cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in Protein Sulfation in Human Erythroleukemia (Hel), Chrf-288-11, and K562 Cells Following Treatment with Dimethyl-Sulfoxide or Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate

This study has demonstrated that three hematopoietic tumor cell lines with megakaryocytic characteristics, HEL, CHRF-288-11, and K562, synthesize a number of sulfated proteins. The major HEL sulfated proteins were a doublet at 88 and 92 kDa and several closely spaced bands between 125 and 160 kDa and more acidic proteins of 210 kDa. Treatment with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 24 h almost completely inhibited labeling of sulfated proteins, and up to 48 h, labeling was found almost entirely in a band at 125 kDa. Treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) nearly eliminated labeling of the 88- and 92-kDa bands and resulted in the appearance of a large amount of labeling between 96 and 108 kDa. Sulfated proteins of 135 and 210 kDa were immunoprecipitated by an antibody against platelet GP Ib. A 130-kDa protein was immunoprecipitated by an antibody against the beta-1 integrin subunit. The major proteins labeled in CHRF cells were at 68, 90, 98, 125, and 148 kDa. Treatment with PMA greatly reduced the labeling of the 148-kDa band, eliminated the labeling of the 68-kDa band, and markedly enhanced labeling of the 92-kDa region. The major proteins labeled in K562 cells were at 110, 120-130, and 145 kDa. PMA reduced the labeling of the 110- and 145-kDa proteins and extensively increased labeling of bands at 120-130, 78, and 84 kDa, and DMSO caused decreased labeling of the 120- to 130-kDa proteins. This is the first demonstration of sulfation of specific proteins in hematopoietic cell lines and of the alteration of sulfation of specific proteins in any cells in response to treatment with differentiation-inducing agents. We hypothesize that changes in sulfation of proteins may be relevant to the maturation or malignant growth of megakaryocytic cells.
We Believe in Being Honest: Examining Subcultural Differences in the Acceptability of Deception1

Perceptions of lie acceptability vary as a function of the motivation for the lie, the relationship between deceiver and deceived, and the perceiver's cultural background. The current study examines the relation between one cultural background—that is, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS)—and perceptions of lie acceptability, and whether this varies as a function of lie and rater characteristics. Participants rated lie acceptability in 12 scenarios varying lie motivation and lie recipient. Overall, the LDS group rated lies as less acceptable than did the non-LDS group, and lie acceptability varied according to lie motivation and lie recipient. Participant age was negatively correlated with lie acceptability. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Lectin binding studies on murine peritoneal cells: physicochemical characterization of the binding of lectins from Datura stramonium, evonymus europaea, and Griffonia simplicifolia to murine peritoneal cells

Abstract Purified 125 I-labeled lectins from Datura stramonium, Evonymus europaea , and Griffonia simplicifolia (I-B 4 isolectin) were used to analyze changes in the expression of carbohydrates on the surface of resident (PC) and thioglycollate-stimulated murine (C57B/6J) peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). The lectins from D. stramonium, E. europaea , and G. simplicifolia I-B 4 bind specifically to PEC with relatively high affinity ( K d = 5.65 ± 1.08 × 10 −7 m, 1.08 ± 0.12 × 10 −8 m, and 1.33 ± 0.15 × 10 −7 m, respectively). Assuming a single lectin molecule binds to each cell surface saccharide, the number of receptor sites per cell ranged for different cell samples from 22.3 to 50.0 × 10 6 , from 3.8 to 4.8 × 10 6 , and from 2.0 to 16.8 × 10 6 for D. stramonium, E. europaea , and G. simplicifolia I-B 4 lectins, respectively. There were approximately 3- to 7-fold, 16- to 20-fold, and 2-to 20-fold increases in binding capacity for D. stramonium, E. europaea and G. simplicifolia I-B 4 , respectively, compared to the binding to resident, peritoneal cells. Scatchard plots of the binding of all three lectins to PEC were linear, suggesting that the receptor sites for these lectins are homogeneous and noninteracting. The binding capacity of these lectins to PEC was unchanged after trypsin digestion of cells. The expression of carbohydrates on the surface of PEC was also monitored by an agglutination assay. PEC were agglutinated by all three lectins whereas PC either were not agglutinated or were agglutinated only at high lectin concentrations. On the basis of our knowledge of the carbohydrate binding specificity of the D. stramonium and G. simplicifolia I-B 4 lectins, we postulate that, parallel with thioglycolate stimulation, there is an increase in the number of N -acetyllactosamine residues and terminal α- d -galactosyl end groups. The blood group B, and H type 1 determinants— d Ga1α1,3[ l Fucα1,2] d Ga1β1,3(or 4) d GlcNAc and l Fucα1,2 d Ga1β1,3 d G1cNAc, respectively, as well as d Ga1α1,3 d Ga1β1,3(or 4) d GlcNAc—may be considered to be possible receptors for the E. europaea lectin. These glycoconjugates, present on the surface of peritoneal exudate cells, provide new chemical markers for studying the differentiation of resident peritoneal cells.
Trends in prescription drug abuse and dependence, co-occurrence with other substance use disorders, and treatment utilization: Results from two national surveys

Abstract Objectives This study examined trends in prescription drug abuse and dependence (sedatives, tranquilizers, opioids, and stimulants), co-occurrence with other substance use disorders and substance abuse treatment utilization among those with diagnoses of prescription drug abuse and dependence in two large, nationally representative, independent samples of adults in the United States in 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Methods Two nationally representative cross-sectional samples of civilian non-institutionalized adults 18 years or older in the United States, of which 52% were women. Data were collected from structured diagnostic interviews using the NIAAA Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV). National prevalence estimates were derived from the 1991–1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (n = 42,862) and the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n = 43,093). Results The past-year prevalence of prescription sedative abuse, sedative dependence, opioid abuse, and opioid dependence increased from 1991–1992 to 2001–2002. The majority of individuals with past-year sedative (56.8%), tranquilizer (89.0%), stimulant (67.9%) and opioid (74.2%) use disorders also met DSM-IV criteria for an additional past-year substance use disorder. The co-occurrence of several forms of prescription drug use disorders and other substance use disorders increased from 1991–1992 to 2001–2002. A minority of individuals with past-year prescription drug abuse and approximately one-half of those with past-year prescription drug dependence utilized substance abuse treatment. Conclusions The findings reinforce the importance of continued national monitoring based on the increases in prescription drug abuse and dependence, high co-occurrence with other substance use disorders, and underutilization of substance abuse treatment services.
Risk factors for inpatient venous thromboembolism despite thromboprophylaxis.

Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the most common preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the hospital. Adequate thromboprophylaxis has reduced the rate of hospital-acquired VTE substantially; however, some inpatients still develop VTE even when they are prescribed thromboprophylaxis. Predictors associated with thromboprophylaxis failure are unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify risk factors for inpatient VTE despite thromboprophylaxis.
Acrylonitrile: in vivo cytogenetic studies in mice and rats.

Abstract Acrylonitrile (VCN), a suspect human carcinogen, does not produce significant increases in cytogenetic aberrations in the mouse-bone marrow when given orally for 4, 15 or 30 days at doses equal to 7,14 and 21 mg/kg/day resp. or by i.p. for the same time periods at doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg/day. Rats treated orally with 16 daily doses of VCN (40 mg/kg/day) or potassium cyanide (KCN) (5 mg/kg/day) showed no increase of aberrant metaphases in the bone marrow over controls.
The Role of Alternative Methodology on the Relation Between Portfolio Size and Diversification

An important concern in portfolio management is the number of securities needed to create a well-diversified portfolio. The number of securities that constitute a welldiversified portfolio, however, varies widely among studies. It is demonstrated that past conclusions are highly sensitive to the methodology used in quantifying diversification. This finding motivates the development of alternative methods that reduce the effect of repeated replications on test results. The first approach exploits the power curves of statistical tests, whereas the second approach suggests the use of more robust statistics. Both approaches provide researchers with guidance in the design of future diversification studies.
Focal contacts: Transmembrane links between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

The sites of tightest adhesion that form between cells and substrate surfaces in tissue culture are termed focal contacts. The external faces of focal contacts include specific receptors, belonging to the integrin family of proteins, for fibronectin and vitronectin, two common components of extracellular matrices. On the internal (cytoplasmic) side of focal contacts, several proteins, including talin and vinculin, mediate interactions with the actin filament bundles of the cytoskeleton. The changes that occur in focal contacts as a result of viral transformation are discussed.
Intergovernmental Relations and Native American Gaming A Case Study on the Emergence of a New Intergovernmental Relations Participant

Models of intergovernmental relations (IGR) are consistently built around the triumvirate of national, state, and local governments. Lacking in various conceptualizations is due consideration for the hundreds of tribal governments found scattered throughout the United States. Although the status of Indians in the U.S. federal system has always been something of an enigma, the emergence of Indian gaming, and its associated high economic and political stakes, suggests it is time to incorporate tribal governments into the IGR framework. This article takes a step in this theoretical direction by examining how Indian gaming reflects the many distinctive features that define the meaning of IGR. Specifically, this article looks at the Indian gaming experience of one state—New Mexico—as a case study to illustrate the legal, human, and policy elements of what might be viewed as representing the emergence of a new intergovernmental partner.
Teachers Attitudes to Educational Controversies.

This study is based on the expressed attitudes of practising teachers; it is claimed that this procedure may be more valid than the usual one of testing the attitudes of students or teachers on advanced courses. ‘Educational controversies’ refers to teachers’ attitudes to streaming, 11 plus selection and corporal punishment; scores on these scales were correlated with scores on the Oliver ‘Survey of Opinions’ scales and the ‘Study of Values’ scales. Suggested interpretations of the matrix of relationships are offered. A small group of teachers on a full‐time in‐service course completed the ‘educational controversies’ scales at the start and completion of their course: the scores changed to what is interpreted as a more ‘progressive’ pattern.
H-2 hierarchy in the Ir-gene controlled responses to hapten-modified mouse serum albumin1

Five hapten-modified autogenous mouse serum albumins (MSA), TNP11MSA, FITC8MSA, DNP64MSA, DNP5MSA, and PC2MSA, were tested for their ability to induce hapten-specific antibody responses in H-2 congenic mice of the H-2d, H-2a, and H-2f haplotypes. Four of the five modified MSAs, TNP11MSA, FITC8MSA, DNP64MSA, and PC2MSA, stimulated responses found to be under H-2-linked Ir gene control, whereas DNP5MSA failed to induce responses in any strain tested. H-2d, H-2b, and H-2a mice responded to FITC8MSA; H-2d and H-2b responded to TNP11MSA; and only H-2d mice were high responders to DNP64MSA and PC2MSA. H-2f mice failed to respond to any of the stimulating antigens. Thus, a hierarchy of H-2 haplotypes was observed in the responsiveness to modified MSA with H-2d >H-2b >H-2a >H-2T. Primed lymph node cells from PC2MSA immunized H-2d mice were challenged with antigen in vitro to assess the nature of the determinant recognized by T cells in the response to modified MSA. Lympn node cells proliferated only when challenged with PC2MSA. Unmodified MSA or TNP11MSA did not stimulate a proliferative response, suggesting that the immune T cells recognize a neo-determinant present on the modified PC2MSA.
Stochastic Ordering and Kurtosis Measure

Abstract The concept of stochastic ordering is generalized and the usual kurtosis measure reinterpreted. An alternative proof is given for a theorem on the fourth moment of a distribution.
Economics as energy framework: Complexity, turbulence, financial crises, and protectionism

Abstract This paper presents a framework for thinking about economic growth, trade, and capital flows viewed as transformations of current and vintage solar energy, stored in the form of natural resources, human capital, physical capital and technology described by the laws of thermodynamics. Recent developments in nonequilibrium thermodynamics (NET) show how efficient global capital markets and high-speed communications networks accelerate energy flow and growth but also create turbulence, financial crisis, protectionism and conflict. The paper discusses the role that NET can play in helping us understand stock market bubbles and financial crises.
Hudson Fine Tunes His Way to Hyperspace

Hud Hudon has written a fun book about space and how objects fill it. This is a rich book, hitting a wide range of topics. The title, The Metaphysics of Hyperspace, refers to the existence of spatial dimensions beyond the three to which we are accustomed. Arguments for the existence of hyperspace are discussed at the beginning of the book and at the end, forming bookends around chapters that are more directly concerned with how objects fill space. In the present paper I will focus on his first argument for hyperspace, sadly ignoring many interesting metaphysical questions raised about the nature of objects, motion, touching, spatial intrinsics, freedom, and evil, among others. The first of Hudson's arguments for hyperspace is a development of a response to the fine tuning argument for God. The theistic idea is that the best explanation for how cosmic conditions could get to be just right to allow for life is that there is a supernatural being who fine tuned the conditions for the very purpose of permitting life. One common response is that it is possible for there to be multiple, separate realms, each with its own cosmic conditions, and if there were enough of these, it would not be surprising at all that one of them had conditions that permitted life. Hudson argues that, for those unprepared to accept the theistic conclusion, the argument provides evidence for multiple realms, and Hudson's version of the multiple realms hypothesis is that there are higher dimensions of space varying in their cosmic conditions.1 The theistic fine tuning argument was intended to be more than the following:
Haematopoietic stem cells: evidence for competing proliferative demands.

A HAEMATOPOIETIC stem cell must be able both to replicate itself and to differentiate into a formed blood element. The presence of a pool of multipotent, functionally important, common stem cells for the various haematopoietic formed elements has not as yet been established. There is evidence to suggest that there is a population of bone marrow cells which when transplanted into irradiated recipients is capable of differentiating into more than one mature cellular form1–3. We are interested in whether this class of cells is functionally important, and specifically whether demand for one blood element limits the ability of the animal to produce other cell types. Such a relationship would suggest competitive demands on a common stem cell pool. There is some evidence to suggest that this may be the case. Harris et al.4 have shown that after large acute haemorrhage the number of granulocyte precursors in the guinea-pig bone marrow is reduced. The present experiment demonstrates that an increased demand for red blood cell production reduces the ability of transplanted syngeneic bone marrow to make granulocytic progeny.
Drug-Eluting Stents in the Management of Coronary Artery Disease Implications for Payors and Hospitals

Of the >1 million patients who undergo coronary intervention in the US annually, 10–45% develop stent restenosis. Designed to inhibit tissue growth following coronary intervention, the drug-eluting stent (DES) is a breakthrough technology that has been shown to reduce restenosis by 80%, dramatically lowering the percentage of patients requiring repeat intervention. The health-economic implications of DES are complex and depend on the perspective from which they are viewed (i.e. hospital, payor, or physician). For hospitals, DES are a truly disruptive technology. Hospitals are caught between substantially higher costs (DES cost 3-fold more than bare-metal stents), inadequate reimbursement for those higher costs, and potentially declining revenue (fewer bypasses and repeat interventions for restenosis). In contrast, DES appear to be very cost effective for payors. Randomized studies have suggested that the higher initial costs of DES are nearly offset by reduced follow-up costs related to fewer repeat angioplasties and bypass surgeries. Furthermore, overall cost reductions to payors will occur as patients are converted from bypass surgery to multi-vessel coronary intervention with DES. Their high price continues to be a barrier to the use of DES, while the concerns about safety and stent thrombosis have substantially diminished. With greater competition, declining DES prices, and further studies demonstrating safety and efficacy in a wider range of real-world patients, DES will become the default platform for transcatheter coronary intervention in the near future.
Isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkenes from the blue-green alga Tolypothrix conglutinata var. Chlorata

4(S*),6(S*),8(S*),10(S*),12(R*),14(R*),16(R*),18(R*),20(R*)-Nonamethoxy-1-pentacosene and smaller amounts of the isotactic homologs, 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22-decamethoxy-1-heptacosene and 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-octamethoxy-1-tricosene, are novel lipophilic constituents of the toxic blue-green alga Tolypothrix conglutinata var. chlorata Ghose from Fanning Atoll.
A radiographic and histologic study of bone in the active and hibernating bat (Myotis lucifugus).

A radiographic and histologic study of bat bones showed that there is a progressive loss of bone tissue during hibernation and abrupt reversal at arousal. Enhanced osteolysis accounted for the bone loss; osteoclasia was not observed.
Cerebral infarct in patients with hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome.

The syndrome of hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy (HSE) was first described by Levin et al. in 1983 [1] but not until recently has it been considered to be a newly identified devastating disorder [2, 3]. The main features of this syndrome consist of sudden onset of shock, coma, convulsions, coagulopathy, renal and hepatic dysfunction. The mortality rate is very high with surviving patients suffering from severe neurologic sequelae [4]. In review of the literature [1], we did not find any reports of cerebral infarcts. Recently we managed two patients with this syndrome, both of whom had CT scand findings consistent with cerebral infarctions.
3,3′,5′-Triiodothyronine and 3,37′-Diiodothyronine: Partially Deiodinated Intermediates in the Metabolism of the Thyroid Hormones

3,3′,5′-Triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3′-diiodothyronine (T2) labeled with I131 in the 3′ or 5′ position have been administered to normal dogs, to dogs with biliary fistulas, to dogs after total hepatectomy, and to rats with biliary fistulas. Both of these partially deiodinated derivatives of thyroxine (T4) were metabolized rapidly by dogs and rats, and a variety of products were formed. In the dog, stepwise deiodination led to the formation of 3,3′T2 and 3′-monoiodothyronine (Tl) from 3,3′,5′T3, and of 3′Tl from 3,3′T2; these products were found chiefly in conjugated form in bile or, after hepatectomy, in urine. Deiodination from the beta ring and excretion of radioactive iodide in the urine occurred more slowly from 3,3′,5′T3 and 3,3′T2 than from T4 or 3, 5, 3′T3 in the dog. Deiodination from the beta ring of all these substances was greatly diminished after total hepatectomy. Deiodination from the beta ring of these compounds was fairly rapid in the rat with a biliary fistula, and large amounts of radioa...
Ethnic group differences in cardiometabolic disease risk factors independent of body mass index among american youth

Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to identify any ethnic group differences in the prevalence of cardiometabolic disease risk factors independent of BMI in United States youth. Design and Methods: Data on 3,510 boys and girls aged 8-11 years from the 1999-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were analyzed to determine the prevalence of 1 or ≥3 cardiometabolic disease risk factors: abnormal waist circumference and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), increased concentrations of fasting triglyceride, and decreased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol before and after adjusting for BMI. Results: Abnormal waist circumference and HDL-cholesterol significantly differed by ethnic group before and after adjusting for BMI (P < 0.01). Non-Hispanic blacks were significantly less likely to have abnormal HDL-cholesterol concentrations than were Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, but non-Hispanic whites were significantly more likely to have elevated triglycerides and three or more abnormal cardiometabolic risk factors than non-Hispanic blacks. Conclusion: These findings point to ethnic group disparities not related to BMI alone, even in children as young as 8-11 years. Programs to prevent and treat eventual cardiometabolic disease in children could be tailored for specific ethnic backgrounds as a result.
Melanoma metastatic to the mandible: Report of a case

Metastasis of a tumor to the jaws can simulate an infection, but the presence of paraesthesia and loose teeth or inadequate response to treatment should alert the clinician to a more serious cause. A malignant melanoma metastatic to the jaws illustrates these points.
Cause-related marketing: More buck than bang?

Abstract Starbucks, Target, and Nike are just a few of the businesses partnering today with not-for-profit organizations in cause-related marketing campaigns. These campaigns are implemented for a dual purpose: on one hand, to raise awareness, support, and donations for social causes such as global hunger relief, and on the other, to enhance corporate reputations, customer loyalty, and financial gains for companies. An example of cause-related marketing is an effort organized by Macy's, Pfizer, and other businesses on behalf of the American Heart Association. The program has raised over $32 million in donations for the charity, while generating over 1 billion media impressions for corporate sponsors. In this article, we discuss the concept and practice of cause-related marketing, as well as some of its social-ethical complexities. We end with suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of this popular marketing tool and form of corporate philanthropy.
Amino acid uptake and incorporation into cell-specific peptides and evidence for intracellular peptide pools in Aplysia neurons R3-R14

Abstract 1. 1. Relationships between intracellular amino acid concentrations and uptake rates and their utilization in synthesis of cell-specific peptides in neurons R3–R14 in the Aplysia parietovisceral ganglion are explored. 2. 2. The uptake rates and intracellular concentrations of most amino acids are positively correlated and inversely related to their degree of incorporation into the peptides. 3. 3. The bulk cellular pool of arginine is probably utilized in the synthesis of R3–R14 peptides, but much of the glycine taken up appears not to be readily available for protein synthesis. 4. 4. There are rapidly and slowly turning over pools of the peptides, and portions of the peptides stay in the cell bodies for days.
Large-scale production and chemical characterization of the protective higher plant allelochemicals: l-Canavanine and l-canaline

Abstract Procedures are presented for the large-scale preparation of l -canavanine, and its principal catabolic product l -canaline, compounds of demonstrated importance in biochemical ecology studies, and as higher plant chemotherapeutic agents. Mass spectroscopic and NMR data are provided for these experimentally-valuable natural products.
Optical Negative-Index Metamaterials: from Low to no Loss

Practical optical negative index materials based on coupled plasmon resonances must overcome reflection and absorption. Simulations show that matched impedance and compensated losses due to optimized design and gain material lead to 100% transmission.
Evaluation Academic Advisors: Administrator and Faculty Perspectives

Evaluation and improvement of advising is receiving increased attention from colleges and universities. According t o a recent survey, advising was the major negative campus characteristic related to student attrition. Not surprisingly, the study also reported that one-half of the reporting private and public twoand four-year institutions viewed improvement of academic advising as a specific action program designed to improve retention.' What are the organizational dynamics of the interest in advising by colleges and universities? For example, what role does advising evaluation play in improving advising? How might administrators use advisor evaluation to benefit advisors. the institution, and, ultimately, students? A national survey of academic advising by Carstensen and Silberhorn provides information about contemporary practices in that field. The primary delivery system for academic advising at seventy-five percent of the 820 institutions responding to the survey utilized faculty as advisors. Another seventeen percent of the sample indicated that professional counselors were the primary means for delivering advising services at their campuses.' This discussion about different perspectives on evaluating advisors and advising services is based on the survey finding that the principal means of delivering advising services at most colleges and universities is to employ full-time employees.
Jewish socialist parties during the 1905 Russian Revolution

This short study discusses archival material related to Jewish socialist parties during the 1905 Russian Revolution which is held by the Lithuanian State Historical Archives in Vilnius. Although these organisations were short-lived, the evidence they have left behind provides insight into their ideology, and their attempts to take advantage of the revolutionary situation and draw the allegiance of the Jewish masses. Archival material also indicates the extent to which their activities were monitored by the Tsarist authorities. By 1907, all these organisations had been effectively suppressed by the regime. Yet, in spite of their fleeting presence on the Jewish political scene in the Russian Empire, these parties carried import for the future.
Cortical evoked potentials and behavioral reactivity to photic stimuli in freely moving rats.

Abstract Averaged evoked potentials at the visual cortex (VER) were studied in relation to behavioral reactivity to photic stimuli during operant behavior for food reinforcement. The VERs showed highly systematic increases in late components with repetition of the sensory stimuli. Amplitude of late components related inversely to behavioral indices of reactivity, but the correlations between these measures were low to moderate. Control experiments involving other freely moving and curarized animals served to evaluate various behavioral and stimulus factors in the VER changes. The results were interpreted in terms of habituation of ‘arousal reactions’, for which additional supporting data were provided. Electrographic arousal, however, was viewed as a varying substrate of all behavior, which complicates relationships between VERs and any single index of behavioral reactivity to stimuli in freely moving subjects.
Cell-free H-cluster synthesis and [FeFe] hydrogenase activation: all five CO and CN⁻ ligands derive from tyrosine.

[FeFe] hydrogenases are promising catalysts for producing hydrogen as a sustainable fuel and chemical feedstock, and they also serve as paradigms for biomimetic hydrogen-evolving compounds. Hydrogen formation is catalyzed by the H-cluster, a unique iron-based cofactor requiring three carbon monoxide (CO) and two cyanide (CN 2 ) ligands as well as a dithiolate bridge. Three accessory proteins (HydE, HydF, and HydG) are presumably responsible for assembling and installing the Hcluster, yet their precise roles and the biosynthetic pathway have yet to be fully defined. In this report, we describe effective cell-free methods for investigating H-cluster synthesis and [FeFe] hydrogenase activation. Combining isotopic labeling with FTIR spectroscopy, we conclusively show that each of the CO and CN 2 ligands derive respectively from the carboxylate and amino substituents of tyrosine. Such in vitro systems with reconstituted pathways comprise a versatile approach for studying biosynthetic mechanisms, and this work marks a significant step towards an understanding of both the proteinprotein interactions and complex reactions required for H-cluster assembly and hydrogenase maturation.
On the image of an L -fuzzy group

In this short communication we show that if any subset of a lattice L containing its lowest upper bound is an image of an L-fuzzy group, then L must be a chain.
The ionic model applied to vacancy ordering in NaCl-type materials

An order-disorder transition in Sc/sub 0/ /sub 8/S (NaCl structure type) was studied by high-temperature X-ray diffraction and 700 +- 20/sup 0/C was found to be the ordering temperature. A group of ordered sublattices on the rock-salt lattice was generated and a Madelung energy and a configurational entropy were calculated for each assuming the lattice was made up of point charges. Mean field and pair interaction approximations were used to model long-range and short-range orderings, respectively. Results indicate that the ionic model is seriously in error in predicting short-range or long-range orderings of the type observed.
The third dimension in facial rejuvenation: a review.

Summary Background Facial rejuvenation has long been dominated by surgical techniques that act on only two dimensions of the face, ignoring the third dimension (facial volume); therefore, a truly youthful look remains elusive. Objectives This paper aims to define the various surgical procedures employed by cosmetic surgeons that can be combined with alloplastic implants or injectable devices in order to restore lost facial volume. Methods and materials A search of the literature was performed. Results Alloplastic augmentation and implants provide permanent restoration of facial volume, but require invasive surgery. Soft-tissue fillers include autologous fat, calcium hydroxylapatite, and a variety of polymers. Devices based on collagen and hyaluronic acids provide correction of superficial lines and folds, but cannot offer long-lasting restoration of facial volume. The only fillers that have been proven to augment facial volume are autologous fat, calcium hydroxylapatite, poly-l-lactic acid, polyacrylamide, poly-alkyl-imide, and methylpolysiloxane. Conclusions For optimal facial rejuvenation, the accepted surgical techniques of skin lifting and tightening could be combined with volumizing devices, thereby addressing ptosis, lines, folds, and volume loss.
Professional Development and Teacher Change: The Missing Leadership Link.

Professional development in science education aims to support teacher learning with the ultimate goal of improving student achievement. A multitude of factors influence teacher change and the effectiveness of professional development. This review of the literature explores these factors and identifies school and district science leaders as a critical factor missing from current professional development models. School and district leaders play a significant role in the planning and implementation of professional development, as well as providing ongoing leadership to support teacher change. Considering this role, school district leaders are not just a contextual factor, but rather an integral part of the process and should be integrated into and considered part of any professional development model in science education.
Formation of activated amino-acids by intact cells of Azotobacter vinelandii.

IT has been shown1–4 that various preparations of enzymes which activate amino-acids convert them into a form which is adsorbed on charcoal, is unstable to alkali, and which reacts with hydroxyl-amine to form amino-acid hydroxamates. These ‘activated’ amino-acids seem to be amino-acid-polynucleotide compounds1–4, and have been suggested4 as intermediates in protein synthesis, because the amino-acid of such compounds is incorporated into the protein of isolated microsomes. Activated amino-acids have been formed only in cell-free preparations, and it is of considerable interest to determine whether similar compounds are formed by intact cells.
Antismoking mass media campaigns and support for smoke-free environments, Mobile County, Alabama, 2011-2012.

Introduction In 2011, the Mobile County Health Department began a 12-month antismoking educational media campaign to educate citizens on the dangers of secondhand smoke. The campaign overlapped with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 3-month national antismoking Tips from Former Smokers media campaign. We aimed to evaluate the effect of these campaigns on support for smoke-free environments and knowledge of the dangers of secondhand smoke. Methods Cross-sectional precampaign and postcampaign telephone surveys collected data from a random sample of Mobile County adults in the summers of 2011 and 2012. Outcome measures included changes in support for smoke-free environments and knowledge of the dangers of secondhand smoke. The participation rate among the households that were successfully reached was 45% in 2011 and 44% in 2012. Results On the postcampaign survey, 80.9% of respondents reported seeing a television advertisement, 29.9% reported hearing a radio advertisement, and 49.0% reported seeing a billboard. Overall, support for smoke-free bars increased significantly after the intervention (38.1% to 43.8%; P = .01) but not for workplaces or restaurants. Self-reported exposure to the media campaign was associated with higher levels of support for smoke-free workplaces, restaurants, and bars. Conclusion Educational mass media campaigns have the potential to increase support for smoke-free protections and may increase knowledge about the dangers of secondhand smoke among certain populations.
A survey of security vulnerabilities in social networking media: the case of facebook

This paper conducted a survey study on the security vulnerabilities in one of most popular social networking site, Facebook. We divide the vulnerabilities into two main categories: platform-related and user-related. For each vulnerability, we present its origin, description and remedy if there is any. Our work not only increases users' awareness of those vulnerabilities, but also provides a comprehensive view to the researchers who are interested in improving security measures of social media services.
Polyamine biosynthetic activity in normal and neoplastic human colorectal tissues

Polyamine biosynthetic activity was assessed in various colorectal tissue samples consisting of noninvolved mucosa, benign adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas taken at surgery from a total of 40 patients. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) displayed a gradient of enzyme activity (i.e., adenocarcinoma greater than polyps greater than mucosa) which seemed to correlate positively with the neoplastic status of the tissue. In 10 of the patients, samples were obtained for all three tissue types. Five of these exhibited a clear repetition of the trends in enzyme activity seen with the mixed patient tissue sampling whereas the remainder differed by having the highest ODC activity in the polyps. In nine of the ten cases, ODC activity was substantially lower in the mucosa than in either of the neoplastic lesions. Trends in enzyme activity were the same for tissues obtained from either the colon or rectum. The ODC activity in adenocarcinomas could not be correlated with histologic differentiation, stage or site of the disease, however, in samples from female patients (all postmenopausal) the activity was elevated over normal mucosa to a greater extent (ten-fold) than in male patients (seven-fold). S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity was assessed in 27 of the 40 patients and found to follow the same distribution as ODC; however, the mean value differences +/- SEM between tissues were less distinct. In general, tissue polyamine pool analysis of these same specimens reflected the levels of ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities. Overall, the data reveal an increase in polyamine biosynthetic activity in colorectal neoplasms, relative to surrounding mucosa, which may correlate with (1) progression of the neoplastic process, (2) the proportion of proliferating cells, (3) the rate of cell proliferation, or (4) a combination of two or all of these possibilities.
THE FACILITATIVE EFFECTS OF INCIDENTAL TEACHING ON PREPOSITION USE BY AUTISTIC CHILDREN

In a comparison of incidental teaching and traditional training procedures, three language-delayed autistic children were taught expressive use of prepositions to describe the location of preferred edibles and toys. Traditional highly structured training and incidental teaching procedures were used in a classroom setting, and generalization was assessed during free-play sessions. Results clearly indicate that incidental teaching promoted greater generalization and more spontaneous use of prepositions. These findings have important implications for language programming and teacher training, suggesting that incidental teaching should be included as a standard component of language development curricula for autistic and other developmentally delayed children.
The future of arrhythmia surgery.

The Future of Arrhythmia Surgery. The future of arrhythmia surgery is discussed in light of the 25 years of historical developments that have led to the present explosion in antiarrhythmic therapies and technologies. The role of the arrhythmia surgeon in these developments is outlined, along with a number of exciting near-term and far-term developments that will continue to revolutionize therapeutic interventions for arrhythmia problems.
Establishing and Sustaining State-of-the-Art Diabetes Patient Education Programs: Research and Recommendations

Frequently, diabetes educators in hospitals report meeting severe organizational barriers when attempting to implement advances in diabetes patient education (DPE ). This paper reports on how eight successful diabetes patient education programs coped with potential barriers. The results are based on interviews of professionals who played central roles in introducing and sustaining the programs. Many of the identified problems centered around two issues — acquiring needed resources and communicating about the program to a variety of key groups.
Kinetics of the dopamine transporter in Drosophila larva.

Dopamine transporters (DAT) regulate neurotransmission and are important in diseases such as addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Drosophila dopamine transporter (dDAT) is an...
Genetic diversity in selected, historical US sugarbeet germplasm and Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima

Diversity among sugar beet accessions released over the first 50 years of public breeding in the United States was examined to ascertain a baseline of genetic diversity and to gauge the effect of breeding on the loss or gain of diversity over this time period. Accessions were chosen as released germplasm from the major breeding stations contributing to the US germplasm pool and their presumed ancestors from Europe, including representatives for the wild forms Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Sixty nine polymorphic RAPD fragments were used for gene frequency analysis, and heterozygosity was determined within and among groups of accessions related either by breeding station or simply inherited agronomic characters for monogerm seed and restoration of fertility in a cytoplasmic male-sterile background. In general, heterozygosity within releases declined with time, but total genetic diversity in the US germplasm pool remained constant. Breeding for the agronomic characters had a marked influence in reducing diversity.
Control of hematopoietic stem cell quiescence by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbw7.

Ubiquitination is a posttranslational mechanism that controls diverse cellular processes. We focus here on the ubiquitin ligase Fbw7, a recently identified hematopoietic tumor suppressor that can target for degradation several important oncogenes, including Notch1, c-Myc, and cyclin E. We have generated conditional Fbw7 knockout animals and inactivated the gene in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), progenitors, and their differentiated progeny. Deletion of Fbw7 specifically and rapidly affects hematopoiesis in a cell-autonomous manner. Fbw7−/− HSCs show defective maintenance of quiescence, leading to impaired self-renewal and a severe loss of competitive repopulating capacity. Furthermore, Fbw7−/− progenitors are unable to colonize the thymus, leading to a profound depletion of T cell progenitors. Deletion of Fbw7 in bone marrow (BM) stem cells and progenitors leads to the stabilization of c-Myc, a transcription factor previously implicated in HSC self-renewal. On the other hand, neither Notch1 nor cyclin E is visibly stabilized in the BM of Fbw7-deficient mice. Gene expression studies of Fbw7−/− HSCs and hematopoietic progenitors indicate that Fbw7 regulates, through the regulation of HSC cycle entry, the transcriptional “signature” that is associated with the quiescent, self-renewing HSC phenotype.
Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella Combination Vaccine: Safety and Immunogenicity Alone and in Combination with Other Vaccines Given to Children

Eight hundred and twelve children, 12 months to 3.5 years of age, were enrolled in two clinical studies to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated combination vaccine for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV). Children were enrolled in one of two randomized, multicenter studies, involving administration of (1) MMRV and placebo vs. measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (M-M-R(II)) and varicella-zoster virus vaccine (VARIVAX), given at separate anatomic sites at the same office visit; or (2) MMRV, DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine) and OPV (oral polio vaccine) vs. M-M-R(II), DTaP, and OPV, with VARIVAX given 6 weeks later. All vaccine regimens were generally well tolerated. More than 95% of vaccinees seroconverted for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella, regardless of the vaccine or regimen used. In each study, the level of antibody titer to varicella virus was significantly lower in vaccinees receiving MMRV than in those who received VARIVAX in a separate syringe.
Deblurring Using Regularized Locally Adaptive Kernel Regression

Kernel regression is an effective tool for a variety of image processing tasks such as denoising and interpolation . In this paper, we extend the use of kernel regression for deblurring applications. In some earlier examples in the literature, such nonparametric deblurring was suboptimally performed in two sequential steps, namely denoising followed by deblurring. In contrast, our optimal solution jointly denoises and deblurs images. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of an effective and novel image prior that generalizes some of the most popular regularization techniques in the literature. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
CRYPTIC SPECIES IN THE MEXICAN POCKET GOPHER CRATOGEOMYS MERRIAMI

A study of chromosomal variation in the Mexican pocket gopher Cratogeomys merriami revealed differences in diploid number that correspond to 3 major genetic and morphological clades within the species. Each of these 3 clades is diagnosable based on multiple characters, including chromosomal diploid number, quantitative and qualitative morphological characters, and mitochondrial DNA. Accordingly, we restrict the name C. merriami (Thomas) to include only pocket gophers of this genus from the states of Mexico, Mexico D.F., northern Morelos, and west-central Puebla. We resurrect the species name C. fulvescens Merriam to represent members of this genus from southern Tlaxcala, east-central Puebla, and parts of west-central Veracruz. Finally, we resurrect the species name C. perotensis Merriam to represent members of this genus from southern Hidalgo, northern Tlaxcala, north-central Puebla, and parts of west-central Veracruz. Based on the observation that differences in diploid number usually signal reproductive isolation between populations of pocket gophers, we hypothesize that C. merriami, C. fulvescens, and C. perotensis are reproductively incompatible. We provide synonymies and descriptions for these 3 species, along with a key to the C. castanops species group to which these species belong.
Dispersal of newly eclosed European corn borer adults (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from corn into small-grain aggregation plots.

Genetically modified, insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn, Zea mays L., hybrids are used throughout the Corn Belt for European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), control. To slow development of Bt corn resistance, the Environmental Protection Agency requires growers to plant a refuge. Determining the appropriate distance between a refuge and Bt corn, and development of mitigation–remediation strategies such as mass releases of susceptible moths, requires an understanding of adult dispersal and mating behavior. However, much remains unknown about these behaviors. Because mating often occurs in grass near cornfields where adult O. nubilalis aggregate, we planted small-grain plots as aggregation sites in an attempt to retain mass-released adults. The objectives of this study were to examine influences of pheromone lure, plant density, and plant species on distributions of feral and newly emerged, laboratory-reared O. nubilalis among small-grain aggregation plots. Feral adults were collected in aggregation plots in relative abundance, indicating that small-grain plots were acceptable aggregation sites. In contrast, newly emerged adults that were released weekly as dye-marked pupae were rarely found in aggregation plots, with ≈150–1,500-fold fewer adults captured than expected if all released adults had occupied the plots for ≥1 d. The majority of newly emerged adults did not colonize the aggregation plots, suggesting that recently eclosed adults leave their natal field and do not colonize the first aggregation sites encountered. Plant species significantly influenced adult distributions among aggregation plots. Mass releases of laboratory-reared pupae in the field may not be a viable remediation tactic because almost all of the newly emerged adults dispersed beyond 300 m of the release point.