cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of: “Evidence‐Based and Victim‐Centered Prosecutorial Policies: Examination of Deterrent and Therapeutic Jurisprudence Effects on Domestic Violence”

Research Summary Differences in outcomes for domestic violence cases were compared across two court jurisdictions, one that employed victim-centered prosecutorial policies and one that employed evidence-based prosecutorial policies. Evidence-based prosecutorial policies argue that the reoccurrence of violence is deterred through the certain, swift, and severe punishment of offenders, whereas victim-centered prosecutorial policies claim that the reoccurrence of violence declines when victims interact with court officials who provide them with the opportunity to participate actively and provide input into the court's actions. Overall, 170 victims were interviewed at three time points (intake, disposition, and 6 months after disposition) to assess levels of court empowerment, reoccurrence of physical violence and psychological aggression, and perception of safety reported by victims. The results indicate that cases in the evidence-based policy jurisdiction, compared with the victim-centered policy jurisdiction, were significantly more likely to report reoccurrence of physical violence and psychological aggression. Victims who experienced physical violence during the 6 months after case disposition perceived themselves as less safe (i.e., they reported that physical violence was more likely to occur in the future). Policy Implications Interest in the positive and negative effects of prosecutorial policies on the lives of domestic violence victims involved in the justice process has been growing. Currently, the dual aims of the justice process are to assure offender accountability and to enhance victim safety, and two distinct policy approaches have emerged (mandatory prosecution and victim-centered prosecution) to accomplish these aims. The current study examines the influence of each policy on revictimization and perceptions of safety of domestic violence victims rather than official measures of offender recidivism, thus informing policy makers of the broader impact of prosecutorial policies on the lives of victims. The results suggest that victim-centered polices yield better outcomes for domestic violence victims than evidence-based policies. This finding has implications for jurisdictions considering whether to adopt evidence-based policies, and it suggests that careful consideration be given to their implementation if their effect is to regard victims primarily as witnesses to a crime and they do not make efforts to encourage, educate, and support victims throughout the court process. As victim-centered prosecutorial policies are rooted in the theory of therapeutic jurisprudence, our findings suggest that justice professionals be encouraged to think more broadly about how involvement with the justice process can foster the improved well-being of victims. Although the current study was conducted in traditional courts, the number of specialty courts that addresses domestic violence is growing nationally, and the findings suggest this is a positive development.
Postliteracy in the digital age: The use of mobile phones to support literacy practices in Namibia and Tanzania

This article focuses on individuals emerging from traditional oral cultures with limited education and few economic resources who use mobile telephones to maintain their writing and communication skills, despite the scarcity of reading materials, or a lack of social, economic, political, and cultural incentives. Drawing on two case studies—one of previously disenfranchized citizens participating in a national dialogue in Namibia and one of entrepreneurial women in Tanzania—the authors examine postliteracy practices in adults’ everyday lives, probe these innovative uses of mobile applications, and thus aim to understand the context of the mobile literacy environment. They find that for individuals with limited literacy skills, these phones and applications can offer a vital resource for postliteracy practices, one that gives them a better chance of maintaining and enhancing their previously acquired literacy skills.
Creep and microstructure in ultrafine-grained 5083 Al

Creep and microstructure in ultrafine-grained (UFG) 5083 Al were investigated at 473 K. UFG 5083 Al was prepared by consolidating the cryomilled alloy powders via hot isostatic pressing followed by extrusion. The creep microstructure developed in the alloy was examined by means of transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the relationship between stress and strain is sigmoidal. Such a sigmoidal behavior is similar in trend to those reported for solid-solution alloys and superplastic alloys. An analysis of the mechanical data along with the consideration of several microstructural findings related to dislocation activity and configuration indicates that the alloy behaves as a superplastic alloy and not as a solid-solution alloy. Also, it is shown that the superplastic behavior of UFG 5083 Al is characterized by the presence of a threshold stress whose origin is most likely related to an interaction between impurities, which are able to segregate at nanoscale dispersion particles introduced as a result of processing, and dislocations, which are captured at the departure side of the particles.
Growing Up in a “WE” Family

SUMMARY When couples choose to parent as a unit (the couple as WE) rather than as autonomous individuals, they and their children both benefit. The current article details some ways that parents can further expand their “couple as WE” into a “family as WE” with active parents and socially perceptive children. The article also discusses ways that family members can start and maintain a family dialogue.
Visual–spatial working memory performance and temporal gray matter volume predict schizotypal personality disorder group membership

Abstract Background Prior work shows individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) evince temporal lobe volume abnormalities similar to schizophrenia but sparing of prefrontal cortex, which may mitigate psychosis and the severe neurocognitive impairments observed in schizophrenia. This study examined the extent to which frontal–temporal gray matter volume and neurocognitive performance predict: (1) SPD group membership in a demographically-balanced sample of 51 patients and 37 healthy controls; and (2) symptom severity in SPD. Methods Dimensional gray-matter volume (left frontal–temporal regions (Brodmann area (BA) 10, 21, 22)) and neurocognitive performance on key memory tasks (California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Dot Test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)), all salient to schizophrenia-spectrum disorders were examined in a multi-variable model. Results Middle temporal gyrus (BA21) volume and spatial–working memory (Dot Test) performance were significant predictors of SPD group membership likelihood, with poorer working-memory performance indicating increased probability of SPD membership. Combining across regional volumes or cognitive measures resulted in fair-to-good discrimination of group membership, but including neurocognitive and non-collinear regional volume measures together resulted in a receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve with improved diagnostic discrimination. Larger BA10 volume in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) significantly predicted less symptom severity in SPD. Conclusions These findings suggest that temporal lobe volume and spatial-working memory performance are promising biological/phenotype markers for likelihood of SPD classification, while greater DLPFC volume may serve as a protective factor.
Lipid fatty acid composition of several areas of the aorta in subjects with atherosclerosis.

SummaryThe cholesterol ester, triglyceride and phospholipid fatty acid composition (gas-liquid chromatography) of aortic media, thickened intima and plaque material were determined in 6 human subjects. For comparison, the fatty acid composition of those fractions in serum was determined in 6 subjects (aged 55-70 years) with occlusive atherosclerosis in a good nutritional status. The triglyceride fraction of those tissues and serum were similar in their fatty acid composition. Some slight differences were noted in the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fractions, most notably in the arachidonic and long chain fatty acids. The cholesterol ester fraction of the tissues studied showed the greatest differences in fatty acid composition. Both early and advanced plaques had significantly less linoleic and more oleic acid in that fraction than serum or media. Media and serum CEFA were similar in their fatty acid composition. The significance of these findings in relation to atherogenesis is discussed.
Audiological features of GJB2 (connexin 26) deafness.

Objective The aim of the present study was to characterize audiological profiles in patients with GJB2 deafness Design We screened DNA from 399 individuals with nonsyndromic deafness for mutations in the connexin 26 gene (GJB2) by sequence analysis. A total of 77 (19%) of these deaf individuals were biallelic GJB2 mutations (either homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations) (GJB2 deafness). Using the audiological classification criteria of genetic deafness proposed by the European Workshop on Genetic Hearing Loss, we analyzed audiograms of these patients to characterize audiological features of the GJB2 deafness. In addition, we reviewed audiological data of 411 deafness cases from the literature providing details of audiological data (including 157 with GJB2 deafness). Results All categories of hearing loss severity were found, with significant differences in the findings from GJB2 cases: 1 (4.5%) of 22 individuals with mild hearing loss, 10 (13.3%) of 75 with moderate loss, 14 (14.9%) of 94 with severe loss, and 52 (25%) of 208 with profound deafness (Chi-square test, 3 df, p = 0.016). 81.6% of patients with GJB2 mutations had severe to profound loss, 18.4% with mild to moderate loss (Chi-square test, p = 0.014). The 235delC mutation was always associated with profound deafness. The main audiogram shapes found were residual/sloping (72.7%) and flat (23.4%). There were no differences in the severity and audiogram shapes of the hearing impairment between homozygous and compound heterozygous GJB2 deafness (Chi-square test, p > 0.05). Conclusions Our study shows that the probability of finding biallelic GJB2 mutations increases with the severity of hearing loss. Audiograms associated with GJB2 deafness were usually nonspecific. Patients with unknown causes of severe or profound hearing loss should be routinely tested for GJB2 mutations, but due to the variability in hearing loss, individuals with lesser degrees of hearing loss should not be precluded from testing.
VPIN and the Flash Crash: A Comment

Recently Andersen and Bondarenko posted a paper on SSRN with the title “VPIN and the Flash Crash” which is essentially a comment on our earlier work on the measure of order toxicity, VPIN. Andersen and Bondarenko dispute our empirical findings and argue that VPIN essentially doesn’t work. We appreciate the interest in our work, but feel strongly that they are confused by what we do and are incorrect in their claims and findings. Far from “replicating” our results, AB attack a methodology we do not advocate, an analysis we never performed, and conclusions we did not draw. We believe it useful, therefore, to set the record straight.
If the Threshing Floor Could Talk: Integration of Agriculture and Pastoralism during the Late Harappan in Gujarat, India

Cultivation of crops as a distinct economic activity is a complex human behavior that needs to be clearly demonstrated in archaeological contexts, particularly to determine whether crop grains were obtained through trade and exchange. The article presents the results of ethnoarchaeological studies focused on the development of crop processing models tailored to aid paleoethnobotanical reconstructions. These newly developed ethnographic models of crop processing and usage were then rigorously applied to the questions of cultivation, economic role, and use of millet crops at two Late Harappan sites in Gujarat, India. The results demonstrate the interpretive potential of identifying the presence or absence of the economic activity of cultivation at a wide range of site types, and such modeling has far reaching implications for interpreting the settlement organization and subsistence orientation of a culture.
Toward an Understanding of Best Practices in Student-Athlete Peer Mentorship Programs: Implications for Division I Higher Education and Intercollegiate Athletics Practitioners

AbstractAs Division I athletics now garner enhanced media attention in American media outlets, athletic departments often serve as the front porch to the institution (; ). Furthermore, student-athletes at this level often serve as the face of the institution and must balance roles as both college students and athletes (; ; ; ). Due to this intricate balancing act that many contemporary student-athletes experience, Division I athletics departments now seek to develop and sustain formal student-athlete peer mentorship programs internal to athletics; the primary goal of these programmatic endeavors being to assist student-athletes to become leaders not only in athletics and academic settings, but prepare them to be societal leaders in life after sport (). In turn, it is of heightened interest for higher education and intercollegiate athletics practitioners to understand how to best foster leadership skills transferrable to life after sport. Framed from a constructivist epistemology, this phenomenological stu...
"Hydrophobic" surfactant apoproteins and augmentation of phospholipid recycling.

A 10,000-11,000 molecular weight apoprotein was isolated from an ethanol-ether extract of rat lung surfactant and purified by silicic acid chromatography. The protein (Apo Et) significantly augmented the uptake of phospholipids in liposomal form by cultured rat granular pneumocytes by a time-dependent process that varied with protein concentration and liposome composition. The protein had no effect on cell viability and showed no phospholipase activity. The mechanism for this augmented phospholipid uptake is not known but could be due to an alteration of physical form of the phospholipids by the protein or to a receptor-mediated uptake of phospholipids. This protein may prove to be a physiologically important regulator of the recycling of lung surfactant phospholipids.
Bare die test

The author describes a bare die test approach that uses a temporary interconnect technique overlaid on a reconstructed pseudo-wafer of individual bare dice. This overlay technique maps design-specific pad locations to a standard grid that can be tested with a universal membrane probe. The proposed approach allows the development cost of a thin-film membrane probe to be shared across many die types, thus reducing the cost and complexity of tooling new die types. An experiment performed to validate this approach is described. >
Organizational Culture and Psychological Growth

Organization theorists and practitioners have long recognized intuitively that the design of technical systems influences the sociocultural dimensions of the organization. In addition, there is amp...
Expression and transcriptional control of the Salmonella typhimurium Ipf fimbrial operon by phase variation

The lpf operon mediates adhesion of Salmonella typhimurium to murine Peyer's patches. To investigate expression of this virulence factor, a transcriptional fusion between the lpf operon and the genes lacZYA of Escherichia coli was constructed and introduced into the S. typhimurium chromosome. The resulting strain yielded both Lac+ and Lac- colony phenotypes. Alternation between Lac+ (phase ON) and Lac- (phase OFF) phenotypes occurred by a heritable phase variation mechanism, as inoculation of broth cultures with bacteria picked from a Lac+ colony gave rise to a considerably higher proportion of Lac+ colonies than inoculation with bacteria picked from a Lac- colony. During growth in vitro, phase transition from ON to OFF and from OFF to ON occurred at rates 6.8 x 10(-3) and 2.4 x 10(-4) events per cell per generation respectively. In a murine intestinal organ culture model, selection for the ON expression state occurred when attached bacteria were recovered from Peyer's patches, suggesting that Lac phase variation correlated with expression of lpf mediated adherence. Selection for either the ON or the OFF expression state of the Ipf operon in vivo was studied in mice immunized with either GST or GST-LpfA fusion protein. A strong selection against phase ON cells occurred only in animals immunized with GST-LpfA. The ability of animals immunized with GST-LpfA to distinguish between phase ON and phase OFF bacteria provided evidence for the presence of LpfA fimbrial protein in phase ON cells and for its exposure to the immune system.
Histopathologic proof for the origin of ectopic cilia of the eyelid skin

The origin of congenitally displaced cilia of the eyelid margin remains a controversial subject. Case report with literature review. The clinical, surgical, and histopathologic findings of the current and published cases were used to determine the location of the generative hair bulbs of ectopic cilia. A 36 year-old man underwent complete excision of a congenital papule containing approximately 25 cilia located in the left lateral upper eyelid. These cilia were separated by 3 mm superior from the normal cilia where there was a miniscule gap. The hair bulbs were located in dense fibrous tissue at the level of the lower dermis but above the orbicularis striated muscle, which during surgery was not defective or colobomatous. This case supplies additional evidence that ectopic eyelid cilia arise in the eyelid skin and not as has been postulated within metaplastic Meibomian glands of the tarsus.
Developing quantitative skills activities for geoscience students

Teaching quantitative skills is one of the most challenging and important aspects of teaching geoscience. Quantitative skills are essential for Earth science students and citizens alike, and these skills have been deemed a critical goal for U.S. undergraduate education [National Science Foundation, 1996]. Public policy decisions increasingly are made and explained to the public based on data presentation, numerical models, statistics, and numbers. Introductory Earth sciences are among the primary courses chosen by nonscience students to fulfill science requirements and thus provide an important vehicle for teaching these essential skills. Courses in the geoscience major are equally important in introducing students to the quantitative analysis that is increasingly central to the discipline. It is therefore essential that adequate training be provided to Earth science majors and nonmajors in quantitative techniques ranging from simple graph and data interpretation to more sophisticated techniques such as numerical modeling.
Low Temperature Effects on E-glass/Urethane Composite Materials at High Strain Rates

Composite materials are used in a wide variety of low temperature applications because of their unique and highly tailorable properties. These low temperature applications of composites include their use in Arctic environments and most of them involve dynamic loads. The U.S. Navy stated that under certain conditions naval vessels may encounter strain rate up to 1200/sec. Because the dynamic properties of composite materials may vary widely with strain rate it is important to use these dynamic properties when the loading conditions require it. All too few materials have been characterized both at high strain rates and at low temperature. Still less effort has been spent in trying to model the high strain rate properties to develop a predictive capability. It has been hoped that earlier modeling for
COMMENT: IMPLICATIONS OF IMPLICATION ANALYSIS

* We do not test theories-we evaluate them. Rarely if ever does a single "crucial test" establish or falsify a theory. Instead of futile searches for crucial tests, social scientists should evaluate theories on the basis of the weight of the evidence from a wide range of relevant evidence. * We do not slavishly attempt to mimic what natural scientists do. The popular characterization of the natural science model-as an un problematic sequence of processes usually involving an experiment is largely a myth anyway. In the social sciences, as in the natural sci ences, "there is no mechanical system that will escape judgment, sense, and intelligence" (Lieberson and Horwich [hereafter LH], p. 19). * We are far more determined and resourceful in our attempts to draw out the empirical implications of theories. "A useful theory," LH write (p. 23), "should suggest a wide array of expansions." Spelling out the broader implications of a theory is important, first, for evalu ating the theory and, second, for determining the theory's reach. "By considering the implications of a theory in broader terms and asking if the relevant evidence supports this theory, we are both evaluating the theory and considering the bounds under which the theory holds" (LH, p. 29).
Dynamic statistical profiling of communication activity in distributed applications

Performance analysis of communication activity for a terascale application with traditional message tracing can be overwhelming in terms of overhead, perturbation, and storage. We propose a novel alternative that enables dynamic statistical profiling of an application's communication activity using message sampling. We have implemented an operational prototype, named PHOTON, and our evidence shows that this new approach can provide an accurate, low-overhead, tractable alternative for performance analysis of communication activity. PHOTON consists of two components: a Message Passing Interface (MPI) profiling layer that implements sampling and analysis, and a modified MPI runtime that appends a small but necessary amount of information to individual messages. More importantly, this alternative enables an assortment of runtime analysis techniques so that, in contrast to post-mortem, trace-based techniques, the raw performance data can be jettisoned immediately after analysis. Our investigation shows that message sampling can reduce overhead to imperceptible levels for many applications. Experiments on several applications demonstrate the viability of this approach. For example, with one application, our technique reduced the analysis overhead from 154% for traditional tracing to 6% for statistical profiling. We also evaluate different sampling techniques in this framework. The coverage of the sample space provided by purely random sampling is superior to counter- and timer-based sampling. Also, PHOTON's design reveals that frugal modifications to the MPI runtime system could facilitate such techniques on production computing systems, and it suggests that this sampling technique could execute continuously for long-running applications.
The role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change

This paper examines the relationships between climate-related vulnerabilities, adaptation practices, institutions, and external interventions to show the role and importance of local institutions in climate change. The increasing attention to adaptation to climate change has not come with sufficient emphasis on the local nature of climate adaptation and on the role of local institutions and local governance in shaping adaptation practices. This paper presents two research projects on adaptation and institutions at the World Bank which aim to illuminate precisely these existing lacunae in theoretical and practical knowledge about adaptation. Focusing on the linkages between adaptation strategies and institutions, the first study shows the critical role institutions play in determining the nature and outcomes of adaptation strategies in a territorial development context and will try to demonstrate how past decentralized and area-based approaches on local development could be used to strengthen local adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change related risks. The second study focuses on an assessment of the relative costs and benefits of different adaptation responses related to a subset of climate hazards (particularly droughts and erratic rainfall), and the role of institutions in reducing the costs of adaptation.
In-Situ Ftir and Mass Spectrometric Studies of Gallium Arsenide Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition: Trimethyl Gallium and Tertiary-Butyl Arsine on GaAs(100)

Low pressure (∼10−5 Torr) studies of the adsorption and decomposition of tertiarybutyl arsine (t-BAs) on three different GaAs(100) surfaces (Ga-rich, H-atom treated and high temperature t-BAs treated) are presented. Mass spectrometric studies indicate that the primary gas-phase products of t-BAs decomposition on GaAs(100) are the tertiary-butyl radical and incomplete arsenic hydrides (predominantly AsH2). Infrared spectroscopic studies show that on H-atom treated and high-temperature t-BAs treated surfaces, t-BAs decomposes leaving behind very small quantities of alkyl groups. On Ga-rich surfaces however, significant amounts of alkyl products are observed. The surface species resulting from the adsorption of trimethyl gallium (TMG) are shown to be different at room temperature and high temperature.
The cell-free conversion of a deoxyribonucleoside to a ribonucleoside without detachment of the deoxyribose

Abstract A cell-free preparation has been obtained from Neurospora crassa which catalyzes the conversion of thymidine to thymine riboside. This oxidation occurs at the deoxyribonucleoside level and is dependent on the presence of Fe(II), ascorbate and α-ketoglutarate.
Empirically Supported Complexity Rethinking Evidence-Based Practice in Psychotherapy

Over the last 10 years, evidence-based practice in psychology has become synonymous with a particular operationalization of it aimed at developing a list of empirically supported therapies. Although much has been learned since the emergence of the empirically supported therapies movement, its restrictive definition of evidence (excluding, for example, basic science as a source of evidence to be used by clinicians) is problematic, and the assumptions inherent in its nearly exclusive focus on brief, focal treatments for specific disorders are themselves not generally supported by the available data. Recent meta-analytic data support a more nuanced view of treatment efficacy than one that makes dichotomous judgments of empirically supported or unsupported, suggesting the need for a more refined concept of evidence-based practice in psychology.
Antithrombotic therapy: new areas to understand efficacy and bleeding

Introduction: Therapeutic options for antithrombotic therapy are limited due to associated adverse bleeding events. Traditionally, the antithrombotic effects of these agents have been closely linked with concomitant risks in bleeding complications.Areas covered: This article will review recent developments in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying physiological hemostasis and pathological thrombosis as well as key findings that may serve to ‘uncouple’ these two processes. In addition, we highlight the recent work identifying novel therapeutic agents targeting these novel mechanisms of pathological thrombus formation.Expert opinion: Recent research has identified several novel mediators of thrombus formation, including cell-free nucleic acids, histones, histone–DNA complexes and neutrophil extracellular traps that may serve to link inflammation and thrombosis as well as separate physiological hemostasis from pathological thrombosis. Researchers are developing ligands to target these mediators with ...
Future economic damage from tropical cyclones: sensitivities to societal and climate changes

This paper examines future economic damages from tropical cyclones under a range of assumptions about societal change, climate change and the relationship of climate change to damage in 2050. It finds in all cases that efforts to reduce vulnerability to losses, often called climate adaptation, have far greater potential effectiveness to reduce damage related to tropical cyclones than efforts to modulate the behaviour of storms through greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies, typically called climate mitigation and achieved through energy policies. The paper urges caution in using economic losses of tropical cyclones as justification for action on energy policies when far more potentially effective options are available.
Tomographic PIV measurements of a regenerating hairpin vortex

The three-dimensional formation and regeneration of a hairpin vortex in a laminar boundary layer is studied in a free-surface water channel. The vortex is generated by fluid injection through a narrow slot into a laminar boundary layer $$(Re_{\delta ^*} = 485)$$ and recorded with tomographic particle image velocimetry. The swirling strength based on the $$\lambda _2$$ criterion shows that the hairpin initially forms at the upstream edge of the elongated ring vortex produced by the injection. The elongated ring vortex decays while the hairpin vortex strengthens. Because the hairpin vortex is of sufficient strength, it forms a kink in the legs as a result of inviscid induction. A bridging structure forms between the legs initially upstream of the kink. As this structure dissipates, another bridging structure forms downstream of the kink and closes the vortex loop between the legs. This pinches off the original hairpin head such that two distinct vortices result. The formation of the secondary hairpin head does not appear to be preceded by a reduction in the spanwise gap between the legs or significant change in height above the wall as has been seen when exposed to a mean turbulent profile. Instead, the formation is preceded by the stretching of the hairpin legs downstream of the kink, exposes the ejected fluid between the legs to boundary layer flow producing conditions similar to those that formed the initial hairpin vortex.
DNA synthesis in EB virus-containing Burkitt lymphoma cultures during a temperature cycling procedure.

Discussion and SummaryThe temperature cycling or temperature reduction procedures applied to EBV-containing Burkitt lymphoma cells usually produce cultures which have a higher incidence of EBV-containing cells than nontreated cultures. The magnitude and kinetics of the response was not predictable. It appears that other unknown factors are involved in this stimulation. Henle (10) has suggested that the level of arginine in serum may have an effect upon the level of virus-containing cells in Burkitt lymphoma cell cultures. Minowada et al. (2) has indicated that an active period of cell proliferation accompanied by the synthesis of immunoglobulin may be prerequisite to the synthesis of EBV antigen.“EBV-free” Burkitt lymphoma cells exhibited a loss in viability and a reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis when subjected to these procedures. The direct immunofluorescent test using fluorescein-labeled human 7S globulin reacted with both cells and debris in P1R cultures, and the incidence of this fluorescence i...
Mid-infrared silicon waveguide resonators with Q∼105 by using photonic crystal cavities

One dimensional photonic crystal 1D-PhC silicon waveguide resonators with quality factor, Q∼105, are demonstrated at mid-infrared wavelengths between 2 um to 5 um. Silicon has several advantages for mid-infrared applications including its broad mid-infrared transmission spectrum which extends out to 9 um, CMOS compatible fabrication processing, and ease of electronic-photonic integration. The proposed resonators are composed of photonic crystal cavities with optimized (i) lattice parametera, (ii) cavity widthw and (iii) hole radiusr. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations are used to adjust these three parameters, a, w, andr, to select a resonant frequency of interest within the mid-infrared spectral range. Due to the high quality factor Q, these PhC silicon waveguide resonators have much higher sensitivity as chemical sensors and have the potential to replace bulky instruments such as an FTIR.
Sources of New Deal Economic Policy: The International Dimension

THE early months of the New Deal seem a vibrant period of pragmatic action, particularly in contrast to Herbert Hoover's cautious policies of adjustment. Most historians have argued that the new administration randomly mixed panaceas in an effort to experiment the country out of depression. The novelty of federal action cloaked its economic uncertainty, its lack of unity. Yet a more careful examination reveals that the President acted upon coherent, though sometimes unsophisticated prescriptions for economic recovery. Franklin D. Roosevelt's eclecticism was not a jumble of palliatives but a rapid movement from one approach to another. The international dimension often directed the veering course of New Deal economic policy during 1933. Roosevelt and his advisers never ignored developments abroad; the President initially sought domestic recovery through collaboration on world wide programs. Only reluctantly, and then as a result of events in Europe, did Roosevelt discard this strategy and its conventional economic formulas. The collapse of the nation's banking system in early 1933 temporarily shunted other New Deal recovery measures into limbo while the administration dealt with the emergency.' Three years of deflation had already
Differential effect of parenteral zinc on the course of various bacterial infections.

SummaryIntraperitoneal pretreatment of rats with zinc, as zinc chloride, 1 hr prior to bacterial challenge with S. typhimurium, F. tularensis, or S. pneumoniae enhanced mortality incidence in S. typhimurium infection only. Unlike previous reports concerning lead and cadmium, zinc's potentiation of lethality in an endotoxin-producing gram-negative infection does not appear to be attributable to heavy metal-induced increases in sensitivity to the toxic aspects of endotoxin. In contrast to the results obtained with S. typhimurium, single and multiple zinc treatments enhanced survival incidence during the early postinfection period in rats infected with F. tularensis or S. pneumoniae. These diverse observations can possibly be explained, in part, by zinc's ability to modify certain aspects of the host's defense mechanism such as leukocytosis, phagocytosis, and cell-mediated immunity as well as by zinc's inhibition of bacterial proliferation.
Research of Short-Circuit Fault Type Recognition Based on Sag Type Detection

Different types of short-circuit faults can lead to different sag phenomena.This paper analyzes the relationships between the fault types and sag types,the propagation laws of sags and the characteristics of sag magnitudes and sequence components.Then based on judging the voltage sag type it proposes the method of short-circuit fault type recognition is proposed,which applies symmetrical component method.Finally,the feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulation and actual case analysis.
Lung transplantation following coronary artery bypass surgery—improved outcomes following single-lung transplant

Background Prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been a contraindication to lung transplantation (LTx) because of disease severity and technical considerations. Although patients increasingly are being referred for and receiving LTx, whether it should remain a contraindication is unknown. We sought to define the prevalence of LTx after CABG and determine the effect on outcomes. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Transplant Analysis and Research data set was queried during the period 2004–2013 for adult LTx patients, as prior CABG became a mandatory reporting field in 2004. The primary end-points were 30-day and 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals. Results The study cohort included 14,791 patients, of whom 292 patients had previously undergone CABG (single left, n = 68; single right, n = 181; bilateral, n = 43), representing 2% of all transplants. For the entire cohort, 30-day survival was 97%, and survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 88%, 79%, and 74%. CABG was a predictor of mortality at all time points, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.97 (confidence interval, 1.23–3.16; p p Conclusions Although LTx after CABG is uncommon, it is increasingly performed in the current era. Single right LTx is the most common procedure performed in patients with prior CABG. CABG before LTx is an independent predictor of mortality at all time points and is driven by increased mortality in patients receiving bilateral LTx.
Cimetidine-Associated Thrombocytopenia

A case of thrombocytopenia associated with cimetidine administration in a 65-year-old white female with recurrent adenocarcinoma is reported. Her platelet count fell from 273 000/mm3 to 35 000/mm3 after cimetidine therapy was started. Upon discontinuation of cimetidine, the platelet count increased to 164000/mm3. Later in her hospital course, the patient again received cimetidine and her platelet count fell to 37 000/mm3. The patient was never leukopenic during her hospitalization. This is the only reported case of thrombocytopenia in the absence of leukopenia that is documented by a rechallenge with cimetidine.
Multi-marker testing for cancer: what can we learn from modern prenatal testing for Trisomy-21

A recent report in the New England Journal of Medicine on prenatal screening for Down’s syndrome (Malone et al 2005) received much attention in the non-scientific press, such as Time (Wallis 2005) and Forbes (Gordon 2005) magazines. This paper describes the results from a multicenter study that showed that, when an integrated, multi-marker approach was combined with a specific algorithm, it was possible to detect 90–95% of fetuses affected with trisomy 21 relatively early in a pregnancy with high accuracy, giving the prospective parents time to make appropriate choices. This study represents the culmination of over 25 years of research that has gradually increased the utility of prenatal screening for chromosomal defects. This effort started in the 1970s with the observation that there was an increased risk for chromosomal abnormalities, primarily trisomy 21, in mothers of advanced age at the time of pregnancy (Hook 1976a, b). In the mid 1980s it was shown that combining age with the results from AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) and beta-hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) measurements in the maternal serum could increase the detection rate from below 40% to around 50–55% (Bogart et al 1987; Cuckle et al 1987). By 1990, the so-called triple test was developed, which takes into account the maternal age in combination with the levels of AFP, beta-hCG, and uE3 (unconjugated estriol) in the maternal serum during the second trimester of pregnancy, thereby achieving a detection rate of up to 70% for trisomy 21 (Cuckle et al 1988; Wald et al 1989). This detection rate was further improved a few years later with the addition of dimeric inhibin A measurement to form the quadruple test, which increased the detection rate to almost 80% (Wald et al 1994a; Aitken et al 1996). Today, either the triple or quadruple test is the standard of prenatal care for expectant mothers and their unborn child. At the same time that the quadruple test was introduced, various groups started to develop tests that could be used earlier in a pregnancy, i.e, during the first trimester, which led to the combination of the levels for the biochemical serum markers PAPP-A (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A) and free beta-hCG with the physical marker of nuchal translucency determined by ultrasound (Wald et al 1994b; Wald et al 1995; Wald and Hackshaw 1997). These developments finally culminated in two landmark studies, one in England (SURUSS) (Wald et al 2003), the other in the USA (FASTER) (Dugoff et al 2004; Malone et al 2005), that demonstrated that a combination or integration of second trimester screening with first trimester screening gives the highest sensitivity for the prenatal detection of chromosomal defects, while at the same time keeping the false-positive rate low.
Natural Killer Cells and Interleukin-2-Activated Killer Cells

Lymphocytes from healthy individuals are able to kill certain tumour cells and immature haematopoietic cells in vitro spontaneously. This type of cytotoxicity was described some years ago as “natural cytotoxicity” because it was present spontaneously in normal individuals and was independent of histocompatibility complex (MHC) [1,2]. The principal effectors of natural cytotoxicity have been identified morphologically as large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and functionally as natural killer (NK) cells [3,4]. It soon became clear, however, that LGL may be a heterogeneous population consisting of not only NK cells, but also activated T cells [5]. In response to exogenous activation stimuli, e.g., Interleukin-2 (IL-2), some T lymphocytes as well as NK cells increase in size, becoming more granular, and acquire the ability to bind to and kill a wide spectrum of tumour cells, virally infected cells, and even some normal tissue cells [6]. Such IL-2-activated effector cells have been referred to operationally as lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells [7]. In studies using blood from normal human donors, the phenomena of NK and LAK activities were shown to be closely related because NK cells are the predominant precursors of LAK cells [8]. However, in some cancer patients or for cells from other organs, LAK cells may consist of both NK and T cells at various stages of activation and in various proportions.
Abstract B40: P-selectin is a nanotherapeutic delivery target to the tumor microenvironment

Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Engineering and Physical Sciences in Oncology; June 25-28, 2016; Boston, MA Disseminated tumors are poorly accessible to nanoscale drug delivery systems due to the vascular barrier, which attenuates extravasation at the tumor site. We investigated P-selectin, a molecule expressed on activated vasculature that facilitates metastasis by arresting tumor cells at the endothelium, for its potential to target metastases using this property. We found unexpectedly that P-selectin is expressed on cancer cells in many human tumors. To develop a targeted drug delivery platform, we employed a polysaccharide with nanomolar affinity to P-selectin. The nanoparticles targeted the tumor microenvironment to localize chemotherapeutics and a targeted MEK inhibitor at tumor sites in both primary and metastatic models, resulting in superior anti-tumor efficacy. On non-expressing tumors, we found that ionizing radiation guided the nanoparticles to the disease site by inducing P-selectin expression. Radiation concomitantly produced an abscopal-like phenomenon in unirradiated tumors, suggesting a potential strategy to target disparate drug classes to almost any tumor. Citation Format: Daniel A. Heller. P-selectin is a nanotherapeutic delivery target to the tumor microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Engineering and Physical Sciences in Oncology; 2016 Jun 25-28; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B40.
Implied Maximum Dose Analysis of Standard Values of 25 Pesticides Based on Major Human Exposure Pathways.

Worldwide jurisdictions are making efforts to regulate pesticide standard values in residential soil, drinking water, air, and agricultural commodity to lower the risk of pesticide impacts on human health. Because human may exposure to pesticides from many ways, such as ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, it is important to examine pesticide standards by considering all major exposure pathways. Analysis of implied maximum dose limits for commonly historical and current used pesticides was adopted in this study to examine whether worldwide pesticide standard values are enough to prevent human health impact or not. Studies show that only U.S. has regulated pesticides standard in the air. Only 4% of the total number of implied maximum dose limits is based on three major exposures. For Chlorpyrifos, at least 77.5% of the total implied maximum dose limits are above the acceptable daily intake. It also shows that most jurisdictions haven’t provided pesticide standards in all major exposures yet, and some of the standards are not good enough to protect human health.
Improved Tools for the Turning of Complex Surfaces

The low cutter productivity in the turning of complex discontinuous surfaces is analyzed. New tools with composite cutters are proposed. Thanks to the cutter configuration with respect to the machined surface, the consequences of tool impact on insertion in the workpiece may be minimized.
A Feminist Analysis of Gender and Residential Zoning in the United States

Beginning in 1985, I published a series of articles addressing the relationship between land use and zoning issues and the changing demographics of American society. Implicit in all those pieces, and explicit in some, was the important relationship between changing gender roles and municipal land-use law. Specifically, I addressed the power of municipal zoning ordinances to spatially direct family lives, the location of support systems, and the very composition of intimate household arrangements.
Decisions and repercussions of second victim experiences for mothers in medicine (SAVE DR MoM).

Background The second victim effect is defined as emotional distress experienced by providers involved in mistakes. This study characterises events contributing to the second victim effect among a diverse sample of physician mothers, describes the impact on both provider and patient and seeks to determine the association between experiencing a mistake and burnout. Methods In this mixed-methods study, an anonymous, cross-sectional survey was posted to an online network of over 65 000 physician mothers on 17 June 2016. Self-reported involvement in a mistake provided opportunity to describe the error and impact on both provider and patient. Free-text responses were qualitatively coded to identify error types. Hypothesising that making a mistake contributes to burnout, self-reported burnout was examined using a single question. We used logistic regression to estimate the association between involvement in a mistake and burnout, adjusting for practice years, setting and specialty. Results 5782 members completed the survey for an estimated response rate of 16.5% based on 34956 active users during the survey period. 2859 respondents reported involvement in a mistake (49%), which was associated with higher reported burnout (p Conclusions Physician mothers involved in errors experience negative outcomes and may be at increased risk for burnout. Additional research should focus on strategies to mitigate burnout associated with the second victim effect, particularly among women physicians and those with family responsibilities.