cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Perspectives on Reasonable Royalty Patent Damages and Current Congressional Efforts for Reform

The award of reasonable royalty damages for patentees successful in a patent infringement suit has had a long road in its development, resulting in its current manifestation under 35 U.S.C. § 284. As history has shown, the treatment of compensable damages to patentees ranged from the automatic trebling of the actual damages suffered, to placing the onus of proving the loss suffered on the shoulders of the plaintiff patentee. By tracing the roots of this remedy back to the original Patent Act of 1790, this article seeks to examine the growth in popularity of this award from its early versions, to its modern day equivalents. By looking at both the statutory changes, and the subsequent judicial interpretations of the statute, this article hopes to shed light on the history and rationale behind use of the reasonable royalty to compensate patentees for infringement of their patents.Additionally, in light of the context behind the failure of the much ballyhooed Patent Reform Act of 2007, this article seeks to explore the concerns and criticisms many parties had about the proposed damages provisions in this legislation. By analyzing the problems and shortcomings of that proposal, this article will provide guidance as to areas of which future proposals must include in order to maximize their chances of success and to bring the damages statute within long held historical lines.
Turbulence structure of the flow downstream of a compressor cascade with tip leakage

Detailed measurements of the mean flow and turbulence stress field downstream of a linear compressor with tip gap have been made. The cascade, consisting of 8 GE Rotor B section blades produces a highly periodic flow with 11.5 degrees of flow turning. Measurements were made for an approach free stream velocity of 87 ft/s. The tip-leakage vortex dominates the endwall flow region. Away from the endwall, the blade wakes exhibit characteristics similar to those of a two-dimensional wake. The mean flow fields of the blade wakes and vortex decay at similar rates as the flow travels downstream. The turbulence stress field of the wake decays at a rate consistent with the rate of decay of its mean flow field, but the decay rate of the turbulence generated by the vortex is much slower. The vortex generates intense turbulent fluctuations in an arch-shaped region surrounding the core that includes the region where flow is being lifted away from the endwall. This turbulence is apparently generated by the gradients of streamwise velocity associated with the vortex, rather than its circulating motion.
Epitaxial growth of CrO2 thin films on TiO2(110) surfaces

Chromium dioxide films on TiO2(110) single crystals have been grown by using chemical vapor deposition. The average growth rate was ∼1.8 nm·min-1. Powder X-ray diffraction indicated that the films were highly (110) textured. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the CrO2 films were continuous and no other chromium oxides were present. The CrO2 films were composed of grains typically 200−300 nm in diameter and appeared consistent with the rutile crystal structure. Atomic force microscopy suggested that the films were relatively rough, with a root-mean-square roughness of ∼114 nm for an 850 nm thick film. The resistivity at room temperature was found to be ∼137 μΩ·cm which decreased to ∼16 μΩ·cm at 5 K, consistent with metallic behavior. The films were ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of 398 K.
Abstract 4768: Design and development of selective sphingosine kinase 2 inhibitors

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been recently implicated to play a vital role in regulating a variety of physiological and pathological processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell survival. S1P is produced endogenously by sphingosine kinases (SKs) and the balance of the levels of S1P, its precursor sphingosine, and ceramide, referred to as the “sphingosine rheostat,” is important for normal cellular functions. To date, two isoforms of SPKs have been reported, sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) and sphingosine kinase 2 (SK2). Many efforts have been invested to study the roles of SK1 and SK1 has been indicated in the regulation of cancer progression and development. However, much is still remain unknown for SK2 and current results of the function of SK2 are complex and controversial. This is also reflected in the development of SK inhibitors. Several potent selective SK1 inhibitors have been reported and tested as potential cancer treatment agents. However, no potent and selective SK2 inhibitors have been developed to date. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop SK2 selective inhibitors as pharmacological tools to help unravel the roles of SK2. Recently, we discovered that a series of thiazolidine-2,4-dione analogs selectively inhibit SK2 and one lead compound was identified to inhibit SK2 with sub-µM potency but no activity to SK1 with a concentration up to 10 µM. Herein, we will report the structure activity relationship (SAR) studies of this newly identified lead SK2 inhibitor to optimize its potency and selectivity towards SK2. Furthermore, these analogs will be biologically characterized in human leukemia U937 cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4768. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4768
Observations on Intestinal Obstruction Following the Intravenous Injection of Particulate Material.

The cells which are grouped together under the name of the reticulo-endothelial system phagocytose particulate material and destroy or neutralize the action of many soluble toxins present in the circulating blood. The present study was made to observe if a partial blockage of the phagocytic ability of the reticulo-endothelial system had any effect on the length of time an animal would survive following the production of a complete obstruction in the distal portion of the ileum.Rabbits were selected as most suitable for these experiments. All surgical work was performed under ether anesthesia and with sterile technic. Routine necropsy examinations were made on each animal. To determine the length of time a normal rabbit would live following the production of a complete obstruction in the distal portion of the ileum the following preliminary experiment was performed: In a series of normal rabbits which weighed between 1200 and 3100 gm. a complete obstruction was made by placing a tie of tape 10 cm. proximal...
Fractionation of Serum Proteins by Ammonium Sulfate

Although several more sophisticated procedures for serum protein fractionation have been described since Kendall (1937) published the ammonium sulfate procedure for gamma globulin isolation, this is still the simplest and one of the most efficient methods if one does not wish to separate the different Immunoglobulin fractions from each other. This method gives a preparation which contains almost all of the Immunoglobulins together with other nonimmune serum globulins and with relatively low percentages of albumin. The material obtained is suitable for the preparation of fluorochrome- or ferritin-labeled Immunoglobulins as well as for further purification. The procedure requires no elaborate equipment, and is carried out at room temperature.
Innovations in Long-Term Care

Chronic illness poses a, if not the, principal challenge to the United States’ health care system. Chronic illnesses (also called “chronic conditions”) are long-lasting and often life-long, are typically not curable, place a potentially heavy burden on the life of the person with the illness and family members, and are characterized by a progressive onset with multiple and oftentimes misunderstood causes. Long-term care: is an array of informal and formal community-based and residential services offered to those with chronic conditions over time. Long-term care use is potentially nonlinear, dynamic, and subject to interactions between both the services received and the environment (both physical and social) in which such services are delivered. In addition to examining definitions of long-term care, this chapter briefly explores the historical context of long-term care in the United States and this history has influenced the current state of long-term care science, practice, and policy. Following this contextual overview, this chapter identifies several “innovations” that have emerged over the past several decades: this core of the chapter will examine innovative models and clinical practices that have aimed to transform and optimize long-term care.
From Deficiency to Strength: Shifting the Mindset about Education Inequality

The “achievement gap” as a symptom of persistent social inequity has plagued American education and society for decades. The vast chasm in academic achievement has long existed along racial and poverty lines. Children of color and from low-income families have, on average, performed worse on virtually all indicators of academic success: standardized test scores, high school graduation rates, and college matriculation rates. This gap perpetuates the existing inequalities in society. Efforts to close the achievement gap have had little effect. The gap remains and has actually widened. This article argues the gap is symptomatic of the deficit-driven education paradigm. Fixing the traditional paradigm is unlikely to close the gap because the paradigm reinforce and reproduces educational and social inequity by design. To work toward more educational and social equity, we need to adopt a different paradigm of education. The new paradigm should work on cultivating strengths of individual students instead of fixing their deficits.
Enlarging the Region of Attraction of equilibria of underactuated systems using Sum of Squares and Impulse Manifold Method

This paper presents an algorithm to enlarge the estimate of the Region of Attraction of stable equilibria of underactuated systems. To achieve this, we use a combination of the Sum of Squares (SOS) method and the Impulse Manifold Method (IMM). Initially, the SOS method is used to optimize the control input u(x) in order to obtain an enlarged Region of Attraction. The IMM is then applied on enlarged Region of Attraction obtained using SOS to further enlarge it. The IMM is implemented using high gain feedback and to demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm, we present simulation results where an initial configuration of an acrobot lying outside the true region of attraction is stabilized.
Meaning explanations at higher dimension

Abstract Martin-Lof’s intuitionistic type theory is a widely-used framework for constructive mathematics and computer programming. In its most popular form, type theory consists of a collection of inference rules inductively defining formal proofs. These rules are justified by Martin-Lof’s meaning explanations, which extend the Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation of connectives to a rich collection of types, and therefore provide a constructive realizability interpretation of formal proofs. Around 2005, researchers noticed that the rules of type theory also admit homotopy-theoretic models, and subsequently extended type theory with constructs inspired by these models: higher inductive types and Voevodsky’s univalence axiom. Although the resulting homotopy type theory has proved useful for homotopy-theoretic reasoning, it lacks a constructive interpretation. In this overview, we discuss a cubical generalization of the meaning explanations of type theory that constitutes an inherently constructive account of higher-dimensional structure in types.
Methylmercury alters proliferation, migration, and antioxidant capacity in human HTR8/SV-neo trophoblast cells.

Abstract Methylmercury, a potent neurotoxin, is able to pass through the placenta, but its effects on the placenta itself have not been elucidated. Using an immortalized human trophoblast cell line, HTR8/SV-neo, we assessed the in vitro toxicity of methylmercury. We found that 1 μg/mL methylmercury decreased viability, proliferation, and migration; and it had effects on antioxidant genes similar to those seen in neural cells. However, methylmercury led to decreased expression of superoxide dismutase 1 and increased expression of surfactant protein D. HTR cells treated 0.01 or 0.1 μg/mL methylmercury had increased migration rates along with decreased expression of an adhesion gene, cadherin 3, suggesting that low doses of methylmercury promote migration in HTR cells. Our results indicate that trophoblast cells react differently to methylmercury relative to neural cell lines, and thus investigation of methylmercury toxicity in placental cells is needed to understand the effects of this heavy metal on the placenta.
Floquet topological transitions in extended Kane-Mele models with disorder

In this work we use Floquet theory to theoretically study the influence of circularly polarized light on disordered two-dimensional models exhibiting topological transitions. We find circularly polarized light can induce a topological transition in extended Kane-Mele models that include additional hopping terms and on-site disorder. The topological transitions are understood from the Floquet-Bloch band structure of the clean system at high-symmetry points in the first Brillouin zone. The light modifies the equilibrium band structure of the clean system in such a way that the smallest gap in the Brillouin zone can be shifted from the $M$ points to the $K$ $({K}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ points, the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ point, or even other lower-symmetry points. The movement of the minimal gap point through the Brillouin zone as a function of laser parameters is explained in the high-frequency regime through the Magnus expansion. In the disordered model, we compute the Bott index to reveal topological phases and transitions. The disorder can induce transitions from topologically nontrivial states to trivial states or vice versa, both examples of Floquet topological Anderson transitions. As a result of the movement of the minimal gap point through the Brillouin zone as a function of laser parameters, the nature of the topological phases and transitions is laser parameter dependent, a contrasting behavior to the Kane-Mele model.
Creating a strategic enforcement approach to address wage theft: One academic’s journey in organizational change:

Strategic enforcement represents a proactive approach to using limited enforcement resources available to a regulatory agency to protect workers as required by the law. It does so by using enforcem...
Educational Technology and Technology Education

Technology education is an academic subject area that teaches students the “ways in which human beings change their environments to be better suited to their needs and wants, thereby using various types of knowledge” (de Vries, 2009, p. 1). Developed from the earlier industrial arts and crafts movements, technology education is focused on the products and systems developed by human beings. Wright (2012) describes technology as humans using objects (tools, machines, systems, and materials) to change the natural and human-made environments.
Minority issues in Alzheimer disease outcomes research.

Taking account of cultural and linguistic variations among ethnic minority groups (the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. elderly population) will have both conceptual and methodological impacts on Alzheimer disease outcomes research. At the conceptual level, researchers will need to evaluate whether the definition of Alzheimer disease, treatment approaches, and outcomes (anticipated and desired) central to their research are relevant or appropriate for the ethnic minorities in their target populations. The central methodological impact of cultural and linguistic diversity will be the need to use qualitative techniques as integral parts of the research process and to cross-culturally adapt English assessment instruments for use with ethnic minorities. More labor-intensive efforts will be required at all stages of the research process and, thus, higher costs will be incurred.
Aggregating Flexibility of Heterogeneous Energy Resources in Distribution Networks

Distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution networks have great potential for providing capacity reserves to the transmission systems. In this context, this paper focuses on optimizing the aggregated flexibility of DERs in power distribution networks, involving both network-wide voltage constraints, and individual device operating constraints. The intended task is first formulated as a convex program, and several critical properties of the underlying optimal aggregation solution are then highlighted via rigorous convex analysis. Leveraging the special problem structure, a decentralized solver is further developed to efficiently find the optimal aggregation trajectory with limited communication. Performance tests on the IEEE 37-bus benchmark are conducted to verify the theoretical findings and demonstrate the impact of various network configurations.
Comparison of Cortical Bone Trajectory Screw Placement Using the Midline Lumbar Fusion Technique to Traditional Pedicle Screws: A Case-Control Study.

ABSTRACT Background: Cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screws are an alternative to traditional pedicle screws (PS) for lumbar fixation. The proposed benefits of CBT screws include decreased approach-related morbidity and greater cortical bone contact to prevent screw pullout. Relatively little data is published on this technique. Here, we compare the midline lumbar fusion (MIDLF) approach for CBT screw placement to transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for traditional PS placement. Methods: A prospectively maintained institutional database was retrospectively reviewed for all patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion using CBT screws over the past 5 years. Controls were identified from the same database as patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion with traditional PS placement and matched based on age, sex, and number of levels fused. Exclusion criteria included prior lumbar instrumentation. The electronic health record was retrospectively reviewed for demographic, perioperative, and postoperative data. Results: A total of 23 patients who underwent CBT screw placement and 35 controls who received traditional PS were included in the study. The median follow-up time was 52.5 months. The CBT screw group had significantly less mean estimated blood loss than the PS group (186 mL versus 414 mL respectively; P = .008). Both groups experienced significant improvements in preoperative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores for back and leg pain. However, there was no significant difference between the groups in regard to operative time and amount of improvement in VAS pain score or ODI. The CBT group was associated with a significantly shorter mean length of stay (LOS). There were 2 instances of screw pullout in each group. Conclusions: The MIDLF approach with CBT screw placement is associated with less intraoperative blood loss and shorter LOS than traditional PS placement. There is no difference between the 2 techniques in regard to improvement in pain or disability.
Analysis of References Used in Orthopaedic Self-Assessment Exams

Abstract Orthopaedic surgery board certification and maintenance of certification requires success on standardized tests and ongoing continuing medical education. This study aims to identify the most impactful resources for preparation for and maintenance of board certification. Questions included in the Orthopaedic Self-Assessment Exams (SAEs) from 2009 to 2014 were examined with the type and age of reference materials cited for each question. There were 4479 total citations. There were 289 journals and 95 textbooks identified. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (15% of citations), Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (11%), and Clinical Orthopaedic and Related Research (6%) were the most frequently cited journals. The average age of cited articles was 8.2 years. These data demonstrate that certain orthopaedic journals are consistently the most commonly cited references for SAEs and could also be expected to be the highest yield references for knowledge acquisition and exam preparation. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 27(2):92-97, 2018).
Ensuring students' well-being as they learn to support victims of violence.

As medical schools in the US incorporate domestic violence into their curriculum they must also create mechanisms to assist medical students who have personal histories of domestic violence. In addition all students must receive the support they will need to confront the psychological difficulties of working with survivors of domestic violence. It is only within the past decade that the extent of domestic violence and its effects on health have been recognized. The few surveys that have examined the prevalence of a history of domestic violence among health care providers have revealed that figures for this population mirror those for the general population. One reason for this is that more women are becoming medical students and significantly more women than men have violence in their histories. Because it is a caring profession medicine also attracts those who were exposed to family violence. Some of these individuals become high achievers to alleviate their pain but find it impossible to maintain perfectionism in medical school. When survivors are ultimately unable to feel good about themselves they are unable to deal with patients objectively. As patients begin to discuss experiences of violence with medical students the students may react by withdrawal denial or "intrusive" actions such as rescue attempts or boundary violations. These situations may be particularly problematic for medical students who have survived violence. Medical schools therefore should offer self-care training as they address the presence of family violence experiences among their students.
Kainic acid: its tritiation revisited with added technical details

Kainic acid is a marine natural product and extremely useful for neuroscience research. A number of years ago, a preliminary account of its tritiation was reported and based on decades of experience with it, updated technical details about its tritium labelling as well as storage, stability and repurification are described.
Tailoring surface anisotropy in ternary NiC/glass/epoxy laminates by magnetic field

Abstract The controlled orientation of short fibers on the surface of structural laminates while obtaining good dispersion and uniform spatial distribution is highly desirable. In this paper, a new magnetic field assisted fabrication method is proposed to align nickel coated carbon (NiC) fibers on the surface of ternary NiC/glass/epoxy laminates. Excellent dispersion of short NiC fibers with a uniform distribution on the fabric surface is achieved via a recently developed cascaded suspension deposition method. An appropriate level of magnetic field, generated by a set of permanent magnets, is used to control orientation of NiC fibers without disturbing the dispersion and uniformity of microstructure in the composite laminates. The magnetic field is used to induce different levels of fiber alignment: (i) on the glass fabric substrate during the deposition of NiC fibers, (ii) on the deposited fabric after mold filling by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), and (iii) on the fabric substrate during deposition, mold filling, and after mold filling. The effects of fiber aspect ratio and the amount of nickel coating on the process-induced microstructure are also investigated. The results show that the proposed method can be successfully used in VARTM to obtain a controlled orientation of fibers at the surface of the laminate while maintaining the uniform fiber volume fraction and good dispersion throughout the surface. Surface microstructural analysis reveals that the highest alignment of NiC fibers is achieved when the magnetic field is applied throughout the fabrication process.
73 Extreme risk protection orders in Washington: a statewide study

Statement of Purpose Extreme Risk Protection Orders (ERPOs) restrict an individual’s access to firearms if they pose a danger to themselves or others. We conducted a statewide study to examine the current uptake of this law and describe characteristics of petitioners and respondents. Approach We requested all ERPO records from Washington Administrative Office of the Courts since the law implementation on January 1, 2017 to May 15, 2019. We traveled to county courthouses throughout the state to extract further information from each case file. Results 243 ERPOs for 239 respondents were filed. There was wide variation in the rate of filing ERPOs by county ranging from 0 (in 16 counties) to 22 cases per 100,000 population. County-level correlation between ERPO filing and firearm violent death rates was weak (correlation coefficient=0.18; p=0.45). 81% of respondents were male and 86% of petitioners were law enforcement agents. The ERPO filing reason was potential for harm to self (28%), others (36%), or both self and others (35%). 11% of petitions were denied or dismissed. 39% of respondents had unlawfully or recklessly used, displayed, or brandished a firearm (39%), 36% had expressed an intent to obtain a firearm, 12% had recently acquired a firearm, and 10% had access to someone else’s firearm. Several respondents had a documented history of mental or behavioral health issues (40%), substance abuse (35%), and criminal behavior (30%). 614 firearms including 316 handguns and 298 long-guns were removed from 161 respondents. Conclusions ERPOs are predominantly petitioned by law enforcement. We need to promote education and awareness on the purpose and process of filing ERPOs to increase their utilization. Significance ERPOs can create safer circumstances for both petitioners and respondents by removing firearms from high-risk situations and engaging resources to provide treatment or address the underlying causes of the dangerous behaviors.
Victims Behind the Model Minority Myth: Are Asian Americans Model Victims?

Asian Americans have a unique ethnic position in the United States, often being characterized as the “model minority.” Overall, the model minority stereotype is associated with the successful adaptation of Asian Americans to American mainstream culture with their high achievement in education and professional occupations. However, scholars note that the model minority myth, in fact, has caused negative consequences to Asian Americans and their communities. Asian victims internalize and reinforce the image of “model victims” and silently suffer rather than seek assistance. Just as important, the model minority stereotype masks notable variations and challenges among Asian communities. The greatest concern is many Southeast Asian refugees, who have experienced ongoing struggles and long-term trauma caused by political turmoil in their home countries and maladaptation to new environments. Asian Americans are one of the least studied populations in the criminal justice system and little is known about their ethnic realities. This paper argues that more research on and advocacy services for Asian American victims are necessary to better support this population.
Narcotic Refills and Patient Satisfaction With Pain Control After Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Patient satisfaction has become an important metric for total joint arthroplasty (TJA) used to reimburse hospitals. Despite ubiquitous narcotic use for post-TJA pain control, there is little understanding regarding patient factors associated with obtaining opioid refills and associations with patient satisfaction. Methods Using our state’s mandatory opioid prescription monitoring program, we reviewed preoperative and postoperative narcotic prescriptions filled for 438 consecutive TJA patients. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the number of post-TJA narcotic refills obtained (0, 1, or >1), and logistic regression analysis was conducted comparing demographics, surgical factors, and satisfaction with pain control. Results One hundred twenty-five patients (25.8%) did not consume preoperative opioids and received no postoperative refills. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients (P = .0004), subjects ≥65 years (P = .0057), and Medicare patients (P = .0058) had significantly higher rates of 0 postdischarge refills. THA recipients had 268% increased odds of not receiving a refill narcotic (adjusted odds ratio = 0.373; 95% confidence interval, 0.224- 0.622). Every 100-morphine milligram equivalent (MME) increase in presurgery use led to a 16% increase in odds of needing >1 opioid refill (adjusted odds ratio = 1.161; 95% confidence interval, 1.085-1.242). Subjects who noted higher satisfaction consumed less overall opioids when receiving a refill (436 vs 1119 MMEs, P = .021). Conclusion Subjects who received fewer narcotic prescriptions and overall MMEs demonstrated higher rates of satisfaction with early pain control. Our results are consistent with other studies in showing that increased preoperative narcotic use portends higher rates of postoperative refills. There appears to be a subset of THA patients >65 years of age who may be candidates for opioid-sparing analgesia.
Redistribution of radionuclides in irradiated AGR-1 UCO TRISO fuel after 1800 °C safety testing

Abstract Release of radionuclides from intact tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) coated particle fuel at normal and accident conditions is a primary metric of fuel performance. The distribution of fission products and actinides in the TRISO layers of individual particles provides insight on radionuclide transport and release behavior and was determined using scanning electron microscopy analysis. Particles were isolated from an irradiated fuel compact (AGR-1 Compact 4-4-2) and analyzed as-irradiated or after individual particle safety-testing at 1800 °C for 650 h. Particles were selected for comparison based on their remaining 110mAg fission product inventory. These comparisons corroborated the observation that the 110mAg inventory is a marker for relative irradiation temperature based on observed radionuclide distribution in the SiC layer. The comparison also indicated that the in-pile behavior influences the fission product and actinide species interactions with the TRISO layers during high temperature exposure after irradiation. The analysis confirms both palladium and uranium diffusion, as well as other species, are active in the UCO TRISO fuel system at 1800 °C and that palladium transport is active at lower temperatures relative to uranium. While diffusion across the SiC layer was observed, the intact nature of the SiC layer after the 1800 °C, 650-h exposure indicates the SiC layer maintained its functionality as a fission product barrier by mitigating release of radionuclides at beyond accident margin temperatures.
Type II Refractory Celiac Disease

After excluding common causes of non-responsive celiac disease (NRCD), clinicians should suspect refractory celiac disease (RCD) and determine if a clonal or abnormal population of T-cells is evident in the duodenal mucosa. The presence of this aberrant T-cell population in the absence of lymphoma is diagnostic of type II RCD. This entity, which likely affects less than 0.5% of celiac patients, is often challenging to diagnose and manage and carries substantial morbidity and mortality, mainly enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL). Limited data exist regarding the optimal management of this condition, including enteric and systemic corticosteroids, purine analogues, JAK inhibitors, and stem cell transplantation.
Imaging and spectroscopy with scattered light from the tissue to chromatin scale

In this talk, we will discuss how scattered light can be used for noninvasive detection of invisible pre-cancer in organs such as the esophagus or pancreas which seem to have little in common. Nevertheless, since pre-cancer in many organs is characterized by certain common microscopic changes in the epithelial cells, such as the increase in nuclear size and nuclear density, we will show that light scattering signatures of those pre-cancers are quite similar, allowing for early cancer imaging and detection without the need for external markers. Light scattering signatures can also be used for sensing subnuclear and subcelluar structures, such as chromatin packing, organelle organization, and characterization of cell-derived exosomes. Nanoscale changes in the nuclear structure have been shown to play a critical role in genetic and transcriptional alterations and are a hallmark of neoplasia. We will discuss how the approach based on the combination of confocal microscopy and spectroscopy
A Multi-modal Approach to Evaluate the Impact of Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Programs

Since 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration has had the authority to require risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) programs for certain medications with serious safety concerns to help ensure the benefits of the medication outweigh its risks. Such programs can include requirements for patient monitoring, restrictions on dispensing or administration, and physician and pharmacy training and certification. However, there has been only scattered evidence on the impact of REMS programs on informed decision making, medication access, or patient outcomes. The objective of this article was to describe a study that researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School will conduct in partnership with the Food and Drug Administration’s Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology to investigate systematically how REMS programs have operated in practice. Investigations include health insurance claims-based analyses to understand patterns of drug use, adherence to safety requirements, and patient outcomes under REMS programs; surveys and interviews to understand physician and patient experiences with REMS; and REMS program material-based and interview-based analyses to understand the effectiveness of risk communication in REMS programs. These research activities will evaluate the performance of REMS programs, provide information on the benefits and burdens to patients and healthcare providers, and generate recommendations for actionable steps to improve REMS programs overall.
Headache and Sleep

Sleep is an essential biological function and a highly conserved behavior across animal evolution. During sleep, most of the body’s systems are in an anabolic state, which helps restore the immune, nervous, and muscular systems. Sleep maintains mood, enhances memory and cognitive function, and supports the endocrine and immune systems. Humans spend approximately one-quarter to one-third of their lives in the active state of sleep, allowing a considerable opportunity for overlap between normal sleep, sleep disorders, and headache.
Venoplasty and Stenting

Venoplasty and venous stenting is commonly applied to chronically thrombosed veins. Venous angioplasty by itself is usually not sufficient to keep a vein open, presumable because of the low intravascular blood pressure (compared to the arterial system). Therefore, metal stents are usually required for long-term patency in venous disease.
Genotypic and environmental effects on lupin seed composition

Currently, white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is gaining importance due to its high nitrogen fixation capability and potential in sustainable crop production systems. Even though research conducted in Australia, Chile, Germany, New Zealand, and Portugal has indicated lupin's positive potential as human and animal food, such information from Virginia and adjoining areas of the United States is not available. In addition, effects of growing environment and genotypes on lupin seed composition need to be characterized to evaluate lupin's potential as a food and feed crop. Towards this end, seed of 12 lupin genotypes produced in Maine (USA) and Virginia (USA) were compared to determine genotypic and environmental effects on contents of protein, sugar, oil, various fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals. The protein content of dry seed was not affected by growing environment. However, growing environment had significant effects on contents of total sugar, amino acids, oil, fatty acids, and minerals. Significant variation existed among 12 lupin genotypes for various traits when composition of seed produced in Virginia was evaluated. The results indicated that site-specific evaluation of adapted lupin genotypes for chemical composition should be included in efforts to evaluate lupin's overall potential as a food or feed crop.
Regulation of Growth Hormone Gene Expression

The sections in this article are: 1 Transcriptional Controls 1.1 Growth Hormone Gene Organization 1.2 Activation of Proximal Promoter Elements of the Growth Hormone Gene in Somatotropes 1.3 Structure and Function of the Proximal Promoter 1.4 Activation of Placentally Expressed Human Growth Hormone Genes 1.5 Role of Silencer Elements 1.6 Genetic Evidence for Transcriptional Control and Developmental Pathways 2 Posttranscriptional Controls 2.1 Alternative Splicing of Human Growth Hormone Genes 2.2 Alternative Splicing of the Bovine Growth Hormone Gene 2.3 mRNA Stability
The human female reproductive tract: Immunohistological localization of γA, γG, γM, secretory “piece,” and lactoferrin

Abstract The tissue localization of immunoglobulins G, A, and M, secretory “piece” (SP), and lactoferrin (LF) in tissue comprising the human female reproductive tract, including nine uterine tubes, forty endometrial, three cervical, and three vaginal specimens, was investigated by means of the direct fluorescent antibody technique. γG was the predominant immunoglobulin in all the tissues studied and was localized primarily in the interstitial connective tissue as diffuse noncellular staining. γG fluorescence was also observed along the basement membrane beneath the epithelium, in lymphoid cells, and in the luminal contents of many endometrial and cervical glands. The intensity of γA staining was less in most specimens; however, the tissue localization of γA was the same as γG. γM staining was very light in most tissues. Only minimal intercellular γA staining was observed between the cells of the mucous membrane of the uterine tube and the glandular epithelium of the endometrium. SP staining was localized inside the epithelial cells lining the villi of the uterine tube, glandular epithelium of the endometrium, and cervix, but not in the squamous epithelium of the vagina. The luminal contents of many endometrial and cervical glands stained brilliantly with SP antiserum. Lactoferrin was localized in the glandular epithelium of the endometrial specimens and in the luminal contents of endometrial glands, particularly during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Similar staining was observed in the cervical glands. Lactoferrin was also localized in leukocytes that were dispersed in the interstitium of nearly all the tissue specimens examined.
Use of High-Power Diode Laser Arrays for Pre- and Post-Weld Heating during Friction Stir Welding of Steels

In this research a high-power diode laser array was used to preheat HY-80 steel to determine the efficacy of using a diode laser array for preheating prior to friction stir welding in order to reduce frictional forces thereby reducing tool wear and increasing welding speeds. Using instrumented plates the temperature profile using diode heating alone was determined in order to validate theoretical models. A high-power diode laser is proposed as a more cost effective and efficient means of preheating compared to other hybrid friction stir welding techniques. Parameters of the diode array were easily controllable and resulted in a preheated area that very closely matches the typical stir zone observed in friction stir welds. A proposed diode laser assisted friction stir welding system is presented, and it is hypothesized that the addition of diode laser preheating will improve tool life and/or increase welding speeds on steels.
A tissue selective rapamycin analog inhibits MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell-induced osteolytic bone metastases in nude mice

4857 Bone metastases, frequent consequences of common malignancies such as breast, lung, and prostate cancer, involve complex molecular processes and are extremely difficult to treat. In the bone microenvironment, metastatic cancer cells produce osteoclast activating factors (e.g., PTHrP) that stimulate bone resorption. Bone-derived growth factors (e.g., TGF-β and IGF1) are subsequently released, promoting cancer-cell proliferation and the amplification of a cycle that produces net osteolytic (bone destructive) consequences. AP24170 is a rapamycin analog with a synthetically linked bone-targeted (BT) moiety. The bone-targeting functionality is designed to accumulate BT rapalogs such as AP24170 on bone, enhancing the anti-tumor and anti-osteolytic effects of mTOR inhibition at bone, and minimizing effects outside bone, compared to non-targeted rapamycin analogs. In this study, we tested this concept by examining the effects of AP24170 and rapamycin in an intracardiac MDA-MB-231 tumor cell injection model of bone osteolytic metastasis in nude mice. Three days post intracardiac cell inoculation, AP24170 and rapamycin were administered intravenously (biw and qw) to mice using equimolar doses (14 and 10 mg/kg, respectively) for a period of 3 weeks. Both AP24170 treated groups had a lower percentage of limb bones with cortical osteolytic lesions (24-21%) and fewer osteolytic lesions per mouse (1 met, av) than the comparable rapamycin treated groups (44-52% and 2-3 mets/mouse, av) as assessed by whole animal radiography. The vehicle treated mice developed osteolytic lesions in 85% of the bones examined and averaged 5 osteolytic limb lesions per mouse. The difference in potency between AP24170 and rapamycin was the opposite of that observed in prior in vitro cell assays, consistent with effective bone-targeting in vivo . In a separate study, we examined systemic mTOR inhibitory effects by administering equimolar doses of each compound to mice, harvesting abdominal muscle 24 hr later, and assessing mTOR activity by measuring levels of phosphorylated S6 (pS6) by western blot. Rapamycin treatment elicited a clear dose-responsive reduction in pS6 levels, as expected, but AP24170 caused no apparent reduction of pS6, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of AP24170 are selective for bone. The tissue (bone) selective nature of AP24170 and the potent in vivo effects observed in this and other models of bone cancer make this class of compounds promising candidates for the treatment of both bone metastases and primary bone cancer.
Joint image and word sense discrimination for image retrieval

We study the task of learning to rank images given a text query, a problem that is complicated by the issue of multiple senses. That is, the senses of interest are typically the visually distinct concepts that a user wishes to retrieve. In this paper, we propose to learn a ranking function that optimizes the ranking cost of interest and simultaneously discovers the disambiguated senses of the query that are optimal for the supervised task. Note that no supervised information is given about the senses. Experiments performed on web images and the ImageNet dataset show that using our approach leads to a clear gain in performance.
3 l 3 l ′ 3 l ″ states of He −

Extensive complex-rotation calculations are carried out for eight ${\mathrm{He}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ${3l3l}^{\ensuremath{'}}{3l}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ states in order to understand the resonance structure of ${\mathrm{He}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ below the He ${3s3p}^{1}{P}^{o}$ threshold. It is found that the spectrum is very different from that of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ${2l2l}^{\ensuremath{'}}{2l}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ states. A $3s\ensuremath{-}3p$ energy inversion is uncovered. Our result suggests that unlike the resonance structures below the $n=2$ region, ${3s3p}^{2}{}^{2}S$ and ${3s3p}^{2}{}^{2}P$ do form closed-channel resonances below the $3s3p{}^{3}{P}^{o}$ threshold. The results of this study are used to understand the scattering experiment of Roy [Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1062 (1977)].
Simultaneously Integrated Boost to Multiple Brain Metastases during Whole Brain Radiation Therapy-Hippocampal Avoidance

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of delivering a radiosurgery-quality integrated boost to visible brain metastases combined with hippocampal sparing whole brain radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Materials and Methods: Ten patients were planned on helical tomotherapy using MR-CT fusion-defined target and normal structure contours. Individually contoured hippocampi were used as conformal avoidance structures and limited to a mean-NTD2 of 6 Gy, where NTD2 denotes the normalized total dose delivered in 2 Gy fractions assuming an Α/Β-ratio of 2 Gy. A whole brain dose of 32.25 Gy and simultaneous boost doses to brain metastases of either 63.0 Gy (> 2.0 cm) or 70.8 Gy (< 2.0 cm) to be delivered in 15 fractions were prescribed. Plans were generated for a 2.5- and 1.0-cm field width (FW). To assess plan quality, the prescription isodose to target volume (PITV) ratio, target coverage, conformation number, and homogeneity index were computed. Results: Comparing treatment plans using a 1.0-cm FW to those using a 2.5-cm FW, the mean PITV ratio improved from 1.75 ± 0.61 to 1.48 ± 0.37, the whole brain homogeneity improved by 32% (p < 0.0004), and the mean dose in 2.0-Gy fraction equivalents received by the hippocampi varied from 5.8 ± 1.9 to 5.9 ± 1.3 Gy2. Conclusions: Delivery of radiosurgery-quality dose distributions to multiple brain metastases using helical tomotherapy is possible even when combined with whole brain radiation therapy and conformal avoidance of the hippocampi.
Introduction to the Propp-Wilson Method of Exact Sampling for the Ising Model

An introduction to the Propp-Wilson method of coupling-from-the-past for the Ising model is presented. It enables one to obtain exact samples from the equilibrium spin distribution for ferromagnetic interactions. Both uniform and random quenched magnetic fields are included. The time to couple from the past and its standard deviation are shown as functions of system size, temperature, and the field strength. The time should be an estimate of the ergodic time for the Ising system.
Building Europe: The Cultural Politics of European Integration.

Building Europe: The Cultural Politics of European Integration. Cris Shore. New York: Routledge, 2000. 258 pp.
Doing the Creative Frontier: A Scientist and a Humanist Learn to Teach Humanities Together

This paper relates the story of two professors that have made a bridge between the two cultures, science and humanities. They teach a humanities course together.
Automated In-Home Fall Risk Assessment and Detection Sensor System for Elders

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Falls are a major problem for the elderly people leading to injury, disability, and even death. An unobtrusive, in-home sensor system that continuously monitors older adults for fall risk and detects falls could revolutionize fall prevention and care. DESIGN AND METHODS: A fall risk and detection system was developed and installed in the apartments of 19 older adults at a senior living facility. The system includes pulse-Doppler radar, a Microsoft Kinect, and 2 web cameras. To collect data for comparison with sensor data and for algorithm development, stunt actors performed falls in participants' apartments each month for 2 years and participants completed fall risk assessments (FRAs) using clinically valid, standardized instruments. The FRAs were scored by clinicians and recorded by the sensing modalities. Participants' gait parameters were measured as they walked on a GAITRite mat. These data were used as ground truth, objective data to use in algorithm development and to compare with radar and Kinect generated variables. RESULTS: All FRAs are highly correlated (p Language: en