cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are There Ways That Digital Technologies Break Down Walls of Communication During Conflict? Lessons from Leaders of a Women’s Movement in Egypt

Effective communication is fundamental in conflict resolution insofar as conflicts often begin after communication among belligerent parties has ended. From Fisher and Ury’s Getting to Yes (1981) to Lederach’s The Moral Imagination (2005), decades-long scholarship in conflict resolution has unearthed various dynamics of negotiation strategies and conflict communication. But the focus by conflict resolution scholars on communication’s behavioral aspects dwarfs inquiry into its structural aspects (debunking myths and facilitating attitudinal change). Owing to the proliferation of mobile-based digital technologies and their uses in social change processes, a new scholarly discourse is slowly emerging which holds that digital technology can highlight the structural aspects of conflict. How does this optimism regarding new communication tools resonate in conflict resolution literature, and what are the transformative impacts, if any, of mobile-based interactive digital technology in shaping structural issues in conflict? Drawing on a case study of HarassMap—a social movement NGO in Egypt focused on changing attitudes toward and preventing gender-based violence—we offer an analytical framework to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the evolving potentials of these digital tools in conflict resolution.
Knowledge Distillation in Document Retrieval

Complex deep learning models now achieve state of the art performance for many document retrieval tasks. The best models process the query or claim jointly with the document. However for fast scalable search it is desirable to have document embeddings which are independent of the claim. In this paper we show that knowledge distillation can be used to encourage a model that generates claim independent document encodings to mimic the behavior of a more complex model which generates claim dependent encodings. We explore this approach in document retrieval for a fact extraction and verification task. We show that by using the soft labels from a complex cross attention teacher model, the performance of claim independent student LSTM or CNN models is improved across all the ranking metrics. The student models we use are 12x faster in runtime and 20x smaller in number of parameters than the teacher
Reproductive Rights and Assisted Reproductive Technologies

When we deal with legal issues around women’s reproductive rights, we are into a new area of constitutional law upon which the decisions are made. One of the most fundamental human rights declared by consensus in all the major international organizations is access to good health. For women control over their own sexuality and fertility is seen as basic to their good health and empowerment. It is necessary for women to control when and if they have a child in order to live healthy, productive, and fulling lives promised by the U.S. Constitution. In the case of women’s reproductive health, the state has claimed it has a compelling interest in making sure conditions are such that women’s health is protected. In this chapter, we tackle the tough issues including the controversy over abortion. By the time this chapter is available, the laws including Roe v. Wade may change given the cases that are now in front of the USSC, but we have described them here nonetheless. We also provide information on the newer reproductive technologies that permit women who want to bear children become mothers through in vitro fertilization (IVF). The rights of men and juveniles to become a parent are also controlled by law, and we discuss the issues raised by legal cases here also.
THERMODYNAMIC MODEL OF MESOSCALE NEURAL FIELD DYNAMICS: DERIVATION AND LINEAR ANALYSIS

Motivated by previous research suggesting that mesoscopic collective activity has the defining characteristics of a turbulent system, we postulate a thermodynamic model based on the fundamental assumption that the activity of a neuron is characterized by two distinct stages: a sub‑threshold stage, described by the value of mean membrane potential, and a transitional stage, corresponding to the firing event. We therefore distinguish between two types of energy: the potential energy released during a spike, and the internal kinetic energy that triggers a spike. Formalizing these assumptions produces a system of integro-differential equations that generalizes existing models [Wilson and Cowan, 1973, Amari, 1977], with the advantage of providing explicit equations for the evolution of state variables. The linear analysis of the system shows that it supports single- or triple- point equilibria, with the refractoriness property playing a crucial role in the generation of oscillatory behavior. In single-type (excitatory) systems this derives from the natural refractory state of a neuron, producing "refractory oscillations" with periods on the order of the neuron refractory period. In dual-type systems, the inhibitory component can provide this functionality even if neuron refractory period is ignored, supporting mesoscopic-scale oscillations at much lower activity levels. Assuming that the model has any relevance for the interpretation of LFP measurements, it provides insight into mesoscale dynamics. As an external forcing, theta may play a major role in modulating key parameters of the system: internal energy and excitability (refractoriness) levels, and thus in maintaining equilibrium states, and providing the increased activity necessary to sustain mesoscopic collective action. Linear analysis suggest that gamma oscillations are associated with the theta trough because it corresponds to higher levels of forced activity that decreases the stability of the equilibrium state, facilitating mesoscopic oscillations.
Who uses what and how often?: Personality predictors of multiplatform social media use among young adults

Abstract To understand who uses social media and how often they do so, we examined the personality traits that predict frequency of using a set of 10 different types of social media (e.g., social networks, blogs, virtual worlds). Using survey data collected from two large-scale samples of young adults (Exploratory Study 1 N = 1586, Confirmatory Study 2 N = 1432), we conducted direct replications of our findings to test whether the observed relationships between social media use and personality traits were reliable. Our replicated findings reveal that sex, age and extraversion are reliable predictors of several types of social media use (e.g., Facebook, Messaging Platforms, Online Forums), while other traits (e.g., agreeableness, Machiavellianism) showed unreliable associations. Our findings also reveal dimensions of multiplatform social media use that categorize the media ecologies of young adults and show significant associations with individual difference measures.
Shaped to Kill: The Evolution of Siphonophore Tentilla for Specialized Prey Capture

Predator specialization has often been considered an evolutionary dead-end due to the constraints associated with the evolution of morphological and functional optimizations throughout the organism. However, in some predators, these changes are localized in separate structures dedicated to prey capture. One of the most extreme cases of this modularity can be observed in siphonophores, a clade of pelagic colonial cnidarians that use tentilla (tentacle side branches armed with nematocysts) exclusively for prey capture. Here we study how siphonophore specialists and generalists evolve, and what morphological changes are associated with these transitions. To answer these questions, we: (1) measured 29 morphological characters of tentacles from 45 siphonophore species, (2) mapped these data to a phylogenetic tree, and (3) analyzed the evolutionary associations between morphological characters and prey type data from the literature. Instead of a dead-end, we found that siphonophore specialists can evolve into generalists, and that specialists on one prey type have directly evolved into specialists on other prey types. Our results show that siphonophore tentillum morphology has strong evolutionary associations with prey type, and suggest that shifts between prey types are linked to shifts in the morphology, mode of evolution, and genetic correlations of tentilla and their nematocysts. The evolutionary history of siphonophore specialization helps build a broader perspective on predatory niche diversification via morphological innovation and evolution. These findings contribute to understanding how specialization and morphological evolution have shaped present-day food webs.
Resolving Contradictions: Samuel Hirsch and the Stakes of Modern Jewish Thought

This essay treats the contradictions that beset Samuel Hirsch's Die Religionsphilosophie der Juden in order to clarify the nature of the study of modern Jewish thought. I begin by examining how Emil Fackenheim presents the contradiction in Hirsch's thought as evidence of the incompatible assumptions underlying dominant strands of modern philosophy and “authentic” Jewish theology. Agreeing with Fackenheim that Hirsch's work is contradictory, this essay diverges on both the nature of this contradiction and its implications for Jewish thought. I claim that the argument of Die Religionsphilosophie der Juden founders as a result of Hirsch's refusal to choose between three different, and ultimately incompatible, strategies for articulating the relationship between God and human beings. I then conclude by exploring the implications of the collapse of Hirsch's position with regard to the dispute between theocentrists and ethical monotheists and for the field of modern Jewish thought more broadly.
Law of large numbers and central limit theorems through Jack generating functions

Abstract In a series of papers [23] , [24] , [25] by Bufetov and Gorin, Schur generating functions as the Fourier transforms on the unitary group U ( N ) , are introduced to study the asymptotic behaviors of random N-particle systems. We introduce and study the Jack generating functions of random N-particle systems. In special cases, this can be viewed as the Fourier transforms on the Gelfand pairs ( G L N ( R ) , O ( N ) ) , ( G L N ( C ) , U ( N ) ) and ( G L N ( H ) , S p ( N ) ) . Our main results state that the law of large numbers and the central limit theorems for such particle systems, is equivalent to certain conditions on the germ at unity of their Jack generating functions. Our results provide a new toolbox for the analysis of the global behavior of stochastic discrete particle systems via their Jack generating functions, and the limiting behaviors of Jack symmetric functions via stochastic discrete dynamics. Some applications of our main results include: 1. Using the law of large numbers and the central limit theorems for β-nonintersecting Poisson random walks in [33] as input, our theorem gives the asymptotics of Jack characters at unity. 2. We prove law of large numbers and central limit theorems for the Littlewood-Richardson coefficients of zonal polynomials. 3. We show that the fluctuations of the height functions of a general family of nonintersecting random walks are asymptotically equal to those of the pullback of the Gaussian free field on the upper half plane. As far as we know, the results are new even for Poisson/Bernoulli nonintersecting random walks.
The Year in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia: Selected Highlights from 2021

This special article is the fourteenth in an annual series for the Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. The authors thank the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Kaplan, and the editorial board for the opportunity to continue this series; namely, the research highlights of the past year in the specialty of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesiology. The major themes selected for 2021 are outlined in this introduction, and each highlight is reviewed in detail in the main body of the article. The literature highlights in the specialty for 2021 begin with an update on structural heart disease, with a focus on updates in arrhythmia and aortic valve disorders. The second major theme is an update on coronary artery disease, with discussion of both medical and procedural management. The third major theme is focused on the perioperative management of patients with COVID-19, with the authors highlighting literature discussing the impact of the disease on the right ventricle and thromboembolic events. The fourth and final theme is an update in heart failure, with discussion of diverse aspects of this area. The themes selected for this fourteenth special article are only a few of the diverse advances in the specialty during 2021. These highlights will inform the reader of key updates on a variety of topics, leading to improvement of perioperative outcomes for patients with cardiothoracic and vascular disease.
The MicroRNA miR‐8 is a positive regulator of pigmentation and eclosion in Drosophila

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally silence gene expression by binding to target mRNAs. Previous studies have identified the miRNA miR-8 as a pleiotropic regulator of Drosophila development, controlling body size and neuronal survival by targeting multiple mRNAs. In this study we demonstrate that miR-8 is also required for proper spatial patterning of pigment on the adult abdominal cuticle in females but not males. Results: Female adult flies lacking miR8 exhibit decreased pigmentation of the dorsal abdomen, with a pattern of pigmentation similar to wild type flies grown at higher temperatures. This pigmentation defect in miR-8 mutants is independent of the previously reported body size defect, and miR-8 acts directly in the developing cuticle to regulate pigmentation patterning. The decrease in pigmentation in miR-8 mutants was more pronounced in flies grown at higher temperatures. We also found that loss of miR-8 dramatically affected the ability to eclose at higher temperatures. Conclusion: Loss of miR-8 increased the sensitivity of Drosophila to higher temperatures for both pigmentation patterning and the ability to eclose. Together, these data suggest that miR-8 acts as a buffer to stabilize gene expression patterns in the midst of environmental variation. Developmental Dynamics 241:161–168, 2012. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Light force manipulation of an atomic gallium beam

Summary form only given. Laser focusing of neutral atoms is a unique approach for fabricating periodic small structures. In a standing wave formed by two counter-propagating laser beams, the radiation force acts as a sequence of cylindrical lenses that focus the atoms into a periodic array of parallel lines during deposition onto a substrate. In this way, a pattern is written onto the substrate without the use of any masks. To minimize the feature width on the substrate, the atoms entering the focusing laser must be highly collimated transversely by optical cooling.
Displaying DIII-D plasma data using DEC's X Window System

In 1990, MFITD and MFITPLAY, programs used by users when running fusion plasma experiments, were converted from User Interface Services (UIS) routines to DECs X Windows System using the DECWindows window manager. These modifications were required because of a move by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) to support X windows and phase out UIS. Due to the nature and purpose of each program, MFITD needed only simple graphics conversion while MFITPLAY was completely rewritten. The DECWindows version of MFITPLAY offers a number of improvements, such as a more intuitive user interface. >
A blind multiuser detection algorithm for QS-CDMA systems

In this paper, we present a multiuser detection algorithm for quasi-synchronous code-division multiple-access (QS-CDMA) systems where the receiver has knowledge of the spreading codes of all users originating from the cell of interest, but does not know the spreading codes of the intercell interferers. The algorithm implements a blind linear detector that can recover several signals in a multipath environment. The received signals are decomposed into two sets: a set of observations that contains the user of interest and the interference, and a set of observations that contains only the interference. With this decomposition, the first user can be recovered by a linear interference cancellation algorithm. The second user is recovered using a similar decomposition technique, except that it operates on a set of observations that excludes the first user. The remaining users are sequentially recovered in a similar manner.
Field evaluation of advanced controls for the retrofit of packaged air conditioners and heat pumps

Abstract This paper documents the magnitude of energy savings achievable in the field by retrofitting existing packaged rooftop air conditioner and heat pump units (RTUs) with advanced control strategies not ordinarily used for RTUs. A total of 66 RTUs on 8 different buildings were retrofitted with a commercially available advanced controller for improving operational efficiency. The controller features enhanced air-side economizer control, multi-speed fan control, and demand-controlled ventilation. Of the 66 RTUs, 18 are packaged heat pumps and the rest are packaged air conditioners with gas heat. The eight buildings cover four building types and four climate conditions. Based on the performance data collected for approximately 1 year, the normalized annual energy consumption savings ranged between 22% and 90%, with an average of 57% for all RTUs. The average fractional savings uncertainty was 12% at 95% confidence level. Normalized annual electricity savings were in the range between 0.47 kW h/h (kW h per hour of RTU operation) and 7.21 kW h/h, with an average of 2.39 kW h/h. RTUs greater than 53 kW and runtime greater than 14 h per day had payback periods less than 3 years even at electricity price of $0.05/kW h.
Developing a Curriculum for Residents and Fellows

This chapter is designed as a resource for anyone seeking to develop a curriculum for surgical trainees in robotic surgery. It is organized in the same fashion as a curriculum is developed covering the topics of needs assessment, goals and objectives, educational methods, outcome measures, and evaluation and feedback. This chapter outlines the currently available resources to provide cognitive and technical skills training, highlighting the advantages to each and the barriers to their implementation. It also provides examples of best practices for each part of the curriculum identified from the literature or through personal communication with experts in the field. The chapter focuses on training for use of the da Vinci® Surgical System, but the principles for training are the same for any robotic platform.
Computer-Aided Generation of Modular Designs Considering Component End-of-Life Options: Implications for the Supply Chain

Given the growing demand for product customization, modularization is a viable way to reduce the complexity of new product development. This study presents a framework to incorporate component end-of-life options through modularization during the early design stages, to simultaneously account for supply chain factors as well as evaluating design variants. In order to accomplish this, we extend an existing software framework; this software is aimed at creating a computational design tool to aid designers in developing new modular products, by taking into account design for assembly (DfA) and design for variety (DfV). We present an extension to that work where the user has the ability to generate modular designs considering component end-of-life options, and to optimize relevant supplier selections, either to minimize costs or carbon footprint. We compare the results of this modularization with the widely used decomposition approach (DA). Overall, this computational tool enables users to understand the trade-offs between product design and supply chain performance, and the presented investigation on the two modularization methods (DA and Green DA) attests to the implications of design decisions throughout the supply chain and across the product life cycle.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Preserving location privacy on the release of large-scale mobility data

Mobility models play an important role in wireless network simulation. While being widely used due to simplicity, synthetic models usually suffer from the inadequate semantics to characterize real-world movements. In contrast, traces are highly desirable for simulation since they are extracted from realistic movements. However, even releasing anonymized traces could potentially cause privacy exposure. To tackle this dilemma, our paper proposes a novel approach to produce mobility traces while still preserving location privacy. Our algorithm depends only on certain wireless relationships observed in a large-scale mobile dataset collected in campus, instead of using any of the actual location information for trace generation. We argue that wireless relationships rather than geo-locations are the critical aspects to preserve in mobility patterns. A set of metrics are applied to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach in terms of preserving the original wireless relationships in the output traces, demonstrating promising initial results.
Bioreactive surfaces prepared via the self-assembly of dendron thiols and subsequent dendrimer bridging reactions.

Here, we report a novel route to prepare bioreactive surfaces on gold by the self-assembly of generation-three hydroxyl-terminated dendron thiols (G3-OH) and subsequent bridging reactions using generation-two amine-terminated dendrimers (G2-NH2). It has been shown that G3-OH dendron thiols form a stable and uniform self-assembled monolayer on gold, which can be activated by the homobifunctional cross-linker N,N-disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC). Subsequent derivatization of the activated monolayer via dendrimer bridging reactions with G2-NH2 enhances the stability, reactivity, and versatility of the prepared surface. Each step of the surface formation reaction has been monitored, and the resulting surface has been characterized by wetting, electrochemistry, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy measurements. The reactivity of this surface was demonstrated by a Schiff base coupling reaction with 4-cyanobenzaldehyde, by immobilizing biotin molecules onto the peripheral amine group...
Efficient polymer passivation of ligand‐stripped nanocrystal surfaces

Water-dispersible, polymer-wrapped nanocrystals are highly sought after for use in biology and chemistry, from nanomedicine to catalysis. The hydrophobicity of their native ligand shell, however, is a significant barrier to their aqueous transfer as single particles. Ligand exchange with hydrophilic small molecules or, alternatively, wrapping over native ligands with amphiphilic polymers is widely employed for aqueous transfer; however, purification can be quite cumbersome. We report here a general two-step method whereby reactive strip- ping of native ligands is first carried out using trialkyloxonium salts to reveal a bare nanocrystal surface. This is followed by chemically directed immobilization of a hydrophilic polymer coating. Polyacrylic acids, with side-chain grafts or functional end groups, were found to be extremely versatile in this regard. The resulting polymer-wrapped nanocrystal dispersions retained much of the compact size of their bare nanocrystal precursors, highlighting the unique role of monomer side- chain functionality to serve as effective, conformal ligation motifs. As such, they are well poised for applications where tailored chemical functionality at the nanocrystal's periphery or improved access to their surfaces is desirable. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 000: 000-000, 2012
Ribosomal dynamics explored by cryo-electron microscopy.

Cryo-electron microscopy has furnished direct evidence for conformational changes of the ribosome as it proceeds, in a cyclic manner, through different functional states. Strategies to explore the ribosome dynamics include trapping of particular functionally meaningful states by chemical, genetic, or physical means. The new atomic information obtained by X-ray crystallography should make it possible to track conformational changes observed by cryo-electron microscopy to changes of the underlying structural framework of the ribosome.
Cerebral postischemic hypoperfusion is mediated by ETA receptors

Abstract Effect of ETA-receptor antagonist, BQ123, on postischemic hypoperfusion in the presence or absence of nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor, N ω-nitro- l -arginine (NLA), was investigated in Mongolian gerbils. BQ123 given prior to ischemia reversed the early incomplete recovery of cerebral blood flow observed with NLA without affecting the late postischemic hypoperfusion. Additional postischemic administration of BQ123 also reversed ( P ) the late postischemic hypoperfusion seen in NLA-, N ω-nitro- d -arginine methyl ester- or Ringer's-treated animals.
Using soy in everyday meals.

The soybean is one of the most highly touted nutraceuti-cal containing foods. Soybeans are a source of high quality protein and are a major source of phytochemicals including isoflavones, saponins, sphingolipids, phenolic acids, and Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor. However, the onslaught of positive information regarding the health benefits has not been paralleled by a marked improvement in soy food consumption by consumers. This article discusses the suggested amount of soy protein and isoflavones to eat daily and lists ways to use various soy products in everyday eating.
Wading Knee Deep in Words, Words, Words": Senatorial Rhetoric in the Johnson and Clinton Impeachment Trials

In the only two presidential impeachment trials in American history, 30 senators of the 40th Congress and 88 senators of the 106th Congress provided statements about their respective decisions. We use computer-assisted stylistic analysis and a close reading of the texts to analyze the accounts they offered in these statements. We address three main issues. First, did the senators of the Johnson and Clinton trials, separated by 131 years, explain themselves in more or less the same way or are there basic differences between the two proceedings in what they said and how they said it? Second, can we trace differences in the style, tone, and substance of senators' rhetoric to their positions, pro or con, on impeachment? And third, what do the form and substance of senators' statements tell us about their motives for speaking? This trial has developed, in the most remarkable manner, the insane love of speaking among public men.... [W]e have been wading knee deep in words, words, words...and are but little more...
Association of Hypoalbuminemia on the First Postoperative Day and Complications Following Esophagectomy

Changes in serum albumin may reflect systemic immunoinflammation and hypermetabolism in response to insults such as trauma and sepsis. Esophagectomy is associated with a major metabolic stress, and the aim of this study was to determine if the absolute albumin level on the first postoperative day was of value in predicting in-hospital complications. A retrospective study of 200 patients undergoing esophagectomy for malignant disease at St. James Hospital between 1999 and 2005 was performed. Patients who had pre and postoperative (days 1, 3, and 7) serum albumin levels measured were included in the study. Patients were subdivided into three postoperative albumin categories 25 g/l. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds of morbidity and mortality according to the day 1 albumin level. Patients with an albumin of less than 20 g/l on the first postoperative day were twice as likely to develop postoperative complications than those with an albumin of greater than 20 g/l (54 vs 28% respectively, p < 0.011). Correspondingly, these patients also had a significantly higher rate of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (22 vs 5%, p < 0.001), respiratory failure (27 vs 8%, p < 0.01) and in-hospital mortality (27 vs 6% (p < 0.001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, day 1 albumin level was independently related to postoperative complications (odds ratios, 0.89: 95%; confidence intervals, 0.83–0.96; p < 0.005). In addition, albumin <20 g/l on the first postoperative day was associated with the need for further surgery and a return to ICU. Serum albumin concentration on the first postoperative day is a better predictor of surgical outcome than many other preoperative risk factors. It is a low cost test that may be used as a prognostic tool to detect the risk of adverse surgical outcomes.
Stacked Predictive Sparse Decomposition for Classification of Histology Sections

Image-based classification of histology sections, in terms of distinct components (e.g., tumor, stroma, normal), provides a series of indices for histology composition (e.g., the percentage of each distinct components in histology sections), and enables the study of nuclear properties within each component. Furthermore, the study of these indices, constructed from each whole slide image in a large cohort, has the potential to provide predictive models of clinical outcome. For example, correlations can be established between the constructed indices and the patients' survival information at cohort level, which is a fundamental step towards personalized medicine. However, performance of the existing techniques is hindered as a result of large technical variations (e.g., variations of color/textures in tissue images due to non-standard experimental protocols) and biological heterogeneities (e.g., cell type, cell state) that are always present in a large cohort. We propose a system that automatically learns a series of dictionary elements for representing the underlying spatial distribution using stacked predictive sparse decomposition. The learned representation is then fed into the spatial pyramid matching framework with a linear support vector machine classifier. The system has been evaluated for classification of distinct histological components for two cohorts of tumor types. Throughput has been increased by using of graphical processing unit (GPU), and evaluation indicates a superior performance results, compared with previous research.
Steady state behavior in a model for droplet growth, sliding and coalescence: the final stage of dropwise condensation

Abstract The final (steady state) stage of dropwise condensation has been explored using a simple model for droplet deposition and coalescence with the rapid sliding of droplets that exceed a critical size S ∗ . In this steady state regime the mean droplet size and the total mass density both decrease algebraically with increasing distance from the upper edge of the inclined substrate (apart from pronounced oscillations at very shot distances). The droplet number density on the other hand, varies at most logarithmically with this distance. The steady state droplet size distribution can be represented quite well by a stretched exponential form.
From Corrections to Community: Youth Offenders' Perceptions of the Challenges of Transition.

Abstract Empirical research suggests that the first few months of community reentry are a critical time period for youth offenders to establish routines and support systems that can reduce the likelihood of recidivism. However, little is known about youth's perceptions of the various challenges involved in their transition or their coping strategies. This study analyzes a series of 27 semi-structured, qualitative interviews with 10 youth who were released from a 12-month therapeutic correctional institution in Minnesota. Participants accurately predicted that “old friends and influences” would present their greatest challenge. However, “selective involvement” with these old friends and influences helped some of the offenders avoid falling back into old patterns or becoming re-incarcerated during the first several months back in the community. The author draws upon this in-depth qualitative data to pose implications for juvenile transition programming and for future research.
The Authority of Practice in the Alchemy of Sir John Heydon (1588–1653)

AbstractThe social, ideological and personal contours of Lieutenant-General John Heydon’s alchemy provide a case study of how philosophical questions and solutions arise from intertwined practice, theory, and scientific persona. The development of Heydon’s alchemical theory in an unpublished manuscript, A Synopsis of the Universall Entity of Ideas or of ye Systemes of the Maeteriall and Immateriall World, illuminates theories concerning generation and the maintenance of life through aerial nitre theory, which links the early seventeenth-century investigations of Michael Sendivogius and Cornelis Drebbel with later writers such as Kenelm Digby and Robert Boyle. It also provides the context for the early use of thermostatically controlled ovens. Practical concerns within the Ordnance Office could help to explain such interests in saltpetre and efficient ovens. Such practical concerns, however, do not determine the shape that Heydon’s theories took. Rather, theory also shaped Heydon’s notions of practice. Hey...
PELAN 2001: Current Status of the PELAN Explosives Detection System

PELAN (Pulsed ELemental Analysis with Neutrons) is a portable system for the detection of explosives, weighing less than 45 kg. It is based on the principle that explosives and other contraband contain various chemical elements such as H, C, N, O, etc. in quantities and ratios that differentiate them from other innocuous substances. Neutrons are produced with a pulsed 14 MeV (d-T) neutron generator. Separate gamma-ray spectra from fast neutron, thermal neutron and activation reactions are accumulated and analyzed to determine elemental content. Data analysis is performed in an automatic manner and a final result of whether a threat is present is returned to the operator. Recently, a number of modifications were performed to improve PELAN. Since the bismuth germanate detector's light output changes with temperature, an automatic gain stabilization system has been designed. Also, the signal-to-noise ratio has been increased by the innovative use of a veto shield placed around the bismuth germanate detector. This shield reduces Compton-continuum as well as the background gamma rays. Results from tests of the gain stabilization and the veto shield will be shown.
Copper(II) six-membered rings: a molecular mechanics and cluster analysis

Abstract An agglomerative, hierarchical single-link clustering method was used to separate the different conformations of all the saturated six-membered copper(II) rings found in the Cambridge Structure Database. Three percent of all rings were found to be in the sofa and twist-boat conformations, one percent were boats and the rest chairs. There was no correlation between the coordination geometry of the copper(II) ion and the conformation of the six-membered ring. Changing the ligating atoms from nitrogen to sulfur had no effect on the conformational distribution of the six-membered rings. Molecular mechanics calculations were used to establish the reasons why high energy non-chair conformations wre adopted in certain cases.
Deploying Cognitive Sociology to Advance Human Rights

No one, neither speculative philosopher nor empirical anthropologist, has ever shown human rights to be anything other than a culturally particular social construction. If human rights are not natural, divine, or metaphysical, then they can only be a social construction of particular cultures. If so, then many cultures may justifiably reject them as culturally foreign and hence without local normative validity. In response to this conclusion I develop a cognitive approach to any local culture ‐ a cognitive approach in distinction to a normative one. It allows for advancing human rights as rights internal to any given community’s culture. Human rights can be advanced internally by means of “cognitive re-framing,” a notion I develop out of Erving Goffman’s theory of frame analysis. I deploy it in two examples: female genital mutilation in Africa and child prostitution in Asia.
A Geometrical Acoustics Approach for Calculating the Effects of Flow on Acoustics Scattering

Abstract A ray acoustics approach to flow effects on acoustics scattering is considered, based on a combination of geometrical acoustics and the paraxial ray approximation. The approach allows for scattering by objects of arbitrary shapes, inhomogeneous and moving media. Applications to flow effects on scattering include the effect of a wall shear layer on scattering from a cylindrical shaped fuselage and the effects of an incompressible inviscid flow on the directivity pattern of the scattered field from a cylinder and a Rankine body. It has been found that the flow causes a modification and displacement of the lobes of the directivity pattern and the shadow zone of the scattered field, which can be important at Mach numbers greater than 0·2.
Three dimensional printing of graded dielectrics using ultrasonic powder deposition

Here we present a new system for the fabricating of graded dielectrics within a structural composite. The system employs an ultrasonic powder deposition head to print high dielectric powders on a woven fabric composite prepreg. The eventual goal is to create nearly arbitrary 3D variations of dielectric properties within a mechanically rugged substrate.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Sexual Risk Behaviors And STDs During Young Men’s Transition to Adulthood

Context—The elimination of health disparities by race and ethnicity is a major public health goal for the US. This requires research establishing the reasons for disparities. This study explores racial-ethnic disparities in the patterns and trajectories of sexual risk-taking behaviors and STDs among young men. Methods—The National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM), a nationally representative sample of men who self-reported on sexual behaviors and STDs (including biomarkers) during three survey waves at ages 15–19 (1988; n=1880), 18–22 (1990/1; n=1676), and 21–26 (1995; n=1377), are used to conduct descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses to test two hypotheses: that racial-ethnic differences in STDs are due to (1) the lower socioeconomic status, and (2) higher levels of risky sexual behavior among racial-ethnic minority groups. Results—Black men report the highest sexual risk and STDs at each wave and across waves. Relative to white peers, Black and Latino men have higher odds of (1) maintaining high sexual risk and (2) increasing sexual risk over time. Both sexual risk behaviors and race-ethnicity predict STD outcomes. Race-ethnic disparities in STDs remain after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Further, disparities also persist when level of risky sexual behavior is controlled. Conclusions—Race-ethnicity continues to differentiate black and Latino young men from white peers in terms of STDs. Development of HIV/STD prevention programs targeting different racialethnic subgroups of adolescent men and addressing both individual- and contextual-level factors are needed to curb STD spread.
Fluid-Liquid phase equilibria of fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters in supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Fluid-liquid equilibrium data of fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters in supercritical carbon dioxide at temperatures of 40 °C and 60 °C and pressures up to 300 bar were experimentally determined. The effect of temperature and pressure on solubility in four binary systems was studied. The Redlich-Kwong equation-of-state with a non-quadratic mixing rule was used for data correlation with successful results.
The teratogenic effect of vincaleukoblastine in the pregnant rat

Vincaleukoblastine (VLB), a mitosis-inhibiting chemotherapeutic agent is teratogenic in the pregnant rat, producing a 9 per cent incidence of gross developmental malformations. Transplacentally acquired VLB inhibits cell mitosis in fetal tissues as evidenced by a sixfold increase in mitotic figures after a single injection of VLB. Glutamic acid which inhibits the effect of VLB in tissue culture does not protect the rat fetus from its teratogenic effect.
Trans-Holocene Marine Mammal Exploitation on San Clemente Island, California: A Tragedy of the Commons Revisited

Abstract Occupied from ca. 7040 B.C. to A.D. 1400, the Eel Point Site (CA-SCLI-43) on San Clemente Island, California represents one of the longest sequences of near-continuous marine resource exploitation on the west coast of North America. Faunal remains suggest transitions from heavy exploitation of fur seals and sea lions during the early Holocene, to increased hunting of cetaceans at mid-Holocene, to a focus on sea otters and fish during the late Holocene. These trends are consistent with patterns of overexploitation and economic intensification on the California and Oregon mainland, but they also suggest watercraft-based hunting earlier on the island than elsewhere. Fur seal and sea lion bones mainly represent females and juveniles, indicating that exploitation of island rookeries was guided more by self-interest than by principles of game conservation. Two intervals of temporary site abandonment, ca. 6150–3970 B.C. and A.D. 1020–1400, were both followed by periods of increased marine mammal exploitation and may reflect intervals during which marine mammal populations rebounded. Broad-scale diachronic trends in the zooarchaeological remains do not correlate with flux in paleo-sea temperatures and are best interpreted as products of overhunting and increased use of watercraft over time.
Reducing Sex Bias in Interest Measurement at the Item Level.

Abstract Two test construction efforts to eliminate sex bias in interest measurement at the item level were compared, the Vocational Interest Inventory and the Unisex version of the ACT Interest Inventory. In both cases, despite careful item selection based on approximately equal proportions of the sexes endorsing alternatives, sex-restrictive results occurred, i.e., women preferred the Service and Artistic areas, and men the Technical, Outdoor, and Scientific areas. The biggest challenge to reducing sex bias in interest tests appears to be women's attraction to People and aversion to Things.
Energy- and angle-dependent trends in the trapping probability of O+ incident on Cu(001)

Abstract We have measured the trends in the trapping probability of 5–600 eV O + ions incident on Cu (0 0 1) at 45 ∘ and along the sample normal. The trapping probabilities, measured using Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), depend strongly on the incident ion energy, but not on the incident angle. Significant differences are observed between these trends and those previously measured for Na + incident on Cu (0 0 1) over a similar range of energies and angles, particularly for the 45 ∘ angle of incidence. We conclude that these observations reflect differences in the ion-surface scattering potentials.
Abstract LB-318: Reshaping the cancer proteome: therapeutic targeting of signaling and resistance in cancer by antisense manipulation of RNA processing.

Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways represents a key aspect of tumorigenesis in a broad range of human cancers. Thus, targeting of pathogenic RTKs, mainly with small molecule inhibitors and antibodies, has become an attractive therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. However, resistance by multiple mechanisms, including mutational re-activation of RTK signaling, activation of alternative RTK pathways, EMT transition and others, inevitably occurs over time. We recently identified a number of novel secreted soluble decoy RTKs isoforms (sdRTKs) generated by a U1-snRNP-dependent alternative intronic polyadenylation mechanism. We therefore developed a novel antisense-based method to effectively activate the expression of these sdRTKs, both in vitro and in vivo. This leads to the generation of endogenous dominant negative variants of RTKs, which can specifically affect the signaling of pathogenic RTKs and therefore provides a novel cancer therapy approach. Employing specific antisense compounds designed to activate intronic polyA sites, we are able to induce natural truncated EGFR variants that encode its extracellular ligand-binding domain but lack the intracellular signaling domain. These compounds thus can inhibit EGFR signaling by a three fold-mechanism: 1) removal of FL receptor, 2) sequestration of ligands and 3) non-productive dimerization with residual receptors. They are therefore designed to affect signaling both of targeted cells and of bystanders. Here we will show that, using this approach, we can target EGFR signaling both in vitro and in tumors. Importantly, with this method we can bypass the emergence of resistance typically seen with targeted drug treatments. Further development of this methodology will therefore provide the basis for an exciting novel approach to targeting and inhibiting oncogenic EGFR signaling and other pathways in a variety of cancers. Citation Format: Luca Cartegni, lee Spraggon. Reshaping the cancer proteome: therapeutic targeting of signaling and resistance in cancer by antisense manipulation of RNA processing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-318. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-318
High adult sex ratios and risky sexual behaviors: a systematic review.

Background Thirty-four countries worldwide have abnormally high sex ratios (>102 men per 100 women), resulting in over 100 million missing women. Widespread sex selective abortion, neglect of young girls leading to premature mortality, and gendered migration have contributed to these persistent and increasing distortions. Abnormally high adult sex ratios in communities may drive sexually transmitted disease (STD) spread where women are missing and men cannot find stable partners. We systematically reviewed evidence on the association between high community sex ratios and individual sexual behaviors.
Regulation of Meiotic S Phase by Ime2 and a Clb5,6-Associated Kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) mutations that prevent entry into the mitotic cell cycle of budding yeast fail to block meiotic DNA replication, suggesting there may be fundamental differences between these pathways. However, S phase in meiosis was found to depend on the same B-type cyclins (Clb5 and Clb6) as it does in mitosis. Meiosis differs instead in the mechanism that controls removal of the Cdk inhibitor Sic1. Destruction of Sic1 and activation of a Clb5-dependent kinase in meiotic cells required the action of the meiosis-specific protein kinase Ime2, thereby coupling early meiotic gene expression to control of DNA replication for meiosis.
Polarized light in quantum dot qubit under an applied external magnetic field

Single self-assembled quantum dot (SAQD) dependence on an external magnetic field has been theoretically and numerically studied. The carrier wave functions and energy eigenvalues have been evaluated and the differences between small and large quantum dots have been explored. The current investigation has shown the dependence of circular light polarization on an external magnetic field and on the size of the SAQD as well. Although the light polarization in the case of spin-polarized states along the direction [110] for large SAQD decreases by increasing the magnetic field, in the case of small dots the polarization increases.
Acquiring and Preparing Software for Distribution by EPRI

This paper describes practices that the Electrical Systems and Nuclear Power Systems Division within the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) have found effective in the production of useful software. It also describes some present and possible future EPRI projects to aid the power industry in improving the quality of the software they receive, whether it be obtained from EPRI, procurred from other outside sources, or produced internally.