cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model systems for investigating the cancer risk from environmental uranium: Lymphoma cell lines and yeast cells take up uranium from culture media

B87 The long-term objective of the project is to understand the cancer risk posed by environmental uranium species. The purpose of the present study was to test model systems for investigating the biological consequences of uranium interactions with mammalian cells. The project is relevant to concerns within the Navajo Nation that environmental contamination from uranium mining in the 1940s to 1970s has led to cancer disparities. Cancer risks from environmental uranium (i.e., through chronic exposure to contaminated water and airborne soil) would likely be due to the chemistry of the uranium species, rather than to radioactivity. The reason is that the long half-life of the radioactive uranium isotopes, 105 - 109 years, limits the amount of radiation damage that could result from their decay as well as the low exposure concentrations. Increased oxidative stress has previously been proposed as a chemical mechanism of cellular damage and potential genotoxicity following exposure to uranium. In this study, we cultured lymphoma-derived murine cell lines in media containing 0 to 600 μM uranyl acetate or uranyl nitrate. Cell lines with increased resistance to oxidative stress were compared to sensitive cells. Growth rates were measured based on the number of viable cells over time. Uptake of uranium into the cells was assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry measurements of total uranium content in acid-digested cell extracts. Given the genetic tools available for yeast studies, this organism could be valuable for elucidating molecular mechanisms of uranium genotoxicity. Uranium uptake into DNA was investigated by growing yeast cultures in media containing 0 to 600 μM uranyl acetate or uranyl nitrate, extracting and acid-digesting the DNA and using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry to measure total uranium content. These analyses showed that the lymphoma cell lines took up uranium from the media in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest uranium concentrations were found in the oxidative stress resistant cell line. This cell line, however, also had the fastest growth rate. The uranium content found in the DNA extracted from the yeast cells was proportional to the concentration of uranium present in the growth media. We conclude that the lymphoma cell lines and yeast accumulate uranium from their environment and will be useful models for determining mechanisms by which exposure to environmental uranium increases the risk of mammalian cells acquiring cancer-promoting genetic changes. Future questions to be addressed are whether resistance to oxidative stress allows cells to accumulate higher levels of uranium or whether uranium uptake is simply dependent on growth rate, the chemical nature of the interaction of uranium with DNA and whether this interaction leads to DNA mutations.
Phase contrast neutron imaging of mixed phase-amplitude objects

A neutron imaging facility has been set up at the North Carolina State University (NCSU) PULSTAR reactor. Currently, work has started on tailoring the design of the facility to allow the performance of phase contrast neutron radiography. This is an imaging modality that has been extensively applied in X-ray imaging and was demonstrated using neutrons over the past few years. In this case, contrast formation in the image, especially at edges, is enhanced due to phase shifts that take place as the neutron wave passes through regions in the sample that differ in the coherent scattering length density. Usually, the pure phase object approximation is used to formulate the problem, whereas realistic samples represent mixed phase-amplitude objects. In this work, a formulation for mixed phase- amplitude objects with moderate neutron attenuation coefficients and its effect on the neutron image is being presented. Using computational simulations, it is observed that the pure phase object approximation results in over enhancement of edges for a phase-amplitude object, with significant change in the case of neutron imaging depending upon the edge forming material characteristics. The total contrast for the mixed phase-amplitude object is less than the sum of the individual attenuation and phase contrast components. The difference depends on the scalar product of the gradient of the coherent scattering length density and the attenuation coefficient. The presented formulation can aid in predicting the performance characteristics of neutron phase imaging experiments.
Population Genetics and Demography Unite Ecology and Evolution

The interplay of ecology and evolution has been a rich area of research for decades. A surge of interest in this area was catalyzed by the observation that evolution by natural selection can operate at the same contemporary timescales as ecological dynamics. Specifically, recent eco-evolutionary research focuses on how rapid adaptation influences ecology, and vice versa. Evolution by non-adaptive forces also occurs quickly, with ecological consequences, but understanding the full scope of ecology–evolution (eco–evo) interactions requires explicitly addressing population-level processes – genetic and demographic. We show the strong ecological effects of non-adaptive evolutionary forces and, more broadly, the value of population-level research for gaining a mechanistic understanding of eco–evo interactions. The breadth of eco-evolutionary research should expand to incorporate the breadth of evolution itself.
Development of the discourse marker kulentey (‘but, by the way’) in Korean: A diachronic and synchronic perspective

This study examines the diachronic and synchronic development of the discourse marker kulentey (‘but, by the way’). Etymologically, having derived from the sequence of the deictic predicate and the clause-final suffix – nuntey (‘but, in the circumstance that’), kulentey is frequently used as a turn-initiator in spoken discourse. While each source form of kulentey is attested in the earliest text written in Korean (fifteenth century), the form itself is found only in early-twentieth-century texts. The development of kulentey at peripheries shows unique features in terms of discourse functions and prosody. There exists a functional asymmetry between the left and the right peripheral kulentey . Prosodically, LP kulentey forms a salient disjuncture, while the RP kulentey is integrated into the preceding element. Using both written and spoken corpora, this study investigates the emergence and development of kulentey at peripheries, and its interaction with prosody.
From Respondents to Networks: Bridging Between Individuals, Discussants, and the Network in the Study of Political Discussion

Much of our understanding of social influence in individual political behavior stems from representative surveys asking respondents to identify characteristics of a small number of people they talk to most frequently. By focusing only on these few close contacts, we have implicitly assumed that less-intimate associates and features of network structure hold little influence over others’ attitudes and behavior. We test these assumptions with a survey that attempted to interview all students at a small university during a highly-salient municipal election. By focusing on a small, well-defined community, we are able to explore the relationship between individuals, their close associates, and also less-immediate associates. We are also able to explore features of network structure unobtainable in representative samples. We demonstrate that these less-immediate associates and network features have the potential to exert important influence that conventional survey approaches would miss.
Linking lung function to structural damage of alveolar epithelium in ventilator-induced lung injury.

Abstract Understanding how the mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), namely atelectrauma and volutrauma, contribute to the failure of the blood-gas barrier and subsequent intrusion of edematous fluid into the airspace is essential for the design of mechanical ventilation strategies that minimize VILI. We ventilated mice with different combinations of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and linked degradation in lung function measurements to injury of the alveolar epithelium observed via scanning electron microscopy. Ventilating with both high inspiratory plateau pressure and zero PEEP was necessary to cause derangements in lung function as well as visually apparent physical damage to the alveolar epithelium of initially healthy mice. In particular, the epithelial injury was tightly associated with indicators of alveolar collapse. These results support the hypothesis that mechanical damage to the epithelium during VILI is at least partially attributed to atelectrauma-induced damage of alveolar type I epithelial cells.
A View from ORNL: Scientific Data Research Opportunities in the Big Data Age

One of the core issues across computer and computational science today is adapting to, managing, and learning from the influx of "Big Data". In the commercial space, this problem has led to a huge investment in new technologies and capabilities that are well adapted to dealing with the sorts of human-generated logs, videos, texts, and other large-data artifacts that are processed and resulted in an explosion of useful platforms and languages (Hadoop, Spark, Pandas, etc.). However, translating this work from the enterprise space to the computational science and HPC community has proven somewhat difficult, in part because of some of the fundamental differences in type and scale of data and timescales surrounding its generation and use. We describe a forward-looking research and development plan which centers around the concept of making Input/Output (I/O) intelligent for users in the scientific community, whether they are accessing scalable storage or performing in situ workflow tasks. Much of our work is based on our experience with the Adaptable I/O System (ADIOS 1.X), and our next generation version of the software ADIOS 2.X [1].
Financial Illiteracy and Stock Market Participation: Evidence from the RAND American Life Panel

Financially unsophisticated consumers who consistently make sub-optimal financial decisions may suffer lasting consequences for long-term wealth accumulation and welfare. This paper focuses attention on a well-documented area of potentially suboptimal financial decision making: the lack of stock market participation. Using a broad-based assessment of financial literacy administered to a sample of older American respondents in the RAND American Life Panel (ALP), we use a novel strategy for establishing causation between stock-market related financial literacy and stock market participation, using knowledge of other financial topics as instrumental variables. We find that ignorance of stock market investment knowledge significantly reduces propensity to hold stocks. In particular, a decrease of one-standard deviation in the relevant measure suggests a decrease on the order of 10% in participation.
Should Corticosteroids Be Used in Shock

This paper analyzes the available information on the possible mechanisms of corticosteroid action relevant to the correction of shock. Though shock may occur in a number of diseases the pathophysiological common denominator is inadequate tissue perfusion and its metabolic consequences: decreased pH PO2 PCO2 and sodium and increased lactic acid potassium magnesium fatty acids ketone bodies and amino acids. The 4 proposed useful mechanisms of action of corticosteroid for shock treatment are: 1) Corticosteroids are required for normal cardiac function and their cradiovascular effects are both intropic and vascular (i.e. enhance effects of catecholamines and provide an adrenergic blockade); 2) Corticosteroids stabilize membranes enhancing the integrity of capillaries and affecting lysosomal membrane stability; 3) they improve tissue metabolism; and 4) catecholamines may also be useful in terms of their other mechanisms of action which include the prevention of tissue breakdown and direct detoxification of endotoxin. The toxicity and administration of corticosteroids are discussed and it is pointed out that the only benefit from corticosteroids demonstrated in experimental situations occurred when large doses (more than 300 mg some up to 1-2 gm. of hydrocortisone or equivalent) were given at the earliest possible decision point and well before extremis but the authors claim to be in no position to recommend specific agents or dosage regimens for clinical use.
The Inflammatory Response to Acute Viral Infections

The inflammatory response to viral infections is characteristically composed of mononuclear cells. The full development of this response is an immunologically specific event that is dependent on the presence of sensitized T lymphocytes [1–4]. These mononuclear inflammatory cells represent a variety of functional cell types indistinguishable, for the most part, on the basis of conventional morphology. Critical studies of the inflammatory response have, to date, been limited almost exclusively to examination of mice with infections of the central nervous system, lung, or liver with enveloped viruses. Under these circumstances, inflammatory infiltrates at various stages of development are known to consist of T lymphocytes of the helper/delayed-type hypersensitivity (Lyt-1) and cytotoxic/suppressor (Lyt-2) phenotypes, B lymphocytes at various stages of differentiation, natural killer (NK) cells, and monocyte/macrophages. Infections of other organs and/or of other species with different, particularly nonenveloped, viruses may generate inflammatory patterns different from those reviewed here.
Electrochemistry of Thioethers as Models for Biological Electron Transfer

Considering the importance of sulfur in biological systems, it is somewhat surprising that thioethers have only recently received attention from the point of view of their redox chemistry. In terms of biological function, there are perhaps three classes of interactions in which they are involved. The first case involves their role as a part of metal centers in redox-active proteins. Examples include cytochrome c where histidine and methionine comprise the two axial ligands in an iron porphyrin, co-factors in methanogenic bacteria F-420 (S-Ni coordination)1 and in the Type I “Blue Copper” proteins.2 Examples of this latter group include azurin and plastocyanin. In the latter case the immediate coordination around Cu(II) is one cysteine thiolate (S at 2.1 A), two histidine imidazoles (N at 2.05 A and 2.10 A), and a methionine sulfur (at 2.9 A) in a distorted trigonal pyramidal array.
Seizures, periodic and rhythmic patterns in primary intraventricular hemorrhage.

Objective Primary intraventricular hemorrhage (pIVH) uncommonly presents with seizures. There are no prior data regarding the frequency of seizures, periodic and rhythmic patterns on continuous electroencephalography (EEG), (cEEG) in these patients. Methods We retrospectively assessed frequency of seizures, periodic discharges, and rhythmic patterns in pIVH patients undergoing cEEG monitoring. We reviewed indications for cEEG, demographics, GCS at presentation and during cEEG, modified Graeb score (mGS), presence of hydrocephalus, cEEG duration, findings and use of antiseizure medications (ASM). cEEG patterns were classified according to location and morphology. All patterns were considered "hyperexcitable" except GRDA. The ictal-interictal continuum (IIC) was defined as LRDA, PDs, and/or SW >1 Hz but <2.5 Hz, not meeting criteria for definite electrographic seizures. Results Eleven patients had pIVH with median age of 81 (46-87) years and median mGS of 15 (9-23). Hydrocephalus was present in 7 (63.6%) and all underwent external ventricular drain (EVD) placement. Median cEEG recording was 19 (12-156) hours. Periodic or rhythmic EEG patterns were seen in 7 of 11 (64%), 5 of which were "hyperexcitable". For the 5 patients with pIVH, EVDs, and hyperexcitable patterns, 4 (80%) were lateralized contralateral to the EVD and 1 (20%) was generalized to the EVD. The only significant difference between the hyperexcitable and non-hyperexcitable group was duration of cEEG monitoring (P = 0.007). Interpretation Hyperexcitable patterns were common in our cases. Further research is warranted to assess prevalence of hyperexcitable patterns, their risk factors, underlying pathophysiology, and association with neuronal injury in pIVH.
Gene expression profiles in HCT116 and HT29 cells exposed to RTA 502 lead to insights into the mechanism of action

4895 RTA 502 (5-nitro-2-(3-{4-[3-(8-methoxy-6-oxo-6H-2,10b-diaza-aceanthrylen-5-ylamino)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}-propyl)-2-aza-phenalene-1,3-dione) is a synthetic anti-tumor agent with excellent in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity, especially against colon, liver and pancreatic cancer. We probed the DNA expression profiles in two colon cancer cell lines, HCT116 (wt p53) and HT29 (mut p53) that had been exposed to RTA 502 in order to provide information on the mechanism of action of the drug. Biophysical and biochemical studies showed that RTA 502 binds reversibly to DNA in the major groove. Our operational hypothesis is that the drug/ DNA complex interferes with proteins involved in DNA repair and transcription by forming ternary complexes with critical proteins. We have previously reported that sensitive wt p53 cancer cell lines such as colon HCT116 and RKO or hepatoma HepG2 are killed through p53-mediated apoptosis. Cancer cell lines with mutated or null p53 (e.g colon HT29, pancreas ASPC1 or 10.05 and hepatoma Hep3B) are also killed by the drug, which indicates induction of a p53-independent cell death pathways. Gene expression profiles were developed from mRNA isolated from HCT116 and HT29 cells exposed to 100 nM RTA 502 for 4, 24, 48 and 72 h using the Affymetrix 2K array, and all genes altered more than +/- 3-fold were subjected to a bioinformatics analysis utilizing DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery). Drug treatment of HCT116 cells triggers immediate stabilization of p53 protein (as evidenced by Western blots) and subsequent suppression or activation of a great number of p53-controlled genes involved in DNA damage response (e.g. CHK1, RAD54, H2AFX), DNA replication arrest (e.g. CDC6, CDC7, RRM2, MCM 2-7, CDT1, RFC3, PSF2), cell cycle arrest (e.g. CDKN1A, GADD45, BTG1, CDC2, CDC20) and apoptosis (e.g. TP53, TNF, FAS, BAX, CASP8). The changes in gene transcription are time dependent and coincide with changes in corresponding protein levels. RTA 502 treatment of HT29 cells induces slightly different profiles. Thus, more than 20 stress response genes (e.g. TGFB1, IL1R1, MDK, GPX3, MHC) are upregulated but, in contrast to HCT116, these are not p53-regulated genes. We found 37 cell cycle and replication arrest genes (e.g. PML, ORC, MCM 2, 4, 5 and 7, RRM2, CHK1) that were common to both lines, although the level of dysregulation varied. Finally, we found strong up-regulation of 10 genes in HT29 cells that were involved in TNF-dependent apoptosis. The array data support the mechanistic conclusion that RTA 502 affects the expression of cellular stress response genes and induces replication arrest in tumor cells, which eventually leads to the activation of p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis pathways.
How household healthcare expenditures redistribute disposable income? An analysis using Bangladesh household income and expenditure survey, 2010.

Essential healthcare is a civil right. Payments toward healthcare is a moral compulsion, and no less strong than legal compulsion like income tax. Healthcare payments can redistribute disposable income. Redistribution may be vertical (from rich to poor or opposite) and horizontal (from men to women or from households without children to households with children). Health planners are interested in degrees to which redistribution occurs. In this paper, we aim to analyze how well different forms of healthcare payments in Bangladesh redistribute disposable income. Our data comes from Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2010. Using the methods developed by Aronson et al. (1994), we assessed average rate effect, progressivity, horizontal equity and re-ranking. The results suggest that Bangladesh health systems finance has a pro-rich redistribution of disposable income. Post-payment disposable income decreases for the poor and increases for the rich. As a result, the poor are in a shortfall in disposable income, which ultimately get them to impoverishment, and or push them to deeper poverty. On the contrary, the rich become richer due to increase in post-payment disposable income. This leads to an increase in inequality.
Perceptions of alcohol misuse among Alaska native health care system stakeholders: A qualitative exploration.

Although alcohol misuse is a priority for health care systems serving Alaska Native and American Indian (ANAI) people, stakeholders’ perceptions of misuse are understudied. Patients (n = 34), provi...
Spectra and structure of organophosphorus compounds: XLIX. Microwave, infrared, and Raman spectra, electric dipole moment, molecular structure, and ab initio calculations of dimethylphosphonothioic fluoride

The microwave spectra of (CH3)2PSF, (CH3)(CD3)PSF, (CD3)2PSF, and (CH3)2P34SF have been investigated from 20.0 to 40.0 GHz. Botha-type R branch andc-type Q branch transitions have been measured in the ground states of each isotopic species. From a least-square adjustment to fit 12 rotational constants, the following structural parameters were obtained:r(P−F)=1.582 ± 0.003 A;r(P=S)=1.902 ± 0.001 A;r(P-C)=1.800 ± 0.001 A;r(C-H)=1.088 ± 0.002 A; ∢HCP=109.28 ± 0.12°; ∢SPF=114.50 ± 0.13°; and SPC=116.33 ± 0.06°. From Stark effect measurements, the dipole moment components have been determined to be ¦μ a ¦ =3.556 ± 0.005; ¦μ c ¦=2.026 ± 0.009; and ¦μ t ¦=4.093 ± 0.009 (D). The Raman spectra (3200 to 100 cm−1) of each isotopic species have been measured for the solid, and liquid and qualitative depolarization values obtained. Additionally, the mid-infrared spectra (3200 to 500 cm−1) of the solids have been recorded. Proposed assignments of the normal modes have been made on the basis of Raman depolarization values and group frequencies which are supported by normal coordinate analysis utilizing an ab initio force field. Optimized structural parameters have been obtained with both the 3-21G* and 6-31G* basis sets. These results are compared to the corresponding quantities for several similar molecules.
Inositol phosphates and core subunits of the Sin3L/Rpd3L histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex up-regulate deacetylase activity.

The constitutively nuclear histone deacetylases (HDACs) 1, 2, and 3 erase acetyl marks on acetyllysine residues, alter the landscape of histone modifications, and modulate chromatin structure and dynamics and thereby crucially regulate gene transcription in higher eukaryotes. Nuclear HDACs exist as at least six giant multiprotein complexes whose nonenzymatic subunits confer genome targeting specificity for these enzymes. The deacetylase activity of HDACs has been shown previously to be enhanced by inositol phosphates, which also bridge the catalytic domain in protein–protein interactions with SANT (Swi3, Ada2, N-Cor, and TFIIIB) domains in all HDAC complexes except those that contain the Sin3 transcriptional corepressors. Here, using purified recombinant proteins, coimmunoprecipitation and HDAC assays, and pulldown and NMR experiments, we show that HDAC1/2 deacetylase activity in one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved Sin3L/Rpd3L complexes is inducibly up-regulated by inositol phosphates but involves interactions with a zinc finger motif in the Sin3-associated protein 30 (SAP30) subunit that is structurally unrelated to SANT domains, indicating convergent evolution at the functional level. This implies that this mode of regulation has evolved independently multiple times and provides an evolutionary advantage. We also found that constitutive association with another core subunit, Rb-binding protein 4 chromatin-binding factor (RBBP4), further enhances deacetylase activity, implying both inducible and constitutive regulatory mechanisms within the same HDAC complex. Our results indicate that inositol phosphates stimulate HDAC activity and that the SAP30 zinc finger motif performs roles similar to that of the unrelated SANT domain in promoting the SAP30–HDAC1 interaction and enhancing HDAC activity.
Switching to Tenofovir Alafenamide in Elvitegravir-Based Regimens: Pharmacokinetics and Antiviral Activity in Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Background Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) co-formulated with elvitegravir (EVG; E), cobicistat (C), and emtricitabine (F), a recommended antiretroviral regimen, was evaluated for distribution and antiviral activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as neurocognitive (NC) performance change in participants switching from E/C/F/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to E/C/F/TAF. Methods This was a 24-week, single-arm, open-label study in treatment-experienced adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nine participants switched from E/C/F/TDF (150/150/200/300 mg once daily) to E/C/F/TAF (150/150/200/10 mg once daily) at week 12. CSF and total plasma concentrations of EVG, TDF, TAF, tenofovir (TFV), and HIV RNA levels were measured at baseline and week 24. NC performance was estimated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Results EVG concentrations in CSF and the CSF:plasma ratio remained stable (P = .203) over time. Following the switch, TFV concentrations in CSF and plasma declined (P = .004), although the TFV CSF:plasma ratio increased (P = .004). At week 24, median TAF plasma concentration was 11.05 ng/mL (range, 2.84-147.1 ng/mL) 2 hours postdose but was below assay sensitivity 6 hours after dosing. TAF was below assay sensitivity in all CSF specimens. HIV RNA was ≤40 copies/mL in all CSF and plasma specimens. Three participants (33%) had NC impairment at baseline and 2 (22%) remained impaired at week 24. Conclusions Switch to E/C/F/TAF was associated with reductions in TFV concentrations in CSF but stable EVG concentrations that exceeded the 50% inhibitory concentration for wild-type HIV, suggesting that EVG achieves therapeutic concentrations in the central nervous system. No virologic failure or significant NC changes were detected following the switch. Clinical trials registration NCT02251236.
The Politics of Emotions and Spectacles: The Case of the Turkish Language Olympiads

This article examines the Turkish Language Olympiads as a political-performative strategy that the Muslim nationalists used to communicate their ideology. I argue that to understand the rise of Muslim nationalism, we also need to understand how emotional appeal is created through spectacles like the Turkish Olympiads. The spectacle was effective in boosting people’s sense of national pride and self-confidence by resolving two important tensions of Kemalist nationalism. First, it addressed the tension between Westernization and nationalization. Depicting an image of Turkish national culture that is appreciated and imitated by foreigners, it contested the imitative, Westernist character of Kemalist nationalism. Second, recasting the outside world as friendly to Turks, even Turkophile, it challenged Kemalist nationalism’s emphasis on external threats. Turkish-speaking and -acting foreigners communicated a message of nationalist self-empowerment and confidence, calling into question people’s sense of fear and distrust of the outside world. How Muslim nationalism was promoted, particularly the performative-symbolic strategies that were used, are important to understand because of their emotional resonance and potential for mass mobilization.
A Novel Technique for Ice Water Immersion in Severe Drug-Induced Hyperthermia in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Methamphetamine can cause life-threatening hyperthermia and treatment must be aggressive and rapid. There are multiple methods of cooling, with cold-water immersion being one of the most effective treatment options. However, this method is technically difficult to institute in the emergency department setting. Case Report We report 2 patients who presented with life-threatening hyperthermia from methamphetamine and were treated in the emergency department with a novel technique of using a body bag filled with ice water to perform rapid cooling. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? This method of cooling is a safe, rapid, and efficacious method for emergency physicians to perform cold water immersion in the department.
The Impact of the Opioid Crisis on Neonates, Children, and Adolescents

Although the opioid crisis began nearly three decades ago, it is only in recent years that we have begun to understand how the pediatric community has been affected by what remains a growing public health problem in the United States for Americans across the lifespan. The increased use of prescription and illicit opioids among women of child-bearing age has resulted in a three-fold increase in recent years in neonatal abstinence syndrome, a condition primarily affecting newborns exposed in utero to opioids. Moreover, millions of children and adolescents are now routinely exposed in their homes and communities to prescription and illicit opioids, which have taken a significant toll on the health and well-being of the pediatric community. For toddlers, school-aged children, and adolescents, calls to poison control centers and emergency department visits for opioid ingestions and overdose have increased markedly over the past two decades.
The Histone Methyltransferase Setd8 Alters the Chromatin Landscape and Regulates the Expression of Key Transcription Factors During Erythroid Differentiation

SETD8 is the sole methyltransferase capable of mono-methylating histone H4, lysine 20. SETD8 and H4K20me1 play a role in a number of essential biologic processes, including cell cycle progression, establishment of higher order chromatin structure, and transcriptional regulation. SETD8 is highly expressed in erythroid cells and erythroid deletion of Setd8 is embryonic lethal by embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) due to profound anemia, suggesting that it has an erythroid-specific function. The function of SETD8 in the hemopoietic system is poorly understood. The goal of our study was to gain insights into the function of SETD8 during erythroid differentiation. We performed ATAC-seq (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin) on sorted populations of E10.5 Setd8 mutant and control erythroblasts. Accessibility profiles were integrated with expression changes and a mark of heterochromatin (H3K27me3) performed in wild-type E10.5 erythroblasts to further understand the role of SETD8 in erythropoiesis. Data integration identified regions of greater chromatin accessibility in Setd8 mutant cells that co-located with H3K27me3 in wild-type E10.5 erythroblasts suggesting that these regions, and their associated genes, are repressed during normal erythropoiesis. The majority of these more accessible regions were located in promoters and they frequently co-located with the NFY complex. Pathway analysis of genes identified through data integration revealed stemness-related pathways. Among those genes were multiple transcriptional regulators active in multipotent progenitors, but repressed during erythroid differentiation including Hhex, Hlx, and Gata2. Consistent with a role for SETD8 in erythroid specification, SETD8 expression is up-regulated upon erythroid commitment, and Setd8 disruption impairs erythroid colony forming ability. Taken together, our results suggest that SETD8 is an important regulator of the chromatin landscape during erythroid differentiation, particularly at promoters. Our results also identify a novel role for Setd8 in the establishment of appropriate patterns of lineage-restricted gene expression during erythroid differentiation.
Large Viable Fat Nodules, Months Post-Transfer, inside Radiated Breast Implant Pocket: A Case Report.

The cell survival theory and the cell replacement theory contribute to the current thinking regarding free adipose graft persistence after transplantation and influence the principles applied to autologous fat transfer procedures. Both theories necessitate the reestablishment of circulation for graft survival. To minimize ischemic death, according to Khouri, fat grafts should be injected with at most 1.6-mm-wide ribbons to optimize the graft-to-recipient interface for oxygen diffusion and neovascularization. The graft is eventually incorporated into the surrounding tissue. We present a curious intraoperative finding, in a 51-year-old woman 2.5 months post-grafting for failed implant reconstruction after radiation. Several large, well-circumscribed, clearly viable adipose tissue nodules, up to 2 cm in diameter, were present inside the capsule. These were so loosely attached to the capsule of the breast pocket that a mere gentle hand sweep and irrigation after opening the cavity caused them to dislodge and float to the surface of the irrigation fluid. This finding begs additional questions about the current understanding of the mechanisms of tissue viability after grafting. It raises the clinical possibility that larger aliquots of transferred fat can be viable than previously perceived.
A new dominant party in India? Putting the 2019 BJP victory into comparative and historical perspective

The 2019 Indian national election delivered a convincing victory to the BJP and, along with it, prognostications of future BJP election wins. The BJP’s victory was certainly impressive, but does it...
A Review of the Effects of the Violence Against Women Act on Law Enforcement

One of the goals of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was to improve law enforcement responses to sexual and domestic violence by providing funding to expand prevention, enhance investigations, and increase victim services. Since VAWA's enactment, police responses to these crimes have evolved, including officer responses to victims and offenders, and various agency operations. This article highlights some noteworthy changes in law enforcement related to facilitating victim reporting, enhancing victim advocacy and services, crime reduction and investigative tools, supplementing personnel and training, and encouraging multiagency collaborations as a result of VAWA.
Lower Trabecular Bone Score and Spine Bone Mineral Density Are Associated With Bone Stress Injuries and Triad Risk Factors in Collegiate Athletes

INTRODUCTION Determinants of bone health and injury are important to identify in athletes. Bone mineral density (BMD) is commonly measured in athletes with Female Athlete Triad (Triad) risk factors; the trabecular bone score (TBS) has been proposed to predict fracture risk independent of BMD. Evaluation of TBS and spine BMD in relation bone stress injury (BSI) risk has not been studied in female collegiate athletes. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that spine BMD and TBS would each independently predict BSI and that the combined measures would improve injury prediction in female collegiate athletes. We also hypothesized that each measure would be correlated with Triad risk factors. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. SETTING Academic Institution. METHODS Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine was used to calculate BMD and TBS values. Chart review was used to identify BSI that occurred after the DXA measurement and to obtain Triad risk factors. We used logistic regression to examine the ability of TBS and BMD alone or in combination to predict prospective BSI. RESULTS Within 321 athletes, 29 (9.0%) sustained a BSI after DXA. BMD and TBS were highly correlated (Pearson correlation r = 0.62, P < .0001). Spine BMD and TBS had similar ability to predict BSI; the C-statistic and 95% confidence intervals were 0.69 (0.58 to 0.81) for spine BMD versus 0.68 (0.57 to 0.79) for TBS. No improvement in discrimination was observed with combined BMD + TBS (C-statistic 0.70, 0.59 to 0.81). Both TBS and BMD predicted trabecular-rich BSI (defined as pelvis, femoral neck, and calcaneus) better than cortical-rich BSI. Both measures had similar correlations with Triad risk factors. CONCLUSION Lower BMD and TBS values are associated with elevated risk for BSI and similar correlation to Triad risk factors. TBS does not improve prediction of BSI. Collectively, our findings suggest that BMD may be a sufficient measure of skeletal integrity from DXA in female collegiate athletes.
Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes Syndrome Presenting With Anton-Babinski Syndrome and Concurrent Occipital Lobe Seizures.

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is a complex group of disorders with multisystem involvement that have a wide range of biochemical and genetic defects. The earliest symptoms of MELAS typically include easy fatigability, muscle weakness, encephalopathy with stroke-like episodes, recurrent headaches and seizures. The pathogenesis of stroke-like episodes manifesting as focal deficits like acute cortical blindness is not fully understood. We present an eight-year-old, right-handed boy with MELAS confirmed by the presence of pathogenic missense variant mutation (mt.3243A>G) presenting with acute intermittent reversible episodes of cortical blindness and Anton-Babinski Syndrome secondary to concurrent occipital lobe seizures captured during video electroencephalography (V-EEG) monitoring, in addition to the neuro-imaging which was not consistent with acute ischemic stroke. This case highlights the importance of the V-EEG monitoring besides clinical testing and radiographic correlation during acute cortical blindness episodes in MELAS as occipital lobe seizures could be a part of the symptomatology.
Notch Sensitivity of AlSi10Mg Aluminum Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process

Stress gradient influence factors and fatigue notch factors were measured for the AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) processing with respect to different stress gradients (notch geometries). Modeling the stress gradient is critical for accurate fatigue life estimations for parts containing notches or fillets. Uniaxial fatigue tests were performed to obtain the fatigue strengths at R = −1 for notched and unotched specimens. The fatigue results were then used to calibrate the stress gradient influence factor model for fatigue life estimation. Due to the small grain size produced by the L-PBF process, the stress gradient influence factor is much lower compared to the cast A319-T7 alloy (at 120 °C) at the same stress gradient.
American Party Women Redux: Stability in Partisan Gender Gaps

Recent research in American politics demonstrates that despite gender-based partisan sorting, gender gaps in policy preferences persist within political parties—particularly among Republicans. Republican women report significantly more moderate views than their male counterparts across a range of policy areas. These gaps are largely attributable to gender differences in beliefs about the appropriate scope of government and attitudes toward gender-based inequality. Arguably, gender has become a more salient feature of American elections in recent years, and this heightened salience raises questions about whether these within-party gender gaps are stable over time or vary across campaign contexts. We use survey data from the 2012 and 2016 American National Election Study to evaluate whether gender gaps in policy preferences are stable across elections or if the 2016 election context affected the magnitude of gender differences in policy preferences. We find that gender gaps in policy preferences within political parties are fairly stable across the two electoral periods.
Movement Pattern Histogram for Action Recognition and Retrieval

We present a novel action representation based on encoding the global temporal movement of an action. We represent an action as a set of movement pattern histograms that encode the global temporal dynamics of an action. Our key observation is that temporal dynamics of an action are robust to variations in appearance and viewpoint changes, making it useful for action recognition and retrieval. We pose the problem of computing similarity between action representations as a maximum matching problem in a bipartite graph. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for cross-view action recognition on the IXMAS dataset. We also show how our representation complements existing bag-of-features representations on the UCF50 dataset. Finally we show the power of our representation for action retrieval on a new real-world dataset containing repetitive motor movements emitted by children with autism in an unconstrained classroom setting.
An Attributional Theory of Behavior

In this chapter an attributional theory of motivation is presented. This theory adheres to the expectancy-value framework adopted by Lewin, Atkinson, and Rotter and highlights the effects of attributions on the expectancy of goal attainment, affective responses, and interpersonal evaluation. Thus, although the attributional approach to motivation is contained with Section III of this book (mastery and growth theories), it also could have been included in Section II with other expectancy-value conceptions.
Nonequilibrium phonon dynamics in LaF3:Pr3+

Abstract The presence of low-lying optical modes in LaF 3 can introduce additional decay processes which cause the frequency dependence of the phonon relaxation rate to deviate from the ω 5 dependence predicted by the isotropic dispersionless model. In this paper we investigate the frequency dependence of the phonon relaxation rate in LaF 3 :Pr 3+ over a wide range of frequencies using a combination of defect-induced one-phonon absorption and absorption vibronic sideband spectroscopy. For comparison with our experimental results, we calculate the phonon relaxation rates for a system with low-lying optical modes. In our model, we consider that both the dispersion curves and the three-phonon coupling constants are isotropic.
Basic Skills and Concepts Having Application to Transmission Lines

This chapter contains sections titled: Units and Unit Conversion Waves, Time Delay, Phase Shift, Wavelength, and Electrical Dimensions The Time Domain vs. the Frequency Domain The Basic Transmission-Line Problem Problems
The Tracking Index for Continuous Target Trackers

An optimal filtering solution is presented for the continuous time target tracking problem. The Tracking Index (the target maneuverability to the sensor measurement uncertainty ratio) is found to have fundamental role in the optimal steady-state solution. The Tracking Index solution yields a closed form, consistent set of tracking gains, relationships, and performances. The resulting continuous time stochastic regulators are termed ? c -s c or ? c -s c -? c target trackers (depending on the tracking order) [15]. For discrete time measurement, the discrete target trackers are defined based on the discrete Tracking Index [10]; however, the process presented in this paper deals with specific models of target maneuvers: velocity, acceleration and jerk. The Tracking Index is dependent on fundamental characteristics of the tracking problem: the track period, measurement noise, target maneuverability and tracker order.
Are at least 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy needed for all patients with drug-eluting stents? All patients with drug-eluting stents need at least 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a principal source of morbidity and mortality among adults in both the developed world and the developing world.1 Despite important advances in medical therapy for CAD, revascularization is frequently necessary. Currently, nearly 2 million percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are performed in the United States and Europe, and >90% of them entail the deployment of at least 1 coronary stent.2 The introduction of metallic coronary stents (bare metal stents [BMS]) 2 decades ago resulted in a significant reduction in the immediate and long-term complications of PCI, particularly dissections, abrupt vessel closure, and need for repeat target lesion or target vessel revascularization. Abrupt vessel closure was essentially eliminated by stents.3 The incidence of target lesion and target vessel revascularization was halved from ≈20% to 25% at 1 year to 10% to 15%. Stents became further refined a decade ago by the addition of eluting antiproliferative agents embedded in durable or resorbable biopolymers (drug-eluting stents [DES]).4–6 This innovation further reduced the need for target vessel or target lesion revascularization to the single-digit range. Response by Becker and Helmy on p 2009 The persisting weaknesses of coronary stents, the propensity to provoke stent thrombosis (ST) and late neoatherosclerosis, were not modified by the introduction of DES. In fact, a sentinel report in 2004 indicated that first-generation DES are prone to late (1–12 months) and very late (>12 months) ST because of their inherent delayed endothelialization.7 Intensive research into the causes and predictors of this phenomenon resulted in the current recommendations of the various professional societies to treat patients after DES implantation with 6 to 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) consisting of aspirin and an ADP (P2Y12) receptor antagonist. This article reviews the evidence supporting the continuation of DAPT for …
Wire-like charge transport at near constant bridge energy through fluorene oligomers.

The study of photoinitiated electron transfer in donor–bridge–acceptor molecules has helped elucidate the distance dependence of electron transfer rates and behavior of various electron transfer mechanisms. In all reported cases, the energies of the bridge electronic states involved in the electron transfer change dramatically as the length of the bridge is varied. We report here, in contrast, an instance in which the length of the bridge, and therefore the distance over which the electron is transferred, can be varied without significantly changing the energies of the relevant bridge states. A series of donor–bridge–acceptor molecules having phenothiazine (PTZ) donors, 2,7-oligofluorene (FLn) bridges, and perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) acceptors was studied. Photoexcitation of PDI to its lowest excited singlet state results in oxidation of PTZ via the FLn bridge. In toluene, the rate constants for both charge separation and recombination as well as the energy levels of the relevant bridge states for n = 1–4 are only weakly distance dependent. After the initial photo-generation of 1(PTZ+·–FLn–PDI-·), radical pair intersystem crossing results in formation of 3(PTZ+·–FLn–PDI-·) that recombines to give 3*PDI. The dependence of the 3*PDI yield on an applied magnetic field shows a resonance, which gives the singlet–triplet splitting, 2J, of the radical ion pair. The magnitude of 2J directly monitors the contribution of coherent charge transfer (superexchange) to the overall electron transfer rate. These data show that charge recombination through FLn is dominated by incoherent hopping at long distances.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

The sections in this article are 1 Origin 2 Process 3 Automation 4 Evaluation 5 Standards