cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of thinning-induced changes in structural heterogeneity on growth, ingrowth, and mortality in secondary coastal Douglas-fir forests

Thinning is believed to accelerate the development of late-successional attributes, thereby enhancing stand structural heterogeneity in young, secondary forests. By making use of a large-scale experiment implemented in 40- to 60-year-old coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) forests, we addressed the following objectives: (i) determine the effect of three thinning treatments on the temporal dynamics (first 11 years after thinning) of key forest structure measures, (ii) evaluate the relationships between spatially explicit structural diversity measures and spatially nonexplicit stand metrics, and (iii) test the relationships between stand structure and observed periodic stand volume growth, ingrowth, and mortality. Treatments consisted of high-density, moderate-density, and variable-density thinnings-from-below, as well as a control. Differences in stand structural heterogeneity between treatments were mostly nonsignificant. However, our results suggest that variable-density stands displayed structural enrichment as tree size and tree species diversity increased throughout the study period as a result of continuous ingrowth of species other than Douglas-fir. Simple spatially nonexplicit metrics could not be used to reliably model spatially explicit structural diversity measures. The inclusion of structural and species diversity measures only rarely improved accuracy of sample plot level growth, ingrowth, and mortality prediction models. Despite the short-term nature of this study, we conclude that variable-density thinning shows promise in increasing structural heterogeneity in young even-aged stands. The inclusion of structural diversity measures in growth and mortality models may be beneficial, but further work is needed to clarify the underlying relationships, particularly at the individual-tree level.
Probiotic Bacteria: Today and Tomorrow

This paper provides an overview of the key issues raised during this symposium. Probiotic cultures have been associated historically with cultured milks and dairy products, from which there is substantial evidence for positive effects on human health and general well-being.
The Coulostatic Method

Principles, theory and methodology are discussed for the applications of the coulostatic method toanalytical chemistry, electrode kinetics and adsorption kinetics. The coulostatic method is based on the following principle: a known quantity ofelectricity is supplied to the working electrode of an electrochemical cell in a very short time (perhaps l microsecond or even a shorter time), and the subsequent variations of potential of the working electrode are followed at open circuit. The principle was mentioned in a two-line statement by Barker who considered solely application to electrode kinetics. The method was rediscovered in this Laboratory in connection with a theoretical study of adsorption kinetics at an ideal polarized electrode . The expression "coulostatic method" was coined in thi s paper. Application of the method to analytical chemistry was soon announced and application to electrode kinetics was immediately developed. Independently, Reinmuth and coworkers and Gerischer also developed the study of fast electrode processes by this method.
Beyond Internal and External: A Dyadic Theory of Relational Attributions

Attribution theory argues that people assess the locus of causality of achievement-relevant events as either internal or external. Given the frequency of interpersonal interactions in organizations, we posit that a third category—relational attributions—may be used. Drawing on relational perspectives, we lay the conceptual foundation and develop a dyadic theory of relational attributions, proposing their antecedents and linking them to relationship-focused behaviors, which influence the quality of interpersonal links within organizations.
The oxidation of sulfide to thiosulfate by metallo-protein complexes and by ferritin

Abstract 1. 1. Metals, metal chelates and metal-protein complexes have been tested as sulfide-oxidizing agents. The conditions for maximal catalytic activity by these systems have been described. 2. 2. At physiological concentrations iron (Fe ++ or Fe +++ ) added to inert protein (crystalline bovine plasma albumin) most closely mimicked the biological sulfide-oxidizing system in rat liver. 3. 3. Ferritin oxidized sulfide to thiosulfate at a rate 45 times greater than did active rat-liver extracts. 4. 4. Some of the catalytic properties of ferritin in sulfide-oxidation have been described and a new physiological function for ferritin has been suggested.
Moral Leadership and Practical Wisdom

Book VI of Aristotle′s Nicomachean Ethics is commented on, aimed at showing its relevance to some themes in contemporary moral philosophy. It is argued that the classical approach to morality (Aristotle) and the Enlightened approach (Kant) need not compose antinomy. Instead, the Aristotelian emphases on the development of virtuous character and the nature of practical wisdom coalesce with the Kantian emphasis on autonomy – what Falk calls “responsible self‐direction” – in the person of the moral leader. In particular, great moralists have recognised that moral wisdom is not mainly a matter of strict obedience to rules. While rules have their place, the subject matter of ethics cannot be determined by a quasi‐mathematical formalism. Over‐emphasis on the formalism of the categorical imperative obscures Kant′s more fundamental emphasis on autonomy. The autonomous person, able to exercise moral leadership, cultivates the Aristotelian virtue of phronēsis.
Infrasonic Waves and Auroral Activity

The association of infrasonic waves in the atmosphere with auroral and magnetic activity is well recognized. Observations within the northern auroral zone suggest that the occurrence and the characteristics of most of the infrasonic disturbances associated with aurorae can be accounted for by the supersonic movement of large scale auroral forms.
How the airplane wing cut through the exterior columns of the World Trade Center

Abstract The problem of the airplane wing cutting through the exterior columns of the World Trade Center is treated analytically. The exterior columns are thin-walled box beam made of high strength steel. The complex structure of the airplane is lumped into another box, but it has been found that the equivalent thickness of the box is an order of magnitude larger than the column thickness. The problem can be then modeled as an impact of a rigid mass traveling with the velocity of 240 m/s into a hollow box-like vertical member. The deformation and failure process is very local and is broken into three phases: shearing of the impacting flange; tearing of side webs; and tensile fracture of the rear flange. Using the exact dynamic solution in the membrane deformation mode, the critical impact velocity to fracture the impacted flange was calculated to be 155 m/s for both flat and round impacting mass. Therefore, the wing would easily cut through the outer column. It was also found that the energy absorbed by plastic deformation and fracture of the ill-fated column is only 6.7% of the initial kinetic energy of the wing.
A single base extension technique for the analysis of known mutations utilizing capillary gel electrophoreisis with electrochemical detection.

A novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection system is described in which the accuracy of DNA polymerase and advantages of electrochemical detection are demonstrated. A model SNP system is presented to illustrate the potential advantages in coupling the single base extension (SBE) technique to capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) with electrochemical detection. An electrochemically labeled primer, with a ferrocene acetate covalently attached to its 5‘ end, is used in the extension reaction. When the Watson−Crick complementary ddNTP is added to the SBE reaction, the primer is extended by a single nucleotide. The reaction mixture is subsequently separated by CGE, and the ferrocene-tagged fragments are detected at the separation anode with sinusoidal voltammetry. This work demonstrates the first single base resolution separation of DNA coupled with electrochemical detection. The unextended primer (20-mer) and the 21-mer extension product are separated with a resolution of 0.8.
Growth Hormone Enhances Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in a Growth Hormone Transgenic Mouse

In a transgenic growth hormone (GH) mouse model, highly elevated GH increases overall growth and decreases adipose depots while low or moderate circulating GH enhances adipose deposition with differential effects on body growth. Using this model, the effects of low, moderate, and high chronic GH on fatty acid composition were determined for adipose and hepatic tissue and the metabolites of 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid) were characterized to identify metabolic targets of action of elevated GH. The products of Δ-9 desaturase in hepatic, but not adipose, tissue were reduced in response to elevated GH. Proportional to the level of circulating GH, the products of Δ-5 and Δ-6 were increased in both adipose and hepatic tissue for the omega-6 lipids (e.g., 20:4n-6), while only the hepatic tissues showed an increase for omega-3 lipids (e.g., 22:6n-3). The eicosanoids, PGE2 and 12-HETE, were elevated with high GH but circulating thromboxane was not. Hepatic PTGS1 and 2 (COX1 and COX 2), SOD1, and FADS2 (Δ-6 desaturase) mRNAs were increased with elevated GH while FAS mRNA was reduced; SCD1 (stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase) and SCD2 mRNA did not significantly differ. The present study showed that GH influences the net flux through various aspects of lipid metabolism and especially the desaturase metabolic processes. The combination of altered metabolism and tissue specificity suggest that the regulation of membrane composition and its effects on signaling pathways, including the production and actions of eicosanoids, can be mediated by the GH regulatory axis.
Association of footprint measurements and running training level, performance success, and training specificity

This study aimed to determine the association of various footprint measurements and running training level (high school vs. post-high school), training specificity (sprint vs. distance), and performance success amongst competitive runners. Footprint parameters are variable between individuals. Several studies have assessed footprint measurements’ relationship to injury, but not the relationship with performance characteristics. One hundred and three high school and post- high school competitive runners were assessed for running ability and provided footprints. Athletes documented personal bests in competitive events. All footprints were digitized with PictZar-Calibrated Digital Measurements version 4.02 and the following calculations were made: truncated arch index (TAI), arch index (AI), Chippaux-Smirak Index (CSI), and Staheli Index (SAI). Post-high school runners exhibited lower TAI [0.347 (0.138), 0.260 (0.086)], higher AI [0.267 (0.035), 0.299 (0.031)], lower CSI [2.538 (0.639), 2.139 (0.394)], and h...
Current radar responsive tag development activities at Sandia National Laboratories.

Over the past ten years, Sandia has developed RF radar responsive tag systems and supporting technologies for various government agencies and industry partners. RF tags can function as RF transmitters or radar transponders that enable tagging, tracking, and location determination functions. Expertise in tag architecture, microwave and radar design, signal analysis and processing techniques, digital design, modeling and simulation, and testing have been directly applicable to these tag programs. In general, the radar responsive tag designs have emphasized low power, small package size, and the ability to be detected by the radar at long ranges. Recently, there has been an interest in using radar responsive tags for Blue Force tracking and Combat ID (CID). The main reason for this interest is to allow airborne surveillance radars to easily distinguish U.S. assets from those of opposing forces. A Blue Force tracking capability would add materially to situational awareness. Combat ID is also an issue, as evidenced by the fact that approximately one-quarter of all U.S. casualties in the Gulf War took the form of ground troops killed by friendly fire. Because the evolution of warfare in the intervening decade has made asymmetric warfare the norm rather than the exception, swarming engagements in which U.S. forces will be freely intermixed with opposing forces is a situation that must be anticipated. Increasing utilization of precision munitions can be expected to drive fires progressively closer to engaged allied troops at times when visual de-confliction is not an option. In view of these trends, it becomes increasingly important that U.S. ground forces have a widely proliferated all-weather radar responsive tag that communicates to all-weather surveillance. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent, current, and future radar responsive research and development activities at Sandia National Laboratories that support both the Blue Force Tracking and Combat ID application. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company for the United States Departments of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Predicting Flash Fire Protection of Clothing from Laboratory Tests Using Second-Degree Burn to Rate Performance

Laboratory tests have been developed that evaluate realistically the protective performance of clothing materials and garments. Test conditions are chosen to stress the high temperature resistance of materials in the same manner as in an industrial flash fire exposure. A second degree burn in human tissue is used as the criteria to ate performance of materials. Test results have been correlated between the small-scale lab swatch test and a full-scale instrumented manikin garment test, and these results related to industrial experience. The TPP lab test has been found useful in evaluating the performance of candidate materials as replacement for existing materials with known acceptable protective performance. It can be used to specify the level of protection needed in a garment when the intensity of the exposure hazard is known. Also, the test is especially useful for developing new materials and selecting candidates for additional field testing.
Liver DNA alterations by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the female rat

Abstract 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) were administered by oral gavage [1 ug/kg/week in corn oil (5 ml/kg)] to female Sprague-Dawley rats for up to six months. Liver and kidney DNA were isolated and the formation of DNA adducts in liver and kidney were determined by the highly sensitive 32p-postlabeling assay procedure. No exposure-related spots associated with TCDD or PCDD covalent DNA adducts were noted on the chromatograms of kidney or liver DNA nucleotides from the rats exposed to the toxins for 2 and 6 months. Corn oil treated animals exhibited the characteristic tissue- and age-specific patterns of 32p-labeled I-spots (Randerath, Reddy and Disher, Carcinogenesis 7, 1615, 1986) which are associated with specific DNA modifications of unknown function. Treatment with either PCDD or TCDD resulted in significant and substantial reduction of the levels of the I-compounds in the liver but not the kidney DNA. Reductions in the amounts of individual hepatic I-compounds ranged from 45–65 and 40–80% in rats treated with TCDD for 2 and 6 months respectively. The effects of PCDD were less marked than those observed for TCDD.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. III. Solubilities of babassu, coconut, olive, palm, rapeseed, and sunflower seed oils in aqueous ethanol

Solubilities of babassu, coconut, olive, palm, rapeseed, and sunflower seed oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions at various temperatures were determined by a direct and simple method. Solubility curves for the six oils are presented. The critical solution temperatures increase with the water content of the alcohol, and in each case the relationship is linear. The pressure in the system also varies with the temperature, the maximum being about 20 p.s.i.g.
De novo formation of transitional ER sites and Golgi structures in Pichia pastoris

Transitional ER (tER) sites are ER subdomains that are functionally, biochemically and morphologically distinct from the surrounding rough ER. Here we have used confocal video microscopy to study the dynamics of tER sites and Golgi structures in the budding yeast Pichia pastoris. The biogenesis of tER sites is tightly linked to the biogenesis of Golgi, and both compartments can apparently form de novo. tER sites often fuse with one another, but they maintain a consistent average size through shrinkage after fusion and growth after de novo formation. Golgi dynamics are similar, although late Golgi elements often move away from tER sites towards regions of polarized growth. Our results can be explained by assuming that tER sites give rise to Golgi cisternae that continually mature.
Transplantation of neural progenitor and stem cells: Developmental insights may suggest new therapies for spinal cord and other CNS dysfunction

Multipotent neural progenitors and stem cells may integrate appropriately into the developing and degenerating central nervous system. They may also be effective in the replacement of genes, cells, and nondiffusible factors in either a widespread or a more circumscribed manner, depending on the therapeutic demands of the clinical situation. In addition, they may be uniquely responsive to some types of neurodegenerative conditions. We believe that these various appealing capabilities are the normal expression of basic biologic properties and attributes of a stem cell. The therapeutic utility of some of those properties is illustrated in this review of ongoing work in our laboratory, particularly with regard to spinal dysfunction. In these examples, we believe we have tapped into a mechanism that underlies a remarkable degree of natural plasticity programmed into the nervous system at the cellular level, and we have now exploited those properties for therapeutic ends.
ADAPT: Availability-Aware MapReduce Data Placement for Non-dedicated Distributed Computing

The MapReduce programming paradigm is gaining more and more popularity recently due to its merits of ease of programming, data distribution and fault tolerance. The low barrier of adoption of MapReduce makes it a promising framework for non-dedicated distributed computing environments. However, the variability of hosts resources and availability could substantially degrade the performance of MapReduce applications. The replication-based fault tolerance mechanism helps to alleviate some problems at the cost of inefficient storage space utilization. Intelligent solutions that guarantee the performance of MapReduce applications with low data replication degree are needed to promote the idea of running MapReduce applications in non-dedicated environment at lower costs. In this research, we propose an Availability-aware Data Placement (ADAPT) strategy to improve the application performance without extra storage cost. The basic idea of ADAPT is to dispatch data based on the availability of each node, reduce network traffic, improve data locality, and optimize the application performance. We implement the prototype of ADAPT within the Hadoop framework, an open-source implementation of MapReduce. The performance of ADAPT is evaluated in an emulated non-dedicated distributed environment. The experimental results show that ADAPT can improve the performance by more than 30%. ADAPT achieves high reliability without the need for additional data replication. ADAPT has also been evaluated for large-scale computing environment through simulations, with promising results.
Designing Izbushka: Investigating Interactions in Context Zero Environments

Designing computer interfaces and other technologies that interact with users in adaptive ways that attempt to emulate their natural styles of learning is difficult. As technology has become main stream in our daily interactions, adaptive interfaces are key in helping users in many situations. In this article we discuss the preliminary investigation with the intelligent agent named Izbushka and how it can be used to collect various data from human users in an attempt to understand how they learn while interacting with technology. Izbushka as a tool will help to generate new ways of understanding and conceptualizing interaction by presenting users with a "zero-context" environment. Izbushka presents users with a unique interface in an attempt to study user interactions that lack traditional metaphors or ontological grounding typical in many computer interfaces. The Izbushka agent is our first step towards filtering out preconceived metaphorical ideas in order to generate new understanding of human computer interaction.
Differentiating the hypodermic model from empirical research: A comment on Bineham's commentaries

(1988). Differentiating the hypodermic model from empirical research: A comment on Bineham's commentaries. Communication Monographs: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 247-249.
Estrogen use and brain metabolic change in older adults. A preliminary report

Because estrogen may influence brain blood flow and metabolism in older adults, we used positron emission tomography to evaluate cerebral glucose metabolic change in post-menopausal women and men. Women estrogen users (n=4), women non-users (n=8) and men (n=10) were scanned at baseline and two years later. Analyses focused on glucose metabolism in lateral temporal, inferior parietal and posterior cingulate brain regions, previously reported to decline in non-demented older persons. No metabolic differences in cerebral regions of interest were found among groups at baseline. At follow-up, women estrogen users showed significantly increased glucose metabolism in the lateral temporal region, whereas women non-users and men exhibited no significant metabolic change in this region. These findings suggest that estrogen use may protect against regional cerebral metabolic decline in postmenopausal women.
Group size in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys, Cebus olivaceus, and the reproductive success of males and females

The effect of variation in group size on age-specific survivorship and fecundity rates were examined in a population of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys Cebus olivaceus during a 10 year study. Life tables were constructed separately for four large (≥15 individuals) and four small groups (<15 individuals). Female reproductive success, and its relative contribution to population growth, was much higher in large groups, primarily through higher age-specific fecundity. Age-specific survivorship was similar in groups of different sizes. The reproductive success of the single breeding male in a group was much higher in large than small groups. Compared to small groups, breeding males in large groups had a longer breeding tenure, and access to greater numbers of reproductive females with a higher average fecundity. Differences in female reproductive success apparently resulted from variation in access to monopolizable fruit trees. Large groups predictably displaced small groups during intergroup encounters. Group rank depended on the number of males resident in groups. The large number of non-breeding males in large groups results from their longer average residency time. I explain the longer residency of males in large groups by the higher average reproductive success of breeding males in these groups.
Changes in mechanisms of summer detritus processing between wooded and agricultural sites in a Michigan headwater stream

The mechanisms of leaf decay, leaf-associated macroinvertebrate community structure, leaf-associated microbial activity and physicochemical stream characteristics were investigated on a mid-Michigan headwater stream in summer. An undisturbed wooded site was compared with two agriculturally perturbed sites. Discharge, total suspended particulates, and nutrients were all higher and more variable throughout the season within the agricultural reaches. Leaf decay rates were higher at the agricultural sites and results suggest discharge abrasion was the major leaf processing mechanism at these sites while microbial decay and macroinvertebrate shredding appear to be the primary mediators of leaf weight loss at the wooded site. Total macroinvertebrate densities on leaf packs at the agricultural sites were 1.9 times the densities at the wooded site. It is suggested that experimentally introduced leaf packs acted as a lure for net-spinning invertebrates limited by stable substratum at the agricultural sites. Species shifts were observed from wooded reaches where Pychnopsyche spp., Gammarus, Ephemeroptera, Bezzia, and Nigronia serricornis were important, to downstream agricultural reaches which were dominated by Cheumatopsyche, Chironomidae, Elmidae, Hydracarina, Hemerodromia, and Caecidotea.
Behavioral risk factor and illness day changes with workplace health promotion: two-year results.

Abstract Purpose. The impact of a workplace health promotion program was evaluated to determine changes in the number and level of seven behavioral risks and self-reported illness days. Design. The study employed a pretest/posttest intervention group (N=7,178) with a two-year follow-up and a time-lagged, nonequivalent comparison group (N=7,101). Setting. The study population was drawn from a large manufacturing company with more than 100 United States locations. Subjects. Approximately one half of the study population was 40 years of age or older, 75 % were males, 90 % were white, and about 40 % were hourly manufacturing employees. Intervention. The program consisted of 1) training and support of coordinators; 2) health risk appraisals; 3) on-site classes, safety meetings, and self-help options; 4) environmental changes, e.g., smoking policy, cafeteria offerings, and blood pressure machines; and 5) recognition. Measures. A 38-item health appraisal included self-report of illness days and behavioral risks,...
Upper genital-tract screening with hysterosonography in patients receiving donated oocytes.

Objective: To compare the results of sonohysterography (SHG) for imaging of the uterine cavity to hysterosalpingogram (HSG) and hysterscopy (HSC) in order to assess its clinical utility for recipients of donated oocyte. Method: From January 1996 to December 1996, we evaluated all patients (n = 50) referred for ovum donation using SHG and compared the results with HSG obtained within 6 months of SHG. Patients having either an abnormal SHG of HSG underwent HSC for confirmation and treatment. SHG was routinely performed during the early follicular phase using 10 cc saline instilled through an intracervical H-S catheter with concurrent vaginal sonography. Result: Pathology was observed and confirmed in 19 cases (38%) including polyps (n = 10, 52.6%), submucosal myomas (n = 7, 36.8%), intrauterine adhesions (n = 1, 5.3%) and bicornuate uterus (n = 1, 5.3%). SHG and HSG were concordant in 46 cases (95.8%) of which in 29 (60.4%) a normal cavity was observed, while four studies (8%) did not agree. Two polyps were missed on HSG, while two SHGs incorrectly diagnosed a calcified myoma and an endometrial fold. Using HSC for definitive identification, the accuracy of SHG was 90%, and similar to HSG. Conclusion: SHG appears both sensitive and highly predictive for evaluating pathology of the endometrial cavity and appears to be as effective as HSG. Advantages of SHG include improved imaging or uterine pathology, cost, greater patient comfort and the avoidance of radiation. Routine SHG of recipients uncovered a high incidence of abnormalities in older women and underscores the need to evaluate the uterine cavity prior to ovum donation.
Circulating N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide as a marker for symptomless left-ventricular dysfunction

Early identification of patients with symptomless left-ventricular dysfunction and early pharmacologic intervention may have an impact on the outlook of patients with heart failure. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a cardiac hormone that is released as a C-terminal (C-ANP) and an N-terminal peptide (N-ANP). Since N-ANP has reduced clearance rates compared with C-ANP, N-ANP circulates at higher concentrations. Based on the known increased concentration of C-ANP in symptomatic congestive heart failure, our study was designed to evaluate prospectively N-ANP profile and left-ventricular function in subjects with symptomless and symptomatic heart failure, and the role of plasma N-ANP as a marker for early identification of patients with heart failure. 180 patients who were referred for rest and exercise radionuclide angiography for evaluation of left-ventricular function were studied. Blood was taken for measurement of C-ANP and N-ANP before angiography. Patients were grouped according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) heart failure classification and left-ventricular function. Mean (SD) plasma N-ANP concentration in patients with symptomless left-ventricular dysfunction (NYHA class I, n = 70) was 243 (256) pmol/L (range 27-922 pmol/L), and was higher (p < 0.001) than in 25 control subjects (28 pmol/L). A plasma N-ANP concentration above 54 pmol/L (mean +/- 1.96SD of the control group) had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 92% for detection of patients with symptomless left-ventricular dysfunction. We have shown that plasma N-ANP concentrations are significantly increased in patients with symptomless left-ventricular dysfunction and that this peptide can serve as a marker for diagnosis of such patients.
MAPPING OF REGIONS OF PHYSICAL DELETION ON CHROMOSOME 16q IN PROSTATE CANCER CELLS BY FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH)

Recent evidence suggests that a tumor suppressor gene important in the progression of prostatic carcinoma may reside on chromosome 16q. The exact location and identity of this gene are unknown. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization in a novel manner to define more clearly the location of this gene. Region-specific chromosome 16 cosmid contig probes were hybridized directly to interphase prostatic carcinoma nuclei in order to measure physical deletion of chromosomal loci. Fifteen of 30 tumors (50%) showed evidence of physical deletion of 16q24. Other probes were used to test for regions of chromosome 16 deletions in the same specimens, and a map showing a region of common deletion was created. This map showed the proximal terminus of the region of common deletion to be located distal to 16q23.1. These data correlate well with loss of heterozygosity data in the literature and provide further evidence for the presence of a prostatic carcinoma tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 16q.
TQuery: a context-sensitive temporal query language

Users of electronic medical databases request pertinent information by recasting their clinical questions into a formal database query language. Because the query language is the user's only access to the data, the query language must be powerful enough to enable users to express their data requirements. However, a competing need is for the query language to be restrictive enough so that queries can have unambiguous semantics and the query processor can generate correct answers. We describe a query language, called TQuery , that was designed specifically to formulate database queries that are dependent on temporal and contextual relationships. TQuery specifications express contextual constraints without the need to explicitly reference calendar dates. TQuery is the database query language used to retrieve patient data from an object-oriented electronic patient medical-record system called the temporal network (TNET). TNET and TQuery were developed to support the real-time temporal reasoning and representation needs of a LISP workstation-based medical expert system.
A Study of Contextual Therapy Theory's Relational Ethics in Couples in Therapy

The hallmark feature of fairness in relationships in Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy's contextual therapy theory has largely remained untested among couples in therapy. Fairness here refers to the broad concept of “give and take,” which is influenced by experiences of trustworthiness, loyalty conflicts, and a sense of entitlement or indebtedness in relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of fairness, measured by the Relational Ethics Scale, on relationship satisfaction in a sample of 68 heterosexual couples seeking therapy. Findings indicated a significant correlation between both partners' reports of unfairness and relationship dissatisfaction. Further analysis using Hierarchical Linear Modeling showed that male partners' report of greater fairness in their relationship predicted a greater discrepancy in partners' report of relationship satisfaction. This finding provides strong evidence for addressing issues of fairness in couples therapy. Further, it makes an important contribution to the development of the contextual therapy theory.
Minimax Robust Waveform Design for MIMO Radar in the Presence of PSD Uncertainties

In this paper, we consider the problem of mini-max robust waveform design for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar based on mutual information (MI) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation for target identification and classification. Recognizing that a single, precise characterization of target power spectral density (PSD) is rare in practice, we assume the PSD lies in an uncertainty class of spectra bounded by known upper and lower bounds, which markedly relaxes the required target a priori knowledge. Based on this band model, we develop minimax robust waveforms for MIMO radar under both MMSE and MI criteria. These robust waveforms bound the worst-case performance at an acceptable limit, and also could insure performance will be sufficiently good for any PSD in the uncertainty class. Our findings also indicate that the MI and MMSE criteria lead to a different minimax robust waveform solutions, which is in contrast to the case of the perfectly known target PSD.
Subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of vascular endothe- lial cell origin. The occurrence of hemangiosarcoma in nonhuman pri- mates has been rarely documented. An adult male rhesus monkey was reported having a firm subcutaneous swelling, approximately 4.5 cm in diameter, on the ventral midline of the abdomen. Fine-needle aspira- tion, microbial culture, biopsy, radiographs, exploratory laparotomy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, hematology, and serology were performed. A second subcutaneous mass approximately 4.5× 4.0× 2.7 cm developed on the ventral midline several weeks later. A fine-needle aspirate of the first mass consisted of numerous erythrocytes with few polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocytes. Histopathology showed foci of spindle-shaped cells surrounding the vascular spaces. Many spindle- shaped cells had prominent nucleoli, and mitotic figures could occa- sionally be seen. Immunohistochemical staining of the masses for Factor VIII-related antigen, an endothelial cell and tumor marker, yielded positive results. Both masses were consistent with hemangiosar- coma.
Weighted majority games have asymptotic value

The asymptotic value of a game v with a continuum set of players, I, is defined whenever all the sequences of the Shapley values of finite games that “approximate” v have the same limit. A weighted majority game is a game of the form f ∘ μ where μ is a positive measure and fx = 1 if x ≥ q and fx = 0 otherwise, and q is a real number, 0 <q < μI. In this paper we prove that all weighted majority games have asymptotic values. This result is then used further to show that if v is of the form v = f ∘ μ, where μ is a probability measure and f is a function of bounded variation on [0, 1] that is continuous at 0 and at 1, then v has an asymptotic value. This bad previously been known only when f is absolutely continuous, or when μ has at most finitely many atoms or when μ is purely atomic. Thus, the essential novelty is that even when μ has countably many atoms and a nonatomic part, f ∘ μ has an asymptotic value. We also show that f ∘ μ does not necessarily have an asymptotic value when μ is a signed measure.
Enhancing the therapeutic index of radiation in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a systemic malignancy that remains incurable with current therapy. Myeloma is highly radiosensitive, and radiation-based therapies have the potential to provide significant clinical benefit. Effective deployment of radiotherapy as a systemic modality in myeloma depends on maximizing its therapeutic index by efficiently and accurately delivering the radiation to sites of myeloma cell growth and increasing the radiosensitivity of myeloma cells relative to normal tissues. In this review, we discuss various strategies that are currently under investigation to enhance clinical benefit of radiotherapy in multiple myeloma.
Effect of basic properties of MgO on the heterogeneous synthesis of flavanone

Abstract The effect of the surface basicity of MgO on the heterogeneous synthesis of flavanone from benzaldehyde and 2′-hydroxyacetophenone was examined through a series of MgO samples modified with different anions. CO 2 temperature programmed desorption (TPD) was used to characterize the basic properties of these samples. The results indicate that basic sites with different strengths exist on the MgO surface. Introduction of different anions completely eliminates the weak basic sites (i.e., those desorbing CO 2 in the 300–420 K range) and reduces substantially the number of medium strength sites (i.e., those desorbing CO 2 in the 420–650 K range). In contrast, no substantial effect was observed – with the exception of the chloride-treated sample – on the stronger basic sites (i.e., those desorbing CO 2 above 650 K). A strong correlation was observed between the number of basic sites of “medium” strength and the catalytic activity of these samples for the heterogeneous synthesis of flavanone. These sites are most likely involved in the activation of 2′-hydroxyacetophenone for the Claisen–Schmidt condensation with benzaldehyde, which represents the first step in the synthesis of flavanone.
Long-wave infrared detection using dipole antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal diodes

Summary form only given. The integration of nanoelectronic sensor devices with silicon CMOS devices is an important avenue in nanoelectronics. There are countless nanoelectronic devices currently being explored, but they must be integrated with current technologies in order to be utilized in the near future. In this paper, we report on infrared sensors that are compatible with CMOS technology, and thus can readily be implemented with CMOS circuitry.
In-And-Outers and Moonlighters: An Evaluation of the Impact of Policy-making Exposure on IR Scholarship†

Some international relations (IR) scholars lament the divide that exists between the academic community and the policy community. Others celebrate it. In this article, we test a core proposition advanced by advocates of bridging the policy-academy divide: that direct engagement in the policy-making process will make international relations scholars more adept at designing, undertaking, and communicating research in ways that are useful and relevant to policymakers. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, we evaluate whether and to what extent direct exposure to the policy-making process influences how IR scholars select publication outlets. We define and evaluate policy-making exposure in two ways: periods of public service in which faculty members temporarily vacate their university positions to work for governments or intergovernmental organizations; and instances in which faculty members undertake substantial consulting assignments for government agencies and intergovernmental organizations. Our findings suggest that “in-and-outers”—faculty members who temporarily leave the ivory tower to accept policy positions—return to the academy with new perspectives and publication priorities. By contrast, we find no policy-making exposure effect among “moonlighters.” Our results suggest that IR scholars are no more likely to publish in policy journals after doing part-time consulting work for governments and IOs.
Photooxidative stability of substituted poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA)

The addition of side groups to improve the photooxidative stability of polymers used in polymer-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is explored. Infrared spectroscopy and computational chemistry techniques are used to study the effects of chemical substitution of the reactive vinylene moiety in poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV). The bond order of the vinylene group in small oligomers is calculated using semiempirical techniques to assess the improvement in stability toward oxidants such as singlet oxygen. We find that PPV dimers allow relative comparisons across a range of possible substitutions. Experimental results correlate well with these calculations. The addition of electron-withdrawing substituents, such as nitrile groups, to the vinylene moiety is found to be particularly effective in reducing the reactivity of alkoxy-substituted PPV toward singlet oxygen. The photooxidative stability of a poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA) derivative is also studied. It appears that this family of polymers is more stable toward photooxidation than are its PPV analogs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2451–2458, 1998
Predator–Primate Distribution, Activity, and Co-occurrence in Relation to Habitat and Human Activity Across Fragmented and Contiguous Forests in Northeastern Madagascar

Predator–primate interactions are understudied, yet predators have been shown to influence primate behavior, population dynamics, and spatial distribution. An understanding of these interactions is important for the successful management and conservation of these species. Novel approaches are needed to understand better the spatial relationships between predators and primates across changing landscapes. We combined photographic surveys of predators and humans with line-transect sampling of lemurs across contiguous and fragmented forests in Madagascar to 1) compare relative activity; 2) estimate probability of occupancy and detection; 3) estimate predator–primate and local people–primate co-occurrence; and 4) assess variables influencing these parameters across contiguous and fragmented forests. In fragmented (compared to contiguous) forest sites endemic predator and lemur activity were lower whereas introduced predator and local people activity were higher. Our two-species interaction occupancy models revealed a higher number of interactions among species across contiguous forest where predator and lemur occupancy were highest. Mouse lemurs show evidence of “avoidance” (SIF 1.0) with feral cats and local people in contiguous forest. Feral cats demonstrated the highest number of interactions with lemurs, despite their distribution being limited to only contiguous forest. Distance to forest edge and distance to nearby villages were important in predicting predator occupancy and detection. These results highlight the growing threat to endemic predators and lemurs as habitat loss and fragmentation increase throughout Madagascar. We demonstrate the effectiveness of a novel combination of techniques to investigate how predator species impact primate species across a gradient of forest fragmentation.
Contributions of qualitative research to the validity of intervention research

Abstract The Interdisciplinary Qualitative Research Subcommittee (IQRS) of the Task for on Evidence-based Interventions in School Psychology assumed the responsibility of developing criteria for reviewing qualitative methods used in intervention research. The IQRS, composed primarily of psychologists and anthropologists, was confronted with the long-standing debate between qualitative and quantitative researchers and with the task of explicating the potential contributions of qualitative research to establishing an evidence base for interventions in school psychology. Consequently, the outcomes of the subcommittee's work included not only a set of criteria for evaluating qualitative research but also a clearer understanding of the added value of mixed qualitative–quantitative approaches to intervention research. The purposes of this article are to provide an overview of qualitative research, present the criteria set forth by the IQRS, discuss the role of qualitative research in establishing the foundation for evidence-based practice, and introduce the illustrative research articles of the special issue. The four studies highlighted in this issue represent applications of qualitative research that meet the IQRS criteria and demonstrate the potential of qualitative research, conducted within a mixed-method framework, for enhancing our understanding of school-based interventions.
I—Kit Fine: Coincidence and Form

How can a statue and a piece of alloy be coincident at any time at which they exist and yet differ in their modal properties? I argue that this question demands an answer and that the only plausible answer is one that posits a difference in the form of the two objects.
Introducing Expert Systems into the Business School Curriculum.

Abstract Many routine problems exist for which a solution has been well defined. When these problems are converted to an expert system, their solutions are more accessible to users. Because of the usefulness of expert systems, they are becoming more popular in the work environment. As a result, all business students should be familiar with their capabilities. This article discusses how teachers can expose students to expert systems by incorporating material on expert system concepts into introductory courses in accounting and statistics at the undergraduate level and in quantitative analysis at the graduate level.
Fission reactions of 469-MeV56Fe+238U: Detection of4He/1H emission from pre- and post-fission sources

The emission of4He and1H has been measured in coincidence with fission for reactions of 469-MeV56Fe+238U. By using a gas-ionization telescope in kinematic coincidence with a position-sensitive avalanche detector, the folding angle between two fission fragments was determined in order to distinguish fusion reactions from fission following smaller-momentum-transfer collisions. In both fusion fission and sequential fission reactions, the4He/1H energy spectra are relatively narrow with relatively flat angular distributions at backward angles and become broader in energy with enhanced cross-sections at forward angles. The extent of forward peaking is significantly greater for peripheral collisions than for central collisions. The light-charged-particle multiplicities are quite similar for4He and1H, being much larger for fusion fission than for sequential fission. Detailed comparisons of the spectral shapes with Monte Carlo simulations of reaction kinematics impose strong constraints on the participation of different emission sources. We find important contributions to the observed4He/1H emission both from accelerated fragments (FE) and from the composite system prior to fission (CE). For4He emission, the multiplicity of CE is much larger for fusion fission than for sequential fission, possibly as a consequence of the higher spins and shorter reaction times associated with deeply inelastic and quasi-elastic processes. For1H emission, a corresponding but somewhat smaller difference is observed for the CE multiplicities. An excess of4He/1H particles, found at forward angles in both fusion and sequential fission processes, cannot be attributed to evaporative emission from any fragments and therefore must originate in pre-thermalization emission.