cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cost of Racial Salience on Face Memory: How the Cross-Race Effect is Moderated by Racial Ambiguity and the Race of the Perceiver and the Perceived

This study tested how the cross-race effect (CRE) varies across Asian, Latino, and White participants within a racially diverse context. Furthermore, it assessed how disrupting the racial categorization process of the CRE externally (racial ambiguity) and internally (cultural priming) moderates the CRE. Participants studied racially unambiguous and ambiguous Asian, Black, Latino and White faces. After studying half of the faces, participants were primed for their racial/ethnic identity or American identity. Before the prime, in racially unambiguous faces, only White participants exhibited the CRE for all other-race faces. Latino participants exhibited a limited CRE, and Asian participants did not show the CRE at all. For racially ambiguous faces, while Latino and White participants showed no CRE, Asian participants did for Latino and White faces. In addition, cultural priming moderated the CRE variously for the participant groups, suggesting that directing attention to different cultural identities may have ramifications for face processing.
Dietary Policies and Programs: Moving Beyond Efficacy and Into "Real-World" Settings.

Purpose: Dietary behaviors are key modifiable risk factors in averting cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability in the United States. Before investing...
Upgrading Unconscionability: A Common Law Ally for a Digital World

To work, go to school, shop and even to communicate with each other, Americans live by the terms of myriad tech company contracts. Indeed, any time someone presses the “I agree” button that pops up on a website—the clicking of which is required to continue on—they have entered into such a contract. Rarely read by the consumer and often objectively one-sided in the company’s favor, these contracts contain all the terms that will govern the consumer relationship to the company, including, among other things, how the company will control the use and sale of that consumer’s personal data. Given the growing consumer discontent with these non-negotiated, digital contracts—the breadth of the data collection policies, the inadequate notice about important terms, and the apparent unequal enforcement of what should be standard (equally applied) terms—it is surprising that there has been so little pushback on their enforceability. To be sure, there are calls for comprehensive privacy legislation that targets objectionable data collection terms. While such legislation is necessary and welcome, there may be an under-utilized ally for consumers already well-established in our legal system—the doctrine of unconscionability. Correctly applied, this Article argues that unconscionability can serve as an effective support to privacy legislation and can protect consumers against egregious digital, contracting practices. This Article first sets out the historical roots of the unconscionability doctrine, including discussion of two seminal cases—Williams v. Walker-Thomas and A&M Produce. This Article then highlights current contract concerns—such as privacy protections and discriminatory enforcement—and examines current digital contract problems concerning Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, and Uber and how unconscionability might apply to the benefit of consumers. To test if unconscionbility is sufficiently robust to curb contractual excesses, this Article presents and analyzes a novel and unique dataset of over 7,000 unconscionability cases. As part of the extensive data analysis, 814 cases with unconscionaility claims were read, analyzed, and catalogued to determine the success and contours of the courts’ decisions. Finally, this Article presents a possible legislative “upgrade” to the doctrine of unconscionability to refocus, where necessary, courts’ deployment of it in cases of digital contracting.
Handbook of stress, trauma, and the family

Introduction, Catherall. Part I: Theory. Trauma and its Impact on Families, Matsakis. The Ties that Bind: Resource Caravans and Losses Among Traumatized Families, Schumm, Vranceanu, Hobfoll. The Partner's Experience: Learning to Cope with Chaos, Remer. Selected Optimization with Compensation: Older Adults Adjusting to Change, Hyer, Rafalson, O'Hea. Families and Chronic Illness: An Integrative Model, Rolland. The Transmission of Trauma Across Generations: Identification with Parental Trauma in Children of Holocaust Survivors, Rowland-Klein. Part II: Research. The Relationship Between Traumatic Stress and Marital Intimacy, Whiffen, Oliver. The Quality of Life Among Survivors' Loved Ones, Amir, Lev-Wiesel. The Systemic Impact of Traumatized Children, Nelson, Schwerdtfeger. Adult Attachment and Trauma, Muller, Kraftcheck, McLewin. Social Support and Traumatic Stress, Hawkins, Manne. The Effectiveness of Marital and Family Therapy for Stress and Trauma, Lebow, Rekart. Part III: Practice. Models of Assessment. Assessment and Treatment of Trauma From a Bowen Family Systems Theory Perspective, Harris, Topham. A Strengths-Based Approach to Child and Family Assessment, Gilgun. Multi-system Assessment of Stress & Health (MASH) Model, Olson. Models of Family Treatment. The Contextual Treatment of Abuse, Gold. The Ecological Approach to Incestuous Families, Maddock, Larson.When a Family Deals with Loss: Adaptational Challenges, Risk, and Resiliency, Walsh, McGoldrick. Family Crisis Intervention, Harris. Enhancing Resilience Through Multiple Family Groups, Stoiber, Ribar, Waas. Models of Couples Treatment. Psychoeducational Treatment of Stressed and Traumatized Couples, Rabin, Apel. Object Relations Couples Therapy with Trauma Survivors, Miehls, Basham. Facing the Dragon Together: Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy with Trauma Survivors, Johnson. Critical Interaction Therapy with Traumatized Couples, Johnson.Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Sexual Abuse Survivor Couples, Hall, Follette.
The Free-Electron Laser: A High-Power Submillimeter Radiation Source

Publisher Summary The free-electron laser (FEL) is a device, tunable in frequency that involves the stimulated backscatter of a pump wave from the “free” particles of a relativistic electron beam. The chapter provides an overview of the radiation processes relating to the scattering of electromagnetic waves from relativistic electron beams. It provides a historical review of scattering research, and develops basic expressions and concepts. Some physical principles associated with intense relativistic electron beams are presented followed by a brief overview of high-voltage pulsed-power technology. A general theory for both the two- and three-wave stimulated scattering process for a cold relativistic electron beam is presented. After examining the temporal behavior of an amplified electromagnetic wave, the question of efficiency is considered. The chapter concludes with a Vlasov formulation of the gain for a beam of finite temperature. It deals first with a description of apparatus and diagnostic methods; next, the results of traveling wave stimulated scattering experiments that involve the growth of amplified noise are discussed. And finally, a detailed review and interpretation is given on the results of the collective FEL oscillator experiment.
Potentialities and Limitations of Image Scanning Techniques in Astronomy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses potentialities and limitations of image scanning techniques in astronomy. Although developed for strictly commercial purposes, the adaptation of the image orthicon to astronomical research purposes rests on the high merit and potentialities of this device as a research tool. Both in its image tube target section and in its signal producing read-out section, it is versatile and capable of wide modifications in specific applications to astronomical work. The limitations of the image orthicon tube in astronomical applications stem almost entirely from the lower read-out resolution as compared with photography, the restrictions imposed by the relatively small size of the photocathode, and the noise inherent in the present electron scanning beam. Each of these limitations, however, also represents a potentiality, because it appears technically feasible to improve the scanning technique so that the inherent resolution of the target can be realized, to increase the size and to improve the electron scanning beam by controlling the electron energy distribution to a far greater degree than at present, or by developing means of photon scanning.
Photosymbiosis and the Evolution of Modern Coral Reefs

The algae in coral reefs do not leave behind fossils, so deciphering their coevolution with corals is difficult. Isotope measurements can help reveal these ancient relationships.
The Structure of Typed Programming Languages

From the Publisher: The Structure of Typed Programming Languages describes the fundamental syntactic and semantic features of modern programming languages, carefully spelling out their impacts on language design. Using classical and recent research from lambda calculus and type theory, it presents a rational reconstruction of the Algol-like imperative languages such as Pascal, Ada, and Modula-3, and the higher-order functional languages such as Scheme and ML. David Schmidt's text is based on the premise that although few programmers ever actually design a programming language, it is important for them to understand the structuring techniques. His use of these techniques in a reconstruction of existing programming languages and in the design of new ones allows programmers and would-be programmers to see why existing languages are structured the way they are and how new languages can be built using variations on standard themes. The text is unique in its tutorial presentation of higher-order lambda calculus and intuitionistic type theory. The latter in particular reveals that a programming language is a logic in which its typing system defines the propositions of the logic and its well-typed programs constitute the proofs of the propositions.
Load - Preview Decentralized Robust Controllers for HVAC Systems

A load-preview decentralized robust controller is designed for temperature control of multizone indoor environmental spaces. A two-zone space heating system is considered. The physical system consists of a boiler, heat pumps, distribution network and two environmental zones. By assuming that the outdoor temperature variations are "previewable", a decentralized preview controller is designed by using a parameter optimization method. The output responses of the resulting decentralized closed-loop bilinear system with and without preview action are compared. Also, results showing the robustness property of the controller in the sense that it achieves regulation even in the presence of non-destabilizing changes in the system parameters and any mismatches in the disturbance profile are given.
A low complexity concealment algorithm for the whole-frame loss in H.264/AVC

The H.264/AVC video coding standard [Joint Video Team, 2003] offers a high coding efficiency and is the first standard that provides an explicit support for the transmission of multimedia content over a packet switched network, specifying a network abstraction layer (NAL). If we consider the transmission of a low resolution video sequence over a wireless LAN network, we can usually observe that a coded frame typically fits the packet size, therefore a transmission error usually produces the loss of a NAL unit and hence of a whole frame. In this paper we propose a low complexity algorithm useful for the concealment of a whole frame, based upon the optical flow concept.
Sleep Stages Classification Using Neural Networks with Multi-channel Neural Data

Recent studies on sleep reveal its importance not only on body functioning but also in brain and cognition health. As the development of wearable smart devices, neural data such as electroencephalogram (EEG) becomes commonly accessible. Developing good algorithm for sleep classification is more urgent and necessary than before. This paper presents a new and robust 5-stage sleep classification algorithm based on feedforward neural network, with flexible model structure using normalized Power Spectral Density (PSD) collected from multi-channel neural data. The algorithm is described with detailed mathematical elaboration. It utilizes the power of deep learning and provides average accuracy close to 90% which is competitive, compared with previous researches.
Steganography: Forensic, Security, and Legal Issues

Steganography has long been regarded as a tool used for illicit and destructive purposes such as crime and warfare. Currently, digital tools are widely available to ordinary computer users also. Steganography software allows both illicit and legitimate users to hide messages so that they will not be detected in transit. This article provides a brief history of steganography, discusses the current status in the computer age, and relates this to forensic, security, and legal issues. The paper concludes with recommendations for digital forensics investigators, IT staff, individual users, and other stakeholders.
The effects of telemedicine on access, cost and quality of health care

Telemedicine can improve access to health care and reduce some costs in both rural and urban areas. In Australia it has also been shown that telemedicine can reduce the "time-to-treatment" in some cases. The time spent by consultants in travelling to the satellite clinics of a medical center consortium can be greatly reduced following networking the consortium. The rate of growth of telemedicine appears to depend on several factors: (1) the degree of consolidation of the multiple LANs of a participating medical center; (2) the level of computer proficiency of the clinicians involved; (3) the extent of computer entry of patient data at both the remote and medical center sites; and (4) the extent of "economy of scale" achievable in sharing leased lines with public and private networks. Video-conferencing is very cost-effective in providing health care for prison and mental institution inmates since patients can be seen without transporting them to an outside clinic. The most important factor limiting the development of telemedicine today is the lack of insurance reimbursement for participating clinicians.
Narrative Therapy & Evidence Based Practice Create Positive Environments

The authors present a counseling practice model directly applicable to teaching. Many times theories in different professional fields are isolated from the influence of related theories in fields other than the one where the theory was originally developed. We have created teaching strategies from four major theoretical areas: narrative theory (NT), evidence based practice (EBP), Neuman systems model (NSM), and the Office of Special Education Program (OSEP) model for positive behavior intervention and support.
Multi-Objective Optimization for the Micro-Milling Process With Adaptive Data Modeling

This paper presents a multi-objective optimization study for the micro-milling process with adaptive data modeling based on the process simulation. A micro-milling machining process model was developed and verified through our previous study. Based on the model, a set of simulation data was generated from a factorial design. The data was converted into a surrogate model with adaptive data modeling method. The model has three input variables: axial depth of cut, feed rate and spindle speed. It has two conflictive objectives: minimization of surface location error (which affects surface accuracy) and minimization of total tooling cost. The surrogate model is used in a multi-objective optimization study to obtain the Pareto optimal sets of machining parameters. The visual display of the non-dominated solution frontier allows an engineer to select a preferred machining parameter in order to get a lowest cost solution given the requirement from tolerance and accuracy. The contribution of this study is to provide a streamlined methodology to identify the preferred best machining parameters for micro-milling.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Biogeographic patterns of terrestrial vertebrates in the Southwest Pacific

Abstract A unified biogeographic history of the Southern Hemisphere biota is beginning to emerge, and vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants are seen to exhibit many similarities in the patterns of their phylogenetic relationships. Terrestrial vertebrate biogeographic patterns are reviewed based on present knowledge of phylogenetic relationships; the major patterns (generalized tracks) and their taxonomic components include: (1) Australia—South America: leptodactyloid-like frogs, possibly hylid frogs; meiolaniid and chelid turtles; ratite, galliform, anseriform, and caprimulgiform birds; marsupials, possibly monotremes; (2) New Zealand-South America: leiopelmatid frogs; ratite, sphenisciform, and gruiform birds; (3) New Caledonia-New Zealand: gekkonid and scincid lizards; gruiform birds; (4) New Zealand (+ New Caledonia)-Australia/Southeast Asia: gekkonid and scincid lizards; most birds; vespertilionid bats; (5) Australia-Southeast Asia: ranid, microhylid frogs; agamid, scincid, varanid lizards; pythonine, colubrid, elapid snakes; many non-passeriform and passeriform birds; murid rodents. In most cases generalized tracks are best interpreted as vicariance of an ancestral biota into two or more descendant biotas. Dispersal across geographic or climatic barriers is less efficacious as an explanation for generalized tracks than is vicariance; post-vicariance dispersal is a hypothesis difficult to test. Centers of origin and pathways of dispersal of component elements of a generalized track prior to vicariance can be investigated using cladistic analysis.
Functional and dysfunctional characteristics of the prevailing model of clinical evaluation systems in North American medical schools.

To ensure that graduates are ready to move on to residency, medical schools need systems to monitor students' progress through clinical experiences. Clinical rotations occur in geographically separated settings in a variety of disciplines that use evaluators of varying levels of experience. That this complexity lends itself to error has been documented by the Association of American Medical Colleges' ongoing Clinical Evaluation Project, begun in 1979. This paper draws from that work and a 1987-1988 survey of 77% of the U.S. and Canadian deans for student affairs. This information is subjected to an analysis that emphasizes both common and unique characteristics of evaluation systems that are based on the four-stage model employed by most medical schools. Seventeen symptoms that can be signs of system errors are identified. It is recommended that schools having these symptoms review their clinical evaluation systems to ensure effective and efficient monitoring of clinical students.
Study on Improvements to the Dielectric Breakdown Strength of Extruded Dielectric Cables

This report relates to the study on insulation materials for obtaining extruded dielectric cables with high dielectric breakdown strength. Firstly, the dielectric breakdown strength (EB) of a variety of plastics was evaluated by the use of recessed sheet samples. As a result, the EB for high density polyethylene (HDPE) proved favorable. It was further ascertained that in the case of polyethylene the difference in crystallization due to molding conditions also exerts an influence on the EB. Consequently, in the following step a number of model cables insulated with HDPE were produced by changing the production conditions, such as heat treatment successive to extrusion, etc. Under optimum production conditions an upgrade of approx. 60% of the HDPE cable with EB value over the conventional XLPE cable should be obtained. As a result of measuring the morphorogical properties for insulators under each production condition the EB showed a trend to increase as the degree of crystallization increased, both with XLPE and HDPE, so long as they were within the scope of identical brands. In the relation to insulator lamella thickness the EB of XLPE improved as lamella thickness increased, whereas HDPE indicated an adverse trend.
Design methods and architectural issues of integrated medical image data base systems

Abstract The past 20 years have seen tremendous changes in medical imaging techniques. New modalities and protocols are expanding the available digital image data at a rapid rate. Yet a framework for gathering, managing, and using multimodal image information in an integrated database environment is missing. The purpose of this paper is to present the experience of implementing an integrated medical image database system at UCSF. We discuss the general system architecture, software design methods, and specific database tools and illustrate them with application examples. Two immediate issues conformding the building of medical image database systems are: lack of supporting infrastructure and inability to index images by content. To circumvent these problems, the evolutionary medical image database system being implemented at UCSF is based on a three-tiered client-server architecture: client medical workstations, database application servers, and a hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication system (HI-PACS). The approach used is to integrate content-based retrieval and knowledge base techniques within the existing HI-PACS to make the whole database system useful in medicine.
Carbon nanotube photo-physics

A review is given of how resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and photoluminescence (PL) can be used to reveal unique information about nanostructures, 1nm in diameter, thus providing new techniques for probing the electronic and vibrational properties of nanostructures with particular regard to nanosensing applications. Special attention is given to recent advances made in this field and to perspectives about future research directions.
Epidemic hypotension in a dialysis center caused by sodium azide

Epidemic hypotension in a dialysis center caused by sodium azide. The water used for dialysate (dialysis fluid) in hemodialysis centers is produced by water treatment systems (WTS), which require careful and frequent monitoring. On November 3, 1988, nine patients receiving hemodialysis treatments at a single dialysis center suddenly developed hypotension within 30 minutes of onset of dialysis. Eight patients exhibited symptoms and two experienced syncopal episodes; there were no deaths. The incidence of dialysis-associated hypotension occurring within 30 minutes after dialysis onset for these patients was significantly higher during outbreak treatments than during preoutbreak (September 1 through November 2, 1988) treatments, (9 of 9 vs. 0 of 238, P
Pediatric hospitalists in medical education: current roles and future directions.

As the field of pediatric hospital medicine has evolved, pediatric hospitalists have become increasingly involved in medical student and resident education – providing direct education during clinical rotations, developing novel curricula to meet the demands of the new educational environment, occupying leadership roles in medical education, and more. The literature suggests that hospitalists possess the essential skills for teaching effectively, yet most hospitalists feel that additional training beyond residency is necessary to refine their knowledge and skills in education and in other essential domains. Several pediatric hospital medicine fellowships and continuing medical education activities have been developed in the last decade to meet this growing need. The recent publication of the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies will help define the roles and expectations of practicing pediatric hospitalists, and will serve as a framework for future curriculum development in both graduate and continuing medical education.
Temporal valuation of corn respiration rates using pressure sensors

Abstract Proper grain management requires chronological and precise measurements of carbon dioxide evolved from grain respiration during the postharvest storage duration. The main goal of this research was to develop a new technique that evaluates temporal corn respiration rate using pressure sensors. The effects of corn storage temperature (23, 35, and 45 °C) and initial moisture content (12.9, 14.8, 17.0, 18.8, and 20.7% w.b) on the cumulative respiration were studied for duration of nine days. Additionally, the established technique was used to develop an empirical equation to predict the corn respiration rate as affected by storage temperature, moisture content, and storage duration. The pressure sensor method was found to be reliable in measuring corn respiration rate as affected by the tested parameters. The highest cumulative respiration of 2.625 g/kg was observed with the moisture content of 18.8% and the medium temperature level of 35 °C after nine days. Increasing and/or decreasing the moisture content level from 18.8% negatively affected the cumulative respiration. Respiration rates reached their maximum values of 0.199, 0.755, 0.987, and 1.147 g/kg.d under the medium temperature level of 35 °C and the moisture contents of 14.8% (5th day), 17.0% (5th day), 18.8% (3rd day), and 20.9% (2nd day), respectively. The logarithmic value of the corn cumulative respiration was positively correlated with the initial moisture content values, the storage temperature, and the storage duration with an adjusted coefficient of determination value of 0.80.
Trace perchlorates in a radiological liquid-waste treatment facility.

Waste management programs at the Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment Facility (RLWTF) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) are concerned with the levels of perchlorates due to the effects it can have on the environment and resultant regulations. The RLWTF treats industrial and radioactive wastes generated at multiple research and production facilities across the LANL. Perchloric acid is the major source of the perchlorate ion in the RLWTF used in the analytical chemistry laboratories and for metal dissolution. Perchlorate is present in the influent to the RLWTF at concentrations up to several thousands μg/l level. Ion chromatography is the method of choice to analyze the concentrations of perchlorate in the wastewater generated at the RLWTF. Perchlorate was separated by elution through a CS16/CG16 with an EG40 eluent generator. To minimize background conductivity and enhance analyte conductance, an anion self-regenerating suppressor was used. The method achieved a perchlorate method detection limit of 1 μg/l. The method is successfully being used to monitor the perchlorate levels at the RLWTF and provide data for the pilot tests to remove perchlorate from the RLWTF effluent.
Gamma-convergence and the emergence of vortices for Ginzburg–Landau on thin shells and manifolds

We analyze the Ginzburg–Landau energy in the presence of an applied magnetic field when the superconducting sample occupies a thin neighborhood of a bounded, closed manifold in \({\mathbb R^3}\). We establish Γ-convergence to a reduced Ginzburg–Landau model posed on the manifold in which the magnetic potential is replaced in the limit by the tangential component of the applied magnetic potential. We then study the limiting problem, constructing two-vortex critical points when the manifold \({\mathcal{M}}\) is a simply connected surface of revolution and the applied field is constant and vertical. Finally, we calculate that the exact asymptotic value of the first critical field Hc1 is simply (4π/(area of \({\mathcal{M}}\))) ln κ for large values of the Ginzburg–Landau parameter κ. Merging this with the Γ-convergence result, we also obtain the same asymptotic value for Hc1 in 3d valid for large κ and sufficiently thin shells.
A tale of two quarries; biologic and taphonomic signatures in the oxygen isotope composition of tooth enamel phosphate from modern and Miocene equids

The oxygen isotope composition of tooth enamel phosphate (68) from cheek teeth in jaws of modern equids is compared with that of fossil equids from Thomson and Burge quarries (Miocene, Nebraska) to determine if paleobiologic and taphonomic signatures are preserved in the 8p offossil teeth. Three distinct patterns of 8p variation are found in modern and fossil jaws. Each pattern can be related to the season of birth. An oxygen isotope mass balance model that incorporates seasonality and nursing offoals during tooth enamel mineralization is used to interpret the 8p pattern along the toothrow. The range of 8p for the same tooth position among "Merychippus" primus jaws from Thomson Quarry is relatively small (2.2%o), and the cheek tooth 8p pattern is similar among individual jaws. This is comparable to a modern living population and consistent with a taphonomic interpretation of catastrophic accumulation for the Thomson "M." primus population. The range of 8p for the same tooth position among Pseudhipparion retrusum jaws from Burge Quarry is larger (4%o), and the cheek tooth 8p patterns are not similar among individual jaws. This is consistent with an attritional accumulation over a long period of time. Such wide ranges in 8p limit application to continental paleoclimate reconstruction because of the low signal to noise ratio. INTRODUCTION
Low-Resolution Determination of the Strength of the 667-cm −1 CO 2 Band*

A different experimental technique involving continuous flow of premixed samples through a 1.25-cm absorption cell was used to determine the strength of the 667-cm−1 region of CO2; a value of 240±20 (atm-cm)STP−1 cm−1 was obtained. Plots of absorption coefficient vs frequency are presented and compared with results of other investigators; the interval over which absorption is significant differs from some recently published results. The contribution of the Q branch to the strength is estimated and compared with theoretical calculations.
A novel rat model for the study of deficits in bone formation in type-2 diabetes.

Background There is evidence to suggest that impairment in bone formation and/or turnover is associated with the metabolic abnormalities characteristic of type2 diabetes mellitus. However, bone regeneration/repair in type-2 diabetes has not been modeled. Using Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats (a model of type-2 diabetes) for tibial distraction osteogenesis (DO), we hypothesized that bone formation within the distraction gap would be impaired.Animals and methods Rats were examined for body weight, glycosuria, and glycosemia to confirm the diabetic condition during the study. The rats received placement of the external fixators and osteotomies on the left tibia. Distraction was initiated the following day at 0.2 mm twice a day and continued for 14 days. The lengthened tibiae were harvested and distraction gaps were examined radiographically and histologically.Results We found significant reduction in new bone formation in the distraction gaps of the ZDF rats, both radiographically and histologically, compar...
Ventral bladder hernia facilitates study of urinary tract infections in rats.

Previous studies have demonstrated that after intravesical inoculation of Escherichia coli, rats drinking 5% glucose-water remained bacteriuric for up to 21 days while rats drinking tap water became abacteriuric within a few days. To facilitate accurate monitoring of bacteriuria, we created a ventral bladder hernia for percutaneous aspiration of urine. After intravesical inoculation with 108 E. coli, rats with ventral bladder hernias demonstrated clearance of bacteria at a rate comparable to that observed in rats with intrapelvic bladders (p 105 colony forming units per ml of urine 9 days after inoculation. The results suggest that this technique does not alter the antibacterial response of control or polyuric rats to E. coli inoculated intravesically.
Water movement through Quercus rubra I. Leaf water potential and conductance during polycyclic growth

Two experiments examined simultaneous changes in leaf area (A L ), root length (L r ), stomatal conductance (g s ), leaf water potential (Ψ L ), transpiration and hydraulic plant conductance per unit leaf area (G) during the first three shoot cycles of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) grown under favourable and controlled conditions. Each shoot cycle consisted of bud swell, stem elongation, leaf expansion and rest; roots grew almost continuously. The g s of all leaves decreased substantially while leaves of the newest flush were expanding and increased modestly when seedling leaf area remained constant. Overall, g s decreased. The Ψ L of mature leaves decreased during leaf expansion and increased by an equivalent amount during intervening periods. Possible explanations for the paired changes in g s and Ψ L are considered. Changes in G closely paralleled those of canopy g s . These parallel changes during polycyclic seedling growth should act to keep seedling Ψ L relatively constant as plant size increases and thereby help prevent Ψ L from dropping to levels that would cause runaway embolism
p38 MAPK as a negative regulator of VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway in serum deprived human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells

Evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mediates neuroprotection to prevent an apoptotic cell death. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is implicated as an important mediator of neuronal apoptosis but its role in VEGF-mediated neuroprotection is unclear. Herein, we show that treatments with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB202190, enhanced VEGF-mediated survival in serum deprived SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells by decreasing caspase-3/7 activation while increasing the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and Akt signaled through the VEGF receptor, VEGFR2. A blockade of VEGFR2 signaling with a selective inhibitor, SU1498 or gene silencing with VEGFR2 siRNA in SB202190 treated cells abrogated this prosurvival response and induced high activation levels of caspase-3/7. These findings suggested that the protection elicited by p38 MAPK inhibition in serum starved cells was dependent on a functional VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway. However, p38 MAPK inhibition attenuated caspase-3 cleavage in SU1498/SB202190 treated cells, indicating that p38 MAPK and caspase-3 only contributed in part to the total levels of caspase-3/7 induced by VEGFR2 inhibition. Pretreatments with the pan caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, prevented the apoptosis induced by VEGFR2 inhibition and promoted survival in serum starved cells irrespective of p38 MAPK inhibition. Collectively, our findings suggest that p38 MAPK exerts a negative effect on VEGF-mediated signaling through VEGFR2 in serum starved neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, VEGF signals protection against a caspase-mediated cell death that is regulated by p38 MAPK-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Quantitative analysis of elements in sediments and soils by X-ray fluorescence

Abstrac~Previous applications of the method of known additions for quantitative X-ray fluorescent analysis have assumed a linear relationship between peak intensity and concentration of the element being analyzed. This assumption is true for soils or sediments containing small amounts of the element in question. In this paper, an equation is derived which takes into account both absorption and enhancement and thus is applicable to samples containing high concentrations of the element. The equation was tested by analyzing an artificial soil sample containing 60% kaolinite and 40% hematite, i.e. the sample contained 28% by weight iron. The fluorescent analysis utilizing the equation derived here resulted in an iron content of 27%. In addition, nine soils from Hawaii were analyzed by this method and the results of these analyses compared with analyses by atomic absorption. The agreement between the two methods is good. It is concluded that the method and equations proposed here provides a reliable measurement of elements in a soil sample which contains high concentrations of the elements in question.
Hot spot trafficking: a theoretical discussion of the potential problems associated with targeted policing and the eradication of sex trafficking in the United States

Throughout the United States, legal professionals and advocates have taken measures to address the access to victims of sex trafficking. A commonly accepted practice has been to advocate for the removal of ‘sex for sale’ advertising in free media such as Craigslist and Backpage. Although this action against the solicitation of prostitution has been celebrated by many advocates and legal professionals, the removal of such advertisements does not directly affect the prevalence of sex trafficking. In fact, displacement theory suggests that the removal of solicitation advertisements and targeted policing forces traffickers to simply advertise elsewhere or become more creative in selling the victims, thereby concealing the act of sex trafficking and making it less identifiable. Although we do not advocate for the maintenance of ‘sex for sale’ advertisements, the process of removing these ads is counterproductive, having little positive impact on the incidence of sex trafficking in the United States. Rather, it...
Intracardiac Catheter Fibrillation Thresholds as a Function of the Duration of 60 Hz Current and Electrode Area

Fibrillation thresholds and their relationship to the duration of 60 Hz current flow, expressed as the number of 60 Hz cycles applied to the heart are described. Results are obtained for catheter surface areas ranging from 0.224 mm2 to 90 mm2. The investigation indicates that the current fibrillation thresholds are exponentially related to the number of 60 Hz cycles allowed to flow and the ratio between the rheobase level and a single cycle of 60 Hz is in excess of 100:1.
Voltage-controlled domain wall traps in ferromagnetic nanowires

A voltage can be used to control traps with pinning strengths exceeding 650 Oe that affect domain wall motion in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets.
The chronic toxicity of methiocarb to grackles, doves, and quail and reproductive effect in quail.

Methiocarb (4-methylthio-3,5-xylylN-methyl carbamate, Mesurol, Bay 37344), a bird repellent, was fed in concentrations of 100 to 1,000 ppm to common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), mourning doves (Zenaida macroura.), and breeding pairs of coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) to investigate the possibility of cumulative intoxication. Although aversion to treated diets was readily apparent in most of the tests, the 28-to 30-day median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined to be >100 ppm for grackles, 630 ppm (95% confidence limits, 480–830 ppm) for doves, and >1,000 ppm for coturnix quail. Methiocarb appeared to be noncumulative when measured by an index of chronicity: birds consumed several LD50 doses during a day's feeding, and when deaths occurred, they appeared to be due to acute intoxication. Egg production and live chick production were not affected in coturnix fed 100 ppm but were reduced at 316 and 1,000 ppm.
Video Streaming over 3G Networks with GOP-Based Priority Scheduling

A bandwidth-efficient video streaming algorithm over the cdma2000 1x EV-DO network using GOP-based priority scheduling is proposed in this work. The proposed algorithm performs an application adaptation by considering the postchannel status to cope with the fluctuating wireless mobile radio channel. The peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) value and the number of buffer underflows at the mobile terminal (MT) are used as performance metrics to indicate the spatial and temporal quality of received video, respectively. It is demonstrated by computer simulation that the proposed priority scheduling algorithm adapts source bit rates of pre-encoded video streams to the bandwidth fluctuation of wireless channels well and yields satisfactory spatial and temporal video quality.
Pulsatile pressure measurements via harmonics-based orthogonal projection of noisy pressure gradients

In the past, several methods based on iterative solution of pressure-Poisson equation have been developed for measurement of pressure from phase-contrast magnetic resonance (PC-MR) data. We have developed a novel non-iterative harmonics-based orthogonal projection method which can keep the pressures measured based on the Navier-Stokes equation independent of the path of integration. The gradient of pressure calculated with Navier-Stokes equation is expanded with a series of orthogonal basis functions, and is subsequently projected onto an integrable subspace. Before the projection step however, a scheme is devised to eliminate the discontinuity at the vessel boundaries. The approach was applied to noise-added velocities obtained for both steady and pulsatile stenotic flows from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and compared with pressures independently obtained by CFD. Additionally, MR velocity data for steady flows measured in in-vitro phantom models with different degree of stenoses and different flow rates were used to test the algorithm and results were compared with CFD simulations.
Reframing risk part II: Methods for improving medical risk communication.

In conveying this risk to Mrs M, Dr Blister should say or do which of the following: A. ‘‘The risk of serious infection after treatment with rituximab is low.’’ B. ‘‘The rate of serious infection after treatment with rituximab is 2.5% to 12%.’’ C. ‘‘25 to 120 of 1000 Patients treated with rituximab acquire a serious infection.’’ D. Construct a graphic depiction of the proportion of patients treated with rituximab who develop a serious infection.
Modeling Turbulent Diffusion and Advection of Indoor Air Contaminants by Markov Chains

Turbulent eddy diffusion models are used to describe a continuous concentration gradient with distance from an in-room contaminant emission source. A refined diffusion model termed the Drivas model also accounts for contaminant reflection by wall surfaces and partially accounts for removal by exhaust air. This article develops two models based on Markov chains to describe indoor air contaminant dispersion by turbulent diffusion and advection, and removal by the exhaust airflow. Markov model I is equivalent to the Drivas model and is computationally simple. Markov model II can provide more realism by accounting for the locations of air inlets and outlets, advective flow patterns, in-room reflective surfaces, and contaminant removal mechanisms at specific room positions. The price paid for this greater realism is greater computational complexity. Both Markov models are explicitly probabilistic and estimate the expected concentration values at given room positions.
The Need and Theoretical Basis for Exploring Wildlife Value Orientations Cross-Culturally

Research in the United States suggests wildlife value orientations are changing as part of a broader shift in values. Specifically, a shift from materialist to post-materialist values occurring wit...
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT The recent, dramatic increase in the flow of foreign direct investment capital into the American manufacturing sector raises the question of how closely the locational pattern of foreign-owned subsidiaries in the U.S. corresponds to the spatial distribution of American domestic firms. Although foreign investors have generally lagged behind the spatial decentralization tendencies of American manufacturers, their most recent locational choices within the U.S. have revealed a strong preference for regions outside the country's traditional manufacturing heartland.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Perfluorocarboxylate Polymers

Perfluorocarboxylate polymers in the carboxylic methyl ester, potassium salt, and carboxylic acid forms have been analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) transmission and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy. Band assignments were made for most of the dominant peaks. An absorbance band ratio, comparing the 555 cm-1 C−F band to the 982 cm-1 C−O−C ether band, was found to be a direct measure of the equivalent weight of the polymers. In addition, the transition from the methyl ester form to the acid form was determined by examining the 2969 cm-1 methyl ester band versus the broad ∼3200 cm-1 acid band. Quantitative expressions are presented to enable the computation of equivalent weight and acid content based on FT-IR thin-film absorbance measurements.
Choline plus cytidine stimulate phospholipid production, and the expression and secretion of amyloid precursor protein in rat PC12 cells.

Abstract The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein anchored in the membrane lipid bilayer. Choline and cytidine are major precursors of cell membranes, and are regulatory elements in membrane biosynthesis. We examined the levels of cellular APP holoprotein and secreted APPs when rat PC12 cells are stimulated to undergo increase in membrane phospholipids by choline+cytidine (2+2, 5+5, 10+10 or 50+50 μM) treatment. We now show that as phospholipids levels are increased by supplemental choline and cytidine treatment, the levels of cell-associated APP also rise stoichiometrically; these treatments also caused major (up to 6.8-fold) increases in the amounts of secreted APP released into the cell medium, and also stimulated increased process formation. These results show that choline plus cytidine increase both phospholipid levels, and the expression and secretion in PC12 cells. It appears that agents that stimulate cellular membrane biosynthesis may be used to stimulate the secretion of neurotrophic APPs and neurite formation in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Chronic administration of a thiol-proteinase inhibitor blocks long-term potentiation of synaptic responses.

It has been proposed that activation of a calcium-sensitive protease (calpain) is a crucial step in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). To test this hypothesis, we used chronic recording techniques to measure the effects of intraventricular infusion of leupeptin, a calpain inhibitor, on LTP in the hippocampus. Rats implanted bilaterally with stimulating electrodes in the Schaffer-commissural system and one recording electrode in the apical dentrites of field CA1 were fitted with osmotic mini-pumps delivering either leupeptin (20 mg/ml) or saline at a rate of 0.5 μl/h into the lateral ventricle. Short bursts of high-frequency stimulation with the bursts delivered at 5/s were used to induce LTP in those animals which had stable responses for several days. Rats in the saline group (n = 11) exhibited an immediate LTP effect that remained in place over successive days of testing, while only 3 of 13 leupeptin treated animals showed evidence of LTP 24 h after high-frequency stimulation, and in only one of those was a sizeable effect recorded over several days. The average change in responses at the 24-h test point was +33% for the controls and +4% for the leupeptin group (P < 0.01). The block of LTP induction was reversible, since high-frequency stimulation applied after disconnecting the pumps led to a robust LTP effect that lasted for several days in 6 of 7 animals tested. There were no detectable differences in baseline responses in the presence and absence of leupeptin.
Interstellar lines in the ultraviolet spectrum of Delta Scorpii.

Interstellar lines arising in carbon, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur observed in the ultraviolet spectrum of zeta Oph by rocket spectrographic techniques were analyzed. Within a factor of 10, the abundances of c(+), neutral 0, and Si(+) outside the H II region surrounding zeta Oph, relative to the hydrogen abundance, are equal to solar values. The lines in neutral C and S(+) imply that the interstellar matter is distributed among several clouds as indicated by high resolution visible spectra. It is suggested that the excited C(+) ions are inside the Stromgren sphere where proton densities equal to or greater than 0.0022 cm can collisionally excite the ions at sufficient rates. Stellar absorption lines of C IV (1548.2, 1550.8A) and N V (1238.8, 1242.8A) were observed shifted to lower wavelengths, indicating stellar mass loss.
Signal transform covariant to scale changes

A unitary signal transformation that is covariant by translation to scale changes (dilations and compressions) in the signal is formulated and justified. Unlike the Mellin transform, which is invariant to scale changes, this new transform is a true indicator of the scale content of a signal