cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospecting for natural products by genome mining and microcrystal electron diffraction.

More than 60% of pharmaceuticals are related to natural products (NPs), chemicals produced by living organisms. Despite this, the rate of NP discovery has slowed over the past few decades. In many cases the rate-limiting step in NP discovery is structural characterization. Here we report the use of microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED), an emerging cryogenic electron microscopy (CryoEM) method, in combination with genome mining to accelerate NP discovery and structural elucidation. As proof of principle we rapidly determine the structure of a new 2-pyridone NP, Py-469, and revise the structure of fischerin, an NP isolated more than 25 years ago, with potent cytotoxicity but hitherto ambiguous structural assignment. This study serves as a powerful demonstration of the synergy of MicroED and synthetic biology in NP discovery, technologies that when taken together will ultimately accelerate the rate at which new drugs are discovered. Combined use of microcrystal electron diffraction and genome mining for biosynthetic gene clusters enables the rapid structural elucidation of natural products, including a newly discovered 2-pyridone compound and a revised structure of fischerin.
A Critique of Interest Rate–Oriented Monetary Economics

In recent years, Keynesians and NeoFisherians have debated whether a low-interest-rate policy is inflationary or disinflationary. Both sides are wrong; interest rates are not a useful indicator of the stance of monetary policy. Some contractionary monetary policies lead to lower interest rates, while other contractionary monetary policies lead to higher interest rates. Instead, economists should use market expectations of inflation, nominal GDP growth, or both to measure the stance of monetary policy. Furthermore, the Fed should no longer target interest rates.
Leveling Up to Literacy: Measuring the Impact of FTC’s Online Advertising Literacy Game 'Admongo'

This paper assesses the impact of an educational program designed by the Federal Trade Commission to teach advertising literacy to children ages 8-12. In a randomized experiment, children who played the program’s instructional game scored significantly higher on an ad literacy test than students who did not play the game - approximately 9 percentage points higher on a 25-question test. The treatment group’s advantage was evident on every question of the exam and remained virtually unchanged after controlling for demographic imbalances across groups. Features of the sample and the exam constrain the generalizability of results, however. In addition, a higher rate of attrition among those assigned to the treatment group introduces the possibility of unmeasured differences confounding our treatment-effect estimate. We discuss the implications of each challenge and offer a more-conservative estimate of Admongo’s impact using an intent-to-treat approach. Notwithstanding these limitations, our study stands out as one of only a small number to quantify the impact of an ad-literacy intervention using a randomized experiment.
Conductance of Ions

We, first, define a number of the electrical terms and units to be encountered throughout this chapter.
Auricular fibrillation in infancy

Summary Auricular fibrillation of the fleeting type occurring in an infant with signsof congenital heart disease was followed from the age of 2 months to its fatal termination seven months later. Digitalis was only partially effective in controlling the ventricular rate. Auricular fibrillation in the newborn infant is rare, only one other instance having been reported in the literature. This case differed from ours in that the fibrillation was continuous and was controlled by digitalis.
Quantification of glutamate and glutamine using constant-time point-resolved spectroscopy at 3 T

Separate quantification of glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) using conventional MRS on clinical scanners is challenging. In previous work, constant-time point-resolved spectroscopy (CT-PRESS) was optimized at 3 T to detect Glu, but did not resolve Gln. To quantify Glu and Gln, a time-domain basis set was constructed taking into account metabolite T(2) relaxation times and dephasing from B(0) inhomogeneity. Metabolite concentrations were estimated by fitting the basis one-dimensional CT-PRESS diagonal magnitude spectra to the measured spectrum. This method was first validated using seven custom-built phantoms containing variable metabolite concentrations, and then applied to in vivo data acquired in rats exposed to vaporized ethanol and controls. Separate metabolite quantification revealed increased Gln after 16 weeks and increased Glu after 24 weeks of vaporized ethanol exposure in ethanol-treated compared with control rats. Without separate quantification, the signal from the combined resonances of Glu and Gln (Glx) showed an increase at both 16 and 24 weeks in ethanol-exposed rats, precluding the determination of the independent and differential contribution of each metabolite at each time.
Detection of the Hemoglobin E Mutation Using the Color Complementation Assay: Application to Complex Genotyping

The color complementation assay (CCA) is a method of allele-specific DNA amplification by which competitive priming and extension of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide primers determine the color of DNA amplification product. This diagnostic method precludes the need for radioisotopes, electrophoresis, and multiple high-stringency reaction conditions. The multiplicity of mutant globin genes present in Southeast Asians complicates clinical diagnosis and underscores the importance of DNA-based diagnostic methods. We have applied CCA to distinguish beta A and beta E alleles. Competing 15mer primers were a fluorescein-labeled complement to beta A and a rhodamine-labeled complement to beta E, identical except for their central nucleotides. A common unlabeled primer was used to amplify DNA product, the color of which was determined by the perfectly complementary primer. Color photography and spectrofluorometry, as well as a method of black-white photography that we developed to distinguish fluorescein- and rhodamine-labeled DNA, were used to record results. We applied CCA to define the complex genotype of a Thai woman with thalassemia intermedia, 96% HbE, and 4% HbF whose possible genotypes included several permutations of alpha-thalassemia, beta-thalassemia, and beta E genes. zeta-Globin gene mapping of DNA doubly digested with Bg/II and Asp 718 showed the -alpha 3.7/--SEA genotype, and CCA confirmed homozygous beta E/beta E. The CCA is useful for diagnosing the compound hemoglobin genotypes of Southeast Asians and could be applied also to prenatal diagnosis in this population.
Methanol on OMo(110): specific site for methyl radical formation

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of methanol on the variously oxidized Mo(110) surface has been studied using temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Distinct degrees of oxidation are distinguished. That giving rise to a two-dimensional surface oxide (up to ∼0.5 monolayers) is identified by LEED patterns and the presence of two features below 700 cm −1 in the HREEL spectra. Upon further high-temperature (> 1000 K) oxidation a three-dimensional oxide is formed, marked by the appearance in the HREEL spectra of a feature at ∼1000 cm −1 associated with the MoO moiety. The two surfaces can also be distinguished by their respective Auger ( O Mo ) ratios. They are also distinct [from each other and from clean Mo(110) surface] in the decomposition processes of adsorbed methanol. Though both produce methoxy intermediates, the three-dimensional oxide surface is much less reactive with desorption of all products complete below ∼490 K. On the two-dimensional oxide surface the methoxy species is stable to much higher temperatures and decomposes to produce hydrogen and methyl radicals, as previously reported. This decomposition leaves behind an oxygen which is found to form MoO, as in the three-dimensional oxide, identified by its vibrational frequency. The observed Auger ( O Mo ) ratio increases following adsorption of methanol on the two-dimensional oxide surface and annealing to above 700 K. Thus the availability of a specific site (on top) is seen to open up the methyl radical reaction pathway.
Low-Energy Neutrons from the Reaction Be 9 ( α , n ) C 12

Experiments carried out on the detection of slow neutrons from the ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, n$) reaction in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ show an increasing number of low-energy neutrons beginning at an alpha particle energy of 4.3 Mev, and extending to 5.6 Mev. The energies and angular distribution of these neutrons for ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=4.92 \mathrm{and} 5.11$ Mev have been measured using the polyethylene sphere-moderated neutron spectrometer. The results indicate a peaking in the forward direction and an energy distribution consistent with their origin from inelastic alpha-particle scattering leaving ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ excited to the level at 1.75 Mev, which subsequently breaks up with neutron emission. At an alpha-particle energy of 5.11 Mev, the mean energy of these neutrons and the differential cross sections are: 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}(0.33 Mev, 22 mb/sr); 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}(0.21 Mev, 8 mb/sr); and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}(0.07 Mev, 2 mb/sr). The neutron spectrum of a Pu-Be source has been determined to have a large number of low-energy neutrons with a peak intensity at 0.3 Mev.
Biological Institutions: The Political Science of Animal Cooperation

Social evolution is one of the most rapidly developing areas in evolutionary biology. A main theme is the emergence of cooperation among organisms, including the factors that impede cooperation. Although animal societies seem to have no formal institutions, such as courts or legislatures, we argue that biology presents many examples where an interaction can properly be thought of as an informal institution, meaning there are evolved norms and structure to the interaction that enable parties to reach mutually beneficial outcomes. These informal institutions are embedded in the natural history of the interaction, in factors such as where and when parties interact, how long and how close they stay together, and so on. Institutional theory thus widens the scope of behavioral ecology by considering not only why animals evolve to choose the strategies they choose, but also asking both why it is that they find themselves in those particular interaction setups and how these particular interactions can be sustained. Institutions frequently enable interacting parties avoid inefficient outcomes and support efficient exchange among agents with conflicting interests. The main thesis of this paper is that the organization of many biological interactions can properly be understood as institutions that enable mutually beneficial outcomes to be achieved relative to an unstructured interaction. To do this, institutions resolve or regulate the conflicts of interests among parties. The way conflicts of interests affect the outcome depends on the structure of the interaction, which can create problems of commitment, coordination and private information. Institutional theory focuses on how to address each of these issues, typically focusing on the development of social norms, rules, and other constraints on individual behaviors. We illustrate our thesis with examples from cooperative breed and genes as within-body-mechanism-design.
Bacterial Degradation of Detergent Compounds

A survey for surfactant degradation among aerobic bacteria has been undertaken. Tests have been made in peptone medium where such a degradation, if it occurs, will be gratuitous. Tallow-alkyl-sulfate, alkyl-ethoxylate-sulfate, and linear-alkyl-benzene-sulfonate were used. Forty-five strains of 34 species in 19 genera degrade one or more of these detergent compounds. With some species, the surfactant inhibits degradation without inhibiting growth, whereas with one species slight degradation took place even at a toxic concentration of surfactant.
Southwest District Association News

(1945). Southwest District Association News. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 136-138.
Transferring and Transforming Cultural Norms: A Mother-Daughter-Son Lifestory in Process

In this essay, I describe moments in my mother's life and examine them as living narratives or "lifestories" and apply critical theory and analysis that has traditionally been reserved for written narratives. I argue that these moments are teaching tools that reinforce and sometimes challenge cultural norms and discuss how her living narratives were revised by me as I began to "tell" them to my own children. I apply performance narrative, fiction, and Native American literature theories to these narratives. I point out the cultural and generational differences in me and my mother, and discuss the influence of the different regions where we spent our childhoods. This essay is a comparative literary study of a multigenerational living text in process. (Literature, Critical Theory)
Valence-skipping compounds as positive-U electronic systems

We find that arguments favoring negative-U behavior of intra-atomic origin, based upon valence skipping for compounds of column III, IV, and V metals, do not stand up to closer examination. It is suggested that real negative-U behavior (disproportionation in compounds such as $\mathrm{Tl}{\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Bi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) can, and does, only arise through relaxation of neighbors associated with changes in bond populations. Even then, very high dielectric constants are required to reduce the positive-U contribution, and disproportionation is not expected with lighter metals. Analogous displacements of water molecules may produce disproportionation in aqueous solutions of $\mathrm{Tl}{\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$. We find that Tl impurities in PbTe also disproportionate, through atomic displacements with transfer of electrons between bonds, which could explain, as well as would an atomic-electronic origin, an apparent ``charge-Kondo effect'' behavior, and enhanced superconductivity, found by Matsushita, Blume, Geballe, and Fisher.
Stability of the boundary layer on a spinning blunt-nosed cylinder

A linear stability analysis has been carried out by the authors (Kao, K. H., and Chow, C. Y., "Stability Analyses of Boundary Layer on a Semi-Infinite Circular Cylinder With and Without Spin," AIAA Paper 90-0116,1990) for an incompressible laminar boundary layer along a semi-infinite cylinder of constant radius aligned with an external flow, with and without a constant angular speed about its axis. The influences of transverse curvature and spin motion are shown to have stabilizing and destabilizing effects, respectively. That work is extended here to consider a more realistic cylindrical body with a blunt nose, which generates an axial pressure gradient in the boundary layer. A numerical procedure is described to examine the stability of the boundary layer along a Rankine half-body generated by superposition of a point source and a uniform flow. Boundary-layer profiles and their neutral stability curves are obtained by the application of an implicit method and the Chebyshev collocation spectral method, respectively. From stability diagrams obtained herein for the cylinder with and without spin, the critical Reynolds number and the position on the cylinder at which onset of instability occurs can be determined.
Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the United States: 1991-1992 and 2001-2002

The aim of the study is to compare the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts in the United States in 1991-1992 and 2001-2002, and identify sociodemographic groups at increased risk for suicidal ideation and attempts. Data were drawn from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1991-1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (n=42,862) and the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=43,093), two nationally representative household surveys of non-institutionalized civilians aged 18 years and older, residing in the United States. The lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts remained unchanged in the United States between 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Specific groups, namely 18- to 24-year-old white and black women, 25- to 44-year-old white women and 45- to 64-year-old Native American men were identified as being at high risk for suicide attempts. Despite prevention and treatment efforts, the lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts remains unchanged. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with suicide attempts, urgent action is needed to decrease the prevalence of suicide attempts in the United States.
Neuroadaptive Changes in Cerebellar Neurons Induced by Chronic Exposure to IL-6

IL-6 is an important signaling molecule in the CNS. CNS neurons express IL-6 receptors and their signal transduction molecules, consistent with a role for IL-6 in neuronal physiology. Research indicates that IL-6 levels are low in the normal brain but can be significantly elevated in CNS injury and disease. Relatively little is known about how the elevated levels of IL-6 affect neurons. In the current study we show that under conditions of chronic exposure, IL-6 induces alterations in the level of protein expression in developing CNS cells. Such changes may play a role in the altered CNS function observed in CNS conditions associated with elevated levels of IL-6 in the CNS.
IT governance to fit your context: two U.S. case studies

Creating effective information technology (IT) governance is an important, yet difficult undertaking that has taken on global significance. Despite the amount of literature and experience available, the complexity of establishing a governance framework continues to present a challenge to public sector officials. Systematic examinations of these efforts are providing new insights to assist officials in anticipating challenges and creating context-specific frameworks that enhance the public value of IT. This paper presents case studies of two U.S. states with centralized and federated IT governance structures. Drawing on a research project at the Center for Technology in Government that included an environmental scan and interviews with state-level IT leaders, we describe how these two states approached the creation of IT governance frameworks from different contextual perspectives. The cases highlight how despite similarities in terms of political support for IT governance, cultural and organizational factors in each state led to the adoption of quite different, yet seemingly appropriate, IT governance frameworks. Despite significant differences across the two states, we are able to capture design advice that spans across both centralized and federated IT governance frameworks.
Adolescents and media coverage of over-the-counter and complementary medicines

Focal points Focus groups were conducted with adolescents to explore their knowledge and opinions of complementary and alternative medicine and over-the-counter medicines Adolescents are more focused on staying well rather than on treating illness; thus, they are aware of herbal products they see as relevant to staying healthy Pharmacists need to be aware of the messages teens receive through the media that appeal to their sense of well-being and concerns about their appearance Pharmacists should also be prepared to respond to adolescents' questions about herbal products
Paleozoic transcurrent conjugate shear zones in the central Appalachian piedmont of southeastern Pennsylvania

Abstract Well-documented tectonic events in the central Appalachians of Pennsylvania are: (1) the early Paleozoic Taconian orogeny that occurred during convergence of Laurentian and the Chopawamsic-Wilmington complex magmatic arc over an east-dipping subduction zone, and resulted in intense metamorphism and deformation in the Piedmont, and (2) the late Paleozoic Alleghanian orogeny that resulted in the thrust and fold belt in the Valley and Ridge province and dextral shear zones in the Piedmont. Unlike the Paleozoic tectonic history for the northern and southern Appalachians, the north-central part of the orogen in Pennsylvania lacks evidence for Acadian deformation and metamorphism. The relative chronological order of deformation and metamorphic events in the eastern Piedmont of Pennsylvania, combined with published geochronology suggests the previously undocumented Acadian deformation possibly exists as a transcurrent conjugate shear zone pair. The Rosemont shear zone is a dextral transcurrent shear zone that is the boundary between the type-section Wissahickon Formation of the Philadelphia structural block (to the southeast) and the West Chester and Avondale Grenvillian basement massifs (to the northwest). The Crum Creek shear zone is the sinistral antithetic structure to the Rosemont zone, and developed internal to the Philadelphia block. Geometric and metamorphic history similarities, opposing offsets, angular relationships, and relative timing of local deformation events supports a conjugate model for these shear zones. East-west oriented bulk shortening and north-south oriented bulk elongation directions are inferred from the conjugate geometry. The Rosemont-Crum Creek system crosscuts and deforms regional Taconian structures and metamorphic zones. In turn, the Rosemont zone is truncated by the Alleghanian Pleasant Grove-Huntingdon Valley shear zone. The available geochronology brackets the movement on the Rosemont-Crum Creek system from Devonian to early Mississippian time. This timing correlates with the Acadian metamorphism in the central Appalachians, suggesting that the Acadian orogeny was manifest as a strike-slip shear system in the Piedmont of eastern Pennsylvania. The lack of regional thrusting and subsequent crustal thickening associated with transcurrent deformation could explain the lack of regionally extensive Acadian metamorphism in the Pennsylvania Piedmont.
Unusual manifestations of secondary syphilis occurring after orthotopic liver transplantation

A 48-year-old actively homosexual man who had undergone liver transplantation for cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis B infection six years previously presented with a syndrome of diffuse pain, cholestasis, and low-grade fever. The development of thrombocytopenia and persistent hypoprothrombinemia precluded liver biopsy. Subsequently, a skin eruption and VDRL result of 1:128 indicated that most of the findings could be explained by a diagnosis of secondary syphilis with luetic hepatitis and periostitis. This impression was confirmed by a complete response to penicillin therapy. The relation of thrombocytopenia to lues in this case remains uncertain.
157 Dialysis Is Not Indicated Immediately After Contrast in End Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis

DIALYSIS IS NOT INDICATED IMMEDIATELY AFTER CONTRAST IN END STAGE RENAL DISEASE PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS Sophie Kwok, Mamatha Chella, Beenu Singh, Anjali Acharya Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Jacobi Medical Center), Bronx, New York, United States. Contrast agents can cause renal injury and is associated with other complications, such as intravascular volume expansion and pulmonary edema. Contrast is removed efficiently by hemodialysis. Many radiologists encourage immediate dialysis after a procedure with contrast media because it may precipitate fluid overload, but when this risk becomes clinically significant is poorly understood. We undertook a retrospective chart review to determine if dialysis was required for pulmonary edema in patients with end stage renal disease on maintenance dialysis after administration of contrast media. We studied all patients who were on dialysis three times a week and received contrast procedures from January 2008 to November 2010. Only procedures requiring at least 50 ml of contrast were included. There were 104 radiographic studies (60 unique patients) that used intravascular contrast media. Five studies used ionic contrast medium (hypaque) and the remaining studies used non-ionic contrast media (omnipaque, visipaque). The studies were: two CT head, seven CT neck, 18 CT chest, 43 CT abdomen/pelvis, seven CT chest/abdomen/pelvis, one upper extremity CT, 11 angiographies of the lower extremities, eight cardiac catheterizations, and seven fistulograms. Average volume of contrast used was 117.2 ml (range 50 to 260 ml). After seven studies (6.7%), seven different patients were dialyzed for fluid overload earlier than their next scheduled dialysis; however, these patients were already in pulmonary edema prior to contrast administration. After three studies (2.9%), three different patients were dialyzed earlier because of hyperkalemia. None of the patients had post-procedural side effect of pulmonary edema that warranted dialysis before the next routinely scheduled session. The results of this study suggest that contrast agents may be given safely to patients with end stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis without the additional cost or inconvenience of emergent post-procedural dialysis.
Raising Multiwavelet Approximation Order Through Lifting

Given a pair of biorthogonal, compactly supported multiwavelets, we present an algorithm for raising their approximationorders to any desired level, using one lifting step and one dual lifting step. Free parameters in the algorithm are explicitly identified, and can be used to optimize the result with respect to other criteria.
Traumatic neuroprotection with inhibitors of nitric oxide and ADP-ribosylation

Abstract N-Methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation is known to contribute to neuronal damage from head trauma. Additionally, NMDA neurotoxicity occurs in part through the generation of nitric oxide (NO), and injury from NO has been shown to be mediated by ADP-ribosylation. Therefore, we investigated whether inhibitors of NO and ADP-ribosylation would protect against acute CA1 traumatic neuronal injury in hippocampal slices subjected to fluid percussion. Treatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, methyl- l -arginine 170 μM for 35 min after trauma injury, improved CA1 antidromic population spike (PS) recovery to 91 ± 2%, compared to unmediated slices which recovered to only a mean of 20 ± 4%, 90 min after trauma. Similarly, hemoglobin 50 μM, which directly binds NO, protected against traumatic neuronal injury and yielded a mean CA1 PS recovery of 92 ± 1%. Treatment with inhibitors of poly-ADP-ribosylation was also strongly protective, with the vitamin nicotinamide 10 mM and 3-aminobenzamide 1 mM yielding PS recoveries of 98 ± 2% and 90 ± 3%, respectively. Protection was also seen with inhibitors of mono-ADP-ribosylation, including novobiocin 500 μM andmeta-iodobenzylguanidine 20 μM which yielded recoveries of 89 ± 6%, and 96 ± 26%. Novobiocin also protected against direct application of NO and NMDA. These findings suggest that NO and ADP-ribosylation are mediators of acute traumatic neuronal injury.
Synthesis and immunoreactivity of neoglycoproteins containing the trisaccharide unit of phenolic glycolipid I of Mycobacterium leprae.

Abstract The trisaccharide segment, O-(3,6-di-O-methyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-(2,3-di-O-methyl-α- l -rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→2)- 3-O-methyl- l -rhamnopyranose, of the Mycobacterium leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid I has been synthesized as its 8-(methoxycarbonyl)octyl glycoside and coupled to a carrier protein, to produce a leprosy-specific neoglycoprotein, the so-called natural trisaccharide-octyl-bovine serum albumin (NT-O-BSA). Special features of the synthetic strategy were the use of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) to promote glycosylation, resulting in the rhamnobiose in high yield and absolute stereospecificity. The terminal 3,6-di-O-methyl- d -glucopyranosyl group was introduced after O-deallylation of the rhamnobiose. Removal of protecting groups yielded the trisaccharide hapten suitable for coupling to carrier protein. Poly(acrylamide)-gel electrophoresis of the neoglycoprotein demonstrated its purity, and subsequent immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody directed to the terminal 3,6-di-O-methyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl epitope of the native glycolipid demonstrated its antigenicity. Comparative serological testing in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of NT-O-BSA, the corresponding disaccharide-containing products, and another trisaccharide-containing neoglycoprotein, O-(3,6-di-O-methyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-(2,3-di-O-methyl-α- l -rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→2)-(3-O- methyl-α- l -rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→4′)-oxy-(3-phenylpropanoyl)-BSA (NT-P-BSA) [Fujiwara et al., Agric. Biol. Chem., 51 (1987) 2539–2547] against sera from leprosy patients and control populations showed concordance; the presence of the innermost sugar did not contribute significantly to sensitivity or specificity. The di- and tri-saccharide-containing neoantigens, on account of ready availability and solubility, provide greater flexibility than the native glycolipid for the serodiagnosis of leprosy.
Trypanosoma cruzi:Protective Immunity in Mice Immunized with Paraflagellar Rod Proteins Is Associated with a T-Helper Type 1 Response

We have examined the ability of mice to survive a lethal challenge with the parasitic hemoflagellate, Trypanosoma cruzi, following immunization with paraflagellar rod proteins (PAR) 1 and 2 either alone or in combination with the following adjuvants: Freund's, alum, QS-21, Ribi-700, or IL-12. PAR administered subcutaneously (sc) in combination with Freund's or alum provided significant protection, 100 and 83%, respectively, against a T. cruzi challenge. In contrast, PAR in combination with QS-21, Ribi-700, IL-12, or Freund's administered intraperitoneally (ip) or PAR alone provide no protection against a challenge. PAR-specific serum antibody titers and isotype profiles for several of the immunization regimens were determined, and no positive correlation could be seen between a protective immune response and either antibody titer or the subclass of antibody induced. We also examined the ability of PAR to stimulate T cells from the spleen and lymph nodes of mice immunized with PAR in combination with Freund's (sc), Freund's (ip), alum, or Ribi-700. Each of the adjuvants strongly enhanced the ability of enriched T cells to proliferate in a PAR-specific fashion, suggesting no obvious correlation between PAR-specific T cell activation and protection. However, examination of the cytokine profiles of the stimulated T cell groups showed that the protective groups differed from the nonprotective groups. While all four groups showed low levels of IL-10, the Freund's (sc) and alum groups had higher levels of IFN-gamma and IL-2 than Freund's (ip) and Ribi-700 groups, and most strikingly, no IL-4 could be detected in either the Freund's (sc) or the alum group, in contrast to significant levels of IL-4 in both the Freund's (ip) and the Ribi-700 group. These findings indicate that protective immunity in mice immunized with PAR is associated with a Th1-type response.
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Their Relationship to Organizational Effectiveness:

Organ’s organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) model implies that aggregate citizenship behaviors improve organizational effectiveness. This study investigated relationships between OCBs and organizational effectiveness indicators in limited-menu restaurants. Citizenship behaviors were associated with lower food cost percentages, increased revenue to full-time equivalent, perceived company quality, operating efficiency, customer satisfaction, and fewer customer complaints. Developing a work environment that promotes OCB performance may enhance a manager’s personal productivity and success as well as the organization’s effectiveness.
Electrochemical evaluation of molybdenum nitride electrodes in H2SO4 electrolyte

The electrochemical stability of polycrystalline thin film MoxN (x=1 and 2) electrodes deposited on previously nitrided polycrystalline Ti and bare Ti substrates and exposed to 4.4m H2SO4 electrolyte has been investigated. The electrodes were prepared by a temperature programmed procedure involving the reaction of MoO3 films and NH3. Cyclic voltammetry and a.c. impedance spectroscopy indicated that the range of electrochemical voltage stability in the electrolyte of the MoxN films on nitrided Ti substrates, referenced to a standard hydrogen electrode to be −0.01 to+0.69V. These electrodes had a calculated capacitance of about 315Fcm−3. The MoxN films on Ti substrates were electrochemically stable from −0.01 to +0.67V; however, they contained unconverted MoO2 which acted to reduce the calculated capacitance to about 210Fcm−3. At and above +0.70V and +0.68V on nitrided Ti and Ti substrates, respectively, an electrochemical reaction occurred. The formation of an amorphous phase in the reacted MoxN films was indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) showed increases in the atomic concentrations of hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur in the reacted films. The voltage bias applied to the electrodes influenced the chemical composition of the reacted films.
The Archaeology of Plazas and the Proxemics of Ritual: Three Andean Traditions

Plazas are culturally significant elements in the built environment, spaces for social interactions. This essay outlines a model for the archaeological investigation of prehistoric plazas that examines the relationships between ritual communication, thresholds of human sense perceptions, and constructed spaces. The model is applied to a sample of pre-Hispanic Andean plazas and three traditions are identified, each with discrete spatial properties and communicative potentials.
II. Random and non-random walks on the New York stock exchange

Abstract Daily price changes of a variety of individual stocks and of stocks indices on the New York Stock Exchange are studied for indication of randomness between 1957 and 1979. From 1957 to the beginning of 1966, this market moved randomly; from 1966 to 1979 it did not.
Surrogate data analysis of renal tubular pressure fluctuations in hypertensive rats

We observed previously that hydraulic pressure in rat renal proximal tubules changes from the periodic oscillations found in normal animals to random-appearing fluctuations during the development of hypertension. It was suggested that the random-appearing fluctuations seen in the hypertensive rats were due to chaotic dynamics in the systems regulating tubular pressure and flow. To test this hypothesis we have now produced surrogate data sets from the originals by randomizing the phase of the power spectra. We have applied both correlation dimension estimation and forecasting error as discriminating statistics. The results show that the original experimental time series can be distinguished from linear and static nonlinear correlated noise, which confirms that the nonlinear behavior is due to the intrinsic dynamics of the system. This finding suggests that there is a low dimensional chaotic attractor that governs renal hemodynamics in the hypertensive stage. To our knowledge this represents the first rigorous demonstration of a transition to chaotic dynamics in an integrated physiological control system occurring in association with a pathological condition.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ion Segregation and Deliquescence of Alkali Halide Nanocrystals on SiO2

The adsorption of water on alkali halide (KBr, KCl, KF, NaCl) nanocrystals on SiO2 and their deliquescence was investigated as a function of relative humidity (RH) from 8% to near saturation by scanning polarization force microscopy. At low humidity, water adsorption solvates ions at the surface of the crystals and increases their mobility. This results in a large increase in the dielectric constant, which is manifested in an increase in the electrostatic force and in an increase in the apparent height of the nanocrystals. Above 58% RH, the diffusion of ions leads to Ostwald ripening, where larger nanocrystals grow at the expense of the smaller ones. At the deliquescence point, droplets were formed. For KBr, KCl, and NaCl, the droplets exhibit a negative surface potential relative to the surrounding region, which is indicative of the preferential segregation of anions to the air/solution interface.
Controlling Resurgent Tuberculosis: Public Health Agencies, Public Policy, and Law

The reappearance of tuberculosis as a serious public health threat points up the fallacy of the widely held assumption that medical science had conquered the communicable diseases that were once leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In devising a strategy to prevent the spread of TB, public policymakers must adapt traditional TB control measures to reflect the current problem. Such a strategy can and should include the appropriate use of governmental coercion to compel observance of public health TB control measures. Public health approaches to control of human immunodeficiency virus, with their emphasis on the voluntary cooperation of those infected and at high risk for infection, are not a model for effective TB control. Additional resources, while needed, will not alone enable public health agencies to bring TB and other communicable diseases under control. In the present debate over health care reform, little attention has been paid to the importance of public health agencies in protecting the public health. The resurgence of TB is a warning of the consequences of neglecting public health agencies and ignoring the socioeconomic problems that underlie it and other communicable diseases.
Atomic coordinates for T4 phage lysozyme

Abstract Atomic coordinates are presented for the lysozyme from T4 bacteriophage. The coordinates were derived from a 2.4 A resolution electron density map based on two isomorphous heavy-atom derivatives, interpreted in terms of the known amino acid sequence, and adjusted to have stereochemically acceptable bond lengths and angles.
Model nerve net can produce rectilinear, non-diffuse propagation as seen in the skin plexus of sea urchins*

One of the simplest puzzles in neural connectivity is what can be the basis of the spine-converging or pointing response of echinoids to touch. Mediated by a conduction system in the skin, it is unique among known epithelial systems (unpolarized, Hopfield type nets) in propagating without significant curvature past the end of an incomplete cut, leaving a basically straight-edged shadow of no response. Known since 1881, this was analyzed by Bullock (1965, Comparative aspects of superficial conduction systems in echinoids and asteroids Am. Zool. 5, 545–562), who believed it demands that the plexus contains discrete, straight chains of neurons between every sensory site and every spine within 3 cm, a “curious and unprecedented” connectivity which seemed unlikely (here called “star” models). The present paper proposes a class of models by which non-diffuse, rectilinear propagation can occur in diffusely connected nerve nets. It requires that each neuron be influenced by several hundred neighbors, and that the average neuronal firing threshold be adjusted rather precisely. A threshold area must be initially stimulated. Several modifications approach realism based on animal data. It is shown by computer simulation that the proposed models support rectilinear propagation, and are insensitive to many changes in the detailed structure. Neither the present class nor the star models can be excluded on the present knowledge of anatomy of the echinoid plexus; they are viable alternatives. Tests of the two are proposed. Neither seems likely to be correct and we do not consider the puzzle solved.
Historiography of Antisemitism versus Anti-Judaism: A Response to Robert Morgan:

Responding to Robert Morgan’s plaidoyer for Christianity by claiming a distinction between theological anti-Judaism and modern, racial antisemitism, this article demonstrates that the texts of pro-...
Development of a predictive kinetic model for homogeneous Hg oxidation data

Several researchers have developed kinetic models to predict the effects of various flue gas components on homogeneous mercury (Hg) oxidation. Most of these models make use of over 50 reversible reactions that involve radicals in a combustion or post-combustion system, where temperatures are similar to that of a power plant boiler, in excess of 1700 ^@?C. Reaction rate constants are expressed in the form of k=A*T^n*exp(-E/R/T) where the unknown variables are A (pre-exponential factor), n (the exponent of temperature) and E (activation energy). The focus of this paper is the development of a simple kinetic model to predict experimental data in a laboratory scale apparatus. The results obtained show that only five reactions are required to predict the data obtained in the experimental work. Two of these reactions are reversible and three are irreversible. None of the reactions involve radicals, and only the pre-exponential factor and activation energy values in the rate constant term for the reactions are determined - the value of 'n' is set at 0. It is found that the predicted values correspond very well with the observed experimental data.
Innovation, trade, and economic welfare: Contrasts between petrochemicals and semiconductors

Abstract Since the early 1980s, the corpus of international trade theory has been broadened to include new theories of international trade based on “special assumptions”. While these models are often highly specific, they are starting to yield outcomes that appear to be more general, and which comport with what industry analysts report is going on in international markets, especially for manufactured goods. Further progress can be made if these models are able to take into account intellectual property and firm organization. This paper suggests how such factors impact policy analysis.
Significance of cleft palate induced by chemicals in the rat and mouse

Abstract Five chemicals administered to pregnant rats and/or mice produced from 0–100% incidence of cleft palate in individual litters. Chlorcyclizine, one of six benzhydrylpiperazines already shown to produce a common syndrome in the rat, was found also to produce most of the responses in the mouse. In further studies on chlorcyclizine in the rat, the form of cleft palate in individual foetuses varied from unrotated palatine processes (vertical (V) type) through several horizontal (H) forms. Thorax enlargement, previously shown to be due to oedema of overlying tissue, subsided, was about constant or increased as the incidence of cleft palate increased. On average, the foetuses with cleft palate in individual litters had slightly larger thoraxes. When chlorcyclizine administration began 2 days later in gestation (on day 15), the thorax enlargement developed later and cleft palate did not result, and both the cleft-palate incidence and the degree of thorax enlargement were less when rats were co-treated with either SKF-525A or triamterene. Growth of the foetus, as determined by length, was only slightly retarded on most days of gestation and at most levels of cleft-palate incidence. In other studies, chlorcyclizine given to mice produced H and V forms of cleft palate and mild growth retardation but no thorax enlargement, β-aminopropionitrile produced in the rat and mouse both H and V forms of cleft palate but no growth retardation, and only transient, mild thorax enlargement was seen in the mouse. Only horizontal forms of cleft palate resulted from cortisone treatment of mice or triamcinolone treatment of rats or mice, and while the foetuses in all these cases showed severe growth retardation, thorax enlargement occurred only in the rats. Treatment of rats with N -nitroso- N -methylurea led to V-type cleft palates, severe growth retardation and a transient reduction in thorax area. Thus the teratological significance of cleft palate occurring in safety tests cannot be determined merely from the level of incidence without consideration of other findings. The multiple techniques used in this study should help in relating altered foetal metabolism and physiology to malformation and various other anomalies.
Waveform diversity via mutual information

A novel criterion for waveform diversity in radar systems is presented that is based on the information theoretic concept of Shannon mutual information (MI). In general, waveform diversity refers to adaptively changing a transmitted waveform based on the target and interference environment. MI is a measure of the information in a random variable or vector about another random variable or vector. It is shown herein that an MI framework provides the basis for a general and powerful criterion for evaluation of candidate waveforms, as well as design of waveforms. The criterion inherently includes radar system and scenario statistical information. In addition, the criterion reduces to a simple analytical function of a set of scalar parameters for the case of Gaussian-distributed proper random processes. It is shown that those scalar parameters are also the canonical correlations of the random variables in the MI expression that involves the received radar signal at two distinct time instants. This property suggests the possibility of new insights into waveform diversity using MI as a criterion. The concept is presented assuming a SAR system configuration, but can be extended to other radar modes and functions, as well as to other sensing applications.
Women's Suffrage in Thailand: A Southeast Asian Historiographical Challenge

Although much of the history of women's suffrage has focused on the American and British struggles of the early twentieth century, a newer generation of interdisciplinary scholars is exploring its global trajectory. Fundamental to these cross-cultural comparisons is the establishment of an international timeline of women's suffrage; its order at once shapes and is shaped by its historiography. According to the currently dominant chronology, “Female suffrage began with the 1893 legislation in New Zealand” (Ramirez, Soysal, and Shanahan 1997: 738; see also Grimshaw 1987 [1972]: xiv). In this timeline, “Australia was next to act, in 1902” (ibid.). Despite the geographical location of New Zealand and Australia in greater Southeast Asia, the narrative that accompanies this timeline portrays “first world” women as leading the struggle for suffrage and “third world” women as following their example.1 As Ramirez, Soysal, and Shanahan write, “A smaller early wave of suffrage extensions between 1900 and 1930 occurred mostly in European states. A second, more dramatic wave occurred after 1930” (ibid.). Similarly, Patricia Grimshaw writes, “It was principally in the English-speaking world, in the United States, in Britain and its colonial dependencies, and in the Scandinavian countries that sustained activity for women's political enfranchisement occurred. Other countries eventually followed suit” (1987: xiv).
Segmentation and analysis of DNA replication sites using deformable models

Image segmentation is an important aspect of biomedical image analysis. Here we discuss the implementation of a system for segmentation of confocal electron microscope images of DNA within from rat liver cell nuclei. Segmentation is achieved using controlled continuity splines or 'snakes' proposed by Kass, Witkin, and Teraopoulos. A snake is an energy minimizing spline guided by external constraint forces and influenced by image forces that pull it toward features such as lines and edges. They are active contour models. They lock onto nearby edges, localizing them accurately.