cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law at the End of War

As the United States begins to withdraw troops from Afghanistan in the coming year, courts will increasingly face the task of interpreting the dozens of federal laws whose operation depends on the existence of war. The 2009 Military Commissions Act (MCA), for instance, makes offenses triable by military commission “only if the offense is committed in the context of and associated with hostilities.” The 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) empowers the President to target or detain certain individuals only “for the duration of these hostilities.” Scholars have long assumed that the determination whether or not the United States is at war is a political question, beyond the power of the courts to consider. This Article challenges that view, demonstrating that courts have repeatedly engaged such questions in statutory interpretation in conflicts past, and arguing that the temporal limits of the AUMF and MCA pose similarly justiciable questions. Yet while questions of war’s existence may be susceptible of judicial resolution, the possibility that a court’s answer may prevail over a differing view of the executive seems instinctively troubling. Separation of powers theory has long recognized interests in allocating decision-making authority among the branches so as to promote political accountability and take advantage of comparative institutional expertise. Such interests would seem to require that courts at least defer to executive determinations of war’s existence. Recognizing the constitutional salience of such interests, this Article contends that courts should only defer when doing so will in fact serve them. And those goals are not invariably advanced by deference to the executive in interpreting the AUMF and MCA. Active judicial participation in statutory interpretation may create incentives for congressional action that had previously been absent, making it harder for Congress to shirk participation in democratic debates in which the Constitution expects it to engage. Likewise, while some aspects of the existence-of-war inquiry may turn on predictive judgment, best reserved to executive expertise, other aspects of the inquiry turn on objective factual assessments – the kind the judiciary regularly undertakes. These dynamics, coupled with the equally salient separation-of-powers purpose of protecting individual rights, suggest a broader role for the judiciary in interpreting existence-of-war conditions than has been previously understood.
The tritium operations experience on TFTR

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) tritium gas system is administratively limited to 5 grains of tritium and provides the feedstock gas for the neutral beam and torus injection systems. Tritium operations on TFTR began with leak checking of gas handling systems, qualification of the gas injection systems, and high power plasma operations using using trace amounts of tritium in deuterium feedstock gas. Full tritium operation commenced with four highly diagnosed neutral beam pulses into a beamline calorimeter to verify planned tritium beam operating routines and to demonstrate the deuterium to tritium beam isotope exchange. Since that time, TFTR has successfully operated each of the twelve neutral beam ion sources in tritium during hundreds of tritium beam pulses and torus gas injections. This paper describes- the TFTR tritium gas handling systems and TFTR tritium operations of the gas injection systems and the neutral beam ion sources. Tritium accounting and accountability is discussed, including tritium retention issues of the torus limiters and beam impinged surfaces of the beamline components. Also included is tritium beam velocity analysis that compares the neutral beam extracted ion species composition for deuterium and tritium and that determines the extent of beam isotope exchange on subsequent deuteriummore » and tritium beam pulses. The required modifications to TFTR operating routines to meet the US Department of Energy regulations for a low hazard nuclear facility and the problems encountered during initial tritium operations are described.« less
A dimeric 14-3-3 protein is an essential cofactor for Raf kinase activity

cRaf-1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase that is the main effector recruited by GTP-bound Ras in order to activate the MAP kinase pathway. Inactive Raf is found in the cytosol in a complex with Hsp90, Hsp50 (Cdc37) and the 14-3-3 proteins. GTP-bound Ras binds Raf and is necessary but not sufficient for the stable activation of Raf that occurs in response to serum, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor or insulin. These agents cause a two- to threefold increase in overall phosphorylation of Raf on serine/threonine residues, and treatment of cRaf-1 with protein (serine/threonine) phosphatases can deactivate it, at least partially. The role of 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of Raf's kinase activity is uncertain and is investigated here. Active Raf can be almost completely deactivated in vitro by displacement of 14-3-3 using synthetic phosphopeptides. Deactivation can be substantially reversed by addition of purified recombinant bacterial 14-3-3; however, Raf must have been previously activated in vivo to be reactivated by 14-3-3 in vitro. The ability of 14-3-3 to support Raf activity is dependent on phosphorylation of serine residues on Raf and on the integrity of the 14-3-3 dimer; mutant monomeric forms of 14-3-3, although able to bind Raf in vivo, do not enable Raf to be activated in vivo or restore Raf activity after displacement of 14-3-3 in vitro. The 14-3-3 protein is not required to induce dimerization of Raf. We propose that dimeric 14-3-3 is needed both to maintain Raf in an inactive state in the absence of GTP-bound Ras and to stabilize an active conformation of Raf produced during activation in vivo.
Spore Yield and Microcycle Conidiation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Liquid Culture.

The effect of V8 juice concentration (5 to 40%, vol/vol), spore inoculum density (105 and 107 spores per ml), and liquid batch or fed-batch culture condition on mycelium and spore production by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was evaluated. The amount of mycelium produced, the time required for initiation of sporulation following attainment of maximum mycelium, and the time for attainment of maximum spore concentration increased with increasing V8 juice concentration in batch culture. Cultures containing V8 juice at >10% achieved a similar spore density (apparent spore-carrying capacity) of about 0.8 mg of spores per ml (1 × 107 to 2 × 107 spores per ml) independent of inoculum density and V8 juice concentration. The relative spore yield decreased from a high of 64% of the total biomass for the low-inoculum 5% V8 culture, through 13% for the analogous 40% V8 culture, to a low of 2% for the high-inoculum 27% V8 culture. Fed-batch cultures were used to establish conditions of high spore density and low substrate availability but high substrate flux. The rate of addition of V8 juice was adjusted to approximate the rate of substrate utilization by the (increasing) biomass. The final spore concentration was about four times higher (3.0 mg of spores per ml) than the apparent spore-carrying capacity in batch culture. This high spore yield was obtained at the expense of greatly reduced mycelium, resulting in a high relative spore yield (62% of the total biomass). Microcycle conidiation occurred in the fed-batch but not batch systems. These data indicate that substrate-limited, fed-batch culture can be used to increase the amount and efficiency of spore production by C. gloeosporioides by maintaining microcycle conidiation conditions favoring allocation of nutrients to spore rather than mycelium production.
Heroic Journeys: The Immigrant Experience as the Hero's Journey in El Norte and La misma luna

The film El Norte (The North, Gregory Nava 1983) tells the story of siblings Rosa and Enrique, who leave their Guatemalan village when their parents are killed by the army. Rosa and Enrique make their way north from Guatemala through Mexico, and to the United States. The film portrays the siblings on a journey, during which they hope “to make lots of money and return home.” The film La misma luna (Under the Same Moon, Patricia Riggen 2007) tells the story of Carlitos, a nine-year-old Mexican boy who travels to Los Angeles in search of his mother when his grandmother passes away. Along the way the characters from both films struggle with the loss of cultural identity, strain on family relationships, discrimination, and difficult working circumstances. Both Latino directors use structural elements that follow Joseph Campbell's outline of the hero's journey and incorporate magical or dream reality elements to remind the viewer of mythology. By positioning the immigrant as a hero on a “road of trials,” the fi...
Outcome of patients with known metastatic gastric cancer undergoing resection with therapeutic intent

Metastatic gastric cancer has a dismal prognosis. We identified a subset of patients where surgical resection with therapeutic intent was undertaken in the setting of known metastatic disease. Review of a prospectively maintained database of gastric cancer patients at a single institution over a 19-year period was performed. Thirty-seven patients with metastatic disease known prior to resection with therapeutic intent were identified out of 3384 patients with gastric cancer (1%). Twelve patients had positive peritoneal cytology as the only evidence of metastasis, 21 had gross metastasis limited to peritoneal surfaces, one had peritoneal and ovarian metastasis, one had liver metastasis, one had retropancreatic lymph node metastasis, and one had a malignant pleural effusion. Thirty-six patients (97%) received chemotherapy prior to resection, and 30 (81%) received postoperative chemotherapy. The median time from diagnosis to resection was 4.5 months (range 1–22) in patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy. Median survival was 12 months after resection with no three-year survivors. Predictors of worse prognosis were cytologic or pathologic evidence of persistent metastatic disease at the time of resection or at laparoscopy within six weeks of resection (P < .01), N3 disease (P = .03), and total gastrectomy or additional organ resection (P = .04). Metastatic disease as evidenced by cytology only was not associated with improved prognosis. Highly selected patients with metastatic gastric cancer undergoing surgical resection with therapeutic intent have a relatively poor prognosis. Persistent detectable metastatic disease after preoperative chemotherapy portends a particularly poor prognosis.
New Technologies, Ancient Archetypes: The Boston Globe's Discursive Construction of Internet Connectivity in Africa

This article analyzed the Boston Globe's discursive construction of Internet connectivity in Africa in its series entitled “The Wiring of a Continent: Africa Goes Online.” The study was carried out within the theoretical framework of journalism as mythic narrative. It was found that the Boston Globe constructed the reality of the Internet in Africa within the framework of the primeval Western archetype of Africa as the “Dark Continent.” This archetype was expressed through 4 myths: “Duality,” the “Last Frontier,” “New Beginnings,” and the “Frontier Hero.” These myths reified Africa as the foil of the Western world, explained the digital divide, and naturalized a deterministic ideology of information technology. The story that was not told in this series is that the African fiber optic system was the single most significant African-funded telecommunications accomplishment in the history of the continent because it effectively reversed many of the colonial communication barriers between and within many Afri...
The Role of Protective Behavioral Strategies and Anxiety in Problematic Drinking Among College Students

Objective:The use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) has been shown to reduce heavy alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems among college students. Limited research has examined how mental health is related to PBS use in the prediction of alcohol outcomes. Consequently, the aims of the present study were to (a) examine the relationship between anxiety symptoms and the use of PBS, (b) examine PBS as a mediator of the association between anxiety and alcohol-related problems, and (c) test anxiety as a moderator of the relationship between the use of PBS and alcohol-related problems.Method:Participants were college students (N = 199, 67% women) who completed self-report measures of typical anxiety symptoms, use of PBS, and alcohol-related problems.Results:Results indicated that anxiety was significantly negatively related to PBS use. Additionally, the association between anxiety and alcohol-related consequences was mediated by the use of PBS. The association between PBS use and alcohol-related...
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: predictors of malignant and invasive pathology.

Objective: Determine whether size and other preoperative parameters predict malignant or invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia (IPMN). Background Data: From 1991 to 2006, 150 patients underwent 156 operations for IPMN. Methods: Prospectively collected, retrospective review of a single academic institution's experience. All preoperative parameters including a detailed radiologic-based classification of IPMN type, location, distribution, size, number, cytology, and mural nodularity were correlated with IPMN pathology. Results: Malignant IPMN was present in 32% of cases, whereas 19% of cases were invasive. IPMN type and main pancreatic duct diameter were significant predictors of malignant IPMN (P < 0.001). Side-branch lesion number was negatively associated with invasive IPMN (P = 0.03). Side-branch size, location, and distribution did not predict IPMN pathology. The presence of mural nodules was associated with malignant and invasive IPMN (P < 0.001; P < 0.02). Atypical cytopathology was significantly associated with malignant and invasive IPMN (P < 0.001; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated mural nodularity and atypical cytopathology were predictive of malignancy and/or invasion in branch-type IPMN. Conclusions: To lower the rate of invasive pathology, surgery should be recommended for fit patients with main-duct IPMN and for branch-duct IPMN with mural nodularity or positive cytology irrespective of location, distribution, or size.
Observing Oceanic Submesoscale Processes From Space

Observations made by satellite altimeters since the 1980s have provided progressively improved views of the global ocean mesoscale eddy field, which contains most of the kinetic energy of the ocean circulation. Along with these improved views, ocean models have progressed from coarseresolution, highly dissipative mesh grids to higher resolutions where mesoscale eddies dominate the model simulations. We are now able to produce simulations of the present state of the ocean that compare increasingly well with observations. However, the skill of these models in making long-range predictions of the ocean is still very limited, because the models lack a physically based representation of the submesoscales, i.e., scales of 1100 kilometers, that are important for turbulent transport and energy dissipation. Ocean models running at sufficient resolutions to address submesoscale dynamics have just recently begun to emerge [e.g., Capet et al., 2008], but we need global observations at these scales to guide the model development.
Microtubules and microfilaments coordinate to direct a fountain streaming pattern in elongating conifer pollen tube tips.

This study investigates how microtubules and microfilaments control organelle motility within the tips of conifer pollen tubes. Organelles in the 30-μm-long clear zone at the tip of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Pinaceae) pollen tubes move in a fountain pattern. Within the center of the tube, organelles move into the tip along clearly defined paths, move randomly at the apex, and then move away from the tip beneath the plasma membrane. This pattern coincides with microtubule and microfilament organization and is the opposite of the reverse fountain seen in angiosperm pollen tubes. Application of latrunculin B, which disrupts microfilaments, completely stops growth and reduces organelle motility to Brownian motion. The clear zone at the tip remains intact but fills with thin tubules of endoplasmic reticulum. Applications of amiprophosmethyl, propyzamide or oryzalin, which all disrupt microtubules, stop growth, alter organelle motility within the tip, and alter the organization of actin microfilaments. Amiprophosmethyl inhibits organelle streaming and collapses the clear zone of vesicles at the extreme tip together with the disruption of microfilaments leading into the tip, leaving the plasma membrane intact. Propyzamide and oryzalin cause the accumulation of membrane tubules or vacuoles in the tip that reverse direction and stream in a reverse fountain. The microtubule disruption caused by propyzamide and oryzalin also reorganizes microfilaments from a fibrillar network into pronounced bundles in the tip cytoplasm. We conclude that microtubules control the positioning of organelles into and within the tip and influence the direction of streaming by mediating microfilament organization.
Sonic Hedgehog Protein Is Decreased and Penile Morphology Is Altered in Prostatectomy and Diabetic Patients

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a debilitating medical condition and current treatments are ineffective in patients with cavernous nerve (CN) injury, due to penile remodeling and apoptosis. A critical regulator of penile smooth muscle and apoptosis is the secreted protein sonic hedgehog (SHH). SHH protein is decreased in rat prostatectomy and diabetic ED models, SHH inhibition in the penis induces apoptosis and ED, and SHH treatment at the time of CN injury suppresses smooth muscle apoptosis and promotes regeneration of erectile function. Thus SHH treatment has significant translational potential as an ED therapy if similar mechanisms underlie ED development in patients. In this study we quantify SHH protein and morphological changes in corpora cavernosal tissue of control, prostatectomy and diabetic patients and hypothesize that decreased SHH protein is an underlying cause of ED development in prostatectomy and diabetic patients. Our results show significantly decreased SHH protein in prostatectomy and diabetic penis. Morphological remodelling of the penis, including significantly increased apoptotic index and decreased smooth muscle/collagen ratio, accompanies declining SHH. SHH signaling is active in human penis and is altered in a parallel manner to previous observations in the rat. These results suggest that SHH has significant potential to be developed as an ED therapy in prostatectomy and diabetic patients. The increased apoptotic index long after initial injury is suggestive of ongoing remodeling that may be clinically manipulatable.
The kinetics of conjugative plasmid transmission: fit of a simple mass action model.

Abstract A mass action model for the infectious transmission of conjugative plasmids and procedures to estimate its parameters are presented. The suitability of this model as an analog of the kinetics of conjugative plasmid transmission is examined with batch and chemostat populations of Escherichia coli K-12 and three of its plasmids, F-lac-pro, R1 (Km-Cm-Ap), and R1-drd-19 (Km-Cm-Ap). Evidence is presented that this mass action model, with a unique and constant rate parameter, represents a reasonable analog of the kinetics of plasmid transfer for bacterial populations dividing at a constant rate in either exponentially growing cultures or at equilibrium in chemostats. As anticipated from this model magnitudes of the transfer rate constant for these plasmids appear to be relatively insensitive to both total cell density and the donor-recipient ratio. For all plasmids, the value of the transfer rate constant in rapidly dividing (exponentially growing) cultures is considerably greater than its corresponding value in slowly dividing, chemostat equilibrium cultures and the values of the transfer rate constant of the permanently derepressed plasmids F-lac-pro and R1-drd-19 are considerably greater than that of the wild-type, repressed transfer plasmid R1. The implications of this apparent fit to a mass action model are discussed and a recommendation is made to use the transfer rate constant as the measure of the fertility of conjugative plasmids.
A rapid method for detection of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 in pig feces using monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract A simple colony immunoblotting method using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was developed to detect Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3 in pig feces. One of the MAbs studied was able to detect single colonies of the organism in the presence of calculated 3.1×10 8 heterologous organisms in pig feces. The MAb was found to be specific for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigens of Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3. No significant cross-reactivity was found against a variety of closely related serotypes and Gram-negative organisms. The MAb could also be used in a slide agglutination test and an indirect fluorescence antibody assay for rapid identification of Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3.
Regulation of catecholamine synthesis in the rat brain in vitro by cyclic AMP.

EVIDENCE that catecholamines stimulate the production of adenosine cyclic-3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in the pineal gland1, superior cervical ganglia2 and both in brain slices3,4 and homogenates5 has suggested that cyclic AMP has an important postsynaptic function in both peripheral and central adrenergic neurotransmission. Evidence has also been presented in the hypogastric nerve–vas deferens preparation6 and adrenal medulla7 that dibutyryl cyclic AMP increases the release of noradrenaline, suggesting a presynaptic role for cyclic AMP in modulating catecholamine metabolism in adrenergic terminals. In the central nervous system, adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase are, to a considerable extent, associated with the isolated nerve-ending (synaptosomal) fraction8 in which putative neurotransmitters are primarily localised. Thus it was of interest to determine whether cyclic AMP might also stimulate catecholamine turnover in the brain, especially in synaptosomes prepared from brain homogenates.
The psychiatric rotation: Traditional inpatient or consultation clerkship?

Abstract Thirty-nine medical students on a junior clinical clerkship in consultation psychiatry were compared with 21 students on a more traditional inpatient clerkship for changes in formal psychiatric knowledge, interest in psychiatry, self-rated psychiatry skills, and attitudes about psychiatry. Both groups showed comparable increases in objective knowledge and increased comfort with psychiatric patients. Minor but no fundamental differences between the two groups were ascertained by objective testing. The findings support the observation that students on a consultation clerkship can learn clinical psychiatry as well as those on traditional inpatient clerkships.
Recordkeeping for accountability

Records and archives are sources of evidence of human agency. They are a form of “social glue” which holds together, sustains, and sometimes unravels organizations, governments, communities, individuals, and societies. This notion of records and archives as a form of “social glue” can be viewed from many perspectives – as cultural memory, as evidence of a decision trail, as a trigger for deliberative action, as a requirement to meet regulatory obligations, and so on. An essential aspect emanating from these perspectives is that records and archives are vehicles supporting accountability. However, the often determinative role that records and archives frequently play in the social construction of accountability are mostly muted within the larger narratives they participate in. While records and archives frequently provide the scaffolding for the stories relayed and sometimes even play central roles, rarely are they explicitly surfaced as accountability objects necessitating concentrated attention. Instead they are subsumed as objects that help to tell “the story” and not as active devices that implicate what kind of story may even be able to be told in the first place. The experiences of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission in its efforts to document the crimes of apartheid are demonstrative here. This obscuring of the accountability dimensions played by recordkeeping and archiving limits societal understanding of how they can and do profoundly shape social interactions and memories of them. In that regard, records and archives are worthy of concentrated examination on their own terms in relation to how they enable, enforce, limit, ignore, and deny accountability. ESARBICA Journal Vol.23 2004: 17-22
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy or Voodoo Heart: Analysis of Heart/Brain Connections

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) affects up to 5000 patients a year in the United States alone. The exact pathophysiologic processes of are unknown. Profound autonomic dysregulation driving cardiac and respiratory dysfunction is likely. Available evidence from monitored deaths suggests that fatal tachyarrhythmias are not primarily responsible although near deaths due to ventricular arrhythmias have been reported. Genetic “neuro-cardiac” channelopathies affecting brain function, central respiratory processes, and cardiac rhythm have been hypothesized. These, as well as serotonergic mechanisms affecting brainstem homeostasis of cardiac and respiratory function are important areas of current and future SUDEP research.
Optimum design of LCD parameters in projection and direct-view applications

A first minimum LC and a second minimum LC were selected with the aid of computer simulation for the fabrication of high contrast LCDs. The contrast ratio in normally white and normally black modes are both higher than 100:1. These LCDs can be used in direct view and projection applications.
Echocardiographic manifestations of ruptured aortic valvular leaflets in the absence of valvular vegetations.

The diagnosis of ruptured (perforated or torn) aortic valvular leaflets due to various causes has been made primarily at surgery or postmortem examination. Although angiocardiographic studies readily reveal aortic regurgitation, they rarely establish the presence of a ruptured aortic cusp as the cause of the aortic leak. Recent echocardiographic experience has brought to our attention seven patients with ruptured aortic valvular leaflets in whom the absence of valvular vegetations was confirmed at surgery in six and at autopsy in one. The echocardiogram of the aortic root in these subjects revealed little or no increment in the diameter of the aortic root. In systole the usual box-like configuration of the leaflets, similar to that observed in normal subjects, was seen; however, in diastole the normal thin midaortic linear echoes were replaced by a thick band of echoes which often revealed high-frequency oscillations. In addition, high-frequency vibrations of the anterior mitral leaflet in diastole and increased systolic excursion of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall were observed.
Comparative stability study illustrating advantages of guy-wire constraints for flexible satellites

Conclusion We have briefly reviewed four ways of modeling friction in bearings, namely, the Coulomb model, Dahl model, friction circle model, and viscous friction model. Although only Coulomb friction requires the consideration of a two-degree-of-freedom model, it is clear that this gives a richness of detail on stick-slip motion at the contact point that is not given by the other friction models, even though the gross motion of the rotor is reproduced equally well by all four models. Coulomb friction requires three sets of differential equations of motion corresponding to a single contact point, one for sliding, one for sticking, and a third for the transition from sticking to slipping. When friction must be considered at many bearings in a system, a simpler friction model may be preferred.
Modulation transfer function of bar code scanning

Bar code scanners are ubiquitous in supermarkets. As a bar code is passed over a scanner, a laser beam scans across the bar code. The scattered light is modulated by the reflectivity of the bars and spaces of the bar code. The bar code scanning process can be described as a 1-D convolution of the scanning laser profile and the bar code reflectivity function. The modulation transfer function (MTF) of bar code scanning is the Fourier transform of the marginal profile of the laser beam. The properties of the MTF of bar code scanning is similar to that of an incoherent imaging system. Measurements of the MTF of bar code scanning at one focal position are presented. The experimental results are then discussed.
Implications of TNF-α in the pathogenesis and management of GVHD

Clinical graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) symptoms are the result of a complex set of interactions between cellular and soluble factors. One of the key soluble factors is the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, which participates in the initiating events that culminate in GVHD as well as amplifies the disease process once established. The importance of TNF-α in this process has been supported by a series of clinical experiments demonstrating strong correlation between TNF receptor-1 levels and GVHD. TNF-α has both indirect effects, through activating and proliferation pathways of T cells, the main cellular effector of GVHD, and direct effects leading to apoptosis, on GVHD target tissues. Accordingly, TNF-α has been used as a therapeutic target in experimental GVHD prevention and treatment strategies with promising clinical results. TNF-α can be pharmacologically inhibited using soluble TNF receptors or monoclonal antibodies. The optimal dosing and duration of TNF inhibition to prevent or treat GVHD remains under investigation.
Transformation of Cardiovascular Health Presidential Address at the American Heart Association 2009 Scientific Sessions

Good afternoon, my name is Clyde Yancy. Welcome to the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions 2009. Thank you for being here. Today, you are part of the phenomenal tapestry of those attending this meeting. As I look out in the audience, I see accomplished and new basic and clinical scientists, clinicians, clinical and research nurses, and allied health professionals. I marvel at the collection of AHA past presidents and chairpersons, leaders of our partner national and international professional and volunteer health organizations, and my colleagues here from the American College of Cardiology. I embrace the volunteers, patients, and family members who are here today; and I appreciate the business professionals, innovators, and media who share our interest in cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Welcome. We have all come together at Scientific Sessions for a singular purpose: to share our interest, our curiosity, our passion, and our intent to “build healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke.” Today, I will address the transformation of cardiovascular health. Health care is changing. One year ago, we realized the dawning of epic change—specifically, the potential transformation of American health care. Given the enormity of this moment, we were galvanized to contribute proactively to healthcare reform. Under the leadership of former AHA President Ray Gibbons, the American Heart Association outlined and published the following principles: 1. Access to care for all persons residing in the United Sates; 2. Enhanced focus on the prevention of disease; 3. Increased quality of care; 4. Elimination of disparate health care; 5. Advancement of research with sustained and consistent funding of the NIH and; 6. An increase in the healthcare workforce. But healthcare reform per se is not the focus of my comments, as healthcare reform that is not accompanied by a true transformation will only shift the suite of problems. Thus, I will address the …
In vivo bahavioral assessment of central nervous system purinergic receptors

Administered intracisternally, adenosine (ADO), 2-chloradenosine (CADO), adenosine-5′-cyclopropylcarboxamide (ACC) and adenosine-5′-ethylcarboxamide (AEC) caused dose-related increases in hotplate reaction times in mice. The rank order of potency was AEC = ACC > CADO > ADO. AEC and ACC exerted demonstrable effects with doses as low as 10 ng/mouse. ADO itself was more potent than AMP, ADP, ATP and several other related compounds of interest. Theophylline, caffeine and 8-phenyltheophylline antagonized the antinocisponsive effect of CADO or ACC. Papaverine (an adenosine uptake blocker) and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA: an adenosine deaminase inhibitor) potentiated the effect of ADO. EHNA did not potentiate the action of CADO in this procedure. The antinocisponsive effect of CADO was not antagonized by a host of neurally active agents including naloxone, clonidine and RO 20–1724. Time course studies indicated that the antinocisponsive effect of ADO was transient with the peak effect occurring 5 min after injection and disappearing by 60 min, whereas the effect of CADO persisted for at least 90 min. Intracisternally administered CADO also occured a pronounced hypothermia, loss of muscle tone and was active in the mouse writhing test. Taken together, these data demonstrate that purines exert potent in vivo behavioral effects and are consonant with the existence of a central purinergic P1-receptor which is amenable to selective pharmacological manipulation.
Olfactory secretion and sodium, potassium–adenosine triphosphatase: Regulation by corticosteroids†

Objectives: To investigate the cellular distribution and relative intensity of the immunoreactivity associated with the expression of sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na, K-ATPase) in cells of the olfactory mucosa Second, changes in the activity of this enzyme in the olfactory mucosa are correlated with changes in the circulating corticosteroid aldosterone. Methods: Combination of immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques were employed to examine the olfactory Na, K-ATPase. Results: Within the olfactory epithelium, the Na, K-ATPase immunoreactivity was greatest at the supranuclear region of sustentacular cells and/or dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Cell bodies of ORNs demonstrated moderate immunoreactivity, whereas the duct cells of Bowman's gland exhibited moderate to intense immunoreactivity. Acinar cells of the Bowman's gland were the most intensely stained components of the lamina propria, exhibiting strong immunoreactivity at the basolateral plasma membrane domains of the acinar cells and less within the cytoplasm. Binding of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of Na, K-ATPase, was significantly elevated for aldosterone-injected versus sham-injected controls. Conclusion: These results suggest that olfactory Na, K-ATPase is regulated by the systemic corticosteroid aldosterone. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that corticosteroids regulate olfactory secretion.
The Photoreactivity of Chlorine Dioxide

Determining the detailed photoreactivity of radicals that are of importance in atmospheric processes requires information from both laboratory and field measurements and theoretical calculations. Laboratory experiments and quantum calculations have been used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the photoreactivity of chlorine dioxide (OCIO). The photoreactivity is strongly dependent on the medium (gas phase, liquid solution, or cryogenic matrix). These data reveal details of the complex chemistry of OCIO. The potential role of this radical in stratospheric ozone depletion is discussed in accord with these laboratory measurements.
Lettenmaier receives 2000 Hydrology Section Award

Dennis P. Lettenmaier was awarded the Hydrology Section Award at the Fall Meeting Hydrology Section Reception, which was held on December 16, 2000, in San Francisco, California. The medal recognizes outstanding contributions to the science of hydrology.
Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 2'-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine and the 5'-Diphosphate Derivative as Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitors

Analysis of the recently solved X-ray crystal structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribonucleotide reductase I (ScRnr1) in complex with effectors and substrates led to the discovery of a conserved water molecule located at the active site that interacted with the 2'-hydroxy group of the nucleoside ribose. In this study 2'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine 1 and the 5'-diphosphate derivative 2 were designed and synthesized to see if the conserved water molecule could be displaced by a hydroxymethylene group, to generate novel RNR inhibitors as potential antitumor agents. Herein we report the synthesis of analogues 1 and 2, and the co-crystal structure of adenosine diphosphate analogue 2 bound to ScRnr1, which shows the conserved water molecule is displaced as hypothesized.
Toward quantum-ensured privacy and voting

A number of schemes that use quantum mechanics to preserve privacy are presented. In particular, anonymous broadcast channels, voting, and secure function evaluation are discussed. It is found that entangled quantum states can be useful in maintaining privacy.
Dephasing times due to 2D electron-vapor atom scattering

Abstract Studies of weak localization by scattering from vapor atoms for electrons on a liquid 4He surface near 2 K are presented. The dephasing time due to the motion of helium atoms perpendicular to the plane of electrons is studied by increasing the DC electric field forcing the electrons against the surface of the liquid. This contribution varies approximately linearly with the spatial extension of the electron wave function.
The value of personal psychotherapy for psychotherapists.

This is a review of the evidence regarding the value of psychotherapists' personal psychotherapy for the practice of psychotherapy. No study up to this time has been able to isolate successfully the effects on practice of personal psychotherapy. The complexity of the issue may prevent such a solution. As a result no definitive conclusion as to value can be reached; however, the existing evidence suggests probable merit of selective inclusion of personal psychotherapy for the training of psychotherapists.
Epilepsy and religious experiences: Voodoo possession

Epileptic seizures have a historical association with religion, primarily through the concept of spirit possession. Five cases where epileptic seizures were initially attributed to Voodoo spirit possession are presented. The attribution is discussed within the context of the Voodoo belief system.
Promoting healthy food consumption among young children: Evaluation of a multi-component nutrition education program

Abstract This study was an outcome evaluation of a multi-component nutrition education program for African American kindergarten and first grade students attending an under-resourced urban school. The program focused on increasing fruit and vegetable knowledge and vegetable consumption during school lunch. It included a classroom-based knowledge change component, a lunchtime-based behavior-change component, and a home component. This program was unique in that natural helpers in the school (i.e., paraprofessionals) were enlisted as agents of behavior change. Findings indicated that the program was considered socially valid from the perspectives of students, teachers, and paraprofessional community assistants. Implementation integrity was acceptable for the classroom intervention, but highly variable for the lunchtime intervention. Program outcomes demonstrated that knowledge change was high, but behavior change was variable. Inconsistent behavioral effects appeared to be related in part to the variable level of intervention integrity. The challenges of promoting intervention integrity with paraprofessionals were discussed, and strategies for improving integrity were outlined.
Why is delta endocytosis required for effective activation of notch

A number of recent studies have shown that endocytosis of Notch ligands is required for activation of Notch. There are at least two broad models that account for how Delta endocytosis in one cell might contribute to activation of Notch in the neighboring cell. The first class of models is related to the possibility that Delta endocytosis facilitates S2 cleavage and removal of the Notch extracellular domain, a critical step in Notch activation. A second class of models is related to the possibility that Delta ubiquitylation and endocytosis facilitates interactions between Delta and Notch. In the second set of models, Delta undergoes endocytosis and its subsequent trafficking back to the surface, following modifications or some change in the context in which it is presented, makes Delta a more effective ligand. Though it is still not clear how either or both mechanisms contribute, recent evidence points to the importance of both endocytosis and recycling in Delta signaling.
Between love and culture: Misunderstanding, textuality and the dialectics of ethnographic knowledge

Abstract This paper will explore the intertextual dialectics of understanding and misunderstanding in the negotiation of relations between consultants and the ethnographic fieldworker. The material for this essay draws on conversations with consultants from the Fort Apache Reservation. I will argue that the textual constructions of otherness through which consultants apprehend the social presence of the fieldworker are transformed in the fieldwork encounter. These transformations allow consultants to author relations with the ethnographer. I will also explore attempts by field consultants to understand the objective and limits of the ethnographic project by framing it in terms of locally constituted idioms of relationship. I will conclude by suggesting that the entextualizing practices of ethnography threaten to obscure the authority asserted by consultants in fieldwork conversations.
Employment intervention strategies for individuals with brain injury.

A supported employment, case management and independent living program for survivors of brain injuries is described. The relationship between this program and the university occupational therapy academic department in which it is housed is discussed. Recent work reentry and supported employment project descriptions and outcome studies in the literature are reviewed to show types of services provided, as well as the results of such programs nationwide. A thorough definition of the supported employment model for brain injury survivors is provided. Seven unique support and intervention strategies: defining goals; providing reality checks; building a team; approaching intervention holistically; educating support systems; discussing social behavior; and assuring long-term follow-along support are described. Early program evaluation results are discussed, along with current research activities. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for longer-term, cost-efficient community-based therapies and supp...
Activation of α6-containing GABAA receptors by pentobarbital occurs through a different mechanism than activation by GABA

The GABAA receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels which are the targets for many clinically used sedatives, including the barbiturates. The barbiturate pentobarbital acts through multiple sites on the GABAA receptor. At low concentrations (μM), it acts as a positive allosteric modulator while at higher concentrations it can directly activate the receptor. This agonist action is influenced by the subunit composition of the receptor, and pentobarbital is a more effective agonist than GABA only at receptors containing an α6 subunit. The conformational change that translates GABA binding into channel opening is known to involve a lysine residue located in an extracellular domain between the 2nd and 3rd transmembrane domains. Mutations of this residue disrupt activation of the channel by GABA and have been linked to inherited epilepsy. Pentobarbital binds to the receptor at a different agonist site than GABA, but could use a common signal transduction mechanism to gate the channel. To address this question, we compared the effect of a mutating the homologous lysine residue in the α1 or α6 subunits (K278 or K277, respectively) to methionine on direct activation of recombinant GABAA receptors by GABA or pentobarbital. We found that this mutation reduced GABA sensitivity for both α1 and α6 subunits, but affected pentobarbital sensitivity only for the α1 subunit. This suggests that pentobarbital acts through a distinct signal transduction pathway at the α6 subunit, which may account for its greater efficacy compared to GABA at receptors containing this subunit.
Sufficient rate constraints for QoS flows in ad-hoc networks

The capacity of an arbitrary ad-hoc network is difficult to estimate due to interference between the links. We use a conflict graph that models this interference relationship to determine if a set of flow rates can be accommodated. Using the cliques (complete subgraphs) of the conflict graph, we derive constraints that are sufficient for a set of flow rates to be feasible, yet are guaranteed to be within a constant bound of the optimal. We also compute an alternate set of sufficient constraints that can be easily derived from the rows of the matrix representation of the conflict graph. These two sets of constraints are particularly useful because their construction and verification may be distributed across the nodes of a network. We also extend the ad-hoc network model to incorporate variations in the interference range, and obstructions in the network.
Application of the modified Einstein procedure for computation of total sediment load

A method that enables good estimates to be made of total sediment load has been tested with data from several western streams. The method, which uses both theoretical and empirical formulas, combines a modification of Einstein's procedure for computing bed-material load and the usually available data from suspended-sediment measurements. Basic data, including data from large natural and artificial turbulent flumes, and the results of computations are given.
Slack, natural slack, and location covering☆

Abstract This paper presents a goal programming approach to location covering and contrasts the resultant models with other covering formulations. One of the primary differences between the models forwarded in this paper and those of previous studies in the notion of slack and natural slack in the definition of coverage relations. Our approach takes advantage of the latter concept, natural slack, and produces a location covering form which is more flexible in the determination of objective functions than that of other formulations. Furthermore, we show how the goal programming framework adopted herein allows consideration of a wider range of location covering policy issues.
On-line monitoring of the progress of infection in Sf-9 insect cell cultures using relative permittivity measurements.

The use of on-line relative permittivity (epsilon') measurements for monitoring cultures of Sf-9 cells was evaluated in a batch culture and a batch infected with a baculovirus expressing beta-galactosidase. It was found that viable cell density and volume essentially accounted for all the variation in epsilon' in both non-infected and synchronously infected cultures, indicating that the epsilon' of a cell suspension was sensitive only to changes in the viable cell population. Additionally the parameter provided clearly defined signposts of the progress of the infection.