cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results from SIM's thermo-opto-mechanical (TOM3) testbed

Future space-based optical interferometers, such as the Space Interferometer Mission Planet Quest (SIM), require thermal stability of the optical wavefront to the level of picometers in order to produce astrometric data at the micro-arc-second level. In SIM, the internal path of the interferometer will be measured with a small metrology beam whereas the starlight fringe position is estimated from a large concentric annular beam. To achieve the micro-arc-second observation goal for SIM, it is necessary to maintain the optical path difference between the central and the outer annulus portions of the wavefront of the front-end telescope optics to a few tens of picometers. The Thermo-Opto-Mecha nical testbed (TOM3) was developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to measure thermally induced optical deformations of a full-size flight-like beam compressor and siderostat, the two largest optics on SIM, in flight-like thermal environments. A Common Path Heterodyne Interferometer (COPHI) developed at JPL was used for the fine optical path difference measurement as the metrology sensor. The system was integrated inside a large vacuum chamber in order to mitigate the atmospheric and thermal disturbances. The siderostat was installed in a temperature-controlled thermal shroud inside the vacuum chamber, creating a flight-like thermal environment. Detailed thermal and structural models of the test articles (siderostat and compressor) were also developed for model prediction and correlation of the thermal deformations. Experimental data shows SIM required thermal stability of the test articles and good agreement with the model predictions.
Imaging glycans in zebrafish embryos by metabolic labeling and bioorthogonal click chemistry

Imaging glycans in vivo has recently been enabled using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy by treating cells or organisms with azide- or alkyne-tagged monosaccharides1, 2. The modified monosaccharides, processed by the glycan biosynthetic machinery, are incorporated into cell surface glycoconjugates. The bioorthogonal azide or alkyne tags then allow covalent conjugation with fluorescent probes for visualization, or with affinity probes for enrichment and glycoproteomic analysis. This protocol describes the procedures typically used for noninvasive imaging of fucosylated glycans in zebrafish embryos, including: 1) microinjection of one-cell stage embryos with GDP-5-alkynylfucose (GDP-FucAl), 2) labeling fucosylated glycans in the enveloping layer of zebrafish embryos with azide-conjugated fluorophores via biocompatible Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), and 3) imaging by confocal microscopy3. The method described here can be readily extended to visualize other classes of glycans, e.g. glycans containing sialic acid4 and N-acetylgalactosamine5, 6, in developing zebrafish and in other living organisms.
Electronic stopping power for protons in an LiF monolayer

In our previous work, the stopping properties of metallic and covalent films were investigated. Here we consider an ionically bound film. The energy loss of a proton in an LiF monolayer (LiF-1L) is calculated in orbital fashion, based on kinetic theory. The required momentum density and mean excitation energy are obtained from the local density approximation and local plasma approximation respectively. For comparison, the LiF molecule is treated by use of a large intermolecular distance in the film. We find the stopping cross section of the LiF molecule to be only slightly larger than that for the LiF-1L. The Bragg rule (additivity of stopping for the corresponding atoms) is not valid for the ionically bound molecule nor the corresponding extended system, but may be valid if additivity of stopping of atomic ions is assumed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Search for possible superheavy particles in sodium nuclei.

A search has been made for isotopes of sodium of mass g100 amu. Such heavy isotopes could arise from the presence of superheavy particles in the primordial soup which became constituents of nuclear matter. The experimental technique involved studying the isotopic mass shift of the Na D2 atomic transition using high-resolution laser spectroscopy and the photon-burst method. An upper limit for the heavy-particle-to-nucleon ratio of 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}12}$ was found. Cosmological-model predictions for this ratio in nuclear matter are \ensuremath{\simeq}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}10}$. Any comparison of these two values assumes no mass fractionation has occurred in the geophysical disposition and subsequent extraction of the sodium forming the atomic beam and also no differences in the distribution of heavy isotopes among the elements, compared to normal isotopes, during their astrophysical formation. Making these assumptions enables limits to be placed on the heavy-particle annihilation cross sections in the formation process.
Valproate in children with newly diagnosed idiopathic generalized epilepsy.

Objectives Sparse information on dose–response characteristics for initial antiepileptic drug monotherapy in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is available. The aim of this study is to characterize the therapeutic dose of valproate in children with newly diagnosed IGE.
Considerations for the next generation of solar telescopes: A systems approach to solar physics

The exciting new high resolution images from the one meter Sunrise balloon telescope and the first images from the 1.6 meter Big Bear telescope together with the continuing data from the 1 meter Swedish Solar Observatory demonstrate the promise of the new generation of multimeter solar telescopes. While the promise of the new generation of telescopes is great the technical challenges to build them will require the efforts of a significant fraction of the solar community. In this talk I will emphasize the need for an integrated systems approach to the development of the telescope, its instruments, its software, and its operations and management structures. The experience of several decades of space mission has taught us a great deal about the value of planning mission development from the definition of the primary scientific objectives to the delivery of the data to the science community. Much of these lessons learned, often painfully, should provide guidance to those in developing the new telescope systems (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A null mutation in human APOC3 confers a favorable plasma lipid profile and apparent cardioprotection

Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) inhibits triglyceride hydrolysis and has been implicated in coronary artery disease. Through a genome-wide association study, we have found that about 5% of the Lancaster Amish are heterozygous carriers of a null mutation (R19X) in the gene encoding apoC-III (APOC3) and, as a result, express half the amount of apoC-III present in noncarriers. Mutation carriers compared with noncarriers had lower fasting and postprandial serum triglycerides, higher levels of HDL-cholesterol and lower levels of LDL-cholesterol. Subclinical atherosclerosis, as measured by coronary artery calcification, was less common in carriers than noncarriers, which suggests that lifelong deficiency of apoC-III has a cardioprotective effect.
Eyewitness identification evidence and innocence risk

It is well known that the frailties of human memory and vulnerability to suggestion lead to eyewitness identification errors. However, variations in different aspects of the eyewitnessing conditions produce different kinds of errors that are related to wrongful convictions in very different ways. We present a review of the eyewitness identification literature, organized around underlying cognitive mechanisms, memory, similarity, and decision processes, assessing the effects on both correct and mistaken identification. In addition, we calculate a conditional probability we call innocence risk, which is the probability that the suspect is innocent, given that the suspect was identified. Assessment of innocence risk is critical to the theoretical development of eyewitness identification research, as well as to legal decision making and policy evaluation. Our review shows a complex relationship between misidentification and innocence risk, sheds light on some areas of controversy, and suggests that some issues thought to be resolved are in need of additional research.
Assessment in Early Childhood Education

A critical component of effective teaching is the assessment of the skills and understanding that children have and the follow-up of these evaluations with teaching to facilitate learning outcomes ...
Dissociation of increased hexose transport from initiation of fibroblast proliferation

ALTERATIONS in the permeability of the surface membrane might play a key role in the control of DNA synthesis and cell division1–3. Evidence that changes in hexose transport might participate in growth control comes from reports that uptake of certain hexoses (1) increases after transformation by tumour viruses4–6, and correlates with the expression of the transformed phenotype7; (2) decreases when untransformed fibroblasts reach a density-inhibited monolayer5,8, and (3) rapidly increases after initiating cell division with serum or other agents8,9. We now report, however, that increased hexose transport and initiation of proliferation can be uncoupled in density-inhibited 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Levels of cortisol which initiate DNA synthesis and division of these cells10,11 actually decrease hexose transport. In addition, some serum components increase hexose transport without initiating proliferation.
Control of growth and differentiation of the endometrium: the role of tissue interactions

Early work with neonatal mice showed that estrogen receptor-negative uterine epithelium responded to estrogen treatment. Since the underlying mesenchymal cells were estrogen receptor-positive, it was suggested that these cells mediated the hormonal response through elaboration of a paracrine factor. Cell culture work showed that mesenchymal cells produced soluble factors that stimulate uterine epithelium, but hormonal regulation was absent or minimal. The paracrine hypothesis of estrogen action has been proved by the use of tissue recombinant studies in which epithelium from estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice was combined with wild-type mesenchyme; estrogen stimulated the ER alpha-negative epithelium if the underlying stromal cells were receptor-positive. Also, it is hypothesized that there is a reciprocal paracrine interaction during stimulation with progesterone and estrogen. Accordingly, under progesterone dominance, the epithelium elaborates factors that direct the underlying stroma to proliferate when estrogen is administered. Although this hypothesis needs further testing, it has been shown that the uterine epithelium is required for stromal responsiveness to hormones. The question arises: What are the factors that mediate the effects of the steroid hormones in the uterus? Several peptide growth factors are regulated by estrogen and/or progesterone. Use of knockout animals will allow a determination of the role that these factors play in the uterus. However, ablation of many of these growth factor genes has proved lethal to the newborn animals, making it impossible to study hormonal effects using standard techniques. Tissue xenograft and tissue recombination studies offer a means of defining the role of specific growth factors in uterine physiology.
Degenerative left shift as a prognostic tool in cats.

Background A degenerative left shift (DLS) is reported to be a poor prognostic indicator in dogs and cats. Limited data in dogs and no studies in cats have been published to investigate this claim. Hypothesis/objectives To characterize the feline population affected by DLS and to determine if the presence and severity of DLS are associated with increased risk of euthanasia or death. Animals One hundred and eight cats with DLS (cases) and 322 cats without DLS (controls) presented to the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between April 1, 1995 and April 1, 2010. Methods Retrospective case-control study. All cases had a CBC performed within 24 hours of presentation in which immature granulocytic precursors exceeded mature neutrophils. Controls were matched by year of presentation and primary diagnosis. Survival analysis was used to determine risk of death or euthanasia from DLS and other potential predictors of outcome. Results Cases were more likely to die or be euthanized in hospital compared to controls (60/108 [56%] versus 107/322 [33%]). DLS was a significant predictor of death or euthanasia in hospitalized cats in both univariate and multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.18). Trend analysis showed an increasing trend in the hazard of euthanasia or death with increasing severity of DLS. Conclusions and clinical importance Cats with DLS are 1.57 times more likely to die or be euthanized in hospital than cats without DLS. In addition, increasing severity of DLS is associated with increased likelihood of death or euthanasia.
Message size constraints on discourse planning in synchronous computer-mediated communication

Three groups of 20 dyads planned the MTV Music Video Awards Show over computers. The groups varied in whether they could send 4-line, 10-line, or 18-line messages, in part to examine whether increased planning efficiency in computer-mediated communication reflects communication strategies associated with constraints on message size. The results demonstrate that increased efficiency is not a function of such design features as the maximum message that may be sent. However, the subjects in the 4-line condition sent shorter messages to one another, were less likely to engage in a strategy of making multiple suggestions that required a single assent, and were more likely to differ in the relative proportion of their contributions to the discourse. The subjects in the 10-line condition had shorter maximum messages (and proportionately more disfluencies) than did those in the 18-line condition, despite the finding that the maximum messages of the latter would have also fit within 10 lines. Thus, the results also support a claim that size of the text window may result in different discourse management strategies and may influence an initial discourse-planning stage.
An object-oriented window scheme for representing design and manufacturing activities

Abstract The advanced manufacturing technology systems have brought new challenges to manufacturing firms all around the world. The increased need for higher productivity and zero detect products is forcing manufacturers to reevaluate their production philosophy, and improve their product design and manufacturing processes. This paper presents an object-oriented, window-based scheme that represents various manufacturing activities such as planning, marketing, design, and manufacturing. In the presented scheme, each activity is considered an object and represented by a window.
Manufacturing and Fracture Behavior of Large Scale Multilayered Metal-Ceramic Nanocomposites

Uniform and multilayered nanocomposites are of growing interest due to their desirable mechanical properties and their performance under high stress, wear, and impact conditions. Composite structures offer an opportunity to combine the useful properties from multiple materials. Controlled variations in composition and microstructure within a composite material allow for tunable local variations in properties. The simplest version of such a variation is to periodically change the composite volume fraction to create a multilayered composite material. Such structures would have hard layers to maintain strength and softer layers to allow for greater plasticity and prevent brittle failure. We are able to manufacture uniform and layered composites of nickel matrices embedded with alumina nanoparticles using electrodeposition. In this method a rotating disk electrode (RDE) is used to directly control the rate of particle incorporation. Uniform composites are made by holding a constant RDE rotation rate while layered composites are manufactured by periodically varying the rotation rate during deposition. We have demonstrated this novel manufacturing process for large-scale samples, several square centimeters in area and hundreds of microns thick, while maintaining submicron microstructural resolution.
Effects of child support and welfare policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing and motherhood

This paper is an assessment of the impact of child support enforcement and welfare policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing and motherhood. We derive four hypotheses about the effects of policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing and motherhood. We propose that teenage motherhood and school enrollment are joint decisions for teenage girls. Based on individual trajectories during ages 12-19, our analysis uses an event history model for nonmarital teenage childbearing and a dynamic model of mother- hood that is jointly determined with school enrollment. We find some evi- dence that child support policies indirectly reduce teen motherhood by increasing the probability of school enrollment, which, in turn, reduces the probability of teen motherhood. This finding suggests that welfare offices may wish to place greater weight on outreach programs that inform more teenagers of the existence of strong child support enforcement measures. Such programs might reduce nonmarital teen motherhood further and thus reduce the need for welfare support and child support enforcement in the long run.
Simulation of Defects in Energetic Materials. 3. The Structure and Properties of RDX Crystals with Vacancy Complexes

Hartree−Fock calculations of a cyclotrimethylene trinitramine C3H6N6O6 (RDX) crystal containing vacancy dimers were performed using a periodic defect model and large supercells. Positive binding en...
Laser recanalization of acutely thrombosed coronary arteries in live dogs: Early results

Laser recanalization was attempted in thrombosed coronary arteries of 10 dogs. In all dogs a coronary thrombus was obtained by passing a low grade electrical current through a guide wire advanced into the artery. Recanalization was then attempted using an argon laser with energy levels ranging from 3 to 30 J. In six dogs a 140 µm core optical fiber was positioned proximal to .the thrombus add lasing was done during fiber advancement. The thrombosed artery was recanalized in one dog, perforated in four and neither recanalized nor perforated in one. In the remaining four dogs a steerable guide wire was advanced across the thrombus and a catheter was passed over the guide wire and exchanged for a 200 µm core optical fiber. After fiber withdrawal, mechanical recanalization without lasing was performed in one of the four dogs. In the remaining three dogs, both the fiber and the catheter were again advanced distal to the thrombus and lasing was done during withdrawal; this caused coronary perforation in all dogs. Laser recanalization of thrombosed coronary arteries in dogs using currently available techniques is feasible but results in a very high incidence of perforation.
Lipids of Muscle and Brain in Rats Deprived of Tocopherol

SummaryIn rats on a vitamin E-deficient diet the cholesterol content of muscle was significantly increased, the total lipid less markedly. In brain tissue the cholesterol content was markedly increased, especially that of the free cholesterol, such that cholesterol esters represented about 5% of the total; in control animals this figure was 35%. These changes generally parallel those reported for rabbit tissue but are not as striking, perhaps because in grown rats dystrophy develops slowly. An understanding of these changes must await further knowledge of the functional activity of vitamin E.
Steroid therapy for rheumatic fever

Summary Ninety-four patients with acute rheumatic fever have been studied and treatment at the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals with varying doses of cortisone and prednisone in the past six years. About one-half of the patients on any of the large-dosage schedules treated within 28 days had no heart disease at the end of therapy and 73.8 per cent either had no heart disease or were much improved at the end of therapy (Table IX). There have been eight deaths while on treatment. The drug was considered lifesaving in eleven cases. Better results were obtained when the drug was started earlier in the course of the disease and in large doses.
Improving market clearing price prediction by using a committee machine of neural networks

Predicting market clearing prices is an important but difficult task, and neural networks have been widely used. A single neural network, however, may misrepresent part of the input-output data mapping that could have been correctly represented by different networks. The use of a "committee machine" composed of multiple networks can in principle alleviate such a difficulty. A major challenge for using a committee machine is to properly combine predictions from multiple networks, since the performance of individual networks is input dependent due to mapping misrepresentation. This paper presents a new method in which weighting coefficients for combining network predictions are the probabilities that individual networks capture the true input-output relationship at that prediction instant. Testing of the New England market cleaning prices demonstrates that the new method performs better than individual networks, and better than committee machines using current ensemble-averaging methods.
The Landau-Zener formula.

The Landau−Zener formula for the probability that a nonadiabatic transition has taken place is derived without solving directly the usual second-order differential equation. This is achieved in just a few steps by using contour integration.
High Resolution In Situ TEM Studies of Silicide-Mediated Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

We report in situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of NiSi2-medi-ated crystallization of amorphous Si. Compared to conventional solid phase epitaxy of (111) Si, an enhancement of the growth rate by three orders of magnitude was observed and high quality twin-free needles of Si were formed. Crystallization occurred via a ledge growth mechanism at the epitaxial Type A NiSi2/crystalline Si (111) interface. A model for NiSi2-mediated crystallization of amorphous Si involving the passage of kinks along ledges at the NiSi2/ crystalline Si (111) interface is proposed.
A non-interrupting electron beam diagnostic using coherent off-axis undulator radiation

We propose a technique for measuring the length of an electron bunch from a linear accelerator without interrupting the electron beam. Bunch lengths are measured by observing off-axis undulator radiation. The wavelength of undulator radiation increases with the angle of emission. At angles as large as 10 degrees, the wavelength may be longer than the electron bunch, and as a result coherence effects emerge. As the angle of observation increases and the radiation becomes coherent, the intensity may change by up to a factor of 10/sup 9/. The angle at which this change occurs is related to the bunch length. Thus the bunch length may be obtained by observing the change in intensity of the radiation with respect to the angle of observation. This electron beam diagnostic does not interrupt the electron beam and would be useful for single-pass FELs. Electron bunches could be characterized while the FEL is operating, and thus the FEL could be optimized in real time. In this paper, we develop the theory of coherent off-axis undulator radiation (COUR), including near-field effects, and we discuss future experimental efforts to observe this radiation and to use it to characterize electron bunches.
Parallel Two-Sided Matrix Reduction to Band Bidiagonal Form on Multicore Architectures

The objective of this paper is to extend, in the context of multicore architectures, the concepts of tile algorithms [Buttari et al., 2007] for Cholesky, LU, and QR factorizations to the family of two-sided factorizations. In particular, the bidiagonal reduction of a general, dense matrix is very often used as a preprocessing step for calculating the Singular Value Decomposition. Furthermore, in the Top500 list of June 2008, 98 percent of the fastest parallel systems in the world were based on multicores. This confronts the scientific software community with both a daunting challenge and a unique opportunity. The challenge arises from the disturbing mismatch between the design of systems based on this new chip architecture-hundreds of thousands of nodes, a million or more cores, reduced bandwidth and memory available to cores-and the components of the traditional software stack, such as numerical libraries, on which scientific applications have relied for their accuracy and performance. The many-core trend has even more exacerbated the problem, and it becomes critical to efficiently integrate existing or new numerical linear algebra algorithms suitable for such hardware. By exploiting the concept of tile algorithms in the multicore environment (i.e., high level of parallelism with fine granularity and high-performance data representation combined with a dynamic data-driven execution), the band bidiagonal reduction presented here achieves 94 Gflop/s on a 12,000 × 12,000 matrix with 16 Intel Tigerton 2.4 GHz processors. The main drawback of the tile algorithms approach for the bidiagonal reduction is that the full reduction cannot be obtained in one stage. Other methods have to be considered to further reduce the band matrix to the required form.
Alternate Solutions Analysis For Transportation Problems

The constraint structure of the transportation problem is so important that the literature is filled with efforts to provide efficient algorithms for solving it. The intent of this work is to present various rules governing load distribution for alternate optimal solutions in transportation problems, a subject that has not attracted much attention in the current literature, with the result that the load assignment for an alternate optimal solution is left mostly at the discretion of the practitioner. Using the Shadow Price theory we illustrate the structure of alternate solutions in a transportation problem and provide a systematic analysis for allocating loads to obtain an alternate optimal solution. Numerical examples are presented to explain the proposed process.
Preliminary observations of single-agent docetaxel as neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer.

Abstract Patients with locally advanced prostate cancer present a significant therapeutic dilemma. Despite aggressive local therapies, including radical prostatectomy (RP), these patients are at high risk for biochemical failure. Several research groups have recently demonstrated the feasibility of hormonal and chemohormonal therapy before RP, but limited published data are available regarding the usefulness of chemotherapy without hormonal therapy in the neoadjuvant setting. At Cleveland Clinic Foundation, a phase II trial was initiated to evaluate a 6-week course of docetaxel, 40 mg/m2 intravenously every 7 days, followed by RP in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. RP was to be performed within 3 weeks of completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The primary endpoint of this study is pathologic complete response. Preliminary toxicity data suggest that weekly docetaxel is well tolerated and does not increase the risk of perioperative or post-operative complications. Reductions in prostate-specific antigen levels were noted in seven of 10 patients who completed the 6-week course of neoadjuvant docetaxel. The neoadjuvant use of investigational cancer therapies may allow for relatively rapid assessment of their antitumor activity.
High dimensional endophenotype ranking in the search for major depression risk genes

Background Despite overwhelming evidence that major depression is highly heritable, recent studies have localized only a single depression-related locus reaching genome-wide significance and have yet to identify a causal gene. Focusing on family-based studies of quantitative intermediate phenotypes or endophenotypes, in tandem with studies of unrelated individuals using categorical diagnoses, should improve the likelihood of identifying major depression genes. However, there is currently no empirically derived statistically rigorous method for selecting optimal endophentypes for mental illnesses. Here, we describe the endophenotype ranking value, a new objective index of the genetic utility of endophenotypes for any heritable illness. Methods Applying endophenotype ranking value analysis to a high-dimensional set of over 11,000 traits drawn from behavioral/neurocognitive, neuroanatomic, and transcriptomic phenotypic domains, we identified a set of objective endophenotypes for recurrent major depression in a sample of Mexican American individuals ( n = 1122) from large randomly selected extended pedigrees. Results Top-ranked endophenotypes included the Beck Depression Inventory, bilateral ventral diencephalon volume, and expression levels of the RNF123 transcript. To illustrate the utility of endophentypes in this context, each of these traits were utlized along with disease status in bivariate linkage analysis. A genome-wide significant quantitative trait locus was localized on chromsome 4p15 (logarithm of odds=3.5) exhibiting pleiotropic effects on both the endophenotype (lymphocyte-derived expression levels of the RNF123 gene) and disease risk. Conclusions The wider use of quantitative endophenotypes, combined with unbiased methods for selecting among these measures, should spur new insights into the biological mechanisms that influence mental illnesses like major depression.
Rapid induction of autoantibodies during ARDS and septic shock

Background: Little is known about the induction of humoral responses directed against human autoantigens during acute inflammation. We utilized a highly sensitive antibody profiling technology to study autoantibodies in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe sepsis, conditions characterized by intensive immune activation leading to multiple organ dysfunction. Methods: Using Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems (LIPS), a cohort of control, ARDS and sepsis patients were tested for antibodies to a panel of autoantigens. Autoantibody titers greater than the mean plus 3 SD of the 24 control samples were used to identify seropositive samples. Available longitudinal samples from different seropositive ARDS and sepsis patient samples, starting from within the first two days after admission to the intensive care, were then analyzed for changes in autoantibody over time. Results: From screening patient plasma, 57% of ARDS and 46% of septic patients without ARDS demonstrated at least one statistically significant elevated autoantibody compared to the controls. Frequent high titer antibodies were detected against a spectrum of autoantigens including potassium channel regulator, gastric ATPase, glutamic decarboxylase-65 and several cytokines. Analysis of serial samples revealed that several seropositive patients had low autoantibodies at early time points that often rose precipitously and peaked between days 7-14. Further, the use of therapeutic doses of corticosteroids did not diminish the rise in autoantibody titers. In some cases, the patient autoantibody titers remained elevated through the last serum sample collected. Conclusion: The rapid induction of autoantibodies in ARDS and severe sepsis suggests that ongoing systemic inflammation and associated tissue destruction mediate the break in tolerance against these self proteins.
Exact Graph Structure Estimation with Degree Priors

We describe a generative model for graph edges under specific degree distributions which admits an exact and efficient inference method for recovering the most likely structure. This binary graph structure is obtained by reformulating the inference problem as a generalization of the polynomial time combinatorial optimization known as b-matching. Standard b-matching recovers a constant-degree constrained maximum weight subgraph from an original graph instead of a distribution over degrees. After this mapping, the most likely graph structure can be found in cubic time with respect to the number of nodes using max flow methods. Furthermore, in some instances, the combinatorial optimization problem can be solved exactly in near quadratic time by loopy belief propagation and max product updates even if the original input graph is dense. We show an example application to post-processing of recommender system predictions.
Measuring HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma Across South Africa: A Versatile and Multidimensional Scale

Reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma is critical in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Although national campaigns and prevention programs have been implemented across South Africa to address this critical concern, assessing the impact of these initiatives is difficult as it requires that measurement of HIV/AIDS-related stigma is uniform and comparable nationwide. The appropriateness of existing stigma measures for this task is unclear as measurement of HIV/AIDS-related stigma may be qualitatively different across South Africa's diverse population. The current study assesses a theoretically and culturally informed multidimensional, HIV/AIDS-related stigma scale for measurement invariance across a sample drawn from two culturally distinct South African provinces: Limpopo (n = 597) and Western Cape (n = 598). Results suggest measurement invariance across groups for the HIV/AIDS stigma scale, supporting the scale's integrity and appropriateness for use across diverse populations.
CANOPY ARTHROPOD RESPONSE TO DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF GREEN TREES RETAINED AFTER PARTIAL HARVEST

We measured canopy arthropod responses to six contrasting green-tree re- tention treatments at six locations (blocks) in western Oregon and Washington as part of the Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study. Treatments were lOOgo retention (uncut), 75% retention with three 1-ha harvested gaps, 40% dispersed retention, 40% aggregated retention with five 1-ha uncut aggregates, 15% dispersed reten- tion, and 15% aggregated retention with two 1-ha uncut aggregates. Arthropods were sam- pled from upper, mid-, and lower crown levels of one overstory Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and from three understory vine maple (Acer circinatum Pursh) in each treatment unit during June and August each year to assess seasonal variation in abundances. Pretreatment data were collected in 1996 and posttreatment data in 1999- 2000. Arthropods showed little evidence of response to treatments, but the abundance of arthropods on both plant species showed significant variation among blocks, reflecting responses to environmental gradients at a regional scale. Arthropod abundance also varied significantly over time in unmanipulated (control) treatments, suggesting sensitivity to annual changes in weather. Our results suggest that disturbance at this intensity or scale has little influence on canopy arthropods in the short term. Future sampling will be necessary to evaluate the extent to which arthropods respond to changes in environmental conditions created by these treatments over longer time periods.
Standardized patients: a promising tool for health education and health promotion.

Standardized patients (SPs) are trained actors who are used to engage health care providers in various types of clinical encounters for the purposes of training and evaluation. In the past, SPs hav...
Universal Context Based Decoding with Low-Density Parity-Check Codes

Universal estimation strategies are proposed to improve channel decoding of sequences that contain context based redundancy. The new methods combine techniques from universal compression, such as the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) and segmentation of piecewise stationary memoryless sources (PSMS's) with recently proposed methods of discrete denoising. Simulation results with systematic low density parity check (LDPC) codes show significant improvements of the proposed methods on standard decoding, even when the actual sequence context model is unknown in advance. The combined methods inherit advantages of each of the separate methods.
A Study of the Hippocampal Formation in the Opossum, Didelphis virginiana

The medial telencephalic wall is composed of cortical and nuclear areas forming part of the rhinencephalic ring or limbic lobe of the cerebrum. This lobe includes the septum, the hippocampal formation, and the amygdala, the organization of which in the marsupial is quite simple but sets a pattern for higher mammalian forms. In the marsupial, this pattern remains relatively uncomplicated because the rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal portion of the ring is not interrupted by the corpus callosum. The present paper deals with the hippocampal formation of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. This area, along with the amygdala and the septal area, is also under investigation in certain kangaroos and South American marsupials, with the findings to be presented at a later date.
Vehicle trajectory generation for optimal driving guidance

This paper address the issue of generating an optimum trajectory for driving intelligent vehicles equipped with digital maps. The vehicle dynamic equation is incorporated into the design formulation for trajectory generation under several performance indices. A numerical procedure for solving the general optimum trajectory generation using a cell mapping method is developed. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, case studies for minimum time, energy, and jerk trajectories are conducted.
Intravenous versus enteral nimodipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: is there an advantage?

T p l t n d l s i g t d a f w w t d 9 t i s S oppi et al. from Kuopio University Hospital have conducted a randomized trial comparing the efficacy of standard enteral nimodipine versus intravenous nimodipine in patients with neurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). One hundred seventyne patients with acute aneurysmal SAH were randomized to eceive either enteral (n 84) or intravenous (n 87) nimodipine. he incidence of delayed ischemic neurologic deficit (DIND) was imilar between groups (20% vs. 16% in the enteral and intraenous nimodipine groups, respectively, P 0.61). In addition, he number of new ischemic lesions on magnetic resonance maging (MRI) conducted 12 months after the hemorrhage emonstrated no significant differences (34% in both groups, 0.99). Similarly, clinical outcomes assessed at 12 months sing the Glasgow outcome scale, modified Rankin scale, Karofsky scale, and the 15D questionnaire (to evaluate healthelated quality of life) were also similar between the groups.
Skeletal muscle blood flow capacity: role of muscle pump in exercise hyperemia

An appreciation for the potential of skeletal muscle vascular beds for blood flow (blood flow capacity) is required if one is to understand the limits of the cardiorespiratory system in exercise. To assess this potential, an index of blood flow capacity that can be objectively measured is required. One obvious index would be to measure maximal muscle blood flow (MBF). However, a unique value for maximal MBF cannot be measured, since once maximal vasodilation is attained MBF is a function of perfusion pressure. Another approach would be to measure maximal or peak vascular conductance. However, peak vascular conductance is different among skeletal muscles composed of different fiber types and is a function of perfusion pressure during peak vasodilation within muscle composed of a given fiber type. Also, muscle contraction can increase or decrease blood flow and/or the apparent peak vascular conductance depending on the experimental preparation and the type of muscle contraction. Blood flows and calculated values of conductance appear to be greater during rhythmic contractions (with the appropriate frequency and duration) than observed in resting muscle during what is called "maximal" vasodilation. Moreover, dynamic exercise in conscious subjects produces the greatest skeletal muscle blood flows. The purpose of this review is to consider the interaction of the determinants of muscle blood flow during locomotory exercise. Emphasis is directed toward the hypothesis that the "muscle pump" is an important determinant of perfusion of active skeletal muscle. It is concluded that, during normal dynamic exercise, MBF is determined by skeletal muscle vascular conductance, the perfusion pressure gradient, and the efficacy of the muscle pump.
Cancer Mortality in Psychiatric Patients: The IOWA Record-Linkage Study:

Of 5,412 patients admitted to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital over a ten-year period, forty-six died of cancer during follow-up, which did not differ significantly from expected. Significant excess mortality from cancer was present within the first two years of follow-up. At risk during this period were women and patients with organic mental disorders. A review of relevant literature is presented.
COMPLEXITY ASPECTS OF VISIBILITY GRAPHS

In this paper, we consider two distinct problems related to complexity aspects of the visibility graphs of simple polygons. Recognizing visibility graphs is a long-standing open problem. It is not even known whether visibility graph recognition is in NP. That visibility graph recognition is in NP would be established if we could demonstrate that any n vertex visibility graph is realized by a polygon which can be drawn on an exponentially-sized grid. This motivates a study of the area requirements for realizing visibility graphs. In this paper, we prove: • Θ(n3) area is necessary and sufficient to realize the complete visibility graph Kn. • There exist visibility graphs which require exponential area to realize. • Any maximal outerplanar graph of diameter d can be realized in O(d2 · 2d) area, which can be as small as O(n log2 n) for a balanced mop. Linear maximal outer-planar graphs can be realized in O(n8) area. The second part of this paper considers the complexity of specific optimization problems on visibility graphs. Given a polygon P, we show that finding a maximum independent set, minimum vertex cover, or maximum dominating set in the visibility graph of P are all NP-complete. Further we show that for polygons P1 and P2, the problem of testing if they have isomorphic visibility graphs is isomorphism-complete. These problems remain hard when given the visibility graphs as input.
Percutaneous Injection Laryngoplasty

Introduced a century ago by Bruening as a transoral procedure under general anesthesia, injection laryngoplasty is the oldest surgical management technique for vocal fold insufficiency.1 In 1985, Ward et al. introduced the office-based transcutaneous approach for vocal fold injection augmentation. They described the technique for Teflon injection under local anesthesia using the cricothyroid membrane approach while visualizing the injection using video laryngoscopy. This approach was developed to enable vocal fold augmentation in patients who could not undergo a transoral injection “due to anatomical deformity, trismus, or for other reasons.”2 Although initially described as a transcricothyroid membrane approach, percutaneous injection may also be performed in a transthyroid cartilage route or a transthyrohyoid membrane route.3,4 Office-based approaches are now commonly chosen for injection augmentation laryngoplasty.5,6 The authors’ technique for percutaneous injection laryngoplasty using the transcricothyroid membrane (TCM) and transthyroid cartilage (TTC) approach is described in this article.
Retrieval of self-coupled harmonics

Presence of coupled harmonics in the data is a symptom attributed to nonlinear mechanisms generating the available time series. Self-coupling amounts to presence of frequency pairs (/spl omega//sub 0/, k/spl omega//sub 0/) and perhaps phase pairs (/spl phi//sub 0/, k/spl phi//sub 0/) as well, with k an integer. It appears in periodic signals, or, when harmonics undergo nonlinear transformations. Self-coupled harmonics observed in additive noise are retrieved from the peaks of diagonal (scaled) polyperiodogram slices, which contrary to existing higher order approaches, do not increase dimensionality and thus computations when dealing with nonlinearities of increasing orders. Performance evaluation of the resulting frequency estimator reveals decreasing variance with slices of polyperiodograms of increasing order, and ability to suppress stationary mixing noise irrespective of its color and distribution. Detection and estimation of self-phase coupling via polyperiodogram slices obviates limitations of existing methods that require availability of multiple independent records. Theory and algorithms are illustrated with simulated and voiced speech data. >
Global ribosome motions revealed with elastic network model.

Abstract The motions of large systems such as the ribosome are not fully accessible with conventional molecular simulations. A coarse-grained, less-than-atomic-detail model such as the anisotropic network model (ANM) is a convenient informative tool to study the cooperative motions of the ribosome. The motions of the small 30S subunit, the larger 50S subunit, and the entire 70S assembly of the two subunits have been analyzed using ANM. The lowest frequency collective modes predicted by ANM show that the 50S subunit and 30S subunit are strongly anti-correlated in the motion of the 70S assembly. A ratchet-like motion is observed that corresponds well to the experimentally reported ratchet motion. Other slow modes are also examined because of their potential links to the translocation steps in the ribosome. We identify several modes that may facilitate the E-tRNA exiting from the assembly. The A-site t-RNA and P-site t-RNA are found to be strongly coupled and positively correlated in these slow modes, suggesting that the translocations of these two t-RNAs occur simultaneously, while the motions of the E-site t-RNA are less correlated, and thus less likely to occur simultaneously. Overall the t-RNAs exhibit relatively large deformations. Animations of these slow modes of motion can be viewed at http://ribosome.bb.iastate.edu/70SnKmode .
Presenilin Deficiency or Lysosomal Inhibition Enhances Wnt Signaling through Relocalization of GSK3 to the Late-Endosomal Compartment

SUMMARY Sustained canonical Wnt signaling requires the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) activity by sequestrationof GSK3 inside multivesicularendosomes (MVEs). Here, we show that Wnt signaling is increased by the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine, which causes accumulation of MVEs. A similar MVE expansion and increased Wnt responsiveness was found in cells deficient in presenilin, a protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The Wnt-enhancing effects were entirely dependent on the functional endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), which is needed for the formation of intraluminal vesicles in MVEs. We suggest that accumulation of late endosomal structures leads to enhancedcanonicalWntsignalingthroughincreased Wnt-receptor/GSK3 sequestration. The decrease in GSK3 cytosolic activity stabilized cytoplasmic GSK3 substrates such as b-catenin, the microtubule-associated protein Tau, and other proteins. These results underscore the importance of the endosomal pathway in canonical Wnt signaling and reveal a mechanism for regulation of Wnt signaling by presenilin deficiency.
Anconeus muscle: A human muscle preparation suitable for in-vitro microelectrode studies

We performed in-vitro microelectrode studies on the anconeus muscle of 14 patients with diseases of neuromuscular transmission. The procedure detected marked abnormalities in all patients studied, and may therefore be a valuable technique for the study of human disorders of neuromuscular transmission.