cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure reciprocity calibrations of laboratory standard microphones at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

The reciprocity technique has long served as a method for pressure calibration of microphones. It is a primary method, which determines microphone sensitivities from first principles and does not require a previously calibrated acoustic transfer standard. For calibrations of laboratory standard microphones, this method is standardized and utilized at national measurement institutes worldwide. Standard microphones calibrated by reciprocity are in turn used to calibrate additional microphones and sound calibrators, which apply known sound pressures to calibrate acoustical measuring devices and systems. Reciprocity calibrations done at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which is the national measurement institute for the U.S., provide its customers with accurate results traceable to the International System of Units (SI). These customers and organizations that utilize their services perform large numbers of secondary and further calibrations and measurements concerned with hearing conservation and testing, aircraft noise, noise regulation enforcement, acoustical test and measurement equipment, and auditory research. An overview of the reciprocity technique is presented along with a few examples of how customers of the NIST acoustical calibration services make use of their calibrated devices and calibration data.The reciprocity technique has long served as a method for pressure calibration of microphones. It is a primary method, which determines microphone sensitivities from first principles and does not require a previously calibrated acoustic transfer standard. For calibrations of laboratory standard microphones, this method is standardized and utilized at national measurement institutes worldwide. Standard microphones calibrated by reciprocity are in turn used to calibrate additional microphones and sound calibrators, which apply known sound pressures to calibrate acoustical measuring devices and systems. Reciprocity calibrations done at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which is the national measurement institute for the U.S., provide its customers with accurate results traceable to the International System of Units (SI). These customers and organizations that utilize their services perform large numbers of secondary and further calibrations and measurements concerned with hearing con...
Imaging in Interventional Pain Management

Interventional pain procedures are commonly performed either with image-guidance fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT), or ultrasound (US) or without image guidance utilizing surface landmarks. Recently, three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) suites also known as flat detector computed tomography (FDCT) or cone beam CT (CBCT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) have been introduced as imaging adjuncts. These systems are indicative of a trend toward increased use of specialized visualization techniques. Pain medicine practice guidelines suggest that most procedures require image guidance to improve the accuracy, reproducibility (precision), safety, and diagnostic information derived from the procedure [1]. Historically, pain medicine practitioners were slow adopters of image-guidance techniques, largely because the most common parent specialty (anesthesiology) had a culture of using surface landmarks to aid the perioperative performance of various nerve blocks and vascular line placements [2]. Indeed, some pain medicine practitioners in the 1980s and early 1990s felt that studies advocating the inaccuracy of epidural steroid injections performed with surface landmarks [3] were published more for specialty access than to increase patient safety or improve outcomes.
Nonhuman Primate Models for Human Disease

The value of nonhuman primates as models for a variety of human diseases is well documented. These species have been used extensively during the past 25 years or so as models for a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases, either as naturally occurring or experimentally induced infections. They are often the only nonhuman species susceptible to experimental infection with agents of human disease. Spontaneous diseases of nonhuman primates are often comparable to human diseases, and with the continued long-term maintenance of nonhuman primates in the laboratory as well as in domestic breeding colonies, it is reasonable to assume that additional disease models will be discovered. Such models may include degenerative diseases, diseases and/or lesions associated with the aging process, and genetic diseases. In this article we have reviewed four spontaneous diseases and one induced disease that have essentially identical counterparts in humans. Three of these are bacterial diseases that currently cause severe and sometimes fatal infections in humans; one is a degenerative disease that is usually progressive and fatal in humans, and one is possibly a genetic disease for which there is currently no animal model. The clinical and pathologic similarities between these nonhuman primate diseases and their human counterpart make these nonhuman primate diseases potentially valuable models for further studies on the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of these serious and often fatal human diseases.
Thermal Stresses and Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Composites Reinforced with Coated Spherical Particles

Thermal stresses and effective thermal expansion coefficients of composites reinforced with coated spherical particles are calculated. Initially, the micromechanics approach is used to solve the problem when a single coated inclusion embedded in the infinite matrix is subjected to thermal and mechanical loadings. Then, the successive iteration method based on Mori-Tanaka’s average field concept is employed to predict the actual thermal stresses and the effective coefficients of thermal expansion of composites containing finite concentration of inclusions.
Central Corneal Edema with Scleral-Lens Wear

Purpose: To evaluate the safety of scleral-lens designs, we model and clinically assess central corneal edema induced by scleral-lens wear for healthy subjects.Materials and Methods: Central cornea...
Risk Assessment and Recommendations for Forester Exposure to Hymenoptera.

Objective: Ants, bees, hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets (insects in Order Hymenoptera) are potentially a serious concern to outdoor workers, as the venom from their stings can cause life-threaten...
Fabrication process validation and investigations of lithium-ionic conductors for all-solid Li-ion batteries

The rapid adoption of Li-ion batteries with liquid organic electrolytes created many safety issues, due to gas production and leakage of the flammable liquid organic electrolytes when operating at high voltages of ~6V and/or elevated temperatures of ~150°C. A possible solution to this problem is to use solid state electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes. It has been demonstrated that some solid electrolytes can perform as well as their liquid electrolyte counterparts during battery operation. One such promising solid-state electrolyte is Lithium Aluminum Titanium Phosphate (LATP). Thick LATP films (several micrometers) have shown ionic conductivity of ~3×10−3 S cm−1, which is similar to that of a typical liquid electrolyte’s conductivity. It has excellent long-term stability in contact with the lithium anode and has been evaluated as a solid electrolyte for Li-ion batteries, as well as for electrochromics and deep neural networks. This study is therefore aimed at in-depth exploration of the LATP electrolyte for both the lithium ion battery and neuromorphic devices applications. Our work is focused on studying the influence of sputtering deposition parameters on the composition and the ionic conductivity of LATP that is not well understood. A systematic study to optimize sputtering target power, substrate heating, sputtering vacuum pressure, annealing temperature, atmospheric composition during annealing, and sputtering atmospheric composition was performed. Compositional uniformity of LATP films were analyzed via dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy (D-SIMS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), and Rutherford backscattered electron spectroscopy (RBS). Results from the aforementioned techniques have shown that deposition of compositionally uniform LATP films can be achieved by co-sputtering of Ti, Al and Li 3 PO 4 on a Si or Si/SiO 2 substrate. However, annealing of these films at > 400°C is required to enhance their performance. Microscale batteries (~ 100 μm × 100 μm) created with the annealed LATP films show promising electrolyte behavior. Charging of the batteries with a constant current of 200pA to 4.2V displayed charging and discharging characteristics of a typical battery with no measurable leakage.
Varied effects of algal symbionts on transcription factor NF-κB in a sea anemone and a coral: possible roles in symbiosis and thermotolerance

Many cnidarians, including the reef-building corals, undergo symbiotic mutualisms with photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae of the family Symbiodiniaceae. These partnerships are sensitive to temperature extremes, which cause symbiont loss and increased coral mortality. Previous studies have implicated host immunity and specifically immunity transcription factor NF-{kappa}B as having a role in the maintenance of the cnidarian-algal symbiosis. Here we have further investigated a possible role for NF-{kappa}B in establishment and loss of symbiosis in various strains of the anemone Exaiptasia (Aiptasia) and in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Our results show that NF-{kappa}B expression is reduced in Aiptasia larvae and adults that host certain algae strains. Treatment of Aiptasia larvae with a known symbiosis-promoting cytokine, transforming growth factor {beta}, also led to decreased NF-{kappa}B expression. We also show that aposymbiotic Aiptasia (with high NF-{kappa}B expression) have increased survival following infection with the pathogenic bacterium Serratia marcescens as compared to symbiotic Aiptasia (low NF-{kappa}B expression). Furthermore, a P. damicornis coral colony hosting Durusdinium spp. (formerly clade D) symbionts had higher basal NF-{kappa}B expression and decreased heat-induced bleaching as compared to two individuals hosting Cladocopium spp. (formerly clade C) symbionts. Lastly, genome-wide gene expression profiling and genomic promoter analysis identified putative NF-{kappa}B target genes that may be involved in thermal bleaching, symbiont maintenance, and/or immune protection in P. damicornis. Our results provide further support for the hypothesis that modulation of NF-{kappa}B and immunity plays a role in some, but perhaps not all, cnidarian-Symbiodiniaceae partnerships as well as in resistance to pathogens and bleaching.
Nursing Considerations with ALK and ROS1 Inhibitors in NSCLC

ALK and ROS1 positive NSCLC make up a small subset, around 5–7% of NSCLC overall. However, there are several targeted treatment options available to treat this type of lung cancer, all of which are superior to traditional chemotherapy response rates and survival rates. Testing for these molecular gene aberrations is generally simple and can be resulted quickly. Treatments for ALK and ROS1 positive NSCLC are similar. Side effects of the ALK inhibitors may vary depending on the drug, and nurses must understand the common toxicities and strategies to manage the side effects. Most of the side effects are very manageable and patients can stay on therapy.
Manganese-Enhanced MRI of the Brain in Healthy Volunteers.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The manganese ion is used as an intracellular MR imaging contrast agent to study neuronal function in animal models, but it remains unclear whether manganese-enhanced MR imaging can be similarly useful in humans. Using mangafodipir (Teslascan, a chelated manganese-based contrast agent that is FDA-approved), we evaluated the dynamics of manganese enhancement of the brain and glandular structures in the rostral head and neck in healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We administered mangafodipir intravenously at a rate of 1 mL/minute for a total dose of 5 μmol/kg body weight. Nine healthy adult volunteers (6 men/3 women; median age, 43 years) completed baseline history and physical examination, 3T MR imaging, and blood work. MR imaging also followed mangafodipir administration at various time points from immediate to 7 days, with delayed scans at 1–3 months. RESULTS: The choroid plexus and anterior pituitary gland enhanced within 10 minutes of infusion, with enhancement persisting up to 7 and 30 days, respectively. Exocrine (parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal) glands also enhanced avidly as early as 1 hour postadministration, generally resolving by 1 month; 3 volunteers had residual exocrine gland enhancement, which resolved by 2 months in 1 and by 3 months in the other 2. Mangafodipir did not affect clinical parameters, laboratory values, or T1-weighted signal in the basal ganglia. CONCLUSIONS: Manganese ions released from mangafodipir successfully enable noninvasive visualization of intra- and extracranial structures that lie outside the blood-brain barrier without adverse clinical effects, setting the stage for future neuroradiologic investigation in disease.
Exploring the role of infection preventionists in antimicrobial stewardship programs through several lenses: A brief report.

This study explored perceptions of the role of infection preventionists (IPs) in antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) among IPs, pharmacists, infectious diseases physicians, and hospital executives. Expert telephone interviews, using a validated survey tool, were conducted from November 1, 2016 to December 12, 2016 (n = 28). Participants with clinical responsibilities reported modest expectations of the IP in ASPs. Competing IP job responsibilities and limited ASP role clarity were cited as common barriers to IP engagement.
Natural transition orbitals for complex two‐component excited state calculations

While the natural transition orbital (NTO) method has allowed electronic excitations from time-dependent Hartree-Fock and density functional theory to be viewed in a traditional orbital picture, the extension to multicomponent molecular orbitals such as those used in relativistic two-component methods or generalized Hartree-Fock (GHF) or generalized Kohn-Sham (GKS) is less straightforward due to mixing of spin-components and the inherent inclusion of spin-flip transitions in time-dependent GHF/GKS. An extension of single-component NTOs to the two-component framework is presented, in addition to a brief discussion of the practical aspects of visualizing two-component complex orbitals. Unlike the single-component analog, the method explicitly describes the spin and frequently obtains solutions with several significant orbital pairs. The method is presented using calculations on a mercury atom and a CrO2 Cl2 complex.
Identifying and addressing barriers to treatment for child sexual abuse survivors and their non-offending caregivers

Abstract Mental health treatment is a critical part of an effective and compassionate response to the disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA). Given the vast negative consequences for children and families following CSA, engagement in treatment can benefit youth and their non-offending caregivers. Yet, these families face unique barriers to treatment initiation, adherence, and effectiveness. The identification of these barriers allows clinicians, researchers, and policy makers to increase treatment utilization, engagement, and value. The current review and its recommendations derive from the existing literature combined with knowledge gained from a clinical research team with more than 20 years of experience offering a treatment program for CSA survivors and their non-offending family members. The review organizes barriers around factors related to individual characteristics of children and caregivers, perceptions and beliefs commonly held following CSA, and challenging family interactions in the context of individual and group treatment for CSA. Finally, barriers related to systemic and societal factors are examined given the importance of understanding the legal and cultural context in which families seek and engage in treatment. Recommendations for further research, suggestions for clinicians, and considerations for policy change to decrease the identified treatment barriers for families impacted by CSA are provided.
Magnetic resonance imaging of medial collateral ligament avulsion fractures of the knee in children: a potentially underestimated injury

Literature regarding medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries is focused on adults with superficial MCL disruptions. However, children follow different injury patterns, with avulsion fractures at ligament attachment sites occurring commonly. Such avulsions have not been characterized for pediatric MCL injuries. To elucidate imaging findings, and review management and outcomes of pediatric MCL avulsion fractures. We conducted a 10-year retrospective review of knee magnetic resonance (MR) imaging reports for patients younger than 16 years old diagnosed with acute MCL avulsion fracture. MR imaging was reviewed to confirm and characterize the components of the avulsion (perichondrium without or with cartilage, and/or bone) and to identify additional knee injuries. Radiographs, if available, from the time of injury were reviewed. Clinical management and patient outcomes were recorded. Eighteen patients (13 boys, 5 girls) incurred an acute MCL avulsion fracture. All avulsions involved the deep MCL attachment: 17 meniscofemoral and 1 meniscotibial component. Two avulsions also included the superficial MCL attachment. Nine boys had non-osseous avulsions, all radiographically occult. All girls had radiographically apparent avulsions. Three girls and three boys sustained associated knee derangements, most commonly anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury (n=4). All MCL avulsions were initially treated conservatively; one child required subsequent surgery for ongoing pain. Pediatric MCL avulsion fractures in this study uniformly involve the attachment of the deep MCL and can be entirely non-osseous, particularly in boys who lag in skeletal maturity, making these injuries radiographically occult. MR imaging may be required to recognize these avulsions, which can impact the duration of rest and knee bracing.
Separation of Peas and Carrots in Boiling Water

Frozen peas and carrots are commonly available in grocery stores in the United States. The carrots are cut into cubes roughly 8 mm on a side, while the peas are roughly spherical with a diameter of about 6 mm. They are prepared together in water that is brought to a boil. The peas and carrots, which are initially mixed together, separate as the water is heated. By counting the number of border vs. non-border vegetables before and after boiling, the decrease of the number of vegetables on the border demonstrates separation rather than chance rearrangement with the highly significant value p < 0.00001. The demonstration is a kitchen physics example of pattern formation in nonequilibrium systems.
A Steady-Hand Robotic System for Microsurgical Augmentation

This paper reports the development of a robotic system designed to extend a human’s ability to perform small-scale (sub-millimeter) manipulation tasks requiring human judgement, sensory integration and hand-eye coordination. Our novel approach, which we call “steady hand” micromanipulation, is for tools to be held simultaneously both by the operator’s hand and a specially designed actively controlled robot arm. The robot’s controller senses forces exerted by the operator on the tool and by the tool on the environment, and uses this information in various control modes to provide smooth, tremor-free precise positional control and force scaling. Our goal is to develop a manipulation system with the precision and sensitivity of a machine, but with the manipulative transparency and immediacy of handheld tools for tasks characterized by compliant or semi-rigid contacts with the environment.
RMIX: a dynamic, heterogeneous, reconfigurable communication framework

RMIX is a dynamic, heterogeneous, reconfigurable communication framework that allows software components to communicate using various RMI/RPC protocols, such as ONC RPC, Java RMI and SOAP, by facilitating dynamically loadable provider plug-ins to supply different protocol stacks. With this paper, we present a native (C-based), flexible, adaptable, multi-protocol RMI/RPC communication framework that complements the Java-based RMIX variant previously developed by our partner team at Emory University. Our approach offers the same multi-protocol RMI/RPC services and advanced invocation semantics via a C-based interface that does not require an object-oriented programming language. This paper provides a detailed description of our RMIX framework architecture and some of its features. It describes the general use case of the RMIX framework and its integration into the Harness metacomputing environment in form of a plug-in.
Sonar for multi-aspect buried mine imaging

A buried object scanning sonar (BOSS) is designed to generate 3D images of objects at multiple aspects. Target imagery will be constructed using a sequence of acoustic echoes generated as the sonar approaches and passes the buried target by mapping target echoes to an absolute coordinate system. The horizontal and vertical resolution of targets in the field of view is controlled by pulse bandwidth. The circular receiver array is split in half and folded to form a V wing, a geometry which aids in rejecting surface scattering. Numeric modeling quantifies the spatial resolution of the imagery and the performance of the sonar for rejecting surface scatterers.
Finding the right place to live: Sources of geographic relocation information

People move for reasons as varied as economic necessity or the desire to improve their quality of life. Research has shown that moving can be an extremely stressful life event. Libraries can reduce the stress of relocation by providing to those moving information about the area to which they are relocating. Sources and information seeking strategies appropriate to gathering information related to the history, geography, demography, cost of living, climate, educational system, and the cultural, religious, and political environments of different areas, especially smaller cities and towns, are discussed.
Note on the relationship between the speed of light and gravity in the bi-metric theory of gravity

This work has been supported by grants of the Eppley Foundation for Research (New York) and the Research Council of the University of Missouri-Columbia.
Occurrence and transmission of food- and waterborne viruses by fomites.

Abstract: This chapter discusses occurrence and survival of viruses on fomites (inanimate objects). The significance of transfer of viruses from fomites to hands and other objects is discussed and existing data reviewed. The application of transmission models to better quantify the extent of fomite transmission and the success of interventions are discussed.
Theory of control of spin/photon interface for solid-state quantum network

With Dot-Cavity-Waveguide coupled system acting as quantum interface for stationary spin qubit and flying photon qubit, we propose and study a controlling scheme for generation or reception of an arbitrarily designated wavepacket of a single-photon.
Scenario-based reliability analysis of component-based software

Software designers are motivated to utilize off-the-shelf software components for rapid application development. Such applications are expected to have high reliability as a result of deploying trusted components. The claims of high reliability need further investigation based on reliability analysis techniques that are applicable to component-based applications. This paper introduces a probabilistic model and a reliability analysis technique that is applicable to high-level designs. The technique is named scenario-based reliability analysis (SBRA). SBRA is specific to component-based software whose analysis is strictly based on execution scenarios. Using scenarios, we construct a probabilistic model named a "component-dependency graph" (CDG). CDGs are directed graphs that represent components, component reliabilities, link and interface reliabilities, transitions and transition probabilities. In CDGs, component interfaces and link reliabilities are treated as first-class elements of the model. Based on CDGs, an algorithm is presented to analyze the reliability of the application as the function of reliabilities of its components and interfaces. A case study illustrates the applicability of the algorithm. The SBRA is used to identify critical components and critical component interfaces, and to investigate the sensitivity of the application reliability to changes in the reliabilities of components and their interfaces.
Squamous cell carcinoma with osteoclast‐like giant cells: a morphologically heterologous group including carcinosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma with stromal changes

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with osteoclast-like giant cells (hereafter, osteoclastic cells) is very rare; eight cases have been reported since 2006. Whether the osteoclastic cells represents a reactive or neoplastic change remains a matter of debate. Osteoclastic cells are often observed in the sarcomatous component of cutaneous carcinosarcoma. SCC with osteoclastic cells is a heterogeneous condition that includes SCC with stromal changes containing osteoclastic cells (also known as osteoclast-like giant cell reaction) and carcinosarcoma. In some cases, SCC with an associated osteoclast-like giant cell reaction has been differentiated from carcinosarcoma based on the degree of cytologic atypia in non-epithelial components. We summarized the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of 11 patients of SCC with osteoclastic cells, including our two cases of SCC with an osteoclast-like giant cell reaction and one case of carcinosarcoma. The affected patients were old and more likely to be male (64%). Seven cases (64%) were in the head and neck. Moreover, multiple features of high risk SCC were observed, such as a tumor size greater than 2 cm (56%), moderate or poor differentiation (100%), recurrence (33%) and nodal metastasis (17%) after excision and immunosuppression (27%). Interestingly, half of the previously reported cases of SCC with osteoclastic giant cell reaction had histopathologic findings that were overlapping with those of carcinosarcoma.
The Assumptions Underlying Evaluation Estimators

This paper reviews the basic principles underlying the identication of econometric evaluation estimators and their recent extensions. It considers the choice of the estimator in terms of the decision model used by agents and the information they have available. Building on Barros's pioneering work [Barros (1987), reprinted here] I apply the analysisto the method of matching.
Gulf Oil Spill Commission Report Calls for Major Drilling Safety Reforms

[1] The BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion and the resulting oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico last year were “foreseeable and preventable,” according to the report of a presidentially appointed commission, issued on 11 January, that recommended significant changes in U.S. government and industry practices to avoid future oil spill disasters. Among the recommendations of the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling are that Congress and the Obama administration create an independent safety agency within the Department of the Interior (DOI) to oversee all aspects of offshore drilling safety and that the oil and gas industry establish a “safety institute” to develop and enforce safety standards.
Radar measurements of Martian topography and surface properties - The 1971 and 1973 oppositions

The Goldstone radar system was used at a wavelength of 12.6 cm to probe the Martian surface during the 1973 opposition. Measurements of range and reflected power were made at least weekly between July 12 and November 24. Surface cells isolated by the radar system were 8 km E-W by 110 km N-S. Altitudes were calculated from signal time delays measured relative to a triaxial ellipsoid and were combined with altitudes measured during the 1971 opposition. Contours of constant altitude were calculated at 200 m intervals between latitudes -14 and -22 deg. These contours are presented in conjunction with Mars charts derived from Mariner 9 television pictures. Reflected power was measured at angles of incidence between -5 and +5 deg. These measurements were combined with those obtained during the 1971 opposition.
Photogrammetric application of viking orbital photography

The paper describes special techniques for the photogrammetric compilation of topographic maps and profiles from stereoscopic photographs taken by the two Viking Orbiter spacecraft. These techniques were developed because the extremely narrow field of view of the Viking cameras rules out compilation by conventional photogrammetric methods. The techniques adjust for internal consistency the Supplementary Experimental Data Record and the computation of geometric orientation parameters of the stereo models. A series of contour maps of Mars is being compiled by these new techniques using a wide variety of Viking Orbiter photographs.
The Andean Goblin Spiders of the New Genera Niarchos and Scaphios (Araneae, Oonopidae)

Abstract A new genus, Niarchos, is established for a group of 22 new species from the Andean regions of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Although the males of most of these species are obviously gamasomorphines, with a well-developed dorsal abdominal scutum, that scutum is reduced, in the males of two species, to just a narrow, sclerotized, longitudinal strip that covers only the cardiac area and is fused anteriorly to the epigastric scutum. Females of all species, in contrast, show no trace whatever of a dorsal abdominal scutum, have only short and lightly sclerotized epigastric and postepigastric scuta, and could therefore easily be misidentified as oonopines. Four species groups are recognized within the genus, each characterized by a distinctive form of male palp; the four groups are united by the presence of a triangular, posteriorly directed anterior projection on the male endites as well as by the sexual dimorphism in scutum morphology, reduced posterior eyes, and an unusual leg spination pattern (with...
Climate Monitoring from Space: Asynoptic Sampling Considerations

Asynoptic sampling for orbits and viewing geometries for climate monitoring from space is discussed. The basic physical processes pertinent to climate are reviewed. Two classes of variability are identified which challenge the information content of asynoptic sampling: irregular and diurnal variability. The limitations of nadir- and limb-viewing instruments, scanning radiometers, and wide FOV radiometers are discussed. The implications of variability for single and multiple orbital platforms are considered.
Using daily drinking data to characterize the effects of a brief alcohol intervention in an emergency room

Clinical trials often aggregate daily alcohol consumption data across long-term follow-up intervals (e.g., 6 or 12 months). Although important in understanding general treatment outcomes, these analyses tell us little about when treatment effects emerge or decline. We previously demonstrated that motivational interviewing (MI) reduced heavy drinking (vs. personalized feedback only; FO) among young adult drinkers (N=198; ages 18-24) recruited in a hospital emergency room (ER) using aggregated drinking data from a 6-month follow up. In the current study, we used daily alcohol consumption data from a calendar-assisted interview (Timeline Followback) to examine the timing and course of these treatment effects. Participants in both conditions received brief telephone booster sessions at 1 and 3 months. There were no treatment effects in the time between the initial intervention session and the 3-month booster session. Significant effects emerged after the 3-month booster and were driven by an increase in heavy drinking within the FO group. This suggests that the effects of brief interventions may not emerge immediately following an initial session. Aggregated data would be unable to detect this time trend. This research underscores the potential value added by examining the day-to-day timing of effects following treatments for alcohol use.
Laminar-To-Turbulent Transition on a Body of Revolution With an Extended Favorable Pressure Gradient Forebody

Etude experimentale de la transition laminaire turbulente et des forces hydrodynamiques resultantes. Influence de la vitesse du corps et de l'angle d'attaque sur la transition. Etude de l'intermittence de la couche limite et des caracteristiques de propagation des eclatements turbulents
Embodied Cognition and Mindreading

Recently, philosophers and psychologists defending the embodied cognition research program have offered arguments against mindreading as a general model of our social understanding. The embodied cognition arguments are of two kinds: those that challenge the developmental picture of mindreading and those that challenge the alleged ubiquity of mindreading. Together, these two kinds of arguments, if successful, would present a serious challenge to the standard account of human social understanding. In this paper, I examine the strongest of these embodied cognition arguments and argue that mindreading approaches can withstand the best of these arguments from embodied cognition.
Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature

Considerable debate surrounds the inclusion of schizoaffective disorder in psychiatric nosology. Schizoaffective disorder may be a variant of schizophrenia in which mood symptoms are unusually prominent but not unusual in type. This condition may instead reflect a severe form of either major depressive or bipolar disorder in which episode-related psychotic symptoms fail to remit completely between mood episodes. Alternatively, schizoaffective disorder may reflect the co-occurrence of two relatively common psychiatric illnesses, schizophrenia and a mood disorder (major depressive or bipolar disorder). Each of these formulations of schizoaffective disorder presents nosological challenges because the signs and symptoms of this condition cross conventional categorical diagnostic boundaries between psychotic disorders and mood disorders. The study, evaluation, and treatment of persons presently diagnosed with schizoaffective may be more usefully informed by a dimensional approach. It is in this context that this article reviews and contrasts the categorical and dimensional approaches to its description, neurobiology, and treatment. Based on this review, an argument for the study and treatment of this condition using a dimensional approach is offered.
Triggering genetically-expressed transneuronal tracers by peripheral axotomy reveals convergent and segregated sensory neuron-spinal cord connectivity

To better understand the mechanisms through which non-painful and painful stimuli evoke behavior, new resources to dissect the complex circuits engaged by subsets of primary afferent neurons are required. This is especially true to understand the consequences of injury, when reorganization of central nervous system circuits likely contributes to the persistence of pain. Here we describe a transgenic mouse line (ZWX) in which there is Cre-recombinase-dependent expression of a transneuronal tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in primary somatic or visceral afferent neurons, but only after transection of their peripheral axons. The latter requirement allows for both regional and temporal control of tracer expression, even in the adult. Using a variety of Cre lines to target WGA transport to subpopulations of sensory neurons, here we demonstrate the extent to which myelinated and unmyelinated "pain" fibers (nociceptors) engage different spinal cord circuits. We found significant convergence (i.e., manifest as WGA-transneuronal labeling) of unmyelinated afferents, including the TRPV1-expressing subset, and myelinated afferents to NK1-receptor-expressing neurons of lamina I. By contrast, PKCgamma interneurons of inner lamina II only receive a myelinated afferent input. This differential distribution of WGA labeling in the spinal cord indicates that myelinated and unmyelinated sensory neurons target different and spatially segregated populations of postsynaptic neurons. On the other hand, we show that neurons of deeper laminae (III-V) receive direct (i.e., monosynaptic) inputs from myelinated afferents and polysynaptic input from unmyelinated afferents. Taken together, our results indicate that peripheral sensory information is transmitted to the central nervous system both through segregated and convergent pathways.
Noise from air-cooled chillers

The use of air-cooled chillers in external locations requires careful assessment of the level of noise generated. Peter Brown gives an acoustic consultant's view of some of the potential pitfalls associated with noise levels and equipment selection.
Rho kinase enhances contractions of rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics.

The mechanisms that control phasic and tonic contractions of lymphatic vessels are poorly understood. We hypothesized that rho kinase ROCK, previously shown to increase calcium (Ca2+) sensitivity in vascular smooth muscle, enhances lymphatic contractile activity in a similar fashion. Contractions of isolated rat mesenteric lymphatic vessels were observed at a luminal pressure of 2 cm H2O in a 37°C bath. The expression of ROCK in isolated rat mesenteric lymphatic vessels was assessed by Western blotting and confocal microscopy. The role of ROCK in contractile function was tested using two specific yet structurally distinct inhibitors: H1152 (0.1–10 μM) and Y-27632 (0.5–50 μM). In addition, lymphatics were transfected with constitutively active (ca)-ROCK protein (2 μg/ml) to assess gain of contractile function. Vessel diameter and the concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) were simultaneously measured in a subset of isolated lymphatics loaded with the Ca2+-sensing dye fura-2. The results show expression of both the ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms in lymphatic vessels. Inhibition of ROCK increased lymphatic end diastolic diameter and end systolic diameter in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant reductions in lymphatic tone and contraction amplitude were observed after treatment 1–10 μM H1152 or 25–50 μM Y-27632. H1152 (10 μM) also significantly reduced contraction frequency. Transient increases in [Ca2+]i preceded each phasic contraction, however this pattern was disrupted by either 10 μM H1152 or 50 μM Y-27632 in the majority of lymphatics studied. The significant decrease in tone caused by H1152 or Y-27632 was not associated with a significant change in the basal [Ca2+]i between transients. Transfection with ca-ROCK protein enhanced lymphatic tone, but was not associated with a significant change in basal [Ca2+]i. Our data suggest that ROCK mediates normal tonic constriction and influences phasic contractions in lymphatics. We propose that ROCK modulates Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile proteins in lymphatics.
PITUITARY FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN RELATION TO REPRODUCTIVE STAGES OF THE PIG.

The concentration of folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH, ICSH) in the anterior pituitaries of individual female pigs (gilts) in relation to the estrous cycle and other reproductive stages was determined by quantitative and specific bio-assay methods (HCG-augmentation method of Steelman and Pohley for FSH and ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method of Parlow for LH). During the estrous cycle the mean concentration of FSH and LH was low at day 1 (estrus) and day 4, increased sharply between days 4 and 10, and was maintained at this elevated level through day 18 of the normal 21-day cycle. Between days 18 and 1, a marked decrease occurred. Increased release of pituitary FSH and LH into the blood, as judged by growth of follicles, could be correlated at one stage of the cycle (between days 4 and 10) with an increase, and at another stage (between days 18 and 1) with a marked decrease in pituitary FSH and LH. On the 25th day of pregnancy and on the 25th day following hysterectomy, pit...
Viewpoint Why computer science doesn't matter

Aligning computer science with high school mathematics can help turn it into an essential subject for all students.
Structure and convergent validity of children’s temperament traits as assessed by experimenter ratings of child behavior

The structure of child temperament traits has been explored primarily using informant report. Less is known about temperament structure assessed by alternative methods, such as laboratory assessments. We report on the structure of child traits assessed by experimenter ratings of child behavior during laboratory tasks, and their convergent and discriminant validity with objectively coded and parent reported child traits. The results indicate a three-factor solution (Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, and Effortful Control) fit the data best, with convergent and discriminant validity between experimenter ratings and objective coding of child behavior and parent report. The results suggest that experimenter ratings conducted after a laboratory visit provides an efficient and economical alternative or adjunct to conducting objective coding of the laboratory tasks.
Idiopathic fasting hypoglycemia in an adult

Thirty-two patients (18 men and 14 women), who ranged in age from 28 to 91 years (mean, 71.2 years), with urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas species or other organisms resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were treated with 500 mg of orally administered ciprofloxacin every 12 hours. Thirty patients completed at least five days of therapy and were evaluated for efficacy. Of these, the treatment of 28 (93 percent) patients was considered successful, with urine cultures yielding negative results five to nine days after cessation of therapy. Three of these patients were found to be reinfected with their primary pathogens when culture specimens were obtained again three to four weeks later. The two patients who received treatment that was classified as having failed had urine cultures that persistently grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Superinfections occurred in eight patients, four with diabetes and four with underlying central nervous system disease. Adverse reactions required discontinuation of therapy in two patients. Although the rates of reinfection and superinfection were somewhat high, these patients had a high frequency of underlying diseases that predisposed them to recurrent or difficult-to-treat infections. Despite these shortcomings, ciprofloxacin is a welcome addition to the oral antibiotic regimen for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant urinary infections.
New Indoor Carpet as an Adsorptive Reservoir for Volatile Organic Compounds

Carpet is generally recognized as a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air. However, carpet systems can also serve as adsorptive sinks with the potential for reductions in peak VOC concentrations and subsequent re-emission of VOCs over prolonged periods of time. A series of experiments involving eight VOCs, several carpet systems, and environmental conditions were completed using a set of parallel chambers to characterize the sorptive interaction between VOCs and carpet. A linear adsorption/desorption model was observed to be appropriate for short-term sorption events. New carpet fibers treated with stain protection generally accounted for only a small fraction of mass sorbed to carpet. Most of the sorbed mass was accounted for by either the underlying pad (cushion) or a combination of the pad and structural backing. Equilibrium partition coefficients were observed to be correlated to chemical vapor pressure and octanol−air partition coefficient. Variations in relative humidity (RH) had...
On the nature of Iapetus.

For solar system bodies with little or no atmosphere, a linear relation exists between the depth of the negative polarization branch and the reciprocal of the geometric albedo. Considered in this fashion, the polarization data for Iapetus imply an albedo difference by about a factor of 6 between its leading and trailing hemispheres, and are consistent with the amplitude of the light curve for Iapetus. The brightness of the satellite at any particular maximum or minimum is unpredictable by a certain factor because of inadequately understood variations in solar phase angle and rotation. Although other measurements of the Iapetus albedos give results different from those in the presented paper, it is still clear that the two hemispheres have very different albedos.
Femtosecond laser interaction with energetic materials

Femtosecond laser ablation shows promise in machining energetic materials into desired shapes with minimal thermal and mechanical effects to the remaining material. We will discuss the physical effects associated with machining energetic materials and assemblies containing energetic materials, based on experimental results. Interaction of ultra-short laser pulses with matter will produce high temperature plasma at high-pressure which results in the ablation of material. In the case of energetic material, which includes high explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics, this ablation process must be accomplished without coupling energy into the energetic material. Experiments were conducted in order to characterize and better understand the phenomena of femtosecond laser pulse ablation on a variety of explosives and propellants. Experimental data will be presented for laser fluence thresholds, machining rates, cutting depths and surface quality of the cuts.
"No Two Men Were Ever Alike Within": The Tichborne Trial, The Lord Chief Justice, and The Narration of Identity

While not entirely out of the norms of Victorian judicial practice, Lord Chief Justice Cockburn’s summing-up of the evidence in Regina v. Castro, aka Arthur Orton, aka Roger Tichborne was extraordinary for its length and detail, as well as for its narrative and rhetorical force. This article examines Cockburn’s summing-up to the jury, arguing that while it is revealing of nineteenth-century British conceptions of identity, it also uncovers the instability and insufficiency of those conceptions for the juridical determination of identity. Thus the summing-up of evidence, and perhaps the entire Tichborne affair, suggested some of the ways that law, in an age of rapid urbanization and increasing geographical and class mobility, would increasingly require supplementation from extralegal disciplines.