cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise and oxidative stress methodology: a critique.

Historically, exercise physiologists' interest in oxygen has primarily centered on the problem of oxygen consumption. However, the interest of the general scientific community in oxygen-centered radicals has raised awareness of the oxygen paradox and has motivated investigators to question whether exercise-stimulated overconsumption of oxygen might induce an oxidative stress and pose some risk to biological systems. In recent years, a considerable amount of research has demonstrated that radicals are capable of damaging a vast array of biological targets. Unfortunately, the work related to oxidative stress and antioxidants subsequent to exercise has been narrow in scope. This paper provides a brief review of the shortcomings of the present state of knowledge in this discipline and outlines topics requiring attention.
Isolation and characterization of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from pituitary glands of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

Abstract Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were purified from the pituitary glands of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). These hormones were characterized biochemically and biologically and compared with chicken gonadotropins prepared in several independent laboratories. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses demonstrated homology between turkey and other species of gonadotropin. The turkey LH purified here had significantly higher carbohydrate content than a previous preparation of turkey LH. Immunological studies further confirmed that the turkey FSH and LH were distinct from one another and that each was homologous to the respective gonadotropin from other vertebrates; the immunopotencies of the turkey hormones were similar to those from chickens. A variety of bioassays and radioreceptor assays (RRAs) confirmed the biological activity of the two turkey gonadotropins and revealed that the turkey LH was distinct from that of the chicken. As expected, the two types of turkey hormones were approximately equipotent in total gonadotropin bioassays (frog spermiation and 32P uptake by chick testes), and only the turkey LH was active in the rat Leydig cell assay and in RRA for LH in mammals. However, the turkey LH was also highly potent in several assays considered to be relatively FSH specific, including the Anolis lizard assay and several RRA systems using mammalian, turtle and avian gonadal receptors with 125I-labeled human FSH as tracer. Turkey and chicken FSH are similar in the RRAs, but the turkey LH was consistently more potent than either avian FSH in competing for FSH-binding sites. Chicken LH had relatively low activity by comparison. It is suggested that the evolution of the structure of active sites in turkey LH has involved convergence on those of the FSH molecule.
Unsedated transnasal EGD: an alternative approach to conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy for documenting Helicobacter pylori eradication.

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to assess the yield of antral biopsies performed via unsedated transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a technique that does not require conscious sedation with its concomitant costs and complications, for documentation of Helicobacter pylori eradication. Methods: Nineteen patients who were previously CLO test positive on conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy and subsequently treated for H pylori infection were enrolled. The subjects had not received antibiotic therapy in the prior month and had no prior gastric surgery. By using a GIF-N30 fiberoptic endoscope and a tiny cup biopsy forceps (1.8 mm diameter), unsedated transnasal endoscopy was performed and antral biopsy specimens were taken for a CLO test, histologic analysis (Dieterle stain), and tissue culture. On the same day, the subjects underwent a carbon 13–labeled area urea breath test. All subjects completed a visual analog scale, rating the acceptability of the unsedated transnasal examination and the previous sedated conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the results of the CLO tests (5/19 positive) versus the 13 C-urea breath test (4/19 positive) ( p = 0.96), the CLO tests versus histologic findings (5/19 positive) ( p = 0.71), or the 13 C-urea breath test versus histologic findings ( p = 0.96). All tissue culture results were negative. The overall acceptability of unsedated transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy was similar to that of sedated conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Conclusion: Unsedated transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a technique that eliminates the costs and complications associated with conscious sedation, is a feasible and accurate alternative to conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy when documentation of H pylori eradication and confirmation of gastric ulcer healing are both indicated. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:297-301.)
Autotrophic net productivity patterns at four artificial reef sites in the Mississippi Sound

Nearshore artificial reefs are common coastal features, for instance the Mississippi Sound has 67 inshore artificial reefs, the goal of which is to increase fisheries production. The success of artificial reefs depends in part on the primary production potential available to support the reef-based food web. In this study, we used settlement plates to estimate periphyton community net productivity, chlorophyll-a (chl-a), and biomass at sites adjacent to four artificial reefs in the Mississippi Sound in order to evaluate the potential of these artificial reefs to enhance local primary production. Water column primary productivity, chl-a, and biomass were also measured to assess the contribution of phytoplankton to total net primary production at these four sites. The largely negative net productivity measurements obtained for the periphyton community suggest that artificial structures deployed in the Mississippi Sound are potentially net heterotrophic and that the autotrophic component of the periphyton is not likely to be a major source of primary production to the reef food web for much of the year except in winter. The higher water column productivity measurements suggest that phytoplankton is a more important source of primary production to the reef food web than the benthic periphyton community especially during the summer.
A meshless treatment of three-dimensional penetrator targets for parallel computation

A meshless modeling procedure of three-dimensional targets for penetration analysis on parallel computing systems is described. Buried structures are modeled by arbitrary layers of concrete and geologic materials, and the projectile is modeled by standard finite elements. Penetration resistance of the buried structure is provided by functions derived from principles of dynamic cavity expansion. The resistance functions are influenced by the target material properties and projectile kinematics. Additional capabilities accommodate the varying structural and geometrical characteristics of the target. Coupling between the finite elements and the meshless target model is made by applying resistance loads to elements on the outer surface of the projectile mesh. Penetration experiments verify the approach. In this manner, the target is effectively modeled and the strategy is well suited for parallel processing. The procedure is incorporated into an explicit transient dynamics code, using mesh partitioning for a coarse grain parallel processing paradigm. Message Passing Interface (MPI) is used for all interprocessor communication. Large detailed finite element analyses of projectiles are performed on up to several hundred processors with excellent scalability. The efficiency of the strategy is demonstrated by analyses executed on several types of scalable computing platforms.
Separation of vanadyl and nickel petroporphyrins on an aminopropyl column by high-performance liquid chromatography

The nickel(II) and vanadyl(II) petroporphyrins in fuel oil and crude oil samples are separated by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on an aminopropyl column. Separation mechanisms presented include hydrogen bonding as well as Van der Waals interactions between the petroporphyrin and the amino group on the column surface. The method is simple and efficient for the fingerprinting of petroporphyrins in crude oils and oil products.
Production and Analysis of Fast Pyrolysis Oils from Proteinaceous Biomass

Fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a facile method for producing high yields of liquid fuel intermediates. However, because most fast pyrolysis oils are highly oxygenated, acidic, and unstable, identification of feedstocks that produce higher quality pyrolysis liquids is desirable. Therefore, the effect of feedstock protein content was studied by performing fast pyrolysis experiments on biomass with varying protein content. The feedstocks ranged from low-protein content, ∼5% up to feedstocks with >40 wt.% protein content. Protein content was not a major factor in the yield of pyrolysis oil or the distribution of biomass carbon into the pyrolysis products. However, elevated levels of protein did cause a deoxygenation effect in the pyrolysis process with more of the oxygen rejected from the biomass as water. The deoxygenation caused the pyrolysis oil from the higher protein containing biomass to have higher energy content. Furthermore, the concentration of basic nitrogen groups caused the pyrolysis oil from the higher protein biomass to shift to a more neutral pH and lower total acid number than has been measured typically for lignocelluloic biomass pyrolysis oils. Some of the pyrolysis oils, particularly those from the mustard seed family presscakes exhibited better thermal stability than low-protein pyrolysis oils.
A reciprocating pump check valve designed for supercritical water oxidation of sludges

Abstract This paper describes the design and test of a reciprocating pump check valve suitable for supercritical water oxidation of sludges. Various designs of Design and test of the sludge check valve were performed with an American Lewa diaphragm pump (Model HLM-1) which had a capacity of 1.5 g/s (0.2 lb/min
Accuracy of family history data on Parkinson's disease.

Background: Genetic studies of PD frequently rely on family history interviews (FHI), yet the accuracy of data obtained in this way is unclear. Objective: To assess the interinformant reliability and validity of family history information on PD in first-degree relatives of PD cases and controls. Methods: A structured FHI was administered to nondemented PD cases and controls and to a second informant (self-report, sibling or child of the subject) for each relative. Interinformant agreement was assessed on four algorithm-derived diagnostic categories of PD: definite, definite or probable, definite, probable or possible (“conservative diagnosis”); or definite, probable, possible, or uncertain (“liberal diagnosis”). The sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic category were assessed, using as the gold standard diagnoses based on either in-person examination or medical record review. Results: Five hundred thirty-six families containing 2,225 first-degree relatives were included in the interinformant reliability study. Agreement between informants was excellent for definite or probable PD for all three pairwise comparisons: proband vs self-report (κ = 0.92), proband vs sibling of subject (κ = 0.80), and proband vs child of subject (κ = 0.87). Agreement was also good to excellent for the conservative diagnosis (κ = 0.66, 0.49, and 0.79). In the validity analysis (141 individuals in 96 families), the conservative diagnosis provided the best combination of sensitivity (95.5%) and specificity (96.2%) for the proband’s family history report. No difference was apparent across categories defined by case or control status, relationship to the proband, or gender or age at onset of the proband. However, specificity was lower for deceased relatives than for living relatives. Conclusion: The FHI can be used to obtain reliable and valid family history information on PD in first-degree relatives when a conservative diagnostic algorithm is applied.
Studies Of The Association Between Exposure To Electric And Magnetic Fields And Human Cancer: A Review And Analysis

Research into possible health effect which might result from exposure to electric and magnetic fields has been conducted for several decades. Interest in this field increased during the early 1960’s as a result of reports from the Soviet Union of a higher frequency of symptoms among switchyard workers exposed to high electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Attempts to replicate these findings in a number of western countries failed to support these findings. Laboratory studies carried out in North America and Europe, largely with electric fields, generally failed to demonstrate any evidence of a hazard to human health. With a few exceptions, the state of knowledge that existed until quite recently has led to a general sense of complacency regarding possible health effects of EMF exposure [I I. Within the very recent past, that situation has changed. There are now a number of published studies of EMF exposure in human populations some of which suggest that EMF may increase the risk of cancer. The most important of these studies will be reviewed below. The publication of these new studies has stimulated certain changes in emphasis in EMF research. Briefly, those changes are: an emphasis on magnetic fields rather than electric fields, a reduced emphasis on high voltage transmission lines as the major source of exposure, and an interest in carcinogenesis. At the conclusion of this paper, I will describe some of the new research initiatives undertaken by the Electric Power Research Institute to resolve the large degree of uncertainty which characterizes this field of research. Because the studies to be reviewed here are epidemiological, I shall begin by offering some criteria for the evaluation of such studies particular with regard to causation. I will also offer some introductory comments on magnetic fields, their characteristics and sources.
Multiple retention deficits at periodic intervals after active and passive avoidance learning.

In separate experiments with independent groups of rats, retention performance after either a one-trial, passive avoidance or a multi-trial, one-way active avoidance training session was examined as a function of one of six training-testing intervals (15 min, 6 hr, 12 hr, 18 hr, 24 hr, or 30 hr) and of one of our training times (0300, 0900, 1500, or 2100 hr). All animals were entrained on a 12-hr light, 12-hr dark schedule. Retention performance for both active and passive avoidance tasks was best when testing was done at approximately the same time as training (i.e., 15 min or 24 hr later), regardless of the time of training. Retention performance for both tasks was poorest in groups tested 6, 18 or 30 hr after training, again regardless of the time of training. Retention performance in the groups tested 12 hr after training was intermediate to the 15-min or 24-hr groups and the 6-, 18- or 30-hr groups, the degree of impairment depending somewhat on time of training. Such data suggest that some recurring process like a biological rhythm may mediate the fluctuations in retention performance. The authors discuss a state-dependent hypothesis in which the state of the organism at the time of training becomes associated with the conditioning experience and shifts towards or away from that state influence retention performance via the availability of relevant cues.
On the measurement of anelastic attenuation using amplitudes of low-frequency surface waves

Abstract A method is presented for the measurement of attenuation of long-period Rayleigh waves which minimizes two effects: that of biases owing to uncertainties in the source moment tensor and that of focusing owing to propagation in a laterally heterogeneous elastic Earth. In this manner, by measuring attenuation over minor arcs, odd terms of lateral heterogeneity inQ can be resolved. Global averageQ estimates are in good agreement with the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) in the period range 180–285 s. At periods shorter than 180 s, our estimates ofQ are lower than predicted by PREM. Maps of lateral variations inQ−1 show a general correspondence of highQ to high shear velocity and lowQ to low shear velocity. In particular, the shift to the west, at increasing period, of the locus of the minimum in the Pacific Ocean is also observed in theQ−1 maps.
Biochemical oscillations and the development of organization

Systems of linear inhomogeneous rate equations for reaction-diffusion kinetics are solved utilizing a Green's integral operator technique. The general theory for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of n-component linear systems undergoing diffusion and reaction is derived. The time development of temporal oscillations of the system's reactants is studied. Systemic homogeneity is related to a quantity defined as redundancy. The latter is a function of the system's entropy and a correlation is made between redundancy and noise. It is hypothesized that this correlation may provide a tie between the time development of noise and the time development of pathology in living systems.
Amounts Spent on Engagement Rings Reflect Aspects of Male and Female Mate Quality

Previous research has shown that the qualities of nuptial gifts among nonhumans and marriage-related property transfers in human societies such as bridewealth and dowry covary with aspects of mate quality. This article explores this issue for another type of marriage-related property transfer: engagement rings. We obtained data on engagement ring costs and other variables through a mail survey sent to recently married individuals living in the American Midwest. This article focuses on survey responses regarding rings that were purchased by men acting alone and using only their own funds who then presented the rings while making surprise proposals of marriage (n = 127). Men marrying younger women spent more on rings, as did men who earned more money and whose fiancees earned more money. These findings suggest that the amounts spent on engagement rings, like bridewealth and dowry payments in other societies, reflect aspects of both male and female mate quality.
Cation-dependent gelation of the acidic extracellular polysaccharides of Rhizobium leguminosarum: a non-specific mechanism for the attachment of bacteria to plant roots

Abstract The extracellular acidic heteropolysaccharides produced by various species of Rhizobium leguminosarum possess the same backbone but have different sidechains. Aqueous solutions of these polysaccharides form gels in the presence of excess of salt and divalent cations are more effective at inducing gelation than are monovalent cations, although the moduli of the gels are similar at comparable ionic strength. Gelation of the extracellular polysaccharide is proposed as a mechanism for attaching the bacteria to the tips of plant roots.
Velocity-sensitive elements in human vision: Initial psychophysical evidence

Abstract Luminance thresholds for contours moving at 2°/sec, 5°/sec, or 9°/sec of visual angle were measured after adaptation periods in which contours moving at each of several different angular velocities were viewed. The range of velocities of adapting motion was 12°/sec to 45°/sec. Thresholds for conditions when adapting and test motions were in the same direction were elevated relative to conditions when adapting and test motions were in opposite directions. Largest threshold elevations were obtained when adapting and test contour velocities were similar. The results indicate that the human visual system contains different velocity-sensitive mechanisms, each of which is most responsive to a specific range of contour velocities.
SHOT NOISE SUPPRESSION IN QUANTUM POINT CONTACT STRUCTURES

The shot noise power spectrum of a quantum point contact structure is investigated based upon a time-dependent Landauer approach. The system is modeled by an open conducting channel coupled with two infinite reservoirs. When the channel length L ≫ ξ (the coherence length of an electron wave packet), all the channel states moving from source to drain are fully occupied while all the opposite ones are empty. Consequently, shot noise is suppressed to zero along with conductance quantization. For L ~ ξ, however, while the conductance is still well quantized, the shot noise is only partially suppressed to a nonzero fraction of its full level, in agreement with recent experimental data.
WAMM in the framework of graphical user interfaces for metacomputing management

Abstract Current environments for metacomputing generally have tools for managing the resources of a metacomputer but often lack adequate tools for designing, writing, and executing programs. Building an application for a metacomputer typically involves writing source codes on a local node, transferring and compiling codes on every node, and starting their execution. Without such tools, the application development phases can come up against considerable difficulties. In order to alleviate these problems, some graphical user interfaces (GUIs) based on PVM, such as XPVM, Parallel Application Development Environment (PADE) and Wide Area Metacomputing Manager (WAMM) have been implemented. These GUIs integrate a programming environment which facilitates the user in performing the application development phases and the application execution. This paper outlines the general requirements for designing GUIs for metacomputing management, and compares WAMM, a graphical user interface, with some related works.
Subsite mapping of enzymes. Use of subsite map to simulate complete time course of hydrolysis of a polymeric substrate.

Abstract In this paper we extend our earlier work on subsite mapping and show that our model for depolymerase action can be used to accurately predict product ratios vs the extent of reaction when a polymer is hydrolyzed. The experimental product ratios for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α-amylase acting on reducing end-labeled 14C-maltodextrins ranging in chain length 3 to 10 are reported. These data and Michaelis parameters are used with a depolymerase computer model (J. D. Allen, 1977, Ph.D. thesis, University of Arkansas; J. D. Allen and J. A. Thoma, 1976, Biochem. J.159, 105 ) to compute an optimized subsite map. The depolymerase computer model generates a 10-subsite map for B. amyloliquefaciens α-amylase with the catalytic site located to the left of subsite 7. The binding affinities of the subsites are then used as the sole input in another computer program to quantitatively predict the mole fraction of products vs the extent of hydrolysis for substrates of varying chain length. Excellent agreement is obtained between the computed and experimental data for seven maltodextrins examined.
Dual Role for Adenine Nucleotides in the Regulation of the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Receptor, Guanylyl Cyclase-A

The ability to both sensitize and desensitize a guanylyl cyclase receptor has not been previously accomplished in a broken cell or membrane preparation. The guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) receptor is known to require both atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and an adenine nucleotide for maximal cyclase activation. When membranes from NIH 3T3 cells stably overexpressing GC-A were incubated with ATP, AMPPNP, or ATPgammaS, only ATPgammaS dramatically potentiated ANP-dependent cyclase activity. When the membranes were incubated with ATPgammaS and then washed, GC-A now became sensitive to ANP/AMPPNP stimulation, suggestive that thiophosphorylation had sensitized GC-A to ligand and adenine nucleotide binding. Consistent with this hypo- thesis, the ATPgammaS effects were both time- and concentration-dependent. Protein phosphatase stability of thiophosphorylation (ATPgammaS) relative to phosphorylation (ATP) appeared to explain the differential effects of the two nucleotides since microcystin, beta-glycerol phosphate, or okadaic acid coincident with ATP or ATPgammaS effectively sensitized GC-A to ligand stimulation over prolonged periods of time in either case. GC-A was phosphorylated in the presence of [gamma32P]ATP, and the magnitude of the phosphorylation was increased by the addition of microcystin. Thus, the phosphorylation of GC-A correlates with the acquisition of ligand sensitivity. The establishment of an in vitro system to sensitize GC-A demonstrates that adenine nucleotides have a daul function in the regulation of GC-A through both phosphorylation of and binding to regulatory sites.
Early cardiac hypertrophy in mice with impaired calmodulin regulation of cardiac muscle Ca2+ release channel

Studies with isolated membrane fractions have shown that calmodulin (CaM) inhibits the activity of cardiac muscle cell Ca2+ release channel ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2). To determine the physiological importance of CaM regulation of RyR2, we generated a mouse with 3 amino acid substitutions (RyR2-W3587A/L3591D/F3603A) in exon 75 of the Ryr2 gene, which encodes the CaM-binding site of RyR2. Homozygous mutant mice showed an increased ratio of heart weight to body weight, greatly reduced fractional shortening of the left ventricle, and lethality at 9–16 days of age. Biochemical analysis of hearts of 7- and 10-day-old homozygous mutant mice indicated an impaired CaM inhibition of RyR2 at micromolar Ca2+ concentrations, reduction in RyR2 protein levels and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sequestration, and upregulation of genes and/or proteins associated with class II histone deacetylase/myocyte enhancer factor-2 and calcineurin signaling pathways. Sustained Ca2+ transients, often displaying repeated periods of incomplete Ca2+ removal, were observed in homozygous cardiomyocytes. Taken together, the data indicate that impaired CaM inhibition of RyR2, associated with defective sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and altered gene expression, leads to cardiac hypertrophy and early death.
Reducing MapReduce Abstraction Costs for Text-centric Applications

The MapReduce framework has become widely popular for programming large clusters, even though MapReduce jobs may use underlying resources relatively inefficiently. There has been substantial research in improving MapReduce performance for applications that were inspired by relational database queries, but almost none for text-centric applications, including inverted index construction, processing large log files, and so on. We identify two simple optimizations to improve MapReduce performance on text-centric tasks: frequency-buffering and spill-matcher. The former approach improves buffer efficiency for intermediate map outputs by identifying frequent keys, effectively shrinking the amount of work that the shuffle phase must perform. Spill-matcher is a runtime controller that improves parallelization of MapReduce framework background tasks. Together, our two optimizations improve the performance of text-centric applications by up to 39.1%. We demonstrate gains on both a small local cluster and Amazon's EC2 cloud service. Unlike other MapReduce optimizations, these techniques require no user code changes, and only small changes to the MapReduce system.
Relationship of the Copsystem, Form P Interest Inventory (COPS-P) Scales to Vocational Preference Inventory Scales (VPI): Construct Validity of Scales Based on Professed Occupational Interest in a College Sample:

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship of scores on the COPSystem Interest Inventory, Form P to scores on similar constructs of the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI). The sample included 86 undergraduate university students. Scales on the two instruments were matched according to the name of the constructs and the theoretical assumptions of the constructs. The results indicated generally high correlations between scales of the two instruments measuring similar constructs. Thus the pattern of magnitude of correlations is interpreted as providing evidence for the construct validity of the two instruments.
Variability of ΔpCO2 in the subarctic North Pacific. A comparison of results from four expeditions

Time-space variability of surface seawater p CO 2 is examined over the region (150°W−180°, 46°N−50°N) of the subarctic North Pacific where large meridional gradients of temperature and nutrient concentrations exist. The data were collected during four trans-Pacific expeditions in three different years (1985–1987), but within the same 30-day period of the year (August – September). Systematic measurement differences between the four data sets are estimated as < 10 μatm. The inter-expedition comparison suggests that surface seawater p CO 2 in the study area is quite variable, with mean differences of up to 25 μatm and local differences up to 60 μatm. Spatial and interannual variability of surface seawater p CO 2 were found to contribute significant uncertainty to estimates of the mean Δ p CO 2 for the study area. Fluxes were calculated using Δ p CO 2 values from the four expeditions combined with gas exchange coefficients calculated from four different wind fields giving a range of − 0.94 to + 4.1 mmol CO 2 m −2 d −1 . The range of fluxes from the study area is scaled to a larger area of the North Pacific to address how this variability can translate into uncertainties in basin-wide carbon air-sea exchange fluxes. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.t01-1-00006.x
A New Approach of Designing Superalloys for Low Density

New low-density single-crystal (IDS) alloys have been developed for turbine blade applications, which have the potential for significant improvements in the thrust-to-weight ratio over current production superalloys. An innovative alloying strategy was used to achieve alloy density reductions, high-temperature creep resistance, micro-structural stability, and cyclic oxidation resistance. The alloy design relies on molybdenum as a potent, lower-density solid-solution strengthener in the nickel-based superalloy. Low alloy density was also achieved with modest rhenium levels and the absence of tungsten. Microstructural, physical, mechanical, and environmental testing demonstrated the feasibility of this new IDS superalloy design.
Nuclear EGFR as a molecular target in cancer

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been one of the most targeted receptors in the field of oncology. While anti-EGFR inhibitors have demonstrated clinical success in specific cancers, most patients demonstrate either intrinsic or acquired resistance within one year of treatment. Many mechanisms of resistance to EGFR inhibitors have been identified, one of these being attributed to alternatively localized EGFR from the cell membrane into the cell’s nucleus. Inside the nucleus, EGFR functions as a co-transcription factor for several genes involved in cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and as a tyrosine kinase to activate and stabilize proliferating cell nuclear antigen and DNA dependent protein kinase. Nuclear localized EGFR is highly associated with disease progression, worse overall survival in numerous cancers, and enhanced resistance to radiation, chemotherapy, and the anti-EGFR therapies gefitinib and cetuximab. In this review the current knowledge of how nuclear EGFR enhances resistance to cancer therapeutics is discussed, in addition to highlighting ways to target nuclear EGFR as an anti-cancer strategy in the future.
Simulated event propagation in distributed, open environments

This paper presents a design for simulating the propagation of environmental events in distributed, open environments. Environmental events are properties of the simulated environment that may affect the state of the environment and the behavior of virtual agents situated in the environment. The design aims to realistically model simulated events and is capable of consistently modeling the effects of such events in a distributed and dynamic environment. The paper provides several scenarios describing how simulated event propagation is handled under various conditions.
Evaluating removable partial dentures by mathematical equations

Abstract A method is outlined for using mathematical equations to test the advantages of several designs for removable partial dentures. The four basic situations analyzed were (1) vertical force on abutment teeth, (2) clasp retention, (3) tooth supported dentures, and (4) tooth-tissue supported dentures. Several equation forms were used to test the efficiency of design for engineering and physiologic advantages. While this system of analysis can be applied to designs of removable partial dentures, factors of the patient's attitude toward cosmetics and functional comfort must also be considered. Requirements must consider supporting tissues, retention, and fabrication problems as well as the patient's general health. All of these factors must be tied together by professional judgment in the final analysis.
Analysis of modulation response and locking range dynamics for coherently coupled phased, vertical cavity laser arrays

High-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are important for optical data transmission applications. Modulation bandwidth for free-running VCSELs typically ranges from few to twenty GHz. An interesting discovery is that modulation bandwidth may be appreciably improved with coherently coupled arrays [1,2]. Recently we reported the ability to tune 2–1 phased, photonic crystal VCSEL arrays into various regions of coherently coupled operation [3] and its utilization for producing greatly enhanced resonance frequency and modulation bandwidth [2,4]. We have since applied dynamic coupled mode theory to evaluate relevant aspects of modulation response and locking range dynamics observed from coherently coupled 2–1 arrays.
Almost periodic Jacobi matrices associated with Julia sets for polynomials

Letℐ be the Jacobi matrix associated with polynomialT(z) of degreeN≧2. The spectrum ofℐ is the Julia set associated withT(z) which in many cases is a Cantor set. Letℐ(1) denote the result of omitting the first row and column ofJ. Then it is shown that the spectrum ofℐ(1) may be purely discrete.
Toxicity of Guthion and Guthion 2S to Xenopus laevis embryos.

The development of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) embryos exposed to the pesticide Guthion® (technical grade) and Guthion® 2S (commercial formulation) was evaluated in modified Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay—Xenopus (FETAX) tests. The embryos were exposed to five or six increasing concentrations of pesticide in 10- and 100-ml exposure volumes of test solution for 96 h. Embryos exposed in 10-ml volumes of Guthion exhibited increased mortality, increased deformation, and decreased size as compared to those exposed in 100-ml volumes. LC50s for embryos exposed in the 10-ml Guthion tests ranged from 6.1 to 6.3 mg/L as compared to 10.6 to 11.9 mg/L for those in the 100-ml tests. The percentage of deformities at 3 mg/L Guthion in test survivors in 10-ml tests ranged from 73 to 89%, while in the 100-ml tests less than 2% were deformed at the same concentration. Mean control embryo lengths at test completion were 8.2 and 10.6 mm, respectively, for 10- and 100-ml tests. The LC50 for embryos in 100 ml Guthion 2S was 1.6 mg/L active ingredient, indicating a much greater toxicity of the commercial formulation. NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) values for Guthion and Guthion 2S ranged from 0.48 to 7.96 mg/L, depending upon basis (length, deformity, mortality) and pesticide formulation, and were many times greater than the existing water quality criterion of 0.01 μg/L.
Trojan horse resistant discretionary access control

Modern operating systems primarily use Discretionary Access Control (DAC) to protect files and other operating system resources. DAC mechanisms are more user-friendly than Mandatory Access Control (MAC) systems, but are vulnerable to attacks that use trojan horses or exploit buggy software. We show that it is possible to have the best of both worlds: DAC's easy-to-use discretionary policy and MAC's defense against trojan horses and buggy programs. This is made possible by a key new insight that DAC has weaknesses not because it uses the discretionary principle, but because existing DAC enforcement mechanisms assume that a single principal is responsible for any request, whereas in reality a request may be influenced by multiple principals; thus these mechanisms cannot correctly identify the true origin(s) of a request and fall prey to trojan horses. We propose to solve this problem by combining DAC's policy specification with new enforcement techniques that use ideas from MAC's information flow tracking. Our model, called Information Flow Enhanced DAC (IFEDAC), significantly strengthens end host security, while preserving to a large degree DAC's ease of use. In this paper, we present the IFEDAC model, analyze its security properties, and discuss our implementation for Linux.
A Class of Designs for Sequential Clinical Trials

Abstract In a situation comparing the effectiveness of two clinical treatments, eligible subjects come to an experimental site sequentially and must be treated at once. In order to reduce different kinds of experimental bias and also increase the precision of inferences about treatment effects, a class of designs which offers a compromise between perfect balance and complete randomization is proposed and analyzed in this article. These new designs have the desirable property of forcing a small-sized experiment to be balanced while tending toward a complete randomization scheme as the size of the experiment increases.
No patents for semantic information.

(2002). No Patents for Semantic Information. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 15-16.
Primary ovarian pregnancy successfully treated with methotrexate.

Abstract We describe a case of laparoscopically documented unruptured primary ovarian pregnancy successfully treated with intramuscular methotrexate.
Context-Constrained Judgment of the Perceived Risk of HIV/AIDS1

This study introduces a computer method for assessing perception of stimuli presented in a constrained context. The method is illustrated through experiments on perception of the risk of becoming infected with HIV and AIDS. In five experiments, context-constrained judgments (CCJ) or context-independent judgments were obtained from 258 undergraduates. Participants judged the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS for a variety of target populations, including themselves. The CCJ method results in greater response discrimination among the salience of perceived risk factors than does a context independent method. This outcome has potential implications for education and intervention programs to control the spread of HIV.
Mechanisms of the Pathogenesis of Troponin T-Based Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Mutations in cardiac troponin T (cTnT) cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy characterized by comparatively little cardiac hypertrophy, but a high incidence of sudden cardiac death. Transgenic mice modeling this disease have smaller cardiomyocytes, leading to smaller hearts. However, different mutations in cTnT have distinct phenotypes with respect to fibrosis, induction of molecular markers, and systolic function. Such models ideally allow for testing of the role of individual phenotypes in the pathways leading to cardiomyopathy, as well as identification of factors such as exercise that can affect the disease.
Dental abnormalities in long‐term survivors of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma

To define the long-term dental sequelae of therapy for childhood rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck, and to identify factors in their development, we retrospectively reviewed the serial panoramic radiographs and clinical records of 22 survivors of head or neck rhabdomyosarcoma who had been followed for at least 5 years. Patients were divided into four groups based upon age at the time of therapy and three groups based upon radiation doses. All patients had received similar multiagent chemotherapy. Dental sequelae of oncotherapy occurred in over half of the long-term survivors of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma. The abnormalities comprised root stunting in 54%, microdontia in 23%, and hypodontia in 50% of patients; 36% had multiple abnormalities. Microdontia and multiple abnormalities were more prevalent in patients treated at the earliest age, and abnormalities tended to be more prevalent with increasing doses of radiation. Five patients (23%) developed severe cosmetic and/or functional sequelae necessitating surgical and/or orthodontic intervention. The high frequency of dental sequelae we observed suggests that meticulous long-term dental and radiographic follow-up are needed. Early detection and treatment of the complications of therapy will expedite their correction and minimize morbidity.
Theoretical computation of ionospheric absorption at low frequencies

Abstract The differential equation for the reflection coefficient in the deviative region is solved approximately. The expression is tested on cases of known reflection coefficient and then applied to recently proposed models of the E and D layers.
Identification of discrete Hammerstein systems by the Fourier series regression estimate

The identification of a single-input, single-output (SISO) discrete Hammerstein system is studied. Such a system consists of a non-linear memoryless subsystem followed by a dynamic, linear subsystem. The parameters of the dynamic, linear subsystem are identified by a correlation method and the Newton-Gauss method. The main results concern the identification of the non-linear, memoryless subsystem. No conditions are imposed on the functional form of the non-linear subsystem, recovering the non-linear using the Fourier series regression estimate. The density-free pointwise convergence Of the estimate is proved, that is.algorithm converges for all input densities The rate of pointwise convergence is obtained for smooth input densities and for non-linearities of Lipschitz type.Globle convergence and its rate are also studied for a large class of non-linearities and input densities
Composition of the volatile oil from the foliage and terminal branches of western Juniper

Abstract The volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of the foliage and terminal branches of western juniper in 1.8 per cent yield was found to contain α‐pinene 10–12 per cent; a mixture of β‐phellandrene, dipentene, and p ‐cymene 10 per cent; sabinene 4 per cent; terpinolene and α‐terpinene 3–5 per cent; terpinen‐4‐ol 6–8 per cent; d ‐borneol, free and combined as borneol acetate, 22–25 per cent; cadinene 20–25 per cent; acetic acid, free and combined as borneol acetate, 4–5 per cent; phenols 1.0 per cent; traces of aldehydes; and residue and losses 16–18 per cent.
Intravenous dextrose-amino-acid feeding: the metabolic response in the surgical neonate.

Abstract Extensive metabolic balance studies were undertaken in three neonates whose nutrition was maintained parenterally with a 20 per cent dextrose, five per cent fibrin hydrolysate mixture during staged repair of complicated omphalocele. All three showed, besides a satisfactory weight gain, positive nitrogen balance in the complete absence of oral feedings. The dextrose administered was adequately utilized; and significant glycosuria, osmotic diuresis or other adverse side effects were not detected.
Heat and Mass Diffusional Intrusions in Catalytic Reactor Behavior

Abstract In the wake of the pioneering work of Thiele [l], Zeldovitch [2], Wagner [3], Wheeler [4], and Weisz [5] directed attention to the role played by diffusion in modifying the intrinsic activity and selectivity of porous catalysts.
Multi-MW Soliton Pulse Generation at 1700 nm in a Photonic Crystal Rod

We demonstrate tunable soliton generation in excess of 3 MW peak power in the 1,700 nm spectral region using a solid-core photonic crystal rod pumped by a compact femtosecond fiber source. This system can potentially be used for in vivo deep tissue multiphoton microscopy.
Managed care and perinatal regionalization in Washington State

Abstract Objective: To determine if an association exists between managed care penetration and perinatal deregionalization in Washington State. Methods: The proportions of low birth weight (LBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) deliveries were tabulated for each hospital in Washington State for the years 1989, 1993 and 1996. Level of perinatal care, degree of health maintenance organization (HMO) penetration, and maternal demographic characteristics including age, race, smoking, and Medicaid status were derived from state and national databases. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for each hospital level to evaluate the association between change in proportion of LBW and VLBW deliveries and change in HMO penetration per hospital between each of the 3 years. Results: From 1989 through 1993, the proportion of LBW deliveries significantly declined at level III hospitals and rose at level I and II hospitals. This trend reversed between 1993 and 1996. Very low birth weight deliveries demonstrated more limited and somewhat contrary results, significantly decreasing, then increasing in level I hospitals, and significantly increasing in level III hospitals from 1989 to 1993. After controlling for changes in maternal characteristics over time, changes in HMO penetration at the hospital level were not significantly associated with an increasing proportion of LBW or VLBW deliveries at nonlevel III hospitals. In some analyses, increasing HMO penetration actually was significantly associated with decreasing LBW and VLBW deliveries at nonlevel III hospitals. Conclusion: Despite continued growth in HMOs throughout the state, the trend toward deregionalization in Washington State noted in the early 1990s has not continued. At the hospital level, the increasing presence of HMOs is not significantly associated with perinatal deregionalization.
Management of the Hematologic Complications of Hepatitis C Therapy

Consensus guidelines are in place for treating chronic hepatitis C virus infection. This article highlights some of the hematologic complications of hepatitis C therapy. Management options are presented.
Keynote Lecture 2: “Towards emergence of new function by engineering materials: Colloidal nanocrystal based structures for opto-electronic, sensing and biomedical applications”

The attention of scientists has been increasingly attracted by the properties of materials in nanophase state, which are highly dependent on their size and shape and can be dramatically different from those of the corresponding bulk phase materials. Such geometry dependent characteristics result essential for design novel functional materials with tailored characteristics, revealing a high impact on fundamental aspects as well as on potential technology applications. Fine tuning of the nanomaterial electronic, optical, magnetic, thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties opens possibilities for their wide applications in several technological fields.
Trivariate Flood Frequency Analysis Using the Gumbel–Hougaard Copula

Using the Gumbel–Hougaard copula, trivariate distributions of flood peak, volume, and duration were derived, and then conditional return periods were obtained. The derived distributions were tested using flood data from the Amite River Basin in Louisiana. A major advantage of the copula method is that marginal distributions of individual variables can be of any form and the variables can be correlated.
Atmospheric and cloud structures of the Jovian planets

Wet adiabatic atmospheric models are computed for the four Jovian planets. Possible cloud-forming condensates considered are H2O ice, aqueous NH3 solution, NH4SH, and solid NH3, CH4, and Ar. Some techniques for computer calculation of condensation in a multiphase system of variable composition are discussed. Nominal models are computed for all four planets, and the effects of variations in composition and different pressure-temperature regimes are investigated in detail for Jupiter. The meaning of the calculated closed densities and their relation to the actual densities are discussed. The computed atmospheric profiles represent average conditions, subject to considerable local variations.