cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A stabilized extended finite element framework for hydraulic fracturing simulations

Summary We present a stabilized extended finite element formulation to simulate the hydraulic fracturing process in an elasto-plastic medium. The fracture propagation process is governed by a cohesive fracture model, where a trilinear traction-separation law is used to describe normal contact, cohesion and strength softening on the fracture face. Fluid flow inside the fracture channel is governed by the lubrication equation, and the flow rate is related to the fluid pressure gradient by the ‘cubic’ law. Fluid leak off happens only in the normal direction and is assumed to be governed by the Carter's leak-off model. We propose a ‘local’ U-P (displacement-pressure) formulation to discretize the fluid-solid coupled system, where volume shape functions are used to interpolate the fluid pressure field on the fracture face. The ‘local’ U-P approach is compatible with the extended finite element framework, and a separate mesh is not required to describe the fluid flow. The coupled system of equations is solved iteratively by the standard Newton-Raphson method. We identify instability issues associated with the fluid flow inside the fracture channel, and use the polynomial pressure projection method to reduce the pressure oscillations resulting from the instability. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed framework is effective in modeling 3D hydraulic fracture propagation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shining a light on early stress responses and late-onset disease vulnerability.

There is increasing evidence that neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders have developmental components to pathogenesis that encompass a prodromal phase associated with regional impairments in neural cell maturation and maintenance, neural network connectivity, and oscillatory synchrony (1, 2). These abnormal developmental states elicit a spectrum of homeostatic mechanisms and predispose to late-onset disease. Understanding the mechanisms governing cellular vulnerability to disease is essential for defining pathogenesis and for identifying selective biomarkers and earlier and more efficacious disease-modifying therapies. Moreover, these disorders are associated with comorbidities that may reflect the confluence of brain- and body-wide foci of cellular vulnerability involving specialized cell types, their associated niches and microenvironments, as well as interorgan communications (2⇓–4). These disease-associated developmental processes are associated with various stressor states that promote relaxation of lineage constraints and aberrant reprogramming of cell fate (5). These observations may explain the findings of epidemiological studies that specific neuropsychiatric diseases exhibit cross-protective as well as mutually deleterious effects with systemic cancer subtypes that might have wider applicability to other diseases of aging (3). Genome-wide/epigenome-wide association studies have revealed that the majority of genomic variations in such age-related diseases occur in noncoding genome regulatory regions (6), which include enhancers, superenhancers, promoters, and insulators normally mediating transcriptional and epigenetic programs associated with cell fate, lineage plasticity, homeostasis, dynamic genome remodeling, and stress responses. However, the ability to better understand these intriguing pathogenic mechanisms has been hampered by an inability to properly assess the molecular, cellular, and system-wide consequences of the evolution of a spectrum of stressor states that predispose to various disease vulnerabilities and pathological outcomes. In PNAS, Torii et al. (7) have developed molecular reagents and transgenic mice to detect, follow, isolate, and interrogate vulnerable cells in brain and body initially damaged in utero or during postnatal life by … [↵][1]1Email: mark.mehler{at}einstein.yu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Dimensional Variations in Nanohybrids: Property Alterations, Applications, and Considerations for Toxicological Implications

Hybridization of nano-scale entities lead to higher dimensional ensemble materials with multifunctionality. Such hierarchical complex materials though are engineered with output properties in mind, these evolved nanostructures possess unique shapes and physico-chemical attributes. Nanotoxicological considerations hinge on physical size and shape factors; thus, dramatic alterations to shape and dimensionality of ensemble nanohybrids (NHs) necessitate careful evaluation of this ‘horizon’ material class. This chapter reviews size/shape/dimensionality variations of nanomaterials due to hybridization and discusses property alteration of these NHs, relevant to applications and nanotoxicology. The chapter also discusses nano-bio interactions of novel nanohybrids in relation to their size, shape, and dimensionality, and outlines future research needs and strategies.
Empirical Alienation Studies: An Overview

The very existence of this chapter on alienation should be recognized as a confirmation of sorts. Though many have declared the idea of alienation wearied and moribund (its obituary already written, Lee 1972), the evidence compiled here suggests otherwise. There is, in the first place, a strong continuing empirical and theoretical interest in alienation; and second, it is commonplace to find formulations that make no express use of the term itself but that are coordinate with, if not directly indebted to, the classical interest in ‘alienation.’ This suggests that the cautions involved work both ways: the enthusiasts make alienation the master concept — conveniently imprecise, empirically omnipresent, and morally irresistible when employed as a critique; while the doubters, with equal convenience, forget that dismissing the word in no way eliminates our dependence upon the root ideas concerning personal control and comprehensible social structures which the alienation tradition embodies.
The NCAA Cartel and Antitrust Policy

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) was originally founded to protect student athletes from the brutality of college football. The NCAA has established a number of prominent athletic programs and achieved huge commercial success. In spite of this success, the NCAA has limited the compensation of student-athletes through collusive monopsonistic restraints. Ordinarily, these restraints would be vulnerable to antitrust attack, but the NCAA has enjoyed benign neglect by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. The root of this is the Board of Regents [National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, 468 U.S. 85 (1984)] decision, which requires rule-of-reason treatment of the NCAA’s restraints. The essential role of amateurism of student athletes is used to justify the NCAA’s cartel behavior. In this paper, we demonstrate that amateurism is a myth. We suggest that the NCAA will be unable to provide an evidentiary foundation for its claim that amateurism is crucial to the success of college athletic programs. In addition, we reject the possibility of an efficiency defense for the NCAA’s cartel behavior.
Ectopic Prolactinoma Presenting as Bacterial Meningitis: A Diagnostic Conundrum.

Background Prolactinomas may rarely present with meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea secondary to erosion of the wall of the sella turcica. It is even more uncommon for this abnormal communication to be caused by an ectopic prolactinoma arising from the sphenoid sinus and eroding into the sella. This atypical growth pattern makes diagnosis very difficult because there may be no displacement of the normal pituitary gland. The first reported case of a patient with an ectopic prolactinoma originating within the sphenoid sinus presenting primarily with meningitis is presented, and the management strategy and surgical and nonsurgical treatment options are discussed. Case Description A 48-year-old woman presented with confusion, low-pressure headache, and fever. A lumbar puncture revealed Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, and she was placed on intravenous penicillin G. After initiation of antibiotics, she noticed salty tasting postnasal fluid leakage. Imaging was remarkable for bony erosion of the sphenoid sinus wall by a soft tissue mass growing from within the sinus, with no disruption of the normal pituitary gland. A biopsy was then performed with an endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach, and the CSF leak was repaired with a pedicled nasoseptal flap. The final pathology was prolactinoma, and she was placed on cabergoline. Conclusions Ectopic prolactinomas may rarely present as meningitis secondary to retrograde transmission of bacteria through a bony defect in the sphenoid sinus, and must be included in the differential diagnosis of any sphenoid sinus mass. Management should first address the infection, followed by surgical repair of the bony defect.
Ivan Illich’s Medical Nemesis : Fifteen Years Later

Ivan Mich is dying — the result of a prominent tumor that has spread from his jaw to other parts of his body. As those close to him know, he will refuse most medical treatment. He has tried acupuncture and massage, and is not completely averse to an occasional pain reliever. He wants to “die his own death,” not a hospital death while attached to monitors and tubes. He does not want to prolong death; nor does he want to find himself swallowed up in the medical bureaucracy that was the target of his artful ire in Medical Nemesis, his most systematic and notorious publication.1
Multiple Evanescent White-dot Syndrome: A Report of Eight Cases

Abstract Multiple evanescent white-dot syndrome (MEWDS) is a newly described clinical disease entity. The authors report on eight patients with findings characteristic of this syndrome. All of the patients were women and relatively young, with an average age of 28.2 years. Patients complained of unilateral black spots in their vision, with an initial visual acuity of 20/25 to 20/60. Examinalion showed characteristic small, white dots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Fluorescein angiography demonstrated patchy hyperfluorescent defects at the level of the RPE with some late staining. All patients had good recovery of visual acuity with eventual fading of the white dots.
Intraspecific temporal resource partitioning at white-tailed deer feeding sites

Individuals may reduce competition by temporally partitioning their use of a shared resource. Behavioral differences between sexes in ungulates may encourage segregation as individuals attempt to avoid antagonistic interactions. However, dominant sex and age groups may reduce subordinates' access to food resources, regardless of the subordinate's sex. We hypothesized that white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus temporally segregated at supplemental feeding sites based on social rank (subordinate: yearling males and adult females; dominant: adult males) and that segregation was affected by phase of the breeding season and diel cycle. If deer temporally segregate according to social rank, we predicted that the resulting activity patterns would manifest in one social class being relatively more susceptible to hunter-induced mortality. We used a multi-state modeling approach to quantify temporal segregation and calculated the probability that a feeding site was in a particular state during diurnal and nocturnal hours for each of the 3 phases of the breeding season. We determined that transition probabilities differed by season and diel cycle and dominant and subordinate social classes clearly avoided each other, with <1% co-occurrence at feeding sites. During the pre-breeding season, the probability of a subordinate being present during diurnal hours was 3.0× more likely than a dominant being present, but did not differ during nocturnal hours. There was no difference for dominants and subordinates during diurnal or nocturnal hours during the breeding season. In the post-breeding season, subordinates were 1.7× more likely to occur at the feeding site than a dominant during diurnal hours but they did not differ during nocturnal hours. Our results indicate that dominance status influences temporal segregation at feeding sites and is affected by the phase of the breeding season. Therefore, the resulting activity patterns may increase subordinates' risk to human predation during the pre-breeding and post-breeding seasons.
Cell Site Optimization

Cell site optimization involves live air data collection as a function of distance and statistical analysis of the data for adjusting RF coverage footprints. This concluding chapter shows how these tools are used to collect live air data and perform statistical analysis to optimize the cell site.
Stereoelectronic influence on the NaBH4 reduction stereoselectivity of alicyclic β-ketoesters

Abstract The stereochemistry of β-hydroxyesters produced in the NaBH 4 reduction of alicyclic β-ketoesters has been determined. An enhanced rate of reduction has been observed for those isomers in which the carboxylate is antiperiplanar to the hydride ion in the transition state.
Midgut endopeptidase activities of the hornetVespa crabro germana Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzyme activities are present in midguts of adult workers, gynes, and males of the hornetVespa crabro germana Christ. The chymotrypsin-like enzyme is the more abundant; both enzymes have activities that are linear over time.
Bad News Travels Fast: The Telegraph, Libel, and Press Freedom in the Progressive Era: By Patrick C. File, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2019, 138 pp.

Traveling with a family friend, a woman boards a train in Toronto bound to meet her wealthy, well-known husband in New York City. The husband arranged the trip and male companion. A Toronto newspap...
Further investigation of the effects of total ionizing dose on digital micromirror devices

In astronomy, multi-object spectrometers (MOS) provide an efficient means to gather large samples of spectral data. Digital Micromirror Devices (DMDs) can be used as programmable slit masks in a MOS. There is strong interest in using DMDs in space-based MOS instruments. Our team has been carrying out an environmental test campaign to qualify eXtended Graphic Array (XGA) DMDs for space deployment. The environmental tests have included mechanical shock and vibration, low temperature, heavy ion radiation, proton radiation, and gamma radiation testing. In each of the tests, the devices were able to withstand the expected conditions of a space mission without adverse effects. Initial gamma radiation testing was performed on fourteen XGA DMDs during June of 2018. Ten of the devices were active and four passive (unbiased) during gamma irradiation. Passive devices accumulated a total ionizing dose (TID) of up to 76 krad(Si) without showing adverse effects. The active devices began to exhibit the appearance of non-latching micromirrors at a TID of 16-19 krad(Si). Non-latching mirrors recovered after annealing at room temperature for as little as 24 hours. The DMDs subjected to the harshest testing conditions were completely recovered after six months. A distinct difference in the pattern of non-latching mirrors was observed between commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) DMDs with their original windows and re-windowed DMDs. In this work, we present a second round of gamma radiation testing performed on XGA DMDs at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in June 2019. One of the main purposes of this testing was to further investigate the differences in TID effects observed between the COTS and re-windowed DMDs. This testing also investigated the use of high temperature annealing to accelerate the recovery of non-latching mirrors. Additionally, DMDs which had previously been irradiated in an unbiased state were tested again while active during gamma irradiation. This work finalizes our efforts to qualify XGA DMDs for use in space and provides a better understanding of the effects of TID on the devices.
The Effect of Zinc Supplementation during Pregnancy and Youth on Child Growth up to 5 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUNDZinc supplementation promotes linear growth in children up to age 5 years. However, there has been no recent review of effects of both maternal and child supplementation trials on multipl...
Engorged venous plexus mimicking adjacent segment disease: Case report and review of the literature.

Author(s): Hassan, Omron; Lewis, Courtney S; Aradhyula, Likitha; Hirshman, Brian R; Pham, Martin H | Abstract: Background:An engorged venous plexus may mimic nerve compression from a herniated disk on the magnetic resonance (MR) studies as they both have similar signal intensities. During a laminectomy, if an engorged venous plexus is encountered instead of a disk herniation, there may be marked unanticipated bleeding. Case Description:A 58-year-old female who had a prior anterior lumbar interbody fusion later returned with recurrent radiculopathy. Adjacent segment disease from a spinal disk herniation was suspected based on the surgical history, physical examination, and imaging (MRI) findings. Rather than a disk, an engorged venous plexuses (EVP) was encountered intraoperatively. Conclusion:Here, we discussed our findings regarding a lumbar EVP rather than a herniated disk and reviewed the current literature. Although rare, a higher index of suspicion for these vascular malformations based on combined historical information and MRI studies should allow one to better detect and/or anticipate an EVP rather than a routine disk.
Utility of texture analysis on T2-weighted MR for differentiating tumor deposits from mesorectal nodes in rectal cancer patients, in a retrospective cohort.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the utility of MR texture analysis for differentiating tumor deposits from mesorectal nodes in rectal cancer. Pretreatment MRI of 40 patients performed between 2006 and 2018 with pathologically proven tumor deposits and/or malignant nodes in the setting of rectal cancer were retrospectively reviewed. In total, 25 tumor deposits (TDs) and 71 positive lymph nodes (LNs) were analyzed for morphological and first-order texture analysis features on T2-weighted axial images. MR morphological features (lesion shape, size, signal heterogeneity, contrast enhancement) were analyzed and agreed in consensus by two experienced radiologists followed by assessment with Fisher’s exact test. Texture analysis of the lesions was performed using TexRAD, a proprietary software algorithm. First-order texture analysis features (mean, standard deviation, skewness, entropy, kurtosis, MPP) were obtained after applying spatial scaling filters (SSF; 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Univariate analysis was performed with non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test. The results of univariate analysis were reassessed with generalized estimating equations followed by multivariate analysis. Using histopathology as a gold standard, diagnostic accuracy was assessed by obtaining area under the receiver operating curve. MR morphological parameter, lesion shape was a strong discriminator between TDs and LNs with a p value of 0.02 (AUC: 0.76, 95% CI of 0.66 to 0.84, SE: 0.06) and sensitivity, specificity of 90% and 68%, respectively. Skewness extracted at fine filter (SSF-2) was the only significant texture analysis parameter for distinguishing TDs from LNs with p value of 0.03 (AUC: 0.70, 95% CI of 0.59 to 0.79, SE: 0.06) and sensitivity, specificity of 70% and 72%, respectively. When lesion shape and skewness-2 were combined into a single model, the diagnostic accuracy was improved with AUC of 0.82 (SE: 0.05, 95% CI of 0.72 to 0.88 with p value of < 0.01). This model also showed a high sensitivity of 91% with specificity of 68%. Lesion shape on MR can be a useful predictor for distinguishing TDs from positive LNs in rectal cancer patients. When interpreted along with MR texture parameter of skewness, accuracy is further improved.
Synthesis, chirality-dependent conformational and biological properties of siRNAs containing 5′-(R)- and 5′-(S)-C-methyl-guanosine

Various chemical modifications have been identified that enhance potency of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and that reduce off-target effects, immune stimulation, and toxicities of metabolites of these therapeutic agents. We previously described 5'-C-methyl pyrimidine nucleotides also modified at the 2' position of the sugar. Here, we describe the synthesis of 2'-position unmodified 5'-(R)- and 5'-(S)-C-methyl guanosine and evaluation of these nucleotides in the context of siRNA. The (R) isomer provided protection from 5' exonuclease and the (S) isomer provided protection from 3' exonuclease in the context of a terminally modified oligonucleotide. siRNA potency was maintained when these modifications were incorporated at the tested positions of sense and antisense strands. Moreover, the corresponding 5' triphosphates were not substrates for mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Models generated based on crystal structures of 5' and 3' exonuclease oligonucleotide complexes with 5'-(R)- and 5'-(S)-C-methyl substituents attached to the 5'- and 3'-terminal nucleotides, respectively, provided insight into the origins of the observed protections. Structural properties of 5'-(R)-C-methyl guanosine incorporated into an RNA octamer were analysed by X-ray crystallography, and the structure explains the loss in duplex thermal stability for the (R) isomer compared with the (S) isomer. Finally, the effect of 5'-C-methylation on endoribonuclease activity has been explained.
Hand-Foot Skin Reaction with Sunitinib: A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature

Newer multi-kinase inhibitors (MKI) like sunitinib have changed the therapy of patients of renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. The use of sunitinib also led to cutaneous toxicity, known as hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR). We report a case of hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) in an Indian patient being treated with sunitinib. Respective literature on this disorder is also reviewed.
Is Blockchain a Suitable Technology for Ensuring the Integrity of Data Shared by Lighting and Other Building Systemsƒ

Increasing amounts of data are available from lighting and other building systems. In commercial buildings, these data can be used to improve system and energy performance, detect and diagnose faults, and facilitate maintenance. Building data are not only of interest to owners and operators of the building systems, however. Owners and operators of similar buildings, manufacturers of building systems, utilities, and city agencies also have interesting use cases. Energy data can, for example, be used to verify the performance of energy-conservation measures, issue renewable-energy certificates, and financially settle grid services. Increased data sharing, however, significantly expands the cyber-attack surface, creating new challenges. In this work, blockchain is explored as an option for ensuring the integrity of data that are shared by lighting and other building systems. Blockchain fundamentals and variants are briefly reviewed, and value propositions relevant to building systems are discussed. A recently developed blockchain applicability framework (BAF) that builds upon and addresses the limitations of previous applicability models is also briefly reviewed. The BAF is used to assess the suitability of blockchain over other technologies or approaches for building-data applications, using emerging connected lighting systems as an example use case.
Facebook Ad Engagement in the Russian Active Measures Campaign of 2016.

This paper examines 3,517 Facebook ads created by Russia's Internet Research Agency (IRA) between June 2015 and August 2017 in its active measures disinformation campaign targeting the 2016 U.S. general election. We aimed to unearth the relationship between ad engagement (as measured by ad clicks) and 41 features related to ads' metadata, sociolinguistic structures, and sentiment. Our analysis was three-fold: (i) understand the relationship between engagement and features via correlation analysis; (ii) find the most relevant feature subsets to predict engagement via feature selection; and (iii) find the semantic topics that best characterize the dataset via topic modeling. We found that ad expenditure, text size, ad lifetime, and sentiment were the top features predicting users' engagement to the ads. Additionally, positive sentiment ads were more engaging than negative ads, and sociolinguistic features (e.g., use of religion-relevant words) were identified as highly important in the makeup of an engaging ad. Linear SVM and Logistic Regression classifiers achieved the highest mean F-scores (93.6% for both models), determining that the optimal feature subset contains 12 and 6 features, respectively. Finally, we corroborate the findings of related works that the IRA specifically targeted Americans on divisive ad topics (e.g., LGBT rights, African American reparations).
Levels and patterns of sedentary behavior in men and women with intellectual disability

Abstract Background There are limited data on the levels and patterns of sedentary behavior (SB) among U.S. adults with ID. Objective To examine SB levels and patterns in U.S. adults with ID and how these differ between sexes, age-groups, and week vs. weekend days. Methods Fifty-two adults with ID (25 men; age 45 ± 14 years) wore a hip accelerometer (wGT3X-BT; Actigraph) during the waking hours for 7 days. We determined total sedentary time, percent of wear time spent sedentary bouts ≥1, ≥10, ≥30, and ≥60 min, and breaks in sedentary time for bouts ≥10 min. We examined differences in SB variables as a function of sex, age-group by median split (≤48 vs. >48 years), and day of the week. Results Total sedentary time was 514 ± 139 min · day−1 accumulated in bouts 1–30 min and did not differ between sexes or age-groups. Bouts ≥1 min across days were longer for men than women and longer during weekend days than weekdays (p Conclusions Adults with ID spend a large portion of the day in SB primarily of short bouts. Despite small differences, SB levels and patterns were similar for men and women with ID and across age-groups throughout the week.
Competitive Authoritarianism in Morales’s Bolivia: Skewing Arenas of Competition

The attempt to classify Bolivia under Evo Morales has yielded a bewildering range of regime labels. While most scholars label it a democracy with adjectives, systematic appraisals of the regime have been scant. This article aims fill this gap by providing a more systematic evaluation, putting special emphasis on features of Bolivia’s electoral playing field. It evaluates the slope of key fields of competition (electoral, legislative, judicial, and mass media), finding abundant evidence that all four were substantively slanted in favor of the incumbent. During the MAS reign, political competition was genuine but fundamentally unfree and unfair, because the ruling party benefited from a truncated supply of electoral candidates; much greater access to finance; a partisan electoral management body; supermajorities in the legislature, used to dispense authoritarian legalism; a captured and weaponized judiciary; and a co-opted mass media ecosystem. Contrary to most extant characterizations, the regime is best categorized as competitive authoritarian.
Encounters with Violence in Latin America: Urban Poor Perceptions from Colombia and Guatemala

Latin America is both the world's most urbanized fastest developing regions, where the links between social exclusion, inequality and violence are clearly visible. The banal, ubiquitous nature of drug crime, robbery, gang and intra-family violence destabilizes countries' economies and harms their people and social structures.Encounters with Violence & Crime in Latin America explores the meaning of violence and insecurity in nine towns and cities in Columbia and Guatemala to create a framework of how and why daily violence takes place at the community level. It uses pioneering new methods of participatory urban appraisal to ask local people about their own perceptions of violence as mediated by family, gender, ethnicity and age. It develops a typology which distinguishes between the political, social, and economic violence that afflicts communities, and which assesses the costs of consequences of violence in terms of community cohesion and social capital. This gives voice to those whose daily lives and dominated by widespread aggression, and provides important new insights for researchers and policy-makers.
On Vopěnka's and Related Principles*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Vopĕnka's and related principles. Vopĕnka's principle is generalized in direct analogy to Baumgartner's n-subtle and n-ineffable cardinals to yield new principles that cascade up alongside the n-huge cardinals. Axiom of Choice imposes a structural restriction on the universe by disallowing infinite exponent partition relations. The chapter discusses several strong properties of large cardinal character formulated via elementary embeddings. Various natural motivating ideas are involved and a satisfying picture is presented of a superstructure of stronger and stronger principles over ZFC, ultimately delimited by a result of Kunen. Through coding, the chapter also construes as natural those sequences where the R α is replaced by a finite number of relations. The specification of {a} in M α insures that whenever α M α → M β is elementary.
MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF IN SITU TOUGHENED SILICON CARBIDE

A silicon carbide with a fracture toughness as high as 9.1 MPa.m1/2 has been developed by hot pressing b-SiC powder with aluminum, boron, and carbon additions (ABC-SiC). Central in this material development has been systematic transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and mechanical characterizations. In particular, atomic-resolution electron microscopy and nanoprobe composition quantification were combined in analyzing grain boundary structure and nanoscale structural features.
Structure of borate glasses by Raman spectroscopy

A large body of literature on the Raman spectra of glasses has now been accumulated. Vibrational spectra of borate glasses have been used to elucidate the structural units present in these glasses as exemplified by the work of Stevels, Konijnendijk, and Bril. Measurements are given in the present paper span for lithium, sodium, and potassium borate glasses. However, we will emphasize the linkages of the structural units and have something to say about phase separation in these glasses.
Hunting the Metaphor

Cracking the Genome Inside the Race to Unlock Human DNA. Kevin Davies. Free Press, New York, 2001. 320 pp. $25. ISBN 0-7432-0479-4. Released in the UK as The Sequence Inside the Race for the Human Genome. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 2001. 320 pp. £20. ISBN 0-297-64698-2. This lively, accessible, and even-handed account describes the efforts to sequence the human genome from the early plans of the mid-1980s to the White House announcement of June 2000. Davies weaves together stories of the science, technologies, politics, and personalities that contributed to the Human Genome Project, Venter9s shotgun approach, and the intense competition that developed between them.
The Search for Cold Gas in the Intracluster Medium

We present the results of searches for cold gas in the ICM of nearby (z < 0.1) clusters of galaxies. These searches include (1) Arecibo observations sensitive to atomic hydrogen with broad line widths, (2) VLA observations with high velocity resolution sensitive to cold optically thick atomic hydrogen, and (3) SEST observations to search for warm CO. We do not detect significant amounts of cold gas in the ICM of these clusters. Limits on column densities are in the range N(H2) < few × 1020 cm-2, N(H) < 1 × 1018 cm-2 and limits on the mass of gas in the central regions of the cluster are M(H2 + H) < 109 M⊙. We also argue that heating of the gas by the X-rays is sufficient to keep the gas at temperatures above 10 K, thus ruling out the possibility that the gas would be too cold to emit significantly. Thus either cloud destruction is efficient (e.g., star formation, shredding, evaporation) or sources of cold gas (ram pressure stripping of galaxies, infall into the cluster, cooling flows) are not currently very important.
Washington 'Redskins' - Disparaging Term or Valuable Tradition?: Legal and Economic Issues Concerning Harjo v. Pro-Football, Inc.

Owner Daniel Snyder has remained steadfast in his commitment to retain the “Redskins” moniker and logo. Although he continually cites tradition as the motive, the results of this study reveal that his refusal to change the name may, in fact, be related primarily or solely to money – as Susan Shown Harjo has noted. Certainly, a potential decision on the constitutional merits in the Harjo case, or in other cases filed against the Redskins, may result in the loss of trademark protection. However, if litigants are unable to remove trademark protection either by a ruling on “disparagement” or “laches,” their best recourse may be to investigate opportunities for the Redskins (and other teams) to be compensated for a potential name change. As distasteful as that may seem to some, business owners typically respond favorably to proposals that increase their profits.The actions of the NFL will be interesting to observe if the Redskins prevail on all legal arguments. Though other teams share a portion of the licensing revenue that the Redskins help to produce, the NFL has long tried to seek solutions to problems that benefit the entire league as well as the community. If the courts fail to remove trademark protection, the NFL could eventually attempt to implement a solution that financially compensates the Redskins while also positioning the league as a champion for civil rights. Conversely, the NFL could continue to remain on the sidelines as the protesters, though no longer supported by the hope of victory through the courts, continue to seek success through public opinion. Ultimately, the question that may remain unanswered is the compensation Daniel Snyder would agree to start a new tradition in Washington D.C.
Initial engagement in parent-centered preventive interventions: A family systems perspective

This article examines factors predicting participant engagement in a parent-centered, substance abuse preventive intervention. One hundred forty-three families assigned to the experimental condition were identified as either “initially engaged” (having attended at least one of the first three sessions) or “not initially engaged.” The groups were compared on demographics, family need for the intervention, barriers to participation, and family systems level variables. Results from hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicate that caregiver need for the intervention and family systems variables significantly predicted initial engagement in the intervention, while demographic variables, stressful life circumstances, and family stress failed to significantly influence engagement. Family systems variables were the strongest predictors of engagement within the full model. Furthermore, ethnic and racial background significantly moderated the effects of family systems variables on engagement in the intervention. For instance, African American families with low levels of family organization were less likely to be engaged than those with high levels of organization. This effect was not as strong for Hispanic caregivers. Implications for recruitment and engagement strategies are discussed.
Sustainability of Research-Based Practices

Recent advances in research on best practices for educating students with disabilities have improved the knowledge base about these practices. However, there remains a significant gap between the knowledge we have about these best practices, and the extent to which it has been implemented. Two common and simple explanations for this complex problem, “blame the teacher” and “blame the researcher,” are both inadequate to explain this gap. Sustainability grants are designed to help understand linkages between research and practice, so that the knowledge about effective practices might be better represented and implemented in classrooms. Some facilitators for sustainability are the ability of teachers to give input along the way; and a feeling of collaboration, sensitivity, and responsiveness between the researcher and the practitioner. Issues related to the extent to which sustainability can reasonably be expected over time are presented.
The relationship between caregiving self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in dementia family caregivers

The present study was intended to replicate the findings of Steffen et al. (2002) of a negative relationship between caregiving self-efficacy and depressive symptoms among family dementia caregivers. Female family caregivers (N = 74) of community-dwelling individuals diagnosed with dementia completed a telephone interview and self-report assessment packet that included measures of caregiving self-efficacy and depressive symptoms. There was a direct negative relationship between caregiving self-efficacy and depressive symptoms after controlling for objective stressors. There was no support, however, for the hypothesis that caregiving self-efficacy would operate as a moderator, such that the relationship between objective stressors (cognitive impairment and behavior problems) and caregivers’ depressive symptoms would be strongest for caregivers reporting lower levels of self-efficacy. The results of this study suggest that caregiving self-efficacy has a strong, direct relationship with depressed symptoms fo...
READING CARNIVAL: THE CREATION OF A FLORENTINE CARNIVAL SONG

One of the most famous – and unusual – carnival songs from Renaissance Florence is ‘Dolor, pianto e penitentia’, variously entitled Carro della morte, Trionfo della morte, Canzona de' morti, or Canzone a ballo della morte. Unlike the majority of Florentine canti carnascialeschi, it is a spiritual text, so resembling a lauda spirituale that the Dominican Serafino Razzi and others could include it virtually unchanged in collections of laude. Shortly after its performance, its text was published in Florence, probably towards the end of the first decade of the Cinquecento, in the chapbook titled La canzona de' morti. This small pamphlet also included a woodcut depiction of the carro (Figure 1) and four other texts, all equally penitential: Castellano Castellani's Lauda della morte, ‘Cuor maligno e pien di fraude’, modelled on the Dies irae; a Sonetto di messer Castellano, ‘Voi che guardate a questi morti intorno’; a Canzona del carro del travaglio, ‘Perche el tempo da e toglie’; and a lauda, ‘O mondana sapienza’, which closely imitates ‘Dolor, pianto e penitentia’, including even the word ‘penitenza’ at the end of each stanza.
Dose-dependent effects of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide on morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and dependence.

Abstract Prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) at a low dose (10 ng/mouse) administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) did not affect morphine analgesia, but produced a greater increase in the ED50 of morphine-pretreated (100 mg/kg of morphine sulfate) mice as compared to control mice. PLG at doses of 10 and 100 μg/mouse antagonized morphine analgesia. Development of morphine tolerance was unaffected by 10 μg/mouse but antagonized by 100 μg/mouse of PLG. Development of morphine dependence was assessed by changes in body weight and temperature during naloxone-induced withdrawal. PLG (10 ng/mouse) potentiated, 10 μg/mouse had no effect and 100 μg/mouse antagonized development of morphine dependence. PLG at doses of 10 and 100 μg/mouse precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent mice. When mice were pretreated with 1.0 mg/kg naloxone i.p. 15 min before PLG, all doses of PLG had no effect on morphine analgesia, but potentiated the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. None of the doses of PLG altered whole brain levels of morphine. PLG did not alter the affinity of opioid receptors for etorphine or the maximal number of binding sites but PLG did exhibit a very weak affinity for opioid receptors. These results indicate that PLG potentiated development of morphine tolerance and dependence through a mechanism not involving opioid receptors. However, at very high doses it was a weak opioid receptor antagonist.
Selective action of prostaglandin F2α during paraquat-induced pulmonary edema in the perfused lung☆

Lung prostaglandins (PGs) play a key role in normal pulmonary vascular regulation. We investigated PG metabolism during edema formation following paraquat-induced damage with an isolated perfused rat lung preparation. Lungs perfused with paraquat (PQ), 1 X 10(-7) M to 1 X 10(-2) M, showed significant increases in PGF2 alpha prior to detectable functional and pathological changes (increases in airway resistance, vascular resistance, and edema). No changes in PGE were observed. PGF2 alpha in perfused lungs showed a dose-related response following PQ exposure (up to 300% increase over control values). Lungs perfused with PQ and ventilated with high oxygen (95% O2-5% CO2) instead of air-5% CO2 showed a dramatic potentiation in the selective increase of PGF2 alpha, with levels reaching over 1 ng/ml (a 2600% increase over control values). The addition of exogenous PGF2 alpha to the perfusate without PQ initiated edema in a dose-related fashion, indicating the potential of PGF2 alpha as a causative agent in lung edema formation from PQ injury. The addition of ibuprofen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent) to the perfusion medium blocked endogenous release of PGF2 alpha in lungs linked to oxidant-induced edema. These data show that in the perfused lung: (1) PQ caused a selective increase of PGF2 alpha; (2) this selective increase occurred prior to the onset of edema; (3) exogenous PGF2 alpha alone induced pulmonary edema; and (4) ibuprofen, in doses which blocked PGF2 alpha, also prevented edema formation.
Tibial bone harvesting under intravenous sedation: Morbidity and patient experiences.

Abstract Purpose: The aims of this study were to evaluate the complication rate, the recovery, and the experience in patients undergoing tibial bone harvesting under intravenous sedation. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective study of 10 consecutive patients who underwent unilateral or bilateral sinus grafting with tibial bone grafts under intravenous sedation in a 3-month period in the oral and maxillofacial surgery outpatient clinic. All medications used perioperatively were recorded. Postoperative analgesic requirements were evaluated, along with patient recovery and complications and the patients' subjective experiences. Results: All patients underwent unilateral tibial bone harvesting using a nontrephination technique under sedation with meperidine and methohexital. On average, 11.3 mL of compressed marrow was harvested. All patients described a sensation of scraping intraoperatively but not of severe pain. On average, patients required narcotic analgesics for 1.2 days postoperatively and non-narcotic analgesics for 10.2 days. Discomfort and a gait disturbance were present for an average of 9 to 10 days. There were no wound complications, and all patients were satisfied with the recovery and donor site. Conclusions: Tibial bone harvesting under intravenous anesthesia in an office setting is well tolerated and well accepted. The postoperative recovery and complication rate also seem to compare favorably with those of tibial grafting under general anesthesia. © 2002 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:1151-1154, 2002
The impact of supercenters on traditional food retailers in four markets

Focuses on the impact of supercenters on traditional food retailers in four markets, including two small cities (Victoria, Texas; Gainesville, Georgia) and two large cities (Columbus, Ohio; Omaha, Nebraska). Consumer surveys were conducted in order to assess the effects of the entry of Meijer, Wal‐Mart, Kmart, and Target supercenters. The results show supercenters can gain from 15 to 20 percent of primary shoppers and an even greater proportion of secondary shoppers. Furthermore, the supercenter primary shoppers, and especially those of Wal‐Mart and Meijer, identified low price and assortment more often as the reason for store choice. In comparison, traditional supermarket primary shoppers were less willing to trade off locational convenience or, in some cases, quality and assortment. Wal‐Mart is predicted to continue to rapidly gain share at the expense of competitors who do not differentiate themselves in some significant way.
Linear Penetrative Spherical Rotating Convection

The onset of penetrative convection in a rotating, gravitationally unstable spherical fluid layer bounded above or below by a stable spherical corotating layer is investigated. Rapid rotation and spherical geometry produce new phenomena in the context of penetrative convection that are fundamentally different from what has been observed in the well-studied plane-layer model. In a slowly rotating or nonrotating spherical system, the character of penetration is qualitatively similar to that in plane fluid layers. In a rapidly rotating spherical system with a spherical layer of stable fluid bounded above by an unstable spherical layer, the stable fluid prevents penetration of convection across the interface between the stable and unstable spherical layers. In the reciprocal situation, however, when a spherical layer of stable fluid is bounded below by an unstable spherical layer, convective motions penetrate from the unstable layer all the way through the outermost stable layer with nearly the same amplitude as in the underlying unstable layer. The phenomena can be explained as a direct consequence of the combined effects of rapid rotation and spherical layer geometry.
Hyper NA water immersion lithography

By replacing the air space in the image plane of a lithographic imaging lens with water, resolution at 193 nm can be enhanced with an increase in refractive power of 44%.
Policy Initiatives to Improve Urban Schools An Agenda

The authors address the complex issue of how to improve urban schools. Policy makers have endeavored to use a variety of solutions to help address the problems confronting America's urban schools. The authors outline some of the panaceas and then proffer 14 strategies that urban educators can consider as they seek to deal with the unique problems confronting the young people they educate. Some of the authors' recommendations require little or no cost, whereas others would entail funding obligations. All of the solutions are ones that have considerable research support and offer significant opportunity for success.