cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic Recombination in Nanosims as a Method to Measure Nanometer-Scale Intermolecular Distances in Lipid Bilayers

The nanometer scale organization of the eukaryotic plasma membrane, often described in terms of the lipid raft hypothesis, is presumed to be critical for signaling, viral budding, and other membrane phenomena. Here, we use secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to probe the nanometer scale structure of supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) by taking advantage of the intermolecular recombination of atomic ions into diatomic species that occurs in dynamic SIMS. In this experiment, one can measure mean distances between molecules on a length scale far below the lateral resolution of the NanoSIMS 50L instrument, which combines high spatial resolution and high mass resolution for chemical imaging. As an example, we show that in lipid bilayers, the efficiency of atomic recombination to form secondary 13C15N- ions depends on the distance between 13C and 15N atoms installed on headgroups of different lipid molecules. Specifically, with site-specific isotopic labeling of lipid headgroups, we determine the dependence of recombination efficiency on the average distance between 13C- and 15N-labeled phospholipids in supported monolayers and SLBs. We refer to this method of measuring nanometer-scale distances between isotopically-labeled molecules as a chemical ruler, similar in concept to FRET but different in physical phenomenon. High precision isotope ratio analysis with the NanoSIMS 50L makes this a potentially unique way to study proximity between membrane-associated components on the sub-5 nm length scale without the use of fluorescent dyes that perturb bilayer structure. We then apply this chemical ruler to study the structure of SLBs of lipid compositions commonly believed to contain nanometer-scale liquid-ordered domains that often serve as models for lipid rafts.
Allen's Rule in North American rabbits (Sylvilagus) and Hares (Lepus) is an Exception, Not a Rule

Allen's rule states that endothermic animals living in colder climates have relatively shorter appendages than do closely related species in warmer climates. The traditional explanation is that smaller appendages conserve heat (Mayr, 1963). I examined Allen's rule with respect to three appendages (ear, tail, and hind foot), each expressed as a proportion of basilar skull length in rabbits ( Sylvilagus ) and hares ( Lepus ). Length of ear and tail in Lepus correlated positively with air temperature, supporting Allen's rule. However, these appendages of Sylvilagus do not follow Allen's rule. Moreover, relative hind foot length was negatively related to temperature in both genera. Allen's rule has limited applicability in North American rabbits and hares.
Role of kinins and angiotensin II in the renal hemodynamic response to captopril.

This study examined the role of angiotensin II (ANG II), kinins, and prostaglandins in the renal hemodynamic response to captopril in Munich-Wistar rats in which plasma renin activity was elevated ...
Human lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells suppress generation of allospecific cytotoxic T cells: implications for use of LAK cells to prevent graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

We have found that murine lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells have veto and natural suppressor activities in vitro, and prevent graft- versus-host disease (GVHD) in vivo. To determine whether human LAK cells mediate veto and natural suppression we measured their ability to inhibit generation of allospecific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). When added to MLCs at low concentrations LAK cells caused veto-type inhibition: stimulator-type LAK cells inhibited generation of CTL but responder or third-party LAK cells did not. At higher concentrations LAK cells caused nonspecific inhibition: all three LAK cell types inhibited generation of CTL. LAK cell veto and natural suppressor activities were largely eliminated by irradiation with 30 Gy and by depletion of CD56+ cells, but increased after depletion of CD3+ cells. LAK cell veto activity is not likely an artifact of cold-target inhibition by the LAK cells themselves or by proliferation of T cells contaminating LAK cell preparations: (1) veto only occurred when LAK cells were added to MLC on days 0 through 2, but not when added on day 5; (2) addition of saturating numbers of labeled targets to fixed numbers of allo-CTL effectors failed to overcome the inhibitory effects of adding stimulator-type LAK cells at the onset of MLC; and (3) CD3-depleted LAK cells showed greater veto activity than threefold greater numbers of control LAK cells. In light of our previous findings in mice, the current results imply that adoptive immunotherapy with LAK cells may be useful in preventing GVHD in human bone marrow transplant recipients.
Ischemia of the Hand in Systemic Disease: The Potential Role of Microsurgical Revascularization and Digital Sympathectomy

Diagnosis of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for producing acute and chronic ischemia of the hand in patients with systemic disease provides a rational basis for treatment. The indications and techniques to restore or improve blood flow to the ischemic hand by microsurgical revascularization and digital sympathectomy are discussed.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

Over the past two decades Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and their applications have been the topic of many studies. WSN is a network responsible for collecting, processing and distributing wireless data to the intended database storage center. Because these sensors are usually installed at remote sites, despite the recent advances in the WSN technology, its applications still face significant challenges. Out of these, network security threats, network architecture, data collection, deployment and network coverage rise as the major concerns. Therefore, these five issues have been well studied in the literature. The main purpose of this paper is to detail these issues and elaborate on possible solutions.
Displays as a Material: A Route to Making Displays More Pervasive

For digital displays to become more pervasive, they need to have the properties of materials like textiles and plastic film. Moving away from the row-column addressing architecture that dominates traditional displays, the authors propose an architecture that relies on autonomous pixels--that is, pixels that independently sense input and convert it to a corresponding visual output. Two different prototypes reveal the challenges and potential of autonomous pixels, highlighting how digital displays supplied as a flexible material can help foster the development of various new applications. This department is part of a special issue on pervasive displays.
Gamma-Gamma Directional Correlations in Co 59 , Xe 131 , and Hg 198

The directional correlations of low intensity gamma-gamma cascades have been measured using NaI scintillation counters in a coincidence arrangement of 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ second resolving time. The correlation in the 3 percent intensity 191-1089-kev cascade in ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$ is compatible with a $\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{5}{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{7}{2}$ spin assignment. The coincidences from the 284-80-kev cascade in ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{131}$ are isotropic within an error of 2 percent, supporting the assignment of spin \textonehalf{} to the 80-kev level. The large correlation observed in the \ensuremath{\sim}1 percent intensity 680-411-kev cascade of ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{198}$ characterizes the spins of the levels involved as 2, 2, 0 and the 680-kev transition as a mixture of 60 percent $E2$ and 40 percent $M1$.
Distributed adaptive tracking control for a class of uncertain multiagent systems

In this paper, a new distributed adaptive control for a class of multiagent systems with model uncertainties is proposed to track the desired trajectory specified by an informed agent. It is assumed that there also exist parametric uncertainties and unknown dynamics with the informed agent. Linearly parameterized approximators are employed to estimate these unknowns and only part of agents needs to have the access to the state value of the informed agent in the proposed design. A baseline design is first provided for first-order multiagent models, and then extension is made to second-order multiagent systems using adaptive backstepping techniques. In essence, the proposed distributed adaptive controller can be taken as a dynamic one in the sense that the control itself relies on agent's own state values while the states of neighbors are used in the adaptive laws for parameter estimation. The asymptotical consensus tracking is rigorously proved under the assumption of the connected sensing/communication topology among agents. Simulation results are included to illustrate the proposed new design.
Cytomorphological Alterations in the Aging Animal Brain with Emphasis on Golgi Studies

Neurons in the aging brains of animals such as rodents, dogs, and monkeys share some common morphological alterations at both the light and the electron microscopic levels. Some of the alterations in the aged animal brains are, in fact, comparable to changes seen both in the normal aged, i.e., nondemented, human brain as well as (although to a more limited extent) in the brains of people diagnosed as having dementia of the Alzheimer type. A major reason for studying aging animal brains is to help define a model of the aging central nervous system that can serve to delineate the important features of the “normal” aging process in man. More indirectly, research of this type may also lead to a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of senile brain disease.
Integrin signaling in cancer.

This review highlights the current knowledge of the alterations that occur in cancer and that involve integrins and integrin-activated pathways. Integrins are cell surface receptors for ECM proteins that mediate a variety of functions related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Although the specific functions of integrins and their ligands in cancer need to be further investigated, recent publicationsoutlining their expression pave the way for future investigations describing integrin functional alterations and the signaling pathways involved in cancer progression. Similarly, changes in integrin affinity, avidity, or activation state are likely to control cell-ECM interaction; additional investigations on these topics will help understanding the role of integrins in cancer. Future research will focus on functional correlates, combining general knowledge of integrins and integrin signaling with an increasing appreciation for the role of the ECM in cancer progression. Integrins and their downstream signaling effectors appear to be promising targets for cancer therapy.
Materials and patterning techniques for macroelectronics

Flexible thin film transistors (TFTs) with high performance can be fabricated by using printable arrays of microstructured Si ribbons or GaAs wires (mus-Si or mus-GaAs) generated from high-quality, single-crystal, bulk wafers. The resulting Si-based MOSFETs and GaAs-based MESFETs on thin plastic substrates exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical (i.e. bending) properties. The combined use of these materials and printing techniques may advance the development of practical technologies for emerging applications of lightweight, flexible 'macroelectronic' systems in consumer, space, and military applications
Sparse image reconstruction of targets in multilayered dielectric media using total variation minimization

In this paper, we present a sparse image reconstruction approach for radar imaging through multilayered media with total variation minimization (TVM). The approach is well suited for high-resolution imaging for both ground penetrating radar (GPR) and through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI) applications. The multilayered media Green’s function is incorporated in the imaging algorithm to efficiently model the wave propagation in the multilayered environment. For GPR imaging, the multilayered subsurface Green’s function is derived in closed form with saddle point method, which is significantly less time consuming than numerical methods. For through-the-wall radar imaging, where the first and last layers are freespace, a far field approximation of the Green’s function in analytical form is used to model the wave propagation through single or multilayered building walls. The TVM minimizes the gradient of the image resulting in excellent edge preservation and shape reconstruction of the image. Representative examples are presented to show high quality imaging results with limited data under various subsurface and through-the-wall imaging scenarios.
Qualitative Methods in Substance Abuse Research

This chapter begins with a brief philosophical discussion of three paradigmatic approaches underlying qualitative research: positivist, phenomenological, and pragmatist. Each is important, as they contribute to different methodological approaches and distinctive interpretations of research findings. The evolution of qualitative methods for studying substance use is also explored, from classical anthropology and sociology and continuing through the postmodernism of the late-twentieth century, finally touching on posthumanist approaches that have emerged in the early twenty-first century; providing a theoretical framework for a discussion of specific methodologies. An in-depth discussion of two foundational qualitative methodologies, participant observation, and ethnographic interviewing, as well as the practical and ethical issues attendant to all substance use research in the context of prohibition and social stigma is presented. Finally, the chapter briefly explore uses of complementary methods such focus groups, content analysis, cognitive and ethnographic mapping, space-time diaries and geographic information systems (GIS), autoethnography, Photovoice, and community-based approaches such as Participatory Action Research (PAR) in the context of substance abuse research.
146 The role of campus climate and sense of belonging on the use of behavioural health services by college students: a longitudinal examination of the healthy minds study

Statement of purpose The purpose of this research is to explore factors impacting the use of behavioural health services among a national sample of college students in the United States. Methods A secondary analysis of data from the Healthy Minds Study was completed via binomial logistic regression in order to ascertain the effects of age, gender, sense of belonging, and campus climate on the likelihood that college students would use behavioural health services. Linearity of the continuous variables was assessed via the Box-Tidwell procedure; a Bonferroni correction was applied resulting in statistical significance being accepted when p Results The logistic regression model was statistically significant, I‡2 (5)=180.299, p Conclusion Associations between gender, age, and increased odds of using counselling services indicate there may be a link between individual-level characteristics and use of counselling services among college students. With an increased sense of belonging being associated with increased odds for using counselling services, it appears that institutional-level characteristics could also play a role in service use. Significance These findings lend support to the limited body of prior research that exists in this area. Given the unique issues faced by this population, and the lack of research actively addressing the gaps in knowledge or the needs of these individuals, it is imperative that research explore the specific factors that are influencing their use, or non-use, of behavioural health services.
Psychometric Considerations for Conducting Observations Using Time-Sampling Procedures.

Time-sampling techniques are popular among school practitioners and researchers alike when conducting observations of student behavior. Despite their popularity, the psychometric properties of such...
An integrated power restoration method based on improved genetic algorithm for active distribution network

With the increasing the permeability of distributed power supply in distribution network, the system reliability can be effectively improved by taking advantage of islanding operation capacity of DGs to restore non-fault area power supply when power failure occurs. This paper has made in-depth research on power restoration for active distribution network by taking distribution network power balance, the number of DG islands and communication switch influencing factors into consideration. By setting backup communication line equivalent to DG and referring it during decision-making process, the overall scheme superiority improves. The type and control characteristics of DGs are fully investigated in the process of using DG to restore load power. This paper also researched the recovery scheme of island power supply in master-slave control mode by separating DGs into master-slave power source. The concept of two chromosome coding constraints and genome / gene sub block are proposed by adopting improved genetic algorithm to get solution and combining active distribution network structure and master-slave control mode when separating islands. It helps to realize avoiding invalid solutions as the cross and mutation operations between chromosomes are completely based on genome. Finally, simulation has been made to verify the validity of the method proposed with 3 feeder lines and 7 DGs.
Neuromuscular ultrasound in electrically non-localizable ulnar neuropathy.

Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the value of high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) in patients with ulnar neuropathy whose electrophysiology displayed an axonal, non-localizing pattern. Methods A prospective study of patients referred to an electromyography laboratory for ulnar neuropathy was performed. Of the 56 patients with clinical and electrodiagnostic (EDx) evidence of ulnar neuropathy, 12 were identified with non-localizing electrophysiology who subsequently underwent HRUS of the ulnar nerve. Results HRUS localized the ulnar neuropathy in all patients. In 2 patients, HRUS demonstrated structural lesions not at the elbow. Discussion HRUS often adds complementary information to standard EDx studies, including ulnar neuropathy. Thus, HRUS should be employed in patients with a non-localizing ulnar neuropathy on EDx studies. Muscle Nerve 58: 655-659, 2018.
Multiple Mechanisms in Ganglionic Transmission

Transmission in sympathetic ganglia is complex; in addition to the fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (f-epsp) which represents a primary synaptic pathway of the ganglia, there are several slow synaptic potentials, both excitatory and inhibitory that may serve to modulate the primary transmission; these include slow excitatory and late slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials (s-epsp and ls-epsp respectively) and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential (s-ipsp) (3,14,18,19,23). Ganglionic transmission is also a multitransmitter phenomenon. There is now evidence that in addition to the classical transmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), a number of other substances may serve as transmitters or modulators in the ganglia. In recent years, immunohistofluorescent techniques have demonstrated the presence of various peptides, such as substance P or a related peptide, and enkephalins or enkephalin-like substances, in peripheral media (cf. 28). We present here some of our findings indicating that substance P and enkephalins may indeed participate in ganglionic transmission.
Gynecologic Considerations for Women with Breast Cancer

Gynecologists are uniquely positioned to address screening issues and risk factors for breast cancer, based on their special relationship with female patients. The primary technique used for breast cancer screening is mammography, which may be augmented in special circumstances by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans. Pathologic analysis of a tissue sample, which may be obtained using needle, core, incisional, or excisional biopsy techniques, remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Revised, sometimes controversial, guidelines for screening have been recommended by various organizations in recent years. Hereditary/familial concerns should be addressed by means of pedigree analysis, which may indicate genetic testing.
Exposure to Traumatic Events in Childhood predicts Cortisol Production among High Risk Pregnant Women

Childhood exposure to traumatic events has a profound and disruptive impact on mental and physical health, including stress physiology. In the current study, we evaluate 90 pregnant women at risk for preterm delivery and assess the association between history of exposure to traumatic events and hair cortisol concentrations, an integrated measure of cortisol production. Exposure to more traumatic events in childhood and in adulthood independently predicted elevated hair cortisol concentrations in pregnancy. Notably, the impact of childhood exposure to traumatic events remained after accounting for more proximal traumatic events in adulthood. Further, there was a significant interaction between childhood and adult exposures. Traumatic experiences in adulthood were more strongly associated with hair cortisol concentrations among mothers with a history of greater childhood trauma. Findings suggest that not only do proximal adult exposures impact HPA-axis functioning during pregnancy, but that childhood traumatic experiences have persisting consequences for HPA-axis functioning during pregnancy. Maternal HPA-axis dysregulation in pregnancy has consequences for both maternal health and for fetal development. Therefore, we consider prenatal maternal HPA-axis functioning as a potential biological pathway underlying intergenerational consequences of childhood trauma.
On resilient parasitisms, or why I’m skeptical of Indigenous/settler reconciliation

Political reconciliation between Indigenous peoples and settler nations is among the major ethical issues of the twenty-first century for millions of Indigenous peoples globally. Political reconcil...
Snuba: automating weak supervision to label training data

As deep learning models are applied to increasingly diverse problems, a key bottleneck is gathering enough high-quality training labels tailored to each task. Users therefore turn to weak supervision, relying on imperfect sources of labels like pattern matching and user-defined heuristics. Unfortunately, users have to design these sources for each task. This process can be time consuming and expensive: domain experts often perform repetitive steps like guessing optimal numerical thresholds and developing informative text patterns. To address these challenges, we present Snuba, a system to automatically generate heuristics using a small labeled dataset to assign training labels to a large, unlabeled dataset in the weak supervision setting. Snuba generates heuristics that each labels the subset of the data it is accurate for, and iteratively repeats this process until the heuristics together label a large portion of the unlabeled data. We develop a statistical measure that guarantees the iterative process will automatically terminate before it degrades training label quality. Snuba automatically generates heuristics in under five minutes and performs up to 9.74 F1 points better than the best known user-defined heuristics developed over many days. In collaborations with users at research labs, Stanford Hospital, and on open source datasets, Snuba outperforms other automated approaches like semi-supervised learning by up to 14.35 F1 points.
Implicit Evaluative Biases Toward Targets Varying in Race and Socioeconomic Status

Generally, White (vs. Black) and high-status (vs. low-status) individuals are rated positively. However, implicit evaluations of simultaneously perceived race and socioeconomic status (SES) remain to be considered. Across four experiments, participants completed an evaluative priming task with face primes orthogonally varying in race (Black vs. White) and SES (low vs. high). Following initial evidence of a positive implicit bias for high-SES (vs. low-SES) primes, subsequent experiments revealed that this bias is sensitive to target race, particularly when race and SES antecedents are presented in an integrated fashion. Specifically, high-SES positive bias was more reliable for White than for Black targets. Additional analyses examining how implicit biases may be sensitive to perceiver characteristics such as race, SES, and beliefs about socioeconomic mobility are also discussed. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of examining evaluations based on race and SES when antecedents of both categories are simultaneously available.
Outside-In vs. Anteromedial Portal Drilling During Primary ACL Reconstruction: Comparison at Two Years

BACKGROUND Anteromedial (AM) and outside-in (OI) are two commonly used techniques for drilling the femoral tunnel during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients undergoing primary ACLR using either AM or OI femoral drilling with minimum two year follow-up. METHODS Overall, 138 prospectively enrolled patients undergoing primary ACLR underwent AM or OI femoral drilling. Patients were categorized by femoral drilling technique and were evaluated pre-operatively as well as at six weeks and two years post-operatively. Outcomes scores were collected at each visit using SF-36 PCS and MCS components, KOOS, and the Knee Activity Rating Scale. Complications, including graft failure, stiffness requiring manipulation under anesthesia, and revision surgery were also collected. RESULTS Overall, 47 (34.1%) patients underwent AM femoral drilling and 91 (65.9%) patients underwent OI femoral drilling. Univariate analysis revealed no difference in pre-operative outcomes with the exception of the AM group having higher KOOS Knee Pain (p=0.023) and WOMAC Pain (p=0.036) scores. Postoperatively, OI femoral tunnels had a higher radiographic coronal angle (68.8°±8.6° vs 51.4°±11.3°; p<0.001) and knee extension (1.2°±2.7 vs 2.9°±4.0°; p=0.010). There were no differences in knee flexion, complications, or graft failure. Postoperatively, the AM group had higher KOOS ADL and WOMAC Functional (85 vs. 79 ,p=0.030) scores at the six week mark, although these differences did not meet the minimal clinically importance difference1. Graft failure at two years were similar in the AM and OI groups (8.5% vs. 6.6%, p=0.735). Multivariate analysis showed no clinical outcome differences between AM and OI techniques. CONCLUSIONS ACL reconstruction using the AM technique yielded lower radiographic coronal tunnel angle and slightly decreased knee extension. The theoretical risk of graft failure secondary to higher coronal angle of the graft as it passes around a sharper femoral tunnel aperture was not observed. Additionally, differences in pre-operative KOOS Knee pain existed but these differences were not significant postoperatively. We conclude no clinically relevant differences by two years in patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction using either AM or OI femoral drilling techniques. Level of Evidence: Level II Prospective Comparative Study.
Developmentally distinct experiences among novice teachers reflecting on Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL)

ABSTRACTReflecting on teaching is widely regarded as beneficial and has become a key component in teacher preparation programs. However, teacher educators can struggle to get teachers to engage in ...
Deformation of the zygomaticomaxillary and nasofrontal sutures during bone-anchored maxillary protraction and reverse-pull headgear treatments: An ex-vivo study.

Introduction Bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) is an emerging treatment that involves applying a protraction load to the maxillary bone. Although it is believed that such an approach results in better sutural separation, this has not been investigated. This study aimed to assess and compare the deformation of 1 circumaxillary suture (zygomaticomaxillary suture [ZMS]) and 1 facial suture (nasofrontal suture [NFS]) during BAMP and reverse-pull headgear (RPHG) treatment. Methods The study was performed ex vivo on 15 pig heads. Miniplates were placed in the maxillary bone and the body of the mandible. A molar tube was bonded to the maxillary first molars. Six single-element strain gauges and 3 differential variable reluctance transducers were installed across the ZMS and NFS bilaterally. Each head underwent BAMP and RPHG unilaterally and bilaterally. Results In unilateral experiments, both BAMP and RPHG resulted in tension on the ipsilateral ZMS and NFS and compression on the contralateral side, with higher magnitude in the BAMP group. In bilateral experiments, both modalities resulted in tension at the ZMS, with higher magnitude in the BAMP group. Deformation of the NFS was different between the 2 groups: tension in majority of the BAMP and compression in most of the RPHG heads. Conclusions Our study shows a higher magnitude of sutural separation in BAMP than in RPHG. The pattern of sutural deformation is consistent with a forward displacement of the midface in BAMP compared with an upward and backward rotation in the RPHG. Rotation of the maxilla was also present in some of the subjects who underwent BAMP.
Understanding memory and thread safety practices and issues in real-world Rust programs

Rust is a young programming language designed for systems software development. It aims to provide safety guarantees like high-level languages and performance efficiency like low-level languages. The core design of Rust is a set of strict safety rules enforced by compile-time checking. To support more low-level controls, Rust allows programmers to bypass these compiler checks to write unsafe code. It is important to understand what safety issues exist in real Rust programs and how Rust safety mechanisms impact programming practices. We performed the first empirical study of Rust by close, manual inspection of 850 unsafe code usages and 170 bugs in five open-source Rust projects, five widely-used Rust libraries, two online security databases, and the Rust standard library. Our study answers three important questions: how and why do programmers write unsafe code, what memory-safety issues real Rust programs have, and what concurrency bugs Rust programmers make. Our study reveals interesting real-world Rust program behaviors and new issues Rust programmers make. Based on our study results, we propose several directions of building Rust bug detectors and built two static bug detectors, both of which revealed previously unknown bugs.
ER catcher: a static analysis framework for accurate and scalable event-race detection in Android

Android platform provisions a number of sophisticated concurrency mechanisms for the development of apps. The concurrency mechanisms, while powerful, are quite difficult to properly master by mobile developers. In fact, prior studies have shown concurrency issues, such as event-race defects, to be prevalent among real-world Android apps. In this paper, we propose a flow-, context-, and thread-sensitive static analysis framework, called ER Catcher, for detection of event-race defects in Android apps. ER Catcher introduces a new type of summary function aimed at modeling the concurrent behavior of methods in both Android apps and libraries. In addition, it leverages a novel, statically constructed Vector Clock for rapid analysis of happens-before relations. Altogether, these design choices enable ER Catcher to not only detect event-race defects with a substantially higher degree of accuracy, but also in a fraction of time compared to the existing state-of-the-art technique.
Thinking better about rural wealth creation and retention

First paragraphs: For some decades now, the practices of eco­nomic and community development have increasingly intertwined. This has largely involved a rebalancing of the economic and community por­tions of the mix to give increasing prominence to the community side of the ledger. In their decade-and-a-half-old article, Rethinking Community Economic Development, Shaffer, Deller, and Marcouiller (2006) illustrated this in their classification of successive waves of dominant community economic develop­ment (CED) theory and practice: export base, business retention and expansion, collaboration and partnership driven, and cluster development. Shanna Ratner’s 2020 book Wealth Creation: A New Framework for Rural Economic and Community Development comes from one of the leading devel­opers and practitioners of a fifth-wave approach that is beginning to lay a legitimate claim to the respect of academics, professionals, and commu­nity members alike. In 158 pages, Ratner’s slim and accessible volume does an admirable job of summarizing a synthetic approach that is both informed by theory and steeped in decades of participant-observation and learning-by-doing. The author, often addressing the reader as “you,” as if in the training workshops she has frequently pro­vided, explicitly aims at writing for those with few degrees of separation from CED practice: “policy makers, practitioners in economic and community development, teachers, students [including under­graduates, I would specify], financers and funders…” (p. viii). . . .
Lower Extremity Physeal Bar Resection

When the normal cartilage of a growing physis is disrupted by injury or infection, it can heal with bone instead of cartilage, thereby forming a physeal bar. Physeal bars can cause angular or length deformities in the limbs of growing children and one way to surgically treat them, when recognized early enough, is with physeal bar resection to allow resumption of growth. A central physeal bar can be resected with computed tomography (CT) guidance using cannulated trephines and curettes and visualizing the resection cavity with an arthroscope prior to the central bar causing a significant limb length discrepancy. A peripheral physeal bar can be resected by direct open approach before the bar can cause a clinically significant angular deformity. This paper will detail these techniques for physeal bar resection.
Monocular and Binocular Visual Function Deficits in Amblyopic Patients with and without Fusion Maldevelopment Nystagmus.

Purpose The aim of the study is to examine the association between amblyopia type and the presence of nystagmus on binocular and monocular functions of the fellow (FE) and amblyopic eye (AE). Methods We recruited 19 controls and 44 amblyopes (anisometropes=13, strabismic=10, mixed=21). We measured visual, grating, and vernier acuities and high/low spatial frequency (SF) contrast sensitivities in each eye using a staircase method. Stereoacuity was measured with the Titmus fly test. We recorded fixation eye movements (FEM) using high-resolution video-oculography. Subjects were classified as having either no nystagmus (n=18), fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (FMNS) (n=12), or nystagmus without any structural anomalies that does not meet the criteria for FMNS or infantile nystagmus (n=14). Results Analysis of visual function by clinical amblyopia type showed that patients with strabismus/mixed amblyopia (F (2,54)=9.5, p<0.001) were more likely to have poor stereopsis while controlling for AE grating acuity deficit. The FE of patients with anisometropia had greater contrast sensitivity deficits at low (F (2,43)=4.4, p=0.018) and high SF (F (2,42)=10.1, p<0.001). Analysis of visual function by FEM characteristics (low SF: (F (3,43)=4.3, p=0.010) and high SF: (F (3,42)=7.1, p=0.001) showed that the FE of patients with FMNS had worse low and high SF contrast sensitivities, whereas those without FMNS had greater contrast sensitivity deficits only at high SF compared to controls. Patients with FMNS (F (3,54) = 12.9, p<0.001) were more likely to have poor stereopsis while controlling for AE grating acuity deficit compared to patients without FMNS. All amblyopic patients had worse high SF contrast sensitivity of the AE irrespective of type or FEM characteristics (Type = F (2,43)=8.8, p=0.001; FEM characteristics= F (3,43)=5.1, p=0.004). Conclusion The presence of FMNS in patients with strabismic/mixed amblyopia is associated with poor/absent stereopsis. FE deficits vary across amblyopia type. Like FEM abnormalities, visual function deficits are seen in the FE of patients with and without nystagmus.
Association between particulate matter containing EPFRs and neutrophilic asthma through AhR and Th17.

Background Epidemiological data associate high levels of combustion-derived particulate matter (PM) with deleterious respiratory outcomes, but the mechanism underlying those outcomes remains elusive. It has been acknowledged by the World Health Organization that PM exposure contributes to more than 4.2 million all-cause mortalities worldwide each year. Current literature demonstrates that PM exacerbates respiratory diseases, impairs lung function, results in chronic respiratory illnesses, and is associated with increased mortality. The proposed mechanisms revolve around oxidative stress and inflammation promoting pulmonary physiological remodeling. However, our previous data found that PM is capable of inducing T helper cell 17 (Th17) immune responses via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) activation, which was associated with neutrophilic invasion characteristic of steroid insensitive asthma. Methods In the present study, we utilized a combination of microarray and single cell RNA sequencing data to analyze the immunological landscape in mouse lungs following acute exposure to combustion derived particulate matter. Results We present data that suggest epithelial cells produce specific cytokines in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) pathway that inform dendritic cells to initiate the production of pathogenic T helper (eTh17) cells. Using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we observed that upon exposure epithelial cells acquire a transcriptomic profile indicative of increased Il-17 signaling, Ahr activation, Egfr signaling, and T cell receptor and co-stimulatory signaling pathways. Epithelial cells further showed, Ahr activation is brought on by Ahr/ARNT nuclear translocation and activation of tyrosine kinase c-src, Egfr, and subsequently Erk1/2 pathways. Conclusions Collectively, our data corroborates that PM initiates an eTh17 specific inflammatory response causing neutrophilic asthma through pathways in epithelial, dendritic, and T cells that promote eTh17 differentiation during initial PM exposure.
Support for Interview Preparation with Deep Learning Based Language Model

Deep-learning based language models (LMs) have significantly enhanced services relating to language generation and classification. Our focus in this paper is on the Multiple Mini Interview (MMI) which is commonly used internationally by medical schools to screen applicants based on their ability to answer short questions in a considerate, professional manner. In this paper we establish the ability of LMs, specifically GPT-3, to generate MMI questions, simulate responses, and rate answers. We compare these simulated questions with their human generated counterparts and, after identifying the optimal hyperparameters, find that 92% of generated responses are capable of fooling humans. We also find that after identifying the optimal hyperparameters for question-answering, LMs are capable producing high quality simulated MMI responses, with an average human rating of 3.5 out of 5. Finally, GPT-3 is shown to have some agreement with human ratings, although it tends to overestimate the quality of the response. Conditional text generation by LMs alone seems to be able to significantly support MMI preparation.
Abstract W MP16: Introducing the Imaging the Collaterals in Acute Stroke (iCAS) Multicenter MRI Trial

Introduction: imaging Collaterals in Acute Stroke (iCAS) is an NIH-funded, multicenter study to determine if non-contrast arterial spin label (ASL) MRI can characterize collateral flow in patients presenting with acute large vessel stroke and whether it can identify patients who benefit from endovascular therapy. It also enables direct comparison with current state-of-the-art clinical perfusion imaging, bolus perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI). Hypotheses: (1) ASL identifies collaterals with high sensitivity and specificity compared to digital subtraction angiography (DSA). (2) Increasing collateral grade determined by either ASL or DSA is associated with higher CBF. (3) ASL collateral grade independently predicts reduced infarct growth. (4) Patients with a “target mismatch” based on PWI(Tmax>6) can be identified using ASL. (5) Only patients with intermediate grade collaterals will benefit from early reperfusion. Methods: 180 patients will be recruited from up to 6 sites over 5 yrs. Current sites include Stanford, Swedish Hospital Seattle, and UPMC. Inclusion criteria: >18 yrs; NIHSS >=5; planned endovascular therapy (primary or adjuvant therapy following IV tPA); planned MR imaging with ASL & PWI; IA therapy =2 prior to the qualifying stroke; Cr clearance <40 ml/min; contrast allergy; pregnancy; MRI contraindications. MRI will be obtained at 3 time points (<12 hrs, 18-36 hrs later, 5 d), with clinical data at 30 & 90 days. Results: 7 patients have been recruited. While formal image analysis has not been performed, initial review suggests that ASL has similar performance to PWI in this patient population (Fig). Conclusion: It is feasible to acquire ASL during an acute stroke MRI workup, enabling comparison of both collateral measures with DSA and perfusion metrics with PWI. It will provide a framework to account for the crucial role of collaterals in endovascular triage strategy. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
A missense mutation in canine ClC-1 causes recessive myotonia congenita in the dog1

Myotonia congenita is an inherited disorder of sarcolemmal excitation leading to delayed relaxation of skeletal muscle following contractions. Mutations in a skeletal muscle voltage-dependent chloride channel, ClC-1, have been identified as the molecular genetic basis for the syndrome in humans, and in two well characterized animal models of the disease: the myotonic goat, and the arrested development of righting (adr) mouse. We now report the molecular genetic and electrophysiological characterization of a canine ClC-1 mutation that causes autosomal recessive myotonia congenita in miniature Schnauzers. The mutation results in replacement of a threonine residue in the D5 transmembrane segment with methionine. Functional characterization of the mutation introduced into a recombinant ClC-1 and heterologously expressed in a cultured mammalian cell line demonstrates a profound effect on the voltage-dependence of activation such that mutant channels have a greatly reduced open probability at voltages near the resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle. The degree of this dysfunction is greatly diminished when heterodimeric channels containing a wild-type and mutant subunit are expressed together as a covalent concatemer strongly supporting the observed recessive inheritance in affected dog pedigrees. Genetic and electrophysiological characterization of the myotonic dog provides a new and potentially valuable animal model of an inherited skeletal muscle disease that has advantages over existing models of myotonia congenita.
Quasi-Fiscal Policies of Independent Central Banks and Inflation

Recently, central banks expanded their balance sheets by unconventional actions, including credit easing operations. Although such quasi-fiscal operations are signficant in size and assumed to be crucial for the economy's recovery, little theory is available to explain the possible macroeconomic consequences of these operations. The main contribution of this paper is to show that quasi-fiscal shocks may affect infltion in plausible cases by utilizing a simple DSGE model that embraces the budgetary independence of the central banks. In the active quasi-fiscal policy regime, the shocks in the central bank's earnings alter the private agent's portfolio between consumption and the nominal money balance, thus affecting inflation. Conventional macroeconomic models have implicitly assumed policy regimes in which the aforementioned mechanism does not restrict equilibria; however, this paper shows that such assumptions generally are not guaranteed to hold. The extensions of the basic model show that quasi-fiscal shocks may produce undesirable effects, such as inflation following deflationary monetary policy during the implementation of exit strategy.
Relationship of calcium absorption with 25(OH)D and calcium intake in children with rickets.

Nutritional rickets has long been considered a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, but recent data indicate that inadequate dietary calcium intake is an important cause of rickets, particularly in tropical countries. Children with rickets due to calcium deficiency do not have very low 25(OH)D concentrations, and serum 1,25(OH)2D values are markedly elevated. Studies of Nigerian children with rickets demonstrated they have high fractional calcium absorption. A high-phytate diet was demonstrated to increase calcium absorption compared with the fasting state, and enzymatic dephytinization did not significantly improve calcium absorption. When given vitamin D, children with rickets have a marked increase in 1,25(OH)2D concentrations without any change in fractional calcium absorption. No positive relationship was found between fractional calcium absorption and serum 25(OH)D concentrations in children on low-calcium diets. More research is needed to understand the interaction between calcium and vitamin D and the role of vitamin D in calcium absorption.
The detection of cancer of the uterine cervix by cytological study.

Abstract 1. 1. Of 100 consecutive cases of squamous-cell carcinoma involving the uterine cervix seen in the University Hospitals of Cleveland during a period of 21 months, 14 were detected solely through the use of the cytological technique. 2. 2. In 3 additional cases the cytological findings were of equivocal value in establishing the diagnosis. 3. 3. Of the 14 cases credited to the cytological technique, the initial tissue sections made for pathologic examination failed to show evidence of neoplasm in 2 instances and additional study was necessary before the diagnosis of cancer was established.
Simultaneous estimation of local‐scale and flow path‐scale dual‐domain mass transfer parameters using geoelectrical monitoring

[1] Anomalous solute transport, modeled as rate-limited mass transfer, has an observable geoelectrical signature that can be exploited to infer the controlling parameters. Previous experiments indicate the combination of time-lapse geoelectrical and fluid conductivity measurements collected during ionic tracer experiments provides valuable insight into the exchange of solute between mobile and immobile porosity. Here, we use geoelectrical measurements to monitor tracer experiments at a former uranium mill tailings site in Naturita, Colorado. We use nonlinear regression to calibrate dual-domain mass transfer solute-transport models to field data. This method differs from previous approaches by calibrating the model simultaneously to observed fluid conductivity and geoelectrical tracer signals using two parameter scales: effective parameters for the flow path upgradient of the monitoring point and the parameters local to the monitoring point. We use regression statistics to rigorously evaluate the information content and sensitivity of fluid conductivity and geophysical data, demonstrating multiple scales of mass transfer parameters can simultaneously be estimated. Our results show, for the first time, field-scale spatial variability of mass transfer parameters (i.e., exchange-rate coefficient, porosity) between local and upgradient effective parameters; hence our approach provides insight into spatial variability and scaling behavior. Additional synthetic modeling is used to evaluate the scope of applicability of our approach, indicating greater range than earlier work using temporal moments and a Lagrangian-based Damkohler number. The introduced Eulerian-based Damkohler is useful for estimating tracer injection duration needed to evaluate mass transfer exchange rates that range over several orders of magnitude.