cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The deep wind structure of the giant planets: Results from an anelastic general circulation model

The giant gas planets have hot convective interiors, and therefore a common assumption is that these deep atmospheres are close to a barotropic state. Here we show using a new anelastic general circulation model that baroclinic vorticity contributions are not negligible, and drive the system away from an isentropic and therefore barotropic state. The motion is still aligned with the direction of the axis of rotation as in a barotropic rotating fluid, but the wind structure has a vertical shear with stronger winds in the atmosphere than in the interior. This shear is associated with baroclinic compressibility effects. Most previous convection models of giant planets have used the Boussinesq approximation, which assumes the density is constant in depth; however, Jupiter's actual density varies by four orders of magnitude through its deep molecular envelope. We therefore developed a new general circulation model (based on the MITgcm) that is anelastic and thereby incorporates this density variation. The model's geometry is a full 3D sphere down to a small inner core. It is nonhydrostatic, uses an equation of state suitable for hydrogen–helium mixtures (SCVH), and is driven by an internal heating profile. We demonstrate the effect of compressibility by comparing anelastic and Boussinesq cases. The simulations develop a mean state that is geostrophic and hydrostatic including the often neglected, but significant, vertical Coriolis contribution. This leads to modification of the standard thermal wind relation for a deep compressible atmosphere. The interior flow organizes in large cyclonically rotating columnar eddies parallel to the rotation axis, which drive upgradient angular momentum eddy fluxes, generating the observed equatorial superrotation. Heat fluxes align with the axis of rotation, and provide a mechanism for the transport of heat poleward, which can cause the observed flat meridional emission. We address the issue of over-forcing which is common in such convection models and analyze the dependence of our results on this; showing that the vertical wind structure is not very sensitive to the Rayleigh number. We also study the effect of rotation, showing how the transition from a rapidly to a slowly rotating system affects the dynamics.
Economic impacts of a heritage tourism system

Abstract US history has often served as a theme for tourism. Within southwestern Pennsylvania, a system of historical sites depicting the region's cultural and industrial heritage was formally organized in 1988. The Path of Progress included the renovation of 20 historical sites at a cost of $88.2 million. A five-year study monitored the growth and economic impact of 13-completed sites within the nine-county region. By 1998, the 13 sites had an annual attendance of nearly 1/2 million visitor days, with 74% coming from non-resident visitors. Regional expenditures by non-resident visitors were $15 million in 1998. Total regional sales impacts from these expenditures amounted to $33 million. Cumulative sales impacts from the entire system over the first 11 years of operation were $470 million, with 64% originating from non-resident expenditures and 36% from capital expenditures. A comparison of the original sites in 1988 to 1998 operations showed a net gain of $16 million in impacts from non-resident expenditures. More can be expected as the system expands.
Interrelation between health and population: Observations derived from field experiences

Ahtract-This paper presents information and concepts concerning the health of populations in less developed countries as background for discussions of more focused and detailed papers on these and related subjects. It begins with a review of health status and trends in developing countries since 1950. followed by a section identifying the major health problems and their causes. The third part includes analyses of associations between health resources. water and sanitation facilities. food availability. and economic and social indicators taken as independent variables and measures of health status-life expectancy, crude death rates. and infant mortality-as the dependent variables. The final section discusses health policies and their implementation and offers an analysis of the resource requirements and health effects of diffesent methods of organizing and combining health programs in a few developing countries. The objective is to illustrate a method of determining preferred activities at any given level of investment and the probable health effects of varying increases in the level of health expenditures.
Development of in-process mixed material-caused flash monitoring systems in the injection molding process

38 Introduction 39 Structure of the ANN-IPMFM system 43 Experimental setup 45 Development of the vibration monitoring sub-system 47 Experimental design 47 Data collection 48 Vibration data treatment approach 49 Development of the threshold prediction sub-system 51 ANN-IPMFM decision-making mechanism 56 Evaluation of the ANN-IPMFM system 57 Conclusions 58 IV Hardware setup Software setup Experimental design Experimental results and data analysis Development of the IPMFM system Testing results Conclusions References
Scaffolded writing and rewriting in the discipline: A web-based reciprocal peer review system

This paper describes how SWoRD (scaffolded writing and rewriting in the discipline), a web-based reciprocal peer review system, supports writing practice, particularly for large content courses in which writing is considered critical but not feasibly included. To help students gain content knowledge as well as writing and reviewing skills, SWoRD supports the whole cycle of writing, reviews, back-reviews, and rewriting by scaffolding the journal publication process as its authentic practice model. In addition, SWoRD includes algorithms that compute individual reviewer's review accuracy, which is in turn used to support the various drawbacks of reciprocal peer reviews (e.g., variation in motivation or ability of reviewers). Finally, this paper describes an empirical evaluation showing that the SWoRD approach is effective in improving writing quality in content classes.
Editorial: Case Studies and Series: A Call for Action and Invitation for Submissions

In 1995, the associate editors of the Journal of Pediatric Psychology (JPP) published an article to encourage the submission of case reports, studies, and series (Drotar, LaGreca, Lemanek, & Kazak, 1995), which had been remarkably underrepresented in the portfolio of published articles. Apparently, this article did little to encourage submissions of case studies and series because the situation is unchanged. But being undaunted and persistent, I would like to revisit this issue in light of the continuing importance of case studies and series to the field of pediatric psychology. In its formative years, JPP published many case studies, series, and descriptions of programs (e.g., Bachara & Lamb, 1976; Davidson, Adams, Schroeder, & Tyler, 1978; O’Malley & Koocher, 1977). At that time, pediatric psychologists published such work in order to call attention to important and challenging clinical problems, as well as to share their experiences, ideas, and data concerning clinical practice. Given the state of the art of the science at that time, early case studies and series focused more on description of clinical problems and intervention methods than on empirical demonstrations of treatment efficacy, with some notable exceptions (e.g., Barnard, Christophersen, & Wolf, 1976; Linscheid, Copeland, Jacobstein, & Smith, 1981; Varni, 1980). What conclusion should we draw from the fact that recent submissions to and publications of case studies and series in JPP are so few and far between? Is it the case that the field of pediatric psychology has moved beyond the need for case studies and series to inform clinical practice and research? In fact, the standards for the evaluation of science in our field, including studies of intervention efficacy (Spirito & Kazak, 2006), are much higher now than they were in the early days of the field. Are case studies and series no longer relevant or competitive for publication in JPP? Another possibility is that pediatric psychologists have simply stopped trying to write up their case studies for JPP because they do not see it as a ready outlet for publication. Alternatively, they could be writing them, but submitting them to journals other than JPP. It’s hard to know. As the current editor of JPP, I believe that case studies and series have not outlived their usefulness and that the field of pediatric psychology will continue to benefit from their publication. To address this issue, this editorial has the following goals: (1) underscore the continuing need for the publication of case studies and series in JPP; (2) clarify issues that need to be considered in preparing and reviewing case studies and series; (3) suggest ways to enhance publishability; and (4) invite authors to submit manuscripts that focus on case studies and series.
Face recognition based on fringe pattern analysis

Two-dimensional face-recognition techniques suffer from facial texture and illumination variations. Although 3-D techniques can overcome these limitations, the reconstruction and storage expenses of 3-D information are extremely high. We present a novel face-recognition method that directly utilizes 3-D information encoded in face fringe patterns without having to reconstruct 3-D geometry. In the proposed method, a digital video projector is employed to sequentially project three phase-shifted sinusoidal fringe patterns onto the subject's face. Meanwhile, a camera is used to capture the distorted fringe patterns from an offset angle. Afterward, the face fringe images are analyzed by the phase-shifting method and the Fourier transform method to obtain a spectral representation of the 3-D face. Finally, the eigenface algorithm is applied to the face-spectrum images to perform face recognition. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieved satisfactory recognition rates with reduced computational complexity and storage expenses.
Helper T-Cell Responses and Clinical Activity of a Melanoma Vaccine With Multiple Peptides From MAGE and Melanocytic Differentiation Antigens

Purpose A phase I/II trial was performed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a novel melanoma vaccine comprising six melanoma-associated peptides defined as antigenic targets for melanomareactive helper T cells. Source proteins for these peptides include MAGE proteins, MART-1/ MelanA, gp100, and tyrosinase. Patients and Methods Thirty-nine patients with stage IIIB to IV melanoma were vaccinated with this six-peptide mixture weekly at three dose levels, with a preceding phase I dose escalation and subsequent random assignment among the dose levels. Helper T-lymphocyte responses were assessed by in vitro proliferation assay and delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing. Patients with measurable disease were evaluated for objective clinical response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Results Vaccination with the helper peptide vaccine was well tolerated. Proliferation assays revealed induction of T-cell responses to the melanoma helper peptides in 81% of patients. Among 17 patients with measurable disease, objective clinical responses were observed in two patients (12%), with response durations of 1 and 3.9 years. Durable stable disease was observed in two additional patients for periods of 1.8 and 4.6 years.
The Many Things Language Sample Analysis Has Taught Me

Abstract Although language sample analysis (LSA) has long been advocated as an important clinical tool, it is a time-consuming task. The time-consuming nature of LSA can reduce the likelihood of ro...
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Backgrounds of different types of oesophageal and gastric cancers are well known. Each of these cancers associates with known environmental exposures and carries a poor prognosis if sufficiently advanced to cause symptoms. A diet that provides fresh vegetables and fruit on a year-round basis to all members of the society, the correction of tobacco and alcohol abuse, and the prevention of Helicobacter pylori gastritis should prevent all but the small number of these cancers that arise from inherited germ-line mutations. Knowing the clinical and anatomic precursors of these cancers enables us to find them at an early, treatable stage. Keywords: oesophageal cancer; gastric cancer, Barrett's oesophagus; gastro-oesophageal reflux; Helicobacter pylori; multifocal atrophic gastritis; intestinal metaplasia; dysplasia; endomucosal resection
Identity Crisis When Telomeres Left Unprotected

Loss of shelterin components TRF2 or POT1a-TPP1 complex from the chromosome end triggers DNA damage response (DDR) and aberrant DNA repair events. In a recent Nature paper, Chang and colleagues reported that the DNA repair protein Mre11 contributes to multiple events at the uncapped telomere, including ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)-dependent signaling, processing of the telomeric G-tail and homologous recombination (HR).
Developing a Multidisciplinary Team for Disorders of Sex Development: Planning, Implementation, and Operation Tools for Care Providers

In the treatment of patients with disorders of sex development (DSD), multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) represent a new standard of care. While DSDs are too complex for care to be delivered effectively without specialized team management, these conditions are often considered to be too rare for their medical management to be a hospital priority. Many specialists involved in DSD care want to create a clinic or team, but there is no available guidance that bridges the gap between a group of like-minded DSD providers who want to improve care and the formation of a functional MDT. This is an important dilemma, and one with serious implications for the future of DSD care. If a network of multidisciplinary DSD teams is to be a reality, those directly involved in DSD care must be given the necessary program planning and team implementation tools. This paper offers a protocol and set of tools to meet this need. We present a 6-step process to team formation, and a sample set of tools that can be used to guide, develop, and evaluate a team throughout the course of its operation.
REVIEW : Utilization of Stockpiled Tall Fescue in Winter Grazing Systems for Beef Cattle

ABSTRACT Stockpiling of autumn growth of tall fescue for winter grazing is a forage system that has great potential to reduce cow wintering costs, improve the environmental impact of winter feeding systems, and potentially improve animal health and welfare. Research before 1999 focused on the nutritive value of stockpiled forage as influenced by N fertilization level, date of fertilization and initiation of accumulation, and harvest date. One recent study suggests that the N source is an important determinant of the efficiency of N use, but there is still a general lack of information on the relative effectiveness of various N sources. Studies in the peer-reviewed literature before 1999 that evaluated animal responses suggested that endophyte infection might reduce animal performance, resulting in lower performance than expected from the forage nutritive value. A review of recent literature showed that endophyte infection status appears to have little effect on the winter performance of growing cattle or brood cows. Reductions in ergot alkaloid toxins during the wintering season might explain in part the similar performance with endophyte-free, wildtype toxic-infected, or novel infected tall fescue. However, the observation that performance and DMI in growing cattle grazing stockpiled fescue is lower than expected still deserves additional attention. The frequency and level of forage allocation may affect forage intake, but there is little research to support general recommendations. In the one available study, increasing forage allocation increased forage intake and decreased forage utilization efficiency but had little effect on calf weaning weight or cow breeding rate. Supplementation of cattle grazing stockpiled tall fescue has been reported by several authors. Results suggest that cattle will respond to energy supplementation when forage CP is high (> 14%), and that there may be additional responses to CP supplementation when forage CP is marginal (
A linearized modulator for high performance bandpass optical analog links

The spurious-free dynamic range of a sub-octave externally modulated optical analog link can be extended to as high as 138 dB-Hz with modest received optical power (only 2.3 mA average photocurrent!) and with very small noise figure penalty by using a simple linearized modulator design biased near its minimum transmission. >
On the Nature of the Active Species in Palladium Catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura Couplings – Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalysis, A Critical Review

A wide array of forms of palladium has been utilized as precatalysts for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions over the last 15 years. Historically, nearly every form of palladium used has been described as the active catalytic species. However, recent research has begun to shed light on the in situ transformations that many palladium precatalysts undergo during and before the catalytic reaction, and there are now many suggestions in the literature that narrow the scope of types of palladium that may be considered true “catalysts” in these coupling reactions. In this work, for each type of precatalyst, the recent literature is summarized and the type(s) of palladium that are proposed to be truly active are enumerated. All forms of palladium, including discrete soluble palladium complexes, solid-supported metal ligand complexes, supported palladium nano- and macroparticles, soluble palladium nanoparticles, soluble ligand-free palladium, and palladium-exchanged oxides are considered and reviewed here. A considerable focus is placed on solid precatalysts and on evidence for and against catalysis by solid surfaces vs. soluble species when starting with various precatalysts. The review closes with a critical overview of various control experiments or tests that have been used by authors to assess the homogeneity or heterogeneity of catalyst systems.
HIPPIE: a high-throughput identification pipeline for promoter interacting enhancer elements

Summary: We implemented a high-throughput identification pipeline for promoter interacting enhancer element to streamline the workflow from mapping raw Hi-C reads, identifying DNA‐DNA interacting fragments with high confidence and quality control, detecting histone modifications and DNase hypersensitive enrichments in putative enhancer elements, to ultimately extracting possible intra- and inter-chromosomal enhancer‐target gene relationships. Availability and implementation: This software package is designed to run on high-performance computing clusters with Oracle Grid Engine. The source code is freely available under the MIT license for academic and nonprofit use. The source code and instructions are available at the Wang lab website (http://wanglab.pcbi.upenn.edu/hippie/). It is also provided as an Amazon Machine Image to be used directly on Amazon Cloud with minimal installation.
Enantioselective Addition of Amines to Ketenes Catalyzed by a Planar-Chiral Derivative of PPY: Possible Intervention of Chiral Brønsted-Acid Catalysis

The first method for the catalytic enantioselective addition of amines (specifically, pyrroles) to ketenes has been developed, and it has been demonstrated that the resulting acylpyrroles can be transformed into a broad spectrum of useful derivatives. On the basis of mechanistic studies, it is suggested that the planar-chiral catalyst plays an unanticipated role in this process as a chiral Bronsted acid.
On the computation of particle demagnetizing fields

The nonuniform demagnetizing fields of a magnetic particle are computed. It is shown that the dipole-dipole approximation introduces large errors only for the nearest neighboring elements, and they can be corrected by numerical integration over the surface charge of each element. The coercivity and the squareness ratio are calculated as functions of the particle aspect ratio and width. The coercivity is found to saturate at a smaller aspect ratio than that of the ideal spheroids. The remanent magnetization transforms from a uniform state to a vortex state at a characteristic particle width regardless of the particle length. However, longer particles have higher squareness ratios. >
A comprehensive model of the process of telephone nursing.

Title. A comprehensive model of the process of telephone nursing. Aim. This paper is a report of a study conducted to develop a theoretical model of the process nurses use to deliver care over the telephone. Background. Telephone nursing is practised internationally in diverse settings, and research has shown it to be an effective service. Although studies have identified important variables that influence the practice, the telephone nursing process in its entirety has not been described. Method. In this grounded theory study, data were collected from ten experienced telephone nurses from four different sites using semi-structured interviews. Concurrent data collection and analysis took place in 2005. A cumulative process of theoretical sampling and constant comparison was used to identify initial concepts, and then expand, validate, and clarify them until the concepts and relationships were fully developed. The findings were validated through peer and participant review. Findings. Telephone nursing is a dynamic and goal-oriented process consisting of three phases: gathering information, cognitive processing, and output. While generally sequential, the phases can be simultaneous or recurring in response to caller needs. Interpreting takes place throughout the call; that is, the nurse translates data from the caller into healthcare information and healthcare information into caller language. Factors shaping the process are call prioritization and level of complexity, resource availability, and the nurse’s need for validation. Conclusion. Telephone nursing training and practice should emphasize gathering information, using implicit and explicit information to identify client needs, and translating healthcare information back into language comprehensible to clients.
Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race, 1938-1948

The World War II era represented the golden age of radio as a broadcast medium in the United States; it also witnessed a rise in African-American activism against racial segregation and discrimination, especially as they were practised by the federal government itself. In this study, the author links these cultural and political forces by showing how African-American activists, public officials, intellectuals, and artists sought to access and use radio to influence a national debate about racial inequality. Drawing on a body of national public affairs programming about African-Americans and race relations, the author uses these radio shows to demonstrate the emergence of a new national discourse about race and ethnicity, racial hatred and injustice, and the contribution of racial and immigrant populations to the development of the United States. These programmes, Savage contends, challenged the nation to reconcile its professed egalitarian ideals with its unjust treatment of black Americans and other minorities. This examination of radio's treatment of race as a national political issue also provides important evidence that the campaigns for racial justice in the 1940s served as an essential, and still overlooked, precursor to the civil rights campaigns of the 1950s and 1960s, Savage argues. The next battleground would be in the South, and on television.
Factors for success in R&D projects and new product innovation: a contextual framework

There have been many attempts to discover the critical factors that can indicate the success or failure of R&D projects and new product introductions. Because of the large number of studies that exist, the authors undertook an extensive review of the germane literature to find whether a general agreement exists about the factors leading to success or failure in new product development and R&D projects. The review shows first that even with a conservative approach to listing significant factors, the list is very long. Second, comparing the factors across studies demonstrates that different authors have found that the magnitude of significance and the direction of influence vary. Third, given the differences in context, the meaning of similar factors may also vary. The contradictory findings lead us to propose a contingency framework for the new product and R&D project models. This framework consists of a contingency cube with three contextual dimensions. Based on this framework, we propose a set of propositions. We conclude this paper with a discussion of the implications of a contingent approach for both researchers and managers in the area of management of new products and R&D projects.
Scholarly Advances in Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship: A Typology of Research Publications

The rapid increase in academic and professional programs in Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship reflects a paradigm shift towards market-centric approaches to scale Appropriate Technology solutions for developing communities. Trans-disciplinary academic frameworks that integrate teaching, research and entrepreneurial engagement can be pivotal in the development of such sustainable and scalable technology ventures. Engaging students in original, institution-approved, and publishable research can bolster their learning while strengthening the venture-creation process. Although the dissemination of knowledge (e.g. designs, business strategies, lessons learned, effective educational regimens) is desired by the growing community and is recognized as crucial to success, several systemic barriers impede the emergence of open and democratic scholarly forums. This article discusses the opportunities and challenges faced by students, faculty and practitioners in their quest for disseminating knowledge through scholarly channels. While the knowledge is extremely valuable, it cannot always be encapsulated and shared through conventional hypothesis-driven manuscripts. Consequently, academics and practitioners struggle to carve out and share aspects of their work that constitute scholarship and can potentially help other innovators. This article presents a typology of manuscript frameworks to illustrate the multiplicity of publication types that can collectively transform this exciting field into a rigorous, vibrant, and respected global community of engaged scholars and problem-solvers.
‘Fukusensor:’ a genetically engineered plant for reporting DNA damage in response to gamma radiation

Transgenic plants can be designed to be 'phytosensors' for detection of environmental contaminants and pathogens. In this study, we describe the design and testing of a radiation phytosensor in the form of green fluorescence protein (GFP)-transgenic Arabidopsis plant utilizing a DNA repair deficiency mutant background as a host. Mutant lines of Arabidopsis AtATM (At3g48190), which are hypersensitive to gamma irradiation, were used to generate stable GFP transgenic plants in which a gfp gene was under the control of a strong constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. Mutant and nonmutant genetic background transgenic plants were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 100 Gy radiation doses, respectively, using a Co-60 source. After 1 week, the GFP expression levels were drastically reduced in young leaves of mutant background plants (treated by 10 and 100 Gy), whereas there were scant visible differences in the fluorescence of the nonmutant background plants. These early results indicate that transgenic plants could serve in a relevant sensor system to report radiation dose and the biological effects to organisms in response to radionuclide contamination.
Oxidation of ammonia by ferrate(vi)

Abstract The kinetics of ammonia oxidation by ferrate(VI) was determined as a function of pH (7.5–11.0) and temperature (10–35 °C). The rates decrease with increase in pH. The pH dependence is probably related to protonation of ferrate(VI) and ammonia. The theoretical curve through data gave the rate constants; k7(HFeO4 ‐ + NH4 +) = 8.46±0.50x10‐1 M‐1s‐1; kg(FeO4 2‐ + NH4 +) = 1.26±0.11x10‐1 M‐1s‐1; k10(FeO4 2‐ + NH3) = 1.19±0.10x10‐1 M‐1s‐1. The activation parameters, ?H? and ?S? were found to be 67.3 ± 3.5 kJ/mol and 33.1 ± 0.2 J/mol.K, respectively. When ferrate(VI) was used in excess relative to ammonia in the oxidation reaction, 22 % of ammonia removal was achieved. The usefulness of ferrate(VI) to remove ammonia from wastewater is discussed.
“St. Mary’s Is Gay-Town”: Girls’ Perceptions of Same-Sex Sexual Behavior in Juvenile Residential Treatment:

Understanding lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) girls’ experiences in juvenile residential facilities is essential for working toward their fair and affirming treatment, but other girls’ perceptions ...
Brief Amici Curiae of the Progressive Intellectual Property Law Association and the Union for the Public Domain in Partial Support of Petitioners in the Matter of Eric Eldred, et al. v. John Ashcroft, U.S. Attorney General (United States Supreme Court No. 01-618)

This case affords this Court a unique opportunity to do more by doing less. Judicial restraint generally impels this Court to decide only essential constitutional issues. Here the issues are uniquely situated so that the decision of only one issue - that of retrospective extensions - will do far more than merely defer the remaining issue of prospective extensions, but will render that issue permanently beyond any need of judicial review.If this Court decides that retrospective extensions are unconstitutional, it will not only be able to avoid deciding the other issue today of whether a prospective extension violates the “limited times” Constitutional provision but will likely never have to decide that issue. Prospective copyright term extensions are reviewable only with great difficulty. Fortunately, however, the primary reason Congress has been urged to extend copyright terms is to obtain retrospective, not prospective, extension. By seizing this opportunity to declare only retrospective copyright extensions unconstitutional, this Court can remedy the distortion of the political process effected by its proponents. Congress will then be free to balance the competing concerns of incentives for authorship and a rich public domain, unburdened from constitutionally suspect demands that are inconsistent with the design of the Copyright Clause.This amicus brief was submitted by intellectual property professor and U.S. Supreme Court Bar member Michael H. Davis and co-authored by Marquetta Bryan, Jay Crook, Michael Dolan, Jr., Lisa Johnson, Angela Marshall, Edward Pekarek, Dawn Snyder, and Peter D. Traska, with Mr. Pekarek serving as editor of the brief.
Structure of V2O5·nH2O Xerogels

Vanadium oxide is a layered compound that forms V2O5·nH2O xerogel when intercalated by water. The xerogel consists of V2O5 bilayers with water between them. The structure of each V2O5 layer in the bilayer is close to the structure of a single layer in bulk V2O5. However, the distance between the two layers in the bilayer is much smaller than the distance between single layers in the bulk. The xerogel is a Bronsted acid that has been used as an acid catalyst and whose protons are mobile and can be exchanged with other cations. Here, we use density functional theory to examine five possible models for the structure of the xerogel. In the model that has the properties established by experiments, the vanadyl groups in the two layers point toward the outside of the bilayer, while in the bulk V2O5 they point toward the space between layers. This change in the vanadyl positions allows the two layers to get unusually close to each other. This structure is unstable in the absence of water. Water stabilizes it by r...
Split-Spray Piston Geometry Optimized for HSDI Diesel Engine Combustion

A combustion chamber geometry design optimization study has been performed on a high-speed direct-injection (HSDI) automotive diesel engine at a part-load medium-speed operating condition using both modeling and experiments. A model-based optimization was performed using the KIVA-GA code. This work utilized a newly developed 6-parameter automated grid generation technique that allowed a vast number of piston geometries to be considered during the optimization. Other salient parameters were included that are known to have an interaction with the chamber geometry. They included the start of injection (SOI) timing, swirl ratio (SR), exhaust gas recirculation percentage (EGR), injection pressure, and the compression ratio (CR). The measure of design fitness used included NO x , soot, unburned hydrocarbon (HC), and CO emissions, as well as the fuel consumption. Subsequently, an experimental parametric study was performed using the piston geometry found by the numerical optimization. The model-based optimum design parameters were used as a starting point for the experiments. Parameters varied included the SOI timing, EGR, SR, boost pressure, and injection pressure. The resulting design features a novel chamber geometry that is demonstrated to be able to achieve low emissions.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: what lessons might we learn from volume and expertise?

Objectives We sought to evaluate the effect of centre volume on survival when extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used as a bridge to lung transplantation (LTx). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing data on adult lung transplantations performed between 2000 and 2014. Centres were categorized based on volume of transplants into low-, medium- and high-volume centres (1-5, 6-15 and >15, respectively). Baseline characteristics were assessed and a Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate survival with log-rank test. We used multivariate Cox regression analysis to estimate the risk of post-transplant 1-year mortality between centres. Results A total of 342 adult recipients were bridged on ECMO. Of these recipients, 88 (25.7%) were bridged in low, 89 (26%) in medium and 165 (48.2%) in high-volume centres. Patients in medium-volume centres were more likely to be older compared with those in low-volume and high-volume centres with a median age of 56, 46 and 49 years, respectively. High-volume centres reported the highest proportion (94.6%) of bilateral lung recipients, followed by low-volume (86.4%) and medium-volume centres (77.5%). The 30-day survival for the three groups was similar but 1-year survival was higher in high-volume centres (80.8) compared with medium-volume centres (70.0%) and low-volume centres (61.9%). The risk of 1-year mortality in low-volume centres was higher compared with high-volume centres in adjusted analysis (hazard ratio 2.74, 95% confidence interval 1.61-4.68, P = 0.01). Conclusions Lowest volume centres have lowest survival and there exists a volume threshold at which better outcomes are achieved.
Molecular basis for insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation

In muscle and adipose tissues, the clearance of circulating glucose depends upon the insulin-stimulated translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 isoform from its intracellular compartment(s) to the cell surface. This translocation process involves four basic steps, beginning with the activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor: the stimulation of complex sets of effector molecules generating various signaling cascades, the movement/trafficking of intracellular GLUT4 storage compartments toward the plasma membrane, docking of these compartments with the cell surface membrane, and the ultimate fusion of these compartments with the plasma membrane allowing the facilitative entry of glucose into the cell. Although these four stages of GLUT4 translocation are generally well accepted, the molecular details and specific proteins involved in these discreet events have remained highly elusive. Advances have recently been made in identifying new signaling pathways and effector proteins that may link signaling to the activation of vesicle trafficking.
“Damn with faint praise” The legal, practical, and ethical implications of providing and not providing employee references

In the past decade, there has been a multiplicity of lawsuits by employees against former employers based on defamatory references. Many of these lawsuits have proven to be successful and have caused wary employers to use great care in providing references. A number have gone so far as to refuse to provide references at all, instead adopting a “no-comment” policy, often on the advice of legal counsel. This article reviews defamation laws within the context of employee references. Recent cases and trends are analyzed, guidelines to avoid liability are suggested, and a critique of the traditional legal advice of “no-comment” is provided. Finally, business-related and socioethical aspects of the problem are considered.
A family stress-proximal process model for understanding the effects of parental incarceration on children and their families.

A Family Stress-Proximal Process (FSPP) model is advanced for examining the effects of parental incarceration on children, which situates parental incarceration as a stressor that influences psychological and proximal relational processes in the family. Proximal processes encompass person–environmen
The Site Application of SF_6 Decomposition Products Analysis to Two GIS Insulation Fault Diagnosis of SF6 Electric Equipment

The insulation faults inside two SF6 GIS equipments are discovered with the detection technique of SF6 decomposition products.After strip inspection,correctness is verified,and the main shortcomings of the detection technique is analysed.The detection principles and detection technique research for the SF6 decomposition products are proposed.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Xunyang County of Shaanxi from 2004-2011

[Objective]To know the epidemic situation and epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Xunyang County of Shaanxi,provide scientific evidences for formulating effective prevention and control strategies.[Methods]The epidemic data of mumps during 2004-2011 were statistically analyzed with descriptive epidemiology method.[Results]A total of 1 274 cases of mumps were reported in Xunyang County during 2004-2011,the average annual incidence rate was 35.20/lakh,and there was no death case.The peak periods were November to December and March to May,which respectively accounted for 48.04% and 30.22% of the total cases,while cases in other months accounted for 21.74%.79.04% of cases were children and adolescents aged 6-14 years old.Most of patients were students,accounting for 83.44%,followed by scattered children(4.71%) and kindergarten children(4.40%).The ratio of male to female was 1.90∶ 1,and there was significant difference in average annual incidence rate between males and females(χ2=72.00,P0.05).[Conclusion]The peak seasons of mumps in Xunyang County of Shaanxi are periods of November to December and March to May,and most of patients are adolescents and children.It is important to strengthen the mumps monitoring,infectious disease management and vaccination among schools and kindergartens,to protect the health of adolescents and children effectively.
Analysis of RNA by Analytical Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a powerful tool for analyzing RNA samples. Denaturing PAGE provides information on the sample composition and structural integrity of the individual RNA species. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis allows separation of the conformers and alternatively folded RNA species. It also can be used to resolve RNA protein complexes and to detect RNA complex formation by analyzing changes in the electrophoretic mobility of the RNA. RNA can be visualized within gels by different methods depending on the nature of the detection reagent. RNA molecules can be stained with various dyes, including toluidine blue, SYBR green, and ethidium bromide. Radioactively labeled RNA molecules are visualized by autoradiography, and fluorescently labeled RNA molecules can be observed with a fluorescence scanner. Generally, gels between 0.4 and 1.5mm thick are used for analytical PAGE. Gels thinner than 1mm are fragile and thus usually are not stained but rather are used for radiolabeled RNA. The gels are dried and the radiolabeled RNA is visualized by autoradiography.
Combined prostaglandin therapy and ductal formalin infiltration in neonatal pulmonary oligemia

Prostaglandins and ductal formalin infiltration, singly and together, have been used in efforts to improve pulmonary flow in very ill newborn infants with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. To evaluate the efficacy of concurrent use of prostaglandins and ductal formalin infiltration, we have reviewed our experience with 25 infants with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and prostaglandin-ductal formalin infiltration therapy. Prostaglandin therapy was begun 22 ± 21 hours (range 20 to 93 hours) before and was continued 20 ± 18 hours (range 0 to 62 hours) following ductal formalin infiltration; prostaglandin administration was initiated at a dose of 0.05 to 0.1 μg/kg/min and tapered postoperatively. Clinical cyanosis was diminished in 20 of 25 infants (80%) postoperatively. Systemic arterial pH and oxygen saturation both improved following prostaglandin-ductal formalin infiltration therapy from 735 to 7.41 (p
THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF HOHOKAM BUFF WARE EXCHANGE DURING THE EARLY SEDENTARY PERIOD

Hohokam buff ware ceramics are ubiquitous at prehistoric settlements across the Phoenix Basin. Determining where those pots were made and how they were distributed are primary topics for investigating the Hohokam economy. We review the available evidence on buff ware provenance, which indicates that most of the decorated wares were made by specialists in the middle Gila River Valley for exchange across a large territory. We then compare the sizes and shapes of vessels at five early Sedentary period villages scattered across the Phoenix Basin and find a consistency in the mix of vessel forms despite functional and locational differences among the sites. Our results lead us to hypothesize that everyone in that region received a standard buff ware assemblage, implying efficient and sophisticated mechanisms for commodity distribution that may have included centralized marketplaces at ballcourt villages.
AGORAS: A Fast Algorithm for Estimating Medoids in Large Datasets

Abstract The k -medoids methods for modeling clustered data have many desirable properties such as robustness to noise and the ability to use non-numerical values, however, they are typically not applied to large datasets due to their associated computational complexity. In this paper, we present AGORAS, a novel heuristic algorithm for the k-medoids problem where the algorithmic complexity is driven by, k, the number of clusters, rather than, n, the number of data points. Our algorithm attempts to isolate a sample from each individual cluster within a sequence of uniformly drawn samples taken from the complete data. As a result, computing the k -medoids solution using our method only involves solving k trivial sub-problems of centrality. This allows our algorithm to run in comparable time for arbitrarily large datasets with same underlying density distribution. We evaluate AGORAS experimentally against PAM and CLARANS – two of the best-known existing algorithms for the k -medoids problem – across a variety of published and synthetic datasets. We find that AGORAS outperforms PAM by up to four orders of magnitude for data sets with less than 10,000 points, and it outperforms CLARANS by two orders of magnitude on a dataset of just 64,000 points. Moreover, we find in some cases that AGORAS also outperforms in terms of cluster quality.
Integer Optimization and Its Applications

This chapter describes the process of integer optimization and discusses the applications and methods of integer programming. An integer problem is classified as linear if, by relaxing the integer restriction on the variables, the resulting functions are linear; otherwise, the problem is non-linear. This classification serves as an important basis for developing solution methods for the integer problem. Most of the developments in the area are concentrated on the linear problem, because of its relative ease. Until the applications of operations research became recognized, most of the problems tackled were of a mathematical nature. The importance of integer optimization in solving practical problems evolved as a result of the impressive developments in the field of operations research, particularly the subject of linear programming. Researchers and practitioners recognized the need for solving programming models in which some or all of the decision variables are integers. Integer programming problems are categorized according to their area of application. The chapter presents a classification of integer applications based on rounding the continuous optimum and categories of integer programming techniques. It also discusses the limitations of the rounding procedure.
Patterns of bone modifications produced by nonhuman agents

This chapter reviews the patterns of bone modifications produced by nonhuman agents. It discusses the modifications that animals, considered strictly as mechanical agents, make on bones. Teeth are the implements and the jaw is a mechanical device for exerting force; the two constitute a distinctive mechanical system. This is considered to be a very nonhuman mechanical situation, in that man commonly employs a variety of implements, such as knives and hammers, and the mechanical situation is one of directed cutting or impacted hammering. Four basic types of tooth marking are recognized on bone: (a) punctures, (b) pits, (c) scores, and (d) furrows. It is expected that the basic patterns of modification that an animal is mechanically capable of producing are not going to vary a great deal from one species to another. The evidence that animals, both through using their jaws and perhaps by trampling the skeletal remains of other animals, regularly contribute spirally fractured bone to the paleontological record.
Adaptive control of continuous-time linear stochastic systems

The solution of adaptive control of continuous time linear stochastic systems without and with delays is presented. The asymptotic distribution of the cost in the adaptive control of a continuous time linear stochastic system without and with delays is given. The consistency of a least squares identification procedure for continuous time linear stochastic systems without and with delays is discussed with the aid of control theory methods.
Synthesis of a Masked 2,3-Diaminoindole

A three-step synthesis of masked 2,3-diaminoindole 1 from 2-iodo-3-nitro-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole (2) has been developed. Treatment of 1 with trifluoroacetic acid generates the unstable 2,3-diamino-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole (3), which can be trapped with α-dicarbonyl compounds to afford 5H-pyrazino[2,3-b]indoles 7–10.