bounds.
A comparison between frontogenesis in the two-dimensional eady model of baroclinic instability and summertime cold fronts in the Australian region

A two-dimensional, anelastic, numerical model with a simple turbulence parametrization is integrated with Eady's linear normal mode solution for an unstable baroclinic wave as initial condition. The structure of the surface front which develops after five days of model integration is compared with data on summertime cold fronts, or ‘cool changes’, in south-eastern Australia obtained during recent field experiments of the Australian Cold Fronts Research Programme. It is shown that the ridge-trough structure of an amplifying baroclinic wave and its attendant surface front captures many of the important features of ‘cool changes’, together with the broad-scale flow in which they develop. Indeed, it is argued that the model provides a useful theoretical framework in which the dynamics of the Australian summertime ‘cool change’ may be understood.
Impact of Short-Stay Urethroplasty on Health-Related Quality of Life and Patient's Perception of Timing of Discharge

Objective. To evaluate health-related quality of life in patients after a short-stay or outpatient urethroplasty. Methods. Over a 2-year period a validated health-related quality-of-life questionnaire, EuroQol (EQ-5D), was administered to all patients after urethroplasty. Postoperatively patients were offered to be sent home immediately or to stay overnight. Within 24 hours after discharge they were assessed for mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain or discomfort, and anxiety and depression. An additional question assessing timing of discharge was added to the survey. Clinical and operative characteristics were examined. Results. Forty-eight patients after anterior urethroplasty completed the survey. Mean age and mean stricture length were 51.6 years (21–78) and 60 mm (5–200 mm), respectively. Most etiologies were idiopathic (50% n = 24), trauma (19%, n = 9), and iatrogenic (19%, n = 9). Forty-one patients (85%) stayed overnight, while 7 patients (15%) chose to be discharged the same day. Overall, ninety-six percent were discharged within 23 hours of surgery. In the short-stay and the outpatient cohorts, 90% and 86%, respectively, felt they were discharged on time. No patient reported a severe problem with postoperative pain or mobility. Conclusions. The majority of patients discharged soon after their procedure felt that discharge timing was appropriate and their health-related quality of life was only minimally affected.
Crisis Early Warning and Decision Support: Contemporary Approaches and Thoughts on Future Research

Military planners and other decision makers require advanced early warning of impending crises so they can devise effective mitigation plans, mobilize resources, and coordinate responses with their foreign counterparts. Over the last 40 years, the US government has invested generously in several attempts to build crisis forecasting systems that were analytically defensible and capable of processing and making sense of vast amounts of information in real or near real time. This article describes the most recent attempt by the US military to develop an Integrated Crisis Early Warning System (ICEWS). Although ICEWS relies heavily on social science theories, data, and methods, our experiences thus far reveal some strengths and limitations of contemporary quantitative approaches to addressing social science questions with real world implications. The article concludes with a sketch of a new paradigmatic approach—a Computational Social Science Experimentation Proving Ground—that could not only improve crisis early warning and response, but also revolutionize how social science knowledge is developed, evaluated, and applied more broadly.
Assessing Retention: Six Steps and Four Paradigms

To answer the question of how to fully assess retention programs when multiple paradigms expressing the purpose for retention exist on a campus, the author first presents some of the literature on assessment and the assessment of retention programs. He then presents a six-step conceptual model of assessment that is applicable to cross-cutting retention programs. The literature of retention is then used to support the presentation of four simultaneously present retention paradigms of what is valued and can be stated as desired retention purposes and outcomes on a given campus. The discussion of the assessment and retention literature leads to a framework for more fully, systemically assessing local retention programs at all levels of the academy.
Update in New Anabolic Therapies for Osteoporosis

Skeletal anabolic agents enhance bone formation, which is determined by the number and function of osteoblasts. Cell number is controlled by factors that regulate the replication, differentiation, and death of cells of the osteoblastic lineage, whereas cell function is controlled by signals acting on the mature osteoblast. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and Wnt induce the differentiation of mesenchymal cells toward osteoblasts, and IGF-I enhances the function of mature osteoblasts. The activity of BMP, Wnt, and IGF-I is controlled by proteins that, by binding to the growth factor or to its receptors, can antagonize its effects. Changes in the expression or binding affinity of these extracellular antagonists can be associated with increased or decreased bone formation and bone mass. Novel approaches to anabolic therapies for osteoporosis may include the use of factors with anabolic properties, or the neutralization of a growth factor antagonist. Selected approaches include the use of neutralizing antibodies to Wnt antagonists, the enhancement of BMP signaling by proteasome inhibitors, or the use of activin soluble receptors, IGF-I, or PTH analogs. An anabolic agent needs to be targeted specifically to the skeleton to avoid unwanted nonskeletal effects and ensure safety. Clinical trials are being conducted to test the long-term effectiveness and safety of novel bone anabolic agents.
Selective extraction of proteins from Chlorobium tepidum chlorosomes.

Chlorosomes are the light-harvesting antenna complexes of green phototrophic bacteria. Their cores are composed of highly aggregated Bchls (see (1) and (2) for reviews), and the chlorosome envelope is believed to be a monolayer membrane (3) stabilized by proteins (4, 5, 6). Chlorobium tepidum chlorosomes have been shown to contain 10 proteins (4). Genes encoding nine of these proteins have been cloned and characterized (4, 5, 6, 7; D. A. Bryant and V. L. Stirewalt, unpublished results). CsmA (6.0 kDa), CsmB (7.5 I(Da), CsmC (14.3 kDa), CsmD (11.1 kDa), CsmE (6.7 kDa), and CsmH have been shown to be at least partially exposed on the chlorosome envelope (5, 6, unpublished results). The two largest chlorosome proteins, Csml (25.9 kDa) and CsmJ (23.9 kDa), each contain a [2Fe-2S] cluster and are also components of the envelope (E. V. Vassilieva, B. L. Zybailov, M. L. Antonkine, F. Yang, C. Jakobs, J. H. Golbeck, and D. A. Bryant, manuscript in preparation). In this study, the treatment of Cb. tepidum chlorosomes with the detergents SDS, Lubrol PX, and Triton X-100 resulted in selective protein extraction and Bchl c de-oligomerization. The data provide further insight into the structural organization of the proteins of chlorosomes.
Teenage Employment in the Hospitality Industry: An Exploratory Study

This study explored perceptions of teens regarding key employment issues that were important in selecting and retaining their places of employment. A sample of 156 high school students working in the hospitality industry and in other industries identified several key employment variables that are important for teens. Although there were no statistically significant differences between hospitality and nonhospitality students, the findings revealed that teens preferred to work for companies that offer flexible scheduling and are located close to home. In selecting their next jobs, teens preferred to work for companies respected by others, with friendly coworkers, and for companies with clear-cut rules. Recommendations for employers and career guidance counselors are discussed. These include convenient scheduling, better supervision, a comfortable working environment, and provision of transportation to work.
Breakable and Unbreakable Silences: Implicit Dehumanization and Anti‐Arab Prejudice in Israeli Soldiers’ Narratives Concerning Palestinian Women

This paper illustrates an empirical paradigm for a minimally-biased characterization of the internal representations of female enemy members by male soldiers in the context of a military occupation. Using a combination of psycholinguistic and psychoanalytic tools, the study examined the associative structure of the language that was used by Israeli ex-soldiers in a large corpus of verbatim testimonies detailing their service in the Palestinian occupied territories. Since explicit dehumanization is rare in Israeli official discourse and in media- and political correctness-savvy occupying forces worldwide, this study examined implicit dehumanization through the non-conscious use of spontaneous linguistic choices. Using both computerized and quantitative linguistic analyses, this study tracked a particular pattern or word choice, presumed to capture implicit dehumanization based on a trans-disciplinary definition of the construct. Furthermore, to mitigate the potential confound between fear of the enemy and its dehumanization, this study focused on anecdotes concerning Palestinian women, as they pose less realistic threat to Israeli soldiers. Consistent with this study's formulation of implicit dehumanization, Israeli soldiers tended to describe Palestinian women's mental state in situational and behavioral terms (e.g. scream, make a mess, piss her pants, had a heart attack, etc.). In contrast, empathic inference – whereby the narrator extends their emotional understanding of themselves and other humans to the person whose emotional state they attempt to describe or understand – was often reserved in the testimonials only to the narrator and his fellow comrades. This evidence for implicit dehumanization is then discussed as a borderline-level defense mechanism within the larger context of both individual- and national-level anti-Arab prejudice in Israel. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endothelin is an autocrine regulator of prolactin secretion.

The aim of this study was to establish the cellular source of ET-like peptides affecting PRL secretion. Fluorescence double label immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to demonstrate cellular colocalization for PRL and endothelin-1 (ET1)-like immunoreactivities in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland of rats. An ET-specific reverse hemolytic plaque assay was applied to demonstrate that lactotrophs are capable of releasing ET-like peptides. A PRL-specific reverse hemolytic plaque assay was used to assess the influence of the released endogenous ETs on PRL secretion. ETA-specific receptor antagonists BQ123 and BQ610, and endothelin convertase enzyme inhibitory peptide,[ 22Val]big ET1-(16–38), increased PRL secretion, whereas the ETB receptor-specific antagonist BQ788 was ineffective. The ETA antagonist BQ123-induced increase in PRL secretion followed a bell-shaped dose-response curve in cells obtained from female rats, whereas it followed a sigmoid curve in males. Frequenc...
A Problem Seeking a Frame: An Aesthetic Reading of the “Jewish Question” in Turn-of-the-Century Hungary

For hungarian society, as for most of East-Central Europe, the socalled Jewish question has been, and continues to be, an obsessive, seemingly insoluble dilemma that cries out for definition, discussion, commentary, and analysis. The notion persists, in both professional and general opinion, that if only a true historical understanding of the question were possible, a solution would also be within reach. The assumption is almost axiomatic that the Jewish question, with its attendant passions, prejudices, and contradictions, must be the expression of some prior set of causes that holds the key to its deciphering.
The methodological defense of realism scrutinized.

Abstract I revisit an older defense of scientific realism, the methodological defense, a defense developed by both Popper and Feyerabend. The methodological defense of realism concerns the attitude of scientists, not philosophers of science. The methodological defense is as follows: a commitment to realism leads scientists to pursue the truth, which in turn is apt to put them in a better position to get at the truth. In contrast, anti-realists lack the tenacity required to develop a theory to its fullest. As a consequence, they are less likely to get at the truth. My aim is to show that the methodological defense is flawed. I argue that a commitment to realism does not always benefit science, and that there is reason to believe that a research community with both realists and anti-realists in it may be better suited to advancing science. A case study of the Copernican Revolution in astronomy supports this claim.
Validation of subordinal names for "Systema Angiospermarum"

Nineteen subordinal names for flowering plants are established for the online version “Systema Angiospermarum.”
Enzymatic Synthesis of Tyrosol-Based Phenolipids: Characterization and Effect of Alkyl Chain Unsaturation on the Antioxidant Activities in Bulk Oil and Oil-in-Water Emulsion

Oxidative stability of lipids is one of the most important parameters affecting their quality. Lipase-catalyzed lipophilic tyrosyl esters with an equivalent carbon alkyl chain but different degrees of unsaturation (C18:0 to C18:4n3) were prepared, characterized, and used as antioxidants. Free fatty acids and fatty acid ethyl esters (substrate molar ratio tyrosol: acyl donor, 1:10) were used as acyl donors and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica was the biocatalyst (10 %). The phenolipids were isolated and characterized using ESI–MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. Peroxide value (PV) and para-anisidine value (p-AV) were measured to evaluate their antioxidant activities in bulk oil structured lipid (SL) and in an oil-in-water emulsion (SL-based infant formula). No significant difference was found in yield and reaction time between the two types of acyl donors. However, as the unsaturation of the fatty acids increased the reaction time also increased. In SL, tyrosyl esters exhibited lower antioxidant activity than tyrosol whereas the addition of an alkyl chain enhanced the antioxidant efficiency of tyrosol in infant formula. Tyrosyl oleate was the most efficient antioxidant in the emulsion system followed by tyrosyl stearate and tyrosyl linoleate. These results suggest that the synthesized phenolipids may be used as potential antioxidants in lipid-based products.
Peru Digital: Approaching Interactive Digital Storytelling and Collaborative Interactive Web Design through Digital Ethnography, HCI, and Digital Media

Digital ethnography is an approach to presenting real-world cultures using the features of digital environments and techniques of narrative. Digital ethnography projects exploit the computational and expressive power of new media to allow audiences to not only learn about, but to also experience something of the culture as well. This approach employs the distinctive features of digital environments such as immersion and interactivity to create new ways to tell cultural stories and enact the research process. This paper presents experiences from a collaborative work where multidisciplinary scholars are involved in creating a cultural website called PeruDigital that presents the culture and history of Peru festivals and related folklore forms for K-12 grade students and individuals interested in Hispanic culture. In addition, this research reflects how digital ethnographers, HCI researchers, and digital media producers are work together in order to create an effective interactive cultural media model.
Interprofessional approaches to integrating SBIRT into students' clinical experiences

Background Most healthcare professional training programs lack sufficient curricula on substance use[1-3], and even fewer provide students the opportunity to practice screening and brief intervention (BI) in a clinical setting. The University of Missouri-Kansas City Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (UMKC-SBIRT) training project educates baccalaureate nursing (BSN), doctorate of nursing practice (DNP), and master of social work (MSW) students through didactics, role plays with classmates, standardized patient practice, and clinical experience to help students achieve competency.
A Biological Test Which Distinguishes Lithium Responsive Psychoses

The work presented in this symposium is based on the premise that the schizophrenias are a heterogeneous group of disorders with biologically distinct sub-types, possibly requiring alternative treatment approaches.
Delay discounting: Pigeon, rat, human—does it matter?

Delay discounting refers to the decrease in subjective value of an outcome as the time to its receipt increases. Across species and situations, animals discount delayed rewards, and their discounting is well-described by a hyperboloid function. The current review begins with a comparison of discounting models and the procedures used to assess delay discounting in nonhuman animals. We next discuss the generality of discounting, reviewing the effects of different variables on the degree of discounting delayed reinforcers by nonhuman animals. Despite the many similarities in discounting observed between human and nonhuman animals, several differences have been proposed (e.g., the magnitude effect; nonhuman animals discount over a matter of seconds whereas humans report willing to wait months, if not years before receiving a reward), raising the possibility of fundamental species differences in intertemporal choice. After evaluating these differences, we discuss delay discounting from an adaptationist perspective. The pervasiveness of discounting across species and situations suggests it is a fundamental process underlying decision making.
MYOCARDIAL EXTRACELLULAR VOLUME IS ELEVATED IN CANCER SURVIVORS TREATED WITH ANTHRACYCLINE-BASED CHEMOTHERAPY COMPARED TO CANCER-FREE PEERS AND NEWLY DIAGNOSED AND UNTREATED CANCER PATIENTS: A SINGLE-CENTER OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF THE MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (MESA) AND CARDIO-ONCOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING STUDIES

Adult cancer survivors can have elevated cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) left ventricular (LV) native T1 and extracellular volume (ECV) assessments. It remains undetermined whether these measures are related to the presence of cancer alone or cancer treatment. We performed prospective
The development of enhanced arterial serotonergic hyperresponsiveness in mineralocorticoid hypertension.

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that the receptor in the rat mesenteric artery mediating contraction in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine switches from a 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A to a 5-hydroxytryptamine-2B receptor after 4 weeks of deoxycorticosterone and salt (1.0% NaCl plus 0.2% KCl) therapy, and, as an extension of these studies, to test the hypothesis that this switch occurs prior to the development of hypertension. DESIGN Rats were administered deoxycorticosterone-salt therapy or no therapy for 1, 3, 5, 7, or 28 days. Additionally, four groups of rats (sham-normal salt, sham-high salt, deoxycorticosterone-normal salt, and deoxycorticosterone-high salt) were administered therapy for 4 weeks (28 days) to distinguish between the roles of salt and blood pressure in serotonergic responsiveness. METHODS Superior mesenteric arteries were mounted in tissue baths for measurement of isometric contractile force; systolic blood pressure was measured by a tail-cuff method. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure was first elevated by deoxycorticosterone-salt therapy relative to that in sham controls on day 5. Contraction in response to phenylephrine was minimally altered after 7 days of deoxycorticosterone-salt therapy. By day 3, the tryptophan metabolite and putative 5-hydroxytryptamine-2B receptor agonist kynuramine contracted hypertensive arteries to a greater maximum (percentage of contraction induced by phenylephrine for rats administered deoxycorticosterone-salt therapy 48.5 +/- 16.0%) than that observed for arteries in sham-treated rats (9.7 +/- 6.2%); this was also observed for the ergot alkaloid ergonovine (deoxycorticosterone-salt 67.1 +/- 18.5% and sham treatment 14.5 +/- 9.1%); however, increase in reactivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine began on day 5. Ketanserin (a 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A antagonist with a low affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine-2B receptor; 30 nmol/l) competitively inhibited contraction in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine of mesenteric arteries from sham-treated and deoxycorticosterone-salt-treated rats on days 1, 3, and 5 but had less effect on arteries in deoxycorticosterone-salt-treated rats by day 7, signifying that a change to a non-5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptor had occurred. Sensitivities to 5-hydroxytryptamine and to ergonovine of deoxycorticosterone-treated rats fed a normal or high-salt diet for 28 days tended to increase, as did those of sham-treated rats fed a high-salt diet (with normal blood pressure). Contraction in response to phenylephrine was changed in arteries only from animals whose systolic blood pressure had been increased (deoxycorticosterone-normal salt and deoxycorticosterone-high salt groups). CONCLUSIONS These experiments support the hypothesis that the switch to ketanserin-insensitive 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 receptors likely occurs coincident with or just after the initial increase in blood pressure in the deoxycorticosterone-salt-treated rat.
Making the Global Turn The USLPGA, Commissioner Rhetoric of Difference, and “New Imperialism”

Focusing on the cultural and structural contours of the global sport of golf, this analysis features the rhetorical power of U.S. Ladies Professional Golf Association (USLPGA) commissioners in narrativizing this “American” global tour. Selected mediated rhetoric of each of these commissioners is read within a post-title 9/11 context, attending to Winant’s notion of “new imperialism” as a process of linking gender and race in a sporting space of globalization. This post-title 9/11 reading illuminates the manner in which USLPGA leadership espouses an elite, global identity and simultaneously acts to contain the very “global” difference it claims to produce. The analysis is also instructive for thinking about the cultural and rhetorical power of commissioners in locating the USLPGA in a set of discourses about globalization, nationalism, and difference.
Accumulation of UV-absorbing flavonoids induced by UV-B radiation in Arabidopsis thaliana L.

Irradiation of Arabidopsis with ultraviolet (UV) light resulted in intensity- and wavelength-dependent increases in the levels of a small family of UV-absorbing flavonoids, which accumulate in the aerial parts of the plants. A gradient of sensitivity to UV-B radiation is described in the different leaves of developingArabidopsis plants whereby the earliest formed leaves become damaged by UV-B faster and more extensively than later formed leaves. This UV-sensitivity gradient tightly parallels differences in constitutive as well as UV-induced levels of flavonoid accumulation among the various leaves, suggesting a direct role of flavonoids in protection against damage by UV radiation. The level of accumulated flavonoids, both constitutive and UV-induced, in each leaf appear to be dependent on the specific developmental state of each leaf as well as the overall developmental state of the plant. The UV-mediated flavonoid response, along with the observed UV-induced damage, appear not to be systemic in Arabidopsis but restricted very closely to the irradiated areas of leaves.
The role of frustration in the extinction of a running response

At the end of a runway rats were partially reinforced in one goal box, to which they ran on half the trials, and were never reinforced in a different goal box, to which they ran on the remaining trials. During extinction one group ran to both goal boxes, another group ran to the reinforced goal box, and a third group ran to the nonreinforced goal box. Consistent with frustration theory, the latter group was the most resistant to extinction.
Conditional bernoulli mixtures for multi-label classification

Multi-label classification is an important machine learning task wherein one assigns a subset of candidate labels to an object. In this paper, we propose a new multi-label classification method based on Conditional Bernoulli Mixtures. Our proposed method has several attractive properties: it captures label dependencies; it reduces the multi-label problem to several standard binary and multi-class problems; it subsumes the classic independent binary prediction and power-set subset prediction methods as special cases; and it exhibits accuracy and/or computational complexity advantages over existing approaches. We demonstrate two implementations of our method using logistic regressions and gradient boosted trees, together with a simple training procedure based on Expectation Maximization. We further derive an efficient prediction procedure based on dynamic programming, thus avoiding the cost of examining an exponential number of potential label subsets. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method against competitive alternatives on benchmark datasets.
Large-Scale Meta-Analysis of Human Medial Frontal Cortex Reveals Tripartite Functional Organization

The functional organization of human medial frontal cortex (MFC) is a subject of intense study. Using fMRI, the MFC has been associated with diverse psychological processes, including motor function, cognitive control, affect, and social cognition. However, there have been few large-scale efforts to comprehensively map specific psychological functions to subregions of medial frontal anatomy. Here we applied a meta-analytic data-driven approach to nearly 10,000 fMRI studies to identify putatively separable regions of MFC and determine which psychological states preferentially recruit their activation. We identified regions at several spatial scales on the basis of meta-analytic coactivation, revealing three broad functional zones along a rostrocaudal axis composed of 2–4 smaller subregions each. Multivariate classification analyses aimed at identifying the psychological functions most strongly predictive of activity in each region revealed a tripartite division within MFC, with each zone displaying a relatively distinct functional signature. The posterior zone was associated preferentially with motor function, the middle zone with cognitive control, pain, and affect, and the anterior with reward, social processing, and episodic memory. Within each zone, the more fine-grained subregions showed distinct, but subtler, variations in psychological function. These results provide hypotheses about the functional organization of medial prefrontal cortex that can be tested explicitly in future studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activation of medial frontal cortex in fMRI studies is associated with a wide range of psychological states ranging from cognitive control to pain. However, this high rate of activation makes it challenging to determine how these various processes are topologically organized across medial frontal anatomy. We conducted a meta-analysis across nearly 10,000 studies to comprehensively map psychological states to discrete subregions in medial frontal cortex using relatively unbiased data-driven methods. This approach revealed three distinct zones that differed substantially in function, each of which were further subdivided into 2–4 smaller subregions that showed additional functional variation. Each individual region was recruited by multiple psychological states, suggesting subregions of medial frontal cortex are functionally heterogeneous.
Chief Marketing Officers and Firm Performance: A Multinational Perspective on the Value Relevance of the Chief Marketer

We examine the effect of the marketing function of the firm, operationalized as the existence of a marketing executive position (CMO, VP of Marketing), on financial performance (return on assets) in a large global cross-sectional time-series dataset of publicly traded companies. We draw on literature on top management team influence within the firm, and theorize that the CMO, as the consumer advocate within the firm is tasked with a myriad of functions such as advertising, new marketing staff hiring, sales forecasting, marketing research and marketing planning, advising senior managers, and coordinating and controlling marketing activities at the divisional level, all of which require cross-unit and cross-functional integration across the firm. Thus, we hypothesize that as the complexity of the environment that a firm operates in increases, so does the value-added of the chief marketers’ role.
On the Origin of Rotations and Vibrations in Atomic Nuclei

A long-time objective of nuclear structure physics has been to bridge the gap between collective and shell-model descriptions of observed nuclear phenomena. Progress has been slow because of the difficulty in making realistic shell-model calculations, and quite frankly, the success of the much simpler collective models. Algebraic shell-model theories come closest to realizing this objective. There are two basic types of algebraic models: those based on a boson description of the dynamics, such as the Interacting Boson Model (IBM) [1], and those which treat the nucleons as fermions. In this paper we will be focusing on the latter, bosons will only enter when they appear naturally as a consequence of physical circumstances such as low particle or high hole occupancy so Pauli principle constraints are not violated.
Controversy: How to Treat Severe PIP Contractures? - Collagenase Treatment

Interphalangeal joint (IPJ) contractures from Dupuytren disease are frequently problematic. They are both more difficult to treat and more challenging to maintain correction than metacarpophalangeal (MPJ) joint deformities (Tubiana 1999). Historically, when surgery was the only available treatment, “successful” outcome generally meant about a 24° improvement and which translates as about a 50 % contracture reduction. The prognosis for improvement with open surgical treatment is worsened when the IPJ deformity has been long standing and involves volar capsule, flexor (adherence), and/or extensor (stretching) tendons and when the IPJ deformity is more severe (generally defined as >50°) and in the presence of comorbid diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus) or risky lifestyles (e.g., cigarette smoking) (Smith 1991; Rayan 2007).