cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-spectral-resolution fluorescence light detection and ranging for mesospheric sodium temperature measurements.

The principle and practice of narrow-band light detection and ranging (lidar) for temperature measurements are discussed, with emphasis on a new two-frequency technique for measuring mesospheric Na temperature and density profiles. The uniqueness of this narrow-band lidar lies in the transmitter whose line-shape function can be measured directly. The frequency of the laser output can be monitored simultaneously during data acquisition with Doppler-free fluorescence spectroscopy by using a laboratory Na cell. These measurement techniques along with the procedures for data analysis are described in detail. At present the absolute temperature accuracy at the Na layer peak is ±3 K (±4 K) with a vertical resolution of 1 km and an integration period of 5 min (2.5 min). Potential applications and further improvements in this lidar technique are also discussed.
Iterative smoothed residuals: a low-pass filter for smoothing with controlled shrinkage

We present a linear smoothing operator which has low-pass characteristics similar to a Butterworth filter and limited spatial extent similar to a Gaussian. The smoothing operator also has closed forms in the spatial and frequency domains which facilitate analysis and implementation. A formula is derived that allows us to explicitly control shrinkage.
Information-Theoretic Methods for the Design and Evaluation of Adaptive Protocols for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Transmissions

Adaptation of the code rate and spreading factor for direct-sequence spread-spectrum packet radio transmissions provides much higher throughput than if the code rate and spreading factor are fixed. A low-complexity protocol for packet-by-packet adaptation can be obtained if receiver statistics that are developed during the demodulation of a packet are used to choose the code rate and spreading factor for the next packet. The design and evaluation of the protocol typically requires extensive simulations, especially for modern packet radio receivers that employ iterative decoding. We show that analytical methods based on Shannon capacity results greatly simplify the design of the adaptive protocol and provide good estimates of its throughput performance.
A rectangular area filling display system architecture

A display system architecture which has rectangular area filling as its primitive operation is presented. It is shown that lines can be drawn significantly faster with this architecture than with a pixel display system. The rendition of filled boxes is also faster showing an O(n2) speed improvement. Furthermore filled polygons can be rendered with an O(n) speed improvement.The design and implementation of this rectangular area filling architecture are discussed and refined. A custom VLSI integrated circuit is currently being designed to implement this rectangular area filling architecture and at the same time reduce the display memory system video refresh bandwidth requirements.
Inhibiting Water Infiltration into Soils with Cross-linked Polyacrylamide: Seepage Reduction for Irrigated Agriculture

High water infiltration rates in unlined canals, reservoirs, and the inflow end of furrows relative to outflow ends result in excessive seepage losses and reduced furrow irrigation application uniformity. This study evaluated the use of cross-linked, anionic, polyacrylamide hydrogel (XPAM), a water-absorbing, swellable polymer solid, for reducing infiltration and seepage losses though soil. Experiments 1 and 2 measured the influence of soil treatments on seepage rate in soil columns under constant-head conditions: Exp. 1 treated five soils with 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g kg -1 XPAM; Exp. 2 applied combined XPAM (0-5 g kg-1) and NaC1 (0-5.1 g kg-1) treatments to a silt loam soil, and separately tested the effect ofXPAM granule size and treated soil layer thickness on seepage rate. In Exp. 3, a miniflume was used to determine how a 5-mm-thick, XPAM-treated (0-5 g kg- 1 ) soil layer at the inflow end of the "minifurrow" influenced water distribution. The 21-h seepage rates of all soils except the loamy sand decreased curvilinearly with increasing )(PAM rate, with maximum reductions of 87 to 94% for 5 and 10 g kg -1 XPAM rates, relative to controls. The <300-pm-diam. XPAM granules were significantly more effective than the coarser grained )(PAM for reducing seepage, and reducing the thickness of the treated soil layer from 71 to 24 mm had no significant effect on the seepage reduction obtained with XPAM. The 5 g kg- 1 XPAM treatment applied to inflow-end miniflume soils significantly decreased the "furrow-stream" advance period and reversed the infiltration patterns observed in miniflumes, relative to controls. These XPAM treatments could potentially be used to increase the uniformity of furrow water applications and reduce seepage from unlined irrigation ponds and canals.
Sediment and rock strength controls on river incision into bedrock

Recent theoretical investigations suggest that the rate of river incision into bedrock depends nonlinearly on sediment supply, challenging the common assumption that incision rate is simply proportional to stream power. Our measurements from laboratory abrasion mills support the hypothesis that sediment promotes erosion at low supply rates by providing tools for abrasion, but inhibits erosion at high supply rates by burying underlying bedrock beneath transient deposits. Maximum erosion rates occur at a critical level of coarse-grained sediment supply where the bedrock is only partially exposed. Fine-grained sediments provide poor abrasive tools for lowering bedrock river beds because they tend to travel in suspension. Experiments also reveal that rock resistance to fluvial erosion scales with the square of rock tensile strength. Our results suggest that spatial and temporal variations in the extent of bedrock exposure provide incising rivers with a previously unrecognized degree of freedom in adjusting to changes in rock uplift rate and climate. Furthermore, we conclude that the grain size distribution of sediment supplied by hillslopes to the channel network is a fundamental control on bedrock channel gradients and topographic relief.
The Efficacy of Supplemental Instruction in Decoding Skills for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Students in Early Elementary School

This article discusses a study that experimentally evaluated the effects of supplemental instruction in reading for students in kindergarten through Grade 3. Using the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) and a measure of oral reading fluency, 256 students in kindergarten through second grade (158 Hispanic, 98 non-Hispanic) were screened. Students were then randomly assigned to receive or not receive supplemental reading instruction focused on phonological awareness and decoding skills. Reading skill was assessed in the fall of the first year of participation and again in the spring of Years 1 and 2 (Times 2 and 3). Children who received the supplemental reading instruction performed significantly better on measures of word attack skills at Time 2 and on measures of word attack, word identification, oral reading fluency, vocabulary, and reading comprehension at Time 3. There were no differences in the effectiveness of instruction as a function of Hispanic students' level of English p...
The Victim-Offender Overlap, Intimate Partner Violence, and Sex: Assessing Differences Among Victims, Offenders, and Victim-Offenders

This study examines the overlap between victimization and offending within officially recorded incidents of intimate partner violence (IPV). Using official police data, 1,256 individuals are initially differentiated by their role as the victim or the offender in an IPV incident and then categorized into four distinct groups (e.g., as victims, persistent offenders, desistent offenders, or victim-offenders) based on their role in further officially recorded IPV incidents during an 18-to 30-month follow-up period. Of particular interest is the victim-offender category, which involves individuals who switched roles from the original IPV incident (e.g., IPV victims who later became IPV offenders or IPV offenders who later became IPV victims). Results suggest that important distinctions exist across categories related to sex and crime exposure. Compared with victims who were predominately female and offenders who were predominately male, victim-offenders were the most gender symmetric and exhibited greater cont...
Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Autoimmunity: A Case Report of an Unusual Presentation of Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) commonly presents asymptomatically or with symptomatic cytopenias. However, autoimmune phenomena in association with MDS have been well described in several case reports and case series. Typically, these autoimmune phenomena take the form of vasculitides, arthritis, connective tissue diseases, pulmonary infiltrates, or polymyalgia rheumatica. We present the case of a woman with MDS (karyotype 46,XX,+1,der(1;7)(q10;p10)[20], that evolved with an additional trisomy 8 clone) and a novel spectrum of autoimmune diseases including acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) and lacrimal gland pseudotumor.
Altered membrane-cytoskeleton linkage and membrane blebbing in energy-depleted renal proximal tubular cells.

The effects of energy depletion on two membrane-cytoskeletal linker proteins (ezrin and myosin-1β) and membrane bleb formation were studied in isolated rabbit proximal tubule cells. Measurements of cytoskeletal-membrane interactions by using the laser optic trap method revealed a stronger association of control tubule membrane with the apical cytoskeleton compared with the basal cytoskeleton. Energy depletion weakened the apical membrane-cytoskeleton interactions to a greater degree. Biochemical studies demonstrated that energy depletion altered both ezrin and myosin-1β. The salt-insensitive ezrin fraction dissociated from the cytoskeleton; myosin-1β redistributed from the peripheral cytoskeleton to a perinuclear/nuclear complex. These changes in ezrin and myosin-1β and the weakening of the membrane-cytoskeleton interactions correlated with the release of brush-border membrane blebs observed by differential interference contrast microscopy. Permeability of membrane blebs was also evaluated during energy depletion and indicated an increased permeabilization of basal blebs to 3-kDa dextrans. These results support the hypothesis that alterations in membrane-cytoskeleton linkers facilitate the formation and detachment of blebs by weakening membrane-cytoskeleton interactions.
Carbohydrate digestion by the domestic cat (Felis catus)

1. Three experiments were conducted on the ability of cats to utilize dietary carbohydrates. In two experiments, the digestibilities of carbohydrates were measured by the chromic oxide-marker technique using a balanced Latin-Square allocation of treatments: in the third experiment, the effect of age and diet on the activity of intestinal β-galactosidase (lactase) (EC 3.2.1.23) and β-fructofuranosidase (sucrase) (EC 3.2.1.26) of kittens was measured.2. In Expt 1 the digestibilities of six individual carbohydrates, glucose, sucrose, lactose, dextrin, raw maize starch and wood cellulose added to a meat-based basal diet were measured.3. In Expt 2, a similar meat-based basal diet was used and the effect of three processing methods (fine and coarse grinding, and cooking) on the apparent digestibility of the starch in maize and wheat grain was measured.4. In Expt 3 the effects of the inclusion of either 200 g lactose or 200 g sucrose/kg in an all-meat diet and of age on the β-galactosidase and β-fructofuranosidase activities of the small intestine of weanling kittens were measured.5. Adult cats efficiently (> 0.94) digested all six individual carbohydrates added to the diet with the exception of cellulose, which was indigestible. The digestibility coefficients of glucose, sucrose and lactose were significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that of starch. The inclusion of lactose caused diarrhoea in some cats and significantly (P < 0.01) reduced apparent digestibility of crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) in the total ration.6. Fine grinding significantly enhanced the digestion of starch in wheat and maize grain, but the effect was greatest for maize grain. Cooking had a similar effect to fine grinding for wheat grain, but an effect intermediate between coarse and fine grinding for maize grain.7. Intestinal β-galactosidase activity decreased with age in kittens (71-106 d). Neither β-fructofuranosidase nor β-galactosidase activities were significantly affected by the addition of sucrose and lactose to the all-meat diet.
EFFECTS OF APPROXIMATE DECONVOLUTION MODELS ON THE SOLUTION OF THE STOCHASTIC NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS *

The direct numerical simulation of Navier-Stokes equations in the turbulent regime is not computationally feasible either in the deterministic or (especially) in the stochastic case. Therefore, turbulent modeling must be employed. We consider the family of approximate deconvolution models (ADM) for the simulation of the turbulent stochastic Navier-Stokes equations (NSE). For moderate values of the Reynolds number, we investigate the effect stochastic forcing (through the boundary conditions) has on the accuracy of solutions of the ADM equations compared to direct numerical simulations. Although the existence, uniqueness and verifiability of the ADM solutions has already been proven in the deterministic setting, the analyticity of a solution of the stochastic NSE is difficult to prove. Hence, we approach the problem from the computational point of view. A Smolyak-type sparse grid stochastic collocation method is employed for the approximation of first two statistical moments of the solution − the expected value and variance. We show that for different test problems, the modeling error in the stochastic case is the same as predicted for the deterministic setting. Although the ADMs are arguably only applicable for certain boundary conditions (zero or periodic), we test the model on a problem with a boundary layer and recirculation region and demonstrate that the model correctly predicts the solution of the stochastic NSE with the noise in the boundary data.
Toward a Sociology of Criminological Theory

It is a truism to remind ourselves that scientific theory is a human product subject to many of the same social processes that govern other social acts. Science, however, whether social or natural, pretends to claim a higher mission, a more sophisticated methodology, and more consequential and reliable outcomes than human efforts arising from other spheres. The present paper examines the propagation, ascension, acceptance, and demise of twentieth century criminological theories in the United States. Data from publications in peer reviewed journals over the last 30 years suggest that several non-scientific factors are most influential in determining which theories are tested, cited, and discussed in criminological circles.
St Hubert Cholegram, une aide efficace dans la lutte contre le LDL-cholestérol

Facing to the important health issue linked to the hypercholesterolemia, which is concerning more than 17 % of the French population today, dietary recommendations have to precede or to accompany every medicinal treatment. However, everybody knows that it is often difficult to respect these dietary recommendations which are perceived as a list of forbidden foods. Moreover, they have to be associated to supplementary efforts in order to improve more generally the quality of life (no smoking, physical activity...). In this context, the phytostanols are an original and efficient solution to fight against excessive cholesterol. When incorporated into foods like spread, they can be integrated very easily in a balanced diet. Moreover, the phytostanol present a supplementary benefit when they are consumed in association with a medicinal treatment.
A multi-agent spatial simulation library for parallelizing transport simulations

One of the major trends in traffic simulations is to take into account microscopic aspects of traffic flows at the street level. Multi-agent models such as MATSim (multi-agent transport simulation) have been highlighted for recent years as a solution to address these complex and microscopic simulation requirements. They are viewed as an emergent and collective behavior of agents, (i.e., vehicles). However, as the simulations scale up, their computational requirements could get increased beyond the capability of a single CPU and thus should be fulfilled with parallelization. Multithreading can partially contribute to parallelization by utilizing multi-cores, but cannot give full scalability of both CPU power and memory space. To support distributed-memory parallelization for multi-agent models, we have developed the MASS (multi-agent spatial simulation) library. This paper presents how to parallelize MATSim using the MASS library and demonstrates the library's portability and execution performance in practical transport simulations.
A VOICE IN THE DECISION: SELF-EVALUATION IN THE FRESHMAN ENGLISH PLACEMENT PROCESS

Freshman English placement usually involves standardized tests or timed writing samples, but this small college developed placement procedures that asked for students' self-evaluations. Students were given detailed explanations of three placement options and asked to write an essay identifying which one they should start with. The combination of test scores and self-evaluatory essays added up to a fuller picture of each student. This article examines the effectiveness of self-evaluatory essays as placement tools and the characteristics of incoming students as self-evaluators. It argues that when instructors listen to the self-evaluations of incoming students, they can more effectively teach, and when students reflect on their strengths and weaknesses as writers during orientation, they become more active participants in their own learning from the very first day of their college careers.
History Matching and Rate Forecasting in Unconventional Oil Reservoirs With an Approximate Analytical Solution to the Double-Porosity Model

Production data from most fractured horizontal wells in gas and liquid-rich unconventional reservoirs plot as straight lines with a one-half slope on a log-log plot of rate vs. time. This production signature (half-slope) is identical to that expected from a 1D linear flow from reservoir matrix to the fracture face, when production occurs at constant bottomhole pressure. In addition, microseismic data obtained around these fractured wells suggest that an area of enhanced permeability is developed around the horizontal well, and outside this region is an undisturbed part of the reservoir with low permeability. On the basis of these observations, geoscientists have, in general, adopted the conceptual double-porosity model in modeling production from fractured horizontal wells in unconventional reservoirs. The analytical solution to this mathematical model exists in Laplace space, but it cannot be inverted back to real-time space without use of a numerical inversion algorithm. We present a new approximate analytical solution to the double-porosity model in real-time space and its use in modeling and forecasting production from unconventional oil reservoirs. The first step in developing the approximate solution was to convert the systems of partial-differential equations (PDEs) for the double-porosity model into a system of ordinary-differential equations (ODEs). After which, we developed a function that gives the relationship between the average pressures in the highand the low-permeability regions. With this relationship, the system of ODEs was solved and used to obtain a rate/time function that one can use to predict oil production from unconventional reservoirs. The approximate solution was validated with numerical reservoir simulation. We then performed a sensitivity analysis on the model parameters to understand how the model behaves. After the model was validated and tested, we applied it to field-production data by partially history matching and forecasting the expected ultimate recovery (EUR). The rate/time function fits production data and also yields realistic estimates of ultimate oil recovery. We also investigated the existence of any correlation between the model-derived parameters and available reservoir and well-completion parameters.
Coparenting and Parental School Involvement.

Parental school involvement is associated with social, psychological, and academic child outcomes. Beyond school, demographic, and individual influences, research on the relationship between family level processes and parental school involvement is limited. Coparenting is a unique family level relationship that influences parental engagement, but its link with parental school involvement is less understood. The goal of this study was to examine the association between coparenting support and biological mothers’ and fathers’ home-based involvement and school-based involvement when the child was 9-years-old. This study also tested whether biological parental union transitions (i.e., parental union dissolution; parental union formation with each other; stable coresident relationship with one another) significantly moderated these relationships, and whether the associations among the variables of interest were empirically stronger for mothers or fathers. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1896 biological mothers and fathers), the current study utilized multiple-sample latent variable structural equation modeling analyses to explore the above associations. Higher levels of coparenting support were associated with higher levels of mothers’ and fathers’ home-based involvement, and higher levels of fathers’ school-based involvement. Union transitions did not moderate these relationships. The link between coparenting support and home-based involvement was significantly stronger for mothers, and the link between coparenting support and school-based involvement was significantly stronger for fathers. Coparenting support may be important to understanding the many components that influence parental school involvement.
Thermo-mechanical Behavior of (Meth)Acrylate Shape-Memory Polymer Networks

Our overall approach is based on developing a photocrosslinkable polymer network with a favorable shape-memory response, using polymer chemistry and crosslinking density to control thermo-mechanical properties. Three polymer networks were created and thermo-mechanically tested, each from tert-Butyl acrylate linear builder co-polymerized with a poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate cross-linker. By systematically altering the molecular weight and the weight fraction of the cross-linker, it was possible to create three polymers that exhibited the same glass transition temperature, but varied by almost an order of magnitude in rubbery modulus. Therefore, the mechanical stiffness could be tailored to suit a given application. Recovery behavior of the polymers was characterized over a range of deformation temperatures. It has been implicitly assumed a linear relationship between Free-Strain (i.e. no actuation force) and Fixed-Stress (i.e. maximum actuation force), however, this has never been confirmed experimentally. The energy per unit volume performed by the shape-memory polymer was quantified, and observed to be a function of strain recovered. The maximum recoverable work was shown to increase with cross-linking density, although the overall efficiency is similar for all materials tested.
Dynamic model of hysteretic elastic systems

A model for the dynamical behavior of a hysteretic elastic system is introduced and studied numerically. This model consists of a chain of hysteretic elastic elements. Each elastic element is a spring with properties that depend on an Ising-like state variable having Brownian dynamics in an energy landscape with structure that is sensitive to the forces which the elastic element must support. A single elastic element is studied carefully, numerically in order to establish its basic behavior. A one dimensional chain of $N=500$ elastic elements, driven like a resonant bar, is studied numerically. The data from this study are analyzed by the methods employed in analyzing similar experimental data. The behavior of the numerical model compares well with the behavior of physical realizations of hysteretic elastic systems.
Latent Class Models for the Analysis of Behavioral Hierarchies

The author develops and describes latent class models useful for the analysis of behavioral hierarchies. The latent class models investigated are generalizations of the Guttman scale model and consider probabilistic relationships of item response to scale type and multiple hierarchical orderings of item responses. In addition, the author develops models for hierarchies that are present at the level of sets of items rather than at the level of individual items. He calls them “characteristics models” and examines their relationship to models for hierarchies of items. The models are illustrated on consumer complaint data gathered from a cross-sectional survey.
AYP Status, Urbanicity, and Sector School-to-School Variation in Instruction

This study investigates whether adequate yearly progress (AYP) status, locale, and sector—common variables used to judge the quality of schools—accurately signal true differences in instructional p...
Y a-t-il un effet de taille et d’encastrement pour les fondations superficielles dans les sables ?

L’effet de la taille d’une fondation superficielle et l’effet de son encastrement sur la courbe donnant le deplacement en fonction de la charge sont l’objet de cet article. Des arguments theoriques et surtout des donnees experimentales sont presentes. Ils indiquent la chose suivante. Si le comportement de la fondation est represente par la courbe donnant la pression sous la fondation divisee par une mesure de la resistance du sol dans la zone influencee par la fondation en fonction du tassement divise par la largeur de la fondation, toutes les courbes ainsi obtenues pour des fondations de taille et d’encastrement differents se regroupent dans une bande serree pour un sable donne. L’existence de cette bande serree est en accord avec la methode de la courbe charge-tassement proposee par Briaud et Jeanjean (1994).
Plan recognition in intrusion detection systems using logic programming

In this paper we focus on logic programming based approach to plan recognition in intrusion detection systems. The goal of an intruder is to attack a computer or a network system for malicious reasons and the goal of the intrusion detection system is to detect the actions of the intruder and warn the network administrator of an impending attack. We show how an intrusion detection system can recognize the plans of the intruder by modeling the domain as a logic program and then reducing the plan recognition problem to computing models of the logic program. This methodology has been used widely for several planning problems and fits very naturally for plan recognition problems. We give an example scenario and show how to model it. Our results are quite satisfactory and we believe that our approach can lead to a generalized solution to plan recognition.
John Huston’s The Dead (1987)

This essay examines John Huston’s The Dead as the culmination of his career as an adapter of serious literary works for the screen and his lifelong Hibernophilia. Joyce’s story and Huston’s film are at once a celebration of family and community, the arts of music and poetry, and a meditation on individual human destiny. Huston undertakes the difficult task of translating Joyce’s densely intertextual language into immediate visual terms. His film becomes, in consequence, a spectacularly reductive version of the Edwardian ambience and social plot of Joyce’s work. The essay undertakes a detailed critique of the filming, casting, screenplay, and reception of the film. It considers the strengths and weaknesses of Tony Huston’s screenplay, observing that the central intelligence of his father’s camera eye replaces the concealed narrator and free indirect discourse of Joyce’s masterpiece.
Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth Are Increased in Kininogen Deficient Mice

Abstract 371 High molecular weight kininogen (HK) is an abundant plasma protein and member of the contact phase of coagulation that is involved in a number of important biological processes. We have previously reported that kallikrein-cleaved HK (HKa) induces rapid apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells and inhibits angiogenesis. We have recently produced a kininogen deficient mouse by deleting the murine gene for kininogen that is expressed in liver, mKng1 . These mice lack detectable kininogen, despite persistent expression of mRNA from the mKng2 gene, primarily expressed in kidney. To further determine the importance of kininogen in the regulation of angiogenesis, we assessed angiogenesis in mKng1−/− mice. These mice demonstrated increased angiogenesis in subcutaneously-implanted Matrigel plugs containing vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), compared to wild-type littermates. We also assessed the growth of B16F10 melanoma cells and Lewis lung carcinomas planted subcutaneously in mKng1−/− mice. In both cases, in particular with the B16F10 implants, tumor growth occurred substantially faster in the setting of kininogen deficiency (mean tumor volume of mKng1−/− mice 4820 ± 728 mm 3 vs 1990 ± 412 mm 3 in wild type mice; P = 0.003). Differences in growth rates were apparent approximately 8 days after tumor implantation, and were associated with increases in tumor microvascular density. Several reports suggest that the urokinase receptor (uPAR), which binds HKa, mediates its antiangiogenic activity. However, using Matrigel plug assays we observed that HKa inhibited angiogenesis equally well in wild type and uPAR−/− mice. These studies demonstrate that kininogen serves as an endogenous regulator of angiogenesis. Current studies are focused on better defining the mechanisms of this activity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
How Priming Innocence Influences Public Opinion on Police Misconduct and False Convictions: A Research Note

Issues of innocence have become more salient to the public in recent years, including the problem of police misconduct. However, citizens also tend to be supportive of the police, perceiving them a...
Key Role for the Organic Anion Transporters, OAT1 and OAT3, in the in vivo Handling of Uremic Toxins and Solutes

In vitro data indicates that the kidney proximal tubule (PT) transporters of uremic toxins and solutes (e.g., indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, kynurenine, creatinine, urate) include two “drug” transporters of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family: OAT1 (SLC22A6, originally NKT) and OAT3 (SLC22A8). Here, we have examined new and prior metabolomics data from the Oat1KO and Oat3KO, as well as newly obtained metabolomics data from a “chemical double” knockout (Oat3KO plus probenecid). This gives a picture of the in vivo roles of OAT1 and OAT3 in the regulation of the uremic solutes and supports the centrality of these “drug” transporters in independently and synergistically regulating uremic metabolism. We demonstrate a key in vivo role for OAT1 and/or OAT3 in the handling of over 35 uremic toxins and solutes, including those derived from the gut microbiome (e.g., CMPF, phenylsulfate, indole-3-acetic acid). Although it is not clear whether trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is directly transported, the Oat3KO had elevated plasma levels of TMAO, which is associated with cardiovascular morbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD). As described in the Remote Sensing and Signaling (RSS) Hypothesis, many of these molecules are involved in interorgan and interorganismal communication, suggesting that uremia is, at least in part, a disorder of RSS.
Coping With Workplace Bullying Through NAVER: Effects of LMX Relational Concerns and Cultural Differences:

Workplace bullying inevitably has grave individual and organizational consequences, including lowered morale and productivity. Given such negative consequences, this study explored five coping stra...
Proximity and Network Analysis

Proximity analysis is an important function in GIS as it covers a wide range of topics that help in answering many spatial questions, such as 1. How close is the observation well to a treatment plant? 2. Do any wells fall within 500 m of a fault system? 3. What are the distances between the wells and the treatment plant? 4. What is the nearest or farthest well from the dam? 5. What is the shortest street network route from the water tower reservoir to the towns?
Sleep Behavior and EEG Oscillations in Aged Dp(16)1Yey/+ Mice: A Down Syndrome Model.

Abstract Down syndrome (DS) results from the triplication of genes located on human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Though many cognitive and behavioral impairments are associated with DS, sleep disturbances remain poorly understood despite being a reported phenotype in approximately 60% of individuals diagnosed with DS. In this study, sleep and electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations were recorded from aged (12–14 mos.) Dp(16)1Yey/+ mice (Dp16), a mouse model of DS. We observed disrupted sleep demonstrated by increased activity during the dark phase and increased time awake at the expense of NREM sleep compared to wild-type mice. In addition, we found that Dp16 mice display significant differences in relative EEG power distribution among oscillation frequencies in both sleep and awake states. These results in Dp16 mice are consistent with sleep disturbances found in individuals with DS, and the abnormal EEG oscillations in aged Dp16 mice suggest a potential role for GABAergic activity in these sleep and EEG abnormalities. These sleep and EEG data reflect underlying differences in neuronal activity at the network level and thus are causative agents rather than merely symptoms of DS.
The First B-Cell Tolerance Checkpoint in Mice and Humans: Control by AID.

Abstract Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression in the germinal center response drives the immunoglobulin class-switch recombination and V(D)J hypermutation necessary for efficacious, high-affinity antibody responses. That AID is expressed in developing lymphocytes is less well known, but represents an evolutionarily conserved pattern of lymphocyte development that is represented in all vertebrate species. Here we review the role of early, developmentally regulated AID expression in mice and humans and its role in establishing the first B-cell tolerance checkpoint. This newly recognized component of central tolerance requires coordinate signaling by poly- or autoreactive B-cell antigen receptors and endosomal Toll-like receptors. These signals synergize to upregulate AID expression in immature and transitional B cells to levels that approach that of germinal center B cells with the result of caspase 3-mediated cell death. In this review, we discuss the origins and mechanism of this interesting collaboration between adaptive and innate receptors to purge the primary B-cell repertoire of self-reactivity and how it may be related to receptor editing, the other major mechanism for central tolerance.
Synthesis and Separation of cis- and trans-3-Ethylproline; Polymerization and Conformational Studies of Poly trans-3-Ethyl-D-Proline

The study of the conformational behavior of polypeptides has intrinsic interest in a complex and challenging theoretical and experimental problem. There are also strong biological implications inasmuch as there are many known naturally occurring polypeptides, both linear and cyclic, with potent effects as hormones, toxins, antibiotics, and ionophores. It is very probable that these functions are closely related to the polymer chain conformations.1–5 Investigations of model polypepetides have been extremely useful for the interpretation of conformational behavior and for the elucidation of the interaction between proteins and other macromolecules. The conformational structures of polyproline and related compounds have been of particular interest due to the important role L-proline plays in effecting protein structure.
Who needs clickers?: engaging students in CS1 distance education lectures

One of the major problems with distance education is engaging students during the lecture portion of the course. Research has shown that clickers (Student Response Systems): • actively engage students during the entire class period, • gauge their level of understanding of the material being presented, and • provide prompt feedback to student questions.
Partitioning soil respiration: quantifying the artifacts of the trenching method

Total soil respiration (Rt) is a combination of autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh). Root exclusion methods, such as soil trenching, are often utilized to separate these components. This method involves severing the rooting system surrounding a plot to remove the Ra component. However, soil trenching has potential limitations including (1) reduced water uptake in trenched plots that increases soil water content, which is one of the environmental controllers of Rt in many ecosystems, and (2) increased available carbon substrate for Rh caused by recently severed dead roots. We present a methodology that utilizes a bayesian modeling framework to quantify the magnitude of artifacts from a large trenching manipulation experiment. Thus methodology corrects Rh and Ra observations at daily to seasonal time scales. This study finds that the artifacts, due to recently severed roots, persist over a 2 years study period and the artifacts due to altered soil moisture had the greatest impact during drought conditions.
The proteolytic changes in two different types of pastırma during the production

Pastirma is a traditional dry‐cured meat product. Proteolytic changes play an important role on pastirma quality. In the present study, proteolytic changes of “sirt” pastirma (Longissimus thoracis et lumborum) and “sekerpare” pastirma (Semitendinosus) types were investigated during production. While the average total free amino acid (FAA) amount was 311.24 ± 21.76 mg/100 g dry matter in raw material, it was 825.26 ± 103.90 mg/100 g dry matter in the pastirma. Proteolytic changes were more evident after the first drying stage. Alanine, leucine, glutamic acid, arginine, and lysine amino acids in both pastirma types were predominant. The average total FAA amount was high in sirt‐pastirma. Arginine (for children), methionine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine, essential amino acids, were also high in “sirt” pastirma. On the contrary, SDS‐PAGE profiles of the both pastirma types were generally similar and there was no significant difference between the average nonprotein nitrogenous substances (NPN‐S) amount of the pastirma types. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Although it is possible to produce many types of pastirma depending on the muscle used as raw material, the “sirt‐pastirma” and “sekerpare‐pastirma” are the widely produced types. According to the results of this research, the first drying in pastirma production is an important stage in terms of proteolytic changes. In the “sirt pastirma,” the amount of total free amino acid was higher compared to the “sekerpare pastirma.” This result could have a positive effect on the sensory properties of the “sirt pastirma.” Moreover, some essential amino acids were high in this type of pastirma.
Hybrid Model of Bacterial Biofilm Growth

Bacterial biofilms play a critical role in environmental processes, water treatment, human health, and food processing. They exhibit highly complex dynamics due to the interactions between the bacteria and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), water, and nutrients and minerals that make up the biofilm. We present a hybrid computational model in which the dynamics of discrete bacterial cells are simulated within a multiphase continuum, consisting of EPS and water as separate interacting phases, through which nutrients and minerals diffuse. Bacterial cells in our model consume water and nutrients in order to grow, divide, and produce EPS. Consequently, EPS flows outward from the bacterial colony, while water flows inward. The model predicts bacterial colony formation as a treelike structure. The distribution of bacterial growth and EPS production is found to be sensitive to the pore spacing between bacteria and the consumption of nutrients within the bacterial colony. Forces that are sometimes neglected in biofilm simulations, such as lubrication force between nearby bacterial cells and osmotic (swelling) pressure force resulting from gradients in EPS concentration, are observed to have an important effect on biofilm growth via their influence on bacteria pore spacing and associated water/nutrient percolation into the bacterial colony.
Simultaneous 2D filtered Rayleigh scattering thermometry and stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements in turbulent non-premixed flames

The current work presents simultaneous high-resolution temperature and three-component velocity measurements taken in a series of turbulent (Re = 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000) piloted, non-premixed jet flames using filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) thermometry and stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (sPIV). This manuscript details the experimental approach with a key focus on the experimental protocol and specific challenges unique to simultaneous single-shot FRS/sPIV measurements in turbulent non-premixed flames. Specific areas of discussion include the experimental particle scattering rejection for FRS measurements, elimination of signal “crosstalk” between FRS and PIV channels, tracer particle selection, data processing for noise removal, and spatial resolution for both the temperature and velocity measurements. Sample joint temperature/velocity fields are presented highlighting interactions between the flow turbulence and the temperature fields, and a detailed statistical assessment of the temperature and velocity measurements demonstrates the quantitative nature of the results. Dissipation spectra from the measured temperature and velocity fluctuations are used to assess the true spatial resolution of the measurements. Results indicate that the sPIV measurements are resolved well into the dissipative range and the highest spatial frequencies (smallest dissipative scales) are resolved for the temperature measurements under all flame cases and measurement locations. The current joint FRS/sPIV approach enables the first simultaneous single-shot temperature/velocity imaging in turbulent non-premixed flames.
The Roles and Responsibilities of the School Psychologist in Promoting Child Rights

The chapter discusses the roles and responsibilities of the school psychologist in their commitment to promote child rights and well-being on individual and system levels. The school psychologist’s roles that are explored include assessment, individual and group intervention, consultation, research and evaluation, and advocacy. Furthermore, the chapter highlights the school psychologists’ unique position as advocates for child rights in education. Finally, concrete guidelines about school psychologists’ future roles in the implementation of children’s rights are presented.
Regret Bounds and Reinforcement Learning Exploration of EXP-based Algorithms

EXP-based algorithms are often used for exploration in multi-armed bandit. We revisit the EXP3.P algorithm and establish both the lower and upper bounds of regret in the Gaussian multi-armed bandit setting, as well as a more general distribution option. The analyses do not require bounded rewards compared to classical regret assumptions. We also extend EXP4 from multi-armed bandit to reinforcement learning to incentivize exploration by multiple agents. The resulting algorithm has been tested on hard-to-explore games and it shows an improvement on exploration compared to state-of-the-art.
A Group Intervention for Prospective First-Generation College Students: Application With an Urban, African American Population:

We applied a qualitative inquiry to explore the experiences of African American youth engaging in a group intervention at an urban high school. Group topics were tailored to the needs of prospectiv...
Spatial frequency metrics for analysis of microscopic images of musculoskeletal tissues

Purpose: Imaging-based metrics for analysis of biological tissues are powerful tools that can extract information such as shape, size, periodicity, and many other features to assess the requested qualities of a tissue. Muscular and osseous tissues consist of periodic structures that are directly related to their function, and so analysis of these patterns likely reflects tissue health and regeneration.Methods: A method for assessment of periodic structures is by analyzing them in the spatial frequency domain using the Fourier transform. In this paper, we present two filters which we developed in the spatial frequency domain for the purpose of analyzing musculoskeletal structures. These filters provide information about 1) the angular orientation of the tissues and 2) their periodicity. We explore periodic structural patterns in the mitochondrial network of skeletal muscles that are reflective of muscle metabolism and myogenesis; and patterns of collagen fibers in the bone that are reflective of the organization and health of bone extracellular matrix.Results: We present an analysis of mouse skeletal muscle in healthy and injured muscles. We used a transgenic mouse that ubiquitously expresses fluorescent protein in their mitochondria and performed 2-photon microscopy to image the structures. To acquire the collagen structure of the bone we used non-linear SHG microscopy of mouse flat bone. We analyze and compare juvenile versus adult mice, which have different structural patterns.Conclusions: Our results indicate that these metrics can quantify musculoskeletal tissues during development and regeneration.
Managerial Incentives in Nonprofit Organizations: Evidence from Hospitals

This paper examines the incentives of CEOs in a large sample of nonprofit hospitals. The evidence indicates that both turnover and compensation of these CEOs are significantly related to financial performance (return on assets). We find no evidence that nonprofit hospitals provide explicit incentives for their CEOs to focus on altruistic activities. The turnover/performance relation appears stronger in nonprofit hospitals than in for-profit hospitals and other for-profit corporations (our data do not allow us to compare compensation incentives). Past research suggests that there is little distinction between the outputs and behaviors of private nonprofit and for-profit hospitals. Consistent with these findings, our study suggests that managers face incentives to concentrate on financial performance in both types of organizations.