cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A video imaging technique for assessing dermal exposure. II. Fluorescent tracer testing.

Laboratory and field evaluations were conducted to determine the suitability of employing a fluorescent tracer in conjunction with video imaging analysis to measure dermal exposure during pesticide applications. The Fluorescent Whitening Agent 4-methyl-7-diethylamino-coumarin and the organophosphate malathion were highly correlated (r=.985) when sprayed under controlled conditions. Deposition levels during field studies were correlated similarly (r=.942); however, variability in deposition ratios requires that field sampling be conducted to determine the ratio for a particular application. Penetration of the two compounds through cotton/polyester workshirt material demonstrated a high correlation (r=.979), whereas penetration of cotton/polyester coverall material was more variable (r=.834). The slopes of the regression lines for the two materials were not significantly different. The ratio of pesticide and tracer recovered from targets was consistently higher than the initial tank ratio due to differences...
Headaches in a 15-year-old: Is unruptured aneurysm an incidental finding…or not?

92 Volume 28 Number 1 History of Present Illness The patient described having had a mild upper respiratory infection several weeks before that resolved without problem. The day after resolution of the upper respiratory infection, she woke up with a headache and described a continual headache from that day to the present. The headaches happened throughout the day at random times and were sometimes, but not always, accompanied by dizziness. They were often worse in the late afternoon or early evening, but not consistently. She had an early morning awakening once with a headache but had not experienced nausea or vomiting. She oftenwent to bedwith a headache and would awaken with the same headache. The patient noted that the headaches occurred 6 out of 7 days per week but said that perhaps they were not as bad on theweekends, when she got more sleep. She described a correlation between decreased sleep, increased studying, and increased headaches. Alleviating factors included ibuprofen as needed, sleep, and a dark room. Aggravating factors included bright lights, noise, studying, and stress. She previously consumed caffeinated tea but found that it exacerbated symptoms, so she now avoids caffeine. She denied blurred or double vision, balance changes, trauma, or history of motion sickness. Environmental or dietary triggers for her headaches had not been identified. The head pain was described as being holocephalic and diffuse, but possibly more right-sided. The pain had a squeezing or throbbingquality, and she reiterated the constant ‘‘all-the-time’’ headache phenomenon. Sometimes exercise or going up stairs would cause the headache to become worse. Headache hygienewas discussed, and thepatient admitted to having relatively poor self-management skills. She does not eat breakfast; sometimes she eats lunch at school, but often prefers to spend her lunch hour studying in the library. Dinner is with the family. She stays up until 1 to 2 AM studying, followed by about 4 hours of
COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR NUCLEATION, GROWTH, AND COALESCENCE OF ADIABATIC SHEAR BANDS

Adiabatic shear bands are regions of intense plastic strain that often appear in solids exposed to high deformations at high rates. Nucleation and growth rate functions for adiabatic shear bands form the “damage evolution” relations that are required for any internal state variable description of damage.1 In the following paragraphs we derive the nucleation and growth rate relations that are currently used in our multiplane plasticity computational model, SHEAR4. (SHEAR4 is described in detail in reference 1.)
Why sociology doesn't make progress like the natural sciences

Pour comparer la nature des progres realises en sociologie d'une part, et en sciences naturelles d'autre part, l'A. distingue deux types de connaissances : un « coeur » theorique, admis par tous et servant de reference constante, et une « peripherie » constituee de travaux recents le plus souvent non encore reconnus. Ayant constate, par l'etude des manuels d'introduction aux differentes disciplines, que la sociologie est pratiquement denuee de « coeur » theorique, l'A. explore la specificite de la sociologie qui se nourrit de phenomenes fluctuants et dont l'etude, ou le chercheur est egalement participant, doit souvent s'appuyer sur des criteres a caractere non cognitif
Effect of Chronic Exposure to Ozone and Nitric Acid on Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase System of Rat Lung and Liver

AbstractMale F344/N rats were exposed to 0.15 ppm ozone (O3) and 50 μg/m3 nitric acid (HNO3) vapor alone and in combination for 4 h/day, 3 days/wk for a total of 40 wk to investigate the effects of these environmental pollutants on cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in pulmonary and hepatic microsomes. Exposure to HNO3 vapor alone caused a significant increase of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in the hepatic microsomes (p < .01). Immunoinhibition assays with monoclonal anti-cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1/1A2 (1-7-1) showed that the monoclonal antibody-inhibitableEROD activity in the hepatic microsomes was increased by 59% (p < .01) and 40% (p < .05), respectively, in the HNO3 vapor and O3 plus HNO3 vapor groups. Benzphetamine N-demethylase activity was not significantly affected by exposure to either O3 or HNO3 vapor in the hepatic microsomes. However, in the lung, O3 exposure caused a 72% increase in benzphetamine N-demethylase activity (p < .01), whereas this activity was decreased by 15% by HN...
A major role for calcium-dependent potassium current in action potential repolarization in adrenal chromaffin cells

Abstract To determine the extent which Ca dependent K current (I KCa ) contributes during an action potential (AP), bovine chromaffin cells were voltage-clamped using a pre-recorded AP as the command voltage waveform. Based on (1) differential sensitivity of I KCa and Ca-independent K current ( I K ) to tetraethylammonium; (2) measurements of AP currents under conditions where Ca activation of I KCa had been abolished; and (3) blockade by charybdotoxin, I KCa comprised 70–90% of the outward K current during AP repolarization. In addition, observations are made concerning the form of AP-evoked Ca current.
Toward Level-to-Level Energy Transfers in Photosynthesis: The Fenna−Matthews−Olson Protein

The trimeric Fenna−Matthews−Olson (FMO) protein is a bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a antenna complex, whose X-ray structure is now known at the atomic level for two green sulfur bacterial species (Prosthecochloris aestuarii and Chlorobium tepidum). Its steady-state Qy absorption spectrum at low temperature exhibits considerable structure, with at least eight bands attributable to well-defined (groups of) BChl a exciton levels. The low-temperature absorption difference spectra of Cb. tepidum trimers excited at 789 nm are correspondingly multifeatured, and they show rich spectral evolution due to femtosecond and picosecond electronic energy transfers. Global analyses of these time-dependent ΔA spectra lead to a phenomenological scenario for cascading and branching among exciton level groups responsible for specific steady-state absorption bands. The missing link in our understanding of structure−function causality in this protein stems from a lack of an ab initio theory for the effects of known protein environ...
Oxidant for Trapping Atmospheric Radiokrypton

RECENTLY, Stein1 presented a chemical method of removing radioactive xenon from the effluent gases of nuclear power plants and fuel reprocessing plants. His chemical oxidant, O2+SbF6−, successfully trapped xenon and radon, but not krypton. This result is reasonable if the initial reaction is electron transfer from the noble gas, Ng, to the O2+ cation. Multistep fluorine (F and F−) transfer then produces NgF+. More quantitatively, the experimental ionization potentials for Rn and Xe, 10.748 eV and 12.130 eV (ref. 2) are, respectively, less than and commensurate with that of O2, 12.07 eV (ref. 3). Accordingly, electron transfer may be expected. Because the ionization potential of Kr is2 13.999 eV, however, no reaction is expected between O2+ and Kr.
Unethical behavior in the name of the company: the moderating effect of organizational identification and positive reciprocity beliefs on unethical pro-organizational behavior.

We examined the relationship between organizational identification and unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB)—unethical behaviors conducted by employees to potentially benefit the organization. We predicted that organizational identification would be positively related to UPB and that positive reciprocity beliefs would moderate and strengthen this relationship. The results from 2 field studies support the interaction effect and show that individuals who strongly identify with their organization are more likely to engage in UPB when they hold strong positive reciprocity beliefs. Given the nature of reciprocity, our findings may suggest that highly identified employees who hold strong reciprocity beliefs may conduct UPB with an anticipation of a future reward from their organization. Theoretical and managerial implications of our results for understanding unethical behaviors are discussed.
Gaussian solar flux model

Abstract The Gaussian Solar Flux model (GSFM) predicts instantaneous hourly and integrated daily direct and diffuse solar flux upon sloped as well as horizontal surfaces for clear and cloudy days. Comparison with Davis SEMRTS data from the first six months of 1981 indicates a mean relative error of +/−3.5% and a correlation coefficient of 0.999 for instantaneous global flux during clear days. The GSFM improves upon previous monolayer models with cloud transmittance functions generalized for different surface albedos and a fast Gaussian quadrature based estimate for water vapor pathlengths. Advantages over multilayer models are its speed and lack of need for soundings. Input may be made entirely from standard surface meteorological measurements.
A miniprocessor PDP8/e-based system for investigations of on-line language processing: Automated program for psycholinguistic experiments (APPLE)

An on-line reaction time program designed for psycholinguistics research implemented on a DEC PDP8/e minicomputer is described. Current applications include: phoneme monitor, click detection, lexical decision, and sentence verification experiments. This assembly language program (PAL8) displays alphanumeric texts on remoted oscilloscopes and records decision-dependent response times with 1-msec accuracy. The system allows for simultaneous testing of three subjects. It operates either according to internally generated timing or in synchrony with audio tape. Individuals with little or no computer background can develop and run experiments without difficulty.
²-well-posedness of 3d div-curl boundary value problems

Criteria for the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions of div-curl boundary-value problems on bounded regions in space with C 2 -boundaries are developed. The boundary conditions are either given normal components of the field or else given tangential components of the field. Under natural integrability assumptions on the data, finite-energy (L 2 ) solutions exist if and only if certain compatibility conditions hold on the data. When compatibility holds, the dimension of the solution space of the boundary-value problem depends on the differential topology of the region. The problem is well-posed with a unique solution in L 2 (Ω; Ρ 3 ) provided, in addition, certain line or surface integrals of the field are prescribed. Such extra integrals are described. These results depend on certain weighted orthogonal decompositions of L 2 vector fields which generalize the Hodge-Weyl decomposition. They involve special scalar and vector potentials. The choices described here enable a decoupling of the equations and a weak interpretation of the boundary conditions. The existence of solutions for the equations for the potentials is obtained from variational principles. In each case, necessary conditions for solvability are described and then these conditions are shown to also be sufficient. Finally L 2 -estimates of the solutions in terms of the data are obtained. The equations and boundary conditions treated here arise in the analysis of Maxwell's equations and in fluid mechanical problems.
Tomographic diffractive imaging of monolayer crystals at atomic resolution with onedimensional compact support.

A solution to the phase problem for diffraction by two-dimensional crystalline slabs is described, based on the application of a compact support normal to the slab. Specifically we apply the iterative Gerchberg-Saxton-Fienup algorithm to simulated three-dimensional transmission electron diffraction data from monolayer organic crystals. We find that oversampling normal to the monolayer alone does not solve the phase problem in this geometry in general. However, based on simulations for a crystalline monolayer (tetracyanoethylene), we find that convergence is obtained if phases are supplied from a few high-resolution electron microscope images recorded at small tilts to the beam direction. Since current cryomicroscopy methods required a large number of images to phase tomographic diffraction data, this method should greatly reduce the labor involved in data acquisition and analysis in cryo-electron microscopy of organic thin crystals by avoiding the need to record images at high tilt angles. We discuss also the use of laser tweezers as a method of supporting nanoparticles in TEM for diffractive imaging
Malonaldehyde from the Autoxidation of Methyl Linolenate

THE pink colour obtained when 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reagent is heated with foods or tissues has often been used as an index of lipid oxidation. It has been assumed that malonaldehyde (MA) is responsible because the colour obtained with oxidized food or fat has the same absorption spectra as that from MA1,2. Recently, however, Saslaw et al.3 and Saslaw and Waravdekar4 irradiated fatty acids in air, separated by thin-layer chromatography several different substances which reacted positively with TBA, and suggested that none of these was MA, thus casting some doubt on the previous assumption. The present experiments show that the principal TBA-reactive substance produced during the air oxidation of methyl linolenate is indeed MA.
Prototyping FM data demodulation in free-space optical communication systems using discrete wavelet transformation

Free-Space Optical (FSO) communications is a vital area of research due to its important advantages of providing a very large bandwidth and relatively low cost of implementation. One of the inherent limitations on the quality of an FSO communication link is the degradation of the received beam due to atmospheric turbulence. This paper is concerned with prototyping a wavelet-based algorithm to remove or reduce the effect of the scintillation noise and other unwanted signal on an FSO link that uses analog frequency modulation. The applicability of these concepts will be demonstrated by providing a real-time prototype using reconfigurable hardware, namely Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), and high-level design tools such as System Generator for DSP from Xilinx. Our proposed prototype was realized on the Virtex-6 FPGA ML605 board using the XC6VLX240T-1FFG1156 device.
Dispositional Optimism and Marital Adjustment

Research showing the distinct influence of positive attributes on relationships has been growing. This study examined the impact of husbands’ and wives’ dispositional optimism on their own and partner’s relationship satisfaction, consensus, and cohesion using data from the National Survey of Families and Households. Results indicate that wives’ optimism influences their own later marital satisfaction as well as their husbands’ later marital satisfaction. However, husbands’ optimism did not appear to influence their own nor their wives’ later satisfaction. Potential interventions for increasing optimism in the therapeutic setting are discussed.
Reversible Color Changes and Structural Implications of Microwave Melting Ion-Conducting Glasses☆

Abstract Ionically conducting glasses in the AgI–Ag 2 O–B 2 O 3 –SiO 2 system (e.g., 2AgI–Ag 2 O–2(0.95B 2 O 3 ·0.05SiO 2 )) were prepared by melting in a domestic multi-mode microwave oven operating at 900 W and 2.45 GHz. Microwave heating resulted in rapid melting times (∼2.5 min), while homogeneity in the quenched glasses was equivalent to or better than glasses obtained by conventional melting at 730°C. Microwave-melted glasses were reddish while the same composition melted in a conventional furnace was yellower. Remelting switched the yellower color to red upon microwave melting and the red color to yellower by furnace melting possibly due to the structural changes and/or differences in Ag + mobility suggested by solid state NMR data.
Synthesis and characterization of μ,μ′-M(B5H8)2 (M=Cd, Hg and Zn): a reassignment of the NMR spectra for 2,3-μ-metalloderivatives of pentaborane(9)

Abstract The series of compounds μ,μ′-M(B 5 H 8 ) 2 , where M=Cd ( I ), Zn ( II ), or Hg ( III ), has been prepared from the reaction between K(B 5 H 8 ) and the metal chloride in THF at low temperatures. The species were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. The NMR spectral assignments were confirmed using 11 B{ 1 H} selective decoupling experiments and heteronuclear 11 B– 1 H chemical shift correlation spectroscopy. The results appeared to be in conflict with the earlier assignment of the 11 B-NMR spectra for 2,3-μ-metalloderivatives of pentaborane(9) which appear in the literature. For systems with an electrophilic group replacing a bridging H atom in B 5 H 9 , the B atoms most shifted in the 11 B-NMR spectrum, which appear at the lower field, were assigned to the ones closest to the metal group. Our results for I – III suggested that the assignment was reversed, that is the higher field resonance is the one closest to the metal group. Thus, we reexamined the spectra of a series of related compounds including 2,3-μ-SnPPh 3 (B 5 H 8 ), μ,μ′-SnPh 2 (B 5 H 8 ), μ,1′-SnPh 2 (B 5 H 8 ), other Sn species and 2,3-μ-Cu(dppe)B 5 H 8 . In all cases our assignments were in accord with those for I – III and we suggest that this is general for all such B 5 H 9 derivatives.
Ionic Hydrogen Bond Effects on the Acidities, Basicities, Solvation, Solvent Bridging, and Self-Assembly of Carboxylic Groups

Ionic assemblies of acetic acid and water form unlimited hydrogen bond networks. The stabilities of the networks correlate with the intrinsic acidities of the components, leading to strong CH3COO-···HOOCCH3 bonds and weak CH3COO-···H2O bonds. These relations apply from strong bonds in small aggregates to weak bonds in large assemblies, and affect the energies of acid dissociation and self-assembly. Partial solvation of CH3COO- by four H2O molecules facilitates acid dissociation and decreases the CH3COO-−H+ bond dissociation energy by 332 kJ/mol (80 kcal/mol). The stabilites of the hydrogen bond networks increase with CH3COOH content, and aggregation decreases further the acid dissociation energy by forming strong CH3COO-···HOOCCH3 bonds about the ions and by stabilizing the released protons in (CH3COOH)m(H2O)nH+ assemblies. The combination of strong CH3COO-···HOOCCH3 bonds and weak CH3COO-···H2O bonds makes self-assembly with solvent displacement particularly favorable for carboxylic acids, explaining the...
Effect of feeding on bioavailability of griseofulvin in children

GRISEOFULVIN, an orally administered antifungal agent derived from Penicillium janczewski, has in vitro activity against strains of Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton? Pharmacologic studies in adults indicate that serum concentrations of griseofulvin from 0 to 3.75 ~g/ml occur at four and eight hours after administration of a one gram dose. 2,3 The drug is relatively insoluble in an aqueous medium, and absorption is prolonged and erratic (27 to 72% absorption) even when a micronized preparation is administered. 4 The absorption of griseofulvin from the gastrointestinal tract is substantially increased by coadministration with a fatty meal. Crounse 2 demonstrated a fivefold increase in the four-hour serum concentrations when griseofulvin was given to adults with a high-fat meal compared with those after administration while fasting or with a high-protein low-fat meal. Although griseofulvin is widely used for treatment of superficial fungus infections, there is a paucity of information on the pharmacokinetics of this agent in pediatric patients. This has resulted in a variety of dosage recommendations, ranging from approximately 2.5 to 10 mg/lb given every six hours to once every 24 hours. 57 The manufacturer's package insert information provides no guidelines on dosing intervals or on the method of administration (fasting or fed state) in infants and children. Our study was undertaken to determine the serum concentrations of griseofulvin in pediatric patients and to assess the effects of fasting and concomitant food ingestion on its bioavailability.
How are We Doing?: Women in Urban School Administration

Using data from 43 of the largest (student population) urban school districts in the nation, the article examines the progress women have made in securing line administrative positions in urban sch...
Measurements of compressible turbulent flow structure in a supersonic mixing layer

Multiple overheat cross-wire, parallel hot-wire, shadowgraph image processing and high-frequency response pitot probe surveys were taken in a two-dimensional, adiabatic, supersonic, free mixing layer, consisting of Mach 1.8 air (Re = 7 x 10 6 /m) injected tangentially into a Mach 4.0 freestream (Re = 67 x 10 6 /m). Mass flux turbulence intensity profiles in three dimensions were acquired, and the axial component was found to be about 25% larger than the transverse and spanwise components. Mean Favre-averaged velocity fluctuation data indicated that the axial component was negative, while both the transverse and span were positive. Turbulent flow structure angles and length scales were measured in the fully developed region of the flow. The structure angles were found to be consistent with previous compressible boundary layer results ; however, the magnitude here was found to decrease across the mixing layer. Mach number fluctuation levels were also measured. The peak Mach number fluctuation level in this flow was about 10%.
Integrating theoretical and empirical computer science in a data structures course

A significant rethinking of the computer science curriculum at a regional comprehensive university has led to a much tighter integration of discrete mathematics, data structures and algorithm analysis in a two-course Data Structures and Algorithms sequence. The courses are 4 semester hours each with two hour weekly labs. The new approach provides good support for a substantially increased emphasis on the reinforcement of theoretical constructs with empirical studies. The nature of the programming assignments has been particularly impacted by these efforts to reinforce the theoretical with the empirical. This article has a focus on the second course content and conduct, and how these modifications support a different approach to the course projects. This article also contains a report of favorable trends in completion percentages of the course under the new regime.
Extreme task specificity in writer's cramp.

Background: Focal hand dystonia may be task specific, as is the case with writer's cramp. In early stages, task specificity can be so specific that it may be mistaken for a psychogenic movement disorder. Methods: We describe 4 patients who showed extreme task specificity in writer's cramp. They initially only had problems writing either a single letter or number. Although they were largely thought to be psychogenic, they progressed to typical writer's cramp. Conclusions: Early recognition of this condition may provide an opportunity for early initiation of treatment. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Glucose-mediated tyrosine nitration in adipocytes: Targets and consequences

Hyperglycemia, a key factor in insulin resistance and diabetic pathology, is associated with cellular oxidative stress that promotes oxidative protein modifications. We report that protein nitration is responsive to changes in glucose concentrations in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Alterations in the extent of tyrosine nitration as well as the cellular nitroproteome profile correlated tightly with changing glucose concentrations. The target proteins we identified are involved in fatty acid binding, cell signaling, protein folding, energy metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and membrane permeability. The nitration of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (FABP4) at Tyr19 decreases, similar to phosphorylation, the binding of palmitic acid to the fatty acid-free protein. This potentially alters intracellular fatty acid transport, nuclear translocation of FABP4, and agonism of PPAR gamma. Our results suggest that protein tyrosine nitration may be a factor in obesity, insulin resistance, and the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Clostridium difficile Infection

The spore-forming anaerobe Clostridium difficile has become a serious enteropathogen. Changes in the composition of natural intestinal flora, mainly due to antibiotic therapy, permit its colonization of, and multiplication in, the colon. The disease is caused by (entero)toxin A and (cyto)toxin B, and infection ranges from asymptomatic carrier state and mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. The clinical diagnosis is made by observing inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea and by the colonoscopic detection of epithelial necrosis, ulceration, and, in the advanced state, pseudomembrane formation. The laboratory supports the diagnosis by detecting toxin A and/or B by an enzyme-linked immunoassay with high specificity, but sometimes less sensitivity than with the cytotoxin assay in tissue culture cells. Fecal leukocytes or fecal lactoferrin may be found. Culture for the isolation and identification of toxigenic C. difficile is time consuming but necessary for epidemiological studies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests have been tested for detection of the toxin B gene directly in stool. Therapy consists of stopping all systemic antibiotic treatment and the use of oral metronidazole or vancomycin. There may be more relapses after vancomycin therapy, and the increasing vancomycin resistance of Enterococcus is worrisome. Prevention, especially of nosocomial spread, requires isolation and enforced handwashing. For epidemiological studies, the bacteria can be typed by molecular DNA analyses, including PCR, protein electrophoresis, and immunological tests.
Rapid 3D imaging of the airway by MRI in patients with congenital heart disease: comparison of delayed volume interpolated breath hold examination (VIBE) technique to the turbo spin echo (TSE).

Background When imaging the airway by MRI, the traditional technique turbo spin echo (TSE) results in high quality 2D images of the airway. However, planning and acquisition times are often lengthy. An alternative technique for airway image acquisition, delayed volume interpolated breath hold examination or VIBE, is a 3D gradient echo technique that produces high spatial resolution imaging of the airway in one breath hold. The aim of this study was to compare airway measurements obtained by both TSE and delayed VIBE sequences in order to demonstrate that the quicker delayed VIBE produces a comparable evaluation of the airway to the standard technique.
Inhibition of porcine adipose tissue lipogenesis by β-adrenergic agonists

Abstract 1. Beta-adrenergic agonists were not effective inhibitors of lipogenesis in porcine adipose tissue slices in vitro ; addition of theophylline permitted the inhibition. 2. Inhibition was increased to a greater extent by isoproterenol than epinephrine and was decreased by propranolol, therefore presumably via β-adrenergic receptors. 3. Caffeine, isobutylmethylxanthine and theophylline all permitted inhibition of lipogenesis by β-adrenergic agonists. 4. It is not clear whether the mechanism for this permissive action is via antagonism of the adenosine receptor, inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase or a combination of both. 5. Adenosine deaminase was weakly permissive, presumably through destruction of adenosine. Inhibition of lipogenesis was observed with glucose or acetate as lipogenic substrate and in the presence or absence of albumin.
Results from the Lake Michigan Mass Balance study: concentrations and fluxes of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls and trans-nonachlor.

In this paper, we summarize the data and methods used to estimate atmospheric exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trans-nonachlor with Lake Michigan. This work was conducted as part of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance (LMMB) study. For the atmospheric component of the LMMB, more than 400 gas- and particulate-phase samples were collected at eight sites on the shore around the lake (shoreline) and at 14 sites on the lake (over-water). We review the quality of the data set; describe the concentrations in atmospheric gas and particulate phases; report local, instantaneous, net gas fluxes; and estimate annual deposition of the particle-associated compounds. The quality of the data set is high except for a subset of over-water samples where PCB contamination is suspected. Gas-phase trans-nonachlor concentrations (although not the resulting gas fluxes) are inversely correlated with latitude and positively correlated with temperature. Gas-phase ΣPCBs (sum of 98 congener groups) are highest in concentra...
Reducing Aggressive Behavior and Increasing Motivation in School: The Evolution of an Intervention to Strengthen School Adjustment.

The pervasive links between problem behaviors and school adjustment suggest that effective intervention programs to enhance school adjustment must focus both on decreasing the motivation to aggress and increasing the motivation to achieve. We describe a program of intervention research to improve social behavior and academic motivation in elementary school students organized around principles of attribution theory. Our intervention curriculum initially focused on reducing children's aggression and was then expanded to include enhancing personal responsibility. A series of efficacy and effectiveness studies have demonstrated that children's attributions in both the social and academic domains can be changed with cost-effective, educational strategies. These changes in children's cognitions have reliably produced positive changes in behavior. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our work for the design of effective interventions.
PSPP: a protein structure prediction pipeline for computing clusters.

Background: Protein structures are critical for understanding the mechanisms of biological systems and, subsequently, for drug and vaccine design. Unfortunately, protein sequence data exceed structural data by a factor of more than 200 to 1. This gap can be partially filled by using computational protein structure prediction. While structure prediction Web servers are a notable option, they often restrict the number of sequence queries and/or provide a limited set of prediction methodologies. Therefore, we present a standalone protein structure prediction software package suitable for highthroughput structural genomic applications that performs all three classes of prediction methodologies: comparative modeling, fold recognition, and ab initio. This software can be deployed on a user’s own high-performance computing cluster. Methodology/Principal Findings: The pipeline consists of a Perl core that integrates more than 20 individual software packages and databases, most of which are freely available from other research laboratories. The query protein sequences are first divided into domains either by domain boundary recognition or Bayesian statistics. The structures of the individual domains are then predicted using template-based modeling or ab initio modeling. The predicted models are scored with a statistical potential and an all-atom force field. The top-scoring ab initio models are annotated by structural comparison against the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) fold database. Furthermore, secondary structure, solvent accessibility, transmembrane helices, and structural disorder are predicted. The results are generated in text, tab-delimited, and hypertext markup language (HTML) formats. So far, the pipeline has been used to study viral and bacterial proteomes. Conclusions: The standalone pipeline that we introduce here, unlike protein structure prediction Web servers, allows users to devote their own computing assets to process a potentially unlimited number of queries as well as perform resourceintensive ab initio structure prediction.
Pattern formation in the limbs of Drosophila: bric a brac is expressed in both a gradient and a wave-like pattern and is required for specification and proper segmentation of the tarsus

We have identified the gene bric a brac and show that it is required for pattern formation along the proximal-distal axis of the leg and antenna of Drosophila. In bric a brac mutant legs, the bristle pattern of the three central tarsal segments is transformed towards the pattern of the most proximal tarsal segment. In addition, bric a brac mutant legs and antennae have segmentation defects. bric a brac encodes a nuclear protein that shares a highly conserved domain with two transcription factors from Drosophila. bric a brac function is dosage dependent and is required in a graded manner for the specification of tarsal segments. The graded requirement for bric a brac correlates with its graded expression pattern, suggesting that the concentration of BRIC A BRAC protein specifies segment identity in the tarsus.
Reducing instruction fetch energy with backwards branch control information and buffering

Many emerging applications, e.g. in the embedded and DSP space, are often characterized by their loopy nature where a substantial part of the execution time is spent within a few program phases. Loop buffering techniques have been proposed for capturing and processing these loops in small buffers to reduce the processor's instruction fetch energy. However, these schemes are limited to straight-line or innermost loops and fail to adequately handle complex loops. In this paper, we propose a dynamic loop buffering mechanism that uses backwards branch control information to identify, capture and process complex loop structures. The DLB controller has been fully implemented in VHDL, synthesized and timed with the IBM Booledozer and Einstimer Synthesis tools, and analyzed for power with the Sequence PowerTheater tool. Our experiments show that the DLB approach, on average, results in a factor of 3 reduction in energy consumption compared to a traditional instruction memory design at an area overhead of about 9%.
Mechanical Design of Compressor Test Apparatus for Electron Ring Accelerator Research

The mechanical and vacuum features of the Compressor II apparatus used in the Fall 1968 Electron Ring Accelerator (ERA) experiment are described. Included are the injection beam transport system, the coils and their support structure, the ceramic vacuum chamber and its pumping system, the gas injection system, and diagnostic probes. The coil arrangement for the upcoming Compressor III experimental apparatus is briefly presented.
Kinetics of the DS‐radical reactions with CINO and NO2

The rate constants for the reactions of the DS radical with NO2 (reaction 1) and ClNO (reaction 2) have been measured using the discharge-flow technique at 2 torr total pressure of helium. The DS radical was monitored by laser-induced fluorescence. The reactions were found to have the following bimolecular rate constants (95% confidence level, in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1): This expression for k1 is found to be in excellent agreement with one of several previous studies. The magnitude of k2 is examined within the framework of a well-established reactivity trend. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cache-conscious structure layout

Hardware trends have produced an increasing disparity between processor speeds and memory access times. While a variety of techniques for tolerating or reducing memory latency have been proposed, these are rarely successful for pointer-manipulating programs.This paper explores a complementary approach that attacks the source (poor reference locality) of the problem rather than its manifestation (memory latency). It demonstrates that careful data organization and layout provides an essential mechanism to improve the cache locality of pointer-manipulating programs and consequently, their performance. It explores two placement techniques---clustering and coloring---that improve cache performance by increasing a pointer structure's spatial and temporal locality, and by reducing cache-conflicts.To reduce the cost of applying these techniques, this paper discusses two strategies---cache-conscious reorganization and cache-conscious allocation---and describes two semi-automatic tools---ccmorph and ccmalloc---that use these strategies to produce cache-conscious pointer structure layouts. ccmorph is a transparent tree reorganizer that utilizes topology information to cluster and color the structure. ccmalloc is a cache-conscious heap allocator that attempts to co-locate contemporaneously accessed data elements in the same physical cache block. Our evaluations, with microbenchmarks, several small benchmarks, and a couple of large real-world applications, demonstrate that the cache-conscious structure layouts produced by ccmorph and ccmalloc offer large performance benefits---in most cases, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art prefetching.
Saturated Synchronous Reactance

It is well known that the effects of magnetic saturation are important in modifying the operating characteristics of synchronous machines. In this paper is shown a method of accurately taking into account these effects on the balanced steady-state operation of a cylindrical rotor synchronous machine by using a saturated value of the synchronous reactance. The expression for this reactance. is derived directly from fundamental principles, and its use in calculating machine characteristics accurately is illustrated on a typical steady state stability problem.
The synthesis of tritium labelled neurokinin-1 receptor ligands

Radiolabelled neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonists 1b and 2b were required for in vitro/in vivo characterization to support the development of 1a and 2a as fluorine-18 labelled PET ligands. These tritium labelled compounds were synthesized from aryl iodide precursors giving the final tritiated tracers with specific activities of 28 (1b) and 14 (2b) Ci/mmol. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adapting to a Market Shock: Optimal Sequential Market-Making

We study the profit-maximization problem of a monopolistic market-maker who sets two-sided prices in an asset market. The sequential decision problem is hard to solve because the state space is a function. We demonstrate that the belief state is well approximated by a Gaussian distribution. We prove a key monotonicity property of the Gaussian state update which makes the problem tractable, yielding the first optimal sequential market-making algorithm in an established model. The algorithm leads to a surprising insight: an optimal monopolist can provide more liquidity than perfectly competitive market-makers in periods of extreme uncertainty, because a monopolist is willing to absorb initial losses in order to learn a new valuation rapidly so she can extract higher profits later.
Smoking in Pregnant Women Screened for an Opioid Agonist Medication Study Compared to Related Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Patient Samples

Background: Little is known about the prevalence and severity of smoking in pregnant opioid dependent patients. Objectives: To first characterize the prevalence and severity of smoking in pregnant patients screened for a randomized controlled trial, Maternal Opioid Treatment: Human Experimental Research (MOTHER), comparing two agonist medications; and second, to compare the MOTHER screening sample to published samples of other pregnant and/or patients with substances use disorders. Methods: Pregnant women (N = 108) screened for entry into an agonist medication comparison study were retrospectively compared on smoking variables to samples of pregnant methadone-maintained patients (N = 50), pregnant opioid or cocaine dependent patients (N = 240), non-pregnant methadone-maintained women (N = 75), and pregnant non-drug-addicted patients (N = 1,516). Results: Of screened patients, 88% (n = 95) smoked for a mean of 140 months (SD = 79.0) starting at a mean age of 14 (SD = 3.5). This rate was similar to substanc...
"Bird biting" mosquitoes and human disease: a review of the role of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in epidemiology.

The transmission of vector-borne pathogens is greatly influenced by the ecology of their vector, which is in turn shaped by genetic ancestry, the environment, and the hosts that are fed on. One group of vectors, the mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex, play key roles in the transmission of a range of pathogens including several viruses such as West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses, avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.), and filarial worms. The Cx. pipiens complex includes Culex pipiens pipiens with two forms, pipiens and molestus, Culex pipiens pallens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex australicus, and Culex globocoxitus. While several members of the complex have limited geographic distributions, Cx. pipiens pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus are found in all known urban and sub-urban temperate and tropical regions, respectively, across the world, where they are often principal disease vectors. In addition, hybrids are common in areas of overlap. Although gaps in our knowledge still remain, the advent of genetic tools has greatly enhanced our understanding of the history of speciation, domestication, dispersal, and hybridization. We review the taxonomy, genetics, evolution, behavior, and ecology of members of the Cx. pipiens complex and their role in the transmission of medically important pathogens. The adaptation of Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes to human-altered environments led to their global distribution through dispersal via humans and, combined with their mixed feeding patterns on birds and mammals (including humans), increased the transmission of several avian pathogens to humans. We highlight several unanswered questions that will increase our ability to control diseases transmitted by these mosquitoes.
Sphere decoding for retransmission diversity in MIMO flat-fading channels

We define an ARQ protocol for MIMO flat-fading channels which varies the bit-to-symbol mapping per retransmission. We begin by defining a model for distinctly mapped transmissions through MIMO channels, and the effect this mapping diversity has on a sphere decoder receiver. Varying the symbol mapping complicates the sphere decoding process, particularly for the enumeration of candidate solutions within the sphere. A technique that promises quick candidate enumeration is suggested, borrowing concepts from existing closest point search schemes. The value of mapping diversity, in reducing BER and reducing computational complexity, is analyzed.
The Coverage of Persons with Disabilities in American Newspapers

Surveys of individuals with disabilities and interpretive essays have criticized the media for their lack of coverage of disability issues and for stereotypical and inappropriate portrayals of persons with disabilities. We conducted an empirical study of a national sample of American newspapers to check the validity of these findings and ideas. We found, on the average, a sizeable number of substantial references to persons with disabilities or their family members on a daily basis. These references tended to occur in feature or “soft” news articles rather than “hard” news stories and to be about individuals with physical disabilities, mental retardation, or individuals identified by the generic labels “handicapped” and “disabled.” When articles mentioned the impact of the disability on the person's life, they often portrayed the negative impact of the disability. If articles considered the possibilities for the improvement of the person's condition, they frequently suggested the person's condition could ...
The Antihormone Problem in Clinical Endocrine Therapy

VARIOUS clinical syndromes which are diagnosed as due to the hypofunctioning of an endocrine organ frequently necessitate the administration of substitution therapy for considerable periods of time. Certain therapeutic measures involve the injection of extracts containing proteins of heterologous source and in these instances antagonistic factors (antihormones?) may form in the blood stream to negate the action of the injected hormone and perchance to cause anaphylaxis. The majority of investigations on this subject involve the study of experimental animals and recent reviews (Collip, et al., 1; Thomson, et al.,2; Thompson, 5) discuss the matter thoroughly. The present report, however,deals primarily with the clinical aspects of this problem. Clinical use of insulin in diabetics during the past 20 years shows that refractoriness to insulin is rare. Cases of refractoriness to insulin therapy in man have been reported but it is generally thought that this refractoriness is not antihormonic in nature. Howeve...
Robot-facilitated scanning and co-registration of multi-modal and multi-level sensing: Demonstration with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy

Robotic manipulators have emerged and are continuously evolving as a valuable tool in medical applications. This work introduces a new biomedical application for robotics: multimodality imaging by facilitating scanning of spatially localized bio-sensing and co-registration. Established or currently emerging molecular and near cellular modalities, such as optical and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, offer new opportunities for assessing tissue pathophysiology in situ. The limited tissue penetration of those modalities can be addressed by locally placing the sensor, i.e. with a minimally invasive trans-needle or trans-catheter approach. Herein, we describe the use of a robotic manipulator to scan the area of interest by carrying such a sensor for generating 1-D scans while registering them to a guiding modality. The approach is demonstrated by using a miniature RF coil for collecting proton MR spectra (MRS) and scanning an area of interest on phantoms with the manipulator. MRI is used to guide this procedure as well as co-register MR imaging and spectroscopy. LineScans on two compartment phantoms demonstrated a clear spatial distribution of the resonances originating from those compartments in agreement with the scout guiding MR images. The system described herein, is a generalized platform for performing MR-guided multimodality and multilevel sensing.
An exact expression and some inequalities for the isotope coefficient within the BCS framework

Abstract An exact expression for the isotope coefficient (α), for an arbitrary electronic density of states, has been derived within the BCS framework. An analysis of this expression gives some useful inequalities.
Observation of a heated electron population associated with the 6300Å SAR arc emission

Conjunctive observations of the Dynamics Explorer satellite pair and the Pacific Northwest Laboratory scanning photometer unit at Richland, WA have allowed identification of the low energy, heated, electron population associated with the 6300 A Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arc emission. Measurements over the SAR arc on day 296 of 1981 show an enhanced flux in the low altitude 5-12 eV electrons. Analysis of this electron population shows them to be fairly Maxwellian, with temperatures on the order of 9900 + or - 1100 K and an earthward field aligned velocity of approximately 275 + or - 60 km/sec. The electrons are not accompanied by ion precipitation. The ion loss cone is empty at least as high as 6000 km. This fact may cast some doubt as to the role of the ring current ions in the SAR arc production.