cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Distribution System Performance through Static Compensation

Control of reactive power (VAR-control) in an electric power system serves three different purposes: 1. To maintain, if possible, unity power factor throughout the system, thus, minimizing reactive line flows and associated real power losses; 2. To maintain a stable and acceptable voltage profile in the system; 3. To maintain operating stability of the system's generators during major disturbances. These three control functions are interdependent. For example, maintaining minimum losses also tends to flatten the voltage profile. The paper presents the underlying concepts of VAR-control and discusses requirements of the reactive controller. Using this as background the features of an "ideal compensator" are defined and are related to the operation of a new system control device called the static VAR compensator (SVC).
Specificity and enzymatic mechanism of the editing exonuclease of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III.

Exonucleolytic editing is a major contributor to the fidelity of DNA replication by the multisubunit DNA polymerase (pol) III holoenzyme. To investigate the source of editing specificity, we have studied the isolated exonuclease subunit, epsilon, and the pol III core subassembly, which carries the epsilon, theta, and alpha (polymerase) subunits. Using oligonucleotides with specific terminal mismatches, we have found that both epsilon and pol III core preferentially excise a mispaired 3‘ terminus and therefore have intrinsic editing specificity. For both epsilon and pol III core, exonuclease activity is much more effective with single-strand DNA; with a double-strand DNA, the exonuclease is strongly temperature-dependent. We conclude that the epsilon subunit of pol III holoenzyme is itself a specific editing exonuclease and that the source of specificity is the greater melting capacity of a mispaired 3‘ terminus.
Web-based Distance Continuing Education: A New Way of Thinking for Students and Instructors

As people have more difficulty taking time away from work to attend conferences and workshops, the idea of offering courses via the Web has become more desirable. Addressing a need voiced by Medical Library Association membership, the authors developed a Web-based continuing-education course on the subject of the librarian's role in evidence-based medicine. The aim of the course was to provide medical librarians with a well-constructed, content-rich learning experience available to them at their convenience via the Web. This paper includes a discussion of the considerations that need to be taken into account when developing Web-based courses, the issues that arise when the information delivery changes from face-to-face to online, the changing role of the instructor, and the pros and cons of offering Web-based versus traditional courses. The results of the beta test and future plans for the course are also discussed.
Contesting Anthropology’s and Ethnomusicology’s Will to Power in the Field: William R. Bascom’s and Richard A. Waterman’s Fieldwork in Cuba, 1948

This article critically examines the fieldwork materials of American anthropologists William R. Bascom and Richard A. Waterman collected in Cuba in 1948. As founding scholars in the research of culture and music of the African diaspora, Bascom and Waterman represent significant case studies in the historiographical critique and analysis of these research fields as well as anthropology’s and ethnomusicology’s construct of the field itself. By employing Nietzsche’s notion of will to power, the article argues that unlike much of their published scholarship, Bascom’s and Waterman’s field materials constitute fertile ground for the analysis and interpretation of their Cuban informants’ positioning in and resistance to the epistemological power relations that defined and circumscribed the anthropological field.
Survey of Silicon-Based Integrated Optics

The author discusses the use of silcon-based integrated optics. He says it might find a place in computing, in interconnection technology, in signal processing, in communications, or in new applications yet to emerge. The author reviews several attempts to combine silicon technology with optical waveguide technology and gives a few examples of integrated optical systems that use silicon-based optical waveguide geometry. The author concludes with a discussion of future directions for the use of silicon-based integrated optics.
Organization of Collaborative Decision Making to Form Design Processes

Design and development of a product requires considering different aspects of the product through coordination, negotiation, and discussion in a collaborative environment. Each participant plays a role as a stakeholder, generating information from his/her viewpoints or perspectives, which influence the design through his/her design decisions. Collaboration is essential in a design process to avoid decision making mistakes, to shorten design time, and to improve design quality. Specific focuses on design collaboration in this paper are: (i) Modeling collaborative design process; and (ii) Implementing design system to support real-time and synchronized group design activities.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Accounting for Pre-sentencing Recommendations: Typologies and Probation Officers' Theory of Office

Many studies of social reactions to deviance have focused on how agents of social control make decisions, but little is known about how these agents produce accounts for their decisions. Research on accounts or rationales for decisions can provide important insights into the typologies of deviant actors used by agents in their daily work activities. We present an analysis of the accounts that probation officers produce as support for their evaluations of defendants during the pre-sentencing process. Using quantitative and qualitative analytic techniques, we identify the typologies that officers employ when assessing a defendent as a “high risk ”for probation. We use the concept “theory of office,” to discuss how such typologies reflect the work perspectives used by agents in particular locations within the criminal justice system.
Transcription Factor RTEF-1 Mediates α1-Adrenergic Reactivation of the Fetal Gene Program in Cardiac Myocytes

Abstract —α 1 -Adrenergic receptor stimulation induces cardiac myocytes to hypertrophy and reactivates many fetal genes, including β-myosin heavy chain (βMyHC) and skeletal α-actin (SKA), by signaling through myocyte-specific CAT (M-CAT) cis elements, binding sites of the transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) family of transcription factors. To examine functional differences between TEF-1 and related to TEF-1 (RTEF-1) in α 1 -adrenergic reactivation of the fetal program, expression constructs were cotransfected with βMyHC and SKA promoter/reporter constructs in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. TEF-1 overexpression tended to transactivate a minimal βMyHC promoter but significantly interfered with a minimal SKA promoter. In contrast, RTEF-1 transactivated both the minimal βMyHC and SKA promoters. TEF-1 and RTEF-1 also affected the α 1 -adrenergic response of the βMyHC and SKA promoters differently. TEF-1 had no effect. In contrast, RTEF-1 potentiated the α 1 -adrenergic responses of the SKA promoter and of a −3.3-kb βMyHC promoter. To determine why the promoters responded differently to TEF-1 and RTEF-1, promoters with mutated M-CAT elements were tested in the same way. The βMyHC promoter required an intact M-CAT element to respond to TEF-1 and RTEF-1, whereas the SKA promoter M-CAT was required for the TEF-1 response but not for the RTEF-1 response, suggesting that SKA promoter–specific cofactors may be involved. By competition gel shift assay, the M-CAT of the minimal βMyHC promoter had a lower affinity than that of the SKA promoter, which partly explains the different responses of these promoters to TEF-1. These results highlight functional differences between TEF-1 and RTEF-1 and suggest a novel function of RTEF-1 in mediating the α 1 -adrenergic response in hypertrophic cardiac myocytes.
Behaviour of the Earth's Palaeomagnetic Field from Small Scale Marine Magnetic Anomalies

CERTAIN areas of the ocean crust exhibit a high resolution recording of the magnetic field history. A recent survey1 of the Gorda-Juan de Fuca Rise area in the North Pacific displays short wavelength (10 to 20 km), low amplitude (40 to 80 gamma) features superimposed upon the larger scale (30 to 200 km, 200 to 800 gamma) magnetic anomaly pattern of Heirtzler et al.2. Many of these small scale anomalies form lineations which are parallel to the major magnetic lineations of Heirtzler et al. Sequences of small scale anomalies form characteristic patterns within intervals previously thought to be of constant polarity. We have identified two of these patterns that we observed in the North Pacific on profiles from the South Pacific and South-east Indian Oceans. Because of their global distribution, we conclude that the small scale anomalies are due to time variations of the Earth's magnetic field. That is, these features record either short (less than 3 × 104 yr) polarity reversals or fluctuations in the intensity of the dipole moment, perhaps with periods greater than 3 × 104
Control of radiative processes using tunable plasmonic nanopatch antennas.

The radiative processes associated with fluorophores and other radiating systems can be profoundly modified by their interaction with nanoplasmonic structures. Extreme electromagnetic environments can be created in plasmonic nanostructures or nanocavities, such as within the nanoscale gap region between two plasmonic nanoparticles, where the illuminating optical fields and the density of radiating modes are dramatically enhanced relative to vacuum. Unraveling the various mechanisms present in such coupled systems, and their impact on spontaneous emission and other radiative phenomena, however, requires a suitably reliable and precise means of tuning the plasmon resonance of the nanostructure while simultaneously preserving the electromagnetic characteristics of the enhancement region. Here, we achieve this control using a plasmonic platform consisting of colloidally synthesized nanocubes electromagnetically coupled to a metallic film. Each nanocube resembles a nanoscale patch antenna (or nanopatch) whose ...
Climbing fiber activity reduces 14-3-3-θ regulated GABA(A) receptor phosphorylation in cerebellar Purkinje cells.

Abstract Cerebellar adaptive plasticity regulates posture and movement in response to changing conditions of sensory stimulation. Study of adaptive plasticity of cerebellar circuitry in vitro confines experimental interest to mechanisms with a time scale of minutes. However, cerebellar plasticity, measured behaviorally or electrophysiologically in vivo , occurs over a time scale of tens of minutes and hours. Here we investigate how optokinetically-evoked increases in climbing fiber activity influence expression of key subcellular signaling proteins that regulate the accumulation of GABA A receptors (GABA A Rs) in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells and their insertion into the plasma membrane. We used long-term horizontal optokinetic stimulation (HOKS) to activate climbing fibers that project to the flocculus of mice. Although long-term increases in climbing fiber activity in vivo do not alter the expression of any of the subunits of GABA A Rs expressed by Purkinje cells, they do influence other subcellular events such as transcription and interaction of signaling proteins. Specifically, increased climbing fiber activity evoked decreased expression of 14-3-3-θ, reduced serine phosphorylation of GABA A g 2 , and reduced the interaction of 14-3-3-θ with protein kinase C-γ (PKC-γ). Knockdown of 14-3-3-θ in vivo reduced the serine phosphorylation of GABA A γ 2 . Conversely, treatment of cerebellar lysates with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, increased serine phosphorylation of GABA A γ 2 . Knockdown of 14-3-3-θ or PKC-γ in N2a cells in vitro reduced serine phosphorylation of GABA A γ 2 and reduced its cell-surface expression. We interpret these data to mean that a prolonged increase in climbing fiber activity decreases the cell-surface expression of GABA A Rs in Purkinje cells and thereby reduces their sensitivity to GABAergic inhibition. This provides a homeostatic mechanism by which Purkinje cells become less sensitive to stellate cell inhibition also evoked by climbing fiber activity.
Voltage step-up filters not using transformers

A network of resistors and capacitors is to serve as a filter for an arbitrary signal voltagef(t). It consists of twin parts connected in parallel across the input terminals. One part is a low pass ladder filter; the rungs of the ladder are capacitors, and the other branches are resistors. The twin part is connected to the input terminals in theopposite direction. The output signal is the voltageg(t) measured between the end nodes of the ladders. Kirchhoff's current law gives a differential equation relatingf and (g−f). IfF is the Fourier transform off, then the transform of the differential equation is an algebraic equation relating the transformsF and (G−F). This equation shows that ⋎G/F⋎>1. Then by Parseval's theorem the norm off is greater than the norm ofg. Thus there is a stepup; the norm of the output always exceeds the norm of the input. Such a filter is here termed anRCformer.
Does each element of the sepsis resuscitation bundle equally improve patient outcome

The Institute for Healthcare Improvement advocates the use of bundles to implement the sepsis guidelines. There are limited data addressing which elements improve survival [1]. We analyzed the data from a previous study to determine the independent impact of each element on patient outcome. We hypothesized that not all elements of the bundle have equal impact on outcome.
Teaching Virtually: Strategies and Challenges in the 21st Century Online Classroom

Enrollment in K-12 online learning continues to grow at an exponential rate throughout the United States. With this increase, one of the key factors for ensuring quality educational experiences for students is the knowledge, skills, and dispositions of their teachers. To address issues of online pedagogy, this study reports practices from a group of K-12 online teachers from a cyber charter school located in the desert southwest of the United States. Results show that online teachers use web-based programs, internal communication systems, and/or a combination of these types of tools to provide clear instruction, while also encouraging student participation, engaging students, and clearly communicating learning goals. Challenges found with online teaching include dealing with a heavy workload, garnering parental support, coping with high student-teacher ratios, and learning "the job." This article calls for additional support for virtual teachers, including coursework and field experiences within teacher education programs that address the needs of K-12 online educators.
Paleomagnetic determination of vertical-axis rotations within the Charleston-Nebo salient, Utah

The Charleston-Nebo salient is highly convex toward the foreland of the Sevier fold-thrust belt in Utah. To determine the importance of vertical-axis rotations to the kinematic history of the salient, paleomagnetic samples were collected from red Triassic strata of the Woodside Shale and Ankareh Formation from 68 sites distributed around the curvature of the salient. The paleomagnetic data indicate counterclockwise rotation of 33.3° ± 4.8° in the northern part of the salient and clockwise rotation of 66.7° ± 5.1° in the southern part of the salient. These data support divergent-flow models for thrust-salient development, augmented by relatively minor contributions from original basin geometry and local strike-slip along salient margins.
Alterations of the p16 (MTS1) Gene in Testicular, Ovarian, and Endometrial Malignancies

AbstractPurpose: The p16 (MTS1) gene codes for a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and may be a new tumor suppressor gene. It is frequently mutated in a variety of cell lines established from tumors. This is the first report of screening for alteration of the p16 gene in testicular, ovarian and endometrial malignancies.Materials and Methods: We examined alterations of p16 in 78 primary genital tumors (42 testicular, 21 ovarian and 15 endometrial cancers) and mononuclear cells from 2 patients with Lynch syndrome II as well as 5 testicular tumor cell lines by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and Southern blot hybridization.Results: The DNA from the p 16 gene of 2 testicular tumors (5 percent), an ovarian cancer (4 percent) and a testicular tumor cell line (20 percent) had altered migration in gel electrophoresis as shown by SSCP. Analysis of DNA sequence of these samples revealed a polymorphism at codon 140. Southern blot hybridization detected neither deletions nor rearrangements of the p16 g...
Nimbus limb radiometer, apollo fine sun sensor, and skylab multispectral scanner.

Examples of three different types of electrooptical systems developed by the Honeywell Radiation Center for NASA are described. One is a multichannel infrared (~15 μρ radiometer that will permit temperature and constituent inferences over the globe; it carries a one-year supply of cryogenics for the trimetal infrared detectors. The second is the Apollo telescope mount fine sun sensor, a tracking device making use of solar radiation and the transmission near critical angle of refraction, that will track within ±2 sec of arc to a designated point on the sun. The final example is the Skylab S-192 multispectral (thirteen channels from 0.4 μ to 12 μρ mapper for a variety of earth resources applications.
Phthalocyanine Langmuir-Blodgett film microsensors for halogen gases

Abstract Microsensors for halogen gases fabricated by Langmuir-Blodgett films of phthalocyanine [(C 6 H 13 ) 3 SiOSiPcOGePcOH] (where Pc is the phthalocyanato dianion) and planar microelectronic technologies are evaluated. The sensor incorporates a micro heater and a diode to control the temperature of the film. The gas concentration is measured by the conductance change. The film temperature effects on sensitivity, rise and decay times, as well as pulsed operation have been studied experimentally. The Cl 2 sensor reaches a sensitivity peak at 130 °C and the conductivity of the film changes from 10 -10 to 10 -6 mho cm -1 in 111 ppm pre-mixed Cl 2 /N 2 mixture. The response and recovery times are about 1 min at 130 °C. For the I 2 sensor, the peak response is at 20 °C and the conductivity changes from 10 -9 to 10 -8 mho cm -1 for 40 ppm I 2 in air. The response and recovery times are about 20 s.
Asymptotics for the Euclidean TSP with power weighted edges

LetU1,...,Un denote i.i.d. random variables with the uniform distribution on [0, 1]2, and letT2≔T2(U1,...,Un) denote the shortest tour throughU1,...,Un with square-weighted edges. By drawing on the quasi-additive structure ofT2 and the boundary rooted dual process, it is shown that limn→∞ET2(U1,...,Un)= β for some finite constant β.
Nanophase Transition Metal Oxides Show Large Thermodynamically Driven Shifts in Oxidation-Reduction Equilibria

Knowing the thermodynamic stability of transition metal oxide nanoparticles is important for understanding and controlling their role in a variety of industrial and environmental systems. Using calorimetric data on surface energies for cobalt, iron, manganese, and nickel oxide systems, we show that surface energy strongly influences their redox equilibria and phase stability. Spinels (M(3)O(4)) commonly have lower surface energies than metals (M), rocksalt oxides (MO), and trivalent oxides (M(2)O(3)) of the same metal; thus, the contraction of the stability field of the divalent oxide and expansion of the spinel field appear to be general phenomena. Using tabulated thermodynamic data for bulk phases to calculate redox phase equilibria at the nanoscale can lead to errors of several orders of magnitude in oxygen fugacity and of 100 to 200 kelvin in temperature.
Fracturas lingüüíísticas: Los estridentistas

En este trabajo reviso la labor de los estridentistas, grupo mexicano de vanguardia cuya importancia no se ha reconocido en el mundo de la criitica literaria. Tras situar sus presupuestos esteeticos en el cosmos de la vanguardia en general, muestro los cambios y la evolucioon que sufren los estridentistas, especialmente Manuel Maples Arce, figura central del grupo. Correlaciono y ejemplifico los cambios en sus obras con las modificaciones de su paradigma esteetico seguun las fueron presentando en sus cuatro manifiestos. Propongo dos etapas. En la primera, por centrarse en el significado y la ambiguuedad de las palabras, se crea un arte fragmentado y altamente abstracto. En la segunda, en cambio, por utilizar metonimias, producen, sobre todo, textos de corte cubista maas comprometidos con la situacioon social de Meexico. In this paper I analyze the work of the Estridentistas , a Mexican avant garde group of artists, whose work has been overlooked by most literary critics. After discussing their aesthetic paradigm in relation to the general avant garde movement, I focus on the changes and evolution within the Estridentista literature by examining the writings of these artists, mainly the work of Manuel Maples Arce, the leading figure of the movement. I compare the changes in their work with how the Estridentistas9 aesthetic paradigm evolved in their four manifestos. I propose two stages to explain their literary evolution. In the first stage, they created a fragmented and highly abstract art by focusing on the meaning and the ambiguity of words, whereas in the second stage they produced cubist texts by mainly using metonymies. In addition, they showed interest in Mexican social problems.
Nonlinear stability of the time-discrete variational problem of evolution in nonlinear heat conduction, plasticity and viscoplasticity

Abstract A rigorous nonlinear stability analysis for a claa of return mapping algorithms in plasticity and viscoplasticity based on the generalized mid-point rule is presented. In contrast with previous developments, the analysis is performed directly on the system of variational inequalities governing the problem and shown to hold for non-smooth convex elastic domains. To motivata the approach, a similar analysis is performed on the nonlinear heat-conduction equation.
Developing ASTM E 2283: Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features

The statistical nature of bearing failures has been studied using Weibull probability statistics for over 50 years. Historically it has been demonstrated that the origin of many bearing failures is the presence of large nondeformable nonmetallic inclusions in the bearing steel. Methods for predicting the presence of large inclusions in bearing steels using extreme value statistics were presented in the late 1980s. Several papers presented in the ASTM A 01.28 Bearing Steel Technology Symposium in 1996 discussed this method of analysis. Unfortunately in these and other investigations, standardized methodologies for performing the analysis were not utilized. This paper discusses how ASTM E 2283 was developed. The results of a recently completed interlaboratory round robin testing program are discussed. The application of the standard to microstructural features other than inclusions will be illustrated.
Asymptotic expansions for first passage times

Let F be a strongly non-lattice distribution function with a positive mean, a positive variance, and a finite third moment. Let Xt, X2,... be i.i.d, with common distribution function F; and let S, - Xt +-. • +X, and t ° - inf{n ~> 1: S, > a} for n ~> 1 and a > 0. The main result reported here is a two term asymptotic expansion for Ho(n, z) = P{t ° < n, S, - a <<- z} as a --, ao. Assuming higher moments, a three term expansion for P{t ° ~ n} and refined estimates for the probability of ruin in finite time are obtained as simple corollaries. A key tool is an asymptotic expansion in Stone's forrnu!a*,ion of the local limit theorem.
Apolipoprotein E Alleles and Brain Vascular Pathology in Alzheimer's Diseasea

The presence of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-E4 allele has been implicated as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined the occurrence of ApoE 4 alleles in AD associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and other vascular lesions. We found significantly high frequency of the ApoE 4 allele in AD with moderate to severe CAA. The frequency of the allele was also high in AD cases with other vascular lesions such as multiple infarcts and lacunes. As previously reported, we confirm a greater frequency of the ApoE 4 allele in the diffuse Lewy body variant of AD. Our results suggest ApoE 4 allele to be a significant factor in the development of CAA in AD. While this may be related to increased brain amyloid load as a consequence of ApoE genotype, the possibility exists that ApoE may be a specific factor in vascular abnormalities associated with AD.
Estimating part tolerance bounds based on adaptive Cloud-based grasp planning with slip

We explore setting bounds on part tolerances based on an adaptive Cloud-based algorithm to estimate lower bounds on achieving force closure during grasping. We consider the most common robot gripper: a pair of thin parallel jaws, and a conservative class of push-grasps allowing slip that can enhance part alignment for parts that can be modeled as extruded polygons. The grasp analysis algorithm takes as input a set of candidate grasps and perturbations of a nominal part shape. We define a grasp quality metric based on a lower bound on the probability of achieving force closure. We present two extensions to our previous highly-parallelizable algorithm that adaptively reduce the number of grasp evaluations and improve the lower bound by including slip. We develop a procedure for finding the effect of increasing tolerance in vertices on grasp quality, which allows part tolerances to be bounded to ensure minimum grasp quality levels. We find that including slip improves grasp quality estimates by 16%, and our adaptive extension reduces grasp evaluations by 91.5% while maintaining 92.6% of grasp quality.
VA-Academic Partnerships: Challenges and Rewards for New VA Mental Health Investigators

This study presents the perspectives of academic-VA partners who have recently completed a randomized clinical trial within a VA outpatient clinic. The authors reflect on the challenges and rewards of implementing academic-VA community clinical research partnerships with the aim of assisting new VA investigators and VA collaborators. Staff resistance, time demands, processing delays, and unforeseen barriers represent challenges. However, they are balanced by numerous rewards, including establishment of a research clinic, innovative staff training, and advancement of effectiveness knowledge in community settings. Implications and recommendations for successful VA-academic partnerships are described to help future projects minimize challenges and maximize rewards.
Expanded solubility parameter approach II: P-hydroxybenzoic acid and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate in individual solvents

The recently introduced four-parameter extended Hansen approach was used to study the solubility of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate in 32 and 35 individual solvents, respectively. The results are compared with those for benzoic acid in 40 solvents. Seventeen of the thirty-two or 53% of the calculated solubilities of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were within the established solubility criterion (i.e., <30% error from the experimental value). Twenty-two of thirty-six or 61% of the calculated solubility values for methyl p-hydroxybenzoate met the solubility criterion. Experimental excess free energies of solution for p-hydroxybenzoic acid and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate were plotted against theoretical values using the expanded four-parameter solubility regression equations. From such results, adjustments may be made in the partial solubility parameters to bring the calculated solubilities in line with experimental results. Multiple regression analyses were used to estimate the total solubility parameter and the four partial solubility parameters of the two benzoic acid derivatives. Satisfactory results were obtained for methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, but poor agreement was found for p-hydroxybenzoic acid for the total parameter when compared with the Fedors group contribution method. Both the multiple regression and group contribution methods may yield inaccurate solubility parameters for relatively polar solid solutes. Factor analysis was used to test the adequacy of three- and four-parameter approaches in the evaluation of drug solubility. A principal factor method without iteration and orthogonal factor rotation were used to compare the two expanded solubility parameter approaches. Factor analysis showed that four solubility parameters were significantly more independent and presumably more satisfactory than three parameters.
AN ACTION SPECTRUM FOR ULTRAVIOLET‐INDUCED SPORULATION IN THE FUNGUS STEMPHYLIUM SOLANI WEBER

— An action spectrum for conidial (spore) production in the fungus Stemphylium solani Weber is presented. The response is in the far-ultraviolet region (far u.v.). The spectrum shows a single peak at 280 nm, a shoulder at 260 nm, a trough at 250 nm, followed by a rise which is still rising at 230 nm, the shortest wavelength studied. The u.v. induced spore stimulation can be interrupted temporarily by irradiation in the visible region within 4 hr after induction.
Novel strongly correlated electron states in filled skutterudite lanthanide osmium antimonides

Abstract Recent measurements on the filled skutterudite compounds Pr ( Os 1 - x Ru x ) 4 Sb 12 , NdOs 4 Sb 12 , and SmOs 4 Sb 12 are discussed. Pr ( Os 1 - x Ru x ) 4 Sb 12 displays superconductivity for all values of x with a minimum at x = 0.6 , and only the compounds with x 0.6 display heavy fermion characteristics, suggesting a competition between the unconventional heavy fermion superconductivity of PrOs 4 Sb 12 and the BCS superconductivity of PrRu 4 Sb 12 . NdOs 4 Sb 12 is a heavy fermion ferromagnet, with a sharp transition observed at 1.0 K. SmOs 4 Sb 12 is also a heavy fermion material, and it may display weak ferromagnetic behavior below 2.6 K.
T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (T-PLL): a rare disease with a grave prognosis

T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (T-PLL) is an extremely uncommon haematological malignancy that has an aggressive course and a grave prognosis. We describe a patient who presented with lymphocytosis, scalp erythema, ascites and splenomegaly and was diagnosed with T-PLL. He was treated with alemtuzumab with a good response and was referred for allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Formation of Dynamic γ-H2AX Domains along Broken DNA Strands is Distinctly Regulated by ATM and MDC1 and Dependent upon H2AX Densities in Chromatin

A hallmark of the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is histone H2AX phosphorylation in chromatin to generate γ-H2AX. Here, we demonstrate that γ-H2AX densities increase transiently along DNA strands as they are broken and repaired in G1 phase cells. The region across which γ-H2AX forms does not spread as DSBs persist; rather, γ-H2AX densities equilibrate at distinct levels within a fixed distance from DNA ends. Although both ATM and DNA-PKcs generate γ-H2AX, only ATM promotes γ-H2AX formation to maximal distance and maintains γ-H2AX densities. MDC1 is essential for γ-H2AX formation at high densities near DSBs, but not for generation of γ-H2AX over distal sequences. Reduced H2AX levels in chromatin impair the density, but not the distance, of γ-H2AX formed. Our data suggest that H2AX fuels a γ-H2AX self-reinforcing mechanism that retains MDC1 and activated ATM in chromatin near DSBs and promotes continued local phosphorylation of H2AX.
Loss of endothelial barrier function requires neutrophil adhesion.

Background. The inflammatory response is characterized by cytokine-induced up-regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules followed by polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) adhesion and breakdown of tight junctions between cells. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether PMN adhesion is an essential element in the alteration of endothelial permeability or whether cytokines alone can produce this change. Methods. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to formylated met-leuphe-activated PMNs. In a second series of experiments, PMNs were contained in a microporous membrane that allowed passage of secreted cytokines but not cells. Permeability was quantified by using transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER, ohm · cm2,) whereas expressions of two cell adhesion molecules (endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 [ELAM-1] and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1]) were measured by flow cytometry (% shift). Cytokine production was monitored with enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (picograms per milliliter). Results. Stimulated PMNs secreted comparable amounts of cytokines whether allowed access to HUVECs or trapped in a microporous membrane (interleukin-1α, 5.88 ± 2.38 versus 3.65 ± 1.84 pg/ml; tumor necrosis factor-α, 10.27 ± 3.21 versus 6.61 ± 1.82 pg/ml). Up-regulation of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 was observed whether PMNs were free or restricted (52.97% ± 2.14% versus 75.32% ± 4.19% and 71.66% ± 7.37% versus 73.66% ± 4.32%, respectively). TEER was unchanged in controls and when PMNs were membrane restricted. In contrast, TEER decreased precipitously (51% ± 5.9% of control, p < 0.05) if PMNs were allowed access to HUVECs. Conclusions. Cytokine secretion by PMNs is independent of endothelial contact and is sufficient to upregulate adhesion molecules. However, PMN adhesion is essential for the loss of endothelial barrier function, which leads to diapedesis of activated PMNs and eventual tissue injury.
Methane sources in China: Historical and current emissions

Abstract China is one of the world's largest producers of rice and constitutes a sizable fraction of the Earth's population. As such emissions from China are of interest in understanding the global methane budget. Using geographical, agricultural and industrial data along with direct flux measurements, we have estimated the emissions of methane from China during the last century, concentrating mostly over the last 50 years. We find that: 1) the anthropogenic methane emissions from China are now more than 60 Tg/yr. 2) In recent decades there has been a decline in the emissions from agricultural sources due mostly to a dramatic decrease in the per capita emissions of methane from rice agriculture. 3) Sources related to energy (coal and natural gas consumption) are on the rise so that the reductions from agriculture are offset by increases from these energy sources. If the present trends continue, the dominating role of rice agriculture on methane emissions from China will be replaced by emissions from energy sources. This and many other aspects of the China historical methane budget parallel the global emissions of methane.
Effect of a modulated HVDC link on power system transients

Abstract This paper presents the details of a digital computer study of the effects of transient interactions, during large system disturbances, between an AC system and an associated high voltage DC transmission line with the rapid change in power transfer capability (modulated HVDC). The combined system consists of a large turboalternator synchronized to an infinite bus through two long-distance high voltage AC lines in parallel with an equally long controlled HVDC link. In the analysis, a rigorous nonlinear mathematical model, based on Park's equations, is formed by transforming the machine variables and the AC and DC transmission line parameters to a rotating reference frame attached to the alternator rotor, thereby providing the detailed transient behavior of the interconnected AC/DC system. Results of the studies demonstrate that a modulated HVDC link can provide significant increases in the loadability of AC lines by reducing or eliminating the constraints imposed by transient stability limitations. It appears, however, that, for certain systems, adverse stability behavior may result if the modulation setting exceeds 50%. Possible effects of HVDC modulation on the incidence of turboalternator torsional interactions are also considered. These interactions, however, are dependent upon parameters such as AC transmission, configuration, and the control mode characteristics of the HVDC terminals.
High‐latitude ionosphere convection and Birkeland current response for the 15 May 2005 magnetic storm recovery phase

[1] The high-latitude response of sunward E × B flow and Birkeland field-aligned currents (FAC) is analyzed for the 15 May 2005 magnetic cloud that generated a great magnetic storm (SYM-H = −305 nT at 0820 UT). The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle, θ = arctan(By/Bz), gradually rotated from 65° to −80° during the 10-h long northward IMF period and the recovery of this storm. DMSP observations confirm a dawnward migration of a Northern Hemisphere sunward E × B flow channel (FC) between a downward and upward FAC pair. This FAC system developed during southward IMF (θ = 109°) at the poleward edge of the duskside auroral oval as part of a four-sheet FAC system 23 min before the IMF became northward. TIMED/GUVI observations show that the dawnward migration of the upward FAC coincides with a drifting transpolar auroral arc (TPA). IMAGE/WIC did not observe a TPA in the southern (winter) hemisphere. DMSP and Iridium observations are in good agreement with MHD simulation predictions of a northward IMF reorientation of high-latitude FACs. The northern FC migration was likely due to summer hemisphere conductances, a strong average IMF Bx = −35 nT and the sunward dipole tilt angle that favor a northern high-latitude reconnection mechanism for a well-organized sunward FC and FAC system migration. The storm recovery rate appeared to be related with the region 2 FAC. A fast 11.4 nT/h rate was observed for a weak or nonexistent region 2 system during the high-latitude FAC redistribution. The SYM-H recovery slowed significantly to 0.9 nT/h following the 1800 UT region 2 system recovery.
Relationship of parasitemia to erythrocyte destruction in Plasmodium berghei infected rats.

Abstract Rats were infected with Plasmodium berghei and erythrocytes collected at various stages of the infection. The erythrocytes were labeled with 51Cr and transfused into compatible inbred rats protected from infection by chloroquine. The number of labeled transfused erythrocytes lost during the first 24 hours in the recipient rats was explainable as the total of losses from senescence, from the transfusion process, and from elimination of the parasitized cells. There was no indication that any of the nonparasitized erythrocytes had been damaged by the malarial infection in the donor rat in such a way as to shorten their life spans in the noninfected recipient rats.
Molybdenum microfocus source coupling to polycapillary optics for powder diffraction

X rays emitted over a large angular range from conventional, laboratory-based sources can be transformed into a parallel beam or focused onto a small sample area to give efficient utilization of small sources for powder diffraction. For optimal system design, it is important that source parameters be well characterized. Source to window distance, spot size, intensity, and uniformity were measured for an Oxford Ultrabright Molybdenum source. Two polycapillary optics, a weakly focusing, and a collimating, optic were also characterized in detail. Measurements of x-ray diffraction data have been assessed for silicon and organic powders, and agree well with parameters predicted from the source and lens characterization.
The Magic of the Corner: Walter Benjamin and Street Names

This essay begins by considering Walter Benjamin's observation that “the meeting of two different street names makes for the magic of the ‘corner.’ ” It argues that the seemingly whimsical topic of street names in fact links a set of major themes of the Benjaminian corpus—especially the issues of language and the city—in a meaningful way. In various writings (Arcades, Berlin Childhood), Benjamin considers how the linguistic, political, social, and metaphysical dimensions of street names mark a dialectical relationship between urban space and language. In analyzing these statements, the essay focuses particularly on the counterintuitive linguistic assumptions that lie behind Benjamin's formulations on street names. Several close readings of relevant passages suggest three separate insights on these matters. First, for Benjamin, the street name illustrates that naming, mimesis, and the structure of urban experience belong together. Secondly, Benjamin's seemingly idiosyncratic view on language is crucial to ...
Dynamical mean-field study of the Mott transition in the half-filled Hubbard model on a triangular lattice

We employ dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) with a quantum Monte Carlo atomic solver to investigate the finite-temperature Mott transition in the Hubbard model with nearest-neighbor hopping on a triangular lattice at half-filling. We estimate the value of the critical interaction to be ${U}_{c}=12.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ in units of the hopping amplitude $t$ through the evolution of the magnetic moment, spectral function, internal energy, and specific heat as the interaction $U$ and temperature $T$ are varied. This work also presents a comparison between DMFT and finite-size determinant quantum Monte Carlo calculations and a discussion of the advantages and limitations of both methods.
Numinous Experiences with Museum Objects

ABSTRACT It has been over a decade since Cameron and Gatewood (2000, 2003; Gatewood & Cameron, 2004) conducted their immensely intriguing research on numinous experiences in museums. Inspired by this pioneering work, the current study was undertaken to investigate more deeply these kinds of experiences with museum objects. The essence of this encounter, as revealed by a phenomenological investigation, is comprised of a holistic uniting of intellect and affect, with a direct link to the tangible and symbolic nature of the object, a feeling of being transported, and intensely profound connections with the past, self, and spirit. These experiences are interpreted as document-centered flow experiences that fall more into the category of mystical experience than traditional learning experience. Further understanding of numinous encounters in museums can help museum practitioners make intentional choices about objects, design, and format that can serve to stimulate, connect, and inspire our museum audiences.
The Precipitation Life Cycle of Mesoscale Convective Complexes over the Central United States

Abstract The mesoscale convective complex (MCC) is a common and particularly well-organized class of meso-&α scale storm systems over the central United States. As observed by infrared (IR) satellite, the typical MCC's 10–12 h evolution displays a fairly consistent sequence of events, including the monotonic areal expansion of its anvil from its formation to its maximum size, followed by the monotonic shrinkage of the colder cloud top areas as the system weakens and dissipates. Primarily within the growth phase of this cycle, a characteristic IR signature reflects the MCC in its most intense, mesoconvective stage, which lasts ∼4 h and during which the coldest cloud top area reaches its largest extent. Hourly precipitation data have been analyzed for 122 MCC cases that were selected from June–August 1977–83 and screened to insure a reasonable conformity with the typical IR life cycle. On average. these systems produced a rainfall volume of 3.46 km 3 during their life cycle, over an area of 3.20×105km2and a...
Probing plasma–surface interactions with the transmission electron microscope or the Si–collector interface of the plasma bipolar junction transistor

Two platforms developed to probe the plasma–solid interface are briefly reviewed here. A sensitive diagnostic of the interaction between a low-temperature plasma and a silicon surface is provided by the plasma bipolar junction transistor (PBJT) in which e−–h+ (semiconductor) and e−–ion (gas phase) plasmas are separated by a nanoscale potential barrier but coupled by a strong (>1 V µm−1) electric field. Electrical properties of the Si base–collector plasma interface are controlled by the bias applied to the PBJT emitter-base junction, as well as the morphology and electronic structure of the base surface facing the collector plasma. Recent experiments are described in which the Si(100) surface of the PBJT base is transformed into black Si, a nanostructured array comprising ~3 × 109 nanocones. Each cone is ~100 nm in height and has a radius of curvature at its tip of <1 nm. Altering the base surface so as to intentionally enhance field emission results in burst-mode operation of the PBJT in which the collector current oscillates as a result of the periodic contraction (or collapse) and revival of the plasma sheath. The observed oscillation frequencies (3.6–13 kHz) are consistent with the transit time of ions across the sheath. Integration of a microplasma device with a transmission electron microscope has also been realized recently (Tai et al 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 1325). This diagnostic tool allows plasma–surface interactions to be observed in real-time with a spatial resolution <100 nm. Although initial experiments concerned the growth of Au islands in a dc plasma, the extension of this probe to nanostructured and spatially modulated surfaces is proposed.
Influence of Various Fiber Sources and Fractions on Milk Fat Percentage

Abstract Twenty-one Holstein cows were fed hay, corncobs, beet pulp, or oat hulls as experimental crude fiber sources in a continuous feeding trial (16 weeks). Fat tests were previously depressed with a 20% mixed hay-80% pelleted-concentrate ration. The test rations contained 15% crude fiber (6%, from experimental source) and 14% crude protein. All diets significantly increased fat (2.3 to 3.3) (P Acid-detergent fiber is superior to crude fiber when relating dietary fiber fractions to fat percentage. It also represents a better-defined component of feedstuffs and is easier to determine. A second trial conducted with nonlactating cows, fed the fiber sources at 150% of maintenance, showed little difference in acetic :propionic acid ratio when sampled four hours post-prandial.
Sesquiterpenoids from actinomycetes: Cadin-4-ene-1-ol

Abstract A sesquiterpenoid from Streptomyces sp. B-7 is cadin-4-ene-1-ol. It is the enantiomer of epicubenol from cubeb oil.
De novo sequencing of hazelnut bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) using multiplex Illumina sequencing and targeted marker development for eastern filbert blight resistance

Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries are widely used in map-based cloning of plant genes. Eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by the pyrenomycete Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller, is a devastating disease of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) in the Pacific Northwest. A dominant allele at a single locus from the obsolete pollenizer “Gasaway” confers complete resistance. Our map-based cloning efforts use a BAC library for “Jefferson” hazelnut, which is heterozygous for resistance. Screening the library with primer pairs designed from RAPD markers closely linked to the EFB resistance locus identified 38 BACs. We sequenced 28 of these BACs using Illumina technology, by multiplexing with barcoded adapters. De novo sequence assembly using the programs Velvet and SOPRA and further alignment using CodonCode Aligner generated contigs whose length ranged from 393 to 108,194 bp. The number of contigs per BAC ranged from 1 to 19, and estimated coverage of assembled BACs ranged from 64 % to 100 %. Preliminary analysis of the sequences identified 779 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), from which we developed 23 markers. Of these, 17 were assigned to linkage group 6 adjacent to the disease resistance locus, five were placed on other linkage groups, and one could not be assigned to a linkage group. The BAC sequences and new SSR markers will be useful for our efforts at map-based cloning of the disease resistance gene.