cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrasellar Neural-Adenohypophyseal Choristoma. A Morphological and Immunocytochemical Study

A patient with mild acromegaly had recurrence of symptoms and signs of a chiasmal-area lesion seventeen years after radiation therapy for a presumed pituitary adenoma. A mass was found anterior to the pituitary gland. Abnormal tissue removed from the sphenoid sinus and sella turcica consisted of a predominantly ganglion-cell lesion. A few ganglion cells were immunoreactive for somatostatin. There were some small cysts lined by cells with immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein, growth hormone or prolactin. Some cells with vacuoles and eosinophilic granules showed immunostaining for growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, and beta-endorphin and, thus, appeared to be of adenohypophyseal origin. Cases of intrasellar ganglion-cell lesions have been reported, most of them associated with pituitary adenomas and acromegaly. The findings in this case are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that displaced, hypothalamic-type ganglion cells may produce a growth hormone-releasing factor that stimulates the development of a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. An alternative hypothesis is suggested that includes this concept, but also allows for the influence of non-neuronal cells on neuronal differentiation and for the possible influence of adenohypophyseal hormones on the replication of hypothalamic-type neurons in the lesion.
Solid-state animal detection system: its application to open field activity and freezing behavior

A detection system is described which is capable of monitoring animal movements without apparent effect upon the behavior of test animals. Data demonstrate its successful application in measuring either open field activity or freezing behavior in several species of animals. The system can be constructed at low cost and has proven to be both sensitive and reliable.
DNA-embedded Au–Ag core–shell nanoparticles assembled on silicon slides as a reliable SERS substrate

This study aimed at developing a sensitive and reliable SERS substrate by assembling DNA-embedded Au–Ag core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) on silicon slides. First, a monolayer of well separated DNA-functionalized Au NPs (40 nm) was decorated on (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane modified silicon slides. The DNA-embedded Au–Ag core–shell NPs were assembled on the 40 nm Au–DNA NPs to form a core–satellite structure through DNA hybridization. Using 4-MBA as a Raman dye, the SERS performance of the substrates was evaluated after being cleaned by low oxygen and argon plasma. The Raman intensity of the assembly using DNA-embedded Au–Ag core–shell NPs was 8–10 times higher than the intensity of the assembly using Au NPs as satellites. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio of the assembly was 2.6 times higher than that of a commercial substrate (Klarite™) when a 785 nm laser was used. The SERS enhancements of the assembled substrates were 2.2 to 2.8 times higher than the Klarite when an acquisition time of 5 s was used at an excitation wavelength of 633 nm. The assembled substrates also show a good spot-to-spot and substrate-to-substrate reproducibility at the excitation wavelengths of 633 and 785 nm. These results demonstrate that the fabrication process is simple and cost-effective for assembling DNA-embedded Au–Ag core–shell NPs on silicon slides that can be used as a reliable SERS substrate.
A generative retrieval model for structured documents

Structured documents contain elements defined by the author(s) and annotations assigned by other people or processes. Structured documents pose challenges for probabilistic retrieval models when there are mismatches between the structured query and the actual structure in a relevant document or erroneous structure introduced by an annotator. This paper makes three contributions. First, a new generative retrieval model is proposed to deal with the mismatch problem. This new model extends the basic keyword language model by treating structure as hidden variable during the generation process. Second, variations of the model are compared. Third, term-level and structure-level smoothing strategies are studied. Evaluation was conducted with INEX XML retrieval and question-answering retrieval tasks. Experimental results indicate that the optimal structured retrieval model is task dependent, two-level Dirichlet smoothing significantly outperforms two-level Jelinek-Mercer smoothing, and with accurate structured queries, the proposed structured retrieval model outperforms keyword retrieval significantly, on both QA and INEX datasets.
The effects of score feedback and strategy of the other on cooperative behavior in a maximizing differences game

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of information feedback on cooperative behavior in the Maximizing Differences Game. In Experiment 1, 120 male undergraduates received differential information concerning the cumulative point total that they and/or their partner had obtained. Information which permitted comparisons elicited the largest amount of competitive behavior. Forty-five male undergraduates took part in Experiment 2, which varied the strategy of a simulated “other.” A delayed matching strategy was found to elicit greater cooperation than either fair games or highly cooperative random strategies.
Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. II. Spectroscopy and Stimulated Emission in Ruby

Optical absorption cross sections and the fluorescent quantum efficiency in ruby have been determined. This data has been used to correlate calculations with the analysis of the preceding paper. Stimulated emission from ruby under pulsed excitation has been studied in some detail; the observations are found to depend strongly on the perfection of the particular crystal under study. A peak power output of approximately 5 kw, total output energy of near 1 joule, beam collimation of less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ rad, and a spectral width of individual components in the output radiation of about 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$A at 6943 A have been measured. It is suggested that mode instabilities due to temperature shifts and a time-varying magnetic field are contributing to an oscillatory behavior of the output pulse.
Diarrheal deaths in children living in New Mexico: Toward a strategy of preventive interventions

We reviewed 26 childhood diarrheal deaths examined by the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator, from 1980 through 1989, to identify circumstances surrounding the illness that might lead to strategies for prevention. Children who died were younger than 9 months of age (88%) and were from minority groups (American Indian 54%, Hispanic 23%); 12 (46%) had seen a physician within 3 days of death. Interventions to avert these deaths include educating parents to seek earlier treatment and health care providers to recognize that acutely dehydrating diarrhea can be fatal.
Therapeutic Advances in Local-Regional Therapy for Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Evolving Role of Dose-Escalated Conformal (3-Dimensional) Radiation Therapy

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among men and women in the United States. Approximately 80%-85% of lung cancer cases are non-small-cell lung cancer, and approximately 30%-40% of these patients have unresectable stage IIIA/B disease at diagnosis. The standard of care for locally advanced disease in patients with a good performance status consists of combined modality therapy, chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT). Despite improved survival with combined modality therapy, local-regional recurrences and the development of distant metastases are still problematic. The radiation dose of 60 Gy for inoperable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer, established by Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials 7301 and 7302, has remained the standard until the present time. More recently, trials suggest that local-regional control can be improved with RT dose escalation, improved tumor targeting (eg, 3-dimensional planning and intensity-modulated RT), and altered RT fractionation. Improvements in local-regional control could translate into an overall survival benefit. This article reviews the rationale for aggressive therapy and techniques to improve local disease control. It also provides an overview of trials that utilize such techniques, with a focus on efficacy, toxicity, and overall survival. Further well-designed clinical trials that examine RT dose escalation, improved tumor targeting, altered fractionation, and incorporation of biologic agents are crucial for progress in this disease.
Racism and Black-White Relationships in End-of-Life Care in the United States: A Speculative Analysis:

Despite the almost sacred nature of end-of-life care in hospitals, hospice programs, and nursing homes, there is every reason to think that racism and the racial system are often present in black-w...
Increases in calmodulin abundance and stabilization of activated inducible nitric oxide synthase mediate bacterial killing in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

The rapid activation of macrophages in response to bacterial antigens is central to the innate immune system that permits the recognition and killing of pathogens to limit infection. To understand regulatory mechanisms underlying macrophage activation, we have investigated changes in the abundance of calmodulin (CaM) and iNOS in response to the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using RAW 264.7 macrophages. Critical to these measurements was the ability to differentiate free iNOS from the CaM-bound (active) form of iNOS associated with nitric oxide generation. We observe a rapid two-fold increase in CaM abundance during the first 30 minutes that is blocked by inhibition of NF?B nuclear translocation or protein synthesis. A similar two-fold increase in the abundance of the complex between CaM and iNOS is observed with the same time dependence. In contrast, there are no detectable increases in the CaM-free (i.e., inactive) form of iNOS within the first hour; it remains at a very low abundance during the initial phase of macrophage activation. Increasing cellular CaM levels in stably transfected cells results in a corresponding increase in the abundance of the CaM/iNOS complex that promotes effective bacterial killing following challenge by Salmonella typhimurium. Thus, LPS-dependent increases in CaM abundancemore » function in the stabilization and activation of iNOS on the rapid time-scale associated with macrophage activation and bacterial killing. These results explain how CaM and iNOS coordinately function to form a stable complex that is part of a rapid host-response that functions within the first 30 minutes following bacterial infection to up-regulate the innate immune system involving macrophage activation.« less
A potential role of smooth muscle tone in early hypertension: a theoretical study.

A conspicuous long-term consequence of hypertension is a thickening of the arterial wall, which many suggest returns the circumferential wall stress toward its normal value. This thickening results from an increase in smooth muscle and extracellular matrix, with the associated growth and remodeling processes depending on a host of regulatory signals that likely include the altered mechanical environment. Although the precise mechanotransduction pathways remain unknown, we propose that vasoconstriction may be an early response of the arterial wall to a step-change in pressure. In particular, computations suggest that such a response can decrease the magnitude and transmural gradients of the pressure-induced wall stresses and return the mean wall shear stress toward its homeostatic value. Such an initial 'compensatory vasoconstriction' could also help set into motion subsequent growth and remodeling responses due to growth regulatory characteristics of the vasoactive molecules (e.g., nitric oxide, endothelin-1, angiotensin-II). Although the consequences of growth and remodeling have been the focus of prior biomechanical and histological studies, early responses dictate subsequent developments and therefore deserve increased attention in vascular biomechanics and mechanobiology.
MRI investigations of fractures and multiphase flow in fractured media

Understanding and simulating multiphase flow through porous media have long been key and challenging issues to industry directed to the extraction of fluids from petroleum reservoirs as well as to the characterization and remediation of aquifers. The new application of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for characterizing fractures and flow in fractured media is investigated. Specifically, a relaxation-weighted imaging technique is used for selectively highlighting either fracture or porous matrix regions. Many advantages over conventional spin-density MRI techniques for characterizing fractured media are demonstrated. Its use to speed image acquisition is also demonstrated. In addition, a multislice profile imaging technique is used to investigate imbibition and drainage displacement experiments in fractured porous media. These images demonstrate that the fractures can have profound effects on the fluid distributions in multiphase flow.
Radiation therapy of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas

Abstract Between 1971 and 1982, 23 patients have been treated with radiation therapy at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) for retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas. Seventeen patients were treated with curative intent and six with palliative intent. Of the patients treated with curative intent, the 5 year actuarial survival rate was 54% and the 5 year actuarial local control rate was also 54%. With a complete surgical resection local tumor control was obtained in 5 of 7 patients (71%), 4 of 7 (57%) with incomplete resection and 13 (33%) with no resection having local control. The radiation dose appeared to influence tumor control with 2 of 6 patients (33%) having local control with less than 5,000 cGy compared to 0 of 5 patients with doses of 5,000 to 6,000 cGy and 5 of 6 (83%) with doses greater than 6,000 cGy. An effect of tumor grade on either local control or on rate of metastasis formation could not be demonstrated in this series. Long-term local control and survival appears to be associated with maximal surgical resection and high dose radiation therapy.
Assessing Quality in Toddler Classrooms Using the CLASS-Toddler and the ITERS-R

Many very young children attend early care and education programs, but current information about the quality of center-based care for toddlers is scarce. Using 2 observation instruments, the Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale–Revised (ITERS-R) and the Classroom Assessment Scoring System, Toddler Version (CLASS-Toddler), 93 child care classrooms for toddlers across the state of North Carolina, representing a range of quality, were assessed to determine overall quality, and associations between observed quality and teachers' ratings of child behavior problems and competence outcomes using the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment. Research Findings: Findings indicated that overall, toddler classrooms were rated as being of moderate quality. Associations between observed quality and teacher-reported child behavior problems and competence outcomes indicated that CLASS-Toddler ratings were positively associated with fewer behavior problems; specifically, children in classrooms with higher level...
Performance of immature and adult cats on the Hamilton search test

Nine groups of cats differing in age, breed, past experience on learning tasks, and neurological status were tested on Hamilton’s multiple choice test. No significant intergroup differences were obtained, suggesting that the Hamilton search test is of little or no value for investigating either the ontogeny or phylogeny of learning. The finding that normal cats and cats with lesions in the frontal association cortex do not differ in the efficiency of their searching behavior confirms results previously obtained from monkeys.
Synthesis of 2,4-di-O-methyl-d-fucose

Abstract 2,4-Di- O -methyl- d -fucose has been synthesized from methyl 6- O -benzyl-α- d -galactopyranoside by acetonation, methylation at O-2, deacetonation, benzylidenation, benzylation at O-3, debenzylidenation, tosylation at O-6, methylation at O-4, and removal of protective groups.
Effects of various levels of dietary fructose on blood lipids of rats

Research has demonstrated that diets high in fructose (≥17% of energy) are potentially hyperlipidemic; however, few studies have addressed the hyperlipidemic potential of fructose when fed to healthy subjects at levels similar to those in the typical American diet (approximately 10% of energy). A total of 40 weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed various levels of fructose (0%, 10%, 20%, and 45% of energy) for 28 days. Serum lipid profiles were analyzed after a 12-hour fast at the end of the study. Serum total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol were highest (P < 0.05) in the 20% and 45% fructose groups. Serum HDL cholesterol was higher (P < 0.05) for all fructose-fed groups and was highest in the 10% group. According to this animal model, the adverse effects on blood lipids detected in the rats fed 20% fructose or more (levels commonly consumed in the human diet) suggests a potential increased risk for atherosclerosis. However, less concern is warranted for an average diet containing 10% of energy from fructose.
Partitioning of Cd in geochemical fractions of anaerobic estuarine sediments

Distribution of Cd in geochemical fractions of anaerobic estuarine sediments was determined before and after treatment of the sediments with added Cd. Portions of three sediment types (sandy, silty, and clayey) were treated with 5 and 10 mg kg−1 Cd as CdCl2 and each type had an untreated control. Sediments were sampled at the start and at the conclusion of a 14 day laboratory bioaccumulation study. Each set was promptly extracted using a sequential technique for exchangeable, easily reducible, organic-sulphide, moderately reducible, and acid extractable phases. In the non-treated sediments, approximately 64% of the naturally occurring Cd was in the acid extractable phase with most of the balance in the organicsulphide phase (OSP). There was a similar amount of Cd in the acid extractable phase of all treatments of all sediments. For the treated sediments, the majority of the Cd was found in the OSP and ranged from 56% to 85% for all treatments and sediments. At the end of the experiment, a greater and more consistent level of Cd was present in the OSP (from 76% to 92%). These results show an initially rapid conversion of most of the added soluble Cd to the OSP with conversion of up to 92% of applied Cd to this phase within 14 days. The bulk of the OSP Cd is postulated to occur as sulphides which are an important reservoir of sediment Cd. Addition of Cd had no effect on the geochemical distribution of native Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, or Zn.
The Ski protein negatively regulates Siah2-mediated HDAC3 degradation

Ski acts as a transcriptional co-repressor by multiple direct and indirect interactions with several distinct repression complexes. Ski represses retinoic acid (RA) signaling by interacting with, and stabilizing, key components of the co-repressor complex, namely, HDAC3. However, little is known as to how the Ski protein can stabilize HDAC3. In the present study, we identified the Siah2 protein as a potential E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediated proteasomal degradation of HDAC3. Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation assays further revealed that Ski interacts with Siah2. Furthermore, co-expression of the Ski protein stabilized the level of Siah2 protein. Since Siah2 regulates its own level of expression by self-degradation, the stabilization of Siah2 by Ski is an indication that Ski association leads to inhibition of Siah2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Only wild-type Ski and Ski truncation mutants that were in the same complex with Siah2 could stabilize HDAC3 levels. Taken together, the results suggest that association with Ski leads to inhibition of Siah2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and in this way, the Ski protein inhibits Siah2-mediated proteasomal degradation of HDAC3.
Determination of the Critical Plane under the Multiaxial Complex Loading

Engineering components and structures in service are generally subjected to the multiaxial complex loads. The approach of critical plane has been widely accepted by most researchers as the best method in the multiaxial fatigue research field. It can be used well in the constant multiaxial fatigue loads, but not in the complex loads. Basis on analyzing characteristics of shear strain on material planes, the concept of weight-averaged maximum shear strain plane is proposed. A procedure is presented to determine the critical plane under multiaxial random loading. The angle values of the planes that experience peak values of maximum shear strains are averaged by employing the weight function, which is assumed to take into account the main factors of influencing the fatigue behavior, e.g. fatigue damage. The proposed algorithm is applied to the multiaxial in- and out-of-phase experiments to assess the correlation between the weight-averaged maximum shear strain direction and the position of the experimental fatigue crack initiation plane.
The bioprocess–technological potential of the sea

Abstract Marine bioprocess engineers face a unique challenge for the millennium: designing methods for the sustainable development of known marine resources, as well as inventing a new generation of tools and processes that will enable a greater understanding of the ocean and its resources and lead to the discovery of new bioproducts for the future. The identification and application of novel, marine-derived pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, enzymes, and pigments have already been realized. The current and potential market value of these marine bioproducts is substantial. Continued discovery and development of marine resources will depend on a number of factors: identification of new bioproducts, sustainable use of the product, optimization of production, and efficient product recovery. Successfully addressing these challenges will require the integration and collaboration of mutidisciplinary teams of oceanographers, biologists, chemists, and engineers.
Impulse response characterization of the propagation and scattering environment in through-wall applications using an S-band noise radar

An ultrawideband (UWB) random noise radar operating at S-Band has been developed for through-wall detection, ranging, tracking, and imaging of targets. The system transmits a bandlimited UWB noise signal and accomplishes detection by cross-correlating the reflected signal with a time-delayed replica of the transmit signal. Noise radars have been found eminently suitable for most though-wall radar applications. Yet, in such scenarios, the antennas and the barrier (i.e. the wall) cause distortions in the return signal due to their frequency-dependent radiation and loss characteristics, respectively. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of characterizing the impulse response of various barriers and obstructions via measurements with the S-Band noise radar. As is well known, the entire operation of a linear system (e.g., antenna or barrier) can be captured in its impulse response h(t), i.e. the output of the system when excited by an impulse function at its input, δ(t). Thus, impulse response testing, generally, provides a complete diagnosis of the system over its entire mode of operation. This paper will present results on our impulse response characterization of the propagation and scattering environment through a barrier by the atypical method of cross correlation of noise signals. In addition, we will introduce a simple electromagnetic forward model for wall propagation and accompanying simulations.
Using Parents and Siblings during a Social Story Intervention for Two Children Diagnosed with PDD-NOS

Very few experimental studies have examined the use of Social Stories to modify the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorders. The behaviors targeted for the present study include a problem social skill (i.e., excessive directions) and a prosocial skill (i.e., compliments). The study used both a multiple-baseline-design-across-behaviors and a multiple-baseline-design-across-participants with two children diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. The main dependent variables were frequencies of directions and compliments. Results demonstrated that Social Stories were effective at modifying these social skills, and child and parent evaluations of the intervention were positive.
Spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion differentially alters extinction-induced changes in c-Fos protein expression in rat amygdala and neocortex

Abstract Conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) may be acquired when an animal consumes a novel taste (conditioned stimulus; CS) and then experiences the symptoms of poisoning (unconditioned stimulus; US). Animals will later avoid the taste that was previously associated with malaise. Extinction of a CTA is observed following repeated, non-reinforced exposures to the CS and represents itself as a resumption of eating/drinking the once-avoided tastant. Spontaneous recovery (SR) of a CTA (a revival of the taste avoidance) occurs when the CS is offered after a latency period in which the CS was not presented. An initial study explored the experimental parameters required to produce a reliable SR following acquisition and extinction of a robust CTA in rats. A CTA was formed through 3 pairings of 0.3% oral saccharin (SAC) and 81 mg/kg i.p. lithium chloride (LiCl) followed by extinction training resulting in 90% reacceptance of SAC. After extinction training, some of the animals were also tested for SR of the CTA upon exposure to SAC following a 15-, 30-, or 60-day latency period of water drinking. We report here that latencies of 15, 30, or 60 days produced small, but reliable, SRs of the CTA—with longer latencies producing progressively more suppression of SAC consumption. A second study investigated changes in the amygdala (AMY), gustatory neocortex (GNC), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) functioning during SR of a CTA. Using immunohistochemical methods, brain c-Fos protein expression was analyzed in rats that extinguished the CTA as well as those that exhibited SR of the CTA after a 30-day latency. Our previous studies indicated that the numbers of c-Fos-labeled neurons in GNC and mPFC is low following CTA acquisition and increase dramatically as rats fully extinguished the aversion. Here we report that cortical c-Fos protein expression declines significantly following SR of the CTA. Expression of c-Fos in basolateral AMY decreased significantly from EXT to SR, but control animals with an intact CTA also decreased significantly from a short-term CTA test to a long-term CTA test. Low levels of c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CE) were observed throughout EXT with little change in expression detectable following SR. These measurements reflect the dynamic nature of brain activity during acquisition and extinction of a CTA and highlight an important role for cortical neurons in the brain reorganization that occurs during SR of a CTA. The data also suggest that certain sub-nuclei of the AMY may play a relatively minor role in SR of this defensive reaction to a learned fear.
Traveling through space in Persian and English: a comparative analysis of motion events in elicited narratives

Abstract This study constitutes a comparative analysis of English and Persian expressions of motion. More specifically, using a discourse-analytic approach, the study investigates how speakers of Persian and English express motion through space, as well as manner of motion, in elicited narratives based on two short films. The analytic unit in this study is that of the “motion event” based on Talmy, 1991 , Talmy, 2000 framework. The cross-linguistic design of the study is intended to uncover the similarities and differences between the expressions of motion in English and Persian as well as to help investigate the standing of Persian with respect to Talmy’s binary typology of satellite- and verb-framed languages, particularly as it compares to English. The paper illustrates that Persian represents a mixed typology: it has the properties of verb-framed, satellite-framed, and even serial verb languages. In addition, light verb constructions, the most common forms of verbs in Persian, constitute a unique feature. The most notable findings are related to the expression of path. The discourse-based nature of this study has been crucial to the uncovering of such fine-grained conceptual distinctions in path expressions that morpho-syntax alone could not reveal.
Characterization of electrodeposited silicon on graphite

Abstract An assessment is given of the suitability of electrodeposited silicon layers for fabrication into solar cells. Undoped samples are normally n-type with resistivity up to 3 Ω cm, carrier mobility of 100 cm2V−1S−1, and carrier concentration of 1017 cm−3. Laser annealing was found to enhance the apparent grain size and increase the carrier mobility when the laser power was around 11 W. This material shows good promise to meet the specifications for an inexpensive “solar grade” silicon layer.
Parallel algorithm for simulating dispersion-managed wavelength-division-multiplexed optical fiber systems

An efficient fully parallel numerical algorithm is presented for simulations of dispersionmanaged wavelength-division-multiplexed fiber systems. The algorithm exploits a weak nonlinearity approximation and independent parallel calculations of fast Fourier transforms in parallel network of M CPUs, which allows M/2 times faster simulations compare to split-step method.
3.1.4 SOME LESSONS LEARNED IN REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT

Some basic lessons learned, some “heresies,” and some causes of requirement denial are presented with the goal of providing information and food for thought for persons interested in designing requirement management systems. These are based upon practical experience of the author and others. One of the major lessons learned is the advantage of the use of a limited number of analysis documents to control derived, implied, or budgeted requirements. A layered schema made up of alternating specification (hardware/software/process/test) layers and analysis layers has proved ideal for handling all types of requirements. The heresies are some challenges to current strongly held beliefs. Sample heresy is “Just because we can't test it doesn't mean it's not a requirement.” Requirement denial is something like, “That's not a requirement that's just an algorithm we're going to use to meet a requirement.” (The other side of the argument is “If you gotta do it, it's a requirement.”)
Glycolic acid oxidase formation in greening leaves

9. RUHLAND, W. 1915. Untersuchungen uber die Hautdrusen der Plumbaginaceen. Jahrb. wiss. Botan. 55: 409-498. 10. SCHOLANDER, P. F. 1955. Hydrostatic pressure in coconuts. Plant Physiol. 30: 560-561. 11. SCHOLANDER, P. F. 1958. The rise of sap in lianas. In: The Physiology of Forest Trees, p. 3-17. The Ronald Press Co., New York. 12. SCHOLANDER, P. F., E. HEMMINGSEN, & W. Garey. 1961. Cohesive lift of sap in the rattan vine. Science 134: 1835-1838. 13. SCHOLANDER, P. F., W. E. LOVE, & J. W. KANWISHER. 1955. The rise of sap in tall grapevines. Plant Physiol. 30: 93-104. 14. SCHOLANDER, P. F., BERTHE RUUD, & H. LEIVESTAD. 1957. The rise of sap in a tropical liana. Plant Physiol. 32: 1-6. 15. SCHOLANDER, P. F., L. VAN DAM, J. W. KANWISHER, H. T. HAMMEL, & M. S. GORDON. 1957. Supercooling and osmoregulation in arctic fish. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 49: 5-24. 16. SCHOLANDER, P. F., L. VAN DAM, & SUSAN I. SCHOLANDER. 1955. Gas exchange in the roots of mangroves. Am. J. Botany 42: 92-98. 17. SEN-GuPrA, J. 1935. Die osmotischen Verhaltnisse bei einigen Pflanzen in Bengal (Indien). Ber. Deutsch. Botan. Ges. 53: 783-795. 18. STOCKER, 0. 1956. Die Abhangigkeit der Transpiration von den Umweltfactoren. In: Encyclopedia. Plant Physiology 3: 436-488. Springer, Berlin. 19. TROLL, W. & 0. DRAGENDORFF. 1931. tYber die Luftwurzeln von Sonneratia L. iund ihre biologische Bedeutung. Planta 13: 311-473. 20. WALTER, H. & M. STEINER. 1936. Die Okologie der Ost-Afrikanischen Mangroven. Z. Botan. 30: 65-193.
Effects of polymer density fluctuations on depletion interactions

The strength of depletion interactions has been characterized by measuring the second virial coefficient, B 2 , of suspensions of lysozyme molecules in the presence of non-adsorbing polymer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The solution properties of the PEG are characterized for three molecular weights (1000, 6000 and 12 000) providing an opportunity for quantitative comparisons of measurements and theoretical predictions of B 2 . We report non-monotonic changes in B 2 as the concentration and molecular weight of PEG are increased. The observed minimum in B 2 cannot be predicted by the standard depletion model of Asakura and Oosawa, and is closely associated with the proximity of the polymer solution lower critical solution temperature. The location and depth of the minima in B 2 are well captured by the thermal polymer reference interaction site model theory where the polymer mesh size is treated as a function of temperature.
A Region of the Human HOXD Cluster that Confers Polycomb-Group Responsiveness

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are essential for accurate axial body patterning during embryonic development. PcG-mediated repression is conserved in metazoans and is targeted in Drosophila by Polycomb response elements (PREs). However, targeting sequences in humans have not been described. While analyzing chromatin architecture in the context of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation, we discovered a 1.8kb region between HOXD11 and HOXD12 (D11.12) that is associated with PcG proteins, becomes nuclease hypersensitive, and then shows alteration in nuclease sensitivity as hESCs differentiate. The D11.12 element repressed luciferase expression from a reporter construct and full repression required a highly conserved region and YY1 binding sites. Furthermore, repression was dependent on the PcG proteins BMI1 and EED and a YY1-interacting partner, RYBP. We conclude that D11.12 is a Polycomb-dependent regulatory region with similarities to Drosophila PREs, indicating conservation in the mechanisms that target PcG function in mammals and flies.
Abstract A23: Novel ursolic acid derivatives with potent antitumor activity

Cancer is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, within pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death and without effective medical therapy. 1 Natural products provide a promising source for developing effective anticancer agents. 2 Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid present in plants, vegetables, and fruits that has been found to have several biological activities, including antitumor activity. 3 In order to improve the preexisting antitumor activity of ursolic acid, a panel of semisynthetic derivatives were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for the antiproliferative activities in several cancer cell lines. Ursolic acid was chemically modified by the introduction of heterocyclic rings in several points of the backbone structure and was found that modifications at C 2 had improved activities against proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines, inducing apoptosis with upregulation of p53 and NOXA levels, and downregulation of XIAP levels. Fluor is a highly desirable atom, in key positions of active molecules can improve metabolic and chemical stability, membrane permeability and binding affinity. 4 We have introduced fluor into the ring C of ursolic acid and a series of ursane-type fluor-derivatives were synthesized. The most potent derivative was 19-fold more active than ursolic acid to inhibit Aspc-1 cell growth and to arrest cell cycle at G1 phase with upregulation of p21 waf1 , and apoptosis at higher concentrations with upregulation of NOXA and downregulation of c-FLIP. These new semisynthetic derivatives of ursolic acid may have potential for drug discovery to treat cancer. Citation Format: Ana S. Leal, Jorge A.R. Salvador, Jing Yongkui. Novel ursolic acid derivatives with potent antitumor activity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chemical Systems Biology: Assembling and Interrogating Computational Models of the Cancer Cell by Chemical Perturbations; 2012 Jun 27-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A23.
Effects of alcohol on the geographic variation of driver fatalities in motor vehicle crashes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the increased risk of dying in a rural vs nonrural motor vehicle crash (MVC) can be attributed to driver demographics, crash characteristics, or police-reported alcohol use. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, comparing all rural (116,242) and a 20% random sample of nonrural (104,197) Michigan drivers involved in an MVC during 1994-1996. Data consisted of all police-reported traffic crashes on public roadways. A logistic regression model was created, using survival as the dependent variable and gender, age, crash characteristics, and rural or nonrural county as independent variables. Driver alcohol use, as reported by the investigating officer, was introduced into the model, and the effect was analyzed. RESULTS: Nonsurvivors represented 0.2% of the total; 99.8% were survivors. Police-reported alcohol use was reported for 3.9% of drivers. Drivers in rural MVCs were more likely to be male, to be more than 50 years of age, to have been drinking alcohol, and to have more severe vehicle deformation as a result of the MVC. The relative risk (RR) for MVC nonsurvivors was 1.69 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3 to 2.1] times higher for drivers in rural than nonrural counties. After adjusting for demographic and crash characteristics, the RR was 1.56 (95% CI = 1.2 to 1.9). Controlling for alcohol and its interactions decreased the RR to 1.26 (95% CI = 0.6 to 2.4), a nonsignificant difference between rural and nonrural MVC mortalities. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol use by drivers in Michigan was a significant contributor for nonsurvivors of rural crashes. Efforts to decrease rural MVC mortality must address alcohol use. Language: en
Oxidation of Dopamine in the Presence of Cysteine: Characterization of New Toxic Products

Previous studies demonstrated that oxidation of dopamine (DA) in the presence of L-cysteine (CySH) at pH 7.4 gives a complex mixture of cysteinyl conjugates of the neurotransmitter that can be easily further oxidized to a number of dihydrobenzothiazines (DHBTs) along with unidentified yellow products. In this investigation, three of these products have been identified. 7-(2 Aimoethyl)-5-hydroxy-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (BT-1) is formed as a result of oxidation of 5-S-cysteinyldopamine (5-S-CyS-DA) and 7-(2-aminoethyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (DHBT-1). Regioisomers 6-(2-aminoethyl)-1,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']bis[1,4] thiazine-9-carboxylic acid (12) and 6-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3,10-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']bis[1,4] thiazine-2-carboxylic acid (13) are formed by oxidation of 2,5-bi-S-CyS-DA), 6-S-cysteinyl-7-(2-aminoethyl)-3-4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2H-1, 4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (DHBT-2) and 6-S-cysteinyl-8(2-aminoethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxy lic acid (DHBT-6). 2,5-Bi-S-CyS-DA, DHBT-2, and DHBT-6 are major early products of DA oxidation in the presence of CySH. However, because these three compounds are the most easily oxidized products formed in this reaction, they are subsequently transformed into 12 and 13, the latter regioisomer always being the major product. Both 12 (LD50 = 18.5 micrograms) and 13 (LD50 = 1.5 microgram) are lethal when administered into the brains of mice and evoke hyperactivity and tremor. The potential relevance of the in vitro chemistry described in this and earlier reports to reaction that might occur in neuromelanin-pigmented dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease is discussed.
Montanism and Present Day “Prophets”

Over the past decade and a half, William Tabbernee, the world’s leading authority on Montanism or the New Prophecy, has written four major works on the subject. Three of them are reviewed in this article. One looks at Montanism through the eyes of church and state; a second provides documentation for the identification of the headquarters city of the Montanists; and the third puts the two together in a creative narrative. These three volumes are placed within the context of larger issues surrounding the history of this powerful prophetic movement that originated in late second-century Asia Minor and subsequently spread throughout the Roman Empire up until the sixth century. The reactions and responses of various orthodox Christian leaders and secular government officials to the claims of this highly independent prophetic movement, which called for more reliance upon the spontaneity of the Holy Spirit and a more conservative personal ethic, suggest strong parallels between Montanism and what might be found in today’s Charismatic, New Apostolic, and Emerging Church movements.
Social functioning and quality of life comparisons between obsessive-compulsive and schizophrenic disorders

Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder has focused almost exclusively on symptom reduction; however, deficits in social functioning and quality of life of individuals with this disorder may contribute more to their "burden," suffering, and disability. To gauge the significance of social dysfunction and quality of life of persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), we made comparisons with a group of persons with schizophrenia matched for age and gender. Thirty-one patients with OCD participating in a partial hospital treatment program were compared with 68 schizophrenic outpatients participating in a day rehabilitation program. The Independent Living Skills Survey (ILSS) and Lehman Quality of Life Scale (QOL) were administered before and after treatment for both cohorts. QOL scores were significantly lower for the OCD patients both before and after treatment, but improved significantly during treatment. OCD and schizophrenic patients had similar scores on almost every domain of the ILSS at pretreatment. The OCD patients improved significantly on many of the domains of social and independent living skills as a result of treatment and acquired significantly greater skills by post-treatment than did their counterparts with schizophrenia; however, the performance of social and independent living skills by OCD patients remained less than satisfactory even in domains where they improved. In the areas of job and leisure skills, there were significant group-by-time interactions. We concluded that patients with severe OCD and patients with schizophrenia are equally socially impaired. However, OCD patients experience greater significant functional improvement with multimodal treatment.
Bayesian approach to contaminant source characterization in water distribution systems: adaptive sampling framework

Bayesian analysis can yield a probabilistic contaminant source characterization conditioned on available sensor data and accounting for system stochastic processes. This paper is based on a previously proposed Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach tailored for water distribution systems and incorporating stochastic water demands. The observations can include those from fixed sensors and, the focus of this paper, mobile sensors. Decision makers, such as utility managers, need not wait until new observations are available from an existing sparse network of fixed sensors. This paper addresses a key research question: where is the best location in the network to gather additional measurements so as to maximize the reduction in the source uncertainty? Although this has been done in groundwater management, it has not been well addressed in water distribution networks. In this study, an adaptive framework is proposed to guide the strategic placement of mobile sensors to complement the fixed sensor network. MCMC is the core component of the proposed adaptive framework, while several other pieces are indispensable: Bayesian preposterior analysis, value of information criterion and the search strategy for identifying an optimal location. Such a framework is demonstrated with an illustrative example, where four candidate sampling locations in the small water distribution network are investigated. Use of different value-of-information criteria reveals that while each may lead to different outcomes, they share some common characteristics. The results demonstrate the potential of Bayesian analysis and the MCMC method for contaminant event management.
Rothschild and Stiglitz's mean preserving: revisited

Lemma 1 in the classic paper by Rothschild and Stiglitz (J Econom Theory 2:225–243, 1970) is incorrect. We use the concept of “single” mean preserving spread to provide a version of this critical lemma. It is shown that this modified lemma can in fact be used to prove Rothschild and Stiglitz’s principal result.
Picosecond relaxations in amorphous semiconductors

Abstract A passively modelocked cw dyer laser was used to study optically induced absorption in a-Si, a-Si:H and chalcogenide glasses As2 S3−xSex (0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.75). A model explaining the decay characteristics of the induced absorption in these materials is proposed.
Chromoblastomycosis: A report of two cases from a tertiary care hospital of eastern India

Chromoblastomycosis is an uncommon chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by dematiaceous fungi. We present here two cases of chromoblastomycosis, one with an atypical presentation. The diagnosis was made by demonstration of sclerotic bodies on the histopathological examination of skin biopsies and isolation of Fonsecaea pedrosoi on culture in both of them. Chromoblastomycotic skin lesions particularly atypical ones may be confused with other clinical conditions involving skin and are presented here for their academic interest.
Lower Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Content of Tracheal Aspirates in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Develop Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Since parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secreted by pulmonary alveolar type II cells is a key physiologic paracrine factor in maintaining alveolar homeostasis, we hypothesized that its levels in the tracheal aspirates (TA) of ventilated very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) would correlate with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Therefore, we examined whether TA PTHrP content during the first week of life correlates with the later development of BPD. Forty VLBWI [birth weight, 943 +/- 302 g (mean +/- SD); gestational age, 27 +/- 2 wk; 21 males and 19 females], who were ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome, were studied. The TA were collected once daily until the infants were extubated and immediately frozen at -70 degrees C for subsequent assays for PTHrP and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), a previously described, nonspecific TA biomarker for BPD. The levels of these proteins were correlated with the later development of BPD. PTHrP in the TA during the first week of life was significantly lower in those infants who developed BPD (12/40) than among those who did not (28/40). The PTHrP levels also correlated with the duration of mechanical ventilation needed in these infants. In contrast, MMP-8 levels did not correlate with BPD. We conclude that lower TA PTHrP content during the first week of life in ventilated VLBWI inversely correlates with prolonged ventilation and the later development of BPD.