cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First Time Miss : Low Overhead Mitigation for Shared Memory Cache Side Channels

Cache hit or miss is an important source of information leakage in cache side channel attacks. An attacker observes a much faster cache access time if the cache line has previously been filled in by the victim, and a much slower memory access time if the victim has not accessed this cache line, thus revealing to the attacker whether the victim has accessed the cache line or not. For machines with private caches, this leakage can be mitigated by scheduling the victim and potential attackers on different cores, or flushing the private caches after a use. However, the latter is less practical for the large last-level cache. In this work, we propose a novel yet simple mitigation approach for cross-core attacks, called FTM (first time miss) approach. In this approach, in order to hide a cache hit to a shared cache, we make it to behave like a miss when it is accessed the first time by a thread. It is simulated by buffering the cache line for a time similar to the memory access time (i.e. like a miss penalty), and then sending it to the private cache. The next access onwards, it is safe to allow cache hits on this cache line because the attacker has already accessed it once, and expects it to be filled anyway. Thus, all of the cache lines appear to be accessed only by the attacker, and the access patterns of the victim can be hidden. The hardware overhead for the FTM scheme is minimal because it only needs a small per core buffer. Simulation-based evaluation on SPEC and PARSEC benchmarks shows low performance hit (
Characterization of acoustic detection efficiency using a gliding robotic fish as a mobile receiver platform

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and animal telemetry have become important tools for understanding the relationships between aquatic organisms and their environment, but more information is needed to guide the development and use of AUVs as effective animal tracking platforms. A forward-facing acoustic telemetry receiver (VR2Tx 69 kHz; VEMCO, Bedford, Nova Scotia) attached to a novel AUV (gliding robotic fish) was tested in a freshwater lake to (1) compare its detection efficiency (i.e., the probability of detecting an acoustic signal emitted by a tag) of acoustic tags (VEMCO model V8-4H 69 kHz) to stationary receivers and (2) determine if detection efficiency was related to distance between tag and receiver, direction of movement (toward or away from transmitter), depth, or pitch. Detection efficiency for mobile (robot-mounted) and stationary receivers were similar at ranges less than 300 m, on average across all tests, but detection efficiency for the mobile receiver decreased faster than for stationary receivers at distances greater than 300 m. Detection efficiency was higher when the robot was moving toward the transmitter than when moving away from the transmitter. Detection efficiency decreased with depth (surface to 4 m) when the robot was moving away from the transmitter, but depth had no significant effect on detection efficiency when the robot was moving toward the transmitter. Detection efficiency was higher when the robot was descending (pitched downward) than ascending (pitched upward) when moving toward the transmitter, but pitch had no significant effect when moving away from the transmitter. Results suggested that much of the observed variation in detection efficiency is related to shielding of the acoustic signal by the robot body depending on the positions and orientation of the hydrophone relative to the transmitter. Results are expected to inform hardware, software, and operational changes to gliding robotic fish that will improve detection efficiency. Regardless, data on the size and shape of detection efficiency curves for gliding robotic fish will be useful for planning future missions and should be relevant to other AUVs for telemetry. With refinements, gliding robotic fish could be a useful platform for active tracking of acoustic tags in certain environments.
Gene expression analysis in formalin fixed paraffin embedded melanomas is associated with density of corresponding immune cells in those tissues.

Immune cell infiltrates in melanoma have important prognostic value. Gene expression analysis may simultaneously quantify numbers and function of multiple immune cell subtypes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Prior studies report single gene expression can represent individual immune cell subtypes, but this has not been shown in FFPE melanomas. We hypothesized that gene expression profiling of human melanomas using a new RNA expression technology in FFPE tissue would correlate with the same immune cells identified by immunohistochemistry (IHC). This retrospective study included melanoma specimens analyzed by IHC on tumor tissue microarray (TMA) cores and by gene expression profiling with EdgeSeq Immuno-Oncology Assay using qNPA technology on the corresponding tumors. Standardized gene expression levels were analyzed relative to enumerated cells by IHC using Spearman rank test to calculate r-values. Multivariate analysis was performed by Kruskal–Wallis test. 119 melanoma specimens had both IHC and gene expression information available. There were significant associations between the level of gene expression and its quantified IHC cell marker for CD45+, CD3+, CD8+, CD4+, and CD20+ cells (all p < 0.001). There were also significant associations with exhaustion markers FoxP3+, PD-1+, and PD-L1+ (all p ≤ 0.0001). This new qNPA technology is useful to quantify intratumoral immune cells on FFPE specimens through RNA gene expression in metastatic melanoma. As previous studies have shown on other solid human tumors, we also confirm that the expression level of a single gene may be used to represent a single IHC immune cell marker in melanoma.
A Meta-Study of Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation (CORE): An Analysis of Publication Characteristics from 2010–2019

Articles published in Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation (CORE) from 2010–2019 were analyzed using meta-study procedures for trends over time related to author characteristics (e.g., gender...
Hyperbolic matrix factorization reaffirms the negative curvature of the native biological space

Abstract Past research in systems biology has taken for granted the Euclidean geometry of biological space. This has not only drawn parallels to other fields but has also been convenient due to the ample statistical and numerical optimization tools available to address the core task and downstream machine learning problems. However, emerging theoretical studies now demonstrate that biological databases exhibit hierarchical topology, characterized by heterogeneous degree distribution and a high degree of clustering, thus contradicting the flat geometry assumption. Namely, since the number of nodes in hierarchical structures grows exponentially with node depth, the biological networks naturally reside in a hyperbolic space where the circle circumference and disk area are the exponential functions of the radius. To test these claims and assess potential benefits of the applications grounded in the above hypothesis, we have developed a mathematical framework and an accompanying computational procedure for matrix factorization and implied biological relationship inference in hyperbolic space. Not only does our study demonstrate a significant increase in the accuracy of hyperbolic embedding compared to Euclidean embedding, but it also shows that the latent dimension of an optimal hyperbolic embedding is by more than an order of magnitude smaller than the latent dimension of an optimal Euclidean embedding. We see this as additional evidence that hyperbolic geometry, rather than Euclidean, underlines the biological system.
Impact of Stilbenes as Epigenetic Modulators of Breast Cancer Risk and Associated Biomarkers.

With the recent advancement of genetic screening for testing susceptibility to mammary oncogenesis in women, the relevance of the gene−environment interaction has become progressively apparent in the context of aberrant gene expressions. Fetal exposure to external stressors, hormones, and nutrients, along with the inherited genome, impact its traits, including cancer susceptibility. Currently, there is increasing interest in the role of epigenetic biomarkers such as genomic methylation signatures, plasma microRNAs, and alterations in cell-signaling pathways in the diagnosis and primary prevention of breast cancer, as well as its prognosis. Polyphenols like natural stilbenes have been shown to be effective in chemoprevention by exerting cytotoxic effects that can stall cell proliferation. Besides possessing antioxidant properties against the DNA-damaging effects of reactive oxygen species, stilbenes have also been observed to modulate cell-signaling pathways. With the increasing trend of early-life screening for hereditary breast cancer risks, the potency of different phytochemicals in harnessing the epigenetic biomarkers of breast cancer risk demand more investigation. This review will explore means of exploiting the abilities of stilbenes in altering the underlying factors that influence breast cancer risk, as well as the appearance of associated biomarkers.
Using Data as a Source of Reflection in a Feedback Loop

This chapter considers recent policy trends toward evidence-based practices in Arizona, the U.S., and across the globe. The rise in the use of “scientific” evidence for educational policymaking rests on two common beliefs about knowledge: (1) the belief that school knowledge is universal, and (2) the belief that empirical evidence or data is the primary indicator of knowledge and learning. Recent U.S. policies have reflected the importance of data or numeric evidence from externalized evaluations to guide school decisions. Internationally, multinational organizations, such as the World Bank, have also made evidence-based policymaking a priority both in their own work as influential research and policy organizations as well as their members. Yet there are cautions against this particular use of evidence to replace professional judgement and the wider democratic deliberation about the aims, ends and content of education. Our school development project considers evidence-based values and humanistic, democratic values at tension. School development participants applied a balanced perspective on data with numerical evidence subordinated to educational values, using all as a source of reflection and growth. The chapter, thus, defines data as information that educators, school teams, and other agency members use to inform professional judgement and influence.
Extensions of Rings

It is not always desirable to deal only with field extensions. Sometimes one wants to obtain a field extension by reducing a ring extension modulo a prime ideal. This procedure occurs in several contexts, and so we are led to give the basic theory of Galois automorphisms over rings, looking especially at how the Galois automorphisms operate on prime ideals or the residue class fields. The two examples given after Theorem 2.9 show the importance of working over rings, to get families of extensions in two very different contexts.
Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering: procedures for the investigation of the perception of sports.

Abstract Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis are described as procedures that can be used to study the perception of sports. Measures of the proximity of objects (sports) are discussed along with alternate data collection methods. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling develops a map of the objects in a varying number of dimensions and enables the researcher to interpret the factors that differentiate the various objects. Hierarchical cluster analysis develops a tree-like structure in subdividing the objects into homogeneous groups. These techniques are illustrated in a study of 13 sports. Two factors that differentiated the sports are revealed by nonmetric multidimensional scaling: team vs individual and degree of action. This result, along with the clusters developed through hierarchical clustering, leads to the conclusion that these sports have been primarily distinguished by how team oriented they were perceived to be.
Strain Tolerances in Nb3Sn Conductors

Knowledge of strain related effects in Nb3Sn conductors has improved in recent years.1, 2 Early critical current — strain measurements showed variations in strain tolerances among conductors and even for individual ones after different reaction heat treatments. It was soon recognized that relative thermal contractions of the constituent materials in conductors combined to place a residual compressive strain on the Nb3Sn compound. Other work demonstrated that whenever Nb3Sn was strained in compression or tension, the critical current, Ic, decreased. Strain-induced critical current changes are now commonly interpreted as consequences of changes in the internal strain state of a conductor and variations from one conductor to another are attributed to differences in individual residual strain states.
Residual plots for repeated measures.

Multivariate data are difficult to analyse partly because of difficulty in looking at the data. Repeated measures data have a special structure that makes the parallel plot1,2 particularly effective for viewing the data. In this paper we use parallel plots to display not just raw data but also residuals from standard models fit to repeated measures data. The plots are useful for determining how well a particular model fits the data, identifying outlying observations and suggesting terms missing from the linear predictor.
Monolingual and bilingual experiments in GeoCLEF2006

This paper presents the results of our experiments in the monolingual English, Spanish and Portuguese tasks and the Bilingual Spanish → English, Spanish → Portuguese, English → Spanish and Portuguese → Spanish tasks. We used the Terrier Information Retrieval Platform to run experiments for both tasks using the Inverse Document Frequency model with Laplace after-effect and normalization 2. Experiments included topics processed automatically as well as topics processed manually. Manual processing of topics was carried out using gazetteers. For the bilingual task we developed a component based on the transfer approach in machine translation. Topics were pre-processed automatically to eliminate stopwords. Then topics in the source language were translated to the target language. Evaluation of results show that the approach worked well in general, but applying more natural language processing techniques would improve retrieval performance.
Factors governing long-term adherence to a gluten-free diet in adult patients with coeliac disease.

Summary Background A strict gluten-free diet is the cornerstone of treatment for coeliac disease. Studies of gluten-free diet adherence have rarely used validated instruments. There is a paucity of data on long-term adherence to the gluten-free diet in the adult population. Aims To determine the long-term adherence to the gluten-free diet and potential associated factors in a large coeliac disease referral centre population. Methods We performed a mailed survey of adults with clinically, serologically and histologically confirmed coeliac disease diagnosed ≥5 years prior to survey. The previously validated Celiac Disease Adherence Test was used to determine adherence. Demographic, socio-economic and potentially associated factors were analysed with adherence as the outcome. Results The response rate was 50.1% of 709 surveyed, the mean time on a gluten-free diet 9.9 ± 6.4 years. Adequate adherence (celiac disease adherence test score <13) was found in 75.5% of respondents. A higher level of education was associated with adequate adherence (P = 0.002) even after controlling for household income (P = 0.0220). Perceptions of cost, effectiveness of the gluten-free diet, knowledge of the gluten-free diet and self-effectiveness at following the gluten-free diet correlated with adherence scores (P < 0.001). Conclusions Long-term adherence to a gluten-free diet was adequate in >75% of respondents. Perceived cost remains a barrier to adherence. Perceptions of effectiveness of gluten-free diet as well as its knowledge, are potential areas for intervention.
Becoming status conscious

This paper explores the cognitive developments underlying conventionalized social phenomena such as language and ownership. What do children make of the claims that, ‘This is mine’ or ‘That is called “water”?’ Understanding these features of social reality involves appreciating status as a system of normative prescriptions. Research on children's theories of intentional agency suggests important constraints on the development of status systems. Key insights are that prescriptions affect behavior only via representations, and that the norms involved in prescriptions are distinct from statements of preferences. When do children appreciate the normative structure of social facts, and what kinds of experiences might advance their understanding?
Using Least Cost Pathways to Understand the Processes of Migration from the Mesa Verde Region during the Pueblo III Period

AbstractDuring the Pueblo III period (A.D. 1150–1350), population densities declined to near total abandonment in the Mesa Verde region of the North American Southwest. The overall timing, size of group movement out of Mesa Verde, and the destination of migrants remain unresolved, due in part to a distinct shift in material culture in regions across the North American Southwest during this time. This spatial analysis calculates potential routes of movement between known archaeological sites in the Mesa Verde area and the northern Rio Grande, a frequently proposed destination region, to determine the extent to which the physical landscape influenced how and where migrants moved. The results show a convergence of the calculated pathways into a limited number of routes between the two regions. Pathway convergences may indicate socially transmitted migration routes whose initial pathway formed as a function of small migrant groups interacting with the topography of this region. Focusing future archaeological ...
Homopolyatomic ions of the post-transition elements: synthesis, structure, and bonding

The preparation of polyatomic cations principally as equilibrium phases from acidic melt systems, the structure of these cations, and their bonding arrangements are discussed. The polyatomic cations are best prepared under conditions termed ''anticoordination chemistry,'' i.e., in the absence of compexing via either solvent, anion, or added ligand. These polyatomic groups of the post-transition elements usually occur in bonding arrangements in which not only the bonding orbitals but also sufficient nonbonding orbitals are filled so that the clusters have a relatively low charge with a resulting average low oxidation stage. generally +-1. The reduction reactions of the metals with their corresponding molten chlorides are described in detail. Solubilities of the metals were determined in both their molten chlorides and in tetrachloroaluminate melts. Phase studies were carried out on many of these systems. Crystalline structures for some of the cluster cations have been determined. Some evidence for the existence of polyiodine cations is described briefly as is that for anionic clusters of some elements of groups VI and VII. (BLM)
Which one among aspartyl protease, metallopeptidase, and artificial metallopeptidase is the most efficient catalyst in peptide hydrolysis?

In this comparative DFT study, the hydrolysis of a peptide bond (Phe1-Phe2) by the following three types of catalysts has been studied: (1) β-secretase (BACE2), (2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), and (3) [Pd(H2O)4]2+ (IMPC) and [Pd2(μ-OH)([18]aneN6)]3+ (IDPC). The computed energetics predict that among these catalysts, the Zn2+ metal center containing MMP is the most efficient in catalyzing this reaction. The two active site aspartate residues containing BACE2 catalyze this reaction with 5.0 kcal/mol higher barrier than MMP. The substitution of a His ligand with Glu in the metal center of MMP generates the active site of IDE that catalyzes the reaction with a 6.9 kcal/mol higher barrier than MMP. Both artificial peptidases IMPC and IDPC catalyze this reaction with significantly high barriers of 35.4 and 31.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The computed energetics of all the catalysts are in line with the available experimental and theoretical data.
Role of contaminating platelets in thromboxane synthesis in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Abstract Previous studies suggested that cultured human endothelial cells metabolize arachidonic acid to thromboxane A 2 . When primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with 14 C -arachidonic acid and the 14 C -metabolites resolved by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography, radioactive products were observed that comigrated with 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α and thromboxane B 2 , the degradation products of prostacyclin and thromboxane A 2 , respectively. Since platelets synthesize thromboxane A 2 , the present study examined the hypothesis that adherent platelets may contaminate the primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and be responsible for thromboxane B 2 production. Confluent primary cultures or passaged cells were stimulated with histamine (10 −5 M). Incubation buffer was analyzed by specific radioimmunoassays for 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α and thromboxane B 2 . The production of thromboxane B 2 decreased in the passaged cells (207±44 pg/ml versus 65±12 pg/ml; primary versus passaged cells). A moderate decrease in the yield of 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α was measured in the passaged cells compared to the primary cultures (3159±356 pg/ml versus 1678±224 pg/ml, primary versus passaged cells). If the primary cultures were incubated with human platelet-rich plasma for 30 min prior to stimulation with histamine, the amount of thromboxane B 2 increased approximately 10-fold. In an additional experiment, sub-confluent primary cells were incubated with platelet-rich plasma for 30 min, washed to remove non-adherent platelets, and allowed to reach confluency. Confluent cells were then passaged and stimulated with histamine. The amount of thromboxane B 2 was not significantly different from that obtained with passaged cells that had not been incubated with platelet-rich plasma during the primary culture (83±15 pg/ml versus 65±12 pg/ml, respectively). If the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin was included in the incubations, the amounts of both thromboxane B 2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α decreased. In contrast, the thromboxane A 2 synthase inhibitor dazoxiben blocked thromboxane production and had no effect on the amount of 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α . Light microscopy revealed the presence of adherent platelets in primary cultures with and without platelet-rich plasma but no platelets were observed in any group of passaged cells. Histofluorescence for platelet serotonin indicated the presence of platelets only in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells or in cultures pre-incubated with platelet-rich plasma. These studies suggest that primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells contain adherent platelets that contribute to thromboxane synthesis.
Genetics of naphthalene and phenanthrene degradation by Comamonas testosteroni

Naphthalene and phenanthrene have long been used as model compounds to investigate the ability of bacteria to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The catabolic pathways have been determined, several of the enzymes have been purified to homogeneity, and genes have been cloned and sequenced. However, the majority of this work has been performed with fast growing Pseudomonas strains related to the archetypal naphthalene-degrading P. putida strains G7 and NCIB 9816-4. Recently Comamonas testosteroni strains able to degrade naphthalene and phenanthrene have been isolated and shown to possess genes for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation that are different from the canonical genes found in Pseudomonas species. For instance, C. testosteroni GZ39 has genes for naphthalene and phenanthrene degradation which are not only different from those found in Pseudomonas species but are also arranged in a different configuration. C. testosteroni GZ42, on the other hand, has genes for naphthalene and phenanthrene degradation which are arranged almost the same as those found in Pseudomonas species but show significant divergence in their sequences.
The Fractal Geometry of Flow Paths in Natural Fractures in Rock and the Approach to Percolation

The distributions of contact areas in single, natural fractures in quartz monzonite (Stripa granite) are found to have fractal dimensions which decrease from D = 2.00 to values near D = 1.96 as stress normal to the fractures is increased from 3 MPa up to 85 MPa. The effect of stress on fluid flow is studied in the same samples. Fluid transport through a fracture depends on two properties of the fracture void space geometry: the void aperture; and the tortuosity of the flow paths, determined through the distribution of contact area. Each of these quantities change under stress and contribute to changes observed in the flow rate. A general flow law is presented which separates these different effects. The effects of tortuosity on flow are largely governed by the proximity of the flow path distribution to a percolation threshold. A fractal model of correlated continuum percolation is presented which quantitatively reproduces the flow path geometries. The fractal dimension in this model is fit to the measured fractal dimensions of the flow systems to determine how far the flow systems are above the percolation threshold.
DOUBLE-PLASMON EXCITATION IN A FREE-ELECTRON GAS.

The interaction of a fast charged particle moving in a free-electron gas is described in the random phase approximation (RPA). The mean free path for the second order process of double-plasmon excitation in the free-electron gas is calculated. We find that the inverse mean free path for the double-plasmon excitation process is related to the inverse mean free path for single plasmon excitation by λ = 0.0103 rλ−1p. Thus, for electron densities corresponding to those in a real metal (1 < rs < 6) double-plasmon excitation may be important in the interpretation of certain experimental results as, for example, characteristic energy loss measurements. Die Wechselwirkung schneller, geladener Teilchen, die sich in einem Gas freier Elektronen bewegen, wird mit der „random phase”-Naherung (RPA) beschrieben. Es wird die mittlere freie Weglange fur den Prozes zweiter Ordnung der Plasmonen-Zweifachanregung in dem Gas freier Elektronen berechnet. Es wird gefunden, das die inverse mittlere freie Weglange fur den Doppelanregungsprozes der Plasmonen mit dem der Einfachanregung der Plasmonen durch λ = 0.0103 rλ−1p verknupft ist. Fur Elektronendichten, die denen in realen Metallen (1 < rs < 6) entsprechen, kann somit Doppelanregung von Plasmonen bei der Interpretation gewisser experimenteller Ergebnisse, wie zum Beispiel Messungen charakteristischer Energieverluste, bedeutend werden.
On modelling Product heterogeneity in empirical specifications: the Formulation and Testing of a Product Quality Index

This Research responds to the limitations of existing empirical models in applied microeconomics which assume product homogeneity. As such, these models are incapable of analysing complex market conditions and interfirm strategies with respect to product differentiation. Specifications of product heterogeneity found in the theoretical literature are not directly translatabe into empirical models due to economic constraints. This research offers a solution by means of a generalized model of heterogeneous output that employs a composite index of product attributes through which product differentiation can be empirically captured.
Abnormal Bone Mineral Accrual in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is increasingly common in adolescent girls and occurs at a time of peak bone mass formation. Osteopenia is common in adolescent girls with AN, and in a cross-sectional study, we have reported low bone formation markers in such girls. To determine the impact of chronic undernutrition on bone mineral accrual in contrast to healthy controls, we prospectively measured bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, bone metabolism markers, and nutritional and hormonal status at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months in 19 adolescent girls with AN (mean +/- SEM, 15.4 +/- 0.4 yr) and 19 controls of comparable chronological and skeletal age. Overall, nutritional status in subjects with AN improved (mean percentage increase in body mass index from baseline, 9.2 +/- 1.9% and 15.2 +/- 2.6% at 6 and 12 months, respectively), with 11 subjects having recovered weight at 12 months. However, lumbar BMD at 12 months (AN, 0.88 +/- 0.02 g/cm(2), vs. control, 0.98 +/- 0.03 g/cm(2); P = 0.008) remained significantly reduced in AN compared with controls, even in recovered subjects. This was due to significant increases in lumbar BMD in controls vs. no change in AN subjects over the year (0.003 +/- 0.001 g/cm(2).month vs. 0.000 +/- 0.001 g/cm(2).month, respectively; P = 0.04). The most significant determinant of change in lumbar BMD at 12 months was change in lean body mass in both AN (r = 0.62; P = 0.008) and control (r = 0.80; P = 0.0006) groups. There were significant increases in surrogate markers of bone turnover in subjects with AN compared with controls as assessed by osteocalcin (AN, 0.9 +/- 0.4 micro g/liter.month, vs. control, -1.1 +/- 0.4 micro g/liter.month; P = 0.0007), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (AN, 0.6 +/- 0.5 U/liter.month, vs. control, -1.5 +/- 0.4 U/liter.month; P = 0.002), deoxypyridinoline [AN, 0.1 +/- 0.1 nmol/mmol creatinine (cr).month, vs. control, -0.4 +/- 0.1 nmol/mmol cr.month; P = 0.005], and N-telopeptide (AN, 4 +/- 4 nmol BCE/mmol cr/month, vs. control, -9 +/- 4 nmol BCE/mmol cr/month; P = 0.01). Changes in IGF-I levels over the year were highly correlated with changes in bone turnover over the same period in AN (osteocalcin, r = 0.77; P = 0.001; deoxypyridinoline, r = 0.66; P = 0.01). A rise in N-telopeptide over the year was correlated with an increase in all bone mineral measures, including lumbar bone mineral content (r = 0.58; P = 0.03) and BMD (r = 0.53; P = 0.05) and total bone mineral content (r = 0.69; P = 0.006) and BMD (r = 0.69; P = 0.006) in the AN group. Therefore, despite recovery over 1 yr, poor bone mineral accrual persists in adolescent girls with AN in contrast to rapid bone accrual in healthy girls. Normalization of bone turnover markers occurs in association with nutritional recovery and an increase in the nutritionally dependent bone trophic factor IGF-I. A rise in bone turnover markers may be an early indicator of increase in BMD in recovering girls with AN.
Changing referral patterns to a designated craniofacial centre over a four-year period

Summary Craniofacial conditions are mainly treated within England by four supra-regional centres. Due to a continuous increase in the number of cases referred to our service we audited the source and nature of these referrals. Data was prospectively collected over a four-year period from April 2004 to March 2008. The speciality of the referring clinicians was recorded, along with the diagnosis. A year-by-year increase in the number of referrals from 138 in 2004–2005 to 253 in 2007–2008 was seen. There was a 214% increase in the number of patients referred with single suture craniosynostosis, a 520% increase in patients with benign hyperplastic conditions such as fibrous dysplasia, neurofibromatosis and vascular anomalies and a 220% increase in patients treated elsewhere but now needing revision surgery. A 407% increase in referrals for positional plagiocephaly was recorded. Our referral pattern reflects the internationally accepted increase in the incidence of metopic synostosis and positional plagiocephaly. Due to the skill mix and experience present in a designated craniofacial service other benign hyperplastic and hypoplastic conditions are increasingly being referred. Additional referrals have come from a change in the referral pathway. To manage the increased workload we have established separate clinics to manage vascular anomalies and have adopted a policy of not reviewing patients with positional plagiocephaly.
An integrated approach to the optimum design of actively controlled composite wings

The importance of interactions among the various disciplines in airplane wing design has been recognized for quite some time. With the introduction of high gain, high authority control systems and the design of thin, flexible, lightweight composite wings, the integrated treatment of control systems, flight mechanics and dynamic aeroelasticity became a necessity. A research program is underway now aimed at extending structural synthesis concepts and methods to the integrated synthesis of lifting surfaces, spanning the disciplines of structures, aerodynamics and control for both analysis and design. Mathematical modeling techniques are carefully selected to be accurate enough for preliminary design purposes of the complicated, built-up lifting surfaces of real aircraft with their multiple design criteria and tight constraints. The presentation opens with some observations on the multidisciplinary nature of wing design. A brief review of some available state of the art practical wing optimization programs and a brief review of current research effort in the field serve to illuminate the motivation and support the direction taken in our research. The goals of this research effort are presented, followed by a description of the analysis and behavior sensitivity techniques used. The presentation concludes with a status report and some forecast of upcoming progress.
Simulation of passive thermal behavior of a cooling biological system: entry into hibernation.

Thermal behavior simulation of cooling biological system, describing heat generation and transfer at normothermic to hibernating body temperatures with mathematical model
Extended Internet caching protocol: a foundation for building ubiquitous Web caching

Internet access by nomadic users roaming on a mobile network presents a scenario of access that is substantially different from the wired network. With current web caching technology, accessing the web while mobile is slow not only because of bandwidth limitations, but also due to moving away from the home web caching proxy. Furthermore, current web caching strategies ignore web access patterns during periods of mobility. Studies of such scenarios are scarce. In this paper, we propose an Extended Internet Caching Protocol (x-ICP), in which the proxy server of the nomadic user's newly visited network can retrieve web objects from its home network proxy server. Such a scheme decreases the response time for the requests by fetching an object from a usually nearby home network rather than from the origin site. We use trace-based analysis and analytic modeling methods to evaluate x-ICP. We draw several conclusions, all suggesting that x-ICP would be an effective web caching approach for nomadic users, especially in wireless LAN environments.
Studies of glycogen synthetase interconverting enzymes in in vitro perfused compared to non-perfused rat hearts

Abstract The activity of the glycogen synthetase interconverting enzymes, synthetase D phosphatase, and synthetase I kinase have been studied in in vitro, perfused rat hearts and compared to the activity in hearts from intact rats. Synthetase D phosphatase activity was the same in both groups when assayed in the presence of mercaptoethanol. In the absence of this sulfhydryl reducing reagent the activity was lower in the perfused hearts. Synthetase I kinase activity in the presence of saturating amounts of 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was not greatly different in the perfused and non-perfused hearts but in the absence of cyclic AMP the activity was definitely reduced. This was not due to small molecular activators, inhibitors, or cofactors, but rather appeared to be the result of a change in the enzyme per se. These result suggest that there are two forms of synthetase I kinase which differ in their sensitivity to cyclic AMP. The conversion of the kinase to a more cyclic AMP dependent form by in vitro perfusion alone is similar to the effect produced in skeletal muscle by insulin6. This may be the reason the perfused heart synthetase system does not respond to exogenous insulin administration.
Laboratory and case studies of thermal cycling and stored strain on the stability of selected marbles

Studies of marble panels from the exterior of two buildings document the processes leading to bowing of the material. Bowing of panels is most extensive in those areas that are exposed to direct or reflected thermal energy. The thermal anisotropic behavior of calcite results in grain-boundary separation, grain sliding and microfracturing. The resulting loss of strength is one factor leading to bowing. The development of bows further reduces the panel strength as the outer portions elongate by inelastic deformation mechanisms. Laboratory experiments cycling marble samples for over 200 cycles at three temperatures up to 107°C above room conditions show similar strength losses as the natural situation. The second factor contributing to the bowing process is the release of residual elastic strain. The strain is in part stored in the marble from its geologic history, but may also be accumulated during thermal cycling due to the properties of calcite. Marble panels have been found to bow when stored outside, but not attached to any framework, indicating that the release of residual strain is a critical factor in producing the bows.
Electronic Properties of Phenazine

MANY organic compounds such as naphthalene, anthracene, etc., have extremely small, but detectable, electrical conductivities, which increase exponentially with an increase in temperature according to the equation σ = σ0 exp(−E/2kT), where σ is the specific resistivity, σ0 is a constant, E is an activation energy generally referred to as the energy gap and T is the absolute temperature. Since it is generally held that the conductivity is electronic rather than ionic, these substances have been termed organic semiconductors1. Lyons2 has pointed out that a correlation exists between the magnitude of the energy gap and a number of molecular properties, such as the molecular ionization energy, the molecular electron affinity, and the excitation energy of the ground-triplet state transition. If it is assumed that the semiconductivity of organic compounds involves the formation of biradicals and hence participation of the triplet state in the conduction process, it becomes evident that the energy gap should be at least equal to the ground-triplet state excitation energy. Of particular interest is the fact that for a number of compounds the energy gap is roughly equal to (generally slightly larger than) the aforementioned excitation energy. Thus, the energy gaps3 for anthracene, naphthacene, chrysene, pyrene, and anthanthrene are, respectively, 1.95, 1.64, 2.04, 2.06, and 1.58 eV., which are in fair agreement with the ground-triplet excitation energies of 1.824, 1.265, 2.454, 2.083, and 1.323 eV.
The nature of the process of ionization of gases by alpha rays

Ionization of gases by α-rays; valency of the ions. — By catching an ionized molecule upon an oil drop at the instant of ionization and then measuring the charge thus added to the drop, it has been directly proved that the ionization of an air molecule by either β-, γ-, or X-rays uniformly consists in the detachment of one electron. In the case of ionization by α-rays, the authors show by an extended discussion of previous work bearing on the subject that while some experiments indicate the possibility of the formation of multi-valent ions, none of them is conclusive. Therefore, the droplet method was used to supply direct evidence. The necessary modifications of apparatus are described and the experimental procedure. Uncovered radium furnished the α-rays. The gases tested were air, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, methyl iodide, and mercury dimethyl; so that α-rays were shot through atoms of H, C, O, N, Cl, I and Hg, which vary in atomic weight from 1 to 200. Experimental results. Altogether 2,900 ions were each caught on an oil drop at the instant of ionization, and each had its charge determined. Of these captures, only 5 corresponded to a double charge and no ion was caught which carried three or more elementary charges. How many of the 5 double charges obtained were due to doubly-charged ions and how many to simultaneous catches of two singly charged ions, is unknown. In any case the results prove that, at least 99 times out of 100, ionization by an α-ray, in the case of each of the gases and vapors studied, consists in the detachment of a single electron from a molecule. The observations for 170 captures by three droplets in three gases are given in detail. The paper ends with a discussion of the circumstances under which multi-valent ions may possibly be produced by α-rays.
Transient Solidification in Flow into a Rod Bundle

Transient solidification of a liquid in axial flow into and through a cold rod bundle was investigated. Experiments are described in which the amount of liquid displaced through the rod bundle before freezing shut as a function of pressure drop was measured. Simple relations for the liquid mass displaced into or through the rod bundle were derived by combining the notion of a time-dependent hydraulic diameter with an available approximate method for treating transient solidification in a tube flow. The relations are shown to be approximately consistent with the experimental data.
Status of inertial fusion target fabrication in the USA

This paper summarizes the current techniques used in the USA for fabrication of targets for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments at the five ICF laboratories in the USA. It reviews the current target specifications that can be achieved and discusses directions for development of targets for ignition in the National Ignition Facility.
Homologous Recombination in E3 Genes of Human Adenovirus Species D

Genes within the E3 transcription unit of human adenoviruses modulate host immune responses to infection. A comprehensive genomics and bioinformatics analysis of the E3 transcription unit for 38 viruses within human adenovirus species D (HAdV-D) revealed distinct and surprising patterns of homologous recombination. Homologous recombination was identified in open reading frames for E3 CR1α, CR1β, and CR1γ, similar to that previously observed with genes encoding the three major structural capsid proteins, the penton base, hexon, and fiber.
A refutation of King’s rule for multi-dimensional external natural convection

Abstract Experiments have been carried out to test the validity of King’s widely quoted rule for evaluating a characteristic length for problems of multi-dimensional external natural convection. A more recent rule set forth by Lienhard was also tested. Both rules are intended to enable standard textbook-type correlations to be employed to predict natural convection heat transfer from complex bodies. The experiments were performed using a heated vertical cylinder of equal height and diameter, with heat being transferred to the ambient air from all three faces of the body (top, side, and bottom). The use of King’s rule led to 40–50% overpredictions of the experimental data, so that its continued citation in textbooks appears inappropriate. Although Lienhard’s rule yielded predictions that were somewhat closer to the data than those of King, the level of agreement does not appear to warrant its adoption as the link between multi-dimensional natural convection and the established literature correlations.
Cdk inhibitor p27Kip1 and hormone dependence in breast cancer.

p27 Kip1 is an important regulator of the G 1 to S transition. While a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent-kinase (Cdk)2, p27 is also involved in assembly of cyclin D/Cdk4 complexes. Although rarely mutated, p27 is functionally downregulated in many human cancers by mechanisms involving enhanced degradation, cytoplasmic mislocalization, and/or sequestration by cyclin D/Cdk complexes in response to oncogenic signals. Therefore, low levels and/or cytoplasmic localized p27 have been associated with enhanced malignancy and poor patient prognosis in many neoplasias including breast cancer. Recent data discussed below suggest that a threshold of p27 is required for response to antiestrogens and, conversely, that low levels predict for antiestrogen resistance. These results imply that hormone receptor-positive tumors with low and/or cytosolic p27 respond poorly to antiestrogens and should be considered for alternative therapeutic strategies.
OPTIMAL PROJECT SEQUENCING WITH RECOURSE AT A SCARCE RESOURCE

We develop a dynamic prioritization policy to optimally allocate a scarce resource among K projects, only one of which can be worked on at a time. When the projects' delay costs differ, the problem (a “restless bandit”) has not been solved in general. We consider the policy of working on the project with the highest expected delay loss as if the other project was completely finished first (although recourse is allowed). This policy is optimal if: (1) the delay cost increases with the delay regardless of the performance state, (2) costs are not discounted (or, discounting is dominated by delay costs), (3) projects are not abandoned based on their performance state during processing at the scarce resource, and (4) there are no stochastic delays. These assumptions are often fulfilled for processing at specialized resources, such as tests or one-off analyses.
Statistical analysis of the time dependence of the solar neutrino capture rate

Abstract A maximum likelihood technique is used to analyze the measured solar neutrino capture rate in order to test various hypotheses regarding its time dependence. A capture rate anticorrelated with sunspot numbers gives a better fit to the data than a constant capture rate, but the goodness-of-fit for the two hypotheses is not significantly different. We also find that the statistical significance of the results are dependent on the confidence levels assumed for the very low capture rate runs.
Beginning to talk like an adult: increases in speech-like utterances in young cochlear implant recipients and typically developing children.

Purpose Speech-like utterances containing rapidly combined consonants and vowels eventually dominate the prelinguistic and early word productions of typically developing (TD) toddlers. It seems rea...