cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compositional changes and apoprotein A-I metabolism of plasma high density lipoprotein in estrogenized chicks

The effect of estrogen on compositional changes, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I metabolism and the morphology of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) were investigated in chicks. The administration of 17β-estradiol (25 mg/kg body weight) to growing male chicks (8-week-old) markedly reduced the concentrations of plasma HDL components, except for triglyceride (TG). At the same time, levels of TG, total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipid (PL) in plasma were greatly elevated. The respective values for TG, TC, PL and protein in HDL were 13.9, 89.3, 154.1 and 231.7 (mg/dL) in the control, and 39.0, 35.1, 113.8 and 160.0 (mg/dL) in chicks upon estrogen treatment for one day.In vivo kinetic studies showed that the fractional catabolic rate of HDL apo A-I was significantly higher (p<0.05) in estrogen-treated chicks than in control birds, indicating an increased efficiency of HDL removal in the former. The production rate of HDL apo A-I also was significantly lower (p<0.05) in estrogen-treated chicks. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by laser scanning densitometry of HDL apolipoproteins in estrogen-treated chicks revealed a reduction of apo A-I and the occurrence of new apolipoproteins which had been absent in HDL of untreated birds. The HDL particles showed that the mean particle size of HDL became larger upon estrogen treatment. Particles with diameters between 70 and 123 A were predominant in HDL of control chicks, while particles with diameters between 97 and 143 A were most abundant in HDL of estrogen-treated chicks.
Non-steady-state elastic–plastic behavior of metal forming (rolling) with a generalized friction law

Abstract An analytical and generalized friction law is formulated and a three-dimensional large-strain non-steady-state elastic–plastic finite element analysis has been performed for rolling process. The contact/friction problem at the interface between the workpiece and the rolls is treated rigorously by using this new friction law. The numerical results, including the evolutions of roll torque and roll forces, and the interfacial normal and shear stresses, are presented and discussed.
MitoTimer: A novel tool for monitoring mitochondrial turnover

Fluorescent Timer, or DsRed1-E5, is a mutant of the red fluorescent protein, dsRed, in which fluorescence shifts over time from green to red as the protein matures. This molecular clock gives temporal and spatial information on protein turnover. To visualize mitochondrial turnover, we targeted Timer to the mitochondrial matrix with a mitochondrial-targeting sequence (coined “MitoTimer”) and cloned it into a tetracycline-inducible promoter construct to regulate its expression. Here we report characterization of this novel fluorescent reporter for mitochondrial dynamics. Tet-On HEK 293 cells were transfected with pTRE-tight-MitoTimer and production was induced with doxycycline (Dox). Mitochondrial distribution was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and verified by subcellular fractionation and western blot analysis. Dox addition for as little as 1 h was sufficient to induce MitoTimer expression within 4 h, with persistence in the mitochondrial fraction for up to 6 d. The color-specific conformation of MitoTimer was stable after fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde. Ratiometric analysis of MitoTimer revealed a time-dependent transition from green to red over 48 h and was amenable to analysis by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry of whole cells or isolated mitochondria. A second Dox administration 48 h after the initial induction resulted in a second round of expression of green MitoTimer. The extent of new protein incorporation during a second pulse was increased by administration of a mitochondrial uncoupler or simvastatin, both of which trigger mitophagy and biogenesis. MitoTimer is a novel fluorescent reporter protein that can reveal new insights into mitochondrial dynamics within cells. Coupled with organelle flow cytometry, it offers new opportunities to investigate mitochondrial subpopulations by biochemical or proteomic methods.
Ridge-type AlGaInN-based laser diode structure by selective regrowth

We report the development of a novel ridge-type AlGaInN-based laser diode structure fabricated by a metal organic vapor phase epitaxial regrowth method. The selective-area regrowth of AlGaN was optimized and compared with regular planar growth. An AlN fraction of 13% in the regrown ridge was concluded from the cathodoluminescence spectrum. The laser diode structure showed superluminescence at 465 nm under optical excitation. Under electrical excitation a super-linear increase of the light output power was observed.
Age-related changes of bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors in rat heart

Aging is a major risk factor for the development of vascular diseases, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, that leads to end organ damage and especially heart failure. Bradykinin has been dem...
Converting Java classes to use generics

Generics offer significant software engineering benefits since they provide code reuse without compromising type safety. Thus generics will be added to the Java language in the next release. While this extension to Java will help programmers when they are writing new code, it will not help legacy code unless it is rewritten to use generics. In our experience, manually modifying existing programs to use generics is complex and can be error prone and labor intensive. We describe a system, Ilwith, that (i) converts non-generic classes to generic classes and (ii) rewrites their clients to use the newly generified classes. Our experiments with a number of Java container classes show that our system is effective in modifying legacy code to use generics.
Safety and efficacy of a pre-wrkout dietary supplement with and without synephrine.

Background A number of nutritional strategies have been developed to optimize nutrient delivery prior to exercise. As a result, a number of pre-workout supplements have been developed to increase energy availability, promote vasodilation, and/or positively affect exercise capacity. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of a preworkout dietary supplement with and without synephrine.
COMMONER ATTITUDES TOWARD LANDSCAPE AND NATURE

ABSTRACT In the study of attitudes toward nature and landscape it has been difficult to be certain that an expressed attitude represents sociocultural reality. The historic attitudes of commoners and women can at best be inferred only from the records of male literati. In research of contemporary attitudes the results are frequently at variance with lived reality. Establishing a connection between an expressed attitude and the cultural landscape is another problem, especially concerning the aesthetic intent of peasants and commoners. Current efforts to attain inner views of lived reality through existential phenomenology are promising but lacking in method. Because it represents an autobiographical ethnography of a people, oral literature is suggested as a proven source of attitudes in anthropologic, historic, and literary studies of peasants, women, and urban blacks.
Imaging of Diffusion and Microcirculation with Gradient Sensitization: Design, Strategy, and Significance'

Recent developments in the use of magnetic resonance (MR) to measure and image diffusion and blood microcirculation (“perfusion”) are summarized. After a brief description of the effects of diffusion and perfusion on the MR signal, the different methods (conventional spin-echo, stimulated-echo, gradient-echo, and echo-planar imaging) that have been proposed and used to image and measure diffusion and perfusion by gradient sensitization are presented, along with their advantages and limitations. The difficulties of diffusion/ perfusion imaging related to both hardware and software are then discussed. Special attention is given to specific problems encountered with in vivo studies and data analysis. Finally, the potential biologic and clinical applications are outlined, and some examples are presented.
Measuring Social Well-Being in People with Chronic Illness

Although social well-being (SWB) is recognized as an integral component of health, it is rarely included in health-related quality of life (HRQL) instruments. Two SWB dimensions were identified by literature review: social support (SWB-SS) and social function (SWB-SF). As part of a larger project to develop item response theory-derived item banks and computerized adaptive testing, we developed and tested items for the SWB banks. Item ratings of three large (n > 600) datasets were conducted by 15 reviewers. Rasch measurement analyses were conducted to initially define item hierarchies. Out of 83 total items, 8 were removed due to model misfit and 8 were removed because of overlapping item content. We then wrote 11 new SWB-SS and 16 new SWB-SF items to fill content gaps, and edited items to improve comprehension and consistency. A total of 94 items (65 SWB-SS, 29 SWB-SF) was administered by computer to 202 cancer patients. Confirmatory factor analyses, Rasch analyses, and evaluations of construct validity were performed. Patients commented favorably on the content of the items and expressed appreciation for attention to this aspect of their HRQL. Using current psychometric standards for unidimensionality, reliability, and content and construct validity, we derived six preliminary item banks for social support (instrumental support, informational support, positive and negative emotional support, positive and negative social companionship) and two for social function (limitations and satisfaction). The empirical construct hierarchy was consistent with clinical observations; e.g., hobbies and leisure activities tended to reflect more limitations, while meeting the needs of family and friends tended to reflect fewer limitations. Optimal care for patients with cancer or other chronic illnesses includes obtaining a complete picture of patients’ physical and psychosocial health status. SWB measures are important since diseases like cancer and their treatment can affect quality of relationships, parental responsibilities, work abilities and social activities. With properly calibrated item banks, it will be possible to precisely and efficiently measure and monitor multiple HRQL dimensions in individual patients, and use their responses to inform care. Qualitative patient feedback and quantitative analyses suggest that it is possible and desirable to include SWB measures in HRQL assessment.
Variation in Association with Anthropogenic Habitat Edges Exhibited by the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) in St. Louis County, Missouri

Abstract How habitat edges affect the spatial dynamics of snakes has become an increasingly popular subject because of a massive increase in anthropogenic edges in many landscapes. Here, we used a novel randomization-based procedure to examine patterns of edge association for the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) within upland forest in St. Louis County, Missouri. For each set of locations, the minimal distance from each location to the nearest edge feature was measured, averaged, and compared to an expected null distribution of average minimal distances (AMDs) under the assumption that points are randomly located with respect to edges. The significance of the observed value was estimated by determining the proportion of AMDs from the randomized set that were equal to or less than the observed average distance. Results indicated considerable variation from year to year in test results for individuals, resulting in variation in the results of combined significance tests for subgroups (i.e., males, fem...
An Adaptive-Duration Version of the PVT Accurately Tracks Changes in Psychomotor Vigilance Induced by Sleep Restriction

Study Objectives: The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used assay of behavioral alertness sensitive to the effects of sleep loss and circadian misalignment. The standard 10-minute duration of the PVT is often considered impractical for operational or clinical environments. Therefore, we developed and validated an adaptive-duration version of the PVT (PVT-A) that stops sampling once it has gathered enough information to correctly classify PVT performance. Design: Repeated-measures experiments involving 10-minute PVT assessments every 2 hours across both acute total sleep deprivation (TSD) and 5 days of chronic partial sleep deprivation (PSD). Setting: Controlled laboratory environment. Participants: Seventy-four healthy subjects (34 women), aged 22 to 45 years. Interventions: A TSD experiment involving 33 hours awake (n = 31 subjects), and a PSD experiment involving 5 nights of 4 hours time in bed (n = 43 subjects). Measurements and Results: The PVT-A algorithm was trained with 527 TSD test bouts and validated with 880 PSD test bouts. Based on our primary outcome measure “number of lapses (response times ≥ 500 ms) plus false starts (premature responses or response times 5 and ≤ 16 lapses and false starts), or low (> 16 lapses and false starts). The decision threshold for PVT-A termination was set so that at least 95% of training data-set tests were classified correctly and no test was classified incorrectly across 2 performance categories (i.e., high as low or low as high), resulting in an average test duration of 6.0 minutes (SD 2.4 min). In the validation data set, 95.7% of test bouts were correctly classified, and there were no incorrect classifications across 2 categories. Agreement corrected for chance was excellent (κ = 0.92). Across the 3 performance categories, sensitivity averaged 93.7% (range 87.2%-100%), and specificity averaged 96.8% (range 91.6%-99.9%). Test duration averaged 6.4 minutes (SD 1.7 min), with a minimum of 27 seconds. Conclusions: We developed and validated a highly accurate, sensitive, and specific adaptive-duration version of the 10-minute PVT. Test duration of the adaptive PVT averaged less than 6.5 minutes, with 60 tests (4.3%) terminating after less than 2 minutes, increasing the practicability of the test in operational and clinical settings. The adaptive-duration strategy may be superior to a simple reduction of PVT duration in which the fixed test duration may be too short to identify subjects with moderate impairment (showing deficits only later during the test) but unnecessarily long for those who are either fully alert or severely impaired.
Characterization of Functional Domains of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Rev Suggests a Bipartite RNA-Binding Domain

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) Rev is an essential regulatory protein that facilitates expression of viral mRNAs encoding structural proteins and genomic RNA and regulates alternative splicing of the bicistronic tat/rev mRNA. EIAV Rev is characterized by a high rate of genetic variation in vivo, and changes in Rev genotype and phenotype have been shown to coincide with changes in clinical disease. To better understand how genetic variation alters Rev phenotype, we undertook deletion and mutational analyses to map functional domains and to identify specific motifs that are essential for EIAV Rev activity. All functional domains are contained within the second exon of EIAV Rev. The overall organization of domains within Rev exon 2 includes a nuclear export signal, a large central region required for RNA binding, a nonessential region, and a C-terminal region required for both nuclear localization and RNA binding. Subcellular localization of green fluorescent protein-Rev mutants indicated that basic residues within the KRRRK motif in the C-terminal region of Rev are necessary for targeting of Rev to the nucleus. Two separate regions of Rev were necessary for RNA binding: a central region encompassing residues 57 to 130 and a C-terminal region spanning residues 144 to 165. Within these regions were two distinct, short arginine-rich motifs essential for RNA binding, including an RRDRW motif in the central region and the KRRRK motif near the C terminus. These findings suggest that EIAV Rev utilizes a bipartite RNA-binding domain.
Modeling Avian Kinematics using Software Developed for the Human Musculoskeletal System

Using an interactive computer graphic system developed for the simulation of human musculoskeletal kinematics and detailed computerized tomography (CT) imaging of the domestic turkey, a kinematic structure of the avian trunk and wings is defined. The result is a simulation that provides interactive study of avian muscle-tendon joint kinematics, the ability to elucidate the essential components of bird flight and visual verification of heuristic muscle-tendon-joint models through real-time, 3D interaction. This application demonstrates the flexibility and applicability of this simulation software to define the kinematic structure of any animal or robotic mechanism given a segmented, 3D skeletal structure and to define the necessary and sufficient joints (linked revolutes and degrees-of-freedom) and muscle-tendon paths for that animal. The result is an interactive, real-time, 3D, kinematic model providing immediate understanding of muscle-tendon-joint function specific to that animal.
Frequency dependence of the chirp factor in 1.55 mu m distributed feedback semiconductor lasers

The authors report on measurements of the chirp factor versus modulation frequency and bias for 1.55 mu m distributed feedback lasers. A scanning Michelson interferometer is used to measure the phase response of the optical field under small-signal modulation of the injection current. The magnitude of the phase response is then quantified in terms of an effective chirp factor corresponding to the well known alpha -parameter. The authors find this factor to increase monotonically and nearly double as the modulation frequency increases from below to above the resonance frequency of the relaxation oscillation. The results contradict the commonly held view of alpha as a constant parameter for a given laser structure. >
Environmental attitudes, motivations, and contingent valuation of nonuse values: a case study involving endangered species

Abstract This paper explores relationships among environmental attitudes, nonuse values for endangered species, and underlying motivations for contingent valuation (CV) responses. The approach combines techniques from the attitude–behavior and economic valuation literature. Attitudes are measured with the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale, and economic values are derived from a referendum, CV survey for peregrine falcons and shortnose sturgeons. Respondents with stronger pro-environmental attitudes are found more likely to provide legitimate yes/no responses, while those with weaker attitudes are more likely to protest hypothetical CV scenarios. Analysis reveals environmental attitudes as a significant explanatory variable of yes/no responses, whereby stronger pro-environmental attitudes result in higher probabilities of responding ‘yes’. Pro-environmental attitudes are also shown to result in higher estimates of mean willingness to pay (WTP). Significant relationships are found between environmental attitudes and nonuse motivations. Specifically, pro-environmental attitudes are associated with stronger reliance on ethical motives for species protection. These results are discussed as they relate to testing predictions in the literature about potential bias in CV studies and to supporting National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recommendations for improving CV reliability.
Estimating the probability of failure when testing reveals no failures

Formulas for estimating the probability of failure when testing reveals no errors are introduced. These formulas incorporate random testing results, information about the input distribution; and prior assumptions about the probability of failure of the software. The formulas are not restricted to equally likely input distributions, and the probability of failure estimate can be adjusted when assumptions about the input distribution change. The formulas are based on a discrete sample space statistical model of software and include Bayesian prior assumptions. Reusable software and software in life-critical applications are particularly appropriate candidates for this type of analysis. >
Energy Minimization through Network Coding for Lifetime Constrained Wireless Networks

Energy management is the key issue in the design and operation of wireless network applications like sensor networks, pervasive computing and ubiquitous computing where the network is primarily driven by battery-powered embedded devices. This paper studies network coding as an energy minimization technique. Network coding reduces the energy consumption by minimizing the number of transmissions required to communicate a given amount of information across the network. However, aggressive application of network coding adversely affects the network lifetime. We illustrate this trade off in this paper, and show that the existing throughput based network coding approaches cannot be applied to energy-constrained networks. Specifically, we address the following routing problem. Given a set of traffic demands the goal is to route the demands across the network with the objective of minimizing the total energy consumption while providing guarantees on the lifetime of individual nodes. This paper studies multi-path variation of the above routing problem. We present analytical formulations to solve the problem optimally. Evaluation results indicate that the proposed solution is 35% more energy efficient than no-network- coding solution while still meeting required lifetime constraints.
Das hat mir sehr geholfen, dass man hier her kam und konnte sich an’n Tisch setzen und einfach frühstücken

Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, was hilft wem und wie lasst sich diese Hilfe in Kontexten institutionalisierter Fursorge und Pflege begrifflich so fassen, dass sowohl Unterstutzte als auch Unterstutzende ihre Anteile, Wunsche und Voraussetzungen wieder finden. Dazu werden empirisch erhobene Care Verstandnisse von AkteurInnen im Sinne einer Materialisierung des Care Begriffes analysiert. Basis ist die Konstruktion des Care Begriffes im Rahmen der geschlechtertheoretisch fundierten internationalen Care Debatte. Care ist aufgrund menschlicher Verletzlichkeit und menschlicher Endlichkeit existentiell notwendig und die lebensbegleitende Bedeutung des Sorgens geht nicht in einer abstrakten Begrifflichkeit auf, sondern muss durch Lebensweltorientierte Untersuchungen von Care Prozessen angereichert und gegebenenfalls korrigiert werden. Aus der Sicht von befragten AkteurInnen werden vier Dimensionen von Care in professionellen Kontexten herausgearbeitet: der institutionelle Rahmen, die Handlungsvollzuge einschlieslich der Beziehungsebene, die Normen und die Selbstsorge. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analyse lassen sich als Beleg fur die Relevanz eines institutions- und handlungsbezogenen Care Begriffs auf der Basis einer eigenstandigen Care Rationalitat interpretieren. Denn es wird deutlich, dass prozessorientierte Empathie, Aushandlung und Befahigung fur die AkteurInnen wesentliche Aspekte von Unterstutzungsprozessen darstellen, die einer ausreichenden Gestaltungsfreiheit bedurfen und eine sozialstaatliche Absicherung voraussetzen. Zudem bedarf es immer auch kontextbezogener Begriffsfullungen, je nach gesellschaftlichen Hintergrunden, konkreten Zusammenhangen und Fragestellungen.
The Lex Plotia Agraria

In a speech, delivered early in 59 B.C. and recorded by Dio, Pompey supported Caesar’s agrarian proposal. At the beginning of the speech, as recorded in Dio xxxviii 5. 1-2, Pompey mentioned a proposal, approved by the Senate on a former occasion, which related to the provision of land allotments for his own troops and those of Metellus:
Biologic significance of constitutive and subliminal growth factor production by bone marrow stroma.

The “stromal” or adherent cells of long-term murine Dexter explant bone marrow cultures provide the best in vitro model of the bone marrow microenvironment. Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is produced constitutively by these cells and is easily detected, but most investigators have not found constitutive production of the other hemolymphopoietic cytokines. We have previously reported the detection of granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) in murine stromal cultures and its induction by the lectin Pokeweed mitogen. The present studies analyzing stromal cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) production by standard Northern blot analysis show constitutive production of mRNAs for CSF-1, GM-CSF, granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), c-kit ligand (KL), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but not IL-3, IL-4, or IL-5 by 3-week irradiated or nonirradiated murine Dexter stromal cells. Exposure of stromal cells to Pokeweed mitogen or IL-1 16 hours before RNA harvest induces the messages for GM-CSF, G-CSF, KL, and IL-6, but not IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, or CSF-1. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNA made with reverse transcriptase from stromal RNA using two separate sets of IL-3- specific primers shows the presence of IL-3 message in irradiated stromal cells, which is only detectable with this more sensitive technique. The factor-dependent cell lines FDC-P1 and 32D are supported by the stromal cells without the addition of exogenous growth factors, demonstrating a cytokine activity in these cultures that is inhibited by the addition of anti-IL-3 or anti-GM-CSF antibodies. These data indicate that murine Dexter stromal cells constitutively produce CSF-1, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-6, KL, and IL-3. This growth factor production could explain the support of granulocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte production and stem cell maintenance in Dexter-type long-term murine bone marrow cultures.
Quantitative Determination of Free Amino Acids in the Hemolymph of Autogenous and Anautogenous Strains of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Autogenous and anautogenous strains were selected from the egg rafts of Culex tarsalis Coquillett collected from Coachella Valley, California. In autogenous (21–25 generations) and anautogenous (0–4 generations) strains used for hemolymph free amino acid analysis, the autogenous oviposition rates were 73.6–83.6% and 2.7–3.9%, the proportions of females undergoing autogenous ovarian development 120 h postemergence were 75.6 and 8.9%, respectively. To study the presence and quantities of free amino acids and explore their relationship to autogenous ovarian development, the 6 legs of females from both autogenous and anautogenous strains were removed at the coxo-femoral joints, and hemolymph was collected by centrifuging the bodies of 50–100 females. Proteins in the hemolymph were precipitated with 10% sulphosalicylic acid. On days 1, 4, 7, and 10 postemergence, a total of 17 free amino acids was found in females from the autogenous strain, and a total of 16 was found in females from the anautogenous strain in which asparagine (Asn) was absent. Comparisons of free amino acid concentrations between these 2 strains indicated that there were significant differences in total free amino acids and 13 individual free amino acids except Glu, Gin, Pro, and Met on day 1, total free amino acids and 14 individual free amino acids except Gin, Pro, and Met on day 4, and total free amino acids and 12 individual free amino acids except Asp, Glu, Gin, Pro, and Met on day 7 postemergence. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of individual and total free amino acids on day 10 postemergence. Female age affected free amino acid content in the autogenous strain, where total free amino acids and 14 individual free amino acids increased from day 1, peaked on day 4, declined on day 7, and declined further on day 10 postemergence. In the anautogenous strain, only total free amino acids and Ser, Gly, Ala, and Leu exhibited age-dependent changes in concentration, and the magnitude of changes in concentration was less than that in autogenous strain. Conclusively, autogenous ovarian development was the major reason for the changes in hemolymph free amino acid concentration postemergence. The current and previous findings indicate that the free amino acids, Arg, Gly, He, Leu, Lys, Phe, Ser, Thr, and Val putatively may be essential for vitellogenesis in mosquitoes.
The Copernican Revolution in Philosophy: Subject and Object

In taking up Kant’s comparison of the critical method in philosophy with that of Copernicus, Maimon defines the essence of the Kantian revolution in metaphysics in connection with his own distinct position regarding the problem of the thing-in-itself.1 Maimon’s position, as it emerges from his conception of the essence of the Copernican revolution, can be summarized by the following principle: Being cannot be explained by another mode of being, but by the laws of thought as creative functions of consciousness.
The Economic Importance of the Clover Root Borer

Control of the clover root borer, Hylastinus obscurus (Marsh.), by single or multiple applications of insecticides, did not increase survival of red clover to an economically important level in seven field and insectary experiments conducted in New York during 1954 to 1957. Borer control appeared to have no effect whatever on first-cutting hay yields in the first harvest year and little, if any, on the second cutting. The severity of red clover root rot was correlated with the severity of borer injury, but the severity of root rot was not reduced as much, proportionately, by control of the borer, as was the severity of borer injury.
The use of hip arthroscopy in the management of the pediatric hip

Arthroscopy of the pediatric hip began in 1977 with a publication by Gross. Interest was relatively slow to develop in the 1980s and 1990s. Coupled with the success of hip arthroscopy in the adult, interest heightened in applying the procedure to a variety of pediatric hip disorders, given that the alternative was an open surgical hip dislocation. The success of this initial group of pediatric hip arthroscopist’s has further expanded the application of hip arthroscopy as the primary or adjunct procedure for the management of intra-articular problems of the pediatric hip.
Excretion of ligustrazine hydrochloride in Salviae Miltiorrhiza and Ligustrazine Hydrochloride Injection in rats

Objective To study the excretion characteristics of ligustrazine hydrochloride in Salviae Miltiorrhiza and Ligustrazine Hydrochloride Injection in rats. Methods Rats were injected 20,40 and 80mg·kg- 1Salvia Miltiorrhiza and Ligustrazine Hydrochloride Injection by caudal vein,respectively. The urine and bile were collected at 0- 4,4- 8,8- 12,12- 24 h and 0- 2,2- 4,4- 6,6- 12,12- 24 h,respectively. The concentrations of ligustrazine hydrochloride in urine and bile were measured by HPLC. Results After intravenous injection different doses of Salviae Miltiorrhiza and Ligustrazine Hydrochloride Injection in rats,few ligustrazine hydrochloride was excreted in urine and bile as prototype. Conclusion The results indicate that prototype was not the main elimination form of ligustrazine hydrochloride in rats.
THE BIOLOGIC BASIS OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS

The psychological effects of trauma are accompanied by biologic changes in the stress response that persist when people develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article explores the nature of this altered stress response; provides a review of the symptomatology of PTSD; describes how developmental level affects the biology of the trauma response, the stress response, and the psychobiology of PTSD; and discusses the implications for psychopharmacologic treatment.
The role of radiation therapy in the management of carcinoma of the male and female urethra.

SUMMARY Carcinoma of the urethra (male and female) is an unusual disease with insufficient clinical experience to be dogmatic about therapeutic recommendations. The onset is usually insidious, with a long interval from the first symptoms to diagnosis, yet lack of local and regional control remains the principal obstacle to cure. Treatment choices and results depend to a great degree on the exent, location, and stage of the lesion. Our conclusion is that good surgery and carefully planned irradiation are equally effective in the management of these tumors.
Bronchial Effects of Aerosolized Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol

Previous studies have demonstrated that the smoking of marihuana or ingestion of its principal psychoactive ingredient, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), causes acute bronchodilatation both in healthy young men (Vachon, Fitzgerald, Solliday, 1973; Tashkin, Shapiro and Frank, 1973) and in patients with either chronic, stable bronchial asthma (Tashkin, Shapiro and Frank, 1974) or experimentally-induced bronchospasm (Tashkin, Shapiro, Lee, 1975). The mechanism of THC-induced bronchodilatation has been shown not to be due to a sympathomimetic or atropine-like effect (Shapiro, Tashkin and Frank, 1973), suggesting that cannabinoid compounds may have unique therapeutic utility since they appear to relax bronchial smooth muscle by a mechanism different from that of currently available bronchodilator agents. Smoking would not appear to be a satisfactory route of administration of cannabinoid compounds for possible therapeutic purposes, however, in view of previous findings of depressed alveolar macrophage bacteriocidal activity following acute exposure to cannabis smoke (Cutting, Watson, Goodenough, Simmons, Laguara and Huber, 1974) and of mild but significant impairment in bronchial dynamics after heavy subacute marihuana smoking (Tashkin, Shapiro, Lee, and Harper, forthcoming), presumably due to a chronic irritant effect of the smoke (Henderson, Tennant and Guerry, 1972). Oral delta-9-THC, although capable of causing significant, prolonged bronchodilatation in man (Tashkin et al., 1973; Tashkin et al., 1974), is also not suitable for therapeutic use because of unwanted psychotropic and cardiovascular effects.
Transplantation Bone Disease Induced by Non-Steroid Immunosuppressants

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the effect of drugs other than glucocorticoids on bone. The recognition and identification of the role of T lymphocytes and B lymphocyte in mediating the immune reaction involved in virtually every disease, including organ transplantation, allowed development of the class of drugs termed “immune modulators.” These drugs either enhance or suppress the immune reaction depending upon what type of modulation is required to affect the disease outcome. These drugs include the calcineurin inhibitors (CIs) cyclosporine and tacrolimus and the non-CIs rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, and azathioprine. These immune-modulating drugs have had an enormous impact on prolonging the lifespan of patients but it adversely affects the bone. The non-steroidal immunosuppressants belonging to the calcineurin inhibiting family have been shown, experimentally and clinically, to produce severe and rapid high-turnover bone loss. Other immunosuppressants, such as sirolimus, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil have not yet been clearly demonstrated experimentally to have adverse effects on bone. A development of immunosuppressant drugs that can prevent organ rejection and other adverse side effects, including bone loss would be a major advancement in the field of organ transplantation.
Aspect Ratio Dependence of Effective Transverse Matrix Resistivity in Multifilamentary HTSC/Ag Strands

Measurements of magnetization, M, vs. magnetic field strength, H, have been made on flat 9- and 36-filament Bi:2223/Ag tapes. M(H) loop height, ΔM(H), was measured as function of field ramp rate, dH/dt, at 4.2, 30, and 60 K, with H directed normal and parallel, respectively, to the broad tape face. Although the dH/dt dependence of ΔM(H) was influenced by logarithmic and exponential filamentary-magnetization decays and exponential strand-magnetization decays due to eddy currents, the latter component was extracted, and from it the matrix transverse resistivity, ρ⊥(H,T). The eddy current losses, after strand shape-factor correction, turned out to be much lower than expected and hence led to values of ρ⊥(H,T) that were an order of magnitude larger than the usual filling-factor corrected resistivity of the Ag matrix. This unexpected result is explicable in terms of the flattened filamentary array geometry and suggests, for such a geometry, a breakdown of the usual effective-medium model of composite resistivity.
Abstract P248: Regional, Gender and Racial Variance in Utilization of Implantable Cardiac Devices

The volume of initial and replacement procedures for implantable cardiac devices for defibrillation (ICD) and/or resynchronization (CRT-D or CRT-P) has increased over the last decade. However, unlike diagnostic catheterization, little is known about the utilization of cardiac implant devices by gender, race and geographic area. Therefore, we examined these relationships using MICA, a nationally-recognized surveillance data system managed by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. Methods: Using the most recent three-year period which includes 22,205 ICD and/or CRT procedures (2005-2007), our analysis compared crude procedure rates by gender and race (White and Black) for residents living in the 20 largest Missouri counties which account for 70% of State population. We also analyzed procedure rates for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and diagnostic catheterization/coronary arteriography (DCCA). We developed a linear regression model to explore the relative contribution of heart disease burden, race, and income on county-level procedure rate. Results: Whites were 1.73 times more likely than Blacks to have an ICD and/or CRT procedure (p 2 : 0.41) indicated positive association with heart disease burden (p = 0.036) and negative association of similar magnitude with race (e.g., percent Black) (p = 0.028). Conclusions: There is substantial variance in cardiac device utilization by key factors including race within the sample under study. Additional research designed to understand the distribution of devices in terms of medical and social factors is warranted.
Behaviorally Disordered Students as Tutors: Effects on Social Behavior:

Randomly assigned to tutor and control groups were 24 behaviorally disordered students. Tutoring condition students tutored lower functioning students in language and social play areas during four ...
A test of the reward-contrast hypothesis.

Abstract Source memory, a facet of episodic memory, is the memory of the origin of information. Whereas source memory in rats is sustained for at least a week, spatial memory degraded after approximately a day. Different forgetting functions may suggest that two memory systems (source memory and spatial memory) are dissociated. However, in previous work, the two tasks used baiting conditions consisting of chocolate and chow flavors; notably, the source memory task used the relatively better flavor. Thus, according to the reward-contrast hypothesis, when chocolate and chow were presented within the same context (i.e., within a single radial maze trial), the chocolate location was more memorable than the chow location because of contrast. We tested the reward-contrast hypothesis using baiting configurations designed to produce reward-contrast. The reward-contrast hypothesis predicts that under these conditions, spatial memory will survive a 24-h retention interval. We documented elimination of spatial memory performance after a 24-h retention interval using a reward-contrast baiting pattern. These data suggest that reward contrast does not explain our earlier findings that source memory survives unusually long retention intervals.
Hamiltonian Vector Fields and the Moment Map

A basic feature of Hamiltonian mechanics is that, for any function f on phase space M, there are parametrized curves in phase space that solve Hamilton’s equations $$\dot{q}_j=\frac{\partial f}{\partial p_j}\ \ \ \dot{p}_j=-\frac{\partial f}{\partial q_j}$$ and the tangent vectors of these parametrized curves provide a vector field on phase space. Such vector fields are called Hamiltonian vector fields. There is a distinguished choice of f, the Hamiltonian function h, which gives the velocity vector fields for time evolution trajectories in phase space.
Review of targeted therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: what a radiologist needs to know about CT interpretation

The last 5 years have been marked by profound innovation in the targeted treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and indolent lymphomas. Using CLL as a case study, we present a timeline and overview of the current treatment landscape for the radiologist, including an overview of clinical and radiological features of CLL, discussion of the targeted agents themselves, and the role of imaging in response and toxicity assessment. The goal is to familiarize the radiologist with multiple Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved targeted agents used in this setting and associated adverse events which are commonly observed in this patient population.
A Brief Survey of Experimental Results on Computer-Supported Collaboration and Software Development

Dickens’s character Mr. Gradgrind is the quintessential empiricist seeking facts, and in this chapter we shall emulate him by reviewing the efforts of researchers who have sought to experimentally determine the facts of collaboration in various collaborative settings. The chapter focuses on experimental results in computer-supported collaboration including its application to software development. Because technologically supported collaboration is affected by so many factors, researchers have tried to recognize key variables that affect the outcomes of experiments in this area. We look first at some of these relatively standardized frameworks. We then consider some meta-studies that have been done. These are studies that attempt to both review and integrate the results of large numbers of published experiments. We look at meta-studies for small-scale, laboratory experiments on collaboration, as well as comparisons between laboratory and field-scale studies, and for the special case of studies on computer-aided group brainstorming. We conclude with a review of some empirical work on various specific tasks or phases that occur in software development, such as technical reviews and software design, as well as a discourse analysis of the kind of communications that arise in computer-mediated group software development.
Low Phosphate Diet in Rats: A Model for Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Rats fed low phosphate diet show a marked hypercalciuria. We have shown previously that one week of low phosphate diet in rats results in urine highly supersaturated with respect to calcium oxalate with large amounts of calcium oxalate crystalluria, predominantly calcium oxalate dihydrate1. We have extended these studies to ten months and examined kidney tissue to evaluate the suitability of rats fed low phosphate diet as a long-term model for calcium oxalate urolithiasis.
THz Detection with Structured Plasmonic Channel

Contrary to metals, two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) has a tunable plasma frequency. Here we structure and optimize 2DEG produced at a heterojunction for resonant detection of THz excitation at room temperature.
Evaluation of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a surrogate for Salmonella during cocoa powder thermal processing.

Abstract Salmonella is capable of surviving in a low moisture environment for long periods. Once adapted to the xeric conditions, the thermal resistance of Salmonella is enhanced. Cocoa powder is a low water activity (aw) food (LawF) that is an essential component in a wide variety of desserts and ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and drinks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the desiccation and thermal resistance of Salmonella in cocoa powder, as well as to examine the suitability of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a surrogate for Salmonella during cocoa powder thermal processing. Natural unsweetened cocoa powder was inoculated with a 3-strain Salmonella cocktail or E. faecium and was equilibrated to aw 0.30 and 0.45 at room temperature, then subjected to isothermal treatments at 70–80 °C or 12-month storage at RT (room temperature, 22.0 ± 0.5 °C, aw 0.30). At 70 and 80 °C, D-values of both Salmonella and E. faecium increased with decreasing aw. D-values of Salmonella at aw 0.30 cocoa powder were 46.2 ± 4.7, 20.5 ± 1.7, and 11.5 ± 0.9 min at 70, 75 and 80 °C, respectively. Higher heat resistance of E. faecium in aw 0.30 cocoa powder was observed with D-values of 59.9 ± 5.0, 28.9 ± 1.8, and 16.1 ± 1.4 min at 70, 75, and 80 °C, respectively. However, E. faecium demonstrated less heat resistance than Salmonella when aw was increased to 0.45. D-values for Salmonella at aw 0.45 were 31.6–7.0 min at 70–80 °C compared to 25.8–4.7 min for E. faecium. During 12 months of storage at RT, surviving E. faecium population in aw 0.30 cocoa powder was higher than that of the Salmonella cocktail; the population decreased by 1.39 and 3.75 logs, respectively. These findings indicate that the suitability of E. faecium as a surrogate organism for Salmonella is influenced by aw of cocoa powder. The aw correlates with thermal inactivation rates in both Salmonella and E. faecium, and should be considered as a significant contributor to the thermal resistance of Salmonella in cocoa powder.
Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - Choosing a Central Line in the ICU—What's New and What's True?

Fifty to 80% of critically ill patients require central venous access at some point during their stay. Over the past decade, decisions regarding central venous access have become more complicated w...
Adherence to American Cancer Society and American Institute of Cancer Research dietary guidelines in overweight African American breast cancer survivors.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) each created dietary and physical activity guidelines to improve cancer survivorship. Despite African American breast cancer survivors (AABCS) having the lowest survival rates of any racial or ethnic group, limited information exists on their adherence to cancer-specific lifestyle recommendations. The study’s purpose was to measure adherence to ACS/AICR dietary recommendations in AABCS. Two hundred ten AABCS enrolled in the Moving Forward intervention trial, a randomized, community-based, 6-month weight loss study, were assessed for socio-demographics, dietary intake (via food frequency questionnaire), and related health factors at baseline. We operationalized the dietary recommendations put forth by ACS/AICR and created component and total adherence index scores. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the proportion of women who met recommendations. Student’s t test and χ2 tests were used to compare participant characteristics by median adherence scores. The mean total ACS/AICR score was 12.7 ± 2.5 out of 21 points (median, 13; range, 5 to 21). Over 90% were moderately or completely adherent to limiting alcohol and red & processed meat consumption, but the majority failed to meet the other recommendations to eat whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and avoid added sugars. Women with total scores below the median were younger, with higher BMI, had fewer years of education, and lower income levels. The present study extends the literature on AABCS adherence to cancer survivor–specific dietary guidelines. Findings will inform future dietary lifestyle interventions in this population.
Identification of a gene expression signature predictive of clinical benefit in patients with advanced mucosal melanoma (MCM) treated with immune checkpoint blockade.

9546Background: MCM is a rare melanoma subtype (only 1% of melanomas in the US). MCM has a lower tumor mutational burden than cutaneous melanoma (CM). While some patients (pts) with MCM respond to ...
Leadership for “The All of It”: Formalizing Teacher-Leader Networks:

Background/ContextResearch underscores that school improvement relies on leadership that stretches beyond a principal, but significant developments to the design of school level leadership lags. Th...