cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Relationships and Effects of Interbreeding among Woodrats of the Neotoma floridana Species-Group

Neotoma albigula, N. angustipalata, N. floridana, N. micropus, N. nelsoni, N. palatina , and N. varia are considered to form a natural, closely related assemblage of woodrats appropriately termed the floridana species-group. It is considered likely that woodrats presently known as N. floridana magister actually represent a distinct species within the floridana species-group, but a thorough comparative study of magister and other nominal races of floridana from the eastern United States should be undertaken before nomenclatorial changes are proposed. Distributions of N. albigula, N. floridana , and N. micropus in areas of known or potential sympatry are reviewed. The only known instance of sympatry between N. floridana and N. albigula is reported for southern Texas. Specimens from that locality, collected near the tum of the century, are compared with reference specimens of the two species and with their laboratory-induced hybrids by the multivariate techniques of discriminant function analysis and principal components analysis. It is concluded that the two species probably did not hybridize when in sympatry. Neotoma albigula and N. micropus long have been known to occur sympatrically over much of their respective ranges in the southern Great Plains. It has been thought for the past 20 years that some specimens from southwestern Colorado represented hybrids between the two. Rats of the two taxa have since been shown to hybridize or intergrade in northern Mexico. Specimens available from Colorado and adjacent portions of Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico are compared with known hybrids and with reference specimens from areas of allopatry by means of multivariate techniques. It is concluded that N. albigula and N. micropus hybridize where they overlap in this northern periphery of their respective distributions. This is compared to the situation in northern Mexico, where it has been shown that the two fail to behave as “good” biological species, and elsewhere within the zone of sympatry where no evidence of hybridization exists. Ramifications of hybridization between N. floridana and N. micropus , detailed in a previous report, and that between N. albigula and N. micropus are considered and compared.
Effect of Non-narcotic Analgesics on Membrane Permeability of Molluscan Neurones

IT is difficult to study how analgesics act: not only are the pharmacokinetics complex, but assessment of drug activity is subjective. Certain discrepancies occur regarding the analgesic potency of several compounds and also disagreement concerning their site of action1–4. No proposed mechanism of action2,3 is widely accepted.
“Mention” and “use” as applied to nonlinguistic actions

'Philosophical Papers, edited by J. 0. Urmson and G. J. Warnock (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), 102-22. 2iSymposium: Truth," Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume XXIV (1950), pp. 111-56. a Ibid., pp. 116-18. 4Ibid., p. 135. 'Austin also appeals to etymology, claiming that the word 'fact' was originally used as a name for something in the world, e.g., during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it meant a deed or an action ("Unfair to Facts," p. 112). But from this statement about the historical use of the term it would not follow that the word has the same meaning today. ' "Unfair to Facts," p. 104. 'Ibid.,p. 116. 8 Robert Lees has worked out some of the grammatical transfornations for phrses such as these, which he calls 'the factive nominal.' See The Grammar of English Nominalizations, Publication 12 of The Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics (reissue, 1964), pp. 59-64. Austin also makes use of another historical point. Currently the word 'fact' has an affinity for two grammatical forms. It can occur as a simple subject or as a predicate nominative and as an introducer of 'that'-clauses. Call the first use the "'fact'-form" and the second the "'fact that'-form." On the supposition that the 'fact'-form use of 'fact' denotes something in the world-a supposition which, as we have shown, Austin has trouble supporting-Austin tries to show that the 'fact'-form is primary and the 'fact that'-form is derivative. Appealing again to etymology, Austin notes that the 'fact'-form was historically first. ("Unfair to Facts," p. 112.) Be that as it may, it would now be difficult to demonstrate that the 'fact'-form is more primary than the 'fact that'-form. Consider one of Austin's own examples above, (a) 'The collapse of the Germans is a fact.' We can easily paraphrase (a) as (a'), 'It is a fact that the Germans collapsed.' Any attempt to assimilate (a') to (a) can be countered by an equally successful assimilation of (a) to (a'). What then could be the basis for saying that (a) is more primary than (a')? 10 "Unfair to Facts," p. 107. Ibid.
Therapeutic Depletion of Natural Killer Cells Controls Persistent Infection

Persistent viral infections are associated with host and viral factors that impair effective antiviral immunity. Natural killer (NK) cells contribute to establishment of persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice through suppression of virus-specific T cell responses during the first few days of infection, but NK cell depletion during those early time points can enable severe T cell-mediated immune pathology and death of the host. Here we show that long after their peak in cytolytic activation, NK cells continue to support viral persistence at later times of infection. Delayed depletion of NK cells, 2 to 3 weeks after infection, enhanced virus-specific T cell responses and viral control. This enhancing effect of delayed NK cell depletion on antiviral immunity, in contrast to early NK cell depletion, was not associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and mice quickly regained weight after treatment. The efficacy of the depletion depended in part upon the size of the original virus inoculum, the viral load at the time of depletion, and the presence of CD4 T cells. Each of these factors is an important contributor to the degree of CD8 T cell dysfunction during viral persistence. Thus, NK cells may continuously contribute to exhaustion of virus-specific T cells during chronic infection, possibly by depleting CD4 T cells. Targeting of NK cells could thus be considered in combination with blockade of other immunosuppressive pathways, such as the interleukin-10 (IL-10) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) pathways, as a therapy to cure chronic human infections, including those with HIV or hepatitis C virus. IMPORTANCE
Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Poxviruses are a family of double stranded DNA viruses that include active human pathogens such as monkeypox, molluscum contagiousum, and Contagalo virus. The family also includes the smallpox virus, Variola. Due to the complexity of poxvirus replication, many questions still remain regarding their gene expression strategy. In this article we describe the conceptualization and usage of recombinant vaccinia viruses that enable real-time measurement of single and multiple stages of viral gene expression in a high-throughput format. This is enabled through the use of spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins as reporters for each of three stages of viral replication. These viruses provide a high signal-to-noise ratio while retaining stage specific expression patterns, enabling plate-based assays and microscopic observations of virus propagation and replication. These tools have uses for antiviral discovery, studies of the virus-host interaction, and evolutionary biology.
Tobacco spending patterns and their health-related implications in Turkey

Abstract A variety of censored dependent variable models are used to identify the impacts of social and economic variables on the decision to consume and the amount of expenditure on tobacco in Turkey. Using data from the Turkish Household Expenditure Survey, the odds of smoking and spending level on tobacco products are investigated jointly. Statistical tests identify the inverse hyperbolic sine double-hurdle model as the preferred model. Socio-demographic factors are found to have differentiated effects on participation and level decisions. Findings can inform deliberations of policy measures to curtail tobacco consumption and reduce the costs of the public healthcare system.
Activation of rat adipocyte plasma membrane adenylate cyclase by sodium azide.

The adenylate cyclase of rat adipocyte plasma membrane is stimulated by sodium azide with a half maximal activation of 100–150% occuring at 50 mM NaN3. Studies of the effects of azide and fluoride indicate different mechanisms of stimulation of the enzyme by these ions. Comparable stimulation of the activity is obtained by 100 mM NaN3 or 10 mM NaF but unlike azide, higher concentrations of fluoride cause inhibition of the enzyme. Fluoride activated adenylate cyclase is further stimulated by azide. Epinephrine stimulation of the enzyme is absent in the presence of fluoride but the hormone enhances the activity in the presence of azide. Reversal of the inhibitory action of GTP on adenylate cyclase by epinephrine is demonstrated even in the presence of azide but not in the presence of fluoride.
On fluid dynamic drag reduction in some boundary layer flows

The problem of boundary layer flow on a flat plate with injection and a constant velocity opposite in direction to that of the uniform mainstream is analyzed. It is shown that the solution of this boundary layer problem not only depends on the ratio of the velocity of the plate to the velocity of the free stream (λ), but also on the injection velocity parameter (C). It is also shown that there exists a range of values of λ andC for which the differential equations associated with the boundary layer problems admit analytic solutions. The critical values of λ andC are obtained numerically and their significance in drag reduction is discussed.
Structure‐property relationships in poly(n‐vinyl pyrrolidone)‐phenoxy‐water gels

Miscible 80/20 and 90/10 by weight blends of poly (n-vinyl pyrrolidone) [PNVP] and phenoxy polymer were swollen with 73–85% water to produce rubbery hydrogels with shear moduli as high as 103dyne/cm2. Small-angle x-ray scattering, rheological, and calorimetric measurements showed that the gel consisted of tie chains, most probably of PNVP embedded in glassy phenoxy particles with radius of gyration 50–200 A. A ternary phase diagram was calculated assuming athermal mixing between PNVP–H2O and PNVP and the known endothermic interaction between H2O–phenoxy. Phase separation into a phenoxy phase containing minimal H2O and PNVP and a water-swollen PNVP phase was predicted in accordance with experimental results. Phase separation was suspected as forming first an interconnected phenoxy phase which was later dispersed by swelling forces transmitted through PNVP tie chains. The presence of localized internal stress in the swollen network was thought to be responsible for the irreversible decrease in the shear moduli observed at shear strain above 10%.
The effect of different levels of nonphytate phosphorus with and without phytase on the performance of four strains of laying hens

A 4 x 7 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) regimens with and without phytase on performance of four strains of laying hens. The strains used were Babcock B300, DeKalb Delta White, Hy-Line W36, and ISA-White. The birds of T1 (Treatment 1), control diet, were fed a diet with 0.45% NPP for the entire experiment (20 to 63 wk of age). The birds of T2 were fed a NPP regimen of 0.25% for Phase 1 (20 to 35 wk of age), 0.2% for Phase 2 (36 to 51 wk of age), and 0.15% for Phase 3 (52 to 63 wk of age). The birds of T3 and T4 were fed a NPP regimen similar to T2 plus 150 or 300 units phytase/kg diet, respectively. The birds of T5 were fed a NPP regimen of 0.2, 0.1, and 0.1% for Phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The birds on T6 and T7 were fed a NPP regimen similar to T5, with 150 and 300 units phytase/kg diet, respectively. The criteria for evaluating the effect of dietary treatments were production performance, shell quality, bone ash, and total P excretion. Production traits were drastically reduced and mortality was drastically increased when the birds of T5 were fed a diet with 0.1% NPP during Phase 2 (36 to 51 wk of age). Increasing the NPP level of this treatment from 0.1 to 0.45% during Phase 3 restored the production traits almost to the control level during this phase of the experiment. The NPP regimen of 0.2-0.1-0.1% plus either level of phytase (T6 and T7) restored most of the traits for the entire experiment to the control level (T1), except egg production (EP) and the nonprolapse mortality. Bone ash also remained significantly lower than the control group with this NPP regimen plus the higher level of phytase (T7). Production traits were reduced, and nonprolapse mortality was increased due to the use of a NPP regimen of 0.25-0.2-0.15% without phytase (T2) for the entire experiment. The NPP regimen of 0.25-0.2-0.15% plus the lower level of phytase (T3) restored all the traits except EP to the control level for the entire experiment. The only treatment that maintained performance of all the strains comparable to their controls for the entire experiment was a NPP regimen of 0.25-0.2-0.15% plus the higher level of phytase (T4). Total P excretion of birds fed this NPP regimen was reduced by 55.6% as compared to the control group. The data generally indicated that the higher level of phytase was more effective than the lower level in restoring the performance of birds fed the low-P diets to the control level. Numerous interactions existed among strain x diet for various traits throughout the experiment, indicating the NPP requirement for maintaining production performance may be different among strains.
The predictive significance of early caregiving experiences for symptoms of psychopathology through midadolescence: Enduring or transient effects?

A fundamental question in the discipline of developmental psychopathology is whether early interpersonal experiences influence maladaptation in enduring or transient ways. We address this issue by applying a structural modeling approach developed by us to examine data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development on maternal sensitivity in the first 3 years of life and its association with symptoms of psychopathology through age 15. Results suggest that there may be enduring effects of early caregiving experiences on symptomatology as rated by teachers, although such effects were not found for maternal report. Additional analyses indicated that enduring associations found via teacher report could not be fully accounted for by continuity in caregiving experiences or by early contextual adversity.
Phenomenological Reduction and Emergent Design: Complementary Methods for Leadership Narrative Interpretation and Metanarrative Development

The author’s intent in this paper is to discuss new methods for conducting research on and connecting the works of chaos and complexity theorists with interpretive, hermeneutical, and phenomenological theorists as a multiple-method mode of inquiry. He proposes a methodological design that incorporates a recursive process of phenomenological reduction to find connectedness and generate shared meanings among the research performed by leadership theorists. He also provides an emergent metanarrative method for presenting research results, using a complexity-based, interpretive framework.
Role of dietary copper in enhancing resistance to Escherichia coli mastitis.

Abstract The role of dietary copper in enhancing resistance to Escherichia coli mastitis was investigated in first-lactation heifers. Twenty-three primigravid Holstein heifers were maintained on a basal (6.5ppm copper; −Cu) diet or a diet supplemented (20ppm) with copper sulfate (+Cu) beginning 60 d prepartum through 42 d of lactation. Liver biopsies and blood samples were taken for liver and blood minerals and plasma ceruloplasmin. Milk samples were taken weekly postpartum for bacteriology. The overall mean liver Cu concentration was about threefold higher, and the overall mean plasma Cu concentration was greater in the +Cu group than the −Cu group. At 34 d of lactation, one pathogen-free quarter per animal was infused with 22 cfu of Escherichia coli strain 727. Plasma Cu was greater at −24, 0, 18, 24, 36, 96, 192, and 240h relative to infusion for +Cu animals. Plasma Zn concentration was higher at 24h for the +Cu group. Milk bacterial count (log 10 cfu/ml) was lower at 12, 18, and 48h for the +Cu group. Somatic cell count (log 10 /ml) was lower at 18h in +Cu animals. Clinical score at 24h was lower for +Cu cows, while at 144h, clinical score was lower for −Cu cows. Rectal temperature was lower at 18h for the +Cu group. Plasma ceruloplasmin and Fe, dry matter intake and milk production did not differ. Copper supplementation reduced the clinical response during experimental E. coli mastitis, but duration was unchanged.
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia leading to 'pneumatosis intestinalis': a series of unfortunate hemodynamic events

Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) is not uncommon in intensive care units. NOMI indicate ischemia of bowel wall without any significant obstruction in the mesenteric arteries. Common causes of NOMI include sepsis, severe cardiac failure, and any critical illness. Mesenteric circulation can suffer due to low cardiac output leading to very unfortunate outcomes. Pneumatosis Intestinalis is a radiologic sign which represent gas in the bowel wall, and could indicate mesenteric ischemia. We present a fatal case of a patient who developed NOMI secondary to multiple factors. Patient died after a long protracted course in the hospital secondary to severe septic shock. This case emphasizes the importance of early detection and management of NOMI in a patient with low cardiac output and abdominal pain. In majority of the studies, NOMI is associated with high morbidity and mortality.
Symbolic analysis of time series signals using generalized Hilbert transform

A recent publication has shown a Hilbert-transform-based partitioning method, called analytic signal space partitioning (ASSP). When used in conjunction with D-Markov machines, also reported in recent literature, ASSP provides a fast tool for pattern recognition. However, Hilbert transform does not specifically address the issue of noise reduction and the usage of D-Markov machines with a small depth D could potentially lead to information loss for noisy signals. On the other hand, a large D tends to make execution of pattern recognition computationally less efficient due to an increased number of machine states. This paper explores generalization of Hilbert transform that addresses symbolic analysis of noise-corrupted dynamical systems. In this context, theoretical results are derived based on the concepts of information theory. These results are validated on time series data, generated from a laboratory apparatus of nonlinear electronic systems.
Burrows Dug by Large Vertebrates into Rain‐Moistened Middle Jurassic Sand Dunes

Abstract In south‐central Utah, eolian cross‐strata of the Escalante Member of the Entrada Sandstone contain inclined, cylindrical burrows up to 63 cm in diameter and 305 cm long. Of the 14 large tunnels located during this study, 12 descend from second‐ and third‐order bounding surfaces that formed on the lee slopes of large dune ridges, well above the water table. The tunnels are inclined 15°–22°; one tunnel ends in an expanded chamber. Eolian cross‐strata fill proximal portions of four of the tunnels and indicate that after abandonment, sand drifts migrated as much as a meter into the open shafts. Structureless sand and breccia blocks that were generated by roof collapse fill other tunnels. Animals dug the tunnels in rain‐moistened, cohesive sand. The burrows may have served as temporary shelters from severe diurnal conditions in the shadeless, subtropical Entrada dune field.
Automatic post-layout flow validation tool for Deep Sub-micron process design kits

This paper presents a novel automated post-layout flow validation tool to intensively test the MOSFETs and passive components in 32nm, 28nm and 22nm Process Design Kits (PDK). Benchmark circuits, such as, ring oscillator, logic circuits and passive delay circuits, are automatically generated, LVS (layout versus schematic) checked, extracted and simulated in multiple Model/LVS/Parasitic extraction(PEX) test flows. By using the proposed tool, the delay differences (deltas) between the different test flows are cross verified to assure the functionality and accuracy of Model, LVS and PEX before PDK release. Combined with field solver validation, the automated post-layout flow validation significantly improves the quality and reduces the development time of Deep Submicron (DSM) PDKs.
Two-dimensional linear phase cosine modulated filter banks

A filter bank is referred to as cosine modulated when all the analysis and synthesis filters are cosine modulated versions of one or two prototypes. The one-dimensional (1D) cosine modulated filter bank (CMFB) is well-known for low design cost and low complexity. In the application of subband coding, it is sometimes desirable that the individual filters have linear phase. In this paper, we consider the class of 2D paraunitary CMFB with FIR linear phase filters. Necessary and sufficient conditions for perfect reconstruction of the 2D linear phase CMFB are presented.
Antiradiation Compounds VI: Metal Chelates and Complexes of 2-Mercaptoethylamine and 2-Mercaptoethylguanidine

To provide stable derivatives of 2-mercaptoethylamine (MEA) and 2-mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) and to test one of the current hypotheses of the mechanism of radiation protection in animals (that metal binding is an important reaction in impeding cellular oxidations), metal complexes of MEA and MEG have been prepared. Reaction of the trithiocarbonate zwitterions of MEA and MEG with metal salts provided straight chain (2: 1) metal complexes, and direct reaction of MEA and MEG with metal salts in acid solution provided cyclic (1: 1) chelates. Structures of these compounds have been elaborated. One of the compounds, the Zn (II) complex of MEG has shown appreciable radiation protection in mice.
Post-thrombotic Syndrome: Recognizing and Treating a Debilitating Complication of Deep Vein Thrombosis

Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a debilitating long-term complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Patients with PTS present with chronic lower extremity edema, hyperpigmentation, and, in advanced cases, venous ulceration. PTS results in substantial disability, loss of functional status, and health care expenditure. Compression therapy, including graduated compression stockings, comprises the cornerstone of PTS therapy.
Detection of insufficient effort using the advanced clinical solutions for the Wechsler Memory Scale, fourth edition

This study investigated the ability of the Wechsler Memory Scale-4th Edition (WMS-IV) and the Advanced Clinical Solutions (ACS) package including the new Word Choice test (WCT) to distinguish poor performance due to intentional response bias among simulators of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from poor performance due to actual TBI. Participants were 45 survivors of moderate to severe TBI and 39 healthy adult coached to simulate TBI. Logistic regression indicated that a five-variable model containing all the ACS variables and a single-variable model using only the WCT were statistically reliable. Comparing predictive accuracy of each model found that adding the WCT to the ACS increased predictive accuracy. Diagnostic efficiency for the full ACS model was considered "excellent" according to interpretive guidelines.
Achieving Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate social responsibility is defined as the serious attempt to solve social problems caused wholly or in part by the corporation. The problem concept is operationally defined, and social problems are distinguished from non-social problems. A method of social problem solution, based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, is demonstrated using an industrial accident reduction example.
Low-cost, active frequency-doubler MMIC in SMT package for 6-20GHz commercial applications

This paper describes the development of a SMT-packaged 620GHz frequency-doubler MMIC. The frequency-doubler is implemented in a 0.15um GaAs PHEMT process and low-cost SMT package. This MMIC employs a unique differential-pair active balun input stage with waveform-shaping circuit and active load. Balanced common-source FETs are used for 2nd-harmonic generation. The FET-drains are combined at output to achieve odd-order cancellation. This creates a broadband, low input-drive, high conversion efficiency frequency-doubler with decent fundamental & harmonic suppression. At optimum input power of -4dBm, it achieves 11dB conversion gain without amplification stage. Fundamental and 3rd-order suppressions are greater than 20dB across the frequency band. This work has demonstrated the capability to manufacture packaged frequency-doublers for cost-sensitive applications. It consumes 120mW (4V, 30mA) power.
Biology of trans-Translation

The trans-translation mechanism is a key component of multiple quality control pathways in bacteria that ensure proteins are synthesized with high fidelity in spite of challenges such as transcription errors, mRNA damage, and translational frameshifting. trans-Translation is performed by a ribonucleoprotein complex composed of tmRNA, a specialized RNA with properties of both a tRNA and an mRNA, and the small protein SmpB. tmRNA-SmpB interacts with translational complexes stalled at the 3′ end of an mRNA to release the stalled ribosomes and target the nascent polypeptides and mRNAs for degradation. In addition to quality control pathways, some genetic regulatory circuits use trans-translation to control gene expression. Diverse bacteria require trans-translation when they execute large changes in their genetic programs, including responding to stress, pathogenesis, and differentiation.
Activity patterns, associated environmental conditions, and mortality of the larvae of Tetracha (=Megacephala) carolina (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae).

Larvae of the tiger beetle Tetracha (=Megacephala) carolina L. (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) were observed weekly in a residential yard in Greenville, Washington Co., MS, from 21 September to the following 30 June. Cleared areas around building foundations during this period contained 194 burrows of first-, second-, and third-instar larvae, as represented by three different diameter holes. Larvae were at the top of their burrow and visible during periods both day and night. Larvae retreated down into their burrow for longer periods when the site was in the shade relative to when it was in the sun. Burrows were closed with a soil plug during rain, when larvae were molting, and during harsh environmental conditions. Larvae whose burrows had a southern exposure were active a month longer in the fall and a month earlier in the spring compared with northern exposure larvae, though emerged adults appeared in both areas in late May. The density of burrows at three sites averaged 1 per 36.5 cm2. Mortality of the third and last larval stage at the largest site was 34.4%, with higher mortality of the earlier stages.
Phase reconstruction from multiple coil data using a virtual reference coil.

Purpose This study develops a method to obtain optimal estimates of absolute magnetization phase from multiple-coil MRI data. Theory and Methods The element-specific phases of a multi-element receiver coil array are accounted for by using the phase of a real or virtual reference coil that is sensitive over the entire imaged volume. The virtual-reference coil is generated as a weighted combination of measurements from all receiver coils. The phase-corrected multiple coil complex images are combined using the inverse covariance matrix. These methods are tested on images of an agar phantom, an in vivo breast, and an anesthetized rabbit obtained using combinations of four, nine, and three receiver channels, respectively. Results The four- and three-channel acquisitions require formation of a virtual-reference receiver coil while one channel of the nine-channel receive array has a sensitivity profile covering the entire imaged volume. Referencing to a real or virtual coil gives receiver phases that are essentially identical except for the individual receiver channel noise. The resulting combined images, which account for receiver channel noise covariance, show the expected reduction in phase variance. Conclusion The proposed virtual reference coil method determines a phase distribution for each coil from which an optimal phase map can be obtained. Magn Reson Med 72:563–569, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opening A New Service Marketing Channel For Medical Products: How Pharmacists Became Immunizers

Medical product firms often have limited channels of distribution due to the highly regulated environment in which they operate. Creating a new channel for delivery of a health product is very difficult because it requires political action and requires strong arguments that there is unmet need for the product. Determined leadership and action by the intermediaries involved and evidence that the product can be used safely in the new channel are also essential. Pharmacists, vaccine manufacturers, and public health officials were able to open up a new channel for marketing vaccines by persistent effort over the past 15 years. This paper describes this effort and illustrates the benefits for consumers, manufacturers, pharmacists, pharmacy chains, and the public health infrastructure. A series of lessons learned is provided as guideposts for others to use in changing medical product distribution channels.
Catalytic Oxidation of Acetylene in Air for Oxygen Manufacture

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the catalytic oxidation of acetylene in air for oxygen manufacture. For the manufacture of oxygen, large quantities of air are purified, liquefied, and then distilled to separate the nitrogen from the oxygen. In the fractionating distillation column, nitrogen-rich vapors form the overhead product, and oxygen-rich liquid forms the reboiler product. The feed to the column is liquid air or a mixture of liquid and vapor air, and any hydrocarbon, such as acetylene, which may be present in the atmospheric air supply is liquefied or solidified when the air is cooled and will be carried along with the liquid air stream. Any acetylene in the air supply is carried through the refrigeration equipment and into the liquid oxygen in the reboiler of the column. The vapor pressure of acetylene is low at the temperature of boiling oxygen, but acetylene may accumulate and eventually saturate the boiling liquid oxygen. As the process continues, solid acetylene is crystallize in the liquid oxygen and an explosive hazard may thus develop.
Programs in R for Computing Truncated Cauchy Distributions

Truncated distributions arise naturally in many industrial settings. Because of the popularity of the normal distribution, programs have been developed for computing quantities of interest of its t...
Viscosity Solution of Optimal Stopping Problem for Stochastic Systems with Bounded Memory

We consider a finite time horizon optimal stopping problem for a system of stochastic functional differential equations with a bounded memory. Under some sufficiently smooth conditions, a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) variational inequality for the value function is derived via dynamical programming principle. It is shown that the value function is the unique viscosity solution of the HJB variational inequality.
Systematic functional interrogation of rare cancer variants identifies oncogenic alleles

Cancer genome characterization efforts now provide an initial view of the somatic alterations in primary tumors. However, most point mutations occur at low frequency, and the function of these alleles remains undefined. We have developed a scalable systematic approach to interrogate the function of cancer-associated gene variants. We subjected 474 mutant alleles curated from 5,338 tumors to pooled in vivo tumor formation assays and gene expression profiling. We identified 12 transforming alleles, including two in genes ( PIK3CB, POT1 ) that have not been shown to be tumorigenic. One rare KRAS allele, D33E, displayed tumorigenicity and constitutive activation of known RAS effector pathways. By comparing gene expression changes induced upon expression of wild-type and mutant alleles, we inferred the activity of specific alleles. Because alleles found to be mutated only once in 5,338 tumors rendered cells tumorigenic, these observations underscore the value of integrating genomic information with functional studies. Significance: Experimentally inferring the functional status of cancer-associated mutations facilitates the interpretation of genomic information in cancer. Pooled in vivo screen and gene expression profiling identified functional variants and demonstrated that expression of rare variants induced tumorigenesis. Variant phenotyping through functional studies will facilitate defining key somatic events in cancer. Cancer Discov; 6(7); 714–26. ©2016 AACR. See related commentary by Cho and Collisson, [p. 694][1] . This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, [p. 681][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/6/694?iss=7 [2]: /lookup/volpage/6/681?iss=7
Status of Smoking and Investigation of Knowledge Attitude among Teachers in Corps Shihezi

[Objective]To understand the smoking status,tobacco control knowledge and attitude among teachers in Corps Shihezi,and provide evidence for developing control measures.[Methods]Simple random sampling method and face to face questionnaire were used to evaluate 349 teachers from 3 schools.[Results]Smoking rate of teachers was 13.48%,men(34.85%) were more than women(0.46%).Smoking rate of 0～25 years age group was significantly higher than that of other age groups(P0.01).20.34% successfully quit smoking.Average daily smoking cigarettes was 11.80.Tobacco control activities in primary and secondary schools were significantly better than the University(P0.01).Smoking at work most happened in offices.The common knowledge levels of hazards of smoking and passive smoking was not significantly different.On the support rate of smoking ban in families,hospitals and schools,the primary and secondary schools were significantly higher than the university.[Conclusion]It is necessary to strengthen health education efforts about tobacco control on teachers,especially young teachers,to develop a strict no-smoking campus system,to improve the responsibility of teachers in tobacco control,and to eliminate the harm of tobacco to students.
Status of Management and Information Systems in United States Health Care

Complex changing environmental conditions are affecting all types of organizations, including health care. A major trend described by Alvin Toffler in The Third Wave (1) and by John Naisbitt in Megatrends (2) is the dominance of information in our society. This area has become more relevant in the health care industry as demonstrated by the use of computers and the development of systems to deal with information needs. As early as 1971, a Hospital Financial Management Association (HFMA) survey on the use of computer-based information systems indicated that 93.5% of the hospitals with on-site computers felt it “enhanced the effectiveness” of their operations (3). Due to the increasing need for improved health care information systems, it is relevant to examine the status of such systems. The purpose of this study is to survey health care agencies in two major U.S. cities--Louisville, Kentucky and San Diego, California--to: 1. Determine the current status of information systems operations, and 2. Assess the level of usefulness of information systems applications.
Ethics of Emergency Department Cancer Care

Bioethical foundational theories (e.g., utilitarianism, deontology) and mid-level principles (e.g., autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, distributive justice) as well as the virtues embodied in emergency medicine (e.g., truth telling) help guide clinicians through some of the most difficult situations they face. Emergency department (ED) patients with hematological-oncologic illnesses often present with knotty situations involving patient autonomy, decision-making capacity, surrogates and their decisions, end-of-life issues, or demands and concerns that involve bioethical dilemmas. Emergency physicians must be prepared to address these issues, with little time for reflection. Familiarity with the rapid decision-making model can help them find at least short-term resolutions. The model, based on case-based reasoning (casuistry), employs well-known ethical principles in a manner designed for emergency clinicians to use easily when ethical dilemmas present. Just as they prepare for other clinical situations, emergency physicians should also prepare to face bioethical dilemmas that will inevitably occur.
Determining crucial correlates of breast self-examination in older women with low incomes.

PURPOSE: To investigate the frequency and proficiency of breast self-examination (BSE) in older women with low incomes and to identify predictors of BSE to facilitate more effective clinical encounters and improved educational programs. DESIGN: Correlational, nonexperimental survey. SETTING: Urban tertiary-care center. SAMPLE: 204 women (ages 40-86) self-referred or recruited from the community for free breast cancer screening. Criteria for inclusion were age 40 or older, a household income of less than two-and-one-half times the poverty level, and uninsured or underinsured status. METHODS: The Mamon and Zapka Breast Self-Examination Survey was modified for use with this population. Telephone surveys were conducted during the period between the initial contact and screening. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: 102 independent variables were correlated with frequency and proficiency. Part correlations were calculated to determine unique contributions. Variables with significant part correlations were entered into regression equations. FINDINGS: The mean frequency and proficiency scores were 2.9 out of 4 and 3.4 out of 19, respectively. Four variables explained 40% of the variance in frequency, and eight explained 66% of the variance in proficiency. Frequency and proficiency were significantly related. CONCLUSIONS: 10 variables were found to predict BSE behavior in this population: confidence, confidence level, awareness of mammography, provider influence, desire for reconstruction, knowledge of parity risk factor, education, having been taught the correct time of month to perform BSE, adequate time devoted to BSE, and exposure to BSE messages from a clinician. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The study identifies variables to include in clinical encounters and educational programs designed to promote BSE. Of importance is considering the characteristics and specific needs of the recipients of educational and interventional programs.
Beta Decay of N 17 to Bound States in O 17

The beta decay of ${\mathrm{N}}^{17}$ to bound states of ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ has been investigated by observation of the beta-ray and gamma-ray spectra with scintillation spectrometers. A gas target of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{15}$ was bombarded with 2-MeV tritons from an electrostatic generator to yield 4.2-sec ${\mathrm{N}}^{17}$ by the reaction ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(t, p){\mathrm{N}}^{17}$. Gamma rays of 0.87 and 2.19 MeV were observed, corresponding to beta transitions to the 0.87- and 3.06-MeV levels in ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$. Analysis of the beta-ray spectrum indicated the presence of a beta-decay branch to the ground state of ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$. The branching fractions and $log\mathrm{ft}$ values for these three beta transitions are: ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ g.s.\char22{}1.6%, $logft=7.3$; 0.87-MeV level\char22{}2.6%, $logft=6.8$; and 3.06-MeV level\char22{}0.5%, $logft=6.9$. Uncertainties in these $log\mathrm{ft}$ values are about \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1. The large $log\mathrm{ft}$ value for the allowed transition to the 3.06-MeV state lends support to previous theoretical calculations which indicate that this low-lying negative parity state in ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ consists of a three-particle excitation of the ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ core.
Mechanism of inhibition of the tumor suppressor Patched by Sonic Hedgehog

The Hedgehog cell–cell signaling pathway is crucial for animal development, and its misregulation is implicated in numerous birth defects and cancers. In unstimulated cells, pathway activity is inhibited by the tumor suppressor membrane protein, Patched. Hedgehog signaling is triggered by the secreted Hedgehog ligand, which binds and inhibits Patched, thus setting in motion the downstream events in signal transduction. Despite its critical importance, the mechanism by which Hedgehog antagonizes Patched has remained unknown. Here, we show that vertebrate Patched1 inhibition is caused by direct, palmitate-dependent interaction with the Sonic Hedgehog ligand. We find that a short palmitoylated N-terminal fragment of Sonic Hedgehog binds Patched1 and, strikingly, is sufficient to inhibit it and to activate signaling. The rest of Sonic Hedgehog confers high-affinity Patched1 binding and internalization through a distinct binding site, but, surprisingly, it is not absolutely required for signaling. The palmitate-dependent interaction with Patched1 is specifically impaired in a Sonic Hedgehog mutant causing human holoprosencephaly, the most frequent congenital brain malformation, explaining its drastically reduced potency. The palmitate-dependent interaction is also abolished in constitutively inhibited Patched1 point mutants causing the Gorlin cancer syndrome, suggesting that they might adopt a conformation distinct from the wild type. Our data demonstrate that Sonic Hedgehog signals via the palmitate-dependent arm of a two-pronged contact with Patched1. Furthermore, our results suggest that, during Hedgehog signaling, ligand binding inhibits Patched by trapping it in an inactive conformation, a mechanism that explains the dramatically reduced activity of oncogenic Patched1 mutants.
The one or the many? Narrating and evaluating Western secularization

ABSTRACTSecularization in the Western world is not a contrived combination of disconnected phenomena. It is a complex, long-term, multi-faceted process in which the central place of Christianity has greatly diminished in all areas of life since the sixteenth century, and which derives from the enduring doctrinal disagreements and recurrent religio-political conflicts of the Reformation era. Because late medieval Christianity was embedded in and intended to influence all areas of human life, including buying and selling, the exercise of power, and higher education, all areas of human life were powerfully affected by the Reformation’s rejection of Roman Catholicism. By problematizing religion, the disagreements and conflicts inspired new ideas and institutional means to address them, and thus inadvertently contributed to secularization. The two principal accounts of long-term Western secularization – Enlightenment-liberationist and Catholic-disembedding – diverge not in their descriptions of what happened, ...
Paraphilias: Phenomenology and classification.

DSM-III incorrectly designates the majority of paraphilias as atypical. Only eight are named, and those because of their forensic history, rather than their pathology and therapeutic need. In this paper, thirty-odd paraphilias are subdivided into six categories on the basis of their phenomenological dynamics. The new concept of the developmental lovemap is introduced for the first time. A new treatment originated by the author in 1966 combines an androgen agonist with counseling therapy.
Constitutive modeling of damageable brittle and quasi-brittle materials

Abstract The objective of this paper is to develop a constitutive model for damageable brittle and quasi-brittle materials. A damage model, which can handle damage anisotropy, distinct tensile and compressive damage behavior, and damage deactivation simultaneously, is developed. A general expression for the effective continuum tangent operator is derived based on the effective space plasticity hypothesis. A closed-form expression for the apparent continuum tangent operator is subsequently derived. The versatility of the present model is demonstrated through modeling several different materials. The present model is found to be capable of handling various mechanical behaviors, complex loading conditions, and complex loading paths. It is also found to be capable of facilitating the calibration of its associated material parameters from experimental data. A wide variety of mechanical behaviors can be incorporated into the present model in the future.
Redefining the utility of the three-isotope method

Abstract The equilibrium isotope fractionation factor αeq is a fundamental parameter in the study of stable isotope effects. Experimentally, it has been difficult to establish that a system has attained equilibrium. The three-isotope method, using the initial trajectory of changing isotope ratios (e.g. 16O, 17O, and 18O) to deduce the final equilibrium point of isotope exchange, has long been hailed as the most rigorous experimental approach. However, over the years some researchers have cautioned on the limitations of this method, but the foundation of three-isotope method has not been properly examined and the method is still widely used in calibrating αeq for both traditional and increasingly non-traditional isotope systems today. Here, using water-water and dissolved CO2-water oxygen exchange as model systems, we conduct an isotopologues-specific kinetic analysis of the exchange processes and explore the underlying assumptions and validity of the three-isotope method. We demonstrate that without knowing the detailed exchange kinetics a priori the three-isotope method cannot lead to a reliable αeq. For a two-reservoir exchanging system, α determined by this method may be αeq, kinetic isotope effect, or apparent kinetic isotope effect, which can all bear different values. When multiple reservoirs exist during exchange, the evolving trajectory can be complex and hard to predict. Instead of being a tool for αeq determination, three-isotope method should be used as a tool for studying kinetic isotope effect, apparent kinetic isotope effect, and detailed exchange kinetics in diverse systems.
At your own risk: user-contributed flu maps, participatory surveillance, and an emergent DIY risk assessment ethic

In this article, the author proposes that the emergence of digital, disease-tracking applications over the past ten years like HealthMap (healthmap.org) and Flu Near You (flunearyou.org) that allow non-experts to contribute information about emergent public health threats have facilitated a "do-it-yourself (DIY)" risk assessment ethic. Focusing in particular on Flu Near You (FNY), a crowdsourced, flu-tracking program, the author argues that some participants use the mapping feature to curate their own risk information experience in determining the preventative behaviors they may want to engage in (if any) to prevent flu. As outbreaks of infectious diseases increase (Smith et al., 2014), mHealth technologies like disease-tracking apps are evolving as an important risk assessment tool for both public health experts as well as non-expert, public audiences. Better understanding how non-experts use such information can inform not only the design of these apps but visual risk communication strategies more generally speaking.