cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual lateralisation effect in reading Chinese characters

Visual half-field experiments have been used to investigate perceptual differences in reading different types of writing scripts. It has been observed that tachistoscopic recognition of phonetic-based scripts (such as the English alphabet and Japanese Kana) tends to show a right visual field–left hemisphere (RVF-LH) superiority effect1,2 whereas recognition of logographic symbols (for example, Chinese characters) tends to show a left visual field–right hemisphere (LVF-RH) superiority effect3,4. A cerebral orthography-specific localisation hypothesis has been proposed to account for these data. We have conducted three experiments to examine the visual lateralisation effect in reading logographic symbols such as Chinese characters. Chinese subjects in the first experiment were exposed to brief tachistoscopic presentation of a single character, and their task was to name the character as soon as possible. A LVF-RH superiority was found. In the second experiment, the stimuli were two vertically arranged characters and the subjects were asked to name the stimulus terms as soon as possible. The third experiment was the same as the second except that the task was to decide whether these character-strings were correct semantic terms with a manual response. A RVF-LH superiority effect was found in both the second and third experiments. These differential visual lateralisation results were interpreted as reflecting the function-specific property of the two hemispheres and cast doubt on the orthography-specific localisation hypothesis proposed by earlier investigators.
Pyridoxal phosphate-unrelated inhibition of hippocampal glutamic acid decarboxylase by convulsant pyridoxal sulphate.

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that pyridoxal-5′-sulphate, the synthetic analogue of pyridoxal phosphate, causes epileptic seizures including tonic-clonic convulsions. These seizure activities are prevented or reversed by GABA or muscimol. In an attempt to delineate the biochemical basis of these seizure processes further, we have studied and shown that pyridoxal sulphate is a competitive inhibitor of glutamic acid decarboxylase. In addition, the chronic administration of pyridoxal sulphate was shown to reduce the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in the cerebellum, the cerebrum, and basal ganglion, but not in the hippocampus. The activity of hippocampal glutamic acid decarboxylase was reduced after 1, 3, and 5 days of chronic application of pyridoxal sulphate. The inhibition was demonstrated, whether glutamic acid decarboxylase was assayed in the presence or absence of its coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. Unlike findings in the hippocampus, the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase in other brain regions was unaffected following chronic application of pyridoxal sulphate. The selective toxic effects of pyridoxal sulfate to the hippocampus, a brain area well known for its high susceptibility to seizure discharges, deserve additional indepth investigation.
Nifedipine pharmacokinetics during preterm labor tocolysis.

Nifedipine, a calcium entry blocker, has known relaxing effects on the myometrium. Thirteen women in preterm labor received nifedipine for tocolysis. Blood samples obtained serially during treatment and at the time of delivery were assayed for maternal and neonatal nifedipine concentrations. The peak concentration of nifedipine during sublingual therapy ranged from 23.4 to 197.9 ng/ml and reflected substantial interpatient variability. The mean (± SD) measurable trough value in patients who received 20 mg of nifedipine orally every 6 hours was 7.2 ± 5.5 ng/ml. The maternal mean half-life of nifedipine was 81 minutes (range 49 to 137 minutes). At delivery, neonatal nifedipine levels were nondetectable in 6 of the 11 neonates available for study; in 5, values ranged from 29.5 to 1.8 ng/ml. From these results we conclude that both sublingual and oral nifedipine treatment results in variable but usually measurable maternal plasma concentrations and that placental transfer of nifedipine occurs.
A Theoretical Explanation of the Cost Advantages of Multi-unit Franchising

We advance franchising research by explaining the important role, so far overlooked, of different franchising forms in developing low-cost competitive advantage. We analyze the most meaningful cost drivers for franchising systems: economies of scale, reduced transaction costs, economies of learning, reduced monitoring costs, standardization, and relative bargaining power. Our analysis suggests that asymmetrical cost effects are likely for franchisors and franchisees. For franchisors, relative to single-unit franchising (SUF), multi-unit franchising (MUF) should yield lower costs from scale economies and monitoring, higher costs from bargaining power, and similar costs from learning economies and standardization. For franchisees, lower costs for MUF are indicated from scale economies and standardization but not for monitoring. Within MUF, comparisons between area development franchising (ADF) and incremental franchising suggest that ADF yields lower costs from scale economies and learning economies for the...
Successful treatment of aggressive post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder using rituximab.

A 52 year-old female developed a histologically aggressive, Epstein-Barr virus positive, lymphoproliferative disorder involving the brain and liver 4 months following a combined kidney/pancreas transplant. Following a brief trial of reduced immunosuppression, she was treated with rituximab. Despite subsequent re-intensification of immunosupression, the lesions showed continued regression with almost complete disappearance by 5 months. Rituximab appears to be a safe, effective treatment for post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.
Anomalous origin of left internal mammary artery from the lateral junction of the left subclavian artery and aorta

We describe the first reported case of an internal mammary artery originating from the junction of the left subclavian artery and aorta. Noting this, along with other reported anomalies and various pathologic conditions, it appears warranted to perform routine preoperative internal mammary artery angiography before coronary artery bypass surgery.
Apolipoprotein E modulates Alzheimer’s Aβ(1–42)-induced oxidative damage to synaptosomes in an allele-specific manner

Several functional differences have been reported among the three human e2, e3, and e4 alleles of apolipoprotein E (apoE). One functional difference lies in the antioxidant potential of these alleles; e4 has the poorest potential. Interestingly, e4 also correlates with increased oxidative damage in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, which may explain why the inheritance of the e4 allele is a risk factor for the onset of AD. Beta-amyloid (Abeta) is also intimately involved in AD and promotes oxidative damage in vitro; therefore, we have examined the role of the different apoE alleles in modulating Abeta(1-42)-induced oxidation to synaptosomes. Measurement of specific markers of oxidation in synaptosomes isolated from mice that express one of the human apoE alleles indicates that Abeta-induced increases of these markers can be modulated by apoE in an allele-dependent manner (e2>e3>e4). Increases in reactive oxygen species formation and protein and lipid oxidation were always greatest in e4 synaptosomes as compared to e2 and e3 synaptosomes. Our data support the role of apoE as a modulator of Abeta toxicity and, consistent with the antioxidant potentials of the three alleles, suggest that the e4 allele may not be as effective in this role as the e2 or e3 alleles of apoE. These results are discussed with reference to mechanistic implications for neurodegeneration in the AD brain.
Calibration instrumentation used by the AAPM Radiological Physics Center

The Keithley model 602 electrometer-Farmer ionization chamber combination has served as the standard dosimetry system for calibration measurements made by the AAPM Radiological Physics Center at 156 different institutions. The constancy of this system is compared to that for the Baldwin-Farmer Secondary Standard Dosemeter type 2502, and is based on measurements made over a 3-yr period on a Cobalt-60 gamma-ray source. A Strontium-90 check source is also shown to be a reliable standard, and frequent checks with such a source can prevent serious calibration errors.
Pronoun resolution in two-clause sentences: Effects of ambiguity, antecedent location, and depth of embedding

Abstract The two experiments reported here were designed to study anaphoric pronoun resolution by measuring the effects of syntactic ambiguity, antecedent location, and depth of antecedent embedding on sentence-final reading comprehension time. Fifty-two college students read sentences in a word-by-word self-paced task and answered a question after each. Syntactic cues indicated the appropriate antecedent in the unambiguous sentences, while in the ambiguous sentences, the semantic context of the second clause cued the antecedent. Results of Experiment 1 showed that comprehension time was significantly faster for the unambiguous sentences. In both experiments, comprehension time in ambiguous sentences was faster when the antecedent was located early in the first clause than when it was located late in the clause. In Experiment 2, the interaction of embedding by location showed slower comprehension times for sentences with early deep antecedents than for sentences with late shallow antecedents. These results are consistent with predictions derived from Hobbs' (1978, Lingua, 44, 311–338) algorithm for a top-down left-to-right breadth-first search.
Perceptual fluency and affect without recognition.

A dichotic listening task was used to investigate the affect-without-recognition phenomenon. Subjects performed a distractor task by responding to the information presented in one ear while ignoring the target information presented in the other ear. The subjects’ recognition of and affect toward the target information as well as toward foils was measured. The results offer evidence for the affect-without-recognition phenomenon. Furthermore, the data suggest that the subjects’ affect toward the stimuli depended primarily on the extent to which the stimuli were perceived as familiar (i.e., subjective familiarity), and this perception was influenced by the ear in which the distractor or the target information was presented. These data are interpreted in terms of current models of recognition memory and hemispheric lateralization.
Some label efficient learning results

We investigate the value of labels in a simple version of the standard on-line prediction model (the “experts” setting). We present algorithms and adversary arguments defining tradeoffs between the number of mistakes made and the number of labels that the learner requests. One version of this question can be viewed as a family of games whose value is given by a complicated recurrence. Although our attempts to tind a closed form for this recurrence have been unsuccessful, we show how an algorithm can efficiently compute its value, enabling it to perform optimally.
A Unique Cause of Intestinal and Splenic Infarction in a Sickle Cell Trait Patient

Sickle-cell trait is a common genetic abnormality in the African American population. A sickle-cell crisis in a patient with sickle-cell trait is uncommon at best. Abdominal painful crises are typical of patients with sickle cell anemia. The treatment for an abdominal painful crisis is usually medical and rarely surgical. We present the case of a cocaine-induced sickle-cell crisis in a sickle-cell trait patient that resulted in splenic, intestinal, and cerebral infarctions and multisystem organ failure necessitating a splenectomy, subtotal colectomy, and small bowel resection. This case highlights the diagnostic dilemma that abdominal pain can present in the sickle-cell population and illustrates the importance of recognizing the potential for traditionally medically managed illnesses to become surgical emergencies.
Antecedents of problem behaviors in children of depressed mothers

Aggression observed in 2-year-old children of well and depressed mothers was examined in relation to problem behaviors at ages 5–6. Both normative (e.g., object struggles, rough play) and maladaptive (e.g., dysregulated, out-of-control behavior) forms of toddler aggression were identified. Dysregulated aggression predicted (a) externalizing problems reported by mothers when children were 5 years old, and (b) children's reports of difficulties during a structured psychiatric interview at age 6. Problems were more frequent and continuity patterns more evident in children of depressed, than well, mothers. Early maladaptive aggression was a better predictor of later externalizing, than internalizing problems. Childrearing practices of mothers of toddlers also appeared to contribute to later outcomes: negative influences were evident but protective patterns were present as well. Depressed mothers who used proactive childrearing approaches (e.g., anticipating the child's point of view; exerting modulated, respectful control; providing structure and organization during play environment) had children who showed fewer externalizing problems 3 years later.
Productivity Trends in Local Government Budgeting

This article follows up on the authors’ 1988 rejoinder to the symposium “Budgeting for Improved Productivity,” which appeared in the spring 1987 issue of Public Productivity Review. Using data from a national survey of local government budget practitioners conducted in 1996, 10 years after the first article’s survey, the authors investigate trends in the use and importance of budgeting tools related to productivity. In particular, this article critically examines whether the 1996 survey data support the prediction made in the earlier article of an ongoing trend toward greater emphasis on productivityenhancing management practices in local government.
Synthesis and Mesomorphic Behavior of Chiral Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Derived from (S)-(-)-2-Methyl-1-Butanol

The synthesis of new chiral monomer 4-((4-(allyloxy) benzoyl) oxy) phenyl (S)-4-(2-methylbutoxy) benzoate (Mch), crosslinking agent hexane-1,6-diyl diacrylate (CA), and liquid crystal polymer elastomers (E1-E7) containing (S)-(-)-2-Methyl-1-butyl group is presented. The phase behavior and mesomorphism of the polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and x-ray diffraction. The effect of the content of crosslinking units on the phase behavior and mesomorphism of elastomers was discussed. The chiral LCEs (E1-E7) exhibited elasticity, reversible phase transitions, and cholesteric Grandjean texture. The experimental results demonstrated that the glass transition temperature and isotropic temperature of Chiral LCEs decreased with increasing the content of crosslinking agent, but the cholesteric phase was not disturbed.
Planning Goals and Urban Realities: Post‐Disaster Reconstruction in a Third World City

Spontaneous urban growth frequently occurs in the absence of, or in spite of, urban planning. Following a disaster, should a city be rebuilt on the model of the pre-disaster city, or should time be invested to design and construct a "better" city? Divergent images of the urban environment result from class origins, ethnicity, and other differentiating factors between planners and recipients, as well as among the recipient population in general. Tracing both the planning process and the reconstruction of the city of Yungay, Peru, over 13-year period, this study concludes that the new city reflects the traditional patterns of social stratification more than it manifests any intended innovative urban design, [planning, disaster, reconstruction, urban design]
Role of Nitric oxide in alcohol alteration of β-endorphin release from hypothalamic cells in primary cultures

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) mediates many pharmacological actions of ethanol. NO's role in regulating ethanol action on hypothalamic β-endorphin (β-EP) neurons is not established. Methods: In this study, we determined the role of NO in ethanol regulation of β-EP release from primary cultures of rat fetal mediobasal hypothalamic cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for messenger RNA (mRNA) detection; radioimmunoassay was used for hormone measurements. Results: Acute ethanol treatment for 3 hr increased the release of β-EP but reduced nitrite levels in the media of hypothalamic cells in primary cultures. In contrast, ethanol exposure for 48 hr reduced the release of β-EP but increased the release of nitrite from these cells. Alcohol treatments altered the expression of neuronal NO synthase mRNA, but not inducible NO synthase mRNA, in a pattern similar to that of nitrite levels. Alcohol treatments blocked sodium nitroprusside–induced increases in the level of cellular cyclic guanidine monophosphate. The nonspecific NO blocker NG-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-esther, but not the inactive isomer N-nitro-d-arginine-methyl-esther (d-NAME), inhibited ethanol inhibitory actions on β-EP release. Conclusions: These results suggest that the cyclic guanidine monophosphate/NO pathway is involved in ethanol alteration of hypothalamic β-EP release.
Automatic suggestion of phrasal-concept queries for literature search

Abstract Both general and domain-specific search engines have adopted query suggestion techniques to help users formulate effective queries. In the specific domain of literature search (e.g., finding academic papers), the initial queries are usually based on a draft paper or abstract, rather than short lists of keywords. In this paper, we investigate phrasal-concept query suggestions for literature search. These suggestions explicitly specify important phrasal concepts related to an initial detailed query. The merits of phrasal-concept query suggestions for this domain are their readability and retrieval effectiveness: (1) phrasal concepts are natural for academic authors because of their frequent use of terminology and subject-specific phrases and (2) academic papers describe their key ideas via these subject-specific phrases, and thus phrasal concepts can be used effectively to find those papers. We propose a novel phrasal-concept query suggestion technique that generates queries by identifying key phrasal-concepts from pseudo-labeled documents and combines them with related phrases. Our proposed technique is evaluated in terms of both user preference and retrieval effectiveness. We conduct user experiments to verify a preference for our approach, in comparison to baseline query suggestion methods, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique with retrieval experiments.
Near-Field Optical Recording Using a Near-Field Focusing Element

A near-field focusing element (NFFE) integrated on a planar waveguide has been developed and applied to the writing and reading of marks in a phase-change material. Using a NFFE fabricated on a Ta2O5 waveguide, we have recorded marks with dimensions of λ/4 with high optical efficiency.
Dynamic Formation Control Using Networked Mobile Sensors and Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations

The main objective for this research is to design an economical and robust swarm system to achieve formation control. The system combines swarm intelligence with centroidal Voronoi tessellations (CVT) to create desired static and dynamic formations. This paper also analyzes the affect of initial starting positions and robot number on formation performance. Experiments are conducted both in simulation and on an actual mobile robot platform which show the flexible and robust nature of CVTs over other formation control algorithms.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The complexity of recursive constraint satisfaction problems

Abstract We investigate the complexity of finding solutions to infinite recursive constraint satisfaction problems. We show that, in general, the problem of finding a solution to an infinite recursive constraint satisfaction problem is equivalent to the problem of finding an infinite path through a recursive tree. We also identify natural classes of infinite recursive constraint satisfaction problems where the problem of finding a solution to the infinite recursive constraint satisfaction problem is equivalent to the problem of finding an infinite path through finitely branching recursive trees or recursive binary trees. There are a large number of results in the literature on the complexity of the problem of finding an infinite path through a recursive tree. Our main result allows us to automatically transfer such results to give equivalent results about the complexity of the problem of finding a solution to a recursive constraint satisfaction problem.
What Negation is not: Intuitionism and ‘0=1’

It is evident that the differences between intuitionistic logic (and mathematics) and its classical counterpart(s) can be traced back at least in part to their differing treatments of negation. The intuitionistic failures of double negation elimination and classical reductio ad absurdum are the most obvious facts supporting this. As a result, the definition and/or rules formulated for negation are crucial in comparing these competing logics. One quite common method of handling intuitionistic negation, however, turns out to be untenable.
Association of Emergency Department Opioid Initiation With Recurrent Opioid Use

Study objective Acute pain complaints are commonly treated in the emergency department (ED). Short courses of opioids are presumed to be safe for acute pain; however, the risk of recurrent opioid use after receipt of an ED opioid prescription is unknown. We describe the risk of recurrent opioid use in patients receiving an opioid prescription from the ED for an acute painful condition. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of all patients discharged from an urban academic ED with an acute painful condition during a 5-month period. Clinical information was linked to data from Colorado's prescription drug monitoring program. We compared opioid-naive patients (no opioid prescription during the year before the visit) who filled an opioid prescription or received a prescription but did not fill it to those who did not receive a prescription. The primary outcome was the rate of recurrent opioid use, defined as filling an opioid prescription within 60 days before or after the first anniversary of the ED visit. Results Four thousand eight hundred one patients were treated for an acute painful condition; of these, 52% were opioid naive and 48% received an opioid prescription. Among all opioid-naive patients, 775 (31%) received and filled an opioid prescription, and 299 (12%) went on to recurrent use. For opioid-naive patients who filled a prescription compared with those who did not receive a prescription, the adjusted odds ratio for recurrent use was 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.3). For opioid-naive patients who received a prescription but did not fill it compared with those who did not receive a prescription, the adjusted odds ratio for recurrent use was 0.8 (95% confidence interval 0.5 to 1.3). Conclusion Opioid-naive ED patients prescribed opioids for acute pain are at increased risk for additional opioid use at 1 year.
Anatomy of Lamina in the Subaxial Cervical Spine With the Special Reference to Translaminar Screws: CT and Cadaveric Analysis With Screw Trajectory Simulation.

Study Design:A cadaveric study.Summary of Background Data:Translaminar screws were initially developed for C2 fixation. Since then, their usage has expanded to include the subaxial cervical spine, and thoracic and lumbar spine. To the best of our knowledge, special anatomy for inserting translaminar
Effects of using ground redberry juniper and dried distillers grains with solubles in lamb feedlot diets: Growth, blood serum, fecal, and wool characteristics

Effects of using ground redberry juniper and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in Rambouillet lamb (n = 45) feedlot diets on growth, blood serum, fecal, and wool characteristics were evaluated. In a randomized design study with 2 feeding periods (Period 1 = 64% concentrate diet, 35 d; Period 2 = 85% concentrate diet, 56 d), lambs were individually fed 5 isonitrogenous diets: a control diet (CNTL) that contained oat hay but not DDGS or juniper or DDGS-based diets in which 0 (0JUN), 33 (33JUN), 66 (66JUN), or 100% (100JUN) of the oat hay was replaced by juniper. During Period 1, lambs fed CNTL had greater (P 0.41). Compared to 0JUN, lambs fed CNTL had similar (P = 0.12) G:F and tended to have less G:F (P = 0.07) than lambs fed DDGS-based diets. Among lambs fed DDGS-based diets, DMI was similar (P > 0.19), ADG increased linearly (P = 0.03), and G:F tended to decrease quadratically (P = 0.06) as juniper increased in the diet. Serum IGF-1, serum urea N (SUN), and fecal N were greater (P 0.13) for lambs fed CNTL vs. lambs fed DDGS-based diets (CNTL). Within lambs fed DDGS-based diets, SUN increased quadratically (P = 0.01) and fecal N increased linearly (P = 0.004), which can partially be attributed to increased dietary urea and condensed tannin intake. Most wool characteristics were not affected, but wool growth per kilogram of BW decreased quadratically (P = 0.04) as percentage of juniper increased in the DDGS-based diets. When evaluating the entire 91-d feeding trial, results indicated that replacing all of the ground oat hay with ground juniper leaves and stems in lamb growing and finishing diets is not detrimental to animal performance and that DDGS-based diets can reduce total feedlot costs, as compared to sorghum grain and cottonseed meal-based diets. However, compared to using juniper or oat hay as the sole roughage source, using both during the growing period (Period 1) enhanced growth performance and further reduced total feedlot costs.
Analysis of Spray Combustion in a Research Gas Turbine Combustor

Abstract This paper deals with the analysis of liquid fuel spray combustion in an idealized gas turbine combustor. The flow, which is assumed to be one dimensional, is divided into two regions: (i) the heat up region and (ii) the combustion region. Appropriate nondimensional equations have been solved for each region and the solutions matched at the common boundary. Analytical expressions have been developed for the burning velocity eigenvalue as well as for the solution in the combustion region. The effects of the properties of the fuel and the air as well as effects of the conditions prevalent within the combustor on the solution are discussed. Typical results for JP-4 fuel are presented. The research gas turbine combustor designed and built at The University of Michigan comes very close to satisfying the assumptions made in this analysis.
Regulation of ciliary beat frequency by the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway in rat airway epithelial cells.

Nitric oxide (NO) upregulates ciliary beat frequency (CBF). The present study evaluates mechanisms of the NO–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway regulation of CBF. Rat tracheal explants were loaded with 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate for the demonstration of NO production by ciliated epithelial cells after l-arginine (l-Arg) stimulation. CBF was measured using phase contrast microscopy and videotape analysis. The roles of NO, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PK) G, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) V in regulation of CBF were evaluated. NO synthase (NOS) was activated with l-Arg or inhibited with NG-monomethyl-l-Arg. sGC was stimulated with NO donors 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3- (N-ethyl-2-aminoethyl)-3-ethyl-1-triazene and S-nitroso-l-glutathione or mimicked by 8-bromo-guanosine 3 ′ ,5 ′ -cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) and inhibited with 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one. The effects of the PKG inhibition with KT5823 and PDE V inhibition with Zaprinast were also exa...
Marked Seizure Reduction after MCT Supplementation

We report the case of a 43-year-old man with history of nonsurgical partial epilepsy who previously failed multiple trials of antiepileptic drugs. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) were added to his regular diet in the form of pure oil. Subsequently, his seizure frequency was markedly reduced from multiple daily seizures to one seizure every four days. His seizures recurred after transient discontinuation of MCT over a period of ten days. His seizure improvement was achieved at a dose of four tablespoons of MCT twice daily with no reported side effects. He developed significant diarrhea and flatulence at higher doses. We conclude that MCT oil supplementation to regular diet may provide better seizure control in some patients. MCT oil supplementation may be a more tolerable alternative to the standard ketogenic diet.
AI for air traffic

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic control (ATC) system operates the US airspace for all users (commercial, corporate, government, military, and general aviation). The system includes such elements as the central flow control facility, en-route centers, flight service stations, terminal facilities, and airport towers. The example presented describes an application of a knowledge-based system for nationwide air traffic management operations. >
The widespread occurrence of rutin glycosidase in fluorescent phytopathogenic pseudomonads

Two hundred and twelve strains representing 11 species of fluorescent pseudomonads along with an additional 198 strains isolated from the leaf and root surfaces of plants were tested for rutin glycosidase, on a mineral base medium supplemented with rutin and glucose. AH of the arginine dihydrolase negative phytopathogens (182 strains) with the exception of 12 of 12 strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycina and one of 28 strains of P. syringae pv. phaseoticola showed rutin glycosidase activity whereas few of the arginine dihydrolase positive strains (22 of 228) were positive.
Crime, Police, and Deterrence: A Simultaneous Model

A nonrecursive model of police and crime relationships is tested with data from 382 U.S. cities. The model incorporates the impact ofpolice presence on crime as well as that of crime on citizen demandsfor police. The analysis is crime-specific and reveals afundamental weakness in traditional theories of the deterrent effect of police presence, suggesting that for most offenses, police presence does not have a significant influence on the objective certainty of punishment (measured as police clearance rates). Strong support was foundfor the proposition that crime generates citizen demand for more police, indicating that such demand originates primarily with violent types of crime.
Qualitative metallography of uranium-plutonium mixed carbide fuelsa

Abstract A metallographic technique that distinguishes between the metallic, dicarbide, and sesquicarbide phases nd precipitates of plutonium silicide in sintered uranium-plutonium carbide fuels is described. This includes general sample preparation, the multiple techniques required, and the interpretation of results.
Adult Life Span in Habrobracon serinopae after X-irradiation during Early Development

WHEN adults of the wasp, Habrobracon serinopae, were exposed to ionizing radiation, there was a decrease in life span with increasing dose. In addition, diploid males were more resistant than haploid males. This same pattern for adult life span and ploidy was found after irradiation of larval and pupal stages1. We have asked whether this pattern exists for all stages of development and therefore have determined the adult life span of ploidy types after X-irradiation of early embryos during the cleavage stage. During the adult stage in holometabolous insects, somatic cell division is absent. During the cleavage stage, however, nuclei are rapidly dividing. These differences have allowed us to compare the radiation sensitivity of a stage in which there is active nuclear mitosis with one in which there is no somatic cell mitosis. The pattern of radiation sensitivity was different for the cleavage stage of development than for the post-embryonic and adult stages in Habrobracon juglandis2.
The Understanding of Ideological Labels by Political Elites: A Research Note

T he missing piece of our puzzle [of democratic politics]," wrote Key, "is this elite element of the opinion system" (1961: 536). Key's comment thirty years ago dealt with the state of public opinion research pertaining to the political elite in American society. While scholars at the time were learning quite a bit about the opinions of the mass public, one could not say the same for our understanding of the "thin stratum of persons referred to variously as the political elite, the political activists, the leadership echelons, or the influential" (Key 1961: 536). Knowledge of the opinions of the political elite is essential because understanding their views of politics helps answer the "fundamental question of how it is that democratic governments manage to operate" (ibid., 536). Since Key offered his original insight, we have learned a good deal about the attitudes of elites and their behavior (e.g., McClosky et al. 1960; McClosky 1964; Putnam 1976; Miller and Jennings 1986). But gaps remain. We, for instance, know remarkably little about how elites grasp a central element of our traditional political discourse--understanding of the ideological terms "liberal" and "conservative." While efforts have been made to examine the mass public's familiarity with and understandings of ideological terms (Campbell et al. 1960; McClosky et al. 1960; Converse 1964; McClosky, 1964; Miller and Levitin 1976; Conover and Feldman 1981; Knight 1984, 1990; Luttbeg and Gant 1984; Sanders 1986; Green 1988), the same is not true with
The Security Threat Posed by Steganographic Content on the Internet

After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack, the United States declared war on terrorism. The Patriot Act (H.R. 3162) authorizes law enforcement agencies to monitor and intercept the electronic communications of suspected terrorists. Telephone communication and encrypted telephony would no longer provide safe havens for terrorists to communicate with one another. However, this change in U.S. policy may have forced terrorists and their allies to search for alternative convert communication methods. The New York Times, USA Today, and the United States Institute of Peace have reported that terrorists may be using steganography and cryptography on the Web as a means for covert communication by Kolata, G. et al (2001). These reports have been the basis of several studies into covert communications by terrorists. This paper examines the effectiveness of the tools used in these studies that have led to such conclusions, and investigates whether the results of these studies were conclusive proof that terrorists could be exploiting steganography and cryptography on the Web for covert communication purposes
THE EVOLUTION OF THE SEXUALLY SELECTED SWORD IN XIPHOPHORUS DOES NOT COMPROMISE AEROBIC LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE

Sexual selection can increase morphological diversity within and among species. Little is known regarding how interspecific variation produced through sexual selection affects other functional systems. Here, we examine how morphological diversity resulting from sexual selection impacts aerobic locomotor performance. Using Xiphophorus (swordtail fish) and their close relatives (N = 19 species), we examined whether the evolution of a longer sexually selected sword affects critical swimming speed. We also examined the effect of other suborganismal, physiological, and morphological traits on critical swimming speed, as well as their relationship with sword length. In correlation analyses, we found no significant relationship between sword length and critical swimming speed. Unexpectedly, we found that critical swimming speed was higher in species with longer swords, after controlling for body size in multiple regression analyses. We also found several suborganismal and morphological predictors of critical swimming speed, as well as a significant negative relationship between sword length and heart and gill mass. Our results suggest that interspecific variation in sword length is not costly for this aspect of swimming performance, but further studies should examine potential costs for other types of locomotion and other components of Darwinian fitness (e.g., survivorship, life span).
Doped-channel heterojunction structures for millimeter-wave discrete devices and MMICs

AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs-type heterostructures with one or two channels have been used to fabricate both discrete devices and monolithic amplifiers for millimeter-wave operation. The authors report that 0.25- mu m*50- mu m discrete devices delivered a power density of 1 W/mm with 2.9-dB gain and 25% efficiency at 60 GHz. A 100- mu m monolithic single-stage amplifier demonstrated a record 40% efficiency at 32 GHz, and a two-stage monolithic amplifier achieved a record 31.3% efficiency with 72-mW power and 13-dB gain at 32 GHz. >
Crystal Structure Analysis of Subtilisin BPN’ Mutants Engineered for Studying Thermal Stability

The high resolution crystal structures of four genetically engineered subtilisin BPN’ variants (E.C. 3.4.21.14) which vary dramatically in their stability have been determined. The simplest variant, S3, contains two altered residues, N218S and S221C. The N218S change was incorporated for its stabilizing effects and its influence on crystallization; the S221C change, a modification of the active site serine, was included to reduce autolysis. The second variant, S12, includes the two additional stabilizing mutations M50F and Y217K. S15, the third variant, in addition to the 4 single site mutations, has residues 75–83, the high-affinity calcium-binding site, deleted. The final variant S22 incorporates all of the above changes and two additional site specific mutations, T22C and S87C, which form a stabilizing disulfide bridge. The structural changes and influence on stability of each of these mutations are discussed in the context of supporting biophysical studies.
Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. I. Hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in mice infected with encephalomyocarditis virus.

Infection of DBA/2N male mice with encephalomyocarditis virus resulted in a diabeteslike syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, hypoinsulinemia, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Blood glucose levels were elevated within 4 days after infection and reached a maximum mean level of 320 mg/100 ml within 12 days. Approximately 60–80% of the animals developed a transient hyperglycemia while 10–15% of the animals remained hyperglycemic for well over 6 mo. The remaining animals failed to become hyperglycemic but many had abnormal glucose tolerance curves. Hyperglycemia was most pronounced when animals were allowed free access to food, and the incidence of byperglycemia was related both to the strain and sex of the animals, with few females developing hyperglycemia. The amount of immunoreactive insulin in the plasma of infected hyperglycemic mice was significantly lower than in appropriate controls, and injection of exogenous insulin resulted in a rapid drop in the blood glucose levels. Despite the fact that certain animals were hyperglycemic for many months, virus could not be recovered from the pancreas after the first 10 days of the infection.
"If only I could stop generating counterfactual thoughts": When counterfactual thinking interferes with academic performance☆

Abstract Previous research suggests that counterfactual thoughts in reaction to undesirable, academic performances can enhance subsequent performances by providing functional, behavioral prescriptions. However, on the basis of research distinguishing counterfactual content for the self and others, metacognitive findings suggesting that people are inaccurate in their self-appraisals, and the link between hindsight bias and counterfactual thinking, it was hypothesized that counterfactuals can inhibit improvements in academic performance by providing a false sense of competence. Study 1 showed that studying behavior and improvement on standardized exam items were inhibited by spontaneous counterfactual thought responses. Study 2 manipulated the salience of counterfactual thinking and showed that the negative relationship between counterfactual thought frequency and exam improvement was mediated by studying behavior. Furthermore, perceived skill mediated the link between counterfactual thinking and studying behavior. Implications of these results are discussed in light of functional and dysfunctional viewpoints of counterfactual thinking.
STRUCTURAL ORIENTATION AND DENSITY IN CETACEAN HUMERI.

The cetacean humerus is a short, robust bone without an open medullary cavity. It lies in the base of the resilient, streamlined pectoral limb (flipper) between the only free articulation (the glenohumeral) and approximately the body contour. The humerus is acted upon by muscles of the shoulder complex and receives loadings from the flattened distal portion of the limb as this hydroplane acts against body inertia and water resistance in control of body attitude. This study is an analysis of development and structure of the humerus in terms of the unique functional role of the flipper of finback, beluga and pilot whales. Gross external and internal architecture are depictued by photographs and by whole bone and frontal section radiographs. Structural density (bone/unit volume of humerus, with mineral content known to be constant) is analyzed indirectly by photodensitometry of standardized radiographs of sawed sections. Results are shown in graphic reconstructions of sections and of the whole bone. By comparison of radiodensity with the actual weight/volume of excised samples, sections are also reconstructed in terms of absolute density distribution. It is found that the spongy cetacean humerus, from its origin, is without central resorption and that its definitive structure is produced primarily by differential concentration of bone along endoectad gradients of porosity. Thus, the greatest concentration of bone is on medial and lateral sides while bone only half as dense fills the anterior and posterior sides and underlies the most dense regions. The core region is extremely porous. Within the biological context, this is a most reasonable approximation of the engineered box-beam as employed in some aircraft wings. Whole bone and frontal section radiographs show that, within this overall density pattern, the distribution of bone trabeculae resembles the classic illustrations of trajectories in the loaded beam. The ontogenetic and phylogenetic factors with possible bearing on this type of bone development and structure are discussed.
Curing study of a preimidized photosensitive polyimide

The effects of curing on removal of solvent and the development of chemical crosslinks were studied in a preimidized, intrinsically photosensitive polyimide. The polymer, Probimide 412, was in solution of γ-butyrolactone (GBL), and spun cast or doctor bladed to form samples for analysis. The films were systematically studied from soft (100°C) to hard bake (400°C), as the effects of cure environment (i.e., air vs. nitrogen) and UV exposure were monitored. The samples were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The index of refraction was measured by waveguide propagation mode determination. TGA results show that there is a distribution of solvent removal temperatures, probably due to polymer-solvent binding. Solvent is removed from the polymer as it is thermally cured from ∼150°C to 300°C, and UV curing aids in the removal of solvent. Chemical crosslinks induced by both thermal and UV curing increase the refractive index and darken the material. Crosslinking broadens the glass transition and reinforces the rubbery modulus. FTIR results show that thermally induced crosslinking occurs in the polymer at 400°C in nitrogen and at 300°C in air but does not occur appreciably at 300°C in nitrogen or at any lower temperature. Ultraviolet curing also crosslinks the polymer and is caused by hydrogen abstraction from alkyl substituents and subsequent crosslinking at the benzophenone carbonyl group. During thermal curing, although there is evidence from FTIR spectroscopy that a similar reaction may occur, there are probably multiple reactions simultaneously taking place.
Investigation into the shape selectivity of zeolite catalysts for biomass conversion

Abstract We investigate the influence of zeolite pore size and shape selectivity on the conversion of glucose to aromatics. Zeolites having a variety of pore size and shape (small pore ZK-5, SAPO-34, medium pore Ferrierite, ZSM-23, MCM-22, SSZ-20, ZSM-11, ZSM-5, IM-5, TNU-9, and large pore SSZ-55, Beta zeolite, Y zeolite) were synthesized, characterized, and tested in a pyroprobe reactor coupled with GC–MS for the conversion of glucose to aromatics. The aromatic yield was a function of the pore size of the zeolite catalyst. Small pore zeolites did not produce any aromatics with oxygenated products (from pyrolysis of glucose), CO, CO2 and coke as the major products. Aromatic yields were highest in the medium pore zeolites with pore sizes in the range of 5.2–5.9 A. High coke yield, low aromatic yields, and low oxygenate yields were observed with large pore zeolites, suggesting that the large pores facilitate the formation of coke. In addition to pore window size, internal pore space and steric hindrance play a major role for aromatic production. Medium pore zeolites with moderate internal pore space and steric hindrance (ZSM-5 and ZSM-11) have the highest aromatic yield and the least amount of coke. The kinetic diameters of the products and reactants were estimated to determine whether the reactions occur inside the pores or at external surface sites for the different zeolite catalysts. This analysis showed that the majority of the aromatic products and the reactants can fit inside the zeolite pores of most of the medium and large pore zeolites. However, in some of the smaller pore zeolites the polycyclic aromatics may form by secondary reactions on the catalyst surface, either directly or via reaction of the smaller aromatics.
Social structure based routing of intermittently connected network using contact information

Social structure refers to relatively enduring patterns of behavior and relationship within social systems. In this paper, we propose a novel routing scheme, which takes advantage of the social structure of underlying dasiaownerspsila and their mobile devices in intermittently connected networks. We focus on routing by utilizing the social contact information. For example, device-owners come into contact with each other during attending regular meetings. We formulate the routing optimization problem, emphasizing the ever-changing network connectivity. Moreover, we propose an algorithm to infer the social structure by extracting contact information from online gathered traces. We further develop a routing protocol for intermittently connected networks based on that. The performance of our protocol is tested using real network traces. It is shown that the protocol is able to achieve a good delivery rate and latency, which is comparable with the optimal routing, and far outperforms the first contact protocol. Our protocol is incrementally applicable to many current mobile ad hoc routing protocols.
Optimization of System Reliability by the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique

The reliability of a complex system was optimized by a new approach for implementing the sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) with the aid of Hooke and Jeeves pattern search and heuristic programming. Two optimization problems were considered. In the first, the system reliability was maximized subject to a nonlinear weight constraint. In the second, the weight of the system was minimized without violating the requirements of the minimal system reliability and the minimum reliability for each component. The sensitivities of the system reliability and that of the system weight to the reliability of each component were determined under optimal conditions.