cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Region of Attraction Estimation for DC Microgrids With Constant Power Loads Using Potential Theory

The stability issues of DC power grids are attracting researchers’ attention, especially with the increasing adoption of power electronic devices and nonlinear loads. Large-signal stability analysis is required to detect and avoid large disturbance and destabilization, which can cause detrimental effects on DC power grids. However, the issue is still unsolved due to the complicated dynamics of large-scale power grids. This paper develops a novel method for estimation of the region of attraction (ROA) with less conservativeness using the Brayton-Moser mixed potential theory. This reliable and robust ROA estimation method provides useful insights into the stable operation of DC power grids. Moreover, this paper reveals the weak correlation between the state variables1 of branch currents and system stability. It makes it possible to reduce computational cost and lessen the curse of dimensionality by separating these state variables. The case study shows that the proposed approach can obtain a much less conservative ROA compared to traditional methods such as Lyapunov’s method.
Coding sequence-independent homology search identifies highly divergent homopteran putative effector gene family

Abstract Many genomes contain rapidly evolving and highly divergent genes whose homology to genes of known function often cannot be determined from sequence similarity alone. However, coding sequence-independent features of genes, such as intron-exon boundaries, often evolve more slowly than coding sequences and can provide complementary evidence for homology. We found that a linear logistic regression classifier using only structural features of rapidly evolving bicycle aphid effector genes identified many putative bicycle homologs in aphids, phylloxerids, and scale insects, whereas sequence similarity search methods yielded few homologs in most aphids and no homologs in phylloxerids and scale insects. Subsequent examination of sequence features and intron locations supported homology assignments. Differential expression studies of newly-identified bicycle homologs, together with prior proteomic studies, support the hypothesis that BICYCLE proteins act as plant effector proteins in many aphid species and perhaps also in phylloxerids and scale insects.
Nutrition and Metabolism in Spaceflight

The United States Space Station being planned for the 1990s will accommodate six or more crew members on 90-d flights in low earth orbit. Adequate nutrition will be essential for maintaining crew health, effectiveness and morale. Although much is known from prior space experience about in-flight metabolism, nutrition and associated food technology, important gaps in knowledge exist that need additional research, development and analysis to meet Space Station requirements. This paper is a synopsis of a report prepared by the Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO), FASEB, from a study of the nutritional and metabolic aspects of spaceflight. It reviews available data on the metabolic responses to spaceflight including extravehicular activity, physiological responses to microgravity that influence metabolism and energy needs, in-flight nutritional experience, space menus, food packaging, in-flight food service methodology, water supply and disposal of food wastes. The LSRO ad hoc Working Group identified critical gaps in knowledge and suggested corresponding research approaches for acquiring essential new data. The 38 research suggestions detailed in the report address in-flight metabolic needs, nutrient requirements, food systems and nutritional countermeasures.
Mechanisms of fibrinogen-induced microvascular dysfunction during cardiovascular disease

Fibrinogen (Fg) is a high molecular weight plasma adhesion protein and a biomarker of inflammation. Many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders are accompanied by increased blood content of Fg. Increased levels of Fg result in changes in blood rheological properties such as increases in plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation, platelet thrombogenesis, alterations in vascular reactivity and compromises in endothelial layer integrity. These alterations exacerbate the complications in peripheral blood circulation during cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and stroke. In addition to affecting blood viscosity by altering plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation, growing experimental evidence suggests that Fg alters vascular reactivity and impairs endothelial cell layer integrity by binding to its endothelial cell membrane receptors and activating signalling mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to discuss experimental data, which demonstrate the effects of Fg causing vascular dysfunction and to offer possible mechanisms for these effects, which could exacerbate microcirculatory complications during cardiovascular diseases accompanied by increased Fg content.
The "Disappearing" Dilemma: Why Agency Principles Should Now Take Center Stage in Retaliation Cases

In Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad v. White, Supreme Court soundly rejected the idea that the plaintiff must establish that conduct rose to the level of an adverse employment action to constitute retaliation under Title VII. This Article posits that, in an effort to square Burlington with other Title VII agency jurisprudence, the courts will be required to re-import the concept of tangible employment action into decisions regarding whether an employer is vicariously liable for actions committed by supervisors. While the lower courts appear to recognize that agency issues come into play when retaliation is conducted by co-workers, they have largely ignored the interplay of agency and retaliation when actions are taken by supervisors. The Article makes four key points. First, as a descriptive matter, the Article demonstrates how the facts of the Burlington case, as well as the way that the case was positioned legally, resulted in a decision where important agency principles appear to have been addressed, but actually were not. Next, the Article will argue that the lower courts in a post-Burlington world are intuitively sensing that agency concerns still lurk in retaliation claims. However, rather than address the agency issues, the lower courts appear to be improperly addressing concerns about employer liability through other portions of the retaliation inquiry, a practice that is not only disingenuous, but that will also result in an inconsistent development of the substantive retaliation provision.The discussion then turns toward creating a framework to determine the types of cases in which agency will play an important role. Finally, the Article argues that unless Burlington is interpreted in the way suggested in this article, the decision will result in an agency jurisprudence that is at odds with the Court's current Title VII agency decisions. Such an outcome is untenable for most types of retaliation, as there is no theoretical reason to treat agency principles differently in the retaliation context, than in the discrimination context. Where arguments exist for departure from the traditional framework, the Article identifies those arguments, but ultimately concludes that the current structure is the best way to address agency issues in retaliation claims.
A Higgs Boson Composed of Gauge Bosons

It is proposed to replace the Higgs boson of the standard model by a Lorentz- and gauge-invariant combination of SU(2) gauge bosons. A pair of Higgs bosons is identified with pairs of gauge bosons by setting their mass Lagrangians equal to each other. That immediately determines the mass of the composite Higgs boson. It becomes simply half of the vacuum expectation value of the standard Higgs boson, which matches the observed mass with tree-level accuracy (2%). The two parameters of the standard Higgs potential are replaced by five one-loop self-interactions of the SU(2) gauge bosons, derived from the fundamental gauge couplings. The Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking is generalized from scalars to vectors. Their transverse components acquire finite vacuum expectation values which generate masses for both gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. This concept leads beyond the standard model by enabling calculations of the Higgs mass and its potential without adjustable parameters. It can be applied to non-abelian gauge theories in general, such as grand unified models and supersymmetry.
Cinacalcet for Management of Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism Associated with Chronic Treatment of Hypophosphatemia in an Adult with Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the effectiveness of cinacalcet in treating tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT) associated with chronic treatment of hypophosphatemia in a patient with fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23)-mediated tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO). Methods: We review the clinical course, imaging studies, pathology, and results of laboratory testing of our patient and review relevant literature. Results: A 52-year-old woman presented with hypercalcemia. At age 26, she developed hypophosphatemia, inappropriately low levels of calcitriol, calcium, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and was diagnosed with vitamin D–resistant osteomalacia. She was initiated on high-dose phosphate but remained hypophosphatemic and developed progressive elevation in iPTH levels along with hypercalcemia. Twenty years after the initial presentation, a mass was found on her right forearm, and surgical resection revealed a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor diagnostic of TIO. Her hypophosphatemia resolved and she was tit...
Carbon dioxide fixation in malaria. II. Plasmodium knowlesi (monkey malaria).

Abstract 1. 1. Plasmodium knowlesi -infected monkey erythrocytes fix more carbon dioxide than normal monkey red blood cells. 2. 2. Malaria-infected cells, incubated in the presence of NaHC 14 O 3 , show maximum amounts of radioactivity in aspartate, glutamate, lactate and citrate, whereas in the uninfected monkey erythrocytes the principally labelled compounds are glutamate and malate.
Spectrophotometric measurements of metabolic responses in isolated rat brain cortex

Abstract An approach is described for the determination of respiratory intermediates in isolated tissue by means of dual-wavelength absorption spectroscopy. Brain slices were studied by this method and the following results were obtained: 1. 1. Electrical pulses evoke a cyclic transition from a relatively more oxidized to a more reduced phase in NAD(P)H and the cytochromes. Cessation of the pulses allows the level of respiratory intermediates to return to their previous steady state. 2. 2. 30 mM K + causes the levels of NAD(P)H to go in a direction opposite to that of electrical pulses indicating that these two forms of stimulation should not be equated. 3. 3. Tetrodotoxin blocks the response of NAD(P)H and the cytochromes to electrical stimulation, but does not effect the steady state levels of these intermediates. It was concluded that the respiratory response to pulses is caused by the depolarization of excitable membranes. 4. 4. A slice deprived of glucose does not respond to electrical stimulation. On addition of 5 mM glucose the level of NAD(P)H oscillates, indicating a dynamic equilibrium in the various metabolic intermediates. Substrate slowly restores the pulse response in the levels of NAD(P)H.
Emerging legal constraints on affirmative action in police agencies and how to adapt to them

Abstract This article attempts to explain how changing court interpretations of the Equal Protection Clause and of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 are imposing increasing limitations on affirmative action programs in the public sector, with particular focus on cases involving police agencies. Suggestions for crafting affirmative action policies, which can survive the changing legal climate, are also presented.
Authenticity in the age of digital companions

The first generation of children to grow up with electronic toys and games saw computers as our “nearest neighbors.” They spoke of computers as rational machines and of people as emotional machines, a fragile formulation destined to be challenged. By the mid-1990s, computational creatures, including robots, were presenting themselves as “relational artifacts,” beings with feelings and needs. One consequence of this development is a crisis in authenticity in many quarters. In an increasing number of situations, people behave as though they no longer place value on living things and authentic emotion. This paper examines watershed moments in the history of human–machine interaction, focusing on the pertinence of relational artifacts to our collective perception of aliveness, life’s purposes, and the implications of relational artifacts for relationships. For now, the exploration of human–robot encounters leads us to questions about the morality of creating believable digital companions that are evocative but not authentic.
Some statistical properties of ocean currents

Abstract A study of 43 time series of ocean currents shows that the typically skewed distribution of speed becomes Gaussian when plotted against the logarithm of speed to the base ten. This is true in 34 of the 43 cases at the 0·05 level of significance or greater. The logarithmic standard deviation, σ L , ranged between about 0·15 and 0·32 in sufficiently long series. It is demonstrated that short series have smaller standard deviations, but different oceanic areas differ markedly in the quantitative aspects of this phenomenon. The log-normal distribution in time is shown to be equivalent to a normal distribution in a water-travel coordinate. The author's data, sampled every 10 min, is shown to be autocorrelated. Reliable statistics result when the speeds are sampled four or more times less frequently. Thus, currents measured for determination of the speed distribution alone require much less frequent sampling than is customary. The skirts of the probability distribution are often distorted, presumably partly by inherent current-meter errors. This distortion presently makes it impossible to determine to what degree extrapolation of the distribution is legitimate.
Improvement of the limit of detection in chromatography by an integration method

In chromatography, the limit of detection (LOD), as conventionally defined, becomes worse with increased retention due to hand broadening for constant injected quantity and constant analytical detector sensitivity. A method is presented that overcomes this limitation, providing better LOD values independent of chromatographic band broadening effects. This is based on an integration procedure that is simple to implement. A LOD enhancement ratio of roughly 5 to 20 can be obtained for a typical chromatographic system. The method has general applicability for any analytical method in which noise is uncorrelated and an analytical signal is correlated along an abscissa. Examples of areas of application include chromatography, spectral scanning measurements, flow injection analysis, sample injection coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. 9 references, 3 figures, 2 tables.
Structural properties of epitaxial layers of CdTe, ZnCdTe and HgCdTe

Abstract Structural properties of CdTe, ZnxCd1-xTe and Hg1-x CdxTe epitaxial layers and of interfaces between them were measured using a variety of X-ray and surface analytical techniques. CdTe and ZnxCd1-xTe layers were grown by the technique of molecular beam epitaxy. Hg1-xCdxTe layers were grown by several liquid and vapor phase techniques. CdTe and ZnxCd1-xTe layers were single phase and did not contain the low angle grains commonly observed in bulk wafers. Compositional transition regions at the interfaces between layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy and their substrates were abrupt.
Immune correlates of talactoferrin alfa in biopsied tumor of relapsed/refractory metastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients

AbstractContext: Talactoferrin alfa (TLF) is a unique recombinant form of human lactoferrin. The hypothesized mechanism of action involves TLF binding to the intestinal endothelium inducing dendritic cell maturation and cytokine release leading to infiltration of tumor with monocytes and T-lymphocytes and inhibition of tumor growth.Objective: Based on promising phase II trial results, this correlative study was undertaken to examine immune mechanism of action of TLF in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.Methods: Talactoferrin was administered orally at 1.5 g bid weeks 1–12 with 2 weeks off on a 14-week cycle. Enrolled patients had a pathologic diagnosis of NSCLC previously treated with at least two lines of systemic treatment. Patients had core biopsy of tumor before initiation of talactoferrin and at week 7 on TLF. Flow cytometry and quantitative immunohistochemistry for immune correlates were performed on the biopsied specimens.Results: Four patients with metastatic NSCLC were enroll...
Counting Membrane Proteins in Liposomes for Single-Molecule Microscopy

We can learn a lot by studying membrane proteins using single-molecule techniques. For example, electrical recordings of single ion channels have provided a wealth of information about key functional states. To obtain structural information, fluorescence microscopy can be used to monitor single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer revealing dynamic conformational details. Experiments of this sort are being done but usually examine the protein in detergent micelles rather than a lipid environment. However, for many questions, studying the protein in lipid membranes is essential. While it is possible to carry out microscopy on proteins in supported membranes, formation of the bilayer can be complicated and often limits the lipid conditions. Another method is to simply examine the protein in liposomes, the benefits being that it is quick, easy and reconstitution is robust under different lipid compositions. In order to prepare this approach for single-molecule studies, we must establish the conditions in which we have a single protein molecule per liposome. Reconstitution statistics follows a Poisson distribution, which can be measured as a function of protein density and liposome size. Here we measure the size distributions of liposomes formed with E. Coli polar lipids and those containing mixtures of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE), -glycerol (PG) and -choline (PC), by cryo-electron microscopy and fluorescence intensity of Alexa-488 labelled PE by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The protein occupancy is measured as a function of protein density by photo-bleaching analysis of the Cl-/H+ transporter CLC-ec1 labelled with Cyanine-5. The results provide a foundation for future single-molecule studies of membrane proteins, such as the identification of conformational changes as well as the determination of protein stoichiometry with respect to studying the thermodynamics of protein association in membranes.
The cytoskeleton under external fluid mechanical forces: hemodynamic forces acting on the endothelium.

The endothelium, a single layer of cells that lines all blood vessels, is the focus of intense interest in biomechanics because it is the principal recipient of hemodynamic shear stress. In arteries, shear stress has been demonstrated to regulate both acute vasoregulation and chronic adaptive vessel remodeling and is strongly implicated in the localization of atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, endothelial biomechanics and the associated mechanotransduction of shear stress are of great importance in vascular physiology and pathology. Here we discuss the important role of the cytoskeleton in a decentralization model of endothelial mechanotransduction. In particular, recent studies of four-dimensional cytoskeletal motion in living cells under external fluid mechanical forces are summarized together with new data on the spatial distribution of cytoskeletal strain. These quantitative studies strongly support the decentralized distribution of luminally imposed forces throughout the endo- thelial cell. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Late complications after femoral artery catheterization in children less than five years of age

Fifty-eight children who underwent diagnostic femoral artery catheterization before 5 years of age, from 5 to 14 years before the study, were randomly selected from approximately 300 surviving patients undergoing diagnostic femoral artery catheterization at our institution during the interval. Each patient underwent vascular laboratory segmental pressure and waveform examination and arterial duplex scanning, as well as lower extremity bone length radiographs, which were considered positive if the catheterized leg was greater than or equal to 1.5 cm shorter than the opposite leg. Thirteen children who had only venous catheterization served as controls. No arterial abnormalities were present in the control patients (mean ankle/brachial index, 1.01). Arterial occlusion was present in both limbs of five patients who had bilateral diagnostic femoral artery catheterization and in 14 limbs of 51 patients who had unilateral diagnostic femoral artery catheterization. Thus arterial occlusion was present in 33% of patients (19 of 58) and in 37% of limbs (24 of 65). The mean ankle/brachial index in the catheterized limbs was 0.79. Leg growth retardation was present in four limbs (8%) of 51 children undergoing unilateral diagnostic femoral artery catheterization and in one (8%) control patient. The inverse relationship between ankle/brachial index and leg growth retardation was significant (R = 0.47, p less than 0.0005). Only one patient had symptoms of arterial occlusion (claudication), and one patient had symptoms of leg growth retardation (gait disturbance). We conclude that arterial occlusion is common after diagnostic femoral artery catheterization in children less than 5 years of age, but that excellent collateral supply prevents leg growth retardation and/or symptomatic arterial insufficiency in most children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Wind tunneling testing and analysis relating to the spinning of light aircraft

Included is a summary of two studies related to the spinning of light aircraft. The first study was conducted to demonstrate that the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on a tail of a spinning aircraft can be obtained from static wind-tunnel tests. The second study analytically investigated spinning using a high angle-of-attack aerodynamic model derived from a static wind-tunnel data base. The validity of the aerodynamic model is shown by comparisons with rotary-balance data and forced-oscillation tests. The results of a six-degree-of-freedom analysis show that the dynamics and aerodynamics of the steep- and flat-spin modes of a modified Yankee have been properly modeled.
Weighing up the future of scientific tools

The foundations of science are built on the ability to make sensitive, precise measurements. Gary M. Hieftje from Indiana University, Bloomington, considers how analytical instruments and methods are being developed to meet tomorrow's needs.
Cliff Nesting by Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in Oregon

Nidificacion En Acantilados De Strix Occidentalis caurina En Oregon El buho Strix occidentalis lucida nidifica ocasionalmente en acantilados o en cuevas, mientras que la subespecie caurina nidifica casi exclusivamente en arboles. Describimos las caracteristicas fisicas y geologicas de cinco nidos en cuevas de S. occidentalis caurina. Los cinco nidos estuvieron en el oeste de Oregon y todos se encontraron en afloramientos de rocas de arenisca o en acantilados. Las caracteristicas fisiograficas de los sitios de los nidos en acantilados fueron similares a aquellas de los sitios de los nidos en arboles. La altura y dimensiones de los nidos de la subespecie caurina fueron similares a la de los nidos de las subespecies lucida y occidentalis. [Traduccion del equipo editorial]
Looking at shirt sponsorships from both sides of the pond: comparing global trends versus America’s Major League Soccer

This paper seeks to compare shirt sponsorship in professional football (soccer) in the United States with global trends. We try to answer why America has been slow to accept shirt sponsorship. In 2007, Major League Soccer (MLS) became the first professional team sports league in the USA to embrace shirt sponsorships, breaking a long-standing taboo that banned this practice. To date, 14 of the 19 MLS clubs wear a sponsored jersey. Only a few fledging professional sports leagues in the USA allow shirt sponsorships (e.g. the Women’s National Basketball Association, the United Football League, and the Women’s Professional Soccer League). No prestigious professional sports leagues in America allow shirt sponsorships (e.g. Major League Baseball, the National Football League, the National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League). This opposition to shirt sponsorship in professional sports places America in stark contrast to the rest of the world.
Digital image authentication from thumbnails

We describe how to exploit the formation and storage of an embedded image thumbnail for image authentication. The creation of a thumbnail is modeled with a series of filtering operations, contrast adjustment, and compression. We automatically estimate these model parameters and show that these parameters differ significantly between camera manufacturers and photo-editing software. We also describe how this signature can be combined with encoding information from the underlying full resolution image to further refine the signature's distinctiveness.
Determination of plasmid molecular weights from ultraviolet sensitivities.

MECHANISMS for the repair of ultraviolet (200–300 nm) irradiated DNA have been well studied in connection with cells and bacteriophages1, but not with plasmids. During investigations of plasmid ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity by an Escherichia coli transformation assay2, we found that the principal E. coli repair systems act on UV-irradiated plasmid DNA, exerting a major effect on plasmid survival. In host cells lacking these repair functions, however, the UV survival of transforming activity depends essentially on plasmid size alone, and decreases with increasing molecular weight. This gives an accurate and convenient method for determining plasmid size. In addition, the lower UV sensitivity of small plasmids in such conditions provides an effective way to select for mini-plasmids.
Rehabilitation of malpositioned implants with a CAD/CAM milled implant overdenture: a clinical report

Dentists may be faced with the challenge of restoring unfavorably placed implants. In some instances, previously integrated implants may be from different manufacturers. This clinical report describes the rehabilitation of a patient with a maxillary CAD/CAM implant bar-supported overdenture that presented with malpositioned implants, from different manufacturers, including one from a discontinued implant system.
Preoperative Colonoscopy Decreases the Need for Laparoscopic Management of Colonic Polyps

Patients are commonly referred to surgeons for surgical resection of polyps that cannot be excised colonoscopically. Repeating the colonoscopy may be met with resistance by both the patient and the referring endoscopist. However, there are two distinct benefits. First, if the lesion was not marked, tattooing facilitates laparoscopic resection. Second, and more importantly, many of these polyps can be removed endoscopically by an experienced colorectal surgeon, avoiding unnecessary colon resection. Over a period of five years, we have reviewed preoperative colonoscopy in patients who were referred for surgical treatment of benign polyps. From January 1999 through September 2003 all patients referred for surgical resection of a benign polyp were consecutively entered into a database by a single group of colorectal surgeons. All patients underwent preoperative colonoscopy on the day before the planned colon resection. Patient charts were reviewed, and demographics were recorded. The referral and preoperative colonoscopy reports and all pathology results were reviewed to record the polyp size, location, histology, and subsequent treatment. Altogether, 71 patients were included in this study. The average size of the polyps was 24 mm (range, 10–60 mm). The location of the polyp as determined by preoperative colonoscopy differed from the location noted on referral colonoscopy in nine patients (13 percent). Surgery was canceled in 23 patients (32 percent), primarily because of complete polypectomy at preoperative colonoscopy. Of the 48 who underwent surgery, 23 (47 percent) had a colonic tattoo placed, at the discretion of the surgeon. Lesions clearly located in the cecum were not tattooed routinely. Of the 48 patients who underwent surgery, 45 (94 percent) underwent laparoscopic colon resection. We concluded that patients referred for surgical resection of a polyp should undergo repeat colonoscopy preoperatively, given that in our study one-third of patients were spared unnecessary colectomy. In addition, repeat endoscopy by the operating surgeon offers an opportunity to confirm the location of the lesion and place a colonic tattoo to facilitate laparoscopic resection.
Scopolamine state-dependent memory processes in man.

Scopolamine state-dependent learning was investigated in man using four learning and recall tasks. Twenty-eight subjects performed the four tasks on the first day of the 2 day experiment under either the influence of the drug (5 μg/kg of scopolamine administered IV) or a placebo and tried to recall the material on the second day in either the same or altered drug state. State-dependent learning theory predicts that those subjects in the same drug state on both days should recall more material than those who had their drug condition changed. Results confirmed this prediction for the two recall tasks which did not involve recall cues or prompts but not for the tasks involving memory acids. This implies that the drug state has memory cueing properties of its own and that recall can be enhanced either by restoring the drug state which existed at the time of learning or by providing external prompts.
Sending messages to mobile users in disconnected ad-hoc wireless networks

An ad-hoc network is formed by a group of mobile hosts upon a wireless network interface. Previous research in this area has concentrated on routing algorithms which are designed for fully connected networks. The usual way to deal with a disconnected ad-hoc network is to let the mobile computer wait for network reconnection passively, which may lead to unacceptable transmission delays. In this paper, we propose an approach that guarantees message transmission in minimal time. In this approach, mobile hosts actively modify their trajectories to transmit messages. We develop algorithms that minimize the trajectory modifications under two different assumptions: (a) the movements of all the nodes in the system are known and (b) the movements of the hosts in the system are not known.
Functionally distinct subdivisions of the macroglomerular complex in the antennal lobe of the male sphinx moth Manduca sexta.

Each antennal lobe in the brain of a male moth has a distinctive neuropil structure, the macroglomerular complex (MGC), which is specialized for primary processing of information about the conspecific female sex-pheromone blend. Olfactory interneurons with dendritic arborizations in the MGC were examined by means of tandem intracellular recording and staining with Lucifer Yellow. Neurons that responded selectively to stimulation of the antenna with the major pheromone component, (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal, had arborizations that were restricted to a toroidal subdivision (the “toroid”) of the MGC. Similarly, neurons that responded selectively to antennal stimulation with (E,Z)-11,13-pentadecadienal, a more stable mimic of a second essential but chemically unstable pheromone component, (E,E,Z)-10, 12, 14-hexadecatrienal, had arborizations confined to a globular subdivision (the “cumulus”) of the MGC situated more proximally to the antennal nerve input. One neuron that responded to both of these stimuli clearly had arborizations in both subdivisions of the MGC. These anatomically distinct subdivisions of the MGC thus appear also to be functionally separate regions of pheromone-processing neuropil.
The macrophyte tissue nutrient pool of a hardwater eutrophic lake: Implications for macrophyte harvesting

Abstract Concentrations of 11 minerals in shoots of Myriophyllum spicatum L. were measured at 13 sites in a eutrophic hardwater lake at monthly intervals during the 1975 growing season (May–September). Tissues from sites near point sources of input to the lake were significantly richer in nitrogen and phosphorus than tissues from sites receiving diffuse inputs from vegetated shorelines. Macrophyte shoots contained unusually high amounts of iron and aluminum near a major storm sewer outfall. Phosphorus was the most nearly limiting mineral, although macrophyte growth in the lake did not appear to be nutrient limited. The optimum time for nutrient removal from the lake by thorough macrophyte harvesting was late August. Potential removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by harvesting at this time was approximately 16 and 37%, respectively, of the net annual inputs of these minerals to the lake. Harvesting can partially counteract the effects of allochthonous nutrient loading to the lake, but is not the functional equivalent of a reduction in loading and manipulates only a fraction of the lake's metabolically active nutrient pool.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Interacts with Bromodomain Protein Brd4 on Host Mitotic Chromosomes

The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is required for viral episome maintenance in host cells during latent infection. Two regions of the protein have been implicated in tethering LANA/viral episomes to the host mitotic chromosomes, and LANA chromosome-binding sites are subjects of high interest. Because previous studies had identified bromodomain protein Brd4 as the mitotic chromosome anchor for the bovine papillomavirus E2 protein, which tethers the viral episomes to host mitotic chromosomes (J. You, J. L. Croyle, A. Nishimura, K. Ozato, and P. M. Howley, Cell 117:349-360, 2004, and J. You, M. R. Schweiger, and P. M. Howley, J. Virol. 79:14956-14961, 2005), we examined whether KSHV LANA interacts with Brd4. We found that LANA binds Brd4 in vivo and in vitro and that the binding is mediated by a direct protein-protein interaction between the ET (extraterminal) domain of Brd4 and a carboxyl-terminal region of LANA previously implicated in chromosome binding. Brd4 associates with mitotic chromosomes throughout mitosis and demonstrates a strong colocalization with LANA and the KSHV episomes on host mitotic chromosomes. Although another bromodomain protein, RING3/Brd2, binds to LANA in a similar fashion in vitro, it is largely excluded from the mitotic chromosomes in KSHV-uninfected cells and is partially recruited to the chromosomes in KSHV-infected cells. These data identify Brd4 as an interacting protein for the carboxyl terminus of LANA on mitotic chromosomes and suggest distinct functional roles for the two bromodomain proteins RING3/Brd2 and Brd4 in LANA binding. Additionally, because Brd4 has recently been shown to have a role in transcription, we examined whether Brd4 can regulate the CDK2 promoter, which can be transactivated by LANA.
High Order Subharmonic Response of High Speed Rotors in Bearing Clearance

Subharmonic vibration refers to the response of a dynamic system to excitation at a whole-number multiple (n) of its natural frequency by vibrating asynchronously at its natural frequency, that is, at (1/n) of the excitation. The phenomenon is generally associated with asymmetry in the stiffness vs. deflection characteristic of the system. It may be characterized as the “bouncing” of the rotor on the surface of the stiff support, energized by every nth unbalance impulse prior to contact. Second, third and fourth order subharmonic vibration responses have previously been observed in high speed rotating machinery with such an asymmetry in the bearing supports. An incident is reported where 8th and 9th order subharmonic vibration responses have been observed in a high speed rotor. A simple but exact computer model of the phenomenon has been evolved based on the numerical integration of a finite difference formulation. Response curves and wave forms of rotor deflection at individual speeds are computed. It is shown that the response is a series of pseudo-critical peaks at whole-number multiples of the rotational speed. Very high orders of subharmonic vibration are found to be possible for systems with low damping and extreme nonlinearity.
Charge-Coupled-Device-Based Imaging Polarimeter For Astronomy

Using a thinned, three-phase Texas Instruments 800 X800 CCD (T1 3PCCD) and inexpensive plastic Polaroid material, we have constructed an imaging polarimeter for astronomical data collection. A unique method of image shifting, shuttering, and Polaroid rotation enables us to circumvent the sky transmission fluctuations that normally plague polarimetry. The method is possible only because of the exceedingly low dark current and exceedingly high charge-transfer efficiency of this CCD. Our observations of standard polarimetry stars have verified the operation of our imaging polarimeter and have demonstrated that polarimetry can be accurately performed below the 1% polarization level with well-behaved CCDs.
CFD Analysis of Drug Carrying Magnetic Nanocomposite Carriers Under Magnetic Fields

Recently, magnetic targeted drug delivery has been focused on the efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) encapsulated in polymeric materials and drug molecules. The MNP can be introduced into the blood stream intravenously and be guided to the target site by the use of a magnetic field. The ability of the therapeutic agents to access the target site effectively depends on physicochemical properties of the drug loaded MNP, field strength and geometry, depth of the target tissue, rate of blood flow and vascular supply. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach is utilized in this study to understand the fluid flow mechanism of MNP introduced in the blood vessel in the presence of a magnetic field. The effect of magnetic capture on the flow characteristics of the blood was investigated. CFD technique may offer insight into the mechanism of time-varying fluid flow in human arteries. This knowledge can be harnessed to improve magnetic capture and drug efficiency. The focus of this study is on how the size of the blood vessels, the strength of the magnetic field, and the velocity of the fluid within the vessels affect the delivery of the therapeutic agents. The results would be useful for the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Noise-shaped integrating quantisers in ΔΣ modulators

A new integrating analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) is proposed. With a small modification to the discharging phase of the traditional single/dual slope converter, error correction may be achieved. If the corrected ADC is embedded in a delta-sigma (ΔΣ) converter, first-order quantisation noise shaping is achieved. This enhances the noise shaping of the delta-sigma modulator. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of this structure.
Evidence for the involvement of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in drug resistance

Increased ecto-5'-nucleotidase (ecto-5'NT) protein expression in several multidrug-resistant (MDR) cell lines, documented previously by our group, suggests that this enzyme is involved in drug resistance. Here, Northern blot analysis of selected cell lines and their MDR variants positively correlated ecto-5'NT protein with its mRNA expression. An inhibitor of ecto-5'NT enzymatic activity, alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate (AMP-CP), was used to determine if functionally active enzyme had a role in drug resistance. AMP-CP (0.3 mM) reversed the resistance of ecto-5'NT-positive MDR cells (MCF7/A6, L1210/A) to doxorubicin, whereas it did not affect the doxorubicin sensitivity of the ecto-5'NT-negative parental cell lines or that of 2 ecto-5'NT-negative MDR cell lines (HL60/VCR and A2780/DX5). Furthermore, AMP-CP increased rhodamine uptake and inhibited rhodamine efflux from ecto-5'NT-positive MDR cells without affecting ecto-5'NT-negative MDR cells. The presence of exogenous adenosine (0.5 microM) circumvented AMP-CP-induced inhibition of rhodamine efflux from EL4/ADM cells. AMP-CP inhibited the growth of the ecto-5'NT-positive L1210/A MDR cells but had no effect on the growth of the parental cell line. Determination of intracellular ATP levels indicated that MDR cells which had increased ecto-5'NT expression also had a lower intracellular ATP level than their parental cells. Our results suggest that, in certain MDR cell lines, ecto-5'NT serves as a required accessory molecule in resistance mediated by ATP-dependent mechanisms and that growth-sustaining nucleosides are provided by this salvage pathway.
How Prophecy Never Fails: Interpretive Reason in a Flying-Saucer Group

This descriptive analysis utilizes the ethnomethological approach to examine how reality is socially constructed within the interpretive logic of a flying-saucer group. Ethnographic data was collected over a five year period at the Unarius Academy of Science in El Cajon, California. Drawing upon participant observation, interviews, and archival research, the inquiry explores the historical events surrounding, as well as the contemporary understanding of, their prophecy and its role in reality maintenance. Periphery issues and criticisms of L. Festinger's «When prophecy fails» by the J. F. Zygmunt/J. G. Melton model are considered as relevant to the historical data. With M. Pollner's notion of mundane reason as the framework for analysis, the qualitative data show how contemporary member-practitioners explain away the interpretations of others, thereby sustaining their commitment to the group and the validity of their prophecy
Contributions from the United States of America to Endocrinology1

AS A REPRESENTATIVE of the United States of America to the Second Pan-American Congress on Endocrinology I have been asked to review the more important contributions which have been made in the United States. Although we are proud of the record already made, we recognize that there is far more still to be accomplished. Let nothing I say be understood as claiming the science of endocrinology for the United States. When we examine the earlier stages of any phase of this study we encounter the names of many eminent investigators from other countries. In the recent past as well as the present we recognize the invaluable participation of endocrinologists from many lands. For those of us who work in North America it is a welcome privilege to meet with you who have published so many excellent studies under such internationally known leaders as Professors Houssay, Lipschtitz, Martins, and Mussio Fournier. Much of the work I shall mention as done in the United States could not have been accomplished without the pr...
First-order fire effects on herbs and shrubs: present knowledge and process modeling needs.

Herbaceous plants and shrubs have received little attention in terms of fire effects modeling despite their critical role in ecosystem integrity and resilience after wildfires and prescribed burns. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge of direct effects of fire on herb and shrub (including cacti) vegetative tissues and seed banks, propose key components for process-based modeling, and outline research needs. Most herbs and shrubs are likely to be killed or top-killed even in low intensity surface fires. Therefore, modeling efforts should focus on mortality of protected above and below ground meristematic tissue and seeds as well as the effects on seed germination. Further development of an organic and mineral soil heating model capable of describing heating patterns under a range of flaming and smoldering fire behaviors, validated heat transfer models for protected plant structures, standardized descriptions of tissue heat tolerance for a wider range of species, and a better understanding of the effects of soil heating on seed banks are required. The combination of these components would result in a comprehensive, process-based model predicting immediate herb, shrub, and seed mortality and post-fire responses. It would permit quantitative description of fire severity and a more accurate prediction of post-fire ecosystem recovery.
COMPLEXLY ZONED FIBROUS TOURMALINE, CRUZEIRO MINE, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL: A RECORD OF EVOLVING MAGMATIC AND HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS

Silver-gray tourmaline fibers intergrown with a deep pink elbaite host from the Cruzeiro mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil, provide evidence for the compositional evolution of magmatic and hydrothermal fluids involved in pegmatite formation. Optical and back-scattered electron imaging, together with detailed microanalysis, establish that the fibers, 0.05‐0.3 mm in width, are com plexly zoned and developed in four distinct generations marked by discrete compositions and replacement textures. Fiber growth is punctuated by periods of dissolution. The first generation, preserved in the fiber interior, is a dark blue foitite; the blu e-gray second generation varies from Fe-rich elbaite to Li-rich schorl, and the third generation is a yellowish-green “fluor-elbaite”. Volumetrically the most abundant, generation-three fibers poikiloblastically replace the earlier generations as well as the hos t. A fourth generation of fibrous tourmaline fills fractures that cut all previous generations and the host, but is unrelated to gro wth of the previous fibers. Compositionally, last generation is indistinguishable from the second-generation Li-rich schorl fibers. Te xtural and compositional discontinuities of each generation record periods of stability followed by reaction(s) in which the tou rmaline was initially unstable, partially dissolved owing to interaction with fluids, and then redeveloped in response to interact ions with evolving orthomagmatic or hydrothermal fluids. The general progression of the first three generations implies that reactin g fluids were generally undergoing fractionation, becoming successively enriched in Na, Li, Ca, and F during late crystallization of the pegmatite. The composition was reset to a Li-rich schorl during late-phase fracturing. Crystal-chemical constraints such as F ‐ X-site vacancy avoidance control part of the compositional variability observed. In this multistage tourmaline sample, individual fibers exhibit the most chemically complex compositions yet recorded, and reflect the dramatic complexity of fluid evolution involved in their crystallization.