cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of Trajectory Methods

Publisher Summary This chapter explains and assesses the accuracy and applicability of trajectory methods in air parcels. For determining the trajectory of an air parcel, there is no system that can be easily tracked and that moves with the air. Trace gases or submicron particles that move with the air are difficult to detect and to track; conversely, mechanical systems that can be readily tracked do not move with the air. At present, a double balloon system with temperature and pressure sensors and a small computer to activate a venting valve or pump is being tested by a group of scientists from France and the United States to determine whether the system can follow isentropic motion. However, this system has a small pressure range and because it is a danger to jet aircraft, it must be flown above conventional aircraft altitudes. The difference between an isobaric and isentropic trajectory results from the vertical velocity of the air. It is impossible to determine the trajectory of an infinitesimal air parcel because the velocity field cannot be resolved on such a small scale in either space or time. Nagle and Clark computed trajectories on an isentropic surface but with a much different approximation to the horizontal wind. Barnum and Diercks computed three-dimensional trajectories to determine cloud, temperature, and moisture fields at specific pressure levels. A comparison among trajectories computed by different methods is suitable because it demonstrates how sensitively the results depend upon the method even though considerable care is taken to reduce errors in each method. Numerical models offer the most promise for trajectory analyses in the boundary layer; however, the models must be able to resolve the mesoscale structures and properly simulate the development and growth of the boundary layer.
Correlation of Taxonomic Criteria for a Collection of Marine Bacteria

Abstract Numerical taxonomy was done on 208 strains of marine bacteria. The collection was segregated into eight groups, seven of which contained Vibrio spp. Nucleic acid base ratio studies on a typical Vibrio sp. from each group and other genera were done. The phenotypically different Vibrio sp. had a narrow range of base ratios. The other genera had base ratios more similar to the base ratios reported for their genus than to each other as marine bacteria. The taxonomic groups are compared with generic classification and the strains' sources of isolations.
Biosynthesis of the Peptidoglycan of Bacterial Cell Walls XVII. BIOSYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN AND OF INTERPEPTIDE BRIDGES IN LACTOBACILLUS VIRIDESCENS

Abstract The mechanism of synthesis of the interpeptide bridge in the peptidoglycan of Lactobacills viridescens which has the structure (Ne-l-Lys)l-Ala-l-Ser(d-Ala) has been investigated. The first amino acid is added to UDP-acetyl-muramyl-pentapeptide in a reaction which requires aminoacyl transfer RNA and is catalyzed by a soluble enzyme. Either l-alanine or l-serine can be added to the uridine nucleotide in a reaction catalyzed by this enzyme; the lack of specificity for the tRNA moiety is noteworthy. UDP-acetylmuramyl-hexapeptide (containing either l-alanine or l-serine) can be utilized for peptidoglycan synthesis. The second amino acid may be added to the lipid intermediate in peptidoglycan synthesis generated from UDP-acetylmuramyl-hexapeptide in a reaction catalyzed by a particulate enzyme. Like the addition of the first amino acid, the addition of the second amino acid also appears to be relatively nonspecific for either l-alanine or l-serine in the reaction in vitro.
Evaluating Effectiveness of a Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Warning System at Three Commercial Orchards in Central Iowa

The Brown/Sutton/Hartman sooty blotch flyspeck (SBFS) warning system, developed in North Carolina and modified in Kentucky, extends the period between first-cover and second-cover fungicide sprays until a total of 175 hours of wetness has been measured in the orchard canopy. After second cover, sprays are made at two-week intervals until harvest.
Middle Eastern Terrorist Activity in Western Europe: A Diagnosis and Prognosis

From January 1980 to July 1, 1986, Middle Eastern terrorist groups have carried out over 259 attacks in sixteen West European countries which have resulted in 165 deaths and over 1,569 injuries. Thirty-nine percent of these attacks, 45% of these fatalities, and 62% of these injuries have occurred during 1985-86. Middle Eastern terrorist activity has been and continues to be a major security and political problem for most countries in Western Europe. Many of these countries (West Germany, Spain, Great Britain, France, Italy, Greece, and Portugal) are also confronted with an indigenous terrorist threat from various separatist and Marxist revolutionary groups. The more active and dangerous of these groups are: the Red Army Faction (RAF) and the Revolutionary Cells (RC) in West Germany; the Red Brigades (RB) in Italy; Direct Action (DA) and the Corsican National Liberation Front (FLNC) in France; the Popular Forces of April 25th (FP-25) in Portugal; the Popular Revolutionary Struggle (ELA) and the November 17th Group in Greece; the Basque Fatherland and Liberty movement (ETA-M) in Spain; and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Great Britain.
Measurement of microwave electro-optic coefficient in Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6 crystal fiber

A method is put forward to measure the linear electro-optic (EO) coefficient at high frequency using a light-coupled microwave cavity perturbation method of standing wave condition. The method is used to determine the EO coefficient of Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6 (SBN) crystal fiber. The electro-optic coefficient r33 of SBN crystal fiber at 10 GHz is measured to be near 200(pm∕V), which is smaller than that measured at low frequency containing secondary contributions. This method is suitable for measuring the electro-optic property in a wide range of high frequencies depending on the availability of microwave cavity and suitable electronics.
A plane wave model approach to understanding propagation in an intra-chip communication system

To further understand and explain the characteristics of integrated antennas in silicon substrates, an intuitive plane wave model is proposed. The model has been validated by quantitatively explaining the location of dips in the antenna gain versus frequency plots when a glass layer is inserted between a silicon wafer and a metal chuck using the interference effect between two propagating waves. These also convincingly demonstrated that the signal coupling between integrated antennas is due to wave phenomena rather than simple R-C coupling. Experiments have been carried out to characterize integrated dipole antennas.
Assessment and management of apraxic agraphia: applying principles from the management of apraxia of speech and the principles of motor learning

Background: Apraxic agraphia is a writing disorder that is characterised by poor letter formation that cannot be attributed to impaired letter shape knowledge or to sensorimotor, extrapyramidal, or cerebellar dysfunction. Like apraxia of speech (AOS) and speech production, apraxic agraphia reflects a difficulty in programming the skilled movements for writing production. There is currently limited research into its assessment and management. Many of the current treatment approaches used in the management of AOS are consistent with the principles of motor learning. Given the observable comparisons between AOS and apraxic agraphia, it is reasonable to consider application of the treatment principles for AOS in the treatment of apraxic agraphia.Aims: The aims of the present study are (1) to demonstrate the diagnosis of apraxic agraphia and draw comparisons between the characteristics of apraxic agraphia and AOS; and (2) to investigate the effectiveness of a treatment plan for apraxic agraphia based on the tr...
Defective leukocyte GM-CSF receptor (CD116) expression and function in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background & Aims Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to 2 chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine, ie, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. IBD results from environmental factors (eg, bacterial antigens) triggering a dysregulated immune response in genetically predisposed hosts. Although the basis of IBD is incompletely understood, a number of recent studies have implicated defective innate immune responses in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this regard, there is much interest in therapies that activate innate immunity (eg, recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor). Methods In this study, we screened expression and function of circulating leukocyte granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CD116) messenger RNA and surface protein in 52 IBD patients and 52 healthy controls. Results Our results show that both granulocyte and monocyte CD116 levels, but not CD114 or interleukin-3Rα, were significantly decreased in IBD compared to control ( P P P P P > .05), and was not influenced by current medications ( P > .05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that leukocyte CD116 expression is a sensitive (85%) and specific (92%) biomarker for IBD. Moreover, granulocyte CD116-mediated function (phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3) paralleled decreased expression of CD116 in IBD granulocytes compared to control ( P Conclusions These studies identify defective expression and function of CD116 as a distinguishing feature of IBD and implicate an associated defect in innate immune responses toward granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Measurement of the Complete Electric Field of an Ultrashort Laser Pulse from a Single-Exposure Digital Hologram

Using a very simple apparatus, we generate multiple digital holograms in a single-exposure interferogram from which we experimentally reconstruct the complete electric field, E(x,y,z,t), of a potentially complex ultrashort laser pulse in a single shot.
Profile for Long-Term Survival after Myocardial Infarction

Thirty-nine patients who survived a myocardial infarction were studied afterward for periods ranging from ten to twenty years. The data indicate that for such long-term survival the following factors are significant: onset of myocardial infarction in the early 50's; a strong genetic background for longevity; normal blood pressure, weight, heart size, and lung fields; and avoidance of smoking. Secondary factors are the avoidance of problem drinking habits, and assuming an occupation that does not involve sustained heavy labor.
Morbidity of Newborn Infants (NB) after Nursery Discharge; relationship to Early Discharge. 1588

We hypothesized that early discharge (ED) contributes to significant morbidity of the NB. Charts of 500 infants (under age 15 days) admitted 7/93-6/95 were reviewed. Eighty-four percent were discharged early (ED≤ age 2 d); 49% had onset of symptoms (OS) at ≤4d of age. OS does not always concur with age at readmission. Poor social conditions were defined in 39%. Of infants aged 1-7d, 50% had hyperbilirubinemia (HB). Of infants aged 8-14d, 3% had HB; 56% had ruled out sepsis (ROS). GA <39 weeks was significantly more common in HB cases (51%) compared to non-jaundiced infants (17%),(p<0.0001). Of infants with HB, 78% were breast fed (BF) compared to 48% of non-jaundiced infants (p<0.0001). OS of HB was at age 2.4±1.2d.
Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: Involvement of glucocorticoid secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors

Repeated restraint stress of rats for 21 days causes atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c pyramidal neurons. This effect is mimicked by daily corticosterone treatment for 21 days and is prevented y the anti-epileptic drug, phenytoin, known to interfere with excitatory amino acid release and action. The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of endogenous corticosterone secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors in the stress-induced hippocampal dendritic atrophy. Treatment of chronically stressed rats with the steroid synthesis blocker cyanoketone prevented stress-induced dendritic atrophy. Cyanoketone-treated animals showed an impaired corticosterone secretion in response to the stressor, while basal levels were maintained. Besides the involvement of endogenous corticosterone secretion, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors also play a role, since the competitive receptor antagonist, CGP 43487, blocked stress-induced dendritic atrophy. In contrast, NBQX, a competitive inhibitor of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors, was ineffective at a dose that blocks ischemic damage. These results indicate that the reversible atrophy induced by 21 days of daily restraint stress requires corticosterone secretion and that excitatory mechanisms involving N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors play a major role in driving the atrophy.
Polhydramnios and obstructive renal failure: A case report and review of the literature

Described is a pregnancy complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension, polyhydramnios, and obstructive renal failure due to an overdistended uterus. A review of the literature disclosed that only five such cases have been reported previously. Fetal outcome was generally related to the duration of gestation at the onset of polyhydramnios.
An appreciation of Paul A. Siple

A major inspiration for writing this long overdue appreciation of Paul A. Siple was a wind chill temperature in Washington D.C. of −39°F. Other inspirations have come over the years from colleagues who either know about Paul Siple or Siple Station but not both. In 19571 had the unique fortune to spend a year with Paul Siple as a scientific member of the first wintering-over party at the U.S. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at 90°S. He was the leader of the station during the first winter of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1956–1957.
Conspicuity of traffic signs assessed by eye tracking and immediate recall

Traffic sign conspicuity was assessed with eye glance and immediate recall measures. Sign conspicuity is defined as the probability that the signs will be noticed. However, the measurement of being noticed is complex. Drivers' glances to signs were recorded on a 34 mile drive. Recall was assessed by requesting sign identification immediately after selected signs were passed. Only about half of all signs were recalled just 2 s after they were passed. About 20 percent of speed limit signs received glances; however drivers were aware of the posted speed limit about 80 percent of the time. Drivers may glance at signs, yet fail to identify them and may correctly identify signs in the absence of a glance. Conspicuity measures that rely solely on either glance or recall are not adequate for evaluating the attention getting qualities of traffic signs. Language: en
Effects of pressure on the electrical conductivity of chalcogenide glasses

Abstract The effects of hydrostatic pressure (to ∼2.4 GPa) on the electrical conductivity of AsTe, AsTeI and AsTeGe bulk semiconducting glasses have been determined. The electrical conductivity σ increases nearly exponentially with increasing pressure P. The Δ 1n σ/ΔP values are dependent upon composition and pressure, and vary from about 2 to 6 GPa−1. This is a narrow range of values considering that the initial conductivies vary over five orders of magnitude for the compositions studied. Many of the glasses exhibited time-dependent conductivity changes both at high pressure and after cycling to high pressure. At high pressure the conductivity drifted to higher values over a period of several hours, initially following a logarithmic time dependence. Generally, the drifts were observed for P ≳ 0.8 GPa and for σ ≳ 10 t-1 (Ω- m ) −1 . Following the high-pressure experiment, the conductivity (and also the density) of some glasses were above that for the as-prepared material. These same samples had a slightly different conductivity temperature dependence. The conductivity slowly relaxed (over many months) toward the original conductivity state, again initially following a logarithmic time dependence. Much of our data can be interpreted consistently if we assumed that the conductivity changes depend primarily on “expected” volume changes. The kinds of behavior reported here are similar to those observed for a wide variety of glass systems. Any models developed for describing electrical transport under pressure must account for time-dependent as well as pressure-dependent effects.
Myosin I Overexpression Impairs Cell Migration

Dictyostelium myoB, a member of the myosin I family of motor proteins, is important for controlling the formation and retraction of membrane projections by the cell's actin cortex (Novak, K.D., M.D. Peterson, M.C. Reedy, and M.A. Titus. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 131:1205–1221). Mutants that express a three- to sevenfold excess of myoB (myoB+ cells) were generated to further analyze the role of myosin I in these processes. The myoB+ cells move with an instantaneous velocity that is 35% of the wild-type rate and exhibit a 6–8-h delay in initiation of aggregation when placed under starvation conditions. The myoB+ cells complete the developmental cycle after an extended period of time, but they form fewer fruiting bodies that appear to be small and abnormal. The myoB+ cells are also deficient in their ability both to form distinct F-actin filled projections such as crowns and to become elongate and polarized. This defect can be attributed to the presence of at least threefold more myoB at the cortex of the myoB+ cells. In contrast, threefold overexpression of a truncated myoB that lacks the src homology 3 (SH3) domain (myoB/SH3− cells) or myoB in which the consensus heavy chain phosphorylation site was mutated to an alanine (S332A-myoB) does not disturb normal cellular function. However, there is an increased concentration of myoB in the cortex of the myoB/SH3− and S332A-myoB cells comparable to that found in the myoB+ cells. These results suggest that excess full-length cortical myoB prevents the formation of the actin-filled extensions required for locomotion by increasing the tension of the F-actin cytoskeleton and/ or retracting projections before they can fully extend. They also demonstrate a role for the phosphorylation site and SH3 domain in mediating the in vivo activity of myosin I.
Mothers' perceptions of their disabled children: A review of the literature

A review of the literature indicates few generalizations that can be made about mothers' perceptions of their disabled children. Perceptions differ widely and are generally unrelated to the type of disability, although there are some indications that perceptions of severely disabled children tend to be more negative than those of children with less severe disabilities. Maternal perceptions usually are not accurate in the sense that they do not agree with the perceptions of rehabilitation professionals, teachers, or their own disabled children. Nevertheless, maternal perceptions are important since they influence how mothers behave toward their children. Rehabilitation personnnel should consider ways of influencing maternal perceptions so they are in the best interests of disabled children.
Hemiarthroplasty of the ulnohumeral and radiocapitellar joints.

Most reports of hemiarthroplasty involve replacement of the distal portion of the humerus without replacement of the ulna. In 1947, Mellen and Phalen 1 first reported on an acrylic prosthesis that articulated with the greater sigmoid notch of the ulna. The design involved the humerus being placed down into the prosthesis and secured with wire sutures. The results provided patients with acceptable range of motion and excellent pain relief. There was, however, a less than 2-year follow-up period in their series. In 1954, McAusland 2 reported on a series of 4 patients treated with a hemiarthroplasty. The prosthesis was shaped to duplicate the distal portion of the humerus and provided complete replacement for the epicondyles and the articular surface. It was also designed to be placed up into the humeral shaft for a press fit without additional cement fixation. The longest follow-up in this series was 3 years. All patients achieved excellent pain relief with no instability noted at the prosthesis-ulnar articulation. In 1965, Barr and Eaton 3 presented a case report of a 30-year-old auto mechanic who had a previous nonunion of the distal humeral fracture with malalignment of the articular surfaces. The patient had resection of the comminuted distal humeral nonunion and replacement with a custom-made Vitallium prosthesis. The prosthesis itself was a press fit design that was modeled after an early hip nail and was seated with a mallet. Screw fixation was done through the shaft of the humerus and the prosthesis similar to locking screws in a femoral nail. The patient was followed up for 4 years and returned to an active manual labor career, putting severe stress on the prosthesis. At 4-year follow-up, one of the screws had broken but his elbow was symptom free. Shrifin and Johnson 4 presented a 20-year follow-up of a patient who had undergone an elbow hemiarthroplasty in 1965 in a case report. They treated a 19-year-old man who had a comminuted distal humeral fracture treated by open reduction internal fixation complicated by subsequent infection. Later that year after the fracture had been treated, the nonunion of the distal humeral fracture was resected and a custom Vitallium endoprosthesis was implanted. At final follow-up at 20 years, the patient was satisfied
Defining risks and predicting adverse events after lower extremity bypass for critical limb ischemia

Successful treatment of patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI), hinges on the adequacy of revascularization. However, CLI is associated with a severe burden of systemic atherosclerosis, and patients often suffer from multiple cardiovascular comorbidities. Therefore, CLI patients in general represent a cohort at increased risk for procedural complications and adverse events. Although endovascular therapy represents a minimally invasive alternative to open surgical bypass, the durability of surgical reconstruction is superior, and it remains the "gold standard" approach to revascularization in CLI. Therefore, selection of the optimal treatment modality for individual patients requires careful consideration of the procedural risks and likelihood of adverse events associated with surgery. Individualized decision-making with regard to revascularization strategy requires a comprehensive understanding of the likelihood of adverse outcomes after major surgery. Here we review the risks of surgical bypass in patients with CLI, with particular emphasis on the identification of preoperative variables that predict poor outcome.
Utilizing Intervals in Component-Based Design of Cyber Physical Systems

Within the design of Cyber Physical Systems, model-based approaches are powerful means to describe and test the behavior of the system. Still, a good methodology is needed to go from the idealized model environment to an implementable system architecture that is capable of dealing with uncertainties in both the physical and the cyber subsystem. This paper presents a concept that explicitly utilizes intervals to express uncertainties in the physical system, the control process and the cyber system to improve the robustness and stability of the design. This interval concept has been integrated in a component-based framework that allows one to describe properties of the components out of which the CPS is composed. With a prototype implementation of the component framework, this paper shows the usefulness of this approach for an exemplary CPS. The results indicate the practical benefits of value intervals for property assessment of composed CPSs which can be exploited at design time as well as run time.
Exposing the circumflex coronary artery: The heartflip technique

A method to expose the circumflex coronary artery in its course in the atrioventricular groove is introduced. No special equipment or assistance is required. This method also can be applied to expose the obtuse marginal branches of the circumflex coronary artery. Adverse effects have not been observed.
Recurrent Deletions of Puroindoline Genes at the Grain Hardness Locus in Four Independent Lineages of Polyploid Wheat

Polyploidy is known to induce numerous genetic and epigenetic changes but little is known about their physiological bases. In wheat, grain texture is mainly determined by the Hardness (Ha) locus consisting of genes Puroindoline a (Pina) and b (Pinb). These genes are conserved in diploid progenitors but were deleted from the A and B genomes of tetraploid Triticum turgidum (AB). We now report the recurrent deletions of Pina-Pinb in other lineages of polyploid wheat. We analyzed the Ha haplotype structure in 90 diploid and 300 polyploid accessions of Triticum and Aegilops spp. Pin genes were conserved in all diploid species and deletion haplotypes were detected in all polyploid Triticum and most of the polyploid Aegilops spp. Two Pina-Pinb deletion haplotypes were found in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum; ABD). Pina and Pinb were eliminated from the G genome, but maintained in the A genome of tetraploid Triticum timopheevii (AG). Subsequently, Pina and Pinb were deleted from the A genome but retained in the Am genome of hexaploid Triticum zhukovskyi (AmAG). Comparison of deletion breakpoints demonstrated that the Pina-Pinb deletion occurred independently and recurrently in the four polyploid wheat species. The implications of Pina-Pinb deletions for polyploid-driven evolution of gene and genome and its possible physiological significance are discussed.
Pest-Free Period for Walnut Husk Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Host Status of Stone Fruits for Export to New Zealand

The pest-free period for walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson, that occurs from the beginning of stone fruit harvest in spring through 1 July was verified by trapping for adults in walnut orchards and roadside trees at eight locations in Merced, Madera, Fresno, Tulare, and Kern counties in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Peaches, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch; nectarines, P. persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica ; Japanese plums, P. salicina Lindl; and walnuts, Juglans regia , were evaluated for acceptability for walnut husk fly oviposition and immature development. Field choice tests resulted in the following mean number of ovipositional sites per fruit and mean number of pupae that developed per ovipostional site in each fruit species: peaches and nectarines, <1 site, <1 pupa; plums, 0 sites, 0 pupae; and walnuts, <1 site, 4.5 pupae. One- or 3-d laboratory choice tests showed that peaches and nectarines were more acceptable and plums were less acceptable than walnuts for oviposition, but survival to the pupal stage was significantly lower in the three stone fruit species (<1 mean pupa per ovipositional site) than in walnuts (seven mean pupae per ovipositional site). Laboratory no-choice tests showed that walnut husk fly will oviposit in the three stone fruit species and walnuts, but the mean number of pupae that developed per ovipositional site was <1 in peaches and nectarines, 0 in plums, and eight in walnuts. Our results demonstrate that peaches and nectarines are poor hosts for walnut husk fly development, plums are not an acceptable host, and walnuts are the natural host.
Metal-binding characteristics of the parotid salivary protein gustin.

Abstract Metal binding characteristics of the parotid salivary protein gustin have been examined. When purified to apparent homogeneity, gustin contains 1 gatom Zn/mol which is tightly bound (Kd at pH 7.2, 4.5 · 10−11 M). This tightly bound zinc can be removed with strong chelators such as diethyldithiocarbamic acid and 1,10-o-phenanthroline at pH 4.5, but not with EDTA or Chelex 100. Removal of the metal ion causes no appreciable conformational change in the protein. The apoprotein can be reconstituted by dialysis against Zn2+-containing buffer, a process favored by pH > 6.0. Only cobalt is able to bind to the apoprotein at this strong binding site. Cobalt binding is appreciably weaker than that of zinc (Kd at pH 7.2, 1.3 · 10−7 M) and is maximal at pH 7.0. The weaker binding of cobalt is also illustrated by the loss of 37% of bound cobalt after 96 h of dialysis at pH 7.2, conditions under which the zinc content of gustin does not change. A second gatom Zn/mol may be loosely bound to gustin, but is easily removed by dialysis against metal ion-free buffer. Other metal ions such as copper, nickel, iron or manganese, but not cadmium or mercury, bind loosely to this second zinc site and are removed with ease. Zinc appears to be involved in the formation of the complex between gustin and glycoproteins which are present in human parotid saliva in vivo.
Psychological Recovery in Low-Income Single Parents

Mental health literature has tended to characterize the single mother in concepts steeped in loss, grief, separation, defects, deficiencies, and the like. The single-parent family is frequently discussed in terms of “broken homes” and with a concern for “problem children.”5 Recently, a small but significant body of literature has countered these prevalent assumptions.1,2,4,7 In utilizing this newer material, it is important to study the parents’ own sources of strength. A significant number of the single women studied have solved many extraordinary problems in the face of formidable obstacles. Their single parenthood has led to personal growth for many. In adulthood they have made major revisions in their roles in life, and in their self- and object-representations. Many have become contributors to their community, and their children are often a source of strength rather than difficulty.
The decline in energetic metabolism with aging of the erythrocyte and its relationship to cell death

Human erythrocytes were separated by buoyant density ultracentrifugation into fractions of progressively increasing mean cell age to measure the changes in glycolytic activity that occur during their 120-day life-span. The maximal activities of all glycolytic enzymes were shown to decline exponentially with cell age. Only three glycolytic enzymes exhibited a marked rate of decline with a t1/2 shorter than the cell life-span: hexokinase, aldolase, and pyruvate kinase. Glucose utilization, when measured in steady-state conditions (1 mM inorganic phosphate), showed a fourfold decrease through the erythrocyte life-span; lactate production also declined, but at a slower rate. When incubating conditions were altered by the introduction of a metabolic stimulus (either high phosphate for glycolysis, or methylene blue for the pentose pathway) the youngest cell fractions responded with decidedly increased rates of glucose consumption and lactate production. However, this ability gradually declined with cell aging, and ultimately, the oldest cells had metabolic rates as low as if there were no stimulus present. The oldest erythrocytes appear to have lost the flexibility needed to respond to metabolic stress and are more vulnerable to events in the circulation that may require the ability to increase the basal rate. This defect is probably responsible for the disappearance of aged erythrocytes from the circulation.
Interpretation of Gopher Remains from Southwestern Archaeological Assemblages

Fossorial rodents are often considered intrusive into archaeological deposits because of their burrowing behavior. However, ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and archaeological studies document the consumption of rodents historically and prehistorically. Several methods were developed to differentiate cultural specimens from noncultural specimens. These methods were applied to a sample from the NAN Ruin in southwestern New Mexico. Results of these comparisons indicate that gophers were procured by the human population at the site.
Localization of the human Ror1 gene (NTRKR1) to chromosome 1p31-p32 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrid analysis.

Abstract Ror1 is an orphan cell surface receptor with strong homology to the tyrosine kinase domain of growth factor receptors, in particular the Trk family. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from somatic cell hybrids revealed that Ror1 is located on chromosome 1. We have mapped the Ror1 gene to chromosome 1p12–p32 using PCR on a somatic cell hybrid panel that subdivides chromosome 1p. We have further localized the gene to chromosome 1p31–p32 by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a PAC clone that contains the Ror1 gene.
Two- and three-dimensional computer graphic evaluation of the subacute spinal cord injury.

Abstract We have evaluated three-week-old compression lesions of the rat spinal cord using two-dimensional and three-dimensional morphometry, reconstruction, and visualization techniques. We offer a new computer assisted method to determine the number and density of macrophages within the spinal lesion using the macrophage specific monoclonal label ED1. We also provide quantitative information on pathological cyst formation and cavitation. This technique does not require: (1) subjective identification of the cell type, (2) human interaction with the data during the phase of quantification and, (3) can be applied to any sampling paradigm based on immunocytochemical labeling. Using novel algorithms based on solutions to `correspondence' and `branching' problems inherent in cross-sectional histological data, we provide three-dimensional reconstructions and visualizations of the macrophagic lesions and cysts imbedded within it. Our three-dimensional surface reconstructions can be interrogated to determine volumes and surface areas of structures within the data set. Using these methods we have learned that macrophage numbers approach the maximum density possible for such isodiametric cells (∼12 μm diameter) in the central lesion ranging from 4000–7000 cells per mm2 of lesion. At the time point studied, macrophage numbers would have peaked following the initial insult, and would not be expected to decline for several months. While the density of macrophages is highest in the region of most tissue damage, we show that the central regions of cavitated and cystic spinal parenchyma is not. We discuss how this density of cells may effect the secondary pathological responses of the spinal cord to injury.
Placental and mammary transfer of a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (aroclor 1254) in the European Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

Adult female ferrets were found to absorb 85.4% of a single dietary dose of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture Aroclor 1254. Excretion in the days immediately following dosing yielded the greatest quantity of PCBs eliminated in a given time period. In general, urinary excretion represented one-tenth or less of the PCBs excreted via the feces. Placental transfer to the ferret kits was 0.01% (per kit) of the female's absorbed dose when exposure occurred during the first trimester of pregnancy and 0.04% (per kit) when the PCBs were administered during the third trimester. Transplacental exposure to PCBs was considerably less than that reaching the kits through the dam's milk. The ratio of placental to mammary transfer, following 1 week of lactation, was calculated to be approximately 1:15 for the offspring of first-trimester-dosed females and 1:7 for the offspring produced by females treated during the third trimester.
Characteristics of Concrete Contact Stresses in Doweled Transverse Joints

The triaxial state of concrete contact stresses that develop at dowel-concrete interfaces in dowel jointed concrete pavements is examined using detailed nonlinear three dimensional finite element (3DFE) analysis. The results are validated through comparisons with: (a) measured strains from laboratory-loaded doweled joint specimens; (b) computed bearing pressure using closed-form solution; and (c) field-measured dowel bending due to slab curling in an instrumented highway section in West Virginia, USA. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of some design parameters on the magnitudes of concrete contact stresses. It is shown that the triaxial contact stresses include a tensile stress component that develop in concrete on both sides of a loaded dowel bar and may initiate small horizontal cracks that reduce load transfer efficiency of the doweled connection. A modified dowel design that reduces the intensity of concrete contact stresses is developed and its laboratory test results are d...
A combined behavioral/pharmacological treatment of sleep-wake schedule disorder in Angelman syndrome.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a genetic disorder associated with a deletion on chromosome 15. Behavior problems among children with AS include sleep difficulties. Data are presented on the successful treatment of a sleep-wake schedule disorder (SWSD) in a 9-year-old boy with AS. The treatment program included behavioral and pharmacological components. During baseline, the child slept a mean of 1.9 hours per night and 1.3 hours during the day; night sleep was increased to a mean of 8.3 hours and day sleep was reduced to a mean of .08 hours after introduction of the full-treatment program. Medication was discontinued subsequently, and the child slept a mean of 7.8 hours during the night and .07 hours during the day. At 45-day follow-up, night sleep was maintained at 7.1 hours and day sleep remained stable at .29 hours. This is the first known report of an effective treatment of a SWSD in a child with AS.
A Case of Metastatic Rectal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Initially Diagnosed as Lung Cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the rectum is extremely rare with a reported incidence of only 0.025–0.1% of all colorectal tumors. The patient was a 68-year-old man who presented with fatigue, dry cough, shortness of breath, and unintentional weight loss. A chest CT revealed a left suprahilar mass suspected to be lung cancer and an initial diagnosis of primary lung cancer was made. However, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) exam revealed an intensely hypermetabolic rectal mass which turned out to be rectal squamous cell carcinoma. This is the first report that shows FDG-PET/CT images of rectal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis to the skin, muscle, bone, and lung. Use of PET/CT in the initial diagnosis of non-resectable rectal cancers may avoid unnecessary surgery.
The writing approaches of secondary students.

Background: Research with college students has supported a model of writing approaches that defines the relationship between a writer and writing task along a deep and surface process continuum (Biggs, 1988). Based on that model, Lavelle (1993) developed the Inventory of Processes in College Composition which reflects students' motives and strategies as related to writing outcomes. It is also important to define the approaches of secondary students to better understand writing processes at that level, and development in written composition. Aims: This study was designed to define the writing approaches of secondary students by factor analysing students' responses to items regarding writing beliefs and writing strategies, and to compare the secondary approaches to those of college students. A related goal was to explore the relationships of the secondary writing approaches to perceived self-regulatory efficacy for writing (Zimmerman & Bandura, 1994), writing preferences, and writing outcomes. Samples: The initial, factor analytic phase involved 398 junior level high school students (11th grade) enrolled in a mandatory language arts class at each of three large Midwestern high schools (USA). Then, 49 junior level students enrolled in two language arts classes participated as subjects in the second phase. Method: Classroom teachers administered the Inventory of Processes in College Composition (Lavelle, 1993), which contained 72 true-or-false items regarding writing beliefs and strategies, during regular class periods. Data were factor analysed and the structure compared to that of college students. In the second phase, the new inventory, Inventory of Processes in Secondary Composition, was administered in conjunction with the Perceived Self-Regulatory Efficacy for Writing Inventory (Zimmerman & Bandura, 1994), and a writing preferences survey. A writing sample and grade in Language Arts classes were obtained and served as outcome variables. Results: The factor structure of secondary writing reflected three process dimensions. The first factor, Elaborative-Expressive, describes a writing strategy based on personal investment and audience concern. The second factor, Planful-Procedural, denotes sticking to a plan, following the rules, and ‘preparing’ for writing. Achieving-Competitive, the third factor, reflects a ‘teacher pleasing’ strategy or doing only what needs to be done to get a good grade. Two factors from the college model, Elaborative and Procedural, were replicated, and two were not, Reflective-Revision and Low Self-Efficacy. Regression analyses supported that the processes in writing under a timed condition are different from those used when writing over time, and that students' perceptions of writing self-regulatory efficacy were predictive of writing success under both conditions.
Modeling of nano piezoelectric actuator based on block matching algorithm with optimal block size

In order to model the hysteresis behavior of a nano piezoelectric actuator (PA) on nano scale in a real time system, a new hysteresis modeling method based on an improved sub-pixel blocking matching algorithm with an optimal block size is proposed in this paper. First, Preisach model is introduced to model the hysteresis behavior of a piezoelectric actuator. Then, a real time block matching algorithm is researched and its block size is optimized with a standard object. Finally, experiments are performed with respect to a nanometer movement platform system, and the results show the feasibility and validity of the sub-pixel estimation based block matching algorithm and its application in modeling the hysteresis behavior of PA.
A parallel algorithm for analysis of large-scale networks

Abstract Research into the construction of a parallel graoh-theoretic vertex-coloring algorithm is presented along with the application to large-scale internetworks.
Contact Theory Extended: The Effects of Prior Racial Contact on Current Social Ties

Objective. We address methodological limitations in tests of contact theory. Just as importantly, we extend its theoretical focus to behaviors. Linking insights from social and cognitive psychology with contact theory, we hypothesize that prior racial contact will have significant effects on the racial diversity of contemporary social ties. Methods. Using the 1999–2000 Lilly Survey of Attitudes and Social Networks, we conduct univariate and multivariate analyses to test our hypotheses. Results. Those who had experienced prior interracial contact in schools and neighborhoods were more likely, as adults, to have more racially diverse general social groups and friendship circles. They were more likely to attend multiracial as opposed to a uniracial religious congregations, and to be interracially married. In general, these findings applied not only to all Americans, but to whites, African Americans, and Hispanics separately. They did not apply to Asians. Conclusions. Contact theory can and should be extended, rendering it more fruitful for studying race relations. Except when groups are an extremely small percentage of the population, even limited prior contact in multiracial settings appears to have important effects on contemporary social ties. These findings have important policy implications.
Distributed Bragg reflector laser-based sensor for chemical detection

In this paper we present a novel sensor based on the modification of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser: the optical path length of a resonant cavity is changed thus changing the resonant frequency. The external cavity of the DBR laser, with a sensitive element within is used to detect chemical species and temperature. We will show the expected resolution as well as preliminary experimental results.
PLATINUM ENHANCED TEXTURED GROWTH OF GRAIN-ALIGNED YBA2CU3O7-X THICK FILMS

The effects of magnetic alignment, heat treatment, and substrate interactions on the microstructural development and properties of YBa2Cu3O7−x (Y123) thick films were studied. Aligned films were formed by vacuum filtrating a particulate suspension in a 7 T applied field. These films and nonaligned control films were fired on either platinum (Pt) foil or magnesium oxide (MgO) substrates to various maximum temperatures between 930 and 1040 °C. Optical microscopy revealed large differences in microstructural development between the various films. Aligned Y123 films fired on Pt foil exhibited the best microstructural properties. Via plasma emission spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy, approximately 0.1 wt % Pt was found distributed throughout the films fired on platinum, while negligible amounts of Mg were detected in the films fired on MgO substrates. Differential thermal analysis revealed that, in the presence of Pt, the peritectic temperature (1030 °C for pure Y123 in O2) is reduced 70 °C, the...
Measurement of solar radius changes

Photoelectric solar radius measurements since 1974 at Mount Wilson show no change in the solar radius, with a limit of abouit 0.1 arc second (1 standard deviation), over the interval. The limit is set by residual systematic effects.
Three guaianolides from Bahia oppositifolia

Abstract Three new guaianolides have been isolated from Bahia oppositifolia along with the previously reported bahifolin. Compounds were isolated and purified by extraction and chromatographic techniques, while identification was carried out by spectral means. The 13 C NMR data for bahifolin and des-sarracinyl bahia-III are given.
Learning and memory, part II: molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.

As previously discussed, the hippocampus is requiredfor the formation of declarative memories (consciousmemories of events and facts). This type of memorywas destroyed in the famous clinical case of H.M. afterhe sustained a bilateral hippocampal resection to treathis disabling seizures. Despite the severity of his mem-ory deficits, H.M. retained his ability to form non-declarative memories (unconscious habit learning),which requires brain structures outside the hippocam-pus. In fact, his performance on motor learning tasks,which require nondeclarative memory, was perfectlynormal. One example of this sort of task is mirrorwriting; H.M. was asked to keep his pen within anarrow border along the edge of a star while observingthe pen and his hand through a mirror, which reversesright and left. H.M.’s motor learning in this taskimproved for several days, although he recalled neitherthe individual administering the test nor the instruc-tions from one day to the next.The previous column highlighted the role of syn-aptic plasticity in consolidating both declarative andnondeclarative memories.
Balancing Social and Economic Objectives: The Case of California's Community Development Corporations

Community development practice is primarily concerned with building social and economic development institutions that lead to community self-sufficiency. The community development corporations formed by the federal government and foundations were designed to promote this form of economic and social independence. However, the economic and social goals of self-determination are increasingly in conflict as government resources shrink and public support of social programs dwindles. This paper examines the balancing of these two conflicting types of goals in thirty-four California community development corporations. The results indicate that both social and economic goals suffer from the lack of resources and the lack of skilled practitioners to organize and run the community development corporations.