cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Documentation of drug abuse in the family or household of children admitted to the hospital for non-accidental trauma.

Abstract Background Drug abuse in the family is known to increase the risk of child abuse, but its impact on outcomes of hospitalizations for non-accidental trauma (NAT) has not been characterized. Objective We aimed to identify how frequently drug abuse in the household was documented among children with known or suspected NAT, and to correlate drug abuse in the family with hospitalization outcomes. Participants and setting At our tertiary care hospital, we retrospectively queried hospital admissions of children ages 0–17 who had a Child Abuse and Neglect consultation ordered during an inpatient stay. Methods Case manager documentation and consult notes from the inpatient response team were used to determine suspected or confirmed presence of household substance abuse. Results We identified 185 children meeting inclusion criteria (59 % Conclusion Our study addresses the role of family drug abuse in outcomes of hospitalizations for NAT. Significantly, half of cases with suspected or known drug abuse had no prior CPS involvement, and drug abuse was associated with discharge outcomes after controlling for prior CPS involvement.
Basics and Clinical Application of the MR Assessment of Ventilation

There is a growing motivation for imaging regional lung ventilation. Global measures of lung function such as spirometry are not able to distinguish patterns of obstruction and regional reversibility in response to intervention. Advantages of MRI for lung imaging include use of nonionizing radiation and flexibility for acquiring dynamic, multidimensional signal changes in response to changes in lung function. For these reasons, MRI is particularly attractive for longitudinal studies of chronic lung disease, especially in pediatric populations. There are two broad classes of ventilation imaging methods using MRI, which have matured over the past decade: proton-based methods and direct imaging of exogenous gases using multinuclear MRI and spectroscopy. This chapter will provide a review of the theory and rationale of ventilation imaging with MRI, results of clinical research in ventilation MRI, and emerging methods of ventilation imaging. Proton MRI ventilation imaging techniques covered in this chapter include deformable image registration, Fourier decomposition, and oxygen-enhanced methods. This chapter also covers ventilation techniques utilizing MRI of visible gas nuclei, including hyperpolarized gas MRI and perfluorinated gas MRI.
OpenICS: Open Image Compressive Sensing Toolbox and Benchmark

We present OpenICS, an image compressive sensing toolbox that includes multiple image compressive sensing and reconstruction algorithms proposed in the past decade. Due to the lack of standardization in the implementation and evaluation of the proposed algorithms, the application of image compressive sensing in the real-world is limited. We believe this toolbox is the first framework that provides a unified and standardized implementation of multiple image compressive sensing algorithms. In addition, we also conduct a benchmarking study on the methods included in this framework from two aspects: reconstruction accuracy and reconstruction efficiency. We wish this toolbox and benchmark can serve the growing research community of compressive sensing and the industry applying image compressive sensing to new problems as well as developing new methods more efficiently. Code and models are available at this https URL. The project is still under maintenance, and we will keep this document updated.
Therapeutic Role of Nitric Oxide in Diabetic Wound Healing: A Systematic Review

Post injury, healing of wound is essential for recovery of uprightness of the body, which is one of the complex, continuous and unanticipated chains of events in case of diabetic patients. Nitric oxide represents a potential wound therapeutic agent due to its ability to regulate inflammation and eradicate bacterial infections. Impaired wound healing is a prominent diabetic complication which may lead to amputations also. In addition to modern medicines we can use nitric oxide therapy prominently for diabetic wound healing. Prominent and proven role of nitric oxide as well as conventional materials (like metformin and hydrogen sulphide, whey proteins, acidified nitrile etc), therapies (like low level laser therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy etc) and techniques (like in vivo implants with biosensors) can be taken into consideration. Many plant extracts showed promising results for wound healing activity by increasing nitric oxide levels. Use of modern technologies such as implant with biosensor and technique like sonic head hog gene are available for diabetic wound healing using Nitric oxide. In this review, an attempt has been made to compile comprehensive updated information of role of nitric oxide in diabetic wound healing, which may be exploited by focusing more on development of effective strategies to treat diabetes-associated wound.
Surface generation using implicit cubics

Modeling physical objects with low-degree algebraic surfaces shows promise for applications where manipulating and reasoning about physical objects are important. In this paper, we present an algorithm for free-form surface constructions using implicitly defined cubic surface patches. The input data for the algorithm is an arbitrary polyhedron with a normal prescribed at each vertex of the polyhedron. Using a Clough-Tocher like splitting scheme, the algorithm constructs a smooth piecewise cubic surface interpolating the vertices of the polyhedron and the prescribed normal at each vertex. The free-form surface construction in the algorithm is local and quadratically precise. In addition, the shape of the free-form surfaces can be manipulated through a set of intuitive shape parameters without knowing the details of the algorithm. The implementation results are reported.
THE EFFECT OF CHOLINE DEFICIENCY ON THE FAT CONTENT OF REGENERATED LIVER

Young rats fed a low protein, high fat, choline-free diet fail to develop fatty livers when sufficient nicotinamide is included in the diet to prevent growth (1). The ingestion of a diet devoid of both methionine and choline causes rats to lose weight rapidly and their livers contain slightly subnormal amounts of fat.’ Rats also fail to grow or develop fatty livers on diets simultaneously deficient in choline and either thiamine (a), riboflavin (3), pantothenic acid (4), or pyridoxine (5). In view of this correlation, it has been suggested (1) that the normal fat content of these livers, despite the choline deficiency, does not necessarily indicate that these members of the vitamin R complex have specific r&es in fat metabolism. Rather does it appear that the fatty livers of choline deficiency can only be induced when all other dietary factors are close to optimal for growth. It seemed of interest to determine whether the factor involved is the metabolism and growth of the liver itself or the over-all metabolism of the growing rat. To do this it was necessary to obtain conditions in which the livers of a group of rats were growing while the rats themselves were losing weight.
Upper limb rehabilitation trajectory optimization based on artificial immune genetic algorithm

In this paper, we focus on the human upper limb multi-joints trajectory optimization under the constraints of the stroke patients with hemiplegia. A three-dimensional motion trajectory planning method based on artificial immune genetic algorithm is put forward. We combine the minimal effort criterion with three-dimensional motion dynamics model to solve the objective function of the multi-joint motion trajectory. So, we convert point-to-point motion trajectory optimization into solving the joint angle value. Using artificial immune idea, we design a optimization algorithm to solve the optimal trajectory of the upper limb movement. The simulations reveal that the immune algorithm has faster convergence to global optimum, and the trajectory is smooth. Velocity and acceleration curves are stable and without saltaton avoiding the quick starts and stops, which meet the standards of upper limb movement characteristics. The method in this paper can optimize the upper limb rehabilitation trajectory more effective and faster.
Early Manipulation of Metabolic Changes due to Severe Burns in Children

Burns account for around 700,000 emergency department visits every year resulting in around 50,000 admissions to hospital in the United States [1]. Around 50% of these admissions have burns of less than 10% total body surface area (TBSA) and, as such, have near normal metabolic rates. For the remainder, the rise in metabolic rate is linked to burn size and for those with severe thermal injuries (>40% TBSA) the change in patient metabolism is, if left unchecked, set to last for more than 12 months. The change contributes, at least in part, to long term deleterious effects on the individual. It has been previously shown that the ensuing period of hypermetabolism and catabolism following a severe burn leads to impaired immune function, decreased wound healing, erosion of lean body mass, and hinders rehabilitative efforts delaying reintegration into normal society. However, the magnitude and longevity of these changes has yet to be fully elucidated. Strategies for attenuating these maladaptive responses may be divided into pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Non-pharmacological approaches include prompt, early excision and closure of wounds, pertinacious surveillance for and treatment of sepsis, early commencement of high protein high carbohydrate enteral feeding, elevation of the immediate environmental temperature to 31.5°C (± 0.7°C), and early institution of an aerobic resistive exercise program. Several pharmacotherapeutic options are also available to further reduce metabolic rate and as such attenuate the erosion of lean body mass; these include anabolic agents such as recombinant human growth hormone, insulin, and oxandrolone and also beta blockade using propranolol.
Spectral evolution in young active galactic nuclei

The spectral evolution of AGNs is discussed within the context of a scenario where the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) is dominated by these sources. Attention is draqwn to the fact that the individually observed AGN X-ray spectra are significantly steeper than that of the CXB. The remarkably flat spectrum thereby required for the 'as-yet' unresolved sources of the residual CXB is interpreted as an observational constraint on an earlier stage of AGN evolution. Assuming black hole disk accretion, a picture emerges where young AGNs are compact Eddington limited thermal X-ray sources and where canonical AGNs represent later stages in which they have become appreciably less compact, exhibiting the importance of nonthermal disk-dynamo processes.
Convergence of some asynchronous nonlinear multisplitting methods

Frommer's nonlinear multisplitting methods for solving nonlinear systems of equations are extended to the asynchronous setting. Block methods are extended to include overlap as well. Several specific cases are discussed. Sufficient conditions to guarantee their local convergence are given. A numerical example is presented illustrating the performance of the new approach.
Pallister‐Hall and Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndromes

Pallister-Hall syndrome and Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome are allelic pleiotropic developmental anomaly syndromes due to abnormalities of the GLI3 gene. In spite of the fact that they are allelic and have a wide range of severity, the two syndromes are clinically distinct and rarely confused. Frequent manifestations of Pallister-Hall syndrome include hypothalamic hamartoma with or without pituitary dysplasia and endocrine dysfunction, central and postaxial polydactyly, bifid epiglottis or laryngeal cleft, and imperforate anus. Individuals with typical Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome have macrocephaly, hypertelorism, and postaxial or preaxial polysyndactyly. Both disorders are rare (less than 1/500,000) but rapid recognition, especially of Pallister-Hall syndrome, is critical for making early management decisions. It appears that both disorders have an equal incidence in all population groups. Keywords: Pallister-Hall syndrome; Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome; GLI3 mutations; hypothalamic hamartoma; pituitary dysplasia; endocrine dysfunction; polydactyly; bifid epiglottis; laryngeal cleft; imperforate anus; polysyndactyly
Global redesign of a native β-barrel scaffold

One persistent challenge in membrane protein design is accomplishing extensive modifications of proteins without impairing their functionality. A truncation derivative of the ferric hydroxamate uptake component A (FhuA), which featured the deletion of the 160-residue cork domain and five large extracellular loops, produced the conversion of a non-conductive, monomeric, 22-stranded β-barrel protein into a large-conductance protein pore. Here, we show that this redesigned β-barrel protein tolerates an extensive alteration in the internal surface charge, encompassing 25 negative charge neutralizations. By using single-molecule electrophysiology, we noted that a commonality of various truncation FhuA protein pores was the occurrence of 33% blockades of the unitary current at very high transmembrane potentials. We determined that these current transitions were stimulated by their interaction with an external cationic polypeptide, which occurred in a fashion dependent on the surface charge of the pore interior as well as the polypeptide characteristics. This study shows promise for extensive engineering of a large monomeric β-barrel protein pore in molecular biomedical diagnosis, therapeutics, and biosensor technology.
Hard and soft allopatry: physically and ecologically mediated modes of geographic speciation

Aim Three common patterns have emerged in comparative phylogeographic analyses at many barriers: (1) a potential geographic pseudocongruence of lineage divergences; (2) a disconnect between the inference of temporally clustered, relatively recent timing for observed speciation events, and dates spanning a broader, apparently random time-scale; and (3) an apparent prevalence of speciation with recent or continuing gene flow. It is unclear if there is a unifying explanation for these phenomena. We argue that the interaction between geographic barriers to dispersal and ecological limits on the distribution of species can explain these patterns. We suggest that these patterns can be explained by the presence of a continuum between two underlying processes, here termed ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ allopatric divergence, which result from the interplay between organismal ecology and the physioecological nature of geographic barriers. Location Examples from North America. Methods We examine comparative phylogeographic divergences in 18 groups of terrestrial vertebrates at two major biogeographic features in North America ‐ the Mississippi River Embayment and the Cochise Filter Barrier ‐ to test predictions made by this hypothesis. Results We find support for the two distinct processes of hard and soft allopatry, and note several examples exhibiting characteristics of both. Hard allopatry is caused by physical barriers promoting divergence as a function of consistent geographic isolation. Soft allopatry is caused by ecological processes that isolate populations geographically in allopatric refugia through niche conservatism, or across ecological transition zones through niche divergence, but which may be periodic or inconsistent through time.
MASS MEASUREMENTS USING THE RANGE--ENERGY RELATION IN A HELIUM BUBBLE CHAMBER.

Abstract Based on range measurements for reactions occuring in a helium bubble chamber, we have obtained the following values for the Σ+ mass and for the mass squared of the muon neutrino: M(Σ + )= (1189.16 ± 0.12) MeV /c 2 ; M 2 (v μ ) = (2.0 ± 2.3) ( MeV /c 2 ) 2 . This value of M2(vμ) places an upper limit on M(vμ) ⩽ 2.2 MeV/c2 (90% confidence). A value for the mean excitation potential in the helium range-energy relation of (42.5 ± 0.8) eV was also obtained.
Hospital course of HIV-positive patients with odontogenic infections

Abstract Objective: The study purpose was to compare and contrast the hospital course of patients who are human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) and human immunodeficiency virus-negative (HIV–) who were admitted to manage their odontogenic infection. Study Design: We used a retrospective case-control study design and a sample derived from patients admitted for management of their odontogenic infections. Cases and controls were defined as patients who were HIV+ or HIV–, respectively. HIV status was determined by patient self-report. Outcome variables included admission temperature (degrees Celsius) and white blood cell count, number of fascial spaces infected, days with temperature >38°C, need for intensive care, and length of hospital stay. Results: The study sample consisted of 60 patients (10 HIV+ cases and 50 HIV– controls matched for age and sex) with a mean age of 32.8 ± 6.6 years and was predominately male (78%). Significant differences existed between patients who were HIV+ and those who were HIV– for the following variables: admission white blood cell count, number of days with maximum temperature >38.0°C, and use of the intensive care unit. Conclusions: The study results suggest that patients who are HIV+ who are admitted for management of odontogenic infection have a significantly more intense hospital course than those who are HIV–. However, the overall length of hospital stay is not significantly different. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:23-7)
Some Geologic Problems of Mars

Data on the body of Mars are as yet insufficient to allow computation of meaningful models of the internal structure or density stratification within the planet. The flattening of the solid surface appears to be greater than the flattening of the equipotential surface by about a factor of two. The resultant possibility that the equatorial regions are high compared to the polar areas has many geological and biological implications. Most of the inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, and Mars—have bulk compositions which differ from one another as well as from that of the stony meteorites. The thermal histories of the planets have therefore differed because of different original compositions as well as different sizes and distances from the Sun. More data on the surface topography are required in order to make geological interpretations which are not largely subjective. The dark areas could be either highlands or lowlands relative to surrounding bright areas. Although sharp relief of several thousand feet is probably absent or nearly so, substantial mountain ranges, plateaus, or basins could exist if the slopes on their flanks are gradual. Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars, and aqueous erosion features, if they once existed, have become subdued by aeolian activity. Winds on Mars may move more and coarser material than winds on Earth. Deep accumulations of aeolian deposits have formed, at least locally. Mariner IV pictures show an impact-crater distribution much like the highland areas of the Moon. Many craters with original depths of less than about 8000–10,000 feet have become obliterated on Mars by windblown dust.
Cataracts in Amblystoma tigrinum Larvae Fed Experimental Diets

SummaryTwo types of cortical cataract have been produced in salamander larvae by synthetic diets differing in their protein constituents. The first type, rarely detectable in the early stages and with a marked final shrinkage, was caused by a diet of purified casein and by diets of the separate muscle proteins. The second type, with an easily visible early zoning, large fluid content at maturity, and halted later changes, was caused by diets with high hemoglobin content. Prevention of the first type of cataract was attained by dietary supplementation with cystine, while prevention of the second type required all 3 components of glutathione and apparently some additional factor.
On the growth and decay of transverse acceleration waves on a nonlinear, externally damped string

We examine the growth and decay of transverse acceleration waves on a nonlinear string whose motion takes place in a resisting medium. It is shown that one effect of external damping is to increase, with respect to the undamped case, the rate at which growth/decay of the wave's amplitude takes place. In addition, the effects of the string's initial velocity are examined, a stability analysis is carried out, and a series of numerical simulations of acceleration waves on a finite string are presented.
Predictors for return to work after spinal cord injury: a 3-year multicenter analysis.

Abstract Hess DW, Ripley DL, McKinley WO, Tewksbury M. Predictors for return to work after spinal cord injury: a 3-year multicenter analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:359-63. Objective: To examine the ability of the Motor Index Score (MIS), in combination with demographic variables, to predict return to work during a 3-year period for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: Prospectively collected data, between 1986 and 1995, submitted to the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center were analyzed to determine the prediction of return to work utilizing variables of education, ethnicity, age, marital status, gender, and MIS. Individuals, aged 18 to 65yrs, employed at the time of their injury, were evaluated at discharge from rehabilitation and at 1 (YR1), 2 (YR2), and 3 (YR3) years postinjury (sample sizes of 1,857, 1,486, and 1,177, respectively). Results: The most important predictors of return to work were education, MIS, ethnicity, and age at onset of SCI. These variables resulted in a high rate of accuracy for predicting across all 3 yrs (YR1, 81%; YR2, 82%; YR3, 77%). Conclusions: The ability to predict return to work after SCI was shown utilizing MIS and demographic variables, with nearly 80% accuracy. This suggests that return to work after SCI is a dynamic process, with the level of importance of each variable changing with time postinjury. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Variation in array size, monomer composition and expression of the macrosatellite DXZ4.

Macrosatellites are some of the most polymorphic regions of the human genome, yet many remain uncharacterized despite the association of some arrays with disease susceptibility. This study sought to explore the polymorphic nature of the X-linked macrosatellite DXZ4. Four aspects of DXZ4 were explored in detail, including tandem repeat copy number variation, array instability, monomer sequence polymorphism and array expression. DXZ4 arrays contained between 12 and 100 3.0 kb repeat units with an average array containing 57. Monomers were confirmed to be arranged in uninterrupted tandem arrays by restriction digest analysis and extended fiber FISH, and therefore DXZ4 encompasses 36–288 kb of Xq23. Transmission of DXZ4 through three generations in three families displayed a high degree of meiotic instability (8.3%), consistent with other macrosatellite arrays, further highlighting the unstable nature of these sequences in the human genome. Subcloning and sequencing of complete DXZ4 monomers identified numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms and alleles for the three microsatellite repeats located within each monomer. Pairwise comparisons of DXZ4 monomer sequences revealed that repeat units from an array are more similar to one another than those originating from different arrays. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed significant variation in DXZ4 expression both within and between cell lines. DXZ4 transcripts could be detected originiating from both the active and inactive X chromosome. Expression levels of DXZ4 varied significantly between males, but did not relate to the size of the array, nor did inheritance of the same array result in similar expression levels. Collectively, these studies provide considerable insight into the polymorphic nature of DXZ4, further highlighting the instability and variation potential of macrosatellites in the human genome.
Is the 12C(,d0) reaction a good polarization standard?

Abstract The suitability of d −12C elastic scattering as a deuteron polarization analyzer is examined.
Mitoplasts. Mitotic cells minus the chromosomes.

Abstract The cytoplasts of mitotic cells (mitoplasts) can be obtained by extruding the chromosomes upon centrifugation in a discontinuous Ficoll density gradient in the presence of cytochalasin B (CB). The mitoplasts so obtained are viable and remain spherical and unattached upon plating in culture dishes. They can synthesize RNA and protein to the same extent as the intact mitotic cells. A yield of 3 × 107 mitoplasts with 90–95% purity can easily be obtained. This preparative method for obtaining mitoplasts could be helpful in studying the nature of factors in the initiation of mitosis and cell division.
Planar, Large Excursion Bond Graph Model for Full Suspension Mountain Biking

A bond graph model of a fully suspended mountain bike and non-seated rider is created to develop predictions for the performance of mountain bikes during large excursion maneuvers such as drops, jumps, crashes, and rough terrain riding. The model assumes planar dynamics, a single pivot full suspension bicycle, and a rigid-body rider suspended from the bicycle. The main frame, front fork, rear triangle, two wheels, and rider are modeled as separate bodies interconnected at the main pivot, telescoping fork, pedals, handlebars, and axles. Suspensions are between the main frame and front fork, main frame and rear triangle, handlebars and rider (arms) and pedals and rider (legs). An algorithm is used to allow tracking of a virtual tire-ground contact point for events that separate the wheels from the ground. Significant excursions of motion are allowed to model major slope changes, separations from the ground, and large rotational events (endos). The bond graph approach allows kinematics to drive the significant dynamic interactions with the effort (force and torque) relationships being derived for “free”. Simulations of a ground profile with a rise followed by a steep drop are performed for various initial conditions to qualitatively validate the predictions of the model. Rider strategies for negotiating the drop are examined in the process. Overarching goals of the research are to examine and understand the dynamics and control of interactions between a cyclist and mountain bike. Specific, longer term, goals are to understand the improvement in performance afforded by an experienced rider, to hypothesize human control algorithms that allow riders to perform maneuvers well and safely, to predict structural bike and body forces from these maneuvers, and to quantify performance differences between hard-tail and various full suspension bicycles.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Investment barriers and international asset pricing

In this article a multicountry model of international asset pricing is developed. This model incorporates a more general representation of the degree of segmentation in the international capital market. Specifically,N types of investors andN classes of securities are postulated. In general, thenth (n=1, 2, 3, ...N) type of investor has access to all security markets up to and including thenth class. Using the standard mean-variance framework, closed form equilibrium risk return relationships are obtained for all classes of securities. It is also shown that class 1 securities are priced as if markets are integrated, classn (n=2, 3 ...N) securities commandn different risk premia. Finally, the nature of the model specification allows us to investigate the effects of partial integration on investor welfare. It is shown that, in general, all investors prefer full integration to any form of partial integration.
Thermal analysis of an annular fin with (a) simultaneously imposed base temperature and base heat flux and (b) fixed base and tip temperatures

The performance of an annular fin with uniform thickness losing heat by convection to its surroundings is studied analytically for two sets of boundary conditions: (a) simultaneously prescribed base temperature and base heat flux, (b) specified base and tip temperatures. For (a) analytical expressions are derived for the temperature distribution, the tip heat flow, and the Biot number at the tip. For the fin tip to be insulated, a relationship between the base heat flow, the radii of the fin, and the fin parameter must be satisfied. Based on the base heat flow for the insulated tip, an expression is derived for the tip temperature. For part (b), analytical solutions are presented for the temperature distribution, base heat flow, and tip heat flow. For the adiabatic tip condition, a relation between the tip temperature, the fin parameter, and the radii of the fin must be satisfied. The condition under which the fin tip can be freely exposed to the environment is established. The graphical results provide a comprehensive picture of the thermal performance of the annular fin under both cooling and heating conditions.
Automatic sources of aggression

In this paper, we review research on automaticity with particular relevance to aggression. Once triggered by environmental features, preconscious automatic processes run to completion without any conscious monitoring. The basic experimental technique for studying automatic processes is priming. We review studies showing that priming, including subliminal priming, of mental constructs related to aggression leads to reliable effects on perceptions, judgments, and behavior. Specifically, after such priming, people perceive ambiguous behaviors as more aggressive and tend to act more aggressively themselves as well. We also review studies showing that: (a) prolonged exposure to violence can result in the development of chronic accessibility of aggressive constructs affecting how the social environment is interpreted, and (b) even goal-directed behavior can be automatically triggered by situational features if this behavior is consistently and frequently enacted in the same situation.
The use of anti-TNFα medications for rheumatologic disease in pregnancy.

Anti-TNFα medications have led to vast improvements in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease. As these diseases often afflict women in their reproductive years, the safety of these drugs during pregnancy is an important issue. Prospectively collected data thus far appear to be reassuring; however an analysis of the FDA-reported anomalies has raised some questions. It appears that significant levels of these drugs cross the placenta as the pregnancy nears term, but little is passed through breast milk. Prior to using these medications during pregnancy, the risks and benefits of these drugs, other treatment options, and the ongoing inflammatory condition all must be carefully weighed by both doctor and patient.
Executive functioning and health: introduction to the special series.

Advances in the fields of neuropsychology and neuroscience have fueled a renewed interest in the association between brain functioning and health. This burgeoning activity is clearly due in part to the development and refinement of cognitive assessment techniques and brain imaging technology. Of particular relevance to health psychology and behavioral medicine has been recent research on the set of brain functions collectively termed “executive” (alternately termed executive functioning, executive cognitive functioning, or executive functions). This issue of Annals of Behavioral Medicine presents a series of papers that illustrate how research on central topics in health psychology and behavioral medicine may be informed by considering the role of executive functioning (EF), including maintenance and change of health behavior, stress regulation, developmental trajectories of aging and mortality, and management of chronic illness.
Orbital-optimized density cumulant functional theory

In density cumulant functional theory (DCFT) the electronic energy is evaluated from the one-particle density matrix and two-particle density cumulant, circumventing the computation of the wavefunction. To achieve this, the one-particle density matrix is decomposed exactly into the mean-field (idempotent) and correlation components. While the latter can be entirely derived from the density cumulant, the former must be obtained by choosing a specific set of orbitals. In the original DCFT formulation [W. Kutzelnigg, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 171101 (2006)] the orbitals were determined by diagonalizing the effective Fock operator, which introduces partial orbital relaxation. Here we present a new orbital-optimized formulation of DCFT where the energy is variationally minimized with respect to orbital rotations. This introduces important energy contributions and significantly improves the description of the dynamic correlation. In addition, it greatly simplifies the computation of analytic gradients, for which expressions are also presented. We offer a perturbative analysis of the new orbital stationarity conditions and benchmark their performance for a variety of chemical systems.
Acetal migration during glycosylations catalyzed by mercuric cyanide: Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 6-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-β-d-galactopyranoside

Abstract Isopropylidenation of p -nitrophenyl β- d -galactopyranoside under kinetic control afforded the 4,6-acetal ( 2 ). The structure of 2 was established by 1 H- and 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy, and confirmed by methylation, and hydrolysis to 2,3-di- O -methyl- d -galactose. Selective benzoylation of 2 with benzoyl chloride in pyridine afforded the 3- O -benzoyl derivative 3 . Isomerization of 3 in a phase-transfer type of reaction gave a mixture of 3 and its 2- O -benzoyl isomer 4 . Glycosidation of 4 (catalyzed by mercuric cyanide) with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide ( 7 ) gave a crystalline disaccharide derivative ( 8 ). O -Deacylation of 8 furnished the disaccharide acetal ( 9 ). The 13 C-n.m.r. spectrum of 9 revealed the presence of a 3,4-acetal, indicating that neither 9 nor 8 was a (1→3)-linked disaccharide derivative. Deacetylation of 9 afforded p -nitrophenyl 6- O -β- d -galactopyranosyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 10 ). The (1→6) linkage in 10 was established by permethylation, and hydrolysis to 2,3,4-tri- O -methyl- d -galactose. Compound 10 was converted into the crystalline 2-benzoate ( 11 ) of its 3,4,2′,3′,4′,6′-hexaacetate, and 11 afforded the amorphous 2,3,4,2′,3′,4′,6′-heptaacetate. The disaccharide 10 was also synthesized by condensation of the bromide 7 with p -nitrophenyl 2,3-di- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 6 ), followed by O -deacetylation; compound 6 was obtained from 2 by way of the crystalline 4,6-acetal 2,3-diacetate.
Balloon dilatation of post-surgical ano-rectal strictures in two infants

Balloon dilatation of ano-rectal strictures offers an alternative to surgical repair of such lesions. This procedure has been described in higher colonic strictures secondary to necrotizing enterocolitis in infants but not in post-surgical ano-rectal strictures. Two cases of successful balloon dilatation are reported. Anal sphincter injury resulting in fecal incontinence, as previously reported [1], did not occur.
Evaluation of a Youth with Sexual Behavior Problems (YSBP) Outpatient Treatment Program

Sexual behavior problems usually involve intimidation or force and can be harmful. Evidence-based practices for youth with sexual behavior problems (YSBP) are needed. This study involved a program evaluation at an urban community mental health program for YSBP which incorporated cognitive-behavioral therapy methods. Secondary data was collected from case files of 28 male youthful offenders, ages 11–17, from an urban community-based mental health center. Results suggest that there were significant improvements in youth psychosocial functioning and parenting stress, and significant decreases in parent–child dysfunctional interaction. However, there was no significant change in Sexual Interests, Attitudes, and Behaviors. Although there were several limitations to the evaluation, improvements in critical areas such as psychosocial functioning, parenting and parent–child relations are promising. Suggestions to improve the program are discussed along with future research that is needed.
ATOM PROBE INVESTIGATION OF THE OXIDATION OF Ni-Zr INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS

Analyse par microscopie ionique a emission de champ de la transformation superficielle des composes intermetalliques Ni 5 Zr, Ni 7 Zr 2 et Ni 3 Zr lors des premiers stades de la formation de l'oxyde
Efficiencies of hydrogen storage systems onboard fuel cell vehicles

Energy efficiency, vehicle weight, driving range, and fuel economy are compared among fuel cell vehicles (FCV) with different types of fuel storage and battery-powered electric vehicles. Three options for onboard fuel storage are examined and compared in order to evaluate the most energy efficient option of storing fuel in fuel cell vehicles: compressed hydrogen gas storage, metal hydride storage, and onboard reformer of methanol. Solar energy is considered the primary source for fair comparison of efficiencies for true zero emission vehicles. Component efficiencies are from the literature. The battery powered electric vehicle has the highest efficiency of conversion from solar energy for a driving range of 300 miles. Among the fuel cell vehicles, the most efficient is the vehicle with onboard compressed hydrogen storage. The compressed gas FCV is also the leader in four other categories: vehicle weight for a given range, driving range for a given weight, efficiency starting with fossil fuels, and miles per gallon equivalent (about equal to a hybrid electric) on urban and highway driving cycles.
Fermions on the hypertorus

Abstract The hypertoroidal formalism developed previously is extended to include the presence of fermion fields. The fermion equation is completely solved for the case of isospinor fermions in the background field of the O(4) × O(2) invariant meron solution.
A Catastrophe Model of Employee Withdrawal Leading to Low Job Performance, High Absenteeism, and Job Turnover During the First Year of Employment

A catastrophe model of employee withdrawal indicates that declining job performance, absenteeism, and turnover are discontinuous behavioral outcomes of the same withdrawal phenomenon arising from varying levels of job tension and group cohesion. The advantages of using catastrophe models to describe the temporal changes in employee withdrawal over a relatively short time period are discussed.
Possible mechanism for High-Tc superconductivity

Based on recent experiments and numerical simulations on the glass behaviour of the new high-T c superconductors, a microscopic mechanism is proposed. Disorder is found to play an important role. Pairing of holes and subsequent bose condensation on an antiferromagnetic background is proposed as a basic mechanism for high-T c superconductivity.
Mismatched bases in nucleic acids: their effects on structures and stability

A series of ribo- and deoxyribo-oligonucleotides were synthesized with the sequences CAnG, CUmG AND CTmG (n and m = 5 or 6). These molecules can form RNA, DNA and hybrid double stranded helices containing either perfect base pairing (n = m), or mismatches (n ≠ m). The thermodynamics of formation of these helices has been measured and the destabilization caused by an extra uridylic, thymidylic or adenylic residue has been determined. Nuclear magnetic resonance of exchangeable imino protons has been used to study the conformations of the different helices. The binding of ethidium to the helices has been studies.
LAMINAR FILM CONDENSATION ON HELICAL REFLUX CONDENSERS AND RELATED CONFIGURATIONS

Abstract Laminar film condensation on helical elliptical cylinders is analyzed using the Nusselt-Rohsenow method. The formulation includes both local centrifugal and gravitational forces. A general dimensionless differential equation is presented and dimensionless centrifugal and configuration parameters are identified. A variety of condensing systems, in particular various semi-infinite helical circular cylinders, are treated. Finally, heat-transfer results are presented and discussed. In all practical situations (excluding liquid metal condensation) the average heat-transfer coefficients for condensation on semi-infinite helical circular cylinders, lie within 8.5% of values for inclined circular cylinders.
Neutron spectroscopy of phonons in stage-1 rubidium-intercalated graphite

Neutron scattering measurements have been carried out on the graphite intercalation compound Rb${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$. Phonon dispersion curves were measured for $c$-axis longitudinal modes and for some transverse branches with wave vectors in the basal plane and polarization out of plane. For the latter, there is a strong deviation of the dispersion relation from that of pure graphite. In addition, a partial phonon density of states was determined for intercalate (Rb) vibrations by in-basal-plane inelastic scattering. Our analysis shows that a two-dimensional (2D) Born-von K\'arm\'an model with nearest-neighbor Rb-Rb force constants cannot account for the intercalate mode spectrum. A three-dimensional model in which the Rb-Rb forces are due to an unscreened Coulomb interaction agrees well with the data, implying that conduction-electron screening of the Rb-ion motions is substantially reduced in Rb${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$ relative to Rb metal.
An approximation algorithm for the asymmetric travelling salesman problem with distances one and two

Abstract We present an approximation algorithm, with a performance ratio of at most 17⧸12, for the asymmetric travelling salesman problem with distances one and two. This problem is equivalent (in a sense that we describe in the paper) to the problem of covering the vertices of a diagraph with a minimum number of vertex-disjoint paths.
Roles and Behaviors in Technology-Integrated Precalculus Classrooms

Abstract This study was designed to obtain a description of the learning and teaching activities that take place in classrooms in which graphing calculators are integrated with the curriculum. Videotapes of six lessons from each of six teachers were coded using a modified version of the Systematic Classroom Analysis Notation Matrix (Fraser et al., 1987). Observers categorized teacher and student roles as manager, task setter, explainer, consultant, fellow investigator, or resource. There is evidence that students and teachers shifted their roles when technology was in use. Observers categorized teaching and “pupiling” activities. Differences were observed between teaching activities with and without technology and student behavior with and without technology.
Zirconium and hafnium cations rapidly cleave model phosphodiesters in acidic aqueous solutions

Abstract Aqueous solutions of 20-fold excess Zr 4+ and Hf 4+ at pH 3.5 (37 °C) hydrolyze phosphodiester substrates 1–3 very rapidly. The reactivity of Zr 4+ (with rate constants up to 0.015 s −1 for 2 at 1 mM Zr 4+ ) exceeds that of most other transition metal cations.
TNFα release by the nonfat cells of human adipose tissue

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to investigate the relative importance of the adipocytes vs the nonfat cells present in human adipose tissue with respect to release of immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). The second aim was to examine the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and the subsequent release of adiponectin and TNFα by explants of human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue incubated in primary culture for 48 h. RESULTS: We found that the maximal release of TNFα was seen during the first 4 h of a 48-h incubation by explants of human adipose tissue in primary culture. Over 95% of the TNFα released to the medium by human adipose tissue explants over a 4-h incubation came from the nonfat cells present in the adipose tissue. The release of TNFα by the nonfat cells released during collagenase digestion was slightly higher than that by the cells present in the adipose tissue matrix after collagenase digestion. TNFα release by the combined matrix and isolated nonfat cells was greater than that by explants of tissue indicating some upregulation induced by collagenase digestion. Immunoreactive TNFα disappeared from the medium with a half-time of approximately 10 h. There was a positive correlation coefficient of 0.79 between TNFα release by tissue explants and the BMI of the fat donors as well as a correlation of 0.52 between BMI and release by adipocytes. TNFα release negatively correlated [−0.60] with adiponectin release by adipose tissue. The release of TNFα was far less than that of adiponectin or IL-6, and less than that of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, hepatocyte growth factor, or leptin over a 4-h incubation of human adipose tissue explants. TNFα release over 4 h was enhanced by lipopolysaccharide and inhibited by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. CONCLUSION: The release of TNFα by adipose tissue of obese humans is primarily due to the nonfat cells present in adipose tissue. TNFα is a short-lived adipokine whose release by human adipose tissue in primary culture correlates with the BMI of the fat donors.
Hydrogen bonding. Part 86: DFT molecular orbital study of the first hydration shell of N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium ion

Abstract Consecutive addition of H2O to the N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium ion (3MAA+) follows an orderly pattern. The first H2O binds to the triangular face formed by the three methyl groups. Subsequently three sets of three H2O bind sequentially to form, in order, (H2O)3, (H2O)6, and (H2O)9 subgroups with C3 symmetry about the z-axis of the ion. The result is a closed C3 (H2O)9 ring about the ion in the region adjacent to the α-CH3 and β-CH2 carbons, to give a first shell stoichiometry of 3MAA+·10H2O. These 10H2O are bound to the ion by a combination of CHO hydrogen bonds and ion–dipole forces. The eleventh H2O accepts a hydrogen bond from a ring H2O but is otherwise unconnected to the ion, and is assumed to represent the first member of a larger solvent shell.
Experimental ground-based Bridgman CdTe growth in NASA's advanced automated directional solidification furnace

The role of gravity-induced phenomena in bulk CdTe crystal growth is studied with emphasis placed on the negative effects of buoyancy-driven convection, container effects, and hydrostatic pressure. An earth-bound crystal growth data base utilizing NASA's prototype advanced automated directional solidification furnace is described. Growth procedures that can be employed in a microgravity environment aboard the Space Shuttle or Space Station are presented. It is found that NASA's directional solidification furnace can produce Bridgman-type CdTe and has the potential for producing it in space.
Gravitational Waves as Anisotropy of Space

A binary star system, which has a mutual orbiting rotational speed of ω b , produces a time-dependent anisotropy of space at an observer. The equation of geodesic deviation shows that the resulting anisotropy of space gives rise to a gravitational force between two mirrors, which form an interferometer, and that force is proportional to ω 2 b times the anisotropy of space. Because 2π/ω b is of the order of days or years, the rigidity k / m o of the interferometer, where k is the force constant of a nongravitational force that supports the mirrors and m o is the reduced mass of the mirrors, is much larger than ω 2 b . The amplitude of the vibrational motion of the interferometer with frequency ω b (in terms of its equilibrium length) is given by (ω 2 b /( k / m 0 )) times the anisotropy of space. On the other hand, if we rotate the interferometer with an angular speed of ω of 1 radian/s or more, we can make k / m o <ω 2 , in which case the factor (ω 2 b /( k / m o )) disappears, and the rotating interferom...