cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RECONSTRUCTION OF ORGANISMAL AND GENE PHYLOGENIES FROM DATA ON MULTIGENE FAMILIES: CONCERTED EVOLUTION, HOMOPLASY, AND CONFIDENCE

The reliability of phylogenies reconstructed from data on multigene families is investigated via simulation. The evolutionary scenario used is a character-based model of a two- gene family in four species in which clocklike divergence is postulated but neither convergence nor reversal is allowed except as a result of recombination and gene conversion. Thus, any homoplasy emerging from parsimony reconstructions from the simulated data matrices can be attributed to concerted evolution. The probabilities of correctly reconstructing two standard trees are estimated by replicate runs of the simulation. One standard tree (the OP or "orthology/ paralogy" tree) reflects the true gene genealogy in the absence of concerted evolution; the other (the CE or "concerted evolution" tree) depicts gene relationships under complete homogeni? zation of the gene family. The probability of correct reconstruction of the OP tree declines quickly as concerted evolution increases, but above an intermediate level of concerted evolution the probability of correctly inferring the CE tree increases rapidly. Trees similar but not identical to the correct trees can be reconstructed above or below the critical intermediate level of concerted evolution. Levels of homoplasy and numbers of equally parsimonious minimal trees are maxi? mized, and bootstrap confidence levels are minimized, near this intermediate level of concerted evolution. When reconstructing the correct gene tree is the goal, both consistency indices and bootstrap levels will show misleadingly high values when concerted evolution is high. However, because the correct species tree can be inferred from either the OP or CE tree (in the absence of homoplasy from sources other than concerted evolution), these same measures correlate well with fidelity of reconstructing the species tree. (Concerted evolution; phylogeny; multigene family; parsimony; homoplasy.) Data from variation at the DNA level
Single integral equation for electromagnetic scattering by three-dimensional homogeneous dielectric objects

A single integral equation formulation for electromagnetic scattering by three-dimensional (3-D) homogeneous dielectric objects is developed. In this formulation, a single effective electric current on the surface S of a dielectric object is used to generate the scattered fields in the interior region. The equivalent electric and magnetic currents for the exterior region are obtained by enforcing the continuity of the tangential fields across S. A single integral equation for the effective electric current is obtained by enforcing the vanishing of the total field due to the exterior equivalent currents inside S. The single integral equation is solved by the method of moments. Numerical results for a dielectric sphere obtained with this method are in good agreement with the exact results. Furthermore, the convergence speed of the iterative solution of the matrix equation in this formulation is significantly greater than that of the coupled integral equations formulation.
THE LITURGICAL TEXTS OF LUCAS LOSSIUS IN MARTYNAS MAŽVYDAS HYMNAL

The liturgical writings of Martynas Mažvydas provide important indications that he knew and made good use of the music and texts published by Lucas Lossius in his 1553 “Psalmodia, hoc est Cantica Sacra”. This article examines several examples of Mažvydas’s translations from the Psalmodia and indicates that these texts came to be significant liturgical contributions to the liturgical life of Lithuanian language congregations. The context of his use of Lossius’s material is also described.Key Words: Lutherans, Mažvydas, hymnal.
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN RABBITS : VII. THE PRODUCTION OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA.

1. The production of lobar pneumonia in rabbits is dependent upon the introduction of organisms into the alveoli themselves. 2. In order to accomplish this the catheter through which they are injected must be inserted as deeply into a bronchus as possible and the culture fluid injected with considerable force. 3. Large numbers of organisms injected into the trachea just beyond the larynx set up no great changes in the lungs, even though the injection be forcible. This fact suggests the presence of a protective mechanism in the upper air passages, which, under normal conditions, prevents the penetration of organisms into the lungs. 4. If animals be subjected to cold, alcohol, and the inhalation of irritating gases, the so called secondary factors in the etiology of lobar pneumonia in man, then the injection of pneumococci into the trachea causes inflammatory changes of the upper respiratory tract and occasionally pneumonia. 5. The vagi prevent foreign material in the pharynx and upper respiratory tract from reaching the lungs. Section of one vagus may be followed by pneumonia, while section of both invariably leads to this result. 6. It is possible that the secondary factors mentioned above owe their action to their influence upon the vagus control of the upper respiratory tract.
Assessment of the provincial overall land use planning implementation——A case of Heilongjiang Province

We introduced the connotation of provincial land use planning implementation assessment taking Heilongjiang Province as an example.We build evaluation index system based on the analysis of the provincial overall land use planning implementation.The establishment of the AHP model of the land use planning implementation and the appraisal of the effect since the beginning of the implementation of land use planning of Heilongjiang Province(1997-2010)to 2004 will provide policy-making basis and theoretical support for the new round of land use planning(2005-2020)of the province.
Acute complications of unfractionated heparin thromboprophylaxis after cesarean delivery.

OBJECTIVE To explore the relative safety of heparin thromboprophylaxis by comparing complication rates of 2 retrospective cohort groups. STUDY DESIGN After a change in departmental protocol to include 3 doses of unfractionated heparin for all patients undergoing cesarean deliveries, complication rates of cesarean deliveries before (n=501) and after (n=500) the policy change were compared. RESULTS Outcomes for postoperative hematocrit, estimated blood loss, platelet counts, and wound complications were not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION This regimen of heparin does not increase adverse acute postoperative outcomes, but more research is required to determine if it is efficacious in reducing rates of veinous thromboembolism.
Assessment of Empirical Models versus High-Accuracy Ab Initio Methods for Nucleobase Stacking: Evaluating the Importance of Charge Penetration

Molecular mechanics (MM) force field models have been demonstrated to have difficulty reproducing certain potential energy surfaces of π-stacked complexes. Here, we examine the performance of the AMBER and CHARMM models relative to high-quality ab initio data across systematic helical parameter scans and typical B-DNA geometries for π-stacking energies of nucleobase dimers. These force fields perform best for typical B-DNA geometries (mean absolute error 10 kcal mol–1 relative to high-quality ab initio reference interaction energies. The adequate performance of MM models near minimum energy structures is accomplished through cancellation of errors in various energy terms, whereas large errors at short intermolecular distances are caused by large MM electrostatics errors due to a lack of explicit terms modeling charge penetration effects.
NSQIP Analysis: Increased Immediate Reconstruction in the Treatment of Breast Cancer:

Immediate reconstruction after the surgical treatment of breast cancer has increased in the last decade. The purpose of this study is to use the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to analyze long-term trends in breast reconstruction. Women who underwent mastectomy for invasive or in situ breast cancer or prophylaxis between 2005 and 2011 were selected from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Trends and predictors for reconstruction were explored. In 44,410 women identified, immediate reconstruction increased from 30.0 to 39.6 per cent from 2005 to 2011 (P < 0.001). This trend persisted after adjustment for patient characteristics using multivariate logistic regression [odds ratio (OR) 1.09/year, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.10]. Reconstruction type was 77.9 per cent implant, 13.3 per cent pedicle flap, 5.5 per cent free flap, and 3.3 per cent other. Pedicle flaps decreased from 27.1 to 9.2 per cent (P < 0.001), implant-based reconstruction increased from 66.3 to 81.3 per cent (P < 0.001), and free flaps remained stable between 4 and 7 per cent. Independent predictors for reconstruction were young age (stepwise decrease in OR from 1 to 0.02 by decade as age increased from 40 to 80, all P < 0.001), carcinoma in situ (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.42-1.61), prophylaxis (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.63-2.19), bilateral resection (OR 2.55, 95% CI 2.42-2.69), and non-Hispanic white race (OR 0.67 for other races, 95% CI 0.64-0.70). Immediate breast reconstruction has steadily increased since 2005 with an associated rise in implant-based reconstruction. Based on these trends, discussion with a reconstructive surgeon should be an early part of the newly diagnosed breast cancer patient's treatment algorithm.
Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in the Emergency Department: Insights From the 2012 Medicare National Payment Data Set.

Objectives Point-of-care ultrasound is a valuable tool with potential to expedite diagnoses and improve patient outcomes in the emergency department. However, little is known about national patterns of adoption. This study examined nationwide point-of-care ultrasound reimbursement among emergency medicine (EM) practitioners and examined regional and practitioner level variations. Methods Data from the 2012 Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Fee-for-Service Provider Utilization and Payment Data include all practitioners who received more than 10 Medicare Part B fee-for-service reimbursements for any Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System code in 2012. Odds ratios (ORs) and descriptive statistics were calculated to assess relationships between ultrasound reimbursement and practice location, nearby presence of an EM residency, and time elapsed since practitioner graduation. Results Of 52,928 unique EM practitioners, 391 (0.7%) received limited ultrasound reimbursements for a total of 16,389 scans in 2012. Urban counties had an OR of 5.4 (95% confidence interval, 3.8–7.8) for receiving point-of-care ultrasound reimbursements compared to rural counties. Counties with an EM residency had an OR of 84.7 (95% confidence interval, 42.6–178.8) for reimbursement compared to counties without. The OR for receiving reimbursement was independent of medical school graduation year (P = .83); however, recent graduates performed more scans (P = .02). Conclusions A small minority of EM practitioners received reimbursements for point-of-care ultrasound from Medicare beneficiaries. These practitioners were more likely to reside in urban and academic settings. Future efforts should assess the degree to which our findings reflect either low point-of-care ultrasound use or low rates of billing for ultrasound examinations that are performed.
Asymptotic performance of timing with dirty templates for UWB impulse radios

Timing acquisition is one of the major challenges in ultra wideband (UWB) communications. Timing with dirty templates (TDT) is a recently proposed algorithm with attractive features such as low-complexity operation, and fast acquisition in the data-aided mode. This paper is devoted to TDT performance analysis. Specifically, upper bounds on the mean square error of the blind and data-aided TDT estimators are derived. It is shown that both estimators are consistent, while data-aided TDT has an edge over its blind counterpart. To ensure good asymptotic behavior, and for the upper bounds to be valid, the shape of the transmitted monocycle should satisfy certain constraints which are specified. Analytical results are corroborated by simulations.
Characteristic modal decomposition of reflection phase of a microstrip-patch reflectarray unit-cell

This paper introduces the use of characteristic mode theory to the design of reflectarrays. Specifically, the phase of the total reflected field is decomposed into the phases of modal reflected fields associated with the unit-cell of the reflectarray. It then becomes possible to shape the reflection phase curve of the unit-cell by suppressing the undesired modes, thereby improving bandwidth performance of the reflectarray.
Predicting coastal algal blooms in southern California

The irregular appearance of planktonic algae blooms off the coast of southern California has been a source of wonder for over a century. Although large algal blooms can have significant negative impacts on ecosystems and human health, a predictive understanding of these events has eluded science, and many have come to regard them as ultimately random phenomena. However, the highly nonlinear nature of ecological dynamics can give the appearance of randomness and stress traditional methods-such as model fitting or analysis of variance-to the point of breaking. The intractability of this problem from a classical linear standpoint can thus give the impression that algal blooms are fundamentally unpredictable. Here, we use an exceptional time series study of coastal phytoplankton dynamics at La Jolla, CA, with an equation-free modeling approach, to show that these phenomena are not random, but can be understood as nonlinear population dynamics forced by external stochastic drivers (so-called "stochastic chaos"). The combination of this modeling approach with an extensive dataset allows us to not only describe historical behavior and clarify existing hypotheses about the mechanisms, but also make out-of-sample predictions of recent algal blooms at La Jolla that were not included in the model development.
The Acquisition of Cultural Capital

Women across all three groups discuss gaining embodied forms of elite cultural capital, such as exposure to and comfort in wealthy white society, speech, language, and presentation skills, and access to the arts, literature, and travel. Boarding students more often speak of the most extreme forms of elite cultural capital acquisition, including significant international travel experiences, internship opportunities, and networking skills, all made available through the program. Commuters discuss travel experiences to a lesser extent and residents provide no examples of travel resulting from the school or community. Residents and commuters, vis-a-vis the boarders, are more likely to speak of acquiring embodied cultural capital through formal programming in school and the acquisition of institutionalized cultural capital, in the form of an elite address on a driver’s license or a top high school degree on a resume.The data suggest the important of formal programs and engineered pathways in the transmission of elite cultural capital.
Mobile News Consumption: A habit of snacking

This study investigates news consumption on mobile devices with the goal of identifying where mobile devices fit into people’s media repertoires and how consumption patterns on them are different from those on other platforms. Results suggest that mobile devices are almost always used along with other platforms for getting news, that news sessions on smartphones are shorter than on other platforms, and mobile news consumption happens more times per day and is spread throughout the day. Implications for the study of news consumption, news producers, and consumers are discussed.
The Broader Autism Phenotype in Mothers is Associated with Increased Discordance Between Maternal-Reported and Clinician-Observed Instruments that Measure Child Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis relies on parent-reported and clinician-observed instruments. Sometimes, results between these instruments disagree. The broader autism phenotype (BAP) in parent-reporters may be associated with discordance. Study to Explore Early Development data (N = 712) were used to address whether mothers with BAP and children with ASD or non-ASD developmental disabilities were more likely than mothers without BAP to 'over-' or 'under-report' child ASD on ASD screeners or interviews compared with clinician observation or overall impression. Maternal BAP was associated with a child meeting thresholds on a maternal-reported screener or maternal interview when clinician ASD instruments or impressions did not (risk ratios: 1.30 to 2.85). Evidence suggests acknowledging and accounting for reporting discordances may be important when diagnosing ASD.
Neuromuscular Spine Deformity

Neuromuscular spine deformity (NSD) refers to spinal deformity that is associated with a myriad of neuromuscular diseases (NMD) ranging from Chiari I malformations to cerebral palsy (CP), muscular dystrophy (DMD), and myelomeningocele (MM). The incidence and severity of the NSD usually parallels the severity of the underlying NMD – but not always. NMD causes the NSD generally by three mechanisms: trunk muscle weakness, spasticity, or imbalance. These factors are influenced by growth especially during the adolescent growth spurt at which time rapid progression can occur. Treatment of the underlying NMD (e.g., steroids in DMD) may prevent or slow the progression of NSD, but, on the other hand, some treatments may precipitate or cause rapid increase in NSD (e.g., baclofen pump in CP patients). The NMD can also be associated with abnormal anatomy (MM) that can affect the natural history of the NSD. Nonoperative treatment (i.e., bracing) does not affect the natural history of a particular curve and therefore is not definitive treatment for progressive deformity. Bracing is used to provide improved sitting posture in slim patients with flexible NSDs and delay definitive surgery to allow for spinal growth. Progressive NSD in young children that are not candidates for bracing can be managed with posterior spinal growing rods. When NSDs reach a magnitude which indicates the need for definitive surgery (i.e., fusion), various options are available as dictated by the individual case. The goal of the surgery is to prevent further progression and to achieve a corrected spine that is balanced in the coronal and sagittal planes over a level pelvis. PSF/PSSI +/− to the pelvis is the standard surgical strategy though other options may be necessary. Special consideration of the overall medical condition (comorbidities) and ambulatory status in these often frail patients is essential. Complication rates for NSD are significantly higher than those for AIS, especially infection, prolonged hospital stay, instrumentation failure, etc., and are influenced by the comorbidities present at the time of surgery. These events can be minimized by the control of preexisting conditions such as seizures, respiratory issues, and nutrition among others. Though the surgical treatment of NSD may be difficult for all concerned, there is generally a high degree of satisfaction among the caregivers of these patients.
Tutorial sessions overview: “SiC power devices: Physics, current status, and future trends”

Silicon carbide (SiC) has long been recognized as an ideal semiconductor for power electronics because of its wide bandgap, high critical field, high-quality native oxide (SiO2), and the availability of single-crystal SiC substrates. SiC diodes entered commercial production in 2002, and have accumulated hundreds of billions of hours in the field with a failure rate 10x lower than silicon parts they replace. SiC power MOSFETs entered production in 2011, and are now offered by multiple vendors in Europe, Asia, and the US. The worldwide SiC market is currently $300 million per year, and is projected to exceed $600 million by 2021. Spurring this growth is the availability of high-quality 150 mm 4H-SiC wafers that can be processed on fully depreciated 6″ silicon production lines. SiC power devices have made great progress over the past several years, but SiC technology is still in its adolescence, and progress is expected to accelerate in coming years as material quality improves, production volume increases, and device innovation takes hold. In this tutorial I will discuss three SiC power devices: the JBS diode, power MOSFET, and IGBT. I will describe the operating physics and current status of each, review material and performance limitations, and highlight current research leading to the next generation of SiC power devices.
Central banks, systemic risk and financial sector structural reform

This chapter contribution to an edited volume examines financial sector structural reform as a critical, though largely under-appreciated to date, dimension of central banks’ post-crisis systemic risk prevention agenda. By limiting the range of permissible transactions or organizational affiliations among different types of financial firms, structural reforms alter the fundamental pattern of interconnectedness in the financial system. In that sense, the chapter argues, reforming the institutional structure of the financial industry operates as a deeper form of the currently evolving macroprudential regulation. The chapter identifies three principal models that form a continuum of potential financial sector structural reform choices and applies this conceptual framework to analysis of post-crisis structural reforms in the U.K., EU, and U.S. It further examines how deeply issues of financial industry structure are embedded in central banks’ regulatory and policy agenda and, in light of this connection, discusses potential implications of current structural reforms for central banks’ post-crisis financial stability mandate.
Competing Activation During Fantasy Text Comprehension

During comprehension, readers’ general world knowledge and contextual information compete for influence during integration and validation. Fantasy narratives, in which general world knowledge often...
Optical Properties of Serpentine and Tilted Superlattices

The serpentine and tilted superlattices are arrays of quantum wires fabricated by direct growth on vicinal substrates. In this paper, recent results on the theoretical and experimental study of the optical properties of these superlattices are presented. On the theoretical side energy band diagram and optical gain properties of these arrays and the criteria that need to be met to result in superior performance compared to quantum wells are investigated. In the calculations, the complex nature of the miniband structure due to coupling between wires and the valence band intermixing is taken into account. On the experimental side photoluminescence properties of these arrays in the GaAs/AlGaAs system are described. These results are analyzed with the help of theoretical studies using realistic models.
Rapid determination of ampicillin in bovine milk by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the determination of ampicillin residues in raw bovine milk, processed skim milk, and pasteurized, homogenized whole milk with vitamin D. Milk samples were deproteinized with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and acetonitrile. After centrifugation, the clear supernatant was reacted with formaldehyde and TCA under heat. The major fluorescent derivative of ampicillin was then determined by reversed-phase LC with fluorescence detection. Average recoveries of ampicillin fortified at 5, 10, and 20 ppb (ng/mL) were all > 85% with coefficients of variation < 10%. Limits of detection ranged from 0.31 to 0.51 ppb and limits of quantitation, from 0.66 to 1.2 ppb. After appropriate validation, this method should be suitable for rapid analysis of milk for ampicillin residues at the tolerance level of 10 ppb.
Cultural Factors, Depressive and Somatic Symptoms Among Chinese American and European American College Students:

This study seeks to fill a gap in the existing empirical literature about the relationship between somatic and depressive symptoms and their associations with cultural factors among Chinese America...
Dioramas and Teachers: Looking, Thinking, Drawing, and Talking

New science teacher induction, a program of in-service mentoring, promotes early success in beginning teachers. Informal learning environments, including museums, can serve as facilitating environments, which support teaching and learning. Natural history dioramas are generative visual stimuli, which afford various entry points for teachers and students to engage in science. Modified visual thinking strategy (VTS), an approach originally developed for observation of art, provides new science teachers with methods for looking, thinking, drawing, and talking about natural history dioramas with middle and high school students. Observations from work with new science teachers who graduated from the American Museum of Natural History Masters of Arts in Teaching program and participated in the Museum’s New Teacher Induction activities suggest that the use of modified VTS with natural history dioramas in an informal learning environment may foster both teacher and learner engagement. In addition, this approach models key aspects of the nature of science: observation, inference, and formulation of hypothesis. Modified VTS with natural history dioramas offers new science teachers a readily replicable process for engaging students in direct observation of and inquiry about representations of natural phenomena. Engaging teachers with dioramas using modified VTS suggest these strategies have an impact on teaching and student learning.
Adversarial and Non-Adversarial Investigations: An Experiment

This experiment examined whether the objectivity of investigations are influenced by the structural design of the investigatory process. Lay participants role-played an investigator in a case of academic misconduct, and were assigned to investigate on behalf of either one of the parties (adversarial assignments) or on behalf of both parties (inquisitorial assignment). All participants were provided with the same ambiguous factual pattern and were instructed to be fair and objective. The results show the adversarial groups' perception of the case was polarized in the direction of their assignment, with the inquisitorial group's perception somewhere in between. The assignment also influenced participants' reported affect and emotions towards the student, as well as their motivation regarding the outcome of the case. The reported affect, emotions, and motivations were found to mediate the inculpatory judgments. The adversarial assignments caused participants to develop an adversarial mindset, manifested by a distrusting view of the (fictitious) counterpart investigator, and a perceived mirror image distrust by that person. The adversarial assignment was found to entail a group-like identification with other people on the same side of the assignment. These findings replicate and extend the research on coherence based reasoning.
A Shared Socio-economic Pathway Approach to Assessing the Future of the New Zealand Forest Sector

A Shared Socio-economic Pathway Approach to Assessing the Future of the New Zealand Forest Sector
Cigarette Smoke and Cancer Health Among Incarcerated Men in U.S. Northeastern Prison Facilities.

Incarcerated men, an understudied population, have not been the focus of cancer prevention studies. The Cancer Risk in Incarcerated Men Study was developed to examine smoking behaviors and cancer h...
A Sesquicentennial History of Iowa State University: Tradition and Trans- formation

Review of: "A Sesquicentennial History of Iowa State University: Tradition and Transformation," edited by Dorothy Schwieder and Gretchen Van Houten.
Security in Wireless Sensors Networks

Many routing mechanisms of the wireless sensor network have been suggested in the literature, but there has not been a successful one that was designed with security. In this paper, we discuss the vulnerabilities of wireless sensor networks, how attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities, and the solutions to defend against these attacks. Furthermore, we will suggest solutions and measures secure routing mechanisms in sensor networks and study how it will affect it positively.
Itaconate modulates tricarboxylic acid and redox metabolism to mitigate reperfusion injury.

Abstract Objectives Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) drives oxidative stress and injurious metabolic processes that lead to redox imbalance, inflammation, and tissue damage. However, the key mediators of reperfusion injury remain unclear, and therefore, there is considerable interest in therapeutically targeting metabolism and the cellular response to oxidative stress. Methods The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular, metabolic, and physiological impact of itaconate treatment to mitigate reperfusion injuries in in vitro and in vivo model systems. We conducted metabolic flux and bioenergetic studies in response to exogenous itaconate treatment in cultures of primary rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. In addition, we administered itaconate to mouse models of cerebral reperfusion injury with ischemia or traumatic brain injury followed by hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. We quantitatively characterized the metabolite levels, neurological behavior, markers of redox stress, leukocyte adhesion, arterial blood flow, and arteriolar diameter in the brains of the treated/untreated mice. Results We demonstrate that the “immunometabolite” itaconate slowed tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism and buffered redox imbalance via succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibition and induction of anti-oxidative stress response in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons. The addition of itaconate to reperfusion fluids after mouse cerebral IR injury increased glutathione levels and reduced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) to improve neurological function. Plasma organic acids increased post-reperfusion injury, while administration of itaconate normalized these metabolites. In mouse cranial window models, itaconate significantly improved hemodynamics while reducing leukocyte adhesion. Further, itaconate supplementation increased survival in mice experiencing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock. Conclusions We hypothesize that itaconate transiently inhibits SDH to gradually “awaken” mitochondrial function upon reperfusion that minimizes ROS and tissue damage. Collectively, our data indicate that itaconate acts as a mitochondrial regulator that controls redox metabolism to improve physiological outcomes associated with IR injury.
The Storied Facts of Margaret Fuller

AFTER I finished writing a book on Margaret Fuller and Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Haverford provost asked me to share my research interests with students, faculty, and other members of the college community.' Given the recent spate of publications about Fuller, including Bell Chevigny's revised and important anthology, Robert Hudspeth's completed edition of her letters, and the awardwinning biography by Charles Capper, I found myself inclined to reflect upon Fuller's various "returns" to historical memory.2 The talk elaborated that theme for a good fifty minutes, and at its close a number of engaging questions emerged from the audience. Perhaps two of the most challenging were asked by scientists, though the power of their questions did not resonate for me until I took in hand the task of reviewing Capper's book. The first question came from a chemist who asked for a brief account of Fuller's family background to help him ground my narrative of her work. Remembering how often details of Fuller's life had derailed a deeper understanding of her writing, I challenged my colleague to consider the value of his inquiry as a guide to her thinking. I startled a few people in the audience when I did so, and I believe I
Evaluating a decision tool for diagnosing diastolic dysfunction and estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in the presence of mitral annular calcium

Objectives This study sought to evaluate a decision algorithm for the estimation of left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) in patients with mitral annular calcification (MAC). Background In a single center study, Abudiab et al evaluated echocardiographic parameters to estimate LVFP in patients with MAC against invasive hemodynamic measurements and developed a decision algorithm which demonstrated high predictive accuracy. Methods Retrospectively, 55 patients (mean age 68.5 ± 11.5) with MAC and a left heart catheterization within 24 hours of an echocardiogram were identified. The decision algorithm was applied using echo data to classify patients as having normal or elevated LVFP which was then compared with the invasively obtained LVFP. Results The algorithm performed poorly at predicting pre-A LVFP as normal or high (P = .182). Accuracy for the algorithm was 0.59 [0.46, 0.72] (mean [95% CI]), sensitivity was 0.45 [0.28, 0.62], specificity was 0.73 [0.54, 0.86], false positive rate was 0.27 [0.14, 0.46], and false negative rate was 0.55 [0.38, 0.72]. E/A ratio, IVRT, and E/e'ratio showed no significant relationship to actual patient LVFP. Conclusions The Abudiab et al algorithm failed to demonstrate comparable sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in our sample. Additional study is necessary to refine this tool prior to more widespread use in clinical practice.
SP0075 Macrophage activation syndrome and systemic jia

Systemic JIA is characterised not only by arthritis, but also by systemic features such as intermittent fever, lymphadenopathy, hepato-splenomegaly, exanthema and serositis. The disease occurs predominantly in childhood. It often begins at a young age and usually has a serious outcome, although new therapeutic regimes like high dose methotrexate, cyclosporine-A and TNF-α blockade have improved the prognosis. A serious complication of systemic JIA is the Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS), which is often triggered by infections and medicines like gold and sulfasalazine. MAS is characterised by persistent high fever, mild to serious derangements of liver cell functions, purpura, encephalopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Laboratory investigations often show a leucocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and anaemia in combination with elevated levels of bilirubin and hepatic enzymes. In the bone marrow and other organs like the lymphglands, liver and brain, haemophagocytizing histiocytes are demonstrable. Although they are not specific for MAS, the presence of haemophagocytizing histiocytes together with the other specific clinical symptoms enables the clinician to make the diagnosis. MAS is a very serious, life-threatening complication of systemic JIA, which has to be treated with high dose corticosteroids, often in combination with cyclosporine. Even with this regimen the mortality rate is high. Familial Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (FHL), a congenital disease of childhood, is also characterised by haemophagocytosis. Recently, a defect in the perforin gene was found in patients with FHL. Because of the resemblance with MAS in systemic JIA, we have also investigated the perforin expression on cytotoxic CD8+ve effector T-cells and NK-cells. We find a decreased expression of perforins in systemic JIA, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Early Experience With Virtual and Synchronized Augmented Reality Platform for Preoperative Planning and Intraoperative Navigation: A Case Series.

Background Virtual reality (VR) allows for presurgical planning. Intraoperatively, augmented reality (AR) enables integration of segmented anatomic information with neuronavigation into the microsurgical scene to provide guidance without workflow disruption. Combining VR and AR solutions may help guide microsurgical technique to improve safety, efficiency, and ergonomics. Objective To describe a VR/AR platform that provides VR planning and intraoperative guidance via microscope ocular injection of a comprehensive AR overlay of patient-specific 360°/3D anatomic model aligned and synchronized with neuronavigation. Methods Custom 360° models from preoperative imaging of 49 patients were utilized for preoperative planning using a VR-based surgical rehearsal platform. Each model was imported to SyncAR, the platform's intraoperative counterpart, which was coregistered with Medtronic StealthStation S8 and Zeiss or Leica microscope. The model was injected into the microscope oculars and referenced throughout by adjusting overlay opacity. For anatomic shifts or misalignment, the overlay was reregistered via manual realignment with known landmarks. Results No SyncAR-related complications occurred. SyncAR contributed positively to the 3D understanding of patient-specific anatomy and ability to operate. Preoperative planning and intraoperative AR with 360° models allowed for more precise craniotomy planning and execution. SyncAR was useful for guiding dissection, identifying critical structures including hidden anatomy, understanding regional anatomy, and facilitating resection. Manual realignment was performed in 48/49 surgeries. Gross total resection was achieved in 34/40 surgeries. All aneurysm clipping and microvascular decompression procedures were completed without complications. Conclusion SyncAR combined with VR planning has potential to enhance surgical performance by providing critical information in a user-friendly, continuously available, heads-up display format.
The Prehispanic Ethnobotany of Paquimé and its Neighbors: by Paul E. Minnis and Michael E. Whalen, Tucson, AZ, University of Arizona Press, 2020, 256 pp., US $65 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-8165-4079-2, ISBN 978-0-8165-4211-6 (ebook)

When contemplating notable regions for the development of social complexity in New World societies, most lay and even academic individuals would point to the Andes, the Maya region, Central Mexico,...
Tribal Casino Labor Relations and Settler Colonialism

Sovereignty provides the legal basis for tribal casinos in the United States. However, since the industry’s rapid growth (valued at $34 billion for 2019), courts are now revisiting decades-old precedents in federal Indian law to reinterpret policies in ways that add new constraints to tribal sovereignty. Because tribal casinos often employ large numbers of non-Native Americans, tribal casino labor relations have become a new arena for contests over the boundaries of tribal sovereignty. This article investigates recent tribal casino labor relations court rulings (e.g. Little River, Soaring Eagle, and Pauma) through the lens of settler colonialism in order to understand new revisions to legal precedents. It argues that settler colonialism continues to underlie federal policies and that the growth of tribal casinos reveal that the federal government may intervene to undercut tribal sovereignty.
Sustainability and Service-Learning: Creating a Rubric for Stewardship Across Courses

Since 2008, the researcher has advised a student-led initiative to promote sustainable living and learning on Southeastern Louisiana University’s campus. A service-learning activity, the students have initiated research activities that have driven the following years’ efforts to involve the university campus, other universities around the state, and the community at large in an Earth Day celebration. The researcher will present data derived from student projects each year the course has been taught and also will present best practices concerning involvement of administration and the student body in this valuable ongoing service-learning activity. Students rely on the ROPES (Hendrix in Public Relations Cases. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 1998; Kelly in Handbook of public relations. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 279–289, 2001) process for developing their campaigns and are assigned to develop Goals, Objectives, Strategies and Tactics to support their efforts. Utilizing the systems theory (von Bertalanffy in Science 111:23–29, 1950), students view the system as the entire community—citizens, students, staff and faculty, experts and business. Students collaborate with each arm of the system to develop a plan and utilize the “Stewardship” branch of ROPES in order to maintain community relationships that have developed over the years between the university and its various publics and to engage the next years’ students who will take over the project and continue the service-learning activity. This paper will suggest a rubric by which instructors may devise a continuum of a single service-learning activity that may grow and develop over subsequent years to maintain a tradition of sustainability that expands outside of the classroom and engages the various audiences of the service-learning system. This paper will be of interest to those who wish to develop service-learning projects that continue over time rather than relying on one course to develop, implement and end the project. Through a systems lens, the researcher focuses on branding the activity, initiating research processes in the course, and managing the system after the course is complete.
The American Political and Constitutional Context

Textually, the Constitution on positive rights is “voiceless as fear in a wide wilderness” (Keats, 281). Indeed, the original Constitution—what Gladstone famously called “The most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man” (Gladstone, “Kin”, 185)—made no mention of rights at all. Rights appearednot among the six justifications in the Preamble nor in any subsequent article. Nor did the original Constitution contain a bill of rights, which in any case, some of the Framers opposed. One might agree with Hamilton that the Constitution, with its intricate checks and balances, rendered a bill of rights “unnecessary” (Hamilton et at., 557);1 or one might conclude that the existence of the Constitution presupposes a belief in the right of the people to rule themselves. Still, the literal silence of the Constitution speaks volumes. Had they so chosen, the Framers could have instructed the national or state governments to secure certain positive rights, naming them, describing them vaguely or precisely, leaving no doubt that their existence was intended. Many state constitutions have taken this path;2 the United States Constitution, which is clearly not averse to imposing obligations of other kinds on the national government,3 did not. Instead, the Bill of Rights is expressed mostly in a series of prohibitory commands4—as is the Fourteenth Amendment5—which are classic statements of negative rights.
Information Technology Investments and Firms' Performance--A Duopoly Perspective

Over the past two decades, numerous empirical studies have been conducted on the contribution of information technology (IT) to productivity and other measures of firm performance. However, few theoretical studies have attempted to explain the contingencies under which IT investments may or may not be valuable to a firm in a competitive market. This research proposes a duopoly competition model to study the impacts of IT investments on firm performance and productivity. We show that the extent to which a profit-maximizing firm benefits from IT investments is a function of, among other things, market sensitivities to the price and quality of the products and services offered by the firm and its competitor. We demonstrate that, under duopolistic competition, the effects of IT investments are not as deterministic as under monopolistic competition. We further show that the effect of IT investments on productivity, in a duopoly market, are contingent on market sensitivities to changes in the price and quality of products and services offered by the firm and its competitor, as well as on fixed and overhead costs being sufficiently large in relation to market size--an important condition in a monopoly market. Especially, the price sensitivity has a positive effect on the impact of IT investments on productivity and quality sensitivity has a negative effect. We submit that firms are better off making efficiency-enhancing IT investments if the market in which they operate is more price sensitive than quality sensitive.
Liposomes and Lipid Structures as Carriers of Amphotericin B

Almost 25 years ago, Bangham noted that “smectic mesophases” formed when biological lipids were dispersed in aqueous media [1]. These structures, later described as multilamellar liposomes, consisted of concentric biomolecular lamellae of lipid, each separated by an aqueous compartment. Although important as models of cellular membranes, the potential of these systems as drug carriers was not lost. It was quickly recognized that water-soluble drugs could be entrapped within the aqueous spaces of the vesicles, while hydrophobic drugs would intercalate into the lipid layers. The more recent development of preparative techniques allowing control over the size, lamellarity, trapped aqueous volume and solute distribution in the final emulsions has led to a rapid expansion in this field [2]. In fact, the emergence of liposomes as drug delivery vehicles is now extensively documented [3]. Liposome-dependent alterations in pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics have been well described for a variety of biologically active compounds. Perhaps far more remarkable, however, have been the reports that certain liposome formulations are also able to attenuate toxicties of associated drugs without substantially compromising efficacy [4]. One drug affected in this manner is amphotericin B.
Effect of age on superoxide dismutase activity of human trabecular meshwork.

Purpose. It has been hypothesized that accelerated aging of the trabecular meshwork,perhaps because of oxidative damage, is involved in the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma. The authors sought to evaluate the effect of donor age on the specific activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in normal fresh human cadaver trabecular meshwork. Methods. Total superoxide dismutase and catalase were assayed in tissue extracts generated from fresh human trabecular meshwork. Cadaver tissue was obtained from 19 donors (18 paired) of a wide age range (30 to 91 years). The assays were performed within 6 hours of enucleation and within 36 hours of donor death. Enzyme-specific activities were calculated using protein concentration of the extract as the denominator. Results. Multiple regression analysis modeled with age and time from death until the beginning of the experiment was performed. The specific activity of superoxide dismutase declined with age (P = 0.00022 ; r 2 = 0.67). There was no effect of age on catalase specific activity (P = 0.24 ; r 2 = 0.16). The time from donor death until the beginning of the experiment was not a significant factor (P > 0.28). Conclusions. The specific activity of superoxide dismutase, but not catalase, demonstrates an age-dependent decline in normal cadaver human trabecular meshwork. The potential role of superoxide dismutase in primary open angle glaucoma, a disorder of the aging trabecular meshwork, warrants further investigation.
Autobiography as a Micrometer for Empire: How a Nineteenth-Century English Tailor was - and was not - an Absent-Minded Imperialist: Autobiography as a Micrometer for Empire

The relationship between the British empire and the metropolitan populace remains a recurring point of debate for historians. Autobiographies, such as that of the nineteenth-century tailor James Carter (1792–1853), offer a means of moving beyond the question of working-class knowledge of the empire, to understand the ways in which workers perceived the role and significance of the empire within the context of their own lives. Analysis of Carter's autobiography yields a vision of a worker who, while far from ignorant of the empire's existence, perceived it as a largely distant entity, except in those moments when its influence manifested directly in his own personal and economic affairs.