cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transphyseal Humeral Separations: What Can We Learn?

Introduction: Transphyseal humeral separations (TPHS) are rare injuries with only case reports and small series reported in the literature. The purpose of this study was to assess the various injury patterns, treatments, outcomes, and complications in a large series encompassing multiple institutions. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted at five pediatric institutions to identify all transphyseal …
Severability as Deregulation: The Construction of a New Doctrine Through Affordable Care Act Litigation

Scholars have sharply criticized the plaintiffs’ severability argument in the ongoing challenge to the Affordable Care Act (ACA), California v. Texas, as a flawed application of contemporary severability doctrine that would disrupt broad swaths of the U.S. healthcare system. This Article argues that the severability argument put forward by the Texas plaintiffs, as well as the District Court’s severability analysis in that case, the Department of Justice’s severability argument on appeal, and the severability argument made by the so-called “Joint Dissent” in National Federation of Business v. Sebelius together represent an emerging doctrinal alternative to the traditional, Alaska Airlines severability doctrine. The key feature of the new doctrine is a super-strong presumption of inseverability that would apply to all of the constitutional provisions in a partially unconstitutional statute. Under such a doctrine, wholesale invalidation of partially unconstitutional statute would become the rule. Regardless of the outcome in California v. Texas, adoption of parts of the “Joint Dissent/Texas doctrine” would radically alter courts’ approach to severability and forward a deregulatory agenda. The Joint Dissent/Texas doctrine was forged in litigation challenging a singular legislative product, the Affordable Care Act. But the origin of the doctrine in public choice accounts of the legislative process underscore the fact that the super-strong presumption of inseverability would apply to most if not all partially unconstitutional statutes. The Joint Dissent/Texas doctrine is also a response to a changed legislative reality. Congress increasingly relies on omnibus legislation, folding in provisions that cover a wide range of policy areas. Adoption of the Joint Dissent/Texas doctrine would be a powerful intervention by the Court into the legislative processes that Congress has adopted in recent decades. The Joint Dissent/Texas doctrine, if adopted, would have far-reaching effects on the relative allocation of power between Congress on the one hand and the states, the courts, and the President on the other. And in each case, Congress would find itself on the losing end. The doctrine would shift power away from Congress in an era in which congressional power is already at a nadir. Regardless of the outcome in California v. Texas—regardless of the contours of the Affordable Care Act and the U.S. healthcare enterprise in the wake of the Supreme Court’s expected decision—the Joint Dissent/Texas approach to severability is an emerging reality that must be reckoned with.
Durvalumab for the treatment of PD-L1 non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies directed against programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), have broadened treatment options for patients with no...
Factors influencing the credibility of performance measurement in nonprofits

Whereas a lot of resources have been devoted to performance measurement in the nonprofit sector, the measurement efforts have been hindered by the concerns over credibility of measurement. In this ...
Effective Reduction in Opioid Prescriptions for Ambulatory Lesion Excisions in Pediatric Patients.

Childhood opioid consumption is potentially deleterious to cognitive development and may predispose children to later addiction. Opioids are frequently prescribed for outpatient surgery but may not be necessary for adequate pain control. We aimed to reduce opioid prescriptions for outpatient pediatric skin and soft tissue lesion excisions using quality improvement (QI) methods. Methods A multidisciplinary team identified drivers for opioid prescriptions. Interventions were provider education, improving computer order set defaults, and promoting non-narcotic pain control strategies and patient-family education. Outcomes included percentage of patients receiving opioid prescriptions and patient-satisfaction scores. Data were retrospectively collected for 3 years before the QI project and prospectively tracked over the 8-month QI period and the following 18 months. Results The percentage of patients receiving an opioid prescription after outpatient skin or soft tissue excision dropped significantly from 18% before intervention to 6% at the end of the intervention period. Patient-reported satisfaction with pain control improved following the QI intervention. Satisfaction with postoperative pain control was independent of closure size or receipt of a postoperative opioid prescription. Intraoperative use of lidocaine or bupivacaine significantly decreased the incidence of postoperative opioid prescription in both bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results were maintained at 18 months after the conclusion of the QI project. Conclusion Raising provider awareness, educating patients on expected postoperative pain management options, and prioritizing non-narcotic medications postoperatively successfully reduced opioid prescription rates in children undergoing skin and soft tissue lesion excisions and simultaneously improved patient-satisfaction scores.
“You’ve Got Mail”: a Daily Investigation of Email Demands on Job Tension and Work-Family Conflict

Email represents a useful organizational tool that can facilitate rapid and flexible communication between organizations, managers, and employees regardless of their physical location (e.g., office, home, on vacation). However, despite the potential benefits of email, its usage is a double-edged sword that also has the potential to negatively affect its users. To advance knowledge and inform both researchers and practitioners of such negative outcomes, we integrate the job demands-resources model with spillover theory to investigate email as a potential job demand and explore how it may relate to employees’ job tension and work-family conflict. Using an interval-contingent experience sampling methodology with respondents from two separate organizations (n = 134) providing 704 observations across 6 days of surveys, we hypothesize that, as a job demand, email can have negative consequences on the job that can spill over into the home. Furthermore, we also examine an individual trait (i.e., trait self-regulation) as a potential boundary condition that moderates the extent to which experienced tension from email demands spills over into home life. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
MEAN 6 YEAR CLINICAL OUTCOMES, SURVIVORSHIP, AND RETURN TO SPORTS AFTER ARTHROSCOPIC CAPSULAR REPAIR WITH SUTURE ANCHORS FOR ADOLESCENT MULTIDIRECTIONAL SHOULDER INSTABILITY:

Background:Multidirectional shoulder instability (MDI) refractory to rehabilitation can be treated with arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction with suture anchors. No studies have reported on ou...
Impacts of vaccination and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 variants Alpha and Delta on Coronavirus Disease 2019 transmission dynamics in the 15 most populous metropolitan statistical areas in the United States.

To characterize Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission dynamics in each of the 15 most populous metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States (US) from January 2020 to September 2021, we extended a previously reported compartmental model accounting for effects of multiple distinct periods of social distancing by adding consideration of vaccination and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants Alpha (lineage B.1.1.7) and Delta (lineage B.1.617.2). For each MSA, we found region-specific parameterizations of the model using daily reports of new COVID-19 cases available from January 21, 2020 to August 24, 2021. In the process, we obtained estimates of the relative infectiousness of Alpha and Delta as well as their takeover times in each MSA. We find that 14-d ahead forecasts are reasonably accurate; these forecasts are being updated daily. Projections made on August 24, 2021 suggest that 5 of the 15 MSAs have already achieved herd immunity.
Toxicity of Pyrolysis Gases from Plastics and Elastomers

Toxicity test data on 95 samples of plastics and elastomers, pyrolyzed in accordance with the USF toxicity screening test method, are presented. The samples consisted of 50 samples of solid polymers, 16 samples of solid elastomers, 12 samples of rigid cellular polymers, and 17 samples of flexible cellular polymers. Data were obtained using the rising temperature program from 200°C to 800°C, and less extensive data were obtained using a fixed temperature of 800°C.
Hemodynamic Actions of Substance P in Anesthetized Rats

Substance P (SP) evokes a vasodepressor effect when injected into the systemic circulation. This action is assumed to be due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance since SP relaxes the dog isolated carotid artery [1] and increases blood flow in various vascular beds [2]. At doses above the ED50, SP causes greater lowering of systolic than of diastolic blood pressure (BP) suggesting that high doses affect preload as well as after load. At still higher doses SP will evoke a pressor response [3] suggesting that SP is capable of increasing peripheral vascular resistance. The present study was directed at determining the effect of a high dose of SP on cardiovascular dynamics with the aim of determining its action on systemic vascular resistance and cardiac preload.
Illumination invariant foreground detection using multi-subspace learning

We propose a learning algorithm using multiple eigen subspaces to handle sudden illumination variations in background subtraction. The feature space is organized into clusters representing the different lighting conditions. A Local Principle Component Analysis (LPCA) transformation is used to learn a separate eigen subspace for each cluster. When a new image is presented, the system automatically selects a learned subspace that shares the closest lighting condition with the input image, which is then projected onto the subspace so the system can classify background and foreground pixels. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the original EigenBackground algorithm and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) especially under sudden illumination changes.
Budget Deficits, Trade Deficits, and Global Capital Flows: The National Savings Identity

In this cornerstone chapter, the vitally important National Savings Identity (NSI), linking trade and budget balances to global capital flows, interest rates, and exchange rates, makes its first appearance. In many ways, this chapter, linking the “twin deficits” in a fundamentally intuitive manner, sets the tone for macroeconomic policies to be discussed in following chapters.
Antivirals for Influenza

Influenza infection is annually responsible for significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among the very young and old. Recently updated guidelines recommend influenza vaccination of all children aged 6 months to 18 years; however, childhood vaccination remains underutilized. Furthermore, concerns over the reduced efficacy of vaccination in children have further heightened the need for effective treatment schemes. Antiviral therapies have emerged as attractive options in the battle against influenza infection. These agents include the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir, and peramivir). Broad-scale use of adamantane antivirals has been severely limited in recent years because of high resistance rates and their inability to cover influenza type B. Neuraminidase inhibitors cover influenza types A and B, and have been promulgated to first-line therapy because of historically low resistance rates and relatively infrequent side effects. Moreover, these agents are effective options in combating non-seasonal influenza strains, including H5N1 and pandemic 2009 H1N1. Oseltamivir may be particularly appealing for treating children since it is available in multiple oral dosage formulations, whereas commercially available zanamivir use is limited in young children because it requires inhalation. However, the emergence of resistance to oseltamivir among influenza A strains may limit its usefulness. Additional concerns with neuraminidase inhibitor use in pediatrics center around emerging reports, primarily from Japan, that have temporally linked oseltamivir to significant neuropsychiatric events in children of varying ages. Numerous novel antiviral agents are under development, but most are far from market approval. In addition to treating and preventing the initial burden of pediatric influenza infection, antiviral therapies may significantly reduce secondary bacterial infections (including pneumonia and otitis media), unnecessary antibiotic prescribing, and healthcare-associated costs.
Evaluation of techniques for visualizing mathematical expression recognition results

We present an experimental study that evaluates four different techniques for visualizing the machine interpretation of handwritten mathematics. Typeset in Place puts a printed form of the recognized expression in the same location as the handwritten mathematics. Adjusted Ink replaces what was written with scaled-to-fit, cleaned up handwritten characters using an ink font. The Large Offset technique scales a recognized printed form to be just as wide as the handwritten input, and places it below the handwritten mathematical expression. The Small Offset technique is similar to Large Offset but the printed form is set to be a fixed size which is generally small compared to the written expression. Our experiment explores how effective each technique is with assisting users in identifying and correcting recognition mistakes with different types and quantities of mathematical expressions. Our evaluation is based on task completion time and a comprehensive post-questionnaire used to solicit reactions on each technique. The results of our study indicate that, although each technique has advantages and disadvantages depending on the complexity of the handwritten mathematics, subjects took significantly longer to complete the recognition task with Typeset in Place and generally preferred Adjusted Ink or Small Offset.
Midtrimester abortion induced by serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2α

Abstract Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in 35 patients by serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F 2α . The dose schedule in this series was an initial injection of 250 μg of 15-ME-PGF 2α followed by another 250 μg in 2 hours, then 500 μg every 2 hours up to 24 hours; in patients who did not abort within 24 hours the dose was raised to 750 μg every 2 hours until abortion. The mean abortion time was 15.98 hours in this series and 86 per cent of the patients aborted in under 24 hours. Parous patients aborted faster (mean 14.81 hours) than nulliparous patients (mean 17.02 hours) and patients with lower gestational age, 13 to 16 weeks, aborted more quickly (mean 13.98 hours) than patients with gestational age 17 to 20 weeks (mean 16.35). These differences in this series, however, were not statistically significant. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 32 of the 35 patients and eight patients had a temperature elevation of more than 1° F. during the treatment period. The mean estimated blood loss was 137 ± 42 ml. Thirty patients passed the fetal-placental unit intact, the placenta was removed by sponge forceps in three patients, and by surgical intervention in two patients. There were no failures of technique in this study and none of the patients developed endometritis.
Esterase Inhibitors Prevent Lysosomal Enzyme Redistribution in Two Noninvasive Models of Experimental Pancreatitis

Earlier studies have indicated that lysosomal enzymes such as cathepsin B become redistributed within pancreatic acinar cells during the early stages of both diet- and secretagogue-induced acute pancreatitis. As a result, cathepsin B and digestive zymogens became colocalized within large cytoplasmic vacuoles. As cathepsin B can activate trypsinogen, this colocalization could result in intracellular digestive enzyme activation. The present study investigates the protective effects of gabexate mesilate (FOY) and camostate (FOY 305) on both of these noninvasive models of experimental pancreatitis. These esterase inhibitors prevented the hyperamylasemia, pancreatic edema, and acinar cell vacuolization that characterize secretagogue-induced pancreatitis and the hyperamylasemia and mortality that characterize diet-induced pancreatitis. In addition, FOY and FOY 305 were found to significantly decrease the subcellular redistribution of cathepsin B that occurs in both models. These findings indicate that enzyme activity sensitive to inhibition by FOY and FOY 305 may be critical to the redistribution phenomenon that characterizes both of these models of pancreatitis.
Aspects of the life cycle of marine nematodes

1. Life cycles of approximately one month are recorded for laboratory maintained cultures of chromadorid, monhysterid and oncholaimid nematodes. 2. Amphimictic and parthenogenetic reproduction occurs in the species investigated. Reproduction inMonhystera parelegantula is by parthenogenesis. 3. The chromadoridChromadorina epidemos and the oncholaimidViscosia macramphida are able to reproduce by either amphimixis or parthenogenesis. 4.Acanthonchus cobbi, Chromadora macrolaimoides andEuchromadora gaulica are amphimitically reproducing species.
Diagnosis of primary secretory otitis media in the cavalier King Charles spaniel

Background Primary secretory otitis media (PSOM) is a disease reported in the cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS). The diagnosis of PSOM has been made based only on visualization of a bulging tympanic membrane and mucus in the middle ear post-myringotomy. No additional tests have been evaluated for the diagnosis of PSOM; CKCSs with early disease may have been missed. Hypothesis/Objectives The objective of this study was to compare otoscopy, tympanometry, pneumotoscopy and tympanic bulla ultrasonography, using computed tomography (CT) as the gold standard for the diagnosis of PSOM in the CKCS. Animals Sixty CKCSs with clinical signs suggestive of PSOM. Methods Otoscopy, CT scan, tympanic bulla ultrasonography, tympanometry and pneumotoscopy were performed; those CKCSs with a soft tissue density in the middle ear identified on CT had a myringotomy and middle ear flush. Results Forty-three (72%) CKCSs had PSOM (30 bilateral, 13 unilateral). A large bulging pars flaccida was identified in only those CKCS with PSOM (specificity of 100%); however, only 21 of 73 ears with PSOM had a large bulging pars flaccida (sensitivity of 29%). Sensitivity and specificity for tympanometry, pneumotoscopy and tympanic bulla ultrasonography were (84%, 47%), (75%, 79%) and (67%, 47%), respectively. Conclusions and clinical importance Based on these results a large bulging pars flaccida indicates the presence of PSOM, whereas a flat pars flaccida may be present in CKCS that have PSOM as well as those that do not. In CKCSs with a flat pars flaccida none of the above diagnostic tests can be recommended in place of CT scan for the diagnosis of PSOM.
Analytical model of leakage through fault to overlying formations

[1] A fault is generally composed of a fault core surrounded by damage zones and can accommodate both lateral and vertical flow. In this paper we develop an analytical model to evaluate the leakage rate through a fault and corresponding pressure changes in the injection zone and a shallower permeable interval. The leaky fault connects the upper interval and the target zone, which are otherwise separated by a confining layer. We account for both across-fault and up-fault flow to honor the general architecture of the fault. We extend the two-formation analytical solution to consider multiple overlying formations with alternating confining layers offset by the fault. The solution methodology involves writing and transforming the coupled governing flow equations successively into the Laplace and Fourier domains and solving the resulting ordinary differential equations. The solution is verified through a comparison with existing analytical solutions for bounding cases. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the behavior and potential applications of our analytical model.
Tumour budding, uPA and PAI-1 are associated with aggressive behaviour in colon cancer.

Aims The proteases PAI-1 and uPA play a major role in extracellular matrix degradation, which facilitates tumour progression. Tumour budding is a histomorphological expression of enhanced tumour cell migration. Materials and Methods To investigate their prognostic value for and correlation with colon cancer, a prospective study was performed. We analysed tissue levels of uPA and PAI-1 of 55 colon cancer tumours employing a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tumour budding was analysed on cytokeratin-stained slides. Results There was a strong correlation between uPA and tumour budding (R = 0.440; P < 0.001). uPA levels were increased in high grade tumours, whereas PAI-1 was elevated in cases with venous invasion (P = 0.004 and P = 0.028). PAI-1 values and tumour budding are associated significantly with the occurrence of distant metastases (P < 0.001 and P = 0.034, respectively). Tumour budding was significantly associated with lymph node metastases (P = 0.034). Multivariate analysis revealed PAI-1 and lymph node metastases to be independently predictive of distant metastases (P = 0.007 and P = 0.004, respectively). Conclusions The results of our study show that tumour budding and the plasmin/plasminogen system are related. PAI-1 was independently predictive for the occurrence of distant metastasis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:235–241. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vector space methods of photometric analysis. II - Refinement of the MK grid for B stars. III - The two components of ultraviolet reddening

This paper discusses systematic errors which arise from exclusive use of the MK system to determine reddening. It is found that implementation of uvby, beta photometry to refine the qualitative MK grid substantially reduces stellar mismatch error. A working definition of 'identical' ubvy, beta types is investigated and the relationship of uvby to B-V color excesses is determined. A comparison is also made of the hydrogen based uvby, beta types with the MK system based on He and metal lines. A small core correlated effective temperature luminosity error in the MK system for the early B stars is observed along with a breakdown of the MK luminosity criteria for the late B stars. The second part investigates the wavelength dependence of interstellar extinction in the ultraviolet wavelength range observed with the TD-1 satellite. In this study the sets of identical stars employed to find reddening are determined more precisely than in previous studies and consist only of normal, nonsupergiant stars. A multivariate analysis of variance techniques in an unbiased coordinate system is used for determining the wavelength dependence of reddening.
Congenital abnormalities of the urinary system

Summary A review of the clinical material in 11newborn infants with renal necrosis has disclosed histories that are most often compatible with shock due to severe asphyxia or blood loss. The necrosis was present in both the cortex and medulla, but no underlying malformations were encountered. Focal, ischemic necrosis, and petechial hemorrhage were commonly present in other organs. Two other infants were observed at approximately 1 month of age, after a similar clinical course in the early newborn period. One developed severe hypertension, and both had severe renal scarring in association with medullary necrosis. Primitive structures, reminiscent of renal dysplasia, developed in association with the healing process and were regarded as a reaction to injury.
Compartmentalization of acetylcholinesterase mRNA and enzyme at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is concentrated at the vertebrate neuromuscular synapse. To determine whether increased transcript levels could underlie this selective accumulation, we employed a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based assay to determine mRNA copy number in samples as small as single neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and a microassay to measure ACNE enzyme activity at single synapses. Our results show that ACNE mRNA is an intermediate transcript at NMJs, whereas in noninnervated regions of muscle fibers, ACNE transcripts are either undetectable or rare. In contrast, a-actin transcript levels in the same samples are similar in junctional and extrajunctional regions. However, compared with ACNE enzyme activity and α-actin mRNA levels, the levels of ACNE transcripts at NMJs are highly variable. These results indicate that AChE mRNA and protein expression are compartmentalized at the vertebrate NM) and provide a direct approach toward dissecting the molecular events leading from synaptic activation to plastic changes in gene expression at single vertebrate synapses.
Introduction: Japan at an inflection point

Japan, inadvertently, has become the outstanding forerunner in a new set of global developments that can be described under the three headings of deflation, downsizing, and demography. New ‘lessons from Japan’ are to be discovered here, and these are not only admonitory ones. Far from it, for recent Japanese practice exemplifies the new ‘choose and focus’ strategies that can make an era of general, quantitative business slowdown into one of remarkable sectoral and qualitative development. The implications touch upon wide domains of activity, particularly strategic planning and finance. This introduction surveys some relevant and under-appreciated features of this recent history, in order to understand and project a few main lines of present and near-future developments in connection with the contributions that make up this special issue.
Peter's pence: Official catholic discourse and Irish nationalism in the nineteenth century

L'article porte sur la relation entre le discours catholique officiel en relation avec le nationalisme irlandais au XIX e siecle. L'A. constate une relation etroite entre nationalisme et catholicisme en Irlande a cette epoque. Il met en lumiere tous les paradoxes que peut engendrer une telle situation dont il cherche a comprendre les processus d'instauration. Il appuie son etude sur des donnees historiques sures et cite ses sources dans une bibliographie fournie autant que serieuse
Lithium isotope effects in the vibrational spectra of Li2SeO4

Abstract Polarized Raman scattering spectra have been measured in single crystal 7 Li 2 SeO 4 and 6 Li 2 SeO 4 . Based on these data, symmetry-based band assignments are proposed for the ν 2 , ν 4 and lithium mode regions. Vibrational coupling interactions are noted between the ν 2 , ν 4 and the lithium translatory modes.
A 5-year school-based comprehensive preventive program in Michigan, U.S.A.

The objectives were to demonstrate that a combination of preventive regimens could significantly reduce dental disease in a school population, to demonstrate the feasibility of a school-based program in relation to sustained benefits. There were 1286 students in 1st and 6th grades enrolled in the study. Subjects were stratified by grade, sex, and race and randomly placed in a treatment or education group. Procedures included ingestion of fluoridated water, oral hygiene education program, dental examinations, prophylaxis, acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (1.23%) applied in trays, pit and fissure sealants (bis-GMA) on occlusal surfaces of all eligible posterior teeth, and provision of all restorative care. Fluoride and sealant procedures were repeated at 6-month intervals. After 3 years the treatment group was randomly divided to provide a group that would not continue with treatment and serve as a comparison. The study population was enrolled in 18 schools and clinical procedures were provided on-site, using mobile denial vans. Five-year results indicate high degree of success with fall-off of benefits to those for whom treatment was terminated. This pilot program gives strong evidence for the possibility of implementing school-based dental programs. The study also indicates that prevention programs must be comprehensive and continuous for maximum benefit to occur.
US business and the energy crisis — A survey of managers

Abstract Although there seems to be an uncomfortably clear consensus among academic and other researchers that energy availability, accessability, and affordability can no longer be taken for granted, most governments seem to have great difficulty in devising an energy policy which will solve the energy crisis or at least clarify the energy confusion. In 1974, barely a year after the 1973 oil embargo a survey was conducted of US executives, asking them to comment about the severity of the energy situation and its impact upon their organizations. The results were published in the September 1976 issue of Energy Policy. Last November, five years since the 1973 experience, the survey was repeated, with production and inventory control personnel. This article presents a comparison of the two surveys.
Breakdown of Poisson's effect in Nb/Cu superlattices.

The individual lattice spacings in Nb/Cu superlattices are determined from a crystallographic study using transmission and reflection x-ray diffraction. The Cu layers show a small in-plane expansion which increases to 0.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1% as the modulation wavelength is reduced to 22 \AA{}. Arguments based solely on Poisson's effect predict that the strains perpendicular to the layers must be smaller and of opposite sign; contrary to this expectation a large perpendicular expansion (4.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7%) is measured. This finding brings into question the validity of models that rely only on interfacial forces to derive the perpendicular strains by using the bulk Poisson's ratio.
The effects of heavy metals on microbial biomass in sediments of Palestine Lake

Effects of metal contamination on microbial biomass in sediment samples from three areas in Palestine Lake (one area highly polluted with chromium, cadmium and zinc) were determined. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, determined by the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescent technique, and microbial colony numbers on pour plates were used as biomass indicators. Plate counts showed a significant (P < 0.01) site effect with the highly contaminated area having an order of magnitude lower microbial population than the control area. ATP concentrations also indicated lower microbial biomass in contaminated sediments. The metal concentrations of the most contaminated area averaged 17,840 µg Zn/g, 4380 µg Cr/g and 585 µg Cd/g based on dry weight of sediments. A suppression of organic decomposition was evident in the impacted area; high metal levels and resultant low microbial biomass may have been causative.
IBMon: monitoring VMM-bypass capable InfiniBand devices using memory introspection

Active monitoring of virtual machine (VM) behaviors and their utilization of different resource types is critical for effective management of high end cluster machines, data centers, and cloud computing infrastructures. Unfortunately, for reasons of performance, certain types of existing and future devices support capabilities that provide VMs with direct access to device resources, thereby bypassing the virtual machine monitor (VMM). This presents significant challenges to the VMM due to its resulting inability to assess VMdevice interactions.This paper describes a monitoring utility, IBMon, which enables the asynchronous monitoring of virtualized Infini-Band devices -- a sample VMM-bypass device heavily used in the HPC community. In the absence of adequate hardware supported monitoring information, IBMon uses dynamic memory introspection techniques to infer information regarding the VM-device interactions. Experimental results demonstrate that IBMon can asynchronously monitor VMM-bypass operations with acceptable accuracy, and negligible overheads, including for larger number of VMs, and for VMs with dynamic behavior patterns.
ACTH control of adrenocortical c-GMP ☆

Abstract In mammals c-AMP elevation has been suggested as one possible mechanism for the molecular action of ACTH in the stimulation of adrenocortical activity. However, ACTH depression of c-AMP levels in the adrenal cortex of the crocodilia suggests that stimulation of adrenocortical activity requires an alternate mechanism. As c-GMP levels are generally inversely related to c-AMP levels, the crocodilian ( Caiman sclerops ) adrenal offered an unusual model for the evaluation of the mechanism of ACTH action via modulation of these two cyclic nucleotides. RIA of c-GMP and c-AMP was utilized. Control adrenals demonstrated a significant decrease in c-GMP level from that of normal and zero time adrenals. Porcine and caiman ACTH elevated c-GMP above control levels. Theophylline increased both c-GMP and c-AMP levels, with the c-GMP elevation being greater and later temporally. The response of the crocodilian adrenals demonstrated that ACTH may act via increased intracellular c-GMP concomitant with depressed c-AMP.
Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex

Six patients with lesions involving parasylvian cerebral cortex were evaluated for their pain thresholds using contact heat (all six) and sharp probes that evoke pin-prick pain (4/6). Without knowledge of the sensory status of the individuals, two of the authors evaluated the MRIs of these patients, and determined to what extent the following cerebral regions were involved in the lesion: anterior insula, posterior insula, retroinsula, and parietal operculum. Each patient's lesion encompassed at least two of these regions. Three individuals demonstrated significant laterality differences in pain sensitivity, with elevated thresholds on the hand contralateral to his/her lesion. The common feature in these cases was the inclusion of the parietal operculum and posterior insula. The three other cases showed no evidence of abnormal pain thresholds. The common feature of these cases was the apparent sparing of the parietal operculum. Thus, this series of cases points to the significance of the parietal operculum, either alone or with adjacent posterior insula, for normal pain thresholds. In comparison, extensive involvement of the anterior insula in two cases was not associated with abnormal pain thresholds. Four of the six patients were also evaluated with a cold pain tolerance test, which presumably involves more affective/motivational aspects of pain than threshold tests. Only two of these patients showed greater tolerance contralaterally versus ipsilaterally, and theirs were the two lesions of the four with involvement of a large part of the insula. This result supports the theory that the insula's involvement in nociceptive processing is related to the affective/motivational aspect of pain.
Upper bound on compositeness scale from strong CP violation

Abstract In this letter I estimate the size of corrections to the neutron electric dipole moment in composite-technicolor models. The natural size of the electric dipole moment is about 10 −25 e cm (⨍/.5 TeV ) 24 , where ⨍ is the compositeness scale. The current experimental bound of 1.2 × 10 −25 e cm on the electric dipole moment of the neutron provides an upper bound on the compositeness scale of 3.5 TeV.
IGBT power module packaging for EV applications

Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT modules are widely used in power electronics applications such as vehicle and household applications as well as industry to realize energy savings with higher efficiency, smaller size, low cost, higher reliability and more environmental safety. However, due to the large power generation of IGBT and diode chips and harsh application environment of vehicle applications, reliability is an important issue. In this paper, the 600V, 450A IGBT high power module packaging technologies for electrical vehicle are developed and verified. The integrated optimum design of thermal, stress and electrical designs is established. Power module assembly technologies with high reliability include chip and DBC (direct bond copper) bonding with low void rate, heavy Al wire bonding and module encapsulation are developed. Finally, the performance of power module is verified by module testing and EV platform testing. The results show that the optimum design and assembly process can reduce junction temperature, thermal stress and parasitic effects of IGBT power modules. The power modules have good performance that can successfully pass through the module and EV platform tests.
Tarnish and corrosion behaviour of palladium-silver alloys

Binary and commercial palladium-silver dental alloys show a greatest resistance to both tarnish and corrosion at compositions of between 50 and 75% Ag, most probably due to saturation of the d-electron shell in this composition range. The commercial Pd-Ag alloys have more corrosion resistance, but a lower tarnish resistance than the binary Pd-Ag alloys, due in part to the minor alloying with indium or zinc. The addition of copper increases the segregtion of silver, which adversely affects both tarnish and corrosion resistance. A solutionization heat treatment degrades tarnish resistance, but does not affect corrosion resistance.
A novel and simple method for culturing pericytes from mouse brain

Abstract Pericytes play critical roles in the development, maturation and remodeling of blood vessels, and in the central nervous system (CNS), evidence suggests that pericytes also regulate blood flow and form an integral part of the blood–brain barrier. The study of this important cell type has been hampered by the lack of any pericyte-specific marker and by the difficulty of culturing pericytes in adequate numbers to high purity. Here we present a novel yet simple approach to isolate and culture large numbers of pericytes from the mouse CNS that nevertheless leads to very pure pericyte cultures. In our method, vascular cells obtained from adult mice brains are cultured initially under conditions optimized for endothelial cells, but after two passages switched to a medium optimized for pericyte growth. After growing the cells for 1–2 additional passages we obtained a largely homogeneous population of cells that expressed the pericyte markers NG2, PDGFβ-receptor, and CD146, but were negative for markers of endothelial cells (CD31), microglia (Mac-1) and astrocytes (GFAP). Under these conditions, pericytes could be grown to high passage number, and were maintained highly pure and largely undifferentiated, as determined by antigen expression profile and low levels of α-SMA expression, a marker of pericyte differentiation. Furthermore, switching the cells from pericyte medium into DMEM containing 10% FBS promoted α-SMA expression, demonstrating that high passage pericytes could still differentiate. Thus, we provide an alternative approach to the culture of CNS pericytes that is easy to establish and provides large numbers of highly pure pericytes for extended periods of time. This system should provide others working in the pericyte field with a useful additional tool to study the behavior of this fascinating cell type.
Improvement of the light extraction efficiency in light emitting diodes (LEDs) using ray trace

The eectiveness of Light Emitting Diode (LED) depends on several inherent factors.which contribute.to their overall e¢ ciency. Here we explore the Light Extraction E¢ ciency (LEE) � extraction ; in the LED semiconductor substrate, which can be de…ned as the number of photons emitted into free space per second divided by the number of photons emitted from the active semiconductor region per second. The generally large dierence in index of refraction nsc between the semiconductor substrate and the surrounding media(air) nair creates the total internal re‡ection (TIR) that is responsible for the limiting factor in light extraction of the material. LEEs dier depending on the semiconductor material used for the pn junction as well as the surface treatment of the material. It has been shown that rough surface treatments create more favorable conditions for light extraction. To better understand what takes place at the surface of the semiconductor, we adress the derivation of blackbody radiation and how it is related to our model. We then introduce a triangle-like geometry into the rough surface treatment and demonstrate using monte-carlo ray-trace (Light Tools Software), that close to 100% LEE can be obtained for surface treatments of this design. 1: Introduction The Light Extraction E¢ ciency (LEE) inside Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) is a key limiting factor in overall function and e¢ ciency of today's LEDs. To improve the e¢ ciency of LEDs, we must address improvements that can be made to the semiconductor substrates to increase the LEE. Here, we will focus on geometric improvements that can be made to the LEE of semiconductor substrates using ray-trace software - Light Tools. For an ideal LED, the active region of the semiconductor would emit one photon for every electron injected, and thus have an external quantum e¢ ciency of unity. The external quantum e¢ ciency, � EQE , can be de…ned as, �EQE = Number of photons emitted into free space per second
The development of the model and arithmetic for the fully distributed fiber optic sensor based on Raman optical-fiber frequency-domain reflectometry (ROFDR)

Abstract The theoretical model of Raman optical-fiber frequency-domain reflectometry (ROFDR) which is brought forward in these years is analyzed, and the defect of the model is found. The theoretical model is consummated by regarding the Bose–Einstein factor as the function of temperature. Because the temperature changes slowly, the relation between the frequency and time is studied, and the model between the υ domain and z domain is given. The emulational result is presented. By the corrected method, the corrected calculation temperature is almost accordant with the real temperature, and the error is less than that is reported.
Feshbach-molecule formation in a Bose-Fermi mixture

We investigate magnetoassociation of ultracold fermionic Feshbach molecules in a mixture of ${}^{40}$K and ${}^{87}$Rb atoms, where we can create ${}^{40}$K${}^{87}$Rb molecules with a conversion efficiency as high as 45%. In the limit of fast magnetic sweeps and small molecule fraction, we find that the time scale of molecule production is accurately predicted by a parameter-free model that uses only the atomic densities, masses, and the known Feshbach resonance parameters. We find that molecule production efficiency saturates for slower magnetic sweeps, at which point the maximum number of Feshbach molecules depends primarily on the atoms' phase-space density. At higher temperatures, our measurements agree with a phenomenological model that successfully describes the formation of bosonic molecules from either Bose or Fermi gases. However, for quantum degenerate atom gas mixtures, we measure significantly fewer molecules than this model predicts.
Structures of Solvent-Free, Monomeric LiCCH, NaCCH, and KCCH.

The simplest alkali metal acetylides MCCH were made in the gas phase for the first time (see drawing), and their bond lengths were determined by millimeter/submillimeter spectroscopy of their isotopomers. The M-C bond lengths rCM are the shortest known for organoalkali metal compounds. In the case of LiCCH, the experimentally determined Li-C distance of 1.888 A has an estimated accuracy of ±0.0005 A, which should allow a rigorous test of theoretical methods.
Induction of thymine dimers in synchronized populations of Chinese hamster cells.

RECENT evidence indicates that the response of Chinese hamster cells in vitro to ultra-violet radiation changes during the difference phases of the cell cycle1,2,4. Humphrey et al.1 have shown that cells synthesizing deoxyribo-nucleic acid (DNA) at the time of irradiation using ultraviolet rays (S phase cells) sustain more chromosome damage than cells which were in the period before DNA synthesis (G1 or cells in the period after DNA synthesis (G2). Sinclair and Morton have demonstrated that the response to ultra-violet radiation in synchronous populations of cells as measured by cell death also fluctuates with the age of the irradiated cells; the fraction of surviving cells falls as the cells move from G1 into S phase, and rises as they move from S into G2 phase2. In an effort to explain these changes in radiation response during the cell cycle, the production of an ultra-violet photoproduct of DNA, the thymine dimer3 has been measured in synchronized population of Chinese hamster cells4.
Experimental Evidence Concerning Spear Use in Neandertals and Early Modern Humans

Abstract Can a bimanual activity such as thrusting a spear during hunting produce bilateral asymmetries in the strength of the upper limbs? This question is important to arguments about the predatory capabilities of Neandertals and early modern humans. To address this question, we determined the magnitude and direction of reaction forces on the upper limbs during thrusting spear use. We collected lateral video records of eight adults thrusting an instrumented aluminum rod into a padded target. This “spear” was instrumented with two sets of four strain gauges placed at two positions along the shaft to register the force along the shaft and the distribution of those forces relative to the two limbs. From the gauge output and video we were able to calculate loads experienced by the trailing limb (holding the proximal spear) and the leading limb (holding the distal spear) as well as approximate bending moments along the trailing limb. The trailing limb provides a significantly greater portion of the force during spear impact and when the spear is held forcefully on the target. The loads on this limb at spear impact are twice body weight and the bending moments on the trailing humerus are large and appear to occur primarily in the parasagittal plane. These data, in combination with fossil humeral cross-sectional data and the lack of evidence for throwing spears among Eurasian Neandertals, suggest that previously documented humeral strength asymmetries in Eurasian Neandertals and early Upper Paleolithic Modern human males can be plausibly linked to spear thrusting.
Judgments of Rape A Study of Victim-Rapist Relationship and Victim Sexual History

In law, the social context of rape is irrelevant. Yet legal studies have suggested that judgments of rape are influenced by the victim's relationship to the rapist and the victim's sexual history. In the present study, respondents (N= 650) made judgments about a rape after reading one of several simulated newspaper accounts. Rape within either a dating or an intimate context was judged to be less serious than rape by a stranger. Rape was judged less serious when the victim's sexual history was described as either limited or extensive than when this information was not given. Female respondents judged the rape to be more serious than did males.