cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracking anomalous community memberships in time-varying networks

Most real-world networks exhibit community structure, a phenomenon characterized by existence of node clusters whose intra-edge connectivity is stronger than edge connectivities between nodes belonging to different clusters. In addition to facilitating a better understanding of network behavior, community detection finds many practical applications in diverse settings. Communities in online social networks are indicative of shared functional roles, or affiliation to a common socio-economic status, the knowledge of which is vital for targeted advertisement. In buyer-seller networks, community detection facilitates better product recommendations. Unfortunately, reliability of community assignments is hindered by anomalous user behavior often observed as unfair self-promotion, or "fake" highly-connected accounts created to promote fraud. The present paper advocates a novel approach for jointly tracking communities while detecting such anomalous nodes in time-varying networks. By postulating edge creation as the result of mutual community participation by node pairs, a dynamic factor model with anomalous memberships captured through a sparse outlier matrix is put forth. Formulated as a time-varying, outlier-aware, non-negative matrix factorization problem, an efficient tracking algorithm is developed. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated on synthetic network time series generated using the stochastic block model.
Effects of birth weight on later intelligence.

Abstract Identical twins are used to show the long‐term effects of birth weight when genetic and many environmental factors are controlled. Female twins between the ages of 6 and 10 are evaluated for performance IQ and other measures of activity. No relationship was found between any of these measures and birth weight except for IQ. The heavier cotwin had the higher IQ score even when the birth weight of each twin was above 2,500 grams. Birth order was not associated with intelligence within the twin pairs.
The relationship among deficiency needs and growth needs: An empirical investigation of Maslow's theory

Abstract Maslow's (1954) influential theory suggests that children's ability to be motivated by “growth needs” (e.g., academic achievement) first requires satisfaction of “deficiency needs” (e.g., safety needs, love/belonging needs). Given the vast number of children experiencing deficiency needs, a better understanding of these relationships can serve as a prerequisite for establishing conditions that maximize learning outcomes. In this study, we examined Maslow's model by testing the relationship between deficiency needs variables and growth needs variables. Our sample was comprised of 390 economically disadvantaged students attending more than 40 schools in a Midwestern state in the U.S. Deficiency needs were measured using factors derived from a parent survey and growth needs were measured using factors derived from a parent survey and results from an individually-administered norm-referenced achievement test. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between a set of two deficiency needs variables (i.e., safety needs and love/belonging needs) and four academic achievement outcome variables. All four regression models were significant, revealing a positive relationship between deficiency needs and growth needs. The factor most significantly related to achievement outcomes was access to health and dental care (a safety need). Implications for research and practice are discussed.
DISRUPTION OF BCR-ABL COILED-COIL OLIGOMERIZATION BY DESIGN*

Oligomerization is an important regulatory mechanism for many proteins, including oncoproteins and other pathogenic proteins. The oncoprotein Bcr-Abl relies on oligomerization via its coiled coil domain for its kinase activity, suggesting that a designed coiled coil domain with enhanced binding to Bcr-Abl and reduced self-oligomerization would be therapeutically useful. Key mutations in the coiled coil domain of Bcr-Abl were identified that reduce homo-oligomerization through intermolecular charge-charge repulsion yet increase interaction with the Bcr-Abl coiled coil through additional salt bridges, resulting in an enhanced ability to disrupt the oligomeric state of Bcr-Abl. The mutations were modeled computationally to optimize the design. Assays performed in vitro confirmed the validity and functionality of the optimal mutations, which were found to exhibit reduced homo-oligomerization and increased binding to the Bcr-Abl coiled coil domain. Introduction of the mutant coiled coil into K562 cells resulted in decreased phosphorylation of Bcr-Abl, reduced cell proliferation, and increased caspase-3/7 activity and DNA segmentation. Importantly, the mutant coiled coil domain was more efficacious than the wild type in all experiments performed. The improved inhibition of Bcr-Abl through oligomeric disruption resulting from this modified coiled coil domain represents a viable alternative to small molecule inhibitors for therapeutic intervention.
Education: Understanding, Ethics, and the Call of Justice

Education is interpreted as something basic to our humanity. As part of our primordial way of being human, education is intrinsic to the understanding’s functioning. At the same time education involves an originary ethical relation to the other, unsettling the self-directed character of the striving to live. And because of its social setting, the call of many others, education orients one to the social, to the call of justice.
Research on Static Game Theory Based Secure Routing Algorithm in WSN

In deep research and analysis on WSN security routing protocols and according to the rational development trend of the sensor nodes, this paper proposes a new WSN security routing protocol based on the theory of the static game—GBR. GBR describes the interactions in a static game model using rational characteristics of nodes. When selecting the forwarding node, neighboring nodes decide whether to participate in forwarding data through game, and prevent the destruction of malicious nodes by calculating the utility function. They control and adjust the game process and results through incentive mechanism. GBR (Game theory Based Routing algorithm) reduces packet loss rate by the above mechanisms and strategies and effectively controls the self-ish behavior of nodes. In addition, GBR pursues security routing and makes design and improvement in the energy conservation, which considers node security and regards the energy of the nodes as an importing reference index, in order to balance the network energy consumption.
Disposition and nephrotoxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene.

Abstract Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) administration to rats results in impaired kidney function. The time course of nephrotoxicity and disposition of HCBD were examined. Within 4 h after HCBD (300 mg/kg, i.p.) compromised kidney function was found as decreased urine osmolality, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and drug excretion. At 24 h elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was found. However, no definitive signs of hepatotoxicity were observed up to 48 h after HCBD. Control rats excreted 40% of tracer dose (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) of [ 14 C]HCBD in feces and 30% in urine in 48 h. Rats with HCBD-induced nephrotoxicity excreted much less, 7% in feces and 6% in urine. Aliquots of these samples were extracted with hexane. All of 14 C in bile and 87% of that in urine was water soluble, indicating that HCBD was biotransformed into polar metabolites.
Flow and geochemistry of groundwater beneath a back-barrier lagoon: The subterranean estuary at Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, USA

To better understand large-scale interactions between fresh and saline groundwater beneath an Atlantic coastal estuary, an offshore drilling and sampling study was performed in a large barrier-bounded lagoon, Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, USA. Groundwater that was significantly fresher than overlying bay water was found in shallow plumes up to 8 m thick extending more than 1700 m offshore. Groundwater saltier than bay surface water was found locally beneath the lagoon and the barrier island, indicating recharge by saline water concentrated by evaporation prior to infiltration. Steep salinity and nutrient gradients occur within a few meters of the sediment surface in most locations studied, with buried peats and estuarine muds acting as confining units. Groundwater ages were generally more than 50 years in both fresh and brackish waters as deep as 23 m below the bay bottom. Water chemistry and isotopic data indicate that freshened plumes beneath the estuary are mixtures of water originally recharged on land and varying amounts of estuarine surface water that circulated through the bay floor, possibly at some distance from the sampling location. Ammonium is the dominant fixed nitrogen species in saline groundwater beneath the estuary at the locations sampled. Isotopic and dissolved-gas data from one location indicate that denitrification within the subsurface flow system removed terrestrial nitrate from fresh groundwater prior to discharge along the western side of the estuary. Similar situations, with one or more shallow semi-confined flow systems where groundwater geochemistry is strongly influenced by circulation of surface estuary water through organic-rich sediments, may be common on the Atlantic margin and elsewhere.
Trehalose accumulation in stalk and spore cells of Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract Single-celled myxamoebae undergo differentiation into either stalk cells or spore cells during a 24-hr period in Dictyostelium discoideum. This study employed ultramicrochemical techniques and enzymatic cycling to assess the presence of cell-specific events in spore and stalk cells. Freeze-dried sections of one organism were assayed in 0.1 μl of reaction mixture. This method was used to determine the extent of localization of trehalose in spore cells and stalk cells during development. Trehalose was low in the early stages of differentiation to about 20 hr when the level started to increase. In developing spore cells, the trehalose level increased sixfold during the last 5 hr of development. Likewise, the entire stalk contained trehalose when the stalk was first formed. At mature sorocarp, trehalose levels were the same in spores and the apex of the stalk. There was a decreasing gradient of trehalose down the stalk. The bottom one-fourth of the stalk was devoid of this disaccharide. Therefore, trehalose was degraded from an area of the stalk where it was localized earlier in development. The results of this investigation negate the assumption that trehalose is never present in the stalk. Although trehalose was found in spore cells, prestalk cells also contained high trehalose levels. The stalk cell-specific trehalose was not retained during differentiation, however, but was apparently degraded in the mature stalk cell.
Morphology of shell formation in eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens

Shells from eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens were examined during different stages of development with light and scanning electron microscopy. Prior to initiation of the calcareous layer, organic spheres or cores appear on the outer surface of the shell membrane. Presumably, these cores nucleate deposition of the mineral layer of the eggshell. Growing shell units of the mineral layer are rounded and nodular in shape, crystallites of adjacent shell units do not interlock, and numerous spaces occur between shell units. As growth continues, most of the spaces between shell units are obliterated, and shell units become more elongate in form. The calcareous layer of partially shelled eggs resembles the calcareous layer of flexible-shelled eggs of emydids and chelydrids. Eggshells assume the morphology typical of rigidshelled chelonian eggs only at an advanced stage of shell formation. These observations indicate that rigid and flexible eggshells may form by fundamentally similar mechanisms, with length of shell growth being the primary determinant of whether shells are flexible or rigid.
Purification and isoelectric heterogeneity of chicken tyrosinase

Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) was purified from regenerating chicken feathers. Most of the enzyme activity was in the insoluble fraction, which was solubilized with 0.5% sodium cholate. Solubilized tyrosinase showed multiple forms on isoelectric focusing. The isoelectric points had the following pI values: 5.06, 4.83, 4.68, 4.56, 4.44, 4.32, 4.24, 4.14, 4.06 and 3.97. This tyrosinase fraction was subjected to trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) cleavage, Sephacryl S-200, hydroxylapatite and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Purified enzymatically active tyrosinase also showed multiple forms. Their isoelectric points were: 4.23, 4.14, 4.06, 3.99 and 3.91. Each active form had almost the same molecular weight, estimated at 66 000. Staining for 1,2-diol groups of glycoproteins and neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) treatment suggested that chicken tyrosinase is a glycoprotein. The enzyme showed both dopa(L-3,4-dihydroxylphenylalanine) oxidase activity and tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
Continuity corrected approximations for and ‘exact’ inference with Pearson's X2

Abstract The classical adjustments for the inadequacy of the asymptotic distribution of Pearson's X 2 statistic, when some cells are sparse or the cell expectations are small, use continuity corrections and exact moments; the recent approach is to use computer based ‘exact inference’. In this paper we observe that the original exact test due to Freeman and Halton ( Biometrika 38 (1951), 141–149) and its computer implementation are theoretically unsound. Furthermore, the corrected algorithmic version for the exact p-value in StatXact is practically useful in very few cases, and the results of its present version which includes Monte Carlo estimates can be highly variable. We then derive asymptotic expansions for the moments of the null distribution of Pearson's X 2 , introduce a new method of correcting for discreteness and finite range of Pearson's X 2 as an alternative to the classical continuity correction, and use them to construct new and improved approximations for the null distribution. We also offer diagnostic criteria applicable to the tables for selecting an appropriate approximation. The exact methods and the competing approximations are studied and compared using thirteen test cases from the literature. It is concluded that the accuracy of the appropriate approximation is comparable with the truly exact method whenever it is available. The use of approximations is therefore preferable if the truly exact computer intensive solutions are unavailable or infeasible.
An indium:calcium phosphate colloid that specifically targets fibrin

The ability of indium to target fibrin in vitro was evaluated. The radionuclide 114mIndium (114mIn) was prepared as a soluble and colloidal (In:In) form, as well as, a mixed indium:calcium phosphate (In:CaP) colloid. Soluble 114mIn was prepared by maintaining acid pH (50 mM HCl). Colloidal 114mIn (In:In) was prepared under slightly basic conditions (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.6). The mixed In:CaP colloid was prepared by incubation of 114mIn with calcium (10 mM) and phosphate (250 μM) under slightly basic conditions (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.6). To assess fibrin binding, the three 114mIn preparations were mixed with diluted human plasma (source of fibrinogen). Fibrin polymerization was initiated by addition of calcium (5 mM) and thrombin (0.5 U/ml). Following incubation (15 min, 37 °C), the fibrin matrix was condensed, removed from the reaction mixture, and washed briefly. Fibrin uptake of 114mIn (soluble, colloidal, or In:CaP) was determined by gamma counting. Results demonstrated that soluble 114mIn exclusively bound a plasma protein electrophoretically and immunologically identified as transferrin. Although both colloidal 114mIn and 114mIn:CaP bound fibrin, the mixed 114mIn:CaP colloid demonstrated substantially higher fibrin binding activity (about 2-fold). The target of indium binding was confirmed as fibrin due to the presence of characteristic cross-linked γ–γ dimers (100 kDa) and β-monomers (58 kDa) by SDS-PAGE. 114mIn colloid and the mixed 114mIn:CaP colloid demonstrated no ability to bind fibrin’s precursor, fibrinogen. 114mIn:CaP fibrin binding was associated with formation of CaP, as evidenced by its dependence on phosphate concentration. The biocompatibility of CaP including its ability to bind 114mIn and specifically target fibrin may be of potential value for diagnostic imaging studies to identify regions of occult vascular stenosis (i.e., atherosclerotic plaques, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus).
Atomic entanglement generation with reduced decoherence via four-wave mixing

In most proposals for the generation of entanglement in large ensembles of atoms via projective measurements, the interaction with the vacuum is responsible for both the generation of the signal that is detected and the spin depolarization or decoherence. In consequence, one must usually work in a regime where the information acquisition via detection is sufficiently slow (weak measurement regime) such as not to strongly disturb the system. We propose here a four-wave mixing scheme where, owing to the pumping of the atomic system into a dark state, the polarization of the ensemble is not critically affected by spontaneous emission. In the language of spin squeezing, the removal of the limitations imposed by spontaneous emission allows one to work in a strong signal regime where the Heisenberg limit can be reached.
Internal energy distributions acquired through collisional activation at low and high energies

Abstract It is possible to gain information about internal energy distributions of ions knowing their mass spectra and the energetics of fragmentation if one can equate pre-exponential terms in the unimolecular rate expressions. Positively charged triethyl phosphate, which fragments via a linear sequence of unimolecular reactions, has been examined in this way and the results have been checked by back-calculating the mass spectrum. It is found that low energy (28 eV in laboratory frame, argon target) collision-induced dissociation deposits a comparable average internal energy to what occurs at high energy (7 keV). High energy collisions, however, result in a distribution of internal energies which includes a low probability tail representing very highly excited ions. In the low energy regime, it is possible to increase dramatically the effective internal energy deposited by raising the collision gas pressure. The method of estimating internal energy distributions given here is particularly attractive for comparing ions excited by various means.
In vivo distribution and tissue localization of highly purified rat lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells

A highly purified population of effector lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells was generated by culturing nylon-wool column nonadherent rat splenocytes in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL-2), and the cells which became adherent to the plastic flasks were separated and maintained in culture for a total of 5 days. More than 95% of these cells had the morphology of large granular lymphocytes (LGL), expressed surface phenotypes characteristic of rat natural killer (NK) cells, and were able to kill NK-sensitive and NK-resistant tumor target cells. 51Cr-labeled purified A-LAK cells injected intravenously into syngeneic F344 rats localized primarily in the lungs 2 hr after injection but then redistributed to the liver and the spleen by 24 hr after injection. The effects of various immunological manipulations on the distribution pattern of the isolated LAK cells were evaluated. Treatment of the host with 500 rad total body X-irradiation 24 hr before cell injection resulted in an early uptake of LAK cells into the liver and the spleen, whereas treatment with cyclophosphamide 1 day before cell injection, resulted in an early uptake of LAK cells into the liver but not into the spleen. Treatment of the recipient rats with up to 120,000 units recombinant interleukin-2 intraperitoneally did not result in the accumulation of LAK cells at the site of IL-2 injection, nor did it result in a modulation of the overall distribution pattern or total recovery of radiolabeled LAK cells. Rather, the administration of IL-2 was necessary to maintain the cytotoxic activity of the injected LAK cells isolated from the liver and spleen.
Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers

Abstract Bamboos are large perennial grasses of temperate and tropical forests worldwide. Two general growth forms exist: the economically and ecologically important woody bamboos (tribes Arundinarieae and Bambuseae), and the understory herbaceous bamboos (tribe Olyreae). Evolutionary relationships among the 1400 + described species have been difficult to resolve with confidence. Comparative analysis of bamboo plastid (chloroplast) DNA has revealed three to five major lineages that show distinct biogeographic distributions. Taxon sampling across tribes and subtribes has been incomplete and most published data sets include a relatively small number of nucleotide characters. Branching order among lineages is often poorly supported, and in more than one study herbaceous bamboos form a clade within the woody bamboos. In this paper, the Bamboo Phylogeny Group presents the most complete phylogeny estimation to date of bamboo tribes and subtribes using 6.7 kb of coding and noncoding sequence data and 37 microstructural characters from the chloroplast genome. Quality of data is assessed, as is the possibility of long branch attraction, the degree of character conflict at key nodes in the tree, and the legitimacy of three alternative hypotheses of relationship. Four major plastid lineages are recognized: temperate woody, paleotropical woody, neotropical woody, and herbaceous bamboos. Woody bamboos are resolved as paraphyletic with respect to Olyreae but SH tests cannot reject monophyly of woody species (Arundinarieae + Bambuseae).
Olmesartan, Other Antihypertensives, and Chronic Diarrhea Among Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Procedures: A Case-Control Study

Abstract Objective To investigate a recent association between the use of the angiotensin receptor-blocker (ARB) olmesartan and a severe enteropathy resembling celiac disease. Patients and Methods We searched our endoscopy database for all outpatient esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or colonoscopy examinations in patients aged at least 50 years during the period January 1, 2007, to March 31, 2013. Cases were those whose examination indication was diarrhea, and controls were those whose examination indication was esophageal reflux (EGD) or colorectal cancer screening (colonoscopy). We compared cases with controls with regard to the proportion of those listing olmesartan among their medications. Secondary exposures were the proportion of those taking nonolmesartan ARBs or other antihypertensive medications. We also examined biopsy results to determine whether there were histologic changes associated with the use of olmesartan. Results We identified 2088 patients undergoing EGD and 12,428 patients undergoing colonoscopy meeting inclusion criteria. On multivariate analysis, there was no statistically significant association between olmesartan and diarrhea among those undergoing EGD (odds ratio, 1.99; 95% CI, 0.79-5.00) or colonoscopy (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.23-1.74). Review of pathology reports of the EGD and colonoscopy groups showed no association between the use of olmesartan and the histologic diagnosis of celiac disease ( P =.61) or microscopic colitis ( P =1.0), respectively. Conclusion Our findings suggest that neither olmesartan nor other ARBs were associated with diarrhea among patients undergoing endoscopy. The spruelike enteropathy recently associated with olmesartan is likely a rare adverse effect and milder presentations are unlikely.
Plastic waves in one-dimensional heterogeneous granular chains under impact loading: Single intruders and dimer chains

Abstract Elastic granular dimer chains (defined as arrays of repeating dissimilar material granule pairs) have shown promise for wave mitigation applications since it has been observed that for certain dimer mass ratios significant force attenuation can occur along the chain during dynamic wave propagation (Jayaprakash et al., 2013). However in many applications, applied forces are likely to be such that the elastic assumption would be violated at locations of high stress concentration – the granule contact points. In this work we seek to investigate the force transmitted through dimer chains and chains with a single intruder (i.e., differing granule from the surroundings), subjected to dynamic loading in the plastic regime. A split Hopkinson pressure bar was used to dynamically load one-dimensional metallic dimer chains and homogeneous chains of metallic spheres with single intruders. Loading magnitudes ranging from 10 kN to 35 kN were applied to these chains, producing significant plasticity in the beads. The results in each case were quantified by the ratio of the output to incident force from the granular chain. Transmitted force results were compared to those in elastic dimer chains for which force attenuation was controlled by the mass ratio of the dimer pair. In the plastic case, however, the propagating pulse was found to have a strong dependence on the yielding material, not on the dimer mass ratio. Although output force was significantly reduced over input force, the reduction was driven by plastic dissipation and not elastic attenuation mechanisms. Chains with a single intruder were also seen to behave differently when the intruder was relatively softer or harder than the remainder of the chain. For a softer intruder the transmitted force decreased as the intruder location moved further down the chain, while for a harder intruder the output force did not depend on intruder location and was roughly the same as that of a homogeneous chain, i.e., the harder intruder did not affect wave transmission.
Image information mining from geospatial archives based on a combination of the wavelet transform and Fourier phase descriptor

In general, reflectance and spatial patterns characterize geospatial data. Current semantic-enabled framework image retrieval systems for geospatial data extract primitive features based on color, texture (Spatial Gray Level Dependency - SGLD matrices), and shape from the segmented homogenous region. However, the form of extracting textural information is computationally expensive. The state-of-the-art image mining system for multimedia image archives uses the wavelet transform for feature extraction to quickly and efficiently capture color and texture information. Since an image consists of three bands, color information is captured by converting the RGB space into HSV space. Thus, a new approach is required to capture the complete reflectance pattern, an important characteristic of geospatial data. This work proposes a new method to perform fast coarse image segmentation using descriptors obtained by combining the 2Dwavelet transform along the spatial axis and the Fourier transform along the spectral axis to capture color and texture information for segmentation. These features are later on used for region-based retrieval in Earth observation data archives. Compared to traditional techniques, result shows that the proposed method provides good retrieval accuracy in terms of F-measure for land cover classes.
Closing the gates: A study of backcountry use‐limitation at Mount McKinley National Park

Abstract Findings are reported from a study of recreational carrying capacity at Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska. Hikers in the park were questioned about: (1) their expectations and preferences for sightings of other parties in the backcountry, (2) the number of parties seen daily, (3) sightings of human‐use impacts upon the environment, and (4) trip satisfaction. Whether or not hikers felt crowded was found to be a function of their expectations and preferences for contact, the frequency of their contacts with other parties, and their sightings of human‐use impacts. Consistent with previous research, crowding was not shown to be important to the hikers’ overall satisfaction with their backcountry trips. The data suggest that the extant backcountry capacity levels in Mount McKinley National Park could be increased somewhat without compromising the quality of most visitors’ experiences.
Overweight and mortality among baby boomers--now we're getting personal.

Dr. Tim Byers asks, what are we to do about the epidemic of adiposity, both collectively and personally? This baby boomer epidemiologist (BMI, 27.3) discusses the health risks associated with being a little overweight.
Low-complexity fault simulation under the multiple observation time testing approach

The use of three-value logic for fault simulation of synchronous sequential circuits may incur a loss of accuracy that would cause the fault coverage to be underestimated. In addition, loss of fault coverage may occur due to the test strategy employed. These problems were previously alleviated at the cost of high computational complexity. We present an observation that allows us to alleviate loss of fault coverage in many cases, at a computational cost similar to conventional three-value fault simulation. The proposed simulation procedure is compared to a previously proposed one to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Reduced community access to a key contraceptive: public health consequence from false suspicion of HIV-contaminated injectables.

Abstract Background This study was conducted to investigate a report of positive test results with DMPA on an HIV rapid test. Suspecting HIV contamination, the Zambian Ministry of Health initiated a product withdrawal pending full evaluation. Study Design DMPA was evaluated for compliance to product specifications. Contamination with HIV and blood components was investigated with PCR and human IgG ELISA. The performance of Genie II, Unigold™ and Determine™ HIV rapid tests was evaluated using DMPA. Results DMPA was found compliant with product specifications and negative for HIV and human IgG. DMPA impaired the performance of HIV rapid tests resulting in false-positive/indeterminant results. Rapid test results using polysorbate 80 (formulation component of DMPA) mimicked results obtained with DMPA. Conclusions The DMPA sample was negative for HIV and human IgG. Formulation components may have led to the interpretation of false-positive results, reinforcing the need to validate the sample type used in any test. DMPA use was reinstated in Zambia, minimizing the public health impact that resulted from the initial rapid test results.
Development of Polymeric Phase Change Materials On the basis of Diels—Alder Chemistry

Diels−Alder (DA) chemistry is increasing popular due to its simplicity and efficiency; however, one concept that has yet to be thoroughly explored is incorporation of DA linkages within materials f...
EXPLANTED NASAL MUCOSA: GROWTH PATTERNS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND CONTROL.

SummaryExplants derived from the mucosa of benign nasal polyps were cultured in closed vessels by a coverslip technic. The polyps had previously been resected from children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and a control. The explants grew as fenestrated, multilayered membranes with an appearance suggesting primitive aggregation. The pattern occurred again when the original cell sheets were disaggregated and allowed to grow. Perhaps the mucosal layer was the origin of some of the cells. Use of electron microscopy and cytochemistry was not helpful in differentiating possible cell types.
The AGA Institute: a professional society with a social conscience.

The following is an edited reprint of the presidential address delivered by Nicholas F. LaRusso, MD, during the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute Plenary Session at Digestive Disease Week.
Forces on a sphere accelerating in a viscous fluid

A detailed equation is proposed for the force exerted on a sphere that accelerates rectilinearly in an otherwise still fluid. In addition to the buoyant force, the fluid exerts forces that depend on (a) the velocity of the sphere, (b) the acceleration of the sphere and (c) the history of the motion. The equation reduces to the known theoretical solution for low velocity and large acceleration.The proposed equation was tested and found most satisfactory for a particular case in which the velocity was not small, viz. the case of simple harmonic motion along a straight line. The acceleration (added mass) and history coefficients in the equation were evaluated experimentally. They were found to depend on the ratio of the convective acceleration to the local acceleration as measured by the parameter V2/aD, in which V, a and D are the velocity, acceleration and diameter of the sphere, respectively. The Reynolds numbers varied from 0 to 62 during the tests.
Instrumental rationality, symmetry and scope

Instrumental rationality prohibits one from being in the following state: intending to pass a test, not intending to study, and believing one must intend to study if one is to pass. One could escape from this incoherent state in three ways: by intending to study, by not intending to pass, or by giving up one’s instrumental belief. However, not all of these ways of proceeding seem equally rational: giving up one’s instrumental belief seems less rational than giving up an end, which itself seems less rational than intending the means. I consider whether, as some philosophers allege, these “asymmetries” pose a problem for the wide-scope formulation of instrumental rationality. I argue that they do not. I also present an argument in favor of the wide-scope formulation. The arguments employed here in defense of the wide-scope formulation of instrumental rationality can also be employed in defense of the wide-scope formulations of other rational requirements.
Tunable second-order, birefringent interferometric filter for dynamic chirp management

A tunable second-order birefringent interferometric filter for minimizing signal degradation due to chirping in modulated lasers is proposed and demonstrated. Compared with commonly used filters with standard Gaussian and super-Gaussian filter profiles, a high-order loop mirror filter of similar bandwidth has a much sharper filtering slope. This provides more effective, specific filtering of desired components of a signal’s spectrum, minimizing signal power loss experienced during filtering. The steep filtering slope also provides significant improvement in transmission performance even with a change in data rate. Thus, the same filter can be reused for different bit rates. Furthermore, the tuning capability of the loop mirror filter enables good transmission performance when a variation in signal wavelength is present. Moreover, the unique, periodic filter profile potentially enables chirp management for multiple channels at different wavelengths. We experimentally verify the chirp management performance of the second-order birefringent loop mirror filter. Improvements to the transmission performance of both directly modulated lasers and electro-absorption modulated lasers at different data rates are achieved.
Sierpinski-curve Julia sets and singular perturbations of complex polynomials

In this paper we consider the family of rational maps of the complex plane given by z 2 + λ z 2 where λ is a complex parameter. We regard this family as a singular perturbation of the simple function z 2 . We show that, in any neighborhood of the origin in the parameter plane, there are infinitely many open sets of parameters for which the Julia sets of the correspondingmaps are Sierpinski curves. Hence all of these Julia sets are homeomorphic. However,we also showthatparameterscorrespondingto differentopensets havedynamics that are not conjugate.
Histidine at position 5 is the specificity switch between two parathyroid hormone receptor subtypes

The PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) system consists of two hormones, at least two G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane domain receptors, and at least two intracellular signal transduction pathways for each receptor. The PTH/PTHrP receptor is present in the conventional target tissues of PTH action, namely kidney and bone. Both PTH and PTHrP bind to and activate the PTH/PTHrP receptor with equal affinity and efficacy. The newly discovered receptor, termed the human (h) PTH2 receptor, has 70% homology with the PTH/PTHrP receptor, but is found predominantly in brain and pancreas. It interacts selectively with PTH and not with PTHrP. PTH and PTHrP differ in several positions, including position 5 (Ile in PTH; His in PTHrP). To define the role of position 5 in receptor selectivity, we designed and synthesized a series of hybrid analogs containing specific elements of both the PTH and PTHrP sequences. Using human cell lines stably expressing either human receptor subtype, we evaluated the biological profile of the hybrids in assays of receptor binding and action. Both point-mutated hybrids, [Ile5]PTH-(1-34) and [His5]PTH-(1-34), bind to and stimulate cAMP accumulation and the release of cytosolic free calcium in HEK293/C-21, a clonal human embryonic kidney cell line stably expressing the recombinant hPTH/PTHrP receptor. However, only [Ile5]PTHrP-(1-34), and not [His5]PTH-(1-34), binds to and stimulates cAMP accumulation and the release of cytosolic free calcium in HEK293/BP-16, a clonal human embryonic kidney cell line stably expressing the recombinant hPTH2 receptor. The segmental hybrid PTHrP-(1-14)-PTH-(15-34) binds to and activates the hPTH/PTHrP receptor, but not the hPTH2 receptor, similar to the biological profile of His5-containing ligands: PTHrP-(1-34) and [His5]PTH-(1-34). Exchanging Ile5 for His5 in the segmental hybrid produces the analog [Ile5]PTHrP-(1-14)-PTH-(15-34), which interacts with both receptor subtypes. We conclude that His5 in PTHrP is the major structural determinant of receptor subtype specificity in the hPTH/PTHrP and hPTH2 two-receptor system. The mechanism of the specificity "switch" remains to be elucidated, but may result from a subtle perturbation of the bioactive conformation and/or from a direct steric hindrance at the hPTH2 receptor-ligand interface created by histidine at position 5. The hPTH2, but not the hPTH/PTHrP, receptor can discriminate between the two hormones based on the structural differences generated at position 5.
Selective Metallization for a W-band Meander Line TWT

The development of terahertz (THz) millimetre-wave (MMW) regime vacuum electronics necessitates the concurrent development of adequate fabrication techniques. Since the size of vacuum electronic devices is proportional to their frequency of operation, fabricating them for the THz and mmw regimes requires fabrication techniques capable of producing millimeter and micron-scale features. Monolithic microfabrication technologies such as deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) have been used widely in the MEMS community for years to achieve these sorts of feature sizes.
Characteristics of Users and Nonusers of a Campus Recreation Center

College students’ physical activity provides protection against weight gain and chronic disease. Convenient exercise facilities have been correlated with physical activity. This study examined use of a college recreational facility among a sample of undergraduates, personal and demographic factors related to facility use, and factors predictive of facility use. A sample of 1,700 undergraduates was randomly selected and mailed a survey about health behaviors and recreation-center use. Facility users were more likely to be freshman or sophomore unmarried men who live on campus. Users of the facility had a slightly lower average body mass index, yet were more likely to use alcohol. Significant predictors of facility use included sex, class standing, living situation, belonging to a fraternity or sorority, and the desire to change one’s weight. This study contributes to the research on college students’ physical activity in that it identifies those likely to use or not use the recreational facility.
Semiconductor Gamma-Cameras in Nuclear Medicine

The availability of semiconductor detectors, principally High Purity Germanium, permits consideration of new generations of nuclear medicine imaging devices. These are characterized by excellent spatial resolution and by simultaneous multiple radioisotope imaging capabilities. The technology and some of its resultant benefits are presented here.
Virtually-aged sampling DMR: unifying circuit failure prediction and circuit failure detection

Hardware failure due to wearout is a growing concern. Circuit failure prediction is an approach that is effective if it meets the following requirements: low design complexity, low overheads, generality (supporting various types of wearout including soft and hard breakdown) and high accuracy. State-of-the-art techniques, which typically detect and measure low level circuit properties like gate delay cannot deliver on all four requirements. Moving away from the paradigm of measuring circuit delays is key to satisfying the four design requirements. Our insight is to virtually age the processor and thus manifest a wearout fault early -- we convert the delay degradation into a logic fault; expose the fault and then detect the fault. To virtually age the processor, reducing supply voltage effectively mirrors wearout. For fault exposure, we observe that faults in critical paths are naturally exposed and we develop a technique to expose faults along the non-critical paths using clock phase shifting logic. Our system, Aged-SDMR, combines these two mechanisms to expose wearout faults early and detects them using Sampling DMR. We also develop principles to combine these two mechanisms with any detection technique. We implement a prototype system based on the OpenRISC processor on a Xilinx Zync FPGA. We demonstrate that Aged-SDMR is practical and delivers on all four requirements, has area and energy overheads of 9% and 0.7% respectively, takes at most 0.4 days to detect failure after onset and its early warning window is configurable. More generally, Aged-SDMR provides the capability for low-overhead DMR execution without any missed errors and 100% coverage. It is likely to find broad uses within reliability and elsewhere.
Financial strain, negative social interaction, and self-rated health: evidence from two United States nationwide longitudinal surveys

Three hypotheses concerning negative social interaction in later life were evaluated in this study. First, it was predicted that greater personal economic difficulty is associated with more frequent negative social interaction with social network members in general. Secondly, it was proposed that more frequent negative social interaction exacerbates the undesirable effect of personal financial strain on change in self-rated health during late life. Thirdly, an effort was made to see if some types of negative social interaction, but not others, accentuate the undesirable effects of personal economic problems on self-rated health. Data from two nationwide longitudinal surveys that were conducted in the United States revealed that greater personal financial difficulty is associated with more interpersonal conflict. The findings further indicate that the undesirable effects of personal economic difficulty on change in self-rated health are more pronounced at progressively higher levels of negative social interaction. Finally, the data suggest that one form of negative social interaction (not getting help when it is expected) is more likely to intensify the unwanted effects of personal financial strain on self-rated health than other types of negative social interaction.
Identifying stylizations in ethnically salient talk among disc jockeys

Before accepting claims of the function of linguistic stylization, it is imperative that we are certain of what we are examining. Mikhail Bakhtin's widely cited definition that stylization is an “artistic representation of another's linguistic style” (1986:362) leaves unclear what counts as “artistic,” making identifying stylizations simultaneously intuitively obvious and empirically illusive. Drawing from 270 hours of data from a radio program, the current study uses interactional discourse and acoustic analyses to compare one disc jockey's exaggerations of ethnically salient accents (stylizations) with his mundane use of reported speech. The analyses demonstrate that in both types of talk he uses a similar bundle of interactional and acoustic resources to design his talk as belonging to someone else. The link between reported and stylized speech places stylizations in an analytical category distinct from that of crossing and its issues of language ownership. The pertinent questions are those of speaker responsibility. (Crossing, stylization, reported speech, discourse analysis, acoustic analysis)*
Kinetics of optically pumped Ar metastables.

Optically pumped lasers that use metastable excited states of Ar have been demonstrated using both pulsed and CW excitation. In terms of Paschen labeling of the states of Ar, the laser system uses excitation of the 2p9-1s5 transition, and lases on the 2p10-1s5 line. Collisional transfer of population from 2p9 to 2p10 is achieved using He as the buffer gas. For the purpose of modeling and developing this laser, rate constants for state-to-state transfer in Ar(2pi)+Ar/He mixtures are needed. As the 2p10 level can radiate down to 1s4, this lower level also plays a significant role in the laser kinetics. Consequently, rate constants for the relaxation of 1s4 by Ar and He are also required. In the present study we have used pulsed laser excitation techniques to measure rate constants of relevance to the optically pumped metastable Ar laser.
Prediction = Parsimony or Partitions?

The predictive value of classifications is one of several criteria which might be used to evaluate the goodness various types of classifications, however constructed, and perhaps might be used for choosing a particular method for constructing general classifications or for devising a new method of classification construction. It is not the only criterion that might be used and I will not advocate it as a criterion for choosing classifications — merely for evaluating them. A review of the literature on predictive value, although imprecise, yields conclusions that can be used to formulate a working definition of predictive value useful empirically for evaluating various numerical approaches to its study. The hierarchical nature of biological classifications, it will be seen, is one of the most important phenomena that must be incorporated into a definition and the evaluation of numerical methods or previous studies.
Question Form and Context Effects in the Measurement of Partisanship: Experimental Tests of the Artifact Hypothesis.

Previous articles in this Review, including a Controversy in 1992, debated the comparability of alternative forms of the question about partisanship asked in Gallup and Michigan SRC surveys. Bishop, Tuchfarber and Smith contribute to this debate by reporting and analyzing evidence from 15 experimental surveys in Ohio in 1991–1993. They conclude that the distribution of partisan loyalties will generally be the same whether one uses the Gallup or Michigan Survey Research Center question and that, contrary to findings of Abramson and Ostrom, the Gallup form is no more responsive to short-term political forces than its SRC counterpart. In response, Abramson and Ostrom agree that during many time periods there will be little difference between aggregate levels of macropartisanship regardless of which measure is used. But they argue that during periods of political volatility the Gallup approach will accentuate differences, while the SRC version will attenuate them.