cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood Cat Bites Relate to Increased Adulthood Severity of Schizotypy, Psychotic-Like Experiences, and Social Anhedonia in a Transdiagnostic Psychiatric Sample.

Introduction Previous research has linked childhood cat scratches and bites to an increased risk for depression, and childhood cat ownership to increased risk of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and social anhedonia. Our group previously reported that childhood cat bites, but not ownership, related to increased schizotypy severity in an undergraduate sample. Methods The current study expands this research by inquiring about cat bites and ownership in a transdiagnostic adult sample (N = 162; 51% female; mean age = 38.15, SD = 10.65), composed of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n = 30), bipolar disorders (n = 30), unipolar depression (n = 23), and nonpsychiatric participants (n = 79). Participants completed a diagnostic interview, scales of symptom severity, and a cat interaction history interview. Results Across the entire sample, self-report of cat bites prior to age 13, but not after, related to greater current severity of overall schizotypy, self-reported and clinician-rated psychotic-like symptoms, and social anhedonia, when compared to individuals who reported no lifetime cat bites. Cat bites prior to age 13 did not relate to severity of depression, non-social anhedonia, or clinician-rated negative symptoms. Self-report of residing with a cat prior to age 13, or a first cat bite after age 12, did not relate to any symptom severity measure examined. Conclusions One theory for these findings is that an unknown infectious agent common in cat saliva interacted with brain development in childhood to increase the likelihood of these symptoms. A novel theory for the infectious agent Pasteurella multocidais discussed. Future research can examine candidate infectious agents to identify potential causal mechanisms for these relationships.
Self-directed learners’ perceptions and experiences of learning computer science through MIT open courseware

Given the rapid rise of open educational resources (OER) for informal learning pursuits impacting countless millions of people each day around the world, this study investigated the impact of the i...
Linear one-dimensional site response analysis in the presence of stiffness-less free surface for certain power-law heterogeneities

Abstract We revisit previous results in small-strain One-dimensional Site Response Analysis of heterogeneous soil deposits. Specifically, we focus on sites whose shear modulus distribution is described by means of a power law that yields zero stiffness at the free surface. First, we show that in some cases (which we characterize in detail) considerations of energy finitude should prevail over considerations of vanishing tractions at the free-surface, as these may pose acuter constrains. We re-evaluate previous contributions in light of this result. Second, we analyze the previously-reported occurrence of “energy accumulation in upper layers”, providing a physical explanation for it. In passing, we supply estimates of the natural frequencies, and compare these with our previous results.
Site factors associated with the performance of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Sesbania sesban (L.) Merill in pure and mixed stands in the northern highlands of Rwanda

Alley cropping with leguminous tree hedgerows planted on contours is an emerging practice in the northern highlands of Rwanda where field slopes range from 4 to 76% and loss of soil fertility due to erosion is the principal impediment to food production. Sesbania sesban and Leucaena Leucocephala, the two woody species recommended for alley cropping in the region, do not perform equally well across sites: Sesbania is faster growing, But is more sensitive to pruning than Leucaena. We tested the hypothesis that the two species could be grown together to make the best use of their relative advantages. Species were planted in pure and 1:1 mixed stands at 26 sites to give a range of altitudes, slopes, azimuths and soil fertility levels representative of the region. During two cropping seasons’ growth spanning 19 months, in pure stands, Sesbania produced more biomass, grew taller and had thicker stems than Leucaena: for the same species, stem diameter and height were not different in pure and mixed stands. Biomass and number of poles from 1:1 mixed stands of Sesbania and Leucaena were equivalent to biomass and pole numbers from Sesbania in pure stands. However, mixed stands produced more biomass and pole numbers than Leucaena in pure stands. Growth of S. sesban was positively correlated with soil pH, potassium and altitude; whereas, growth of L. leucocephala was positively correlated with soil phosphorus, but negatively correlated with field slope. All other soil and site variables tested were nonsignificant. The study suggests that farmers can plant S. sesban and L. leucocephala in 1:1 mixtures in an alley cropping setting and retain levels of biomass production and bean pole numbers equivalent to those from S. sesban alone without compromising future growth and production by Leucaena. As well, the impact of pH, K and P on growth and production of Sesbania and Leucaena as a function of field slope and altitude should be determined before extending their use to other regions.
The Headache That Broke My Heart: Cluster and Bradycardia (2142)

Objective: To highlight profound bradycardia as a rare systemic symptom that may occur concurrently with attacks of cluster headache. Background: Cluster headache, a trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, is typically associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms. This is believed to occur due to activation of the trigeminovascular system via the hypothalamus, which results in parasympathetic overactivity and sympathetic impairment. Although rare, bradycardia may manifest, as a systemic parasympathetic consequence during attacks of cluster headache. Design/Methods: We report the case of an otherwise healthy 30-year-old male with a history of episodic cluster headache who presented to the emergency department with his usual attack of cluster headache. On arrival, he had severe right-sided pain, rhinorrhea, and conjunctival injection. His heart rate fluctuated between 20–40 beats per minute, and he complained of lightheadedness. Cardiac enzymes were normal, and an ECG revealed sinus bradycardia. He was admitted to the cardiology service for further work-up and monitoring, and in total, suffered 4 more attacks. In between these attacks, he had normal sinus rhythm. Subsequent echocardiography was normal. An MRI brain was unremarkable. Two weeks prior to presentation, patient was seen at another hospital, where he had a similar attack of cluster headache, and his heart rate was noted to be in the 30s. He had never been on prophylactic treatment with verapamil. Results: Both headache and bradycardia improved after administration of subcutaneous sumatriptan and high flow oxygen. Patient was discharged with a prednisone taper. Conclusions: Although uncommon, systemic autonomic phenomenon may occur during attacks of cluster headache, in addition to the well-described cranial autonomic features. Bradycardia is one such symptom, and patients should be queried for its presence. Clinicians should use verapamil judiciously in these patients as it may exacerbate the bradycardia. Additionally, pacemaker placement may become necessary in refractory cases. Disclosure: Dr. Singh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ali has nothing to disclose.
Magnetic Resonance-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Palliative Rhizotomy: A Novel Technical Application.

Background Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by an insult to the developing brain. Various medical and surgical procedures are used to reduce tone. Objective To describe a novel method of magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal ablation for palliative rhizotomy. Methods Patients treated at a single institution with percutaneous rhizotomy using magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy were identified. Preoperative and postoperative Modified Ashworth Scale scores were collected as well as procedural information. Results Two male children (7.8 and 19 yr, respectively) with spastic quadriparesis were treated using this technique. Neither patient experienced surgical or perioperative complications, and both were discharged from the hospital within 48 h. Each of them demonstrated improvement in his Modified Ashworth Scale score with no need for retreatment for spasticity at last follow-up. Conclusion These 2 cases illustrate a novel technique for treating spasticity in the setting of cerebral palsy. Further study of this technique in additional patients, and comparison with traditional methods of surgical tone reduction, are warranted.
Conceptualizing Hunger in Contemporary African Policymaking: From Technical to Community-Based Approaches

This paper explains and offers a criticism of the technical solutions that have been proposed in recent years to address Africa's hunger problems, summarizes selected results of some of these approaches, and suggests a more useful conceptualization of African hunger for policymakers. Hunger is a problem with multifactorial causality. As such, it is not given to solution by the sequence of reductionist approaches that have been applied in recent years. Widespread adoption by African governments of ultimately unsuccessful reductionist conceptualizations of hunger has had much to do with foreign aid dependency, the general absence from central policymaking circles of senior government officials with responsibility for hunger-related policies, and political preference for centralized bureaucracy. The paper concludes with some recommendations for community-based strategies of hunger alleviation.
The Use and Misuse of Classical Statistics: A Primer for Social Workers:

In this article, we offer a primer on “classical” frequentist statistics. In doing so, we aim to (1) provide social workers with a nuanced overview of common statistical concepts and tools, (2) cla...
A Temporal Investigation of Crash Severity Factors in Worker-Involved Work Zone Crashes: Random Parameters and Machine Learning Approaches

Abstract In the context of work zone safety, worker presence and its impact on crash severity has been less explored. Moreover, there is a lack of research on contributing factors by time-of-day. To accomplish this, first a mixed logit model was used to determine statistically significant crash severity contributing factors and their effects. Significant factors in both models included work-zone-specific characteristics and crash-specific characteristics, where environmental characteristics were only significant in the daytime model. In addition, results from parameter transferability test provided evidence that daytime and nighttime crashes need to be modeled separately. Further, to explore the nonlinear relationship between crash severity levels and time-of-day, as well as compare the effects of variables to that of the logit model and assess prediction performance, a Support Vector Machines (SVM) model trained by Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm was utilized. Opening the SVM black-box, a variable impact analysis was also performed. In addition to the characteristics identified in the logit models, the SVM models also included the impacts of vehicle-level characteristics. The variable impact analysis illustrated that the termination area of the work zone is most critical for both daytime and nighttime crashes, as this location has the highest increase in severe injury likelihood. In summary, results of this study demonstrate that work zone crashes need to be modeled separately by time-of-day with a high level of confidence. Furthermore, results show that the CS-SVM models provide better prediction performance compared to the SVM and logit models.
Determining the effect of pretreatments on freeze resistance and survival of cryopreserved temperate fruit tree dormant buds.

Abstract Freeze resistance is critical to successful dormant bud (DB) cryopreservation, and is affected by genotype, environmental conditions, dormancy phase and processing techniques. Pretreatment induced freeze resistance may contribute to more successful and efficient protocols for cryopreserving DB. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to quantify the effects of cryopreservation pretreatments on freeze resistance of dormant budwood. Low temperature exotherm (LTE) profiles created by DTA could rapidly identify pretreatments that are contributing to increased freeze resistance in tree fruit species. In this study, DTA was used to help elucidate the effects of varying pretreatments (sucrose, desiccation and their combination) on peach, a model crop in tree fruit physiology that has shown little cryosurvival using the DB method in the past. Post cryopreservation recovery trials using an antimicrobial forced bud development (AFBD) protocol evaluated the ability of selected pretreatments, that improved freeze resistance based on DTA, to improve recovery of dormant budwood of various deciduous tree fruit and nut species. Precryogenic exposure to sucrose solution (5.0 M, 96 h), desiccation to 30% moisture content (MC) and their combination tested for their efficacy on improving postcryogenic viability in peach, apricot, sweet cherry, little walnut, black walnut, English walnut, apple, and pear. Among the different pretreatments tested, desiccation to 30% MC had the greatest impact on increasing freeze resistance and cryosurvival across most fruit species tested and little walnut. Gradual reduction of MC (from 40 to 25%) levels increased freeze resistance in peach (R2=0.95) and increased some recovery outcomes (leaf, shoot and bud swell), however, this was not correlated with equal cryorecovery outcomes as severe bud cracking was observed. Overall, our approach linking freeze resistance and preconditioning treatments could help establish efficient species-specific cryopreservation protocols for a number of important temperate woody crops which could be recovered as complete plants by coupling AFBD and plant tissue culture.
Interaction of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator with human endothelial cells.

The interaction of urokinase-type plasminogen activators with receptors on the surface of endothelial cells may play an important role in the regulation of fibrinolysis and cell migration. Therefore, we investigated whether human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express receptors for single-chain urokinase (scu-PA) on the cell surface and examined the effect of such binding on plasminogen activator activity. Binding of 125I-labeled scu-PA to HUVEC, performed at 4 degrees C, was saturable, reversible, and specific (k+1 4 +/- 1 X 10(6) min-1 M-1, k-1 6.2 +/- 1.4 X 10(-3) min-1, Kd 2.8 +/- 0.1 nM; Bmax 2.2 +/- 0.1 X 10(5) sites/cell; mean +/- S.E.). Binding of radiolabeled scu-PA was inhibited by both natural and recombinant wild-type scu-PA, high molecular weight two-chain u-PA (tcu-PA), catalytic site-inactivated tcu-PA, an amino-terminal fragment of u-PA (amino acids 1-143), and a smaller peptide (amino acids 4-42) corresponding primarily to the epidermal growth factor-like domain. Binding was not inhibited by low molecular weight urokinase or by a recombinant scu-PA missing amino acids 9-45. Cell-bound scu-PA migrated at its native molecular mass on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the presence of plasminogen, scu-PA bound to endothelial cells generated greater plasmin activity than did scu-PA in the absence of cells. In contrast, when tcu-PA was added directly to HUVEC, sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable complexes formed with cell or matrix-associated plasminogen activator inhibitors with a loss of plasminogen activator activity. These studies suggest that endothelial cells in culture express high affinity binding sites for the epidermal growth factor domain of scu-PA. Interaction of scu-PA with these receptors may permit plasminogen activator activity to be expressed at discrete sites on the endothelial cell membrane.
Ionic Liquid Pretreatment: Mechanism, Performance, and Challenges

Ionic liquids are of increasing interest to the biofuels community due to their properties as a means of effectively pretreating biomass. Ionic liquids (ILs) are composed of anions and cations and typically have melting temperatures below 100 °C. There have been several classes of ionic liquids, in particular those belonging to the imidazolium family, that have been demonstrated to be very efficient in pretreating a wide range of lignocellulosic materials. There are over a thousand ILs that have been categorized in various databases, but only approximately 25 ILs are known to be effective biomass solvents; the majority of these are based on the imidazolium class of cations. There is undoubtedly a large amount of knowledge yet to be discovered in terms of anion-cation pairing and screening before an optimal and commercially viable IL pretreatment technology solution is realized. IL pretreatment has been shown to decrease the lignin content and cellulose crystallinity of lignocellulose and generates a material that is, depending on the specific pretreatment conditions used, readily saccharified into fermentable sugars. There are a number of IL pretreatment process routes under investigation that further define the desired task-specific properties of the ILs used. This chapter gives an overview of the various ILs and respective pretreatment technologies under development, in addition to describing the underlying mechanisms of how ILs interact with biomass and its components to overcome biomass recalcitrance.
CHAPTER 63 – Ion Channels in the Heart

This chapter focuses on the major ionic currents in the heart, which include sodium, potassium, and calcium channels. The upstroke of the action potential of working cardiac muscle and cells of the specialized conducting tracts, such as action potentials in nerve and skeletal muscle, occurs due to a transient increase in membrane permeability to sodium ions. The sodium channel activity plays a major role in controlling multiple aspects of human cardiac electrophysiology, including control of the duration of the ventricular action potential. Calcium entry can occur in the cytoplasm via calcium-sensitive inward current that is activated by membrane potential. At least six types of voltage-gated calcium channels (N, L, P, Q, R, and T) have been identified based on theirpharmacological and/or biophysical properties. In the heart, both T- and L-type channels contribute to cardiac electrophysiology, whereas L-type channels, the targets of organic calcium channel modulators and substrates for cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and protein kinase C, play an important role in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. The outward flow of potassium ions through potassium-selective channels removes net intracellular positive charge and hence contributes to the polarization of cells.
International differences in disclosure practices: Hazard for overseas investment

Abstract The interpretation of non-American financial reports is extremely hazardous for the uninitiated and difficult even for the experts. Different laws and accounting practices offer loopholes for appalling secretiveness. Managers may conceal asset and/or liability values, performance data, amounts of compensation, and even sales and operating expense. Failure to consolidate the operations of subsidiaries with parents is the one single procedure that makes most of these reports meaningless. Variations in theories and semantic differences further complicate the problem. The author suggests some analytical frameworks for analyzing and judging these reports.
Determination of 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate with a method based on a radioactive phosphate exchange reaction.

Abstract A method has been developed for detecting 3',5'-cyclic adenylic acid in biological fluids by converting the nucleotide enzymatically to ATP and measuring the latter by a radioactive phosphate exchange reaction with the coupled enzymes phosphoglycerate kinase-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. The substrate requirements of the enzymes used and an efficient fractionation method based on precipitation of interfering substances with zinc sulfate-barium hydroxide made the determination specific for 3',5'-AMP. The method detected as little as 6 x 10-12 moles of 3',5'-cyclic adenylate and was effectively applied to the detection of the nucleotide in tissues and in urine.
Insects as human food: Gene DeFoliart discusses some nutritional and economic aspects

Abstract During the past few years there has been a new upsurge of interest in insects as food. One factor that may be responsible is an increasing awareness in the western world that insects are traditional and nutritionally important foods for many non-European cultures. Other factors may be increased pride in ethnic roots and traditions, increased concern about environment and overuse of pesticides, and better communication among scientists who are interested in the subject. Edible insects may be closer now than ever before to acceptance in the western world as a resource that should be considered in trying to meet the world's present and future food needs.
Fast synthetic aperture radar imaging with a streamlined 2D fractional Fourier transform

The 2-D Fractional Fourier Transform (FRFT) has been shown to be applicable to the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging problem. Streamlined versions presented here makes the 2-D FRFT comparable with and slightly faster than the Range Doppler (RD) and Extended Chirp Scaling (ECS) methods. The 2-D FRFT is streamlined by eliminating redundancy due to the fact that the same fractional angle is applied to each pulse in the SAR phase history's range dimension while one other fractional angle is applied across each range-gate in the phase history's azimuth dimension. Eliminating the redundancy and approximating the 2-D Fractional Fourier Transform operation in each dimension produces several streamlined 2-D FRFT methods as well as a very fast approximate 2-D FRFT. The computational order of the fast approximate 2-D FRFT is less than that of other corrective SAR imaging techniques. Examples of SAR imaging with these streamlined and approximate FRFTs are given as well as a comparison of the computational speed and impulse response of the full, streamlined and approximate 2-D FRFT, and the RD and ECS methods of SAR imaging.
Characterization of left ventricular mechanical function during arrhythmias by two-dimensional echocardiography. II. Location of the site of onset of premature ventricular systoles.

Two-dimensional echocardiography was applied experimentally in a closed chest dog model with intact pericardium to determine the location, magnitude and extent of contractile response during pacing from discrete ventricular sites. Mid ventricular short-axis tomographic images obtained during regular sinus rhythm and subsequent premature ventricular beats provided comparative measurements of global and segmental systolic changes of cross-sectional luminal areas and myocardial wall thickness. Computer-assisted standardized analysis of segmental systolic fractional area change and wall thickening was used to map left ventricular contraction during normal rhythm and premature beats of 70% coupling interval, induced alternately from anterior and lateral aspects of the mid-left ventricular short-axis cross-sectional plane. A characteristic pattern consisting of early systolic contraction and wall thickening was followed by paradoxical motion and wall thinning in late systole in segments corresponding to the region of direct electrical stimulation. Statistical analysis of segment by segment function indicated a maximal amount of premature beat contractile derangement at the site of the stimuli. Pacing from a right ventricular wall site in the midventricular plane caused a similar premature beat response at the anterior aspect of the interventricular septum. It is concluded that two-dimensional echographic analysis of segmental ventricular function can identify the location of electrical stimuli, and thus might non-invasively characterize regional patterns of contraction associated with ectopic foci during arrhythmias.
Localized persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema in a preterm infant in the absence of mechanical ventilation

Localized persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema has rarely been reported in preterm infants in the absence of utilization of mechanical ventilation or continuous positive airway pressure. The relative rarity of this condition might preclude rendering of the correct diagnosis, making patients susceptible to unnecessary surgery and increased morbidity and mortality associated with such intervention. We present a preterm infant who developed respiratory distress and radiographic findings of pulmonary interstitial emphysema on the first day after birth, prior to receiving continuous positive airway pressure or mechanical ventilation. It is important for radiologists to consider localized persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema in the differential diagnosis of cystic lung lesions in preterm infants, even in the absence of mechanical ventilation. In cases where there is uncertainty, CT imaging can be useful in making the correct diagnosis.
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Vitamin K1in Medical Foods Using Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion

Abstract A liquid chromatographic method for vitamin K 1 in medical foods is described. The vitamins are extracted from medical food by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and quantitated by reversed-phase chromatography with fluorescence detection. Vitamin K 1 is converted to the fluorescent hydroquinone with a post-column zinc reductive reactor. The limit of detection is 6.6 pg and the limit of quantitation is 22 pg on column. Linear response ranged from 45 to 908 pg on column ( r 2 =0.998). Recoveries were determined on an analyte-fortified zero control reference material (ZRM) for medical foods and averaged 97.9% ( n =25) for vitamin K 1 . The method provides a rapid, specific and easily controlled assay for the analysis of vitamin K 1 in fortified medical foods.
Diagnostic Yield of Extended Cardiac Patch Monitoring in Patients with Stroke or TIA

Background: It is important to evaluate patients with TIA or stroke for atrial fibrillation (AF) because the detection of AF changes the recommended anti-thrombotic regimen from treatment with an antiplatelet agent to oral anticoagulation. This study describes the diagnostic yield of a patch-based, single-use, and water-resistant 14-day continuous cardiac rhythm monitor (ZIO Patch) in patients with stroke or TIA. Methods: We obtained data from the manufacturer and servicer of the ZIO Patch (iRhythm Technologies). Patients who were monitored between January 2012 and June 2013 and whose indication for monitoring was TIA or stroke were included. The duration of monitoring, the number and type of arrhythmias, and the time to first arrhythmia were documented. Results: 1,171 monitoring reports were analyzed. The mean monitor wear time was 10.9 days and the median wear time was 13.0 days (interquartile range 7.2-14.0). The median analyzable time relative to the total wear time was 98.7% (IQR 96.0-99.5%). AF was present in 5.0% of all reports. The mean duration before the first episode of paroxysmal AF (PAF) was 1.5 days and the median duration was 0.4 days. 14.3% of first PAF episodes occurred after 48 hours. The mean PAF burden was 12.7% of the total monitoring duration. Conclusion: Excellent quality of the recordings and very good patient compliance coupled with a substantial proportion of AF detection beyond the first 48 hours of monitoring suggest that the cardiac patch is superior to conventional 48-hour Holter monitors for AF detection in patients with stroke or TIA.
The Haemophilus influenzae Hap Serine Protease Promotes Adherence and Microcolony Formation, Potentiated by a Soluble Host Protein

Abstract Haemophilus influenzae initiates infection by colonizing the upper respiratory mucosa. The process of colonization involves adherence to epithelium and evasion of host immunity. In this study, we examined the H. influenzae Hap adhesin, which has serine protease activity and undergoes autoproteolytic cleavage and extracellular release in broth. We found that the uncleaved cell-associated form of Hap mediates adherence to cultured epithelial cells and promotes bacterial aggregation and microcolony formation. Adherence and aggregation are augmented by secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, a natural component of respiratory secretions that inhibits Hap autoproteolysis. These observations suggest a novel paradigm in host–pathogen relations, in which a soluble host protein whose primary function is to protect host epithelium potentiates properties that facilitate bacterial colonization.
UV Photodissociation of Cyanoacetylene: A Combined Ion Imaging and Theoretical Investigation

The photodissociation of cyanoacetylene, one of the key minor constituents in Titan’s atmosphere, was studied in a molecular beam under collisionless conditions using direct current slice ion imaging at 121.6, 193.3, and 243.2 nm. The experimental results were augmented by high-level theoretical calculations of stationary points on the ground-state and second excited singlet potential surfaces, and by statistical calculations of the dissociation rates and product branching on the ground-state surface. Results at 121.6 and 243.2 nm are nearly identical, suggesting that the 243.2 nm photodissociation is the result of a two-photon process. The translational energy distributions show only a modest fraction of the available energy in translation and are consistent with barrierless dissociation from the ground state. The results at 193.3 nm are quite distinct, showing up to half of the available energy in translation, implying dissociation with an exit barrier. The 193 nm result is ascribed to dissociation on t...
A Technique for the Sterile Culture of Roots

THE experimental methods which have been employed for studies of metallic ion deficiency effects in plant and animal chromosomes have hitherto involved the entire organism1,2, and consequently have been under conditions of only partial control. It seemed desirable to design a method by which control of cell nutrition could be more closely approached. The method was developed for use in investigations of the effects of metallic ion deficiencies or excesses on chromosome structure, but it is not limited to experiments of this type. The technique has a two-fold advantage. In addition to maintaining control of nutrition, it is possible to use clonal lines of tissue for cytological studies, since many lateral roots can be obtained from a single bean of Vicia faba, and these-roots can be maintained in culture. Brown and Possingham3 have used a root-culture technique for investigations of the effect of iron in Pisum, but their method differs somewhat from that described here because of a difference in the handling of the organisms, and the purposes for which the roots w^ere cultured were not entirely the same.
Trauma Affect Regulation Psychoeducation Group and Milieu Intervention Outcomes in Juvenile Detention Facilities

This article reports outcomes of Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy (TARGET), a group and milieu intervention, in three juvenile detention facilities, controlling for site, length of stay, ethnicity, number of arrests, mental health and traumatic stress problems, and cohort effects. Linear multiple regression results showed that every session of TARGET received in the first seven days of detention was associated with 54% fewer disciplinary incidents and 72 fewer minutes of disciplinary seclusion ( p < .001) for each youth during the modal stay (14 days) in detention. TARGET group participation was unrelated to recidivism, but recidivism declined significantly following implementation of TARGET. Implementing TARGET in juvenile detention facility milieus might improve safety, reduce punitive sanctions, and potentially reduce recidivism.
Determination of Auto-PEEP During Spontaneous and Controlled Ventilation by Monitoring Changes in End-Expiratory Thoracic Gas Volume

Auto-PEEP, or PEEP i , occurs when alveolar pressure fails to decrease to zero at the end of exhalation. While PEEP i can be measured in paralyzed or apneic patients by occlusion of the ventilator expiratory valve at end-exhalation (PEEP i -OC), this may not be possible in patients with spontaneous respiratory efforts. When adjusting the ventilator PEEP valve, FRC increases only after PEEP, has been exceeded. In both mechanically ventilated and spontaneously breathing patients, changes in FRC are mirrored by changes in end-expiratory TCV as measured with RIP set in the DC mode. We compared PEEP i as measured by RIP to PEEP i -OC in 20 patients receiving mechanical ventilator support. Noninvasive measurement of changes in end-expiratory TGV by RIP is a convenient alternative method to estimate PEEP i in both controlled, assisted, and spontaneously ventilating patients.
Microwave ablation of a large renal aspergilloma

Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients have led to a corresponding rise in the incidence of invasive Aspergillus infections. Despite advances in antifungal therapy coupled with reduction in immunosuppression, invasive aspergillosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although surgical debulking has proven effective in difficult-to-treat cases, patient comorbidities may prevent such intervention. Non-invasive alternatives to surgery are needed. Microwave ablation has many advantages over other ablative techniques, including convection profile, faster heating time, and higher intra-lesion temperatures, which may be associated with greater therapeutic efficacy. We report a case of microwave ablation as an adjunct to medical therapy in angioinvasive renal aspergilloma.
Secure Information Exchange - A Security Quantification Approach

Quantification of security offers tremendous potential in improving the understanding, specification, and management of the security of a system. We propose a novel systematic approach to quantify security of a system based on the analysis of inter-dependence of security attributes and the impact of security guidelines and policies on system security. This paper presents proof-of-concept and initial investigations into the quantification of secure information exchange used as a safeguard over insecure public networks. A case study is presented to model and validate appropriate key sizes for crypto-ciphers used in a secure session based on the inter-relationship between asymmetric and symmetric key ciphers and the impact of key and session refreshes.
HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

A recent report suggests that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was introduced into the human population in West Africa shortly before 1959. 74 The rapid spread of the infection threatens the entire world. It has been estimated that in 1997, there were over 30 million people in the world infected with HIV, and by the year 2000 over 40 million. 59 It is clear from world statistics that there is an equal distribution of new infections between men and women, and that heterosexual transmission accounts for the vast majority of cases. Of considerable poignancy is the fact that there soon will be five million AIDS orphans in the world because of the loss of infected parents, as well as an equal number of children with HIV infection. One thousand children and 15,000 adults become infected with HIV every day. Of special note in the United States is the discovery that women, particularly women of minority race, are experiencing the greatest increases in infection by HIV. 73
Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic resistance: implications for treatment of staphylococcal osteomyelitis.

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for 80% of human osteomyelitis. It can invade and persist within osteoblasts. Antibiotic resistant strains of S. aureus make successful treatment of osteomyelitis difficult. Null Hypothesis: antibiotic sensitivities of S. aureus do not change after exposure to the osteoblast intracellular environment. Human and mouse osteoblast cultures were infected and S. aureus cells were allowed to invade. Following times 0, 12, 24, and 48 h ( ± the addition of erythromycin, clindamycin, and rifampin at times 0 or 12 h), the osteoblasts were lysed and intracellular bacteria enumerated. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on extracellular and intracellular S. aureus cells. In mouse osteoblasts, administration of bacteriostatic antibiotics at time 0 prevented the increase in intracellular S. aureus. If the antibiotics were delayed 12 h, this did not occur. When rifampin (bactericidal) was introduced at time 0 to human and mouse osteoblasts, there was a significant decrease in number of intracellular S. aureus within osteoblasts compared to control. If rifampin was delayed 12 h, this did not occur. Significant time-dependent S. aureus structural changes were observed after exposure to the osteoblast intracellular environment. These studies demonstrate that once S. aureus is established intracellularly for 12 h, the bacteria are less sensitive to antibiotics capable of eukaryotic cell penetration (statistically significant). These antibiotic sensitivity changes could be due in part to the observed structural changes. This leads to the rejection of our null hypotheses that the antibiotic sensitivities of S. aureus are unaltered by their location. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
A Review of: “Integer Programming” Laurence A. Wolsey John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998, 264 pages, ISBN 0-471 -28366-5, $59.95

(2000). A Review of: “Integer Programming” Laurence A. Wolsey John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998, 264 pages, ISBN 0-471 -28366-5, $59.95. IIE Transactions: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 273-274.
Frequency integration for radiative transfer problems involving homogeneous non-gray gases: The inverse transmission function

Abstract It is shown that narrow-band frequency integration for radiative-transfer problems, involving homogeneous non-gray gases, can be accomplished by an integration with respect to the absorption coefficient. The kernel of the absorption-coefficient integral is a property of the gas and can be obtained directly from the absorption coefficient for a simple dependence of the absorption coefficient on frequency. It is shown that the kernel (called the ‘inverse transmission function’) can also be obtained as the inverse Laplace transform of the transmission function, without explicit knowledge of the absorption coefficient. The kernel has been obtained using the inverse transmission-function method for two statistical band models: the Goody model and the Malkmus model. The kernel for the Malkmus model offers a simple, accurate, straightforward method for narrow-band frequency integration.
Spider cardiac physiology, II. responses of a tarantula heart to cholinergic compounds☆

Abstract 1. 1. Acetylcholine produces a marked increase in the rate and amplitude of the tarantula heart-beat by its actions on the cardiac ganglion. These effects are greatly potentiated by eserine and are considerably reduced by atropine, hexamethonium, and D -tubocurarine. 2. 2. Methacholine produces a moderate increase in heart-rate and a pronounced increase in the amplitude of the contractions. Nicotine produces a marked increase in heart-rate, but either no change or else a reduction in heart-beat amplitude. 3. 3. The effects of methacoline are blocked completely by atropine, but are unaffected by hexamethonium. The effects of nicotine are reduced considerably by hexamethonium, but not by atropine. 4. 4. It is suggested that both nicotinic and muscarinic receptor sites for acetylcholine may be present in the cardiac ganglion.
Cytology of hepatocellular carcinoma in serous fluids: A report of three cases

Three cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detected in serous fluids are reported. Two cases were detected in ascitic fluid and one case was identified in pleural fluid of a patient with widespread disease. The cytopathologic findings correlated well with the histologic type in each case. One case each of moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, and fibrolamellar HCC were seen. In general, the fluids contained large polygonal cells, singly and in small clusters with large vesicular, occasionally multiple nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The current literature describing HCC in serous fluids is sparse. The identification of this tumor in serous fluids would allow diagnosis of new or recurrent disease and have implications for therapy.
Activation of c-myb is an early bone-marrow event in a murine model for acute promonocytic leukemia.

Abstract Insertional mutagenesis of c-myb by Moloney murine leukemia virus occurs in 100% of promonocytic leukemias (MMLS) induced by the virus. These leukemias, which resemble acute monocytic leukemia-M5 in humans are induced only in mice undergoing a peritoneal chronic inflammatory response. We have found that two leukemia-specific gag-myb mRNAs in MML provide molecular markers for detection of preleukemic cells in hematopoietic tissue in vivo. The two aberrant RNAs result from splicing of gag to either exon 3 or 4 of c-myb, depending on the site of proviral integration. After reverse transcription-PCR with nested primers and hybridization with specific gag-myb junction probes, one cell, having aberrant c-myb message, could be detected in a minimum of 10(5) liver cells or 10(6) spleen or bone-marrow cells. This approach was used to examine hematopoietic tissues of mice after pristane injection to induce inflammation and virus inoculation. Cells with gag-myb mRNAs could be detected as early as 2 weeks after virus inoculation. In mice receiving both pristane and virus, there was evidence of preleukemic cells in 83% of the mice by 3 weeks after virus infection. Furthermore, 100% of the mice were positive for preleukemic cells by 8 weeks, even though only 50% of mice have been shown to succumb to MML (peak time for disease latency is 12-16 weeks). Cells with these aberrant c-myb messages were initially detected in the bone marrow, but during intermediate stages of disease development these cells disseminated to the spleen, liver, and granuloma. At preleukemic times, from 3 to 8 weeks after virus infection, a lower percentage of mice were positive in the group that did not receive pristane compared with mice in the group receiving pristane. However, at 18 weeks, 100% of the mice in the group receiving virus only had evidence of cells expressing gag-myb RNA in their spleens and/or bone marrow; it is of interest that mice inoculated with virus alone never develop MML. This approach for detecting preleukemic cells will now allow the study of mechanisms by which these preleukemic cells progress to a more transformed state and, perhaps, to a more differentiated state.
Update on Anomia Anomia: Neuroanatomical and Cognitive Correlates, H. Goodglass and A. Wingfield (Eds.). 1997. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 224 pp., $64.95.

Of all the symptoms associated with aphasia, anomia may be the most pervasive. Virtually all individuals with aphasia have some degree of word-finding difficulty. Even when an individual experiences significant recovery in aphasia, anomic deficits typically remain, resulting in frustration for the anomic individual, their communication partners, and the clinicians attempting to treat them. This volume in the Foundations of Neuropsychology Series, devoted entirely to naming and its disorders, provides a welcome review incorporating current clinical findings and theoretical viewpoints.
COMPARATIVE CONSUMER AND INDUSTRIAL BUYING PSYCHOLOGY

This is a very special issue of the International Marketing Review. It is, in effect, a sampler of the symposium on comparative research held under the auspices of Division 23, Consumer Psychology, of the American Psychological Association and the College of Business Administration of the University of Hawaii in Honolulu December 1984. The purpose of the issue is to emphasize five points, namely that:
The use of modified primers to eliminate cycle sequencing artifacts

Cycle sequencing is the workhorse of DNA sequencing projects, allowing the production of large amounts of product from relatively little template. This cycling regime, which is aimed at linear growth of the desired products, can also produce artifacts by exponential amplification of minor side-products. These artifacts can interfere with sequence determination. In an attempt to allow linear but prevent exponential growth of products, and thus eliminate artifacts, we have investigated the use of primers containing modified residues that cannot be replicated by DNA polymerase. Specifically, we have used primers containing 2'- O -methyl RNA residues or abasic residues. Oligomers consisting of six DNA residues and 20 2'- O -methyl RNA residues, with the DNA residues located at the 3'-end, primed as efficiently as DNA primers but would not support exponential amplification. Oligonucleotides containing fewer DNA residues were not used as efficiently as primers. DNA primers containing a single abasic site located six residues from the 3'-end also showed efficient priming ability without yielding exponential amplification products. Together these results demonstrate that certain types of modified primers can be used to eliminate artifacts in DNA sequencing. The technique should be particularly useful in protocols involving large numbers of cycles, such as direct sequencing of BAC and genomic DNA.
Immunoconjugates and long circulating systems: Origins, current state of the art and future directions

Abstract Significant progress has been made recently in the area of immunoconjugated drugs and drug delivery systems (DDS). The immuno-modification of either the drug or DDS has proven to be a very promising approach that has significantly improved the targeted accumulation in pathological sites while decreasing its undesirable side effects in healthy tissues. The arrangement for both prolonged life in the circulation and specific target recognition represents another potent strategy in the development of immuno-targeted systems. The longevity of immuno-targeted DDS such as immunoliposomes and immunomicelles improves their targetability even in the presence of the additional passive accumulation in areas with a compromised vasculature. The added use of the immuno-targeted systems takes advantage of the specific microenvironment of pathological sites including lowered pH, increased temperature, and variation in the enzymatic activity. “Smart” stimulus-responsive systems combine different valuable functionalities including PEG-protection, targeting antibody, cell-penetration, and stimulus-sensitive functions. In this review we examined the evolution, current status and future directions in the area of therapeutical immunoconjugates and long-circulating immuno-targeted DDS.
Analysis of base composition of RNA and DNA hydrolysates by gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the analysis of the base composition of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid hydrolysates at the macro (1.0 mg) and semimicro (100 μg) levels of total nucleic acids, and a semi-quantitative method for micro samples (500 ng of each base). An anion-exchange cleanup procedure to remove perchlorates, phosphates, and other interfering products released during hydrolysis of the sample is included. Silylation of the bases was conducted in a closed reaction vial with bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide; with chromatography on a 10 w/w% SE-30 100/120 mesh Supelcoport column. Three different ribonucleic acids and two deoxyribonucleic acids were analyzed at the three levels. The results at each level were precise and in good agreement with literature values.