cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analogy and framework for effective data collection, usage, and maintenance for decision support systems

The issue of data capture for DSS databases is an important one both for DSS developers and DSS users facing ill-structured problems in noisy and difficult environments. While the available database technologies (e.g. specialized hardware, DBMSs, and query languages) and other DSS-building tools are well advanced, methods for DSS data capture in less tractable environments are lacking. This often serves to limit the effectiveness of the above technologies in DSS development and use. The paper addresses the issue of data collection for DSS and presents a framework and an approach for detecting, preventing, and correcting errors in data collected. The framework employs analogies from the field of data communications to this end, and illustrates the approach using an example from the industrial marketing area. >
Revisiting digitization, robustness, and decidability for timed automata

We consider several questions related to the use of digitization techniques for timed automata. These very successful techniques reduce dense-time language inclusion problems to discrete time, but are applicable only when the implementation is closed under digitization and the specification is closed under inverse digitization. We show that, for timed automata, the former (whether the implementation is closed under digitization) is decidable, but not the latter. We also investigate digitization questions in connection with the robust semantics for timed automata. The robust modeling approach introduces a timing fuzziness through the semantic removal of equality testing. Since its introduction half a decade ago, research into the robust semantics has suggested that it yields roughly the same theory as the standard semantics. This paper shows that, surprisingly, this is not the case: the robust semantics is significantly less tractable, and differs from the standard semantics in many key respects. In particular, the robust semantics yields an undecidable (nonregular) discrete-time theory, in stark contrast with the standard semantics. This makes it virtually impossible to apply digitization techniques together with the robust semantics. On the positive side, we show that the robust languages of timed automata remain recursive.
A discrete emotions approach to positive emotion disturbance in depression

Converging findings suggest that depressed individuals exhibit disturbances in positive emotion. No study, however, has ascertained which specific positive emotions are implicated in depression. We report two studies that compare how depressive symptoms relate to distinct positive emotions at both trait and state levels of assessment. In Study 1 (N=185), we examined associations between depressive symptoms and three trait positive emotions (pride, happy, amusement). Study 2 compared experiential and autonomic reactivity to pride, happy, and amusement film stimuli between depressive (n=24; DS) and non-depressive (n=31; NDS) symptom groups. Results indicate that symptoms of depression were most strongly associated with decreased trait pride and decreased positive emotion experience to pride-eliciting films. Discussion focuses on the implications these findings have for understanding emotion deficits in depression as well as for the general study of positive emotion.
Analysis of Meibum and Tear Lipids

The meibum is a lipid-rich secretion that is the primary component of the external layer of the tear film. The meibomian glands produce the meibum, and meibomian gland dysfunction can lead to degradation of the tear film. Such dysfunction can result in ocular irritation, inflammation, and clinical disease. Understanding this relationship is critical to preventing ocular disease; therefore, a search of peer-reviewed literature focusing on the collection, quantification, and analysis of normal and abnormal meibum and tear lipids was conducted. Numerous collection and quantification techniques are described, including their advantages and disadvantages. Studies indicate that the meibum and tear lipids consist of a large array of polar and nonpolar lipids; individual lipids or their classes can be correlated to pathology. Significant amounts of lipids are deposited on contact lenses, depending on the nature of their polymer chemistry. These findings taken together indicate that normal meibum and tear lipids are essential for normal ocular health. Additional studies are required to provide a better understanding of the meibum and tear film biomolecules so that more effective treatments for blepharitis, dry eye disease, and tear film-related contact lens complications can be devised.
Thermodynamic Properties of Propane: Vapor-Liquid Coexistence Curve

A number of correlational studies [1–4] present both vapor-liquid coexistence and superheated vapor thermodynamic properties of propane. The present compilation is part of a general revision of the j-Tables of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 [5] for C1 through C5 alkanes.
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency in Diabetic Rats

Vascular complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Defects in the generation and release of nitric oxide (NO), the so-called endothelium-derived relaxing factor, have been implicated in the development of diabetic vasculopathy. Our previous data indicated that a deficiency in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor essential for the activity of NO synthase, was responsible for reduced NO production in coronary endothelial cells of the spontaneously diabetic BB rat, an animal model of human type I diabetes mellitus (1). The BH4 deficiency was the result of decreased expression of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTP-CH), the first and rate-limiting enzyme for the generation of BH4.
The National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections

for a national register of manuscripts has itENTHUSIASM self had a respectable history. Such a register or union catalog has been described as just the handmaiden to answer one of Clio's most pressing ulong-felt needs. " Pertinent as it might be, the scope of this paper does not permit my establishing the historical setting for the present proposals that are being made by the Library of Congress. It will be possible only to tell you what these plans are. My paper, therefore, does not have a thesis; its burden is no more than a factual statement of what has recently been done. I have hesitated in using the term burden because of the connotation it may have. It certainly is no burden for me to discuss this topic of great (possibly overweening) interest to those of us at the Library of Congress who are engaged in the work of preserving manuscripts and making them available for use. While I have forsworn to recount the various earlier efforts of individuals and institutions to establish bibliographical control of manuscripts and will not comment upon the probable reasons why their plans failed, I should like to quote one plea, aptly expressed, for such a register as the Library of Congress is attempting to establish. In 1947 Theodore G. Blegen in a chapter called "A Bid for Cooperation" in his Grass Roots History said:
Antiferromagnetism in YBa2Cu

Neutron diffraction has been used to study antiferromagnetic ordering in $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6+x}$ as a function of $x$. Evidence for such ordering has been observed only in the tetragonal, nonsuperconducting phase ($x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.4$). The magnetic origin of the superlattice reflections has been confirmed with polarized beam measurements. A single antiferromagnetic structure was observed throughout the ordered phase, with a maximum N\'eel temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}500 K and average ordered moment of ${(0.66\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07)}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathit{B}}$ per magnetic Cu atom at $x\ensuremath{\approx}0$. Magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest that two-dimensional correlations are strong, as in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4\ensuremath{-}y}$, and may survive into the orthorhombic phase.
Phase II trial of irinotecan (Ir) plus cisplatin (CDDP) in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN)

BACKGROUND. Patients with recurrent or metastatic HNC have a poor response and survival with currently available chemotherapy agents. Thus, new agents are needed. The authors report the results of a phase II trial of irinotecan and cisplatin in patients with metastatic or recurrent HNC. METHODS. Patients were treated with irinotecan 65 mg/m 2 IV over 90 minutes and cisplatin 30 mg/m 2 were administered intravenously weekly for four weeks, followed by a two week rest. However, after 17 patients were treated with weekly irinotecan at a dose of 65 mg/m 2 , toxicity analysis demonstrated the poor tolerance of that dose in this patient population. Thus, the protocol was amended, and irinotecan was dose reduced to a starting dose of 50 mg/m 2 . Twenty-three additional patients were treated with this dose. RESULTS. Forty patients were enrolled on study between February 2002 and April 2006, 17 patients at the first dose level and 23 patients at the amended dose level. Overall, 12 of 17 patients (71%) treated with irinotecan 65 mg/m 2 experienced clinically significant grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Twelve patients required dose reductions. Toxicity was reduced but 17% of patients still experienced grade 3 or 4 toxicity on the lower irinotecan dose. The response rate was 35% for patients treated at irinotecan 65 mg/m 2 and 22% for patients treated at 50 mg/m 2 .N o complete responses were noted. CONCLUSIONS. The combination of irinotecan and cisplatin is efficacious in a poor prognosis group of patients but toxicity is substantial. Cancer 2008; 113:186–92. � 2008 American Cancer Society.
The influence of EM estimation of missing nodes in DCM on model ranking

In Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) group analyses alternative model(s) are commonly specified and compared against each other. A model comparison problem is generally encountered by any kind of modeling approach where model selection is required given some observed data and several alternative models. The goal would be to select the optimal model by deciding between competing hypotheses represented by different DCMs. These hypotheses can involve any part of the structure of the modeled system, i.e. the pattern of intrinsic or extrinsic connections to the system. However, the underlying assumption is that the comparison is only valid if the data is the same in all models. In DCM for fMRI, where the data results from concatenation of all the time series of all areas in the model, the comparison requires that only models containing the same areas are included. In previous work, we have shown that Expectation Maximization can address this limitation by estimating time series in subjects with missing areas. This opposed the traditional approach of using a less conservative p-value which creates noisy time series to enforce topological comparability across models. Alternative methods for inference include the Fixed Effects (FFX) Analysis and the Random Effects (RFX) Analysis which can be used to rank prospective models in a model comparison/selection problem. Furthermore, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) can also be applied enabling subject specific mean parameters to represent summary statistics for a standard group analysis. Significant differences in a given parameter between a control group and a patient group, for instance, could then be calculated by computing the two-sample t-test on the average data from the two groups.
Towards more practical reinforcement learning

Reinforcement Learning is beginning to be applied outside traditional domains such as robotics, and into human-centric domains such as healthcare and education. In these domains, two problems are critical to address: We must be able to evaluate algorithms with a collection of prior data if one is available, and we must devise algorithms that carefully trade off exploration and exploitation in such a way that they are guaranteed to converge to optimal behavior quickly, while retaining very good performance with limited data. In this thesis, I examine these two problems, with an eye towards applications to educational games.
Combining source direction vectors with wavefield decomposition to calculate angle gathers from reverse time migration

Summary Using source propagation directions and reflector dips is an efficient and stable way to calculate reflection/azimuth angles for common image gathers from reverse time migration. For each image point of each shot, the direction calculated at the time of the maximum energy of the source wavefield is used as the unique source direction at that point. This is stable but ignores multipaths. Therefore the angle gathers may not be precise and may lose the potential to output complete true-amplitude angle gathers. To include multipaths, we extract angle gathers at each time step. The source directions and reflector dips are only used for computing the reflection /azimuth angles. In this way, noise in the image is treated as reflectors, so reflection angles cannot be used to remove cross-correlation artifacts. To remove the artifacts, we use wavefield decomposition in the time-wavenumber domain to first get the image at the current time step; then extract angle gathers from the imaged points at this time. To calculate the dips at the intersection point of the coincident reflectors, the calculation of angle gathers is divided into two steps; the first step is to output intermediate source propagation angle gathers during the imaging, and the second step is to convert them into reflection/azimuth angle gathers in the wavenumber domain after imaging. Therefore geological structure with coincident reflectors can have multiple dips at the corresponding imaged points. When considering only the reflector angle (without reflection azimuth), we can use the source polarization instead of the propagation direction.
Enhancement of Energy Transfer between Quantum Dots: The Impact of Metallic Nanoparticle Sizes

We investigated the dependency of plasmonic enhancement of Forster energy transfer between CdSe/ZnS quantum dots on the sizes of metallic nanoparticles as well as the distances between these particles and the quantum dots. The results demonstrate how the interdot Forster energy transfer depends upon the relative magnitudes of (i) the Forster energy transfer rates from the donor and acceptor quantum dots to the metallic nanoparticles, according to their transition frequencies, and (ii) the plasmonic field enhancement at the quantum dot emission frequencies. As a result, even in the absence of the donor-induced plasmonic field, one can adjust these processes to stimulate the interdot energy flow from the donor to acceptor quantum dots, increasing its rate significantly.
The challenges of incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into ration components and their prevalence in garrison feeding.

ABSTRACT Increasingly, private and military consumers are becoming aware of the positive benefits of a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) as health claims range from reducing inflammation to improving mood. The number of positive scientific articles supporting these claims is rapidly increasing, leading the military to examine the possibility of omega-3 supplementation for personnel. A variety of menus used either in shipboard or garrison feeding include fatty fishes that are rich in omega-3 FAs. However, omega-3 FAs have shelf-stability issues because of their susceptibility to oxidize; therefore, they create a challenge in terms of incorporation into ration components in nutritionally significant amounts. As a result, the Department of Defense Combat Feeding Directorate is investigating methods, technologies, and emerging products for incorporation of omega-3s into ration components. Based on existing research, fortification of foods with omega-3 FAs would improve nutritional quality as well as prov...
"Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American": Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City

Stanwix Hall was crowded by nine o'clock on Saturday, February 24, 1855. The new Bowery saloon rang with the sounds of patrons singing, glasses clinking, and laborers laughing on that winter night, the end of the workweek. In the back room, bareknuckle boxing champion John Morrissey sat with friends, sharing toasts and songs. Their conviviality ended suddenly, however, when Morrissey, a gambling parlor owner and political gang leader as well as a prizefighter, realized that William Poole had entered the main barroom. The inebriated champion approached Poole, a powerfully built butcher and saloonkeeper. Salutations quickly gave way to insults, Morrissey calling Poole a cowardly son of a bitch, Poole retorting that Morrissey was a damned liar. The tension kept building, until the butcher pulled a gun and bellowed, "You tasted of my mutton before; how do you like it?" a reference to an earlier battle in which Poole, aided by several dozen friends, soundly thrashed the champion.,
Miriam Schild Bunim, Space in Medieval Painting and the Forerunners of Perspective

(1941). Miriam Schild Bunim, Space in Medieval Painting and the Forerunners of Perspective. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 178-180.
In silico identification of metabolic enzyme drug targets in Burkholderia pseudomallei

The intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is endemic to parts of southeast Asia and northern Australia, causes the disease melioidosis. Although acute infections can be treated with antibiotics, melioidosis is difficult to cure, and some patients develop chronic infections or a recrudescence of the disease months or years after treatment of the initial infection. B. pseudomallei strains have a high level of natural resistance to a variety of antibiotics, and with limited options for new antibiotics on the horizon, alternatives are needed. The aim of the present study was to characterize the metabolic capabilities of B. pseudomallei, identify metabolites and aspects of the metabolic network crucial for pathogen survival, understand the metabolic interactions that occur between pathogen and host cells, and determine if any of the metabolic enzymes produced by the pathogen might be potential antibacterial targets. This aim was accomplished through genome scale metabolic modeling of B. pseudomallei under different external conditions, including all nutrients that could be consumed by the model and only the nutrients available in culture media. Using this approach, candidate chokepoints were identified, then knocked out in silico under the different nutrient conditions. The effect of each knockout on the metabolic network was examined. When four of the candidate chokepoints were knocked out in silico, the flux through the B. pseudomallei network was decreased, depending on the nutrient conditions. These results demonstrate the utility of genome-scale metabolic modeling methods for in silico studies of pathogen metabolism and for drug target identification in B. pseudomallei.
The CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the brain.

Abstract The CB1cannabinoid receptor in brain is a G-protein-coupled receptor that exists as a protein possessing seven transmembrane helices that span the membrane. The intracellular surface is able to interact with G-proteins of the Gi/ofamily to regulate effector proteins, including adenylate cyclase, Ca2+channels, and K+channels, and to stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The CB1cannabinoid receptor recognizes three classes of agonist ligands: cannabinoid, eicosanoid, and aminoalkylindole. These agonist subtypes may interact with the CB1cannabinoid receptor by some common points of association, yet may have subtle differences in the way that they interact with the receptor protein. This may be evident in the allosteric regulation by monovalent cations and individual agonists. The juxtamembrane region of the C-terminal is able to activate G-proteins. It is proposed that conformational changes in the receptor induced by agonist ligands may alter the conformation or exposure of the juxtamembrane C-terminal region extending from helix VII.
Complete esophageal stenosis secondary to peptic stricture in the cervical esophagus: case report.

Complete esophageal stenosis secondary to peptic stricture in the upper esophagus is rare. It is, however, a serious medical problem that may require otolaryngologic intervention because of life-threatening dysphagia and weight loss. We report the case of an elderly patient who presented with an upper esophageal stricture, without the typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, that progressed to complete esophageal obstruction despite use of proton pump inhibitors and esophageal dilatation. Definitive management of this difficult problem required esophagectomy and gastric pull-up. We discuss the patho-physiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and multidisciplinary management of peptic esophageal strictures. This case illustrates the difficulty in managing high peptic strictures.
Galilee and the circle of nations

Josephus described Galilee as a region “encircled by foreign nations.” Many scholars have regarded this encirclement as a defining factor in Galilee's cultural milieu. Not only was Galilee itself full of gentiles, it has often been argued, but gentiles from the adjacent regions often made their way into Galilee. In addition, traders and travelers from more distant lands passed through on the major highways of the day. Galileans frequently took advantage of these same highways to venture frequently into the adjacent regions. Are such claims accurate? In this chapter, I will summarize the evidence for Galilean interaction with “foreigners.” Understanding this issue requires, first, knowledge of the surrounding territories – their histories, cultural atmospheres, and inhabitants (see Map 2). (As will be seen, determining the cultural identity of a given site's occupants – e.g., Roman, Greek, Syrian, Nabatean, Phoenician, Iturean, or other – is sometimes less complicated outside of Galilee than within Galilee.) It requires, secondly, a summary of the archaeological and literary evidence for contact between Galileans and non-Galileans, with particular attention to trade and the road networks. While some interaction between Galileans and non-Galileans indisputably occurred, its extent, like so many of the stereotypical characteristics of Galilee, has been overstated in much recent scholarship. The “foreign nations” The Golan Heights To the east and northeast of Galilee are the Golan Heights. Altars, statues, inscriptions, and synagogues allow considerable discussion of the presence of gentiles and Jews at specific sites in the Late Roman and Byzantine periods.
‘Seeds and Roots,’ 1893–1913

When Alfred B. Xuma was born in the last decade of the nineteenth century, Southern Africa was undergoing a process of fundamental historical change. The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1886 had ushered in a degree of European political and economic intervention never before seen in the subcontinent south of the Limpopo. Although they rallied to defend themselves, African societies found their independence increasingly circumscribed by the formidable power of British and Boer forces. By the 1890s, the military conquest of the African chiefdoms in modern day South Africa had been completed. Besides consolidating their political control of the region, European interests began laying the foundations of a capitalist, mining economy at the same time.
Academic global surgery

Globally, rising economies are leading to an epidemiologic transition wherein injury, cancer, and congenital malformations are becoming much more prominent public health threats in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) (Learmonth (1951) The contributions of surgery to preventive medicine. Oxford University Press, Geoffrey Cumberlege, Publisher to the University, London, p 20). The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery, the Disease Control Priorities-3 project, and the World Health Assembly 2015 resolution on Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and Anesthesia all underscored the role of surgery as an essential component of the comprehensive global public health agenda (http://dcp-3.org/surgery; http://www.globalsurgery.info/). With the need to improve the very infrastructure of surgical-care systems to achieve this, there has been a paradigm shift from traditional reliance on intermittent short-term volunteerism toward a strengthening of the education and research pillars for surgical healthcare in developing regions, a role ideally suited for academic surgery (Schecter, JAMA Surg 150(7):605–606, 2015; Smith, Br J Surg 102:575–576, 2015). Academic Global Surgery (AGS) leverages the scientific approach, educational focus, and outcome examination that characterize academic medicine and applies them toward the strengthening of surgical care in under-resourced regions, international or domestic (Swaroop and Krishnaswami, Academic global surgery. Springer Publ, 2016).
Perspectivism Versus a Completed Copernican Revolution

I discuss changes of perspective of four kinds in science and about science. Section 2 defends a perspectival nonrealism—something akin to Giere’s perspectival realism but not a realism—against the idea of complete, “Copernican” objectivity. Section 3 contends that there is an inverse relationship between epistemological conservatism and scientific progress. Section 4 casts doubt on strong forms of scientific realism by taking a long-term historical perspective that includes future history. Section 5 defends a partial reversal in the status of so-called context of discovery and context of justification. Section 6 addresses the question of how we can have scientific progress without scientific realism—how progress is possible without the accumulation of representational truth. The overall result (Sect. 7) is a pragmatic instrumentalist perspective on the sciences and how to study them philosophically, one that contains a kernel of realism—instrumental realism.
Being One'S Own Boss: How Does Risk Fit In?:

Simon Parker (2004) argues economists generally think risk attitudes are an important determinant in self-employment decisions, but the econometric evidence is limited. Data shortcomings have been ...
Coordinating Meaning: Contractual Promises, Common Knowledge and Coordination in Speaker Meaning

I begin with Contract Law’s objective intent test for interpretation: a person’s words and actions constitute a promise do to something if a reasonable person in the circumstances would interpret them as a promise to do that thing. The test finds promises where, outside the legal context, we would not. What justifies proceeding this way? The answer I offer combines three ideas. The first is a Gricean analysis of speaker meaning. For simplicity, I focus entirely on meaning, not on promising (or other types of speech act), so I fall short of explaining the Objective Intent Test’s attribution of promises, but it is easy to extend the analysis to do so. The second idea concerns coordination. Suppose a speaker S means that p for an audience A. S and A typically seek to coordinate their actions so that A realizes that that S means that p, as I will argue below. I will model this coordination using a well-known game from game theory, the assurance game. The third idea is that common knowledge plays a key role in facilitating coordination. Common knowledge is “the recursive belief state in which A knows X, B knows X, A knows that B knows X, B knows that A knows X, ad infinitum. As Thomas Kyle et al. observe in their seminal study, “The Psychology of Common Knowledge,” “[a]ctors coordinate when they have evidence for common knowledge, and refrain from coordinating when they do not.” In the case of speaker meaning, the relevant, coordination-facilitating common knowledge is the common knowledge between S and A that S means that P. This approach provides a satisfying perspective on the Objective Intent Test. It does by developing a general model of speaking meaning. That model illuminates pragmatics both inside and outside legal contexts. Pragmatics is a diverse and complex field offering a variety of proposals and approaches, but they exhibit common, recurring themes — among them: coordination, common knowledge, and speaker meaning. I offer the assurance game model as a potentially useful perspective that can reveal commonalities in otherwise diverse research programs and suggest new and fruitful lines of inquiry.
Variceal Upper GI Bleeding

Variceal hemorrhage is one the most harrowing situations encountered by GI fellows in training. It will be encountered frequently and emergently. Management of acute variceal hemorrhage demands sound endoscopic technique, prompt resuscitation, and medical therapy with antibiotics and somatostatin analogues. Despite advances in techniques and algorithms, the mortality rate and re-bleeding rate associated with variceal hemorrhage remain high. The Child-Pugh class, size of the varix, and endoscopic presence of high-risk stigmata determine the choice between non-selective beta blocker (NSBB) and endoscopic variceal ligation in the primary prevention of esophageal hemorrhage, while secondary prevention requires both. Proper dosing and tolerance of NSBB is challenging but can preclude further endoscopic surveillance. Gastric varices are defined by their location. They are less common, but more challenging. Glue injection and TIPS are currently the prominent tools used in both acute hemorrhage and secondary prevention, while primary prevention is typically avoided.
Directional Solidification and Composite Structures

Directionally solidified alloys possess any of several different types of structures depending on alloy and solidification conditions. The structures obtained include equiaxed dendrites, columnar dendrites, fibrous dendrites, cells, single crystals, and eutectic-like composite crystals.
Self-Actualization, Human Nature, and Global Social Problems

Abraham Maslow’s classic theory of motivation was in some ways a precursor to modern evolutionary approaches to human behavior, in that he posited multiple independent and universal motivational systems. Maslow’s hierarchical model, often conceptualized as a pyramid of motives, has recently been renovated to fit with the last half century of research and theory at the interface of evolutionary biology and the social sciences. Adopting a modern evolutionary life history approach to human motivation could be useful to understand important social problems.
Resonance-Based Fault Current Limiters: Theory, Applications, and Assessment

Among nonsuperconducting fault current limiters (FCLs), resonance-based FCLs have captured more attention due to their exclusive features. This paper presents the application of the resonance phenomenon in resonant fault current limiters (RFCLs). Then, different types of RFCLs are explored and assessed based on their capability to suppress the fault current. In addition, for each RFCL, a simulation study is carried out in MATLAB software to assess their impact on power systems such as voltage sag, power loss, harmonic distortion, etc. Moreover, sensorless operation as the key feature of RFCLs is investigated to show the RFCL's ability to compete with superconducting FCLs in terms of activation time. Simulation results prove that RFCLs could be considered as the best solution for distribution and subtransmission system protection.
Otic drug delivery systems: formulation principles and recent developments

Disorders of the ear severely impact the quality of life of millions of people, but the treatment of these disorders is an ongoing, but often overlooked challenge particularly in terms of formulation design and product development. The prevalence of ear disorders has spurred significant efforts to develop new therapeutic agents, but perhaps less innovation has been applied to new drug delivery systems to improve the efficacy of ear disease treatments. This review provides a brief overview of physiology, major diseases, and current therapies used via the otic route of administration. The primary focuses are on the various administration routes and their formulation principles. The article also presents recent advances in otic drug deliveries as well as potential limitations. Otic drug delivery technology will likely evolve in the next decade and more efficient or specific treatments for ear disease will arise from the development of less invasive drug delivery methods, safe and highly controlled drug delivery systems, and biotechnology targeting therapies.
Using signatures of directional selection to guide discovery

Abstract Usually thought to be one of the oldest techniques in neurogenetic research, directional selective breeding has both unique strengths and weaknesses. I briefly review the basic principles of the method using historical and modern examples. Selective breeding has been applied to multiple species, using behavioral, pharmacological, and physiological phenotypic targets. Emphasis recently has focused on molecular biologic consequences of selection, with a proliferation of studies concentrating on differential gene expression and sequence variation driven by the reduced cost and increased throughput of such analyses. I will focus on analyses of rodent lines selectively bred for traits relevant for effects of ethanol and other abused drugs, as such lines are among the oldest contributors to this literature. Finally, I will touch on some innovative applications of the transcriptomic signatures of selective breeding to enable gene finding and drug discovery.
Signal processing and frequency generation in FMCW RADAR

□ Presented challenges in mmWave FMCW generation for RADAR applications □ Presented a fully integrated, low phase noise, large continuous tuning, fast settling synthesizer supporting fully programmable FMCW chirps □ Presented frequency multiplier techniques □ Presented the silicon results of clock system for a high end FMCW Auto Radar Chip.
Magneto-Optic Effects in Recombination Luminescence from Self Trapped Excitons

Intrinsic recombination luminescence which originates in triplet states of the self trapped exciton in alkali halide crystals has been investigated experimentally and theoretically with regard to effects of applied magnetic fields. Lifetimes and circular polarizations are observed to vary anisotropically with field, and a level crossing resonance is identified in CsI and, tentatively, in CsBr. This provides evaluation of the zero-field splitting for the triplet state. Splittings and lifetimes for CsI and KI are compared with a theory based on a Vk-like hole and nonequilibrium level populations, and reasonable agreement is obtained. Electronic exchange energies which occur as parameters in the theory are in rough agreement with independent estimates.
Renal Actions of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3

The kidney is uniquely involved in the maintenance of body calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and acid-base balance, both as an endocrine secretory and a target organ. In this light, the kidney reabsorbs calcium and phosphorus more avidly under the stimulus of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (1–4) while it effects conversion of this compound to the metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, which is more active on gut (5,6). Controversy exists, however, as to the necessity for parathyroid hormone (PTH) to facilitate the renal actions of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (1–4,7,8). The present studies were undertaken therefore to examine the affect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, henceforth referred to as 25-HCC, on the renal handling of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in the intact and acutely thyroparathyroidectomized dog. Since the absorption of phosphate in the latter preparation is virtually complete, bicarbonate infusion was used to increase its excretion.
Correction to: The uncertainties and causes of the recent changes in global evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2010

In the original publication of the article Fig. 7 was incorrect. The correct Fig. 7 is given below:
Structure–Activity Relationships in Alkane Dehydrogenation on γ-Al2O3: Site-Dependent Reactions

A promising route to produce olefins, the building blocks for plastics and chemicals, is the nonoxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes on metal oxides, taking advantage of the Lewis acid–base surface functionalities of the oxides. However, how alkane dehydrogenation activity depends on the strength of surface acid–base site pairs is still elusive. In this work, we provide fundamental insights into the reaction mechanisms of propane dehydrogenation on different facets of γ-Al2O3 and develop structure–activity relationships, using density functional theory calculations and first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. We identified the binding energy of dissociated H2 as an activity descriptor for alkane dehydrogenation. Interestingly, a volcano relationship between catalytic activity and dissociative H2 binding energy was discovered for propane dehydrogenation, unraveling a site-dependent catalytic behavior on γ-Al2O3, with a concerted surface mechanism being energetically preferred to a sequential one on...
Effects of protein source on nitrogen metabolism in continuous culture and intestinal digestion in vitro

Eight dual flow continuous culture fermenters were used in four replicated periods to study the effects of protein supplements on ruminal fermentation and CP digestion. A basal diet was supplemented with isonitrogenous amounts of urea and tryptone (control; CTRL), soybean meal (SBM), lignosulfonate-treated SBM (LSBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), fish meal (FM), or meat and bone meal (MBM). Digestion of DM, OM, and carbohydrates was not affected by treatment. Ammonia N concentration was highest (P < .05) for CTRL and lowest (P < .05) for LSBM, CGM, BM, HFM, and FM. Nonammonia N flow was lowest (P < .05) for CTRL. Dietary N flow was lowest (P < .05) for CTRL, intermediate for SBM, and highest (P < .05) for LSBM, CGM, BM, HFM, FM, and MBM. Total N flow, bacterial N flow, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were not affected by treatment. Protein degradation was highest (P < .05) for CTRL. Flow of total amino acids (AA) was lowest (P < .05) for CTRL, SBM, and MBM. Diets containing BM provided the largest (P < .05) amounts of essential AA and lysine, and FM provided the largest (P < .05) amounts of methionine in fermenter effluent. Supplementation of diets with proteins low in ruminal degradability increased flows of nonammonia N, dietary N, and total and essential AA and modified the AA profile flowing out of fermenters.
Emotional variables in adolescence, and their stability and contribution to the mental health of adult men : Implications for early intervention strategies

This longitudinal study documented the stability of the emotional of a sample of males from adolescence (age 14) through young adulthood (age 19) and into middle adulthood (age 48). Using the Offer Self-image Questionnaire (OSIQ), the Hess and Henry Identity Test, and the Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90), distinct emotional traits were found in 67 adolescent males that were important in determining their mental health status in adult life (age 48). The results clearly demonstrated that certain adolescent emotional states tend to remain a problem in adulthood as well. Intervention work that could be done in order to change any adverse trajectories set by these variables was discussed.
Sleep spindle and slow wave abnormalities in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: Recent findings and future directions.

Abstract Sleep spindles and slow waves are the two main oscillatory activities occurring during NREM sleep. Slow waves are ∼1 Hz, high amplitude, negative-positive deflections that are primarily generated and coordinated within the cortex, whereas sleep spindles are 12–16 Hz, waxing and waning oscillations that are initiated within the thalamus and regulated by thalamo-cortical circuits. In healthy subjects, these oscillations are thought to be responsible for the restorative aspects of sleep and have been increasingly shown to be involved in learning, memory and plasticity. Furthermore, deficits in sleep spindles and, to lesser extent, slow waves have been reported in both chronic schizophrenia (SCZ) and early course psychosis patients. In this article, we will first describe sleep spindle and slow wave characteristics, including their putative functional roles in the healthy brain. We will then review electrophysiological, genetic, and cognitive studies demonstrating spindle and slow wave impairments in SCZ and other psychotic disorders, with particularly emphasis on recent findings in early course patients. Finally, we will discuss how future work, including sleep studies in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, may help position spindles and slow waves as candidate biomarkers, as well as novel treatment targets, for SCZ and related psychotic disorders.
In vivo modulation of myelopoiesis by prostaglandin E2. III. Induction of suppressor cells in marrow and spleen capable of mediating inhibition of CFU-GM proliferation.

Intravenous (IV) injection of 0.1 to 10 micrograms of authentic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in intact steady-state mice induces a population of bone marrow and spleen cells having the capacity to suppress CFU-GM proliferation when admixed with normal bone marrow cells. Equivalent suppression of CFU-GM committed to monocytic as well as granulocytic differentiation was observed using colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) differing in their lineage specificities and by direct morphological analysis of proliferating clones. Kinetic analysis indicates that suppressive bone marrow cells appear within 2 hours after PGE2 injection, are maximal at 6 hours, and are no longer observed by 24 hours postinjection. Positive and negative selection studies using monoclonal antibodies indicate that the PGE2-induced suppressor cells react positively with anti-GMA 1.2, MAC1, and F4/80 monoclonal antibodies, suggesting a myeloid/monocytic origin. As few as 1,000 positively selected bone marrow or spleen cells were able to inhibit maximally normal CFU-GM proliferation by 50,000 control bone marrow cells. Suppression of normal CFU-GM can be substituted for by 24- hour cell-free supernates from unseparated bone marrow cells or GMA 1.2 or F4/80 positively selected marrow or spleen cells from PGE2-treated but not control mice. These supernates also inhibited BFU-E proliferation. Injection of as few as 2 million bone marrow cells from PGE2-treated mice into steady-state mice or animals hematopoietically rebounding following a sublethal injection of cyclophosphamide significantly suppressed total CFU-GM proliferation in recipient mice within 6 hours. In summary, these studies describe the detection of a novel hematopoietic control network induced by PGE2 in intact mice.
Detrimental effects of long sedentary bouts on the biomechanical response of cartilage to sliding

Purpose/Aim: Epidemiological evidence suggests, contrary to popular mythos, that increased exercise/joint activity does not place articular cartilage at increased risk of disease, but instead promotes joint health. One explanation for this might be activity-induced cartilage rehydration; where joint articulation drives restoration of tissue hydration, thickness, and dependent tribomechanical outcomes (e.g., load support, stiffness, and lubricity) lost to joint loading. However, there have been no studies investigating how patterning of intermittent articulation influences the hydration and biomechanical functions of cartilage.Materials and Methods: Here we leveraged the convergent stationary contact area (cSCA) testing configuration and its unique ability to drive tribological rehydration, to elucidate how intermittency of activity affects the biomechanical functions of bovine stifle cartilage under well-controlled sliding conditions that have been designed to model a typical "day" of human joint activity.Results: For a fixed volume of "daily" activity (30 min) and sedentary time (60 min), breaking up intermittent activity into longer and less-frequent bouts (corresponding to longer continuous sedentary periods) resulted in the exposure of articular cartilage to markedly greater strains, losses of interstitial pressure, and friction coefficients.Conclusions: These results demonstrated that the regularity of ex vivo activity regimens, specifically the duration of sedentary bouts, had a dominant effect on the biomechanical functions of articular cartilage. In more practical terms, the results suggest that brief but regular movement patterns (e.g., every hour) may be biomechanically preferred to long and infrequent movement patterns (e.g., a long walk after a sedentary day) when controlling for daily activity volume (e.g., 30 min).
Temporary Marriage in Iran: Gender and Body Politics in Modern Iranian Film and Literature

Proposing a methodology that brings feminist theories of embodiment to bear on the Iranian literary and cinematic tradition, this study examines temporary marriage in Iran, not just as an institution but also as a set of practices, identities and meanings that have transformed over the course of the twentieth- and twenty-first centuries. Based on analysis of novels and short stories from the Pahlavi era, and cinematic works produced after the Islamic Revolution, Claudia Yaghoobi looks at the representation of the sigheh women, or those who entered into temporary marriages. Each work reflects the manner in which the practice of sigheh impacts women by calling into question how sexuality works as a form of political analysis and power, revealing how a sigheh woman's sexual bodily autonomy is used as ammunition against what governments deem inappropriate gendered expression. While focusing mainly on modern Iranian cultural productions, Yaghoobi moves beyond the literary and cinematic realms to offer an in-depth examination of this controversial social institution which has been the subject of disdain for many Iranian feminists and captured the imagination of many Western observers.
Reform Adoption in a Postcollective Bargaining Governance Environment

In this article, we use data collected from Wisconsin superintendents to determine the extent to which the curtailing of collective bargaining facilitated local public management reform adoption. T...
Residential Energy Management System utilizing Fuzzy Based Decision-Making

With regard to energy consumption, the advent of smart grid technologies has advanced buildings from simple passive consumers into sophisticated active agents able to manage and exchange locally generated energy. Additionally, the increasing penetration of smart home technologies and smart devices into daily lives have increased the energy demand of modern residential buildings. Naturally, the need for advanced intelligent decision-making systems in energy management of buildings has become eminent. Currently, there is no widely used approach that manages a two-way electricity flow in smart buildings purely driven by the goal of reducing the electricity bill. To that end, this paper proposes a fuzzy controller which concurrently handles solar and wind generators, Battery Energy System (BES), Electric Vehicle (EV) load, dynamic electricity pricing, and tariffs. The controller aims at reducing the electricity bill by handling the charging/discharging power of BES and the power exchange with the grid (PEG). In this paper, for validation purposes the energy consumption management in a simulated home is carried out for a period of a month showcasing the performance of the proposed controller.
Response to Open Peer Commentaries on "Partnering with Patients to Bridge Gaps in Consent for Acute Care Research".

We appreciate the thoughtful commentary on our piece, “Partnering with patients to bridge the gap in consent for acute care research” (Dickert et al. 2020). We are encouraged by the support for the...