cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inferring Geographic Isolation of Wolverines in California Using Historical DNA

Delineating a species' geographic range using the spatial distribution of museum specimens or even contemporary detection-non-detection data can be difficult. This is particularly true at the periphery of a species range where species' distributions are often disjunct. Wolverines (Gulo gulo) are wide-ranging mammals with discontinuous and potentially isolated populations at the periphery of their range. One potentially disjunct population occurred in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, USA, and appears to have been extirpated by the 1930s. Many early 20th century naturalists believed that this population was connected to other populations occurring in the Cascade Range of northern California, Oregon, and Washington, USA, but a recent analysis of historical records suggests that California wolverines were isolated from other populations in North America. We used DNA extracted from museum specimens to examine whether California wolverines were isolated. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA data indicate that California wolverines were genetically distinct from extant populations, suggesting long-term isolation. We identified 2 new control region (mitochondrial DNA) haplotypes located only within California. We used these data and referenced sequences from the Rocky Mountains, USA, to make inferences regarding potential wolverine translocations into California. In addition, we used these genetic data to make inferences about wolverine conservation throughout western North America.
Colorectal and rectocolonic reflexes in canines: involvement of tone, compliance, and anal sphincter relaxation

Distention of the proximal colon may have inhibitory or excitatory effects on the rectum and vice versa. The reflexes between the proximal colon and the rectum have not been well studied due to difficulties in accessing the proximal colon. The aim of this study was to investigate the reflex responses and their mechanisms between the proximal colon and the rectum in consideration of distention-related changes in tone and compliance of these regions as well as anal sphincter relaxation in a canine model. Proximal colon/rectal tone, compliance, and anal sphincter relaxation were investigated in six dogs chronically implanted with a proximal colon cannula while in the fasting state and during proximal colon distention or rectal distention. It was found that: 1) both rectal distention and proximal colon distention significantly and substantially decreased the compliance of the opposite regions, and guanethidine abolished proximal colon distention-induced changes in rectal compliance; 2) rectal/proximal colon distension decreased proximal colonic/rectal tone, and guanethidine abolished both of these inhibitory effects; 3) the anal sphincter was more sensitive to rectal distention than proximal colon distention; and 4) the minimal distention pressure required to induce anal inhibitory reflex was lower for rectal distention than proximal colon distention. It was concluded that distention-related changes in tone and compliance suggest the long inhibitory reflexes between the proximal colon and the rectum with the sympathetic involvement in rectal responses. The anal sphincter is more sensitive to the distention of the rectum than that of the proximal colon.
Chronic atrial appendectomy alters sodium excretion in conscious monkeys

The purpose of this study is to determine whether chronic removal of atrial appendages alters renal response to volume expansion in the conscious monkey. Chronic bilateral atrial appendectomy (ATX) was performed in six animals. Six additional animals served as sham-operated controls. Monkeys were studied 1-2 wk after chronic surgery. The protocol consisted of three consecutive 10-min urine collections followed by 20% ischemic blood volume expansion (VE) and 120 min of post-VE measurements. In sham animals, VE caused an increase in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels (48 +/- 7 pg/ml to a peak of 108 +/- 34 pg/ml). Urine flow increased from 0.43 +/- 0.07 to 1.07 +/- 0.24 ml/min, sodium excretion increased from 17.9 +/- 2.6 to 74.9 +/- 12.0 mu eq/min, and fractional sodium excretion increased from 0.67 +/- 0.10 to 2.43 +/- 0.28%. ATX attenuated the increase in ANP (34 +/- 8 pg/ml to a peak of 38 +/- 9 pg/ml) in four of six animals. In these animals, renal response to VE was significantly attenuated. Urine flow increased from 0.21 +/- 0.05 to 0.30 +/- 0.01 ml/min, sodium excretion increased from 19.3 +/- 6.02 to 37.8 +/- 5.05 mu eq/min, and fractional sodium excretion increased from 0.79 +/- 0.08 to 1.43 +/- 0.17%. Renal response of two ATX animals with normal increases in atrial natriuretic factor was similar to the sham group. Effect of volume expansion on mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and renal hemodynamics was not altered by ATX. These findings demonstrate that bilateral atrial appendectomy in the monkey attenuates the increase in ANP and reduces renal response to VE.
Early failure due to osteolysis associated with contemporary highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. A case report.

Cross-linking changes the wear and mechanical behavior of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Contemporary highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene has demonstrated markedly improved wear in vitro and a reduction in static and fatigue strength compared with conventional ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene1-7. Studies employing hip simulators have shown a reduction in the volume of wear debris generated with cross-linked polyethylene in comparison with that generated with conventional polyethylene8. However, the average size of wear particles also appeared to be reduced, which means that the actual number of generated particles may not be decreased8. The osteolytic response to particulate debris is variable and may depend more on a number of factors, including the number and the size of particles, than on the total volume of debris generated9,10. The long-term clinical results of the use of currently available contemporary highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene components in total hip arthroplasty are not yet known. The following case demonstrates that early symptomatic osteolysis associated with impingement can occur with the use of contemporary highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene components in total hip arthroplasty. Our patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. Asixty-year-old woman underwent a right hybrid total hip arthroplasty, without complications, for the treatment of osteoarthritis in July of 2000. The components that were implanted included a Trilogy (Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana) 58-mm acetabular shell, a Longevity (Zimmer) 58/28-mm polyethylene acetabular cup with a 10° offset lip, a Perfecta PDA (Wright Medical, Arlington, Tennessee) 13.5-cm femoral stem, a 28-mm cobalt-chromium femoral head (Wright Medical) with a +10.5-cm neck length, and a 13-mm distal spacer (Wright Medical). The femoral component was a forged steel implant with a surface-grit-blasted stem. The hospital course was uncomplicated, and the …
Application of Complexity of Computations to Signal Processing

Algebraic Complexity of Computations is concerned with determining the smallest number of arithmetic operations which are needed to perform a computation. In addition to this primary concern, this area is also concerned with the systematic development of minimal algorithms. In these lectures we will emphasize the results in Complexity of Computations which are applicable to those computations which are performed in digital signal processing. In particular we will discuss the applications to finite impulse response (FIR) filtering and to computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT).
Dose Calibrator Performance and Quality Control

Two different dose calibrators were studied and their performance measured using the following tests: (A) linearity of response over all activity ranges, (B) accuracy when measuring some commonly used radionuclides, (C) the effect of container configuration on the accuracy of measurement, and (D) daily and long-term stability of the instrument. For each instrument tested, a good linear response was observed for activity measurements below 100 mCi, but there was evidence of nonlinearity at higher activity levels. The accuracy of each instrument was checked using radionuclide standards from two different sources. The measurements indicated a significant difference between standards that was not possible to resolve. Additionally, assessment of accuracy for a dose calibrator with any standard is difficult unless the manufacturer’s calibration procedure is known. The effect of container configuration and photon energy on the accuracy of measuring 99mTc, 131I, and 125I indicated that large correction factors may be necessary when making measurements of 125I. The measurement of a long-lived standard such as radium, cross calibrated for several radionuclide settings, is an effective means for assurring instrument stability and quality control on a daily and long-term basis.
Democratizing discourses: conceptions of ownership, autonomy and ‘the state’ in Nicaragua’s rural water governance

AbstractThe interconnected discourses of ownership, autonomy, and state roles and responsibilities in the water sector are a strategic feature of the mobilization of water committees in Nicaragua. In particular, this paper argues that the effectiveness of these discourses in supporting water committees’ goals of political inclusion and legal recognition owes to how they reflect the day-to-day, historical and contemporary experience of water management at the grassroots, including how this work implicates the state. Ultimately, this case demonstrates how discourses ‘from below’ can have a democratizing effect on water governance by helping to carve out space for marginalized actors’ policy interventions.
Marx-Keynes on involuntary unemployment and alternative labor market indicators

The paper revisits Marx and Keynes’s analysis of involuntary unemployment and discusses how to account for this phenomenon by developing a series of alternative labor market indicators. Both Marx and Keynes treated (un-)employment as a function of the long-run consequence of capital accumulation and the presence of a certain type of unemployment as an inevitable outcome of the deficient decentralized capitalist market economy. The goal of this paper is to survey the latest developments in labor force statistics and indicators to see whether a series of alternative indicators of labor markets fare well with Marx and Keynes’s involuntary unemployment. The survey in this paper shows that the labor (under-)utilization framework that the International Labor Office (ILO) has proposed is one of the broadest measures of labor market performance, and that it allows us to examine the relative size and different type of the presence of the reserve army of labor and involuntary unemployment.
Anthracnose resistance in sorghum breeding lines developed from Ethiopian germplasm.

Abstract Ninety-nine dwarf and photoperiod-insensitive breeding lines developed from Ethiopian sorghum germplasm were inoculated with Colletotrichum sublineolum and evaluated for anthracnose resist...
Detecting correlated errors in state-preparation-and-measurement tomography

Whereas in standard quantum-state tomography one estimates an unknown state by performing various measurements with known devices, and whereas in detector tomography one estimates the positive-operator-valued-measurement elements of a measurement device by subjecting to it various known states, we consider here the case of SPAM (state preparation and measurement) tomography where neither the states nor the measurement device are assumed known. For $d$-dimensional systems measured by $d$-outcome detectors, we find there are at most ${d}^{2}({d}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1)$ ``gauge'' parameters that can never be determined by any such experiment, irrespective of the number of unknown states and unknown devices. For the case $d=2$ we find gauge-invariant quantities that can be accessed directly experimentally and that can be used to detect and describe SPAM errors. In particular, we identify conditions whose violations detect the presence of correlations between SPAM errors. From the perspective of SPAM tomography, standard quantum-state tomography and detector tomography are protocols that fix the gauge parameters through the assumption that some set of fiducial measurements is known or that some set of fiducial states is known, respectively.
More on the use of the t test.

To the Editor: I was sorry to see that in their response to my October 1991 letter to the editor (Phys Ther. 1991;71:763–764) about their May 1991 article on the first-year results of the Association's 3-year study of physical therapy practices ( Phys Ther. 1991; 71:366–381), Jette and Davis chose not to document the source of their contention that “the probability of falsely rejecting K true null hypotheses in a series of N independent t tests (N>K) increases as N increases, even if the tests are on different variables [italics added]” ( Phys Ther. 1991;71:764–765).… [ ARTICLE][1] [ ARTICLE][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/71/763?iss=10 [2]: /lookup/volpage/71/366?iss=5
Intensifying English Vocabulary Instruction for English Language Learners

English vocabulary development is a key component of language and literacy development for English language learners (ELLs) living in the United States. With the increase in the number of speech-la...
Finding security bugs in web applications using a catalog of access control patterns

We propose a specification-free technique for finding missing security checks in web applications using a catalog of access control patterns in which each pattern models a common access control use case. Our implementation, Space, checks that every data exposure allowed by an application's code matches an allowed exposure from a security pattern in our catalog. The only user-provided input is a mapping from application types to the types of the catalog; the rest of the process is entirely automatic. In an evaluation on the 50 most watched Ruby on Rails applications on Github, Space reported 33 possible bugs---23 previously unknown security bugs, and 10 false positives.
Transmission of antianemic principle across the placenta and its influence on embryonic erythropoiesis; II. Comparison of the effect of liver extract and pteroylglutamic acid (PGA).

1. Prehepatic embryonic erythropoiesis is influenced when normal pregnant rats are injected with potent antianemic substances. 2. Both liver extract and PGA (folic acid) cause a reduction in mean cell diameters, but the former is slightly more effective. 3. The rate of mitosis is increased and the relative proportions of individual phases altered. 4. The distribution of light areas in the cytoplasm—negative images of organoids as seen in dry smears—is altered to a greater extent by PGA than by liver extract. 5. The in vitro and in vivo action of drugs on erythropoietic cells are discussed.
Visual Common Sense

Pictures can tell us a lot, but not as much as we tend to think they do. A ­particular common sense attitude toward pictures, naive realism, tends to make people overconfident in their interpretations of visual evidence and less receptive to alternative viewpoints, as well as to entrench the effects of other, first-order biases. Borrowing from anthropologist Clifford Geertz’s classic analysis of common sense, I begin by describing naive realism about pictures as the exemplar of visual common sense, and I offer an example of it in judicial decision making. I then explain its psychological bases and its various implications for legal judgment. First, it is a special instance of naive realism generally, a fundamental and familiar phenomenon in cognitive and social psychology. Second, the claim that naive realism about ­pictures results from inattention to context and subjectivity, yielding a sense of assurance that our understandings are correct and that alternatives needn’t be taken as seriously, is congruent with the causes and effects of overconfidence generally. Third, the literature on processing fluency provides further support for the claim that seeing visual evidence would tend to generate overconfidence in the beliefs and judgments associated with that evidence, especially for naive realists. I conclude by arguing that even in the age of Photoshop and YouTube, when people ought to be increasingly sophisticated about their visual culture, naive realism about pictures remains a common and psychologically powerful default, and therefore of great significance for legal decision making.
Gene and Protein Expressions Induced by 17β-estradiol and Parathion in Cultured Breast Epithelial Cells

Cancer of the breast is the most common form of malignant disease occurring among women of the western world and environmental substances seem to be involved in the etiology of this disease. Many studies have found an association between human cancer and exposure to agricultural pesticides and among them parathion, the organophosphorous pesticide used in agriculture to control mosquito plagues. The association between breast cancer and prolonged exposure to estrogens suggests that this hormone also may have a role in such process. However, the causative factors for breast carcinogenesis remain an enigma. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and parathion on cell transformation of human breast epithelial cells in vitro. The results of this study showed that parathion alone and in combination with E2 induced malignant transformation of an immortalized human breast epithelial cell line, MCF-10F, and the malignant feature was confirmed by anchorage independency and invasive capabilities. Parathion alone efficiently elevated the expression of EGFR, c-Kit, Trio, Rac 3, Rho-A, and mutant p53 proteins. Analysis of gene expression using commercially available human cell cycle array revealed transcriptional alterations in 22 out of a total of 96 genes. Among them, nine genes involved in the regulation of cell cycle were altered. These included cyclins (A1, A2, C, G1, G2, and H), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and minichromosome maintenance deficient (MCM). Results suggest that parathion has the potency to cause malignant transformation of breast epithelial cells through modulation of expression of cell cycle regulated genes.
MedLink: A mobile intervention to improve medication adherence and processes of care for treatment of depression in general medicine:

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is a common psychological problem affecting up to 20% of adults in their lifetime. The majority of people treated for depression receive antidepressant medicatio...
Moral Apprenticeship: Moral Formation in the Context of Practice

Apprenticeship has ancient roots, and learning grounded in practice continues to be essential to the mastery of complex practices, including business management. All learning in practice is moral in character, because an essential part of any practice is the development of those strengths in character capacities for good judgment that enable practitioners to excel in the practice. For business managers, such matters of character and judgment include flexibility and adaptability to the team, a keen interest in seeing others excel and in assisting them on that path, attention to detail but with a sense of the bigger picture, care in assessing resources and costs but also willingness to act decisively, decision making with an eye to strategy and the long term health of the business, and a willingness to bear responsibilities of behalf of the team gracefully. Such qualities cannot be taught in the classroom, since so much of their content combines self-awareness with reading the situation and reckoning the actual possibilities. The only way to learn business management is by managing a business under the watchful eye and advice of trusted colleagues. The moral apprentice is guided most powerfully by meeting the demands of management, especially as these are reinforced by bestowal or withdrawal of honor, the maintenance of respect, and the down-casting pain of shame. This combination of responsible action and mechanisms of informal social control are as old as the human race and no less effective in modern business organizations than they were in past ages. They operate in every social situation, and their influence can be incorporated into moral apprenticeship as a natural yet thoughtful part of moral formation. Notably, by the nature of apprenticeship, the effects of moral guidance register on the business as well as on the apprentice.
Quantification of knock benefits from reformate and cooled exhaust gas recirculation using a Livengood–Wu approach with detailed chemical kinetics

In this work, a simple methodology was implemented to predict the onset of knock in spark-ignition engines and quantify the benefits of two practical knock mitigation strategies: cooled exhaust gas...
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PRESERVED MILK SAMPLES AND THEIR EFFECT ON FAT PERCENTAGE AS DETERMINED WITH THE MILKO-TESTER1

Milko-Tester results decrease as a milk sample ages before analysis. Since no fat is physically removed, this phenomenon could be termed apparent fat loss. Reasons are advanced why the Milko-Tester shows lower results on stored samples. Bacteria counts, oiling-off determinations, and acidity titrations were made on preserved milk samples to show their possible relationship to apparent fat loss. It is believed that changes in fat globule membrane material are key factors that affect the optical properties utilized by the Milko-Tester and are responsible for depressed fat percentages. High initial bacteria count may be the major and primary factor responsible for apparent fat loss in preserved samples held at room temperature. Bacteria have been demonstrated to grow in the presence of potassium dichromate preservative. Under certain conditions preserved milk samples showed no apparent fat loss and could be tested accurately with the Milko-Tester up to 20 days.
MicroFract: An image based code for microstructural crack path prediction

Brittle failure is prevalent in ceramics, fiber composites and metals where the microstructural cracks propagate in the path of least resistance following weak interfaces and grain boundaries. We formulate an image-based methodology for identifying the path of least resistance in the microstructure. In this approach, a user specifies the line direction of the macroscopic crack and a cohesive energy map corresponding to the weak and strong interfaces in the microstructure. The path of least resistance is formulated as a process of minimizing a discretized cost function based on an Ising-type energy model. The main advantage of this algorithm is that it can be exactly solved by the max-flow min-cut theorem. The results are shown via 2D examples from literature and the code and examples are made available to the community.
A multiplexed magnetic tweezer with precision particle tracking and bi-directional force control.

In the past two decades, methods have been developed to measure the mechanical properties of single biomolecules. One of these methods, Magnetic tweezers, is amenable to acquisition of data on many single molecules simultaneously, but to take full advantage of this "multiplexing" ability, it is necessary to simultaneously incorporate many capabilities that have been only demonstrated separately. Our custom built magnetic tweezer combines high multiplexing, precision bead tracking, and bi-directional force control into a flexible and stable platform for examining single molecule behavior. This was accomplished using electromagnets, which provide high temporal control of force while achieving force levels similar to permanent magnets via large paramagnetic beads. Here we describe the instrument and its ability to apply 2–260 pN of force on up to 120 beads simultaneously, with a maximum spatial precision of 12 nm using a variety of bead sizes and experimental techniques. We also demonstrate a novel method for increasing the precision of force estimations on heterogeneous paramagnetic beads using a combination of density separation and bi-directional force correlation which reduces the coefficient of variation of force from 27% to 6%. We then use the instrument to examine the force dependence of uncoiling and recoiling velocity of type 1 fimbriae from Eschericia coli (E. coli) bacteria, and see similar results to previous studies. This platform provides a simple, effective, and flexible method for efficiently gathering single molecule force spectroscopy measurements.
Where Does the Density Localize in the Solid State? Divergent Behavior for Hybrids and DFT+U.

Approximate density functional theory (DFT) is widely used in chemistry and physics, despite delocalization errors that affect energetic and density properties. DFT+U (i.e., semilocal DFT augmented with a Hubbard U correction) and global hybrid functionals are two commonly employed practical methods to address delocalization error. Recent work demonstrated that in transition-metal complexes both methods localize density away from the metal and onto surrounding ligands, regardless of metal or ligand identity. In this work, we compare density localization trends with DFT+U and global hybrids on a diverse set of 34 transition-metal-containing solids with varying magnetic state, electron configuration and valence shell, and coordinating-atom orbital diffuseness (i.e., O, S, Se). We also study open-framework solids in which the metal is coordinated by molecular ligands, i.e., MCO3, M(OH)2, M(NCNH)2, K3M(CN)6 (M = V–Ni). As in transition-metal complexes, incorporation of Hartree–Fock exchange consistently local...
Myocardial Infarct After Marijuana Inhalation in a 16-year-old Adolescent Boy.

Many reports of marijuana-associated myocardial infarct (MI) are limited by incomplete evaluation of the toxicologic exposure, a lack of definitive anatomic findings, and the potential for comorbid...
Precision Measurement of Electroweak Parameters at the Stanford Linear Collider

This paper discusses the precision measurement of the Z0 line shape at the SLC, concentrating on systematic errors which differ from those affecting similar measurements at LEP. Some measurements designed to test the Standard Model are also discussed, including those of various asymmetries. The emphasis is again on the exploitation of particular features of the SLC such as the planned longitudinal polarization of the electron beam.[1]
Portfolio Management and the Capital Asset Pricing Model

In this chapter, we explore the issue of risk management in a portfolio of assets. The main issue is how to balance a portfolio, that is, how to choose the percentage (by value) of each asset in the portfolio so as to minimize the overall risk for a given expected return. The first lesson that we will learn is that the risks of each asset in a portfolio alone do not present enough information to understand the overall risk of the entire portfolio. It is necessary that we also consider how the assets interact, as measured by the covariance (or equivalently the correlation) of the individual risks.
The Mammalian Melatonin Rhythm Generating System

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mammalian melatonin rhythm-generating system. A day/night rhythm in circulating melatonin occurs in all vertebrates, with high values always coinciding with the dark period of the night. In nonmammalian species, the clock and the photodetection system are typically located within the pineal gland itself. Lesions at any point in the system dramatically disrupt the rhythm, resulting in either no detectable rhythm or a rhythm that is not synchronized to the environmental lighting cycle, a circumstance described as free-running. As is true of many aspects of pineal biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology, the concept of a multicomponent system, which regulates the melatonin rhythm, can be traced to the pioneering work of McCord and Allen in 1917, who first demonstrated that small amounts of extracts of the pineal gland cause frog skin to lighten.
Photochemical Cloud Processing of Primary Wildfire Emissions as a Potential Source of Secondary Organic Aerosol

We investigated the gas-phase chemical composition of biomass burning (BB) emissions and their role in aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) formation through photochemical cloud processing. A high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer using iodide reagent ion chemistry detected more than 100 gas-phase compounds from the emissions of 30 different controlled burns during the 2016 Fire Influence on Regional and Global Environments Experiment (FIREX) at the Fire Science Laboratory. Compounds likely to partition to cloudwater were selected based on high atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio and abundance. Water solubility was confirmed by detection of these compounds in water after mist chamber collection during controlled burns and analysis using ion chromatography and electrospray ionization interfaced to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Known precursors of aqSOA were found in the primary gaseous BB emissions (e.g., phenols, acetate, and pyruvate). Aqueous OH oxidation of the complex biomass burning mixtures led to rapid depletion of many compounds (e.g., catechol, levoglucosan, methoxyphenol) and formation of others (e.g., oxalate, malonate, mesoxalate). After 150 min of oxidation (approximatively 1 day of cloud processing), oxalate accounted for 13-16% of total dissolved organic carbon. Formation of known SOA components suggests that cloud processing of primary BB emissions forms SOA.
Unsupervised Clustering-Based Short-Term Solar Forecasting

Solar forecasting accuracy is highly affected by weather conditions, therefore, weather awareness forecasting models are expected to improve the forecasting performance. However, it may not be available or reliable to classify different forecasting tasks by only using predefined meteorological weather categorization. In this paper, an unsupervised clustering-based (UC-based) solar forecasting method is developed for short-term (1-h-ahead) global horizontal irradiance (GHI) forecasting. This UC-based method consists of three parts: GHI time series unsupervised clustering, pattern recognition, and UC-based forecasting. The daily GHI time series is first clustered by an Optimized Cross-validated ClUsteRing (OCCUR) method, which determines the optimal number of clusters and best clustering results. Then, support vector machine pattern recognition is adopted to recognize the category of a certain day using the first four hours’ data in the forecasting stage. GHI forecasts are generated by the most suitable models in different clusters, which are built by a two-layer machine learning based multi-model (M3) forecasting framework. The developed UC-M3 method is validated by using 1-year of data with 13 solar features from three information sources. Numerical results show that 1) UC-based models outperform non-UC (all-in-one) models with the same M3 architecture by approximately 20%; and 2) M3-based models also outperform the single-algorithm machine learning models by approximately 20%.
Gaussian Processes for improving orbit prediction accuracy

Abstract A machine learning (ML) approach has been recently proposed to improve the orbit prediction accuracy of resident space objects (RSOs) through learning from historical data. Previous results have shown that the ML approach can successfully improve the point estimation accuracy. This paper extends the ML approach by introducing Gaussian Processes (GPs) which can generate uncertainty information about its point estimate. Both the simulation environment and the publicly available RSO catalogs are used to test the advanced ML approach. Numerical results demonstrate that the trained GP model can effectively improve the orbit prediction accuracy and generate uncertainty boundaries with high performance. Discussions and insights are also presented during the investigation using real data, including suggestions on designing learning variables and the possible causes for some unsatisfying results.
The martyrdom of Father Juan Cantova on Ulithi Atoll: The hegemonic struggle between Spanish colonialism and a Micronesian island polity

An investigation of the 1731 murder of Father Juan Antonio Cantova using a combined archaeological and ethnohistoric approach contributes vital information about Micronesian island communities' abilities to resist missionary rivals to their authoritative structures. Missionary letters are integrated with archaeological data for an enriched understanding of Ulithian and Yapese agency and the motive for Cantova's murder.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intelligent Robotic Response to Joint Attention Intervention System

Although there has been growing interest in utilizing robots for intervention in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there have been very few controlled trials to assess the actual impacts of such systems on social communication vulnerabilities. This study reports a randomized controlled trial to investigate a robot-mediated response to joint attention intervention in a small (23 recruited; 20 completed) group of young children (average age = 2.54 years) with ASD. Small and nonsignificant group differences were observed regarding improvements in response to joint attention skills within and beyond the intervention. The sample showed tremendous individual variability in response to the system. Results highlight the current challenges related to developing pragmatic, beneficial, and generalizable robotic intervention systems for the targeted population.
2.21 – LINE-1

The LINE-1 (long interspersed nuclear element) (L1) retrotransposon is the only active and, consequently, the most important human mobile element. When activated and mobilized L1 can alter genome by induction of DNA breaks, gene disruption, altered splicing, increased frequency of recombinations, and transcriptional deregulation. Occasional insertions have disrupted gene expression and caused human disease. Due to a serious threat to genomic integrity, organisms have developed several distinct ways to keep L1 silent, and its expression in normal somatic cells is for the most part undetectable. However, reactivation of L1 has been seen in disease states, including cancer. In addition, reactivation of L1 has been observed upon in vitro and in vivo exposures to different forms of stress, such as DNA-damaging agents and environmental carcinogens. These observations are of major clinical relevance, since reactivation of L1 by environmental exposures could lead to genomic instability and disease. Given the strong influence of endogenous and environmental factors in the reactivation of L1, gaining insight into the possible roles of chemicals in the regulation of L1 expression and disease phenotypes remains a significant toxicological challenge.
Behavioral evidence for nested central pattern generator control of Drosophila grooming

Abstract Central pattern generators (CPGs) are neurons or neural circuits that produce periodic output without requiring patterned input. More complex behaviors can be assembled from simpler subroutines, and nested CPGs have been proposed to coordinate their repetitive elements, simplifying control over different time-scales. Here, we use behavioral experiments to establish that Drosophila grooming may be controlled by nested CPGs. On the short time-scale (5-7 Hz), flies execute periodic leg sweeps and rubs. More surprisingly, transitions between bouts of head cleaning and leg rubbing are also periodic on a longer time-scale (0.3 - 0.6 Hz). We examine grooming at a range of temperatures to show that the frequencies of both oscillations increase – a hallmark of CPG control – and also that the two time-scales increase at the same rate, indicating that the nested CPGs may be linked. This relationship also holds when sensory drive is held constant using optogenetic activation, but the rhythms decouple in spontaneously grooming flies, showing that alternative control modes are possible. Nested CPGs simplify generation of complex but repetitive behaviors, and identifying them in Drosophila grooming presents an opportunity to map the neural circuits that constitute them.
Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Levels of Pantoprazole in Neonatal Calves After Intravenous Administration.

Background: Neonatal calves are at risk of developing abomasal ulceration, but there is a lack of pharmacokinetic data for potential anti-ulcerative therapies, such as pantoprazole, in ruminant species. Objective: The study objectives were to estimate plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole in neonatal dairy calves after intravenous (IV) administration. A secondary objective was to quantify the concentrations of pantoprazole in edible tissues after IV dosing. Methods: Pantoprazole was administered to 9 neonatal Holstein calves at a dose of 1 mg/kg IV. Plasma samples were collected over 24 hours and analyzed via HPLC-MS for determining pantoprazole concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived via noncompartmental analysis. Tissue samples were collected at 1, 3, and 5 days after administration and analyzed via HPLC-MS. Results: Following IV administration, plasma clearance, elimination half-life, and volume of distribution of pantoprazole were estimated at 4.46 mL/kg/min, 2.81 hr, and 0.301 L/kg respectively. The global extraction ratio was estimated at 0.053 ± 0.015. No pantoprazole was detected in the edible tissues 1, 3, or 5 days after administration. A metabolite, pantoprazole sulfone was detected in all the edible tissues 1 and 3 days after administration. Conclusion: The reported plasma clearance for pantoprazole is less than that reported for alpacas but higher than reported in foals. The elimination half-life in calves appears to be longer than observed in foals and alpacas. While pantoprazole sulfone was detected in the tissues after IV administration, further research is needed as to the metabolism and potential tissue accumulation of other pantoprazole metabolites in calves. Future pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of pantoprazole on abomasal acid suppression in calves.
An Increased Presence of Male Personalities in Dissociative Identity Disorder after Initiating Testosterone Therapy

Patients with gender dysphoria (GD) report significant dissociative symptoms and are found to have a high prevalence of a dissociative disorder of any kind. When GD patients elect to undergo cross-sex hormone therapy, there is a significant reduction in dissociative symptoms. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no known case reports that describe an alteration of personalities in dissociative identity disorder after initiating cross-sex hormone therapy. Thus, we present a case of a 20-year-old transgender male with GD, whom after initiating cross-sex hormone therapy with testosterone experienced an increased presence of his existing male personalities.
Acute and Long-Term Complications of Gunshot Wounds to the Head

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) secondary to gunshot wounds is a common problem in the USA and presents with a unique set of acute and chronic complications. Recent publications in trauma and critical care literature have sought to better understand incidence, demographics, and acute complications of gunshot wounds to the head. These findings, coupled with literature on rehabilitation of TBI patients secondary to gun violence, may help brain injury physiatrists better understand issues which may arise during rehabilitation. Clinical commonalities among TBI patients with gunshot wounds to the head provide a foundation for suggested management paradigms. Patients with gunshot wounds to the head represent a unique subset of the TBI population associated with the pathophysiology of a penetrating brain injury, including intracranial infection, early seizures, and CSF leak. Mood and substance use disorders may further complicate rehabilitation and require attention to maximize patients’ benefit from rehabilitation.
The impact on shareholder value of top defense counsel in mergers and acquisitions litigation

Abstract Defense litigation counsel are retained by target firm management to defend them in mergers and acquisition (M&A) litigation. We use hand collected data from a ten-year period (2003 − 2012) to examine whether the choice of defense litigation counsel affects the outcome of M&A litigation and shareholder value. We construct league tables for defense litigation firms and identify the top 10 defense litigation firms. Comparing these firms with all other defense litigation firms, we find that top defense litigation counsel are involved in a significantly higher proportion of cash deals, non-same-industry deals (implying a lower possibility of antitrust-related concerns), and friendlier deals, all of which are associated with smaller initial takeover premium proposals. We find evidence that, controlling for endogeneity, top defense litigation counsel negotiate cheaper and faster settlements than other defense litigation counsel thereby protecting low premium deals from more serious challenges. We also show that top defense litigation counsel are more effective in multijurisdictional litigation cases, again obtaining cheaper and faster settlements in low premium deals, which we theorize shows that they are better able to handle the complexity and strategy that accompany these lawsuits.
Long‐term Follow Up of Children with in utero Exposure to Sulfonylurea Medications

Background Offspring born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are more likely to have negative neurodevelopmental health outcomes, early obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Standard of care management for GDM and type 2 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is insulin, but oral sulfonylurea use is increasing, and these medications cross the placenta. Literature on treatment with sulfonylureas for maternal GDM has focused on maternal glycemic control and neonatal outcomes. Studies that have evaluated the long-term outcomes of children exposed to sulfonylureas in utero are limited. Objective This study evaluated anthropometric and neurodevelopmental outcomes of 55 children (ages 5-10) born to mothers with diabetes during pregnancy treated with sulfonylurea or insulin. Methods and results A group of 25 sulfonylurea-exposed and 30 insulin-exposed participants were age- and sex-matched between groups. No significant differences were identified in z-scores for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, skinfold measurements, and body fat or rates of overweight/obese BMI between groups. On performance-based cognitive assessment, the sulfonylurea-exposed group had significantly lower scores on inhibition (p = 0.043). Conclusion In summary, children with in utero sulfonylurea exposure had similar physical measurements compared to children with insulin exposure and lower performance on a measure of executive function (inhibition), which is associated with adverse health outcomes.
The ins and outs of dynamic balance during 90-degree turns in people with a unilateral transtibial amputation

The ability to maintain balance when turning is essential to functional and independent living. Due to the lack of neuromuscular ankle control on the prosthetic side in people with a transtibial amputation (TTA), turning is likely more challenging. The purpose of this study was to quantify how people with TTA maintain dynamic balance during 90-degree turns made with the prosthesis on the inside and outside of the turn compared to people without amputation. Eight participants with TTA and eight age-, height-, and sex- matched non-amputee controls performed left and right 90-degree step turns at a self-selected speed. The primary outcomes were range of whole-body angular momentum and positive and negative contributions of six segment groups (head/trunk, pelvis, arms, and legs) to whole-body angular momentum during the continuation stride. Participants with TTA had greater range of frontal- and sagittal-plane whole-body angular momentum when turning with the prosthesis on the inside compared controls. They also had a greater range of whole-body angular momentum in all planes of motion when turning with the prosthesis on the inside compared to outside of the turn. The contributions for the head/trunk and inside and outside legs differed between groups and turns, suggesting altered interactions between segment momenta to compensate for the reduced contribution of the amputated leg. This study provides insight into possible training paradigms to reduce the high incidence of turn related falls in people with TTA and, potentially, ways to alter prosthetic function to promote balance control.
Community exoplanet imaging data challenge for Roman CGI and starshade rendezvous

Operating in an unprecedented contrast regime (10 − 7 to 10 − 9), the Roman Coronagraph Instrument (CGI) will serve as a pathfinder for key technologies needed for future Earth-finding missions such as HabEx and LUVOIR. The Roman Exoplanet Imaging Data Challenge (Roman EIDC) was a community engagement effort that tasked participants with extracting exoplanets and their orbits for a 47-UMa-like target star given: (1) 15 years of simulated precursor radial velocity (RV) data and (2) six epochs of simulated imaging taken over the course of the Roman mission. Led by the Turnbull CGI Science Investigation Team, the Roman EIDC was preceded by four tutorial “hack-a-thon” events in Baltimore, Pasadena, New York City, and Tokyo. The Roman EIDC officially launched in October 2019 and ran for 8 months, offering a unique opportunity for exoplanet scientists of all experience levels to get acquainted with realistic near-future imaging data. The Roman EIDC simulated images include four epochs with CGI’s Hybrid Lyot Coronagraph (HLC) plus two epochs with a starshade (SS) assumed to arrive as part of a Starshade Rendezvous later in the mission. We focus on our in-house analysis of the outermost planet “d,” for which the SS’s higher throughput and lower noise floor present a factor of ∼4 improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio over the narrow-field HLC. We find that, although the RV detection was marginal for planet d, the precursor RV data enabled the mass and orbit to be constrained with only two epochs of SS imaging. Including the HLC images in the analysis results in improved measurements over RV + SS alone, with the greatest gains resulting from images taken at epochs near maximum elongation. Combining the two epochs of SS imaging with the RV + HLC data resulted in a factor of ∼2 better orbit and mass determinations over RV + HLC alone. In summary, the Roman CGI, combined with precursor RV data and latermission SS imaging, forms a powerful trifecta in detecting exoplanets and determining their masses, albedos, and system configurations. While the Roman CGI will break new scientific and technological ground with direct imaging of giant exoplanets within ∼5 AU of V ˜ 5 and brighter stars, a Roman Starshade Rendezvous mission would additionally enable the detection of planets out to ∼8 AU in those systems.
The first post-natal clinical description of true mosaic complete tetrasomy 21: A case report

Tetrasomy 21 is a rare occurrence. Only 14 cases have been reported in the literature, 8 of which are partial tetrasomy cases and 6 which are complete tetrasomy cases. Of the incidences, no proband with true complete tetrasomy 21 has survived the neonatal period. We report complete mosaic tetrasomy 21 in a female infant with the typical Down syndrome phenotype, including Hirschsprung's disease and atrioventricular (AV) canal defect. This is in contrast to cases of partial tetrasomy 21, which often have an atypical trisomy 21 presentation and multiple nonspecific traits, including short stature, microcephaly, and developmental delays. This case demonstrates the difference in clinical presentation between the partial and complete subtype of tetrasomy 21 and provides the first postnatal clinical picture of an infant with true mosaic complete tetrasomy 21.