cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproduction in a South American mouse, Abrothrix longipilis.

Approximately 700 Abrothrix longipilis were trapped in Argentina, and their reproductive organs were studied. Some were kept briefly in captivity. Males have the same body length as females but are 8% heavier. Sexually immature males are shorter and lighter than breeding males of the same age. Few individuals in the wild live as long as two years. All overwintering males come into breeding condition in the spring and become infertile in the autumn. All overwintering females have open vaginas in the spring, and most undergo several infertile ovulatory cyles, probably without copulating, before they become pregnant. Corpora lutea of the sterile cycles accumulate; there may be as many as 28 in a pair of ovaries. The average number of ova shed per cycle is 4.66; average litter size is 3.85. Ovulation is spontaneous. There is postpartum ovulation and fertilization without intervening sterile cycles but with maintenance of old corpora lutea. Unusual architecture of the penis and vagina may result from unusual timing of hormone production during development, and the disjunction of ovulation and fertilization may similarly result from hormonal heterochrony at the beginning of the breeding season. The apparently nonadaptive wastage of ova in sterile cycles may be a novel example of kin selection. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identification of chromosome locations of genes affecting preharvest sprouting and seed dormancy using chromosome substitution lines in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.).

Seed dormancy, the main factor contributing to preharvest sprouting (PHS) resistance, is a complex trait and is strongly infl uenced by environmental growth conditions. In this study, three sets of single chromosome substitution lines, including 36 genotypes, in a durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] background with donor chromosomes originating from three wild emmer [T. turgidum L. ssp. dicoccoides (Korn. ex Asch. and Graebn.) Thell.] accessions were grown in nine fi eld environments and evaluated for seed dormancy and PHS resistance. The substitution lines involving chromosome 3A were among the most dormant genotypes. Germination tests indicated that fi ve chromosomes contained genes infl uencing seed dormancy at a level comparable to 3A. Results from PHS tests showed that PHS was affected by at least eight T. dicoccoides chromosomes including 3A. The chromosomes harboring genes for seed dormancy did not fully correspond with those for PHS resistance. The weak correlations between PHS and dormancy observed in this study indicate that different genes are affecting these traits and they may be differentially infl uenced by the environment. Nonetheless, our results revealed that genes present on fi ve chromosomes, 2A, 2B, 3A, 4A, and 7B, were found to affect both PHS resistance and seed dormancy. These genotypes thus provide useful resources for further studies on genetic interactions that contribute to the overall phenotypic variation and on genetic dissection of quantitative trait loci underlying PHS resistance.
Soviet long‐term consumption planning: Distribution according to rational need

(1974). Soviet long‐term consumption planning: Distribution according to rational need. Soviet Studies: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 305-321.
Blind sequence estimation

Estimating the data sequence from the received signal without knowing the transmission channel is referred to as blind sequence estimation. A new blind sequence estimation scheme is proposed by exploiting the second order statistical properties of the source and the algebraic structure of the data sequence. An optimal source (deterministic) correlation estimator and the Viterbi algorithm are used to achieve blind sequence estimation. The proposed approach also has a special structure particularly attractive for time varying channels.
Is the screening for celiac disease useful in anorexia nervosa

The main objective of the study was to prospectively assess if the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) is higher than that reported in the general population to require a regular screening program. The study was conducted at the Neuropsychiatry Unit of “Bambino Gesu” Children’s Hospital in Rome from January 2005 to December 2010. All patients with diagnosis of AN according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition criteria were screened for CD. One hundred and seventy-seven patients (33 males and 144 females) were enrolled. Only one patient was found to be affected with CD as confirmed by intestinal biopsy. The overall prevalence of CD in AN patients was 0.6 % which is similar to that observed in the general population. In conclusion, AN patients do not seem to require a regular screening program for CD. The screening for CD may be useful in selected AN patients in which the symptoms are only partially responding to psychiatric interventions.
Digraph Laplacian and the Degree of Asymmetry

In this paper we extend and generalize the standard spectral graph theory (or random-walk theory) on undirected graphs to digraphs. In particular, we introduce and define a normalized digraph Laplacian (Diplacian for short) Γ for digraphs, and prove that (1) its Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse is the discrete Green’s function of the Diplacian matrix as an operator on digraphs, and (2) it is the normalized fundamental matrix of the Markov chain governing random walks on digraphs. Using these results, we derive a new formula for computing hitting and commute times in terms of the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of the Diplacian, or equivalently, the singular values and vectors of the Diplacian. Furthermore, we show that the Cheeger constant defined in [Chung 05] is intrinsically a quantity associated with undirected graphs. This motivates us to introduce a metric, the largest singular value of the skewed Laplacian ∇=(Γ−Γ T )/2, to quantify and measure the degree of asymmetry in a digraph. Using this measure, we est...
Vasculitis reminds us that ‘Ockham's razor’ may still apply in the elderly

A 76-year-old woman with a history of stage IV chronic kidney disease and hypertension was admitted to the hospital for progressive weakness and acute on chronic kidney injury. She was found to have anaemia requiring transfusion. On the evening of admission, she had worsening respiratory status with subsequent diagnosis of a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, pulmonary oedema on chest x-ray presumed to be a result of heart failure, and a possible transfusion reaction. A kidney biopsy performed as part of her ongoing nephrology evaluation revealed granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener9s granulomatosis). Subsequent bronchoalveolar lavage confirmed diffuse alveolar haemorrhage as the explanation for her anaemia and respiratory decline. She underwent immunosuppressive therapies and initiated dialysis, but subsequently chose hospice care and died 2 months after her diagnosis.
Application of airborne multispectral digital imagery to quantify riverine habitats at different base flows

We employed an integrated system of airborne remote sensing and ground surveys for regional mapping of instream habitats under variable flows over a 70 km section of the Lower Yakima River in southern Washington, USA. Airborne multispectral digital imagery was obtained in conjunction with field survey measurements and used to quantify the spatial extent, condition and temporal changes of selected river habitat characteristics under two different flows (14 and 28 m3 s−1). Under each flow, geomorphic measures were quantified (e.g. channel complexity, number and size of habitats). Water depth and velocity were also classified for instream habitats, and temperature and turbidity were recorded. Remote sensing classification accuracies for islands, exposed rocks and water surfaces were greater than 99%, while more detailed depth/flow classifications were less accurate (68% and 72%, for the high and low flows, respectively). While high turbidity (>4 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)), shadows and bidirectional reflectance factor reduced classification accuracies, the overall effect of these factors was minimal. Under the low-flow situation, off-channel habitats were less abundant, more isolated and had shallower depths and warmer temperatures. Our analysis suggests that airborne multispectral imagery, coupled with appropriate ground truth data, can be a viable method for regional mapping of diverse riverine habitats under variable flows. We concluded from this analysis that the higher flow situation provided substantially better habitat than currently exists in the Lower Yakima River. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of a Collaborative Doctoral Seminar on Emerging Teacher Educator-Researchers

Over a 7-year period, graduate teaching assistants participated in a teacher education doctoral seminar designed to develop emergent scholarship and practice in teacher education. Six former students in the seminar, all now assistant professors, joined Dinkelman in an open-ended, far-ranging, month-long conversation captured in a threaded, online discussion forum. The study unfolded as a collaborative self-study that made use of this forum and subsequent analyses to address two central research questions: (1) What influence might our seminar have had on your development as an emerging scholar? and (2) What influence might our seminar have had on your development as a teacher educator? In this article, we reflect on how participation in the seminar shaped the emergence of new scholars and teacher educators, as doctoral students and also as new faculty members. Findings suggested the seminar facilitated emergent scholarship by helping participants map the terrain of teacher education research, prompting act...
Are Online Tutorials Effective? A Comparison of Online and Classroom Library Instruction Methods.

Abstract Librarians are conducting instruction sessions outside the traditional classroom setting using online tutorials with increasing frequency. Online tutorials seem like an obvious solution to meet the growing need for instruction to users in a time when resources are shrinking. Can librarians effectively teach library skills using an online tutorial? Approximately 300 students enrolled in an undergraduate psychology course at the University of South Florida Tampa Campus attended either a library research class or completed an online tutorial as part of their coursework. Participants were given a post-test and were surveyed about their confidence levels and preferred method of library instruction. Analysis of the test scores indicated that there was no significant difference in the learning outcomes between in-person and online library instruction. The majority of students indicated a preference for online instruction over classroom instruction. A rise in confidence levels was noted across both groups.
VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY IN EARLY ONSET LIVER DISEASE AFFECTS MENTAL DEVELOPEMNT

We compared mental function and growth in 10 children (ages: 5-13 yrs) with end stage liver disease whose onset was in the first year of life (x age onset 0.3 yrs; range 1-12 months). Five children had chronic cholestasis: bilirubin 27±8 mg/dl, vitamin E 0.8±0.7 μg/ml, albumin 2.9±.5 g/dl; the other five were not cholestatic: bilirubin 1.5±.8 mg/dl, vitamin E 12.4±6.5 μg/ml, albumin 3.8±.4 g/dl. Mean age at onset, duration of symptoms, and age at testing were similar at both groups. Wechsler Scales of Intelligence provided Verbal (VIQ), Performance (PIQ) and Full Scale (FSIQ) IQs. Percent of median (NCHS standards) for weight (W) and height (H) for age (W/A, H/A) and U for H (W/H) were also Obtained. Patients with severe vitamin E deficiency scored significantly worse in PIQ and FSIQ; they exhibited stunted early growth but were of normal W/H at the time of study. We conclude that children with early onset liver disease with chronic cholestasis and severe vitamin E deficiency are more likely to have developmental delay and stunted growth.
A study of airborne fungi in the Phoenix, arizona, metropolitan area.

Abstract A survey of airborne fungi in the Phoenix metropolitan area, utilizing the culture-plate technique, has been conducted for a one-year period. The most prevalent fungi encountered in order of their frequency were: Alternaria, Pullularia, Hormodendrum, Aspergillus, Helminthosporium, and Penicillium. An additional genus found in relatively high concentration was Bispora. All of the predominant organisms showed seasonal variations at each location site. Homes with evaporative cooling consistently showed a higher fungus count than was found in refrigerated homes. The use of special media containing cycloheximide failed to result in the isolation from the atmosphere of spores of Coccidioides immitis , a pathogenic fungus endemic to this area.
Application of Habit Reversal Training for the Treatment of Tics in Early Childhood

Habit-reversal training (HRT) has demonstrated efficacy in adults and in children above 9 years of age with tic disorders. However, less is known about the utility of this treatment with children y...
Reshaping cache misses to improve row-buffer locality in multicore systems

Optimizing cache locality has always been important since the emergence of caches, and numerous cache locality optimization schemes have been published in compiler literature. However, in modern architectures, cache locality is not the only factor that determines memory system performance. Many emerging multicores employ banked memory systems and each bank is attached a row-buffer that holds the most-recently accessed memory row (page). A last-level cache miss that also misses in the row-buffer can experience much higher latency than a cache miss that hits in the row-buffer. Consequently, optimizing for row-buffer locality can be as important as optimizing for cache locality. Targeting emerging multicores and multithreaded applications, this paper presents a compiler-directed row-buffer locality optimization strategy. This strategy modifies the memory layout of data to increase the number of row-buffer hits without increasing the number of misses in the on-chip cache hierarchy. We implemented our proposed optimization strategy in an open-source compiler and tested its effectiveness in improving the row-buffer performance using a set of multithreaded applications. Our results indicate that the proposed approach improves the average data access latency by about 29%, and this translates, on average, to about 15% improvement in execution time.
Extracellular Microfibrils Control Osteoblast-supported Osteoclastogenesis by Restricting TGFβ Stimulation of RANKL Production

Mutations in fibrillin-1 or fibrillin-2, the major structural components of extracellular microfibrils, cause pleiotropic manifestations in Marfan syndrome and congenital contractural arachnodactyly, respectively. We recently found that fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 control bone formation by regulating osteoblast differentiation through the differential modulation of endogenous TGFβ and bone morphogenetic protein signals. Here, we describe in vivo and ex vivo experiments that implicate the fibrillins as negative regulators of bone resorption. Adult Fbn2−/− mice display a greater than normal osteolytic response to locally implanted lipopolysaccharide-coated titanium particles. Although isolated cultures of Fbn2−/− preosteoclasts exhibited normal differentiation and activity, these features were substantially augmented when mutant or wild-type preosteoclasts were co-cultured with Fbn2−/− but not wild-type osteoblasts. Greater osteoclastogenic potential of Fbn2−/− osteoblasts was largely accounted for by up-regulation of the Rankl gene secondary to heightened TGFβ activity. This conclusion was based on the findings that blockade of TGFβ signaling blunts Rankl up-regulation in Fbn2−/− osteoblasts and bones and that systemic TGFβ antagonism improves locally induced osteolysis in Fbn2−/− mice. Abnormally high Rankl expression secondary to elevated TGFβ activity was also noted in cultured osteoblasts from Fbn1−/− mice. Collectively our data demonstrated that extracellular microfibrils balance local catabolic and anabolic signals during bone remodeling in addition to implying distinct mechanisms of bone loss in Marfan syndrome and congenital contractural arachnodactyly.
Reaction of crystalline fluoro olefins with bromine vapor. 3. Solid-state stereospecificity for (E) and (Z)-2-(4′-carboxyphenyl)-1-chloro-1-fluoroethene. [1]

Abstract The gas-solid addition reaction between gaseous bromine and solid (E) and (Z)-4-HO 2 CC 6 H 4 CHCFCl has been examined. Reaction under ionic conditions leads to predominant anti-addition of bromine (80% anti for the E isomer; 90% for Z). Addition under radical conditions is slightly stereoselective with a small excess (54:46 for E; 56:44 for Z) of the S,R diastereomer of 4-HO 2 CC 6 H 4 CHBrCFClBr being formed. It is concluded that this olefin system has greater freedom of molecular motion in the solid than 4-HO 2 CC 6 H 4 CFCFX (X = Cl, CF 3 ).
Hierarchically triangular prism structured Co3O4: self-supported fabrication and photocatalytic property

The formation of ammonium cobalt(II) phosphate was utilized to synthesize unprecedented 3D structures of Co3O4, triangular prisms, via a self-supported and organics-free method. The structure is shaped by stacking hundreds of small nanoplatelets; diameters and thicknesses of platelets are ∼100 nm and ∼20 nm, respectively.
Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of spinach as affected by genetics and growing season

Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of 11 commercial cultivars and 15 advanced breeding lines of spinach were determined over two growing seasons known to vary in biotic and abiotic stresses. Flavonoid composition and content of fall-grown commercial cultivars and advanced breeding lines were also determined. Over-winter spinach, which was planted in late fall and harvested in the spring, had much higher levels of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity than spinach planted in early fall and harvested in late fall, indicating that growing conditions, as well as biotic and abiotic stresses, influenced phenolic metabolism. Genotype also appeared to play an important role in affecting phenolic metabolism and antioxidant capacity in spinach. Advanced breeding lines of spinach, which show increased disease resistance, had higher levels of total phenolics, individual and total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity than commercial cultivars. Our results indicate that plant breeders can select for increased phenolic content to increase antioxidant capacity in spinach cultivars, or the crops can be grown in different seasons or under certain stress conditions to elevate levels of antioxidants.
Frictional Properties of Tread-Type Compounds on ICE

Abstract The laboratory test method described is capable of indicating with a fair degree of accuracy the tractive ability of a tire tread compound on ice. Coefficients of both dynamic and static friction are important in determining the resistance to slide of a tire. The base polymer in a tread compound is the principal factor affecting the coefficients of friction. Among compounds based on different polymers, the coefficients of friction on ice are not closely related to either the stiffness or hardness of the stock or to its hysteresis. The coefficients of friction of stocks based on a single polymer, however, are greatly influenced by the type and amount of softener and by the type and amount of black.
Effect of differences in saturation sensitivity of phospholipid stains on clinical predictivity of L/S ratios

Abstract Owing to the importance of the degree of fatty acid side chain saturation in the ability of lecithin molecules to function as surfactant, we assessed the clinical effectiveness of analytical methods which differ with respect to methodologic influences by saturated and unsaturated phospholipids. The lecithin sphingomyelin ratios, determined with either cupric acetate or phosphomolybdate as the detection reagent, are compared for their abilities to predict respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), transient tachypnea (TTN), or the absence of respiratory difficulty in neonates. A group of 47 amniotic fluids were analyzed from 25 non-problem cases, 13 cases of TTN and 9 cases of RDS. Receiver operating characteristic analysis shows that in our sample population, the measurement of total lecithin for the prediction of neonatal respiratory distress failed to demonstrate an advantage over the measurement of unsaturated lecithin alone.
The Language of the Chanson de Sainte Foy: Why the Hispanic Manner Matters

The eleventh-century Chanson de Sainte Foy is a paradigmatic example of early Romance textuality. Composed in southwestern France and intimately tied to the saint's cult centered around the abbey at Conques, an important site on the French pilgrimage road to Santiago, the almost 600-line poem is among the earliest examples of an extended narrative poem in Romance. Nonetheless, the place of composition and the language of the text remain a controversy. Most editors and linguistic studies of the text have identified its language with the French department of the Aude, specifically around the vicinity of Narbonne, thus rejecting a more southerly Catalan locus of composition. While widely recognizing the poem's cultural matter, this article argues for a stronger Catalan presence in the language of the poem. Specifically, the author examines forms of the so-called Pyrenean definite article derived from Latin IPSE in light of contemporary dialect features of the Catalan of the Eastern Pyrenees.
A 1H-NMR study of plasminogen kringle 4 interactions with intact and partially digested fibrinogen

Abstract The interaction of human plasminogen kringle 4 with bovine fibrinogen was characterised via 1 HNMR spectroscopy. No significant binding to fibrinogen was observed at 37°C, but a definite, albeit complex interaction was detected at 24°C (association constant, K a ∼265mM −1 ). We estimate ∼54 interacting lysyl residues per fibrinogen molecule. The affinity of kringle 4 for a fibrinogen pre-treated with a bacterial protease (Ps-1) specific for cleavage on the carboxyl side of lysyl residues was also investigated. We find that the Ps-1 digested fibrinogen interacts with the kringle at both 24°C and 37°C, implying a relatively tighter binding to the modified molecule. ϵ-aminocaproic acid, an antifibrinolytic drug known to interact specifically with the kringle 4 lysine-binding site, abolishes the binding. Thus our study affords direct evidence that the kringles' lysine-binding sites are able to mediate plasmin(ogen)-fibrin(ogen) interactions.
Application of knockout mouse models to investigate the influence of FcγR on the pharmacokinetics and anti-platelet effects of MWReg30, a monoclonal anti-GPIIb antibody.

Abstract This work evaluates the influence of FcγR on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a rat anti-integrin-αIIb IgG1 monoclonal antibody, MWReg30, in mice. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MWReg30 were investigated in C57BL/6 control mice, FcγRI/RIII knockout mice, and FcγRIIb knockout mice, following intravenous doses of 0.04–0.4 mg/kg. MWReg30 treatment resulted in a dose-dependent induction of thrombocytopenia in all strains, but sensitivity to MWReg30 was increased in FcγRIIb knockout mice and decreased in FcγRI/RIII knockout mice, relative to results found in control mice. Expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment platelet counts, nadir platelet counts were 28.6 ± 5.0, 88.7 ± 16.6 and 25.3 ± 6.1% at 0.05 mg/kg, 28.4 ± 13.7, 56.7 ± 5.1, and 20.6 ± 9.5% at 0.2 mg/kg, and 24.9 ± 7.2, 38.7 ± 7.5, and 7.4 ± 2.2% at 0.4 mg/kg in control, FcγRI/RIII(−/−) and FcγRIIb(−/−) mice. However, knocking out FcγR did not affect MWReg30 pharmacokinetics. Plasma areas under the concentration vs. time curves (AUC 0–10 days ) ±SD for MWReg30 were: 5.24 ± 0.68, 5.51 ± 0.24, and 5.39 ± 1.05 nM × d at 0.04 mg/kg, and 12.7 ± 0.5, 13.6 ± 1.1, and 14.5 ± 2.0 nM × d at 0.1 mg/kg in control, FcγRI/RIII(−/−) and FcγRIIb(−/−) mice. The findings further emphasize the role of activating vs. inhibitory FcγR in processing immune complexes (i.e., MWReg30-platelets), while also providing an example where monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics are not substantially influenced by FcγR expression.
Microsomal agroclavine hydroxylase of Claviceps species

Abstract [4-14C]Agroclavine was converted to elymoclavine in the presence of NADPH and the microsomal fraction from Claviceps sp. PRL 1980 and SD 58. Th
Some mechanics for the adhesion of thin films

Abstract There has recently been an increased interest in the mechnical properties of thin films, owing to their importance in electronic packaging applications. A review of some of the failure mechanisms associated with these films are presented in this paper. Films may fail by a number of different mechanisms depending upon the geometry and the stresses in the film. These include buckling, “mud-cracking”, and/or delamination. A complete understanding of film failure requires consideration of the forces that drive crack growth, those that resist it, and an appreciation of what determines the mode of failure. Some of these aspects are explored in this paper by a discussion of the decohesion of tensile films from a brittle substrate Although failure may occur by delamination of the interface, often it is the substrate that cracks, rather than the interface: the stresses in the film tend to drive the crack into the substrate. This tendency may be counteracted, however, if a weak interface makes it energetically favourable for failure to occur at the interface. As well as influencing the preferred crack trajectory, the stresses may also influence the apparent fracture toughness of the interface. This is considered in the last section of this paper and is illustrated by a discussion of some model experiments.
Action of xanthine-xanthine oxidase system on microsomal benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in vitro.

Abstract The effect of superoxide anion-radical and other reactive oxygen species on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene was studied with isolated mouse liver microsomes. Reactive oxygen species were generated in vitro by xanthine-xanthine oxidase plus Fe 3+ ·FeEDTA and benzo(a)pyrene metabolism was followed by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The following results were obtained: 1. 1. The reactive oxygen species induced one-electron oxidation of benzo(a)pyrene and increased production of free epoxide as well as protein-binding intermediates. 2. 2. The reactive oxygen species triggered microsomal lipid peroxidation in the presence of Fe 3+ ·FeEDTA. 3. 3. As a result of microsomal lipid peroxidation a decreased activity of cytochrome P-450, epoxide hydrolase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase was found. 4. 4. It is suggested that active oxygen species changed the balance between bioactivation and conjugation of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites causing accumulation of the epoxide and protein-binding intermediates. 5. 5. The role of iron ions and chelates in this process is discussed.
Quantitative control of manipulator/task interaction

An architecture-independent analysis approach is described for evaluation of control systems designed to provide compliant manipulator/task interaction. Two issues are highlighted: a new safety bound which provides an explicit, quantitative design objective; and an examination of typical task dynamics and their impact on the difficulty (complexity) of control design. Two examples of control design within this framework are presented, demonstrating the need to consider safety bounds of the type proposed. >
Bridging the gap: augmenting centralized systems with P2P technologies

The last few years have seen a burgeoning of p2p designs, but also a worrisome push back and skeptical resistance against much of this research (and development). We propose a new research direction that seeks to find common ground between the purely centralized architecture and the p2p systems. We propose a new class of systems called "P2P-izers", which incentivize existing centralized infrastructures to utilize p2p solutions. A P2P-izer ensures that p2p technologies compliment existing centralized solutions. Finally, we show the feasibility of this direction by experimentally quantifying the advantages of a simple proof of concept P2P-izer solution for website hosting.
An Efficient, Robust, and Time Accurate Numerical Scheme Applied to a Cavitation Algorithm

In this paper, an implicit numerical scheme, based on an approximate factorization technique, is applied to a cavitation algorithm. The algorithm is a modified version of the Elrod cavitation algorithm, which automatically predicts film rupture and reformation in bearings. At each time step, Newton iterations are performed to achieve time accurate solutions for unsteady problems. This numerical scheme is applied in both orthogonal and nonorthogonal grid arrangements. An aligned finite grooved bearing and a flared, misaligned line grooved bearing are analyzed using this new approach. The predictions are compared with the results obtained with procedures currently being used. The new scheme is robust, quickly convergent, and provides time accurate solutions with a minimum expenditure of CPU time.
Real-time optogenetic control of intracellular protein concentration in microbial cell cultures

Perturbations in the concentration of a specific protein are often used to study and control biological networks. The ability to “dial-in” and programmatically control the concentration of a desired protein in cultures of cells would be transformative for applications in research and biotechnology. We developed a culturing apparatus and feedback control scheme which, in combination with an optogenetic system, allows us to generate defined perturbations in the intracellular concentration of a specific protein in microbial cell culture. As light can be easily added and removed, we can control protein concentration in culture more dynamically than would be possible with long-lived chemical inducers. Control of protein concentration is achieved by sampling individual cells from the culture apparatus, imaging and quantifying protein concentration, and adjusting the inducing light appropriately. The culturing apparatus can be operated as a chemostat, allowing us to precisely control microbial growth and providing cell material for downstream assays. We illustrate the potential for this technology by generating fixed and time-varying concentrations of a specific protein in continuous steady-state cultures of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We anticipate that this technology will allow for quantitative studies of biological networks as well as external tuning of synthetic gene circuits and bioprocesses.
Optimal Freeze Cycle Length for Renal Cryotherapy

Purpose: To our knowledge the optimal freeze cycle length in renal cryotherapy is unknown. Ten-minute time based freeze cycles were compared to temperature based freeze cycles to −20C.Materials and Methods: Laparoscopic renal cryotherapy was performed on 16 swine. Time based trials consisted of a double 10-minute freeze separated by a 5-minute thaw. Temperature based trials were double cycles of 1, 5 or 10-minute freeze initiated after 1 of 4 sensors indicated −20C. A 5-minute active thaw was used between freeze cycles. Control trials consisted of cryoneedle placement for 25 minutes without freeze or thaw. Viability staining and histological analysis were done.Results: There was no difference in cellular necrosis between any of the temperature based freeze cycles (p = 0.1). Time based freeze cycles showed more nuclear pyknosis, indicative of necrosis, than the 3 experimental freeze cycles for the renal cortex (p = 0.05) but not for the renal medulla (p = 0.61). Mean time to −20C for freeze cycle 1 was 19 ...
A pilot study of exercise training to reduce trunk fat in adults with Hiv-associated fat redistribution

Objective: Body fat redistribution ('lipodystrophy'), with gain in abdominal and trunk fat, and decline in facial and limb fat, is a newly recognized problem in patients with HIV infection that has been linked to use of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Increased abdominal fat may predispose these patients to hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease. At this time no effective treatment is available. We examined whether exercise training could reduce trunk fat in men with fat redistribution. Design: Open-label pilot study. Methods: Ten men with increasing abdominal girth participated in a 16 week pilot study of progressive resistance training with an aerobic component. They trained in a community health club three times per week. Total body lean and fat mass, and trunk fat mass, were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: After 16 weeks of exercise, strength increased for three of the four exercises tested (leg press + 13% [p < 0.02], leg extension + 19% [p < 0.03], seated row + 7% [p < 0.13], chest press + 18% [p < 0.005]). There was a significant decline in total body fat by 1.5 kg (= 2.1 percentage points, p < 0.01); most of the decline in body fat occurred in trunk fat, which decreased by 1.1 kg (p < 0.03). Weight, lean mass (+ 1.1 ± 2.6 kg, p = 0.23), and bone mineral density measured by DXA did not change. No adverse effects were seen from the training. Conclusions: Exercise training may reduce trunk fat mass in HIV-positive men with fat redistribution. Controls trials of this approach are warranted.
Anti-Epo receptor antibodies do not predict Epo receptor expression

Investigators using anti-EpoR antibodies for immunoblotting and immunostaining have reported erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) expression in nonhematopoietic tissues including human tumors. However, these antibodies detected proteins of 66 to 78 kDa, significantly larger than the predicted molecular weight of EpoR (56-57 kDa). We investigated the specificity of these antibodies and showed that they all detected non-EpoR proteins. C-20 detected 3 proteins in tumor cell lines (35, 66, and 100 kDa). Sequences obtained from preparative gels had similarity to the C-20-immunizing peptide. The 66-kDa protein was a heat shock protein (HSP70) to which antibody binding was abrogated in peptide competition experiments. Antibody M-20 readily identified a 59-kDa EpoR protein. However, neither M-20 nor C-20 was suitable for detection of EpoR using immunohistochemical methods. We concluded that these antibodies have limited utility for detecting EpoR. Thus, reports of EpoR expression in tumor cells using these antibodies should be viewed with caution.
Early Lymphocyte Recovery and Outcomes after Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation (UCBT) for Hematologic Malignancies

Rapid lymphocyte recovery after bone marrow or peripheral blood transplantation is associated with improved survival. However, the impact of early lymphocyte recovery has not been examined after umbilical cord blood transplant (UCBT). We evaluated lymphocyte recovery in 360 consecutive patients with hematologic malignancy that underwent UCBT between 2001 and 2007. Uniform myeloablative (MA), reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) and graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis regimens were used. In multivariate analysis, an absolute leukocyte count (ALC) >200 × 106/L at day 30 (n = 73) after MA conditioning was associated with superior 2-year overall survival (OS) (73% versus 61%; P = .02) (relative risk [RR]: 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-4.56), progression-free survival (PFS) (68% versus 54%; P = .05) (RR: 1.96; 95% CI: 0.99-3.86) and less transplant-related mortality (8% versus 28%, P 200 × 106/L at day 42 (n = 105) after RIC was associated with superior 2-year OS (59% versus 41%, P
The BoND-Tree: An Efficient Indexing Method for Box Queries in Nonordered Discrete Data Spaces

Box queries (or window queries) are a type of query which specifies a set of allowed values in each dimension. Indexing feature vectors in the multidimensional Nonordered Discrete Data Spaces (NDDS) for efficient box queries are becoming increasingly important in many application domains such as genome sequence databases. Most of the existing work in this field targets the similarity queries (range queries and k-NN queries). Box queries, however, are fundamentally different from similarity queries. Hence, the same indexing schemes designed for similarity queries may not be efficient for box queries. In this paper, we present a new indexing structure specifically designed for box queries in the NDDS. Unique characteristics of the NDDS are exploited to develop new node splitting heuristics. For the BoND-tree, we also provide theoretical analysis to show the optimality of the proposed heuristics. Extensive experiments with synthetic data demonstrate that the proposed scheme is significantly more efficient than the existing ones when applied to support box queries in NDDSs. We also show effectiveness of the proposed scheme in a real-world application of primer design for genome sequence databases.
Interaction of Nucleic Acids with the Glycocalyx

Mammalian cells resist the uptake of nucleic acids. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane presents one barrier. Here, we report on a second physicochemical barrier for uptake. To create a sensitive probe for nucleic acid-cell interactions, we synthesized fluorescent conjugates in which lipids are linked to DNA oligonucleotides. We found that these conjugates incorporate readily into the plasma membrane but are not retained there. Expulsion of lipid-oligonucleotide conjugates from the plasma membrane increases with oligonucleotide length. Conversely, the incorporation of conjugates increases markedly in cells that lack the major anionic components of the glycocalyx, sialic acid and glycosaminoglycans, and in cells that had incorporated highly cationic lipids into their plasma membrane. We conclude that anionic oligosaccharides provide a formidable barrier to the uptake of nucleic acids by mammalian cells. This conclusion has implications for genomic stability, as well as the delivery of genes and siRNAs into mammalian cells.
Three Cases Expanding the Spectrum of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Newborn and Infant. 1281

Three Cases Expanding the Spectrum of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Newborn and Infant. 1281
Mandibular paresthesia secondary to cerebrovascular changes

An unusual case of mandibular paresthesia as the only presenting symptom of a cerebrovascular accident is presented. The differential diagnosis of inferior alveolar nerve paresthesia is discussed. Obtaining a definitive diagnosis depends on a thorough medical and dental history complemented by a complete clinical and radiographic examination. The etiology of cerebral vascular accidents is reviewed, as well as risk factors that may increase the possibility of a cerebrovascular accident.
Modeling turbulent flows with fractal interpolation

Turbulent flows present significant interest to computer graphics since they occur all around us. However, it remains difficult to model them numerically because of the complexity of turbulence phenomena. The two approaches commonly used in practice are computationally expensive simulation on very fine grids and a cheap but ad-hoc solution of adding a noise component to the flow. In this paper we present an alternative procedure for modeling turbulent flows for computer graphics applications which combines numerical simulation and a procedural approach. The technique is based on fractal interpolation of a coarse flow field and builds upon large eddy simulation methods and self-similarity turbulence models from computational fluid dynamics.
Economics vs. Values in Political Trust in Korea

This paper investigates the relationships between economic and/or value determinants and political trust using the 1985 Public Opinion Study for National Development in Korea conducted by the Korea Institute of Social Studies (KISS). Also examined are the relative effects of perceived personal financial situations and macro/collective economic conditions on levels of political trust to distinguish which one is more important in determining political trust in Korea. Results indicate that the trust in the political institutions and government performance depends on both personal financial security and national economic conditions. Equally important is the perception of how people think they have been treated. If Koreans perceive that they are being treated unfairly, they are likely to form, negative attitudes towards politics. We also found that, regardless of which party Koreans favor, if the government does not stabilize the economy, they do not hesitate to withdraw their support from it.
Effect of verapamil on submissive behavior in genetically bred hypercholinergic rats in a water competition test

Abstract Male hypercholinergic FSL (Flinders Sensitive Line) and control FRL (Flinders Resistant Line) rats were placed on a water deprivation schedule and tested for dominance behavior with FSL/FRL pairs competing for water. FSL rats spent significantly less time drinking than their FRL partners. Acute injection of 10 mg/kg of vearpamil, a calcium channel inhibitor, to FSL rats markedly increased their drinking time without influencing water intake in individually tested rats. This effect of the drug was no longer seen after prolonged 4 day treatment. It is suggested that submissiveness of FSL animals in the water competition test might be due to increased fear which is alleviated by verapamil treatment. Tolerance seems to develop to this effect of the drug.
Treatment of impaired glucose tolerance in childhood

Impaired glucose tolerance is a prediabetic condition that is a major risk factor for subsequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. As type 2 diabetes mellitus has become common among obese adolescents, options for the management of children with impaired glucose tolerance are discussed in this Viewpoint.
Modeling thermal processes using the equivalent point method

Abstract Evaluation of thermal processes requires accurate treatment of the time-temperature history of exposure. For the Equivalent Point Method (EPM) of thermal evaluation, the effectiveness of five different numerical methods has been assessed for estimation of both the equivalent time and the equivalent temperature. The performance of each method was tested with three simulated data sets. The traditional method of Line Intersections resulted in significant error. Both Least Squares Linear Regression and Least Absolute Value Linear Regression yielded only a slight improvement. By contrast, Nonlinear Least Squares Regression and Weighted Least Squares Regression (WLSR) resulted in excellent estimations with WLSR being easier to use. Error analysis demonstrated accurate predictions of concentration changes for constituents over a wide range of activation energies.
Diesel Engine Emissions Control for the 1990's

The purpose of this paper is to discuss emissions control needs for heavy duty diesel truck engines for the 1990's. This paper focuses on key technological advances in engine technology, fuels and lubricants, and aftertreatment needed to meet the more demanding future standards. An optimum solution will involve the cooperative efforts of EPA, the petroleum industry, truck manufacturers, engine and component manufacturers, as well as truck users. Diesel engine emissions control will be an important factor in providing best value truck engines for the 1990's.
The role of atomic absorption spectrometry in geochemical exploration

Abstract In this paper we briefly describe the principles of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and the basic hardware components necessary to make measurements of analyte concentrations. Then we discuss a variety of methods that have been developed for the introduction of analyte atoms into the light path of the spectrophotometer. This section deals with sample digestion, elimination of interferences, and optimum production of ground-state atoms, all critical considerations when choosing an AAS method. Other critical considerations are cost, speed, simplicity, precision, and applicability of the method to the wide range of materials sampled in geochemical exploration. We cannot attempt to review all of the AAS methods developed for geological materials but instead will restrict our discussion to some of those appropriate for geochemical exploration. Our background and familiarity are reflected in the methods we discuss, and we have no doubt overlooked many good methods. Our discussion should therefore be considered a starting point in finding the right method for the problem, rather than the end of the search. Finally, we discuss the future of AAS relative to other instrumental techniques and the promising new directions for AAS in geochemical exploration.
New UV Light Emitter Based on AlGaN Heterostructures with Graded Electron and Hole Injectors

New ultraviolet (UV) light emitting device structures address the problems of small carrier concentrations and large band-offsets in wide bandgap Aluminum Gallium Nitride (AlGaN) heterostructures through the use of graded epilayers for electron and hole injection. For light emission at 280–290 nm, a multiple-quantum-well separate confinement heterostructure (MQWSCH) employs a graded AlGaN structure for the injection of majority carriers from the metal-semiconductor contact layers into the spacecharge region of the pn-junction with a higher bandgap energy. Sample LED mesa devices were fabricated and have shown light emission of 289 nm under a forward bias of 12V (20mA). These results provide a ‘proof-of-concept’ for this new graded device structure which can be employed for the development of both UV-LEDs and laser diodes.
Activation of adenosine receptors induces c-fos, but not c-jun, expression in neuron-glia hybrids and fibroblasts.

Abstract Extracellular adenosine acts through specific cell surface receptors to modulate numerous physiological processes in both the CNS and peripheral tissues (e.g. neurotransmitter release and blood flow). Activation of A 1 and A 2 adenosine receptors leads to decreased or increased intracellular cAMP levels, respectively. Fos and Jun are nuclear proto-oncogene products, which like cAMP, appear to act as intermediates in a number of signal transduction pathways. Since increases in both adenosine release and Fos and Jun expression occur in the brain following seizures, we wanted to determine whether Fos and Jun induction might occur as a result of adenosine receptor activation. 3T3 fibroblasts and NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells were chosen for study, since they were known to respond to adenosine agonists with changes in cAMP levels. The membranes of NG108-15 cells were shown to have A 2 -like binding activity in a competitive binding assay. Cultures of each cell line were treated with the adenosine agonists, CHA (A 1 -selective) and NECA (non-selective adenosine agonist). Both lines responded with a concentration-dependent transient increase in c- fos , but not c- jun , mRNA content after treatment with either agonist. The kinetics of the response were much more rapid for 3T3 cells (peak between 15 and 30 min) than for NG cells (peak between 60 and 90 min). The slower, more prolonged response in the NG108-15 cells is more similar to the time interval between adenosine release and the peak of c- fos mRNA induction in brains of animals following the administration of seizure-promoting drugs. Specificity of the response was further demonstrated by the ability of adenosine receptor antagonists to inhibit agonist-induced fos mRNA expression. Fos protein induction was detected by immunocytochemical staining of Fos in NECA-treated 3T3 cells. These results suggest that Fos induction may be a component of the adenosine receptor signal transduction pathway.