cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Privacy a Woman

This essay is about the representation of privacy. Focusing on several of the Supreme Court's Fourth Amendment cases regarding the police and the home, I explore judicial articulations of the meaning of private space. Several striking figures of women appear in the Justices' opinions in Kyllo v. United States, and Georgia v. Randolph, for example, and represent different conceptions of privacy that are in dialogue and conflict. To theorize privacy in the home is to imagine a woman, and the way she is imagined is bound up with the idea of the home and stakes of privacy articulated. From the lady of the house in the bath, to the lady at home receiving callers, to the battered woman, distinctive figures of women reveal peculiar fault lines in the modern meaning of privacy in an era of judicial commitment to gender equality. Even long after the gradual demise of the particular marital privacy associated with the common law of coverture, the idea of protecting women from men remains central and appears today in new and different guises that evince both change and continuity in the legal meaning of the home.
Indirect calorimetry: an indispensable tool to understand and predict obesity

Obesity is a physiological condition of chronic positive energy balance. While the regulation of energy metabolism varies widely among individuals, identifying those who are metabolically prone to weight gain and intervening accordingly is a key challenge for reversing the course of the obesity epidemic. Indirect calorimetry is the most commonly used method to measure energy expenditure in the research setting. By measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, indirect calorimetry provides minute-by-minute energy expenditure data that makes it the most valuable tool to distinguish the various components of energy expenditure, that is, sleeping and resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and the energy cost of activity. Importantly, such measures also provide information on energy substrate utilization. Here we summarized some of the research that revealed resting metabolic rate, spontaneous physical activity and respiratory quotient as key metabolic predictors of weight gain and obesity. Recent studies using indirect calorimetry in response to mid-term fasting or overfeeding have identified 'thrifty' and 'spendthrift' phenotypes in people who differ in propensity to weight gain. We propose the use of indirect calorimetry data as a basis for personalized interventions that may be efficacious in slowing down the rise of global obesity.
Do we really think small first? How to go further with CSR on micro enterprises

There is a common opinion that micro enterprises, especially one-person enterprises, are simply too small to deal with CSR on a professional level. But do programs, initiatives and tools for mainstreaming CSR among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) meet the needs of micro enterprises at all? Do research and support programs take into consideration the organizational specifics on small SMEs and even one-person enterprises? Obviously there is a gap in the current discourse on CSR regarding micro enterprises. Certainly this article can’t fill this gap. But it should provide a broader picture on CSR in micro enterprises and deliver some ideas on what can be done in order to encourage micro enterprises for a more sustainable management, because the smallest enterprises are by far the largest group of businesses in the European Union.
Single Diophantine Equation Polynomial Discrete-Time H 2 and H ∞ Controller Computation

Abstract In (Zhao and Bentsman, 2002) it has been shown that for most single-input-single-output linear discrete-time systems in polynomial format, a sequential solution of a Diophantine equation and an algebraic equation is, in theory, sufficient to calculate the corresponding H 2 and H ∞ controllers. Based on the results of (Zhao and Bentsman, 2002), the present work gives procedures for determining the sufficiency of a single Diophantine equation for controller calculation and for the actual calculation of the optimal controllers. Controller computations for non-minimum phase unstable plants have been carried out with relative ease.
Foot placement and ankle push-off control for the orbital stabilization of bipedal robots

The main motivation of this paper is to understand the role of foot placement and ankle push-off control in stabilizing bipedal gaits. We modify the simplest walker (heavy torso, light legs) by incorporating a hip spring, a hip actuator, and a telescopic linear actuator. We consider two stability criteria: one-step dead-beat stabilization for full correction of disturbance in a single step and exponential orbital stabilization using discrete control Lyapunov function. Our findings are as follows: (1) Both control strategies have almost similar robustness as measured by the number of steps walked on stochastic terrain before failure, but both strategies are more robust for changing terrain with step down and less robust for step up. (2) One step dead-beat stabilization is more energy-efficient than exponential stabilization. (3) Control strategy for step up is to decrease foot placement or maintain push-off and for step down is to increase foot placement or decrease the push-off. However, it is most energy-efficient to use foot placement control for step up and push-off control for step down.
Gametophytic Gene Expression

The male gametophyte of flowering plants is a microscopic structure which during its early development is enclosed within the sporophyte tissue in the anther of a flower bud. Dramatic advances have been made recently in our understanding of gene expression in the different tissues of the anther including the tapetum (Koltunow et al, 1990: Mariani et al, 1990). Following meiosis there is a long interphase period during which the microspores enlarge greatly in size. Microspore mitosis results in an unequal partitioning of cytoplasm into the vegetative and generative cells. Following anthesis the pollen grain is deposited on the stigma of the pistil where it begins another phase of its development by germinating and extruding a tube within which the sperm cells are transported to the embryo sac. In many species studied the pollen grain at maturity contains all the proteins that are required for germination and early tube growth, since protein synthesis inhibitors do not block these events. Moreover a large number of enzymes have been reported to be present in pollen grains of various species (Mascarenhas, 1975). Protein synthesis begins early in pollen germination. Most of the studies in the literature indicate that the mature pollen grain contains a store of stable mRNAs that are translated early during germination and that play a greater or lesser role in pollen germination and tube growth depending on the plant species (reviewed in Mascarenhas, 1975, 1990a,b).
Response to Review of Northern Passage: Ethnography and Apprenticeship Among the Subarctic Dene

I appreciate Leslie Main Johnson's thoughtful review of my book in Human Ecology (Leslie Main Johnson, 2002), but a response to several apparent misimpressions or misunderstandings may be in order. The first is an error of fact. The interactions between Chipewyan fishermen and Department of Natural Resources (DNR) officers occurred in Saskatchewan, not Manitoba as the reviewer reports. The northwestern Saskatchewan location of the Patuanak community of Chipewyan is indicated throughout the second part of the book. Secondly, Johnson expresses uncertainty about the purpose of my book and its intended audience. As noted in the prologue (pp. 2-3), Northern Passage is an experimental, reflexive ethnography meant to demystify the process of becoming a cultural anthropologist, on the one hand, while revealing the social and environmental realities and dilemmas of subarctic Athapaskan (Dene) hunter-fishers, on the other. My book is part of Waveland Press' series of ethnographic case studies written primarily, although not exclusively, for college anthropology students. While the book's study guide directly serves instructional needs, professional specialists and the general public are not discouraged from reading the work. Finally, Johnson desires more environmental knowledge and data analysis of the kind that readers of Human Ecology might prefer. I appreciate the reviewer's concern. Yet, I must cite my own stated goal (p. 3) of producing an interpretation of northern Athapaskan life by means of "'behind-the-scenes' accounts, the other reality beyond the formal prose of anthropological monographs and journal articles." This is a telling point. My formal analyses of
PARTS, WHOLES AND ETERNITY

For Western theists, God is eternal. Western theists disagree over what it is to be eternal, but the most influential view historically has been that of Boethius, who wrote that “eternality is the complete possession, all at once, of illimitable life ... for which nothing of the future is absent and nothing of the past has flowed away.”1 On one reading, Boethius’ account entails a surprising view of how God’s life fills time. I now set this view out, and take a step toward showing that it is at least coherent.
Cost-saving effects of olanzapine as long-term treatment for bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Promoters of new medications often argue that using newer drug can reduce use of non-drug medical services and therefore reduce total healthcare spending. This cost-offset argument is plausible both in theory and in practice, but rigorous research on specific drugs or drug categories is needed to make targeted and efficient policy and management decisions. AIMS OF THE STUDY: I examined the drug-offset hypothesis for bipolar disorder, an important yet under-studied clinical condition where effective medication treatments can service as substitutes for non-drug medical treatments. I compared two first line long-term treatments, a new atypical antipsychotic medication, olanzapine, and a traditional mood stabilizer, lithium. METHODS: I used private sector insurance claims data collected from a nationally representative sample of U.S. health plans between January 1998 and December 2001. I first selected a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder who were continuously enrolled for at least two years. I then used a propensity-score method to match individuals taking each drug on observed variables that are known to affect medication choices. The central challenge for estimation is that drug treatments are not randomly assigned among patients with bipolar disorder. To identify a causal link between choice of drugs and non-drug medical spending, I employed three different advanced econometrics techniques to assess the robustness of findings; namely interrupted time series, differencing strategies, and an instrumental variables approach. RESULTS: I found that compared to similar lithium users, olanzapine users spent approximately $330 more on monthly average non-drug medical services during the first year after initiation of drug treatment. The higher spending for olanzapine users was accounted for by both higher rates of re-hospitalization and more outpatient visits. In addition, olanzapine cost $153 per month while lithium cost $16 per month. Including the direct cost of the drugs, compared to similar patients taking lithium, patients with bipolar disorder taking olanzapine spent $5,600 more annually on health care services. DISCUSSION: These findings do not support the hypothesis that new drugs "pay for themselves" by reducing the need for other health care services in the case of olanzpine for bipolar disorder. This does not mean that the new drug is not "cost-effective" because increased "benefits" associated with the drug in terms of the improved quality of life may be worth the increased costs. However the findings do indicate that "cost-offsets" must be measured and not taken for granted. Incorporating such drug-offset evidence into policy and business decisions can facilitate appropriate clinical practices and improve efficiency of resource allocation. The methods used in this study to test for cost-offsets can be applied to other clinical areas and drug classes.
Catastrophic Kinesins: Piecing Together Their Mechanism by 3D Reconstruction

Kin Is, kinesins with an internal catalytic domain, de-polymerize microtubules from both ends, and the KIF2C crystal structure presented by ([this issue of Cell]) provides provocative evidence to support the theory that the highly conserved sequences are critical structural elements in these catastrophic kinesins.
Physical Activity, Health-Related Fitness, and Classroom Behavior in Children: A Discriminant Function Analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive relationship among physical activity, health-related fitness, and on-task classroom behavior in children using a discriminant functi...
Orientation control on SO(3) with piecewise sinusoids

Abstract This paper addresses rigid-body orientation control for the case that angular velocity is restricted to a class of piecewise sinusoidal signals. The orientation kinematics are represented by the group of rotation matrices SO(3). We present a new closed-form solution of the rotation-matrix kinematics, and we use this solution to prove controllability. We then present kinematic-level orientation-feedback controllers for setpoint tracking and command following.
Validation of the 2017 European LeukemiaNet classification for acute myeloid leukemia with NPM1 and FLT3-internal tandem duplication genotypes.

BACKGROUND The revised 2017 European LeukemiaNet (ELN) classification (ELN-2017) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) divides patients into 3 prognostic risk categories, with additional factors such as the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-internal tandem duplication (ITD) allele ratio (AR) considered for risk stratification. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the prognostic usefulness of ELN-2017 in comparison with ELN-2010 in younger patients with AML has not been validated to date. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective study on patients aged <60 years who received idarubicin plus cytarabine (IA)-based induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed AML. RESULTS According to ELN-2017 criteria, the number of patients in the favorable (Fav), intermediate (Int), and adverse (Adv) risk categories was 192 patients (27%), 331 patients (46%), and 192 patients (27%), respectively. Overall survival probabilities at 5 years in the Fav, Int, and Adv groups were 57%, 37%, and 18%, respectively. In comparison, the 5-year overall survival probabilities in the Fav (169 patients), intermediate (IR)-1 (80 patients), IR-2 (306 patients), and Adv (160 patients) ELN-2010 categories were 59%, 32%, 40%, and 14%, respectively. Although ELN-2010 historically distinguishes prognosis into IR-1 and IR-2 categories in younger patients, this difference was nullified in the current study cohort. When comparing patients with a low FLT3-ITD AR with those with a high FLT3-ITD AR, no significant differences in survival were noted among patients with nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1)-mutated AML (P = .28) or wild-type NPM1 (P = .35), and in those treated with IA alone (P = .79) or those treated with IA and a FLT3 inhibitor (P = .10). CONCLUSIONS The ELN-2017 more accurately distinguishes prognosis in patients with newly diagnosed AML. The lack of prognostic significance for the FLT3-ITD AR needs further evaluation in different treatment settings.
Automated Parallel Data Processing Engine with Application to Large-Scale Feature Extraction

As new scientific instruments generate ever more data, we need to parallelize advanced data analysis algorithms such as machine learning to harness the available computing power. The success of commercial Big Data systems demonstrated that it is possible to automatically parallelize many algorithms. However, these Big Data tools have trouble handling the complex analysis operations from scientific applications. To overcome this difficulty, we have started to build an automated parallel data processing engine for science, known as ARRAYUDF. This paper provides an overview of this data processing engine, and a use case involving a feature extraction task from a large-scale seismic recording technology, called distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). The key challenge associated with DAS data sets is that they are vast in volume and noisy in data quality. The existing methods used by the DAS team for extracting useful signals like traveling seismic waves are complex and very time-consuming. Our parallel data processing engine reduces the job execution time from 10s of hours to 10s of seconds, and achieves 95% parallelization efficiency. ARRAYUDF could be used to implement more advanced data processing algorithms including machine learning, and could work with many more applications.
When love hurts

“The first time my husband hit me I was nineteen years old.”1Ozge Tuncalp and Susan Richman explore medical professionals9 roles in managing domestic violence
Bypass, Loss, and Heat Transfer in Aircraft Surface Coolers

Surface coolers are heat exchangers with fins on the air side. When air approaches the fins, a portion is diverted away (bypass) because of the adverse pressure gradients induced by the fins. Also, for the air that does flow between the fins, a portion exits (loss) because of pressure rise along the fins due to friction Both bypass and loss reduce the effectiveness of surface coolers to transfer heat to the air. In this study, steady RANS with the SST model (with and without conjugate heat transfer) were performed to examine how geometric and operating parameters affect bypass, loss, pressure drop, and heat transfer in two surface coolers commonly used in aircraft applications. Of the surface coolers, one has continuous fins, and the other has staggered or non-staggered segmented fins. Geometric parameter examined include: spacing between the fins (S/H = 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8), thickness of the fins (t/H = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4), length of the fins (L/H = 1, 5, 10), and the height of the channel, where the surface cooler is placed (C/H = 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 cm), where H is the height of the fin, and C is the half the height of the channel. Operating parameters examined include: velocity (Vin = 32.5, 65, 97.5, and 135 m/s) and temperature (Tin = 300 and 473 K) of flow approaching the surface cooler, the fins’ wall temperature (Tw = 300, 320, 350, 375, 400, 493 K). Results obtained show C/H to significantly affect bypass and loss until C/H reaches about 20. Bypass, loss, and pressure drop all increase monotonically as the blockage created by the fins, t/(S+t), increases. The ratio of the Nusselt number to the pressure coefficient is a maximum when t/(S+t) = 0.33 for the conjugate cases and 0.5 for the isothermal cases. Vin, Tin and Tw were found to have negligible effects on bypass, but have appreciable effects on loss when spacing between the fins is small. For the geometries studied, segmenting the fins was found to increase loss, resulting in the worst heat-transfer rate and highest pressure drop.
Modeling the structural distortion and magnetic ground state of the polar lacunar spinel GaV 4 Se 8

The lacunar spinel ${\mathrm{GaV}}_{4}{\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$ is a material whose properties are dominated by tetrahedral clusters of V atoms. The compound is known to undergo a polar distortion to a ground state structure in the $R3m$ space group, and orders ferromagnetically with a relatively small magnetic moment. We develop an understanding into the relationship between crystal structure and magnetic order in this material, and the influence of electron correlations in establishing the observed ground state using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations. Because electrons are delocalized within ${\mathrm{V}}_{4}$ clusters but localized between them, the usual approaches to simulate electron correlations---such as the use of the Hubbard $U$ in $\mathrm{DFT}+U$ schemes---do not adequately recreate the experimental ground state. We find instead that the experimental ground state of ${\mathrm{GaV}}_{4}{\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$ is well represented by the random-phase approximation to the correlation energy. Additionally, we find that magnetism and crystal structure are strongly coupled in this material, and only certain arrangements of magnetic moment within a ${\mathrm{V}}_{4}$ cluster can stabilize the observed structural distortion. In combination with the anisotropic, polar nature of the material, the strength of magnetostructural coupling indicates that application of strain could be used to tune the magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{GaV}}_{4}{\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$.
Once BITTEN, Twice Shy: An Applied Trauma-Informed Healthcare Model.

Nurses need a pragmatic theory to understand and respond to the impact of vulnerable patients’ previous healthcare experiences, as these are likely to influence response and adherence to treatment ...
Between Turk and Muslim: Children and the Qur'an Courses after the 1928 Alphabet Law.

This paper examines how the religious education of Turkish children in the “old letters” became an area of everyday contestation between the state and families and communities in the late 1920s and 1930s. Since children were seen as the nation’s future, state authorities were adamant about teaching the new generation the new alphabet and were equally interested in preventing them from learning the old alphabet. While schools began using the new Turkish alphabet in the 1928–1929 academic year, the informal neighbourhood Qur’an courses held in mosques and private homes became a fiercely contested site between a state determined to socialise children into secular nationhood (partly) by preventing them from learning the Arabic letters, and families and imams who were committed to giving children religious education (necessitating the study of the Arabic alphabet so the Qur’an could be read in its original Arabic). Combining primary sources from previously untapped Ministry of the Interior documents concerning the monitoring in Anatolian towns of these informal courses with insights from the subaltern school on everyday forms of resistance, this article sheds light on a dimension of the 1928 alphabet reform that ties together questions of alphabet change, national and religious identities, education, and childhood
Hippocampal stimulation promotes intracellular Tip60 dynamics with concomitant genome reorganization and synaptic gene activation.

Abstract Genomic reorganizations mediating the engagement of target genes to transcription factories (TFs), characterized as specialized nuclear subcompartments enriched in hyperphosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and transcriptional regulators, act as an important layer of control in coordinating efficient gene transcription. However, their presence in hippocampal neurons and potential role in activity-dependent coregulation of genes within the brain remains unclear. Here, we investigate whether the well-characterized role for the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Tip60 in mediating epigenetic control of inducible neuroplasticity genes involves TF associated chromatin reorganization in the hippocampus. We show that Tip60 shuttles into the nucleus following extracellular stimulation of rat hippocampal neurons with concomitant enhancement of Tip60 binding and activation of specific synaptic plasticity genes. Multicolor three-dimensional (3D) DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (DNA-FISH) reveals that hippocampal stimulation mobilizes these same synaptic plasticity genes and Tip60 to RNAPII-rich TFs. Our data support a model by which external hippocampal stimulation promotes intracellular Tip60 HAT dynamics with concomitant TF associated genome reorganization to initiate Tip60mediated synaptic gene activation.
Doppler-free and Doppler-sensitive Ramsey spectroscopy in a continuous beam of cold atoms

We briefly describe Ramsey spectroscopy using a continuous cold-atom source and continuous Raman fields. We account for unavoidable imperfections, including atomic and laser beam divergences and Doppler averaging, and show that Ramsey interference persists.
Polyfunctional TEM cells in psoriatic arthritis synovium skewed towards Th17 cells

We read the article by Wade et al 1 with great interest. With very elegant experiments, they have reported enrichment of polyfunctional T-lymphocytes in the synovial tissue of psoriatic arthritis (PsA); they have also noticed that polyfunctional synovial T-cells were positively associated with Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis. We agree there are only limited studies in human autoimmune diseases which have addressed regulatory role of T-cell polyfunctionality of the activated effector memory T cells (TEM) in single cell suspensions. We have been working on TEM cell subpopulations in PsA and over years have demonstrated Th17, Th9 and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in PsA,2–4 which are also polyfunctional. In respect to studying polyfunctional T cells in PsA instead of focusing on Th1, Th17 and exTh17 cells,1 we took a different approach to look into the cytokine profile and polyclonality of these TEM cells in respect their profound role in the disease process of PsA such as (IL-17, IL-23R, IL-22 and TNFα) and also compared with that polyfunctional T cells of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to see whether a role of polyfunctional T cells can be reproduced in an another autoimmune arthritis and if so to identify the differences in …
Design optimal sampling plans for functional regression models

Abstract Functional regression models are widely considered in practice. To make a precise statistical inference, a good sampling schedule for collecting informative functional data is needed. However, there has not been much research on the optimal sampling schedule design for functional regression model so far. To address this design issue, an efficient computational approach is proposed for generating the best sampling plan in the function-on-function linear regression setting. The obtained sampling plan allows a precise estimation of the predictor function and a precise prediction of the response function. The proposed approach can also be applied to identify the optimal sampling plan for the problem with scalar-on-function linear regression model. Through case studies, this approach is demonstrated to outperform the methods proposed in the previous studies.
Agricultural productivity convergence in China

Abstract This article investigates the progress and prospects of agricultural productivity catch-up in China since the rural reform. A model averaging method is employed to jointly consider four productivity estimates, which can better capture the province-specific and non-linear trend of productivity that was estimated with bias in previous literature. This article then utilizes three convergence tests to evaluate whether convergence has occurred and explores channels through which agricultural convergence can be achieved or accelerated. Using three panels at the province, county and commodity levels, this article concludes that agriculture is not on the right track to catch-up, since 23 out of 28 provinces and 19 out of 23 farm commodities fail to converge. However, the productivity gap may diminish in the future if the irrigation, education, public expenditure and structural transformation for lagging provinces can be improved.
Avoidance coping during mealtimes predicts higher eating disorder symptoms.

Objective Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by significant anxiety during mealtime that contributes to food avoidance and weight loss. Individuals with EDs commonly use avoidance coping (e.g., distraction) to tolerate meals and comply with meal plans. Although this strategy may be effective short term, a large body of anxiety literature suggests that avoidance can lead to worsening of psychological symptoms long term. Method The current study (N = 66 individuals diagnosed with ED) used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine the short-term and long-term associations of avoidance coping on ED symptoms. Results Distraction during meals predicted a reduction in anxiety in the short term, and both distraction and avoidance of emotions predicted increases in excessive exercise in the short term. Distraction and avoidance of emotions predicted increases in bulimic symptoms 1 month after completion of EMA. Discussion These results are consistent with prior literature on avoidance and suggest that avoidance coping during meals may contribute to the increase of ED behaviors in the long term. Coping strategies that encourage approach and tolerance of difficult thoughts and emotions (e.g., acceptance-based strategies) rather that avoidance coping may promote longer-term symptom reduction.
Roddy, Sarah, Julie-Marie Strange, and Bertrand Taithe, The Charity Market and Humanitarianism in Britain 1870–1912: London: Bloomsbury Academic, 224 pp., £85.00, ISBN 978-1-350-05798-2, Publication Date: December 2018

This book explores the emergence of a market in which charities in modern Britain competed for donors and to establish brand identities that set them apart. It is coauthored by three historians at ...
Capital of the imperial borderlands: urbanism, markets, and power on the Ethiopia-British Somaliland boundary, ca. 1890–1935

This article analyzes contests among Ethiopian and British imperial agents and their ostensible Somali (and other Muslim) subjects for control over commerce in the Ethiopia-British Somaliland borde...
Determining the Existence and Strength of Teen Dating Violence Policy: Testing a Comparative State Internal Determinants Model.

Research demonstrates that Teen Dating Violence (TDV) programs impact TDV knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, decreasing the odds of TDV victimization and perpetration. Studies indicate that stude...
Trends in Serious Mental Illness in US Assisted Living Compared to Nursing Homes and the Community: 2007-2017.

ABSTRACT Objective Little is known about the prevalence of serious mental illness (SMI) in assisted living (AL) communities in the United States. Trends in the prevalence of SMI in AL communities were examined over time and in relationship to characteristics such as dual eligibility and health conditions. Within- and between-state variability of SMI in AL was also examined. Design Samples of Medicare beneficiaries who lived in the 48 contiguous states were created: individuals who resided in the community, in a nursing home (NH), and in an AL community on December 31st of each year (2007–2017). We conducted univariate analysis to display the trends in SMI over time in AL compared with NHs and the community. To demonstrate intrastate variability, we examined the prevalence of SMI for each state. We described within-nation and within-state variability using a Lorenz curve and GINI coefficients, respectively. Results The prevalence of SMI in AL increased by 54%, rising from 7.4% in 2007 to 11.4% in 2017. Residents with SMI were more likely to be dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid than residents without SMI. The prevalence of SMI in AL ranged from to 3.2% in Wyoming to 33.1% in New York. Approximately 10% of AL communities had over half of the sample's AL residents with SMI. Conclusion Given the increased proportion of residents with SMI in AL, research is needed into the mental health and social care needs of this population. Analysis is needed to uncover reasons for variations among states.
Developmental Trajectories of Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms

Children who experience obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) may be at risk for developing Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The current study aimed to investigate developmental trajectories of OCS, as well as possible predictors, within a community-based sample of children. Children (N = 1147) from the longitudinal NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) were assessed for OCS, via the Child Behavioral Checklist – Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (OCS-8), eight times between Pre-Kindergarten (54 months; Pre-K) and High School (15 years of age; HS.) Participants were recruited within the United States and included only maternal caregivers. Preliminary analyses indicated that approximately 3% of the sample was above the diagnostic cutoff score on the OCS-8 at the High School time-point. Latent growth models tested symptom trajectories. Findings demonstrated three groups of OCS trajectories. Most children fell within a low symptomatology group (the No Peak group) with low OCS across all time points. Two additional OCS trajectories were also demonstrated: Pre-K Peak (high to low OCS across time) and HS Peak (low to high OCS across time). Both higher attention problems and greater depression/anxiety symptoms at the Pre-K time point predicted children’s membership in the Pre-K Peak or HS Peak groups compared to the No Peak group. Membership within the HS Peak group predicted a high likelihood of children’s OCS being above previously established cutoff scores for an OCD diagnosis at age 15 years. Membership within either the Pre-K Peak or No Peak groups predicted a low likelihood. This study provides new evidence for the existence of different developmental trajectories for youth with OCS. From a clinical perspective, these results may have important implications when considering the identification and early intervention of childhood OCS and OCD within the community.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in NICU Care Practices.

* Abbreviations: Baby-MONITOR — : Baby–Measure of Neonatal Intensive Care Outcomes Research VLBW — : very low birth weight The ultimate measure of the quality of any health care system is its ability to rescue the most vulnerable patients in an equitable and fair manner. Perhaps no group is more vulnerable than extremely preterm infants. Despite unprecedented advances in modern neonatal intensive care, extreme prematurity remains a major contributor to infant morbidity and mortality and is a source of substantial fiscal burden on the health care system.1,2 Relatedly, ongoing advances in perinatal medicine have not benefitted every racial and ethnic group to the same degree. Indeed, racial and ethnic disparity in pediatric health outcomes has remained an intransigent problem in the United States such that regardless of the metric used, children of racial and ethnic minority have poorer outcomes than their white peers. In neonatal medicine, Black infants are 50% more likely to be born preterm and twice as likely to be born very preterm than white infants.2,3 Beyond disparities in the rates of preterm births, premature infants of racial and ethnic minority have poorer outcomes compared with their premature white peers. For example, in a recent study, Howell et al4 found that among New York City hospitals, mortality of very preterm infants was highest for Black (32%) and Hispanic (28.1%) infants compared with white infants (22.5%). Although disparities in the quality of care provided at NICUs to very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are well documented, and Black infants are often cared for in lower-quality NICUs,5,6 a standardized method of comparing NICU quality was previously not available. With the development of … Address correspondence to Olubukola O. Nafiu, MD, FRCA, MS, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Dr, Columbus, OH 43205. E-mail: olubukola.nafiu{at}nationwidechildrens.org
Radiation reduction and faster acquisition times with SPECT gated blood pool scans using a high-efficiency cardiac SPECT camera.

Planar gated blood pool scans are an established method for the evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but the camera technology used for these studies has not significantly changed in decades. The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of new high-efficiency SPECT gated blood pool scans compared to traditional scans and determine if they can be performed with lower radiation doses or faster acquisition times. Patients undergoing a planar gated blood pool scan on a Na-I SPECT camera who consented to participate were subsequently imaged for 5 minutes in “List Mode” using a high-efficiency SPECT camera. LVEF was calculated for both the planar study and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes of acquisition on the high-efficiency camera. Counts acquired in the field of view, counts in the cardiac blood pool and LVEF were compared. A total of 46 patients were analyzed (48% male, mean age 55 years, and BMI 27.6 kg/m2) who received an average Tc-99m dose of 20.3 mCi (5.3 mSv), 17 (37%) with abnormal LVEF’s. The Na-I camera averaged 24,514 counts/min/mCi in the field of view and 8662 counts/min/mCi in the cardiac blood pool while the high-efficiency camera averaged 65,219 counts/min/mCi and 41,427 counts/min/mCi, respectively. Compared to the planar calculation of LVEF, 1-minute SPECT LVEF was on average 8.6 ± 10.7 higher, 2 minutes 3.5 ± 7.6 higher, 3 minutes 2.9 ± 8.5 higher, 4 minutes 2.5 ± 7.0 higher, and 5 minutes 1.1 ± 6.2 higher. Good correlation was seen between the SPECT LVEF’s and the planar LVEF’s across all acquisition times with correlation coefficients of 0.74-0.93. High-efficiency SPECT technology can reduce radiation exposure to patients during gated blood pool imaging or decrease acquisition time while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. Based on the improved count sensitivity with high-efficiency SPECT, a 50% reduction in injected activity may be achievable while maintaining short imaging times of 5 minutes, with further reduction possible at longer imaging times.
Scrotal aspiration: aid in early differentiation between torsion of spermatic cord and acute epididymo-orchitis.

Abstract Needle aspirate of the acute condition of the scrotum is described as an adjunct to differentiate acute epididymo-orchitis from testicular torsion. This test was used successfully on 9 patients.
Overview of preferential flow in unsaturated fractures

A number of laboratory, field, and theoretical studies have demonstrated that water flow through unsaturated rock fractures may proceed along localized preferential paths. We summarize results and observations from recent laboratory experiments conducted on analog fractures, transparent epoxy replicas of natural fractures, and actual rock fractures. Localized preferential flow channels were observed in all these experiments, with the exception of the experiments designed to examine film flow on rough fracture surfaces. In a number of the experiments, the flow channels underwent cycles of snapping and reforming, or intermittent flow, even in the presence of constant boundary conditions. Different modes of intermittent flow can occur during unsaturated flow in fractures, which have important implications for solute transport.
Crystallographic structure of human gamma-thrombin.

In an effort to prepare crystals and determine the structure of alpha-thrombin complexed to a synthetic peptide inhibitor (MDL-28050) of the hirudin 54-65 COOH-terminal region, it was discovered that the crystals were not those of the complex but of gamma-thrombin. Gel electrophoresis studies revealed that autolytic degradation had occurred prior to crystallization. NH2-terminal sequence analysis of these autolytic fragments confirmed the gamma-thrombin product (cleavages at Arg75-Tyr76 and/or Arg77A-Asn78, and Lys149E-Gly150; chymotrypsinogen numbering) with a minor amount of another autolysis product, beta-thrombin (first two cleavages only). The final structure has an R-factor of 0.156 for 7.0-2.5-A data, and includes 186 water molecules. A comparison of gamma-thrombin with the thrombin structure in the alpha-thrombin-hirugen complex revealed that the two structures agreed well (r.m.s. delta = 0.39 A for main chain atoms). These structures possess uninhibited active sites where the disposition of the catalytic triad residues is nearly identical. The electron density in the vicinity of the gamma-thrombin cleavage regions is poor, and only becomes well-defined several residues prior to and after the actual cleavage sites. The extensive disorder evoked by beta-cleavage(s) in the Lys70-Glu80 loop region indicates that this part of the molecule is severely disrupted by autolysis and is the reason exosite functions are dramatically impaired in beta-and gamma-thrombin. Since autolysis did not lead to a major reorganization of the folded structure of alpha-thrombin, the likely structural features of the interaction of thrombin substrate with thrombin enzyme during beta-cleavage have been modeled by docking the exosite region of one molecule at the active site of another.
The chemistry and biochemistry of C-nucleosides.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the C-nucleoside literature. With respect to the naturally occurring C-nucleosides, most work published since 1970 has been discussed. In reviewing work relevant to the synthesis of C-nucleosides, the various synthetic strategies that have been developed have been discussed. Numerous new compounds for biological testing have been achieved by modification of natural C-nucleosides. synthetic approaches to C-nucleosides have utilized preformed carbohydrates as starting material. Successful syntheses have involved: (a) direct linkage of preformed base and carbohydrate precursors; and/or (b) stepwise construction of a heterocyclic base onto a preformed carbohydrate derivative. The chapter discusses c-nucleosides in biology and medicine. The elegant biological experiments using formycin have made great contributions by calling attention to the subtle and critical roles conformation and conformational flexibility of biomolecules play in their normal functioning. Numerous, perhaps a majority, of the synthetic C-nucleosides are becoming available for study in biological systems.
Win-win indirect tax reform

Abstract The literature on tariffs and that on commodity taxes have established sufficient conditions under which tariff or commodity tax reform improves welfare. Since less developed countries need to raise certain revenue from indirect taxation, we consider a policy reform within the complete indirect tax structure (i.e. an increase in consumption taxes combined with a decrease in tariffs) that improves welfare and raises government revenue. We demonstrate that when uniform reductions in trade taxes accompany offsetting increases in consumption taxes, so that consumer prices remain constant, welfare improves and government revenue increases if the initial position provides a net subsidy to producers.
Tree Leaf Deposition Effects on Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratenses L.)

ABSTRACT It is a common turf maintenance practice in temperate climate zones to collect and remove fallen deciduous tree leaves from turfgrass sites in the late fall into the spring. Without tree leaf removal, turfgrasses can sustain sever damage due to light exclusion and high temperature buildup. The collection and tree leaf removal processes are very labor intensive, costly and sites for disposal are becoming very limited. With the development and wide spread use of mulching mowers, it is now possible to mow fallen tree leaves, thus, depositing them into the turfgrass canopy. The hypothesis tested in this study was that yearly tree leaf deposition would have no effect on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratenses L.) shoot growth, visual quality, soil pH and thatch accumulation and, thus, would be a suitable landscape/solid waste disposal method. Fallen leaves of red oak (Quercus ruba L.) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) were air-dried, deposited on the turf surface at a rate of 0.54 kg of dry leaves/m2 (...
Online Privacy Policies: Contracting Away Control Over Personal Information?

Individuals disclose personal information to websites in the course of everyday transactions. The treatment of that personal information is of great importance, as highlighted by the recent spate of data breaches and the surge in identity theft. When websites share such personal information with third parties, the threat of its use for illegal purposes increases. The current law allows website companies to protect themselves from liability for sharing or selling visitors’ personal information to third parties by focusing on disclosures in privacy policies, not on substantive treatment of personal information. Because of the low likelihood that a visitor will read or understand that policy, websites have an incentive to protect themselves by allowing for a broad use of the visitor’s personal information. In turn, websites word those policies as contractual commitments, purportedly binding visitors to their terms, which often include forum selection provisions as well as privacy terms. In light of these two factors – little substantive protection, and privacy provisions that allow for broad use of personal information – such visitors may well find themselves in the position of challenging the enforceability of the privacy policy. I argue that the policies are challengeable primarily on lack of assent and unconscionability grounds.
Effect of Growth Conditions on Morphology of Hydrogenomonas facilis and on Yield of a Phospholipoprotein

Abstract Hydrogenomonas facilis grown heterotrophically on fructose with very low aeration eventually ceased to divide and produced elongated forms. Short forms were obtained from fructose-grown long forms by increasing the availability of oxygen to the organisms. A phospholipoprotein, the protein moiety of which is known to be present in the cell envelope, precipitated upon lowering the ionic strength of extracts from cells in the earlier stages of elongation (i.e., in the middle and late log phase of growth). The maximal yield of the protein moiety of the phospholipoprotein precipitate (i.e., grams of protein/grams of soluble protein × 100) was 2%. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid accumulated as growth on fructose progressed, the accumulation being more marked with lower aeration.
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1: the inducible synthase for prostaglandin E2

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin (PG)H2 to PGE2. Proinflammatory stimuli markedly increase levels of mPGES-1 expression both in vivo and in vitro. mPGES-1 knockout studies and animal models of inflammatory arthritis also provide a strong basis for the contribution of mPGES-1 in the increased local production of PGE2 observed in inflammatory arthritis. The focus of this article is to review some recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms specific to the regulation of inducible mPGES-1 in inflammatory arthritis.
Human Rights and Mass Atrocities: Revisiting Transitional Justice†

When gross violations of human rights occur in the form of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, if the United Nations era is really the age of human rights (Henkin 1996), the primary objective should be to stop them in the short run by (i) the diplomacy of conflict resolution and, if necessary, (ii) humanitarian intervention under the “the responsibility to protect.” These processes are covered in other essays in this volume. Here, I address what to do after the fact. The attempt to establish some kind principled justice after atrocities is usually known as transitional justice. Academic and other experts agree that transitional justice (or TJ) emerged as a concentrated subject of policy debate and academic study by the late 1980s and early 1990s because of two primary developments (see Roht-Arriaza and Mariezcurrena 2006; Arthur 2009; Bell 2009; Teitel 2009). First, there was the end of brutal authoritarian regimes in Latin America and various responses in that region. Second, there was the end of repressive European communism and the political space subsequently opened up for various national and international policies. To be sure, the subject of what to do after atrocities and gross violations of human rights is not new (Roht-Arriaza ibid.). For example, when the French intervened in Syria-Lebanon in the late nineteenth century after massacres involving Druze and Christians, the French foreign minister proposed an international commission that would “investigate the outbreak of civil war, bring guilty Syrians and Ottomans to book, pay reparations to the victims, and suggest steps to prevent future catastrophes” (Bass 2009:170–171). In contemporary times, there emerged in practical politics a very lively debate about criminal prosecution, truth or fact finding commissions, apologies and reparations, amnesties and other forms of impunity involved in “just moving on,” memorials, lustration …