cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Federated file systems for clusters with remote memory communication

We present the design, prototype implementation and initial evaluation of FedFS a novel cluster file system architecture that provides a global file space by aggregating the local file systems of the cluster nodes into a loose federation. The federated file system (FedFS) is created ad-hoc for a distributed application that runs on the cluster, and its lifetime is limited by the lifetime of the distributed application. FedFS provides location-independent global file naming, load balancing, and file migration and replication. It relies on the local file systems to perform the file I/O operations. The local file systems retain their autonomy, in the sense that their structure and content do not change to support the federated file system. Other applications may run on the local file systems without realizing that the same file system is part of one or multiple FedFS. If the distributed application permits, nodes can dynamically join or leave the federation anytime, with no modifications required to the local file system organization. FedFS is implemented as an I/O library over VIA, which supports remote memory operations. The applicability and performance of the federated file system architecture is evaluated by building a distributed NFS file server.
Attention: Behavior and Neural Mechanisms

The sections in this article are: 1 Behavioral Enhancement of Sensory Response as a Physiological Analogue of Attentional Processes 2 Arousal 3 Selective Attention 3.1 Relationships Between Selective Attention and Arousal 4 Intention 4.1 Frontal Lobes 4.2 Centromedian-Parafascicularis-Frontocortical-Thalamic Reticular Nucleus System 4.3 Catecholamine Systems 5 Hemispheric Asymmetries of Attention and Intention 5.1 Attention 5.2 Intention 6 Summary and Conclusions
The 2DIR Spectroscopy on C-D Modes of Leucined 10 Side Chain

We show that perdeuterated side chain of leucine amino acid and related compounds can serve as a useful structural reporter, suitable for studying proteins using two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy. Strong direct-coupling C-D/C=O and C-D/Am-II cross-peaks were measured by dual-frequency 2DIR in these compounds. The direct-coupling cross peaks were further enhanced up to 5 fold using the relaxation-assisted 2DIR method. The energy transport times (arrival times) and amplification factors were measured and used to assign the C-D absorption peaks and these assignments were compared with the results of anharmonic DFT calculations.
Secularists and Islamists in Morocco: Prospects for Building Trust and Civil Society through Human Rights Reform

In Morocco’s process of liberalization (and democratization), the dynamics between social actors defining themselves as “secular” and those labeled “Islamist” are critical. This paper probes the possibility of these actors transcending their frequent opposition and building mutual trust and “civil” interaction, thereby strengthening civil society and the possibility of continued reform in Morocco. Using Morocco’s recent Equity and Reconciliation Commission as an analytical tool, the paper focuses on the human rights arena as a potentially fruitful place for Islamists and secularists to meet. To what extent is a shared commitment to human rights norms possible for non-violent Islamists and secularists? And can a flexible idea of human rights be an effective tool to create trust despite mutual perceptions of threatening ideal aims in the “other”?
A Measurement Model of the Economic Impact of Small Business Institutes

The initial intent of this paper is to present a measurement model of the economic impact of an individual small business institute (SB!), with the ultimate intent being the develop­ ment and use of a standard model throughout the United States. A standard model would allow the analysis of collected data from many SB!s in order to encourage a review of the ef­ fectiveness as well as eff iciency of the SB! program in areas such as research applications, management analysis, and program/agency comparisons (36, 40). This economic impact model involves impact evaluation, defined by Patton as: These evaluations are aimed at determining porgram results and effects, especially for the purposes of making major decisions ab6ut program continuation, expan­ sion, reduction, and funding (31). In constructing the economic impact model, the needs of the model to satisf y information requirements of diverse groups such as SB! directors, SB! clients, and government funding agencies was the paramount concern. Therefore, the development of the economic impact model was guided by the following quotation from Connolly, Conlon, and Deutsch: We argue that an answer to the question "How well is X performing?" is inevitably contingent on whom one is asking. That is, the evaluative criteria required to transform a descriptive into an evaluative statement flow from the individuals or groups to whom we are referring as "constituencies"...(10). In the economic impact model to be presented, the paramount constituency are the SB! clients; the secondary constituency consists of outside reviewers who fund the SB! program as well as SB! directors. The ordering in terms of importance of thse constituencies guided the selection of economic criteria for inclusion in this model.
The Size and Shape of the Earth

Publisher Summary The determination of the size and the shape of the earth is the task assigned to the science called incorrectly— geodesy, “division of the land.” The proper name should, of course, be geometry. The increased practical demands and the rapid technical progress have, during the last decades, led to a great number of important advances in the construction of geodetic instruments and in the methods of observation. Without going into technical details, these advances are mentioned only in cases where they contribute to scientific geodesy. The principal geodetic observations, on which the most precise knowledge of the form of the earth is based, are (1) triangulation, (2) astronomical fixations, (3) spirit leveling, and (4) gravity measurements. The chapter discusses each of these groups separately to give a general review of the problems concerned, and especially of the precision obtainable with the modern instruments and methods. The rapid accumulation of the observational material has caused a reformation in the theoretical treatment of the combination of these four groups. The development of the new theory is not yet quite finished. The outline of this new general theory of geodesy is given.
Winds in Late-Type Stars: Mechanisms of Mass Outflow

Four basic mechanisms have been proposed to explain the acceleration of winds in late-type stars — thermal pressure gradients, radiation pressure on circumstellar dust grains, momentum addition by Alfven waves, and momentum addition by periodic shock waves. In this review I describe recent work in applying these mechanisms to stars, and consider whether these mechanisms can work even in principle and whether they are consistent with recent ultraviolet and X-ray data from the IUE and Einstein spacecraft. Thermally-driven winds are likely important for late-type dwarfs, where the mass loss rates are small, and perhaps also in G giants and supergiants, but they cannot operate alone in the K and M giants and supergiants, Radiatively-driven winds are probably unimportant for all cool stars, even the M supergiants with dusty circumstellar envelopes. In principle, Alfven waves can accelerate winds to high speeds provided the field lines are initially open or forced open by some mechanism, but detailed calculations are needed. magnetic re- connection is an interesting suggestion for an acceleration mechanism when the field lines are initially closed. For the Miras and semiregular variable supergiants, periodic shock waves provide a simple way of producing rapid mass loss. Thus we are making some progress in understanding mass loss mechanisms for the cool half of the H-R diagram.
Beta-Amylase Production by Bacillus polymyxa on a Corn Steep-Starch-Salts Medium

Bacteria were found that are capable of producing good yields of β-amylase in unrefined media. The culture filtrates are free of α-amylase and isoamylase.
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. By Charles C.Mann

1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, By Charles C. Mann. xix and 509 pp.; maps, ills., bibliog., index. New York: Knopf, 2011. $30.50 (cloth), isbn 9780307265722; $16.95 (paperback), is...
Die Momente der lateralen Streuung in Schauern

Es wird eine Rekursionsformel fur die Momente aller Ordnungen der lateralen und Winkelabweichungen in Schauern abgeleitet, die es im Prinzip ermoglicht, die Momente mit Hilfe der longitudinalen Entwicklungsfunktion zu berechnen.
Accuracy of CGH encoding schemes for optical data processing

We consider 1-D and 2-D error diffusion (ED), modulated error diffusion, random encoding, and direct quantization computer generated hologram (CGH) encoding schemes. Multilevel (L transmittance levels), macro pixel (N2 CGH pixels per sample) and one CGH pixel per sample, and amplitude and phase encodings are considered. Three diverse applications (matrix-vector processors, spectrum analyzers, and general interconnections for neural nets etc.,) are considered. We find random encoding is best for matrix-vector macro pixels (due to the high local accuracy required, i.e., the fact that one matrix cell maps to one output point), modulated ED (or ED) is best for spectrum analyzers (where good global signal representation is required), and multilevel ED is needed for complex lenses and interconnections (where a very complex global function is required).
A Comparison of Two Methods of Rearing and Stocking Coho Salmon in Wisconsin's Waters of Lake Michigan

Abstract Since 1968, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has stocked coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Lake Michigan as spring yearlings (14–16 months old) and as accelerated-growth fall fingerlings (9 months old). We compared accelerated-growth with spring yearling groups to evaluate (1) return rates of jacks and adults to spawning weirs and to the sport fishery, (2) growth rates, and (3) cost–benefit ratios. Returns to spawning weirs and Wisconsin anglers showed similar patterns. Return rates of jacks were similar for fish stocked as fingerlings and yearlings and were higher in the Root River than in the Kewaunee River for both stocking strategies. The weir and angler rates for adults were higher for fish stocked as yearlings than as fingerlings and were higher in the Root River than in the Kewaunee River for both stocking strategies. Estimated return rates of adults to Wisconsin anglers ranged from 0.0% to 5.4% for fish stocked as fingerlings and from 0.1% to 15.6% for fish stocked as yearl...
Assessing and treating battered women: a clinical review of issues and approaches.

Effective assessment and treatment of battered women involves a recognition of the many individual and systemic variables involved. This chapter summarizes the major theoretical positions and research findings and addresses their implications for treatment. Language: en
Angiographically occult arteriovenous malformations

Eight cases of histopathologically proven arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) which were not visualized on angiography are presented. As is typical with these lesions, most of the patients in this series presented with hemorrhage, seizures, or episodic or progressive neurological symptoms suggestive of a neoplasm. The diagnosis of angiographically occult AVM was highly suspected preoperatively in each case based on the combination of computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) findings. The CT scans in all cases showed moderately hyperdense lesions which enhanced mildly or moderately in a nonhomogeneous pattern with administration of contrast material. The MR image showed one or more bright areas interspersed with areas of low or absent signal peripherally or centrally on both T1- and T2-weighted images. The AVM was totally excised in seven patients and partially excised in one patient, with favorable results in all. The clinical management and differential diagnosis of angiographically occult AVM's are discussed. In patients with a clinical course and radiological studies suggestive of an occult AVM, removal of the lesion, if accessible, should be performed in order to rule out a neoplasm and prevent subsequent hemorrhage and progression of symptoms.
Perturbations of dendritic excitability in epilepsy

The dendritic arbor is the site of complex interactions between synaptic excitation and intrinsic excitability. This interaction is determined by the ion channels expressed on the dendritic arbor. The expression and gating properties of these channels can be perturbed in conditions associated with epilepsy that lead to hyperexcitability. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books).
A discrete model for the segmentation of chains and strings

A statistical model is presented that can be used to represent a discrete breakage process. It considers a fixed length chain or string made up of n +1 pieces joined together. The chain is stressed at each connection or link andrupture occurs at some of the links. Models are developed to answer the question, “what is the expected proportion of chain segments of a given size?” The model is modified to handle those experiments where only thetotal weight of a given size segment is known. Expressions are obtained for the expected value and variance of the number of segments of a given size. The model is used to predict the expected number of segments which results when a fixed length DNA molecule chain is subjected to carcinogenic agents and is applied to industrial examples.
The Latex fixation test in the spinal fluid and urine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

The finding of an abnormal macroglobulin in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been isolated and characterized by several groups of investigators. A study was undertaken to study other biological fluids as to the presence of this abnormal globulin. Spinal fluids and urines were obtained from patients with arthritis. The patients were divided into three groups: (1) ankylosing spondylitis; (2) osteoarthritis; and (3) rheumatoid arthritis, active, untreated. The serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis gave positive latex fixation test. Latex fixation test on the spinal fluids from the three groups gave a negative latex agglutination. The urines and spinal fluids were concentrated to a known volume with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (P.V.P.). There was found an increase in the total protein bound hexoses in the three latex positive urine concentrates. Plure gruppos de investigatores ha isolate e characterisate un macroglobulina anormal in le sero de patientes con arthritis rheumatoide. Esseva studiate le question del presentia de iste globulina anormal in altere liquidos biologic. Liquido spinal e urina esseva obtenite ab patientes con arthritis. Le patientes esseva dividite in tres gruppos: (1) Spondylitis ankylosante; (2) osteoarthritis; e (3) arthritis rheumatoide, active e non–tractate. Le sero ab patientes con arthritis rheumatoide esseva positive in le tests de fixation a latex. Le test de fixation a latex in le liquido spinal ab omne le tres gruppos esseva negative pro agglutination a latex. Le urinas e le liquidos spinal esseva concentrate a un cognoscite volumine per medio de pyrrolidona polyvinylic. Esseva trovate un augmento del total hexosas ligate a proteina in le tres concentratos urinari con positivitate a latex.
Emergency peripartum hysterectomy: experience at a community teaching hospital

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence, indications, risk factors, and complications associated with emergency peripartum hysterectomy at a community-based academic medical center. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively 47 of 48 cases of emergency peripartum hysterectomy performed at Winthrop-University Hospital from 1991 to 1997. Emergency peripartum hysterectomy was defined as one performed for hemorrhage unresponsive to other treatment less than 24 hours after delivery. Fisher exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Cochran-Armitage exact trend test were used for analysis. RESULTS: There were 48 emergency peripartum hysterectomies among 34,241 deliveries for a rate of 1.4 per 1000. Most frequent indications were placenta accreta (48.9%, 12 with previa, 11 without previa), uterine atony (29.8%), previa without accreta (8.5%), and uterine laceration (4.3%). Placenta accreta was the most common indication in multiparous women (58.8%, 20 of 34), uterine atony the most common in primiparas (69.2%, nine of 13). Twenty-two of 23 (95.6%) women with placenta accreta had a previous cesarean delivery or curettage. The number of cesarean deliveries or curettages increased the risk of placenta accreta proportionally. Thirty-eight (80.9%) of the hysterectomies were subtotal. Postoperative febrile morbidity was 34%; other morbidity was 26.3%. CONCLUSION: Placenta accreta has become the most common indication for emergency peripartum hysterectomy.
An SOI-based tuning-fork gyroscope with high quality factors

This paper reports on the design, fabrication, and testing of a SOI-based tuning-fork gyroscope with high Quality factors (Qs). A tuning-fork structure with high Qs is designed and is integrated with on-chip electrostatic transducers for excitation and detection. With a one-mask fabrication technology, this gyroscope design is fabricated on a SOI wafer with a 30μm-thick device layer. The fabricated devices are further tested for their preliminary performance characterization. The measured Qs of a fabricated gyroscope are 162,060 for the drive mode and 85,168 for the sense mode at 16.8kHz. In order to enhance its rate sensitivity, the frequency of the sense mode is tuned using electrostatic tuning toward that of the drive mode and a minimum frequency split of 6Hz between the two modes is demonstrated. Under this nearly matched-mode condition, a prototype device shows a measured rate sensitivity of 0.02mV/°/sec. The theoretical mechanical resolution due to Brownian noise is 0.3°/hr/√Hz.
Organizational Adaptation to Performance Downturns: An Interpretation-Based Perspective

Organizational adaptation to performance downturns has prompted numerous studies. Although these studies have focused on organizational or decision makers' characteristics influencing adaptation, neither the adaptation process nor where in the process these influences operate has been detailed. A conceptual framework for understanding adaptation to performance downturns by incorporating contingency-based literature into an interpretative-based model is described. Factors which inform decision makers' interpretations and response choices are considered and implications of the framework are discussed.
Effects of proactive interference and rehearsal on the primary and secondary components of short-term retention

Under the conditions of the distractor paradigm, short-term retention declines to a minimum in a very brief period. The rapid forgetting can be said to reflect the declining contribution of the short-term store or primary memory and the asymptote can be taken as a measure of the contribution of the long-term store or secondary memory. It was shown that manipulating proactive effects by varying the recency of prior material affected only the primary memory component of the short-term retention function. On the other hand manipulating the difficulty of the subsidiary task performed during the retention period with proactive effects held constant affected both the primary and the secondary components. The results were discussed with respect to the relation between the two memory components and the idea that proactive effects are limited to long-term store. Also at Haskins Laboratories. Reprint requests should be sent to M. T. Turvey, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06...
Maintaining the local critical temperature of thermally out-of-equilibrium superconducting wires below the critical value

A generalized theory of open quantum systems combined with mean-field theory is used to study a superconducting wire in contact with thermal baths at different temperatures. It is shown that, depending on the temperature of the colder bath, the temperature of the hotter bath can greatly exceed the equilibrium critical temperature, and still the wire remains in the superconducting state, meaning that the effective local temperature in the wire is maintained below the critical temperature. The effects of contact areas and disorder are studied. Finally, an experimental setup is suggested to test our predictions.
Colonizing Bodies: Corporate Power and Biotechnology in Young Adult Science Fiction

The American cultural and political landscape has seen changes on the level of seismic shifts in the past four decades, thanks in part to the two very diverse fields of big business and biotechnology. Linking the two arenas together in the literary landscape is a growing body of young adult science fiction that envisions a future shaped profoundly by both. This paper surveys how the interplay between corporations and biotechnology is represented in this emerging body of work to explore diverse facets of a common theme: the biotechnical subjection of human matter to market force.
SUBSTRUCTURE OF AMPHIBIAN MOTOR END PLATE : Evidence for a Granular Component Projecting from the Outer Surface of the Receptive Membrane

End-plate membrane has been examined at amphibian myoneural junctions by means of transmission electron microscopy of thin tissue sections. The postjunctional membrane exhibits morphologically specialized dense, convex patches which are located superficially facing the axon terminal but do not extend into the depths of the junctional folds. In the specialized regions the plasma membrane is ∼ 120 A thick and trilaminar. The outer dense lamina is thickened by the presence in it of granular elements ∼60–120 A in diameter which are spaced semiregularly at ∼100–150-A intervals and which border the junctional cleft directly. In these regions the concentration of the granules is of the order of ∼ 104/µm2, which is in the same range as the estimated concentration of receptor sites at other vertebrate cholinergic junctions. Filamentous projections can sometimes be seen extending from the granules to the overlying basement membrane, and in oblique views a reticular pattern may appear both in these patches and in the basement membrane. The cytoplasmic surface of the specialized membrane is covered with an amorphous and filamentous dense material whose distribution coincides with that of the granules visible in the outer layer and which may be connected to them across the membrane. In unosmicated specimens stained with permanganate and uranyl acetate the specialized regions exhibit the same morphological features but stand out sharply in contrast to adjacent areas of unspecialized membrane which appear only faintly. Such preparations are particularly useful in assessing the extent of the specialized membrane. It is proposed that the granules visible at the outer surface of the end-plate membrane represent acetylcholine receptors and that in amphibians, as in annelids, the receptors at myoneural junctions are concentrated into patches which occupy less than the total postjunctional membrane surface area.
Faculty Workloads in Schools of Social Work

While the experience of faculty and their work in graduate schools of social work can be defied as an evolving process in relation to standards of the American Association of University Professors (1) and the Council on Social Work Education (21, there is growing political interest and concern in how work standards are established in higher education and in the nature of that work. To understand this issue, 56 graduate social work programs participated in a study of full-time faculty workloads. An earlier study (3) had documented that several variables had no bearing on workload assignments: number of different course preparations, interdisciplinary course assignments, required versus elective courses, and graduate versus undergraduate course designation. This analysis established that the average of course preparations per year was four; student advisement was factored into workload with an average assignment of 15 srudents, praccicum liaison was generally equivalent to one course of work per semester involv~np 12 students in eight agencies; faculty served on an average of nvo committees; and faculv could be provided release time for research grants up to no more than 50% of their contract. Further, it was noted that most faculty workloads were not directed by written university or school policies but rather were established by academic culture and need. Schools of social work face a critical shortage of qualified faculty through the turn of the twenty-first century. Faculty workloads under scrutiny of professional and accreditation bodes, public interest, political pressure, and the demands of the academy may well be bases for success of the academic enterprise as we know it.
Hyperspaces which characterize simple homotopy type

Abstract The star hyperspace 2KSSt of a non-degenerate finite connected simplicial complex K is defined as the space of nonempty closed subsets of |K| that lie in small neighborhoods of the vertex stars of K (with respect to a barycentric subdivision), topologized with the Hausdorff metric. It has previously been shown that the hyperspace 2X of all nonempty closed subsets of a non-degenerate Peano space X is homeomorphic to the Hilbert cube Q. In this paper it is shown that 2KSSt is a Q-manifold homeomorphic to |K| × Q. It follows from a result of T.A. Chapman that complexes K and L have the same simple homotopy type if and only if 2KSSt and 2LSSt are homeomorphic. A main tool in studying star hyperspaces is the following result, also obtained in this paper: if X is a non-degenerate Peano space and A1, …,Anϵ2X, then the space of closed subsets of X intersecting each Ai is homeomorphic to Q.
Acetylcholinesterase function is dispensable for sensory neurite growth but is critical for neuromuscular synapse stability.

Abstract The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminates synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In addition, AChE is thought to play several ‘non-classical’ roles that do not require catalytic function. Most prominent among these is facilitation of neurite growth. Here, we report that the zebrafish zieharmonika (zim) locus encodes AChE. We show that one mutant zim allele is caused by a pre-mature stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein that lacks both the catalytic site and the carboxy-terminal neuritogenic domain. To explore the ‘non-classical’ role of AChE, we examined embryos mutant for this allele. In contrast to previous results using a catalytic-inactive allele, our analysis demonstrates that AChE is dispensable for muscle fiber development and Rohon-Beard sensory neuron growth and survival. Moreover, we show that in the absence of AChE, acetylcholine receptor clusters at neuromuscular junctions initially assemble, but that these clusters are not maintained. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AChE is dispensable for its proposed non-classical roles in muscle fiber formation and sensory neuron development, but is crucial for regulating the stability of neuromuscular synapses.
SU-FF-T-227: Evaluation of Six Dosimetric Indices for Cyber Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery Treatment Planning

Purpose: To evaluate effectiveness of using six dosimetric indices in evaluating Cyber Knife SRStreatment plans. To investigate the dependence of these indices on the target volume and the histology of the treatedtumor. To examine the effect of treating large volume lesions on the dosimetric properties of a treatment plan. Method and Materials: 154 treatment plans for Cyber Knife SRS of acoustic neuroma (AN), melanoma, meningioma, NSCLC and pituitary adenomas (PAs) were analyzed using six dosimetric indices: prescription isodose line PI, tumor isodose and volume coverage indices TI100 and TV100, homogeneity index HI, conformality index CI and a modified CI (mCI). These indices and their averages for each tumor type were examined for dependence on the size of the treatedtumor and its histology. Results: TV100, PI and TI100 showed a decrease with tumor size, HI showed a slight increase with tumor size, while CI and mCI showed little dependence on the tumor size. CI for all five treatedtumor types was closely clustered about 1.44, while HI showed greater dispersion for melanomas and NSCLC, but closer clustering about 1.39 for PAs, meningiomas and ANs. Conclusion: AN and melanoma plans showed the best on average tumor coverage while NSCLC showed the worst. Modified CI and CI indices were the lowest for the ANs and meningiomas, while HI performance was the best for ANs, intermediate for melanomas and PAs, and the worst for NSCLC. Modified CI showed very little dependence on the tumor size. PI and TV100 showed a trend towards rapid decrease with tumor size and therefore less coverage beyond 10 cc volumes for melanoma, meningioma and PA and beyond 100 cc for NSCLC. All six indices were found to be a useful tool for routine use in evaluating stereotactic treatment plans at our institution.
Who’s number one?: evaluating acquisitions departments

This paper is a first attempt at articulating the criteria that characterize acquisitions departments at the forefront of book acquisitions. Scoring values were assigned to each of these criteria in an attempt to provide acquisitions practitioners with a framework within which to assess progress on improvements in a numerical way. These criteria are intended to stimulate discussion among acquisitions professionals about ways to improve their own acquisitions operations and to identify high-performing acquisitions departments. This paper was written in the hope of encouraging wider participation in acquisitions discussions among working professionals in the field and to begin the identification of best acquisitions practices.
Differential Analysis of Magnetic Field Measurements with Applications

This report describes the use of cubic spline fitting to compute, for the median plane z = 0, the vertical magnetic-field component, B(u, w, o) and its first, second, and third partial derivatives from a set of measurements of B at mesh points (ui, wj). The arguments (u, w) may be either rectilinear (x, y) or polar (?, R). The results of the fitting are used for a third-order approximation of the field components Bu, Bw, and Bz at any point (u, w, z) within the domain of measurement for (u, w) and for small z. These field components are used in the equations of motion for tracking charged particles through the magnetic field. In particular, the application of this process to the magnetic field of the Bevatron (Berkeley) is discussed.
Contours and Contrast: Responses of Monkey Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Cells to Luminance and Color Figures

The responses of single units in the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus to different portions of figures which differed from their backgrounds in color and brightness were examined. Border enhancement was found in the response to luminance figures but not in the response to color figures. In addition, cells showed border enhancement only in the case of a figure which produced an increment (as opposed to a decrement) in their firing rates. In situations in which very striking brightness contrast is seen perceptually, the cells do not show the corresponding changes in firing rate across the whole pattern. The lateral inhibitory mechanisms found in the retina and geniculate can thus account for luminance border enhancement, but not entirely for simultaneous brightness or color contrast, for which other cortical processes of some sort must be responsible.
The electronic structure of CeO2 and PrO2

Abstract We have determined the electronic structure of CeO2 and PrO2 by performing SCF band calculations. We find that in both systems there are metal f- and d- electrons in the oxygen 2p bands. We discuss the question of valency and ionicity in these systems.
SHAME AND GUILT IN EATING DISORDERS

A study of 94 college students supported the hypothesis that women with eating disorders experience more shame and guilt in relation to eating than do either normal or depressed women, and that such shame and guilt differentiate the eating disorders from other psychopathology. Findings revealed an apparent difference in the nature of the depression experienced by eating disordered women and that of depressed women without such disorders. Developmental and clinical implications are discussed.
Biomechanical and phenomenological models of the body, the meaning of illness and quality of care

The predominant model of the body in modern western medicine is the machine. Practitioners of the biomechanical model reduce the patient to separate, individual body parts in order to diagnose and treat disease. Utilization of this model has led, in part, to a quality of care crisis in medicine, in which patients perceive physicians as not sufficiently compassionate or empathic towards their suffering. Alternative models of the body, such as the phenomenological model, have been proposed to address this crisis. According to the phenomenological model, the patient is viewed as an embodied person within a lived context and through this view the physician comes to understand the disruption illness causes in the patient's everyday world of meaning. In this paper, I explore the impact these two models of the patient's body have had on modern medical practice. To that end I first examine briefly the historical origins of the biomechanical and phenomenological models, providing a historical context for the discussion of each model's main features in terms of machine-world and life-world. Next, I discuss the impact each model has had on the patient-physician relationship, and then I examine briefly the future development of each model. The meaning of illness vis-a-vis each model of the patient's body is finally examined, especially in terms of how these two models affect the patient's interpretation of illness. The paper concludes with a discussion of the biomechanical and phenomenological models, in terms of the quality of care crisis in modern western medicine.
Mitigation of the consequence of seismically induced damage on a utility water network by means of next generation SCADA

When a lifeline system such as a water delivery network is damaged due to a severe earthquake, it is critical to identify its location and extent of the damage in real time in order to minimize the potentially disastrous consequence such damage could otherwise entail. This paper demonstrates how the degree of such minimization can be estimated qualitatively by using the water delivery system of Irvine Water Ranch District (IRWD) as testbed, when it is subjected to magnitude 6.6 San Joaquin Hills Earthquake. In this demonstration, we consider two cases when the IRWD system is equipped or not equipped with a next generation SCADA which consists of a network of MEMS acceleration sensors densely populated and optimally located. These sensors are capable of identifying the location and extent of the damage as well as transmitting the data to the SCADA center for monitoring and control.
Intensive care unit exposures for long-term outcomes research: Development and description of exposures for 150 patients with acute lung injury

Abstract Purpose Long-term follow-up studies in critical care have described survivors' outcomes, but provided less insight into the patient/disease characteristics and intensive care therapies (“exposures”) associated with these outcomes. Such insights are essential for improving patients' long-term outcomes. This report describes the development of a strategy for comprehensively measuring relevant exposures for long-term outcomes research, and presents empiric results from its implementation. Materials and Methods A multistep, iterative process was used to develop the exposures strategy. First, a comprehensive list of potential exposures was generated and subsequently reduced based on feasibility, redundancy, and relevance criteria. Next, data abstraction methods were designed and tested. Finally, the strategy was implemented in 150 patients with acute lung injury with iterative refinement. Results The strategy resulted in the development of more than 60 unique exposures requiring less than 45 minutes per patient-day for data collection. Most exposures had minimal missing data and adequate reliability. These data revealed that evidence-based practices including lower tidal volume ventilation, spontaneous breathing trials, sedation interruption, adequate nutrition, and blood glucose of less than 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL) occurred in only 23% to 50% of assessments. Conclusions Using a multistep, iterative process, a comprehensive and feasible exposure measurement strategy for long-term outcomes research was successfully developed and implemented.
The problem of hyperparamodulation

This article is the thirty-second of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research asks one to find a variant of the inference rule hyperparamodulation that avoids generating many of the binary paramodulants ordinarily deduced.
Early childhood education: a means to earlier diagnosis of hearing impairment in the multihandicapped

Detection of congenital or infantile hearing loss is often delayed in otherwise normal children, but even greater delays occur in the multihandicapped. Neonatal hearing screening and high risk register techniques have not had universal acceptance. A collaborative project between medical school otology and audiology personnel and a school for multihandicapped children under the age of 3 years in the Department of Special Education in another university has significantly reduced detection time and provided speech, language and other remedial therapy while otologic diagnosis and educational functional assessment proceed. The investigators and staff are bilingual. Parents learn to observe and work with their own child at the school and in the home.
Hindering Reverse Engineering: Thinking Outside the Box

In this article, we present the state of the art in today's nonmalicious software defense protections. We also present an overview of the tools and techniques that attackers use to defeat current defenses. Finally, we expound on some unorthodox approaches to defending software, including tactics that advanced malware currently uses to protect itself.
Absorption models for low-frequency variability in compact radio sources

The consequences of the most plausible version of the absorption model for low-frequency variability in compact extragalactic radio sources are considered. The general restrictions placed on such a model are determined, and observational tests are suggested that can be used either to support the model or to discriminate among its various versions. It is shown that low-frequency variability in compact radio sources can be successfully explained by a class of models in which the flux is modulated by changes in free-free optical depth within an intervening ionized medium. Two versions of such a model are distinguished, one involving large changes in optical depth and the other, small changes. It is noted that while absorption effects are capable of causing rapid flux and structural variations at centimetric wavelengths, the models predict detailed behavior that is in direct conflict with observational data.
Properties of Apparel Wools III. The Mechanical Behavior of Top and Roving Made on the French Worsted System

A description is given of the measurement of the tensile force-extension curves of fiber as semblies with no net twist—i.e., top and roving produced on the French worsted system. Typical force-exte...
Application of maturation indicators and oil reaction kinetics to put constraints on thermal history models for the Uinta Basin, Utah, U.S.A.

Abstract I test the ability of a rapid pyrolysis oil reaction kinetic model to predict characteristics of oil generation in the Uinta Basin of Utah, U.S.A. I use kinetic coefficients, determined by rapid pyrolysis of core samples obtained from the Altamont and Redwash fields, to calculate the amount of oil generated at different depths in several wells and compare that amount with measures of the extent of reaction, such as production index and hydrogen index, obtained from core and cutting samples. In making the calculations, I use different values of maximum burial depths of the sediments and heat flow to study the effect of variations in these thermal history parameters on the oil reaction predictions. I find that by using a constant heat flow in the model of 57 mW/m2 over the past 58 million years with about 1800 m of erosion in the last 10 million years the resulting calculations of oil maturation levels are consistent with maturation indicators obtained from the wells. These values are not unique, however; a 300-m decrease in the amount of erosion can be compensated by increasing the heat flow by about 4 mW/m2. I discuss how variations in the input parameters affect the results of both the basin thermal models and the kinetic models.
Substantia nigra hyperactivity in schizophrenia.

Mapping the clinical features of schizophrenia to circuits in the brain is a major goal for schizophrenia researchers. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), the ventral midbrain, and the striatum are among the brain areas of primary interest. The PFC has been linked to cognitive deficits, especially impairment of working memory. The dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area have been studied intensely to better understand the mechanism of antipsychotic drugs. The striatum was initially implicated in catatonia, then as a site of action of antipsychotic drugs, and more recently as part of a corticostriatal circuit governing emotion and cognition. Abnormal connections between the cortex and basal ganglia (BG) have been proposed as substrates for psychosis and impaired cognition in schizophrenia (1). One prominent model postulates that PFC dysfunction leads to increased subcortical dopamine release, which in turn leads to psychosis (2). Yoon et al. (3) designed an experiment to test this hypothesis. Eighteen patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 19 healthy control subjects completed a delayed-response face working memory paradigm (3). The subject was presented with the image of a face for 1 second (encoding phase). After a delay of 15 seconds (maintenance phase), the subject indicated whether a second face, presented for 1 second, matched the first face (response phase). This slow-event related design allowed for the analysis of brain activity (inferred via the blood oxygen level–dependent signal [BOLD]) during the encoding, maintenance, and response phase of working memory. The experiment included 50 trials, only half of which were matches. To be included in the study, a subject had to achieve at least 60% accuracy on the match trials, which translates into 15 correct responses used for the analysis. On average, 18.75 trials were used for subjects with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 21.5 for control subjects. In addition to brain activity, the investigators measured connectivity among cortex, ventral midbrain, and striatum during the response phase of the working memory experiment. What did the investigators find? First, patients were slower and less accurate, which was to be expected. Second, PFC activity was decreased in patients during the response phase, a result in line with previous studies. Third, patients exhibited striatal hypoactivity and nigral hyperactivity during the response phase (Figure 1A). Fourth, SN–PFC and caudate–PFC connectivity was decreased in patients (Figure 1B). Finally, Yoon et al. tested whether the abnormal connectivity pattern was related to the clinical features of the patients. They found SN–caudate connectivity to be highly correlated with psychosis (delusion and hallucinations) but not with negative symptoms or disorganization (Figure 1B).
Genetic tests of the role of Abf1p in driving transcription of the yeast TATA box bindng protein-encoding gene, SPT15.

Next Section Abstract In this report we describe studies which utilized yeast strains bearing gain and loss of function alleles ofABF1 in order to attempt to directly implicate Abf1p in modulating transcription of the TBP-encoding gene, SPT15, in vivo. We found that overexpression of Abf1p in a yeast cell increased transcription of the TBP-encoding gene and that this stimulation depended upon the exact sequence of the Abf1p binding site (ABF1) present in the gene. Further, in a yeast strain expressing a temperature sensitive form of Abf1p, occupancy of the chromosomal ABF1 site in the TBP-encoding gene was immediately lost following a temperature shift. Both results suggest that Abf1p drives transcription of the TBP-encoding gene. Surprisingly though we found that continuous ABF1 cis-element occupancy by Abf1p was not acutely required for normal levels of transcription of either the TBP-encoding gene or other “Abf1p-driven” genes tested. We propose a model to explain these results and suggest mechanisms by which Abf1p could activate gene transcription.
Additions and corrections to the absorption coefficients of CO2 Ice: Applications to the Martian south polar cap

Reflectance spectra of carbon dioxide frosts were calculated using the optical constants provided by Warren (1986) for the wavelength region 2-6 microns. In comparing these calculated spectra to spectra of frosts observed in the laboratory and on the surface of Mars, problems in the optical constants presented by Warren (1986) became apparent. Absorption coefficients for CO2 ice have been derived using laboratory reflectance measurements and the Hapke (1981) model for calculating diffuse reflectance. This provides approximate values in regions where no data were previously available and indicates where corrections to the compilation by Warren (1986) are required. Using these coefficients to calculate the reflectance of CO2 ice at varying grain sizes indicates that a typical Mariner polar cap spectrum is dominated by absorptions due to CO2 frost or ice at grain sizes that are quite large, probably of the order of millimeters to centimeters. There are indications of contamination of water frost or dust, but confirmation will require more precise absorption coefficients for solid CO2 than can be obtained from the method used here.
Inferring the Rate-Length Law of Protein Folding

We investigate the rate-length scaling law of protein folding, a key undetermined scaling law in the analytical theory of protein folding. Available data yield statistically significant evidence for the existence of a rate-length law capable of predicting folding times to within about two orders of magnitude (over 9 decades of variation). Unambiguous determination of the functional form of such a law could provide key mechanistic insight into folding. Four proposed laws from literature (power law, exponential, and two stretched exponentials) are tested against one another, and it is found that the power law best explains the data by a modest margin. We conclude that more data is necessary to unequivocally infer the rate-length law. Such data could be obtained through a small number of protein folding experiments on large protein domains.