cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated magnetooptic Bragg cell module in tapered waveguide and applications of RF spectral analysis at X-band and light beam scanning

An integrated magnetooptic (MO) Bragg cell module which integrates an ion-milled collimation-Fourier transform lens pair with an MO Bragg cell on a taper yttrium iron garnet-gadolinium gallium garnet (YIG-GGG) waveguide substrate, 6.0-mm*16.0 mm in size, has been realized for the first time. Taper waveguide structure is employed to simultaneously fulfill the waveguide thickness requirements for large MO Bragg bandwidth and high lens throughput. Curved hybrid lens pairs with fabricated parabolic contour show drastically reduced coma and significantly increased angular field of view. Measured performance characteristics of the integrated MO Bragg cell module, such as bandwidth, diffraction efficiency, dynamic range, and frequency resolution at a wavelength of 1.303 mu m and various bands of carrier frequency are presented. Scanning of focused diffracted light spot and RF spectral analysis are demonstrated using the integrated MO Bragg cell module. >
Voter Turnout Among the American States: Systemic and Individual Components

Traditional studies of voter turnout in the United States have identified three factors which are presumed to explain most of the differences between the states in voter turnout: socio-demographic differences, electoral competitiveness, and differences in the rules under which elections are conducted. These studies have not, however, clearly distinguished the three factors largely because of their exclusive reliance on aggregate data to analyze the differences. The purpose of this paper is to 1) distinguish between individual and systemic components of turnout and 2) to attempt to partition the variation in turnout between the components. Unlike previous research, this study used both survey and aggregate data to decompose the variation in turnout among the states into first two components—individual and systemic, and then the latter into political (electoral competitiveness) and legal.
Rapid Inversion: Running Animals and Robots Swing like a Pendulum under Ledges

Escaping from predators often demands that animals rapidly negotiate complex environments. The smallest animals attain relatively fast speeds with high frequency leg cycling, wing flapping or body undulations, but absolute speeds are slow compared to larger animals. Instead, small animals benefit from the advantages of enhanced maneuverability in part due to scaling. Here, we report a novel behavior in small, legged runners that may facilitate their escape by disappearance from predators. We video recorded cockroaches and geckos rapidly running up an incline toward a ledge, digitized their motion and created a simple model to generalize the behavior. Both species ran rapidly at 12–15 body lengths-per-second toward the ledge without braking, dove off the ledge, attached their feet by claws like a grappling hook, and used a pendulum-like motion that can exceed one meter-per-second to swing around to an inverted position under the ledge, out of sight. We discovered geckos in Southeast Asia can execute this escape behavior in the field. Quantification of these acrobatic behaviors provides biological inspiration toward the design of small, highly mobile search-and-rescue robots that can assist us during natural and human-made disasters. We report the first steps toward this new capability in a small, hexapedal robot.
From rule of man to rule of law: An unintended consequence of corruption in China in the 1990s

The ethics of government in the People's Republic of China have been corroded by rampant corruption over the last two decades. The corruption has not only weakened the state's legitimacy and capacity to govern, but also provided an opportunity (to a certain degree, a catalyst) for a possible change from a traditional society ruled by man into a rational‐legal society ruled by law. Economic reforms over the past 20 years have unleashed market forces in a nation so dominated by the Party‐state that basic boundaries and distinctions defining the limits of markets and official power have been weak or nonexistent. At one level, this has made for an increase in corruption and confusion about the meanings of the term. At another, it has produced a situation that requires the improvement of the legal system to handle the issue effectively. Beijing leadership seems to have realized the importance of strengthening the legal system in addressing this issue. This shift in strategy may have profound implications for t...
Exploiting domain-specific knowledge to refine simulation specifications

Discusses our approach to the problem of refining high-level simulation specifications. Our domain is simulated combat training for tank platoon members. Our input is a high-level specification for a training scenario and our output is an executable specification for the behavior of a network-based combat simulator. Our approach combines a detailed model of the tank training domain with nonlinear planning and constraint satisfaction techniques. Our initial implementation is successful in large part because of our use of domain knowledge to limit the branching factor of the planner and the constraint satisfaction engine.
The Surface Branch of the Zonally Averaged Mass Transport Circulation in the Troposphere

The near-surface branch of the overturning mass transport circulation in the troposphere, containing the equatorward flow, is examined in isentropic and geometric coordinates. A discussion of the zonal momentum balance within isentropic layers shows that the equatorward flow at a given latitude is confined to isentropic layers that typically intersect the surface at that latitude. As a consequence of mass transport within the surface mixed layer, much of the equatorward flow occurs in layers with potential temperatures below the mean surface potential temperature. In the conventional transformed Eulerian mean formulation for geometric coordinates, the surface branch of the overturning circulation is represented in an unrealistic manner: streamlines of the residual circulation do not close above the surface. A modified residual circulation is introduced that is free from this defect and has the additional advantage that its computation, unlike that of the conventional residual circulation, does not require division by the static stability, which may approach zero in the planetary boundary layer. It is then argued that cold air advection by the residual circulation is responsible for the formation of surface inversions at all latitudes in idealized GCMs with weak thermal damping. Also included is a discussion of how a general circulation theory for the troposphere must be built upon a theory for the near-surface meridional mass fluxes.
Distances of the Virgo, Fornax and Hydra clusters of galaxies and the local value of the Hubble ratio

Distances of three nearby clusters of galaxies derived from recent observations of the brightest globular clusters in the brightest galaxies are now in good agreement with other distance indicators and suggest a local value of the Hubble ‘constan’ H = 86±9 km s−1 Mpc−1.
A 1.8 V supply multi-frequency digitally trimmable on-chip IC oscillator with low-voltage detection capability

The design of a 1.8V power supply, multi-frequency on-chip IC oscillator with a built-in low voltage detection (LVD) circuitry is described. Since the modules share the same bandgap cell, the system includes a new bandgap isolation strategy based on wide swing cascode current mirrors to reduce noise coupling into the LVD. The IC oscillator generates four selectable clock frequencies: 4 MHz and 8 MHz from 1.8 V to 5.5 V, 12 MHz and 22 MHz from 2.7 V to 5.5 V. After fine-tuning the oscillator via digital trimming its output frequency varies less than /spl plusmn/2.5% around the target frequency over supply ranges and from -40 to 125/spl deg/C. The measured clock jitter is below 0.1% whereas the recover time from stop is 5 /spl mu/s. The low voltage detection circuit monitors the supply voltage applied to the system and generates the appropriate warning or even initiates a system shutdown before the in-circuit SoC presents malfunction. The module was implemented in a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, occupies an area of 360/spl times/530 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and requires no external reference or components.
Agricultural chemical use and cancer mortality in selected rural counties in the U.S.A.

Abstract The relationship between agricultural chemical use and five major , categories of cancer is examined for a sample of rural U.S. counties. County acreages treated with insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers are the variables of primary analytic interest. Findings suggest that agricultural chemical use is related to county cancer mortality. For three of the five categories of cancer included, agricultural chemical use was the best predictor of cancer mortality. Although limitations common to ecological analyses require caution in interpreting results, the findings are highly suggestive of the need for additional research on possible links between agricultural chemical use and county cancer mortality.
Simultaneous Pontine and Basal Forebrain Microinjections of Carbachol Suppress REM Sleep

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that cholinoceptive basal forebrain systems can significantly influence cholinoceptive pontine mechanisms known to be important for generating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This hypothesis was examined by microinjecting the cholinergic agonist carbachol or saline (vehicle control) into the pons, the basal forebrain, or simultaneously into the pons and basal forebrain, while quantifying the effects on sleep and wakefulness in unanesthetized, chronically instrumented cats. All microinjections were made during wakefulness and were followed by 2 or 4 hr of recording. Polygraphic records were scored for wakefulness, non-REM sleep, REM sleep, and the REM sleep-like state evoked by pontine administration of carbachol (DCarb). Dependent variables quantified following each microinjection included the percentage of recording time spent in each state, the latency to onset of non-REM, REM, and DCarb, the number of episodes per hour of each state, and the duration of the longest episode of each state. A total of 149 microinjections were made into 15 forebrain and 11 pontine sites in eight cats. Basal forebrain administration of carbachol significantly increased wakefulness. Pontine microinjection of carbachol produced a state that polygraphically and behaviorally resembled REM sleep. This REM sleep- like state occurred in amounts significantly greater than natural REM sleep. Pontine carbachol also significantly decreased wakefulness and non-REM sleep. Simultaneous injection of carbachol into the pons and basal forebrain enhanced REM sleep, but the magnitude of this enhancement was significantly less than the increase in REM sleep evoked by carbachol injection into the pons alone. The results show that cholinoceptive regions of the basal forebrain can increase wakefulness and reduce the ability of pontine carbachol to evoke the REM sleep-like state. These findings suggest that basal forebrain administration of carbachol activates an arousal-generating system that can successfully compete with the powerful cholinergic REM sleep- generating system of the pons.
Integrated micro-mirrors for compact routing of optical polymer waveguides

We report on micro-mirrors integrated in optical polymer waveguides. The mirrors are fabricated prior to the waveguide core definition step and are based on a selective wet-chemical metallization process.
Assisting Analysts in the Construction of Model Based Tracking Recommender Systems

Model based tracking is an approach that allows the construction of recommender systems based on the comparison of the user's navigation with predefined prototypic models of navigation. This approach is well adapted for complex Web sites and allows overcoming a certain number of drawbacks from classical approaches. However, it requires an additional task: analysts must build the reference models and their associated tips. In this paper, we present an approach and tools to support the analysts in this task.
Human kidney cathepsins B and H activate and lower the molecular weight of human inactive renin.

Cathepsins B, H, and D, extracted from human kidneys, activate human inactive renin. Inactive renin, obtained from human kidneys, contains two components of Mr 53,000 and 50,000. Upon incubation with 0.5 μM cathepsin B, the Mr of the larger component decreased progressively to 45,000 (similar to the Mr of active renin) without appreciable loss of renin activity. Cathepsin H also activated and decreased the Mr of kidney inactive renin. Plasma inactive renin was activated by the thiol proteases, cathepsins B and H, with less reduction in Mr than that observed in kidney renin.
Partisan Bias in the Electoral College: Cheap States and Wasted Votes

This article dissects the sources of partisan bias in the institutional structure of the U.S. electoral college. Conventional wisdom and results of recent presidential elections suggest that the electoral college is biased in favor of the Republican Party. While previous empirical studies have challenged this conventional wisdom, George Bush's 2000 electoral college victory revived this debate. Our research provides a direct analysis of the multiple sources of bias within the electoral college and examines their individual impact on each party's electoral fortunes over the last eleven elections (1964-2004) with particular attention on the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. Our results are in line with previous analyses indicating no significant bias within the electoral college. We conclude that parties and their presidential candidates are rational political actors who utilize sophisticated campaign strategies which allow them to efficiently employ their resources and limit any institutional disadvantages they may face.
Maximum breathing capacity and vital capacity of male children and adolescents.

Expected mean values and a range of normal values (plus or minus twice the standard deviation) are presented for the vital capacity and the maximum breathing capacity of female children and adolescents. Although multiple correlation does not demonstrate a particularly higher degree of predictability it is recommended that the above values be based upon the four attributes (age, height, weight, and body surface area) rather than upon a single attribute. This is especially important in the abnormally shaped individual.
A foveal inset for large display environments

We introduce a system that adds a foveal inset to large-scale projection displays. The effective resolution of the foveal inset projection is higher than the original display resolution, allowing the user to see more details and finer features in large data sets. The foveal inset is generated by projecting a high-resolution image onto a mirror mounted on a pan--tilt unit that is controlled by the user with a laser pointer. Our implementation is based on Chromium and supports many OpenGL applications without modifications. We present experimental results using high-resolution image data from medical imaging and areal photography.
SPIN: mining maximal frequent subgraphs from graph databases

One fundamental challenge for mining recurring subgraphs from semi-structured data sets is the overwhelming abundance of such patterns. In large graph databases, the total number of frequent subgraphs can become too large to allow a full enumeration using reasonable computational resources. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that mines only maximal frequent subgraphs, i.e. subgraphs that are not a part of any other frequent subgraphs. This may exponentially decrease the size of the output set in the best case; in our experiments on practical data sets, mining maximal frequent subgraphs reduces the total number of mined patterns by two to three orders of magnitude.Our method first mines all frequent trees from a general graph database and then reconstructs all maximal subgraphs from the mined trees. Using two chemical structure benchmarks and a set of synthetic graph data sets, we demonstrate that, in addition to decreasing the output size, our algorithm can achieve a five-fold speed up over the current state-of-the-art subgraph mining algorithms.
Optimal rigid motion estimation and performance evaluation with bootstrap

A new method for 3D rigid motion estimation is derived under the most general assumption that the measurements are corrupted by inhomogeneous and anisotropic, i.e., heteroscedastic noise. This is the case, for example, when the motion of a calibrated stereo-head is to be determined from image pairs. Linearization in the quaternion space transforms the problem into a multivariate, heteroscedastic errors-in-variables (HEIV) regression, from which the rotation and translation estimates are obtained simultaneously. The significant performance improvement is illustrated, for real data, by comparison with the results of quaternion, subspace and renormalization based approaches described in the literature. Extensive use as made of bootstrap, an advanced numerical tool from statistics, both to estimate the covariances of the 3D data points and to obtain confidence regions for the rotation and translation estimates. Bootstrap enables an accurate recovery of these information using only the two image pairs serving as input.
Cellular and extracellular programming of cell fate through engineered intracrine-, paracrine-, and endocrine-like mechanisms.

A cell’s fate is tightly controlled by its microenvironment. Key factors contributing to this microenvironment include physical contacts with the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, in addition to soluble factors produced locally or distally. Alterations to these cues can drive homeostatic processes, such as tissue regeneration/wound healing, or may lead to pathologic tissue dysfunction. In vitro models of cell and tissue microenvironments are desirable for enhanced understanding of the biology and ultimately for improved treatment. However, mechanisms to exert specific control over cellular microenvironments remains a significant challenge. Genetic modification has been used but is limited to products that can be manufactured by cells and release kinetics of therapeutics cannot easily be controlled. Herein we describe a non-genetic approach to engineer cells with an intracellular depot of phenotype altering agent/s that can be used for altering cell fate via intracrine-, paracrine-, and endocrine-like mechanisms. Specifically, we show that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be engineered with poly lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) particles containing dexamethasone, which acts on cytoplasmic receptors. The controlled release properties of these particles allowed for sustained intracellular and extracellular delivery of agent to promote differentiation of particle-carrying cells, as well as neighboring cells and distant cells that do not contain particles.
Perceived Family Functioning, Marital Status, and Depression in Parents of Boys with Attention Deficit Disorder

The present study examined the perceptions of parents of children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD/H) regarding their family environment and depression in comparison with a clinical and a nondisabled control group. Parents of children with ADD/H perceived their family environment as less supportive and more stressful than did either the clinical or the nondisabled controls. Specifically, ADD/H parents viewed their families as having lower levels of interpersonal relationships than did either of the control groups. Ratings of depression for each of the parent groups indicated a greater frequency of depressive symptomatology among the parents of children with ADD/H. In addition, more parents of ADD/H children were separated or divorced. Correlation coefficients computed for the entire sample suggest differences between mothers' and fathers' depression and differences in their perceptions of the family. Recommendations are made for future research as well as the development of treatment programs to incorporate work with the parents of children with ADD/H.
Some applications of information theory to cellular automata

Abstract In this paper general deterministic one-dimensional cellular automata are identified with mappings of the unit interval into itself. This allows the machinery of dynamical systems analysis to be employed. The emphasis of the paper, however, is on applications of existing concepts and techniques of information theory to these automata. A basic paper by W.M. Conner is utilized to obtain equality of the capacity and Hausdorff dimension of each line of the automata, and existence of limiting values of these quantities is established. Assuming a probability measure on the initial line that is stationary and ergodic for the shift, a consistent ergodic theory is derived for any finite or infinite collection of lines of the automata. A body of related work by Russian authors on probabilistic automata is briefly examined. Important questions about the existence and properties of limiting distributions remain unresolved.
Season-long programs for control of Drosophila suzukii in southeastern U.S. blueberries

Abstract Drosophila suzukii is an invasive insect pest which has major impacts on small fruit production throughout North America. Current control programs use frequent applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. To prevent resistance, modes of action must be rotated. This study examines the acute and residual efficacy of rotational treatment programs designed to meet the needs of commercial growers in the southeastern United States, a region which experiences significant precipitation throughout the growing season. All insecticide applications had greater adult acute mortality than controls, and some had residual efficacy for three or more days after treatment. Programs had no residual effects at seven days after treatment. Within programs, organophosphates (phosmet and malathion) and pyrethroids (zeta-cypermethrin and fenpropathrin) were the most effective. Some programs also resulted in less offspring production by D. suzukii in bioassays and reduced field infestation compared to controls. Results show that effective, season-long rotational chemical treatment programs can be designed to minimize crop damage, meet exportation requirements and manage for resistance. Understanding the effect of regional climate on the performance of individual insecticide treatments and their efficacy will be critical for widespread implementation of effective control programs for D. suzukii.
Process Signal Features Analysis

In this chapter, a phase plane analysis method has been proposed as a new way of analyzing nonstationary signals, based on wavelet theory. Some basic concepts are defined to form a theoretical framework of this method. Several possible applications are discussed. This approach offers the potential for building new intelligent process signal analysis systems to identifying the process “finger prints”, i.e. the hidden time-frequency structure in signals.
Assessing Performance Using Kinesic Behavior Cues in a Game-Based Training Environment

Warfighters are trained in Behavior Cue Analysis to detect anomalies in their environment amongst several domains. This research highlights the Kinesics domain for Behavior Cue Analysis training. As efforts to transition from live, classroom-based training to distributed virtual environment training continue, investigating instructional gaming strategies that elicit improved performance and user perception becomes progressively important. Applying gaming strategies (e.g., goals, competition, feedback, etc.) to Simulation-Based Training, offers a novel approach to delivering the core curriculum for Behavior Cue Analysis. This paper examines two game-based strategies (i.e., excessive positive feedback and competition) to determine the difference in performance scores (i.e., detection and classification accuracy). The results showed no significant difference in performance; however, insight was gained on the significance of excessive positive feedback. Consequently, the paper considers the application of game-based strategies for training behavior cues, as well as discusses the limitations and alternatives for future research.
Clustering medication adherence behavior based on beliefs in medicines and illness perceptions in patients taking asthma maintenance medications.

AbstractObjectives:The prevalence of medication non-adherence is 50% in chronic disease conditions and varies from 30% to 70% in asthma maintenance medications. A major drawback in addressing medication non-adherence is the short time available for patient consultations, which limits the ability of the clinician in identifying the problem. Thus, this study explores how medication adherence behavior can be clustered and identifies the unique characteristics of each cluster so that clinicians can recognize the cluster characteristics in patients to provide targeted interventions. The study objectives were to: (1) cluster patients’ medication adherence behavior with asthma maintenance medications based on their beliefs in medicines and illness perceptions, and (2) describe the characteristics of the patients in each cluster based on psychosocial, clinical, and demographic characteristics.Research design and methods:A cross-sectional online survey design on a convenience sample of adult individuals who were t...
Pathologic Quiz Case: A 30-Year-Old Woman With Severe Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation During Delivery

A healthy woman, gravida 1, para 0, in week 40 of gestation was admitted for induction of labor. On admission, the patient was alert and in no distress. She had a vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery. An uncomplicated delivery produced an 8 lb 9 oz viable male neonate, with Apgar scores of 8 and 9. Following the birth of the neonate, the placenta was delivered and the patient began to experience severe hemorrhage, which was clinically attributed to uterine atony. This condition was refractory to oxytocin, methylergonovine maleate, and Hemabate, as well as uterine massage, suction, dilatation and curettage, and uterine packing. Multiple sites of oozing blood from venipuncture sites and mucous membranes were noted at this time. She underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral hypogastric artery ligation. Coagulation studies were consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): prothrombin time, 15.6 seconds; partial thromboplastin time, 37 seconds; fibrinogen, 77 mg/dL; and platelets, 47 000/mL. Infusions of packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and other blood derivatives were necessary. A transesophageal echocardiography probe was inserted, and a long axis, 4-chamber view was obtained. It showed acute right ventricular failure, marked right ventricular dilation, bulging of the interventricular septum from right to left, severe tricuspid regurgitation, and a small pericardial effusion. Figure 1 is a low-power view of the uterine vessel wall contents. Figure 2 demonstrates high-power magnification of the contents of the vessel (see arrows). After her surgery, she described a mild, intermittent, side-to-side head tremor that was under partial voluntary control. In addition, there was also some hesitancy in her speech. Both of these conditions were transient. Mother and child survived without any current physical damage or neurologic deficit. What is your diagnosis?
A voluntary use of insecticide-treated cattle can eliminate African sleeping sickness

African sleeping sickness is a vector-borne disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted by tsetse flies and one of the most effective strategies to combat the disease is the use of insecticide-treated cattle (ITC). In this paper, we present a game-theoretical model, in which individual farmers choose their own level of ITC in order to maximize their own benefits, effectively balancing the cost of ITC and the risk of their cows contracting the disease. We find that even when the usage of ITC is strictly voluntary, the optimal ITC usage will eliminate the disease when the cost of ITC is not prohibitively large. This is in a sharp contrast with similar scenarios of vaccination games where a voluntary vaccination never eliminates a disease entirely.
The Music Attentiveness Screening Assessment, Revised (MASA-R): A Study of Technical Adequacy

BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that attention is an important consideration when designing procedural support interventions for children undergoing distressing medical procedures. As such, the extent to which children can attend to musical stimuli used during music-based procedural support interventions would seem important. The Music Attentiveness Screening Assessment (MASA) was designed to assess a child's ability to attend to musical stimuli, but further revisions were deemed necessary to improve administration, test-retest reliability, and interobserver agreement for the measure's items. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the technical adequacy of the Music Attentiveness Screening Assessment, Revised (MASA-R), with a non-clinical sample of children aged 4 to 9 years by examining (a) Construct validity using comparator instruments measuring auditory attention; (b) Test-retest reliability following a two-week delay; and (c) Interobserver agreement when administered by two independent examiners. METHODS This non-clinical sample included 69 children who were administered both items from MASA-R and two comparator instruments: the Auditory Attention subtest from the NEPSY-II (NII-AA) for children aged 5 to 9 years (n = 47); and the Auditory Attention subtest from the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, 3rd ed. (WJIII-AA), for children aged 4 years (n = 22). RESULTS A significant proportion of score variance was shared by both MASA-R items and the comparator measures: R (2) = .16, F(2, 66) = 6.30, p = .003. MASA-R score estimates with regard to test-retest reliability (Item I, intra-class correlation [ICC] = .88; Item II, ICC = .91) and interobserver agreement (Item I, ICC = .99; Item II, ICC = .98) also fell into acceptable ranges. CONCLUSIONS Estimates of MASA-R score construct validity, test-retest reliability, and interobserver agreement appear improved over its predecessor, MASA. While findings are promising, additional investigation of its use with a clinical sample is needed before it can be confidently used in pediatrics.
Scientology’s Sunday Service: Scripture in Action

Although they have received little scholarly attention, the communal rituals of the Church of Scientology, particularly the Sunday service, provide a distinctive perspective on how the Church, through the presiding minister, uses a selection of its scriptural texts to form the consciousness and attitudes of those in attendance. While several elements of the Sunday service are invariable, the minister must craft each service by choosing from among a limited selection of possible sermons and group processing exercises, attributed to L. Ron Hubbard himself, that can be delivered to the congregation. Thus, in keeping with the understanding of scripture articulated by Wilfred Cantwell Smith and of canon by Jonathan Z. Smith, the minister exercises a degree of exegetical ingenuity within the strictures of a strongly literal approach to Hubbard’s canonical teachings. Scientology ministers in the context of the Sunday service thus function like other indigenous theologians who work with canonical bodies of texts.
Measuring the Cumulative Effects of Advertising on Sales: A Response to Peles

A year or two ago a colleague introduced me to a lawyer at the FTC as an "expert on the duration of advertising effects." The lawyer's direct and utterly justifiable response was, "Oh, how interesting. How long do they last?" To my chagrin, I realized that a few years of involvement in cumulative advertising studies had given me no basis upon which to answer that most important question. My attempt to obtain a substantive, broadly based answer to that question began the research which led to the survey published in the JMR in November 1976. I think if one understands the genesis of the study, then some choices I made become more easily understood and some motives attributed to me by commentators are recognized as inappropriate . Because I began the survey with the intention of answering a reasonable "real world" question, I was forced to set some priorities. First, I wanted a number for an answer to the question rather than a philosophical skirting of the point. Second, to be useful in a real-world sense, that numerical answer had to be based on as broad an experience base as possible. Third, my interest in the question was primarily substantive and not methodological. As a result of these priorities I was forced to take the most broadly used model of cumulative advertising effect that I could find. Anyone who tries to accomplish goals similar to these would be forced to choose the Koyck model exactly as I was.
Grain Boundary Dislocation Structure and Motion in an Aluminum Σ=3 [011] Bicrystal

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations are presented of a/3[111] grain-boundary dislocations in an aluminum Σ=3[011] bicrystal. These dislocations are present on both (111) (coherent twin) and (21 1) (incoherent twin) facets of the bicrystal boundary. The dislocations on the coherent twin facet migrate by a climb process that increases the thickness of the twinned material. These dislocations originate on a Σ=3 (21 1) incoherent twin boundary where they are closely spaced and dissociated in a wide core configuration. Atomistic calculations of the defect structure and interaction of multiple a/3[111] grain boundary dislocations are discussed.
Healthcare Data Standards and Exchange

Healthcare standards are the foundations on which clinical data exchange, system integration, and ultimately clinical information systems are built. Standards are designed to make it efficient to use and share healthcare data in a meaningful manner. Healthcare standards develop in a variety of manners (ad hoc, de facto, mandate, consensus), can be well established (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)) or emerging (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)), and serve technical (Health Level 7 (HL7)), billing (Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)), and clinical (SNOMED Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT)) needs.
Research of bi-directional charging-discharging deceive used in high-power battery

In order to meet charging-discharging requirement of high-power battery, a new grid-connected deceive with an AC/DC and DC/DC dual-class structure was introduced. The device adopted SVPWM technology to complete the rectifier and inverter and the direct side adopted the DC/DC converter of interleaving type. It increased the maximum charge and discharge power, and at the same time, greatly reduced the DC ripple. Experiments show that the output of AC and DC current gets a better waveform.
Phosphatidfraktionen in der Skeletmuskulatur bei progressiver Muskeldystrophie

In einer Biopsieprobe des M. pect. major bei p.M. wurden die Phosphatidfraktionen als P-Ester nach Hydrolyse bestimmt und den Werten einer muskelgesunden Kontrollperson gegenubergestellt. Es findet sich eine Verminderung samtlicher Plasmalogene, von Phosphatidylcholin und -athanolamin und Phosphatidylinositol, die Sphingomyeline sind vermehrt. Der pathogenetische Wert dieser Befunde wird herausgestellt.
Strangulated Groin Hernia Repair: A New Approach for All.

INTRODUCTION The available classical approaches for Groin hernia are multiple. The change of approach with change of incision is needed with these approaches when the bowel is gangrenous. AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new approach for all strangulated groin hernias (inguinal, femoral and obturator), in terms of change of approach/complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS It was conducted in surgical unit-2 of MGM Hospital, Kakatiya Medical College Warangal, Telangana State, India, from Nov 2000 to Oct 2010. Total 52 patients operated with classical approach were compared with 52 patients operated present new approach. All the cases (52+52) were with gangrenous bowel which required resection and end to end anastomosis of bowel. All the cases (52+52) were managed with mesh repair and the results were analysed. RESULTS In classical approach: Three cases required laparotomy (5.7%). Twelve cases required change of approach with change of incision (23%). Eight cases developed wound infection after mesh repair (15%). Four cases required removal of mesh (7.6%). Two Cases developed recurrence (3.8%). In present new approach: No laparotomy (0%), no change of incision (0%), no removal of mesh (0%) and no recurrence(0%). Only 2 cases (3.8%) developed wound infection at lateral part of incision ie. p<0.05. CONCLUSION This new approach for all - gives a best approach for strangulated groin hernias as it is easy to follow. It obviates the change of incision and need for a laparotomy. It further retains normal anatomy, prevents contamination of the inguinal canal and permits a mesh repair leading to decreasing the chances of recurrence.
Interleukin 10: ability to minimize postoperative intraperitoneal adhesion formation in a murine model

Objective To determine the ability of interleukin 10 (IL-10) to suppress postoperative intraperitoneal adhesion formation. Design Randomized, controlled trial. Setting University animal research facility. Animals Six-week-old Swiss Webster mice undergoing a standardized intraperitoneal operative procedure. Interventions Animals were randomized to "surgery" or "no surgery" and then further randomized to receive intraperitoneal injections of 1 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or 1 μg/kg IL-10 in 1 mL PBS. Vehicle-only doses were given immediately after surgery and then every 24 hours for a total of four injections. Interleukin 10 injections were similarly given but with an added preoperative injection 30 minutes before surgery in one half of the animals. Main Outcome Measure Adhesion formation. Results Animals treated with vehicle or IL-10 but not undergoing surgical intervention had no intraperitoneal adhesions. Animals undergoing surgery who were treated with IL-10, with or without a preoperative dose, had significantly lower postoperative adhesion scores than did control animals who postoperatively received PBS only. Conclusion Interleukin-10 is effective at limiting postoperative intraperitoneal adhesion formation with minimal evident systemic side effects.
Control of legged vehicles

Since the off–road mobility characteristics of wheeled or tracked vehicles are generally considered to be inferior to those of man or cursorial animals, it is desirable to design vehicles that can be adjustable to variations in terrain profile. The proposed solution for this need is legged locomotion. Research on legged vehicles has focused on obtaining the number of legs (and gait patterns) for maximum stability of the vehicle as well as establishing control schemes for monitoring the walking process. In spite of several years of research by a number of scientists, a practial legged vehicle is not yet commercially available. In this paper the results of a state–of–the–art review of literature on walking vehicles are presented.
Development of a Barbershop-Based HIV/STI Risk Reduction Intervention for Young Heterosexual African American Men

Young, heterosexual African American men ages 18 to 24 years continue to be at high risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. However, few interventions have been designed to meet the needs of this "forgotten" population. The article describes the systematic development of a theory-based, culturally-tailored, gender-specific, barbershop-based HIV risk reduction intervention for heterosexual African American men ages 18 to 24. The process included developing a community advisory board, selecting a guiding theoretical framework, incorporating community-based participatory research principles, and conducting formative research with African American males, barbers, and barbershop owners. The result was Shape Up: Barbers Building Better Brothers, a 2-day, HIV risk reduction intervention focused on increasing HIV knowledge and condom use and reducing the number of sexual partners. Intervention sessions were facilitated by barbers who used iPads to deliver the content. As a high-risk population, this intervention has great public health significance for the health of African American men and their sexual partners.
Diagnostic Utility of the ADI-R and DSM-5 in the Assessment of Latino Children and Adolescents

Latino children in the US are systematically underdiagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); therefore, it is important that recent changes to the diagnostic process do not exacerbate this pattern of under-identification. Previous research has found that the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) algorithm, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), has limitations with Latino children of Spanish speaking parents. We evaluated whether an ADI-R algorithm based on the new DSM-5 classification for ASD would be more sensitive in identifying Latino children of Spanish speaking parents who have a clinical diagnosis of ASD. Findings suggest that the DSM-5 algorithm shows better sensitivity than the DSM-IV-TR algorithm for Latino children.
The Irish Press and Imperial Soldiering, 1882–85

In recent years scholars have endeavored to broaden and complicate our understanding of Irish engagements with the British and other empires. Jill Bender has rightly noted that the questions historians are asking about Ireland and empire have changed. ‘Rather than look to Ireland’s participation in the Empire for insight into Ireland’s colonial status’, she explains, ‘historians have begun to unpack these contributions for insight into the imperial experience’.1 In some cases this has meant challenging long-held conceptions about Nationalist imperial resistance, while others have productively explored how numerous Irishmen and Irish families took advantage of the many financial and professional opportunities available to them within the British Empire.2 By far the most numerous and visible Irish people serving in the Empire were soldiers, hence the truism that the English paid the Scots to run their Empire for them and the Irish to fight for it. While scholars have noted the large numbers of Irishmen in the Victorian army, outside of military historians few have devoted much attention to Irish soldiers.3 This chapter will examine the major themes in Irish newspaper commentary on imperial soldiering during the Egyptian and Sudanese crises of 1882–85, arguably the highest-profile imperial military conflicts between the Indian Rebellion/Mutiny and the Boer War, in order to explore how contemporaries understood the connections between the Empire, Irish service within it, and the national question.
Hierarchically rough superhydrophobic copper sheets fabricated by a sandblasting and hot water treatment process

In this work, we present a simple, low cost, reproducible, scalable, and environmentally friendly approach to fabricate superhydrophobic hierarchical surfaces composed of micro- and nanostructured features. We utilized a combination of sandblasting and hot water treatment (HWT) techniques to introduce micro-roughness and nano-roughness, respectively, on copper sheets. Bare copper sheets were sandblasted by using Al2O3 abrasive particles. HWT step simply involved immersing samples in DI water at 75 °C for 24 h. The process resulted in copper oxide nanostructures formed by the HWT coated on the micro-structured copper surface produced by sandblasting. Nanostructures were observed to have CuO stoichiometry and had the shapes of leaves with thicknesses ∼15 nm and widths ∼250 nm. Such nano-leaves located especially at the sidewalls of micro-hills are believed to provide a re-entrant (overhang) topography that is critical to achieve superhydrophobic property. Then, hierarchically, rough samples were coated with PFDTS (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane), which is a fluorination process to reduce the surface energy. As a result, we achieved water contact angles as high as ∼164° for our hierarchical micro-nano-rough copper sheets, which reveal the superhydrophobic property. However, fluorinated control (flat), nano-rough (only HWT), and micro-rough (only sandblasting) samples had contact angles of ∼132°, ∼137°, and ∼149°, respectively. On the other hand, non-fluorinated control, nano-rough, micro-rough, and hierarchically rough Cu sheets showed a hydrophilic behavior with contact angles of ∼78°, ∼73°, ∼60°, and ∼50°, respectively. Therefore, sandblasting and HWT methods can be useful to produce a wide spectrum of wetting behavior ranging from highly hydrophilic to superhydrophobic surfaces. Therefore, sandblasting and HWT methods can be useful to produce a wide spectrum of wetting behavior ranging from highly hydrophilic to superhydrophobic surfaces. In addition, durability tests of our samples show that morphology and crystal structure of HWT copper oxide nanostructures are stable at elevated temperatures. Results also show that superhydrophobic surfaces can provide a superior wetting stability, which is believed to originate from their intrinsic self-cleaning property.
A Multi-level Study of Social Institutions and National culture on Gender Aspects of Firm Growth

Does country level context matter? By examining both the main effect, and the interaction (social institutions and Hofstede’s cultural values) between national factors to the firm on employment gro...
A Model of Management Consultants

This paper creates a model of how management consultants aid clients in their cost reduction programs. It shows the impact of four distinct types of consultants. Brains consultants increase the number of potential options and improve the pool of possible cost reduction techniques. Procedure consultants reduce the cost of installing techniques and allow the firm to attempt techniques with lower potential payoffs. Grey hair consultants provide two distinct types of guidance. Grey hair customization consultants increase the benefit from successfully installing a technique and raise the expected value of all techniques. Grey hair evaluation consultants provide improved information about the firm's possible options. Improved information can have two potential effects: it can weed out unfavorable techniques, or it can allow the firm to place greater reliance on its information and attempt more marginal techniques.
Observations of the Tasman Sea Internal Tide Beam

AbstractLow-mode internal tides, a dominant part of the internal wave spectrum, carry energy over large distances, yet the ultimate fate of this energy is unknown. Internal tides in the Tasman Sea ...
Topical superoxide dismutase in posttreatment fibrosis in patients with head and neck cancer

Background Topical superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been shown to decrease postradiation fibrosis in some cancers but has not demonstrated an effect in patients with head and neck cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine if topical SOD is an effective treatment for postradiation neck fibrosis. Methods This was a randomized prospective blinded clinical study of topical SOD versus placebo for the treatment of neck fibrosis. Measures of fibrosis grade and quality of life were obtained at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Results Improvement in fibrosis score was comparable between the 2 study arms at 3 months. Conclusion Both study groups showed improvement but the differences between groups was not statistically significant. Topical SOD likely has limited benefit for posttreatment neck fibrosis but this study confirms other published evidence of benefit from active physical therapy of posttreatment fibrosis in patients with head and neck cancer.