cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes

The evolution of hydrogen and oxygen was studied on diamond electrodes containing approximately 1021 boron atom/cm3. Voltammetry showed a wide potential window [−1.25 to +2.3 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)] without significant water decomposition. This window was much narrower for poor quality diamond films with appreciable sp2 content. A redox couple observed at +1.7 V indicates oxidation of the diamond surface prior to oxygen evolution. The extent of surface oxidation increased with sp2 content. Anodic polarization made the diamond surface hydrophilic; x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed an increase in oxygen coverage and the presence of carbon‐oxygen bonds. The estimated capacitance of the interface ranged from 0.05 μF/cm2 for high quality diamond to 5 μF/cm2 for low quality diamond. Preliminary measurements of the exchange current densities for oxygen and hydrogen evolution indicated slow kinetics compared to metals or highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.
A minimum classification error framework suitable for multicriteria gene selection: discovery of differentially methylated genes in small B-cell lymphomas

Gene methylation appears to influence cellular activity by silencing the expression of certain genes believed to be responsible for significant biological processes, including neoplastic transformation. In this paper, we present a framework for the identification of differentially methylated genes in several types of small B-cell lymphomas (SBCLs) using DNA differential methylation microarrays. The proposed approach uses the patient classification error to tune various steps of the algorithm such as the data normalisation, the gene ranking and the threshold for gene selection. We present the results obtained by application of the proposed framework on two gene methylation datasets: one with 43 samples and three SBCL types and another with 38 samples and two SBCL subtypes. Some of the identified genes are known to be involved in critical pathways such as apoptosis and proliferation while others function as tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes.
Design of a spaceborne astrometric survey instrument

ABSTRACT We have investigated the design ofa small astrometric and photometric survey instrument in the Hipparcos tradition. Such amission will support a rich and diverse ensemble of scientific investigations. The design objectives, which have been met inthis study, are to be able to measure i0' stars over the full sky, with an accuracy ofO.O5 mas for mag < 9 and 20 mas for mag15. A scanning survey instrument that uses CCD detectors is able to measure many stars simultaneously. As compared to apointed astrometric instrument of comparable size, the survey instrument generally has much higher measurementthroughput (sum over targets ofthe inverse variance), but on average, less scientific interest per target. An instrument forastrometry, unlike those for imaging, can be compact and yet scientifically productive.We report on a study of a Fast Astrometric Mapping Explorer (FAME-98) and an examination of standardapproaches for scanning astrometric missions. We fmd some ofthese standard approaches wanting. We have concluded thata scanning astrometric instrument performs better if it spins faster, precesses faster, and has a shorter focal length than isconventionally expected. Further, we have shown that the use of solar radiation pressure instead of gas jets, as a means ofprecessing the spacecraft, yields a stronger astrometric solution, because the rotation is not broken into disjoint segments.Finally, we have shown that an elongated primary mirror is not advantageous, and that the central portion ofthe primarymirror contributes little to the astrometric accuracy of the instrument.A first look at the pivotal issue of systematic error has uncovered no serious problems, although careful engineeringwill be essential. Because the spacecraft is equipped with a solar shield, which keeps it in shadow, the temperatures ofcritical instrument components are stable at the mK level on the time scale of the spacecraft rotation period. The analysis hasunderscored three instrumental differences between a survey astrometric mission and a pointed astrometric mission. For asurvey mission, the aperture shape does not matter, a large-area detector enhances the scientific throughput, and there is noadvantage to an interferometer over a telescope.Keywords: Astrometry, space, instrument, optical
Presentation of Howland award to Waldo E. Nelsen.

Reared in the Protestant ethic of discipline, diligence, and austerity, an analloyed pure Midwestern man of Ghurchillian drive and energy, Waldo Emerson Nelson is one of the great statesmen of modern American pediatrics. His Textbook of Pediatrics would qualify him for this award, but he has excelled in every area of pediatrics which has been favored by his touch. It has been said that only great attributes make great people and Bill Nelson has many of them. His foibles and peccadillos, on which I shall not dwell excessively, are sufficiently numerous to have contributed significantly to the amusement of his staff and friends but have not been of a character to flaw his fabric of uncompromising determination and granite conviction of right and wrong. To those who don't know him well, he may appear austere and stern and his well known knack for tongue-in-cheek reproaches provide a facade of gruffness, but he is a warm and compassionate human being with a deep regard for the sensitivities of others. He has a keen sense of humor and is especially fond of acerbic jibes directed at himself.
Cecocolic Anastomosis for the Surgical Management of Cecal Impaction in Horses

Fourteen horses with cecal impaction were treated by cecocolic anastomosis. In nine horses, the anastomosis followed enterotomy and evacuation of the cecal contents, and in two horses it followed saline infusion and massage of the cecum. In three horses, the anastomosis was the only surgical procedure performed. Cecocolic anastomosis was performed between the lateral and dorsal cecal teniae, and the lateral and medial free teniae of the right ventral colon. The anastomosis was hand sutured in five horses. In all other horses, the GIA surgical stapling instrument was used in combination with hand sutured seromuscular layer closures and became the preferred surgical technique. The anastomosis allowed an alternative route for the transit of ingesta from the cecum to the right ventral colon. Twelve of the 14 horses survived 2 months or longer after surgery (short-term survival rate, 86%) and 10 horses survived 12 months or longer after surgery (long-term survival rate, 71%). Early postoperative complications included mild abdominal pain (6 horses), wound infections (3 horses), fatal peritonitis (2 horses), and large colon distention necessitating reoperation (2 horses).
The toxicology of the three commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide (ether) flame retardants.

Three commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide flame retardants (PBDPO, PBDE) are manufactured: decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO), octabromodiphenyl oxide (OBDPO) and pentabromodiphenyl oxide (PeBDPO). The composition, production volumes, uses and toxicology of the three products differ. In 1999, DBDPO accounted for approximately 82% of the global PBDPO usage. DBDPO has been extensively tested. DBDPO was not acutely toxic, was not irritating to the skin or eye, and did not induce skin sensitization. No evidence of genotoxic effects was detected in the Ames Salmonella, chromosome aberration, mouse lymphoma, or sister chromatid exchange tests. No cytogenic changes were observed in the bone marrow of rats (parents and offspring) undergoing a one-generation reproduction test. DBDPO did not adversely affect development or reproduction in rats. DBDPO's no-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) in repeated dose studies was > or = 1000 mg/kg body weight. No, equivocal, or some evidence of carcinogenicity, dependent on genus and sex, was found in mice and rats at 2.5% and 5% of the diet administered for 2 years. DBPDO was poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract ( 99% in 72 h). In contrast, components of the PeBDPO product were well absorbed and slowly eliminated, OBDPO's effect level in a 90-day study was approximately 100 mg/kg, PeBDPO's no-effect-level (NOEL) in a 30-day study was 1 mg/kg, and OBDPO induced developmental toxicity in the rat. In aquatic species, neither DBDPO nor OBDPO were toxic to aquatic organisms or bioconcentrating. Components of the PeBDPO product bioconcentrated in fish but produced little evidence of adverse effects.
Rapid Assessment and Visualization of Normality in High-Content and Other Cell-Level Data and Its Impact on the Interpretation of Experimental Results

When investigators monitor effects on a population of cells following a perturbation, these events rarely occur in a classical normal (or Gaussian) distribution. A normal distribution is, however, explicitly assumed for events within a single well, in which mean values per well are used as an assay metric and, in general, measures of assay robustness, such as the Z’ score and the V factor. Such analysis is not possible for many technologies; however, high-content screening (HCS) measures events of individual cells, which are averaged over the well. These individual cell-level measurements may be analyzed separately. This study quantifies the extent of nonnormality in experimental samples and their effects on determining the EC50 of a test compound and the assay robustness statistics. The results, based on five sets of publicly available data, indicate that the Z’ or V-factor score can be improved by as much as 0.44 more than standard calculations, and the EC50 of a dose–response curve can be lowered by as...
Robert Frost’s Hendecasyllabics and roman rebuttals

“For Once, Then, Something” (1920) is the only poem Robert Frost ever composed in a classical meter: it is written in phalaecean hendecasyllabics. What led him to depart, in that single instance, from his declared commitment to native English meters? So far no scholar or critic has ventured to say. This paper offers an explanation, and points to a greater subtlety in Frost’s engagement with Latin poetry than is usually proposed. Frost’s poem is, among other things, a response to hostile critics. Scholars of Catullus—and Catullus was Frost’s favorite Roman author—have pointed to a link between hendecasyllabics and the poetic mode of rebuttal to one’s critics. That poets in the English tradition understood this link can be demonstrated by adducing two hendecasyllabic poems of Tennyson’s: “Hendecasyllabics” (1863), in which the poet fires back at his magazine reviewers, and “The Gentle Life” (1870), in which he attacks his leading critic. An ardent admirer of Catullus, Tennyson naturally turned to the hendecasyllabic as the appropriate vehicle for such a response. I argue that by casting his own retort in hendecasyllabics, and by emulating other stylistic features in Catullus’ hendecasyllabics, Frost places himself within this tradition.
Spatio-temporal animation of army logistics simulations, facilitating analysis of military deployments

Visualization techniques for simulations are often limited to statistical reports, graphs, and charts, but simulations can be enhanced through the use of animation. A spatio-temporal animation allows a viewer to observe a simulation operate, rather than deduce it from numerical output. The Route Viewer, developed by Argonne National Laboratory, is a two-dimensional animation model that animates the objects and events produced by a discrete event simulation. It operates in a playback mode, whereby a simulated scenario is animated after the simulation has completed. The Route Viewer is used to verify the simulation's processes and data, but it also benefits the simulation as an analytical tool by facilitating spatial and temporal analysis. By visualizing the events of a simulated scenario in two-dimensional space, it is possible to determine whether the scenario, or simulation model, is reasonable. Further, the Route Viewer provides an awareness of what happens in a scenario, when it happens, and the completeness and efficiency of the scenario and its processes. For Army deployments, it highlights utilization of resources and where bottlenecks are occurring. This paper discusses how the Route Viewer facilitates the analysis of military deployment simulation model results.
Interacting regulatory networks in the facultative photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1.

Regulation of photosynthetic membrane synthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 is dependent on the interactions of numerous regulatory elements, with two of the most important being the cbb3 terminal oxidase and the PrrBAC two-component regulatory system. Here, we reveal that the cbb3 terminal oxidase possesses extensive, additional regulatory activities under anaerobic conditions, and that the PrrBAC system is further involved in the regulation of the expression of more than 20% of the R. sphaeroides genome under anaerobic conditions, extending well beyond functions related to redox gene expression. Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a Gram−, non-sulphur purple, facultative photoheterotrophic bacterium capable of growing phototrophically or chemotrophically as either a heterotroph or lithotroph in the presence or absence of O2, depending on the energy source. This versatile lifestyle indicates its ability to seamlessly redirect its genetic potentials depending on the environmental conditions [1,2]. To accommodate these divergent lifestyles, R. sphaeroides has a number of inter-dependent regulatory mechanisms, the most important among them being the ability to delineate aerobic from anaerobic growth [3–5]. In this brief review, we will concentrate on some regulatory mechanisms found inR. sphaeroides cells undergoing a transition from aerobic to anaerobic growth, and the continuing role of these regulatory systems under anaerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions in the light or dark, R. sphaeroides is capable of developing an extensive ICM (intracellular membrane) system, which arises as a series of differentiated invaginations from the cell membrane [6]. The ICM houses the photosynthetic apparatus. Thus the response to O2 is a major regulatory demarcation not only of growth states but also of morphology and ultrastructure. Under photosynthetic conditions, R. sphaeroides responds to the incident light intensity as well as the redox state of the external source of reductant by regulating the cellular abundance of the ICM, which can vary from 10 to 40% of cellular dry weight [6]. Oxygen control of ICM development has been shown to involve the two-component regulatory system PrrBCA, involving the membrane-localized histidine kinase PrrB, the response regulator PrrA and the membrane-anchored, Cu 2+
How can we improve preventive and educational interventions for intimate relationships

Improving intimate relationships with preventive and educational interventions has proven to be more difficult than originally conceived, and earlier models and approaches may be reaching their limits. Basic concerns remain about the long-term effectiveness of these interventions, whether they are reaching and benefiting couples most likely to need them, and how they might be exerting their effects. We identify six problems that we believe are hindering progress in the field, and for each we outline research findings that point to new ways forward. These problems include (a) the incomplete understanding of couple communication and unwarranted translation of communication findings into interventions; (b) the surprising stability of relationship satisfaction; (c) the powerful roles that personal histories, personalities, and stress play in determining relationship outcomes; (d) the difficulties involved in recruiting and retaining high-risk couples in intervention programs; (e) the lack of attention given to specific stages of relationship development in interventions; and (f) the tendency to deliver preventive and educational interventions in the same format as therapies for distressed couples. We conclude by noting that a large body of basic research about intimate relationships, and large-scale outcome research with diverse populations, hold great promise for advancing the field.
Shock threat and sexual arousal: the role of selective attention, thought content, and affective states.

In an attempt to detail cognitive processes during anxiety and sexual arousal, 16 heterosexual males were presented with brief erotic audiotapes simultaneous with four levels of shock threat (no shock, half tolerance, tolerance, and twice tolerance threat). Subjects were instructed to pay close attention to the audiotapes, following which a sentence recognition task was administered to assess stimulus-focused attention. Additionally at these times, they were given a thought-listing task and completed a series of affect ratings. Tumescence and subjective arousal were monitored continuously during the erotic stimuli. Results revealed that tolerance shock threat decreased tumescence (p<.05). In contrast, recognition memory was greatest during tolerance shock threat and diminished during twice tolerance shock threat, which also produced increased reports of emotional stales. Issues regarding the relation between cognition and sexual arousal are discussed, including implications for understanding sexual dysfunction.
Interleukin-13 receptor alpha2 is a novel therapeutic target for human adrenocortical carcinoma.

Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a relatively rare but aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options. Previous genome wide expression studies have shown overexpression of Interleukin-13 receptor alpha2 (IL13Rα2) in some human malignancies.
Studies on renin. II. Continuous infusion of homologous renin at very low rates in intact or nephrectomized, conscious or anesthetized dogs.

We have devised a method of evaluation, in terms of Goldblatt units (GU), of the data obtained in various laboratories for the excretion of renin from canine and human kidneys. An average value of 1.3 x 10 -4 GU/min g -1 normal renal tissue resulted for both dog and man. A blood pressure increase of 18-45 mm Hg was induced in normal or nephrectomized, conscious or anesthetized dogs by the continuous infusion of homologous renin at even lower rates (0.25-0.50 x 10 -4 GU/min g -1 renal tissue), i.e., at 20-40% of the rate excreted by the kidney. This suggests that renin, even at its normal rate of excretion from the kidney, participates in the maintenance of normal blood pressure. The increase of blood pressure and of concentration of renin in the dog9s blood was measured at infusion rates ( C ) of 0.0042, 0.0083, 0.0167, 0.0333, and 0.0667 GU/min. At each rate, after a fixed period of infusion ( t = 60 minutes), a constant fraction (54% of the infused renin) was retained in the circulation. From this and the results of infusion experiments carried out for 30, 60, and 120 minutes, the total amount of exogenous renin, R , present in the circulation at time t can be expressed as R = C/K (1 - e -Kt ). K = 0.0232 minutes -1 and represents the fraction of exogenous and, presumably, also endogenous renin that is being eliminated from the circulation of the normal dog per minute. Thus, the time required for removal of 50% of the renin from the blood is t ½ = log e 2/ K = 30 minutes.
Photoexcitation of Si-Si surface states in nanocrystallites

Intrinsic localized radiative surface states belonging to Si-Si dimers on the surface of silicon nanocrystallites have been recently predicted. We examine the various photoexcitation pathways involved in populating these molecular states. We include both direct excitation from the ground state and indirect excitation from the photoexcited delocalized excitonic states via quantum tunneling and thermal activation. We determine the absorption and excitation spectra and the quantum efficiency of the photoluminescence as a function of the crystallite size. Our calculation gives a dramatic enhancement in the efficiency for sizes below a critical size of about 1.4 nm.
FEM Analysis of Helicopter Gondola for Live Working

In this paper, the FEM analysis of helicopter gondola for live working is analyzed with ANSYS, and based on modeling a simplified gondola model, which includes the appropriate elements selecting and the boundary conditions processing. The maximum stresses and the maximum deformations are calculated under nine kinds of load conditions, to determine which parts of the gondola are in danger, then provides references for the subsequent structure design of gondola.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of furans: Ligands selective for estrogen receptor α

A variety of nonsteroidal systems can function as ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER), in some cases showing selectivity for one of the two ER subtypes, ERα or ERβ. We have prepared a series of heterocycle-based (furans, thiophenes, and pyrroles) ligands for the estrogen receptor and assessed their behavior as ER ligands. An aldehyde enone conjugate addition approach and an enolate alkylation approach were developed to prepare the 1,4-dione systems that were precursors to the trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted systems, respectively. All of the diones were easily converted into the corresponding furans, but formation of the thiophenes and pyrroles from the more highly substituted 1,4-diones was problematical. Of the systems investigated, the tetrasubstituted furans proved to be most interesting. They were ERα binding- and potency-selective agents, with the triphenolic 3-alkyl-2,4,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)furans (15a−d) displaying generally higher subtype binding selectivity than the bisphenolic analogues...
Microfluidic microsphere-trap arrays for simultaneous detection of multiple targets

Microsphere arrays can be used to effectively detect, identify, and quantify biological targets, such as mRNAs, proteins, antibodies, and cells. In this work, we design a microfluidic microsphere-trap array device that enables simultaneous, efficient, and accurate screening of multiple targets on a single platform. Different types of targets are captured on the surfaces of microspheres of different sizes. By optimizing the geometric parameters of the traps, the trap arrays in this device can immobilize microspheres of different sizes at different regions with microfluidic hydrodynamic trapping. The targets are thus detected according to the microspheres’ positions (position-encoding), which simplifies screening and avoids errors in target identification. We validate the design using fluid dynamics finite element simulations by COMSOL Multiphysics software using microsphere of two different sizes. We also performed preliminary microspheretrapping experiments on a fabricated device using microspheres of one size. Our results demonstrate that the proposed device can achieve the position-encoding of the microspheres with few fluidic errors. This device is promising for simultaneous detection of multiple targets and become a cheap and fast disease diagnostic tool.
Real-time Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging of Lower Airway Using Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography

We investigated the feasibility of a high-speed SS-OCT system along with a miniature side-viewing catheter to dynamically assess structures of the bronchus in vivo. Excellent correlations were achieved between OCT images and the corresponding histology.
Centromeric chromatin exhibits a histone modification pattern that is distinct from both euchromatin and heterochromatin

Post-translational histone modifications regulate epigenetic switching between different chromatin states. Distinct histone modifications, such as acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation, define different functional chromatin domains, and often do so in a combinatorial fashion. The centromere is a unique chromosomal locus that mediates multiple segregation functions, including kinetochore formation, spindle-mediated movements, sister cohesion and a mitotic checkpoint. Centromeric (CEN) chromatin is embedded in heterochromatin and contains blocks of histone H3 nucleosomes interspersed with blocks of CENP-A nucleosomes, the histone H3 variant that provides a structural and functional foundation for the kinetochore. Here, we demonstrate that the spectrum of histone modifications present in human and Drosophila melanogaster CEN chromatin is distinct from that of both euchromatin and flanking heterochromatin. We speculate that this distinct modification pattern contributes to the unique domain organization and three-dimensional structure of centromeric regions, and/or to the epigenetic information that determines centromere identity.
The Plant Cell Wall: A Dynamic Barrier Against Pathogen Invasion

Prospective plant pathogens must overcome the physical barrier presented by the plant cell wall. In addition to being a preformed, passive barrier limiting access of pathogens to plant cells, the cell wall is actively remodeled and reinforced specifically at discrete sites of interaction with potentially pathogenic microbes. Active reinforcement of the cell wall through the deposition of call wall appositions, referred to as papillae, is an early response to perception of numerous categories of pathogens including fungi and bacteria. Rapid deposition of papillae is generally correlated with resistance to fungal pathogens that attempt to penetrate plant cell walls for the establishment of feeding structures. Despite the ubiquity and apparent importance of this early defense response, relatively little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular processes involved in the targeting and assembly of papillae. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of call wall-associated defenses induced by pathogen perception as well as the impact of changes in cell wall polymers on interactions with pathogens and highlights significant unanswered questions driving future research in the area.
The Role of a Private Research Foundation in a Technical Writing Program

A long-term relationship between a technical writing program and a single non-university organization can have rewards as significant as short-term relationships with several such organizations. Four specific programs of interaction now in effect at Battelle Memorial Institute and Ohio State University provide Battelle personnel ready access to information on the state-of-the-art of rhetorical theory and assure them of a large pool of well trained writers as potential employees. The technical writing faculty gains confidence and a better understanding of the tasks typically performed by technical writers over long periods of time. Description of these particular programs of interaction suggests ways to foster similar programs elsewhere, even in the absence of nearby research foundations.
Vancomycin and insulin used as models for oral delivery of peptides

Abstract Targeted administration of vancomycin HCl and porcine insulin to different sections of the gastrointestinal tract of rats indicated that the lower small intestine (ileum) and the colon were more favorable sites for peptide absorption. Intact absorption of vancomycin without absorption enhancement or enzyme inhibition at an absolute bioavailability of 5% was observed. Insulin is not absorbed in the lower gastrointestinal tract without absorption enhancer or enzyme inhibition coadministration. However, appreciable absorption of insulin was observed by decreased glucose levels and increased plasma insulin levels following administration to the colon of nondiabetic rats with 1% sodium glycocholate (SGC) and 1% disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) or aprotinin. A significant increase in absorption was observed following rectal administration of the same formulation. Formulation development was undertaken to target release utilizing Eudragit® S100 enteric coating and decrease gastrointestinal transit time comparing two bioadhesive polymers (chitosan and Carbopol® 934). Salicylate microspheres incorporated in enteric and nonenteric formulations with chitosan or Carbomer (Carbopol® 934) were tested for sustained delivery in the lower gastrointestinal tract using rat and dog animal models. Optimized formulations were designed for porcine insulin which were then tested in the nondiabetic dog model for bioavailability and pharmacological response. Microspheres of triglyceride mixtures and low-melting fat composition were prepared using a spinning disk method and subsequently incorporated in two-part gelatin capsules containing Carbopol® 934 or incorporated in chitosan film prior to placement in two-part gelatin capsules. Improved bioavailability for the enteric coated oral insulin formulation was observed in the dog model with prolonged decrease in plasma glucose.
Laparoscopic Management of Neonatal Ovarian Cysts

A laparoscopic approach was used in four infants with antenatally diagnosed ovarian cysts requiring surgical intervention. Operating time ranged from 60 to 90 minutes, there were no intraoperative or postoperative complications, and all infants were discharged within 23 hours after surgery. If performed by experienced practitioners, microendoscopy is an alternative to laparotomy in neonates requiring surgical intervention for ovarian cysts.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF GROUND WATER PUMPAGE ON LOW-FLOW HYDROLOGY

: Ground-water pumpage withdrew 57 cubic feet per second from aquifers beneath the Yahara River Basin in 1970. Forty-six cubic feet per second were exported by the diversion of treated wastewater from the drainage basin. The low-flow hydrology of the upper Yahara River has been impacted by this diversion. Prior to 1959, the wastewater was discharged into the river, augmenting the baseflow during low-flow periods. As much as 85% of streamflow was due to effluent discharge. In 1959 the wastewater was transferred from the river basin. The result was a decrease of about one-third in mean annual streamflow, and a decrease of more than 50% in the 7Q2 and 7Q10. Regression analysis showed the annual 7-day low-flow and 60-day low-flow have a statistically significant correlation with mean annual flow. Using predictions of future mean annual discharge of the river with increasing interbasin transfers, it is shown that by 1990 there is a significant probability that in some years the 60-day low-flow in the river will be zero.
Effect of Large Temperature Gradients on Convective Heat Transfer: The Downstream Region

Large temperature gradient effect on convective heat transfer in turbulent downstream region of heated tube
Relationship Satisfaction, Sexual Satisfaction, and Sexual Problems in Sexsomnia

ABSTRACT Relationship and sexual satisfaction, sexual functioning, and sexual desire were examined in an Internet sample of 32 individuals reporting engagement of sexual behavior during sleep (i.e., sexsomnia). Individuals with sexsomnia reported lower levels of sexual satisfaction, lower levels of relationship satisfaction, and similar levels of sexual desire compared with controls. More frequent incidence of sexsomnia resulted in lower sexual satisfaction; however, frequency was not found to impact relationship satisfaction or level of sexual desire. Individuals with sexsomnia reported high instances of sexual problems with 81% reporting at least one problem.
The Case of a Broken Plank

A construction worker was seriously injured after falling from a roof to a concrete floor. He was working on a plank while placing insulation material when the accident occurred. The plank broke into three pieces. Visual observation of the plank indicated a relatively new plank. Further investigation of the plank revealed a grade of structural plank no. 2. A common practice is for a construction worker to use scaffold grade plank, which has twice the capacity of a structural grade plank. This represents the most probable procedural cause of the plank's failure. The most probable enabling cause (internal cause) of the failure is a local split at the midspan, whereas the most probable triggering cause (external cause) is the impact loads produced by the weight of the worker and the insulation material he carried while walking on the plank. The study also concluded a failure mechanism that was initiated by a longitudinal split at the midspan of the plank. The split weakened the plank and led to a transverse ...
Simulation of Two Dimensional Electrophoresis and Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Teaching Proteomics.

In proteomics, complex mixtures of proteins are separated (usually by chromatography or electrophoresis) and identified by mass spectrometry. We have created 2DE Tandem MS, a computer program designed for use in the biochemistry, proteomics, or bioinformatics classroom. It contains two simulations-2D electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. The two simulations are integrated together and are designed to teach the concept of proteome analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. 2DE-Tandem MS can be used as a freestanding simulation, or in conjunction with a wet lab, to introduce proteomics in the undergraduate classroom. 2DE Tandem MS is a free program available on Sourceforge at https://sourceforge.net/projects/jbf/. It was developed using Java Swing and functions in Mac OSX, Windows, and Linux, ensuring that every student sees a consistent and informative graphical user interface no matter the computer platform they choose. Java must be installed on the host computer to run 2DE Tandem MS. Example classroom exercises are provided in the Supporting Information.
Applications of Doppler radar to aviation operations - JAWS experiences

The field phase of the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) Project was conducted in the vicinity of Denver's Stapleton International Airport from 15 May to 13 August 1982. The primary collection systems were three Doppler radars, a 27-station, closely spaced (4 km) network of surface stations, and five research aircraft. The program was specifically planned to observe wind shear phenomena with high time and space resolution that would be dangerous to aircraft operations. The program was successful in observing a large number of such events. Preliminary conclusions are presented on the effectiveness of several wind shear detection systems to warn of wind shear events critical to aviation safety.
Abstract 5457: Contexts of vulnerability mediating TMZ response in metastatic melanoma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Metastatic malignant melanoma is an incurable disease with average 5-year survival rates for patients with disseminated disease ranging from 5-18%. Despite the recent development of promising targeted and immunological approaches for treatment of melanoma patients, there remains an urgent need to improve the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapeutics such as TMZ treatment for those patients ineligible or unresponsive to these approaches. We hypothesized that genetic alterations or contexts of vulnerability (COVs) exist in melanoma cells that mediate sensitivity to TMZ, and thus developed RNA-interference-based (RNAi) TMZ chemosensitization assays in melanoma cell lines in order to better understand how to pharmacologically augment TMZ response. First, we extensively developed RNAi sensitization assay in 17 melanoma cell lines followed by screening siRNA kinome library in these cell lines. This screening result, combined with our previous melanoma genomic data (gene expression, aCGH, SNP, and gene mutations), would prioritize the critical essential genes in melanoma. In addition, we profiled 17 melanoma cell lines for TMZ sensitivity and subsequently optimized RNAi screening parameters for detection of TMZ sensitization in one sensitive (UACC903) and four resistant (UACC647, UACC1308, UACC91 and UACC1940) cell lines. We then performed high-throughput RNAi screens with a 7,000 gene siRNA library targeting the druggable genome in these five cell lines. The data from the screens were rigorously evaluated and top TMZ-sensitizing hits were identified and confirmed. Based on these data, we prioritized the ATR/ATM/Chk1 pathway for further evaluation. We tested two Chk1 inhibitors for synergistic effects when combined with TMZ. Notably, both Chk1 inhibitors demonstrated good synergistic effects in the TMZ-resistant cell lines, with moderate/marginal effects in the sensitive line UACC903. These data are consistent with previous reports that inhibition of Chk1 can sensitize TMZ-induced cytotoxicity in glioma cells, and suggest that targeting this pathway in melanoma may augment TMZ response in melanoma. We are presently following up these results across a larger panel of melanoma cell lines, as well as evaluating pharmacological inhibitors of additional TMZ-sensitizing siRNA hits and pathways with the hope that these results may serve as a starting point for the development of novel combination therapies for melanoma patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5457. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5457
Bcl-xL inhibits T-cell apoptosis induced by expression of SARS coronavirus E protein in the absence of growth factors

One of the hallmark findings in patients suffering from SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is lymphopenia, which is the result of massive lymphocyte death. SARS-CoV (SARS coronavirus), a novel coronavirus that has been etiologically associated with SARS cases, is homologous with MHV (murine hepatitis coronavirus), and MHV small envelope E protein is capable of inducing apoptosis. We hypothesized that SARS-CoV encodes a small envelope E protein that is homologous with MHV E protein, thus inducing T-cell apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, a cDNA encoding SARS-CoV E protein was created using whole gene synthesis. Our results showed that SARS-CoV E protein induced apoptosis in the transfected Jurkat T-cells, which was amplified to higher apoptosis rates in the absence of growth factors. However, apoptosis was inhibited by overexpressed antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Moreover, we found that SARS-CoV E protein interacted with Bcl-xL in vitro and endogenous Bcl-xL in vivo and that Bcl-xL interaction with SARS-CoV E protein was mediated by BH3 (Bcl-2 homology domain 3) of Bcl-xL. Finally, we identified a novel BH3-like region located in the C-terminal cytosolic domain of SARS-CoV E protein, which mediates its binding to Bcl-xL. These results demonstrate, for the first time, a novel molecular mechanism of T-cell apoptosis that contributes to the SARS-CoV-induced lymphopenia observed in most SARS patients.
Impact of capsule endoscopy findings on patient outcomes

There is limited data on the impact of capsule endoscopy (CE) findings on patient outcomes. The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of CE findings on further diagnostic work-up, treatment, and symptom resolution. A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent CE at a single tertiary care center over a 3-year period was performed. CE findings were classified as positive, suspicious, or negative. Therapeutic interventions were medical, endoscopic, surgical, other, or none. Symptoms were considered resolved when the patient had cessation of symptoms for at least 6 months post-CE. A total of 193 patients were studied. The overall diagnostic yield of CE was 37%. There were 97 (50%) patients who had further diagnostic testing following CE; (40 with positive, 22 with suspicious, 35 with negative CE findings). There were 76% patients who received treatment post-CE (59% with positive, 43% with suspicious, 49% with negative CE findings). Overall symptom resolution was seen in 71% of patients (59% with positive, 68% with suspicious, 70% with negative CE findings). There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic work-up, treatment, and symptom resolution between patients with positive, suspicious, and negative findings. Patients with obscure overt GI bleeding were less likely to have further diagnostic work-up (P = 0.001), and had the highest rate of symptom resolution as compared to other indications (P < 0.001). There is no significant difference in outcomes amongst patients with positive, suspicious, and negative CE findings. Patients with obscure overt GI bleeding had more favorable outcomes as compared to other indications.
Translating Fit and Strong!: Lessons learned and next steps

Fit and Strong! began in 1998. It grew out of the Hughes doctoral dissertation many years ago that examined the impact of a model long-term home care program for older adults. We learned at that time (1981) that arthritis was the most common chronic condition reported by homebound clients and the condition that was most frequently cited by them as interfering greatly with their function. To learn more about this story, we obtained funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to conduct a prospective, longitudinal study in Chicago of 600 seniors who were unselected for presence of arthritis at baseline. We found again that arthritis was the most common condition reported and the number one cause of disability (1). We also measured participant joint impairment and conducted an analysis to try to determine which joints were causing the problem. Analyses clearly indicated that osteoarthritis (OA) in the lower extremity joints was the culprit, a scenario that makes sense when considering that people use these large weight bearing joints to perform most activities of daily living such as transferring, climbing stairs, and toileting (2).
Doses of epinephrine causing arrhythmia during enflurane, methoxyflurane and halothane anaesthesia in dogs.

The arrhythmogenic dosage of epinephrine, administered by constant intravenous infusion, was measured in five dogs during enflurane, methoxyflurane and halothane anaesthesia. While premature ventricular contractions were observed in only one of five dogs with enflurane and methoxyflurane, epinephrine-induced arrhythmias were seen in all animals during halothane anaesthesia. Epinephrine dosage and the resultant increase in mean arterial blood pressure at which arrhythmias occurred during halothane anaesthesia were significantly less (p < 0.05) than with the other anaesthetics. These observations indicate that enflurane and methoxyflurane, as compared to halothane, possess relatively less arrhythmogenic potential as sensitizing agents in the presence of increased circulating catecholamines.
Transport of lysine from cerebrospinal fluid of the cat.

—The clearance from cerebrospinal fluid of l-[14C]lysine and l-[3H]arginine was measured during ventriculo-cisternal perfusions of anaesthetized cats. Increasing in the perfusate the concentration of unlabelled l-lysine produced a gradual reduction in clearance of the labelled amino acids without altering the uptake of l-[14C]lysine by the choroid plexus. Net transport of l-lysine out of cerebrospinal fluid occurred by saturable and non-saturable components. The saturable component satisfied Michaelis-Menton kinetics, while the behaviour of the non-saturable component was consistent with diffusion. A Vmax of 0·017 μmol/min and an affinity constant (kt) of 0·83 mm were estimated. The clearance of l-lysine was unaffected by the addition to the perfusate of high concentrations of selected neutral amino acids, but was stimulated by the presence of l-cystine. Conversely, a high concentration of l-lysine did not affect the clearance of glycine or cycloleucine. The dibasic amino acids appear to be removed from cerebrospinal fluid by a relatively specific, mediated transport system which may serve to regulate their concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid.
COMMENT: ON THE CONCEPT OF SNOWBALL SAMPLING

COMMENT: ON THE CONCEPT OF SNOWBALL SAMPLING Mark S. Handcock* Krista J. Gile † The need for notes by Goodman (2011) and Heckathorn (2011) re- flects a phenomenon in the sociology of science: that multidisciplinary fields tend to produce a plethora of inconsistent terminology. Often the meaning of a term evolves over time, or different terms are used for the same concept. More confusing is the use of the same term for different concepts. As the two notes point out, the term “snowball sampling” suffers from this treatment. The term “snowball sampling” has likely been in informal use for a long time, but it certainly predates Coleman (1958) and Trow (1957). The earliest systematic work dates to the 1940s from the Columbia Bureau of Applied Social Research, led by Paul Lazarsfeld. The bu- reau became interested in the empirical study of personal influence via media (Barton 2001). This led to the consideration of interpersonal en- vironments and to the identification of opinion leaders and followers. However, standard sampling of individuals was regarded as ineffective in studying the relations between opinion leaders and followers as pairs related in this way were seldom both selected in the sample (Lazarsfeld et al. 1944:49–50). To address this, Robert Merton asked individuals in an initial diverse sample to name the people who influenced them. From these, a second wave of influential people were interviewed as a *University of California, Los Angeles University of Massachusetts, Amherst
A Rare Vulvar Manifestation of Neurofibromatosis 1 in a Teen

Neurofibromatosis 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder with cutaneous findings that include multiple cafe-au-lait spots, axillary/inguinal freckling, dermal, and plexiform neurofibromas. Skin manifestations, including involvement of the vulva, are often the most troubling physical finding to patients. Hormonal and growth factor changes during puberty have been implicated in neurofibroma growth. In the case presented here, an exceedingly rare isolated vulvar neurofibroma without clitoral involvement became enlarged and symptomatic, requiring excisional surgery after puberty. The diffuse involvement of these tumors makes complete resection very difficult and recurrence is common.
Beam dynamics of multi-tank DTL and CCL designs

The results of a study of the effect on longitudinal and transverse emittance growth of tanking and non-accelerating cells are presented. The major portion of the study involved numerical simulations using the multiparticle design codes: PARMILA and PARMCCL. Scaling regions obtained from the simulations are presented. Examples are provided showing the performance characteristics and limitations that may be expected from various designs. >
From Discovery to Use: Traversing the World of Commercializing Biocontrol Agents for Plant Disease Control

Microorganisms play an enormously important role in plant disease control. As naturally occurring resident antagonists, they can be managed or exploited to achieve the desired results. They are responsible for the “crop rotation effect,” which is possibly still the single most important disease management tool used worldwide. Simply not growing the same crop in the same field more than every second or third year allows time for the resident antagonists to lower the inoculum potential of root- and many foliar-infecting pathogens of that crop below some economic threshold before that crop is again grown in that field. With the possible exception of hyperparasites of sclerotia