cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Diffusion-Driven Mechanism for Substrate Ubiquitination by the SCF-Cdc34 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex

Release of ubiquitin-charged Cdc34 from the SCF ubiquitin ligase followed by diffusion-driven collision with substrate has been proposed to underlie ubiquitination of the canonical SCF substrate Sic1. Cdc34 F72V, reported to be defective in dissociation from SCF, served as key validation. Here, we test predictions of this "hit-and-run" hypothesis. We find that Cdc34 F72V is generally defective in SCF-mediated activation but, contrary to expectation, does not compete with wild-type Cdc34 in vitro or in vivo and can fulfill the physiological role of Cdc34 with only moderate delay in Sic1 turnover. Whereas a hit-and-run mechanism might explain how Cdc34 can transfer ubiquitin to the ends of growing ubiquitin chains on SCF-bound substrates, molecular modeling suggests that an E2 docked to SCF can do so without dissociating. We propose that interactions between Cdc34 approximately Ub and SCF directly activate ubiquitin transfer within a substrate-SCF-Cdc34 approximately Ub ternary complex.
Endometriosis and Infertility

Two major methodological problems that impact clinical research in endometriosis are the absence of a low-cost, highly reliable method for diagnosing endometriosis and the possibility that endometriosis is actually multiple different diseases that we have not yet been able to differentiate. Animal models of endometriosis clearly demonstrate that advanced endometriosis causes reduced fertility. In humans, endometriosis and infertility are commonly associated. However, few data from high-quality clinical trials demonstrate that endometriosis causes infertility in humans. Future research should focus on the implications of the observation that, in ovarian endometriosis cysts, the epithelium is monoclonal. This observation suggests that nonrandom somatic mutations cause ovarian endometriosis cysts. If somatic mutations cause ovarian endometriosis cysts, it is likely that a small number of genes can be identified that play a central role in pathogenesis of this disease.
Extended Correlation: Not Necessarily Quadratic or Quantitative

What is the correlation between two variables? Traditional answers offer summary assessments such as Pearson’s r and regression coefficients. But new computing techniques make it possible to construct conceptually simple hypotheses that describe the full joint distribution of two variables, making it possible to “mine” the correlation for information that was previously unused. This article begins with evidence of systematic anomalies in the empirical joint distribution of height-weight data and follows with a hypothesis that explains these anomalies in terms of a theoretical joint distribution relative to a linear equation. The hypothesis has serious consequences because even in traditional examples, while it offers an improved fit to the data, its estimates of the linear center do not correspond to traditional least squares estimates of the linear relation for the same two variables.
Some cross-product difference statistics and a test for trends in ordered contingency tables

Abstract Unbiased estimators for cross-product differences are introduced. Using a representation as U-statistic, its asymptotic normality is derived. Based upon cross-product difference statistics, a test of independence against positive trends of TP2 dependence is proposed and its null distribution is derived.
Non-mendelian inheritance of revertants of paranoiac in Paramecium

Summary A reversion of the behavioral mutant paranoiac A in stock 51 of Paramecium tetraurelia is described. Paranoiac A is due to a simple Mendelian mutation, and the reversion is phenotypically wild type. Although paranoiac only rarely produces revertants, revertants frequently change back to paranoiac. Crosses of revertants to the paranoiac mutants from which they are derived yield non-Mendelian results with F2 clones that strongly resemble the phenotype of the parental conjugants. Crosses of revertants to wild type show Mendelian F2 segregation from the wild type exconjugant, and non-Mendelian segregation from the reverted exconjugant. A pedigree analysis of the progeny of a cross between reverted and paranoiac indicates caryonidal inheritance. The pattern of inheritance is much like that of mating type in P. tetraurelia . We present a model based on macronuclear inheritance to explain the results.
Error in calorimetric effective efficiency measurements due to DC losses

DC losses in the four-wire leads or connector of a microwave power transfer standard can result in incorrect effective efficiency measurements as measured by a calorimeter. Symptoms of the error and a method for setting an upper limit of its magnitude are described.
Developmental Trajectories of Anxiety Symptoms Among Boys Across Early and Middle Childhood

This study examined the developmental trajectory of anxiety symptoms among 290 boys and evaluated the association of trajectory groups with child and family risk factors and children’s internalizing disorders. Anxiety symptoms were measured using maternal reports from the Child Behavior Checklist (T. M. Achenbach, 1991, 1992) for boys between the ages of 2 and 10. A group-based trajectory analysis revealed 4 distinct trajectories in the development of anxiety symptoms: low, low increasing, high declining, and high-increasing trajectories. Child shy temperament tended to differentiate between initial high and low groups, whereas maternal negative control and maternal depression were associated with increasing trajectories and elevated anxiety symptoms in middle childhood. Follow-up analyses to diagnoses of preadolescent depression and/or anxiety disorders revealed different patterns on the basis of trajectory group membership. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms of risk factors and implications for early identification and prevention.
An Overview of the Family Investment Enterprise: What Is the FIE, Why Use the FIE, and How Is the FIE Created and Implemented for a Family Considering Its Use?

A key question that impacts a family’s future when selling the amily business is simply, “As a family, do we continue to pool our sale proceeds and thereby continue as a Family Investment Enterprise (FIE) or, as individuals, do we separate our sale proceeds among family members and end our family business?” This article is meant to serve as a journey for the family of the issues to consider and the benefits and burdens to weigh when deciding whether to continue the family business by implementing the FIE. It serves as the family’s road map, or guidebook, to use in conjunction with the services of appropriate professional advisor(s) when deciding whether to pool liquid proceeds following the sale of the family business (i.e., whether to utilize the FIE).
Components, Building Blocks, and Demonstrations of Spherical Mechanisms in Microelectromechanical Systems

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are usually fabricated using planar processing methods which complicates the design of devices capable of complex motions. For applications that need a micro mechanism that rotates out of the plane of fabrication with an in-plane rotational input, or that rotates spatially about a point, spherical kinematics may represent an appropriate solution. This paper describes the design of spherical mechanisms for MEMS including the design of joints and links, and what may be the first demonstration of two spherical micro mechanism building blocks: the spherical four-bar micromechanism and the spherical slider-crank micromechanism. Two other micromechanisms are demonstrated to illustrate how the building block devices may be used to create more complex devices.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Semiparametric instrumental variable estimation of treatment response models

This article introduces a new class of instrumental variable (IV) estimators for linear and nonlinear treatment response models with covariates. The rationale for focusing on nonlinear models is that, if the dependent variable is binary or limited, or if the effect of the treatment varies with covariates, a nonlinear model is appropriate. In the spirit of Roehrig (Econometrica 56 (1988) 433), identification is attained nonparametrically and does not depend on the choice of the parametric specification for the response function of interest. One virtue of this approach is that it allows the researcher to construct estimators that can be interpreted as the parameters of a well-defined approximation to a treatment response function under functional form misspecification. In contrast to some usual IV models, heterogeneity of treatment effects is not restricted by the identification conditions. The ideas and estimators in this article are illustrated using IV to estimate the effects of 401(k) retirement programs on savings.
Learn locally, act globally: learning language from variation set cues.

Abstract Variation set structure – partial overlap of successive utterances in child-directed speech – has been shown to correlate with progress in children’s acquisition of syntax. We demonstrate the benefits of variation set structure directly: in miniature artificial languages, arranging a certain proportion of utterances in a training corpus in variation sets facilitated word and phrase constituent learning in adults. Our findings have implications for understanding the mechanisms of L1 acquisition by children, and for the development of more efficient algorithms for automatic language acquisition, as well as better methods for L2 instruction.
A retrospective review of California poison control system data of sibutramine exposures.

Introduction. Sibutramine is a centrally acting neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitor used for the treatment of obesity. In doses of 10–15 mg/day, sibutramine has been shown to promote modest weight loss; however, the literature devoted to characterizing overdoses and abuses of sibutramine is limited. Methods. We queried and retrospectively reviewed the California Poison Control System database between January 1998 and August 1, 2008. This was an observational case series. Results. A total of 62 cases were identified. Forty-four (71%) of our study subjects were females. Twenty-three patients (37%) were between 8 months and 2 years of age; 17 patients (27%) were between 31 and 50 years. The doses ranged from 2.5 to 75 mg. A total of 27 patients (44%) were referred to a medical center. In general, medical outcomes were minor. Twenty-five (40%) patients had no effects reported; 30 patients (48%) reported minor effects; and three patients (5%) had moderate effects. There were no major effects or deaths reported...
Potent inhibition of the classical pathway of complement by a novel C1q-binding peptide derived from the human astrovirus coat protein

Previous work from our laboratories has demonstrated that purified, recombinant human astrovirus coat protein (HAstV CP) binds C1q and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) inhibiting activation of the classical and lectin pathways of complement, respectively. Analysis of the 787 amino acid CP molecule revealed that residues 79-139 share limited sequence homology with human neutrophil defensin-1 (HNP-1), a molecule previously demonstrated to bind C1q and MBL, inhibiting activation of the classical and lectin pathways of complement, respectively. A 30 amino acid peptide derived from this region of the CP molecule competitively inhibited the binding of wild-type CP to C1q. The parent peptide and various derivatives were subsequently assayed for C1q binding, inhibition of C1 and C4 activation as well as suppression of complement activation in hemolytic assays. The parent peptide and several derivatives inhibited complement activation in these functional assays to varying degrees. One peptide derivative in particular (E23A) displayed superior inhibition of complement activation in multiple assays of classical complement pathway activation. Further analysis revealed homology to a plant defensin allowing development of a proposed structural model for E23A. Based upon these findings, we hypothesize that further rationale optimization of E23A may result in a promising therapeutic inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in which dysregulated activation of the classical and lectin pathways of complement contribute to pathogenesis.
A 520–590 GHz Crossbar Balanced Fundamental Schottky Mixer

We report on the design and performance of a crossbar broadband, biasable, balanced fundamental 520-590 GHz fix-tuned frequency mixer that utilizes planar Schottky diodes. The suspended stripline circuit is fabricated on a GaAs membrane mounted in a split waveguide block. The chip is supported by thick beam leads that are also used to provide precise RF grounding, RF coupling and DC/IF connections. At room temperature, the mixer has a measured DSB noise temperature of 2200 K at the low end of the band, and less than 4000 K across the design band.
Communication sensitive rotation scheduling

Loop pipelining (retiming) is a valuable tool used to explore parallelism across iterations. Few results are available about loop pipelining with data communication considerations. This paper first designs a modified list scheduling algorithm to be used as a subroutine in a novel technique called "communication sensitive rotation scheduling". Such a technique explores loop pipelining properties while handling the underlying imposed communication environment. An initial schedule is transformed to a more compact one under resource constraints. >
A new stream function formulation for the steady Euler equations

A new stream function formulation is presented for the solution of Euler equations in the transonic flow region. In this method the stream function and the density are the dependent variables. The governing equations for adiabatic flow are then the momentum equations which are solved in the strong conservation law form. The method differs from the recent formulation of Hafez and Lovell, which is based on Crocco's equation, in that it does not require knowledge of the vorticity. To study arbitrary geometries, the algorithm is combined with the automatic grid solver (GRAPE) of Steger and Sorenson. Results are presented for an NACA 0012 airfoil at various Mach numbers, angles of attack, and cylinders. Comparisons with other solutions of the Euler equations show good agreement.
Forty years later - Inconsistencies in reporting of child abuse

Forty years have passed since medical professionals in the United States were first required to report all cases of suspected child abuse to state child protective service agencies. Despite the passage of time, many cases of severe child physical abuse remain hidden. Healthcare professionals may not recognize common syndromes of child abuse, or, has been demonstrated in recent studies, may recognize the possibility of abuse but decide not to report the case to the state agencies. Rethinking the types of training we provide, the relationship between medical professionals and state agencies, and re-training medical and child protection professionals may be required to further improve the recognition and care of abused children.
Boundary Crossings and Boundary Violations: Thoughts on Navigating a Slippery Slope

(1994). Boundary Crossings and Boundary Violations: Thoughts on Navigating a Slippery Slope. Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 225-227.
A modal pushover analysis procedure to estimate seismic demands for unsymmetric‐plan buildings

An Erratum has been published for this article in Earthquake Engng. Struct. Dyn. 2004; 33:1429. Based on structural dynamics theory, the modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure retains the conceptual simplicity of current procedures with invariant force distribution, now common in structural engineering practice. The MPA procedure for estimating seismic demands is extended to unsymmetric-plan buildings. In the MPA procedure, the seismic demand due to individual terms in the modal expansion of the effective earthquake forces is determined by non-linear static analysis using the inertia force distribution for each mode, which for unsymmetric buildings includes two lateral forces and torque at each floor level. These ‘modal’ demands due to the first few terms of the modal expansion are then combined by the CQC rule to obtain an estimate of the total seismic demand for inelastic systems. When applied to elastic systems, the MPA procedure is equivalent to standard response spectrum analysis (RSA). The MPA estimates of seismic demand for torsionally-stiff and torsionally-flexible unsymmetric systems are shown to be similarly accurate as they are for the symmetric building; however, the results deteriorate for a torsionally-similarly-stiff unsymmetric-plan system and the ground motion considered because (a) elastic modes are strongly coupled, and (b) roof displacement is underestimated by the CQC modal combination rule (which would also limit accuracy of RSA for linearly elastic systems). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review and evaluation of updated research on the health effects associated with low-dose ionising radiation

While radiation health risks at low doses have traditionally been estimated from high-dose studies, we have reviewed recent literature and concluded that the mechanisms of action for many biological endpoints may be different at low doses from those observed at high doses; that acute doses <100 mSv may be too small to allow epidemiological detection of excess cancers given the background of naturally occurring cancers; that low-dose radiation research should use holistic approaches such as systems-based methods to develop models that define the shape of the dose-response relationship; and that these results should be combined with the latest epidemiology to produce a comprehensive understanding of radiation effects that addresses both damage, likely with a linear effect, and response, possibly with non-linear consequences. Continued research is needed to understand how radiobiology and epidemiology advances should be used to effectively model radiation worker risks.
Stem cells and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Comment on Wagner et al, page [675][1] Considerable efforts have been directed at understanding the distinctive genetic programs that underlie the biology of the elusive hematopoietic stem cell. In this issue of Blood, Wagner and colleagues publish another gene expression profile of human
In vitro embryo production after microinjection and ovarian dynamics following transvaginal follicular oocyte aspiration.

Abstract Ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicular aspiration of oocytes from live cows combined with IVM, IVF and in vitro culture (IVC) is a procedure for producing preimplantation-stage bovine embryos and a source of oocytes for pronuclear microinjection of DNA for producing transgenic cattle. This experiment was designed to compare in vitro embryo development rates between oocytes derived from transvaginal follicular aspiration and those obtained from cows at slaughter. Nine cows were subject to a twice-weekly aspiration. Oocytes were aspirated with a 5 MHz ultrasound transducer packaged in a vaginal probe equipped with a dorsal-mounted needle guide (16-ga). All visible follicles (>2 mm) were punctured with a 17-ga, 55-cm needle at each aspiration session and the contents removed under vacuum suction. Oocytes underwent IVM/IVF/IVC. Microinjection of DNA was performed during the pronuclear stage of development, and the zygotes were co-cultured on Buffalo Rat Liver (BRL) cells in modified M199 at 39 °C in 5% CO2 and air. After 7 d in culture, embryos were removed and scored for development. A Chi-square analysis was used to compare transvaginal follicular-derived oocytes (microinjected and not) and slaughterhouse-derived, matured in transit oocytes (SHDMT; microinjected and not). Nonmicroinjected embryos resulting from IVF of transvaginal aspirationderived oocytes developed to blastocysts at a higher rate than SHDMT oocytes (40.0 vs 30.8%; P
Mechanisms of shrubland expansion: land use, climate or CO2?

Encroachment of trees and shrubs into grasslands and the ‘thicketization’ of savannas has occurred worldwide over the past century. These changes in vegetation structure are potentially relevant to climatic change as they may be indicative of historical shifts in climate and as they may influence biophysical aspects of land surface-atmosphere interactions and alter carbon and nitrogen cycles. Traditional explanations offered to account for the historic displacement of grasses by woody plants in many arid and semi-arid ecosystems have centered around changes in climatic, livestock grazing and fire regimes. More recently, it has been suggested that the increase in atmospheric CO2 since the industrial revolution has been the driving force. In this paper we evaluate the CO2 enrichment hypotheses and argue that historic, positive correlations between woody plant expansion and atmospheric CO2 are not cause and effect.
Large Aerosol Radiative Forcing due to the 1997 Indonesian Forest Fire

[1] During the last decade, the feedback between El Nino and biomass burning caused the Indonesia's forest fire aerosols to be the second most significant source of anthropogenic aerosol over the tropical Indian Ocean after the South Asian Haze. In this paper, the estimates of the radiative forcing during the 1997 Indonesia's forest fire have been obtained by integrating satellite derived aerosol optical depths and cloud cover with in-situ observations of single scattering albedo and a Monte-Carlo Aerosol-Cloud radiation model. The haze reduced the seasonal average solar radiation absorbed by the equatorial Indian ocean by as much as 30 to 60 W m−2 during September to November 1997, and increased the atmospheric solar heating by as much as 50% to 100% within the first 3 kilometers. The radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) was in the range of 5 to 15 W m−2 under cloudy skies. The significance of such large radiative flux changes to the tropical ocean-atmosphere heat budget and climate needs to be examined with climate models.
Bounds and Beyond: A Need to Reevaluate the Right of Prisoner Access to the Courts

The author argues that the 1977 United States Supreme Court decision in Bounds v. Smith insufficiently protects the right of prisoners to represent themselves before the courts by failing to require state and federal correctional facilities to establish and maintain adequately stocked prison law libraries and to provide prisoners with the option to use those libraries as their means of gaining meaningful access to the courts.
The Effects of Affirmative Action Bans on College Enrollment, Educational Attainment, and the Demographic Composition of Universities

Abstract I estimate the effects of affirmative action bans on college enrollment, educational attainment, and college demographic composition by exploiting time and state variation in bans. I find that bans have no effect on the typical student and the typical college, but they decrease underrepresented minority enrollment and increase white enrollment at selective colleges. In addition, I use the case study methods of Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003) and Abadie, Diamond, and Hainmueller (2010) and find that the affirmative action ban in California shifted underrepresented minority students from more selective campuses to less selective ones at the University of California.
Hepatitis C therapy: Looking toward interferon-sparing regimens

Objective: To describe chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, including its epidemiology and pathophysiology; review current treatment options for HCV infection; recognize investigational agents being studied as part of interferon-free therapy; and summarize clinical trials for the new agents. Data sources: PubMed for 2004 through August 2014 using search terms hepatitis C, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, sofosbuvir, simeprevir, and as needed specific names of other agents in devel opment during this time; news articles and news releases about company actions with regard to clinical trials and filings for marketing approval in the United States. Study selection: At the discretion of the author based on clinical relevance of study and relevance to national guidelines for HCV therapy. Results: HCV infection is an important medical and public health problem in the United States and worldwide that can cause cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. The advent of newly developed targeted therapies is changing the treatment paradigm for this disease. Although traditional therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin remain therapeutic options, direct-acting agents such as sofosbuvir (Sovaldi—Gilead) and simeprevir (Olysio—Janssen) are producing faster, earlier, and improved treatment response with fewer adverse effects. The combination of anti-HCV agents and the duration of treatment are based on genotype, patient treatment status, and patient risk factors. The dramatic and sustained clearance of the virus with these drugs makes sustained virologic response a reality for patients who are unable to tolerate pegylated interferon. The downside is their high cost, which may make them economically unsustainable. However, for patients infected with HCV, the potential for a cure and improved quality of life may now be a reality. Conclusion: HCV, a well-known blood-borne disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, can be effectively and safely treated with new anti-HCV agents such as SOF. While these new medications are in their early days of real-world practice, they offer hope that cure is truly possible.
Identifying and managing the infant and toddler at risk for asthma.

Recurrent wheezing is a common problem, with approximately 50% of children experiencing wheeze in the first year of life, resulting in a substantial effect on the children, their families, and the health care system. However, the diagnosis of persistent asthma remains imperfect, with only 40% of these infants experiencing continued wheezing symptoms in later childhood and with variation in expression of both symptoms and risk factors over time. The focus of this article is to provide evidence-based recommendations for identifying and managing infants and toddlers at risk for asthma.
Comparisons of Costs After Tax of Storing Silages in Four Types of Structures

Abstract Annual ownership costs (30 yr) and costs per ton of dry matter after storage losses were computed for five sizes of concrete bunker silos and three sizes each of concrete stave upright, oxygen-limiting steel upright, and oxygen-limiting concrete upright silos. Costs were for all combinations of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% discount rates with taxable incomes representing 0, 14, 28, and 42% marginal tax rates. Storage losses were 6, 10, and 14% for oxygen-limiting, concrete upright, and bunker structures. Annual costs (and cost per English ton) for sample silos ranged $1198 to $6479 ($3.72 to $33.62) for bunkers, $1125 to $5486 ($6.10 to $30.46) for concrete uprights, $2718 to $11,548 ($12.71 to $68.20) for oxygen-limiting concrete units, and $3807 to $20,579 ($20.13 to $96.85) for other oxygen-limiting steel units. At 28% tax rate and 6% discount rate for a 12 × 40 × 112-ft bunker, a 24 × 80 ft concrete upright and oxygen-limiting concrete upright, and a 25 × 80 ft oxygen-limiting steel upright, ratios of cost per ton of silage recovered for 259 to 301 tons were 1.0, 1.0, 2.2, and 3.7. Filling oxygen-limiting structures 1.5 times/yr reduced ratios to 1.0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.5, but ratios were unaffected by altering tax or discount rate. Prediction equations deviated 5% from estimated annual cost.
Mourning, trauma and working through.

The concept of working through has evolved since Freud’s (1914) original ideas in “Remembering, Repeating and Working Through.” It has been dealt with from various perspectives including drive, ego psychology, object relations, interpersonal, and Kohution theories. I will attempt to address Freud’s early concept of working through in a rather new way, condensing the ideas of instinct, object relations, affect theory, and trauma in a rather totalizing way. It is a sort of condensation of early Freud with more recent thought in relation to working through. Succinctly, the aim of this article is to present the idea that what we call working through is a mourning of trauma that resurfaces in the transference, that involves more than simply a decathexis of libido from an early bad object experience or trauma, but also a qualitative transformation of self through a detoxification of negative objects and affects. Finally, this mourning process can only take place through the gradual implementation of affect regulation, affect differentiation, and cognitive expansion. These processes are discussed in detail. There arrives a time in analysis, after much groundwork has been laid with a particular issue or conflict, when patients seem to hold tenaciously to their old ways, perhaps tied not only to self-defeating behavior and attitudes but also to persecutory or abandoning objects of some sort. They seem afraid, somehow, that these objects, often externalized onto the therapist in the transference, will punish or seek revenge for any progress, individuation, or the seeking of pleasure or success. Pointing this out again and again at times does not seem enough to effect change. This is where working through, the final phase of psychoanalytic change, is required. In my estimation, the quality of being “stuck” is the result of a tenacious instinctual tie in the
Career satisfaction and the role of mentorship: a survey of pediatric hospitalists.

Background and Objective: Attending physicians’ career satisfaction is associated with higher patient satisfaction, better patient care, and even medical student career choice. Previous studies indicate that adequate mentorship improves job satisfaction, but finding mentors may be challenging for some hospitalists. Little is known about pediatric hospitalist career satisfaction or the role of mentorship. The goal of this study was to assess career satisfaction among pediatric hospitalists, determine which interventions may improve satisfaction, and investigate the role of mentorship in satisfaction. Methods: This study included the use of an anonymous electronic cross-sectional survey sent to the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Section on Hospital Medicine Listserv between November 2009 and January 2010. Results: A total of 222 pediatric hospitalists responded; 92% agreed with the statement, “Overall, I am pleased with my work.” Of the 23 satisfaction statements, “I have adequate mentorship in my career” was rated lowest (P ≤ .001); only 44% agreed. Adequate mentorship was significantly correlated with overall career satisfaction, having sufficient opportunity for promotion, feeling valued by one’s administration, and wishing to remain at one’s current hospital. Adequate mentorship was negatively correlated with planning to change specialty or leave clinical medicine. Mentorship satisfaction did not differ by age, years as a hospitalist, gender, or practice setting. Of the 15 potential interventions, creating a formal mentorship program ranked in the top 5. Only increasing base salary received a significantly higher score. Conclusions: Although surveyed hospitalists have substantial overall career satisfaction, lack of mentorship is a significant problem that spans the demographic spectrum. Establishing a mentorship program may be an effective way for hospitalist groups to improve satisfaction.
Modeling the thermochemical behavior of AmO2−x

Abstract A thermochemical representation of the fluorite structure AmO2−x phase was developed using the compound energy formalism approach assuming constituents of (Am4+)1(O2−)2, (Am4+)1(Va)2, (Am3+)1(O2−)2, and (Am3+)1(Va)2. The Gibbs free energies for the constituents and a set of interaction parameters were determined using reported oxygen potential–temperature–composition data. A good fit to the experimental information was obtained which well-reproduces the behavior. The representation is also in a format that will allow incorporation of other dissolved metals and thus will be useful in generating multi-component compound energy formalism representations for complex oxide nuclear fuel and waste systems. A full assessment relating the fluorite structure phase to the phase equilibria for Am–O, however, must await adequate data for the remainder of the system.
Perceived Parental Barriers to and Strategies for Supporting Physical Activity and Healthy Eating among Head Start Children

Despite the need for parents to support their children's healthy behaviors, knowledge of factors preventing parents from doing so is still rudimentary. This study primarily aimed to explore perceived parental barriers to and strategies for supporting physical activity and healthy eating among Head Start children. A semi-structured interview format was used with four focus groups conducted at two urban Head Start centers in the Midwestern U.S. A qualitative content analysis of audio-recorded sessions was facilitated using ATLAS.ti7. A convenience sample of 32 parents (Mage = 34.97 years) participated. Over half were female (78.1 %), African Americans (65.6 %), and single (65.6 %). About 61.3 % reported an annual family income <$20,000, and 43.8 % were unemployed. Three themes reflected the barriers: (1) intrapersonal (child): short attention span and limited eating preferences; (2) interpersonal (parent): lack of time and cooking skills and a tight family budget; and (3) environmental: inaccessible programs, lack of age-appropriate education, electronic media use, and unsafe environment. Parents across all groups expressed high interest in enrolling in a program with their children. Recommendations included: parents' support team; family outings at parks; taking a walk or enrolling in a class with children; and planting a garden. Many parents showed their preference for face-to-face meetings and a support group, but repulsion of counseling. To promote parental support in future interventions with Head Start children, their perceived intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental barriers should be considered as intervention targets. Involving parents through a support group and face-to-face meetings is recommended.
Artificial Intelligence and Parallel Processing

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been defined as an area of computer science that is concerned with computer systems that exhibit human intelligence, meaning they allow computers to emulate human behavior. The activities that are involved in AI are classified as: natural language processing, automatic programming and theorem proving, robotics, machine vision and pattern recognition, modeling and representing knowledge, learning new information, intelligent data retrieval, expert systems, problem solving and planning, and game playing [Winston 92]. In general, there are two components associated with artificial intelligence: knowledge and reasoning. There are different methods to represent knowledge and various approaches of reasoning this knowledge. The computer programs that perform this process are said to exhibit artificial intelligence.
Shape-controlled continuous synthesis of metal nanostructures

A segmented flow-based microreactor is used for the continuous production of faceted nanocrystals. Flow segmentation is proposed as a versatile tool to manipulate the reduction kinetics and control the growth of faceted nanostructures; tuning the size and shape. Switching the gas from oxygen to carbon monoxide permits the adjustment in nanostructure growth from 1D (nanorods) to 2D (nanosheets). CO is a key factor in the formation of Pd nanosheets and Pt nanocubes; operating as a second phase, a reductant, and a capping agent. This combination confines the growth to specific structures. In addition, the segmented flow microfluidic reactor inherently has the ability to operate in a reproducible manner at elevated temperatures and pressures whilst confining potentially toxic reactants, such as CO, in nanoliter slugs. This continuous system successfully synthesised Pd nanorods with an aspect ratio of 6; thin palladium nanosheets with a thickness of 1.5 nm; and Pt nanocubes with a 5.6 nm edge length, all in a synthesis time as low as 150 s.
Has the State Become a Real Estate Tycoon? A Comparison of Housing Markets in Angola and Tanzania

Following independence, African states placed housing and land development policy at the center of development plans as a key means to overcome the segregation left by colonization. With the economic crisis of the 1980’s, many of these grandiose state sponsored plans collapsed and the state retreated from urban planning and construction. During the 1990s and early 2000s, private informal growth and isolated investments by the private sector chiefly characterized urban residential development in many African cities. Yet, recently many African urban real estate markets are undergoing a shift from relatively unplanned and so-called chaotic growth to large-scale urban regeneration and development planning driven by the state. What are the causes explaining the re-entry of the state in the provision of urban housing? What will be the consequences for the growing middle class or the urban poor? Drawing on two case studies, Angola and Tanzania, our paper analyzes the reassertion of state power and the role of public intervention in real estate markets. The case studies offer useful similarities and differences, which allow us to isolate the impact of state investments from other local or foreign economic forces.
Precocious and Premature Cranial Suture Union as Complicating Factors in the Identification of Skeletal Remains

ABSTRACTThe union of the cranial sutures may follow a somewhat erratic course. Consequently, reliance on suture closure as an indicator of skeletal age has undergone periods of acceptance and rejection in forensic anthropology. While the technique has been viewed with skepticism during the past three decades, recent publications suggest that suture closure once again be regarded as a reliable tool in determining age at death.Deviant closure patterns can influence assessments other than age. Precociously or eccentrically fusing sutures can alter cranial growth and, therefore, shape. Such modified growth vectors can significantly influence metric analysis of race and sex.Both aspects of suture closure are considered, with particular regard to the impact of precocious synostosis. Cases are discussed in which abnormal closure patterns might have prejudiced analysis of age, sex, race and commingling.
Multidimensional Scaling and Individual Differences

This article compares, via synthetic data analysis, the performance of five different methods for scaling averaged dissimilarities data under conditions involving individual differences in “percept...
Malignant vasovagal syncope: prolonged asystole provoked by head-up tilt. Case report and review of diagnosis, pathophysiology, and therapy.

Vasovagal syncope is a common clinical disorder that often escapes diagnosis; if the syncope is recurrent and severe (malignant vasovagal syncope), it can be a source of morbidity and possibly mortality. The authors report a 39-year-old patient with recurrent, unexplained syncope who underwent provocative head-up tilt testing that resulted in asystole for 73 seconds. In addition to vasovagal syncope, head-up tilt test also aids in the diagnosis and management of disorders of blood pressure and heart rate regulation. Management of recurrent vasovagal syncope is based upon the underlying pathophysiology and includes transdermal scopolamine, volume expansion, biofeedback, support stockings, and pacemakers (preferably AV sequential).
Large-Scale Swept-Wing Icing Simulations in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel Using LEWICE3D

Computational icing simulations of a hybrid, swept-wing model in the NASA IRT are presented. The results of these simulations are compared to those for the same icing conditions conducted on the full-scale reference wing. The effects of tunnel sidewalls, attachment line position, and altitude are considered. A discussion of icing scaling and the results of one scaling approach are given. The variation of impingement and ice shape with span in the tunnel for different angles of attack and flap deflection are presented.
HPLC Method for Determination of Guanosine in Fermented Products

Objective To establish a method for determination of guanosine in fermented products.Methods HPLC method was used.The mobile phase was acetonitrile and water(10∶90),the flow rate was 1ml/min,and the detection wavelength was 256 nm.Results The linear range of guanosine was within 0.005000～0.100mg/ml,the RSD was 0.588%(n=6).The recovery of spiked products was within 96.0%～98.3% from different fermentation time.When the fermentation time was about 52 h,the guanosine in samples was maximum.Conclusions This method has good precision and accuracy.It can meet the demand of determination in the linear range of experiment.
Is off campus work placement necessary for all educable mentally retarded

A comparison was made of the postschool adjustment of two comparable groups of educable retarded persons; one group had off campus work experience and the other had a program limited to the school ...
Temperature-induced conformational changes in prosomatostatin-II: Implications for processing

Somatostatin (SRIF) is a 14-residue peptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and pancreatic islets. SRIF-14 and an N-terminally extended form, SRIF-28, are generated by the proteolytic processing of an approx. 102-residue precursor prosomatostatin (proSRIF) at a single set of paired basic residues (Arg-Lys) and at a monobasic (Arg) site respectively. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that the propeptide of SRIF mediates intracellular sorting; we suggested that this information resides in the prohormone structure. To identify putative sorting domains we have investigated structural features of recombinant anglerfish proSRIF-II purified from Escherichia coli. Two species of proSRIF-II were obtained: a monomeric form and a disulphide-linked dimer. CD analyses revealed that monomeric proSRIF-II lacks appreciable periodic secondary structure; however, on slow heating (2 degrees C/min) and cooling, it assumed a predominantly alpha-helical conformation. When subjected to a second heating-and-cooling cycle, the alpha-helical conformation was maintained. In contrast, the dimeric form of proSRIF-II was predominantly alpha-helical and its helicity did not increase in response to heating and recooling. Our results suggest that proSRIF-II might exist in several different folding intermediate states.
Self-consistent Large-Scale Collisional-Radiative Modeling

The ability to accurately model plasmas with the collisional-radiative approach typically depends on a number of factors. For example, the number of bound electrons per ion and the particular quantities to be modeled are two key determinants. When the dominant ion stages of a plasma contain only a few electrons per ion, it is possible to construct models in full fine-structure detail. The underlying list of configurations can be chosen to be sufficiently complete such that all quantities of interest, ranging from aggregate quantities such as the mean ion charge to detailed spectroscopic quantities such as the emission spectrum, can be calculated in a converged manner. For plasmas composed of more complex ions, it is often necessary to construct atomic models using an averaged scheme, such as the average-atom or configuration-average methods. In this case, quantities such as the mean ion charge and radiative power loss may still be accurately determined, but obtaining spectroscopically accurate line features can be computationally challenging or intractable. In this work, we use the Los Alamos suite of codes to illustrate some of the concepts associated with large-scale collisional-radiative modeling. Emphasis is placed on the use of fine-structure and configuration-average models with a significant level of detail in order to generate plasma quantities in an ab-initio, self-consistent fashion, with as little approximation as possible. This approach can be used as a benchmark for comparison with less detailed models or for comparison with experimental data.
Molecular Structure of Melt-Quenched GeSe2 and GeS2 Glasses Compared

Close to a hundred of papers have appeared on the structure of GeS2 and GeSe2 glass since the discovery of glass formation1,2 in these binaries more than a decade ago. The central theme of the early diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy experiments3, has been to seek complete agreement with the idealised model construction of a chemically ordered continuous random network. In this approach, there is little difference between the networks of g-GeS2 and g-GeSe2, since each consist of a completely polymerised network of respective tetrahedral units.
Materials for joint replacement

Publisher Summary The primary function of orthopedic materials is to bear load and provide structural integrity to the human body. Structural integrity implies a combination of fracture toughness, strength, ductility, and hardness, and also time-dependent properties and fatigue resistance. In addition, the human body provides a fairly corrosive environment and thus biocompatibility and corrosion resistance are also important requirements of these materials. In addition, the deterioration products of the orthopedic materials, such as from a joint replacement implant, should not adversely affect the bodily environment. Thus, the combination of bio-compatibility requirements over and above the mechanical properties expected under the corrosive environment of the human body makes for very stringent requirements on the materials design of orthopedic materials. The materials and devices used in orthopedic applications are designed to sustain the load bearing function of human bones for the duration of the patient's life. Orthopedic applications include numerous products for the rehabilitation and reconstruction required as a result of various diseases of the musculoskeletal system as well as aging.
Functional Mathematics and Teaching Modelling

Mathematical literacy (ML) is the capacity to make mathematics functional in everyday life - that is, to make effective use of it in better understanding the world and in meeting its challenges. The current focus on ML provides a unique opportunity to make modelling a reality in schools, at last. This paper will first review evidence that much of school mathematics is currently non-functional for many people at all levels of achievement. It will then look at the missing ingredients in current curriculae that are needed to develop ML, notably the explicit teaching of modelling skills. Using existing examples of proven effectiveness, it will outline what is needed to make ML an outcome of school mathematics.
Evaluation of alternative DNA extraction processes and real-time PCR for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water

USEPA Method 1623 is the standard method in the United States for the detection of Cryptosporidium in water samples, but quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is an alternative technique that has been successfully used to detect Cryptosporidium in aqueous matrices. This study examined various modifications to a commercial nucleic acid extraction procedure in order to enhance PCR detection sensitivity for Cryptosporidium . An alternative DNA extraction buffer allowed for qPCR detection at lower seed levels than a commercial extraction kit buffer. In addition, the use of a second spin column cycle produced significantly better detection ( P = 0.031), and the volume of Tris–EDTA buffer significantly affected crossing threshold values ( P = 0.001). The improved extraction procedure was evaluated using 10 L of tap water samples processed by ultrafiltration, centrifugation and immunomagnetic separation. Mean recovery for the sample processing method was determined to be 41% using microscopy and 49% by real-time PCR ( P = 0.013). The results of this study demonstrate that real-time PCR can be an effective alternative for detecting and quantifying Cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water samples.