cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of venoms on the squid giant axon.

Abstract Tiger snake venom was the most potent of 9 venoms tested in its ability to render the squid giant axon reactive to d-tubocurarine (curare); its potency in this regard is about equal to that of cottonmouth moccasin venom which was the most potent venom previously found. Timber rattlesnake, sea snake, scorpion, and yellow hornet venom and a component from cobra venom referred to as neurotoxin were completely inactive. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that phospholipase A is the component of venoms responsible for reducing the permeability barriers, surrounding the excitable membrane of squid axons, to acetylcholine (ACh) and curare, thereby allowing them to interact with the ACh receptors in the conducting membrane and block electrical activity. Neuraminidase, saponin, arsenite, veratridine, NN-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and histamine failed to render the axon responsive to the action of curare. Venoms and the cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium remain as the only compounds found so far which are effective in altering the structural permeability barriers surrounding the excitable membrane of the squid giant axon.
Intradermal vs Intramuscular Hepatitis B Vaccinations-Reply

In Reply.— We applaud the well-designed study by Wistrom et al that demonstrates that low-dose ID inoculation of adults with three 2-μg doses of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Recombivax-HB, Merck Sharp & Dohme) results in lower seroconversion rates and reduced levels of antibody to HBsAg compared with three 10-μg IM injections of the same product. These results are not unexpected. There is a positive correlation between dose and immune response regardless of the type of product used. 1 In our ID study we were able to use the more immunogenic plasma-derived Hepta
Hamlet's "Globe" and the Self as Performer in England and Japan

In his paper, "Hamlet's 'Globe' and the Self as Performer in England and Japan," Yu Shibuya argues that Hamlet sees his life as a performance. Shibuya presents examples from Tsuneari Fukuda's Japanese translation to suggest that Fukuda makes choices that emphasize the theatrical side of Hamlet's character. If Hamlet perceives himself as an actor, then his definition of theater or an actor is ultimately a definition of himself. Shibuya uses the theme of self-definition to examine Kenneth Branagh's film version, especially the Mousetrap and the "O what a rogue and peasant slave" scenes. By analyzing Branagh's staging and directorial decisions and his recognition that Hamlet is a performer, Shibuya shows how Branagh's directorial decisions complement his abilities as an actor that make this aspect of his Hamlet one of the finest moments in Shakespeare on film. Yu Shibuya, "Hamlet’s 'Globe' and the Self as Performer in England and Japan" page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 6.1 (2004):
Increased stability of nucleic acids containing 7-deaza-guanosine and 7-deaza-adenosine may enable rapid DNA sequencing by matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been suggested as an ultrafast readout of Sanger DNA sequencing ladders in a manner analogous to that used with sequencing gels. Currently, a serious limitation of MALDI-MS for the analysis of DNA results from the tendency for oligonucleotides to undergo facile fragmentation in the gas phase. The present study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the influence of various chemical structural features of purine bases on the stability of oligodeoxynucleotide ions produced by MALDI. The study focused on the stability of model compounds of the type d(TTTTTTTTTTXTTTTTTTTT TTTT), where T designates deoxythymidine and X a purine-containing 2'-deoxynucleotide. A variety of different purine derivatives were chosen as the base in the nucleotide X. The mass spectra of the model compounds containing 7-deaza analogues of guanine and adenine reveal a significantly increased stability compared to the 7-aza analogues under the conditions of MALDI-MS. The previously reported incorporation of the 7-deaza-2'-deoxy-adenosine triphosphate and the 7-deaza-2'-deoxy-guanosine triphosphate into DNA by polymerases suggests their use in a Sanger dideoxy sequencing experiment. The dideoxy termination products with the 7-deaza-purines instead of the 7-aza-purines might be sufficiently stable to allow separation and detection of the sequencing ladder by MALDI-MS. Thus, an ultrafast (seconds) read-out of DNA sequence may become feasible.
Shared Cognition and Participation in Small Groups Similarity of Member Prototypes

The extent to which participants hold similar notions of an idealized group member was expected to moderate the effect of information quantity on individual rates of participation. Participants responded privately in writing to the psychological profile and ideal group member tasks, then participated in discussion in groups of three. Individual responses to the psychological profile task were coded for information quantity, whereas data from the group member task was assessed for similarity within groups. Analysis revealed that similarity of the ideal group member moderated the effect of one’s information resources on substantive (i.e., task relevant) and nonsubstantive participation. Discussion focuses on the conditions under which individuals are likely to participate actively in group interaction.
Functional pearl: the great escape or, how to jump the border without getting caught

Filinski showed that callcc and a single mutable reference cell are sufficient to express the delimited control operators shift and reset. However, this implementation interacts poorly with dynamic bindings like exception handlers. We present a variation on Filinski's encoding of delimited continuations that behaves appropriately in the presence of exceptions and give an implementation in Standard ML of New Jersey. We prove the encoding correct with respect to the semantics of delimited dynamic binding.
Some effects due to the flow of current across a water-nitrobenzene interface

Abstract Time-dependent changes in the interfacial tension are observed when a constant current flows across a water-nitrobenzene interface and both phases contain the same cationic surface-active agent. The decrease in interfacial tension, which denotes the accumulation of ions at the interface, depends upon the transport numbers and the concentrations of the ions in the two phases and also upon the current. The interfacial concentration decreases when the current is reversed. When a non-surface-active salt is added, the partition of the surface-active ion between the two solvents is affected, the C.M.C. is lowered, and the transport numbers change. During the flow of current in this system, a steady (time-independent) interfacial concentration of surface-active ion appears after a short time. The mechanism of the steady-state interfacial concentration will be considered in terms of the known changes in physical properties.
3 V Vπ GaAs/AlGaAs Substrate Removed Nanowire Mach-Zehnder Intensity Modulators

Mach-Zehnder modulators with 0.3V Vπwere realized using substrate removed GaAs/AlGaAs nanowires. The modulator electrode is 7 mm long. The modulation is due to linear electro-optic and carrier depletion effects and has high speed potential.
Answering program understanding questions on demand with task-specific runtime information

When debugging or otherwise understanding software, developers frequently ask questions such as “how did this function get called?” and “where did this value come from?”. Runtime data is a valuable yet underused resource for answering these questions. There are at least four major barriers to answering questions with runtime data: 1) Deciding what runtime data should be collected 2) Deciding how to collect relevant runtime data 3) Aggregating and summarizing collected data 4) Interpreting the results to make conclusions.
A test of multiconfigurational coupled-cluster theory on Be(1S)+H2(X 1Σg+) → BeH2(1A1)

Abstract A perpendicular C2v insertion of Be into H2 is explored via our multiconfiguration coupled-cluster method within the double-excitation (CCMC-T2) model. This straight-line path, which encompasses the fragment geometry (Be and H2), the equilibrium geometry (linear BeH2) and a transition-state geometry of BeH2, requires several configurations to achieve a qualitatively correct zeroth-order description of the ground state. The path is identical to that used by Shepard et al. in their single-configuration coupled-cluster study of this same system. It is demonstrated that the CCMC-T2 model is theoretically and computationally viable and that the resultant coupled-cluster energies parallel the reference-wavefunction energies. When the reference wavefunction ceases to incorporate the dominant configurations, the coupled-cluster wavefunction correspondingly represents the state poorly.
Cigarette Craving, Smoking Withdrawal, and Clonidine

Clonidine, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, significantly reduces opiate withdrawal. Fifteen heavy smokers abstained from cigarettes on three separate occasions and received instead clonidine, placebo, or the benzodiazepine alprazolam. Clonidine and alprazolam diminished withdrawal symptoms. The two drugs suppressed anxiety, tension, irritability, and restlessness equally but clonidine had a greater effect than alprazolam on cigarette craving. These observations suggest that noradrenergic activity is a common feature in the pathophysiology of withdrawal and that a special relationship exists between central noradrenergic activity and craving.
Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Germinating Pine Pollen ( Pinus ponderosa )

CARBON dioxide fixation by plant tissues other than those involved in photosynthesis has recently been reported for whole plant tissues and cellular particulates of roots1,2. This communication reports observations on the incorporation of carbon dioxide into the organic acid, amino-acid, and protein fractions of germinating pine pollen.
The yeast RAD7 and RAD16 genes are required for postincision events during nucleotide excision repair: In vitro and in vivo studies with rad7 and rad16 mutants and purification of a Rad7/Rad16-containing protein complex

In eukaryotes, nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a complex reaction requiring multiple proteins. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two of these proteins, Rad7 and Rad16, are specifically involved in the removal of lesions from transcriptionally silent regions of the genome in vivo. Extracts prepared from rad7 or rad16 mutant cells are deficient, but not totally defective, in both oligonucleotide excision and repair synthesis of damaged plasmid DNA. We show that these extracts are, however, fully proficient in the incision step of the NER reaction in vitro. Furthermore, using a cdc9 mutant to trap incision intermediates, we demonstrate that rad7 and rad16 mutants are proficient in NER-dependent DNA incision in vivo. A purified protein complex containing both Rad7 and Rad16 proteins complements the oligonucleotide excision and repair synthesis defects in rad7 and rad16 mutant extracts. We conclude that the products of the RAD7 and RAD16 genes are involved in a postincision event(s) during NER in yeast.
Oblique reformatting of multislice magnetic resonance images for improved visualization of coronary arteries

A technique for reformatting multislice magnetic resonance images into arbitrary oblique planes has been developed and implemented on a Toshiba MRT-35 (formerly Diasonics MT/S) imaging system (South San Francisco, CA). This method is designed to allow the user to easily define a new plane by marking with a cursor features of interest on two or three different image levels. These features are combined in the resulting oblique image. The reformatted image can have arbitrary angulation and is created with a pixel dimension equivalent to the original data set. Resolution ranges from the original in-plane resolution to the slice thickness, depending on angulation. An improvement in signal-to-noise ratio results from the effective averaging performed by interpolation. This method is optimally used to correct for small variations in alignment, such as the positioning of the intervertebral disks. It can also be used to generate reformatted images at many different angles from a single multislice data set. This method has been applied to the particular problem of improving the presentation of coronary arteries on a conventional set of multislice spin-echo cardiac images by increasing the visible length of individual coronary segments.
Etiology and prevention of stillbirth

Objective This is a systematic review of the literature on the causes of stillbirth and clinical opinion regarding strategies for its prevention. Study design We reviewed the causes of stillbirth by performing a Medline search limited to articles in English published in core clinical journals from January 1, 1995, to January 1, 2005. Articles before this date were included if they added historical information relevant to the topic. A total of 1445 articles obtained, 113 were the basis of this review and chosen based on the criterion that stillbirth or fetal death was central to the article. Results Fifteen risk factors for stillbirths were identified and the prevalence of these conditions and associated risks are presented The most prevalent risk factors for stillbirth are prepregnancy obesity, socioeconomic factors, and advanced maternal age. Biologic markers associated with increased stillbirth risk are also reviewed, and strategies for its prevention identified. Conclusion Identification of risk factors for stillbirth assists the clinician in performing a risk assessment for each patient. Unexplained stillbirths and stillbirths related to growth restriction are the 2 categories of death that contribute the most to late fetal losses. Late pregnancy is associated with an increasing risk of stillbirth, and clinicians should have a low threshold to evaluate fetal growth. The value of antepartum testing is related to the underlying risk of stillbirth and, although the strategy of antepartum testing in patients with increased risk will decrease the risk of late fetal loss, it is of necessity associated with higher intervention rates.
Hybrid encoding method by assembling the magic-matrix scrambling method and the binary encoding method in image hiding

Abstract The magic-matrix scrambling method and the binary encoding method are combined to form a hybrid encoding method for hiding digital covert images. For this hybrid encoding method, a covert image is encoded into a host image to form an overt image. First, the magic-matrix scrambling method is used to rearrange all the pixels of the covert image by using a specified magic matrix modified from a magic square to form a scrambled matrix. Then, all the pixels of the scrambled matrix are denoted by binary data. Finally, the binary data are encoded into the host image to form the overt image. The pixels of the overt image contain nine groups of codes used for decoding the covert image, i.e. identification codes, covert-image dimension codes, scrambling-time codes, magic-square dimension codes, corner codes, shifting codes, arrangement codes, graylevel codes, and information codes. The overt image and the host image look almost the same for eyes. Furthermore, the covert image can be decoded directly from the overt image without using the host image. The most important feature is that the decoded covert image is identical to the original covert image, i.e. there is no distortion in the decoding work.
Viral infections of the skin and mouth: A selected review

Abstract Greater urgency should be placed on the evaluation of idoxuridine in the treatment of serious viral infections involving herpes simplex. Recent findings have implicated the possible association of myxovirus to lupus erythematosus and related connective tissue disorders. Cell culture and electron microscopy are important as readily available and practical methods for diagnosis in selected cases.
Asymptotic stabilization of planar systems

Abstract Sufficient conditions for the existence of a C1 asymptotically stabilizing feedback control for planar, affine systems are given. The methods are constructive and yield homogeneous feedback controls for homogeneous systems which allow the results to be extended to more general systems.
Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is defined histologically as an advanced form of progressive hepatic fibrosis with distortion of the hepatic architecture and regenerative nodule formation. It may be due to a variety of causes. It can be diagnosed incidentally on liver biopsy or hepatic imaging studies, or patients may present clinically with one or more features of hepatic failure. This article gives the reader a broad overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and natural history of cirrhosis; laying the foundation for subsequent articles, which will discuss the diagnosis and management of each of the specific cirrhosis-related complications.
Integrin Activates Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase α, Src, and Rho to Increase Prolactin Gene Expression through a Final Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Cytoskeletal Pathway that Is Additive with Insulin

We previously showed that receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)-α inhibited insulin-increased prolactin gene transcription. Others suggested that RPTPα was a key intermediary between integrins and activation of Src. We present evidence that inhibition of insulin-increased prolactin gene transcription was secondary to RPTPα activation of Src, reflecting its role as mediator of integrin responses. Src kinase activity was increased in GH4 cells transiently or stably expressing RPTPα and cells plated on the integrin-α5β1 ligand fibronectin. C-terminal Src kinase inactivated Src and blocked RPTPα inhibition of insulin-increased prolactin gene transcription. Expression of dominant-negative Src also prevented the RPTPα-mediated inhibition of insulin-increased prolactin gene expression. Low levels of a constitutively active Src mutant (SrcY/F) stimulated whereas higher expression levels of Src Y/F inhibited prolactin gene expression. Src-increased prolactin gene transcription was inhibited by expressi...
Fate of Furadan (NIA-10242) in bean plants

The metabolism of Furadan R (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7benzofuranyl N-methylcarbamate) in animals has been investigated and the metabolic pathway largely defined (1). Both hydrolytic and oxidative mechanisms were involved in the alteration of this insecticide by rats and house flies. The hydrolytic product 2,3-di hydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-hydroxybenzofuran was detected in the free and conjugated form, although its concentration was much greater as a water-soluble conjugate. Oxidation of Furadan yi el ded 2,3-di hydro-2,2-di methyl -3-hydroxybenzo furanyl - 7-Nmethyl-carbamate which was conjugated directly or metabolized to the 3-keto-carbamate. The hydrolysis products of each of these carbamate metabol~tes were isolated from the treated animals. Radiotracer techniques were used in the current study of the metabolic fate of Furadan in plants. Young bean plants were injected with the carbamate and the radioactive residues evaluated as to their identity and relative magnitudes. METHODS Furadan-carbonyl-C 14 (specific activity 2.0 mc/mM) and Furadan-ring-C 14 (specific activity 0.21 mc/mM) were used in this
Inhibition of digestive proteinase of stored grain coleoptera by oryzacystatin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from rice seed

Electrophoresis of midgut extracts from the rice weevil, Sithopilus oryzae, and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and gelatin revealed there was one major proteinase (apparent molecular mass = 40 000) in the rice weevil and two major proteinase (apparent molecular masses = 20 000 and 17 000) in the red flour beetle. The pH optima using [3PH]casein as substrate were about pH 6.8. for the rice weevil and pH 5.2 for the red flour beetle. Use of specific inhibitors, including L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamino-(4-guanidino)-butane (E-64). p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (PCMS), and oryzacystatin, indicated that nearly all of the proteinase activity against casein was contributed by cysteine proteinases. The estimated IC10 values for oryzacystatin were 2 × 10−6 M and 4 × 10−7 M when tested against midgut extracts from T. castaneum and S. oryzae, respectively.
Analytic torsion and Reidemeister torsion

Abstract We announce a proof of the conjecture of Ray and Singer that for a compact Riemannian manifold the analytic torsion and Reidemeister torsion are equal. The proof involves studying the heat equation for certain manifolds M, equipped with metrics gu, 0 < u < 1 which degenerate in a prescribed way at the boundary δM, as u → 0,1.
Computer simulation of the system N2 in fluid argon-correlation functions and relaxation times

Abstract The correlation functions of the dipole moment, P 2 [ u (0) · u ( t )], angular and linear velocity, and bond forces have been calculated from computer simulated data for four different density-temperature states of N 2 in fluid argon. From these functions infrared and Raman line shapes, NMR relaxation times, and rotational and classical vibrational relaxation times have been computed.
A groundwater vortex hypothesis for mima-like mounds, Laramie Basin, Wyoming

Abstract Mima-like mounds in the Laramie Basin occur where: (1) impervious bedrock (shale) is at a shallow depth (∼ 2–5 m); (2) bedrock is overlain by a thin veneer (∼ 1–4 m) of alluvial gravels; and (3) a strong argillic/calcic or petrocalcic soil caps the landform, typically a terrace. Active and inactive mounds contain churned materials, including pebbles derived from adjacent/subjacent units. The mounds are circular in plan view and lens- or funnel-shaped in cross-section. The strong intermound (premound) soil collapses beneath the mound, is entirely or partly destroyed at its base, or is truncated at the mound edge. Stratigraphic relationships on the youngest terrace of the Laramie River indicate that the inactive mounds are Holocene in age. Sodium concentrations (used as a tracer) in mound material and adjacent/subjacent units suggest that the mounds rotate counterclockwise. This movement may be driven by free spiral vortices (low hydraulic head) in confined (artesian) groundwater flow in alluvium between shallow bedrock and strong surface soil. The vortices (similar to water draining from a bathtub or a whirlpool in a river) may result from enlargements, constrictions, or changes in permeability of the aquifer — or meandering of groundwater flow. Groundwater, dissolved ions, and materials in suspension, or through friction and turbidity, then would move from adjacent high-hydraulic head areas into and down the vortex. In effect, the high head (intermound) areas would act as a pump whereas the vortex (which would form a mound) would act as a turbine — responding, therefore, to energy transformations between groundwater velocity and pressure according to the Bernoulli principle and Newton's Second Law of Motion. Soil or sediment, incapable of being fully moved into and down the vortex, would amass at the land surface as a circular mound that in cross-section would have a lens or funnel (turbine) shape. Computer modelling shows that mounds tend to form over deep bedrock and thick alluvium. The groundwater vortex hypothesis can account for the building of the mound higher at its center, the circular plan view and lens (or funnel) shape in cross-section, the inward spiral of sodium, the churned character of mound material, and the collapse (or truncation) of soils and other units beneath and along mound edges. The hypothesis, however, must not be applied to all other Mima or mima-like mounds, unless vortex motion can be determined and if stratigraphic similarities can be demonstrated.
Surface Chemical Characterization of 2.5-μm Particulates (PM2.5) from Air Pollution in Salt Lake City Using TOF-SIMS, XPS, and FTIR

Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm collected in Salt Lake City (SLC PM2.5) was studied using TOF-SIMS (time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The high spatial resolution and high surface sensitivity of TOF-SIMS allow the surfaces of individual particulates to be analyzed. The high mass-resolution of TOF-SIMS provides good separation of signals from different chemical species at the same nominal mass, and the extremely high detection sensitivity of TOF-SIMS makes the detection of trace elements possible. Metallic elements such as Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cs, and Bi were detected by TOF-SIMS on the surface of SLC PM2.5. The uranium ion U+ together with its oxide ions UO+ and UO2+ were also found. Inorganic compounds detected include oxides, hydroxides, nitrates, sulfates, silicates, borates, chlorides, etc. Organic compounds detected include hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, eth...
Vascular medicine and surgery in ancient Egypt

Lauded alike by ancient civilizations and modern society, pharaonic Egyptian medicine remains an object of fascination today. This article discusses its surprisingly sophisticated understanding of a cardiovascular system. The term "cardiovascular system," however, carries assumptions and meanings to a modern audience, especially readers of this journal, which simply do not apply when considering ancient conceptions of the heart and vessels. For lack of better language, this article will use "cardiovascular" and similar terms while recognizing the anachronistic inaccuracy. After briefly summarizing ancient Egyptian medicine generally, it will review the anatomy, pathology, and treatment of the vasculature. The practice of mummification in ancient Egypt provides a unique opportunity for paleopathology, and the conclusion will explore evidence of arterial disease from a modern scientific perspective.
Molecular and cellular physiology of aromatase in the brain and retina.

Due to exceptionally high brain aromatase activity, teleost fish are advantageous for studying neural aromatase regulation, localization, and physiology. To determine the molecular mechanism of enhanced expression, we have isolated, cloned and sequenced a 3 kb full-length aromatase cDNA from a goldfish (Carassius auratus) brain library using a human placental aromatase cDNA as probe. The deduced sequence of goldfish aromatase is 510 amino acids (predicted Mw, 58 kDa) with 69% overall sequence similarity, when compared to human placental aromatase, and higher homologies in presumptive functional domains. A major 3 kb mRNA species was abundant in brain and low or non-detectable in non-neural tissues, reflecting the order of enzyme activities. To determine the cellular basis of high enzyme activity in goldfish brain, a human placental aromatase antibody was used to immunolocalize labeled cells. This antibody immunoprecipitated a single 56 kDa in vitro translation product of goldfish brain poly(A+)RNA and revealed discrete clusters of intensely stained neurons, processes, and terminals concentrated in, but not limited to, reproductive brain centers. Close proximity of aromatase- and androgen receptor-positive neurons in certain regions provides anatomic evidence of a functional relationship between direct and indirect pathways of neural androgen action. Aromatase-positive neurons and fibers formed interconnected networks in novel loci (e.g. retina-->optic tract-->optic tectum), and catalytic activity was confirmed biochemically in these tissues, indicating that neuroestrogen may have a role in visual input and integration. Availability of goldfish-specific nucleotide and antibody probes will facilitate further studies using this model.
Functional and Structural Characterization of A New Monomeric Far-Red Fluorescent Protein

Fluorescent proteins have become valuable tools for biomedical research as protein tags, reporters of gene expression, biosensor components, and cell lineage tracers. However, applications of fluorescent proteins for deep tissue imaging have been constrained by the opacity of tissues to excitation light below 600 nm, due to absorbance by hemoglobin. Fluorescent proteins that excite efficiently in the “optical window” above 600 nm are therefore highly desirable. We report here the evolution of a far-red fluorescent protein with peak excitation at 600 nm and peak emission at 650 nm. This, Neptune, performs well in imaging deep tissues in living mice. The crystal structure of Neptune reveals novel mechanisms for red-shifting, including the acquisition of a new hydrogen bond with the chromophore. Neptune may serve as the basis for fluorescent indicators or FRET reporters that are more compatible with deep tissue imaging.
PPPS-2013: Importance of laser rise-time on relativistic electron dynamics in dense targets

We report on experiment with the Z-Petawatt laser at Sandia National Laboratories and with the Trident laser at Los Alamos National Laboratory using mm-sized foils and mass-limited targets of various thicknesses. Rear side accelerated proton beam measurements, in combination with simulation results, were used to infer hot electron transport in presence of preplasma. Full-scale, 3D radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of the ns to ps prepulse were performed. Preplasma properties (density profiles, temperatures, charge states) and laser pulse parameters (ps temporal pulse shape, focal spot size, energy, etc) were then imported into a fully explicit and kinetic 2D particle-in-cell code to simulate >10 ps of the main laser pulse interaction with the preplasma and target at full scale. A comparison of experimental data and numerical data shows outstanding agreement in all measured proton beam parameters and K-alpha x-ray yield, and gives confidence in the simulation results of hot electron transport.
Are Experiments Possible? The Limitations of a Posteriori Control in Experimental Behavior Analysis: The Case of Clinical Process Research

The paper critically examines the inferential logic underlying Mill's methods of agreement and difference as it is applied in present-day behavioral science where the methods in question are embodied in the socalled `treatment-control random design' (Mayo, 1996). The reputed goal of the design is to be able to arrive at judgments of sufficient causation (e.g. `X is a sufficient cause of [condition for] Y'). This is accomplished by `neutralizing' the influence of the extraneous variables inherent in a particular (experimental) set of conditions by way of creating another (control) set of conditions which is identical to the experimental prototype in every way except for one element (the independent variable). Any difference between the effects of the two sets (the experimental effect) is, then, said to reflect or be a product of the independent variable in question. As I argue, the above-mentioned inference is rooted in the generally tacit assumption of effect independence, that is, the view that the `extr...
Usefulness of the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in gastrointestinal bleeding

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (BUN/Cr) ratio for distinguishing an upper versus lower source of gastrointestinal (Gl) bleeding. Charts of patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with the diagnosis of Gl bleeding from August 1995 to August 1996 were retrospectively reviewed for source of bleeding, initial BUN, Cr, BUN/Cr ratio, hematocrit (Hct), and need for transfusion. A total of 124 patients were eligible for inclusion, 71 (57%) of whom were male. A total of 63 (51%) presented with blood in stool and 53 (43%) with bloody emesis; 8 (6%) had blood in both emesis and stool. A total of 31 (25%) patients had a lower Gl bleed, 88 (70%) had an upper, and 5 (4%) had both upper and lower bleeding sources. The mean BUN level was 24 mg/dL, the mean Cr level 1.03 mg/dL, and the mean BUN/Cr ratio was 24. The mean hemoglobin (Hb) level was 11.3 g/dL, the mean Hct was 32 g/dL, and 51% required transfusion. Upper Gl bleeding was significantly correlated with age younger than 50 (P = .01) and male gender (P = .01; odds ratio, 3.13). Taking into account age and gender, the BUN/Cr ratio correlated significantly with an upper Gl source of bleeding (P = .03), with a ratio greater than 36 having a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 27%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve using age, gender, and BUN/Cr ratio was .73 (95% confidence interval, .62 to .84).
Self-Monitoring As a Mediator of Conformity.

An experiment was conducted to determine the mediating effect of a person's ability to attend to social cues (self‐monitoring) on conformity behavior in communicative situations. High self‐monitors conformed more in group situations than low self‐monitors. There was no difference between the two in dyadic situations.
Ion Transport during Growth and Differentiation

The major function of the adult colon is to reabsorb fluid from the chyme. This ability to conserve salt and water is especially important in newborns, where reserves are small and diarrhea is frequent. Although much is known about regulation of Cl- transport in the adult colon, postnatal changes in electrolyte transport are not well characterized. We have established an in vitro model to study colonic epithelial cells (colonocytes) at different stages of development. Primary cultures were isolated from newborn, weanling, and adult rabbit colon and properties such as growth and Cl- transport characterized. The isolation procedure yielded a crypt-enriched population of cells, and the cell yield per gram mucosa increased with age. The colonocytes also showed an age-related decrease in attachment to extracellular matrix, with maximum attachment seen with Matrigel and collagen IV. The crypt enrichment was confirmed by demonstrating that the cell population was capable of transporting Cl-, which was stimulated by agents such as forskolin and phorbol esters at all ages. Agents that increased intracellular cGMP, however, did not increase Cl- transport at any age. It was interesting to observe that the secondary bile acid, taurodeoxycholate, stimulated Cl- transport only in the adult but not newborn or weanling distal colonocytes. We have demonstrated that rabbit distal colonocytes can be kept viable in culture and transport Cl- at all ages. However, the regulation of Cl- transport changes during ontogeny and depends on the signaling pathway.
Modeling and Characterization of Program / Erasure Speed and Retention of TiN-gate MANOS (Si-Oxide-SiNx-Al2O3-Metal Gate) Cells for NAND Flash Memory

In this study, physical properties of different trapping nitrides were extracted, and the program efficiency of MANOS cell was explained. We also showed shallow traps were generated at trapping nitride by etching damage, and this could be cured resulting great improvement of cell performance. Lastly, erasure mechanism of TiN-gate MANOS cell was discussed with some experimental and modeling results.
Sporadic Multicentric Lymphosarcoma in a Three-Year-Old Bull

gram-negative nonfermentative rods. J Clin Microbiol 30:12671270. 7. Koneman EW, Allen SD, Dowell VR Jr, et al.: 1988, Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology, 3rd ed., pp. 157203. JB Lippencott Co., Philadelphia, PA. 8. Pickett MJ, Hollis DG, Bottone EJ: 1991, Miscellaneous gramnegative bacteria. In: Manual of clinical microbiology, 5th ed., pp. 410-428. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 9. Salmon SA, Watts JL, Yancey RJ Jr: 1993, Evaluation of the RapID NH system for the identification of Haemophilus somnus, Pasteurella multocida, P. haemolytica and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from cattle and pigs with respiratory disease. J Clin Microbiol 31:1362-1363. 10. Swanson EC, Collins MT: 1980, Use of the API 20E system to identify veterinary Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 12: 10-14.
Training Older Adults to Use Tablet Computers: Does It Enhance Cognitive Function?

Purpose of the Study: R ecent evidence shows that engaging in learning new skills improves episodic memory in older adults. In this study, older adults who were computer novices were trained to use a tablet computer and associated software applications. We hypothesize that sustained engagement in this mentally challenging training would yield a dual benefit of improved cognition and enhancement of everyday function by introducing useful skills. Design and Methods: A total of 54 older adults (age 60-90) commit ted 15 hr/week for 3 months. Eighteen participants received extensive iPad training, learning a broad range of practical applications. The iPad group was compared with 2 separate controls: a Placebo group that engaged in passive tasks requiring little new learning; and a Social group that had regular social interaction, but no active skill acquisition. All participants completed the same cognitive battery pre- and post-engagement. Results: Compared with both controls, the iPad group showed greater improvements in episodic memory and processing speed but did not differ in mental control or visuospatial processing. Implications: iP ad training improved cognition relative to engaging in social or nonchallenging activities. Mastering relevant technological devices have the added advantage of providing older adults with technological skills useful in facilitating everyday activities (e.g., banking). This work informs the selection of targeted activities for future interventions and community programs.
Conformation and Proton Configuration of Pyrimidine Deoxynucleoside Oxidation Damage Products in Water

Emerging data strongly suggest that the oxidation of DNA bases can contribute to genomic instability. Structural changes to DNA, induced by base oxidation, may reduce the fidelity of DNA replication and interfere with sequence-specific DNA−protein interactions. We have examined the structures of a series of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside oxidation damage products in aqueous solution. The modified nucleosides studied include the deoxynucleoside derivatives of 5-hydroxyuracil, 5-hydroxycytosine, 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil, 5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine, 5-formyluracil, and 5-formylcytosine. The influence of base oxidation on ionization constants, sugar conformation, and tautomeric configuration has been determined on the basis of UV, proton, and nitrogen NMR spectra of the 15N-enriched derivatives. The potential biological consequences of the structural perturbations resulting from base oxidation are discussed.
"This is flesh I'm talking about here": Embodiment in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Sherley Anne Williams' Dessa Rose

(1995). “This is flesh I'm talking about here”;: Embodiment in Toni Morrison's beloved and sherley Anne williams’ dessa rose. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 6, Toni Morrison, pp. 133-148.
Neural Networks: Sleep and memory

Recent experimental and theoretical advances suggest that memories may be reorganized in the cortex during sleep.
BURROW USE IN A NORTHERN CALIFORNIA POPULATION OF THE WOLF SPIDER SCHIZOCOSA MCCOOKI (ARANEAE, LYCOSIDAE)

Observations on the wolf spider Schizocosa mccooki in northern California grasslands reveal previously unreported burrowing behavior, known to occur in only one other member of the genus. Adult and penultimate female S. mccooki may occupy burrows that vary widely in depth and the occurrence of silk linings. Mark-resight techniques revealed burrow fidelity spanning several weeks for individual spiders. Behaviors such as courtship and prey consumption can occur at, but are not restricted to, the entrances to these burrows. Burrows appear to offer daytime shelter for S. mccooki, though it remains unclear whether protection from predators or amelioration of abiotic conditions is the primary basis for burrow use.
Doing Difference/Doing Power: Negotiations of Race and Gender in a Mentoring Program

This study is an empirical exploration of how people negotiate structural inequality and interpersonal power relations through the interactive accomplishment of difference. The author presents data on a mentoring program in which college women were paired with middle school girls across race, class, and age differences. The data show white mentors' status and authority depended less on the program's structure and more on the middle school girls' interactional maneuvers to make race difference particularly salient in the mentoring relationships and, more important, to establish a set of meanings for racial difference that made African American higher in status than white. Bridging research and theory on “doing difference” and status relations, the author argues that the accomplishment of difference alone is not the main mechanism by which structural inequalities are produced in everyday life. Instead, the accomplishment of difference is reflective, productive, and sometimes divergent of structural inequalities when, within interaction, people (1) accomplish difference in a way that raises the salience of that difference for defining the situation and (2) establish meanings that define that difference as a status hierarchy.
A contemporary comparison of the effect of shunt type in hypoplastic left heart syndrome on the hemodynamics and outcome at Fontan completion

Objective We previously reported no difference in morbidity or mortality in a cohort of infants undergoing stage 1 and 2 reconstructions for hypoplastic left heart syndrome with either a modified Blalock–Taussig shunt or a right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit. This article compares the hemodynamics and perioperative course at the time of the Fontan completion and reports longer-term survival for this cohort. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of all patients who underwent stage 1 reconstruction between January 2002 and May 2005 and subsequent surgical procedures, as well as cross-sectional analysis of hospital survivors. Results A total of 176 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome or a variant underwent stage 1 reconstruction with either modified Blalock–Taussig shunt (n = 114) or right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit (n = 62). Shunt selection was at the discretion of the surgeon. The median duration of follow-up was 58 months (range 1–87 months). By Kaplan–Meier analysis, shunt type did not influence survival or freedom from transplant at 5 years (right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit 61%; 95% confidence limit, 47–72 vs modified Blalock–Taussig shunt 70%; 95% confidence limit, 60–77; P = .55). A total of 107 patients underwent Fontan (69 modified Blalock–Taussig shunts and 38 right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduits) with 98% (105/107) early survival. Patients with a right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit shunt pre-Fontan had higher pulmonary artery (13 ± 8 mm Hg vs 11 ± 3 mm Hg, P = .026) and common atrial (8 ± 2.3 mm Hg vs 6.8 ± 2.7 mm Hg, P = .039) pressures. By echocardiography evaluation, there was more qualitative moderate to severe ventricular dysfunction (right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit 31% [12/36] vs modified Blalock–Taussig shunt 17% [11/67], P = .05) and moderate to severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation (right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit 40% [14/35] vs modified Blalock–Taussig shunt 16% [11/67], P = .01) in the right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit group. Use of diuretic therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, reflux medications, and tube feedings were not different between groups. Overall, 5 patients underwent heart transplantation (right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit 4 vs modified Blalock–Taussig shunt 1, P = .1) before Fontan. There was no difference in age or weight at Fontan, bypass time, intensive care unit or hospital length of stay, postoperative pleural effusions, or need for reoperation between groups. Conclusions Interim analyses continue to suggest there is no survival advantage of one shunt type compared with the other. Longer-term follow-up of a randomized patient population remains of utmost importance.
Additional Topics for the Stiffness Method

The computer programs given in the preceding chapter apply to the analysis of linearly elastic framed structures of arbitrary configuration but consisting of prismatic members of only one material. These structures are assumed to undergo small displacements when subjected to applied loads, and the principle of superposition is used throughout the analyses. Only actions applied at joints and fixed-end actions due to loads on members are acceptable as input load data for the programs.
Enterovirus 71 Binding to PSGL-1 on Leukocytes: VP1-145 Acts as a Molecular Switch to Control Receptor Interaction

Some strains of enterovirus 71 (EV71), but not others, infect leukocytes by binding to a specific receptor molecule: the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). We find that a single amino acid residue within the capsid protein VP1 determines whether EV71 binds to PSGL-1. Examination of capsid sequences of representative EV71 strains revealed that the PSGL-1-binding viruses had either a G or a Q at residue 145 within the capsid protein VP1 (VP1-145G or Q), whereas PSGL-1-nonbinding viruses had VP1-145E. Using site-directed mutagenesis we found that PSGL-1-binding strains lost their capacity to bind when VP1-145G/Q was replaced by E; conversely, nonbinding strains gained the capacity to bind PSGL-1 when VP1-145E was replaced with either G or Q. Viruses with G/Q at VP1-145 productively infected a leukocyte cell line, Jurkat T-cells, whereas viruses with E at this position did not. We previously reported that EV71 binds to the N-terminal region of PSGL-1, and that binding depends on sulfated tyrosine residues within this region. We speculated that binding depends on interaction between negatively charged sulfate groups and positively charged basic residues in the virus capsid. VP1-145 on the virus surface is in close proximity to conserved lysine residues at VP1-242 and VP1-244. Comparison of recently published crystal structures of EV71 isolates with either Q or E at VP1-145 revealed that VP1-145 controls the orientation of the lysine side-chain of VP1-244: with VP1-145Q the lysine side chain faces outward, but with VP1-145E, the lysine side chain is turned toward the virus surface. Mutation of VP1-244 abolished virus binding to PSGL-1, and mutation of VP1-242 greatly reduced binding. We propose that conserved lysine residues on the virus surface are responsible for interaction with sulfated tyrosine residues at the PSGL-1 N-terminus, and that VP1-145 acts as a switch, controlling PSGL-1 binding by modulating the exposure of VP1-244K.
Performance evaluation of a manufacturing process under uncertainty using Bayesian networks

Abstract This paper proposes a systematic framework using Bayesian networks to aggregate the uncertainty from multiple sources for the purpose of uncertainty quantification (UQ) in the prediction of performance of a manufacturing process. Energy consumption, one of the key metrics of manufacturing process sustainability performance, is used to illustrate the proposed methodology. The prediction of energy consumption is not straightforward due to the presence of uncertainty in many process variables and the models used for prediction. The uncertainty is both aleatory (statistical) and epistemic (lack of knowledge); both sources of uncertainty are considered in the proposed UQ methodology. The uncertainty sources occur at different stages of the manufacturing process and do not combine in a straightforward manner, thus a Bayesian network approach is found to be advantageous in uncertainty aggregation. A dimension reduction approach through variance-based global sensitivity analysis is proposed to reduce the number of variables in the system and facilitate scalability in high-dimensional problems. The proposed methodologies for uncertainty quantification and dimension reduction are demonstrated using two examples – an injection molding process and a welding process.