cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OBJECT REPRESENTATION, IDENTITY, AND THE PARADOX OF EARLY PERMANENCE: Steps Toward a New Framework.

Abstract The sensorimotor theory of infancy has been overthrown, but there is little consensus on a replacement. We hypothesize that a capacity for representation is the starting point for infant development, not its culmination. Logical distinctions are drawn between object representation, identity, and permanence. Modern experiments on early object permanance and deferred imitation suggest: (a) even for young infants, representations persist over breaks in sensory contact, (b) numerical identity of objects ( O s) is initially specified by spatiotemporal criteria (place and trajectory), (c) featural and functional identity criteria develop, (d) events are analyzed by comparing representations to current perception, and (e) representation operates both prospectively, anticipating future contacts with an O , and retrospectively, reidentifying an O as the “same one again”. A model of the architecture and functioning of the early representational system is proposed. It accounts for young infants' behavior toward absent people and things in terms of their efforts to determine the identity of objects. Our proposal is developmental without denying innate structure and elevates the power of perception and representation while being cautious about attributing complex concepts to young infants.
Finite-time-averaged power spectra and signal energy distribution in time and frequency (Corresp.)

In response to a recent paper, this correspondence points out the difficulty of applying the concept of the energy distribution in time and frequency of deterministic signals to random signals and finite-time-averaged power spectra. For deterministic signals, an appropriately defined finite-time spectrum will indicate the frequency band within which the signal energy is concentrated at a particular time. However, it does not appear meaningful to apply such concepts to finite-time averages of random processes since taking sample averages would typically destroy any time-frequency distribution of the energy perhaps found in an individual sample of the process.
Long‐range evaluation of effects on foster parents of a foster parent skills training program

Abstract The Foster Parent Skills Training Program (FPSTP) is a foster parent training program developed for delivery by agency based personnel, including foster parents, at the College of Human Development of The Pennsylvania State University. It has been used by an increasing number of Child Welfare agencies in the state since it was piloted in 1974. This broad dissemination has permitted repeated evaluation of its effects, which are consistently positive with different sub‐samples of both foster parents and agency paraprofessional trainers. This article will attempt to summarize a major portion of the evaluation results, namely effects on foster parents, in the context of changing developments in the program and its administration. A brief description of the program and its delivery system will be included.
Oceanographic Work at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California, July 1, 1931 to April 18, 1932

The land of the Institution consists of a 177-acre tract on the sea-front about two miles north of the village of La Jolla. Prior to March 1, 1931, there were on this land one laboratory building, two floors, 75 by 48 feet; a museum-library building, two floors and about a three-quarter basement, 60 by 60 feet; a reenforced concrete pier 1,000 feet long and 20 feet wide; a wooden aquarium 24 by 48 feet with 18 tanks; several service buildings and garages, temporary structures; 24 wooden cottage residences; and a research boat 64 feet long, 18-foot beam, 22 tons net capacity (about 50 tons gross), equipped to work to a depth of about 1,000 fathoms and with a cruising radius of about 1,000 miles.
Analysis of employment discrimination through homogeneous job groups

Abstract In legal studies of employment discrimination, regression models are often used to evaluate possible salary discrimination. Potential confounding arises when the data represent a heterogeneous work force. The estimated salary differences from the regression model may be confounded with nondiscriminatory differences in salaries across jobs. One way to avoid this confounding is to estimate the regressions within relatively homogeneous job groups. The usual objection to conditioning on homogeneous jobs is that employers influence the selection of employees for jobs, which may itself be discriminatory. This objection can be met by separate study of the placement process. We consider a two-stage approach that focusses attention on definition of homogeneous job groups and corresponding candidate pools to study both salary and placement discrimination.
Women resist dictatorship: voices from Latin America

Searching for Life: the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo and the disappeared children of Argentina, Rita Arditti, 1999, Berkeley: University of California Press. xiii + 235 pp., ISBN 0 520 21570 2...
High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS): Science and Instrument

The High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS) is a facility instrument slated for flight on the second of the EOS-A series of platforms. HIRIS is designed to acquire 24-km wide, 30-m pixel images in 192 spectral bands simultaneously in the 0.4-2.45-micrometer wavelength region. With pointing mirrors it can sample any place on Earth, except the poles, every two days. HIRIS operates at the intermediate scale between the human and the global and therefore links studies of Earth surface processes to global monitoring carried out by lower-resolution instruments. So far, over 50 science data products from HIRIS images have been identified in the fields of atmospheric gases, clouds, snow and ice, water, vegetation, and rocks and soils. The key attribute of imaging spectrometry that makes it possible to derive quantitative information from the data is the large number of contiguous spectral bands. Therefore spectrum matching techniques can be applied. Such techniques are not possible with present-day, multispectral scanner data.
Primary structure similarities in canine cardiac cathepsin D polypeptide chains.

Abstract Canine cardiac cathepsin D was purified approximately 1000-fold to homogeneity by sequential acid precipitation, affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The purified enzyme was homogeneous on sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and consisted of two polypeptide chains of mol. wt 29 000 ± 2500; n = 6 (designated the A chain) and 13 000 ± 1000, n = 6 (designated the B chain). Separation of the A and B polypeptide chains using gel filtration in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride (6 mol/l) followed by amino acid analysis revealed the presence of a similar amino acid composition in each polypeptide. N-terminal analysis showed that glycine was the sole N-terminal amino acid residue in each chain, while tryptic digestion and subsequent peptide mapping gave 17 major peptides and 6 major peptides for the A and B chains respectively. Three peptide fragments were found to be common to both polypeptide chains. Extracts of canine cardiac tissue did not contain free A or B chains of cathepsin D, however a high molecular weight form of the enzyme (mol. wt 130 000) was observed with a specific activity (U/μg immunoreactive cathepsin D) similar to that of the active undissociated (mol. wt 42 000) enzyme. Immunodiffusion studies using antibodies raised against the whole enzyme showed a reaction of complete identity between the A and B polypeptide chains and undissociated enzyme. Use of the A and B chains in a radioimmunoassay developed for measurement of the undissociated cathepsin D revealed that the A chain bound antibody raised against the undissociated enzyme equally as well as the undissociated enzyme, while the B chain was approximately 100 times less effective at binding the antibody. The results suggest that there may be some degree of similarity in primary structure between the A and B polypeptide chains of canine cardiac cathepsin D. This similarity in primary structure may represent the suggested areas of sequence homology surrounding the active site aspartate residues known to be characteristic of this particular class of acid proteases.
Enhanced Faraday and Kerr rotation in magnetic garnet gratings with defects for photonic integration

Summary form only given. Magnetic garnets such as bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Bi-YIG) are of great interest for the fabrication of optical isolators and circulators exploiting Faraday rotation. While their magnetic properties are relatively strong, nonetheless propagation lengths of order 0.5-1.0 mm are required to produce 45/spl deg/ rotations for isolation at communications wavelengths. Although such materials yield compact bulk isolators, thinner films are required for a number of integrated applications-non-guided propagation across a rotator inserted in a waveguide requires structures less than /spl ap/30 microns to control diffraction loss. We use a coupled mode equation (CME) description and exact matrix calculations to investigate the relation between rotation and output intensity. We find that appropriate placement of defects permits simultaneous optimization of both. With such structures very short high-quality isolators could be built.
Effect of Grafted Amphiphilic PVP-Palmityl Polymers on the Thermotropic Phase Behavior of 1,2 Dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Bilayer.

Abstract To better understand how grafted polymers interact with liposome membrane, a comparative study was conducted to investigate the influence of different chain length polyvinyl pyrrolidone–palmityl (PVP-p) conjugates on the thermotropic phase behavior of 1,2 dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer. Lipid–polymer dispersions were prepared by mixing DPPC and variable concentrations of PVP-p conjugates in chloroform. Hydration of lipids was performed at 50–55°C after complete elimination of the organic solvent. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine lipid miscibility and bilayer–polymer interactions. Particle size was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. Increasing concentrations of 6 kDa PVP-p caused a shift of the main phase transition of DPPC at lower temperatures. At 9.1 mol% the DPPC phase pretransition (Tp) is abolished. At 16.7 mol%, differential scanning calorimetry showed an endothermic phase transition at 24.9°C. The enthalpy of this transition was twice as high compared to the main phase transition enthalpy of pure DPPC. Inclusion of more than 20 mol% of 6 kDa PVP-p resulted in a complete bilayer micellization. Qualitatively similar to the 6 kDa were the results obtained with the 12 kDa PVP-p conjugate. Increasing concentrations of 25 kDa PVP-p from 1 to 13 mol% resulted in a decrease of the main DPPC phase transition temperature. At 13 mol% the new molecular self-assembled structure as previously identified with the lower MW PVP-p conjugates also showed up at the DSC thermogram. However, in sharp contrast to the lower MW PVP-p conjugates, increasing the 25 kDa PVP-p content did not result in bilayer disruption; rather, it resulted in a bilayer stabilization. The consequences of the hydrophobically modified PVP interaction with the bilayer are considered negative with respect to the long-circulating properties of liposomes in the blood.
"Rubral" tremor due to midbrain Toxoplasma abscess.

We describe a patient with "rubral" tremor due to a Toxoplasma abscess of the midbrain. Despite treatment that was effective in promoting partial computed tomography resolution of the lesion, the tremor remained unchanged.
Sibling embryo blastocyst development correlates with the in vitro fertilization day 3 embryo transfer pregnancy rate in patients under age 40

Abstract Objective: To examine the IVF day 3-ET pregnancy rate in patients under 40 with sibling embryo blastocyst development, compared with similar patients without blastocyst formation. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: Academic infertility center. Patient(s): One hundred twenty-five IVF day 3-ET patients under 40 with sibling embryos for extended culture. Intervention(s): Extended culture of nontransferred sibling embryos for blastocyst development. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy and multiple gestation rates, number of oocytes, embryos formed, and embryos transferred. Result(s): Thirty-eight percent of patients became pregnant. Forty-eight percent of patients had sibling embryos develop to blastocyst. The blastocyst group had more oocytes retrieved (17.4 ± 6.6 versus 14.4 ± 5.6), more embryos formed (11.2 ± 4.2 versus 8.8 ± 3.2), and a higher clinical pregnancy rate (60% versus 18%) than the group without blastocyst development. Conclusion(s): Blastocyst transfer has been shown to improve implantation rates and reduce the risk of multiple gestations from assisted reproductive technology. Sibling embryo blastocyst development may reflect superior embryo quality, as manifested by increased IVF-ET pregnancy rates. In addition to predicting pregnancy in the current cycle, sibling embryo blastocyst development may provide information about the potential for fresh blastocyst transfer in subsequent cycles and help to identify patients at risk for multiple gestations.
The Transactional Relationship between Occupation and Place: Indigenous Cultures in the American Southwest

The transactional metaphysics of philosopher John Dewey (1859–1952) is applied in this article to the study of cultures and occupations among the Pueblo, Navajo, and Ohlone peoples. The data on these peoples’ occupations come from presentations by New Mexico-based scholars Dr Theodore S. (Ted) Jojola, Dr Kathleen Whitaker, and Dr Les W. Field, at the 6th Annual Research Conference of the Society for the Study of Occupation (SSO:USA) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 2007. This article makes use of Dewey's concept of ‘situation’ to emphasize responses to problems that break into the continuous, emergent nature of human experience in specific regions or locales over time. The author proposes viewing occupations as the sites within Deweyan situations where cultures undergo transformation through the actual doing of things. Further, this article takes a transdisciplinary perspective, drawing on resources in occupational science, geography, anthropology, and postcolonialist perspectives to explore the relevance o...
Newborn GnRH neurons in the adult forebrain of the ring dove

Abstract The preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a key area that produces gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In birds, the chicken GnRH-I-form neurons are responsible for the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal system, which controls reproduction. In the ring dove, electrolytic lesion in the adult hypothalamus induces neurogenesis. In this study, we determined whether adult neurogenesis is involved in repairing GnRH neurons, specifically by generating newborn cells exhibiting GnRH-I immunoreactive properties. We selectively applied electrolytic lesions to three different regions of the diencephalon, including the preoptic area, which contains GnRH-I neurons, and identified new cells (BrdU-positive cells) that co-labeled with GnRH-I-immunoreactive cells. The BrdU + /GnRH + double labeled cells were then confirmed with confocal laser analysis. In brains of both male and female ring doves we found new neurons at the lesion site of the preoptic region that were GnRH-I immunoreactive. However, the total number of GnRH neurons in the lesioned brains was less than that of sham-lesioned brains. When two other regions of the diencephalon that contain GnRH-I neurons were damaged, no recruitment of new GnRH-I neurons was detected. The rate of neurogenesis depends on the bird's reproductive phase when the lesion was applied. We found BrdU + /GnRH + double-labeled cells almost exclusively during the pre-laying phase when birds are engaged in active courtship that leads to egg laying. Our observations suggest that recruitment of GnRH immunoreactive new neurons is restricted to the hypothalamic region and is sensitive to the reproductive stage of the birds.
A Traveling Wave, Microwave Optical Modulator

A Ti-diffused lithium niobate, traveling wave modulator has been fabricated and tested. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical configuration and a coplanar waveguide electrical transmission line are used. For a 4mm interaction length, the modulator has a 3dB bandwidth of 13 GHz and requires only 2 volts to switch at λ = 840 nm. The frequency response is measured directly using an ultra-high speed photodiode, and the test set-up therefore constitutes the highest bandwidth electrooptical transmission system ever reported.
On the origin of pattern and form in early Metazoans

The 'Cambrian explosion', about 540 million years ago, may have occurred within 10 to 50 million years. Almost all of the modern phyla, a very restricted group and many groups that may represent extinct phyla, suddenly appear near that time in the fossil record. Numerous extensive periods of mass extinction since that time led to no new phyla. This is taken as an impetus to examine a possible source, beyond Darwinian adaptation, of the apparently restricted number of phyla. Such a postulated constraint or restriction beyond adaptation is proposed to be based on a mutation or mutations allowing single celled or colonial precursors to begin forming into epithelial sheets and gene activation patterns of a particular kind, those giving rise to the very earliest metazoans. The interaction of signaling pathways in pairs, with different pairs acting sequentially are proposed as key to this earliest patterning, such patterning being extensively elaborated over the last approximately 550 million years. Restrictions on the very large set of possible forms and patterns on which adaptation acts are discussed.
Kinked tail mutation results in notochord defects in heterozygotes and distal visceral endoderm defects in homozygotes

Proper formation of the anterior-posterior (AP) axis in the developing embryo is critical for the correct patterning and often survival of the organism. In the mouse, an initial step in axis establishment is the specification and migration of the distal visceral endoderm (DVE). We have identified a semi-dominant spontaneous mutation in mouse, named kinked tail (knk), which when heterozygous results in a kinky tail phenotype due to fusions and dysmorphology of the tail vertebrae. Vertebral fusions appear to be a secondary effect of notochord thickening and branching in the tail region. Homozygosity for knk results in early embryonic lethality by embryonic day 8.5 due to improper timing of DVE specification and migration, and subsequent failure to establish the AP axis.
Bandlimited processes and certain nonlinear transformations

Abstract : The paper considers the problem of the uniqueness and invertibility of a certain class of nonlinear transformations acting on stochastic signals. The transformation consists of an instantaneous nonlinearity followed by a bandlimiting linear system and the input is a bandlimited process in the sense of Zakai. For Gaussian, possibly noisy, inputs and a large class of nonlinear systems it is shown that there is one to one correspondence between the input and the output. As an application some new results on the curve crossings of bandlimited Gaussian processes are derived. Furthermore the sample functions of the input process are reconstructed from, possibly noisy, observations of the output process for a specific class of nonlinearities followed by a variety of linear systems. (Author)
Depressive symptom deterioration among predominantly Hispanic diabetes patients in safety net care.

Objective: This study examines clinical predictors of symptom deterioration (relapse/recurrence) at the completion of a clinical intervention trial of depressed, lowincome, predominantly Hispanic diabetes patients who were randomized to socio-culturally adapted collaborative depression treatment or usual care and who no longer met clinically significant depression criteria at 12 months post-trial baseline. Methods: A sub-cohort of 193 diabetes patients with major depression symptoms at baseline, who were randomized to a 12-month collaborative care intervention (INT) (problem-solving therapy and/or pharmacotherapy, telephone symptom monitoring/ relapse prevention, behavioral activation and patient navigation support) or enhanced usual care (EUC), and who did not meet major depression criteria at 12 months were subsequently observed over 18 to 24 months. Results: Post-trial depression symptom deterioration was similar between INT (35.2%) and EUC (35.3%) groups. Among the combined groups, significant predictors of symptom
Neuroanatomical evidence for indirect connections between the medial preoptic nucleus and the song control system: possible neural substrates for sexually motivated song.

In European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) as in other seasonally breeding songbirds, a major function of song during the breeding season is mate attraction, and song in this context is highly sexually motivated. Song learning, perception, and production are regulated by nuclei of the song control system, but there is no evidence that these nuclei participate in the motivation to sing. Evidence suggests that the medial preoptic nucleus (POM), a diencephalic nucleus outside of the song control system, might regulate the motivation to sing, at least in a sexual context. If the POM is involved in the regulation of sexually motivated song, then this structure must interact with the song control system. To examine possible neuroanatomical connections between the POM and song control nuclei a tract-tracing study was performed in male starlings using the antero- and retrograde tract tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). No direct connections were identified between the POM and song control nuclei; however, labeled fibers were found to terminate in a region bordering dorsal-medial portions of the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA). Additionally, several indirect routes via which the POM might communicate with the song control system were identified. Specifically, POM projected to dorsomedial nucleus intercollicularis (DM), mesencephalic central gray (GCt), area ventralis of Tsai (AVT), and locus ceruleus (LoC), structures projecting directly to nuclei involved in song production (DM → vocal-patterning and respiratory nuclei; GCt, AVT, LoC → RA and HVC, and the context in which song is sung (AVT → area X). These results are consistent with the possibility that the POM regulates sexually motivated song through interactions with brain regions involved in vocal production.
HPLC Determination of Norepinephrine Bitartrate in 5% Dextrose Injection on Underivatized Silica with an Aqueous-Organic Mobile Phase

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the assay of norepinephrine bitartrate in 5% dextrose injection containing up to a 500 fold excess of ranitidine. The separation and quantitation are achieved on a 22-cm underivatized silica column at ambient temperature (22 ± 1°C) using a mobile phase of 50:50 v/v 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 3.0 - acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with detection at 280nm. It was shown that the predominant mechanism of retention for the drug on silica was cation exchange. The method showed linearity for norepinephrine over the 1–128 μg/mL range (r2 = 0.9999, n = 8). Accuracy and precision were in the 0.9 – 2.3 % and 0.63 – 3.3% ranges, respectively. The limit of detection was 26 ng/mL based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.
Characterization of rat liver microsomal and hepatocytal metabolites of brevetoxins by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Brevetoxins are natural neurotoxins that are produced by “red tide” algae. This class of compounds can cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and other health problems. Brevetoxin-2 is the most abundant among the nine brevetoxins that have been characterized, whereas brevetoxin-1 is the most toxic. In this study, brevetoxin-1 and brevetoxin-2 were incubated with rat liver hepatocytes and rat liver microsomes, respectively. After clean-up steps were taken to remove the proteins, samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-MS). After incubation of brevetoxin-1, two metabolites were found: brevetoxin-1-M1 (molecular weight = 900 Da), and brevetoxin-1-M2 (molecular weight = 884 Da). The increase in molecular weight combined with evidence from tandem mass spectrometry showing an increased tendency for loss of water molecules, along with considerations of established precedents for chemical transformations led to the conclusion that brevetoxin-1-M1 was formed by converting one double bond in the E or F ring of brevetoxin-1 into a diol. The second metabolite (brevetoxin-1-M2) is proposed to be a hydrolysis product of brevetoxin-1 involving opening of the lactone ring with the addition of a water molecule. The incubation study of the other starting compound, brevetoxin-2, found two metabolites in the LC-ES-MS selected ion chromatogram. Brevetoxin-2-M1 (molecular weight = 912 Da) gave a large [M−H]− peak at m/z 911, and its product ion mass spectrum allowed the deduction that this metabolite was the hydrolysis product of brevetoxin-2 involving conversion of the lactone to a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The second metabolite (brevetoxin-2-M2, molecular weight = 896 Da) was deduced to have the same structure as that of brevetoxin-3 based on identical chromatographic retention times and similar mass spectra as those obtained for a brevetoxin-3 standard.
Temporal mechanisms underlying recovery from forward masking in multielectrode-implant listeners

This paper describes a detailed study of recovery from forward masking in six users of the Nucleus-22 cochlear implant with a range of performance in speech-recognition tests. Recovery from a 300-ms-long pulse train presented at 1000 pps was found to be fastest in the poorer performers. The shape of the recovery function was found to be most strongly influenced by masker duration, suggesting that temporal integration plays a prominent role in recovery from forward masking. The recovery functions are reasonably well described by a sum of two exponentially decaying processes. Their relative weights depend on the amount of temporal integration occurring during the masker, and show strong intersubject variability. Nonmonotonicities sometimes observed in the recovery functions may be accounted for by considering the influence of neural adaptation.
Pterospora demodendrion sp.nov. and Pterospora clymenellae, acephaline eugregarines from coastal North Carolina.

Summary Pterospora demodendrion sp.nov., an acephaline eugregarine (Eugregarinorida, Urosporidae) from the coelom of Axiothella mucosa (Polychaeta, Maldanidae) is described. The gamont averages 277 × 139 μm and possesses 20–36 posterior prolongations. Gametocysts average 412 × 287 μm; without polar funneled openings. Oocysts average 24.4 × 8.4 μm; with aliform wings on the epispore wall and containing a lemon-shaped (16.2 × 7.8 μm) inner capsule. This species is most similar to P. ramificata , though significantly distinct in characteristics of the gamont and gametocyst. Pterospora clymenellae is also reported herein, from the maldanid Clymenella torquata , and shown to lack the epispore wings present in other Pterospora species.
Fluctuations in soil test values for potassium as influenced by time of sampling

Abstract Soil samples were taken at frequent intervals in 1975 and 1976 from a factorial set of lime ‐K treatments initiated in December 1970 to determine the effect time of sampling has on K soil test values. Previous work at this site had shown wide fluctuations in K soil test values due to sample time thus necessitating a more detailed study than was previously made. Such information is necessary if accurate K fertilizer recommendations are to be made. Samples from 28 unfertilized plots showed that months of sampling significantly affected K soil test values. Soil test values for K were highest in late May and declined as the growing season progressed, remaining low until the relatively higher exchangeable K was re‐established the following spring. Disregard for this phenomenon could result in inaccurate recommendations for K fertilizer.
The role of verbal output time in the effects of word length on immediate memory.

In three experiments, we examined the role of delays within overt verbal responding in causing effects of word length on immediate recall. Although a phonological memory decay mechanism has been implicated by past research on word length effects, the exact basis of the effect remains unclear. The added difficulty of recalling longer words could arise both while subjects attempt to rehearse words silently and while they attempt to repeat words aloud. To examine the latter mechanism, the lengths of words in the first and second halves of lists to be recalled were varied independently, and both forward and backward recall orders were used. Recall of each word was found to be influenced by the total pronunciation time for all items to be recalled prior to that word, although there was an additional advantage for the last item output. The results clarify and generally support the theory of the articulatory loop, and the method permits an improved analysis of immediate memory into decay-based and other factors.
Simulation Of A Phased Array Beam Expander To Predict Far-Field Performance

Recently a concept has emerged which may significantly change large scale laser beam expander technology. The phased array synthetic aperture beam expander concept seeks to create a large synthetic aperture by phasing and aligning several smaller subaperture telescopes. This concept may offer enormous advantages in the cost and feasibility of optics fabrication, and on a system level provides greater modularity, as well as a more compact and optomechanically stable structure. Along with these advantages come scientific and technical issues regarding system feasibility, control, and comparative performance. The Air Force PHASAR experiment will answer many questions about the application of this beam expander concept. Any application of a PASABE system may utilize the far-field intensity pattern as a measure of effective system performance, as it is a quantitative measure of the way in which energy is delivered to the reciever or target. By incorporating important aspects of system operation, such as subaperture misalignment into a far-field propagation simulation we may learn a great deal about the performance of a system under various conditions. In order to support the design and testing of the Air Force PHASAR, a specialized propagation code called OPALS was developed to simulate far-field performance of multiaperture bex systems. The purpose of this paper is to present a perspective on the objectives, constraints and methods used in developing such a simu-lation.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Science, policy, and politics in judicial review of regulations

Perhaps the most effective control on the exercise of administration is to subject final decisions to evaluation by a reviewing institution capable of vetoing the initiative or remanding it to the agency for further work. All three branches of government—Congress, the executive branch and the judiciary—perform this review function to some degree, but the judiciary plays a uniquely powerful role in American government. During the last two decades, Congress has vested in regulatory agencies like the environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) broad authority to promulgate standards and regulations to protect citizens from the unintended adverse consequences of a modern industrial society. These powerful agencies must necessarily rely heavily upon scientific data in carrying out their responsibilities. They must interpret scientific studies and draw inferences on the basis of “scientific judgment.”; When the nature of the administrative task is so highly...
Formation of SrBi2Ta2O9: Part II. Evidence of a bismuth-deficient pyrochlore phase

A bismuth-deficient pyrochlore phase has been observed in both powder and film samples fired at 775{degree}C. The estimated stoichiometry of this pyrochlore (based on calculated diffraction patterns) was Sr{sub 0.2}(Sr{sub 0.5}Bi{sub 0.7})Ta{sub 2}O{sub 6.75}. This bismuth-deficient pyrochlore phase may be considered deleterious to the formation of the SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9} {open_quote}{open_quote}SBT{close_quote}{close_quote} ferroelectric compound since a significant presence of this pyrochlore compound implies a large deviation from the desired cation ratios. Additionally, films prepared on platinized silicon substrates indicate the SBT phase formation may be encouraged by the substrate; there appears to be some 00{ital l} preferential orientation for stoichiometric SBT thin films. {copyright} {ital 1996 Materials Research Society.}
Symplectic flows on the open ball

Abstract We construct a complete, infinitesimally symplectic vectorfield on the open unit ball in R 4 with no zeros. This shows that there are symplectic diffeomorphisms of the ball with no fixed points.
Morphologic changes in white and brown adipose tissue by insulin, thyroxin and cortisol in organ culture

In order to compare the morphologic response of white and brown fat to various hormones in vitro the technique of organ culture was used in this study. Explants of white and brown fat from young mice fasted for 48 hours were exposed to culture media supplemented with insulin, thyroxin or cortisol. Morphologic changes due to these hormones were studied by means of histologic analyses and cell width measurements. Insulin acted to increase the size of cells and intracellular lipid content of brown and white fat explants when compared to similar explants exposed to unsupplemented media. Brown fat explants reacted earlier than white fat in this case. Thyroxin or cortisol alone had no influence on cell width or intracellular lipid content of these tissues. With the combination of insulin and thyroxin only white fat cells showed a greater increase in lipid deposition than that seen with insulin alone. No significant changes were noted when the combination of insulin and cortisol, or when all three hormones were added to the culture medium compared to that seen with insulin alone. The conclusion reached confirms those of other authors that brown and white fat possess enough dissimilarities to be classified as two different types of tissue.
Tumour-infiltrating T-cell subsets, molecular changes in colorectal cancer, and prognosis: cohort study and literature review†

The abundance of tumour-infiltrating T-cells has been associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) and a favourable prognosis in colorectal cancer. However, numerous molecular alterations have been associated with clinical outcome, and potentially confounding the biological and prognostic significance of tumour-infiltrating T-cells. We utilized a database of clinically and molecularly-annotated colon and rectal carcinoma cases (N = 768; stage I-IV) in two prospective cohort studies (the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study) and quantified the densities of CD3(+), CD8(+), CD45RO(+) (PTPRC), and FOXP3(+) cells within neoplastic epithelial areas using an Ariol image analysis system and tissue microarray. We used Cox proportional hazard models to compute the mortality hazard ratio, adjusting for clinical and molecular features including KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations, MSI, CIMP, and LINE-1 hypomethylation. The densities of CD8(+), CD45RO(+), and FOXP3(+) cells were significantly associated with patient survival in univariate analyses (P(trend) < 0.007). In the multivariate model, tumour-infiltrating CD45RO(+)-cell density, but not CD3(+), CD8(+) or FOXP3(+)-cell density, was significantly associated with survival (p = 0.0032). In multivariate linear regression analysis, MSI-high (p < 0.0001) and high-level tumour LINE-1 methylation (p = 0.0013) were independently associated with higher CD45RO(+)-cell density. The survival benefit associated with CD45RO(+) cells was independent of MSI and LINE-1 status. In conclusion, tumour-infiltrating CD45RO(+)-cell density is a prognostic biomarker associated with longer survival of colorectal cancer patients, independent of clinical, pathological, and molecular features. In addition, MSI-high and tumour LINE-1 methylation level are independent predictors of CD45RO(+)-cell density. Our data offer a possible mechanism by which MSI confers an improved clinical outcome and support efforts to augment the host immune response in the tumour microenvironment as a strategy of targeted immunotherapy.
Neighborhood Contextual Influences on Depressive Symptoms in the Elderly

To understand whether neighborhood contexts contribute to the onset or maintenance of mental health problems independently of individual characteristics requires the use of multilevel study designs and analytical strategies. This study used a multilevel analytical framework to examine the relation between neighborhood context and risk of depressive symptoms, using data from the New Haven component of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, a community-based sample of noninstitutionalized men and women aged 65 years or older and living in the city of New Haven, Connecticut, in 1982. Neighborhoods were characterized by census-based characteristics and also by measures of the neighborhood service environment using data abstracted from the New Haven telephone book Yellow Pages. Living in a poor neighborhood was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms in older adults, above and beyond individual vulnerabilities. In addition, the presence of more elderly people in the neighborhood was associated with better mental health among older adults. The authors found no evidence that access to services hypothesized to promote social engagement, to provide health services, or to affect the reputation of a neighborhood explained (i.e., mediated) neighborhood variations in depressive symptoms.
Analytical study of magnetic turbulence

The growth of magnetic islands considerably affects the transport properties of fusion plasmas. The Hamiltonian formalism appears as a very powerful tool to describe the onset of magnetic turbulence. This last one is associated to the blowup of the stochastic layer of the main magnetic island. Moreover, the renormalization theory developed for Hamiltonian systems explains the order of appearance of magnetic islands.
Grass production on peat soils.

World literature relating to grass production on peat soUs is reviewed. If initial nutrient deficiencies are adequately corrected the grass potential is high. DM yields of 6500 kg/ha are attainable with moderate fertilizing. A high level of output must he maintained to justify the cost of reclamation. Light applications of P and K at regular intervals, coupled with heavy stocking or frequent defoliation, prevent pasture deterioration.
Coupled effects of hydrostatic pressure and bipolar electric field on the FE-AFE phase transformation in 95/5 PZT

The behavior of 95/5 PZT subjected to bipolar electrical loading and hydrostatic pressure is studied experimentally. When 95/5 PZT is subjected to high enough hydrostatic pressure it undergoes a ferroelectric to antiferroelectric (FEAFE) phase transformation. Specimens were subjected to two pressure cycles from 0 to 550 MPa at a rate of 50 MPa/min under short circuit conditions. It was found that under the first pressure cycle the specimens undergo a FEAFE phase transformation at 330 MPa indicated by an abrupt compression of 2500 microstrain. Under the second pressure cycle, the transformation no longer occurs at a single pressure level, but is smoothed throughout loading. In another set of experiments, bipolar electric fields were applied up to 3 MV/m at discrete pressure levels. At low pressures, electric displacement-electric field plots exhibited open loop behavior characteristic of soft ferroelectrics. As the pressure was increased past the FE-AFE phase transformation threshold, the open loops closed to nearly linear dielectric. When the driving pressure was decreased the open loop behavior returned at a notably lower pressure level. The transformation pressure is therefore path dependent and is evidence of a pressure hysteresis.
Environmental quality and the use of herbicides on artemisia/grasslands of the U.S. intermountain area

Abstract The sagebrush (Artemisia)/grasslands of western North America are a tremendous grazing resource that currently is producing forage at only about one-half of its potential. The history of degradation of this environment is traced from the late 19th century, when livestock were introduced to the sagebrush rangelands. The dominant species of sagebrush that characterize the landscape are not preferred by domestic livestock. Continuous excessive grazing greatly reduced the perennial grass cover and allowed shrubs to increase. Phenoxy herbicides proved to be very valuable and economically feasible tools for improving grass and other forage production on shrub-dominated rangelands. Second-generation herbicides were used in controlling alien annual weeds to permit the seeding of degraded sagebrush rangelands. These techniques for control of herbaceous weeds were vertically integrated with brush control and seeding techniques for total range improvement. Environmental and economic constraints brought improvement of sagebrush range to a virtual standstill during the nineteen-seventies.
Void characterization using ultrasonic backscatter from void clusters

A technique to extract the deconvolved response of a single cavity from the backscattered ultrasonic signal received from a cluster of cavities is presented. First, a standard deconvolution removes noise and distortions of the signal caused either by the measuring system or the specimen. This is followed by homorphic deconvolution using the complex cepstrum to extract the response of a single cavity when signals from adjacent cavities in the cluster are superimposed on each other. The technique is applied to backscatter from a cluster of spherical cavities located in an epoxy specimen. The recovered signal compares favorably with the analytically calculated, backscattered time-domain response of a spherical cavity due to the incidence of a plane longitudinal wave on the single cavity. The radius of the cavity can be obtained from the extracted response using a simple formula derived from elastodynamic ray theory.
First year medical students' attitudes and knowledge about AIDS.

Abstract Medical students attitudes and resulting behaviors about treating HIV-infected patients are critical and will become increasingly so in the years ahead. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire of 135 first year medical students at Boston University School of Medicine conducted in May 1988 queried students' knowledge of HIV transmission; concerns about contracting HIV; ethical and legal responsibilities; attitudes about testing for HIV and treatment of HIV-infected patients; the effect the epidemic poses for their medical careers; changes in personal sexual and drug use practices. Results indicate that students' careers are being affected because they are worried about contracting HIV, that the epidemic will affect their final choice of specialty, and that they believe they should be allowed to refuse to treat AIDS patients during their medical school training. The findings raise serious questions concerning why medical students hold these beliefs and suggest that students' willingness to car...
Study of the dependence of 198Au half-life on source geometry

Abstract We report the results of an experiment to determine whether the half-life of 198Au depends on the shape of the source. This study was motivated by recent suggestions that nuclear decay rates may be affected by solar activity, perhaps arising from solar neutrinos. If this were the case then the β -decay rates, or half-lives, of a thin foil sample and a spherical sample of gold of the same mass and activity could be different. We find for 198Au, ( T 1 / 2 ) foil / ( T 1 / 2 ) sphere = 0.999 ± 0.002 , where T1/2 is the mean half-life. The maximum neutrino flux at the sample in our experiments was several times greater than the flux of solar neutrinos at the surface of the Earth. We show that this increase in flux leads to a significant improvement in the limits that can be inferred on a possible solar contribution to nuclear decays.
Acoustic Doppler Measurements of Vertical Velocities in the Atmosphere

Acoustic echo sounding techniques have been used to determine vertical velocities in the atmosphere during thermal plume activity and a nocturnal inversion. The existence of breaking wave formations within the inversion has been clearly established.
Matched cohort analysis of the effect of pretreatment positron emission tomography on clinical outcomes of patients with head and neck cancer treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy

Background Pretreatment positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to be useful for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) after definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of a matched cohort of 116 patients with HNSCC that underwent CRT treatment at our institution. Pretreatment PET was performed in 58 patients and omitted in the other 58 patients. The 2 cohorts were matched for T classification, N classification, primary site, and smoking history. Kaplan–Meier 2-year estimates of local control (LC), regional control (RC), freedom from distant metastasis (FFDM), cause-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) were compared with log-rank tests. Results There were no differences between the 2 cohorts for 2-year endpoints of LC, RC, FFDM, CSS, and OS. On multivariate analysis pretreatment PET imaging did not influence any endpoint. Conclusions PET imaging before definitive CRT may not significantly improve outcomes in patients with HNSCC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Comment on “Third order susceptibilities in supercooled liquids and the ‘box model’ theory versus experiments” [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 054508 (2014)]

Nonlinear dielectric relaxation experiments are gaining attention because they provide more microscopic insight into structure and dynamics of liquids compared with linear response results. In a recent paper [R. M. Pick, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 054508 (2014)], Pick investigated the “box model” regarding its prediction of time-resolved changes in configurational temperatures that originate from the energy transferred irreversibly from the external field to the sample, analogous to microwave heating. Studying dielectric polarization by a Fourier analysis window that is shifted continuously along the time axis, (opposed to discrete increments of one period), Pick observes oscillations at twice the fundamental frequency and concludes that extra information about these nonlinear dielectric effects are obtained if such oscillations were experimentally detectable. We have observed this oscillatory behavior by nonlinear dielectric experiments, but also demonstrate that this second harmonic component is an immediate c...
Synthesis of coesite nanocrystals from ethane bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica at low temperature and extreme pressure

Coesite nanocrystals have been synthesized from periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) with (CH2)2 bridges heated at 300 °C for 150 min and 12 GPa. The crystals are not sintered, single crystalline, and have diameters of ca. 100–300 nm. Below 300 °C, an amorphous non-porous organosilica glass was obtained. Heating above 300 °C at 12 GPa results in the rapid crystal growth and micron size coesite crystals were formed.