cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOR OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC INTRACEREBRAL INSTILLATION OF DOPAMINE AGONISTS

ABSTRACT Several hypotheses relating dopamine system mechanisms to the behavioral effects of dopamine agonists and antagonists have been proposed for experimental models of clinical disease ranging from dyskinesia to psychosis. Most frequently, chronic drug induced behavioral changes, e.g., by stimulants and neuroleptics, are explained mainly in terms of postsynaptic receptor changes rather than the interaction of presynaptic and postsynaptic elements. This presentation will review data from studies in which caudate or substantia nigra sites received acute and chronic instillation of dopamine agonists or antagonists by repeated micro-injection or continuous infusion via Alza minipumps. We found that chronic unilateral caudate d -amphetamine treatment significantly increased the propensity for rats to circle ipsilaterally after systemic amphetamine, but not apomorphine. In another study, chronic unilateral 1-Dopa treatment of the substantia nigra increased significantly the likelihood and magnitude of ipsilateral circling to subsequent micro-injections of l-Dopa into the same site, but not to systemic apomorphine. These findings imply that mechanisms other than postsynaptic receptor sensitivity alterations are operating, with possible changes occurring in presynaptic dopamine autoreceptor sensitivity or in neuronal dopamine metabolism.
Active Specific Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Optimization

The requirements for effective cancer vaccines have gradually been worked out in experimental models over the past 15 years [1–3]. Many clinical trials in this field were initiated before this information was available or did not adhere to the methodologic requirements that had been found in the animal studies. As a consequence, there are several negative clinical investigations of active specific immunotherapy in which failure was a virtual certainty [4–6] when looked at in retrospect with regard to the requirements that have been identified in animal models. Some of the key requirements are as follows.
Optimizing molecular detection and sequencing of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus in clinical oral fluid specimens

The objective of the current study was to evaluate various RNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols for the detection of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in porcine oral fluids. Extraction protocols were selected based on ease of use and compatibility with high- throughput, automated systems. The results showed marked differences among extraction protocols, PCR protocols, and combinations thereof in detecting PRRSV in the oral fluid matrix. An important finding was that PCR reactions were partially inhibited by unknown factors in the oral fluid matrix and that inhibition was reduced by use of a higher concentration of PCR enzymes. The results suggest that further optimization of PCR assays for porcine oral fluids is needed and that laboratories should not assume that methods optimized for detection of virus in serum will perform equally with porcine oral fluids.
Asthma, COPD, and home environments: Interventions with older adults.

Abstract Background We describe a multifaceted home environmental intervention project involving low-income older adults with asthma who have a greater risk of asthma-related respiratory impacts because they spend up to 90% of their time in the home where many allergens and respiratory irritants are found. Although sufficient evidence suggests that home interventions are effective in improving health of children with asthma, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services has stated that evidence is insufficient for the effectiveness of home interventions on adults with asthma. Objective To evaluate the hypothesis that multifaceted home environmental interventions improve the respiratory health and reduce asthma triggers for older adults with asthma. Methods We conducted community health worker–led interventions in the homes of 86 low-income older adults (age 62 or older) diagnosed with asthma, residing in public and private subsidized housing in Lowell, Massachusetts, from 2014 to 2017. Health and environmental assessment at baseline and follow-up 1 year later included collecting data on respiratory health, quality of life, medication use, doctor/emergency room/hospital visits, using the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire and Asthma Control Test and evaluation of asthma trigger activities and exposures through questionnaires and home surveys. Interventions included education on asthma and environmental triggers and environmental remediation. Results Statistically significant reductions in self-reported environmental asthma triggers and health improvements were found in the following areas: doctor visits, use of antibiotics for chest problems, respiratory symptoms and quality of life indicators, and asthma control (ACT score). Conclusion Our results provide evidence that multifaceted home interventions are effective in improving the environmental quality and respiratory health of an older adult population with asthma.
A Review of Statutes and the Role of the Forensic Psychiatrist in Cyberstalking Involving Youth

Adolescents are increasingly exposed to Internet-facilitated crime as they spend more time online. The mental health risks and legal consequences for youth involved in cyberstalking are growing areas of concern. The nature of online stalking presents several challenges regarding investigation, fair adjudication, fact-finding, and legislation. Laws governing online stalking behaviors inconsistently reference the age of a victim or perpetrator as a factor for consideration in case disposition. During adjudication, the forensic psychiatrist may be asked to evaluate the victim or perpetrator involved in cyberstalking. This article focuses on the current legal landscape governing cyberstalking behavior involving adolescents, the roles a forensic psychiatrist may assume in this context, and the opportunity to bring a developmental perspective to these cases.
Fibromyalgia Increases the Risk of Surgical Complications Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Nationwide Database Study.

Abstract Background Although fibromyalgia is a common comorbidity with knee osteoarthritis, the orthopedic literature on this population is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess if fibromyalgia patients have a higher likelihood of developing surgical complications after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) than a matched control cohort. Methods The Medicare Standard Analytical Files of the PearlDiver supercomputer was utilized to identify patients who underwent a TKA between 2005 and 2014. Patients were 1:1 propensity score matched based on the diagnosis of fibromyalgia, age, gender, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index, yielding a total of 305,510 patients. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and P-values ( Results Compared to a matched cohort, fibromyalgia patients had increased odds of developing any surgical complication (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.51-1.60, P Conclusion This analysis of over 300,000 patients identified that fibromyalgia patients can have a greater risk of developing certain surgical complications after TKA. Therefore, fibromyalgia patients must be made aware of the increased postoperative risks and surgeons should consider enhanced preoperative medical and surgical optimization.
Ribosomal in-frame mis-translation of stop codons in multiple open reading frames of specific human long non-coding RNAs.

One of the major discoveries of the early post-genomic era, as embodied by the gene catalogs of the FANTOM and ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) consortia, is that two-thirds of human genes do not encode known proteins. Those ~40,000 non-protein-coding (non-coding RNA) human genes (www.gencodegenes.org) remain poorly understood. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes are the most numerous category of human ncRNA genes. Hundreds of lncRNAs have recently-discovered functions and are now understood to be fundamental nuclear and cytoplasmic, epigenetic and post-transcriptional, positive and negative regulators of gene expression in normal cellular functions and in a wide range of human diseases. However, the functions, if any, of the vast majority of lncRNAs remain obscure. Significantly, an unconventional role for their transcripts as unexpected de-facto messenger RNAs has not been formally excluded. Ribosome profiling (Riboseq) predicts translational potential; nonetheless, without independent evidence of proteins matching lncRNA open reading frames (ORFs), ribosome binding does not prove translation. We were the first to mass-spectrometrically document translation of specific lncRNAs in human cells (https://genome.cshlp.org/content/22/9/1646.long). We have now performed a global search for lncRNA translation in human MCF7 breast cancer cells, integrating strand-specific RNAseq, Riboseq, and deep mass spectrometry of trypsin-digested <15kDa fractions post-UHPLC (Orbitrap MS/MS) in biological quadruplicates by two independent core facilities. We excluded known-protein matches. UCSC Genome Browser-assisted manual annotation of imperfect (tryptic-digest-peptides)-to-(lncRNA-three-frame- translations) alignments initially revealed three peptides hypothetically explicable by “stop-to-nonstop” in- frame replacement of stop codons by amino acids in two ORFs of the lncRNA MMP24-AS1. To search for this phenomenon genomewide, we designed and implemented an unprecedented computational pipeline, matching tryptic-digest spectra to wildcard-instead-of-stop versions of repeat-masked, six-frame, whole-genome translations. Along with singleton stop-to-nonstop events affecting four other lncRNAs, we identified 24 additional peptides with stop-to-nonstop inframe substitutions from multiple MMP24-AS1 lncRNA ORFs. Only UAG and UGA, but not UAA, stop codons were affected. All MMP24-AS1-matching spectra met the same significance thresholds as high-confidence known-protein signatures. Targeted resequencing of MMP24-AS1 genomic DNA and cDNA from the same samples did not reveal any mutations, polymorphisms, or sequencing-detectable RNA editing. We have therefore discovered an apparent gene-specific violation of the genetic code. It highlights the importance of matching peptides to whole-genome, not known-genes-only, ORFs in mass-spectrometry workflows, and suggests a new mechanism enhancing the combinatorial complexity of the proteome.
Congenital heart disease

Cardiogenesis is a complex process involving different cell types, such as muscle, endothelial, neural crest, and matrix cells. These cells follow a “protocol” that emerges through changes in gene expression induced by developmental and mechanical cues. Data from human genetics and animal mutants suggest that most congenital heart malformations are arise from gene alterations. The next challenge will be to unravel the sequence of molecular decisions that result in the formation of heart and blood vessels from the first embryonic tissue layers. This knowledge is expected to result in novel strategies for diagnosis, treatment or prevention of heart diseases.
Image Denoising Using $$L^{p}$$-norm of Mean Curvature of Image Surface

In this paper, we propose a new class of imaging denoising models by using the $$L^p$$-norm of mean curvature of image graphs as regularizers with $$p\in (1,2]$$. The motivation of introducing such models is to add stronger regularizations than that of the original mean curvature based image denoising model (Zhu and Chan in SIAM J Imaging Sci 5(1):1–32, 2012) in order to remove noise more efficiently. To minimize these variational models, we develop a novel augmented Lagrangian method, and one thus just needs to solve two linear elliptic equations to find saddle points of the associated augmented Lagrangian functionals. Specifically, we linearize the nonlinear term in one of the two subproblems and minimize a proximal-like functional that can be easily treated. We prove that the minimizer of the substitute functional does reduce the value of the original subproblem under certain conditions. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the features of the proposed models and also the efficiency of the designed algorithm.
Thermal transport in ZnO nanocrystal networks synthesized by nonthermal plasma

Semiconductor materials with independently controlled electrical and thermal properties have a unique promise for energy-related applications from thermoelectrics and thermophotovoltaics. Here, using nonthermal plasma synthesized, direct-contact zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystal (NC) networks infilled with amorphous $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and amorphous ZnO-$\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ mixture, it is shown that such independent control of electrical and thermal properties is achievable. In this study, in addition to our early reports on control of the electrical properties in these two-phase nanocomposites by tailoring the contact radius between NCs, we demonstrate that the infill composition has a significant impact on the overall thermal conductivity of the NC network and can be used for thermal control. It is also shown that in these heterogeneous systems, the phonons are the dominant heat carriers, and the NC-NC contact radius has a negligible effect on thermal transport. The work suggests that this paradigm of independently controlling the electrical and thermal properties of NC-based materials through tuning the NC-NC contact radius and infill composition can be exploited even further by varying NC and infill materials with potential applications ranging from solar cells and light emitting diodes to solid-state energy converters.
A Paradigm Shift in Radiation Oncology Training

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has been intertwined with the movement for racial justice in the United States and has highlighted and risks aggravating educational and workforce disparities within radiation oncology. We discuss wide-ranging changes within radiation oncology training that are essential to developing and maintaining diversity, including utilization of competency-based educational models that allow for streamlining of training and examinations; responsiveness to the needs of residents and medical students of different gender, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic groups; and technological integration to increase educational efficiency and decrease barriers.
The Heme-Regulated Inhibitor Pathway Modulates Susceptibility of Poor Prognosis B-Lineage Acute Leukemia to BH3-Mimetics.

Antiapoptotic MCL1 is one of the most frequently amplified genes in human cancers and elevated expression confers resistance to many therapeutics including the BH3-mimetic agents ABT-199 and ABT-263. The antimalarial, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) translationally represses MCL-1 and synergizes with BH3-mimetics. To explore how DHA represses MCL-1, a genome-wide CRISPR screen identified that loss of genes in the heme synthesis pathway renders mouse BCR-ABL+ B-ALL cells resistant to DHA-induced death. Mechanistically, DHA disrupts the interaction between heme and the eIF2α kinase heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) triggering the integrated stress response. Genetic ablation of Eif2ak1, which encodes HRI, blocks MCL-1 repression in response to DHA treatment and represses the synergistic killing of DHA and BH3-mimetics compared with wild-type leukemia. Furthermore, BTdCPU, a small-molecule activator of HRI, similarly triggers MCL-1 repression and synergizes with BH3-mimetics in mouse and human leukemia including both Ph+ and Ph-like B-ALL. Finally, combinatorial treatment of leukemia bearing mice with both BTdCPU and a BH3-mimetic extended survival and repressed MCL-1 in vivo. These findings reveal for the first time that the HRI-dependent cellular heme-sensing pathway can modulate apoptosis in leukemic cells by repressing MCL-1 and increasing their responsiveness to BH3-mimetics. This signaling pathway could represent a generalizable mechanism for repressing MCL-1 expression in malignant cells and sensitizing them to available therapeutics. Implications: The HRI-dependent cellular heme-sensing pathway can modulate apoptotic sensitivity in leukemic cells by repressing antiapoptotic MCL-1 and increasing their responsiveness to BH3-mimetics.
Management Impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in Neuroendocrine Tumors.

The goal of our retrospective single tertiary academic medical center investigation was to examine the added diagnostic value and clinical impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in the therapeutic management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Imaging database was queried for all “PET-DOTATATE” examinations performed at our tertiary care academic institution using MONTAGE™. The patient’s clinical history and recent prior imaging were reviewed. The additional diagnostic value and clinical management impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE were assessed through retrospective chart review. A total of 81 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scans in 74 patients were found, and 11 patients were excluded from analysis as they had no prior imaging available for comparison, with resultant analysis cohort of 63 patients. Six patients had 2 or more 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT examinations. The most common primary diagnosis was undifferentiated NET (63.5%), followed by carcinoid (27.0%), paraganglioma (4.8%), insulinoma (3.2%), and pheochromocytoma (1.6%). The primary sites of disease from the most to the least common were the pancreas (36.5%), small bowel (22.2%), unknown primary (15.9%), lung (6.3%), large bowel (6.3%), and mesentery (4.8%), and other locations accounted for 7.9%. In patients who had prior imaging available for comparison, there were new lesions identified on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in 21 patients (33.3%) that were not identified on other prior imaging modalities. Of these patients, 5 underwent subsequent MRI and 1 had a repeat 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT to further characterize new lesions seen. Moreover, 15 patients (23.8%) had a change in treatment plan, including altering medical therapy in 9 patients, change in planned extent of surgical management in 5 patients, and cancelation of a planned primary tumor resection in 1 patient with metastatic disease. Our retrospective cohort demonstrated that 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT improves lesion detection over conventional imaging in 33.3% and impacts the therapeutic management in 23.8% of patients with NET.
N6-methyladenosine binding induces a metal-centered rearrangement that activates the human RNA demethylase Alkbh5

Alkbh5 catalyzes demethylation of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A), an epigenetic mark that controls several physiological processes including carcinogenesis and stem cell differentiation. The activity of Alkbh5 comprises two coupled reactions. The first reaction involves decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate (αKG) and formation of a Fe4+═O species. This oxyferryl intermediate oxidizes the m6A to reestablish the canonical base. Despite coupling between the two reactions being required for the correct Alkbh5 functioning, the mechanisms linking dioxygen activation to m6A binding are not fully understood. Here, we use solution NMR to investigate the structure and dynamics of apo and holo Alkbh5. We show that binding of m6A to Alkbh5 induces a metal-centered rearrangement of αKG that increases the exposed area of the metal, making it available for binding O2. Our study reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying activation of Alkbh5, therefore opening new perspectives for the design of novel strategies to control gene expression and cancer progression.
A transgene insertional mutation at an imprinted locus in the mouse genome

Genetic imprinting in mice results in functional differences in the oocyte and spermatocyte genomes, as evidenced by both genetic and pronuclear transfer experiments. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the imprinting process, researchers have studied methylation phenotypes and expression of hemizygous transgenes associated with parental origin. In this report, we describe a transgenic mouse lineage in which expression of both the transgene and an endogenous gene at the insertion site are determined by the parent of origin. The mutation caused by transgene insertion shows variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance in addition to a modified dominant pattern of inheritance.
Learning Centered Education at Western State College of Law

For more than a decade, Western State College of Law was engaged in a reflective evaluation process that resulted in innovative teaching methods, a supportive learning environment for its students, and a system of assessment designed to improve outcomes. The institution's regular and systematic review of programs, teaching, and outcomes led to early adoption of practices now identified as key components for improvement in the current movement to reform legal education. This article discusses recent reform-minded initiatives and the importance of adopting curricular changes to reflect student needs.
The Interdependence of Solid State Physics and Angular Distribution of Nuclear Radiations

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a combination of the view of solid state and nuclear physics and indicates the information concerning the structure of the solid state that may be obtained from experiment. The terms “angular distribution” and “angular correlation” are used for a wide class of phenomena in which the probability for emission of a nuclear radiation is described as a function of the angle between the emitted radiation and some fixed direction. The chapter presents the pertinent theory and the experimental evidence concerning the interrelation of the angular correlation of nuclear radiations and the structure of condensed matter. Generally speaking, the methods of angular correlation allow the determination of the magnetic fields and electric field gradients at the position of the radioactive nucleus whose radiation is studied. Most of the information obtained is related closely to that obtained from studies of nuclear magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance. Although the resonance methods are more precise in general, the techniques of angular correlation offer two advantages.
Mercury coordination chemistry of a nitrogen/thioether sulfur ligand having an internal hydrogen bond donor: Generation of a thioether-coordinated dimercurous complex

Admixture of the chelate ligand bmnpa (N,N-bis(2-methylthio)ethyl-N-((6-neopentylamino-2-pyridyl)methyl)amine) with an equimolar amount of Hg(ClO4)2·3H2 Oi n CH 3OH/CH2Cl2, followed by recrystallization from CH3CN/Et2O, yielded the Hg(II) perchlorate complex ((bmnpa)Hg(ClO4)2 )( 1). Addition of an equimolar amount of Me4NOH·5H2 Ot o aC H 3CN solution of 1, followed by recrystallization from CH3OH/Et2O, yielded the dinuclear Hg2 2+ complex ((bmnpaHg)2)(ClO4)2 (4). X-ray crystallographic characterization of 1·0.5CH3CN revealed a mononuclear structure having a primary coordination number of two with a distorted linear geometry, and four secondary bonds for an effective coordination number of six. The 1 H NMR spectrum of 1 in CD3CN shows distinctive 3 J199Hg−1H coupling in the benzylic -CH2 - and thioether −SCH3 resonances. Complex 4·CH3OH exhibits a structure in the solid state wherein each mercury center of the Hg2 2+ ion displays thioether coordination and a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Complex 4 is the first dimercurous complex for which J199Hg−1H coupling involving a -SCH3 appendage is reported.
Neonatal Mortality Review: A Basis for Improving Care

Neonatal deaths in Iowa were reviewed to assess educational needs at each of the three levels of care. The review was oriented toward a clinical rather than a pathologic impression of cause of death. Five major categories of disease accounted for 90% of the deaths surveyed in the two years reported, 1978 and 1979. They were: congenital anomalies, birth weight less than or equal to 750 gm, respiratory distress syndrome, bacterial sepsis, and asphyxia. Defects in the care system were noted and remedial measures suggested. Based on the mortality data accumulated, an idealized neonatal death rate was calculated, and from this, an estimate of potentially salvageable deaths was offered. Small hospitals with low neonatal death rates were found to be an important source of potentially preventable deaths. Other states and regions interested in evaluating a regionalized system of perinatal health care may wish to consider a review of causes of neonatal deaths similar to the approach illustrated for Iowa.
Conceptual Evolution in Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Understanding the Clinical Phenotype of Progressive Neurodegenerative Disease

Over the past several decades, our understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has seen an evolution from the dichotomous concept of normal versus AD in the dementia state to a more accurate and complete appreciation of AD as a progressive disorder with clinical, biological, and pathological features occurring along a continuum from normal to end-stage disease. Integrating our understanding of the relationships and interplay between the clinical, biological, and pathological features of AD may allow the identification of AD at even preclinical, completely asymptomatic stages of the disease. This review attempts to summarize the clinical stages of AD in terms of epidemiology, historical evolution of disease stage diagnoses, cognitive/neuropsychologic features, psychiatric/behavioral manifestations, and functional decline in the context of our developing understanding of the biological processes responsible for the pathogenesis of AD described in detail in the accompanying articles.
Multilingual Miami: Current Trends in Sociolinguistic Research

In this paper, we discuss current trends in sociolinguistic work focusing on language in metropolitan Miami, an area we contend is underrepresented in the sociolinguistics literature given the unique contact situation that has arisen there during the past half century. We focus our attention on four main areas of theoretical and empirical concern: (1) Spanish–English bilingualism, (2) issues related to the varieties of Spanish spoken in Miami, (3) issues related to the varieties of English spoken in Miami, and (4) an overview of languages other than English and Spanish spoken in the region, with particular attention to Haitian Creole. We conclude with suggestions for future sociolinguistic work in all of these areas.
Jump Rope: “Tricks” of the Trade

Jump rope is a popular activity within physical education curricula today. It develops hand-eye-foot coordination and promotes physical fitness, especially cardiorespiratory endurance. Jumpers often master the basic skills of jump rope quickly, and at times, boredom occurs, potentially lessening the productivity of jump rope. To combat monotony, teachers teach “tricks” to make jump rope activities more entertaining, challenging and rewarding. This article describes various tricks using step-by-step progressions and verbal cues for specific lessons.
Stool microbiota composition is associated with the prospective risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection.

Background In humans it is unknown if the composition of the gut microbiota alters the risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection or the risk of developing febrile malaria once P. falciparum infection is established. Here we collected stool samples from a cohort composed of 195 Malian children and adults just prior to an intense P. falciparum transmission season. We assayed these samples using massively parallel sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene to identify the composition of the gut bacterial communities in these individuals. During the ensuing 6-month P. falciparum transmission season we examined the relationship between the stool microbiota composition of individuals in this cohort and their prospective risk of both P. falciparum infection and febrile malaria.
Remnant Lipoproteins: Measurement and Clinical Significance

In this issue of the Journal, Chan et al. (1) make the significant observation, by three distinct measures, that the concentrations of remnant lipoproteins (RLPs) in plasma are increased in patients with obesity. This increase in RLPs could explain, in part, the increased cardiovascular risk associated with obesity (2). To date, although LDL- and HDL-cholesterol are clearly accepted as independent risk factors for premature atherosclerosis, the role of plasma triglycerides as a risk factor remains somewhat controversial. Plasma triglycerides are clearly a measure of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), which derive from both the intestine and the liver. Measurement of plasma triglycerides, however, does not distinguish the various subspecies of TRLs, which clearly have various degrees of atherogenicity. Triglyceride-rich RLPs are formed in the circulation when chylomicrons of intestinal origin [with apolipoprotein B-48 (apo B-48)] and VLDL of hepatic origin (with apo B-100) are converted by lipoprotein lipase (and to a lesser extent by hepatic lipase) into smaller and more dense particles. Compared with their nascent precursors, RLPs are depleted of triglycerides, phospholipids, and apo C and are enriched in cholesteryl esters and apo E and are believed to be more atherogenic than the larger TRLs (3). Several lines of evidence have implicated RLPs in premature atherosclerosis. In fact, the prototypic disorder of remnant metabolism, type III dyslipidemia, is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis (4). Other evidence incriminating remnants as proatherogenic factors include the following: increased intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) concentrations have been associated with an increased incidence or recurrence of coronary artery disease (CAD) (3). Increased IDL is also found in diseases associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, such as type III dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, end stage renal disease (ESRD), and familial combined hyperlipidemia. Several previous reports have linked various measures of remnants to CAD in controlled angiographic follow-up trials (5). …
AS I LAY DYING and Features of Greek Tragedy

As I Lay Dying could be compared to The Waste Land: the dying god waits for entombment or resurrection in a barren world. Mary Jane Dickerson shows some of the similarities between William Faulkner...
Development of a Bolometer Detector System for the NIST High Accuracy Infrared Spectrophotometer.

A bolometer detector system was developed for the high accuracy infrared spectrophotometer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to provide maximum sensitivity, spatial uniformity, and linearity of response covering the entire infrared spectral range. The spatial response variation was measured to be within 0.1 %. The linearity of the detector output was measured over three decades of input power. After applying a simple correction procedure, the detector output was found to deviate less than 0.2 % from linear behavior over this range. The noise equivalent power (NEP) of the bolometer system was 6 3 10 ‐12 W/ˇHz at the frequency of 80 Hz. The detector output 3 dB roll-off frequency was 200 Hz. The detector output was stable to within 6 0.05 % over a 15 min period. These results demonstrate that the bolometer detector system will serve as an excellent detector for the high accuracy infrared spectrophotometer.
Alcohol use disorders and the Division 12 Task Force of the American Psychological Association.

The Division 12 Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures promulgated guidelines to identify treatments with empirical support for effectiveness. No treatment for alcohol abuse or dependence was rated as efficacious; 4 treatments for other drug use disorders were rated "probably efficacious." The alcohol treatment research community has questioned why alcohol treatments with strong empirical support are not in the task force's list. This article presents results of the application of task force standards to 13 major psychosocial alcohol treatments viewed as having strong empirical support. Brief intervention and relapse prevention met task force criteria for "efficacious" treatments. However, in 1996, when the task force last published a list of empirically supported treatments (D. L. Chambless et al., 1996), there were insufficient published studies meeting task force criteria for these 2 treatments. Motivational enhancement met criteria to be rated "probably efficacious."
Exclusive double charmonium production from e+ e- annihilation into two virtual photons

We calculate the contributions from QED processes involving two virtual photons to the cross sections for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation into two charmonium states with the same C parity. Generically, the cross sections are three orders of magnitude smaller than those for charmonia with opposite C parity because they are suppressed by a factor of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}/{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{2}.$ However, if both charmonia have quantum numbers ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}{=1}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}},$ then there is a contribution to the cross section that involves the fragmentation of each photon into a charmonium. The fragmentation contribution is enhanced by powers of ${E}_{\mathrm{beam}}{/m}_{c},$ the ratio of the beam energy to the charm-quark mass, and this enhancement can compensate for the suppression factor that is associated with the coupling constants. In particular, the predicted cross section for $J/\ensuremath{\psi}+J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ at the B factories is larger than that for $J/\ensuremath{\psi}+{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}.$
Fetal toxicity of cadmium in the rat: Maternal vs fetal injections

Fetal death in rats was produced by subcutaneous injections of CdCl2 (40 mumoles/kg) on day 18 of pregnancy. The incidence of fetal death following these maternal injections was 74.9%, with mean (+/- SD) fetal cadmium burdens of 8.6 +/- 4.4 nmoles. To separate maternal from fetal effects of cadmium, doses of CdCl2 up to 60 mumoles/kg fetal weight were injected directly into fetuses on day 18 of gestation. Fetal viability was then determined on gestational day 21. Following direct fetal injection, mean fetal body burdens of cadmium were 74.6 +/- 34.8 nmoles, but the incidence of fetal dealth was only 11.5%. The high incidence of fetal death following maternal exposure to CdCl2 is not solely explained by the direct effects of CdCl2 on the fetus. Thus, the fetal toxicity of cadmium may be the result of some extra-fetal mechanism such as maternal toxicity or the observed placental necrosis.
Quantification of mitral regurgitation with the proximal flow convergence method: a clinical study.

Abstract Accurate quantitation of valvular incompetence remains an important goal in clinical cardiology. It has been shown previously that when color flow Doppler mapping is used, simple measurements of apparent jet size do not correlate closely with regurgitant flow rate and regurgitant fraction. Recently the proximal flow convergence method has been proposed to quantify valvular regurgitation by analysis of the converging flow field proximal to a regurgitant lesion. Flow rate Q can be calculated as Q=2πr 2 v a , where v a is the aliasing velocity at a distance r from the orifice. In 54 patients (43 with sinus rhythm and 11 with atrial fibrillation) who had at least mild mitral regurgitation according to semiquantitative assessment, regurgitant stroke volume, regurgitant flow rate, and regurgitant fraction were calculated with the proximal flow convergence method and compared with values that were obtained by the Doppler two-dimensional echocardiographic method. Regurgitant stroke volumes (V r ) as calculated by the proximal flow convergence method correlated very closely with values that were obtained by the Doppler two-dimensional method, with r = 0.93 (y = 0.95x + 0.55) and ΔV r = −0.3 ± 4.0 cm 3 . Regurgitant flow rates (Q) as calculated by both methods showed a similar correlation: r = 0.93 (y = 0.95x + 54) and ΔQ = −34 ± 284 cm 3 /min. The correlation for regurgitant fraction (RF) as calculated by both techniques showed r = 0.89 (y = 0.98x + 0.006) and ΔRF = −0.005 ± 0.06. All correlations were slightly better for the group of patients with sinus rhythm than for the study group of patients with atrial fibrillation. This study demonstrates that the proximal flow convergence method is an accurate and reproducible technique to quantify mitral regurgitation in patients with at least mild mitral regurgitation. This approach is easy and less time-consuming than the Doppler echocardiographic method. Although future refinements of this method are to be expected, flow calculations that are based on the assumption of simple hemispheric symmetry of the proximal flow field show excellent results and appear to be suitable for clinical application at present.
Household appointments and dismissals at the court of Louis XIII

This article looks at the impact on court office-holding of one of the most celebrated royal favourites of the seventeenth century, Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, who was in favour from 1617 until 1622. During these five years, he was responsible for appointing forty-two noble men and women to high office in the households of Louis XIII, his queen Anne of Austria and his brother Gaston d'Orleans. They were his dependents appointed for their personal loyalty and political usefulness to him, including influencing opinions, providing information, acting as messengers and go-betweens and helping him to get rid of rivals and enemies. Half of them left office within five years of his death in December 1621, and three-quarters within ten years, a much higher departure rate than in the general household population. More than half of them were dismissed by Richelieu after he came to power in 1624 because he loathed Luynes and regarded his household appointees as untrustworthy. There is clearly a need for more studies of the political ties and activities of royal household members during this period.
Vibrational spectroscopy of ice interfaces

Vibrational spectroscopy via infrared-visible sum-frequency generation was used to probe interfaces of hexagonal ice(0001) with vapor, a hydrophobic solid, and a hydrophilic solid. The OH stretch vibrational modes for hydrogen-bonded and free dangling OH bonds were measured at various temperatures below bulk melting. At the vapor/ice interface, the dangling OH mode provided information about surface melting. Surface structural disordering appeared to set in at ∼200 K and increased dramatically with temperature.
Comparison of the MTI Photoscreener and the Welch-Allyn SureSight autorefractor in a tertiary care center.

Introduction The MTI photoscreener (MTI) and the Welch-Allyn SureSight ™ autorefractor are commonly used for preschool vision screening. We compared both of these methods on 100 consecutive patients in a prospective, randomized, masked, clinical trial conducted at a tertiary care center. Methods One hundred patients between 1 and 6 years of age were included in the study. All participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination with cycloplegic refraction. Examination failure analysis was done on the SureSight ™ data using the manufacturer's referral criteria, the Vision in Preschoolers study (VIP) 90% specificity criteria, the VIP 94% specificity criteria, and the referral criteria proposed by Rowatt and colleagues. Results Data were successfully obtained on 76% of children using the SureSight ™ and 96% with the MTI. The sensitivity and specificity of the SureSight ™ to detect clinically significant amblyogenic factors using the manufacturer's criteria was 96.6 and 38.1%, using the VIP 90% criteria was 79.3 and 64.3%, using the VIP 94% criteria was 67.2 and 69.0%, and using criteria proposed by Rowatt and colleagues was 62.1 and 73.8%. The sensitivity and specificity of the MTI photoscreener was 94.8 and 88.1%, respectively. Conclusions Using the manufacturer's referral criteria, the SureSight ™ had a sensitivity equal to the MTI photoscreener; however, the specificity was low and over-referrals were anticipated. As specificity levels were increased, a substantial number of children with amblyogenic risk factors were not appropriately identified within our study population..
Atomic detail of chemical transformation at the transition state of an enzymatic reaction.

Transition path sampling (TPS) has been applied to the chemical step of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). The transition path ensemble provides insight into the detailed mechanistic dynamics and atomic motion involved in transition state passage. The reaction mechanism involves early loss of the ribosidic bond to form a transition state with substantial ribooxacarbenium ion character, followed by dynamic motion from the enzyme and a conformational change in the ribosyl group leading to migration of the anomeric carbon toward phosphate, to form the product ribose 1-phosphate. Calculations of the commitment probability along reactive paths demonstrated the presence of a broad energy barrier at the transition state. TPS identified (i) compression of the O4′···O5′ vibrational motion, (ii) optimized leaving group interactions, and (iii) activation of the phosphate nucleophile as the reaction proceeds through the transition state region. Dynamic motions on the femtosecond timescale provide the simultaneous optimization of these effects and coincide with transition state formation.
Intrusion Tolerant Routing for Mesh Networks

We propose in this paper a protocol called MERQIT which secure the routing service for the wireless mesh networks while guaranteeing the end-to-end QoS requirements in terms of delay, our approach provides an intrusion tolerant environment and uses and enhances the concept of trusted timely computing base (Ferreira and Verrissimo, 2002) to deduce consistent delay information while tolerating DoS and wormhole attacks. MERQIT also detects and isolates malicious managers while rescuing the affected flows.
Leukaemia inhibitory factor is required for normal inflammatory responses to injury in the peripheral and central nervous systems in vivo and is chemotactic for macrophages in vitro

The cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is up-regulated in glial cells after injury to the peripheral and central nervous systems. In addition, LIF is required for the changes in neuropeptide expression that normally occur when the axons of sympathetic and sensory neurons are transected. We investigated whether LIF is also necessary for the initial inflammatory response that follows mechanical injury to the sciatic nerve and cerebral cortex of adult mice. We find that inflammatory cell infiltration into crushed sciatic nerve is significantly slower in LIF knock-out (KO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Similarly, the microglial and astroglial responses to surgical injury of the cortex are significantly slower in LIF KO mice compared with WT mice. Consistent with these in vivo results, LIF is chemotactic for peritoneal macrophages in a microchamber culture assay. Thus, LIF is a key regulator of neural injury in vivo, where it is produced by glia and can act directly on neurons, glia and inflammatory cells. We also find that the initial inflammatory response to cortical injury is diminished in interleukin (IL)-6 KO mice. Surprisingly, however, the inflammatory response in LIF-IL-6 double KO mice is very similar to that of the single KO mice, suggesting that these cytokines may act in series rather than in parallel in this response.
Use of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)-Dependent Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Enzyme Staining Procedures

Substitution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase for the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dependent enzyme has produced identical results in a number of enzyme-linked electrophoretic staining procedures. This substitution significantly reduces the cost of staining for adenylate kinase, creatine kinase, glucosephosphate isomerase, mannosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, and pyruvate kinase activity by utilizing NAD rather than the more expensive NADP.
Comparison of botulinum toxin types A and B: a bilateral and double-blind randomized evaluation in the treatment of canthal rhytides.

BACKGROUND The obligate bacterium Clostridium botulinum produces exotoxins (A, B, C-1, C-2, D, E, F, G) that are serologically and antigenically distinct. All serotypes have similar neurotoxic properties resulting in flaccid muscle paralysis. Types A and B are commercially available and are used widely for the reduction of dynamic facial rhytides. Although extensive information is known about type A, type B has recently become available; however, there is a limited clinical familiarity. Some of the remaining unknown distinctions between the two subtypes are the extent of toxin diffusion from the site of injection, the onset of action, the dose equivalency, and the duration of effect. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this preliminary double-blind study was to compare the duration of muscle paralysis and rhytid reduction of botulinum toxin types A and B. Additional relevant information was obtained, all of which can be useful in toxin selection. METHOD Ten women, ages 28 through 60, voluntarily consented to undergo a double-blind trial and were randomly assigned to have botulinum toxin type A injected into one set of lateral canthal rhytides and toxin type B into the contralateral periocular region. Based on dose-ranging investigations performed in patients with cervical dystonia, participants received treatment at the lowest reported effective ratio of 1:50 (1 U of toxin type A to 50 U of toxin type B). Three injections of 5 U of type A (total 15 U) and three injections of 250 U of undiluted type B (total 750 U) were injected into the lateral fibers of the orbicularis oculi muscle. RESULTS Patients were evaluated at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days. Findings were compared by the treating physician, patient self-assessment, and photographic images. CONCLUSION All patients noted rapid and satisfactory reduction in the rhytides in both periocular areas. However, upon unblinding of the solutions at the same volumes with a 1:50 ratio, type B toxin was found to be associated with slightly more discomfort upon injection, quicker onset of action, a sensation of “tightness” of the treated area, and a briefer duration of muscle paralysis.
Stability of hydrogen adsorbed on Saran char

The reactivity of hydrogen adsorbed on Saran char is examined to characterize its properties and role in carbon gasification. In sequential D2–H2 gasification, H–D exchange is observed at 1120 K, supporting a hydrogasification mechanism of sequential, dissociative hydrogen adsorption on adjacent carbon sites. Char oxidation in O2 removes hydrogen at a rate slower than that at which the carbon is gasified, suggesting that hydrogen inhibits char reaction even in oxygen. Char oxidation at low temperature enhances the rate of subsequent hydrogen gasification by creating additional active sites and removing a portion of the adsorbed hydrogen.
Iofetamine I 123 single photon emission computed tomography is accurate in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

• To determine the diagnostic accuracy of iofetamine hydrochloride I 123 (IMP) with single photon emission computed tomography in Alzheimer's disease, we studied 58 patients with AD and 15 age-matched healthy control subjects. We used a qualitative method to assess regional IMP uptake in the entire brain and to rate image data sets as normal or abnormal without knowledge of subjects' clinical classification. The sensitivity and specificity of IMP with single photon emission computed tomography in AD were 88% and 87%, respectively. In 15 patients with mild cognitive deficits (Blessed Dementia Scale score, ≤ 10), sensitivity was 80%. With the use of a serniquantitative measure of regional cortical IMP uptake, the parietal lobes were the most functionally impaired in AD and the most strongly associated with the patients' Blessed Dementia Scale scores. These results indicated that IMP with single photon emission computed tomography may be a useful adjunct in the clinical diagnosis of AD in early, mild disease. ( Arch Intern Med . 1990;150:752-756)