cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joining the Great Majority: An Analysis of Senate Deaths, 1919–2015

Objective In this article, we explore the deaths in office of U.S. senators between 1919 and 2015, examining both historical trends at the aggregate level and at the individual level searching for partisan and other patterns in mortality rates. Methods We employ Cox proportional hazard models to examine the effects of factors such as age, tenure in office, electoral factors, and legislative engagement, as well as partisanship and ideology. Results Notably, we find no significant partisan or ideological effects. When we examine the parties separately, we find that other institutional factors (tenure in office, vote share, bill sponsorship) matter for Democrats, while expectation of who would replace them in office matters for Republicans. Conclusion Our findings contribute to previous work on legislative turnover in Congress by taking the first step to analyze deaths among U.S. senators from almost the entire history of the elected Senate.
Synthesis of reactively functionalized 2,5-siloles using kumada-type nickel-mediated intramolecular cyclization and their utilization in polymer synthesis

Abstract The syntheses of reactively functionalized 2,5-siloles by the Kumada-type nickel-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of alkynes and disilane, and their subsequent polymerization with diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) are described. The prefunctionalization of the 2,5-positions of the silole ring, which avoids the problem of silole susceptibility to nucleophiles during post-modification highlights this synthesis. Suzuki, Stille, and direct arylation silole precursors were prepared by this reaction and were subsequently subjected to polymerization with DPP by the various polymerization methods. The polymers all had reduced bandgaps (Eg P4, a similar Eg to the 2,5-diphenylsilole polymers was observed.
Pudu pudu (Pudu)

Identification of the sex chromosomes is unequivocal. One of the long acrocentric autosomal pairs has a secondary constriction near its distal end.
Enveloped Icosahedral Phages – dsRNA (φ6)

Abstract The virulent lipid-containing bacteriophage φ6, containing a genome of three double – stranded RNA segments, was the first isolated member of the Cystoviridae family. Discovered in 1973 it remains the type species. Beginning in 1999, additional species have been isolated, for the most part, from pseudomonad bacterial plant pathogens. All share similar architecture comprising the genome segments enclosed in a core surrounded by a lipid envelope that carries the host attachment proteins. The structural and replicative features are similar to the Reoviridae family and establishment of in-vitro assembly and rescue assays made the bacteriophage family the subject of considerable investigation.
Cardiac devices in patients with transthyretin amyloidosis: Impact on functional class, left ventricular function, mitral regurgitation, and mortality

Background The aim of our study was to investigate outcomes of patients with ATTR (amyloidosis and transthyretin) CA (cardiac amyloidosis) and implantable devices with respect to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), mitral regurgitation (MR), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, and mortality. Methods This was a retrospective observational cohort study of 78 patients with ATTR CA and implantable devices. During a mean follow-up of 42 months we investigated the impact of right ventricular (RV) pacing burden and biventricular (BiV) pacing on LVEF, MR severity, NYHA functional class, and mortality. Results Worsening MR occurred in 11% of patients with a RV pacing % 40% (P = .002). Similarly, worsening LVEF occurred in 26% of patients who were RV paced 40% of the time (P 40%. Conclusion A higher RV pacing burden is associated with deleterious remodeling and congestive heart failure in patients with ATTR CA, whereas BiV pacing is associated with improvements in LVEF, NYHA class, and degree of MR. BiV pacing should be considered in patients with ATTR CA and an indication for pacing. However, further larger prospective studies will need to be performed.
Identifying critical factors in sport consumption decision making of millennial sport fans: mixed-methods approach

Research question: The purpose of the study was to identify consumption traits that might influence millennial sport fan behavior.Research methods: We accomplished this objective by using mixed met...
The effect of 99-ending calories and anticipated guilt on restaurant menu development strategy

Abstract This study focused on the “just below calorie labeling (e.g., 199 vs. 200)” effect on consumers’ responses to purchasing indulgent foods. Based on the price context (e.g., $10.00 vs. $9.99), this study conducted a scenario-based online survey and found the interaction effect between anticipated guilt and the left-digit calorie effect to predict restaurant consumers’ choice of indulgent foods (i.e., hamburger advertisement with its calorie information, such as 399 vs. 400). The empirical findings showed that the calorie amount manipulation led to different levels of anticipated guilt for ordering the food and beliefs in the food’s calorie information (i.e., 399
Hybrid hollow silica particles: synthesis and comparison of properties with pristine particles

In the past decade, interest in hollow silica particles has grown tremendously because of their applications in diverse fields such as thermal insulation, drug delivery, battery cathodes, catalysis, and functional coatings. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy to synthesize hybrid hollow silica particles having shells made of either polymer-silica or carbon–silica. Hybrid shells were characterized using electron microscopy. The effect of hybrid shell type on particle properties such as thermal and moisture absorption was also investigated.
Buy stuff, do good, save the world: Transitivity and interpellation in the sustainable fashion discourse

Meaning production via mass media discursive practice is a complex social process through which viewers and readers are interpolated as subjects (Fiske, 2004). Interpellation is the act of 'hailing' these subjects into predetermined identities (i.e. sustainable fashion consumer) but can simultaneously 'naturalize' predominate ideological frameworks (e.g. capitalism, heteronormativity, patriarchy, etc.) (Althusser, 2006). Whether a subject can resist interpellation is a matter of some debate. Who has the power to act, to speak, to resist is naturalized through discourse (Fiske, 2004; Foucault, 1981). In this position paper, we examine sustainable fashion discursive practices in the popular press through the lens of Foucault's conception of power dynamics as well as Fiske's and Althusser's interpellation theories. Thus, we will explore the most pressing issues of agency, transitivity, and the limited imagination present in fashion media's discursive practice.
Associations between race and survival in pediatric patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the factors associated with disparities in overall survival (OS) by race in pediatric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. METHODS We evaluated clinical features and survival among patients ≤21 years of age diagnosed with stage I-IV DLBCL from 2004 to 2014 from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS Among 1386 pediatric patients with DLBCL, 1023 patients met eligibility criteria. In unadjusted analysis, Black patients had a significantly higher overall death rate than White patients (HRBlack vs. White 1.51; 95% CI: 1.02-2.23, p = 0.041). The survival disparity did not remain significant in adjusted analysis, though controlling for covariates had little effect on the magnitude of the disparity (HR 1.46; 95% CI 0.93-2.31, p = 0.103). In adjusted models, presence of B symptoms, receipt of chemotherapy, stage of disease, and Other insurance were significantly associated with OS. Specifically, patients with B symptoms and those with Other insurance were more likely to die than those without B symptoms or private insurance, respectively (HR 1.75; 95% CI 1.22-2.50, p = 0.002) and (HR 2.56; 95% CI, 1.39-4.73, p = 0.0027), patients who did not receive chemotherapy were three times more likely to die than those who received chemotherapy (HR 3.10; CI 1.80-5.35, p < 0.001), and patients who presented with earlier stage disease were less likely to die from their disease than those with stage IV disease (stages I-III HR 0.34, CI 0.18-0.64, p < 0.001; HR 0.50, CI 0.30-0.82, p = 0.006, HR 0.72, CI 0.43-1.13, p = 0.152, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that racial disparities in survival may be mediated by clinical and treatment parameters.
CBD and THC: Does the market reflect therapeutic dosing?

Inhaled cannabis has been shown to reduce chronic pain, however its intoxicating effects present a clinical limitation. Several studies support the popular notion that CBD (cannabidiol) can reduce THC (trans-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol) subjective effects, yet multiple other studies demonstrate that CBD can actually enhance THC's intoxicating effects. These discrepancies are dependent upon the two cannabinoids’ ratios and concentrations. We hypothesize that the majority of medical cannabis products with THC and CBD will have ratios capable of producing significant acute intoxication, similar to recreational products. This study subsequently aims to characterize cannabis products available from dispensaries within ratio and concentration categories, and evaluate whether the probable effects of products labeled as recreational differ from those labeled as medical to determine their potential utility for chronic pain. We collected THC and CBD content from cannabis products offered by 653 dispensaries online from nine states (CA, CO, ME, MA, NH, NM, RI, VT, WA). A total of 8,505 herbal cannabis products were recorded, with 6,293 offering information on CBD content. The 72.8% of products containing CBD (>0%) fall into four clinically meaningful categories: CBD can enhance THC effects (THC:CBD ratios ≥ 1:1), CBD has no significant effect on THC effects (ratios ∼1:2), CBD can either have no effect or is protective against THC effects (ratios 1: >2
Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

A manufacturing system is an organization to make products; a manufacturing system consists of various functional units for designing, manufacturing, assembling, transporting, and marketing and sales. This chapter discusses the design and operation of manufacturing systems; it covers some enabling technologies including cellular manufacturing, discrete event dynamic simulation, lifecycle assessment, and cost analysis; and it also discusses how enabling technologies can be integrated for effective coordination and interaction of hardware and software systems from different vendors. Moreover, the evaluation of manufacturing systems, products, and processes is discussed from the perspective of sustainability.
Trade Duration: Information and Trade Disposition

We examine the relation between futures trade duration and profitability, volatility, and volume. The duration of unprofitable trades is longer than that for profitable trades across the day, which is evidence of the disposition effect. Our analysis of profitable and unprofitable trades shows strong intraday volume patterns. Greater proportions of profitable trades are offset at the open and close. During high-volume periods dealers may use a semi-fundamental informational advantage, based on their access to order flow signals. Dealers may be able to execute costly inventory-reducing trades at the end of the day, when their informational advantage is perhaps greatest.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Streptococcus mutans gal Operon by the GalR Repressor

The galactose operon of Streptococcus mutans is transcriptionally regulated by a repressor protein (GalR) encoded by the galR gene, which is divergently oriented from the structural genes of the gal operon. To study the regulatory function of GalR, we partially purified the protein and examined its DNA binding activity by gel mobility shift and DNase I footprinting experiments. The protein specifically bound to the galR-galK intergenic region at an operator sequence, the position of which would suggest that GalR plays a role in the regulation of the gal operon as well as autoregulation. To further examine this hypothesis, transcriptional start sites of the gal operon and the galR gene were determined. Primer extension analysis showed that both promoters overlap the operator, indicating that GalR most likely represses transcription initiation of both promoters. Finally, the results from in vitro binding experiments with potential effector molecules suggest that galactose is a true intracellular inducer of the galactose operon.
Studies of serum aminopeptidase in pregnancy, hydatidiform mole, and choriocarcinoma

Abstract The additional serum LNA hydrolyzing enzyme which appears in pregnancy possesses an electrophoretic mobility very close to that of normal serum LAP but is less responsive to the inhibitory effect of L-methionine than the latter. Combination of starch gel electrophoresis with methionine inhibition allows the clear demonstration of this enzyme in pregnancy as early as 9 weeks. The enzyme has not been observed in the serum of patients with choriocarcinoma. Therefore, it is suggested that this specific nonhormonal demonstration of pregnancy may prove useful in differentiating it early from choriocarcinoma.
Normative median and ulnar nerve conduction values among a rural aged population.

Abstract.BACKGROUND: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is commonly diagnosed with a combination of characteristic symptoms andnerve conduction studies (NCS) across the wrist. Normative NCS values exist, but there is minimal data among older individualsor among rural populations.OBJECTIVE: To estimate distal median and ulnar sensory, and median motor latencies across the wrist in an older, ruralpopulation.METHODS: Hand symptom questionnaires and three standard NCS were obtained from 1085 participants. Univariate andmultiple linear regression analyses were conducted.RESULTS:Normative NCS values are presented from participants (mean age 57 years) who reported either no CTS symptomsor possible CTS symptoms. Covariates associated with NCS included age, hand temperature, body mass index, and height.CONCLUSIONS: This large normative NCS data set can be generalized to an older and rural population. Nerve conductionlatencies were generally longer in this population than those reported in previous studies.Keywords: Rural, nerve conduction, normal data, carpal tunnel syndrome, ergonomics
Identifying employed multiple sclerosis patients at-risk for job loss: When do negative work events pose a threat?

Abstract Background Physical disability and cognitive impairment are significant predictors of unemployment in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, little is known about the frequency of work problems in employed patients, in comparison to employed healthy persons. Objective Use an online monitoring tool to compare the frequency of negative work events in MS patients and healthy controls, and determine a threshold at which the frequency of work problems is clinically meaningful. Methods The sample comprised 138 MS patients and 62 healthy controls. All reported on recent negative work events and accommodations using an online survey. The clinical test battery measured depression, motor and cognitive function. Statistical tests compared the frequency of work problems in MS patients and healthy controls. Clinical neuro-performance scales were then assessed in at-risk patients with many work problems, versus those with no work problems. Results As a group, employed MS patients exhibited deficits in motor ability, verbal memory, and processing speed and were more likely than controls to report negative work events and accommodations. At-risk patients, that is, those reporting more than one negative work event, had more pronounced motor and cognitive deficits than their relatively stable counterparts. Conclusion The data show that employed MS patients report more negative work events and accommodations than employed healthy persons. Those patients deemed at risk for job loss have more cognitive and motor impairment, suggesting the need for cognitive training and specific accommodation strategies in the work place.
Leuprolide stimulation testing for the evaluation of early female sexual maturation.

Summary Context Low concentrations of serum LH and/or oestradiol (E2) in girls with early physical signs of precocious puberty pose a diagnostic challenge. Objective To assess the diagnostic value of the leuprolide stimulation test in female precocious puberty. Design Retrospective Chart Review. Setting Outpatient clinic. Patients and intervention Thirty-nine girls, 6·9 (1·4) years, with premature stage II–III breast development, with or without pubarche, underwent stimulation testing with subcutaneous leuprolide (20 μg/kg) with the following hormonal measurements in serum: FSH, LH, oestradiol at baseline; FSH and LH at 1 and 2 h; oestradiol at 24 h. Twelve girls with isolated pubarche were also tested with leuprolide. Main outcome measure A pubertal hormonal pattern was defined as at least one of the following: a baseline serum level of LH ≥ 0·3 U/l, a baseline oestradiol ≥ 37 pmol/l (10 ng/l), a stimulated (peak) LH ≥ 5·0 U/l, a stimulated oestradiol ≥ 184 pmol/l (50 ng/l) to leuprolide. The hormonal response was related to the clinical course during a period of observation of at least 6 months. Results Following leuprolide stimulation, the hormonal response was concordant with pubertal progression (n = 23) or lack thereof (n = 16) in all children. At baseline, pubertal serum concentrations of LH and/or oestradiol were associated with pubertal progression in all, while serum prepubertal LH and/or oestradiol concentrations were associated with pubertal progression in approximately 50% of the patients. Conclusions In girls with early clinical signs of precocious puberty and low serum concentrations of LH and oestradiol in random samples, the LH and oestradiol responses to leuprolide stimulation accurately predict pubertal progression.
Association between morphological traits and yield components in the durra sorghums of Ethiopia

The Ethio-Sudan region is recognized as the center of origin and diversity for cultivated sorghum. All major races of the crop are widely grown in Ethiopia with durras being dominant. The objective of the present study was to determine the extent of morphological variability among the Ethiopian durras and examine the pattern of relationships among these traits and their association with yield and yield components. Two hundred accessions collected from major sorghum-growing regions of the country were evaluated during the 2007 season at two locations representing hot and dry low land and mild mid-altitude environments. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Data were collected on phenology, plant height, a range of leaf traits and yield components. Significant variation was observed among all traits measured. Phenological traits and plant height were significantly correlated with each other and with all leaf traits. There was positive correlation among leaf traits, and between leaf traits and yield components except thousand kernel weight (TKW) and panicle length (PL). Grain fill duration was negatively correlated with all traits except days to maturity, TKW, and leaf length. Yield components except PL and TKW were positively correlated with each other. Selection that focuses on key yield components, larger leaf area, and on enhancing the grain filling rate by reducing excessive grain fill duration may contribute to yield improvement.
Medicinal and hallucinogenic plants identified in the sediments and pictographs of the Lower Pecos, Texas Archaic

The rock-art of the Pecos River region, on the Texas-Mexico border, is deservedly celebrated for its very large and inspiring human depictions, convincingly interpreted as images of shamanism. Study of plant remains in associated middens gives a new aspect to understanding of the images.
An algorithm for seismic imaging and amplitude correction derived from scattering theory

We present a method, derived from inverse scattering theory, for imaging and amplitude correction from measured data. No knowledge about the medium under investigation is assumed. Although derived from, and as a series, the algorithm is shown to converge to a closed form independent of the parameters involved in the problem. An analytic example shows excellent results in finding both the location of interfaces and the amplitude of acoustic reflections.
Recrystallization of amorphous silicon layers on sapphire

Abstract Electrical conductance measurements, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy with transmitted light, megaelectronvolt 4 He + backscattering and channeling techniques were used to investigate the recrystallization characteristics of amorphous silicon layers on sapphire obtained by ion implantation or vacuum evaporation. It was found that the electrical conductance characteristics strongly depend on the mode of recrystallization which in turn depends on the ability of the amorphous silicon layer to form an interconnecting network of crystalline silicon before or after the crystallites have grown vertically through the entire film. The limitations of using electrical conductance measurements to deduce growth rates are discussed. It is also shown that optical microscopy can be useful in monitoring the nucleation and growth process. The temperature range for growth rate determination can be extended to 800 °C or more if a lateral motion method is used. The growth rates determined by this method were found to be in agreement with those determined by channeling and reflectivity measurements.
Broadband three-dimensional imaging using a double-helix point spread function

A double-helix point spread function is implemented for optically sensing a three-dimensional scene using an image capture device and matched post-processing. Operation characteristics of the system are presented showing precision ranging under broadband illumination.
Antibiotic Reactions between African Savanna Species

A RECENT discovery by two of us (P. E. M. and J. M.), working on an idea which the latter had developed during a previous period of work on African soils1, has revealed that the two species of Hyparrhenia, grasses abundant in the Rhodesian high-veld savanna, secrete a toxin which suppresses the growth of nitrifying bacteria. This toxin may be the cause of the extreme poverty of the high-veld soils in available nitrogen2.
THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MICHAEL WYSCHOGROD

Michael Wyschogrod is the most important Jewish thinker in the Modern Orthodox tradition since Joseph Soloveitchik. The key to Wyschogrod's significance consists in the point where he differs from Soloveitchik most dramatically. Whereas Soloveitchik held that “the religious or theological logos should not be employed as the medium of communication between two [different] faith communities”, Wyschogrod regards such communication as a Jewish imperative. The essay explores Wyschogrod's use of “the theological logos as the medium of communication” with reference to his understanding of the relation of faith and reason as illustrated by the story of Franz Redner, a Holocaust survivor.
Studies on an aged H-Coal catalyst☆

A standard H-Coal catalyst, American Cyanamid HDS 1442A CoMo/γAl2O3, was studied in its fresh, aged, and aged regenerated states. The aged catalyst contained approximately 20 wt% coke and 5 wt% metal contaminants; coke was evenly distributed throughout the catalyst, whereas the metals were concentrated near (100–200 μm) the catalyst exterior. The BET surface area and pore volume of the aged catalyst were reduced by about 50% of that measured for fresh catalyst. Catalytic studies using the model compounds thiophene, hexene and isooctene allowed assessment of three basic activity functions, viz., hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrogenation and cracking. Compared with the fresh catalyst, the aged catalyst had about 20% intrinsic HDS and hydrogenation activity remaining and virtually no cracking activity. In addition, a lower diffusivity contributed to catalyst activity loss in the aged catalyst extrudates. Regeneration in air at 450°C only partially restored the original catalyst HDS activity, but almost completely restored hydrogenation and cracking activity. Metal deposits appeared to mostly affect HDS activity, whereas coke had greatest effect on cracking activity. These results show that aging affects the various catalytic functions differently.
SABER thermal management update

This paper addresses the current thermal management techniques of the Sounding of the Atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry (SABER) instrument. The SABER instrument is being developed jointly by NASA Langley and the Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University. This instrument will fly on the Thermosphere-Ionosphere- Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics spacecraft being built at the Applied Physics Laboratory at John Hopkins University. The infrared sensors on SABER must be cooled to 75 K for a 2 year period and at a 100 percent duty cycle. Because of SABER's stringent mass, size, and power constraints, the TRW miniature pulse tube refrigerator has been baselined to cool the focal plane assembly. A passive radiator will maintain the telescope at an average temperature near 230 K. Heat from the cryo-cooler and electronics will be dissipated by a separate radiator maintained at approximately 273 K. Approaches and advances in thermal management technology currently employed on the SABER instrument to ensure that heat loads and temperature ranges are met are also discussed.
Ribbonizing of electrostatic powder spray impregnated thermoplastic tows by pultrusion

Abstract Process models have been developed for thermoset pultrusion and thermoplastic pultrusion using melt impregnated prepregs. Thermoplastic towpregs are manufactured using new innovative methods such as those using dry powder impregnation. The morphology of dry powder impregnated ‘towpregs’ consists of a dry fibre bundle surrounded by a layer of polymer. In this study a two-dimensional finite element model using non-Newtonian fluid properties was developed to predict the pulling force for ribbonizing of a single thermoplastic powder impregnated towpreg via pultrusion. This is the first model that used a dual medium finite element approach to capture the microstructure of the dry powder impregnated towpregs. The model was experimentally verified using PEKK (Poly Ether Ketone Ketone) powder coated glass fibre tows for two die taper angles of 0.17° and 0.34°. The experiments were conducted at 350°C and the pulling speeds used ranged from 3 mms1 to 19 mms−1. The model predicted that the pulling force increased monotonically as a function of the pulling speed. The experimentally obtained pulling force increased as a function of pulling speed until the pulling speed was ∼8 mms−1 and then reduced. The pulling force increased with increase in the taper angle for the same total die length. The model predicted that the shear force was the dominant part of the pulling force.
Special focus: visual literacy

The author questions the origin of the artist/scientist split, manifest in the structure of our higher educational institutions, and comments on the many existing and potential contributions of art to science, especially computer graphics and visualization. It is the author's view that the distinction between and separation of art and science is artificial and increasingly anachronistic, and that education is both a problem and a solution."'Truth,' as defined by Alfred North Whitehead, 'is the conformation of Appearance to Reality.' What makes any set of bedrock truths slippery is that every age and every culture defines this conformation in its own way. When the time comes to change a paradigm --- to renounce one bedrock truth and adopt another - the artist and physicist are most likely to be in the forefront." [1]
Partners for Excellence: How the University of Michigan Health Sciences Libraries Assisted the Ann Arbor Public Schools in Their Health and Wellness Curriculum

This article discusses the establishment of a relationship between the Health Sciences Libraries of the University of Michigan and the Ann Arbor Public Schools' Partners for Excellence program. This relationship reflects an innovative approach by the Health and Wellness teachers of the high schools to utilize and integrate up-to-date resources from the Internet to enhance knowledge and develop critical thinking on the part of the students. This article describes the methods used and the material that the librarians of the Health Sciences Libraries contributed to the Health and Wellness Curriculum.
Spin-flavor separation and non-Fermi-liquid behavior in the multichannel Kondo problem: A large-N approach.

We present an analytical solution of a SU(N)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(M) generalization of the multichannel single-impurity Kondo model in the limit N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, M\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, with \ensuremath{\gamma}=M/N fixed. Non-Fermi-liquid behavior of the single electron Green function and of the local spin and flavor susceptibilities occurs in both regimes, N\ensuremath{\le}M and NgM, with leading critical exponents identical to those found in the conformal field theory solution for all N and M (with M\ensuremath{\ge}2). We explain this remarkable agreement and connect it to ``spin-flavor separation,'' the essential feature of the non-Fermi-liquid, fixed point.
Disk-Resolved Imaging of Io with the Hubble Space Telescope

Abstract The first disk-resolved image of Io's trailing hemisphere in the ultraviolet, as well as a visible image of the same hemisphere, has been obtained with the Faint Object Camera (FOC) of the Hubble Space Telescope on March 15, 1992, at a resolution of 210 km. Io shows no large-scale changes in the visible over the 13 years elapsed since the last disk-resolved imaging by the Voyager missions in 1979, despite the high volcanic resurfacing rate estimated from Voyager data. The UV image provides a measure of the combined effects of intrinsic surface albedo and absorption by atmospheric SO 2 gas, if present, allowing tighter constraints to be placed on both the surface characteristics and the atmospheric gas content. The gas abundance over SO 2 frost-rich regions depends on the assumed surface albedo, since the optical effects of the frost and gas may be competing at 2850 A. Assuming a surface composition in agreement with that inferred from Voyager data and previous spectroscopic measurements, the data are consistent with the presence of a SO 2 patchy atmosphere with a thick gas patch over the SO 2 frost-poor region where Pele is located. An estimate of the SO 2 gas flow rate from this volcano required to produce the observed patch is in good agreement with previous estimates based on Voyager data.
The Accidental Archivists: Lessons Learned from a Digital Archive Project

This article tells the story of the University of Colorado Law Library's successful effort to develop its first digital archive. The sudden death of the law school's dean was the catalyst for this project, with a goal to unveil the archive at a memorial symposium scheduled nine months in the future. The University of Colorado Law Library staff had never tackled a project of this type or scale before. This article discusses the technological, cataloging, and management issues that were encountered during the project. It also provides advice and tips on how librarians in their own institutions can accomplish such a project.
The primary structure of apolipoprotein A-I from rabbit high-density lipoprotein.

The amino acid sequence of rabbit apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) has been determined by degradation and alignment of two overlapping sets of peptides obtained from tryptic and staphylococcal digestions. All of the peptides of rabbit apo A-I resulting from digestion by staphylococcal protease were isolated and sequenced except residues 33–37. A digestion with trypsin was employed to find overlapping and missing peptides. The N-terminus of rabbit apo A-I was confirmed by sequencing the intact protein up to 20 residues while the C-terminus was identified through its homology with human apo A-I. The protein contains 241 residues in its single chain. Its primary structure is highly homologous to the reported canine apo A-I (80%) and human apo A-I (78%), but exhibits less similarity with rat apo A-I (60%). Like human apo A-I, rabbit apo A-I contains very little histidine (2) and methionine (1); it does however have two residues of isoleucine. Based on a comparison of the hydrophobichydrophilic character of apo A-I residues with that of the two synthetic peptides that activated lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (Pownall et al. and Yokoyama et al.), we found that the five segments with the highest corresponding homologies on the protein are located within the N-terminal half. This suggests that the N-terminal half of apo A-I contains the major portion of regions activating lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase.
Regression Analysis of Microwave Spectra for Temperature-Compensated and Density-Independent Determination of Wheat Moisture Content

Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was used to generate wheat moisture content predictive models from eight-frequency microwave attenuation (A) and phase (P) spectra in the 10.36 to 18.0 GHz range, as obtained by a free-space technique with a 10.4 cm thick sample. Spectra (n = 379) were measured for a set of grain samples that had been treated to span the agriculturally practical ranges of moisture content (M) (10.6 to 19.2% g/g wet), temperature (K) (- 1 to 42 C), and bulk density (D) (0.72 to 0.88 g/mL). The sample property space formed by M, K, and D was used to prune redundant samples and select representative subsets for calibration (n = 279), cross-validation (n = 40 segments), and testing (n = 31). Twelve model types are reported and vary from attenuation or phase alone to the combination of attenuation, phase, temperature, and density (i.e., APKD). For optimization of each PLSR model, the raw spectral, temperature, and density data were preprocessed with variable ratios, mathematical transformations, and/or variable scaling. The lowest moisture prediction errors were for temperature and density-corrected models with variables AKD or APKD; these produced root-mean-square cross-validation and prediction errors (RMSECV and RMSEP) of 0.19 to 0.20% in moisture content units. The more practical unifrequency models, APK at 15.2 GHz, and AK at 18.0 GHz, yielded RMSECV values of 0.21% and 0.35%, respectively. Addition of temperature to dielectric data always substantially reduced the model error. However, the multiplicative effect of density is well corrected by using the ratio A/P, or partly corrected by using the features in the attenuation spectra. Data trends suggest that dual-frequency PK models might benefit from a wider frequency range, and unifrequency AK models might be better at frequencies higher than 18.0 GHz. The results presented make it possible to evaluate a wide variety of instrumental configurations that might be proposed to suit particular engineering criteria such as measurement accuracy, range of operating conditions, and hardware complexity.
The morphological interpretation of epiascidiate leaves —An historical perspective—

Epiascidiate leaves are those foliar organs whose adaxial (ventral) side is the inside of a tube. Such tubular leaves are found in Nepenthaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cephalotaceae, and Lentibulariaceae. Throughout botanical history these leaves have received considerable attention because of their bizarre morphology and problems of interpretation. This paper documents the attempts of the last 150 years to correctly understand their organographic nature. All epiascidiate foliar organs are structurally similar in their early ontogeny, each forms a distinctive adaxial outgrowth (Querzone), and the diverse morphologies of the mature organs seem to be modifications upon a similar primordial ground plan. Typologically these leaves are directly related to peltate leaves and phyllodes (non-petiolar,sensu Boke). Except for certain, highly speculative,de novo theories, such as the “foliar runner” theory of Croizat, all misinterpretations of the nature of epiascidiate leaves are directly attribuable to earlier errors in ascertaining the organography of typologically related leaf forms. Accordingly, the sympodial tubular leaf (Roth) is rejected, as is the petiolar nature of tubular leaves (de Candolle). The typological relationships of these leaves to unifacial foliar organs (Troll) seems well substantiated from both an organographic and a histogenetic viewpoint. The peltate carpel theory (Celakovský; Troll) is, in reality, an epiascidiate carpel theory. The idea of a fundamentally tubular carpel seems correct from both a typological and phylogenetic standpoint. To comprehend the various contradictory interpretations which have been used to explain morphologically complex problems, as well as to understand the genesis of morphological theories, it is necessary to acquire an accurate historical perspective of the subject.
The effects of fine motor movement and tactile stimulation on the math problem solving of students with attention problems

This study evaluated the effectiveness of fine motor physical activity with tactile stimulation during two conditions of math problem solving, visual and auditory. Eight 4th and 5th grade students with attention problems participated. Using an alternating treatments design, students solved as many math story problems as they could, presented on worksheets or verbally during two conditions, with and without tactile stimulation during 20 min. Motor behavior, recorded from videotape, and number of correctly completed word problems were measured. Results suggest that fine motor manipulation of a tactile stimulation object reduced excessive motor movement and increased task completion of students with attention problems.
Photospheric network from study of manganese lines

Area scans with the multi-channel magnetograph at the Kitt Peak McMath Telescope provided simultaneous measures of equivalent widths in two Mn lines, continuum intensity and longitudinal magnetic field component. Observations were carried out with apertures of 2.5″ × 3.5″ arc and 1″ × 1″ arc. For the network elements, which were identified using the magnetic field as tracer, we developed relationships betweenI Continuum,W λ V Doppler and longitudinal field strength. With a minimum of assumptions it is possible to write from these observed relations an expression connecting true temperature perturbation in the line forming layers of the network to true longitudinal field strength. The results provide some constraints upon possible network models.
Vessel origins in Nymphaeaceae: Euryale and Victoria

Metaxylem tracheary elements of roots have differentiation between end walls and lateral walls in both Euryale and Victoria . End walls have narrower, more closely spaced bars and scalariform plates. Primary walls of end walls (and, to a lesser extent, lateral walls) have striations that are thickened primary wall portions orientated in an axial direction. These striations are less common in Victoria than in Euryale . Although secondary wall strands between perforations occur in some dicotyledons, the report of primary wall striations is new; these can be seen with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) but not with light microscopy. Perforations occur irregularly and sometimes sparsely on end walls of tracheary elements of Victoria , but perforations were not observed in Euryale . Thus, Euryale satisfies one criterion for the presence of vessel (end wall different from lateral wall), whereas Barclaya satisfies another (perforations in end walls) and Victoria satisfies both. Vessel origins in Nymphaeaceae are important in illustrating that there may be multiple vessel origins in dicotyledons.
Advances in the development of microbicides for the prevention of HIV infection.

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosa with the intent of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV-1. The past 2 or 3 years of microbicide research have generated several disappointments. Large, phase 2B/3 studies failed to demonstrate product efficacy, were stopped prematurely for futility, and in the worst-case scenario possibly demonstrated microbicide-induced harm. The most recently completed efficacy study (HPTN-035) did not reach statistical significance, but did show that use of PRO-2000 was associated with a 30% reduction in HIV acquisition. Current research focuses on much more potent targeted therapy, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists. Ongoing challenges include optimizing the identification of safety signals in phase 1/2 studies, defining a rationale for advancing products into efficacy studies, and identifying populations with adequate HIV seroincidence rates for these studies.
Deafness and Text-Based Literacy

Due to social, political, and economic forces, much of the information associated with learned institutions such as courts, businesses, governments, and schools in the United States has been preserved or recorded in printed or written texts in standard English. A common assumption—one that recently is being challenged (e.g., see discussions in Olson, 1989; Wagner, 1986)—is that the predominant use of print and written language is the hallmark of an advanced civilization, one that possesses scientific and technological prowess. Theoretically, it is possible, albeit not economically or ecologically efficient, to preserve the same amount and diversity of learned, complex information in nontext-based forms, for example, audio-visual media. Nevertheless, proficiency in the use of print and written information, that is, in English text-based literacy skills, is a prerequisite for functioning adequately in a technological, information intensive society such as the United States, and for gaining access to higher education, scientific and industrial occupations, and the learned professions (Adams, 1990; Anderson, Hiebert, Scott, & Wilkinson, 1985). Within the guidelines presented in the introductory article of this journal, "Framework for Literacy: 1993 and Beyond" (Craig & Craig), the purpose of this article is threefold, that is, to discuss English text-based literacy and its ramifications for deaf people, according to three interrelated perspectives: 1. The relationship of text-based knowledge to the larger domain of literate thought (similar to "literate knowledge" or "literate know-how") 2. The significance of English literacy, particularly text-based literacy, for deaf people in a competitive, technological, information intensive workplace 3. The development of English text-based literacy skills in deaf people relative to theory, research, assessment, and instruction
Nanosecond fluorescence from chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum

Abstract Single-photon counting techniques were used to measure the fluorescence decay from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores after excitation with a 25-ps, 600-nm laser pulse. Electron transfer was blocked beyond the initial radical-pair state (P F ) by chemical reduction of the quinone that serves as the next electron acceptor. Under these conditions, the fluorescence decays with multiphasic kinetics and at least three exponential decay components are required to describe the delayed fluorescence. Weak magnetic fields cause a small increase in the decay time of the longest component. The components of the delayed fluorescence are similar to those found previously with isolated reaction centers. We interpret the multi-exponential decay in terms of two small (0.01–0.02 eV) relaxations in the free energy of P F , as suggested previously for reaction centers. From the initial amplitudes of the delayed fluorescence, it is possible to calculate the standard free-energy difference between the earliest resolved form of P F and the excited singlet state of the antenna complexes in R. rubrum strains S1 and G9. The free-energy gap is found to be about 0.10 eV. It also is possible to calculate the standard free-energy difference between P F and the excited singlet state of the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll dimer (P∗). Values of 0.17 to 0.19 eV were found in both R. rubrum strains and also in Rps. sphaeroides strain 2.4.1. This free-energy gap agrees well with the standard free-energy difference between P F and P∗ determined previously for reaction centers isolated from Rps. sphaeroides strain R26. The temperature dependence of the delayed fluorescence amplitudes between 180 K and 295 K is qualitatively different in isolated reaction centers and chromatophores. However, the temperature dependence of the calculated standard free-energy difference between P∗ and P F is similar in reaction centers and chromatophores of Rps. sphaeroides . The different temperature dependence of the fluorescence amplitudes in reaction centers and chromatophores arises because the free-energy difference between P∗ and the excited antenna is dominated by the entropy change associated with delocalization of the excitation in the antenna. We conclude that the state P F is similar in isolated reaction centers and in the intact photosynthetic membrane. Chromatophores from Rps. sphaeroides strain R-26 exhibit an anomalous fluorescence component that could reflect heterogeneity in their antenna.
Heritability of resistance against ectoparasitism in the Drosophila–Macrocheles system

Abstract Ectoparasites are abundant in natural communities, can have pronounced deleterious fitness consequences to their host and are important vectors of transmissible parasitic disease. Yet very few studies have estimated the magnitude of heritable genetic variation underlying resistance against ectoparasitism, which significantly limits our ability to predict the evolution of this ecologically important character. The present paper reports results of artificial selection for increased resistance in Drosophila nigrospiracula against ectoparasitic, haematophagous mites, Macrocheles subbadius. In this system, which occurs naturally in the Sonoran Desert of North America, ectoparasitism significantly damages the expression of host fitness traits, including longevity, fecundity and male mating success. In the present study, resistance, which was modelled as a threshold trait, responded significantly to selection applied on either sex. Realized heritability, calculated as a mean across four replicates, was estimated to be 0.152 ± 0.014 (SE). The heritability estimate from selection on males did not differ from that on females, but both estimates differed significantly from zero. This documented presence of additive genetic variation for resistance, coupled with knowledge of the fitness consequences of ectoparasitism, indicates that the host population possesses significant evolutionary potential. Selection was applied on the pre-attachment phase, thereby targeting behavioural forms of defence. This study therefore establishes parallels between insects and other animals in their ability to protect themselves and evolve behavioural defences against ectoparasites.
Rauwolfia serpentina in the control of anxiety.

1. The effectiveness of Rauwolfia serpentina drugs in the control of overt anxiety in ambulatory psychiatric patients is equal to that of a conventional treatment of anxiety, as shown in a study of matched patient groups. 2. Three forms of Rauwolfia, reserpine, alseroxylon and the whole crude root, gave the same results in the control of overt anxiety in ambulatory patients. 3. Techniques for the clinical use of the Rauwolfia drugs are reported. 4. A wide variety of minor toxic symptoms in the use of Rauwolfia drugs was noted and easily controlled. 5. Depressive symptoms are not altered by Rauwolfia drugs given at the quantity and duration levels of this study.