cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of various chemical pretreatments to fractionate lipids from whey protein phospholipid concentrate

Dairy-derived lipids such as phospholipids (PL) have been gaining interest due to their functional and nutritional properties. Our research goal was to develop a separation process (nonsolvent based) to produce an enriched dairy lipid fraction from whey protein phospholipid concentrate (WPPC). Various chemical pretreatments (i.e., adjustment of pH, calcium, or temperature) were applied to rehydrated commercial WPPC solutions. These treatments were done on a bench-top scale to aid in the precipitation of proteins or PL. The chemically treated solutions were centrifuged and fractionated into the following 3 layers: (1) top fat layer, (2) supernatant in the middle zone, and (3) sediment at the bottom of the centrifuge tubes. The thickness and size of the layers varied with the treatment parameters. Compositional analysis of each layer showed that the proteins, fat, and PL always appeared to fractionate in similar proportions. The proteins in each layer were characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE under reducing and nonreducing conditions. Different proteins including whey proteins, caseins, and milk fat globule membrane proteins and lipoproteins were identified, and no specific type of protein had an affinity for either the top or bottom layer. All types of proteins were present in each of the layers after centrifugation, and there were no major differences in fractionation of the proteins between layers with respect to the chemical treatment applied. The microstructure of protein and fat in WPPC was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Dual staining of the rehydrated WPPC solution with Fast Green FCF (proteins) and Nile Red (lipids) showed the presence of very large protein aggregates that varied in size from 20 to 150 μm, with fat trapped within these aggregates. The confocal laser scanning microscopy images of liquid WPPC revealed fine strands of a weak protein network surrounding the fat globules. This indicated that there were specific interactions between the proteins, as well as between the fat and proteins in WPPC. Sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment was performed to understand the nature of the interactions between protein and fat. We found that about 35% of the fat present in WPPC was in the form of free fat, which was only physically entrapped within the protein aggregates. The remaining fat had some form of association with the proteins in WPPC. Other fractionation techniques would be needed to obtain an enriched dairy lipid fraction.
Facial Paresis and Pulsatile Middle Ear Mass.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Head and neck paragangliomas are uncommon pathologies that present with common symptoms such as pulsatile tinnitus and aural pressure. This article highlights an unusual presentation of a patient with facial paresis who was found to have a jugular paraganglioma. Emphasis is placed on how the otologic examination showed a pulsatile middle ear mass that led to the diagnosis. This case illustrates the importance of maintaining a healthy degree of clinical suspicion when encountering common complaints.
Surface structure sensitivity of hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived organic acids over palladium catalysts: a microkinetic modeling approach

Microkinetic models based on parameters obtained from density functional theory and transition state theory have been developed for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of propanoic acid, a model lignocellulosic biomass-derived organic acid, over the flat Pd(100) and Pd(111) surfaces in both vapor and liquid phase reaction conditions. The more open Pd(100) surface was found to be 3–7 orders of magnitude more active than the Pd(111) surface in all reaction environments, indicating that the (111) surface is not catalytically active for the HDO of propanoic acid. Over Pd(100) and in vapor phase, liquid water, and liquid 1,4-dioxane, propanoic acid hydrodeoxygenation follows a decarbonylation (DCN) mechanism that is facilitated by initial α- and β-carbon dehydrogenation steps, prior to the rate controlling C–OH and (partially rate controlling) C–CO bond dissociations. Only over Pd(111) and aqueous reaction environments is the decarboxylation (DCX) preferred over the DCN with the C–CO2 step being rate controlling.
Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care by Sexual Orientation and Marital/Cohabitation Status: New Evidence from the 2015–2018 National Health Interview Survey

Disparities in health insurance coverage and access to care are well documented between sexual minority adults and their heterosexual peers. Much less research has examined whether marital status affects access to care by sexual orientation identity. This study used data on nonelderly gay/lesbian adults (n = 1740), bisexual adults (n = 1138), and their heterosexual counterparts (n = 80,329) from the 2015–2018 National Health Interview Survey. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated the differences in health insurance status and access to care between married and cohabiting adults to single adults by sexual orientation. Compared to single adults, married adults were more likely to have private health insurance and less likely to have public health insurance regardless of sexual orientation. Married heterosexual and gay/lesbian adults were more likely to have a usual source of care and less likely to experience delayed or unmet medical care and mental health care due to cost compared to their single counterparts. We found fewer statistically significant differences between married and single bisexual adults and between married and cohabiting adults of all sexual orientations. Our study demonstrates that married gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults are more likely to have private health insurance and fewer financial barriers to care compared to their single counterparts. Given the recent recognition of legal same-sex marriage for sexual minorities, much more research is needed to document if and how marriage affects access to care and health outcomes by sexual orientation.
Health Equity and Colorectal Cancer Awareness: a Community Health Educator Initiative

Disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality persist in rural and underserved communities. Our Community Outreach and Engagement (COE) activities are grounded in a bi-directional Community-to-Bench model in which the National Outreach Network Community Health Educator (NON CHE) Screen to Save (S2S) initiative was implemented. In this study, we assessed the impact of the NON CHE S2S in rural and underserved communities. Descriptive and comparative analyses were used to examine the role of the NON CHE S2S on CRC knowledge and CRC screening intent. Data included demographics, current CRC knowledge, awareness, and future CRC health plans. A multivariate linear regression was fit to survey scores for CRC knowledge. The NON CHE S2S engaged 441 participants with 170 surveys completed. The difference in participants’ CRC knowledge before and after the NON CHE S2S intervention had an overall mean of 0.92 with a standard deviation of 2.56. At baseline, White participants had significantly higher CRC knowledge scores, correctly answering 1.94 (p = 0.007) more questions on average than Black participants. After the NON CHE S2S intervention, this difference was not statistically significant. Greater than 95% of participants agreed that the NON CHE S2S sessions impacted their intent to get screened for CRC. Equity of access to health information and the health care system can be achieved with precision public health strategies. The COE bi-directional Community-to-Bench model facilitated community connections through the NON CHE and increased awareness of CRC risk reduction, screening, treatment, and research. The NON CHE combined with S2S is a powerful tool to engage communities with the greatest health care needs and positively impact an individual’s intent to “get screened” for CRC.
Addressing and Control of High-Speed GaAs FET Logic Circuits with Picosecond Light Pulses

We demonstrate optically-addressed operation of high-speed GaAs FET logic circuits. More specifically, using picosecond light pulses from a cw mode-locked dye laser to illuminate specific FET’s, we demonstrate complete logic level switching in NOR gates and inverters, and logic function control thereby. The latter is demonstrated by toggling a D-flip-flop in a divide-by-two mode with 76 MHz repetition rate pulses from the mode-locked dye laser. Besides their direct application to the optical addressing of ultrafast circuits, as might be required for data processing in GHz-rate optical communication links, such experiments show potential for contactless diagnostic procedures for test circuits, and for picosecond resolution measurements of the on-chip response times of specific logic gates via the use of optical sampling techniques.
Pathways to positive youth development: Identifying family, school, and neighborhood influences on civic involvement in emerging adulthood

Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of human development and social capital theory, this study examined the pathways that link childhood neighborhood assets, adolescent family and school social capital, and civic involvement in emerging adulthood. Three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and multilevel structural equation models were used to examine the hypotheses set forth in this study. Findings revealed that adolescent family and school social capital were shown to have unique influences on reports of civic involvement in emerging adulthood, and the effect of childhood neighborhood assets was mediated by the degree of family cohesion in the adolescents’ home. Moreover, the expression of neighborhood, family and school pathways to civic involvement in emerging adulthood were found to differ by neighborhood groups, gender and race. These results help to illustrate the importance of examining multi-contextual influences on civic involvement in emerging adulthood. In addition, the results from this study can inform efforts to strengthen the theory of adolescent civic engagement and policies on how to educate youth and communities on civic engagement and its benefits.
THE STATE OF THE PENTAGON A NONCLASSICAL EXAMPLE

Publisher Summary This chapter explains quantum logic, which is also called orthologic, and its states. Any bounded orthocomplemented poset in which orthogonal joins exist and in particular, any orthomodular poset is an orthologic. The chapter presents an example to show that there is a well-behaved quantum logic with faithful interpretations in Boolean algebras, which supports states that cannot be interpreted either in a Boolean algebra or in a Hilbert space projection lattice. It briefly discusses the question of when an orthologic and its states admit classical interpretations. An orthologic admits a classical interpretation if it has at least one dispersion free state, if it has a unital set of dispersion free states, and if it has a full set of dispersion free states.
Effects of Coupling Coefficients and Analysis of Multiple-Interconnected Digital Systems

The study of multiple-interconnected digital systems has been recently conducted by using microprocessors. In this study, the fully interconnected digital systems of different orders were considered, along with the effects of the coupling coefficients for each of the subsystems. The steadly-state error coefficients of each of the dynamic digital systems were chosen as a performance criterion to minimize the overall1 system errors within the constraints of the bounded-coupling coefficients.
A new model for timing jitter caused by device noise in current-mode logic frequency dividers

A new method for predicting timing jitter caused by device noise in current-mode logic (CML) frequency dividers is presented. Device noise transformation into jitter is modeled as a linear time-varying (LTV) process, as opposed to a previously published method, which models jitter generation as a linear time-invariant (LTI) process. Predictions obtained using the LTV method match jitter values obtained through exhaustive simulation with an error of up to 7.7 %, whereas errors of the jitter predicted by the LTI method exceed 57 %.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication in λ Bacteriophage Mutants

After ultraviolet light induction of Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3350(lambda), several structural intermediate forms of phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are synthesized. The early defective lysogens of lambda, sus O(8), sus P(3), and T(11), were found to synthesize none of the DNA structural intermediates. A lysogen believed to be defective in all known phage activities, lambdasus N(7), was found to be able to synthesize an early phage DNA intermediate. The lysogen lambdasus Q(21), defective in late phage functions, is able to synthesize the early phage DNA intermediate and a concatenated molecule of greater molecular weight than the mature lambda DNA.
Determination of paraoxonase 1 status and genotypes at specific polymorphic sites.

The procedures for determining paraoxonase (PON1) status and for determining PON1 genotypes for polymorphisms in coding and important regulatory regions are described. PON1 status is determined by a functional two-substrate analysis of plasma PON1 activities. Differences in catalytic efficiency of the PON1192Q and PON1192R alloforms result in the clear separation of all three phenotypes at position 192 (Q/Q, Q/R, R/R) and at the same time, the two-substrate analysis indicates activity levels of PON1. Because the enzyme activity levels are as important as the polymorphic genotypes, this two-substrate analysis of PON1 status provides the most relevant information for investigating the association of PON1 genetics with susceptibilities to disease, organophosphorus insecticide sensitivity, and pharmacokinetic status of drug metabolism. Genotyping of polymorphic sites alone fails to provide this important information but can be useful for gene frequency determination and forensic analysis. Analytical procedures for determining PON1 status and genotypes are described. Keywords: PON1 status; PON1 polymorphisms; PON1 regulatory region polymorphisms
Battery energy storage solutions for premium power

Most electric utility power quality problems are caused by sags, surges, and momentary outages which last from several cycles to several seconds. Modern loads are very sensitive to these short duration glitches resulting in major losses in revenue through system downtime and loss of product from work in process. Many of these problems are caused by normal transients as equipment and factories go online or shut down. Others are caused by lightning strikes and faults on the distribution system. Although power utility companies attempt to minimize the interruptions through filtering and system management, power quality problems continue to cost American industry billions of dollars a year. Batteries have been used for many years in uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) to protect critical loads. However, because many new facilities have a network of broadly distributed critical loads, a UPS in the order of one to several megawatts is needed to support the total plant rather than several small kilowatt installations. This paper reports on the implementation of such a utility scale power quality management system.
Chloramines VII: Chlorination of Alanylphenylalanine in Model Solutions and in a Wastewater

Products of the 30-min chlorination of the dipeptide alanylphenylalanine were determined at pH 7.0 in model solutions. At Cl2/peptide mole ratios ≤1, N-chloroalanylphenylalanine (I) is the only product. I is very stable at 23 °C (t1/2 = 111 ± 8.8 h). At mole ratios ≥2, N,N-dichloroalanylphenylalanine (II) is the only product. II decomposes in model solutions (t1/2 = 4.1 ± 0.2 h) at pH 7.0 to form a compound identified as the N-chloroketimine N-[2-(N ‘-chloroimino)propanoyl]phenylalanine (III). The structure of III was identified by converting it to N-pyruvylphenylalanine tert-butyl ester by reduction, hydrolysis, and esterification and correlating the mass spectrum and GC retention time of this derivative with those of an authentic sample. III is unusually stable and decomposes slowly (t1/2 = 125 ± 6.5 h) to phenylalanine. In order to monitor the reactions of the dipeptide at low concentrations in a wastewater, alanyl-p-[3H]-phenylalanine was synthesized. A primary wastewater (TKN = 19.82 mg/L; [NH3] = 19...
Identification of two auto-cleavage products of nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infected cells: nsp1 function as interferon antagonist

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp1 is predicted to be auto-cleaved from the replicase polyprotein into nsp1alpha and nsp1beta subunits. In infected cells, we detected the actual existence of nsp1alpha and nsp1beta. Cleavage sites between nsp1alpha/nsp1beta and nsp1beta/nsp2 were identified by protein microsequencing analysis. Time course study showed that nsp1alpha and nsp1beta mainly localize into the cell nucleus after 10 h post infection. Further analysis revealed that both proteins dramatically inhibited IFN-beta expression. The nsp1beta was observed to significantly inhibit expression from an interferon-stimulated response element promoter after Sendai virus infection or interferon treatment. It was further determined to inhibit nuclear translocation of STAT1 in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. These results demonstrated that nsp1beta has ability to inhibit both interferon synthesis and signaling, while nsp1alpha alone strongly inhibits interferon synthesis. These findings provide important insights into mechanisms of nsp1 in PRRSV pathogenesis and its impact in vaccine development.
Shelfbreak circulation in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Mean structure and variability

[1] Historical hydrographic and current meter data are used to investigate the properties and circulation at the shelf edge of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Thirty-three individual cross-sections, spanning the time period 1950 to 1987, are combined in a topographical framework to produce mean vertical hydrographic sections, as well as a section of mean absolute geostrophic velocity referenced using the current meter data. This reveals the presence of a narrow (order 20 km) eastward current, referred to as the Beaufort shelfbreak jet. The jet has three distinct seasonal configurations: In late-spring to late-summer, cold, winter-transformed Bering water is advected in a subsurface current; from mid-summer to early fall a surface intensified current advects predominantly Bering summer water; and from mid-fall to mid-spring, under easterly winds, the jet transports upwelled Atlantic water. The volume transport of the jet represents a significant fraction of the inflowing transport through Bering Strait. While the characteristics and flow of the winter-transformed Bering water vary interannually, this water mass ventilates predominantly the upper halocline.
Six Features Of Medicare Coordinated Care Demonstration Programs That Cut Hospital Admissions Of High-Risk Patients

As policy makers seek to slow the growth in Medicare spending, they have appropriately focused attention on beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions. Many care coordination and disease management programs designed to improve beneficiaries’ care and reduce their need for hospitalizations have been tested, but few have been successful. This study, however, found that four of eleven programs that were part of the Medicare Coordinated Care Demonstration reduced hospitalizations by 8–33 percent among enrollees who had a high risk of near-term hospitalization. The six approaches practiced by care coordinators in at least three of the four programs were as follows: supplementing telephone calls to patients with frequent in-person meetings; occasionally meeting in person with providers; acting as a communications hub for providers; delivering evidence-based education to patients; providing strong medication management; and providing timely and comprehensive transitional care after hospitalizations. When car...
Magnetoresistance and Hall effect in tetramethyl-tetraselenafulvalene-phosphorus hexafloride [ ( TMTSF ) 2 P F 6 ]

We have measured the magnetoresistance and Hall effect of tetramethyl-tetraselena-fulvalene-phosphorus hexafloride as a function of temperature, magnetic field for several orientations, and electric field. For temperatures well below the metal-insulator transition we find a large positive Hall coefficient and positive magnetoresistance, indicating carrier mobilities greater than ${10}^{5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec at 4.2 K. The magnetoresistance is highly anisotropic for field orientations in theplane perpendicular to the highly conducting axis, indicating a quasi-two-dimensional band structure. The nonlinear conductivity seen with small electric fields below the metal-insulator transition has approximately the same magnetic-field behavior as does the Ohmic conductivity at the same temperature.
A Gas chromatographic (GLPC) model for the sense of smell. Variation of olfactory sensitivity with conditions of stimulation

Abstract Computer simulation of an olfactory detector has been developed using a chemical kinetic scheme originally proposed by McNab and Koshland for bacterial chemotaxis. This model describes response as a function of two opposed reactions, both of which are activated by odorant. One reaction turns on response, while its opponent shuts it off. Net response to various stimulus profiles is compared to psychophysical experiments, with particular attention paid to simulating magnitude estimation and odor adaptation results. Effects of the access route to this detector are evaluated. Transport of odorant molecules is treated as having two sequential steps: step (i), airborne odorant is carried parallel to a retentive layer (mucus) into the detector region; step (ii), molecules diffuse through the retentive layer to the detector. Step (i) is represented as analogous to GLPC on an open tubular column. Each step has a characteristic time constant, which is proportional to (distance)2/diffusion coefficient. Response to highly volatile odorants tends to be limited by step (ii), while odorants of low volatility approach the step (i) limit. Sensitivity at both limits is attenuated by increasing the thickness of the retentive layer, but sensitivity at the step (i) limit is also affected by changes in air passageway and airflow characteristics. This picture can be used to explain variations in women's sensitivity to odorants of low volatility with the menstrual cycle, while their detection of volatile odorants fluctuates to a much lesser extent.
The effect of second-order schedule history on fixed-ratio performance maintained by orally-delivered phencyclidine in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Thirteen monkeys were trained to self-administer orally-delivered phencyclidine (0.25 mg/ml) and water under a concurrent fixed ratio (FR) 16 schedule. Phencyclidine was available from one lip-operated drinking device and water was available from another drinking device during daily 3-hr sessions. Seven monkeys were trained to respond under a second-order FR 240 (FR 20: brief stimulus) schedule. Upon completion of 4800 responses, the monkeys were allowed to self-administer 300 phencyclidine deliveries under an FR 1 schedule. After a mean of 33.3 sessions of second order schedule training, including 10 sessions at the terminal parameter, the monkeys were returned to the concurrent FR 16 schedule. Phencyclidine-maintained responding persisted at rates that were 42 percent higher than before second-order schedule training: however, concurrent water-maintained behavior increased only slighly. A second group of three monkeys were treated in an identical manner except that during second-order schedule training they received a saccharin solution (0.05%, wt/vol) instead of phencyclidine. After a mean of 30 sessions of second-order schedule training, including 10sessions at the terminal parameter, the monkeys were returned to the concurrent FR 16 schedule, and there was no consistent change in phencyclidine or water deliveries. A third group of three monkeys received 300 phencyclidine deliveries at the same time after session onset and for the same total number of sessions as the monkeys that received second-order schedule training with phencyclidine; however, this group was not required to respond under the second-order schedule to gain access to the phencyclidine deliveries. This group also showed no substantial change in phencyclidine or water deliveries as a result of their training condition. Thus, second-order schedule training with phencyclidine as a reinforcer generated high rates of responding which later produced specific and persistent increases in drug-maintained behavior under a simple FR schedule. These findings suggest that drug-reinforced behavior can be markedly influenced by brief behavioral and drug histories as well as by variables that are operating at the time the drug is self-administered.
On Estimating the Heterozygosity and Polymorphism Information Content Value

The polymorphism information content (PIC) value is commonly used in genetics as a measure of polymorphism for a marker locus used in linkage analysis. In this communication we have derived the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator of PIC along with its exact variance. We have also calculated the exact variance of the maximum likelihood estimator of PIC which is asymptotically an unbiased estimator. In order to find this variance we have derived a recursive formula to calculate the moments of any polynomial in a set of variables that are multinomially distributed.
Lidar Measurement of Turbulence Encountered by Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines

Abstract We used a continuous-wave (CW) Doppler lidar to measure wind velocity turbulence from a moving frame of reference. By directing the lidar beam to trace the perimeters of vertical-plane disks about horizontal axes parallel to the mean wind direction, we observed turbulence properties similar to those encountered by the tips of revolving turbine blades. As in other measurements made with in situ sensors, turbulence spectra observed from the moving reference points showed a decrease in energy, relative to fixed point observations, at frequencies just below the rotation frequency of the lidar beam, and an increase in energy within discrete spectral bands at higher frequencies. Comparisons with a simple model showed reasonable agreement, although measurement conditions did not correspond to the assumptions of the model. On the basis of the results of this experiment, we conclude that Doppler lidar, with appropriate signal processing, is quite applicable for measurement of turbulence encountered by spi...
Parametric Forms and the Inductive Response of a Permeable Conducting Sphere

At early time, the time derivative of the response of isolated conductive bodies to step function excitation decays as t-1/2 (under a quasi-static approximation). One simple parametric form for the response with correct early time behavior is k'(1 + t1/2/a1/2)-beta e-t/gamma. For a conducting magnetic sphere, parameter values are determined from the high and low frequency limit responses, together with two time scales taken from the form of the analytic solution. Parameters alpha and gamma correspond to transition times, for transition from an early time t-1/2 derivative response, and to late time exponential decay. For conducting spheres with high permeability, increasing the permeability moves the transition from early time behavior earlier in inverse proportion to the relative permeability mu r, and increases the time constant of the late time decay in proportion to mu r. Magnitude parameter k' corresponds to the difference between high frequency and low frequency limit responses.
Chemical synthesis of labelled intermediates in cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis

Chemical syntheses of [UL- 14C]-labelled N-hydroxytyrosine, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxime, p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime, and p-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile in high yields from L-[UL-14 C]-tyrosine are described. These syntheses involve initial conversion of L-tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, which then is allowed to react with hydroxylamine to form p-hydroxypheny lpyruvic acid oxime. N-Hydroxytyrosine is obtained from the latter by reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride, and is oxidatively decar-boxylated to p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime by treatment with ammonia. Finally, p-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile is obtained by dehydration of the aldoxime with thionylchloride. All synthesized compounds were identified by combined GLC/MS of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The commercial availability of several specifically labelled 14C, 2H, and 3H tyrosines and of 2H and 3H sodium cyanoborohydride makes the method equally useful for synthesis of various specifically labelled compounds.
Granular flow: Friction and the dilatancy transition.

Molecular-dynamics simulations of noncohesive granular assemblies under shear are described. At low shear rate \ensuremath{\gamma}\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}, the assembly is unstable to uniform motion and exhibits stick-slip dynamics involving periodic dilatancy transitions and gravitational compactification. Steady-state motion occurs at larger \ensuremath{\gamma}\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{} where 6--12 layers of grains flow over a compact, static assembly. A phase boundary, characterized by a discontinuity in \ensuremath{\gamma}\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{} and an enhanced normal stress, separates the static and flowing regions. In the steady-state regime, dilatancy leads to a shear stress that is independent of \ensuremath{\gamma}\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}.
Three-Dimensional Holographic Lithography Using a Spatial Light Modulator

In this paper we present a lithographic process with the ability to automatically translate and arbitrarily position three-dimensional (3D) computer-generated patterns through the use of phase holograms. This method, dynamic maskless holographic lithography (DMHL), advances current photo-directed patterning and functionalization capabilities by expanding the capability to manipulate light in real-time without the use of expensive fixed masks. The system could be used for large-scale parallel manufacturing over larger areas and for point specific serial fabrication, interrogation, and metrology. The use of coherent illumination allows for the direct creation of 3D patterns of light for lithography as opposed to the mechanical stage, layer-by-layer 3D fabrication approach typical of direct-write systems. Extrinsic control over interfacial properties will provide a method for addressing aqueous phase bionanotechnolgy experimental systems in which detection, separation, transport, and handling are vital.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Renal tubular arachidonic acid metabolism

Arachidonic acid and its metabolites play important roles in renal tubular function. This overview will review general characteristics of arachidonic acid metabolism, focus on the characterization and regulation of renal acylhydrolases that generate arachidonic acid from phospholipids, examine what is known about the production of arachidonic acid metabolites along the nephron, and explore what the potential roles of these metabolites are in physiological and pathophysiological states. Due to space limitations it is not possible to review this extensive topic including the glomerulus as well as the rest of the nephron, renal interstitium, and vasculature. Since this monograph is focused upon the tubulointerstitium, we will not discuss the various aspects of arachidonic acid metabolism in the glomerulus but only refer to glomerular cells when a mechanism pertinent to the tubulointerstitium is best illustrated by work done on a glomerular cell.
Maternal Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and 5’-CpG Methylation of Interferon-γ in Cord White Blood Cells

Background: Maternal factors are implicated in the onset of childhood asthma. Differentiation of naive CD4+ T lymphocytes into pro-allergic T-helper 2 cells induces interleukin (IL)4 expression and...
Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nickel, Palladium, and Platinum Oxide Anions

The 364-nm negative ion photoelectron spectra of XO and OXO molecules (X = Ni, Pd, and Pt) are reported. The spectra yield the electron affinities (EAs): EA(NiO) = 1.455 ± 0.005 eV; EA(PdO) = 1.672 ± 0.005 eV; EA(PtO) = 2.172 ± 0.005 eV; EA(ONiO) = 3.043 ± 0.005 eV; EA(OPdO) = 3.086 ± 0.005 eV; EA(OPtO) = 2.677 ± 0.005 eV. In addition, for the diatomics, transitions from the anion ˜ X 2 � 3/2 and ˜ X � 2 � 1/2 states into neutral ˜ X 3 � − , 3 � , and for NiO and PdO, 1 � , are assigned. Several states have been reassigned from those in the existing literature. Anion 2 � 3/2‐ 2 � 1/2 spin‐orbit splittings are measured, as are neutral 3 � 2‐ 3 � 1 spin‐orbit splittings: the XO 3 � 2‐ 3 � 1 splittings increase from 405 ± 30 cm −1 (NiO) to 805 ± 30 cm −1 (PdO) to 3580 ± 40 cm −1 (PtO). A bond length shortening of 0.03 ± 0.01 ˚ A is measured upon electron detachment from NiO − , resulting in an anion bond length of 1.66 ± 0.01 ˚ A. The bond length does not change upon electron detachment from PdO − using 3.4-eV photons. The Pt‐O bond length decreases by 0.035 ± 0.010 ˚ Ai n the 3 � 1 ← 2 � 3/2 transition. The spectrum of OPtO displays a significantly more extended vibrational progression than those of ONiO or OPdO, and the O‐Pt bond length is found to decrease by 0.07 ± 0.01 ˚ A upon electron detachment. The spectra support the view that the Ni‐O bond is largely ionic, the Pd‐O bond is somewhat less so, and the Pt‐O bond displays a substantial covalent character. C � 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
Arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes with full surface coverage for high-performance electronics

Arrays of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes with a nanotube density of more than 500 tubes per micrometre can be assembled using the Langmuir–Schaefer method and used to make transistors with significant device performance.
Physical properties of a frozen yogurt fortified with a nano-emulsion containing purple rice bran oil

Abstract The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate a frozen yogurt (FY) fortified with a nano-emulsion containing purple rice bran oil (NPRBO). NPRBO with fat droplets size range of 150–300 nm was mixed with the FY ingredients to produce a frozen yogurt containing NPRBO (FYNRO). Plain frozen yogurt (PFY), frozen yogurt with sodium caseinate (FYSC) and FYNRO had similar hardness. The apparent viscosity of the FYNRO mix was similar to the PFY mix with values of 0.19 and 0.17 Pa·s, respectively. The FYNRO micrograph showed a more compact and dense structure compared to FYSC and PFY. This study demonstrated that FY could be fortified with NPRBO.
Systematic selection of model parameter values matching biological behavior under different simulation scenarios

In this work, we systematically explore a 12-dimensional parameter space of a 2-compartment model of the AB (anterior burster) neuron, which is one of the two cells that form the pacemaker kernel in the pyloric network in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion (STG). Our computational exploration started with a hand-tuned AB model [1] and systematically varied maximal conductances of membrane currents. Every parameter set for an individual model neuron was simulated and classified as functional if it produced biologically realistic bursting activity. Specifically, we were looking at the period, burst duration, spike and slow wave amplitude, number of spikes per burst, spike frequency, and after-hyperpolarization potential, which all had to be within limits determined in our physiological experiments. Furthermore, in order to be classified as "good," the models had to exhibit proper responses to STG deafferentation (i.e., neuromodulator deprivation) as well as current injections both in the presence and in the absence of neuromodulation. The above selection criteria were applied in a step-by-step fashion, meaning that only the models deemed "good" in the previous step were tested in the next. After applying all the criteria, not only have we determined that many different parameter sets performed successfully under all tested conditions, but we have also found that application of just a subset of the selection criteria was often enough to almost fully constrain the model parameters and application of additional criteria did not significantly reduce the extent of the model's solution space. In order to further analyze this "saturation effect," rather than utilizing the step-by-step approach, we have re-simulated models in our database for all testing criteria. This allowed us to draw conclusions about the relative selectiveness of particular criteria as well as to analyze overlapping regions between subsets of models that simultaneously fulfilled some, but not all, conditions. Due to this approach, we were able to pinpoint parameter values that are crucial for a proper functioning of a model under each of the simulation scenarios separately, which helps explain which maximal conductances of particular membrane currents are important for a given type of activity.
Blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with PMMA ionomers: Mechanical properties

Rigid–rigid blends made of ionomer and ionomer precursor polymer, based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), have been investigated. Two series of blends have been prepared for studying mechanical properties. In one series, dynamic mechanical properties were determined over a wide range of temperatures. As the weight fraction of the ionomer was increased, there was a modest increase of modulus at ambient temperature and a very large increase in the rubbery modulus at elevated temperatures above the glass transition temperature of PMMA. In a second series of tests, tensile stress–strain measurements, made at an ambient temperature, were carried out over a wide range of blend compositions. For all blends tested, the mechanical properties exhibited a synergistic enhancement, i.e., average values of modulus, strength and fracture energy were all higher than expected based on the rule of mixtures. Measurements of fracture toughness also exhibited synergy, with a maximum value, higher than the value of either blend component, being attained in blends containing about 30 wt % of the PMMA ionomer. These results are interpreted in terms of a higher resistance to fracture of the more chain-entangled ionomer phase and good interfacial adhesion between the two components of the blend. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 1235–1245, 1998
One-write algorithms for multivalued regular and atomic registers

This paper presents an algorithm for implementing a k-valued regular register (the logical register) using $k(k-1)/2$ binary regular registers (the physical registers) that requires only one physical write per logical write. The same algorithm using binary atomic registers implements a k-valued atomic register. The algorithm is simple to describe and depends on properties of paths in a related graph. Two lower bounds are given on the number of registers required by one-write implementations in the regular case. The first lower bound, $2k - 1 - \lfloor \log k \rfloor$ , holds for a fairly general class of algorithms. The second lower bound holds for a restricted class of implementations and implies that our algorithm is optimal for this class. Both lower bounds improve on the best previously known lower bound, which was k. The two lower bounds also hold for the atomic case under further restrictions.
Lead Poisoning in Childhood Signs, Symptoms, Current Therapy, Clinical Expressions

When detected early, before the onset of encephalopathy, lead intoxication sub sides rapidly under therapy. Here for the pediatrician is an outline of the problems inherent in early detection, along with summaries of the therapeutic measures be ing used at one center for the early case as well as the case with the dread com plication of lead encephalopathy.
The aortic valve: to dilate, repair, or replace--that is the question.

should be compared with the report by van Son and colleagues [4] that suggests that bicuspid, insufficient aortic valves cannot be successfully repaired. In contrast, Hawkins and associates were able to repair patients with bicuspid aortic valves disrupted by balloon valvuloplasty. They used multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis to define factors associated with successful valve repair. The most important factors determined were a shorter interval between BAV and aortic valve operation and a more recent year of operation. This is not surprising because the technical aspects of valve repair have been refined at an accelerated pace in the last decade and it is possible that an ongoing process of fibrosis and scarring renders the disrupted leaflet nonreparable if the repair operation is deferred for a considerable period of time. Hawkins and associates are cautious in their conclusions because the follow-up only averages 22 months. In the discussion, they hint at a much more important area of controversy in modern cardiovascular surgery. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty has become the procedure of choice for aortic stenosis at many centers. This decision has
Preparation and characterization of the first stable organozinc hydride, PhZn2H3

Abstract The first stable organozinc hydride PhZn2H3 has been obtained by treatment of Ph2 Zn with LiAlH4 in THF solution; the compound is characterized by the IR spectrum, X-ray powder diffraction pattern and DTA—TGA.
The Effect of Choline Supplementation of Diets for Growing Pullets and Laying Hens

Abstract A CHOLINE deficiency is readily produced in chicks by feeding a diet low in choline or certain choline precursors. The effect of choline deficiency in laying hens, however, is less clear. McCollum et al. (1912) fed a diet containing 70 parts ground polished rice previously extracted with hot alcohol and 30 parts of dried skimmed milk to laying hens and found that more lecithin was present in eggs produced by these hens than had been consumed in the diet. Therefore, these investigators concluded that large amounts of lecithin were synthesized by laying hens. Abbott and DeMasters (1940), using a diet similar to McCollum’s supplemented with other vitamins, found that addition of choline to this basal diet increased egg production, prevented weight loss, and reduced liver fat. When diets have been studied which were low in methionine and vitamin B12, good responses were obtained from the addition of choline to diets…
Immunohistochemical-scintigraphic correlation of sympathetic cardiac innervation in postischemic left ventricular aneurysms

This study was conceived to explore the correspondence between scintigraphic imaging of the sympathetic innervation of human postischemic left ventricular aneurysms and direct immunohistochemical localization of the nerve fibers in the same area. In 7 patients undergoing left ventricular aneurysmectomy for postischemic ventricular aneurysm, the findings of thallium 201 and metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy were compared with direct immunohistochemical localization of the nerve fibers in the same area. This comparison showed good correspondence between scintigraphic and immunohistochemical data, although scintigraphy failed to detect areas of minimal sympathetic innervation. Moreover, microscopic analysis showed sympathetic nerve fibers with peculiar morphology and distribution in the aneurysmal zone. There is a good correspondence between immunohistochemical and scintigraphic imaging in the detection of sympathetic cardiac nerves in human left ventricular aneurysms; a morphologically abnormal sympathetic reinnervation can be found in the aneurysmal area (although denervation can persist in some zones).(J Nucl Cardiol 2002;9:601-7.)
Welfare Impacts of the Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber Trade Dispute: Beggar Thy Consumer Trade Policy

The welfare impacts of the 1987–91 Canadian “voluntary” 15% lumber export tax and the current 6.51 % U. S. import duty are analyzed using a simultaneous equations model of the softwood lumber market. The results show that U.S. consumers suffer losses 35% to 45% of those endured by Canadian producers. Canadian national welfare was much higher under the voluntary export tax, indicating the Canadian government erred in unilaterally terminating the agreement. In both instances, the U.S. government pursued policies that benefited domestic producers at the expense of U.S. lumber consumers, with no attempt or discussion of compensation. Thus, this appears to be a case of “beggar thy consumer” trade policy.
Observability of Quasiparticle-Pair Interference Current in Superconducting Weak Links.

Abstract : Calculations of static I(o)-V(o) curves, and of the heights of steps induced by rf radiations, have been carried out for current biased Josephson junctions with both a phase-independent quasiparticle conductance G(o) and a phase-dependent quasiparticle pair 'interference' conductance G(1) cos(phi). Little or no effect of the term in G1cos(phi) is found for junctions with zero capacitance. It thus appears that this term can be neglected in many practical applications of weak links. (Author)
Professional antigen-presenting cells of the skin

The skin functions as an important pro-inflammatory and immune organ. Accordingly, the epidermis and dermis are highly populated by dendritic cells (DC), which are potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) with important immunostimulatory and migratory activities. Whereas the biological characteristics and immunological functions of epidermal DC known as Langernahs cells (LC) have been the focus of intense research in the past, less is known regarding their dermal counterparts named dermal dendritic cells (DDC). Although it has been widely accepted that LC are the more relevant skin-resident APC, recent experimental evidence challenges this concept and proposes a different role for these important cell populations. In this article we compile recent scientific advances regarding the function of different skin-resident DC and we try to reconcile the new observations with the previously established paradigm.
The metalloprotein nature of Ustilago delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase.

Abstract 1. 1. The δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase of Ustilago sphaerogena has been purified approx. 40-fold. 2. 2. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by a number of nonspecific metal-binding agents, such as 1,10-phenanthroline. The inhibitory power of the ligands was greatly augmented by preincubation with the enzyme. 3. 3. Agents specific for Cu+ were powerful inhibitors, while those specific for Cu2+ were without effect. 4. 4. Attempts to reconstitute the ligand-treated enzyme by incubation with various copper compounds were frustrated by the extreme susceptibility of the enzyme to inhibition by copper. 5. 5. Partial reactivation of the ligand-treated enzyme could be achieved with Zn2+. 6. 6. A moderately good correlation was found between enzyme activity and the copper content of the purified enzyme.
Microwave sensing of physiological movement and volume change: a review.

The ability non-invasively to detect and monitor the movement of tissues and organs from outside the body provides many worthwhile areas of potential biomedical applications. Several non-invasive microwave techniques for contact and remote sensing of circulatory and respiratory movements and volume changes have been developed. In general, these systems consist of a microwave generator, a sampling device, a transmitting-receiving antenna, a set of signal-conditioning and processing devices, and a display unit. They operate at continuous-wave frequencies between 1 and 35 GHz and make use of amplitude and phase information derived from the received signal. The average power density of energy radiated by present systems ranges from approximately 0.001–1.0 mW/cm2. These systems are capable of registering instantaneous changes in fluid volume, pressure pulse, heart rate, and respiration rate in contact with body surface or at distances greater than 30 m, or behind thick layers of non-conductive walls. 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.