cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vector-Meson Dominance and High-Energy Electroproduction of the ρ Meson

The vector-meson dominance (VMD) model is applied to the high-energy electroproduction of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mesons off unpolarized protons. It is shown that an experimental study of the angular distribution of the two pions produced from the decay of the final $\ensuremath{\rho}$ can be used to measure directly the total $\ensuremath{\rho}p$ cross sections for transversely and longitudinally polarized $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mesons. The ratio of these cross sections is important in the VMD theory of $\mathrm{ep}$ inelastic scattering. An expression for the differential cross section of the electroproduction of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mesons in the forward direction of the $\ensuremath{\rho}p$ scattering is also given in terms of these two cross sections. The ${q}^{2}$ dependence of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-electroproduction amplitude is predicted, and certain checks of the model are also given.
Pulmonary meningiomas: A report of two cases

Two intraparenchymal lung tumors exhibiting the histopathologic and immunophenotypic characteristics of an intracranial meningioma are presented. The meningiomas presented as solitary asymptomatic nodules in elderly individuals. Both patients survived longer than 3 years following resection, and neither displayed clinical or radiographic evidence of a central nervous system tumor, suggesting that these are primary lung tumors. Review of the literature and discussion of other lesions in the differential diagnosis of this rare intrapulmonary neoplasm are presented.
Corrections to scaling for diffusion in disordered media

The authors study the diffusion of a particle in a d-dimensional lattice where disorder arises from a random distribution of waiting times associated with each site of the lattice. Using scaling arguments they derive, in addition to the leading asymptotic behaviour, the correction-to-scaling terms for the mean square displacement. They also perform detailed Monte Carlo simulations for one, two and three dimensions which give results in substantial agreement with the scaling argument predictions.
Additive strengthening in an iron-base superalloy

Abstract The iron-base superalloy A-286 exhibits primary strengthening by γ′ or Ni3 (Al, Ti) precipitates. Strengthening also varies with grain size in this alloy. Results for several austenitic stainless steels, in addition to solution-treated A-286, provide a reasonably precise Hall-Petch equation for the grain size strength of the matrix when depleted of Ni, Ti and Al by γ′ precipitation. The strength due to γ′ appears to be additive to the grain size strength but is of considerably greater magnitude. Aging studies were conducted, using TEM to determine γ′ volume fraction and size. These data, together with yield strengths, were used with the approach of Brown and Ham, incorporating the theory of Labusch and Schwarz, to show that the γ′ strength is accounted for by ordering of the γ′, and is large, for the range of particle sizes developed, compared to typical values for nickel-base alloys. This large strengthening increment is consistent with the substantial particle-matrix misfit in A-286, which can be tolerated at the moderate service temperatures for which the alloy was developed. The results illustrate a well-defined case of multiple, additive strengthening in a commercial alloy.
Percolation View of Transport Properties in Na x W O 3

New measurements of electrical conductivity and Hall constants have been performed on single crystals of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ for $0.22lxl0.63$ and temperatures from 1.2 to 300 K. The conductivity varies with $x$ according to the relation, $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\propto}{(x\ensuremath{-}{x}_{c}^{*})}^{1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2}$, in agreement with calculations of Kirkpatrick for a related model system. The value of the constant ${x}_{c}^{*}$ is determined to be 0.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, consistent with a percolation model based on the degree of orbital connectivity between occupied sodium sites via tungsten orbitals.
Texture based classification of mass abnormalities in mammograms

This paper presents a scheme for the classification of mass abnormalities in digitized or digital mammograms based on two novel image texture features. The first texture feature provides a measure of smoothness/denseness and is obtained by applying a morphological operator to maxima/minima image points. The second texture feature reflects a measure of architectural distortion and is derived from image gradients. A three-layer backpropagation neural network is used as the classifier. The performance of the classification scheme is evaluated by carrying out a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Classification of 150 biopsy proven masses into benign and malignant classes resulted in a ROC area of 0.91. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of using this scheme as an electronic second opinion to lower the number of unnecessary biopsies.
Comment on "Completely Positive Quantum Dissipation"

A Comment on the Letter by Bassano Vacchini, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1374 (2000). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Online identification of the rotor time constant of an induction machine

Indirect field oriented control of an induction machine requires knowledge of the rotor time constant to estimate the rotor flux linkages. An online method is described for estimating the rotor time constant and the stator resistance both of which vary during operation of the machine due to ohmic heating. The method formulates the problem using a nonlinear least-squares criterion and is guaranteed to find the minimizing solution (parameter values) in a finite number of steps. In this work the algorithm has been implemented online in simulation with the results demonstrating its application and efficacy.
Consumer Digitization: Accelerating DSP Applications, Growing VLSI Design Challenges

Summary form only given. Two new technologies have emerged to lead the Internet Age: Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and analog semiconductors. One of the key challenges of the dramatic growth and widespread application of DSPs is in terms of the increasing complexities of VLSI design. The challenge of integrating more transistors, but using less power, has led to a dramatic evolution of semiconductors and CAD methodologies. Functional integration implies taking analog and digital functions that had been handled earlier by separate chips, and combining them onto a single chip. This analog integration challenge (with minimal cost delta due to additional masks), the need to miniaturize, the need for high performance at the lowest possible power makes it a very interesting challenge for VLSI designers.
Platelet—tumor-cell interactions in mice. The role of platelets in the spread of malignant disease

Thrombocytopenia reduces the number of metastases produced by a wide variety of murine tumors. Studies aimed at investigating interactions between tumors and platelets reveal that many tumors aggregated platelets in vitro and/or produced thrombocytopenia in vivo. In some instances, tumor-cell-induced thrombocytopenia in vivo was accompanied by accumulation of platelets in the lung. Thrombocytopenia was most active against metastases produced by tumors with the capacity to aggregate platelets in vitro and/or in vivo but it was also effective against metastases produced by tumors lacking such a capacity. Further studies, aimed at increasing platelet aggregation in vivo, as when fibroblasts were added to the tumor inoculum, or decreasing the platelet response to aggregating agents, as when aspirin was administered to mice, strongly support the role of platelet aggregation and the platelet release reaction in metastasis. As expected, fibroblasts enhanced while aspirin decreased tumor spread, the latter being equally effective against both artificially induced and spontaneously-occurring metastases. Formation of platelet aggregates not only enhances but also seems to change the distribution of metastases. Tumors with platelet aggregating capacities usually give lung metastases while those devoid of such a capacity may show metastases of widespread distribution. Research with 125IUDR-labelled B16 melanoma cells indicates that thrombocytopenia does not affect the initial vascular arrest of tumor cells but seems to influence their subsequent retention by the lung.
Reversing Irreversible Sentences: Semantic and Syntactic Factors*

Active and passive sentences were presented with probable and improbable semantic content to 100 first graders and 100 kindergarteners. An “irreversible” sentence was considered probable and its reverse was considered improbable. In a design employing syntax, probability, grade, and sex as factors, probability and syntax were found significant both as main effects and in their interaction. Probability had little effect on the comprehension of active sentences, but strongly affected comprehension of passive sentences. First graders responded correctly more often than kindergarteners; the difference was greatest on improbable sentences, with improbable passive sentences the most difficult. Sex differences were not found. The greater difficulty in comprehending less familiar sentences when syntactic form is not supported by semantic content suggests that the semantic component of grammar may play an important role in the child's acquisition of syntactic comprehension.
Report From the Working Group Conference on Multisite Trial Design for Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Project and related efforts have stimulated the initiation of several studies of pharmacologic treatments for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Cognitive remediation may provide an excellent platform for the provision of new learning opportunities and the acquisition of new skills for patients who are engaged in pharmacologic trials to improve cognition. However, it is not clear how a cognitive remediation intervention would be employed in multisite clinical trials. A meeting of experts on cognitive remediation and related methodological topics was convened to address the feasibility and study design issues for the development of a multisite trial of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia called the Cognitive Remediation in the Schizophrenia Trials Network study. This report details the findings from this meeting, which included the following 4 conclusions. (1) A multisite trial of a cognitive remediation intervention using a network of diverse research sites would be of great scientific value. (2) Various interventions could be employed for this multisite trial. (3) Programs that do not address key motivational and interpersonal aspects of cognitive remediation may benefit from supplementation with “bridging groups” that allows patients to meet with others and to apply their newly acquired cognitive skills to everyday life. (4) Before a multisite efficacy trial is initiated, a pilot study could demonstrate the feasibility of conducting a trial using a cognitive remediation intervention.
A PCR Assay for Specific Detection of the Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 Clone from Shellfish

: The current standard method for identifying Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6, an emerging pathogen with apparent enhanced virulence characteristics, typically takes 4 to 6 d to complete and requires serotyping. To provide a more rapid strategy, we optimized a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay for specific detection of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6. Of 78 V. parahaemolyticus isolates and other related species; only strains classified into the V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 clonal group (n= 39) showed positive results in the PCR assay. The assay detected 2.3 cells/PCR reaction and 310 cells/g using bacterial cultures and inoculated oyster samples, respectively. Sensitive and specific detection of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 was possible following a 6-h enrichment.
Identification of trash types and computation of trash content in ginned cotton using soft computing techniques

This paper discusses the use of soft computing techniques such as Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network based approaches in the identification of various types of trash (non-lint material/foreign matter), and the computation of trash content in ginned cotton. Lint is the cotton fiber; non-lint or foreign matter is essentially everything other than lint. Trash content is the percentage of sample surface covered by non-lint particles. The effectiveness of a hybrid neurofuzzy structure, namely the Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to classify trash types is compared with other techniques.
By Way of Truth: Aspects of Na manides' Kabbalistic Hermeneutic

Perhaps no one figure is more responsible for the legitimization of kabbalah as an authentic esoteric tradition of Judaism than Moses ben Nahman (1194–1270). Although from the beginnings of its literary history kabbalah was associated with men of rabbinic standing, such as R. Abraham ben David of Posquieres, no one before Nahmanides had attained a reputation for excellence in halakhic and mystical matters and had written extensively in both domains. Nahmanides' involvement with kabbalah, especially in the context of a commentary on the Torah written for the layman, as the author plainly states in his introduction, surely lent a stamp of approval to the whole enterprise. R. Shem Tov ibn Gaon in his Baddei ha-'Aron u-Migdal Hananel gave the following characterization of Nahmanides' kabbalistic literary activity:The great rabbi, Moses ben Naḥman, may his memory be for a blessing, wrote his book [i.e., the commentary on the Torah] and a book [on] Job. He alluded to hidden matters in every place () to arouse [people's awareness] as is appropriate and according to what he received. However, he concealed his words to a high degree, for it is written, “Honey and milk are under your tongue” (Song of Songs 4: 11).
Preappointment testing for BRAF/KIT mutation in advanced melanoma: a model in molecular data delivery for individualized medicine

The emergence of individualized medicine is driven by developments in precision diagnostics, epitomized by molecular testing. Because treatment decisions are being made based on such molecular data, data management is gaining major importance. Among data management challenges, creating workflow solutions for timely delivery of molecular data has become pivotal. This study aims to design and implement a scalable process that permits preappointment BRAF/KIT mutation analysis in melanoma patients, allowing molecular results necessary for treatment plans to be available before the patient's appointment. Process implementation aims to provide a model for efficient molecular data delivery for individualized medicine. We examined the existing process of BRAF/KIT testing in melanoma patients visiting our institution for oncology consultation. We created 5 working groups, each designing a specific segment of an alternative process that would allow preappointment BRAF/KIT testing and delivery of results. Data were captured and analyzed to evaluate the success of the alternative process. For 1 year, 35 (59%) of 55 patients had prior BRAF/KIT testing. The remaining 20 patients went through the new process of preappointment testing; results were available at the time of appointment for 12 patients (overall preappointment results availability, 85.5%). The overall process averaged 13.4 ± 4.7 days. In conclusion, we describe the successful implementation of a scalable workflow solution that permits preappointment BRAF/KIT mutation analysis and result delivery in melanoma patients. This sets the stage for further applications of this model to other conditions, answering an increasing demand for robust delivery of molecular data for individualized medicine.
The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: Have They Changed Over Time?1

Abstract Using data obtained from National Opinion Research Center's General Social Surveys (1973–1990), this paper tests two hypotheses concerning possible changes in the sociopolitical correlates of environmental concern. The “broadening base” hypothesis predicts that environmental concern will diffuse throughout the populace, resulting in a broader base of support for environmental protection, while the “economic contingency” hypothesis predicts that the economically deprived will disproportionately withdraw support for environmental protection during poor economic conditions. Analysis of the data over the 18 years, however, failed to lend any clear support for either of the hypotheses. In marked contrast, results indicate that the social bases of environmental concern—at least as measured by the NORC environmental spending item—have remained remarkably stable over nearly two decades despite fluctuating economic, political, and environmental conditions. Younger adults, the well-educated, political liberals, Democrats, those raised and currently living in urban areas, and those employed outside of primary industries were found to be consistently more supportive of environmental protection than were their respective counterparts.
Pervasive data access in wireless and mobile computing environments

The rapid advance of wireless and portable computing technology has brought a lot of research interests and momentum to the area of mobile computing. One of the research focus is on pervasive data access. With wireless connections, users can access information at any place at any time. However, various constraints such as limited client capability, limited bandwidth, weak connectivity, and client mobility impose many challenging technical issues. In the past years, tremendous research efforts have been put forth to address the issues related to pervasive data access. A number of interesting research results were reported in the literature. This survey paper reviews important works in two important dimensions of pervasive data access: data broadcast and client caching. In addition, data access techniques aiming at various application requirements (such as time, location, semantics and reliability) are covered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of LiFePO4 from different sources

The lithium iron phosphate chemistry is plagued by the poor conductivity and slow lithium diffusion in the solid phase. In order to alleviate these problems, various research groups have adopted different strategies including decreasing the particle sizes, increasing the carbon content, and adding dopants. In this study we obtained LiFePO4 electrodes from six different sources and used a combined model-experimental approach to compare the performance. Samples ranged from one with no carbon coating to one with 15 percent coating. In addition, particle sizes varied by as much as a order of magnitude between samples. The study detailed in this manuscript allows us to provide insight into the relative importance of the conductivity of the samples compared to the particle size, the impact of dopant on performance and ideas for making materials in order to maximize the power capability of this chemistry.
Operator Lévy motion and multiscaling anomalous diffusion.

The long-term limit motions of individual heavy-tailed (power-law) particle jumps that characterize anomalous diffusion may have different scaling rates in different directions. Operator stable motions ${Y(t):tg~0}$ are limits of d-dimensional random jumps that are scale-invariant according to ${c}^{H}Y(t)=Y(\mathrm{ct}),$ where H is a $d\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}d$ matrix. The eigenvalues of the matrix have real parts $1/{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{j},$ with each positive ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{j}l~2.$ In each of the j principle directions, the random motion has a different Fickian or super-Fickian diffusion (dispersion) rate proportional to ${t}^{1/{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{j}}.$ These motions have a governing equation with a spatial dispersion operator that is a mixture of fractional derivatives of different order in different directions. Subsets of the generalized fractional operator include (i) a fractional Laplacian with a single order \ensuremath{\alpha} and a general directional mixing measure $m(\ensuremath{\theta});$ and (ii) a fractional Laplacian with uniform mixing measure (the Riesz potential). The motivation for the generalized dispersion is the observation that tracers in natural aquifers scale at different (super-Fickian) rates in the directions parallel and perpendicular to mean flow.
Microstructural Differences between Virgin and Recycled Lots of PBX 9502

PBX 9502 is an insensitive high explosive formulated comprised of 95 wt% TATB and 5 wt% Kel-F 800TM binder. Due to the relatively high cost of manufacturing TATB (triaminotrinitrobenzene), methods for reclaiming TATB from PBX 9502 machine cuttings were previously developed. Reclaimed PBX 9502 was mixed with ~ 50% virgin PBX 9502 to produce “recycled” lots of PBX 9502. Several studies have shown significant differences between the mechanical properties of virgin and recycled lots of PBX 9502, and postulated that the differences were related to various aspects of TATB particle size and distribution. The purpose of this study is to show that these differences in mechanical properties are related to differences in the distribution of TATB within the microstructure of PBX 9502. Ultimately, a better understanding of these properties may lead to selected formulation changes for future rebuilds, Lifetime Extension Programs (LEP) and/or candidate replacements to enhance engineering and physics performance.
High-Speed, High Dynamic-Range Optical Sensor Arrays

A monolithic solid-state linear sensor array has been designed and fabricated in a 0.35 mum , 3.3 V, thin-oxide digital CMOS process. The sensor arrays are targetted at such instruments and applications as digital streak cameras, 2-D cameras for proton radiography, and fiber-optic array readout. The prototype consists of a 1-D linear array of 150 integrated photodiodes, followed by fast analog buffers and on-chip, 150-deep analog frame storage. Frame storage consists of 150 analog sample circuits per pixel, with each sample circuit including an n-channel sample switch, a 0.1 pF double-polysilicon sample capacitor, a reset switch to clear the capacitor, and a multiplexed source-follower readout buffer. Sampling speeds of 400 M-frames/s have been achieved using electrical input signals, and 100 MHz with optical input signals, both with a dynamic range of ~ 11.5 bits, rms. Circuit design details are presented, along with the results of electrical measurements and optical experiments with fast pulsed laser light sources at several wavelengths. A set of next-generation concept designs are also presented that aims to include PLL-based clock multiplication for 1 GHz continuous sampling, plus a new real-time trigger circuit technique that examines windowed regions of stored samples to form a sophisticated trigger decision.
Continuing the Family-Owned Home-Based Business: Evidence from a Panel Study

A panel study of households in which someone is engaged in a home-based family business is analyzed to assess factors associated with the probability that the business will be operating three years later and reasons for quitting the business. Factors associated with the continuation of the business include age and education of the business owner, the number of years in business, positive feelings about the work, and expectations about changing attitudes toward the business. Neither income nor attitudes about income from the home-based work were significant predictors of the owner having the same business three years later.
Blood levels of caffeine and results of fetal examination after oral administration of caffeine to pregnant rats

Pregnant FDA-strain Osborne-Mendel rats were administered repeated doses of caffeine by oral intubation (gavage) and by administration in the drinking water (ad libitum sipping). When [1-methyl-14C]caffeine was administered at a dosage of 80 mg per kg per day by ad libitum sipping on days 12 to 15 of gestation, the amounts of radioactivity in blood were variable; the highest level on day 12 was 0.2% of the dose per ml of blood. The highest blood level of caffeine observed during a 24-h sampling period averaged 5.7 micrograms ml-1. When [14C]caffeine was administered by gavage at a dosage of 80 mg kg-1 on day 12, the blood level of radioactivity reached a peak of 0.4% of the dose per ml of blood and declined rapidly thereafter. The highest amount of caffeine observed in blood averaged 63.1 micrograms ml-1, 1 h after gavage. The overall blood elimination half-life of radioactivity in pregnant rats treated by gavage was 2.6 h, and the half-life of caffeine in blood was 1.7 h. The levels of radioactivity in the fetus and maternal muscle per unit weight were comparable after each method of administration. A comparison of autopsy results from both groups indicated that resorptions were increased when compared with rats that did not receive caffeine; this effect was more marked in the gavage group than in the ad libitum sipping group. Ectrodactyly was observed only in offspring of the gavage group. The incidences of ectrodactyly or resorptions did not appear to be directly related to nutrition or fluid intake.
Proteomic mapping of a suppressor of non-chemotactic cheW mutants reveals that Helicobacter pylori contains a new chemotaxis protein.

Summary Bacterial chemotaxis is a colonization factor for the ulcer-causing pathogen Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori contains genes encoding the chemotaxis signalling proteins CheW, CheA and CheY; CheW couples chemoreceptors to the CheA kinase and is essential for chemotaxis. While characterizing a cheW mutant, we isolated a spontaneous, chemotactic variant (Che+). We determined that this phenotype was caused by a genetic change unlinked to the original cheW mutation. To locate the underlying Che+ mutation, we compared total protein profiles of the non-chemotactic mutant (cheW) with those from the cheW Che+ variant by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis. One protein was found only in the cheW Che+ variant. This protein was identified by MS/MS as HP0170, a hypothetical protein with no known function. DNA sequencing verified that hp0170 was mutated in the cheW Che+ suppressor, and deletion of this open reading frame in the cheW background nearly recapitulated the Che+ suppressor phenotype. Using hidden Markov models, we found that HP0170 is a remote homologue of E. coli CheZ. CheZ interacts with phosphorylated CheY and stimulates its autodephosphorylation. CheZ was not predicted to be present in e-proteobacteria. We found that chemotaxis in the cheW Che+ suppressor depended on both cheY and cheA. We hypothesize that a small amount of phosphorylated CheY is generated via CheA in the cheW mutant, and this amount is sufficient to affect flagellar rotation when HP0170 is removed. Our results suggest that HP0170 is a remote homologue of CheZ, and that CheZ homologues are found in a broader range of bacteria than previously supposed.
Ingested pins causing perforation

We report two children who underwent endoscopic removal of ingested foreign bodies which had perforated the stomach, one of which had migrated into the thorax.
Computational Chemistry for Chemistry Educators

In this paper we describe an ongoing project where the goal is to develop competence and confidence among chemistry faculty so they are able to utilize computational chemistry as an effective teaching tool. Advances in hardware and software have made research-grade tools readily available to the academic community. Training is required so that faculty can take full advantage of this technology, begin to transform the educational landscape, and attract more students to the study of science.
Retina specialists treating cystoid macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion recommend different treatments for patients than they would choose for themselves

Aims To evaluate the presence of cognitive bias among retinal specialists when recommending treatment options for cystoid macular oedema (CMO) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods Two randomly chosen samples of retina specialists were surveyed regarding their treatment and dosing regimen choices among three antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) biologics (aflibercept, bevacizumab and ranibizumab), intravitreal steroid, focal laser and observation for the treatment of CMO secondary to RVO. The first group was asked to make recommendations for two hypothetical patients: one with CMO secondary to branch RVO (BRVO) and the second with CMO secondary to central RVO (CRVO). The second group was asked to make recommendations as if they themselves were the hypothetical patient with the same disease processes. Results The survey was completed by 492 respondents (20.1%). When comparing anti-VEGF agents for patients with BRVO, a majority of physicians recommended bevacizumab (60.5%) over ranibizumab (37.8%) and aflibercept (1.7%; p Conclusions Physicians should be aware that cognitive biases exist and take this into consideration when making treatment recommendations for their patients.
Concept Expansion as a Source of Empowerment

In the target article, Nick Haslam (this issue) explores the incidence, origins, and potential consequences of concept creep in psychology. He dedicates the majority of the article to documenting h...
Three Dimensional Model Evaluation of Physical Alterations of the Caloosahatchee River and Estuary: Impact on Salt Transport

Abstract Numerical hydrodynamic modeling provides quantitative understanding of how physical alterations of an estuary may alter the waterbody hydrodynamics and the rate of mixing with the ocean. In this study, a three dimensional hydrodynamic model (CH3D) was used to compare simulated salinities between the existing condition and five historical cases representing varying physical alterations of the Caloosahatchee Estuary involving (1) removal of the headwater structure (S-79); (2) removal of the downstream causeway to Sanibel Island; (3) backfilling an oyster bar near the estuary month; (4) refilling the navigation channel; and (5) the pre-development bathymetric condition. The results suggested that some alterations including the Sanibel Causeway, backfilling the oyster bar and the S-79 structure may have some local effects but did not change estuarine salinity structure significantly. Refilling the navigation channel had a more profound effect, resulting in a dry season salinity reduction of about 5 when compared with the existing condition. The reduced salt transport was more pronounced with the pre-development bathymetry because the estuary as a whole was much shallower than today. The significant system-wide increase in salt transport caused by the historic dredging of the navigation channel in the Caloosahatchee Estuary has significant implications in the development of attainable environmental flow targets for protecting the estuarine ecosystem.
Distributed systems

Growth of distributed systems has attained unstoppable momentum. If we better understood how to think about, analyze, and design distributed systems, we could direct their implementation with more confidence.
Establishment of the model for the Starting-up calculation of seafloor oil buried pipeline

The natural convection of seawater is not considered in the most of the models for the starting-up transmission heat transfer calculation of seafloor buried oil pipeline.Whether these models can be used needs practice to verify.In order to meet the need of offshore oilfield development,the heat transfer of seafloor buried oil pipeline is analyzed,and a three-dimensional physical model and mathematical model for seafloor buried oil pipelines are established.The effect of seawater natural convection on the starting-up transportation of the seafloor buried oil pipeline is analyzed.The mathematical model is simplified to a one-dimensional annular heat transfer model by the treatment of the physical model,and it is simulated and verified by experiments.The contrast of simulation calculation result and certification experimental result shows that,(1) the effect of seawater natural convection on the starting-up transportation of the seafloor buried oil pipeline can be neglected when the flow velocity of seafloor seawater is less than 1.5m/s;(2) the heat dissipating capacity of the seafloor buried oil pipeline does not basically change when the rectangular heat radiating area of it is simplified into the annular heat radiating area,which shows that the simplification of the mathematical model is feasible;(3) the temperature error at all the temperature measuring points along the pipeline is less than 0.1℃,which also shows that the simplification of the mathematical model is correct.
Performance Analysis of Load Sensing System for Gas Drainage Drilling Rig

In order to simulate the dynamic characteristics under complex working condition,AMESim software was used to establish a simulation model for rotating and feeding system of gas drainage drilling rig.According to the rotating and feeding system,through analysis of independent control by pre-compensating load sensing pump and constant-pressure pump,the advantages and disadvantages were concluded.Then another system controlled by one post-compensated load sensing pump was introduced,which is proved to have superiority through simulation.
Roles of integrins in fibronectin matrix assembly.

Fibro nec tin (Fn ) ma trix asse mb ly is a dynamic cellular process in whi ch the soluble dimeric Fn molecules are assembled into insoluble, d isulfide bond stabilized fi brill ar polymeric matrix . Fn matrix assembly req uires s pec ific Fn binding integrin s . Seve ra l Fn binding integrins that are capable of mediating Fn matrix assembl y have bee n ident ified . They include a5B I , a ll bB3 and avB3 integrins. Cells regul a te the matri x assembly process no t o nl y by controlling cell surface expression level of the Fn binding integrins but also by mo dul a tin g F n bindin g a nd cy tos ke le to n b indin g ac ti vities of the integrins. A majo r cha lle nge of future studies is to de lineate the signa l transductio n pathway that regulates Fn matrix assembly.
Analysis of triaxial well-logging sensors in layered anisotropic earth formations

We apply a pseudo-analytical algorithm to computing time-harmonic responses of steeply deviated triaxial electromagnetic induction sensors, used in the well-logging of hydrocarbon reserves, which are embedded in planar-layered media of general anisotropy and loss. Many geophysical parameter inversion techniques heavily rely upon repeated use of computational forward engines, whose robust accuracy (error-control) and compute speed remain daunting challenges even for canonical geometries such as planar-layered media. Particularly challenging are scenarios where the sensors are highly deviated (tilted) and/or media of diverse anisotropy and conductivity characteristics are simultaneously present. We address these challenges via judiciously defining and employing an integration contour deformation (imparting exponential convergence), to whose semi-infinite “tails” the Mosig/Michalski Method of Weighted Averages' integral partition-extrapolation technique is applied (robustly imparting algebraic convergence acceleration). Numerical results, compared against a literature reference, demonstrate the algorithm's performance.
Cell Determination in the Drosophila Eye

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the role of molecular gatekeepers in cell differentiation in the Drosophila eye. The experimental system used to study molecular gatekeepers is the compound eye of Drosophila. The compound eye is a collection of 800 subunits called ommatidia. Each ommatidium consists of 21 cells that are differentiated into 14 different cell types. There are eight different photoreceptor cells arranged in a trapezoid pattern that is at the core of each ommatidium. There are four cells called cone cells that together are responsible for constructing the lens and cone. Differentiation begins in the mid-third instar stage and at the point where the dorsoventral midline of the eye disc intersects the posterior margin of the disc. Differentiation progresses from posterior to anterior following a moving furrow in the eye epithelium called the morphogenetic furrow. Differentiation occurs in a prescribed sequence beginning with differentiation of the R8 photoreceptors at uniformly spaced positions to form incipient ommatidia. Undetermined progenitor cells surround each developing ommatidium. Sequential differentiation of the other seven photoreceptors occurs in four steps that are spaced approximately 4 hours apart. These seven cells cluster around each founder R8 cell to form the photoreceptor core. The four cone cells then differentiate and their cell bodies assemble over the photoreceptor core. Bristle cell and pigment cell differentiation follows beginning several hours later.
Plant Pathogenic Fungi in Agroecosystems

Epidemics induced by plant pathogenic fungi have had dramatic impacts on human populations worldwide. The earliest records of epidemics appeared well before 500 b.c., but it was not until the mid-19th century that fungi were recognized as disease-causing agents (Whetzel 1918; Ainsworth 1981). Since that time, a massive amount of information has accumulated to provide insights into the biology of fungi as pathogens and processes of disease development. Despite this knowledge base, pathogenic fungi still limit the production of agronomically important plant species, and disease management still requires tremendous inputs of labor and money.
Isolation and Characterization of a Distinct Subpopulation from the WM115 Cell Line That Resembles In Vitro Properties of Melanoma Cancer Stem Cells

Despite key advances in cancer therapies, malignant tumors, such as melanoma, continue to be one of the leading causes of mortality. Recent debate on whether cancer can originate from a tumor-initiating subpopulation has permeated oncology and stem cell research. It has been well established that primary and immortalized tumor cells consist of heterogeneous cell populations. The profound effect of tumor heterogeneity on tumor growth and drug resistance remains elusive, but it is highly likely that subpopulations of cancer cells have different capabilities of self-renewal and drug resistance. Discrepancies between excellent in vitro potency and efficacy and poor patient response have been observed on multiple cancer therapeutics. Although this observation can be attributed to many factors, a better understanding of the contribution from subpopulations within a cancer will help bridge the gap between in vitro assay results and patient prognosis. To comprehend this impact, it is critical to isolate and characterize cancer subpopulations that possess higher growth and drug resistance properties so that novel therapeutics can be developed to eventually eradicate all cancer cells. In this article, we describe a method to enrich a subpopulation, CB4, from the melanoma cell line WM115. CB4 exhibited higher anchorage-independent growth, higher survival under serum starvation condition, and lower drug sensitivity to commonly used melanoma treatment compared with WM115. Details of functional properties and gene expression of CB4 compared with WM115 are reported. Our study demonstrates that it is feasible to isolate and enrich a subpopulation that exhibits higher growth capacity and treatment resistance from an immortalized tumor cell line.
Access Denied? Inconsistent Jurisprudence on the Open Court Principle and Media Access to Exhibits in Canadian Criminal Cases

The open court principle is a central tenet of the Canadian justice system. However, in cases involving media access to exhibits entered in court, the courts have been neither clear nor consistent in their interpretation and application of the open court principle. This article discusses the historical development of the open court principle and the definition of an “open court” today. The author proposes that the Supreme Court of Canada should clarify that the open court principle extends to access to exhibits and re-articulate the Dagenais/Mentuck test in order to resolve the inconsistencies regarding the open court principle.
Competitive versus random search with bargaining: An empirical comparison

In this paper, we estimate and nest the canonical competitive search model of Moen (1997) inside a random search model with bargaining. The nesting allows us to compare the two models predictions, or comparative statics, using the same empirical estimation. Furthermore, nesting provides likelihood ratio tests that demonstrate the empirical differences between competitive search and random search with bargaining. The differences between the two models include whether workers search in different “sub-markets” with different levels of productivity, they direct the search to each firm/sub-market, and the wage they receive is split efficiently via Hosios (1990).
Palladium–gold single atom alloy catalysts for liquid phase selective hydrogenation of 1-hexyne

Silica supported and unsupported PdAu single atom alloys (SAAs) were investigated for the selective hydrogenation of 1-hexyne to hexenes under mild conditions. The catalysts were prepared by adding a trace amount of Pd (0.4 at%) into the surface of pre-formed Au nanoparticles through a sequential reduction method. TEM and XRD analyses indicate the formation of PdAu nanoparticles and ATR-IR confirms the single atom dispersion of Pd in the Au matrix. In time-resolved batch reactor studies, we found that the Pd single atoms improved the hydrogenation activity of Au by nearly 10-fold but did not decrease the high selectivity to partial hydrogenation products. The enhanced reactivity is attributed to the Pd single atoms (isolated Pd atoms in the Au surface) facilitating molecular hydrogen dissociation leading to the availability of weakly bound atomic hydrogen on the otherwise inert gold surface. Higher than 85% selectivity to hexenes was observed, which is significantly greater than that of monometallic Pd catalysts. Model catalyst studies were conducted to investigate the formation and reactivity of the Pd/Au(111) SAAs. Scanning tunneling microscopy of Pd/Au(111) surfaces confirms the formation of PdAu single atom alloys at low Pd coverage with the Pd preferentially located in the vicinity of the herringbone elbows of the reconstructed Au(111) surface. Temperature-programmed desorption experiments confirm that single Pd atom sites dissociate hydrogen and bind both CO and H atoms more weakly as compared to extended Pd surfaces.
A laboratory study of the psychological impact of light pollution in national parks

Abstract Light pollution is ubiquitous in much of the developed and developing world, including rural and wilderness areas. Other sources of pollution, such as noise or motorized vehicle emissions, are known to impact the perceived quality of natural settings as well as the psychological well-being and satisfaction of visitors to those locations, but the effects of light pollution on visitors to natural settings is largely unstudied. Using experimental manipulations of light pollution levels in virtual reality simulations of three U.S. National Parks, the current study aimed to provide initial evidence of an effect on visitors. Results show that light pollution impacts a range of psychological and scene evaluation dimensions but that pristine night skies are not necessarily viewed as the ideal, likely due to being viewed as unfamiliar or unrealistic because so few have experienced the true baseline.
Retinal specification and determination in Drosophila.

Dipteran insects such as Drosophila obtain visual information using compound eyes. In Drosophila,these compound eyes are composed of approximately 800 unit eyes called ommatidia. An ommatidium contains eight distinct photoreceptor cells, each of which projects an axon directly to the optic lobe of the brain. This structure contrasts sharply with the mammalian eye, which contains a single lens and a retina with multiple layers of neurons. In spite of these and other substantial differences in the morphological appearance of insect and vertebrate eyes, work in the last several years has revealed common underlying genetic pathways controlling retinal cell fate specification. This discovery is surprising since the eye was considered an extreme case of convergent evolution, evolving independently as many as 40 different times (reviewed in Land and Fernald 1992). Much of the flurry of molecular and genetic data that has accumulated in recent years challenges this notion and suggests divergence from a single, prototypical visual processing unit. Thus, Drosophila has proven to be an excellent model system for identifying new genes that are conserved in vertebrate retinal development. This chapter will mainly be concerned with describing the factors responsible for specification and determination of retinal cell fate in Drosophila.
The Integration of Response to Intervention and Critical Race Theory-Disability Studies: A Robust Approach to Reducing Racial Discrimination in Evaluation Decisions

The response-to-intervention (RTI) model is a treatment-based approach to determining special education eligibility based on the student’s responsiveness to evidence-based interventions (Batsche et al., 2005; Fuchs, 2003; Kratochwill, Clements, and Kalymon, 2007). This model is increasingly becoming recommended as the preferred approach to assessment and intervention for addressing a wide range of problems and disabilities among students, including learning disabilities, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders (Batsche et al., 2005; Fuchs and Fuchs, 1998; Gresham, 2005; Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 2004). The RTI framework has much appeal because it brings renewed focus on intervening early with students, identifying students’ needs based on risk, potentially reducing bias in the identification process, and improving student outcomes (Gresham, Vanderheyden, and Witt, in press). Furthermore, the move away from an exclusive use of the IQ-achievement discrepancy model of identification to a problem-solving approach used in the RTI model gives it a distinct advantage over current approaches to serving students who are experiencing difficulties in school (Fuchs and Fuchs, 1998; Fuchs, Mock, Morgan and Young, 2003; Kratochwill et al., 2007). It has been asserted that one of the most promising aspects of the RTI model is its potential not only to reduce the number of children identified with disabilities, but also to reduce the number of minority children being placed in special education, particularly in the categories of mental retardation and learning disabilities (Fuchs, Fuchs, and Speece, 2002; Heller, Holtzman, and Messick, 1982). The potential for reducing the number of racially/ethnically diverse students in special education by applying the RTI model is important, because the disproportionate representation of racially/ethnically diverse students in special education is one of the most prominent, controversial issues facing researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in education today (Coutinho and Oswald, 2000; Donovan and Cross, 2002; Losen and Orfield, 2002) and in fact, has been an issue in psychology and education for some time (see Kratochwill, Alper, and Cancelli, 1980). More important, although the disproportionate representation of racially/ethnically diverse students in special education has persisted over four decades, there has been little success in resolving it (Coutinho and Oswald, 2000: Donovan and Cross, 2002; Dunn, 1968; Heller et al., 1982). Addressing these issues will be especially important, as there is strong evidence for increasing behavioral variation in US classrooms due, in part, to the growing diversity of the student population (Baker, Kamphaus, Horne, and Winsor, 2006). Nevertheless, there is optimism in the RTI model because of the potential