cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An agent-based study of herding relationships with financial markets phenomena

In this paper, an agent based model of stock market is developed. All agents fall under three general trading systems: fundamentalists, optimists and pessimists, while having different beliefs within each category. The model stresses interaction and learning among adaptive agents, which causes macroscopic properties to emerge in the market. The generated time series revealed that the model was able to reproduce some of the key stylized facts observed in actual financial time series and was consistent with empirical observations. Herding is one of the important emergent properties of financial markets, often leading to the creation of speculative bubbles that make markets unstable and prone to crashes. Using this validated framework, the necessary infrastructure is provided to explore the relationships of different market properties with this phenomenon. The study suggests that herding has significant causal relationship with volatility in the market, and vice versa.
Dental Evidence for Anthropoid Origins

Over the past decade, many new finds of African Eocene and Oligocene monkeys and Holarctic Eocene primates have rekindled long-standing debates concerning the origins and early diversification of the Anthropoidea. These debates have centered around several related questions: 1. Is Anthropoidea a monophyletic group, and, if so, what did the last common ancestor of the anthropoids look like? 2. From which known group of Holarctic primates (if any) did anthropoids evolve? 3. How do known Eocene and Oligocene anthropoids of Africa [Para-pithecidae, Propliopithecidae (Propliopithecus and Aegyptopithecus), Oli-gopithecidae] relate to the Miocene—Recent Platyrrhini and Catarrhini of the New and Old World, respectively?
Structure of Reductive Groups

By studying the actions of tori and their centralizers on G/B, we showed in Chapter IX that a reductive group is generated by the centralizers of singular tori (the latter being precisely the connected kernels of roots). Moreover, we showed that the quotient of such a centralizer by its center is essentially PGL(2, K). The goal of this chapter is a more detailed description of G: properties of the root system, structure of normal subgroups of G, “normal form” for elements of G, structure of parabolic subgroups.
Blue-green alga Spirulina as a tool against water pollution by 1,1'-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene) (DDT)

Abstract The presented work concerns studying a possibility of using blue-green alga (cyanobacteria) Spirulina for cleaning water polluted with DDT (1,1'-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis (4-chlorobenzene)). For this aim, at first the influence of different concentrations of DDT (1, 10 and 50 ppm) on the ability of growing of Spirulina and the intensity of uptake of DDT by blue-green alga have been investigated. In parallel, the penetration of tested toxicant into Spirulina cells and the influence on cell ultrastructure by using electron microscopic method have been studied. The obtained results show that DDT easily penetrated Spirulina cells and caused partial destruction of organelles. According to obtained data, 10 ppm is acceptable concentration of DDT for Spirulina growing in polluted water. Finally, the model large-scale experiment in reservoir with volume 40 L for testing possibility of using Spirulina to clean artificially polluted water have been carried out. The obtained results have been shown that after 15 days of incubation Spirulina removes approximately 70% of DDT from polluted water. These results can become a basis for development of a new phytoremediation technology for cleaning of DDT-polluted waters based on application of Spirulina.
Demand Response based Power System Reliability Enhancement

This paper proposes a novel technique to enhance the reliability of power systems utilizing the demand response (DR) programs such as interruptible/curtailable (I/C) load programs. In order to maintain the reliability of a power system, load demand should be satisfied at each load bus. If all or part of the loads cannot be satisfied, load curtailments are needed. However, load curtailments can be avoided by incorporating the DR programs. Existing methods to investigate the effect of DR programs on power system reliability do not include penalty terms, which is an important factor for effective participation of customers in DR programs. In this work, in addition to the existing economic models, a load curtailment model is developed for DR programs. This model is based on demand-price elasticity which is used to modify load curve characteristics. Using this model, the load curve is restructured considering both customer benefits and penalties. The proposed method is applied on the IEEE reliability test system and Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the reliability indices. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is tested by comparing the well-known reliability indices before and after incorporating the proposed technique. The results show that incorporating I/C loads in the DR programs significantly improve the reliability of the system.
Managerial Society and the Emergence of Black Policy Experts

This paper examines critically the ascendance and roles of Black policy specialists as major contributors to the public policy discussion of America’s postindustrial-managerial society during the 1980s. The paper looks at two theories of managerial policymaking—one in which experts dominate and another in which politicians control. The study argues that neither theory fully explains the complex process of public policymaking; rather, there is a convergence of power and knowledge—politicians and specialists. This dynamic gives rise to the growing politicization of knowledge and experts. The focus then turns to the rise of Black conservative and liberal policy technocrats and their prescriptions for dealing with urban poverty. The mounting convergence of power and expertise, and veritable politics of knowledge, in the managerial state increasingly exclude ordinary citizens from process of making public decisions. However, through struggle citizens will need to intervene in the process from below.
The Socialization of STEM Professionals Into STEM Careers: A Study of Newly Hired Engineers:

The ProblemRecently there has been a growing interest to increase the number of people entering science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. One of the major problems with this...
Predicting primary dendrite arm spacing in Al–Si–Mg alloys: effect of Mg alloying

Directional solidification experiments were performed on Al–Si–Mg alloys to examine the effect of compositional variation on dendritic growth and to develop a novel growth model for the prediction of primary dendrite arm spacing in solidification microstructures. Instead of relying on the growth restriction factor or inoculant particle efficacy, this model examines solute effects to describe the final primary dendritic arm spacing. Increased Mg concentration was shown to decrease the dendritic growth velocity by decreasing constitutional undercooling. Solute enrichment at the solid/liquid interface was shown to limit lateral coarsening of primary dendrite arms and create a region of local solute depletion. This phenomenon allowed increased nucleation due to an increase in the resulting local liquidus temperature, and ultimately produced a refined primary dendrite arm spacing. Primary and secondary dendrites were measured and quantitatively analyzed in validation of the model. The model, which shows increased accuracy compared to existing models, was developed with aid of the three-dimensional cellular automaton method and experimentally verified.
Assessing the Quality of Surgical Care for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Results from the CEASAR Study

Purpose:Prior studies suggest that nationally endorsed quality measures for prostate cancer care are not linked closely with outcomes. Using a prospective, population based cohort we measured clini...
Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Are a Novel Target of Corticotropin Releasing Factor

Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are critical regulators of striatal network activity and output. Changes in CIN activity are thought to encode salient changes in the environment and stimulus–response–outcome associations. Here we report that the stress-associated neuropeptide corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) produces a profound and reliable increase in the spontaneous firing of CINs in both dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc) through activation of CRF type 1 receptors, production of cAMP and reduction in spike accommodation in male mice. The increase of CIN firing by CRF results in the activation muscarinic acetylcholine receptors type 5, which mediate potentiation of dopamine transmission in the striatum. This study provides critical mechanistic insight into how CRF modulates striatal activity and dopamine transmission in the NAc to likely account for CRF facilitation of appetitive behaviors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although the presence of CRF receptors in the dorsal and ventral striatum has been acknowledged, the cellular identity and the functional consequences of receptor activation is unknown. Here we report that striatal cholinergic interneurons express CRF-R1 receptors and are acutely activated by the neuropeptide CRF that is released in response to salient environmental stimuli. Cholinergic interneurons make
“You Are Not Alone”: Advice Giving for Parents of Children Living with Complex Chronic Conditions

Parental advice giving serves as an important form of informational support for parents of children living with complex chronic conditions (CCCs). These messages can provide backchannel insights into social challenges, best practices, and may offer different forms of experiential wisdom garnered from their own parental caregiving experiences. Contributing to the naturalistic, health-context investigations of advice messages, we interviewed 35 parents who discussed their experiences with parenting their medically complex child. Part of the broader interview protocol asked parents about advice they would offer to other parents like them. We conducted a thematic analysis of parents' responses to these questions to understand advice content, form of advice giving messages, challenges experienced by parents, and suggested best practices for managing a child's CCC. We present our findings and discuss implications on educating health care professionals about how to cultivate advice networks and the need for more parent peer mentoring programs.
Constructing the transactions table

As with any large statistical undertaking, the Georgia Interindustry Study depends on a number of data sources, both primary and secondary. Here we document our approach to melding these data into a consistent representation of the Georgia economy. This approach is based on research conducted in the Regional Development Program of the College of Industrial Management at Georgia Tech and on experience gained in constructing a similar system at the Department of Planning and Economic Development of the State of Hawaii. We also draw extensively on the experience of one of the team members (Eugene A. Laurent) in constructing an input-output model of Charleston, South Carolina.
Thoughts on Furthering the Control Education of Practicing Engineers

Abstract This paper presents some insights on teaching practical improvements to control methods to engineers already practicing in the field. Virtually all of these engineers have taken an introductory controls class (perhaps many years ago) and have some experience with some circuitry, programming, and actual control implementations. We argue that the lessons that have the most impact on these engineers are those that tie theoretical insight to methods that they can adapt almost immediately to make their jobs easier. We discuss both the environment of a typical practicing engineer and some of the lessons that can immediately make them more effective.
It all adds up: addressing the roles of cumulative traumatic experiences on military veterans

Abstract Background Posttraumatic stress symptoms are common after discharge from military service in male and female Post-9/11 veterans, many of whom experienced combat. Objective This is a study of the impacts of childhood and adult assaults are studied both separately and together on the level of posttraumatic stress symptoms in male and female Post-9/11 veterans (N = 850) after discharge from military service. Participants and setting This cross-sectional secondary analysis uses data from the baseline interviews of the Survey of Experiences of Returning Veterans (SERV) cohort study. Methods Childhood sexual and physical abuse, adult sexual and physical assault, and combat exposure were the main exposures of interest and the primary outcome measurement was the Posttraumatic Symptom Checklist-Civilian, assessing symptom severity post discharge from military service. Results Our sample reported high rates of childhood abuse, adult victimization, combat exposure, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Tested separately, models including different types of victimization had both unique (f2 = 0.30) and cumulative (f2 = 0.32) effects on severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in male and female veterans. Conclusions Our results underscore the importance of assessing childhood and adult trauma history in returning veterans in addition to traumas they experienced during their service. These findings highlight the importance of focusing on building resilience in our military servicemembers.
A Model for Drug-Receptor Interactions: The Opiate Receptor. A Preliminary Report

Theoretical conformational analysis studies using classical, empirical potential energy functions have been carried out on a proposed model opiate binding site, cerebroside sulfate. The methods used in these calculations are discussed. Current efforts involve the interaction of opiates with the low energy conformers of cerebroside sulfate. Preliminary results indicate that cerebroside sulfate is able to adopt a conformation which is complementary to the opiate pharmacophorc pattern.
Translation as Charitable Currency: Internationalization Through International Alumni Giving

As higher education continues to internationalize, the United States higher education system remains a predominantly English-speaking entity. This research-in-progress will examine how United States institutions of higher education engage with English-language learning international alumni to explore how these alumni are asked to give back to their alma mater. I hypothesize that many institutions of higher educaiton may be perpetuing academic capitalism by viewing international alumni as sources of financial support and not as sources of rich linguistic capital that could be leveraged to further diversify the institution and facilitate equitable access to higher education.
Insanity and Free Will: The Humanitarian Argument for Abolition

Among the arguments for abolishing the insanity defense there is the one that politicians often appeal to: the defense makes it too easy for criminals to evade punishment, and to avoid this outcome all criminals, including the mentally ill, must be punished. The force behind the argument lies in the sentiments that arise in reaction to violent crime: fear and vindictiveness. But there are also serious theoretical arguments, among them the one that I want to focus on here, namely that the insanity defense is based upon a philosophical and sociological error, the idea that criminals have free will. If we reject that error, according to this argument, we will also reject the insanity defense, and we will reject it not for the purpose of denying the supposed advantages of the defense to the mentally ill, but of extending those advantages to all criminals. And what are the advantages of an insanity acquittal? That the offender is not punished but rather committed to an institution where he will find softer conditions and necessary treatment. The argument is based upon two suppositions: that crimes are not the outcome of the free choice of offenders but are instead unavoidable, and that punishment is due only when a crime is the result of the offender’s freely made choice. From these starting points we are to conclude that punishment is never justified. And the last step is this: Since no one is to be punished, the point of the insanity defense disappears. Call this argument “the Humanitarian Argument for abolition of the insanity defense.” We find this reasoning in the recent writings, for example, of Derk Pereboom and Gregg Caruso. I agree with much of this argument, all the way up to and including the conclusion that punishment by the state is never justified. But the last step, from “no one is to be punished” to “the point of the insanity defense disappears,” is one that I think is dangerous and unwarranted, and one that I reject.
Tissue Stem Cells: Architects of Their Niches

Stem cells (SCs) maintain tissue homeostasis and repair wounds. Despite marked variation in tissue architecture and regenerative demands, SCs often follow similar paradigms in communicating with their microenvironmental "niche" to transition between quiescent and regenerative states. Here we use skin epithelium and skeletal muscle-among the most highly-stressed tissues in our body-to highlight similarities and differences in niche constituents and how SCs mediate natural tissue rejuvenation and perform regenerative acts prompted by injuries. We discuss how these communication networks break down during aging and how understanding tissue SCs has led to major advances in regenerative medicine.
Semantic Space Theory: A Computational Approach to Emotion.

Within affective science, the central line of inquiry, animated by basic emotion theory and constructivist accounts, has been the search for one-to-one mappings between six emotions and their subjective experiences, prototypical expressions, and underlying brain states. We offer an alternative perspective: semantic space theory. This computational approach uses wide-ranging naturalistic stimuli and open-ended statistical techniques to capture systematic variation in emotion-related behaviors. Upwards of 25 distinct varieties of emotional experience have distinct profiles of associated antecedents and expressions. These emotions are high-dimensional, categorical, and often blended. This approach also reveals that specific emotions, more than valence, organize emotional experience, expression, and neural processing. Overall, moving beyond traditional models to study broader semantic spaces of emotion can enrich our understanding of human experience.
Congressional Disclosure of Time Spent Fundraising

This Article advocates passage of a law requiring members of Congress to disclose the amount of time they spend fundraising. In the wake of Citizens United and other court decisions severely limiting lawmakers’ ability to regulate campaign spending, many scholars have turned their focus to campaign finance disclosure laws. According to some, laws requiring campaigns and donors to reveal the source of contributions and expenditures are the last bastion of federal campaign finance law. Yet despite a history of broad acceptance, disclosure laws rest on an increasingly shaky foundation. The most troubling aspect of current disclosure law is that it contains loopholes so obvious and irresistible that many political players choose to spend dark money, the source of which is unidentified. Further, some argue that even when the source of political spending is disclosed, the information provided to the electorate is of questionable usefulness for a host of reasons. Finally, opponents of disclosure laws point to their potential chilling effect and threats of retaliation that can occur when the public learns who supported a certain candidate or ballot measure. Even those who support disclosure laws have recently conceded that perhaps the law should encompass only large spenders rather than those contributing only a few hundred dollars. For these reasons, there have been calls to reform federal disclosure law so it is more properly tailored to serve its goals without chilling speech. Many have proposed effective, intelligent changes that would improve the disclosure regime greatly. However, the current discussion about disclosure largely ignores the fact that there is a gaping hole in disclosure requirements: While the electorate receives some information about a candidate’s financial backers and can learn about a legislator’s votes and other activities, voters cannot discover how much time their representatives spend raising money. Information about legislators’ fundraising time is critically important: the average member of Congress spends between thirty and seventy percent of their time seeking money. The aim of requiring disclosure of fundraising time would be twofold: First, it would supplement current disclosure law by providing new, valuable information about legislators that is less susceptible to avoidance, is more useful to voters, and would not risk chilling speech. Second, it would discourage legislators from spending egregious amounts of time fundraising, thereby encouraging them to devote more time to the jobs they are elected to do. Though this Article focuses on the discrete proposal of requiring disclosure of time spent fundraising, it also advocates further scholarly examination of enhanced disclosure of legislators’ activities. Such requirements, like the one proposed here, provide greater benefits and often lack the drawbacks of disclosure laws that seek information from nongovernment actors.
Coca Yes, Cocaine No: How Bolivia’s Coca Growers Reshaped Democracy by Thomas Grisaffi

Grisaffi, Thomas. Coca Yes, Cocaine No: How Bolivia’s Coca Growers ReshapedDemocracy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019.
Halogenation affects driving forces, reorganization energies and “rocking” motions in strained [Fe(tpy) 2 ] 2+ complexes

Controlling the energetics of spin crossover (SCO) in Fe(II)-polypyridine complexes is critical for designing new multifunctional materials or tuning the excited-state lifetimes of iron-based photosensitizers. It is well established that the Fe–N “breathing” mode is important for intersystem crossing from the singlet to the quintet state, but this does not preclude other, less obvious, structural distortions from affecting SCO. Previous work has shown that halogenation at the 6 and 6′′ positions of tpy (tpy = 2,2′;6′,2′′-terpyridine) in [Fe(tpy)2]2+ dramatically increased the lifetime of the excited MLCT state and also had a large impact on the ground state spin-state energetics. To gain insight into the origins of these effects, we used density functional theory calculations to explore how halogenation impacts spin-state energetics and molecular structure in this system. Based on previous work we focused on the ligand “rocking” motion associated with SCO in [Fe(tpy)2]2+ by constructing one-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) along the tpy rocking angle for various spin states. It was found that halogenation has a clear and predictable impact on ligand rocking and spin-state energetics. The rocking is correlated to numerous other geometrical distortions, all of which likely affect the reorganization energies for spin-state changes. We have quantified trends in reorganization energy and also driving force for various spin-state changes and used them to interpret the experimentally measured excited-state lifetimes.
The Optical Unconscious

The Optical Unconscious is a pointed protest against the official story of modernism and against the critical tradition that attempted to define modern art according to certain sacred commandments and self-fulfilling truths. The account of modernism presented here challenges the vaunted principle of "vision itself." And it is a very different story than we have ever read, not only because its insurgent plot and characters rise from below the calm surface of the known and law-like field of modernist painting, but because the voice is unlike anything we have heard before. Just as the artists of the optical unconscious assaulted the idea of autonomy and visual mastery, Rosalind Krauss abandons the historian's voice of objective detachment and forges a new style of writing in this book: art history that insinuates diary and art theory, and that has the gait and tone of fiction. The Optical Unconscious will be deeply vexing to modernism's standard-bearers, and to readers who have accepted the foundational principles on which their aesthetic is based. Krauss also gives us the story that Alfred Barr, Meyer Shapiro, and Clement Greenberg repressed, the story of a small, disparate group of artists who defied modernism's most cherished self-descriptions, giving rise to an unruly, disruptive force that persistently haunted the field of modernism from the 1920s to the 1950s and continues to disrupt it today. In order to understand why modernism had to repress the optical unconscious, Krauss eavesdrops on Roger Fry in the salons of Bloomsbury, and spies on the toddler John Ruskin as he amuses himself with the patterns of a rug; we find her in the living room of Clement Greenberg as he complains about "smart Jewish girls with their typewriters" in the 1960s, and in colloquy with Michael Fried about Frank Stella's love of baseball. Along the way, there are also narrative encounters with Freud, Jacques Lacan, Georges Bataille, Roger Caillois, Gilles Deleuze, and Jean-Francois Lyotard. To embody this optical unconscious, Krauss turns to the pages of Max Ernst's collage novels, to Marcel Duchamp's hypnotic Rotoreliefs, to Eva Hesse's luminous sculptures, and to Cy Twombly's, Andy Warhol's, and Robert Morris's scandalous decoding of Jackson Pollock's drip pictures as "Anti-Form." These artists introduced a new set of values into the field of twentieth-century art, offering ready-made images of obsessional fantasy in place of modernism's intentionality and unexamined compulsions.
Breaking the Barriers: Ghanaians' Perspectives about the Social Model

Purpose: The social model of disability emphasises the identification and removal of barriers to the inclusion of persons with disabilities in mainstream society. The study examines issues associated with the exclusion of women with physical disabilities in Tamale, Ghana, and makes recommendations for the effective participation and inclusion of persons with disabilities, especially the women, in society. Method: Data was gathered through in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit 10 women with physical disabilities for the in-depth interviews. Purposive sampling was also used to recruit 14 representatives from government and civil society organisations for 2 multi-organisational focus groups. Using open coding and line-by-line analysis, themes and categories were identified. Themes that emerged from the focus groups and from the individual interviews were compared and contrasted to arrive at conclusions about the participation of women with physical disabilities in mainstream society. Results: Study participants identified barriers (attitudinal, institutional, architectural, transportation, and information) and suggested methods to eradicate them and foster inclusion. At the same time they felt that it was equally important to change certain attitudes of persons with disabilities (ignorance about available resources, opportunities and potential, low levels of self-confidence, and negative reactions to societal attitudes) which contribute to their exclusion from society. Conclusion: Advocacy interventions are recommended, which include public education, building relationships and mobilising the public for advocacy campaigns. Decision-makers need to be persuaded to make additional policies and/or enforce existing ones, to promote the inclusion and effective participation of persons with disabilities in society. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
Modeling and Validation of Multilayer Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Scaffolds for In Vitro Directed Differentiation of Juxtaposed Cartilage and Bone

Polymeric scaffolds, which release growth factors in a temporally controlled manner, have successfully directed the differentiation of stem cells into monolithic tissues of a single lineage. However, engineering precise boundaries in multilineage functional tissues, such as the juxtaposed cartilaginous and osseous tissue present in articulated joints, often remains a challenge. This work demonstrates a precise materials system for in vitro reconstruction of the three-dimensional architecture of these types of human tissues. Multilayer poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) scaffolds were used to produce spatiotemporal gradients to direct the differentiation of an initially uniform population of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into juxtaposed cartilage and bone. Specifically, growth factors (chondrogenic transforming growth factor-β3 and osteogenic bone morphogenetic protein-4) and their neutralizing antibodies were incorporated within distinct layers of the PLG scaffolds to create spatially segregated morphogen f...
A template for rapid prototyping of operating systems

Rapid prototyping of many classes of systems can be facilitated by starting from an executable template specification appropriate to that class. A system template serves several useful purposes. It organizes ones thinking about the particular system to be specified, and speeds the specification process by pre-specifying structures and operations common to all systems in a class. If executable, it can be developed into a system prototype. Though beyond the scope of this paper, it can organize proofs of properties of the specification and its implementations by making it possible to isolate the relevant proof obligations. The authors templates have an additional property: they classify sub-specifications according to "kinds" that needs to be completed differently. The authors illustrate rapid prototyping from a template for operating systems, specifically showing how to obtain a rapid prototype of the MINIX system. This approach may also be useful for other classes of systems, such as architectures. >
Transgene silencing in monocots

Plant gene silencing was originally thought to be a quirk of transformation procedures, but is now recognized to be a facet of vitally important gene regulatory systems, present in all organisms. Monocot plants, especially the grasses, play a foremost role in the agricultural economy of all nations, and their biotechnological manipulation offers great potential for both developed and developing countries. Here, we review reported instances of transgene silencing in monocots and relate the processes of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing (TGS, PTGS) in perspective to the rapidly burgeoning knowledge of these phenomena in many organisms. Recent findings include the involvement of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a nuclease in PTGS systems and the close relationship between methylation and chromatin structure in TGS events.
Identification of a sporozoite-specific member of the Toxoplasma SAG superfamily via genetic complementation.

Summary Toxoplasma gondii sporozoites possess an array of stage-specific antigens that are localized to the mem- brane and internal cellular space, as well as secreted into the primary parasitophorous vacuole. Specific labelling of viable sporozoites excysted from oocysts reveals a complex admixture of surface proteins par- tially shared with tachyzoites. SAG1, SRS3 and SAG3 were detected on sporozoites as well as numerous minor antigens. In contrast, tachyzoite SAG2A and B were completely absent whereas a dominant 25 kDa protein was unique to the sporozoite surface. The sporozoite gene encoding this protein was identified in tachyzoites genetically complemented with a sporozoite cDNA library and cloned via site-specific recombination into a bacterial shuttle vector. The sporozoite cDNA identified in these experiments encoded a protein with conserved structural features of the prototypical T. gondii SAG1 (P30) and shared sequence identity with surface proteins from Sarco- cystis spp. This new member of the SAG superfamily was designated SporoSAG. Expression of SporoSAG in tachyzoites conferred enhanced invasion on trans- genic parasites suggesting a role for this protein in oocyst/sporozoite transmission to susceptible hosts.
The mating chances of small males of the cerambycid beetle Trachyderes mandibularis differ in different environments (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Some males of the cerambycid beetle Trachyderes (Dendrobias) mandibularisgained access to mates by defending a patchily distributed food resource, the fruits of saguaro cactus (Cereus giganteus).Male beetles differed greatly in fighting ability because of extreme variation in body size and a striking dimorphism in mandibular weaponry. As is typical in resource defense mating systems, larger males had an advantage in combat. Major males with their large pincer jaws invariably defeated minor males with small cutting jaws, and larger majors usually defeated smaller majors. However, although minor males were at a competitive disadvantage on saguaro fruits, they did not suffer a great penalty in terms of mating probability. In contrast, minor males have a considerably lower probability of mating at desert broom (Baccharis sarothroides)where sap ooze sites are few in number and effectively monopolized by major males (Goldsmith, S. K., Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.20,111–115, 1987). On saguaros, minor males successfully obtained mates through scramble competition while avoiding direct physical competition with larger, territorial major males. Smaller males of either morph may have succeeded in acquiring mates in part because there were many more ripe saguaro fruits than beetles, which made it impossible for larger major males to monopolize females effectively under these conditions.
A Novel Method for Designing Electromagnetic Shrinking Device With Homogeneous Material Parameters

A shrinking device is an intriguing illusion device that can convert an arbitrary object virtually into a desired small-size object. By performing linear transformation along the orthogonal direction, two-dimensional and three-dimensional electromagnetic shrinking devices with anisotropic homogeneous material parameters are designed in this paper. Moreover, to further remove the limitation of material anisotropy, layered device composed of only homogenous and isotropic materials are presented based on effective medium theory. The effects of incident angle of the electromagnetic wave on the performance of the layered device are also investigated. The full-wave simulation confirms the good performance of proposed shrinking devices. This work expands the application of transformation electromagnetics, and represents an important progress towards the practical realization of shrinking device.
Philosophical Trends in Health Education: Implications for the 21st Century

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore five health education philosophies: cognitive based, decision-making, behavior change, freeing/functioning, and social change. This was done in order to ascertain if there is a single dominant philosophy ascribed to by health educators, and discover any variations in philosophical preferences between health education academicians and practitioners. The Health Education Philosophy Inventory (HEPI) was designed to answer these questions. Through a series of vignettes and a rank order exercise, HEPI determined both philosophical preference within educational settings and philosophical beliefs. Data were collected from a nationwide random sample of health education professionals through a mailed survey. Total response rate of usable inventories was 48.3 percent. Content analysis determined the philosophical preference in educational settings was behavior change, followed by freeing/functioning. The stated philosophical preferences in the rank order exercise wa...
Role of dissolved plasma oxygen in hyperoxia-induced contrast

Currently, hyperoxia is being investigated as a method for producing contrast in magnetic resonance images of the brain, solid tumors, and the eye. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms involved in this type of contrast are still not completely understood. For example, under what conditions would dissolved plasma oxygen contribute to the hyperoxia-induced contrast? Using the eye as a model system, we varied the level of dissolved plasma oxygen and observed different patterns of contrast in the vitreous. The observed contrast changes were consistent with tissue oxygen buffering by hemoglobin at an arterial PO2 of 200 mm Hg and dissolved oxygen offloading at arterial PO2's > 350 mm Hg. These data demonstrate that dissolved plasma oxygen does not become an important contrast mechanism until the arterial oxygen tension exceeds approximately 350 mm Hg. The implication of this result to studies in other organs is discussed.
Influence of Habitat Heterogeneity on Distribution, Occupancy Patterns, and Productivity of Breeding Peregrine Falcons in Central West Greenland

Abstract We used occupancy and productivity data collected at 67 cliffs used for nesting from 1972 to 1999 to assess patterns of distribution and nest-site selection in an increasing population of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in central West Greenland. Peregrine Falcons breeding at traditionally occupied cliffs used for nesting had significantly lower variation in productivity and thus these cliffs were better quality sites. This indicates that Peregrine Falcons occupied cliffs according to a pattern of despotic distribution. Falcons breeding at cliffs that were consistently occupied during the breeding season had higher average productivity and lower variation in productivity than falcons at inconsistently occupied cliffs, and thus consistent occupancy also was indicative of cliff quality. Features of high quality habitat included tall cliffs, greater change in elevation from the lowest point within 3 km of the cliff to the cliff top (elevation gain), and protection from weather on the eyrie ledg...
Aminoglycoside-Resistant Aeromonas hydrophila as Part of a Polymicrobial Infection following a Traumatic Fall into Freshwater

Amikacin is a first-line treatment for Aeromonas infection due to high efficacy. There are few reports of aminoglycoside-resistant Aeromonas spp. We report a soft tissue infection containing multiple pathogens, including a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila resistant to amikacin, tobramycin, and multiple cephalosporins.
Do metabolic signals stimulate intake in rat pups

During early postnatal life, rat pups make a transition from suckling to food intake independent of the dam. Accompanying this transition is the requirement for pups to independently modulate their ingestive behavior. In adult animals, one set of signals known to modulate intake is generated by administration of agents that interfere with metabolism of glucose or fats (such as mercaptoacetate [MA] or 2-deoxyglucose [2-DG]). However, demonstrations of the effects of such agents in young rats have been less robust. Recent work in our lab has focused on examining the effects of MA and methyl palmoxirate (MP) on independent ingestion in pre- and periweaning rats. In rat pups between the ages of 12 and 15 days, latencies to initiate intake independent of the dam are typically longer relative to older or younger pups. However, the latency with which 12- and 15-day-old pups initiate independent ingestion is reduced following administration of MA. Further, MA produces physiological changes consistent with a change in the oxidation of fatty acids in 12- and 15-day-old pups, and similar physiological changes are produced during moderate periods of food deprivation in pups at the same ages. Thus, signals related to changes in the oxidation of fatty acids normally produced by moderate food deprivation in periweaning rats may provide a fundamental signal involved in the onset and modulation of intake independent of the dam.
The influence of gramicidin S on hydrophobicity of germinating Bacillus brevis spores

Gramicidin S is known to prolong the outgrowth stage of spore germination in the producing culture. Bacillus brevis strain Nagano and its gramicidin S-negative mutant, BI-7, were compared with respect to cell-surface hydrophobicity and germination of their spores. Parental spores were hydrophobic as determined by adhesion to hexadecane, whereas mutant spores showed no affinity to hexadecane. Addition of gramicidin S to mutant spores resulted in a high cell surface hydrophobicity and a delay in germination outgrowth. The hydrophobicity of parental spores was retained throughout most of the germination period. Hydrophobicity was lost as outgrowing spores entered into the stage of vegetative growth. The data indicate that gramicidin S is responsible for the hydrophobicity of B. brevis spores. It is suggested that in making spores hydrophobic, the antibiotic plays a role in concentrating the spores at interfaces where there is a higher probability of finding nutrients for germination and growth.
Agonist Binding to α2‐Adrenoceptors Is Elevated in the Locus Coeruleus from Victims of Suicide

The binding of an agonist, p-[125I]iodoclonidine, and an antagonist, [3H]yohimbine, to alpha 2-adrenoceptors was measured autoradiographically in the locus coeruleus from 10 pairs of antidepressant-free victims of suicide and age-matched controls. Agonist binding to alpha 2-adrenoceptors was significantly greater in the locus coeruleus from victims of suicide compared with control subjects. In contrast, antagonist binding to alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the locus coeruleus did not differ significantly between control and suicide subjects. HPLC analysis of norepinephrine in tissue sections of the locus coeruleus did not reveal any differences between control subjects and suicide victims, suggesting that differences in agonist binding are not a result of differences in retention of the endogenous agonist norepinephrine in tissue sections. The increase in agonist binding to alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the locus coeruleus of victims of suicide links an altered expression of the high-affinity state of autoinhibitory alpha 2-adrenoceptors with suicide.
Statistical distribution of the order parameter in spontaneously ordered Ga 0.52 In 0.48 P alloys

The spontaneously ordered ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.52}{\mathrm{In}}_{0.48}\mathrm{P}$ alloy comprises domains, each of which is characterized by an order parameter \ensuremath{\eta}. We have used the low-temperature near-field photoluminescence technique with a high spatial resolution $(l~2500\AA{})$ to study the statistical distribution of the order parameter \ensuremath{\eta} of single-variant ordered alloys. We have found that for large-domain samples, \ensuremath{\eta} varies only slightly between domains and the line width broadening of the excitonic photoluminescence peak comes mainly from alloy scattering within a single domain rather than from a broad distribution of \ensuremath{\eta}.
Reversal and mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.

THE importance of reactions in which electron transport from reduced pyridine nucleotides to oxygen is coupled with the formation of adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate is well recognized by biochemists. Although much pertinent information has been accumulated, no clear picture of the sites and mechanism of uptake of inorganic phosphate coupled with electron transport has yet been obtained. This communication gives some results of exchange reactions of inorganic phosphate labelled with phosphorus-32 and oxygen-18 which may give some additional insight concerning oxidative phosphorylation, together with a brief presentation of a hypothesis for the mechanism of coupling of electron transport with inorganic phosphate uptake.
Digestion of the “proteolytic resistant” f-subclass of rabbit secretory IgA. Localization of f-subclass allotypic specificities to the Fc2α fragments

Abstract Previous studies have established differential susceptibility of the rabbit sIgA subclass to proteolytic digestion; the sIgA-f sublcalss molecules are resistant and the sIgA-g subclass molecules are susceptible to proteolytic digestion. In this investigation rabbit sIgA was reduced and alkylated, digested with papain and subsequently subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Antigenic analysis, by a quantitative radio-precipitation assay, and physio-chemical analysis revealed that one fraction from gel filtration contained an Fc 2α fragment of sIgA-f subclass molecules; this Fc 2α fragment also contained some determinants of the f-allotypic specificities. These studies indicate that the differential susceptibility of the rabbit sIgA subclass to proteolytic digestion may be related to differences in intercahin disulfice bonds.
Fluid dynamic modeling and numerical simulation of low-density hypersonic flow

The concept of a viscous shock-layer and several related versions of continuum theories/methods are examined for their adequacy as a viable framework to study flow physics and aerothermodynamics of relevance to sustained hypersonic flights. Considering the flat plate at angle of attack, or the wedge, as a generic example for the major aerodynamic component of a hypersonic vehicle, the relative importance of the molecular-transport effects behind the shock (in the form of the 'shock slip') and the wall-slip effects are studied. In the flow regime where the shock-transition-zone thickness remains small compared to the shock radius of curvature, a quasi-one-dimensional shock structure under the Burnett/thirteen-moment approximation, as well as particulate/collisional models, can be consistently developed. The fully viscous version of the shock-layer model is shown to provide the crucial boundary condition downstream the shock in this case. The gas-kinetic basis of the continuum description for the flow behind the bow shock, and certain features affecting the non-equilibrium flow chemistry, are also discussed.
Using literature to understand national development: A case study of five novels

Using five novels as a case study, this paper analyzes how literature treats conflicts between traditional and modernity, particularly development problems and approaches for resolving development‐related difficulties. It concludes that by examining literary works for the way they discuss development problems and needs, the reader or researcher could achieve a new and, perhaps, a more personal understanding of the complexities of national development.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Preoperative Evaluation of Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Transplant Candidates

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 100% oxygen and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and transpulmonary gradient (TPG) in dilated cardiomyopathy patients being evaluated for orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT); who, despite maximal intravenous (IV) dilator therapy, had persistent moderate-to-severe pulmonary hypertension. Design: A prospective nonrandomized clinical study. Setting: University hospital, major transplant center. Participants: Twenty-one adult patients undergoing OHT evaluation. Interventions: One hundred percent oxygen and iNO at 20 and 40 ppm were sequentially administered to the patients once they were optimized with IV vasodilators and inotropes. Measurements and Main Results: Although no significant change was noted with oxygen, iNO 20 ppm reduced the mean pulmonary artery pressure (44.1 ± 1.7 to 38.6 ± 1.8 mmHg, p 2 /cm 5 , p p 2 /beat, p Conclusions: iNO can further improve right ventricular hemodynamics even after presumed optimization with IV vasodilators and serves as a test of PVR reversibility during the preoperative assessment of OHT candidates.