cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notch Agonists: Emerging as a Feasible Therapeutic Approach in AML.

Abstract Introduction: The Notch pathway regulates critical cell-fate decisions affecting the growth and development of human hematopoietic cells. Although Notch1 is a known T cell oncogene, we have discovered that Notch signaling behaves as a tumor suppressor in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) inducing growth arrest and apoptosis in both cell lines and patient samples. To characterize the mechanism of this effect we have evaluated the influence of the Notch pathway on key effectors of differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in human AML. Results: Notch signaling induces rapid growth arrest and apoptosis in a panel of human AML cell lines representing a range of AML FAB subtypes (M2–M6). Specifically, activated Notch1 expression caused a 70–95% reduction in AML cells compared to controls (p We also found that all four Notch receptors (1–4) are capable of inducing this effect, as is the Notch target gene HES1, suggesting a generalized Notch tumor suppressor effect in AML. Furthermore, Notch signaling through HES1 modulates the expression of key regulators of myeloid differentiation and cell cycle progression including downregulation of CEBPα 2.5-fold (p As a novel therapeutic approach, we synthesized Notch agonists which effectively induce Notch signaling with a >18-fold increase in HES1 expression (p Conclusions: We report here that Notch signaling is a novel tumor suppressor pathway in human AML. We demonstrate how Notch agonists can be used to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in human AML cell lines and patient AML samples. As a regulator of cell fate, proliferation and differentiation, Notch effectively disrupts multiple pathways in AML. We propose that Notch agonists represent a novel and feasible therapeutic approach in AML. Pre-clinical evaluation is underway. Download : Download high-res image (83KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (86KB) Download : Download full-size image
Complex Zero Decreasing Sequences and the Riemann Hypothesis II

A long-standing open problem (the Karlin—Laguerre problem) in the theory of distribution of zeros of real entire functions requires the characterization of all real sequences \(T = \left\{ \gamma \right\}_{k = 0}^\infty \) such that for any real polynomial \(p\left( x \right): = \sum\nolimits_0^n {{a_k}{x^k}} \), the polynomial \(\sum\nolimits_0^n {{\gamma _k}{a_k}{x^k}} \) has no more nonreal zeros than p(x) has. The sequences T which satisfy the above property are called complex zero decreasing sequences. While the Karlin—Laguerre problem has remained open, recently there has been significant progress made in a series of papers by A. Bakan, T. Craven, A. Golub and G. Csordas. In particular, it follows that under a mild growth restriction, an entire function, f (z), of exponential type has only real zeros, if the sequence \(T = \{ f(k)\} _{k = 0}^\infty \) is a complex zero decreasing sequence. These results yield new necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of the Riemann Hypothesis. Applying these conditions to the Riemann ξ-function, some numerical results will highlight a quantitative version of the dictum that “the Riemann Hypothesis, if true, is only barely so”.
Effect of a combination of xylanase, amylase and protease on growth performance of broilers fed low and high fiber diets

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of a combination of xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP; providing 2000 U of xylanase, 200 U of amylase, and 4000 U of protease per kg diet) in low and high fiber diets on growth performance of Cobb 500 broilers from d 0 to 21 of age. A 2 × 2 factorial design with 8 replicate floor pens (8 birds/pen; in two batches) was used. The treatments included 2 fiber levels: low fiber diets based on corn and soybean meal (SBM) and high fiber diets with addition of wheat, wheat middling, canola meal and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Each level of fiber diet was supplemented without or with XAP. All the test diets contained 500 FTU/kg phytase in the background and were pelleted. In overall study period (d 0–21), the high fiber diet increased FCR (P 0.05) effect on ADG and FCR. The XAP supplementation improved ADFI in low fiber diet but did not affect ADFI in high fiber diet. A significant (P
Peru: Language Situation

Following the traditional division into Pacific Coast, Andes, and Amazonia, this article provides an overview of the sociolinguistic situation in Peru, a country where 20–25% of its approximately 28 million inhabitants speaks an indigenous language. The diversity and degree of endangerment of indigenous Andean and Amazonian languages are discussed, as well as the factors playing a decisive role in their preservation or displacement. Spanish, the only language with unconditional official status, is spoken as a first or second language by the large majority of the population. Finally, the few foreign languages spoken in Peru are mentioned.
Becoming an International Baccalaureate Middle Years Program: Perspectives of Teachers, Students, and Administrators:

As an urban middle school begins to implement the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Program, this study explores the process of experiencing a curricular change from the perspective of the t...
Understanding policy learning and change through policy beliefs: Florida smart growth

ABSTRACTThis study analyzed policy learning and change in Florida 2007–2017 smart growth policy. Content analysis of legislation identified policy learning through three hierarchical policy belief systems, where a broad system constrained the narrower system. Social policy learning through broad deep core beliefs, covering principles of state’s environmental and natural resource protection, resulted in little learning and incremental pace. Legislation favoring protection was hard to change. Social policy learning through policy core beliefs, covering goals and strategies of state’s public health and economic growth facilities, generally lacked evidence of learning and change. Economic growth facilities nonetheless exhibited evidence of extensive and abrupt learning, followed by drastic policy change, due to economic recession conditions. These conditions also affected instrumental policy learning through narrow secondary beliefs, including implementation tools for local plan, local school/transportation f...
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN RUTILE-TYPE STRUCTURES

Transitions in rutile-type RX2 compounds are as ubiquitous in these phases as in the better studied silica phases arising from the quartz structure. These transitions may be either reconstructive or displacive. If reconstructive, the basic coordination number of 6 changes to 8 or 9. In SiO2 (rutile), volume changes of 10%, arising from a change from a 6 to 8 coordination, decrease the Gibbs free energy by 3 kcal/mole for a transition at 100 kbar, or 30 kcal at 1 Mbar. The larger transitions corresponding to a 6 to 9 coordination change have δV/V of 20–30% corresponding to energy changes of 6–9 kcal/mole for a transition at 100 kbar. Displacive transitions may be real or virtual. They seem to be invariably signaled by dCS/dP < 0. They are virtual when they are not observed due to the occurrence of a large volume phase change at pressures lower than that at which CS = 0. Data will be presented on NiF2 which has a predicted (A. Wu) magnetic phase transition at about 45 kbar, which is apparently of second or higher order.
The theory of integral closure of ideals and modules: Applications and new developments

Many equisingularity conditions such as the Whitney conditions, and their relative versions A f and W f , depend on controlling limiting linear structures. The theory of the integral closure of ideals and modules provides a very useful tool for studying these limiting structures. In this paper we illustrate how these tools are used in three case studies, and describe some of the advances in the theory since the survey article of [12], which was written in 1996.
Preservice Elementary School Teachers' Conceptions of Multidigit Whole Numbers

Although preservice elementary school teachers (PSTs) lack the understanding of multidigit whole numbers necessary to teach in ways that empower students mathematically, little is known about their conceptions of multidigit whole numbers. The extensive research on children's understanding of multidigit whole numbers is used to explicate PSTs' conceptions of these numbers. A grounded theoretical approach leads to the development of a framework for PSTs' conceptions of multidigit whole numbers, and that framework facilitates description of their conceptions and their difficulties in the context of the standard algorithms. The framework also enables discussion of the PSTs' performance in other contexts.
Life Course Exposures and Socioeconomic Disparities in Child Health: Opportunities for Intervention

Reichman and Teitler (Chap. 9) review the literature on socioeconomic disparities in child health. The life course-based conceptual framework they develop implies that there are multiple avenues for intervention, beginning with the mother’s health prior to conception, which could ultimately be effective in decreasing child health disparities. In this chapter, results are presented from a randomized controlled trial of one such intervention, Strong Healthy Women, designed to promote health and reduce risks for adverse birth outcomes among women living in low-income communities. More generally, advances in health- and healthcare-related knowledge and technology can lead to significant improvements in child health and well-being. If disparities in child health are to be reduced, the barriers experienced by families of lower socioeconomic status in accessing these improvements must be identified and addressed.
Exploratory study examining the at-home feasibility of a wearable tool for social-affective learning in children with autism

Although standard behavioral interventions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are effective therapies for social deficits, they face criticism for being time-intensive and overdependent on specialists. Earlier starting age of therapy is a strong predictor of later success, but waitlists for therapies can be 18 months long. To address these complications, we developed Superpower Glass, a machine-learning-assisted software system that runs on Google Glass and an Android smartphone, designed for use during social interactions. This pilot exploratory study examines our prototype tool's potential for social-affective learning for children with autism. We sent our tool home with 14 families and assessed changes from intake to conclusion through the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2), a facial affect recognition task (EGG), and qualitative parent reports. A repeated-measures one-way ANOVA demonstrated a decrease in SRS-2 total scores by an average 7.14 points (F(1,13) = 33.20, p = <.001, higher scores indicate higher ASD severity). EGG scores also increased by an average 9.55 correct responses (F(1,10) = 11.89, p = <.01). Parents reported increased eye contact and greater social acuity. This feasibility study supports using mobile technologies for potential therapeutic purposes.
Increasing the Range of Wireless Power Transmission to Stretchable Electronics

Wireless power transmission is of paramount importance in stretchable electronics due to the challenges of fabricating effective electrical contacts between stretchable systems and the outside world. Poor stretchable inductor performance has been a major factor limiting the range of power transfer to stretchable systems. Here, through the development of stretchable inductors with the highest quality factors on record (as high as 174, more than double the highest previously demonstrated), we are able to increase the range of effective power transfer to stretchable electronics. Our stretchable inductors were fabricated using liquid-metal-filled channels in a soft silicone and can withstand strains up to 100%. Using this approach combined with magnetic resonance techniques, we show systems able to transfer power effectively at distances of one and two coil diameters, significantly beyond the half-coil diameter distance that was the previous state of the art. Using optimized designs, we demonstrate the efficiency of 64% at one coil diameter (40 mm) and a second system with the efficiency of 15.5% at two coil diameters (84 mm).
Understanding young women’s experiences of gender inequality in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh through story circles

Gender inequality poses grave consequences for young women's health and wellbeing. The aim of this study was to understand how gender influences the lives of young women living in urban slums of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India using story circles as a research methodology. Narrative-based participatory methods like story circles (which involves sharing individual stories in a group circle on a given topic) can provide the nuance and detail needed to understand young people's experiences, build trust between participants and researchers, and offer spaces to speak about culturally sensitive subjects. Six story circle sessions were conducted with 50 young women (aged 15-24) in Lucknow. Sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded. Transcriptions were analysed to identify the following salient themes, all of which act as mechanisms of gender inequality: mobility restrictions, rampant sexual harassment in the community, limited educational and work opportunities, and the utmost prioritization of marriage for young women.
Ideality and Art in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and Edgar Allan Poe’s “Berenice” and “The Tell-Tale Heart”

In their phrenological studies, Gall and Spurzheim named the “organ of ideality” that, when enlarged, reduced the distinction between perception and reality. This chapter argues that ideas come to obsess characters in Romantic works like “Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and Poe’s titular short stories. In “Rime,” the negatively sublime feelings precipitated by the storm and the mariner’s isolation become contained in the figure of the albatross. In this way, the idea itself occasions horrors and apparitions. This idea becomes a reality, as does the notion of the eye in “Tell Tale Heart” or, in “Beatrice,” teeth. These texts posit that the “compulsion” to write, to tell stories, comes from just this type of ideation.
Practice-enhancing publications about the medication use process in 2017.

Purpose This article identifies, prioritizes, and summarizes published literature on the medication use process (MUP) from calendar year 2017 that can impact health-system pharmacists' daily practice. The MUP is the foundational system that provides the framework for safe medication use within the health care environment. The MUP is defined in this article as having the following components: prescribing/transcribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring. Articles that evaluated one of the steps were gauged for their usefulness toward daily practice change. Methods A PubMed search was conducted in March 2018 for calendar year 2017 using targeted Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords, providing a total of 2,288 articles. Results A thorough review identified 45 potentially significant articles: 19 for prescribing/transcribing, 5 for dispensing, 4 for administration, and 17 for monitoring. Peer review ranking for importance led to the selection of key articles from each category. The highest ranked articles are briefly summarized, with a mention of why this article is important within health-system pharmacy. The other articles are listed for further review and evaluation. Conclusion It is important to routinely review the published literature and to incorporate significant findings into daily practice. This article assists in identifying and summarizing those that are most impactful. Health-system pharmacists have an active role in improving the MUP in their institution and awareness of the significant published studies can assist in changing practice at the institutional level.
Universality of the critical point mapping between Ising model and QCD at small quark mass

The universality of the QCD equation of state near the critical point is expressed by mapping pressure as a function of temperature $T$ and baryon chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$ in QCD to Gibbs free energy as a function of reduced temperature $r$ and magnetic field $h$ in the Ising model. The mapping parameters are, in general, not universal, i.e., determined by details of the microscopic dynamics rather than by symmetries and long-distance dynamics. In this paper we point out that in the limit of small quark masses, when the critical point is close to the tricritical point, the mapping parameters show universal dependence on the quark mass ${m}_{q}$. In particular, the angle between the $r=0$ and $h=0$ lines in the $(\ensuremath{\mu},T)$ plane vanishes as ${m}_{q}^{2/5}$. We discuss possible phenomenological consequences of these findings.
Standard of care vs reduced-dose chemoradiation after induction chemotherapy in HPV+ oropharyngeal carcinoma patients: The Quarterback trial.

Abstract Background Human Papillomavirus oropharyngeal carcinoma (HPVOPC) has better progression free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) than non-HPVOPC. Standard-dose chemoradiotherapy (sdCRT) results in significant acute toxicity and late morbidity. We hypothesized that after induction chemotherapy (IC), reduced dose chemoradiation (rdCRT) would result in equivalent PFS and OS compared to sdCRT plus IC in HPVOPC and would reduce toxicity. Methods Patients with p16+, previously untreated, locally advanced HPVOPC and ≤20 pack years smoking history received 3 cycles of IC with docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil (TPF). Clinical responders who were HPV positive by type-specific PCR were randomized 1:2 to sdCRT (7000 cGy) or rdCRT (5600 cGy) with weekly carboplatin. The endpoints of the study were 3 year PFS and OS. Results 23 patients were enrolled, 22 were evaluable for TPF toxicity and 20 were randomized, 8 to sdCRT and 12 to rdCRT. Sixteen (80%) were HPV 16+ and 4 (20%) were other high risk (HR) variants. Fourteen (70%) had high risk features: T4, N2c, or N3. Median follow up was 56 months (range 42–70). Three-year PFS/OS for sdCRT and rdCRT are 87.5% vs 83.3% (log-rank test p = 0.85), respectively. All 3 failures are locoregional within 4 months of completion of CRT; 2 were in HR variants (50%). Conclusions rdCRT after IC resulted in similar PFS/OS compared sdCRT. These data support Phase 3 clinical trials of radiation dose reduction after IC as a treatment strategy in HPVOPC. Molecular HPV with variant testing and smoking history are necessary for de-escalation trials.
Deep Decoupling Oscillations of the Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation

The polar ice and ocean sediment cores contain a record of large and sudden climate changes around the North Atlantic Ocean. Evidence for ocean circulation changes occurring synchronously with the terrestrial climate changes has been found in forams from sediment cores which show colder sea surface temperatures and increased deep nutrient levels during the cold Younger Dryas period (Boyle and Keigwin, 1987). The increased nutrients have been interpreted as evidence that North Atlantic Deep Water formation was reduced during the Younger Dryas. A natural conclusion is that such a reduction would have contributed to the cold climate by diminished importation of heat to high, northern hemisphere latitudes. The 18O record from the Greenland ice cores reveals that similar climate oscillations with 500 to 2,000 year warm periods separating the cold periods occurred frequently during the last glaciation (Johnson et al., 1992). These “interstadials” began with abrupt warmings (within decades) followed by gradual or stepwise coolings. Broecker et al. (1990) have suggested that variability of the salinity of the Atlantic Ocean caused by melting ice sheets and water vapor export from the Atlantic forces oscillations in the thermohaline overturning.
Evaluating the Stability of Communities Found by Clustering Algorithms

Since clustering algorithms identify communities even in networks that are not believed to exhibit clustering behavior, we are interested in evaluating the significance of the communities returned by these algorithms. As a proxy for significance, prior work has investigated stability: by how much do the clusters change when the network is perturbed? We describe a cheap and simple method for evaluating stability and test it on a variety of real-world and synthetic graphs. Rather than evaluating our method on a single clustering algorithm, we give results using three popular clustering algorithms and measuring the distance between computed clusterings via three different metrics. We consider the results in the context of known strengths and weaknesses of the three clustering algorithms and also compare our method against that of measuring modularity. Finally we give evidence that our method provides more information than does the modularity.
Resolving selenium exposure risk: Spatial, temporal, and tissue-specific variability of an endemic fish in a large, dynamic estuary.

Abstract Estuaries provide critical habitat for a vast array of fish and wildlife but are also a nexus for core economic activities that mobilize and concentrate contaminants that can threaten aquatic species. Selenium (Se), an essential element and potent reproductive toxin, is enriched in parts of the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) to levels known to cause toxicity, yet the risk of Se to species that inhabit the SFE is not well understood. We quantified Se concentrations in muscle, liver and ovary of the demersal cyprinid Sacramento Splittail from six regions in the SFE at three time points to evaluate Se exposure risk. Selenium levels exceeded proposed EPA criteria in ovary and thresholds of concern for liver in 15% and 20%, respectively, of fish collected in the fall of 2010, preceding the discovery of juvenile Splittail displaying a high incidence (>40%) of spinal deformities characteristic of Se toxicity, and again in 2011. No exceedances were detected in muscle tissue. Selenium concentrations varied significantly among regions for muscle (F5,113 = 20.49, p
Barriers and Facilitators to Involvement in Children's Diabetes Management Among Minority Parents.

Objective This study aimed to describe parents' perceptions of the factors that facilitate or are barriers to their involvement in children's type 1 diabetes (T1D) management among African American and Latino parents. Methods African American and Latino parents (N = 28) of 5- to 9-year-old children with T1D completed audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews that were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes were identified that aligned with the theoretically-derived Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) framework. Results Parents described Capability-based facilitators of parent involvement, including positive stress management, religious/spiritual coping, organizational/planning skills, and diabetes knowledge. Capability-based barriers included child and parent distress. Interpersonal relationships, degree of flexibility in work environments, and access to diabetes technologies were both Opportunity-based facilitators and barriers; and Opportunity-based barriers consisted of food insecurity/low financial resources. Parents' desire for their child to have a "normal" life was described as both a Motivation-based facilitator and barrier. Conclusions African American and Latino families described helpful and unhelpful factors that spanned all aspects of the COM-B model. Reinforcing or targeting families' unique psychological, interpersonal, and environmental strengths and challenges in multilevel interventions has potential to maximize parental involvement in children's diabetes management.
Effect of cooling profile on crystalline phases, oxidation state, and chemical partitioning of complex glasses

Investigations of the crystallization of aluminosilicate phases within Hanford nuclear waste glasses typically involve subjecting samples to the canister centerline cooling (CCC) schedule. This cooling schedule is representative of the slowest cooling thermal profile which these glasses will experience after the glass is poured into the high level waste (HLW) container. However, few investigations have observed how the crystallization behavior changes by varying the heat treatment schedule. In the present study, three Hanford HLW glasses are subjected to CCC and isothermal heat treatments (IHT) to better understand the evolution of phases and the chemical partitioning due to temperature schedule. Samples were characterized using electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, micro X-ray fluorescence, and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy. From IHT, eucryptite and apatite phases were observed which were not observed during CCC. Spatially-resolved measurements demonstrated that the oxidation state of the iron was similar among glass and crystal, and we suggest a mechanism to describe the compositional fluctuations near the crystal-glass interface which influence crystallization.
A Comparison of Sphenoid Sinus Osteoneogenesis in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease.

BACKGROUND Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by excessive leukotriene production, diffuse polyp burden and osteitic bone changes. These bony changes have not been previously characterized. OBJECTIVE The aim of this radiographic study is to characterize the bony changes noted on computed tomography (CT) scans of the sphenoid sinus in patients with AERD compared to other diseased sinonasal inflammatory states and non-diseased controls. METHODS A retrospective review of 43 patients with clinically confirmed AERD were included and compared to 22 non-diseased, 9 allergic fungal sinusitis, and 43 chronic rhinosinusitis controls (23 without polyps and 18 with polyps). Comparative measurements were performed using fine-cut CT scans. Sites of comparison were the intersinus septum, the left and right lateral sphenoid wall, the roof, and left and right floor of the sphenoid sinus. Standardized measurements were averaged by two separate rhinologists. RESULTS Patients with AERD had an average statistically significant increase in bone thickness compared to healthy and diseased controls in nearly every site with the most pronounced changes in the intersinus septum (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Patients with AERD have significantly increased thickness of the sphenoid bone compared to control groups with the most pronounced difference in the intersinus septum. These findings may help clinicians increase suspicion for a diagnosis of AERD who clinically have diffuse nasal polyposis.
Modernization of artisanal fishing communities on Andros Island, The Bahamas, as a treadmill of production

Abstract Globalization and modernization have driven drastic changes in communities dependent on natural resources. Yet the impacts on resources and local well-being vary widely, with positive outcomes often linked to ecological modernization theory and negative outcomes often linked to treadmill of production theory. We contribute to this literature with a qualitative case study of Bahamian fishing communities which underwent rapid modernization during the latter half of the 20th century. We interviewed 31 fishers on Andros Island, ranging from 49 to 90 years in age, about how they experienced modernization. Participants identified consequences of modernization consistent with treadmill of production theory, including economic system restructuring, introduction of new technologies, increased market demand for natural resources, environmental degradation, and a struggle to maintain quality of life. They identified international tourism, market demands for fish, and employment opportunities outside the island as primary drivers of change and expressed both positive and negative attitudes towards the consequences of modernization. Local fishers described modernization as incorporating elements of world systems theory and telecoupling, including 1) the economic expansion of the country's capital and most densely populated city, Nassau, coming at the environmental and economic expense of Andros, and 2) the introduction of diving as a key fishing method based on practices adapted from international tourists. Participant's accounts of modernization were not consistent with ecological modernization theory but may reflect some elements of this theory in the future in association with the rapid expansion of higher education opportunities on Bahamian “family islands.”
A cold-set wood adhesive based on soy protein

Abstract In this study, combinations of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BPADGE) and polyethylenimine (PEI) were investigated as effective crosslinking agents for soy protein isolate (SPI) at room temperature. Three-ply plywood panels were prepared with the SPI-BPADGE-PEI adhesives via a cold press process and were evaluated for their water resistance and shear strengths in accordance with the requirements of the American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood for exterior applications. The effects of BPADGE/(SPI + PEI) weight ratio, SPI/PEI weight ratio, solids content of the adhesive, the rate of adhesive usage, and the press time at room temperature on the water resistance and the shear strengths of plywood panels were investigated. The pot-life of the adhesive was also measured. Plywood panels bonded with the SPI-BPADGE-PEI adhesives met the industrial requirements for exterior applications.
A data-driven framework to identify human-critical autonomous vehicle testing and deployment zones

We proposed a data-driven framework that leverages machine learning and econometric modeling techniques to investigate autonomous vehicle (AV) involved crashes and maps human-critical safety factors to operational design domains. The goal is to assist the infrastructure owner-operators in identifying human-critical AV-testing-and-deployment zones based on data-driven insights from both AV-testing data (e.g., California Department of Motor Vehicle AV crash reports) and historical crash data involving only human drivers. First, we analyzed AV crash data collected from the CA DMV website for May 2018 to December 2020 using ML-based and econometric models incorporating attributes such as weather, lighting condition, road surface condition, vehicle miles traveled, and collision type. Later we use the findings to demonstrate the framework's applicability for New York City crash data at the Zip Code level (2012--2021).
The Mechanism of End Product Inhibition of Serine Biosynthesis IV. SUBUNIT STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE AND STEADY STATE KINETIC STUDIES OF PHOSPHOGLYCERATE OXIDATION

Abstract Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase was shown to consist of four identical subunits. This conclusion was based on data obtained from disc electrophoresis of extensively reduced and [14C]carboxymethylated enzyme, tryptophan determinations, and peptide maps. These studies eliminated the possibility that the enzyme contained regulatory subunits. The enzyme was crystallized with both oxidized and reduced coenzyme bound to the protein. Kinetic studies of phosphoglycerate oxidation have been made possible by substitution of 3-acetylpyridine DPN (3-AcPy-DPN) for DPN in the assay system. The enzyme gave biphasic kinetic and derived Hill plots for phosphoglycerate oxidation at 25°, indicative of negative cooperative interactions. At low phosphoglycerate concentrations, serine was a noncompetitive inhibitor. Subunit interactions mediated by phosphoglycerate and serine were influenced by temperature and pH.
Singular filaments organize chemical waves in three dimensions IV. Wave taxonomy

Abstract This is the last of four papers on the anatomy of three-dimensional organizing centers in excitable media. These organizing centers are made of “scroll ring waves” with twists and knots in them, diversely linked together. Each such aggregate of linked rings is characterized by a handful of “topological quantum numbers” which partition the family of organizing centers into discrete classes, or “atoms”. We derive the rules which govern nuclear structure in this periodic table, as well as the selection rules for transmutation.
Tapered Twisted Tape Inserts for Enhanced Heat Transfer

Insertion of twisted tapes in smooth channels is one of the passive methods used for enhancing heat transfer. Flow and associated heat transfer characteristics of these channels are very complex. Understanding this complex flow is helpful while designing new passive methods. Numerical methods like computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are gaining much popularity for analyzing and designing these heat transfer enhancement techniques. This paper focuses on such a numerical study. The preliminary study is focused on development of numerical methodology through validation. Successive studies are aimed at development of an innovative design for twisted tape. Twisted tapes with taper angle (tapered twisted tapes, i.e., tape width decreases along the flow direction) are developed and evaluated on the basis of the performance of these tapes with those of conventional tapes. A circular tube with tapered twisted tape with a twist ratio of 3 and taper angles of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 is considered for this study along with a plain tube. Three Reynolds numbers (Re) of 8545, 11393, and 13333 are considered to examine the sensitivity of the performance. Simulations are performed with a commercially available CFD tool, ansys fluent (v14.0). Heat transfer and pressure drop results are presented in the form of Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), and overall enhancement ratio (η). An increase of 17% in overall enhancement is predicted with taper angle of 0.5.
Analysis of Interactions using Structured Singular Values

Multivariable controllers are often avoided in the chemical process industries in favor of simpler, diagonal or block-diagonal controllers. Such "decentralized" controllers are desirable because they result in control systems with fewer tuning parameters. However, the ensuing simplicity in controller design must be weighted against the interactions which result from "ignoring" the off-diagonal system blocks and which can lead to performance deterioration and even instability. The purpose of an Interaction Measure (IM) should be to indicate under what conditions the stability of the diagonal loops/blocks will guarantee that of the complete system. Using the notion of Structured Singular Value, we have derived a new dynamic IM for systems under feedback with diagonal or block-diagonal controllers. In addition to predicting the stability of decentralized control systems, this measure, the ? IM, will measure the performance loss caused by these control structures. In particular, its steady-state value provides a sufficient condition for achieving offset-free performance with the control system.
How does geographic distance affect credit market access in Niger

Distances involved in accessing basic services can constitute a major barrier to development. This paper analyzes the relationship between the distance separating households from microfinance institutions' offices in Niger, and the low levels of development and performance of the microfinance sector in the country. To cope with the effects of geographical distance, microfinance institutions adapt their policies through more restrictive loan conditions, higher interest rates, and more intensive screening. The authors to discuss the tension between access and sustainability in the context of financial services for the poor.
Measuring the Morphology and Dynamics of the Snake River by Remote Sensing

The Snake River is a prominent, central feature of Grand Teton National Park, and this dynamic fluvial system maintains diverse habitats while actively shaping the landscape. Although the riparian corridor is relatively pristine, the Snake River is by no means free from anthropogenic influences: streamflows have been regulated since 1907 by Jackson Lake Dam. Among dam-controlled rivers in the western U.S., the Snake River is unique in that tributaries entering below the dam supply sufficient coarse bed material to produce a braided morphology. As a result of tributary inputs, sediment flux along the Snake River has been relatively unaffected by Jackson Lake Dam, but flow regulation has reduced the magnitude and altered the timing of streamflows. In this study we are coupling an annual image time series with extensive field surveys to document channel changes occurring on the Snake River. Our objective is to quantify how snowmelt runoff events and flow management strategies influence patterns of sediment transfer and storage throughout the river system, with a particular focus on tributary junctions. More specifically, we are using the image sequence to identify areas of erosion and deposition and hence infer the sediment flux associated with the observed changes in channel morphology. This analysis will improve our understanding of the riverâs response to flow management and enable us to generate hypotheses as to how the system might adapt to future anthropogenic and/or climate-driven alterations in streamflow and sediment supply. In addition, our research on the Snake River involves an ongoing assessment of the potential to measure the morphology and dynamics of large, complex rivers via remote sensing. A new aspect of this investigation involves estimating flow velocities from hyperspectral images that capture the texture of the water surface. Extensive field measurements of velocity and water surface roughness are being used to develop this innovative approach and thus increase the amount of river information that can be inferred via remote sensing.
Understanding the Dynamics of Diversity within Nonprofit Boards.

As nonprofit organization boards increasingly reflect the rich human diversity of the communities they serve, understanding and nurturing the many voices within boards is crucial. This paper describes a number of frameworks that seem promising for exploring board dynamics, including the use of language to further interests, social exchanges, the political context of boards as elements of a pyramid of civic participation, the socialization and acculturation of board members and the composition and representativeness of boards.
Invited talk: image recognition for intelligent interfaces

When interaction concerns the physical world, interfaces should do their best to search for information using direct observation. Image-based interfaces have been tried in the past, but generally required artificial barcode tags to be affixed to each viewed object or surface. Recent advances in computer vision and content-based image retrieval have enabled fast and robust indexing from images of individual objects--CD covers, book jackets, magazine advertisements, etc.--even on relatively low-power platforms such as camera-equipped mobile phones. I'll review the relevant algorithms and design of such systems, and discuss what types of image recognition interfaces are feasible in the near term. I'll describe very recent work on multimodal question answering interfaces, which combine image and text query matching with human-in-the-loop interaction. I'll close with a discussion of the anticipated future progress on category-level visual recognition, and what classes of interfaces it may enable.
Smoking in Russia: The ‘Marlboro Man’ Rides but Without ‘Virginia Slims’ for Now

Based on two rounds of a nationally representative household survey, this paper presents an exploratory study of risk factors and the economics of the decision to smoke by adults in Russia in the second half of the 1990s. With an overall smoking prevalence of 32.2%, smoking is much more prevalent among men (61.4%) than among women (10.3%). The risk of smoking is on the rise in Russia due mainly to the growing incidence of female smoking, especially in major urban centres, where the impact of modern culture and Western tobacco companies is more profound. The low estimated price elasticities of the decision to smoke for men (−0.085) and for women (−0.628) suggest that an excise tax on cigarettes is not an effective means to reduce the prevalence of smoking. The decision to smoke is also found to be very income inelastic. Formal education, occupation, alcohol consumption, and obesity are associated with smoking in a way similar to developed countries.
Changes in Electrophysiological Properties of Lamprey Spinal Motoneurons During Fictive Swimming

Electrophysiological properties of lamprey spinal motoneurons were measured to determine whether their cellular properties change as the spinal cord goes from a quiescent state to the active state ...
Prediction of child abuse: a prospective study of feasibility

Feasibility of identifying risk for child abuse prospectively was determined by interviewing 1400 expectant mothers and predicting that 273 were high risk. Nonaccidental child injuries were subsequently reported to authorities for 6% of these versus 1% of the remaining 1127 families. Prediction was only effective for 24 months following interview. Thus prenatal prediction was feasible although the rate of false positive high risk assignment would limit practical application of the interview we used. As a first step to improve prediction accuracy, a group of the 20 strongest predictors was selected from the interview by regression analysis. The correlation of these with abuse was .44 compared to .15 for the original interview. Important predictors included subjective impressions of interviewers, residency transience, untruthfulness, disturbed childhood nurture, unwanted pregnancy, and perhaps conditions that increased parent-child exposure.
Fetoscopic treatment for discordant twins.

Abstract Background/Purpose: In rare instances in monochorionic twin pregnancies, one twin can have a discordant anomaly (eg, cystic hygroma). If this twin dies in utero, neurologic injury and death can occur in the surviving cotwin. To protect the normal twin, the authors developed an approach to separate the circulations and ablate the umbilical cord of the abnormal twin. Methods: From September 1998 to February 2001, 6 cases of discordant anomalous twins were diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound scan in which the anomaly was lethal or parents desired prenatal termination for this abnormal twin. All underwent surgical intervention with gestational ages varying from 19 to 24 weeks. Results: Depending on cord insertion site and placental anatomy, blood flow was interrupted to the anomalous fetus by either radiofrequency ablation (RFA; 2 cases), cord transection (1 case), or cord transection after laser ablation of communicating vessels (3 cases). Fetal death occurred in one normal twin 4 days postoperatively. Average age at delivery for the 5 surviving fetuses was 34.5 weeks' gestation. On follow-up, all surviving infants are neurologically intact. Conclusion: An otherwise normal monochorionic twin threatened by an anomalous cotwin can be salvaged successfully with a strategy tailored to interrupt the vascular connections between the 2 twins. J Pediatr Surg 37:1736-1739. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Application of the close-coupling method to excitation of electronic states and dissociation of H 2 by electron impact

The close-coupling method has been applied to the electron-H/sub 2/ collision to obtain excitation cross sections of the b /sup 3/..sigma../sup +//sub u/, a /sup 3/..sigma../sup +//sub g/, e /sup 3/..sigma../sup +//sub u/, c /sup 3/Pi/sub u/, and B /sup 1/..sigma../sup +//sub u/ states. Cross sections of the triplet states are presented at several incident-electron energies between threshold and 40 eV, and those of the B /sup 1/..sigma../sup +//sub u/ state at 25, 50, 75, and 100 eV. Vibrational levels are treated by the Franck-Condon-factor approximation, and the cross sections are rotationally averaged. Cross sections by the Born-type calculations are markedly different from those of the present calculation. Furthermore, the manner and degree to which they differ also vary from state to state. Comparison with experiment is limited to a set of experimental data of total dissociation cross sections.
Differential gene expression during multistage carcinogenesis.

The use of the mouse skin multistage model of carcinogenesis has aided our understanding of critical target genes in chemical carcinogenesis. The mutagenic activation of the Harvey-ras proto-oncoge...
Limits for Interharmonics in the 1–100-Hz Range Based on Lamp Flicker Considerations

At present, limits do not exist for harmonics that are non-integer multiples of the power frequency. Any limit developed must 1) be based on some level above which undesirable consequences appear, 2) be measurable by some defined and defensible method, and 3) be as simple as possible. In this paper, limits for non-integer harmonics, here called interharmonics, are developed based on the light flicker effects that such components may cause. Once limiting values are determined based on light flicker using the flickermeter protocol defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), they are assessed relative to other physical phenomena, such as overheating, which form the basis for existing integer harmonic limits such as those proposed by the IEC and the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The ultimate contribution of this paper is a limit curve for frequencies 0-100 Hz (for 60 Hz systems) that fulfills the three criteria for a limit as previously defined
The Teacher's Communicative Competence: The First Day of School

(1985). The teacher's communicative competence: The first day of school. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 24, Classroom Communication/Verbal and Nonverbal, pp. 63-70.
Can Empirical Clinical Practice Techniques Improve Social Work Outcomes

Objective: To determine whether empirical clinical practice (ECP) techniques such as the use of standardized scales and single-subject designs are associated with improved outcomes for clients. Met...
A strict dual representation for L1(μ, X)

Abstract Let ( Ω, ∑, μ ) be a complete finite measure space, let X be a Banach space, and let S be the Stone space of the measure algebra ∑ μ −1 (0) . We define strict topologies β, and β2 on C(S, X τ ∗ ) , the space of continuous functions from S into X ∗ with the Mackey topology. Using a differentiation criterion for vector measures involving a strong form of bounded variation, we show that the dual spaces (C(S, X τ ∗ ), β 1 )′ and (C(S, X τ ∗ ), β 2 )′ can be represented as L1(μ, X), the space of Bochner integrable X-valued functions on Ω. Finally, we characterize the subsets of L1(μ, X) which are equicontinuous with respect to the β1 and β2 topologies.
Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of parenterally administered single doses of procarbazine (NSC-77,213)☆☆☆

Abstract Experiments were undertaken to determine the initial pharmacologic changes elicited by iv administration of procarbazine in the rhesus monkey (25–400 mg/kg) and the isolated, blood-perfused dog heart (25–400 mg/kg). In unanesthetized animals somnolence and synchronization of the electroencephalogram were noted after all doses. These effects were reversible within 15 min to 3 hr at doses up to 200 mg/kg. Over a 4 hr period, mean arterial blood pressure gradually decreased 10–40 mmHg, and some animals developed intermittent periods of ventricular ectopic beats. Two of 3 animals given 400 mg/kg died from severe hypotension and respiratory distress. In pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, procarbazine suppressed or eliminated cortical electroencephalogram activity for varying periods of time. All doses initially increased carotid artery blood flow, but by 15–30 min after injection mean arterial blood pressure had decreased below control levels. Within 6 hr, 6 of 9 animals given 100–400 mg/kg died from severe hypotension and respiratory arrest. All doses of procarbazine exerted positive inotropic and chronotropic responses in the isolated heart. These actions could be attenuated by pretreatment with reserpine (0.1 mg/kg) or dl-propranolol (0.125 mg), but not by d-propranolol (0.125 mg). The present results indicate that parenterally administered procarbazine causes both central nervous system and cardiovascular alterations.