cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mds Maps for Product Attributes and Market Response: An Application to Scanner Panel Data

There is theoretical and empirical evidence that consumers have limited cognitive resources and thus cannot maintain direct preferences for each choice alternative on the store shelves. Instead, they likely form their overall preferences for choice alternatives by evaluating the attributes describing each item. Rather than mapping the locations of and preferences for all choice alternatives in a multidimensional space, as is the current practice in marketing research, it is insightful to map the locations of and preferences for the attributes consumers use to evaluate the choice alternatives. The model proposed in this study unifies latent class preference models (choice models or conjoint models) with latent class multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis. Dimensional restrictions are imposed on latent class preference models such that the locations of attribute levels and market response parameters can be mapped in reduced-dimensionspaces. Interactions between attributes can be graphically examined, which is not feasible with the traditional MDS approach. Also, the effects of price reductions and promotions on the locations of attribute levels can be graphically exam ined. An empirical application with scanner panel data shows the capabilities and limitations of the proposed model. In addition to the managerial insights provided by the model, it is also much more parsimonious than existing methods, and it forecasts holdout choices significantly better. In the empirical application, a model with two-dimensional attribute maps has 50 fewer parameters than the best unrestricted latent class choice model, yet the fit is comparable. The predictive performance of our model is shown to be superior to that of latent class MDS approaches and latent class conjoint approaches.
Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Recent advances in the drug treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have paralleled our understanding of the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Several proinflammatory and immune-regulatory cytokines are upregulated in the mucosa of patients with IBD, and differences and similarities in the cytokine profiles of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease have been elucidated. Several clinical trials involving a chimeric anti-TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) antibody have shown marked clinical benefit in the majority of patients with Crohn’s disease, verifying the importance of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. In preliminary studies, treatment with recombinant human interleukin-10 has been beneficial in Crohn’s disease but not in ulcerative colitis. Future treatment of IBD may include combination or sequential cytokine and anticytokine administration in defined groups of patients based on their mucosal cytokine profiles.
Tissue engineering approaches for genital reconstruction

Genital reconstructive surgery is required for a wide variety intersex anomalies. One of the major limitations of phallic reconstructive surgery is the availability of sufficient autologous tissue. Non-genital autologous tissue sources have been used for decades. Phallic reconstruction was initially attempted in the late 1930s using rib cartilage as a stiffener in patients with traumatic penile loss (Ftumpkin et al, 1994; Goodwin et al, 1952) This method, involving multiple staged surgeries, was soon discouraged due the unsatisfactory functional and cosmetic results. Silicone rigid prostheses were popularized in the 1970s and have been used widely (Bretan et al, 1989; Small et al, 1975). However, biocompatibility issues have been a problem in selected patients (Nukui et al, 1997; Thonmalla et al, 1987). Tissue transfer techniques using flaps from various non-genital sources, such as the groin, dorsalis pedis and forearm, have been used for genital reconstruction (Jordan et al, 1999). However, operative complications, such as infection, graft failure and donor site morbidity are not negligible. Phallic reconstruction using autologous tissue, derived from the patient’s own cells, may be preferable in selected cases.
Grief Interrupted: The Experience of Loss Among Incarcerated Women

Incarcerated women face a number of stressors apart from the actual incarceration. Nearly half of all women in prison experience the death of a loved one during their incarceration. Our purpose for this study was to explore the experience of grief and loss among incarcerated women using a phenomenological method. Our study approach followed van Manen's method of phenomenology and Munhall's description of existential lifeworlds. Our analysis revealed four existential lifeworlds: temporality: frozen in time; spatiality: no place, no space to grieve; corporeality: buried emotions; and relationality: never alone, yet feeling so lonely. The findings generated from this study can help mental health providers as well as correctional professionals develop policies and programs that facilitate the grief process of incarcerated women within the confines of imprisonment.
Attitudes, Behavior, and Social Practice

“Sticks and stones can break my bones, but names will never hurt me.” For generations this doggerel has been used by children to mitigate the hurts that come from cruel words. Translate this epigram into social science language and the focus of interest becomes behavior and attitudes and the possible relationship between them. This article is a selective review of the literature which examines their possible connection, especially as they relate to prejudice and discrimination. In turn the implications of this for social work education practice are discussed. The concept “attitude” is one that has been frequently studied in social science. There is no universally accepted convention where definition and measurement are integrated. This article is not intended to resolve differences among competing definitions. It would not be possible to do this. A recent comprehensive examination of one aspect of this issue had more than 15,000 references (Schneider, 2004).
Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum Type E in Packaged Channel Catfish.

Channel catfish were inoculated with 3 to 4 log spores/g of a mixed pool of four strains of C. botulinum type E (Beluga, Minnesota, G21-5, and 070) and were packaged with an oxygen-permeable overwrap, in an oxygen-barrier bag with a modified atmosphere of CO2-N2 (80:20) or in a master bag with the same modified atmosphere. Packaged fish were stored at either 4°C and sampled at intervals over 30 days or at 10°C and sampled at intervals over 12 days. An additional master bag treatment in which overwrap-packaged catfish was stored first at 4°C, then removed from the master bags and stored at 10°C, was sampled at intervals over 18 days. Toxin production was evaluated using the mouse bioassay. Aerobic psychrotrophic and anaerobic populations were enumerated, and product spoilage characteristics were noted. Under abusive storage conditions of 10°C, there was no difference among the potential for toxin production in the packaged fish, with botulinum toxin detected on fish from each package type by day 6. At 4°C, toxin production was detected on day 9 in the overwrapped packages, while it was on day 18 in the modified atmosphere packaging. No toxin was found in the master bags held continually at 4°C. Toxin was detected on day 18 from samples initially held at 4°C in the master bag and subsequently held at 10°C. Spoilage preceded toxin production for samples stored at 4°C for each type of packaging. At 10°C, spoilage and toxin detection times coincided.
Involvement of Nucleotides in Protein Synthesis Initiation

The process of protein synthesis initiation in eukaryotes is very complex, requiring more than a dozen factors made up of over 30 polypeptide chains. This process is outlined in Fig. 1, and some of the physical characteristics of the initiation factors are listed in Table I. These summaries represent the efforts of many laboratories, and the reader is referred to several recent reviews1–5 to obtain a more detailed description of the entire process that requires binding of the initiator Met-transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to 40 S ribosomal subunits followed by the addition of the 60 S subunit to yield an 80 S initiation complex. The purpose of this chapter is to focus more on the nucleotide requirements for the process of initiation, the requirement for GTP to bind the initiator tRNA, and the requirement for ATP to bind mRNA to 40 S ribosomal subunits. The chapter presents results that have been obtained with mammalian systems (rabbit reticulocytes or HeLa cells) that are thought in general to reflect the properties of components of the eukaryotic translational machinery. While in large part this seems to be true, it is clear that several minor differences do exist between mammalian systems and yeast, wheat germ, or brine shrimp. The data presented from our laboratory were obtained through the use exclusively of rabbit reticulocyte proteins.
Some Philosophical, Political and Legal Implication of American Archaeological and Anthropological Theory

Archaeological and anthropological theories about the origins and practices of ancient peoples, and about events and histories, distant in time, but blending into the present, have had impacts that transcend the tenets and borders of the sciences as discrete disciplines. Our suppositions about the factual past can influence our present beliefs - not only our understandings and conclusions about the tangible and practical - but our feelings and faiths about the intangible and the spiritual as well. Our values, principles, world views, and cosmologies may thus be shaped by our scientific backdrop. Beyond this, our social activity, our national policy, our institutions, and our confirmatory law may flow, in part, from the scientific descriptions of our history and prehistory.What happens when the science changes and when presumptively neutral methodologies give us a revision of the world and the past? To the extent that the changing archaeological or anthropological views occur in contexts disassociated or marginalized from core personal values, the impact may be minimal but not of real consequence to our intellectual lives. The impact of discoveries and new hypotheses may, however, move beyond the boundaries of science and destabilize some central principles of personal belief and social direction. An illustration may be provided by the impact of the modern archaeological investigations on the battlefield of the Little Big Horn River in southern Montana. The legitimacy of white expansion onto the Indian lands of the western United States and the specific legality of the federal government's breaching of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, which had guaranteed perpetual possession of the Black Hills to the Sioux, was supported in significant part by the preliminary factual conclusions and resulting imagery that followed the demise of George Armstrong Custer on June 25, 1876. Historians began to reform the vision and archaeologists have further compromised the heroic image of Custer's defeat with solid scientific evidence that Custer's command and his troop's organization disintegrated under the pressure of a disciplined and methodical Indian encirclement and infiltration, which dispatched the confused and terrified soldiers at relatively minimal costs. These historical and archaeological reassessments of the Little Big Horn were not confined to minutia or trivia. They helped prompt changes in personal visions and values among the national populace, and this, in turn, led to institutional changes and legal consequences. This article analyzes some paradigmatic changes in contemporary archaeological and anthropological theory and the results of such changes on personal values, collective institutions, and the law.
Electron Microscopy Equipment and Supplies

Listed below are some of the suppliers, primarily in the United States, who can provide the products necessary for light and electron microscopy work. There are other suppliers, but this list will provide a starting point when in need of specific items.
Quality control in the blood bank--a new approach.

Most quality control programs in blood banking are concerned solely with control of laboratory testing and personnel and do not evaluate other areas of the blood bank or determine the proficiency of all personnel in the performance of clerical tasks. To achieve the latter goals in our quality control program, during a 15-month period, 1,143 deliberate errors were entered into routine aspects of all blood bank activities and then carefully monitored and controlled. Of 498, 400, and 245 errors sent to the office, nursing, and laboratory areas, respectively, 12 (2.4%), 58 (14.5%), and 29 (11.8%) errors were not detected. Introduction of this program was also accompanied by a significant increase in the number of real errors that were detected and presumably had not previously been recognized. The number of true errors detected increased from 4 to 43 to 73 during months 0 to 6, 7 to 12, and 13 to 15 of this study. Investigation and recording of each error on an Error Report Form has permitted evaluation of both personnel and systems and subsequent implementation of corrective action.
Evolution of regulatory networks in Candida glabrata: learning to live with the human host.

The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is second only to C. albicans as the cause of Candida infections and yet is more closely related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Recent advances in functional genomics technologies and computational approaches to decipher regulatory networks, and the comparison of these networks among these and other Ascomycete species, have revealed both unique and shared strategies in adaptation to a human commensal/opportunistic pathogen lifestyle and antifungal drug resistance in C. glabrata . Recently, several C. glabrata sister species in the Nakeseomyces clade representing both human associated (commensal) and environmental isolates have had their genomes sequenced and analyzed. This has paved the way for comparative functional genomics studies to characterize the regulatory networks in these species to identify informative patterns of conservation and divergence linked to phenotypic evolution in the Nakaseomyces lineage.
Analysis on China's Military Product Pricing Regulation under the Perspective of Game Theory

As we know,the military products pricing regulation is a special regulation of much unique connotations.Under the perspective of Game Theory,the military products pricing regulation is not only a game rule between demand-side and supply-side,but also a contract among regulation institution,the military products procurement agency and contractor.Secondly,the main body of regulation is government service and arming charge department of the Army,and its object is the military products procurement agency and contractor,but there are lots of complex and special connection between its main body and object.Finally,the regulation has four clear goals: to achieve effective resource allocation,to improve interior efficiency of corporations,to maintain corporation development,and to improve the military products procurement benefit.
Oxidant Generation in Mouse Skin in Response to Phorbol Ester Tumor Promoters

Oxygen radicals are believed to play an important role in cellular pathologies such as reperfusion injury, xenobiotic-induced toxicity, and chemically-induced cancer. Strong circumstantial evidence suggests generation of oxygen radicals is a key component of tumor promotion in multiple stage mouse skin tumorigenesis (1–4). However, there are few reports that demonstrate production of oxidants in mouse skin in vivo following administration of tumor promoters (5). The principal reason for the paucity of information on this key experimental point is the short lifetime of oxidizing radicals (typically ms-ms) (6). The ephemeral character of oxygen radicals necessitates indirect approaches to their detection. This frequently involves the use of freshly isolated epidermal cells or homogenates as models for intact epidermis. For example, the potent tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) enhances oxidant production in isolated murine keratinocytes and neutrophils (7–11), stimulates the production of hydrogen peroxide ex vivo in cells isolated from TPA-treated mice (12), and stimulates lipid hydroperoxide production ex vivo mouse by epidermal homogenates prepared from TPA-treated mice (13).
Are They Really “Two Different Species”? Implicitly Elicited Student Perceptions About NESTs and NNESTs

The native/nonnative-English-speaking teacher (NEST/NNEST) dichotomy has received much attention in the English language teaching profession. Although research shows that NESTs and NNESTs have different perceived strengths regarding English proficiency, personal characteristics, teaching behavior, and approaches to teaching English, more research is needed to discover learners’ situated perceptions about teachers of English as a second language (ESL) in the classroom. A population of ESL students (N = 76) studying in a university-level English language program completed a semantic differential assessment scale that consisted of adjective pairs (e.g., approachable vs. unapproachable). Without being prompted by the NEST and NNEST labels, the students who were taught by either an NEST or an NNEST implicitly described their teachers’ attitudes toward students, teaching style and practice in the classroom, and personality. Independent t-tests conducted on the scores for adjective pairs revealed that the NEST/NNEST status did not cause significant differences in students’ perceptions, suggesting that NESTs and NNESTs are perceived as equals in the eyes of the students. The study has implications for language teachers and program administrators and promotes teacher empowerment and collaboration.
Review: routine invasive management after unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation MI reduces risk for death or MI.

Source Citation Mehta SR, Cannon CP, Fox KA, et al. Routine vs selective invasive strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 200...
Propbank Frameset Annotation Guidelines Using a Dedicated Editor, Cornerstone

This paper gives guidelines of how to create and update Propbank frameset files using a dedicated editor, Cornerstone. Propbank is a corpus in which the arguments of each verb predicate are annotated with their semantic roles in relation to the predicate. Propbank annotation also requires the choice of a sense ID for each predicate. Thus, for each predicate in Propbank, there exists a corresponding frameset file showing the expected predicate argument structure of each sense related to the predicate. Since most Propbank annotations are based on the predicate argument structure defined in the frameset files, it is important to keep the files consistent, simple to read as well as easy to update. The frameset files are written in XML, which can be difficult to edit when using a simple text editor. Therefore, it is helpful to develop a user-friendly editor such as Cornerstone, specifically customized to create and edit frameset files. Cornerstone runs platform independently, is light enough to run as an X11 application and supports multiple languages such as Arabic, Chinese, English, Hindi and Korean.
Integrated mid-infrared photonic circuits for label-free biochemical sensing

A chip-scale biochemical sensor was developed using mid-Infrared (mid-IR) transparent silicon nitride (SiN) optical waveguides. The label free detection was conducted at λ = 2.70 - 2.81 μm because these spectral regions overlap with the characteristic glucose absorption associated with O-H stretches. Strong intensity attenuation at λ > 2.73 μm was found for the SiN waveguide covered by glucose and a detection limit less than 0.5 ng was experimentally demonstrated. The observed high sensitivity is attributed to a long mid-IR - glucose interaction length owning to the waveguide geometry and an increased sensing surface from the pedestal structure.
A comparison of order picking methods augmented with weight checking error detection

Order picking accounts for over 50% of the annual $150 billion spent in warehouse operations in the United States. 80% of order picking is performed manually. We compare the industry default of unassisted paper-list picking and three techniques augmented with weight checking: pick-by-light, pick-by-HUD (head-up display), and a combination of light and HUD. HUD+light had the fastest picking (19% faster than paper) and a low number of errors (67% fewer than paper).
Métrica y pronunciación en el Libro de Buen Amor: Prototipo del isosilabismo castellano medieval

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo, basado en la descripcion del componente fonico del castellano en su perspectiva diacronica, fundamentada en el analisis de los rasgos metricos de los textos, tiene como objetivo determinar la caracterizacion de la lengua originaria de Juan Ruiz, Arcipreste de Hita. Los rasgos fonicos derivados del estudio de las rimas y la metrica del Libro de Buen Amor se contrastaran con la parte prosistica documentada en el ms. S para determinar la oralidad subyacente en la materialidad textual conservada en su totalidad. ABSTRACT: The present work, based on the Castilian’s phonic component description in its diachronic perspective and the analysis of the metrical traits of the texts, has the aim of determine the characterization of the author’s original language of Juan Ruiz, Arcipreste de Hita. The phonetic and phonological traits inferred from the rhymes and metrics analyse of the Libro de Buen Amor will be put in contrast with the text written in prose (manuscript S) in order to determine the oral and written features of this text.
Effect of guanidine and arginine on protein-ligand interactions in multimodal cation-exchange chromatography

The addition of fluid phase modifiers provides significant opportunities for increasing the selectivity of multimodal chromatography. In order to optimize this selectivity, it is important to understand the fundamental interactions between proteins and these modifiers. To this end, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were first performed to study the interactions of guanidine and arginine with three proteins. The simulation results showed that both guanidine and arginine interacted primarily with the negatively charged regions on the proteins and that these regions could be readily predicted using electrostatic potential maps. Protein surface characterization was then carried out using computationally efficient coarse-grained techniques for a broader set of proteins which exhibited interesting chromatographic retention behavior upon the addition of these modifiers. It was shown that proteins exhibiting an increased retention in the presence of guanidine possessed hydrophobic regions adjacent to negatively charged regions on their surfaces. In contrast, proteins which exhibited a decreased binding in the presence of guanidine did not have hydrophobic regions adjacent to negatively charged patches. These results indicated that the effect of guanidine could be described as a combination of competitive binding, charge neutralization and increased hydrophobic interactions for certain proteins. In contrast, arginine resulted in a significant decrease in protein retention times primarily due to competition for the resin and steric effects, with minimal accompanying increase in hydrophobic interactions. The approach presented in this paper which employs MD simulations to guide the application of coarse-grained approaches is expected to be extremely useful for methods development in downstream bioprocesses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Role of AHR and HIF-1α in Glioblastoma Metabolism

Glioblastoma (GBM) progression is associated with metabolic remodeling in both glioma and immune cells, resulting in the use of aerobic glycolysis as the main source of energy and biosynthetic molecules. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α drives this metabolic reorganization. Oxygen levels, as well as other factors, control the activity of HIF-1α. In addition, the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) modulates tumor-specific immunity and can also participate in metabolic remodeling. AHR activity is regulated by tryptophan derivatives present in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, the tumor microenvironment and signaling via HIF-1α and AHR regulate the metabolism of gliomas and immune cells, modulating tumor-specific immunity and, consequently, tumor growth. Here, we review the roles of HIF-1α and AHR in cancer and immune cell metabolism in GBM.
Exploring fairness in participatory thermal comfort control in smart buildings

Current buildings rely on predefined rules to control the temperature in rooms disregarding their residents' thermal comfort. Multiple approaches have been presented in the literature to tackle this issue (e.g., by enabling occupants to express their feedback using their mobile devices). In general setting, to reach consensus among group members, we apply decision making methods (e.g., majority, mean, trimmed mean, and median) to aggregate the diverse expected comfort levels of the inhabitants. However, such methods might be unfair to some participants. In this paper, we present the first study of the issue of fairness in participatory thermal comfort control. Inspired by the traditional definitions in scheduling, we introduce a definition of fairness that is suitably adapted to the particularities of our scenario. We then present our design of an aggregation method that ensures fairness. Finally, we show how our algorithm behaves compared with traditional aggregation methods in diverse simulated scenarios.
Symptomatic pulmonary restriction secondary to diaphragmatic eventration and megacolon in adult.

A 70-year-old woman with a medical history significant for toxic megacolon secondary to Clostridium difficile infection treated 40 years prior with partial colectomy and known diaphragmatic eventration presents with a 3-day history of progressive shortness of breath and dyspnoea on exertion. The patient had never previously been symptomatic nor suffered blunt trauma and had a strong personal conviction to avoid surgery. CT imaging revealed a massive left diaphragmatic displacement containing spleen, stomach and colon with mediastinal shift, compression of the left lung and a pericardial effusion (figure 1). Due to persistent tachycardia and presence of pericardial effusion on CT, a transthoracic echocardiogram was obtained, which demonstrated a large pericardial effusion concerning for tamponade physiology. The patient developed supraventricular tachycardia for …
Genomics, Rare Diseases, and Disruptive Innovation in the Biopharmaceutical Industry

The multinational biopharmaceutical industry has to deal with significant financial pressures due to being a very cost-constrained and highly regulated industry. To add to that, finite patent expirations on financially successful drugs, vying nature of the biotech industry due to new innovations. There has been an increase of smaller markets due to the proliferation of molecular segmentation patient populations in fields such as personalized medicine. Particularly, due to the significant cost reducing impacts of the development of "next-generation" sequence platforms on DNA sequencing in the last decade, molecular diagnostics are being considered as cost effective candidates to be used as a standard medical test, in terms of risk assessment, confirmation of diseases, and therapeutics. Biopharmaceutical companies need to reassess their drug development strategies and choose among alternative prospective business models in order to remain relevant amid the new innovations and developments. Using a dynamic capabilities lens, this paper tends to study the impact of genomics generally and gene therapy specifically on the rare disease sector of the biopharmaceutical industry by analyzing the public data from 24 genomics based rare disease focused biopharmaceutical companies. This study shows that growing rates of cumulative returns is dependent upon the accumulation of knowledge-based employees and expanding product portfolios of disruptive genomics-based technologies for treating rare diseases. Further, this study stresses the significance of structuring the capability and capacity to absorb expertise and accrue knowledge for new product innovations and viable competitive advantage.
Christabel and the Metre of “our oldest Writers in the most barbarous ages”

The final chapter illustrates how Coleridge broke open English poetry anew by attempting to mimic the accentual metre of the Anglo-Saxons, however imperfect his understanding of it. The chapter reconstructs Coleridge’s knowledge about metre and applies scansion to his most experimental poems in order to show how his ideas about national literary history appear in his strange rhythms. Christabel has been an enigma since its 1816 publication. Its freely varying line lengths—the most variable in any English poem in centuries—paved the way for a new accentualism and for free verse. This chapter solves the longstanding mystery of Christabel metre’s intellectual origins by precisely locating the source in a neglected poem and the accompanying essay in Thomas Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.
Silver enhanced nano-gold dot blot immunoassay for leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease and lacks in efficient diagnostic tools. In the present study, a nanogold based dot blot immunoassay was developed and evaluated for the detection of leptospirosis in human urine samples. This method was found to be rapid ( 4.2-14.6%) than horse radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated dot blot assay.
Nutrient regeneration in shallow-water sediments of the estuarine plume region of the nearshore Georgia Bight, USA

Benthic community respiration and the cycling of N and P were seasonally investigated in the unprotected, sandy sediments (Z∼5m) of the nearshore zone of the Georgia Bight, USA in 1981 and 1982. Nutrient exchange across the sediment-water interface was calculated from a diffusive model, measured by in-situ enclosure experiments and estimated from whole core incubations. Seasonally changing pore water profiles indicated that the sediments were not in steady-state with respect to N and P and showed the characteristics of enhanced interstitial water movement by benthic animals. Over an annual period the total flux of nitrogen measured in situ averaged 1812 μmol m-2 d-1 from the sediments. NH4+flux accounted for the vast majority of the total directly measured N flux (77%), followed by nitrate + nitrite (14%), and dissolved organic nitrogen (9%). Phosphorus flux averaged 537 μmol m-2 d-1. A large ratio of in-situ fluxes to calculated diffusive fluxes (5.2:1) indicated flux enhancement due to benthic animal activity. ammonium fluxes measured in situ did not agree well with the rate of NH4+produced in incubated whole cores (11.7 mmol m-2 d-1). Relative rates of C, N and P release throughout the year fluctuated considerably. Generally, nutrient fluxes were not simply related to respiration or temperature. As respiration was highly correlated with temperature, however, this suggested that respiration-regeneration was temporarily decoupled from exchange across the sediment-water interface. The annual C-N-P flux stoichiometry was 130:3.1:1. Using the rate at which NH4+was produced in incubated cores the stoichiometry was 120:21:1. The anomalously low N flux measured in situ was attributed to a combination of denitrification and wave-and current-induced sediment nutrient flushing. The potential for sediment flushing is high as experiments showed that sediments were fluidized or resuspended down to 25 cm during large storms. Benthic nutrient flux contributed 40% to the annual P but only 11% to the annual N requirements of the pelagic primary producers.
Clinical benefit, toxicity and cost of metastatic breast cancer therapies: systematic review and meta-analysis

Oncologists, clinical trialists, and guideline developers need tools that enable them to efficiently review the settings and results of previous studies testing metastatic breast cancer (MBC) drug therapies. We searched the literature to identify clinical trials testing MBC drug therapies. Key eligibility criteria included at least 90% of patients enrolled in the trial having MBC, therapeutic clinical trials, and Phase II–III studies. Studies were stratified based on patients’ tumor receptor statuses and prior exposure to therapy. Survival and toxicity of each drug therapy were estimated from randomized controlled trials using network meta-analysis and from all studies using meta-analysis. These results, along with estimated drug costs, are presented in a web-based visualization tool. We included 1865 studies containing 2676 treatment arms and 184,563 patients in the tool ( http://www.cancertrials.info ). Meta-analysis-based efficacy and toxicity estimates are available for 85 HER-2-directed therapies, 84 hormonal therapies, and 442 undirected therapies. Network meta-analysis-based estimates are available for 16 HER-2-directed therapies, 26 hormonal therapies, and 131 undirected therapies. In this era of increasing choices of MBC therapeutic agents and no superior approach to choosing a treatment regimen, the ability to compare multiple therapies based on survival, toxicity and cost would enable treating physicians to optimize therapeutic choices for patients. For investigators, it can point them in research directions that were previously non-obvious and for guideline designers, enable them to efficiently review the MBC clinical trial literature and visualize how regimens compare in the key dimensions of clinical benefit, toxicity, and cost.
Retrieval of the complex-valued refractive index of germanium near the M4,5 absorption edge

The complex-valued index of refraction of germanium in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) is measured by multi-angle reflectance of synchrotron radiation. The resulting index of refraction is higher resolution than previously measured values. It reveals new structures attributed to transitions from the 3d-core orbitals to the Σ5,2c and the X5,2c conduction bands. Additionally, it is shown that the problem of total external reflection, which renders multi-angle reflectance measurements insensitive to the complex-valued refractive index at grazing incidence, can be overcome by employing measurements at angles of incidence away from the critical angle.
Laser heating of cantilevered tips: Implications for photoinduced force microscopy

Photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM) measures changes in the force between an atomically sharp tip and the sample under the influence of applied radiation. Several mechanisms contribute to the overall force, including forces introduced due to thermal heating of the sample and the tip. In this paper, we study the effect of laser heating of the retracted tip under illumination conditions relevant to PiFM and how it affects the mechanical resonance properties of the cantilever. Using a gold-coated silicon cantilever with its tip irradiated by a tightly focused 532-nm laser beam, we find that the tip temperature increases linearly at 7.5 K/mW of average laser power, irrespective of whether the laser is pulsed or continuous wave. The temperature rise gives rise to a decrease of the cantilever's spring constant and an increase of the damping coefficient. We demonstrate that for retracted tips, these thermally induced changes to the mechanical resonance only moderately impact the measured photoinduced force, as the measured scattering force is at least an order of magnitude stronger than the effective force introduced by laser heating under experimentally relevant conditions.
COMPARISON OF EDWARDS LIFESCIENCES XT VALVE VERSUS S3 VALVE IN TERMS OF RESIDUAL STENOSIS AND POST PROCEDURE AORTIC VALVE GRADIENTS

Residual stenosis after TAVR is not a well understood concept in the arena of cardiology as there are multiple generations of valves currently used in practice. While post operative gradients have been observed in clinical studies, most TAVR trials have focused upon the incidence of paravalvular
Chapter 12 – The Microwave

The most common remote sensing in the microwave portion of the spectrum is done using radar (Radio Detection And Ranging). The atmosphere (even when cloudy) is transparent to the long (1 cm to 1 m) wavelengths used in radar imaging, so for all practical purposes radar is an all-weather sensing system. Be careful, though. Radar images look like panchromatic photographs, but radar brightness can fool an unsuspecting analyst. Radar backscatter (brightness) is a function of topography, surface roughness, radar wavelength, surface electrical properties, incident angle, and polarization. Archival radar images have a spatial resolution from 10 m to 15 m.
Chapter 6 – Consumption Externalities

Chapter 6 analyzes three kinds of policy-relevant consumer externalities: individualized and aggregate externalities resulting from private activity, and nonexclusive goods. A number of policy issues are discussed, including Pigovian taxes, the Coase theorem, Lindahl pricing and the benefits-received principle, the free riding experiments, Clarke taxes for allocating nonexclusive goods, and why consumers often reject Pigovian taxes even though they are welfare improving.
Integrated 2D cellular automata-phase field modeling of solidification and microstructure evolution during additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V

Abstract In this work, the as-solidified β-grain microstructure and concentration evolutions for each solute during the directed energy deposition (DED) of Ti6Al4V are successfully simulated via the combination of two predictive models: A validated 3D DED model is first employed to simulate the thermal history in the multi-track Ti6Al4V depositions. By incorporating the extracted quasi-steady-state temperature profiles as inputs, the novel integrated 2D cellular automata (CA)-phase field (PF) model simulates the grain details and solutal evolution on the sub-grain level over the entire fusion zone, which takes advantages of the high calculation efficiency of the CA component and the broad capability of the PF component. In this 2D CA-PF model, the 2D CA component simulates the dendrite growth and solute redistribution while the 1D PF component calculates the growth kinetics including growth velocity and equilibrium solute partition. Besides, The PF component is coupled with the thermodynamic and solute diffusion mobility data of the Ti-Al-V system such that the solutal evolution of Al and V is predicted successfully. The simulation results are compared with experimental observation and 3D CA modeling results.
Three-dimensional alignment of microvasculature and cardiomyocytes in the developing ventricle.

While major coronary artery development and pathologies affecting them have been extensively studied, understanding the development and organization of the coronary microvasculature beyond the earliest developmental stages requires new tools. Without techniques to image the coronary microvasculature over the whole heart, it is likely we are underestimating the microvasculature’s impact on normal development and diseases. We present a new imaging and analysis toolset to visualize the coronary microvasculature in intact embryonic hearts and quantify vessel organization. The fluorescent dyes DiI and DAPI were used to stain the coronary vasculature and cardiomyocyte nuclei in quail embryo hearts during rapid growth and morphogenesis of the left ventricular wall. Vessel and cardiomyocytes orientation were automatically extracted and quantified, and vessel density was calculated. The coronary microvasculature was found to follow the known helical organization of cardiomyocytes in the ventricular wall. Vessel density in the left ventricle did not change during and after compaction. This quantitative and automated approach will enable future cohort studies to understand the microvasculature’s role in diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where misalignment of cardiomyocytes has been observed in utero.
DIET-RELATED RELATIONSHIP PRESSURE AND CONFLICT: GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS

A committed partner is a central relationship throughout adulthood and may have important health and relationship implications. More specifically, being pressured by a partner to change lifestyle b...
SARS-CoV-2 transmission: Preliminary findings from a household-based study

Background: Social distancing measures, such as shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders, are recommended for control of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Few studies, however, have characterized the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infections in households Methods: We conducted a case-ascertained study of household transmission in Nashville, TN starting in April 2020, after recommendations to stay at home were enacted Index cases were ambulatory patients identified through clinical RT-PCR testing at Vanderbilt walk-in-clinics dispersed across the Nashville metropolitan area For this study, the index case was the first person presenting with respiratory or compatible symptoms in a household and who lived with at least one other household member After informed consent was obtained, household members were remotely trained in the self-collection of nasal swabs and use of REDCap electronic questionnaires Household members completed daily symptom diaries and collected daily nasal swabs for 14 days Contact patterns within households before and after disease onset were ascertained Nasal swab samples were tested using RT-PCR at an academic research laboratory Results: At the time of writing, 18 families were enrolled (including 18 index cases and 34 household members) with at least 1 follow-up nasal swab tested The median age of index cases and household members was 37 years (IQR: 26-46) and 27 years (15-39), respectively The median number of days from index patient onset of symptoms to first sample collected in the household was 4 (2-5) Before onset of symptoms, 83% of index cases spent >4 hours in the same room with at least one other household member, whereas after disease onset and diagnosis, 44% did Among 34 non-index household members, 18 (53%) had a positive test during follow-up;the median number of days from index case's symptoms onset to first positive detection in a household member was 4 5 (3-5) days Interestingly, 13 (72%) of 18 secondary infections were detected within the first 3 days of follow-up, whereas 5 (28%) were detected during subsequent days Conclusion: These observations suggest that transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within households is high, with many infections detected during the initial days of study follow-up
Is decompressive craniectomy necessary in malignant posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with brain edema caused uncal herniation? A case report of reversible coma without surgical decompression.

Background: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is considered a benign entity and is usually reversible with only medical management, but persistent neurologic deficits and disabili...
Climate Adaption for Energy Utilities: Lessons Learned from California’s Pioneering Regulatory Actions

The regulatory bodies responsible for oversight of investor-owned energy utilities are ill-equipped to regulate climate adaptation in the energy sector; but they may be the only institutions with authority to do so. In 2018, the California Public Utilities Commission initiated the first quasi-legislative procedure to regulate investor owned energy utilities’ climate adaptation activities. The Commission’s new rules for climate adaptation offer some general guidance on climate adaptation, and require investor owned utilities to conduct and submit climate vulnerability studies. Structural limitations, including conflicting interest, capacity of staff, and scope of the problem hampered the success of adaptation regulation, which failed to address fundamental questions about what constitutes adaptive measures.
The Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Gene LBH Regulates Growth in Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that predominantly affects diarthrodial joints. Treatment strategies include traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, novel small molecule kinase inhibitors, and biologic drugs targeting proin-flammatory cytokines, B cells, or the activation of T cells (1). Despite improved outcomes, many patients do not respond to the available therapies, suggesting that yet other factors or cells must be important. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are key players in the synovial pathology and joint destruction in RA (2). The pathologic changes of the synovial tissue include synovial infiltration of inflammatory cells, hyperplasia of the synovial intimal lining layer, and formation of pannus tissue. RA FLS display an aggressive phenotype that shares many characteristics with transformed cells, such as increased expression of protoon-cogenes, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading enzymes, and increased resistance to apoptosis (3,4). In addition, RA FLS can undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal–like transition (5) and potentially spread the disease to distant joints (6). Consequently, they have emerged as important targets for new treatment strategies. RA, like many other autoimmune diseases, involves both genetic and environmental factors (7). To date, more than 100 risk genes for development of RA have been identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (8). How environment affects disease onset and severity is not known, but could be related to epigenetic alterations. We have recently shown that RA FLS display a striking pattern of differential DNA methylation compared with osteoarthritis (OA) and normal FLS (9). Furthermore, the RA-specific FLS methylation signature is stable and includes many genes and pathways involved in RA pathogenesis (10). To identify and prioritize possible unanticipated RA therapeutic targets, we performed an integrative analysis of methylome, transcriptome, and sequence variation in RA FLS (11). This work implicated several genes that were present in all 3 databases. In the present study, we evaluated one of those genes, LBH (limb bud and heart development), whose function was essentially unknown. This gene encodes a small, highly conserved protein that is a putative transcriptional coactivator and target of Wnt signaling implicated in embryonic development (12). However, its potential role in autoimmune diseases has not been elucidated.
Nonablative Laser and Light Facial Rejuvenation

Nonablative laser and light treatments provide an alternative to traditional full-face laser resurfacing, an ablative modality in which carbon dioxide and/or erbium:YAG lasers are used to remove the entire epidermis and portions of the dermis. While results in expert hands are impressive, the recovery period last several weeks and the risk/benefit ratio is high. As an alternative, nonablative treatments improve skin texture and tone, some improve wrinkles or surface irregularities including scarring, and some additionally address dyspigmentation and/or erythema and telangiectasia. The epidermis is not visibly disrupted in nonablative treatment. Nonablative resurfacing is attractive to physicians and patients alike because, contrary to ablative resurfacing, there is little downtime. Fractional laser resurfacing lies somewhere between true ablative laser resurfacing and non-ablative devices. Fractional erbium:YAG and fractional CO2 lasers used at low energies and pattern density do not ablate the epidermis, and are effective in improving sun induced brown pigmentation and fine to moderate wrinkles.