cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Bus Stop Identification Using Smartphone Sensors

Intelligent transportation systems can be built by developing models that learn from the collected transport data. Data collection and implementation of such systems is often costly, and few countries have support for such systems in their transportation budgets. In places where maintaining currency and accuracy of information is difficult, many problems arise. For instance, in Chennai, India, real time bus transit data is not maintained, there is no proper communication about the bus schedules, bus stops are not regularly updated and inconsistent information about bus stops is observed in the transport authority's website. We are interested in developing models for identifying bus stops from trajectories for situations where accurate and current information is not available and traffic conditions are challenging, such as Chennai, India. We develop a simple yet easily accessible Android mobile application (App) to collect GPS traces of bus routes. We use our App to collect GPS trajectory data from Baltimore, Maryland, a place where there are facilities to access up-to-date information about bus stops. We also collect GPS trajectories from Chennai, India. We then develop a model using machine learning techniques to identify bus stops from the collected trajectories. We experimentally evaluate our model by training it on the Baltimore dataset and testing it on the Chennai dataset, achieving testing accuracy between 85 -- 90%. This is comparable to the accuracy of 95% achieved by both training and testing on the Chennai dataset. This illustrates that our approach is effective in helping maintain an accurate and current transport information system for resource constraint environments.
Coupling reduction of two planar monopole antennas for modern wireless applications

This paper presents a mutual reduction technique based on the insertion of two strips between two adjacent planar monopole rectangular patch antennas with an edge to edge separation of λ o /31. The array achieves a total realized gain of 3.73, 4.39 and 3.84 dB at 1.85, 2.4, and 3.5 GHz respectively, a relative bandwidth of 69% (1.8 – 3.7) GHz over which the matching level |S 11 | is less than −10 dB and the coupling level |S 21 | is below or equal to −20 dB. The performance offered by the proposed design represents a good candidate to be implemented in modern wireless standards including 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, and IEEE 802.11 WLAN and systems utilizing the ISM band.
Evidence for participation of RNA 1-encoded elicitor in Cowpea mosaic virus-mediated concurrent protection.

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) line Arlington, inoculated with Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), showed no symptoms, and no infectivity or accumulation of capsid antigen was detected at several days after inoculation. Coinoculation, but not sequential inoculation, of CPMV with similar concentrations of another Comovirus; Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), resulted in reduced numbers of CPSMV-induced lesions. This apparent, CPMV-mediated reduction in number of CPSMV-induced infection centers was termed concurrent protection. We report results obtained by inoculating two nearly isogenic cowpea lines derived from a CPMV-susceptible cowpea crossed to Arlington, one line CPMV-susceptible and the other resistant. The CPMV virions B and M, encapsidating genomic RNAs 1 and 2, respectively, were extensively purified by gradient centrifugation. In the CPMV-resistant cowpea, either CPMV or CPMV B affected concurrent protection against CPSMV and against two distinct non-Comoviruses: Cherry leafroll virus and Southern bean mosaic virus. Adding CPMV M to the inoculum did not enhance CPMV-B-mediated protection. CPMV B was ineffective in protecting CPMV-susceptible cowpea. We postulate that CPMV-mediated concurrent protection is elicited in CPMV-resistant cowpea by a CPMV RNA-1-encoded factor and acts to reduce accumulation or spread of CPMV and certain coinoculated challenging viruses in or from the inoculated cell. Coinoculated CPMV did not protect CPMV-resistant cowpea against Tomato bushy stunt virus or Cucumber mosaic virus.
Optimization-based design of plant-friendly multisine signals using geometric discrepancy criteria

System identification is an important means for obtaining dynamical models for process control applications; experimental testing represents the most time-consuming step in this task. The design of constrained, "plant-friendly" multisine input signals that optimize a geometric discrepancy criterion arising from Weyl's Theorem is examined in this paper. Such signals are meaningful for data-centric estimation methods, where uniform coverage of the output state-space is critical. The usefulness of this problem formulation is demonstrated by applying it to a linear problem example and to the nonlinear, highly interactive distillation column model developed by Weischedel and McAvoy. The optimization problem includes a search for both the Fourier coefficients and phases in the multisine signal, resulting in an uniformly distributed output signal displaying a desirable balance between high and low gain directions. The solution involves very little user intervention (which enhances its practical usefulness) and has great benefits compared to multisine signals that minimize crest factor. The constrained nonlinear optimization problems that are solved represent challenges even for high-performance optimization software.
Temperature and Electric Stress in Impregnated-Paper Insulation

THE effect of temperature elevation on impregnated paper insulation is to increase conductivity and dielectric loss and to accelerate such chemical action as may be possible among the constituent paper, oil, and adjacent electrodes. Both effects increase rapidly above, say 60 degrees centigrade, but are relatively small at ordinary atmospheric temperatures in dry and air-free insulation.
Global smoothness and uniform convergence of smooth picard singular operators

In this article, we continue with the study of smooth Picard singular integral operators over the real line regarding their simultaneous global smoothness preservation property with respect to the L"p norm, 1 @? p @? ~, by involving higher-order moduli of smoothness. Also, we study their simultaneous approximation to the unit operator with rates involving the modulus of continuity with respect to the uniform norm. The produced Jackson type inequalities are almost sharp, containing elegant constants, and they reflect the high order of differentiability of the engaged function.
Investigation of the Effect of Electrical Current Variance on Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

The performance of thermoelectric modules for energy-harvesting applications is investigated, and a model is presented to predict module performance. Derived from energy conservation equations, the model predicts module performance by solving for the temperatures at both ends of the thermoelectric materials within a module. Unlike traditional methods, the model accounts for the effect of electrical current with respect to the load resistance by considering additional heat transfer by Joule heating and the Peltier effect. This establishes a nonlinear quadratic form of temperatures which can be solved by an iterative numerical solution. The model is extended to predict the performance of energy-harvesting systems, which may include connection of multiple thermoelectric modules in series to meet the necessary power requirements. However, a key issue with multiple module connection is the power reduction that arises when there are significant differences in module properties and/or the corresponding external conditions to which each individual module is exposed. Power reduction is thus investigated, as in some cases the overall power output for multiple modules can be less than the power output of a single module. For validation and comparison of the model, experimental support is provided for the case of two commercial thermoelectric modules connected in series. The model also provides optimum load resistances, and a system optimization of the number of modules for a designated heat sink to maximize power generation. The overarching goal of this work is to provide performance prediction and optimization considerations for actual thermoelectric energy-harvesting systems.
Critical influence of the pattern of Tropical Ocean warming on remote climate trends

Evidence is presented that the recent trend patterns of surface air temperature and precipitation over the land masses surrounding the North Atlantic Ocean (North America, Greenland, Europe, and North Africa) have been strongly influenced by the warming pattern of the tropical oceans. The current generation of atmosphere–ocean coupled climate models with prescribed radiative forcing changes generally do not capture these regional trend patterns. On the other hand, even uncoupled atmospheric models without the prescribed radiative forcing changes, but with the observed oceanic warming specified only in the tropics, are more successful in this regard. The tropical oceanic warming pattern is poorly represented in the coupled simulations. Our analysis points to model error rather than unpredictable climate noise as a major cause of this discrepancy with respect to the observed trends. This tropical error needs to be reduced to increase confidence in regional climate change projections around the globe, and to formulate better societal responses to projected changes in high-impact phenomena such as droughts and wet spells.
Endotherapy for pancreatic necrosis and abscess: endoscopic drainage and necrosectomy

Pancreatic necrosis and abscess are among the most severe complications of acute pancreatitis. Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections has been increasingly performed in many tertiary care centers. The type of fluid collection that is being intervened upon determines the outcome. The development of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has expanded the safety and efficacy of this modality by allowing one to access and drain more challenging fluid collections. The technique and review of current literature regarding endoscopic therapy of pancreatic necrosis and abscess will be discussed.
Evaluating Terrain for Harvesting Equipment Selection

A terrain evaluation model, utilizing a geographic information system, has been developed as a tool for planning large-scale industrial timber harvesting operations. The model combines terrain descriptions with machine operating criteria to produce maps delineating operable areas. The integration of the model with a harvest planning decision support system is discussed and an example is presented.
TU-C-217BCD-01: Where Molecular Imaging Is Taking Us

Molecular imaging techniques can detect abnormalities very early in the progression of a disease, often before problems can be observed with other diagnostic tests or even before symptoms occur. This in turn can improve the probability of a successful outcome. Additionally, Molecular imaging can determine if there has been a response to therapy early in the treatment phase, allowing for the selection an effective therapy and/or the development of improved therapies in clinical trials. There are many molecular imaging procedures that are currently available and essential in many medical specialties. Increased capabilities to image the human body are deepening our understanding of disease and allowing researchers to explore new ways to manage and treat illnesses. This symposium will describe the current state of the art in molecular imaging of cancer, where it is used for diagnosis,treatment planning, and assessing response to therapy. Challenges to implementation will be discussed and illustrative examples will be provided.
The use of calf circumference measurement as an anthropometric tool to monitor nutritional status in elderly inpatients

Objective The objective of this study was to identify the nutritional status of hospitalized elderly and verify if calf circumference can be a tool to monitor nutritional status in this population.
Giving voice to requirements engineering

Developers have plenty of reasons to avoid investing in requirements engineering: It is next to impossible to capture user needs completely, and needs are constantly evolving. The gap between software research and practice is no more evident than in the field of requirements engineering. Requirement engineering has a fairly narrow goal - determine a need and define the external behavior of a solution - but the range of research into requirements is enormous. >
Comparative Susceptibility of Chicken, Duck and Turkey Eggs to Microbial Invasion

SUMMARY Duck eggs were the most susceptible to bacterial spoilage, and turkey eggs were at least as resistant as chicken eggs and in some experiments appeared significantly more resistant. Under storage for 6 weeks at room temperature, however, the ability to resist bacteria was essentially unchanged in duck eggs and very markedly lowered in chicken eggs. Similarly, duck eggs lost very little quality (Haugh units) upon prolonged storage, and chicken eggs lost interior quality much faster. Bacterial penetration studies of chicken and duck exterior structures with model systems demonstrated that the outer shell membrane was the least resistant, followed by the shell and then the inner shell membrane. No consistent or significant differences in bacterial penetration were found between chicken and duck eggs, although the inner shell membrane of the former was thicker than that of the latter. Egg albumen was implicated as a major barrier to bacterial egg spoilage; conalbumin was an important inhibitor in egg white.
Race and neighborhoods in the 21st century: What does segregation mean today?

Abstract Noting the decline in segregation between blacks and whites over the past several decades, some recent work argues that racial segregation is no longer a concern in the 21st century. In response, this paper revisits some of the concerns that John Quigley raised about racial segregation and neighborhoods to assess their relevance today. We note that while segregation levels between blacks and whites have certainly declined, they remain quite high; Hispanic and Asian segregation have meanwhile remained unchanged. Further, our analysis shows that the neighborhood environments of minorities continue to be highly unequal to those enjoyed by whites. Blacks and Hispanics continue to live among more disadvantaged neighbors, to have access to lower performing schools, and to be exposed to more violent crime. Further, these differences are amplified in more segregated metropolitan areas.
A Case Study and Field Evaluation of EDP-XPERT

This paper reports on the continued evaluation of EDP-XPERT, and expert system for assisting Computer Audit Specialists CASs in evaluating the reliability of EDP controls in advanced computer environments. The current evaluation of the system involved four phases. First, Senior CASs used the system on two case studies. Second, it was then used by the Senior CASs to evaluate recently completed audits. Third, a sensitivity analysis of the system's output was conducted. Fourth, the knowledge base was reprogrammed into another expert system shell and the Senior CASs' responses on the two cases and the audits were re-run. The results indicated that EDP-XPERT performed well on the case studies but that performance declined on the audits. The sensitivity analysis showed that EDP-XPERT's conclusions were affected by moderate perturbations of the CASs' input judgments. Finally, reprogramming the knowledge base into a more flexible expert system shell substantially improved the performance of the system's judgements.
Characterization of nanosecond pulse electrical field shock waves using imaging techniques

Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) cause the formation of small pores, termed nanopores, in the membrane of cells. Current nanoporation models treat nsPEF exposure as a purely electromagnetic phenomenon, but recent publications showing pressure transients, ROS production, temperature gradients, and pH waves suggest the stimulus may be physically and chemically multifactorial causing elicitation of diverse biological conditions and stressors. Our research group's goal is to quantify the breadth and participation of these stressors generated during nsPEF exposure and determine their relative importance to the observed cellular response. In this paper, we used advanced imaging techniques to identify a possible source of nsPEF-induced acoustic shock waves. nsPEFs were delivered in an aqueous media via a pair of 125 μm tungsten electrodes separated by 100 μm, mirroring our previously published cellular exposure experiments. To visualize any pressure transients emanating from the electrodes or surrounding medium, we used the Schlieren imaging technique. Resulting images and measurements confirmed that mechanical pressure waves and electrode-based stresses are formed during nsPEF, resulting in a clearer understanding of the whole exposure dosimetry. This information will be used to better quantify the impact of nsPEF-induced acoustic shock waves on cells, and has provided further evidence of non-electrical-field induced exposures for elicitation of bioieffects.
Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial

Abstract Heart failure, often associated with ventricular enlargement and recurrent myocardial infarction, is one of the major causes of postinfarction mortality. This observation suggests that measures used to prevent ventricular enlargement may improve postinfarction survival. The Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with the purpose of evaluating the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition on postinfarction death and ventricular dilation. This multicenter trial had a sample size goal of 2,220 patients between 21 and 79 years of age who had recently sustained a myocardial infarction and who have an ejection fraction determined by radionuclide ventriculogram (RVG-EF) of ≤ 40%. In addition to conventional therapy, patients were randomly assigned to captopril or placebo therapy commencing within 3–16 days following their myocardial infarction. A second RVG-EF is performed on all surviving participants at the end of the average 3.5-year treatment and follow-up period. The study has 90% power to detect a 25% improvement in postinfarction mortality or prevention of ≥9 unit absolute reduction in radionuclide ejection fraction. Additional end points, design features, and the administrative organization of the trial are described.
Sequential quadratic programming for certain parameter identification problems

We analyze the method of sequential quadratic programming for equality constrained minimization problems in Hilbert spaces of functions, and for the discrete approximations of such problems in the context of an elliptic parameter identification problem. We show how the discretization can be constructed so as to preserve the convergence behavior of the iterates for the infinite dimensional problem in the finite dimensional approximations. We use the structure of the parameter identification problem to reduce the size of the linear system for the SQP step and verify nondegeneracy of the constraints.
Motion compensated image processing and optimal parameters for egg crack detection using modified pressure

Shell eggs with microcracks are often undetected during egg grading processes. In the past, a modified pressure imaging system was developed to detect eggs with microcracks without adversely affecting the quality of normal intact eggs. The basic idea of the modified pressure imaging system was to apply a short burst of vacuum within a transparent chamber in order to cause a momentary and forced opening in the egg shell with a crack and thus to utilize the changes in image intensities during this process. The intensity changes from dark to bright in the shell surface were recorded by a high-resolution digital camera and processed by an image ratio technique. However, the performance of the imaging system was compromised by both false readings due to motion of intact eggs relative to the camera and an improper selection of parameter values for the detection algorithm. First, a machine vision technique based on motion estimation of individual eggs was developed to compensate any motion errors present on images and thus reduce false crack-detection readings. The simulation results of the developed motion estimation and compensation technique with 3,000 eggs showed no false errors. Second, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate and compare the performance of the crack-detection algorithm under varying parameters (ratio and detection-tolerance thresholds) and to find the optimal parameter values. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to compare the performance under varying parameter values. The minimum distance and Youden index criteria were used to find the optimal values from the ROC curve. The minimum distance criterion found the optimal parameters at 1.11 and 20 (or 1.1 and 25) for the ratio and detection-tolerance thresholds, respectively. The true positive and false positive rates at the optimal conditions were 98.91 and 0.14 %, respectively.
Modification of pea root meristem nuclei proteins by poly(ADP-ribose).

Abstract Nuclei from pea root meristem cells incorporate [adenine- 14 C]NAD when grown in White's medium. When the proteins from these nuclei were extracted, several proteins were modified by the isotope as determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis and fluorography, the most significant being a band which corresponds to calf-thymus histone H2-AS. The incorporation of [adenine- 14 C]NAD is a prerequisite for the formation of poly(ADP-ribose). This report marks the third plant species, following wheat and tobacco, in which some plant histones were found to be modified by [adenine- 14 C]NAD. The addition of the cell cycle regulator trigonelline had no effect on which proteins were being modified.
Angiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy: experience with hyperfractionated radiotherapy.

Abstract Purpose: To report our promising results of hyperfractionated radiotherapy (RT) in conjunction with surgery for angiosarcoma occurring after breast-conserving therapy for early-stage breast cancer. Methods and Materials: Since 1997, 3 cases of angiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy have been managed at the University of Florida. The histologic specimens in each case were reviewed and graded by one of us (J.D.R.). Results: Explosive growth of discolored skin lesions coincident with histologic evidence of angiosarcoma characterized all 3 cases but was preceded by a fairly indolent period (almost 2 years) of atypical vascular hyperplasia in 2 patients. All 3 patients were treated initially with radical surgery for the angiosarcoma, but extensive recurrences were noted within 1 to 2 months of surgery. Because of the extremely rapid growth noted before and after surgery, hyperfractionated RT was used. Two of the patients underwent planned resection after RT, and neither specimen demonstrated any evidence of high-grade angiosarcoma. All 3 patients were alive without any recurrent disease 22, 38, and 39 months after treatment. Conclusions: Hyperfractionated irradiation appears to be effective treatment for rapidly proliferating angiosarcoma. For previously untreated angiosarcoma, we now recommend hyperfractionated RT followed by surgery to enhance disease control and remove as much reirradiated tissue as possible.
Fast-pressure field calculations applied to large spherical ultrasound phased arrays designed for thermal therapy

Large spherical ultrasound phased arrays are ideal for simulation studies of thermal therapy devices designed for noninvasive breast cancer treatments. In a spherical array, circular sources packed in a dense hexagonal arrangement facilitate the most efficient use of the available aperture. Circular sources are also preferred for simulations of large phased arrays because pressure fields are computed more rapidly for circular pistons than for any other transducer geometry. The computation time is further reduced for circular transducers with grid sectoring. With this approach, the grid of computed pressures is divided into several regions, and then grid sectoring applies more abscissas in regions where the pressure integral converges slowly and fewer abscissas where the integral converges rapidly. As a result, the peak value of the numerical error is roughly the same in each sector, so the maximum numerical error in the computed field is maintained while the computation time is significantly reduced. The grid sectoring approach is extended to three dimensions (3D) for pressure field calculations with spherical arrays. In 3D calculations, the sectors are represented by cones, and the intersections between the computational grid and these cones define the boundaries required for grid sectoring. When these cone structures are applied to spherical phased arrays, 3D grid sectoring calculations rapidly compute the pressure fields so that the time required for array design and evaluation is substantially reduced.
Optimal control as a regularization method for ill-posed problems

We describe two regularization techniques based on optimal control for solving two types of ill-posed problems. We include convergence proofs of the regularization method and error estimates. We illustrate our method through problems in signal processing and parameter identification using an efficient Riccati solver. Our numerical results are compared to the same examples solved using Tikhonov regularization.
A History of Research on Warfare in Anthropology

In this brief history of warfare research, I identify four major periods: Foundation Period, Classical Period, Golden Age, and Recent Period. The myth of the peaceful savage arose in the Classical Period rather than in the later periods, as argued by Lawrence Keeley. The myth has its origins in an early evolutionary approach as well as in cultural relativism. It continues to play a major role in warfare research with some anthropologists arguing for the peaceable nature of man, while others argue that man has engaged in warfare from the beginning of prehistory, [war, theories of warfare, history of warfare research, myth of peaceful savage]
Precardiac cell migration: Fibronectin localization at mesoderm-endoderm interface during directional movement

The pathway of directional movement of chick precardiac mesoderm cells was studied by indirect immunofluorescence and by scanning electron microscopy. Directional movement of the precardiac cells begins at stage 6 from the lateral sides of the embryo at the level of Hensen's node. The cells move anteriorly in an arc to the embryo's midline. By stage 8 the cells arrive at the lateral sides of the anterior intestinal portal and movement ceases. The interval of this directional movement is approximately 10 hr. During migration the precardiac cells are in close association with the underlying endoderm. As migration proceeds, the cells encounter increasing amounts of fibrils in the substratum at the mesoderm-endoderm interface. Concomitant with increasing fibril formation there is an increase in fibronectin (FN) in the heart-forming region. During stage 5 FN first appears in the lateral heart-forming regions and increases in amount during the period of cell migration. By stage 7 a concentration difference of FN is apparent in the lateral regions with more FN cephalad and decreasing amounts caudad. At stages 7 and 8 large amounts of extracellular FN-associated fibrils are observed at the lateral sides of the anterior intestinal portal where the cells stop moving. The precardiac cells moving into this region are oriented perpendicular to the anterior intestinal portal and in close association with these fibrils. There is no evidence that the fibrillar meshwork forming the substratum of the precardiac mesoderm cells is physically oriented as a guide for directional movement. The correlations between FN distribution at the mesoderm-endoderm interface and directional cell movement suggest that the precardiac cells may migrate by haptotaxis, i.e., by moving along the substratum toward areas of greater adhesiveness.
Phylogenetic Divergence of CD47 Interactions with Human Signal Regulatory Protein α Reveals Locus of Species Specificity IMPLICATIONS FOR THE BINDING SITE

Cell-cell interactions between ubiquitously expressed integrin-associated protein (CD47) and its counterreceptor signal regulatory protein (SIRPalpha) on phagocytes regulate a wide range of adhesive signaling processes, including the inhibition of phagocytosis as documented in mice. We show that CD47-SIRPalpha binding interactions are different between mice and humans, and we exploit phylogenetic divergence to identify the species-specific binding locus on the immunoglobulin domain of human CD47. All of the studies are conducted in the physiological context of membrane protein display on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Novel quantitative flow cytometry analyses with CD47-green fluorescent protein and soluble human SIRPalpha as a probe show that neither human CD47 nor SIRPalpha requires glycosylation for interaction. Human CD47-expressing CHO cells spread rapidly on SIRPalpha-coated glass surfaces, correlating well with the spreading of primary human T cells. In contrast, CHO cells expressing mouse CD47 spread minimally and show equally weak binding to soluble human SIRPalpha. Further phylogenetic analyses and multisite substitutions of the CD47 Ig domain show that human to cow mutation of a cluster of seven residues on adjacent strands near the middle of the domain decreases the association constant for human SIRPalpha to about one-third that of human CD47. Direct tests of cell-cell adhesion between human monocytes and CD47-displaying CHO cells affirm the species specificity as well as the importance of the newly identified binding locus in cell-cell interactions.
Developing second language sociopragmatic knowledge through concept-based instruction: A microgenetic case study

Abstract This article presents a case study of the development of second language (L2) sociopragmatic knowledge in an intermediate-level US university learner of French, Jane (a pseudonym), who participated in a one-hour concept-based instruction (CBI) tutorial. Grounded in a Vygotskian perspective on developmental education, this research focuses on the teaching of scientific, or theoretical, concepts as a way of mediating language learners’ developing understanding of and ability to use the L2 for meaning-making purposes. The focus of the present study is on sociopragmatic concepts related to the choice between French second-person pronouns, TU and VOUS. An in-depth moment-to-moment, microgenetic analysis traces how changes in Jane's cognitive functioning (i.e., conceptual knowledge) arose in and through her engagement in the CBI tutorial, which included collaboration with an expert tutor as well as access to such mediating artifacts as written concept explanations and pedagogical diagrams.
RESISTANCE OF PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ-TREATED LYMPHOCYTES TO X-RAYS AND NITROGEN MUSTARD.

S>Suspensions of leukocytes were prepared from normal human blood. PHA- P (2 mu l/ml) was added and the suspensions, in small test tubes, were irradiated with 75-2400 r and incubated at 37 deg C. After irradiation with 1200 r, 29% of the lymphocytes and transformed lymphocytes in the PHA-treated suspensions survived 6 days of incubation. In contrast, after irradiation with 150 r only 5.4% of the lymphocytes survived in control suspensions without PHA. The addition of nitrogen mustard 5 mu g/ml allowed the survival of about one- half of the lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cells. In contrast, the concentration of HN2 killed all the lymphocytes in control suspensions without PHA. (P.C.H.)
Percolation in Combusting Sprays II. Width of the Percolate Combustion Zone

Abstract The recently introduced concept of percolate combustion motivates a refinement of the internal group combustion model analyzed by Chiu and coworkers. The continuous flame sheet separating com busting and non-combusting regions, regarded in the latter model as occupying a zone of negligible thickness, is here regarded as a highly convoluted surface occupying a zone of finite thickness, the "percolate combustion" zone. A simple model is employed to estimate the fraction of the combusting region that is within the percolate combustion zone. This fraction is estimated to be significant for internal group combustion regimes of practical interest. It is proposed that more detailed spray combustion models can incorporate percolation effects by modification of the transport equations and the matching conditions. Possible impacts of such modifications, including practical consequences of percolation effects, are discussed.
Evidence for Ku70/Ku80 association with full-length RAG1

Antigen receptor genes are assembled by a site-specific DNA rearrangement process called V(D)J recombination. This process proceeds through two distinct phases: a cleavage phase in which the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins introduce DNA double-strand breaks at antigen receptor gene segments, and a joining phase in which the resulting DNA breaks are processed and repaired via the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggest that the RAG proteins play an active role in guiding the repair of DNA breaks introduced during V(D)J recombination to the NHEJ pathway. However, evidence for specific association between the RAG proteins and any of the factors involved in NHEJ remains elusive. Here we present evidence that two components of the NHEJ pathway, Ku70 and Ku80, interact with full-length RAG1, providing a biochemical link between the two phases of V(D)J recombination.
United States global health policy: HIV/AIDS, maternal and child health, and The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).

The Obama administration has unveiled a new 6-year $63 billion Global Health Initiative. In addition to the reauthorization of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) to fund HIV/AIDS tuberculosis and malaria the plan also supports maternal and child health (MCH) initiatives that are rooted in a proposal known as the Mother and Child Campaign. The architects of the Obama administrations Global Health Initiative recommend funding the Mother and Child Campaign at the expense of future funding increases for PEPFAR. The idea that differing global health initiatives must compete with each other lacks not only ethical legitimacy but also scientific merit. We believe that MCH need not to be framed in opposition to PEPFAR. Confronting illness in isolation - whether by funding PEPFAR at the expense of programs that target MCH or vice versa - cannot be our way forward. Given the intimate connection between HIV/AIDS and MCH we affirm supporting PEPFAR and MCH programs together. We argue that policies that de-emphasize PEPFAR threaten to undermine rather than support MCH in countries with high HIV/AIDS prevalence. PEPFAR has directly and indirectly supported the care and treatment of other milieu specific diseases including those afflicting mothers and children bringing about broad benefits to the primary healthcare systems of recipient countries. We advocate the vertical integration of MCH initiatives into PEPFAR in order to create a comprehensive approach to addressing MCH against the global backdrop of HIV/AIDS.
The Effect of Foot Strike Pattern on Achilles Tendon Load During Running

In this study we compared Achilles tendon loading parameters during barefoot running among females with different foot strike patterns using open-source computer muscle modeling software to provide dynamic simulations of running. Muscle forces of the gastrocnemius and soleus were estimated from experimental data collected in a motion capture laboratory during barefoot running for 11 runners utilizing a rearfoot strike (RFS) and 8 runners utilizing a non-RFS (NRFS) pattern. Our results show that peak Achilles tendon force occurred earlier in stance phase (p = 0.007), which contributed to a 15% increase in average Achilles tendon loading rate among participants adopting a NRFS pattern (p = 0.06). Stance time, step length, and the estimated number of steps per mile were similar between groups. However, runners with a NRFS pattern experienced 11% greater Achilles tendon impulse each step (p = 0.05) and nearly significantly greater Achilles tendon impulse per mile run (p = 0.06). This difference equates to an additional 47.7 body weights for each mile run with a NRFS pattern. Runners considering a NRFS pattern may want to account for these novel stressors and adapt training programs accordingly.
ORGANIC SPIN CLUSTERS : FERROMAGNETIC SPIN COUPLING THROUGH A BIPHENYL UNIT IN POLYARYLMETHYL TRI-, PENTA-, HEPTA-, AND HEXADECARADICALS

Polyarylmethyl high-spin polyradicals are designed to possess a structure corresponding to simple spin clusters, where component spins (S‘) arise from strong ferromagnetic coupling through 1,3-phenylene units and weak ferromagnetic spin coupling between the component spins is mediated via 3,4‘-biphenylene (or 3,5,4‘-biphenylyne) units. This rational design permits not only modular and highly convergent synthesis of very high-spin molecules but also detailed analysis of their magnetic data. A series of polyether precursors for the corresponding polyarylmethyl tri-, penta-, hepta-, and hexadecaradicals are prepared. The polyradicals are generated and characterized in frozen tetrahydrofuran (or tetrahydrofuran-d8) solutions, using bulk magnetization studies. The measured values of S, from fits of magnetization vs magnetic field data to Brillouin functions at low temperatures, indicate high-spin ground states; e.g., S = 7.2 vs theoretical S = 8 for hexadecaradical. Estimated yields per site for generation of ...
Genetic influences on outcome following traumatic brain injury.

Several genes have been implicated as influencing the outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Currently the most extensively studied gene has been APOE. APOE can influence overall and rehabilitation outcome, coma recovery, risk of posttraumatic seizures, as well as cognitive and behavioral functions following TBI. Pathologically, APOE is associated with increased amyloid deposition, amyloid angiopathy, larger intracranial hematomas and more severe contusional injury. The proposed mechanism by which APOE affects the clinciopathological consequences of TBI is multifactorial and includes amyloid deposition, disruption of cytoskeletal stability, cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroprotection and central nervous system plasticity in response to injury. Other putative genes have been less extensively studied and require replication of the clinical findings. The COMT and DRD2 genes may influence dopamine dependent cognitive processes such as executive/frontal lobe functions. Inflammation which is a prominent component in the pathophysiological cascade initiated by TBI, is in part is mediated by the interleukin genes, while apoptosis that occurs as a consequence of TBI may be modulated by polymorphisms of the p53 gene. The ACE gene may affect TBI outcome via mechanisms of cerebral blood flow and/or autoregulation and the CACNA1A gene may exert an influence via the calcium channel and its effect on delayed cerebral edema. Although several potential genes that may influence outcome following TBI have been identified, future investigations are needed to validate these genetic studies and identify new genes that might influence outcome following TBI.
Photosensitized Oxidative Reaction of 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone

2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF) in absolute alcohol containing chlorophyll was exposed to light while being bubbled with oxygen. The photooxidation products, including ethyl pyruvate, ethyl lactate, acetic acid, ethyl 2-acetoxypropionate, acetoxyacetone, 1,2-ethanediol, acetoxy-2,3-butanedione, 2-oxopropyl 2-acetoxypropionate, lactic acid, and 2-acetoxypropionic acid were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Possible formation mechanisms for these products are postulated. The antiphotooxidative effect of capsanthin and lutein on DMHF in absolute alcohol containing chlorophyll was studied under light exposure while bubbling with oxygen. Both capsanthin and lutein showed the antiphotooxidative effect on DMHF, and their antiphotooxidative activity increased with increasing concentration. The activity of capsanthin, which contains 11 conjugated double bonds, a conjugated keto group, and one cyclopentane ring, was higher than that of lutein, wh...
Determination of the relative number distribution of particle sizes using photon correlation spectroscopy.

We investigate the determination of relative number distributions of particle sizes using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). To distinguish our work from earlier results, we have studied the extraction of the number distribution, relative number as a function of size, from the intensity distribution, relative scattered intensity vs size, and set limits on its usefulness. Expressions relating the scattered intensity distribution to the number distribution are presented. These results are connected to the output of two common PCS analysis techniques, the method of cumulants, and the inverse Laplace transform. These results are tested, and limits are set by generating a synthetic intensity autocorrelation function from a known number distribution and comparing the recovered number distribution to the input. We find good agreement for distributions narrower than a geometric width of 1.40.
Working memory and autism: A review of literature

Research studies that evaluated working memory with students with autism and other disorders were reviewed and summarized. Results suggest that persons with autism score lower on measures of working memory than do typical controls especially on tasks that require cognitive flexibility, planning, greater working memory load, and spatial working memory, and with increasing task complexity and in dual task conditions. Lower scores in verbal working memory were associated with greater problems in adaptive behavior and more restrictive and repetitive behavior. Children with autism were as likely as typical children to employ articulatory rehearsal (verbal WM). The format of WM tasks may determine whether or not performance is impaired. Implications for educational practice and future research are discussed.
Comparison of Three Extraction Systems for Determining Surface Lipid Content of Thickness-Fractionated Milled Rice

ABSTRACT The surface lipid content (SLC) of rice is often used to objectively measure the degree to which bran has been removed from rice kernels, commonly known as degree of milling (DOM). This study was conducted to evaluate new, rapid extraction technology for potential timesaving measurements of SLC of milled rice. The SLC of two long-grain rice cultivars, Cypress and Drew, were determined using three extraction systems: Soxtec, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Before milling, rough rice was separated into three thickness fractions ( 1.98 mm) and samples from each thickness fraction were milled for durations of 10, 20, and 30 sec. Head rice collected from each milling duration was extracted using each of the three methods. Results showed that regardless of the extraction method, thinner kernels had lower SLC measurements than thicker fractions. In most cases, both the ASE and Soxtec produced SLC greater than that of the SFE. The ASE ...
A cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of Hemerocampa pseudotsugata

Abstract Histochemical and histological studies of midguts of larvae of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Hemerocampa pseudotsugata , infected with cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus showed that the viral inclusion bodies formed in apicobasally oriented rows in goblet and columnar cells of the epithelium. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections of infected cells in the late stages of the disease revealed that the cytoplasmic polyhedra, were surrounded by high numbers of virus particles, adjacent to the surface of the inclusion bodies. Biological assay gave an ld 50 estimate of 104 polyhedra/g larval weight. In our samples, the mean volume of the inclusion bodies was 7.7 μ 3 and the mean diameter of the virus particles was 56 mμ.
Phase-Selective Anodic Stripping Analysis of Gallium in Spiked Bovine Tissue

Abstract An alternating current phase-selective anodic stripping (PSAS) method is described for determining trace amounts of gallium in spiked bovine tissue. Sharp, gaussian a.c. anodic stripping peaks were obtained at high solution ionic strength and in the presence of thiocyanate anion. Tissue samples were ashed completely using a low temperature, radio-frequency excited oxygen plasma. Interference from copper and zinc naturally present in the tissue was eliminated by isopropyl ether extraction of HGaC14 from 7 molar hydrochloric acid solution.
Determination of immunoglobulins in blood serum by high-performance affinity chromatography.

High-performance affinity chromatography columns were prepared by immobilizing protein A from Staphylococcus aureus on 10-μm diol-bonded silica. Immunoglobulin-containing samples were injected into the column at pH 7 and eluted by stepwise changes to pH 3. Immunoglobulin G, A, and M standards were tested, but only a small fraction of the latter two was retained on the column. Analysis of 3-μl samples of reference blood sera without pretreatment was performed using immunoglobulin G standards. Good agreement was observed between the immunoglobulin G concentrations measured by this method and by radial immunodiffusion. Chromatography of albumin and electrophoresis of retained serum fractions showed no interference by non-specific adsorption. Chromatographic analysis times were 4 min or less.
Buoyancy in developed laminar curved tube flows

Abstract The influence of buoyancy on fully developed laminar flow in curved tubes of circular cross-section is studied numerically. Steady flow for a constant property fluid, in terms of the Boussinesq approximation, is assumed. The thermal boundary conditions are specified as axially uniform heat flux and peripherally uniform wall temperature. The problem is solved using coarse, unequally spaced grids. The solutions cover a wide range of Prandtl, Dean and Grashof numbers and include the curvature ratio as an explicit parameter. The results are compared with results from the literature and reveal considerable differences. The buoyancy acts to increase the average Nusselt number, change the local Nusselt number distribution around the periphery, and rotate the orientation of the secondary flow.
Ritual blessings with companion animals

Abstract This research focuses on the blessing of animals. Blessings are a form of human–animal shared experience that manifests a belief in animal spirituality. Using a multi-method approach, this article investigates the presence of themes that previous research has identified on animal companions. The present study identifies new themes in the context of human–animal sharing experiences by focusing on a recurring ritual blessing event over a six-year period. Ritual blessings reflect the animal companion-consumer relationship lifecycle, particularly the consumption and disposition stages. The emotional bonds between humans and their companion animals affect many consumption-related lifestyle, diet, leisure, and healthcare decisions.