cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Cell Cycles

Of the many major achievements in cell biology during the last 25 years, none is more important than the understanding of regulation of cell cycles. In 1953 two fundamental observations concerning DNA were made. Watson and Crick suggested that the three-dimensional structure of DNA exists as a double helix with specific base pairings, and Howard and Peic observed that DNA is replicated during a specific phase in the mitotic cycle. Thus developed the theory of cell cycles. Next, investigators explored which events occur during each phase of the cycle and what controls the readout of the genes for proliferation or differentiation. In 1961, Jacob and Monod proposed that for prokaryotic cells the operon is the mechanism which controls the readout of the genes; and by the end of the 1960s, several investigators had defined the role of cyclic AMP and its mechanism of action at the gene level. The control mechanisms for eukaryotic cells are less well defined. Basically there are two types of regulatory molecules: those that arrive at the cell surface and send messages inside the cell; and those that enter the cell, bind to receptors, and then enter the nucleus to interact with the genes. During the past five to ten years, the cell surface and its receptors have received considerable attention as the recognition and control areas for cell proliferation and differentiation, and currently the role of the cyclic nucleotides and prostaglandins is being investigated. Various model systems are now available for detailed studies of these control mechanisms.
Electrical stimulation promotes the survival of oligodendrocytes in mixed cortical cultures.

Oligodendrocyte (OLG) death plays a major role in white matter dysfunction and demyelination following injury to the CNS. Axonal contact, communication, and neuronal activity appear to promote OLG survival and function in cell culture and during development. The application of electrical stimulation to mixed neural cultures has been shown to promote OLG differentiation and the formation of myelin in vitro. Here we show that OLG viability can be significantly enhanced in mixed cortical cultures by applying biphasic pulses of electrical stimulation (ESTIM). Enhanced survival via ESTIM requires the presence of neurons and is suppressed by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels. Additionally, contact between the axon and OLG is necessary for ESTIM to promote OLG survival. This report suggests that patterned neuronal activity could repress delayed progression of white matter injury and promote CNS repair in neurological conditions that involve white matter damage. Journal of Neuroscience Research (2011) © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pregnant adolescents: who agrees to HIV screening, who doesn't.

In 1999 the Institute of Medicine recommended adoption of a national policy of universal prenatal HIV testing with patient notification rather than consent. In this letter to the editor Mark Pfitzner MD M.P.H. and Colleen Swank MD provide data relevant to current practice prior to adoption of a nonconsent policy. Such data were based on a retrospective review of medical records and a database containing demographic and psychosocial information on all pregnant teens entering the program in 1996-97. Overall it is noted that a decision to be screened was associated with patients ethnicity and relationship with the father at time of entry. Hispanic teens were 2.7 (confidence interval [CI] 1.2-5.9) times more likely to be screened than Whites. Moreover teens who were married or engaged at the time of conception were 8.3 times and 11.1 times (CI 1.1-50 1.4-100) respectively less likely to be screened for HIV compared to those in no relationship. The study also showed that the decision to be screened was not associated with maternal age gestational age when prenatal care was initiated partner age difference or time the mother had known the father. Pfitzner and Swank recommended that more research into pregnant teenagers understanding regarding their risk of HIV and improved methods of communicating the benefits of HIV testing is needed.
FRACTURE MECHANISM IN CONCRETE: HOW MUCH DO WE KNOW?

Experimental evidence is reviewed which shows that the failure of concrete takes place through progressive internal cracking under various loading conditions. The cracking starts at the interface between coarse aggregate and mortar under loads much less than the ultimate. The strain energy of a concrete specimen under load is transformed to surface energy by the creation and propagation of internal cracks. This concept is applicable not only to the usual static compressive, tensile, etc., loadings, but also to repeated and sustained loadings. However, the numerical application of the Griffith hypothesis for concrete is not reliable enough. Certain statistical aspects of the ''weakest link'' theory are considered along with the utilization of this concept, such as the demonstration of the effect of the specimen size on the measured strength. The statistical results are again only qualitatively supported by experimental results. (45 refs.)
Myelinated nociceptive afferents account for the hyperalgesia that follows a burn to the hand

Monkeys and human subjects were exposed to a series of thermal stimuli before and after a 53 degrees C, 30-second burn to the glabrous skin of the hand. The responses of C- and A-fiber nociceptive afferents in the monkeys and subjective responses by the humans were compared. The burn resulted in increased sensitivity of the A fibers, decreased sensitivity of the C fibers, and increased pain sensibility (hyperalgesia) in the human subjects.
The role of social media networks in psychotic disorders: a case report

We report the case of a young man diagnosed with schizophrenia who presented with stalking behaviors that may have been caused by problematic use or participation in social media networks (SMN). We review the possible role of SMN in the formation of his romantic delusion and offer suggestions for clinicians around incorporation of SMN questions into assessments. It is imperative to identify populations at risk of SMN-related stalking behaviors to stratify mental health resources and interventions. Additional studies are needed to further clarify the role of SMN in psychotic disorders.
Stabilization of H2O ? BF3 by hydrogen bonding to 18-crown-6

The decomposition of H2O ⁗ BF3 in both the solid and solution states is rapid at room temperature, but 18-crown-6 ⁗ H2O ⁗ BF3,1, is stable to its melting point, 72°C.1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupC2/c witha = 27.273(9),b = 8.432(5),c = 22.936(9) A, β = 128.33(4)°, andD c = 1.27 g cm−3 forZ = 8. Least-squares refinement based on 1409 observed reflections led to a finalR = 0.083. The BF3 is covalently bonded to the oxygen atom of the water molecule which in turn is hydrogen bonded to the 18-crown-6.
Correlation of constitutive activation of raf‐1 with morphological transformation and abrogation of tyrosine phosphorylation of distinct sets of proteins in human squamous carcinoma cells

We and others have reported an association between raf-1 protein serine/threonine kinase activity and transformation of mammalian cells. Because constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of specific polypeptides is, in general, indicative of the transformed state of cells, we investigated the effect of activation of raf-1 on phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in a human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell line, PCI-06A. raf-1 expression and activity were modulated in PCI-06A cells by means of stable DNA transfection of either the entire coding domain of the human c-raf-1 cDNA (in the sense or antisense orientation) or a fragment of c-raf-1 cDNA coding for the kinase domain of raf-1. Our data showed that constitutive activation of raf-1 correlated with morphological transformation, whereas the inhibition of raf-1 expression and activity had no detectable effect on cell morphology as compared with the untransfected cells. Immunoprecipitation of whole-cell lysates with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody followed by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting revealed four phosphotyrosine-containing proteins of approximately 129, 120, 110, and 63 kDa (I-IV, respectively) in the antisense c-raf-1 cDNA-transfected cells showing relatively diminished raf-1 activity but not in the transfectants expressing activated raf. We concluded that tyrosine phosphorylation of I-IV proteins is abrogated in PCI-06A squamous carcinoma cells transformed with constitutively active raf-1 protein kinase.
You say potato and I say potahto: Attitudes toward feminism as a function of its subject-selected label

Male and female subjects were given an unlabeled definition of feminism, asked which of four labels they were most likely to use in reference to it, and asked to rate the defined concept on a variety of evaluative dimensions. The four labels were: equal rights for women (ERW), feminism (FEM), women's liberation (WLN), and women's lib (WLB). With the exception of ERW, which remained unchanged, the labels were evaluated differently than they had been in a previous study, in which subjects were assigned one of the four labels at random and asked to rate it. Specifically, it was found that when the labels are self-selected, FEM and WLN are rated more positively and WLB is rated more negatively, than when the labels are randomly assigned. Further, it was found that the various labels are not used with equal frequency, ERW and WLB being more commonly used than FEM and WLN.
Earnings and Percentage Female: A Longitudinal Study

Comparable worth advocates assume that the relation between earnings and percentage female in an occupation is due to crowding or other forms of discrimination. An alternative explanation is that the relation stems from women freely choosing different occupations. Using longitudinal data to control for time-invariant omitted variables, as well as cross-sectional data (for comparison with previous research), we find that although men's estimated penalty is not reduced, the percentage female penalty falls substantially for women and is not statistically significant. These results imply that estimates of the percentage female effect based on cross-sectional data may be inflated for women–except for those with intermittent labor force participation. This group does experience a sizeable penalty for working in female-dominated occupations. Hence, a comparable worth policy would most likely benefit women with discontinuous employment.
Recurrent venous thromboembolism and pregnancy

Current guidelines with respect to antepartum anticoagulation for women who have had a previous episode of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are not well defined, in part because the degree of risk has not been established in large clinical studies. Anticoagulation is recommended during the postpartum
Binocular depth discrimination depends on orientation

Using both the method of adjustment and forced-choice techniques, it was found that binocular depth thresholds depend on the orientation of the test targets, which in these experiments consisted of long, thin rods. Stereoacuity is greatest with vertical rods and decreases progressively as the angle of orientation approaches horizontal. The relationship between stereoacuity and orientation is governed by the orientation of the images of the targets on the retina, and is predicted fairly well by the sine of the angle of orientation, suggesting an equivalence between angular rotation and reductions in rod length.
Reversible hydrogen-storage at reduced temperatures in the intermetallic compound Mg6(Ni,Pd)

Abstract A rapidly-solidified Mg–Ni–Pd alloy is shown to exhibit reversible hydrogen-storage of 5 mass % H at a temperature of 473 K, nearly 100 K below temperatures typically required for Mg-based alloys, with an equilibrium absorption plateau near 1 atm H 2 pressure. Additionally, a single plateau is observed in the pressure–composition isotherm where MgH 2 and Mg 2 NiH 4 form and decompose simultaneously during the absorption/desorption process. The increase in absorption plateau pressure to 100 kPa suggests a decrease in the free energy by as much as 15 kJ/mol resulting from either a decrease in enthalpy or an increase in entropy of reaction between the hydride and metallic phases. The improved thermodynamics are discussed in terms of the formation of a new equilibrium metallic phase, Mg 6 (Ni,Pd). The phase alters the thermodynamics of the hydriding reaction, allowing both MgH 2 and Mg 2 NiH 4 to form cooperatively in a single reaction. This method for reducing the free energy of the hydriding reaction is promising, and may prove useful in a variety of other metal-hydride hydrogen-storage systems.
A game-theoretic analysis of a motorist's dilemma

The highway code does not specify who has right of way between two drivers who arrive simultaneously at a 4-way junction and who wish to cross each other's path; rather, society evolves behavior that determines whether to go or wait. By modelling this dilemma as a symmetric, non-cooperative, bimatrix game with three pure strategies, an optimal solution in mixed strategies is determined; it is the only Nash equilibrium of the game that is both symmetric and evolutionarily stable. If traffic is sufficiently heavy, then the optimal strategy mixes all three pure strategies with positive probability.
Application of ion trap-MS with H/D exchange and QqTOF-MS in the identification of microbial degradates of trimethoprim in nitrifying activated sludge.

In this work, the identification of two microbial degradation products of the antimicrobial trimethoprim (290 Da) is described. The structural elucidation of the metabolites, which were produced by nitrifying activated sludge bacteria in a small-scale laboratory batch reactor, was accomplished by electrospray ionization−ion trap mass spectrometry conducting consecutive fragmentation steps (MSn) combined with H/D-exchange experiments. Although one metabolite corresponded to α-hydroxytrimethoprim (306 Da), oxidation of the aromatic ring within the diaminopyrimidine substructure was determined for the second degradate (324 Da). Accurate mass measurements of the two metabolites were provided by a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometer operated in MS/MS mode. With absolute mass errors of <5 mDa, it allowed us to confirm the proposed elemental composition for the protonated precursor ions as well as for a series of fragment ions that were previously identified by ion trap mass spectrometry. The stud...
Ex vivo expansion of memory CD8 T cells from lymph nodes or spleen through in vitro culture with interleukin-7.

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) increases lymphocyte numbers, a critical feature of immune reconstitution, through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. Part of the problem is that IL-7 is produced in limited amounts by non-lymphoid cells, making in vivo studies of the cytokine's activity a challenge. To overcome this, we developed an in vitro system by which lymphocytes from secondary immune organs could be cultured to produce IL-7 responsive cells. Using this method, we showed that CD8hiCD44hi T cells accumulate in culture with IL-7 from a population of lymph node or splenic cells. These results were validated when a similar lymphocyte subset was found in mice expressing a constitutively active form of STAT5b, a key transducer of IL-7 signals. Interestingly, IL-7-expanded cells also up regulated the activation marker, CD69. The IL-7-derived CD44hiCD69hi cells were not generated from naive cells, but expanded from an existing population, since culture in IL-7 of naive lymphocytes from OT-1/Rag1−/− mice did not produce CD44hiCD69hi cells. Using the in vitro culture system to study lymphocytes from mice deficient in the apoptotic protein, BIM, we were able to attribute the expansion of CD8hiCD44hiCD69hi T cells to the proliferative and not survival activity of IL-7. The in vitro culture system provides an important new methodology to examine the activities of this essential as well as immunotherapeutic cytokine.
Chemical modifications of DNA for study of helicase mechanisms

Helicases are ubiquitous enzymes that are required for virtually all processes in DNA and RNA metabolism including replication, repair, recombination, transcription, and translation. The mechanisms for helicase-catalyzed unwinding of double-stranded DNA or remodeling of RNA have been the subject of intense investigation for more than two decades. The central function of these enzymes is to transduce the energy available from ATP binding and hydrolysis to alter the conformation of nucleic acids. Specific interactions between helicases and nucleic acids have been investigated by chemical approaches in which the nucleic acid substrate has been modified in order to provide specific insight into the enzymatic mechanism.
Double effect, all over again: The case of Sister Margaret McBride

As media reports have made widely known, in November 2009, the ethics committee of St. Joseph’s Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona, permitted the abortion of an eleven-week-old fetus in order to save the life of its mother. This woman was suffering from acute pulmonary hypertension, which her doctors judged would prove fatal for both her and her previable child. The ethics committee believed abortion to be permitted in this case under the so-called principle of double effect, but Thomas J. Olmsted, the bishop of Phoenix, disagreed with the committee and pronounced its chair, Sister Margaret McBride, excommunicated latae sententiae, “by the very commission of the act.” In this article, I take the much discussed Phoenix case as an occasion to subject the principle of double effect to another round of philosophical scrutiny. In particular, I examine the third condition of the principle in its textbook formulation, namely, that the evil effect in question may not be the means to the good effect. My argument, in brief, is that the textbook formulation of the principle does not withstand philosophical scrutiny. Nevertheless, in the end, I do not claim that we should then “do away” with the principle altogether. Instead, we do well to understand it within the context of casuistry, the tradition of moral reasoning from which it issued.
FSO tracking and auto-alignment transceiver system

Free-space optics (FSO) technology utilizes a modulated light beam to transmit information through the atmosphere. Due to reduced size and cost, and higher data rates, FSO can be more effective than wireless communication. Although atmospheric conditions can affect FSO communication, a line-of-sight connection between FSO transceivers is a necessary condition to maintain continuous exchange of data, voice, and video information. To date, the primary concentration of mobile FSO research and development has been toward accurate alignment between two transceivers. This study introduces a fully automatic, advanced alignment system that will maintain a line of sight connection for any FSO transceiver system. A complete transceiver system includes a position-sensing detector (PSD) to receive the signal, a laser to transmit the signal, a gimbal to move the transceiver to maintain alignment, and a computer to coordinate the necessary movements during motion. The FSO system was tested for mobility by employing one gimbal as a mobile unit and establishing another as a base station. Tests were performed to establish that alignment between two transceivers could be maintained during a given period of experiments and to determine the maximum speeds tolerated by the system. Implementation of the transceiver system can be realized in many ways, including vehicle-to-base station communication or vehicle-to-vehicle communication. This study is especially promising in that it suggests such a system is able to provide high-speed data in many applications where current wireless technology may not be effective. This phenomenon, coupled with the ability to maintain an autonomously realigned connection, opens the possibility of endless applications for both military and civilian use.
Error patterns in the prediction of fertility behavior.

2 separate 3-wave 2-year longitudinal studies investigated error patterns in 2 decision models predictions of couples birth planning decisions. 1 study tested the subjective expected utility model with a sample of married couples from the state of Washington and the other study tested the Fishbein model using a sample of married women from Illinois. Consistent with the proposal that predictions of deviation from the status quo result in a higher proportion of prediction errors than predictions of nondeviation from the status quo both studies demonstrated that when couples were predicted to decide not to become pregnant predictive accuracy was very high but when couples were predicted to decide to become pregnant predictive accuracy was significantly lower. 2 hypothesized explanations for the biased error pattern were considered and received some support. The 1st resembling the concept of inertia is that a stronger motivational force is required to compel a person to electe a change from the status quo than is required to maintain the status quo. The 2nd focuses on changes in decisions as a function of time and events. The heuristic value of directly examining prediciton errors in contrast to the more prevalent practice of reporting only 1 summary index of goodness of fit was discussed. (authors)
Microbarcode sorting device

A novel and simple microfluidic device was developed for sorting 20 µm thick glass microbarcodes for imaging or scanning at the completion of a bead-based assay. Specifically, the microbarcodes are dried and kept from stacking on top of one another such that a monolayer of microbarcodes is created and the microbarcodes lay flat on a surface. The microbarcode sorting device consists of a reservoir, a sorting region, and a network of microchannels. With minimal microbarcodes loss, a monolayer of microbarcodes is created and trapped inside the sorting region for conveniently imaging or scanning. The device can also be used for any geometrical shaped beads with a range of thicknesses and can be adapted to a 96-well plate format for high throughput analysis.
THE EFFECTS OF DISTRIBUTOR DESIGN ON FLUIDIZED-BED HYDRODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR

should be addressed. The distributor was investigated for the purpose of design and scale up of large fluidized-bed combustors. Four orifice plates with different configurations were used to study the effect of distributor design on bubble formation and solid mixing. Experiments were carried out on a three-dimensional fluidized bed of 27.94 cm diameter and a two-dimensional bed with dimensions of 30.48cm ×1.27 cm. Motion pictures were used to study bubble formation and coalescence. Pressure profiles inside the three-dimensional bed were measured for several distributors to study bubble flow patterns, and tracer particles were used to study mixing patterns at various superficial velocities and particle sizes. The results show that the distributor plate with two-size orifices causes a non-uniform gas bubble flow inside the bed. This non-uniform gas bubble flow is associated with variations in local bed density and local voidage. Horizontal or radial solid circulation is also caused by this non-uniform gas b...
Aerosol ionic redistribution: The calcium-phosphorus solute vaporization effect revisited

It has been shown that the addition of excess phosphate to calcium solutions causes redistribution of the calcium into smaller aerosol size ranges and significant reductions in the median calcium aerosol diameters. Addition of lanthanum as a releasing agent causes the median diameter for Ca aerosol to return to the value observed in the absence of phosphate and a concomitant reduction in the median diameter of the phosphate aerosol. Such redistribution effects cause changes in the phosphate-calcium concentration ratios and the stoichiometries of the calcium-phosphorus entities that can be formed. Thus, the effect of phosphate on calcium absorbance may be an enhancement for smaller aerosol diameters and a suppression for larger diameters.
Properties of reactively deposited SiC and GeC alloys

Thin-film silicon carbide (SiCi) and germanium carbon (Ge,Ci) alloy coatings with low Uifrared optical absorption have been fabricated by DC- and RF-reactive magnetron sputtering. The optical and mechanical properties of the coatings depend on composition determined by deposition conditions. The refractive index and optical absorption coefficient of SiCi. alloys were varied from those of amorphous Si to those near diamond-like carbon (DLC) by increasing C content. The band edge shifted below 1.2 eV with C content as high as 0.8. The useful range of the SiCi coatings was extended to wavelengths as low as 1 jim. The useful transparency range of GeCi coatings is from 3 to 12 jim. The refractive index of GeCi coatings was varied from 4.2 of amorphous Ge to near 3.4 by increasing x from 0 to 0.5. The optical absorption coefficient was a complex function of composition and C-H, Ge-H, and Ge-C bonding. Mechanical stress in both materials was generally moderate, and increased with increasing C content for the GeC alloys and decreased with increasing C for the SiC alloys. The wide range of optical properties obtainable for both coating types makes them useful in many types of multilayer designs. Abrasion-resistant infrared (IR) multispectral antireflection coatings on zinc sulfide (ZnS) were demonstrated using Geij•9C and DLC layers.
Geoarchaeology of stratified paleoindian deposits at the Big Eddy site, Southwest Missouri, U.S.A.

The Big Eddy site (23CE426) in the Sac River valley of southwest Missouri is a rare recorded example of distinctly stratified Early through Late Paleoindian cultural deposits. Early point types recovered from the site include Gainey, Sedgwick, Dalton (fluted and unfluted), San Patrice, Wilson, and Packard. The Paleoindian record at Big Eddy represents only a fraction of the site's prehistoric cultural record; stratified cultural deposits in alluvium above the Paleoindian components span the entire known prehistoric sequence, and terminal Pleistocene alluvium may contain pre-Early Paleoindian cultural deposits. This study focused on the paleogeomorphic setting, stratigraphy, depositional environments, pedology, geochronology, and history of landscape evolution of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene alluvium at the site. The Paleoindian sequence is associated with a complex buried soil 2.85 m below the modern surface (T1a) of the first terrace of the Sac River valley in the site vicinity. This soil formed at the top of the early submember of the Rodgers Shelter Member (underlying the T1c paleogeomorphic surface) and contains at least 70 cm of stratified Paleoindian cultural deposits, all in floodplain and upper point-bar facies. A suite of 36 radiocarbon ages indicates that the alluvium hosting the Paleoindian sequence aggraded between ca. 13,250 and 11,870 cal yr B.P. (11,380 and 10,180 14C yr B.P.). Underlying deposits accumulated between ca. 15,300 and 13,250 cal yr B.P. (12,950 and 11,380 14C yr B.P.). By ca. 11,250 cal yr B.P. (9,840 14C yr B.P.) the T1c paleogeomorphic surface was buried by the earliest increment of a thick sequence of overbank sheetflood facies, ultimately resulting in deep burial and preservation of the Paleoindian record. The landform-sediment assemblage that hosts the Paleoindian and possibly earlier cultural deposits at Big Eddy is both widespread and well preserved in the lower Sac River valley. Moreover, the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene depositional environments were favorable for the preservation of the archaeological record. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IL-33 Is Produced by Mast Cells and Regulates IgE-Dependent Inflammation

Background IL-33 is a recently characterized IL-1 family cytokine and found to be expressed in inflammatory diseases, including severe asthma and inflammatory bowl disease. Recombinant IL-33 has been shown to enhance Th2-associated immune responses and potently increase mast cell proliferation and cytokine production. While IL-33 is constitutively expressed in endothelial and epithelial cells, where it may function as a transcriptional regulator, cellular sources of IL-33 and its role in inflammation remain unclear. Methodology/principal findings Here, we identify mast cells as IL-33 producing cells. IgE/antigen activation of bone marrow-derived mast cells or a murine mast cell line (MC/9) significantly enhanced IL-33. Conversely, recombinant IL-33 directly activated mast cells to produce several cytokines including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 but not IL-33. We show that expression of IL-33 in response to IgE-activation required calcium and that ionomycin was sufficient to induce IL-33. In vivo, peritoneal mast cells expressed IL-33 and IL-33 levels were significantly lower within the skin of mast cell deficient mice, compared to littermate controls. Local activation of mast cells promotes edema, followed by the recruitment of inflammatory cells. We demonstrate using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, a mast cell-dependent model, that deficiency in ST2 or antibody blockage of ST2 or IL-33 ablated the late phase inflammatory response but that the immediate phase response was unaffected. IL-33 levels in the skin were significantly elevated only during the late phase. Conclusions/significance Our findings demonstrate that mast cells produce IL-33 after IgE-mediated activation and that the IL-33/ST2 pathway is critical for the progression of IgE-dependent inflammation.
Increasing solar heating of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, 1979-2005: Attribution and role in the ice-albedo feedback

[1] Over the past few decades the Arctic sea ice cover has decreased in areal extent. This has altered the solar radiation forcing on the Arctic atmosphere-ice-ocean system by decreasing the surface albedo and allowing more solar heating of the upper ocean. This study addresses how the amount of solar energy absorbed in areas of open water in the Arctic Basin has varied spatially and temporally over the past few decades. A synthetic approach was taken, combining satellite-derived ice concentrations, incident irradiances determined from reanalysis products, and field observations of ocean albedo over the Arctic Ocean and the adjacent seas. Results indicate an increase in the solar energy deposited in the upper ocean over the past few decades in 89% of the region studied. The largest increases in total yearly solar heat input, as much as 4% per year, occurred in the Chukchi Sea and adjacent areas.
Issues surrounding intellectual property management in a computing center

Adapted from a talk given at the SIGUCC Management Symposium in St. Louis on March 30, 1979. Research for this paper was performed by the author as a collaborating researcher with the 'Ethical and Economic Issues Project' at the University of Southern California. The project is sponsored by the Carnegie Corporation in New York, but the ideas expressed in this paper are the author's.
Increased phosphorylation in vitro of a cytosolic polypeptide resolved from denervated skeletal muscle.

The in vitro phosphorylation of a 40,400-dalton, cytosolic polypeptide from the soleus muscle of the rat is increased twofold within 24 hr after cutting the motor nerve fibers to this muscle. This involves an ATP:phosphotransferase reaction which we have reported to be inhibited by a specific cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor. The phosphorylated polypeptide does not electrophoretically comigrate on SDS-polyacrylamide gels with the 38,000-dalton catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase which is known to undergo a site-specific autophosphorylation in skeletal muscle.
Biological activities ofTrewia nudiflora extracts against certain economically important insect pests.

An ethanol extract ofTrewia nudiflora (Euphorbiaceae) seed was tested as an agent for controlling several economically important insects. Results suggest that this plant extract acts as an antifeedant for the spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) and the European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)] but not for the other insects tested. Also indicated were morphogenic effects on the codlingmoth [Laspeyresia pomonella (L.)], disruption of the normal life cycle of the redbanded leafroller [Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker)], and reduction in the progeny of the plum curculio [Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)]. In addition, the extract was toxic to the striped cucumber beetle [Acalymma vittatum (F.)] and gave 100% control of the chicken body louse [Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch)] from 5 to 28 days. Fractionation of the extract was monitored by a bioassay usingO. nubilalis. This fractionation yielded six pure compounds, the most abundant of which was trewiasine. Its LD50 was 7.4 ppm when incorporated into the diet ofO. nubilalis. Dose-mortality relationships for the other compounds withO. nubilalis are presented.
Making the connection with reliability & maintenance management systems

The results of electric shock and arc flash hazard/risk analysis are dependent on certain aspects of the electrical equipment to be maintained to assure designed and assumed performance. This includes the mechanical integrity of covers, doors and barriers, the mechanical and electrical integrity of bonding and grounding systems, as well as the functional performance of circuit protective devices and protection systems. In addition, the frequency of exposures associated with maintenance tasks is dependent on the effectiveness of the reliability & maintenance programs in place. This paper introduces two concepts to help differentiate maintenance strategies: electrical safety critical maintenance, and electrical safety dependent maintenance. The paper further examines the relationship between management of electrical safety and reliability & maintenance and suggests ways to enhance the synergy and integration of these two business management systems.
Long-term assessment of a multidisciplinary approach to thyroid nodule diagnostic evaluation

BACKGROUND. The diagnostic evaluation of patients with thyroid nodules is imprecise. Despite the benefits of fine-needle aspiration (FNA), most patients who are referred for surgery because of abnormal cytology prove to have benign disease. Recent technologic and procedural advances suggest that this shortcoming can be mitigated, although few data confirm this benefit in unselected patients. METHODS. A total of 2587 sequential patients were evaluated by thyroid ultrasound and were offered ultrasound-guided FNA (UG-FNA) of all thyroid nodules that measured � 1 cm during a 10-year period. Results of aspiration cytology were correlated with histologic findings. The prevalence of thyroid cancer in all patients and in those who underwent surgery was determined. Surgical risk was calculated. RESULTS. Tumors that measured � 1 cm were present in 14% of patients: Fortythree percent of patients had tumors that measured \2 cm in greatest dimension, and 93% had American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I or II disease. The cytologic diagnoses ‘positive for malignancy’ and ‘no malignant cells’ were 97% predictive and 99.7% predictive, respectively. Repeat FNA of initial insufficient aspirates, as well as more detailed classification of inconclusive aspirates, improved preoperative assessment of cancer risk and reduced surgical intervention. Fifty-six percent of patients who were referred for surgery because of abnormal cytology had cancer compared with from 10% to 45% of patients historically. An analysis of operative complications from a subset of 296 patients demonstrated a 1% risk of permanent surgical complications. CONCLUSIONS. The current findings demonstrated the benefits of UG-FNA and of a more detailed classification of inconclusive aspirates in the preoperative risk assessment of thyroid nodules, supporting adherence to recently published guidelines. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2007;111:508–16. a 2007 American Cancer Society.
Degradation of intracellular protein in Salmonella typhimurium peptidase mutants.

Abstract Multiply peptidase-deficient mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium fail to carry out normal protein degradation during starvation for a carbon source. In these mutants, the extent of protein breakdown during starvation is about fourfold less than in the wild type. The products of protein breakdown in the mutant are mainly small, trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptides, not free amino acids as in the wild type. The carbon-starved mutant strain produces only about one thirtieth as much free amino acid from protein as the wild type. As a result, protein synthesis during starvation is reduced in the mutant compared to the wild type and the mutant strain shows a greatly prolonged lag phase after a nutritional shift-down.
Eddy–Mean Flow Interaction in the Kuroshio Extension Region

AbstractThe authors use data collected by a line of tall current meter moorings deployed across the axis of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) jet at the location of maximum time-mean eddy kinetic energy to characterize the mean jet structure, the eddy variability, and the nature of eddy–mean flow interactions observed during the Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS). A picture of the 2-yr record mean jet structure is presented in both geographical and stream coordinates, revealing important contrasts in jet strength, width, vertical structure, and flanking recirculation structure. Eddy variability observed is discussed in the context of some of its various sources: jet meandering, rings, waves, and jet instability. Finally, various scenarios for eddy–mean flow interaction consistent with the observations are explored. It is shown that the observed cross-jet distributions of Reynolds stresses at the KESS location are consistent with wave radiation away from the jet, with the sense of the eddy feedback effect on...
WOMEN'S ROLES AND THE GREAT WORLD TRANSFORMATION

Abstract The constructive worldwide processes of reform that have brought about, among other things, a reversal in attitudes towards birth control, sex, women's rights, marriage, and the family are competing with the disasters of famine, war, and economic collapse as the old structures break down under new global problems. If we are to survive, thousands of problems must be solved and our efforts “orchestrated” so as to fit together, at every level from personal awareness to global management. Women must identify the many areas of special concern to them, where their new analyses and reform efforts are needed to reverse the false goals and practices of centuries of male-dominated societies. One example is the crucial need for new analyses and design efforts for improved family structures.
Stability and robustness of ℓ1-minimizations with Weibull matrices and redundant dictionaries

Abstract We investigate the recovery of almost s-sparse vectors x ∈ C N from undersampled and inaccurate data y = A x + e ∈ C m by means of minimizing ‖ z ‖ 1 subject to the equality constraints A z = y . If m ≍ s ln ( N / s ) and if Gaussian random matrices A ∈ R m × N are used, this equality-constrained l 1 -minimization is known to be stable with respect to sparsity defects and robust with respect to measurement errors. If m ≍ s ln ( N / s ) and if Weibull random matrices are used, we prove here that the equality-constrained l 1 -minimization remains stable and robust. The arguments are based on two key ingredients, namely the robust null space property and the quotient property. The robust null space property relies on a variant of the classical restricted isometry property where the inner norm is replaced by the l 1 -norm and the outer norm is replaced by a norm comparable to the l 2 -norm. For the l 1 -minimization subject to inequality constraints, this yields stability and robustness results that are also valid when considering sparsity relative to a redundant dictionary. As for the quotient property, it relies on lower estimates for the tail probability of sums of independent Weibull random variables.
ROBUST ESTIMATION IN CERTAIN HETEROSCEDASTIC LINEAR MODELS WHEN THERE ARE MANY PARAMETERS

Abstract We study estimation of regression parameters in heteroscedastic linear models when the number of parameters is large. The results generalize work of Huber (1973), Yohai and Maronna (1979), and Carroll and Rupert (1982a).
Biological properties of a syncytia-forming agent isolated from domestic cats (feline syncytia-forming virus).

SummaryTissues obtained from adult cats were destroyed, when cultured, by a slow-growing syncytia-forming virus which was transmitted to cultured cells of several species, including human. Ninety percent of the cats obtained were infected. The agent is myxovirus-like, but does not induce interferon production.
Investigation into microstructure of carbon nanotube multi-yarn

Abstract Structural analysis at the nano and micro scale was performed on a carbon nanotube (CNT) multi-yarn. The yarns were made by a process of drawing CNTs into a ribbon and twisting the ribbon into a yarn. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to view the exterior of the yarn. Polarized microscopy was used to examine details of the 1-yarn, and it also identified ribbon–ribbon boundaries. Further examination of interior structure was done by NanoCT scans which showed that folding of the ribbons had occurred causing complicated structures. The interior folding was found by milling into the yarn with a focus ion beam gun (FIB) and imaging with SEM. These different methods thus provided various microstructural details (structure, ribbon–ribbon boundary, folding and void fraction) of CNT multi-yarn which could be used to compare with other yarns fabricated with different procedures/sources as well to provide parameters for analytical tools. Further, these microstructural details can be related to macro mechanical and physical properties.
On the Concept of Code in Linguistics and Biosemiotics

Biosemioticians use language and linguistic concepts as a window onto phenomena and processes on all levels of life. Like most biologists, some biosemioticians use language and linguistic concepts as metaphors for phenomena and processes on the cellular level. Even mainstream biologists may be aware that with concepts like code, information or communication on the level of the cell, they are anthropomorphizing the living things they study. The paradox of linguistics is that the object of study is at the same time the cognitive tool for its analysis. Like everyone else, biologists depend on the species-specific cognitive tool of language to study the laws and phenomena of all kinds of living organisms. Biosemioticians face both paradoxes and the challenge of mediating between the terminologies of the disciplines they navigate. At the 11th Gatherings in Biosemiotics in New York, several papers commented on inadequate concepts in the field of linguistics and the failure of the discipline of linguistics as a whole. In this paper, I comment on some of the claims that were made specifically about the distinctive feature and the notion of code in linguistics.
Switched-capacitor chaotic neuron for chaotic neural networks

A switched capacitor implementation of a neuron model which exhibits chaotic behavior is presented. The model is based on the experimentally observed characteristics of a squid neuron. It is shown that the proposed circuit qualitatively replicates the response of the real neuron by extensive simulations using SWITCAP2 and simulated program with IC emphasis (SPICE). Various nonideal effects such as DC gain, input offset voltage, and parasitic capacitances associated with SC implementation are investigated and the operational amplifier offset voltage is identified as a major problem. An existing offset voltage compensation scheme is adopted to alleviate the problem. >
Mixed stock analysis of juvenile loggerheads (Caretta caretta) in Indian River Lagoon, Florida: implications for conservation planning

Key words: Bayesian mixed-stock analysis, Indian River Lagoon, juvenile recruitment, loggerhead, marineturtlesIntroductionConservation of marine animals often is limited bythe ability of researchers to identify biologicaltrends and potential threats to organisms thatmake long distance migrations. For example, sal-mon production in California may be aﬀected bylogging hundreds of miles inland (Caﬀereta andSpittler 1998) and marine turtle bycatch duringMediterranean shrimping operations decreasesbreeding populations on nesting beaches in Flor-ida and Mexico (Laurent et al. 1998). Attempts tosolve this problem by censusing rookeries, whilelogistically feasible, fail to incorporate predictivemodels and primarily record the results of trendsdisplayed by juveniles from distinct foraging areas(termed here as juvenile aggregations) in the priordecade. In the case of Florida marine turtles, theprimary measure of population change is thenumber of nests deposited on a beach, whichignores the eﬀects of juvenile mortality caused bydisease (Work 2001), commercial ﬁsheries (Crow-der 1995), and pollution on the future breedingpopulation. Understanding the factors dictatingjuvenile recruitment permits a more forwardlooking, predictive approach that incorporates theeﬀects of pollution, disease, natural disasters, andcommercial ﬁsheries by-catch on juvenile popula-tions to predict future trends. Our detailed mixed-stock analysis of a large juvenile aggregation withseveral contributing rookeries reveals a novelapproach to understanding these factors and de-scribes patterns that are broadly applicable toregional and possibly global loggerhead rookeries.Loggerheads nest on sandy beaches throughouttemperate latitudes. The species was federally lis-ted as threatened in the North Atlantic in 1978 andis a CITES Appendix I listed species. The MarineTurtle Specialist Group and the IUCN Red Listconsider the loggerhead to be endangeredthroughout much of its range (Marine TurtleSpecialist Group 1996). Atlantic loggerheads leavetheir nesting beaches and enter oceanic currentsystems such as the Gulf Stream which laterbecomes part of the North Atlantic Gyre. Aftercircumnavigating the Atlantic for 3–10 years theyrecruit to a juvenile foraging area for the next 10–12 years (Carr 1986; Musick and Limpus 1997).Some of the juvenile (foraging) loggerheads in theNorth Atlantic recruit to juvenile foraging areas inthe Azores and Madeira (Bolten et al. 1998), butmany individuals enter foraging areas in IndianRiver Lagoon (IRL) on the east coast of centralFlorida.Aggregations of juvenile marine turtles mayinclude individuals from nesting beaches aroundthe globe, but until very recently, biologists hadnot devised a method for modeling contributionsof local rookeries to juvenile aggregations (Norr-gard and Graves 1995; Lahanas et al. 1998; Bass
A Salute to the Nurses of World War II

The nation recently celebrated the 50th anniversary of World War II (WWII) with a renewed interest in Pearl Harbor and D-Day (ie, the day the Allies invaded Europe.) One group of war heroes--all volunteers--received little attention, although they endured bombings, torpedoes, antiaircraft fire, prison, starvation, and death. They were the nurses of WWII. They served all over the world and left a legacy that today's perioperative nurses are committed to preserving. This article was written to honor the nurses of WWII. It relates only a few stories of thousands that could be told.