cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further observations of epidemic diarrhea of the newborn

Summary In an outbreak of epidemic diarrhea of the newborn involving sixty-three infants, there were fifteen deaths. The incidence of the disease and the death rate were higher among the premature infants. In eleven instances a biphasic clinical course was encountered, in which after clinical and biochemical improvement there suddenly developed ominous symptoms with a state of collapse and death for eight of the infants. Control of the outbreak was not obtained until the entire department was closed to admissions and thoroughly cleaned before it was reoccupied. An etiologic bacterial agent was not discovered, and virologic studies could not be performed. Therapeutic measures included maintenance of hydration, correction ofacidosis, modification of feeding, and administration of amino acid solution, plasma, and whole blood. Neither sulfonamide nor penicillin therapy seemed to influence the clinical course of epidemic diarrhea of the newborn, and in a limited series the intramuscular administration of gamma globulin had no apparent prophylactic or therapeutic effect.
Proventriculus (cardia) plays a crucial role in immunity in tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidiae).

Abstract Fat body and hemocytes play a central role in cellular and humoral responses for systemic infections in invertebrates, similar to the mammalian liver and blood cells. Epithelial surfaces, in particular the midgut, participate in the initial local immune responses in order to aid in the generation of the terminal cytotoxic molecules that mediate non-self recognition. Here, we describe for the first time the immune responses of a cluster of cells at the foregut/midgut junction—known as proventriculus (cardia) in the medically and agriculturally important insect, tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae). We provide evidence for the transcriptional induction of the antimicrobial peptides attacin and defensin as well as for the reactive nitrogen intermediate (RNI) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) upon microbial challenge by either microinjection or feeding. Proventriculus from immune challenged flies also has higher NOS and nitric oxide (NO) activities as well as increased levels of the reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). In several vector pathogen systems, including tsetse flies and African trypanosomes, stimulation of systemic responses prior to pathogen acquisition has been shown to reduce disease transmission. Furthermore, the induction of systemic immune responses has been documented while pathogens are still differentiating within the midgut environment. While evidence for a close molecular communication between the local and systemic responses is accumulating, the molecular signals that mediate these interactions are at present unknown. Reactive intermediates such as NO or H 2 O 2 may function as immunological signals for mediating the molecular communication between the different insect compartments. We discuss the putative role of the proventriculus in invertebrate immunity and specifically speculate on its significance for trypanosome transmission in tsetse.
Theory of many-body effects on conduction-electron spin resonance in anisotropic metals

We present the details of an earlier Letter in which we showed that many-body effects qualitatively change the behavior of conduction-electron spin resonance (CESR) in metals having a spread in $g$ values over the Fermi surface. When scattering is too slow to motionally narrow CESR we show that electron correlations and $g$ anisotropy combine and lead to an exchange-narrowed collective mode. This mode is Lorentzian and its width would vanish in the absence of scattering. The position of the collective mode is shifted from the position of the motionally narrowed CESR which one would observe at high temperatures. This shift offers the possibility of determining the electron-electron exchange interaction in metals for which spin waves have not yet been observed. We discuss the behavior of CESR in general and derive equations for the linewidth and resonance position in one interesting limit.
Crystal structures of metallo-organo phosphates from X-ray powder diffraction data

Abstract The application of X-ray powder diffraction for the solution and refinement of unknown crystal structures is due to the recent developments in both computational and instrumental methods. While a good number of structures of simple to fairly complex inorganic compounds have been solved ab initio, by using powder diffraction data, application of such techniques to compounds containing organic groups is rare. By the use of laboratory and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, we have successfully solved and refined a number of metallo-organic compounds containing both rigid and flexible carbon skeletons. In this paper we briefly described our recent results on some complex metallo-organo phosphates. We also show the correctness of the powder structures by comparing the results of one such compound with its subsequent single crystal study.
Seasonal attack periods of cone-feeding insects of loblolly pine cones.

The seasonal attack periods of insects infesting cones of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., were determined in a Louisiana seed orchard. Attacks by Dioryctria amatella (Hulst) occurred primarily from mid-Mar, to mid-Apr., early June to late July, and late Aug. to early Oct. Attacks by D. clarioralis (Walker) occurred from late May to early July. Additional attacks were suspected in late September, but populations of D. clarioralis were too low to be detected in cones. The cone midges, Asynapta sp. and Resseliella sp., attacked cones primarily in May and June, and were found most often in cones concurrently infested by D. amatella. External damage from unknown causes occurred from Mar. to May. Conelet abortion occurred throughout the year and was considered to be caused mostly by factors other than insect feeding.
The use of IR spectroscopy to monitor the conversion of matrix isolated phenylacetyl chloride to phenylacetyl cation, without decarbonylation to benzyl cation

IR spectroscopy is presented as a convenient means to monitor the formation of acyl (and alkyl) cations from corresponding acid chlorides, with Lewis acids at low temperature in the solid state. Phenylacetyl chloride is co-deposited (under vacuum at −173°C with antimony pentafluoride on a KBr window), as in the ‘molecular beam’ method of cation generation. The initial IR spectrum of the deposition shows (in addition to starting materials) that a small amount of phenylacetyl cation (2274 cm−1) has been formed. Warming the solid matrix to −123°C Promotes the smooth conversion of acid chloride to acyl cation. Ultraviolet irradiation (through quartz windows) at −123°C to −73°C facilitates this conversion but does not result in the loss of carbon monoxide from the acyl cation to form benzyl cation. When benzyl chloride is used in place of phenylacetyl chloride, there is no noticeable difference between IR spectra taken before and after warming and/or photolysis of the solid deposition.
Improving Youth Mentoring Interventions Through Research-based Practice

Youth mentoring programs are in the limelight. Over three million young people have a Big Brother, a Big Sister, or a similar adult volunteer involved in their lives–a sixfold increase from just a decade ago–and generous federal funding continues to fuel new initiatives. This expansion speaks volumes about the faith our society places in one-on-one relationships between vulnerable young people and caring adults. But what do we know about the effectiveness of this intervention strategy? A better understanding of the research evidence for youth mentoring, including findings from reviews, evaluations, and meta-analyses, provides a basis for a more informed, practically applicable approach to strengthening youth mentoring interventions.
Coupling effects in the extraction of spectroscopic factors

Direct nuclear reactions are used to extract spectroscopic information about exotic nuclei. A spectroscopic factor (SF) is often extracted from measurements assuming a single-particle structure for the projectile. Being peripheral, these reactions are mostly sensitive to the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) of the wave function. We study the accuracy of analysing peripheral reactions with a single-particle approximation of the nucleus. We consider a collective core+n model, in which the core can be excited. Fair agreement is obtained between the SF inferred from the single-particle approximation and the one obtained within the collective model when large SFs are concerned.
Ritz Approach for Buckling Prediction of Cracked-Stiffened Structures

The objective of the current paper is to present a Ritz-type solution for the buckling analysis of cracked-orthogonally stiffened panels. A cracked-orthogonally stiffened panel is defined as a rectangular plate with a crack and that has stiffeners that are parallel to one of its sides. Such structures are typically used as stiffened wing skins and fuselage skins in aerospace engineering. The behavior prediction of a cracked-stiffened panel using the Ritz approach is considered in the paper. In the Ritz-type solution, we use the local trigonometric trial functions to define the displacement function of the crack-stiffened panel, which is discretized into several elements based on the crack location and stiffener location. The interface continuity conditions for cracked thin-walled structures are derived and investigated in detail; the interface conditions are used to condense the global eigenvalue problem by eliminating redundant Ritz coefficients. Examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of ...
Stereochemical features of the (2+2) cycloaddition reactions of chiral allenes. V: Cycloaddition of 1-tert-butyl-3-methylallene with 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene

The (2 + 2) cycloaddtion reactions of 1-tert-butyl-3-methylallene (tBMA) with radicophiles were investigated. The attempted cycloaddition reactions with N-phenylmaleimide, acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate produce only (4 + 2) cycloadducts of 1-tert-butyl-1,3-butadiene which is formed by the more rapid [1.3] hydrogen sigmatropic rearrangement of the tBMA. The (2 × 2) cycloaddition of tBMA with 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene (1122) occurs more rapidly than does the sigmatropic rearrangement, and produces a mixture of the four cycloadducts 1–4. The cycloaddition of 1122 with enantioenriched tBMA produces one cycloadduct (3) in which ca 91% of the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the tBMA is transferred to the cycloadduct. The other three cycloadducts are formed retaining much less of the ee of the starting tBMA. The results are interpreted on the basis of molecular modeling calculations carried out on the 1122–1,3-dimethylallene system reported previously. It is suggested that cycloadduct 3 is formed by essentially only one continuous minimum-energy reaction pathway, while cycloadducts 2 and 4 are formed by two competitive minimum-energy reaction pathways which result in the formation of cycloadducts possessing opposite absolute configurations. The combined contributions of the two competitive pathways result in much lower overall degrees of transfer of the ee of the tBMA to the diradical intermediates and cycloadducts.
It’s Time to Stop Running: A Model of the Apprehension of Suspected War Criminals

Suspected war criminals who remain at large can do great damage to post-conflict, peace-building efforts. I develop a model of war criminal apprehension predicated on the behavior of international actors to alter the cost/benefit calculus of suspected war criminals and their supporters and make them either more susceptible to capture or make them more likely to surrender. I test this model with duration analysis using data from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia regarding the indictment and capture/surrender (if achieved) of over 100 individuals wanted for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. The results demonstrate that not only is it possible to model these phenomena, but that there are a variety of actions the international community can take to facilitate the capture and surrender of suspected war criminals.
A model for combined assessment of motor performance and behaviour in 3-year-old children.

This paper presents a new model for combined assessment of motor performance and behaviour (CAMPB) in 3-year-old children. It is intended for simultaneous use with a scale for assessment of motor-perceptual development. The child's performance is observed and compared with detailed descriptions of performance in gross and fine motor functions, and descriptions of coordination, attention and social behaviour, included in a protocol. An overall evaluation is also made. These assessments have been performed in a longitudinal follow-up study of children who needed intensive care neonatally and a control group of 72 neonatally healthy children. In this report the results from CAMPB assessments in the control group are presented. CAMPB together with the motor-perceptual scale was feasible in these 3-year-old children and CAMPB was sensitive enough to detect differences between children. The motor performance in most children conformed with the descriptions of gross and fine motor function in the protocol, and c...
Deep centers in GaN layers grown on epitaxial lateral overgrowth templates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

The dependence of traps and their concentration in GaN on the quality of templates, on which the layers are grown, has been studied by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Thin GaN layers studied were grown on GaN templates employing conventional epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) and nano-ELO with SiNx nanonetwork. The concentrations of traps found in these layers were compared with a reference sample grown on a standard GaN template not utilizing ELO. Two traps A (0.55 eV – 0.58 eV) and B (0.20 eV – 0.23 eV) were detected in the temperature range from 80 K to 400 K. A reduction of traps in layers grown on the ELO and nano-ELO templates was noted. We attribute this reduction to the reduction of threading dislocation density and as a result reduced capture of point defects and complexes as part of dislocation core structure and/or reduced formation of defects and complexes in the vicinity of line defects where the formation can be energetically favorable.
Managing and Securing the Global Multicast Infrastructure

A lack of mechanisms to monitor and manage multicast networks has adversely affected progress in several areas critical for successful deployment. One such area involves discovering and solving multicast security vulnerabilities. Although a number of vulnerabilities exist, the most troubling are a set of easily exploited Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. The main reason for this concern is that the one-to-many nature of multicast can significantly magnify the effects of these attacks. Among the possible multicast DoS attacks, those that target the the Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) can be most damaging. MSDP vulnerabilities are unusually easy to exploit and can lead to infrastructure-wide damage. In this paper, our goal is to develop a security framework that protects against DoS attacks through detection and then “deflection.” In developing our framework, we first examine the vulnerability of multicast protocols, to DoS attacks. We use data collected with our global monitoring infrastructure, Mantra, to analyze the nature and effects of attacks that have already occurred. We then create additional, more virulent strains. Finally, we propose a family of solutions to detect and deflect the effects of each attack. Our techniques are evaluated by simulating their effectiveness against both real and simulated workloads.
Fully Autonomous Indoor Flight Relying on Only Five Very Low-Cost Range Sensors

Answering what is the bare minimum combination of avionics and vehicle platform design that enables useful autonomous indoor flight without a Global Positioning System (GPS) is required to understand the lower-cost bounds for indoor unmanned aerial system (UAS) technology. The GTLama indoor UAS, capable of autonomously exploring indoor areas in the GPS-denied environment discussed here, was designed in an attempt to answer this question. TheGTLamaweighs around 600 g (1.3 lb), has a diameter of approximately 70 cm (27.6 in.), and costs less than 900 U.S. dollars. Cost and weight savings are realized through development of an innovative indoor guidance, navigation, and control algorithm that uses only five small off-the-shelf low-cost range sensors rather than expensive and sophisticated sensors such as inertial measurement units, scanning laser range sensors, andGPS. The onboard software leverages the inherent stability of the coaxial rotorcraft platform and fuses information from the low-fidelity range sensors to detect and follow walls and other stationary obstacles. The algorithms are designed to encourage maximum exploration of the perimeter of an indoor environment in a reasonable amount of time. The avionics design and the guidance, navigation, and control algorithms used are discussed in detail and validated through flight tests.
Finite transform solution of the damped cantilever beam equation having distributed load, elastic support, and the wall edge elastically restrained against rotation

Abstract The beam equation for a uniform cross-section, damped, elastically supported cantilever having the wall edge elastically restrained against rotation, is solved for the displacement under very general conditions of arbitrary initial and distributed load conditions. The solution is based on the properties of an Hermitian operator and its orthogonal basis vectors.
New Challenges for Educational Research: studying the individual within learning environments

ABSTRACT Human behavior cannot and should not be studied independently of the social and cultural context in which it occurs. This is particularly true when it comes to the study of classroom projects or to the implementation of new technologies, since their true target is the whole classroom ‐‐ the cloud of interrelated activities, curricula, social interactions, teacher's actions, learning tasks and more. To understand learning in innovative classrooms one needs to study the whole classroom learning environment and the way it and the individuals in it interactively change. Unfortunately, due to tradition, to the absence of a coherent theory of classrooms as units of analysis, and the absence of a rigorous methodology, the target of research is still the individual. I present here a systemic view of classrooms and a tentative list of its seven generic components. The emphasis, though, is on their interrelations, that is on their configuration. The approach proposed here complements the one commonly emplo...
Band magnetism due to f-electrons

Abstract Specific heat data illustrate several types of itinerant or band magnetism in actinide intermetallic compounds. The results show ferromagnetic spin fluctuations in U Al2 with Tsf = 25 K, itinerant-electron antiferromagnetism in NpSn3 with TN = 9.5 K,and itinerant-electron ferromagnetism in NpOs2 with Tc = 7.9 K. Specific heat studies of dilute U1-xTh xAl2 show the theoretically predicted modifications due to impurity scattering in a spin fluctuation system. For NpSn3 it is possible to show the b.c.s. nature of the transition due to the gap formation.
Body image ideals of low-income African American mothers and their preadolescent daughters

Given the high incidence of obesity and obesity-related health problems among low-income African American women, it is both timely and significant to study factors that contribute to obesity in this population. The perception of current body size (body image) and desired body size (body image ideal) has been associated with the development of anorexia and bulimia in white adolescent girls. Body images and ideals may also be related to the development of obesity among African Americans adolescent girls. This study examined the body images and ideals of 27 low-income African American mothers and their 29 preadolescent daughters. Results suggest that there is a relationship between mothers' perceptions of their daughters bodies and their daughters' body images. Preadolescent, low-income, African American girls have normal weight ideals rather than the ultrathin ideals typically found among white girls. Normal weight girls have ideals that are heavier than their body images. This population may be less motivated than those with thinner ideals to engage in behaviors that would prevent the development of obesity during adolescence. Health promotion programs for this population should acknowledge cultural body weight standards.
Influence of First Language Orthographic Experience on Second Language Decoding and Word Learning

This study examined the influence of first language (L1) orthographic experiences on decoding and semantic information retention of new words in a second language (L2). Hypotheses were that congruity in L 1 and L2 orthographic experiences determines L2 decoding efficiency, which, in turn, affects semantic information encoding and retention. College-level English L2 learners with typologically similar (Korean) and dissimilar (Chinese) L backgrounds were participants. Their decoding efficiency was measured by a pseudoword naming task with phonologically regular and irregular conditions. They learned the meaning of the pseudowords paired with pictures. Subsequent recall tasks showed that the Korean group had better overall retention but greater impairment with the irregular pseudowords. These findings suggest that L1 orthographic distance influences L2 word learning processes.
Effects of liming and tillage systems on microbial biomass and glycosidases in soils

This study was undertaken to investigate the long-term influence of lime application and tillage systems (no-till, ridge-till and chisel plow) on soil microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic) and the activities of glycosidases (α- and β-glucosidases, α- and β-galactosidases and β-glucosaminidase) at their optimal pH values in soils at four agroecosystem sites [Southeast Research Center (SERC), Southwest Research Center (SWRC), Northwest Research Center (NWRC), and Northeast Research Center (NERC)] in Iowa, USA. Results showed that, in general, the Cmic and Nmic values were significantly (P β-glucosaminidase>β-galactosidase>α-galactosidase>α-glucosidase. Lime application did not significantly affect the specific activities (g p -nitrophenol released kg–1 soil organic C h–1) of the enzymes. Among the glycosidases studied, β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase were the most sensitive to soil management practices. Therefore, the activities of these enzymes may provide reliable long-term monitoring tools as early indicators of changes in soil properties induced by liming and tillage systems.
Children's Lived Spaces in the Inner City: Historical and Political Aspects of the Psychology of Place

Children's lives are tied to particular places, which are the stage where the psychological drama of the human community is played out. This biographical research study investigates and documents the experiences of children's lived spaces in Pittsburgh's Hill District. The Hill District is a traditionally immigrant and African American neighborhood, which has suffered through segregation, the turmoil of urban renewal, race riots, gang warfare, and drug-related crime. When we look at the history of a particular place, we often forget that its children are raised and participate in the same historical stream. What was childhood like for the children who grew up in The Hill over the past century? Adapting the ethnographic method of narrative mapping (Lutz, Behnken, & Zinnecker, 1997), 12 African American adults (24 to 84 years old), who spent their childhoods in the Hill District, were interviewed and asked about their childhood roaming spaces. The story about lived space that emerged through the choral voic...
Leadership in and of demographically diverse organizations

Abstract The leadership literature has not adequately addressed leadership in and of demographically diverse organizations. In this article we examine what is known about male/female, white/non-white, and U.S./ non-U.S. differences and discuss the leadership implications. We examine the recent literature on leadership as it relates to diversity at different levels where leadership is exercised, including interpersonal, group, and organizational levels. We also propose an agenda for future research, especially on leader-member relations, the influence of biases and stereotypes on leadership evaluations, leading demographically diverse groups, organizational stratification, separating sex from gender effects, influence tactics, and multidirectional approaches to leadership. The articles in these two volumes on leadership and diversity provide a promising start in addressing the proposed agenda for future research.
COPPER TOXICITY TO SKELETONEMA COSTATUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1,2

Copper toxicity to Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve has been studied in batch cultures of chemically defined culture media. The alga is relatively insensitive to cupric ion activity, demonstrating no effect on growth up to (Cu2+) = 10−8.5 M. Cultures inoculated from stationary phase stocks exhibit a prolongation of the lag phase with increasing copper concentrations near and above the point of precipitation of the copper. The toxicity of copper is a function of the silicic acid concentration in the medium. This effect is observed in a range of Si(OH)4 concentrations (10−5 M to 10−4 M) above known values for the saturation of silicon uptake kinetics, thus suggesting an influence of copper on silicate metabolism.
Sources of subjective variability in the assessment of left ventricular regional wall motion from contrast ventflculograms

Intraobserver and interobserver variability in the subjective interpretation of angiographic regional wall motion was quantitated in 135 contrast left ventriculograms showing a wide range of normal and abnormal cardiac function, and the effects of rating-scale complexity and myocardial regional differences were examined. Three experienced observers separately graded endocardial motion on a 6-point scale (0 = normal to 5 = dyskinesia) in each of 5 regions. Scores were also tabulated on a 3-point scale and as normal or abnormal. Average intraobserver agreement (2 evaluations per observer) was 68% using the 6-point scale, 86% using the 3-point scale and 90% for normal/abnormal. Interobserver agreement (3 observers) was 47% for exact agreement using the 6-point scale, 75% using the 3-point scale and 80% for normal/abnormal. Interobserver agreement was 84% within a range of 1 wall motion grade on the 6-point scale. Subjectively normal wall motion was most frequent in the 2 basal segments and least frequent in the apical and anterolateral segments. Disagreements were most frequent in the latter 2 segments, but when normal segments were excluded, these interregional differences disappeared. Thus, intraobserver and interobserver agreement is higher than previously reported, and may exceed 80%. Variability depends on whether regional wall motion is normal, but is also affected by the complexity of the rating scale. The distinctions implied by a 6-point subjective rating scale are probably not reliable, but variability is greatly reduced by use of a simplified scoring system.
Studies on the chemistry of 5-propynyloxy- and 5-propynylthiopyrimidines: new syntheses of furo- and thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines

The utility of certain 5-alkynyloxy-, 5-alkynylthio, and 5-alkynylsulfinyl-pyrimidines as precursors of 7-substituted furo[3,2-d]- and thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines has been examined. When treated with sodium methoxide in warm methyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dimethyl-5-(2-propynyloxy)uracil (6) cyclizes to afford 1,3,7-tri-methylfuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4-(1H,3H)-dione (12) in 52% yield, possibly via the allenic ether 9 (R = H). The corresponding 5-(2-butynyloxy)pyrimidine (7), obtained in good yield by treating 6 with methyl iodide and sodium hydride in methyl sulfoxide, fails to undergo an analogous cyclization. However, compound 7 does undergo a normal alkynyl Claisen rearrangement and cyclization when heated at 130°, giving the 8-methylpyrano[3,2-d]pyrimidine 8 in methyl sulfoxide and the 6,7-dimethylfuro[3,2-d]pyrimidme 11 in dimethylformamide. The 5-(2-propynylthio)pyrimidine 15 affords the allene 19 and the 1-propyne 22 when treated with various bases, but none of the 7-methylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine 16. At 145° in methyl sulfoxide, 15 undergoes a thio-Claisen rearrangement process to afford the 6-methylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine 17 together with substantial amounts of a product 20 that bears a 7-thiomethoxymethyl substituent derived from the solvent. Heating the 5-(2-propynylsulfinyl)pyriniidine 23 at 105° in methyl sulfoxide, followed by acidification of the reaction mixture, affords 1,3-dimethyl-7-formylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4-(1H,3H)-dione (29) in 47% yield. Deuterium labelling studies established that the aldehyde proton of 29 is derived from the 3′-proton of 23. This finding is consistent with a mechanism that involves sequential [2,3] and [3,3] sigma-tropic rearrangements, and the intermediacy of a dihydrothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine such as compound 30.
Thermodynamic Properties of a Non-Ideal He 3 - He 4 Solution Model

Deviations from ideality for ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ solutions are calculated on the basis of a simple real solution model. Expressions for equilibrium total pressure are derived for situations with and without superfluid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. Effects of non-ideality on previously reported calculations of lambda-point dependence on ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ concentration are examined, and an equation representing the lambda-points of concentrated as well as dilute ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ solutions is given. The results are used in the comparison of various bases for treatment of the lambda-point shift. Assumption that the partial molal enthalpy of superfluid vanishes gives more satisfactory results than assumption of zero partial molal entropy of superfluid.
The Disproportionate Representation of Minority Students in Special Education: Responding to the Problem

This article identifies specific content that teacher trainers in special and general education should consider incorporating into preservice training programs in an effort to address the over- and underrepresentation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education programs. The development of multicultural education as a body of knowledge and the continuing work in bilingual education on issues related to effective teaching strategies for working with language-minority and second-language learners suggest a variety of approaches for all students. Contributions from these fields can be of benefit in developing effective practices and programs for diverse special needs learners. Examination of this work and its application in special education settings is suggested.
Using the inverted classroom to teach software engineering

An inverted classroom is a teaching environment that mixes the use of technology with hands-on activities. In an inverted classroom, typical in-class lecture time is replaced with laboratory and in-class activities. Outside class time, lectures are delivered over some other medium such as video on-demand. In a three credit hour course for instance, contact hours are spent having students actively engaged in learning activities. Outside of class, students are focused on viewing 3-6 hours of lectures per week. Additional time outside of class is spent completing learning activities. In this paper we present the inverted classroom model in the context of a software engineering curriculum. The paper motivates the use of the inverted classroom and suggests how different courses from the Software Engineering 2004 Model Curriculum Volume can incorporate the use of the inverted classroom. In addition, we present the results of a pilot course that utilized the inverted classroom model at Miami University and describe courses that are currently in process of piloting its use.
Modeling runoff response to land cover and rainfall spatial variability in semi-arid watersheds.

Hydrologic response is an integrated indicator of watershed condition, and significant changes in land cover may affect the overall health and function of a watershed. This paper describes a procedure for evaluating the effects of land cover change and rainfall spatial variability on watershed response. Two hydrologic models were applied on a small semi-arid watershed; one model is event-based with a one-minute time step (KINEROS), and the second is a continuous model with a daily time step (SWAT). The inputs to the models were derived from Geographic Information System (GIS) theme layers of USGS digital elevation models, the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) and the Land-sat-based North American Landscape Characterization classification (NALC) in conjunction with available literature and look up tables. Rainfall data from a network of 10 raingauges and historical stream flow data were used to calibrate runoff depth using the continuous hydrologic model from 1966 to 1974. No calibration was carried out for the event-based model, in which six storms from the same period were used in the calculation of runoff depth and peak runoff. The assumption on which much of this study is based is that land cover change and rainfall spatial variability affect the rainfall-runoff relationships on the watershed. To validate this assumption, simulations were carried out wherein the entire watershed was transformed from the 1972 NALC land cover, which consisted of a mixture of desertscrub and grassland, to a single uniform land cover type such as riparian, forest, oak woodland, mesquite woodland, desertscrub, grassland, urban, agriculture, and barren. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using widely available data sets for parameterizing hydrologic simulation models. The simulation results show that both models were able to characterize the runoff response of the watershed due to changes of land cover.
Analyses of the velocity interferometer system within the framework of electromagnetic theory

In this paper, we analyse the velocity interferometer system within the framework of electromagnetic wave theory taking into account the implications of Maxwell’s equations and the associated boundary conditions. A formula for the intensity of the interference light beam is obtained and under particular conditions the resulting relation for the fringe count includes as special cases those given by previous authors. Numerical examples illustrating the predictions of the results are shown graphically.
Resilience in Attaining and Sustaining Sobriety Among Older Lesbians With Alcoholism

This phenomenological study illuminates coping among older lesbians with alcoholism. Twenty study participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling; each completed 3 interviews structured to gain a deeper understanding of participants’ lived experiences. This article focuses on the key situations and people that helped study participants obtain sobriety and stay sober. Five major themes emerged from the data: wake-up calls, impact of formal treatment, impact of 12-step recovery groups, consequences from other sources, and resiliency. Findings support the need for culturally sensitive approaches to practice with this subpopulation of older adults.
The identification, characterization and mitigation of defect states in organic photovoltaic devices: a review and outlook

In any microelectronic device, fundamental physical parameters must be well understood for successful electronic optimization. One such prominent parameter is energetic trap states, which are well-known to plague amorphous or otherwise impure semiconducting materials. Organic semiconductors are no strangers to such states and their electronic properties are evidently tied to these defects. Herein, this article discusses the identification, characterization and mitigation of bandgap residing trap levels in organic photovoltaic devices. A compilation of select studies to date is given and a general outlook is proposed. Organic photovoltaic materials are depicted as multiple trap-level systems with a seemingly continuous distribution of electronic states throughout the bandgap. Some elucidations as to the origins of these electronic states as well as recent works centered on defect removal are also presented.
Fluid based simulation model for high volume DC conveyor systems

In this paper, we present a fluid simulation methodology applying to high volume large conveyor networks operating in a slowly changing environment, often found in large distribution centers. Traditional discrete-event cell-based approach to simulate such networks becomes computationally challenging due to large number of events resulting from high WIP level, complex network and large conveyor footprint. The fluid simulation model is built on a Petri-net based framework. We present the model and investigate the feasibility in modeling capability in terms of input and release control logics, performance evaluation and computational savings.
What Does It Mean When a Patient Says, “My Asthma Medication Is Not Working?”

P ublished guidelines for the care of patients with asthma state that adherence to medical therapy is important for good clinical outcome. In case-control studies, asthma morbidity1 and mortality2,3 have been strongly associated with nonadherence to therapy. Despite the acknowledgment that understanding the appropriate use of medications and adherence to medication therapy are among the most important factors for effective asthma therapy, little guidance is given that can help the caregiver understand why a patient will not take medications as directed or would misuse prescribed medications. Without such an understanding, the problem may be compounded by an inappropriate caregiver response. In the office of a busy practice, it is often easier to respond to the patient who tells you that their medications are not working by simply writing a prescription for a different medication or for additional medications. In many cases, the problem is not the medication at all, and by changing prescriptions the problems can be compounded as patients are often reticent to come back to their physicians with a second or third observation that the newly prescribed medication is not working either.4 In this article, many of the reasons for patient reports that “medications not working” are discussed with suggestions that may help to improve patient understanding and adherence. For the purposes of this discussion, asthma medications will be limited to those delivered as an aerosol by jet nebulizer (JN), pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI), or dry powder inhaler (DPI), however, many of these issues also hold true for orally administered medications.5 Recommendations for addressing these problems are offered at the end of each section, recognizing that these suggestions come from the author’s clinical experience. There are few data assessing the effectiveness of suggested interventions. Although the greatest emphasis in this manuscript is on the child with asthma, most of these issues can be just as important in adults.
Combination of High-Dose Chemotherapy, Autologous Bone Marrow/Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation, and Thoracoscopic Surgery in Refractory Nongestational Choriocarcinoma of a 45XO/46XY Female: A Case Report

Abstract A 39-year-old woman having a pure gonadal choriocarcinoma with lung metastasis was referred to our hospital after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. She was found to have a 45XO/46XY karyotype and gonadal dysgenesis. The patient's serum β-hCG was normalized after six courses of chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide of conventional dose (100 mg/m 2 , 100 mg/m 2 × 3 days), but began to fluctuate. Thoracoscopic resection of a remaining pleural lesion was negative for malignancy. However, the disease relapsed as multiple metastatic nodules in bilateral lung fields and the mediastinum. After one course of priming chemotherapy with conventional dose (1 g/m 2 cyclophosphamide, 400 mg/m 2 carboplatin, and 500 mg/m 2 etoposide), high-dose chemotherapy with a total dose of 1500 mg/m 2 carboplatin, 1200 mg/m 2 etoposide, and 5 g/m 2 ifosfamide followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation and peripheral stem cell support was given. Thoracoscopic surgery was performed to resect two residual solitary metastatic lung lesions. With these salvage treatments, the patient obtained complete remission and remained disease free at last follow-up (17 months). Our result suggests that high-dose chemotherapy may be effective in chemosensitive nongestational choriocarcinoma when first chemotherapy has failed.
Exemplary data set sample size calculation for Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests

Zhao, Rahardja and Qu consider sample size calculation for Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW) tests for data with ties, and present a straightforward formula. We observe that the 'exemplary data set' approach, usually applied in more complex situations, has a close relationship to the Zhao-Rahardja-Qu method for WMW sample size estimation and they are asymptotically equivalent. Therefore, the exemplary data set approach can be used to easily obtain estimates similar to those that the closed formula gives. We illustrate application of both methods for a WMW sample size estimation example, and also extend the simulation study presented by Zhao et al. We find that the Zhao-Rahardja-Qu formula (and by extension the exemplary data set method) can give estimates just as accurate as those obtained using either the Kolassa approach (via nQuery Advisor) or the O'Brien-Castelloe approach (via SAS 9.2 PROC POWER), for 1:1 and 1:2 allocation ratios. However, the latter two methods can be more accurate for a ratio of 1:4 or 1:19. Finally, we note the general utility of the exemplary data set approach for sample size estimation, even in other situations where closed-form sample size formulae exist.
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: Potentially a New Method for Breast Cancer Screening

Despite recent advances in mammography imaging, it has been shown that many cancers are missed by mammography [1–4]. One of the main reasons cancers are missed is that they are masked by radiographically dense fibroglandular breast tissue which may be overlying or encompassing the cancer [5–11]. Standard mammography techniques, either analog (film) or digital, suffer from the limitation that despite breast compression, three-dimensional anatomical information is projected onto a two-dimensional detector. Tomosynthesis is a technique that allows the radiologist to view individual planes of the breast, potentially reducing the problem of superimposed structures which may limit conventional mammography techniques.
A PARALLEL GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR DYNAMIC CELL FORMATION IN CELLULAR MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

Instead of using expensive multiprocessor supercomputers, parallel computing can be implemented on a cluster of inexpensive personal computers. Commercial accesses to high performance parallel computing are also available on the pay-per-use basis. However, literature on the use of parallel computing in production research is limited. In this paper, we present a dynamic cell formation problem in manufacturing systems solved by a parallel genetic algorithm approach. This method improves our previous work on the use of sequential genetic algorithm (GA). Six parallel GAs for the dynamic cell formation problem were developed and tested. The parallel GAs are all based on the island model using migration of individuals but are different in their connection topologies. The performance of the parallel GA approach was evaluated against a sequential GA as well as the off-shelf optimization software. The results are very encouraging. The considered dynamic manufacturing cell formation problem incorporates several des...
Real World Use of an Internet Intervention for Pediatric Encopresis

Background: The Internet is a significant source of medical information and is now being shown to be an important conduit for delivering various health-related interventions. Objective: This paper aimed to examine the utility and impact of an Internet intervention for childhood encopresis as part of standard medical care in a “real world” setting. Methods: Patients diagnosed with encopresis were given a Web-based information prescription to use an Internet intervention for pediatric encopresis. A total of 22 families utilized the intervention between July 2004 and June 2006. A chart review and phone interview were undertaken to collect user characteristics; defecation-related information, including frequency of soiling, bowel movements (BMs) in the toilet, and amount of pain associated with defecation; and information on computer/Internet usage. Three questionnaires were used to examine the utility of, impact of, and adherence to the Internet intervention. Program utilization was obtained from a data tracking system that monitored usage in real time. Results: Overall, parents rated the Internet intervention as enjoyable, understandable, and easy to use. They indicated that the Internet intervention positively affected their children, decreasing overall accidents and increasing child comfort on the toilet at home. Of the 20 children who initially reported fecal accidents, 19 (95%) experienced at least a 50% improvement, with a reduction of accident frequency from one fecal accident per day to one accident per week. Although it is not clear whether this improvement is directly related to the use of the Internet intervention, patient feedback suggests that the program was an important element, further establishing Internet interventions as a viable and desirable addition to standard medical care for pediatric encopresis. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first time a pediatric Internet intervention has been examined as part of a “real world” setting. This is an important step toward establishing Internet interventions as an adjunctive component to treatment of pediatric patients in a clinical setting, particularly given the positive user feedback, possible cost savings, and significant potential for large-scale dissemination. [J Med Internet Res 2008;10(2):e16]
Sildenafil Improves Walk Distance in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Pulmonary hypertension is a common finding in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Therapy with sildenafil has been shown to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and may improve functional status. Patients with IPF and documented pulmonary hypertension were followed up in an open-label study of sildenafil. The 6-min walk test distance (6MWD) was obtained before and after 3 months of sildenafil therapy. Fourteen patients were followed up in the study; 11 patients completed both 6-min walk tests. The mean improvement in walk distance was 49.0 m (90% confidence interval, 17.5 to 84.0 m). When all 14 patients were dichotomized into groups of “responders” (ie, ≥ 20% improvement in 6MWD) or “nonresponders” (ie, < 20% change or unable to complete), 57% were classified as responders. Sildenafil is a promising and well-tolerated therapeutic agent for use in patients with IPF and pulmonary hypertension, and should be studied in a large, well-controlled trial.
Adaptilve Data Collectilon Scheme for Trackilng Mobille Target in Wireless Sensor Networks

Trac king mobile targets is an important application of wireless sensor networks. However, mobility of the target brings new challenges to designing energy-efficient and scalable data collection schemes. A novel Dynamic Grid-based Tracking (DGT) scheme for tracking mobile target is proposed in this paper This scheme is distributed in nature, and can be adaptive to the mobility of the target. The underlying ideac of embedding a virtual grid structure and restricting mobility-related choices to grid nodes can be generally applied to other wireless sensor networks applications, where mobility is an important consideration during protocol design.