cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a system for reusable 3D interaction techniques

Although 3D interaction techniques (3DITs) such as the Go-Go technique for object manipulation can be conceptually very simple, implementing these techniques can be a difficult task. Hidden complexities are often revealed at the low-level implementation stage. VR toolkits, which are commonly used to implement 3DITs, solve the problem of allowing applications to run in any hardware environment, but rarely provide support for the technique development process or technique reuse. Because VR toolkits are not interoperable, 3DIT developers cannot share their working techniques with others. In this paper, we describe IFFI, a toolkit that has been designed specifically to support 3DIT development and to allow for reuse of techniques in different VR toolkits. We are using IFFI to move towards the goal of implementing a library of reusable 3DITs to help increase their usage, increase consistency, and provide a foundation for future technique development.
Device for precise measurement of charged particle beam intensity

Abstract A charged particle beam intensity monitor is described. This beam monitor is useful for measurement of number of incident particles entering an experimental chamber which is operated at pressures high compared with those needed for satisfactory performance of a Faraday cup. The monitor can also be used for low-energy ions or charged particles. The device is designed to minimize the escape of secondary electrons. A description of the device and its principle of operation are given.
North Carolina climate changes reconstructed from tree rings: a.d. 372 to 1985.

Millennium-old bald cypres trees (Taxodium distichum [(L.) Rich.] have ben used to develop a 1614-year reconstruction of the June Palmer drought severity index for North Carolina. This proxy paleoclimatic record indicates that the growing season climate of North Carolina has undergone many changes between significantly different regimes of drought and wetness that persist for approximately 30 years. Alternating wet and dry regimes were particularly well developed during the Medieval Warm Epoch (A.D. 1000 to 1300). The record June droughts in 1985 and 1986 and the preceding three decades of much wetter than average conditions both appear to have been rare climatic events, equaled only five times each since A.D. 372.
Unexpected Positive Intraoperative Cultures in Aseptic Revision Arthroplasty

Unexpected positive intraoperative cultures (UPIC) in presumed aseptic revision arthroplasty can be difficult to interpret. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the incidence of subsequent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in patients who received antibiotic therapy according to an institutional protocol with those who did not and whether they meet Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria for PJI. In patients who were treated with antibiotic according to institutional criteria, the incidence of PJI after revision was higher in those who did not meet MSIS criteria (22%) than in those that met MSIS criteria (14%; P > 0.71). UPIC in aseptic revision arthroplasty are not uncommon. PJI cannot be excluded in patients that do not meet MSIS definition.
FORUM: Publications by graduate students

The topic of this Forum is to offer a few common practices that promote more journal paper publication both in quality and quantity. These comments and opinions are simply based on the author's own experience as an author, a reviewer, an editor and an academic administrator who has been involved in the recommendation of faculty tenure and promotion. The comments are provided for open discussion.
Statistics for optimal point prediction in natural images.

Sensory systems exploit the statistical regularities of natural signals, and thus, a fundamental goal for understanding biological sensory systems, and creating artificial sensory systems, is to characterize the statistical structure of natural signals. Here, we use a simple conditional moment method to measure natural image statistics relevant for three fundamental visual tasks: (i) estimation of missing or occluded image points, (ii) estimation of a high-resolution image from a low-resolution image (“super resolution”), and (iii) estimation of a missing color channel. We use the conditional moment approach because it makes minimal invariance assumptions, can be applied to arbitrarily large sets of training data, and provides (given sufficient training data) the Bayes optimal estimators. The measurements reveal complex but systematic statistical regularities that can be exploited to substantially improve performance in the three tasks over what is possible with some standard image processing methods. Thus, it is likely that these statistics are exploited by the human visual system.
Measuring the probability distribution of the relative velocities in grid-generated turbulence

Homodyne photon correlation spectroscopy (HCS) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) were used to study the probability density function of velocity differences \ensuremath{\delta}v(l) between points in the fluid separated by a distance l. The two measuring schemes yield different results for the probability density, P(\ensuremath{\delta}v(l))d\ensuremath{\delta}v(l). HCS probes the spatial fluctuations directly, whereas LDV records temporal fluctuations in velocity and relates them to the spatial fluctuations through the Taylor hypothesis. The measurements therefore imply the failure of this hypothesis in the Reynolds number range where we have applied it.
Isolation of transport mechanisms in PEFCs using high resolution neutron imaging

Abstract Liquid water saturation profiles were determined using high resolution neutron radiography for commercially available fuel cell materials and hardware. Temperature, pressure, and relative humidity (concentration) gradients were imposed on the cell to determine individual influences on water content for each gradient. The asymmetric anode/cathode channel/land architecture used in this work results in significant water accumulation in the anode diffusion media with saturation values of up to ∼50%. Anode water content was found to change substantially with imposed pressure or concentration gradient, whereas the cathode saturation profile remained relatively consistent, indicating the channel/land ratio and thickness have a determinant role in diffusion media retention. The data generated in this work has been made publicly available through www.pemfcdata.org , and should be useful for computational modelers seeking validation data.
FOCUS microcomputer number system

FOCUS is a number system and supporting computational algorithms especially useful for microcomputer control and other signal processing applications. FOCUS has the wide-ranging character of floating-point numbers with a uniformity of state distributions that give FOCUS better than a twofold accuracy advantage over an equal word length floating-point system. FOCUS computations are typically five times faster than single precision fixed-point or integer arithmetic for a mixture of operations, comparable in speed with hardware arithmetic for many applications. Algorithms for 8-bit and 16-bit implementations of FOCUS are included.
Modeling the contrast-sensitivity functions of older adults

To determine whether a parabolic template is a good description of the contrast-sensitivity functions (CSF’s) exhibited by older adults, the curve-fitting method of Pelli et al. [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A3 (13), P56 (1986)] was applied to contrast-sensitivity data from 100 older subjects (ages 53–85 years). Although the method resulted in reasonable fits for most subjects, closer inspection revealed that this technique may be problematic. A significant number of observers had functions that were nonparabolic, and for many subjects the error tended to be concentrated at the peak of the CSF. In addition, in contrast to the study of Pelli et al., the peak contrast sensitivities of the subjects were only weakly related to Pelli–Robson contrast sensitivity and letter acuity. The data were also fitted with an asymmetric function of variable shape. Whereas this function provided a better fit to the nonparabolic CSF’s, it resulted in inferior fits to most of the remaining data. These results demonstrate that the spatial CSF’s of older adults cannot be described by a single parametric curve such as a parabola or a function of an exponential and that Pelli–Robson contrast sensitivity and letter acuity are not adequate predictors of their peak constrast sensitivities.
The effect of deviant group membership upon impressions of personality.

Summary Personality impressions of a videotaped stimulus person were compared when he was introduced as a member of a homosexual group to when he was not. It was predicted that no differences would be found in overall attraction, but that the homosexual condition would elicit ratings consistent with a male homosexual stereotype. Results were consistent with the hypothesis; in the homosexual condition, the stimulus person was judged more feminine, emotional, submissive, unconventional, and weaker than in the nonhomosexual condition, but equally likable.
Cross-sectional determinants of bank performance under deposit dollarization in emerging markets

Abstract Dollar-denominated deposits and loans could increase financial fragility in emerging market banking systems. This currency mismatch does not only increase banks' currency risk when the proportion of dollar-denominated loans with respect to local-denominated loans increases but also it increases their clients' default risk if depreciation occurs. This paper investigates the profitability of 36 dollarized banking systems. Results suggest that after controlling for some macroeconomic and institutional variables, dollarization, as the currency mismatch hypothesis suggests, depresses bank performance and lowers bank profitability. Results also show that the effect of institutions more than offsets the negative impact of dollarization on banks' profitability.
Snake Venom Neurotoxins Related to Phospholipase A2

AbstractTwo types of highly lethal toxins have been isolated from certain crotalids, elapids, vipers, and seasnakes that act by blocking peripheral neuromuscular impulse transmission and cause death by respiratory paralysis. One type acts postsynaptically by binding to the acetylcholine receptors, contains proteins of 61—74 amino acids, has been intensively studied, and will not be discussed here. The other type consists of proteins that are at least twice as large and are all related to and presumably derived from phospholipase A2. The four most studied of this group are crotoxin, β-bungarotoxin, notexin and taipoxin from the Brazilian rattlesnake, the Formosan krait and the Australian tigersnake and taipan, respectively. Their structures and modes of actions, largely presynaptic and complex, represent the subject matter of this review.
Mathematical Theory of Cylindrical Isothermal Blast Waves in a Magnetic Field

An analysis is conducted regarding the properties of cylindrically symmetric self-similar blast waves propagating away from a line source into a medium whose density and magnetic field (with components in both the phi and z directions) both vary as r to the -(omega) power (with omega less than 1) ahead of the blast wave. The main results of the analysis can be divided into two classes, related to a zero azimuthal field and a zero longitudinal field. In the case of the zero longitudinal field it is found that there are no physically acceptable solutions with continuous postshock variations of flow speed and gas density.
Retrieving Essential Material at the End of Lectures Improves Performance on Statistics Exams

At the end of each lecture in a statistics for psychology course, students answered a small set of questions that required them to retrieve information from the same day’s lecture. These exercises ...
Angiogenic role of glycerol in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization

Purpose It has been reported that intravitreous administration of anti-mouse IL18 antibody increases laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice (Doyle et al. Nat Med 2012). However, since those experiments compared an anti-mouse IL18 antibody to a sham injection group, we tested the putative angiogenic effects of this antibody using biologically and chemically rigorous controls in order to clarify the role IL18 in laser-induced CNV. Methods Laser photocoagulations were performed to perforate Bruch’s membrane followed by intravitreous injections, and the eyes were collected and analyzed on day 7 after laser treatment. Laser-induced CNV lesions were stained with isolectin B4 and volumes quantified using z-stack on a confocal microscope system (Leica). We tested the Abcam anti-mouse IL18 antibody used by Doyle et al. which was dissolved in 50% glycerol, an MBL anti-mouse IL18 antibody, as well as isotype control antibodies in appropriate control buffers. Results We found that MBL anti-mouse IL18 antibody neutralized IL18-induced cellular signaling whereas the Abcam antibody did not do so. We also found that the Abcam IL18 antibody increased CNV whereas the MBL antibody did not. We found that glycerol increased CNV to the same extent as the Abcam IL18 antibody, and that the Abcam IL18 antibody in glycerol did not increase CNV in mice deficient in Aquaporin-1, a channel that is permeant to glycerol and promotes angiogenesis. Conclusion IL18 blockade does not increase CNV. The previously reported results are an artifact of pro-angiogenic glycerol in which the Abcam IL18 antibody is dissolved.
Space for equity: socioeconomic variations in the provision of public parks in Hermosillo, Mexico.

This article examines the intersection between globalisation and allocation of open public space by testing the spatial equity hypothesis in Hermosillo, Mexico, a regional city impacted directly by global processes. Availability and accessibility of public parks were examined using a geographic information system and neighbourhoods were stratified into quintiles based on socioeconomic status. Overall, the analysis shows that the amount of public park space in Hermosillo is substandard and its distribution reveals a pattern of spatial inequity affecting primarily residents of poor neighbourhoods. We argue that as the economy of the city grows increasingly integrated into global circuits, the global-to-local connection materialises in an unequal competition between globalised spaces and local public space. This, in turn, leads to further relegation of neighbourhoods that are already on the margins of urban equity regarding access to public parks. This study extends prior research conducted in developed coun...
Chiral permselectivity in nanoporous opal films surface-modified with chiral selector moieties

The chiral permselectivity in thin opal films modified on the silica surface with chiral selector moieties was studied as a function of opal film geometry, supporting electrolyte concentration, solvent polarity, and chiral selector and linker structure. While opal film thickness, supporting electrolyte concentration and linker length and structure did not have a significant influence on the chiral permselectivity, the nanopore size, solvent polarity and selector structure had a pronounced effect. These observations are in agreement with the chiral selectivity mechanism in the opal films in which the permeating enantiomers are transported with different rates through the surface utilizing non-covalent interactions between the chiral permeant molecules and surface-bound chiral selectors. The chiral selectivity (transport rate ratio for S and R enantiomers) achieved in the present study was 4.5, which is one of the highest reported for chiral membranes.
A Study Of Security Education In The Era Of Cyber-Terrorism

Cyber-Terrorism continues to confront the country with security threats. Since the September 11 attack, academia has not fully implemented in educational offerings a deterrence strategy satisfactory to the government. Though the National Security Agency has introduced Centers of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education, as an appropriate education program, there are only a small number of schools in the country that have enabled their offerings through this program. The focus of this study is to explore in survey the critical failure factors impacting the implementation of Centers of Academic Excellence education in academic institutions, by initially sampling schools in the Northeast Corridor of the United States. This study contributes to the discussion of important considerations for academic and governmental officials to further enable security strategy in this era of the cyber-terrorist.
Knowledge Management Tools for Instructional Design

Advances in computer technology typically find their way into education after a short generation of success in other settings. This is an elaboration of one such technology—knowledge management systems (KMS)—and its application to instructional design. An examination of the development of KMS from information systems. computer-supported collaborative work environments and object-oriented systems, leads to a discussion of reusability. The focus is on the use of KMS by instructional designers. A conceptual framework for distributed instructional design is provided along with examples of support tools. These tools and the associated design framework are in use, and anecdotal evidence of effects and impact is provided. As such tools become more widely used to support the planning, implementation and management of instructional systems and learning environments, it is reasonable to expect the nature of instructional design practice to change.
Lateral shift in photon tunneling studied by the energy streamline method

The energy streamline method based on the Poynting vector of the coupled forward and backward waves is used to study photon tunneling phenomenon associated with the lateral shift of energy path. Each point on the energy streamline indicates the direction of the net energy flow of a plane wave. In the tunneling configuration, the light energy of the propagating waves is squeezed to the inside of a cone, whereas the streamlines of the coupled evanescent waves go through the barrier inside or outside the cone. This observation provides insight of the photon tunneling phenomenon. A relationship between the energy refraction angle and the incidence angle exists in the proximity limit and can be used to evaluate the lateral shift of the energy path. Furthermore, the energy streamline method can help gain deeper understanding of nanoscale radiation where photon tunneling plays an important role in the heat transfer enhancement.
Adaptive local grid refinement algorithms for finite‐element collocation

An adaptive grid refinement procedure allows accurate solutions to advection-dominated, time-dependent flows using finite-element collocation. The technique relies on a data structure that is readily amenable to parallel computing. The paper discusses computational aspects of the method.
Genetic Studies of Protein Stability and Mechanisms of Folding

In the past few years, analysis of mutationally altered proteins has joined more traditional biophysical methods as an important experimental approach to the study of protein folding. Single amino acid substitutions have been found to reduce the stability of the native state by as much as 3 kcal mol-1, a significant fraction of the marginal stability of the folded conformation, and to significantly alter the rates of folding or unfolding. Mutations can also significantly affect the ability of a protein to fold in vivo. However, at present there is great uncertainty in accounting for or predicting the effects of mutations on stability and folding, even qualitatively. Future studies of mutant proteins are likely to provide further insights into the roles of individual residues and interactions in determining the three-dimensional structures of proteins. For the full potential of this approach to be realized, however, many mutant proteins will have to be systematically studied using structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic methods. The results of these experiments may aid in developing and refining improved theoretical treatments of the energetics of protein conformation.
Developing and Implementing Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Institutional Food Service

Health and sustainability guidelines for institutional food service are directed at improving dietary intake and increasing the ecological benefits of the food system. The development and implementation of institutional food service guidelines, such as the Health and Human Services (HHS) and General Services Administration (GSA) Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Federal Concessions and Vending Operations (HHS/GSA Guidelines), have the potential to improve the health and sustainability of the food system. Institutional guidelines assist staff, managers, and vendors in aligning the food environment at food service venues with healthier and more sustainable choices and practices. Guideline specifics and their effective implementation depend on the size, culture, nature, and management structure of an institution and the individuals affected. They may be applied anywhere food is sold, served, or consumed. Changing institutional food service practice requires comprehensive analysis, engagement, and education of all relevant stakeholders including institutional management, members of the food supply chain, and customers. Current examples of food service guidelines presented here are the HHS and GSA Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Federal Concessions and Vending Operations, which translate evidence-based recommendations on health and sustainability into institutional food service practices and are currently being implemented at the federal level. Developing and implementing guidelines has the potential to improve long-term population health outcomes while simultaneously benefitting the food system. Nutritionists, public health practitioners, and researchers should consider working with institutions to develop, implement, and evaluate food service guidelines for health and sustainability.
Three-dimensional object recognition using an unsupervised BCM network: the usefulness of distinguishing features

We propose an object recognition scheme based on a method for feature extraction from gray level images that corresponds to recent statistical theory, called projection pursuit, and is derived from a biologically motivated feature extracting neuron. To evaluate the performance of this method we use a set of very detailed psychophysical three-dimensional object recognition experiments (Bulthoff and Edelman 1992).
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: An update on functional and oncologic outcomes, techniques, and advancements in technology

The robotic platform has revolutionized the management of prostate cancer over the last 15 years. Several techniques have been developed to improve functional and oncologic outcomes, including meticulous apical and posterior dissection, nerve sparing techniques, bladder neck and urethral length sparing, and anastomotic reconstruction. Future developments involving novel single-site, robotic technology will undoubtedly further the field of minimally invasive urology. These topics are reviewed within this article.
The Optimal Range of International Normalized Ratio for Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation During Therapeutic Anticoagulation With Warfarin

Background— Uninterrupted anticoagulation with warfarin during radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) of atrial fibrillation is associated with a lower risk of periprocedural complications than when warfarin is temporarily discontinued. However, the optimal international normalized ratio (INR) levels during RFA have not been defined. Methods and Results— In this retrospective analysis, RFA was performed in 1133 consecutive patients (mean age, 61±10 years) with paroxysmal (550) or persistent atrial fibrillation (583). Patients were grouped based on the INR on the day of RFA. There was a quadratic relationship between the INR and bleeding and vascular complications ( P 3.0 (12% [9/76]; P =0.03). The prevalence of pericardial tamponade (1%) was similar at all INRs. From the quadratic model, the optimal range of INR was calculated as 2.1 to 2.5. INRs 3.0 were associated with a >2-fold increase in complications, with a further steep rise beyond an INR>3.5. Concomitant clopidogrel use was associated with a significant increase in complications at all INRs (odds ratio=3.1; ±95% confidence interval, 1.4–7.4). Unfractionated heparin requirements to maintain a therapeutic activated clotting time during RFA was reduced by 50% in patients with an INR>2.0. Conclusions— The optimal INR range during uninterrupted periprocedural anticoagulation using warfarin is narrow. Therefore, INR levels should be carefully monitored in preparation for RFA of atrial fibrillation.
Viscosity spectral function of a scale invariant nonrelativistic fluid from holography

We study the viscosity spectral function of a holographic $2+1$ dimensional fluid with Schr\"odinger symmetry. The model is based on a twisted compactification of ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{5}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}_{5}$. We numerically compute the spectral function of the stress tensor correlator for all frequencies, and analytically study the limits of high and low frequency. We compute the shear viscosity, the viscous relaxation time, and the quasinormal mode spectrum in the shear channel. We find a number of unexpected results: The high frequency behavior is governed by a fractional $1/3$ power law, the viscous relaxation time is negative, and the quasinormal mode spectrum in the shear channel is not doubled.
Ebert spectrometer for the far infrared

An Ebert spectrometer is described with regard to its design, construction, and performance. It is intended cover the 500–20 cm−1 region, and has so far been tested between 500 and 150 cm−1, where a resolution of 0.5 cm−1 is uniformly attained. The advantages of the Ebert optics in the long wavelength infrared are that they lead to a compact, simple, and convenient instrument for this difficult region of the spectrum, the performance of which is at least equal to that of the more elaborate instruments.
Spatially incoherent random lasers for full field optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate control of the spatial coherence of random laser emission by tuning the scattering strength and excitation volume. The optimized, spatially incoherent source is applied to full-field optical coherence tomography to mitigate crosstalk.
This is Not a Boundary Object: Reflections on the Origin of a Concept

There are three components to boundary objects as outlined in the original 1989 article. Interpretive flexibility, the structure of informatic and work process needs and arrangements, and, finally, the dynamic between ill-structured and more tailored uses of the objects. Much of the use of the concept has concentrated on the aspect of interpretive flexibility and has often mistaken or conflated this flexibility with the process of tacking back-and-forth between the ill-structured and well-structured aspects of the arrangements. Boundary objects are not useful at just any level of scale or without full consideration of the entire model. The article discusses these aspects of the architecture of boundary objects and includes a discussion of one of the ways that boundary objects appeared as a concept in earlier work done by Star. It concludes with methodological considerations about how to study the system of boundary objects and infrastructure.
Information-theoretic lower bounds for convex optimization with erroneous oracles

We consider the problem of optimizing convex and concave functions with access to an erroneous zeroth-order oracle. In particular, for a given function x → f (x) we consider optimization when one is given access to absolute error oracles that return values in [f (x) - ∊, f (x) + ∊] or relative error oracles that return value in [(1 - ∊)f (x), (1 + ∊)f (x)], for some ∊ > 0. We show stark information theoretic impossibility results for minimizing convex functions and maximizing concave functions over polytopes in this model.
VARIATIONS OF STENOSING TENOSYNOVITIS AT THE RADIAL STYLOID PROCESS

At operation, variations have been observed in the relation of the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis and the aberrant tendon, one to the other. The area of stenosis has also been found to vary.
White light interferometry for the optical characterization of transparent ICF shells

White light interferometry has been adapted to the characterization of transparent ICF shells and their precursor mandrels. The combination of an interferometric microscope, a precision z-stage, an...
Finding Consensus in Legal Writing Discourse Regarding Organizational Structure: A Review and Analysis of the Use of IRAC and Its Progenies

Based on a comprehensive review of legal writing textbooks and journal articles that have addressed how to organize a written legal analysis, this article identifies areas of consensus underlying the various acronyms (CRAC, CREAC, TRAC, etc.) that scholars have proposed in their quest to characterize the perfect structure and isolates core principles of effective organization that emerge from the existing body of scholarship. The core principles include: rule-based organization, separation of analysis by issue, synthesis of case law, and unity (including use of roadmaps, signposts, headings and transitions). These core principles can help legal writers escape from the confusion that might otherwise result from the various acronyms and terminology used in legal writing scholarship.
STRESS COPING SKILLS IN PATIENTS WITH APICAL BALLOONING SYNDROME (TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY)

Apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) is typically precipitated by emotional or physical stress, and affected patients are more likely to have a premorbid diagnosis of chronic anxiety disorder and depression. We hypothesized that patients with ABS have a personality profile characterized by high
What do the new ratings of political science departments measure

Recent articles in the Chronicle of Higher Education (January 19, 1983, pp. 12-14) and PS (Rudder, 1983, pp. 48-53) reported a set of subjective evaluations of Ph.D.-granting political science departments drawn from a study by the Conference Board of Associated Research Councils (CBARC).' Members of some departments were justifiably pleased by their lofty rankings; members of other departments were disturbed by their lower than expected evaluations. As individuals in the latter group, we were curious as to what factors help predict the ratings that emerged, and decided to explore several possibilities.
Dislocation dynamics in hexagonal close-packed crystals

Abstract Extensions of the dislocation dynamics methodology necessary to enable accurate simulations of crystal plasticity in hexagonal close-packed (HCP) metals are presented. They concern the introduction of dislocation motion in HCP crystals through linear and non-linear mobility laws, as well as the treatment of composite dislocation physics. Formation, stability and dissociation of c + a > and other dislocations with large Burgers vectors defined as composite dislocations are examined and a new topological operation is proposed to enable their dissociation. The results of our simulations suggest that composite dislocations are omnipresent and may play important roles both in specific dislocation mechanisms and in bulk crystal plasticity in HCP materials. While fully microscopic, our bulk DD simulations provide wealth of data that can be used to develop and parameterize constitutive models of crystal plasticity at the mesoscale.
Membrane Technology: Pilot Studies of Membrane-Aerated Bioreactors

This research investigates the use of submerged gas-permeable membranes for the delivery of oxygen to municipal wastewater. This approach is likely offer significant advantages over the conventional approach of using bubbles. The air is delivered to the membranes by an inlet manifold; it then flows through the fibers and escapes through an outlet manifold at the other side of the aeration tank. In this configuration the depth of the water is unimportant since the air does not need to be compressed to overcome the hydrostatic pressure. Pressure drops across the membrane are low and the ability to control the contact time between the air and water enables high oxygen transfer efficiencies to be obtained. As a result, the energy costs for aeration should be significantly less than for conventional aeration. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397045 (eBook)
A three-dimensional He-CO potential energy surface with improved long-range behavior

Abstract A weakness of the “CBS + corr” He–CO potential energy surface (Peterson and McBane, 2005) has been rectified by constraining the potential to adopt accurate long-range behavior for He–CO distances well beyond 15 a 0 . The resulting surface is very similar to the original in the main part of the interaction. Comparison with accurately known bound-state energies indicates that the surface is slightly improved in the region sampled by the highest lying bound states. The positions of shape and Feshbach resonances within a few cm−1 of the j = 1 excitation threshold are essentially unchanged. The low-energy scattering lengths changed noticeably. The revised surface generates a small negative limiting scattering length for collisions with 4He, while the original surface gave a small positive one. Both surfaces yield scattering lengths quite different from the widely used surface of Heijmen et al. (1997) for both He isotopes.
Quantum Mechanical Screening of Single-Atom Bimetallic Alloys for the Selective Reduction of CO2 to C1 Hydrocarbons

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to energy-rich hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols is a very challenging task. So far, only copper has proven to be capable of such a conversion. We report density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with the Poisson–Boltzmann implicit solvation model to show that single-atom alloys (SAAs) are promising electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction to C1 hydrocarbons in aqueous solution. The majority component of the SAAs studied is either gold or silver, in combination with isolated single atoms, M (M = Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, and Ir), replacing surface atoms. We envision that the SAA behaves as a one-pot tandem catalyst: first gold (or silver) reduces CO2 to CO, and the newly formed CO is then captured by M and is further reduced to C1 hydrocarbons such as methane or methanol. We studied 28 SAAs, and found about half of them selectively favor the CO2 reduction reaction over the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Most of those promising SAAs contain M ...
Chemoreception to aggregation pheromones in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is an obligate blood-feeding insect that is resurgent worldwide, posing a threat to human beings through its biting nuisance and disease transmission. Bed bug aggregation pheromone is considered a very promising attractant for use in the monitoring and management of bed bugs, but as yet little is known regarding the sensory physiology of bed bugs related to this pheromone. This study examined how the individual components of aggregation pheromone are perceived by the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) housed in different types of olfactory sensilla in bed bugs and the molecular basis for the ORNs' responses to the aggregation pheromone. We found that the ORNs in the D olfactory sensilla played a predominant role in detecting all the components of aggregation pheromone except for histamine, which was only recognized by the C sensilla. Bed bugs' E sensilla, which include four functionally distinct groups, showed only a very weak but variant sensitivity (both excitatory and inhibitory) to the components of aggregation pheromone. Functional tests of 15 odorant receptors (ORs) in response to the components of aggregation pheromone revealed that most of these components were encoded by multiple ORs with various tuning properties. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of how bed bug aggregation pheromone is perceived and recognized in the peripheral olfactory system and will contribute useful information to support the development of synthetic attractants for bed bug monitoring and control.
3-D FOSSILS FOR K–12 EDUCATION: A CASE EXAMPLE USING THE GIANT EXTINCT SHARK CARCHAROCLES MEGALODON

Fossils and the science of paleontology provide a charismatic gateway to integrate STEM teaching and learning. With the new Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), as well as the exponentially increasing use of three-dimensional (3-D) printing and scanning technology, it is a particularly opportune time to integrate a wider variety of fossils and paleontology into K–12 curricula. We describe a curricular prototype that integrates all four components of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) into authentic research using dentitions of the Neogene giant shark Megalodon (Carcharocles megalodon Agassiz, 1843). This prototype has been implemented in two middle and two high schools in California and Florida. Consistent with prior evidence-based research, student engagement increases when they have hands-on experiences with fossils, particularly with a charismatic species such as Megalodon. Access to museum specimens helps students understand big ideas in ‘Deep Time.’ In addition to engaging students in authentic STEM practices and scaffolding development of content knowledge, paleontology is an integrative science that connects and informs socially relevant topics, including long-term (macro-) evolution and climate change. The application of 3-D printing and scanning to develop curricula using fossils has immense potential in K–12 schools in the U.S.
Underwater localization and 3D mapping of submerged structures with a single-beam scanning sonar

We present a novel approach to perform underwater simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) using a small inspection-class remotely operated vehicle (ROV) equipped with a single-beam scanning sonar, amidst high levels of noise present in the sonar data, and in the absence of inertial/odometry measurements. Features are extracted from hierarchically grouped clusters of sonar returns, data association is performed via the iterative joint compatibility test, and the vehicle's trajectory and map are estimated using incremental smoothing and mapping (iSAM). The resulting point clouds derived from the ROV's sonar are used to produce Gaussian process occupancy maps, which interpolate among gaps in the acoustic range data to produce descriptive 3D maps of submerged structures. The proposed localization and mapping approach is demonstrated using data gathered in two harbor environments in close proximity to piers and seawalls.
Resonance Capture Reactions with a Total Energy Detector

Nuclear reaction rates can be determined in two basic types of experiment; depending respectively on counting and energy release. A simple example would be to measure the alpha disintegration rate of a sample. The number of alpha particles emitted in a given time could be counted with a charged particle counter or by measuring the helium released. Alternatively, the energy released could be measured with a calorimeter and divided by the (known) energy per alpha particle to arrive at the number of alpha disintegrations per unit time. This second approach has been exploited to measure (n,γ) cross sections of isotopic targets for which the neutron binding energy (BE) is generally well known, ranging from roughly 4 to 11 MeV. The total excitation energy of each compound nucleus formed is computed to good accuracy as: $${E_X}\, = \,\,{E_n}\,\left( {A/\left( {A\, + \,1} \right)} \right)\, + \,BE$$ where En is the incident neutron energy and A is the atomic mass of the stationary target nucleus.
La guerre d’Algérie vue par les Algériens: 1. Le temps des armes (des origines à la bataille d’Alger) / La guerre d’Algérie vue par les Algériens: 2. Le temps de la politique (de la bataille d’Alger à l'indépendance)

The two volume work under review is a masterly effort by two French anti-colonialist historians to write about Algeria’s struggle for independence as if they were special correspondents reporting o...
Continuous pervaporation-assisted furfural production catalyzed by CrCl3

Furfural—a precursor to fuels, solvents, and polymers—is produced by acid-catalyzed dehydration of biomass-derived xylose; however, the selectivity of this process is limited by side reactions which form low-value byproducts known as humins. The production of humins can be reduced by extracting furfural as it is produced. In this paper we report the design and performance of a membrane-pervaporation-assisted reactor for the continuous CrCl3-catalyzed conversion of xylose to furfural. Pervaporation offers a simple means for separating products from homogeneous catalysts and reactants with negligible vapor pressure. By combining reaction with product pervaporation, it was possible to produce furfural continuously without catalyst addition during the reaction. We also conducted simulations of the continuous reaction while varying the membrane-area-to-reactor-volume ratio, av. These simulations showed that there is an optimal value of av for which the permeate concentration of furfural and reaction selectivity are maximized. For the parameters used in this study, the optimal value of av is 0.17 cm−1. Our work provides a basis for the design of a continuous pervaporation-assisted reactor and illustrates the sensitivity of this approach to individual system parameters.
Psychoanalysis, the Anxiety of Influence, and the Sadomasochism of Everyday Life

After reviewing recent upheavals within psychoanalytic institutions and our diminished status in the worlds of academia, psychiatry, and the media, this essay turns to the historical trends that led to the current state of siege in which psychoanalysis finds itself—trends most clearly manifested on the East Coast institutes of the United States. I hypothesize that a legacy of arrogant entitlement on the part of the founding fathers made for an abiding institutional authoritarianism. This hierarchicalism fostered a loss of self-determination and individuation, negative Oedipal submission, identifications with the aggressor within psychoanalytic organizations, and a pseudospeciation with regard to potential critics in the outside world. Promising in many respects, nonetheless many of the current changes in psychoanalytic education and theory inevitably represent a positive Oedipal rebellion against the generation that had oppressed the one now in ascendancy and, more insidiously, a means of containing the candidates now in our charge. Finally, I argue that our future depends on our ability to embrace unwanted and disavowed truths about the history of our field and thereby to reclaim both our idealism and our credibility.
Cyclic Codes and Related Codes

Just as the FIR filter, which is closely related to convolutions, Fourier transforms, and Toeplitz matrices, is a central topic of digital signal processing, so the cyclic code is a central topic of error-control codes. A cyclic code is simply an error-control code that satisfies a certain convolution property in the time domain or a certain spectral property in the frequency domain. We will develop the theory of cyclic codes and related codes by working as much as possible within the framework of digital signal processing.
Intramolecular Energy and Electron Transfer in Polymetallic Complexes

The use of polydentate, bridging ligands has enabled the preparation and characterization of mono-, bi-, tri-, and tetrametallic systems. Experimental measurements such as absorption and emission spectroscopy, and electrochemistry have indicated that the exact structure of the ligand determines the amount of communication between the various metal centers in the polymetallic complexes. This lack of electronic communication with some bridging ligands allows these systems to have a lifetime long enough to undergo emission at room temperature. These polymetallic systems supply a wide range of excited-state donor energies and redox potentials that give additional flexibility for energy- and electron-transfer processes. The ability to prepare supramolecular systems with multi-function and controllable molecular properties is the future for these molecules.
The Forgotten Purpose of ‘Fair and Equitable Treatment’ Clauses in Post-War United States’ Commercial Treaties

To understand the purpose of the ‘fair and equitable treatment’ (FET) clause, contained in many international investment treaties (IIAs), this paper is the first to provide a detailed account of the archived record of negotiations preceding the conclusion of post-war United States’ Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (FCN), the precursors to modern IIAs. This paper examines how these negotiations clearly provide basis for including a generally-worded FET obligation in investment protection. It focuses on the parties’ expectations and concerns, the input of private enterprises, and intra-governmental discussions as to how this particular language was chosen. This paper makes three contributions. First, this paper finds that the FET clause was never intended to provide a substantive standard of treatment, such as national or most-favoured-nation treatment, to foreign investors. In fact, the ‘fair and’ ‘equitable treatment’ clause in the context of U.S. investment protection was intended to serve as a guiding principle in the treaty; while it was possible for FET to serve as a basis for a treaty protest, this would only be in extreme or unusual circumstances. Second, the historical record advances the debate about how investor-State dispute settlement impacted both the purpose and function of the FET standard in IIAs through arbitral interpretation and application. Third, this paper presents policy-makers and treaty negotiators with a historical foundation to determine whether undefined FET clauses continues to serve a function within IIAs, or whether they are best removed altogether.