cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Removal of unexploded ordnance.

Impalement by an unexploded round is a rare event during surgery in combat environments. These are usually caused by large caliber, high-velocity projectiles. Patients who survive to arrive at a treatment facility must be triaged safely, and treated appropriately to save both the life of the patient and the treatment team. Since WWII, there have been 35 reported cases that were treated successfully. Optimal outcomes require a basic knowledge of explosives and triggering mechanisms, as well as adherence to basic principles of trauma resuscitation and surgery. Most importantly, these cases require flexibility, determination, and ingenuity.
The effect of inorganic precursors on disinfection byproduct formation during UV-chlorine/chloramine drinking water treatment.

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is being increasingly used in drinking water treatment. It is important to understand how its application to different types of water may influence finished water quality, particularly as anthropogenic activity continues to impact the quality of source waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inorganic precursors on the formation of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during UV irradiation of surface waters when combined with chlorination or chloramination. Samples were collected from three drinking water utilities supplied by source waters with varying organic and inorganic precursor content. The filtered samples were treated in the laboratory with a range of UV doses delivered from low pressure (LP, UV output at 253.7 nm) and medium pressure (MP, polychromatic UV output 200-400 nm) mercury lamps followed by chlorination or chloramination, in the presence and absence of additional bromide and nitrate. The regulated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were not affected by UV pretreatment at disinfection doses (40-186 mJ/cm 2). With higher doses (1000 mJ/cm 2), trihalomethane formation was increased 30-40%. While most effects on DBPs were only observed with doses much higher than typically used for UV disinfection, there were some effects on unregulated DBPs at lower doses. In nitrate-spiked samples (1-10 mg N/L), chloropicrin formation doubled and increased three- to six-fold with 40 mJ/cm 2 MP UV followed by chloramination and chlorination, respectively. Bromopicrin formation was increased in samples containing bromide (0.5-1 mg/L) and nitrate (1-10 mg N/L) when pretreated with LP or MP UV (30-60% with 40 mJ/cm 2 LP UV and four- to ten-fold increase with 40 mJ/cm 2 MP UV, after subsequent chlorination). The formation of cyanogen chloride doubled and increased three-fold with MP UV doses of 186 and 1000 mJ/cm 2, respectively, when followed by chloramination in nitrate-spiked samples but remained below the World Health Organization guideline value of 70 μg/L in all cases. MP UV and high LP UV doses (1000 mJ/cm 2) increased chloral hydrate formation after subsequent chlorination (20-40% increase for 40 mJ/cm 2 MP UV). These results indicate the importance of bench-testing DBP implications of UV applications in combination with post-disinfectants as part of the engineering assessment of a UV-chlorine/chloramine multi-barrier disinfection design for drinking water treatment.
Ranking configuration parameters in multi-tiered e-commerce sites

E-commerce systems are composed of many components with several configurable parameters that, if properly configured, can optimize system performance. Before upgrading existing systems to overcome performance bottlenecks, several areas of a site's architecture and its parameters may be adjusted to improve performance. This paper provides a method to rank key configurable e-commerce system parameters that significantly impact overall system performance, and the performance of the most significant Web function types. We consider both on-line and off-line parameters at each of the e-commerce system layers: Web server, application server, and database server. In order to accomplish our task, we designed a practical, ad-hoc approach that involves conducting experiments on a testbed system setup as a small e-commerce site. The configurable parameters are ranked based on their degrees of performance improvement to the system and to the most critical Web functions. The performance metrics of interest include server's response time, system throughput, and probability of rejecting a customer's request. The experiments were conducted on an e-commerce site compliant to the TPC-W benchmark.
Variability of metapodials in primates with rudimentary digits: Ateles geoffroyi, Colobus guereza, and Perodicticus potto.

A tenet of evolutionary theory is that, within a species, phenotypic variability is inversely related to the intensity of stabilizing selection. A corollary is that a rudimentary or vestigial structure should be highly variable. This relationship between rudimentation and variability, however, may simply be part of a continuum, as several studies have shown that variability and size of a structure are inversely related. This study tests whether the first metacarpal (MC1) in Ateles geoffroyi and Colobus guereza and the second metacarpal (MC2) in Perodicticus potto are highly variable in their lengths relative to their other metapodials. The former two species have rudimentary thumbs, and the latter species has a rudimentary index finger. Fourteen other species of primates are included in the comparison. The results show that MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza and MC2 in P. potto are the relatively shortest first and second metapodials, respectively, in this sample of primates. However, an intraspecific analysis shows that neither MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza nor MC2 in P. potto is significantly more variable than the other metapodials. Nevertheless, an interspecific analysis shows that MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza is relatively the most variable among the first metapodials (i.e., MC1 and first metatarsal) in this study. MC2 in P. potto, however, is of relatively low variability compared with the other primates. These contrasting results are interpreted in terms of the developmental and evolutionary biology of digits.
Capacity of soils for sorption of sulfur dioxide

Abstract Studies with 41 soils selected to obtain a wide range in properties showed that air‐dry and moist soils have substantial capacities for sorption of SO2from air (averages, 1.80 and 9.98 g S kg‐1soil, respectively). Soil properties influencing the capacities of air‐dry soils for sorptlon of SO2included clay content, surface area, DCB‐soluble Mn, CaCO3equivalent, dpH, acid‐titratable basicity, and sulfate sorption capacity. The corresponding capacities of moist soils were influenced by surface area and soil properties associated with CaCO3equivalent. It was possible to closely predict the SO2sorption capacities of both air‐dry and moist soils (R2‐ 0.913 and 0.939, respectively) from consideration of their properties
On the monotone convergence of vector means

Consider a stochastic sequence {Zn; n = 1, 2, ... }, and define Pn(e) = P(|Zn|e). Then the stochastic convergence Zn → 0 is said to be monotone whenever the sequence Pn(e) ↑ 1 monotonically in n for each e > 0. This mode of convergence is investigated here; it is seen to be stronger than convergence in quadratic mean; and scalar and vector sequences exhibiting monotone convergence are demonstrated. In particular, if {X1, ..., Xn} is a spherical Cauchy vector whose elements are centered at θ, then Zn = (X1 + ... + Xn)/n is not only weakly consistent for θ, but it is shown to follow a monotone law of large numbers. Corresponding results are shown for certain ensembles and mixtures of dependent scalar and vector sequences having n-extendible joint distributions. Supporting facts utilize ordering by majorization; these extend several results from the literature and thus are of independent interest.
Steady-State Fluorescence of Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Xerogels and Aerogels as a Probe for Local Chromophore Aggregation†

Sol-gel synthesis has been used to disperse an emissive chromophore within a porous TiO 2 matrix, leading to xerogels and aerogels doped with tethered and unbound pyrenyl groups. Steady-state fluorescence was used to probe the interactions of neighboring pyrene groups within the gel matrix. Changes in the relative intensity of the monomer (I 1 ) emission peak as a function of chromophore concentration indicated a local interaction between included dyes for both tethered and unbound pyrene groups, likely through π stacking. Partial matrix methylation or phenylation failed to produce a significant effect on the relative intensity of the I 1 signal in either the xerogel or the aerogel. Changes in the relative intensity of excimer emission with changes in matrix composition, however, do suggest that the presence of either phenyl or methyl groups within the TiO 2 matrix impedes π stacking between pairs of tethered pyrenyl groups. Compared with strong excimer emission in the xerogels containing pyrenyl groups at relatively high concentrations, excimer formation was inhibited in the corresponding aerogels, for which BET analysis indicated a broad pore size distribution in the mesoporous range, ca. 100 A.
Massive Arrays of Idle Disks For Storage Archives

The declining costs of commodity disk drives is rapidly changing the economics of deploying large amounts of online or near-line storage. Conventional mass storage systems use either high performance RAID clusters, automated tape libraries or a combination of tape and disk. In this paper, we analyze an alternative design using massive arrays of idle disks, or MAID. We argue that this storage organization provides storage densities matching or exceeding those of tape libraries with performance similar to disk arrays. Moreover, we show that with effective power management of individual drives, this performance can be achieved using a very small power budget. In particular, we show that our power management strategy can result in the performance comparable to an always-on RAID system while using 1/15th the power of such a RAID system.
Iron Modifies Plasma FGF23 Differently in Autosomal Dominant Hypophosphatemic Rickets and Healthy Humans

Context: In autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) resists cleavage, causing increased plasma FGF23 levels. The clinical phenotype includes variable onset during childhood or adulthood and waxing/waning of hypophosphatemia. Delayed onset after puberty in females suggests iron status may be important. Objective: Studies were performed to test the hypothesis that plasma C-terminal and intact FGF23 concentrations are related to serum iron concentrations in ADHR. Design and Setting: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of ADHR and a cross-sectional study in healthy subjects were conducted at an academic medical center. Participants: Participants included 37 subjects with ADHR mutations from four kindreds and 158 healthy adult controls. Main Outcome Measure: The relationships of serum iron concentrations with plasma C-terminal and intact FGF23 concentrations were evaluated. Results: Serum phosphate and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D correlated negatively with C-ter...
Ni isotope fractionation during sorption to ferrihydrite: Implications for Ni in banded iron formations

Abstract A major decline in marine methanogen populations during the Late Archaean Eon has been proposed as a driver for the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at ~ 2.4 Ga. Konhauser et al. (2009, Nature 458, 750–753) recently hypothesized that a dramatic decrease between 2.7 and 2.4 Ga in the concentration of dissolved Ni, an essential nutrient for methanogens, may have been responsible for the decline. To test that hypothesis, Ni stable isotopes, a novel proxy for methanogen Ni limitation, will be applied to the Late Archaean–Paleoproterozoic rock record in the future, possibly through analysis of banded iron formations (BIFs). In order to facilitate interpretation of those data, we investigated the fractionation of Ni stable isotopes during sorption to synthetic ferrihydrite, which was likely the primary precipitating phase during BIF deposition, via bench-top experiments. The observed fractionations for adsorption and coprecipitation experiments were indistinguishable and averaged Δ60/58Nidissolved-sorbed = + 0.35 ± 0.10‰ (1 sd; light Ni sorbed). Parallel, linear trends in isotope compositions of dissolved and sorbed Ni as a function of fraction of Ni sorbed indicate an equilibrium isotope effect with rapid and continuous exchange between dissolved and sorbed Ni. Additionally, we observed fractionation of Δ60/58Nidissolved–sorbed = + 0.23 ± 0.07‰ (1 sd) in experiments in which ferrihydrite had been aged for up to 30 days and had partially transformed to goethite and hematite; thus the fractionations in all of our experiments are the same within uncertainties. Although our simple system differs from Archaean seawater, our results suggest that ferrihydrite precipitating to form BIFs may always have been offset by a constant fractionation from coexisting dissolved Ni in seawater.
Lubricant behaviour in concentrated contact systems — the castor oil-steel system

Abstract Experiments are described in which frictional forces are measured between hardened steel surfaces lubricated with castor oil. In one series of experiments, balls of different sizes slide against a moving plane at a maximum Hertz stress of 389,000 p.s.i. (273.5 kg/mm2) over a range of speeds up to 140 cm/sec. In another experiment the frictional force is measured between rollers which roll with a small component of sliding motion, the elastic stresses being similar to those used in the first experiment. In an interpretation of these measurements, it is concluded that in a certain range of speed most of the frictional force is transmitted through a film of lubricant acting as a plastic solid whose shear strength decreases with increasing temperature, and that in the sliding experiment the coefficient of friction gives essentially a measure of the temperature rise in the lubricant. It is further suggested that in concentrated contact systems of this type where the frictional force is determined by the high-stress plastic yield of the lubricant, the film thickness is determined by viscous flow properties.
Targeting TGF-β overexpression in renal disease: Maximizing the antifibrotic action of angiotensin II blockade

Targeting TGF-β overexpression in renal disease: Maximizing the antifibrotic action of angiotensin II blockade Background Overproduction of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a key mediator of extracellular matrix accumulation in fibrotic diseases. We hypothesized that the degree of reduction of pathological TGF-β expression can be used as a novel index of the antifibrotic potential of angiotensin II (Ang II) blockade in renal disease. Methods One day after induction of Thy 1.1 glomerulonephritis, rats were treated with increasing doses of the Ang I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril and/or the Ang II receptor blocker losartan in the drinking water. Six days after disease induction the therapeutic effect on glomerular TGF-β overexpression was evaluated. Results Both enalapril and losartan reduced TGF-β overproduction in a dose-dependent manner, showing a moderate reduction at doses known to control blood pressure in renal forms of hypertension. A maximal reduction in TGF-β expression of approximately 45% was seen for both drugs starting at 100mg/liter enalapril and 500mg/liter losartan, with no further reduction at doses of enalapril up to 1000mg/liter or losartan up to 2500mg/liter. Co-treatment with both drugs was not superior to single therapy. Consistent with our hypothesis that reduction in TGF-β expression is a valid target, other disease measures, including glomerular matrix accumulation, glomerular production and mRNA expression of the matrix protein fibronectin and the protease inhibitor plasminogen-activator-inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) closely followed TGF-β expression. Conclusions The data suggest that these therapies act through very similar pathways and that, in order to more effectively treat renal fibrosis, these drugs must be combined with other drugs that act by different mechanisms.
Clinical evaluation of complete denture therapy: Examiner consistency

Criteria were developed to clinically evaluate denture base stability and retention. Six completely edentulous subjects participated in the study. Each patient was treated with two sets of complete dentures. Six prosthodontists who were not involved in the patients' treatment evaluated the stability and retention of each denture at the delivery appointment and weekly for the following 2 weeks by means of criteria in a standardized form. Evaluation of stability and retention for maxillary and mandibular complete dentures worn during weeks 1 and 2 were compared with the evaluations made at the delivery appointment for each denture. In tabulation of the data, the criteria considered reliable were mandibular denture retention, maxillary denture retention evaluated unilaterally, and maxillary denture stability. In each category most examiners rated the judgments the same or better when compared with the delivery appointment data for each patient.
Equine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) occurs commonly in the horse. Ultraviolet light exposure and lack of periocular pigment are thought to be the primary predisposing factors. Most tumors grow slowly and tend to be locally invasive; however, there is a 10% to 15% metastatic rate. The appearance of SCC varies greatly with its location. Corneal or limbal SCC is commonly raised, papillary, and light pink. The third eyelid may develop a scalloped appearance or become thickened. Eyelid SCC usually has a smooth mass effect and may be ulcerated. Treatment options include excision, cryotherapy, radiofrequency hyperthermia, radiotherapy, topical and intralesional chemotherapy with cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) cell wall extract, and carbon dioxide laser ablation. Generally, excision alone is not sufficient and ancillary therapy is recommended.
Laminar Flow in a Recess of a Hydrostatic Bearing

The flow in a recess of a hydrostatic journal bearing is studied in detail. The Navier-Stokes equations for the laminar flow of an incompressible liquid are solved numerically in a two-dimensional plane of a typical bearing recess. Pressure- and shear-induced flows, as well as a combination of these two flow conditions, are analyzed. Recess friction, pressure-ram effects at discontinuities in the flow region, and film entrance pressure loss effects are calculated. Entrance pressure loss coefficients over a forward-facing step are presented as functions of the mean flow Reynolds number for pure-pressure and shear-induced laminar flows.
Permeation of Gaseous Oxygen through Vitreous Silica

THE permeation of gaseous oxygen through vitreous silica has been measured over the temperature-range 950°–1,080° C. in a permeation cell constructed with two portions separated by a thin-walled spherical bulb with a short neck. The bulb was 25 mm. outside diameter, and served as the membrane of vitreous silica ; its area was 18.9 cm.2 and thickness 0.27 mm. The thickness was determined from electrical capacitance measurements. The silica was used as blown ; and no cleaning was done with hydrofluoric acid. The oxygen pressure, 300–800 mm. mercury, was applied to the convex side of the bulb. The low-pressure side led directly to a mass spectrometer with no leak intervening. The rate of permeation of gas was measured1, in this case by the peak height of mass 32. It was assured that true permeation, and not merely degassing, was being measured by : (1) observing the slow rise of the oxygen peak after application of oxygen to the high-pressure side, (2) attainment of steady-state flow and then, (3) slow decay of the peak after the gas was removed from the high-pressure side.
The method of paired comparisons for social values

This is an attempt to apply the ideas of psychophysical measurement in the field of social values. Some of the psychophysical methods have been applied in a crude way to the measurement of educational products such as handwriting and English composition, and it seems feasible to apply the same ideas as well to social values although the attempt cannot readily be made without making compromises that the psychophysicist would not tolerate. The application of the principles of psychophysical measurement to educational products has been made with more or less similar logical handicaps but these do not seem to have disturbed the popularity of these methods in the field of educational measurement. Since the final results show a rather satisfactory internal consistency, one may possibly assume that the methods, the theoretically imperfect, have some value also in social psychology. For the present experiment the seriousness of different crimes or offenses was chosen for such measurement. The seriousness of an offense we shall assume to be the seriousness as judged rather than as measured in terms of objective consequences or in some normative way. Nineteen offenses were judged: abortion, adultery, arson, assault and battery, bootlegging, burglary, counterfeiting, embezzlement, forgery, homicide, kidnapping, larceny, libel, perjury, rape, receiving stolen goods, seduction, smuggling, and vagrancy. The offenses were arranged in pairs so that every one of them was paired with every other one. The total number of pairs of offenses presented was therefore n(n-1)/2 = 171. College student subjects were presented with the paired offenses and asked to choose which they considered to be the more serious crime. Results show that qualitative judgments of a rather intangible sort, loaded usually with personal opinion, bias, and even strong feeling, and regarded generally as the direct antithesis of quantitative measurement, are nevertheless amenable to the type of quantitative analysis which is associated historically with psychophysics. It is of some interest to see that a set of numerical values can be established by which the 171 observed proportions of judgments about crimes and offenses can be summarized in generalized form. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
Small worlds in RNA structures

I consider conformational spaces of tRNAphe defined by sets of suboptimal structures from the perspective of small-world networks. Herein, the influence of modifications on typical small-world network properties and the shape of energy landscapes is discussed. Results indicate that natural modifications influence the degree of local clustering and mean path lengths far more than random or no modifications. High frequencies in the thermodynamic ensemble coincide with high numbers of neighboring structures that one conformation can adopt by one elementary move. Conformation spaces indicate the existence of modular substructures. It can be shown that modifications leave the nature of small-world topology untouched albeit natural modifications have a reasonable enhancing and streamlining effect on the degree of clustering and therefore on the substructures of the conformational space.
Cell-permeable Peptide Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2 Inhibits Chronic Inflammatory Pain Behaviors in Mice

Inflammatory conditions can lead to persistent debilitating pain, and the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) has been shown to play an important role in the processing of inflammatory pain. Postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), a scaffolding protein, has been identified to interact with NMDARs at neuronal synapses of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of these interactions in the central sensitization of nociceptive processing has not been defined. In this study, we investigated the effect of disrupting NMDAR/PSD-95 interactions on chronic inflammatory pain behaviors. We constructed a fusion peptide, Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2, comprising the second PDZ domain of PSD-95, to disrupt specifically NMDARs/PSD-95 protein interactions. Western blot analysis showed that Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2 intraperitoneally injected into mice was delivered intracellularly into neurons in the CNS. By in vitro and in vivo binding assays, we found that the Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2 dose dependently inhibited the interactions between NMDARs and PSD-95. Furthermore, behavioral testing showed that mice given Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2 exhibited significantly reduced complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammatory pain behaviors compared to the vehicle-treated group. Our results indicate that by disrupting NMDAR/PSD-95 protein interactions, the cell-permeable fusion peptide Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2 provides a new target and approach for chronic inflammatory pain therapy.
Effect Sizes and "What If" Analyses as Supplements to Statistical Significance Tests

As shortcomings of traditional statistical significance testing have been highlighted, calls have been heard within the research community for alternative or supplemental analyses that reflect the practical significance of test results and the role of sample size in the interpretation of results. Effect size reporting, which is designed to reflect on the practical value of results, is now required by 23 journals, including the flagship journals of the American Counseling Association, the Council for Exceptional Children, and several American Psychological Association journals. "What-if" analyses, though less well established, offer a method for reflecting on the role of sample size in the decision to accept or reject the null hypothesis. Explanations of thesemethodsand guidelines for their use and interpretation are offered.
Nuclease I from suspension-cultured Nicotiana tabacum: Purification and properties of the extracellular enzyme

Abstract Nuclease I, which hydrolyzes polynucleotides and 3′-mononucleotides, was found to be released from suspension-cultured tobacco cells throughout the active phase of growth. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from filtrates of late-log cultures by a procedure utilizing affinity interactions with NADP-Sepharose and concanavalin A-Sepharose followed by gel chromatography. The extracellular nuclease was found to be a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 9%. A single band corresponding to a polypeptide chain molecular weight of 35,000 was observed on sodium dodecyl sulfategel electrophoresis. Two forms of the enzyme, with isoelectric points of 5.2 and 5.6, could be resolved by disc electrophoresis or electrofocusing. No significant differences in catalytic properties of the two forms were observed. Base specificity of the enzyme for 3′-nucleotides, expressed as V K m , was in the order A > G ⪢ U > C. Greater affinity was observed when the 3′-mononucleotide substrate contained an additional phosphate at the 5′-position. A study of the rates of hydrolysis of dinucleoside monophosphates revealed a strong preference for purine nucleosides as the 5′-residue and a slight preference for uridine as the 3′-residue. With both Np and NpN substrates, hydrolysis of ribonucleotides occurred at >30 times the rate observed with deoxyribonucleotides. Action on ribohomopolymers was determined mainly by secondary structural features of the substrate. The degree of inhibition of nuclease I by EDTA was a function of concentration, time, and temperature of preincubation.
Constraints for the Construction of Kinetic Theories

In the absence of a small parameter for systematic many-body analysis (e.g., strongly coupled systems), the construction of an appropriate kinetic theory description necessarily has an uncontrolled, phenomenological component. In this context it is useful to identify selective exact properties of the underlying microscopic description to serve as constraints for guidance in the construction of an approximate kinetic theory. We consider here three such properties: 1) exact local conservation laws; 2) exact stationary solutions; 3) exact relationship of one- and two- particle reduced density operators. The corresponding conditions on the kinetic description are identified, and a simple “mean field” approximation is indicated as an example.
On the eigenvalues of interval matrices

In this paper we will examine how the spectrum (of eigenvalues) of an interval matrix family M depends on the spectrum of its extreme sets. We present three results: 1) We show that the roots of pairwise convex combinations of the characteristic polynomials of the vertices of M provide a bound for the spectrum of M. 2) We state conditions on M which guarantee that the spectrum of M can be determined from the spectrum of its relative boundary. 3) For the special case of M having a real spectrum, we show that this spectrum is completely determined by the eigenvalues of its vertices.
Tobacco Budworm: Effects of 60Cobalt Irradiation on Female Attractiveness and Mating Frequency

Females of Heliothis virescens (F.), when irradiated as adults with doses of 60cobalt ranging from 10–50 krad and used as bait in sex lure traps in 1.8×1.8×5.5-m field cages, were at least as attractive as untreated females. Females, irradiated as pupae 4 days before eclosion, had reduced attractiveness (28% less) with a dose of 10 krad and a considerably greater reduction with a dose of 50 krad. In laboratory tests, mating frequency as determined by spermatophore counts was affected similarly; average numbers of spermatophores per mated female were reduced 18% when pupae were irradiated at 30 krad and 41% when they were irradiated at 60 krad. However, there was no significant reduction in spermatophore numbers when newly eclosed adult females were irradiated with doses ranging from 10–60 krad.
The case for a sterile neutrino

Abstract If the solar and atmospheric neutrino deficits and the LSND results are consequences of neutrino mass, and if such mass is needed for a substantial part of dark matter, then there are only two basic patterns of those masses which are possible. The more likely of the two requires a sterile neutrino, which could also play a significant role in the dynamics of, and production of heavy elements by, supernovae. Important to this mass pattern is a correct understanding of the LSND results, now widely misinterpreted.
Structure of Spontaneously Formed Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on Lithiated Graphite Determined Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

We address the reactivity of lithiated graphite–anode material for Li-ion batteries with standard organic solvents used in batteries (ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate) by following changes in neutron scattering signals. The reaction produces a nanosized layer, the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), on the graphite particles. We probe the structure and chemistry of the SEI using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and inelastic neutron scattering. The SANS results show that the SEI fills 20–30 nm sized pores, and inelastic scattering experiments with H/D substitution show that this “chemical” SEI is primarily organic in nature; that is, it contains a large amount of hydrogen. The graphite–SEI particles show surface fractal scattering characteristic of a rough particle–void interface and are interconnected. The observed changes in the SEI structure and composition provide new insight into SEI formation. The chemically formed SEI is complementary and simpler in composition to the electrochemicall...
Proteins that interact with facilitative glucose transporters: implication for function

The cellular uptake of glucose catalysed by the facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT) family is further regulated by metabolites and hormones, most importantly by insulin. All of the six isoforms known in this family possess a large cytoplasmic domain of divergent amino acid sequence. A body of evidence indicates that this domain is important for GLUT regulation. Exactly how this domain participates in the regulation, however, is not known. A likely possibility is that a specific cellular protein interacts with GLUT at this domain, and thus modulates the function. This putative, glucose transporter binding protein (GTBP) may be an enzyme, or a non-enzymic adaptor or docking protein. Indeed, we have identified several cellular proteins that bind to the cytoplasmic domain of GLUT proteins; these include glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucokinase, GTBP70, GTBP85, GTBP28 and L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Some of these GLUT-GTPB interactions are functionally coupled. Whether any of these interactions actually participates in the insulin-induced GLUT regulation is yet to be determined.
On the epidemiology of violent juvenile crime in America: a total arrest-referenced approach.

The catalyst for this study was a widely publicized U.S. government-sponsored report forecasting alarming increases in violent juvenile crime. Working from data for the entire United States given in annual FBI Uniform Crime Reports, the study presented a descriptive statistical, historical profile of violent juvenile crime in America based on the percentage of all arrests for criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault attributable to juveniles, 1941-1995. Markedly different patterns resulted from focusing on rates and rates of change calculated for 1-, 5-, and 10-yr. periods. Thus, for example, the most recent 5-yr. trend for criminal homicide indicated an average annual increase of 7.81% in the incidence of arrests attributable to juveniles, with a corresponding projected increase of 117% from 1995 to 2010. An average annual rate increase of 5.13% was indicated over the most recent 10-yr. period, leading to a predicted increase of 77% in 2010 as compared to 1995. By sharp contrast, focusing on the 15.3% rate increase which occurred in the most recent single year led to the expectation that juvenile arrests will account for 229% more of this nation's criminal homicide arrests in 2015 than was the case in 1995. In every case, widely discrepant, 15-yr. projection differences such as those noted above, are magnified considerably if we assume validity of U.S. census estimates concerning increases in the size of America's juvenile population over the time period considered. Results of the study are taken to underscore the importance of qualifying archival data-based inferences about violent juvenile crime, in terms of the specific measure(s) used and time-frame context(s) of the unit(s) of analysis.
The roles of stakeholder- and peer-review at the OTA

The paper shares preliminary findings of a survey of participants in studies by the recently disbanded U.S. Congressional Office of Technology Assessment. The focus of the survey is on efficacy of the review-intensive study process used at that agency. The findings confirm the value of this process, but with important caveats, and suggest useful strategies for performing "communicative" analysis.
Population genetic structure, phylogeography and spawning philopatry in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) from mitochondrial DNA control region sequences

Mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region sequences were used to test the genetic and phylogeographic structure of walleye Stizostedion vitreum populations at different geographical scales: among spawning sites, lake basins, lakes, and putative glacial refugia in the Great Lakes region. Sequencing 199 walleye revealed nucleotide substitutions and tandemly repeated sequences that varied in copy number, as well as in sequence composition, in approximately 1200 bp of the mtDNA control region. Variable numbers of copies of an 11-bp tandem repeat showed no geographical patterning and were not used in further analyses. Substitutions in the other areas of the control region yielded 19 haplotypes, revealing phylogeographic structure and significant differences among glacial refugia, lakes, basins and some spawning sites. Differences among spawning populations were consistent with reduced gene flow, philopatry and possible natal homing. Analysis of spawning populations showed consistency of genotypic frequencies among years and between males and females, supporting philopatry in both sexes. The unglaciated plateau in southern Ohio, USA housed a very different haplotype that diverged prior to the Missouri, Mississippi and Atlantic glacial refugia types. Haplotypes from the three refugia colonized the Great Lakes after retreat of the Wisconsin glaciers, and their present distribution reflects the geography of their prior isolation and differential colonization. Populations that became associated with spawning localities appear to have diverged further due to philopatry, resulting in fine-scale phylogeographic structuring.
Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests

Forest structure and species composition in many western U.S. coniferous forests have been altered through fire exclusion, past and ongoing harvesting practices, and livestock grazing over the 20th century. The effects of these activities have been most pronounced in seasonally dry, low and mid-elevation coniferous forests that once experienced frequent, low to moderate intensity, fire regimes. In this paper, we report the effects of Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) forest stand treatments on fuel load profiles, potential fire behavior, and fire severity under three weather scenarios from six western U.S. FFS sites. This replicated, multisite experiment provides a framework for drawing broad generalizations about the effectiveness of prescribed fire and mechanical treatments on surface fuel loads, forest structure, and potential fire severity. Mechanical treatments without fire resulted in combined 1-, 10-, and 100-hour surface fuel loads that were significantly greater than controls at three of five FFS sites. Canopy cover was significantly lower than controls at three of five FFS sites with mechanical-only treatments and at all five FFS sites with the mechanical plus burning treatment; fire-only treatments reduced canopy cover at only one site. For the combined treatment of mechanical plus fire, all five FFS sites with this treatment had a substantially lower likelihood of passive crown fire as indicated by the very high torching indices. FFS sites that experienced significant increases in 1-, 10-, and 100-hour combined surface fuel loads utilized harvest systems that left all activity fuels within experimental units. When mechanical treatments were followed by prescribed burning or pile burning, they were the most effective treatment for reducing crown fire potential and predicted tree mortality because of low surface fuel loads and increased vertical and horizontal canopy separation. Results indicate that mechanical plus fire, fire-only, and mechanical-only treatments using whole-tree harvest systems were all effective at reducing potential fire severity under severe fire weather conditions. Retaining the largest trees within stands also increased fire resistance.
Conceptual Clarification and Policy-Related Science: The Case of Chemical Hormesis

This paper examines the epistemological warrant for a toxicological phenomenon known as chemical hormesis. First, it argues that conceptual confusion contributes significantly to current disagreements about the status of chemical hormesis as a biological hypothesis. Second, it analyzes seven distinct concepts of chemical hormesis, arguing that none are completely satisfactory. Finally, it suggests three ramifications of this analysis for ongoing debates about the epistemological status of chemical hormesis. This serves as a case study supporting the value of philosophical methodologies such as conceptual clarification for addressing contemporary scientific disputes, including policy-related scientific disputes that may be heavily influencedby social and political factors.
Integrated Planning of Production and Engineering Process Improvement

The authors present a planning model to allocate equipment capacity between production that generates immediate revenue and engineering process improvement activity that results in increased future output. The benefit of engineering activity is modeled as a concave function of the total number of engineering lots processed to date, while the production facility is represented by a nonlinear clearing function capturing the nonlinear relationship between resource utilization and cycle time. We analyze the model to develop structural results and illustrate its behavior with numerical examples.
Correlation of immunohistochemical molecular staging of bladder biopsies and radical cystectomy specimens.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the relationship of p53, retinoblastoma (RB), and p16 expression between precystectomy transurethral resection bladder (TURB) biopsy and matched cystectomy specimens; and to determine the value of p53 immunoreactivity for predicting progression and survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Methods and Materials: We performed p53 immunohistochemical staining on matched archival TURB and cystectomy specimens taken from 40 patients. Twenty-seven and 26 of these patients were also evaluated for RB and p16 expression, respectively. Results: Twenty-eight (70%) of the TURB and 22 (55%) of the cystectomy specimens stained positive for p53. RB and p16 protein expression were altered in 19 (70%) and 19 (73%) of the TURB specimens, respectively, and 19 (70%) and 19 (73%) of the cystectomy specimens, respectively. There was a strong correlation between p53, RB, and p16 expression and TURB and cystectomy specimens (all p p = 0.049 and p = 0.034, respectively) and bladder cancer-related death ( p = 0.044 and p = 0.037, respectively). Conclusion: p53, RB, and p16 expression patterns on TURB specimens correlate with cystectomy specimens. p53 immunoreactivity is an independent predictor of disease progression and bladder cancer survival. These data support the potential of prognostic staging using immunohistochemical analysis on bladder biopsy specimens prior to neoadjuvant or definitive therapy.
The social network paradigm and applications in pharmacy.

Abstract Background There have been calls for research to include contextual and macrolevel factors within explanatory models of human health. A network approach focuses on the influence of relationships to predict behavior. Objectives The first objective was to describe the social network paradigm based in sociology that uses network principles and methods to visualize, quantify, and predict outcomes using the structure and function of relationships. The second objective was to discuss applications of this approach in the context of health to guide future research in pharmacy. Methods This was a descriptive overview of conceptual models, methods, measures, and analyses that are used in the social network paradigm. Results The social network paradigm contains conceptual models that rely on relational and structural assumptions to make predictions related to human behavior. Although there is not 1 dominate theory of social networks, several models hold across applications and are commonly used by scholars. The methodology emphasized considerations of network boundaries, sampling strategies, and the type of data collected. Specific variables used in social network analysis were defined and dichotomized into constructs of centrality and cohesion. Network analysis was described in terms of available computational programs, data management, and statistical testing. Related research in health care was applied and ideas for pharmacy were proposed using a social network-based theoretical model. Conclusions There is growing momentum for health behaviorists to gain familiarity for studying the effect of social networks on behavior. Applications in pharmacy using social network models, methods, and analysis can be used as a stand-alone perspective or in conjunction with other theoretical perspectives in an effort to explain human health or organizational behavior in health care settings.
The relationship of undershooting (anticipation) error in space localization to spatial dimension and spatial category width.

In this study I explored whether the degree of anticipation/habituation (undershooting/overshooting) varies with the dimension to be localized, when the method of adjustment is used in space localization. In this study, undershooting occurred for both the vertical (Group 1) and the horizontal (Group 2) dimensions, but was significant only for verticality. The magnitude of undershooting observed for verticality was significantly greater than that for horizontality. A secondary issue regarding the possible relationship between spatial category width and undershooting/overshooting was examined. It was hypothesized that greater degree of spatial category width would be associated with greater undershooting. The opposite was found: Spatial category width was negatively related to undershooting. Finally, within each group, very high consistency of magnitude of spatial category width was observed (rs greater than .90), despite the fact that spatial category width showed shrinkage over the course of the study.
Flame resistant electrospun polymer nanofibers from deoxybenzoin‐based polymers

Electrospinning of 4,4'-bishvdroxvdeoxv-benzoin (BHDB)-polyphosphonate was performed by varying polymer concentration, flow rate, and the distance between the charged electrode and the grounded target. High flame-resistant nanofibers with diameters of ∼100 nm were obtained by spinning from 65 wt % DMF solution. The nanofibers were unimodal in distribution and uniaxially aligned. The heat release capacity and char yield of the BHDB-polyphosphonate nanofibers were 70 ± 3 J/g K, and 53%, respectively, in close agreement with the values obtained from the bulk materials. Electrospun nanofiber mats of BHDB-polyphosphonate with high flame-retarding properties had good mechanical strength (∼ 95 MPa) and modulus (∼ 3.9 GPa).
Enzymes as Catalysts in Carbohydrate Synthesis

The field of carbohydrate chemistry is perhaps one of the most thoroughly investigated of all disciplines of chemistry. Thousands of investigators, from the time of Emil Fischer, have probed the structure, function and reactivity of mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides. Nevertheless, carbohydrate chemistry and biology are currently undergoing a major renaissance. In addition to their well known roles as energy storage vehicles and structural components of cells, carbohydrates are now recognized as vital components in biological recognition phenomena.1–3 The involvement of carbohydrates has been implicated in many biological processes, including cell-cell recognition in growth and differentiation, clearance of aging cells from circulation, and cell sorting and targeting. Cell-surface carbohydrates are specific attachment sites for certain pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and for several soluble bacterial toxins.4–7 With the realization of these new roles has come a renewed demand for improved synthetic routes to carbohydrates.
An integrated mixed-signal front-end for broadband modems

An integrated mixed-signal transceiver for broadband communications is presented. The transceiver includes a configurable dual/single receive data path, a configurable dual/single transmit data path, and auxiliary functions including low-speed ADCs, low-speed DACs, serial port interface, clock and reference generation blocks. The receive data path provides constant input impedance and contains dual input buffers, dual programmable gain stages (PGAs), dual 12-bit ADC blocks, and a digital processing block, all sampling at up to 64 MHz. The transmit data path contains a digital processing block as well, and dual 14-bit DAC blocks with programmable gain, sampling at up to 128 MHz. The chip was implemented in double-poly triple-metal 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.