cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiplexed Single-cell Metabolic Profiles Organize the Spectrum of Cytotoxic Human T Cells

Summary Cellular metabolism regulates immune cell activation, differentiation and effector functions to the extent that its perturbation can augment immune responses. However, the analytical technologies available to study cellular metabolism lack single-cell resolution, obscuring metabolic heterogeneity and its connection to immune phenotype and function. To that end, we utilized high-dimensional, antibody-based technologies to simultaneously quantify the single-cell metabolic regulome in combination with phenotypic identity. Mass cytometry (CyTOF)-based application of this approach to early human T cell activation enabled the comprehensive reconstruction of the coordinated metabolic remodeling of naive CD8+ T cells and aligned with conventional bulk assays for glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Extending this analysis to a variety of tissue-resident immune cells revealed tissue-restricted metabolic states of human cytotoxic T cells, including metabolically repressed subsets that expressed CD39 and PD1 and that were enriched in colorectal carcinoma versus healthy adjacent tissue. Finally, combining this approach with multiplexed ion beam imaging by time-of-flight (MIBI-TOF) demonstrated the existence of spatially enriched metabolic neighborhoods, independent of cell identity and additionally revealed exclusion of metabolically repressed cytotoxic T cell states from the tumor-immune boundary in human colorectal carcinoma. Overall, we provide an approach that permits the robust approximation of metabolic states in individual cells along with multimodal analysis of cell identity and functional characteristics that can be applied to human clinical samples to study cellular metabolism how it may be perturbed to affect immunological outcomes.
Hypoxia induces de novo formation of cerebral collaterals and lessens the severity of ischemic stroke.

Pial collaterals provide protection in stroke. Evidence suggests their formation late during gestation (collaterogenesis) is driven by reduced oxygen levels in the cerebral watersheds. The purpose ...
Screening results analysis on Down syndrome in 13736 case of middle period pregnancy

Objective To determine serum contents of maternal serum markers including alpha fetoprotein(AFP),chorionic gonadotrophin(HCG)and unconjugated estriol(uE3)in mid-pregnancy women,and explore its clinical value in screening for Down syndrome(DS).Methods ELISA was used to test the concentrations of AFP,HCG and uE3 in maternal serum.The morbidities of DS were calculated base on the results with supported software combining with factors of the maternal age,gestation age and weight.Hereditary consultation was provided for the high-risk pregnant women,amniocentesis was done under their agreements.Each case was followed till one month after the fetus birth.Results 1017 pregnancies among 13736 women of 15 to 20 plus 6 weeks pregnancy were screen positive,728 pregnancies were detected at high risk for DS,138 pregnancies were detected as high risk for open neural tube defects (ONTD),151 pregnancies were detected as high risk for trisomy 18.In the screening positive pregnancies,we found 5 cases of DS,4 cases of trisomy 18,4 cases of hydrocephalus,1 case of dilatation of ventricle,2 cases of DS were found in the screening negative pregnancies.Conclusion The results in this paper indicate that triple screen test for middle period serum of pregnancy women is important for decreasing the birth rate of DS and neural tube defects. Key words: Alpha fetoprotein; Chorionic gonadotrophin; Unconjugated estriol; Down' s syndrome; Prenatal screening
Alexa, Are You Listening?

Smart voice assistants have expanded from personal use in the home to applications in public services and educational spaces. The library and information science (LIS) trade literature suggests that libraries are part of this trend, however there are few empirical studies that explore how libraries are implementing smart voice assistants in their services, and how these libraries are mitigating the potential patron data privacy issues posed by these technologies. This study fills this gap by reporting on the results of a national survey that documents how libraries are integrating voice assistant technologies (e.g., Amazon Echo, Google Home) into their services, programming, and checkout programs. The survey also surfaces some of the key privacy concerns of library workers in regard to implementing voice assistants in library services. We find that although voice assistant use might not be mainstreamed in library services in high numbers (yet), libraries are clearly experimenting with (and having internal conversations with their staff about) using these technologies. The responses to our survey indicate that library workers have many savvy privacy concerns about the use of voice assistants in library services that are critical to address in advance of library institutions riding the wave of emerging technology adoption. This research has important implications for developing library practices, policies, and education opportunities that place patron privacy as a central part of digital literacy in an information landscape characterized by ubiquitous smart surveillant technologies.
Nuvo v. Dr. Reddy and the Patentability of Prophetic Pharmaceutical Inventions Based on Unexplained Inventive Insight

In Nuvo v. Dr. Reddy, decided in 2019, the Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit invoked the written description requirement to invalidate patent claims reciting a prophetic pharmaceutical invention that was purportedly based solely on the “inventive insight” of the named inventor, with no experimental data or other non-prior art information supporting its efficacy. To my knowledge, this is the first time the Federal Circuit has invoked the written description requirement in this context and for this purpose. On prior occasions, the court has invoked the utility and/or enablement requirements to invalidate claims of this type, perhaps most notably in the Federal Circuit’s controversial 2009 decision in In re '318 Patent Infringement Litig. Although the Nuvo court could have arrived at the same outcome by invoking the utility and/or enablement requirement, as was done in In re '318 Patent, there is something to be said for the analytic clarity provided by its decision to instead invoke the written description requirement. The written description requirement explicitly requires that the patent specification convey to the skilled artisan that the inventor was in possession of the invention as of the filing date, and if the sole basis for the inventor’s assertion of possession is “inventive insight,” unsupported by any external data or analytic reasoning, then it can be reasonably argued that the specification conveys nothing more than the inventor’s hope that the invention will work. This Article considers the patentability of prophetic pharmaceutical inventions, wherein the asserted efficacy is based solely on the purported inventive insight of the named inventor, but the rationale behind the insight is not explained in the patent application as filed.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a proliferation of Langerhans cells characterized by distinctive cytologic features and expression of CD1a, S100, and langerin (CD207). Langerhans cells, named after Paul Langerhans (Germany, 1847–1888), are special antigen-presenting dendritic cells of bone marrow derivation found in the stratified epithelium of the epidermis, cornea, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and uterine cervix. Langerhans cells contain the characteristic ultramicroscopic Birbeck granule, a tennis racket-shaped cytoplasmic structure. Proliferative lesions of Langerhans cells are clinically and biologically heterogeneous, and span a wide spectrum of pathologies ranging from reversible reactive-like conditions to bona fide high-grade malignancies. Most cases of LCH are monoclonal as shown by using the X-linked androgen receptor gene assay (HUMARA); however, a subset of adult patients who are often regular tobacco smokers have nonclonal pulmonary LCH that may be reversible by cessation of smoking. Many names were previously used to refer to LCH, including histiocytosis X, eosinophilic granuloma, Hand–Schuller–Christian disease and Letterer-Siwe disease as well as LCH.
A Comparison of Time to Treatment between an Emergency Department Focused Stroke Protocol and Mobile Stroke Units.

Background: San Francisco (California USA) is a relatively compact city with a population of 884,000 and nine stroke centers within a 47 square mile area. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) transport distances and times are short and there are currently no Mobile Stroke Units (MSUs). Methods: This study evaluated EMS activation to computed tomography (CT [EMS-CT]) and EMS activation to thrombolysis (EMS-TPA) times for acute stroke in the first two years after implementation of an emergency department (ED) focused, direct EMS-to-CT protocol entitled “Mission Protocol” (MP) at a safety net hospital in San Francisco and compared performance to published reports from MSUs. The EMS times were abstracted from ambulance records. Geometric means were calculated for MP data and pooled means were similarly calculated from published MSU data. Results: From July 2017 through June 2019, a total of 423 patients with suspected stroke were evaluated under the MP, and 166 of these patients were either ultimately diagnosed with ischemic stroke or were treated as a stroke but later diagnosed as a stroke mimic. The EMS and treatment time data were available for 134 of these patients with 61 patients (45.5%) receiving thrombolysis, with mean EMS-CT and EMS-TPA times of 41 minutes (95% CI, 39-43) and 63 minutes (95% CI, 57-70), respectively. The pooled estimates for MSUs suggested a mean EMS-CT time of 35 minutes (95% CI, 27-45) and a mean EMS-TPA time of 48 minutes (95% CI, 39-60). The MSUs achieved faster EMS-CT and EMS-TPA times (P <.0001 for each). Conclusions: In a moderate-sized, urban setting with high population density, MP was able to achieve EMS activation to treatment times for stroke thrombolysis that were approximately 15 minutes slower than the published performance of MSUs.
Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: an immunophenotypic appraisal of 12 cases

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the potential role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) and to determine cell proliferative activity and p53 abnormalities in these rare variants of cervical cancer with the propensity for late recurrence, metastasis, and overall favorable prognosis. Methods: Twelve cases of PSCC were diagnosed between 1990 and 1998. Formalin-fixed paraffin sections of each tumor were stained by standard ABC immunoperoxidase method using antibodies to p53 gene product (CM-10) and Ki-67 (MIB-1). In situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction for HPV common DNA (ENZO) was used to detect DNA shared by most genital HPV-16. The nuclear reactions for HPV and p53 were recorded as either negative or positive. Staining for Ki-67 was graded as minimal ( 50%). Results: The average age of the patients was 46. Eight patients presented with stage IB1 tumor (67%), three patients with stage IA1 tumor (25%), and one patient with stage IIIA tumor (8%). Three tumors (25%) showed nuclear accumulation of p53. Moderate and high proliferative activity was observed in four (33%) and eight (66%), respectively. No HPV DNA was detected by in situ hybridization, yet 50% were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Eleven patients (92%) were alive as of last contact with a mean follow-up of 15 months (range, 5 days–84 months). Conclusions: PSCCs of the uterine cervix are proliferatively active tumors. They differ from the usual squamous cell carcinomas by the low rate of HPV DNA incorporation into genome and p53 gene abnormality. These phenotypic and genotypic differences may explain the more benign clinical course of PSCC, compared with the typical cervical squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix.
Frequency and Risk Factors for Metastasis in Newly Diagnosed Appendiceal Carcinoma

Background Appendiceal carcinoma has an insidious clinical presentation, and these tumors are rarely suspected prior to surgery, potentially leading to late diagnosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of metastatic disease at initial presentation and potentially associated sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Patients were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology-3 (ICD-O-3) histology/behavior codes between 2010 and 2015. Firth logistic regression was performed to determine the association of metastasis at presentation with tumor subtype, adjusted for age, race, sex, insurance and marital status, tumor grade, and tumor and nodal stage using the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. Results We identified a total of 3,447 patients with known metastatic status. A total of 38.4% had metastatic disease at diagnosis. Compared to colonic-type adenocarcinoma (CA), mucinous adenocarcinoma (MA) and signet ring cell carcinoma (SC) were more likely to present with metastasis at diagnosis (OR: 2.34; 95% CI [1.80- 3.06]; OR: 1.93 [1.29-2.89], respectively), however, goblet cell carcinoma (GC) was less likely (OR: 0.59 [0.36-0.93]). Compared to tumors invading the submucosa (T1 stage), tumors invading deeper through the visceral peritoneum or nearby organs (T4 stage) were significantly more likely to present with metastatic disease (OR: 3.46 [2.24-5.51]). Tumors invading the muscularis propria (T2 stage) or deeper into the subserosa, or the mesoappendix (T3 stage) were less likely to present with metastatic disease (OR: 0.34 [0.16-0.71]); OR: 0.55 [0.34-0.91], respectively). Compared to no regional lymph node spread, four or more regional lymph node involvement (N2 stage) was more likely to present with metastatic disease (OR: 2.19 [1.53-3.16]). Men were less likely to present with metastatic disease (OR: 0.60 [0.48-0.73]). A total of 90.1% of CA, 84.2% of GC, 42.2% of MA, and 78.5% of SC patients with metastasis at diagnosis had extraperitoneal distant metastasis (M1b). Conclusions A significant proportion of patients with newly diagnosed appendiceal carcinoma presented with metastatic disease, concerning substantial diagnostic delay and potentiating the need for aggressive treatments. Predictors of metastatic disease included female sex, histologic subtype, and significant regional lymph node involvement. Future research should focus on earlier detection and explore tumor biology.
Events of Grace: Naturalism, Existentialism, and Theology

In the liberal theological tradition dating from Schleiermacher, Events of Grace, first published in 1996, demonstrates that the Christian faith can be fully compatible with a scientific world view. Religion and God must be understood valuationally, not ontologically, which permits an existentialist account of faith entirely in terms of modes of existing. Hardwick weds Bultmann's demythologizing programme to Wieman's naturalistic concept of God as creative transformation. Defending a strong doctrine of justification by faith, he shows how both God and the knowledge of God can be conceived in terms of events of grace that transform possibilities of existence toward openness to the future. Events of Grace gives a complete existential and naturalistic account of sin, faith, God, the knowledge of God, Christology and the eschatological symbols that articulate Christian hope in the encounter with suffering and death.
Fish Aquatic Studies

Though the application of smart materials and smart structures is widespread in the study of animal behavior, in this article the focus is on the application of smart materials and smart structures to fish aquatic studies. We concentrate on two specific aspects of behavioral studies of fish. First, operant conditioning, a laboratory technique used to study foraging, temperature regulation, and circadian rhythms in fish is examined. Second, the application of smart materials and smart structures to telemetry studies involving fish is discussed. Aquatic animal researchers have used telemetry technology to track fish to determine home range and movement patterns, quantify muscle movement to determine level of physical activity metabolism rates, and to assess temperature regulatory ability. For each of these applications, the use of such materials from a historical perspective is considered reader is brought up to date in terms of current technology. Specific details about the apparatus used by researchers that incorporates the use of smart materials and smart structures, and we provide several examples of the types of applications that researchers have developed are provided. In addition the findings that have resulted from using smart materials and smart structures are examined. This article is not meant to be exhaustive in its approach to the use of smart materials and smart structures in fish aquatic studies. The goal is to provide a representative set of applications that the reader could then explore in greater detail. Keywords: Smart materials; Fish aquatic studies; LabVIEW; Telemetry; Physical activity
Radiance assimilation shows promise for snowpack characterization

[1] We demonstrate an ensemble-based radiance assimilation methodology for estimating snow depth and snow grain size using ground-based passive microwave (PM) radiance observations at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz. A land surface model (LSM) was used to develop a prior estimate of the snowpack states, and a radiative transfer model was used to relate the modeled states to the observations within a data assimilation scheme. Snow depth bias was −53.3 cm prior to the assimilation, and −7.3 cm after the assimilation. Snow depth estimated by a non-assimilation-based retrieval algorithm using the same PM observations had a bias of −18.3 cm. Our results suggest that assimilation of PM radiance observations into LSMs shows promise for snowpack characterization, with the potential for improved results over products from instantaneous (“snapshot”) retrieval algorithms or the assimilation of those retrievals into LSMs.
MIMD image analysis with local agents [IC layout design]

Complex systems that are typically thought of as exhibiting "life-like" qualities are observed to have many aspects in common with MIMD parallel computing systems. We present a computational model of a class of MIMD systems based on this observation. We describe the application of the model to the parallelization of image analysis tasks. We describe an example of our approach applied to the problem of extracting the circuit design from the layout image of a CMOS integrated circuit. >
Linewidth control effects on MOSFET ESD robustness

This paper advances state-of-the-art design layout considerations for deep sub-micron (0.25-/spl mu/m) advanced single and stacked MOSFETs by addressing linewidth control effects on MOSFET ESD robustness. Advanced failure analysis tools are used to demonstrate linewidth bias. ESD robustness as a function of gate-to-gate spacings is addressed for the first time.
The Origins of the Shī'a: Identity, Ritual, and Sacred Space in Eighth-Century Kūfa

Part I. Narratives and Methods: 1. Kufa and the classical narratives of early Shi'ism 2. Confronting the source barrier: a new methodology Part II. Case Studies: 3. In the name of God: the Basmala 4. Curses and invocations: the Qunut in the ritual prayer 5. Drinking matters: the Islamic debate over prohibition Part III. The Emergence of Shi'ism: 6. Dating sectarianism: early Zaydism and the politics of perpetual revolution 7. The problem of the ambiguous transmitter: ritual and the allocation of identity 8. The mosque and the procession: sacred spaces and the construction of community 9. Conclusion.
Three-dimensional FDTD model for GPR detection of objects buried in realistic dispersive soil

The use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the most popular techniques for the detection of anti-personnel mines and therefore it is desirable to accurately model such systems. For many GPR applications, FDTD models used to simulate the system are two-dimensional, because they are simple to implement and computationally inexpensive. However, a three-dimensional model is more accurate and allows complete freedom for the location of the object relative to the receivers. Instead of fully modeling the transmitter and receiver elements, and adding significant complexity, the transmitted field in this study is experimentally measured and used as the model's excitation. The model developed simulates a GPR system consisting of a parabolic reflector transmitter and a multi-static receiver array. The model is tested for both flat and rough ground with a Gaussian variation. The results are compared with experimental data and are found to be very accurate. The validation of this approach makes the model a powerful tool that can be used in different applications, where the exciting field is computationally or experimentally specified.
Comments on prevention of system deadlocks

Habermann's method of deadlock prevention is discussed, where deadlock is defined as a system state from which resource allocations to certain processes are not possible. It is shown that the scheduler may introduce “artificial” deadlocks which Habermann's method does not prevent. Permanent blocking is the situation where certain processes never receive their resource requests. It is shown that deadlock prevention does not necessarily eliminate permanent blocking. A method of preventing permanent blocking is given.
High‐energy tail distributions and resonant wave particle interaction

High-energy tail distributions (k distributions) are used as an alternative to a bi-Lorentzian distribution to study the influence of energetic protons on the right- and left-hand cyclotron modes in a hot two-temperature plasma. Although the parameters are chosen to be in a range appropriate to solar wind or magnetospheric configurations, the results apply not only to specific space plasmas. The presence of energetic particles significantly alters the behavior of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron modes, leading to a wide range of unstable frequencies and increased growth rates. From the strongly enhanced growth rates it can be concluded that high-energy tail distributions should not show major temperature anisotropies, which is consistent with observations.
The force density in polarizable and magnetizable fluids

The force density in polarizable and magnetizable fluids in nonuniform motion is evaluated in a way that is consistent with the special theory of relativity. The derivation is based on a generalization of the principle of virtual work. For application of the principle, it is necessary to know the energy density and power-flow density in a local rest frame of the fluid element under consideration. These are obtained from thermodynamic information and an extrapolation of the Poynting theorem applied to a rigid, nondeforming medium. Two different formulations of electrodynamics of moving and deforming media are compared. It is shown that they lead to the same force density if the same thermodynamic information is used in each of them. A simple model for the force density is obtained, starting from the E-H formulation.
Yang-Mills fields which are not self-dual

The purpose of this paper is to prove the existence of a new family of non-self-dual finite-energy solutions to the Yang-Mills equations on Euclidean four-space, withSU(2) as a gauge group. The approach is that of “equivariant geometry:” attention is restricted to a special class of fields, those that satisfy a certain kind of rotational symmetry, for which it is proved that (1) a solution to the Yang-Mills equations exists among them; and (2) no solution to the self-duality equations exists among them. The first assertion is proved by an application of the direct method of the calculus of variations (existence and regularity of minimizers), and the second assertion by studying the symmetry properties of the linearized self-duality equations. The same technique yields a new family of non-self-dual solutions on the complex projective plane.
Slip on the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield, California, over Two Earthquake Cycles, and the Implications for Seismic Hazard

Parkfield, California, which experienced M 6.0 earthquakes in 1934, 1966, and 2004, is one of the few locales for which geodetic observations span multiple earthquake cycles. We undertake a comprehensive study of deformation over the most recent earthquake cycle and explore the results in the context of geodetic data collected prior to the 1966 event. Through joint inversion of the variety of Parkfield geodetic measurements (trilateration, two-color laser, and Global Positioning System), including previously unpublished two-color data, we estimate the spatial distribution of slip and slip rate along the San Andreas using a fault geometry based on precisely relocated seismicity. Although the three most recent Parkfield earthquakes appear complementary in their along-strike distributions of slip, they do not produce uniform strain release along strike over multiple seismic cycles. Since the 1934 earthquake, more than 1 m of slip deficit has accumulated on portions of the fault that slipped in the 1966 and 2004 earthquakes, and an average of 2 m of slip deficit exists on the 33 km of the fault southeast of Gold Hill to be released in a future, perhaps larger, earthquake. It appears that the fault is capable of partially releasing stored strain in moderate earthquakes, maintaining a disequilibrium through multiple earthquake cycles. This complicates the application of simple earthquake recurrence models that assume only the strain accumulated since the most recent event is relevant to the size or timing of an upcoming earthquake. Our findings further emphasize that accumulated slip deficit is not sufficient for earthquake nucleation. Online material : Model fault geometry, fit to the data for the inversions, and model resolution.
Comparative broad-band dielectric study on poly(ester carbonate)s with 1,4-cyclohexylene linkages

Broad-band dielectric spectroscopy (10 -1 -10 7 Hz) has been used to study the molecular dynamics in a set of bisphenol A poly(ester carbonate)s (BPA-PECs) and tetramethylbisphenol A poly(ester carbonate)s (TMBPA-PECs) containing 1,4-cyclohexylene dicarboxylate (CHDC) linkages. Four dielectric relaxation processes are observed: The dynamic glass transition (a-relaxation) being characterized by a Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF-behavior) temperature dependence. Additionally three secondary relaxations (β-, y'-, and γ * -relaxation) exist. The β-relaxation is related to the flip-flop motion of the cyclohexylene rings and becomes dielectrically active because of a coupling to the neighboring carbonyl units. The y'- and γ * -relaxations originate from fluctuations of the carbonyl groups as well, either by their own librational motions or by a coupling to the flips of the adjacent phenylene groups. Replacing the hydrogen atoms in the phenylene rings ortho to the carbonate units (BPA-PEC) by methyl groups (TMBPA-PEC) alters drastically the molecular dynamics below and above the calorimetric glass transition.
Influence of glass fibers on the extrusion and injection molding characteristics of polyethylene and polystyrene melts

A basic study is reported of extrusion and injection molding for melts of polyethylene and polystyrene filled with glass fibers. It is shown that glass fibers cause large increases in end pressure losses and decreases in extrudate swell. Flow visualization of injection molding studies indicates that polymer melts containing high loadings of glass fibers exhibit jetting in end gated molds. This is attributed to the reduction in extrudate swell. To avoid jetting, special care is required in design of gating.
Increase in Brain Tissue Oxygen Availability Induced by Localized Microwave Hyperthermia

Oxygen supply to brain tissue is a carefully guarded function (1,2), inasmuch as the effects of hypoxia or hyperoxia are promptly compensated by counteracting changes in blood flow and neuronal function (1–6). This physiological “autoregulation” barrier, however, may constitute an impediment to the therapeutic delivery of O2 to imperilled tissue areas under conditions of pathological cerebral ischemia.
MICROWAVE THAWING OF LOSSY DIELECTRIC MATERIALS

Microwave thawing of lossy dielectric materials was examined theoretically. A “temperature” approach was used to model the microwave thawing of frozen slabs composed of beef or water and multilayer beef/water slabs. The heat conduction equation and Stefan equation were solved using a finite element front-tracking method and Newton iteration. The microwave power deposition in the slab was determined by an analytical solution to Maxwell's equations. Solutions to the governing equations provided transient temperature and power deposition profiles, and the position of the phase-change interface with respect to time. Dirichlet (essential) and Robin (convection) boundary conditions were investigated and thawing times were calculated for incident power levels up to 2·5 × 104 Wm−2 and slab thicknesses of 5, 10 and 15 cm. The beef samples thawed more quickly and for all situations there was less of a change in the thawing time as the power increased above 5000 Wm−2. The thawing time versus sample thickness was fo...
Noise and oscillations in hot cathode arc

Abstract Gas discharges generate oscillations superimposed on random noise of several megacycles bandwidth.Positive ions oscillate in two distinct regions of the discharge, i.e., the plasma and the potential minimum at the cathode.The disturbances produced by the ion motions appear as voltage variations between the electrodes.Oscillations generated in the plasma are usually below 400 kc./sec., while “cathode” oscillations are about 700 kc./sec.As the discharge current is increased, the amplitude of the plasma oscillation increases while its frequency decreases. The random noise also depends on current, increasing rapidly as the Townsend discharge changes into an are. After arc conditions are fully established, the noise changes slightly with current. Probe studies show that the noise voltage between probe and cathode increases rapidly as space charge conditions change to permit acceleration of electrons to the probe. When the probe collects positive ions, the noise as viewed on an oscilloscope is coarse, i.e., lacking in high frequency components.An explanation of the noise generation may be found in the random fluctuations of space charge at the electrodes. Calculations based on this theory give voltage fluctuations of the observed order of magnitude.
Structural organization of Escherichia coli tRNATyr gene clusters in four different transducing bacteriophages

Abstract The structural organization of the genes coding for tyrosine-accepting transfer RNA in Escherichia coli has been studied by restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing, utilizing four different specialized transducing bacteriophages. The non-defective transducing phage, φ80psuIII+,− (doublet), carries two 85-base-pair sequences corresponding to mature tRNATyr1, separated by a 200-base-pair “spacer”. A derivative of this phage, φ80psu+III (singlet), has lost one of the two 85-base-pair tRNATyr1 sequences and the 200-base-pair spacer. The sequences upstream and downstream of the tRNATyr1 mature structural sequence are identical in both phages. The gene coding for tRNA.Tyr2has been studied using two specialized transducing phages of completely different origin from each other, λh80dglyTsu+36 and λrifd18. A portion of the E. coli DNA carried by these two pliages is identical: three tRNA genes are clustered in a region of approximately 350 base-pairs with the arrangement and orientation (relative to transcription) 5′ … tRNATyr2-tRNAGly2-tRNAThr3. The sequences corresponding to mature tRNAGly2 and tRNAThr3 are separated from each other by six base-pairs and from tRNATyr2by approximately 100 base-pairs. Surprisingly, sequences upstream of the tRNATyr2 gone are completely different in the two transducing phages, although sequences including, and downstream of, the tRNATyr2 gene are the same. The region immediately upstream of the tRNATry2 gene on λh80dglyTsu+36 is identical, or nearly identical, for at least 500 base-pairs to the corresponding region upstream of tRNATry1 in the φ80psuIII+,− (doublet) and φ80psu+III (singlet) transducing phages. In contrast, the E. coli DNA in λrifd18 has an additional tRNA gene immediately upstream of the tRNATyr2 gene, and there is little or no homology with the upstream sequences of any of the other phages. It thus appears that the regions surrounding and including the tRNATyr2 gene on λh80dglyTsu+36 are a hybrid of tRNATyr1 upstream and tRNATyr2-tRNAGly2-tRNAThr3 downstream sequences. All of the five tRNA genes studied are colinear with the known sequences for their respective mature tRNAs. This rules out the possibility of inserted sequences within those coding for the mature tRNAs, which are removed during processing to a mature tRNA. The implications of these tRNA gene structural studies for extrapolation back to the E. coli chromosome, as well as the relationships between gene structure and transcriptional analyses, are discussed.
Addiction and the Laboratory: The Work of the National Research Council's Committee on Drug Addiction, 1928-1939

L'intoxication a l'opium est un probleme social qui cree cependant une occasion de developper des medicaments en pharmacologie aux Etats-Unis
On the existence of multivortices in a generalized Bogomol'nyi system

An interesting feature of the generalized Abelian Higgs vortex model introduced by M. Lohe is that it allows a wider class of Higgs self-interaction potential functions, yet, noninteracting multivortices are still present in the critical coupling phase as the solutions of a modified Bogomol'nyi system. In this paper, we add two new classes of multivortex solutions to Lohe's model. We prove that, under the 't Hooft boundary condition, there are solutions realizing a periodic lattice structure and a quantized flux. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for the existence of such solutions. We also show that the Meissner effect occurs in the model. Moreover, we establish for any given vortex distribution in the plane, the existence of a one-parameter family of gauge-distinct solutions of infinite energy.
Pattern fidelity in nanoimprinted films using critical dimension small angle x-ray scattering

The primary measure of process quality in nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is the fidelity of pattern transfer, comparing the dimensions of the imprinted pattern to those of the mold. Routine production of nanoscale patterns will require new metrologies capable of nondestructive dimensional measurements of both the mold and the pattern with subnanometer precision. In this work, a rapid, nondestructive technique termed critical dimension small angle x-ray scattering (CD-SAXS) is used to measure the cross sectional shape of both a pattern master, or mold, and the resulting imprinted films. CD-SAXS data are used to extract periodicity as well as pattern height, width, and sidewall angles. Films of varying materials are molded by thermal embossed NIL at temperatures both near and far from the bulk glass transition (TG). The polymer systems include a photoresist and two homopolymers. Our results indicate that molding at low temperatures (T-TG 30°C.
Complete nucleotide sequence of Rosa rugosa leaf distortion virus, a new member of the family Tombusviridae

This report describes the complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of Rosa rugosa leaf distortion virus (RrLDV), the causal agent of a previously undescribed virus disease of Rosa rugosa. The RrLDV genome is a positive-sense ssRNA, 3971 nucleotides in length, containing five open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a 27-kDa peptide (p27). ORF2 shares a common start codon with ORF1 and continues through the amber stop codon of p27 to produce an 87-kDa protein (p87) with amino acid sequence similarity to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) of members of the family Tombusviridae. ORF3 encodes a protein of 8 kDa with no significant similarity to known viral sequences. ORF4 encodes a 6-kDa protein (p6) with similarity to the p13 movement proteins of members of the family Tombusviridae. ORF5 has no conventional start codon and overlaps with p6. A putative +1 frame shift mechanism allows p6 translation to continue through the stop codon and results in a 12-kDa protein with high homology to the carmovirus p13 movement protein. The 37-kDa protein encoded by ORF6 has amino acid sequence similarity to coat proteins (CPs) of members of the family Tombusviridae. Phylogenetic analyses of the RdRp and CP amino acid sequences placed RrLDV in a subgroup close to members of the genus Carmovirus of the family Tombusviridae.
Three-dimensional crustal structure of Long Valley caldera, California, and evidence for the migration of CO2 under Mammoth Mountain

[1] A temporary network of 69 three-component seismic stations captured a major seismic sequence in Long Valley caldera in 1997. We performed a tomographic inversion for crustal structure beneath a 28 km × 16 km area encompassing part of the resurgent dome, the south moat, and Mammoth Mountain. Resolution of crustal structure beneath the center of the study volume was good down to ∼3 km below sea level (∼5 km below the surface). Relatively high wave speeds are associated with the Bishop Tuff and lower wave speeds characterize debris in the surrounding moat. A low-Vp/Vs anomaly extending from near the surface to ∼1 km below sea level beneath Mammoth Mountain may represent a CO2 reservoir that is supplying CO2-rich springs, venting at the surface, and killing trees. We investigated temporal variations in structure beneath Mammoth Mountain by differencing our results with tomographic images obtained using data from 1989/1990. Significant changes in both Vp and Vs were consistent with the migration of CO2 into the upper 2 km or so beneath Mammoth Mountain and its depletion in peripheral volumes that correlate with surface venting areas. Repeat tomography is capable of detecting the migration of gas beneath active silicic volcanoes and may thus provide a useful volcano monitoring tool.
SOME MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS OF NUMERICAL OCEAN ACOUSTICS

Abstract The wave equation φtt = c2 [φxx + φyy + φzz] and the Helmholtz equation ∇2φ + k2φ = 0 provide classic analytical models for predicting the propagation of sonar and SOFAR wave packets in a homogeneous “ocean.” In this paper an analysis is first made of problems encountered in integrating these partial DEs numerically, especially in the presence of boundaries. Then comments are made on correcting such computations for known refraction. These comments center around an apparently new concept of a “simple” sound wave, whose particle orbits satisfy φ( x ; t) = A ( x ) cos 〈ω[t − τ( x )]〉 ; the case τ( x ) = const. defines “standing waves.” Ray methods seem to assume implicitly that waves emanating from a point source are simple. Finally, attention is called to the problem of modelling some important physical phenomena ignored in most mathematical models of ocean acoustics.
Localization of proprioceptive reflexes in the splenius muscle of the cat.

Activity of the cat splenius muscle was modulated by sinusoidal rotation of the head around the C1-C2 joint in decerebrate cats with labyrinth intact or with all semicircular canals plugged, or, in on intact and alert cat, by rotation of the body with the head fixed in space. EMG modulation, recorded from the areas of splenius innervated by the C1-C4 nerves, was due to the cervicocollic reflex. Modulation was not uniform, but decreased with progressively more caudal recording locations; with stimuli of small amplitude it was often possible to obtain modulation of the rostral part of the muscle only. The results demonstrate localization of proprioceptive reflexes, including the stretch reflex, within the splenius muscle.
Couette grain flow experiments: The effects of the coefficient of restitution, global solid fraction, and materials

Abstract Granular flows are complex flows of solid granular material which are being studied in several industries. However, it has been a challenge to understand them because of their non-linear and multiphase behavior. The present experimental work investigates granular flows undergoing shear, by specifically studying the interaction between rough surfaces and granular flows when the global solid fraction and the material comprising the rough shearing surface are varied. A two-dimensional annular shear cell, with a stationary outer ring and inner driving wheel, and digital particle tracking velocimetry (DPTV) technique were used to obtain local granular flow properties such as velocity, local solid fraction, granular temperature, and slip. A customized particle drop test apparatus was built to experimentally determine the coefficient of restitution (COR) between the granular and surface materials using high-speed photography. Results showed that wheel surface materials that produce higher COR values exhibit higher velocity and granular temperature values near the wheel, and lower slip velocities. The local solid fraction appears inversely related to the COR values. The global solid fraction seemed to correspond with velocity and granular temperature, while displaying an inverse relationship to slip. Results also showed an initial decrease in the kinetic energy of the flow as the global solid fraction increased, due to the formation of a distinct contact region. This was followed by a rise in kinetic energy as the global solid fraction continued to increase, based on the increase of particles present in the kinetic region of the flow.
NF‐κB p52:RelB heterodimer recognizes two classes of κB sites with two distinct modes

The X-ray structure of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p52:RelB:κB DNA complex reveals a new recognition feature not previously seen in other NF-κB:κB DNA complexes. Arg 125 of RelB is in contact with an additional DNA base pair. Surprisingly, the p52:RelB R125A mutant heterodimer shows defects both in DNA binding and in transcriptional activity only to a subclass of κB sites. We found that the Arg 125-sensitive κB sites contain more contiguous and centrally located A:T base pairs than do the insensitive sites. A protein-induced kink observed in this complex, which used an AT-rich κB site, might allow the DNA contact by Arg 125; such a kink might not be possible in complexes with non-AT-rich κB sites. Furthermore, we show that the p52:RelB heterodimer binds to a broader spectrum of κB sites when compared with the p50:RelA heterodimer. We suggest that the p52:RelB heterodimer is more adaptable to complement sequence and structural variations in κB sites when compared with other NF-κB dimers.
Detecting math problem solving strategies: an investigation into the use of retrospective self-reports, latency and fMRI data.

Abstract This research explores how to determine when mathematical problems are solved by retrieval versus computation strategies. Past research has indicated that verbal reports, solution latencies, and neural imaging all provide imperfect indicators of this distinction. Participants in the current study solved mathematical problems involving two distinct problem types, called ‘Pyramid’ and ‘Formula’ problems. Participants were given extensive training solving 3 select Pyramid and 3 select Formula problems. Trained problems were highly practiced, whereas untrained problems were not. The distinction between untrained and trained problems was observed in the data. Untrained problems took longer to solve, more often used procedural strategies and showed a greater activation in the horizontal intraparietal sulcus (HIPS) when compared to trained problems. A classifier fit to the neural distinction between trained–untrained problems successfully predicted training within and between the two problem types. We employed this classifier to generate a prediction of strategy use. By combining evidence from the classifier, problem solving latencies, and retrospective reports, we predicted the strategy used to solve each problem in the scanner and gained unexpected insight into the distinction between different strategies.
Human β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors: structurally and functionally related receptors derived from distinct genes

Abstract The β 1 and β 2 -adrenergic receptor subtypes are biochemically and functionally similar. Both receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylyl cyclase through the GTP-binding protein G s . Pharmacologically, the two receptors can be distinguished on the basis of their interactions with the natural agonists epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as several selective antagonists. Recently, the primary structures of the human β 1 and β 2 -adrenergic receptors have been deduced from the cloning of their genes and/or cDNAs. The amino acid sequences of the two receptor proteins are very similar to each other and both receptors share a rhodopsin-like plasma membrane arrangement with seven hydrophobic transmembrane segments. Despite these highly conserved structural and biochemical features, the two receptors are products of different genes.
The Diphasic Effect of Vincristine on Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion and Glucose Tolerance in the Intact Rat

The effect of vincristine on glucose-induced insulin secretion and glucose tolerance was examined in intact, unanesthetized, and unrestrained rats with indwelling intravascular catheters. In the first series of studies, the insulin secretion in response to a 150-mg iv glucose pulse and the glucose disappearance rate (KG) were evaluated 10 min after iv administration of vincristine in doses of 0.06, 0.15, and 0.5 mg/kg or of vehicle (control). The lower dose of vincristine (0.06 mg/kg) caused significant potentiation of glucose-induced insulin secretion and also caused marked enhancement of KG compared with control rats. However, this potentiating effect of vincristine on glucoseinduced insulin secretion and KG was less with the medium dose (0.15 mg/kg) and was completely abolished with the highest dose (0.5 mg/kg) of vincristine tested. Thus, a significant negative correlation was observed between the vincristine dose and its potentiating effect on glucose-induced insulin secretion and KG. In the next ser...
From social psychology to political economy: A model of energy use behavior☆

Abstract Multiple and complex factors determine people's energy use behavior. However, policies designed to affect individual energy use behavior focus mostly on a limited number of micro, short-run and easily manipulable variables. These have produced limited response. A theoretical framework is proposed in this paper that attempts to provide a comprehensive and integrative view of energy use behavior. The framework examines variables that create and maintain particular types and intensities of energy use behavior. Based on this framework, implications for energy policies and their potential effectiveness have been drawn.