cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Specification Of Optical Systems By Paraxial Transfer Matrices

THE SPECIFICATION OF OPTICAL SYSTEMSBY PARAXIAL TRANSFER MATRICESDouglas C. SinclairThe Institute of OpticsUniversity of RochesterRochester, New YorkABSTRACTMatrix optics is currently enjoy-ing great popularity as a pedagogicaltool, but the technique has not beenwidely accepted by optical designers,probably because it offers no advan-tage for numerical computation overynv ray tracing. The essence of ma-trix optics, however, is not that itprovides a tool for numerical computa-tion, but that it provides an abstractformulation of first -order opticswhich is at the same time easy to workwith and penetrating in its analysisof paraxial optics as a linear system.Numerical values of the matrix ele-ments, if required, can be determinedby ynv ray tracing. Such a formula-tion leads naturally to the introduc-tion of abstract ray coordinates anal-ogous to Buchdahl's paracanonicalcoordinates, s and t. This, however,often leads to theories which are ele-gant, but which are very difficult tounderstand. Our present study sug-gests that a useful compromise betweenthis, and the straightforward methoddescribed in elementary textbooks, canbe achieved by a judicious choice ofreference planes used for the defini-tion of the system transfer matrix.In particular, if the transfer matrixis taken between the entrance pupiland the last refracting surface, thenthe matrix elements yield the focallength, the back focus, the pupil mag-nification, and the exit pupil loca-tion directly.INTRODUCTIONThe use of matrix techniques forthe solution of optical problems ap-pears to have been introduced in 1913by Samson (Ref. 1), and has receivedoccasional attention over the pastsixty years (Ref.
Inverse relationship between numbers of 5-HT transporter binding sites and life history of aggression and intermittent explosive disorder

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if platelet 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) sites vary as a function of aggression, and/or impulsiveness, and differ as a function of Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED). Accordingly, the number of platelet 5-HTT sites was assessed in 100 personality disordered (PD) individuals with varying degrees of aggressiveness. The number of platelet 5-HTT sites was assessed by examining the Bmax of H 3 -Paroxetine Binding to the blood platelet. Life history of aggression was assessed by Life History of Aggression. Impulsivity was assessed by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Diagnoses of IED were made by both DSM-IV and Research Criteria. Examination of the data revealed that Bmax, but not Kd, values of Platelet H 3 -Paroxetine Binding correlated inversely with the LHA Aggression score ( r = −.42 n = 87, p r = .03, n = 77, p = .777). PD subjects meeting Research Criteria for IED demonstrated a significant reduction in Bmax values for Platelet H 3 -Paroxetine Binding. These results were similar after accounting for the effect of lifetime history of depressive mood disorder on Bmax values for Platelet H 3 -Paroxetine Binding. These data indicate a significant inverse relationship between platelet 5-HTT and aggression, though not impulsivity, as a dimensional variable in personality disordered individuals. Results from the examination of IED as a categorical aggression variable suggest that Research, rather than DSM-IV, criteria better identify individuals with reduced numbers of platelet 5-HTT sites.
Dislocation after total hip arthroplasty

Hip dislocation has long been one of the major complications after total hip arthroplasty (THA). From 1980 to 1994, we performed 2728 THAs (including primary and revision cases). There were 97 hips (3. 6%) with the complication of dislocation, 62 of which were followed up for at least 2 years (mean 5.3 years; range 2-12 years). Single dislocations occurred in 40% and recurrent dislocations in 60%. More than half of the dislocations (58%) occurred within 3 months after the index operation. The dislocation rate was not related to sex, age, previous revision surgery, or types of prosthesis, but was related to a smaller size of the femoral head. The rate of recurrent dislocation was not related to a history of previous surgery, but was related to a smaller femoral head, late onset of dislocation (> 3 months), soft-tissue imbalance, and cup malposition in both anteversion and inclination. If the size of the femoral head was 26 mm or smaller, a posterior approach was not recommended. Closed reduction followed by 1-2 weeks of skin traction was the treatment of choice. The success rate for the first attempt at closed reduction for the treatment of dislocation was 41%; the success rate decreased gradually with the number of attempts. For the recurrent dislocation group, bracing for 4-6 weeks with training was recommended for the postural type and bracing for 3 months with muscle training for the soft-tissue imbalance type. Only 15% of the dislocated hips needed re-operation, and most of the patients resolved the problem after being informed and undergoing muscle training.
Preparing medical students to teach: an educational program using three approaches.

Although residents in academic medical centers are expected to assume teaching responsibilities, very few have been trained on how to teach during medical school. Most learn to teach by emulating faculty role models, who commonly use an authoritative, information-giving style. This report describes three educational approaches which help prepare students to be more effective teachers by promoting problem-solving in learners. This project represents the first multi-educational institutional commitment which focuses on teaching medical students how to teach.
Temperature-Dependent Photophysical Properties of a Liquid-Crystalline Random Copolyester

We have investigated the temperature-dependent time-resolved fluorescence of Vectra A910, a commercially produced main-chain liquid-crystalline copolyester composed of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA). The experimental temperature range was from −180 to +400 °C, in which all four previously reported phase transitions were observed. At all observed temperatures, the time-resolved fluorescence was found to fit first-order stretched exponential decays. These decays are indicative of inherent disorder based on the random intrachain sequencing of the HBA and HNA subunits and the distribution of torsional angles between adjacent HNA chromophores causing variations of the π-orbital conjugation lengths. The kinetics of the fluorescence emission is rotationally coupled to the HNA chromophores, which can be associated with the observation of two separate temperature realms. The first realm, in which the HNA subunits are rotationally frozen, is characterized by a vibrationally coupled...
Prevention Strategies for Dental Caries in the Adolescent

The adolescent period presents a challenge for the dental health care professional--dentally, behaviorally, and developmentally. Changes in the frequency, distribution, and rate of progression for dental caries demand a re-evaluation of the treatment paradigm. The purpose of this article is to suggest dental caries preventive strategies for the adolescent dental patient.
An analytical model for the inelastic axial shear response of unidirectional metal matrix composites

An analytical solution is presented for the inelastic response of an arbitrarily layered concentric cylinder assemblage under axial shear loading of the type that produces homogeneous deformation in an equivalent homogenized medium. This solution forms the basis for the model for the axial shear response of unidirectional metal matrix composites based on the multiple concentric cylinder geometry. First, analytical solutions are developed using a Fourier series representation of the displacement field in each layer of the cylindrical assemblage. These solutions are subsequently reformulated in terms of the interfacial displacement harmonics as the fundamantal unknowns by constructing a local stiffness matrix for each layer. Assembly of the local stiffness matrices into a global stiffness matrix in a particular manner ensures satisfaction of interfacial traction and displacement continuity conditions as well as the external boundary conditions. The resulting system of equations, in which integrals of the inelastic strain distributions (which depend implicitly on the interfacial displacements) appear as force-like terms, is then solved using Mendelson's iterative method of successive solutions developed for elastoplastic boundary value problems. Results are presented that illustrate the convergence characteristics of the solution, comparison with the predictions of Aboudi's well-established generalized method of cells, and the effects of fiber anisotropy on the inelastic axial shear response of unidirectional graphite/aluminum composites.
Treatment of Bronchospasm by Metered-Dose Inhaler Albuterol in Mechanically Ventilated Patients

β -agonist bronchodilators delivered by metered-dose inhalers (MDI) are commonly used in the treatment of bronchospasm in both intubated and nonintubated patients. Substantial data support the effectiveness of MDI delivery systems in nonintubated patients. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of MDIs in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients. MDIs are often used in conjunction with a spacing device that may enhance delivery of drug to the airways, but few in vivo data have demonstrated efficacy of this delivery method in ventilated patients. We studied ten critically ill patients who had a peak (Ppeak) to pause (Ppause) gradient of more than 15 cm H2O during sedated, quiet breathing on assist control ventilation. We administered 5, 10, and 15 puffs (90 µg per puff) of MDI albuterol through a specific spacer (Aerovent) at 30-min intervals, while measuring resistive pressure (defined as Ppeak−Ppause) before and after treatments. Resistive airway pressure after 5 puffs decreased in nine of ten patients, from 25.1±7.2 to 20.8±5.6 cm H2O (p 0.5). A toxic reaction occurred in one patient (systolic blood pressure decreased 20 mm Hg) after 5 puffs of albuterol. We conclude that MDI administered through this specific spacer is effective in mechanically ventilated patients in doses up to 15 puffs, and that therapy should be titrated to effectiveness and toxicity.
The relationship between experiences of discrimination and mental health among lesbians and gay men: An examination of internalized homonegativity and rejection sensitivity as potential mechanisms.

Objective The current study used path analysis to examine potential mechanisms through which experiences of discrimination influence depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Method The sample included 218 lesbians and 249 gay men (total N = 467) who participated in an online survey about minority stress and mental health. The proposed model included 2 potential mediators-internalized homonegativity and rejection sensitivity-as well as a culturally relevant antecedent to experiences of discrimination-childhood gender nonconformity. Results Results indicated that the data fit the model well, supporting the mediating roles of internalized homonegativity and rejection sensitivity in the associations between experiences of discrimination and symptoms of depression and social anxiety. Results also supported the role of childhood gender nonconformity as an antecedent to experiences of discrimination. Although there were not significant gender differences in the overall model fit, some of the associations within the model were significantly stronger for gay men than lesbians. Conclusions These findings suggest potential mechanisms through which experiences of discrimination influence well-being among sexual minorities, which has important implications for research and clinical practice with these populations.
Modular Product Optimization to Alleviate Poverty: An Irrigation Pump Case Study

One potential, high–impact area for modular products is the design of income–generating products for poverty alleviation. Income–generating products have helped millions of people sustainably escape poverty. However, millions of other impoverished people are unwilling to invest in these relatively costly products. Modular products have the potential to reduce/overcome this barrier by enabling a product to incrementally adapt to changes in income potential. In previous work of the authors, an optimisation–based modular product design method was developed. Implementation of this method in the creation of a modular irrigation pump is presented herein. The purpose of this study is to physically validate the ability of the method to identify progressively affordable modular products by comparing the performance of the theoretical and physical prototypes of the pump. Based on observations from this comparison, the authors conclude that the method is a feasible approach to engineering–based poverty alleviation.
Mercury‐induced autoimmunity in the absence of IL‐4

In susceptible H-2s mice, mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induces an autoimmune syndrome characterized by production of anti-nucleolar antibodies (ANoA) and increased serum levels of IgG1 and IgE antibodies. The increase in serum IgG1 and IgE, which are under IL-4 control, suggests a role for the Th2 subset in the induction of this syndrome. We have previously shown that administration of IL-12, a potent Th1-promoting cytokine, resulted in a dramatic reduction of the HgCl2-induced anti-nucleolar antibody titres and inhibited serum IgG1 increase. These results suggest that Th1 T cells can down-regulate ANoA, and support a role for the Th2 subset in ANoA production, possibly via IL-4. To examine the role of IL-4 in this syndrome, C57Bl/6 mice (H-2b) with a targeted deletion of the IL-4 gene were mated with A.SW mice (H-2s) to yield H-2s mice lacking IL-4. We then analysed ANoA and serum immunoglobulin levels in these mice after HgCl2 treatment. While mercury-treated IL-4−/− H-2s mice had virtually no detectable serum IgG1 or IgE, and very low levels of IgG1 ANoA, these mice had levels of IgG2a and IgG2b class ANoA comparable to mercury-treated IL-4+ H-2s mice, indicating that IL-4 is not required for the ANoA response in mercury-induced autoimmunity.
Assessment of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A comparative evaluation of five, commonly used, published rating scales

ADHD is one of the most common referrals to school psychologists and child mental health providers. Although a best practice assessment of ADHD requires more than the use of rating scales, rating scales are one of the primary components in the assessment of ADHD. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide the reader with a critical and comparative evaluation of the five most commonly used, narrow-band, published rating scales for the assessment of ADHD. Reviews were conducted in four main areas: content and use, standardization sample and norms, scores and interpretation, and psychometric properties. It was concluded the rating scales with the strongest standardization samples and evidence for reliability and validity are the ADDES, the ADHD-IV, and the CRS-R. In determining which of these to use, the prospective users may want to reflect on their goals for the assessment. The ACTeRS and the ADHDT are not recommended for use because they are lacking crucial information in their manuals and have less well-documented evidence of reliability and validity. Conclusions and recommendations for scale usage are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 341–361, 2003.
Context-based automated detection of epileptogenic sharp transients in the EEG: elimination of false positives

A description is given of a knowledge-based system for the elimination of false positives in the automated detection of epileptogenic sharp transients in the EEG (electroencephalogram). The system makes comprehensive use of spatial and temporal context information available on 16 channels of EEG. EKG, (electrocardiogram) EMG (electromyogram), and EOG (electrooculogram). A knowledge-based implementation is used because of the ease with which it allows the contextual rules to be expressed and refined. The resulting system is shown to be capable of rejecting a wide variety of artifacts commonly found in EEG recordings that cause numerous false positive detections in systems making less comprehensive use of context. >
A Modified Pitchfork Bifurcation as a Model of the TI-TII Transition in Liquid Helium Counterflow with External Noise

An amended pitchfork bifurcation is introduced to model recent experiments by Griswold and Tough on superfluid turbulence in liquid helium counterflow subject to strong external noise. We adopt the generalized white noise limit of Blankenship and Papanicolaou to take a short-correlation-time limit of the nonlinear noise which enters into the model, and we implement this limit by means of the wideband perturbation expansion. Novel boundary conditions are applied to the resultant diffusion process in order to obtain behavior in qualitative agreement with the observations at low vortex line density. We are able to account for the sharp peak in probability observed experimentally at a small positive line density. The drift and diffusion of our diffusion process may be estimated experimentally; we describe how to do this.
Legal aspects of alcoholism and other addictions: some basic conceptual issues.

Summary This article formulates a conceptual thesis. It is proposed that questions about the legal status of ‘alcoholics’ or other ‘addicts’ fall into two main types. Questions of Type 1 concern the individual's legal responsibility or liability regarding a particular act on a past occasion. Questions of Type 2 concern the characterization of patterns of addictive conduct over time, probabilities as to classes of addiction-related acts. Answers to Type 1 questions rest ultimately on the ‘voluntariness’ of the act. ‘Voluntariness’ is a legal concept having a legal policy component as well as a psychological component. For understanding the psychological component, the structure of current scientific knowledge is a clear mismatch. Therefore related legal policy is controversy-wracked. But for answering Type 2 questions, the structure of current knowledge is basically a good match. This overall analysis is the background for some legal policy suggestions.
Little Spotted Bat in Idaho

On the morning of June 23, 1953, I received a telephone call from Mrs. C. W. Floyd who lives 15 miles southwest of Caldwell, Canyon County, Idaho. Mrs. Floyd stated that she …
The Role of Homework in Foreign Language Learning.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the role of homework in foreign language instruction and learning. The study was conducted through questionnaires, interviews, and quantitative analysis of the amount of homework that foreign language teachers assigned their students. Special attention was given to whether or not homework expectations varied according to the type of schedule that was used for instruction. The study results indicated that foreign language teachers at all levels felt strongly that homework is essential to language teaching and learning. However, the quantity of homework expected in French 1 classes did not vary significantly according to the schedule used for instruction. Most teachers assigned homework as a means for students to practice material that had already been taught in class. Homework in lower-level classes consisted primarily of rote exercises, whereas homework assignments in upper-level classes allowed students to integrate and apply the language skills they were learning. However, few teachers did more than simply check that the home-work was done, placing little emphasis on whether or not the homework had been completed correctly. There was little evidence to indicate that homework either contributed to or detracted from the language-learning process.
What Time Is It on the Clock of the Universe

In the concluding chapter of this volume, the author critically reflects on the important implications outlined by other authors, and through raising questions, invites us to envision and work toward a more compassionate and humane world.
Pharmacogenetic Considerations in the Management of HIV Infection

Potent combination antiretroviral drug therapy has now been available to HIV-infected patients for more than a decade, resulting in a significant decline in disease-related morbidity and mortality. Nonetheless, a number of HIV-infected individuals fail to experience the full benefit of their antiretroviral medications; some lack a robust virologic response, while others experience treatment-limiting toxicities. A number of factors may contribute to variable drug response in patients with HIV infection. Virologic, immunologic, pharmacologic, and pharmacokinetic differences between HIV-infected patients have all been noted to contribute to interpatient variability in drug response. Recent data suggest that pharmacogenetic differences among HIV-infected individuals may also be an important variable that contributes to antiretroviral drug response. Pharmacogenetic studies of antiretroviral drug therapy have explored the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes responsible for key proteins involve...
Protection of Mice Against Lethal Action of Gonococcal Endotoxin by Penicillin.

Summary and ConclusionsLarge doses of penicillin repeatedly administered by subcutaneous injection protected a significant proportion of mice against the lethal action of a crude preparation of gonococcal endotoxin.
Boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid on a continuous moving cylinder

The laminar micropolar boundary layer in axial flow along a continuous, moving cylinder is investigated using the theory of micropolar fluids formulated by Eringen. The governing equations for momentum, angular momentum and energy have been solved numerically by power series approach. Missing values of the velocity, angular velocity, and thermal functions are tabulated for a wide range of the material parameters, transverse curvature parameter and Prandtl number of the fluid.
Human exposure to dioxin

Because 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most potent chemical carcinogen evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), many people fear that exposure to even small amounts of TCDD could lead to serious health effects. Ambient measurements confirm that environmental TCDD contamination is widespread. The public is concerned about TCDD exposure from such diverse sources as municipal solid waste incinerators, pulp and paper mills, and contaminated fish and soil. This paper evaluates several critical issues including: (i) the extent of background contamination; (ii) accumulation in the food chain and the potential for human exposure from ingesting contaminated food items; (iii) the magnitude of TCDD emissions into the U.S. environment, and the relative contribution of various known TCDD sources to the total TCDD load; and (iv) setting environmental standards for TCDD.
An integrative model for social marketing

Purpose – Social marketing has evolved differently in the developing and developed worlds, at times leading to different emphases on what social marketing thought and practice entail. This paper aims to document what those differences have been and provide an integrative framework to guide social marketers in working with significant social and health issues.Design/methodology/approach – An integration of views about social marketing is proposed that is focused on the core roles of audience benefits; analysis of behavioral determinants, context and consequences; the use of positioning, brand and personality in marketing strategy development; and use of the four elements of the marketing mix to tailor offerings, realign prices, increase access and opportunities; and communicate these in an evolving media environment.Findings – Ideas about branding and positioning, core strategic social marketing concerns, have been better understood and practiced in developing country settings. Social marketing in developi...
Time and scale dependent effective retardation factors in heterogeneous aquifers

Abstract The time and scale dependence of the retardation factor is examined for transport of a linearly adsorbing solute in an aquifer with spatially variable distribution coefficient (Kd). The variability of 1n Kd and the logarithm of the hydraulic conductivity (ln K) are modeled as stationary random fields. Two definitions of the effective retardation factor are introduced: (i) the ratio of the ensemble average centroid velocities of a passive and retarded solute and (ii) the ratio of the ensemble average arrival time of a passive solute to that of a retarded solute. The effective retardation factor based on the first definition is shown to be time-dependent and that based on the second definition is shown to be distance (scale) dependent. Theoretical expressions are developed for computing the effective retardation factors based on a knowledge of statistical parameters of the ln K and ln Kd fields. Illustrative computations are presented for one-dimensional and three-dimensional heterogeneous media.
Thrombolytic Evacuation of Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10-15 % of all strokes, however it causes 30-50 % of stroke related mortality, disability and cost. The prevalence increases with age with only two cases/100,000/year for age less than 40 years to almost 350 cases/100,000/year for age more than 80 years. Several trials of open surgical evacuation of ICH have failed to show clear benefit over medical management. However, some small trials of minimal invasive hematoma evacuation in combination with thrombolytics have shown encouraging results. Based on these findings larger clinical trials are being undertaken to optimize and define therapeutic benefit of minimally invasive surgery in combination with thrombolytic clearance of hematoma. In this article we will review some of the background of minimally invasive surgery and the use of thrombolytics in the setting of ICH and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and will highlight the early findings of MISTIE and CLEAR trials for these two entities respectively.
Residential Buildings and the Cost of Construction: New Evidence on the Efficiency of the Housing Market

Present value studies of asset market efficiency are controversial because they compare asset prices to unobserved discounted streams of future rents. As an alternative, if housing markets are efficient, then the price of residential capital or buildings should satisfy the following two conditions: (i) deviations between new building prices and construction costs should disappear faster than construction lags and have no effect on construction, and (ii) temporary building price shocks should dissipate at a similar rate for different vintage buildings. Results from an error-correction model support both hypotheses for single-family housing in Vancouver, British Columbia. This implies that the implicit market for residential buildings is efficient and that any inefficiencies in the housing market must lie in the market for land itself.
Transcriptomic analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie feed efficiency in meat-type chickens

Feed efficiency phenotypes defined by genotypes or gene markers are unknown. To date, there are only limited studies on global gene expression profiling on feed efficiency. The objective of this study was to identify genes and pathways associated with residual feed intake (RFI) through transcriptional profiling of duodenum at two different ages in a chicken population divergently selected for low (LRFI) or high (HRFI) RFI. The global gene expression differences in LRFI and HRFI were assessed by the Affymetrix GeneChip® Chicken Genome Array and RT-PCR using duodenal tissue on days 35 and 42. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis program was used to identify canonical and gene network pathways associated with RFI. A global view of gene expression differences between LRFI and HRFI suggest that RFI can be explained by differences in cell division, growth, proliferation and apoptosis, protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and molecular transport of cellular molecules. Chickens selected for improved RFI achieve efficiency by reducing feed intake with a nominal or no change in weight gain by either up-regulating CD36, PPARα, HMGCS2, GCG or down-regulating PCSK2, CALB1, SAT1, and SGK1 genes within the lipid metabolism, small molecule biochemistry, molecular transport, cell death, and protein synthesis molecular and cellular functions. Chickens selected for reduced RFI via reduced feed intake with no change in weight gain achieve feed efficiency for growth by the up-regulation of genes that reduce appetite with increased cellular oxidative stress, prolonged cell cycle, DNA damage, and apoptosis in addition to increased oxidation of dietary fat and efficient fatty acids transported from the intestines.
A Finite Element Study of Human Pulmonary Autograft Wall Stress after the Ross Procedure

Abstract Dilatation of the pulmonary autograft after the Ross procedure can lead to aortic insufficiency and/or aneurysmal pathology requiring reoperation. Autograft remodeling occurs as the autograft wall is exposed to systemic pressure and higher wall stresses, which have not been quantified in humans. The aim of the study was to develop a realistic Finite Element (FE) model of the human pulmonary autograft and to perform simulations at systemic pressure to quantify the increases in autograft wall stress immediately after the Ross procedure. Autograft geometry was generated from high-resolution micro-computed tomography images of an explanted human pulmonary root to create a mesh of hexahedral elements. Constitutive equations were used to describe the regional tissue material properties of the human pulmonary root obtained from bi-axial stretch testing. LS-DYNA (LSTC Inc., Livermore, CA) FE software was used to simulate cardiac cycles at pulmonary and systemic pressure. Autograft dilatation and wall stress distribution were determined. Correlation of LS-DYNA model material properties to actual tissue stress-strain data was performed to ensure model accuracy. Human autograft dilation from pulmonary to systemic pressure was minimal (32.1 to 33.4mm) due to the non-linearity of the material properties. Less compliance was demonstrated at greater wall stresses. Significant increases in autograft wall stresses were found at systemic pressures. Maximal wall stresses increased approximately 10-fold in diastole (12.4 to 122.3 kPa) and 5-fold in systole (48.1 to 234.2 kPa), relative to the wall stresses at pulmonary pressures. Pulmonary autograft wall stress increased by an order of magnitude at systemic pressure. Initial autograft dilation at systemic pressure was minimal as validated by clinical studies. Chronically elevated wall stress may lead to pathologic remodeling and aneurysmal formation over time. The correspondence of this model with future studies of post-dilated autografts will lead to an improved understanding of tissue remodeling, and offer necessary data for developing improvements to the Ross procedure.
On the computation of generalized Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein integrals

Abstract Gauss-type quadrature formulae based on rational functions are proposed to evaluate generalized Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Eistein integrals to high accuracy. The method is compared with recent quadrature methods of B. Pichon and R.P. Sagar.
Rab4 Orchestrates a Small GTPase Cascade for Recruitment of Adaptor Proteins to Early Endosomes

Summary Background Early, sorting endosomes are a major crossroad of membrane traffic, at the intersection of the endocytic and exocytic pathways. The sorting of endosomal cargo for delivery to different subcellular destinations is mediated by a number of distinct coat protein complexes, including adaptor protein 1 (AP-1), AP-3, and Golgi-localized, gamma adaptin ear-containing, Arf-binding (GGAs) protein. Ultrastructural studies suggest that these coats assemble onto tubular subdomains of the endosomal membrane, but the mechanisms of coat recruitment and assembly at this site remain poorly understood. Results Here we report that the endosomal Rab protein Rab4 orchestrates a GTPase cascade that results in the sequential recruitment of the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)-like protein Arl1; the Arf-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors BIG1 and BIG2; and the class I Arfs, Arf1 and Arf3. Knockdown of Arf1, or inhibition of BIG1 and BIG2 activity with brefeldin A results in the loss of AP-1, AP-3, and GGA-3, but not Arl1, from endosomal membranes and the formation of elongated tubules. In contrast, depletion of Arl1 randomizes the distribution of Rab4 on endosomal membranes, inhibits the formation of tubular subdomains, and blocks recruitment of BIG1 and BIG2, Arfs, and adaptor protein complexes to the endosome. Conclusions Together these findings indicate that Arl1 links Rab4-dependent formation of endosomal sorting domains with downstream assembly of adaptor protein complexes that constitute the endosomal sorting machinery.
Lipid Absorption and Intestinal Lipoprotein Formation

Lipid absorption is a complex process which involves coordinated gastric, intestinal, biliary and pancreatic function. Emulsification of dietary lipid occurs in the stomach and upper intestine where a series of enzymic events also occur. Phospholipids are digested by phospholipases. Colipase anchors lipase to the emulsion surface overcoming the interfering effect of bile salts. The products of lipolysis, monoglycerides and fatty acids, are removed from the emulsion surface by bile salts in the form of mixed micelles which transport lipid digestive products across the unstirred water layer to the epithelial cell. Within the intestinal epithelial cell a series of synthetic events occur resulting in the formation of chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Chylomicrons consists of an oily core of triglyceride surrounded by a membrane of phospholipids, free cholesterol and apoproteins which maintain the solubility of the particle in plasma. Chylomicrons from both experimental animals and man have specific apoproteins associated with them. These proteins include apoA-I, the major protein of plasma high density lipoproteins. During chylomicron metabolism, apoA-I and phospholipid from the chylomicron surface contribute to plasma high density lipoproteins. Other chylomicron apoproteins include apoB and apoA-IV, which are synthesized in the intestine, and apoC and apoE which are absorbed onto the chylomicron surface from other lipoproteins. The intestines also synthesizes, very low density sized particles (VLDL) while fasting and during lipid absorption. There is evidence that the intestine also synthesizes high density lipoproteins. The intestine has recently been recognized as a major site of synthesis of plasma lipoproteins and apoproteins, especially apoA-I for plasma high density lipoproteins.
PS2-39: Family History Data from Clarity and Other Sources

Background/Aims Family history information is an important tool to identify potential risks for many diseases like cancer or diabetes. Group Health Cooperative (GHC) collects family history at a variety of patient encounters. In 2004, GHC adopted Epic’s electronic medical record system. We investigated Clarity, Epic’s reporting database, to determine its usefulness as a new source of structured family history data.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an n-subtle cardinal

We extend the work of Abe in [1], to show that the strong partition relation $C \rightarrow (n+2)^{n+1}_{<-reg}$, for every $C \in \mathsf{WNS}^{*}_{\kappa,\lambda}$, is a consequence of the existence of an n-subtle cardinal. We then build on Kanamori's result in [10], that the existence of an $n$-subtle cardinal is equivalent to the existence of a set of ordinals containing a homogeneous subset of size $n$+2 for each regressive coloring of $n$+1-tuples from the set. We use this result to show that a seemingly weaker relation, in the context of $P_{\kappa}\lambda$ is also equivalent. This relation is a new type of regressive partition relation, which we then attempt to characterize.
ESR examination of ferrocene on porous silica

Abstract The effects of 2537 A light, gamma radiation, oxygen and nitrogen on ferrocene adsorbed on porous silica in the form of porous Vycor glass rods have been investigated by ESR techniques. 2537 A irradiation at 77 °K results in the formation of atomic H, the C 5 H 5 radical and possibly the C 4 H 4 − or the C 5 H 4 − radical anion. Gamma irradiation at 77 °K gives an ESR spectrum characteristic of irradiated porous Vycor glass, with apparently no transfer of the excitation to the adsorbed ferrocene. Treatment with oxygen at room temperature produces an ESR signal of O 2 − with a hyperfine structure which indicates the association of the O 2 − with a hydrocarbon moiety containing five equivalent hydrogen atoms, and the anisotropy characteristics of the O 2 − signal suggest the presence of iron III in the complex. This complex may be typical of those present during oxidation of hydrocarbons on metal catalysts. The laser Raman spectrum of the adsorbed ferrocene is the same as that reported for crystalline ferrocene. Nitrogen gives no detectable effects.
New Developments: Gastroenterology

Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis cause significant morbidity in the pediatric age group. The precise etiology of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown; therefore, our therapeutic efforts continue to be directed toward controlling the symptoms. Current therapy for inflammatory bowel disease is focused on the use of steroids because of their anti-inflammatory effect. Unfortunately, chronic steroid use is associated with significant and serious side effects such as increased blood pressure, fluid retention, bone thinning, and delayed growth. In an attempt to avoid these undesirable consequences, there has been a search for other antiinflammatory agents.
A ribosome-anchored chaperone network that facilitates eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis

Molecular chaperones assist cellular protein folding as well as oligomeric complex assembly. In eukaryotic cells, several chaperones termed chaperones linked to protein synthesis (CLIPS) are transcriptionally and physically linked to ribosomes and are implicated in protein biosynthesis. In this study, we show that a CLIPS network comprising two ribosome-anchored J-proteins, Jjj1 and Zuo1, function together with their partner Hsp70 proteins to mediate the biogenesis of ribosomes themselves. Jjj1 and Zuo1 have overlapping but distinct functions in this complex process involving the coordinated assembly and remodeling of dozens of proteins on the ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Both Jjj1 and Zuo1 associate with nuclear 60S ribosomal biogenesis intermediates and play an important role in nuclear rRNA processing, leading to mature 25S rRNA. In addition, Zuo1, acting together with its Hsp70 partner, SSB (stress 70 B), also participates in maturation of the 35S rRNA. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to their known cytoplasmic roles in de novo protein folding, some ribosome-anchored CLIPS chaperones play a critical role in nuclear steps of ribosome biogenesis.
GX339–4: a new black hole candidate

HEAO-1 observations of aperiodic variability in the galactic X-ray source GX339-4 (4U 1658-48) on time scales of tens of milliseconds to a few seconds are reported. It is shown that the overall characteristics of GX339-4 place it in the same class of X-ray sources as Cyg X-1 and Cir X-1, which are candidates for black holes in binary systems. The detection of X-ray flares from GX339-4 is discussed, particularly a series of five sequential flares with separations of about 250 ms.
Improving hysterosalpingogram confirmatory test follow-up after Essure hysteroscopic sterilization.

Abstract Background Given the need for a 90-day post-Essure hysterosalpingogram (HSG) to confirm proper tubal placement and occlusion, we examined the impact of dedicating a staff nurse to schedule HSG appointments, call with appointment reminders and track HSG compliance for patients who had Essure. Study Design We performed a retrospective chart review for patients who underwent Essure sterilization between October 2003 and January 2009. We compared rates of HSG compliance and confirmed tubal occlusion for patients before February 2008 with rates after the protocol change occurred. Results Seventy-eight percent of preintervention patients were compliant with at least one HSG following Essure placement compared to 90.9% in the post-intervention group (p value=.033). Tubal occlusion was confirmed by postprocedure HSGs for 123/173 patients (71.1%) in the preintervention group and 48/55 patients (87.3%) in the postintervention group. Patients followed by our staff after our protocol change were more likely to undergo post-Essure compliance (Odds ratio= 2.7, confidence interval = 1.2–7.1, p=.01). Conclusion Dedicating a staff nurse to track patients' HSG follow-up as a multicheck system resulted in an improvement in HSG compliance and rates of confirmed tubal placement and occlusion.
Insecticide Resistant Strains of House Flies (Musca domestica) Show Limited Cross-Resistance to Chlorfenapyr

The toxicity of chlorfenapyr was evaluated against susceptible and pyrethroid resistant strains (laboratory and field collected) of house fly (Musca domestica L.). In one laboratory strain no cross-resistance was detected, 2.3-fold cross-resistance was detected in another strain, and a 2-fold negative cross-resistance was found in two strains. In field collected populations cross-resistance levels were also low (1.2- to 1.6-fold). These results suggest that the initial utility of chlorfenapyr for house fly control would not likely be compromised by cross-resistance, and that not all strains that have enhanced monooxygenase-mediated resistance will have negative cross-resistance to chlorfenapyr. The P450 isoform responsible for the activation of chlorfenapyr is discussed.
The Knight shift—a powerful probe of condensed-matter systems

Abstract The importance of Walter Knighfs many contributions is pointed out and is illustrated by examples of the study of Kondo systems, the Pt NMR of the surface Pt atoms for supported Pt metal clusters, and the determination of the superconducting pairing state of high temperature superconductors.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in obesity-related genes and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a prospective cohort study.

Background The aim of this study was to examine the associations between 16 specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 8 obesity-related genes and overall and cause-specific mortality. We also examined the associations between the SNPs and body mass index (BMI) and change in BMI over time.
Cumulative Impact of Inhomogeneous Channels on Risk

Chapter 4 developed a mechanism to evaluate the impact of more than one telecommunication channel in tandem on the distribution of delays. This chapter applies the mechanism developed in Chap. 4 in assessing the cumulative impact of risks constituted by a number of channels, where the risk associated with each channel can be quantified by a known distribution. More specifically, this chapter considers flows of containerized traffic in a cascade of channels with diverse risk characteristics. Each channel is characterized by a probability distribution function relating the probability of loss being less than a specified value to the magnitude of the loss. The cumulative impact of cascading channels is then evaluated as a closed form solution in terms of the characteristics of the constituent channels with dissimilar risk characteristics. The results presented in this analysis can be used to shape the risk characteristics of individual channels through, for example, additional investment in order to maximize the impact of such investments. The contents of this chapter have partially been published in [111] and are reproduced with permission.
Using ionic liquids to trap unique coordination environments: polymorphic solvates of ErCl3(OH2)4·2([C2mim]Cl)

Two polymorphs of ErCl3(OH2)4·2([C2mim]Cl) solvates were isolated from the same solution of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride when HCl(aq) was added, while [C2mim]3[ErCl6] was isolated without HCl addition, illustrating how ionic liquids can be used to trap unusual coordination environments in the solid state.
Hypertension resistance polymorphisms in ROMK (Kir1.1) alter channel function by different mechanisms

The renal outer medullary K+ (ROMK) channel plays a critical role in renal sodium handling. Recent genome sequencing efforts in the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort (Ji W, Foo JN, O'Roak BJ,...
“Bill is now singing”: Joint engagement and the emergence of social communication of three young children with autism

Young children with autism spectrum disorder meet significant challenges in joint attention skills and in social communication. A child-centered, improvisational, music therapy intervention model was implemented to promote engagement in three young children with autism in a kindergarten classroom. A multiple baseline design compared the children's performance through three phases of intervention: focus on faces, response to joint attention, and initiation of joint attention. A complimentary qualitative analysis of teacher and parent experiences allowed for an in-depth understanding of the role of social environment in supporting emerging social communication skills among three children. As all children showed improvement in joint attention and actions of social engagement, this study bears evidence on the potential of music therapy as a promising intervention for promoting social skills of young children with autism spectrum disorder.
Is there a genetic contribution to cultural differences? Collectivism, individualism and genetic markers of social sensitivity

Genes and culture are often thought of as opposite ends of the nature–nurture spectrum, but here we examine possible interactions. Genetic association studies suggest that variation within the genes of central neurotransmitter systems, particularly the serotonin (5-HTTLPR, MAOA-uVNTR) and opioid (OPRM1 A118G), are associated with individual differences in social sensitivity, which reflects the degree of emotional responsivity to social events and experiences. Here, we review recent work that has demonstrated a robust cross-national correlation between the relative frequency of variants in these genes and the relative degree of individualism–collectivism in each population, suggesting that collectivism may have developed and persisted in populations with a high proportion of putative social sensitivity alleles because it was more compatible with such groups. Consistent with this notion, there was a correlation between the relative proportion of these alleles and lifetime prevalence of major depression across nations. The relationship between allele frequency and depression was partially mediated by individualism–collectivism, suggesting that reduced levels of depression in populations with a high proportion of social sensitivity alleles is due to greater collectivism. These results indicate that genetic variation may interact with ecological and social factors to influence psychocultural differences.