cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Referral of breast cancer patients to medical oncologists after initial surgical management.

Background. Decisions to refer patients to other physicians for care or consultation are an important component of the provision of appropriate care for cancer patients. However, little is known about the referral process between specialists. Objectives. To examine the referral patterns of specialists to specialists and to understand why only some breast cancer patients receive a consultation with a medical oncologist. Research Design. This study was conducted in a large metropolitan region from 1993 to 1995 using a 2-staged population-based sampling strategy. One hundred seven physicians discussed 244 patient cases and their own knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward treatment and referral. Results. Of the 244 patients, 87.7% were referred to an oncologist, and 10.2% were actually prescribed tamoxifen by their surgeons before they saw the oncologist. Surgeons who were less involved in making decisions about the type of adjuvant therapy the patients were to receive and who preferred the use of chemotherapy were significantly more likely to refer patients to oncologists. Patients who were older, unemployed, node negative, and had a better prognosis or preferred not to see an oncologist were significantly less likely to be referred. These 7 factors explained a total of 55% of the variation in surgeons' decisions to refer patients to an oncologist. Conclusions. Extramedical factors, such as surgeon and patient preferences and communication factors, play a strong role in the referral process. In this sample, most patients were referred to an oncologist. However, older, unemployed patients and patients whose medical features indicated a better long-term prognosis were most likely to be among the nonreferred group.
The respiratory chain of plant mitochondria. XV. Equilibration of cytochromes c549, b553, b557 and ubiquinone in mung bean mitochondria: Placement of cytochrome b557 and estimation of the midpoint potential of ubiquinone

Abstract 1. 1. Cycles of oxidation followed by reduction at pH 7.2 have been induced in uncoupled anaerobic mung bean mitochondria treated with succinate and malonate by addition of oxygen-saturated medium. Under the conditions used, cytochromes b 557 , b 553 , c 549 (corresponding to c 1 in mammalian mitochondria) and ubiquinone are completely oxidized in the aerobic state, but become completely reduced in anaerobiosis. 2. 2. The time course of the transition from fully oxidized to fully reduced in anaerobiosis was measured for cytochromes c 549 , b 557 , and b 553 . The intramitochondrial redox potential (IMP h ) was calculated as a function of time for each of the three cytochromes from the time course of the oxidized-to-reduced transition and the known midpoint potentials of the cytochromes at pH 7.2. The three curves so obtained are superimposable, showing that the three cytochromes are in redox equilibrium under these conditions during the oxidized-to-reduced transition. 3. 3. This result shows that the slow reduction of cytochrome b 557 under these conditions, heretofore considered anomalous, is merely a consequence of its more negative midpoint potential of +42 mV at pH 7.2, compared to +75 mV for cytochrome b 553 and +235 mV for cytochrome c 549 . Cytochrome b 557 is placed on the low potential side of coupling site II and transfers electrons to cytochrome c 549 via the coupling site. 4. 4. The time course of the transition from fully oxidized to fully reduced was also measured for ubiquinone. Using the change in intramitochondrial potential IMP h with time obtained from the three cytochromes, the change in redox state of ubiquinone with IMP h was calculated. When replotted as IMP h versus the logarithm of the ratio (fraction oxidized)/(fraction reduced), two redox components with n = 2 were found. The major component is ubiquinone with a midpoint potential E m7.2 = + 70 mV. The minor component has a midpoint potential E m7.2 = − 12 mV; its nature is unknown.
Tourism and Terrorism: A Quantitative Analysis of Major Terrorist Acts and Their Impact on Tourism Destinations:

Since before the end of the Cold War, terrorism acts have had major effects on tourism destinations. As a result, the ‘shadowy, mobile, and unpredictable’ forces of terrorism are becoming an unfortunate part of the travel and tourism landscape. Few can forget the explosion that killed three in Paris in 1986, the home-made pipe bomb in Tel Aviv in 1990, the November 1997 massacre of 58 tourists at Luxor's Temple of Hatshepsut in Egypt, and the Kenyan and Tanzanian US Embassy truck bombings killing 263 in August 1998. This paper provides a quantitative analysis of major terrorism events around the world during 1985–98, classified by date, location, victims, weapons used, severity of damage, motive, effect on tourism demand, and length of effect. The analysis is followed by a summary and conclusions about the magnitude of the impact of these events on host destinations and the tourism industry worldwide.
Teachers' Ratings of Disruptive Behaviors: The Influence of Halo Effects

This study evaluated the accuracy of teachers' ratings and examined whether these ratings are influenced by halo effects. One hundred thirtynine elementary school teachers viewed videotapes of what they believed were children in regular fourth-grade classrooms. In fact, the children were actors who followed prepared scripts that depicted a child engaging in behaviors characteristic of an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), an oppositional defiant disorder or a normal youngster. The findings provide support for a bias that was unidirectional in nature. Specifically, teachers rated hyperactive behaviors accurately when the child behaved like an ADHD youngster. However, ratings of hyperactivity and of ADHD symptomatic behaviors were spuriously inflated when behaviors associated with oppositional defiant disorder occurred. In contrast, teachers rated oppositional and conduct problem behaviors accurately, regardless of the presence of hyperactive behaviors. The implications of these findings regarding diagnostic practices and rating scale formats are discussed.
Higher-order corrections to electron-scattering multipoles

A procedure is suggested for calculating electroexcitation multipoles to order 1/${M}_{N}$${}^{2}$ with only the operators required in the calculations to order 1/${M}_{N}$. It is also shown that calculations to order 1/${M}_{N}$${}^{2}$ cannot account for the contributions of a fully relativistic calculation of the transverse response.
Optical spectroscopy of jet-cooled MoO

Abstract Resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy has been used to investigate the optical spectra of jet-cooled MoO. By coupling the technique to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, spectra of 92 Mo 16 O, 94 Mo 16 O, 95 Mo 16 O, 96 Mo 16 O, 97 Mo 16 O, 98 Mo 16 O, and 100 Mo 16 O have been separately recorded. The observed spectra establish the ground state of MoO as 5 Π r , deriving from the 2 δ 2 12 σ 1 6 π 1 molecular configuration. Transitions from this ground state to the excited 1 δ 1 12 σ 1 6 π 2 , A ′ 5 Δ r ; 2 δ 2 6 π 1 13 σ 1 , B 5 Π r ; and 2 δ 1 12 σ 1 6 π 1 13 π 1 , B ′ 5 Π r states have been located, rotationally resolved, and analyzed. Numerous other weak transitions have been observed in the visible, many of which must be due to S = 1 ← X 5 Π r intercombinations. Several strong transitions are observed in the near infrared where the 2 δ 2 12 σ 1 13 σ 1 , 5 Σ − ← X 5 Π and 2 δ 2 6 π 2 , A 5 Σ + ← X 5 Π band systems are expected. The general electronic structure of MoO is shown to be quite analogous to that of its congener, CrO, and the pattern of molecular orbital energies is also quite comparable to that found for NbO.
Development of a 5-cm Flight-Qualified Mercury Ion Thruster

5 "Space Shuttle Phase B System Study Final Report, Part II, Technical Summary," Rept. MDC E0308, June 1971, McDonnell Douglas Corp., St. Louis, Mo. 6 Orton, G. F. and Schweickert, T. F., "Space Shuttle Auxiliary Propulsion System Design Study—Phase A, Requirements Definition," Rept. MDC E0603, Feb. 1972, McDonnell Douglas Corp., St, Louis, Mo. 7 Herr, P. N., private communication, April 1973, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. 8 Kelly, P. J., "Space Shuttle Auxiliary Propulsion System Design Study—Program Plan," Rept. MDC E0436, July 1971 (Revised Dec. 1971), McDonnell Douglas Corp., St. Louis, Mo. 9 Anglim, D. D., Bruns, A. E., Perryman, D. C., and Wieland D. L., "Space Shuttle Auxiliary Propulsion System Design Study— Phase C and E Report, Storable Propellants RCS/OMS/APU Integration Study," Rept. MDC E0708, Dec. 1972, McDonnell Douglas Corp., St. Louis Mo.
Comparative study of polar and Cartesian co-ordinate algorithms for power-system state-estimation problems

The paper presents a detailed study of the convergence characteristics and an assessment of the performance of three algorithms used to solve the power-system state estimation problem. These algorithms are the polar co-ordinate formulations of the full and fast-decoupled weighted least squares (WLS) and the Cartesian co-ordinate WLS. These algorithms are studied and compared to determine their convergence patterns on several measurement sets consisting of line flows, busbar injections, voltage magnitudes and the network ill-conditioning. The algorithms were tested on different IEEE test systems. Results are presented to illustrate the convergence performance.
Variegated transfer of recombinant glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CD4 among cultured cells: Correlation of flow cytometric and microscopic observations

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-proteins) expressed on the outer leaflet of cell membranes are involved in diverse physiologic as well as pathologic processes in humans. Previously, we demonstrated the intercellular transfer of overexpressed CD4-GPI in vitro from transduced HeLa cells to their parental cell line. In this report we present further information on the transfer process and the nature of the transferred GPI-proteins. In mixed-cell populations, the transfer of CD4-GPI was detectable within minutes at levels proportional to the ratio of donor and recipient cells. The amount of CD4-GPI detected with flow cytometry on the surface of the recipient cells varied according to cell type. Microscopy of mixed cell populations revealed discrete CD4-GPI containing aggregates on the target cells, whereas colocalized transfer of cytoplasm was not detected. Separation of cocultivated cells by semipermeable membranes largely prevented CD4-GPI transfer, but aggregates containing CD4-GPI were demonstrated by electron microscopy in supernatants passed through filters of 0.4-mm pore size.
Excitation of non-spherical waves in solar atmosphere in the presence of toroidal magnetic field

It has been shown that non-spherical waves could be excited in rotating stellar convective envelopes. In this paper, the manner of excitation of such waves is examined in the presence of toroidal magnetic field. The result shows that one of these waves might be considered to induce the formation of the observed magnetic unipolar regions of the sun.
"Nocifensor" System Re-Revisited.Focus on "Two Types of C Nociceptor in Human Skin and Their Behavior in Areas of Capaicin-Induced Secondary Hyperalgesia"

The report “Two Types of C Nociceptor in Human Skin and Their Behavior in Areas of Capsaicin-Induced Secondary Hyperalgesia” by Serra et al. (this issue, p. 2770–2781) documents, for the first time, the activation and sensitization of a special class of unmyelinated sensory primary afferent
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a new treatment paradigm for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Radical cystectomy provides optimal local control of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Radical surgery alone, however, is often insufficient for cure. In fact, survival has not improved much since 1962, when Whitmore and Marshall first introduced modern radical cystectomy [1]. Even in the best of hands, up to one-third of patients with organconfined tumors (pT2) and another 40–50% with extravesical (pT3-4) tumors will eventually succumb to their disease, owing to unsuspected metastases at the time of surgery [2]. The current disease-related mortality rate after radical cystectomy alone is simply too high and is a sobering fact that argues for integrating the best local treatment (cystectomy) with effective systemic treatment (chemotherapy) in a combined modality strategy. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens are effective against metastatic bladder cancer, and they have been combined successfully with radical surgery to improve survival in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer. The question is whether it is best to give chemotherapy before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) cystectomy. In this issue of European Urology, Calabro and Sternberg review the arguments for and against neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy [3]. The authors favor chemotherapy given before surgery but stop short of recommending it as a standard of care. I argue, based on the evidence, that neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy and a complete pelvic lymph
Deactivation of He 23S by thermal electrons

Abstract The rate coefficient for deactivation of the metastable 2 3 S state of He by impact of thermal electrons is deduced from recent calculations of inelastic electron-He cross sections. The deactivation rate is found to be nearly constant with temperature. Computed values range between 2.82 and 3.03 (10 −9 cm 3 /sec) for T between 0 and 2000°K. De-excitation cross sections are given for low-energy incident electrons.
Discriminating influences among instructions in a dynamic slice

Dynamic slicing is an analysis that operates on program execution models (e.g., dynamic dependence graphs) to support the interpreation of program-execution traces. Given an execution event of interest (i.e., the slicing criterion), it solves for all instruction-execution events that either affect or are affected by that slicing criterion, and thereby reduces the search space to find influences within execution traces. Unfortunately, the resulting dynamic slices are still often prohibitively large for many uses. Despite this reduction search space, the dynamic slices are often still prohibitively large for many uses, and moreover, are provided without guidance of which and to what degree those influences are exerted. In this work, we present a novel approach to quantify the relevance of each instruction-execution event within a dynamic slice by its degree of relative influence on the slicing criterion. As such, we augment the dynamic slice with dynamic-relevance measures for each event in the slice, which can be used to guide and prioritize inspection of the events in the slice. We conducted an experiment that evaluates the ability of existing dynamic slicing and our approach, using dynamic relevance, to correctly identify sources of execution influence and state propagation. The results of the experiment show that inspections that were guided by traditional dynamic slicing to find the root cause for a failure reduced the search space by, on average, 61.3%. Further, inspections guided with the assistance of the new dynamic relevance reduced the search space by 96.2%.
The Arabs in Israel

Representative national surveys of Arab and Jewish populations and leaderships in Israel within the pre-1967 borders conducted in 1980 make it possible for the first time to examine in detail Arab-...
Liquid/catalyst interactions in slurry reactors: changes in tetrahydroquinoline composition during methanol synthesis over zinc chromite

Abstract The excellent thermal stability of tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) under reducing conditions [1] has led to its use as a slurry liquid for several catalytic reactions: the synthesis of methanol over “zinc chromite” catalyst [2] , the synthesis of higher alcohols over promoted “zinc chromite” [3] , and the dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde over various copper-containing catalysts [4] , [5] . However, the rate and selectivity of alcohol synthesis over zinc chromite catalyst was much different with THQ as the slurry liquid than with several similar compounds. It also was found that THQ was alkylated during both alcohol synthesis and methanol dehydrogenation. To understand the behavior of THQ-derived slurry liquids, various analyses were carried out on a sample of this liquid that was obtained after 240 h of continuous operation under methanol synthesis conditions. Silica gel liquid chromatography (LC) and high performance LC (HPLC) were used to fractionate the “spent” slurry liquid, while gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were applied to identify the major compounds. Methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyl-THQ comprised more than 80% of the “spent” slurry liquid. The balance primarily was various methylated indoles. A methyl group always was attached to the N atom in the ring structure. There was no evidence of further alkylation of methyl groups. These results appear to eliminate the possibility that the observed differences between THQ and similar hydrocarbon slurry liquids result from the nucleophilicity of secondary amines in the liquid. They also suggest that alkylation of THQ will eventually stop as the ring positions in THQ become saturated. A mechanism for the alkylation of THQ is proposed.
Sensorimotor mapping and oropharyngeal reflexes in goldfish, Carassius auratus.

The vagal lobe of goldfish and some carps is a laminated, specialized lobe of the midmedulla containing both primary sensory terminals and primary motor neurons. Both the sensory and motor components
TREATMENT OF CHILDREN'S FEARS: A STRATEGIC UTILIZATION APPROACH

The Sufi teaching story of the Watermelon Hunter perhaps teaches us much of what we need to know about Milton Erickson's strategic utilization approach to therapy: Once upon a time there was a man who strayed from his own country into the Land of Fools. He saw a number of people running in fear from a field where they had been trying to harvest wheat. They reported to this man that there was a monster in the field. Upon closer observation, the traveler saw that it was only a watermelon. The traveler offered to kill this monster for them, and he cut the watermelon from the stalk and ate it. The people then became more afraid of him than of the monster and drove him away from their village. It happened later that another man wandered into the Land of Fools, and the same thing began to take place. This man agreed, however, that it was a monster and led them tiptoeing away from it. He spent a long time with them and lived with them in their houses until he could slowly teach them the facts that would help them to loose their terror of melons. Eventually, they even grew melons for their own pleasure. (Shah, 1970)
Particulate organic carbon flux in the subarctic Pacific

Abstract Particulate organic carbon flux was observed at 51°N, 145°W with a moored sediment trap array. Carbon leaving the euphotic zone was equivalent to 7% of the measured daily primary production. The flux decreased non-linearly with depth, and the carbon reaching the sea floor was equivalent to 3.7% of the daily primary production. Only 0.04% of the primary production is incorporated into the sediments. Presumably the difference, approximately 99% of the organic carbon arriving on the sea floor, is consumed.
Small-Scale Variability of Hail and its Significance for Hail Prevention Experiments

Abstract Studies of small-scale variability of hailfall parameters are being pursued using fine-scale networks of passive hail sensors of various designs. These studies have revealed the great variability which exists in objective hail parameters over very short distances. The objective of the fine-scale measurements is to eventually produce a statistical hailstreak model with which to assess the uncertainty produced by making areal hail estimates with coarse networks as part of hail prevention experiments. An example of such an assessment for a single hailstreak crop-loss pattern illustrates the problem and demonstrates that, for the particular damage pattern used, a square grid with 1 mi spacing would estimate the areal damage within 25% accuracy 80% of the time.
Intracerebroventricular pentagastrin fails to affect feeding and acid secretion in the rat

Abstract The recent finding of immunoreactive gastrin in the pituitary and hypothalamus of the pig, cow and rat suggests that this peptide may have a physiologic function in the central nervous system. Because gastrin is an important regulator of gastric acid secretion, and may also affect food intake, we tested the hypothesis that direct intracerebroventricular injection of pentagastrin may also affect these variables. The results fail to support the hypothesis.
Corynebacterium JK: A Cause of Nosocomial Device-Related Infection

Ten cases of serious infection due to antibiotic-resistant Corynebacterium JK are reported. Five infections occurred in patients with hematologic malignancy and granulocytopenia, an association previously reported. Five additional nosocomial infections occurred in patients without underlying disease previously reported to be associated with JK. Nine of the 10 infections were nosocomial in origin and were associated with plastic devices that had been inserted into the patients. JK organisms were isolated from a variety of sources from an additional 40 uninfected patients. Although the majority of clinical isolates of Corynebacterium JK were contaminants, our experience suggests that as many as 20% of isolations are associated with serious nosocomial infections. Isolation of Corynebacterium JK--particularly in blood cultures--from patients with indwelling catheters or other devices is highly suggestive of the presence of a serious nosocomial infection.
Vibrational mode effects, scattering dynamics, and energy disposal in reaction of C2H+2 with methane

The effects of collision energy and mode‐selective vibrational excitation on the reaction of C2H+2 with CH4 and CD4 have been measured, along with the corresponding product velocity distributions. Two distinct reaction mechanisms are active in the energy range below 5 eV. At low energies, a long‐lived C3H+6 complex forms efficiently, then decomposes primarily to C3H+5+H and C3H+4+H2. The RRKM lifetime of this complex is estimated to range between ∼10 ns and ∼10 ps over the experimental energy range, and this is sufficient time to allow substantial H‐atom scrambling. Complex formation is strongly inhibited by collision energy, weakly inhibited by CC stretching, and enhanced by bending excitation. Competing with the complex‐mediated mechanism is a direct H‐atom abstraction reaction, producing C2H+3+CH3 with little atom scrambling. This reaction is shown to have a ∼150 meV activation barrier and is strongly enhanced by collision energy, becoming the dominant channel above 0.4 eV. CC stretching provides a wea...
Dynamic power allocation in server farms: A Real Time Optimization approach

This paper concerns the power minimization problem in server farms. The power minimization problem over dynamic power allocation schemes is formally defined and formulated as an optimization problem. It is shown that finding the optimal solution for this optimization problem is not feasible. Inspired by control theory, a well-established method to optimize a cost function over the constraints imposed by the evolution of a dynamical system, called Real-Time Optimization (RTO), is invoked to find a sub-optimal solution for the power minimization problem. The obtained algorithm is simulated and compared with the state-of-the-art optimal static power allocation solution. A considerable improvement in energy consumption is attained for the same quality of service (QoS) level, when dynamic power allocation is used.
Evolution of the MOS transistor-from conception to VLSI

Historical developments of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) during the last 60 years are reviewed, from the 1928 patent disclosures of the field-effect conductivity modulation concept and the semiconductor triode structures proposed by Lilienfeld to the 1947 Shockley-originated efforts which led to the laboratory demonstration of the modern silicon. MOSFET in 1960. A survey is then made of the milestones of the past 30 years leading to the latest submicron silicon logic CMOS (complementary MOS) and BICMOS (bipolar-junction transistor CMOS combined) arrays and the three-dimensional and ferroelectric extensions of Dennard's one-transistor dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell. The status of the submicron lithographic technologies is summarized. Future trends of memory cell density and logic gate speed are projected. Comparisons of the switching speed of the silicon MOSFET with that of silicon bipolar and GaAs field-effect transistors are reviewed. The use of high-temperature superconducting wires and GaAs-on-Si monolithic semiconductor optical clocks to break the interconnect-wiring delay barrier is discussed. >
Semiautomated skeletonization of the pulmonary arterial tree in micro-CT images

We present a simple and robust approach that utilizes planar images at different angular rotations combined with unfiltered back-projection to locate the central axes of the pulmonary arterial tree. Three-dimensional points are selected interactively by the user. The computer calculates a sub- volume unfiltered back-projection orthogonal to the vector connecting the two points and centered on the first point. Because more x-rays are absorbed at the thickest portion of the vessel, in the unfiltered back-projection, the darkest pixel is assumed to be the center of the vessel. The computer replaces this point with the newly computer-calculated point. A second back-projection is calculated around the original point orthogonal to a vector connecting the newly-calculated first point and user-determined second point. The darkest pixel within the reconstruction is determined. The computer then replaces the second point with the XYZ coordinates of the darkest pixel within this second reconstruction. Following a vector based on a moving average of previously determined 3- dimensional points along the vessel's axis, the computer continues this skeletonization process until stopped by the user. The computer estimates the vessel diameter along the set of previously determined points using a method similar to the full width-half max algorithm. On all subsequent vessels, the process works the same way except that at each point, distances between the current point and all previously determined points along different vessels are determined. If the difference is less than the previously estimated diameter, the vessels are assumed to branch. This user/computer interaction continues until the vascular tree has been skeletonized.
Design of multilayer plasma-assisted CVD coatings for the oxidation protection of composite materials

Abstract PACVD B4C and BN single layer coatings and a B 4 C BN multilayer coating were deposited onto a CC composite substrate at 300 °C. X-Ray diffraction and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy analysis revealed a complex coating chemistry. Kinetic and isothermal oxidation tests were performed via thermogravimetric analysis. The multilayer B 4 C BN coating provided excellent oxidation protection to the underlying CC substrate at temperatures up to 900 °C. A correlation between the coating chemistry, morphology, microstructure and oxidation behavior is discussed.
Graduate Education in Kinesiology: Are We Part of "America's Backbone for Competitiveness and Innovation"?

Graduate education in the United States has been identified as being the backbone of American competitiveness and innovation in a recent report by the Council of Graduate Schools. The report provides a framework for examining the role of graduate education in partnership with business and government to advance an action agenda for achieving competitiveness and innovation. The role and positioning of graduate education in kinesiology in this agenda for change is addressed and a challenge issued.
Using reflective journals in a sustainable design studio

Purpose – This paper seeks to introduce a pedagogical method used in a design studio as part of a curriculum‐greening process to encourage reflection on the complexity of sustainability and sustainable design. Online reflective journals were used in two semesters of a sustainable design studio to develop students' awareness and understanding of concepts relating to sustainability and sustainable design.Design/methodology/approach – In the first seven weeks of a semester‐long senior design studio, interior design students recorded their reflections on readings and in‐class discussions on sustainable thinking, sustainable actions and sustainable design. The content analysis of the journal entries (n=226) of two such groups of students (n=30) from two different semesters are presented in this paper. In assessing the pedagogical effectiveness of the technique in the design studio, Hatton and Smith's framework on the four operational aspects of reflection – descriptive, descriptive reflection, dialogic reflect...
An industrial case study of analog fault modeling

Analog fault modeling (AFM) provides a quantitative measure of quality and insight into defective device behavior. However, the high computational burden typically associated with fault simulation makes it unappealing for industrial applications. We propose an efficient methodology to reduce computational burden of the AFM method by exploiting the hierarchical nature of process variation. We apply the proposed methodology on an industrial SerDes TX Driver circuit and achieve 98% simulation time reduction. We quantify defect impact with a defect severity measure.
Rapid in vivo spectrophotometric analysis of chlorophyll pigments in intact phytoplankton cultures

An in vivo spectrophotometric technique for estimating photosynthetic pigments of intact phytoplankton was examined by combining phytoplankton cultures, chemical analyses of pigments and computerized optical measurements. Chlorophyll a, b and c concentrations of Anabaena flos-aquae, Chlorella sp. No. 227, Cryptomonas ovata var. palustris and Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae were estimated. The absorbance spectra log (1/T) from 300 to 800 nm of mixed phytoplankton populations collected on filters were recorded with a computerized spectrophotometer. The regression used a single-term second derivative of the log (1/T) data to predict a given concentration from absorbance and chemical measurements with high accuracy. The computer test showed 553·5 nm to be the best wavelength for estimating chlorophyll a, 642 nm for chlorophyll b and 606 nm for chlorophyll c concentrations. The correlations between chemical analyses and absorbance values were: r=0·996 for chlorophyll a varying from 25 to 40 µg per filter, r=0·99...
Hume's Metaphysics: A New Theory of Order

A paper on Hume's metaphysics might be exceedingly short: we might say that Hume pricked bubbles but blew none. Most readers of Hume think there is nothing here to write about, unless anti-metaphysics be a form of metaphysics.l Hume's good repute rose with agnosticism and positivism, and it is characteristic of the Germans to credit Hume with being the awakener from dogmatic, that is, metaphysical, slumbers. Add to this those who deplore Hume as the antithesis of classical philosophy, and we have a chorus who would laugh down the claim that Hume had, as he claimed, a system. And indeed who cannot quote Hume's eloquent conclusion about ‘divinity or school metaphysics’: ‘Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion’ (EcHU 132, p. 165)?2
Statistical Analysis and Development of Crash Prediction Model for Roundabouts on High-Speed Rural Roadways

Roundabouts have proved to be effective in urban and suburban environments in the United States, but little has been reported on the effectiveness of roundabouts in rural environments on high-speed roadways. There is no question that roundabouts reduce the speeds of all vehicles at intersections and reduce the frequency of fatal and injury-related crashes. This research is the first comprehensive look at roundabouts in a rural environment with high-speed approaches. Nineteen intersections had ample comprehensive crash data to be evaluated and analyzed for safety performance. The findings validated the hypothesis that roundabouts in a rural environment as well as roundabouts in urban and suburban environments outperformed other intersection safety improvements. A before-and-after crash analysis was conducted for the 19 intersections by using a negative binomial regression model. Results showed statistically significant reductions for the total number of crashes (63%) and injury crashes (88%) when roundabou...
Stands in Politics

The stand in politics is a major form of current political theory, as it is of all political theory intended for times of trouble. It possesses special characteristics, concerns, and connections to aspects of political life. This essay contrasts the stand to other forms of theory and projects of action. Then it samples stand making and taking among recent political theorists. Stands coalesce into an unusual kind of action, so that theorists making stands may conceive themselves to be key political actors. The essay concludes with prospects for future stand making and taking, including forums other than political theory.
Advance Directives, Living Wills, and Futility in Perioperative Care

Patient autonomy is preserved through the use of advance directives. A living will defines treatment by establishing parameters under which patients want to be treated. A durable power of attorney for health care establishes a surrogate for patients if they are unable to make decisions for themselves. In the perioperative setting, advance directives are applied with significant variation between surgeons, likely due to surgeons implying from informed consent discussions that patients want to pursue aggressive treatment. Futility is a rare occurrence in patient care that is difficult to define; however, there are some classic surgical conditions in which futility is part of the decision process.
Photon density waves imaging with K-space spectrum analysis: clinical studies, background subtraction, and boundary effects

In recent years, a variety of techniques for imaging turbid media such as tissue with diffuse photon density waves (DPDW) have been explored. Most of these methods employ iterative techniques (e.g., ART, SIRT, and conjugate gradient) for image reconstruction, and they are in general computationally intensive. In this paper the authors use a recently developed imaging algorithm based on K-space spectral analysis. This technique is fast and noniterative. In addition to providing information about the position of hidden object(s), accurate optical properties of thin heterogeneities can be obtained when information about their depth is available. The authors believe they report here the first clinical image obtained by K-space spectrum analysis of DPDW measurements. In addition a new method for determining the background optical properties of an imaged sample and the influence of boundary conditions are discussed.
Synthesis of (porphinato)zinc(II)-spacer-(porphinato)iron(III) chloride complexes: a modular approach to fixed-distance electron-transfer model compounds through the efficacy of metal-mediated cross-coupling

Abstract The syntheses of (porphinato)zinc(II)-spacer-(porphinato)iron(III) chloride complexes were effected by the agency of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of two equivalents of [5-bromo-10,20-Biphenyl-15-(4′-methoxyphenyl)porphinato]zinc with a symmetric bis(trimethyltin) derivative of a rigid organic spacer molecule, followed by a demetalation-remetalation reaction sequence. The approach described herein represents a new strategy for assembling porphyrin-based donor-spacer-acceptor compounds that is predicated on the modular syntheses of rigid donor, acceptor, and spacer molecules.
Improved thermodynamic parameters for prediction of structure H hydrate equilibria

An improved set of all the thermodynamic and molecular properties required for the prediction of the existing 20 systems of Structure H (sH) hydrate phase equilibrium data is presented. The statistical thermodynamics model was based on the van der Waals and Platteeuw theory, and the spherical core Kihara potential was used for guest-water interactions. Optimized Kihara parameters and reference thermodynamic properties were derived from experimental data of over 20 sH hydrate forming systems. The model could fit all the existing sH hydrate data within an accuracy of ± 6%. Inhibitor predictions were also shown to fit recent data with no adjustable parameters. The feasibility of using hydrate cage occupancies to derive refined Kihara parameters of the guest molecules was investigated. Possible existence of sH hydrates at cryogenic temperatures was also established based on the model.
Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine–Carbon Tetrachloride

((Me2N)3P) [1608-26-0] C6H18N3P (MW 163.24) InChI = 1S/C6H18N3P/c1-7(2)10(8(3)4)9(5)6/h1-6H3 InChIKey = XVDBWWRIXBMVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (CCl4) [56-23-5] CCl4 (MW 153.81) InChI = 1S/CCl4/c2-1(3,4)5 InChIKey = VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent combination for the conversion of hydroxyl groups to the corresponding chlorides; hydroxyl group activation; dehydrations) Alternate Name: hexamethylphosphorous triamide–carbon tetrachloride. Physical Data: (Me2N)3P: bp 55–58 °C/15 mmHg; d 0.898 g cm−3. CCl4: mp −23 °C; bp 77 °C; d 1.594 g cm−3. Solubility: sol CCl4, MeCN, CH2Cl2, THF. Preparative Methods: reactive species is generated in situ by reaction of (Me2N)3P and CCl4. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: (Me2N)3P is an irritant and is flammable. It is best kept under a nitrogen atmosphere. CCl4 is toxic and a cancer suspect agent. All solvents used must be carefully dried because the intermediates are all susceptible to hydrolysis. The hexamethylphosphoramide produced as a byproduct is a cancer suspect agent. This reagent should be handled in a fume hood.
Antimicrobial Activities of BMS-284756 Compared with Those of Fluoroquinolones and β-Lactams against Gram-Positive Clinical Isolates

The in vitro antibacterial activity of BMS-284756 was compared to those of ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ceftriaxone, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid against 492 gram-positive clinical isolates. BMS-284756 was the most-active agent against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus viridans, beta-hemolytic streptococci, methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-sensitive and -resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, and enterococci.
Enhancing patient safety and quality of surgical cancer care: the French National Cancer Plans.

Two National Cancer Plans (2003–2007 and 2009–2013) have been launched in France to organise the healthcare offer in order to enhance quality and safety. The current Cancer Plan1 defines regulatory frameworks across the three major areas of cancer therapy: surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These regulatory frameworks are based on three pillars: transversal requirements for the quality of care; establishment of minimal thresholds for institutions and technical criteria that are required for each type of cancer surgery. Based on adherence to these requirements and following a process of continuous assessment, institutional accreditations (currently being allocated in 2010) will be given for a period of 5 years.
Web-based, interactive simulation of an anesthesia machine.

Gases are transparent and the piping layout in anesthesia machines is not obvious, making it hard to understand anesthesia machine function, potential failure modes, and recovery from faults. We experimented with an approach that simplified the layout of the anesthesia machine piping by removing extraneous details and making gases not only visible, but also color-coded. More than 15 anesthesia machine controls were represented by icons that a user can adjust by clicking on the icon with a pointing device and subsequently observing the effect of his/her intervention on anesthesia machine function in real time. We simulated two anesthesia machine failures and also supported non-English languages and non-US gas color codes. Further, we initiated an experiment in Web philanthropy by deliberately choosing to make the educational module accessible without charge and selected the Web as the preferred medium for dissemination of the Virtual Anesthesia Machine (VAM) viewable at http://www.anest.ufl.edu/vam. Originally designed for use in human anesthesiology, a significant percentage (about 30%) of the 54 000 international visitors, as tracked by an independent third-party Web traffic monitoring service, for the period 9/00–5/02, were from the veterinary field. VAM is being used as part of the curriculum in veterinary programs in the US and overseas and has been well received by the global anesthesia community (human and veterinary).
Dual surface selection methodology for the identification of thrombin binding epitopes from hotspot biased phage-display libraries.

Protein libraries biased towards amino-acid residues found at so-called ‘hotspots’ were incorporated into the beta-sheet region of the thermostable variant (HTB1) of the B1 domain of the immunoglobulin (IgG) binding protein G and expressed as gene 3 fusions on M13 bacteriophage. The HTB1 library (2.2×109) variants with a minimal 12 amino acid basis set were selected for binding IgG, to ensure structural conservation, and subsequently to thrombin to evolve a thrombin-binding function. We believe that this dual surface selection strategy will have great utility in evolving new bi-functional proteins without compromising structure. Furthermore the discrete beta-sheet epitopes identified by our methodology will lend itself to small-molecule mimicry of beta-sheets.
The OmniTread OT-4 serpentine robot—design and performance: Field Reports

Serpentine robots are slender, multi-segmented vehicles designed to provide greater mobility than conventional mobile robots. Serpentine robots are ideally suited for urban search and rescue, military intelligence gathering, and inspection tasks in hazardous or inaccessible environments. One such serpentine robot, developed at the University of Michigan, is the “OmniTread OT-4.” The OT-4 comprises seven segments, which are linked to each other by six joints. The OT-4 can climb over obstacles that are much higher than the robot itself, propel itself inside pipes of different diameters, and traverse difficult terrain, such as rocks or the rubble of a collapsed structure. The foremost and unique design characteristic of the OT-4 is the use of pneumatic bellows to actuate the joints. The pneumatic bellows allow the simultaneous control of position and stiffness for each joint. Controllable stiffness is important in serpentine robots, which require stiff joints to cross gaps and compliant joints to conform to rough terrain for effective propulsion. Another unique feature of the OmniTread design is the coverage of all four sides of each segment with drive tracks. This design makes the robot indifferent to rollovers, which are bound to happen when the slender bodies of serpentine robots travel over rugged terrain. This paper describes the OmniTread concept and some of its technical features in some detail. In the Experiment Results Section, photographs of successful obstacle traverses illustrate the abilities of the OT-4. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A matrix-vector approach to generate symbolic equations of motion for rigid or hybrid multibody systems

There has been great interest in recent years in developing algorithms and procedures that enable computers to generate equations of motion for multibody systems automatically. Imbedded in this has been the desire to achieve the greatest amount of algorithmic compression as well concise and mathematically efficient computer models of the systems being studied. The efforts have taken two parallel paths, one of which results in numerical models and the other in symbolic ones. This paper focuses on the development of an algorithm that generates symbolic equations of motion of hybrid multibody systems using the matrix -vectorapproach. Matrix-vectormethodsare highly suited tocomputer implementation. Hence the traditional methods of Lagrange, Gibbs, andHamilton as well asKane's approachare presented in matrix-vector form, and each of these is evaluated for formalism efficiency and versatility. The characteristics of the resulting matrices and their properties are discussed as are methodsfor transformingthe systemequations toaccount for changeingeneralizedcoordinates such as those arisingeither from changingconstraints or from a change in the flexible modes of the system. Equations of motion for a flexible double pendulum and a rolling disc in three-dimensional motion are presented. The equations are generated by the symbolic algebra program MAPLE, and are numerically integrated using MATLAB.
Environmental Parameters Related to Winter Mortality of the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididea): Basis for Predicting Mortality

Relationships between winter environment and mortality of the Russian wheat aphids Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), infesting winter wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.), were investigated. Russian wheat aphid densities from 0.3 m drill row of 'TAM 107' (dependent variable), accumulated subzero temperatures, soil moisture, snow amounts, snow cover duration, and solar radiation (independent variables) were measured in 2 differing winter environments in 1989, 1990, and 1991. Multiple regression analysis for best-fit relationships indicated that Russian wheat aphid winter mortality was highly correlated with the accumulation of freeze-hours 40 d) and depths (> 1 cm) were dominant winter factors. Neither soil moisture nor solar radiation were statistically significant components in our models. Complete Russian wheat aphid mortality occurred within 3,000 freeze-hours or -12,000 freeze-degrees when data for all 3 yr were included. The 2 climatic events that resulted in 100% mortality were a sudden drop (-29.6°C) in soil surface temperature and an extended (>40 d) period of snow cover.
Krugman versus Friedman: Monetary Policy, 1929-1933, a Note

In a retrospective on Milton Friedman, Paul Krugman is critical of Friedman's remarks on monetary base changes in the early years of the Great Depression. Krugman emphasizes that the monetary base did increase by about one billion dollars from 1929–1933, thereby implying the Fed was pursuing an expansionary policy. The purpose of this comment is to clarify monetary base analysis in this period. More specifically, two common misconceptions in regard to the monetary base are discussed: first, that changes in the base are a reliable indicator of the stance of Fed policy, and secondly that the Federal Reserve exercises absolute control over changes in the base.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALL-METAL-SEALING SUBSEA WELLHEAD SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL SERVICE APPLICATIONS

This paper discusses the design and results of extensive prototype testing of an all metal sealing, weight set, 18-3/4"-15,000 psi subsea wellhead system. This system (Figure 1) has been developed to meet industry requirements of higher pressure and higher temperature in critical applications. Since the all metal-to-metal sealing packoff is critical to the reliability of the system, emphasis is given to its design and testing. Seal energization and retrieval forces are minimised by the unique seal design. Additionally, the development of an alternative elastomer packoff for use when all metal sealing is not required is discussed. The computer optimised hanger design addresses the need for increased system capacity.