cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A configurable adjunct for real time systems (CARTS)

CARTS is a set of system services targeted to real time distributed systems and spanning a variety of architectures. CARTS was designed to support rapid application code generation through generic user interfaces, to facilitate incremental system integration and reconfiguration via file-based data, and to provide tailored functionality appropriate to each project utilizing it. The CARTS postal system controls intertask communication within and between processors using optimal transfer methods such as shared memory, backplane I/O, or network I/O. The CARTS clock services supply high resolution time of day and mission clocks synchronized system wide at initialization and maintained through all levels of interface loading and across processor restarts.
Valence band state densities of tetrahedrally coordinated amorphous semiconductors

Abstract A novel technique, for obtaining the valence band state densities (VBSD's) of tetrahedrally coordinated amorphous semiconductors from normal incidence reflectance data, is applied to Si and Ge and GaP, GaAs and GaSb. The VBSD's of Si and Ge are similar to other published results, obtained by conventional techniques, and cannot be described by broadened crystalline VBSD's. On the other hand, the VBSD's of the 3–5's contain many of the crystalline features. The relation of these results to the structure of the amorphous phase is discussed.
Optimal scan design for tomographic imaging of time varying distributions

The authors investigate reductions in the required temporal sampling rates for tomographic imaging of time-varying distributions. These rates can be lowered significantly if the temporal variation of the distribution being imaged is spatially localized, as is the case for some medical applications. The reduction in the temporal sampling rate is achieved by a nonconventional angular sampling order, minimizing a worst-case aliasing error. Computer simulation results demonstrating good reconstruction with temporal undersampling by a factor of two and three are shown. >
Brief paper: Local stability analysis using simulations and sum-of-squares programming

The problem of computing bounds on the region-of-attraction for systems with polynomial vector fields is considered. Invariant subsets of the region-of-attraction are characterized as sublevel sets of Lyapunov functions. Finite-dimensional polynomial parametrizations for Lyapunov functions are used. A methodology utilizing information from simulations to generate Lyapunov function candidates satisfying necessary conditions for bilinear constraints is proposed. The suitability of Lyapunov function candidates is assessed solving linear sum-of-squares optimization problems. Qualified candidates are used to compute invariant subsets of the region-of-attraction and to initialize various bilinear search strategies for further optimization. We illustrate the method on small examples from the literature and several control oriented systems.
FE-BI analysis of a leaky-wave antenna with resistive sheet termination

Printed leaky-wave antennas offer the potential for a low-profile, wide-bandwidth antenna element that can be arrayed if desired. Microstrip leaky-wave antennas rely on the suppression of the familiar EH/sub 0/ mode and the propagation of the radiating EH/sub 1/ mode. It is well-known that above a critical frequency, this leaky-wave will propagate with little attenuation and that the phase difference between the two radiating edges of the microstrip leads to radiation. However, due to the limits of installation area, such antennas must be terminated in a manner that reduces back reflection. If this is not done, a standing wave is established on the antenna limiting its utility as a leaky-wave antenna in terms of front-to-back ratio and bandwidth. In this paper, the hybrid finite element-boundary integral method is used to investigate an antenna termination scheme involving the use of resistive sheet extensions to the antenna. It was shown that such a termination increases the front-to-back ratio and usable bandwidth of the antenna as compared to an antenna without such termination.
Re-definition of the robot motion control problem: Effects of plant dynamics, drive system constraints, and user requirements

The objective of this paper is a redefinition of the robot control problem, based on realistic (1) models for the industrial robot as a controlled plant, (2) end effector trajectories consistent with manufacturing applications, and (3) the need for end-effector sensing to compensate for uncertainties inherent to most robotic manufacturing applications. Based on extensive analytical and experimental studies, realistic robot dynamic models are presented that have been validated over the frequency range 0 to 50 Hz. These models exhibit a strong influence of drive system flexibility, producing lightly damped poles in the neighborhood of 8 Hz, 14 Hz, and 40 Hz, all unmodeled by the conventional rigid body multiple link robot dynamic approach. The models presented also quantify the significance of nonlinearities in the drive system, in addition to those well-known in the linkage itself. Realistic simulations of robot dynamics and motion controls demonstrate that existing controls coupled with effective path planning produce dynamic path errors that are acceptable for most manufacturing applications. Major benefits are projected, with examples cited, for use of end-effector sensors for position, force, and process control that compensate for uncertainties encountered on the factory floor.
Elastin Point Mutations Cause an Obstructive Vascular Disease, Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis

Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is an inherited obstructive vascular disease that affects the aorta, carotid, coronary and pulmonary arteries. Previous molecular genetic data have led to the hypothesis that SVAS results from mutations in the elastin gene, ELN. In these studies, the disease phenotype was linked to gross DNA rearrangements (35 and 85 kb deletions and a translocation) in three SVAS families. However, gross rearrangements of ELN have not been identified in most cases of autosomal dominant SVAS. To define the spectrum of ELN mutations responsible for this disorder, we refined the genomic structure of human ELN and used this information in mutational analyses. ELN point mutations co-segregate with the disease in four familial cases and are associated with SVAS in three sporadic cases. Two of the mutations are nonsense, one is a single base pair deletion and four are splice site mutations. In one sporadic case, the mutation arose de novo. These data demonstrate that point mutations of ELN cause autosomal dominant SVAS.
Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a rapidly evolving field wherein traditional treatment with the nonspecific antiviral agents pegylated interferon (IFN)-alfa and ribavirin has been and will continue to be supplanted by combinations of targeted therapies against HCV with and without concomitant pegylated IFN and/or ribavirin, resulting in markedly superior rates of viral clearance. Exhaustive study of HCV structure and replication through the development of in vitro systems has enabled the development of numerous novel direct acting antiviral agents that currently are undergoing clinical trials. As our understanding of the HCV virus and its antiviral targets increases, the future of HCV therapy holds the promise of high rates of viral eradication in all patient populations, many or all of whom will be treatable with IFN-free combinations of all-oral agents.
Global Risk Diversification: An Empirical Investigation From The U. S. Perspective

The case for global risk diversification has been built on correlations between the U.S. and international stock markets. Now that we witness how tightly the world stock markets are correlated, especially after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, does it still make sense to diversify globally? Can the investments in global equity portfolios be protected in today’s volatile markets? These questions have preoccupied a growing number of portfolio managers in recent years, as well as many of us who invest in stock markets. Since gold/silver and bonds tend to move inversely with the stock markets, a hedging strategy of combining them with stock portfolios should protect the equity investments during global market downturns. The study explores the risk-return profiles of various global portfolios and provides insights about the extent to which the U.S. investors need to allocate their investments in Asia/Pacific, European stock markets, and across other investment vehicles, such as gold/silver and bonds. The findings from this research have practical implications for both investors and portfolio managers interested in going global.
Ultrastructure of sperm, spermiogenesis, and sperm-egg interactions in selected invertebrates and lower vertebrates which use external fertilization

This review discusses the ultrastructure of sperm with reference to their development, the surface morphology of the egg, and the processes of sperm binding and penetration during fertilization. These topics are treated for selected invertebrates and lower vertebrates which live in aquatic environments and fertilize their eggs externally. Specifically, sperm eggs from cnidarians, echinoderms, decapod crustaceans, ascidians, lampreys, bony fishes, and amphibians are discussed. Sperm from the majority of these groups exhibit the classical head-midregion-tail configuration characteristic of primitive sperm. Specific variations within this general morphology have been described. The notable exceptions to the primitive-sperm paradigm are the sperm of decapod crustaceans and amphibians. Eggs from all of the animals considered are covered by complex vitelline envelopes except those of cnidarians. In general, the ultrastructural analysis of these egg envelopes shows that they are composed of fibrous subunits. Sperm bind to the vitelline envelope and then penetrate through it to fertilize the egg in all groups reviewed except fishes. In sperm ultrastructure which occur during penetration of the egg envelopes in both flagellated and non-flagellated sperm. These changes, which involve membrane fusion and reorganization as well as movement of membranous organelles, aid the sperm in reaching the actual site of gamete fusion.
Shifting a complex debate on γ‐secretase cleavage and Alzheimer's disease

Chavez-Gutierrez et al (2012) examine the effects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) causing presenilin (PSEN) and amyloid b precursor protein (APP) mutations on intra- membrane cleavage catalyzed by c-secretase. These data provide definitive insights that should settle the long- standing debate regarding the role of loss of function effects of PSEN mutations in AD etiology. They also pro- vide additional insights into the complexities of c-secre- tase cleavage that may help to guide future therapeutic discovery efforts not only in AD but in other indications. AD, the leading cause of dementia, is pathologically char- acterized by the presence of two proteinopathies, aggregates of the amyloid b (Ab) protein in senile plaques and aggre- gates of the microtubule associated protein tau in neurofi- brillary tangles. AD can be caused by mutations in APP and PSEN1 or PSEN2 genes. Over the last 20 years, a great deal of data has shown that the common feature of these AD-linked mutations is to alter metabolism of Ab, which is proteolyti- cally derived from APP by the sequential actions of the b- and g-secretase. This altered metabolism promotes aggregation of
The Labor Force Attachment of Discouraged Workers.

Since the 1960s policymakers have been concerned with the question of whether the discouraged worker should be considered unemployed. Previous researchers have argued that only those groups of the discouraged who exhibit a “distinctive attachment” to the labor force should be counted among the unemployed. This study differs by defining “distinctive attachment” as a long-run, not merely short-run, sensitivity to economic fluctuations. Using this criteria, it is determined that only those discouraged due to their inability to find work exhibited an attachment significant enough to warrant their inclusion in the category of the unemployed. Also of interest is a finding suggesting that minority females are increasingly playing the same economic role as nonminority males. Each of these groups exhibits a long-run attachment to the labor force, whereas the attachment of minority males and nonminority females tends to be relatively more transitory.
Terrigenous organic matter in sediments from the Fly River delta‐clinoform system (Papua New Guinea)

loadings (0.5–1.0 mg C m 2 ), although several samples from the outer topset region, an area of sediment bypass, were characterized by lower carbon loadings indicative of enhanced carbon losses. Overall, the organic matter in both surface and subsurface sediments appeared to have predominantly a terrigenous origin, with no evidence for dilution and/or replacement by marine carbon. The measured compositions were consistent with contributions from modern vascular plant detritus, aged soil organic matter, and very old or fossil organic matter devoid of recognizable biochemicals.
Fe(III) reductase, the FRE genes, and FRE‐transformed tobacco

Abstract The importance of Fe(III) reductases in Fe acquisition by Strategy I plants suggests that manipulation of genes encoding Fe(III) reductases could enhance Fe nutrition. In yeast, reduction is also an essential step in iron uptake and two putative Fe(III) reductase genes, FRE1 and FRE2, have been isolated from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As yeast genes can be successfully expressed in plants, it is of interest to determine if FRE genes have a similar function in plants. Open reading frames of FRE1 and FRE2 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter were introduced into Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin 38 via Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation and homozygous R2 and R3 families harboring FRE1, FRE2, and FRE1+FRE2 were recovered. In this report we summarize key features of Fe(III) reductases, the FRE genes, and FRE‐transformed plants. The most promising findings concerning the transformants are enhanced Fe(III) reduction in roots and shoot sections, higher leaf Fe levels, and lower suscep...
Boundary value problems in kinetic theory of gases

Abstract The state of a gas, flowing between two parallel plates, is analyzed from the viewpoint of kinetic theory. When the mean free path is infinitely greater than the distance between the plates, the exact solution shows that the distribution function is discontinuous in velocity. One must distinguish between molecules impinging on a plate and those leaving. We investigate the problem of finding a theory valid for arbitrary ratio of mean free path to plate distance, and of plate speed to sound speed. This is most easily achieved by splitting the distribution function into the above mentioned parts, and expanding each part in polynomials in velocity space, which are orthogonal over half the velocity range. In every approximation, exact account is given of (1) the microscopic boundary conditions, (2) the conservation laws, and (3) the behavior in the low pressure region. The method, which can be applied to the Boltzmann equation, is here developed for the kinetic model of Bhatnager, Gross, and Krook. Variational principles are stated by noting the similarity of the linearized version of this theory to the Milne equation of radiative transfer. For the nonlinear, high speed case, a new approach in the low pressure region is indicated. The relationship to alternative methods is discussed. When the distribution function is expanded in full-range orthogonal polynomials it is necessary to go to high order to obtain an adequate representation of the low pressure region, and of the boundary layer. Very simple half-range distribution functions yield an accurate description of the state of the gas.
Selecting and Designing Questions to Facilitate Spatial Thinking

One measure of the impact of a new idea in geography education is how well it is incorporated into teachers' everyday practice. Spatial thinking is not really a new idea in geography education; spa...
Historic cartographic evidence for Holocene changes in the Antarctic ice cover

Roughly 125,000 years ago, the earth underwent a climatic warming trend [Bergen and Van Couvering, 1979] called the Sangamon. This occurred more than 1 million years after the commencement of the Pleistocene time of great glacial advances which brought ice sheets of continental proportions to North America, northern Europe, and Siberia. That interglacial warming trend is the most pronounced climatic warming that we know during the period of the Ice Ages [Mitchell, 1977]. The Sangamon was followed, however, by a time of lower worldwide temperatures when the glaciers advanced once more and until a new warming trend commenced some 20,000–30,000 years ago. Earth's glaciers and ice sheets then began to retreat again, and about 10,000 years ago the last vestiges of these northern continental ice sheets withdrew as the latest warm interglacial, the Holocene, began. The Holocene continues today. Earth's atmospheric and oceanic temperatures rose in this time, well after Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon men lived in Asia and in Europe. The Holocene warming has been synchronous in both hemispheres and led to a worldwide climatic optimum, called the Hypsithermal interval, between 9,000 and 2,500 years ago [Deevey, 1957]. The Hypsithermal interval was the warmest part of the Holocene to date, and it largely preceded the Bronze Age, which commenced about 3,000 years ago. While the continental ice sheets of North America, Europe, and Asia disintegrated with the approach of the Holocene, the great ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antartica remained stable and largely unchanged at least since the warm Sangamon interglacial of 125,000 years ago.
Evidence-based Physical Education #1: What Strategies Can We Use to Increase Students' MVPA in Physical Education Lessons?

Physical education (PE) is considered to be critical to the promotion of students' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but many still have low MVPA levels during PE. Lonsdale and colleag...
Subunit interaction of adenylylated glutamine synthetase.

The activity of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase (GS) is regulated by the cyclic adenylylation and deadenylylation of a unique tyrosyl group in each subunit (for review, see Stadtman and Ginsburg 1974). As illustrated in Fig. 1, the adenylylation reaction is catalyzed by an adenylyltransferase (AT) and involves transfer of adenylyl groups from ATP to the enzyme with the concomitant formation of PPi. Since GS is composed of twelve identical subunits, and adenylylated subunits are catalytically inactive under most physiological conditions, the catalytic potential of the enzyme is nearly inversely proportional to the average number, n, of covalently bound adenylyl groups per enzyme molecule (Kingdon et al. 1967). Although the adenylylation reaction is reversible in the presence of PPi (Mantel and Holzer 1970), removal of the adenylyl group from GS under physiological conditions is achieved by phosphorolysis of the adenylyl-O-tyrosyl bond to yield ADP and unmodified GS (Anderson and Stadtman 1970). Because the adenylylation and deadenylylation reactions are catalyzed at separate, noninteracting catalytic sites on a single adenylyltransferase (Anderson et al. 1970; Rhee et al. 1978; Hennig and Ginsburg 1971), it is evident that in the absence of appropriate regulation the two reactions will be tightly coupled resulting simply in senseless phosphorolysis of ATP to ADP and PPi. As shown if Fig. 1, indiscriminate coupling of the adenylylation and deadenylylation reaction is prevented by the action of Shapiro’s regulatory protein, PII, (Shapiro 1969) which also exists in an unmodified form, PIIA, and a modified (uridylylated) form, PIID (Brown et al. 1971; Mangum et al. 1973; Adler et al. 1975).
Deseo y rechazo como dinámica poscolonial en la novela “compasión absoluta” de Carol Zardetto

Este articulo explora desde la protagonista la dinamica del deseo y el rechazo como contradicciones experimentadas en las sociedades poscoloniales, tanto para el sujeto que domina como para el sujeto-objeto que es dominado. Irene, la protagonista, integra multiples visiones que entretejen su identidad a la par que se reelabora la historia de Guatemala en las narraciones orales familiares. ?Por que se desean sujetos-objetos, espacios geograficos, vivencias personales, y al mismo tiempo rechazan? ?Como se constituye la identidad de la protagonista con esa dualidad tan fluctuante? ?Por que ese afan de rememorar su patria Guatemala con los relatos de la abuela y con sus propias evocaciones? Y, finalmente, ?por que esa inquietante comparacion entre un pasado que se borra al mismo tiempo que recrea “un presente” y un posible futuro con otros y desde otros espacios ajenos al circulo familiar? Son interrogantes que llevan al objetivo propuesto en el trabajo. Ese fluir temporal sera estudiado desde una vision dialectica que permite reconocer a Guatemala como la periferia, frente a otros lugares como el centro, el espacio que satisface los sentidos de la protagonista.
Review: Giovan Antonio Dosio da San Gimignano: Architetto e scultor fiorentino tra Roma, Firenze e Napoli by Emanuele Barletti, ed.

Emanuele Barletti, ed. Giovan Antonio Dosio da San Gimignano: Architetto e scultor fiorentino tra Roma, Firenze e Napoli Florence: Edifir, 2011, 850 pp., 356 b/w and 256 color illus. €98, ISBN 9788879703505 Scholars of sixteenth-century Italian art tend to associate Giovanni Antonio Dosio above all with his drawings, from the celebrated vedute published in Bernardo Gamucci’s 1565 guidebook Le antichita di Roma to the collections at the Uffizi published by Franco Borsi in 1976. Yet early modern accounts indicate that Dosio was also involved in a variety of design ventures. Gamucci, praising him for the extraordinary archaeological discovery of the Forma Urbis Romae in 1562, described him as a “virtuous youth, an architect, and an antiquarian of great promise” (“giovane virtuoso, architetto e antiquario di non poca espettatione”). In 1584 Dosio’s first biographer, Raffaello Borghini, attributed numerous sculptures to him, along with the restoration of antiquities, the execution of stucco decorations, and the design of “many buildings.” The impressive volume under consideration here, published to coincide with the newly documented anniversary of Dosio’s death at Caserta in 1611, surveys the full scope of his ambitious undertakings across a broad range of media. The ongoing support of scholarship on the history of art and architecture by Italian financial institutions explains the appearance of this lavish tome at a time when many publishers have been compelled to cut back. If the promotion of Dosio as a self-styled “scultor fiorentino” by the Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze suggests a certain campanilismo , the resulting publication is nonetheless noteworthy as much for its academic rigor as for its opulence. This monograph, which unites the latest scholarship with the comprehensive documentation of known works and images of unprecedented professional quality, will be sure to expand our understanding of Dosio’s interests and abilities. Perhaps the most immediate impression the book conveys—beginning with the radiant interior of the Niccolini chapel at Santa Croce that decorates the front cover of the dust jacket—is that Dosio delighted in polychromy. Many …
Random Multiplicative Processes and Multifractals

Random multiplicative processes abound in a variety of natural phenomena./l,2/ Specific examples include the distribution of incomes, body weights, rainfall, etc., in addition to the examples that will be treated in this paper. While random multiplicative processes are relatively ubiquitous, the essential properties of such processes are not as well appreciated as random additive processes (such as a random walk). For the latter case, the existence of the central limit theorem provides crucial information for understanding the asymptotic properties of a sum of random variables. From this theorem, one knows that short-range correlations in the sequence of random variables do not affect the asymptotic properties of the sum, and that one-parameter scaling holds. On the other hand, multiplicativity gives rise to multifractal scaling, and this property has been seen in a wide variety of contexts./3-9/
Outcome Measures for Assessing Efficacy of Incontinence Procedures

Standard treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women has evolved over the last few decades. The development of effective surgical modalities and the recent explosion in the availability of minimally invasive treatment options have altered the playing field, and have provided a wider range of treatment options for women with SUI. With these alternatives come the opportunity and the responsibility to assess how successful these treatments are. The areaof outcome assessment itself has evolved over the last several years, becoming more structured in the approach to defining treatment success. This process is particularly important for treatments aimed at SUI, where an improvement in the quality of life is the ultimate goal, and for which success can be defined in a number of different ways. Indeed, it may be impossible to identify a single parameter that can be used to define success in every patient undergoing treatment for SUI. This chapter explores current methods to analyze outcome of SUI treatment.
A study of the 9Be(p, pα)5He reaction at 26.0, 35.0 and 46.8 MeV

Abstract The cross sections for the reaction 9 Be(p, pα) 5 5 He were measured at 26.0, 35.0 and 46.8 MeV incident energies. The resulting data were analyzed in the plane-wave impulse approximation and compared to the results of existing data taken at 55.0, 57.0, 155.0 and 160 MeV. These data appear to be consistent with an S-state of relative motion of the α-cluster.
Smart rocks, brilliant pebbles, genius dust?

(1989). Smart rocks, brilliant pebbles, genius dust? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 45, No. 9, pp. 10-11.
Chlorpyrifos Effect on Armored Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Populations in San Joaquin Valley Citrus

Portions of three citrus orchards infested with California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and with yellow scale, A. citrina (Coquillett), were sprayed either with a commercial rate of chlorpyrifos or left unsprayed. The three orchards included a chlorpyrifos-susceptible A. aurantii population, a chlorpyrifos-resistant A. aurantii population, and a chlorpyrifos-resistant A. citrina population. The levels of efficacy of chlorpyrifos in the field trials confirmed the levels of susceptibility of scales in the laboratory bioassays. Susceptible A. aurantii were killed for 60 d after treatment with one application of properly timed chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos-resistant A. aurantii were held at pretreatment levels for 30 d but increased in numbers similar to those of the unsprayed control plots by 60 d after treatment. There was no significant difference in percentage of parasitism between the sprayed and unsprayed treatments. Resistant A. citrina were unaffected by the chlorpyrifos treatment, both in the number of scales per plant structure as well as in the population structure. The percentage of parasitism was significantly greater in the unsprayed compared with the chlorpyrifos treatment in this population.
Classifying Problematic Sexual Behaviors—It's All in the Name

Problematic sexual behaviors have been identified for centuries. Terms such as nymphomania (Erickson, 1945), satyriasis (Allen, 1969), and Don Juanism (Stoller, 1975) have been prevalent in literat...
The immunological function study of DC transfected with rAAV/HCV core gene

Objective To study the immunological function of dendritic cell (DC) vaccine prepared by transfection with core gene of rAAV/hepatitis C virus. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs),a kind of DC precursors,were isolated. DC precursors were infected with rAAV/Core/Neo virus stock (gene transfection group). On the other hand,in the control group,DC precursors were stimulated by the 293 cell lysate. Two groups were transfected for 12 hours,then followed an induction with GM-CSF,IL-4 and TNF-α. Seven days later,mature cells were collected and analyzed the transfective efficiency (HCV core antigen expression rate). Furthermore,expressions of surface marker of DC including CD14,CD40,CD80,CD83,CD86 were determined with FACS,and ability to stimulation of T cell proliferation was measured by mix lymphocyte reaction. The rate of kill and specificity for CTLs against target cells with positive antigen were measured with the 51Cr releasing analysis. Results The efficiency of rAAV/Core/Neo transfection DC was more than 90%,the transfection DC expressed high levels of CD40,CD80,CD83,CD86 and obtained the good biology activity in activating T cell. The CTLs showed high killing rate and antigen specificity to the HCV core antigen positive target cell. Conclusion DC can be transfected by rAAV/Core/Neo effectively. Thus,T cell proliferation can be stimulated with DCs after transfection. Furthermore,CTLs have the activity of kill against target cells with positive antigen.
Application of Artificial Neural Network and Information Fusion Technology in Power Transformer Condition Assessment

To meet the needs of assets management and risk assessment for power transformers in power systems, we proposed a condition assessment method of power transformer based on artificial neural network and information fusion technology. Taking preventative test parameters and on-line monitoring parameters as the example, we chose some representative part of them as static condition parameters, and chose the variation trends of parts of the static condition parameters as trend condition parameters. We normalized these condition parameters using a nonlinear index evaluation function, and established a model of multi-information fusion transformer condition assessment based on the artificial neuron network(ANN) and Dempster-Shafer(D-S) evidence theory. Moreover, we analyzed data of an example from a 500 kV power transformer, and the results verified the effectiveness of the proposed model. It is concluded that combining on-line monitoring parameters and their variation trends, the proposed method is helpful to improving the accuracy and timeliness of transformer condition assessment.
Supervisory Control of Malicious Executables in Software Processes

This chapter models the execution of a software process as a discrete event system that can be represented by a Deterministic Finite State Automaton (DFSA) in the discrete event setting. Supervisory Control Theory (SCT) is applied for on-line detection of malicious executables and prevention of their spreading. The language measure theory, described in Chapter 1, is adapted for performance evaluation and comparison of the unsupervised process automaton and five different supervised process automata. Simulation experiments under different scenarios show the rate of correct detection of malicious executables to be 88.75%.
Synthesis of Group IV Nanowires on Graphene: The Case of Ge Nanocrawlers.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using graphene as a synthesis platform for polymers, zero-dimensional (0D) materials, one-dimensional materials (1D), and two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here, we report the investigation of the growth of germanium nanowires (GeNWs) and germanium nanocrawlers (GeNCs) on single-layer graphene surfaces. GeNWs and GeNCs are synthesized on graphene films by gold nanoparticles catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid growth mechanism. The addition of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) at the nucleation step increased the propensity toward GeNCs growth on the surface. As the time lag before HCl introduction during the nucleation step increased, a significant change in the number of out-of-plane GeNWs versus in-plane GeNCs was observed. The nucleation temperature and time played a key role in the formation of GeNCs as well. The fraction of GeNCs (χNCs) decreased from 0.95 ± 0.01 to 0.66 ± 0.07 when the temperature was kept at 305 °C for 15 s versus maintained at 305 °C througho...
Wave Propagation and Load Transfer in Materials with Microstructure—An Experimental Study

An experimental study has been conducted which shows that the load transfer phenomenon in granular media is quite a complex process and depends strongly on the microstructure of the media.
The Role of Calcium in the Treatment of Osteoporosis

Publisher Summary Calcium intake is one of many environmental or lifestyle factors that influences bone loss and risk of osteoporosis. For the individual, the benefit to be expected from increasing calcium intake will depend upon absorptive status, self-selected calcium intake, estrogen status, heredity, and other variables. This chapter focuses on the physiology of calcium absorption and the role of calcium in preventing bone loss and osteoporotic fractures. Calcium is a substrate for bone mineralization; it also has an anti-resorptive effect on bone. Recent evidence indicates that bone density and the bone-remodeling rate are independent predictors of fracture. Increases in calcium intake, within the range usually consumed, induce modest reductions in blood parathyroid hormone concentration. These, in turn, lower the bone-remodeling rate. The magnitude of the change in remodeling induced by added dietary calcium is inversely related to the usual calcium intake; and it appears to be greater in the elderly, who, as a group, have higher remodeling rates than younger people with similar calcium intakes. Calcium alone is not considered adequate treatment for patients with established osteoporosis. It is, however, an essential adjunct to treatment with anti-resorptive agents and drugs that stimulate bone formation. The specific role of calcium as an adjuvant therapy will be considered in subsequent chapters that address individual drug therapies.
Stories from the Front Lines

Not every organization is the same. As a result, there are a wide variety of experiences when people start building their own information security awareness programs. In this chapter, we ask those in the trenches about their experience in building information security awareness programs in their own organizations.
Schatten Ohne Frau: Marginalia on a Werther Motif

(1971). Schatten Ohne Frau: Marginalia on a Werther Motif. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 87-94.
Introduction: Glomerular Disease Update for the Clinician

With this issue, the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology launches the latest in its educational series: a Glomerular Disease Update for the Clinician. Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the underlying disease mechanism for a number of glomerular diseases.
Effect of tungsten alloying on short-to-medium-range-order evolution and crystallization behavior of near-eutectic amorphous Ni–P

Abstract The crystallization of near-eutectic amorphous Ni–P can be significantly retarded by alloying a small fraction of tungsten. To understand this phenomenon, amorphous Ni0.80 P0.20 and Ni0.76 W0.04 P0.20 with the same phorphous fraction were fabricated by electroless plating as 10 μm-thick continuous layers. Subsequently, the alloys were tempered to three different stages: (i) an “incubation stage” (still completely amorphous), (ii) a “partially crystalline” stage (amorphous and crystalline phases), and (iii) a “completely crystalline” stage (only crystalline phases). To understand the strong effect of tungsten alloying on the crystallization behavior, we investigate the atomistic structure of as-plated and tempered Ni0.76 W0.04 P0.20 and compare it with that of correspondingly treated amorphous Ni0.80 P0.20. The study focuses on SRO (short-range order) and MRO (medium-range order). SRO, characterized by typical nearest neighbors, was studied by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectrometry). MRO, which includes neighbor atoms up to about 2 nm distance, was studied by FEM (fluctuation electron microscopy). In addition, the crystalline phases and microstructure of both alloys were studied by XRD (X-ray diffractometry) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy), respectively. Combining results of these complimentary techniques leads to models for the atomistic structure of amorphous Ni–P and Ni–W–P and models for the micromechanism of crystallization. Specifically, these models explain why tungsten reduces the driving force for crystallization and slows the crystallization kinetics. The principles we have recognized may be useful for identifying alloying elements that are potentially even more effective in retarding crystallization.
In Quest of the Next Information Processing Substrate: Extended Abstract: Invited

Conventional CMOS scaling and the Moore's law have been the cornerstone of progress in computing hardware technology. However, with dimensional scaling expected to end soon, there is a pressing need to find the next information processing hardware that can continue to support the technology revolution. Will this hardware solution be an enhanced or an augmented version of MOSFET or a switch based on a radically new switching mechanism. Ultimately, do we require a complete deviation from the Boolean paradigm itself? In this invited paper, we will review some of the actively pursued future logic, merged logic-memory and related concepts. While it remains unclear which of these options will eventually make it into commercial products, we will argue- based on lessons learnt from the past two decades of transistor development- that sustained and systematic research with careful benchmarking from future workload and applications viewpoint remains the key to success in the quest for the new information processing hardware.
Bow in Experimental Breeder Reactor II Reflector Subassemblies

A series of investigations was performed to identify the mechanisms responsible for severe fuel handling difficulties in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II. A combination of swelling-induced bow of inner row reflectors and relaxed thermal bow of outer row reflectors was found to be responsible for the observed problems. The results of the investigations are presented and their implications discussed. 27 refs.
How does methotrexate suppress inflammation

Methotrexate remains the most widely used agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Although introduced as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of malignancies, it is clear that, in the doses used, the mechanism of action in the suppression of inflammation differs from simply suppression of purine and pyrimidine metabolism, resulting in inhibition of proliferation. Here we review the proposed mechanisms of action of methotrexate.
Open Distal Fenestration of Chronic Dissection Facilitates Endovascular Elephant Trunk Completion: Late Outcomes.

Background Retrograde false lumen perfusion is a common mode of failure after stent grafting chronic aortic dissection. Open fenestration during the first-stage elephant trunk (ET) creates a landing zone for second-stage endovascular ET completion in patients with a false lumen aneurysm. Our objectives were to assess long-term safety and durability of this technique. Methods From 2007 to 2014, 56 patients with thoracoabdominal dissection and aneurysm underwent stage 1 ET and open fenestration. Fifteen (26.8%) patients had DeBakey type III dissection, and 41 (73%) had type I, 38 (68%) with previous ascending repair. Mean maximum diameter was 5.8 ± 1 cm. Imaging follow-up was complete in all survivors. Results Endovascular ET completion was performed in 49 patients (87.5%), urgently in 11 (22%). Operative mortality after the first stage was 1.8%. The ET in 8 patients was performed prophylactically. Complications after the first stage included transient ischemic attack in 1 patient (1.8%), subdural hemorrhage in 1 (1.8%), tracheostomy in 1 (1.8%), bleeding in 5 (8.9%), and paraplegia in 1 (1.8%). All 48 patients had false lumen thrombosis in the treated segment without endoleak or retrograde perfusion. The aneurysm sac shrunk in 67%, with a mean overall aortic diameter reduction of 1 ± 0.8 cm. Median follow-up was 33.8 months. Eight patients (16%) underwent 11 late reinterventions, comprising thoracic endovascular aortic repair extension in 4 patients (36%), thoracic endovascular aortic repair and false lumen embolization in 3 (27%), open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm completion repair in 2 (18%), and redo proximal repair for infection in 2 (18%). There were 6 late deaths. Conclusions Open aortic fenestration to create a distal landing zone during stage 1 ET facilitates endovascular completion for chronic dissection with false lumen aneurysm. The technique is safe, effective, and durable. It promotes reverse aortic remodeling and eliminates retrograde false lumen flow.
U.S. Luxury Fashion Consumption: Factors Affecting Attitude and Purchase Intent

With the widespread economic downturn, luxury fashion goods sales in the U.S. seem to be at risk. However, the U.S. remains the world’s largest luxury goods market, accounting for over one-fourth of the overall value sales of luxury goods in 2012 (CPP-LUXURY.COM, 2012). As the U.S. economic situation slowly recovers, the growth of the U.S. luxury goods market is expected to be more positive (Silverstein, 2012). In line with this issue, luxury retailers are well advised to understand the U.S. consumers’ attitude towards luxury goods and purchase intent and the differences and similarities to consumers’ attitudes in other regions to better address the customers’ unique characteristics.
Christian Thomasius, el Estado de derecho y la separación entre Iglesia y Estado

Christian Thomasius was above all a professor of jurisprudence who used his legal skills to resolve all sorts of legal, political, and moral problems. In this article we review two of his writings that contributed to his rearticulation of the relations between religion and politics in early modernity. He used the elements of what later became the concept of the rule of law to defend Denis Veiras, author of the Histoire des Sevarambes, against charges of atheism. He also defended the skeptical jurisprudence of Georg Heber as the best instrument for separating church and state and assigning each their proper roles, and made use of theological skepticism to justify excluding the theologians from politics and limit the interventions of princes into religious matters except in cases where the peace of the state was endangered.
An Industry Perspective on the Changing University

The globalization of high technology business is changing the industry/university interaction. Five important consequences are identified. First, the responsibility of U.S. industry for university support and the role of foreign-based corporations are not clear and require thoughtful discussion by those in government, industry, and academia. Second, universities should assess whether their role in technology transfer and national competitiveness has been correctly stated. Third, the university view of intellectual property rights and protection needs alteration, in many cases, so as to avoid impeding technology transfer and cooperative research. Fourth, many universities insist on a double standard of conduct when economic matters are at stake. Conflicts of interest arise as faculty accept public funding to invent and then involve themselves in enterprises that exploit these inventions in the marketplace. Fifth, given the unprecedented reliance of U.S. industry on foreign-born scientific and engineering talent, consideration should be given to enhancing the university graduate curricula to help prepare foreign students for managerial leadership.
A Graphical Tool for Distribution and Correlation Analysis of Multiple Time Series

This paper proposes the use of the parallel coordinate representation for the representation of multivariable statistical data, particularly for data arising in the time series context. We discuss the statistical interpretation of a variety of structures in the parallel coordinate diagrams including features which indicate correlation and clustering. One application is to graphically assess the finite dimensional distribution structure of a time series. A second application is to assessing structure of multichannel time series. An example of this latter application is given. It is shown that the parallel coordinate representation can be exploited as a graphical tool for using beam forming for short segments of ocean acoustic data.
Inequality Analysis: Overview

Inequality is pervasive in the social life, and understanding it is a central task for the social sciences. This article provides an overview of inequality analysis, discussing the framework with its questions and building blocks and surveying the twin branches of theoretical inequality analysis and empirical inequality analysis, the latter only briefly given that dozens of other articles discuss empirical studies of inequality. Substantively, this article identifies two main types of inequality – inequality between persons and inequality between subgroups – and highlights the fundamental questions concerning the determinants and consequences of inequality. Methodologically, it summarizes the major tools for measuring both kinds of inequality, including both scalar measures and whole-distribution approaches. To illustrate theoretical inequality analysis, the article reviews recent examples of a priori explorations, including mechanisms for altering inequality.
Effects of laser wavelength on aluminum plasma in transverse magnetic fields

The influence of the laser wavelength on nanosecond laser-produced Al plasma in a transverse magnetic field is studied and presented. A Q-switch Nd:YAG pulsed laser (FWHM: 6 ns) is used to ablate an aluminum sample at 50 mJ at the fundamental, second, and fourth harmonics of 1064 nm, 532 nm, and 266 nm, respectively. A permanent magnetic trap is used with a nearly uniform magnetic field of 0.8 T to confine plasma expansion, reduce both fast and slow components of plasma velocity, and increase signal intensity. Fast photography is performed using an Intensified Charged Coupled Device camera to study the plume hydrodynamics as it evolves through the induced magnetic field. Optical Emission Spectroscopy is used to determine the effect of the laser wavelength on key ionic and neutral emission lines, as well as to study the enhancement and reduction of certain emission lines in the presence of a magnetic field. Fast photography results confirm that the laser wavelength has a significant effect on plume hydrodynamics, especially as it evolves through the magnetic field. The magnetic field confines both fast and slow components of the plasma as early as ∼45 ns after laser impact for all laser wavelengths used, as well as reducing the velocity of the plasma by about 5×. It is shown that the 266 nm laser wavelength under the magnetic field enhanced both ionic and neutral lines by up to 11×, while 532 nm laser plasma only showed enhancements in ionic lines with reduction in neutral. A laser wavelength of 1064 nm showed a slight enhancement of ionic lines with a significant reduction in neutral lines under the same conditions.