cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia: A Response to Professor Bruce Allen Murphy and Professor Justin Driver

This is a book review of Professor Bruce Allen Murphy’s recent biography of Justice Antonin Scalia entitled: Scalia: A Court of One. We show that Professor Murphy’s account of events to which Professor Calabresi was in part a witness is wrong and at times almost blinded by anti-Catholicism. In addition, we are baffled by Professor Murphy’s utter disregard for Justice Scalia’s contributions to the field of legal interpretation and his misunderstanding of Supreme Court history. All in all, we believe Justice Scalia should be praised for his many accomplishments, his contributions to the law, and his impact on the theories of textual interpretation.
Extraction of Vascular Intensity Directional Derivative on Computed Tomography Angiography

Collateral flow has been shown to have positive effects in ischemic intracranial vessel disease and can compensate for moderate stenosis and even complete occlusion of a major artery. Despite this, the common method of evaluating collaterals - computed tomography angiography (CTA) - is not effective in fully visualizing collaterals, making evaluation difficult. The spatial derivative of signal intensity, in the direction of flow, computed from standard, single-phase CTA may provide hemodynamic information that can be used to grade collaterals without directly visualizing them. We present in this paper software to compute the directional derivative, as well as to map it and the signal intensity onto a color-coded surface mesh for a 3D visualization. Our approach uses precomputed centerlines to simplify the computation and interpretation. To see if the derivative provided information that was not redundant with intensity, the software was run on a set of 43 CTA cases with stenosis, where the VOI of each was segmented by a neurology expert. Whereas KS tests comparing the intensity distributions of the healthy and affected hemispheres indicated that the two were different for 93% of cases, the distributions of directional derivative values were only different for 52.5% of cases. Therefore this derivative may be used as a tool to discriminate the severity of such cases, although its effectiveness as a collateral evaluation tool remains to be seen. While surface segmentation is time-consuming, the software can otherwise process and render color-coded 3D visualizations quickly.
High power density impedance control network DC-DC converter utilizing an integrated magnetic structure

This paper introduces a high-power-density high-efficiency isolated dc-dc converter based on the impedance control network (ICN) resonant converter architecture. The ICN converter maintains very high efficiency by achieving zero voltage switching (ZVS) and near zero current switching (ZCS) across a wide range of input voltages, output voltages and output power. High power density is achieved by combining the three inductors of the ICN converter into a single integrated magnetic structure with two coupled windings. Power losses in this integrated magnetic structure are minimized using a finite element analysis (FEA) based design optimization approach. A prototype 550-W, 1-MHz ICN converter incorporating the integrated magnetic structure, designed to operate over an input voltage range of 36 V to 60 V and an output voltage range of 34 V to 55 V is built and tested. The prototyped ICN converter achieves a power density of 462 W/in3, a peak efficiency of 96.7% and maintains efficiencies above 94.8% across its entire operating range.
River of Blood: George Martin’s Fevre Dream and the road to dark designr

With his publication of Fevre Dream in 1982, George R. R. Martin tried his hand at the “sympathetic vampire” tale, one popularized just a few years previously by Anne Rice. A tale of vampires haunting the American South during the lead up to the Civil War, Fevre Dream focused upon moral ambiguity, the brutality of power, and other narrative aspects that would eventually emerge more fully developed in the author’s magnum opus , the acclaimed A Song of Ice and Fire series. Largely forgotten, Fevre Dream is important in that a close reading of the text indicates Martin’s embrace of dark fantasy, not only in the bleak thematic material but also in the embrace of real-world historical events (the American Civil War) and institutions (slavery).
Plasmonic-Enhancement of the Electro-Oxidation of Ethanol in Alkaline Media with Au-Fe2O3 Thin Film, Embedded, Sandwich and Surface Configurations

This paper highlights experimental and theoretical efforts dedicated to developing plasmonic-enhanced electrodes for the photo-electrochemical ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) at room temperature in alkaline media. However, decoupling the electrocatalytic dark response from the plasmon-enhanced improvement presents a difficult challenge. To understand the plasmonic-enhancement of the photo-electrochemical EOR, multiple Au-Fe2O3 were fabricated and evaluated in parallel with discrete dipole approximation (DDA) modeling. Different Au-Fe2O3 were synthesized with Au nanoparticles located at variable positions within and/or on the Fe2O3 layer(s). The configurations investigated include thin film, embedded, surface and sandwich layered electrodes to facilitate optimal electrode design considerations for plasmonic-enhancement. The design strategies and configurations were guided by DDA simulations to assess absorption, scattering, and near-field enhancements within or near the semiconductor band edge, as well as the solution/electrode interface. For the different Fe2O3 loadings and Au nanoparticle sizes/distributions considered, it is determined that the Au-Fe2O3 surface configurations significantly enhanced the EOR in terms of a large positive current density enhancement, an increased photo-voltage and a lower onset potential relative to the other electrode designs.
Political ecology of tourism: community, power and the environment

Political Ecology of Tourism is a well-timed book on the myriad of relationships between political ecology and tourism. The foreword of the book dives right into the continued growth of internation...
Active molecular iodine photochemistry in the Arctic

During springtime, the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer undergoes frequent rapid depletions in ozone and gaseous elemental mercury due to reactions with halogen atoms, influencing atmospheric composition and pollutant fate. Although bromine chemistry has been shown to initiate ozone depletion events, and it has long been hypothesized that iodine chemistry may contribute, no previous measurements of molecular iodine (I2) have been reported in the Arctic. Iodine chemistry also contributes to atmospheric new particle formation and therefore cloud properties and radiative forcing. Here we present Arctic atmospheric I2 and snowpack iodide (I−) measurements, which were conducted near Utqiaġvik, AK, in February 2014. Using chemical ionization mass spectrometry, I2 was observed in the atmosphere at mole ratios of 0.3–1.0 ppt, and in the snowpack interstitial air at mole ratios up to 22 ppt under natural sunlit conditions and up to 35 ppt when the snowpack surface was artificially irradiated, suggesting a photochemical production mechanism. Further, snow meltwater I− measurements showed enrichments of up to ∼1,900 times above the seawater ratio of I−/Na+, consistent with iodine activation and recycling. Modeling shows that observed I2 levels are able to significantly increase ozone depletion rates, while also producing iodine monoxide (IO) at levels recently observed in the Arctic. These results emphasize the significance of iodine chemistry and the role of snowpack photochemistry in Arctic atmospheric composition, and imply that I2 is likely a dominant source of iodine atoms in the Arctic.
Sib mating designs for mapping quantitative trait loci

The power to separate the variance of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) from the polygenic variance is determined by the variability of genes identical by descent (IBD) at the QTL. This variability may increase with inbreeding. Selfing, the most extreme form of inbreeding, increases the variability of the IBD value shared by siblings, and thus has a higher efficiency for QTL mapping than random mating. In self-incompatible organisms, sib mating is the closest form of inbreeding. Similar to selfing, sib mating may also increase the power of QTL detection relative to random mating. In this study, we develop an IBD-based method under sib mating designs for QTL mapping. The efficiency of sib mating is then compared with random mating. Monte Carlo simulations show that sib mating designs notably increase the power for QTL detection. When power is intermediate, the power to detect a QTL using full-sib mating is, on average, 7% higher than under random mating. In addition, the IBD-based method proposed in this paper can be used to combine data from multiple families. As a result, the estimated QTL parameters can be applied to a wide statistical inference space relating to the entire reference population.
Combining Community-Based Learning and Catholic Social Teaching in Educating for Democratic Citizenship

College students are in a key developmental stage for cultivating their civic identities. This article draws on a case example to show how courses focused on educating students for democratic citizenship—courses on leadership, community organizing, social movements, or other related topics—prove to be excellent venues for integrating Catholic Social Teaching (CST) with community-based learning to further students’ moral and civic development. Centering on social justice with an emphasis on voice, power, and participation, these courses resonate clearly with key themes found in CST. And, by combining CST with the theory and practice of collective action, students gain a foundation in necessary principles for moral assessment as well as practical experiences that inform and shape their active citizenship beyond the college years.
Self-Pumped Air-Cooling Design for a High-Speed High-Specific-Power Motor

High specific power is critical in large electric machines to power commercial aircraft. Advanced thermal management is a key enabling factor. The solution chosen for the machine presented here is an aggressive self-pumped air-cooling scheme. It allows a level of electric loading typically associated with liquid cooling. A rotor-integrated centrifugal fan is designed to pump sufficient cooling air through the machine. A detailed thermal analysis has shown that the designed mass flow rate can cool the machine. The initial flow test results using a hardware rotor prototype validated the fan performance.
Statin-dependent modulation of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells is independent of cholesterol content

Statins, widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia, inhibit the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo cholesterol (Chol) synthesis. Statins have been also reported to slow tumor progression. In cancer cells, ATP is generated both by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), a readout of mitochondrial metabolism, is sustained by the oxidation of respiratory substrates in the Krebs cycle to generate NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide, which are further oxidized by the respiratory chain. Here, we studied the short-term effects of statins (3-24 h) on mitochondrial metabolism on cancer cells. Lovastatin (LOV) and simvastatin (SIM) increased ΔΨ in HepG2 and Huh7 human hepatocarcinoma cells and HCC4006 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization after LOV and SIM was dose and time dependent. Maximal increase in ΔΨ occurred at 10 µM and 24 h for both statins. The structurally unrelated atorvastatin also hyperpolarized mitochondria in HepG2 cells. Cellular and mitochondrial Chol remained unchanged after SIM. Both LOV and SIM decreased basal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, and ATP production. LOV and SIM did not change the rate of lactic acid production. In summary, statins modulate mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells independently of the Chol content in cellular membranes without affecting glycolysis.-Christie, C. F., Fang, D., Hunt, E. G., Morris, M. E., Rovini, A., Heslop, K. A., Beeson, G. C., Beeson, C. C., Maldonado, E. N. Statin-dependent modulation of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells is independent of cholesterol content.
Differences in social and physical dimensions of perceived walkability in Mexican American and non-hispanic white walking environments in Tucson, Arizona.

Abstract Introduction Physical activity patterns within the U.S. vary greatly across ethnicity, with data generally indicating lower rates among Hispanic/Latino adults. At the same time, Hispanic/Latino pedestrians face higher rates of injury and fatalities. Despite the importance of supportive physical activity environments on both health and safety outcomes, limited attention has been paid to ethnic or cultural differences in perceptions of supportive environments for walking. To fill this gap, we explore differences in physical and social environment contributors to perceived walkability between pedestrians in predominantly (>70%) Mexican American and predominantly non-Hispanic white areas in Tucson, Arizona. Methods In early 2017 the research team conducted brief on-street intercept interviews with pedestrians (N = 190) to learn about the environmental attributes associated with pedestrian perceptions of walkability. Study locations were matched for similar physical walkability metrics, income, and poverty rates. Consensus-based thematic coding identified 14 attributes of the built and social environment that contributed, positively and negatively, to perceptions of walkability. Results Attributes of the social environment, both positive (i.e., social interaction, social cohesion, and community identity) and negative (i.e., crime/security), were more frequently expressed as components of walkability in Mexican American study areas while physical environment attributes (i.e., infrastructure, street crossings, and aesthetics) were more frequently mentioned in non-Hispanic white areas. Conclusions Contributors to perceived walkability in non-Hispanic white study areas were largely consistent with existing built environment-focused walkability metrics. Differences seen in Mexican American areas suggest a need to better understand differences across populations, expand the construct of walkability to consider social environment attributes, and account for interactions between social and physical environments. Results highlight the need for collaboration between public health and planning professionals, to evaluate walkability using culturally relevant measures that account for the social environment, particularly in Mexican American and other communities of color.
Non-Volatile RRAM Embedded into 22FFL FinFET Technology

This paper presents key specifications of RRAM-based nonvolatile memory embedded into Intel 22FFL FinFET Technology. 22FFL is a high performance, ultra low power technology developed for mobile and RF applications providing extensive high voltage and analog support and high design flexibility combined with low manufacturing costs [1]. Embedded RRAM technology presented in this paper achieves 104 cycle endurance combined with 85°C 10-year retention and high die yield. Technology data retention, endurance and yield are demonstrated on 7.2Mbit arrays. We describe device characteristics, bit cell integration into the logic flow, as well as key considerations for achieving high endurance and retention properties.
Impact of Cyclic Block Copolymer Chain Architecture and Degree of Polymerization on Nanoscale Domain Spacing: A Simulation and Scaling Theory Analysis

Cyclic block copolymers are predicted to assemble into nanostructured domains up to 40% smaller than their linear analogues, making them promising alternatives for nanoscale patterning applications...
Current and Needed Research on Alternative Certification Programs.

With alternative certification programs gaining popularity in teacher education, the need to evaluate these programs has become much more necessary. Without strict guidelines to classify alternative certification programs, it is difficult to make generalizations about these programs because of different requirements for completion and certification. Furthermore, differing research analyses result in conflicting views, making alternative certification programs even more difficult to evaluate. This article examines the results of several research studies and focuses upon two key components of teacher education: coursework and fieldwork. Researchers have called for different types of studies to evaluate alternative certification programs more effectively. Several of these research questions have been included in this article.
Smart Restaurant System using RFID Technology

With a move towards a digital India, digitization has to be ensured in all aspects of the society. In this paper a RFID based restaurant management system by using the concepts of open source technologies like Python and Raspberry Pi is presented. This system is introduced as a solution to the bottleneck caused by the cashiers. Focusing on selfservice, the proposed system aims to develop a digital, contactless and secure restaurant environment which will enable patrons to seamlessly Select, Scan and Eat their desired food items. Identification of food items along with the payment is done using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology wherein each food item is marked using adhesive RFID tags, the amount for the same is deducted automatically from the patron’s digital wallet. This results in significant advancement towards automatic management and reduction in manual labour in a restaurant environment.
Relevance and risk: How the relevant alternatives framework models the epistemology of risk

The epistemology of risk examines how risks bear on epistemic properties. A common framework for examining the epistemology of risk holds that strength of evidential support is best modelled as numerical probability given the available evidence. In this essay I develop and motivate a rival ‘relevant alternatives’ framework for theorising about the epistemology of risk. I describe three loci for thinking about the epistemology of risk. The first locus concerns consequences of relying on a belief for action, where those consequences are significant if the belief is false. The second locus concerns whether beliefs themselves—regardless of action—can be risky, costly, or harmful. The third locus concerns epistemic risks we confront as social epistemic agents. I aim to motivate the relevant alternatives framework as a fruitful approach to the epistemology of risk. I first articulate a ‘relevant alternatives’ model of the relationship between stakes, evidence, and action. I then employ the relevant alternatives framework to undermine the motivation for moral encroachment. Finally, I argue the relevant alternatives framework illuminates epistemic phenomena such as gaslighting and crying wolf, and I draw on the framework to diagnose the undue skepticism endemic to rape accusations.
E-195 A mixed reality spatial computing framework for preprocedural evaluation of cerebral aneurysms: approach and preliminary results

Introduction/Purpose Mixed Reality (MxR) is an emerging technology that makes seamless connections between virtual space and the real world by superimposing computer-generated information onto the real-world environment. MxR can provide additional information in a more intuitive and natural way than alternative information-delivery methods such as traditional angiographic monitors, holograms, virtual or augmented reality models or 3D printed models. Users are able to experience realistic 3D virtual elements with augmented depth perception and binocular field of view. Newer technology has now allowed for interaction with 3D objects within these virtual environments through the use of hand gestures or hand controllers. The authors describe our preliminary experience with MxR as an adjunct tool to traditional angiographic imaging in the preprocedural workup of patients with complex aneurysms using a novel spatial computer, the Magic Leap One device (Magic Leap, Inc Plantation, Florida) which uses a virtual retinal display, which superimposes 3D computer-generated imagery over real world objects, by projecting a digital light field into the user’s eye. Materials and Methods Tomographic Angiographic (DynaCT) data was imported and segmented to create 3D meshes of the intracranial vasculature. The 3D meshes were then projected into MxR space, allowing the operator to inspect the vasculature using a MxR headset (Magic Leap) as well as interact with the aneurysm and adjacent vessels (handling, rotation, magnification, and sectioning) using hand gestures or hand controllers. Results 3D segmentation of a complex aneurysms was successfully performed and projected into MxR. Conventional and MxR visualization modes were equally effective in identifying and classifying the pathology. MxR visualization allowed the operators to manipulate the dataset to achieve a greater understanding of the anatomy of the parent vessel, the angioarchitecture of the aneurysm, and the surface contours of all visualized structures. Conclusion This preliminary study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing MxR for preprocedural evaluation in patients with anatomically complex neurovascular disorders. This novel visualization approach may serve as a valuable adjunct tool in deciding patient-specific management, including decisions on prognostication and open surgical and endovascular treatment options. Disclosures G. Deib: None. D. Smith: None. B. Chaudhary: None. S. Boo: None. A. Tarabishy: None. J. Carpenter: None. A. Rai: None.
Phrenic Nerve Involvement in Neuralgic Amyotrophy (Parsonage-Turner Syndrome)

Neuralgic amyotrophy is a poorly understood neuromuscular disorder affecting peripheral nerves mostly within the brachial plexus distribution but can also involve other sites including the phrenic nerve. In the classic form of the syndrome it causes proximal upper limb and neck pain on the affected side with subsequent muscle weakness that can be highly heterogeneous. Nocturnal noninvasive ventilation support is a first-line treatment after phrenic mononeuropathy. The regular monitoring of diaphragm function with spirometry and diaphragm ultrasound can help determine prognosis and inform decision-making.
Technology for Project Liftoff

This article discusses technology for universal Integrative Secure Intelligent Systems with the following technology stack: Actor myriad-cores architecture with ActorScript(TM) for massive robust concurrency, strongly-typed architecture (without doubling the pointer size) to protect security of Actors including dynamic relocation and automatic pause-less storage reclamation, 10ns average communication latency Actor communication to provide quick response time to users, Services for underlying operations, e.g., interoperation with datacenters and other Citadels, Massive Inference-Robust Ontology [Guarino and Musen 2015, Hewitt 2016-2019] for operations on massive amounts of pervasively inconsistent information including statistics and correlations, Matrix [Bender, Flickinger, and Oepen 2002, Bender et. al. 2010] for discourse, rhetoric and narratology, Experiences [Gurman 2017, Mundy 2016, Shapiro, et. al. 2015] for collaborations, gestures, video, etc. Citadels [Hewitt 2019] for increased performance and robustness with no single point of failure and rectifying mistakes ASAP. Project Liftoff(TM) is to develop the above technologies for universal deployment in this decade. The project stands to be a huge development effort comparable to the Apollo Project. Education will be crucial to the success of Project Liftoff because there is an enormous talent shortage. Project Liftoff for education, science, and technology to create universal Integrative Secure Intelligent Systems by 2030. Integrative Secure Intelligent Systems, as envisioned, will over considerable time become the most complex software that has ever been created.
‘Was the Cold War Avoidable? Did the West Seek to Win It?: A Contribution to the Debate’

This article tackles two of the major questions in later twentieth-century international history, the origins and the end of the Cold War. Historians traditionally assumed that Moscow was determine...
CHILDREN'S AGE WHEN GETTING COMPLEMENTARY FOOD AND SHORT STATURE EVENTS IN CHILDREN 12-24 MONTHS

Introduction: Short stature remains a nutritional problem in Indonesia. World Health Organization (WHO) data showed that Indonesia is the third-highest ranked for short stature prevalence among countries in Southeast Asia. National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2013 stated that the prevalence of short stature children was 37.2%. Short stature is caused by various factors, and one of the causes is early complementary feeding. Purpose: To analyze the association between child age when receiving complementary feeding and short stature in children 12-24 months. Method: This research was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. Sampling technique using non-probability sampling, i.e., consecutive sampling. Data collected through interviews, questionnaires, and physical examinations of children's body length and weight. Research location was in the working area of the Sidorejo Community Health Center. Statistical analysis using Chi-square test. There were 182 subjects included in this study. Results: Among those who received complementary feeding before six months old, 53 children (76.8%) had short stature, and 16 children (23.2%) were normal. Meanwhile, after six months old, those who received complementary feeding were 40 children (35.4%) who had short stature, and 73 babies (64.4%) received complementary foods after six months with normal growth. Chi-square test showed a significant association between child age when receiving complementary feeding and short stature among children aged 12-24 months in the working area of the Sidorejo Community Health Center (p<0,001; PR = 2.17, 95% CI=1.642.87). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between child age when receivingcomplementary feeding and short stature in the working area of the Sidorejo Community Health Center.
Molecular and cellular basis of embryonic cardiac chamber maturation

Heart malformation is the leading cause of human birth defects, and many of the congenital heart diseases (CHDs) originate from genetic defects that impact cardiac development and maturation. During development, the vertebrate heart undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic processes that increase its ability to pump blood. One of these processes leads to the formation of the sheet-like muscular projections called trabeculae. Trabeculae increase cardiac output and permit nutrition and oxygen uptake in the embryonic myocardium prior to coronary vascularization without increasing heart size. Cardiac trabeculation is also crucial for the development of the intraventricular fast conduction system. Alterations in cardiac trabecular development can manifest as a variety of congenital defects such as left ventricular noncompaction. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cardiac trabecular development.
Making a Connection: Repetition and Priming in Presidential Campaigns

This paper examines whether the content of presidential advertising campaigns helps to create and reinforce associations between the issues a candidate emphasizes and that candidate. The argument relies on the distinction between mechanisms of priming, noting that the effects of exposure to the campaign fit better with a frequency mechanism than a recency mechanism. Using the 2000 presidential campaign, I find that the accumulated issue emphasis of the candidates’ advertising campaigns more strongly moderates the impact of issue considerations on evaluations than does recent emphasis, and in some cases, further serves to improve the predictability of these connections. This suggests the campaign can promote the development of longer-term associations via frequency accessibility and applicability which, in turn, enables citizens to hold the future leader accountable for the priorities embodied in the campaign.
An essential Saccharomyces cerevisiae single-stranded DNA binding protein is homologous to the large subunit of human RP-A.

Abstract Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBs) are known to play a role in DNA replication and recombination in prokaryotes. An SSB was previously purified from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This SSB stimulated the activity of a cognate strand exchange protein (SEP1) in vitro suggesting a role in recombination. We have cloned and functionally analyzed the gene encoding this protein. DNA sequencing of the cloned DNA revealed a 621 amino acid open reading frame with a coding potential for a Mr 70,269 polypeptide. Highly significant amino acid homology was detected between this S.cerevisiae gene and the Mr 70,000 subunit polypeptide of human RP-A, a cellular protein essential for SV40 DNA replication in vitro. Therefore, we named the S.cerevisiae gene RPA1. RPA1 encodes an essential function in this organism as shown by tetrad analysis of heterozygous insertion mutants and is continuously required for mitotic growth. Cells lacking RPA1 accumulate as multiply budded cells with a single nucleus suggesting a defect in DNA replication.
Situation and Limitation: Making Sense of Heidegger on Thrownness

: As Heidegger acknowledges, our understanding is essentially situated and so limited by the context and tradition into which it is thrown. But this ‘situatedness’ does not exhaust Heidegger's concept of ‘thrownness’. By examining this concept and its grammar, I develop a more complete interpretation. I identify several different kinds of finitude or limitation in our understanding, and touch on ways in which we confront and carry different dimensions of our past.
Why Do Governments Abuse Human Rights

Because the abuse of human beings is abhorrent, we normatively expect governments to respect those rights. However, throughout human history, abuse of human begins has been the norm. Governments abuse rights because doing so helps leaders exercise, expand, or retain their power. Normatively, this is troubling. Yet, as a positive matter, it should not be surprising. We begin the essay explaining why this is so, and then turn to the question that broadly captures the research agendas of those studying the topic of human rights: how can people constrain Leviathan? Over the course of the 1980s and 1990s, several foundational studies helped establish a generally agreed on account that governments respond to dissent with coercion. Domestically, democracy and economic output both reduce rights abuses, while large populations increase repression. The impact of international characteristics is less well developed. In fact, what is known is that the international human right regime is complex and that norms, treaties, and international courts do not have a consistent effect on a countrys' respect for rights. Researchers are now studying complex relationships between domestic and international factors. For instance, the domestic judiciary of a country influences the extent to which human rights treaties constrain government abuse of rights. Over the coming decade, we expect scholars to produce considerable new knowledge about the impact of norms, treaties, and international courts on the states' (lack of) respect for human rights. Keywords: human rights; repression; international law; institutions; regimes; judiciary; democracy
Solution chemistry of lanthanide complexes—III: Spectroscopic studies of lanthanide complexes of glycine and polyglycines

Abstract The lanthanide complexes of glycine, diglycine and triglycine have been studied by a variety of physical means. Measurements of differential absorption of Ho(III) complexes, luminescence intensities of Tb(III) complexes, and intermolecular energy transfer from Tb(III) to Eu(III) complexes were all used to characterize the nature of the solution chemistry. The complexes tend to remain mononuclear at low pH, but associate through hydroxide linkages above neutral pH. The degree of association is much less for complexes of diglycine relative to those of glycine, suggesting that the steric nature of the amino acid ligand plays a dominant role in determining the degree of association.
On structuring of the plasmapause

[1] Irregularities have been observed on the plasmapause by radio wave techniques and by in situ density, electric field, and magnetic field measurements. We review these data sets and show that Alfven waves are present and could lead to the observed fluctuations through mixing of the gradient in plasma density at the plasmapause.
Second grating polychromator diagnostic for TFTR

A second Grating Polychromator (GPC) instrument has been added to the TFTR diagnostic inventory to enhance plasma temperature measurements in an expected high neutron flux environment. This paper describes the principle instrument components and design considerations. Early results from the new system are presented.
Use of the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap in a 15-month-old boy after resection of lymphatic malformation

Lymphatic malformations are benign tumors that arise from congenital defects of the lymphatic system. Despite the fact that all lymphatic malformations develop embryologically, their presence may not be detected until the tumor enlarges from hemorrhage or infection. Typical of these tumors is a slow-growing, asymptomatic phase with the potential for rapid and massive expansion and a tendency to infiltrate into surrounding tissues. These tumors are associated with a high rate of recurrence, especially with incomplete excisions. To minimize the chance of recurrence, a complete resection of a groin microcystic lymphatic malformation was performed on this 15-month-old boy, creating a significant defect in the upper thigh. Immediate coverage was felt to be the best option for reducing any associated morbidity. We used a skin-soft tissue flap supplied by perforators of the deep inferior epigastric artery to repair the wound. Using this technique, the musculofascial structures in the abdominal wall were completely spared, and the skin and fat were transferred on a vascular leash to the desired location. The donor site was closed by approximating the fascial edges without tension. The defect on the thigh was filled with tissue of similar thickness and characteristics, avoiding potential contour irregularities and color mismatch. The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is a useful option for groin defects and can be applied safely in the pediatric population.
Persistent left ventricular dilatation in tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy patients after appropriate treatment and normalization of ejection fraction.

Background Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TIC) seems to be a form of reversible cardiomyopathy. With recurrence, TIC can be more severe and may increase the risk for sudden cardiac death. Objective We postulate that negative remodeling persists even though ejection fraction (EF) normalizes after appropriate treatment in these patients. Methods We analyzed 2-dimensional echocardiographic parameters of 24 patients with TIC (male: 21; age: 64.1 ± 15.2 years; atrial arrhythmias: 92%) that improved significantly with treatment (mean time between pretreatment and posttreatment echocardiography: 14 ± 6 months) and compared them with that of age-, gender-, and ejection fraction–matched control subjects without a history of TIC. Results The majority of posttreatment echocardiographic parameters showed a significant improvement ( P 2 to 33 ± 13 ml/m 2 ). There was no significant difference in LV end diastolic volume index (78 ± 22 ml/m 2 to 72 ± 22 ml/m 2 , P = .15). However, when compared with age-, gender-, and ejection fraction–matched control subjects, posttreatment echocardiographic parameters in TIC patients showed significant differences (TIC vs control group) in LV end systolic volume index (33 ± 13 ml/m 2 vs 22 ± 5 ml/m 2 ), LV end diastolic volume index (72 ± 22 ml/m 2 vs 51 ± 12 ml/m 2 ), and cardiac index (2.6 ± 0.8 l/min/m 2 vs 1.8 ± 0.6 l/min/m 2 ). Conclusion Although the majority of echocardiographic parameters, including EF, improved significantly with treatment in TIC patients, LV dimensions and volumes remained significantly elevated when compared with control subjects, indicating persistence of negative LV remodeling, even after appropriate treatment and normalization of EF at a mean follow-up of 14 months.
Site-specific fluorescence labelling of RNA using bio-orthogonal reaction of trans-cyclooctene and tetrazine

This communication describes a general approach for site-specific fluorescence labelling of RNA using a cytidine triphosphate (CTP) analogue derivatized with a trans-cyclooctene group. The analogue was efficiently incorporated into a model RNA strand using in vitro transcription. Bio-orthogonal reaction with fluorescein-labelled tetrazine was utilized to fluorescently tag the synthetic RNA strand.
Research on security requirement and improvement recommendation of smart mobile terminal

The rapid development of wireless technology has been a qualitative leap in the mobile network performance, allowing mobile network terminals to enjoy a variety of service types. But as the important personal information storage carrier to users, the own security of the smart mobile terminal is related to the safety of the entire mobile Internet. This paper introduces the security situation of the smart mobile terminals, analyzes the potential security threats and the security needs, and at last gives improvement recommendations of the smart mobile terminals protection.
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Nitrophenyl Moieties Immobilized on Gold Nanoparticles

Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of gold nanoclusters passivated by a mixed monolayer of n-hexanethiolates (C6S) and p-nitrothiophenolates (NTP) were reported. Multiple copies of NTP were incorporated into the cluster monolayers by a surface exchange reaction, where the final surface composition was determined by 1H NMR, and further characterized by infrared (FTIR) study. UV−vis spectroscopic study of the exchanged particles showed a surface-plasmon (SP) band position at ca. 504 nm. The blue shift of the SP energy relative to that of the (unexchanged) hexanethiolate-protected clusters, 520 nm, was attributed, in part, to the interactions between the gold cores and the nitrophenyl functional groups. Electrochemical measurements of the cluster solutions in dried CH2Cl2 exhibited two (quasi-)reversible voltammetric waves within the potential range of −1.0 to −1.6 V (vs Ag/AgCl), which were ascribed to the successive single-electron-transfer processes related to the nitrophenyl moieties, with the cor...
Introduction to the special issue: attachment-based treatments for adolescents

During the past decade, new attachment-based treatments (ABTs) for adolescents have been developed and tested in both field and randomized control trials. The papers in this special issue represent...
Effect of sodium deoxycholate on the dissolution and absorption of copper‐indomethacin and zinc‐indomethacin

The effects of sodium deoxycholate on the dissolution of indomethacin metal complexes were investigated. At pH 7.2, the dissolution of copper-indomethacin was very slow, while the dissolution of zinc-indomethacin was higher but less than that of indomethacin. In the presence of 5 mg of sodium deoxycholate, the dissolution of copper-indomethacin and zinc-indomethacin was significantly enhanced. The absorption of zinc-indomethacin in the rat jejunum was low, but that of copper-indomethacin was high, as compared to indomethacin. The addition of 0.2% sodium deoxycholate significantly enhanced the jejunal absorption of zinc-indomethacin in the rat, but did not increase the absorption of copper-indomethacin. Results indicated that the in vivo absorption behavior of zinc-indomethacin was predictable by in vitro dissolution, but such correlation was not applicable to copper-indomethacin. The absorption of copper-indomethacin was similar to that of indomethacin, in spite of its poor dissolution.
Necessary conditions for liouvillian solutions of (third order) linear differential equations

In this paper we show how group theoretic information can be used to derive a set of necessary conditions on the coefficients ofL(y) forL(y=0 to have a liouvillian solution. The method is used to derive (and improve in one case) the necessary conditions of the Kovacic algorithm and to derive an explicit set of necessary conditions for third order differential equations.
EXAFS Spectroscopic Evidence for an FeO Unit in the Fe(IV) Intermediate Observed during Oxygen Activation by Taurine:α-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase

The Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases catalyze hydroxylation reactions of considerable biomedical and environmental significance. Recently, the first oxidized iron intermediate in the reaction of a member of this family, taurine:α-ketoglutarate dioxygenase (TauD), was detected and shown to be a high-spin Fe(IV) complex. In this study we have used X-ray absorption spectroscopy to demonstrate the presence of a short (1.62 A) interaction between the iron and one of its ligands in the Fe(IV) intermediate but not in the Fe(II) starting complex. The detection of this interaction strongly corroborates the hypothesis that the intermediate contains an FeO structural motif.
c-Src-mediated Phosphorylation of Thyroid Hormone Receptor-interacting Protein 6 (TRIP6) Promotes Osteoclast Sealing Zone Formation

Osteoclasts resorb bone through the formation of a unique attachment structure called the sealing zone. In this study, a role for thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6) in sealing zone formation and osteoclast activity was examined. TRIP6 was shown to reside in the sealing zone through its association with tropomyosin 4, an actin-binding protein that regulates sealing dimensions and bone resorptive capacity. Suppression of TRIP6 in mature osteoclasts by RNA interference altered sealing zone dimensions and inhibited bone resorption, whereas overexpression of TRIP6 increased the sealing zone perimeter and enhanced bone resorption. Treatment of osteoclasts with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which phosphorylates TRIP6 at tyrosine 55 through a c-Src-dependent mechanism, caused increased association of TRIP6 with the sealing zone, as did overexpression of a TRIP6 cDNA bearing a phosphomimetic mutation at tyrosine 55. Further, LPA treatment caused increases in osteoclast fusion, sealing zone perimeter, and bone resorptive capacity. In contrast, overexpression of TRIP6 containing a nonphosphorylatable amino acid residue at position 55 severely diminished sealing zone formation and bone resorption and suppressed the effects of LPA on the cytoskeleton. LPA effects were mediated through its receptor isoform LPA(2), as indicated by treatments with receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Thus, these studies suggest that TRIP6 is a critical downstream regulator of c-Src signaling and that its phosphorylation is permissive for its presence in the sealing zone where it plays a positive role in osteoclast bone resorptive capacity.
Comparison of the ultrastructural myopathy induced by anticholinesterase agents at the end plates of rat soleus and extensor muscles

Abstract Rats were treated with single subcutaneous injections of the irreversible AChE inhibitors, sarin (90 to 100 μg/kg) or soman (55 μg/kg), and with chronic doses of the reversible carbamate inhibitor, pyridostigmine. In surviving animals with severe behavioral symptoms, we examined the end-plate regions of the slow-twitch soleus and the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles, using the electron microscope. Within 30 min, sarin administration caused a recognizable subjunctional myopathy. The progress of morphologic damage was followed for 7 days, during which time the occurrence of damage diminished. The initial swelling of subjunctional organelles and vacuole generation progressed to the point where nerve terminals and attached postjunctional folds were lifted away from the muscle surface. This appeared to be caused by a combination of enlarging vacuoles and insertion of Schwann and macrophage cells into the lesions, and was followed by degeneration of the postjunctional folds. A new component of anti-AChE myopathy was recognized: progressive swelling of chromatin in subjunctional muscle nuclei. The soleus muscle was considerably more sensitive to these effects than the extensor muscle. Soman had a much less prominent ultrastructural effect on the muscle end plates. Chronic pyridostigmine treatment had effects similar to those of a single sarin injection on the soleus as well as a pronounced effect on the extensor muscle.
Collateralization and GAD immunoreactivity of descending pallidal efferents.

Abstract The first phase of this study involves injecting a different fluorescent retrograde axonal tracer into the subthalamic nucleus, the substantia nigra, and the mesopontine tegmentum. Multiple labeled cells are found within the caudal third of the globus pallidus. The entopeduncular nucleus and adjacent basal forebrain structures such as the substantia innominata, lateral hypothalamus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central nucleus of the amygdala all exhibit some dye containing cell, although multiple labeled cells are rare. The second phase of this study involves injecting a different fluorescent retrograde tracer into either the substantia nigra, or the mesopontine tegmentum, and subsequent processing of the tissue for glutamic acid derca☐ylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry. Many dye and antibody double-labeled cells could be found within the entopeduncular nucleus and the caudal third of the globus pallidus. This is in contrast to the surrounding basal forebrain regions with brainstem efferents whcih were rarely GAD-positive. This study indicates that the collateral pattern and immunocytochemistry of globus pallidus neurons with descending efferents are distinct from other basal forebrain neurons having similar efferents. These results also extend previous findings and suggest that the neuron of the pallidal complex are heterogeneous with respect to their patterns of projections. In particular, the present findings question previous assumptions concerning the homology of pallidal segments between primate and rodent species.
Influence of estrogens on induction of ovulation in vitro in Rana pipiens.

In the fall estrogens exerted 70–100% inhibition on pituitary-induced ovulation in vitro, but enhanced ovulation induced by progesterone and combinations of pituitary extract and progesterone. Estrogens also diminished the sensitizing capacity of pituitary extracts in vivo. It is proposed that estrogens act as antimetabolites in the biosynthesis of some ovulatory steroid, but augment the action of ovulatory steroids once they are formed.