cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the existence of convex classical solutions for multilayer free boundary problems with general nonlinear joining conditions

We prove the existence of convex classical solutions for a general multidimensional, multilayer free-boundary problem. The geometric context of this problem is a nested family of closed, convex surfaces. Except for the innermost and outermost surfaces, which are given, these surfaces are interpreted as unknown layer-interfaces, where the layers are the bounded annular domains between them. Each unknown interface is characterized by a quite general nonlinear equation, called a joining condition, which relates the first derivatives (along the interface) of the capacitary potentials in the two adjoining layers, as well as the spatial variables. A well-known special case of this problem involves several stationary, immiscible, two-dimensional flows of ideal fluid, related along their interfaces by Bernoulli’s law.
The Inverse Power Method for Semilinear Elliptic Equations

In this note we will discuss an iterative procedure that is very useful for both the numerical and theoretical study of nonlinear eigenvalue problems $$\begin{gathered}Lu \equiv {\partial _i}\left( {{a_{ij}}{\partial _j}u} \right) - a\left( x \right)u = - \lambda f\left( {x,u} \right)\quad in\,D \hfill \\ \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad u = 0\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;on\;\partial D \hfill \\\end{gathered}$$ (1) where D is a bounded domain in R n and L is self-adjoint and uniformly elliptic with \({a_{ij}} \in {C^0}\left( {\bar D} \right)\;and\,a(x) \geqslant 0,\;a \in {L^\infty }\).
Federal Executive Clemency in the Administration of Barack Obama (2009-2013): A Pardon Power Report

This paper provides a statistical examination and final overview of the pardon power as exercised in the first term of Barack Obama. In addition to aggregate data on applications (new and pending), pardons, commutations, and denials, original data is presented on individual applicants including: individual offenses, years (length of time) between offenses and clemency, seasonal clemency, geographic distribution of recipients and presence or absence of legal representation. The Obama administration is then placed in the context of history and, where appropriate, more recent administrations. Finally, some attention is given to clemency-related issues which are likely to loom large in Obama’s second term and, perhaps, the terms of future presidents.
Tiotropium (Spiriva): a once-daily inhaled anticholinergic medication for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Tiotropium represents a new generation of inhaled therapy. No other inhaled product has demonstrated effectiveness with once-daily dosing. Treatment has been associated with improved lung function, decrease in the number of exacerbations, increase in the time to first exacerbation, and improved quality of life. Adverse effects appear to be mild in nature, and the only significant adverse effect is dry mouth. Clinical trials show that tiotropium is more effective than placebo. When compared with current treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tiotropium is at least as effective as salmeterol and more effective than ipratropium; moreover, the once-a-day dosing increases the likelihood of patient compliance. The guidelines of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease recommend bronchodilator medications as first-line therapy in the symptomatic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tiotropium, an anticholinergic bronchodilator, should be considered a first-line agent for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Vision: Top‐Down Effects

‘Top-down effects’ are effects that originate in high levels of the hierarchy of visual processes and exert an influence at lower levels. Examples of visual information thought to reside at, or arise from, high levels in the hierarchy are: the perceiver's intentions, expectations, attentional goals, and memories established on the basis of past experience. Keywords: object memories; past experience; context; learning; attentional capture; figure assignment
Ice Sheet Stability and Sea-Level Rise

A wedge of sediments appears to stabilize the Whillans Ice Stream, suggesting that sea-level rise may not destabilize ice sheets as much as previously feared.
Omnidirectional/directional TEM horn circular array for joint time and frequency operation

A wideband TEM horn circular array with directional and omnidirectional patterns for joint time and frequency operation is presented. The omnidirectional mode of operation is obtained by exciting the circular array phase mode 0 whereas the directional mode at a specific direction is achieved by exciting a specific element(s) in the array. A miniaturized combined TEM horn and loop antenna is used as a unit cell leading to 8∶1 operating bandwidth with good time and frequency domain performances.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of AISI 4340 Steel in Aqueous Environments

Stress corrosion cracking of the high-strength martensitic steel AISI 4340 (yield stress = 1503 MPa) in NaCl aqueous solutions of different concentrations was studied experimentally using compact tension specimens in free corroding conditions. The experiments were conducted under the controls of constant load, constant crack opening displacement (COD), constant loading rate, and constant COD rate. Despite the differences in controlling conditions, the experiments yielded similar results for the threshold stress intensity factor and the plateau velocity in the 3.5 wt pct NaCl solution. Dependence of the plateau velocity on the NaCl concentration was observed, whereas the values of the threshold stress intensity factors seem to be independent of the NaCl concentration in distilled water.
Understanding How Programs Work to Prevent Overt Aggressive Behaviors: A Meta-analysis of Mediators of Elementary School–Based Programs

Several recent meta-analyses of universal school-based violence prevention studies indicate the overall positive impacts of these approaches on aggression. These studies, however, assess impacts on broadly defined measures of aggression. Furthermore, little research has analyzed the mechanisms through which these programs attempt to reduce overt aggressive behavior. The current study analyzed overall impacts on a more narrowly defined outcome—overt aggressive behavior—and identified associated mediators in 36 universal prevention studies conducted with kindergarten through fifth-grade students. Programs were associated with a significant, although small, reduction in overt aggression behavior. Three types of mediators were identified: measures of skill acquisition, social-cognitive processes, and classroom characteristics. Using MacKinnon's joint significance test to test for mediation, four measures of skill acquisition, two measures of social cognitive, and one measure of classroom characteristics were ...
Low-dose carbon monoxide inhalation prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury of transplanted rat lung grafts.

Background Carbon monoxide (CO), a byproduct of heme catalysis by heme oxygenases, has been shown to provide protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We examined the cytoprotective effect of CO at a low concentration on cold I/R injury of transplanted lung grafts. Methods Orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed in syngenic Lewis to Lewis rat combination. Grafts were preserved in University of Wisconsin solution at 4 ° C for 6 hours. Donors and/or recipients were exposed to CO (250 ppm) in air for 1 hour before surgery and then continuously post-transplantation. Results Blood oxygen partial pressure of graft pulmonary veins in the CO-treated group versus the air-treated group was significantly higher. The increase of messenger RNA of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cycloooxygenase-2 was markedly inhibited in the CO-treated group. The expression of phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 was significantly reduced in the CO-treated group. CO treatment reduced the number of infiltrating macrophages into the lung grafts. Vascular endothelial cells detected by CD31 stain were well preserved in CO-treated grafts, while those in air-treated grafts were faint and interrupted. Conclusions These results demonstrate that exogenous low-dose CO treatment of donors and recipients can prevent lung I/R injury and significantly improve function of lung grafts after extended cold preservation and transplantation.
Globalization and population drivers of rural-urban land-use change in Chihuahua, Mexico.

Abstract A thorough examination of the causes of land-use change is necessary to effectively deal with the magnitude of changes across the globe. Chihuahua, Mexico is experiencing rapid land-use changes due to processes of globalization. The emergence of Mexico's maquiladora program is an indicator of economic globalization that has had far-reaching social and environmental consequences. This article examines population and income patterns from 1970 to 2000 as part of a hierarchical system and tests whether or not processes of globalization can be detected in the patterns. Findings indicate that population and income concentrate primarily in Juarez, while simultaneously deconcentrating in most other municipios of the State. Moreover, these patterns correlate with patterns of maquiladora concentration. Additional findings identify proximity to the US and established urban centers as drivers of population concentration. These findings support the notion that patterns and processes of globalization are important drivers of population and income concentration at the local level in Chihuahua, Mexico. Finally, the findings support the conceptualization of population land-use and income concentration as part of a hierarchical system.
Chemical-kinetic descriptions of high-temperature ignition and detonation of acetylene-oxygen-diluent systems

High-temperature oxidation of acetylene, above about 1000 K, is addressed numerically and theoretically. A new detailed-chemistry description is employed that involves 114 elementary steps among 28 chemical species, revising questionable rate parameters for certain elementary steps, notably concerning OH and O2 attack on C2H2. It proceeds most importantly through ketyl at the highest temperatures and vinyl at lower temperatures, and it is shown to yield reasonable agreement with shock-tube ignition results. A short mechanism of 21 steps, 4 of which are reversible, among 15 species, is derived from the detailed-chemistry description by sensitivity and reaction-path analyses, for use above a temperature that increases with pressure and that is about 1200 K at 1 bar. Through systematic application of steady-state and partial-equilibrium approximations, a seven-step reduced mechanism is derived from the short mechanism, involving four steps that are important during the induction process leading to ignition and three that are important during the slower further heat release that follows ignition. The four induction steps are an example of branched-chain thermal-explosion chemistry. They are simplified systematically to a one-step approximation from which an explicit formula is derived determining the ignition time, in good agreement with predictions of the short and reduced mechanism. By treating the three slow heat-release steps as a one-step recombination-controlled process, a two-step approximation is then obtained for the complete detonation. These various levels of description of acetylene ignition and detonation chemistry can be helpful in computational and theoretical studies of high-temperature ignition and detonation behavior of fuels that contain or produce appreciable amounts of acetylene.
Surgical nasal prosthesis

This method of fabrication of an immediate nasal prosthesis has distinct advantages which recommend its use. These are (1) the use of an RTV silicone rubber impression as the refractory cast cuts fabrication time to minutes rather than hours, as compared with other methods of fabricating a nasal prosthesis; (2) the RTV silicone is permanent and stable and provides an exact reproduction of the part to be excised; (3) the initial RTV silicone impression may be used during fabrication of the definitive prosthesis as the mold for production of a wax sculpting model; (4) PVC prostheses offer a unique advantage of being soft enough for trimming with scissors at the time of surgery and are flexible and tissue-compatible; and (5) psychological trauma is minimized and the patient is better prepared for a definitive prosthetic restoration.
The distortion resulting from the use of center-tapped transformers in a class B power amplifier

The transformer-coupled Class B amplifier is investigated with regard to harmonic distortion caused indirectly by the self-resonance of the transformer primary. For undistorted Class B operation, the short-circuited flow of even harmonic unbalanced mode currents is essential. When these harmonics are at a frequency at which the transformer primary is close to self-resonance, the flow is impeded and harmonic plate voltages will appear. A slight circuit asymmetry or nonlinearity will permit the harmonic voltages to couple into the load, as harmonic distortion. By a similar effect negative feedback circuits can increase distortion by an amount for which formulas are given.
A new mtDNA mutation in the tRNALeu(UUR) gene associated with maternally inherited cardiomyopathy

We report a new mutation, a C to T transition at nt 3303 of mtDNA, in seven members of a family with cardiomyopathy and myopathy: the proband and two siblings had fatal infantile cardiomyopathy, whereas in three maternal relatives the disease manifested later in life as sudden cardiac death or as mitochondrial myopathy with cardiomyopathy. The mutation was homoplasmic in all tissues (including blood) from the proband and her brother, but heteroplasmic in blood from five oligosymptomatic or asymptomatic maternal relatives. This mutation disrupts a conserved base pair in the aminoacyl stem of the tRNA(Leu(UUR)). None of 70 controls carried the mutation. Our data indicate that this mutation is the genetic cause of the disorder in this family, and confirm that the tRNA(Leu(UUR)) is a "hot spot" for mutations in mtDNA.
Spectral analyses of extrinsic fluorescence of the nerve membrane labeled with aminonaphthalene derivatives

Abstract A fluorescence spectrophotometer was constructed to determine the emission spectrum of a nerve labeled with various fluorochromes. Using this spectrophotometer, the spectra of 2- p -toluidinylnaphthalene 6-sulfonate (2,6-TNS) and other aminonaphthalene derivatives in squid giant axons were determined at the peak of nerve excitation, as well as in the resting state of the axons. During nerve excitation the fluorescent light deriving from the 2,6-TNS-stained nerve undergoes a transient change in intensity. The spectrum of the light contributing to this change in intensity was found to be much narrower and sharper than the fluorescent spectrum of the light arising from labeled axons at rest. This narrow and sharp spectrum is interpreted as being derived from a transient variation in the polarity of the 2,6-TNS binding sites in the axon. In the Appendix, the results of a physicochemical investigation into the factors affecting the fluorescence of 2,6-TNS in vitro are described.
HETEROGENEITY IN X-LINKED SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA

We describe a family with pure X-linked hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and report linkage to X-chromosome DNA probes. A 6-generation pedigree (K313) with 12 affected males is presented. Eight affected males and 7 mandatory female carriers were personally examined. The disorder is characterized by delayed motor milestones and development of the typical spastic gait in adolescence. Deterioration is gradual for 20-30 years and then nonprogressive. Adults generally require crutches by age 30 and a wheelchair by age 50-60. Intelligence, upper extremity function, and vision were normal. Carrier females had a normal gait and neurologic exam. Eight X-chromosome linked DNA markers were used to genotype K313 and linkage was observed with pYNH3 (δ = 0, lod = 4.6) and DXS17 (δ = 0, lod = 4.0). These markers map to the Xq21-22 region, distinct from the Xq28 locus for complicated X-linked HSP reported by Kenwrick. These findings strongly support the clinical delineation of two distinct disease entities: pure and complicated X-linked HSP. This has important implications for genetic counseling when using DNA linked markers.
On computing a conditional edge-connectivity of a graph

Abstract The conditional edge-connectivity λ ( G : P ) of a graph G ( V , E ) has been defined by Harary as the minimum cardinality | S | of a set S of edges such that G – S is disconnected and every component of G – S has the given graph property P . I n this article we present lower and upper bounds for λ( G : P ) when P is defined as follows: A graph H satisfies property P if it contains more than one vertex. We then present a polynomial-time algorithm for the computation of λ( G : P ). A new generalization of the notion of connectivity is also given.
A low frequency of pancreatic islet insulin-expressing cells derived from cord blood stem cell allografts in humans

Aims/hypothesis We sought to establish if stem cells contained in cord blood cell allografts have the capacity to differentiate into insulin-expressing beta cells in humans. Methods We studied pancreases obtained at autopsy from individuals (n=11) who had prior opposite-sex cord blood transplants to reconstitute haematopoiesis. Pancreatic tissue sections were stained first by XY-fluorescence in situ hybridisation and then insulin immunohistochemistry. Pancreases obtained at autopsy from participants without cord blood cell infusions served as controls (n=11). Results In the men with prior transplant of female cord blood, there were 3.4±0.3% XX-positive insulin-expressing islet cells compared with 0.32±0.05% (p<0.01) in male controls. In women with prior transplant of male cord blood cells we detected 1.03±0.20% XY insulin-expressing islet cells compared with 0.03±0.03 in female controls (p<0. 001). Conclusions/interpretation Cord blood stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into insulin-expressing cells in nondiabetic humans. It remains to be established whether these cells have the properties of beta cells.
The Effects of Chronic Fetal Hyperglycemia on Substrate Uptake by the Ovine Fetus and Conceptus

The Effects of Chronic Fetal Hyperglycemia on Substrate Uptake by the Ovine Fetus and Conceptus
Relation of graded exercise test findings after myocardial infarction to extent of coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction

Abstract To evaluate the effectiveness of the graded exercise test in predicting the extent of coronary artery disease and the degree of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with prior myocardial infarction, 100 consecutive patients underwent both graded exercise testing and coronary and left ventricular angiography at a median of 4 months after infarction. The studies caused no complications. An equal number of patients had anterior and inferior infarction. Coronary artery disease, defined as 70 percent or greater stenosis of luminal diameter, was present in three vessels in 31 patients, in two vessels in 35 patients, in one vessel in 33 patients and in no vessel in one patient. With “diagnostic” electrocardiographic criteria of 1 mm or greater J point depression plus a flat or downsloping S-T segment, 31 patients had an electrocardiographically positive exercise test; 27 of these (87 percent) had two or three vessel coronary artery disease. Of the 21 patients with a negative exercise test, 62 percent had coronary artery disease in no more than one vessel, 33 percent in two vessels and 5 percent in three vessels. Fourteen patients had S-T segment elevation during exercise; these patients had a lower ejection fraction and larger angiographic scar size than the remaining 86 patients. Patients terminating exercise because of symptoms of left ventricular dysfunction (fatigue or dyspnea) showed correlation between duration of exercise and ejection fraction ( r = 0.65) and between duration of exercise and angiographic scar size ( r = −0.62). Thus, several months after infarction, the graded exercise test can be performed safely and can be utilized to predict the extent of coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction in selected groups of patients.
Boards of trustees, agency problems, and university output

The analysis and empirical evidence in this paper indicate that the structure of the boards of trustees of state universities influences the provision of higher education. The structure of the boards is important because it helps to define the constraints on the board members and on the internal agents of the universities. An implication of this study is that public universities can be made to function more like private ones by placing them under separate governing boards. These results are especially interesting when examining the trends regarding board structures. The trend over this century across the states has been toward increasing the number of universities under the jurisdiction of a single board. This analysis suggests that the trend is a response to political pressure from educators, not from taxpayers and consumers of higher education.
Unsteady motions between sliding surfaces

Abstract The shear resistance of slipping surfaces at fixed normal stress is given by τ = τ ( V , state ). Here V is the slip velocity, dependence on “state” is equivalent to functional dependence with fading memory on prior V ( t ) and ∂τ ( V , state )/ ∂V > 0. We establish linear stability conditions for steady slip states ( V ( t ), τ ( t ) constant ). For single degree-of-freedom elastic or viscoelastic dynamical systems instability occurs, if at all, by a flutter mode when the spring stiffness (or appropriate viscoelastic generalization) reduces to a critical value. Similar conclusions are reached for slipping continua with spatially periodic perturbations along their interface and in this case the existence of propagating frictional creep waves is established at critical conditions. Increases in inertia of the slipping systems are found to be destabilizing in that they increase the critical stiffness level required for stability. The subject of constitutive relations for frictional slip has been presented with particular emphasis on relations useful for stability analysis. In particular, the state variable laws first introduced by Dieterich have been described. For more detailed treatment of the development of these laws the reader should consult the references. Many open questions remain. The description presented here still does not describe many observations (unmentioned in this presentation) and is not well understood microscopically. Nonetheless, it is hoped that relations of the general type presented here will, by means of mechanical models, contribute further to the understanding of slip instabilities.
Teaching History in Business Schools: An Outsider's View

I comment on the role of the study of history in the business school curriculum. I first survey an analogous endeavor, the role of the study of history in political decision making, finding a valuable body of literature on the problems inherent in the use of history as a guide to political decision making. I then look at three genres of the use of history in business decision making, each of which has had its successes and each of which has fallen short: the field of business history because of the paucity of the core of ideas it has generated, the use of cases because of the lack of a body of concomitant inductive generalizations, and PIMS because of the triviality of its results.
Hindlimb articular surface allometry in hominoidea and Macaca, with comparisons to diaphyseal scaling

Abstract The scaling of hindlimb articular surface dimensions with body mass is investigated in Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Macaca fascicularis, and, for the femoral head, two population samples of recent Homo sapiens sapiens. Articular dimensions scale very strongly with body mass within pongids at close to isometry. Body mass can be estimated relatively precisely given the appropriate reference group, with femoral head dimensions giving the best estimates. Several deviations from general scaling trends are also present and have functional implications. Positive allometry of the medial femoral condyle, and thus condyle asymmetry, is shown to be related to degree of varus (bowleggedness) of the knee, most marked in gorillas and declining in the smaller pongids and macaques. Macaques show somewhat smaller hindlimb articulations for their body mass, while modern humans have large femoral heads relative to body mass. Relative to diaphyseal cross-sectional dimensions (Ruff, 1987) , orangutans and modern humans have large articulations and macaques small articulations. These proportional differences are explained in terms of differences between species in joint excursion, mode of locomotion, and activity level. Orangutans load their hind limbs less than other pongids due to more pronounced forelimb suspensory behavior and thus have less robust diaphyses, but maintain relatively large articulations to allow greater joint excursion, particularly hip abduction. Relatively smaller hindlimb articulations in macaques may be linked to reduced joint mobility relative to pongids. Modern humans, due to their bipedality, load the lower limb more than quadrupedal primates and thus have relatively large joints, but shaft dimensions remain smaller than expected, possibly at least partly because of lower activity levels. Within recent humans, femoral head dimensions are highly positively allometric. Because of this, femoral head size in two relatively complete early hominids (AL 288-1 and KNM-WT 15000) is approximately at or above what would be predicted for hominids of their respective body masses.
Impact of Individual Mutations on Increased Fitness in Adaptively Evolved Strains of Escherichia coli

We measured the relative fitness among a set of experimentally evolved Escherichia coli strains differing by a small number of adaptive mutations by directly measuring allelic frequencies in head-to-head competitions using a mass spectrometry-based method. We compared the relative effects of mutations to the same or similar genes acquired in multiple strains when expressed in allele replacement strains. We found that the strongest determinant of fitness among the evolved strains was the impact of beneficial mutations to the RNA polymerase β and β′ subunit genes. We also identified several examples of epistatic interactions between rpoB/C and glpK mutations and identified two other mutations that are beneficial only in the presence of previously acquired mutations but that have little or no adaptive benefit to the wild-type strain. Allele frequency estimation is shown to be a highly sensitive method for measuring selection rates during competitions between strains differing by as little as a single-nucleotide polymorphism and may be of great use for investigating epistatic interactions.
Effects of non-invasive, 1,210 nm laser exposure on adipose tissue: results of a human pilot study.

Background and Objectives Laser radiation (1,210 nm) has been previously shown to be capable of selective photothermolysis of adipose tissue in vitro when applied non-invasively. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the in vivo effects of this laser in human subjects. Study Design/Materials and Methods Twenty-four adult subjects were exposed non-invasively on the abdomen to a 1,210 nm laser at fluences of 70, 80, and 90 J/cm2, with a 10 mm spot size, 5 seconds pre-cooling, and 3 seconds exposure duration delivered with parallel contact cooling. There was an impairment of the skin-cooling device during the study. Exposure and control sites were biopsied at either 1–3 days or 4–7 weeks. Tissue was processed for nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBTC) staining, a marker for thermal damage, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results Laser exposures were painful, requiring local anesthesia in most subjects, but otherwise well tolerated. At 1–3 days after exposure, there was a fluence-dependent loss of NBTC staining in the fat and dermis. In 2 of 14 subjects (2 of 42 exposure sites) evaluated at 1–3 days after exposure, epidermal damage was noted within a small portion of the test site, likely due to impaired contact cooling. At 4–7 weeks, lipomembranous changes of the fat were seen in 89% of test sites and 33% of control sites. Conclusions This in vivo study shows histologic evidence of laser-induced damage of fat. With further development, this might become a useful treatment for disorders involving the fat and/or lower dermis. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:401–407, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The relationship between Graves’ ophthalmopathy and dry eye syndrome

Background A complex relationship between Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) and dry eye syndrome exists. New research brings more insight into the association between these two diseases.
Een geslaagd jubileum! The 10th Weinstein Developmental Cardiovascular Conference in Leiden.

The 10th annual Weinstein Conference was held May 13–16, 2004, at Leeuwenhorst Conference Center in the Netherlands outside of Leiden. The Weinstein meeting, founded by Dr. Constance Weinstein and subsequently named in her honor by the attendees, is one of the leading annual gatherings of researchers studying heart development. Basic research scientists and research clinicians were brought together from around the world to share their latest data and concepts of heart development. This year the meeting was sponsored by the Leiden University Medical Center in collaboration with the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston and was attended by approximately 270 participants. The meeting began Friday evening with a welcoming reception followed by the keynote lecture by Margaret E. Buckingham of the Pasteur Institute. Dr. Buckingham’s lecture entitled, “Programming Cells to Form Muscle: The Cellular Contribution to Cardiogenesis,” reviewed her recently published work on lineage analysis of the anterior heart field in the mouse by a retrospective clonal analysis approach that takes advantage of an infrequent and spontaneous mitotic recombination of an inactivated nlaacZ reporter into an active nlacZ reporter in mouse (Meilhac et al., 2004). The analysis demonstrated that two lineages arise in the heart fields from a common progenitor. These two lineages then contribute unequally to specific regions of the developing heart. The left ventricle and the outflow tract seem to derive from a single lineage, whereas other regions derive from both. During questions and discussion, Roger Markwald proposed that the two lineages are derived at earlier stages from the primitive lateral heart fields and then are sorted into the separate lineages. The observation that some chambers derive from more than one lineage is consistent with earlier concepts that suggested the primitive heart forms initially in a segmental manner, but the mature chambers of the heart result from cellular interactions and remodeling of these primitive segments (Mjaatvedt et al., 1999). The cellular and molecular interactions leading to this specification of precardiac lineages will no doubt be a hot topic of future research in this area. SESSIONS
Relaxation times in cyclotron resonance in metals

The relation between an effective relaxation time τ in cyclotron resonance, mass anisotropy and magnetic field tipping is studied and a true relaxation time τ0 is extracted by comparison with measurements.
Perceived Risk and Citizen Preferences for Governmental Management of Routine Hazards

Risk perceptions are important to the policy process because they inform individuals’ preferences for government management of hazards that affect personal safety, public health, or ecological conditions. Studies of risk in the policy process have often focused on explicating the determinants of risk perceptions for highly salient, high consequence hazards (e.g., nuclear energy). We argue that it is useful to also study more routinely experienced hazards; doing so shows the relevance of risk perceptions in individuals’ daily lives. Our investigation focuses on the impact perceived risk has on citizens’ preferences over hazard management policies (as distinct from identifying risk perception determinants per se). We use a recursive structural equation model to analyze public opinion data measuring attitudes in three distinct issue domains: air pollution, crime, and hazardous waste storage and disposal. We find that citizens utilize perceived risk rationally: greater perceived risk generally produces support for more proactive government to manage potential hazards. This perceived risk–policy response relationship generally holds even though the policy options respondents were asked to consider entailed nontrivial costs to the public. The exception seems to be when individuals know less about the substantive issue domain.
Reaction /sup 3/H(d,n)/sup 4/He as a calibrated polarized neutron source and the analyzing power of /sup 4/He(n,n)/sup 4/He from 20 to 30 MeV

Results are reported for the zero-degree analyzing power and longitudinal vector polarization transfer coefficient values of the reaction /sup 3/H(d,n)/sup 4/He. These data allowed a calibration of the neutron polarization to an absolute accuracy of +- 2%. The analyzing power of /sup 4/He was measured using the calibrated neutron beam for E/sub n/ in the range 20 to 30 MeV. The results of the /sup 4/He analyzing power measurements are compared to phase-shift predictions as well as other data for /sup 4/He(n,n)/sup 4/He and /sup 4/He(p,p)/sup 4/He in the same energy region. (AIP)
The sediments of the northern Indian Ocean

Abstract The solid phases from surface sediments, atmospheric dusts, and rivers of the Indian Ocean environment have been analyzed for their clay minerals and quartz. Such data have been used to delimit the transport paths and sources of the detrital minerals in the oceanic deposits. Diagnostic in distinguishing fluvial and eolian inputs to the northern Indian Ocean is a combination of the clay mineral assemblages and of their geographic distributions. River borne solids are the primary components of the Bay of Bengal deposits. The eastern part receives its continental input through the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system, while drainage of the Indian Peninsula by rivers introduces solids to the western part. The former materials are characterized by high illite and chlorite in the clay mineral assemblages; the latter by montmorillonite. The winds over the Bay bear distinctive dust burdens based upon their directions. However, their contributions to the sediments are insignificant. The eastern sector of the Arabian Sea receives major contributions of continental debris from the rivers and the high montmorillonite levels clearly indicate a source in the Indian Peninsula. The rest of the Sea appears to receive most of its land-derived materials from the north, perhaps the desert regions of northern India and West Pakistan, and they are wind-borne. These materials are also transported to the equatorial regions of the Indian Ocean. A gradient in attapulgite, just north of the equator, may indicate an eolian contribution to the Arabian Sea from the African continent. The halogenated hydrocarbon pesticides were assayed in the southwest monsoon winds and enter the Bay of Bengal at levels of a half ton per month, an amount comparable to those introduced by other wind and river systems to the marine environment.
Ares V: Application to Solar System Scientific Exploration

The following sections describe Ares V performance and its payoff to a wide array of potential solar system exploration missions. Application to potential Astrophysics missions is addressed in Reference 3.
Preparation of tritium-labeled hyaluronic acid oligomers and their use in enzyme studies.

Abstract Tritium-labeled oligosaccharides can be prepared from hyaluronic acid by the Wilzbach technique with greater ease than usual by use of the specificity of hyaluronidase in the course of purification. Labeled oligomers of hyalobiuronic acid were isolated and shown to be radiochemically homogeneous, and are used in studies of complex enzymic kinetics. The techniques used may have general use in preparing generally labeled oligosaccharides.
Molecular imprinting: selective materials for separations, sensors and catalysis

Abstract Molecular imprinting offers a simple and general approach for the preparation of robust materials with applications in molecular recognition. In this approach, a target molecule serves as the template for the assembly of its own recognition sites; the resulting materials can selectively bind the templates with which they were prepared. Imprinted polymers show particular promise for difficult chromatographic separations and as ‘antibody mimics’ for assays of small molecules.
AESTHETICS AND POLITICS IN FALANGIST CULTURE (1935–45)

In a commentary on the role of the artist during the Spanish Civil War Carlos Mainer has described the dual style of Falangist literature as ‘una austeridad clasica, humanizada y contrarrevolucionaria, y otra vertiente destructiva, alegre, inconsciente y fantastica.’ It is the purpose of this paper to offer an analysis of the first type of literary expression with the aim of illustrating the interdependence of aesthetics and politics in Falangist Spain. Professor Kessel Schwartz, who has given us a good sampling of fascist attitudes toward Spanish literature and culture, confines his sources to the Seville-based Nationalist newspaper ABC (1936–39). In this article I should like to trace the aesthetic and intellectual roots of the Falangist view of culture to such elite publications as Jerarquia and Escorial; to the work of Eugenio d'Ors, the plays of Torrente Ballester and the essays of Lain Entralgo, Antonio Tovar and Eugenio Montes.
New linearizations of quadratic assignment problems

New mixed-integer linear programming formulations are presented for the quadratic assignment problem, based on splittings of the coefficient matrices. Computational results are reported for medium-sized problem instances in the QAPLIB collection.
A simple and reliable method for delivering small fluid volumes to the brain of a freely moving rat.

A stepper motor-powered micropump for making intracerebral microinjections in freely moving animals is described. The micropump is capable of delivering fluid volumes of up to 20 μl in steps of 17 nl The system does not require a fluid swivel, delivers injections rapidly, maintains long-term calibration accuracy and is not susceptible to blockage of the cannula.
Apocynin Induces Rapid Inhibition and Slow Facilitation of ICa,L and Decrease and Increase of Reactive Oxygen Species in Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Ion channels are exposed to cellular redox change. Exogeneously applied reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate ICa,L. However, whether and how ICa,L is regulated by endogenous redox still remains largely unknown. Apocynin (APO), a methoxy-substituted catechol with NADPH oxidase inhibitor and antioxidant actions, reversibly inhibits ICa,L. We analyzed effects of APO on ICa,L and dichlorofluorescein fluorescence (DCFF) which indicates cumulative activity of ROS or H2O2 simultaneously in rat ventricular myocytes. ICa,L and DCFF were continuously recorded at 1/30 s and APO (10 mM) was applied for 5 min. Changes in ICa,L and DCFF were basically in parallel. APO rapidly inhibited ICa,L by 51% of control associated with 12% reduction of DCFF. Then, they increased slightly in the presence of APO and rapidly and greatly after its washout resulting ICa,L to 1.3 fold and DCFF to 1.2 fold of control. N-acetylcysteine (NAC,10mM), a precursor of glutathione (GSH), slightly decreased the APO-induced inhibition of ICa,L and increased following facilitation of ICa,L resulting the final amplitude to 1.6 fold. In the presence of NAC, ebselen (Ebs, 10−5 M), a H2O2 scavenger, little affected APO-induced inhibiton but decreased the facilitation of ICa,L to 1.2 fold increase and decreased the magnitude and duration of washout-induced increase of DCFF. Biochemical analysis revealed that APO decreased GSH-to-GSSG ratio from 1.5 to 0.5 in 3 min. APO appears to have dual redox-related actions: 1) antioxidant activity that causes rapid decrease of H2O2 and GSH to inhibit ICa,L and prevents the slow facilitation and 2) pro-oxidant activity that induces slow facilitation of ICa,L by increasing H2O2. We conclude that H2O2 and GSH are important regulaors of ICa,L in ventriclar myocytes.
Differential tolerance to the intestinal inhibitory effect of opiates in mice.

Abstract The occurrence of undirectional noncross-tolerance to heroin and etorphine induced antinociception in morphine tolerant mice prompted this study to determine whether this phenomenon occurs for opiate induced inhibition of intestinal transit. Tolerance to the intestinal inhibitory effect (charcoal meal tes) of s.c. morphine, etorphine and heroin was reflected by an increase in the ED 50 value and in most cases, a flattening of the dose response curve in morphine and etorphine pelleted mice (tested with pellet in place). A similar response was noted following intracerebroventricular administration of these agents in morphine pelleted mice. More tolerance developed to the relatively hydrophilic compound morphine than to the lipophilic compounds etorphine and heroin. Factors related to hydrophilicity and lipophilicity may be involved in the development of tolerance to opiates in the intestine although unidirectional non cross-tolerance did not occur.
Calcium Bioavailability from Ripening Cheddar Cheese

Calcium bioavailability to rats was compared from CaCl2 (28 mM), CaCO3, fresh milk, milk adjusted to pH 5.35, and Cheddar cheese. The cheese was manufactured from pasteurized bovine milk and all doses were labeled extrinsically with 45Ca and 47Ca and administered orally to rats. One label (45Ca) was added to milk before cheese manufacture and the other (47Ca) was added to the cheese 24 h prior to dosing. Calcium bioavailability was determined by: 1) absorption measured by whole body counting, and 2) availability for bone metabolism assessed by bone radioactivity measurements. Calcium absorption averaged 76.8% and was not affected by length of ripening (p>0.05). Absorption from CaCl2, CaCO3, fresh milk, milk at pH 5.35, and the cheeses was similar. The two methods gave similar estimates of relative bioavailability. The ratio of 47Ca absorption to 45Ca absorption for any cheese sample was significantly greater than 1, indicating extrinsic labels added after processing may overestimate Ca absorption from cheese.
The small DNA binding domain of λ integrase is a context‐sensitive modulator of recombinase functions

λ Integrase (Int) has the distinctive ability to bridge two different and well separated DNA sequences. This heterobivalent DNA binding is facilitated by accessory DNA bending proteins that bring flanking Int sites into proximity. The regulation of λ recombination has long been perceived as a structural phenomenon based upon the accessory protein-dependent Int bridges between high-affinity arm-type (bound by the small N-terminal domain) and low-affinity core-type DNA sites (bound by the large C-terminal domain). We show here that the N-terminal domain is not merely a guide for the proper positioning of Int protomers, but is also a context-sensitive modulator of recombinase functions. In full-length Int, it inhibits C-terminal domain binding and cleavage at the core sites. Surprisingly, its presence as a separate molecule stimulates the C-terminal domain functions. The inhibition in full-length Int is reversed or overcome in the presence of arm-type oligonucleotides, which form specific complexes with Int and core-type DNA. We consider how these results might influence models and experiments pertaining to the large family of heterobivalent recombinases.
Differential synthesis of crystallin and noncrystallin polypeptides during lens fiber cell differentiation in vitro.

Abstract Cells of the isolated lens epithelium from 6-day-old chick embryos undergo numerous changes characteristic of lens fiber cell differentiation when cultured in the presence of fetal calf serum. In the present study, protein synthesis in these explants was quantitated by monitoring the incorporation of [ 3 H]valine during the first day of lens fiber cell differentiation in vitro. Forty-six lens epithelial cell polypeptides were identified as α-, β-, δ- or nonerystallin on the basis of their native molecular weight (determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography) and subunit molecular weight (determined by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). During the first 5 hr in vitro, the rate of labeling of 45 of the 46 polypeptides increased approximately twofold, while the labeling of one β-crystallin component appeared transiently stimulated about threefold. Between 5 and 24 hr in vitro, the rate of labeling was maintained for α- and most of the β-crystallins, was increased an additional 2·3-fold for δ-crystallin, and was decreased appreciably for most of the noncrystallin polypeptides. “Pulse-chase” experiments, coupled with previous tests of intracellular specific activity of [ 3 H]valine under the present labeling conditions, indicate that the differences in labeling were due principally to differences in rates of synthesis. Thus, lens fiber cell differentiation in vitro is associated with preferential synthesis of the lens crystallins. The β-crystallins of the embryonic lens epithelial cells appear to exist as two native molecular weight classes. The higher class has a molecular weight near 80 000 and is composed of aggregated polypeptides, while the lower class ranges from approximately 20 500 to 34 000 in molecular weight and consists of monomeric polypeptides smaller than those which form the higher class.
Evolving as a University-Wide School of Nursing

To facilitate standardization of curricula and to expand program offerings around the state, Indiana University School of Nursing has been charged by university officials with becoming a multicampus school of nursing. In that evolution, the focus was on identifying the core commonalities that hold across campuses in areas of fundamental interest to the accreditation process: material resources; quality of faculty; criteria for student admission, progression, and graduation; shared policies; standardization of curricula; and evaluation of outcomes. After three decades of experimentation, with the advent of responsibility-centered management, the trend shifted from a centralized to a more decentralized approach, yet the resulting model for a university-wide school of nursing retains clear advantages, for example, a substantial presence in the aggregate that makes nursing visible within the state. This history of multisite collaboration has relevance for other schools of nursing as pressure to form institutional partnerships grows in importance prompted by mounting financial constraints and faculty shortages.