cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-resolution video-enhanced differential interference contrast light microscopy.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the basic concepts of differential interference contrast (DIC) image formation and analog and digital contrast enhancement, the practical aspects of component selection, alignment and specimen chambers for VE-DIC, and several test specimens for measuring microscope and video performance. A DIC microscope is a dual beam interferometer that uses a brightfield polarizing microscope containing polarizer, analyzer, and rotating stage. Contrast enhancement is produced by subtracting voltage from the video signal and amplifying the difference for each horizontal line scan of the video raster image. Increasing the analog contrast enhancement to the levels necessary to give distinct images of microtubules induces a new set of technical problems. Image quality becomes limited by noise from several sources, which is amplified as gain is increased. Fixed pattern noise could be eliminated from the video image by subtracting a stored background image, using a digital image processor operating at video rates. The background is obtained by defocusing the microscope until the microtubule image disappears. Achieving high-resolution, high-contrast VE-DIC images requires the highest performance of both the optical and video components of the video microscope system. Test specimens for microscope and video performance, such as diatom test slide, squamous cheek cell, and embedded skeletal muscle thin section, are also described in the chapter.
AL Amyloidosis Complicated by Persistent Oral Bleeding

A case of amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis is presented here with uncontrolled bleeding after a nonsurgical dental procedure, most likely multifactorial in nature, and consequently treated with a multidisciplinary approach.
Editorial: The foremost cancer—revisited

In 1969, the late Roald M. Grant, MD, then Editor in Chief of CA, wrote an editorial on breast cancer titled "The Foremost Cancer." In this issue, Jeanne A. Petrek, MD, an Associate Attending Surgeon in the Department of Surgery at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and Arthur I. Holleb, MD, CA's Editor Emeritus, update Dr. Grant's essay on breast cancer and comment on the articles that appear in this issue.
Security associations: building blocks for secure communications

History tells us that Julius Cesar shifted each letter in his messages to his generals by three places in the alphabet. The generals knew to shift back by three letters to read the message. Securing information for transfer between entities requires an agreement on how the information will be protected. Modern science and technology has brought more advanced methods of protecting information, but the basic need for an agreement between entities desiring to communicate securely still exists. In modern terms this agreement is a security association (SA). There are varying definitions of a security association in current standards and this paper attempts to clarify, these definitions. Security protocols requiring security associations as well as emerging protocols that establish and manage security associations are presented. If future global interoperability is to be provided securely one of the first building blocks will be the ability to negotiate and establish security associations. Therefore, issues that must be resolved for future global interoperability are discussed. Our work to create a network security research environment for future global needs is also presented.
A Comparison of Citation Metrics to Machine Learning Filters for the Identification of High Quality MEDLINE Documents

Objective: The present study explores the discriminatory performance of existing and novel gold-standard-specific machine learning (GSS-ML) focused filter models (i.e., models built specifically for a retrieval task and a gold standard against which they are evaluated) and compares their performance to citation count and impact factors, and non-specific machine learning (NS-ML) models (i.e., models built for a different task and/or different gold standard). Design: Three gold standard corpora were constructed using the SSOAB bibliography, the ACPJ-cited treatment articles, and the ACPJ-cited etiology articles. Citation counts and impact factors were obtained for each article. Support vector machine models were used to classify the articles using combinations of content, impact factors, and citation counts as predictors. Measurements: Discriminatory performance was estimated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and n -fold cross-validation. Results: For all three gold standards and tasks, GSS-ML filters outperformed citation count, impact factors, and NS-ML filters. Combinations of content with impact factor or citation count produced no or negligible improvements to the GSS machine learning filters. Conclusions: These experiments provide evidence that when building information retrieval filters focused on a retrieval task and corresponding gold standard, the filter models have to be built specifically for this task and gold standard. Under those conditions, machine learning filters outperform standard citation metrics. Furthermore, citation counts and impact factors add marginal value to discriminatory performance. Previous research that claimed better performance of citation metrics than machine learning in one of the corpora examined here is attributed to using machine learning filters built for a different gold standard and task.
Intrapleural rupture of the azygos vein

Intrapleural rupture of the azygos vein associated with hypovolemic shock resulting from blunt chest trauma is reported. Management demanded an emergency department right thoracotomy with venous ligation. Aortography to rule out associated arterial injury was performed. The previously published 7 cases of azygos vein rupture are reviewed as are possible etiologic mechanisms responsible for this rare injury. The history and clinical signs compatible with this injury are emphasized.
Glutamine synthetase in the central nervous system is not confined to astrocytes

Glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactivity is frequently used as an astroglial 'marker'. However, when sections of adult rat spinal cords were immunostained with antibodies against sheep glutamine synthetase, intense immunofluorescence was observed in cells resembling oligodendrocytes. In white matter in the rat brain GS immunostaining was also found in ovoid oligodendrocyte-like cells, whereas in gray matter in the same tissue sections GS immunostaining was found in astrocytes. Like the antibodies against sheep GS, antibodies against rat GS also immunostained putative oligodendrocytes, and colocalization with 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase in spinal cord supported the designation of the GS-positive cells as oligodendrocytes.
Intramolecular Mannich reaction in the asymmetric synthesis of polysubstituted piperidines: concise synthesis of the dendrobate alkaloid (+)-241D and its C-4 epimer.

The intramolecular Mannich reaction of δ-amino β-keto esters with aldehydes and ketones is a new methodology for the synthesis of polysubstituted piperidines and is illustrated by the concise asymmetric synthesis of the dendrobate alkaloid (+)-241D and its C-4 epimer.
Immunology: oiling the wheels of autoimmunity.

Oily substances in the skin have now been shown to contain structures that activate a population of skin-homing, self-reactive T cells. The responses of these immune cells may contribute to local defences, but also to autoimmune disease.
Early changes in respiration, aerobic glycolysis and cellular NAD(P)H in slices of rat cerebral cortex exposed to elevated concentrations of potassium.

— The initial effects of an elevated potassium concentration (30 mm) on the energy metabolism of incubated slices of rat cerebral cortex have been examined using spectrophotometric and polarographic techniques. Respiratory responses to additions of potassium were found to be definitely limited in time. This response was followed by an increase in the rate of aerobic glycolysis. Slice NAD(P)H and cytochrome b paralleled this metabolic sequence by exhibiting an initial oxidation followed by a net increase in the steady-state levels of reduced intermediates, particularly in the case of NAD(P)H. Substitution of pyruvate (10 mm) for glucose in the standard incubation media produced significant alterations in the respiratory responses to the addition of potassium. Although the period of increased oxygen consumption was again limited it was somewhat greater in magnitude and significantly prolonged in time relative to changes observed with glucose as substrate. Changes in steady-state levels of NAD(P)H were altered similarly and the net increase of NAD(P)H was not observed with pyruvate as substrate. We suggest that the metabolic responses of brain slices to increased potassium do not involve simultaneous activation of the respiratory and glycolytic pathways as has been previously assumed. Rather, a distinctly biphasic response is observed reminiscent of the Crabtree effect observed in other systems.
Management of sterile and mouldy seeds by a desert rodent

Abstract Banner-tailed kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) are known to store large quantities of seeds in underground caches. Over 20 species of moulds have been found in the caches, and experiments have shown that the kangaroo rats prefer to ingest slightly mouldy seeds over non-mouldy and very mouldy seeds. Laboratory experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that these rodents manage seeds to promote an intermediate level of seed mouldiness. The experiments revealed that rodents tended to move sterile seeds to the highest humidities available. The same individuals moved seeds with the preferred level of mouldiness to humidities below the threshold for further mould growth. We interpret these activities as adaptive attempts to increase mould growth on sterile seeds and inhibit further growth on sufficiently mouldy seeds.
Implementation of Regional Programs

Abstract The six New England Cooperative Extension Services worked out a formal agreement to conduct their education programs in poultry on a regional basis. As a result, Extension Service specialists in poultry at the six New England universities formed the New England Poultry Specialists' team. A single regional poultry newsletter, The New England Poultry Letter, replaced individual state poultry newsletters. The agreement also formalized the establishment of two regional poultry conferences instead of individual state poultry conferences: the New England Poultry Health Conference, usually held in the spring, and the New England Poultry Management Conference held in late summer. These two conferences and the Northeast Turkey Conference are the three major educational meetings organized by the team. The agreement has been in effect for over 3 yr and serves as a model for the success of regional arrangements as well as a learning experience for all.
On the rational spectra of graphs with abelian singer groups

Abstract Let G be a finite abelian group. We investigate those graphs G admitting G as a sharply 1-transitive automorphism group and all of whose eigenvalues are rational. The study is made via the rational algebra P ( G ) of rational matrices with rational eigenvalues commuting with the regular matrix representation of G . In comparing the spectra obtainable for graphs in P ( G ) for various G 's, we relate subschemes of a related association scheme, subalgebras of P ( G ), and the lattice of subgroups of G . One conclusion is that if the order of G is fifth-power-free, any graph with rational eigenvalues admitting G has a cospectral mate admitting the abelian group of the same order with prime-order elementary divisors.
Development in Lightning Protection of Stations

THE AIEE transformer sub-committee has recently sponsored a paper1 on the protection of power transformers against lightning surges. The most effective method given combines overhead ground wires, line entrance gaps, and transformer mounted lightning arresters. Such a method does give a high degree of protection, but it is primarily applicable to high voltage, high capacity stations where the overhead ground wire system is justified for both line and station. The conditions noted above are seldom fulfilled on subtransmission systems from 23 kv to 34.5 kv. Effective ground wires and low ground resistances are uneconomical, and the protection provided is usually a more or less modern arrester, not always located and grounded to the best advantage. On the 23-kv subtransmission system of the Duquesne Light Company, the average transmission distance is approximately two miles. This means that most direct strokes will contact the line not more than one mile from some substation. Much of this transmission is now equipped with wood cross arm braces and guy insulators, and at some stations several spans adjacent thereto are carried on unguyed poles.
The MCM2-3-5 proteins: are they replication licensing factors?

Abstract DNA replication occurs only once in each normal mitotic cell cycle. To explain this strict control, a ‘licensing factor' was proposed to enter the nucleus periodically as the nuclear envelope disintegrates and reassembles at the end of mitosis. Inactivation of licensing factor immediately following initiation of DNA synthesis would prevent reinitiation until after the next mitosis. The MCM2-3-5 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be yeast's equivalent of licensing factor: they are present in the nucleus only between M and S phase, bind to chromatin and are important for the initiation of DNA replication.
Kalman filter detection of blinks in video-oculography: applications for VVOR measurement during locomotion.

Abstract A Kalman filter algorithm was implemented for automatic detection of blink artifacts in video-oculography (VOG) data, and a cubic spline used to patch the eliminated data. The algorithm was tested by randomly introducing artificial blinks into eye movement data and computing the errors introduced by the patches. We also computed visual vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR) gain and phase in healthy and vestibulopathic subjects during a locomotor task, before and after blink removal, to demonstrate the interpretive importance of eliminating blink artifacts. The error introduced by the patched data was small (0.50±0.32°) and within the resolution of head angle measurements. Comparison of gain and phase shift before and after removing blinks revealed that even when calculated values are within expected limits, coherence of the VVOR signal was significantly ( p =0.003) lower prior to blink removal (0.51±0.37) compared to that after blink removal (0.92±0.08). Comparison of VVOR calculations between healthy and vestibulopathic subjects (after removal of blinks) revealed that vestibulopathic subjects had significantly decreased gains ( p =0.018) and increased phase shifts ( p =0.009): these results agree with data reported in literature. We conclude that the Kalman filter detection and cubic spline patching algorithms are useful tools for VOG and should enable reliable VVOR measurements during unconstrained, ecologically meaningful locomotor activities.
Direct fail-proof triangularization algorithms for AX + XB = C with Error-Free and parallel implementations

Two 0(mn^3) inversion-free direct algorithms to compute a solution of the linear system AX +XB = C by triangularizing a Hessenberg matrix are presented. Without any loss of generality the matrix A is assumed upper Hessenberg and the order m of A =< the order n of B. The algorithms have an in-built consistency check, are capable of pruning redundant rows and converting the resulting matrix into a full row rank matrix, and permit A and -B to be any square matrices with common or distinct eigenvalues. In addition, these algorithms can also solve the homogeneous system AX +XB = 0 (null matrix C). An error-free implementation of the solution X using multiple modulus residue arithmetic as well as a parallelization of the algorithms is discussed.
Dextromethorphan for Tardive Dyskinesia

Aims: To report three cases of successful treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD) with dextromethorphan. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Place and Duration of Study: Private outpatient practice in Syracuse, NY. Methodology: A retrospective chart review of patients with TD who were treated with dextromethorphan between 2003 and 2013 was conducted. Results: Three consecutive patients experienced marked improvement of TD with dextromethorphan. Conclusion: Dextromethorphan may be a useful drug for treating TD. Further prospective studies are needed.
Yeast Srp1, a nuclear protein related to Drosophila and mouse pendulin, is required for normal migration, division, and integrity of nuclei during mitosis.

This paper describes genes from yeast and mouse with significant sequence similarities to aDrosophila gene that encodes the blood cell tumor suppressor pendulin. The protein encoded by the yeast gene, Srp1p, and mouse pendulin share 42% and 51% amino acid identity withDrosophila pendulin, respectively. All three proteins consist of 10.5 degenerate tandem repeats of ∼ 42 amino acids each. Similar repeats occur in a superfamily of proteins that includes theDrosophila Armadillo protein. All three proteins contain a consensus sequence for a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the N-terminal domain, which is not part of the repeat structure. Confocal microscopic analysis of yeast cells stained with antibodies against Srp1p reveals that this protein is intranuclear throughout the cell cycle. Targeted gene disruption shows thatSRP1 is an essential gene. Despite their sequence similarities,Drosophila and mouse pendulin are unable to rescue the lethality of anSRP1 disruption. We demonstrate that yeast cells depleted of Srp1p arrest in mitosis with a G2 content of DNA. Arrested cells display abnormal structures and orientations of the mitotic spindles, aberrant segregation of the chromatin and the nuclei, and threads of chromatin emanating from the bulk of nuclear DNA. This phenotype suggests that Srplp is required for the normal function of microtubules and the spindle pole bodies, as well as for nuclear integrity. We suggest that Srp1p interacts with multiple components of the cell nucleus that are required for mitosis and discuss its functional similarities to, and differences fromDrosophila pendulin.
Writing beneath the shadow of heresy: the Historia Albigensis of Brother Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay

This article examines how the Cistercian Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay wrote the Historia Albigensis and what his history of Simon de Montfort's campaign in the Albigensian Crusade (1208-1218) – despite its inevitable one-sidedness – reveals about heresy, devotion and dissidence in early thirteenth-century Languedoc. Pierre's scriptural rhetoric, considered alongside the evidence of heresy and miraculous intercession that he recorded, provides some understanding of the young monk's intentions and mindset. With this analysis as a point of departure, the progression of the Historia Albigensis comes to reflect how Pierre's vision of holy war was challenged by the abuses he witnessed when he began travelling with the crusade in 1212. Concluding with some of Pierre's contradictions, this article suggests the Historia Albigensis is a source more valuable today than simply an example of anti-heretical propaganda.
A Tunable Active Phase Shifter Using a Thin Film Ferroelectric Capacitor

This paper describes an active phase shifter with a large amount of variable phase. We propose a design that has second-order all-pass network characteristics and that uses a tunable ferroelectric capacitor. The transmitted phase is changed by varying the capacitance of a ferroelectric capacitor. A computer simulation is presented that shows that the network, even with markedly non-ideal transistors, can provide a true all-pass response over the frequency band of interest (100 MHz–400 MHz). These simulated results demonstrate an analog tunability of about 200° with a gain variation of about 3 dB at 300 MHz—when using a Ba0.96Ca0.04Ti0.84Zr0.16O3 (BCTZ) capacitor with a tunability of 2:1. The simulation performed at 300 MHz because the physical layout of the real life circuit will be done mostly with the discrete components. As the self resonance frequency of most of the discrete components lies in the few hundreds of MHz range, our preferred frequency is a practical one to deal with. The simulation also p...
The strength-differential effect in plasticity

Abstract In the context of a purely mechanical rate-type theory of elastic-plastic materials, a special set of constitutive equations is discussed. In particular, a yield function is chosen which includes a dependence on mean normal stress. The constitutive equations are capable of describing the strength-differential effect and also predict a plastic volume change. The values of the material coefficients in the constitutive equations are determined from published experimental data for AISI 4330 steel. The predicted results are in good agreement with experiments, except for the magnitude of the predicted plastic volume change, which is too large.
Comparative In Vitro Activity of Five Cephalosporins Against Lactobacilli

Of five parenteral cephalosporins tested against 43 lactobacilli, cephaloridine, cefazolin, and cefamandole were the most active inhibitory and bactericidal agents. Timed-kill analysis revealed a slow bactericidal effect, with significant declines in mean minimal bactericidal concentration values at 48 h versus 24 h.
Optimal Confidence Sets, Bioequivalence, and the Limaçon of Pascal

Abstract We begin with a decision-theoretic investigation into confidence sets that minimize expected volume at a given parameter value. Such sets are constructed by inverting a family of uniformly most powerful tests, and hence they also enjoy the optimality property of being uniformly most accurate. In addition, these sets possess Bayesian optimal volume properties and represent the first case (to our knowledge) of a frequentist 1 – α confidence set that possesses a Bayesian optimality property. The hypothesis testing problem that generates these sets is similar to that encountered in bioequivalence testing. Our sets are optimal for testing bioequivalence in certain settings; in the case of the normal distribution, the optimal set is a curve known as the limacon of Pascal. We illustrate the use of these curves with a biopharmaceutical example.
Public perceptions of a radioactively contaminated site: concerns, remediation preferences, and desired involvement.

A public attitudes survey was conducted in neighborhoods adjacent to a radioactively contaminated site whose remediation is now under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy's Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). The survey's purpose was to ascertain levels of actual and desired public involvement in the remediation process; to identify health, environmental, economic, and future land-use concerns associated with the site; and to solicit remediation strategy preferences. Surface water and groundwater contamination, desire for public involvement, and potential health risks were found to be the most highly ranked site concerns. Preferred remediation strategies included treatment of contaminated soil and excavation with off-site disposal. Among on-site remediation strategies, only institutional controls that leave the site undisturbed and do not require additional excavation of materials were viewed favorably. Cost of remediation appeared to influence remediation strategy preference; however, no strategy was viewed as a panacea. Respondents were also concerned with protecting future generations, better assessment of risks to health and the environment, and avoiding generation of additional contaminated materials.
Mixing and chemical reaction: thermal effects

A stretch model is applied to the mixing of a hot fluid and a cold fluid when chemical reactions occur during the mixing process. Application is made to a chemical kinetic controlled case involving NO conversion during quench of high-temperature combustion gases. One is able to predict the NO convers rate distribution rNO in a lamina, despite the complex reaction mechanism.
An examination of the long‐term performance of reacquired carve‐outs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive initial evaluation of divestiture gains for reacquired carve‐out parent and subsidiary second event and three‐year returns for the period 1980‐2010.Design/methodology/approach – Using several variables, we contrast reacquired carve‐out parent and subsidiary second event returns with those for acquired carve‐outs. Similarly, we contrast carve‐out parent three‐year returns.Findings – We observe several differences between reacquired (RACO) and acquired (AQCO) carve‐outs. Indicating less competition for RACO prices, RACOs have lower market capitalization on the day before reacquisition. Supporting a certification effect for Thermo Electron, parent three‐year post reacquisition returns are positive versus negative returns for other RACO parents. Our multiple regression variables explain 27.53 percent of the subsidiary reacquisition announcement returns of 11.63 percent and explain 19.84 percent of the variation of parent three‐year returns.Orig...
Indigenous plant protection methods in Yemen

Traditional agriculture in Yemen was oriented towards sustainable production with a combination of practices which reduced or eliminated pest infestation and diseases. This study documents indigenous plant protection practices from medieval Yemeni texts, ethnographic research, and recent scientific study in the country. While these traditional practices have largely been ignored in the development process, they form the basis for preparation of a national program of integrated pest management in the Republic of Yemen.
Growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis in bovine skeletal muscle cells without altering insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA expression.

Growth hormone is a major stimulator of skeletal muscle growth in animals, including cattle. In this study, we determined whether GH stimulates skeletal muscle growth in cattle by direct stimulation of proliferation or fusion of myoblasts, by direct stimulation of protein synthesis, or by direct inhibition of protein degradation in myotubes. We also determined whether these direct effects of GH are mediated by IGF-I produced by myoblasts or myotubes. Satellite cells were isolated from cattle skeletal muscle and were allowed to proliferate as myoblasts or induced to fuse into myotubes in culture. Growth hormone at 10 and 100 ng/mL increased protein synthesis in myotubes (P 0.05). Insulin-like growth factor-I at 50 and 500 ng/mL stimulated protein synthesis (P 0.1). These data indicate that GH and IGF-I have largely different direct effects on bovine muscle cells. Growth hormone at 10 and 100 ng/mL had no effect on IGF-I mRNA expression in either myoblasts or myotubes (P > 0.1). This lack of effect was not because the cultured myoblasts or myotubes were not responsive to GH; GH receptor mRNA was detectable in them and the expression of the cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) gene, a well-established GH target gene, was increased by GH in bovine myoblasts (P < 0.05). Overall, the data suggest that GH stimulates skeletal muscle growth in cattle in part through stimulation of protein synthesis in the muscle and that this stimulation is not mediated through increased IGF-I mRNA expression in the muscle.
Three-dimensional vorticity dynamics in a swirling jet

Three-dimensional aspects of vorticity concentration, reorientation, and stretching are investigated in a simplified swirling jet model, consisting of a line vortex along the jet axis surrounded by a jet shear layer with both azimuthal and streamwise vorticity. Inviscid three-dimensional vortex dynamics simulations demonstrate the nonlinear interaction and competition between a centrifugal instability and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities feeding on both components of the base flow vorticity. The nonlinear evolution of the flow depends strongly on the initial ratio of the azimuthal and axisymmetric perturbation amplitudes. The long term dynamics of the jet can be dominated by counterrotating vortex rings connected by braid vortices, by like-signed rings and streamwise braid vortices, or by wavy streamwise vortices alone.
Narrow Linewidth Surface-Etched DBR Lasers: Fundamental Design Aspects and Applications

Surface-etched distributed Bragg reflector (SE-DBR) semiconductor lasers show potential for use in a variety of communications and spectroscopy applications requiring compact, single-mode, narrow linewidth, and tunable laser sources. This approach eliminates contamination issues associated with forming gratings by regrowth in Al-containing structures by using a single growth step and etching the grating after the entire epitaxy is grown. This paper reviews progress in the development of SE-DBR lasers using InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs and GaAs-AlGaAs separate confinement heterostructure. Fabrication techniques, design optimization studies, and device performance characteristics are overviewed. Applications of SE-DBRs toward multiwavelength arrays, THz generation via optical heterodyning, and alkali spectroscopy are discussed.
Abnormal visual pathways in human albinos studied with visually evoked potentials.

Abstract Numerous investigations in albino mammals using neurophysiological and neuroanatomical techniques report an abnormal crossing projection from the temporal retina. Recent studies in human albinos suggest a similar defect. Averaged visually evoked potentials to flashed checkerboard patterns were recorded bilaterally from the scalp overlying the occipital regions in normal and albino human subjects. Square stimulus patterns (10°) were presented to the nasal-temporal retina and hemipatterns to the nasal or temporal retina of each eye. Observations of visual fields, monocular acuities, and stereopsis were recorded. Normal left and right hemispheric responses were symmetrical to monocular nasal-temporal stimulation; in albinos the contralateral early latency responses were larger than the ipsilateral. In monocular nasal stimulation in albinos and in normals, the amplitude of contralateral evoked responses was larger than the ipsilateral; in normals the largest responses to temporal stimulation were ipsilateral. By contrast, temporal retina stimulation of albinos usually produced larger early latency components contralaterally. Temporal stimulation at 5° from the vertical meridian in albinos produced larger contralateral responses. Stimulation beyond 15° gave smaller components contralaterally; new larger amplitude components appeared ipsilaterally. At 30 and 45° eccentricity, ipsilateral responses were reduced. Albino subjects had normal monocular visual fields but failed to fuse stimuli from random dot stereograms. Results of this study provide further evidence for abnormal visual pathways and functional anomalies in human albinos.
Differences in evaporation between a floating pan and class a pan on land

Abstract: Research was conducted to develop a method for obtaining floating pan evaporation rates in a small (less than 10,000 m2) wetland, lagoon, or pond. Floating pan and land pan evaporation data were collected from March 1 to August 31, 2005, at a small natural wetland located in the alluvium of the Canadian River near Norman, Oklahoma, at the U.S. Geological Survey Norman Landfill Toxic Substances Hydrology Research Site. Floating pan evaporation rates were compared with evaporation rates from a nearby standard Class A evaporation pan on land. Floating pan evaporation rates were significantly less than land pan evaporation rates for the entire period and on a monthly basis. Results indicated that the use of a floating evaporation pan in a small free-water surface better simulates actual physical conditions on the water surface that control evaporation. Floating pan to land pan ratios were 0.82 for March, 0.87 for April, 0.85 for May, 0.85 for June, 0.79 for July, and 0.69 for August.
Differentiation and the tumorigenic and metastatic phenotype of murine melanoma cells.

Using B16 F10 murine melanoma cells and sublines generated from the JB/MS melanoma which exhibit various degrees of melanogenesis, the relationships among differentiation, tumorigenicity, and metastatic potential were examined. The effect of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which specifically stimulates differentiation of melanocytes, was also studied. All melanoma lines tested were capable of growing as experimental pulmonary metastases but, surprisingly, the undifferentiated and amelanotic JB/MS-w cells failed to grow as primary subcutaneous tumors. JB/MS-w cells, which had few surface MSH receptors, did not respond to MSH with an increase in melanin production, unlike the other cell lines. Although in vitro treatment with MSH did not change the rates of growth of primary tumors by these cell lines, such treatment decreased the number of pulmonary metastases from B16 F10, JB/MS cells, JB/MS-b1 cells and JB/MS-w cells. Conversely, MSH treatment significantly increased the rates of pulmonary metastases from JB/MS-p cells. The expression of surface melanoma antigens, urokinase-type plasminogen activity and susceptibility to natural killer cells were examined. MSH did not significantly alter surface melanoma antigen expression, but increased the natural killer cell susceptibility of B16 F10, JB/MS and JB/MS-b1 cells, cells which possess abundant surface MSH receptors. There was an inverse correlation between differentiation (pigmentation) and proliferation in vitro, and the more pigmented melanoma cells (B16 F10, JB/MS and JB/MS-b1) expressed relatively lower levels of class-1 MHC, relatively higher levels of class-11 MHC and the highest metastatic capacity. These results demonstrate that MSH possesses the capacity to regulate not only melanogenesis, but also other factors critical to the metastatic growth of the cells.
Push-pull laser-atomic oscillator.

A vapor of alkali-metal atoms in the external cavity of a semiconductor laser, pumped with a time-independent injection current, can cause the laser to self-modulate at the ``field-independent 0-0 frequency'' of the atoms. Push-pull optical pumping by the modulated light drives most of the atoms into a coherent superposition of the two atomic sublevels with an azimuthal quantum number $m=0$. The atoms modulate the optical loss of the cavity at the sharply defined 0-0 hyperfine frequency. As in a maser, the system is not driven by an external source of microwaves, but a very stable microwave signal can be recovered from the modulated light or from the modulated voltage drop across the laser diode. Potential applications for this new phenomenon include atomic clocks, the production of long-lived coherent atomic states, and the generation of coherent optical combs.
Multispot diffusing configuration for wireless infrared access: joint optimization of multibeam transmitter and angle diversity receiver

Multi-Spot Diffusing Configuration combines a multi-beam transmitter and an angle diversity receiver. One of the main system design issues is the joint optimization of the transmitter and the receiver. Such factors as signal power distribution, received ambient light, eye-safety regulations, receiver complexity, etc., should be taken into account when determining the design parameters. For a bit rate of 100 MB/s in the presence of intense ambient light, the utilization of an array of 10 X 10 diffusing spots and a seven-branch receiver with a total FOV of 34.5 deg, insures signal-to-shot-noise ratio as high as 23.4 dB when the best branch is selected and 26.5 dB when maximal-ratio combining is employed. Furthermore, no shadowing of the receiver occurs when a person crosses the line between the transmitter and the receiver.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Treatment of nutcracker syndrome with open and endovascular interventions.

Objective Nutcracker syndrome (NS) is a rare cause of hematuria, flank pain, and renal venous hypertension due to compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. To evaluate outcomes of open surgery and endovascular interventions, we reviewed our experience. Methods A retrospective review of clinical data of all patients treated at our institution with an intervention for NS between January 1, 1994, and February 28, 2014, was performed. Primary outcomes were morbidity and mortality. Secondary outcomes included late complications, patency, freedom from reintervention, and resolution of symptoms. Results Thirty-seven patients (30 female, seven male) with a mean age of 27 years (range, 14-62 years) were treated. The most frequent symptom was flank pain (97%); the most frequent sign was hematuria (68%). NS was diagnosed with duplex ultrasound scanning with measurement of LRV diameters and flow velocities (87%), with computed tomography or magnetic resonance venography (94%), and with contrast venography with measurement of pressure gradients (93%). Initial treatment was open surgery in 36 patients, endovascular in 1. Distal transposition of the LRV into the inferior vena cava (IVC) was performed in 31 patients. Adjunctive procedures to optimize venous outflow included great saphenous vein cuff in six patients, great saphenous vein patch in four, and both cuff and patch in four. Three patients had patch alone; two had transposition of the left gonadal vein into the IVC. Two patients had anterior reimplantation of retroaortic LRV into the IVC. There were no major early complications, renal failure, or mortality. Three patients underwent early reinterventions within 30 days (stent, two; open revision, one). All LRVs and left gonadal veins were patent at discharge. Follow-up was 36.8 ± 52.6 months (range, 1-216 months). Reinterventions after 30 days were performed in eight patients because of LRV stenosis (n = 7) or LRV occlusion (n = 1). One stent migrated into the IVC and required endovascular removal with repeated stenting. Six patients required stenting. Primary, primary assisted, and secondary patencies at 24 months were 74%, 97%, and 100%, respectively. Freedom from reintervention at 12 and 24 months was 76% and 68%, respectively. Resolution of symptoms occurred in 33 patients (87%). Conclusions Open surgery, mostly LRV transposition, remains a safe and effective treatment of patients with NS. However, one of three patients after open repair required reintervention, most frequently LRV stenting. Open reconstruction should be tailored to the patient's anatomy, and placement of vein cuff or patch may reduce restenosis. Although renal vein stents improved patency, the safety and durability of currently available stents need to be established.
FGF14 localization and organization of the axon initial segment

The axon initial segment (AIS) is highly enriched in the structural proteins ankyrin G and βIV-spectrin, the pore-forming (α) subunits of voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels, and functional Nav channels, and is critical for the initiation of action potentials. We previously reported that FGF14, a member of the intracellular FGF (iFGF) sub-family, is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje neurons and that the targeted inactivation of Fgf14 in mice (Fgf14(-/-)) results in markedly reduced Purkinje neuron excitability. Here, we demonstrate that FGF14 immunoreactivity is high in the AIS of Purkinje neurons and is distributed in a decreasing, proximal to distal, gradient. This pattern is evident early in the postnatal development of Purkinje neurons and is also observed in many other types of central neurons. In (Scn8a(med)) mice, which are deficient in expression of the Nav1.6 α subunit, FGF14 immunoreactivity is markedly increased and expanded in the Purkinje neuron AIS, in parallel with increased expression of the Nav1.1 (Scn1a) α subunit and expanded expression of βIV-spectrin. Although Nav1.1, FGF14, and βIV-spectrin are affected, ankyrin G immunoreactivity at the AIS of Scn8a(med) and wild type (WT) Purkinje neurons was not significantly different. In Fgf14(-/-) Purkinje neurons, βIV-spectrin and ankyrin G immunoreactivity at the AIS were also similar to WT Purkinje neurons, although both the Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 α subunits are modestly, but significantly (p<0.005), reduced within sub-domains of the AIS, changes that may contribute to the reduced excitability of Fgf14(-/-) Purkinje neurons.
Some Recent Experimental Tests of the "Clock Paradox"

Recent experiments by Pound and Rebka on the temperature dependence of the M\"ossbauer effect in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$, and by Hay, Schiffer, Cranshaw, and Egelstaff using an ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ absorber on a rotating drum are shown to provide the first direct experimental verification of the time-keeping properties of accelerated clocks such as occur in the classic "clock paradox" of relativity. In the experiment by Pound and Rebka, the thermal vibrations of the lattice impart rms velocities of about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}c$, and nearly continuous, randomly-oriented accelerations of the order of ${10}^{16}g$ to both the source and the absorber nuclei. In the experiment by Hay et al. the acceleration of the absorber was $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}g$. The photon provides continuous communication of time data between the two nuclei for the duration of the "journey" (the emission time of the quantum). In each case the observed fractional frequency shift $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}f}{{f}_{0}}$ which occurs between the source and the absorber is found to be $\ensuremath{-}\frac{{{v}_{s}}^{2}}{2{c}^{2}}+\frac{{{v}_{a}}^{2}}{2{c}^{2}}$, where ${v}_{s}$ and ${v}_{a}$ are the rms velocities of the source and the absorber nuclei, respectively. These results are in quantitative agreement with the generally accepted calculations for the "clock paradox", in which two clocks pursue independent paths (at least one of which involves accelerations) in a common inertial frame, but are compared at two or more points where they coincide in space and time. The temperature-dependent experiments also demonstrate that accelerations of the order of ${10}^{16}g$, arising from lattice vibrations, produce no intrinsic frequency shift in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ nuclei to an accuracy exceeding 1 part in ${10}^{13}$.
Is the DA white dwarf 1910 + 047 a soft X-ray source?

The possibility that the recently discovered DA white dwarf WD 1910 + 047 might be an Einstein soft X-ray source is studied, applying a complete model atmosphere analyis to both the optical and the soft X-ray data. It is found that the X-ray source in question is at least one order of magnitude too strong to be compatible with the estimated atmospheric parameters of the possible optical counterpart. The spatial coincidence between the two, however, remains extremely intriguing and has left us with the dilemma of accepting the relatively improbable coincidence of two unrelated objects or rejoicing over the discovery of a highly unusual one.
GMAT Scores of Undergraduate Economics Majors.

The average score of economics majors on the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) exceeds those of nearly all humanities and arts, social sciences, and business undergraduate majors but not those of most science, engineering, and mathematics majors.
D5 Dopamine Receptors Enhance Zn2+-Sensitive GABAA Currents in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons through a PKA/PP1 Cascade

Cholinergic interneurons have been implicated in striatally mediated associative learning. In classical conditioning paradigms, conditioned stimuli trigger a transient suppression of neuronal activity that is dependent upon an intact dopaminergic innervation. Our hypothesis was that this suppression reflected dopaminergic enhancement of sensory-linked GABAergic input. As a test, the impact of dopamine on interneuronal GABA(A) receptor function was studied by combined patch-clamp recording and single-cell reverse transcription PCR. Activation of D5 dopamine receptors reversibly enhanced a Zn2+-sensitive component of GABA(A) currents. Although dependent upon protein kinase A (PKA) activation, the modulation was blocked by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibition, suggesting it was dependent upon dephosphorylation. These results establish a novel mechanism by which intrastriatally released dopamine mediates changes in GABAergic signaling that could underlie the initial stages of associative learning.
Dopamine Alters AMPA Receptor Synaptic Expression and Subunit Composition in Dopamine Neurons of the Ventral Tegmental Area Cultured with Prefrontal Cortex Neurons

Excitatory synapses onto dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) represent a critical site of psychostimulant-induced synaptic plasticity. This plasticity involves alterations in synaptic strength through AMPA receptor (AMPAR) redistribution. Here, we report an in vitro model for studying regulation of AMPAR trafficking in DA neurons under control conditions and after elevation of DA levels, mimicking cocaine exposure. We used cocultures containing rat VTA neurons and prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons from enhanced cyan fluorescent protein-expressing mice. In VTA-PFC cocultures, D1 receptor activation (10 min) increased synaptic and nonsynaptic glutamate receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) and GluR2 surface expression on DA neurons. NMDA or AMPA receptor antagonists blocked this effect, and it was not observed in pure VTA cultures, suggesting that DA agonists acted on D1 receptors on PFC neurons, altering their excitatory transmission onto VTA DA neurons and, thus, influencing AMPARs. To mimic the longer elevation in extracellular DA levels produced by systemic cocaine, cocultures were incubated with DA for 1 h. Synaptic GluR1 was increased 24 h later, reminiscent of the increased AMPA/NMDA ratio at excitatory synapses onto VTA DA neurons 24 h after cocaine injection (Ungless et al., 2001). In contrast, GluR2 was unchanged. Analysis of colocalization of surface GluR1-3 labeling suggested that control DA neurons express a substantial number of GluR1/2, GluR2/3, and homomeric GluR1 receptors and that the increase in surface AMPARs 24 h after DA exposure may in part reflect increased GluR1/3-containing receptors. These results help define the cellular basis for plasticity underlying the development of behavioral sensitization.
Characteristics of traumatic cataract wound dehiscence.

Purpose To characterize the clinical course of cataract wound dehiscence. Design Retrospective, comparative case series. Methods Charts of open globe injuries (848 injuries in 846 patients) treated surgically at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary between 2000 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Time from original surgery to wound dehiscence, type of initial surgery, Ocular Trauma Score, age, gender, mechanism of injury, and visual acuity were analyzed. Results Of 846 patients with 848 open globe injuries, 63 experienced cataract wound dehiscence. The majority of these cataract wounds (89%) were extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), with only 7 (11%) phacoemulsification wounds. The mean patient age in the wound rupture group was 78.2 years. Female patients comprised the majority (67%) of this subpopulation. The most common mechanisms of injury were fall (65%), blunt trauma (23%), and motor vehicle accident (7%). The median raw ocular trauma score was 47 in wound dehiscence patients. Visual acuity at presentation was light perception in the wound dehiscence group. The best postoperative visual acuity was significantly worse in the wound dehiscence group (hand motion) than in the remaining patients (20/40; P = .0002). When considering the phacoemulsification patients alone, these patients fared much better, with a median postoperative vision of 20/60. Conclusions Despite recent advances in cataract surgery, wound dehiscence remains a significant source of visual disability, mainly in the geriatric population. Rupture ECCE wound patients have a poor visual prognosis. Fortunately, patients with phacoemulsification site dehiscence appear to regain the majority of their vision after open globe repair