cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurotransmitters and astroglia lead to neuromodulation.

Publisher Summary The mechanisms which modulate impulse transmission in the CNS are of obvious importance. For stable infomiation processing, it is important that the extracellular environment of neurons be closely regulated. The processing of information appears to be dependent on such diverse mechanisms as presynaptic regulation of transmitter release and electrotonic current spread in dendritic networks. All of these mechanisms depend in part on the extracellular concentration of ions and neuromodulators. Thus, the cellular matrix in which synaptic transmission takes place may also have a functional role to play through controlling the composition of the neuronal environment. Astroglia, which provide the matrix in which unmyelinated axons and synaptic contacts lie, have been implicated in several aspects of regulation of the neuronal environment. They were found initially to act as spatial buffers for K+ ions. This prevents an extracellular buildup of K + during the passage of nerve impulses. Subsequently, astrocytes were shown to contain transport systems capable of removing a variety of neurotransmitters from the extracellular media. Finally, there have been recent suggestions that astroglia contain receptors for putative neurotransmitters or neuroinodulators. A summary of the capacity of astrocytic responses to transmitters or modulators reveals the potential for intercellular regulation of transmission in the CNS.
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase: Current Assessment in Vaginal Fluid of Alleged Rape Victims

Although elevated prostatic acid phosphatase activity (ACP) in vaginal fluid is compatible with recent coitus, the finding of spermatozoa in vaginal fluid is usually considered the diagnostic indicator for semen. When 80 alleged rape cases during an 18-month period were reviewed and the results of cytologic examination for the presence of spermatozoa compared with quantitative ACP determinations, the latter appeared to be a more reliable and sensitive indicator of semen. The normal range of ACP in semen, as well as persistence of ACP in vaginal fluid, was also defined. It is concluded that vaginal fluid ACP is a reliable and sensitive method for identification of semen. Furthermore, the results confirm that quantitative ACP determination of vaginal fluid specimens may substantiate the allegation of rape with respect to time.
Alarm Response of Arius felis to Chemical Stimuli from Injured Conspecifics

The hardhead catfish (Arius felis) showed increased activity when subjected to water containing chemical cues of injured conspecifics. This response was similar to the visually stimulated response to a model of a predatory fish. Arius felis also responded to chemical cues of injured sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna) with increased activity, but this was less than in response to conspecific chemical cues. A histological examination of Arius felis epidermis revealed that the alarm substance cells of marine catfish are similar to those of freshwater catfish. Responses to odors of injured individuals is common among ostariophysans, which are mostly freshwater fishes. This is the first demonstration of an alarm reaction in a marine ostariophysan.
Isolation of brain parenchymal lymphocytes for flow cytometric analysis: Application to acute viral encephalitis

A strategy for the isolation of mononuclear cells from the brain parenchyma of mice with ongoing central nervous system (CNS) inflammation has been developed in order to permit flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of these cell populations. Sindbis virus (SV) encephalitis in mice is characterized morphologically by an infiltration of mononuclear cells into both brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Perfused brain tissue from infected animals is collected, homogenized, and subjected to a mild enzymatic digestion. A sedimentation at unit gravity is performed to remove any large particulate debris, and the remaining tissue is then centrifuged over a modified density gradient which separates intact cells from smaller tissue fragments. Cells collected directly from these gradients can be stained with monoclonal antibodies and analyzed by FCM without further manipulation. Data generated by this method correlates with previous studies of SV encephalitis using immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue sections to quantify mononuclear cell types. This suggests that representative samples of the cellular infiltrate are obtained using this technique. The approach however, offers the possibility of more sophisticated and quantitative analyses of CNS inflammatory cells which is unobtainable by tissue section staining.
A Review of “Technology of Cheesemaking”

This detailed and comprehensive volume addresses the process of cheesemaking, beginning with a discussion of the composition of milk through the final steps of packaging and grading cheese. As expl...
The Educational Use of Computer Based Science Simulations: Some Lessons from the Philosophy of Science

The recent proliferation of science simulation software presents philosophy of science instructors with a viable means to reaching greater numbers of students in both science and non-science majors. The software, when combined with an interrogative approach which construes science as a pragmatically constructivist process, provides the opportunity to explore myriad practical and conceptual problems. This paper examines some of the potential, and some of the problems, inherent in using computerized simulations in science and science studies classes by applying lessons from the epistemology of science. It concludes that, while computer simulations are extremely useful pedagogical tools, they are not experiments, and are thus of only limited utility as a substitutes for actual laboratories.
A Family Affair? Domestic Relations and Involuntary Public Figure Status

The article traces the development of defamation protections with a particular focus on who counts as an involuntary public figure. Sometimes, an individual is so classified simply because of her familial status. The article argues that the involuntary public figure status has been overextended in the lower courts, and that the Court should both clarify and limit the extension of that status.
What’s Love Got to Do with It? Examining Domestic Violence as a Public Health Issue Using 'Their Eyes Were Watching God'

Domestic violence was first characterized as a public health issue in the 1980s because it affects the mental and physical health of women who are abused, family members who witness the abuse and abuser, and society in general. Nevertheless, society continues to rely heavily on the criminal justice system to address the issue of domestic violence. This article argues that the criminal justice system alone cannot erase domestic violence. It cannot address the behaviors that are unknown or unreported, nor study the risk factors associated with those who abuse and those who are abused. While reliance on the criminal justice system may result in punishing the perpetrator, the punishment is often not effective. Such system often results in shaming the individual who has been abused. In short, the focus of the criminal justice system is not focused on preventing the underlying problems that result in domestic violence.This article uses law and literature, specifically Zora Neale Hurston’s 1937 novel "Their Eyes Were Watching God" to discuss the issue of domestic violence and the importance of public health strategies to address the problem. This article argues that we should rely more heavily on public health strategies to prevent domestic violence.Although the Violence Against Women Act was enacted almost twenty years ago, domestic violence is still an epidemic. Popular magazines frequently follow the lives of celebrities who often remind us that even though abusers may be punished, domestic violence is far from elimination. For example, in 2009 rapper/singer Chris Brown brutally beat his girlfriend Rihanna. Although he pleaded guilty to assault and is still on probation, Brown has appeared together with Rihanna as a couple in the past few months.When public health strategies are combined with criminal justice remedies, the end result is a more proactive approach to domestic violence that relies first on preventative measures and uses criminal remedies as a backup.
From Guerrillas to Government: The Eritrean People's Liberation Front

Part I Reaction to the past: introduction the social and historical context thepolitical context. Part II The Eritrean People's Liberation Army: Introduction the formation and organization of the Front organizing the masses the road to liberation. Part III Independence: introduction organizing Eritrea.
Clouds in Tropical Cyclones

Abstract Clouds within the inner regions of tropical cyclones are unlike those anywhere else in the atmosphere. Convective clouds contributing to cyclogenesis have rotational and deep intense updrafts but tend to have relatively weak downdrafts. Within the eyes of mature tropical cyclones, stratus clouds top a boundary layer capped by subsidence. An outward-sloping eyewall cloud is controlled by adjustment of the vortex toward gradient-wind balance, which is maintained by a slantwise current transporting boundary layer air upward in a nearly conditionally symmetric neutral state. This balance is intermittently upset by buoyancy arising from high-moist-static-energy air entering the base of the eyewall because of the radial influx of low-level air from the far environment, supergradient wind in the eyewall zone, and/or small-scale intense subvortices. The latter contain strong, erect updrafts. Graupel particles and large raindrops produced in the eyewall fall out relatively quickly while ice splinters left...
Synthesis and enantioselective mutagenicity of azidoalanine in Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract Azide mutagenicity involves the requisite formation of the putative novel aminoacid metabolite, β-azidoalanine. The role of this metabolite, however, is unclear. In order to confirm the identity of this metabolite and provide additional information on possible stereochemical requirements for mutagenicity, authentic racemic and L-azidoalanine were synthesized by an unambiguous route and tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535, hisG46 and Escherichia coli WP2-. A marked antipodal potency ratio was observed in strains TA100 and TA1535 when racemic and L-azidoalanine were compared. The mutagenic activity resided primarily in the L-isomer. The molar potency of L-azidoalanine in TA100 and TA1535 was nearly identical to that of azide. The lack of mutagenic response for racemic or L-azidoalanine in hisG46 and E. coli WP2- was like that reported for azide and is consistent with similar modes of action for these agents.
Mild to moderate cystic fibrosis is not associated with increased fracture risk in children and adolescents.

Objectives To determine whether children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF), pancreatic insufficiency (PI), and mild-to-moderate lung disease have an increased risk of fracture compared with concurrent healthy control subjects. Study design A lifetime fracture history questionnaire was administered to 186 subjects (ages 6 to 25 years) with CF, PI and mild-to-moderate lung disease and 427 healthy white control subjects (ages 4 to 25 years). Results A fracture was reported by 24% of subjects with CF and 23% of healthy control subjects. Average age of first fracture was similar between the groups (8.3 years for subjects and 8.8 years for controls). The radius/ulna was the most common fracture site in both groups. Risk of fracture, adjusted for sex and age, was not greater in the CF group compared with the control group (hazard ratio: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.30, P =.82). Conclusion Children and adolescents with CF, PI, and mild-to-moderate lung disease were not at an increased risk of fracture.
Complications of Image-Guided Thermal Ablation of Liver and Kidney Neoplasms

Image-guided thermal ablation is a widely accepted tool in the treatment of a variety of solid organ neoplasms. Among the different techniques of ablation, radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, and microwave ablation have been most commonly used and investigated in the treatment of liver and kidney neoplasms. This article will review complications following thermal ablation of tumors in the liver and kidney, and discuss the risks and clinical presentation of each complication as well as how to treat and potentially avoid complications.
Retention of foliar applications of Sr85 by several plant species as affected by temperature and relative humidity of the air

Absorption of radiostrontium by leaves varied widely among different plant species. Absorption increased with increasing relative humidity and temperature of the air to which leaves were exposed for 24 hr after the applied radiostrontium solution became dry. Differences between species were related to differences in wettability of the leaves.
Hierarchical physical design system for VLSI-/370 microprocessor

Abstract The Physical Design System aims at high density and short turn-around time. Hierarchical methods allow to divide the entire design logically into partitions of manageable sizes. The partitions and their circuits get placed on chip on a periodic array of sites, as is done for Gate Arrays, but, as for Custom Chips, with the highest possible density. All partitions are ‘self-contained’ pieces, i.e. they contain not only the circuitry and internal -local- wiring but also all connections -global- that enter, leave and cross the partitions and are part of the final chip. Once the partitions are designed and processed individually they interconnect at the partition-boundaries without any extra space by means of interconnect-points automatically. Engineering changes are supported by a number of spare Books. This technique allows to do changes on metal layers only, in order to save time and resources and to omit redesigning the chip.
Growth by molecular beam epitaxy and electrical characterization of Si‐doped zinc blende GaN films deposited on β‐SiC coated (001) Si substrates

We report the electrical characteristics of heavily Si‐doped zinc blende GaN epilayers deposited on β‐SiC coated (001) Si substrates. The β‐GaN films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy using a rf plasma discharge, nitrogen free‐radical source, and the doping concentration in the films was controlled over the range 1.5×1018–3.0×1020 cm−3 by suitably adjusting the temperature of a Si effusion cell. We have found that Si incorporation in β‐GaN results in a relatively deep donor level (∼62 meV below the conduction band edge at a carrier concentration at room temperature of 1018 cm−3). Also, we present evidence of simultaneous high mobility conduction band conduction (dominant at high temperatures) and low mobility impurity band conduction (dominant at temperatures <70 K) in heavily doped (nRT≳1019 cm−3) material.
Optical Obsdervations of the Solar Corona

The history of optical observations of the solar corona is traced through the development of lour topics: the observation of naturally occurring total solar eclipses, the discovery of forbidden emission lines in the solar corona, the development of narrow spectral bandpass observing techniques, and the invention of the coronagraph. These events occurred over a span of time from the middle of the last century until the present.
Conditioning coal gas with aqueous solutions of potassium carbonate: Model development and testing

Abstract A mathematical model describing the performance of an acid gas removal system that used hot potassium carbonate as a chemical solvent was developed and tested against operating data. The model has several parts, including algorithms for describing absorption, stripping and flash operations in which chemical reaction is occurring. The approach adopted rests on assumptions that allow the influence of chemical reactions on mass transfer coefficients to be calculated from correlations found in the literature. Predictions of the composition of the conditioned gas compared favourably with those obtained in experiments on an acid gas removal pilot plant. Although developed specifically for describing the performance of acid gas removal systems that utilize potassium carbonate solutions as a solvent, the approach can be extended to other chemical solvents.
Doing Business in China over Three Centuries

Many Chinese, long used to being shut out of the political process, seemed unaware or uninterested in the most recent (September 1995) Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee meeting. "Who cares, really?" asked a Chinese manager of a joint-venture enterprise to an Associated Press reporter. For him, the shift to a partial market economy had brought a degree of prosperity and freedom that has made the leaders' decisions seem less important. But, the leaders are not impotent yet: The manager also earnestly requested that the reporter not use his name.
SugarAid 0.2: An Online Learning Tool for STEM

We present an online learning tool called SugarAid version 0.2 to assist in the education of students of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). We have used the tool in both mechanical and electrical engineering courses with postive results, such as improved written exam scores. SugarAid may be used online at nanoHUB.org with remote computation; i.e. all that is required to use SugarAid is any device with internet browsing capability. The tool is intended to replace or complement course homework, and to provide custom review material that adapts to each student's learning curve. The tool prepares students for in-class examinations by providing timed exercises, and allows the students and instructor know which ABET (Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology) concepts are being addressed. Immediate grading provides instant feedback to both instructor and students. SugarAid may be configured to display image files, function plots, multiple choice questions, detailed solutions, etc. We have implemented a weakness function in SugarAid that works by remembering exercises answered incorrectly and tests for the retention of such exercises at a later date. Reference material such as lecture notes and data tables may be displayed in SugarAid. The latest version allows students to modify exercises to explore what-if scenarios by, say, replacing a resistor with a capacitor in a circuit. In this paper we describe SugarAid and examine various metrics including a comparison of exam scores by students that did, and did not, use the tool. The exam results, usage data, and survey suggests that SugarAid has a positive impact on students' performance.
Effects of phenobarbital on thyroxine and triiodothyronine kinetics in Graves' disease.

ABSTRACT Simultaneous measurements of the peripheral kinetics of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were made in hyperthyroid patients before and during the administration of phenobarbital (PB). The following alterations in T4 kinetics were noted during PB: Total clearance increased on the average by 18% (p < 0.05). Fecal T4 clearance, calculated from total clearance and the urinary fraction, increased by 103% (p < 0.01). Serum levels of total and free T4 tended to decline during PB, but the changes were variable in magnitude and not proportional to the increments in total clearance. Total T4 pool size and absolute disposal rate were not significantly altered during PB in the group as a whole. As controls, two hypothyroid patients who were being maintained on constant daily doses of T4 were studied. In both, total and fecal T4 clearance increased and serum T4 declined during PB administration. Hepatic T4 distribution volume rose during PB in 2 of the 3 subjects in whom this measurement was made. In ...
The white dwarf binary background and LISA

The assumptions used in developing the canonical Galacitic white dwarf binary background level for LISA are investigated. The differences between several models of the white dwarf binary population are described and a technique for comparing the onset of the confusion limit between different population models is introduced.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Functions Required for Invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cellular functions required for invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into bovine mammary epithelial cells were investigated. Two strains of S. aureus isolated from milk of cows with clinical mastitis, a primary bovine mammary epithelial cell culture and a bovine mammary epithelial cell line were pretreated with inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. In addition, mammary epithelial cells were pretreated with inhibitors of receptor-mediated endocytosis and oxidative phosphorylation. Protein and nucleic acid synthesis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and eukaryotic oxidative phosphorylation were required for invasion of S. aureus into mammary epithelial cells. Inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis caused a significant reduction in the number of invading S. aureus. These results suggest that invasion of S. aureus into bovine mammary epithelial cells occurs through a receptor-mediated endocytosis process. Furthermore, eukaryotic oxidative metabolism, protein synthesis and nucleic acid synthesis as well as bacterial protein synthesis are required for bacterial invasion.
The McGhee prophecies: commentary on “Is g a viable construct for school psychology”?

Abstract In this commentary, I provide a few personal anecdotes about assessment followed by consideration of axioms that may be formulated from the collection of articles about intelligence presented in this special issue, each being quite varied and sophisticated conceptually and psychometrically. Finally, emerging from critical analyses of these articles, a set of prophecies foretelling the future of intellectual assessment is submitted for the purpose of conjecture.
Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry of stream sediments with comparison to terrestrial soils

The kinetics and elemental composition of cellular units that mediate production and respiration are the basis for the metabolic and stoichiometric theories of ecological organization. This theoretical framework extends to the activities of microbial enzymes released into the environment (ecoenzymes) that mediate the release of assimilable substrate from detrital organic matter. In this paper, we analyze the stoichiometry of ecoenzymatic activities in the surface sediments of lotic ecosystems and compare those results to the stoichiometry observed in terrestrial soils. We relate these ecoenzymatic ratios to energy and nutrient availability in the environment as well as microbial elemental content and growth efficiency. The data, collected by US Environmental Protection Agency, include the potential activities of 11 enzymes for 2,200 samples collected across the US, along with analyses of sediment C, N and P content. On average, ecoenzymatic activities in stream sediments are 2–5 times greater per gC than those of terrestrial soils. Ecoenzymatic ratios of C, N and P acquisition activities support elemental analyses showing that microbial metabolism is more likely to be C-limited than N or P-limited compared to terrestrial soils. Ratios of hydrolytic to oxidative activities indicate that sediment organic matter is more labile than soil organic matter and N acquisition is less dependent on humic oxidation. The mean activity ratios of glycosidases and aminopeptidases reflect the environmental abundance of their respective substrates. For both freshwater sediments and terrestrial soils, the mean C:nutrient ratio of microbial biomass normalized to growth efficiency approximates the mean ecoenzymatic C:nutrient activity ratios normalized to environmental C:nutrient abundance. This relationship defines a condition for biogeochemical equilibrium consistent with stoichiometric and metabolic theory.
Structure-dependent activation of NR4A2 (Nurr1) by 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(aromatic)methane analogs in pancreatic cancer cells

Abstract NR4A2 (Nurr1) is an orphan nuclear receptor with no known endogenous ligands and is highly expressed in many cancer cell lines including Panc1 and Panc28 pancreatic cancer cells. Structure-dependent activation of NR4A2 by a series of 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(aromatic)methane (C-DIM) analogs was determined in pancreatic cancer cells transfected with yeast GAL4-Nurr1 chimeras and a UASx5-luc reporter gene or constructs containing response elements that bind NR4A2. Among 23 different structural analogs, phenyl groups containing p -substituted trifluoromethyl, t-butyl, cyano, bromo, iodo and trifluoromethoxy groups were the most active compounds in transactivation assay. The p -bromophenyl analog (DIM-C-pPhBr) was used as a model for structure–activity studies among a series of ortho -, meta - and para -bromophenyl isomers and the corresponding indole 2- and N -methyl analogs. Results show that NR4A2 activation was maximal with the p -bromophenyl analog and methylation of the indole NH group abrogated activity. Moreover, using GAL4-Nurr1 (full length) or GAL-Nurr1-A/B and GAL4-Nurr1-(C-F) chimeras expressing N- and C-terminal domains of Nurr1, respectively, DIM-C-pPhBr activated all three constructs and these responses were differentially affected by kinase inhibitors. DIM-C-pPhBr also modulated expression of several Nurr1-regulated genes in pancreatic cancer cells including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and the immunohistochemical and western blot analyses indicated that DIM-C-pPhBr activates nuclear NR4A2.
Brain Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: Risk Factors, Incidence, and the Possible Role of Chemokines

Background Brain metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) are uncommon. There has been relatively little published on the host and tumor factors that might lead to this clinical scenario. We reviewed all cases of brain metastases from CRC at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center over a more than 20-year period to establish incidence and to identify patient and cancer characteristics which were associated with their development.
Use of computerized information systems in U.S. health maintenance organizations and hospitals.

A comparison was made between the use of data processing in hospitals and Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs). Findings indicate that the HMO and hospital data processing markets are currently quite distinct. As expected, the functions automated reflect the uses of the different care delivery systems. The hardware and software vendors to these markets are also different. A high percentage (50%) of HMOs are using software they developed in-house. In this respect, current HMO data processing is similar to the hospitals of a decade ago. The hospital market (for hardware and total systems) is highly concentrated. A few firms have a combined market share of over 50% and there are a large number of firms with very small shares. In the HMO market, there is a high concentration ratio for hardware but not for software or systems. HMOs and hospitals are almost uniformly satisfied with their hardware. Satisfaction with most applications is between 80 and 90% but there is a need, at least within HMOs, for improvements in support of the software supplied.
Landau Theory of Transitions from the Drd Phase of Columnar Liquid Crystals

Abstract Possible symmetry patterns of disordered columnar phases associated with the continuous symmetry breaking of the Drd (pgg) phase are given. The results may be used to predict new mesophases which are as yet undiscovered and should be of aid in identifying unconfirmed phases. The universality classes of the possible transitions are also given.
In vitro evaluation of neonatal human immunity against the pig

Abstract The critical shortage of organ donors has greatly limited the number of clinical allotransplantations. This is particularly true for neonatal patients, for whom xenotransplantation could provide an alternative therapeutic option to allotransplantation. The role of neonatal infant immunity in xenotransplantation is not, however, clearly understood. We examined both the proliferative responses of human neonatal lymphocytes to pig aortic endothelial cells and serum levels of neonatal natural antipig xenoantibody. Neonatal human lymphocytes and serum were isolated from umbilical cord blood. Adult human lymphocytes and serum were used as controls. A one-way xenogeneic mixed lymphocyte–endothelial cell reaction was performed, and lymphocyte proliferation was measured by tritiated thymidine uptake. Neonatal human lymphocytes recognized and proliferated in response to pig aortic endothelial cells (mean 63,926 ± 26,054 counts per minute). The level of xenogeneic mixed lymphocyte–endothelial cell reaction of neonatal lymphocytes was significantly lower (p
Driving characteristics of teens with attention deficit hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorder

Vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death among teens. Teens with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or both (ADHD-ASD) may have a greater crash risk. We examined the between-groups demographic, clinical, and predriving performance differences of 22 teens with ADHD-ASD (mean age = 15.05, standard deviation [SD] = 0.95) and 22 healthy control (HC) teens (mean age = 14.32, SD = 0.72). Compared with HC teens, the teens with ADHD-ASD performed more poorly on right-eye visual acuity, selective attention, visual-motor integration, cognition, and motor performance and made more errors on the driving simulator pertaining to visual scanning, speed regulation, lane maintenance, adjustment to stimuli, and total number of driving errors. Teens with ADHD-ASD, compared with HC teens, may have more predriving deficits and as such require the skills of a certified driving rehabilitation specialist to assess readiness to drive.
Low cerebrospinal fluid protein in prepubertal children with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Purpose To evaluate a clinical observation that prepubertal children with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) have low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels compared to healthy children and pubertal patients with IIH. Methods The medical records of prepubertal and pubertal IIH patients and controls seen in the pediatric neuro-ophthalmology clinic at Duke between 2003 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The control group consisted of children who had normal intracranial pressure on lumbar puncture performed to evaluate for headaches or anomalous-looking optic nerves. The records were analyzed with attention to demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, course, and lumbar puncture results. Results A total of 23 prepubertal children with IIH (age range, 0.75-13 years), 16 pubertal patients with IIH (age range, 13-21 years), and 12 controls (age range 3-14 years) were included. CSF analysis revealed that prepubertal children with IIH had significantly lower CSF protein levels (17.3 ± 5.7 mg/dL) compared to pubertal subjects with IIH (23.4 ± 8.4 mg/dL; P = 0.019) or healthy controls (23.5 ± 6.4 mg/dL; P = 0.011). Furthermore, 9 of 23 prepubertal IIH patients (39%) had abnormally low CSF protein level ( P = 0.005) and zero controls ( P = 0.015). Acetazolamide increased CSF protein level in 100% of patients who underwent repeat lumbar puncture after starting the medication (average increase, 10.3 ± 6.6 mg/dL). Conclusions Low CSF protein level may have diagnostic utility as a biomarker for prepubertal IIH. Furthermore, this finding suggests that some cases of prepubertal IIH may be caused by CSF overproduction rather than decreased CSF resorption.
The Paradox of Public Service Jefferson, Education, and the Problem of Plato’s Cave

Plato noticed a sizeable problem apropos of establishing his republic—that there was always a ready pool of zealous potential rulers, lying in wait for a suitable opportunity to rule on their own tyrannical terms. He also recognized that those persons best suited to rule, those persons with foursquare and unimpeachable virtue, would be least motivated to govern. Ruling a polis meant that those persons, fully educated and in complete realization that the most complete happiness comprises solitary study of things unchanging, would have to compromise their happiness for the wellbeing of their polis and of the people in it. Plato’s solution, in effect that the aristoi would merely recognize their duty to sacrifice personal happiness for the happiness of the polis, has perplexed and continues today to perplex scholars. Like Plato, Jefferson recognized that there was always a pool of eager sharks, ready to govern. His republicanism, comprising a ward system and general education, was founded on the fullest participation of its citizenry, suitably educated and a governing aristoi. The true aristoi, the “natural aristoi”, are the intelligent and virtuous and that government is best which allows for a “pure selection” of the natural aristoi into the governing offices. Nonetheless, as Jefferson’s own life shows, non-parochial governing meant being rent from domestic tranquility, being forced to leave behind one’s personal affairs to decay, and being tossed willy-nilly into the coliseum of nonstop political wrangling. Why would anyone, particularly one wanting to be happy, wish to govern? Thus, Jefferson faced the same problem that Plato faced. How could a state be structured so that the wisest and most virtuous would be motivated to rule? In this paper, I argue that Jefferson, in full recognition of the problem of encouraging the most intelligent and virtuous to govern, the problem of public service, offers a solution that is remarkably Platonic.
Effects of pollen quality and genotype on the dance of foraging honey bees

Abstract Animals assess the quality and quantity of food and choose among different foods based on these assessments. We explored whether there was genetic variation for assessment of pollen quality by foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera . Honey bees derived from two genotypic strains foraged for pollen of varying quality from a petri dish placed inside an outdoor flight cage. The strains were the result of a colony-level, two-way selection on amount of stored pollen. We used the forager's round dance to quantify the assessments of pollen quality by individually marked worker bees. The dance rate (number of 180° turns per minute) and the probability of dancing were each greater when bees foraged for pure pollen compared with a lower-quality mixture of pollen and alpha-cellulose (1:1 by volume). Bees from the high-pollen genotypic strain had a higher dance rate than those from the low-pollen strain, suggesting different assessments. Bees from the low-pollen strain, however, had a higher probability of dancing than did bees from the high-pollen strain. Dance duration was not affected by a bee's strain or by the quality of pollen. We conclude that the dance rate may be used to quantify a forager's subjective evaluation of pollen quality and that this evaluation has a genetic component. Our results also suggest that the dance may function at the colony level to recruit bees to more profitable pollen sources.
In situ uniformity control, dose monitoring and correction

Abstract Uniformity control and dose monitoring is described for the ASM-200 medium current implanter. The implanter is capable of monitoring the dose uniformity in situ both before and during the implant, and of making adjustments in order to correct for any nonuniformity.
Destination-Assisted Routing Enhancement (DARE) protocol for ad-hoc mobile networks

In this paper, we propose Destination-Assisted Routing Enhancement (DARE) module as a generic add-on middleware to mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) routing protocols. The goal of DARE is to assist the routing protocol to establish a path between the source and destination quickly with high reachability probability by generating destination beacon packets, while considering the dynamic characteristic of MANET and the need for low routing control overhead. These beacon packets act like trail packets to aid in finding the destination. A simplified mathematical model as a proof of concept is presented. We prove that the probability of finding the path between the source and destination using DARE outperforms the same probability using the traditional routing technique. The simulation results show the potential of adding DARE middleware to DSR protocol; for an instance of on-demand ad-hoc routing protocols, to achieve higher network performance in terms of throughput, route discovery time, and connection setup probability. A route discovery time was reported to be 20% less than the original DSR in mobile ad-hoc nodes with minimum overhead.
Biotransformation of ketamine, (Z)-6-hydroxyketamine, and (E)-6-hydroxyketamine by rat, rabbit, and human liver microsomal preparations.

1. (Z)- and (E)-6-Hydroxyketamine have been synthesized and their metabolism by hepatic microsomal preparations studied to elucidate the metabolism of ketamine. 2. Both 6-hydroxyketamines are exclusively converted to 6-hydroxy-norketamines by N-demethylation. The g.l.c. retention properties and mass spectral characteristics of these 6-hydroxy-norketamines were used to confirm the structures of ketamine metabolites. 3. Ketamine is converted to norketamine, 4-, 5- and 6-hydroxynorketamines and possibly 4- and 6-hydroxyketamines in hepatic microsomal preparations from rats, rabbits and man. Norketamine is the major metabolite in all species tested. 4. 6-Hydroxynorketamine is the major hydroxylated metabolite and is found only in the (Z)-form in the species examined. 5. The metabolism of ketamine and the 6-hydroxy-ketamines is greatly increased after phenobarbital pretreatment of rats and rabbits.
Simulation of HgTe/CdTe interdiffusion using fundamental point defect mechanisms

A numerical model for interdiffusion in HgTe/CdTe systems based on fundamental point defect mechanisms has been developed. The model includes continuity equations for the flux of Hg and Cd on substitutional sites, cation vacancies, and Hg and Cd interstitials. Interdiffusion is modeled by simulating the coupled diffusion and interaction of these species. The Hg vacancy concentration used in the model was fit to measured hole data as a function of annealing temperature, Hg pressure, and composition. The Cd and Hg interstitial diffusion coefficients and concentrations were determined as a function of temperature and composition from low temperature Hg and Cd self-diffusion data. With this model, interdiffusion is simulated over a range of initial and annealing conditions. At high temperatures and/or Te saturated conditions, interdiffusion is dominated by diffusion via a vacancy mechanism. Interdiffusion is controlled by the flux of Cd interstitials at lower temperatures and/or higher Hg pressures.
Computer Simulation of an Induction Machine with Spatially Dependent Saturation

This paper presents a new analog computer model for the simulation of an induction machine which takes into account the spatially dependent main flux saturation effect. Using this model of saturation, an unstable operating region for a voltage fed induction motor with high source impedance has been calculated and has been correlated with both test results and the results predicted by the conventional linearized model. This study clearly demonstrates an improvement over the linearized model in predicting machine dynamic behavior. Because the simulation accurately models large signal as well as small signal behavior it should prove equally useful in predicting transient behavior. The manner of dealing with saturation of the magnetizing field presented in this paper can be readily implemented on a digital as well as an analog computer and can also be extended to the study of other electrical machines.
The effect of decision context on perceived risk in pricing strategies: how managers view uncontrollable environmental forces

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to assess managers' evaluation of risk associated with applicable uncontrollable forces when developing pricing strategies.Design/methodology/approach – The present study is based on attribution theory. An experiment using more than 100 business managers was conducted to assess the perceived risk of uncontrollable environmental factors.Findings – The findings suggest that when uncontrollable environmental factors dominate pricing managers tend to select pricing strategies with external orientations to deflect risk away from themselves personally.Research limitations/implications – This research is limited to pricing strategies and not a broader selection of marketing strategies. The present research provides greater insight as to why managers make certain strategic pricing decisions.Practical implications – This paper suggests management should frame decision‐making contexts so that minimizing personal exposure is consistent with corporate goals and objectives.Orig...
Effect of tranquilizing drugs on survival from experimental diphtheric intoxication.

THE exotoxin of virulent diphtheria bacilli represents an extreme example of a potent biochemical stressor in susceptible mammalian species. Giroud et al.1 have shown that in animals intoxicated with a lethal dose of diphtheria toxin, the hormone content of the adrenal cortex is diminished by as much as two thirds. Attempts to influence the course of diphtheria toxaemia through the use of cortical hormones or adrenocorticotrophic hormone have met with no success2,3,4, although a decrease in adrenal haemorrhages has been noted5.
Reliability growth by failure mode removal

Modern systems, civilian (e.g. automotive), and military (manned and unmanned aircraft, surface vehicles, submerged vessels), suffer initial design faults or failure modes (FMs), including software bugs, which detrimentally affect the system's reliability and availability. FMs must be removed or mitigated in impact during initial testing, including accelerated testing, in order for the system to meet its reliability requirements and operate satisfactorily in the field. This paper concerns models for reliability growth in which the behaviors of FMs are assumed independent, but of different types. Test effort is guided by prior information, expressed probabilistically, on the random number and tenacities of such FMs that are of various origins in the designs. Estimation of the numbers of FMs that will ultimately activate while in the field is considered here. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Tyranny of the Median and Costly Consent: A Reflection on the Justification for Participatory Urban Planning Processes:

Wide participation, in the urban planning context, is justified as the means of balancing multiple interests outside the traditional decision-making setup. However, this article argues that the participatory paradigm provides at best inadequate justification to the planning process. Particularly if consensus building is the aim of the participatory process, it suffers from a number of impossibility results well documented in the political economics literature. ‘Lazy deliberators’ will arrive at the acceptance of a priori median preference, and participatory processes necessarily exclude some groups, even under equitable capability and power distribution. This article intends to contribute to the debate on the nature of participatory planning by critically analyzing the motivations of participation and limitation of the participatory planning paradigms, and advocates a temperate view on their efficacy.
Increased activity of lysosomal enzymes in human atherosclerotic aortas.

Abstract Beta-glucuronidase activity is known to increase in human atherosclerotic arteries. Since beta-glucuronidase is a key marker enzyme for lysosomal activity, it was decided to investigate the activity of other lysosomal enzymes. In intima-media homogenates of human atherosclerotic aortas there was found an increased total activity of cathepsin, suggestive evidence for acid phosphatase, and no change in arylsulfatase. Beta-glucuronidase showed the greatest increase in total activity. Besides showing these changes in total activity, all four enzymes exhibited definitely increased activity in the lysosomal fraction of the atherosclerotic aortas.
Adherence* failure and measurement: some troubling questions

It is pointed out that many methods used to determine the adherence of films and coatings to their substrates are inadequate. Sometimes, they are misleading. Key test conditions must appropriately simulate the conditions of service under which adherence failure may be brought about. It is indicated that the test environment and the rate and mode of stress application are among the important factors to consider. The nature of adherence failure is discussed against a background of multibarrier fracture kinetics. A brief review of multibarrier fracture kinetics as it applies to adherence failure and testing is given. Some evidence is cited to show that competitive failure mechanisms operate in many cases of adherence failure, and that which mechanism dominates depends on the conditions of failure.
Research On Women Of Color: From Ignorance to Awareness

Evidence that women of color are dealt with as anomalies in psychological research is discussed in order to: (a) inform researchers about the omissions, (b) stimulate interest in increased inclusion of women of color among research populations, and (c) demonstrate the need for increased diversity in research paradigms. It is noted that research paradigms directed at the study of the “universal woman” have in actuality focused on White middle class populations. This article examines the methodological and theoretical transformations that have occurred in the literature, and evaluates the extent to which researchers have successfully incorporated ethnicity into the study of gender issues. This is a call for an examination of women's experiences relative to ethnicity and a paradigmatic shift in the assumptions about what is worthy or appropriate for investigation.
Elderly prisoners: a growing and forgotten group within correctional systems vulnerable to elder abuse

There are over 2.1 million people incarcerated in the nation's jails and prisons. Additionally, close to 600,000 prisoners are released annually into communities across the country. Many prisoners and those released from prisons are elderly. The purpose of this article is to examine the systemic abuse and neglect experienced by elderly prisoners while they are incarcerated and when they are released from prison. Most correctional systems have inadequate resources, processes, and personnel to manage the elderly population inside and outside of prisons. In addition to providing a definition of "elderly prisoner," two specific problems-prison health care and prisoner re-entry-are examined in the article. The article concludes with recommendations for both policy and research on how best we can further understand and address the multiple needs and concerns faced by elderly prisoners.
The overuse of diagnostic imaging and the Choosing Wisely initiative.

This commentary discusses the overuse of diagnostic imaging tests and approaches to limit imaging studies and other tests and treatments that are inappropriate, unnecessary, wasteful, or redundant....
A Lost-Wax Approach to Monodisperse Colloids and Their Crystals

We report a nanoscale “lost-wax” method for forming colloids with size distributions around 5% and their corresponding colloidal crystals. Macroporous polymer templates are first prepared from a silica colloidal crystal. We then use the uniform and interconnected voids of the porous polymer to generate a wide variety of highly monodisperse inorganic, polymeric, and metallic solid and core-shell colloids, as well as hollow colloids with controllable shell thickness, as colloidal crystals. We can also uniformly deform the polymer template to alter colloidal shape and demonstrate the formation of elliptical particles with precisely controlled aspect ratios.