cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cairo University and the Making of Modern Egypt: Rival imperialisms and Egyptianization

Egypt's partial independence after 1922 enabled King Fuad to revive the old game of playing France off against Britain. The French were more than willing to play. Fuad pressed for Frenchmen at the university, or failing that, Italians and Belgians. Britain, of course, fought back. A few German professors came in the 1930s, but neither they nor the Italians had much influence. Meanwhile Egyptians were slowly replacing the Europeans, but not fast enough to suit many nationalists. Everyone found internationalist academic ideals easier to extol than to practice. Even as Egyptian professors were coming in, vexing questions about the language of instruction and publication remained. Nationalists pushed for Arabic, but the need to belong to a Western-dominated international community of scholars led many professors to retain English. Lord Lloyd versus the “Latins” When the decree founding the state university came out on March 11, 1925, High Commissioner Allenby's attention was elsewhere. The parliamentary elections the next day were his last chance to show that his Egyptian “moderates” could stabilize things and protect British interests. When the Wafd won the elections and Fuad prorogued the chamber, Allenby knew the game was up. As he prepared to leave, a memo from his Financial Adviser hardly rang alarm bells about the university: The outlook, it will be seen, is not very bright and I cannot think that the University will ever be a serious body or be anything but a University in name without educational value.
Integrating Stochastic Equations

This chapter elaborates about integrating stochastic equations applicable to stochastic differential equations. A numerical approximation is obtained. The white “Gaussian” noise term in a stochastic differential equation can be numerically approximated in many different ways. Gaussian random variables may be generated from uniformly distributed random variables by the classical technique. Because low numerical accuracy is obtained by this technique, a computer program does not need to work with extended precision arithmetic.
The Newcomb Precedent: College Closure and the Interpretation of Donor Intent in New Orleans, Louisiana

This case study reviews the financial dispute and legal battle between the heirs of Josephine Newcomb and Tulane University. Following Hurricane Katrina (2005), Tulane’s Board of Directors announced Newcomb College’s closure to stabilize university finances. In response, Newcomb’s heirs filed suit against the university. In 2009, the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled in favor of Tulane, setting legal precedent for educational merger. Now, more than 10 years after Katrina, Newcomb alumnae continue to question whether Tulane administrators abused Newcomb’s financial intentions. This case study helps students consider the rights and interests of philanthropic donors from the perspective of different stakeholders.
Stability Of Offshore Gravity Structure Foundations By The Upper Bound Method

The paper describes the steps that are necessary for using upper bound procedures for determining collapse loads. The technique, because it is an upper bound, overestimates collapse loads and hence it must be used with care.
Two-Dimensional Triangular Cellular Automata on Surfaces

As mentioned in the previous chapter, it seems substantially easier to control the state of a regular-polygon surface with one- than two-dimensional CAs. However, 2D CAs also offer certain advantages which are investigated here.
New rigorous description of diffusion and reactions on arbitrary (grain boundary) networks by a 4th rank tensor theory

A new approach to describe rigorously diffusion and diffusion-related reactions on arbitrary networks consisting, for example, of grain boundaries in coarse materials. The method is based on density function approach to diffusion and on an adjacency matrix concept used in graph theory extended here to a 4th rank tensor algebra to describe arbitrary consecutive diffusional jumps on a 2D lattice. The application of the method to various network geometries reveals among other things a new phenomenon: In contrast to homogeneous medium, diffusion on microscopic networks leads to a concentration build-up at the network intersections instead of smoothing out. In columnar grain films, this phenomenon constitutes a new kind of segregation mechanism. Several applications relevant to semiconductor processes are rigorously evaluated and offer insight into their true nature for the first time. >
Abstract 65: Flavin Monoxygenase 3 (FMO3) is a Novel Regulator of Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism and Transintestinal Cholesterol Efflux (TICE).

Recent studies have revealed a novel route for cholesterol disposal through intestine known as transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) that significantly contributes to fecal neutral sterol loss. This pathway is an integral part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), yet major mechanisms regulating TICE are not well understood. Using an unbiased transcriptional profiling approach in mouse models of augmented TICE, we found that hepatic expression of the enzyme Flavin monoxygenase 3 (FMO3) was dramatically repressed. At the same time we identified this enzyme through transcriptional profiling, it was reported that plasma levels of its product trimethylamineoxide (TMAO) are highly predictive of atheroslcerosis in humans, and TMAO is proatherogenic in mice. To further understand FMO3’s role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to knockdown FMO3 expression in mouse liver in C57BL/6 mice fed either low (0.02%) or high (0.2%) levels of dietary cholesterol. As expected, FMO3 knockdown (>90% knockdown in the liver) increased the TMA/TMAO ratio in plasma more than 3-fold. Interestingly, knockdown of FMO biliary cholesterol levels were reduced by 60%, whereas fecal cholesterol loss was quite normal in FMO3 ASO treated mice fed a high cholesterol diet, which phenocopies a previously described mouse model where TICE predominates (NPC1L1-liver transgenic mice). ASO-mediated knockdown of FMO3 also unexpectedly reduced hepatic cholesteryl ester (CE) storage by 70% in mice fed 0.2% cholesterol. In parallel, knockdown of FMO3 reduces plasma VLDL cholesterol levels and the secretion rate of VLDL cholesteryl ester, but not triacylglycerol in cholesterol fed mice. FMO3 knockdown also reduced the hepatic expression of several liver X receptor (LXR) target genes, while increasing expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis. Collectively, these studies have identified FMO3 as a novel regulator of hepatic cholesterol metabolism and TICE. Given that plasma levels of FMO3’s product (TMAO) are strongly associated with atherosclerosis development in humans, and production of TMAO promotes atherosclerosis in mice, these studies have important implications for future cardiovascular drug discovery.
The politics of nostalgia: Perils and untapped potentials

The author considers the role of nostalgic ideology in the 2016 presidential election, drawing upon the theorizing of nostalgia in psychoanalysis.
Mitigation of cross-beam energy transfer in symmetric implosions on OMEGA using wavelength detuning

The effects of frequency detuning laser beams in direct-drive symmetric implosions were investigated with a 3-D cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) model. The model shows that interactions between beams with relative angles between 45° and 90° are most significant for CBET in OMEGA direct-drive implosions. There is no net exchange in power between beams, but there is significant redistribution of power from the ingoing central portion of the beam profile to the outgoing edge as it is exiting the plasma, reducing the total absorbed power. Redistribution of laser power because of CBET increased the root-mean-square (rms) absorption nonuniformity by an order of magnitude. CBET mitigation by shifting relative wavelengths of three groups of laser beams fed by each of the different beamlines was modeled. At an on-target wavelength shift of Δλ ∼ 10 A, the total laser absorption was maximized, and the rms absorption nonuniformity was near minimum. To completely decouple the three groups of beams from each other req...
Training Students With Behavioral Problems to Recruit Teacher Praise

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders exhibit high levels of inappropriate behaviors. Although many teachers are aware of the benefits of teacher praise, its use in classrooms remains lo...
The Role of Philosophy in Educational Reforms: Never the Twain Shall Meet?

Publisher Summary Philosophical issues serve as the foundation for everything done in education. All changes in schools are predicated on some philosophical cornerstone. Hence, the primary thesis of this chapter is that philosophy and educational reform are inextricably linked. It is difficult to define education without implying an educational philosophy. Philosophy is theoretical and speculative while education is practical. Philosophy asks questions, examining factors of reality and experience many of which are involved in the educative process; whereas the actual process of educating is a matter of actively dealing with these factors, that is, teaching, organizing programs, administering organizations, and building curricula. The chapter provides a historical background of philosophical issues related to teaching and learning. This background includes some unavoidable definitions—many of which end with the suffix ism. It examines the current prominent philosophical viewpoint in education—constructivism. The implications of constructivism for curriculum and classroom instruction are delineated, and the role of philosophy in the recent wave of academic standards is examined. The chapter offers suggestions on how educators can approach this critical subject. In addition numerous scientific examples are presented, most of which are applicable to all the core disciplines.
Characterization and Processing of Nanocellulose Thermosetting Composites

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites have gained popularity through their advantages over conventional metallic materials. Most polymer composites are traditionally made with reinforcing fibers such as carbon or glass. However, there has been recent interest in sourcing these reinforcing fibers from renewable, natural resources. Nanocellulose-based reinforcements constitute a new class of these naturally sourced reinforcements. Some unique behavior of nanocellulose creates both opportunities and challenges. This chapter reviews the progress and some of the remaining issues related to the materials, processing, and performance of nanocellulose reinforced thermosetting composites.
Expression of Functional Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Factors in Human Milk

Human milk contains a wealth of components that can directly modulate the immunological development as well as the antimicrobial defenses of the recipient infant without inducing unwanted inflammatory responses. The presence of these immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory factors in human milk suggests a coordinated evolution of the development of the immune systern of the infant and the ability of the mother to produce and secrete immune factors from the mammary gland. This article reviews some of the major findings related to the presence and function of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory factors in human milk.
Contributions to composite sampling

The initial use of composite sampling involved the analysis of many negative samples with relatively high laboratory cost (Dorfman sampling). We propose a method of double compositing and compare its efficiency with Dorfman sampling. The variability of composite measurement samples has environmental interest (hot spots). The precision of these estimates depends on the kurtosis of the distribution; leptokurtic distributions (γ2 > 0) have increased precision as the number of field samples is increased. The opposite effect is obtained for platykurtic distributions. In the lognormal case, coverage probabilities are reasonable for σ < 0.5. The Poisson distribution can be associated with temporal compositing, of particular interest where radioactive measurements are taken. Sample size considerations indicate that the total sampling effort is directly proportional to the length of time sampled. If there is background radiation then increasing levels of this radiation require larger sample sizes to detect the same difference in radiation.
Butyrate inhibits proliferation-induced Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen expression (PCNA) in rat vascular smooth muscle cells

Arterial injury-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in intima is the important etiologic factor in vascular proliferative disorders such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Butyrate, a naturally occurring short chain fatty acid, is produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and by mammary glands of certain mammals. Studies have shown that butyrate at millimolar concentrations, which are physiological, induces growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis. We examined the effect of physiological concentrations of butyrate on rat VSMC proliferation and proliferation-induced PCNA expression to determine anti-atherogenic potential of butyrate. Butyrate concentrations, closer to physiological range, exhibited antiproliferative effects on both serum-induced proliferation of serum-starved quiescent VSMCs and actively proliferating non-confluent VSMCs. Treatment of serum-starved quiescent VSMCs with 1-8 mmol/l concentration of butyrate caused a concentration-dependent decrease in serum-induced VSMC proliferation and cell proliferation-associated increase in total cellular proteins and RNA levels. Similarly, exposure of actively growing VSMCs to 5 mmol/l butyrate resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation and proliferation-induced increase in cellular proteins and RNA levels. Furthermore, cellular morphology was significantly altered. Analysis of cell cycle regulatory proteins indicated that levels of PCNA, an excellent marker for cell proliferation, was significantly altered by butyrate both in actively proliferating and serum-induced quiescent VSMCs. These observations suggest that butyrate exhibits potential antiatherogenic capability by inhibiting VSMC proliferation and proliferation-associated increase in PCNA expression and thus merits further investigations regarding therapeutic significance of butyrate in vascular proliferative disorders.
A Model for Analysis of Protein Defense Mechanisms in Secretions

Abstract Proteins in secretions may exert antibacterial effects on target cells by blocking adherence, by damaging cell membranes or cell envelope components, by inhibiting nutrient transport, or by altering cellular redox potentials. These different mechanisms may all be interpreted by a model which assumes that the antibacterial effects occur only when a critical number (R) of the total (M) susceptible cellular components have reacted with the protein or with the antibacterial substance generated by the protein. The model predicts S-shaped dose response curves and shows that the concentration of test substance which produces 50% of the maximum antibacterial effect is proportional to the average critical ratio, R/M, for the cell population. The shape of the dose response curve is determined by the standard deviation (σ) of the average critical ratio (μ). The model provides a practical method for estimating μ and σ from experimental data.
Toxic Metals and Chronic Kidney Disease: a Systematic Review of Recent Literature

Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are ubiquitous toxicants with evidence of adverse kidney impacts at high exposure levels. There is less evidence whether environmental exposure to As, Cd, or Pb plays a role in development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a systematic review to summarize the recent epidemiologic literature examining the relationship between As, Cd, or Pb with CKD. We included peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2013 and April 2018 for As and Cd, and all dates prior to April 2018 for Pb. We imposed temporality requirements for both the definition of CKD (as per NKF-KDOQI guidelines) and environmental exposures prior to disease diagnosis. Our assessment included cohort, case-control or cross-sectional study designs that satisfied 5 inclusion criteria. We included a total of eight articles of which three, two, and four studies examined the effects of As, Cd, or Pb, respectively. Studies of As exposure consistently reported positive association with CKD incidence; studies of Pb exposure were mixed. We found little evidence of association between Cd exposure and CKD. Additional well-designed prospective cohort studies are needed and we present recommendations for future studies.
A retrospective analysis of dental implant survival in HIV patients

AIM This 5 years retrospective cohort survival study compared failure rates of dental implants placed in HIV (+) and HIV (-) patients relative to several risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2006 and 2015, 484 implants placed in HIV (+) patients and 805 implants placed in HIV (-) patients were assessed for survival. The effects of HIV were estimated using propensity weighting. The effects of age, smoking status, diabetes, restoration status, gender, implant type, placement site, hepatitis C status, baseline CD4 count and CD4%, post-placement average CD4%, nadir CD4%, nadir CD4 count and antiviral therapy were analysed. RESULTS Implants placed in HIV (+) patients and HIV (-) patients had similar failure rates (HR = 1.4, p = 0.34). Increased failure rates were observed in HIV (+) patients with baseline CD4% ≤20 (HR = 2.72, p = 0.04), post-placement CD4% average ≤20% (HR = 2.71, p = 0.04), protease inhibitor administration (HR = 2.74, p = 0.04), smoking (HR = 2.61, p = 0.05) and anterior maxillary placement (HR = 5.82, p < 0.01). Hepatitis C coinfection, viral titre, baseline CD4 count, gender, implant type and restoration type were non-contributory. CONCLUSION Implants placed in HIV (+) patients had similar survival rates as HIV (-) patients. Failure rates increase significantly when confounding risk factors are present in HIV (+) patients.
Compactifying fracton stabilizer models

We investigate two-dimensional compactifications of three-dimensional fractonic stabilizer models. We find the two-dimensional topological phases produced as a function of compactification radius for the $X$-cube model and Haah's cubic code. Furthermore, we uncover translation symmetry enrichment in the compactified cubic code that leads to twisted boundary conditions.
Human organotypic lymphatic vessel model elucidates microenvironment-dependent signaling and barrier function

Abstract The lymphatic system is an active player in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including lymphedema and cancer. Relevant models are needed to advance our understanding of lymphatic biology in disease progression to improve therapy and patient outcomes. Currently, there are few 3D in vitro lymphatic models that can recapitulate the physiological structure, function, and interactions of lymphatic vessels in normal and diseased microenvironments. Here, we developed a 3D micro scale lymph atic vessel (μLYMPH) system for generating human lymphatic vessels with physiological tubular structure and function. Consistent with characteristics of lymphatic vessels in vivo, the endothelium of cultured vessels was leaky with an average permeability of 1.38 × 10−5 ± 0.29 × 10−5 cm/s as compared to 0.68 × 10−5 ± 0.13 × 10−5 cm/s for blood vessels. This leakiness also resulted in higher uptake of solute by the lymphatic vessels under interstitial flow, demonstrating recapitulation of their natural draining function. The vessels secreted appropriate growth factors and inflammatory mediators. Our system identified the follistatin/activin axis as a novel pathway in lymphatic vessel maintenance and inflammation. Moreover, the μLYMPH system provided a platform for examining crosstalk between lymphatic vessels and tumor microenvironmental components, such as breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In co-culture with CAFs, vessel barrier function was significantly impaired by CAF-secreted IL-6, a possible pro-metastatic mechanism of lymphatic metastasis. Targeted blocking of the IL-6/IL-6R signaling pathway with an IL-6 neutralizing antibody fully rescued the vessels, demonstrating the potential of our system for screening therapeutic targets. These results collectively demonstrate the μLYMPH system as a powerful model for advancing lymphatic biology in health and disease.
Limited by Body Habitus: An American Fat Story: by Jennifer Renee Blevins, Pittsburg, PA, Autumn House Press, 2019

Jennifer Renee Blevins’ memoir, Limited by Body Habitus: An American Fat Story, tells a complex story of family, fatness, and the medical community. Blevins’ narrative begins on a bariatric surgica...
KBase: A Platform for Reproducible Bioinformatics Research

Reproducibility is a core tenet of the scientific process, yet it remains elusive for much of the sophisticated analysis required in modern science. In this paper we describe how reproducibility is addressed in the KBase platform, a web-based platform for performing sophisticated analysis of biological data with the goal of enabling reproducible, predictive biology. We give an overview of the architecture and some of the key design considerations. Containers play a key role in the KBase design and how it achieves a measure of strong reproducibility. We explain how containers are utilized in the platform and some of the additional considerations that aid in the goal for reproducibility. Finally, we compare KBase with other similar platforms and systems and discuss future plans.
Value for money: A utilization-focused approach to extending the foundation and contribution of economic evaluation

Abstract Value for Money (VfM) is an evaluative question about the merit, worth, and significance of resource use in social programs. Although VfM is a critical component of evidence-based programming, it is often overlooked or avoided by evaluators and decision-makers. A framework for evaluating VfM across the dimensions of economy, effectiveness, efficiency, and equity has emerged in response to limitations of traditional economic evaluation. This framework for assessing VfM integrates methods for engaging stakeholders in evaluative thinking to increase acceptance and utilization of evaluations that address questions of resource use. In this review, we synthesize literature on the VfM framework and position it within a broader theory of Utilization-Focused Evaluation (UFE). We then examine mechanisms through which the VfM framework may contribute to increased evaluation use. Finally, we outline avenues for future research on VfM evaluation.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have quickly become a critical component to the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma. These therapies have been approved for patients who are treatment-naive and who have progressed on antiangiogenesis agents. Combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with antiangiogenesis agents show significant response rates and prolong survival. Adverse events associated with the use of checkpoint inhibition present unique challenges in the management of patients, and careful considerations are needed when checkpoint inhibitors are combined with antiangiogenesis agents. Nevertheless, the improvement in overall survival associated with these agents indicates that they will remain a vital component of kidney cancer treatment.
Breast cancer patient reported outcomes, depression, and objective measures of breast cosmesis.

569Background: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of cosmesis after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) are increasingly emphasized as meaningful treatment endpoints but little is known about the relatio...
Visually Impaired Persons’ Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Assault:

This article reports on a national survey of 161 visually impaired women's and men's perceptions of their vulnerability to and experiences with actual or attempted sexual or physical assaults and t...
Initial tests of Steinernema riobrave against spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and comparison to other entomopathogenic nematode species in the laboratory

Drosophila suzukii is a global pest of ripening fruit, and its immature stages developing in fallen fruit are susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes. In this study, Steinernema riobrave, was as ...
Examining spatial inequality in COVID-19 positivity rates across New York City ZIP codes.

We aim to understand the spatial inequality in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positivity rates across New York City (NYC) ZIP codes. Applying Bayesian spatial negative binomial models to a ZIP-code level dataset (N = 177) as of May 31st, 2020, we find that (1) the racial/ethnic minority groups are associated with COVID-19 positivity rates; (2) the percentages of remote workers are negatively associated with positivity rates, whereas older population and household size show a positive association; and (3) while ZIP codes in the Bronx and Queens have higher COVID-19 positivity rates, the strongest spatial effects are clustered in Brooklyn and Manhattan.
Identifying Emotions in Images and Their Effects on Donation Behavior in Online Crowdsourcing Platforms

Although textual emotional appeals in a donation context have been studied in past research, there has been little work looking at facial emotions expressed in posted images. Drawing on a panel data of 25,321 crowdfunding projects from Gofundme, we investigate how facial emotions expressed in posted images might be strategically used to increase individual project effectiveness as measured by metrics relevant to the platform, i.e., donation amount per project. In this research, we focus on four emotions that can be inferred accurately from facial expressions in images using artificial intelligence methods; happy, sad, anger and surprise. Our empirical analysis shows that increasing the degree to which facial expressions in an image convey any of these four emotions has a positive impact on the contributed amount to a project, with sadness having the biggest effect, followed by anger, surprise, and happiness. We also use MTurk studies to explore the process behind these effects, finding that perceived justice is the most dominant mediator in all the conditions of surprise, angry, happy and sad images, while perceived empathy and emotion contagion are mediators only in the case of surprise and happy images. And finally in a follow-up controlled study, we provide strategic recommendations for platform revenue management.
Mild blast wave exposure produces intensity-dependent changes in MMP2 expression patches in rat brains - Findings from different blast severities.

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) is a gelatinase with multiple functions at the neurovascular interface, including local modification of the glia limitans to facilitate access of immune cells into the brain and amyloid-beta degradation during responses to injury or disease. This study examines regional changes in immunoreactive MMP2 in the rat brain after a single mild (2.7–7.9 psi peak) or moderate (13–17.5 psi peak) blast overpressure (BOP) exposure. Immunopositive MMP2 expression was examined quantitatively in histological sections of decalcified rat heads as a marker at 2, 24, and 72 h after BOP. The MMP2 immunoreactivity was isolated to patchy deposits in brain parenchyma surrounding blood vessels. Separate analyses were conducted for the cerebellum, brain stem caudal to the thalamo-mesencephalic junction, and the cerebrum (including diencephalon). The deposits varied in number, size, staining homogeneity (standard deviation of immunopositive region), and a cumulative measure, the product of size, average intensity and number, as a function of blast intensity and time. The sequences of changes in MMP2 spots from sham control animals suggested that the mild BOP exposure differences normalized within 72 h. However, the responses to moderate exposure revealed a delayed response at 72 h in the subtentorial brain stem and the cerebrum, but not the cerebellum. Hence, local MMP2 responses may be a contextual biomarker for locally regulated responses to widely distributed brain injury foci.
Negative Affect and Child Internalizing Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Perfectionism

Separate lines of research have linked the temperament factor negative affect and perfectionism with internalizing disorders. Despite theory, no previous studies have connected these lines of research to examine internalizing pathology. The current study tested a path model to investigate the mediating effect of perfectionism domains on the relation between negative affect and child anxiety, worry, and depression symptoms. Participants were 61 parent–child dyads recruited from the community. Children were 7–13 years old (54.1 % male; 88.2 % Caucasian). Overall the model fit the data well. Analyses indicated that separate domains of perfectionism mediated separate relations between negative affect and child anxiety, worry, and depression symptoms. The findings suggest that domains of perfectionism may be implicated in specific paths between negative affect and child anxiety, depression, and worry. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Mononuclear Ruthenium Catalysis

The various reactions catalyzed by mononuclear ruthenium complexes are reviewed through 2008. The reactions discussed are hydrogenation with dihydrogen of carbon–carbon multiple bonds and carbon–heteroatom bonds, hydrogenation via hydrogen transfer, oxidation of carbon–heteroatom bonds, oxidation of carbon–carbon bonds, oxidation of alkanes, nucleophilic addition to alkynes, reactions involving C–H activation, olefin metathesis, reactions involving allyl ruthenium intermediates, and a brief discussion of radical reactions involving mononuclear ruthenium complexes. The article attempts to emphasize the use of chiral auxiliaries for obtaining enantiospecific transformations and the impact of ligand structure on the mechanistic aspects of a particular transformation. The article is not intended to be comprehensive but tries to survey the range of organic transformations currently employing mononuclear ruthenium reactions. More than half of the references are from the past 10 years. Keywords: ruthenium; catalysis; oxidation; hydrogenation; olefin metathesis; enantiomeric excess
Observing Globular Cluster Binaries with Gravitational Radiation

Ultracompact binaries are expected to be the best candidates for continuous gravitational radiation in the frequency range of space-based gravity wave detectors such as LISA. The dynamics of globular cluster evolution are expected to enhance the population of such binaries in globular clusters. We present the nature of the globular cluster population of binaries which will be detectable by LISA as well as the fraction of the galactic globular cluster system which can be explored by LISA.
Hemolytic Anemia with Cold Detectable IgG Antibodies

Erythrocytes obtained from patients who manifest autoimmune hemolytic anemia can be divided into at least three categories by the nature of their protein coats as determined by direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test: IgG alone, IgG and complement (C), C alone. IgG antibodies were detected by direct Coombs Test at 4°C but not at 37°C in patients of type 3 A.H.A. Experiments at 4, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 37°C demonstrated that the IgG antibody was not eluted from the red cells at 37°C but apparently underwent a configurational change above 10°C such that agglutination no longer occurred with the Coombs reagent. This change was reversible. The presence of cold detectable IgG antibodies provides a mechanism for C deposition on erythrocytes in some cases of A.H.A., ostensibly due to complement alone.
Extragalactic Absorption of High Energy Gamma-Rays

The pair-production absorption of high-energy gamma-rays by intergalactic low-energy photons is expected to produce a high-energy cutoff in the spectra of extragalactic sources which is a sensitive function of redshift. We first discuss the expected absorption coefficient as a function of energy and redshift derived by Stecker and De Jager by making use of a new empirically based calculation of the spectral energy distribution of the intergalactic infrared radiation field as given by Malkan and Stecker. We then discuss the fact that new data on the high energy gamma-ray source Mrk 501 appear to show the amount of intergalactic absorption predicted. The implications of this new HEGRA data, should they be confirmed, are significant for the astrophysics of this source, implying that (1) there is no significant intrinsic absorption inside the source, and (2) the physics of the emission produces a power-law spectrum to energies above 20 TeV. As a further test for intergalactic absorption, we give a predicted spectrum, with absorption included, for PKS 2155-304. This XBL lies at a redshift of 0.12, the highest redshift source yet observed at an energy above 0.3 TeV. We also discuss the determination of the gamma-ray opacity of the universe at higher redshifts (out to $z=3$), following the treatment of Salamon and Stecker.
Procedures to enhance heat resistance of Rhizobium

Means were sought to enhance the heat resistance of a strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli that died rapidly in soil at 43°C. Bacteria were more resistant to high temperatures in soil than broth or phosphate buffer. Starving the cells in phosphate buffer enhanced their heat resistance. Heat-resistant variants were obtained that grew at 45°C. Resistance of the parent culture to inactivation at 43°C was enhanced by immobilizing the cells in Ca alginate, amending the soil with clay or immobilization of the cells in clays. The bacteria survived better at 40°C in soil receiving montmorillonite-immobilized cells than in montmorillonite-amended soil. These results suggest that the tolerance of rhizobia to high temperatures in soils may be enhanced.
Tenth anniversary of the plastics color formulation tool

Since 1994 GE Plastics has employed a case-based reasoning tool that determines color formulas which match requested colors. This tool, called FormTool, has saved GE millions of dollars in productivity and material (i.e. colorant) costs. The technology developed in FormTool has been used to create an on-line color selection tool for our customers called ColorXpress Select. A customer innovation center has been developed around the FormTool software.
Simulated light sensitive model for handwritten digit recognition

A new technique for handwritten digit recognition based on a simulated light sensitive model combined with the classical back-propagation network is proposed. The primary objective is to overcome the space and time complexities of the problem. The ultimate goal is to implement the recognition technique on a VLSI chip. The authors discuss the recognition concept and introduce the light receptor model. The excitation and inhibition rules are considered. The experiments confirmed that this technique substantially reduces the time and space complexities of the network. It is better than the existing techniques. >
AIDS-Related Training in U.S. Schools of Social Work

This article presents the results of a survey of 70 master of social work (MSW) programs to determine the extent and manner in which educational curricula include instruction on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Most programs offer students training in foundation areas pertinent to AIDS, including health and mental health systems, practice with racial and ethnic minorities, and substance abuse prevention and treatment. However, over 40 percent of programs provide no training in such key areas as human sexuality and primary prevention. Less than 15 percent of programs offer courses specific to AIDS, although a third of programs have incorporated AIDS content into other courses. Between 20 percent and 30 percent of MSW programs offer little or no attention to AIDS in their curricula. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Short-chain fatty acids as growth inhibitors in decomposing wheat straw

The aqueous extract of decomposing wheat straw in water was inhibitory to the seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The major compounds isolated from the toxic fractions were salts of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. Amounts of these acids increased gradually up to 12 days and the toxicity of the straw extract increased accordingly. Traces of isobutyric, pentanoic, and isopentanoic acids were also identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
MODEL UPDATING USING AN INCOMPLETE SET OF EXPERIMENTAL MODES

New approaches are presented that use the measured natural frequencies and mode shapes to update the analytical mass and stiffness matrices of a structure. By adding known masses to the structure and measuring its new modes of vibration, we can utilize this additional information to correct the mass matrix of the system, after which the stiffness matrix can be updated by requiring it to satisfy the generalized eigenvalue problem associated with the structure. Manipulating the unknown system matrices into vector forms, the connectivity information can be easily implemented to preserve the physical configuration of the structure, and to reduce the computational efforts required to correct the system matrices. A comparison is made between the proposed updating schemes introduced in this paper and other updating algorithms found in the literature, and drastic improvements are observed.
Observed and modelled stomatal responses to dynamic light environments in the shade plant Alocasia macrorrhiza

Abstract. Dynamic responses of stomatal conductance to lightflecks (15 s to 5 min) were observed in the tropical understory plant Alocasia macrorrhiza. Brief observations were also made on step changes in light, flashing light and short low-light periods (darkflecks) after stomata had reached steady state conductances in high light. Stomata opened substantially even in response to very short lightflecks, with maximal opening being reached about 20 min after the end of the lightfleck. These responses are compared to those of a semi-mechanistic stomatal model consisting of three steps in series: a biochemical signal which responds directly to light, producing osmotic changes within the guard cells which, in turn, drive the movement of water into the guard cells. The rate of change of each component was assumed to be given by the difference between the current state of that component and the state of the previous component in the series divided by a characteristic time constant for each step. This model allowed excellent description of observed responses to lightflecks, including the fleck-length dependence of stomatal opening, the lag between the end of the lightfleck and the time of maximal stomatal conductance and the response to multiple flecks. However, agreement with predicted responses to flashing light and darkflecks was poor. Good agreement could be restored by using different time constants for the initial biochemical step, suggesting that the speed of the initial biochemical response is not constant but dependent on the current physiological state of the stomata. For leaves experiencing predominantly low light, punctuated by relatively short and infrequent periods of high light, this model allows good description of the dynamic changes in stomatal conductance.
Fractional discrete Fourier transforms

Direct calculation of fractional Fourier transforms from the expressions derived for their optical implementation is laborious. An extension of the discrete Fourier transform would have only O(N2) computational complexity. We define such a system, offer a general way to compute the fractional discrete Fourier transform matrix, and numerically validate the algorithm.
Egalitarian division under Leontief Preferences

We consider the problem of fairly dividing $$l$$ divisible goods among $$n$$ agents with the generalized Leontief preferences. We propose and characterize the class of generalized egalitarian rules which satisfy efficiency, group strategy-proofness, anonymity, resource monotonicity, population monotonicity, envy-freeness and consistency. On the Leontief domain, our rules generalize the egalitarian-equivalent rules with reference bundles. We also extend our rules to agent-specific and endowment-specific egalitarian rules. The former is a larger class of rules satisfying all the previous properties except anonymity and envy-freeness. The latter is a class of efficient, group strategy-proof, anonymous and individually rational rules when the resources are assumed to be privately owned.
Spectroscopic study of carbon monoxide and sodium coadsorption on Ni(100)

The coadsorption of carbon monoxide and sodium on Ni(100) single crystal surfaces has been studied by using TPD, XPS and HREELS. Sodium binds to nickel forming a monolayer that desorbs through a complex process, most probably involving cluster formation. Further exposure to sodium results in the condensation of Na multilayers that desorb with an activation energy of 17.5 kcal/mole. CO coadsorption with submonolayer coverages of sodium displays quite complicated TPD and HREELS spectra. It is clear, however, that there are at least two kinds of interactions between CO and Na. A short range interaction is manifested by higher CO binding energies, lower C-O stretching frequencies, and perhaps even direct Na-O interaction. We propose a tilted bonding configuration in this case. There is also longer range effects as seen at low sodium coverages by more subtle changes in desorption activation energies and in vibrational frequencies.
In-Situ Pressure Testing of Steam Generator Tubes

The anatomist John Hunter said, “But why think? Why not try the experiment?” His words are applicable to in-situ pressure testing as a means of performing condition monitoring of steam generator tubes. Other methods of performing condition monitoring include the application of theoretical burst and leakage equations (deterministic methods), probabilistic analyses, and tube pull. The deterministic and probabilistic methods must address uncertainties in the material properties and flow measurements. Destructive examination of a pulled tube provides the verification of the damage mechanism and possible causes of the degradation; however, the axial loads required to pull the tube may affect the degradation. The results of a tube pull are generally not available until after the plant has returned to service. In-situ pressure testing provides structural and leakage integrity of SG tubing conditions. Candidates are selected for in-situ testing based on te EPRI Guidelines and include an evaluation of crak depth, length and/or voltage response from the eddy-current inspection results. Appropriate selection of tubes for in-situ testing provides confidence that the results adequately address the structural and leakage integrity of the SG tube population. In-situ pressure testing, combined with conservative operational assessments for the next cycle, assures that the integrity of the SG tubing is maintained.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Aligning Civic Engagement with the Strategic Goals of an Institution: Focus on Allegheny College

The Values, Ethics, and Social Action (VESA) minor at Allegheny College has been an academic program since 1999. This article describes the unique strengths of VESA and some of the institutional and conceptual challenges faced by the program and presents details of practices employed to meet these challenges in order to sustain this community engagement program. One of the most promising practices is to align the program firmly with the recent strategic plan for the college. The VESA program embodies the mission of the college, demonstrating how civic participation is a valuable foundation for liberal arts institutions.
Influence of the heat-treatment conditions, microchemistry, and microstructure on the irreversible strain limit of a selection of Ti-doped internal-tin Nb3Sn ITER wires*

Systematic studies of the intrinsic irreversible strain limit eirr,0, microstructure, and microchemistry were made on several internal-tin Nb3Sn pre-production wires, fabricated for the domestic agencies of the USA and China participating in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. These wires were produced by Luvata, Oxford Superconducting Technology (OST), and Western Superconducting Technologies (WST), and were intended for the tokamak's toroidal-field coils. The results of this study show that, for a final heat-treatment at 650 °C to form the A15 phase, both eirr,0 and the de-pinning field Bc2* improved by increasing heat-treatment duration beyond 100 h for the Luvata wires. On the other hand, we saw no improvement in these two parameters as a function of heat-treatment duration in the OST wires. Furthermore, micro-chemical analysis of OST wires revealed that some Nb3Sn filaments have a Sn- and Ti-rich phase at the interface between Cu(Sn) matrix and Nb3Sn in the form of a shell around individual filaments. This phase is far less prominent in the Luvata and WST conductors, and could inhibit diffusion of Sn and Ti into Nb3Sn filaments during the reaction and may potentially be the reason for the lack of noticeable change in Bc2* with heat-treatment duration in the OST wires. The increase of eirr,0 and Bc2* with heat-treatment duration in the Luvata wires and the lack of increase in the OST wires may suggest a possible correlation between eirr,0 and the stoichiometry of the A15 composition. Investigation of the samples' microstructure revealed only a small number of cracked Nb3Sn filaments despite the significant and permanent degradation of their critical current Ic when subjected to longitudinal tensile strain e beyond eirr,0. The scarcity of cracks indicate that Ic(e) measurements are highly sensitive to crack formation in Nb3Sn filaments, especially at low electric-field criteria 0.1 μV cm−1, even when the sizes of the individual filaments are only few micrometers. All the strands contained substantial Kirkendall porosity, but we found that the quantity and distribution of the Kirkendall voids vary significantly with strand design. Luvata wires have the least porosity, followed by WST wires, and then by OST strands. However, even though the presence of cracks in the Nb3Sn filaments that are in close proximity to Kirkendall voids suggest a correlation between crack initiation and the proximity of the filaments to these voids, the porosity investigation established no definitive relationship between porosity and eirr,0 in the wires studied.
Comparison of effectiveness of hand-carried ultrasound to bedside cardiovascular physical examination.

This study compared the accuracy of cardiovascular diagnoses by medical students operating a small hand-carried ultrasound (HCU) device with that of board-certified cardiologists using standard physical examinations. Sixty-one patients (38% women; mean age 70 ± 19 years) with clinically significant cardiac disease had HCU studies performed by 1 of 2 medical students with 18 hours of training in cardiac ultrasound and physical examinations by 1 of 5 cardiologists. Diagnostic accuracy was determined by standard echocardiography. Two-hundred thirty-nine abnormal findings were detected by standard echocardiography. The students correctly identified 75% (180 of 239) of the pathologies, whereas cardiologists found 49% (116 of 239) (p
Ligands in crystal structures that aid in functional characterization

Liganded structures can be instrumental in assigning function to uncharacterized proteins by revealing active sites, conserved residues, binding motifs, and substrate specificity. This introduction provides an overview and commentary on the value of liganded structures emerging from the JCSG structural genomics initiative.
Cation-exchange column calibration for Sr and the REE by Edta Titration

Abstract A rapid and inexpensive method for calibrating-cation exchange columns for Sr and the rare-earth elements (REE) is presented. The method involves a pH-sensitive complexiometric titration that gives precise information on elution peak shape