cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-exercise screening: role of the primary care physician.

Participation in regular physical activity is associated with a multitude of benefits including a reduction in chronic disease and premature mortality, and improved quality of life. All segments of society need to collaborate with one another in an effort to promote active lives. The Israeli “Gymnasium Law” requires pre-exercise evaluation prior to exercise participation in a health club. Recently that law was modified to allow for participant pre-screening with the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+). This change reflects the evidence that the risk of catastrophic events (e.g. heart attack) during moderate intensity physical activity is low, and the likelihood of detecting heart disease in asymptomatic adults is low. This change will likely reduce the number of individuals who require physician evaluation. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recently updated their recommendations for pre-exercise evaluation. The ACSM guidelines have replaced risk factor assessment, with an algorithm that first stratifies based on current physical activity level, then by the presence of chronic disease, and/or signs and symptoms of chronic disease, and last by desired exercise intensity. The goal of these efforts is to reduce barriers to regular physical activity, by eliminating unnecessary medical evaluations. All adults should be encouraged to be physically active.
Patient Attitudes toward Weight Related Discussions in Rural Appalachian Primary Care Clinics.

**Purpose:** West Virginia (WV) consistently has one of the highest rates of obesity, nationally, yet previous studies suggest that conversations about weight with providers are infrequent. This study’s aim was to determine frequency and type of weight-related discussions occurring in WV primary care clinics and whether discussions differed according to weight status. **Methods:** A cross-sectional survey was completed by patients in rural primary care practices. Participants answered questions related to demographics, obesity related illnesses, experience receiving a physician mediated discussion, and attitude and beliefs related to weight. **Results:** Among the total of 490 surveys collected, a little more than half of the participants (56.9%) have discussed weight with their physician; a majority of participants (89.5%) thought a physician should tell risks associated with an unhealthy weight; 78.3% participants felt weight loss is important to them; 86.1% participants believed weight affects their health. Participants with obesity were more likely than participants who are overweight to discuss weight with their physician (71.8 vs.44.0%, p<0.0001), and believed that their physicians helped them lose weight previously (29.4% vs 9.9%, p<0.0001) and can help them lose weight in the future (92.9% vs. 71.1, p<0.0001). **Conclusion:** Physicians are often having weight related discussions with patients with obesity however this discussion happens less with overweight patients. Practitioners may want to be more attentive to addressing weight related issues in overweight patients.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2): Translating the lab to the clinic

The overexpression/amplification of HER2 has been classically associated with poor outcomes in breast cancer. However, with the advent of targeted therapies this may no longer be the case. A number of agents that are directed at the HER2 molecule or downstream of it have now become available. Evidence from clinical trials seems to suggest that these agents are potent. More importantly, they exert an additive/synergistic effect resulting in improved patient outcomes. In this chapter, we review the available evidence for the use of these agents in metastatic and early breast cancer. We also briefly discuss the mechanisms that have been implicated in the development of resistance to anti-HER2 therapies.
Immunotherapy for malignant primary brain tumors with ICT-107, a dendritic cell vaccine

ABSTRACTIntroduction: ICT-107 is a dendritic cell vaccine for the treatment of primary malignant brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). For this immunotherapy treatment, autologous dendritic cells are pulsed with peptides from six tumor-associated antigens expressed on gliomas.Areas covered: Review of phase I and II clinical date is presented. In a phase I clinical trial with ICT-107 treatment in patients with malignant gliomas, the vaccine was found to be safe and tolerable, with encouraging results for overall survival and progression-free survival. A Phase II trial has completed enrollment, while a Phase III trial is currently opened to enrolling patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme.Expert opinion: Immunotherapy with ICT-107 might present a therapeutic option for treatment in a subgroup of GBM patients.
InAs quantum dot mode-locked lasers on a Si substrate by Pd-GaAs wafer bonding

Room temperature operation of passively mode locked InAs quantum dot lasers integrated on a Si substrate are demonstrated by using low-temperature palladium-GaAs wafer bonding.
Polarization of the neutrons from the Be9(α, n0)C12 and Be9(α, n1)C12∗ reactions

Abstract The polarizations of the neutrons from the Be 9 ( α , n)C 12 reaction leading to the ground and first excited states of C 12 were measured as a function of neutron emission angle for several bombarding energies between 1.90 and 4.50 MeV. polarization of the neutrons was measured by scattering from a He 4 analyser in the form of a high pressure gas scintillator. Asymmetries in the scattering of the neutrons from the helium were measured with the aid of an electro-magnet which could rotate the polarization vector of the neutrons between the source and the scatterer. Values of the polarization as large as 40% were observed for the ground-state neutrons, while the maximum polarization of the excited-state neutrons was about 25%. In general, the polarizations vary appreciably with energy and angle.
Oxygen plasma treated graphene/InN nanowire heterojunction based sensors for toxic gas detection

In this work, graphene/InN nanowire (NW) heterostructure based diode and field effect transistor devices are studied for potential gas sensing applications. InN NWs were grown on SiO 2 /Si substrate and CVD grown graphene was then transferred on them to make a graphene/InN diode structure. Some of the NW samples were treated with O 2 plasma for various durations of time before transferring graphene, which was believed to have lowered the surface charge concentration and to improve rectifying behavior. Preliminary experiments with trace amount of NO 2 /NH 3 gas down to sub-ppm concentration showed highly promising results. In another experiment, the doped Si substrate was used to form a back gate to modulate the electrical characteristics of the diode and to operate it as a field effect transistor, which also resulted in even lower limit of detection (low ppb). The functionality of these sensors depends on the presence of a tunable Schottky barrier formed between the 1D/2D heterojunction of graphene and InN NW that can be modulated by different analyte gas molecules or external stress.
Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Histologically Confirmed Multiple Myeloma.

Abstract In multiple myeloma, conventional cytogenetics is limited by low proliferation activity of plasma cells in culture. Despite that, nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities have been reported in one third of cases. Recently, the karyotype has emerged as an important prognostic factor in multiple myeloma. In this study, we identified 104 histologically confirmed multiple myeloma cases with satisfactory cytogenetic evaluation and abnormal karyotype. FISH analysis was used to evaluate certain chromosome abnormalities or to monitor treatment response. Hyperdiploid karyotype was found in 67 cases (64%), hypodiploid in 25 cases (24%), and the remaining 12 cases (12%) had a pseudodiploid karyotype. The most common numerical abnormalities were gains of chromosomes 9, 15, 3 followed by chromosomes 19, 21, 11, 7, and 5. Whole chromosome losses were also frequent involving primarily chromosomes 13, 8, 14, 22, and 16. In the hypodiploid cases, loss of chromosome 13 was more evident, seen in 19/25 (76%) cases. Most cases showed also structural rearrangements leading to del(1p), dup(1q), del(6q), del(9p), del(13q), del(17p), del(8p), 3p/3q abnormalities, and 11p/11q abnormalities. Translocations affecting 14q32/IGH region was the most frequent seen 36 times in 34/104 (33%) cases; t(11;14)(q13;q32) in 13 cases, t(1;14), t(6;14), and t(8;14) in 2 cases each, and the remaining cases had various t(V;14) partners or of an undetermined origin. The 14q32/IGH translocations were less frequent in the hyperdiploid karyotypes than the hypodiploid and pseudodiploid karyotypes (18% vs 60%). Nine cases showed break at 8q24/CMYC site; six of those had Burkitt's-type translocations. Other non-random translocation was t(1;16) seen in three cases. Coventional cytogenetic remains an important tool in elucidating the complex and diverse genetic anomalies of multiple myeloma. Acccordingly well defined cytogenetic subgroups can be identified. At the present time, FISH and other molecular genetic techniques are important adjuncts, but should not be a substitute for conventional karyotyping. The clinical and hematological correlates of the karyotype in our series is being evaluated.
The Effect of Prior Police Contact on Victimization Reporting: Results from the Police–Public Contact and National Crime Victimization Surveys

Objectives This study explores the association between past-year face-to-face contact with the police and subsequent victimization reporting. It also examines whether this relationship depends on the type of encounter (citizen-initiated contacts, routine vehicle stops, invasive encounters associated with being a suspect), its perceived justness, or victim characteristics. Among victims who did not notify the police, the reasons behind this decision are assessed to understand the mechanisms through which police encounters are related to reporting.
Stable microbial communities in the sponge Crambe crambe from inside and outside a polluted Mediterranean harbor.

Marine sponges have been shown to harbor diverse microbial symbiont communities that play key roles in host functioning, yet little is known about how anthropogenic disturbances impact sponge-microbe interactions. The Mediterranean sponge Crambe crambe is known to accumulate heavy metals in polluted harbors. In this study, we investigated whether the microbiome of C. crambe differed between sponges inhabiting a polluted harbor in Blanes (Spain) and a nearby ( 86% of all sequence reads. These results indicate that sponge microbiomes exhibit greater stability and pollution tolerance than their free-living microbial counterparts, potentially mitigating the effects of pollutants on coastal marine communities.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation and Comparison for Different Numbers of Baffles to Reduce Concentration Polarization Effects in Membrane Tubes

This research shows the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with finite volume method (FVM) to study the species diffusion and mixing characteristics in a tubular membrane filled with vertical baffles. This study exhibits how to set up the FVM for CFD simulation and residence time distribution (RTD) analysis and compare the mixing characteristics of two membrane tubes with a different number of baffles using RTD curves. In this study, the effects of the number of baffles on flow patterns, features and behavior of air were identified completely through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In addition, a two-dimensional simulation was implemented to study the effects of steady and unsteady (transient) flow in the tubular membrane. The residence time distribution (RTD) of a tracer in a co-current flow pattern was investigated. For this, the tracer was injected for 1 second into the membrane tubes on a frozen flow field and the concentration variation of the tracer over time was monitored at the outlet.
Clinical Applications of Small-molecule PET Radiotracers: Current Progress and Future Outlook

Radiotracers, or radiopharmaceuticals, are bioactive molecules tagged with a radionuclide used for diagnostic imaging or radiotherapy and, when a positron-emitting radionuclide is chosen, the radiotracers are used for PET imaging. The development of novel PET radiotracers in many ways parallels the development of new pharmaceuticals, and small molecules dominate research and development pipelines in both disciplines. The 4 decades since the introduction of [18F]FDG have seen the development of many small molecule PET radiotracers. Ten have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as of 2016, whereas hundreds more are being evaluated clinically. These radiotracers are being used in personalized medicine and to support drug discovery programs where they are greatly improving our understanding of and ability to treat diseases across many areas of medicine including neuroscience, cardiovascular medicine, and oncology.
Housing Market Activity is Associated with Disparities in Urban and Metropolitan Vegetation

In urban areas, the consistent and positive association between vegetation density and household income has been explained historically by either the capitalization of larger lawns and lower housing densities or landscaping and lifestyle districts that convey prestige. Yet cities with shrinking populations and rising land burdens often exhibit high vegetation density in declining neighborhoods. Because the observed associations do not directly address the causal connection between measures of social privilege and vegetation in urban landscapes, it is difficult to understand the forces that maintain them. Here, we compare patterns of household income with new measures derived from housing market data and other parcel-level sources—sale prices, tax foreclosures, new housing construction, demolitions, and the balance of construction and demolition. Our aim is to evaluate whether these spatially, temporally and semantically finer measures of neighborhood social conditions are better predictors of the distribution of urban vegetation. Furthermore, we examine how these relationships differ at two scales: within the City of Detroit and across the Detroit metropolitan area. We demonstrate, first, that linear relationships between income or home values and urban vegetation, though evident at broad metropolitan scales, do not explain recent variations in vegetation density within the City of Detroit. Second, we find that the real estate and demolition records demonstrate a stronger relationship with changes in vegetation density than corresponding changes in US Census measures like income, which suggests they hold at least as much interest for understanding how the relationships between biophysical changes and neighborhood change processes come about.
Obesity and episodic memory function.

Obesity-related lifestyle factors, such as physical activity behavior and dietary intake, have been shown to be associated with episodic memory function. From animal work, there is considerable biological plausibility linking obesity with worse memory function. There are no published systematic reviews evaluating the effects of obesity on episodic memory function among humans, and examining whether physical activity and diet influences this obesity–memory link. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the totality of research examining whether obesity is associated with episodic memory function, and whether physical activity and dietary behavior confounds this relationship. A review approach was employed, using PubMed, PsychInfo, and Sports Discus databases. Fourteen studies met our criteria. Among these 14 reviewed studies, eight were cross-sectional, four were prospective, and two employed a randomized controlled experimental design. Twelve of the 14 studies did not take into consideration dietary behavior in their analysis, and similarly, nine of the 14 studies did not take into consideration participant physical activity behavior. Among the 14 studies, ten found an inverse association of weight status on memory function, but for one of these studies, this association was attenuated after controlling for physical activity. Among the 14 evaluated studies, four did not find a direct effect of weight status on memory. Among the four null studies, one, however, found an indirect effect of BMI on episodic memory and another found a moderation effect of BMI and age on memory function. It appears that obesity may be associated with worse memory function, with the underlying mechanisms discussed herein. At this point, it is uncertain whether adiposity, itself, is influencing memory changes, or rather, whether adiposity-related lifestyle behaviors (e.g., physical inactivity and diet) are driving the obesity–memory relationship.
Subchondral bone circulation in osteoarthritis of the human knee

Summary Objective The hypothesis of this study is that human subchondral bone exhibits abnormal patterns of perfusion in osteoarthritis (OA) that can be characterized by kinetic parameters of blood flow using dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI. Design Fifteen subjects with advanced OA of the knee and seven control subjects without OA were studied at 1.5 T with DCE-MRI. Region of interest (ROIs) analysis of pharmacokinetic perfusion parameters were used to examine initial uptake and washout of the contrast agent in the lateral tibial plateau. Results Arterial and venous perfusion kinetics were abnormal in subchondral OA bone compared to those of normal controls. Time–intensity curves (TIC) exhibited delayed contrast clearance in OA knees compared to normal. Quantitatively, changes were observed in the kinetic parameters, kep, Akep, and kel. The mean kep and Akep were reduced in OA, compared to normal bone, indicating a reduction of arterial inflow and delayed signal enhancement. The kel in OA bone was lower than in normal bone, the negative kel indicating a reduction in venous outflow. The area under the TIC (AUC60) indicated greater residual contrast in OA bone. Conclusions DCE-MRI can quantitatively assess subchondral bone perfusion kinetics in human OA and identify heterogeneous regions of perfusion deficits. The results are consistent with venous stasis in OA, reflecting venous outflow obstruction, and can affect intraosseous pressure, reduce arterial inflow, reduce oxygen content, and may contribute to altered cell signaling in, and the pathophysiology of, OA.
Functionality in Middle-Aged and Older Overweight and Obese Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis.

Patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) suffer from immobility and pain. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between pain and functionality in middle-aged and older overweight and obese individuals with mild-to-moderate knee OA. Overall pattern, physical activity, and total energy expenditure (TEE) were assessed in 83 participants. The Western Ontario McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) was used to assess lower extremity pain and function. The six-minute walk test (6-MWT) and range of motion (ROM) were also assessed. Results indicated that age was inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.349) and total WOMAC scores (r = 0.247). BMI was positively associated with TEE (r = 0.430) and WOMAC scores (r = 0.268), while ROM was positively associated with the 6-MWT (r = 0.561) and negatively associated with WOMAC (r = 0.338) and pain scores (r = 0.222). Furthermore, women had significantly greater WOMAC scores (p = 0.046) than men. Older participants (≥65 years old) had significantly lower BMI (p = 0.002), and distance traveled during the 6-MWT (p = 0.013). Our findings indicate that older individuals in this population with knee OA had lower BMI, greater ROM, and less pain and stiffness and walked slower than middle-aged individuals. Women reported greater pain, stiffness, and reduced functionality, indicating that the manifestation of OA may vary due to gender.
The Skin Picking Scale: scale construction and psychometric analyses.

Abstract Objective: This paper reports on the development of the Skin Picking Scale (SPS), a six-item paper-and-pencil measure for the assessment of skin picking. Methods: 28 severe self-injurious and 77 non-self-injurious skin pickers initially completed an eight-item severity scale modeled after the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Results: Group comparisons and part–whole correlations for individual scale items resulted in a six-item scale with a total score range of 0–24. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .80 indicated moderate internal consistency for the scale. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between SPS total scale scores and self-reported average duration of skin picking episodes. Significant correlations were also reported between SPS total scale scores and both Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores, as well as self-reported intensity of emotions during the picking process. Lastly, sensitivity and specificity analyses suggest that a SPS cut-off score of 7 differentiates severe self-injurious and non-self-injurious skin pickers. Conclusion: The SPS is a valid and reliable self-report scale for the assessment of severity in medical and psychiatric patients who endorse skin picking.
Phaseolus vulgaris : the common bean

Gregor Mendel (1866) conducted the first genetic analysis of common beans. Mendel studied the inheritance of growth habit, and pod color and shape in a progeny between P. vulgaris and P. nanus (= P. vulgaris, bush type) in order to confirm his findings with peas. Unfortunately, further studies on the inheritance of flower and seed coat color were hampered by his use of interspecific hybrids between P. nanus and P. multiflorus (= P. coccineus), which are now known to yield aberrant ratios. Later, Shaw and Norton (1918) used intraspecific crosses and determined that pigmentation and pigmentation patterns of the seed coat are controlled by multiple independent factors. A few years later Sax (1923) began to identify the multiple components that determine the inheritance of these traits. A single factor was identified as responsible for pigmentation, while two linked factors were identified to control mottling; this appears to be the first report of linkage in beans. Furthermore, Sax (1923) was the first to report linkage between a Mendelian character (seed coat pigmentation) and a QTL (for seed size). Although the common bean was used as experimental material at the inception of genetics, its genetic characterization has lagged behind that of many other crop species.
Models of radionuclide release

The disposal of HLW in a mined geologic repository, as detailed in the last chapter, means that several thousand tonnes of hot and poisonous material will be put into an excavation some hundreds of meters under the ground surface. The repository site will be carefully chosen, and a number of artificial barriers will be incorporated to keep the waste from moving. If all goes as expected, no radionuclides will leave the repository for at least several centuries, and thereafter the amount escaping will be very small. For 10 000 years and probably for all time thereafter, the additions to natural levels of radiation near the repository will remain acceptably low. To give substance to phrases like ‘very small’ and ‘acceptably low’, regulatory agencies have set numerical limits on the amounts of radionuclides that can be allowed to escape.
Energy Technology R&D Investment Analysis

This review of attempts to prioritize national energy technology R&D investments suggests a model for an ideal approach. It involves estimating the energy significance of R&D success as well as the economic, environmental, and energy security improvements which can result for each of a very broad range of energy technologies and technology areas. Also, the possible cost and time scale of R&D should be estimated as well as its risk and the need for government support or stimulation. The portfolio should be assessed against scenarios of future possible circumstances both good and bad. A second step should be to assess the importance of basic or cross-cutting research.
Public health 3.0: Supporting local public health in addressing behavioral health

The article explores how behavioral health fits into supporting local public health in the U.S. Topics discussed include behavioral health challenges facing the U.S., including opioid and substance use disorder epidemics, the need to modernize public health and a proposal known as Public Health 3.0, which will be further explored in the issue.
Time and pH-dependent uptake of benzidine by XAD-4 hydrophobic resin

Abstract The environmental persistence of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) has incited a number of studies to both describe and predict fate and transport of these chemicals in the environment. A known human carcinogen, benzidine, has been used in the textile industry for the production of benzidine-based dyes. Its solubility was found to decrease with increase in pH. When released to the environment, benzidine can follow a number of sorption pathways. In this study, sorption of benzidine molecules on hydrophobic Amberlite XAD-4 resin was investigated. Experiments were carried out in DI water and in sodium citrate/citric acid buffered systems (pH = 3.0, 3.85, 5.85, and 6.5) in order to bracket the two pKa values of benzidine and ensure varying degrees of benzidine protonation in XAD-4 resin/water media. The sorption experiments were conducted from six hours to 56 days duration. Nonlinear uptake was observed for the selected resin under all conditions investigated and fitted with dual-mode model (DMM). Hole filling was found to be the predominant sorption mechanism, while partitioning appeared to play a minor role in the uptake of benzidine by XAD-4 resin. This indicated that benzidine uptake was not a diffusion-limited process: benzidine molecules had no problem navigating the mesoporous structure of the resin. Only when the hole capacity has been reached does the partitioning process become important. Therefore, the long-term objective of this research is to create a time-dependent model for sorption of aromatic amines in sediment and soil media.
The use of mobile technology and peer navigation to promote adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivorship care: results of a randomized controlled trial.

Adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors experience unique barriers that compromise receipt of survivorship care; therefore, development of innovative educational interventions to improve rates of AYA survivorship care is needed. The efficacy of text-messaging and peer navigation interventions was compared to standard-of-care survivorship educational materials to increase AYAs’ (1) late effects knowledge and (2) knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy towards seeking survivor-focused care. This was a three-armed, prospective, randomized controlled trial with one control group and two intervention groups. The control group received current standard-of-care educational materials. One intervention group participated in a text-messaging program, and the second participated in a peer navigator program. Participants completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires. Study outcome variables were quantified using Fisher exact tests, two-sample t tests, exact McNemar tests, conditional logistic regression models, and analysis of covariance. Seventy-one survivors completed the study (control n = 24; text-messaging n = 23; peer navigation n = 24). Late effects knowledge was high at baseline for all groups. The text-messaging group had increased survivorship care knowledge compared to the control group (p < 0.05); the peer navigation group had increased survivorship care self-efficacy compared to the control group; p < 0.05. Both intervention groups showed increased attitudes towards seeking survivor-focused care compared to the control group (text-messaging p < 0.05; peer navigation p < 0.05). Each intervention demonstrated significant benefits compared to the control group. Given the preliminary effectiveness of both interventions, each can potentially be used in the future by AYA cancer survivors to educate and empower them to obtain needed survivorship care.
Beyond Puppet Journalism: The Bridging Work of Transnational Journalists in a Local Field

This article examines the position and relative power of local journalists who produce foreign correspondence in contemporary authoritarian states. The study uses field theory to examine the forms ...
P522 Disparities in HIV/STI testing and diagnosis among urban and non-urban US men who have sex with men from 2013 to 2017

Background Most data about HIV/STI testing and diagnosis among US men who have sex with men (MSM) comes from urban areas, though the majority of the population resides outside of these areas. Since 2013, the American Men’s Internet Survey (AMIS) has conducted annual nationwide online behavioral surveillance of ≥10,000 US MSM. Methods Participants age 15+ were recruited through online advertisements. County urban/rural categories were based on National Center for Health Statistics classification. Poisson models using generalized estimating equations tested associations between urban/rural category and HIV testing, STI (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia) testing and STI diagnoses in the past 12 months. All models controlled for survey year, age, race/ethnicity, insurance, HIV status (except model for HIV testing) and recruitment source. Results From 2013 through 2017, 49,903 completed surveys were collected: 42.4% MSM from urban counties, 20.5% suburban, 28.3% small/medium metro, and 8.8% rural. STI testing was more prevalent in urban counties (50.2%) compared to suburban (37.8%, p Conclusion Urban/rural disparities in HIV/STI testing and STI diagnoses were found in a multi-year national sample of US MSM. These findings likely reflect disparate geographical distribution of healthcare access and resources. If these disparities cannot be adequately addressed in programs that reach underserved areas, nationwide HIV/STI prevention goals for MSM will not likely be met. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Revisiting Time Remanence Clocks for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Nodes

The intermittent operation of batteryless devices makes it difficult to have time information in order to synchronize and communicate between these devices. In this paper, we analyze time remanence clocks and compare them with real time clocks in keeping time when device looses power. We argue that the time remanence clocks can keep the time for longer period but there are several challenges the needs to be considered. In particular, high chip and board variation, coupled with a fixed, proportionally small window of time measurement inhibit the effectiveness of remanence clocks. This paper proposes the possibility of constructing small, customized SRAM-based time remanence clocks to provide an increased measurement window.
The Specific Heat of Litium from 20 to 300 ^circK: The Martensitic Transformation

Measurements on lithium of atomic weight 6·945 are reported. A thermal study of the martensitic transformation showed a large specific-heat anomaly in the reversion region and a specific heat dependent upon thermal history in the two-phase region. The high-temperature end of the reversion anomaly shows time effects which suggest that the process here is controlled by a spectrum of activation energies of the same order of magnitude as that for self diffusion. With some assumptions the heat of transformation from hexagonal closepacked to body-centered cubic lithium is deduced to be about 14 cal/g atom and the Debye temperatures of the two phases at 60 °K are 390 and 371 °K respectively. The entropy at 298·15 °K is 6·95 ±0·04 cal/°K g atom.
Tofacitinib Treatment Safety in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis: Comparison of Observational Population Cohort Data From the IBM MarketScan® Administrative Claims Database With Tofacitinib Trial Data.

Background Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to estimate the overall incidence of safety events in patients with UC in a real-life population cohort for comparison with the tofacitinib UC clinical trial program. Methods Clinical trial-like criteria were applied to an IBM MarketScan® claims database population-based cohort (n = 22,967) of patients with UC (October 2010 to September 2015) to identify a UC trial-like cohort treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi; n = 6366) to compare with the tofacitinib UC clinical trial cohort (n = 1157). Results Incidence rates (events per 100 patient-years; [95% confidence interval]) in the UC trial-like cohort were as follows: serious infections, 3.33 (2.73-4.02); opportunistic infections (OIs; excluding herpes zoster [HZ]), 1.45 (1.06-1.93); HZ, 1.77 (1.34-2.29); malignancies (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]), 0.63 (0.43-0.90); NMSC, 1.69 (1.35-2.10); major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), 0.51 (0.31-0.79); pulmonary embolism (PE), 0.54 (0.30-0.89); deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 1.41 (1.00-1.93); and gastrointestinal perforations, 0.31 (0.16-0.54). Compared with the UC trial-like cohort, tofacitinib-treated patients had numerically lower incidence rates for serious infections (1.75 [1.27-2.36]), OIs (excluding HZ; 0.16 [0.04-0.42]), NMSC (0.78 [0.47-1.22]), PE (0.16 [0.04-0.41]), and DVT (0.04 [0.00-0.23]), and a higher rate for HZ (3.57 [2.84-4.43]); rates for malignancies (excluding NMSC), MACE, and gastrointestinal perforations were similar. Conclusions When acknowledging limitations of comparing claims data with controlled clinical trial data, incidence rates for HZ among TNFi-treated patients in the UC trial-like cohort were lower than in the tofacitinib UC clinical trial cohort; rates for serious infections, OIs, NMSC, PE, and DVT were numerically higher. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00787202, NCT01465763, NCT01458951, NCT01458574, NCT01470612.
Efficient Robot Skill Learning: Grounded Simulation Learning and Imitation Learning from Observation

Dr. Peter Stone is the David Bruton, Jr. Centennial Professor and Associate Chair of Computer Science, as well as Director of Texas Robotics, at the University of Texas at Austin. In 2013 he was awarded the University of Texas System Regents’ Outstanding Teaching Award and in 2014 he was inducted into the UT Austin Academy of Distinguished Teachers, earning him the title of University Distinguished Teaching Professor. Professor Stone’s research interests in Artificial Intelligence include machine learning (especially reinforcement learning), multiagent systems, and robotics. Professor Stone received his Ph.D in Computer Science in 1998 from Carnegie Mellon University. From 1999 to 2002 he was a Senior Technical Staff Member in the Artificial Intelligence Principles Research Department at AT&T Labs - Research. He is an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow, Guggenheim Fellow, AAAI Fellow, IEEE Fellow, AAAS Fellow, Fulbright Scholar, and 2004 ONR Young Investigator. In 2007 he received the prestigious IJCAI Computers and Thought Award, given biannually to the top AI researcher under the age of 35, and in 2016 he was awarded the ACM/SIGAI Autonomous Agents Research Award. Professor Stone co-founded Cogitai, Inc., a startup company focused on continual learning, in 2015, and currently serves as Executive Director of Sony AI America.
Certain Aspects of Glycine and Histidine Metabolism in Patients with Sprue

1. The administration of serine to seven patients with megaloblastic anemia due to sprue produced a suboptimal but definite reticulocytosis in four, and an equivocal reticulocyte elevation in two. It is believed that serine served as a formylating agent, leading to the formation of CF from THFA. Two subjects excreted normal quantities of folic acid in the urine during serine therapy. 2. The administration of histidine to one patient led to an excessive urinary excretion of FIGLU. Three other subjects with sprue excreted increased amounts of FIGLU in the urine without a prior loading dose of histidine. 3. Since the folic acid co-factors concerned with glycine and serine metabolism appear to function adequately in sprue patients, and since similar co-factors are concerned with histidine metabolism, the urinary excretion of FIGLU by these patients suggests an abnormality of the enzyme which converts FIGLU to glutamic acid (FIGLU transferase). Further studies will be necessary to clarify this inference. 4. The findings are discussed, and the view that folic acid may have a "pharmacologic" effect in certain forms of megaloblastic anemia is considered.
Computational Simulation of a Heavy Vehicle Trailer Wake

To better understand the flow mechanisms that contribute to the aerodynamic drag of heavy vehicles, unsteady largeeddy simulations are performed to model the wake of a truncated trailer geometry above a no-slip surface. The truncation of the heavy vehicle trailer is done to reduce the computational time needed to perform the simulations. Both unsteady and time-averaged results are presented from these simulations for two grids. A comparison of velocity fields with those obtained from a wind tunnel study demonstrate that there is a distinct difference in the separated wake of the experimental and computational results, perhaps indicating the influence of the geometry simplification, turbulence model, boundary conditions, or other aspects of the chosen numerical approach.
Conservative extensions of linkage disequilibrium measures from pairwise to multi-loci and algorithms for optimal tagging SNP selection

We present results on two classes of problems. The first result addresses the long standing open problem of finding unifying principles for Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) measures in population genetics (Lewontin 1964 [10], Hedrick 1987 [8], Devlin and Risch 1995 [5]). Two desirable properties have been proposed in the extensive literature on this topic and the mutual consistency between these properties has remained at the heart of statistical and algorithmic difficulties with haplotype and genome-wide association study analysis. The first axiom is (1) The ability to extend LD measures to multiple loci as a conservative extension of pairwise LD. All widely used LD measures are pairwise measures. Despite significant attempts, it is not clear how to naturally extend these measures to multiple loci, leading to a "curse of the pairwise". The second axiom is (2) The Interpretability of Intermediate Values. In this paper, we resolve this mutual consistency problem by introducing a new LD measure, directed informativeness I (the directed graph theoretic counterpart of the informativeness measure introduced by Halldorsson et al. [6]) and show that it satisfies both of the above axioms. We also show the maximum informative subset of tagging SNPs based on I can be computed exactly in polynomial time for realistic genome-wide data. Furthermore, we present polynomial time algorithms for optimal genome-wide tagging SNPs selection for a number of commonly used LD measures, under the bounded neighborhood assumption for linked pairs of SNPs. One problem in the area is the search for a quality measure for tagging SNPs selection that unifies the LD-based methods such as LD-select (implemented in Tagger, de Bakker et al. 2005 [4], Carlson et al. 2004 [3]) and the information-theoretic ones such as informativeness. We show that the objective function of the LD-select algorithm is the Minimal Dominating Set (MDS) on r2-SNP graphs and show that we can compute MDS in polynomial time for this class of graphs. Although in LD-select the "maximally informative" solution is obtained through a greedy algorithm, and therefore better referred to as "locally maximally informative," we show that in fact, Tagger (LD-select) performs very close to the global maximally informative optimum.
Variable capacity heat pump program development roadmap

This roadmap effort is a continuum of Northwest Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap pursued by Bonneville Power Administration with the engagement of twenty collaborating organizations [1]. Purpose of this roadmap is to explore adoption barriers and drivers associated with diffusion of variable capacity heat pump technology, and facilitate a regional consortium towards developing an energy efficiency program in the case of Northwest U.S. Adoption barriers have been observed to group under the names; contractor, designer and owner related unfamiliarity; difficulty in measure development and incentive programs, lack of information in savings and measure cost effectiveness, conflicting incentives and codes/standards. Policy tools and necessary action items have been developed to address specified issues by considering relevant regional efforts in attempt to prevent duplicating the efforts already underway elsewhere.
Creating Student-Centered Online Courses

As universities reach out to global audiences with online courses, it is crucial to create online courses that will ensure student success and student retention. Successful courses are not merely content rich. They need to be structured and presented appropriately for the online environment. Course design needs to incorporate content diversity, provide support services, and create a welcoming and immersive experience for students. This presentation considers how these various factors come together and are implemented in designing an online course.
Academic family medicine physicians' confidence and comfort with opioid analgesic prescribing for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain.

Objective: To examine academic family medicine physicians' current practices, experiences, beliefs, level of concern about negative outcomes, and confidence and comfort when prescribing opioid analgesics for chronic nonmalignant pain management. Design: Electronic cross-sectional survey. Participants: This study was part of the Council of Academic Family Medicine (CAFM) Educational Research Alliance omnibus survey of active academic US family physicians. Main outcome measures: Respondents completed survey items addressing their 1) sociodemographic and practice characteristics, 2) current opioid prescribing practices, 3) experiences and beliefs toward prescribing opioid analgesics for chronic nonmalignant pain management, 4) level of concern about negative opioid-related outcomes, and 5) confidence and comfort when prescribing opioid analgesics. Results: The majority of the sample (n = 491) were male (57.8 percent) with 84.1 percent identifying themselves as non-Hispanic white. Nearly all respondents (91.0 percent) reported currently prescribing opioids to patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Most respondents reported being confident (88.4 percent) and comfortable (76.2 percent) in their prescribing for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Family physicians who were comfortable in their opioid prescribing skills were more likely to report satisfaction in prescribing opioids to patients with chronic pain ( ρ = 0.494, p < 0.001), while those who were confident in their opioid prescribing skills were more likely to identify pain management as high priority ( ρ = - 0.287, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Most academic family physicians currently prescribed opioid analgesics to patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. There was a strong inverse relationship between confidence regarding opioid prescription and concern about negative consequences. Similarly, comfort level was tied to increased satisfaction with the overall process of opioid prescription.
Coordination Chemistry: History

This article discusses a chronological history of the major discoveries, both theoretical and experimental, of coordination chemistry from antiquity through 2003. In view of Alfred Werner's central role in the field, considerable space is allotted to his achievements, but contributions of lesser-known pioneers are also included. Some of the most historically significant coordination compounds are first discussed, along with several pre-Werner theories of their formation, constitution, and configuration, followed by Werner's theory and his most important discoveries. Keywords: coordination chemistry; coordination compounds; history of chemistry; biographies of chemists; chemical theories; stereochemistry; chemical reactions; syntheses; structure proof; X-ray diffraction; stereoisomers; geometric isomers; resolutions; optical activity; electrovalence; covalence; double salts; complexes; coordination number
A study of the color stability of commercial oleic acid

Commercial oleic acid has a tendency to develop a dark color during heating. It has been found that this discoloration is partially due to oxidation and partially due to the presence of minor constituents. Their characterization as oxidized and polymerized fatty acids will be reported in a separate paper. The effects of the two factors are synergistic to each other and thus accentuate the darkening of the commercial oleic acid when it is heated under air. Removal of the minor constituents from commercial oleic acid by silicic acid treatment drastically improved its color stability. The generally acknowledged concept that the higher the polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the commercial oleic acid, the lower its color stability, is not correct. The color stability of commercial oleic acid is more predominantly dependent upon the content of minor constituents than that of polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Correlated effective field approximation for the dilute Ising ferromagnet

Abstract A randomly dilute Ising ferromagnet is investigated using a correlated effective field approximation. This approximation explicitly takes into account the pair correlation function between neighboring magnetic atoms. The lattice sites are assumed to be randomly occupied by magnetic and non-magnetic atoms, i.e., there is no chemical short range order. In the zero temperature and zero magnetization limit we obtain estimates for pc, the critical concentration for site percolation. These estimates differ by 2–30% from the results obtained by exact solution and series techniques. The comparable variation for the Bethe approximation is 22–150%. We also obtain values for the nearest neighbor pair correlation function at the percolation threshold.
Cohort shifts in the timing of births in Ghana.

A comparison of cohorts of ever-married Chanaian women suggests evidence of a fertility transition beginning among younger women and select subgroups. Ghanas crude birth rate declined from a high of 50/1000 population in 1970 to 38.8/1000 in 1985. To ascertain whether marital fertility is now being controlled through conscious attempts to lengthen birth intervals World Fertility Survey data from 1979-80 on the timing of births among different birth cohorts were analyzed. It was hypothesized that as a result of the influence of Western values that stress independence from parents and the introduction of compulsory education cohorts of the mid-1950s and 1960s would be more likely to postpone childbearing more active in the modern sector of the economy and more accepting of modern contraceptive usage for birth spacing than women in the 1930-39 1940-49 and 1950-59 cohorts. For the 1940-49 cohort it took 10.8 months for 25% to have a birth following 1st marriage 18.7 months for 50% to have a 1st birth and 27.4 months for 75% to complete this step. By comparison these figures for the 1955-64 birth cohort were 9.9 16.7 and 20.5 months respectively. The significantly shorter (p < 0.01) interval between marriage and 1st birth found among younger women in part reflects rising age at marriage; mean age at 1st marriage was 17.9 years for the 1940 cohort and 21.6 years for the most recent cohort. After the birth of the 1st child recent cohorts were more likely to wait longer for the 2nd birth. For women born in 1950-64 it took 21.8 36.7 and 44.6 months for 25% 50% and 75% respectively to reach parity 2. This pattern of lengthened birth interval beyond the 1st birth was apparent at all parities in the youngest cohort and indicates increasing acceptance of contraception among those who have come of age during a period of rapid social change.