cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Career orientations of MIS employees in Taiwan

Career orientations of employees play an important role in affecting the selection of specific occupations and work settings and the employees' reactions to their work experience. The role of information technology in creating and sustaining competitive advantage has focused research attention on the career management of MIS professionals and the strategies used to realize their career aspirations. Data about the career orientations of 90 MIS employees in Taiwan and their relationships with selected demographic and career variables show that the highest orientation was job security, followed by service, challenge and life-style, respectively. The lowest orientation was technical competence, followed by autonomy and entrepreneurship. Differences in the pattern of career orientations across several demographic variables (gender, marital status and job type) were also explored. Correlations were found to exist between certain career orientations and career outcomes (satisfaction, commitment and intention to leave). Differences between the orientations of MIS employees in Taiwan and in the United States are discussed. Suggestions are offered to MIS managers on ways create flexible career structures in order to attract and retain MIS employees.
Telomerase immunity from bench to bedside: round one

Telomerase, a reverse transcriptase primarily devoted to the elongation of telomeres in mammalian cells, is also the first bona fide common tumor antigen. In fact, telomerase is over-expressed in > 85% of tumor cells irrespective of origin and histological type. In the past seven years, there has been considerable interest in assessing telomerase as substrate for vaccination in cancer patients to induce CD8 T cell responses. Because the activation of T cells is restricted by the MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells or tumor cells, the identification of telomerase peptides immunogenic for humans is tightly linked with HLA types. To date, a handful of peptides have been identified through a variety of screening procedures, including bioinformatics prediction, in vivo immunization of HLA transgenic mice, in vitro immunization of PBMC from normal donors and cancer patients, and processing in human tumor cells. Currently, there exist putative peptides for five major HLA types (A2, A1, A3, A24 and B7). Due to the complexity of the HLA system, trials have been performed focusing on the most prevalent HLA type, HLA-A2. Here, we summarize this collective effort and highlight results obtained in Phase 1 trials including a Phase 1 trial performed at the UCSD Cancer Center.
Monopoly and the Problem of the Economists

By any measure economists have played increasingly prominent roles in antitrust policy making, at least since the early 1970s. Indeed, the approach to the analysis of public policy toward business pioneered by Chicago school economists dominates the academic literature nowadays. According to the Chicago school's adherents, their insistence that antitrust be examined through the lens of price theory should have produced discernably ‘better’ (read pro-consumer) laws and ‘better’ law enforcement. This paper contends that economists have in fact not had a positive influence on antitrust policy, but have instead actively contributed to its use as a way of subverting competitive market forces.
Epistemic luck and the generality problem

Epistemic luck has been the focus of much discussion recently. Perhaps the most general knowledge-precluding type is veritic luck, where a belief is true but might easily have been false. Veritic luck has two sources, and so eliminating it requires two distinct conditions for a theory of knowledge. I argue that, when one sets out those conditions properly, a solution to the generality problem for reliabilism emerges.
Improvement in leakage characteristics of Ge-on-Si photodetectors

Germanium (Ge) offers a distinct advantage over silicon (Si) in terms of its superior electron and hole mobility1. In addition, its small direct bandgap of 0.8 eV at room temperature makes it possible to design efficient photodetectors operating in the low-loss optical fiber range of 1.3–1.6 µm2. Silicon, on the other hand, is a well established material for integrated circuits and has superior mechanical and thermal characteristics. The origin of dark currents in Ge-on-Si photodetectors is primarily due to the high density of threading dislocations (TDD) associated with the 4.2% lattice mismatch between Si and Ge3. Most of the solutions to date for reducing dark currents have focused on the substrate/Ge film interface. Annealing4 and the use of SiGe buffer layers5,6 has been shown to be effective in the reduction of dark current in Ge-on-Si photodiodes. Dark currents between 296°K and 400°K have been shown to be associated with defect-related generation centers close to half the band gap energy of Ge, indicating prevalence of the Shockley-Read-Hall process7. However, the measured dark current is the superposition of current contributions from three regions: bulk, depletion and surface. In this paper, we study the impact of bulk and the surface contributions on the total dark current. We demonstrate that the Ge-film/doped contact interface can be modified to reduce dark currents, which provides an additional option in the design of photodetectors with low leakage current. The modification at this interface not only leads to the reduction in the bulk leakage, but surface leakage component as well.
Acrolein-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling is mediated by alkylation of thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin 1

Cigarette smoking remains a major health concern worldwide, and many of the adverse effects of cigarette smoke (CS) can be attributed to its abundant electrophilic aldehydes, such as acrolein (2-propenal). Previous studies indicate that acrolein readily reacts with thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), a critical enzyme involved in regulation of thioredoxin (Trx)-mediated redox signaling, by alkylation at its selenocysteine (Sec) residue. Because alkylation of Sec within TrxR1 has significant implications for its enzymatic function, we explored the potential importance of TrxR1 alkylation in acrolein-induced activation or injury of bronchial epithelial cells. Exposure of human bronchial epithelial HBE1 cells to acrolein (1–30 μM) resulted in dose-dependent loss of TrxR thioredoxin reductase activity, which coincided with its alkylation, as determined by biotin hydrazide labeling, and was independent of initial GSH status. To test the involvement of TrxR1 in acrolein responses in HBE1 cells, we suppressed TrxR1 using siRNA silencing or augmented TrxR1 by cell supplementation with sodium selenite. Acrolein exposure of HBE1 cells induced dose-dependent activation of the MAP kinases, extracellular regulated1 kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, and activation of JNK was markedly enhanced after selenite-mediated induction of TrxR1, and was associated with increased alkylation of TrxR1. Conversely, siRNA silencing of TrxR1 significantly suppressed the ability of acrolein to activate JNK, and also appeared to attenuate acrolein-dependent activation of ERK and p38. Alteration of initial TrxR1 levels by siRNA or selenite supplementation also affected initial Trx1 redox status and acrolein-mediated alkylation of Trx1, but did not significantly affect acrolein-mediated activation of HO-1 or cytotoxicity. Collectively, our findings indicate that alkylation of TrxR1 and/or Trx1 may contribute directly to acrolein-mediated activation of MAP kinases such as JNK, and may therefore be important in acrolein-induced alterations in airway epithelial function, as a contributing mechanism in tobacco-related respiratory disease.
Molecular recognition and assembly sequences involved in the subfamily-specific assembly of voltage-gated K+ channel subunit proteins

We are analyzing features of the K+ channel subunit proteins that are critical for function and regulation of these proteins. Our studies show biochemically that subunit proteins from the Shaker and Shaw subfamilies fail to assemble into a heteromultimer. The basis for this incompatibility is the sequences contained within the T1 assembly domain. For a subunit protein to heteromultimerize with a Shaker subunit protein, two regions within the T1 domain, A and B, must be of the Shaker subtype. Finally, we show that the incompatibility of a Shaw A region for assembly with a Shaker protein depends upon the composition of a 30 amino acid conserved sequence in the A region.
Ligand-dependent aggregation of chicken hemoglobin AI

Abstract The hemoglobin AI component of the white leghorn chicken may potentially provide an animal model for the in vitro aggregation behavior of human hemoglobin S. In solutions of low ionic strength, it has been found to undergo a striking loss of solubility upon deoxygenation, leading to the formation of macromolecular aggregates. This property is not shared by the other major chicken hemoglobin component, designated AII. Compositional and NH2-terminal sequence analysis indicate that extensive primary structural differences reside in the alpha chains of these two hemoglobins. The beta chains appear to be identical. Examination by electron microscopy suggests that the deoxyhemoglobin AI forms microcrystalline arrays. The AI component shows diminished reactivity with 13CO2, as judged from 13C NMR measurements.
Verification of SpacePy's radial diffusion radiation belt model

Abstract. Model verification, or the process of ensuring that the prescribed equations are properly solved, is a necessary step in code development. Careful, quantitative verification guides users when selecting grid resolution and time step and gives confidence to code developers that existing code is properly instituted. This work introduces the RadBelt radiation belt model, a new, open-source version of the Dynamic Radiation Environment Assimilation Model (DREAM) and uses the Method of Manufactured Solutions (MMS) to quantitatively verify it. Order of convergence is investigated for a plethora of code configurations and source terms. The ability to apply many different diffusion coefficients, including time constant and time varying, is thoroughly investigated. The model passes all of the tests, demonstrating correct implementation of the numerical solver. The importance of DLL and source term dynamics on the selection of time step and grid size is also explored. Finally, an alternative method to apply the source term is examined to illustrate additional considerations required when non-linear source terms are used.
Comparison of 3-D stereoscopic MR imaging with pre and post lesion recording in pallidotomy.

¶ Objectives. A quantitative on-line analysis of electrical activity in the pallidum of Parkinsonian patients has been developed to determine the focal point of lesioning. Additional recordings are made after the lesioning, to assess residual neural activity.
Propagation of the overtide M4 through the deep Atlantic Ocean

[1] The nonlinear overtide M4 is generated in shallow waters and is generally no more than a few mm amplitude in the deep ocean. Such small, periodic waves can now be mapped empirically by analyzing the long (15-year) time series of Topex/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellite altimetry. In a few locations of the deep Atlantic, M4 amplitudes reach nearly 10 mm, confirming recent modeling efforts by Lyard and colleagues. These relatively large amplitudes evidently represent a complex interference pattern of free waves radiating from a few shallow sources, especially the Patagonian Shelf. They form approximately a standing-wave resonance in the Gulf of Guinea.
Disruptive effects of anion secretion inhibitors on airway mucus morphology in isolated perfused pig lung.

Since anion secretion inhibitors reproduce important aspects of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, the effects of these antagonists on airway mucus morphology were assessed in isolated perfused pig lungs. Maximal inhibitory concentrations of bumetanide and dimethylamiloride, which respectively block Cl− and HCO3− secretion in porcine airways, induced the formation of dense ‘plastered’ mucus on the airway surface, depletion of periciliary fluid and collapse of cilia. This effect was more pronounced when lungs were also exposed to bethanechol to stimulate submucosal gland secretion, when plastered mucus covered > 98% of the airway surface. Bethanechol also reduced gland duct mucin content in the absence, but not presence, of the anion secretion inhibitors. Anion secretion inhibitors did not induce measurable increases in goblet cell degranulation. We conclude that inhibition of anion and liquid secretion in porcine lungs disrupts the normal morphology of airway surface mucus, providing further evidence that impaired anion secretion alone could account for critical aspects of CF lung disease.
A model-based thruster leakage monitor for the Cassini spacecraft

The Cassini spacecraft uses thrusters to maintain three-axis attitude control and to perform many other functions. If one of the thrusters leaks, the opposing thrusters will be fired excessively to maintain the commanded attitude. Obviously, the draining of hydrazine and the excessive firings of thrusters must be stopped quickly. A set of three model-based leakage detection monitors has been designed and implemented in the flight software to protect Cassini against the occurrence of this unlikely event. Test results indicate that this design can detect thruster leakage quickly and robustly. Once the leak is detected, the on-board fault protection logic will activate remedial actions which include the swapping of thruster branches.
Models for Slow Relaxation in Glassy Systems

Many glassy materials display non-exponential relaxation with a non-Arrhenius temperature dependence. We define a relaxation function q(t) that decays from 1 to 0 to describe (besides initial transients) the scaled response of some quantity y to a step-function change in another quantity x. For example the control variable x might be temperature, strain, or electric field, and the measured quantity y might be volume, strain, or polarization. The relaxation function q(t) may also be extracted from the AC response or from an autocorrelation function 〈y(0)y(t)〉. In simple systems controlled by activation over a single free energy barrier ΔF we expect q(t) = exp(−t/τ) with an Arrhenius temperature dependence τ ∝ exp(ΔF/k B T) for the relaxation time τ. The non-exponential relaxation seen in glassy systems is slower than exponential, in the sense that −q(t)/q′(t) increases with t. In structural glasses, polymers, and dielectrics it is often well described by a stretched exponential, often known as a Kohlrausch [1] law, $$q(t) = \exp \left[ { - {{(t/\tau )}^\beta }} \right]$$ (1) , with β < 1. This is slower than exponential but faster than power law or logarithmic (though a stretched exponential with small β is indistinguishable from a logarithmic decay). A value of β from 0.5 to 0.7 is common in glasses, while values around 0.3 are often seen in polymers. The law (1) is the best two-parameter fit known across a wide class of glassy materials and properties. Systematic deviations show that it is not, however, the precise functional form of most data. Particular experimental results may be fitted better by other empirical functions.
Being Explicit about Culture: Māori, Neoliberalism, and the New Zealand Parliament

ABSTRACT In this article, I explore how people use the culture concept in legislatures to understand the minorities they legislate for and about. I focus on recent debates in the New Zealand parliament over whether the indigenous Māori are a cultural group or a racial group. A Westminster parliament system encourages these debates, in which political parties argue that Māori are either cultural or racial but not both. For the ruling Labour Party and its allies, Māori are cultural; for their opposition, the National Party and its allies, Māori are a racial group. This division is possible only because of the legislators’ neoliberal assumptions about identity categories. To complicate these political divisions, Māori MPs currently belong to political parties from all parts of the political spectrum, and their effectiveness as culture bearers in a parliamentary context can disrupt the terms of this debate.
Teacher learning by script

Scripted instruction (SI) programs, which direct teachers to teach, even to talk, from a standardized written script, are roundly criticized for inhibiting teacher creativity and teacher learning. In fact, such programs utilize scripting for exactly that reason: to reduce teacher interference with (and presumed weakening of) the prescribed curriculum and its delivery. Yet, two teachers in this 18-month study reported learning much about language and language teaching from scripted instruction programs. Through a sociocultural lens, this article explores how an instructional program so widely decried as de-professionalizing instead became a catalyst for these teachers’ professional growth. Exploring the teachers’ reasoning about adopting the program and their day-to-day experiences teaching by script yielded new insight into how the language teachers used the script as a meditational tool for their own teacher learning. These teachers’ cases underscore the need for formal teacher education to articulate with how teachers learn and to advance teacher development toward adaptive teaching expertise.
Acute stroke care in non-urban emergency departments

Objective: To evaluate the practice patterns for stroke care in rural emergency departments (ED). Methods: The authors prospectively evaluated clinical practice decisions for all ED patients in two non-urban East Texas communities using active and passive surveillance methods. Data collected included demographics, risk factors, symptoms, and treatment. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. Results: During the study period, 429 patients presented with validated strokes. Risk factors included hypertension (65%), previous stroke (41%), coronary artery disease (33%), diabetes (25%), current smoking (17%), and atrial fibrillation (11%). In the ED, neurology consultation occurred in 32%, head CT in 88%, and ECG in 85%. Heparin was used in 9%, and 5% received aspirin. Blood pressure was lowered in 19% from a mean high of 189(±38)/97(±26), average reduction 34 points (18%) systolic. Motor symptoms were more likely to prompt a neurology consultation (OR = 2.47). Heparin was used more commonly for patients with atrial fibrillation (OR = 2.93). Socioeconomic factors did not alter care. IV recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was used in 1.4% of ischemic stroke cases. Conclusions: Acute stroke care in this representative non-urban community frequently does not follow published guidelines or clinical trial results. Whereas a high percentage of patients receive CT, aggressive blood pressure treatment occurs commonly and at pressures below current recommendations. The use of heparin is common, more so than aspirin treatment. These facts argue for educational interventions aimed at non-urban physicians to improve evidence-based medical practice.
Nosema apis infection in worker and queen Apis mellifera

Worker and queen honey bees were fed individually with Nosema apis spores in sucrose solution and then returned to cages containing several hundred of their worker bee nestmates. After 3 to 7 days, the workers and queens that had been fed spores were sacrificed. Worker and queen ventriculi were removed and examined for spores by light microscopy, and DNA was extracted. The DNA was subjected to amplification with polymerase chain reaction, using primer sequences specific to N. apis DNA. The PCR analysis was more sensitive than examination for spores by light microscopy, in detecting N. apis infection. Worker bees and queen bees were infected at similar rates by the inoculation procedure.
Loss of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors from bile duct epithelia is a common event in cholestasis

Abstract Background & Aims: Cholestasis is one of the principal manifestations of liver disease and often results from disorders involving bile duct epithelia rather than hepatocytes. A range of disorders affects biliary epithelia, and no unifying pathophysiologic event in these cells has been identified as the cause of cholestasis. Here we examined the role of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R)/Ca 2+ release channel in Ca 2+ signaling and ductular secretion in animal models of cholestasis and in patients with cholestatic disorders. Methods: The expression and distribution of the InsP3R and related proteins were examined in rat cholangiocytes before and after bile duct ligation or treatment with endotoxin. Ca 2+ signaling was examined in isolated bile ducts from these animals, whereas ductular bicarbonate secretion was examined in isolated perfused livers. Confocal immunofluorescence was used to examine cholangiocyte InsP3R expression in human liver biopsy specimens. Results: Expression of the InsP3R was selectively lost from biliary epithelia after bile duct ligation or endotoxin treatment. As a result, Ca 2+ signaling and Ca 2+ -mediated bicarbonate secretion were lost as well, although other components of the Ca 2+ signaling pathway and adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated bicarbonate secretion both were preserved. Examination of human liver biopsy specimens showed that InsP3Rs also were lost from bile duct epithelia in a range of human cholestatic disorders, although InsP3R expression was intact in noncholestatic liver disease. Conclusions: InsP3-mediated Ca 2+ signaling in bile duct epithelia appears to be important for normal bile secretion in the liver, and loss of InsP3Rs may be a final common pathway for cholestasis.
Microplate Subtractive Hybridization To Enrich for Bacteroidales Genetic Markers for Fecal Source Identification

The ability to identify sources of fecal pollution plays a key role in the analysis of human health risk and the implementation of water resource management strategies. One approach to this problem involves the identification of bacterial lineages or gene sequences that are found exclusively in a particular host species or group. We used subtractive hybridization to enrich for target host-specific fecal Bacteroidales rRNA gene fragments that were different from those of very closely related reference (subtracter) host sources. Target host rRNA gene fragments were hybridized to subtracter rRNA gene fragments immobilized in a microplate well, and target sequences that did not hybridize were cloned and sequenced for PCR primer design. The use of microplates for DNA immobilization resulted in a one-step subtractive hybridization in which the products could be directly amplified with PCR. The new host-specific primers designed from subtracted target fragments differentiated among very closely related Bacteroidales rRNA gene sequences and distinguished between similar fecal sources, such as elk and cow or human and domestic pet (dog).
Bioabsorbable versus metallic interference screws in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses.

Purpose Multiple meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials have been conducted to compare clinical and functional outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using metallic interference screw (MIS) versus bioabsorbable interference screw (BIS) fixation, but discrepancies in their findings have prevented a consensus conclusion. The purposes of this study were (1) to conduct a systematic review of meta-analyses comparing MISs and BISs in ACL reconstruction, (2) to provide surgical treatment recommendations for ACL graft fixation based on the highest available evidence, and (3) to propose future research avenues in areas of practice lacking high-level evidence. Methods The literature was systematically reviewed to identify meta-analyses comparing MISs and BISs in ACL reconstruction. Data were extracted for clinical and functional outcomes, and methodologic quality was assessed using the validated Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses and Oxman-Guyatt systems. To determine which meta-analyses provided the current best available evidence, the Jadad decision algorithm was used. Results One Level I and 2 Level II meta-analyses were included. None showed differences between BISs and MISs in validated outcome scores, pivot-shift testing, KT arthrometry (MEDmetric, San Diego, CA), or loss of knee motion. Subgroup analyses found no differences in clinical outcomes or knee stability across biomaterials. All meta-analyses were of high quality according to the Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses and Oxman-Guyatt systems. Two meta-analyses were determined by the Jadad algorithm to represent the current best available evidence. Both studies showed prolonged knee effusion with BIS use, with 1 also showing an increased incidence of femoral tunnel widening and screw breakage with BIS use. Conclusions Whereas clinical and functional outcomes are similar with MISs and BISs, prolonged knee effusion, femoral tunnel widening, and screw breakage are more common with BIS use. Future cost-effectiveness analyses may help weigh the known advantages of BISs against their costs and adverse-event profile. Level of Evidence Level II, systematic review of Level I and II studies.
Generalized Equine Cutaneous Mastocytosis

A newborn foal developed generalized cutaneous mastocytosis characterized by multiple elevated nodules of mast cells in skin and basophil hyperplasia in bone marrow. Skin lesions began as small aggregates of mast cells that progressively enlarged, ulcerated, and regressed spontaneously. Eosinophil infiltration, collagen necrosis, and fibroplasia were characteristic of advanced lesions. Many new lesions developed during the first month of life but numbers progressively diminished. Large numbers of mast cells were present in biopsies of lymph node, spleen and bone marrow. Discrete aggregates of mast cells were present in the bone marrow postmortem but no other significant change was seen. Mast cells contained large amounts of histamine but little serotonin. Ultrastructurally, their cytoplasmic granules were chiefly granular with few dense forms. In cell culture, mast cells from early lesions maintained mitotic activity through 14 passages. Cells obtained from older lesions were rapidly overgrown with fibroblasts. An equine herpesvirus isolated from cultures of cutaneous mast cell lesions and of spleen was not thought to be related to the disease.
The transformation from cone to channel sensitivities

Zone theories of color vision transform R, G, B cone signals to a set of summing and differencing channels. Although the general principles of this transformation are well known, there are subtleties in the transformation which are not well understood. For example: (i) The r–g channel sends two kinds of signal, depending on the spatial frequencies of the stimulus. It sends a difference or hue signal at low spatial frequencies and an additive or achromatic signal in response to high spatial frequencies. (ii) The B-cone contribution to the r–g channel is greater by a factor of 10 for desaturated stimuli. A quantitative saturation-dependent mechanism can account for the B-cone input to the r–g channel.
Observation of western boundary current atmospheric convergence zones using scatterometer winds

[1] A merged scatterometer wind data set from ERS-1/2, NSCAT, and QuikSCAT missions was used to observe the atmospheric convergence zones (ACZs) caused by the western boundary currents, the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio. The long-term means of the atmospheric convergence show the ACZs' spatial features, which are related to the precipitation patterns in these regions. Seasonal images of the ACZs were produced to show annual cycles of the ACZs, indicating that the intensities of the ACZs over these two regions strengthen in winter and weaken in summer. Furthermore, we calculated the total convergence over the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio ACZs, which is defined as the integral of the convergence over the ACZs. The interannual variability of the total convergence was extracted by using a multi-stage filter, revealing that in response to strong El Nino events in 1991–92 and 1997–98, the total convergence reached maxima.
Frugal signal control using low resolution web-camera and traffic flow estimation

Due to rapid urbanization, large cities in developing countries have problems with heavy traffic congestion. International aid is being provided to construct modern traffic signal infrastructure. But often such an infrastructure does not work well due to the high operating and maintenance costs and the limited knowledge of the local engineers. In this paper, we propose a frugal signal control framework that uses image analysis to estimate traffic flows. It requires only low-cost Web cameras to support a signal control strategy based on the current traffic volume. We can estimate the traffic volumes of the roads near the traffic signals from a few observed points and then adjust the signal control. Through numerical experiments, we confirmed that the proposed framework can reduce an average travel time 20.6% compared to a fixed-time signal control even though the Web cameras are located at 500 m away from intersections.
Improving Total Maximum Daily Loads with Lessons Learned from Long-Term Detailed Monitoring

Many thousands of impaired water segments in the United States will be the subject of total maximum daily load (TMDL) determinations in the next decade. Many of these load allocations will be established with access to only minimal local data. Long-term and detailed datasets from other locations can facilitate this process by offering general insights into the processes that interact to produce the chemistry observed in a particular waterbody over time. These insights can lead to more enlightened interpretation of sparse but locally relevant water quality data. They can also inform the design of implementation monitoring to evaluate success of TMDLs. Finally, study of such datasets reveals biases that may result from inappropriate sampling design or data interpretation algorithms, and may lead to erroneous conclusions about the success or failure of a TMDL program in a specific watershed.
Imaging Artifacts: A Pictorial Review

1921 Learning Objectives Quality control in Nuclear Medicine and Radiology is of utmost importance and so is the awareness of these artifacts. If not recognized and appropriately corrected, may result in misdiagnosis. The purpose of this exhibit is to improve detection and understanding of these image based artifacts and thus improve patient care and outcomes. We present a modality based pictorial review of commonly seen imaging artifacts. Nuclear (including PET): Photomultiplier tube, cobalt peak, radiotracer extravasation, urine contamination, patient motion, body habitus, radiochemical impurity, post treatment artifacts, star artifact, metallic artifacts, photon attenuation, artifacts in nuclear cardiology and a whole spectrum of PET CT artifacts CT: Beam hardening, partial volume, photon starvation, undersampling, metallic materials, patient motion, multiplanar & 3 D reformation (Stair Step and Zebra artifacts) MRI: chemical shift artifacts, aliasing, black boundary artifacts, truncation artifacts, zipper artifacts, phase-encoded motion artifacts, entry slice phenomenon, slice-overlap artifacts, magic angle effects, moire fringes, RF overflow artifacts, central point artifact, susceptibility artifacts, zebra artifact. Ultrasound: beam width, side lobe, reverberation, comet tail, ring-down, mirror image, refraction, attenuation, shadowing, increased through transmission and twinkle artifacts. Research Support None
Immunobiology and host response.

Herpesviruses began to evolve prior to the development of acquired immunity (Arzul et al., 2002). It is therefore likely that evasion of innate immunity is an ancient function of alphaherpesviruses. Additional immune evasion functions have developed to adapt to the diverse repertoires of B- and T-cell immune receptors that characterize acquired immunity (Roizman and Pellet, ; Littman et al., 1999). Immune evasion is covered in detail elsewhere in this volume. The innate and acquired immune responses to HSV are relevant to preventative and therapeutic vaccines for HSV, HSV-induced immunopathology, and the use of modified HSV for gene or cancer therapy. While human studies are, of necessity, observational or ex vivo in nature and seldom access sites of neuronal latency, we review them in detail because of their medical relevance. The excellent tools available for murine studies, including exquisite control of the DNA sequence of HSV challenge strains, and of the phenotype and genotype of recipient animals, are yielding dramatic new insights as well. Reactivation of HSV from neuronal latency is less frequent in mice than in humans, limiting immunologic studies of this challenging phenomenon. Readers are referred to excellent reviews (Schmid and Rouse, ; Nash, ; Lopez et al., , Simmons et al., ; Kohl,1992) for models and materials that cannot be covered in detail.
A modern, simplified citation style and student response

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to see if there is a need for and an interest in a modernized and simplified citation style (SCS). Design/methodology/approach – Students in two sections of English 1010 were given a brief training in SCS and asked to use SCS and MLA citation styles, respectively, in their next two assignments. Students were surveyed afterwards about their preferences. Findings – Students preferred using the presented SCS over MLA by a large margin. This was not a surprise. Citation styles are difficult to master. Research limitations/implications – This is a small qualitative study, and the result are not generalizable to a larger population, but the implications suggest that a larger study is warranted. Practical implications – This paper shows that there is a need for a more modern citation style, one that embraces technology and moves forward from the print bibliographic tradition. Originality/value – There are many articles in the literature about citations, but few address mode...
Parallel mixed FEM simulation of a class of single-phase models with non-local operators

Anomalous sub-diffusion processes governed by non-local operators have been used in various applications. These are recently adapted to model complex single- and multi-phase fluid flow in unconventional reservoirs to understand the long-time behavior of various quantities of interest. Such processes, requiring long-time simulation, are modeled by a non-local in-time fractional derivative based Darcy's law and a conservation of mass equation, leading to a coupled system of first-order fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs). Standard time-stepping discretization of these continuous models leads to computational bottleneck for long-time simulation. Memory limitations in each node of high performance computing (HPC) clusters dictate computational constraints for resolving fine scale spatial structures in the models. We describe and implement a parallel-in-time and parallel-in-space mixed finite element (FEM) based discretization computer model to simulate the FPDEs. Our hybrid parallel-in-time-and-space framework facilitates efficient long-time simulation of the first-order computer model to overcome the time-stepping computational bottleneck and, within the node memory constraints, approximate the continuous models with large degrees of freedom (DoF).
Research on the Approaches and Strategies of Students' Social Practice in Sports Colleges:Taking Capital University of Physical Education and Sports as an Example

Social practice is an important way of approaching,understanding and serving the society outside the first classroom for college students,as well as an important link of cultivating the all kinds of talents for the country on the part of colleges and universities.The development of social practice in sports colleges is beneficial for enhancing students' social responsibility,cultivating the spirit of innovation,and improving the practical ability.This paper studies on the effective ways of college students' social practice by taking Capital University of Physical Education and Sports as an example.The approaches proposed by the research include:providing social practice in the form of volunteer services in large-scale sports events,participating in major rituals and celebrations,developing social practice during summer and winter holidays,and organizing public sports volunteer service activities.The study also proposes the strategies to develop students' social practice in sports colleges:deepening the educational function of social practice,enriching and perfecting the layout for social practice as well as carrying out the policies on social practice.
Safety Issues in Iron Treatment in CKD

Intravenous iron products are essential for the treatment of anemia in end-stage renal disease patients maintained on hemodialysis. Although proper use of these compounds is necessary for the prevention of iron deficiency, their indiscriminate use could potentially cause insidious adverse consequences. Iron overload can intensify the chronic kidney disease-associated oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease; increase the risk of infections; worsen the severity of type 2 diabetes; and exacerbate neurologic and cognitive dysfunction. These and other adverse effects largely are mediated by iron-catalyzed generation of reactive oxygen species. Unlike conventional oral iron products, the newly released iron-containing phosphate binder ferric citrate has been shown to increase iron stores in end-stage renal disease patients. Therefore, iron indices should be monitored in patients receiving this product. Two published studies have shown a high prevalence of hepatic iron loading among hemodialysis patients treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and intravenous iron compounds. Given the potential risks related to iron treatment in this vulnerable population, studies to better understand safety are needed.
METABOLIC PATHWAYS | Production of Secondary Metabolites of Bacteria

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by M.D. Alur, volume 2, pp 1328–1334, © 1999, Elsevier Ltd.
Innate and adaptive dendritic cell responses to immunotherapy.

Purpose of review In allergic disease, dendritic cells play a critical role in orchestrating immune responses to innate stimuli and promoting the formation of T helper 2 (TH2) effector versus T-regulatory cells. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how current forms of immunotherapy modulate dendritic cell responses. (Figure is included in full-text article.) Recent findings Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) and oral immunotherapy (OIT) for peanut allergy alter the expression of costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells, which leads to reduced expression of TH2 effector cytokines in an antigen-nonspecific manner. SLIT and OIT also modulate dendritic cell innate immune responses to Toll-like receptor agonists, including enhanced production of interferon α and reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines that may serve to promote the development of tolerance. Dendritic cells isolated from patients post-OIT promoted hypomethylation of the FOXP3 locus in effector T cells. Reduced methylation of the FOXP3 locus has been associated with more persistent clinical desensitization following OIT. Recent studies have additionally highlighted a role for B cells in inducing tolerogenic dendritic cell populations and T-regulatory cells during immunotherapy. Epicutaneous immunotherapy may also elicit immunosuppressive populations of cutaneous dendritic cells, although in some cases, antigen exposure through the skin can lead to sensitization. Finally, efforts have focused on identifying pharmacologic and/or antigen-independent strategies of altering dendritic cell function to enhance the immunosuppressive effects of immunotherapy. Summary Dendritic cells are a critical target of immunotherapy. Alterations in both adaptive and innate immunity likely underlie the immunosuppressive effects of this treatment.
Neuropsychology of Attention

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the neuropsychology of attention. In species such as humans, which are generously equipped with sense receptors, the environment offers so many concurrent opportunities for information processing that rigorous selection is required to safeguard the individual from being immobilized into helplessness by a flood of competing response demands. Selective attention and response mechanisms systematically assure definitive decision and action, and avoid behavioral impasse. Selection is made on both the input and the output side. Selective attention directs the receptors and their connected central processors toward specified features in the environment or in memory, and directs response mechanisms toward the selected goal. Brain-based disorders of attention distort the individual's ability to select percepts, images, memories, or actions. Representations of a given category, or a given location, suffer a competitive disadvantage, or specific eliciting and sustaining variables, such as motivation and reinforcement history, or lose efficacy. The patient thus makes selections that, though maladaptive, are constrained by the brain dysfunction.
Modeling of microstructure for uncertainty assessment of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites

This presentation deals with the mathematical modeling of composite microstructures for uncertainty quantification of composite structural parameters. Multiple designs of unidirectional fiber reinforced composite materials with arbitrary ply orientations are investigated. We consider a homogenization approach from microscopic to macroscopic scales for the prediction of mechanical properties of the composites. An uncertainty assessment of the effective structural modulus of composite materials consisting of an elastic matrix reinforced with fibers as functions of the phase volume fractions and the structural properties of the constituents is conducted. We consider the global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methods based both on the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST) and on the Sobol global sensitivity index (GSI). The proposed approach makes it possible to quantify the effective structural parameters of the material based on the variance in the constituents. Numerical results of the GSI and FAST computed for composite materials reveal significant dependence of the macroscopic composite on the probabilistic properties of the fiber volume fraction. The GSA is performed to quantify the influence of fiber volume fraction variation, lamina thickness variation, etc. A nonlinear stage for composite failure prediction based on the Tsai-Wu failure theory was considered. The GSI quantify the relative contribution of variances in material constituents to the total variance of the material under a critical load.
Bacteroidales Secreted Antimicrobial Proteins Target Surface Molecules Necessary for Gut Colonization and Mediate Competition In Vivo

ABSTRACT We recently showed that human gut Bacteroidales species secrete antimicrobial proteins (BSAPs), and we characterized in vitro the first such BSAP produced by Bacteroides fragilis. In this study, we identified a second potent BSAP produced by the ubiquitous and abundant human gut species Bacteroides uniformis. The two BSAPs contain a membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain but share very little sequence similarity. We identified the target molecules of BSAP-sensitive cells and showed that each BSAP targets a different class of surface molecule: BSAP-1 targets an outer membrane protein of sensitive B. fragilis strains, and BSAP-2 targets the O-antigen glycan of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of sensitive B. uniformis strains. Species-wide genomic and phenotypic analyses of B. fragilis and B. uniformis showed that BSAP-producing strains circumvent killing by synthesizing an orthologous nontargeted surface molecule. The BSAP genes are adjacent to the gene(s) encoding their target replacements, suggesting coacquisition. Using a gnotobiotic mouse competitive-colonization model, we found that the BSAP surface targets are important for colonization of the mammalian gut, thereby explaining why they are maintained in sensitive strains and why they were replaced rather than deleted in BSAP-producing strains. Using isogenic BSAP-producing, -sensitive, and -resistant strains, we show that a BSAP-producing strain outcompetes a sensitive strain but not a resistant strain in the mammalian gut. Human gut metagenomic datasets reveal that BSAP-1-sensitive strains do not cooccur with BSAP-1-producing strains in human gut microbiotas, further supporting the idea that BSAPs are important competitive factors with relevance to the strain-level composition of the human gut microbiota. IMPORTANCE We know relatively little about the ecology of the human intestinal microbiota and the combination of factors that dictate which strains and species occupy an individual’s gut microbial community. Interference competition, mediated by bacterial factors that directly harm other members, is beginning to be appreciated as important in contributing to species- and strain-level dynamics of abundant gut bacteria. Here, we show that gut Bacteroidales secrete antimicrobial proteins (BSAPs) that antagonize strains of the same species. We show that BSAPs target molecules of sensitive cells that are important for gut colonization and therefore are maintained in sensitive cells. In an experimental animal model of gut colonization, a BSAP-1-producing strain antagonized and outcompeted an isogenic sensitive strain. Furthermore, metagenomic analyses showed that BSAP-1-producing and -sensitive strains are not found together in human gut microbiotas. These data suggest that BSAPs are strong ecological drivers shaping the strain-level composition of gut communities.
Synchronous Type 1 Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Patient with Rectal Adenocarcinoma

Synchronous colorectal cancer (CRC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is relatively rare, particularly when the synchronous RCC is of papillary subtype, which is exceedingly rare. We report a case of a 63-year-old Caucasian man with synchronous CRC and type 1 papillary RCC. After the patient presented with three episodes of melena, colonoscopy followed by biopsy confirmed rectal adenocarcinoma. The computed tomographic imaging also showed an incidental mass of the upper pole of the left kidney suspicious for RCC. Once chemoradiation therapy was successfully completed, an ultra low anterior resection and partial nephrectomy were performed concurrently. Histological examination showed colorectal adenocarcinoma (ypT1 N0 Mx) and papillary RCC type I (pT1a Nx Mx). Although the exact pathogenesis of synchronous CRC and RCC is unknown, it has been suggested that almost all patients with this entity do not have Lynch syndrome. The majority of these patients usually present with CRC-related symptoms and then, during workup, are subsequently found to have an incidental renal mass that is most often diagnosed as clear cell subtype of RCC. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of synchronous CRC and type 1 papillary RCC.