cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber optic sensor for simultaneous leak detection of hydrazine and nitrogen dioxide gases

Hydrazine and nitrogen dioxide hypergolic propellants are hazardous gases. This paper experimentally demonstrates, for the first time to our knowledge, the development of a fiber optic sensor for simultaneous leak monitoring of both gases at room temperature and pressure.
Studies on sodium-potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase. VI. Its role in cation transport in the lens of cat, calf and rabbit

Abstract The enzyme Na-K-activated ATPase, which is closely related to the active transport system of sodium and potassium in human erythrocytes, was found to occur in the epithelium of the lens of the cat, calf, and rabbit in relatively high activities. No significant activity could be detected in anterior and posterior capsule, cortex, and nucleus. Various properties of the enzyme system were determined and compared with corresponding properties of the transport system, reported by other investigators. Both the enzyme and the transport system were found to be located in the lens epithelium. They were both inhibited by ouabain, and there was good agreement between the half-maximal inhibition concentrations for the two systems in both calf and rabbit lens, when determined in media with the same K level. In the enzyme system as well as the transport system, Rb could replace K. In the rabbit lens the pH optimum of the enzyme was 7.3 as compared to 7.5 for the Rb uptake. The temperature coefficients of the two systems were 2.4 and 2, respectively. The ratios of equivalents of cation transported to moles of ATP hydrolyzed by the epithelial Na-K ATPase ranged from 2.51 to 4.15 (av. 3.07) for the three cations actively transported in calf and rabbit lens. It was concluded that the epithelial Na-K ATPase and the active cation-transport system of the lens are identical or very closely related.
Keeping the lid on: a century of drug regulation and control.

Abstract Since the early 1900s, national and international drug control legislation has acted as a key site of contention between important societal actors. Physicians and pharmacists, regulators and drug companies, patients and addicts, and researchers and pharmacologists all attempted to influence formulation and interpretation of the rules that regulate access to addicting but medically useful substances. The 1970 Controlled Substances Act (CSA) consolidated and rationalized previous US domestic legislation and paid careful attention to the international aspects of the issue. Yet the CSA also incorporated long-standing fundamental disputes about who would act as gatekeepers, what criteria would be employed in regulatory decisions, and the basic goals of drug control legislation. Rather than view the CSA as a beginning or an end, it is better conceived as a major milepost in a century-long odyssey of maneuvering among interested parties for advantage in a complex regulatory environment. Instead of providing a definitive authoritative structure to which all parties must adhere, the CSA has served as a vehicle for discernment and continuous renegotiation of essential concepts such as “abuse liability”.
Gastric Adenocarcinoma With Chief Cell Differentiation: A Proposal for Reclassification as Oxyntic Gland Polyp/Adenoma

Gastric adenocarcinoma with chief cell differentiation (GA-CCD) has been reported as a new, rare variant of gastric adenocarcinoma. Only 12 cases in Japanese patients have been described to date, but they demonstrate distinct clinicopathologic features. To further characterize these lesions, we have collected 10 additional cases. Patients ranged in age from 44 to 79 years (mean, 64.2 y) with a relatively equal sex distribution (6 women and 4 men). Stratified by race, 4 patients were Hispanic, 2 were White, 2 were African American, 1 was Asian (Chinese), and the race was unknown for 1 patient. All patients presented with gastroesophageal reflux that prompted an endoscopic examination. The majority of GA-CCDs were identified in the fundus (7 of 10, 70%) and the remaining in the cardia (n=3). Grossly, they were solitary and polypoid, ranging in size from 0.2 to 0.8 cm (mean, 0.4 cm). Histologically, all cases were centered in the deep mucosa, with focal involvement of surface foveolar epithelium in 3 (30%) cases but not the submucosa. The tumors consisted of clustered glands and irregular branching cords of oxyntic epithelium. Thin wisps of radiating smooth muscle separated the epithelium, but desmoplasia was distinctly absent in all cases. The oxyntic mucosa was 1 to 2 cells thick and composed of a mixture of mucous neck, parietal, and chief cells. In 7 of 10 (70%) cases, chief cells were the predominant cell type, whereas the remaining 3 cases consisted primarily of mucous neck cells. The nuclei were mildly enlarged with slight nuclear pleomorphism, but no mitotic figures were identified. In addition, necrosis, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion were absent. Immunohistochemically, GA-CCDs were diffusely positive for MUC6 (10 of 10, 100%) and negative for MUC5AC (0%) and MUC2 (0%). Ki-67 immunolabeling demonstrated variable expression, with the highest areas ranging from 0.2% to 10%. Clinical follow-up was available for 9 of 10 (90%) patients and ranged from 6 to 39 months. One patient had persistence of lesion at 6 months because of incomplete removal, whereas the other 8 were disease free. In summary, GA-CCDs are solitary, mucosal lesions of the gastric cardia/fundus that arise in patients from multiple ethnic backgrounds. Considering that patients within this study and those reported previously have had neither true recurrence nor progression of disease, these lesions are best regarded as benign. Consequently, the term GA-CCD is contradictory and we prefer the descriptive term "oxyntic gland polyp/adenoma" until further studies can clarify the pathogenesis of these lesions and their natural history.
Intraoperative placement of transpyloric jejunal feeding catheters in children

Transpyloric jejunal feeding catheters (TPJC) were placed in 45 children at the time of fundoplication and gastrostomy via the gastrostomy and exteriorized through the abdominal wall in close proximity to the gastrostomy tube. Forty-three children received full enteral nutritional support until gastrostomy tube or oral feeding was established. Thirty-two children receiving essential preoperative oral bronchodilator or anticonvulsant therapy had these medications continued via the TPJC commencing in the immediate postoperative period. The technique of catheter placement and a protocol for usage are presented. There were no complications related to PTJC placement or use. We conclude that PTJC is a useful adjunct to the care of children requiring fundoplication and gastrostomy. These catheters permit: (1) the early postoperative institution of full enteral nutritional support; (2) the continuation of essential oral medications by the enteral route during postoperative recovery; and (3) the early discontinuation of intravenous access.
Alteration of ethanol self-administration by naltrexone.

The effect of naltrexone HC1 (NLTRX) on the reinforcing properties of ethanol (EtOH) was evaluated with intravenous self-administration (IVSA). Eight drug-naive, male, 3.5–5.0 Kg rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) were selected for: spontaneous acquisition of EtOH IVSA, consumption of at least 1.0 gm/Kg/day of EtOH during daily 4 hr. IVSA test sessions, and extremely low daily variability (10%) of EtOH intake during a 30 day control period. The selected subject group received intramuscular injections of either saline (SAL) (1.0 ml) or NLTRX (1, 3, 5 mg/Kg) 30 minutes before each test session. SAL was administered for 10 consecutive days and each NLTRX dose for 15 consecutive days. SAL phases were alternated with the NLTRX phases. NLTRX pretreatment produced lower levels of EtOH IVSA than those observed during SAL pretreatment phases. The magnitude of the suppression of EtOH IVSA corresponded to the NLTRX dose and was statistically significant following both 3 mg/Kg (p<0.05) and 5 mg/Kg (p<0.01) doses. NLTRX pretreatment produced transient increases in EtOH IVSA during the first 5 days of treatment, followed by significant decreases for the next 10 days. These data suggest that the blockade of opiate receptors by NLTRX in rhesus monkeys apparently decreases the reinforcing effects of EtOH measured with IVSA techniques.
Prevention of Methylandrostenediol, Methyltestosterone and Testosterone-Induced Hypertension in the Rat by Hypophysectomy

SummaryAdministration of methylandrostenediol, methyltestosterone and testosterone to hypophysectomized rats failed to produce the hypertensive vascular disease usually seen in normal animals recei...
Platelet function studies in coronary heart disease. IX. Increased platelet prostaglandin generation and abnormal platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin and endoperoxide analog in angina pectoris.

Platelet prostaglandin generation (malondialdehyde production) and platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin (a vasodilator and platelet aggregation inhibitor) and to epoxymethanodienoic acid (EMA) (a vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregation stimulant endoperoxide analog) were studied in patients with angina pectoris and in control subjects. Platelet malondialdehyde production was higher in patients than in control subjects (mean ± standard error of the mean 2.50 ± 0.30 versus 1.70 ± 0.13 nmol/109 platelets, p < 0.02). Platelets from patients were significantly less sensitive to prostacyclin's antiaggregatory effects than were those from control subjects (amount of prostacyclin required for 50 percent platelet aggregation inhibition 1.90 ± 0.35 versus 0.68 ± 0.05 ng, p < 0.02). Furthermore, less EMA was required to induce 50 percent platelet aggregation in patients with angina pectoris than in the normal subjects (133 ± 8 versus 194 ± 16 ng, p < 0.001). These observations suggest that increased platelet prostaglandin generation and abnormal platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin and endoperoxide analog in certain patients with coronary artery disease are important potential mechanisms in the pathogenesis of myocardlal ischemia.
Evidence For Genetic Variance in White Matter Hyperintensity Volume in Normal Elderly Male Twins

Background and Purpose—White matter hyperintensities (WMHs), as detected by MRI, are common among the elderly and are frequently interpreted as representing a subclinical form of ischemic brain damage. We used volumetric MR techniques to investigate the contribution of genes and the environment to measures of brain morphology in a sample of community dwelling elderly male twins. Methods—Brain MR (1.5 T) scans were obtained from 74 monozygotic (MZ) and 71 dizygotic (DZ), white, male, World War II veteran twins born in the United States and age 68 to 79 when scanned. MR quantification used a previously published semiautomated segmentation algorithm to segment brain images into total brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and WMH volumes. Twin pair covariances were computed for each measure, and structural equation genetic models were fitted to these data. Results—Total cranial, brain parenchyma, CSF, and WMH volumes were highly correlated in MZ pairs, and correlations in MZ pairs were significantly greater than ...
Mapping tropical forest carbon: Calibrating plot estimates to a simple LiDAR metric

Mapping aboveground carbon density (ACD) in tropical forests can enhance large-scale ecological studies and support CO2 emissions monitoring. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has proven useful for estimating carbon density patterns outside of field plot inventory networks. However, the accuracy and generality of calibrations between LiDAR-assisted ACD predictions (EACDLiDAR) and estimated ACD based on field inventory techniques (EACDfield) must be increased in order to make tropical forest carbon mapping more widely available. Using a network of 804 field inventory plots distributed across a wide range of tropical vegetation types, climates and successional states, we present a general conceptual and technical approach for linking tropical forest EACDfield to LiDAR top-of-canopy height (TCH) using regional-scale inputs of basal area and wood density. With this approach, we show that EACDLiDAR and EACDfield reach nearly 90% agreement at 1-ha resolution for a wide array of tropical vegetation types. We also show that Lorey's Height – a common metric used to calibrate LiDAR measurements to biomass – is severely flawed in open canopy forests that are common to the tropics. Our proposed approach can advance the use of airborne and space-based LiDAR measurements for estimation of tropical forest carbon stocks.
Similarities Between Lethal Asphyxia in Postneonatal Rats and the Terminal Episode in Sids

The age-related decrease in asphyxia tolerance was examined in young rats under conditions that mimic prolonged apnea. A precise end point of asphyxia tolerance was determined by calculation of LD50 values for exposed groups. Daily exposure to episodes of sublethal asphyxia did not alter the age-related decrease in asphyxia tolerance. These results permitted further studies in which groups of 10-day-old rats were exposed to 10 min of asphyxia resulting in partial mortality of the group. The postmortem findings in these animals were compared to figures for unexposed littermates. The age-related changes in response to asphyxia and the postmortem findings in asphyxiated animals were compared to the age distribution of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and the postmortem findings in these infants. The comparison showed that the terminal event in SIDS shares many features with lethal asphyxia.
Gold‐polymer nanocomposites: studies of their optical properties and their potential as SERS substrates

Polymer-nanometallic-particle composites have demonstrated technological potential owing to their unique optical and electrical properties. In this article, we report on composites prepared via physical vapor deposition of gold metal onto pliable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. Rapid Au diffusion and nanometallic-particle formation in a phase-separated surface layer of the PDMS creates unique tunable sub-surface-based composites. The rate of deposition and average Au thickness can be manipulated to tune the optical properties, which are studied by visible wavelength optical extinction spectrometry and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). DC conductivity measurements were made during Au deposition to study percolation conditions for the materials and depth profiling was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). This work presents the use of Au-PDMS nanocomposites in combination with a sample translation technique (STT) for the improved SERS qualitative and quantitative analysis. This translation approach considerably improves the reproducibility and the sensitivity of the technique by minimizing the thermal and photolytic effects inherent in SERS. The Au-PDMS nanocomposites exhibit an affinity for amine and nitro-based compounds that are biologically relevant and point toward the potential for being used as substrates for biologically based SERS experiments. Sample Raman spectra with the nanocomposite under STT-SERS conditions are included. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metric unidimensional scaling and global optimization

For the problem of metric unidimensional scaling, the number of local minima is estimated. For locating the globally optimal solution we develop an approach, called the “smoothing technique.” Although not guaranteed inevitably to locate the global optimum, the smoothing technique did so in all computational experiments where the global optimum was known.
A homogeneous and nonisotopic assay for phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases

Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI 4-kinases) catalyze the conversion of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P). The four known mammalian PI 4-kinases, PI4KA, PI4KB, PI4K2A, and PI4K2B have roles in intracellular lipid and protein trafficking. PI4KA and PI4KB also assist in the replication of several positive-sense RNA viruses. The identification of selective inhibitors of these kinases would be facilitated by assays suitable for high-throughput screening. We describe a homogeneous and nonisotopic assay for PI 4-kinase activity based on the bioluminescent detection of the ADP produced by kinase reactions. We have evaluated this assay with known nonselective inhibitors of PI 4-kinases and show that it performs similar to radiometric assay formats previously described in the literature. In addition, this assay generates Z-factor values of >0.7 for PI4KA in a 384-well format, demonstrating its suitability for high-throughput screening applications.
MR imaging surface display of the cerebral cortex in children

The purpose of this study was to introduce the use of three-dimensional (3D) surface MR imaging display for clinical use. Surface display was created using images acquired with T1 magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE) in 24 cases of migrational defects, cortical dysplasia and prenatal asphyxia. Schizencephaly and cortical dysplasia were pathologically confirmed. The precise configurations of cortical abnormalities, and their relation to the adjacent gyri and sulci were demonstrated. The topography of schizencephalic clefts was clearly defined. The appearance of ulegyria was characteristic and it was sometimes possible to differentiate polymicrogyria from pachygyria.
Activity-Based Costing applied to automotive manufacturing

This paper discusses a novel model, based on Activity-Based Costing, developed to analyze and predict energy usage in the manufacturing industry. In this approach, we have modified a cost management tool called Activity-Based Costing (ABC) to include environmental aspects along with costs metrics. A case study was performed on a General Motors (GM) manufacturing facility to evaluate Demand and Response offers from a local utility company to demonstrate the utility of this approach. This study resulted in an ABC predictive energy model which can be used with emerging Smart Grid opportunities to provide a competitive advantage to the manufacturing industry.
Identification and expression of cosmids with an allelic variant of class I alcohol dehydrogenase in transgenic mice

Abstract The mouse Adh1 gene exhibits tissue-specific regulation, is developmentally regulated, and is androgen regulated in kidney and adrenal tissue. To study this complex regulation phenotype a transgenic mouse approach has been used to investigate regulatory regions of the gene necessary for proper tissue expression and hormonal control. Transgenic mice have been produced with an Adh1 minigene as a reporter behind either 2.5- or 10 kb of 5′-flanking sequence [1] . Complete androgen regulation in kidney requires a region between −2.5 and −10 kb. A sequence extending to −10 kb does not confer liver expression in this minigene construct. B6.S mice express an electrophoretically variant protein resulting from a known nucleotide substitution resulting in a restriction endonuclease length polymorphism. Transgenic mice harboring B6.S cosmids can be studied for expression analysis at both protein and mRNA levels, identification of transgenic founders and inheritance studies are greatly facilitated by a PCR-restriction endonuclease cleavage approach, the entire mouse gene is used as a reporter, and the formation of heterodimeric enzyme molecules can be used to infer expression of the transgene in the proper cell types within a given tissue. Expression of a B6.S cosmid containing the entire Adh1 gene and 6 kb of 5′- and 21 kb of 3′-flanking region occurs in transgenic mice in a copy number dependent manner in a number of tissues, but expression in liver does not occur. The ability to analyze expression at the protein and mRNA levels has been confirmed using this system. Future directions will involve the use of large BAC clones modified by RARE cleavage to identify the liver specific elements necessary for expression.
The astringency of whey protein beverages is caused by their acidity

Our objective was to determine if the acidity of whey protein solutions was responsible for their astringency. Panelists rated acidic whey protein and acid-only solutions for astringency and sourness. Acidic whey protein solutions contained 6% or 1% whey protein isolate and phosphoric acid at a pH of 3.4. Acid-only solutions were formulated to match the whey protein solutions for either total acidity or for pH. The acid-only solutions matched for total acidity were more astringent than the whey-containing solutions, while those matched for pH were significantly less astringent. Sourness was reduced by the whey proteins, most likely because of the decreased concentration of free hydrogen ions. The astringency of acidic whey protein solutions appears to be caused by their high acidity and not directly by the whey proteins.
Investigation of Thermal Feedback Design for Improved Load-Following Capability of Thorium Molten Salt Reactors

The increasing deployment of renewable energy sources has raised concerns about the ramp-rate limitations of conventional steam and combustion turbines in providing load following during solar photovoltaic transients. As one of the promising Generation IV reactor technologies, thorium molten salt reactors (TMSR) have a number of advantages in terms of their fuel cycle. In addition, recent advancements in reactor thermal hydraulics have increased the thermal feedback potential for TMSR. This paper examines the transient power characteristics of a TMSR with improved reactivity feedback performance by analyzing the neutronics and temperature interactions with reactor power feedback. Detailed simulations are given that include the nonlinear and transport delay effects of TMSR circulating-fuel reactor dynamics.
Stable isotopes of carbon as an invaluable stratigraphic tool: An example from the Cambrian of the northern Appalachians, USA

This study illustrates the usefulness of carbon isotopes in stratigraphic interpretations of poorly fossiliferous strata beyond the resolution possible by biostratigraphy. The Upper Cambrian strata of the lower Gorge Formation in northwestern Vermont have been interpreted as highly condensed continental-slope deposits with a hiatus bracketed by the trilobite fauna of the Dunderbergia zone (Steptoean) and the Saukia zone (upper Sunwaptan). This interpretation was based on information from two thin fossiliferous intervals, the occurrence of one of them being unconfirmed in a recent study. Carbon isotopes provide a means for testing this interpretation because marine carbonate rocks deposited during the Steptoean Age of the Late Cambrian record a large, global, positive carbon isotope excursion (δ 13 C values of up to +5‰ relative to the Vienna Peedee belemnite standard). If the proposed age for the lowermost Gorge Formation is correct, these strata should record the start of the excursion, and the hiatus should produce an abrupt termination in the record of the excursion near maximum values. The determined δ 13 C values (−0.57‰ to +0.39‰) indicate that the excursion is not recorded at this locality. The results question the age for these strata and suggest that the hiatus is greater than previously recognized, encompassing most of the Steptoean. This major sedimentary hiatus lends supporting evidence for a significant eustatic or pan-Laurentian sea- level event during the Steptoean perturbation in the global cycling of carbon.
A point-of-care device for acute kidney injury: a fantastic, futuristic, or frivolous ‘measure’?

This Commentary discusses concepts related to the development of the point-of-care (POC) diagnostic system and its advantages and disadvantages. Also discussed are the patient, provider, and financial outcomes that ought to be evaluated before the POC test becomes available for clinical use.
Two pathways of costimulation through CD28.

CD28 is recognized as the primary costimulatory molecule involved in the activation of naive T cells. However, the biochemical signaling pathways that are activated by CD28 and how these pathways are integrated with TCR signaling are still not understood. We have recently shown that there are at least two independent activation pathways induced by CD28 costimulation. One is integrated with TCR signaling in the context of the immunological synapse and is mediated through transcriptional enhancement and the second is mediated through the induction of mRNA stability. Here, we review the immunological consequences and biochemical mechanisms associated with CD28 costimulation and discuss the major questions that need to be resolved to understand the molecular mechanisms that transduce CD28 costimulation.
Two-dimensional divalent metal/pimelate coordination polymers incorporating dipodal organodiimines: Crystal structures, thermal properties, and magnetic studies

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a series of 2-D coordination polymers incorporating the flexible α,ω-dicarboxylate pimelate ligand (pim) and either the kinked organodiimine 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) or its conformationally flexible congener 1,3-di-4-pyridylpropane (dpp). [M(pim)(dpa)(H2O)]n (M = Co, 1-Co; M = Ni, 1-Ni) both display puckered (4,4) rhomboid grid-like 2-D layers that aggregate into 3-D through O–H⋯O hydrogen bonding. {[Cu2(pim)2(dpa)2] · 5H2O}n (2) possesses 2-D slab motifs constructed from the linkage of [Cu2(pimelate)2]n ribbons and [Cu(pimelate)]n double chains through dpa tethers, entraining discrete water molecule chains with D(8) classification. Employing the longer dpp tether resulted in [Ni(pim)(dpp)]n (3), which manifested a doubly interpenetrated 2-D (4,4) grid layer morphology. Analysis of the variable temperature magnetic susceptibility of 1-Ni indicated the presence of zero-field splitting as well as possible weak antiferromagnetic coupling between Ni atoms in adjacent layer subunits. In contrast, 2 manifested apparent intradimer ferromagnetic interactions with underlying interdimer antiferromagnetic coupling.
Labelling in restaurants: will it make a difference?

†Summary The quest to solve the obesity epidemic in the United States has long been the centre of debate for health professionals, consumer and health advocates, scientists and politicians. While numerous suggestions have been made from these respective groups, there has been a steady increase, such that more than 64% of the US population are now classified as overweight or obese. The introduction of the Nutrition Facts label through the Nutrition Labelling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990 has improved overall dietary quality, based on lower fat intakes and higher consumption of fruit and vegetables, in the 70‐85% of the American population who use the label at least sometimes. More recently, however, concerns have been raised about the exemption of restaurants from the NLEA. The proportion of US consumers’ food budget spent on food for consumption outside the home has increased from 26% in 1976 to 46% in 2004. It is also estimated that one third of a person’s daily calories now come from food purchased for consumption outside the home. The United States Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Health and Human Services have jointly produced the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) to provide evidence-based nutrition recommendations to the American public. Included are recommendations to limit the intake of sodium, cholesterol, saturates, trans fatty acids, alcohol and added sugars, to increase the intake of lowfat dairy products, fruit and vegetables, and to maintain energy balance. The food found in restaurants is abundant in nutrients recommended to be consumed in moderation, low in those that are recommended to be increased and higher in calories, when compared with a home-prepared meal. Given the consistent rise in obesity in the USA, the lack of food labelling in restaurants, the contrast between the nutrient recommendations of the DGAs and the nutrients found in restaurant food, and the increase in consumer spending on food purchased for consumption outside the home, suggestions now focus on passing legislation mandating food labelling in restaurants. Given the significance of such legislation to the US restaurant industry, this article highlights key considerations, as well as barriers, to restaurant food labelling. This article also emphasises the importance of conducting research to explore the impact of restaurant food labelling, prior to passing new legislation, as no studies have looked at the effect that this may have on restaurant patron behaviour. The importance of conducting research on restaurant labelling, prior to passing legislation, may be key to its success.
Neurological complications of spinal anaesthesia

Twenty-four neurological complications attributable to spinal anaesthesia were found in a series of 20,000 consecutive spina anaesthetics, an over-all incidence of 0.12 per cent. Of these 24, nine were persistent headaches lasting one week or longer with complete recovery. In three of these cases, the patients probably should not have been subjected to spinal anaesthesia because they were moribund or nearly so prior to the adninistration of the anaesthetic and an error of judgment rather than an indictment of the technique should be blamed. Three cases of meningitis with two recoveries were also included because the spinal technique cannot be ruled out a the introducing factor in causing the meningitis, although there is reasonable doubt as to whether this was actually the case. Two cases of chronic backach were the remaining complications.
Distinct Patterns of Endothelin Axis Expression in Primary Prostate Cancer

Objectives Emerging evidence supports a role for endothelin-1 (ET-1), endothelin A and B receptors (ET A and ET B , respectively), and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in the progression of prostate carcinoma. In clinical trials for advanced prostate cancer, ET axis blockade significantly delayed the time to disease progression in a subset of patients. We examined ET axis expression in prostate cancer, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and normal adjacent tissue and then analyzed the relationship of the protein levels with disease progression. Methods The expression levels of ET A , ET B , and NEP were determined in 120 prostate cancer specimens obtained at surgery or biopsy by immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization on a subset of the specimens was used to confirm the immunohistochemistry findings. Results In regions of adenocarcinoma, immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated high ET A expression in 72% of the specimens. ET A expression was significantly elevated with increased pathologic stage and grade. ET B and NEP levels were significantly decreased in adenocarcinoma compared with normal adjacent tissue and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia; however, reduced expression did not correlate with tumor grade or stage. Patients with prostate-specific antigen recurrence had significantly greater ET A levels in their primary tumors than did patients who were disease free 5 years after prostatectomy. Patients with high ET A expression in the adenocarcinoma regions with low ET B and NEP had a significantly decreased interval to prostate-specific antigen progression compared with patients with low ET A or high ET B /NEP expression. Conclusions These data suggest two patterns of ET A expression in primary prostate cancer, with increased expression correlating with more advanced disease. The use of these expression patterns to identify patients more likely to respond to ET axis blockade might enhance treatment outcomes.
The National Conference Phenomenon in Francophone Africa

On February 19, 1990 a national conference opened in Benin at the Hotel PLM-Aledjo in Cotonou. Participants included representatives of the ruling People's Revolutionary Party, trade unionists, civil servants, students, religious leaders, a few agricultural producers, elements of the military, former heads of state, as well as Beninese living and working abroad. Members of the diplomatic corps and officials from the international financial institutions (IFIs) were also in attendance. The conferees claimed to represent the nation in its entirey—toutes les forces vives de la nation, quoi quoi que soient leurs affinitees. In reality, they were drawn from the political class and the educated elites of civil society. President Mathieu Kerekou opened the conference with a call for political renewal and a pledge to implement the IMF's structural adjustment program. He focused on the country's severe economic crisis and called on the delegates to draw up a list of the problems to be addressed.
The influence of electrode reaction kinetics on the polarization of flooded porous electrodes

Abstract In calculation of the polarization curves for flooded porous electrodes, the nature and parameters of the electrode kinetic expression used in the mathematical model profoundly influence the results. By the use of a recently developed numerical technique for performing such calculations, the effects of parameter values in a Volmer-type kinetic expression and of use of linear and Tafel approximations to this expression are examined. The calculational procedure avoids assumptions of uniformity of electrolyte composition and conductivity and, by comparison with earlier methods involving these restrictions, permits evaluation of the influence of such assumptions on calculated electrode overpotentials. The results of this investigation illustrate the difficulty in attempting to simply relate porous electrode polarization to that of an equivalent plane surface, and necessity of analysing each case of interest.
Identification and renal excretion of probenecid metabolites in man.

Abstract The metabolic fate of probenecid (p-(dipropylsulfamoyl) benzoic acid) in man has been elucidated by determining the chemical structures of the urinary metabolites and their pattern of excretion. The methodology included mainly the utilization of quantitative thin-layer chromatography and the data was confirmed by GLC-MS. Substantiating our previous findings, in 48 hrs about 40% of the dose is eliminated as probenecid monoacyl glucuronide, while excretion of the unchanged drug is small (∼4%). The other metabolic products results from oxidative attack of the n-propyl side chain and are the monohydroxylated derivatives at the secondary (7.2%–12.5%), terminal (1.6%–3.7%) positions, and the carboxy (6.3%–9.2%), N-depropyl (4.6%–8.0%) compounds. These metabolites are excreted mostly in the free form, a small amount of the secondary hydroxy and the N-depropylated drugs (3.4%) being present probably as β-acyl glucuronides. Apparently, species differences in the metabolic disposition of probenecid are evident, since previous rat biliary excretion studies had reported the absence of the acyl glucuronide of probenecid and that the other metabolites are found mostly as β-ether glucuronides. The possibility that the oxidized metabolites are formed from a common intermediate is discussed.
Cyanide ion complexation by a cationic borane

While we have previously reported that [1-(Mes2B)-8-(Me3NCH2)-C10H6]+ ([2]+) complexes fluoride ions to form [1-(Mes2FB)-8-(Me3NCH2)-C10H6] (2-F), we now show that this cationic borane also complexes cyanide to form [1-(Mes2(NC)B)-8-(Me3NCH2)-C10H6] (2-CN). This reaction also occurs under biphasic conditions (H2O-CHCl3) and may serve to transport cyanide in organic phases. The zwitterionic cyanoborate 2-CN has been fully characterized and its crystal structure determined. UV-vis titration experiments carried out in THF indicate that [2]+ has a higher affinity for fluoride (K > 10(8) M(-1)) than cyanide (K = 8.0 (+/-0.5) x 10(5) M(-1)). Steric effects which impede cyanide binding to the sterically congested boron center of [2]+ are most likely at the origin of this selectivity. Finally, electrochemical studies indicate that [2]+ is significantly more electrophilic than its neutral precursor 1-(Mes2B)-8-(Me2NCH2)-(C10H6) (1). These studies also show that reduction of [2]+ is irreversible, possibly because of elimination of the NMe3 moiety under reductive conditions. In fact, [2]OTf reacts with NaBH4 to afford 1-(Mes2B)-8-(CH3)-(C10H6) (4) which has also been fully characterized.
A Discussion of Philosophy and Psychotherapy: Part 1—Metaphysics

This article presents a discussion with an anonymous psychiatrist, Dr. E., of the importance of philosophy for the psychotherapist. The focus of the interview is on the question of the nature of the ultimately real, the concern of metaphysics. This question is approached in an interchange about three psychiatric patients whose worlds departed dramatically from all that is conventionally held to be real and true. Dr. E. argues that applying an understanding of the phenomenology of annihilation states allows such discrepant realities to be interpreted in terms of the subjective truths they contain.
Current and potential uses of probiotics

Objective To present data that support the current and potential use of probiotics in treating or preventing allergic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and other disorders. Data Sources Case reports, double-blind studies, and animal studies were reviewed. Study Selection Studies were selected based on the expert opinion of the authors. Conclusions Well-designed research studies suggest that supplementary consumption of certain probiotic strains may temporarily alter the intestinal microflora of infants and children to produce a beneficial effect. However, generalization of probiotic effects must not be made and critical scientific evaluation must be used in directing patients to select the appropriate probiotic.
Volatiles from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus attract and arrest the virus vector, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The influence of viral disease symptoms on the behaviour of virus vectors has implications for disease epidemiology. Here we show that previously reported preferential colonization of potatoes infected by potato leafroll virus (genus Polerovirus) (luteovirus) (PLRV) by alatae of Myzus persicae, the principal aphid vector of PLRV, is influenced by volatile emissions from PLRV-infected plants. First, in our bioassays both differential immigration and emigration were involved in preferential colonization by aphids of PLRV-infected plants. Second, M. persicae apterae aggregated preferentially, on screening above leaflets of PLRV-infected potatoes as compared with leaflets from uninfected plants, or from plants infected with potato virus X (PVX) or potato virus Y (PVY). Third, the aphids aggregated preferentially on screening over leaflet models treated with volatiles collected from PLRV-infected plants as compared with those collected from uninfected plants. The specific cues eliciting the aphid responses were not determined, but differences between headspace volatiles of infected and uninfected plants suggest possible ones.
Influence diagnostic for censored regression models

Abstract This paper proposes a diagnostic measure to detect outliers either in the response variable or in the design space both for Schmee-Hahn estimator and Buckley-James estimator in censored regressions. The diagnostics consists of the leverage point and standardized predicted residual.
Integrated Marketing Communications for Local Nonprofit Organizations: Communications Tools and Methods

SUMMARY Marketing communications methods are explored as they relate to marketing communications for nonprofit organizations. Included is advertising, direct and interactive marketing, public relations, and personal selling. For each, various tools are explained and related to nonprofit communications planning. Sidebars include explanation of pro-bono creative work, The Advertising Council, use of media kits and a case study.
Direct Synthesis of Aqueous CdSe/ZnS-Based Quantum Dots Using Microwave Irradiation

This study focuses on an aqueous one-pot method for synthesis of CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs using microwave radiation. The novelty of the study is the use of Zn(NH3)4 2+ as the zinc source. Using an initial solution with the composition Cd1Se1Zn6MPA20, the QDs obtained upon heating at 160 °C for 60 min were not high quality, as evidenced by a quantum yield of 1.5%, due to the poor interface between the core and shell. Postsynthesis UV irradiation of the as-prepared QDs for 30 min could be used to improve the quantum yield to 22%, but the technique is not practical for large-scale applications. By increasing the amount of Cd 2+ in the initial solution to Cd4Se1Zn4MPA20, we formed CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs after heating at 150 °C for 90 min, which contained less interfacial trap-states and as a result, had a higher quantum yield of 13%. These QDs were characterized by powder diffraction, electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Uptake of the microwave-optimized QDs by alveolar macrophages was compared in a side-by-side study against commercial QDs, QDot585. Despite having a lower relative quantum yield (13%) as compared to the commercial QDs (65%), the microwave-synthesized QDs at 20 nM concentrations were readily detected within the macrophages after 20 min of incubation.
Interspecies chimera between primate embryonic stem cells and mouse embryos: Monkey ESCs engraft into mouse embryos, but not post-implantation fetuses

Unequivocal evidence for pluripotency in which embryonic stem cells contribute to chimeric offspring has yet to be demonstrated in human or nonhuman primates (NHPs). Here, rhesus and baboons ESCs were investigated in interspecific mouse chimera generated by aggregation or blastocyst injection. Aggregation chimera produced mouse blastocysts with GFP-nhpESCs at the inner cell mass (ICM), and embryo transfers (ETs) generated dimly-fluorescencing abnormal fetuses. Direct injection of GFP-nhpESCs into blastocysts produced normal non-GFP-fluorescencing fetuses. Injected chimera showed >70% loss of GFP-nhpESCs after 21 h culture. Outgrowths of all chimeric blastocysts established distinct but separate mouse- and NHP-ESC colonies. Extensive endogenous autofluorescence compromised anti-GFP detection and PCR analysis did not detect nhpESCs in fetuses. NhpESCs localize to the ICM in chimera and generate pregnancies. Because primate ESCs do not engraft post-implantation, and also because endogenous autofluorescence results in misleading positive signals, interspecific chimera assays for pluripotency with primate stem cells is unreliable with the currently available ESCs. Testing primate ESCs reprogrammed into even more naive states in these inter-specific chimera assays will be an important future endeavor.
Patterns of persistence: what engages students in a remedial english writing MOOC?

MOOCs have the potential to help institutions and students needing remedial English language instruction in two ways. First, with their capacity to use a wide range of instructional approaches and to emphasize contextualized and visual learning, MOOCS can offer potentially more effective pedagogical approaches for remedial students. Second, if students increase success meeting college-level English competencies, MOOCS can help institutions and students conserve their limited resources. Similarly, MOOCs offer domestically and international employers opportunities to provide professional development to workers both in ways that are flexible, affordable and interactive.
Analysis of Thermal Features of Lake Michigan from AVHRR Satellite Images

The seasonal dynamics of thermal features in Lake Michigan were studied using numerous sea surface temperature images acquired from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer from May–December, 1990. In southern Lake Michigan, the vernal thermal front moved offshore and to the north between 7 May 1990 and 11 June 1990. Inshore of the front, surface temperatures were > 10.0°C while offshore surface temperatures remained < 4.5°C. In northern Lake Michigan, thermal fronts were not prevalent until late June. Southern Green Bay consistently contained the warmest water in Lake Michigan and exceeded 15.0°C in May. Warm bay-water frequently mixed with cooler lake-water through the channels at the north end of the bay. Warm water plumes remained intact for several days with S/SW winds but were quickly obliterated by a N/NE wind. Upwelling was most conspicuous along the eastern shore of the lake. Depending on wind direction, upwelled water formed broad continuous nearshore bands or isolated patches of relatively cold water. Evidence of upwelling 1–3 days after the instigating wind event suggested oscillations of internal waves. Our study shows that the frequent acquisition of satellite images is useful to describe significant thermal features in a large lake.
Unoriented strings and matrix ensembles

Abstract We argue that the physics of unoriented strings in less than one dimension is described by both the orthogonal and symplectic matrix ensembles. The case of pure gravity is studied in detail; we derive differential equations which determine the susceptibility, and demonstrate the perturbative equivalence of the two ensembles.
On the structure of the radical cation formed from ethylene oxide in the CFCl3 matrix

Abstract ESR results are presented and considered in the light of a recent novel suggestion that the radical cation produced by radiolytic oxidation of ethylene oxide in the CFCl 3 matrix possesses a ring-closed o ( n ) structure corresponding to the highly excited 2 2 A 1 state. Both the unusually large temperature dependence observed for the parallel component of the 13 C hyperfine tensor and the essentially isotropic g -factor (2.0023) close to free spin are inconsistent with this proposed oxygen-centred radical. On the other hand, these results and the 1 H hyperfine coupling constant of 16.2 G are naturally accommodated by the ring-opened oxallyl structure which has been calculated to be at least 20 kcal mol −1 more stable than any of the ring-closed states in the gas phase.
Decreased sensitivity to adriamycin in cadmium-resistant human lung carcinoma A549 cells

Cross-resistance presents an obstacle in cancer chemotherapy. Cadmium is a potential carcinogen whose exposure has been shown in epidemiological and laboratory experiments to cause lung cancer. Cadmium also induces various forms of resistance in human lung carcinoma cells. This resistance may be shared by antineoplastic agents, which should be a concern for chemotherapy of cadmium-induced lung cancer. In the present study, two subpopulations of human lung carcinoma A549 cells with a different magnitude of resistance to cadmium toxicity were shown to have a parallel resistance to the cytotoxic action of Adriamycin (ADR), an important anticancer drug. Several factors were examined to investigate the mechanism(s) for the cross-resistance, including cellular metallothionein and glutathione (GSH) concentrations, glutathione S-transferase activity, mdr1 expression, and antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Only cellular GSH content was elevated consistently in the cadmium/ADR-resistant cells relative to the cadmium/ADR-sensitive cells. Treatment with buthionine sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of GSH synthesis sensitized both cell lines to ADR only when the cellular GSH levels were depleted to about 5% of control. This BSO treatment, however, did not affect cell viability. Further study revealed that the cadmium/ADR-resistant cells have a greater capacity in recovery of cellular GSH content following BSO treatment. The results demonstrate that cross-resistance to ADR exists in cadmium-resistant human lung carcinoma A549 cells, and enhanced GSH synthesis capacity, rather than elevated levels of cellular GSH, may be related to this resistance.