cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
α1-Adrenergic Agonist-stimulated Protein Secretion in Rat Exorbital Lacrimal Gland Acini

Abstract The α-adrenergic stimulation by phenylephrine of lacrimal gland protein secretion was pharmacologically characterized. Acini, prepared from rat exorbital lacrimal glands, were incubated with agonists, antagonists or both for 0-20 min. Peroxidase secretion, an index of protein secretion, was measured spectrophotometrically. Peroxidase secretion was stimulated by the α 1 -adrenergic agonists phenylephrine, norepinephrine and methoxamine but not by the α 2 -adrenergic agonist clonidine. The non-selective α-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine completely inhibited phenylephrine-induced secretion. The selective α 1 -adrenergic alkylating agent phenoxybenzamine and the selective α 1 -adrenergic antagonist prazosin partially inhibited phenylephrine-induced secretion. The α 2 -adrenergic antagonist yohimbine, the β-adrenergic antagonist timolol, and the dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol also inhibited phenylephrine-induced secretion but were 100-fold less potent than prazosin. It is concluded that phenylephrine activates an α1-adrenergic pathway, but not an α 2 -adrenergic, β-adrenergic or dopaminergic pathway, to stimulate lacrimal gland protein secretion from acini.
Blockade of ionotropic glutamatergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area reduces heroin reinforcement in rat.

Abstract Rationale. While the role of the mesocorticolimbic (MCL) dopamine (DA) system in mediating the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse has been well established, how and where other neurotransmitter systems interact to modify this system is less well understood. Objectives. The present study sought to assess whether blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) would modulate heroin self-administration (SA) behavior in rats. Methods. The effects of systemic or regional administration of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists into the VTA on the maintenance of heroin SA were assessed. Rats were reinforced each time they responded on a lever with a single injection of intravenous heroin. To determine the specificity of their effects on heroin SA, the ability of these antagonists to modify locomotion and food-reinforced behavior was also examined. Results. Systemic or regional administration of the non-competitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine into the VTA significantly increased the rate of heroin SA and shifted the heroin dose-response curve to the right. Similarly, when systemically administered, ketamine, another non-competitive NMDA antagonist, also increased the rate of heroin SA. However, when administered directly into the VTA, ketamine or AP5 [D-(–)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, a competitive NMDA antagonist], dose-dependently blocked heroin SA. In contrast, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, significantly increased heroin SA. Conclusion. These data suggest that ionotropic glutamate receptors in the VTA, presumably by modulating MCL DA efferents and/or tegmental interneurons, modulate opiate reinforcement.
Color of Inland and Coastal Waters

Analysis of the color of water bodies is concerned with understanding what gives water its color (the “forward” problem), and the use of the remotely observed color to learn about “color producing agents” within the water (the “inverse” problem). Recently the study of water color has been going through a rapid expansion in sensors, coverage area, and algorithms. Similarly, the interest in the derived color-producing agents (CPA) is growing from both scientific interests and agencies in charge of monitoring water bodies; for example, for harmful algal blooms. Monitoring the color of water bodies remotely has the advantage of unparalleled coverage in space and time. However, this approach is limited by both the inability to operate when conditions are cloudy and the fact that the signal is emanating from only the surface layer of the water and from a different depth at each wavelength.
A Comparison of the Peer Social Behavior of Children Who are Deaf/Hard of Hearing and Hearing

This study examined the peer social behaviors of 38 children who were deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH) and 44 hearing children during free play in small integrated groups. Nine minutes of free play data were videotaped for each child and analyzed for the presence of 15 social behaviors in four categories: peer interaction; play; peer initiations/child responses; child initiations/peer responses. Children who were D/HH and hearing engaged equally frequently in positive and negative interaction, parallel play, and solitary play. Both groups engaged in similar patterns of initiations and responses with peers. However, children who were D/HH engaged in less linguistic interaction and associative/cooperative play than the hearing children.
Economic Consequences of Divorce or Separation Among Women in Poverty

This study, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey's Young Women Cohort, looked at characteristics of low- income women following divorce or separation. Resources and characteristics that would help explain a woman's ability to move out of poverty in the year following divorce or separation were ana- lyzed. Discriminant anal sis results indicated that the most impor- tant discriminators of w K ether or not women would move out of poverty immediately following marital disruption were current em- ployment status, job training, education, race, and presence of a child under six years old.
What the Common Economic Arguments Against Comparable Worth are Worth

Most economists believe the free market results in wage rates that are efficient and fair. Consequently, they oppose comparable worth proposals, which would require wage rates different from those the market has ordained. These views derive from economic models that ignore or deny the importance of social and psychological factors that lead to discrimination against women, and hence to a market that produces an unfair and distorted result. Comparable worth reforms would produce wage rates closer to those dictated by a nondiscriminatory market in which human capital is the main determinant of wages. Thus comparable worth could well improve the labor market rather than distort it. The experience of Australia suggests that predictions of widespread dislocations would prove false.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Computer Anxiety in College Students:

As computers are introduced into school curricula, it is important to be able to evaluate student attitudes and reactions toward computers in order to assure the successful implementation of computers. In this study, the attitudes and reactions of two samples of college students from Los Angeles, California, and Hunan, People's Republic of China, toward computers were examined and compared. The results indicate that computer anxiety is present to a similar degree for both samples of American and Chinese students.
Microwave nonlinearities in Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes having a gain-bandwidth product of 300 GHz

The nonlinearity of a 300 GHz gain bandwidth Separate Absorption Charge Multiplication (SACM) Ge/Si avalanche photodiode was examined experimentally for varying multiplication factors. The maximum second order dynamic range was 84.8 dB⋅Hz½. The largest third order dynamic range was 101.5 dB⋅Hz⅔.
Differentiating matrices for arbitrarily spaced grid points

Differentiating matrices allow the numerical differentiation of functions defined at points of a discrete grid. A type of differentiating matrix based on local approximation on a sequence of sliding subgrids is considered. Previous derivations of this type of matrix have been restricted to grids with uniformly spaced points, and the resulting derivative approximations have lacked precision, especially at endpoints. The new formulation allows grids which have arbitrarily space points. It is shown that high accuracy can be achieved through use of differentiating matrices on non-uniform grids which include near-boundary points. Use of the differentiating matrix as an operator to solve eigenvalue problems involving ordinary differential equations is also considered.
Nicotine blocks kainic acid-induced wet dog shakes in rats.

Systemic or central administration of kainic acid (KA) in rats results in the expression of wet dog shakes (WDS) followed by motoric seizures and convulsions, which are associated with limbic neurotoxicity. Although a number of neurotransmitter systems are thought to be involved with this KA-induced syndrome, little is known about the possible influence of cholinergic nicotinic receptor modulation. In the study presented here, we pretreated rats with saline or 0.5 mg/kg nicotine base followed 15 minutes later by 12.0 mg/kg KA and then observed the incidence of WDS between 45 and 120 minutes post-KA injection. Rats pretreated with nicotine exhibited significantly less WDS than those pretreated with saline (p
Adult somatic cells to the rescue: nuclear reprogramming and the dispensability of gonadal germ cells

With advances in cancer therapies, survival rates in prepubescent patients have steadily increased. However, a number of these surviving patients have been rendered sterile owing to their rigorous oncologic treatment regimens. In addition to cancer treatments, men and women, who are genetically fertile, can become infertile owing to immune suppression treatments, exposure to environmental and industrial toxicants, and injury. Notwithstanding the great emotional burden from an inability to conceive a child with their partner, the financial burdens for testing and treatment are high, and successful treatment of these patients' sterility is rare. Recent advances in pluripotent stem cell differentiation and the generation of patient-specific, induced pluripotent stem cells indicate that stem cell replacement therapies or in vitro differentiation followed by IVF may be on the horizon. Here we discuss these recent advances, their relevance to treating male-factor and female-factor infertility, and what experimental procedures must be carried out in animal models before these exciting new treatments can be used in a clinical setting. The goal of this research is to generate functional gametes from no greater starting material than a mere skin biopsy.
4‐Phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione

[4233-33-4] C8H5N3O2 (MW 175.16) InChI = 1S/C8H5N3O2/c12-7-9-10-8(13)11(7)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H InChIKey = ISULLEUFOQSBGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (highly reactive dienophile and enophile) Alternate Names: PTAD; N-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione. Physical Data: mp 179 °C (dec).2 Form Supplied in: PTAD and 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (MTAD) [13274-43-6]) are widely available commercially. Preparative Methods: there are several reported preparations,2-9 particularly for the in situ preparation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: normal precautions against exposure to moisture and air; reacts with alcohols and water.
PATTERNS OF COLOR AND NECTAR VARIATION ACROSS AN IPOMOPSIS (POLEMONIACEAE)HYBRID ZONE

Hybridization may uncouple adaptive trait combinations that are present in parental species. I studied variation in flower color and reward quality across a hybrid zone of Ipomopsis aggregata and I. tenuituba. Individuals from hybrid populations showed considerable variation in flower color using corolla reflectance measurements. Flower spectra of such individuals were either intermediate or else resembled those flowers from the parental species. Ipomopsis aggregata populations had consistently higher nectar production rates and higher nectar standing crops than either I. tenuituba or hybrids. Ipomopsis aggregata flowers also produced more dilute nectar than those of hybrids and I. tenuituba, but the actual concentration values were quite variable among populations of the same type. Overall, the nectar quality of hybrid flowers most resembled that of I. tenuituba flowers. Based on the observed interpopulation patterns of color-reward associations in this hybrid zone, pollinators should be able to discriminate against L tenuituba and hybrid populations and against most individuals within hybrid populations. However, they may visit those hybrids that resemble the most rewarding flower type (I. aggregata). The results emphasize the need for studies that address how hybridization affects subsequent plant fitness and the evolutionary dynamics of the species involved.
Empirical Evaluation of Visual Fatigue from Display Alignment Errors Using Cerebral Hemodynamic Responses

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stereoscopic display alignment errors on visual fatigue and prefrontal cortical tissue hemodynamic responses. We collected hemodynamic data and perceptual ratings of visual fatigue while participants performed visual display tasks on 8 ft × 6 ft NEC LT silver screen with NEC LT 245 DLP projectors. There was statistical significant difference between subjective measures of visual fatigue before air traffic control task (BATC) and after air traffic control task (ATC 3), (P < 0.05). Statistical significance was observed between left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex oxygenated hemoglobin (l DLPFC-HbO2), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex deoxygenated hemoglobin (l DLPFC-Hbb), and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex deoxygenated hemoglobin (r DLPFC-Hbb) on stereoscopic alignment errors (P < 0.05). Thus, cortical tissue oxygenation requirement in the left hemisphere indicates that the effect of visual fatigue is more pronounced in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Indexing Spatio-Temporal Trajectories with Efficient Polynomial Approximations

Complex queries on trajectory data are increasingly common in applications involving moving objects. MBR or grid-cell approximations on trajectories perform suboptimally since they do not capture the smoothness and lack of internal area of trajectories. We describe a parametric space indexing method for historical trajectory data, approximating a sequence of movement functions with single continuous polynomial. Our approach works well, yielding much finer approximation quality than MBRs. We present the PA-tree, a parametric index that uses this method, and show through extensive experiments that PA-trees have excellent performance for offline and online spatio-temporal range queries. Compared to MVR-trees, PA-trees are an order of magnitude faster to construct and incur I/O cost for spatio-temporal range queries lower by a factor of 2-4. SETI is faster than our method for index construction and timestamp queries, but incurs twice the I/O cost for time interval queries, which are much more expensive and are the bottleneck in online processing. Therefore, the PA-tree is an excellent choice for both offline and online processing of historical trajectories
Sequencing, Assembling, and Correcting Draft Genomes Using Recombinant Populations

Current de novo whole-genome sequencing approaches often are inadequate for organisms lacking substantial preexisting genetic data. Problems with these methods are manifest as: large numbers of scaffolds that are not ordered within chromosomes or assigned to individual chromosomes, misassembly of allelic sequences as separate loci when the individual(s) being sequenced are heterozygous, and the collapse of recently duplicated sequences into a single locus, regardless of levels of heterozygosity. Here we propose a new approach for producing de novo whole-genome sequences—which we call recombinant population genome construction—that solves many of the problems encountered in standard genome assembly and that can be applied in model and nonmodel organisms. Our approach takes advantage of next-generation sequencing technologies to simultaneously barcode and sequence a large number of individuals from a recombinant population. The sequences of all recombinants can be combined to create an initial de novo assembly, followed by the use of individual recombinant genotypes to correct assembly splitting/collapsing and to order and orient scaffolds within linkage groups. Recombinant population genome construction can rapidly accelerate the transformation of nonmodel species into genome-enabled systems by simultaneously producing a high-quality genome assembly and providing genomic tools (e.g., high-confidence single-nucleotide polymorphisms) for immediate applications. In populations segregating for important functional traits, this approach also enables simultaneous mapping of quantitative trait loci. We demonstrate our method using simulated Illumina data from a recombinant population of Caenorhabditis elegans and show that the method can produce a high-fidelity, high-quality genome assembly for both parents of the cross.
Effect of prematurity on respiratory syncytial virus hospital resource use and outcomes.

Abstract Objectives To determine if gestational age (GA) is independently associated with hospital resource use and outcomes among infants hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Study design Analysis of retrospective data from 304 infants (≤1 year) with bronchiolitis or RSV pneumonia admitted to nine children's hospitals from April 1995 to September 1996. Resource use and outcomes examined included admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), intubation, and hospital and ICU length of stay. The Comprehensive Severity Index controlled for severity of illness. Results Two hundred fifteen term infants (GA ≥37 weeks) and 89 infants with GA Conclusions Infants 33 to 35 weeks GA had hospital outcomes that were negative or worse than infants ≤32 weeks GA. Data suggest prematurity ≤35 weeks GA significantly increases the risk for severe outcomes among infants hospitalized for RSV. Infants 36 weeks GA had outcomes similar to term infants. No evidence was observed of gradation or inverse linear risk relation between GA and hospital outcomes.
A hybrid modelling of soil–structure interaction problems for deeply embedded structures in A multilayered medium

Dynamic response of deeply embedded structures, such as underground tunnels and deep foundations, in a multilayered elastic half-space are analysed when the structure is excited by a plane P or SV wave propagating at some angle. The scattered field is represented by the sum of three Green's functions, corresponding to two oscillating forces and one oscillating moment at the centroid position of the buried structure. The amplitudes of these two forces and one moment are a priori unknown and are obtained by satisfying displacement and stress continuity conditions across the near-field/far-field boundary. The distinguishing feature of this technique from direct or indirect boundary integral techniques is that in these techniques a distribution of sources of unknown amplitude are considered at the near-field/far-field boundary, and a large number of sources are needed for different combinations of source-receiver arrangements. But in this technique the sources of unknown amplitude are placed at the location of the structure, not at the near-field/far-field boundary and, using the Saint Venant's principle, the scattered field is modelled. Thus, the number of sources required is reduced to only three. Two example problems are solved. The first one is for a deeply embedded footing in a three-layer soil mass and the second one is for a rectangular tunnel in a two-layer soil mass.
Results of Hallux Varus Correction Using an Extensor Hallucis Brevis Tenodesis

We have used an extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis procedure to treat symptomatic hallux varus in six patients (five women and one man). Indications for this procedure include the presence of flexible metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints and the absence of arthritis. In this group (mean age, 47 years; range, 18-65 years), hallux varus followed correction of hallux valgus deformity in five patients and traumatic dislocation of the hallux in one patient. Excellent correction was noted and maintained in all patients at a mean interval of 28 months (range, 24-32 months) after surgery. Despite a slight decrease in dorsiflexion following surgery (average, 10 degrees), there were no additional complications noted, and the mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society rating score improved from 61 to 85 after surgery.
THE HEARST MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY, THE NEW DEAL, AND A REASSESSMENT OF THE “DARK AGE” OF THE MUSEUM IN THE UNITED STATES

This article examines the claim that the period between the dawn of the Great Depression and conclusion of the Second World War was a “dark age” for the discipline of anthropology in museums. It argues that while museums in the United States encountered numerous common challenges due to the economic downturn and outbreak of war, the period also presented a number of opportunities, especially through the arrival of labor through New Deal work-relief agencies. This article focuses on what is now known as the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. The narrative of the Hearst Museum during this era works to complicate our understanding of the “museum period” in the United States.
Cardiovascular physiology-changes with aging.

With aging there are changes in the cardiovascular system, which result in alterations in cardiovascular physiology. The changes in cardiovascular physiology must be differentiated from the effects of pathology, such as coronary artery disease, that occur with increasing frequency as age increases. The changes with age occur in everyone but not necessarily at the same rate, therefore accounting for the difference seen in some people between chronologic age and physiologic age. The changes in the cardiovascular system associated with aging are a decrease in elasticity and an increase in stiffness of the arterial system. This results in increased afterload on the left ventricle, an increase in systolic blood pressure, and left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as other changes in the left ventricular wall that prolong relaxation of the left ventricle in diastole. There is a dropout of atrial pacemaker cells resulting in a decrease in intrinsic heart rate. With fibrosis of the cardiac skeleton there is calcification at the base of the aortic valve and damage to the His bundle as it perforates the right fibrous trigone. Finally there is decreased responsiveness to beta adrenergic receptor stimulation, a decreased reactivity to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, and an increase in circulating catecholamines. These changes set the stage for isolated systolic hypertension, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure, atrioventricular conduction defects, and aortic valve calcification, all diseases seen in the elderly.
Practical Darknet Measurement

The Internet today is beset with constant attacks targeting users and infrastructure. One popular method of detecting these attacks and the infected hosts behind them is to monitor unused network addresses. Because many Internet threats propagate randomly, infection attempts can be captured by monitoring the unused spaces between live addresses. Sensors that monitor these unused address spaces are called darknets, network telescopes, or blackholes. They capture important information about a diverse range of threats such as Internet worms, denial of services attacks, and botnets. In this paper, we describe and analyze the important measurement issues associated with deploying darknets, evaluating the placement and service configuration of darknets, and analyzing the data collected by darknets. To support the discussion, we leverage 4 years of experience operating the Internet motion sensor (IMS), a network of distributed darknet sensors monitoring 60 distinct address blocks in 19 organizations over 3 continents.
Polysomnographic predictors of blood pressure and hypertension : Is one index best?

Study objectives Numerous indexes derived from polysomnography are available to characterize sleep-disordered breathing, with no consensus over which measures best predict clinical outcomes. This study addresses the relative merits of using alternative polysomnography indexes by characterizing the consistency and strength of the association of each index with blood pressure and hypertension. Design Cross-sectional analyses of the association of alternative polysomnography indexes with blood pressure and hypertension were performed in construction and validation data sets. Linear and logistic regression models were used to identify the best variable sets. Patients Data were obtained from 6433 men and women (age 62.9 +/- 11.0 years, 52.8% women) who participated in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Results In multivariable models, most indexes showed weak linear associations with systolic, with slightly stronger associations for diastolic blood pressure, and the log odds of hypertension. No single index showed consistent superiority over others. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and hypertension each were associated with distinct sets of polysomnography variables. Slightly more-consistent associations were demonstrated for indexes that included hypopneas that were linked with either a 3% or 4% desaturation level than indexes that did not require hypopneas to have linked desaturation. For indexes that combined apneas and hypopneas, there was no evidence that linking obstructive apneas to desaturation or arousal altered prediction compared with counting all apneas. Conclusion In summary, using a rigorous cross-validation assessment, we did not identify a clear superiority of any single index for blood pressure or hypertension prediction. Detailed analyses of alternative definitions of the respiratory disturbance index support current scoring guidelines, where desaturation criteria are recommended for hypopneas but not apneas.
An agent-based model of edit wars in wikipedia: how and when is consensus reached

Edit wars are conflicts among editors of Wikipedia when editors repeatedly overwrite each other's content. Edit wars can last from a few days to several years before reaching consensus often leading to a loss of content quality. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to create an agent-based model of edit wars in order to study the influence of various factors involved in consensus formation. We model the behavior of agents using theories of group stability and reinforcement learning. We show that increasing the number of credible or trustworthy agents and agents with a neutral point of view decreases the time taken to reach consensus, whereas the duration is longest when agents with opposing views are in equal proportion. Our model can be used to study the behavior of members in online communities and to inform policies and guidelines for participation.
A simple radioimmunoassay for testosterone.

A radioimmunoassay for total circulating testosterone is described. Serum is extracted with ether with the use of either 0.1 ml. in male subjects or 0.5 ml. in female subjects, with the extract evaporated under nitrogen. The residue, which requires no subsequent chromatography to remove extraneous steroids, is redissolved in buffer, mixed with 3 H-testosterone and antibody, and incubated overnight at 4° C. Unbound steroid is removed by precipitation with dextran-coated charcoal. The precision, specificity, and accuracy of the methodology are acceptable. Sensitivity of the standard curve was at 10 pg. displacement. The circulating levels of testosterone ascertained by this method are comparable to those found by the chromatographic method separating testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.
ASPECT DIVERSITY IN MOTHS: A TEMPERATE-TROPICAL COMPARISON.

This analysis attempts to answer, for assemblages of adult moths, whether the increased number of species in a tropical sample compared to two temperate samples represents an increase in the density of species packing in the community or an increase in the total ecological space occupied by the community as a whole. We view a species as occupying a niche defined by the interactions of that species with its environment, especially by its utilization of limiting resources. The increased species richness in some tropical habitats compared to temperate habitats can be related to either (a) an increase in the total niche space occupied by all species, (b) a decrease in the average size of the niche of each species, (c) an increase in the degree of niche overlap between species, or any combination of these factors. In this paper we approach the problem of species richness by assuming that the interactions of a species with the environment, which define its niche, are reflected in the morphological adaptations of the species. By placing species in an abstract multidimensional space ordinated by morphological characteristics, we can indirectly assess the relative roles of community niche size and species packing in variation in species number. We cannot, however, estimate niche overlap by this technique. We have analyzed the appearance of adult moths in two temperate communities and one tropical community. We assume that the cryptic appearance of most species (Fig. 1) is an adaptation to match the
Cold blood potassium diltiazem cardioplegia.

Despite the use of cold blood potassium (CBK) cardioplegia, the severely impaired myocardium and/or long ischemia time continue to be a challenge. Because of the association of Ca++ with cell injury and death, the use of Ca++ entry blockers is logical. Investigation of cold blood diltiazem (CBD) revealed no advantages over CBK cardioplegia. The combination of potassium and diltiazem is appropriate because of their different mechanisms of action. Ten dogs had 1 hour of myocardial ischemia with topical ice (temperature 7° ± 2° C) after coronary perfusion with 200 ml of cold blood (5° ± 1o C) containing potassium (30 mEq/L) and diltiazem (400 μg/kg). Eight dogs had 2 hours of ischemia after perfusion with 200 ml of cold blood containing potassium (30 mEq/L) and diltiazem (200 μg/kg) and reperfusion every 30 minutes with 100 ml of cold blood containing KCl (30 mEq/L) and diltiazem (100 μg/kg). Six dogs received the same treatment as the previous group except that diltiazem was increased to 1,600 μg/kg for all four perfusions. Baseline studies were repeated after 60 minutes of reperfusion without the use of Ca++ or inotropic agents. Heart rate, peak systolic pressure, velocity of the contractile element (Vce) maximum velocity of contractile element (Vmax), peak +dp/dt, peak -dp/dt, dp/dt over common peak isovolumic pressure, left ventricular compliance, stiffness and elasticity, and heart water were unchanged from control. Coronary vascular resistance was unchanged in Groups 1 and 2 but declined in Group 3. Creatine phosphate was preserved during ischemia; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) declined. With reperfusion there was continued fall in ATP, ADP, and the adenosine pool. Ultrastructure was well preserved. In 16 of 24 dogs defibrillation was not required, whereas all 48 dogs with CBK and all 13 with CBD required defibrillation. These data suggest that the addition of diltiazem to CBK provides more effective cardioplegia (preservation of creatine phosphate), although ATP and the adenosine pool continued to decline with reperfusion.
Transluminal repair of large intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas.

Abstract Renal arteriovenous fistulas may be treated with radiological embolization or surgical ablation. Although recent reports in the literature have proposed embolization as the treatment of choice for renal arteriovenous fistulas, this form of therapy can be associated with significant morbidity in large arteriovenous communications. We report 3 cases of a large intrarenal arteriovenous fistula treated by transparenchymal repair. This technique offers an excellent method of obliterating the fistula without sacrificing the renal parenchyma.
Disruption of Fixation Reveals Latent Sensorimotor Processes in the Superior Colliculus

Executive control of voluntary movements is a hallmark of the mammalian brain. In the gaze-control network, this function is thought to be mediated by a critical balance between neurons responsible for generating movements and those responsible for fixating or suppressing movements, but the nature of this balance between the relevant elements—saccade-generating and fixation-related neurons—remains unclear. Specifically, it has been debated whether the two functions are necessarily coupled (i.e., push-and-pull) or independently controlled. Here we show that behavioral perturbation of ongoing fixation with the trigeminal blink reflex in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) alters the effective balance between fixation and saccade-generating neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) and can lead to premature gaze shifts reminiscent of compromised inhibitory control. The shift in balance is primarily driven by an increase in the activity of visuomovement neurons in the caudal SC, and the extent to which fixation-related neurons in the rostral SC play a role seems to be linked to the animal9s propensity to make microsaccades. The perturbation also reveals a hitherto unknown feature of sensorimotor integration: the presence of a hidden visual response in canonical movement neurons. These findings offer new insights into the latent functional interactions, or lack thereof, between components of the gaze-control network, suggesting that the perturbation technique used here may prove to be a useful tool for probing the neural mechanisms of movement generation in executive function and dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Eye movements are an integral part of how we explore the environment. Although we know a great deal about where sensorimotor transformations leading to saccadic eye movements are implemented in the brain, less is known about the functional interactions between neurons that maintain gaze fixation and neurons that program saccades. In this study, we used a novel approach to study these interactions. By transient disruption of fixation, we found that activity of saccade-generating neurons can increase independently of modulation in fixation-related neurons, which may occasionally lead to premature movements mimicking lack of impulse control. Our findings support the notion of a common pathway for sensory and movement processing and suggest that impulsive movements arise when sensory processes become “motorized.”
Minimally invasive repair of traumatic right-sided diaphragmatic hernia with delayed diagnosis.

BACKGROUND Traumatic diaphragmatic hernias are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to variable presentations. Early repair is important because of risks of incarceration and strangulation of abdominal contents along with respiratory and cardiovascular compromise. Minimally invasive techniques have been useful for diagnosis and treatment of diaphragmatic hernias in both blunt and penetrating trauma. METHOD We present the case of a 54-year-old victim of a motor vehicle crash who presented with a delayed diagnosis of a right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. By using a 4-port technique and intracorporeal suturing, the hernia was repaired. This case highlights the difficulties associated with diagnosing diaphragmatic hernias and the role of minimally invasive techniques to repair them. CONCLUSION Minimally invasive surgical techniques are being increasingly used to both diagnose and repair traumatic diaphragmatic injuries with excellent results.
CYP3A pharmacogenetics and tacrolimus disposition in adult heart transplant recipients

Background Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A polymorphisms are associated with variable CYP3A metabolizing enzyme activity and tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. We sought to determine the singular and combined impact of CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 variants on tacrolimus drug disposition in adult heart transplant recipients. Methods The retrospective study included 76 patients greater than one year post-heart transplant and receiving tacrolimus. Patients were genotyped for CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3, and combined genotypes were classified as follows: extensive metabolizers (EM, CYP3A4*1/*1+CYP3A5*1 carriers), intermediate metabolizers (IM, CYP3A4*1/*1+CYP3A5*3/*3, or CYP3A4*22 carriers+CYP3A5*1 carriers), and poor metabolizers (PM, CYP3A4*22 carriers+CYP3A5*3/*3). The primary outcome was tacrolimus dose-adjusted trough concentration (C0/D, ng/mL per mg/d). Results In singular analysis, tacrolimus C0/D did not differ significantly between CYP3A4*22 genotype groups. However, tacrolimus C0/D was 1.8-fold lower (P<.001) in CYP3A5 expressers vs non-expressers. When combined CYP3A genotypes were evaluated, tacrolimus C0/D was 1.8-fold lower in EMs vs IMs (P<.001) and EMs vs PMs (P=.001). Tacrolimus C0/D did not differ significantly between CYP3A IMs vs PMs. Conclusion Combined CYP3A genotype was associated with tacrolimus drug disposition in adult heart transplant recipients, but the effect was largely driven by CYP3A5*3. These data suggest that CYP3A4*22 and combined CYP3A genotypes are unlikely to provide additional information beyond CYP3A5 genotype.
The prognostic impact and optimal timing of the Patient Health Questionnaire depression screen on 4-year mortality among hospitalized patients with systolic heart failure.

Abstract Objective An American Heart Association (AHA) Science Advisory recommends patients with coronary heart disease undergo routine screening for depressive symptoms with the two-stage Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). However, little is known on the prognostic impact of a positive PHQ screen on heart failure (HF) mortality. Methods We screened hospitalized patients with systolic HF (left ventricle ejection fraction≤40%) for depression with the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) and administered the follow-up nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) both immediately following the PHQ-2 and by telephone 1 month after discharge. Later, we ascertained vital status at 4-year follow-up on all patients who completed the inpatient PHQ-9 and calculated mortality incidence and risk by baseline PHQ. Results Of the 520 HF patients we enrolled, 371 screened positive for depressive symptoms on the PHQ-2. Of these, 63% scored PHQ-9≥10 versus 24% of those who completed the PHQ-9 1 month later ( P P =.04), and mortality incidence was similar by baseline PHQ-9 score. Conclusions Among hospitalized patients with systolic HF, a positive PHQ-2 screen for depressive symptoms is an independent risk factor for increased 4-year all-cause mortality. Our findings extend the AHA's Science Advisory for depression to hospitalized patients with systolic HF.
Democratic Phoenix: The Decline and Fall of Political Activism?

The conventional wisdom suggests that in the late twentieth century many postindustrial societies experienced a tidal wave of citizen withdrawal from the traditional channels of political participation. Symptoms of this malady include sagging electoral turnout, rising antiparty sentiment, and the decay of civic organizations. Concern about these issues has been expressed in public speeches, leader columns, and academic studies. These voices are heard most commonly in the United States, but similar echoes resonate in many other democracies. But are these fears justified? This book is the last of a trilogy considering related facets of this phenomenon. The first, A Virtuous Circle , developed a critique of the media malaise thesis, demonstrating that attention to the news media was positively, not negatively, linked to political participation. Digital Divide explored the potential of the internet for civic engagement, and examined how new opportunities online facilitate a more level playing field for challengers and opposition movements with technical skills and know-how. Building upon this foundation, this book suggests reasons to question and revise popular assumptions of a contagious plague of citizen apathy. In particular, three core claims are advanced, demonstrated, and defended to show that the obituary for civic activism is premature. First, the study documents mixed trends during the second half of the twentieth century in electoral turnout, party membership, and voluntary associations, not a steady secular erosion. Chapters will demonstrate that voting participation has been stable in established democracies during the postwar era, not in free fall, while by contrast growing literacy, education, and wealth in developing societies have generated rising turnout.
Theater of the Absurd: Breaking Bad as Edifying Philosophy

In this chapter, I argue that Breaking Bad provides case studies in the absurdity (or meaninglessness) of the world, understood through a cross-interrogation of Richard Rorty’s idea of contingency and the tenets of French existentialism. Reflecting on the show serves as edification for our own absurd predicament.
Concurrent split course hyperfractionated radiotherapy (Hfx RT) with biweekly cisplatin (DDP) and paclitaxel (P) in patients with recurrent, previously irradiated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN): The MUSC experience.

5578 Background: Locally recurrent disease (RD) contributes to the majority of SCCHN-related deaths. In addition, second primary tumors (SPT) develop in approximately 30% of patients (pts) who were...
Advanced Analytical Dynamics: Theory and Applications

Providing a unique bridge between the foundations of analytical mechanics and application to multi-body dynamical systems, this textbook is particularly well suited for graduate students seeking an understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of analytical mechanics, as well as modern task space approaches for representing the resulting dynamics that can be exploited for real-world problems in areas such as biomechanics and robotics. Established principles in mechanics are presented in a thorough and modern way. The chapters build up from general mathematical foundations, an extensive treatment of kinematics, and then to a rigorous treatment of conservation and variational principles in mechanics. Parallels are drawn between the different approaches, providing the reader with insights that unify his or her understanding of analytical dynamics. Additionally, a unique treatment is presented on task space dynamical formulations that map traditional configuration space representations into more intuitive geometric spaces.
The Mechanical Properties of Minimally Processed RDX

We report for the first time the mechanical properties of RDX crystals in a conventionally processed, sub-millimeter form that have had no additional mechanical processing. Nanoindentation of RDX powders was used to measure the elastic modulus (19.1±1.9 GPa), hardness (0.741±0.098 GPa), and yield point (onset of plastic deformation) on the as-grown faces of seven different RDX crystals, selected to provide random orientations. Properties within each crystal showed narrow distributions, while the range of properties across all crystals is indicative of testing a variety of orientations. The elastic modulus and hardness are within the range of other published reports on bulk and mechanically polished RDX. The distribution in yield point behavior, with the onset of plasticity occurring between 0.1 and 0.7 GPa, indicates that powders of RDX likely contain a significant number of dislocation sources in the as-processed condition, suggesting that deformation sources are prevalent in the energetic component of plastic bonded explosives prior to incorporating into pressed forms.
Helical probe tests in residual soils of the Appalachian Piedmont

Helical probe tests (HPT) are a quick and economical means for manual field testing of soils to depths of 1.5 m with readings taken at 0.15-m intervals in only 10 min. The equipment is lightweight ...
Borrelia Host Adaptation Protein (BadP) Is Required for the Colonization of a Mammalian Host by the Agent of Lyme Disease.

Borrelia burgdorferi ( Bb ), the agent of Lyme disease (LD), uses host-derived signals to modulate gene expression during the vector and mammalian phases of infection. Microarray analysis of mutants lacking Borrelia host-adaptation Regulator (BadR) revealed down-regulation of genes encoding enzymes whose role in the patho-physiology of Bb is unknown. Immunoblot analysis of the badR mutants confirmed reduced levels of these enzymes and one of these enzymes encoded by bb0086 , shares homology to prokaryotic magnesium chelatase and Lon-type proteases. BB0086 levels were higher in Bb under conditions mimicking fed ticks. Mutants lacking bb0086 had no apparent in vitro growth defect but were incapable of colonizing immunocompetent C3H/HeN and immunodeficient SCID mice. Immunoblot analysis revealed reduced levels of proteins critical for adaptation of Bb to the mammalian host such as OspC, DbpA and BBK32. Both RpoS and BosR - key regulators of gene expression in Bb - were downregulated in the bb0086 mutants. Therefore, we designated BB0086 as Borrelia host-adaptation Protein (BadP). Unlike badP mutants, the control strains established infection in C3H/HeN mice at 4 days post infection, indicating an early colonization defect in mutants due to reduced levels of lipoproteins/regulators critical for initial stages of infection. However, badP mutants survived within dialysis membrane chambers (DMCs) implanted within rat peritoneal cavity but unlike the control strains did not display complete switching of OspA to OspC suggesting incomplete adaptation to mammalian phase of infection. These findings have opened a novel regulatory mechanism, which impacts the virulence potential of Bb .
Syntactic-Morphological Discrepancies in Maltese Sentence Structure

One area of considerable controversy in current linguistic theory and descriptive practice is the relationship between morphology and syntax, the central problem being as follows: does the morphology of a language reflect the structure of the language, i.e. is there a single function for each morphological opposition in the language, or is it possible for there to be discrepancies between form and function, such that a single morphological form would serve a variety of different functions? Transformational-generative grammar has typically emphasized discrepancies between form and function, concentrating for instance on areas where superficially similar constructions can be assigned radically different underlying representations, or where superficially quite distinct constructions can be assigned essentially the same underlying representation. Perhaps in part as a reaction against this, the doctrine ‘one form — one function’, an extreme version of the view that morphology does provide a direct insight into language structure, has become quite popular.
Securing Anonymous Communication Channels under the Selective DoS Attack

Anonymous communication systems are subject to selective denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Selective DoS attacks lower anonymity as they force paths to be rebuilt multiple times to ensure delivery, which increases the opportunity for more attack. We present a detection algorithm that filters out compromised communication channels for one of the most widely used anonymity networks, Tor. Our detection algorithm uses two levels of probing to filter out potentially compromised tunnels. We probabilistically analyze our detection algorithm and show its robustness against selective DoS attacks through simulation. We also analyze the overhead of our algorithm and show that we can achieve better security guarantee than the conventional Tor path selection algorithm, while adding only approximately 5% bandwidth overhead to the Tor network. Finally, we validate our design with experiments using the live Tor network.
Respiratory Tract Infections and Asthma

For many patients with asthma, especially children, respiratory infections provoke wheezing. Initial attention focused on bacteria as the etiological agents; however, prospective studies conclusively indicated that viral, not bacterial, respiratory infections triggered asthma. Less well established is the possibility that respiratory infections are a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of asthma. This chapter will focus on the role of respiratory tract infections, particularly viral illnesses, and asthma. Three major areas will be covered: 1. The epidemiology of respiratory infections and asthma; 2. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis as a model for respiratory infections and asthma; and 3. Mechanisms of virus-induced asthma.