cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Therapeutic Capability of Slow-Release 4-Aminopyridine for the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Crush Injury (P1.283)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the therapeutic capability of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on improving peripheral nerve crush injury via enhancing ultrastructural repair of nerve fibers. Background: We have shown that 4-AP, a potassium channel blocker used to prolong nerve action potentials, significantly improves sciatic motor function following crush injury in a mouse model. The improvement owed to 4-AP when delivered systemically lasted approximately four hours, the duration of 4-AP’s half-life. We hypothesize that local and sustained delivery of 4-AP can promote the recovery of nerve injury by increasing nerve activity and potentially improve the ultrastructural repairs of the nerve fibers. The rationale of the hypothesis is based on the observations of improvement of nerve function performance, remyelination, and axonal regeneration on injured nerves which receive single electrical stimulation treatment after injury (Wan L, 2010; Wake H, 2011). Design: Sustained 4-AP treatment on crush injuries is critically dependent on the ability to deliver this agent over the time course of recovery. The slow release of active 4-AP could be accomplished using a slow release biomaterial made from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). We formulated a slow-release vehicle of PLGA which releases 4-AP over time to prolong the transient nature of 4-AP effects. Crush injuries were performed in mice and (4-AP)-PLGA carriers were transplanted directly at the site of the injury on sciatic nerve. Results: Large motor functional improvements were evident in carriers transplanted groups over untreated controls as measured using the Sciatic Function Index and nerve conduction velocity. On IHC analysis, we observed ultrastructral improvements of myelinated fibers after 3 weeks treatment with local 4-AP on crush-injured nerve. In addition, 4-AP administration increased the expression of a gene, which promotes myelin production in dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Conclusion: The administration of 4-AP in slow-release PLGA delivery is a viable, transplantable treatment for peripheral nerve injury. Long-term administration of 4-AP improves functional recovery by enhancing nerve function and promoting ultrastructural repair on nerve fibers. Disclosure: Dr. Tseng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elfar has nothing to disclose.
Intestinal patches for oral drug delivery

Purpose. Oral route offers an attractive mode of drug administration, although its applications are limited by poor stability of peptides and proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. In this article, we report a novel method based on intestinal patches for oral drug delivery. This method involves the use of millimeter size mucoadhesive patches that adhere to the intestinal wall and direct solute diffusion towards the wall similar to that observed in the case of a transdermal patch. Methods. Intestinal patches were prepared by sandwiching a film of cross-linked bovine serum albumin microspheres between a film of ethyl cellulose and Carbopol/pectin. Delivery of three model drugs, sulforhodamine B, phenol red, and dextran was assessed in vitro using rat intestine. Results. In vitro tests confirmed substantial unidirectional diffusion of model drugs from the patch across the intestinal wall. The presence of ethyl cellulose layer minimized release from the edges as well as from the back side of the patch into the intestinal lumen. In vitro experiments with rat intestine showed that patches were effective in delivering model drugs across the intestine. Trans-lumenal flux of model drugs from intestinal patches was about 100-fold higher compared to that from a solution due to localization of the solute near the intestinal wall and due to minimization of drug loss into the intestinal lumen. Conclusions. Intestinal patches offer a novel approach for oral drug delivery.
Structural composition of βI- and βII-proteins

Circular dichroism spectra of proteins are sensitive to protein secondary structure. The CD spectra of α-rich proteins are similar to those of model α-helices, but β-rich proteins exhibit CD spectra that are reminiscent of CD spectra of either model β-sheets or unordered polypeptides. The existence of these two types of CD spectra for β-rich proteins form the basis for their classification as βI- and βII-proteins. Although the conformation of β-sheets is largely responsible for the CD spectra of βI-proteins, the source of βII-protein CD, which resembles that of unordered polypeptides, is not completely understood. The CD spectra of unordered polypeptides are similar to that of the poly(Pro)II helix, and the poly(Pro)II-type (P2) structure forms a significant fraction of the unordered conformation in globular proteins. We have compared the β-sheet and P2 structure contents in β-rich proteins to understand the origin of βII-protein CD. We find that βII-proteins have a ratio of P2 to β-sheet content greater than 0.4, whereas for βI-proteins this ratio is less than 0.4. The β-sheet content in βI-proteins is generally higher than that in βII-proteins. The origin of two classes of CD spectra for β-rich proteins appears to lie in their relative β-sheet and P2 structure contents.
CALCIUM-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES OF PLANTS

The importance of calcium ions in coupling physiological responses to external and developmental signals in plants has been well documented. Recently, Plieth and Trewavas (Plant Physiology, 2002, 129: 786–796) have shown that gravistimulation, too, elicits changes in the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in Arabidopsis plants. Cytoplasmic calcium brings about responses by interacting with target proteins, many of which contain EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. In plants there are at least five classes of protein kinases, all of which are in the CDPK/SnRK family, that either contain EF-hands within their structure or interact with proteins that contain EF-hands. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and calcium and calmodulin-activated protein kinases (CCaMKs) both contain EF hands in their C-terminal domains and are activated by the binding of calcium. SnRK3s (Group 3 of the SNF-1 related kinases) bind to proteins that contain three EF hands, and some are activated by calcium. Members of two other protein kinase classes, plant calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) and CDPK-related kinase (CRK), bind to calmodulin, but it remains to be seen whether the activity of these enzymes is regulated by calcium/calmodulin. This paper will review what is known about the structure and the regulation of these protein kinases and address the question of why there is such a plethora of calcium-regulated kinases in plants.
Archaeological Theory: An Introduction

Archaeological Theory: An Introduction. Matthew Johnson. Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1999. 240 pp.
Program analysis with boolean logic solvers

Modern computation systems are very complex. As a result they are very challenging to reason about and validate. Validation techniques based on dynamic analysis—testing—are time consuming and offer no guarantees of correctness. Researchers have proposed static verification techniques which require no testing and are complete. Existing static verification techniques that are based on satisfiability of Boolean formulas in conjunctive normal form validate designs by forcing bounds on the range of variables of a design. Their primary drawback is that they are limited to designs of relatively low complexity. They translate a design expressed in an imperative or a declarative high-level description language to a Boolean formula. There are three limiting aspects of translating high-level designs to conjunctive normal form. (1) A small increase in the bound on variable ranges can cause a large increase in the size of the translated formula. For example, for an undirected seven-node tree the translation produced one million variables and five million clauses. (2) Boolean satisfiability solvers are restricted to using optimizations that apply at the level of conjunctive normal form formulas. Finally, (3) the Boolean formulas often need to be regenerated with higher bounds to ensure the correctness of the translation. This dissertation proposes the use of sequential circuits, Boolean formulas with memory elements and hierarchical structures, and sequential circuit solvers to validate high-level designs. (1) Sequential circuits are much more succinct than the pure combinational conjunctive normal form formulas and preserve the high-level structure of the design. (2) Encoding the problem as a sequential circuit enables the use of a number of powerful automated analysis techniques that have no counterparts for conjunctive normal form formulas. This dissertation applies sequential analysis to both declarative and imperative designs. The results show that it can validate designs with bounds that are orders of magnitude larger than those achievable by the state of the art techniques based on conjunctive normal form analysis.
On Fallibility and Finality: Why Thinking Like a Qadi Helps Me Understand American Constitutional Law

Despite the pejorative use of the word "qadi" in American constitutional case law, the institution of the judge (qadi) in Islamic legal history provides an illuminating lens through which to consider the nature of Supreme Court judging in the United States, specifically the intertwined roles of final adjudicator and ultimate expositor. Seeing the job of Supreme Court justices through the lens of the Muslim qadi, I believe, helps bring a new awareness of the choices made by Supreme Court justices when faced with the competing pulls of their methodological convictions, the nature of the United States legal system, and their sense of their role within it.
Organization and mapping of a sequence on the Drosophila melanogaster X and Y chromosomes that is transcribed during spermatogenesis.

The D. melanogaster DNA segment in the recombinant phage λDm2L1 contains at least eight copies of a tandemly repeated 1250-base pair (bp) sequence (henceforth called the 2L1 sequence). Testes from XO D. melanogaster males contain an abundant 800-base RNA species that is homologous to a 520-bp region of the 2L1 sequence. Blotting experiments show that the 2L1 sequence is repeated in the D. melanogaster genome and is present on both the X and Y chromosomes. With the use of X-Y translocations, the 2L1 sequence has been mapped to a region between kl-1 and kl-2 on the long arm of the Y chromosome. In Oregon-R wild type there are an estimated 200 copies of the 2L1 sequence on the X chromosome and probably at least 80 copies on the Y chromosome. In some other strains the repetition frequency on the Y chromosome is about the same, but the copy number on the X chromosome is much reduced. On the basis of the five strains investigated, there is a correlation between copy number of the 2L1 sequence on the X chromosome and the presence of a particular allele of the Stellate locus (Ste; 1-45.7). It seems that low copy number corresponds to Ste + and high copy number corresponds to Ste. The Ste locus determines whether single or star-shaped crystals are observed in the spermatocytes of XO males. Studies using D. simulans and D. mauritiana DNA show that the 2L1 sequence is homologous to restriction fragments in male DNA but not female DNA, indicating that this sequence is present only on the Y chromosome in these two species. In DNA derived from D. erecta, D. teissieri and D. yakuba, there is very little, if any, hybridization with the 2L1 sequence probe.
Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors in the nervous system: distribution and differential alteration of levels after injury of central versus peripheral nerve

Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) are known to stimulate mitogenesis in a variety of non-neuronal cell types. Recent work has also established that FGFs can act as neurotrophic factors that promote the survival and regeneration in vitro of a variety of neurons. The present study investigates the distribution of aFGF and bFGF in vivo by using a mitogenic bioassay on AKR-2B cells coupled with Western-blot analysis to estimate the levels of aFGF and bFGF in different areas of the rat nervous system. Acidic FGF and bFGF from extracts of nervous tissue were found to differ considerably in their relative dependencies upon heparin to potentiate their mitogenic activities: the effect of aFGF was strongly dependent upon heparin, whereas the effect of bFGF was only slightly potentiated by heparin. Heparin was also found to stimulate differentially the mitogenic activity of extracts prepared from different areas of the nervous system, indicating that spinal cord, cortex, pituitary, and optic nerve contained different ratios of aFGF to bFGF, whereas sciatic nerve contained extremely high levels of only aFGF. These results were confirmed in Western-blot experiments, using antibodies specific for either aFGF or bFGF. Transection of nerves had opposing effects in sciatic and optic nerves: aFGF rapidly declined in the sciatic nerve distal to the cut, whereas bFGF increased slightly in the distal portion of the cut optic nerve. This differential effect of injury on FGF levels in central versus peripheral nerves may reflect the differential regenerative potential of these two types of nerves.
Phase of phonon-induced resistance oscillations in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas

We report on experimental studies of magnetoresistance oscillations that originate from the resonant interaction of two-dimensional electrons with thermal transverse-acoustic phonons in very high-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. We find that the oscillation maxima consistently occur when a frequency of a phonon with twice the Fermi momentum exceeds an integer multiple of the cyclotron frequency. This observation is in contrast to to all previous experiments associating resistance maxima with magnetophonon resonance and its harmonics. Our experimentally obtained resonant condition is in excellent quantitative agreement with recent theoretical proposals.
A systematic approach to riser VIV response reconstruction

Abstract Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of long flexible cylindrical structures (e.g. risers, pipelines, tendons, mooring lines) enduring ocean currents is ubiquitous in the offshore industry. Though significant effort has gone into understanding this complicated fluid–structure interaction problem, major challenges remain in modeling and predicting the response of such structures (for example a riser). The work presented in this paper provides a systematic approach to estimate and analyze the vortex-induced motions of a marine riser. A systematic framework is developed, which allows reconstruction of the riser motion from a limited number of sensors placed along its length. A full reconstruction criterion is developed, which classifies when the measurements from the sensors contain all information pertinent to riser VIV response, and when they do not, in which case additional, analytical methods must be employed. Reconstruction methods for both scenarios are developed and applied to experimental data. Finally, a systematic study on the error during the reconstruction is also undertaken. The methods developed in this paper can be applied to: improve understanding of the vortex shedding mechanisms, including the presence of traveling waves and higher-harmonic forces; develop tools for in-situ estimation of fatigue damage on marine risers; and estimate the vortex-induced forces on marine risers.
Effects of white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella) on a Florida lake: a model

Abstract The Lake Conway model predicts that stocking white amur will decrease lake productivity and respiration, increase epipelic algae biomass for two years, and increase biomass of benthic invertebrates and biomass and number of secondary predator fish for at least nine years. Water quality, as defined by submersed macrophyte abundance, phytoplankton biomass, orthophosphate in the epilimnion, and amount of dead particulate matter in the water column, increases during to 10-y simulation. Because of the nature of white amur growth and assimilation rates, simulated grazing impact is heaviest three years after stocking. Carbon flow through both grazing and detritus food chains increases in the simulation, in spite of decreased photosynthesis.
Further studies in aesthetic field theory III: A bounded particle in Γ jk;l i =0,g ij;k =0 theory

In previous papers we showed that certain aesthetic ideas led to a bounded particle. In this paper, we show that a theory based onΓ jk;l i =0,g ij;k =0 withg=0 can also lead to a bounded particle. This theory has the advantage that all tensors constructed fromg ij ,Γ jk i , ∫ i are treated in a uniform way. Also, we have sixty-four distinctΓ jk i appearing. This was not the case in our previous work.
Confirmation and Quantitation of Selected Sulfonylurea, Imidazolinone, and Sulfonamide Herbicides in Surface Water Using Electrospray LC/MS

A multianalyte method has been developed for the confirmation and quantitation of 16 selected sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides in surface water. Samples are acidified, the analytes are extracted using RP-102 extraction cartridges, and the extracts are cleaned-up using an anion-exchange cartridge (SAX) stacked on top of an alumina cartridge. The final extracts are evaporated to dryness, redissolved in 10:90 or 20:80 acetonitrile/water, and analyzed using electrospray LC/MS. Confirmation criteria were defined so that identification of the analytes could be made with a reasonable degree of scientific certainty. Confirmation required that (1) LC/MS retention times of the analytes be within 1% of the retention times of the standards, (2) the molecular ion and two characteristic fragment ions per analyte be present, and (3) ion abundance ratios of the fragment ions relative to the molecular ion be within 20% of the ion ratios obtained for the standards. Each of the analytes in all of the ...
Genetic predisposition for nonmedullary thyroid cancer

Nonmedullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) can be sporadic or can occur as a component cancer as part of several well-described hereditary cancer syndromes. NMTC, particularly papillary thyroid cancer, also can occur by itself in families and is often termed familial NMTC or familial papillary thyroid cancer. The occurrence of NMTC in families, along with extensive population-based evidence from patients with sporadic thyroid cancer, together suggest that NMTC has a strong genetic component, only a small proportion of which has been characterized to date. Advances in genetic and genomic technology have rapidly advanced our understanding of the complex nature of NMTC susceptibility, although much remains to be explained. Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge, starting with a brief review of hereditary syndromic causes and moving on to describe recent data using modern genomic approaches to identifying genes involved in the predisposition to NMTC.
MILLIMETER WAVE PHASE-LOCKING IN DISTRIBUTED JOSEPHSON ARRAYS

Voltage tunable oscillators operating at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths can be designed and fabricated using series arrays of Josephson junctions. The coherent radiation obtained from such oscillators results from the mutual phase-locking of the junction through the high-frequency Josephson current generated in the array. A 40-junction array of Josephson junctions distributed over many wavelengths has been designed, fabricated and tested for operation at 100 GHz. This paper presents the experimental results obtained for this prototype array. A review of the theory for optimizing array design is presented along the implications for power generation at submillimeter wavelengths in future arrays.
Preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone-(178-199) does not inhibit corticotropin release

Pituitary ACTH synthesis and secretion are positively regulated by hypothalamic factors and negatively regulated by adrenal corticosteroids. Negative hypothalamic regulation of pituitary ACTH synthesis and secretion has been postulated, but not proved. The search for a hypothalamic corticotropin release-inhibiting factor has recently focused on peptides derived from the prepro-TRH precursor of TRH. One of the peptides, prepro-TRH-(178-199), was reported to suppress basal and stimulated ACTH release. We examined the effects of prepro-TRH-(178-199) alone and in combination with CRH and corticosterone, two known physiologic regulators of ACTH secretion. Prepro-TRH-(178-199) had no effect on basal, stimulated, or attenuated ACTH release from cells that responded normally to CRH and/or corticosterone. These results indicate that prepro-TRH-(178-199) is not a corticotropin release-inhibiting factor.
Qualitative analysis and the construction of causal models

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology by which qualitative analyses serve as rich source materials for discovery of theoretically cogent interrelations between latent variables.Design/methodology/approach – In an illustrative case, qualitative data are collected from US franchisee managers from a single branded franchise of automotive repair outlets. Qualitative analysis of franchisee experiences and attitudes is critical for construction of a causal model used to predict conflict intensity between franchisee managers and franchisors.Findings – The model is based on franchisees' normative expectations for resource allocation within the franchise; and their perceptions of franchisor normative violations, which are determinative of grievances, distrust, and hostility. This theoretical orientation serves to generate a system of interrelated empirically testable propositions.Research limitations/implications – In principle, the primary limitation of using qualitative analysis for the...
High-temperature plastic deformation of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 single crystals III. Variation in work hardening between 1200 and 1500°C

Abstract Plastic deformation has been studied in Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 single crystals oriented for easy {001} 〈110〉 slip between 1200 and 1500°C. The yield stress shows a linear dependence on temperature because defect clusters act as discrete obstacles. These clusters also cause screw dislocations to become jogged, leading to ready production of edge dipoles and very high work-hardening rates (about μ/15). The high hardening on the primary system allows activation of secondary {111} 〈100〉 slip, which causes an apparent yield point at the higher temperatures.
Asymmetric Gaussian chirplet model and parameter estimation for generalized echo representation

Abstract Gaussian Chirplet Model (GCM) is commonly used for signal analysis in many fields including ultrasound, radar, sonar, seismology, and biomedicine. The symmetric envelope of GCM is often inadequate in representing real echo envelopes which are more likely to be asymmetric. In our previous work we introduced the Asymmetric Gaussian Chirplet Model (AGCM) that generalizes the GCM. In this paper, an efficient successive parameter estimation algorithm is proposed utilizing echo envelope and instantaneous phase obtained via analytical signal representation. The initial parameters obtained via successive estimation are fine-tuned with a fast Gauss–Newton algorithm developed for the AGCM to achieve Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) of model parameters. The performance of parameter estimation algorithm is formally verified employing Monte-Carlo simulations and Cramer–Rao Lower Bounds. Parameter estimation is shown to be minimum variance and unbiased for SNR levels 10 dB and higher. Furthermore, AGCM has been tested on real ultrasound echoes measured from planar targets. AGCM provides better echo fits than the GCM due to its more flexible envelope.
Principles of Soil Conservation and Management

Humberto Blanco and Rattan Lal. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. 2008. Hardcover. 617 pp. $229.00. Online version available at . ISBN 978-1-4020-8708-0. Conservation and sustainable management of soil are essential features of humankind's
Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine

Tensile loading of the human cervical spine results from noncontact inertial loading of the head as well as mandibular and craniofacial impacts. Current vehicle safety standards include a neck injury criterion based on beam theory that uses a linear combination of the normalized upper cervical axial force and sagittal plane moment. This study examines this criterion by imposing combined axial tension and bending to postmortem human subject (PMHS) ligamentous cervical spines. Tests were conducted on 20 unembalmed PMHSs. Nondestructive whole cervical spine tensile tests with varying cranial end condition and anteroposterior loading location were used to generate response corridors for computational model development and validation. The cervical spines were sectioned into three functional spinal segments (Occiput-C2, C4-C5, and C6-C7) for measurement of tensile structural response and failure testing. The upper cervical spine (Occiput-C2) was found to be significantly less stiff, absorb less strain energy, and fail at higher loads than the lower cervical spine (C4-C5 and C6-C7). Increasing the moment arm of the applied tensile load resulted in larger head rotations, larger moments, and significantly higher tensile ultimate strengths in the upper cervical spine. The strength of the upper cervical spine when loaded through the head center of gravity (2417 ± 215 N) was greater than when loaded over the occipital condyles (2032 ± 250 N), which is not predicted by beam theory. Beam theory predicts that increased tensile loading eccentricity results in decreased axial failure loads. Analyses of the force-deflection histories suggest that ligament loading in the upper cervical spine depends on the amount of head rotation orientation, which may explain why the neck is stronger in combined tension and extension.
Phalloidin enhances endothelial barrier function and reduces inflammatory permeability in vitro

Phalloidin, a potent microfilament toxin, induces polymerization of actin in vitro and in vivo. In a permeability assay, bovine aortic endothelial cell cultured on microcarrier beads exclude significantly more serum albumin after 30 min treatment with 10(-6), 10(-8), and 10(-10) M phalloidin than controls. Furthermore, pretreatment of microcarriers with 10(-8) M phalloidin significantly reduces permeability increases by histamine, bradykinin, thromboxane A2 mimetic, and cytochalasin B, (all at 10(-6) M). Phalloidin also causes significant surface area and perimeter increases in cultured endothelial cells. The cells also display increased acting stress fibers and show a weblike cytoskeletal pattern of microfilaments. These data suggest that in vitro the endothelial junctional barrier may be enhanced in part by assembly of actin filaments.
Cytotoxic sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-α in PC3 and LNCaP prostatic cancer cells is regulated by extracellular levels of SGP-2 (clusterin)

BACKGROUND SGP-2 is a ubiquitous secreted glycoprotein that prevents cellular apoptosis. This study was carried out to determine the extracellular action of SGP-2 in a model of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-induced cytotoxicity using two human prostatic cancer lines, LNCaP and PC3. These two lines were selected because LNCaP cells are highly sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of TNF, while PC3 cells are resistant to TNF at 24 hr. METHODS Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of TNF (10 ng/ml). LNCaP cells were treated with varying concentrations of exogenous SGP-2, while PC3 cells were treated with antisera to SGP-2 with and without exogenous SGP-2. Following a 24-hr treatment, cultures were assessed by counting of cell number and by the trypan blue exclusion assay. RESULTS Western blot analysis of conditioned media revealed that PC3 secreted more SGP-2 than did LNCaP. The sensitivity to TNF in LNCaP cells was reduced by the addition of exogenous SGP-2. PC3 cells became sensitive to TNF when SGP-2 antibody was added to the culture. The effect of SGP-2 antibody on PC3 cells was reversed by the addition of exogenous SGP-2 to the culture. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SGP-2 can act as an extracellular mediator of anti-TNF-induced cytotoxicity. Prostate 39:87–93, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A 2-D enhanced discrete complex image method in multi-layered media

This paper proposes an enhanced DCIM without any quasi-static or surface-wave terms extracted. A novel path is chosen to obtain sufficient information of both the singularities and the trend of the spectral domain GF to infinity. Hence the discrete complex images (DCIs), which were supposed to approximate the spatial domain GFs only in medium distance region, can be also accurate both in near and far field region. Simulation results show this direct DCIM can get closed-form spatial domain GF from 1.6/spl times/10/sup -4//spl lambda/ to 160/spl lambda/.
Chemistry of manganese precipitation in Pinal Creek, Arizona, USA: A laboratory study

Abstract Groundwater underlying the valley of Pinal Creek downstream from Globe, Arizona, has been contaminated by low-pH metal-enriched wastewater from copper mining and ore processing at Miami, Arizona. At present, the acidity and most of the dissolved metal content, except for Mn, of the wastewater is removed by reactions with carbonate and other solids in the alluvial aquifer before the neutralized contaminated water enters the creek channel and becomes surface flow. Where flow in the creek is perennial, Mn-bearing precipitates are formed in the stream bed and in some places in the subsurface. As an aid to understanding the processes involved and explaining the mineralogy of the precipitates, closely controlled laboratory redox titration experiments were performed on samples of surface flow and groundwater taken near the head of perennial flow in the creek. The high content of dissolved Ca, Mg, Mn and COP2 species in the neutralized contaminated groundwater caused precipitation of some of the Mn as kutnahorite, (Mn, Mg)Ca(CO3)2, when the experimental system was held between pH 8.5 and 9.0 while CO2-free air was bubbled into the solution. Hausmannite and manganite also were precipitated, in somewhat lower amounts. When the concentrations of dissolved CO2 species in the groundwater sample were decreased before the experiment was started, the Mn precipitated was predominantly in the oxides hausmannite and manganite. In some of the experimental titrations clinoenstatite, (MgSiO3), was precipitated. After titrations were stopped the solutions and precipitates were allowed to stand, with limited access to the atmosphere, for several months. During this aging period the degree of oxidation of the precipitated Mn increased and in one precipitate from an experimental solution the Ca + Mn4+ oxides todorokite and takanelite were identified. These oxides also have been identified in streambed precipitates. Some of these precipitates also gave X-ray diffraction reflections for kutnahorite. Thermodynamic feasibilities of eight potential chemical reactions forming solid phases of interest were evaluated by calculating their respective reaction affinities attained during titration and aging. The results are in general agreement with the indications for the presence of these species given by X-ray and electron diffraction. The presence of carbonates in precipitated encrustations formed from groundwater below the land surface and their occurrence in manganese oxide crusts that precipitate from the creek water, also are predicted by these results.
Evidence for variation in blood pressure during the day in normotensive and salt-hypertensive rats.

Abstract The systolic blood pressure of unanesthetized normotensive and salt-hypertensive rats was found to be significantly lower in the afternoon than in the morning. The difference was more marked in hypertensives than in normotensives, perhaps because normal blood pressures are restricted to a narrow range. These findings indicate that blood pressure, like many other physiological functions, varies diurnally. The differences between morning and afternoon pressures, although perhaps less than they would have been at times selected to correspond with maxima and minima of physical activity, were nonetheless large enough to influence the decision as to how long it required for salt excess to cause hypertension and to indicate its rate of progression.
Evaluation of chest pain in children.

Childhood chest pain is a common complaint and often a recurrent, chronic symptom. A detailed history and complete physical examination are the most important aspects of evaluating a child with chest pain. Childhood chest pain has a good prognosis. Laboratory tests should only be ordered if they are indicated on the basis of history and physical examination findings.
Relative retention times of C1C8 hydrocarbons over different columns and at different temperatures

Abstract Relative retention times over different gas-liquid chromatographic columns of 154 C1C8 hydrocarbons and other compounds are presented. The liquid substrates used were: dimethylsulfolane, dimethylsulfolane-dipropylsulfone, 7,8-benzoquinoline, dinonyl phthalate, di-n-propyl tetrachlorophthalate, and Carbowax 600. Relative retention times of several gases over a solid adsorption column with Davison's 950 Silica Gel are also presented. Column characteristics and conditions of operation are described.
American War Mobilization and the Use of Small Manufacturers, 1939-1943*

complained throughout the struggle that despite effusive rhetorical affirmations of their importance by public officials, smaller firms were not being integrated effectively into the mobilization program. Concomitantly, they charged that the position of small firms relative to big corporations was being seriously weakened.' Whether or not big business did in fact tighten its grip on the American economy during the war is a subject of keen disagreement among both economists and economic historians. This question deserves continued careful investigation. But the purpose of this essay is primarily to examine the policy-making process involved in mobilizing small manufacturers during the conflict, not to attempt to measure quarntitatively either the effectiveness of the policies or their impact on business concentration.2
Ion redistribution in an electric double layer.

Abstract The structure of a single flat electric double layer (EDL) is studied by grounding a symmetric electrolyte (NaCl), which is in contact with a planar positively corona-treated polypropylene film. Because the profiles of the electrostatic potential distribution and ion distribution in the solution are altered when the solution is grounded, some mobile counterions in the diffuse layer of the electrolyte solution will go into the Helmholtz layer and thus decrease the electric potential ψ a /2 at the Stern plane in order to obtain a new equilibrium. After the system is grounded for a long time, the representation of the electric double layer changes from a Stern model to a Helmholtz model. Theoretical and experimental analyses are given in this study.
Coronary Artery Anomalies: Current Recognition and Treatment Strategies. Update on Recent Progress

Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the wrong sinus of Valsalva is a relatively rare congenital cardiac defect. While the majority of these anomalies are benign, there are certain coronary anomalies that increase the risk of sudden cardiac death in the young. Patients may present with cardiovascular complaints while others may be asymptomatic at diagnosis. Transthoracic echocardiography is useful for the initial diagnosis. Often, further non-invasive imaging, such as cardiac MRI or CT scan, is used to confirm and further delineate the coronary anatomy. Treatment is dependent on the anomalous coronary artery course as well as patient presentation. There is controversy regarding the best treatment for those anomalous coronary arteries that course between the aorta and pulmonary artery, especially in the asymptomatic patient with anomalous right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva. Future directions should focus on better methods to risk stratify these pediatric patients.
Resource Miracles and Rising Expectations: A Challenge to Fishery Managers

Abstract A theory of political revolution is used to examine change in public expectations that result when a degraded natural resource is transformed by resource managers into a viable, accessible asset. The theory states that political unrest directed at the government erupts not when conditions are at their worst, but when conditions that have started to improve do not improve rapidly enough to coincide with rising public expectations. The paper suggests that resource miracles—dramatic resource changes—may eventually lead to constituency revolutions unless managers carefully observe impacts of their activities on public expectations. The paper is illustrated by the rapid development of a salmon fishery in the Great Lakes.
Multidimensional Measurement of Sexual Orientation: Past

To understand the current state of research on sexual orientation, we need to address some important questions. Is the distribution of sexual orientation discrete or continuous? Is it best measured with one dimension or two—or more? Just what is sexual orientation, anyway? When studying sexual orientation, should we focus on the beloved, not the lover (i.e., interpret attraction as a function of the attractive person, rather than the person who is attracted)? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid as we move into the next phase of sexual orientation measurement? Finally, as we move from small-scale surveys to large-scale national polls (as some have already begun to do), what modifications of our inventories and procedures need to be made? This section of this issue contains articles that address each of these questions, and this review essay enlarges upon them.
Evidence that Enteric Septicemia of Catfish (ESC) was Present in Arkansas by the Late 1960s: New Insights into the Epidemiology of ESC

Abstract Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), a disease of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, was first reported in 1979 based on isolates obtained from 1976 through 1978. Channel catfish that had been preserved in 1970, labeled “nutritional cranial spot,” and stored at the Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center were tested with Gram stains, histology, and immunohistochemistry to demonstrate that the specimens were actually infected by Edwardsiella ictaluri (the causative agent of ESC). A reexamination of catfish disease case records has indicated that ESC might have been present in Arkansas in 1969. Investigation of these old records and specimens has led to insights on the discovery and epidemiology of the disease.
EXTENDED R-MATRIX THEORY OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS.

The $R$-matrix theory of nuclear reactions is modified so that (a) the collision matrix can be constructed from the Hamiltonian eigenfunctions and eigenvalues provided by any nuclear-structure calculation for the compound nucleus, (b) the results of an optical-model or coupled-channel-model calculation can be incorporated into the expression for the collision matrix to represent the nonresonant background scattering, and (c) the direct-reaction contribution to the reaction can be separated from the resonant part. The resonance contribution to the $R$ matrix can be evaluated from the compound-nucleus eigenstates on the basis of a truncation approximation or of a projection-operator approximation.
Superconvergence of the numerical traces of discontinuous Galerkin and Hybridized methods for convection-diffusion problems in one space dimension

In this paper, we uncover and study a new superconvergence property of a large class of finite element methods for one-dimensional convection-diffusion problems. This class includes discontinuous Galerkin methods defined in terms of numerical traces, discontinuous Petrov-Galerkin methods and hybridized mixed methods. We prove that the so-called numerical traces of both variables superconverge at all the nodes of the mesh, provided that the traces are conservative, that is, provided they are single-valued. In particular, for is local discontinuous Galerkin method, we show that the superconvergence is order 2p + 1 when polynomials of degree at most p are used. Extensive numerical results verifying our theoretical results are displayed.
Assay of D-Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate in Biological Extracts

Abstract Tissues or cells are extracted in mildly alkaline solutions and reduced by sodium-borohydride. The fructose 6-phosphate released from the intact D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate by gentle acid hydrolysis is determined fluorimetrically in a coupled enzyme system with phosphoglucoisomerase (EC 5.3.1.9), NAD+: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.1) and resazurine. To demonstrate the application of this method, the concentration of D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in liver, yeast and legume-seedlings extracts at different physiological states has been measured and compared to the existing pool level of other intermediates of glycolysis.
Kidney transplant Medicare payments and length of stay: associations with comorbidities and organ quality.

Introduction We investigated associations between pre-transplant comorbidities, length of stay (LOS) and Medicare payments for transplant hospitalization.
Viscosity Determination of Boron Oxide and Binary Borates

The anomalous behavior of rubidium and cesium borate glass and the boron coordination in alkali borate liquids are discussed. The viscosity-composition isotherms of rubidium and cesium borates have been found to follow the same trend as those of other alkali borates. For boron oxide at temperatures between 500° and 775°C, the activation energy for viscous flow, Evis= (4.213 × 104) (1/T) - 22.15 and for temperatures above 775°C, Evis= (1.121 × 104) (1/T) + 7.40, in which T is in °K. The activation energies for viscous flow, Evis, in kcal per mole, increase with all molten alkali borates in the order Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs to about 20 mole % of akali oxide. This phenomenon is explained on the basis of Douglas's hole theory.
Growth, gas exchange, and mineral relations of black sapote (Diospyros digyna Jacq.) as influenced by salinity

Abstract The influence of salinity on growth, leaf gas exchange, and ion absorption of black sapote (Diospyros digyna Jacq.) plants was studied under glasshouse conditions. Sea salt was added to a complete nutrient solution to obtain salinity levels of 1 (control), 2, 4, 6, or 8 dS m−1 in one study, and 1, 12, or 16 dS m−1 in a second study. Plants were irrigated with these solutions for 19 weeks (experiment 1) or 17 weeks (experiment 2). Salinity in the nutrient solution reduced growth, measured as the increase in leaf area, trunk cross-sectional area, and plant dry weight. Stomatal conductance and transpiration were also reduced by salinity. The time required for leaf gas exchange to begin declining and the ultimate level of gas exchange relative to the control plants were reduced with increased salinity. Leaf, stem, and root Na+ and Cl− content increased with salinity in experiment 1. Leaf, stem, and root K+ and K+:Na+ decreased with salinity. Leaf Na+ was maintained below that of stems or roots. Few toxicity symptoms were visible only on the plants receiving the highest salinity level in experiment 2, and no defoliation occurred throughout both experiments. Sequestration of Na+ in woody organs and the resulting higher leaf K+:Na+ are primary mechanisms of moderate tolerance of black sapote seedlings to salinity.
Stationary digital breast tomosynthesis system with a multi-beam field emission x-ray source array

A stationary digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) system using a carbon nanotube based multi-beam field emission x-ray (MBFEX) source has been designed. The purpose is to investigate the feasibility of reducing the total imaging time, simplifying the system design, and potentially improving the image quality comparing to the conventional DBT scanners. The MBFEX source consists of 25 individually programmable x-ray pixels which are evenly angular spaced covering a 48° field of view. The device acquires the projection images by electronically switching on and off the individual x-ray pixels without mechanical motion of either the x-ray source or the detector. The designs of the x-ray source and the imaging system are presented. Some preliminary results are discussed.
DNA/Ad5 vaccination with SIV epitopes induced epitope-specific CD4+ T cells, but few subdominant epitope-specific CD8+ T cells

Abstract The goals of a T cell-based vaccine for HIV are to reduce viral peak and setpoint and prevent transmission. While it has been relatively straightforward to induce CD8+ T cell responses against immunodominant T cell epitopes, it has been more difficult to broaden the vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell response against subdominant T cell epitopes. Additionally, vaccine regimens to induce CD4+ T cell responses have been studied only in limited settings. In this study, we sought to elicit CD8+ T cells against subdominant epitopes and CD4+ T cells using various novel and well-established vaccine strategies. We vaccinated three Mamu-A*01+ animals with five Mamu-A*01-restricted subdominant SIV-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes. All three vaccinated animals made high frequency responses against the Mamu-A*01-restricted Env TL9 epitope with one animal making a low frequency CD8+ T cell response against the Pol LV10 epitope. We also induced SIV-specific CD4+ T cells against several MHC class II DRBw*606-restricted epitopes. Electroporated DNA with pIL-12 followed by a rAd5 boost was the most immunogenic vaccine strategy. We induced responses against all three Mamu-DRB*w606-restricted CD4 epitopes in the vaccine after the DNA prime. Ad5 vaccination further boosted these responses. Although we successfully elicited several robust epitope-specific CD4+ T cell responses, vaccination with subdominant MHC class I epitopes elicited few detectable CD8+ T cell responses. Broadening the CD8+ T cell response against subdominant MHC class I epitopes was, therefore, more difficult than we initially anticipated.
Reflectance of an array of charged conducting layers

The theoretical reflectance of a charged conducting layer and an array of layers is studied using a hydrodynamic model. In both cases, the reflectance depends strongly on the polarization of the incident radiation and the angle of incidence. When the wavelength is long compared to the spacing between layers, the layered array behaves like an anisotropic continuum. Refraction suppresses the anisotropy of the medium when the background dielectric constant is large, because the direction of wave propagation is nearly perpendicular to the layers even for large angles of incidence.
A model/data comparison for low‐frequency bottom backscatter

This article describes a model for bottom backscattering strength applicable over the frequency range 100–1000 Hz. The model includes backscatter due to both a rough water/sediment interface and internal sediment inhomogeneities—i.e., sediment‐volume scattering within an upward‐refracting sediment. The net result is predictions for bottom backscattering strength that depend on the following: frequency, sound speed of the water near the water/sediment interface, density ratio, sound absorption within the sediment, near‐surface sound‐speed gradient within the sediment, two interfacial roughness parameters, and a parameter proportional to the scattering cross section of a unit volume of sediment. The sediment sound‐speed profile is specified in terms of near‐surface values for the sound‐speed ratio and gradient. Salient features of the modeled backscatter strength include marked departures from Lambert’s law for sediments with sound speed ratios greater than 1; 1–5‐dB oscillations as a function of grazing an...