cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Degree of linear polarization in spectral radiances from water-viewing infrared radiometers

Infrared radiances from water become partially polarized at oblique viewing angles through both emission and reflection. I describe computer simulations that show how the state of polarization for water varies with environmental conditions over a wavelength range of 3–15 µm with 0.05-µm resolution. Polarization at wavelengths longer than approximately 4 µm generally is negative (p, or vertical) and increases with incidence angle up to approximately 75°, beyond which the horizontally polarized reflected atmospheric radiance begins to dominate the surface emission. The highest p polarization (∼4–10%) is found in the atmospheric window regions of approximately 4–5 and 8–14 µm. In the 3–5-µm spectral band, especially between 3 and 4 µm, reflected atmospheric radiance usually is greater than surface emission, resulting in a net s polarization (horizontal). The results of these simulations agree well with broadband measurements of the degree of polarization for a water surface viewed at nadir angles of 0–75°.
Efficient instruction sequencing with inline target insertion

Inline target insertion, a specific compiler and pipeline implementation method for delayed branches with squashing, is defined. The method is shown to offer two important features not discovered in previous studies. First, branches inserted into branch slots are correctly executed. Second, the execution returns correctly from interrupts or exceptions with only one program counter. These two features result in better performance and less software/hardware complexity than conventional delayed branching mechanisms. >
Activation of cortical circuits during interictal spikes

Penicillin, bicuculline, and strychnine were used as topical convulsants in unanesthetized rats to study aspects of interictal spiking. Bicuculline (0.1 mM) was more potent than penicillin (3.0 mM) or strychnine (1.5 mM) in initiating simple discharges, and at only slightly higher doses caused complex spikes and afterdischarges with motor convulsions. Penicillin caused similar types of discharges at much higher concentrations (> 50 mM), but strychnine failed to produce either complex spikes or afterdischarges. Penicillin and bicuculline were similar in causing an increase in utilization of carbon 14-deoxyglucose in cortical layers I to III and V. Strychnine increased metabolism in layer V, with individual columns running from this base to the surface. Areas of decreased metabolism highlighted the strychnine focus and are probably related to a “pericolumnar inhibition” mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid. Such inhibition would be blocked in the penicillin and bicuculline focus-an effect which might be responsible for the genesis of complex spikes and afterdischarges and a more uniform activation of cortical metabolism.
Breakthrough trichosporonosis in a bone marrow transplant recipient receiving caspofungin acetate.

We report a case of invasive trichosporonosis due to Trichosporon beigelii originating in the left wrist of a bone marrow transplant recipient who was receiving caspofungin acetate as prophylaxis against invasive Aspergillus infection. While the patient’s neutrophil count was recovering, treatment with fluconazole and amphotericin B lipid complex resulted in a complete clinical response.
Intracellular Siderophores Are Essential for Ascomycete Sexual Development in Heterothallic Cochliobolus heterostrophus and Homothallic Gibberella zeae

Connections between fungal development and secondary metabolism have been reported previously, but as yet, no comprehensive analysis of a family of secondary metabolites and their possible role in fungal development has been reported. In the present study, mutant strains of the heterothallic ascomycete Cochliobolus heterostrophus, each lacking one of 12 genes (NPS1 to NPS12) encoding a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), were examined for a role in sexual development. One type of strain (Δnps2) was defective in ascus/ascospore development in homozygous Δnps2 crosses. Homozygous crosses of the remaining 11 Δnps strains showed wild-type (WT) fertility. Phylogenetic, expression, and biochemical analyses demonstrated that the NRPS encoded by NPS2 is responsible for the biosynthesis of ferricrocin, the intracellular siderophore of C. heterostrophus. Functional conservation of NPS2 in both heterothallic C. heterostrophus and the unrelated homothallic ascomycete Gibberella zeae was demonstrated. G. zeae Δnps2 strains are concomitantly defective in intracellular siderophore (ferricrocin) biosynthesis and sexual development. Exogenous application of iron partially restored fertility to C. heterostrophus and G. zeae Δnps2 strains, demonstrating that abnormal sexual development of Δnps2 strains is at least partly due to their iron deficiency. Exogenous application of the natural siderophore ferricrocin to C. heterostrophus and G. zeae Δnps2 strains restored WT fertility. NPS1, a G. zeae NPS gene that groups phylogenetically with NPS2, does not play a role in sexual development. Overall, these data demonstrate that iron and intracellular siderophores are essential for successful sexual development of the heterothallic ascomycete C. heterostrophus and the homothallic ascomycete G. zeae.
Functional status in older women following hip fracture.

Background. Women aged 65 years and over are at high risk for a fractured hip because of osteoporosis. One of the devastating effects of a fracture is the loss of ability to live independently. Aim. The major aim of this study was to describe the functional status, or ability to perform activities of daily living, of women aged 65 years and older who had experienced a fractured hip in the recent past and to explore possible differences in selected variables (e.g. age and length of rehabilitation) for those who were fully performing activities of daily living at least 6 months after fracture and those who were not. Design. Following Institutional Review Board approval, data were collected from 23 Caucasian women ranging from 65 to 95 years of age (M = 82, sd = 6·83) who had experienced fractured hips related to a fall in the recent past (6 months to 4 years). All were living independently prior to their fractures. Three Registered Nurses, in a structured interview, collected the data using a Demographic Data Form, an Osteoporosis Risk Factor Checklist, the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, and the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scales. Results. Nine of the participants reported prior fractures, suggesting that this could have been a risk factor for this group. Eighteen achieved the maximum independence score of six on the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living; help with bathing was required by the other five. Of the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, those requiring physical activity for home maintenance were the most problematic. Ability to perform Instrumental Activities of Daily Living was significantly related to ability to perform the activities required to live independently. Conclusions. Results suggest that achieving a functional level that will support independence is possible for older women who were residing independently prior to a hip fracture.
NANOTUBE LIGHT-CONTROLLED ELECTRONIC SWITCH

A novel carbon nanotube electronic device is proposed: a light-controlled electronic switch. A charged molecule has been designed for a noncovalent modification of the nanotube. Photon absorption by the molecule results in nanomechanical switching of the charge position which controls the electron/hole transport through the nanotube.
The Polls: Presidential Traits and Job Approval: Some Aggregate‐Level Evidence

In a previous article in this journal, Cohen (2001) introduced time series measures of public perceptions of Bill Clinton's personal characteristics. Here, I explore the political impact of these perceptions, asking whether they affect the public's evaluations of presidential job performance. I find that they do, adding aggregate-level support to existing individual-level evidence of the importance of character assessments. Finding a connection between character perceptions and job approval in the aggregate time series context helps answer questions previous studies leave unresolved, with significant implications for our understanding of presidential approval and presidential politics more generally.
Imaging of the painful non-arthritic hip: a practical approach to surgical relevancy

Abstract Hip pain in the young adult is a common problem with diverse causes. Recent investigations have focused on abnormal biomechanics of the acetabulum and proximal femur, which commonly lead to chondrolysis, labral injury, and coxarthrosis. Radiographic findings of the prearthritic dysplastic hip, acetabular retroversion, and the cam-type femoroacetabular impingement are reviewed, including radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance arthrography. Emphasis is placed on assessing hip deformities in more than one plane via false-profile and cross-table lateral views. Assessment of the femoral head-neck contour with 3-dimensional computer tomography is reviewed, as are the findings of magnetic resonance arthrograms for the diagnosis of labral tears and cartilage delamination.
Modeling bacterial utilization of dissolved organic matter: Optimization replaces Monod growth kinetics

A bioenergetic model has been developed to examine growth kinetics associated with bacterial utilization of dissolved organic matter (DOM), NH4+, and N03-. A set of 11 metabolic reactions are used to govern the incorporation, oxidation, and N remineralization of DOM and dissolved inorganic N associated with bacterial growth. For each reaction, free energies and electron transfer requirements are calculated based on the C, H, 0, and N composition of the substrates and their concentration in the environment. From these reactions, an optimization problem is constructed in which bacterial growth rate is maximized subject to constraints on energetics, electron balances, substrate uptake kinetics, and bacterial C : N ratio. The optimization approach provides more information on bacterial growth kinetics than do the Monod-type models that are typically used to describe bacterial growth. Simulations are run to examine bacterial C yield and growth rate, N remineralization or immobilization, and substrate preferences as resource concentrations and compositions are varied. Results from the model agree well with observations in the literature, which indicate that the premise of the model, that bacteria allocate resources to maximize growth rate, may be an accurate overall description of bacterial growth. Simulations indicate that bacterial growth rate and yield are strongly correlated to the oxidation state of the labile DOM, as determined from its bulk elemental composition. Furthermore, the model demonstrates that bacterial growth cannot always be explained by a single constraint (such as the C : N ratio of substrate), since several constraints are often active simultaneously and continuously change with environmental conditions. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents an important component of aquatic ecosystems in terms of both the size of the compartment relative to particulate organic matter (POM) and its impact on the functioning of microbial food webs. Consequently, many descriptive and experimental studies have been conducted to characterize the composition of DOM, examine its production and utilization, understand its impact on microbial dynamics, and determine the extent to which it supports higher trophic levels. The results of these studies have been incorporated to various extents in both simple bacterial growth models and more complete food web models that examine DOM utilization. These models are based almost
The CODEX sounding rocket payload

We present the CODEX sounding rocket payload, a soft x-ray (0.1-1.0 keV) spectrometer designed to observe diffuse high-surface brightness astronomical sources. The payload is composed of two modules, each with a 3.25° x 3.25° field of view defined by a stack of wire grids that block light not coming to a 3.0 m focus and admit only nearly-collimated light onto an array of 67 diffraction gratings in an off-plane mount. After a 2.0 m throw, the spectrum is detected by offset large-format gaseous electron multiplier (GEM) detectors. CODEX will target the Vela supernova remnant later this year to measure the temperature and abundances and to determine the contributions of various soft x-ray emission mechanisms to the remnant's energy budget; resulting spectra will have resolution (E/uE) ranging from 50 to 100 across the band. CODEX is the third-generation of similar payloads from the University of Colorado, with an increased bandpass, higher throughput, and a more robust mechanical structure than its predecessors.
Method of moments formulation for an arbitrary material configuration

A method-of-moments surface formulation for an arbitrary material configuration is presented. The material effects are included via an exact formulation rather than by using approximate boundary conditions such as the surface impedance model. Furthermore, complicated material composition such as a multilayer coating can be accommodated. The equivalence principle is applied to the multiple conductor/dielectric body configuration in order to obtain an equivalent scattering problem for each homogeneous medium existing in the model. Superposition of all equivalent problems results in the solution of the original problem. To solve for the equivalent currents on the bodies involved in the problem, the method of moments is applied to the PMCHW (Poggio, Miller, Chang, Harrington, and Wu) formulation. >
Brjuno numbers and the symbolic dynamics of the complex exponential

We show that the set of itineraries for the complex exponential family λez is closely related, through the continued fraction expansion, to the set of Brjuno numbers.
Do economic constraints on food choice make people fat? A critical review of two hypotheses for the poverty–obesity paradox

In low income countries worldwide, rising standards of living have spurred an unprecedented rise in obesity. However, in numerous wealthy countries the trend frequently reverses with poorer and less educated women more likely to be overweight than their wealthier compatriots. One prominent explanation for this reverse gradient is that economic deprivation leads to food choices which paradoxically increase energy intake. If true, this would challenge current evolutionary accounts for the modern obesity epidemic and have serious implications for how policy makers tackle increasing obesity in the US and worldwide. In this article, we critically review the hypothesis that deprivation leads people to choose cheaper foods which in turn foster overconsumption of energy. Though the hypothesis is consistent with numerous cross-sectional studies, available longitudinal studies from high-, middle-, and low-income countries show the reverse-that when populations experience resource declines, they experience either declines in BMI or decelerations in BMI growth. Most notably, the recent recession in the US coincides with a clear deceleration in women's obesity across income groups. We conclude by briefly reviewing other plausible explanations for the reverse gradient among women in developing countries. Finally, we discuss how theoretical perspectives and comparative, historical approaches from human biology are useful tools for examining the current wealth of hypotheses about obesity in population health.
Development of adherence metrics for caloric restriction interventions.

Background objective measures are needed to quantify dietary adherence during caloric restriction (CR) while participants are freeliving. One method to monitor adherence is to compare observed weight loss to the expected weight loss during a prescribed level of CR. Normograms (graphs) of expected weight loss can be created from mathematical modeling of weight change to a given level of CR, conditional on the individual's set of baseline characteristics. These normograms can then be used by counselors to help the participant adhere to their caloric target. Purpose (1) To develop models of weight loss over a year of caloric restriction-given demographics, and well-defined measurements of body mass index, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and %CR. (2) To utilize these models to develop normograms, given the level of caloric restriction prescribed, and measures of these variables. Methods Seventy-seven individuals completing a 6-12-month caloric restriction intervention (CALERIE) at three sites (Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Tufts University, and Washington University) and had body weight and body composition measured frequently. Energy intake (and %CR) was estimated from TDEE (by doubly labeled water) and body composition (by DXA) at baseline and months 1, 3, 6, and 12. Bodyweight was modeled to determine the predictors and distribution of the expected trajectory of percent weight change over 12 months of CR. Results As expected, CR was related to change in body weight. Controlling for time-varying measures, initially simple models of the functional form indicated that the trajectory of percent weight change was predicted by a nonlinear function of age, TDEE, %CR, and sex. Using these estimates, normograms for the weight change were developed. Our model estimates that the mean weight loss (% change from baseline weight) for an individual adherent to a 25% CR regimen is -10.9 ± 6.3% for females and -13.9 + 6.4% for men after 12 months. Limitations There are several limitations. Sample sizes are small (n = 77), and, by design, the protocols, including prescribed CR, for the interventions differed by site, and not all subjects completed a year of follow-up. In addition, the inclusion of subjects by age and initial BMI was constricted, so that these results may not generalize to other populations including older and obese subjects. Conclusions The trajectory of percent weight change during CR interventions in the presence of well-measured covariates can be modeled using simple nonlinear functions, and is related level of CR, the percent change in TDEE, gender, and age. Displayed on a normogram, individually tailored trajectories can be used by counselors and participants to monitor weight loss and adherence to a CR regimen.
Promoting Disaster Recovery in Ethnic-Minority Individuals and Communities

People who identify as African American, Native American, Asian American, or Hispanic/Latino accounted for 30% of the U.S. population in 2000 and are projected to account for almost 40% of the population in 2025 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 2001). The mental health system in general and the disaster mental health system in particular are challenged to meet the needs of this increasingly diverse population. The issues are complex because the effects of ethnicity and culture are pervasive. They may influence the need for help, the availability of help, comfort in seeking help, and the appropriateness of that help. In this chapter, we review the evidence regarding each of these points to draw conclusions regarding how to promote disaster recovery in ethnic-minority individuals and communities.
Bilingual Word Representations with Monolingual Quality in Mind

Recent work in learning bilingual representations tend to tailor towards achieving good performance on bilingual tasks, most often the crosslingual document classification (CLDC) evaluation, but to the detriment of preserving clustering structures of word representations monolingually. In this work, we propose a joint model to learn word representations from scratch that utilizes both the context coocurrence information through the monolingual component and the meaning equivalent signals from the bilingual constraint. Specifically, we extend the recently popular skipgram model to learn high quality bilingual representations efficiently. Our learned embeddings achieve a new state-of-the-art accuracy of 80.3 for the German to English CLDC task and a highly competitive performance of 90.7 for the other classification direction. At the same time, our models outperform best embeddings from past bilingual representation work by a large margin in the monolingual word similarity evaluation. 1
Seismic activity on the southern Calaveras Fault in central California

Cumulative seismic moment Σ M for earthquake on 50-km-long creeping section of the Calaveras Fault from near Mount Hamilton southeast to San Felipe Lake correlates with mapped fault-trace characteristics. In general, Σ M is lower at the left-stepping offset in the trace at the south end of Anderson Lake and along linear segments of the fault than near right-stepping offsets and bends in the trace and intersections of the Calaveras with other faults. Rupture expansion for the August 6, 1979 Coyote Lake sequence main shock, 10 km NNE of Gilroy, California, was unilateral to the southeast (Archuleta, 1979) away from the right-stepping offset in the fault trace near its epicenter. Rupture expansion for the two felt shocks ( ML 4.2 and ML 3.9) on August 29, 1978 located 1 1 2 km apart near Halls Valley east of San Jose was unilateral for each away from the other, suggesting the existence of a rupture-expansion blocking discontinuity between them. The correlations of seismic activity and fault-trace characteristics are similar to those for shocks along the creeping section of the San Andreas Fault in central California and suggest that the specific “stuck” and “creeping” patch model of Bakun et al. (1980) developed for the San Andreas is applicable to the creeping Calaveras Fault as well. Cumulative seismic moment (January 1, 1969 to August 6, 1979) within the 16-km-long 1979 Coyote Lake sequence aftershock zone was less than that near the fault-trace discontinuities at its ends. Microearthquakes along the Calaveras Fault near the Coyote Lake aftershock zone increased before the sequence beginning with a cluster on June 22, 1978 near the southeast end of the aftershock zone. A similar seismicity pattern preceded the August 29, 1978 shocks and the ML 4.5 May 8, 1979 shock near Halls Valley.
Death Ideation and Suicidal Ideation in a Community Sample Who Do Not Meet Criteria for Major Depression.

Abstract. Background: Suicide is strongly associated with depression, but many without depression have thoughts of death. Aims: To characterize persons who did not meet criteria for depressive illness but endorsed death ideation or suicidal ideation over the course of a 10-year follow-up. Method: Subjects included 753 participants of the Baltimore sample of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program, a population-based 10-year follow-up survey, who neither met criteria for major depressive disorder nor reported death or suicidal ideation in 1994. Results: Persons with death ideation or suicidal ideation in 2004 were generally distressed as measured by the General Health Questionnaire. At baseline, both groups endorsed difficulty with concentration, feeling unhappy, and taking things hard. Functional problems such as social withdrawal were endorsed by both groups. Those with suicidal ideation had a longer lifetime history of social phobia. Persons with death ideation did not use more health services but soug...
DFT Study of the Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol to 2-Methylfuran on RuO2 (110)

Recently, our group proposed the catalytic transfer hydrogenation for refining biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural to 2,5-dimethylfuran and 2-methylfuran, respectively. With a metallic Ru/C catalyst, a selectivity of ∼30% was achieved. The promotion of the Ru/C catalyst with the Lewis acid RuOx resulted in a selectivity of ∼80%. In the current study, we employ density functional theory calculations on the RuO2 (110) surface in order to elucidate the role of the Lewis acidity in the reduction of the biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol to 2-methylfuran. We identify the rate-limiting step to be the scission of the C–O bond of the side chain. In addition, we find evidence for the activation of the furan ring via an insertion of a hydrogen atom. However, the Lewis basicity of a neighboring bridging oxygen results in the furan ring being deactivated. Finally, the formation of water from the reduction process is facile. However, owing to the strong binding energy between the RuO2 surface and the wa...
The IGR Diflubenzuron and Organophosphorus Insecticides Against Nuisance Midges in Man-Made Residential-Recreational Lakes

In the laboratory, chlorpyrifos, temephos, and phenthoate were highly active against 4th instars of Chironomus utahensis (Malloch); this species was tolerant to methyl parathion and fenthion. Proclacidius freemani Sublette and P. sublettei Roback were most susceptible to chlorpyrifos and phenthoate but were resistant to temephos. Circotopus bicinctus (Meigen) and C. sylvestris (F.) were most susceptible to phenthoate and least to methyl parathion. In the field, chlorpyrifos at 0.22 kg AI/ha in 3-m deep lake fingers controlled C. utahensis (6–7 wk), and P. freemani and P. sublettei (beyond 8 wk). At 0.14 kg AI/ha in 4–5 m depths in the entire lake, chlorpyrifos yielded control of the 3 midge species for a comparable duration and extent to that achieved in fingers. The latter treatment also controlled Chironomus decorus Johannsen. Temephos, at 0.28 kg AI/ha in fingers, yielded excellent control of C. utahensis for 6 wk, but at 0.17 kg AI/ha in main lake areas, it provided mediocre control of C. utahensis and C. decorus . P. freemani and P. sublettei were not affected by temephos treatments. Diflubenzuron [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3 (2,6-difluorobenzoyl) – urea] at 0.11 kg AI/ha in fingers inhibited emergence of C. utahensis, P. freemani , and P. sublettei for 3 wk, and at 0.22 kg AI/ha for 4–5 wk. The IGR affected C. decorus only for one wk following treatments.
Electric Heating for Hydrate Prevention in an Arctic, Single-Line Tieback

This paper proposes a mechanism for safe single-line tieback operation in arctic waters. Owing to arctic currents in this area, the seafloor can drop to subzero temperatures, leading to flow assurance challenges such as hydrate and wax deposition. Pipe-in-pipe insulation will prevent hydrate formation under normal production, and depressurization will maintain conditions close to hydrate formation. To prevent hydrate formation during restart, subsea electric heating will be applied to the production pipeline. Electric heating technology will significantly reduce displacement fluid and inhibitor requirements. Additionally, wax management in a single-line tieback will be enabled through the use of electric heating. Electric heating is a new technology to ExxonMobil for subsea application, with only one previous pilot to date. Melting a hydrate blockage with electric heating is a potential safety concern, and considerations for an intrinsically safe design for the heating technology are included in this work.
Rate of potassium exchange in the rat erythrocyte.

Summary(1) 5.0% of the intracellular potassium of the rat erythrocyte exchanges every hour, or 5.2 millimoles of potassium per liter of cells per hour. (2) 2.5 millimoles of glucose are utilized per hour per liter of rat erythrocytes. (3) The rat erythrocyte exchanges about 3 1/2 times as much potassium per unit time as does the human erythrocyte. (4) The human erythrocyte utilizes nearly a millimole of glucose for every millimole of potassium that enters the cell. The rat erythrocyte utilizes less than 1/2 a millimole of glucose for every millimole of potassium that enters the cell.
Molecular Mechanism of Tenascin-C Action on Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Invasive Potential:

The aim of the current study was to confirm that tenascin-C large splice variant (TNC320) stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression and to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying this activation. The analysis of gene expression in cultured cells grown under different conditions indicated significant increases of MMP-1 mRNA steady-state levels in the cells treated with TNC320 (200%) compared with TNC220 (100%) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), which served as controls. Gel electrophoresis results demonstrated augmented MMP-1 protein in cells cultured with TNC320, whereas slight up-regulation was noticed in cells treated with TNC220 or fibronectin. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated significantly higher levels of MMP-1 gene expression in TNC320 cultured cells than in all other treatment groups. The result was confirmed by examining the level of MMP-1 promoter transactivation by different extracellular proteins. Data demonstrated 30-fold activation of MMP-1 promoter by TNC320 treatment in comparison with other treatments (TNC220 or fibronectin) and BSA as a control. Both invasion and collagenase activity assays demonstrated a 3-fold difference in the cells treated with TNC320 in comparison with the control. MMP-1 was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as well. Experiments with constitutively active expression kinases indicated that MMP-1 expression induced by TNC320 was associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade activation. Culture with TNC320 resulted in more than 2-fold activation of MMP1-luciferase in the presence of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 and also 2-fold down-regulation in the presence of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1. We hypothesize that tenascin-C stimulates invasion via up-regulation of MMP-1 expression through activation of MAPK cascade signaling.
Anticipating surprise: Using agent-based alternative futures simulation modeling to identify and map surprising fires in the Willamette Valley, Oregon USA

Abstract This article offers a literature-supported conception and empirically grounded analysis of surprise by exploring the capacity of scenario-driven, agent-based simulation models to better anticipate it. Building on literature-derived definitions and typologies of surprise, and using results from a modeled 81,000 ha study area in a wildland-urban interface of western Oregon's Willamette Valley Ecoregion, the paper explores surprise by analyzing alternative future deviations from historical fire size at multiple spatial and temporal scales. It investigates whether, how and why modeled patterns and likelihoods of surprising fires in the next half-century differ under climate change from those of the past half-century. Working from Holling’s (1986) definition of surprise, we use fire history records (1960–2011) to define expectations for future fire behavior (2007–2056) as evidenced through fire size and likelihood. Using geodesign techniques, we model alternative future fires under two future climate regimes, and contrast them with expectations derived from the fire history record to identify instances when fire size and likelihood deviate from expectations in surprising ways. Data science techniques are employed to explore and characterize the landscape’s alternative future trajectories in time:space envelopes that bound surprising fires. We argue that if the design and planning disciplines are to help society anticipate surprise, they must shift attention from primarily deterministic approaches to those that probabilistically explore trajectories from current to future landscapes. We conclude with general suggestions for how geodesign techniques and tools could be used to anticipate surprise in other landscapes, for phenomena other than fire.
Collection and Integration of Multi-spatial and Multi-type Data for Vulnerability Analysis in Emergency Response Plans

Public health emergencies, whether natural or manmade, require a timely and well planned response from the local health authorities to mitigate the economic and human loss. Creation of well-defined service areas with Points of Dispensing (POD) facilities for providing medical or other care to the population within these areas is a widely accepted approach. However, not every individual may have equal access to the POD or the resources available at the POD due to various social, behavioral, cultural, and economic or health disparities. Therefore, a realistic and working response plan must provide ways to address these access disparities associated with each POD. The creation of such a response plan is a data intensive problem and requires demographic, spatial, transportation and resource data at different geographic levels. This paper demonstrates the collection of these data from disparate sources and their integration to analyze vulnerabilities in emergency response plans. The variety and volume of the required data and the manipulation process faced challenges of big data.
A 380pW dual mode optical wake-up receiver with ambient noise cancellation

We present a sub-nW optical wake-up receiver for wireless sensor nodes. The wake-up receiver supports dual mode operation for both ultra-low standby power and high data rates, while canceling ambient in-band noise. In 0.18µm CMOS the receiver consumes 380pW in always-on wake-up mode and 28.1µW in fast RX mode at 250kbps.
Abstract WP435: Changes in Pulsatility and Resistance Indices of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Feeder Arteries After Embolization and Surgery

Introduction: Embolization reduces flow in cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) before surgical resection, but changes in pulsatility and resistance indices (PI, RI) are unknown. Here, we me...
Keats’s Medieval Romances

Chapter 4 provides commentaries on Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, The Eve of Saint Mark, and “La Belle Dame sans Merci.” Still concerned with problems of love, Keats devotes Isabella to discrediting the high-flown sentimentality of Hunt’s Story of Rimini; and in The Eve of St. Agnes he conversely presents lovers skilled at adapting inherited conventions to modern needs. Departing from interpretations premised on Stillinger’s classic argument, the book rejects the rake and his victim to emphasize Porphyro and Madeline mutually constructing their unavoidably conventionalized passion for one another; The Eve of St. Agnes is Keats’s ardent celebration of young love. The chapter ends by discussing how all of Keats’s romances worry over poetry’s vulnerability to readerly misappropriation.
Crowdfunding for Video Games: Factors that Influence the Success of and Capital Pledged for Campaigns

Crowdfunding has become an important funding method for video game developments in the United States. Interestingly, video game crowdfunding projects have significantly lower success rates compared...
Commutative Rings with a Prescribed Number of Isomorphism Classes of Minimal Ring Extensions

Let κ be a cardinal number. If κ ≥ 2, then there exists a (commutative unital) ring A such that the set of A-algebra isomorphism classes of minimal ring extensions of A has cardinality κ. The preceding statement fails for κ = 1 and, if A must be nonzero, it also fails for κ = 0. If \( \kappa \leq \aleph _{0} \), then there exists a ring whose set of maximal (unital) subrings has cardinality κ. If an infinite cardinal number κ is of the form κ = 2 λ for some (infinite) cardinal number λ, then there exists a field whose set of maximal subrings has cardinality κ.
Disconnecting the Estrogen Receptor Binding Properties and Antimicrobial Properties of Parabens through 3,5-Substitution

Commercially utilized parabens are employed for their antimicrobial properties, but a weak binding to the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) may lead to breast cancer in some applications. Modification of the paraben scaffold should allow for a disconnection of these observed properties. Toward this goal, various 3,5-substituted parabens were synthesized and assessed for antimicrobial properties against S. aureus as well as competitive binding to the ERα. The minimum inhibitory concentration assay confirmed retention of antimicrobial activity in many of these derivatives, while all compounds exhibited decreased xenoestrogen activity as determined by a combination of competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), proliferation, and estrogen receptor binding assay. Thus, these changes to the paraben scaffold have led to a multitude of paraben derivatives with antimicrobial properties up to 16 times more active than the parent paraben and that are devoid or significantly diminished of potential breast can...
A 15.2-ENOB continuous-time ΔΣ ADC for a 200mV pp -linear-input-range neural recording front-end

Closed-loop neuromodulation with simultaneous stimulation and sensing is desired to advance deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapies. However, stimulation generates large artifacts (∼100mV) at the recording sites that saturate traditional front-ends. We present a 15.2b-ENOB CT ΔΣΜ with 187dB FOM, which along with an 8x-gain capacitively coupled chopper instrumentation amplifier (CCIA), realizes a front-end that can digitize neural signals ( pp ) from 1Hz to 5kHz in the presence of 200mV pp artifacts. Neural recording front-ends need to function within a power budget of 10μW/ch, input-referred noise of 4–8μV rms in 1Hz-5kHz, DC input impedance Z in, DC >1GΩ and high-pass (HP) cutoff <1Hz [1]. Prior work has addressed power and noise [1]-[2], but has limited dynamic-range and bandwidth (BW), making them incapable of performing true closed-loop operation.
Controlled growth of 2D heterostructures and prevention of TMD oxidation

This paper presents a review of the controlled growth of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures, and the elucidation of the role of underlying two dimensional (2D) materials on temporal degradation of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-growth is carried out to achieve localized, patterned, single crystalline or polycrystalline monolayers of TMDs, including MoS2, WS2, WSe2 and MoSe2, as well as their heterostructures. The localized growth of TMDs has an important implication for nonlinear optics applications. Extensive material characterization is performed to illuminate the role of dissimilar 2D substrates in the prevention of interior defects in TMDs. This characterization provides a detailed observation of the oxidation rates and behaviors of TMDs, which corroborate the role of underlying 2D layers in the prevention of in-air oxidation in TMDs. The epitaxial growth is demonstrated to create TMDs on hBN and graphene, as well as vertical/lateral heterostructures of TMDs, uniquely forming in-phase 2D heterostructures.
Predicting Potential Impacts of Acid Rain on Elemental Cycling in a Southern Appalachian Deciduous Forest at Coweeta

Acidification of rain fall in Europe1,2 and in the eastern United States has been reported.3,4,5 Reports of damage to individual organisms and to aquatic ecosystems, though few, are growing in number. The ability of hydrogen ions to displace biologically essential cations from exchange sites in soil and from plant tissues is especially significant. Chronic exposure of ecosystems to acid rain has a potential to disrupt the cycling of plant nutrients upon which continued plant productivity in part depends. Understanding the magnitude and consequences of this disruptive effect is critical to the development of alternative ecosystem management strategies. The problem is to predict ecosystem responses to acid rain so that costs and benefits of alternative management plans can be evaluated. Investigations presently underway are designed to provide preliminary predictions for southeastern deciduous forests. Work is being conducted on experimental watersheds at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, operated by the U.S. Forest Service, Franklin, North Carolina, USA.6 Here we briefly describe the main features of our investigations for the interests of others planning related investigations in other ecosystems.
Change in Prevalence of Orofacial Clefts in California between 1987 and 2010.

Introduction To extend the knowledge base about possible prevalence declines of specific orofacial cleft phenotypes, here we examine prevalence in a population base from California over a two-decade period among numerous race/ethnic groups. Methods This population-based study used vital statistics and birth defects registry data. Its population involved all births (~1.5 million births) in central California counties from 1987 to 2010. Orofacial clefts were defined as cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP, n=1766), and cleft palate (CP, n=922) only. The slope of prevalence of each cleft phenotype over the period 1987-2010 was estimated using weighted least squares regression. Results Birth prevalence of CLP was 121/100,000 live births, and 63/100,000 live births for CP. The slope for CLP decreased by 1.2 (slope: -1.2; 95% CI: -1.9, -0.5), and for CP by 0.7 (slope: -0.7; 95% CI: -1.7, 0.2) for CP. Stratification by race/ethnicity or infant sex did not demonstrate a statistical difference in slopes. Conclusions We observed a decline in the prevalence in CLP in all ethnic groups, however did not observe the same amount of decline in CP, perhaps due to antenatal screening.
Is there room for further innovation in inhaled therapy for airways disease

Inhaled medication is the cornerstone in the treatment of patients across a spectrum of respiratory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The benefits of inhaled therapy have long been recognised but the most important innovations have occurred over the past 60 years, beginning with the invention of the pressurised metered dose inhaler. However, despite over 230 different device and drug combinations currently being available, disease control is far from perfect. Here we look at how innovation in inhaler design may improve treatments for respiratory diseases and how new formulations may lead to treatments for diseases beyond the lungs. We look at the three main areas where innovation in inhaled therapy is most likely to occur: 1) device engineering and design; 2) chemistry and formulations; and 3) digital technology associated with inhalers. Inhaler design has improved significantly but considerable challenges still remain in order to continually innovate and improve targeted drug delivery to the lungs. Healthcare professionals want see innovations that motivate their patients to achieve their goal of improving their health, through better adherence to treatment. Patients want devices that are easy to use and to see that their efforts are rewarded by improvements in their condition. Key points The dictionary definition of innovation is the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something. We show how this definition can be applied to inhaled therapy. We take a look at the past to see what drove innovation in inhaler design and how this has led to the current devices. We look at the current drivers of innovation in engineering, chemistry and digital technology and predict how this may translate to new devices. Can innovation help the healthcare professional manage their patients better? What does the patient expect from innovation in their device? Educational aims To understand the importance of inhaled medication in the treatment of lung diseases. To understand how innovation has helped advance some of the devices patients use today from basic and inefficient designs. To understand the obstacles that prevent patients from receiving optimal treatment from their inhalers. To understand how innovation in inhaler design can lead to improved treatment for patients and widen the range of diseases that can be treated via the inhaled route.
Navigating Colonial Power: Challenging Precedents and the Limitation of Local Elites

In 1869, the British allowed Muslims to sit as judges on the High Court. This article explores the legal opinions of the first Muslim judge to be appointed to the High Court, Syed Mahmood. Straddling two competing worlds – that of Cambridge University and that of his native India – Justice Mahmood both legitimated and resisted colonial judicial power. In this essay I will demonstrate how British judges interpreted points of Islamic law within an English legal framework, and how these interpretations contradicted their translated texts of Islamic law, yet became the foundation of legal precedents established through the doctrine of stare decisis. Despite participating within the British colonial judiciary, Mahmood challenged these precedents, demonstrating his ability to navigate the paradoxes of colonial power to secure for himself a legitimate platform from which he could argue his juridical interventions. The efficacy of these challenges, however, ultimately was restrained by the institutions and structures of the colonial jural project.
Improving quality of life among latino cancer survivors: Design of a randomized trial of patient navigation.

Latino cancer survivors have lower survival rates for most cancers relative to non-Latino whites, including, colorectal, prostate, and breast. In addition, Latinos experience health disparities in both access to care and quality of care. Experts recommend providing psychosocial services as an integral part of quality cancer care; however, there continues to be a paucity of information on the efficacy of Patient Navigators (PNs) in linking Latino cancer survivors to appropriate psychosocial services. Redes En Accion: The National Latino Cancer Research Network partnered with LIVESTRONG Cancer Navigation Services Patient Navigation program (PN-LCNS) to provide an intervention to improve wellness and increase access to psychosocial services among non-metastatic Latino cancer survivors from Texas and Chicago using trained bilingual, bicultural PNs. The study design involved a mixed-methods approach in two phases. Phase I used a Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach wherein PNs engaged community partners who provide services to breast, colorectal and prostate Latino cancer survivors. Phase II was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that evaluated the efficacy of combining PN-facilitated interventions with the culturally tailored and CBPR-informed PN-LCNS in 300 breast, prostate and colorectal Latino cancer survivors. Outcomes investigated were improvements in: 1) quality of life (QOL), both general and disease-specific, and; 2) treatment follow-up compliance. While limited work has addressed the psychosocial needs of Latino cancer survivors, culturally-competent interventions using PNs have potential to address these needs and significantly improve Latino cancer survivorship.