cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Epididymo-orchitis in Children and Adolescents

Five cases of bacterial epididymo-orchitis are presented. These patients demonstrate three distinct mechanisms of bacterial infection of the intrascrotal structures: epididymo-orchitis as a presentation and a complication of urinary tract infection; epididymo-orchitis associated with sexually transmitted disease; and epididymo-orchitis associated with systemic infection. We recommend urine, urethral, and blood bacterial cultures, in addition to viral serologic studies, as an appropriate evaluation for any patient with epididymo-orchitis.
Motion planning amidst dynamic obstacles in three dimensions

Motion planning amidst moving obstacles in three dimensions is considered. Each obstacle is a polyhedron in three dimensions that moves with a constant speed at a fixed direction. Three basic properties are established for time-minimal motions in three dimensions amidst slowly moving obstacles. Representing moving three-dimensional objects with full generality would require space-time for four dimensions. The discussion is based on the idea of three-dimensional collision fronts and does not make explicit use of the time dimension. This makes it possible to treat the problem as in the case of stationary obstacles.
Dengue: defining protective versus pathologic immunity

Dengue is an expanding public health problem, and an effective vaccine remains elusive. This review discusses how the significant influence of sequential infection with different dengue virus serotypes on the severity of disease can be viewed in terms of beneficial and detrimental effects of heterologous immunity. A more complete understanding of these effects is likely to be critical for predicting optimal vaccine-induced immune responses.
The Ocular Complications of Boxing

In cooperation with the New York State Athletic Commission, 74 boxers applying for a new or yearly renewal license were sequentially referred over a 2-year period for a complete dilated ocular examination at the Sports Vision Institute of the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital. At least one ocular injury was found in 66% of boxers. Vision-threatening injuries, defined as significant damage to the angle, lens, macula, or peripheral retina occurred in 58% of boxers. Nineteen percent of boxers had angle abnormalities. Nineteen percent of boxers had pathologic cataracts, over 70% of these were posterior subcapsular. Six boxers had macular lesions. A total of 24% of boxers had retinal tears. Standardized photographs were used to distinguish pathologic cataracts from congenital opacities and pathologic retinal tears from atrophic holes. Attempts were made to identify risk factors in boxing that might be predictive for ocular injury. Variables included age, weight division, left- or right-handedness, total number of losses, and total number of bouts. Significant correlations were found between the total number of bouts and the total number of losses, and the presence of retinal tears. College varsity athletes were selected as controls. Significant differences were found between boxers and controls for the total number of injuries, total vision-threatening injuries, and the number of retinal tears. A series of recommendations are proposed to aide in the early detection and prevention of serious ocular injuries.
mTOR kinase structure, mechanism and regulation

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related protein kinase, controls cell growth in response to nutrients and growth factors and is frequently deregulated in cancer. Here we report co-crystal structures of a complex of truncated mTOR and mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (mLST8) with an ATP transition state mimic and with ATP-site inhibitors. The structures reveal an intrinsically active kinase conformation, with catalytic residues and a catalytic mechanism remarkably similar to canonical protein kinases. The active site is highly recessed owing to the FKBP12-rapamycin-binding (FRB) domain and an inhibitory helix protruding from the catalytic cleft. mTOR-activating mutations map to the structural framework that holds these elements in place, indicating that the kinase is controlled by restricted access. In vitro biochemistry shows that the FRB domain acts as a gatekeeper, with its rapamycin-binding site interacting with substrates to grant them access to the restricted active site. Rapamycin-FKBP12 inhibits the kinase by directly blocking substrate recruitment and by further restricting active-site access. The structures also reveal active-site residues and conformational changes that underlie inhibitor potency and specificity.
On-Line Adjustable Buffering for Runtime Power Reduction

We present a novel technique to exploit the power-performance tradeoff. The technique can be used stand-alone or in conjunction with dynamic voltage scaling, the mainstream technique to exploit the tradeoff. Physical design, specifically repeater insertion and sizing, is naturally signed-off at the highest performance mode. We observe that through simple modifications to the repeaters (buffers and inverters), it is possible to dynamically customize the repeater driving capacity of the design. This customization opens the door to a novel opportunity for on-line power-performance tradeoff: customizable repeaters can trade away performance for reductions in power, or vice versa. We describe a simple customization of repeaters to have an additional adjustable low-power operation mode besides their regular operational mode. Using selective logic remapping, we demonstrate how to use the new customized repeaters in a design flow that does not impact the high-performance signoff, yet attains considerable power reductions in low-performance mode. With industrial tools and real-world benchmarks at the 90nm node, we observe an average of 8.,94% reduction in total system power in lower performance modes, while ensuring no sacrifice to high-performance modes. We estimate the overhead of our approach to be a tolerable 2.89% in the total device area and 3.41% in the total routing requirements, which is likely easily accommodated in the whitespace of a design
Embryonic exposure to an antiestrogen masculinizes behavior of female quail.

Abstract Japanese Quail eggs were injected on Day 9 of incubation with the antiestrogen CI-628. When sexually mature, treated and control birds were given exogenous testosterone and tested for sexual behavior. Unlike control females, females treated with CI-628 before hatching displayed the male mating pattern. Males were unaffected by CI-628. Previous research has shown that male quail treated with sex steroids before hatching are permanently feminized behaviorally, and as adults fail to copulate. Normal female quail also fail to show male sexual behavior, even when given exogenous testosterone as adults. These findings suggest that the male quail is the neutral (anhormonal) sex with respect to behavioral sex differentiation, and that estrogen produced by female embryos results in female behavioral differentiation by eliminating the capacity for male sexual behavior.
The Impact of Reverse Logistics on the Total Cost of Ownership

Reverse logistics can have a significant impact on the cost of owning an item, and is an important factor to consider in calculating the total cost of ownership (TCO), when making a purchasing decision. Frameworks for calculating TCO are presented from the literature. Then, the impact of reverse logistics on each of these costs is discussed. The importance of including disposal and end-of-life costs in any total cost of ownership calculation is also discussed.Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a structured approach for determining the total costs associated with the acquisition and subsequent use of a given item or service from a given supplier (Carr and Ittner, 1992). An important area for consideration in TCO is the cost associated with product returns (LaLonde and pohlen, 1996). Reverse logistics (RL) is the process of moving products the “wrong way,” from the customer back to the supplier. Many of these costs are affected by the presence of a reverse logistics system, and this should be taken into accou...
Use of the talking circle for Comanche women's breast health education.

Background: As breast cancer screening is critical to early detection and treatment, it is imperative to furnish health care providers with effective educational materials for the populations they serve. To do so for Comanche American Indian women requires understanding the cultural constructs that influence the use of screening and treatment recommendations. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the health—illness beliefs and barriers to breast health for a group of Comanche women. Design: This was a descriptive, qualitative study guided by the principles of community-based participatory research. Seven community health representatives serving Comanche women participated in a “Talking Circle,” an indigenous method of making decisions and conducting group process among American Indian people. Findings: Themes were Barriers to Information, Barriers to Screening, Economic Barriers, Barriers to Follow-up, and Protecting Our Women. Discussion/Conclusion: This study provided insight into barriers...
Anomalous silica colloid stability and gel layer mediated interactions.

Total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) is used to measure SiO2 colloid ensembles over a glass microscope slide to simultaneously obtain interactions and stability as a function of pH (4−10) and NaCl concentration (0.1−100 mM). Analysis of SiO2 colloid Brownian height excursions yields kT- scale potential energy vs separation profiles, U(h), and diffusivity vs separation profiles, D(h), and determines whether particles are levitated or irreversibly deposited (i.e., stable). By including an impermeable SiO2 "gel layer" when fitting van der Waals, electrostatic, and steric potentials to measured net potentials, gel layers are estimated to be ∼10 nm thick and display an ionic strength collapse. The D(h) results indicate consistent surface separation scales for potential energy profiles and hydrodynamic interactions. Our measurements and model indicate how SiO2 gel layers influence van der Waals (e.g., dielectric properties), electrostatics (e.g., shear plane), and steric (e.g., layer thickness) potentials to understand the anomalous high ionic strength and high pH stability of SiO2 colloids.
Determination of primary site by examination of cancer cells in body fluids.

Many articles concerning the accuracy of diagnosis of malignant tumor cells in serous effusions have appeared in the literature, but few authors have attempted to describe the characteristics of these cells as they relate to tumors of specific primary sites. Still fewer have dealt with determination of the site of the primary tumor by examination of effusions. In this paper, 87 well-documented cases of pleural and peritoneal serous effusions containing malignant tumor cells derived from carcinoma of the breast, lung, ovary, endometrium, and stomach were examined and characterized. Sufficient cytologic similarities occurred to permit classification into three distinct patterns in 84.6% of the cases. Grouping the cases according to these patterns and combining this with knowledge of the patient’s sex and the site of effusion allowed the pathologist to determine the site of the primary tumor with as much as 96% accuracy. Criteria of classification, as well as pitfalls in evaluation, are discussed in detail.
Where You Sit Is Where You Stand: Evaluating Manager and Employee Differences in Procedural Justice Perceptions in the U.S. Federal Government

In his challenge to equity theory, Leventhal argued that individuals consider other forms of fairness in social interactions, especially procedural justice. Leventhal then suggested that perception...
Molecular Hydrogen “Pairing” Interaction in a Metal Organic Framework System with Unsaturated Metal Centers (MOF-74)

Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy measurements of molecular hydrogen in MOF-74-M (M = metal center) are performed as a function of temperature and pressure [to 45 kTorr (60 bar) at 300 K, and at lower pressures in the 20−200 K range] to investigate the nature of H2 interactions with the unsaturated metal centers. A small shift (∼ −30 cm−1 with respect to the unperturbed H2 molecule) is observed for the internal stretch frequency of H2 molecules adsorbed on the metal site at low loading. This finding is in contrast to much larger shifts (∼ −70 cm−1) observed in previous studies of MOFs with unsaturated metal centers (including MOF-74) and the general assumption that H2 stretch shifts depend on adsorption energies (FitzGerald et al., Phys. Rev. B 2010, 81, 104305). We show that larger shifts (∼ −70 cm−1) do occur, but only when the next available site (“oxygen” site) is occupied. This larger shift originates from H2−H2 interactions on neighboring sites of the same pore, consistent with the short distanc...
Tidal dissipation in the lunar magma ocean and its effect on the early evolution of the Earth–Moon system

Abstract The present-day inclination of the Moon reflects the entire history of its thermal and orbital evolution. The Moon likely possessed a global magma ocean following the Moon-forming impact. In this work, we develop a coupled thermal-orbital evolution model that takes into account obliquity tidal heating in the lunar magma ocean. Dissipation in the magma ocean is so effective that it results in rapid inclination damping at semi-major axes beyond about 20 Earth radii ( R E ), because of the increase in lunar obliquity as the so-called Cassini state transition at ≈30 R E is approached. There is thus a “speed limit” on how fast the Moon can evolve outwards while maintaining its inclination: if it reaches 20 R E before the magma ocean solidifies, any early lunar inclination cannot be maintained. We find that for magma ocean lifetimes of 10 Myr or more, the Earth’s tidal quality factor Q must have been >300 to maintain primordial inclination, implying an early Earth 1–2 orders of magnitude less dissipative than at present. On the other hand, if tidal dissipation on the early Earth was stronger, our model implies rapid damping of the lunar inclination and requires subsequent late excitation of the lunar orbit after the crystallization of the lunar magma ocean.
Observations on a case of probable bone marrow anthracosis.

A case is described in which marrow aspiration demonstrated a foreign material which is presumed to be carbon on the basis of its appearance and resistance to the action of strong acid. The resemblance to a previous description of anthracosis involving the bone marrow is noted.
The electrical conductivity of blood. II. Relation to red cell count.

Abstract 1. The blood and plasma conductance was measured in 157 blood samples. Of these, 101 were from hospital patients with a variety of clinical conditions, 33 were from normal individuals, and 23 were unclassified. 2. Blood counts were done on the same specimens. 3. An empiric equation, was found to give the red cell count from the conductivity measurements, wherein C1 = 10.49, and g is in millions per cu. mm. See PDF for Equation 4. A nomograph is presented to simplify the calculations of the red cell count.
The scapula backward tipping test: An inter-rater reliability study

Summary Background & Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the scapula backward tipping test (SBTT) in detecting the presence of pectoralis minor (PM) tightness and subsequently scapula forward tipping, in a symptomatic population. PM tightness with scapula forward tipping has been described to cause pain and dysfunction in the shoulder region. Methods 30 patients with a diagnosis of shoulder pain were randomly assigned and examined by 2 musculoskeletal physical therapists at a time. The procedure consisted of having the individual lay on the stomach in a neutral head position with palms in the anatomical position. The examiner firmly stabilized the inferior angle of the scapula with one hand and the fingers of the other hand hooked the under surface of the coracoid process. A gentle yet firm pull was imparted in an upward direction to sense tightness and to observe movement of the acromion up to the tragus of the ear. A comparison was made with the other side to sense restriction. Inter-rater reliability was determined using the kappa statistic. Results The SBTT was found to be reproducible between examiners (Kappa = 0.735, SE of kappa = 0.123, 95% confidence interval), with a percentage agreement of 86.67%. Conclusion The SBTT may be incorporated as a simple yet effective test to determine the presence of PM tightness and subsequently scapula forward tipping.
Regulation of Endothelial Barrier Function by Cyclic Nucleotides: The Role of Phosphodiesterases

The endothelium plays an important role in maintaining normal vascular function. Endothelial barrier dysfunction leading to increased permeability and vascular leakage is associated with several pathological conditions such as edema and sepsis. Thus, the development of drugs that improve endothelial barrier function is an active area of research. In this chapter, the current knowledge concerning the signaling pathways regulating endothelial barrier function is discussed with a focus on cyclic nucleotide second messengers (cAMP and cGMP) and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Both cAMP and cGMP have been shown to have differential effects on endothelial permeability in part due to the various effector molecules, crosstalk, and compartmentalization of cyclic nucleotide signaling. PDEs, by controlling the amplitude, duration, and localization of cyclic nucleotides, have been shown to play a critical role in regulating endothelial barrier function. Thus, PDEs are attractive drug targets for the treatment of disease states involving endothelial barrier dysfunction.
Developing Constipation: Dietary Fiber, Western Disease, and Industrial Carbohydrates

AbstractThis paper focuses on the rise of what we call the dietary fiber paradigm, as championed by British medical researcher Denis Burkitt, a.k.a. “Dr Fiber,” and his collaborators working in Uganda and South Africa. We situate this attention to fiber intake in nutritional advice within a longer history of white Euro-American anxieties about the corrosive physiological effects of modernization. We examine how former colonial medical experts transformed dietary fiber from an object of negligible nutritional value – mere “roughage” – to one whose presence could mean the difference between health and disease. In the 1960–70s, Burkitt and his collaborators developed the concept of Western “diseases” to describe a series of chronic bodily ailments they linked to modern culinary infrastructure, or the consumption of what they called “refined carbohydrates” – particularly, commercially produced white bread. Chief among these were afflictions of the intestinal tract: diverticulosis coli, colon and bowel cancer,...
GROTHENDIECK SPACES AND VECTOR MEASURES

Publisher Summary This chapter explains certain, at first unrelated, phenomena in the theory of finitely additive measures. Bounded additive maps defined on a sigma–algebra with values in either a separable Banach space or a Banach space not containing c0 are almost countably additive, that is, they add up every sequence of disjoint sets—perhaps not to the union. These efforts have led to the consideration of a special class of Banach spaces, the so-called Grothendieck spaces. The relationship of Grothendieck spaces to vector measures is simple: every vector measure lies on a suitably chosen Grothendieck space. This relationship was exploited to obtain results in vector measures. The chapter focuses on Grothendieck spaces and presents a theorem that gives several new characterizations of this class of spaces. This theorem is then applied to yield some results in vector measures.
Susan Lindquist (1949–2016)

On 27 October, Susan Lee Lindquist, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), died of cancer at the age of 67. She was a formidable academic leader, dedicated mentor, beloved friend, and devoted wife and mother who will be deeply missed. Susan was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1949 to parents of Swedish and Italian ancestry. This rich blend of genes and cultures was reflected in her ability to balance the dramatic against the carefully reasoned. She earned a bachelor's degree in microbiology at the University of Illinois in 1971, followed by a doctorate in biology from Harvard University in 1976. After a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Chicago, she joined its molecular biology department and set about deciphering how cells regulate protein synthesis and folding. She recounted an environment far from supportive for women, yet she persisted and thrived. She ignored warnings that her career would flounder when she switched organisms or undertook difficult areas of study. Rather, she demonstrated an ability to choose the right questions at the right time and helped found the field of heat-shock biology.
Compensation's effect on risk perception in behavioral genetic research

There have been multiple studies of how monetary compensation affects perceived willingness to participate in medical research. However few studies have addressed perception of risk, especially risk to privacy associated with genetic or behavioral genetic investigations. One recent study, an M.S. thesis investigation by Ascheman (2009), identified several difficulties in studying undergraduate perceptions of risk from participation in such investigations: low levels of comprehension of informed consent documents, and difficulties in separating participants’ perceptions of risk to privacy from the potential influences of money offered for participation. This study expands the work of Ascheman (2009) by using a vignette story format for presentation of the experimenter-constructed informed consents. It also included a baseline privacy risk without compensation condition in a 2 (level of privacy risk) X 2 (level of compensation) mixed within-between subjects design. The study was conducted as an online investigation with undergraduate research volunteers. The presented levels of risk had a significant effect on participants' willingness to participate and perception of risk at all presented levels of risk and compensation. However, no significant risk-by compensation interactions were found. Moreover, the compensation offered (ten versus one hundred dollars) in the vignettes did not have a significant differential effect on either willingness to participate or perception of risk at any of the presented levels of risk. Additionally, monetary compensation did not demonstrate a main effect on either of these measures with the exception of a willingness to participate variable that asked how participants believed others would react to the presented vignettes. Compared with prior studies, the use of a short vignette in a story-format informed consent, substantially increased comprehension of the essential experimenter constructed informed consent information about
ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Pulmonary Hypertension

Abstract Pulmonary hypertension may be idiopathic or related to a large variety of diseases. Various imaging examinations that may be helpful in diagnosing and determining the etiology of pulmonary hypertension are discussed. Imaging examinations that may aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension include chest radiography, ultrasound echocardiography, ventilation/perfusion scans, CT, MRI, right heart catheterization, pulmonary angiography, and fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET/CT. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
Tolerability and effectiveness of pertuzumab-containing neoadjuvant (NA) regimens vs. AC-TH for HER2-positive (+) localized breast cancer (BC).

586Background: Based on improvement in pathologic complete response (pCR) in the NEOSPHERE and TRYPHAENA studies, the FDA approved NA pertuzumab with trastuzumab (HP) and chemotherapy for HER2+ localized BC. These studies demonstrated higher pCR rate with THP (docetaxel+HP) as compared to TH (pCR 45.8 vs. 29%), and high pCR rates with FEC (5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide)-THP (pCR 54.7%) and TCHP (docetaxel, carboplatin+HP, pCR 63.6%). However, in the US, doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) given in a dose-dense fashion is favored over FEC, though there is no data comparing AC-THP with AC-TH or TCHP. Here we report outcomes for pertuzumab-containing NA regimens and compare effectiveness and toxicity with AC-TH. Methods: We reviewed patients treated at our institution with either a NA pertuzumab-containing regimen or AC-TH from 2011 to 2015 for HER2+ BC. pCR was defined as ypT0/is ypN0. Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: Eighty pa...
Numerical and experimental study of a 4 K modified-Solvay cycle cryocooler

A two-stage 4 K Modified-Solvay cycle cryocooler1, which is a pneumatically driven Gifford — McMahon cryocooler and will be used for the conduction-cooled low temperature superconducting magnets, has been optimized by numerical and experimental study. After the optimization, the maximum cooling capacity of 36.5 W at 35 K on the first stage and 1.08 W at 4.2 K on the second stage with 6.7 kW input power has been obtained. This is the world’s first pneumatically driven G-M cryocooler which has over 1 W cooling capacity at 4.2 K. In this paper, experimental and numerical results of the influence of the valve opening timing and the displacer motion concerning the cooling capacity are described. The experimentally obtained optimum P-V diagram and valve timing are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. And the reliability tests (over 100 times of cool-down and warm-up cycle, and over 3,000 hours continuous operation) were successfully conducted. It can be expected that this 4 K cryocooler has a high reliability equivalent to the commercial G-M cryocoolers which operate above 10 K on the 2nd stage temperature.
Prevention and Management of Obstetric Lacerations at Vaginal Delivery

After all vaginal deliveries, a thorough exam should be performed to evaluate for lacerations. In classifying lacerations, it is important to note if the perineal body, external anal sphincter, or rectal mucosa are involved. Episiotomy may be useful in specific situations; however, routine use is not indicated [1].
Methodological Quality Assessment of Meta-analyses in Endodontics.

Abstract Introduction The objectives of this review were to assess the methodological quality of published meta-analyses related to endodontics using the assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR) tool and to provide a follow-up to previously published reviews. Methods Three electronic databases were searched for eligible studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria: Embase via Ovid, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus. The electronic search was amended by a hand search of 6 dental journals (International Endodontic Journal; Journal of Endodontics; Australian Endodontic Journal; Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology; Endodontics and Dental Traumatology; and Journal of Dental Research). The searches were conducted to include articles published after July 2009, and the deadline for inclusion of the meta-analyses was November 30, 2016. The AMSTAR assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of all included studies. Results A total of 36 reports of meta-analyses were included. The overall quality of the meta-analyses reports was found to be medium, with an estimated mean overall AMSTAR score of 7.25 (95% confidence interval, 6.59–7.90). The most poorly assessed areas were providing an a priori design, the assessment of the status of publication, and publication bias. Conclusions In recent publications in the field of endodontics, the overall quality of the reported meta-analyses is medium according to AMSTAR.
Experimental Investigation of the Time Course Effects of Acute Exercise on False Episodic Memory.

Previous experimental work suggests that acute exercise may positively influence the accurate recall of past episodic events. However, few studies have examined whether acute exercise also reduces the number of false episodic memories. We evaluated this paradigm in conjunction with an examination of the temporal effects of acute exercise, which have previously been shown to play an important role in subserving episodic memory function. Twenty young adults participated in three experimental visits, including a non-exercise control visit, a visit involving an acute bout (20 min) of moderate-intensity exercise occurring prior to the memory task, and a visit involving an acute bout of exercise occurring during the encoding of the memory task. All visits were counterbalanced and occurred at least 24 h apart. The Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) Paradigm, involving a separate word list trial for each visit, was employed to assess accurate and false episodic memory recall. For each visit, a short-term (immediate recall) and a long-term (25-min delay) memory recall was assessed. For both time points, the visit that involved exercise prior to encoding resulted in better short-term and long-term memory function (F(2) = 11.56, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.38). For both time points, the control visit resulted in a greater number of false memories. These findings suggest that acute moderate-intensity exercise may help to increase the accurate recall of past episodic memories and may help to reduce the rate of false memories.
THE ROOTS OF TRUMPISM

The author in the article examines the historical roots and economic and social reasons for the coming to power of the unconventional representative of the US Republican Party, multimillionaire Donald Trump. Trump's phenomenon is interpreted by the author as an American form of revanchism, as revenge for the past, in which the United States lost its positions in the development of the national economy and social sphere. The main characteristics and motivational aspects of the voting of the typical voter D. Trump (white middle-aged men) are revealed. The loss of privileges and economic and social status for whites in the outsider states is seen as the main revanchist motive for supporting L.Trump's electoral core. Parallels are drawn between the phenomenon of the right-wing politician in France, M. Lipin and D. Trump, which in many respects repeats the ideological vector of the French nationalists. The exploitation of patriotic virtue and intense xenophobia are common features of the campaigns of M. Lе Рen and D. Trump. The first year of the reign of US President D. Trump and the policy of American revanchism with its close ties with dissatisfied whites provoked the growth of protest moods and extremist groups. The author concludes that President Trump and trampism are not a new or unprecedented political phenomenon in the United States. Trumpism is the result of the activity of an opportunistic candidate who uses in the classic revanchist context the fears of his supporters who face profound social changes.
Evaluation of the Educational Environment of a Cadaver Course in Robotic Colorectal Surgery: A Cross-sectional Study.

Background The educational environment is a crucial metric of medical education that affects the course participants' motivation, achievement, happiness and success. The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational environment of a cadaver course in robotic colorectal surgery by comparing the perceptions of the participating residents to those of the participating surgeons. Methods This was a cross-sectional study carried out in 2017. Participants from the U.S. and Europe attended a course using eight fresh frozen cadaver torsos with no prior abdominal surgery. After course completion, participants anonymously completed 50-item Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaires to evaluate five components of the educational environment: perception of learning, perception of teachers, academic self-perception, perception of atmosphere, and social self-perception. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Mean scores were compared using an independent samples t-test. Results Twenty of 24 participants completed the DREEM questionnaire, consisting of 9 residents and 11 surgeons (12 from the U.S., 8 from Europe). The internal consistency of the questionnaire was excellent (alpha=0.97). The mean total score was excellent for both residents and surgeons, and the difference between the groups was not significant (154.1±25.8 vs. 168.1±18.9, p=0.197). Perception of learning was significantly better among surgeons ("teaching highly thought of") than among residents ("a more positive perception") (40.5±3.6 vs. 35.7±5.6, p=0.04). Conclusions This study suggests that the residents' perception of learning may have been negatively influenced by the participation of surgeons in the same cadaver station.
Toward Interactional Trust for Humans and Automation: Extending Interdependence

Trust in human-automation interaction is increasingly imperative as AI and robots become ubiquitous at home, school, and work. Interdependence theory allows for the identification of one-on-one interactions that require trust by analyzing the structure of the potential outcomes. This paper synthesizes multiple, formerly disparate research approaches by extending Interdependence theory to create a unified framework for outcome-based trust in human-automation interaction. This framework quantitatively contextualizes validated empirical results from social psychology on relationship formation, stability, and betrayal. It also contributes insights into trust-related concepts, such as power and commitment, which help further our understanding of trustworthy system design. This new integrated interactional approach reveals how trust and trustworthiness machines from merely reliable tools to trusted teammates working hand-in-actuator toward an automated future.
67 – Conference Summary

Publisher Summary There have been real advances in instruments and methods. The internal-external conversion method for measuring conversion coefficients has been brought to a high degree of refinement. The chapter discusses the peak-to-beta spectrum-ratio method with details of screening corrections and beta-spectrum shape. High resolution, lithium-drifted germanium detectors and lithium-drifted silicon detector are the new tools for gamma-ray spectroscopy for electron spectroscopy respectively. These solid-state devices commit a real proliferation in the number of conversion coefficients that are measured in short-lived isotopes and in weak and hard-to-resolve transitions. The use of the germanium detector for gamma-ray intensity measurements—for measurements of conversion coefficients—will depend on having good primary standards of relative gamma ray intensities.
Why market actors fuel the carbon bubble. The agency, governance, and incentive problems that distort corporate climate risk management

Similar to the housing bubble, a carbon bubble is being fueled by misaligned corporate governance structures and market incentives that distort capital allocation. Science indicates that a rapid en...
Assessment of Collaborative Robot (Cobot)-Assisted Histotripsy for Venous Clot Ablation

Objective: The application of bubble-based ablation with the focus ultrasound therapy histotripsy is gaining traction for the treatment of venous thrombosis, among other pathologies. For extensive clot burden, the histotripsy source must be translated to ensure uniform bubble activity throughout the vascular obstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the targeting accuracy of a histotripsy system comprised of a focused source, ultrasound image guidance, and a collaborative robot (cobot) positioner. The system was designed with a primary emphasis for treating deep vein thrombosis. Methods: Studies to test treatment planning and targeting bubble activity with the histotripsy-cobot system were conducted in an in vitro clot model. A tissue-mimicking phantom was also targeted with the system, and the predicted and actual areas of liquefaction were compared to gauge the spatial accuracy of ablation. Results: The system provided submillimeter accuracy for both tracking along an intended path (within 0.6 mm of a model vessel) and targeting bubble activity within the venous clot model (0.7 mm from the center of the clot). Good correlation was observed between the planned and actual liquefaction locations in the tissue phantom, with an average Dice similarity coefficient of 77.8%, and average Hausdorff distance of 1.6 mm. Conclusion: Cobots provide an effective means to apply histotripsy pulses over a treatment volume, with the ablation precision contingent on the quality of image guidance. Significance: Overall, these results demonstrate cobots can be used to guide histotripsy ablation for targets that extend beyond the natural focus of the transducer.
Economics of the Stock Exchange Business: Proprietary Market Data

The price of proprietary market data, data with low latency and with complete depth of book, sold by exchanges has risen dramatically in the previous decade. In fact, in October, 2018, the SEC failed to approve a requests by NASDAQ and NYSE-ARCA to raise the price of their data. The paper conceptually analyzes the nature of the demand for proprietary data and concludes that, for a significant part of the market, data from different exchanges are complementary--buying NASDAQ proprietary data increases the usefulness of NYSE-ARCA data. As a consequence, we should not expect competition between the 13 exchanges to constrain prices. This is in contrast to net trading fees, which are driven by competition to reasonable levels.
Store Format Diversification, Customer Orientation and the Performance of Foreign Retailers

Foreign retailers contend with unrelenting challenges to discover and resolve issues affecting their performance in different host country markets. These retailers bear some wealth of international experience and also some liabil-ity of foreignness. Accordingly, managers of foreign retailers must enact strategic decisions that will position their businesses in order to be competitive and profitable. In this study, the authors examine two generally overlooked fac-tors —degree of store format diversification and customer orientation— relating to improved foreign retailer per-formance. The authors also investigate the potential moderating effects of three host country characteristics —retail modernization, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance— on this relationship. Based on the 2001-2015 panel data for 24 international retailers, results for main effects indicate that foreign retailer performance is influenced nega-tively by store format diversification and positively by customer orientation. These effects are moderated by host country retail modernization, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance. In particular, host country retail modernization reverses, from negative to positive, the influence of store format diversification on foreign retailer performance. Fur-thermore, both collectivism and uncertainty avoidance strengthen the positive influence of customer orientation on foreign retailer performance. Finally, uncertainty avoidance strengthens the negative influence of store format diver-sification on foreign retailer performance.
Thermal Expansion Behavior of Porous Rocks under Stress

The axial thermal expansions and pore volume contractions of water-saturated Berea, Bandera, and Boise sandstones under stress have been determined as functions of temperature. The samples were subjected to a constant confining stress of 20.7 MPa and pore pressure of 6.9 MPa while being heated from 35°C to 175°C. Resultant decreases in the porosities were 4.4, 3.8, and 3.1 percent for Bandera, Berea and Boise sandstones, respectively. The effect of a variation in stress on Boise sandstone was also investigated. It was found that by decreasing the confining stress to 13.8 MPa the porosity reduction was decreased to 2.6 percent.
TH-AB-BRB-07: A Feasibility Study for Personalized Fractionation Schedule for Lung Cancer

Purpose: Investigate the feasibility of using spatio-temporal optimization, i.e., fractionation schedule optimization combined with IMRT to select the patient-specific fractionation schedule that best maximizes the tumor biologically equivalent dose (BED). Methods and materials: The optimal fractionation schedule for a patient depends on the tumor and organ at-risk (OAR) sensitivity to fraction size (i.e., α/β), the effective tumor doubling time, and the size and location of tumor target relative to one or more OAR. We used a novel spatio-temporal optimization method to identify the number of fractions N that maximizes the tumor BED using 3D BED distribution for sixteen lung phantom cases. The selection of the optimal fractionation schedule used equivalent 30-fraction OAR constraints for the heart (Dmean < 45 Gy), lungs (Dmean < 20 Gy), cord (Dmax < 45 Gy), esophagus (Dmax < 63 Gy), and unspecified tissues (D05 < 63 Gy). To asses plan quality, we considered the min, mean, max and D95 tumor BED and the equivalent uniform dose (EUD) for optimized plans to the corresponding BED values for a conventional IMRT plan (60 Gy in 30 fractions). A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effects on optimal fractionation schedule of the effective tumor doubling time (Td = 3–100 days) and lag-time for accelerated repopulation (Tk = 0 to 10 days) Results: For a tumor α/β = 10Gy, tumor max, min, mean, and D95 BED were about 20% larger than the BED for the conventional prescription. The EUD for the optimized fractionation schedule was up to 17% larger than conventional prescription. For fast proliferating tumor (Td < 10 days), there was no significant increase in tumor dose but the treatment course could be shortened, offering convenience for patients and efficient allocation of resources.
High-Risk Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in a Real-World Employed Japanese Population: Prevalence, Cardiovascular Event Rates, and Costs.

Aim To assess the prevalence of high-risk atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD, defined as history of acute coronary syndrome [hACS], cerebrovascular atherosclerotic disease [CeVAD], peripheral artery disease [PAD], or coronary artery disease w/diabetes [CADD]) and associated costs and cardiovascular (CV) events in Japan. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using the Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC) database (2006-2011). ASCVD prevalence was estimated on the basis of diagnoses for CeVAD, PAD, CADD, and hACS (ACS claim ＞ 30-≤ 365 days after ACS-related hospitalization) during 1/1/ 2008-12/31/2009. Population denominators used in the prevalence estimations were provided by JMDC. A subcohort with an insurance coverage for ≥ 12 months before and ≥ 24 months after first/index ASCVD claim during 1/1/2008-12/31/2009 were analyzed on the basis of costs (in 2012 US dollars) and events. Results ASCVD prevalence was 1,869/100,000 population. In total, 8,112 patients met inclusion criteria for the cost and CV event analyses. Among these patients, 4.0% experienced any event (myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, hospitalization for unstable angina) in the year after ASCVD diagnosis, which decreased to 2.2% in year 2. First-year event rates were highest (22%) in patients with hACS. Mean [SD] all-cause costs per patient in year 1 were $7,031 [$14,359] for all patients with ASCVD combined. Extrapolated to the entire employed population, total first-year costs were estimated at $8.2 billion. Conclusions ASCVD is not rare in Japan, even within a relatively young population of employed persons. Further, the total direct first-year cost burden of ASCVD in the employed Japanese population is high. These data may inform future economic assessments of new ASCVD treatments.
Role of Lysine and ε-N-Trimethyllysine in Carnitine Biosynthesis I. STUDIES IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Abstract A lysine-carnitine precursor-product relationship was envisaged. To test this hypothesis a series of isotopic labeling experiments was conducted with Neurospora crassa lysine auxotrophs. Following growth of such mutants on a simple defined medium lacking carnitine but supplemented with variously labeled test carnitine precursors, biosynthesized carnitine was subsequently isolated from the mold mycelium by ion exchange chromatography and examined for radioactivity. Radioactivity from dl-[6-14C]lysine and dl-[4,5-3H]-lysine was incorporated into carnitine without dilution of specific activity, whereas radioactivity from dl-[1-14C]lysine and dl-[2-14C]lysine was not found in biosynthesized carnitine in significant amounts. In an experiment employing [e-15N]lysine, it was demonstrated that the e-N atom of lysine becomes the nitrogen atom of carnitine; there was some exchange of the [e-15N]amino group of lysine with 14N in the medium during carnitine synthesis. e-N-[methyl-3H]Trimethyl-l-lysine was incorporated in high yield (16 and 19%) into carnitine; and, as expected [methyl-3H]methionine also labeled carnitine, but with markedly less efficiency (0.23%) consistent with dilution by endogenous methionine. [1-14C]γ-Butyrobetaine (4-N-trimethylamino [1-14C]butyric acid), but not (4-amino[1-14C]butyric acid), was readily utilized (9.4%) for carnitine formation, in agreement with its established role as a carnitine precursor in animals. From these and other considerations it is postulated that in Neurospora the biogenesis of carnitine derives from the amino acids lysine and methionine in which either free or bound lysine is successively methylated to give e-N-trimethyllysine which is then cleaved in a series of as yet unknown transformations to lose carbon atoms 1 and 2 yielding γ-butyro-betaine. The latter compound is then hydroxylated at the β position to give carnitine as previously shown by other workers in the field.