cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laplacian-level density functionals for the kinetic energy density and exchange-correlation energy

We construct a Laplacian-level meta-generalized-gradient-approximation (meta-GGA) for the noninteracting (Kohn-Sham orbital) positive kinetic energy density $\ensuremath{\tau}$ of an electronic ground state of density $n$. This meta-GGA is designed to recover the fourth-order gradient expansion ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathit{GE}4}$ in the appropriate slowly varying limit and the von Weizs\"acker expression ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{W}={\ensuremath{\mid}\ensuremath{\nabla}n\ensuremath{\mid}}^{2}∕(8n)$ in the rapidly varying limit. It is constrained to satisfy the rigorous lower bound ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{W}(\mathbf{r})\ensuremath{\leqslant}\ensuremath{\tau}(\mathbf{r})$. Our meta-GGA is typically a strong improvement over the gradient expansion of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ for atoms, spherical jellium clusters, jellium surfaces, the Airy gas, Hooke's atom, one-electron Gaussian density, quasi-two-dimensional electron gas, and nonuniformly scaled hydrogen atom. We also construct a Laplacian-level meta-GGA for exchange and correlation by employing our approximate $\ensuremath{\tau}$ in the Tao-Perdew-Staroverov-Scuseria (TPSS) meta-GGA density functional. The Laplacian-level TPSS gives almost the same exchange-correlation enhancement factors and energies as the full TPSS, suggesting that $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}n$ carry about the same information beyond that carried by $n$ and $\ensuremath{\nabla}n$. Our kinetic energy density integrates to an orbital-free kinetic energy functional that is about as accurate as the fourth-order gradient expansion for many real densities (with noticeable improvement in molecular atomization energies), but considerably more accurate for rapidly varying ones.
Structure and function of chromosomal nucleohistones.

The progress made in molecular biology has provided definite evidence that DNA is the genetic material of all cellular organisms. It is mainly localized within the cell nuclei and, in association with histones and acidic proteins, forms the fundamental structure of the chromosomes. The DNA-protein complex, called nucleohistone or chromatin, represents the sum of all existing genes of one cell type and can be considered as a functional genetic unit. All genetic structures contain this fundamental element and only their steric arrangement or multiplicity determine the species-specific differences in chromosomal morphology. The preservation of the three-dimensional structure seems to be the function of histones which, in general, are associated with densely packed and metabolically inactive DNA sequences. The lysine-rich histone I probably has a specific regulatory function since it inhibits the transcription of certain genes. Acidic proteins are mainly to be found in stretched chromosomal structures of high metabolic activity which accentuate the correlation between structure and function of nucleohistones. Approximately 50% of the DNA of the nucleohistone complex is not masked by proteins though only a small percentage of the free nucleotide sequences can be transcribed by RNA polymerase. The “open” structure of nucleohistones finds a plausible explanation in the fact that amino acid sequence analysis of several histones revealed an asymmetric distribution of charged groups and that therefore only these protein fractions can interact with DNA. In Crick's recently published model of the chromosomal organization the unique structure of histones is taken into account and it is assumed that the histone-rich heterochromatin contains multiple but untranscribable control elements. Functional genes are represented by a single stranded DNA duplex within the interbands which utilize a special protein to preserve this unique conformation.
Cognitive function and quality of life in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives As advances in treatment have prolonged survival for many patients with ovarian cancer, there has been growing interest in assessing the adverse effects of disease and treatment. The aim of this study was to review the literature on cognitive function and quality of life (QOL) in this population. Methods A review of published studies including formal assessment of neurocognitive functions and self-reported domains of quality of life, with an emphasis on cognitive function, was performed. Results The small number of studies including formal evaluations of neurocognitive function suggests that many ovarian cancer patients experience cognitive difficulties associated with their disease and treatment. Several studies described declines in self-reported cognitive function that may impact QOL, but the results were not consistent across studies. Conclusions Adequately powered longitudinal studies including formal neurocognitive and QOL assessments are needed to advance our understanding of the incidence of cognitive dysfunction and its impact on functional ability and QOL in ovarian cancer patients. These research efforts may ultimately contribute to treatment decision-making through the identification of vulnerable patients, and to the development of appropriate intervention strategies to improve cognitive function and QOL.
THE ACQUISITION OF ONSETS IN A MARKEDNESS RELATIONSHIP: A Longitudinal Study

This article reports the findings of a longitudinal study in interlanguage phonology examining the production of two structures in a markedness relationship, biliteral and triliteral onsets, the latter being more marked than the former. This study specifically tests the Interlanguage Structure Conformity Hypothesis (ISCH) by measuring the acquisition of the onsets in the markedness relationship against a criterion measure of 80% correct production. The subjects were 10 native Spanish speakers enrolled in intermediate courses in a community college. Data were gathered twice over a period of 10 months. Results of the study fail to provide any counterevidence to the ISCH.
Comparison of detoxication activity in midgut and fat body during fifth instar development of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract 1. Several microsomal mono-oxygenase activities, as well as glutathione-dependent detoxication reactions, were measured in the midgut and fat body throughout fifth instar development of Manduca sexta . 2. Microsomal mono-oxygenase activity, indicated by several parameters, was demonstrated in fat body and midgut throughout the instar; activity generally increased to late instar then declined in the prepupa. 3. Spectral evidence indicated a qualitative difference between midgut and fat body microsomal cytochrome P-450. 4. Phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene induced microsomal oxidase activity in both tissues.
Complex Dielectric Constants for Selected Near-Millimeter-Wave Materials at 245 GHz

A double-beam instrument developed in this laboratory has been used to measure the complex dielectric constant of selected materials at 245 GHz. We report here the results for crystalline quartz, fused silica (Spectrosil WF and Dynasil 4000), beryllia (iso-pressed),boron nitride (hot-pressed), and a nickel ferrite (Trans-Tech 2-111). Results are compared with the data obtained by other researchers.
Test of the Linearity of Quantum Mechanics by RF Spectroscopy of the 9BE+ Ground State

The agreement between quantum-mechanical predictions and experiments has so firmly established the validity of quantum mechanics that we might question the need for further tests. For example, the observed energy levels of hydrogen are in excellent agreement with quantum-mechanical predictions. However, to a large extent this agreement can be regarded more as a test of the specific Hamiltonian used, than of quantum mechanics itself. It should be possible to test the basic framework of quantum mechanics independently of and to much greater accuracy than that provided by such specific predictions. Recently, Weinberg1 has formulated a general framework which introduces nonlinear corrections to quantum mechanics and enables such a test. He suggested that a sensitive test could be made for the presence of such a nonlinearity by slowly driving a resonant transition which transfers a quantum system from one state to another. The effect of the nonlinearity is to make the effective resonance frequency a function of the state probabilities. Thus, the resonance frequency changes as the quantum system is driven from one state to the other, and the applied perturbation (assumed to be monochromatic) cannot stay in resonance through the entire transition. The system will never be driven completely to the other state. This effect would not be observed, that is, the transition could still be driven, if the maximum frequency shift were much less than 1/T. Here, T is the time required to drive the transition if there is no nonlinearity.
Phase diagrams of simple metals from molecular dynamics

The authors show how a recently developed molecular-dynamics technique can be used to find the phases of simple metals as a function of temperature and pressure from a first-principles theory of ion-ion interactions. Explicit account is taken of the dependence of both the effective pair interaction and the structurally independent terms in the total energy on the system volume. Preliminary results for lithium are presented.
Spatial Patterns of Ocypode Quadrata: a Re-Evaluation (Decapoda, Brachyura)

Le Roi, O., 1905. Zwei neue parasitische Cirripedien aus der Gruppe der Ascothoracida. Zool. Anz., 29: 399-401. Okada, Y. K., 1925. Contribution ? l'?tude des Cirrip?des Ascothoraciques. I. Notes sur le Dendrogaster arborescens Le Roi; ?tablissement d'un nouveau genre. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist, nat., Paris, 31: 364-371. Yosii, N., 1931. Note on Myriocladus. Journ. Fac. Sei. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 2(4): 337-349.
Double-diffusive finger convection: influence of concentration at fixed buoyancy ratio

Double-diffusive finger convection is studied experimentally in a transparent Hele-Shaw cell for a two-solute system. A less dense sucrose solution is layered on top of a more dense salt solution using a laminar flow technique, and convective motion is followed photographically from the static state. We systematically increase solute concentrations from dilute to the solubility limit of the salt solution while maintaining a fixed buoyancy ratio of approximately 1.08. Across the 14 experiments conducted, the convective motion shows considerable variation in both structure and time scale. We find that new finger pairs form continuously within a finger generation zone where complexity increases with Rayleigh number, reaches a peak, and then decreases for highly concentrated solutions. The vertical fnger length scale grows linearly in time across the full concentration range. The vertical finger velocity also increases linearly with Rayleigh number, but as the concentrations increase, deviation from linearity and asymmetrical convection occur. The horizontal length scale grows as a power law in time with the exponent constant over most of the range; again, deviations are observed for highly concentrated solutions. The observed deviations at high concentrations are attributed to the increasing nonlinearity in the governing equations as the solutions approach their solubility limits. There, the fluid properties become functions of solute concentration and vary significantly within the experimental fields suppressing structural complexity, imparting asymmetry to the convective motion, and influencing emergent vertical and horizontal length scales and their growth.
Scientific case for a millimeter-wave spectrometer for high redshift galaxy surveys

We propose a low resolution millimeter-wave grating spectrometer with wide spectral coverage for conducting redshift surveys of the recently discovered class of far-infrared galaxies. A summary of ...
Family Firms and Entrepreneurial Orientation in Publicly Traded Firms: A Comparative Analysis of the S&P 500

There is considerable disagreement about whether family firm characteristics hinder or support entrepreneurial activities. This article highlights the existence of an entrepreneurial orientation in...
Effect of pyrophosphate and orotidine monophosphate on cytosine deaminase regulatory properties

The maximal velocity of the reaction (Vmax) and the half-saturation constant (K0.5) values of the S. typhimurium cytosine deaminase were altered in the presence of its effectors, pyrophosphate and orotidine monophosphate. From the kinetics of orotidine monophosphate inhibition of cytosine deaminase, it was characterized as a mixed-type noncompetitive inhibitor.
Sitosterol reduces micellar cholesterol solubility in model bile

Plant sterol consumption can significantly reduce plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, a major risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. It is generally assumed that plant sterols function by displacing cholesterol from intestinal micelles, thus reducing cholesterol absorption. Direct evidence for this mechanism, however, is limited. This study tested the hypothesis that sitosterol, the most common dietary plant sterol, reduces micellar cholesterol solubilization using an in vitro model bile system. Model bile solutions were prepared by sonicating a mixture of bile salts (52.5 mmol/L), phosphatidylcholine (15.0 mmol/L), and cholesterol (3.0 mmol/L) in saline with variable amounts of sitosterol (0.0, 3.0, and 6.0 mmol/L). Micelles were separated and analyzed using Superose 6 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) gel filtration. The addition of 3.0 mmol/L sitosterol to model bile (ie, an equimolar amount relative to cholesterol) significantly reduced cholesterol solubilization in micelles, as indicated by the cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine molar ratio, which decreased from 0.131 ± 0.010 (0.0 mmol/L sitosterol) to 0.043 ± 0.009 (3.0 mmol/L sitosterol). Increasing the sitosterol concentration to 6.0 mmol/L caused no further reductions in cholesterol solubility. Thus, our in vitro findings support the belief that displacement of cholesterol from micelles is a primary mechanism by which sitosterol and other plant sterols decrease cholesterol absorption in vivo.
Understanding expatriate manager performance: Effects of governance environments on work relationships in relation-based economies

Abstract Evidence shows that the majority of Western expatriate managers fail in their job assignments in developing countries. To go beyond attributions of expatriate failure to “cultural differences” this article responds to calls for a theoretical basis for understanding expatriate performance by using a recently developed framework of rule-based and relation-based governance environments to examine how the macro-environment of a country's governance system affects the creation of effective working relationships between executive level expatriate managers and Host Country Nationals (HCNs) on the executive's management team. Based on cross-cultural psychological contract research [Rousseau, D.M., Schalk, R. (2000). Psychological contracts in employment: Cross-national perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.] and the premise that expatriate performance is largely a function of the ability to manage discrepancies between the rule-based expectations of the Western MNC culture and the relation-based expectations of local employees, we develop research propositions to promote future HR research designed to examine the effect of the governance environment on the working relationships between American managers and Chinese HCNs. Implications for future HR efforts to improve the performance of expatriate managers in relation-based societies are also discussed.
Zar, Inc.: A Case in Earnings Quality

Zar, Inc., a high‐tech company, has recently experienced turnover in its CEO and CFO positions. Zar, like other firms in its industry, is undergoing a down year due to the declining economy. Thomas Brown, who has recently been hired as the CFO, quickly realizes that there is little he can do to avoid the firm's first loss in many years. However, Thomas also understands that there are things that he can do to pave the way toward greater profits in the future. You are invited to listen in on three separate conversations that the CFO has with the CEO, the firm's audit committee, and finally with Zar's independent auditor. After hearing each conversation, you will be asked to evaluate the CFO's ideas as well as those of other parties to the dialogue. Some of the questions are rather straightforward and can be answered by recalling or researching specific accounting standards. Other questions are more open‐ended and will require your best judgment based on the facts given in the case. Some questions may requir...
Automated Analysis Of Hydraulic And Tracer Tests Conducted In Fractured Rock

An algorithm is presented for automated type-curve matching of hydraulic- and tracer-test data. The algorithm determines formation properties by linking the TYPCURV and RADT models of groundwater flow and tracer transport, respectively, to a nonlinear regression routine. The algorithm was applied to hydraulic- and tracer-test data for a single fracture in rock at a site near Toronto, Canada. Results obtained using the automated approach better approximate the measured data than results obtained by manual type-curve matching. This increased precision allows results generated using various modeling scenarios to be compared in order to assess the relative credibility of the models. The automated approach also eliminates the more burdensome aspects of manual type-curve matching, allowing analysts to focus their efforts and hydrogeologic expertise on the interpretation of the data.
Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma with leukemic component

![Figure][1] A 59-year-old man presented with acalculous cholecystitis and hepatomegaly. Routine laboratory tests were remarkable for thrombocytopenia (125 × 109/L), alanine aminotransferase 95 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase 760 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 223 U/L, and lactate dehydrogenase
Astrophysics: Capturing black-hole pairs.

The observed growth of galaxies suggests that the black holes thought to lurk at their centres may find each other and merge. A large survey of galaxies has finally netted two black holes in a tight pairing.
TELEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION IN BIOLOGY

EXPRESSIONs like ' function', ' purpose ',' role ' and ' in order to' occur in sentences in biology. For example: 'A function of liver is to secrete bile', ' The heart beats in order to circulate the blood', ' The role of the sodium chloride is to prevent the cells from taking up too much water '. Such sentences have been called ' functional analyses '. Functional analyses containing the expressions 'purpose', 'role ', ' in order to ' and similar teleological locutions can be rewritten using only 'function'. Thus 'A function of the heartbeat is to circulate the blood' says what the second example given above says. Functional analysis raises two closely related philosophical problems. The first centres on the teleological word 'function' e Does biology contain, irredeemably, sentences utilising teleological notions? Put another way : Can all functional analyses containing the locution 'function' be translated into sentences which contain neither 'func
Generic Correlation of Spray Distance With In-Flight Particle Behavior for Different Kinds of Materials in Air Plasma Spraying

This paper investigates the influence of spray distance on inflight particle status for Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), Mo and NiCrAlY thermal spray powders in Ar-H2 plasma through modeling and experiments. Distributions of individual particle characteristics such as temperature, velocity and size at the point of the maximum particle flux and points of the squared grids were measured for a few plume cross-sections. Numerical simulations were performed using the experimental conditions, and parametric studies were also performed. In-flight particle characteristics and their distributions were presented at different standoff/spray distances to reveal the heating and melting behaviors of different kinds of materials such as metal, alloy and ceramics powders. It can be found that for ceramic, metal and alloy powders, the particle velocity and temperature all increase with spray distance and then decrease after reaching maximum. However the positions of maximum temperature and velocity depend strongly on the material and size of the particles. The statistical distributions of temperature and velocity at different spray distances were also presented. It can be observed that the temperature distribution becomes narrower as spray distance increases. The occurrence of such behavior can be explained by analyzing particle kinetic energy and molten status. The correlations between powder properties and spray conditions have been established and they can serve as guidance for spray distance optimization of air plasma spraying for metal, alloys and ceramics particles.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Time of Onset and Predictors of Biphasic Anaphylactic Reactions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background A biphasic reaction is a potentially life-threatening recurrence of symptoms after initial resolution of anaphylaxis without re-exposure to the trigger. The infrequent nature of these reactions has made them difficult to study and predict. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the time of onset and predictors of biphasic anaphylactic reactions. Method Original research studies that described biphasic reactions in case series or cohort studies were included. Studies that did not describe biphasic reactions and case series with less than 2 biphasic reactions were excluded. Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to January 2014 and bibliographies of included articles. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for dichotomous variables. Inconsistency among studies was assessed with the I2 statistic. Results Twenty-seven observational studies that enrolled 4114 patients with anaphylaxis and 192 patients with biphasic reactions were included. The median time of symptom onset was 11 (range 0.2 to 72.0) hours. Food as the inciting trigger was associated with decreased risk (pooled OR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.4 to 0.94, I2 = 0%) and an unknown inciting trigger with increased risk (pooled OR 1.72, 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.95, I2 = 61%). Initial presentation with hypotension (pooled OR 2.18, 95% CI: 1.14 to 4.15, I2 = 79%) was also associated with the development of a biphasic reaction. Conclusion Biphasic anaphylatic reactions were less likely among patients with food as an inciting trigger. Patients who present with hypotension or have an unknown inciting trigger may be at increased risk of a biphasic reaction. Clinicians should tailor observation periods for patients individually based on clinical characteristics.
Broad and narrow measures on both sides of the personality-job performance relationship.

Two studies compared specific versus broad measures in linking personality with work behavior. In Study 1, 100 university students completed the 20 subscales of the Personality Research Form and an in-basket exercise scored on 16 distinct managerial behaviors. In Study 2, 335 market research field representatives completed the Hogan Personality Inventory, containing 41 specific trait scales organized into seven primary scales, and were rated by their supervisors on seven performance dimensions. In both studies, significant linkages between broad personality and criterion variables (e.g., factors) were explained by stronger relations among relatively few specific variables. Moreover, consistent with prior research, weak relations among broad measures obscured important linkages at the specific level, including several cases of cancellation (i.e., specific traits loading the same factor in the same direction correlated with criteria in opposite directions). Canonical correlations with appropriate shrinkage correction revealed notable improvements in criterion validity over inter-factor correlations and helped summarize the data while retaining the diagnostic advantages of specificity. Our findings are unique by demonstrating the value of specificity on both sides of the prediction equation. Implications for personnel selection are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the role of transistors in OpAmp feedback paths

At present, there is not much discussion in the electronics literature about the concept and the potential applications of inserting a transistor in the feedback path of an operational amplifier. This article introduces this concept to the audience of engineers and engineering students and discusses its potential applications. Applications such as precision switching, the ideal BJT and the ideal differential amplifier are some of the very important applications introduced here.
BMP type I receptor ALK2 is essential for proper patterning at late gastrulation during mouse embryogenesis.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have multiple functions during vertebrate development. Previously, it was shown that BMP type I receptor ALK2 (also known as ACVRI, ActRI, or ActRIA) was important for normal mouse gastrulation by deleting exon 4 or exon 5 of Alk2. Recently, flanking exon 7 by loxP sites generated a conditional allele for Alk2. To assess whether the deletion of exon 7 causes functional null of ALK2, and does not produce a dominant negative form or a partially functional form of ALK2, we performed a comparative analysis between Alk2 homozygous mutant embryos with an exon 5 deletion (Alk2Δ5/Δ5) and embryos with an exon 7 deletion (Alk2Δ7/Δ7). Both Alk2Δ5/Δ5 and Alk2Δ7/Δ7 mutants showed identical morphological gastrulation defects. Histological examinations and molecular marker analyses revealed identical abnormal gastrulation phenotypes in Alk2Δ5/Δ5 and Alk2Δ7/Δ7 mutants. Although Fgf8 was expressed in the primitive streak of Alk2Δ5/Δ5 and Alk2Δ7/Δ7 mutants, Brachyury, Wnt3a, and Tbx6 were dramatically downregulated in Alk2Δ5/Δ5 and Alk2Δ7/Δ7 mutants. These results indicate that deletion of exon 7 for Alk2 leads to a functionally null mutation in vivo, and Alk2 is crucial for sustaining the proper gastrulation events in early mouse embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 236:512–517, 2007. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recovery of erythrocyte Li+/Na+ countertransport and choline transport from lithium therapy

Li+/Na+ countertransport, choline transport, and intracellular Li+ and choline were measured in the RBC of a manic-depressive subject as a function of time after termination of Li+ therapy. Countertransport recovered from its inhibition by Li+ in 10 days. This recovery involved a decrease in the Michaelis-Menten parameter Km, without change in Vmax. RBC choline decreased, and choline influx rose, much more slowly back towards pre-Li+ values over the course of two months. Thus, choline transport was still inhibited long after Li+ levels in RBC and plasma had become undetectable. Measurements on age-separated RBC fractions showed that recovery of choline transport was mainly in the young-cell fraction. Hence inhibition of choline transport by Li+ may be irreversible at the level of the individual RBC.
Structure–property relationships in nanocomposites

A numerical finite-difference model is presented for the study of the factors controlling the properties of composites reinforced with platelets and fiber-like nano-inclusions. The approach provides a comprehensive treatment of the dependence of composite modulus and strength on the shape of the inclusions and the interrelated effects of their orientation, volume fraction, aspect ratio, modulus and interfacial properties with the matrix. At the same volume fraction, we find that platelets are generally more efficient than fibers in improving composite modulus. This is rationalized through our model finding that fibers have a typically low critical aspect ratio value, which puts an upper limit to their reinforcement potential. Platelets also turn out to be superior to fibers in all nanocomposites characterized by a poor orientation of the inclusions. We also find that low interfacial adhesion and poor dispersion of the inclusions lead to a decrease in reinforcement efficiency. Turning to comparison with experiment, a good agreement is found between our model predictions and modulus data on nanocomposites reinforced with montmorillonite platelets and carbon nanotubes.
Synesthesia in twins: Incomplete concordance in monozygotes suggests extragenic factors

Colored-sequence synesthesia (CSS) is a neurological condition in which sequential stimuli such as letters, numbers, or days of the week trigger simultaneous, involuntary color perception. Although the condition appears to run in families and several studies have sought a genetic link, the genetic contribution to synesthesia remains unclear. We conducted the first comparative twin study of CSS and found that CSS has a pairwise concordance of 73.9% in monozygotic twins, and a pairwise concordance of 36.4% in dizygotic twins. In line with previous studies, our results suggest a heritable element of synesthesia. However, consonant with the findings of previous single-pair case studies, our large sample size verifies that synesthesia is not completely conferred by genetics; if it were, monozygotic twins should have 100% concordance. These findings implicate a genetic mechanism of CSS that may work differently than previously thought: collectively, our data suggest that synesthesia is a heritable condition with incomplete penetrance that is substantially influenced by epigenetic and environmental factors.
The role of strain in area-constant detachment folding

Abstract The classical constant-area relationship for balancing cross-sections is reformulated to accommodate layer-parallel strain leading to a general equation for the layer-parallel strain in a fold formed above a stratigraphically fixed detachment horizon. The strain required for area balance can be calculated from a knowledge of the fold shape and the depth to detachment. The strains predicted from a simple kinematic model are realistic, in the order of 10–30% layer-parallel shortening. The strain may be penetrative or occur as small-scale disharmonic folds and faults. The Tip Top anticline, a fold at the leading edge of the Wyoming thrust belt, is used to illustrate the applicability of this reformulation. The computed layer-parallel strains in the well-controlled upper portion of the structure are less than 5% because most of the shortening is accommodated by second-order folds and faults.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEQUENTIAL SOLVENT PRE-EXTRACTION IN THE ISOLATION OF HUMIC ACID FROM THE ALGA PILAYELLA LIT TOR A LIS

Abstract Plants are newly discovered sources of important biopolymers called humic acids (HA). Purified HA isolation from plants and other sources begins with sequential Soxhlet extraction with diethylether, acetone, ethanol and dioxane. We have investigated the characteristics of these steps in the isolation of HA from the brown alga Pilayella littoralis. The mass balance of the total HA isolation procedure and the lime dependences of each step are reported. Experimental extraction variables included the solvent cycle time, temperature, age since harvesting of the Pilayella source material and the length to diameter ratio of the source extracted. Non-humic constituent extraction from Pilayella does not depend on solvent diffusion in or out of the source matrix. Extraction rates are determined by rapid, non-ideal equilibria or zero order kinetic processes, depending on the solvent, the duration of extraction and the age of the Pilayella sample. The equilibria and kinetically controlled steps have small te...
An object-oriented file system—an example of using the class hierarchy framework concept

This paper presents the design of an object-oriented file system which was developed as a part of the "OBJIX Object-Oriented Operating System" project. The file system is a self-contained program system which is decomposed using a standard object-oriented framework concept. A novel approach to object-oriented frameworks, the Class Hierarchy Framework concept recapitulated in this paper, is employed in structuring components of the file system. Further, this paper illustrates on an example how the file system pursues a typical system call.
Lexical competition in vowel articulation revisited: Vowel dispersion in the Easy/Hard database

Abstract A widely-cited study investigating effects of recognition difficulty on the phonetic realization of words ( Wright, 2004 ). Factors of lexical competition in vowel articulation. In J. Local, R. Ogden & R. Temple (Eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology, Vol. VI (pp. 26–50)) reported that vowel dispersion, i.e. distance from the center of the talker's F1/F2 space, was greater in words that represented difficult recognition targets (‘hard’ words) than in easy recognition targets (‘easy’ words). The goal of the current study was to test whether that effect persisted when controlling for known other determinants of F1 and F2. A second goal was to test whether the pattern observed in the recordings analysed in Wright (2004) extended to all monophthongs in the set of recordings of which the words analysed in Wright (2004) formed a subset. We find that the dispersion difference between ‘easy’ and ‘hard’ words vowel dispersion is expected, given previous observations about effects of phonetic environment on vowel formants. When segmental context is taken into account, recognition difficulty fails to be predictive of vowel dispersion, both in the subset and in the larger database. An analysis of the fitted values of models of F1 and F2 based on consonantal factors (but not recognition difficulty) shows that the formant values predicted by those models separate vowels in “easy” and “hard” words in the manner observed in W2004. We discuss the implications for the effect of phonological neighbourhood density on language production, and for the relationship between lexical retrieval, auditory recognition difficulty and pronunciation variation.
Population Size and Status of the Razorback Sucker in the Green River Basin, Utah and Colorado

Abstract The status of the razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus in the Green River, Utah, was evaluated with capture–recapture data collected from 1980 to 1988. The razorback sucker population in the upper Green River (river kilometers 282–555) was estimated at 948 fish (95% confidence interval, 758–1,138), based on a total of 410 fish captured (68 recaptured). Razorback suckers in the lower Green River (km 0–211) were extremely rare; their numbers were too small (13 fish captured, 1 recaptured) to allow a reliable population estimate. Gray and lower Desolation canyons separated the upper and lower Green River razorback sucker populations. These canyons and a low diversion dam appeared to be barriers to fish movement. The absence of the razorback sucker in Gray and lower Desolation canyons (km 211–282) suggested a lack of suitable habitat. The Green River supports the largest known population of razorback suckers among the species' native riverine habitats. However, low population density and recruitment, a...
Breaking out of Eclipse: developing an ActiveX host for SWT

SWT enables Eclipse developers to create user interfaces with native OS look-and-feel and performance. Without significant extra effort, however, SWT applications are limited to operate within the confines of Eclipse, or as a standalone desktop application. This paper describes the motivation and initial efforts to embed SWT applications within an ActiveX container, presents a simple API to enable SWT applications for ActiveX containment, and discusses future directions for embedding the Eclipse framework into other external native OS applications.
Amounts of an estrogen receptor β isoform increased in the theca of preovulatory follicles of sheep.

Abstract Determination of the specific roles of the estrogen receptor (ER) forms in reproductive processes of different species remains incomplete. In the present experiment, cellular localization and changes in relative amounts of the ERα and ERβ in late developing ovarian follicles, oviduct, and uterus were determined during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in sheep. Ewes in mid-luteal phase were treated with prostaglandin F2α (PG) to induce luteolysis and control the onset of the follicular phase. The oviducts, uterus, and the ovaries were collected at 0 (ewes not treated with PG), 4, 18, and 36 h after PG treatment (early, mid, and late follicular phase, respectively) and processed to evaluate the ERs using immunohistochemical (IHC) procedures. The ERα was localized to nuclei of granulosa cells of late developing follicles and most cells of the oviduct and uterus. The ERβ was detected only in ovarian follicles using two antibodies directed to different regions of the ERβ. Western immunoblotting demonstrated that the antibody directed against the N-terminal region of the ERβ detected one isoform (approximately 53 kDa) whereas the antibody directed against the C-terminus detected two ERβ isoforms (approximately 53 kDa and 59 kDa). Western and IHC results combined indicated presence of the 59 kDa ERβ in granulosa cells and the 53 kDa ERβ in both granulosa and theca cells. Relative amounts (immunostaining intensity) of the ERα increased (P .05) throughout the follicular phase. A major increase (four-fold) in expression of the 53 kDa ERβ in the theca and a less pronounced increase in the granulosa occurred at the late follicular phase. The ERα is broadly expressed in reproductive organs of sheep and is upregulated only in few cell types during the late follicular phase. Immunoreactive ERβ was detected only in the ovary. Important estrogen actions in theca cells during preovulatory follicular development likely occur in association with a major increase in expression of an ERβ isoform.
Decreased episodic violence and increased control of dissociation in a carbamazepine-treated case of multiple personality.

This article presents a case of MPD in which episodic violence characterizing specific dissociative states diminished, and self-control of dissociative phenomena increased during inpatient treatment with CBZ
Variations in complication rates and opportunities for improvement in quality of care for patients having abdominal aortic surgery

Background. The purpose was to assess the current variation in complication rates and evaluate the association between specific types of complications and in-hospital mortality and total hospital charges for patients having abdominal aortic surgery. Patients/methods. We studied 2987 patients for abdominal aortic surgery in Maryland from 1994 to 1996 and used discharge diagnoses and procedure codes to identify diagnoses that most likely represent major surgery complications. We evaluated how in-hospital mortality and total hospital charges related to specific complications, adjusting for patient demographics, severity of illness, comorbidity, and hospital and surgeon volumes. Discharge data was obtained from the hospital marketing departments. Results. Complication rates varied widely among hospitals. Complications independently associated with increased risk of in-hospital death include cardiac arrest with an odds ratio (OR) of 90 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 32–251, septicemia (OR 6.1, CI 3.3–11.3), acute myocardial infarction (OR 5.7, CI 2.3–14.3), acute renal failure (OR 5.0, CI 2.3–11.0), surgical complications after a procedure (OR 3.1, CI 2.0–4.9), and reoperation for bleeding (OR 2.2, CI 1.1–4.8). The population-attributable risk for in-hospital mortality was 47% for cardiac arrest and 27% for acute renal failure. Conclusions. In abdominal aortic surgery on patients in Maryland, the rates of some complications vary widely and are independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality and hospital charges (charges differ from costs). Efforts to reduce these complications should help to decrease both levels.
Traumatic internal carotid artery aneurysm with rupture into the sphenoid sinus

A case of cavernous-internal carotid artery aneurysm with delayed rupture into the sphenoid sinus is presented, and the literature reviewed. We stress important diagnostic features such as epistaxis, which may require emergent use of epistaxis balloon catheters. Cervical carotid ligation and intracranial clipping of the internal carotid artery proximal to the ophthalmic artery controlled the bleeding and resulted in no neurologic sequelae.
Modeling the transport and inactivation of E. coli and enterococci in the near-shore region of Lake Michigan.

To investigate the transport and fate of fecal pollution at Great Lakes beaches and the health risks associated with swimming, the near-shore waters of Lake Michigan and two tributaries discharging into it were examined for bacterial indicators of human fecal pollution. The enterococcus human fecal pollution marker, which targets a putative virulence factorthe enterococcal surface protein (esp) in Enterococcus faecium, was detected in 2/28 samples (7%) in the tributaries draining into Lake Michigan and in 6/30 samples (20%) in Lake Michigan beaches. This was indicative of human fecal pollution being transported in the tributaries and occurrence at Lake Michigan beaches. To understand the relative importance of different processes influencing pollution transport and inactivation, a finite-element model of surf-zone hydrodynamics (coupled with models for temperature, E. coli and enterococci) was used. Enterococci appear to survive longer than E. coli, which was described using an overall first-order inactiv...
Effect on tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) on hematocrit values in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1. Anesthesia of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) with 70 ppm tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) for 3–9 min resulted in a linear increase in hematocrit. 2. Handling of unanesthetized trout caused a higher and more variable hematocrit reading than did exposure to MS-222 for up to 3 min. 3. The range and standard error of hematocrit readings was smallest in trout treated with MS-222 for 1 min.
Unusual luminescence from uranyl nitrate

Temperature-induced luminescence was observed from uranyl nitrate hexahydrate crystals. Flashes of green light were detected when the crystal was cooled with liquid nitrogen and also when the cooled crystal was allowed to return to room temperature. They mostly occurred between 77 and 100 K. More and stronger flashes were observed during cooling. The intensities of these flashes and the temperatures of the crystal were recorded and plotted. The intensity-temperature plots were different for the cooling and warming cycles of the same crystal and other crystals. The characteristics of the temperature-induced luminescence were compared to those of fluorescence and triboluminescence.
Electrostatic modulation by ionic aggregates: charge transfer transitions in solutions of lithium perchlorate-diethyl ether.

The ionic environment within solutions of lithium perchlorate−diethyl ether (LPDE) was probed by utilizing the extraordinary spectral shifts these media impart on various nitroanilines at 25 °C. Th...
720 COMMUNICATION SKILIS AMONG UNSELECTED XXY BOYS

Previous studies of XXY boys from biased sources of ascertainment have suggested a risk for communication disorders, and ongoing longitudinal prospective studies of unselected XXY boys have demonstrated early lags in speech development. This study compares the communication skills of a group of 14 unselected XXY boys ascertained during a neonatal screening survey with a group of 15 normal control boys, matched for age, grade, performance IQ, birth weight, parental age and education, parity and socioeconomic status. Although the XXY group did not significantly differ from the control group in performance IQ, they did demonstrate a significant reduction in verbal IQ (p≤0.001), which resulted in a reduced full scale IQ (p≤0.01). The reduction in verbal IQ was correlated with significant reductions in auditory processing abilities, auditory memory, and expressive language. Of particular interest was the demonstration of word-finding difficulties and problems in the use of syntax as major factors in the expressive language deficit. Except for difficulties with syntax, receptive language skills were relatively normal. These results suggest that left-hemisphere-based difficulty in serial order processing may be associated with the XXY anomaly, as compared with right-hemisphere deficits in spatial processing that have been associated with XO Turner syndrome.
PHASE DIAGRAM OF DISORDERED VORTICES FROM LONDON LANGEVIN SIMULATIONS

We study the phase diagram of vortex matter in disordered type-II superconductors. We performed numerical simulations in the London Langevin approximation, using a new realistic representation of the disorder. At low magnetic fields we find a disentangled and dislocation free Bragg-glass regime. Increasing the field introduces disorder-driven entanglement in a discontinuous manner, leading to a vortex-glass phase, which subsequently melts into the vortex liquid. The obtained phase boundaries are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data.
Endotracheal intubation by paramedics during in-hospital CPR.

Study objective To examine whether well-trained paramedics can perform emergent, successful, uncomplicated, endotracheal intubations during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Design Retrospective review of medical records of in-patients undergoing emergent, endotracheal intubations during in-hospital, CPR over 8 months, with comparison of the performance of the paramedics against that of other hospital-based personnel. Setting A 437-bed Midwestern community teaching hospital. Patients Adult in-patients in general medical/surgical wards. Main outcome measures The rapidity of response of paramedics and other medical personnel to a cardiorespiratory arrest (code 4) announcement, and reported difficulties, success rate, rapidity, and complications of endotracheal intubation. Results In the 47 cardiorespiratory arrests requiring intubation that we analyzed, the median response times (with values in parentheses representing interquartile range [IQR]) for paramedics, nurse anesthetists (CR-NAs), anesthesiologists, and other physicians respectively, were 2.00 (4.25), 4.00 (2.0), 4.00 (15.0), and 7.00 (8.0) min, requiring a median of 1.0 attempt for all groups (mean values, 1.4, 1.125, 1.0, and 1.4 respectively) to place an endotracheal tube. The paramedics were successful in 13 of 15 instances. Median times (seconds) required for intubation by various groups (same order as response times, with IQR given in parentheses) were 60 (30), 150 (270), 45 (30), and 60 (30). Difficulties were reported by all groups, including patients' resistance to intubation, airway obstruction by extraneous material, and difficulty in visualizing the glottis. Reported complications (4%) were confined to groups other than the paramedics. Conclusions Paramedics can successfully, and without undue difficulty or complications, place endotracheal tubes during in-hospital CPR. Appropriately trained paramedics may be incorporated into hospital-based CPR teams in two contexts: (1) to provide an acceptable, long-term solution to the scarcity of personnel highly skilled in endotracheal tube placement during in-hospital CPR, and (2) to fulfill the need for hospitals to have on-site, qualified professionals to perform emergent endotracheal intubation during CPR. In the latter situation, personnel skilled in airway management could supplement the paramedics on demand. Further investigation in this area could be fruitful in view of the small sample size covered in this study.