cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Penrose limit and string quantization in AdS3 × S3

We consider corrections to the Penrose limit of AdS3 × S3 with NS-NS flux which are due to the terms next to leading order in inverse radius expansion. The worldsheet theory of a lightcone string is interacting due to the presence of quartic terms in the action. Perturbative corrections to the spectrum are shown to agree with the results from the exact quantization in AdS3 × S3.
Editorial Comment: Liver Fat Quantification by Ultrasound-Potential to Change Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric NAFLD.

This Editorial Comment discusses the following AJR article: Liver Fat Quantification by Ultrasound in Children: A Prospective Study.
Primary care provider-led group visits for advance care planning in the safety net.

Author(s): Schickedanz, Heather B; Polzin, Rhonda; Vassar, Stefanie D; Brown, Arleen F; Kim, Karen J
Health Care Needs in the Aftermath of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico: A Perspective from Federal Medical Shelter Manatí.

Introduction: On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria, a Category 4 hurricane, swept across Puerto Rico (PR), wreaking devastation to PR’s power, water, and health care infrastructure. To address the imminent humanitarian crisis, the US government mobilized Federal Medical Shelters (FMS) to serve the needs of hurricane victims. This study’s objective was to provide a description of the patients seeking emergency care at FMS and the changes in their needs over time. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study included all patients presenting to the FMS Manati from October 6, two weeks after Hurricane Maria’s landfall, to November 2, 2017. Categories were created to catalogue the nature of new acute medical issues by patients presenting to the Shelter. Descriptive, graphical analyses were performed to assess changes to presenting complaints over time, and by age groups defined as infant (age ≤1 years), child (1 year 25 years). Results: Over the 30-day period, 5,268 patients were seen in the FMS seeking medical care (average 188.1 patients per day), spending less than five hours in the facility. The distribution of patients’ age was bimodal: the first peak at one year and the second at age 50. The most common patient complaint was infection (38.8%), then musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints (11.8%) and management of chronic medical conditions (11.8%). The proportion of patients presenting with chronic disease complaints declined over the course of the period of observation (21.4% on Day 4 to 8.0% on Day 30) while the proportion of patients presenting with infection increased (31.0% on Day 4 to 48.6% on Day 30). Infection complaints were highest in all age groups, but most in infxants (80.2%), while MSK and chronic disease complaints were highest in adults (14.9% and 14.9%, respectively). Conclusion: Infection treatment and chronic disease management were important medical needs facing patients seeking care at FMS Manati after Hurricane Maria. These findings suggest that basic needs related to sanitation and shelter remained important weeks after the hurricane, and a focus on access to medications, infection control, and injury prevention/management after a disaster needs to be prioritized during disaster response.
Quantifying misidentification rates of Europa's microfeatures in low-resolution Galileo imaging

Abstract Europa is a compelling target because of its unique geology and potential for habitability. Efforts to map the small-scale global geology of the moon have been hampered by the availability of suitable imaging (≤ 230 m/pix), which covers only 15% of the surface. New data on the abundance of microfeatures (features ≤100 km2 in area) on a global scale and their locations would help put better constraints on the geophysics of the icy world. We mapped microfeatures in low-resolution images of the E15RegMap01 region of Europa and compared our low-resolution dataset to a validated dataset collected using regional mosaic imaging. We evaluated how many features were missed in low-resolution mapping, the feature types to which they belonged, how often misclassifications were made, and how many false-positive features there were in the low-resolution dataset. We found that microchaos, hybrids, and spots were found at relatively high completeness rates when compared to the regional mosaic dataset, but domes and especially pits were almost always missed. Microchaos, hybrids, and spots also had the highest rates of consistent classification between the low-resolution and regional mosaic datasets. Finally, 36% of our total potential feature count from the low-resolution dataset were revealed to be false positives, mostly caused by ridges and shadows that were mistaken for features in low-resolution imaging. These findings quantitatively estimate the likely errors in existing and future global geologic maps that note the presence of microfeatures, offer remedies to minimize these errors, and provide guidance for future Europa mappers.
Pure Perturbations of CAR/CCR Flows

Interactions involve pairs of E0-semigroups α+, α− that have absorbing states ω + , ω−. In order to exhibit an interaction with specified properties, one must exhibit a pair of pure E0-semigroups with corresponding properties. In this chapter we address the problem of existence by constructing examples of CP-semigroups acting on matrix algebras that have absorbing states with specified eigenvalue lists. The desired E0-semigroups are then obtained by way of dilation theory.
A theoretical investigation of slow fashion: Sustainable future of the apparel industry

Environmental sustainability issues become important in the apparel industry. Primary practices involve replacing harmful chemicals with environmentally friendly materials, and reducing amounts of waste and resource consumption through apparel recycling. A more recent sustainable movement in the industry is slow fashion. It is a socially conscious movement that shifts consumers' mindsets from quantity to quality, encouraging people to buy high-quality items less often (Fletcher). Slow fashion encompasses slow production and consumption. Slow production does not exploit natural and human resources to expedite manufacturing speed (Fletcher), and slow consumption entails a longer product lifespan from manufacturing to discarding. Although the slow fashion concept may not be limited only to environmental sustainability, the conceptual distinction between slow fashion and environmentally sustainable fashion remains vague. This may be because academic understanding towards slow fashion is very limited despite the growing interests in slow fashion in practice. The purpose of this study is to explore the dimensions of slow fashion following Churchill's paradigm for measurement development. Through the scale item development measuring consumer orientations to slow fashion, this study attempts to define slow fashion theoretically with underlying dimensions. The initial scale items were generated based on a literature review and an open-ended survey. Then, via two surveys (i.e. with student and non-student samples) in the Southeastern region of the US, the items were purified and validated. As a result, 15 items of five dimensions accounted for slow fashion: equity, authenticity, functionality, localism and exclusivity. The identified five dimensions clearly show that slow fashion is a broader concept than environmental sustainability alone, encompassing (1) caring for producers and local communities for sustainable life (equity and localism); (2) connoting history for sustainable perceived value of the product (authenticity); (3) seeking diversity for the sustainable fashions world (exclusivity); and (4) maximizing product lifespan and efficiency for a sustainable environment (functionality). This study is one of the first attempts to seek underlying dimensions of slow fashion through scale development. This procedure may provide a basis for a theoretical definition of the slow fashion concept. Regarding practical contributions, slow fashion may be useful to foster US domestic apparel manufacturing and local economies. Furthermore, slow fashion may broaden the range of consumers' choices. When combining a young and independent designer's innovative spirit with local resources, slow fashion is likely to lead fashion diversity, beyond being driven by identical fashion trends.
Dollond & Son's Pursuit of Achromaticity, 1758-1789

A travers cet article, l'auteur tente de demontrer comment deux artisans londoniens du 18e siecle defendirent leur invention, a savoir les lentilles refringentes et les lunettes d'approche, dans des publications scientifiques de l'epoque.
Glass in the submarine section of the HSDP2 drill core, Hilo, Hawaii

The Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project recovered ~3 km of basalt by coring into the flank of Mauna Kea volcano at Hilo, Hawaii. Rocks recovered from deeper than ~1 km were deposited below sea level and contain considerable fresh glass. We report electron microprobe analyses of 531 glasses from the submarine section of the core, providing a high-resolution record of petrogenesis over ca. 200 Kyr of shield building of a Hawaiian volcano. Nearly all the submarine glasses are tholeiitic. SiO2 contents span a significant range but are bimodally distributed, leading to the identification of low-SiO2 and high-SiO2 magma series that encompass most samples. The two groups are also generally distinguishable using other major and minor elements and certain isotopic and incompatible trace element ratios. On the basis of distributions of high- and low-SiO2 glasses, the submarine section of the core is divided into four zones. In zone 1 (1079–~1950 mbsl), most samples are degassed high-SiO2 hyaloclastites and massive lavas, but there are narrow intervals of low-SiO2 hyaloclastites. Zone 2 (~1950–2233 mbsl), a zone of degassed pillows and hyaloclastites, displays a continuous decrease in silica content from bottom to top. In zone 3 (2233–2481 mbsl), nearly all samples are undegassed low-SiO2 pillows. In zone 4 (2481–3098 mbsl), samples are mostly high-SiO2 undegassed pillows and degassed hyaloclastites. This zone also contains most of the intrusive units in the core, all of which are undegassed and most of which are low-SiO2. Phase equilibrium data suggest that parental magmas of the low-SiO2 suite could be produced by partial melting of fertile peridotite at 30–40 kbar. Although the high-SiO2 parents could have equilibrated with harzburgite at 15–20 kbar, they could have been produced neither simply by higher degrees of melting of the sources of the low-SiO2 parents nor by mixing of known dacitic melts of pyroxenite/eclogite with the low-SiO2 parents. Our hypothesis for the relationship between these magma types is that as the low-SiO2 magmas ascended from their sources, they interacted chemically and thermally with overlying peridotites, resulting in dissolution of orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene and precipitation of olivine, thereby generating high-SiO2 magmas. There are glasses with CaO, Al2O3, and SiO2 contents slightly elevated relative to most low-SiO2 samples; we suggest that these differences reflect involvement of pyroxene-rich lithologies in the petrogenesis of the CaO-Al2O3-enriched glasses. There is also a small group of low-SiO2 glasses distinguished by elevated K2O and CaO contents; the sources of these samples may have been enriched in slab-derived fluid/melts. Low-SiO2 glasses from the top of zone 3 (2233–2280 mbsl) are more alkaline, more fractionated, and incompatible-element-enriched relative to other glasses from zone 3. This excursion at the top of zone 3, which is abruptly overlain by more silica-rich tholeiitic magmas, is reminiscent of the end of Mauna Kea shield building higher in the core.
Role of Political Violence in Foreign Direct Investment Decisions

Most developing countries are trying to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) because the traditional sources of lending such as bank loans and multilateral aid has shrunk considerably. FDI has other advantages in terms of risk sharing and technology transfers. The role of political risk as a determining factor has not been analyzed extensively. Two proxies for political risk from new data sources are analyzed along with the traditional control variables. The results of the paper indicate that besides traditional variables, two factors that influence FDI flows are: the openness of the economy and the degree of political risk.
Phytochrome‐mediated development in land plants: red light sensing evolves to meet the challenges of changing light environments

Phytochromes are photoreceptors that provide plants with circadian, seasonal, and positional information critical for the control of germination, seedling development, shade avoidance, reproduction, dormancy, and sleep movements. Phytochromes are unique among photoreceptors in their capacity to interconvert between a red-absorbing form (absorption maximum of approximately 660 nm) and a far-red absorbing form (absorption maximum of approximately 730 nm), which occur in a dynamic equilibrium within plant cells, corresponding to the proportions of red and far-red energy in ambient light. Because pigments in stems and leaves absorb wavelengths below about 700 nm, this provides plants with an elegant system for detecting their position relative to other plants, with which the plants compete for light. Certain aspects of phytochrome-mediated development outside of flowering plants are strikingly similar to those that have been characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana and other angiosperms. However, early diverging land plants have fewer distinct phytochrome gene lineages, suggesting that both diversification and subfunctionalization have been important in the evolution of the phytochrome gene family. There is evidence that subfunctionalization proceeded by the partitioning among paralogues of photosensory specificity, physiological response modes, and light-regulated gene expression and protein stability. Parallel events of duplication and functional divergence may have coincided with the evolution of canopy shade and the increasing complexity of the light environment. Within angiosperms, patterns of functional divergence are clade-specific and the roles of phytochromes in A. thaliana change across environments, attesting to the evolutionary flexibility and contemporaneous plasticity of phytochrome signalling in the control of development.
Nanotechnology for implantable sensors: carbon nanotubes and graphene in medicine

Implantable sensors utilizing nanotechnology are at the forefront of diagnostic, medical monitoring, and biological technologies. These sensors are often equipped with nanostructured carbon allotropes, such as graphene or carbon nanotubes (CNTs), because of their unique and often enhanced properties over forms of bulk carbon, such as diamond or graphite. Because of these properties, the fundamental and applied research of these carbon nanomaterials have become some of the most cited topics in scientific literature in the past decades. The age of carbon nanomaterials is simply budding, however, and is expected to have a major impact in many areas. These areas include electronics, photonics, plasmonics, energy capture (including batteries, fuel cells, and photovoltaics), and—the emphasis of this review—biosensors and sensor technologies. The following review will discuss future prospects of the two most commonly used carbon allotropes in implantable sensors for nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology, CNTs and graphene. Sufficient further reading and resources have been provided for more in-depth and specific reading that is outside the scope of this general review. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:233–249. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1213 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
A bacterial PriB with weak single-stranded DNA binding activity can stimulate the DNA unwinding activity of its cognate PriA helicase

Background Bacterial DNA replication restart pathways facilitate reinitiation of DNA replication following disruptive encounters of a replisome with DNA damage, thereby allowing complete and faithful duplication of the genome. In Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the primosome proteins that catalyze DNA replication restart differ from the well-studied primosome proteins of E. coli with respect to the number of proteins involved and the affinities of their physical interactions: the PriA:PriB interaction is weak in E. coli, but strong in N. gonorrhoeae, and the PriB:DNA interaction is strong in E. coli, but weak in N. gonorrhoeae. In this study, we investigated the functional consequences of this affinity reversal.
Regional vs Systemic Antivenom Administration in the Treatment of Snake Venom Poisoning in a Rabbit Model: A Pilot Study ☆

Objective To develop a model that compares 2 different routes of antivenom administration (standard intravenous [IV] administration vs regional administration below a tourniquet) to assess their ability to limit muscle necrosis in a rabbit model of rattlesnake venom poisoning. Methods New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to 4 groups. All animals underwent general anesthesia and were then injected intramuscularly (IM) with a sublethal dose of western diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus atrox ) venom in the right thigh and a similar volume of normal saline (NS) control in the left thigh. Thirty minutes later, standard treatment group animals ( n =4) received 1 vial of reconstituted Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent (ACP) and 10mL of NS through an ear vein. Experimental treatment group animals ( n =4) had their lower extremities exsanguinated and isolated by arterial tourniquets. One vial of ACP was then given through a distal IV in the envenomed extremity, and 10mL of NS was given through an IV in the sham extremity. Tourniquets were removed 30 minutes later. Positive control group animals ( n =2) similarly had their lower extremities exsanguinated and isolated by tourniquets. They then received 10mL of NS through distal IVs in each lower extremity. Tourniquets were again removed after 30 minutes. Negative control group animals ( n =2) received 2 doses of NS only (10mL each) through an ear vein. Serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were drawn at baseline and 48 hours following venom injection. At 48 hours, the animals were injected with technetium pyrophosphate. Two hours later, they were euthanized, and the lower extremities were scanned to determine levels of radionucleotide uptake in envenomed muscles compared to contralateral sham-injected muscles. The anterior thigh muscle groups were then removed, fixed, stained, sectioned, and analyzed in a blinded fashion by a veterinary pathologist for muscle necrosis grading. Results There was no evidence of statistically significant differences in changes in serum CPK levels (from baseline to 48 hours), technetium pyrophosphate uptake ratios (right leg/left leg), or muscle necrosis indices in any 2-group analysis. Conclusions Results of this pilot study do not suggest any beneficial effect of ACP, in the dose and routes used, in limiting local muscle necrosis following IM rattlesnake venom poisoning in the rabbit model.
Primary cultures of rat pancreatic acinar cells in serum-free medium.

Rat pancreatic acinar cells were isolated and cultured in Ham's F12 medium with 15% bovine calf serum. Caerulein, insulin, somatostatin, and dexamethasone (DEX) had no effect on intracellular or secreted amylase in these cultured cells. A serum-free medium, using Waymouth's MB 752/1 supplemented with albumin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), DEX, and HEPES, was then developed to avoid serum factors that might mask hormonal effects. In this SF medium, pancreatic acinar, cells maintained the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of freshly isolated cells and secreted amylase in response to the secretagogue, carbamyl choline. Insulin, at a concentration of 1 μg/ml, significantly increased intracellular and secreted amylase activity after 3 d. This model cell system can be used to study the regulation of the synthesis of amylase and other pancreatic enzymes in vitro.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients Undergoing Elective Spine Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Objective Decreased bone density secondary to osteoporosis and osteomalacia represents a significant risk factor for bony fracture and spinal instrumentation failure. We evaluated the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in patients undergoing elective spinal instrumentation to investigate which patient-level risk factors are associated with deficient vitamin D levels. Methods Serum 25-OH vitamin D levels were evaluated postoperatively ( 18 years with a diagnosis of degenerative spinal spondylosis or spinal instability treated with spinal fusion were included. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency ( Results The mean preoperative neck and Oswestry disability indexes of the 230 consecutive patients (mean, 57 ± 13.9 years) were 21.0 ± 9.8 and 22.2 ± 8.5, respectively. Mean 25-OH vitamin D level was 25.9 ± 12.4 ng/mL (range, 6–77 ng/mL). Sixty-nine (30.0%) patients had laboratory-confirmed vitamin D deficiency and 89 (38.9%) had laboratory-confirmed vitamin D insufficiency (20–30 ng/mL). The risk of vitamin D deficiency was greater in men (odds ratio [OR] 2.53; P = 0.009), patients aged 40–60 years (OR 2.45; P = 0.018), and those who had body mass index >40 (OR 7.55; P = 0.004), an existing diagnosis of diabetes (OR 3.29; P = 0.019), or no vitamin D supplementation (OR 4.96; P = 0.043). Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency was common in patients with degenerative spondylosis undergoing spinal fusion. Middle-aged patients, men, the morbidly obese, those with a history of diabetes, and those with no history of supplementation had a higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency.
A Simple Electronic Relay for Counting, Timing, or Automatic Control

(1948). A Simple Electronic Relay for Counting, Timing, or Automatic Control. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 537-540.
Über Ring‐Ketten ‐Tautomerie bei Ozoniden und die Salzbildung bei Schiffschen Basen

Die auffallenden Veranderungen, welche die bestandigen Ozonide XIVa und XIVb beim ubergang in die Salzform zeigen, wurden chemisch, spektrophotometrisch und polarographisch verfolgt. Vor allem der hypsochrome Effekt der Salzbildung auf die UV-Absorption berechtigt zu dem Schlus, das in ihren Salzen die Ozonide sich von der Ringform XVIa bzw. XVIb ableiten. Alle zum Vergleich herangezogenen offenen oder cyclischen Schiffschen Basen, auch die erstmals hergestellten 2-Aryl-oxazine (XIb, XIc), zeigen einen ausgesprochenen bathochromen Effekt in saurem Medium. Die Auswertung der UR- und UV-spektrophotometrischen Daten einer Anzahl Schiffscher Basen und ihrer Salze fuhrt zu dem Schlus, das die von Dimroth vorgeschlagene Formulierung der Salze offener Schiffscher Basen als Carbinol-ammonium-Verbindungen, mit Ausnahme besonderer Falle, nicht mehr vertretbar ist.
DC distribution systems — An overview

This paper examines the existing and future dc distribution systems which has wide range of applications in data centers, telecommunication systems, residential homes, space crafts, electric vehicles, and aircrafts. The advantages and disadvantages of a dc distribution system are compared against their ac counterpart. Several dc distribution architectures are presented. Dc distribution systems are discussed from the cost, reliability, efficiency, and safety standpoints.
Design of an international collaboration mechanism for space exploration

Abstract In the three years since the Vision for Space Exploration announcement, NASA has engaged other space agencies in informal discussions on goals, capabilities, and timelines for future space exploration, particularly focused on the Moon. Until recently, most of these multilateral discussions have been organized as one-time activities, occurring as conferences, workshops, and informal meetings. A multilateral international collaboration mechanism for space exploration can formalize the series of informal discussions that have occurred among the space agency community in the past three years. A more formal mechanism can give structure and regularity to nascent international collaboration efforts. This research designs an international collaboration mechanism by copying successful features from existing international collaboration mechanisms. The mechanism also meets a set of desirable criteria for participation by all the major space powers. These criteria were developed by synthesizing information from interviews of space agency and government representatives.
Electromagnetic wave interaction with 3D arrays of quadrupolar inclusions

In the homogenization of metamaterials, one of the important challenges yet to be fully resolved resides in the proper modeling of the influence of higher-order multipolar terms describing the basic constituent inclusions. As an important step in this direction, we consider here a metamaterial composed of a three-dimensional cubic array of purely quadrupolar inclusions, with zero electric and magnetic dipole moments, so that the leading term in their multipole expansion is the electric quadrupole moment. Applying a first-principle homogenization approach similar to (A. Alu, Phys. Rev. B, 84, 075153, 2011) the spatially dispersive permittivity of such an array in the long-wavelength limit is derived. This tensorial permittivity is a quadratic function of the propagation constant in the medium and it is shown to depend on the propagation direction, as a symptom of strong spatial dispersion.
Task-based methods for evaluating electrically stimulated antagonist muscle controllers

Single-joint motor neural prosthesis control algorithms were tested in a novel animal model. The model consisted of a human subject who provided joystick inputs to a controller. The controller output determined the stimulus activation levels of two antagonist muscles which manipulated the ankle joint of an intact, anesthetized cat. Using visual feedback, the subject manipulated the system to perform positioning tasks which stimulated normal activity of an intact limb. Three controllers were evaluated: open-loop reciprocal control, proportional-differential (PD) closed-loop reciprocal control, and open-loop cocontraction control. The results demonstrated that, in the presence of visual feedback, open-loop cocontraction control compared favorably in performance to that of a PD closed-loop controller. This has a practical value for the implementation of clinical neural prostheses since it suggests that, in some cases feedback transducers may not be required for fine control. >
Multi-model changes in El Niño teleconnections over North America in a future warmer climate

Previous studies with single models have suggested that El Nino teleconnections over North America could be different in a future warmer climate due to factors involving changes of El Nino event amplitude and/or changes in the midlatitude base state circulation. Here we analyze a six-member multi-model ensemble, three models with increasing future El Nino amplitude, and three models with decreasing future El Nino amplitude, to determine characteristics and possible changes to El Nino teleconnections during northern winter over the North Pacific and North America in a future warmer climate. Compared to observed El Nino events, all the models qualitatively produce general features of the observed teleconnection pattern over the North Pacific and North America, with an anomalously deepened Aleutian Low, a ridge over western North America, and anomalous low pressure over the southeastern United States. However, associated with systematic errors in the location of sea surface temperature and convective heating anomalies in the central and western equatorial Pacific (the models’ anomaly patterns are shifted to the west), the anomalous low pressure center in the North Pacific is weaker and shifted somewhat south compared to the observations. For future El Nino events, two different stabilization experiments are analyzed, one with CO2 held constant at year 2100 concentrations in the SRES A1B scenario (roughly doubled present-day CO2), and another with CO2 concentrations held constant at 4XCO2. Consistent with the earlier single model results, the future El Nino teleconnections are changed in the models, with a weakened as well as an eastward- and northward-shifted anomalous low in the North Pacific. This is associated with weakened anomalous warming over northern North America, strengthened cooling over southern North America, and precipitation increases in the Pacific Northwest in future events compared to present-day El Nino event teleconnections. These changes are consistent with the altered base state upper tropospheric circulation with a wave-5 pattern noted in previous studies that is shown here to be consistent across all the models whether there are projected future increases or decreases in El Nino amplitude. The future teleconnection changes are most consistent with this anomalous wave-5 pattern in the models with future increases of El Nino amplitude, but less so for the models with future decreases of El Nino amplitude.
Preparation and some properties of a derivative of wheat germ agglutinin with altered biological activity

Abstract An inactive derivative of wheat germ agglutinin, which is a strong activator of blood platelets, was prepared by selective chemical modification of the lectin with cyanogen bromide at acid pH. The derivative was then used as a probe to learn about the initial events in platelet stimulation by physiological agents. Amino acid analysis of the modified lectin confirmed specific cleavage of a methionine residue. Gel filtration studies indicated a molecular weight for the lectin derivative similar to the unmodified lectin. In gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, reduced samples of the derivative showed two bands and the main component migrated slightly faster than the native lectin. The derivative retained the capacity to precipitate an antibody to the lectin although at least one of the antigenic sites was lost due to chemical modification. The derivative did not compete with the unmodified lectin for binding to platelets. Unlike the parent lectin, the derivative did not aggregate platelets even at a ten fold higher concentration. Under similar conditions, there were about 1.0·105 binding sites/platelet for the lectin derivative with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.7 μM compared to 5·105 sites/cell and a dissociation constant of 0.4 μM for the native lectin. Overnight incubation of platelets or red cells with the derivative in microtiter plates showed about 2–5% agglutinating activity for the derivative compared to the unmodified lectin. Incubation of platelets with the lectin derivative inhibited platelet aggregation by thrombin while aggregation induced by a number of other agents was not significantly affected. This inhibitory effect of the lectin derivative on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation could be readily reversed with GlcNAc. The lectin derivative may be a useful tool to explore the structure-function relationship of cell surface components.
Effects of Alteration of the Candida albicans Gene INT1 on Cecal Colonization in Orally Innoculated Mice

Effects of Alteration of the Candida albicans Gene INT1 on Cecal Colonization in Orally Innoculated Mice
Hypothenar hammer syndrome: form of reversible Raynaud's phenomenon

Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a reversible yet uncommonly encountered cause of Raynaud's phenomenon. Characteristic findings include coldness in the dominant hand of a male, absence of triphasic color change and thumb involvement, and occupational or recreational use of the hand as a hammer. Angiography demonstrates the specific findings of irregularity or occlusion of the ulnar artery, downstream occluded proper digital arteries, and intraluminal emboli at the sites of distal obstruction. A vulnerable area of traumatic occlusion is provided by the anatomic relationship of the superficial branch of the ulnar artery to the hamate bone and the palmar aponeurosis. Pathologic studies separate the hypothenar hammer syndrome from clinically similar vasculitis. It is important to recognize the hypothenar hammer syndrome as a distinct entity because treatment is curative and consists of resection of the affected vascular segment and avoidance of the aggravating conditions.
Formation of Cyanamides from Secondary Amines in Human Saliva

1-Morpholinocarbonitrile (1-cyanomorpholine) was formed from morpholine when this amine was incubated in whole human saliva. Several other secondary amines appeared to form analogous products, and this transformation may therefore represent a general metabolic pathway for amines in saliva.
SULFUR SOURCE AND PLACEMENT FOR NEWLY ESTABLISHED ENDOPHYTE-FREE TALL FESCUE1

Previous research indicated that tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) may respond to sulfur (S) fertilization. However, data are limited concerning S management options to improve yield and quality of newly-established, endophyte-free tall fescue. Thus, a field study was conducted from 1989 to 1991 to determine the effects of S source (ammonium thiosulfate [ATS] and ammonium sulfate [AS]); rate (17 and 34 kg S ha−1); and placement (broadcast, dribble [surface band], and knife [subsurface band]) on yield and quality of a newly-established, endophyte [Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and W. Gams) Glenn, Bacon, Price & Hanlin; syn. Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and W. Gams]-free, tall fescue. Compared to a no-fertilizer control, adding N alone more than tripled hay production to 6.09 Mg ha−1, but the addition of fertilizer S had little effect on early-season production and only a 6% increase in later hay yields with ATS. Sulfur fertilization increased tissue S concentration and lowered N/S...
Geographic Regularities in Residential Search Behavior

Abstract Households exhibit strong spatial regularities in their residential search behavior; moreover these regularities arise from two distinct but interrelated sources: the spatial variation in the number of vacancies meeting particular housing needs and spatial biases in the household's search strategies. Three models of the search process are evaluated against observed search behavior for a sample of prospective home buyers in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles; in each instance, analysis of observed search behavior supports the hypothesized relationship between the search pattern and the locational variables influencing it. A constrained choice set model calls attention to the relationship between the spatial variation in the number of vacancies in the household's possibility set and the pattern of vacancies visited by the household. The area-based search model focuses on the locational persistence in the household's search behavior. The key to the anchor points model is that locational preferen...
Ferrous ion transport across chloroplast inner envelope membranes.

The initial rate of Fe2+ movement across the inner envelope membrane of pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts was directly measured by stopped-flow spectrofluorometry using membrane vesicles loaded with the Fe2+-sensitive fluorophore, Phen Green SK. The rate of Fe2+ transport was rapid, coming to equilibrium within 3s. The maximal rate and concentration dependence of Fe2+ transport in predominantly right-side-out vesicles were nearly equivalent to those measured in largely inside-out vesicles. Fe2+ transport was stimulated by an inwardly directed electrochemical proton gradient across right-side-out vesicles, an effect that was diminished by the addition of valinomycin in the presence of K+. Fe2+ transport was inhibited by Zn2+, in a competitive manner, as well as by Cu2+ and Mn2+. These results indicate that inward-directed Fe2+ transport across the chloroplast inner envelope occurs by a potential-stimulated uniport mechanism.
Physiological disposition of atropine in the rat.

Abstract The physiological disposition of atropine was studied in rats using 3H-labeled drug and a specific assay method. At doses of 1.25 to 10 mg/kg, i.p., the greatest localization was seen in kidney and liver, with tissue: plasma ratios of > 10: 1. Tissue half-lives over the period 0.5 to 4 hr ranged from 40–46 min in plasma to 97–106 min in adipose tissue.
Modeling and Simulation of Light Activated Shape Memory Polymers

This paper focuses on developing a model for light activated shape memory polymers (LASMP’s) undergoing deformation using the framework based on multiple natural configurations and simulating results for boundary value problems. LASMP’s are novel polymeric materials that are different in many ways from the first generation thermally controlled Shape Memory Polymers (SMP’s). Instead of using phase change to produce a mechanism, LASMP’s have photosensitive molecules grafted on their polymer chains. These photosensitive molecules, when exposed to light at certain wavelengths, form covalent bonds that act as crosslinks to give this class of SMP’s their temporary shape. By virtue of their different mechanism, LASMP’s provide a wide array of advantages such as remote activation and selective exposure, thus opening new doors as a potential for vast applications in the biomedical and aerospace industries [1].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Augmented gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin responses to a meal after an increase in carbohydrate (sucrose) intake.

The gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) response to certain stimuli may be exaggerated in patients with obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To explore the effects of increased caloric intake and dietary composition on GIP secretion, 20 normal lean volunteers underwent a 4- week ambulatory study. A baseline week (usual diet) was followed by 3 weeks in which the usual diet was supplemented with 45 g fat (diet A), 100 g carbohydrate in the form of sucrose (diet B), or 50 g protein (diet C) for 1 week each. Almost equal numbers of subjects followed sequence ABC, BCA, or CAB in this cross-over study. At the end of the baseline week and each study week, serum glucose, insulin, and GIP were measured in response to a 500-cal liquid test meal. Daily intake of carbohydrate, protein, or fat, as monitored by food records, increased significantly (P < 0.01) during the appropriate dietary periods, whereas body weight changed slightly, but not significantly, during the 3 study periods. No changes occurr...
Face processing in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

Current research on face processing in primates has focused on a few species, mostly macaques and chimpanzees; to date, only one New World monkey, the squirrel monkey, has been tested. We explored face processing, and the inversion effect in particular, in a New World primate species, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). In phase 1 of our study, we trained subjects to discriminate between two faces and two scrambled faces; we then presented the tamarins with a series of novel probes in order to determine the features underlying classification. Results showed that the tamarins relied on the external contour of the face for discrimination more than the internal features and their configuration. Statistical analyses revealed no differences in accuracy or response times to upright versus inverted stimuli, and thus no inversion effect. In phase 2, we provided subjects with additional training on the face versus scrambled face discrimination task in order to focus their attention on the configuration of the internal features. Accuracy data revealed individual differences in how tamarins classified these stimuli, even though each subject was trained in the same way. In phase 3, we tested for generalization to a new set of face stimuli, as well as for the capacity to show an inversion effect. For one subject who attended to the configuration of internal features, we found significant evidence of generalization, but no evidence for an inversion effect.
Sodium homeostasis and aldosterone secretion in salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

ABSTRACT Sodium balance studies were performed on fourteen subjects (ages 2-22 yr) with salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Glucocorticoid therapy was maintained, but mineralocorticoid therapy had been discontinued. All subjects showed evidence of a block in aldosterone biosynthesis, plasma aldosterone (PA), and aldosterone secretion rate (ASR) being low relative to plasma renin activity. Three subjects demonstrated severe sodium wasting with markedly decreased or unmeasurable PA and ASR. However, 11 had concentrations and/or ASR values which were appropriate or elevated relative to sodium intake. Four of the 11 maintained sodium homeostasis on a normal sodium intake. The remaining 7 showed evidence of sodium loss which was excessive for PA and/or ASR. Of these, 5 had incomplete suppression of the pituitary-adrenal axis as evidenced by elevated urinary 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol; the other 2 subjects had low values for these tests as well as plasma 17a-hydroxyproge...
Diurnal cycles of precipitation, clouds, and lightning in the tropics from 9 years of TRMM observations

[1] The diurnal cycles of surface rainfall, population of precipitation systems, deep intense convection reaching near the tropopause, lightning flash counts, cold clouds, and vertical structure of precipitation are analyzed over the tropics, using 9 years of TRMM Precipitation Radar, Visible and Infrared Scanner, and Lightning Imaging Sensor measurements. The diurnal cycles over land include a late afternoon maximum of precipitation systems, with phase differences among cloud, precipitation, flash counts, and radar echo at different altitudes. Over ocean, the diurnal cycles are interpreted as having contributions from nocturnal precipitation systems and early afternoon showers. There are double peaks of radar reflectivity above 12 km near 0230 and 0530 local time over oceans. The oceanic clouds with infrared brightness temperature < 235 K have two peaks, one during the night and the other in early afternoon.
Collective Memory and Planning: The Continuing Legacy of Urban Renewal in Asheville, NC

Urban renewal may be the most universally vilified program in planning history, remembered primarily for its destruction of established, central, urban neighborhoods along with the construction of isolated, peripheral, housing projects. This article analyzes how urban renewal unfolded in Asheville, how people perceive the injustices associated with urban renewal, and the legacy that urban renewal programs undertaken by the city of Asheville may have on future planning efforts. By investigating the policy intentions, implementation style, and community participation efforts of the urban renewal projects undertaken during the 1960s and 1970s in the East Riverside neighborhood, this narrative explores how perceived and real missteps during that period continue to affect planners and policy makers today.
Evidence for the underlying cause of diversity of the disulfide folding pathway.

The pathways of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins exhibit a high degree of diversity, which is illustrated by the varied extent of (a) the heterogeneity of folding intermediates, (b) the predominance of intermediates containing native disulfide bonds, and (c) the level of accumulation of fully oxidized scrambled isomers as intermediates. BPTI and hirudin exemplify two extreme cases of such divergent folding pathways. We previously proposed that the underlying cause of this diversity is associated with the degree of stability of protein subdomains. Here we present compelling evidence that substantiates this hypothesis by studying the folding pathway of αLA-IIA. αLA-IIA is a partially folded intermediate of α-lactalbumin (αLA). It comprises a structured β-sheet (calcium-binding) domain linked by two native disulfide bonds (Cys61−Cys77 and Cys73−Cys91) and a disordered α-helical domain with four free cysteines (Cys6, Cys28, Cys111, and Cys120). Purified αLA-IIA was allowed to refold without and with st...
From Respite to Transition: Women's Use of Domestic Violence Shelters in Rural New Mexico

Women who flee violence in their intimate relationships often seek sanctuary at domestic violence shelters. Some return to their abusers, whereas others transition to separate living. This study used descriptive and cluster analyses to examine the differential needs of women who indicated they intended to return to their abusive partners versus those who did not. On the basis of the differences between these two groups, a preliminary model of prediction variables was developed to better understand the needs of those who did not specify their future plans after leaving the shelter. Findings revealed differences in the domains of mental health and help-seeking behaviors. Discussion focuses on the meaning and purpose of shelter stay (i.e., for respite or transition) and the role of shelters and their ideology in the decisions made by shelter staff and clients.
Biotechnically produced carbohydrates with functional properties for use in food systems

Abstract Bacterial polysaccharides with potential use in food as gelling, thickening, stabilising or encapsulating agents will be reviewed. Attention will be focussed on xanthan, gellan and the possible use of cyclosophorans as replacements for cyclodextrins. The possibility of manipulating the rheology of fermented food systems by controlling the extracellular production of polysaccharides by bacterial starter cultures will be discussed.
Prior Exercise of Freedom and Reactance.

Abstract A communication that contains a particularly strong intent to influence caneasily lose persuasive impact or even bring about a “boomerang” effect. Such “boomerang” phenomena have often been attributed to “psychological reactance”, a motivational state created when freedoms are threatened or usurped. The first experiment reported here examined two factors that inhibited reactance effects. (A) The more that subjects were in initial disagreement with the communicator, the less likely they were to respond with boomerang change to a high pressure communication. (B) Among subjects who initially agreed with the communicator, a successful blocking of reactance effects was produced by asking them to write a short precommunication essay taking a position contrary to the communication. This latter effect was replicated in Experiment II.
A robust highly interpenetrated metal-organic framework constructed from pentanuclear clusters for selective sorption of gas molecules.

A three-dimensional microporous metal−organic framework, Zn5(BTA)6(TDA)2·15DMF·8H2O (1; HBTA = 1,2,3-benzenetriazole; H2TDA = thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid), comprising pentanuclear [Zn5] cluster units, was obtained through an one-pot solvothermal reaction of Zn(NO3)2, 1,2,3-benzenetriazole, and thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylate. The activated 1 displays type-I N2 gas sorption behavior with a Langmuir surface area of 607 m2 g−1 and exhibits interesting selective gas adsorption for C2H2/CH4 and CO2/CH4.
The C8-2'-deoxyguanosine adduct of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[1,2-d]naphthalene, a carbocyclic analogue of the potent mutagen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, is a block to replication in vitro.

2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[1,2-d]naphthalene (cIQ) is a carbocyclic analogue of the dietary carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in which a naphthalene ring system replaces the quin...
Influence of Carbon Nanofiber Network Variability on the AC Conductivity of Polyetherimide Composite Films

A pronounced and distinctive increase in the conductivity of polyetherimide nanocomposite films containing CNF agglomerates is reported. It is demonstrated that a variation of the CNF network can have a dramatic effect on the AC conductivity of PEI composites. The effect is found in composites containing relatively large and strongly entangled CNF agglomerates, and it is suggested that is is due to a new mechanism of electrical conduction. The observed behavior may reveal the distinctive response of electrons in strongly entangled CNF networks in polymer films to an AC field in contrast to a DC field, and could also result in a negative dielectric response.