cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of body weight and thyroid gland activity in two subspecies of Peromyscus maniculatus from birth to 70 days of age.

Abstract Significant differences in body weight and thyroid activity as measured by cell height, per cent colloid and radioiodine uptake have been shown to occur during early growth and development in two subspecies of deermice ( Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii and P. m. gracilis ). It has been found that no significant difference exists in body weight and thyroid activity in the two subspecies at birth. However, at 70 days of age, gracilis is significantly heavier with a mean body weight of 17.6 gm in the summer and 18.8 gm in the winter, whereas bairdii shows a mean body weight of 15.8 gm in the summer and 16.6 gm in winter. In the summer, the thyroid gland of bairdii was found to contain 59% colloid with a cell height of 4.36 μ and an I 131 uptake of 2.8% as compared with 91% colloid, a cell height of 2.5 μ and an I 131 uptake of 0.73% in gracilis . In the winter, the thyroid gland of bairdii was found to contain 37% colloid with a cell height of 7.2 μ and an I 131 uptake of 5.2% as compared with 79% colloid, cell height of 5.1 μ and an I 131 uptake of 1.7% in gracilis . In general the conclusion was reached that although gracilis is the significantly larger of the two subspecies, it is bairdii which shows greater thyroid activity during early growth in both winter and summer.
Development of versatile waveguide-coupled optofluidic micro-ring resonator devices

Optical ring resonators have been investigated for a number of interesting devices, including dye lasers and sensors. However, in general, these devices can only operate on liquid samples with a low refractive index (RI) because the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are bound in the resonator through total internal reflection at the resonator/sample boundary. We recently introduced a new opto-fluidic ring resonator (OFRR) that uses a thin-walled capillary to deliver the sample through an array of ring resonators contained within the circular cross-section of the capillary. Thus, in the OFRR, the WGM is bound at the outer surface while the evanescent field interacts with the sample at the inner surface. Therefore, the OFRR can operate on samples of lower and higher RI than the capillary material. This unique feature, in combination with the OFRR's practical fluidic delivery design and its simplicity make it an attractive opto-fluidic device for sensors, lasers, and other applications. We analyze the OFRR's capability to support WGMs that are excited externally through fiber tapers and that interact with the sample inside. Using a quantum mechanical analogy, we show that for liquid cores with a higher RI than the capillary material, two coupled propagating waves exist that enable WGMs inside the liquid core to be excited by a fiber taper outside the OFRR, across a few microns. We experimentally verify our analysis by demonstrating refractometric sensors and dye lasers with core RIs lower and higher than the capillary.
Extraction of individual filaments from 2D confocal microscopy images of flat cells

A crucial step in understanding the architecture of cells and tissues from microscopy images, and consequently explain important biological events such as wound healing and cancer metastases, is the complete extraction and enumeration of individual filaments from the cellular cytoskeletal network. Current efforts at quantitative estimation of filament length distribution, architecture and orientation from microscopy images are predominantly limited to visual estimation and indirect experimental inference. Here we demonstrate the application of a new algorithm to reliably estimate centerlines of biological filament bundles and extract individual filaments from the centerlines by systematically disambiguating filament intersections. We utilize a filament enhancement step followed by reverse diffusion based filament localization and an integer programming based set combination to systematically extract accurate filaments automatically from microscopy images. Experiments on simulated and real confocal microscope images of flat cells (2D images) show efficacy of the new method.
Surface modification of nanocrystalline zinc oxide for bio-sensing applications

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a wide bandgap semiconductor that has been the subject of considerable research due to its potential applications in the areas of photonics, electronics and sensors. Nano-ZnO offers several advantages over existing biosensing platforms, most notably a large surface area for greater bio-functionalization and an inherent photoluminescence (PL) signal consisting of two emission peaks. One peak is in the UV, due to near band edge emission and the other is in the visible (green) region, due to oxygen vacancies caused by crystalline defects. Real-time detection of surface binding events may be possible if changes to the PL spectrum of a ZnO-based bio-sensor can be induced. Here we describe the surface modification of nanocrystalline zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) to introduce chemically reactive functionality for subsequent bio-functionalization. We have demonstrated through TEM-EDS that nano-ZnO powders have been surface modified with a heterobifunctional organosilane crosslinking agent that contains an amine-reactive aldehyde group. Furthermore, we have attached a fluorophore to the reactive aldehyde verifying the modified nano-ZnO surface is available for subsequent biomolecular covalent attachment. The introduction of a chemically reactive modifier to the surface of the nano-ZnO presents a template for the design of new, optically responsive bio-sensing platforms.
The realization of the NIST detector-based spectral irradiance scale

The realization of a detector-based spectral irradiance scale at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is described. The new scale is established using filter radiometers calibrated for absolute spectral power responsivity traceable to the NIST High-Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer unlike the previous NIST spectral irradiance scales based upon the gold freezing-point blackbody. The radiance temperatures of a high-temperature blackbody (HTBB) operating near 3000 K are found using calibrated filter radiometers. The spectral irradiances of a group of 1000 W FEL lamps are assigned using the spectral irradiance of the HTBB determined using the knowledge of the geometric factors and the detector-based radiance temperatures. The detector-based spectral irradiance scale leads to a reduction in the uncertainties from the previous, source-based, spectral irradiance scales by at least a factor of two in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions, and also leads to a reduction in the uncertainties in the short-wave infrared wavelength region by at least a factor of two to ten, depending on the wavelength. Following the establishment of the spectral irradiance scale in the early 1960s, the detector-based spectral irradiance scale represents a fundamental change in the way that the NIST spectral irradiance scale is realized, and beginning in the calendar year 2001, all spectral irradiance sources are issued using the detector-based scale.
Substructure of the postacrosomal sheath of bovine spermatozoa

The substructure of the postacrosomal sheath and its relationship to the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane complex were examined in thin-section, negative-stain, surface-replica, and freeze-fracture preparations. The matrix of the postacrosomal sheath contains a single layer of closely associated 10- to 12-nm filamentous elements aligned parallel to the long axis of the sperm. A precise lateral interaction of the filaments is suggested from negative-stain images which reveal a second set of parallel striations extending over the surface of the sheath at 60° relative to the filament long axis. Several structural differences between the posterior and anterior segments and the outer and inner surface of the postacrosomal sheath were identified. Data on structural specializations of the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane complex which relate to the asymmetric structure are presented and their potential significance in fertilization events discussed.
Perceptions of Ethicality of Psychological Research: Effects of Experimenter Status, Experiment Outcome, and Authoritarianism

This study investigated the effect of experimenter status and experiment outcome on the perceived ethicality of a psychological experiment. High authoritarians, but not low authoritarians, judged the experiment as more ethical when the experimenter was of high status and when the experimental hypothesis was confirmed. Ratings of ethicality were significantly correlated with perceived harm to participants for both groups; ratings of ethicality were significantly correlated with perceived benefits of research to science and society only in the case of high authoritarians.
Evaluation of polymer coatings for ammonia vapor sensing with surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Seven polymeric membranes were evaluated for their potential to improve the sensitivity and impart chemical selectivity to surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensors. The membranes tested encompass a variety of deposition methods, providing an insight of the contact requirements between polymers and the plasmon supporting metal. Among the membranes evaluated, preliminary results utilizing polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes displayed reliable detection of vapor-phase ammonia at ∼40 ppm levels with no visible interference from hydrogen sulfide and methane while only minor effects were observed in the presence of up to 24% relative humidity. In addition to probing biomolecular interactions, yielding information relating to binding kinetics, modifying plasmon supporting surfaces with bioreceptors enables access to biosensing applications. Gas-phase sensing with SPR has largely remained unexplored primarily due to the small changes in refractive index from low molecular weight molecules. Coating SPR sensors with tailored polymers have been discussed as a viable approach to amplifying refractive index changes related to low molecular weight analytes. Gas-phase ammonia was chosen as a test candidate for the coatings evaluated due to its widespread use and health monitoring interest at low-ppm levels. The extent of scientific contributions devoted to monitoring of ammonia further provide a baseline for comparison of the proposed SPR platform with different sensing approaches.
The textures of chemical spaces

Abstract The classification of small molecules and the forecasting of small-molecular data has advanced far in recent years, stimulated by needs in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. The systematization of larger species has also progressed, prompted by the demands of environmental, toxicological, and pharmaceutical chemistry. In this paper is presented a first known thorough analysis of the chemical spaces in which molecules are placed in the course of these systematizations. The approach is to ask “What can we learn about the chemical spaces on the basis of the gas-phase spectroscopic and thermodynamic data displayed by the molecules placed in them?” In other words, this paper is a first attempt to look heuristically at data as if derived from the properties of chemical spaces rather than as descended from quantum mechanics or group dynamics. It is found that there are in some spaces salient lines, planes, and hyperplanes on which molecules become homonuclear and homovalent; on which species become isoelectronic or at least have the same numbers of valence electrons; and on which molecules take on extreme and least-descent intermediate data values. The spaces have certain symmetries or broken symmetries with respect to the first of these loci. An algebraic formulation of Lewis-bond structures leads to the discovery of salient lines, planes, and hyperplanes on which molecules assume closed-shell covalent or ionic structures. A field theory of chemical spaces is reviewed, it being pointed out the extent to which the discretized Laplace equation applies. New data have been forecasted by this equation. Molecular ions, and alloys and Bertheloids, lie at non-integer positions in chemical spaces.
Can XForm transform the Web? Transcending the Web as GUI.II

Designing completely abstract user interfaces for the Web requires addressing three separable aspects: presentation, logic and data. Our virtual assistant needs to know how to: prompt the user; do so in a specific order; and recognize spoken or typed entries. The first layer, presentation, addresses rendition of interactors, whether as GUI widgets, voice prompts, or paper blanks. Second, the logical layer governs the order of form field fill-in, multipage and sequenced forms, and scripting for input validation. Finally, the data layer adds more structure and coherency to existing text string-only values by applying richer schemas (types). This kind of coordinated evolution is precisely the mission of the World Wide Web Consortium, whose XForms working group is tackling these interdependent issues. While XHTML brought existing HTML 4.0 usage into XML compliance, XForms was specifically chartered to innovate solutions to support handheld, television, and desktop browsers; deploy richer user interfaces to meet the needs of business, consumer, and device-control applications; improve internationalization; and decouple presentation, logic, and data. The paper considers whether XForm can transform the Web.
Torsions in conjugated aromatics: substituted styrenes

Abstract The low frequency torsional overtone (Δ v = 2) of the vinyl group has been observed in the gas phase Raman spectra of m - and p -fluorostyrene, m - and p -chlorostyrene and p -methylstyrene. The calculated barriers to internal rotation are all slightly smaller than that forstyrene itself. It appears that canonical structures, consistent with the conventional resonance arguments used to explain the reactions of para -substituted aromatics, play little or no role in the ground electronic states of these substituted styrenes. The slight downward trend in the barrier heights may be explained in terms of a small increase in the steric forces at the planar conformation.
New Information on the Genetics of Stroke

Ischemic stroke, white matter hyperintensities related to small vessel ischemia, and intracranial aneurysms all show heritability. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding the molecular genetics of these disorders. Also reviewed is recent progress in understanding single-gene disorders in which stroke is a major feature of the phenotype, including CADASIL, CARASIL, hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysm and muscle cramps, and Fabry disease and progress in pharmacogenomics as it relates to response to antiplatelet therapy.
A modification of the gold bromide method for determining bromides in blood and spinal fluid

A modification of the procedure for the color reaction between gold chlorides and bromides has been devised and is described. This modification requires only half the volume of body fluids necessary for methods previously described, eliminates centrifuging, and is less time-consuming. The optimum concentrations of sodium chloride and of trichloroacetic solutions employed were found to be 0.35 per cent and 5 per cent, respectively.
An Intransitive Model of the Earth-Atmosphere-Ocean System

Abstract The earth is regarded as a whole system. BY considering the sources, sinks and flows of energy, a simple steady-state model is developed. It is found that there are five solutions, corresponding to five climates, consistent with present value of the model's parameters. One of these corresponds quite accurately to the present climate of the earth. Another corresponds to what might be necessary for an ice age. When perturbed slightly, several of the solutions (including the one corresponding to the earth's present climate) are found to become unstable. The only completely stable climate is one for which the earth is ice-covered.
The combinatorial structure of the Hawaiian earring group

Abstract In this paper we study the combinatorial structure of the Hawaiian earring group, by showing that it can be represented as a group of transfinite words on a countably infinite alphabet exactly analogously to the representation of a finite rank free group as finite words on a finite alphabet. We define a big free group similarly as the group of transfinite words on given set, and study their group theoretic structure.
New Directions in Information Resources for Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health

Abstract The divergent goals of scientists as producers and users of information must be recognized. Scientific information must be manipulated for the benefit of the users. To help the scientist, those engaged in information processing must know the explicit needs of those seeking information, including range of interests, important concepts, and what meaning is assigned to important terms. The user of information has his own set of confounding problems. Of interest to industrial hygienists are such National Library of Medicine services as the “Toxicity Bibliography.”
Efficacy of normal saline solution versus heparin solution for maintaining patency of peripheral intravenous catheters in children

Abstract Objectives Literature reports support the use of normal saline solution for maintaining patency of peripheral intermittent intravenous infusion devices (PIID) in the adult population; however, there are limited data regarding this policy in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of heparin flush and saline solution flush solutions in maintaining patency of infusion devices in the pediatric population, and to establish cost-saving implications related to both procedures. The specific aims of the study included the following: (1) to determine the efficacy of normal saline solution flush for peripheral IV access devices for the pediatric population, and (2) to establish cost-saving implications related to normal saline solution versus heparin flush for PIIDs in terms of pharmacy costs and costs related to nursing time. Methods The study was a prospective, randomized, doubleblind controlled trial of flushing solutions. The control group (n = 77) received 3 ml of a 10 units heparin/ml normal saline solution IV flush. The experimental group (n = 73) received 3 ml of normal saline solution only for the IV flush. Routine hospital procedure for flushing was followed during the study period. Results Descriptive and correlation statistics were used to analyze the data; ξ2, t test, and analysis of variance were calculated. There were no significant differences between the two groups for demographics or complications. Annual cost savings were computed for both procedures with an estimated annual savings of nursing time and unit cost of solutions equaling $27,594. The savings per procedure was estimated at $9.45. Discussion This study provided support for the efficacy of normal saline solution as an alternative to heparin solutions for the maintenance of peripheral IV devices. Implications include elimination of risks associated with heparin (drug incompatibilities, thrombosis syndrome, hypersensitivity reactions, local tissue damage, and iatrogenic hemorrhage); decreased potential for infection associated with breaks in the integrity of the IV system; substantial money savings as a result of the change to normal saline solution realized by the patient and the institution; and decreased nursing time. By simplifying the procedure, nurses have more time to provide aspects of nursing care to patients.
Axillary and Thoracic Skin Temperatures Poorly Comparable to Core Body Temperature Circadian Rhythm: Results from 2 Adult Populations

Data from 2 separate studies were used to examine the relationships of axillary or thoracic skin temperature to rectal temperature and to determine the phase relationships of the circadian rhythms ...
Image-guided ablation of renal cell carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common clinical problem, with 35,710 new cases and 12,480 deaths projected for 2004 [1]. This represents a doubling of the incidence during the past 50 years. Historically, RCC has been diagnosed late in the course of its natural history, with a dismal prognosis. This is because RCC is frequently clinically silent until mass effect symptoms or hematuria becomes evident. With the marked increase in the availability and indications for cross-sectional imaging in recent years, small RCCs are now often diagnosed incidentally [2]. Independent of this increasing rate of serendipitous identification on imaging, there also seems to be an underlying increase in the overall incidence of RCC [3]. In fact, during the past 20 years, there has been a fivefold increase in the diagnosis of small renal tumors less than 3 cm [4]. Radical nephrectomy has long been considered the standard of care for the treatment of RCC [5]. The shift in diagnosis of RCC toward small asymptomatic tumors has created a management dilemma, however. Small, less than 3-cm, wellmarginated renal tumors have a slow linear growth rate of 0 to 1.1 cm/year [6]. This relatively indolent early course, combined with the frequent diagnoses in elderly or infirm patients, has prompted the exploration of less invasive treatments. Renal-sparing surgery (partial nephrectomy) has now become a widely accepted method for removing small renal cancers [7]. Although tumor recurrence and survival rates are similar for partial and radical nephrectomy, a large incision, substantial morbidity, and prolonged convalescence remain as major disadvantages with both techniques. The introduction of laparoscopic radical and partial nephrectomy has decreased the recovery time but remains technically difficult and requires extensive peritoneal or retroperitoneal dissection. At many centers, open partial or laparoscopic nephrectomy is now considered the standard of care for the treatment of patients with small RCC [7,8].
How social is social responses to computers? The function of the degree of anthropomorphism in computer representations

Testing the assumption that more anthropomorphic (human-like) computer representations elicit more social responses from people, a between-participants experiment (N=168) manipulated 12 computer agents to represent four levels of anthropomorphism: low, medium, high, and real human images. Social responses were assessed with users' social judgment and homophily perception of the agents, conformity in a choice dilemma task, and competency and trustworthiness ratings of the agents. Linear polynomial trend analyses revealed significant linear trends for almost all the measures. As the agent became more anthropomorphic to being human, it received more social responses from users.
Assessing the financial feasibility of utility-provided backup power during project site planning

The events leading to the sudden and catastrophic failure of the North American power grid during August 2003 coupled with a record hurricane season a year later have civil engineers rethinking cost-effective backup power solutions for their clients. Electric deregulation across many areas of the United States has utilities looking for new value-added products and services to protect and acquire market shares. As a result, a new partnership has emerged between site planners and utilities to provide affordable backup power to the customer. Case studies are provided for a 1.0 MW backup power project for a 367-bed hospital and a 1.25 MW parallel power project for an insurance call center located in Gainesville, Fla. Results for each show competitive pricing for the client and attractive returns for the utility.
Somatic Variation of Red Cell Agglutinogens Due to Hormonal Influence

Abstract ERYTHROCYTE mosaicism of red cell antigens involves the perpetuation of red cell precursor tissue of diverse antigen types (Owen, 1945). The frequency of one of the polymorphic forms may vary from a very low frequency to as high as 50%. The latter frequencies are observed in cases of admixture of the blood of twins in utero Very low frequencies of inagglutinable cells of the order of one per thousand or less have been observed in human A bloods (Atwood and Scheinberg, 1958, 1959) and also in pigeon bloods (Scheinberg and Reckel, 1959). Somatic mutation of the bone marrow stem cells has been proposed (Atwood and Scheinberg, 1958) to account for cells in low frequency lacking the antigen of the predominant cell type. Alterations of the cell genotype have also been proposed to account for other instances of erythrocyte mosaicism (Cotterman, 1958; Furuhata, Kitahama and Nozawa, 1959). The latter cases involve…
Failure of catecholamines to inhibit epidermal mitosis in vitro.

Abstract Skin samples were obtained from the forearm and leg of normal volunteers and patients with atopic eczema. The samples were incubated with 3 H-thymidine, and the radioactivity incorporated was measured at 48 hours. Isoproterenol, epinephrine, or norepinephrine was added in concentration of 10 −5 M to 10 −10 M. There was inhibition of deoxyribonuclear acid (DNA) synthesis in control samples with the catecholamines. In contrast, the catecholamines failed to inhibit DNA synthesis in the skin from patients with atopic eczema. It was concluded that inhibition of DNA synthesis is a beta adrenergic effect, and the cells of patients with atopic eczema are insensitive to beta stimulation.
Phonemic processing in silent reading.

6 adults silently read short passages containing a high, medium, or low frequency of words whose pronunciation requires labial movement. Analysis of electromyographic recordings at a chin-lip site showed significantly higher tracings for the high- than for the low-labial passages, suggesting that covert oral activity during silent reading is a form of speech and can be measured.
Approximately counting the number of constrained arrays via the sum-product algorithm

Very often, constrained coding schemes impose nonlinear constraints on arrays and therefore it is usually nontrivial to determine how many arrays satisfy the given constraints. In this paper we show that there are non-trivial constrained coding scenarios where the number of constrained arrays can be estimated to a surprisingly high accuracy with the help of the sum-product algorithm, despite the fact that the underlying factor graphs have many short cycles, and we investigate the reasons why this is the case. These findings open up interesting possibilities for determining the number of constrained arrays also for scenarios where other counting and bounding techniques are not readily available.
Recurrences and second primary breast cancers in older women with initial early-stage disease.

BACKGROUND. The association between common breast cancer therapies and recurrences and second primary breast cancers in older women is unclear, although older women are less likely to receive common therapies. METHODS. Women aged ≥65 years who were diagnosed with stage I or II breast cancer and who underwent mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery (BCS) from 1990 to 1994 were identified from automated data from 6 healthcare systems and then were followed for 10 years or until breast cancer recurrence, disenrollment, or death. Trained abstractors reviewed medical records to obtain recurrence, tumor, treatment and demographic data. The authors used proportional hazards models to examine predictors of recurrent and second primary breast cancers adjusted for demographic and tumor factors. RESULTS. Of 1837 eligible women, 34% were ages 65 to 69 years, 46% were ages 70 to 79 years, and 20% were aged ≥80 years. In multivariable models that used mastectomy as the reference group, BCS without radiation therapy was associated with an increased risk of any recurrent and second primary breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–2.3), particularly with the subgroup of women with local and regional recurrence (HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.0–6.0). Tamoxifen use for <1 year versus ≥5 years exhibited a borderline association with any recurrent or second primary breast cancer (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.9–4.2). CONCLUSIONS. Radiation therapy after BCS and 5 years of tamoxifen use were beneficial in reducing recurrences and second primary breast cancers in older women, regardless of their age or comorbidity burden. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Increasing Trustworthiness through Security Testing Support

Trustworthiness is an essential and sometimes life-critical concern in software-intensive systems. Furthermore, supporting the proper testing of these systems can often times prove complicated. Within trustworthiness, security and privacy play key roles. Considering both security and privacy issues early in development are necessary to increase the trustworthiness of systems. In this paper we concentrate on the security aspect of trustworthiness. We believe that proper capture of software security starts at requirements and carries forward throughout system development, especially into testing. While a variety of techniques for specifying security requirements exist, there is a tangible lack of support for making security requirements useful during testing. In this paper we present testing capabilities of a new security requirements engineering technique called SURE, Secure and Usable Requirements Engineering. SURE focuses on the mapping of security requirements into testing artifacts using a specialized syntax. We also present results from a usability study of our technique’s testing capabilities; the study confirmed that participants were able to map testing artifacts from security requirements with increased understanding and confidence, which could potentially lead to improved trustworthiness.
Exploring water indices and associated parameters: A case study approach

In the past 20 years, over 50 water indices have been developed to characterize human-water systems within the frameworks of water scarcity, water poverty, water vulnerability, and water security. This study compares existing water indices in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka to better understand which parameters (or lack thereof) contribute to the usefulness of water indices. Drawing on knowledge about human-water interactions in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, this exploration of indices at the parameter level highlights missing parameters, inadequate consideration of complex relationships between parameters, and inconsistencies in index nomenclature and units. This study reveals both the benefits and shortcomings of water indices and provides recommendations for researchers and water managers to consider when selecting indices to assess and support their water policy goals.
Biased processing of emotional information in girls at risk for depression

Researchers have documented that children of depressed mothers are at elevated risk for developing a depressive disorder themselves. There is currently little understanding, however, of what factors place these children at elevated risk. In the present study, the authors investigated whether never-disordered daughters whose mothers have experienced recurrent episodes of depression during their daughters' lifetime are characterized by biased processing of emotional information. Following a negative mood induction, participants completed an emotional-faces dot-probe task. Daughters at elevated risk for depression, but not control daughters of never-disordered mothers, selectively attended to negative facial expressions. In contrast, only control daughters selectively attended to positive facial expressions. These results provide support for cognitive vulnerability models of depression.
Dynamics and Synoptic

In the chapter Dynamics, and Synoptic, the basic laws for describing the kinematic and dynamic behavior of tropospheric flows are presented and discussed. The conservation equations for momentum (Newton’s 2nd law), total mass (equation of continuity), dry air, water substances, trace constituents, and energy (1st principle of thermodynamics) are presented and explained, where inertial frames and moving frames rotating with the Earth are considered. This presentation includes different kinds of coordinate systems. Simplifications like the hydrostatic and geostrophic approximations are related to scaling considerations (scale analysis). Balanced curved flows, streamlines and trajectories are explained as well. Circulation and vorticity principles are discussed to analyze rotational flows. This part includes, for instance, the balance equation for vorticity and the distinction between absolute and relative vorticity. Wave analysis is explained by examples like gravity waves and Rossby waves. Principles of Ekman’s physics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are presented to point out the effects of turbulent motion. The chapter also encompasses how principles of dynamics and kinetic as well as numerical weather prediction model results are used in weather forecasting.
Sustained Hypotension Following Intravenous Metoclopramide

Objective: To report a case of sustained hypotension associated with the use of intravenous metoclopramide. Case Summary: A 50-year-old woman developed a hypotensive episode lasting approximately 90 minutes after the administration intravenous metoclopramide for the treatment of a migraine. The patient presented to the emergency department after she woke up with a severe headache that was much worse than her normal migraine headaches. Her past medical history included migraines, diabetes type 2, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Fifteen minutes after the administration of intravenous metoclopramide 10 mg, the patient’s systolic blood pressure decreased from 138 to 84 mmHg (a mean arterial pressure decrease of 40.7 mmHg). The patient was given 1 L of intravenous NaCl 0.9% that had minimal effect on blood pressure. The patient did not reapproach her baseline systolic blood pressure until 90 minutes after the metoclopramide administration when it was measured at 138 mmHg. Subsequent contrast tomography of th...
Tongan Chiefly Language: The Formation of an Honorific Speech Register

In this paper we examine the formation over time of a lexical honorific speech register, Tongan lea faka'eiki, or ‘chiefly language’. Use of the comparative historical method enables us to consider honorific register formation within a framework of greater temporal and spatial scope that has been typical for studies of register formation, and to identify some properties of such formation that have not been documented before. Our evidence shows that the higher and lower levels of honorification in this speech register have been formed at different times and through predominantly different etymological processes, even as they draw on the same broader set of word formation processes. In recorded speech, the differences between the sources of the two sub-registers are even more pronounced, preserving and reproducing the historical differences in their formation.*
Detection and estimation in the presence of signals with uncalibrated spatial signature

Abstract This paper considers the problem of signal detection and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in situations where signals that generate an uncalibrated array response are present. Situations such as this often arise in airborne direction finding when skywave multipath is present. A parameterization that accounts for ‘uncalibrated” spatial signatures (USS) is proposed, and the identifiability of the resulting model is established. The asymptotically optimal signal and noise subspace fitting algorithms are applied to the USS model, and efficient implementations for each are derived that involve a search only for the DOAs of signals with ‘calibrated’ spatial signatures (CSS). In addition, a sequential detection scheme is proposed for individually determining the number of USS and CSS signals. The results of several simulation examples are included to validate the analysis.
Content Management and Replication in the SNSP: A Distributed Service-Based OS for Sensor Networks

This paper presents data management and replication techniques used by the SNSP, a distributed operating system for sensor networks. Three replication schemes, a deterministic, a distributed probabilistic and an adaptive observation based scheme are compared. The first two were adapted from related work and the latter was developed for the SNSP. Results indicate that the distributed scheme has the best performance in terms of total cost per data access as well as increased data availability. When access cost without overhead is considered, the adaptive algorithm performs the best, but its overhead is higher because data items are replicated independently of accesses.
Gastrointestinal lymphomas in a North American population: clinicopathologic features from one major Central-Midwestern United States tertiary care medical center.

Background Gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas are very common types of extranodal lymphomas, and we hypothesize there are regional differences in subtype, distribution in the GI tract, and epidemiological features among the different populations.
A Useful Performance Metric for Compressed Channel Sensing

Recently, new progress has been made in using basis expansion models for system identification with compressed sensing. To aid the application of these methodologies, we introduce a metric, called localized coherence, for choosing input signals that result in better estimation performance. Its definition is motivated through the analysis of the normalized mean Euclidean error of the channel estimate and its efficacy is demonstrated through numerical simulations.
Force decomposition in cooperating manipulators using the theory of metric spaces and generalized inverses

The decomposition of forces on an object grasped by multiple manipulators is analyzed using the theory of metric spaces and generalized inverses. In general, the space of forces exerted on the object is nonhomogenous and suitable metrics must be used to decompose the space into motion-inducing and internal force subspaces. A common theoretical framework is proposed in this paper which solves the decomposition problem for rigid, palm-type, and frictional point-contact grasps. New solutions are derived for systems with palm-type and mixed grasps. Previous decompositions for the rigid and frictional point contact grasps are analyzed within the theoretical framework. It is shown that previous solutions in the rigid grasp case are equivalent to the minimization of a norm based on a kinetic energy metric associated with the object. >
A CMOS continuous-time NTSC-to-color-difference decoder

A continuous-time NTSC-to-color-difference decoder has been fabricated in a 2-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The 9-mm/sup 2/ decoder includes the chrominance IF filter, automatic gain control, timing recovery, 90/spl deg/ phase shift, demodulators, hue and saturation controls. The 90/spl deg/ phase-shift circuit is based on peak detection and is used for tuning the chrominance IF filter and demodulation of the R-Y signal. The total power dissipation is 45 mW on /spl plusmn/2.5-V supplies. All circuits are fully differential. This allows the timing-recovery outputs to achieve a differential phase of 0.1/spl deg/ over a horizontal-line interval. For a standard NTSC 1 V/sub p-p/ color-bar input, the R-Y and B-Y outputs exhibit maximum phase and gain errors of 1.1/spl deg/ and 1.5/spl deg/, respectively.
Phase 1 and pharmacodynamic trial of everolimus in combination with cetuximab in patients with advanced cancer.

BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies suggest mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors may have metabolic and antiangiogenic effects, and synergize with epidermal growth factor pathway inhibitors. Therefore, a phase 1/pharmacodynamic trial of everolimus with cetuximab was performed. METHODS A total of 29 patients were randomized to a run-in of oral everolimus (30, 50, or 70 mg) or cetuximab (400 mg/m2 loading, 250 mg/m2 maintenance) weekly, followed by the combination in this dose-escalation study. Primary endpoints were phase 2 dose and toxicity characterization. [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) was performed as a pharmacodynamic marker of mTOR inhibition, and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) was performed as an indicator of tumor perfusion changes, at 3 time points. RESULTS Everolimus and cetuximab were tolerable at full doses, with an expected toxicity profile. Dose-limiting toxicities in the everolimus 70 mg group included grade 3 skin toxicity in 2 patients, and mucositis in 1 patient. Of 16 patients evaluable for response, 5 had stable disease lasting 4 to 19 months. Mean change in maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for those treated initially with everolimus was −24% (2% to −54%), and with cetuximab was −5% (−23 to 36%). The Ktrans measured by DCE-MRI did not decrease, regardless of run-in drug. CONCLUSIONS Everolimus and cetuximab can be safely administered at standard doses, and are associated with prolonged disease control. The recommended phase 2 dose of oral weekly everolimus is 70 mg in combination with standard cetuximab. Imaging studies reveal that metabolic inhibition by everolimus alone and in combination with cetuximab predominates over changes in tumor perfusion in this patient population. Cancer 2014;120:77–85. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Evidence-Based Medicine and the Law: The Courts Confront Clinical Practice Guidelines

This article examines how courts are likely to apply evidence-based medicine, and particularly clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), in healthcare litigation involving quality-of-care and entitlement-to-benefits (coverage) claims. Exploring the "politics" of the current situation, it observes that, just as clinicians have been reluctant to use CPGs in practice, courts have been, and likely will continue to be, slow to apply them in deciding cases., The article analyzes extant and proposed statutory approaches to legitimizing and promoting courts' use of CPGs. It concludes by renewing the author's earlier and controversial proposal to establish a voluntary federal program for certifying guidelines and directing courts to give certified CPGs greater weight in healthcare litigation.
The Elting and Hasbrouck store accounts: a window into eighteenth-century commerce

During the eighteenth century, the rural community of New Paltz, located in New York's mid-Hudson River valley, was served by two general stores, one run by the Hasbrouck family and the other by the Elting family. Using archival data, this study compares the operations of these two stores in the late 1790s. The results indicate that the two stores had similar operations but different customer bases. The accounting records illustrate the key role played by small town merchants in facilitating commerce, providing financing, and supporting the social structure of the community. The accounts also illuminate issues of power and control during the era, and provide evidence of the unequal treatment accorded to local residents based on gender. Using the experiences of ordinary people, the study expands our understanding of the role of accounting in fostering business life and competition in early America.
Multipoint connection management in high speed networks

A connection management access protocol (CMAP) for managing multipoint connections in high-speed packet switched networks is described. The protocol is targeted to broadband integrated services digital networks (BISDN) using the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) communication standard. To establish a multipoint connection, a client first creates a call between itself and the network. The client creating a call is designated the owner of the call. Immediately after creation, the owner is the only endpoint participating in the call. Additional endpoints are added either by invitation from the owner, invitation from another client of the network, or by explicitly requesting to be added. These three modes are sufficient for supporting point-to-point communication (for example, a telephone call), many-to-many communication (for example, a conference call), one-to-many communication (for example, broadcast video), and many-to-one communication (for example, error logging). >
Las raíces monetarias de la fragmentación política de la América española en el siglo XIX

After the Napoleonic invasion to Spain in 1808, the Empire's financialand monetary structure collapsed, and most colonies became independent. Regional rivalry over tax revenues, aggravated by military expenses and treasury deficits, led elites in regions with royal mints to carry out all sorts of menatary experiments in order to obtain revenues. Local interests controlling the mints began to coin their own money, or to falsify colonial coins. Other regions, lacking silver, created unconvertible paper money in order to cover their deficits. The Spanish silver peso's consistent quality thus dissappeared, and with it the pattern that had organized colonial economy ever since the sixteenth century. Such coin diversity within a highly integrated economic space made the so-called Gresham Law hasten after 1810 the conflicts between local and colonial elites. This led, in turn, during the nineteenth century, to the Empire's political fragmentation into a growing number of inancially, monetaryli, and politically sovereign entities.
A Reply to the Commentaries of Drs DiBenedetto and Pakenham

This commentary addresses some of the cogent responses offered by Drs. DiBenedetto and Pakenham and the idea of an alternative approach to addressing the self‐care needs of our profession.
Optimal Dynamic Discrimination of Similar Molecules through Quantum Learning Control

A paradigm for discriminating similar quantum systems in the laboratory is presented based on optimal control principles with the aid of closed loop learning algorithms. The optimal dynamic discrimination (ODD) process is simulated for a noninteracting mixture of up to three similar finite-dimensional quantum systems. The optimal control field giving rise to species discrimination, that considers the presence of field and observation noise, is deduced with a genetic algorithm (GA). The similar quantum systems yield distinct dynamics and detection signals, although influenced by the same control laser pulse. The ODD process is shown to operate by drawing on constructive and destructive interference effects to simultaneously maximize or minimize the signals from each of the species in the mixture. The ODD technique may have applications to the analysis and separation of possibly even complex chemical species.
Tracking control of oscillatory motion in IPMC actuators for underwater applications

Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuators have many advantages; for instance, they (1) can be driven with low voltages (<5 V); (2) are soft, flexible and easily shaped; and (3) can operate in an aqueous environment (such as water). Important applications for IPMCs include active catheter devices for minimally invasive surgery, artificial muscle, and sensors and actuators for biorobotics. For applications such as endoscopy and flapping-based propulsion systems in aquatic robots, the IPMC actuator is required to precisely track a periodic reference trajectory. However, due to dynamic effects, nonlinear behavior, and external disturbances, uncompensated open-loop control yields excessively-large tracking error. This paper focuses on precision tracking of oscillatory motion in IPMC actuators. A feedback controller based on the repetitive control concept is proposed to improve tracking performance from one operating period to the next. The stability of the controller is analyzed in the discrete-time domain, and design considerations are discussed. The method is applied to a newly fabricated Perfluorinated Ion Exchange Membrane based IPMC actuator with lithium as its counterion. The tip displacement of the IPMC actuator is measured by a strain gage sensor. This newly proposed sensing scheme is low cost, practical, effective, and importantly, compact. Experimental results show the combined control and sensing scheme can minimize the tracking error by approximately 50% compared to PID control for tracking of periodic signals including sinusoidal and triangular wave forms.