cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF INTERSTITIALCELL AND FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE ACTIVITY DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Changes in the day-to-day excretion of ICSH have been determined qualitatively throughout 17 menstrual cycles in 13 normal adult women by means of a technique which depends upon the repair of ventral prostatic atrophy in in the hypophysectomized immature male rat. Changes in the excretion of FSH were estimated from the concomitant changes in testicular weight. Composite curves were derived by summating the average deviations from the mean of each individual cycle according to: (a) the days of the cycle, (b) the days preceding or following the clay of minimum basal body temperature, and (c) the days prior to the next menstrual period. The quantitative relations between the day-to-day variations in the weights of the ventral prostate and testis were examined by computing regression equations, expressing the composite change in prostatic weight per unit change in testicular weight. It is concluded that the normal menstrual cycle is characterized by: I) A midcycle peak period of FSH and ICSH excretion, during...
Effect of micro-osteoperforations on the rate of tooth movement.

Introduction Our objectives were to study the effect of micro-osteoperforations on the rate of tooth movement and the expression of inflammatory markers. Methods Twenty adults with Class II Division 1 malocclusion were divided into control and experimental groups. The control group did not receive micro-osteoperforations, and the experimental group received micro-osteoperforations on 1 side of the maxilla. Both maxillary canines were retracted, and movement was measured after 28 days. The activity of inflammatory markers was measured in gingival crevicular fluid using an antibody-based protein assay. Pain and discomfort were monitored with a numeric rating scale. Results Micro-osteoperforations significantly increased the rate of tooth movement by 2.3-fold; this was accompanied by a significant increase in the levels of inflammatory markers. The patients did not report significant pain or discomfort during or after the procedure, or any other complications. Conclusions Micro-osteoperforation is an effective, comfortable, and safe procedure to accelerate tooth movement and significantly reduce the duration of orthodontic treatment.
Experimental studies of surface magnetism with polarized electrons

The same electron spectroscopies that are so powerful for studying surfaces generally, can be made sensitive to magnetic properties when electron spin polarization is included as a parameter, for example by probing with a spin polarized electron beam or measuring the spin polarization of emitted electrons. Such properties as the spontaneous magnetization, Curie temperature, temperature dependence of the magnetic order, anisotropy, spin-dependent electronic structure, magnetization curves, elementary excitations, and magnetic microstructure may be different from the bulk in a thin film or at the surface of a semi-infinite ferromagnet. Recent results on chemisorption induced changes in surface magnetism studied by spin polarized inverse photoemission, on magnetic surface anisotropy investigated by polarized photoemission, and on magnetic microstructure determined by scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis, have been selected for discussion as illustrations of polarized electron studies of surface magnetism.
The nursing shortage, patient care, and ethics

Although nursing shortages are not new, many nurses consider the present shortage to be different from those in the past. Nurses are again questioning whether patients are receiving the quality of care they deserve. Overwhelmed by this nursing shortage, nurses are trying to reconcile how to fulfill their duties to advocate for good patient care and to warn patients about conditions that are possibly detrimental to their welfare. This article discusses two ethical issues that nurses, in the midst of a nursing shortage, face in their clinical practice: lack of control over their practice and potential for harm to patients and themselves. There is also a description of strategies that nurses can use to promote and maintain an environment within the organization that supports providing good patient care.
On the “current” algebra of the KdV equation

Abstract We study the algebra of the conserved densities of the KdV equation. We obtain general conditions which show that the algebra does not close in general. A nontrivial example where the algebra closes is presented.
Beyond town and gown: university economic engagement and the legacy of the urban crisis

University-driven land development and research into the amelioration of social problems are examples of the wider dimensions of economic engagement by large American research universities in metropolitan settings since 1949, and both dimensions are strongly conditioned by the experiences of universities and surrounding neighborhoods during the ''urban crisis'' of the 1960s. The rise of the modern American research uni- versity between 1950 and 1980 coincided with the economic decline of large American cities and the slide of their poorest neighborhoods into severe socioeconomic distress. The elite identification of the university as a force for economic and social change was a direct response to these urban upheavals, and the dynamics of its new role were fueled by the presumptions of postwar consensus liberalism. The urban crisis had an effect on town- gown relations that endured into the early twenty-first century, not least because it made local governments and universities allies rather than adversaries. Countering definitions of the role the university should take in economic development have arisen from a ''town'' comprised not of elected officials, but of community members from both within and outside of the university. The long shadow of urban crisis attests to the historical con- tingency of town-gown interactions and the usefulness of historical, case-based approaches to understanding the role of universities in urban and metropolitan economies.
The Metallo-β-Lactamases Fall into Two Distinct Phylogenetic Groups

The Ambler Class B metallo-β-lactamases fall into two distinct phylogenetic groups based on the observation that there is no significant sequence homology between the sequences of members of different groups. Structural alignments confirm that those groups are no more closely related to each other than are the three classes of serine β-lactamases, Classes A, C, and D. We present phylogenies of these two groups and suggest a new classification scheme for the β-lactamases.
Creating a Cosmic Discipline: The Crystallization and Consolidation of Exobiology, 1957–1973

The new discipline of exobiology formed fromthe intertwining of origin of life researchwith the search for life or its building blockson other planets, from 1957–1973. The fieldwas inherently highly interdisciplinary, yet itcoalesced very quickly and was responsible inits first twenty years for numerous importantcontributions to twentieth century life scienceand planetary sciences such as climatology, thestudy of mass extinctions, etc. NASA played avery important role in catalyzing the rapidconsolidation of exobiology, both throughresearch grants and through sponsored meetingsthat overcame disciplinary boundaries, bringingtogether scientists from diverse backgrounds. The presence of a handful of prominent seniorscientists such as Joshua Lederberg, MelvinCalvin and Norman Horowitz helped gaincredibility for exobiology, in the face ofcriticism and competition from existing lifesciences disciplines. Tensions within theexobiology research community and betweenNASA-funded science and the academic researchcommunity are explored, as are such milestonesof discipline formation as journals andprofessional societies.
Use of hand-carried ultrasound devices to augment the accuracy of medical student bedside cardiac diagnoses.

Background Hand-carried ultrasound (HCU) devices used by cardiologists as extensions of the physical examination have been shown to improve the accuracy of bedside diagnoses. We tested the feasibility of teaching medical students to use HCU devices to make bedside cardiac diagnoses and compared the accuracy of their HCU and physical examinations. Methods In all, 10 fourth-year medical students enrolled in a 4-week medical school course on the cardiac examination. Students examined 12 standardized patients at 3 different time intervals: (1) on day 1 of the course; (2) on day 10 after review of cardiac physical examination using traditional teaching methods; and (3) after instruction on the use of HCU devices. Students were scored at each time interval for primary findings (most salient) and all findings, accounting for both errors of commission and omission. Scores could range from +12 to −12 for primary findings and from +22 to −22 for all findings. A perfect score was +12 for primary findings and +22 for all findings. Results The average score for all students at baseline was −3.2 ± 3.1 and −5.7 ± 4.8 for primary and all findings, respectively. A significant improvement in the scores was noted with use of the HCU device (2.6 ± 3.1 and 5.2 ± 6.6 for primary and all findings, respectively) compared with the baseline and two subsequent physical examinations. Conclusion Instruction of fourth-year medical students on the use of HCU device is feasible and results in significantly more accurate bedside diagnoses.
Interaction of GnRH agonists, pituitary hormones and corticosteroids on progesterone secretion in the male rat.

Abstract The effect of the GnRH superagonist [D-Trp6, Pro9-NEt]-GnRH (SA) and ACTH on progesterone (Po) secretion was compared in intact, adrenalectomized (ADX), castrated (CST) or hypophysectomized (hypox) adult male rats. SA increased circulating gonadal plasma Po levels only, while ACTH acted on the adrenal secretion of this steroid, but not the gonadal one. The concomitant administration of dexamethasone partially inhibited the SA-induced increase in gonadal Po production. SA did not modify plasma Po levels in hypox rats. By contrast, ACTH did not require the presence of the pituitary to stimulate Po secretion. This data indicates that adrenal steroids may modulate some of the effects of GnRH and its agonists on the testes.
Dynamic updation of JCA based resource adapter connection factory properties

Resource adapter is connector software that can be deployed in application servers so that an enterprise application can connect to a backend enterprise information system (EIS) in a seamless manner. Typically resource adapters conform to JCA (J2EE Connector Architecture) specification, and plug into application servers to provide connectivity between the EIS and the enterprise applications. A resource adapter uses a set of configurable properties defined in the deployment descriptor (ra.xml) of the adapter. This deployment descriptor contains various EIS specific configurable properties apart from the product and version information. In the current implementation, these properties are specified while deploying the resource adapter and cannot be changed during runtime. If any property needs to be changed, the resource adapter needs to be redeployed and the application server has to be restarted so that the new property value can take effect. Restarting application servers is an expensive operation, as several enterprise applications lose their availability. This limitation results in a considerable downtime for users in a production environment. In this paper we describe our solution to overcome this limitation
Lie detection using thermal imaging

In the present paper we describe a novel method for scoring polygraph tests using thermal image analysis. Our method features three stages: image acquisition, physiological correlation, and pattern classification. First, we acquire facial thermal imagery using an accurate mid-infrared camera. Then, we transform the raw thermal data to blood flow rate data through heat transfer modeling. Finally, we classify the subject as deceptive or non-deceptive based on the nearest-neighbor classification method. We perform our analysis on the periorbital area of the subjects’ faces. Our previous research has indicated that the periorbital area is the facial area affected the most from blood flow redistribution during anxious states. We present promising experimental results from 18 subjects. We henceforth anticipate that thermal image analysis will play an increasingly important role in polygraph testing as an additional scoring channel. Our ultimate objective is to increase the accuracy and reliability of polygraph testing through the fusion of traditional invasive 1D physiological measurements with novel non-invasive 2D physiological measurements.
Red tape and technology transfer in US government laboratories

The purpose of this paper is to gauge the effects of red tape and bureaucratization on the technology-transfer activities and effectiveness of government laboratories in the United States. Two central questions are addressed: Do laboratories involved significantly in technology transfer have more red tape than others? and Does the level of red tape have an effect on technology-transfer success? Objective and perceptual measures of red tape are used. Technologytransfer effectiveness is measured in terms of getting other organizations to adopt technology developed in the laboratory (“out the door” success) and of the commercial impact of transfers. Data are derived from questionnaire responses provided by directors of 276 federal- and state-government laboratories. Results indicate that laboratories involved in technology transfer do not have higher levels of red tape. Out-the-door technology-transfer success relates strongly to low degrees of perceived red tape, whereas high ratings for commercial impact are associated with actual low levels of red tape in acquiring project funding and lowcost equipment.
The Coefficients of Viscosity and Slip of Carbon Dioxide by the Oil Drop Method and the Law of Motion of an Oil Drop in Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Helium, at Low Pressures

Coefficient of viscosity for carbon dioxide, determined by the oil drop method, was found to be 1.478\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ for 23\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C and 76 cm pressure. This agrees well with Van Dyke's value 1.472\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ obtained by the constant deflection method. The constant $A$ in the modified form of Stokes' law came out 0.815.Motion of oil droplets in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and helium, at low pressures.---Measurements in these gases were extended to pressures of 1.9, 2.0, and 10 mm respectively, and to values of $\frac{l}{a}$, ratio of mean free path to oil drop radius, of 76, 130, and 71, respectively. The empirical correction factor to Stokes' law suggested by Knudsen and by Millikan, viz. $f(\frac{l}{a})=1+(\frac{l}{a})(A+B{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{Ca}}{l}})$ was found to hold for all. Moreover the value of ($A+B$) comes out the same for all within the experimental error, and equal to 1.175. The gases were carefully purified. A new atomizer for use at these low pressures was developed; otherwise the apparatus and methods were the same as those used by Ishida. Comparison with motion of large ions. The formulas of Lenard and Langevin for large ions are both the same as the empirical law for droplets, but the Wellisch formula cannot be extended to droplets whose mass is large with respect to the mass of a molecule.
Growth kinetics and ‘preference factor’ of Frank loops in nickel during electron irradiation

Abstract The growth kinetics of interstitial-type Frank loops in a thin foil of high purity Ni at 450°C has been measured during electron irradiation in a HVEM operating at 650 kV. The depth positions of the loops with respect to the foil surfaces were determined by stereomicroscopy. The experimental data were analysed by use of the general rate-theory model which takes into account both temporal and spatial dependence of loop growth. It is found from systematic variations of the vacancy migration energy, E vm, and the preference factor of dislocation loops for self-interstitials, δi, that Evm = 1·2 eV and δi = 0·06, which together yield reasonable agreement between the theoretical model and the experimental data.
Persistent Equine Arteritis Virus Infection in HeLa Cells

The horse-adapted virulent Bucyrus (VB) strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) established persistent infection in high-passage-number human cervix cells (HeLa-H cells; passages 170 to 221) but not in low-passage-number human cervix cells (HeLa-L cells; passages 95 to 115) or in several other cell lines that were evaluated. However, virus recovered from the 80th passage of the persistently infected HeLa-H cells (HeLa-H-EAVP80) readily established persistent infection in HeLa-L cells. Comparative sequence analysis of the entire genomes of the VB and HeLa-H-EAVP80 viruses identified 16 amino acid substitutions, including 4 in the replicase (nsp1, nsp2, nsp7, and nsp9) and 12 in the structural proteins (E, GP2, GP3, GP4, and GP5). Reverse genetic studies clearly showed that substitutions in the structural proteins but not the replicase were responsible for the establishment of persistent infection in HeLa-L cells by the HeLa-H-EAVP80 virus. It was further demonstrated that recombinant viruses with substitutions in the minor structural proteins E and GP2 or GP3 and GP4 were unable to establish persistent infection in HeLa-L cells but that recombinant viruses with combined substitutions in the E (Ser53→Cys and Val55→Ala), GP2 (Leu15→Ser, Trp31→Arg, Val87→Leu, and Ala112→Thr), GP3 (Ser115→Gly and Leu135→Pro), and GP4 (Tyr4→His and Ile109→Phe) proteins or with a single point mutation in the GP5 protein (Pro98→Leu) were able to establish persistent infection in HeLa-L cells. In summary, an in vitro model of EAV persistence in cell culture was established for the first time. This system can provide a valuable model for studying virus-host cell interactions, especially virus-receptor interactions.
Fashionable Subjects: On Judith Butler and the Causal Idioms of Postmodern Feminist Theory

What conception of causality is presupposed when the discursive constitution of identity is affirmed? Is the subject of late modernity "Produced?" "Generated?" "Inscribed?" "Constructed?" "Defined?" "Formed?" Indiscriminately employed in much recent feminist theory, these terms evoke quite different understandings of causal efficacy, and hence quite different accounts of how specifically gendered identities are fashioned. To indicate what is at stake here, I explore arguments advanced by Judith Butler in Gender Trouble and, more recently, in Bodies That Matter. In the former, Butler's unrecognized reliance on a mechanistic idiom of causality vitiates her genealogical critique of the humanist subject. In the latter, more elliptically than conclusively, Butler proposes a critical reappropriation of the Aristotelian idiom of form and matter. Building on this suggestion, I argue that an organic idiom of causality, although not without problems, is better equipped than is its Cartesian counterpart to make sense of the body's immanent implication in the processes by which it becomes a gendered subject. In closing, I ask about the implications of
Serum prostate-specific antigen after post-prostatectomy radiotherapy.

Abstract External beam radiotherapy was administered to 39 patients after radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma. Thirty-seven of 39 patients had detectable levels of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) prior to irradiation as evidence of residual carcinoma (biochemical evidence o f disease). Two patients also had palpable recurrences. Pathologic analysis of the surgical specimens suggested that positive surgical margins, seminal vesicle or lymph node involvement, or high Gleason pattern scores are associated with measurable PSA after surgery. Follow-up ranged from two to seventy-four months (mean 26.8 months). To date, local control has been achieved in all but 1 patient (including 2 patients with palpable tumor prior to radiotherapy). Two distinct risk groups for the development of distant metastases based on the trend of the PSA in relation to the duration of follow-up after radiotherapy are defined. In the high-risk group (those patients with a rising PSA), in 9 of the 18 bone metastases have developed, while none of the 17 low-risk patients have metastatic disease.
Digital light processing: a new image technology for the television of the future

The advent of digital broadcasting brings with it many exciting opportunities, not the least of which is the opportunity to provide the consumer with visual images which are of a substantially superior quality to those provided by today's technology. This paper describes a new technology-digital light processing/sup TM/ (DLP/sup TM/), from Texas Instruments-which could become the dominant TV image technology of the 21st century. At its heart is the digital micromirror device/sup TM/ (DMD/sup TM/): the evolution and operation of the DMD is described, and the key benefits of digital light processing are reviewed.
Wideband laser-interferometer gravitational-radiation experiment

A wideband laser-interferometer gravitational-radiation antenna was constructed and used to search for gravitational radiation in the frequency band from 1 to 20 kHz. The antenna consisted of a Michelson interferometer with the beamsplitter and retroreflectors attached to masses on soft suspensions that allowed essentially free motion above the suspension frequencies. The strains in the gravitational radiation produce a differential path length change in the two arms of the interferometer which is detected by a pair of balanced photodetectors. The interferometer used a folded-path configuration with an effective length of 8.5 m. The sensitivity of the interferometer was calibrated with signals from a piezoelectric displacement transducer. The strain noise in a 1-Hz bandwidth was less than 0.3 fm/m from 1 to 3 kHz, and less than 0.1 fm/m above 3 kHz, where it was essentially photon-noise limited. (For comparison, the $\mathrm{kT}$ strain noise in a room-temperature, 2-m long, 1000-kg, elastic solid bar antenna is 0.14 fm/m.) The laser interferometer was operated as a detector for gravitational radiation for 150 h during the nights and weekends from the period 4 October through 3 December 1972. During the same period, bar antennas were operated by the Maryland, Glasgow, and Frascati groups, with 18 events reported by the Frascati group in their single bar, 22 single-bar events and no coincidences reported by the Glasgow group in their two bars, and 28 coincidences reported by the Maryland group between the Argonne bar and the Maryland bar and/or disk antennas. The various bar antenna systems were quite different but in general were sensitive to gravitational-radiation strain spectral components with an amplitude of the order of 0.1 fm/m in a narrow band of frequencies about the resonant frequency of the bar. The wideband interferometer data was analyzed by ear, with the detection sensitivity estimated to be of the order of 1-10 fm/m (depending upon the signature of the signal) for the total of the gravitational-radiation strain spectral components in the band from 1-20 kHz. No significant correlations between the Malibu interferometer output and any of the bar events or coincidences were observed.
Study of CO chemisorption on polycrystalline Pt

The chemisorption of CO on a sputtered and annealed polycrystalline Pt surface has been examined using ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Data obtained from an isotopic TPD experiment indicate that adsorption is molecular with no detectable CO dissociation. ISS data demonstrate that the CO bonds to the Pt through the C with the O pointing away from the surface and that about 80% of the Pt surface is covered at saturation based on the relative sizes of the ISS Pt peak heights obtained from the clean and CO-saturated surfaces. Coverage versus exposure plots have been determined from both the ISS and TPD data, and the agreement is generally good. The sticking coefficient is close to 1 up to Θ=0.5 and than falls rapidly with increasing exposure to the saturation exposure of 90 L. The Kisliuk adsorption model, which assumes adsorption at a single type of site, is able to provide a good fit of the ISS uptake data but is not as successful in fitting the TPD uptake data.
Kierkegaard's Job Discourse: Getting back the world

La production de Kierkegaard sur Job est fragmentee. L'A. tente de faire l'unite du portrait brosse par le philosophe qui voit Job cherchant et recevant ce qu'il a perdu. Cette conception se rattache au cœur de l'œuvre de Kierkegaard mettant en place des cycles de possession, de perte et de retour. Ces repetitions qui caracterisent l'image de Job et le rendent aux yeux de son portraitiste exemplaire pour l'humanite, clarifient son humiliation et permettent de mieux comprendre comment la mysterieuse tempete redonne un monde a Job
Poster: Accurate scaffolding of large genomes using integer programming and Non-Serial Dynamic Programming

The precipitous drop in sequencing costs has generated much enthusiasm for very large scale genome sequencing initiatives. However, assembling high-quality genome sequences from the short reads currently generated by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies represents a formidable computational challenge that has yet to be met. In this work we address the scaffolding step of genome assembly pipelines, whereby sets of assembled contigs are oriented, ordered, and combined into larger structures called scaffolds. Scaffolding is a critical step of practical genome assembly, as the larger structures significantly increase the usefulness of assembled genomes to biologists.
Temporal Pattern as a Cue for Species-Specific Calling Song Recognition in Crickets

Female crickets can recognize conspecific calling song from its temporal pattern alone. In Teleogryllus oceanicus, the song pattern consists of three classes of interpulse intervals arranged in a stereotyped sequence. Females recognize a model song in which the sequential order of intervals is random. This argues against the hypothesis that recognition results from matching auditory input to an internal template of the song.
Generation and analysis of Elf5-LacZ mouse: unique and dynamic expression of Elf5 (ESE-2) in the inner root sheath of cycling hair follicles.

The Elf5/ESE-2 transcription factor is a member of the Epithelium Specific Ets subfamily of Ets transcription factors. Expression of Elf5 has been known to be restricted to organs and tissues rich in glandular or secretory epithelial cells such as kidney and mammary gland as well as differentiated keratinocytes of the skin. We have engineered an Elf5-LacZ mouse strain in which the bulk of the coding region of the Elf5 gene has been replaced by the β-galactosidase (LacZ) reporter gene and the neomycin resistance cassette. We show here that LacZ gene expression in Elf5-LacZ mice occurs in spatial and temporal patterns that mimic endogenous Elf5 expression as observed by strong X-Gal staining in the mammary luminal epithelial cells of heterozygous Elf5-LacZ animals. Our analysis also reveals previously undiscovered expression site for Elf5 in the differentiated cells of the inner root sheath of hair follicle. The generation of a novel Elf5 gene targeted mouse model harboring a LacZ reporter gene provides an advantage for in vivo studies of Elf5 due to the highly sensitive and easy in situ detection of LacZ gene expression through histochemical staining with X-Gal. Taken together, this study brings new insights into novel patterns of Elf5 expression likely correlating with functionally important control in hair follicle cycle.
Charge exchange using a double quadrupole mass spectrometer

Abstract Charge exchange mass spectra obtained on a double quadrupole (QQ) mass spectrometer are compared with those obtained by other methods. The effects of reagent ion recombination energies and of axial ion translational energy on these spectra are followed.
Binding of the bone-seeking agent99mTc-1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid to cartilage and collagen in vitro and its stimulation by Er3+ and low pH

The bone-seeking agent99mTc-labeled 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) unexpectedly binds to particles of human articular cartilage as well as cortical bone in vitro. Collagen also sequesters this compound, suggesting that collagen contributes to the uptake of99mTc-HEDP by cartilage and bone. Particles of the bone mineral calcium hydroxyapatite also bind99mTc-HEDP in vitro. Pretreatment of particles with Er3+ stimulates binding in each case. Lowering the pH of incubation to pH 2 has this effect for bone, cartilage, and collagen, but not for calcium hydroxyapatite. Mechanisms additional to the simple ionic attraction between the phosphonate groups of HEDP and metal cations such as Ca2+ are responsible for the uptake of99mTc-HEDP by body tissues.
1988 NAPNAP membership survey: Characteristics of members' practice

In 1988 the characteristics of the 2560 members of NAPNAP were determined by means of a mailed survey. Approximately 52% of the members returned usable questionnaires. Members were asked for information about their educational preparation, demographic characteristics, and professional employment status. Data about members' practice, how their practice has changed over time where possible, and implications for the future are reported.
Axial diffusion of liquids in packed beds and end effects

Experimental data were obtained on the effect of bed length of packed spheres on axial diffusion coefficients with the frequency response technique used. Lengths of packed section of 6 to 174 cm. were used. The end effects were eliminated by using a novel experimental technique for analyses of the inlet and outlet streams. No effects of length on DL were found. When the end effects were artificially introduced by using void analytical sections at the two ends, then large effects of length on DL were found. These void sections were the cause of length effects found by other experimenters. The DL drops as the length of bed is increased. Above about 65 cm. length the DL remains constant with increase in length. The over-all results are in general agreement with the data of others.
An information-processing approach to attribution of responsibility ☆

Abstract The research literature on defensive attribution of responsibility is reviewed within the framework of a nonmotivational information-processing model which proposes that attributed responsibility is a function of the difference between the perceived contingent probability (congruence) of an outcome, given a perpertrator's behavior, and the noncontingent probability (prior expectancy) of that outcome. Results of previous research on effects of the characteristics of outcomes, perpetrator, and victim on responsibility ratings are reinterpreted in terms of the influence these factors have on estimates of congruence and prior expectancy. Secondary analyses of data from a recent study of causal reasoning resulted in a correlation of .78 between attribution of responsibility and a simple additive model of estimated contingent and prior probabilities of an accident.
Treating juvenile offenders for marijuana problems

Aims This study investigated the characteristics and substance abuse treatment experience of two differentially defined groups of juvenileoffenders, those who were referred or otherwise involved with the legal system and those who reported recent criminal behavior. Design Six hundred adolescents from the Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Project were classified by criminal justice system involvement and recentcriminal behavior. Multivariate and repeated-measures techniques explored substance use frequency, substance use problems, psychologicaland social risk factors and treatment outcomes as functions of criminal status. Findings Adolescents reporting criminal justice system involvement were comparable to adolescents reporting no legal involvement. Adolescentsreporting past crime presented with heavier substance use, more substance use problems and greater psychological and environmentalrisks. Criminally active adolescents had greater reductions in substance use frequency and substance use problems during the course of treatment. Conclusion Juvenile offender status, whether defined by criminal justice system involvement or criminal behavior, does not seem to mitigatethe potential for adolescents to benefit from manual-guided outpatient treatments.
Gradients of subsurface water toxicity to oyster larvae in bays and harbors in California and their relation to mussel watch bioaccumulation data

Abstract Crassostrea gigas larval toxicity tests were conducted on subsurface water samples collected from various California harbors ranging from San Francisco Bay to Newport Bay in southern California. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this test as an ambient toxicity monitoring tool and to attempt correlation of toxicity data with tissue contaminant concentrations. Los Angeles, Moss Landing and Richmond harbors showed trends of increasing toxicity with distance from the mouth of each harbor. These results were also compared to synthetic organic and metal tissue contaminant data collected by the California State Mussel Watch program. Increasing toxicity was significantly correlated with increasing tissue concentrations of lead, copper, silver, zinc, chlordane, endosulfan, dieldrin and PCB in some harbors (Richmond, Moss Landing, Los Angeles and Newport). Other harbors (Monterey, Santa Cruz and Redwood Creek) showed no correlations. However when data from all the harbors were combined there were no significant correlations between bioassay toxicity and contaminants found in mussels. For individual harbors, it is recommended that both accumulation data and bioassay data should be used in conjunction to assess toxicity in harbors.
Symptoms of sleep disturbance in persons with Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly.

We retrospectively analyzed sleep time and sleep disturbance symptoms in 399 healthy, non-demented elderly (NDE) and 263 persons with a diagnosis of possible (n = 53) or probable (n = 210) Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our primary objective was to determine differences in subjective sleep disturbance between these samples. Secondary objectives were to determine if subjects with time in bed (TIB) 6 h of TIB compared with those with estimates of < or =6 h (P < 0.05). Greater sleep disturbance was correlated with greater functional impairment in both cohorts; but only in AD did greater estimated TIB also correlate with greater functional impairment (all P < 0.05). In general, estimated TIB was not associated with mood in either cohort; however, in both cohorts depression was significantly associated with sleep disturbance symptoms and was significantly worse in those who reported having 'sleep problems'. There was no association between subjective perception of 'sleep problems', the number and frequency of sleep disturbance symptoms, and estimated TIB in either group.
Mitigating the impacts of stream and lake regulation in the flathead river catchment, Montana, USA: An ecosystem perspective

1. Seventy-two per cent of the Flathead River catchment (22 241 km2) is federally designated and protected as wilderness or national park. Thus, the catchment remains one of the more pristine areas of its size in the temperate latitudes of the world. 2. Discharge in the downstream reaches of the river system outside the protected areas is regulated by three dams for flood control and hydropower production. These dams have blocked natural migration of native fish from Flathead Lake (496 km2) and isolated populations in sub-catchments. Temperature and erratic flow fluctuations have altered phenologies of river zoobenthos and fish, and in dam tailwaters aquatic biodiversity is drastically reduced in comparison to unregulated segments. 3. Ecological problems caused by changing water quality conditions, altered land-use patterns and introductions of non-native biota are interactive with the impacts of stream and lake level regulation, thereby emphasizing the complexity of this river–lake ecosystem. 4. Mitigation of the effects of regulation is compromised by differing management priorities and regulatory mandates of County, State, Tribal, and Federal agencies responsible for natural resource management within the catchment. Moreover, economic and ecological interests outside the Flathead influence the way flows are regulated within the catchment. 5. The most pervasive influences of stream and lake regulation can be ameliorated by retrofitting the hypolimnial release dam with a selective depth outlet structure to allow temperature control, and by controlling changes in flow rates to create a more natural hydrograph in the tailwaters of the large dams. Allowing fish passage by construction of fish ladders is problematic because upstream passage will commingle native species that were isolated upstream by construction of the dams with non-native species that were introduced subsequently below the dams. Cascading food web interactions elicited by invasions of non-native biota may offset any advantage to native stocks gained by passage and/or augmentation with hatchery stocks. 6. Mitigation must be adaptive in the sense that unanticipated effects and interactions with other management objectives can be documented and alternative action can be implemented. 7. This case history of the effects of stream and lake level regulation, and the approaches to management reviewed in this paper, should serve as a lesson in river conservation.
Neoadjuvant Therapy for Resectable Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer with Mediastinal Lymph Node Involvement

The optimal treatment for stage IIIA (N2) NSCLC remains controversial. Numerous studies with induction chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy show that both approaches in the neoadjuvant setting are feasible. Outcomes following induction therapy have been associated with mediastinal nodal response, with residual mediastinal involvement a negative predictor of survival. Appropriate selection of patients to undergo resection following induction therapy is critical. Lobectomy may be safely performed following induction therapy while pneumonectomy may carry a high and possibly unacceptable rate of perioperative mortality. Combined modality therapy has increased the overall survival of patients with stage III NSCLC. Future trials looking at different induction regimens with or without radiotherapy and with or without surgery may help identify the ideal treatment for this heterogeneous disease stage. The SAKK-16/00 study is an ongoing phase III European trial randomizing patients with stage IIIA NSCLC to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy with three cycles of docetaxel and cisplatin followed by radiation and then surgical resection, or to chemotherapy with the same regimen followed by surgery alone. Other ongoing trials include investigations of novel chemotherapeutic combinations, such as cisplatin with pemetrexed, in the phase II setting. The RTOG 0229 phase II study is evaluating neoadjuvant paclitaxel and carboplatin concurrently with radiation therapy, followed by surgery and consolidation chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin for stage III NSCLC. The combination of neoadjuvant docetaxel, carboplatin, and radiation therapy followed by surgical resection for stage III NSCLC is also currently being investigated in a phase II trial. The future of treatment for stage III NSCLC may lie in the outcome of trials investigating molecularly targeted agents, such as EGFR inhibitors, anti-angiogenic agents, or multitargeted agents. Optimal incorporation into the multimodality approach required of locally advanced N2 NSCLC will require careful investigation. The results from these trials are eagerly awaited.
Notes on Rotation and Rigid Bodies in Relativity Theory

Covariant conditions for rigid-body motion are set up. They are equivalent to those proposed by Born and lead to the linear speed-distance law for the case of rotation about an axis. This result and also a discussion of the transformation equations in going over to a rotating frame of reference are used as arguments for the desirability of retaining the concept of rigid rotation with the linear speed-distance law, contrary to the opinion expressed by Hill. The rotation question is also considered from the standpoint of angular velocity, and one is lead rather naturally to two fluid velocity distributions, one of which was found by Hill. The expression for the spatial distance between two points on a rotating disk obtained by Berenda is derived without the use of the assumption introduced by the latter.
Developing Crisis Management Skills Through A Realistic Case Involving A Chemical Spill

Increasingly, managers and public relations officials seem to be at the forefront of newscasts as a variety of organizational crises develop. Business educators attempting to teach appropriate crises management knowledge and develop skills needed to address such a crises should incorporate realistic case scenarios to challenge students. Such realistic cases should appropriately address communication and management needs related to crises that may develop. This paper presents a realistic case that has been used to instill crisis management skills in a business public relations class.
Gas Gangrene From Subcutaneous insulin Administration

A case of gas gangrene that caused intractable shoulder pain refractory to narcotics in an immunocompromised host is presented. Gas gangrene has been associated with severe trauma involving penetrating wounds, compound fractures, extensive soft-tissue injury, intramuscular injection of epinephrine, and interruption of arterial blood supply. This case describes an elderly insulin-dependent diabetic woman who developed gas gangrene in her arm and leg at the site of her subcutaneous insulin injections. The responsible organism was Clostridium septicum. Emergency medicine physicians must consider gas gangrene Clostridium infection in immunocompromised individuals without evidence of trauma who present with localized and intractable pain.
Integrating and Managing Data From Multiple A-Train Sensors

The immense potential for new science findings as a result of inter-instrument data analysis has led to the development of a new data portal at GSFC: the A-Train Data Depot (ATDD). The power and utility of this new service to the research community is amplified immensely when the archived data are used in conjunction with online data analysis services like Giovanni. This presentation details some of the challenges of data usage from multiple distinct missions and how the tool sets we have developed can help to overcome these challenges, considerably cut down on analysis overhead and promote science exploration in an otherwise very challenging arena.
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate storage and osmoregulation in eukaryotic microbes

Acidocalcisomes are acidic electron-dense organelles, rich in polyphosphate (poly P) complexed with calcium and other cations. While its matrix contains enzymes related to poly P metabolism, the membrane of the acidocalcisomes has a number of pumps (Ca2+-ATPase, V-H+-ATPase, H+-PPase), exchangers (Na+/H+, Ca2+/H+), and at least one channel (aquaporin). Acidocalcisomes are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are an important storage of cations and phosphorus. They also play an important role in osmoregulation and interact with the contractile vacuole complex in a number of eukaryotic microbes. Acidocalcisomes resemble lysosome-related organelles (LRO) from mammalian cells in many of their properties. They share similar morphological characteristics, acidic properties, phosphorus contents and a system for targeting of their membrane proteins through adaptor complex-3 (AP-3). Storage of phosphate and cations may represent the ancestral physiological function of acidocalcisomes, with cation and pH homeostasis and osmoregulatory functions derived following the divergence of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The influence of Hispanic ethnicity on patients' expression of complaints about and problems with adherence to antidepressant therapy.

Abstract Background : Although Hispanics constitute the most rapidly growing ethnic group in the United States, few studies have examined the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and patients' experiences with the use of antidepressant medications. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of Hispanic ethnicity on patients' expression of complaints about and problems of adherence with antidepressant medications and physicians' reactions to these complaints and adherence problems. Methods: Data were collected as part of a larger cross-sectional study of physician-patient communication conducted during 1995 in the general medicine and family practice clinics of the University of New Mexico. Between March and December 1995, patients' medical visits were recorded on audiotape, patients were interviewed after each visit, and patients' medical records were reviewed. The present analysis focused on patients who received a prescription for an antidepressant on the day of the audiotaped visit. Because this was a cross-sectional study, only 1 visit was recorded for each patient. Results: Ninety-eight patients were identified who received a new or refill prescription for an antidepressant on the day of the audiotaped visit. Twenty-eight (28.6%) patients expressed a complaint about their antidepressant therapy. Younger patients and non-Hispanic white patients were more likely to express such a complaint than were older patients and Hispanic patients. Ten (10.2%) patients reported an adherence problem. Patients who rated their physical health as better were more likely to express adherence problems with antidepressant therapy than were patients who rated their physical health was worse. Physicians were generally responsive to patients' expression of complaints and adherence problems. Conclusions: Patients' ethnicity was related to their expression of complaints about antidepressant therapy but not to their expression of adherence problems or to physicians' reactions on patients' expression of either. Because many patients express complaints about and adherence problems with antidepressant therapy, providers should be prepared to educate patients about their prescribed therapy or change the antidepressant regimen.
ortho-Substituent effects on the in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of benzidine derivatives

Abstract Benzidine and its 3,3′-diamino, 3,3′-dimethyl, 3,3′-dimethoxy, 3,3′-difluoro, 3,3′-dichloro, 3,3′-dibromo, 3,3′-dicarbomethoxy and 3,3′-dinitro derivatives together with 2-nitrobenzidine and 3-nitrobenzidine were compared for their in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity. Relative mutagenicity was established with Salmonella strains TA98, TA98/1,8-DNP 6 and TA100 with and without S9 activation. All the derivatives in the presence of S9 were more mutagenic than benzidine with 3,3′-dinitro- and 3-nitro-benzidine having the greatest mutagenicity. Mutagenicity in all 3 strains with S9 activation could be correlated to electron-withdrawing ability of substituent groups, as measured by the basicity of the amines. This correlation was explained on the basis that electron-withdrawing groups could favor the stability of the mutagenic intermediate N -hydroxylamine and also enhance the reactivity of the ultimate mutagenic species, the nitrenium ion. Mutagenicity was also correlated to the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals ( E LUMO ). Hydrophobicity was found to have very limited effect on the relative mutagenicity of our benzidine derivatives. The in vivo endpoint was chromosomal aberrations in the bone-marrow cells of mice following intraperitoneal administration of benzidine and its derivatives. In contrast to the in vitro results, while all the amines were genotoxic in vivo, only the 3-nitro derivative had a significant increase in toxicity over benzidine.