cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverse State Reconstruction for Sampled Microarchitectural Simulation

For simulation, a tradeoff exists between speed and accuracy. The more instructions simulated from the workload, the more accurate the results - but at a higher cost. To reduce processor simulation times, a variety of techniques have been introduced. Statistically sampled simulation is one method that mitigates the cost of simulation while retaining high accuracy. A contiguous group of instructions, called a cluster, is simulated and then a fast type of simulation is used to skip to the next group. As instructions are skipped, non-sampling bias is introduced and must be removed for accurate measurements to be taken. In this paper, the reverse state reconstruction warm-up method is introduced. While skipping between clusters, the data necessary for reconstruction are recorded. Later, these data are scanned in reverse order so that processor state can be approximated without functionally applying every skipped instruction. By trading storage for speed, the proposed method introduces the concept of on-demand state reconstruction for sampled simulations. Using this technique, the method isolates ineffectual instructions from the skipped instructions without the use of profiling. Compared to SMARTS, reverse state reconstruction achieves a maximum and average speedup ratio of 2.45 and 1.64, respectively, with minimal sacrifice to accuracy (less than 0.3%)
Autologous tumor derived gp96 evokes a tumor specific immune response in recurrent glioma patients that correlates with clinical response to therapy

C274 Autologous tumor derived gp96 has been associated with tumor specific immune responses and clinical efficacy in some cancer patients. Here we report the immunomintoring results of a Phase I investigator initiated clinical trial in which recurrent high grade glioma patients were treated with autologous gp-96. Twelve patients with recurrent glioma underwent surgical resection and vaccination with autologous gp-96. Patient peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were isolated prior to tumor resection, at the time of the first vaccination and at later vaccination time points. Levels of circulating regulatory T cells, NK and CD8 T cells were documented with flow cytometry. In addition, PBLs isolated at the time of the final vaccination were restimulated in vitro with recombinant gp96 or autologous vaccine. Innate (NK) and adaptive (CD8) immune responses were documented and compared to pre-vaccination time points. All patients (12/12) demonstrated a significant increase in innate immunity when comparing final vaccination to pre-vaccination activity (P
Modeling steady-state inert gas exchange in the canine trachea.

The functional dependence between tracheal gas exchange and tracheal blood flow has been previously reported using six inert gases (sulfur hexafluoride, ethane, cyclopropane, halothane, ether, and acetone) in a unidirectionally ventilated (1 ml/s) canine trachea (J. E. Souders, S. C. George, N. L. Polissar, E. R. Swenson, and M. P. Hlastala. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 918-928, 1995). To understand the relative contribution of perfusion-, diffusion- and ventilation-related resistances to airway gas exchange, a dynamic model of the bronchial circulation has been developed and added to the existing structure of a previously described model (S. C. George, A. L. Babb, and M. P. Hlastala. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 2439-2449, 1993). The diffusing capacity of the trachea (in ml gas.s-1.atm-1) was used to optimize the fit of the model to the experimental data. The experimental diffusing capacities as predicted by the model in a 10-cm length of trachea are as follows: sulfur hexafluoride, 0.000055; ethane, 0.00070; cyclopropane, 0.0046; halothane, 0.029; ether, 0.10; and acetone, 1.0. The diffusing capacities are reduced relative to an estimated diffusing capacity. The ratio of experimental to estimated diffusing capacity ranges from 4 to 23%. The model predicts that over the ventilation-to-tracheal blood flow range (10-700) attained experimentally, tracheal gas exchange is limited primarily by perfusion- and diffusion-related resistances. However, the contribution of the ventilation-related resistance increases with increasing gas solubility and cannot be neglected in the case of acetone. The increased role of diffusion in tracheal gas exchange contrasts with perfusion-limited alveolar exchange and is due primarily to the increased thickness of the bronchial mucosa.
What Public Finance Measures Do State Constitutions Allow

The author looks at the role of state constitutions in guiding, empowering, and constraining state and local governments' decisions concerning revenues and expenditures. For instance, uniformity clauses in state constitutions have not been clear, the author says. They have produced, more than anything else, confusion and litigation, he writes.
Calvarium thinning in patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the thickness of the calvarium in patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. STUDY DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. PATIENTS: Those with a confirmed spontaneous CSF leak compared to non-obese (body mass index, BMI < 30) and obese (BMI ≥ 30) cochlear implant (CI) control groups. All patients had to have temporal bone CT scans that fit specified criteria. INTERVENTION: Bilateral volumetric analysis of the squamous temporal bone and the zygoma in all patients. Assessment of patient age, sex, BMI, and medical comorbidities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Assessment of the average thickness of the squamous temporal bone and zygoma compared to control groups. RESULTS: The average BMI of patients with spontaneous CSF leaks was significantly higher than non-obese CI controls (43.73 ± 9.19 vs. 24.60 ± 3.10; P < 0.0001). The calvarium in patients with spontaneous CSF leaks was 23% thinner than both non-obese CI controls (3.29 ± 0.68 vs. 4.25 ± 0.58; P < 0.0001) and obese CI controls (3.29 ± 0.68 vs. 4.27 ± 0.68; P < 0.0001). In addition, the skull thickness of obese CI patients (body mass index, BMI = 37.34 ± 6.1) was not significantly different from non-obese CI controls (4.27 ± 0.68 vs. 4.25 ± 0.58; P = 0.92). The extracranial zygoma was not significantly different among the three groups (ANOVA = 0.9). In our study groups, 5.8% of both CI control groups had the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), whereas 46.2% of the spontaneous CSF leak patients presented with the diagnosis of OSA. CONCLUSION: Patients with spontaneous CSF leak are more likely to be obese, have the diagnosis of OSA, and show thinning of their entire calvarium that is independent of BMI. These data suggest an additional obesity-associated intracranial process contributes to skull thinning.
Formation and Reactivity of Gold Carbene Complexes in the Gas Phase

A series of ligated gold(I) carbenes (where the ligand is Ph3P, Me2S, or an N-heterocyclic carbene, NHC) were formed in the gas phase by a variety of methods. Gold(I) benzylidenes could be formed using Chen’s method of dissociating an appropriate phosphorus ylide precursor. The resulting carbene undergoes an addition reaction with olefins to give an adduct. The adduct undergoes a second gas-phase reaction with an olefin, where presumably a cyclopropanation product is displaced by the second olefin molecule. Both steps in the process were analyzed with linear free energy relationships (i.e., Hammett plots). Under collision-induced dissociation conditions, the adduct undergoes competing processes: (1) dissociation of the cyclopropanation product to give ligated gold(I) species and (2) metathesis to give a more stable gold(I) carbene. Attempts to form less stable gold(I) carbenes in the gas phase by Chen’s approach or by reactions of diazo species with the ligated gold(I) cations were not successful—processe...
Production system-based model for defining economic thresholds in preweaner beef cattle, Bos taurus, infested with the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae).

The relationship between rate of weight gain in preweaner beef cattle, Bos taurus (L.), and numbers of feeding female lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), was used, with estimates of cost of tick control, to identify economic thresholds. An average of 26, 30, and 38 feeding female ticks per calf during a 100-day period caused damage equivalent to cost of control when the acaricides toxaphene-lindane, dioxathion, and stirofos, respectively, were applied at 100 day intervals.
Density functional study of the adsorption of a C 60 monolayer on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces

Large-scale density functional calculations have been applied to investigate thoroughly the energetics and electronic structure of a ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ monolayer adsorbed on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces in the $(2\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\sqrt{3})R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ phase. Various molecular orientations and adsorption sites have been examined. We find that the most energetically preferred adsorption configuration corresponds to a hexagon of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ aligned parallel to the surface and centered on an hcp site, which gives an adsorption energy of -1.5 eV and -1.2 eV on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces, respectively. Analysis of the electron density difference and density of states indicates that the interaction between ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and the noble metal surfaces is primarily covalent, with some ionic character [a small amount of electronic charge transfer of 0.5 and 0.2 electrons per molecule from the Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces to ${\mathrm{C}}_{60},$ respectively]. This picture is in contrast with the common notion developed from experiments that the interaction between ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and noble metal surfaces is mostly ionic. We also find that the work function increases by 0.1 eV on the Ag(111) surface and decreases by 0.6 eV on the Au(111) surface upon adsorption of a ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ monolayer, in good agreement with the experimental data. The opposite change of the work function on the two noble metal surfaces is explained well by examining multiple surface dipole formation in the interface region.
Phenylketonuria VIII. Relation between age, serum phenylalanine level, and phenylpyruvic acid excretion.

Summary1. The excretion of phenylpyruvic acid by patients with phenylketonuria is roughly proportional to their fasting serum phenylalanine levels. Phenylpyruvic acid is not detectable in urine of patients with serum levels below 15 mg% phenylalanine. 2. Children less than 3 years old frequently show much higher serum levels of phenylalanine than older patients. 3. The incidence of known phenylketonuria in Utah during the past 10 years has been 1 in 20,400 births.
Identification of functional TTF-1 and Sp1/Sp3 sites in the upstream promoter region of rabbit SP-B gene

Surfactant protein B (SP-B) is essential for the maintenance of biophysical properties and physiological function of pulmonary surfactant. SP-B mRNA is expressed in a cell type-restricted manner in...
IMPS-26HARNESSING THE MYELOID CHECKPOINT CD47-SIRPa AXIS AGAINST ADULT AND PEDIATRIC MALIGNANT BRAIN TUMORS: A NOVEL IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC MODALITY

INTRODUCTION: Adult and pediatric brain tumors are among the most fatal cancers known with limited treatment options. One of the key tumor features facilitating its growth and progression is evading the immune system. Recent data suggests that the interaction between the cell surface antigen CD47 and its binding partner SIRPα is a mechanism by which non-solid and solid tumors can evade the innate immune system. Here, we show that disrupting the interaction of this anti-phagocytic surface protein, CD47 with its interacting partner on macrophages (SIRPa) induces the macrophages to 'eat and kill' brain cancer cells through modulating the innate immune system. METHODS: CD47 expression was evaluated on surgical patient and post-mortem samples from different brain tumor: Adult and pediatric Glioblastoma, Oligodendroglioma, DIPG, Medulloblastoma, Ependymoma, ATRT, PNET tissue samples were analyzed for CD47 expression. Using a novel humanized anti-CD47 monocloncal antibody we tested whether blocking CD47- SIRPα interaction induces phagocytosis. Orthotopic patient derived xenograft models were treated them with the humanized anti-CD47 mAb. Additionally, we tested the effect of huCD47-Ab antibody on normal neural cells. The ability of blocking the CD47-SIRPa axis to enhance the therapeutic response of available clinical monoclonal antibodies was also tested. RESULTS: CD47 expression was upregulated in all tumor types and was present in >90% of the cells in high-grade tumors. Blocking the CD47- SIRPα interaction increased phagocytosis by macrophages in tumor but not on normal neural cells. Systemic treatment with anti-CD47 antibody significantly reduced tumor burden and enhanced survival. NHP studies show that the huCD47 antibody can be administered safely at potentially therapeutic serum levels. CONCLUSION: Anti-CD47 therapy is a viable and effective treatment modality for human high-grade brain tumors. Currently a Phase I study is ongoing to evaluate its safety in patients with non-CNS tumors to be followed by safety in patients with CNS malignancies
Control Effect on Occupational Hazards of A Denitrification Catalyst Production Base

Objective To clear occupational hazard factors in a construction project,to analyze hazard degree and its influence to workers,to evaluate the effects of the equipment on occupational hazard control and to suggest occupational health control measures.Methods The comprehensive evaluation was conducted by field investigation,health detection,occupational physical examination and checking the table methods.Results Ammonia,methanol,and mangaese dioxide were detected in 36 samples from 5 production sites,and dust(including dust of titanium dioxide,glass fiber) was detected in 51 samples from 7 production sites,and the results all did not exceed the occupational limit.Production noise was detected in 18 production sites,and 2 sites(91.3 dB and 97.07dB)exceeded the standard.Conclusion All kinds of occupational hazard prevention measures in this construction project were essentially effective,and its control effect could reach the requirements of occupational health relevant national standards after improving prevention measures.
Effective crossbreeding systems utilizing Zebu cattle.

The basic objectives and procedures for successful crossbreeding of beef cattle were considered, with special reference to the levels of realized hybrid vigor that might be anticipated for different crossbreeding programs involving the American Brahman (Z1) and European (Ej) breeds. Intralocus heterozygosis levels with respect to breed origin of genes (breed heterozygosis) were computed for various crossbreeding systems. These values were weighted by approximate relative F1 heterosis levels for different breed combinations (1.0 for Z1Ej and .3 for E1E2) to yield the estimated relative hybrid vigor levels for total performance in alternative crossbreeding systems. The estimated average maternal heterosis levels for the various systems, were respectively 0, 33, 67, 66, 50, 54 and 49% for production of F1 (EZ) calves, three-breed terminal cross calves, two-breed-of-sire (E1--Z1) rotation crosses, three-breed-of-sire (Z1--E1--E2) rotation crosses, two-breed (Z X E) synthetics, three-breed (Z1 X E1E2) synthetics and four-breed (Z1E1 X E2E3) synthetics. The respective values for calf heterosis levels were 50, 57, 67, 66, 50, 54 and 49%. Successful crossbreeding requires (1) the choice of appropriate breed combinations for the environment and production system management programs to support the increased production potential or crossbred cattle.
The Evaluation of Urinary Protein Patterns in a Stone-Forming Animal Model using Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

AbstractThe exact role of urinary proteins in kidney stone formation remains an area of controversy. Some investigators believe that urinary proteins are selectively incorporated within urinary calculi and as such have an active role in stone formation. Other investigators believe that urinary proteins are nonspecifically adsorbed into urinary crystals and thus have only a passive role in stone formation.In the current investigation a previously described stone-forming animal model (hyperoxaluric rat) was utilized along with an animal model for renal tubular injury (gentamicin nephrotoxicity) in an effort to clarify the role of urinary proteins in kidney stone formation. Urine specimens were collected before and after the induction of stone formation and after the induction of renal tubular injury. The purified proteins from each urine specimen were separated in two dimensions by electrophoresis resulting in a characteristic “map” of protein spots for each urine specimen.All animals in the stone-forming g...
Strategic Composition and Enrichment of the Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter at Mitochondria-SR Associations Creates Hotspots for Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in the Cardiac Muscle

The bioenergetic fueling of cardiac muscle activity is tuned by Ca2+ signals propagated from SR to the mitochondrial matrix (excitation-bioenergetics coupling). Effective activation of the low-affinity mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (mtCU) is promoted by high [Ca2+] nanodomains where SR is tethered to mitochondria. Cardiac mitochondria have very large inner membrane (IMM) surface with extensive cristae folding but their mtCU current density is reportedly extremely low. We hypothesized that efficient excitation-bioenergetics coupling would require biased mtCU activity towards mitochondria-SR associations by mtCU being there more abundant and/or more efficient. To this end, we first analyzed the submitochondrial distribution of mtCU's pore protein, MCU in rat and mouse heart. Immunofluorescence (IF) in cells showed significant non-mitochondrial crossreactions; hence, we performed IF on mitochondria isolated from cardiac muscle (mtIF). mtIF showed 50% of punctate MCU positive structures colocalized with type-2 ryanodine receptor, suggesting a location bias to mitochondria-SR associations. Further, in submitochondrial membrane fractions MCU and the SR marker calsequestrin were both enriched with the inner-outer membrane contact points. Mitochondrial membranes in the SR fraction (MMSR) harbored as high concentrations of MCU as the crude mitochondria and much higher levels of the essential MCU regulator EMRE. Gel-filtration analysis showed size profiles of non-denaturing detergent-solubilized MCU- vs. EMRE-containing complexes largely overlapping in the SR fraction, while revealed MCU containing complexes without EMRE in the crude mitochondria. Finally, Ca2+ flux assays revealed more efficient mtCU-mediated Ca2+ uptake by the MMSR than the crude mitochondria. Our data thus suggest a distribution bias in the mtCU channel components over the cardiac IMM, turning mitochondria-SR interfaces to Ca2+ uptake ‘hotspots’ harboring all-EMRE-supported MCU while leaving other IMM areas less responsive to Ca2+ owing to EMRE-less mtCUs.
Tropical gravity waves and superclusters simulated by high-horizontal-resolution SKYHI general circulation models

Tropical gravity waves and superclusters simulated by 40-level GFDL SKYHI general circulation model experiments with higher horizontal resolutions (0.6° longitude × 0.72° latitude) and (1.0° × 1.20) are compared with those simulated by a lower-resolution (3.0° × 3.6°) experiment. Results indicated that simulated precipitational heating appears to excite tropical gravity waves. At higher resolutions, precipitation is more confined in space and time, resulting in a broader wavenumber-frequency spectral distribution. Grid-scale precipitation, which is thought to mimic the precipitation associated with cloud clusters, is organized into larger-scale superclusters. The westward propagation of cloud clusters and eastward propagation of superclusters can be more clearly seen in the high-resolution experiments. The high-resolution (0.6° × 0.72°) model indicates that the lower-stratospheric gravity-wave momentum flux is dominated by high-frequency components having periods shorter than one day. This flux doubles as the resolution is increased from (3.0° × 3.6°) to (0.6° × 0.72°). It is speculated that a further increase in both the horizontal and vertical resolutions could substantially enhance the gravity-wave momentum flux convergence, thus forcing a stronger quasi-biennial oscillation.
Thermodynamic analysis of brine management methods: Zero-discharge desalination and salinity-gradient power production

Abstract Growing desalination capacity worldwide has made management of discharge brines an increasingly urgent environmental challenge. An important step in understanding how to choose between different brine management processes is to study the energetics of these processes. In this paper, we analyze two different ways of managing highly saline brines. The first method is complete separation with production of salts (i.e., zero-discharge desalination or ZDD). Thermodynamic limits of the ZDD process were calculated. This result was applied to the state-of-the-art industrial ZDD process to quantify how close these systems are to the thermodynamic limit, and to compare the energy consumption of the brine concentration step to the crystallization step. We conclude that the brine concentration step has more potential for improvement compared to the crystallization step. The second brine management method considered is salinity-gradient power generation through pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO), which utilizes the brine's high concentration to produce useful work while reducing its concentration by mixing the brine with a lower salinity stream in a controlled manner. We model the PRO system coupled with a desalination system using a detailed numerical optimization, which resulted in about 0.42 kW h/m 3 of energy saving.
The Role of the Brain–Gut–Microbiome in Mental Health and Mental Disorders

Abstract Better tools for studying the gut and microbiome have improved our understanding of the ways in which the gut microbiota affect brain function (through direct release of humoral messengers, through the actions on the gut and the enteric nervous system, and through the immune system). The microbiome is also affected by the brain, the immune system, and the enteric nervous system and the gut. One can consider the immune system, the brain, the enteric nervous system, and the microbiota as four control arms of behavior in a superorganism made up of both the animal cells and the microbial colony. Animal models and increasingly human studies suggest a role for the microbiome in several human diseases. Mood disorders, autism, and schizophrenia all have possible relationships with the microbiome. This chapter reviews some of the current examples of the complex interaction between microorganisms and animal host behavior and pathology.
Abstract MP006: A Feasible and Effective Mobile Health Weight Loss Lifestyle Intervention for Filipinos With Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: Filipino Americans have the highest prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to Asian American subgroups placing them at high risk for cardiometabolic disease. Effective interventions are needed to reduce these health disparities. Mobile health (mHealth) weight loss lifestyle interventions have been effective in reducing cardiometabolic risks, but are untested among Filipinos, particularly with T2D. As prolific users of digital technology, Filipinos are ideal candidates for mHealth lifestyle interventions. Therefore, we conducted the PilAm Go4Health intervention study - a culturally adapted weight loss lifestyle intervention using mobile technology to reduce cardiometabolic risks among Filipinos with T2D. Objective: To demonstrate intervention feasibility and potential efficacy. Hypothesis: 1) participant retention rate will be greater than 80%; 2) Compared to the control, intervention group will have significantly greater reduction in: % weight loss, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1; and greater increase in step-counts. Methods: Two-arm (intervention +active control groups) RCT compared a 3-month intervention (Fitbit accelerometer +mHealth app/diary +Facebook group) and control (Fitbit accelerometer). N=45 overweight Filipino adults with T2D were recruited from Northern California communities. Between group differences from baseline to 3-months were analyzed using: 1) multilevel regression for within-person change in weight and step-counts using a nonparametric bias-corrected bootstrapped 95% CI for the multilevel models, and 2) T-tests, ANOVA for waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c (significance =p<0.05, 2-sided). Cohen’s d was used for effect size analyses. Results: Randomized N=45 Filipinos (intervention =22 and control =23). Mean age was 58±10 years, 62% women, and retention rate=100%. There was significantly greater reduction in the intervention group compared to the control for: % weight (2.3% greater decrease, d=0.46); waist circumference (-2.68cm; d= 0.88); and fasting plasma glucose (-18.52mg/dl; d= -0.86). HbA1c group difference was not significant (-0.34%; p< 0.19). Step-counts significantly increased in the intervention group compared to control (3432 steps at endpoint; d=1.44). Conclusion: PilAm Go4Health intervention demonstrated excellent feasibility in recruitment and retention, and potential efficacy for reducing cardiometabolic risks in Filipinos with T2D. Results warrant further testing of this lifestyle intervention that may support translation to other at-risk diverse populations living with T2D.
A Survey of Reporting Practices of Computer Simulation Studies in Statistical Research

ABSTRACTComputer simulation studies represent an important tool for investigating processes difficult or impossible to study using mathematical theory or real data. Hoaglin and Andrews recommended these studies be treated as statistical sampling experiments subject to established principles of design and data analysis, but the survey of Hauck and Anderson suggested these recommendations had, at that point in time, generally been ignored. We update the survey results of Hauck and Anderson using a sample of studies applying simulation methods in statistical research to assess the extent to which the recommendations of Hoaglin and Andrews and others for conducting simulation studies have been adopted. The important role of statistical applications of computer simulation studies in enhancing the reproducibility of scientific findings is also discussed. The results speak to the state of the art and the extent to which these studies are realizing their potential to inform statistical practice and a program of s...
Risk and Prognosis of Acute Liver Injury Among Hospitalized Patients with Hemodynamic Instability: A Nationwide Analysis.

Risk and Prognosis of Acute Liver Injury Among Hospitalized Patients with Hemodynamic Instability: A Nationwide Analysis Introduction and aim. Critically ill patients in states of circulatory failure are at risk of acute liver injury, from mild elevations in aminotransferases to substantial rises consistent with hypoxic hepatitis or "shock liver". The present study aims to quantify the national prevalence of acute liver injury in patients with hemodynamic instability, identify risk factors for its development, and determine predictors of mortality. Material and methods The 2009-2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample was interrogated using ICD-9-CM codes for hospital admissions involving states of hemodynamic lability. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the risks of acute liver injury and death in patients with baseline liver disease, congestive heart failure, malnutrition, and HIV. Results Of the 2,865,446 patients identified in shock, 4.60% were found to have acute liver injury. A significantly greater proportion of patients with underlying liver disease experienced acute liver injury (22.03%) and death (28.47%) as compared to those without liver disease (3.18% and 18.82%, respectively). The odds of developing acute liver injury were increased in all baseline liver diseases studied, including all-cause cirrhosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as in congestive heart failure and malnutrition. All-cause cirrhosis and alcoholic liver disease, however, conferred the greatest risk. Similar trends were seen with mortality. HIV was not a predictor for acute liver injury. Conclusion Liver injury is a major concern among patients with protracted circulatory instability, especially those suffering from underlying liver disease, heart failure, or malnutrition.
Turing Machines, Recursively Enumerable Languages and Type 0 Grammars

We have seen that a pushdown automaton can carry out computations which are beyond the capability of a finite automaton, which is perhaps the simplest sort of machine able to accept an infinite set of strings. At the other end of the scale of computational power is the Turing machine (after the English mathematician A. M. Turing, who devised them), which can carry out any set of operations which could reasonably be called a computation.
EP News: Case Reports

De Novo Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Patient with Left Ventricular Assist Device
Biological Affinities of the Ancient Egyptians: Old and New Findings

The biological affinities of Nile Valley populations, especially those of ancient Egypt, have long been a topic of interest. Older work often worked from a racial model of human variation. Early and more recent studies have used skeletal remains, especially crania, but post-cranial remains were also used; more recently there have been dental analyses. Some serogenetic studies have been done on mummies, and now DNA has been evaluated as well on a few, for example Ramses II. There have been a few studies on soft parts as well (hair, skin). In terms of discussing Egyptian biogeographical origins the remains of greatest interest are those from Upper (southern) Egypt, since these are associated with the cultural sequence that leads to dynastic Egypt. The methods used to analyse Egyptian remains historically involved both morphological and metrical approaches, with the former falling out of favor as being associated with typology and typological thinking. The conclusions from older analyses were frequently expressed in terms of the received racial schema in one way or another. However by focusing on their data and not their conclusions legitimate insights can be gained about population diversity and insights. All of these analyses suggest a population in an overall sense that emerged in an African context and showing affinities with either groups from immediately south of Egypt, the Western Desert or the Maghreb. There is also evidence of a likely Near Eastern impact. Serogenetic and DNA studies on the modern population of Egypt have value in making inferences about the ancient population when compared with surrounding regions. All of these data will be discussed in a manner to understand biogeography of the ancient Egyptian population, in an effort to understand the indigenous and endogenous populations from an evolutionary and non-"racial" perspective. Some attention will be paid to the history of ideas with a critical review of studies.
Perfectionist Liberalism, Tolerance And American Law

I attempt to show that toleranceis part of the idea of American law: for any legalsystem must incorporate the capacity toaccommodate differences in order to meet theminimal standards necessary to apply a rule. There are multiple forms of tolerance, however, some ofwhich are inconsistent with liberal principles.By examining several lines of jurisprudencerelating to speech and privacy, I show thatAmerican law reflects elements of bothliberalism and conservative communitarianism. I attempt to reconcile these by suggesting they actuallyreflect a perfectionist foundation of liberalautonomy. That is to say, American law doesnot value moral autonomy and reasoned discoursebecause they protect neutrality betweendifferent ideas of the good life: rather, thelaw reflects an idea of the good life that seesmoral autonomy as advancing well being.This perfectionist liberal foundation oftolerance reflects the evolution of Americanlaw. Through slavery, sexism and the controlof erotic speech we see how it expanded theideas of who is capable of rationaldiscourse and what activities incorporatethe exercise of reasoned moral autonomy;and how the law imposes this autonomouscapacity on individuals as the price ofcitizenship, even if they belong to groups whodeny the value of reason or autonomy.
Development of High Reynolds Number Optimal Les Models

The well-known goal of large-eddy simulation (LES) is to simulate high- Reynolds number turbulent flows, without resolving the dissipative scales. This requires a model for the unresolved scales, and the primary challenge of LES is the development of such models. A wide variety of LES models have been used in a range of flows, with varying success (Meneveau and Katz, 2000; Lesieur and Metais, 1996). Recently, a new approach to the development of such models was proposed, called optimal LES. It is based on formal approximations to a well defined ideal LES evolution (Langford and Moser, 1999). The ideal LES has provably good properties, such as correct single-time statistics and minimum variance from the evolution of filtered turbulence, but unfortunately, the ideal LES model is impractical to determine.
Tumor Microenvironment Modulates Immunological Outcomes of Myeloid Cells with mTORC1 Disruption.

The role of the mTOR signaling pathway in different myeloid cell subsets is poorly understood in the context of tumor development. In this study, myeloid cell–specific Raptor knockout (KO) mice were used to determine the roles of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in regulating macrophage function from Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) s.c. tumors and lung tumor metastasis. We found no difference in tumor growth between conditional Raptor KO and control mice in the s.c. tumor models, although depletion of mTORC1 decreased the immunosuppressive function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Despite the decreased immunosuppressive activity of TAM, M1-like TAM differentiation was impaired in the s.c. tumor microenvironment of mTORC1 conditional Raptor KO mice due to downregulated CD115 expression on macrophages. In addition, TNF-α production by mTORC1-deficient myeloid cells was also decreased in the s.c. LLC tumors. On the contrary, disruption of mTORC1 in myeloid cells promoted lung cancer metastasis. Accordingly, immunosuppressive interstitial macrophages/metastasis-associated macrophages (CD11b + F4/80 high ) were accumulated in the lungs of Raptor KO mice in the LLC lung metastasis model, leading to decreased Th1 responses. Taken together, our results demonstrate that differential tumor microenvironment dictates the immunological outcomes of myeloid cells, with mTORC1 disruption leading to different tumor growth phenotypes.
Measured relationship between thermodynamic pressure and refractivity for six candidate gases in laser barometry.

Laser refractometers are approaching accuracy levels where gas pressures in the range 1 Pa < p < 1 MPa inferred by measurements of gas refractivity at a known temperature will be competitive with the best existing pressure standards and sensors. Here, the authors develop the relationship between pressure and refractivity p = c 1 ⋅ ( n − 1 ) + c 2 ⋅ ( n − 1 ) 2 + c 3 ⋅ ( n − 1 ) 3 + ⋯, via measurement at T = 293.1529 ( 13 ) K and λ = 632.9908 ( 2 ) nm for p ≤ 500 kPa. The authors give values of the coefficients c 1 , c 2 , c 3 for six gases: Ne, Ar, Xe, N 2, CO 2, and N 2 O. For each gas, the resulting molar polarizability A R ≡ 2 R T 3 c 1 has a standard uncertainty within 16 × 10 − 6 ⋅ A R. In these experiments, pressure was realized via measurements of helium refractivity at a known temperature: for He, the relationship between pressure and refractivity is known through calculation much more accurately than it can presently be measured. This feature allowed them to calibrate a pressure transducer in situ with helium and subsequently use the transducer to accurately gage the relationship between pressure and refractivity on an isotherm for other gases of interest.
Body mass index restrictions in fertility treatment: a national survey of OB/GYN subspecialists.

To explore the attitudes of reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) and maternal–fetal medicine (MFM) subspecialists regarding the necessity and appropriateness of body mass index (BMI) cutoffs for women seeking fertility treatment. Members of the Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (SREI) and the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine (SMFM) were invited to participate in a survey querying their knowledge of existing institutional or clinic BMI policies and personal opinions regarding upper and lower BMI cutoffs for a range of fertility treatments, including oral ovulation agents, gonadotropins, and in vitro fertilization. Respondents included 398 MFMs and 201 REIs. The majority of REI and MFM providers agreed with upper limit BMI cutoffs (72.5% vs 68.2%, p = 0.29), but REIs were twice as likely to support lower limit BMI restrictions compared to MFMs (56.2% vs 28.4%, p < 0.0001). Those who supported upper BMI restrictions were more likely to be female and report existing institutional BMI cutoffs. The majority of respondents (99.3%) believed that an official statement to guide clinicians should be issued by a national professional organization. Although practice patterns widely vary, the majority of REIs and MFMs believe that there should be a BMI cutoff above which women should not be offered immediate fertility treatment. Furthermore, there is a reported need for a written statement by a national professional organization to guide clinical practice and to ensure that OB/GYN subspecialists are providing consistent, fair, and safe recommendations to infertile women at the extremes of BMI.
Transition Planning for the Senior Surgeon: Guidance and Recommendations From the Society of Surgical Chairs.

Importance Aging is well documented to be associated with declines in cognitive function and psychomotor performance, but only limited guidance is currently available from medical professional societies or regulatory agencies on how to translate these observations into the appropriate monitoring of physician performance. Observations The Society of Surgical Chairs conducted a panel discussion at its 2017 annual meeting and a subsequent survey of its membership in 2018 to develop recommendations for the transitioning of the senior surgeon. Conclusions and Relevance Recommendations include mandatory cognitive and psychomotor testing of surgeons by at least age 65 years, potentially as a component of ongoing professional practice evaluation; career transition discussions with surgeons beginning early in their careers; respectful consideration of the potential financial needs, long-standing work commitments, and work-life concerns of retiring surgeons; and creation of teaching, mentoring or coaching, and/or administrative opportunities for senior surgeons in modified clinical or nonclinical roles. Ideally, these initiatives will catalyze a thoughtful and comprehensive new vista in supporting an aging workforce while ensuring the safety of patients, the efficient management of health care organizations, and the avoidance of unnecessary depletions to a sufficiently sized cadre of physicians with case-specific competencies.
Nutrition and Metabolic Support of the ACS Patient: Understanding Goals and Ways to Achieve Them

Nutritional support for the critically ill emergency general surgery (EGS) patient is a love-hate relationship with most acute care surgeons. Most everyone agrees with the SCCM/ASPEN guideline recommendation to use early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients, but this isn’t always possible when caring for the postoperative EGS patients. These patients often have open abdomens, bowel in discontinuity, and require repeat operations. Additionally, increasingly these patients are surviving their prolonged ICU stays but are now progressing into chronic critical illness (CCI) with dismal long-term outcomes. They experience persistent low-grade inflammation that drives ongoing catabolism, and despite aggressive nutritional support, they lose tremendous lean body mass which contributes their long-term functional disabilities. There are a lot of misconceptions surrounding nutrition supplementation in CCI patients after EGS. Nutritional support of these patients is paramount to their recovery, and a recent stress on anabolic nutrition could prove beneficial for this vulnerable patient population.
Farmers’ Markets and Sustainability Issues: A Review, Assessment and Research Agenda

In the field of marketing, literature on farmers’ markets and sustainability is significantly sparse and limited. There are virtually no published works in established marketing journals except for a few studies published between 1980 and 1993. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 6,132 farmers’ markets existed in the U.S. in 2009 that was a major increase from prior years. Some of the top farmers’ markets include Dane County Farmer’s Market (Madison, Wisconsin), Ferry Plaza Farmers’ Market (California), Union Square Greenmarket (New York City), Boulder County Farmers' Market (Colorado), Portland Farmers’ Market (Oregon), Santa Fe Farmers’ Market (New Mexico), etc. Studies conducted on farmers’ markets and sustainability issues are multifaceted and multidisciplinary in their contents and analysis that encompass many areas of consumption, local farming, niche segments, and exchange patterns. Most of the investigations were conducted in the fields of agriculture, sociology, food sciences, and cultural studies. This exploratory study attempts to bridge the gap by looking at the multidisciplinary issues and literature of farmers’ markets and their relevance to marketing and sustainability issues. The study used online secondary data from the USDA and various Web sites of farmers’ markets. The work employs ten variables and themes to compare and contrast farmers’ markets and their sustainability issues. After conducting content analysis, local characteristics, and thematic and sustainability issues of the top 25 farmers’ markets, preliminary results reveal that locally grown produce is well liked by consumers. At the same time and because of local environments and consumer characteristics, each and every market remains unique in its product offerings, exchange process, tourism, and community involvement. There seems to be a strong interest on the part of local/regional consumers regarding supporting local vendors and their indigenous products. No wonder farmers’ markets are in strong demand and continue to be a growing phenomenon. Basically many farmers’ markets display a ‘carnival-type of atmosphere’ that constantly draws tourists as well as local/regional consumers. Consumer attachment is inherently strong and local pride remains high. This is also the result of niche and indigenous products that are specific to local areas and communities. No two farmers’ markets resembled each other in produce, product offerings, niche segments, market themes, and sustainability areas. The paper’s other objective was to systematically provide a research agenda and managerial implications. Our preliminary findings validate that farmers’ markets are an important part of today’s changing consumer culture. Consumer attachment to farmers’ market is evident in their heightened interest and healthy lifestyles. Marketers need to pay attention to farmers’ markets and sustainability issues that have become major areas in local and regional communities.
Unobserved Component Model for Predicting Monthly Traffic Volume

AbstractTraffic volume prediction plays a critical role in transportation system and infrastructure management. This paper develops the first application of an unobserved component model (UCM) for ...
Pott’s Puffy Tumor

Pott’s puffy tumor was defined by the eighteenth century surgeon Percival Pott as a subperiosteal abscess of the frontal bone.
Rising Mortality From Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease in the United States in the 21st Century.

OBJECTIVES:In contrast with other developed nations, life expectancy is decreasing in the United States, in part due to increasing mortality from alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Up-to-date estimates of ALD mortality are necessary for setting public health priorities to reverse this concernin
Does graft hemodynamics affect the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation

Although experimental studies have reported that hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury promotes tumor growth and metastases, the impact of graft hemodynamics on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT) is unclear. To investigate the association between graft hemodynamics and HCC recurrence after LT, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 279 patients who underwent LT for HCC. Graft hemodynamics including portal vein flow (PVF), hepatic artery flow (HAF), and total hepatic flow (THF) was analyzed as a predictor of HCC recurrence, using competing risk regression analyses. The cutoff values of PVF, HAF, and THF were set at the lower quartile of distribution. A cumulative recurrence curve demonstrated that low THF (<1511 mL/min, P = .005) was significantly associated with increased recurrence, whereas neither low PVF (<1230 mL/min, P = .150) nor low HAF (<164 mL/min, P = .110) was significant. On multivariate analysis, outside Milan criteria (sub-hazard ratio [SHR] = 3.742; P < .001), microvascular invasion (SHR = 3.698; P < .001), and low THF (SHR = 2.359; P = .010) were independently associated with increased HCC recurrence. In conclusion, our findings suggest that graft hemodynamics may play an important role in HCC recurrence after LT.
Validation of ICD-10-CM surveillance codes for traumatic brain injury inpatient hospitalizations.

Objective: Using inpatient data from a 1,160-bed health system, we assessed the positive predictive value (PPV) of ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modi...
Decline in Frequency of Newborn Male Circumcision After Change in Medicaid Coverage Status in Selected States in the United States

ObjectivesMale circumcision is linked to a reduction in the risk of HIV infection, sexually transmitted infections, penile inflammatory skin disorders, cancers, urinary tract infections, and other ...
Some Insights into Electoral Campaigning in the Age of Trump and Beyond

This article examines some aspects of campaign strategies that have risen in importance in twenty-first–century US political competition that are highlighted by the events of January 6, 2021.