cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postural modulation of the segmental reflex: effect of body tilt and postural sway

This purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between segmental reflex excitability and posture and to investigate potential mechanisms responsible for modulation of the H-reflex (HR) in unsupported standing. Soleus (S) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) HRs were recorded from subjects (N=12S, N=11LG) while their static posture was altered from supine to vertical (5 positions). This was compared to an unsupported standing position in which the subjects naturally underwent a small degree of postural sway, a dynamic posture condition. Although individual profiles suggested varied relationships between the S and LGHR and the angle of body tilt, the group data did not reveal significant differences. There was, however, a significant (p < .01) decrease in the S (43% 49%) and LG (34%-46%) HR when subjects stood without support compared to all static postures. This decrease occurred even though the tonic or background activity of the S and LG was present only when subjects were free standing. To determine whether weight-bearing was responsible for the HR depression, 3 additional conditions were compared (N=3), supported standing without weight-bearing (90 degrees NWB), supported standing with weight-bearing (90 degrees WB), and free standing. Again, S and LGHRs were depressed only when subjects were free standing. Presynaptic inhibition presumably accounts for the depression of the HR in unsupported standing. Data from 8 of the subjects were collected under the same 6 conditions using a shorter interstimulus interval (1 Hz stimulus instead of 0.1 Hz) which produced low frequency depression (LFD) of the S and LG HR. LFD reduced the amplitude of the S HR an average of 43% (p < .05) when subjects were in a supported static position but only 21% when subjects were free standing. Although tonic activity of the S was present only when subjects were free standing, in 2 (of 8) individuals the EMG in free standing was not measurably different from static conditions. In these individuals, free standing still depressed the SHR by 35%; however, the shorter stimulus interval now produced the same degree of LFD when subjects were free standing (35%) as when they were standing with support (37%). The data suggest that 2 presynaptic mechanisms, although independent, interact to control spindle afferent feedback when subjects are free standing. Postural sway appears to be necessary to reduce the gain of the HR when subjects are standing, whereas, LFD is influenced by the degree of muscle activation.
Climatological Coastal Jet Collision, Intermediate Water Formation, and the General Circulation of the Red Sea*

The authors present climatologies of a numerical model of the Red Sea, focusing on the dynamics of winter intermediate water formation. Northward flowing boundary currents are identified as the major dynamical elements. At the northern boundary, the eastern current follows the geometry, eventually turning back to the south. At ;268N and the western wall the two boundary currents collide. At the collision site, the denser eastern current subducts under the western boundary current. The subduction forces the western boundary current eastward into the interior. Convection communicates the surface fluxes to the downwelled plume and intermediate water forms. The estimated rate, 0.11 Sv (Sv [ 106 m3 s21), agrees with previous estimates. The authors identify basin-scale sea-surface tilt to the north due to variable thermohaline forcings as the key dynamical variable. The resultant geostrophic eastward cross-channel flow interacts with the boundaries and creates upwelling and surface topography spatial patterns that drive the coastal jets. Upwelling-induced vortex stretching dominates the vorticity balance and governs the separation of the western boundary current from the western wall. The process ceases in the summer.
ASSESSMENT OF A NEW NUMERICAL PROCEDURE FOR FLUID DYNAMICS

An implicit procedure for minimizing the error introduced by approximate factorization is assessed for solving the unsteady Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. Comparisons are made for the new procedure called MAFk and standard Approximate Factorization (AF) with and without multigrid on flows about a NACA0012 airfoil. Both procedures used block tridiagonal inversion and fully implicit boundary conditions. Results indicate that MAFk is five times more efficient than AF.
Integration of student presentations into advanced classes

Almost all practising engineers must, at one time or another orally present their work to their peers. Although separate classes in public speaking are frequently provided-or even required-for engineering students, they often do not provide ample opportunity to focus on the unique skills required for technical presentations. At the City College of New York, we have begun a project to integrate student presentations into a sequence of three advanced undergraduate classes in engineering. We discuss the educational objectives of the project.
A new species of Isidella bamboo coral (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Isididae) from northeast Pacific Seamounts

Abstract A new species of deep-sea gorgonian, Isidella tentaculum, from 720–1050 m depths on Northeast Pacific seamount peaks, continental slopes, and shelf canyons is described and illustrated. The octocoral colonies were observed alive and in situ using a manned submersible and remotely operated vehicles. The new species is a large (up to 132 cm high), abundant, and conspicuous habitat former. It differs from its closest sister species (I. trichotoma, I. longiflora, I. lofotensis, and I. elongata) in size and stature, polyp size, and polyp arrangement. Distinctive characteristics of I. tentaculum include thornstar-shaped sclerites and large, closely-spaced, dimorphic polyps, never before reported in the family Isididae. Living colonies exhibit long basal zooids trailing from the trunk, similar in appearance to scleractinian ‘sweeper tentacles’. Large colonies have long tentacles (∼40 cm). The flabellum has whorls of 4–5 large (6–9 mm high, 2–3 mm diameter), closely packed (2–4 mm apart) autozooid polyps...
THYROID CANCER COMPLICATING PREGNANCY

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. It affects persons of all ages, but the prognosis is worse for elderly patients. A total of 16,100 cases were projected in 1997, with 11,400 occurring in women.I9 Well-differentiated thyroid cancer occurs predominantly in young women, and the age at diagnosis is an important prognostic variable. The female predominance of thyroid cancer makes its occurrence during pregnancy not uncommon. About 10% of thyroid cancers occurring during the reproductive years are diagnosed during pregnancy or in the first year after birth. Thyroid nodules in women are common. Two percent of women of childbearing age have a thyroid nodule. Fortunately, most are benign. The prevalence of cancer in a solitary nodule ranges from 10% to 20%.'* Most nodules are discovered by the patient or by the physician at a routine prenatal examination. The discovery of any abnormality during pregnancy causes much anxiety for the patient and her physician. Any evaluation or diagnostic proce- dure must take into account the pregnant state of the patient and the fetal concerns to decrease any potential risks. Single clinically detected thyroid nodules are three to four times more common in women than in men, with a peak incidence during the reproductive years. This distribution of thyroid nodules suggests a possible role for hormonal stimulation in their development!, 25 Occult microcarcinomas are found approxi- mately equally in men and women, but clinically detectable disease is more common in women during the childbearing years of hormonal function, sug- gesting a role for hormonal influences in the growth of thyroid malignancies. Walker and Doherty*, 26 report an increase in nodular thyroid disease during pregnancy. MazzaferrP reports an 8% to 17% incidence of malignancy in thyroid nodules overall; however, Doherty and Rosen8, 21, 22 report that 39% to 43% of nodules discovered in association with pregnancy are malignant, suggesting an ~~ ~~ ~~
Binding affinity of fluorochromes and fluorescent proteins to Taxol™ crystals

The ability of Taxol (paclitaxel) to bind and stabilize microtubules is the basis for its use as an anti-mitotic drug as well as an additive for in vivo and in vitro studies of microtubules. The low solubility of Taxol in aqueous solutions, however, facilitates the formation of Taxol crystals that can be decorated with fluorescent tubulin. In cells treated with Taxol, these decorated Taxol crystals may be mistaken for self-assembled tubulin asters when observed with a fluorescent microscope. We confirmed via fluorescent and differential interference contrast microscopy that Taxol crystals can be decorated not only with fluorescent tubulin but also with other fluorescent proteins and fluorochromes without perturbing their morphology. We used theoretical calculations to further investigate Taxol-fluorescent agent interactions. Using computational docking studies we identified a new, potential Taxol binding site within the tubulin dimmer, allowing the interaction between crystalline Taxol and tubulin. Our calculations, however, show that fluorescent tubulin binding to Taxol crystals is more favorable via the fluorochromes covalently linked to the tubulin dimmers, rather than via the new Taxol-binding site, what is in accordance with our experimental data.
Making Math a Definition of the Situation: Families as Sites for Mathematical Practices

We present three cases showing families' competence in mathematical problem solving as a practical aspect of daily life. At home, parents and children engaged creatively in solving math-relevant problems. They used a combination of everyday practices and school forms, but generally did not recognize mathematics in their problem solving. The findings invite new forms of participation that bring families into discussions of math-relevant situations and relates them to their children's school math. [families, math, ethnography, daily practices, math in context]
Crystallite and grain-size-dependent phase transformations in yttria-doped zirconia

In pure zirconia, ultrafine powders are often observed to take on the high-temperature tetragonal phase instead of the “equilibrium” monoclinic phase. The present experiments and analysis show that this observation is one manifestation of a much more general phenomenon in which phase transformation temperatures shift with crystallite/grain size. In the present study, the effect of crystallite (for powders) and grain (for solids) size on the tetragonal → monoclinic phase transformation is examined more broadly across the yttria–zirconia system. Using dilatometry and high-temperature differential scanning calorimetry on zirconia samples with varying crystallite/grain sizes and yttria content, we are able to show that the tetragonal → monoclinic phase transformation temperature varies linearly with inverse crystallite/grain size. This experimental behavior is consistent with thermodynamic predictions that incorporate a surface energy difference term in the calculation of free-energy equilibrium between two phases.
Changes in plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels between heparin-induced extracorporeal low-density lipoprotein precipitation (HELP) treatments

Abstract Heparin-induced extracorporeal low-density lipoprotein (LDL) precipitation (HELP) treatments selectively remove LDL with minimal effects on high-density lipoproteins (HDL), but limited data are available on effects between treatments. The levels of factors associated with increased coronary artery disease risk (atherogenic) among treatments may nave therapeutic significance, especially for combined HELP and lipid-lowering drug therapy. Hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic patients resistant to diet/drug therapy were treated with biweekly HELP therapy. Hypercholesterolemic patients received either lovastatin or no drug, whereas combined hyperlipidemic patients received gemfibrozil. Plasma lipid (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol) and apolipoprotein A-I, A-II, B, C-III, and E levels were measured before treatment, then immediately, and 2, 4, 7, and 14 days after treatments (n = 28). Atherogenic factor (LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B) levels decreased > 50% with treatment, gradually increasing over 14 days to pretreatment levels. Factors associated with reduced coronary artery disease risk (HDL cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I and A-II) decreased 8% to 16% but recovered by 2 days. Components of triglyceriderich lipoproteins (triglycerides and apolipoproteins C-III and E) decreased 38% to 55% with variable post-treatment recoveries. Lovastatin reduced pretreatment levels of atherogenic and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein components and slowed post-treatment increases compared with no drug therapy. Gemfibrozil produced changes similar to lovastatin. Drug therapy had little effect on factors associated with reduced coronary artery disease risk. HELP apheresis produced large reductions in plasma atherogenic factor levels with gradual return to pretreatment levels over 14 days, whereas antiatherogenic factors were minimally reduced and recovered rapidly. Lipid-lowering drug therapy reduced pretreatment levels and delayed post-treatment increases of both cholesterol-and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
Er-Yb femtosecond ring fiber oscillator with 1.1-W average power and GHz repetition rates

We report an all-fiber passively mode-locked femtosecond laser oscillator based on the heavily doped Er-Yb phosphate-glass active fiber. Only 20 cm of the gain fiber is sufficient to produce as much as 1.1 W of average output power at 1.5 /spl mu/m directly from the oscillator. The laser can be harmonically mode-locked at repetition rates ranging from 1.7 to 7.2 GHz by adjusting the polarization bias in the cavity. The pulsewidth varies from 300 to 570 fs at the lowest and the highest repetition rate, respectively, and the maximum peak pulse power exceeds 1 kW.
Electoral Politics as a Redistributive Game

Spatial models of electoral competition typically simplify the analysis by ignoring the question of internal constituency politics: constituencies are modeled simply as a distribution of ideal points along a set of issue dimensions. Matters related to the stability of divergent electoral coalitions have rarely been addressed. We explicitly take into account how differential rates of support by various groups in a constituency will influence candidates' campaign promises and the likelihood that stable electoral coalitions will be forged. Viewing campaign platforms as promised redistributions of welfare, we argue that the optimal strategy for risk-averse candidates will be to promise redistributions first and foremost to their reelection constituency and thereby to maintain existing political coalitions. We use evidence from the urban services literature to support our propositions.
Control of MAP kinase signaling specificity or how not to go HOG wild

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK cascades; also called ERK cascade, for extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) are at the center of many signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. These cascades are composed of a trio of sequentially acting protein kinases that relay an extracellular physiological signal to the targets that orchestrate the appropriate cellular response. A given mammalian cell type typically contains multiple MAPK cascades (for review, see Robinson and Cobb 1997), which raises a number of intriguing questions. Is each cascade dedicated to a specific physiological response? What ensures the specificity of action of each cascade? Do distinct MAPK cascades share some components? What mechanisms restrict or regulate cross talk between distinct pathways? These issues can be difficult to decipher in mammalian cells, but recent studies in yeast have shed light on these questions. Strikingly, these studies have revealed that the MAP kinases can function as specificity factors.
Coordinate transformation in back-stepping design

In this paper, the back-stepping design for a class of nonlinear systems is studied. Conditions are given to characterize this class of nonlinear systems. Under these conditions, the coordinate transformation can be readily constructed to put the nonlinear systems into the parametric-strict-feedback form. >
Biology and Behavior of Pseudodorus clavatus (Diptera: Syrphidae), an Important Predator of Citrus Aphids

The behavior and biology of the aphidophagous hoverfly Pseudodorus clavatus (F.) were studied in the laboratory. The survival of P. clavatus larvae fed Aphis spiraecola Patch was 24% from egg to adult, not significantly different from larvae fed Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (36%). However, larval development was significantly faster on the T. citricida diet and the resulting adults were 50% heavier. Cannibalism of eggs and larvae was common among newly eclosed larvae independent of the presence of aphids, but not among older larvae. The adult sex ratio at eclosion was 0.485 (♀:♂) but 50% of females died before oviposition. Male flies lived for a mean of 16.8 ± 3.8 d and ovipositing females for 29.8 ± 1.9 d at 23°C. The prereproductive period for females averaged 6 d, and the majority of eggs were laid during morning hours, oviposition peaking between 0830 and 1030 hours. There was no preference among naive females to oviposit near either aphid species and eggs were also laid on aphid-infested terminals containing conspecific eggs or larvae. Oviposition was elicited on plant tissues with aphids or residues of aphid honeydew but not on clean plant tissues. Samples of P. clavatus larvae collected from Aphis spiraecola on Viburnum spp. in winter in central Florida were heavily parasitized by the solitary parasitoid Eurydinotelloides bacchadis (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).
An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents

Chronic, unresolved stress is a major risk factor for the development of clinical depression. While many preclinical models of stress-induced depression have been reported, the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol is an established translationally-relevant model for inducing behavioral symptoms commonly associated with clinical depression, such as anhedonia, altered grooming behavior, and learned helplessness in rodents. The UCMS protocol also induces physiological (e.g., hypercortisolemia, hypertension) and neurological (e.g., anhedonia, learned helplessness) changes that are clinically associated with depression. Importantly, UCMS-induced depressive symptoms can be ameliorated through chronic, but not acute, treatment with common SSRIs. As such, the UCMS protocol offers many advantages over acute stress protocols or protocols that utilize more extreme stressors. Our protocol involves randomized, daily exposures to 7 distinct stressors: damp bedding, removal of bedding, cage tilt, alteration of light/dark cycles, social stresses, shallow water bath, and predator sounds/smells. By subjecting rodents 3-4 hr daily to these mild stressors for 8 weeks, we demonstrate both significant behavioral changes and poor health outcomes to the cardiovascular system. This approach allows for in-depth interrogation of the neurological, behavioral, and physiological alterations associated with chronic stress-induced depression, as well as for testing of new potential therapeutic agents or intervention strategies.
Design and Simulation of GaSb/InAs 2D Transmission-Enhanced Tunneling FETs

We describe the design of double-gate InAs/GaSb tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) using GaSb electron wave reflector(s) in the InAs channel. The reflections from the source p-n junction and from the reflector(s) add destructively, causing the net transmission to approach unity at certain energies. The energy range of transmission enhancement can be broadened by the appropriate placement of multiple barriers. With $10^{ {-3}}$ A/m ${\mathrm{\scriptstyle OFF}}$ -current ( $ I_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}})$ and a 0.3 V power supply, the subthreshold swing is improved from 14.4 to 4.6 mV/decade and the ON-current ( $ I_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}})$ is improved from 35 to 96 A/m, compared with a conventional GaSb/InAs TFET.
The Baby Book Skirmish

This is a personal essay musing about how property law concepts such as abandonment, mislaid property, and gifts would affect the status of personal property left by the author's father in her childhood home in the course of divorce. It draws parallels with the case of Willcox v. Stroup, involving ownership of confederate gubernatorial papers.
Social Integration and Maternal Smoking: A Longitudinal Analysis of a National Birth Cohort.

Objectives Social support and engagement are related to smoking behavior in general populations, but it is unknown whether these measures of social integration as experienced by recent mothers are related to longitudinal maternal smoking patterns. The purpose of this study is, first, to describe longitudinal patterns of maternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy through the early childhood parenting years, as well as variation in these patterns; and second, to examine these patterns in relation to social integration, emotional, behavioral, and sociodemographic factors. Methods Among 9050 mothers of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (a nationally representative probability sample of children born in 2001), we estimated trajectories of maternal smoking with a general growth mixture model and examined how baseline predictors are associated with these patterns over a 5-6 year period beginning 3 months prior to pregnancy. Results A 5-class solution identified trajectories of nonsmokers (70.5 %), temporary quitters (9.4 %), pregnancy-inspired quitters (3.3 %), delayed initiators (5.1 %), and persistent smokers (11.7 %). Modifiable risk factors included postpartum alcohol consumption and behavioral cues from co-resident smokers, while breastfeeding beyond 6 months and social engagement through religious service attendance were protective characteristics. Conclusions for Practice Prevention of and treatment for maternal perinatal and postpartum smoking is best informed by mothers' emotional, behavioral and sociodemographic characteristics. Religious service attendance, but not measures of social support or social engagement, was a protective factor for maternal smoking trajectories.
Tropical Mammal Trapping I: The Water Mouse Rheomys

Trapping mammals in the tropics is considered by all collectors as a difficult task. It richly deserves the reputation it has received. Anyone who has run a trapline in Tropical America to find trap after trap not disturbed, with bait missing, sprung by the rain, wind or other agencies, only to find an occasional mouse partly or wholly skeletonized by the ever present hordes of ants, has some idea of the problems to be encountered. It seems important, therefore, for those of us who have been exposed to these conditions to outline some of the trapping methods that we have developed through days and weeks of provoking experi-
Fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing: A new tool for assessment and monitoring of hydrologic processes

Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO DTS) is an emerging technology for characterizing and monitoring a wide range of important earth processes. FO DTS utilizes laser light to measure temperature along the entire length of standard telecommunications optical fibers. The technology can measure temperature every meter over FO cables up to 30 kilometers (km) long. Commercially available systems can measure fiber temperature as often as 4 times per minute, with thermal precision ranging from 0.1 to 0.01 °C depending on measurement integration time. In 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a project to demonstrate and evaluate DTS as a technology to support hydrologic studies. This paper demonstrates the potential of the technology to assess and monitor hydrologic processes through case-study examples of FO DTS monitoring of streamaquifer interaction on the Shenandoah River near Locke’s Mill, Virginia, and on Fish Creek, near Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and estuary-aquifer interaction on Waquoit Bay, Falmouth, Massachusetts. The ability to continuously observe temperature over large spatial scales with high spatial and temporal resolution provides a new opportunity to observe and monitor a wide range of hydrologic processes with application to other disciplines including hazards, climate-change, and ecosystem monitoring.
The Language of Cigar Use: Focus Group Findings on Cigar Product Terminology.

Introduction The consumption of cigar products has increased since 2000. The multiple product types within this category, combined with the varied language with which consumers refer to them, present challenges for accurately assessing the prevalence of cigar product use. Surveillance is also complicated by the fact that these products can be used to smoke marijuana, as "blunts"-cigars in which the tobacco is removed and replaced with marijuana. Few studies exist regarding the language and terminology used to describe these products. Methods Sixteen focus groups were conducted in five cities in the United States between March and May of 2014. Participants (N = 123) included adults who had used cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars in the past 30 days. A semi-structured moderator guide was used to gather data on the terms used to identify cigar product subtypes and the language used to describe the products and their use. Results Participants used a variety of terms for each product subtype. Brand names were often used, as well as slang terms, including terms describing cigars modified for marijuana use. Some subtypes were less likely than others to be considered "cigars." Participants had mixed opinions about whether users of cigar products are "smokers." Conclusions Users of cigar products may classify or label products differently from researchers and policy makers, and many refer to their product by brand name or a slang term. These findings have implications for future research, instrument design, and public health messaging about cigar products. Implications This study adds to the body of evidence highlighting the challenges for measurement and surveillance of non-cigarette tobacco products, including cigars. Findings illustrate the myriad terms used by consumers to describe their use of cigar product subtypes, as well as the complexity of distinguishing between use of cigar products as intended, versus as a vehicle for smoking marijuana. Future research aimed to enhance specificity of cigar use measures will enable policy-makers and public health practitioners to more fully characterize prevalence and patterns of use by cigar subtype.
Nanostructured Conductive SnO x (x<2) for High Efficiency Light Trapping in Thin film and 2D Material Photonic Devices

Self-assembled, nano-needle structured conductive SnOx introduces high-efficiency, low-loss light trapping to double the photocurrent of Ge/Si photodetectors. It can also be applied to improve graphene absorption by 6x in a broad spectral range.
Electrical Characteristics of New LDD Poly-Si TFT with MIS-Alignment Tolerant Structure for AMLCDs

A new LDD poly-Si TFT structure having symmetrical electrical characteristics independent of the process induced mis-alignment is described in this paper. Based on the experimental results, we have established there is no difference between the forward and reverse characteristics and a low leakage current, comparable to a conventional LDD poly-Si TFT, has been maintained for this new poly-Si TFTs. The maximum ON/OFF current ratio of about 1×10 8 is obtained for the LDD length of 1.0 μm. In addition, the kink effect in the output characteristics is remarkably improved in the new TFTs in comparison to the conventional non-LDD single- or dual-gate TFTs.
A primal-dual approach to delay minimizing user association in cellular networks

We study network utility maximization (NUM) within the context of cellular single user association (SUA) policies that map each mobile user (MU) to a single base station (BS) and make use of the generalized α-proportional fairness utility measure across downlink rates. Finding an exact solution to many such centralized user association problem is known to be NP-hard, so we are motivated to consider the integer relaxation of the SUA NUM problem. On this front, we provide separate characterizations of i) the fairness measures under which the SUA NUM problem integrality gap is exactly 1, and ii) the fairness measures yielding non-convex SUA NUM problem formulations. Next, we analyze the fairness measure corresponding to delay minimization and find a more natural linearization of the non-convex minimum delay SUA problem compared to our related previous work. We propose and construct a primal-dual algorithm to approximate the linearized minimum delay SUA problem. Our primal-dual algorithm is shown to achieve smaller performance gaps and runtimes over i) an intuitive baseline rounding algorithm applied to the linearized min delay SUA problem, as well as ii) two greedy heuristics that emphasize associations with minimal MU-BS distances and maximal downlink SINR ratios, respectively.
Fast Transient Test on Capacitor Voltage Transformer with Switching Fixed Series Capacitors Platform Using UHV Disconnector

Using ultra high voltage(UHV) disconnector to switch the platform of fixed series capacitors(FCSs) may induce fast transient phenomenon and repetitive strikings of the disconnector, and thereby damage adjacent capacitor voltage transformers(CVTs). Hence, we put forward simulative switching tests of switching UHV FSC platform with a disconnector to systematically research the related transient process. In the tests, we measured the overvoltage, transient voltage waveform, and current waveform on CVT, and analyzed the fast transient suppression effect of adding a resistance or an inductance on the high voltage terminal of CVT. The test results show that the maximum overvoltage is about 1.54 times the power-frequency test voltage's peak value, which is much less than the CVT's lightning impulse withstanding voltage, so it is not a serious threat to the CVT. The fast transient current will oscillate with 500 k Hz frequency and 2.2 k A amplitude; the high amplitude and steepness may induce partial overheating and overvoltage in the capacitor elements of CVT, and hence damage the CVT. Adding protection resistance and inductance on the high voltage terminal of CVT shows significant effect in suppressing the amplitude and steepness of fast transient current, consequently well protects CVT.
Monitoring of Cholera in Zichuan District of Zibo City during 1999-2009

[Objective]To analyze the prevalence of cholera in Zichuan City in 1999,as well as the cholera epidemic control strategies after 10 years. [Methods]According to "Cholera Prevention Manual" issued by Ministry of Health,the fecal specimens,food samples,water samples were determined.,testing fecal specimens,food samples,water samples. [Results]Vibrio cholerae was identified from fecal specimens of 27 cases during cholera epidemic period in 1999 in Zichuan District,then the 27 cases were diagnosed as cholera.But no vibrio cholera was found in suspected food,water and others.During 1999-2009,Vibrio cholerae was not detected from collected fecal specimens of acute diarrhea patients,lake water,marine food fish or shellfish. [Conclusion]The outbreak of cholera epidemic occurred in 1999 in Zichuan District,but until 2009,no cholera outbreak reoccurred which means the prevention and control has achieved a certain goal,but still needs to be enhanced.
Relative glucose metabolic rates in the elderly depressed patient (MRI/PET).

Coregistered magnetic resonance (MRI) and positron electron tomography (PET) images of relative glucose metabolic rates (normalized to the whole brain) in an elderly depressed patient (upper panel) and in an age-matched control subject (lower panel). The PET scans were obtained at baseline, following one night of total sleep deprivation (post-TSD), after one night of recovery sleep, and (in the case of the patient) after one night of recovery sleep, and (in the case of the patient) after 2 weeks of paroxetine treatment. Glucose metabolism was lower in the patient than in the control. Sleep deprivation was administered to test its ability to accelerate the onset of paroxetine's antidepressant activity. Relative glucose metabolism was decreased after sleep deprivation (relative to baseline) in the superior and middle frontal gyrus (Brodman's areas 6, 7, and 10) and the right parietal cortex. Reductions in left frontal cortex and left cingulated metabolism (areas 24/32) were also observed after recovery sleep and after paroxetine treatment. The data are presented in detail in: Smith GS, Reynolds CF, Pollock B, et al. The cerebral glucose metabolic response to combined total sleep deprivation and antidepressant treatment in geriatric depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:683-689.
E-selectin expression in human cardiac grafts with cellular rejection.

Background. E-selectin expression has recently been documented to occur with lymphocytic infiltration in the skin and synovium. The question of whether E-selectin is expressed in the context of cardiac graft rejection was addressed in this study. Methods and Results. One hundred ninety-five human posttransplant cardiac biopsy specimens were immunoreacted with antibodies to E-selectin and VCAM-1, and endothelial expression of both adhesion molecules was recorded as present or absent. Cardiac graft rejection was graded in blinded fashion
The Campus Divide: Teacher or Service Provider

Introduces the two fields being discussed, Disability Studies and Disability Services, and shows how they are tied to the respective work of two employee groups on campus: Faculty, who teach, and staff, who provide student services. Establishes why it is natural that the fields have worked independently of each other; the obstacles inherent in the working/professional environment; some of the obstacles that stand between greater collaboration between the fields. Foregrounds the idea that generations of social practices and beliefs both necessitated the development of each feld and led to them being two distinct fields.
Minimizing and Leveraging Bias in Forensic Science

Addressing bias in forensic science must entail more than temporarily hiding information from a bench examiner—though such information hiding is essential. We suggest that blinding (and other strategies to minimize bias) should be complemented by measures to leverage remaining biases and that blinding measures should be embedded in a right mix of complementary measures, some of which we will describe as “hierarchical” and others as “distributed.” To make our case, we explain that there are several very different ways to handle bias in forensic science. We offer a classification of strategies and comment on the strengths and weaknesses of each. It should be clear that the different strategies are complementary, but opinions may differ on which mix is best. Finally, we warn of the dangers of “regulatory capture.” Economic theory and history show that a regulatory oversight body may act in ways that serve special interests more effectively than the general interest.
Born on the wrong day? School entry age and juvenile crime

Abstract Kindergarten entry age is known to impact schooling outcomes. Less is known, however, about the role of school starting age on economic outcomes outside of the classroom. In this paper we use administrative data from Louisiana to analyze the effect of school starting age on juvenile crime. We find that late school entry by one year reduces the incidence of juvenile crime for young black females, particularly in high crime areas. The mediating effects of late school entry for this subgroup appear to be driven by reductions in non-felony offenses. We propose age related differences in human capital accumulation as a potential explanation for our findings.
Equity, Equality, and Self-Interest in Marital Maintenance

This study investigated the extent to which generalized equity, a reciprocal exchange approach to maintenance (e.g., reward minus costs), and a self-interest approach (e.g., rewards only) were associated with marital satisfaction. An online survey was distributed to 547 heterosexual married individuals. Results supported equity predictions for six maintenance behaviors when using a categorical measure of equity, and for five of the maintenance behaviors when using a linear measure of equity. Counter to predictions, equity and sex did not interact on the use of maintenance. Finally, a combination of equity, reciprocal exchange, and self-interest predicted 57% of the variance in marital satisfaction.
Factors Associated with Trial Outcomes in the Management of Nephrolithiasis: A Legal Database Review

Abstract Introduction Domestically the estimated annual cost of medical malpractice is $55.6 billion. As surgical providers in a high risk subspecialty, urologists are at particularly high risk. Interventions for nephrolithiasis are especially common in practice, and understanding the risks associated with high volume procedures is critical for quality improvement and cost containment. Methods Using the Westlaw legal database we identified all legal briefs with the search terms “medical malpractice” and “kidney stone” or “nephrolithiasis” for dates between January 2000 and December 2015. Each case was evaluated for alleged cause of malpractice, resulting injury and indemnity payments. Results The initial search yielded 55 cases, which was decreased to 29 after exclusions. Most cases (15, 52%) were decided in favor of the defendant, while the remaining suits led to indemnity payments, including 6 cases that were settled and 8 with verdicts for the plaintiff. Of named defendants 75% were urologists. The mean settlement amount was $158,400 while the mean indemnity payment for verdicts decided in favor of the plaintiff was $124,400. The most commonly alleged breach of duty was negligent performance in surgery (15 cases), followed by negligent postoperative care (6 cases), and failure to diagnose and treat (5 cases). The most commonly claimed damage was death (13 cases). Conclusions Malpractice cases related to the management of nephrolithiasis most commonly involve allegations of negligent performance in surgery, negligent postoperative care, or failure to diagnose or treat. Urologists account for 75% of named defendants and should be aware of factors that increase the risk of litigation.
Race, Ethnicity, and the Promise of "Good Food" for Michigan: A Three-voice Commentary

This set of three interconnected commentaries begins by tracing the evolving narrative of the local food movement to embrace racial equity as a critical part of a sustainable food system in Michigan, using the Michigan Good Food Charter as a potential framework. Researchers, educators, and advocates of local food must first have a clear understanding of the structural racism that is present in the American food system before they can work effectively toward the vision of sustainable and equitable food for all. The commentary then calls out the need for new tools and resources for local food students and professionals (including Cooperative Extension staff) to better understand the role structural racism plays in the U.S. food system. One new resource identified and developed by two of the commentary authors is an annotated bibliography of structural racism present in the U.S. food system.
Balancing Primary Diabetes Care Quality and Services.

The editorialist discusses the implications of Cheung and colleagues' study with regard to the relationship between delivery of primary care services and quality.
Abstract 422: Activation of the p38 Branch of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Stimulates Proteasome Proteolytic Function

Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction is associated with development of most heart diseases. Proteasomal functional insufficiency has been experimentally demonstrated to play an important role in cardiac pathogenesis. Hence, enhancing proteasome function is potentially a powerful new strategy for therapeutic exploration but this research area is hindered critically by poor understanding of the regulation of cellular proteasomes. Here, we sought to determine whether and how the p38 branch of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulates the UPS. GFPu is a rationally modified green fluorescence protein (GFP) proven to be a UPS-specific substrate. In both an HEK293-GFPu/RFP stable cell line and cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs), serum withdrawal activated p38 and decreased GFPu/RFP protein ratios. The decrease was abolished by p38 inhibitor (SB230580). Similar effects were also observed when p38 was activated by anisomycin. Cycloheximide (CHX) chase assays showed that p38 activation by either anisomycin treatment or MKK3 overexpression significantly shortened the half-life of GFPu proteins. These compelling data demonstrate for the first time that p38 stimulates UPS performance. To pinpoint the step of the UPS pathway which p38 acts on, we examined the level of total ubiquitin conjugates and proteasomal peptidase activity. Activation of p38 via various means failed to increase the level of total ubiquitin conjugates but was able to increase significantly proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity in cultured NRVMs and this increase was remarkably blunted by SB230580. The altered proteasome activity was not associated with discernible changes in the protein abundance of representative subunits of the 19S (Rpt6, Rpn2) and 20S proteasomes (α5, β5, β7); however, 2-dimensional PAGE followed by immunoblot showed that the isoelectric point (pI) of a fraction of β5, but not α2, subunits of the 20S proteasome was shifted to the acidic side, consistent with increased phosphorylation, by MKK3 overexpression in cultured NRVMs. It is thus demonstrated for the first time that p38 MAPK stimulates proteasome proteolytic function and it achieves such effect likely through post-translational modifications of the proteasome.
Thoreau and Deliberate Living: Individualism Against the Market

This chapter turns from Ralph Waldo Emerson to his protege Henry David Thoreau, who arrives at a starkly different assessment of the individual vis-a-vis the market, despite beginning from many shared concepts and values. Like Emerson, Thoreau embraced an individualistic ideal of self-cultivation built upon a foundation of personal conscience. However, he unambiguously articulates a doctrine of deliberate living against the mentality, values, and practices of the market, which he believed instrumentalized individuals and left them without the tangible or intangible resources to pursue genuine self-culture. Thoreau sees no way to outsmart the market, to use it without coming to serve it. His individualism is thus ultimately styled to be as antagonistic to the market as he believed the market was antithetical to individuality.
Outcomes of Beating Heart on Pump Utilizing a Miniature Bypass Circuit Versus off Pump Cardiac Bypass at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

BACKGROUND Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) helps reduce systemic inflammatory changes by maintaining native pulsatile flow. This analysis evaluates the outcomes of OPCAB at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) and evaluates the use of beating heart on-pump (BHOP) bypass grafting as an empiric therapy for high-risk patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 756 patients who underwent coronary bypass grafting between 2004-2015 at a single VAMC. This group was subdivided into BHOP (N.=60) versus OPCAB (N.=696). Analysis was performed using multivariate regression modeling with P=0.05 holding statistical significance. RESULTS Both cohorts were predominantly male with an average age of 65 years and average Body Mass Index of 30 kg/m2. Individuals in the BHOP group were more likely to have COPD and resting ST depressions preoperatively. Operative time was longer and average number of conduits was higher for BHOP cases compared to OPCAB cases respectively. After controlling for differences between cohorts, multivariate regression analysis showed a protective effect of both BHOP (OR 0.325, P=0.035; OR 0.323, P=0.031) and two (OR 0.385, P<0.001; OR 0.539, P=0.018) and three (OR 0.154, P<0.001; OR 0.315, P<0.001) vessel revascularization on three and six-year mortality following revascularization. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative survival following BHOP is superior to OPCAB when BHOP is used empirically with no difference in short-term mortality. Empiric use of BHOP should be considered for high risk coronary revascularization.
Cheating on my mentor.

For the first 2 years of my Ph.D. program, my primary adviser was always available when I needed help, promptly responding to emails and meeting with me when questions arose. But that abruptly changed when he went on sabbatical and left the country. My emails were rarely answered, and our scheduled
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Coverage and Prevalence of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination in an Integrated Healthcare System.

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been recommended in the United States for female and male adolescents since 2006 and 2011, respectively. Coverage rates are lower than those for other adolescent vaccines. The objective of this study was to evaluate an assessment and feedback intervention designed to increase HPV vaccination coverage and quantify missed opportunities for HPV vaccine initiation at preventive care visits. Methods We examined changes in HPV vaccination coverage and missed opportunities within the adolescent (11–17 years) population at 9 Oregon-based Kaiser Permanente Northwest outpatient clinics after an assessment and feedback intervention. Quarterly coverage rates were calculated for the adolescent populations at the clinics, according to age group (11–12 and 13–17 years), sex, and department (Pediatrics and Family Medicine). Comparison coverage assessments were calculated at 3 nonintervention (control) clinics. Missed opportunities for HPV vaccine initiation, defined as preventive care visits in which a patient eligible for HPV dose 1 remained unvaccinated, were examined according to sex and age group. Results An average of 29,021 adolescents were included in coverage assessments. Before the intervention, 1-dose and 3-dose quarterly coverage rates were increasing at intervention as well as at control clinics in both age groups. Postimplementation quarterly trends in 1-dose or 3-dose coverage did not differ significantly between intervention and control clinics for either age group. One-dose coverage rates among adolescents with Pediatrics providers were significantly higher than those with Family Medicine providers (56% vs 41% for 11- to 12-year-old and 82% vs 69% for 13- to 17-year-old girls; 55% vs 40% for 11- to 12-year-old and 78% vs 62% for 13- to 17-year-old boys). Conclusions No significant differences in HPV vaccine coverage were identified at intervention clinics. However, coverage rates were increasing before the start of the intervention and might have been influenced by ongoing health system best practices. HPV vaccine coverage rates varied significantly according to department, which could allow for targeted improvement opportunities.