cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lattice Dynamics of Neon at Two Densities from Coherent Inelastic Neutron Scattering

Phonon dispersion relations for two single crystals of neon were measured by inelastic neutron scattering. Growth of the crystals by a high-pressure technique permitted a study of Ne lattice dynamics at densities differing by 4%. Measurements in the principal symmetry directions of the fcc lattice were made at 4.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on a crystal with a lattice parameter of 4.462\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002 \AA{}. These data could be well fitted with a spectrum calculated by self-consistent phonon theory with a Lennard-Jones pair potential. An all-neighbor quasi-harmonic calculation with the Lennard-Jones potential also provided a good match after calculated energies were adjusted for a difference in theoretical and experimental lattice parameters. The two models utilized different values for the Lennard-Jones parameters in the calculations. A Born-von K\'arm\'an analysis indicated that interatomic forces are short-range and predominantly central. Dispersion curves in the [001] direction were measured for a second sample at 4.7 and 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at constant volume (lattice parameter 4.402\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002 \AA{}). The temperature shift of the frequencies was small, averaging (-2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3)% for the transverse and (2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.4)% for the longitudinal mode. A Born-von K\'arm\'an analysis of data for this higher-density sample indicated the appearance of significant noncentral forces. Comparison of phonon measurements at 4.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for the two samples yielded average quasiharmonic-mode Gr\"uneisen parameters ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{j}$ of 2.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 and 4.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6, respectively, for the [001] transverse and longitudinal branches.
Multiple Binding Modes of Actinomycin D Reveal the Basis for its Potent HIV-1 and Cancer Activity

Actinomycin D (ActD) is a well studied anti-cancer agent that is used as a prototype for developing new generations of drugs. However, the biophysical basis of its activity is still unclear. Because ActD is known to intercalate double stranded DNA (dsDNA), it was assumed to block replication by stabilizing dsDNA in front of the replication fork. However, recent studies have shown that ActD binds with even higher affinity to imperfect duplexes and some sequences of single stranded DNA (ssDNA). These features suggest that ActD may alternatively destabilize complementary dsDNA. In this work we use optical tweezers to stretch and relax single dsDNA molecules in the presence of varying ActD concentrations. We observe that ActD binds with highest affinity to two separate DNA strands that are connected by ActD. This binding mode is ∼1000-fold stronger than ActD's intercalation into dsDNA. We are able to characterize at least two classes of ActD-ssDNA binding sites that differ in dissociation times (∼10% of sites with ∼1000 sec off time, and the rest with ∼10 sec off time). The much weaker ActD binding to dsDNA relative to ssDNA leads to duplex destabilization, in contrast to conventional intercalation. At saturation, the ActD-dsDNA complex becomes indistinguishable from the saturated ActD-ssDNA. These results suggest that two separate, anti-parallel DNA strands constitute the highest affinity natural substrate for ActD binding, with Kd ∼10-100 nM and a relatively slow off rate. This finding supports the hypothesis that the primary characteristic of ActD that contributes to its biological activity is its ability to inhibit cellular replication by stabilizing DNA bubbles during RNA transcription, thereby stalling the transcription process.
Renal gluconeogenesis: effects of parathyroid hormone and dibutyryl 3',5'-AMP.

Abstract The addition of either parathyroid hormone or dibutyryl 3′,5′-AMP to isolated segments of rat renal tubules stimulated gluconeogenesis from a number of substrates. The effects produced by these two agents were similar those seen when the Ca 2+ concentration was raised but different from those induced by a rise in H + concentration. The effects of both agents depended upon the presence of Ca 2+ , and the magnitude of the effect of parathyroid hormone upon α-ketoglutarate concentrations was related to the Ca 2+ concentration. Under proper experimental conditions, parathyroid hormone and dibutyryl 3′,5′-AMP produced similar Ca 2+ -dependent changes in the concentrations of key gluconeogenic intermediates when malate served as substrate, and in the concentrations of key glycolytic intermediates when glycerol served as substrate. The changes in metabolic concentrations produced by these two agents were similar to those produced by increasing extracellular Ca 2+ concentration but differed from those produced by increasing extracellular H + concentration. It was concluded that parathyroid hormone stimulates renal gluconeogenesis by increasing the uptake of Ca 2+ in the renal cells.
An Algorithm for Building Rectangular Floor-Plans

Previous reports [1] [3] have shown how to build an optimal floor-plan assembly starting with a planar structure graph in terms of components and their connections. The existing methods are based on exhaustively inspecting all possible rectangular duals until an optimal one is found. However, expensive computational resources are wasted when no rectangular dual exists. This paper presents a graph-theoretical formulation for the existence of rectangular floor-plans. It is shown that any triangulated graph (planar graph with all regions triangular) admits a rectangular dual if and only if it does not contain complex triangular faces. This result is the basis of a fast algorithm for checking admissibility of solutions.
Controlling roll perturbations in fruit flies

Owing to aerodynamic instabilities, stable flapping flight requires ever-present fast corrective actions. Here, we investigate how flies control perturbations along their body roll angle, which is unstable and their most sensitive degree of freedom. We glue a magnet to each fly and apply a short magnetic pulse that rolls it in mid-air. Fast video shows flies correct perturbations up to 100° within 30 ± 7 ms by applying a stroke-amplitude asymmetry that is well described by a linear proportional–integral controller. For more aggressive perturbations, we show evidence for nonlinear and hierarchical control mechanisms. Flies respond to roll perturbations within 5 ms, making this correction reflex one of the fastest in the animal kingdom.
In-Parallel Manipulators: A Framework on How to Model Actuation Schemes and a Study of their Effects on Singular Postures

This paper is concerned with the modeling of actuation schemes and their effects on the singularities of in-parallel manipulators. We begin by presenting a framework on how to incorporate actuator location and drive mechanism into the kinematic model of in-parallel manipulators. We show how to obtain the model in joint (actuator) space given the corresponding representation in actuator (joint) space. Next we show that, for in-parallel manipulators, the locations of actuators can modify singular postures. We present necessary and sufficient conditions on how to transform a singular configuration into a non-singular one by simply changing actuators locations. Finally, we illustrate these concepts with the analysis and design of a five-bar in-parallel manipulator for which transmission ratios and drive mechanisms are selected in order to improve kinematic characteristics. The example illustrates the fact that the choice of actuation schemes influences the size, shape, and direction of the velocity ellipsoid. Consequently, this choice modifies the velocity distribution in the entire workspace.
Preparation and evaluation of an on‐line preconcentrator for capillary electrophoresis

The preparation and performance of an on-line preconcentrator for capillary electrophoresis (CE) is described. Borosilicate glass microspheres were dry-packed into the fused silica column terminus and sintered in place with a micro electric are developed for this application. Reversed-phase LC packing material was slurry-packed onto this frit, in lengths of 1-3 mm. An additional frit of borosilicate beads behind the preconcentrator was used to fix the packed bed in place. The performance of the packed bed preconcentrator for the enhancement of UV and fluorescence detection limits was evaluated. Construction of the micro electric are device, the packing procedures, and practical applications are described.
An Overlapping Networks Approach to Resource Allocation for Domestic Counterterrorism

Motivated by the links between terror and crime and the difficulty in directly detecting terror activity, this article formulates and solves a resource allocation problem on overlapping networks to determine if interdiction efforts may be able to take advantage of these connections. The government, knowing only the general structure and overlap of the networks, allocates its scarce resources to investigate each terror and criminal network. There are two stages to the investigation: an initial investigation of all nodes (i.e., terrorists or criminals) and a secondary investigation of criminals identified during the initial investigation to determine if they are terrorists. Applying the model to data derived from a population of terrorists in the United States between 1971–2003 suggests that the government may be able to exploit the terror connections of crimes that are relatively uncommon, somewhat easy to detect, and are attractive to terrorists.
Infant Emotional and Cortisol Responses to Goal Blockage.

This study examined the relation of infant emotional responses of anger and sadness to cortisol response in 2 goal blockage situations. One goal blockage with 4-month-old infants (N = 56) involved a contingency learning procedure where infants' learned response was no longer effective in reinstating an event. The other goal blockage with 6-month-old infants (N = 84) involved the still face procedure where infants' reactions to their mothers' lack of responsivity were not effective in reestablishing interaction. For both blockages, sadness was related to cortisol response, though anger was not--the greater the sadness, the higher the cortisol response. This differential relation is consistent with other evidence indicating the more positive role of anger as opposed to sadness in overcoming an obstacle.
Unfrozen water contents of undisturbed and remolded Alaskan silt

Abstract Unfrozen water content as a function of temperature was measured in the laboratory using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (PNMR) for sixteen undisturbed frozen cores acquired from the Northwest Alaska Pipeline Company Chilled Gas Test Facility. The cores were then remolded and brought to their original densities and water contents, and unfrozen water content as a function of temperature was again measured over three warming and cooling cycles. It was found that differences in unfrozen water contents between the undisturbed warming and cooling curves depended upon relative degree of saturation and its effect on soil structure. Only slight changes occurred during the three warming curves of the remolded soil, indicating minor freezing and thawing consequences on the soil structure.
Science educators' perceptions of problems facing science education: A report of five surveys

Five groups of science educators representing faculty at graduate institutions, graduate students, teachers, supervisors, and leadership conferees were surveyed concerning their perceptions of current problems facing science education. A total of 144 participants provided an average of 4.7 responses. The responses were tabulated using an emergent set of categories that resulted in six major groupings, i.e. conceptual, organizational, teacher; related, student-related, university, and societal. The category with the most problems identified was in the area of conceptual problems. University related problems and organizational problems were the next two most frequently mentioned categories for problems. Specific problems in all categories most often cited include the following: 1 confusion and uncertainty in goals and objectives; 2 lack of vision and leadership in schools and universities; 3 absence of a theoretical base for science education; 4 poor quality teacher education programs; 5 inappropriate avenues for continuing education of teachers; 6 limited dialogue between researchers and practitioners; 7 declining enrollments; 8 poor quality teaching and counseling; 9 insufficient programs in science for the wide spectrum of students; and 10 public and parental apathy towards science.
Student-oriented features of an interactive programming environment

This paper describes features of a program development environment of particular use for student programmers. The environment contains tools for both textual and graphical program development. The textual tools include those now commonly found in interactive programming environments: interactive interpreter, language-based editor, debugger. The tools are provided for four languages in the “Pascal family:” Pascal, C, Modula-2 and Fortran. An important student-oriented feature of the environment is the capability for rapid switching between languages, allowing features in different languages to be compared side by side. The environment also provides a graphical program interface that students may use to test their programs interactively. The graphical interface is based on the notion of the control panel, through which students may interact with gauges and knobs to view and animate program data structures and output.
Motion of the Storm- D Regions

W. R. PIGGOTT1 has reported coherent variations with longitude which he interprets as motion of the “storm-D regions” once around the earth in 48 hr. This result is based on the data of about three years from each of six vertical-incidence ionospheric stations. Work at the National Bureau of Standards, however, based on ionospheric data tabulations from seventeen stations for the four years, 1949–52, does not support the hypothesis of coherent motion of such regions.
Social anxiety disorder in DSM-5

With the publication of DSM-5, the diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder (SAD, also known as social phobia) have undergone several changes, which have important conceptual and clinical implications. In this paper, we first provide a brief history of the diagnosis. We then review a number of these changes, including (1) the primary name of the disorder, (2) the increased emphasis on fear of negative evaluation, (3) the importance of sociocultural context in determining whether an anxious response to a social situation is out of proportion to the actual threat, (4) the diagnosis of SAD in the context of a medical condition, and (5) the way in which we think about variations in the presentation of SAD (the specifier issue). We then consider the clinical implications of changes in DSM-5 related to these issues.
Latina Resilience in Higher Education Contributing Factors Including Seasonal Farmworker Experiences

Many Latina students overcome multiple obstacles to earn university degrees. Five married Latina women with children and seasonal farmworker backgrounds are the focus of this study which is analyze...
Impact of Out-of-Band Emission in OFDM and in DFT-SOFDM

This paper presents statistical properties and the impact of out-of-band emission in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and in Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-SOFDM) on the link performance. The analysis on the power spectrum density shows that if the signal distortion by a nonlinear power amplifier is not considered, OFDM has the same average power spectrum density as DFT-SOFDM. Hence, the average out-of-band emission (OOBE) power is equal for both systems. However, the fourth- order moment of frequency-domain symbols of DFT-SOFDM is larger than for the case of OFDM, which leads to larger variance of OOBE power in DFT-SOFDM than in OFDM. The link simulation demonstrates that larger variance of OOBE power in DFT-SOFDM does not degrade the link performance of the victim system compared to OFDM as long as the average OOBE power is same. Furthermore, the impact of the intra-system interference due to nonlinear power amplifiers on the link performance is also investigated both for OFDM and DFT-SOFDM systems.
Emerging clinical issues in refugees.

Purpose of reviewThe world's population is becoming increasing mobile. Each mobile population (e.g. immigrants, refugees, travelers) has certain characteristics that determine public health risk and infectious disease burden. Refugees present unique challenges to public health officials and infectio
Synthesis and Useful Reactions of Organosilicon Polymeric Precursors for Ceramics

Inorganic and organometallic polymers are macromolecular systems in which the polymer backbone contains elements other than the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen usually found in organic polymers [1]. To take as an example silicon-containing polymers, in the silicones the polymer backbone is composed of the Si-O repeat unit; in polysilazanes, of the Si-N unit; in polysilmethylenes, of the Si-C unit. In the polysilanes there are only silicon atoms in the polymer backbone. Many of the other metalloids and metals among the elements in the Periodic Table have been or, in principle, can be incorporated into polymeric systems, so it is clear that the field of inorganic and organometallic polymers is a very large one. Inorganic and organometallic polymers have been of interest to chemists for a long time. It was the commercial development of the silicones in the 1940's that gave this field of research its modem impetus [2]. Once it was appreciated how useful these versatile organosilicon polymers could be, chemists became interested in the possibility of developing other organometallic (and also inorganic) polymers, ones that might complement or even surpass the silicones as far as useful applications were concerned. Research on inorganic and organometallic polymers became very active in the 1950's and 1960's. Work in this area became an international effort, prompted by the need for new materials that would meet the exacting demands of the jet age that had effectively commenced around the end of World War II. Even greater demands, in terms of materials that would still be useful under extreme conditions, came with the space age.
High skill in low-frequency climate response through fluctuation dissipation theorems despite structural instability

Climate change science focuses on predicting the coarse-grained, planetary-scale, longtime changes in the climate system due to either changes in external forcing or internal variability, such as the impact of increased carbon dioxide. The predictions of climate change science are carried out through comprehensive, computational atmospheric, and oceanic simulation models, which necessarily parameterize physical features such as clouds, sea ice cover, etc. Recently, it has been suggested that there is irreducible imprecision in such climate models that manifests itself as structural instability in climate statistics and which can significantly hamper the skill of computer models for climate change. A systematic approach to deal with this irreducible imprecision is advocated through algorithms based on the Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem (FDT). There are important practical and computational advantages for climate change science when a skillful FDT algorithm is established. The FDT response operator can be utilized directly for multiple climate change scenarios, multiple changes in forcing, and other parameters, such as damping and inverse modelling directly without the need of running the complex climate model in each individual case. The high skill of FDT in predicting climate change, despite structural instability, is developed in an unambiguous fashion using mathematical theory as guidelines in three different test models: a generic class of analytical models mimicking the dynamical core of the computer climate models, reduced stochastic models for low-frequency variability, and models with a significant new type of irreducible imprecision involving many fast, unstable modes.
Identifying and Estimating Mismodeled Dynamics via Optimal Control Policies and Distance Metrics

This paper presents a new method for estimating the mismodeled dynamics parameters of natural forces through the analysis of optimal control policies and control distance metrics. Using similaritie...
Acetylcholine-like action of a product formed by an acetylating enzyme system derived from brain.

SummaryThe pharmacological properties of an enzymatically formed product described recently by Nachmansohn, Hestrin and Voripaieff have been tested. This product, obtained in the choline acetylating system derived from brain extracts, is distinctly different from acetylcholine but has an acetylcholine-like action in the bioassay with frog rectus.In the present paper the acetylcholine-like action of the product has been confirmed and extended. The product decreases the arterial blood pressure of cats and the amplitude of the isolated frog heart in the same way as acetylcholine. Atropine regularly suppresses both actions.
The Therapeutic Relationship in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy has often been criticized for ignoring the role of the therapeutic relationship. In this article, I outline several dimensions for case formulation and intervention that suggest that the cognitive-behavioral approach can be a powerful theoretical model for understanding the causes of and the strategies for overcoming impasses in therapy. I review how the clinician and patient can collaborate in understanding the importance of case conceptualization, validation, emotional philosophies, victim resistance, schematic resistance, schematic mismatch, sunk-cost commitment, and self-handicapping. The relevance of these factors for both patient and therapist are discussed. During the last decade there has been increased interest in the nature of the therapeutic relationship in cognitive behavioral therapy (Gilbert, 1992; Safran, 1998; Safran and Muran, 2000; Greenberg, 2002; Leahy, 2001; Gilbert and Irons, 2005; Leahy, 2005; Bennett-Levy and Thwaites, 2007; Gilbert and Leahy, 2007). Cognitive behavioral therapists have proposed that the therapeutic relationship reflects interpersonal schemas, earlier attachment problems, emotional processing, failures in validation and compassion, and a variety of processes underlying non-compliance or resistance. Resolving “ruptures” in the therapeutic relationship provides an often essential opportunity for using the relationship as a means to modify cognitive and emotional problems (Safran, Muran, Samstag and Stevens, 2002; Katzow and Safran 2007). In light of the emphasis on “empirically supported treatments” (such as CBT) there is the risk that the alliance in therapy may be foreshadowed by the techniques and protocols used in CBT, perhaps giving credibility to Mahoney's (1991) earlier claim that therapy can become “technolatry”.
Impact of present-on-admission indicators on risk-adjusted hospital mortality measurement.

BACKGROUND Benchmarking performance across hospitals requires proper adjustment for differences in baseline patient and procedural risk. Recently, a Risk Stratification Index was developed from Medicare data, which used all diagnosis and procedure codes associated with each stay, but did not distinguish present-on-admission (POA) diagnoses from hospital-acquired diagnoses. We sought to (1) develop and validate a risk index for in-hospital mortality using only POA diagnoses, principal procedures, and secondary procedures occurring before the date of the principal procedure (POARisk) and (2) compare hospital performance metrics obtained using the POARisk model with those obtained using a similarly derived model which ignored the timing of diagnoses and procedures (AllCodeRisk). METHODS We used the 2004-2009 California State Inpatient Database to develop, calibrate, and prospectively test our models (n = 24 million). Elastic net logistic regression was used to estimate the two risk indices. Agreement in hospital performance under the two respective risk models was assessed by comparing observed-to-expected mortality ratios; acceptable agreement was predefined as the AllCodeRisk-based observed-to-expected ratio within ± 20% of the POARisk-based observed-to-expected ratio for more than 95% of hospitals. RESULTS After recalibration, goodness of fit (i.e., model calibration) within the 2009 data was excellent for both models. C-statistics were 0.958 and 0.981, respectively, for the POARisk and AllCodeRisk models. The AllCodeRisk-based observed-to-expected ratio was within ± 20% of the POARisk-based observed-to-expected ratio for 89% of hospitals, which was slightly lower than the predefined limit of agreement. CONCLUSION Consideration of POA coding meaningfully improved hospital performance measurement. The POARisk model should be used for risk adjustment when POA data are available.
Improved 16-QAM constellation labeling for BI-STCM-ID with the Alamouti scheme

We design constellation labeling maps for bit-interleaved space-time coded modulation with iterative decoding (BI-STCM-ID) over Rayleigh block-fading channels using the Alamouti scheme and N/sub r/ receive antennas. To achieve the largest asymptotic coding gain from the constellation labeling, we propose a new design criterion that maximizes the (-2N/sub r/)-th power mean of the squared Euclidean distances associated with all "error-free feedback" events in the constellation. Based on this power mean criterion, we show that the labeling optimization problem falls into the category of quadratic assignment problems. We propose two novel 16-QAM labeling maps that are particularly designed for N/sub r/=1 and N/sub r/=2, respectively. Numerical results show that both labeling maps achieve about 1 dB coding gain over the conventional 16-QAM modified set partitioning labeling.
Predictable Runtime Monitoring

Dynamic program monitoring has been applied in software-intensive systems to detect runtime constraint violations and trigger system recovery actions. Uncontrolled monitoring activities may, however, delay detection of a violation for an unbounded time and, worse, affect the original system's schedulability. In this paper, we introduce the concept of predictable monitoring, which demands a bound on detection latency while ensuring temporal non-interference by the monitoring process. We present off-line analysis techniques for predicting the maximum detection latency with fixed-priority scheduling under two types of monitoring schemes: synchronous and asynchronous. For asynchronous monitoring, we illustrate how to achieve predictable monitoring by bounding the detection latency and controlling the monitoring budget using a bandwidth-preserving, server-based approach.
Religious Involvement and Transitions into Adolescent Sexual Activities

Using two waves of data from the National Survey of Youth and Religion (2002, 2005), a national probability sample of 3,290 adolescents ages 13 to 17, we test whether religious involvement (church attendance, religious salience, private religiosity, and family religiosity) is associated with delayed transitions into sexual activities (sexual touching, oral sex, and sexual intercourse). We also consider whether the rate of these transitions varies according to important social characteristics (age, gender, and race/ethnicity). Our results suggest that multiple indicators of religious involvement (especially religious salience) are associated with delayed transitions into selected sexual activities. We also find that the rate of transition into sexual activities associated with private and family religiosity varies according to key social characteristics.
Absence of singular stretching of interacting vortex filaments

A promising mechanism for generating a finite-time singularity in the incompressible Euler equations is the stretching of vortex filaments. Here, we argue that interacting vortex filaments cannot generate a singularity by analysing the asymptotic dynamics of their collapse. We use the separation of the dynamics of the filament shape, from that of its core, to derive constraints that must be satisfied for a singular solution to remain self-consistent uniformly in time. Our only assumption is that the length scales characterizing filament shape obey scaling laws set by the dimension of circulation as the singularity is approached. The core radius necessarily evolves on a different length scale. We show that a self-similar ansatz for the filament shapes cannot induce singular stretching, due to the logarithmic prefactor in the self-interaction term for the filaments. More generally, there is an antagonistic relationship between the stretching rate of the filaments and the requirement that the radius of curvature of filament shape obeys the dimensional scaling laws. This suggests that it is unlikely that solutions in which the core radii vanish sufficiently fast to maintain the filament approximation exist.
Symptoms and prognosis in advanced cancer

As death from cancer approaches, the associated symptoms become more important. Not only do these symptoms impair quality of life and guide palliative management of the patient, but some also appear to have prognostic value in determining clinical course and survival. A comprehensive prospective analysis of symptoms in 1,000 patients on initial referral to the Palliative Medicine Program of the Cleveland Clinic was conducted. Data were evaluated to determine any relationship between demographic characteristics, symptoms and subsequent survival. Shorter survival after referral to the Palliative Medicine Program was associated with male gender, poor performance status, dysphagia and early satiety. Dysphagia and early satiety were independently associated with reduced survival. There was a gender difference in survival favoring women. The effects of dysphagia, early satiety and gender were equal and nearly of similar magnitude to performance status. Symptom and gender analysis should be included in all cancer treatment and symptom control studies.
Home-grown values and incentive compatible auction design

The behavioral properties of several auctions designed to elicit individual valuations for an object are studied using controlled laboratory experiments. Our experiments lead us to conclude that there are some behavioral differences between alternative incentive-compatible institutions for eliciting home-grown values, contrary to the theoretical expectation that these institutions are isomorphic. These results are consistent with earlier experimental results using induced values. The most important finding is that English auctions appear to elicit lower bids than Vickrey auctions, after controlling for observable socio-economic characteristics. Moreover, English auction bids also exhibit significantly less residual variance and may be sensitive to the number of rival bidders. It appears that the real-time learning allowed in the English auction significantly affects subject behavior. We also find that values elicited with the Becker, DeGroot and Marshak institution differ from those in both English and Vickrey auctions.
A nonlinear error adaptive notch filter for separating two sinusoidal signals

For a primary input consisting of two sinusoids, the adaptive notch filter coefficients have sinusoidally varying components in steady-state which reduce the rejection at the notch frequency due to weight misadjustment. The authors present a simple modification of the adaptive notch filter that removes these sinusoidal variations, improves rejection, and enhances tracking performance. Using a general theory of non-mean-square error stochastic gradient adaptation, they show that the optimum nonlinear error algorithm adapts the system only when the instantaneous error magnitude is greater than the amplitude of the interfering sinusoid. This amplitude can be easily estimated at the output of the notch filter when the system nears convergence. To follow any slow changes in the interfering sinusoid amplitude, the authors introduce a time-varying error criterion to keep the algorithm optimal. Simulations show a 6-dB reduction of the excess mean-square error, a 10-13-dB improvement in rejection at the filter outputs, and an increase in adaptation speed near the solution over the least-mean-square adaptive notch filter when using this modified structure with a time-varying nonlinearity. >
Delta networks with multiple links and shared output buffers: a high performance architecture for packet switching

Analytical and simulation results are presented on the performance of delta networks constructed with crossbars having multiple channels per input/output (I/O) ports. The probability of internal blocking is reduced significantly when two or more parallel channels interconnect stages of crossbars. Using small buffers (about 20 packets) at the outputs of the networks a throughput exceeding 90% can be achieved by using 3 channels per port. With further increase in the number of channels and buffer size the throughput approaches 100%. These networks can be used in telecommunication switching employing asynchronous transfer mode and in multiprocessor systems. >
THE EFFICACY OF NONCONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT AS TREATMENT FOR AUTOMATICALLY REINFORCED STEREOTYPY

Western Michigan University, USANoncontingent reinforcement (NCR), in the form of continuous access to preferred leisure items, hasrecently been reported as a successful treatment for automatically reinforced aberrant behavior. However,previous research has shown that the outcome of such procedures can be compromised under certaincircumstances, such as when the response effort required to access leisure items is increased. The purposeof the current study was to assess the efﬁcacy of two variations of NCR as treatment for automaticallyreinforced stereotypy. In the ﬁrst phase of the study, functional analyses revealed that the stereotypy ofthree individuals with developmental disabilities was maintained independent of social consequences. Asensory class assessment was then conducted to identify the speciﬁc sensory products that appeared tomaintain the behaviors. Finally, we evaluated the effects of NCR (using stimuli identiﬁed in the previousassessments) under two conditions. In the ﬁrst condition, the leisure item was made freely available, byplacing it on the table in front of the participant. In the other condition, an experimenter prompted theparticipant to interact with the leisure item at the beginning of the session. The results indicated that NCRsuccessfully competed with stereotypy only when participants were prompted to interact with the leisureitem. These ﬁndings are discussed in the context of developing NCR interventions for automaticallyreinforced aberrant behavior. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of presentation flaws in on-line stores' web sites on perceived quality and consumer trust of the on-line store and intention to purchase

Presentation flaws are abundant in web sites, but there has been no study to determine how presentation flaws affect consumers' attitudes and perception of quality of an on-line store. Also of interest is how these attitudes and perception of site quality influence consumers' trust in the on-line store, which in turn affects their intention to purchase. The factors under investigation in this experimental study were incompleteness (missing pictures, missing information, ‘under construction’ pages), errors (typographical mistakes), poor style (e.g., badly formatted tables), and delay (8 second page loading time). The theoretical foundation of this research is multi-disciplinary. It stems from various streams of literature that are relevant to the study of the effect of presentation flaws: trust and credibility, impression formation, impression management, social influence and persuasion, attribution theory, and screening from the economics literature. The study was conducted as three laboratory experiments. The first looked at three main factors, incompleteness, error, and poor style, and used 160 student subjects in a completely balanced, full factorial design (2 x 2 x 2). In the second experiment, delay was added, and used 224 student subjects in another completely balanced, full factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 2). It was found that error, incompleteness, and poor style affected consumers' perceived quality of the web site and their attitude toward the site. No effects of delay were detected. Furthermore, it was found that trust was affected by attitudes and perceived quality, which ultimately influenced consumers' intention to purchase. In the third experiment, the effect or priming by the Minnesota Clerical Test was examined. No priming effect was found with respect to users' perceptions of the flaws. In addition, post hoc analysis supported that the relationship between the factors and attitudes and perceived quality was mediated by the perception of the flaws. Supplemental analysis also supported that the relationship between attitude and perceived quality and intention to purchase was mediated by trust.
MIMO capacity convergence in frequency-selective channels

The dependence of multi-antenna capacity on bandwidth is characterized empirically for narrowband, wideband and ultrawideband indoor channels using spatial and polar arrays. It is shown that both the mean and the outage MIMO capacity increase with bandwidth, whilst the capacity coefficient of variation asymptotically vanishes.
Influencing the Decision Makers: The Vietnam Experience

Although much has been written about foreign policy dissent in the United States, little is known about the relative effectiveness of dissenting tactics. Using evidence from the author's larger study of the impact of the anti-Vietnam War movement on Johnson and Nixon, this paper describes how dissenting opinion reached the Oval Office and those activities that were most likely to attract serious attention from the presidents and their advisors. During the Vietnam War period, mass demonstrations, letter writing, public petitioning, and face-to-face meetings with officials all captured administration attention. At times, dissenting activities, especially several large demonstrations, played a central role in the formulation of American foreign policy. In general, however, decision makers reacted unpredictably and sometimes irrationally to criticism. Consequently, foreign policy protesters were wise in employing all of the traditional forms of dissenting activities since all, at one time or another, reached ...
Gene Action Changes during Vertebrate Differentiation

After the stages in embryogenesis beyond those described in the preceding pages have been attained, the embryos undergo development in such complex manners that delineation of their further progress in complete detail becomes undesirable. Instead of descriptions of the elaborating of all the organs in a restricted number of embryonic types, present needs are better served by selecting representative structures that have been more thoroughly explored at the molecular as well as embryonic levels. In some cases, information from sources other than embryology is employed, too, to make as clear as possible the gene action changes involved. Data from various vertebrates, particularly amphibian, mammalian, and avian representatives, provide the basis for discussion in the present chapter, both because invertebrates have received less attention experimentally and because the details of their morphology are less familiar to the majority of biologists. Then in the following chapter a few aspects of differentiation in selected protistan and invertebrate types are provided, along with a few facets of developmental changes among the green plants.
Spring phenology of ecological productivity contributes to the use of looped migration strategies by birds

Migration is a common strategy used by birds that breed in seasonal environments. The patterns and determinants of migration routes, however, remain poorly understood. Recent empirical analyses have demonstrated that the locations of two North America migration flyways (eastern and western) shift seasonally, reflecting the influence of looped migration strategies. For the eastern but not western flyway, seasonal variation in atmospheric circulation has been identified as an explanation. Here, we test an alternative explanation based on the phenology of ecological productivity, which may be of greater relevance in western North America, where phenology is more broadly dictated by elevation. Migrants in the western flyway selected lower-elevation spring routes that were wetter, greener and more productive, and higher-elevation autumn routes that were less green and less productive, but probably more direct. Migrants in the eastern flyway showed little season variation but maintained associations with maximum regional greenness. Our findings suggest the annual phenology of ecological productivity is associated with en route timing in both flyways, and the spring phenology of ecological productivity contributes to the use of looped strategies in the western flyway. This fine-tuned spatial synchronization may be disrupted when changing climate induces a mismatch between food availability and needs.
Modes of incorporation: a conceptual and empirical critique

ABSTRACTEntering the debate over segmented assimilation, this paper seeks to refocus discussion on a core, but neglected claim: that inter-group disparities among immigrant offspring derive from differences in a contextual feature shared by immigrant and immigrant descendants: a nationality's mode of incorporation. The paper engages in both theoretical and empirical assessment. We critically examine the concept of mode of incorporation, demonstrating that its operational implications have not been correctly understood; consequently, the core hypothesis has never been appropriately tested. The second part of the paper implements those tests, making use of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey. We do so by using nationality as a proxy for mode of incorporation, systematically contrasting more advantaged against less advantaged nationalities. We show: (a) that tests systematically varying modes classified as more or less advantageous yield inconsistent outcomes; (b) that positive or negative modes o...
Detecting Driver Drowsiness Using Wireless Wearables

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data show that drowsy driving causes more than 100,000 crashes a year. In order to prevent these devastating accidents, it is necessary to build a reliable driver drowsiness detection system which could alert the driver before a mishap happens. In the literature, the drowsiness of a driver can be measured by vehicle-based, behavior-based, and physiology-based approaches. Comparing with the vehicle-based and behavior-based measurements, the physiological measurement of drowsiness is more accurate. With the latest release of wireless wearable devices such as biosensors that can measure people's physiological data, we aim to explore the possibility of designing a user-friendly and accurate driver drowsiness detection system using wireless wearables. In this paper, we use a wearable biosensor called Bio Harness 3 produced by Zephyr Technology to measure a driver's physiological data. We present our overall design idea of the driver drowsiness detection system and the preliminary experimental results using the biosensor. The detection system will be designed in two phases: The main task of the first phase is to collect a driver's physiological data by the biosensor and analyze the measured data to find the key parameters related to the drowsiness. In the second phase, we will design a drowsiness detection algorithm and develop a mobile app to alert drowsy drivers. The results from this project can lead to the development of real products which can save many lives and avoid many accidents on the road. Furthermore, our results can be widely applied to any situation where people should not fall asleep: from the applications in mission-critical fields to the applications in everyday life.
Changing Keys: Keyboard Instruments for America 1700–1830 by John R. Watson

When it’s not feasible to physically visit a museum, a descriptive catalog can provide an alternative means to view its collection. Two recent books allow us to visit and enjoy unique collections o...
Time-Cycle or Schwinger-Keldysh Formulation

A further utility of the action principle is the time-cycle or Schwinger-Keldysh formalism, which allows one to calculate matrix elements and consider nonequilibrium systems. Schwinger’s original work on this was his famous paper (Schwinger 1961); Keldysh’s paper appeared three years later (Keldysh 1964), and, rather mysteriously, cites the Martin-Schwinger equilibrium paper (Martin 1959), but not the nonequilibrium one (Schwinger 1961). The following was extracted from notes from Schwinger’s lectures given in 1968 at Harvard, as taken by the author.
The bounding problem for infra-solvmanifolds

Abstract The conjecture that every n-dimensional almost flat manifold (equivalently, infra-nilmanifold) is the boundary of an ( n + 1 ) -dimensional manifold has been long open. We propose the more general conjecture that every n-dimensional infra-solvmanifold bounds, which is true in dimensions less than 5. Davis and Fang show that every infra-nilmanifold with cyclic or generalized quaternionic holonomy bound. We extend these results to certain infra-nilmanifolds with holonomy a dihedral group or direct product of two cyclic groups, and generalize them to the setting of infra-solvmanifolds modeled on solvable Lie groups with non-trivial center.
Experimental Analysis of Fracture in High Strength Cementitious Composites

Characterization of cementitious composites by their fracture properties has been difficult due to controversial results reported in the technical literature. Existing studies on the fracture behavior of plain concrete reveal some fracture characteristics that differ from those normally observed in metallic materials. Among these characteristics is the existence of a micro-cracking zone or process zone at the tip of an advancing crack. The determination of the fracture process zone in concrete is a difficult experimental problem, because the resulting deformation is strongly localized. In the present study, in-plane displacements in front of notched high strength concrete have been monitored. Laser speckle metrology, which is a special technique utilizing the speckle patterns of laser light for measurement of in-plane displacements, is employed. Experimental results indicate that a precise description of the fracture process zone is possible by speckle metrology.
ROLE OF EFFORT IN PERFORMANCE OF OBSERVING RESPONSES

The role of effort in performing observing responses in an E-Maze was studied in 32 rats and 4 pigeons. In Phase I of Exp. 1, rats' performance of observing responses was tested in a regular E-Maze condition and in an extra-length condition in which the predictable arm of the E-Maze was 22 in. or 44 in, longer than the unpredictable arm of the E-Maze. The rats in the regular E-Maze condition preferred the predictable arm on free-choice trials, while those in the extra-length condition preferred the unpredictable, shorter side. In Phase 2 of Exp. 1, the tats in the regular E-Maze condition were switched to an extra-length condition, and rats in the extra-length condition were switched to a regular E-Maze condition
Assessing women's potential risk of developing breast cancer.

Available data show that women tend to overestimate their risk of developing breast cancer. Available models allow for the rapid identification of women who are at increased risk for breast cancer, along with a quantitative