cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spray-On Liquid-Metal Electrodes for Graphene Field-Effect Transistors.

Advancements in flexible circuit interconnects are critical for widespread adoption of flexible electronics. Non-toxic liquid-metals offer a viable solution for flexible electrodes due to deformability and low bulk resistivity. However, fabrication processes utilizing liquid-metals suffer from high complexity, low throughput, and significant production cost. Our team utilized an inexpensive spray-on stencil technique to deposit liquid-metal Galinstan electrodes in top-gated graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs). The electrode stencils were patterned using an automated vinyl cutter and positioned directly onto chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene transferred to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. Our spray-on method exhibited a throughput of 28 transistors in under five minutes on the same graphene sample, with a 96% yield for all devices down to a channel length of 50 μm. The fabricated transistors possess hole and electron mobilities of 663.5 cm2/(V·s) and 689.9 cm2/(V·s), respectively, and support a simple and effective method of developing high-yield flexible electronics.
Inclusion of Dietary Defatted Microalgae Dose-Dependently Enriches ω-3 Fatty Acids in Egg Yolk and Tissues of Laying Hens.

BACKGROUND The potential for dietary microalgae to enrich eggs of laying hens with ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids, and the mechanisms involved, are unclear. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the effects and molecular regulation of a defatted Nannochloropsis oceanica microalgae (DNOM) biomass on the enrichment of the eggs and tissues of laying hens with ω-3 fatty acids. METHODS Fifty Shaver-White Leghorn hens (46 wk of age, body weight: 1.70 ± 0.27 kg) were individually caged (n = 10) and fed a corn-soy-based diet supplemented with DNOM at 0% (control), 2.86%, 5.75%, 11.5%, and 23% for 6 wk. Fatty acid profiles, health status, and related gene expression in eggs, blood, and tissues were performed at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6. Data were analyzed by a combination of 1-factor ANOVA and correlation between DNOM doses and measures. RESULTS The DNOM produced linear (P 0.9) and of DHA in the liver, breast, and thigh (R2 = 0.66-0.82). Concentrations of EPA + DHA in the egg yolk and these 3 tissues of hens fed 11.5% and 23% DNOM were 1.4-2.1, 0.6-1, 3.3-5.3, and 6-7 times greater (P < 0.001) than those in the controls, respectively. The DNOM caused dose-dependent elevations (P < 0.01) of malic enzyme and elongases 3, 4, and 5 mRNA levels (R2 = 0.97, 0.78, 0.97, and 0.86, respectively), along with increased (P < 0.01) Δ5- and Δ6-desaturases and decreased (P < 0.01) Δ9-desaturase and acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 4 mRNA levels in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Feeding DNOM to laying hens produced dose-dependent enrichments of DHA in their eggs, liver, and muscles by regulating key genes involved in the elongation and desaturation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our findings will help produce DHA-enriched eggs.
Trauma exposure, PTSD and indices of fertility

Background: Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked with numerous adverse health conditions, but it is unclear if trauma exposure and PTSD are associated with infer...
Specific inhibitors of lysozyme and peptidases inhibit the growth of the rumen protozoan Entodinium caudatum without decreasing feed digestion or fermentation in vitro.

AIMS Experiments were designed to determine the effects of different chemical inhibitors of lysozyme and peptidases on rumen protozoa and the associated prokaryotes, and in vitro fermentation using Entodinium caudatum as a model protozoan species. METHODS AND RESULTS Imidazole (a lysozyme inhibitor), phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF, a serine peptidase inhibitor) and iodoacetamide (IOD, a cysteine peptidase inhibitor) were evaluated in vitro both individually and in two- and three-way combinations using E. caudatum monocultures with respect to their ability to inhibit the protozoan and their effect on feed digestion, fermentation and the microbiota. All the three inhibitors, both individually and in combination, decreased E. caudatum counts (P < 0·001), and IOD and its combinations with the other inhibitors significantly (P < 0·01) decreased ammonia concentration, with the two- and three-way combinations showing additive effective. Feed digestion was not affected, but fermentation and microbial diversity were affected mostly by PMSF, IOD and their combinatorial treatments potentially due to the overgrowth of Streptococcus luteciae accompanying with the disappearance of host ciliates. CONCLUSIONS Entodinium caudatum depends on lysozyme and peptidase for digestion and utilization of the engulfed microbes and specific inhibition of these enzymes can inhibition E. caudatum without adversely affecting feed digestion or fermentation even though they changed the microbiota composition in the cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The peptidase inhibitors may have the potential to be used in controlling rumen protozoa to improve ruminal nitrogen utilization efficiency.
"On a Journey to Appreciate What My Body Does for Me": Qualitative Results from a Positive Body Image Pilot Intervention Study.

ABSTRACTResearch suggests body appreciation is related to mental, physical, and sexual health behaviors and outcomes that are relevant to social workers and public health clinicians. As such, it is...
Precision medicine in solid organ transplantation

Abstract Solid organ transplantation remains a limited resource despite an increasing number of patients who require this life saving procedure. Understanding the unique intersection between donor and recipient genomes lies at the core of precision medicine in transplantation. Identification of genomic biomarkers that can predict risk of clinically relevant events and allow for tailored intervention is essential to the ongoing success of precision-based transplant medicine. This chapter highlights recent developments including ever more sophisticated data collection and analysis at the molecular level that have advanced the field of solid organ transplantation.
Mechanically Triggered Small Molecule Release from a Masked Furfuryl Carbonate

Stimuli-responsive polymers that release small molecules under mechanical stress are appealing targets for applications ranging from drug delivery to sensing. Here, we describe a modular mechanophore design platform for molecular release via a mechanically triggered cascade reaction. Mechanochemical activation of a furan-maleimide Diels-Alder adduct reveals a latent furfuryl carbonate that subsequently decomposes under mild conditions to release a covalently bound cargo molecule. The computationally guided design of a reactive secondary furfuryl carbonate enables the decomposition and release to proceed quickly at room temperature after unmasking via mechanical force. This general strategy is demonstrated using ultrasound-induced mechanical activation to release a fluorogenic coumarin payload from a polymer incorporating a chain-centered mechanophore.
Development and evaluation of inexpensive automated deep learning-based imaging systems for embryology

Embryo assessment and selection is a critical step in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure. Current embryo assessment approaches such as manual microscopy analysis done by embryologists or semi-automated time-lapse imaging systems are highly subjective, time-consuming, or expensive. Availability of cost-effective and easy-to-use hardware and software for embryo image data acquisition and analysis can significantly empower embryologists towards more efficient clinical decisions both in resource-limited and resource-rich settings. Here, we report the development of two inexpensive ( 90% accuracy.
Identifying 3-D spatiotemporal skin deformation cues evoked in interacting with compliant elastic surfaces

We regularly touch soft, compliant fruits and tissues. To help us discriminate them, we rely upon cues embedded in spatial and temporal deformation of finger pad skin. However, we do not yet understand, in touching objects of various compliance, how such patterns evolve over time, and drive perception. Using a 3-D stereo imaging technique in passive touch, we develop metrics for quantifying skin deformation, across compliance, displacement, and time. The metrics map 2D estimates of terminal contact area to 3-D metrics that represent spatial and temporal changes in penetration depth, surface curvature, and force. To do this, clouds of thousands of 3-D points are reduced in dimensionality into stacks of ellipses, to be more readily comparable between participants and trials. To evaluate the robustness of the derived 3-D metrics, human subjects experiments are performed with stimulus pairs varying in compliance and discriminability. The results indicate that metrics such as penetration depth and surface curvature can distinguish compliances earlier, at less displacement. Observed also are distinct modes of skin deformation, for contact with stiffer objects, versus softer objects that approach the skin’s compliance. These observations of the skin’s deformation may guide the design and control of haptic actuation.
Singly-twinned growth of Si crystals upon chemical modification

During crystallization a continuum of patterns could emerge due to the interplay of growth kinetics, material or solution chemistry, and crystallographic defects. The coherent twin boundary is widely known to catalyze growth in pristine crystals including polycrystalline Si. Much remains unknown about the impact of changing the chemical environment of the crystallization process through the deliberate addition of trace metallic species---termed chemical modification. Pristine Si has been reported to grow through the classical model of two parallel twin planes acting in concert to enable steady-state propagation of the solid-liquid interfaces. Here, we achieve a vision on the growth process via in situ synchrotron x-ray microtomography and further corroborated by ex situ crystallographic investigation. We find that steady-state growth is impossible in chemically modified alloys that consist of trace (0.1 wt.%) Sr. This is because the Sr modifier poisons the concave re-entrant grooves, thereby deactivating the advantage of the twin-plane re-entrant edge mechanism and leading to a singly-twinned interface. This study may serve as a proxy to chemically modified crystallization pathways of eutectic Si in Al-Si alloys and, more broadly, as a framework for the crystallization-mediated synthesis of materials.
A constrained single-index regression for estimating interactions between a treatment and covariates.

We consider a single-index regression model, uniquely constrained to estimate interactions between a set of pretreatment covariates and a treatment variable on their effects on a response variable, in the context of analyzing data from randomized clinical trials. We represent interaction effect terms of the model through a set of treatment-specific flexible link functions on a linear combination of the covariates (a single index), subject to the constraint that the expected value given the covariates equals 0, while leaving the main effects of the covariates unspecified. We show that the proposed semiparametric estimator is consistent for the interaction term of the model, and that the efficiency of the estimator can be improved with an augmentation procedure. The proposed single-index regression provides a flexible and interpretable modeling approach to optimizing individualized treatment rules based on patients' data measured at baseline, as illustrated by simulation examples and an application to data from a depression clinical trial.
ST2 Is a Biomarker of Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Severity and Clinical Worsening

Background Pediatric pulmonary hypertension is a severe disease defined by sustained elevation of pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic markers that are more pulmonary vascular specific have been elusive because of disease heterogeneity and patient growth. Research Question Is soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity (ST2) associated with pulmonary hemodynamic and functional changes in pediatric pulmonary hypertension? Does ST2 improve mortality risk models in pediatric pulmonary hypertension? Study Design and Methods Two pediatric cohorts (age Results In an adjusted (age and sex) analysis in the PAHB, ST2 was significantly associated with shorter 6-min walk distance (P = .03) and increased PVR index (P = .02). In adjusted longitudinal regression in the Children’s Hospital of Colorado cohort, ST2 was significantly associated with higher PVR index (P Interpretation In two pediatric PAH cohorts, elevated ST2 was associated with unfavorable pulmonary hemodynamics and functional measures, clinical worsening, and significantly improved prediction of clinical worsening. Pulmonary artery endothelial cellular expression of ST2 suggests that ST2 is a more pulmonary vascular-specific marker for pulmonary hypertension.
Socio-Technical Affordances for Large-Scale Collaborations: Introduction to a Virtual Special Issue

In this special issue, we review 14 articles published in Organization Science over the past 25 years examining large-scale collaborations (LSCs) tasked with knowledge dissemination and innovation....
Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis from rare pathogen leclercia adecarboxylata: A case study

Leclercia adecarboxylata is an infrequently reported pathogen, typically encountered in immunocompromised patients. Previous literature has demonstrated the predilection of this pathogen for immunocompromised patients. In the rare cases of infection in immunocompetent patients, water exposure typically preceded the soft tissue infection. No case report has been published with L. adecarboxylata causing osteomyelitis of the lower extremity. In this case report, we describe an immunocompetent patient who developed L. adecarboxylata osteomyelitis in the lower extremity after stepping on a wooden pallet.
Approximation and Learning with Deep Convolutional Models: a Kernel Perspective

The empirical success of deep convolutional networks on tasks involving high-dimensional data such as images or audio suggests that they can efficiently approximate certain functions that are well-suited for such tasks. In this paper, we study this through the lens of kernel methods, by considering simple hierarchical kernels with two or three convolution and pooling layers, inspired by convolutional kernel networks. These achieve good empirical performance on standard vision datasets, while providing a simple enough description of the functional space to shed light on their inductive bias. We show that the RKHS consists of additive models of interaction terms between patches, and that its norm encourages structured spatial similarities between these terms through pooling layers. We then provide generalization bounds which illustrate how pooling yields improved sample complexity guarantees when the target function presents such regularities.
Therapeutic Targeting of Follicular Helper T Cells with Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Expressing Natural Killer Cells

Follicular helper T cells (TFH) are critical for vaccine and infection elicitation of long-lived humoral immunity, but exaggerated TFH responses can promote autoimmunity and other pathologies. Unfortunately, no clinical interventions are currently available for selective depletion of TFH cells to alleviate these disease conditions. We engineered a novel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that facilitates specific targeting of cells highly expressing human programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), a cardinal feature of TFH cells. CAR-expressing natural killer (NK) cells robustly degranulate in response to PD-1, resulting in discriminatory elimination of human tonsil TFH cells while sparing other T and B-cell subsets. Given that CAR NK cells are emerging as a safe and effective alternative to CAR T cells in cancer immunotherapy, our results suggest a new, clinically-translatable application of CAR NK cells for selective depletion of pathogenic TFH cells in specific disease states.
Behaving Discretely: Heuristic Thinking in the Emergency Department

This paper explores the use of heuristics among highly-trained physicians diagnosing heart disease in the emergency department, a common task with lifeor- death consequences. Using data from a large private-payer claims database, I find compelling evidence of heuristic thinking in this setting: patients arriving in the emergency department just after their 40th birthday are roughly 10% more likely to be tested for and 20% more likely to be diagnosed with ischemic heart disease (IHD) than patients arriving just before this date, despite the fact that the incidence of heart disease increases smoothly with age. Moreover, I show that this shock to diagnostic intensity has meaningful implications for patient health, as it reduces the number of missed IHD diagnoses among patients arriving in the emergency department just after their 40th birthday, thereby preventing future heart attacks. I then develop a model that ties this behavior to an existing literature on representativeness heuristics, and discuss the implications of this class of heuristics for diagnostic decision-making.
Issues with Implementing Service Learning into an Agricultural Sciences Equine Program

Service learning classes were implemented in an equine science program in the spring of 2007 after being funded for animal evacuation and recovery grants. This program was met with great student enthusiasm and participation; however, the authors raise questions about some of the obstacles they have found while implementing this program. The three major areas of concern include the optimum class size for service learning, transportation, and the depth of responses to student reflective pieces.
Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases, Chemistry of

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) compose a family of essential enzymes that attach amino acids covalently to tRNA molecules during protein synthesis. Some aaRSs possess a hydrolytic amino acid editing function to ensure the fidelity of protein synthesis. In addition, aminoacylation can occur by indirect pathways that rely on mischarged tRNA intermediates and enzymes other than aaRSs. Throughout evolution, structural and functional divergence of aaRSs has yielded diverse secondary roles. Likewise, aaRS-like proteins with either sequence or structural similarities to synthetases exhibit functions that may or may not be related to aminoacylation. Many of these diverse aaRSs and aaRS-like proteins have been capitalized on by the microbial world and by medical research as targets for therapeutic agents such as antibiotics.
The Value of Sharing Lead-Time Information in Custom Production

The wide spread adoption of ERP systems together with customer relationship management applications has increased the ability of a firm to share operational data with customers. In this paper we analyze the factors that determine whether or not this information sharing will benefit the firm. We develop a stochastic model of a custom production environment with pricing, where customers have differing tolerances for waiting. We model intermediate levels of information sharing between none and complete state dependent lead time information and compare performance from the firm's and customer's perspectives. We model lead time information sharing in a way that makes the different levels of information sharing comparable in terms of accuracy. We derive conditions under which sharing increasing amounts of information with customers improves firm profits and the customer experience. We show that it is not always the case that sharing information improves the lot of the firm. We conduct numerical experiments to investigate system behavior in which the firm selects capacity as well as sets optimal prices. Our results are derived for general customer lead time tolerance distributions. Our results show that information sharing policies must be established by management and not by frontline sales people. Only after a careful analysis of the potential impact of information sharing on customer behavior and pricing should management authorize sharing detailed lead time information. Furthermore, the appropriate level of information sharing must be determined as well.
A novel pillar DRAM cell for 4 Gbit and beyond

A novel structure and fabrication process for a DRAM cell for 4 Gbit and beyond is proposed. A poly-Si pillar transistor is formed on top of a trench capacitor with the top of the pillar transistor being directly connected to the bit line. In order to reduce the process steps, word line formation by a spacer etch and self-aligned bit line contact using CMP process are developed. XTEM micrographs show almost single grain and less defect in the small pillars after crystallization annealing of prepatterned /spl alpha/-Si. Electrical measurements show that the pass transistor has good subthreshold slope and Id-Vd characteristics. Improvements in the device performance has been achieved by a sacrificial oxidation and hydrogenation.
You Are What You Eat

The ratios of various stable isotopes in an animal9s body reflect closely the corresponding isotope distribution in its habitat. In his Perspective, Kohn discusses the expanding collection of research results obtained with stable-isotope measurements. Such data should be extremely useful for extending our understanding of ecology, climate, and animal biology.
Bilingualism: Research and Policy

Bilingualism, commonplace throughout the world, is not well accepted or supported in many parts of the United States. Education policies and practices regarding bilingualism are often based on myths and attitudes rather than facts, despite scientific evidence on both the disadvantages and advantages of bilingualism. Based on a brief overview of this evidence, I assert that we should embrace more informed policies and practice. Researchers should also work toward new and more complex research approaches to delve more deeply into how the brain organizes and reorganizes with language learning. Despite the continuing need for more research, we know enough to put in place (and study) informed policies and practices that can benefit all children. Now is the time for evidence-based practice, evidence-based policies, and integrative research on bilingualism and education. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Which Life Cycle--Work System, Information System, or Software?

This article presents the work system life cycle (WSLC) model, according to which a work system, an information system, or a software product passes through one or more iterations of four phases: initiation, development, implementation, and operation and maintenance. Although this descriptive model is both clear enough to understand readily and specific enough to apply easily, it encompasses a variety of other models commonly used to describe information system life cycles, organizational change processes, projects, and the life cycles of software products. The explicit inclusion of both an operation and maintenance phase and iterations allows it to cover both continuous and discontinuous change. This article explains the need for this type of model and shows how it spans more than a dozen descriptive and normative models that appear in the IS literature. The WSLC model could help bridge the communication gap between business and IT professionals, could help both do their own system-related work, and could help students grasp the broad alternatives for building and modifying systems. Comparison of the WSLC phases with the phases of other models shows that many of those models might be misleading to people who are not primed to understand why their goals and assumptions are quite different. Both
Combinations of Tense and Modality

Physics should have helped us to realise that a temporal theory of a phenomenon X is, in general, more than a simple combination of two components: the statics of X and the ordered set of temporal instants. The case in which all functions from times to world-states are allowed is uninteresting; there are too many such functions, and the theory has not begun until we have begun to restrict them. And often the principles that emerge from the interaction of time with the phenomena seem new and surprising. The most dramatic example of this, perhaps, is the interaction of space with time in relativistic space-time.
Subliminal Perception as the First Stage of the Perceptual Process: Can Personality be Revealed so Early in the Sequence?

Publisher Summary Microgenesis and subliminal perception investigate perception in process. Both of them are concerned with the presentation of suboptimal information and both of them deal with fragments of stimuli that may in some way be registered or reported. Subliminal perception deals, by definition, with data below the absolute threshold for the verbal report of a given stimulus. Data demonstrating the existence of subliminal perception or of subliminal sensory processing are primarily in the form of psychophysiological reactions. Microgenesis is confined to supraliminal presentation. The chapter presents an empirical study of subliminal perception and microgenesis being in one process. The results of this study demonstrated that response formation varied with stimulus visibility. The nature of the relationship that emerged between response formation processes and characteristic adaptation and thought styles was consonant with predictions based on psychoanalysis and microgenetic investigation. Stimuli that were consistent with the person's characteristic mode of personality adaptation were more frequently incorporated into the response process than stimuli that were extraneous to their personality adaptation.
Thrombospondin receptor expression in human neutrophils coincides with the release of a subpopulation of specific granules.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein thrombospondin (TSP) binds specifically to polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) surface receptors and promotes cell adhesion and motility. TSP receptor expression increases 30-fold after activation with the synthetic chemotactic peptide, N-formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine (FMLP) or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, in combination with cytochalasin B. The expression of TSP receptors was correlated with the exocytosis of both specific and azurophil granules. Newly expressed TSP receptors are not derived from easily mobilized specific granules since agents that trigger some specific granule release [phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), FMLP or ionophore A23187 alone] do not increase TSP receptor expression. In this study we used the anion-channel blocker, 4,4′-di-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS) to investigate the source of these newly expressed receptors. When PMNs were exposed to cytochalasin B and FMLP or to cytochalasin B and ionophore A23187 in the presence of 30-100 microM-DIDS, TSP receptor expression increased coincidently with vitamin B12-binding protein release from specific granules. Under these same conditions, the release of the azurophil granule component, myeloperoxidase, was significantly inhibited. Using agonists that cause release of specific granules, or both specific granules and azurophil granules, we determined that DIDS blocked the release of PMA-mobilized specific granules and cytochalasin B plus FMLP- or cytochalasin B plus ionophore A23187-mobilized myeloperoxidase-containing azurophil granules but not specific granules mobilized by cytochalasin B plus FMLP or cytochalasin B plus ionophore A23187. These results suggested that PMNs contain at least two subpopulations of specific granules: one that is easily mobilized, lacks TSP receptors and is inhibitable by DIDS, and one that is difficult to mobilize, contains a large pool of TSP receptors and the release of which is enhanced in the presence of DIDS.
Frictional Properties of a Composite Surface: Titania on Glass

Abstract Partial coatings of titania (anatase) on glass, at surface coverages as low as 10%, can significantly reduce the surface damage which occurs when glass surfaces are rubbed together. The effectiveness of the coating depends upon the presence of a boundary lubricant on the uncoated portions of the glass surface. It is proposed that increased resistance to surface abrasion is obtained because the titania-coated regions support the rubbing surfaces and thereby prevent the pressure on the uncoated areas from becoming great enough to break down the boundary lubricant layer.
Bayesian Haplotype Inference for Multiple Linked Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Haplotypes have gained increasing attention in the mapping of complex-disease genes, because of the abundance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the limited power of conventional single-locus analyses. It has been shown that haplotype-inference methods such as Clark's algorithm, the expectation-maximization algorithm, and a coalescence-based iterative-sampling algorithm are fairly effective and economical alternatives to molecular-haplotyping methods. To contend with some weaknesses of the existing algorithms, we propose a new Monte Carlo approach. In particular, we first partition the whole haplotype into smaller segments. Then, we use the Gibbs sampler both to construct the partial haplotypes of each segment and to assemble all the segments together. Our algorithm can accurately and rapidly infer haplotypes for a large number of linked SNPs. By using a wide variety of real and simulated data sets, we demonstrate the advantages of our Bayesian algorithm, and we show that it is robust to the violation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, to the presence of missing data, and to occurrences of recombination hotspots.
Integrated vapor chamber heat spreader for high power processors

Metals cover with high thermal conductivity on the top of processors die which calls Integrated Heat Spreader (IHS), The function of this metal plate is for spreading the heat from small area or processors die to the larger area of its surface for the better heat dissipation, then transfer the heat to the various cooling components. In the current technology, the IHS mostly is made of solid copper plate. In high performance processors for super computer producing a power of over 300 Watts requires lower spreading thermal resistance of IHS, however this is limited by the thermal conductivity of copper metal. The average thermal spreading resistance between the processor die and the copper IHS is a significant ratio to overall thermal resistance. This paper presents a newly solution to improve the thermal spreading resistance between processor die and the IHS by using two phase micro channel vapor chamber. The structure of micro channel vapor chamber was designed to utilize the combination of high thermal conductivity in short distance and high speed of vapor spreading in longer distance.
Polyoma large T antigen regulates the integration of viral DNA sequences into the genome of transformed cells

Abstract Cell transformation by polyoma virus appears to result from the activity of three viral early proteins, two of which (small and middle T antigens) are likely to be required for the expression of transformation, while large T antigen (the A gene product) probably promotes only its establishment. To study the role of this viral protein in polyoma transformation, rat cells were transfected with tsA polyoma DNA at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures, or with purified fragments of wild-type polyoma DNA, some of which could not encode an intact large T antigen. The transformation efficiency, as assayed by colony formation in agar medium, was about 20 fold higher in the presence of an active A gene product than in its absence. However, fully transformed colonies could be obtained in the absence of an active large T antigen, and these transformants were tumorigenic in syngeneic animals. Restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA sequences integrated into the genome of the transformed cell lines showed a strong correlation between the presence of an active viral A gene product and integrations in "head-to-tail" tandem arrangement of viral DNA molecules. In the absence of a functional large T antigen, transformants were found to contain multiple nontandem insertions of viral DNA segments shorter than the infecting polyoma molecules. These results indicate that polyoma DNA sequences can integrate into the host genome in tandem and nontandem arrangements and that the former mode of integration increases the efficiency of transformation and is promoted by large T antigen.
Noninvasive imaging of the lower extremity for deep venous thrombosis

Noninvasive imaging for LE DVT has advanced remarkably in the past decade. Currently, IPG and ultrasound techniques (RTU and DS) have been proven to be quick, accurate, relatively inexpensive, and widely available methods for detecting proximal LE DVT and can be used as the initial diagnostic studies in many settings. Color-flow Doppler ultrasound studies may be more accurate than other ultrasound techniques in diagnosing calf DVT and in differentiating acute from chronic LE DVTs, though this bears further review. Many concerns remain regarding noninvasive LE DVT imaging, including: The accuracy of the above studies in nonreferral centers. The need for and optimal frequency of follow-up studies to detect clots that propagate proximally. The optimal noninvasive techniques for imaging in the setting of recurrent DVT and other specialized settings (e.g., high-risk patients).
SIZE SEPARATION OF MARINE SESTON BY MEMBRANE AND GLASS‐FIBER FILTERS1

The average minimum sizes of particles retained by metal membranes (Selas Flotronics) and perforated polycarbonate membranes (General Electric Nuclepore) were similar to the stated pore sizes when relatively small seawater samples with moderate concentrations of particles were filtered. When large samples or high concentrations were filtered, the average retention size was less than the stated pore size. All cellulose ester membranes (Millipore) retained particles much smaller than the stated pore size, even from small samples with low particle concentrations. Glass-fiber filters had retention characteristics similar to membrane filters.
Quantitative analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging for hepatic encephalopathy

High intensity lesions around ventricles have recently been observed in T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance images for patients suffering hepatic encephalopathy. The exact etiology that causes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gray scale changes has not been totally understood. The objective of our study was to investigate, through quantitative means, (1) the amount of changes to brain white matter due to the disease process, and (2) the extent and distribution of these high intensity lesions, since it is believed that the abnormality may not be entirely limited to the white matter only. Eleven patients with proven haptic encephalopathy and three normal persons without any evidence of liver abnormality constituted our current data base. Trans-axial, sagittal, and coronal brain MRI were obtained on a 1.5 Tesla scanner. All processing was carried out on a microcomputer-based image analysis system in an off-line manner. Histograms were decomposed into regular brain tissues and lesions. Gray scale ranges coded as lesion were then brought back to original images to identify distribution of abnormality. Our results indicated the disease process involved pallidus, mesencephalon, and subthalamic regions.
Social Ideology and Early Childhood Education: A Comparative Analysis of Korean Early Childhood Teacher Education Textbooks Written in 1993 and 2003.

Analysis of the contents of textbooks is a meaningful way to examine individuals, groups and institutions, as they reflect social values, attention and interests of a society. Education as an institution reflects a society's social ideology, and examination of the sociocultural components of schools can reveal the cultural paradigm upon which a society is based. A content analysis of Korean undergraduate early childhood teacher education social studies textbooks was used to illuminate aspects of social change and dominant sociocultural beliefs in Korea. Specifically, textbooks written in 1993 and 2003 were examined in terms of how the authors treated Korean social concepts and pedagogical expectations of early childhood education, the needs of young children, and the roles of teachers over the two time periods, in light of the socio-historical demands of early childhood education in Korea. The primary focus of the textbook written in 1993 was the social and moral development of children, whereas the 2003 textbook stressed multiculturalism and preparation for living in a cooperative, global society. How the textbook authors' areas of emphases reflected the sociocultural realities and expectations of Korean society at the time they are written is discussed.
Exotic Lonicera Species both Escape and Resist Specialist and Generalist Herbivores in the Introduced Range in North America

The enemy release hypothesis predicts that invasive plant species may benefit from a lack of top-down control by co-evolved herbivores, particularly specialists, in their new range. However, to benefit from enemy escape, invasive plants must also escape or resist specialist or generalist herbivores that attack related species in the introduced range. We compared insect herbivore damage on the exotic shrub, Lonicera maackii, the native congener Lonicera reticulata, and the native confamilial Viburnum prunifolium in North America. We also compared the laboratory preference and performance of a North American honeysuckle specialist sawfly (Zaraea inflata) and the performance of a widespread generalist caterpillar (Spodoptera frugiperda) on cut foliage from native and exotic Lonicera species. L. maackii received significantly lower amounts of foliar herbivory than L. reticulata across three seasons, while damage levels observed on V. prunifolium for two seasons was generally intermediate between L. reticulata and L. maackii. The specialist sawfly damaged L. reticulata heavily, but was not detected on L. maackii in the field. There were few statistical differences in the performance of sawfly larvae on L. reticulata and L. maackii, but the sawfly achieved higher pupal masses on L. reticulata than on L. maackii, and they strongly preferred L. reticulata over L. maackii when given a choice. The sawfly was unable to complete development on native L. sempervirens and non-native L. japonica. In contrast, the generalist caterpillar performed similarly on all Lonicera species. While L. maackii experienced little herbivory in the field compared to native relatives in the same habitat, laboratory assays indicate L. maackii appears to be a suitable host that escapes selection by the specialist, but L. japonica and L. sempervirens are highly resistant to it. These findings indicate that both enemy escape and resistance (to a specialist, but not a generalist herbivore) may contribute to the success of exotic Lonicera species.
The Soft-Feedback ISI Canceller-Based Turbo Equalizer for Multilevel Modulations

In this paper, we investigate the soft-feedback equalizer (SFE) proposed by Lopes et al. for multilevel modulations. The SFE is based on intersymbol interference canceller structure and is compared to both soft-decision feedback turbo equalizer (SDFE) and the exact solution of MMSE linear equalizer (Exact-MMSE-LE) by means of EXIT chart analysis and BER simulations. Interesting results reveal that, for multilevel modulations, the SFE not only exhibits the same low complexity, low SNR threshold and fast convergence as SDFE but also reaches matched filter bound after a large number of iterations.
Inhibition of citrulline synthesis by octanoate and its modulation by adenine nucleotides

Abstract Liver mitochondria from octanoate-treated rabbits showed an impaired ability to synthesize citrulline. Two methods were used to evaluate citrulline synthesis in rat liver mitochondria. Under these conditions octanoate inhibited citrulline synthesis by over 50%. When ATP was included in the assay medium the inhibitory effect of ocatanoate was prevented. In the absence of ATP in the suspending medium, octanoate did not significantly lower total adenine nucleotides in rat liver mitochondria. However, under these conditions octanoate caused a change in the adenine nucleotide profile such that ATP content was decreased and AMP content was increased. When ATP was present in the assay medium, octanoate caused a similar increase in AMP content. However, ATP decreased only slightly. The alterations in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide profile by octanoate and the reversal of the effect by exogenous ATP suggests that octanoate inhibits citrulline synthesis via reduced intramitochondrial ATP levels. The ability of octanoate to lower mitochondrial ATP and elevate mitochondrial AMP may be related to its intramitochondrial activation by the medium chain fatty acid activating enzyme.
Ratio Estimation in SIMS Analysis

Abstract The determination of an isotope ratio by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) traditionally involves averaging a number of ratios collected over the course of a measurement. We show that this method leads to an additive positive bias in the expectation value of the estimated ratio that is approximately equal to the true ratio divided by the counts of the denominator isotope of an individual ratio. This bias does not decrease as the number of ratios used in the average increases. By summing all counts in the numerator isotope, then dividing by the sum of counts in the denominator isotope, the estimated ratio is less biased: the bias is approximately equal to the ratio divided by the summed counts of the denominator isotope over the entire measurement. We propose a third ratio estimator (Beale’s estimator) that can be used when the bias from the summed counts is unacceptably large for the hypothesis being tested. We derive expressions for the variance of these ratio estimators as well as the conditions under which they are normally distributed. Finally, we investigate a SIMS dataset showing the effects of ratio bias, and discuss proper ratio estimation for SIMS analysis.
Identification of Unprecedented Purine-Containing Compounds, the Zingerines, from Ginger Rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) using a Phase-Trafficking Approach

Three unprecedented purine-containing compounds, named [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-zingerines as they are 5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl) analogs of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols, respectively, were isolated from a methanolic extract of ginger rhizomes using a phase trafficking-based method that utilizes solid phase reagents allowing for fast and selective simultaneous separation of basic, acidic, and neutral components of natural products extracts.
Binding of ALX40-4C to APJ, a CNS-based receptor, inhibits its utilization as a co-receptor by HIV-1

APJ, a G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor, has been shown to serve as a co-receptor for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and it is dramatically expressed in central nervous system (CNS)-based cells. ALX40-4C was identified as a small-molecule antagonist of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, which can specifically inhibit HIV-1 entry via this co-receptor. In this study, we demonstrated that ALX40-4C inhibited both APJ- and CXCR4/APJ-mediated cell membrane fusion in a dose-dependent manner. In competitive binding assays, (125)I-Apelin13 was replaced by ALX40-4C with an IC(50) of 2.9 microM, as compared with an IC(50) of 0.2 nM for Apelin13. Furthermore, ALX40-4C could block ligand-induced APJ internalization and signaling. ALX40-4C, as an antagonist to APJ, directly binds to and prevents use of APJ as a HIV-1 co-receptor. Thus, ALX-4C has potential utility for further elucidation of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis and therapy of HIV-1-induced encephalopathy.
The Central American transnational imaginary: Defining the transnational and gendered contours of Central American immigrant experience

In this article, I explore recent cultural production about and by Central Americans in the United States, including the independent film Sin nombre, Sirias's novel, Bernardo and the Virgin, and the autobiographical account, December Sky: Beyond My Undocumented Life by Cortez-Davis. Drawing on Jose Saldivar's conceptualization of a “transnational imaginary,” I contend that these cultural works contribute to the formation and continuous redefinition of an emergent Central American transnational imaginary. In so doing, they provide insight into the identities and multiple subject positions taking shape among Central American immigrants in the United States. Moreover, because in all of these texts women play a central role, these works also call attention to the gendered dimensions and implications of such processes.
Of nerve growth cones, leukocytes and memory: second messenger systems and growth-regulated proteins

Abstract Subcellular fractionation of fetal brain has made it possible to isolate fragments of nerve growth cones in bulk and to analyse them biochemically. These ‘growth-cone particles' contain several growth-associated molecules and characteristic phosphoproteins. The growth cone's most prevalent second messenger system known, phosphoinositide metabolism and protein kinase C, resembles that of leukocytes. Knowledge of growth-regulated proteins now enables one to study neurite growth biochemically and immunocytochemically. Furthermore, one of these growth-associated proteins, pp46/GAP 43 appears to be identical to protein F1, whose phosphorylation changes with long-term potentiation in the mature hippocampus. Such biochemical data on growth cones make it possible to draw interesting parallels with an apparently very different system, the locomoting leukocyte, and with biochemical events associated with long-term potentiation, a model of long-term memory.
Oxybutynin chloride in control of post-transurethral vesical pain and spasm

Oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan) and placebo were randomized in a double-blind trial to determine the effectiveness of the test agent in controlling post-transurethral pain and spasm. Oxybutynin chloride was found effective in controlling pain and spasm; no significant side effects were noted.
Effect of dietary vitamin E on methyl ethyl ketone peroxide damage to microsomal cytochrome P-450 peroxidase

Summary The effect of dietary vitamin E on in vivo and in vitro damage by methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) to cytochrome P -450 and its associated enzymatic activity was studied. In vivo, MEKP damaged microsomal cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450-mediated peroxidases in vitamin E-deficient rat liver. Dietary vitamin E treatment of rats protected the microsomal enzymes from peroxide damage. In vitro, the extent of MEKP inhibition was different for tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD)-peroxidase, NADH-peroxidase, and aminopyrine demethylase. In vitro addition of MEKP induced production of more thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) in liver microsomes from vitamin E-deficient rats than from vitamin E-supplemented rats. When NADH and/or NADPH were supplied as reductants of MEKP, the inhibition of aminopyrine demethylase activity and the generation of TBARS by added MEKP were markedly reduced. In vivo, adequate levels of vitamin E and of NADH and NADPH are probably necessary to provide important protection to the endoplasmic reticulum during metabolism of toxic organic peroxides, such as MEKP.
Effluent Monitoring for Nuclear Safeguards

A microprocessor-based instrument operates a continuous surveillance on effluents from a nuclear facility. It receives and evaluates pulses from two NaI detectors and a set of single-channel analyzers. It has self-diagnosing capability so that it takes actions not only when it recognizes excessive radioactivity but also when it ascertains some abnormal behaviour. Power failure procedure and automatic restart are provided. Operative constants such as alarm thresholds, times, and number of successive measurements are permanently stored in a read/write battery operated C-MOS memory. The program allows automatic succession of phases in a peculiar way and has a feature for loading an auxiliary program into RAMs.