cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-GG-BRC-08: Improving Buildup Region Measurement Accuracy Using a Surface Location Method

Purpose: To determine the depth of the inflection point in the buildup region of photonbeam depth‐ionization curves for 11 cylindrical ionization chambers of differing designs and investigate dependencies of the inflection point on beam energy, electron contamination, and chamber design. Method and Materials: Each ionization chamber is carefully aligned to the water surface using a precision alignment telescope with a custom, high‐precision beam scanning system. Following alignment, depth‐ionization curves are obtained including scanning the chamber beyond the air‐water interface for 6, 10, and 25 MV photonbeams. Measurements are made with and without a 1 mm lead foil in the beam for a 10×10 cm2 field. The inflection point in the measured depth‐ionization data is determined by finding the maximum in its second derivative. Results: The location of each chamber‐specific inflection point is invariant to changes in beam energy, electron contamination, and chamber orientation within the 0.5 mm measurement resolution. Eight chambers, whose outer diameters are within 0.7 mm of each other, exhibit inflection points that are within 0.5 mm of one another. The location of each chamber's inflection point is most strongly impacted by its outer radius and corresponds with the shallowest depth at which the chamber is fully submersed in the water, within 0.5 mm. Conclusion: The buildup region inflection point for a given cylindrical chamber is invariant to the beam variations studied and occurs at a depth equal to the chamber outer radius, within measurement resolution, for the 11 ionization chambers studied. Using this dependence, the inflection point can be used as a robust offline check to identify the water surface location and to identify inter‐setup/inter‐user setup variations. Higher quality surface localization can ease beam modeling and improve the quality of treatment planning data.
A laser-induced fluorescence biosensor by using ellipsoidal reflector

Abstract A new and compact fluorescence biosensor is constructed. The distinguished feature of this setup is the use of an ellipsoidal reflector as an optical collector of the fluorescence light. A traditional collecting lens with numerical aperture of 0.5 can only collect a few percent of the available signal, while the incorporation of the ellipsoidal reflector enables the apparatus to provide a signal increase of at least 66 times. A very good linear relationship between the concentration of fluorescent dye and the fluorescence intensity is achieved with correlation coefficient R = 0.99979 . The 3 σ detection limit is 5 nM for microliter volume sample. Meanwhile, it is found that laser light scattering by dirts and scratches on the sample cell's windows and by turbidity in the sample solutions is the dominant limitation to increase the detection sensitivity. Approach to solve this problem is suggested.
Combined psychiatric-medical inpatient units: the Mount Sinai model.

Abstract A short-term psychiatric inpatient unit was established to treat patients with combined psychiatric and medical illnesses, owing to the high incidence of medical illness in our psychiatric inpatients and in response to increased requirements from the general hospital. Organizational and staffing features of the unit are described, and a profile is given of 286 patients admitted in our second year of operation. The unit has offered clinical care for the medically and non-medically ill psychiatric patient, and it has serviced both the general hospital and the community. We believe the model to be a viable and effective approach to the delivery of care for these patients.
Metabolism of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in vitro by the seminiferous tubules of the mature rat.

One hundred mg seminiferous tubules (ST) from adult rat testes were incubated for 1 hr with testosterone-3H (T) or dihydrotestosterone-3H (DHT). The quantities of the metabolites, androstenedione (A), DHT, 3α-androstandiol (3α-Adiol) and its 3β-epimer (3β-Adiol) were quantified by double isotope dilution. In incubations with 0.33 nmoles of T/ml medium the percent substrate converted to these metabolites was of the order of 11% for A, 1.5% for DHT and 4% for 3α-Adiol. As the concentration of T in the medium was raised the amount of DHT formed continued to increase while that of 3α- Adiol levelled off. When the concentration of T in the medium exceeded 5.0 nmoles/ml (5.0 i 10−6M) the quantities of DHT formed exceeded that of 3α-Adiol. The reversal in ratio in favor of DHT appeared to be due to inhibition of 3α-oxidoreductase activity rather than to saturation of the 3a-oxidoreductase, its inhibition by 3α-Adiol or lack of cofactors: When DHT was used as the substrate up to 50 times more 3α-Adiol was formed ...
Explaining discrepancies in arrest rates between Black and White male juveniles

The authors investigated discrepancies in arrest rates between Black and White male juveniles by examining the role of early risk factors for arrest. Two hypotheses were evaluated: (a) Disproportionate minority arrest is due to increased exposure to early risk factors, and (b) a differential sensitivity to early risk factors contributes to disproportionate minority arrest. The study included 481 Black and White boys who were followed from childhood to early adulthood. A higher incidence of early risk factors accounted for racial differences related to any juvenile arrest, as well as differences in violence- and theft-related arrests. However, increased exposure to early risk factors did not explain race differences in drug-related arrests. Minimal support was found for the hypothesis that a differential sensitivity to risk factors accounts for disproportionate rate of minority male arrests. In sum, most racial discrepancies in juvenile male arrests were accounted for by an increased exposure to childhood risk factors. Specifically, Black boys were more likely to display early conduct problems and low academic achievement and experience poor parent-child communication, peer delinquency, and neighborhood problems, which increased their risk for juvenile arrest.
Migration patterns in Nigeria: a multivariate analysis

The purpose of this paper is to attempt to delineate the correlates of the interregional shifts of population in Nigeria between 1952 and 1963. The population of Nigeria, according to the census of 1963, was placed at 55 million people. While the annual growth rate for Nigeria as a whole is placed at 2.7 per cent, the rate of urban growth has been slightly over 6.0 per cent per year (U.N. 1970, p. 57). Of this 6 per cent growth rate in the urban population, only 2 per cent can be attributed to natural growth processes (that is, to the excess of births over deaths). The observation made by the Conference on National Reconstruction and Development in Nigeria (1969) seems instructive. The main factor of urban growth was rural-urban migration which must have been of the order of 200,000-250-000 persons a year. This means that every year about one-half per cent of the rural population went to the towns.
Hybrid integration of injector and detector functions for microchip gas chromatography

Hybrid microchips containing high aspect ratio gas chromatograph (GC) columns with an integrated on-chip split injection and a flame ionization detector were developed. Two different column configurations, spiral and serpentine, both 1 m long by 50 μm wide and 500 μm tall, were fabricated out of electrodeposited nickel. The hybrid chip allowed injection plugs on the order of 1–2 ms, which lowered the height equivalent to theoretical plates (HETP) and allowed a comparison of system level band broadening between the two column configurations. The gas phase band broadening was estimated by measuring the flow characteristics and peak broadening of an unretained compound, and the results were compared with kinetic models. Experimental results show that both spiral and serpentine column layouts had similar flow and band broadening, suggesting that gas phase band broadening may be independent of column layout. The necessity for narrow injection bands for fast micro-chip chromatographic analysis was demonstrated, which emphasized the importance of component integration in designing powerful micro-analytical systems.
Cholesterol homeostatic responses provide biomarkers for monitoring treatment for the neurodegenerative disease Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1)

Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) disease is a rare, neurodegenerative lysosomal cholesterol storage disorder, typified by progressive cognitive and motor function impairment. Affected individuals usually succumb to the disease in adolescence. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) has emerged as a promising intervention that reduces lipid storage and prolongs survival in NPC1 disease animal models. A barrier to the development of HP-β-CD and other treatments for NPC disease has been the lack of validated biochemical measures to evaluate efficacy. Here we explored whether cholesterol homeostatic responses resulting from HP-β-CD-mediated redistribution of sequestered lysosomal cholesterol could provide biomarkers to monitor treatment. Upon direct CNS delivery of HP-β-CD, we found increases in plasma 24(S)-HC in two independent NPC1 disease animal models, findings that were confirmed in human NPC1 subjects receiving HP-β-CD. Since circulating 24(S)-HC is almost exclusively CNS-derived, the increase in plasma 24(S)-HC provides a peripheral, non-invasive measure of the CNS effect of HP-β-CD. Our findings suggest that plasma 24(S)-HC, along with the other cholesterol-derived markers examined in this study, can serve as biomarkers that will accelerate development of therapeutics for NPC1 disease.
In situ Growth of Pd Nanoparticles in Crosslinked Polymer Matrices

Polymer nanocomposites continue to receive considerable attention as multifunctional hybrid materials, with most nanocomposites fabricated by physical dispersion of surface-functionalized nanoscale objects. In this study, we explore the viability of growing Pd-containing nanoparticles from Na 2 PdCl 4 in two different polymers: hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HPS) and an aromatic polyimide (PIm). In HPS, single Pd-containing nanoparticles possessing a relatively narrow size distribution (ca. 1-4 nm) form upon reduction of the divalent Pdcl 2 4 - ions. Single nanoparticles with a broad size distribution ranging from ≈2 to 16 nm develop in PIm, which simultaneously undergoes chemical crosslinking during ion reduction. Such hybrid materials hold promise in molecular catalysis and gas separation.
Integrated PWM and transformer switching technique for AC voltage regulation

This paper presents a novel approach for precise and fast AC voltage regulation. The proposed method integrates switching transformer taps and AC PWM control to achieve smooth voltage control. This paper presents the computer simulations and mathematical analysis made with the proposed voltage regulation concept implemented in a typical distribution system. The electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) was used for computer simulations. This paper demonstrates that the circuit has a good voltage control range and a response time, typically a half cycle. Harmonic analysis of the system bus voltage has shown that the total harmonic distortion produced by the PWM action is small and acceptable. The integrated PWM and transformer tap switching regulator can be implemented with forced commutated switches. A conceptual implementation of the control strategy has also been presented. >
Domestic Support and Diversionary External Conflict in Great Britain, 1950- 1992

Recent studies have analyzed the diversionary theory of international conflict. The theory, which holds that state leaders occasionally turn to external conflict as a means of dealing with domestic political problems, has been widely accepted for centuries. Despite its intuitive appeal, quantitative studies have failed to document the phenomenon. Recent work has significantly refined the argument and empirical evidence supporting the revised theory has been presented. Because these empirical analyses have focused almost exclusively on the United States, it is not clear whether the theory is generalizable. Our purpose here is to test the revised diversionary theory in Great Britain for the 1950-92 period. The findings show that the level of public support for the British government is in fact associated with the probability that Britain threatens, displays, or uses force abroad. These findings are consistent with the theoretical argument, suggesting that it is applicable outside the United States.
Transcriptional response of lymphoblastoid cells to ionizing radiation.

Ionizing radiation (IR) is used extensively in medical diagnostic and treatment protocols. It is also present at low levels throughout the environment. IR poses a major threat to cells by compromising genomic integrity and cellular viability. The increased risk for developing malignancies associated with IR exposure has been well documented (for review, see Bast and Gansler 2000). Even though precautions are taken to minimize exposure of healthy tissues to radiation, medical IR can still confer an increased risk of carcinogenesis to patients. The manner by which IR damages cells is dependent on the type of radiation. Electromagnetic radiation ionizes cellular components indirectly through the generation of highly reactive free radicals, whereas protons and other heavy particles are direct ionizing agents. The major consequence of IR exposure is the generation of single or double-stranded breaks in DNA, which result in a cascade of events involving a complex network of signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. Damage to DNA elicits a cellular stress response that includes DNA damage recognition and cell cycle arrest, followed by DNA repair or apoptosis. If any of these processes fail, mutations can accumulate in the genome, resulting in malignant transformation of somatic cells or heritable mutations in germ cells. Previous studies have utilized microarrays to describe gene expression changes associated with IR stress (Amundson et al. 1999, 2000, 2003; Khodarev et al. 2001; Tusher et al. 2001). However, little is known about the temporal pattern of gene expression following IR exposure in normal tissue and how IR dose affects these transcriptional changes. In this study, we used microarrays to conduct a genome-wide survey of the temporal transcriptional response of lymphoblastoid cells to IR exposure. We have identified genes that are induced or repressed following irradiation and have characterized their temporal expression profiles. Furthermore, we have examined the effects of IR dose on these IR-responsive genes. Identification and characterization of IR-responsive genes allow us to begin to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pleiotropic effects of IR.
Collaborative learning of computer applications in the contexts of work, learning, and play

The similarities among three independent studies, conducted by the authors, of informal learning in computer-supported collaboration in three different contexts are presented: (1) university undergraduates playing multiplayer videogames; (2) elementary school children playing "edutainment games" on a classroom computer during free choice time; and (3) adult computer users offering informal help-giving in a variety of workplace scenarios. These studies indicate that users often interacted in unexpected ways. Additionally, collaboration was both enabled and constrained by the participants' task and social goals. Issues such as the blurred distinction between play, work, and learning and design implications are discussed.
Modularity as a Strategy for Supply Chain Coordination: The Case of U.S. Auto

Companies across industries have admired the success of Dell Computersin using modularity as part of a mass customization strategy to achieve build-to-order and a streamlined supply chain. Many companies are attempting to emulate this successful model, including the American automotive industry. This paper focuses on how the auto industry has been attempting to move to modularity, in part, motivated by a desire to build cars to order. This movement has led to major changes in supply chain practices based partly on imitation of successful keiretsu models in Japan and a move toward modules. This study finds significant impact of modularity on outsourcing, product development, and supply chain coordination based on interviews conducted with automakers and suppliers from 2000-2003. Based on our interviews, we observe that modularity has accompanied a major reorganization of the automotive supplier industry. We identify two major issues that appear to block U.S. automakers from gaining most of the advantages possible through modularity. First, most modularity activities appear to be primarily strategically cost reduction driven, leaving the potential of modularity for mass customization largely untapped. Second, the shift in industry reorganization has not been accompanied by changes in the supply chain infrastructure to encourage long-term partnerships. We contrast this to the more gradual approach used by Toyota as it incorporates modularity on a selective basis and moves to a build-to-order model
Metabolism of C13-Carboxyl-labeled Malonate by the Intact Mouse∗

SummaryWhen C13 - carboxyl - labeled malonate was injected subcutaneously into mice, 20-32% of the labeled carbon was recovered in the respiratory carbon dioxide in 6 hours.At body temperature, dog plasma showed little or no ability to decarboxylate malonate.These results are interpreted to indicate the probable occurrence in mammalian cells of enzymatic mechanisms for conversion of malonate to carbon dioxide.
Parametric Spatial Cure Rate Models for Interval‐Censored Time‐to‐Relapse Data

Summary. Several recent papers (e.g., Chen, Ibrahim, and Sinha, 1999, Journal of the American Statistical Association94, 909–919; Ibrahim, Chen, and Sinha, 2001a, Biometrics57, 383–388) have described statistical methods for use with time-to-event data featuring a surviving fraction (i.e., a proportion of the population that never experiences the event). Such cure rate models and their multivariate generalizations are quite useful in studies of multiple diseases to which an individual may never succumb, or from which an individual may reasonably be expected to recover following treatment (e.g., various types of cancer). In this article we extend these models to allow for spatial correlation (estimable via zip code identifiers for the subjects) as well as interval censoring. Our approach is Bayesian, where posterior summaries are obtained via a hybrid Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. We compare across a broad collection of rather high-dimensional hierarchical models using the deviance information criterion, a tool recently developed for just this purpose. We apply our approach to the analysis of a smoking cessation study where the subjects reside in 53 southeastern Minnesota zip codes. In addition to the usual posterior estimates, our approach yields smoothed zip code level maps of model parameters related to the relapse rates over time and the ultimate proportion of quitters (the cure rates).
Enrichment of biogenic lipids, hydrocarbons and PCBs in stream‐surface foams

Water and foam samples from five streams in eastern Tennessee were analyzed for lipid content, lipid-class composition, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Total lipid contents and lipid-class compositions varied substantially among streams and between the water and foam fractions within streams. However, lipid contents in foams were always greater than in the water from the same site. Major lipid classes in the water and foam samples were phospholipids, free fatty acids, and hydrocarbons; these lipid classes indicate the stream status with respect to viable microbial biomass, organic decay, and petroleum pollution, respectively. Concentrations of PCBs in stream-water and foam samples were also measured, and a laboratory experiment using stream water, reconstituted natural foam, and Aroclor 1254 was conducted to assess partition ratios of PCBs for water and foam. The results of the field and laboratory studies showed that the foam concentrated PCBs by factors of up to 10. The concentration of biogenic lipids and lipophilic pollutants in natural foams may influence the downstream transport of pollutants and affect their bioavailability to stream organisms.
SUPPRESSION OF COLLAGEN-INDUCED ARTHRITIS BY AN ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR, AGM-1470, IN COMBINATION WITH CYCLOSPORIN : REDUCTION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF)

Pannus formation characterized by neovascularization is a prominent pathologic finding in both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA is a T-cell-dependent process induced by immunization of inbred LOU rats with native type II collagen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. AGM-1470 is a highly specific inhibitor of new blood vessel formation by its effects on endothelial cell migration, endothelial cell proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Cyclosporin A (CSA) is an immunomodulating agent that inhibits IL-2 and other cytokine production involved in early antigen activation of T-cells. In this study the effects of single and combination therapy with AGM-1470 (27 mg/kg alternate days) and low-dose CSA (4 mg/kg/day continuous infusion via osmotic pump) on established CIA (totaln= 62) were examined. At Day 18 post arthritis onset, clinical arthritis was significantly reduced in rats treated with single-agent AGM-1470 (1.88 ± 0.33) or combination therapy (1.13 ± 0.32) (P< 0.00001 and 0.000001, respectively) versus control. Single-agent CSA-treated rats, even if given CSA beginning on the day of immunization, did not attenuate arthritis severity. The longitudinal mean arthritis score of combination-treated rats was significantly lower than that of rats receiving AGM-1470 (P< 0.0001), reflecting a more moderate early disease course in combination-treated rats. Disease severity in rats treated with single-agent CSA was not significantly different from control rats. Mean WBC counts, differentials, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were similar in all groups. CII antibody levels were lower in AGM-1470 protocols compared to CSA or controls. Flow cytometry of peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph nodes demonstrated decreased levels of CD4+cells in rats given CSA. TNF-α levels remained elevated, even in treated rats, while vascular endothelial growth factor levels were reduced in rats receiving AGM-1470 compared to both arthritic controls and naive rats. Both single-agent and combination therapies were well tolerated. This is the first study to examine the effects of AGM-1470 together with CSA. Combination therapy was more effective than single-agent therapy. The results suggest that the use of interventions with distinct mechanisms of action may be efficacious in the treatment of RA.
Effect of surface preparation on the current-voltage behavior of mercury-probe pseudo MOSFETs

Surface preparation has a significant effect on the drain current-gate voltage characteristics of mercury-probe pseudo MOSFETs. Surface preparation by dilute hydrofluoric acid (HF) rinse manifests itself in two ways: it changes the barrier height of the Hg/Si Schottky barrier and it induces charge on the Si-film surface. Consequently, the electron drain current decreases with time after the HF rinse and the hole current increases. The surface charge also influences the extraction of the interface-trap density at the Si/buried oxide interface.
Evolution of a protein-rich mitochondrial ribosome: implications for human genetic disease.

Abstract Mitochondrial ribosomes comprise the most diverse group of ribosomes known. The mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes (55S) differ unexpectedly from bacterial (70S) and cytoplasmic ribosomes (80S), as well as other kinds of mitochondrial ribosomes. The bovine mitochondrial ribosome has been developed as a model system for the study of human mitochondrial ribosomes to address several questions related to the structure, function, biosynthesis and evolution of these interesting ribosomes. Bovine mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) from each subunit have been identified and characterized with respect to individuality and electrophoretic properties, amino acid sequence, topographic disposition, RNA binding properties, evolutionary relationships and reaction with affinity probes of ribosomal functional domains. Several distinctive properties of these ribosomes are being elucidated, including their antibiotic susceptibility and composition. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes lack several of the major RNA stem structures of bacterial ribosomes but they contain a correspondingly higher protein content (as many as 80 proteins), suggesting a model where proteins have replaced RNA structural elements during the evolution of these ribosomes. Despite their lower RNA content they are physically larger than bacterial ribosomes, because of the ‘extra’ proteins they contain. The extra proteins in mitochondrial ribosomes are ‘new’ in the sense that they are not homologous to proteins in bacterial or cytoplasmic ribosomes. Some of the new proteins appear to be bifunctional. All of the mammalian MRPs are encoded in nuclear genes (a separate set from those encoding cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins) which are evolving more rapidly than those encoding cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins. The MRPs are imported into mitochondria where they assemble coordinately with mitochondrially transcribed rRNAs into ribosomes that are responsible for translating the 13 mRNAs for essential proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Interest is growing in the structure, organization, chromosomal location and expression of genes for human MRPs. Proteins which are essential for mitoribosome function are candidates for involvement in human genetic disease.
Role of Aminoalcoholphosphotransferases 1 and 2 in Phospholipid Homeostasis in Arabidopsis

Aminoalcoholphosphotransferase (AAPT) catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphotidylethanolamine (PE), which are the most prevalent membrane phospholipids in all eukaryotic cells. Here, we show that suppression of AAPTs results in extensive membrane phospholipid remodeling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Double knockout (KO) mutants that are hemizygous for either aapt1 or aapt2 display impaired pollen and seed development, leading to embryotic lethality of the double KO plants, whereas aapt1 or aapt2 single KO plants show no overt phenotypic alterations. The growth rate and seed yield of AAPT RNA interference (RNAi) plants are greatly reduced. Lipid profiling shows decreased total galactolipid and phospholipid content in aapt1-containing mutants, including aapt1, aapt1/aapt1 aapt2/AAPT2, aapt1/AAPT1 aapt2/aapt2, and AAPT RNAi plants. The level of PC in leaves was unchanged, whereas that of PE was reduced in all AAPT-deficient plants, except aapt2 KO. However, the acyl species of PC was altered, with increased levels of C34 species and decreased C36 species. Conversely, the levels of PE and phosphatidylinositol were decreased in C34 species. In seeds, all AAPT-deficient plants, including aapt2 KO, displayed a decrease in PE. The data show that AAPT1 and AAPT2 are essential to plant vegetative growth and reproduction and have overlapping functions but that AAPT1 contributes more than AAPT2 to PC production in vegetative tissues. The opposite changes in molecular species between PC and PE and unchanged PC level indicate the existence of additional pathways that maintain homeostatic levels of PC, which are crucial for the survival and proper development of plants.
Seizures, Takotsubo syndrome, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A still puzzling triangle.

I immensely enjoyed the contribution by Finsterer and Bersano [1], published in the September 2015 issue of the Journal, about seizures, Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The authors carried out a review of the heretofore reported cases of TTS triggered by seizures, with particular intension of evaluating fatal outcome. Among the reported 74 patients (86% female) with seizure-triggered TTS, only 2 (3%) died. Seizures experienced by these patients included generalized tonic clonic seizures, generalized status epilepticus, and complex partial seizures, and the underlying plausible cause of the seizures was noted. The authors concluded that ‘‘fatalities are rare in patients experiencing seizure-triggered TTS’’, and that ‘‘seizure-triggered TTS does not seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of SUDEP’’ [1]. I shall appreciate the response of the authors on the following: (1) Since seizures, after subarachnoid hemorrhage, are the most common central nervous system triggering TTS, is it possible that we are missing milder, atypical, subclinical forms of TTS? [2,3]. (2) It is conceivable that such milder forms of seizure-triggered TTS, that do not result in hospitalization, after control of the seizures, leave behind some electrocardiographic hallmarks, which could be detected by ‘‘smartphone’’-based technology monitoring, carried out by the patients themselves, or their relatives and other caregivers [3,4]. (3) How do we know that all or many of the victims of unexplainable SUDEP, had not suffered a seizure-triggering TTS, that led to an immediate or early demise, due to a ventricular arrhythmia (monomorphic or polymorphic ventricular tachycardria, degenerating in ventricular
Drug Addiction: Behavioral Neurophysiology

Drug addiction in humans is a chronic disease characterized by compulsive drug intake followed by periods of abstinence and relapse. Electrophysiological recordings in behaving rodents have provided critical information regarding cellular mechanisms underlying this behavior. This approach, combined with the drug self-administration procedure, allows for an analysis of cell firing during key features of drug-seeking behaviors. Here, animal studies that examined the activity of neurons within the brain reward system (particularly the nucleus accumbens, NAc) during drug self-administration are reviewed. These findings reveal important insight into neural mechanisms underlying goal-directed behaviors and how drugs of abuse alter this system and lead to addiction.
Warts, cancer and ubiquitylation: lessons from the papillomaviruses.

Certain human papillomaviruses (such as HPV-16 and HPV-18) are associated with specific anogenital cancers, most notably cervical cancer. These viruses encode two oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which are expressed in the HPV positive cancers. E7 functions in cellular transformation, at least in part, through inactivation of pRB, and the other pRB related “pocket proteins” p107 and p130. The major target of the E6 oncoprotein encoded by the genital tract, cancer-associated human papillomaviruses is the p53 tumor suppressor protein. E6 binding to p53 is mediated by a cellular protein, the E6-associated protein (E6AP). In the presence of E6, E6AP catalyses the ubiquitylation and proteolysis of p53. E6AP is an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase and is not normally involved in the regulation of p53 stability in the absence of E6. E6AP is the prototype for the HECT domain family of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases.
Creating Lexical Resources for Endangered Languages

This paper examines approaches to generate lexical resources for endangered languages. Our algorithms construct bilingual dictionaries and multilingual thesauruses using public Wordnets and a machine translator (MT). Since our work relies on only one bilingual dictionary between an endangered language and an “intermediate helper” language, it is applicable to languages that lack many existing resources.
Building a system of perfect depression care in behavioral health

Article-at-a-Glance Background Depression, a common, serious disorder, may result in suicide in up to 10% of afflicted persons. Methods In 2001, the Division of Behavioral Health Services of the Henry Ford Health System (Detroit) launched an initiative to completely redesign depression care delivery using the Six Aims and the Ten Rules from the Institute of Medicine report Crossing the Quality Chasm. This "Perfect Depression Care" initiative, whose key goal was the elimination of suicide, entailed performance improvement activities in four domains—partnership with patients, clinical care (planned care model), access, and information flow. Results The rate of suicide in the patient population decreased by 75% (p = .007), from ~89 per 100,000 at baseline (2000) to ~22 per 100,000 for the four-year follow-up interval (the average rate for 2002–2005). Discussion This sustained reduction in suicide rate suggests that the process improvements implemented as part of the Perfect Depression Care initiative substantially improved the care of persons with depression. The initiative is the prototype for a comprehensive redesign of behavioral health care. Work is under way to "perfect" the care of persons with anxiety or psychotic disorders, and similar care systems are being developed for violence prevention and medication safety, with a particular focus on perfecting communication between providers. Pursuing perfection is no longer a project or initiative but a principle driving force embedded in the fabric of our care.
Occurrence of a Disease Caused by a Rickettsia-Like Organism in a Larval Population of the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni , in Southern California

A study of natural mortality in larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), feeding on experimental broccoli plantings in Riverside, Calif., revealed that ca. 10% of the larvae collected from July through October 1979 had a disease caused by a rickettsia-like organism. The disease occurred most commonly in 2nd- and 3rd- instars, where the rates of incidence were 12.8 and 15.2%, respectively. All larvae that developed patent infections died from the disease. The disease was most easily recognized in larvae which were reared individually in the laboratory on artificial diet. Disease signs included an opaque yellow-white discoloration on the body, incomplete shedding of the molted cuticle, reduced feeding activity, and a retarded growth rate with concomitantly increased larval longevity. At the histological level, the hemolymph of diseased larvae was milky white and contained numerous refractile vesicles that were diagnostic for the disease. Electron microscopy demonstrated slightly curved bacilliform particles, 160 by 420 nm, developing within these vesicles. Vesicles and particles also were found in the cytoplasm of epidermal, tracheal matrix, and fat body cells. The disease was transmitted to healthy T. ni larvae by injecting them with diluted hemolymph from diseased larvae. About 50% of the treated larvae developed typical signs of disease and subsequently died.
Full-Field Three-Dimensional Characterization of Non-repetitive Motions by Single-Shot Multiplexed Digital Holography

Typically, in 3D displacement measurements, the sample is repeatedly loaded at least three times and the displacement fields are obtained from multiple sensitivity vectors. However, for studying transient and non-repetitive phenomena, including, but not limited to, displacement fields of temporally-varying biological tissues, repeating the experiment is not an option. Therefore, to measure 3D displacements in such applications, all the measurements have to be done concomitantly. In this paper, single-frame, multiplexed holography is used for simultaneous quantification of 3D displacement fields. In our approach, the hologram of an object of interest is recorded in an off-axis configuration, with three simultaneous incoherently-superimposed pairs of reference and object beams. Three different spatial carrier frequencies are realized by small differences in the angle of illumination of each reference wave with respect to the CCD sensor. Therefore, the reconstructed image corresponding to each illumination direction is reconstructed at a particular position on the image plane. Because of the differences in the position of each reference beam and wavelength of each pair of beams, the reconstruction distance and magnification of each sensitivity vector are different. Therefore, we developed and implemented registration algorithms to accurately translate individual views into a single global coordinate system. Representative results highlighting the 3D measuring capabilities of our holographic system are presented.
Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children: consultation-liaison experience.

Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are common in children. Those that persist or recur require greater attention on the part of the physician and may require psychiatric consultation. When consulted, the child psychiatrist can complement the medical care by a detailed examination of the psychosocial environment of the child. Formulation of these factors may then point the way to more helpful management of the child and family by the referring physician or may result in psychiatric referral for treatment.
What a Shame: Increased Rates of OMS Resident Burnout May Be Related to the Frequency of Shamed Events During Training.

Purpose Shame is an ineffective tool in residency education that often results in depression, isolation, and worse patient care. This study aimed to assess burnout, depersonalization, and personal achievement levels in current oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) residents, to assess the prevalence of the use of shame in OMS residency training, and to determine whether there is a relation between shame exposure and resident burnout, depersonalization, and personal achievement levels. Materials and Methods An anonymous 20-question cross-sectional survey was developed incorporating the Maslach Burnout Index and a previously validated shame questionnaire and sent to all OMS program directors affiliated with the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons for distribution among their respective residents in 2016. Univariate analyses were used to determine the distribution of the predictor (shame) and outcome (burnout) by gender and by frequency of shaming events. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relation of shame to burnout. A 2-sided P value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results Two hundred seventeen responses were received; 82% of respondents were men (n = 178), 95% were 25 to 34 years old (n = 206), and 58% (n = 126) were enrolled in a 4-year program. Frequently shamed residents were more likely to have depression (58 vs 22%; P Conclusion There is a clear relation between the number of shame events and burnout and depersonalization levels. It is important to understand the negative impact that the experience of shame has on residents, including its unintended consequences.
Visible VCSELs: recent advances and applications

In this talk, we will present results on recent improvements in the performance of AlGaInP visible VCSEL structures brought about by new heterostructure designs; in particular high temperature performance.
Case 32-2017. A 64-Year-Old Man with Dyspnea, Wheezing, Headache, Cough, and Night Sweats.

A 64-year-old man presented with headache, dyspnea, wheezing, cough, and night sweats. He had eosinophilia, sinusitis on CT, and abnormal results on pulmonary-function tests, including an elevated fraction of exhaled nitric oxide. Diagnostic tests were performed.
Biology, Psychology, Ethics, and Politics: An Innate Moral Sense?

Abstract Is there an innate moral sense? Scientific evidence, from child development, linguistics, and behavioral economics to neuroscience, moral psychology, and primatology reveals universal drives that constitute a biologically prepared moral architecture within human nature. This innate moral sense is akin to the innate predisposition for smell or language and suggests human beings are born with the prototypes of a sense that fosters anxiety when they witness others in distress and, similarly, promotes positive feelings when that distress is alleviated. Incorporating the concept of an innate moral sense into our models of social and political life would improve ethical analysis.
Efficient data processing with exogeni for the casa dfw urban testbed

As the CASA DFW Urban Testbed has evolved from a small, Doppler radar network to an operational system providing user decision support, multi-sensor data, images thereof, and a real time alerting mechanism, it has become necessary to make use of the Compute Cloud to efficiently process and classify products in a timely and cost effective manner. The Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI), was selected for this purpose and this manuscript shall describe how compute resources are managed to reduce idle time, how networks are configured dynamically to maximize performance, and how diverse products are accumulated and processed to serve the diverse user base in the DFW metroplex. We find that the GENI cloud offers superior networking, resource acquisition speed than several commodity clouds, and hardware performance on par.
Assistant Superintendent Hiring Criteria Used by Golf Course Superintendents.

M.J. Schlossberg and K.J. Karnok, Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, 3111 Miller Plant Sciences Building, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (currently Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvania State Univ., 116 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, PA 168023504); and W. Greene, Dep. of Geography, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Received 15 Aug. 2003. *Corresponding author (mjs38@psu.edu).
Engineering Women’s Attitudes and Goals in Choosing Disciplines with Above and Below Average Female Representation

Women’s participation in engineering remains well below that of men at all degree levels. However, despite the low enrollment of women in engineering as a whole, some engineering disciplines report above average female enrollment. We used multiple linear regression to examine the attitudes, beliefs, career outcome expectations, and career choice of first-year female engineering students enrolled in below average, average, and above average female representation disciplines in engineering. Our work begins to understand how the socially constructed masculine cultural norms of engineering may attract women differentially into specific engineering disciplines. This study used future time perspective, psychological personality traits, grit, various measures of STEM identities, and items related to career outcome expectations as theoretical frameworks. The results of this study indicate that women who are interested in engineering disciplines with different representations of women (i.e., more or less male-dominated) have significantly different attitudes and beliefs, career goals, and career plans. This study provides information about the perceptions that women may have and attitudes that they bring with them into particular engineering pathways.
Characterization of Outcomes of 2-Stage Exchange Arthroplasty in the Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infections.

Abstract Background Two-stage revision is the preferred treatment for prosthetic hip and knee infections in the United States. Recent studies have questioned the true success rate of this treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate outcomes of prosthetic hip and knee infections undergoing resection arthroplasty and spacer insertion at a single institution. Methods We identified 103 patients who underwent prosthesis resection and spacer placement for infection over a 10-year period. Twenty-three cases were excluded based on preset exclusion criteria leaving 80 cases (56 knees, 24 hips). A retrospective review was performed to examine the outcomes of these patients. Results Following spacer placement but before reimplantation, 9 (11.25%) of the 80 joints underwent repeat debridement and spacer exchange for persistent infection. Twenty-four (30.00%) patients had a serious complication during their treatment course. Fourteen (17.50%) patients never underwent reimplantation. Of these, 10 continued with spacer retention, 2 had resection arthroplasty, and 1 each had an amputation and an arthrodesis. Of the 66 patients with successful reimplantation, 48 (72.70%) remained infection free at most recent follow-up. Conclusions Two-stage revision does not result in the high rates of cure reported previously, when taking into account the substantial number of patients who never undergo the subsequent reimplantation surgery. Of those who underwent reimplantation in our study, many required additional spacer exchange or had complications. Surgeons and patients should consider these outcomes when discussing the treatment of prosthetic hip and knee infections.
Khamti Shan anti-ergative construction: A Tibeto-Burman influence?

It is widely recognized that Khamti Shan is unique among Tai languages in evidencing a basic (A)OV word order, quite likely due to extensive language contact with Tibeto-Burman languages. Much less recognized in Khamti Shan is that some functional objects take a postposition marker, revealing a striking, but not necessarily unexpected, resemblance to a Tibeto-Burman-like anti-ergative construction. The deictic mai² ‘here’ grammaticalizes an anti-ergative function in which it acts as a marker for certain monotransitive ‘objects’ which are analyzed as pragmatically foregrounded referents in the information structure of the sentence.
Electron – Air Molecule Collisions in Hypersonic Flows

At high vehicle velocity, the flow field surrounding a space vehicle becomes partially ionized, with the amount of ionization determined by the vehicle velocity. For a transatmospheric flight at an altitude of 80 km and a velocity of 10 km/sec, a maximum of 1% ionization is expected, whereas up to 30% of the atoms and molecules in the flow field will be ionized in a Mars return mission with a velocity of 12 – 17 km/sec. Even when the flow field is only slightly ionized, electron collisions still have an important role in determining the internal energy and state distribution of the atoms and molecules in the flow field. This in turn contributes to the flow characteristic and the amount of radiative heat load on the vehicle.
Trace and transference: therapy in a post-structuralist era.

As leader of the deconstruction movement, Jacques Derrida has had a profound effect on modern thinking. In this article, the author applies Derridean concepts to psychotherapy. Using the concepts o...
Measuring Latino Adolescents’ Coping With Ethnic-Racial Discrimination:

Few studies have examined coping strategies specific to ethnic-racial discrimination among Latino youth. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Discrimination Coping Strategies Scale (DCSS) including its factor structure, validity, and longitudinal measurement invariance. Data came from four waves of a longitudinal study of 323 Latino adolescents (Wave 1 Mage = 15.31 years, SD = .76; 49.5% female). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis suggested a factor structure that included a three-item latent factor and two manifest variables. Analyses suggested that the factor structure for the latent construct was invariant across four waves of repeated measures. Support for construct validity emerged with tests of convergent, divergent, and predictive validity. Taken together, findings provide support for the validity of the proactive coping subscale of the DCSS as a measure of Latino adolescents’ proactive coping with ethnic-racial discrimination.
TCT-491 Post-Impella® Implant Mortality Determinants and Associated Lactate Levels in Cardiogenic Shock Patients - A Single Center Experience

The Impella® devices have increasingly become a desired treatment option for cardiogenic shock (CS) as demonstrated by previous studies analyzing real-world use of hemodynamic support devices. However, data on outcomes after implant and optimal timing of placement remains scarce. The current study