cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between photosynthesis and respiration in chlorella. I. Types of transients of oxygen exchange after short light exposures.

1. Synchronous Chlorella fusca was exposed to light for periods of 0.1 sec-15 min. Subsequent to the illumination, the rate of O2 exchange passes through a series of transient phenomena. These transients vary greatly with cellular age and depend also upon conditions prior to and during the experiment. However, the individual maxima and minima of O2 exchange specified as T1, T2, T3..., occur at reproducible times provided that algae of the same developmental stage and pretreatment are used. 2. At least 5 individual components are involved in the complex changes: (a) A sudden photosynthetic O2 evolution (T1) which, after darkening, declines rapidly and without oscillations. (b) A brief and distinct O2 uptake (T2) immediately after switching off the light, which is only observed under special conditions. (c) The next maxima and minima T3, T4, T5, and partly also T6 obviously are damped oscillations of the respiratory O2 uptake, started by an inhibition of some respiratory step by photosynthesis. (d) A slow declining stimulation of O2 uptake superimposed on the foregoing transients occurs after longer light exposures. (e) A very strong stimulation of respiratory O2 consumption (T8), culminating not until 6 to 8 min after the start of illumination, is induced only by irradiation with short-wave light (< 540 nm) after longer dark periods. 3. The individual components differ with respect to their dependence on intensity, wavelength and duration of the light exposure and their sensitivity to several inhibitors. According to their characteristics all transients except T8 depend on, but in different ways, the function of the photosynthetic apparatus. The components b and c seem to be closely connected with System I.
Chromosomal instability in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.

Measurement of serum calcitonin (CT) at basal levels and after pentagastrin stimulation is presently the most reliable method for detection of medullary carcinoma (MCT), but not for detection of patients who carry the disease while in the pretumorous stage. Our aim is to use cytogenetic analyses to identify the phenomenon of genetic instability in patients and family members as a second marker to predict the possibility of neoplastic development. We found that in cultured lymphocyte samples taken from MCT patients, the chromosomes exhibited a relatively higher frequency of spontaneous aberrations (average 10.2±3.1% metaphases). The close relatives of 3 families with high CT levels and surgical neoplastic findings showed such a trait. In lymphocytes of normal persons, chromosome aberrations, usually of chromatid type, are rarely encountered (average about 3.2±1.6%). Our conclusions are: (a) patients with MCT show an increased spontaneous chromosomal aberration rate (SCAR), in brief a chromosomal instability (CI); (b) increased chromosomal aberration in family members with multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa (MEN IIa) kindreds is present; (c) such patients with high SCAR should be tested with CT measurement at basal levels and after stimulation; (d) if serum CT is high, thyroidectomy should be considered; (e) if CT is low, the patient should be followed at regular intervals; and (f) SCAR is a useful practical marker; it may be used in screening, especially when pentagastrin studies are impractical, as with children.
On advances in differential-geometric approaches for 2D and 3D shape analyses and activity recognition

In this paper we summarize recent advances in shape analysis and shape-based activity recognition problems with a focus on techniques that use tools from differential geometry and statistics. We start with general goals and challenges faced in shape analysis, followed by a summary of the basic ideas, strengths and limitations, and applications of different mathematical representations used in shape analyses of 2D and 3D objects. These representations include point sets, curves, surfaces, level sets, deformable templates, medial representations, and other feature-based methods. We discuss some common choices of Riemannian metrics and computational tools used for evaluating geodesic paths and geodesic distances for several of these shape representations. Then, we study the use of Riemannian frameworks in statistical modeling of variability within shape classes. Next, we turn to models and algorithms for activity analysis from various perspectives. We discuss how mathematical representations for human shape and its temporal evolutions in videos lead to analyses over certain special manifolds. We discuss the various choices of shape features, and parametric and non-parametric models for shape evolution, and how these choices lead to appropriate manifold-valued constraints. We discuss applications of these methods in gait-based biometrics, action recognition, and video summarization and indexing. For reader convenience, we also provide a short overview of the relevant tools from geometry and statistics on manifolds in the Appendix.
Acute coronary syndromes: identifying the appropriate patient for prasugrel.

AbstractAcute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. More than half of patients presenting with ACS will experience a recurrent ischemic event; thus, preventing recurrent events is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with ACS. While dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel has been the foundation of management for patients presenting with ACS, clopidogrel is limited by delayed antiplatelet effect and a variable patient response. Prasugrel is more potent, has a more rapid and consistent antiplatelet effect, and has been associated with improved outcomes compared with clopidogrel in select patients with ACS. Although prasugrel reduces the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events, it also increases the risk of major bleeding. Careful patient selection will improve the likelihood that patients treated with prasugrel will experience the benefit of this antiplatelet agent with the lowest possible risk of an adverse event. This article review...
Contraction Dependency of the Positive Inotropic Action of Cardiac Glycosides

The concept that the positive inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides is dependent on the contractile state of the myocardium was tested. Isolated left atria of rabbits, when driven electrically at 15, 30, 60 and 120/min (at 30, 33, or 37°C), responded to ouabain (I µ/ml) in proportion to the number of contractions and not to the time of exposure or frequency of drive. Contraction-related effects were proportional to concentration of ouabain, acetylstrophanthidin, and digoxin. A contraction-related effect of ouabain was observed in anesthetized dogs with surgical A-V block, ventricular electrical drive and right ventricular contractile force recording. Quiescent rabbit atria exposed to ouabain for 30 min at 30°C and then washed in ouabain-free medium, showed minimal positive inotropic effect when stimulation was resumed. Toxic concentration of ouabain (5 µg/ml) in contact with quiescent atria for 30 min and then washed out, on resumption of stimulation had an immediate positive intropic (but no toxic) effect which diminished progressively, in contrast to the rapid development of toxic effects (ectopic contractions and contracture) in atria exposed to this dose of auabain during repetitive contractions. It is concluded that a major part of the positive intropic effect of cardiac glycosides is contraction dependent.
Ab initio calculation of isotopic fractionation in B(OH)3(aq) and BOH4-(aq).

Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations are used here to calculate vibration frequencies for B(OH)3(aq) and B(OH)4-(aq). We show that previous calculations have either underestimated or omitted altogether a major fractionating vibrational mode. The new results indicate that the 11B partitions into B(OH)4- in water, in contrast to recent experimental measurement of the fractionation factor. The discrepancy appears to result from using finite-temperature vibrational frequencies in the standard harmonic expression for the fractionation factor. While our results connect the measured spectrum to previous harmonic electronic structure calculations, they indicate that harmonic frequencies must be extracted from experimental vibrational spectra before they can be used in the standard expressions.
Modeling the Anisotropic Properties of Human Skin Tissues

The anisotropic properties of human skin tissues are important for many applications, such as medical device/patient interface modeling. Typically, uniaxial [1] and biaxial [2] tests are used for mechanical testing of skin. The inflation method, less commonly used for skin, presents the advantages of imposing a biaxial deformation state more similar to that found in vivo. For methods that incorporate full-field displacement measurements, the material directions can be determined from the test rather than pre-selected prior to testing [3]. Furthermore, the mechanical response measured by the inflation method has been shown to be insensitive to preconditioning [4].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The social reality construction of attitudes toward the social roles of women and African Americans

This article explores how individuals construct various conceptions of the world, and how the mass media, especially television, influence belief structures and perceptions of reality. A structural equation model is formulated such that attitudes toward the social roles of African Americans and women (normative equality) are explained by location in the social structure (objective and perceived social class and education), media exposure (newspaper, television, magazine, and radio), and interpersonal discussion. The model allows for measurement error in the endogenous variables. The empirical patterns from within a sample of urban adults are interpreted as supporting the importance of the mass media (particularly television) and of interpersonal discussion in explaining our version of the normative equality construct.
Exact results on the multi-channel Kondo effect from conformal field theory

Abstract We review some of the exact results, obtained from conformal field theory for the non-Fermi-liquid fixed point in the multi-channel single-impurity Kondo model. These include thermodynamics, transport, stability and robustness of the non-Fermi-liquid, exact Green's functions, enhancement of pair-correlations and crossover behavior. The physical origin of the non-Fermi-liquid behavior is a generalization of spin-charge separation.
Effect of gas mass flux on cryogenic liquid met breakup

A scattered-light scanning instrument developed at NASA Lewis Research Center was used to measure the characteristic drop size of clouds of liquid nitrogen droplets. The instrument was calibrated with suspensions of monosized polystyrene spheres. In this investigation of the mechanism of liquid nitrogen jet disintegration in a high-velocity gas flow, the Sauter mean diameter, D32, was found to vary inversely with the nitrogen gas mass flux raised to the power 1.33. Values of D32 varied from 5 to 25 microns and the mass flux exponent of 1.33 agrees well with theory for liquid jet breakup in high-velocity gas flows. The loss of very small droplets due to the high vaporization rate of liquid nitrogen was avoided by sampling the spray very close to the atomizer, i.e., 1.3 cm downstream of the nozzle orifice. The presence of high velocity and thermal gradients in the gas phase also made sampling of the particles difficult. As a result, it was necessary to correct the measurements for background noise produced by both highly turbulent gas flows and thermally induced density gradients in the gas phase.
Family life in children's books

Books play an important role in the socialization of children. In order to understand the images of families presented to children, a sample of best-selling and award-winning children's books was analyzed. Sixty-seven Caldecott and Newbery award winners were selected. Some diversity in family structure was presented in the books. However, none of the black families was a one-parent household, and the image of one-parent households was overwhelmingly negative. Family roles, including the division of household work and paid employment, were depicted traditionally. Presentations of the homemaker role and parent-child relationships are described.
Characteristic invariants of foliated bundles

This paper gives a construction of characteristic invariants of foliated principal bundles in the category of smooth and complex manifolds or non-singular algebraic varieties. It contains a generalization of the Chern-Weil theory requiring no use of global connections. This construction leads for foliated bundles automatically to secondary characteristic invariants. The generalized Weil-homomorphism induces a homomorphism of spectral sequences. On the E1-level this gives rise to further characteristic invariants (derived characteristic classes). The new invariants are geometrically interpreted and examples are discussed.
Dynamics of Airborne Conidia of the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Fungal Pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales)

Airborne conidia of Entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), were sampled during 1992 and 1993 within forest canopies hosting gypsy moth populations. Conidia were occasionally abundant in the air in a site beginning the 1992 season with >20,000 egg masses/ha, but were almost undetectable when the resident gypsy moth population had declined to <100 egg masses/ha at the beginning of the 1993 field season. From third instar to pupation, presence of conidia in the air was episodic and infection in the resident gypsy moth population increased only after the first peak of abundance in airborne conidia. Conidial flux was positively associated with leaf wetness at lags of 5–14 and 16 h. Infection among larvae caged at 0.5 m above the ground was associated with leaf wetness, suggesting that moisture is critical for conidial survival and infection. Larvae caged on the ground (therefore, exposed to both resting spores and conidia of E. maimaiga) became infected throughout the field season, while, in comparison, larvae caged at 0.5 m (exposed only to airborne conidia) were infected sporadically during 1992 and virtually never during 1993. During 1992, infections of ground-caged larvae were initiated by both resting spores and conidia.
Plasma-Sprayed Aluminum and Titanium Adherends: III: Polymeric Coatings – The Effect of Plasma-Sprayed Polymer Coatings as Primers on the Durability of Adhesively Bonded Aluminum and Titanium

Abstract The durability of aluminum and titanium adherends, plasma-sprayed with polymeric coatings, and bonded with an epoxy and a polyimide adhesive has been investigated. Organic-polymeric coatings were plasma-sprayed using epoxy, polyester, polyimide, and cyanate ester components. Durability was investigated using a wedge-type specimen by exposing the specimens to an environmental cycle that included low temperature, high relative humidity at elevated temperature, high temperature at atmospheric pressure in air, high temperature in a vacuum, and room temperature. The systems exhibiting durability comparable with that for adherends treated using standard solution methods, included aluminum or titanium coated with a bis-maleimide/cyanate ester (B-CE) or a bis-maleimide-LaRC TPI-1500® (B-TPI) mixture and bonded with an epoxy or a polyimide adhesive. For these B-CE- and B-TPI-coated specimens, failure during exposure to the environmental cycle occurred in the adhesive, indicating a favorable adherend/plasm...
Examining How Teachers’ Beliefs about Communicative Language Teaching Affect Their Instructional and Assessment Practices: A Qualitative Study of EFL University Instructors in Colombia:

Although there has been a plethora of research on how Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been implemented in instruction, few have examined how teacher’s beliefs about CLT affects assessment of their students and peers. Thus, this study examined how English as a foreign language (EFL) instructors’ teaching beliefs affected not only their instruction but also assessment practices. Nine EFL university instructors from Colombia first completed a teaching beliefs survey, designed to examine how beliefs about CLT influence instruction and assessment. They also completed a peer evaluation form, which was used to understand how they evaluated other teachers’ EFL lessons. In addition, three instructors (1) participated in a semi-formal interview to further discuss their beliefs about CLT and instructional practices, and (2) submitted tests they had previously developed to evaluate their students. Data were analyzed qualitatively and highlighted the specific challenges instructors experienced in implementin...
An analysis of an operant discrimination.

(1948). An Analysis of an Operant Discrimination. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 93-123.
Gas-Borne Liquid Flow Rate in a Venturi Scrubber with Two Different Liquied Injection Arrangements

Although current theory for venture scrubber efficiency assumes that gas-borne liquid flow rate, Q L, remains constant throughout the scrubber, it actually varies as liquid evaporates, condenses, atomizes from the scrubber wall, or deposits to the wall. Experiments were conducted to measure Q L at various locations in a venture scrubber. Water was injected in two ways: (1) radially inward through a circumferential slot at the throat inlet, and (2) axially downward through a centered pipe at the converging section inlet. For each liquid injection arrangement, Q L was determined by measuring the water in the gas at 180 points in the venturi, under each of nine operating conditions defined by varying liquid-to-gas ratio and gas velocity in the throat. For radial injection, relatively little injected water was found to be gas borne throughout the scrubber, whereas for axial injection, most or all injected water remained in the gas. For both liquid injection arrangements, the radial distribution of gas-borne l...
A mild and selective synthesis of cyclopropene and cyclopropane derivatives via cycliallylation of alkenyllithiums

Abstract Treatment of cis -1-iodo-3-chloro-1-propene derivatives, readily obtainable via trans addition of organometals to propargyl alcohols followed by iodinolysis and chlorination, with alkyllithiums, such as t -BuLi and n -BuLi, can proceed rapidly and cleanly even at −78°C to give in high yields cyclopropene derivatives, which undergo cis hydrometalation and carbometalation reactions more rapidly than the corresponding alkynes to produce cyclopropane derivatives.
An Investigation on Testing of Parallelized Code with OpenMP

Testing is a crucial element of software development. As OpenMP becomes more widely used, a relevant question for developers is: How will programs, that have been parallelized with OpenMP, be tested for correctness? OpenMP programs are concurrent programs and as such all the risks of concurrent programming are present as well. This paper presents some observations about testing parallelized loops using OpenMP.
Assessing Snow Albedo Feedback in Simulated Climate Change

Abstract In this paper, the two factors controlling Northern Hemisphere springtime snow albedo feedback in transient climate change are isolated and quantified based on scenario runs of 17 climate models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. The first factor is the dependence of planetary albedo on surface albedo, representing the atmosphere's attenuation effect on surface albedo anomalies. It is potentially a major source of divergence in simulations of snow albedo feedback because of large differences in simulated cloud fields in Northern Hemisphere land areas. To calculate the dependence, an analytical model governing planetary albedo was developed. Detailed validations of the analytical model for two of the simulations are shown, version 3 of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM3) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory global coupled Climate Model 2.0 (CM2.0), demonstrating that it facilitates a highly accurate calculation of the dependence of plane...
Unions & the Great Recession: Is Transnationalism the Answer?

For at least 30 years, the union movement at a worldwide level has been generally downward. That trend has accelerated during the Great Recession. During that same period, economic inequality has grown significantly. The question this paper raises is whether the union movement can be proactively involved helping the recovery from the Great Recession with a stronger, more equal economic order. The public policy basis for unionism – that labor is not a commodity and that economic inequality is best redressed through freedom of association and collective bargaining – is well established in U.S. and international labor law. That public policy, however, is juxtaposed with the prevailing social, political and economic policy – neoliberalism favoring free markets including labor markets. As economic activity has become increasingly globalized, enterprise has been able to jump the barriers that had been set by national laws and national economies to organize operations around the world to take advantage of local conditions, including labor costs and standards. Thus, more and more employers can take advantage of a global labor market to find conditions most favorable to their businesses. An increasingly global labor market has significant impact on national and local labor markets. Labor unions are generally still trapped within the nations of their organization. Limited to operating in national labor markets, unions have lost the strength and breadth necessary to establish labor monopolies that operate to take labor costs out of price competition. The answer to the question this article poses is that the future of the labor movement may depend on the ability of unionism to reach across borders and operate transnationally. Some unions have taken some steps to go transnational, but a fundamental redirection toward transnationalism may be necessary if the union movement is to have a positive impact as the global economy recovers from the Great Recession.
Paleogeographic relationship of a Mississippian barrier-island and shelf-bar system (Hartselle Sandstone) in Alabama to the Appalachian-Ouachita erogenic belt

A Mississippian clastic facies in the southern United States is within one of several regionally extensive clastic wedges that record the evolution of the Appalachian-Ouachita orogenic belt along the eastern and southern margin of the North American craton. In the eastern fringe of the wedge in Alabama, the Hartselle Sandstone is a northwest-trending linear sandstone along the regional facies boundary between clastic-wedge rocks (Floyd-Parkwood) and carbonate rocks (Monteagle-Bangor) typical of the shallow-marine shelf of the craton. Internal facies distribution in the Hartselle Sandstone defines a depositional system consisting of a northwest-trending barrier-island complex on the southwest and migrating sand bars on a shelf on the northeast. Barrier-island facies include horizontally laminated foreshore sandstone that contains limestone interbeds, as well as crossbedded longshore bar sandstone that contains fossil logs. The shallow shelf was dominated by migration of bars, wave reworking, and deposition of fine sediment from suspension in interbar areas. These processes are indicated by a complex vertical succession of crossbedded sandstones, rippled sandstones, and mudstones. Shelf processes reworked the upper part of the barrier-island sediment during regional southwestward marine transgression that is confirmed by southwestward extent of the Bangor Limestone over the Hartselle Sandstone. The northwest-trending barrier island of the Hartselle indicates sediment supply from the southwest, and that sediment dispersal system suggests uplift at a tectonically active converging continental margin along the Appalachian-Ouachita orogen during the Mississippian.
Checking Assumptions, Residuals, and Influential Observations

This book deals with linear model theory, and as such we have assumed that the data are good and that the models are true. Unfortunately, good data are rare and true models are even rarer. Chapters 13 and 14 discuss some additional tools used by statisticians to deal with the problems presented by real data.
Stress Contagion Physiological Covariation Between Mothers and Infants

Emotions are not simply concepts that live privately in the mind, but rather affective states that emanate from the individual and may influence others. We explored affect contagion in the context of one of the closest dyadic units, mother and infant. We initially separated mothers and infants; randomly assigned the mothers to experience a stressful positive-evaluation task, a stressful negative-evaluation task, or a nonstressful control task; and then reunited the mothers and infants. Three notable findings were obtained: First, infants' physiological reactivity mirrored mothers' reactivity engendered by the stress manipulation. Second, infants whose mothers experienced social evaluation showed more avoidance toward strangers compared with infants whose mothers were in the control condition. Third, the negative-evaluation condition, compared with the other conditions, generated greater physiological covariation in the dyads, and this covariation increased over time. These findings suggest that mothers' stressful experiences are contagious to their infants and that members of close pairs, like mothers and infants, can reciprocally influence each other's dynamic physiological reactivity.
ATP Analogs and Muscle Contraction: Mechanics and Kinetics of Nucleoside Triphosphate Binding and Hydrolysis

The mechanical behavior of skinned rabbit psoas muscle fiber contractions and in vitro motility of F-actin (Vf) have been examined using ATP, CTP, UTP, or their 2-deoxy forms (collectively designated as nucleotide triphosphates or NTPs) as contractile substrates. Measurements of actin-activated heavy meromyosin (HMM) NTPase, the rates of NTP binding to myosin and actomyosin, NTP-mediated acto-HMM dissociation, and NTP hydrolysis by acto-HMM were made for comparison to the mechanical results. The data suggest a very similar mechanism of acto-HMM NTP hydrolysis. Whereas all NTPs studied support force production and stiffness that vary by a factor 2 or less, the unloaded shortening velocity (Vu) of muscle fibers varies by almost 10-fold. 2-Deoxy ATP (dATP) was unique in that Vu was 30% greater than with ATP. Parallel behavior was observed between Vf and the steady-state maximum actin-activated HMM ATPase rate. Further comparisons suggest that the variation in force correlates with the rate and equilibrium constant for NTP cleavage; the variations in Vu or Vf are related to the rate of cross-bridge dissociation caused by NTP binding or to the rate(s) of product release.
An Universal Active Power Filter Controller System

An universal active power filter controller system is proposed that adapts itself to both harmonic current source type loads as well as harmonic voltage source type loads is presented in this paper. The system level harmonic filtering application issues of a multiple and clustered harmonic producing load site, such as at an industrial load site or at a distribution substation, are addressed. Harmonic filtering solution for such sites is especially complicated because the overall site load characteristics can change from a harmonic current source type to a harmonic voltage source type load, depending on the operating point of the various individual loads. The proposed Hybrid Series Active Filter (HSAF) solution provides harmonic filtering for harmonic current source type load characteristics, and degrades controllably to a 'pure' Series Active Filter (SAF) to provide harmonic filtering for harmonic voltage source type load characteristics. Both the HSAF and SAF are controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) controller. Field test results validate the adaptability and effectiveness of the proposed HSAF/SAF system for a 480V, 750kVA multiple and clustered load site. Index Terms— Hybrid Series Active Filter (HSAF), Series Active Filter (SAF), Harmonic Filtering, Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) controller, clustered harmonic loads
Strength estimation of self-piercing rivets using lower bound limit load analysis

AbstractThis paper summarises the authors' work on strength and failure mode estimation of self-piercing rivets (SPRs) for automotive applications. First, the static cross tension strength of an SPR joint is estimated using a lower bound limit load based strength estimator. Failure mode associated with the predicted failure strength can also be identified. It is shown that the cross tension strength of an SPR joint depends on the material and gage combinations, rivet design, die design and riveting direction. The analytical rivet strength estimator is then validated by experimental rivet strength measurements and failure mode observations from nine SPR joint populations with various material and gage combinations. Next, the estimator is used to optimise rivet strength. Two illustrative examples are presented in which rivet strength is improved by changing rivet length and riveting direction from the original manufacturing parameters.
A New Species and New Synonym in Camelobaetidius Demoulin (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

Based on the examination of type material, we recognize a new synonym for Camelobaetidius warreni (¼C. similis, NEW SYNONYM). Published records of C. similis have been based either on misidentifications of C. mexicanus or are referable to a previously undescribed species, C. maidu Jacobus and McCafferty, n. sp. Camelobaetidius maidu is described based on male and female larvae from the far western United States and Mexico. It is distinguished from congeners by having a combination of osmobranchiae present on the forecoxae and absent on the midcoxae; claws with relatively few denticles; and a labrum with relatively few setae in the dorsal, submarginal anterior line and relatively many sublateral setae. Diagnoses are provided for the larvae of C. maidu, C. mexicanus, and C. warreni.
Food Uses for Soybean Oil and Alternatives to Trans Fatty Acids in Foods

Publisher Summary The approximately 20% oil in the soybean seed is considered a co-product of the protein fraction; however, that oil fraction is a valuable commodity itself. In the United States, Soybean Oil (SBO) products account for approximately 80% of the 18 billion lb of edible oils used every year. Home consumers buy liquid soybean salad oil sold in grocery stores for cooking, baking, and salad dressings. They also consume liquid oil incorporated into processed foods such as packaged mixes and prepared salad dressings. In contrast, restaurants and food manufacturers have traditionally used hydrogenated SBO (solid or pourable) for frying, baking, and processing into margarines and shortenings. The uses and amounts of SBO consumed in the United States changed significantly over the past 45 years. This chapter highlights the various food uses of this important oil, including liquid soybean salad oils and solid/semi-solid fats. It also presents some information on the SBO with modified fatty acid compositions that were developed over the past 20 years to improve oxidative stability, functionality, and/or nutritional properties. Regular soybean salad oil, if processed and stored properly, has very good oxidative stability as a salad oil. In some instances, however, extra oxidative stability may be needed. In those cases, SBO with a modified fatty acid profile may be appropriate, such as one with reduced linolenic acid.
Organization of the Functions and Components of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of entry into the secretory pathway and represents a major and particularly crowded site of protein biosynthesis. In addition to the complexity of protein folding in any organelle, the ER environment poses further dangers and constraints to the process. A quality control apparatus exists to monitor the maturation of proteins in the ER. Nascent polypeptide chains are specifically prevented from traveling further along the secretory pathway until they have completed their folding or assembly. Proteins that cannot achieve a proper conformation are recognized and removed from the ER for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Finally, the homeostasis of the ER is vigilantly monitored and changes that impinge upon the proper maturation of proteins in this organelle lead to the activation of a signal transduction cascade that serves to restore balance to the ER, Recent studies suggest that some of these diverse functions may be achieved due to the organization of the ER into functional and perhaps even physical sub-domains.
Investigating E-servicescape, Trust, E-WOM, and Customer Loyalty

Old Spice cleverly used a handsome actor to play the Old Spice Man character for a Super Bowl commercial in 2010. After the game, this Old Spice commercial was viewed more than 13 million times on YouTube, a social media video-sharing site. This viral marketing campaign, also known as electronic word-of-mouth (E-WOM), propelled the Old Spice brand into the forefront of consumers’ minds, increased brand awareness, and inspired people to share the video links with their family, friends, and coworkers.
Religion and Morality in American Political Life: What Do the Textbooks Say?

many different forms, one should not overemphasize the importance of procedures and underemphasize the importance of people. Neither governmpntal life nor presidential decisionmaking are mechanical. Any system for advising the President depends in crucial wa,ys on individual personalities and informal networks and relationships. Not least, it is the President who more than anyone else shapes the pattern of advice he receives by the signals he sends to those around him. The advisory system shapes itself to fit his preferences more than he adjusts his style to fit with it.
LOCALIZED (PRETIBIAL) MYXEDEMA: REPORT OF TWO CASES.

Localized (pretibial) myxedema is a manifestation of Graves' disease and may occur when the patient is euthyroid, hyperthyroid or hypothyroid. It is invariably associated with exophthalmos. Clubbing of the fingers or of fingers and toes may occur. The cause is not known, and there is no effective treatment; the condition sometimes will subside spontaneously.
The Magic-Size Nanocluster (CdSe) 34 as a Low-Temperature Nucleant for Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystals; Room-Temperature Growth of Crystalline Quantum Platelets.

Reaction of Cd(OAc)2·2H2O and selenourea in primary-amine/secondary-amine cosolvent mixtures affords crystalline CdSe quantum platelets at room temperature. Their crystallinity is established by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their sharp extinction and photoluminescence spectra. Reaction monitoring establishes the magic-size nanocluster (CdSe)34 to be a key intermediate in the growth process, which converts to CdSe quantum platelets by first-order kinetics with no induction period. The results are interpreted to indicate that the critical crystal-nucleus size for CdSe under these conditions is in the range of (CdSe)34 to (CdSe)68. The nanocluster is obtained in isolated form as [(CdSe)34(n-octylamine)16(di-n-pentylamine)2], which is proposed to function as crystal nuclei that may be stored in a bottle.
Current status of nosocomial infections in pediatric wards and countermeasures

OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical feature and the distribution characteristic of hospital infection in pediatric wards,and explore the countermeasure for hospital infections in pediatrics ordinary ward.METHODS The clinical distribution and characteristics of nosocomial infections based on inpatient′s medical records in department of pediatric ordinary medicine wards,pediatric ordinary surgical wards,pediatric recovery wards and department of pediatric ICU wards from Jan 2009 to Dec 2009 were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS The total nosocomial infection rate in pediatric wards was 3.95%.The department of pediatric ordinary wards hospital infection rate is higher than the ICU ward hospital infection rate obviously;the most of nosocomial infection was respiratory tract infection(89.35%) caused by viruses.The longer the time in hospital,the higher the rate of nosocomial infection was.The highest risk season was the high temperature summer.CONCLUSION The most common location of nosocomial infection was the respiratory tract infection caused by viruses.illchildren′s patriaches have something to do with hospital infection in pediatric ordinary ward.The key points of preventing and controlling nosocomial infection are shorting time stay in hospital,preventing cross infection,restricting quantity of ill children′s patriaches and providing standard management.
Intraocular lens implantation with subconjunctival local anesthesia

Between April 1988 and May 1989 extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation was performed on 66 (63 patients) with only subconjunctival local anesthesia (lidocaine/carbostesin with adrenaline 1.5 ml). Anesthesia was excellent, and movements of the globe and lids hardly interfered with the procedure. Subconjunctival anesthesia is less dangerous and more comfortable for the patient. The intraoperative hypotension of the globe is remarkable.
The Supply and Demand for Government-Supported Export Financing

This chapter discusses the supply and demand for the government-supported export financing. An analysis of the demand and supply of government financing for international trade may also explain why only exports and not imports are supported, and why nearly all of the Bank's lending is provided in the form of long-term direct credits. This chapter presents the analysis of the determinants of the Eximbank's financing programs using the economic theory of regulation introduced by Stigler and extended by Peltzman, Posner, and Stigler as a framework for analyzing the demand and supply for government intervention in the financing of international trade. There is a demand for government-supported export financing for reasons other than the conventional public policy rationales. Furthermore, the supply of this financing is not solely determined by a rational response to capital market imperfections and deficiencies or even to foreign concessionary financing. Instead, that supply is likely to be influenced by the ability of the U. S. exporters to coordinate their efforts to exert political support for government export financing and by the value of that financing to exporters and their employees relative to the costs of coordination.
Family Processes and Adolescent Problem Behavior: Integrating Relationship Narratives into Understanding Development and Change.

ABSTRACT Objective Mothers' relational schemas (RSs) regarding their adolescents were assessed using the Family Affective Attitude Rating Scale for coding 5-minute speech samples. The internal consistency and validity of positive RS and negative RS scales were also evaluated. Method Data were collected from a multiethnic subsample of early-starting antisocial (n = 20) and successful (n = 20) urban adolescents and their families, using direct observations of parent-adolescent interactions, 5-minute speech samples, and questionnaires. Results The negative RS and positive RS scales were internally consistent, correlated reliably with critical and positive dimensions of 5-minute speech samples expressed emotion and with observed parent-adolescent interactions, and discriminated between antisocial and successful adolescents. Negative RS accounted for unique variance in adolescent antisocial behavior when controlling for previous problem behavior and observed coercion. A significant interaction was also found between negative RS and observed parent-adolescent dynamics when escalations in adolescent problem behavior were added to the model. Conclusions RS narratives provided unique information in the prediction of adolescent antisocial behavior. RSs should be considered in the assessment of family dynamics and the design of interventions to prevent and treat adolescent behavior problems.
Integration of embedded single board computers into an object-oriented software bus DAQ application

The integration of Linux-based single board computers (SBC) into data acquisition systems is often complex and requires large amounts of custom software resulting in non-reusable applications. Extending the concepts of the ‘object-oriented software bus’ to include single board computers results in a system where the SBC code is dynamically managed, loaded, compiled, and launched by a remote application (ORCA - Object-oriented Real-time Control and Acquisition) that makes it easy to support diverse sets of hardware (i.e. VME, compact-PCI, etc.). In ORCA, the SBC code is separated into two parts. One part is general and implements the low-level communication protocol, the socket connection, and data transfer via circular buffer. The other part is specific and contains small amounts of custom code for each type of hardware. At run-time the SBC code is dynamically assembled into a download package that is transferred to the SBC, compiled, and started. A data structure defining the hardware readout order is also downloaded. The use of SBCs with VME and CompactPCI hardware is discussed. It is shown how the combination of an SBC and ORCA results in a dynamically configurable data acquisition system.
Aptitude and pedagogical conditions in the early development of a nonprimary language

The article summarizes results from a study investigating the role of aptitude on initial learning of Latin morphosyntax. The study includes two different computerized conditions: with or without metalinguistic information, provided during input-based practice with right/wrong feedback. Four aptitude measures were included: linguistic analytic ability, rote memory, working memory, and phonological short-term memory. The results revealed that linguistic analytic ability gave learners an advantage under the metalinguistic information condition when processing sentences for meaning, although only working memory (and rote memory to a lesser extent) had a role in development of grammatical sensitivity to the form. In contrast, except rote memory in immediate aural interpretation, none of the aptitude measures predicted learning under the nonmetalinguistic information condition.
Stoichiometry of mercury-thiol complexes on bacterial cell envelopes

Abstract We have examined the speciation of Hg(II) complexed with intact cell suspensions (1013 cells L− 1) of Bacillus subtilis, a common gram-positive soil bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, a facultative gram-negative aquatic organism, and Geobacter sulfurreducens, a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium capable of Hg-methylation at Hg(II) loadings spanning four orders of magnitude (120 nM to 350 μM) at pH 5.5 (± 0.2). The coordination environments of Hg on bacterial cells were analyzed using synchrotron based X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at the Hg LIII edge. The abundance of thiols on intact cells was determined by a fluorescence-spectroscopy based method using a soluble bromobimane, monobromo(trimethylammonio)bimane (qBBr) to block thiol sites, and potentiometric titrations of biomass with and without qBBr treatment. The chemical forms of S on intact bacterial cells were determined using S k-edge XANES spectroscopy. Hg(II) was found to complex entirely with cell bound thiols at low Hg:biomass ratios. For Bacillus subtilis and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 cells, the Hg S stoichiometry changed from Hg S3 to Hg S2 and Hg S (where ‘S’ represents a thiol site such as is present on cysteine) progressively as the Hg(II) loading increased on the cells. However, Geobacter sulfurreducens did not form Hg S3 complexes. Because the abundance of thiol was highest for Geobacter sulfurreducens (75 μM/g wet weight) followed by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (50 μM/g wet weight) and Bacillus subtilis (25 μM/g wet weight), the inability of Hg(II) to form Hg S3 complexes on Geobacter sulfurreducens suggests that the density and reactivity of S-amino acid containing cell membrane proteins on Geobacter sulfurreducens are different from those of Bacillus subtilis and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Upon saturation of the high affinity thiol sites at higher Hg:biomass ratios, Hg(II) was found to form a chelate with α-hydroxy carboxylate anion. The stoichiometry of cell envelope bound Hg-thiol complexes and the associated abundance of thiols on the cell envelopes provide important insights for understanding the differences in the rate and extent of uptake and redox transformations of Hg in the environment.
Gas mass transfer with microbial CO2 fixation and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis in a packed bed bioreactor

Abstract Gas mass transfer is the rate-limiting step in CO2 fixation by a hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Cupriavidus necator under chemolithoautotrophic conditions. The mass transfer rates (i.e. the gas uptake rates) were measured in a packed bed bioreactor under the conditions of microbial growth on CO2. The kLa values of O2 and H2 were determined under either O2 or H2 limitation, respectively, and the ratio was proportional to a square root ratio of the molecular diffusivities in water, indicating that a surface renew model is suitable for the gas mass transfer in the packed bed. At a low gassing rate, the O2 mass transfer coefficient was to different extent affected by packing materials, bed geometry, liquid velocity, and liquid distribution. The liquid distributor and/or bed void space exhibited a high effect on the mass transfer coefficient. With microbial growth, the gas fermentation was becoming limited either by dissolved O2 or H2, depending on gas composition, but neither O2 nor H2 limitation could trigger the formation of a substantial amount of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) under nutrient-rich conditions. Instead, when a nitrogen nutrient control strategy was applied, PHB synthesis was significantly improved and the PHB content reached up to 67 wt% of cell mass.
Did Trade Liberalization Benefit Female Workers? Evidence on Wage and Employment Effects from Egypt

Egypt has gone through a period of dramatic, albeit slow, economic reform and trade liberalization process, with average tariff rates being reduced by more than 50% over a period of 15 years. This study investigates the extent of gender discrimination in the Egyptian manufacturing sector, and the impact of trade reform on the gender wage gap and on female employment. Results indicate that the gender wage gap, most of which is “unexplained” by worker characteristics, is high and has increased dramatically over time. Increasing trade liberalization has largely had a negative impact on women’s relative wages and on their employment, even after controlling for the public-private distinction as well as the occupational distinction. There is, however, some evidence supporting a favorable impact of increased export intensity on females in the labor market. This has important implications for policy makers attempting to create more equitable labor market conditions in post-revolutionary Egypt.