cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated temperature intensity, timing, and duration of exposure affect soybean internode elongation, mainstem node number, and pod number per plant

Abstract A study was conducted in four compartments of a polycarbonate greenhouse at Gainesville, FL, USA to investigate how a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivar, Maverick (maturity group III, indeterminate), responded to three elevated temperatures, ELT, (day/night of 34/26 °C, 38/30 °C, and 42/34 °C) in comparison to a control growth temperature (30/22 °C). Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration was maintained at 700 μmol mol−1 in each compartment by a processor controlled air-sampling and CO2-injection system. Three sequential experiments were conducted at different times of year (summer, autumn, and early spring) to investigate the effect of intensity, timing, and duration of ELT on soybean node number, internode elongation, mainstem length, and number of pods set per plant. At the control temperature, the soybean plants grown in the polycarbonate greenhouse were taller than field-grown plants. When plants were grown under continuous ELT applied soon after sowing or at initial flowering, the number of nodes increased with increasing ELT intensity, whereas the length of individual internodes decreased. When ELT treatment was applied during the beginning of flowering stage (R1–R2) or earlier, more nodes were produced and the length of affected internodes was decreased. When the ELT was imposed later at reproductive stage R5+ just before the beginning of seed filling, effects on node numbers and internode lengths were negligible. Short-term (10-day) duration of ELT applied at four stages from V3 to R5+ did not significantly affect final mean numbers of nodes or mean mainstem lengths. Possible mechanisms of elevated temperature effects on soybean internode elongation and node number (internode number) are discussed. Total pod numbers per plant increased linearly with mainstem node numbers and mainstem length. Furthermore, total pod numbers per plant were greatest at 34/26 °C rather than at the control temperature of 30/22 °C (and remained high at 38/30 °C). Mild increases in temperature might not threaten, but actually increase, yields of soybean in northerly zones where this crop is currently grown at slightly suboptimal temperatures. However, a sustained increase in ambient temperature would likely threaten soybean yields.
The Prophylactic Mastectomy Dilemma: A Support Group for Women at High Genetic Risk for Breast Cancer

The goal of this pilot study was to test the usefulness of a six session psychoeducational support group for women at high genetic risk for breast cancer who were considering prophylactic mastectomy. The themes of the group sessions included overestimation of and anxiety about risk; desire for “hard data”; the emotional impact of watching a mother die of breast cancer; concerns about spouse reactions; self- and body image; the decision-making process; and confusion over whom to trust in decision making. Both the participants and the multidisciplinary leaders concluded that as a supplement to individual counseling, a support group is a beneficial and cost-effective treatment modality. Recommendations for the optimal format for such a group are described.
Treatment of Tracheobronchial Injuries: A Contemporary Review

Tracheobronchial injury is a rare but a potentially high-impact event with significant morbidity and mortality. Common etiologies include blunt or penetrating trauma and iatrogenic injury that might occur during surgery, endotracheal intubation, or bronchoscopy. Early recognition of clinical signs and symptoms can help risk-stratify patients and guide management. In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in the management of tracheal injury towards minimally invasive modalities, such as endobronchial stent placement. Although there are still some definitive indications for surgery, selected patients who meet traditional surgical criteria as well as those patients who were deemed to be poor surgical candidates can now be managed successfully using minimally invasive techniques. This paradigm shift from surgical to nonsurgical management is promising and should be considered prior to making final management decisions.
Abstract TP43: Evaluating the Generalizability of the Common Odds Ratio: A Demonstration using Two Trials of Endovascular Therapy

Introduction: The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is an ordinal outcome, ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (death). Recent literature has demonstrated a preference for statistical analysis which mainta...
Azide‑alkyne click reactions to prepare chemically modified amorphous carbon electrodes

Abstract Current chemistries used to modify the surfaces of metal oxide semiconductor films are susceptible to hydrolysis and degrade at high, positive potentials. Amorphous carbon (aC) films are an attractive alternative to metal oxides for the preparation of chemically modified electrodes, with surfaces and surface chemistries that are stable under atmospheric conditions and in solution. Here, we prepared azide-terminated aC films, which were further modified with a copper catalyzed azide‑alkyne click reaction. We utilized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry to show this modification strategy was selective to films containing azide group, enabling a new means of preparing modified aC electrodes.
Defining the Hallmarks of Metastasis

Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. The process involves a complex interplay between intrinsic tumor cell properties as well as interactions between cancer cells and multiple microenvironments. The outcome is the development of a nearby or distant discontiguous secondary mass. To successfully disseminate, metastatic cells acquire properties in addition to those necessary to become neoplastic. Heterogeneity in mechanisms involved, routes of dissemination, redundancy of molecular pathways that can be utilized, and the ability to piggyback on the actions of surrounding stromal cells makes defining the hallmarks of metastasis extraordinarily challenging. Nonetheless, this review identifies four distinguishing features that are required: motility and invasion, ability to modulate the secondary site or local microenvironments, plasticity, and ability to colonize secondary tissues. By defining these first principles of metastasis, we provide the means for focusing efforts on the aspects of metastasis that will improve patient outcomes.
Simulation of the Gαq /Phospholipase Cβ1 Signaling Pathway Returns Differentiated PC12 Cells to a Stem-like State

Phospholipase C{beta}1 is activated by Gq to generate calcium signals in response to hormones and neurotransmitters, and is found at high levels in mammalian neuronal tissue. Besides carrying out this key plasma membrane function, PLC{beta}1 has a cytosolic population that helps, in part, to drive the differentiation of PC12 cells by inhibiting a nuclease that promotes RNA-induced silencing (C3PO). Here, we show that down-regulating PLC{beta}1 or reducing its cytosolic population by activating Gq to drive it to the plasma membrane, returns differentiated PC12 cells to an undifferentiated state. In this state, the cells return to a spherical morphology, resume proliferation and express the stem cell transcription factors nanog and Oct4. Similar changes are seen with C3PO down-regulation. This return to a stem-like state is accompanied by shifts in multiple miR populations, such as increased levels of rno-miR-21 and rno-miR-26a. Surprisingly, we find that de-differentiation can also be induced by extended stimulation of the Gq. In this case, the neurites completely retract over a 10-minute period, and while levels of nanog remain unchanged, the levels of some miRs begin to return to their undifferentiated values. In complementary studies, we followed the real time hydrolysis of a fluorescent-tagged miR in cells where PLC{beta}1 or C3PO were down-regulated. These samples showed substantial differences in miR processing in cells both the undifferentiated and differentiated states. Taken together, our studies suggest that PLC{beta}1, through its ability to regulate C3PO and endogenous miR populations, plays a key role in mediating PC12 cell differentiation.
Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

Pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but severe disease with no cure. In this review, we discuss an approach to the evaluation and management of a pediatric patient with suspected or confirmed PAH. Proceedings published from the 2018 World Symposium updated the definition of pulmonary hypertension to include all adults and children with mean pulmonary artery pressure > 20 mmHg. A classification scheme for patients with PAH associated with congenital heart disease is now also well recognized. Recent research and guidelines have described a series of risk stratification criteria as well as specific criteria for operability in children with unrepaired systemic-to-pulmonary shunt lesions. Although multiple medications have been used off-label, in 2017, bosentan became the first targeted PAH therapy approved for use in children. In recent years, advanced imaging and clinical monitoring have allowed improved risk stratification of PH patients. New therapies, approved in adults and used off-label in pediatric patients, have led to improved outcomes for affected children. However, no targeted pulmonary hypertension medications are approved for children < 3 years of age at this time. Future studies focused on safe, effective, pediatric-specific strategies to improve outcomes are needed.
Digitales Storytelling mit Karten

Multimediale Webanwendungen, in denen interaktive Karten mit Texten, Bildern, Videos und anderen Webinhalten kombiniert werden, erfreuen sich immer groserer Beliebtheit. In diesem Artikel wird anhand des Beispiels von Esri Story Maps beschrieben, wie leicht sich digitales Storytelling mit Karten konkret umsetzen lasst und welche vielfaltigen Moglichkeiten sich durch diese Technologie ergeben.
Anatomy of the Eyelids Pertaining to Thyroid Eye Disease

The major clinical eyelid findings associated with thyroid eye disease (TED) are varied, but most often involve upper and lower eyelid retraction, contour abnormalities, eyelid edema, prolapsed orbital fat, conjunctival injection and chemosis, and meibomian gland dysfunction. The exact causes of these changes remain a matter of controversy, but numerous hypotheses have been proposed, most with limited experimental support.
Complete Genome Sequences of Diverse Uropathogenic Staphylococcus saprophyticus Isolates from a College Health Center.

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a significant cause of urinary tract infections in younger women, but it has been understudied at the genomic level. We report genome sequences of six S. saprophyticus isolates obtained from female patients who presented with urinary tract infection symptoms at a college health center in 2019.
Tacit knowledge sharing in construction: a system dynamics approach

Most of the knowledge in the construction industry is tacit rather than explicit, and its sharing is imperative for enhanced project performance. Tacit Knowledge Sharing (TKS) is heavily influenced by an array of human factors, such as behaviour, attitude, skills, experience, personal contact, and interaction. These factors interact in multiple ways resulting in positive as well as negative loops for TKS, leading towards complexity. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of TKS in developing countries and thereafter, develop a System Dynamics (SD) model for addressing the aforementioned complexity. The study delineates the interrelations between nineteen shortlisted contributing factors of TKS using systems thinking and causal loop diagram (CLD). In total, CLD encompassed four reinforcing and two balancing loops. Furthermore, CLD was used to develop a SD model that contained four stocks. An additional stock named TKS was incorporated to visualize the combined effect of all stocks. The model was simulated over five years and results indicated an increase in TKS efficiency under the defined system and hence improvement in construction project performance. The resultant CLD and SD models reflect the system’s thinking and behaviour over time for TKS in construction. The study adopts a novel methodology in form of SD for holistically addressing the construction culture to be favourable for TKS and thereby improving construction project performance.
Parallel algorithms and architectures for low power video decoding

Parallelism coupled with voltage scaling is an effective approach to achieve high processing performance with low power consumption. This thesis presents parallel architectures and algorithms designed to deliver the power and performance required for current and next generation video coding. Coding efficiency, area cost and scalability are also addressed. First, a low power video decoder is presented for the current state-of-the-art video coding standard H.264/AVC. Parallel architectures are used along with voltage scaling to deliver high definition (HD) decoding at low power levels. Additional architectural optimizations such as reducing memory accesses and multiple frequency/voltage domains are also described. An H.264/AVC Baseline decoder test chip was fabricated in 65-nm CMOS. It can operate at 0.7 V for HD (720p, 30 fps) video decoding and with a measured power of 1.8 mW. The highly scalable decoder can tradeoff power and performance across >100x range. Second, this thesis demonstrates how serial algorithms, such as Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), can be redesigned for parallel architectures to enable high throughput with low coding efficiency cost. A parallel algorithm called the Massively Parallel CABAC (MP-CABAC) is presented that uses syntax element partitions and interleaved entropy slices to achieve better throughput-coding efficiency and throughput-area tradeoffs than H.264/AVC. The parallel algorithm also improves scalability by providing a third dimension to tradeoff coding efficiency for power and performance. Finally, joint algorithm-architecture optimizations are used to increase performance and reduce area with almost no coding penalty. The MP-CABAC is snapped to a highly parallel architecture with 80 parallel engines, which together delivers >10x higher throughput than existing H.264/AVC CABAC implementations. A MP-CABAC test chip was fabricated in 65-nm CMOS to demonstrate the power-performance-coding efficiency tradeoff. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Turnout in gubernatorial and senatorial primary and general elections in the South, 1922–90: A rational choice model of the effects of short-run and long-run electoral competition on relative turnout

Using data on non-presidential-year elections for governor and U.S. Senators in eight southern states over the period 1922– 1990, we provide a rational-choice-inspired model of the factors that should be expected to affect the relative levels of turnout in primaries as compared to general elections. Both V.O. Key and Anthony Downs have argued that voters will be more likely to participate in the elections in which they can most expect to be decisive. V.O. Key (1949) proposed that when general elections are usually lop-sided because of one-party dominance of a state's politics the primary of the dominant party of the state should have a higher turnout than the general election. Downs argued that turnout should be higher in competitive elections. Our modelling combines these ideas. We use as our dependent variable the ratio of primary to general election turnout in each year. We posit that this ratio will increase (1) the greater the degree of within-party competition in the primary (especially that within the dominant party of a state, if there is one), and (2) the weaker the degree of between party competition in the general election. In addition to election-specific effects, we also posit long-run effects, such that the ratio for the offices of governor and U.S. Senator will be affected not merely by the degrees of competition within and between parties specific to any given election, but also by the long-run trends in party competition. This hypothesis leads us to expect that, (3) in the South, with the rise of the Republican party, the ratio of primary to general election turnout should decline over time. All of our expectations about the links between turnout and competition are strongly supported. We argue that rational choice models of turnout perform quite well when we view them in a comparative statics perspective, rather than using them to make predictions about who will and who will not vote in any given election.
OR8 HIV Infection leads to the presentation of unexpectedly long peptides by HLA-A*11:01

Aim Vaccines for HIV-1 have proven ineffective due to the inability of the immune response to cope with HIV-1 diversity/antigenic variation. We proposed to identify host (human) ligands uniquely presented by Class I HLA during infection as these host targets are not likely to mutate. Deep Ligand Sequencing (DLS) was used to determine changes in the class I HLA presented host ligand repertoire after HIV-1 infection of CD4+T cells. In this manner we identified host-derived ligands that mark the surface of HIV infected cells. Methods Soluble class I HLA-A * 11:01 (sHLA) was harvested from HIV-1 (NL4–3)-infected and uninfected human CD4+SUP-T1 cells. Ligands from both infected and uninfected cells were purified and then fractionated by high pH HPLC. NanoLC-MS ligand fragment spectra were collected on all peptide containing fractions. Ligand sequences were determined from tandem MS spectra (DDA & DIA) using PEAKS v7.0 and Protein Pilot v4.5 at a 1% FDR. Ligand intensity data was extracted from the DIA spectra using Peakview v2.1 and the SWATH microapp. Normalization and log fold increase were determined using Excel. Results Quantitative values were obtained for a total of 5222 distinct HLA-A11 ligands from both infected and uninfected cells. Strikingly, over half of the ligands (55%) were unique to HIV-1 infected cells. These unique host ligands were significantly longer than the ligands found in uninfected cells with an average length of 12.2 amino acids as compared to 10.6 amino acids for uninfected ligands. Although ligands were longer, there were no significant changes in motif, and there was no difference in the source proteins providing peptides. Conclusions Our group and others have previously reported long (>11 aa) HIV-1 peptide ligands that are recognized by CTL. Here, we observe a significant shift in the length of the host ligand repertoire as well. This suggests that HIV alters the antigen processing pathway to increase ligand length, possibly by inhibition of host cell peptidases. Since HLA-A11 is more permissive in binding longer ligands, we are able to observe this shift in length. However, with allomorphs like HLA-A2 that are not as length permissive, this could represent an immune escape mechanism for HIV. This ability to bind long ligands may partially explain why HLA-A11 is considered a correlate of protection. W.H. Hildebrand: Consultant; Company/Organization; Pure MHC, LLC.
Aging and exercise training in skeletal muscle: responses of glutathione and antioxidant enzyme systems

Glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated in skeletal muscle of young, adult, and old male Fischer 344 rats. Furthermore, the effect of 10 wk of exercise trainin...
Enzymatic Abnormalities in Diseases of Sphingolipid Metabolism

Biochemical investigation employing labeled sphingolipids has become a useful technic for determining the metabolic lesions in the sphingolipidoses. With these procedures, specific enzymatic defects have been demonstrated in Gaucher9s disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Fabry9s disease, and in metachromatic leukodystrophy. As suitable substrates become available, this method will be useful for elucidating the nature of the lesions in Tay-Sachs disease and generalized gangliosidosis. Enzymatic assays with labeled compounds performed on biopsy specimens from various tissues and white blood cell preparations have been helpful in establishing the diagnosis of the sphingolipidoses. Tissue cultures obtained from patients with Niemann-Pick disease show diminished sphingomyelin-cleaving enzyme as compared with control enzyme levels. Tests such as these should be of considerable diagnostic and prognostic usefulness, as well as being helpful adjuncts for the selection of proper therapeutic measures.
When Should Bank Regulation Favor the Wealthy

Many economies restrict—and in some cases, severely restrict—the access of poor agents to savings opportunities. This paper suggests conditions under which there are good reasons to do so, from the perspective of all agents-including the poor. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E44, E50.
Harmonic-drive ribbon stuffer for impact printers

This paper describes a harmonic-motion ribbon-stuffing device for impact printers, which maintains a consistent placement pattern for large-capacity (120 yards) endless-loop fabric ribbons. The ribbon is uniformly placed into a cavity by eccentric drive rolls that ensure alternate ribbon switching due to the geometric relationship of drive rolls and strippers. The ribbon is positively placed in a manner much like a fixed-displacement drive, thus differing significantly from the principle used by existing ribbon packers, which achieve ribbon placement by balancing the difference in net driving, force against the buckling resistance of the ribbon.
Follistatin gene expression in the pituitary: localization in gonadotropes and folliculostellate cells in diestrous rats.

Follistatin, a glycosylated single chain protein that was originally isolated from ovarian follicular fluid, can specifically inhibit the biosynthesis and secretion of FSH by the pituitary. Follistatin has also been isolated from bovine pituitary and shown to have activin-binding activity. We wished to determine whether the follistatin gene is expressed in the rat pituitary and, if so, to identify the specific cell types. A 337-basepair fragment of the follistatin cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from a rat ovarian cDNA library and subcloned into pGEM3. Low levels of follistatin mRNA from rat pituitary poly(A)+RNA were detected by ribonuclease protection analysis using a specific follistatin riboprobe generated from the cDNA clone. The presence of follistatin mRNA in the pituitary was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction to amplify the follistatin cDNA generated by reverse transcription from total rat pituitary RNA. Furthermore, in situ hybridization studies combined with immunostainin...
Cytologic study of the effect of toothbrush physiotherapy on the mucosa of the edentulous ridge.

1. oot 1 rus lb h massage of the denture-bearing area in completely edentulous patients has been recommended for problems of ridge soreness accompanying the use of a denture.l An investigation2 of biopsies for the effect of the electric toothbrush physiotherapy on the edentulous oral mucosa in thirteen patients showed that the stratum corneum increased in thickness. The present study sought to determine by means of cytologic smears whether keratinization of the edentulous ridges can be increased through stimulation by a hand toothbrush. It was found that the degree of keratinization of the edentulous mouth mucosa increased after one month of toothbrush physiotherapy.
Reconfiguration for fault tolerance using graph grammars

Reconfiguration for fault tolerance is a widely studied field, but this work applies graph grammars to this discipline for the first time. Reconfiguration Graph Grammars (RGG) are defined and applied to the definition of processor array reconfiguration algorithms. The nodes of a graph are associated with the processors of a processor array, and the edges are associated with those interprocessor communication lines that are active. The resulting algorithms for dynamic (run-time) reconfiguration are efficient and can be implemented distributively.
A quantitative approach to performance evaluation of man-machine systems having a stochastic environment

Many industrial problems, such as the one studied here, can be classified into the category of a man-machine system having a stochastic environment. Problems of this nature lend themselves to digital simulation as an expedient means of solution. This study demonstrates how knowledge from the engineering, biological, mathematical and psychological fields may be combined to quantify some aspects of human behavior. Such quantification serves not only to provide a solution, but also to provide mathematical insight into how the operating procedures of a man-machine system can be modified to improve its overall performance. The simulation algorithm developed and studied was based on quantitative data collected during tests in a jet-engine test facility. One feature of the model is its ability to predict the time expected to complete a particular job such as the completion of a jet-engine test. The authors support the view that simulation algorithms are currently one of the most effective means of performance measurement for time varying occurrence factors.
Optical properties and Fermi-surface nesting in superconducting oxides

Fermi-surface nesting is found to modify the electron-electron scattering and therefore yields an unusual variation of the optical reflectivity. At long wavelengths a Drude form of the dielectric function is derived with a relaxation rate for a nested Fermi liquid (NFL) that is linear in frequency for \ensuremath{\omega}gT. The corresponding Drude mass is also frequency and temperature dependent. Remarkably good fits to the reflectivity of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$, and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ are achieved using an on-site Coulomb interaction of intermediate strength. The static limit for the NFL conductivity is compatible with the temperature-dependent resistivity of the high-temperature superconductors. Self-energy and vertex corrections yield a long-wavelength susceptibility that is much weaker and different in structure from the response at the nesting wave vector Q, and the distinctions are relevant to the Raman spectrum. In cases of imperfect nesting, a crossover to conventional Fermi-liquid behavior is possible at a temperature ${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ determined by the quasiparticle orbits. Predictions for the optical response as a function of chemical composition are discussed, with attention to the anomalous resistivity of ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$.
Inhibition of histone deacetylase suppresses EGF signaling pathways by destabilizing EGFR mRNA in ER-negative human breast cancer cells

Estrogen receptor alpha (ER)-negative human breast cancer cells frequently overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and respond poorly to endocrine therapies. Our previous studies demonstrate that histone deacetylation plays a key role in ER gene silencing, and ER expression can be restored with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in ER-negative human breast cancer cells. Whether inhibition of HDAC also alters epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathways is not defined. Here we present evidence that reexpression of ER protein by a clinically available HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA or vorinostat), is coupled with loss of EGFR in ER-negative human breast cancer cells. Consistent with this observation, MDA-MB-231 cells, which are ER-negative and overexpress EGFR, that are engineered to express ER show a decrease in EGFR protein expression. Down-regulation of EGFR by SAHA results from attenuation of its mRNA stability. We also confirm that new protein synthesis is required for maintaining EGFR mRNA stability. Further experiments indicate that a decrease in EGFR abolished EGF-initiated signaling pathways including phosphorylated PAK1, p38MAPK and AKT. Thus, SAHA may not only reactivate silenced ER, but also simultaneously deplete EGFR expression. These data suggest that inhibition of HDAC is a promising epigenetic therapy for ER-negative human breast cancer.
The function of the middle ear in lizards: Crotaphytus collaris (lguanidae)

The anatomy of the middle ear is outlined for lizards in general and described in detail for Crotaphytus collaris (Iguanidae). By use of the alternating potentials of the cochlea, the general function of the middle ear in the reception of aerial sounds was determined by comparing the ear's sensitivity when the middle ear mechanism was intact with the sensitivity remaining when the columellar shaft was severed, thus eliminating the connection between the stapedial footplate and the more peripheral parts. This comparison was made under two conditions, with the sound applied in the usual way at the external auditory meatus and with the sound introduced through a tube sealed over the oval window. The loss of transmission observed under the first condition is complicated by the presence in the sound path of the nonfunctioning tympanic membrane and by an interaction of sound waves reaching both round and oval windows of the cochlea, but the second condition, in which these complications are avoided, reflects the true performance of the middle ear as a mechanical transformer. This transformer action was measured as 35 db on the average for tones between 300 and 4000 Hz, which is the region of best hearing for this lizard. Further analysis of the operation of the tympanic mechanism was carried out by measurements of sensitivity before and after severing the connection between the internal process and the quadrate bone. These observations showed that the internal process makes little or no contribution to the ear's sensitivity. Other experiments performed with mechanical stimulation showed that the columellar system acts as a reduction lever, and the measurements gave a general indication of the amount of this lever action. The pressure increase provided by the columellar lever, together with a still greater increase produced by the areal ratio between the effective surface of the tympanic membrane and the surface of the columellar footplate, can account in large part at least for the total transformer action. This action makes it possible for acoustic energy to be conveyed with great efficiency from the air to the relatively dense and stiff sensory elements of the cochlea. This problem of the matching of impedances between two media, and its solution by the use of a mechanical transformer, has long been studied in mammals, and especially in the cat, and the solution provided by the lizard's middle ear seems altogether as satisfactory as that provided by the structurally different ossicular mechanism of the mammals.
High-voltage testing of superconducting power apparatus

Superconducting power apparatus for commercial and utility applications must pass the same high-voltage tests required by national standards for conventional equipment. Various considerations which enter into development of high-voltage test procedures are summarized, and brief descriptions of the equipment and procedures used for common high-voltage tests are given. Actual high-voltage tests performed during several superconducting equipment development projects are summarized to illustrate the principles.
Extended leaf phenology in deciduous forest invaders: mechanisms of impact on native communities

Many high-impact invaders of temperate deciduous forests of Eastern North America exhibit extended leaf phenology compared to native species, with leaf emergence occurring earlier in the spring and abscission occurring later in the autumn. This observation indicates that extended phenology may be an important invasion mechanism for this system. However, most evidence that extended leaf phenology drives species invasion is anecdotal, and most studies that directly address the role of leaf phenology in invasion focus solely on increased invader growth. Beyond increasing invader growth, extended leaf phenology may drive invader impact on natives by (1) facilitating resource competition through nutrient pre-emption and shading, (2) altering production of secondary chemicals by invasive plants, (3) altering apparent competition dynamics mediated by native herbivores, (4) allowing temporal enemy escape, and (5) altering behaviour of native pollinators. I review current evidence from the literature regarding each of these possible consequences of extended invader phenology and emphasize the need for experimental manipulations to measure the extent to which extended leaf phenology mediates impact on the native community. Understanding the importance of leaf phenology in species invasion will facilitate prevention of future invasions while elucidating the role of seasonality in shaping species interactions.
Papal pronouncements on labor unions and workplace democracy

The author traces over a century of Catholic social teaching from Leo XIII to John Paul II, emphasizing in particular workplace democracy and labor unions. Until John Paul II, Gruenberg argues, the Church’s teaching on labor organizations was deliberately ambiguous. Leo XIII had the greatest problem because of the extreme diversity among union movements throughout the industrialized world and the drive of Marxism to take the lead in solving workers’ problems. Pius XI saw the Great Depression as a sign that Marx might be right, and did his best to offer an alternative in the form of worker cooperatives and union‐management co‐determination. However, John Paul II stated unequivocally that labor unions are “indispensable” for workplace justice, and collective bargaining is just another name for workplace democracy. Unions are seen by John Paul II as the democratic institutions that form a bulwark against the abuse of workers at the hands of either the employer or the state. A detailed reading list is attached.
Utilization of optical proximity effects for resist image stitching

As alternative approaches (i.e. EUV) to pattern smaller device geometries are being explored but none has showed maturity for large volume production, 193nm ArF lithography continues to be the workhorse for semiconductor manufacturing industry. The extension of 193nm lithography heavily depends on the application of Resolution Enhancement Technologies, driving k1 factor closer to the theoretical limit of 0.25. One effective way to drive k1 lower is the combination of dipole illumination with embedded phase-shifting mask (EPSM). However, one of the disadvantages of dipole illumination is the presence of forbidden pitches due to that the illumination conditions are only optimized for the critical pitches. One obvious solution to address this issue is the double exposure strategy. With the critical pitches are patterned using dipole illumination, the looser pitches are addressed by a less aggressive illumination condition. One concern of this double exposure strategy is that the geometries from the first exposure and the geometries from the second exposure need be seamlessly stitched together for certain device designs. This paper discusses the OPC optimization for image stitching. Three stitch OPC schemes are studied to stitch two resist space features together. The results show that the reticle registration tolerance for image stitching depends on how the stitch OPC is done. The registration error tolerance is maximal when the OPC is performed on the low resolution image.
Time Course of Perfusion-Induced Myocardial Edema Resolution in Rats

Previous studies have demonstrated that crystalloid coronary perfusion can cause myocardial edema, but the time required for resolution of this edema has not been defined. Accordingly, studies were conducted in 30 rats. Myocardial edema was induced by coronary perfusion with 20 cc/kg of Plegisol (294 mOsm/liter) during aortic occlusion, which produced diastolic arrest. This was followed by whole blood reperfusion, which restored normal contractile function. Duration of reperfusion in minutes was zero (group 0, n = 6), one (group 1, n = 6), five (group 5, n = 6), or fifteen (group 15, n = 6). A control group (n = 6) was studied without edema or reperfusion. Data included heart weight and myocardial water content. Left ventricular pressure-volume curves were measured in groups 1, 5, and 15. Myocardial water content increased significantly from 75.7 ± 0.5% (SD) in the control group to 79.7 ± 1.1% (P < 0.05) in group 0 and then decreased significantly to 77.3 ± 0.7, 75.2 ± 1.4, and 75.3 ± 1.6% in groups 1, 5, and 15, respectively. Water content in group 1 was also significantly greater than in groups 5 and 15. Heart weight changes were not statistically significant. Normalized pressure-volume relationships shifted rightward with increasing reperfusion time, but changes were not statistically significant. We conclude that edema induced by crystalloid coronary perfusion of the arrested heart resolves in the beating heart after less than 5 min of blood reperfusion.
Regression Calibration in Semiparametric Accelerated Failure Time Models

Summary In large cohort studies, it often happens that some covariates are expensive to measure and hence only measured on a validation set. On the other hand, relatively cheap but error-prone measurements of the covariates are available for all subjects. Regression calibration (RC) estimation method (Prentice, 1982, Biometrika 69, 331–342) is a popular method for analyzing such data and has been applied to the Cox model by Wang et al. (1997, Biometrics 53, 131–145) under normal measurement error and rare disease assumptions. In this article, we consider the RC estimation method for the semiparametric accelerated failure time model with covariates subject to measurement error. Asymptotic properties of the proposed method are investigated under a two-phase sampling scheme for validation data that are selected via stratified random sampling, resulting in neither independent nor identically distributed observations. We show that the estimates converge to some well-defined parameters. In particular, unbiased estimation is feasible under additive normal measurement error models for normal covariates and under Berkson error models. The proposed method performs well in finite-sample simulation studies. We also apply the proposed method to a depression mortality study.
Random fields and orientational order in Rb(CN) x Br 1-x mixed crystals: A study of static-shear elasticity

Ultrasonic measurements of static ${c}_{44}$ shear elastic constants in Rb(CN${)}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Br}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$ single crystals are presented. The data are analyzed using a mean-field model which includes quenched random strain fields, accounting for systematic deviations from a simple Curie-Weiss equation. The agreement between theory and experimental data is excellent. The Edwards-Anderson order parameter q falls off as 1/${T}^{2}$ at high temperatures, in agreement with the high-temperature-expansion result. At low temperatures the behavior of q is analyzed using a low-temperature expansion. The present data and analysis provide strong support for the idea that the glassy states in mixed cyanide systems are of random-field rather than random-interaction nature.
Extinction, turnover and species diversity in an experimentally fragmented California annual grassland

Many natural populations are subdivided among partially isolated habitat patches, but the influence of habitat patchiness per se on species immigration, extinction, and the resulting patterns of species diversity, has received virtually no experimental study. In an experiment designed to test the effects of habitat subdivision on local community structure, we compare the diversity and annual turnover of flowering plant species in 3 treatments of the same total area, but subdivided to different degrees. We experimentally fragmented a California winter annual grassland into isolated plots, two of 32 m2, eight of 8 m2, and 32 of 2 m2, each treatment representing a combined area of 64 m2. Insularization of the experimental habitat fragments is provided by grazing sheep. The effects of plot area on species diversity, extinction, and turnover are consistent with the MacArthur-Wilson model. Species richness increases with the degree of habitat subdivision. Extinction, immigration, and turnover, however, are relatively independent of the degree of subdivision. These experimental results contrast with predictions that habitat subdivision necessarily results in greater rates of extinction accompanied by reduced species diversity.
Membrane adaptive optics

An innovative adaptive optic is discussed that provides a range of capabilities unavailable with either existing, or newly reported, research devices. It is believed that this device will be inexpensive and uncomplicated to construct and operate, with a large correction range that should dramatically relax the static and dynamic structural tolerances of a telescope. As the areal density of a telescope primary is reduced, the optimal optical figure and the structural stiffness are inherently compromised and this phenomenon will require a responsive, range-enhanced wavefront corrector. In addition to correcting for the aberrations in such innovative primary mirrors, sufficient throw remains to provide non-mechanical steering to dramatically improve the Field of regard. Time dependent changes such as thermal disturbances can also be accommodated. The proposed adaptive optic will overcome some of the issues facing conventional deformable mirrors, as well as current and proposed MEMS-based deformable mirrors and liquid crystal based adaptive optics. Such a device is scalable to meter diameter apertures, eliminates high actuation voltages with minimal power consumption, provides long throw optical path correction, provides polychromatic dispersion free operation, dramatically reduces the effects of adjacent actuator influence, and provides a nearly 100% useful aperture. This article will reveal top-level details of the proposed construction and include portions of a static, dynamic, and residual aberration analysis. This device will enable certain designs previously conceived by visionaries in the optical community.
The Impact of Modernization on Papago Indian Fertility

This study investigates the demographic modernization process among the Papago Indians of Arizona. Data from the Papago population register are extensively analyzed with specific reference to fertility behavior. Interpretation of trends in the total Papago population indicates a stage of rapid population growth. Death rates are low as compared to birth rates.Age cohort data reveal an effect of overlapping generations as a source of growth. Points of change in Papago fertility behavior are also identified by the study of eight sample communities and a rural-urban differential is found. Married Papago women in Tucson display a patterning of age and sex which implies a large unmarried, childless group of females. Differential migration is a factor which contributes to the disparate age-sex distributions observed. It is concluded that the urban center of Tucson is on the leading edge of change with regard to demographic modernization among the Papago. The study is suggestive of the relevance of population ant...
A field estimate of SO2 deposition velocities to rapidly growing soybeans

Field-grown soybeans were exposed to elevated SO2 levels in an open-air fumigation system which produced minimal alteration of the crop environment. The increase in S content of the fumigated plants as compared to unfumigated controls was used to estimate the deposition velocity of SO2 to the crop. Estimates ranged from 0.5 to 0.9 cm s−1, which is in the lower part of the range found by micrometeorological techniques, confirming that estimates based on short-term gradient measurements are realistic.
Filamentous phage assembly: Morphogenetically defective mutants that do not kill the host

The filamentous phage virion is assembled without killing the host, by extrusion of the DNA through the envelope and concomitant acquisition of coat proteins from the inner membrane. When assembly is blocked, however, intracellular phage DNA and gene products accumulate and the host is killed. This “cell killing” is largely absent in phage fdtet, which carries a tetracycline-resistance determinant within the origin of minus-strand synthesis; as a result of the replication defect, phage DNA does not accumulate to high levels intracellularly when virion assembly is blocked. This allows morphogenetically defective mutants except those ablating gene V to be freely propagated in tetracycline-containing medium and studied in the absence of the confounding factor of cell morbidity. Because cultures can be initiated by transfection in the complete absence of input virions, extremely low levels of phage production can be assayed. Using this system, I show that genes III, VI, I, and IV are not required to form the complex between viral DNA and gene-V protein that is the intracellular precursor to mature virions; that genes I and/or IV are absolutely (or nearly absolutely) required for assembly; and that mos, a cis-acting sequence previously shown to enhance phage yield in some circumstances, is without such effect in others.
Conformity and modeling in an aversive task.

High- and low-conformity groups, as measured by the California Personality Inventory, were exposed to a video-taped model who performed an aversive task (i.e., self-administration of electric shock). Comparable groups performed the task without demonstration by the model. In both groups, the modeling procedure produced significantly higher levels of self-administered shock. However, the conformity variable demonstrated no main effect and no interaction with the modeling variable.
A novel route to synthesizing monoclinic tungsten oxide nanostructures

Monoclinic tungsten oxide nanoparticles were successfully grown on a tungsten surface by thermal evaporation. Scanning-electron microscopy showed fairly smooth morphologies for tungsten oxide nanorods. High-resolution transmission-electron microscopy and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy revealed the presence of a high-quality and crystalline monoclinic W18O49 phase. This study offers a feasible route for large-scale production of nanostructured W18O49.
Competitiveness via primal-dual

From the editor: So you are reading this paper on online algorithms. At first the paper reads well, and you get through the first few pages in no time -- until the authors pull a rabbit out of a hat: the online algorithm. Fine, you say to yourself, patience, it all will start making sense when I get to the analysis, just keep reading. But it doesn't -- the proof is by an even more mysterious trick, and this time out of the hat comes a humpback whale: yes, a potential function. Sound familiar?
Virilizing granulosa cell tumor responsive to human chorionic gonadotropin and oral contraceptive with 8‐year followup

Urinary and serum steroid measurements were obtained in a 48-year-old female before and after the removal of a virilizing granulosa cell tumor (GCT). Preoperatively, serum testosterone was markedly elevated while 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) and estrogen excretion were normal. Chorionic gonadotropin administration effected a marked rise in urinary 17-KS excretion and serum testosterone while oral contraceptive therapy for 21 days decreased serum testosterone to normal. With tumor resection, serum testosterone fell to normal and subsequent administration of HCG had no stimulatory effect on serum testosterone or urinary 17-KS excretion. The patient's clinical response and 8-year followup attest to the tumor's unusual virilizing role.