cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regions in transition: Applied anthropology perspectives

La globalisation ou homogeneisation mondiale touche la majorite des pays actuellement, mais on constate aussi que d'autres, ou se constituent les Etats, restent encore hors de portee. L'A. etudie ces deux tendances et leurs interrelations et montre dans quelles mesures l'anthropologie appliquee peut apporter une meilleure connaissance des transformations sociales actuelles, notamment sur le phenomene de transition regionale. Diverses contributions sont presentees sur ce theme ou l'ethnicite et les conflits ethniques concernent toutes les regions (Ex-URSS, Europe de l'Est, Nord de l'Italie, region Sherpa dans l'Himalaya, Amerique Latine) peu a peu touchees par la globalisation ou mondialisation.
Modelling surface orientation and stress at failure of concrete and geological materials

In the numerical simulation of failure for structures, crack initiation is normally based on a criterion that provides both the stress and the orientation of the material failure plane. Most constitutive models provide reasonably good criteria for stress, but the predictions of orientation are often at variance with experimental data. If a crack initiates in the wrong direction, it is likely that the direction of propagation will also be in error. The object of this paper is to describe an anisotropic decohesion function that provides predictions of both stress and failure orientation which are in good agreement with basic features of experimental data. The essential new feature is the addition to the decohesion function of components of stress that are not part of the traction vector on the material failure surface. The result is that a given decohesion surface describes two general regimes of failure. For the first, the normal to the material failure surface is in a direction of principal stress, not necessarily the maximum principal stress. The second involves shear for which there exists two or more solutions for the normal. Typically, the normal vector forms positive and negative angles of equal magnitude with a principal direction of stress and the angle varies continuously with stress. Experimental data for concrete and ice are used as representative examples for isotropic and anisotropic materials, respectively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A chemist's guide to the Solar System

In the first of two essays that offer a chemistry-themed guided tour around the Solar System, Bruce Gibb looks at what sort of organic molecules are out there and just where you can find them.
Assessment of host resistance to Trichinella spiralis in mice following preinfection exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been reported to decrease host resistance to a variety of infectious agents when exposure occurs prior to infection. Resistance to viral infection has been observed at doses as low as 0.1 μg TCDD/kg body wt, well below the thymolytic dose in mice. In the present study, female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to a single intraperitoneal injection of 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 30.0 μg TCDD/kg 7 days prior to infection to determine the effects of TCDD exposure on resistance to the nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis. Exposure to 10 or 30 μg TCDD/kg delayed adult parasite elimination from the small intestine. Significantly more larvae were released by female parasites and greater numbers of encysted larvae were recovered from the muscle of mice exposed to TCDD. Proliferative responses of splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells stimulated with T. spiralis antigen were significantly suppressed at exposure levels of TCDD ≥ 1.0 μg/kg 7 days after infection and in splenocytes only at 14 days after infection, demonstrating the greater sensitivity of proliferative responses to TCDD exposure than actual host resistance to Ts infection. Suppressed proliferation was observed at doses which produced TCDD concentrations ≥ 0.2 pmol/g of lymphoid tissue on Day 7 of infection. In addition, it was determined that infected mice had higher TCDD levels than noninfected mice given the same dose. These results suggest an interaction between TCDD exposure and infection, i.e., that exposure to TCDD altered the host response to infection, while infection delayed elimination of TCDD from the host.
Mitochondria-targeted heme oxygenase-1 induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages, kidney fibroblasts and in chronic alcohol hepatotoxicity

The inducible form of Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated heme protein, is known to play important roles in protection against oxidative and chemical stress by degrading free heme released from degradation of heme proteins. In this study we show that induced expression of HO-1 by subjecting macrophage RAW-264.7 cells to chemical or physiological hypoxia resulted in significant translocation of HO-1 protein to mitochondria. Transient transfection of COS-7 cells with cloned cDNA also resulted in mitochondrial translocation of HO-1. Deletion of N-terminal ER targeting domain increased mitochondrial translocation under the transient transfection conditions. Mitochondrial localization of both intact HO-1 and N-terminal truncated HO-1 caused loss of heme aa-3 and cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) activity in COS-7 cells. The truncated protein, which localizes to mitochondria at higher levels, induced substantially steeper loss of CcO activity and reduced heme aa3 content. Furthermore, cells expressing mitochondria targeted HO-1 also induced higher ROS production. Consistent with dysfunctional state of mitochondria induced by HO-1, the mitochondrial recruitment of autophagy markers LC-3 and Drp-1 was also increased in these cells. Chronic ethanol feeding in rats also caused an increase in mitochondrial HO-1 and decrease in CcO activity. These results show that as opposed to the protective effect of the ER associated HO-1, mitochondria targeted HO-1 under normoxic conditions induces mitochondrial dysfunction.
Books and lives, reading and achievement

This deeply researched and beautifully crafted study takes as its subject a generation of women who came to maturity in America's Gilded Age. They were scientists and social workers, physicians and educators, and, perhaps most notably, Progressive reformers engaged in the pursuit of social justice. Claiming the newly available opportunities for higher education and professional employment, these women successfully pursued lives in uncharted territory. Barbara Sicherman introduces us to a less visible but equally salient factor in their journey to public identities marked by achievement and acclaim—their sustained and sustaining engagement with reading.
Prevention and Treatment of Renal Osteodystrophy in Children With Chronic Renal Insufficiency and End-Stage Renal Disease

Histologic features associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism remain the predominant skeletal lesion in adults and children with chronic renal failure. When instituted early, vitamin D therapy has been shown to ameliorate the development and progression of the biochemical, radiographic, and histologic evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Aggressive parathyroid hormone suppression, however, has led to the increased prevalence of adynamic bone. Adynamic bone has been attributed partly to aggressive calcitriol therapy, administration of high amounts of exogenous calcium either as a phosphate binding agent or during dialysis therapy, presence of diabetes, older age, or previous parathyroidectomy. Several vitamin D analogues are currently being evaluated in patients with chronic renal failure to prevent complications associated with calcltriol therapy. In addition, calcium-free phosphate binding agents and the use of calcimimetic drugs may playa significant role in the effective management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in children with chronic renal failure.
High-dose intra-arterial nicardipine results in hypotension following vasospasm treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Intra-arterial (IA) nicardipine is often used to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). While hypotension has been noted to be a dose-limiting side effect of intravenous infusions, this has seldom been reported for IA administration. We reviewed a consecutive series of patients who received IA nicardipine for SAH-associated vasospasm. Nicardipine was titrated to angiographic response, with blood pressure and intracranial pressure monitoring. We analyzed data using Wilcoxon signed rank, Student’s t-test, Spearman’s correlation, and χ2 statistics as appropriate. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. Thirty patients underwent 50 procedures in which nicardipine was the sole chemical vasodilator (median dose, 15 mg). Median mean arterial pressures (MAP) decreased from 118 to 100 mmHg (P < 0.001), with an intra-operative low of 80 mmHg. Both intra-operative and post-operative decreases in MAP were directly related to nicardipine dose (r s = 0.352, P = 0.022 and r s = 0.308, P = 0.047, respectively). Hypotension (MAP < 70 mmHg) occurred in 22%, and 44% required initiation of or increases in vasopressor therapy. After the first treatment, 11 of 16 patients treated with vasodilator therapy alone, and 5 of 14 patients who underwent additional balloon angioplasty (68.8 vs. 35.7%, P = 0.141), required further endovascular treatments due to recurrent vasospasm on subsequent days. Intra-arterial nicardipine is associated with significant intra-operative blood pressure lowering, an increased requirement for intra-operative vasopressor therapy, and a tendency toward re-treatment when used as initial monotherapy for vasospasm.
Sustained cyclic AMP production by parathyroid hormone receptor endocytosis

Cell signaling mediated by the G protein-coupled parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR) is fundamental to bone and kidney physiology. It has been unclear how the two ligand systems--PTH, endocrine and homeostatic, and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), paracrine--can effectively operate with only one receptor and trigger different durations of the cAMP responses. Here we analyze the ligand response by measuring the kinetics of activation and deactivation for each individual reaction step along the PTHR signaling cascade. We found that during the time frame of G protein coupling and cAMP production, PTHrP(1-36) action was restricted to the cell surface, whereas PTH(1-34) had moved to internalized compartments where it remained associated with the PTHR and Galpha(s), potentially as a persistent and active ternary complex. Such marked differences suggest a mechanism by which PTH and PTHrP induce differential responses, and these results indicate that the central tenet that cAMP production originates exclusively at the cell membrane must be revised.
Altered Membrane Dynamics of Quantum Dot-Conjugated Integrins during Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Derived Progenitor Cells

Functionalized quantum dots offer several advantages for tracking the motion of individual molecules on the cell surface, including selective binding, precise optical identification of cell surface molecules, and detailed examination of the molecular motion without photobleaching. We have used quantum dots conjugated with integrin antibodies and performed studies to quantitatively demonstrate changes in the integrin dynamics during osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow derived progenitor cells (BMPCs). Consistent with the unusually strong BMPC adhesion previously observed, integrins on the surface of undifferentiated BMPC were found in clusters and the lateral diffusion was slow (e.g., ∼10−11 cm2/s). At times as early as those after a 3-day incubation in the osteogenic differentiation media, the integrin diffusion coefficients increased by an order of magnitude, and the integrin dynamics became indistinguishable from that measured on the surface of terminally differentiated human osteoblasts. Furthermore, microfilaments in BMPCs consisted of atypically thick bundles of stress fibers that were responsible for restricting the integrin lateral mobility. Studies using laser optical tweezers showed that, unlike fully differentiated osteoblasts, the BMPC cytoskeleton is weakly associated with its cell membrane. Based on these findings, it appears likely that the altered integrin dynamics is correlated with BMPC differentiation and that the integrin lateral mobility is restricted by direct links to microfilaments.
Dosimetry of Room‐Air Germicidal (254 nm) Radiation Using Spherical Actinometry

A method is demonstrated for measuring germicidal (254 nm) ultraviolet radiation (GUVR) in an omnidirectional manner. This method has application for those situations in which GUVR from more than one direction or source impinges on a three-dimensional object, and when it is of interest to determine the radiant fluence experienced by the object. For this purpose spherical quartz vessels were constructed varying from 0.8 to 1.25 cm in outside diameter. The vessels were filled with an actinometric solution consisting of KI and KIO3. This solution is optically opaque at 254 nm and is insensitive to room light. Upon exposure to GUVR this solution, which counts all of the 254 nm photons, forms triiodide. Following radiation, the contents of the vessel are removed, the absorbance of triiodide measured and the fluence rate determined based on a relationship that takes the volume to cross-sectional area of the actinometer into account. It is demonstrated that, in accordance with theory, the area of the sphere that intercepts the radiant energy is equal to the cross-sectional area of the sphere. A demonstration of the utility of this method was carried out in a test facility 90 m3 equipped with five GUVR lamps, one in each corner and one in the center of the room, arranged so as to irradiate the air in the upper portion of the room. Twenty spherical actinometers were evenly distributed around the room and exposed for either 30 or 90 min. The fluence rate varied from one part of the room to another, peaking near the GUVR lamps at 65-85 microW per cm2. By averaging over all 20 points, a pseudoaverage fluence rate for the room was found to be 42 and 44 microW per cm2 for the 30 and 90 min exposures, respectively. The similarities in the values for this metric demonstrates that the actinometric response is linear over this exposure range.
Aging of the medial olivocochlear reflex and associations with speech perception

The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) modulates cochlear amplifier gain and is thought to facilitate the detection of signals in noise. High-resolution distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were recorded in teens, young, middle-aged, and elderly adults at moderate levels using primary tones swept from 0.5 to 4 kHz with and without a contralateral acoustic stimulus (CAS) to elicit medial efferent activation. Aging effects on magnitude and phase of the 2f1-f2 DPOAE and on its components were examined, as was the link between speech-in-noise performance and MOCR strength. Results revealed a mild aging effect on the MOCR through middle age for frequencies below 1.5 kHz. Additionally, positive correlations were observed between strength of the MOCR and performance on select measures of speech perception parsed into features. The elderly group showed unexpected results including relatively large effects of CAS on DPOAE, and CAS-induced increases in DPOAE fine structure as well as increases in the amplitude and phase accumulation of DPOAE reflection components. Contamination of MOCR estimates by middle ear muscle contractions cannot be ruled out in the oldest subjects. The findings reiterate that DPOAE components should be unmixed when measuring medial efferent effects to better consider and understand these potential confounds.
Searching for cryptic prey: evidence for optimal search rates and the formation of search images in quail

Abstract It has previously been proposed that the success of a predator foraging for cryptic prey can be enhanced in two different ways: by the adoption of an optimal search rate and by the formation of a search image. The optimal search rate reflects a trade-off between the rate at which prey are encountered (which increases with search rate) and the probability of detecting an encountered prey item (which decreases with search rate). The formation of a search image increases a predator's ability to detect cryptic prey. To test these hypotheses three series of experiments were performed in which bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) searched for artificial prey in a large aviary. The colour of the prey was varied to achieve different degrees of camouflage. The results provide qualitative support for the hypothesis that the birds adjust their search speed to maximize the rate of prey capture. The use of search images is suggested by the observation that the probability of detection tends to increase with successive captures, and to decrease between captures.
5th Annual International Conference on HDL Cholesterol: Metabolic Pathways and Drug Developments

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the number one killer in the USA and are likely to be a significant cause of mortality in developing countries in the near future. High levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are known to be inversely related to CVD incidence. However, whether or not HDL plays a direct preventative role or is simply a coincident marker for other protective processes has been controversial. Fortunately, recent discoveries have dramatically increased understanding of HDL function and recent clinical studies suggest that raising HDL levels may indeed be an effective strategy for preventing CVD. This meeting was organised to highlight state-of-the art studies focusing on the mechanisms of HDL function. Important work concerning small-molecule and immunological approaches for raising HDL were presented, including the targeting of regulatory nuclear receptors, plasma enzymes/transfer proteins that remodel HDL, and cell surface proteins that influence HDL formation and function. A detailed und...
Generating One-Anaphoric Expressions: Where Does the Decision Lie?

Most natural language generation systems embody mechanisms for choosing whether to subsequently refer to an already-introduced entity by means of a pronoun or a definite noun phrase. Relatively few systems, however, consider referring to entites by means of one-anaphoric expressions such as the small green one. This paper looks at what is involved in generating referring expressions of this type. Consideration of how to fit this capability into a standard algorithm for referring expression generation leads us to suggest a revision of some of the assumptions that underlie existing approaches. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach to one-anaphora generation in the context of a simple database interface application, and make some observations about the impact of this approach on referring expression generation more generally.
Retaining Catalyst Performance at High Temperature: The Use of a Tetraphosphine Ligand in the Highly Regioselective Hydroformylation of Terminal Olefins

A new tetraphosphine ligand has been developed and applied in the highly regioselective hydroformylation of terminal olefins. The ligand retains high performance at high temperature when compared with its bisphosphine analogue.
Prophylaxis and Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adult Immunocompromised Patients

Objective:To review the literature regarding current strategies and strategies under active development for the prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in immunocompromised adults.Data Sources:The MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were queried from January 1980 to December 2011 for articles in English using these associated search terms: respiratory syncytial virus, ribavirin, intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG, palivizumab, motavizumab, lung, pneumonia, transplantation, bone marrow, cancer, malignancy, and vaccine.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All relevant original studies, metaanalyses, systematic reviews, and review articles were assessed for inclusion. References from pertinent articles were examined for additional content not found during the initial search.Data Synthesis:RSV in the immunocompromised adult can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment of RSV-infected adults is limited to antiviral therapy with ribavirin (aerosolized, oral...
Estimating the social costs of friendsourcing

Every day users of social networking services ask their followers and friends millions of questions. These friendsourced questions not only provide informational benefits, but also may reinforce social bonds. However, there is a limit to how much a person may want to friendsource. They may be uncomfortable asking questions that are too private, might not want to expend others' time or effort, or may feel as though they have already accrued too many social debts. These perceived social costs limit the potential benefits of friendsourcing. In this paper we explore the perceived social costs of friendsourcing on Twitter via a monetary choice. We develop a model of how users value the attention and effort of their social network while friendsourcing, compare and contrast it with paid question answering in a crowdsourced labor market, and provide future design considerations for better supporting friendsourcing.
Co-infection of Ornithodoros coriaceus with the relapsing fever spirochete, Borrelia coriaceae, and the agent of epizootic bovine abortion

The soft tick, Ornithodoros coriaceus (Koch) (Acari: Argasidae), is a common mammalian parasite of livestock in many arid regions of the western U.S.A. The tick is a known vector of the undescribed bacterial pathogen that causes epizootic bovine abortion (EBA), which results in late-term abortions in beef cattle and subsequent economic loss, which can be considerable, to producers. A second reported bacterial pathogen, Borrelia coriaceae, a member of the relapsing fever complex, has also been identified in this tick and was at one time hypothesized to be the aetiological agent of EBA. In order to test whether bacterial infections in ticks overlapped geographically and to determine the prevalence of co-infection in O. coriaceus populations, we used molecular methods to detect bacterial DNA from ticks collected from a wide variety of habitats in California, Nevada and Oregon. Of the 15 sites at which ticks tested positive for the agent of EBA (aoEBA), eight also contained ticks positive for Borrelia spp. by polymerase chain reaction assay. Additionally, two ticks were co-infected; both of these were collected from the same location. Univariate risk analysis indicated the presence of juniper-dominated habitat at the collection site and geographic location to be significantly associated with infection of the tick vector by either pathogen.
A miniature microwave plasma source used for localized surface treatment and processing

The goal of this project is materials processing on spatially localized areas by applying a small discharge to only the region being processed. A small diameter stream of plasma (less than 2 mm in diameter) is created by focusing microwave energy inside a discharge tube. The discharge then flows out the end of the tube onto the surface being processed delivering ions and reactive radicals. The diameter of the plasma stream from the tube to the material being processed is controlled by an aperture mounted at the end of the tube. The spot size of the localized plasma stream ranges from 2 mm down to 10's micrometers depending on the aperture size. The discharge is created by using 2.45 GHz microwave energy that is coupled into the discharge using a small re-entrant cavity that has a hollow inner conductor and a small capacitive gap at the end of the cavity. A processing gas mixture is fed through a 2 mm inner diameter (i.d.) quartz tube which is located inside the hollow inner conductor of the cavity. This tube is exposed to a high electric field at the small gap of the cavity thus generating the surface wave plasma. The length of the surface wave discharge in the tube can be extended by increasing the microwave power to the discharge so that the plasma reaches the aperture. At the end of the tube the plasma stream impinges on a substrate that sits on a CAD-guided XYZ stage. A radio frequency (RF) bias is applied between the aperture and the substrate holder to increase the ion energy. The operating pressures range from 0.5 Torr to 10 Torr. The microwave powers utilized ranges from a few Watts to 10's Watts. Experimental results for etching localized regions on the surface of an ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) thin film with an argon/oxygen discharge will be presented. The surface profile produced on the UNCD after the etching process will also be quantified.
The instability and breaking of deep-water waves

An experimental study of the evolution to breaking of a nonlinear deep-water wave train is reported. Two distinct regimes are found. For ak 6 0-29 the evolution is sensibly two-dimensional with the Ben jamin-Feir instability leading directly to breaking as found by Longuet-Higgins & Cokelet (1978). The measured side-band frequencies agree very well with those predicted by Longuet-Higgins (1978b). It is found that the evolution of the spectrum is not restricted to a few discrete frequencies but also involves a growing continuous spectrum, and the description of the evolution as a recurrence phenomenon is incomplete. It is found that the onset of breaking corresponds to the onset of the asymmetric development of the side bands about the fundamental frequency and its higher harmonics. This asymmetric evolution, which ultimately leads to the shift to lower frequency first reported by Lake et al. (1977), is interpreted in termsof Longuct-Higgins’ (19786) breaking instability. For ak 2 0.31 a full three-dimensional instability dominates the Benjamin-Feir instability and leads rapidly to breaking. Preliminary measurements of this instability agree very well with the recent results of McLean et al. (1981).
Wilson Loops and Minimum Surfaces

The AdS/CFT correspondence suggests that the Wilson loop of the large N gauge theory with N=4 supersymmetry in 4 dimensions is described by a minimal surface in AdS_5 x S^5. We examine various aspects of this proposal, comparing gauge theory expectations with computations of minimal surfaces. There is a distinguished class of loops, which we call BPS loops, whose expectation values are free from ultra-violet divergence. We formulate the loop equation for such loops. To the extent that we have checked, the minimal surface in AdS_5 x S^5 gives a solution of the equation. We also discuss the zig-zag symmetry of the loop operator. In the N=4 gauge theory, we expect the zig-zag symmetry to hold when the loop does not couple the scalar fields in the supermultiplet. We will show how this is realized for the minimal surface.
What Fraction of Duplicates Observed in Recently Sequenced Genomes Is Segregating and Destined to Fail to Fix

Most sequenced eukaryotic genomes show a large excess of recent duplicates. As duplicates age, both the population genetic process of failed fixation and the mutation-driven process of nonfunctionalization act to reduce the observed number of duplicates. Understanding the processes generating the age distributions of recent duplicates is important to also understand the role of duplicate genes in the functional divergence of genomes. To date, mechanistic models for duplicate gene retention only account for the mutation-driven nonfunctionalization process. Here, a neutral model for the distribution of synonymous substitutions in duplicated genes which are segregating and expected to never fix in a population is introduced. This model enables differentiation of neutral loss due to failed fixation from loss due to mutation-driven nonfunctionalization. The model has been validated on simulated data and subsequent analysis with the model on genomic data from human and mouse shows that conclusions about the underlying mechanisms for duplicate gene retention can be sensitive to consideration of population genetic processes.
Quantitative porosity determination of thin sections using digitized images

ABSTRACT NIH Image, freeware for Macintosh computers, is used to obtain quantitative porosity values from digitized images of thin sections. The digital images are modified to reduce contrast and give the pores, or feature of interest, a unique color. NIH Image is used to measure the number of pixels of each color in the pore space and the total number of pixels in the image. This technique can be used for quantitative assessment of any digital image.
A 17-Year-Old Male With Pseudotumor Cerebri Secondary to Performance-Enhancing Steroids Triggering Venous Thrombosis in the Brain

This article is a case report of a 17-year-old male who presented with a headache and blurry vision. He subsequently was noted to have papilledema on a fundoscopic examination and an initial normal magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of his head; his condition was, therefore, diagnosed as pseudotumor cerebri. A subsequent magnetic resonance venography of his head revealed venous thrombosis, and other investigations revealed an elevated factor VIII level as well as a mutation at the MTHFR locus, consistent with an elevated risk for hypercoagulability. In addition, he admitted to steroid usage for purposes of performance enhancement in baseball. The patient's condition eventually improved with acetazolamide and serial lumbar punctures. Steroids have been linked to predisposition to hypercoagulable states, but there are no reports identified by these authors that link performance-enhancing steroids with pseudotumor cerebri as a result of a coagulation dyscrasia.
Boundary-layer noise induced by arrays of roughness elements

Sound induced by arrays of and the same flow blockage area. The acoustically compact roughness elements and their images in the wall radiate sound primarily as acoustic dipoles in the plane of wall. The dipole strength, orientation and spatial distribution show strong dependence on the roughness shape. Correlations between dipole sources associated with neighbouring elements are found to be small for these sparsely distributed roughness arrays. Correlations and coherence between roughness dipoles and surface pressure fluctuations are analysed, which reveals the importance of the impingement of upstream turbulence and surrounding vortical structures to dipole sound radiation, especially in the streamwise direction. For roughness shapes with sharp frontal edges, the edge-induced unsteady separation and reattachment also play important roles in sound generation. Large-scale turbulent structures in the boundary layer have a relatively low influence on roughness dipoles, except for the first row of elements.
Sarcopenia Does Not Affect Survival or Outcomes in Soft-Tissue Sarcoma

Background and Objective. Sarcopenia is associated with decreased survival and increased complications in carcinoma patients. We hypothesized that sarcopenic soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) patients would have decreased survival, increased incidence of wound complications, and increased length of postresection hospital stay (LOS). Methods. A retrospective, single-center review of 137 patients treated surgically for STS was conducted. Sarcopenia was assessed by measuring the cross-sectional area of bilateral psoas muscles (total psoas muscle area, TPA) at the level of the third lumbar vertebrae on a pretreatment axial computed tomography scan. TPA was then adjusted for height (cm(2)/m(2)). The association between height-adjusted TPA and survival was assessed using Cox proportional hazard model. A logistical model was used to assess the association between height-adjusted TPA and wound complications. A linear model was used to assess the association between height-adjusted TPA and LOS. Results. Height-adjusted TPA was not an independent predictor of overall survival (p = 0.746). Patient age (p = 0.02) and tumor size (p = 0.009) and grade (p = 0.001) were independent predictors of overall survival. Height-adjusted TPA was not a predictor of increased hospital LOS (p = 0.66), greater incidence of postoperative infection (p = 0.56), or other wound complications (p = 0.14). Conclusions. Sarcopenia does not appear to impact overall survival, LOS, or wound complications in patients with STS.
Evaluation of Seeding Trials

Results of cloud-seeding program, from customer’s standpoint, should be evaluated in terms of his desired end product: kilowatts, bushels of grain, or pounds of meat; evaluation should cover all possible effects of cloud seeding: rain intensity, rain temperature, wind speed, etc; program, and methods to be used in evaluation, must be stated beforehand, and statistical pitfalls must be avoided.
Air pollution and repolarization heterogeneity: more impetus for alternative energy.

Air pollution is associated with increased all-cause and cardiac mortality, in particular, concentrated ambient particles measuring <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) ([1,2][1]). Although the Environmental Protection Agency in 2006 tightened the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for
From early prophylaxis to delayed treatment: Establishing the plutonium decorporation activity window of hydroxypyridinonate chelating agents.

The potential consequences of a major radiological event are not only large-scale external radiation exposure of the population, but also uncontrolled dissemination of, and internal contamination with, radionuclides. When planning an emergency response to radiological and nuclear incidents, one must consider the need for not only post-exposure treatment for contaminated individuals, but also prophylactic measures to protect the workforce facing contaminated areas and patients in the aftermath of such events. In addition to meeting the desired criteria for post-exposure treatments such as safety, ease of administration, and broad-spectrum efficacy against multiple radionuclides and levels of challenge, ideal prophylactic countermeasures must include rapid onset; induce minimal to no performance-decrementing side effects; be compatible with current military Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive countermeasures; and require minimal logistical burdens. Hydroxypyridinone-based actinide decorporation agents have shown the most promise as decorporation strategies for various radionuclides of concern, including the actinides plutonium and americium. The studies presented here probe the extent of plutonium decorporation efficacy for two chelating agents, 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) and 5-LIO(Me-3,2-HOPO), from early pre-exposure time points to a delay of up to 7 days in parenteral or oral treatment administration, i.e., well beyond the initial hours of emergency response. Despite delayed treatment after a contamination event, both ligands clearly enhanced plutonium elimination through the investigated 7-day post-treatment period. In addition, a remarkable prophylactic efficacy was revealed for 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) with treatment as early as 48 h before the plutonium challenge. This work provides new perspectives in the indication and use of experimental actinide decorporation treatments.
Chromium(III) Oxidation by Three Poorly-Crystalline Manganese(IV) Oxides. 1. Chromium(III)-Oxidizing Capacity

The Cr(III)-oxidizing capacity of three layered poorly crystalline Mn(IV)O2 phases, i.e. δ-MnO2, Random Stacked Birnessite (RSB), and Acid Birnessite (AB), was determined in real-time and in situ, ...
Hybrid Long-wavelength VCSEL using High Contrast Metastructure on SOI

An electrically-pumped III-V-silicon hybrid VCSEL using a high-contrast metastructure (HCM) reflector on SOI with CW output >1 mW, 1.46 K/mW thermal resistance, and 5 Gb/s direct modulation is presented. The grating can provide in-plane waveguide coupling.
The Continued Exploitation of the College Athlete: Confessions of a Former College Athlete Turned Law Professor

College football and men’s college basketball generate billions of dollars each year, yet the NCAA and athletic conferences prohibit college athletes from earning compensation above the scholarships they currently receive, many of which are inadequate anyhow. Antitrust law provides a legal mechanism that should recognize such a prohibition both violates our free market economy and also subjugates college athletes to the role of exploited providers of services without proper compensation. College athletes should be able to earn money based on playing sports for their colleges and universities, as well as for licensing the rights to their names, images and likenesses through endorsements. This article provides a unique perspective on why college athletes should be allowed to earn compensation above their scholarship limit, both in the form of compensation for playing on a college team and also compensation from endorsements. The perspective is unique because I played college football at Rice as a scholarship athlete, and I also practiced law for nearly a decade and now teach as a law professor. In addition, this article includes excerpts from an audio-recorded interview I conducted with Jay Bilas, former Duke University standout basketball player, former Duke assistant coach, lawyer, and ESPN analyst.
ALL-1 gene rearrangements in DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor-related leukemia in children

We examined clinical, morphologic, and cytogenetic features and ALL-1 (MLL, Htrxl, HRX) gene rearrangements in 17 cases of secondary leukemia that occurred 11 months to 9 years from diagnoses of primary cancers in children who received topoisomerase II inhibitors or developed secondary leukemias typical of those associated with this therapy. Primary diagnoses included nine solid tumors and eight leukemias. Ten secondary leukemias were acute myeloid leukemia (AML), one was of mixed lineage, two were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and four presented as myelodysplasia. Of 15 cases with 11q23 involvement, 11 (73%) were cytogenetically identifiable; four cases had molecular rearrangement only. By Southern blot, rearrangements within the ALL-1 gene were similar to sporadic cases. The results of this analysis suggest the following: (1) In most pediatric cases of topoisomerase II inhibitor-associated leukemia, there is disruption of the breakpoint cluster region of the ALL-1 gene at chromosomal band 11q23. (2) Exposure histories vary in secondary 11q23 leukemia, as the only topoisomerase II inhibitor was dactinomycin in one case, and, in another case, no topoisomerase II inhibitor was administered. (3) There is clinical, morphologic, cytogenetic, and molecular heterogeneity in pediatric secondary 11q23 leukemia. (4) There are some survivors of pediatric secondary 11q23 leukemia, but the outcome is most often fatal.
Stress trajectories across the Northeast Alaska Range

A single earthquake on the southeast portion of the Denali fault in 1981 and two earthquake swarms occurring in 1981 and 1984 on the northern flanks of the Alaska Range south of Fairbanks indicate that the axis of maximum horizontal compressive stress is oriented in a NW-SE direction in the region. This is in accord with earlier findings by Nakamura et al. (1980) that tectonic trends signal a similar orientation of maximum horizontal compressive stress trajectories here.
Moral Education Adaptation Idea

The moral education adaptation is the necessary requirement.Moral developing is part of life.How to lead moral development in daily life calls for the logical point of departure.The paper focused on the logical boundary,value basis,basic requirement and the way of practice.
High temperature epoxide resin formulations

The rapid advances being made in the airborne instrument field necessitates the use of higher temperature electrical insulating materials which will withstand severe thermal ageing and cycling, humidity, salt spray, fungus, vibration and MIL-L-7808 diester type oils.
Numerical limit analysis of three-dimensional slope stability problems in catchment areas

Risk analysis of existing slopes in catchment areas requires quantification of their stability. This quantification becomes particularly difficult when dealing with larger areas under 3D conditions and including saturated and unsaturated water flow. This paper proposes the use of an effective numerical procedure to solve three-dimensional slope stability problems in large areas subjected to pore pressure effects. This numerical approach, numerical limit analysis, utilizes the finite element method and mathematical programming techniques. Mathematical programming is needed because the basic plasticity theorems for limit analysis can be cast as optimization problems. The generated optimization problem is formulated under a second-order cone programming framework, which is known to solve large-scale problems with great computational efficiency. The main objective of this work was to determine the slope safety factor and the collapse mechanism of soils governed by the Drucker–Prager yield criterion for large-scale 3D problems including pore pressure effects. This approach is applied to an experimental catchment in the Oregon Coast Range that failed after an intense rainfall. The results were compared with a previous stability analysis of the area available in the literature that used a novel 3D limit equilibrium method.
The therapist as muse: greater roles for clinicians in fostering innovation.

Important discoveries on factors that nurture or block creative accomplishment have emerged in recent years from research on clinical, personality, and social factors in creativity. After briefly r...
ROENTGENOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF HIATAL HERNIA.

Roentgenologic diagnosis of small hiatal hernias can be quite difficult. The incidence of these hernias in various series is influenced to some extent by the amount of effort expended in trying to demonstrate them. The technic of this x-ray examination is becoming more or less standardized. To make an unqualified diagnosis of a small sliding hiatal hernia, one must establish that the cardia lies above the diaphragm. Some features that may aid in diagnosis are described.
Spent Coffee Grounds Do Not Control Cycad Aulacaspis Scale

Cycad aulacaspis scale [CAS (Aulacaspis yasumatsui)] is a highly destructive pest insect worldwide. CAS feeds on cycad (Cycas sp.) plantings and is also posing a problem for the foliage industry. The use of spent coffee grounds to prevent or control CAS has received increased popularity in the last few years. This study assesses whether the application of spent coffee grounds is a realistic control method against CAS, and whether spent coffee grounds can be successfully used as a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. Two tests were performed during Summer 2010 and 2011. The first experiment assessed seven treatments: five coffee treatments, neem oil, and orange oil to control CAS on the debao cycad (Cycas debaoensis). In the second experiment, only coffee mulch was tested against the control on the debao cycad and fadang (Cycas micronesica). There was no statistical evidence of a difference between the control and the coffee mulch treatment with regard to infestation (insects per square centimeter). Soil pH differences were confirmed between control and coffee treatments, with the application of coffee mulch lowering pH by an average of 0.48. Spent coffee grounds did not have an effect on cycad mortality, but neem oil and orange oil increased cycad mortality.
Lack of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses to Address Healthy People 2020 Priority Areas.

Objectives. To examine the extent to which recently published cost-utility analyses (cost-effectiveness analyses using quality-adjusted life-years to measure health benefits) have covered the leading health concerns in the US Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2020 report.Methods. We examined data in the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, a database containing 5000 published cost-utility analyses published in the MEDLINE literature through 2014. We focused on US-based cost-utility analyses published from 2011 through 2014 (n = 687). Two reviewers scanned abstracts and met for a consensus on categorization of cost-utility analyses that addressed the specific priorities listed in the 12 Healthy People 2020 areas (n = 120).Results. Although 7.3% of recently published cost-utility analyses addressed key clinical preventive services, only about 2% of recently published cost-utility analyses covered each of the following Healthy People 2020 topics: reproductive and se...
An Observational Study of Classroom Acoustical Design and Repetitive Behaviors in Children With Autism

The objective of the present study is to explore the impact of acoustical design on children with autism in school classrooms. Empirical research on this topic will provide information on how inter...
Contextualizing Canines, a Dog Burial, and Enslaved Life on a Virginia Plantation

In the early nineteenth century, members of one household of the enslaved community at Virginia's Montpelier plantation buried their dog near the duplex they called home. This action, on its own, unfortunately does not speak directly to the broader experiences of Africans or their descendants forced into American bondage, or the specific experiences of the women and men enslaved at Montpelier. However, by contextualizing dogs in the African Atlantic and the specific landscapes of Montpelier, such narratives come into focus, allowing us to explore the roles the animal may have played in the daily life of an enslaved household.
The 2008–2009 Great Recession and employment outcomes among older workers

This study examined whether economic changes related to the 2008–2009 Recession were associated with employment status and job quality indicators among older workers in Europe and Israel. Data were derived from 4917 respondents (16,090 observations both before and after the recession) from 13 countries who participated in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Annual data on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, life expectancy, and quarterly unemployment rates were assigned to employment assessments from 2004 to 2013. Using difference-in-differences models, we assessed the recession’s implications on individual employment outcomes, while isolating cyclical variation within countries and individual changes over time. Among older workers, decreases in GDP were associated with an increase in the likelihood of being unemployed and a decrease in the likelihood of being retired. An increasing country-level unemployment rate had a significant effect on aspects of job quality: lower prospects for job advancement, lower job security, and higher job satisfaction. Economic recessions are thus negatively associated with employment outcomes for older workers. However, malleable policy-related factors such as longer tenure and improved general health can limit the negative employment and job quality outcomes following a recession.
Chinese Women in the Official Chinese Press: Discursive Constructions of Gender in Service to the State

Theories of gender and the nation posit that women are prescribed certain roles according to the needs of the state at a particular historical moment and that such roles are frequently articulated in media discourses. In China, the government has a long-standing tradition of using the state-run media to convey a national vision and mould its citizens. Hence, the mediated representation of Chinese women has ebbed and flowed according to radical shifts in government policy and ideology. In recent decades, massive economic and social changes have necessitated a quest for legitimacy on the part of the government through a vast reorganization of the country’s ideological environment, including the official construction of gender. This paper discusses three discursive representations of women currently articulated in state-run Chinese newspapers –worker, housewife, and consumer – and examines how the government press emphasizes the equality of Chinese women while simultaneously positioning them as inferior to men.