cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drinking Patterns in Genetic Low-Alcohol-Drinking (LAD) Rats After Systemic Cyanamide and Cerebral Injections of THP or 6-OHDA

Abstract A key question related to the role of acetaldehyde and aldehyde adducts in alcoholism concerns their relationship to the genetic mechanisms underlying drinking. Experimentally, the low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rat represents a standard rodent model having a strong aversion to alcohol. In these experiments, preferences for water vs. alcohol, offered in concentrations from 3% to 30%, were determined over 10 days in adult LAD rats ( N = 6 per group). Then a saline vehicle or either 10 or 20 mg/kg of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) inhibitor, cyanamide, was injected SC twice daily for 3 days. Secondly, either 0.5 or 1.0 μg of tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) was infused ICV twice daily for 3 days in LAD rats ( N = 8) and, as a genetic control, THP also was infused identically in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats ( N = 8). The results showed that the lower and higher doses of cyanamide augmented alcohol intakes in 33% and 50% of the LAD rats, respectively, with the patterns of drinking resembling that of genetic high-alcohol-drinking HAD or P rats. Although ICV infusions of THP had little effect on alcohol preference of LAD rats, alcohol drinking was enhanced significantly in the SD rats. In a supplementary study, 200 μg of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) also was infused ICV in LAD rats ( N = 7) on two consecutive days; no change occurred in the characteristic aversion to alcohol. These findings suggest that in certain individuals, a perturbation in the synthesis of AlDH can modify the genetically based aversion to alcohol, thus precipitating the liability for alcoholism. In that neither THP nor 6-OHDA lesioning exerted any effect on the genetic nondrinking LAD animal suggests that an unknown endogenous factor in the brain must underlie the cyanamide-induced shift to alcohol preference. We conclude that the genetic elements that normally prevent the progression to addictive drinking in most individuals appear to be invariant and irreversible.
Fructose: pure, white, and deadly? Fructose, by any other name, is a health hazard

The worldwide consumption of sucrose, and thus fructose, has risen logarithmically since 1800. Many concerns about the health hazards of calorie-sweetened beverages, including soft drinks and fruit drinks and the fructose they provide, have been voiced over the past 10 years. These concerns are related to higher energy intake, risk of obesity, risk of diabetes, risk of cardiovascular disease, risk of gout in men, and risk of metabolic syndrome. Fructose appears to be responsible for most of the metabolic risks, including high production of lipids, increased thermogenesis, and higher blood pressure associated with sugar or high fructose corn syrup. Some claim that sugar is natural, but natural does not assure safety.
On the nature of empiricism in archaeology

‘Empiricism’ can mean many things; I discuss it here as the belief that the data speak for themselves, without the need for intervening theory. Empiricism in this sense would be considered by most to be simply naive, but I argue that it remains one of the most widespread implicit theoretical positions in archaeology as a whole. This article examines the intellectual origins and cultural context of empiricism, and asks why it endures. I discuss two case studies: the archaeology of castles; and the origins of the medieval village. I argue that empiricism should be understood rather than simply dismissed, and propose some therapeutic practices for archaeological interpretation. Resume « Empirisme » peut revetir de nombreux sens. L'auteur l'envisage ici comme la conviction que les donnees parlent d'elles-memes, sans qu'il faille faire intervenir la theorie. Dans ce sens, l'empirisme passerait aux yeux de la plupart des gens pour de la naivete, mais l'auteur avance qu'il reste l'une des positions theoriques implicites les plus repandues dans l'archeologie, au sens large. Le present article examine les origines intellectuelles et le contexte culturel de l'empirisme et s'interroge sur sa longevite. Il expose deux etudes de case : l'archeologie des châteaux-forts et les origines du village medieval. L'auteur propose de comprendre l'empirisme au lieu de simplement le rejeter et avance quelques idees de pratiques therapeutiques pour l'interpretation archeologique.
A Critique of “A Critique of The War Trap”

By applying the criteria suggested by Lakatos for comparing rival theories, I show that the expected utility research program developed in The War Trap has yielded an integrative, fairly comprehens...
Fitting multimeric protein complexes into electron microscopy maps using 3D Zernike descriptors.

A novel computational method for fitting high-resolution structures of multiple proteins into a cryoelectron microscopy map is presented. The method named EMLZerD generates a pool of candidate multiple protein docking conformations of component proteins, which are later compared with a provided electron microscopy (EM) density map to select the ones that fit well into the EM map. The comparison of docking conformations and the EM map is performed using the 3D Zernike descriptor (3DZD), a mathematical series expansion of three-dimensional functions. The 3DZD provides a unified representation of the surface shape of multimeric protein complex models and EM maps, which allows a convenient, fast quantitative comparison of the three-dimensional structural data. Out of 19 multimeric complexes tested, near native complex structures with a root-mean-square deviation of less than 2.5 A were obtained for 14 cases while medium range resolution structures with correct topology were computed for the additional 5 cases.
Online and incremental contextual task learning and recognition for sharing autonomy to assist mobile robot teleoperation

This contribution proposes a fast online approach to learn and recognize the contextual tasks incrementally, with the aim of assisting mobile robot teleoperation by efficiently facilitating autonomy sharing, which improves our previous approach, where a batch mode was adopted to obtain the model for task recognition. We employ a fast online Gaussian Mixture Regression (GMR) model combined with a recursive Bayesian filter (RBF) to infer the most probable contextual task the human operator executes across multiple candidate targets, which is capable of incorporating demonstrations incrementally. The overall system is evaluated with a set of tests in a cluttered indoor scenario and shows good performance.
In Situ Evaluation of Inorganic Matrix Effects on the Partitioning of Three Trace Elements (As, Sb, Se) at the Outset of Coal Combustion

A direct method of assessing the partitioning of semivolatile trace elements (TEs), such as As, Sb, and Se, between the gas and solid phases in the microenvironment of the burning char can be used to gain insight into TE partitioning in coal-fired furnaces. Such a method was developed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS) to perform three separate functions simultaneously at high temperature (up to 2800 °C): in situ pyrolysis simulation, sample collection, and analysis. The current study focuses on further developing this method to study the vaporization of TEs entrapped in inorganic inclusions within coal. TEs were introduced into the GFAAS in their water-soluble form, using coal-relevant matrix/TE ratios. This allowed a homogeneous TE distribution within the matrix, which simulated various inclusion forms. Activation energies of the TE atomization were determined with and without these matrices to assess the chemical matrix effects. Several inorganic matrices were shown to alte...
Heller’s Hell: Heller’s Later Fiction, Jewishness, and the Liberal Imagination

Joseph Heller's career as a writer of fiction has been rather peculiar. The work which brought him note is, of course, the now legendary Catch-22, published in 1961. Then there was novelistic silence for thirteen years until the publication of Something Happened, followed five years later by Good as Gold. These three novels certainly established Heller's reputation as a significant figure among writers of the fiction of the United States. The publication in 1984 of God Knows was awaited with interest, and led to much discussion. The critical "placing" of Heller was in one sense easy. Given the spate of Jewish-American writers who came to prominence in the fifties and sixties-Bellow, Mailer, Malamud and Roth stand as examples, though they by no means exhaust the category-it was obvious that one "placing" of Heller would be as a "Jewish writer." There was only one problem-in his first two novels he had not written about Jews. It became a commonplace of the reviewers, especially after the publication of Something Happened, to say that the characters of the novels really were Jews, and that the writer, probably for purposes of "universalizing" his work, had simply chosen to give them some other ethnic identity, or no discernible one at all. Another category into which Heller fit was that of "dark humorist." Catch-22 was certainly a darkly humorous novel. James E. Miller, Jr. groups Heller with Ken Kesey as among promising American writers who will have permanent impact on American fiction (24) and Kesey, of course, is an outstanding "dark humorist." If Catch-22 was dark humor, Something Happened was perhaps even more so. Dependent on the "happening," that is, the death of Bob Slocum's son, this novel, though humorous in its own way, has less of the absurdity that helped to make Catch-22 such a popular book, though it has its share. "No work of contemporary fiction is so keyed to fear as Joseph Heller's second novel..." writes Richard Hauer Costa (159) in an impressive essay about Something Happened that compares that novel with Dostoevski's Notes from the Underground. The purpose of his paper, writes Costa, is to compare the similar devices used by
Compounding of discriminative stimuli from the same and different sensory modalities which maintain responding on separate levers

Rats barpressed for food during light or tone or two separate lights. Each stimulus maintained responding on a separate lever. In Phase 1, one lever and its correlated stimulus appeared during a session. In Phase 2, both levers were concurrently exposed and each stimulus appeared. When light and tone were combined in Phase 1, responding increased with either lever exposed. Responding also increased during compounding in Phase 2, but nearly all responses occurred on the light-correlated lever. When the two lights were combined in Phase 1, no change in responding occurred with either lever present, regardless of the intensity of each light. No change in responding also occurred during compounding in Phase 2 with lights of different intensity. However, responding increased significantly with lights of equal intensity. There was no significant difference in the number of responses emitted on each lever with either set of intensities.
Advances in researches on protoplast of plants

The isolation,culture and fusion technology of plant protoplast have been developing rapidly over the past twenty years.In this peper,we concisely summarized the protoplast isolation,culture,fusion and plant regeneration.Besides,existing problems and further development were also discussed.
Alteration of cAMP-mediated hormonal responsiveness by bile acids in cells of nonhepatic origin

The present study was undertaken to determine whether bile acids could inhibit hormone-induced adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production in cells of nonhepatic origin, as previously reported in the liver [Bouscarel et al., Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 31): G300-G310, 1995]. The bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid inhibited prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)- and isoproterenol-induced cAMP production by 40-60% in human skin fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, respectively, to a similar extent as that observed in the liver. However, in both models, the taurine conjugates of these respective dihydroxy bile acids were without effect. After permeabilization of fibroblasts with saponin, UDCA, and its taurine conjugates inhibited hormone-induced cAMP production in a similar manner with a maximum inhibition of approximately 55%. The other taurine-conjugated dihydroxy bile acids were also able to inhibit PGE1-induced cAMP production. Furthermore, in human fibroblasts, UDCA was taken up in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas there was no uptake of taurocholic acid, even after 30 min of incubation. Therefore these results suggest that plasma membrane crossing of bile acids is a requirement for their inhibition of hormone-induced cAMP production. The ability of certain bile acids to affect hormone-induced cAMP production in extrahepatic tissues may be of pathophysiological significance in certain cholestatic liver diseases.
Physico-chemical studies of isolated chromatin compared with in situ chromatin after partial hepatectomy in the rat.

Chromatin was isolated from rat liver cells at 0, 3, 5, 11, 18 and 24 h following partial hepatectomy. Consistent with findings in cultured cells stimulated to proliferate, there was an increase in chromatin molar ellipticity measured at 276 nm, and a decrease in thermal stability 3 to 8 h after surgery. These events occured prior to the onset of DNA synthesis. These early changes be­tween non-proliferating (G₀) and proliferating (G₁) cells, as well as later chromatin conformational changes observed at S and G2 phases, mimic changes in template activity.Results with sheared and unsheared chromatin (both with in vitro and in vivo systems) prove that structural and functional changes can be caused by even the slightest shearing during chromatin preparation, suggesting the loss of native chromatin organization. To eliminate this problem, experiments were also conducted using chromatin in situ. A flow cytometer (FCM) was used to study unfixed liver cell suspensions stained with ethidium bromide (EB). Fluorescence was measured in the green spectral range after addition of increasing amounts of EB. Experimental evidence is provided that the same alteration in chromatin conformation can be best detected using low molar ratios of EB per unit DNA due to greater fluorescence emission in G₁ respect to G₀ cells. These correlated studies demonstrate that the same changes controlling chromatin organization in situ are detected also in the tertiary-quaternary structure of “isolated” chromatin. These changes in chromatin conformation are macromolecular events related to cell proliferation both at the G₀ -G₁ and G₁ -S transitions.
The road to customer loyalty paved with service customization

Abstract Previous research reveals that frontline employees can engage in two types of service customization, one that includes customizing offerings, referred to as “service offering adaptation,” and another that includes customizing interpersonal behavior, referred to as “interpersonal adaptive behavior.” While research indicates that both types of service customization are important to building customer relationships, limited research has simultaneously examined both aspects and the mechanisms accounting for their effects. Drawing from cognitive appraisal, emotion, and relationship marketing theory, this research offers a conceptual model that delineates emotions as explanatory mechanisms of service customization. The results indicate that emotions, particularly gratitude, can account for customization's positive effect on trust and subsequently loyalty. These findings offer implications for theory and marketing managers, as well as reveal fruitful avenues for future research.
Emergency Treatment of Dentoalveolar Trauma: Essential Tips for Treating Active Patients

IN BRIEF: Dentoalveolar trauma in sports is common. One third of dental injuries in the United States occur in sports-related activities, so team physicians should be able to recognize and properly treat dental injuries on the field. Tooth fracture, luxation, avulsion, and socket injury are the main types of dentoalveolar trauma. In many cases, other maxillofacial trauma can be associated with dental injuries, so physicians who examine these patients should be aware of additional associated injuries. Tooth injury is often preventable with the appropriate use of properly fitted mouth guards. Physicians should be familiar with different types and be able to suggest the correct mouth guard for a given activity.
Acoustic Entropy of the Materials in the Course of Degradation

We report experimental observations on the evolution of acoustic entropy in the course of cyclic loading as degradation occurs due to fatigue. The measured entropy is a result of the materials’ microstructural changes that occur as degradation due to cyclic mechanical loading. Experimental results demonstrate that maximum acoustic entropy emanating from materials during the course of degradation remains similar. Experiments are shown for two different types of materials: Aluminum 6061 (a metallic alloy) and glass/epoxy (a composite laminate). The evolution of the acoustic entropy demonstrates a persistent trend over the course of degradation.
Reliability Screening Procedures for Integrated Circuits

This paper discusses reliability screening techniques for integrated circuits which can be used in conjunction with a standard process normally producing material suitable for less stringent reliability applications. Devices can be selected by subjecting this material to additional conditioning and selective procedures at the following levels: I. Precapsulation Lot Acceptance for Metal Adherece and Bond Integrity II. 100% Die and Package Inspections III. Post Capsulation Conditioning and Screening The information obtained from accelerated stress tests, failure analysis, physics of failure studies and data analysis is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of new screening techniques. Factors relating to the cost of screening are discussed. Some of the failure mechanisms known to exist in integrated circuits did not occur during the stress program; those found resulted from stresses conducted above the normal device ratings. The screening techniques and procedures should therefore be incorporated into specifications after careful consideration is given to the techniques of fabrication, stress limitations, and application requirements of each device type.
Why SQL on Big Data

This chapter discusses the history of SQL on big data and why SQL is so essential for commoditization and adoption of big data in the enterprise.
Screening of Neurocognitive and Executive Functioning in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.

National and international treatment guidelines recommend regular psychological screening of children and youth with type 1 diabetes. In this article, the authors argue that neurocognitive screening is another important yet neglected aspect of the care of youth with diabetes. Mild neurocognitive dysfunction is an underrecognized complication of diabetes that can have considerable effects on school performance, activities of daily living, and diabetes self-management. This article offers suggestions for screening and management of neurocognitive dysfunction in pediatric type 1 diabetes patients in various settings, as well as recommendations for future research. Children, youth, and young adults with type 1 diabetes face many challenges and complications as a result of their disease. One of the less well-recognized problems is an increased incidence of mild to moderate neurocognitive dysfunction: acquired deficits in psychomotor speed, mental efficiency, attention, visual-motor skills, memory, and learning. (See related article by Cato and Hershey on p. 197 of this issue.) In general, these deficits are relatively subtle, with effect sizes reported in the small to moderate range (1). Thus, many individuals who have cognitive dysfunction will have scores on standardized tests that fall within the average range, although the functional impact of small deficits can still be substantial. Children with cognitive dysfunction have an increased likelihood of prob-lems at school (2) and difficulties with diabetes management (3,4) that place them at risk for poor glycemic control. Diabetes-related neurocognitive dysfunction therefore has important implications for the lives and long-term outcomes of individuals with diabetes. Just as psychosocial screening is important for standard diabetes care, so too is identifying individuals who are at risk for developing cognitive deficits or are currently experiencing cognitive dysfunction (5). One way to identify cognitive declines is to monitor youth through comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation (6). Although adopting this strategy could help inform …
Twitter's Glass Ceiling: The Effect of Perceived Gender on Online Visibility

Social media is a new public sphere where people can, in principle, communicate with each other regardless of their status. However, social categories like gender may still bias online communication, replicating offline disparities. Examining over 94,000 Twitter users, we investigate the association between perceived gender and measures of online visibility: how often Twitter users are followed, assigned to lists, and retweeted. Our analysis shows that users perceived as female experience a 'glass ceiling,' similar to the barrier women face in attaining higher positions in companies. For users in lower quartiles of visibility, being perceived as female is associated with more visibility; however, this tendency flips among the most visible users where being perceived as male is strongly associated with more visibility. Our results suggest that gender presented in social media profiles likely frame interactions as well as perpetuates old inequalities online.
Demographic transition and the dynamics of measles in six provinces in China: A modeling study.

Background Industrialization and demographic transition generate nonstationary dynamics in human populations that can affect the transmission and persistence of infectious diseases. Decades of increasing vaccination and development have led to dramatic declines in the global burden of measles, but the virus remains persistent in much of the world. Here we show that a combination of demographic transition, as a result of declining birth rates, and reduced measles prevalence, due to improved vaccination, has shifted the age distribution of susceptibility to measles throughout China. Methods and findings We fit a novel time-varying catalytic model to three decades of age-specific measles case reporting in six provinces in China to quantify the change in the age-specific force of infection for measles virus over time. We further quantified the impact of supplemental vaccination campaigns on the reduction of susceptible individuals. The force of infection of measles has declined dramatically (90%–97% reduction in transmission rate) in three industrialized eastern provinces during the last decade, driving a concomitant increase in both the relative proportion and absolute number of adult cases, while three central and western provinces exhibited dynamics consistent with endemic persistence (24%–73% reduction in transmission rate). The reduction in susceptible individuals due to supplemental vaccination campaigns is frequently below the nominal campaign coverage, likely because campaigns necessarily vaccinate those who may already be immune. The impact of these campaigns has significantly improved over time: campaigns prior to 2005 were estimated to have achieved less than 50% reductions in the proportion susceptible in the target age classes, but campaigns from 2005 onwards reduced the susceptible proportion by 32%–87%. A limitation of this study is that it relies on case surveillance, and thus inference may be biased by age-specific variation in measles reporting. Conclusions The age distribution of measles cases changes in response to both demographic and vaccination processes. Combining both processes in a novel catalytic model, we illustrate that age-specific incidence patterns reveal regional differences in the progress to measles elimination and the impact of vaccination controls in China. The shift in the age distribution of measles susceptibility in response to demographic and vaccination processes emphasizes the importance of progressive control strategies and measures to evaluate program success that anticipate and react to this transition in observed incidence.
Multi-step treatment for acquired alexia and agraphia (Part I): efficacy, generalisation, and identification of beneficial treatment steps

Reading and writing impairments are common in individuals with post-stroke aphasia. Treatment typically aims to improve the function of one of these modalities by strengthening aspects of either lexical or sublexical processing. In the present study, eight adults with acquired alexia and agraphia were administered a comprehensive treatment targeting specific lexical and sublexical processes underlying reading and/or writing. Two participants were trained in reading and six were trained in writing. Throughout treatment, reading and writing accuracy were monitored for trained items, as well as untrained but orthographically and semantically related items. Linear mixed effects models indicated that the most substantial gains were made on trained items in the trained modality; generalisation to trained items in the untrained modality and untrained but related items in both modalities was also observed. Participants improved significantly on a subset of treatment steps intended to address lexical access and representations, sublexical conversion mechanisms, and the graphemic and/or phonological buffer processes in both modalities. These results demonstrate the efficacy of a novel, comprehensive treatment protocol and suggest that targeting multiple reading and writing processes in conjunction may facilitate widespread generalisation.
Seed production of sugar maple and American beech in northern hardwood forests, New Hampshire, USA

Mast seeding is the synchronous production of large seed crops in plant populations and for many tree species is known to be determined by the interaction between weather cues and internal plant re...
Management of colonoscopic perforations: A systematic review

Abstract Background Perforation during colonoscopy is a rare but well recognized complication with significant morbidity and mortality. We aim to systematically review the currently available literature concerning care and outcomes of colonic perforation. An algorithm is created to guide the practitioner in management of this challenging clinical scenario. Data sources A systematic review of the literature based on PRISMA-P guidelines was performed. We evaluate 31 articles focusing on findings over the past 10 years. Conclusion Colonoscopic perforation is a rare event and published management techniques are marked by their heterogeneity. Reliable conclusions are limited by the nature of the data available – mainly single institution, retrospective studies. Consensus conclusions include a higher rate of perforation from therapeutic colonoscopy when compared to diagnostic colonoscopy and the sigmoid as the most common site of perforation. Mortality appears driven by pre-existing conditions. Treatment must be tailored according to the patient's comorbidities and clinical status as well as the specific conditions during the colonoscopy that led to the perforation.
Genomic Investigation of Lupus in the Skin

Lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disorder with a protean clinical manifestation affecting virtually every organ including skin, with tremendous variation between patients. This makes it vital to stratify patients on a molecular basis. We used gene microarray technology for large-scale screening combined with bioinformatics to investigate global patterns of gene expression in cutaneous lupus erythematosus to allow further insights into disease heterogeneity. Unbiased clustering exposed a clear separation between cutaneous lupus erythematosus skin and blood samples. Pathway-based analyses of the differentially expressed genes from sample groups within skin and blood showed prominent apoptosis and interferon response signals. Given their well-known role in systemic lupus, the two processes are potentially critical to cutaneous lupus erythematosus as well. We found both coincident and distinct features between systemic lupus and cutaneous lupus erythematosus, as well as several pathways and processes that are specific to the cutaneous disease that offer potential therapeutic choices in the future. Finally, we identified shared cutaneous lupus erythematosus-skin and -blood transcriptional "hot spots" located on the genome that include several differentially expressed genes previously associated with the systemic disease. The differentially expressed genes included in the hot spots with no systemic lupus associations can potentially be targeted in future studies aimed at identifying risk genes related to cutaneous disease.
Endolymphatic Thoracic Duct Stent-Graft Reconstruction for Chylothorax: Approach, Technical Success, Safety, and Short-term Outcomes.

Background To report approach, technical success, safety, and short-term outcomes of thoracic duct stent-graft reconstruction for the treatment of chylothorax. Methods Two patients, 1 (50%) male and 1 (50%) female, with mean age of 38 years (range: 16–59 years) underwent endolymphatic thoracic duct stent-graft reconstruction between September 2016 and July 2017. Patients had radiographic left-sided chylothoraces ( n = 2) from idiopathic causes ( n = 1) and heart transplantation ( n = 1). In both (100%) patients, antegrade lymphatic access was used to opacify the thoracic duct after which retrograde access was used for thoracic duct stent-graft placement. Pelvic lymphangiography technical success, antegrade cisterna chyli cannulation technical success, thoracic duct opacification technical success, retrograde thoracic duct access technical success, thoracic duct stent-graft reconstruction technical success, ethiodized oil volume, contrast volume, estimated blood loss, procedure time, fluoroscopy time, radiation dose, clinical success, complications, deaths, and follow-up were recorded. Results Pelvic lymphangiography, antegrade cisterna chyli cannulation, thoracic duct opacification, retrograde thoracic duct access, and thoracic duct stent-graft reconstruction were technically successful in both (100%) patients. Mean ethiodized oil volume was 8 mL (range: 5–10 mL). Mean contrast volume was 13 mL (range: 5–20 mL). Mean estimated blood loss was 13 mL (range: 10–15 mL). Mean fluoroscopy time was 50.4 min (range: 31.2–69.7 min). Mean dose area product and reference air kerma were 954.4 μGmy 2 (range: 701–1,208 μGmy 2 ) and 83.5 mGy (range: 59–108 mGy), respectively. Chylothorax resolved in both (100%) patients. There were no minor or major complications directly related to the procedure. Conclusions Thoracic duct stent-graft reconstruction may be a technically successful and safe alternative to thoracic duct embolization, disruption, and surgical ligation for the treatment of chylothorax. Additional studies are warranted.
Comprehensive review of water shutoff methods for horizontal wells

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive review of the water control techniques that have been applied in horizontal wells and presents the water control methods for wells of different completion types. Water shutoff techniques are classified as mechanical methods and chemical methods. These methods can be used individually or in combination. Mechanical methods are usually used to deal with wellbore water shutoff or near wellbore water control. Chemical methods are used in plugging matrix or fractures. Completion type should be considered when designing a water shutoff project. Both mechanical methods and chemical methods can be used in open hole and cased hole horizontal wells. In the wells that completed with perforated liners and wells completed with sand screen pipe, only chemical methods can be used to control excess water production, while the mechanical methods can only provide temporary zonal isolation. Mechanical methods are slightly higher in cost than chemical methods, and the depth correction is a challenge. Mechanical and chemical methods can be individually used if the water entry point is at the toe. A combination of packers should be designed for the wells with water entry point near the heel or along the lateral.
A Multiple-Imputation “Forward Bridging” Approach to Address Changes in the Classification of Asian Race/Ethnicity on the US Death Certificate

The incomparability of old and new classification systems for describing the same data can be seen as a missing-data problem, and, under certain assumptions, multiple imputation may be used to "bridge" 2 classification systems. One example of such a change is the introduction of detailed Asian-American race/ethnicity classifications on the 2003 version of the US national death certificate, which was adopted for use by 38 states between 2003 and 2011. Using county- and decedent-level data from 3 different national sources for pre- and postadoption years, we fitted within-state multiple-imputation models to impute ethnicities for decedents classified as "other Asian" during preadoption years. We present mortality rates derived using 3 different methods of calculation: 1) including all states but ignoring the gradual adoption of the new death certificate over time, 2) including only the 7 states with complete reporting of all ethnicities, and 3) including all states and applying multiple imputation. Estimates from our imputation model were consistently in the middle of the other 2 estimates, and trend results demonstrated that the year-by-year estimates of the imputation model were more similar to those of the 7-state model. This work demonstrates how multiple imputation can provide a "forward bridging" approach to make more accurate estimates over time in newly categorized populations.
Animal-Assisted Intervention and Dementia: A Systematic Review:

This review discusses the relationship between animal-assisted interventions (AAI) and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). A systematic search was conducted within CINAHL, Web of Science CAB Abstracts, PubMed, Abstracts in Social Gerontology, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO for primary research articles. A total of 32 studies were included in the final review. Variation was noted in study designs and in study setting. Twenty-seven of 32 studies used dogs as the intervention. Agitation/aggression showed a significant decrease in nine of 15 studies. Eleven of 12 studies demonstrated increased social interaction with AAI. Mood had mixed results in nine studies. Quality of life was increased in three of four studies. Resident activity and nutritional intake were each increased in two studies. Animal assisted activities/interventions showed a strong positive effect on social behaviors, physical activity, and dietary intake in dementia patients and a positive effect on agitation/aggression and quality of life.
Enhancing Cross-ISA DBT Through Automatically Learned Translation Rules

This paper presents a novel approach for dynamic binary translation (DBT) to automatically learn translation rules from guest and host binaries compiled from the same source code. The learned translation rules are then verified via binary symbolic execution and used in an existing DBT system, QEMU, to generate more efficient host binary code. Experimental results on SPEC CINT2006 show that the average time of learning a translation rule is less than two seconds. With the rules learned from a collection of benchmark programs excluding the targeted program itself, an average 1.25X performance speedup over QEMU can be achieved for SPEC CINT2006. Moreover, the translation overhead introduced by this rule-based approach is very small even for short-running workloads.
Simulating In Vivo Background Activity in a Slice with the Dynamic Clamp

Neurons in vivo receive a large amount of internally generated “background” activity in addition to synaptic input directly driven by an external stimulus. Stimulus-driven and background synaptic inputs interact, through the nonlinearities of neuronal integration, in interesting ways. The dynamic clamp can be used in vitro to duplicate background input, allowing the experimenter to take advantage of the accessibility of neurons in vitro while still studying them under in vivo conditions. In this chapter we discuss some results from experiments in which a neuron is driven by current injection that simulates a stimulus-driven input as well as dynamic-clamp-generated background activity. One of the effects uncovered in this way is multiplicative gain modulation, achieved by varying the level of background synaptic input. We discuss how the dynamic clamp was used to discover this effect and also how to choose parameters to simulate in vivo background synaptic input in slice neurons.
The structure of compact connected groups which admit an expansive automorphism

1. Remark We will make extensive use of the Pontryagin Duality Theory for compact abelian and discrete abelian groups. This material can be found in [17, Chapter 5] and in [12, Chapter 6]. We also assume a knowledge of torsion free rank for discrete abelian groups as described in [12, Appendix A]. When we use the term rank we mean torsion free rank. In particular, we use the following fact: ^ 2. Theorem. Let G be a compact abelian group and let G be the character groUp of G. Then the dimension of G is equal to ^ tNe rank of G.
Gender Differences in Academic Rank and NIH Funding among Academic Maternal-Fetal Medicine Physicians in the United States.

OBJECTIVE This article evaluates gender differences in academic rank and National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding among academic maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) physicians. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of board-certified academic MFM physicians. Physicians were identified in July 2017 from the MFM fellowship Web sites. Academic rank and receipt of any NIH funding were compared by gender. Data on potential confounders were collected, including years since board certification, region of practice, additional degrees, number of publications, and h-index. RESULTS We identified 659 MFM physicians at 72 institutions, 312 (47.3%) male and 347 (52.7%) female. There were 246 (37.3%) full, 163 (24.7%) associate, and 250 (37.9%) assistant professors. Among the 154 (23.4%) MFM physicians with NIH funding, 89 (57.8%) were male and 65 (42.2%) were female (p = 0.003). Adjusting for potential confounders, male MFM physicians were twice as likely to hold a higher academic rank than female MFM physicians (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.04 [95% confidence interval, 1.39-2.94], p < 0.001). There was no difference in NIH funding between male and female MFM physicians (aOR, 1.23 [0.79-1.92], p = 0.36). CONCLUSION Compared with female academic MFM physicians, male academic MFM physicians were twice as likely to hold a higher academic rank but were no more likely to receive NIH funding.
Placing a Spotlight on Rural Homelessness: Identifying the Barriers and Facilitators to Successfully Supporting Homeless Families within Rural Communities

This mixed-method study examined a rural homeless shelter serving families (a historically understudied population) and explored what factors (i.e., demographic, mental health, and social) influenc...
Commentary: Paediatric post-traumatic stress disorder from a neurodevelopmental network perspective: reflections on Weems et al. (2019).

Paediatric post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an incredibly heterogeneous and syndromic disorder that likely has a myriad of underlying neurobiological mechanisms at play. The disorder is even more complicated in youth, given that the expression of illness interacts with ongoing developmental processes. In their review in this issue, Weems and colleagues call for broader network-based approaches for studying the development and expression of PTSD in youth. In this commentary, I highlight some of the important knowledge gaps raised by Weems et al. and propose ways in which future studies may leverage network-based approaches for eventual translation into clinical care. Key concepts include the use of network-based approaches for understanding the emergence and maintenance of PTSD symptom architecture over development, identification of resilient and vulnerable patterns of symptom and brain network architecture following trauma, and consideration of how divergence between biological (e.g. brain) and chronological may inform our understanding of resilient and vulnerable patterns over development. Importantly, advancing and translating this work to clinical care will require larger, prospective studies assessing youth as early in development as possible, and integrating information across multiple research groups and sites.
Attachment Style and the Association of Spanking and Child Externalizing Behavior.

Abstract Objective To examine whether the longitudinal associations between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior are moderated by attachment style. Methods This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2211), a large cohort sample of low-income urban families. Multiple-group autoregressive cross-lagged models examined the associations between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior when children were ages 1, 3, and 5. Moderation by attachment style was examined using structural invariance testing. Results For children with an insecure mother-child attachment style, spanking at age 1 was associated with externalizing behavior at age 3. However, for children with a secure mother-child attachment style, the association between maternal spanking at age 1 and child externalizing behavior at age 3 was absent. Attachment style did not moderate the association between maternal spanking at age 3 and externalizing behavior at age 5, suggesting that spanking at age 3 is associated with deleterious outcomes at age 5, regardless of attachment style. Conclusions Results suggest that even in the context of a secure attachment style, spanking is associated with adverse outcomes in early childhood. Findings support the American Academy of Pediatrics 2018 policy statement, which encourages parents to avoid spanking when disciplining children. Results suggest that children, regardless of attachment style, may benefit from policies and services that promote non-violent forms of discipline.
Designing and Delivering a Curriculum Matched to Program Goals

Learning may be defined in the psychological literature as an enduring change in behavior that relies on experience. Although postsecondary education programs for inmates attract media attention, they are the exception rather than the rule. Barriers to educating the incarcerated include such things as negative public perceptions, security issues surrounding technology use, low self-efficacy beliefs in inmates, anti-intellectualism amongst inmates in the prison culture, and costs associated with offering further and higher education programs. This chapter will: (1) examine the controversies surrounding postsecondary education for inmates; (2) define the learning process, including the conditions that must be met to optimize learning; (3) describe some learner characteristics frequently manifested in inmates, and (4) suggest evidence-based strategies that support the formal learning experiences of inmates participating in dog care and training programs.
Youth and Cyberbullying: Another Look

This spotlight presents Youth and Media’s overview of recent, primarily academic literature on youth (ages 12-18) and cyberbullying and seeks to translate scholarly work for a public audience — including parents and caregivers, schools and educators, Internet companies, and governmental entities. The paper is meant to help shape these stakeholders’ current and future endeavors that aim to address cyberbullying and provide practical, impactful guidance on preventing and responding to cyberbullying among young people.
White Matter Microstructure across the Psychosis Spectrum

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a neuroimaging technique that has allowed us an unprecedented look at the role that white matter microstructure may play in mental illnesses, such as psychosis. Psychosis-related illnesses, including schizophrenia, are increasingly viewed as existing along a spectrum; spectrums may be defined based on factors such as stage of illness, symptom severity, or genetic liability. This review first focuses on an overview of some of the recent findings from DWI studies. Then, it examines the ways in which DWI analyses have been extended across the broader psychosis spectrum, or spectrums, and what we have learned from such approaches.
Chapter 9 – Other Contaminants

It would be appropriate to consider this chapter as a “catch-all” because it includes many types of contaminants that have not been discussed in other chapters. It is not that these contaminants are not important, but in the larger picture, they represent less diversity, lower historical prominence, smaller global distribution, or are just simply less well known than the major families of contaminants we have covered up to now. We will cover, in no specific order, plastics, munitions, acid deposition, pharmaceuticals, and nanoparticles.
The Cervical Dysplasia Worksheet: A Longitudinal Map of Cervical Dysplasia Cytology and Histology Tests and Procedures.

Objective Our objectives were to describe the Cervical Dysplasia Worksheet (CDW), provide evidence of its feasibility to view patient cervical dysplasia results over time, and evaluate patient attitudes toward the tool in the setting of abnormal result follow-up. Materials and methods The CDW augments the ASCCP guidelines for managing abnormal cervical cancer screenings by visually depicting cervical cytological and histological history along a color gradient showing severity. We evaluated tool feasibility by graphing a retrospectively reviewed convenience sample of patient data. A cross-sectional evaluation of the tool was then performed to assess patient attitudes in the setting of either dysplasia or colposcopy clinic. Patients had their data graphed on the CDW and explained to them before their clinical encounter. They then gave general comments about the tool and filled out a short evaluation survey. Results The large majority of retrospective patient data (N = 167) fit well within the CDW with roughly 20% requiring space for additional comments. Among the 30 patients who participated in our evaluation, almost all agreed (n = 29, 96.7%) that the tool helped them understand their history and results and that they would use the tool in the future. Conclusions The CDW is a novel tool to display a patient's cervical dysplasia history to visualize treatment and future care while enhancing patient-provider communication. Patient evaluation of the tool was largely positive, and suggestions will be taken into consideration for future modification. Further evaluation of the CDW among healthcare providers is needed to analyze its efficacy in the clinical setting.
Liquid crystal nose based on chiral photonic bandgap materials: principles of selective response

Chiral liquid crystalline (LC) compositions with the selective reflection band (SRB) in a visible spectral range are suggested and studied as elements of LC-nose. This allows for optical detection of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs): SRB shifts and color of the sample changes under the action of VOCs. Ethanol, toluene, pyridine and acetic acid were detected by means of colorimetric and spectroscopic techniques during their diffusion inside chiral elements of LC-nose. Selectivity to different VOCs is enhanced by means of components of liquid crystal matrix with different viscosity, affinities to the solvents, and abilities to form hydrogen bonding.