cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An adaptation-based organization typology

Organizations are evaluated and managed by comparing their performance to some standard. Different types of organizations are compared to different standards. This is true whether the reference is ...
Visual form perception is a function of the visual cortex: II. The rotated horizontal-vertical and oblique-stripes pattern problems

Rats prepared with serial visual-cortical ablations and interoperative relearning easily relearn a mirror-image problem presented by the rotation of horizontal-vertical stimuli by 45 deg (turning it into an oblique-stripes problem on diamond-shaped doors), although the problem was initially very difficult to learn. Similarly treated rats trained on an obliquestripes problem that has also been rotated by 45 deg (turning it into a horizontal-vertical stripes problem on diamond-shaped doors) cannot relearn the problem although originally they had learned the problem very easily. The results are discussed in terms of the orientation and local flux-contour cues that exist in the horizontal-vertical and oblique-stripes pattern problems as well as in other tests of visual pattern and form perception. It is concluded that visual form perception is a function of the visual cortex.
A perfusion technique for studying metabolic functions in vivo in the hypothermic canine liver

Summary A technique is described for the in situ perfusion of the canine liver. As a result of 22 perfusions we believe that satisfactory hepatic function can be maintained, within the time limits observed, by the procedure described. Furthermore, the experimental production of controlled hepatic insufficiency in the perfused liver in situ by localized hepatic hypothermia offers promise in the further study of the physiology of the liver.
Molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of the guinea pig 5-HT1E receptor

The human 5-HT(1E) receptor gene was cloned more than a decade ago. Little is known about its function, and there have been no reports of its existence in the genome of small laboratory animals. In this study, attempts to clone the 5-HT(1E) gene from the rat and mouse were unsuccessful. In fact, a search of the mouse genome database revealed that the 5-HT(1E) receptor gene is missing from the mouse genome. However, the 5-HT(1E) gene was cloned from guinea pig genomic DNA and was characterized. The guinea pig 5-HT(1E) receptor gene encodes a protein of 365 amino acids. It shares 88% (nucleic acid) and 95% (amino acid) homology with the human receptor. The guinea pig 5-HT(1E) receptor showed similar pharmacology to the human 5-HT(1E) receptor in radioligand binding assays. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) dose-dependently stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding to the guinea pig 5-HT(1E) receptor with an EC(50) of 13.6+/-1.92 nM, similar to that of the human 5-HT(1E) receptor (13.7+/-1.78 nM). Activation of the guinea pig 5-HT(1E) receptor was also achieved by ergonovine, alpha-methyl-5-HT, 1-naphthylpiperazine, methysergide, tryptamine, and 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI). Methiothepin exhibited antagonist activity. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that 5-HT(1E) mRNA was present in the guinea pig brain with the greatest abundance in the hippocampus, followed by the olfactory bulb. Lower levels were detected in the cortex, thalamus, pons, hypothalamus, midbrain, striatum, and cerebellum. Our current study marks the first identification of the 5-HT(1E) receptor gene in a commonly used laboratory animal species. This finding should allow the elucidation of the receptor's role(s) in the complex coordination of central serotonergic effects.
The role of basal cells in attachment of columnar cells to the basal lamina of the trachea.

The mechanism by which basal cells play a role in attachment of airway epithelium to the basal lamina has not been determined. Our hypothesis is that basal cells form a structural bridge between columnar cells and the basal lamina via hemidesmosomes, the cytoskeleton, and desmosomes. To evaluate this hypothesis, we determined the percentage of the columnar cell surface area associated with attachment to the basal lamina and the basal cell in tracheal epithelia of different heights. Tracheas from mice, hamsters, rats, bonnet monkeys, cats, and sheep were prepared for electron microscopy by standard techniques. The height of the epithelia ranged from 8.6 µm in the hamster to 56.8 µm in the sheep. The number of basal cells/100 µm ranged from 3.4 in the hamster to 21.4 in the sheep. The percentage of the basal lamina covered by basal cells increased from 32.6 in the hamster to 94.7 in the sheep. In the shorter epithelia of the hamster, 32% of the columnar cell attachment to the basal lamina was indirect throu...
Beliefs about affirmative action and diversity and their relationship to support for hiring policies

Two hundred seventy-three White undergraduates participated in an investiga-tion of how beliefs relate to support for affirmative action (AA) policies. BeliefsincludedbeliefinthefairnessofAA,beliefinmerit,andbeliefinthevalueofdiver-sity. Analyses predicted support for a general affirmative action policy, a tiebreakpolicy, and a policy using banding from beliefs and individual-level variables suchas future benefit from AA and demographics. For the general policy, each beliefpredicted support for AA. Fairness and value of diversity predicted support for atiebreakpolicy.Valueofdiversitypredictedsupportforaptitudetesting.Individualcharacteristics improved prediction for AA in general but not for tiebreak policyor aptitude testing. We discuss predictions and results in terms of procedural anddistributive justice, fairness heuristic theory, and models of support for AA.
Robust intra-document locations

Abstract Several types of existing and next-generation hypertext functionality, including external hyperlinks, annotations, and transclusions, rely on references to locations within another resource. If the document domain cannot guarantee referential integrity, but rather is more like the World Wide Web, in which documents change regularly and without notification, potentially invalidating internal location references, it is crucial to build robustness into the intra-document location resolution mechanism, so that locations continue to function even as documents change chaotically. This paper aims to begin a process to evolve a standard for (normative) robust location descriptors and (non-normative) reattachment algorithms. We discuss criteria for evaluating the robustness of an intra-document location mechanism. Then we describe robust locations , an approach we believe meets these criteria. Robust locations include a standard minimal location descriptor and a recommended reattachment algorithm. We also suggest what can be done when the changes are so great that location resolution is problematic. Finally, we describe the implementation of robust locations within the Multivalent Document system.
A response to Wasson's views on cutting the Old Woman Meteorite

Wasson has recently expressed his views about ways to ‘optimize both the scientific and exhibit value’ of the Old Woman meteorite (Eos, 60 (28), July 10, 1979). This is a question that we at the Smithsonian Institution have had under active consideration for many months. I would like to answer his criticism of our plan by briefly describing the decision-making process and outlining a little of the scientific and curatorial thinking behind it. The meteorite was found by two prospectors in 1976 in the Old Woman Mountains of Southern California. It was accessioned into the collections of the National Museum of Natural History in December of 1976 and arrived in Washington in March of 1978. Before and after its arrival, the meteorite was the subject of protracted litigation in the federal courts—which continues to this day—and of substantial political controversy abundantly discussed through the press. In late September of 1978, the way seemed clear to proceed with the study of the meteorite. Opinions were solicited by letter from members of the scientific and museum communities on the best approach to its study. Among those individuals with a history of productive research and creative curation of iron meteorites, whom I considered to be particularly well qualified to make a judgment, there was a strong consensus calling for a major cut through the meteorite to reveal as large a surface area as possible.
Serum levels of prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the ewe at various stages of the estrous cycle.

SummaryEstrus activity was checked daily in three whitefaced, cross-bred, yearling ewes and jugular blood samples were collected daily during five estrous cycles. Serum prolactin and LH levels were determined by double radioimmunoassays. Prolactin levels were significantly higher during proestrus, (49 mμg/ml) and Day 1 estrus (40 mμg/ml) than during Day 2 estrus (11 mμg/ml), metestrus (15 mμg/ml) and diestrus (14 mμg/ml). LH levels were elevated on Day 1 estrus in only two of the five estrous cycles observed. The mean LH level for all five of the Day 1 estrus observations was 56 mμg/ml. This level was significantly higher than that during Day 2 estrus (1.9 mμg/ml), metestrus (1.6 mμg/ml), diestrus (1.1 mμg/ml) and proestrus (1.4 mμg/ml). These data suggest that the duration of the rise in prolactin levels is longer and precedes the elevated LH value at estrus. Serum prolactin levels did not seem to be correlated with the rise in LH, even though the increase in LH occurs at a time when serum prolactin leve...
Circular flows of nearly Eulerian graphs and vertex-splitting

The odd edge connectivity of a graph G, denoted by λo(G), is the size of a smallest odd edge cut of the graph. Let S be any given surface and e be a positive real number. We proved that there is a function fS(e) (depends on the surface S and lime➝0 fS(e)=∞) such that any graph G embedded in S with the odd-edge connectivity at least fS(e) admits a nowhere-zero circular (2+e)-flow. Another major result of the work is a new vertex splitting lemma which maintains the old edge connectivity and graph embedding. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 147161, 2002
Primaries on Demand? Intra-Party Politics and Nominations in Ghana

In new democracies, why do political party leaders relinquish power over nominations and allow legislative candidates to be selected by primary elections? Where the legislature is weak and politics is clientelistic, democratization of candidate selection is driven by local party members seeking benefits from primary contestants. Analysis of an original dataset on legislative nominations and political interference by party leaders for the 2004 and 2008 elections in Ghana shows that primaries are more common where nominations attract more aspirants and where the party is more likely to win, counter to predictions in the existing literature. Moreover, the analysis shows that party leaders interfere in primaries in a pattern consistent with anticipation of party members’ reactions.
Modeling and Characterizing User Experience in a Cloud Server Based Mobile Gaming Approach

With the evolution of mobile devices and networks, and the growing trend of mobile Internet access, rich, multiplayer gaming using mobile devices, similar to PC-based Internet games, has tremendous potential and interest. However, the current client-server architecture for PC-based Internet games, where most of the storage and computational burden of the game lies with the client device, does not work with mobile devices, constraining mobile gaming to either downloadable, single player games, or very light non-interactive versions of the rich multi-player Internet games. In this paper, we study a cloud server based approach, termed Cloud Mobile Gaming (CMG), where the burden of executing the gaming engines is put on cloud servers, and the mobile devices just communicate the users' gaming commands to the servers. We analyze the factors affecting the quality of user experience using the CMG approach, including the game genres, video encoding factors, and the conditions of the wireless network. Based on the above analysis, we develop a model for Mobile Gaming User Experience (MGUE), and develop a prototype for real-time measurement of MGUE that can be used in real networks. We validate MGUE model using controlled subjective testing, and then use it to characterize user experience achievable using the CMG approach in wireless networks.
Privacy-preserving virtual machine checkpointing mechanism

Virtual machines (VMs) have been widely adopted in cloud platforms to improve server consolidation and reduce operating costs. VM checkpointing is used to capture a persistent snapshot of a running VM and to later restore the VM to a previous state. Although VM checkpointing eases system administration, such as in recovering from a VM crash or undoing a previous VM activity, it can also increase the risk of exposing users’ confidential data. This is because the checkpoint may store a VM’s physical memory pages and disk contents that contain confidential data such as clear text passwords and credit card numbers. This paper presents the design and implementation of SPARC, a Security and Privacy AwaRe virtual machine Checkpointing mechanism. SPARC enables users to selectively exclude users’ confidential data within a VM from being checkpointed. We describe the design challenges in effectively tracking and excluding process-specific memory and disk contents from the checkpoint file for a VM running on the commodity Linux operating system. We also present techniques to track process dependencies due to inter-process communication and to account for such dependencies in SPARC.
Nephrotoxicity of Anti-Infective Drugs

One difficulty in deciding whether to dis continue treatment when nephrotoxicity from an anti-infective drug is suspected is that proteinuria, cylindruria, hematuria, and azotemia may be due to the infection itself. Hence when signs of renal injury appear the clinician must consider the like lihood of drug toxicity, the availability of alternative therapy, and the possible conse quences of continuing with the particular agent that may be causing nephrotoxicity.
A refined key-lock access control system

This paper derives a technique that refines the single-key-lock control system which has been proposed in recent years. We convert a number of matrix entries into an integer and then store it in memory. When access is requested, some appropriate integers are decoded into their unique original matrix entries for the system to control the accesses. The memory reduction for this refinement is more than 85%. In addition, an extension of this access system to dynamic computing environments is presented. >
American Society of Clinical Oncology Technology Assessment of Pharmacologic Interventions for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Including Tamoxifen, Raloxifene, and Aromatase Inhibition

OBJECTIVE: To update an evidence-based technology assessment of chemoprevention strategies for breast cancer risk reduction. POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS: Tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibition, and fenretinide. OUTCOMES: Outcomes of interest include breast cancer incidence, breast cancer–specific survival, overall survival, and net health benefit. EVIDENCE: A comprehensive, formal literature review was conducted for relevant topics. Testimony was collected from invited experts and interested parties. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) prescribed technology assessment procedure was followed. VALUES: More weight was given to published randomized trials. BENEFITS/HARMS: A woman’s decision regarding breast cancer risk reduction strategies is complex and will depend on the importance and weight attributed to information regarding both cancer- and noncancer-related risks and benefits. CONCLUSIONS: For women with a defined 5-year projected breast cancer risk of ≥ 1.66%, tamoxifen (at 20 mg/d for 5...
THE VALUE OF SERIAL CATECHOLAMINE DETERMINATIONS IN CHILDREN WITH NEUROBLASTOMA Report of a Case

Urinary catecholamine excretion was measured in a 4-year-old child with neuroblastoma arising from the right adrenal. Initially urinary dopamine and norepinephrine output was high. Because the tumor was inoperable a course of radiation therapy and chemotherapy was given. Following this treatment catecholamine excretion decreased but never reached normal levels. Although there was no clinical evidence of persistent tumor, the elevated urinary output of dopamine and norepinephrine indicated residual neuroblastoma. Therefore surgical exploration was performed and tumor was found overlying the superior pole of the right kidney. After removal of this persistent neuroblastoma the urinary excretion of catecholamines returned to normal and remained at this level. The child has no evidence of recurrent disease and appears healthy. To our knowledge this represents the first reported case wherein the indication for surgical removal of residual neuroblastoma was based solely on elevated output of urinary catecholamines.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. light therapy for preventing winter depression recurrence: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a subtype of recurrent depression involving major depressive episodes during the fall and/or winter months that remit in the spring. The central public health challenge in the management of SAD is prevention of winter depression recurrence. Light therapy (LT) is the established and best available acute SAD treatment. However, long-term compliance with daily LT from first symptom through spontaneous springtime remission every fall/winter season is poor. Time-limited alternative treatments with effects that endure beyond the cessation of acute treatment are needed to prevent the annual recurrence of SAD.
A simple microstrip to dielectric waveguide transition

A simple microstrip to rectangular dielectric waveguide transition has been developed. The transition extends the microstrip strip conductor into one surface of dielectric waveguide. The transition exhibits an insertion loss of approximately 1 dB over a wide bandwidth.
STRUCTURE REFINEMENT OF AN UNTWINNED SINGLE CRYSTAL OF Ag-EXCESS FIZÉLYITE, Ag5.94Pb13.74Sb20.84S48

The crystal structure of Ag-excess fizelyite from the Van Silver mine, just north of Squamish, British Columbia, Canada, was studied on the basis of X-ray-diffraction data collected from an untwinned single crystal. The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.041 in space group P 2 1 / n , with unit-cell parameters a 19.2767(6), b 13.2345(4), c 8.7230(3) A, β 90.401(2)°, and V 2225.3(1) A 3 . The chemical composition of the sample, determined by electron-microprobe analysis, is Ag 5.94 Pb 13.74 Sb 20.84 S 48 , which reveals nearly one more Ag atom per formula unit than in the ideal composition, Ag 5 Pb 14 Sb 21 S 48 , presently proposed by the IMA for fizelyite. Except for an additional partially occupied Ag site (Ag2) and two split cation sites (Ag1 and M 2) in our sample, fizelyite is isostructural with ramdohrite, CdAg 5.5 Pb 12 Sb 21.5 S 48 . The structure of fizelyite contains chains of edge-sharing SbS 6 octahedra connected by chains of alternating M 1S 6 ( M 1 = Pb + Sb) and SbS 6 octahedra, forming slabs parallel to (100). The slabs of octahedra are linked by distorted AgS 4 tetrahedra, M 2S 6 octahedra, and PbS 8 polyhedra. The excess Ag in our fizelyite is mostly situated at the Ag2 site, and is likely responsible for the splitting of the Ag1 and M 2 sites.
DEVELOPMENT OF SILICON NITRIDE ROTORS FOR GAS TURBINE APPLICATIONS

Kyocera is developing various ceramic parts for gas turbines under the government funded ceramic gas turbine development programs in Japan. Among the programs, Kyocera is contracted for the development components for CGT-302 and CGT-303 engines which are designed for 300kW output power generation. Of the various parts for gas turbines, we discuss developments and burst tests at room temperature of silicon nitride turbine rotors made by slip casting.In particular, the result of burst tests of turbine rotors at room temperature is evaluated along with the strength prediction by a computer program (CARES) developed by NASA. Different types of turbine rotors were tested, and their burst speeds were well correlated to the strength predicted by computer analyses. This suggests that fracture stress of ceramic parts is well predicted from the material data.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
The emerging synthesis of development and evolution: A new biology for psychoanalysis

Significant transformations have taken place in our understanding of evolution and development since the late nineteenth century, when the two seemed so closely related; at that time, the ideas of Charles Darwin, Ernst Haeckel, and other biologists played a prominent role in Freud's creation of psychoanalysis. During the twentieth century, as biological research reached the molecular level, biological concepts of development and of evolution veered progressively further from each other and further away from psychoanalysis. Then most recently, in response to a flood of discoveries in the last two decades, the long-separated fields of developmental and evolutionary biology have come together in the creation of a new field, informally referred to as “Evo–Devo.” In this paper, I trace these remarkable changes, and discuss how these recent advances have returned biological concepts to a closer alignment with psychoanalytic principles regarding the role of early experience in long-term developmental change and ...
Mesoscale simulation of reactive pressed energetic materials under shock loading

Shock load analysis of two different samples of pressed HMX energetic material is performed using the Eulerian compressible multimaterial code SCIMITAR3D. The numerical framework uses an image to computation approach to perform shock analysis on real microstructures of the energetic samples. Image processing algorithms are applied on SEM images of both samples to implicitly represent the microstructures using level set functions. The chemical decomposition of HMX is modeled using the Henson-Smilowitz multi-step kinetic mechanism. It is observed that microstructural characteristics play a crucial role in determining the ignition behavior of the energetic materials. For the applied shock loads and for the particular samples investigated, class III sample leads to initiation of chemical reaction and the class V sample does not ignite. It is also shown that the orientation of elongated voids with respect to incident shock load is an important factor contributing to the initiation of chemical reactions in the class III sample. This is explained by performing numerical experiments of elongated void oriented at different angles with respect to the shock load. Results show the importance of microstructural details, such as void size, distribution, and orientation for initiation.
Functional Morphology of the Distal Lung

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the information concerning the form and function of the distal lung, defined as terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and alveolar ducts, from the viewpoint of cell biology. The chapter summarizes the data produced by microscopy, electron microscopy, biochemistry, and cell and tissue culture. The concept of a continuous epithelium in the lung implies continuity proximally and relationships between the cuboidal (type-II) alveolar cells and the squamous epithelial (type-I) alveolar cells. To discuss the epithelium without considering the interstitial space, the alveolar space and the endothelium ignores the intimate relationships among these zones and the cell membranes that define them. Therefore, it produces a modern version of the functional morphology of the secondary lobule, emphasizing particularly its conduits of ingress and egress for both gases and liquids.
Consumption Frequency of Foods Away from Home Linked with Higher Body Mass Index and Lower Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction. Consumption of foods prepared away from home (FAFH) has grown steadily since the 1970s. We examined the relationship between FAFH and body mass index (BMI) and fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption. Methods. Frequency of FAFH, daily FV intake, height and weight, and sociodemographic data were collected using a telephone survey in 2008-2009. Participants included a representative sample of 2,001 adult men and women (mean age years) residing in King County, WA, with an analytical sample of 1,570. Frequency of FAFH was categorized as 0-1, 2–4, or 5
Assembly Connectivity and Activity: Methods, Results, Interpretations

Following the ideas of Sherrington, neurobiologists have long accepted the doctrine that neurons do not act in isolation, but rather that they join into assemblies in order to accomplish various computational tasks of a higher level of complexity than can be dealt with by a single neuron Several, somewhat conflicting definitions of “neuronal assembly” have been proposed, each implying different functions and properties (see review in Gerstein et al. 1989). Thus, we distinguish a) Sher- ringtonian “neuron pools”, defined by shared target of the output flow, b) cortical columns, defined by shared stimulus preference in the input flow, c) Hebbian assemblies, defined as a net held together by synapses strengthened via the Hebb rule, and d) correlational assemblies, defined through correlated time structure in the spike trains of its member neurons. In this paper we shall be concerned mainly with the experimentally observable characteristics of correlational assemblies.
Piezoelectric Nanoswitch

This paper details the design, fabrication, and measurement of a nano-scale mechanical switch. The switch uses lead zirconate titanate (PZT) actuators fabricated on silicon wafers and is intended to realize very low leakage complimentary mechanical logic elements. The switches were fabricated using an eleven step electron beam process using a novel dual electron beam photo resist technique to create gold air bridges. A normally closed switch was successfully demonstrated with switching times as fast as 17ns, operating as low as 6 volt actuation.
A Public Health Perspective on School Dropout and Adult Outcomes: A Prospective Study of Risk and Protective Factors From Age 5 to 27 Years

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to advance a public health perspective on links between education and health by examining risk and protective factors that might alter the relation between dropping out of high school and subsequent negative outcomes. Methods A community sample (N = 585) was followed from age 5 to 27 years. Data included self and parent reports, peer sociometric nominations, and observed mother-teen interactions. Results High school dropouts were up to four times more likely to experience individual negative outcomes (being arrested, fired, or on government assistance, using illicit substances, having poor health) by age 27 years and 24 times more likely compared to graduates to experience as many as four or more negative outcomes. Links between dropout and negative outcomes were more pronounced for individuals who were in low socioeconomic status families at age 5 years, rejected by elementary school peers, and became parents at a younger age; the dropout effect was decreased for individuals who had been treated for a behavioral, emotional, or drug problem by age 24 years. Conclusions Addressing school dropout as a public health problem has the potential to improve the lives of dropouts and reduce societal costs of dropping out.
Emergency department patients with small bowel obstruction: What is the anticipated clinical course?

BACKGROUND Emergency physicians (EPs) often care for patients with acute small bowel obstruction. While some patients require exploratory laparotomy, others are managed successfully with supportive care. We aimed to determine features that predict the need for operative management in emergency department (ED) patients with small bowel obstruction (SBO). METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of 370 consecutive patients admitted to a large urban academic teaching hospital with a diagnosis of SBO over a two-year period. We evaluated demographic characters (prior SBO, prior abdominal surgery, active malignancy) and clinical findings (leukocytosis and lactic acid) to determine features associated with the need for urgent operative intervention. RESULTS Patients with a prior SBO were less likely to undergo operative intervention [20.3% (42/207)] compared to those without a prior SBO [35.2% (57/162)]. Abnormal bloodwork was not associated with need for operative intervention. 68% of patients with CT scan findings of both an SBO and a hernia, however, were operatively managed. CONCLUSIONS Patients with a history of SBO were less likely to require operative intervention at any point during their hospitalization. Abnormal bloodwork was not associated with operative intervention. The CT finding of a hernia, however, predicted the need for operative intervention, while other findings (ascites, duodenal thickening) did not. Further research would be helpful to construct a prediction rule, which could help community EPs determine which patients may benefit from expedited transfer for operative management, and which patients could be safely managed conservatively as an initial treatment strategy.
British Conduct of the American Revolutionary War: A Review of Interpretations

HISTORIANS of the American Revolutionary War divide roughly into those who argue that America won the struggle, and those who believe that Britain lost it. It is with the latter group of writers that this essay will deal by surveying what scholars have said about British conduct of the war against the American colonies. Why, these writers ask, did England fall short of subduing her rebellious subjects, especially since she was superior to the colonies in manpower, in naval and army technology, and as some have argued, in seasoned military leaders? Most analysts agree that the war was lost in 1776 and 1777, the first two years of serious military campaigning. But there interpretive unity ends, and Britain's loss is accounted for by various reasons that cut across political and military lines, such as inferior bureaucrats in London, poor strategic planning, misunderstanding by military leaders of the nature of the American war, conservatism among the king's generals and admirals, lack of cooperation between army and navy, breakdowns in logistics, an inability to mobilize American loyalists, and problems of finance and dissent against governmental policies at home. That the British war effort was impressive and seemingly ought to have overwhelmed the much punier one of the American rebels is confirmed by a quick glance at some substantive information concerning the English mobilization. In the early months of 1776, George Germain, Viscount Sackville, secretary of state for the colonies and leader of the government's conduct of the war, exerted himself mightily to overcome the bureaucratic inefficiency of the British government and bring together the forces needed to subdue the colonists. Before the year was out, London had fielded 32,000 troops under General William Howe in New York, 13,500 under Guy Carleton in Canada, and had sent them "mountains of supplies and equipment." For the expedition
Impeaching the President: The Intersection of Constitutional and Popular Law

In an impeachment crisis opposing parties interpret constitutional law in order to gain political advantage. Instead of serving as a source of stability in crisis, the conduct of members of Congress has always been partisan and self-serving. The American people, as indicated by public opinion polls, are more consistent than their representatives in embodying the fundamentals of due process and ordered liberty. Their pragmatic approach makes clear distinctions between private character and public conduct, insists of fundamental fairness in procedures, and presumes innocence. It is where the constitutional law of impeachment as defined by the legislative majority intersects with the "popular law" of impeachment that things get interesting, for it is there that impeachment efforts either gather steam or fall apart.
Benthic marine seaweeds and algae in Juhua Island in Western Coast of Liaoning province

This paper reported the investigation of the diversity and the ecology of the benthic marine seaweeds and algae in Juhua Island,Xingcheng City,Western Coast of Liaoning province from 2002 to 2006.The results showed that 84 species of benthic marine sea weeds and algae were found belonging to Rhodophyta,Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta in this area,in which 38 species were newly recorded in this area,including 1 species was newly recorded in China: Polysiphonia abscissa.
The Management of Local Government Finances: Local Planning, Budgeting, and Service Delivery

The ultimate benefits from decentralization (both in the quality of local government services as well as in the overall improved efficiency of the public sector) are greatly influenced by the manner in which decentralization reforms are actually implemented. In fact, it is not unusual for the implementation of decentralization reforms to differ significantly from its original conception. It is possible, for example, that a local expenditure program designed to be accessible by all households and to be progressive in its incidence becomes highly regressive in practice due to the failure of local governments to implement or administer the program as intended. As such, the political decision-making processes as well as the local administrative dimension (encompassing both local financial management as well as the actual delivery of services) are crucial to the sound functioning of the local government finance system.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Phenotypes

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a distinct progressive fibrotic disorder that is characterized by heterogeneity in its presentation, clinical course, pathology, and other nuanced features. This has resulted in the recognition of distinct clinical phenotypes within the rubric of this disorder. Phenotypes may be recognized based on clinical features, physiologic testing, radiographic appearance, or patients’ subsequent disease course. This chapter will discuss the various IPF phenotypes and their unique distinguishing features.
Programming in three dimensions

This thesis describes Cube, the first visual language to employ a three-dimensional syntax. The third dimension provides for a richer syntax, makes the language more expressive, and prepares the ground for novel, virtual-reality-based programming environments. We use dimensional extent to convey semantic meaning, or more precisely, to distinguish between logical disjunctions and conjunctions, and between sum and product types. Cube uses the data flow metaphor as an intuitive way to describe logic programs. The semantics of the language is based on a higher-order form of Horn logic. Predicates are viewed as a special kind of terms, and are treated as first-class values. In particularly, they can be passed as arguments to other predicates, which allows us to define higher-order predicates. Cube has a static polymorphic type system, and uses the Hindley-Milner algorithm to perform type inference. Well-typed programs are guaranteed to be type-safe. We have implemented two Cube interpreters: An initial feasibility study, and a prototype implementation with improved interactive capabilities. Both of them exploit the implicit parallelism of the language by simulated concurrency, implemented via time-slicing.
Design of the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD (SPIROMICS) AIR Study.

Introduction Population-based epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to ambient air pollutants increases hospitalisations and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but less is known about the impact of exposure to air pollutants on patient-reported outcomes, morbidity and progression of COPD. Methods and analysis The Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD (SPIROMICS) Air Pollution Study (SPIROMICS AIR) was initiated in 2013 to investigate the relation between individual-level estimates of short-term and long-term air pollution exposures, day-to-day symptom variability and disease progression in individuals with COPD. SPIROMICS AIR builds on a multicentre study of smokers with COPD, supplementing it with state-of-the-art air pollution exposure assessments of fine particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, sulfur dioxide and black carbon. In the parent study, approximately 3000 smokers with and without airflow obstruction are being followed for up to 3 years for the identification of intermediate biomarkers which predict disease progression. Subcohorts undergo daily symptom monitoring using comprehensive daily diaries. The air monitoring and modelling methods employed in SPIROMICS AIR will provide estimates of individual exposure that incorporate residence-specific infiltration characteristics and participant-specific time-activity patterns. The overarching study aim is to understand the health effects of short-term and long-term exposures to air pollution on COPD morbidity, including exacerbation risk, patient-reported outcomes and disease progression. Ethics and dissemination The institutional review boards of all the participating institutions approved the study protocols. The results of the trial will be presented at national and international meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals.
Abstract 196: Acute Kidney Injury in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) increases morbidity and mortality in several acute illnesses. Here, we examine the incidence, risk factors, and in-hospital outcomes of AKI in patients hospitalized for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried from 2002 and 2011 for all emergency hospitalizations (age≥18) with a primary diagnosis of aSAH and a secondary diagnosis of AKI. Patients with chronic renal disease, renal transplant, or trauma were excluded from the analysis. The effect of various patient factors on AKI incidence and its impact on length of stay (LOS), in-hospital costs, and in-hospital mortality was examined in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Of 250,437 total hospitalizations for aSAH, the overall incidence of AKI was 4.0% (n=10,450) and increased from 2.1% in 2002 to 5.7% in 2011 (p Conclusion: The incidence of AKI in hospitalized aSAH patients has increased over the past decade and is both detrimental to hospital costs and patient prognosis. We identified patient-centered risk factors for AKI, allowing for the close surveillance of patients at the highest risk for AKI.
Components and Rationale of a Big Data Toolkit Spanning HPC, Grid, Edge and Cloud Computing

We look again at Big Data Programming environments such as Hadoop, Spark, Flink, Heron, Pregel; HPC concepts such as MPI and Asynchronous Many-Task runtimes and Cloud/Grid/Edge ideas such as event-driven computing, serverless computing, workflow, and Services. These cross many research communities including distributed systems, databases, cyberphysical systems and parallel computing which sometimes have inconsistent worldviews. There are many common capabilities across these systems which are often implemented differently in each packaged environment. For example, communication can be bulk synchronous processing or data flow; scheduling can be dynamic or static; state and fault-tolerance can have different models; execution and data can be streaming or batch, distributed or local. We suggest that one can usefully build a toolkit (called Twister2 by us) that supports these different choices and allows fruitful customization for each application area. We illustrate the design of Twister2 by several point studies. We stress the many open questions in very traditional areas including scheduling, messaging and checkpointing.
Autopager: exploiting change blindness for gaze-assisted reading

A novel gaze-assisted reading technique uses the fact that in linear reading, the looking behavior of the reader is readily predicted. We introduce the AutoPager "page turning" technique, where the next bit of unread text is rendered in the periphery, ready to be read. This approach enables continuous gaze-assisted reading without requiring manual input to scroll: the reader merely saccades to the top of the page to read on. We demonstrate that when the new text is introduced with a gradual cross-fade effect, users are often unaware of the change: the user's impression is of reading the same page over and over again, yet the content changes. We present a user evaluation that compares AutoPager to previous gaze-assisted scrolling techniques. AutoPager may offer some advantages over previous gaze-assisted reading techniques, and is a rare example of exploiting "change blindness" in user interfaces.
Shunt Dependent Hydrocephalus: Pressure Volume Characterization and Altered CSF Outflow Resistance

With long term follow up of shunted hydrocephalic children, the improved survival and intellectual outcome for the majority has been obtained at the cost of permanent shunt dependency (4). Although some report a 27% incidence of shunt independent arrest of hydrocephalus (5) most authors feel that this occurs rarely and is often misdiagnosed (5, 12). In order to understand why shunt independence does not occur more often we undertook an investigation of shunt dependent hydrocephalic children. The present study was designed to 1) characterize the clinical patterns of deterioration in shunt dependent hydrocephalic children and 2) to define a biomechanical profile which would help explain continued shunt dependence. We used the Pressure Volume Index technique. of bolus manipulation of CSF to measure pressure volume relationships (PVI) and theresistance to the absorption of CSF (R0) in 2 groups of shunt dependent children: thosewith acute deterioration following shunt malfunction with ventricles normal to mildlyenlarged, and those with subtle, insidious deterioration with marked ventricular enlargement.
Dynamic Tactile Sensing

Dynamic tactile sensing is an important capability for interacting with the world to identify textures and identify contact events such as objects making and breaking contact with the skin and rolling or slipping on the fingers. It is also used for identifying friction between the fingers and a grasped object and regulating the grasp force accordingly. Humans are endowed with multiple types of mechanoreceptors capable of detecting dynamic events with frequencies in the tens or hundreds of Hz. Increasingly, robots are also being equipped with tactile sensors capable of detecting dynamic phenomena, using a variety of different transducers depending on application-specific design considerations. Advances in electronics have made it possible to do the requisite amplification, signal processing and communication within the hand, with improved performance and greatly reduced wiring in comparison to early efforts.
Finite Element Method

This chapter discusses finite element method applicable to differential equations that arise from variational principles. This method is also used for principally ordinary differential equations and elliptic partial differential equations. A numerical scheme for approximating the solution is obtained. The finite element method is one version of the method of weighted residuals. This method is characterized by having local elements. The finite element method has a specialized vocabulary. The domain is discretized in simple shapes. A basis function φ k ( x ) on each of the finite elements is defined. These basis functions should have bounded support. The stiffness matrix and the load matrix are assembled. These only depend on the finite elements chosen and not on the differential equation to be approximated.
Quarantining weakness: compositional reasoning under relaxed memory models

In sequential computing, every method of an object can be described in isolation via preconditions and postconditions. However, reasoning in a concurrent setting requires a characterization of all possible interactions acrossmethod invocations. Herlihy and Wing [1990]'s notion of linearizability simplifies such reasoning by intuitively ensuring that each method invocation "takes effect" between its invocation and response events.
wind velocity measurements using sonic techniques

A unique technique has been devised to measure wind speed and direction in space without any local sensor, artificial target, or any structure erected over the ground being necessary. Continuous recordings of wind speed and direction at a distance of 70 ft from a sonic source have been obtained by measuring the frequency shift of sonic waves scattered from a narrow beam generated by a powerful Levavasseur whistle at 10 kc. Two receivers in orthogonal directions with respect to the source provide continuous readings of the horizontal components of wind velocity. The series of over 300 sonic measurements on winds from 3 to 25 mph show average difference readings compared with an Aerovane anemometer not larger than ± 1.0 mph for speed nor ± 5.0° for direction, indicating a high degree of correlation between the sonic system and the more commonly used propeller type anemometers.
Tell el-Hesi: A type site for reevaluating so-called ‘Egyptian Governors’ Residencies’ of the south

In 1984 Eliezer Oren identified a series of structures found at 13th and 12th centuries BCE sites of southern Canaan, calling them Egyptian Governors’ Residencies. He identified Bliss’s City IV as ...
International handbook on responsible innovation. A global resource

The International Handbook on Responsible Innovation. A Global Resource (Rene von Schomberg and Jonathan Hankins, eds., Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019) offers a synoptic account of a field that seek...
Expression of human TLR4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 directs an early innate immune response associated with modest increases in bacterial burden during Coxiella burnetii infection:

Human TLR4 (hTLR4) and mouse TLR4 molecules respond differently to hypo-acylated LPS. The LPS of Coxiella burnetii is hypo-acylated and heavily glycosylated and causes a minimal response by human c...
Validation of an efficient and continuous urodynamic monitoring system for awake, unrestrained, chronic rodent studies.

The postvoid residual (PVR) is an important measure of bladder function, but obtaining PVR is burdensome because bladder volume must be measured at the time of voiding. The PVR measurement problem ...
Tutorial on narrow linewidth tunable semiconductor lasers using Si/III-V heterogeneous integration

Narrow linewidth lasers have many applications, such as higher order coherent communications, optical sensing, and metrology. While semiconductor lasers are typically unsuitable for such applications due to relatively low coherence, recent advances in heterogeneous integration of III-V with silicon have shown that this is no longer true. In this tutorial, we discuss in-depth techniques that are used to drastically reduce the linewidth of a laser. The heterogeneous silicon-III/V platform can fully utilize these techniques, and fully integrated lasers with Lorentzian linewidth on the order of 100 Hz and tuning range of 120 nm are shown.