cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarons in π‐Conjugated Semiconductors: Absorption Spectroscopy and Spin‐Dependent Recombination

We have studied the properties of polaron charge carriers in a large variety of π-conjugated polymers and oligomers. We first study the optical absorption spectrum of polarons and find that the transition photon energy of the so-called low-energy transition obeys a universal relationship depending only on the oligomer-length in a wide class of oligomer solutions and films. This observation provides us with a sensitive method for measuring the conjugation-length of polymer films. We then study polaron recombination, which is the most fundamental process occurring in organic electroluminescent devices. In fact, the spin-statistics of the polaron recombination step determines the maximum achievable electroluminescent efficiency. We summarize our recent experimental results where we found strong evidence that polaron recombination, and therefore exciton formation, is spin-dependent. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Advancing education in dental hygiene.

Abstract The changing health care environment and societal imperatives indicate the need for transformative change within the dental hygiene profession to serve the emerging needs of the public. The American Dental Hygienists' Association is leading the way toward meaningful change. Background and Purpose The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) has as its vision the integration of dental hygienists into the health care delivery system as essential primary care providers to expand access to oral health care. This article provides data on current dental hygiene education programs and those in development. Also included is a discussion regarding how the dental hygiene profession can better serve the health and wellness needs of society by transforming the way graduates are prepared for the future. Method ADHA's dental hygiene survey center data, policies and a futuristic analysis plus a review of the professional literature describe the current state of dental hygiene education and the profession. A discussion of societal, health care and educational trends that creates the imperative for transformation of the dental hygiene profession is provided. Conclusions Ultimately, the purpose of advancing education in dental hygiene is to achieve better oral and overall health for more people. The profession's responsibility to the public includes evaluating its own ability to provide care and taking the steps necessary to ensure its maximum effectiveness. ADHA is leading this process for dental hygienists in diverse ways. It is imperative that the dental hygiene profession understands and embraces the changing health care environment. Through open dialog and the sharing of evidence the professional path will be determined along with forward movement for the benefit of society and the dental hygiene profession.
Analyses of tissues of eight marine species from Atlantic and Pacific coasts for dioxin-like chlorobiphenyls (CBs) and total CBs.

Eight commercially and recreationally important marine species were collected in 1993 and 1994 from several Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions of the contiguous United States. Approximately 700 edible tissue samples (e.g., whole body of mussel, crustacean muscle and hepatopancreas, and fish muscle) were analyzed for dioxin-like chlorobiphenyls (CBs) and other selected CB congeners using a rapid high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection method (HPLC/PDA). Total CBs and toxic equivalents (TEQs) of dioxin-like CBs were also determined. The most abundant congeners measured in these tissues were the moderately chlorinated CBs (e.g., CB 138, 153), with mean concentrations ranging from below the limits of detection (approximately 0.2 ng/g) to 1,500 ng/g, wet weight. Certain dioxin-like CBs (e.g., CBs 77, 105, 118, 126) were also found in several of these samples (mean concentrations ranging from below the limits of detection [approximately 0.4 ng/g] to 680 ng/g). Similar to previous studies, the majority of seafood tissues contained total CB concentrations that were below the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) tolerance limit for CBs of 2,000 ng/g, wet weight (2.0 ppm). Furthermore, the majority of samples that contained CB levels below the FDA CB tolerance limit also had CB TEQs that were lower than the FDA's advisory level for TCDD (25 ppt or 25 pg/g, wet weight) in fish from the Great Lakes, which is used in evaluating CB TEQs. Several crustacean hepatopancreas samples collected from certain Atlantic and Pacific urban sites (e.g., Dungeness crab from Elliott Bay in Puget Sound, WA, American lobster from Deer Island in Boston Harbor, MA), however, did contain total CB and CB TEQs that exceeded the FDA CB tolerance and TCDD advisory limits. Mono-ortho- (e.g., CBs 118, 105) and non-ortho-substituted congeners (e.g., CBs 77 and 126) were the largest contributors to the CB TEQs of the hepatopancreas samples that exceeded the action limit.
Synthetic approaches toward naphthyridinomycin. I: Stereoselective synthesis of a tetracyclic intermediate

A highly stereoselective synthesis of a tetracyclic intermediate 4 to the quinone antitumor antibiotic naphthyridinomycin 1 is described.
Perioperative temperature elevation: not all hyperthermia is malignant hyperthermia.

SummaryObjectives The objective of this review is to assist the readers, anesthesiologists, intensivists, and emergency physicians in making a more accurate diagnosis of perioperative fever or hyperthermia and subsequently choose the proper course of treatment. Aim To identify the many sources of perioperative fever and after a more accurate differential diagnosis, select appropriate treatment options. Most anesthesiologists, intensivists, and emergency physicians are not familiar with an expansive differential of perioperative fever. This article attempts to expose these physicians to that differential diagnosis. Background Much of the medical literature has anecdotal reports, small case series, or limited reviews of the possible sources of hyperthermia or fever. This is especially true of the anesthesia literature. Results A literature search was performed which identified many possible common and uncommon sources of fever. Some of these sources are quite relevant to the anesthesiologist. Other sources had potential relevance in obscure cases.
Developmental origins of environmental reproductive health and fertility compromise.

There is growing evidence that stem cells are important com-ponents of numerous, if not all, tumors. Thus, investigatingthe contribution of spermatogonial stem cells to testicularcancer is an obviously important area of study, and may con-tribute toour understanding ofthe ‘‘testicular dysgenesis syn-drome’’ (TSD) presented by Drs. Skakkebaek and Sharpe.However, it is also possible that environmental disruption ofthe spermatogonial stem cell niche could lead to decreasesin sperm counts, without inducing the complete TSD inmen.Thespermatogonialstemcellnicheﬁllsapocketdeﬁnedby a basement membrane and the extended arms of Sertolicells, surrounding undifferentiated spermatogonia that aremaintained in their resident state of self-renewal and the po-tential todifferentiate into clonal spermatogonia and eventualevolution into mature sperm. Thus, disruption of the stem cellniche, whether during development or in the adult, will havean adverse effect on sperm output and ultimately on totalsperm counts.Regulation of the stem cell population requires a balancebetween maintenance, differentiation, and self-renewal.Current literature has demonstrated that signals for this regu-lation are extrinsic, primarily from the Sertoli cell but alsofrom the interstitium, as well as intrinsic factors found withinthe stem cells. These factors may differ during developmentand adulthood, as our recent report found that deletion of thetranscription factor ets-related molecule (ERM; also know asets variant 5) resulted in a ﬁrst wave of spermatogenesis buta failure of stem cell self-renewal and thus loss of subsequentgerm cells (1). An examination of control human testiculartissues often reveals focal areas of hypospermatogenesisand even missing early generations of spermatogonia, sug-gestive of a similar failure of spermatogonial self-renewal.Based uponthe fact thattestesrecovery fromirradiationtakesyears in humans, and recovery of spermatogenesis can bevery slow or absent in rodents following some toxic expo-sures, it is possible that the remaining stem cells fail toself-renew or do not ﬁll the stem cell niches in a timely man-ner. A better understanding of this process and the mecha-nisms involved is essential as we try to link experimentalreproductive toxicity and human reproductive dysfunction.Finally, another goal of this meeting was to explore newdirections. In the experimental arena, the new technique ofspermatogonial stem cell transplant appears to offer tremen-dous opportunities for more rapid extrapolation of potentialtoxic effects of chemicals on human spermatogenesis. Directtransplant of germ cells from larger species into rodent testesprovides a unique way to test more economically the effectson primate tissues (2). Digesting the testicular componentsﬁrst and manipulating gene expression in different cell typesbefore transplanting the mixture under the back skin of thenude mouse permits the testis to rebuild in vivo (3, 4).This technique will allow for more rapid discovery of molec-ular mechanisms because of endocrine disruption of humanspermatogenesis.REFERENCES
Photoemission measurements of interface barrier energies for tunnel oxides on silicon

Internal photoemission measurements of the Si/SiO2 and Al/SiO2 barrier heights on oxides of tunneling thickness (43-56 A) are compared with measurements on thick oxides (310 A and greater) and the barrier heights are found to be the same. The results suggest that substantially thinner oxides, grown by the same method, can be characterized by the same barrier heights. Limits to the experimental technique posed by photovoltaic and displacement currents, and transport of hot carriers in the tunnel oxide are discussed.
Effect of benzene on hepatic drug metabolism and ultrastructure.

Abstract Benzene metabolism was stimulated in rat liver microsomes after treatment of rats with benzene but not after treatment with phenol or resorcinol. Pretreatment of rats with hydroquinone, pyrocatechol and pyrogallol inhibited benzene metabolism in vitro. Single large doses of benzene also stimulated the metabolism of zoxazolamine, neoprontosil and p-nitrobenzoic acid but not that of hexobarbital or chlorpromazine. During the course of daily benzene treatments, the metabolism of zoxazolamine was stimulated after 7 days, while 14 days of treatment was necessary for benzene and neoprontosil. The metabolism of hexobarbital and p-nitrobenzoic acid was inhibited after 14 days. Electron microscopic studies of the liver showed proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) after 7 and 14 days of benzene treatment. It is concluded that benzene, not its hydroxylated derivatives, is probably responsible for benzene-induced microsomal stimulation and that benzene-induced proliferation of SER does not ensure an increase of the metabolism of all drugs.
Alternative versions of the myosin relay domain differentially respond to load to influence Drosophila muscle kinetics.

We measured the influence of alternative versions of the Drosophila melanogaster myosin heavy chain relay domain on muscle mechanical properties. We exchanged relay domain regions (encoded by alternative versions of exon 9) between an embryonic (EMB) isoform and the indirect flight muscle isoform (IFI) of myosin. Previously, we observed no effect of exchanging the EMB relay domain region into the flight muscle isoform (IFI-9b) on in vitro actin motility velocity or solution ATPase measurements compared to IFI. However, in indirect flight muscle fibers, IFI-9b exhibited decreased maximum power generation (Pmax) and optimal frequency of power generation (fmax) to 70% and 83% of IFI fiber values. The decrease in muscle performance reduced the flight ability and wing-beat frequency of IFI-9b Drosophila compared to IFI Drosophila. Previously, we found that exchanging the flight muscle specific relay domain into the EMB isoform (EMB-9a) prevented actin movement in the in vitro motility assay compared to EMB, which does support actin movement. However, in indirect flight muscle fibers EMB-9a was a highly effective motor, increasing Pmax and fmax 2.5-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively, compared to fibers expressing EMB. We propose that the oscillatory load EMB-9a experiences in the muscle fiber reduces a high activation energy barrier between two strongly bound states of the cross-bridge cycle, thereby promoting cross-bridge cycling. The IFI relay domain's enhanced sensitivity to load increases cross-bridge kinetics, whereas the EMB version is less load-sensitive.
Polyblend nanofibers for biomedical applications: perspectives and challenges

Advances in disease treatment and tissue regeneration are buoyed by new, multifaceted materials that emulate and coercively interact with the local microenvironment. Polyblend nanofibers represent an emerging class of biomimetic nanostructures that can act as proxies of the native tissue, while providing topographical and biochemical cues that promote healing. These fibers are prepared with mixtures of synthetically and naturally derived polymers that can behave cooperatively to demonstrate unique combinations of mechanical, biochemical and structural properties. This flexibility has led to the application of polyblend nanofibers in a wide assortment of tissue engineering and drug delivery systems. In this review, we will examine design criteria and properties of polymer-blend nanofibers and their use in tissue engineering and local therapeutic delivery applications.
Studies on reactions of imidazole with a Cr(llI)-Porphyrin

Abstract Dynamics of imidazole binding to tetra-p-sulfophenylporphinatochromium(III) have been investigated as a function of hydrogen ion concentration Labile substitution of imidazole at axial position is shown to be due to trans activation by the bound hydroxide ion. Rate of addition of a second dazole, to form a bis complex, was found to be slower than the substitution of the first imidazole. Neither imidazolium nor the anion of imidazole was found to react with the Cr(III) porphyrin.
Longitudinal Study of Sugar Intake in Infancy † 617

Sugar intake in infancy in early childhood is an area of investigation with surprisingly few studies, with most of the research done in adults. The aim of this study was to determine whether early vs. late introduction of solid foods and commercially prepared (CP) vs. parents choice (PC) of solid foods affects sugar intake. Based on adult data, we hypothesized that children with high sugar intakes will compensate their total calorie intake with lower fat; high sugar will be weakly correlated with high lean mass, and a high early sugar intake will result in a high intake later. Term infants (n=175) were recruited prior to 3 mo and randomly assigned to receive: 1) CP from 3-12 mo 2) CP from 6-12 mo 3) PC from 3-12 mo or 4) PC from 6-12 mo. Body composition, anthropometrics and 3-d diet records (Univ of Mn Nutrient Database) were completed at 3, 6, 12 and 24 mo. At 12 mo, total sugar intake was greater in late vs. early group when adjusted for weight (84.0 + 2.5g vs. 75.7 + 2.4g, p=0.02), but this effect did not persist to 24 mo. There was no difference in total sugar intake between CP and PC at either 12 or 24 mo (both p≥.05). At 12 and 24 mo, total sugar intake was correlated with total fat intake (both p≤.001) even when adjusted for weight. Total sugar intake at 12 and 24 mo was correlated with lean mass (p=.9 and p=.06). Additionally, 24 mo sugar intake/kg was positively correlated with total sugar intake/kg at 12 mo, p≤.001. Unlike adult data that shows a calorie compensation effect (an inverse relationship between consumption of calories from sugar and fat) the 12 and 24 mo data show positive correlations between high sugar and high fat intake. In addition, there was no correlation between sugar intake and lean mass at 12 or 24 mo. High sugar intake/kg at 12 mo is positively correlated with high sugar intake/kg at 24 mo suggesting a developing pattern of sweet preference. Infants developing a sweet preference may “pattern” their eating habits for later in the toddler years for sugar and fat intake.
A linear signal decomposition approach to affine invariant contour identification

Means for the identification of objects from contours despite affine transform induced distortions using a linear signal space decomposition are described. This technique also yields robust estimates of the 3-D rotations of a near planar object. The ability to determine object identity and orientation from a single model representation without iteration or combinatorial search proceeds from the use of affine invariant differential measures derived via Lie group theory. The technique is extremely robust owing to the error rejection properties of signal space projections. Results illustrating the resilience of the solutions in the presence of severe non-affine distortion and pixelization are given.
A Vital Consortium: Working Together To Provide Technology Support for University Faculty

THIS ARTICLE OUTLINES A SUCCESS STORY of divergent academic units working together to provide efficient and effective support for faculty at the University of South Florida. The Virtual Instructional Team for the Advancement of Learning (VITAL) combines the expertise of existing campus resources and provides the valuable services and support necessary for faculty interested in technology-enhanced teaching.
Shot noise at hopping via two sites

The average current and the shot noise at correlated sequential tunneling via two localized sites are studied. At zero temperature the Fano factor averaged over the positions and energies of sites is shown to be 0.707. The noise dependence on temperature and frequency is analyzed numerically.
Phosphorus fertilizer requirements as estimated by phosphate sorption 1

Abstract Twenty‐nine soil samples representing 12 soil series and varying levels of P fertility were obtained from cooperating agricultural experiment stations in the southern U.S. Fertilizer P requirements were estimated from P sorption curves and correlated with P requirements established by field experiments. Estimated and measured P requirements were highly correlated (r =0.93∗∗) with the quantitative relationship being nearly 1:1. With one exception, P sorption also accurately estimated needs of fertilized soils; in that one case, fertilizer needs were estimated at 45 kg P/ha although there was no response to P in the field. The quantity of sorbed P in equilibrium with 0.02 μg P/ml apparently was a good estimate of fertilizer P requirement. The value 0.02 was somewhat lower than has been reported from other research; this lower value may be associated with somewhat lower yields, warm soil temperatures, and relatively long growing season in the southern U.S.A. It also may have been caused by under‐eva...
Fauna of polyhaline subtidal marsh creeks in Southern New Jersey: Composition, abundance and biomass

Three polyhaline subtidal marsh creeks in southern New Jersey were sampled with weirs and seines to determine seasonal patterns of utilization by fishes and macroinvertebrates. Sixty-four species of fish, 13 invertebrates, and the diamondback terrapin were collected in 69 weir and 57 seine samples from April to November 1988 and April to October 1989. Average abundance, biomass, and faunal composition were strongly seasonal with greatest abundances during spring and summer, and peaks in May and August. Sixteen species were represented by all life-history stages, including the five most important species by combined ranks of percent frequency, mean abundance, and mean biomass. These five species were important during spring, summer, and fall and included the fishes Menidia menidia and Fundulus heteroclitus, the shrimps Palaemonetes vulgaris and Crangon septemspinosa, and the crab Callinectes sapidus. In addition, there were distinct seasonal assemblages of other species which utilized the creeks primarily as young-of-the-year. Importnat species in spring collections included the fishes Clupea harengus, Alosa aestivalis, Alosa pseudoharengus, Pollachius virens, and Urophysics regia, while Leiostomus xanthurus, Pomatomus saltatrix, Paralichthys dentatus, Mugil curema, and Strongylura marina were important in the summer. Fall samples were best characterized by declining abundances of summer species. Thus, subtidal marsh creeks in southern New Jersey appear to be valuable nurseries for a variety of species which spawn over the continental shelf, as well as one of the most important habitats for estuarine residents.
Automatic prediction of perceptual quality of multimedia signals--a survey

We survey recent developments in multimedia signal quality assessment, including image, audio, video, and combined signals. Such an overview is timely given the recent explosion in all-digital sensory entertainment and communication devices pervading the consumer space. Owing to the sensory nature of these signals, perceptual models lie at the heart of multimedia signal quality assessment algorithms. We survey these models and recent competitive algorithms and discuss comparison studies that others have conducted. In this context we also describe existing signal quality assessment databases. We envision that the reader will gain a firmer understanding of the broad topic of multimedia quality assessment, of the various sub-disciplines corresponding to different signal types, how these signals types co-relate in producing an overall user experience, and what directions of research remain to be pursued.
Atypical gastrointestinal symptoms are not associated with gallstones in patients with spinal cord injury

Abstract Moonka R, Stiens SA, Stelzner M. Atypical gastrointestinal symptoms are not associated with gallstones in patients with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1085-9. Objective: To determine if nonspecific gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms justify cholecystectomy in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: The frequency of GI symptoms was determined in a sample of patients with SCI in whom the presence or absence of gallstones had been previously determined by screening ultrasonography or a known history of cholecystectomy. The prevalence of various symptoms in patients with and without gallstones was compared. Setting: The Spinal Cord Injury Unit of the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, which provides rehabilitation and longitudinal primary care for SCI veterans. Patients: Two hundred ninety-four patients who had undergone either right upper quadrant ultrasonography or cholecystectomy in the past, and who completed a questionnaire concerning GI symptoms. Main Outcome Measure: Bivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) to determine the strength of associations between the presence of each symptom and the presence of gallstones. Results: Pain in the right upper quadrant or epigastrium that occurred after meals or at night was significantly associated with gallstones (OR: 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-11.73). Abdominal pain in other locations and nonspecific symptoms such as bloating and nausea, were not predictive of the presence of gallstones. Conclusions: Nonspecific symptoms in patients with SCI are not associated with gallstones and do not justify cholecystectomy in patients with otherwise asymptomatic gallstones. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Hamstring muscle kinematics during treadmill sprinting.

ABSTRACTIntroduction/Purpose:The objective of this study was to characterize hamstring muscle kinematics during sprinting, so as to provide scientific data to better understand injury mechanisms and differences in injury rates between muscles.Methods:We conducted three-dimensional motion analyses of
Acylation in trypanosomatids: an essential process and potential drug target.

Fatty acylation—the addition of fatty acid moieties such as myristate and palmitate to proteins—is essential for the survival, growth, and infectivity of the trypanosomatids: Trypanosoma brucei , Trypanosoma cruzi , and Leishmania . Myristoylation and palmitoylation are critical for parasite growth, targeting and localization, and the intrinsic function of some proteins. The trypanosomatids possess a single N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) and multiple palmitoyl acyltransferases, and these enzymes and their protein targets are only now being characterized. Global inhibition of either process leads to cell death in trypanosomatids, and genetic ablation of NMT compromises virulence. Moreover, NMT inhibitors effectively cure T. brucei infection in rodents. Thus, protein acylation represents an attractive target for the development of new trypanocidal drugs.
Modified single-incision laparoscopic adjustable gastric band

Introduction This video describes a modified single-incision laparoscopic approach for adjustable gastric band placement.
Does perinatal antiretroviral therapy create an iatrogenic cancer risk

Antiretroviral therapy is highly effective in reducing vertical transfer of HIV infection, sparing many thousands of children premature death from AIDS. However, accumulating evidence indicates that perinatal exposure to antiretroviral agents may place them at elevated risk of developing cancer later in life, owing to potential carcinogenic effects of the agents. An initial experimental evaluation clearly demonstrated that AZT was a genotoxin and transplacental carcinogen of intermediate potency in CD-1 mice. This issue of Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis contains reports of recent studies designed to confirm and extend earlier findings, and to provide further perspective that will facilitate development of strategies through which the adverse effects might be mitigated. The studies focused on various aspects of the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of antiretroviral agents, including: mutagenesis in several in vitro experimental systems; mutations and clastogenic effects induced by transplacental administration in mice; transplacental carcinogenesis and mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in tumors of mice; and genotoxicity and clastogenicity following perinatal exposure of HIV-infected mothers and their uninfected infants. Collectively, the results obtained provide convincing biological plausibility for the postulate that perinatal exposure to nucleoside analogs puts children at elevated risk of developing cancers later in life. They further emphasize the importance of continued surveillance of these children for increased cancer risk and indicate a need for efforts to develop less genotoxic alternative agents.
Challenges in biomarker discovery: combining expert insights with statistical analysis of complex omics data

Introduction: The advent of high throughput technologies capable of comprehensive analysis of genes, transcripts, proteins and other significant biological molecules has provided an unprecedented opportunity for the identification of molecular markers of disease processes. However, it has simultaneously complicated the problem of extracting meaningful molecular signatures of biological processes from these complex datasets. The process of biomarker discovery and characterization provides opportunities for more sophisticated approaches to integrating purely statistical and expert knowledge-based approaches. Areas covered: In this review we will present examples of current practices for biomarker discovery from complex omic datasets and the challenges that have been encountered in deriving valid and useful signatures of disease. We will then present a high-level review of data-driven (statistical) and knowledge-based methods applied to biomarker discovery, highlighting some current efforts to combine the tw...
Experimental demonstration of packet-rate 10-Gb/s OOK OSNR monitoring for QoS-aware cross-layer packet protection

A cross-layer network platform may enable introspective access to the physical layer, allowing optical performance monitoring measurements to feedback to higher layers for packet rerouting and protection. We experimentally demonstrate quality-of-service-aware packet protection that leverages cross-layer signaling based on the monitoring of packets' optical-signal-to-noise ratio. In order to detect degraded data streams, the monitoring system is based on a delay-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a field-programmable gate array. The system is realized in an experimental cross-layer enabled optical packet switched fabric, measuring the optical-signal-to-noise ratio for 10-Gb/s OOK streams. The packet protection scheme uses the dynamic performance measurements to actuate a rerouting of high-quality-of-service packets. 8 × 10-Gb/s wavelength-striped optical messages are rerouted through the fabric error-free (bit-error rates less than 10(-12)).
Trace element and biotic changes following a simulated oil spill on a mudflat in Port Valdez, Alaska

Abstract A mudflat in Port Valdez, Alaska, was examined to determine effects of experimental additions of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on metal chemistry and harpacticoid copepod abundance. Hydrocarbon concentrations were at background levels 30 days after final addition of oil. The short residence time of oil added to sediments is attributable to physical removal of oil by tides, low sediment permeability, and low affinity of hydrocarbons for periglacial clay surfaces. Elemental concentrations, except Si, were lower in oiled than in unoiled sediments. Elemental depletion in oil-impacted sediments is attributable to mobilization of metals from oxide/hydroxide sediment phases or to desorption from clay due to lowering of Eh-pH of sediments subsequent to oil addition. In oiled sediments, abundance of the harpacticoid copepods Harpacticus uniremis, Halectinosoma gothiceps , and Heterolaophonte sp. was similar to or higher than values within unoiled plots. The reasons for lack of deleterious effects of oil on copepods in Port Valdez are not yet understood.
Trends in meteorologically adjusted ozone concentrations in six Kentucky Metro Areas, 1998-2002

Meteorologically adjusted ozone (O3) concentrations during five recent O3 seasons (1998-2002) were computed for six Kentucky metro areas using a nonlinear regression model originally developed for forecasting ground-level O3 concentrations. The meteorological adjustment procedure was based on modifying actual measured O3 concentrations according to model-predicted responses to climate departures with respect to a reference year. For all six Kentucky metro areas, meteorologically adjusted O3 concentrations declined over the five-year period. The linear best-fit rate of decline in mean adjusted O3 concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 2.6 ppb/yr for these metro areas; the average rate of decline was 1.6 ppb/yr. The rates of decline in meteorologically adjusted extreme value (e.g., 95th percentile) concentrations were approximately the same, but there is greater statistical uncertainty concerning the extreme value trends.
Path Consolidation for Dynamic Right-Sizing of Data Center Networks

Data center topologies typically consist of multirooted trees with many equal-cost paths between a given pair of hosts. Existing power optimization techniques do not utilize this property of data center networks for power proportionality. In this paper, we exploit this opportunity and show that significant energy savings can be achieved via path consolidation in the network. We present an offline formulation for the flow assignment in a data center network and develop an online algorithm by path consolidation for dynamic right-sizing of the network to save energy. To validate our algorithm, we build a flow level simulator for a data center network. Our simulation on flow traces generated from MapReduce workload shows 80% reduction in network energy consumption in data center networks and ~25% more energy savings compared to the existing techniques for saving energy in data center networks.
The surgical management of infections involving the cerebrum.

Objective Infection involving the cerebrum is a true neurosurgical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and appropriate surgical and medical intervention to achieve good clinical outcome. Methods Because of the potential for devastating neurological sequelae, it is imperative that neurosurgeons be involved in the diagnosis and management of these serious conditions once an infection is suspected. With the advent of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, it is now possible to detect an infectious process early in its course and follow the response to therapy. Although significantly more effective than in the past, antimicrobial therapy alone is insufficient to eradicate most intracranial infections, especially in the presence of compression or displacement of the cerebrum. Surgery remains an essential part of the management of intracranial infection because of its ability to provide immediate relief from pressure on neural structures and thereby result in clinical improvement. Results The most common infections affecting the brain, namely, cranial epidural abscess, subdural empyema, brain abscess, viral infection, tuberculosis, and neurocysticercosis, can each be associated with significant mass effect on the cerebrum that is greatly reduced through surgery. This relief, in combination with newer antimicrobial agents that have an improved ability to cross the blood brain barrier, has led to a reduction in the infection-related morbidity and mortality rates associated with intracranial infections. Conclusion Combining advanced imaging and surgical techniques in the form of intraoperative magnetic resonance image-guided neurosurgery may further enhance clinical outcomes in these once uniformly fatal diseases.
PROBLEMS OF CONFIDENTIALITY IN CHILD PSYCHIATRY.

Material communicated to therapists by children and families raises many questions about confidentiality which have been largely ignored. Conflicting responsibilities to the child, his family, or the community may be present and handled in widely varying ways. Typical problems are considered and discussed.
First Synthesis and Structural Determination of a Monomeric, Unsolvated Lithium Amide, LiNH2

Alkali metal amides typically aggregate in solution and the solid phase, and even in the gas phase. In addition, even in the few known monomeric structures, the coordination number of the alkali metal is raised by binding of Lewis-basic solvent molecules, with concomitant changes in structure. In contrast, the simplest lithium amide LiNH(2) has never been made in a monomeric form, even though its structure has been theoretically predicted several times. Here, the first experimental structural data for a monomeric, unsolvated lithium amide are determined using a combination of gas-phase synthesis and millimeter/submillimeter-wave spectroscopy. All data point to a planar structure for LiNH(2). The r(o) structure of LiNH(2) has a Li-N distance of 1.736(3) A, an N-H distance of 1.022(3) A, and a H-N-H angle of 106.9(1) degrees. These results are compared with theoretical predictions for LiNH(2), and experimental data for oligomeric, solid-phase samples, which could not resolve the question of whether LiNH(2) is planar or not. In addition, comparisons are made with revised gas-phase and solid-phase data and calculated structures of NaNH(2).
Interdiffusion studies in metallic glasses using compositionally modulated thin films

Abstract Interdiffusivities are measured in compositionally modulated amorphous thin films as a function of modulation wavelength. The sensitivity of this method is demonstrated by the measurement of very low interdiffusivities, and permits the observation of structural relaxation effects. From these results we are able to determine the general thermodynamic behavior of the alloy system, and to derive the bulk interdiffusivity. Our data suggest that, contrary to earlier reports, the Stokes-Einstein equation (relating diffusivity and viscosity) is not valid in metallic glasses.
A Review of Exchange Processes Among the Three Basins of Lake Erie

Although the three basins of Lake Erie have sharply defined individual characteristics and are profitably studied independently, water exchanges among the basins have both local and basin-wide effects in both the short and long term. In order of decreasing timescale, the major exchange mechanisms are hydraulic or riverine flow from the mouth of the Detroit River to the entrance of the Niagara River, pressure-gradient-driven subsurface flows that are the cumulative result of wind-driven surface flows, flushing due to oscillating seiche motions, and turbulent horizontal diffusion. Generally speaking, the horizontal extent of the effects of the water exchange processes correlate positively with the time scale of the process. The effects of the various exchange processes on the transfer of contaminants are discussed.
Statistical assessment of jointly observed screening tests

In this article, Lindley and Novick criteria of screening usefulness is applied to the statistical assessment of jointly observed screening test. Posterior probabilities comparing screening sensitivities and specificities, and posterior probability bounds to comparing screening predictive values are obtained.
Consumer responses to the introduction of privacy protection measures: An exploratory research framework

Information privacy is at the center of discussion and controversy among multiple stakeholders including business leaders, privacy activists, and government regulators. However, conceptualizations of information privacy have been somewhat patchy in current privacy literature. In this article, we review the conceptualizations of information privacy through three different lenses (information exchange, social contract and information control), and then try to build upon previous literature from multiple theoretical lenses to create a common understanding of the organization-consumer information interaction in the context of Business-to-Consumer electronic commerce (B2C e-commence). We argue that consumersâ€™ privacy beliefs are influenced by the situational and environmental cues that signal the level of privacy protections in a particular environment. The framework developed in this research should be of interest to academic researchers, e-commerce vendors, legislators, industry self-regulators, and designers of privacy enhancing technologies.
Information technology and employment law: Challenges in an evolving workplace

Clearly, all of these changes represent a significant change in the current context of employment law; however, in a work context in which traditional roles and working relationships have radically evolved, it is difficult to see the value of continuing to enforce an employment law policy on the basis of distinctions long-passed from the organizational landscape. Equally clearly, there will be a difference of opinion among the parties to employment law as to the imperative for change. Employers will generally see their interests in the perpetuation of the status quo; while it may not be optimal, it is predictable and they have learned to live with it. Employees on the other hand, should see a clear mandate for changes that would solidify the protections of employment law for them in a rapidly changing organizational context.
AACE: an innovative partnership to enhance aircraft safety

The Federal Aviation Administration established the Airworthiness Assurance Center of Excellence (AACE) in September 1997, through a cooperative agreement grant with Iowa State University (ISU) and The Ohio State University (OSU). A technical support contract with the Center is now in place as well. Initially the Center has five areas of concentration supporting advances in airworthiness assurance. These are 1. Maintenance, inspection, and repair, 2. Propulsion and fuel systems safety, 3. Crashworthiness, 4. Advanced materials, and 5. Landing gear systems performance and safety. AACE has nine core members who provide guidance to the Program Management Office at ISU/OSU through a Board of Directors. The core members are: Arizona State University, Iowa State University, Northwestern University, The Ohio State University, University of Dayton, University of Maryland, University of California - Los Angeles, Wichita State University, and Sandia National Laboratories. The organization also includes numerous academic affiliates, industry partners, government laboratories and other organizations. The Center now has over thirty technical projects supporting technical advances in airworthiness assurance. All these projects have industry guidance and support. This paper discusses the current technical program of the center and the highlights of the five-year plan for technical work. Also included is a description of the factors that make the Center an innovative partnership to promote aircraft safety.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relations between oxygen saturation and aggregation of sickle-cell hemoglobin.

The thermodynamic model for equilibrium aggregation of sickle-cell hemoglobin in the presence of additives ( Minton, 1975 ) is extended to treat the effect of heme liganding. Experimental data on the change in oxygenation properties with changing sickle-cell hemoglobin concentration are analysed and interpreted in terms of interactions between ligand species or conformational states in the aggregate. It appears that the tendency of sickle-cell hemoglobin to aggregate decreases only slightly with increasing oxygen saturation until the fractional saturation of non-aggregated hemoglobin exceeds one-half.
Effects of size and spatial arrangements on group decision making.

A review is made of the literature on the effects of group size and spatial arrangements upon group decision making performance, member satisfaction, member consensus, and leadership emergence. The...
Variation of inorganic phosphorus in blood plasma and milk of lactating cows

Diurnal changes in percents of inorganic phosphorus in plasma were measured in three Holstein cows fitted with indwelling jugular catheters. Blood was sampled 34 times over 48 h. Changes of inorganic phosphorus of blood plasma appeared to be related to patterns of feed consumption. In a second experiment, effects of diet, season of calving, stage of lactation, lactation number, and milk yield on inorganic phosphorus of plasma and milk were measured with 40 Holstein cows. Dietary treatments were 1.0% calcium, .31% phosphorus; 1.0% and .54%; 1.8% and .30%; 1.7% and .54%. Blood and milk samples were taken at wk 6 postpartum and every 5th wk thereafter. Inorganic phosphorus in plasma and milk was higher for cows in first lactation than multiparous cows. Cows which calved in November to December had the highest inorganic phosphorus in plasma but the lowest in milk. Month of year affected inorganic phosphorus in milk but not in plasma. Inorganic phosphorus in plasma increased as milk yields decreased and as inorganic phosphorus in milk decreased. Dietary phosphorus affected inorganic phosphorus in plasma but not in milk. The correlation between inorganic phosphorus in milk and plasma was -.15. These data indicate the limitations of using inorganic phosphorus in plasma or milk as sole or primary means of determining nutritional phosphorus status of lactating cows.
Image Stability Of DMP-128 Holograms

Polaroid Corporation, Holographic Applications Laboratories, 2 Osborn Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139ABSTRACTDMP -128 Photopolymer Holographic Optical Elements are stable to natural environmental conditions. The DMP -128holograms may also be specially treated so as to withstand the harsh conditions and chemical environments involved in somemanufacturing processes. This treatment involves filling the air voids in the photopolymer structure with a low refractiveindex monomer which is then polymerized in place. Void filled samples were laminated into glass structures, including apolyvinylbutyral interlayer, at high temperature and pressure. The resulting glass laminates were then stored at hightemperature; in every case only small, predictable and reproducible changes in the optical properties were observed.INTRODUCTIONThe use of Polaroid's DMP -128 photopolymer for recording various types of holographic images has been describedpreviously.1 Holograms with high diffraction efficiencies, equalling or exceeding those obtainable with dichromated gelatin(DCG), can be made with DMP -128 with modest exposure energies. In addition, various laser wavelengths can be useddepending on the sensitizing dye incorporated into the photopolymer. DMP -128 shares two of the major conveniencies ofsilver halide emulsion holographic recording media in that it can be coated directly on flexible substrates and large quantitiesof material can be manufactured and stored for extended periods of time. These last two properties of DMP -128 make itpossible to design mass -production processes for a variety of different product applications.In 1986, Polaroid Corporation designed and built a machine to run a high -volume manufacturing process using its DMP-128 material. This process is used to make the exceptionally bright Polaroid Mirage display images as well as reflectionholographic optical elements (HOEs). One important performance characteristic of holograms that will be incorporated into afinal product is the stability of the image over time. Mirage display images produced with DMP -128 meet the stabilityrequirements of the display marketplace. The present paper reports and discusses stability of prototype HOEs that have beensubjected to different environmental conditions. In addition, data will be presented that are pertinent to a subsequent treatmentof DMP -128 HOEs which renders them stable when subjected to extremely harsh chemical and environmental conditions.PART IENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY OF HOEEXPERIMENTALHologram Exposure and ProcessingIn this study, a 6.5 micron thick DMP-128 layer was coated on the sub -coated side of 180 micron clear polyester base.Narrow -band, single -beam reflection HOEs were produced on Polaroid's hologram manufacturing machine (Figure 1). Thismachine incorporates three zones, and as the photopolymer passes through the respective areas it is activated, exposed, andfinally chemically processed. In this case, the photopolymer was exposed with a Krypton ion laser at 647 nm with anexposure energy of 40mJ /cm2.
Almost All that You Need to Know about Fungal Pathogens

Review of: Fundamental Medical Mycology: Errol Reiss, H. Jean Shadomy, and G. Marshall Lyon, III; (2012). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. 624 pages.
Data-folded architecture for running 3-D DWT using 4-tap Daubechies filters

A real-time 3-D sub-band coding (SBC) technique using a discrete wavelet transform is proposed. The main advantages of the proposed scheme lie in the reduction of wait time and diminution of buffer size in 3-D SBC. The major delay which is due to the group of frames (GOF) generation in the temporal direction is decreased by dynamic updating of the transform coefficients. The dynamic updating handles much a lower dimension of data compared to 3-D SBC, and thus facilitates better hardware utilisation with lower overhead. A data-folding architecture is used in unison with the CORDIC-based QMF lattice filters for realisation of 2-D DWTs using a 4-tap Daubechies filter. The data scanning pattern for the spatial domain signal results in a low-complexity control circuit. The multiplierless DWT architecture operating at 100 MHz is implemented on 0.25 μm BiCMOS technology and found to have much lower power dissipation compared to the multiplier-based structures for FIR realisation. The optimised design of the DWT filter using data-folding architecture resulted in an appreciable low memory budget of N2/4+2N for 2-D DWT and O(N2/M) time required for temporal direction decomposition. Hardware utilisation in the proposed architecture is 100%.