cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redox-Switchable Hydroelementation of a Cobalt Complex Supported by a Ferrocene-Based Ligand

The first crystallographically characterized tetrahedral cobalt salen (salen = N,N′-ethylenesalicylimine) complex was synthesized by using a 1,1′-ferrocene derivative, salfen (salfen = 1,1′- di(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-salicylimine)ferrocene). The complex undergoes two oxidation events at low potentials, which were assigned as ligand centered by comparison to the corresponding zinc complex. The cobalt complex was found to catalyze the hydroalkoxylation of styrenes, similarly to related square planar cobalt salen complexes, likely due to its fluxional behavior in alcoholic solvents. Furthermore, the one-electron-oxidized species was found to be inactive toward hydroalkoxylation. Thus, the hydroalkoxylation reactivity could be turned on/off in situ by redox chemistry.
Exploring the IADE Genre-Based Prototype

Chapter 5 places the IADE prototype in the instructional context for which it was developed. The chapter begins with a description of the context, first explaining the procedure by which graduate students are generally placed in the targeted writing course. Then, I elaborate on the pedagogical approach of this course, providing examples of tasks and technologies employed to help the students acquire declarative knowledge about the writing conventions in their particular disciplines. The second part of the chapter introduces the setting-up of a large study carried out to evaluate the potential of IADE to meet learning and teaching needs.
Cohabitation and Policymaking Efficiency: An Empirical Test

In Chapter 3, I presented a qualitative account of three periods of cohabitation under the French Fifth Republic. This analysis provided strong empirical support for the model I presented in Chapter 2. Some cohabitationist prime ministers, like Prime Minister Balladur or Jospin, were seen as likely winners of the next presidential contest. Their respective parties had significant support in opinion polls and in local and European elections. All these signals indicated that the majority was likely to remain in power after the next legislative election cycle and that it was likely to capture the presidency. Hence, the premiers were not pressured to pursue an active legislative agenda and could engage in legislative restraint. Conversely, Premier Chirac was, from the start of his tenure as prime minister, contested as the best conservative candidate for the next presidential contest. His coalition received less support in opinion polls than the opposition. In this context, his slim two-member majority would be hard to maintain — or even extend – in the next legislative electoral cycle, and the conservatives seemed unlikely to remain in power for more than the two years preceding the next presidential elections. Pressured by his majority to act, Chirac was compelled to produce large-scale reforms.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of BEN in Localizing Different Types of Software Fault

Debugging or fault localization is one of the most challenging tasks during software development. Many tools have been developed to reduce the amount of effort and time software developers have to spend on fault localization. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of a fault localization tool called BEN in localizing different types of software fault. Assuming that combinatorial testing has been performed on the subject program, BEN leverages the result obtained from combinatorial testing to perform fault localization. Our evaluation focuses on impact of three properties of software fault on the effectiveness of BEN. The three properties include accessibility, input value sensitivity and control flow sensitivity. A random test set-based approach is used to measure the three properties. The experimental results suggest that BEN is more effective, respectively, in localizing faults of lower accessibility, input value-insensitive faults or control flow-insensitive faults than localizing faults of higher accessibility, input value-sensitive or control flow-sensitive faults in the subject programs. The insights obtained from our evaluation can be applied to other fault localization tools that are similar to BEN, and can be used to identify opportunities for further research on combinatorial testing-based fault localization.
Work Site–Based Environmental Interventions to Reduce Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review:

Objective:The purpose of this investigation was to systematically review work site–based, environmental interventions to reduce sedentary behavior following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines.Data Source:Data were extracted from Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science between January 2005 and December 2015.Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:Inclusion criteria were work site interventions, published in peer-reviewed journals, employing environmental modalities, targeting sedentary behavior, and using any quantitative design. Exclusion criteria were noninterventions and non-English publications.Data Extraction:Data extracted included study design, population, intervention dosage, intervention activities, evaluation measures, and intervention effects.Data Synthesis:Data were tabulated quantitatively and synthesized qualitatively.Results:A total of 15 articles were identified for ...
“Slave Mothers”, Partus Sequitur Ventrem, and the Naturalization of Slave Reproduction in Nineteenth-Century Brazil

Abstract Through an examination of slaveholders’ discourses on the need to find ways to replenish the slave labor force after the 1831 legal suppression of the African trade, this article demonstrates the centrality of female slave reproduction to the most significant debates on slavery and emancipation during the nineteenth century. Through tropes and metaphors that appealed to nature, this slaveholding discourse emphasized reproduction and mothering labor as the “natural” function of enslaved women - a function that would also serve to pacify rebellious male slaves. This work also demonstrates that, within a context of intensified symbolic value of enslaved women’s reproduction, slaveholders and jurists emphasized the validity of the legal device partus sequitur ventrem in order to communicate a notion of the legality of slavery, precisely at the time of increasing delegitimation of the institution, both within and outside Brazil.
Hypothesis‐driven physical examination curriculum

SummaryBackground Medical students traditionally learn physical examination skills as a rote list of manoeuvres. Alternatives like hypothesis-driven physical examination (HDPE) may promote students’ understanding of the contribution of physical examination to diagnostic reasoning. We sought to determine whether first-year medical students can effectively learn to perform a physical examination using an HDPE approach, and then tailor the examination to specific clinical scenarios. Medical students traditionally learn physical examination skills as a rote list of manoeuvres Context First-year medical students at the University of Minnesota were taught both traditional and HDPE approaches during a required 17-week clinical skills course in their first semester. The end-of-course evaluation assessed HDPE skills: students were assigned one of two cardiopulmonary cases. Each case included two diagnostic hypotheses. During an interaction with a standardised patient, students were asked to select physical examination manoeuvres in order to make a final diagnosis. Items were weighted and selection order was recorded. Innovation First-year students with minimal pathophysiology performed well. All students selected the correct diagnosis. Importantly, students varied the order when selecting examination manoeuvres depending on the diagnoses under consideration, demonstrating early clinical decision-making skills. Implications An early introduction to HDPE may reinforce physical examination skills for hypothesis generation and testing, and can foster early clinical decision-making skills. This has important implications for further research in physical examination instruction.
Use of High Molecular Weight Methacrylate for Repairing Cracks in Concrete

High molecular weight methacrylate (HMWM) is a relatively new monomer that has many of the advantages of methyl methacrylate (MMA), namely low viscosity, potential for curing over a wide range of temperatures and good wetting characteristics. However, the HMWM has low odor and a high flash point which are signigicant improvements over MMA.
Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Enhances Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression through PERK/ATF4 Signaling Pathway

Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT) is used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, but its mechanisms are not well understood. Previously, we found that Li-ESWT increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Here we assessed the underlying signaling pathways in Schwann cells in vitro and in penis tissue in vivo after nerve injury. The result indicated that BDNF were significantly increased by the Li-ESWT after nerve injury, as well as the expression of BDNF in Schwann cells (SCs, RT4-D6P2T) in vitro. Li-ESWT activated the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) pathway by increasing the phosphorylation levels of PERK and eukaryotic initiation factor 2a (eIF2α), and enhanced activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in an energy-dependent manner. In addition, GSK2656157—an inhibitor of PERK—effectively inhibited the effect of Li-ESWT on the phosphorylation of PERK, eIF2α, and the expression of ATF4. Furthermore, silencing ATF4 dramatically attenuated the effect of Li-ESWT on the expression of BDNF, but had no effect on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α or glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in Schwann cells. In conclusion, our findings shed new light on the underlying mechanisms by which Li-ESWT may stimulate the expression of BDNF through activation of PERK/ATF4 signaling pathway. This information may help to refine the use of Li-ESWT to further improve its clinical efficacy.
Commentary: Paradigm Shift, Outcomes Criteria, and Behavioral Interventions: Foundations for the Future of School Psychology

This series of articles documents the increasing sophistication of behavioral interventions across a broad class of behaviors including academics, social behaviors, and emotional regulation. The fo...
Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the spine: imaging and pathological features.

Calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis are extremely rare calcified lesions that can occur anywhere in the central nervous system. These non-neoplastic lesions have been reported to arise both ...
Superconductivity: When Andreev meets Hall

A device with superconducting contacts connected to graphene in the quantum Hall regime hints at a novel Andreev scattering mechanism.
Hands-on exercises about DNS attacks: details, setup and lessons learned

The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol is vulnerable to attacks that can misdirect users to malicious web sites. Thus, all Computer Science students and Cybersecurity students in particular, should learn how DNS attacks work. This paper discusses the details of hands-on DNS attack exercises, the setup, and the lessons learned. The DNS exercise has many steps, including using the dig command, modifying a DNS server, poisoning a DNS cache, and performing a Kaminsky attack. This paper describes two ways to run the exercise, one on local machines and the other in the cloud using EDURange. This paper also includes student feedback and discussions about possible changes to the exercises.
Considerations for reporting of stillbirths and fetal deaths.

In reporting stillbirths, issues such as lower gestational age limits, inclusion or exclusion of pregnancy terminations, as well as privacy concerns related to public vital statistics have been contentious issues for many years. In their commentary, Joseph et al wrestle with these and other issues in order to provoke a broader discussion on fetal mortality (Joseph et al; BJOG; in press This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Synthesis of damaged DNA containing the oxidative lesion 3′-oxothymidine

Oxidative events that take place during regular oxygen metabolism can lead to the formation of organic or inorganic radicals. The interaction of these radicals with macromolecules in the organism and with DNA in particular is suspected to lead to apoptosis, DNA lesions and cell damage. Independent generation of DNA lesions resulting from oxidative damage is used to promote the study of their effects on biological systems. An efficient synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing the oxidative damage lesion 3'-oxothymidine has been accomplished via incorporation of C3'-hydroxymethyl thymidine as its corresponding 5'-phosphoramidite. Through oxidative cleavage using sodium periodate in aqueous solution, the lesion of interest is easily generated. Due to its inherent instability it cannot be directly isolated, but must be generated in situ. 3'-Oxothymidine is a demonstrated damage product formed upon generation of the C3'-thymidinyl radical in ODN.
The Role of Cognitive Content and Cognitive Processes in Chronic Pain: An Important Distinction?

Objectives:Pain-related cognitive content (what people think about pain) and cognitive processes (how people think about pain; what they do with their pain-related thoughts) and their interaction are hypothesized to play distinct roles in patient function. However, questions have been raised regardi
Thermoresponsive-co-Biodegradable Linear-Dendritic Nanoparticles for Sustained Release of Nerve Growth Factor to Promote Neurite Outgrowth

Thermoresponsive and biodegradable linear–dendritic nanoparticles containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(l-lactic acid), and poly(l-lysine) dendrons were investigated for sustained release of nerve growth factor (NGF) in response to temperature change. The nanoparticles and their degradants were not cytotoxic to neuron-like PC12 cells for at least one month. The nanoparticles were preferentially taken up by PC12 cells 6–13-times more at temperatures above (37 °C) than below (25 °C) the lower critical solution temperature of the nanoparticles. NGF could be loaded into the nanoparticles in aqueous solution and slowly released from the nanoparticles for 12 and 33 days at 25 and 37 °C, respectively. The released NGF was biologically active by promoting neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. This work demonstrates a new concept of using thermoresponsive and biodegradable linear–dendritic nanoparticles for thermally targeted and sustained release of NGF and other protein drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s d...
Microsurgical Resection of Suprasellar Craniopharyngioma—Technical Purview

Objectives Complete surgical resection is an important prognostic factor for recurrence and is the best management for craniopharyngioma. This operative video demonstrates the technical nuances in achieving complete resection of a suprasellar craniopharyngioma. Design and Setting The surgery was performed in a middle-aged lady who presented with the history of progressive bitemporal hemianopia and excessive sleepiness over 8 months. On imaging, suprasellar craniopharyngioma was identified. The tumor was approached through opticocarotid cistern and lamina terminalis. Exposure of bilateral optic nerves, right internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, and its perforator branches was then afforded and the tumor was gross totally resected. Results The author demonstrates step-by-step technique of microsurgical resection of suprasellar craniopharyngioma. The narrow corridor to deeper structures, intricacies of multiple perforator vessels, and the technique of arachnoid and capsule dissection are the main challenging factors for the gross total resection of craniopharyngioma. The tumor portion which lies under the ipsilateral optic nerve is a blind spot region with a high chance of leaving residual tumor. Mobilization of optic nerve may endanger visual function too. The use of handheld mirror [‘mirror-technique’] helps in better visualization of this blind spot and achieve complete excision. Conclusions The technical pearls of craniopharyngioma surgery include the optimum utilization of translamina terminalis route, wide opening of the cisterns, meticulous separation of deep perforator vessels, capsular mobilization/traction avoidance, and the use of “mirror-technique” for blind-spot visualization. These surgical strategies help to achieve complete resection without causing neurological deficit. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/9wHJ4AUpG50 .
A High Aspect Ratio Bifurcated 128-Microchannel Microfluidic Device for Environmental Monitoring of Explosives.

Design and evolution of explosives monitoring and detection platforms to address the challenges of trace level chemical identification have led investigations into the use of intricately designed microfluidic devices. Microfluidic devices are unique tools that possess distinct characteristics that, when designed properly and configured with optical and fluidic components, can produce detection platforms with unmatched performance levels. Herein, we report the design, fabrication and integration of a bifurcated high aspect ratio microfluidic device containing 128 microchannels (40 mm × 40 μm × 250 μm; L × W × H) for explosives detection at trace levels. Aspect ratios measuring >6:1 support improved receptor-target molecule interactions, higher throughput and extremely low limits of detection (LOD). In addition to superior assay sensitivity, the bifurcated microfluidic device provides greater durability and versatility for substrate modification. Using the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) as the model compound in a fluorescence-based displacement immunoassay, we report LODs for TNT at 10 parts-per-trillion (pptr) using a neutravidin-coated biotinylated anti-TNT microfluidic device. Solution to wall interactions were also simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics to understand fluid flow characteristics. Reynolds numbers were calculated to be 0.27–2.45 with a maximum pressure of 1.2 × 10−2 psi.
Insomnia and eating expectancies among college students: the role of emotion dysregulation.

There is limited understanding of the relation between insomnia and aspects of eating among college students though available data suggest salient clinical relationships. The present study explored...
The Triple Threat: Mental Illness, Substance Abuse, and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Concurrent substance abuse and psychiatric disorders in individuals who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are common. All have been associated with higher rates of increased impulsivity along with greater novelty-seeking and risk-taking behavior in this population. Similarly, psychiatrically ill individuals often go on to develop substance abuse disorders. Independently, substance abuse disorders may contribute to psychopathology and the emergence of psychiatric illness. The highest rates of HIV infection are in individuals with dual diagnosis of severe mental illness and substance use disorder. Psychosocial factors have also been linked as a strong predictor to psychological distress as well as risk of substance abuse and HIV transmission risk. Other topics of discussion include comorbid medical illnesses such as hepatitis C, assessment of HIV-seropositive dually diagnosed individuals, and available treatment options.
P005 : LOW LEVEL ANTI-HLA ANTIBODIES: DETERMINING RELEVANT UNACCEPTABLE ANTIGENS BY SINGLE ANTIGEN MICROARRAY AND SPECIFIC/SURROGATE FLOW CROSSMATCHES

A challenge to any HLA laboratory is to determine the cutoff or level of anti-HLA antibody that ultimately determines the unacceptable antigens (UA) of a potential transplant patient. These UA’s are placed In UNET for virtual crossmatching. Once accomplished, this level is accepted for all HLA antigens as demonstrated by the single antigen bead arrays. The microarray assay is not quantitative and may give false positive reactions at low levels. The challenge is to determine if these antibodies would cause a positive flow T and B cell Flow crossmatch (FLXM). The object of this study is to verify that a low or intermediate Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) anti HLA antibody will or will not cause a positive FLXM with extra deceased donor or normal individual’s lymphocytes. We performed 159 FLXM on 31 patient sera. Only one antibody specificity that could cause a positive FLXM was demonstrated on each of these cells by molecular typing. Our MFI cutoff was 2000 MFI (+DTT). The pronase FLXM Molecules of Equivalent Soluble Fluorochrome (MESF) cutoff was 1500 (+500) for T cell and 2500 (+500) for B cell. Twenty-three patients had negative crossmatches when cross matched by at least five different cells and their serum. The false positive UA as demonstrated by a negative FLXM were removed from UNET. The MFI values for the UA’s varied from 1000 to 5000. There was no correlation of MFI levels to outcome of FLXM. One patient received a renal transplant and two were removed from the wait list. In conclusion: the use of FLXM to demonstrate relevant levels of anti-HLA antibody for each individual patient and allowed us to remove false positive UA’s. This type of analysis gives a potential kidney recipient a greater chance to receive a renal transplant.
Did funding matter to the development of research methods in sociology

L'A. examine de facon critique l'ouvrage de J. Platt «A History of Sociological Research Methods in America». Il montre que J. Platt s'est efforcee de mettre en doute l'idee selon laquelle les methodes quantitatives seraient un produit purement americain derivant d'un positivisme depasse. Pour J. Platt, les fondations et les organismes de financement de la recherche aux Etats-Unis n'ont pas encourage ce type de methode dans le seul but de servir les interets du capitalisme. J. Platt s'est attachee, d'une part, a elaborer une veritable histoire de la recherche en sciences sociales et, d'autre part, a montrer qu'il n'y a jamais eu de conspiration au sein des instituts de recherche americains visant a ecarter les travaux n'ayant pas recours aux methodes quantitatives. L'A. estime, au contraire, que les rencontres organisees par certains grands directeurs de recherche americains ont permis de stimuler la lutte contre les partisans d'autres perspectives et d'autres methodes
Thermal Conductivity of Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride Compacts

Slack [1] predicts a room temperature thermal conductivity of about 13 W/cm°C for single-crystal cubic boron nitride with only diamond having a higher conductivity among the high thermal conductivity adamantine Compounds. However, no crystals of cubic BN were available that were large enough to measure the thermal conductivity, and the highest value reported for polycrystalline compacts prepared by high-pressure/high-temperature sintering of natural isotope abundance cubic BN powder was only 1.8 W/cm°C. In this paper, natural isotope abundance polycrystalline cubic BN compacts prepared by direct high-pressure/high-temperature conversion of graphitic BN and having room temperature thermal conductivity values up to a factor of four higher than previously reported are discussed.
Experimental study on jet impact speed in near-field electrospinning for precise patterning of nanofiber

Abstract Complicated microscale patterns of a continuous nanofiber were precisely fabricated via direct-write near-field electrospinning (NFES). Although NFES could eliminate the bending instability effect by shortening tip-to-collector distance (TTCD) less than the critical length, reported patterns up to the date have been limited to simply aligned straight-lines because of the ignorance of the importance of jet impact speed. To realize the jet impact speed for precise microscale patterning, experimental study of the effect of the process parameters such as applied voltage, TTCD, and an electric field was performed. It has been found that lowering the applied voltage and the TTCD simultaneously could reduce the jet impact speed while keeping the process stable and continuous, resulting in considerable improvement of the accuracy of the deposition. Having the ability to control jet impact speed in NFES will provide the essential foundation to broaden applications of NFES to micro and nanoscale engineering such as an optical waveguide, customized cell culture matrix fabrication to name a few.
Multi-Omics Study on the Impact of Cysteine Feed Level on Cell Viability and mAb Production in a CHO Bioprocess.

There is continual demand to maximize CHO cell culture productivity of a biotherapeutic while maintaining product quality. In this study, a comprehensive multi-omics analysis is performed to investigate the cellular response to the level of dosing of the amino acid cysteine (Cys) in the production of a monoclonal antibody (mAb). When Cys feed levels are insufficient, there is a significant decrease in protein titer. Multi-omics (metabolomics and proteomics, with support from RNAseq) is performed over the time course of the CHO bioprocess producing an IgG1 mAb in 5 L bioreactors. Pathway analysis reveals that insufficient levels of Cys in the feed lead to Cys depletion in the cell. This depletion negatively impacts antioxidant molecules, such as glutathione (GSH) and taurine, leading to oxidative stress with multiple deleterious cellular effects. In this paper, the resultant ER stress and subsequent apoptosis that affects cell viability and viable cell density has been considered. Key metabolic enzymes and metabolites are identified that can be potentially monitored as the process progresses and/or increased in the cell either by nutrient feeding or genetic engineering. This work reinforces the centrality of redox balance to cellular health and success of the bioprocess as well as the power of multi-omics to provide an in-depth understanding of the CHO cell biology during biopharmaceutical production.
Adolescent Sexual Guilt and the Development of Self-Esteem During the Transition to Adulthood: The Moderating Effect of Race

Early adolescent sexual experiences have been found to be associated with lower levels of well-being; however, this relationship has been found to be better explained through the adolescent’s perception of their sexual behavior. The present study explored the implications of adolescent sexual guilt on the development of self-esteem across emerging adulthood. Using secondary data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health the present study found that self-esteem developed in quadratic fashion from adolescence to adulthood. Sexual guilt was associated with lower levels in self-esteem at each of the four time-points from adolescence to adulthood for both people of color and white individuals. The association between sexual guilt and the change in self-esteem was only significant for people of color. The study illustrates the importance of sex-positive conversations around sexual behavior and safety to reduce the development of guilt and the lasting influence guilt has on development. Additionally, this study illustrates unique risks which people of color experience.
Understanding L2 word learning outcomes: The roles of semantic relations, input, and language dissimilarity:

Aims and objectives:This study contributes to understanding L2 word learning and why “semantic accent” persists. It examines the impact of L1–L2 semantic relations, input conditions, and L1–L2 diss...
A Clinician's Guide to Healthy Eating for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Despite continued advances in health care, the cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rate has plateaued in recent years and appears to be trending upward. Poor diet is a leading cause of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are leading contributors to CVD morbidity and mortality. Although dietary modification is a cornerstone of CVD prevention, implementation in clinical practice is limited by inadequate formal training in nutrition science. In this report, we review the individual components of a heart-healthy diet, evidence-based dietary recommendations, and the impact of diet on CVD risk factor prevention and management. Furthermore, we examine the unique difficulties of dietary counseling in low-socioeconomic-status environments and provide an evidence-based approach to better serve these populations. We utilized PubMed searches in adults with no date restriction with the following search terms: "carbohydrate," "fat," protein," "DASH," "Mediterranean," "plant-based," "vegetarian," "cardiovascular disease," "obesity," "weight loss," "diabetes," "socioeconomic status," and "race." In this review, we demonstrate that patients should focus on implementing a general diet plan that is high in fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nonstarchy vegetables while low in trans-fats, saturated fats, sodium, red meat, refined carbohydrates, and sugar-sweetened beverages. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean, and vegetarian diets have the most evidence for CVD prevention. Clinicians should understand the barriers that patients may face in terms of access to healthy dietary choices. Further research is needed to determine the dietary changes that are most economically, socioculturally, and logistically feasible to reduce these barriers. Improvement in diet is a public health priority that can lead to a significant population-level reduction in CVD morbidity and mortality. It is imperative that clinicians understand current dietary practice guidelines and implement evidence-based dietary counseling in those at high risk for CVD.
Neuroimaging genetics studies of specific reading disability and developmental language disorder: A review

Developmental disorders of spoken and written language are heterogeneous in nature with impairments observed across various linguistic, cognitive, and sensorimotor domains. These disorders are also associated with characteristic patterns of atypical neural structure and function that are observable early in development, often before formal schooling begins. Established patterns of heritability point toward genetic contributions, and molecular genetics approaches have identified genes that play a role in these disorders. Still, identified genes account for only a limited portion of phenotypic variance in complex developmental disorders, described as the problem of "missing heritability." The characterization of intermediate phenotypes at the neural level may fill gaps in our understanding of heritability patterns in complex disorders, and the emerging field of neuroimaging genetics offers a promising approach to accomplish this goal. The neuroimaging genetics approach is gaining prevalence in language- and reading-related research as it is well-suited to incorporate behavior, genetics, and neurobiology into coherent etiological models of complex developmental disorders. Here, we review research applying the neuroimaging genetics approach to the study of specific reading disability (SRD) and developmental language disorder (DLD), much of which links genes with known neurodevelopmental function to functional and structural abnormalities in the brain.
Ovarian vein sampling, and serum and urine testosterone monitoring in ovarian Leydig cell tumors: A report of two cases.

Abstract Background Ovarian Leydig cell tumors are rare, testosterone-producing tumors that pose diagnostic challenges. Cases A 36-year-old woman presented with 10 years of amenorrhea, facial hair growth and clitoromegaly. A 59-year-old woman presented after 2 years of voice deepening and terminal hair growth. Testosterone concentrations were elevated for both patients; however, imaging failed to identify ovarian or adrenal pathology. For the first patient, selective ovarian venous sampling was performed with results suggesting right ovarian testosterone production. Right ovarian Leydig cell tumors were found in both patients after salpingo-oophorectomy. Testosterone levels immediately declined following tumor removal. Conclusion Additional diagnostic modalities, such as ovarian venous sampling, should be considered when the etiology of hyperandrogenism cannot be identified through lab work or imaging. In addition, sequential post-operative testosterone levels in serum or urine can help confirm adequate removal of the ovarian tumor.
Gender Bias in the Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency: A Snapshot of Current Trends.

According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the male to female ratio of plastic surgeons is approximately 5:1. As more surgical specialties are recruiting female residents, there has been an increase in the amount of females. We set out to examine the current trends in residency recruitment and whether a quantifiable gender bias exists. Methods A review of all the integrated plastic surgery programs within the United States was conducted. Data were collected regarding department or division status, the gender of the chairman and the program directors, the number of residents per year and gender of residents per year. The ratio of male to female residents was calculated. Results A total of 62 residency programs were identified. The vast majority had a male program director with only 8 female program directors identified. The mean ratio of female/male (F/M) residents overall was 1/1.2. Female program directors selected residents in the same ratio as their male counterparts [F/M ratio: 1/1.26 versus 1/1.18, p:0.813]. A linear logistic regression failed to identify the geographic location, department status, gender of the department chairman or the number of residents selected per year as predictors of higher F/M ratio. Conclusions There are still fewer female program directors and residents in plastic surgery overall. However, neither was more likely to select a resident of their own gender. This analysis does not rule out the possible self-selection factor.
Applications of molecular biology in studies on the population genetic structure of the vector of dengue fever

Molecular biology is widely applied in population discrimination and analysis of genetic structure of the vector of dengue fever.This review summarized the advances in researches on microsatellite marker,cytochrome C oxidase I gene sequence analysis,isoenzyme,random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD),single strand conformation polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products ( PCRSSCP)and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to understand genetic diversity and susceptibility to dengue virus of the vector of dengue fever and to evaluate the risk of dengue infection at molecular level. Key words: Dengue fever; Vector; Genetic structure
Interface-induced localization of phonons in BeSe/ZnSe superlattices

The impact of interfacial transition layer thickness Δ is methodically investigated in the (BeSe)10–Δ/(Be0.5Zn0.5Se)Δ/(ZnSe)10–Δ/(Be0.5Zn0.5Se)Δ superlattices (SLs) for comprehending their phonon dispersions, Raman intensity profiles, and atomic displacements. By varying Δ from one to three monolayers, we have noticed a dramatic increase in the Raman intensity peaks with slight upward shifts of ZnSe-related optical phonons. An insignificant change is perceived, however, in the Raman features with remarkable downward shifts of the BeSe-type confined optical modes. These effects are ascribed to the localization of atomic displacements at the interfacial regions. The variations in phonon frequencies and enhancement of Raman line shapes can be used as vital tools for establishing the interfacial structures in SLs of technological importance.
The Beta-Model Problem: The Incompatibility of X-ray and Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Model Fitting for Galaxy Clusters

We have analyzed a large sample of numerically simulated clusters to demonstrate the adverse effects resulting from use of X-ray fitted beta-model parameters with Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE) data. There is a fundamental incompatibility between model fits to X-ray surface brightness profiles and those done with SZE profiles. Since observational SZE radial profiles are in short supply, the X-ray parameters are often used in SZE analysis. We show that this leads to biased estimates of the integrated Compton y-parameter inside r_{500} calculated from clusters. We suggest a simple correction of the method, using a non-isothermal beta-model modified by a universal temperature profile, which brings these calculated quantities into closer agreement with the true values.
OPTIMAL DELAYED FEEDBACK VIBRATION ABSORBER FOR FLEXIBLE BEAMS

A new tunable vibration absorber, Delayed Resonator (DR), is considered on a flexible beam. The point of absorber attachment (PAA) on the beam is shown to be quieted (i.e., an artificial node is introduced at this point). This is achieved if the excitation forcing is simple harmonic. The DR absorber is tuned to this frequency and this tuning can track a relatively fast varying excitation frequency. There is, however, a short-fall of DR absorber: as they eliminate the vibration completely at the tuning frequency they introduce some vulnerable side frequencies. This scenario suggests a trade-off: less perfection in suppressing the tuning frequency, with reduced vulnerability at the side frequencies. In order to resolve this trade-off an optimization procedure is suggested which forms the main contribution of this text. The dynamics of the beam, exciter, and absorber setting is studied in modal coordinates. This constrained optimization problem is solved utilizing direct update method, one of the constraints being the stability assurance of the proposed active system. Example simulations are presented to show the benefits of this trade-off.
Centering the Identities of Girls of Color in Computational Thinking Programs

Efforts to broaden participation in computing have revealed the need for a deeper theoretical and empirical understanding of how girls of color form computing identities. In this paper, we use the concept of identities-in-practice as an analytical frame to examine how girls of color engage in computational thinking practices. Our research investigates how the identities of girls of color can be leveraged as funds of knowledge in learning spaces and asks the following research question: How does centering the identities of girls of color impact their engagement with computational thinking practices? We provide a program overview of CompuGirls, describe our curricular design approach, and share results from pilot implementations of the program offered at public libraries in Michigan, Arizona, and California. Results from our pilot year demonstrate that integrating identity exploration into a computational thinking curriculum results in a mutually reinforcing relationship where girls of color experience reflective identity development while simultaneously increasing their understanding of computational thinking. We present our approach as a promising avenue for connecting computing knowledge and skills to girls' identities and lived experiences. By focusing on the girls' identities, the program re-imagines computational experiences by fostering interactions with computational thinking from a personal perspective. Ultimately, we argue that centering girls' identities should be viewed as an integral part of the learning process and not tangential.
Van Hove singularity in the magnon spectrum of the antiferromagnetic quantum honeycomb lattice.

In quantum magnets, magnetic moments fluctuate heavily and are strongly entangled with each other, a fundamental distinction from classical magnetism. Here, with inelastic neutron scattering measurements, we probe the spin correlations of the honeycomb lattice quantum magnet YbCl3. A linear spin wave theory with a single Heisenberg interaction on the honeycomb lattice, including both transverse and longitudinal channels of the neutron response, reproduces all of the key features in the spectrum. In particular, we identify a Van Hove singularity, a clearly observable sharp feature within a continuum response. The demonstration of such a Van Hove singularity in a two-magnon continuum is important as a confirmation of broadly held notions of continua in quantum magnetism and additionally because analogous features in two-spinon continua could be used to distinguish quantum spin liquids from merely disordered systems. These results establish YbCl3 as a benchmark material for quantum magnetism on the honeycomb lattice. Honeycomb lattices with interacting spins can host rich magnetic behaviour; however, typically features are complicated by additional interactions. Here, the authors perform neutron scattering on YbCl3, which exhibits near perfect two-dimensional magnetism, providing a benchmark for other materials.
On the learning control of a robot manipulator

This paper derives a learning control law to achieve trajectory following for a robot manipulator. The controller consists of two parts, a computed torque servo for the rigid body terms that can be modelled and a learning law for the unmodelled dynamics. An advantage of this method is that bounds can be assigned to the position and velocity tracking errors.
Mitochondrial toxicity before and after combination antiretroviral therapy, a Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy study.

Abstract The aim of this study was to quantify, via Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), the effect of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on brain metabolites and characterize any possible associations between changes in metabolites, age, blood biomarkers of neuronal damage, functional connectivity and cognitive performance. As cART has dramatically increased the life expectancy of HIV-infected (HIV + ) individuals and unmasked an increase in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, it is still not clear whether cART neurotoxicity contributes to these disorders. We hypothesized a bimodal effect, with early cART treatment of HIV infection decreasing inflammation as measured by MRS metabolites and improving cognitive performance, and chronic exposure to cART contributing to persistence of cognitive impairment via its effect on mitochondrial function. Basal ganglia metabolites, functional connectivity, cognitive scores, as well as plasma levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) and tau protein were measured before and after 12 weeks, 1 year and 2 years of cART in a cohort of 50 cART-naive HIV + subjects and 72 age matched HIV- healthy controls. Glutamate (Glu) levels were lower in the cART naive patients than in healthy controls and were inversely correlated with plasma levels of NfL. There were no other significant metabolite differences between HIV + and uninfected individuals. Treatment improved Glu levels in HIV+, however, no associations were found between Glu, functional connectivity and cognitive performance. Stable brain metabolites and plasma levels of NfL and Tau over two-years of follow-ups suggest there are no signs of cART neurotoxicity in this relatively young cohort of HIV + individuals.
Disruption Tolerance Index for Determining Household Susceptibility to Infrastructure Service Disruptions

Abstract The objective of this paper is to develop household susceptibility indices related to disruptions in infrastructure services during disasters. The prolonged disruptions in infrastructure services create great hardship for the households of a community affected by natural hazards, especially shelter-in-place households who are at a high risk of such disruptions. The literature currently lacks tools and methods to assist decision makers in considering the tolerance and susceptibility of the household in communities to the infrastructure service disruptions. While there are some vulnerability indices in the disaster literature, the scores have not developed to specifically consider the risks associated with the infrastructure service disruptions. Hence, in this study, we developed and implemented Disruption Tolerance Index (DTI) to enable understanding of spatial patterns of susceptibility to service disruptions. In particular, we create susceptibility scores and maps for disruptions in power and transportation systems as two essential services on which households rely during their daily life. These service disruptions include power outages and road closures due to the natural hazards which disrupted households' access to these services. The factors for determining DTI scores are selected through an empirical analysis of households’ susceptibility to the disruptions, the scores are calculated by implementing Principal Components Analysis, and the scale of the scores is discussed. The study reveals the hot spots and cold spots of compound susceptibility to the disruptions. Unveiling the spatial clusters of susceptibility provides decision makers with the necessary information to consider the households' susceptibility in emergency plans and risk mitigation practices. The approach developed in this study could be adapted for different locations to enable understanding of the unique susceptibility of the households from the infrastructure services during disasters. Such understanding provides the decision-makers with the essential information to plan and mitigate the risk mitigation approaches and preparedness actions related to the risks associated with infrastructure service disruptions.
Computer Simulation of Movement of DIMP-Contaminated Groundwater Near the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado

Diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP) is an organic compound produced as a by-product of the manufacture of a chemical munition at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colo. Groundwater contamination occurred when industrial effluent containing DIMP seeped into the water table below unlined industrial waste-disposal ponds during 1952 to 1956. In 1975, groundwater containing DIMP was found in a 73 km 2 (28-mile 2 ) area to the northwest of the arsenal and was detected within 1.6 km (1 mile) of municipal water wells supplying the city of Brighton, Colo. The DIMP concentrations in the groundwater ranged from 0.5 μg/litre, the analytical detection limit, to as much as 44 000 μg/litre near the abandoned waste-disposal ponds. A mathematical model was used to simulate the movement and concentration of DIMP in groundwater near the arsenal to determine the historical distribution and concentration of the contaminant and to predict the possible future distribution of the contaminated groundwater. Model simulations of historical DIMP movement in the alluvial aquifer indicate that the contaminated groundwater flowed rapidly to the northwest and began discharging into the South Platte River about 4 years after the contaminant first entered the aquifer. It is estimated that from 1958 to 1960 the mean annual DIMP concentration was 30 μg/litre in the river. Modeling indicates that mean annual DIMP concentrations in the river have decreased since the period 1958 to 1960 to less than 1 μg/litre in 1976. Model simulations of future DIMP movement in the aquifer indicate that groundwater containing DIMP in excess of 0.5 μg/litre will not reach the Brighton municipal wells by 1995, even if no remedial measures are taken to prevent the discharge of DIMP-contaminated groundwater into an irrigation canal which recharges the aquifer near Brighton. A barrier impermeable to groundwater movement, now under construction at the northern arsenal boundary. is shown by the model to be an effective means of stopping off-arsenal movement of the contaminated groundwater without producing adverse effects on the water levels in the aquifer.