cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lysosomal storage disorders: Sphingolipidoses

Sphingolipidoses are a subgroup of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by abnormal storage of various phospholipids that all have a sphingosine group. The clinical presentations are diverse involving neurovisceral, visceral, or purely neurological systems. Diagnosis of these conditions can be established based on characteristic clincial or pathological findings and confirmed by enzymatic deficiencies or demonstration of disease-causing mutations. Plasma or urine biomarkers can be useful in assisting the clinical diagnosis. Biomarkers can also be used in monitoring the disease progression or therapeutic responses. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for Gaucher and Fabry disease has significantly changed the natural course of these two conditions. Recently, the ERT for sphingomyelinase deficiency (type B Niemann–Pick disease) has also been developed and is in clinical trial. There is also development of ERT under investigation for the treatment of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Other treatment options include substrate reduction therapy and pharmacological chaperones. Gene therapies for some of the conditions are still under investigation.
Genetic Reduction or Negative Modulation of mGlu7 Does Not Impact Anxiety and Fear Learning Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of MECP2 Duplication Syndrome.

Rett syndrome and MECP2 Duplication syndrome are neurodevelopmental disorders attributed to loss-of-function mutations in, or duplication of, the gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), respectively. We recently reported decreased expression and function of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Positive allosteric modulation of mGlu7 activity was sufficient to improve several disease phenotypes including cognition. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mGlu7 expression would be reciprocally regulated in a mouse model of MECP2 Duplication syndrome, such that negative modulation of mGlu7 activity would exert therapeutic benefit. To the contrary, we report that mGlu7 is not functionally increased in mice overexpressing MeCP2 and that neither genetic nor pharmacological reduction of mGlu7 activity impacts phenotypes that are antiparallel to those observed in Rett syndrome model mice. These data expand our understanding of how mGlu7 expression and function i...
Collaborative Impact and Professional Development: Effective Student Services for Immigrant Populations Amid Growing Inequality

ABSTRACTSan Jose, California, represents a tale of two cities where the immense wealth and vitality of the technology sector has not transferred to the social sector. A growing immigrant population, including undocumented students and their families, relies on an education system statewide which now structures alignment between Adult Education and California community colleges. The San Jose Evergreen Community College District is growing its capacity to serve this population by implementing both required and elective collaborative change initiatives including a required consortium of five adult schools and four community colleges, and elective initiatives such as SparkPoint San Jose and ALLIES (featuring the Immigrant Integration Framework). In addition, a new Student Services Academy, a professional development program for staff in Student Services, increases skill and cultural responsiveness. Building educational capacity amid growing inequality strengthens institutional effectiveness, promotes economic...
Control of Systemic and Pulmonary Vasomotor Tone Before and After Birth

The last decade has witnessed a striking increase in our knowledge regarding the dynamics of fetal and neonatal circulation. Information has been gathered which has shed light on the various factors that control systemic and pulmonary vascular tones during intrauterine life and the transitional changes that occur at birth. Of considerable importance in fetal and neonatal adjustments is the role played by the blood respiratory gases in the control of pulmonary vasomotor tone before and after birth (1, 2, 3, 4).
Coaxial microwave resonant sensor design for monitoring ionic concentration in aqueous solutions

Nitrate efflux from agricultural lands mixes with surface streams and adversely affects both human health as well as aquatic life. Currently, there is a lack of low-cost, effective, real-time systems for monitoring ion concentration. In this work, a microwave resonant sensor is designed using an open-ended coaxial transmission line, which can be evanescently perturbed by a liquid sample, and a suitable coupling structure which allows transmission measurements. The sensor is developed to have high sensitivity at agriculturally relevant concentrations, low manufacturing costs, and small dimensions to be potentially field deployable. Finite Element Analysis simulations are carried out using ANSYS HFSS, employing complex permittivity data of aqueous solution samples with varying concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, and chloride ions. Appropriate functions are determined that model the correlations between resonant frequency and ion concentration, and discussion on the feasibility of the sensor for field deployment is presented.
Lighting up Plasmonic Nanostar Colloids for Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence under Two-Photon Near-Infrared Excitation

Literature reports detail the theory for strong electric-field enhancements sustained and localized on gold nanostars (NSs). The enhanced fields are expected to alter the fluorescence of nearby flu...
Translation, Gender and the Republic of Letters in José de Cadalso’s Los eruditos a la violeta and Its Suplemento*

In this article I study Jose de Cadalso’s satirical work Los eruditos a la violeta and its Suplemento (both published in 1772), in relation to the changing understanding of the ‘Republic of Letters’ in late eighteenth-century Spain. In doing this, I focus particularly on the discussion of translation initiated by a fictional female reader at the beginning of the supplementary text. Arguing that the Suplemento subverts the conception of the literary world presented in the original satire, I first analyse the construction of ideal and unacceptable versions of learned masculinity (that is, ‘originals’ and ‘copies’) in Los eruditos. I then show how the letter from the female reader that opens the Suplemento destabilizes this binary understanding of knowledge and forces a reconsideration of the reaches of the literary sphere. In discussing this woman’s intervention and her request for translations, I reflect on the historical association of translation with the feminine that casts it as a reproductive rather than a productive mode of writing. In the final section of the article I study the translations that Cadalso includes in the Suplemento, and demonstrate how this addendum offers some steps toward a ‘reframing of fidelity’ through its nuanced contribution to the debate surrounding translation in eighteenth-century Spain.
War and Occupation in China: The Letters of an American Missionary from Hangzhou, 1937-1938

Scholars of China’s Republican Era and its transition to a communist nation in 1949 are quite aware of the hostile Japanese occupation and atrocities against the Chinese that began in 1937. On Nove...
The Precarious Labor of Queer Indie Game-making: Who Benefits from Making Video Games “Better”?:

This article looks at issues of precarious and exploited labor surrounding contemporary queer independent video game making. In recent years, there has been a marked rise in indie games made by and...
Robust Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide Deficiency in Acinetobacter baumannii by Growth in Minimal Medium

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is normally considered to be essential for viability in Gram-negative bacteria but can be removed in Acinetobacter baumannii Mutant cells lacking this component of the outer membrane show growth and morphological defects. Here, we report that growth rates equivalent to the wild type can be achieved simply by propagation in minimal medium. The loss of LPS requires that cells rely on phospholipids for both leaflets of the outer membrane. We show that growth rate in the absence of LPS is not limited by nutrient availability but by the rate of outer membrane biogenesis. We hypothesize that because cells grow more slowly, outer membrane synthesis ceases to be rate limiting in minimal medium.IMPORTANCE Gram-negative bacteria are defined by their asymmetric outer membrane that consists of phospholipids on the inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet. LPS is essential in all but a few Gram-negative species; the reason for this differential essentiality is not well understood. One species that can survive without LPS, Acinetobacter baumannii, shows characteristic growth and morphology phenotypes. We show that these phenotypes can be suppressed under conditions of slow growth and describe how LPS loss is connected to the growth defects. In addition to better defining the challenges A. baumannii cells face in the absence of LPS, we provide a new hypothesis that may explain the species-dependent conditional essentiality.
NMR-based metabolite studies with 15 N amino acids

15N labeled amino acids are routinely used to label proteins or nucleic acids for study by NMR. However, NMR studies of 15N labeled amino acids in metabolite studies have not been pursued extensively, presumably due to line broadening present under standard experimental conditions. In this work, we show that lowering the temperature to −5 °C allows facile characterization of 15N-labeled amino acids. Further, we show that this technique can be exploited to measure 15NH3 produced in an enzyme catalyzed reaction and the transport and metabolism of individual amino acids in mammalian cell culture. With respect to 13C-labeled amino acids, 15N-labeled amino acids are less costly and enable direct characterization of nitrogen metabolism in complex biological systems by NMR. In summary, the present work significantly expands the metabolite pools and their reactions for study by NMR.
MatLab Toolbox for Linear-Quadratic Mean-Field-Type Games: Version I

In this paper, a MatLab-based toolbox to simulate Linear-Quadratic Mean-Field-Type Games (MFTGs) is presented. The toolbox consists of a first version that considers three different approaches for the one-dimensional case, i.e., Non-Cooperative, Fully-Cooperative and Co-opetitive MFTG scenarios are presented. In order to illustrate the use of the aforementioned tools, several examples are shown and the files corresponding to the developed functions are provided.
Art and Intelligence

This chapter describes how Bowen lent herself as a writer to spy on neutral Ireland, 1940–1941, and wrote 200 reports for the British Ministry of Information that reached the desk of Winston Churchill. Her Reports from Eire, extensively researched here, reveal her to be an independent thinker with divided loyalties to England and Ireland. Bowen becomes a cultural flashpoint in Ireland upon the revelation of her spying in 1990s, revealing much about the culture and politics of her time as well as the country in which she is perceived.
Confronting the COVID-19 Pandemic with Systems Biology

Background: The magnitude and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be overstated. Although the mortality rate is less than SARS and MERS, the global outbreak has already resulted in orders of magnitude more deaths. In order to tackle the complexities of this disease, a Systems Biology approach can provide insights into the biology of the virus and mechanisms of disease. Methods: Using a Systems Biology approach, we have integrated genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and molecular evolution data layers to understand its impact on host cells. We overlay these analyses with high-resolution structural models and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations conducted on the Summit supercomputer at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Findings: Transcriptomic and proteomic data indicate little to no expression of ACE2 in lung tissue. Molecular modeling simulations support ACE2 as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, but ACE may also act as a receptor for the virus and may be important for entry of SARS-CoV-1. Gene expression data from bronchoalveolar lavage samples from COVID-19 patients identify upregulation of renin, angiotensin, and the angiotensin 1-7 receptor MAS as well as a cellular landscape consistent with large-scale dissolution of lung parenchyma tissues, likely comprised of all lung epithelial cell types as well as lymphatic endothelial cells, but an absence of cells, such as macrophages, normally essential for host defense. Interpretation: Our analyses indicate that the commonly accepted view that SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells via ACE2 expressed in the lung is unlikely because ACE2 is undetectable there. Instead, given the greater target space of ACE2-positive nasal, oral, and gastrointestinal tissues, a more likely scenario suggests initial infection in those tissues is followed by a secondary infection via migration through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to the lung microvasculature. The elimination of macrophages and complete lack of activated cytokine signature in COVID-19 lung samples suggest that a major component of SARS-CoV-29s virulence is its net effect of causing a functional immune deficiency syndrome. Our structural analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome suggests involvement of the highly conserved nsp5 protein as part of a major mechanism that suppresses the nuclear factor transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, eliminating the host cell9s interferon-based antiviral response.
Anterior Segment OCT in Glaucoma

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) has emerged as an important imaging tool to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of eye conditions. Developed from the same technology used for traditional retinal imaging, AS-OCT provides a view of the anterior chamber structures with a noncontact approach. AS-OCT can also provide biometric information useful in the management of glaucoma, corneal diseases, and preoperative and postoperative management of anterior segment surgery. This chapter details applications of AS-OCT in the management of glaucoma and anterior segment diseases. The images presented in this chapter have been obtained with the CASIA SS-1000 (Tomey, Nagoya, Japan).
The Case of the Inadvertently Triggered Laser: An Historical Example of Simulation-Enhanced Adverse Event Investigation.

SUMMARY STATEMENT This report describes an historical case example that illustrates how simulation used in investigating adverse events can identify underlying, remediable causes that otherwise may not be discovered. The event involved an operating room fire caused by inadvertent triggering of a laser. Guidelines for action after an adverse event were used to guide the postevent actions. An expert in operating room fires was engaged to conduct the investigation. Recommendations and considerations for conducting such investigations with simulation are offered. Simulation is likely underused for healthcare adverse event investigations; this case example may encourage more widespread application.
Constellation Optimization for Phase-Shift Keying Coherent States With Displacement Receiver to Maximize Mutual Information

An important problem in quantum information theory is finding the best possible capacity of the optical communication channel employing suitable codewords, receiver design, and constellation optimization techniques. In this paper, we derive an alternative channel capacity, $C_{G}$ , of phase-shift keying coherent state with a realizable displacement receiver by maximizing mutual information over symbol priors and pre-detection displacement. We find that $C_{G}$ is higher than the capacity achieved by maximizing mutual information over symbol prior but with zero displacement. The overall scheme demonstrates designing an improved, yet easy-to-implement receiver for better communication performance by tuning it at different photon number regime. Further, we present a comparative analysis of $C_{G}$ with existing receiver designs. We extend our study to account for detector imperfections.
The immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma: Pathways and targets for immune restoration and tumor eradication.

Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are malignancies of skin-trafficking T cells. Patients with advanced CTCL manifest immune dysfunction that predisposes to infection and suppresses the antitumor immune response. Therapies that stimulate immunity have produced superior progression-free survival compared with conventional chemotherapy, reinforcing the importance of addressing the immune deficient state in the care of patients with CTCL. Recent research has better defined the pathogenesis of these immune deficits, explaining the mechanisms of disease progression and revealing potential therapeutic targets. The features of the malignant cell in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome are now significantly better understood, including the T helper 2 cell phenotype, regulatory T cell cytokine production, immune checkpoint molecule expression, chemokine receptors, and interactions with the microenvironment. The updated model of CTCL immunopathogenesis provides understanding into clinical progression and therapeutic response.
Trade Reforms of Uncertain Duration and Real Uncertainty: A First Approximation

This paper examines trade reforms of uncertain duration undertaken in economies subject to real foreign and domestic shocks. These reforms induce consumption and import booms regardless of whether they succeed or fail and of the degree of intertemporal elasticity of substitution. If tariff revenue is rebated, a recession follows the boom, but without rebates a boom or a recession may follow depending on the outcome of the reform. Consumption fluctuations reflect imperfect credibility and real shocks, and the credibility component depends on the mean and risk of real asset returns. Thus, observed booms are a noisy signal of imperfect credibility. Quantitatively, lack of credibility produces sizable consumption cycles, but generally smaller than those induced by real disturbances.
Characteristics of drag-reduced turbulent boundary layers with pulsed-direct-current plasma actuation

Experiments were performed using an active flow control approach that has shown the ability to significantly reduce the viscous drag in turbulent boundary layers. The purpose of this work was to document the changes in the turbulence characteristics of the boundary layer with the drag reduction. The flow control involved generating a steady spanwise velocity component of the order of vortical structures, indicate a suppression of coherent features in the wall layer. These results are consistent with an underlying mechanism for drag reduction that comes from a suppression of the turbulence producing events in the wall layer associated with the wall streak structure.
Induction of Spheroplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Carbenicillin

Speroplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were induced with carbenicillin. Morphological changes were observed as early as 1.5 hr after the initial exposure to carbenicillin.
Cell surface charge characteristics and their relationship to bacterial attachment to meat surfaces

Cell surface charge and hydrophobicity of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined by hydrocarbon adherence, hydrophobic interaction, and electrostatic interaction chromatography. Surface charge and hydrophobicity were compared with the initial attachment values and rates of attachment of the bacteria to meat surfaces. There was a linear correlation between the relative negative charge on the bacterial cell surface and initial attachment to lean beef muscle (r2 = 0.885) and fat tissue (r2 = 0.777). Hydrophobicity correlated well with attachment to fat tissue only. The relative hydrophobicity of each bacterium was dependent on the specific method of determination, with wide variations noted between methods.
Formal verification of ACAS X, an industrial airborne collision avoidance system

Formal verification of industrial systems is very challenging, due to reasons ranging from scalability issues to communication difficulties with engineering-focused teams. More importantly, industrial systems are rarely designed for verification, but rather for operational needs. In this paper we present an overview of our experience using hybrid systems theorem proving to formally verify ACAS X, an airborne collision avoidance system for airliners scheduled to be operational around 2020. The methods and proof techniques presented here are an overview of the work already presented in [8], while the evaluation of ACAS X has been significantly expanded and updated to the most recent version of the system, run 13. The effort presented in this paper is an integral part of the ACAS X development and was performed in tight collaboration with the ACAS X development team.
Hydrothermal catalytic deoxygenation of palmitic acid over nickel catalyst

Abstract Fatty acid has recently received considerable interest as a possible precursor for producing renewable hydrocarbon. In this study, we investigated hydrothermal catalytic deoxygenation of palmitic acid to produce paraffin over a Ni/ZrO2 catalyst with no or low-pressure (100 psi) external supply of H2. The results show that the presence of water greatly improved conversion of palmitic acid and paraffin yield. Significant improvement was attributed to the formation of in-situ H2. Without an external H2 supply, a 64.2 C% conversion of palmitic acid was achieved in the presence of water, while only a 17.2 C% conversion was achieved without water. The results also show that the presence of water suppressed the side reactions of palmitic acid, specifically ketonization and esterification. We concluded that, compared with decarboxylation and hydrodeoxygenation, decarbonylation was the major route for palmitic acid deoxygenation catalyzed by Ni/ZrO2. Varieties of shorter-chain paraffin (C8–C14) were formed through hydrogenolysis, which also produced a considerable amount of CH4. A viable reaction pathway for hydrothermal catalytic deoxygenation of palmitic acid in the presence of Ni/ZrO2 was suggested. The results show that hydrogenolysis and decarbonylation were the major reactions that occurred. This study demonstrates that this hydrothermal catalytic process is a promising approach for producing liquid paraffin (C8–C15) from fatty acids under no or low-pressure H2.
The Role of the Classroom Teacher in the Lives of Children Victimized by Peers

Until recently, teachers have been largely overlooked in studies of peer victimization. Teachers are in a unique position to understand the peer dynamics of children's victimization, cultivate a classroom environment that fosters positive interpersonal relationships, and intervene directly to prevent continued victimization and corresponding risk to children's emotional and school adjustment. In this article, I synthesize research on how teachers can influence peer victimization processes and outcomes. This review is organized around: (a) characteristics of teachers, (b) teachers' interactions and relationship with children experiencing peer victimization, (c) teachers' interactions and relationship with children perpetrating aggression, (d) teachers' management of the relationship between the children involved in the victimization, and (e) teachers' influences on the peer social ecology of the classroom. I conclude with implications for teacher training and suggestions for research.
Roles in the Divorce Process and Identity Strength

Abstract Building on Vaughn's (1986) descriptions of the separation process, Vannoy (1995) posited a paradigm of roles in the divorce process. This paper uses a sample of 411 Catholic divorced women to empirically identify subjects playing these respective roles in ending their marriages. The paper has both methodological and theoretical implications. Methodologically, this paper helps refine measures for how individuals perceive their role in their divorces. Theoretically, the paper explores questions about whether men or women are more or less likely to initiate separations as well as the relationship between divorce role and ego strength. Findings indicate that in this sample from the perception of wives, the wives were more likely than their husbands to be the first to wish to end their marriages and more nurturing women were more likely to do so than less nurturing women. Secondly, a significant proportion of the sample of women initiated the legal proceedings for their divorces even though they were...
Constructing ethnicity: culture and ethnic conflict in the new world disorder.

The end of the Cold War saw a proliferation of deadly conflicts between ethnic and other so-called identity groups around the world. Building on the tension between the purely “cultural” and politically deployable “ethnic” dimensions of identity, this paper examines the emergence of these conflicts in terms of the disintegration of major power systems — postcolonial, postimperial, postrevolutionary, and postillusionary — that had hitherto operated to constrain conflict. The emergence of the refugee as a new cultural, as well as political, type is discussed as one precipitate of these identity-group conflicts.
A note on residually small varieties of semigroups

It is proved for any varietyG of groups that if the subdirectly irreducible groups inG form a set, and if the subdirectly irreducible representation algebras of groups inG form a set, then every finite group inG is Abelian. The result is essential for the characterization of residually finite varieties of semigroups.
WE-G-BRE-05: Nanoparticle-Aided Microwave Hyperthermia Is Accompanied By Free Radical Generation and Enhanced Cell Kill

Purpose: Hyperthermia, an established method of cancer treatment used in adjuvant to radiation and chemotherapy, can utilize metallic nanoparticles (NPs) for tumor heating with a microwave electromagnetic field. The high surface-area-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles makes them effective catalysts for free radical generation, thus amplifying the cell-killing effect of hyperthermia. We explore the effect of gold and platinum NPs in generating free radicals in aqueous media under a microwave field. Methods: Spin trap 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) was mixed separately with 3.2 nm Mesogold and Mesoplatinum colloidal nanoparticle suspensions in deionized water to trap radicals. The mixtures were injected into a number of glass capillaries and exposed to the 9.68GHz microwave field of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer. The microwave radiation from the spectrometer served to both generate and detect the trapped radicals. Each sample was scanned at 12mW microwave power to obtain the initial signal of hydroxyl radicals (OH.), then at 39.8mW followed by 79.8 or 125mW, and finally re-scanned at 12mW. Radical signal intensities obtained by double integration of EPR spectra from the initial and the final scans were then compared. Results: Nanoparticle samples had no intentionally-added free radicals before the initial measurement. While samples with DMPO-water solution showed nomore » OH. signal, all those with AuNPs or PtNPs developed an OH. signal during their first exposure to the microwave field. Depending upon the applied microwave power and time interval between the initial and the final EPR scans, an OH. intensity increase of ∼10-60% was found. This contradicts the typical trend of exponential decay of the OH. signal with time. Conclusion: The consistent increase in OH. intensity establishes that gold and platinum nanoparticles facilitate free radical generation under microwave irradiation. Our results suggest that NP-aided hyperthermia is accompanied by the generation of free radicals, which enhance the cell-killing effects of hyperthermia.« less
The treatment of tuberculosis of the superficial cervical lymph nodes in children.

Summary The results of various types oftreatment in twenty-five cases of tuberculosis of the superficial cervical lymph nodes in children are reported. A suggested method of therapy is outlined.
99mTc-labeling kinetics of four thiol-containing chelators and 2-hydrazinopyridine: Factors influencing their radiolabeling efficiency

Abstract The relative 99mTc-labeling efficiency of several potentially tetradentate thiol-containing chelators was studied by competing them with glucoheptonate in the [99mTc]glucoheptonate complex, and was compared to that of 2-hydrazinopyridine (HYPY), a model compound for HYNIC (hydrazinonicotinamide). The thiol-containing chelators in their unprotected forms include 4,5-bis(mercaptoacetamido)pentanoic acid (H4L1), N-[2-(mercapto)propionyl]glycylglycylglycine (H4L2), 2-(mercapto)ethylaminoacetyl- l -cysteine (H3L3), and N,N′- ethylenediyl-bis- l -cysteine diethyl ester (H3L4). There are several factors that influence the labeling efficiency of a chelator. These include donor atoms, chelator concentration, and reaction conditions such as temperature and reaction time, and pH of the reaction media. In all the cases, higher chelator concentration produces better radiolabeling yields. Heating at 100°C for 30 min is required for the successful 99mTc-labeling of N2S2 diamidedithol (H4L1) and N3S triamidethiol (H4L2), while the N2S2 monoamide monoaminedithiol (H3L3) can be well labeled under milder conditions. For the N2S2 diaminedithiol (H3L4), the ligand exchange could be completed within 60 min at room temperature. It is clear that substitution of an amine-N for an amide-N enhances the rate of 99mTc-labeling. The reaction of HYPY with [99mTc]glucoheptonate was carried out by heating the reaction mixture at 50°C for 30 min under acidic conditions (pH 4–5). The radiolabeling efficiency of HYPY using glucoheptonate as coligand is better than that of H4L1-H3L3, and is comparable to that of H3L4. Therefore, NYNIC and diaminedithiols are the candidates of choice as bifunctional coupling agents in labeling small biologically active molecules with very high potency.
Iodine Suppression of Iodide Uptake in FRTL-5 Thyroid Cells

Exposure of FRTL-5 cells to iodide (I−) in excess of 3 μm suppresses the concentrative uptake of I−. The depression of I− uptake measured at the steady state is due to a decrease in the rate of I− influx and not to an effect on I− efflux. Exposure to Nal is associated with decreased T4 secretion and also depressed Na+-dependent amino acid accumulation. The depression in I− and amino acid transports increases proportionately with the duration of exposure and concentration of I′ used but is not associated with alterations in FRTL-5 cell cAMP levels. The I− suppression effect is blocked, however, when methimazole is present during the incubation with Nal. In agreement with studies in vivo, I− suppression in FRTL-5 cells appears to depend on an intermediate in the organification process and to be independent of a TSH-induced cAMP-mediated action. (Endocrinology 118: 2477–2482, 1986)
Toward a classification of real compact solvmanifolds with real symplectic structures

Abstract In this paper, we deal with the problem of classifying compact complex solvmanifolds with holomorphic symplectic structures and obtain some structure results which make the classification possible. In particular, we reduce the classification to the nilpotent case with the same dimension, which we call the nilpotent reduction. The same method also works for the real compact solvmanifolds with real symplectic structures. The real six-dimensional case was treated completely. This is one of the major steps to obtain further examples of compact holomorphic symplectic manifolds. For example, the Kodaira–Thurston surface is NOT a complex homogeneous manifold with a transitive Lie group action which keeps the complex structure invariant, but a real solvmanifold with a complex structure.
High spatial resolution proportional chambers

Abstract Multiwire proportional chambers with 1 mm wire spacing have been built at National Accelerator Laboratory and tested at Argonne National Laboratory in a spatially separated beam of 2.1 GeV/ c π + . At 1 atm pressure using 10% methane and 90% argon gas mixture with 3 mm gap the detection efficiency approaches 100%. The measured transit time of the primary electrons is less than 10 nsec with this spacing. The pressure dependence of the proportional pulses was investigated. At one atmosphere the width of the time distribution is 34 nsec at fwhm and very much broadened at higher pressures. We find that a spatial resolution of ±0.5 mm was reached. We believe even higher resolutions may be obtainable. A chamber of this type is capable of counting above 10 6 pulses per wire per second, provide good timing information, be capable of operation in magnetic fields, and provide high multiparticle detection efficiencies.
Results of Direct Coronary Artery Graft Reconstruction:A Five-Year Clinical and Arteriographic Appraisal

Abstract Three hundred thirty-six patients with severe coronary artery disease were operated upon between June, 1969, and December, 1974. All were followed from 1 to 66 months (average, 37 months) with respect to survival and late myocardial infarction. The patients operated upon were compared statistically with a group of unoperated patients, and this evaluation demonstrated significantly better late survival in the surgically treated patients who had double- and triple-vessel disease. Two hundred thirty-six consecutive patients had clinical and late arteriographic reevaluation more than 6 months postoperatively; 78% were asymptomatic. Factors affecting graft patency are reviewed in detail. Late graft patency is determined by preoperative selection of vessels for grafting. Patency is not an index of success for this procedure. Surgical therapy appears to be the treatment of choice for patients with two- and three-vessel coronary occlusive disease.
Symbiosis: Chemical Biology at Wisconsin

C hemical biology has been percolating at the University of Wisconsin (UW)–Madison for most of the university’s history (www.chemicalbiology. wisc.edu; 1–4). UW–Madison played a predominant role in early research on vitamins—those small molecules that are essential in trace amounts for human life. There, Harry Steenbock developed the irradiation process for the production of vitamin D and thereby eliminated the scourge of rickets (5, 6). Vitamin A was discovered at Wisconsin, as were the vitamin B complex and the hormonal form of vitamin D. Karl Paul Link isolated the potent anticoagulant dicoumarol there and then synthesized warfarin, an analogue that is still a common chemotherapeutic agent. Microbial fermentation methods developed at UW–Madison enabled the large-scale biosynthesis of penicillin and other antibiotics. H. Gobind Khorana carried out the first chemical synthesis of a gene there (7), andW. S. Johnson and Eugene van Tamelen devised synthetic routes to steroids inspired by the biosynthesis of this critical class of natural products (8). The use of natural protease inhibitors to devise highly effective inhibitors of aspartyl proteases was an insight that arose atWisconsin andwas used to design potent HIV protease inhibitors (9). These and other triumphs demonstrate an early symbiosis of chemistry and biology, which fostered the training of eminent interdisciplinary scientists such as Carl Djerassi and Ralph Hirschmann. Seeking to coalesce the well-established success in research at the interface between chemistry and biology, Dan Rich sought one of the initial Chemistry–Biology Interface (CBI) Training Grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1993. His vision was to provide graduate students with a multitude of opportunities for interdisciplinary training in chemistry and biology. The process of preparing the grant application launched the UW–Madison program in chemical biology (www.chemical biology.wisc.edu). The now long-standing NIH training grant remains a core component of graduate training in chemical biology at the university. Since the inception of the training program, UW–Madison’s commitment to graduate-student training in chemical biology has increased. For example, the university has made the recruitment of faculty members with research interests in chemical biology a priority. As a result, graduate students have a wide variety of research options from which to choose. In addition, a powerful infrastructure for conducting chemical biology research has been built. Third, courses in chemical biology have been developed that employ innovative teaching methods. These courses are designed not only to introduce students to concepts in chemical biology but also to build their skills in critical thinking, creative problem selection, and communication. Lastly, students affiliated with *Corresponding author, kiessling@chem.wisc.edu.
Diffusion-flame extinction for a spinning fuel disk in an oxidizer counterflow

Activation-energy asymptotics is applied to predict extinction of a flat laminar diffusion flame adjacent to a solid fuel disk, which is rotating about its axis with angular velocity b and subjected to an impinging gaseous oxidizer flow having a radial velocity gradient a . By allowing for radiative energy loss from the surface of the disk in the similarity solutions, radiative extinction is obtained for smaller values of the parameter c =( a 2 + b 2 ) 1/2 as well as diffusive extinction at large values. Flammability boundaries are calculated for a model of poly(methyl methacrylate) burning in oxygen/nitrogen mixtures, showing a minimum ambient oxygen concentration to occur at an intermediate value of c separating radiative and diffusive extinction. The location of the minimum and the flammability boundary are shown to correlate well with a characteristic flow time. The minimum oxygen index below which combustion is impossible (having spacecraft fire-safety implications) is qualitatively consistent with results of earlier numerical studies, which addressed only the limits in which either a or b is zero and found the lowest value of the limiting index to occur when a =0. The present generalized theory helps to explain these results.
Children's scripts for social emotions: causes and consequences are more central than are facial expressions.

Understanding and recognition of emotions relies on emotion concepts, which are narrative structures (scripts) specifying facial expressions, causes, consequences, label, etc. organized in a temporal and causal order. Scripts and their development are revealed by examining which components better tap which concepts at which ages. This study investigated whether a facial expression or a brief story describing an emotion's cause and consequence was the stronger cue to basic-level and social emotions. Children (N = 120, 4-10 years) freely labelled the emotion implied by faces and, separately, stories for six basic-level emotions (happiness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and contempt) and three social emotions (embarrassment, compassion, and shame). Cause-and-consequence stories were the stronger cue overall, especially for fear, disgust, and social emotions. Faces were the stronger cue only for surprise. Younger children assimilated social emotions into basic-level emotion categories (sadness and anger); older children differentiated them. Differentiation occurred earlier for stories than for faces. Language: en
Initial characterization of a modular Magnetically Insulated Line Oscillator

The high power microwave, plasma and beam physics group at the University of New Mexico, Electrical Engineering Department has developed a modular Magnetically Insulated Line Oscillator (MILO) that will function as a test bed for fundamental and applied physics research. This modular MILO is comprised of stages that allow for easy changes to the internal and external geometric structure. We present numerical simulations, particle in cell as well as radiation transport, on several low voltage operating points for one geometric configuration. Initial experimental data showing the electrical operation of the MILO as driven by a fast rise time Marx is presented and compared to numerical results. Results for time resolved radiation measurements due to electron impact are shown as well as their correlation to experimental electrical measurements and numerical simulations of sheath currents. Experimental resonant mode cold test data is shown along with its numerical simulation analogue.
Impulse viscoelasticity: a new method to study polymerization of thermosets

The technique of Impulse Viscoelasticity, in combination with incremental linear elasticity, is presented for monitoring the mechanical and rheological changes which occur during the solidification process. The technique is specifically applied to the curing of an epoxy resin. For such a system, the properties which can be measured as a function of the cure history are gelation time and temperature, equilibrium tensile modulus, cure stress and shrinkage, steady state elongational viscosity, mean relaxation time, thermal expansion coefficient, glass transition temperature and dynamic mechanical properties.
Effect of 10 Pharmacologic Probes on mRNA Levels of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthetase and Selected Inflammatory Cytokines in a Rat Model of Acute Otitis Media

Ten drugs were screened for their ability to decrease inflammatory mediator (IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthetase [iNOS], IL-1beta and monocyte chemotactic protein [MCP-1]) expression in a rat model of acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Six adult rats were randomly assigned to each of 12 groups corresponding to uninfected controls and treatments with saline, aminoguanidine, anisomycin, dexamethasone, ketorolac, L-N(G)-nitroarginine methylester, methylprednisolone, mycophenolic acid, pentoxiphylline, tacrolimus or WEB2086. Forty-eight h after the start of treatment, the ears of the animals in the 11 treatment groups were challenged with S. pneumoniae. Forty-eight h later, all animals were killed and middle ear mucosa was harvested and assayed for RNA message. Messages for IL-6, iNOS and MCP-1 were significantly increased as a result of infection. Most treatments decreased MCP-1 and four decreased IL-6 and iNOS. Tacrolimus and dexamethasone decreased IL-6, iNOS and MCP-1. These results show that pharmacological agents can modify the expression of inflammatory mediators in this model and may have clinically relevant effects.
Response to “The Subprime Crisis and African Americans” by Sandra Phillips

Lucy Reuben’s Response to “The Subprime Crisis and African Americans” by Sandra Phillips includes an overview of the linkages between historical housing disparities and the adverse wealth gap from which the African American community suffers. Reuben discusses how the subprime mortgage crisis has reduced both African American homeownership and African American access to wealth-building for entrepreneurial development. Finally, Reuben offers policy recommendations related to expanding financial literacy and strengthening regulatory oversight.
METANEXUS 2007: THE CHALLENGE AHEAD

. This essay is William Grassie's valedictory remarks at the Metanexus Institute's 2007 Annual Conference. Grassie asks what is wrong with religion, what is wrong with science, and why the constructive engagement of the two holds the key to setting things right. He cites Sir John Templeton and others to make his case and proposes a new curriculum for general science education that uses the history of nature as a mnemonic and context for promoting better science literacy and the incorporation of science into our cultural traditions.
Reversal of azide inhibition by uncouplers

Abstract Azide is a known inhibitor of electron transfer in non-phosphorylating submitochondrial particles with a site of inhibition at cytochrome oxidase ( Keilin, 1936 ; Minnaert, 1961 ; Yonetani, 1965 ). In phosphorylating preparations azide also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation ( Loomis and Lipmann, 1949 ; Slater, 1955 ) and inhibits some of the reactions associated with oxidative phosphorylation ( Wadkins and Lehninger, 1958 ; Wadkins, 1961 ). This report on the azide inhibition of intact mitochondria demonstrates a direct relationship between the azide effects on oxidative phosphorylation and its inhibition of electron transfer.
Keratinocyte grafts for wound healing.

Abstract Attempts by early investigators to culture human keratinocytes in vitro were hampered by fibroblast overgrowth in culture. In addition, under the culture conditions at the time, the keratinocytes rapidly differentiated and did not actively propagate. 1 In the 1960s tissue expiant cultures were used in attempts to obtain improved epidermal expansion. In this technique, a skin sample was placed with the dermal surface in contact with the culture dish to allow attachment and then incubated in culture medium. The epidermis grew down the side of the explant, attached to the dish, and then migrated outward to produce epithelial layers that could be used as allografts in animal models 2 ; however, proliferation of epidermal cells using this method was insufficient to produce the large amounts of epidermis required for grafting. 3–5 In 1975 Rheinwald and Green described a significant advance in keratinocyte culture techniques that allowed serial subcultivation of human keratinocytes. Whole skin was trypsinized to produced a single-cell suspension of keratinocytes. These were then cultivated on a feeder layer of lethally irradiated 3T3 fibroblasts. The technique has been refined and modified so that it is now possible, starting with a skin sample of 1 cm 2 , to expand the amount of cultured epithelium 10,000-fold to a size comparable to that of the adult body surface. Using the enzyme dispase, the epidermal sheet can be detached from the culture dish (Fig 1). A nonadherent dressing or vaseline gauze is then placed on the outer surface as a backing to facilitate handling of the graft 6–10 (Fig 2). An important advance in this methodology was the introduction of epidermal growth factor, which was a potent stimulator of keratinocyte yield in culture. 10 In addition, many new keratinocyte culture techniques using a chemically more defined medium have been described by multiple groups. 11–18 From grafting experiments on nude mice, it was found that cultured epidermal cells regenerate a fully differentiated epidermis with normal architecture and a relatively complete pattern of keratinization including synthesis of high-molecular-weight keratins. 19
Scurvy: malnourishment in the land of plenty

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble, heat-labile molecule found in most fruits and vegetables with a variety of critical metabolic functions, and its deficiency presents the characteristic physical examination findings known as scurvy (1). Being water-soluble, it has minimal storage in the body. It is renally excreted, which can be increased over 50% by ethanol co-ingestion. As a heat-labile molecule, its enzymatic co-factor activity is diminished by heating, as occurs with cooking. Vitamin C deficiency is invariably fatal from internal hemorrhage or infection, the effects of which are of well-known historical significance (2). In asymptomatic patients, the prevalence of serum vitamin C deficiency ranges from 17–25% (3). Risk factors for scurvy include mental disorder, alcohol use, dietary faddism, and gastrointestinal disease (4). As such, patients with scurvy may manifest other dietary deficiencies (e.g., calcium, vitamin B12, folate, or iron). Because the early symptoms include fatigue, mood changes, and other nonspecific constitutional symptoms, the clinical significance may be vastly underappreciated (5). The patient population at risk for scurvy overlaps significantly with typical emergency department (ED) populations, and the diagnosis can be made on history and physical examination alone. A simple intervention of brief dietary counseling and vitamin supplementation can easily reverse this deadly disease