cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Software Piracy in Research: A Moral Analysis

Researchers in virtually every discipline rely on sophisticated proprietary software for their work. However, some researchers are unable to afford the licenses and instead procure the software illegally. We discuss the prohibition of software piracy by intellectual property laws, and argue that the moral basis for the copyright law offers the possibility of cases where software piracy may be morally justified. The ethics codes that scientific institutions abide by are informed by a rule-consequentialist logic: by preserving personal rights to authored works, people able to do so will be incentivized to create. By showing that the law has this rule-consequentialist grounding, we suggest that scientists who blindly adopt their institutional ethics codes will commit themselves to accepting that software piracy could be morally justified, in some cases. We hope that this conclusion will spark debate over important tensions between ethics codes, copyright law, and the underlying moral basis for these regulations. We conclude by offering practical solutions (other than piracy) for researchers.
Living in the comfort zone

A comfort zone is a tested region of a system's input space within which it has been observed to behave acceptably. To keep systems operating within their comfort zones, we advocate the interposition of rectifiers between systems and their input sources. Rectifiers are designed to transform inputs to ensure that they are within the comfort zone before they are presented to the system. Rectifiers enforce a highly constrained input format and, if necessary, discard information to force inputs to conform to this format. Potential benefits of this approach include the elimination of errors and vulnerabilities, the excision of undesirable excess functionality from large, complex systems, and a simplification of the computing environment. We have developed a rectifier for email messages and used this rectifier to force messages into a specific constrained form. Our results show that this rectifier can successfully produce messages that keep the Pine email client strictly within code previously confirmed (during a small testing and training session) to function acceptably. Our results also show that the rectifier completely eliminates a security vulnerability in the Pine email client. And finally, the rectifier is able to accomplish these goals while still preserving an acceptable amount of information from the original messages.
Spreading depression requires microglia and is decreased by their M2a polarization from environmental enrichment.

Microglia play an important role in fine-tuning neuronal activity. In part, this involves their production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa), which increases neuronal excitability. Excessive synaptic activity is necessary to initiate spreading depression (SD). Increased microglial production of proinflammatory cytokines promotes initiation of SD, which, when recurrent, may play a role in conversion of episodic to high frequency and chronic migraine. Previous work shows that this potentiation of SD occurs through increased microglial production of TNFa and reactive oxygen species, both of which are associated with an M1-skewed microglial population. Hence, we explored the role of microglia and their M1 polarization in SD initiation. Selective ablation of microglia from rat hippocampal slice cultures confirmed that microglia are essential for initiation of SD. Application of minocycline to dampen M1 signaling led to increased SD threshold. In addition, we found that SD threshold was increased in rats exposed to environmental enrichment. These rats had increased neocortical levels of interleukin-11 (IL-11), which decreases TNFa signaling and polarized microglia to an M2a-dominant phenotype. M2a microglia reduce proinflammatory signaling and increase production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and therefore may protect against SD. Nasal administration of IL-11 to mimic effects of environmental enrichment likewise increased M2a polarization and increased SD threshold, an effect also seen in vitro. Similarly, application of conditioned medium from M2a polarized primary microglia to slice cultures also increased SD threshold. Thus, microglia and their polarization state play an essential role in SD initiation, and perhaps by extension migraine with aura and migraine.
Flavonoid, Silibinin, Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Cell-Cycle Arrest of Human Colon Cancer

Background Anti-oxidative extracts from the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum) have been shown to have antiproliferative effects in several tumor types. Silibinin is the primary active component isolated from the crude seed extract, silymarin. It has been used as a dietary supplement for hepatoprotection for over 2000 years. Silibinin has been shown to be safe in multiple animal models and has had no significant adverse events in human studies. We investigated the potential for this nontoxic flavolignan to inhibit proliferation of human colon cancer. Materials and methods Three well-characterized cell lines, Fet, Geo, and HCT116, were studied. The MTT cell-viability assay was performed to study the effect of silibinin on proliferation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was used to determine the effects of silibinin on cell cycle and apoptosis. 4′, 6′-diamidine-2′-phenylindole (DAPI) staining with confocal microscopy was used to morphologically confirm these results. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage and expression levels of p21, p27, cyclins B1/D1, and CDK-2 were measured. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels were also measured. The experiments were performed in triplicate and reported as mean values with standard errors. Means were contrasted using analysis of variance with Dunnet’s correction for multiple testing. All statistical testing was two-sided with a significance level of 5%. Results The MTT assay revealed a strong dose-dependent inhibitory effect. Treatment with 75 μg/mL resulted in 50% inhibition of cell-viability (IC-50) in Fet and Geo lines at 72 h. An IC50 dose of 40 ug/mL was obtained in HCT116, a poorly-differentiated cell line, at 72 h. FACS analysis demonstrated statistically significant cell-cycle arrest in all cell lines. G2-M phase arrests in Fet and Geo cell lines (P Conclusions Silibinin significantly inhibits proliferation through cell-cycle arrest via inhibition of cyclin-CDK promoter activity. Despite its antioxidant profile, there is no effect on COX-2 expression. Apoptosis does not appear to be greatly increased in human colon cancer cell lines Fet, Geo, and HCT116. Rather, inhibition of cell cycle regulatory proteins plays a fundamental role in silibinin’s mechanism of action, and this may serve as a basis for combined use with conventional chemotherapeutics.
Psychophysiological profiles of batterers: autonomic emotional reactivity as it predicts the antisocial spectrum of behavior among intimate partner abusers.

On the basis of studies finding heart rate deceleration among severely violent (SV) batterers (J. M. Gottman et al., 1995) and unsuccessful psychopaths (S. S. Ishikawa, A. Raine, T. Lencz, S. Bihrle, & L. Lacasse, 2001), this study compares the physiological reactivity of SV batterers (n 35) with low-level violent (LLV) batterers (n 37) and nonviolent men (n 21) during 2 laboratory tasks. Men’s heart rate and skin conductance level were recorded during baseline, a conflict discussion, and a standardized anger induction. Results suggest that autonomic hyporeactivity is a risk marker for antisocial features among SV men, whereas autonomic hyperreactivity is a risk marker among LLV men. Psychophysiological responding appears to be a stronger correlate of general antisocial behavior than of intimate partner abuse.
Knowledge Based Lexicons

To date, most lexicons for AI systems contain essentially syntactic information, with some minimal semantic information, usually in the form of property flags to help with selection restrictions. Any further semantic information usually has entirely separate representations elsewhere. As a rule, semantic information looks like any other knowledge in the system's knowledge base: that is, it appears as knowledge about the world, not as knowledge about words. But increasingly systems need to know about words to operate effectively. This report deals with a new unified representation for lexical information.
Entropy and Structure Two Measures of Complexity in Television Programs

Two measures of the complexity of television program form were compared: one based on several indicators of the Information Theory concept of entropy, the other measure based on coders' perception of several kinds of program structure. Factor analysis of complexity scores for programs yielded two dimensions for both kinds of complexity measures. Canonical correlation among the entropy and structure factors was also significant along two dimensions. The entropy and structure factors produced similar differences in the program selection patterns of viewers. It was found that one dimension of program complexity was differentially preferred by young adults and the more highly educated. The other dimension of program complexity did not produce different program preferences among viewers of different ages and education.
Comparison of time-based nonactive power definitions for active filtering

Many definitions have been formulated to characterize nonactive power for nonsinusoidal waveforms in electrical systems, and no single, universally valid power theory has been adopted as a standard for nonactive power. Most of the nonactive power theories formulated thus far have had a particular type of compensation in mind, which has influenced the conventions used in the development of the definitions. Because nonsinusoidal loads are expected to continue to proliferate throughout electrical distribution systems, nonactive power theories will only grow in importance for applications such as nonactive power compensation, harmonic load identification, voltage distortion mitigation, and metering. This paper presents a comprehensive technical survey of the published literature on the topic and briefly outlines the salient points of each of the different theories as well as each one's applicability to active power filtering.
Lower Esophageal Ring: Experiences in Treatment of 88 Patients

The lower esophageal ring is an unusual clinical disorder of the esophagus and consists of a thin submucosal circumferential scar that forms in the lower esophagus. It is probably an acquired lesion resulting from repeated insults to the lower esophageal mucosa. The symptom of dysphagia results from esophageal obstruction, and the degree of obstruction is directly related to the internal diameter of the ring. Episodic aphagia results from impaction of food at the site of the ring. Since 1970, 88 patients have been seen with either dysphagia or episodic aphagia. Sixty-five with chronic limited reflux were treated primarily by oral dilation. Two of them required an antireflux procedure at a later date because of accentuation of reflux symptoms. Eighteen patients received surgical treatment initially because of severe reflux disease. Treatment consisted of interruption of the ring combined with an antireflux procedure. Five patients received no treatment. Lower esophageal ring may be managed satisfactorily through oral dilation, resulting in relief of dysphagia. If reflux disease is present or is accentuated by dilation and cannot be controlled medically, then the appropriate antireflux procedure should be done.
Effects of Prestin on Membrane Mechanics and Electromechanics

The electromotility of cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) is a required process for normal hearing, and involves a membrane-based mechanism in which the transmembrane protein, prestin, plays a central role. We have investigated the contribution of prestin to the mechanics and electromechanics of the cell membrane using membrane tethers formed from human embryonic kidney cells. Our results suggest that prestin appears to change membrane tension and amplify electrically-evoked force generation, while a single point mutation of alanine to tryptophan in prestin reduces electrically-evoked force generation without affecting the membrane tension. We propose that prestin and membrane work in synergy to produce the electrical and mechanical changes that are required during OHC electromotility.
Comparative evaluation of the immune responses and protection engendered by LC16m8 and Dryvax smallpox vaccines in a mouse model.

The immune response elicited by LC16m8, a candidate smallpox vaccine that was developed in Japan by cold selection during serial passage of the Lister vaccine virus in primary rabbit kidney cells, was compared to Dryvax in a mouse model. LC16m8 carries a mutation resulting in the truncation of the B5 protein, an important neutralizing target of the extracellular envelope form of vaccinia virus (EV). LC16m8 elicited a broad-spectrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) response that neutralized both EV and the intracellular mature form of vaccinia virus and provoked cell-mediated immune responses, including the activation of CD4 and CD8 cells, similarly to Dryvax. Mice inoculated with LC16m8 had detectable but low levels of anti-B5 IgG compared to Dryvax, but both Dryvax and LC16m8 sera neutralized vaccinia virus EV in vitro. A truncated B5 protein (8 kDa) was expressed abundantly in LC16m8-infected cells, and both murine immune sera and human vaccinia virus immunoglobulin recognized the truncated recombinant B5 protein in antigen-specific enzymelinked immunosorbent assays. At a high-dose intranasal challenge (100 or 250 50% lethal doses), LC16m8 and Dryvax conferred similar levels of protection against vaccinia virus strain WR postvaccination. Taken together, the results extend our current understanding of the protective immune responses elicited by LC16m8 and indicate that the relative efficacy in a mouse model rivals that of previously licensed smallpox vaccines.
Variation in Institutional Review processes for a multisite observational study

Abstract Background The Veterans Administration is an ideal setting for multisite studies; however, individual VA Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval is necessary. This study examines the burden of multisite IRB approval on a Health Services Research and Development (HSRD) ventral hernia outcomes observational study. Methods Data gathered on the IRB process per site included time required for application completion, staff training and compliance, IRB affiliation (VA or university), approval status, and time to IRB approval. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to determine differences in median times for application completion and approval. Financial and temporal expenses were calculated. Results Significant differences were found in median time to complete applications by IRB affiliation ( P P Conclusions The IRB process for a multisite observational study is expensive in both time and money. A VA national IRB for multisite studies would significantly decrease the financial and temporal burden for observational studies.
Axon initial segment cytoskeleton comprises a multiprotein submembranous coat containing sparse actin filaments

The axon initial segment (AIS) of differentiated neurons regulates action potential initiation and axon–dendritic polarity. The latter function depends on actin dynamics, but actin structure and functions at the AIS remain unclear. Using platinum replica electron microscopy (PREM), we have characterized the architecture of the AIS cytoskeleton in mature and developing hippocampal neurons. The AIS cytoskeleton assembly begins with bundling of microtubules and culminates in formation of a dense, fibrillar–globular coat over microtubule bundles. Immunogold PREM revealed that the coat contains a network of known AIS proteins, including ankyrin G, spectrin βIV, neurofascin, neuronal cell adhesion molecule, voltage-gated sodium channels, and actin filaments. Contrary to existing models, we find neither polarized actin arrays, nor dense actin meshworks in the AIS. Instead, the AIS contains two populations of sparse actin filaments: short, stable filaments and slightly longer dynamic filaments. We propose that stable actin filaments play a structural role for formation of the AIS diffusion barrier, whereas dynamic actin may promote AIS coat remodeling.
Zero sequence method for energy recovery from a variable-speed wind turbine generator

An innovative power conversion system to convert energy from a variable-frequency wind-powered induction generator to a fixed frequency output is presented. A standard six-switch DC link current regulated pulse width modulated (CRPWM) inverter is simultaneously modulated with two current components. A three-phase balanced current component at the induction generator's optimum operating frequency transfers energy from the generator to the converter. A single phase zero sequence current component at a fixed 60 Hz frequency transfers energy from the converter through a zero sequence filter to the load. Unity power factor output is shown both in simulation and experiment, though any arbitrary power factor output may be readily commanded. Maximum power capture for a variable-speed wind turbine is achieved using proven control techniques. This method uses only half of the active power switching devices of conventional conversion methods. Simulation and experimental verification are shown.
Czochralski growth of the mixed halides BaBrCl and BaBrCl:Eu

Abstract We present results from the growth of BaBrCl and BaBrCl:Eu single crystals, using the Czochralski method. Cubic inch crack-free crystals of both undoped and 5% Eu doped BaBrCl were obtained. The BaBr2–BaCl2 phase diagram was acquired by differential thermal analysis revealing that the system forms a solid solution at all concentrations with no significant separation between the solidus and liquidus curves. Details of the Czochralski process used to prevent cracking are presented. The scintillation performance of the Czochralski grown crystals is presented.
Removal of Selenite from Water Using a Synthetic Dithiolate: An Experimental and Quantum Chemical Investigation

Combination of the dithiol N,N′-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide, abbreviated as BDTH2 and as 1, with excess H2SeO3 in aqueous acidic (pH ≈ 1) conditions resulted in precipitation of BDT(S–Se–S) (6), with a 77Se NMR chemical shift of δ = 675 ppm, and oxidized BDT. When the reaction is conducted under basic conditions Se(IV) is reduced to red Se(0) and oxidized 1. No reaction takes place between 1 and selenate (Se(VI)) under acidic or basic conditions. Compound 6 is stable in air but decomposes to red Se(0) and the disulfide BDT(S–S) (9) with heating and in basic solutions. Mechanisms and energetics of the reactions leading to 6 in aqueous solution were unraveled by extensive calculations at the ωB97X-D/aug-cc-pVTZ-PP level of theory. NMR chemical shift calculations with the gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method for dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent confirm the generation of 6 (calculated δ value = 677 ppm). These results define the conditions and limitations of using 1 for the removal of selenite f...
The influential factors on the taste in 62 newborns and a follow-up study of the taste development in the infants

Objective To establish the standard photoes of baby FACS and grade,to analyse the influential factors on the taste from the materials in the amniotic fluids and the conditions in the pregnancy.Methods 62 newborns(31 females and 31 males) born after 90 minutes were studied by the four solutions.The relations between facial responses and the materials in the amniotic fluids were analyzed by the correlation matrix.20 newborns(10 females and 10 males) were followed until 8 months for the taste development.The newborns were divided into IS group(ISsalt、ISsour、ISbitter) and S group(Ssalt、Ssour、Sbitter) according to the sensibility of the newborns to the four solutions and followed until 8 months of life.The intensity of the responses was analyzed by the Spearman correlation and the Wilcoxon test.The distinctions of sex in the intensity to the four solutions were analyzed by the chi-square statistics.The relations between the times of the vomiting in the mothers during the early period of the pregnacy and the intensity of the responses in the infants were analyzed by the Spearman correlation.Results The data showed the values of pH in the amniotic fluids of the mother who favored the foods with sour during the pregnancy were lower than that in the mothers who favored salt foods during the pregnancy(P0.01).The data from Wilcoxon test indicated that the intensities of the responses to the sweet solution in the infants aged 6-8 months were the strongest within 8 months of life(P0.0001).The responses to bitter in the girls were more sensitive than that in the boys during 3-7 months(P0.05)and the responses to salt and sour in the girls were more sensitive than that in the boys during 4-5 months(P0.05).There was no relation between the times of vomiting of the mothers during the pregnancy and the intensities of the responses in the infants.Conclusions Our studies gave the nine facial action unit photoes,and divided the facial responses into ten grades of intensity first.Then we could use the grades of intensity of facial expressions to analyse the sex difference and the influential factors from the pregnancy on the taste.This method made the taste development to be compared in the different countries.There was no relation between the times of the vomiting in the mothers and the facial expressions in the newborns.The values of pH and the concentrations of the glucose in the amniotic fluids could be changed by the intake foods of the mothers during the pregnancies,and which maybe influence the taste sensitivity of the newborns.The taste developmental order is sweet,sour,salt,bitter.The taste development was different in sex.
IL-1 regulates the IL-23 response to wheat gliadin, the etiologic agent of Celiac Disease

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease prevalent in ~1% of the general population. CD is unique because both the major genetic (Human Leukocyte Antigen-DQ2/DQ8 alleles) and etiologic factors (dietary glutens) for susceptibility are known. While these alleles are responsible for the inappropriate T cell response that characterizes CD, they are not sufficient since most HLA-DQ2+/DQ8+ individuals exposed to glutens never develop disease. The reasons for this have not been explained; however our novel findings strongly advocate a role for interleukin-23 (IL-23) in the immunopathogenesis of CD. We demonstrate that wheat gliadin stimulates monocytes to produce significantly higher amounts of inflammatory cytokines IL-1b, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) in CD patients compared to HLA-DQ2+ healthy individuals. Furthermore, we determine that IL-1 signalling is obligatory for production of IL-23, since IL-1b triggers IL-23 secretion in a dose-dependent manner and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) blocks IL-23 responses to gliadin. Our results suggest that gliadin activation of monocytes and the subsequent robust secretion of IL-1b and IL-23 initiate the immune response cascade that is manifest as CD, and reveal for the first time that the IL-1 system regulates production of IL-23. The discovery of IL-23 has highlighted the critical role of the innate immune response in autoimmunity and other inflammatory conditions. We anticipate that our novel findings will lead to the discovery of therapeutic targets for this disease and other inflammatory diseases mediated by IL-23.
Emotionally negative pictures enhance gist memory

In prior work on how true and false memory are influenced by emotion, valence and arousal have often been conflated. Thus, it is difficult to say which specific effects are caused by valence and which are caused by arousal. In the present research, we used a picture-memory paradigm that allowed emotional valence to be manipulated with arousal held constant. Negatively valenced pictures elevated both true and false memory, relative to positive and neutral pictures. Conjoint recognition modeling revealed that negative valence (a) reduced erroneous suppression of true memories and (b) increased the familiarity of the semantic content of both true and false memories. Overall, negative valence impaired the verbatim side of episodic memory but enhanced the gist side, and these effects persisted even after a week-long delay. (PsycINFO Database Record
Review: Drive: Journeys through Film, Cities and Landscapes by Iain Borden; Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990 by Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander, eds.; Car Country: An Environmental History by Christopher W. Wells

Drive: Journeys through Film, Cities and Landscapes London: Reaktion Books, 2013, 280 pp., 40 color and 40 b/w illus. $28, ISBN 9781780230269, by Iain Borden. Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990 Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2013, 320 pp., 112 color and 102 b/w illus. $59.95, ISBN 9781606061282, by Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander, eds.. Car Country: An Environmental History Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012, 464 pp., 7 maps and 44 b/w illus. $40, ISBN 9780295992150, by Christopher W. Wells. In July 2013, a New York Times headline proclaimed “the end of car culture.” Though the summer driving season offered plenty of evidence to the contrary, recent data indicate that fewer Americans are driving fewer miles in fewer cars, and even forgoing the adolescent ritual of getting a driver’s license upon turning sixteen. Thus, the Times felt confident in declaring that the country’s century-old love affair with the automobile was finally, inevitably, running out of gas. But if the romance with the car is cooling down, studying its fraught legacy is still plenty hot, as a spate of recent publications makes clear. In fact, in the hundred years since the first Model Ts rolled off the assembly line at Highland Park, Michigan, the car and its social, spatial, and economic impact have been under almost continual scrutiny, producing triumphant Fordist narratives and muckraking antisprawl screeds in almost equal measure. More nuanced, scholarly studies emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century with The Automobile and American Culture (1980; David L. Lewis and Laurence Goldstein, eds.), a notable early example that attempted a comprehensive analysis of what its editors called the “auto-consciousness” of the United States. The continued evolution of that consciousness is fully evident in the three books under review here, each of which tackles a distinct aspect of the culture of automobility. In Car Country , Christopher W. Wells tracks its environmental evolution; in Drive , Iain Borden scrutinizes its experiential representation; in Overdrive , seventeen contributors examine its urban and architectural influence in Los Angeles, the world’s original autopia. Unsurprisingly, all three books deal principally with twentieth-century developments in the United States, though each pushes these parameters in important ways. Car Country begins with the infrastructural consequences of streetcars and railways in the 1880s. Overdrive , which …
Surface morphology and field emitter cathode quality

Many applications demand high-brightness, low-emittance electron beams, including vacuum electronic devices and high-power microwave sources [1]. For this reason, we have constructed an experimental system around a field emission microscope and pepper-pot anode to study the field emission characteristics and emittance of novel cathodes and geometries.
Symmetrical aerofoils and the influences of damage or debris for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are typically low-cost and frequently have aerofoils sections that are symmetrical as these are more economical to manufacture. Low speeds are possible and stability acceptable and lift can still be generated providing the angle of incident is greater than zero. The research presented here is with a focus on how susceptible if the leading edge is damaged or has debris resulting from operating on grass or on airfields in non-standard conditions.
Comment: Speculations of the Future of Advertising Redux

Dahlen and Rosengren (2016) offer an interesting discussion of the evolution and current state of advertising as a discipline. They conclude that traditional definitions of advertising no longer de...
The visual dipole - a key to understanding antenna theory

We present a simple, yet elegant pedagogical approach to the study of antenna theory that provides a sensory experience by using the resonant half-wave dipole as the starting point. This approach enables the student to more easily apply this basic knowledge to understand other antenna types. We start with the resonant half-wave dipole that when energized produces a periodic current and voltage standing wave (SW) along the wire. The two are out of phase such that at the center feed point, the current is a maximum and voltage is a minimum and thereby the transmission line sees a pure resistance of 73 ohms. To illustrate the current standing wave, we divide the two quarter wave sections into several pieces then series connected using incandescent light bulbs. We then energize the dipole, causing the bulbs to light where the brightness varies as a function of the current magnitude, the ones closest to the feed point have maximum brightness, the bulbs toward the ends less so. Hence the students are given a visual experience of the current SW profile. This is extremely profound since the students see that there is indeed a displacement current which causes the bulbs to be illuminated even though the dipole ends are not terminated. This also conveys to them that circuit theory is not adequate to explain radio frequency phenomena (i.e. current only flows through a load if there is a return path). From this, the student can readily grasp why the feed impedance is 73 ohms, why the radiation pattern is donut shaped, why the dipoles can work at multiple bands and the operation of other SW antennas. Preliminary assessments show this approach has improved retention of antenna concepts.
Spectroscopic Studies of the EutT Adenosyltransferase from Salmonella enterica: Evidence of a Tetrahedrally Coordinated Divalent Transition Metal Cofactor with Cysteine Ligation.

The EutT enzyme from Salmonella enterica, a member of the family of ATP:cobalt(I) corrinoid adenosyltransferase (ACAT) enzymes, requires a divalent transition metal ion for catalysis, with Fe(II) yielding the highest activity. EutT contains a unique cysteine-rich HX11CCX2C(83) motif (where H and the last C occupy the 67th and 83rd positions, respectively, in the amino acid sequence) not found in other ACATs and employs an unprecedented mechanism for the formation of adenosylcobalamin. Recent kinetic and spectroscopic studies of this enzyme revealed that residues in the HX11CCX2C(83) motif are required for the tight binding of the divalent metal ion and are critical for the formation of a four-coordinate (4c) cob(II)alamin [Co(II)Cbl] intermediate in the catalytic cycle. However, it remained unknown which, if any, of the residues in the HX11CCX2C(83) motif bind the divalent metal ion. To address this issue, we have characterized Co(II)-substituted wild-type EutT (EutTWT/Co) by using electronic absorption, ...
Inertial particle dynamics in the presence of a secondary flow

An experimental investigation in a novel tangential flow filtration geometry at a moderate Reynolds number reveals how the presence of a secondary flow can can modify inertial migration and focusing of microparticles.
3D printed antenna using biocompatible dielectric material and graphene

This paper focuses on the additive manufacturing of the antenna using biocompatible dielectric and conductive materials utilizing three-dimensional printing technology. An embedded dipole antenna was designed and simulated to operate at the frequency of 3.2 GHz to demonstrate the proposed technique. The designed antenna was fabricated using a desktop 3D printer. Dielectric substrate was made of FDA nylon 680 resin co-polymer filament. Keysight 85070E high-performance dielectric probe was utilized to characterize the dielectric materials for a broad frequency range from 20 MHz to 20 GHz. Polylactic acid (PLA)-based conductive graphene filament was utilized for printing the conductive part of the antenna inside the dielectric part. The fabricated antenna was measured in terms of reflection coefficient and radiation pattern and the results are presented in this paper.
How extraction method affects the physicochemical and functional properties of chia proteins

Abstract Partially defatted chia flour (CF) is a by-product of chia oil production. Here we aimed to determine how the choice of extraction method affects the physicochemical and functional properties of chia proteins. Chemical (chia protein concentrates [CPC1 and CPC2]) and dry fractionation (producing a protein-rich fraction [PRF]) methods were used, and the physicochemical and functional properties of the extracted proteins were tested. The protein content of the tested CF was 36.6%. The protein content of the PRF, CPC1, and CPC2 extracts were 49.7, 70.9 and 74.1% respectively. The chia protein extracts mostly consisted of glutelins. Although the PRF had the lowest protein content of the extracts, it presented good functional properties. The dry fractionation method is simpler than the tested chemical methods. Based on our findings, we propose that the optimal choice of chia extraction method is dependent on the desired product.
Unexpected Contributions of Sea Spray and Lake Spray Aerosol to Inland Particulate Matter

Sea spray aerosol (SSA) and lake spray aerosol (LSA) from wave breaking contribute to particulate matter (PM) in coastal regions near oceans and freshwater lakes, respectively. However, SSA and LSA contributions to atmospheric aerosol populations in inland regions are poorly understood because of difficulties differentiating them from other inland sources when using bulk particle measurements. Herein, we show that SSA and LSA episodically contribute to atmospheric aerosol populations at a rural site in northern Michigan >700 and >25 km from the nearest seawater and Great Lakes sources, respectively. During July 2014, individual SSA and LSA particles were identified by single-particle mass spectrometry and electron microscopy and then combined with air mass trajectory analysis for source apportionment. SSA comprised up to 33 and 20% of PM mass (0.5–2.0 μm) during two multiday transport events from Hudson Bay and a 3% average background outside these periods. LSA transported from Lake Michigan reached a max...
A survey of computational methods in protein–protein interaction networks

Protein–protein interaction networks are mathematical constructs where every protein is represented as a node, with an edge signaling that two proteins interact. These constructs have enabled a series of graph theoretic computational methods in the analysis of how cell life works. Such methods have found diverse applications from helping create more reliable interaction data, to identifying new protein complexes and predict their functionalities, and investigating the minimum requirements for cell life through protein essentiality. Our goal with this survey is to provide an overview of the research in the area from a network analysis perspective. In this work, we provide a brief introduction to protein–protein interaction networks, followed by the methods that we currently have to obtain such interactions and the databases they can be found at. Then, we proceed to discuss the network properties of protein–protein interaction networks and how they can be exploited to identify protein complexes and functional modules, as well as help classify proteins as essential. We finish this survey with a full bibliography on work in protein–protein interactions that could be of interest to operations research and computational science academicians and practitioners.
Subtribes Goodyerinae and Cranichidinae

Bumblebees are the most important pollinators of North American species of Goodyera, but pollinator recruitment appears to be limiting. Autogamy and agamospermy are unknown in our flora. Factors contributing to reproductive success are summarized. The flowers of Zeuxine are chiefly autogamous or apomictic. The pollination of Platythelys has yet to be studied, but flower morphology suggests insect pollination. Ponthieva is self-compatible but not autogamous. Possible pollinators include small halictid bees or oil collecting anthophorid bees.
A Cytological Model of Cellulose Biogenesis in the Alga Oocystis apiculata

Cytological observations on plant-cell walls began with the earliest use of light microscopes, and the study of cell-wall structure was one of the earliest biological applications of electron microscopy. Nonetheless, progress in understanding the cytology of cell walls and especially the biogenesis of cellulosic microfibrils is slow at best. Where are microfibrils assembled, and what structures are involved in assembly? How are microfibrils oriented, what structures are involved in orientation, and how do orienting and assembling structures interact? How does the cell control an extracellular assembly process? These are preeminent questions concerning the cytology of cell-wall formation.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS WITH TRICHOMONADS

Publisher Summary Trichomonads . Trichomonas vaginalis, T. gallinae and T. foetus have been most extensively studied in rodents by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and intragenital inoculation. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes are most widely accepted for evaluating pathogenicity levels. Tissue culture infection provides a useful and well controlled host–parasite interaction model. The report reveals that T. gallinae subcutaneous mouse lesions produce cyclic struggles between trichomonads and leukocytes, with parasite palisading against abscess wall during proliferation and eventual breakthrough into surrounding tissues by virulent strains. Infection of the natural host, pigeon, produces palisading of parasite against pharyngeal wall with eventual ulceration and entry into tissues. The parasite invades pigeon liver cells. T. vaginalis subcutaneous inoculations give extremely close correlation with pathogenicity to natural host. Histopathologic changes approximate T. gallinae and vary as to virulence. An important result of experimental infections with trichomonads has been better understanding of host–parasite relationship and mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Iteration of polynomials AXd + C over finite fields

Abstract For a polynomial f ( X ) = A X d + C ∈ F p [ X ] with A ≠ 0 and d ≥ 2 , we prove that if d | p − 1 and f ∘ i ( 0 ) ≠ f ∘ j ( 0 ) for 0 ≤ i j ≤ N , then # f ∘ N ( F p ) ∼ 2 p ( d − 1 ) N , where f ∘ N is the N-th iteration of f.
Quantum-State Controlled Chemical Reactions and Dipolar Collisions

Immediately after ultracold polar KRb molecules were produced in the rovibrational ground state, as well as in the lowest hyperfine state, it became clear that chemical reactions were responsible for the loss of molecules confined in a conventional far-off-resonance optical dipole trap (Ni et al., Nature 464:1324–1328, 2010; Ospelkaus et al., Science 327(5967):853–857, 2010), as the reaction 2KRb → K2 + Rb2 is exothermic. For understanding the nature of the dipolar collisions between molecules in the quantum regime, it is imperative to have a thorough understanding of the molecular states involved and the resulting quantum statistics of the colliding molecules. In this chapter I will describe the experiments that led up to the beginning of my PhD research, which is discussed in the next chapter. These discussions can also be found in our book chapter in “Low energy and low temperature molecular scattering” (Covey et al., Controlling a quantum gas of polar molecules in an optical lattice. Royal Society of Chemistry book chapter: “Low temperature and low energy molecular scattering,” 2017).
Inflammatory Phenotypes Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Increase Susceptibility to Exacerbation. Lessons from Single Cell Analysis of Lung Macrophages

Rationale: Although it is well known that alveolar macrophages (AM) from individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have reduced capacity to phagocytize pathogens or apoptotic ce...
GHz Dual-Comb Spectroscopy with 110-{\mu}{s} Time Resolution

We demonstrate high-speed dual-comb spectroscopy by spectrally filtering frequency combs using two Fabry-Perot cavities. Using this system, we measured the spectrum of CO with high signal to noise in $110\ \mu\text{s}$ and 1 GHz resolution.
Incidence and Diagnostic Yield of Repeat Urine Culture in Hospitalized Patients: an Opportunity for Diagnostic Stewardship.

ABSTRACT There is limited knowledge on the incidence, diagnostic yield, and cost associated with inappropriate repeat urine cultures. The factors that affect repeat urine culturing practices are not well understood. We conducted a retrospective study of adult inpatients who had ≥1 urine culture performed during their hospitalization between January 2015 and February 2018. We analyzed the proportion of inappropriate repeat urine cultures performed
Polymers And Hydrogels To Deter Drug Abuse

Abstract In pharmaceutical formulations, polymers are traditionally and commonly used as viscosifier, binder, gelling agent, suspending agent, protective agent, controlled-release medium, adhesive, and packaging material. With the development of the abuse-deterrent formulations in recent years, a new application for polymers has emerged where they are being utilized as deterring agents to reduce the abuse potential of various drugs including opioids. Due to their wide spectrum of chemical structures, molecular weights, and crosslink densities, certain polymers can provide powerful tools that can help opioid medications to resist abuse by physical, chemical, and mechanical means. The opioid abuse by crushing followed by insufflation and via extraction followed by injection can dramatically decrease due to desirable thermal, mechanical, rheological, binding, and solubility behavior of polymers. Although the use of polymers shown to be effective in reducing the abuse potential of major opioids, extensive research is still underway to exploit polymers in a more effective and safer way to tackle the opioid epidemics.
Fabric-Lined Tensile Formwork for Cast-in-Place Concrete Walls

This research explores fabric-lined tensile formwork systems for casting structural concrete walls with an architectural finish. To mitigate the prohibitive cost of cast-in-place architectural conc...
Task specificity impacts dual-task interference in older adults

Task prioritization is an important factor determines the magnitude and direction of dual-task interference in older adults. Greater dual-task cost during walking may lead to falling, sometimes causing lasting effects on mobility. We investigated dual-task interference for walking and cognitive performance. Twenty healthy, older adults (71 ± 5 years) completed three cognitive tasks: letter fluency, category fluency, and serial subtraction during seated and walking conditions on a self-paced treadmill for 3 min each, in addition to walking only condition. Walking speed, step length and width were measured during walking and each dual-task condition. Comparing the percentage of correct answers in cognitive tasks across single and dual-task conditions, there was a main effect of cognitive task (p = 0.021), showing higher scores during letter fluency compared to serial subtraction (p = 0.011). Step width was significantly wider during dual-task letter fluency compared to walking alone (p = 0.003), category fluency (p = 0.001), and serial subtraction (p = 0.007). During both fluency tasks, there was a cost for gait and cognition, with category showing a slightly higher cognitive cost compared to letter fluency. During letter fluency, to maintain cognitive performance, gait was sacrificed by increasing step width. During serial subtraction, there was a cost for gait, yet a benefit for cognitive performance. Differential effect of cognitive task on dual-task performance is critical to be understood in designing future research or interventions to improve dual-task performance of most activities of daily living.
Clopidogrel use and bleeding after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Background Short-term use of clopidogrel plus aspirin among patients with acute coronary syndrome reduces ischemic events, but concerns about coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery–related bleeding limit its early use. Methods Using data from 4,794 consecutive CABG procedures in the Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Disease (January 1999 to December 2003), we developed multivariable models for associations with CABG-related bleeding defined as reoperation for bleeding, red cell transfusion, and a composite of reoperation/transfusion/hematocrit drop ≥15%. We examined clopidogrel use ≤5 days versus no clopidogrel ≤5 days before CABG in each model. Models were adjusted for propensity for clopidogrel use ≤5 days. Results Of 4,794 CABG patients, 332 (6.9%) received clopidogrel ≤5 days before CABG, 127 (2.6%) had reoperation for bleeding, 3,277 (68.4%) received red cell transfusion, and 4,387 (91.5%) had the composite outcome. After adjustment, clopidogrel use ≤5 days was not significantly associated with reoperation (odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% CI 0.63-2.41) or the composite end point (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.72-2.10). Clopidogrel ≤5 days was modestly associated with red cell transfusion (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04-1.89) but more weakly than other factors, including which surgeon performed the procedure. Conclusion Clopidogrel administration ≤5 days before CABG was not significantly associated with reoperation for bleeding or a bleeding composite, and only weakly with red cell transfusion after surgery. The impact of withholding clopidogrel acutely in those for whom clopidogrel has proven benefits and the impact of delaying CABG to prevent bleeding among patients treated with clopidogrel should be viewed in the context of other stronger determinants of bleeding.
Application of a Systems Engineering Approach as a Preventative Measure Against Disruptions to Real Estate Institutions

As technology changes at an exponential rate, business and development industries must prioritize investments to be prepared for disruptive technologies. Within the real estate industry, the influence of new technologies is readily apparent in areas such as design and construction with Building Information Modeling (BIM), the incorporation of smart and sustainable/energy efficient systems into new buildings, and a shared economy approach to space use (e.g. AirBnB). However, there is an extensive network of critical interrelated institutions connected to real estate that is often overlooked, making the effects of disruption less transparent in the context of the larger system. This chapter will emphasize the complexity of the system that supports real property and its relevance for infrastructure, humanitarian, and market interests. The chapter will then propose a systems engineering approach as the appropriate lens through which to view the “real estate system” to ensure projects are holistically envisioned and disruptions can be anticipated.