cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Postrest Performance of Laying Hens Subjected to Early or Late Water Restriction During the Feed Withdrawal Period

Two experiments initiated in December and April were conducted to determine the effect of water restriction on the performance of force-rested hens. Birds used in this study were housed in cages and were 74 weeks of age at the beginning of each study. Treatment assignments were 1) no water restriction, 2) water restriction on Days 1 and 2 (48 hr), and 3) water restriction on Days 9 and 10 (48 hr). All birds were subjected to identical 10 day feed withdrawal periods, were fed low protein and low calcium recovery diets to Day 35, and then were placed on a standard postrest feeding system for six 28-day production periods. With only three exceptions, within-experiment differences in postrest performance due to water restriction treatment were not significant regardless of criteria evaluated or season of force-rest initiation. When water was restricted on Days 9 and 10 in the experiment initiated in April, hens laid at a significantly lower rate with significantly heavier eggs than others in the same experiment. Hens that experienced either water restriction treatment during the April force-rest had poorer feed conversion when expressed in terms of egg numbers. Feed intake, feed conversion on a weight-for-weight basis, egg specific gravity, and mortality were not affected by water restriction treatment, regardless of season. Water restriction was not necessary for a successful force-rest of laying hens, and, in fact, could be detrimental when instituted in the later part of the feed withdrawal period in warm weather.
Multilayer ceramic capacitor electrdes: powder technology and fired properties

The properties of Pd/Ag thick-film multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLC) electrode pastes are directly related to the characteristics of the metal powders. Better performance is obtained when deagglomerated powders are used. Improvements in precious metal powder technology has produced electrodes that permit a 30% reduction in precious metal consumption with superior functional and cosmetic properties. Use of deagglomerated powders also enables manufacture of MLC electrode pastes which print smooth enough so as to be compatible with wet stack process, where the surface roughness of the dried electrode is a primary concern.
Initial results from a forward-scatter meteor wind radar experiment based on the Colorado Software Radar (CoSRad)

This talk concerns three primary related topics on the subject of forward-scatter meteor wind radar. First, forward-scatter from meteor trails is discussed in the context of the Colorado Software Radar (CoSRad) architecture; a multistatic, phase synchronous software defined radar receiver. Two primary improvements are outlined with respect to the traditional monostatic meteor wind radar. Increased detection rates leading to improvements in spatial and temporal resolution of the wind measurement in addition to expanding the geographic extent of the meteor wind radar measurement capabilities into the mesoscale (thousands of km2) regime. Secondly, the Ground Illumination Pattern (GIP) produced by VHF meteor trail scatter under a wide range of trail geometries is presented and used to justify an optimal multistatic receiver station geometry. Finally, results from a forward scatter experiment using the Bear Lake meteor radar at Utah State University as the transmitter and a receiving station in Platteville, CO are presented and compared with a forward-scatter detection statistics model based on the GIP calculation technique. This experiment stands as a proof-of-concept measurement using the CoSRad architecture, and serves as a basis for our future plans to demonstrate the phase synchronous multistatic meteor wind radar.
Reliable in-plane velocity measurements with magnetic resonance velocity imaging

Abstract Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a well-known diagnostic imaging modality. In addition to its high-quality imaging capabilities, hydrogen-based MR can also provide non-invasively the velocity of water-based fluids in all three spatial directions (through-plane and in-plane) in an image. Many previous studies showed that MR velocity imaging can accurately measure the through-plane velocity. The aim of this study was to evaluate how reliable are the in-plane velocity measurements in an image. The axial velocity of water in horizontal tubes (inner diameter: 14.7–26.2 mm) was measured with segmented (fast) and non-segmented (slow) k-space MR velocity imaging using: (a) an imaging slice placed perpendicular to the tube axis with through-plane velocity-encoding; and (b) an imaging slice placed parallel to the tube axis with in-plane velocity-encoding. The two planes intersected along the vertical tube-centerline. The flow rate was accurately quantified (mean error 0.98). There was no significant difference between the velocity profiles from the segmented and the non-segmented sequences (mean difference 0.95). The results of this study suggest that fast MR velocity imaging can measure the in-plane velocity in an image with reliability.
SYMBIOSIS IN THE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFER, ORBULINA UNIVERSA, AND THE ISOLATION OF ITS SYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATE, GYMNODINIUM BÉII SP. NOV.1

The symbiotic association of the spinose planktonic foraminifer, Orbulina universa, with the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium beii sp. nov., was examined with light and electron microscopy, and the symbiont was isolated into unialgal culture. The intact association is characterized by a diurnal movement of the symbionts from the distal regions of the spines during the day, to perialgal vacuoles within the host cytoplasm at night. This diurnal migration involves a daily endo- exocytotic cycle. Gymnodinium beii is non-motile and spindle-shaped within the host, whereas it is motile and gymnodinoid in shape when in culture. Ultrastructural examination revealed two or more stalked pyrenoids penetrated by lamellae, a typical dinokaryon nucleus and no trichocysts. A distinct ‘flange’projects over the sulcus from the hypocone. The swimming behavior of this dinoflagellate was characterized by intermittent darting events. Swimming speeds during a dart reached velocities of 770 μm. s−1 as compared to a mean, non-darting swimming velocity of 126 μm. s−1. Gymnodinium beii is eurythermal and division rates ranged between 0.16 and 0.65 divisions day−1 for culture temperatures between 6.5 and 25° C respectively.
Cantilever rests: An alternative to the unsupported distal cantilever of osseointegrated implant-supported prostheses for the edentulous mandible

Mandibular prostheses supported by implants placed between the mandibular foramina restrict the length of the distally cantilevered components to minimize torque-related stress to the supporting implants. Additional posterior implants used as abutments with rigid attachments better distribute occlusal forces and reduce cantilever torque to the anterior implants. Because of the phenomenon of mandibular flexure, these posterior implants could be subjected to stress-induced microdamage to the bone-implant interface. The use of posterior abutments for support of the cantilever without connection reduces the potential hazard of stress-induced microdamage.
Optimizing Network Flows with Congestion-Based Flow Reductions

When optimizing traffic systems using time-expanded network flow models, traffic congestion is an important consideration because it can decrease both the discharge traffic flow rate and speed. One widely used modeling framework is the Cell Transmission Model (CTM) (see Daganzo, Transp Res-B 28(4):269–287, 1994, Transp Res-B 29(2):79–93, 1995), which is implemented in a linear program (LP) in Ziliaskopoulos (Transp Sci 34(1):37–49, 2000). While the CTM models the reduction in speed associated with congestion and the backward propagation of congestion, it does not properly model the reduction in discharge flow from a bottleneck after the onset of congestion. This paper discusses this issue and proposes a generalization of the CTM that takes into account this important phenomena. Plainly, an optimization that does not consider this important negative result of congestion can be problematic, e.g., in an evacuation setting such an optimization would assume that congestion does not impact network clearance time, which can result in poor evacuation strategies. In generalizing the CTM, a fairly simple modification is made, yet it can have significant impacts on the results. For instance, we show that for the generalized CTM the traffic holding (a result of the linearization of the CTM flow constraints) plays a more harmful role, which thus requires a scheme to eliminate traffic holding. In this paper, we propose a mixed binary program to eliminate traffic holding, along with methods to improve solvability.
Synthesis and characterization of chitosan–carbon nanotube composites

Acid functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes were covalently grafted to chitosan by first reacting the oxidized carbon nanotubes with thionyl chloride to form acyl-chlorinated carbon nanotubes which are subsequently dispersed in chitosan and covalently grated to form composite material, CNT-chitosan, 1, which was washed several times to remove un-reacted materials. This composite has been characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, TGA, SEM and TEM and has been shown to exhibit enhanced thermal stability. The reaction of 1, with poly lactic acid has also been accomplished to yield CNTchitosan-g-poly(LA), 2 and fully characterized by the above techniques. Results showed covalent attachment of chitosan and chitosan-poly lactic acid to the carbon nanotubes.
Inhibition of dna methylation by chemical carcinogens in vitro.

Abstract A diverse range of ultimate chemical carcinogens inhibited the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to hemimethylated DNA in a reaction catalyzed by mouse spleen methyltransferase. The formation of alkali-labile sites in DNA lessened its ability to accept methyl groups in vitro, but the methylation reaction was much less sensitive to thymine dimers or double-strand breaks. Carcinogens induced the formation of alkali-labile DNA lesions, but the degree of methyltransferase inhibition observed was greater than that expected for this damage alone. Certain carcinogens were also capable of direct modification and inactivation of the methyltransferase enzyme. Benzo(a)pyrene treatment of living BALB/3T3 A31 clone 1–13 but not C3H/10T12 clone 8 cells resulted in a 12% decrease in total 5-methylcytosine content of cellular DNA. Carcinogenic agents may therefore cause heritable changes in 5-methylcytosine patterns in certain cell types by a variety of mechanisms, including adduct formation, induction of apurinic sites and single-strand breaks and direct inactivation of DNA methyltransferase.
The Biosynthesis, Absorption and Tissue Distribution of Dietary Shellfish Sterols in the Crab

The present paper deals with the biosynthesis, absorption and tissue distribution, and the origin of sterols in the crabs, Cancer majester. After the administration of isotopic mevalonate and isotopic cholesterol to crabs, the sterols were isolated by the digitonine method. The identification and sterol compositions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The results indicated that C. majester fail to utilize mevalonate to synthesize cholesterol, and are incapable of the bioconversion of cholesterol to other sterols. The sterols found in their tissues may originate from dietary sources. Die Biosynthese, Absorption und Gewebeverteilung von mit der Nahrung aufgenommenen Sterinen aus Schalentieren bei Krabben Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Biosynthese, die Absorption, die Gewebeverteilung und die Herkunft von Sterinen in Krabben, Cancer majester. Nach Zugabe von isotopischem Mevalonat und isotopischem Cholesterin wurden die Sterine durch die Digitonin-Methode isoliert.Zur Identifikation der Sterine und zur Bestimmung der Sterinzusammensetzung dienten die Gaschromatographie und die Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, das C. majester Mevalonat nicht zum Synthetisieren von Cholesterin verwerten kann und ebenso nicht in der Lage ist, Cholesterin in andere Sterine umzuwandeln.Die in ihren Geweben gefundenen Sterine konnen von Nahrungsquellen herruhren.
Nuclear g-factors of the 328 keV state in 194 Pt, the 240 keV state in 195 Pt, and the 356 keV state in 196 Pt determined by recoil-implantation into iron and cobalt hosts

The iron-implantation-perturbed-angular-correlation technique (IMPACT) has been used to measure the Larmor precessions of the 328, 240, and 356 keV states of194Pt,195Pt, and196Pt nuclei, respectively, in ferromagnetic iron and cobalt hosts. The observed angular precessions in iron, corrected for the transient field effect, wereω τ194(328)=0.103±0.006 rad,ω τ195 (240)=0.142±0.012, andω τ196(356)=0.084±0.010. For cobalt hosts, the observed Larmor precessions were ω τ194(328)=0.068±0.006, ω τ195(240)=0.096±0.012, andω τ196(356)=0.057±0.013. Agreement between theg-factors obtained from the measurements in iron hosts and the measurements in cobalt hosts is very good, and a weighted average of the two measurements givesg194(328)=0.349±0.031,g195 (240)=0.136±0.013, andg196(356)=0.329±0.039.
A Cluster Based Smart MAC Layer Protocol for Delay-Tolerant Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

The propagation speed of an acoustic signal is much slower than the speed of a terrestrial radio signal due to the physical characteristics of an underwater acoustic channel. This large delay can impact the throughput of the channel. There is also a very high delay variance which presents unique challenges to the designs of efficient MAC protocols. The long and inconsistent delay renders many traditional protocols insufficient since they rely on multiple handshakes and accurate estimations of the round trip time (RTT) between two nodes. We proposed a novel approach to develop a Cluster based delay-tolerant protocol (CBDTP) to address these problems by eliminating RTS/CTS and ACK handshaking while avoiding collision. In addition, our CBDTP protocol uses a self-adoptive algorithm to address the inconsistent delay problem and its impact on RTT estimation. Our simulation study shows that CBDTP can improve channel throughput and resource utilization in a volatile deployment environment for many underwater wireless sensor network applications.
Repression of Glucocorticoid Receptor Transactivation and DNA Binding of a Glucocorticoid Response Element within the Serum/Glucocorticoid-Inducible Protein Kinase (sgk) Gene Promoter by the p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein

sgk is a novel member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family that is transcriptionally regulated by serum and glucocorticoids in Rat2 fibroblasts and in mammary epithelial cells. 5′-Deletion analysis of the sgk promoter, using a series of sgk-CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) chimeric reporter gene plasmids, defined a glucocorticoid-responsive region that contains a glucocorticoid response element (sgkGRE) between −1000 and −975 bp. The sgkGRE is specifically bound by glucocorticoid receptors and is sufficient to confer glucocorticoid responsiveness to a heterologous promoter in several cell lines. Strikingly, cotransfection of either the murine or human wild type p53, but not a mutant p53, repressed the dexamethasone-stimulated transactivation of reporter plasmids containing either the sgkGRE or a consensus GRE. Gel shift analysis revealed that in vitro synthesized p53 prevented binding of the glucocorticoid receptor both to the sgkGRE as well as to a consensus GRE. The p53-mediated repressi...
WE-G-217A-06: Spatial Accuracy Quantification of an MR System.

Purpose: To develop a phantom and measurement protocol for quantifying spatial accuracy of an MR imaging system over its entire imaging volume. Methods: The measurement protocol is comprised of a phantom, a set of MR sequence parameters for imaging the phantom, and analysissoftware for calculating spatial errors in the acquired phantom images. The phantom covers the entire imaging volume of the scanner above the patient table. It consists of layers of tooling foam which does not produce any detectable signal on conventional MR images, embedded with a matrix of oil capsules to serve as markers. To account for possible spatial errors in the construction of the phantom, the phantom was imaged with CT to create a gold standard data set. On MR scanners, the phantom is acquired with a 3D FGRE sequence that covers an extended FOV of 61.44 mm and with bandwidth = ±62.5 kHz. Error measurements are performed by detecting markers in the image sets and identifying them based on their known locations on the phantom. The spatial error of a marker is defined as the difference between its locations on the MR and CTimage sets. Results: The phantom was constructed and the measurement protocol was executed on two different MR scanners. Some markers were located in areas of severe field inhomogeneity or gradient nonlinearity, and could not be adequately detected for analysis. Maximum errors over concentric spherical regions were observed by plotting the error of each marker as a function of their distance from isocenter. Conclusion: The proposed phantom and protocol can be an effective tool for verifying the spatial accuracy of an MR system, which in turn can improve the accuracy and confidence of MR guided therapies. Data from this protocol may also be used in the development of advanced distortion correction algorithms. Employed by General Electric Healthcare
Differential Power Analysis using wavelet decomposition

Differential Power Analysis (DPA) has been successfully used against crytographic hardware to extract the secret key in a non-invasive manner. However, the great success of DPA requires a large number of traces to overcome system noise or countermeasures, which equates to increased processing times and computing hardware requirements. We investigate wavelet decomposition of a DPA trace data set as a means to reducing the number of traces. By decomposing the signal into various wavelet coefficient levels, we identify those that reduce DPA performance and mitigate their impact. We achieve an 11.53% increase in correct key correlation value vs traditional DPA and exceed traditional DPA with as little as 30 traces. This method significantly reduces the number of traces needed to overcome system noise and counter-measures which introduce random operations.
Organizational Change: A Conceptual Framework to Advance the Evidence Base

There is a vast literature on organizational change, but much of it has a weak evidence base, often using only case studies or axioms based on authors' experiences. Quantitative studies are less common and typically address a limited number of variables. Implementation science research is more advanced but typically addresses only program-level change. This paper presents a comprehensive framework of relevant variables and perspectives from which to view organizational change and offers a research agenda, with particular attention to preconditions for change (e.g., change capacity) and organizational change tactics, and their relationships with change outcomes—promising areas for research.
Oral health in women during preconception and pregnancy: implications for birth outcomes and infant oral health

The mouth is an obvious portal of entry to the body, and oral health reflects and influences general health and well being. Maternal oral health has significant implications for birth outcomes and infant oral health. Maternal periodontal disease, that is, a chronic infection of the gingiva and supporting tooth structures, has been associated with preterm birth, development of preeclampsia, and delivery of a small-for-gestational age infant. Maternal oral flora is transmitted to the newborn infant, and increased cariogenic flora in the mother predisposes the infant to the development of caries. It is intriguing to consider preconception, pregnancy, or intrapartum treatment of oral health conditions as a mechanism to improve women's oral and general health, pregnancy outcomes, and their children's dental health. However, given the relationship between oral health and general health, oral health care should be a goal in its own right for all individuals. Regardless of the potential for improved oral health to improve pregnancy outcomes, public policies that support comprehensive dental services for vulnerable women of childbearing age should be expanded so that their own oral and general health is safeguarded and their children's risk of caries is reduced. Oral health promotion should include education of women and their health care providers ways to prevent oral disease from occurring, and referral for dental services when disease is present.
SAFT prediction of vapour-liquid equilibria of mixtures containing carbon dioxide and aqueous monoethanolamine or diethanolamine

We extend the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory, SAFT, to vapour-liquid equilibria of fluid mixtures in which all components hydrogen bond. We refit parameters for carbon dioxide and water to obtain better agreement with experiment, and more consistency with parameters for other associating molecules. For monoethanolamine and diethanolamine, we obtain deviations in the individual mole fractions of 1 to 2% between the SAFT predictions and the smoothed experimental data. For aqueous mixtures we determine values of the single temperature-independent binary parameters, and then use these parameters to predict phase equilibria of ternary aqueous mixtures of monoethanolamine or diethanolamine with carbon dioxide. Our results deviate an average of 0.01 in mole fraction units from the experimental mole fractions. The SAFT equation slightly overpredicts the amount of alkanolamine, and underpredicts the amount of carbon dioxide in the liquid mixture. Small deviations in the liquid mole fraction produce large deviations in the carbon dioxide loading ratio, the ratio of moles of carbon dioxide to moles of alkanolamine in the liquid, giving average deviations of 43%.
Antecedents and Consequences of Supply Chain Agility: Establishing the Link to Firm Performance

The concept of supply chain agility (SCAGI) has been identified as one of the most important issues in supply chain management literature. However, despite the popularity of the concept, many aspects of SCAGI are largely unexplored. One area that is deficient in research is the behavioral/relational antecedents of SCAGI. Furthermore, no research to date has empirically established the link between SCAGI and firm performance. This article seeks to further theory development by addressing these gaps.
Algorithm for computing oxygen dissociation curve with pH, PCO2, and CO in sheep blood

Abstract By extending the study of Samaja and Gattinoni 1 , an algorithm is described for computing the oxygen dissociation curve with variations in pH, P CO 2 , and CO in homozygous HbB sheep blood. The difference in the values of O 2 pressure at 50% saturation in presence of CO computed from the present algorithm and Hill's equation does not exceed 0.5%. It is shown that O 2 affinity increases as the concentration of CO or pH increases or P CO 2 decreases. The algorithm is convenient for representing the oxygen dissociation curve with variation in pH, P CO 2 and the concentration of CO in modelling oxygen transport in sheep blood even under hypoxic conditions.
Excited-state spin coherence of a single nitrogen–vacancy centre in diamond

Single nitrogen–vacancy centres in diamond are a prime candidate for implementing scalable quantum information processing at room temperature. Work so far has been focused on using the ground state of these defects, but an experimental study now suggests that the excited state is a promising route to fast gate operation.
Essential fatty acids (EFA): Role in pancreatic hormone release and concomitant metabolic effect

Abstract Certain fatty acids have been identified as essential fatty acids (EFA) because they cannot be made by mammalian tissues and have to be obtained from plant and marine dietary sources. These fatty acids are the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (18:2, ω 6), and linolenic acid (18:3, ω 3). Apart from the fact that they can be elongated and desaturated to yield bioactive molecules with longer chains and higher double bonds such as arachidomic acid (from linoleate) and eicosanoids (from both fatty acids), they are very easily oxidized in the presence of oxygen to provide metabolic energy. Recent studies have also shown that PUFA are potent insulin secretagogues. In this review article, an attempt has been made to evaluate these new data and to discuss their potential usefulness in nutritional support.
Effects of Mental Stress on Left Ventricular and Peripheral Vascular Performance in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Objectives. We sought to investigate the mechanism of a mental stress–induced fall in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients with coronary artery disease. Background. Mental stress induces a fall in LVEF in a significant proportion of patients with coronary artery disease. This is accompanied by an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and rate–pressure product. Whether the mental stress–induced fall in LVEF is due to myocardial ischemia, altered loading conditions or a combination of both is not clear. Methods. Left ventricular (LV) function was studied noninvasively by serial equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography and simultaneous measurement of peak power, a relatively afterload-independent index of LV contractility, in 21 patients with coronary artery disease (17 men, 4 women) and 9 normal subjects (6 men, 3 women) at baseline, during mental stress and during exercise. Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), cardiac output (CO), arterial and end-systolic ventricular elastance (Ea, Ees) and ventriculoarterial coupling (V/AC) were also calculated. Patients underwent two types of mental stress—mental arithmetic and anger recall—as well as symptom-limited semisupine bicycle exercise. Results. Nine patients (43%) had an absolute fall in LVEF of ≥5% (Group I) in response to at least one of the mental stressors, whereas the remaining patients did not (Group II). Group I and Group II patients were similar in terms of baseline characteristics. Both groups showed a significant but comparable increase in systolic blood pressure (15 ± 7 vs. 9 ± 10 mm Hg, p = 0.12) and a slight increase in heart rate (7 ± 4 vs. 8 ± 7 beats/min, p = 0.6) and a comparable increase in rate–presure product (2.2 ± 0.9 vs. 1.9 ± 1.2 beats/min × mm Hg, p = 0.6) with mental stress. However, PVR increased in Group I and decreased in Group II (252 ± 205 vs. −42 ± 230 dynes·s·cm−5, p = 0.006), and CO decreased in Group I and increased in Group II (−0.2 ± 0.4 vs. 0.6 ± 0.7 liters/min, p = 0.02) with mental stress. There was no difference in the change in peak power (p = 0.4) with mental stress. With exercise, an increase in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, rate–pressure product and CO and a fall in PVR were similar in both groups. Of the two mental stressors, anger recall resulted in a greater fall in LVEF and a greater increase in diastolic blood pressure. Exercise resulted in a fall in LVEF in 7 patients (33%). However, exercise-induced changes in LVEF and hemodynamic variables were not predictive of mental stress–induced changes in LVEF and hemodynamic variables. Conclusions. Abnormal PVR and Earesponses to mental stress and exercise are observed in patients with a mental stress–induced fall in LVEF. Peripheral vasoconstrictive responses to mental stress contribute significantly toward a mental stress–induced fall in LVEF.
Annual mesoscale study of water balance in a Great Basin heterogeneous desert valley

We studied the annual mesoscale water balance in northeastern Nevada, USA, in a Great Basin heterogeneous semi-arid desert valley (the Goshute Valley) at 40°44′N, 114°26′W, witgh elevation of 1707 m above mean sea-level. This north-south-oriented flat valley has an area of about 1113 km2 and is partially covered mostly by sagebrush, greasewood, shadscale, desert molly, cheatgrass, and winter fat bushes. Five Bowen ratio stations measured the incoming and outgoing (reflected) solar radiation, net radiation, air temperatures and moisture at 1 and 2 m, the aggregated (soil + vegetation) surface temperature, wind speed and direction at 10 m, soil heat flux at 8 cm (three locations at each station), soil temperatures at 2 and 6 cm above each soil flux plate, and precipitation every 5 s averaged to 20 min throughout the valley from 1 May 1993 to 30 September 1994. Locations of stations were based upon the vegetation types and percentage of coverage by bushes. The topsoil (10 cm) moisture content was measured either by time domain reflectometer or gravimetric method at least once a week. We used the Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) method for the measurement of 20 min evapotranspiration throughout the experiment. During the dry water year 1993–1994 (beginning from 1 October) the average amount of aggregated (soil + bushes) evapotranspiration (ETa) among stations measured by the BREB method was almost equal to the average total precipitation for the entire valley (160.9 mm vs. 157.7 mm, respectively). Variations of precipitation among stations (ranging from 173.7 mm at Station 2 to 130.5 mm at Station 1) were attributed to winter orographic effects and summer thermal lows. ETa ranged from 181.2 mm at Station 3 to 142.7 mm at Station 2. Variations were related mostly to vegetation types and percentage of the soil coverage. All stations showed slight water losses (ETa greater than precipitation) in the dry water year 1993–1994, except at Station 2, where water gain was about 31.1 mm. The 1993–1994 water losses at Stations 1, 3, 4 and 5 were 29.7 mm, 7.5 mm, 8.1 mm and 2 mm, respectively. The additional water for the process of evapotranspiration at these stations may be due to extraction of moisture from the air during the cool early mornings throughout the water year or to extraction of moisture from the soil. A set of relationships between the incoming solar and net radiation, surface and 2 m air temperatures, and surface and 8 cm soil heat fluxes among stations was also developed. This study showed how the mesoscale water balance was achieved during a dry water year in a desert valley. The findings could be applied to similar valleys.
Arthur Erickson and essential tectonics

How is it possible that architectural forms are able to express an emotion or a mood? … How can tectonic forms be expression? Heinrich Wolfflin, Prolegomena to a Psychology of Architecture (1886) T...
Communications: Postal automation: It can be done: The toughest task is to integrate the technology into a system that is archaic, unwieldy, and a victim of its own inertia

Discusses the technology of postal automation and the problems of integration into the existing manual system.
THE ACQUISITION OF COMMON STOCK BY THE CORPORATE ISSUER

IN THE PAST DECADE major U.S. corporations have increasingly repurchased significant amounts of their own common shares. The reasons for this development and its implications for the theory of share valuation and for public policy, however, have been subject to numerous, and often conflicting, interpretations. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the economics of share repurchasing which leads to some fairly definite conclusions concerning the questions of share valuation and public policy.
Advancing the mechanistic understanding of an enantioselective palladium-catalyzed alkene difunctionalization reaction.

The mechanism of an enantioselective palladium-catalyzed alkene difunctionalization reaction has been investigated. Kinetic analysis provides evidence of turnover-limiting attack of a proposed quinone methide intermediate with MeOH and suggests that copper is involved in productive product formation, not just catalyst turnover. Through examination of substrate electronic effects, a Jaffe relationship was observed correlating rate to electronic perturbation at two positions of the substrate. Ligand effects were evaluated to provide evidence of rapid ligand exchange between palladium and copper as well as a correlation between ligand electronic nature and enantioselectivity.
The preparation of propargyltrimethylsilanes

Abstract The preparation of propargyltrimethylsilanes from trimethylsilylmethyl halides or triflate is reported.
Another look at the UBV variability of T Tauri stars

The UBV variability of classical T Tauri stars is investigated using a large data set compiled by Herbst et al. (1994). The analysis is based on the covariance of the UBV colors, which is independent of the obscuration and the temporal sampling, and is a powerful tool for finding trends that otherwise would be hidden in the complex time-dependence of the data. I find that there are two types of UBV variability and introduce the nomenclature 'ortho-' and 'para-UBV' variations, or in short 'type-O' and 'type-P' variations. Objects with a predominance of ortho-UBV variability show strong variability in both the Balmer and Paschen continua, whereas objects dominated by para-UBV changes vary mostly in the Paschen continuum. I show that type-O variations can be explained in terms of rotating spots, variable obscuration, or changes intrinsic to the source that obey the law Delta T(sub S)/T(sub S) varies as Delta n(sub H)/n(sub H), where T(sub S) and n(sub H) are, respectively, the gas temperature and the number density of hydrogen nuclei. Type-P variations can be explained only by changes intrinsic to the source with Delta T(sub S)/T(sub S) varies as - Delta n(sub H)/n(sub H), and I speculate on a possible origin for these changes. The covariance ellipse of the UBV colors is a versatile tool for studying the connection between variability and other spectral signatures of classical T Tauri stars; its use for this purpose is illustrated by studying the correlation between the presence of CO first-overtone bands in emission and the type of variability. I find that objects with CO band emission are also those with type-P variability and propose an observational test to validate this conclusion.
The Impact of Job Performance, Gender, and Ethnicity on the Managerial Review of Sexual Harassment Allegations1

This study examines the managerial review of sexual harassment allegations by subordinates against supervisors as a 2-stage attribution process. In the 1st stage, reviewers decide whether the behavior was inappropriate (misconduct). In the 2nd, reviewers decide the level of company responsibility. The reviewers' 2 decisions are influenced in distinct ways by scenario participant job performance, and the genders and ethnicities of reviewer and scenario participants. Male respondents exhibited some bias for high-performing same-ethnicity supervisors—a bias not present in female responses. In the 2nd stage, female and non-White reviewers assessed significantly higher levels of company responsibility than did male and White respondents. The data suggest that although men and women do not differ substantially over what constitutes misconduct, they do differ over the company's responsibility.
Lung Preservation: Pulmonary Flush Route Affects Bronchial Mucosal Temperature and Expression of IFN‐γ and Gro in Regional Lymph Nodes

Optimal lung preservation via flush of the pulmonary vasculature minimizes early graft failure post-lung transplantation. We hypothesized that the route of pulmonary flush has differential effects on thermal gradients in the lung and expression of inflammatory mediators. Swine underwent antegrade flush (AG) via pulmonary artery; AG/RG: antegrade + retrograde flush via pulmonary veins or AG/BA: antegrade + bronchial artery flush via bronchial artery. Temperatures were recorded in bronchial mucosa and peribronchial lymph nodes. RT-PCR was utilized to detect cytokine gene expression in the nodes. AG/BA flush resulted in greatest cooling of bronchial mucosa and lymph nodes (p < 0.001). The route of flush did not affect expression of RANTES, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α or IL-6. However, expression of Gro was reduced 4-h post-preservation in all groups. Only AG/BA resulted in decreased IFN-γ transcripts. These data show that, compared to AG or AG/RG, AG/BA flush results in the greatest cooling of lung compartments and down regulates lymph node expression of a cytokine and chemokine that have key roles in inflammation and immunity. These data suggest that pulmonary flush via AG/BA during donor harvest may be optimal to decrease the risk of early graft failure.
Comparative paleoecology of Paleogene and Neogene mammalian faunas: body-size structure

Abstract Species size is correlated with many aspects of life history, ecology, and behavior, which means that size changes within species, lineages, and faunas represent an important component of evolutionary paleoecology. Comparison of Paleogene mammalian faunas from the Bighorn, Clarks Fork, and Crazy Mountains basins of Wyoming and Montana with Neogene mammalian faunas from the Siwalik Group of northern Pakistan reveals similarities and differences in patterns of size change through intervals of 10 m.y. Two approaches to size change are presented. The first is to evaluate changes in the size distribution of faunas over three time intervals in each sequence. Rank-ordered size distributions, or cenograms, are used to depict faunal size structure for non-carnivorous species. The slopes and gaps in different regions of the size spectrum reflect conditions of vegetation and climate, by analogy with modern mammalian faunas (Legendre, 1986, 1989). For the Paleogene and Neogene faunas, subtle changes over time in size structure reflect changes in local vegetation and climate. The Paleogene cenograms suggest a habitat shift from mesic to humid forest, and the Neogene cenograms suggest a shift from open woodland to savannah scrub. These interpretations are supported by concurrent changes in trophic structure, faunal turnover, and in floral and geologic indicators. The second approach focuses on size change within species and lineages in several families of predominantly herbivorous species. For 60 Paleogene species and 39 Neogene species, change in average species size over successive biostratigraphic intervals is assessed by a criterion of doubling or halving of body mass relative to the preceding interval. New occurrences are compared to established species of the same genus and of the same family. In both records, size increases occur slightly more often than size decreases. The size distribution of groups changes more often through appearances of species of more than double or less than half the size of established species of the same group or by disappearances, rather than through rapid change of size within species. The pattern of change in median size and size range of contemporaneous species varies among families in both records. Three causes of evolutionary size change—climatic change, competition, and predation—are evaluated. In both records, climatic change and interspecific competition are considered the principle mechanisms for the observed changes.
Role of dorsomedial thalamic nucleus and piriform cortex in processing olfactory information

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to characterize the role of primary and secondary olfactory projection areas (piriform cortex and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus (DMN) in olfactory information processing. Rats had to learn to discriminate between odors that were simultaneously released from different arms of an automated olfactory maze. When standard training conditions were used, damage of the DMN severely impaired both preoperatively trained and naive animals in acquiring an odor discrimination set (i.e. in most problems no learning was demonstrated). An additional group of DMN animals that received 4 times the standard amount of daily trials was unable to acquire the first two problems but successfully solved the third and all subsequent discriminations. Analysis of performance patterns suggested that destruction of the DMN initially leads to a strong procedural impairment that can be overcome by extensive training. After solving the third problem the animals with DMN damage required much less training to reach the learning criterion but generally made more errors than controls. Transfer of savings rarely occurred when a problem was repeated. Whether this secondary learning deficit observed in later discriminations is due to a specific effect of the lesion on the encoding of olfactory cues and thus on memory formation, or due to a disturbance in the regulation of emotional factors such as motivation, arousal, and attention is discussed. Lesions of the thalamus that spared the DMN had no effect on learning or retention of olfactory discriminations. Animals with ablations of the piriform cortex only acquired odor discriminations if they had been trained in the olfactory maze before the lesion. Moreover, their performance depended on the odor quality: they had great difficulty learning complex cues consisting of several odorants and learned simple odors virtually identical to control rats. The results indicate that an intact piriform cortex is needed to acquire the procedures involved to perform an olfactory discrimination task as well as to build neural representations of olfactory cues.
The Role of Career and Technical Education in Iowa Community Colleges.

ABSTRACT This scholarly paper describes and analyzes the role of career and technical education (CTE) in Iowa community colleges. Iowa's community colleges are doing a good job of responding to the changing workforce needs of the state and providing smooth career pathways. However, changes in the population and economy of the state will call for further changes in CTE programs. The distinctive characteristics of CTE in Iowa community colleges, the impact of community college CTE programs on the state's economy, the role of accountability, and the future implications for CTE in the state are discussed. Recommendations based on the results of the study include improving articulation agreements, increasing retention among at-risk students, and increasing collaboration among Iowa's 15 community colleges.
Epidemics alert & response framework and technology based on spreading dynamics simulation

There have been many research works on epidemic spreading using mathematical or simulation methods. However, to make it practical as a decision support tool for the policy maker, it needs to be combined with business operation of epidemic control. Thus, an alert and response framework covering outbreak detection, policy analysis, and policy execution is proposed in this work. Key technologies for such a framework at the modeling, analysis, and data collection aspects are discussed. Sensitivity analysis is proposed for model verification and confidence analysis. Critical point identification is another important topic for control policy making by network topology analysis. The importance and feasibility of these technologies are illustrated by the experiment on Beijing SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) data in 2003.
Restoration of wetland vegetation on the Kissimmee River Floodplain: Potential role of seed banks

The composition of seed banks of areas on the drained Kissimmee River floodplain (Florida, USA) that are currently pasture and formerly had been wet prairie, broadleaf marsh, and wetland shrub communities was compared to that of seed banks of areas that have extant stands of these communities. The species composition of the seed banks of existing wet prairie and former wet prairie sites were the most similar, with a Jaccard index of similarity of 55. Existing and former broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub communities had Jaccard indices of 38 and 19, respectively. Although existing and former wet prairie seed banks had nearly the same species richness, species richness at former broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub sites was higher than at existing sites. Mean total seed densities were similar in existing and former wet prairies (700 to 800 seeds m2). However, seed densities in former broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub sites were significantly greater than in comparable existing communities (>4,900 seeds m2 at former sites versus 200 to 300 in existing communities). The higher seed densities in former broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub sites was due to over 4,000 seeds m2 of Juncus effusus in their seed banks. Half of the species that characterize wet prairies were found in the seed banks at former and existing wet prairie sites. At existing broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub sites, most of the characteristic species were found in their seed banks. However, only one characteristic broadleaf species was found in the seed banks of the former broadleaf marsh sites, and no characteristic wetland shrub species were found in the seed banks of the former wetland shrub sites. The seeds of only two non-indigenous species were found in the seed banks of former wetland communities at very low densities. For all three vegetation types, but particularly for the broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub sites, re-establishment of the former vegetation on the restored floodplain will require propagule dispersal from off-site sources.
THE OPTIMIZED EFFECTIVE POTENTIAL FOR ATOMS AND SEMICONDUCTORS

Given an n-electron Hamiltonian containing a potential operator such as the Fock operator, the optimized effective potential (OEP) is that simple multiplicative potential whose n lowest eigenfunctions minimize the expectation value of the Hamiltonian. Thus it is the exact Kohn-Sham potential for that Hamiltonian. We discuss OEP calculations and the KLI approximation to it for atoms and semiconductors. Because the Fock operator treats exchange exactly, all deviations from experimental energies are attributable to the use of approximate correlation energy density functionals whose shortcomings are discussed.
EM simulators=CAE tools

The emergence of vastly refined algorithms for finite-element analysis, which are putting electromagnetic simulators into the hands of any engineer who can afford a personal computer, is discussed. Field simulation allows an engineer to analyze the electromagnetic behavior of a device without building a physical prototype and taking measurements. The way in which simulation technology is changing the design process is illustrated by considering the design of a coax-to-waveguide transition. The field simulation model developed by the design engineer is passed to the manufacturing engineer, who runs parameter studies of the device by varying key dimensions and materials to determine the sensitivity of device performance to these parameters. Further, the field simulation model helps determine the impact of unforeseen changes during manufacturing due to variations in supplies and facilities. The process used by the finite-element simulators to solve Maxwell's equations is described. Two typical CAE applications are examined: a microwave low-pass filter design and a study of electromagnetic coupling in digital circuit interconnections. Pointers for selecting electromagnetic CAE software are given. >