cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is there a role for retinoids to treat minimal residual disease in neuroblastoma

A variety of pre-clinical and clinical data point toward high drug levels of retinoids being required to achieve optimal efficacy against neuroblastoma. The results of the Kohler trial reported in this issue demonstrate that low-dose 13-cis-RA does not have clinical efficacy against neuroblastoma in a setting of minimal residual disease. A comparison of the Kohler trial with the US CCG trial provides clinical evidence that high-dose levels of retinoids are optimal for treating minimal residual disease in neuroblastoma. The comparison of high-dose and low-dose 13-cis-RA studies in neuroblastoma suggests the intriguing possibility that high dose, pulse schedules of other retinoids could be effective as therapeutic and chemopreventive agents in diseases where low-dose, chronic retinoid administration was not effective. Pre-clinical and perhaps clinical studies of the latter concept should be considered.
Car Make and Model recognition combining global and local cues

This paper addresses the problem of Car Make and Model recognition as an example of within-category object class recognition. In this problem, it is assumed that the general category of the object is given and the goal is to recognize the object class within the same category. As compared to general object recognition, this problem is more challenging because the variations among classes within the same category are subtle, mostly dominated by the category overall characteristics, and easily missed due to pose and illumination variations. Therefore, this specific problem may not be effectively addressed using generic object recognition approaches. In this paper, we propose a new approach to address this specific problem by combining global and local information and utilizing discriminative information labeled by a human expert. We validate our approach through experiments on recognizing the make and model of sedan cars from single view images.
Congenital duodenal obstruction; a report of two cases emphasizing postoperative course.

Summary Two cases of congenital duodenal obstruction are presented with a survey of the literature and with special reference to postoperative management. The following points are emphasized: 1. Air insufflation of the stomach as advocated by Mellins and Milman is simple to do and of great value. 2. Preoperative and postoperative intermittent stomach aspiration is desirable. 3. Parenteral fluids including electrolytes are given in adequate amounts to replace fluid loss and maintain caloric intake. 4. The disadvantages of gastroenterostomy as the operative procedure are exemplified; perhaps a duodenojejunostomy (as advocated by Ladd) would prevent many of the postoperative difficulties seen in these cases.
Politics and Public Budget: Agency and Legislative Decision-Making Strategies

Institutions of higher education are charged with the educational responsibility of creating a classroom environment, where critical thinking skills are cultivated. This paper focuses on a political science undergraduate course in public budgeting. The course emphasizes and encourages the students to develop creative and critical thinking skills necessary to actively engage in the public administration budget process. Budgets can be analyzed from an economic prism, a management perspective, a historical view and the political process. The goal of this simulation is to replicate the interplay of administrative decision making with congressional politics and experienced at congressional budget hearings. The course is designed around the four phases of the budget cycle; executive preparation; legislative authorization and appropriations; budget implementation; and audits. The simulation focuses on the second stage of the process, the legislative hearings and the personalities, politics, and interactions among administrators and legislators. Since legislative budget hearings are a fluid chess match designed to test the skills and abilities of the participants. The agency budget official’s goals are to match their expertise with the political power of the committee majority and minority party members. The intended result of this course is to prepare the political science and public administration students with the basic theoretical and practical experience necessary to grasp the demands of the legislative budget process. In the final analysis agency budgets are determined by successful political bargaining.
Successful Organ Donation After Long-Term Circulatory Support With Nonpulsatile Mechanical Support

To the Editor: In cardiac transplantation, eligible patients are “bridged” using mechanical circulatory support (MCS) systems until a cardiac allograft becomes available. Contemporary MCS devices sustain systemic circulation by a continuous flow (CF) mechanism that generates nonphysiological, nonpulsatile flow to vital organs (1–3). We present an unconventional case of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) from a patient with end-stage heart failure being treated with a nonpulsatile MCS device. A 56-year-old man with end-stage nonischemic cardiomyopathywasmanagedwithaCFleftventricularassistdevice (LVAD). The LVAD (HeartMate II, Thoratec Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA) was implanted 22 months earlier as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. MCS resulted in progressive improvement in his exercise tolerance, quality of life and end-organ function. However, the patient had been hospitalized repeatedly for refractory intravascular hemolysis related to thrombus contained within the LVAD. After failing multiple other pharmacological therapies, he was readmitted to hospital, treated with intravenous heparin and listed for emergent cardiac transplantation (UNOS status 1A). While awaiting a suitable allograft the patient became acutely unresponsive, computed tomography of the brain revealed a large left frontal intraparenchymal hemorrhage with tonsillar herniation. Neurosurgical intervention was deemed unlikely to reverse the injury, thus, the local organ procurement organization was contacted at the family’s request. Brain death was confirmed and the patient was considered a suitable donor for a patient listed for OLT. He was taken to the operating room where his liver was inspected (intraoperative biopsy revealed minimal steatosis) and subsequently procured. When the donor hepatic artery was anastomosed to the recipient’s hepatic vasculature there was minimal pulsatility following reperfusion. After a new anastomosis was fashioned and papaverine-soaked gelfoam was placed around this vessel, pulsatility improved and the arterial conduit enlarged. The remainder of the surgery was unremarkable and total ischemic time was less than
Informatics in Toxicology and Environmental Public Health

The use of information systems to support the areas of toxicology and environmental public health is necessarily extensive because of the large numbers of potentially toxic substances with which environmental health specialists and toxicologists must deal. In this chapter, the author presents a brief history of informatics in these areas and then proceeds to discuss in some detail the various categories of information systems that support environmental public health and medical toxicology. The author’s focus is on services available for unambiguous chemical identification, on bibliographic search and retrieval systems, on authoritative “factual” databases, on threat-identification databases, on diagnostic tools, on systems to support case management, and on surveillance systems. The chapter concludes with the presentation of an imaginary scenario in which many of the information tools discussed are brought to bear on an emergency posing a threat to public health.
Promotion of mid-successional seedling recruitment and establishment by Juniperus virginiana in a coastal environment.

Positive interactions between Juniperus virginianaand woody seedlings may influence trends in primary succession along theAtlantic Coast of eastern North America. Woody species richness was greaterbeneath isolated J. virginiana trees than in more exposed,grass-covered dune sites on a Virginia, USA barrier island. Fleshy fruitedseedswere more abundant in the seed bank beneath J. virginianathan in adjacent exposed sites, suggesting that J.virginiana may be utilized by passerine birds. Photosyntheticallyactive radiation was reduced below J. virginiana, and soiltemperature fluctuations were moderated during the growing season. In addition,moisture content, organic matter, and chlorides were higher for soils underJ. virginiana than in exposed sites. For plantedPrunus serotina and Sassafras albidumseedlings, mortality was lower beneath J. virginiana ascompared with the exposed treatment; however, no S.albidumseedlings survived beyond mid-August. The effect of J.virginiana on the recruitment and distribution of mid-successionalwoody seedlings in coastal environments may be passive, through the non-randomdistribution of fleshy seeds by perching birds, or active, through increasedseedling survival due to J. virginiana initiatedalterations in microclimate and edaphic factors.
Simultaneous ambient air motion and raindrop size distributions retrieved from UHF vertical incident profiler observations

[1] The raindrop size distribution is a fundamental quantity used to describe the characteristics of rain. Vertically pointing Doppler radar profilers are well suited to retrieve the raindrop size distributions because of their operating frequency and data collection methodology. Doppler radar profilers operating at UHF are sensitive to both Bragg scattering from the radio refractive index of turbulence and Rayleigh scattering from distributed targets. During light precipitation, both scattering processes are resolved in the Doppler velocity spectra. During moderate to heavy precipitation the ambient air motion is not resolved in the Doppler velocity spectra. The sans air motion (SAM) model is introduced in this study and uses only the Rayleigh scattering portion of the Doppler velocity spectrum to estimate the ambient vertical air motion, the spectral broadening, and the raindrop size distribution. The SAM model was applied to 915 MHz profiler observations in central Florida. There was good agreement between the SAM-model-retrieved rain rate and mass-weighted mean diameter at an altitude of 300 m with simultaneous surface disdrometer observations. The SAM model was applied to the profile of Doppler velocity spectra to yield estimates of rain rate, mass weighted mean diameter, and ambient vertical air motion from 300 m to just under the melting level at 4 km.
Improved design of subcritical and supercritical cascades using complex characteristics and boundary-layer correction

The method of complex characteristics and hodograph transformation for the design of shockless airfoils was extended to design supercritical cascades with high solidities and large inlet angles. This capability was achieved by introducing a conformal mapping of the hodograph domain onto an ellipse and expanding the solution in terms of Tchebycheff polynomials. A computer code was developd based on this idea. A number of airfoils designed with the code are presented. Various supercritical and subcritical compressor, turbine and propeller sections are shown. The lag-entrainment method for the calculation of a turbulent boundary layer was incorporated to the inviscid design code. The results of this calculation are shown for the airfoils described. The elliptic conformal transformation developed to map the hodograph domain onto an ellipse can be used to generate a conformal grid in the physical domain of a cascade of airfoils with open trailing edges with a single transformation. A grid generated with this transformation is shown for the Korn airfoil.
Optimizing pediatric esmolol dosing using computerized practitioner order entry.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to 1) describe the cardiovascular dose-response of esmolol and dose-limiting adverse effects in pediatric patients; 2) assess an institutional guideline for protocol adherence, efficacy, and achievement of therapeutic targets for pediatric patients with tachyarrhythmias or systemic hypertension; and 3) revise the protocol accordingly. METHODS: In this prospective study, pediatric/neonatal subjects were identified using a medication utilization report in the electronic medical record and treated with esmolol for blood pressure or rhythm control at Rady Children's Hospital San Diego between November 1, 2012, and February 28, 2013. Inclusion criteria required subjects to be under intensive care and have bedside telemetry monitoring. Data collection consisted of patient demographic information, administration history of esmolol, concurrent administration of other cardiovascular medications, patient cardiovascular goals, and vital signs. RESULTS: A total of 8 subjects re...
Identifying Esophagectomy Patients at Risk for Predischarge Versus Postdischarge Venous Thromboembolism

Background Current guidelines recommend postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemoprophylaxis for moderate-risk patients (3% rate or greater) and extended-duration chemoprophylaxis for high-risk patients (6% or greater). Large-scale studies of and recommendations for esophagectomy patients are lacking. This study was designed to evaluate the timing, rates, and predictors of postesophagectomy VTE. Methods Patients undergoing esophagectomies for cancer were identified from the 2005 to 2012 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement database. Timing and rates of VTE (deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or both) were calculated. Events were stratified as predischarge or postdischarge. Perioperative factors associated with 30-day rates of predischarge and postdischarge VTE were analyzed. Results Of 3,208 patients analyzed, the surgical approach was Ivor-Lewis (n = 1,131, 35.3%), transhiatal (n = 945, 29.5%), three-field (n = 587, 18.3%), thoracoabdominal (n = 364, 11.3%), and nongastric conduit reconstruction (n = 181, 5.6%). Rates were 2.0% pulmonary embolism, 3.7% deep venous thrombosis, and 5.1% VTE. Overall median length of stay was 11 days (versus 19 days, p p p = 0.018), white race (OR 1.93, p = 0.004), prolonged ventilation (OR 3.24, p p = 0.005) as independent predictors of predischarge VTE. Older age (OR 1.06 per year, p = 0.006) and major complications (OR 3.14, p = 0.004) were independently associated with postdischarge VTE. Conclusions Postesophagectomy VTE occurs in a clinically significant proportion of esophageal cancer patients with identifiable risk factors for predischarge and postdischarge events. Elderly patients and patients with major complications are most likely to benefit from extended-duration chemoprophylaxis.
The Motivation to Win Negative Aspects of Success at Competition

The purpose of this study was to investigate potential negative outcomes of succeeding under competitive conditions. Highly gifted young adolescents (N = 67) were asked to respond to a scenario in ...
The evolution of a better definition of “interest group” and its synonyms

Abstract Political scientists and other scholars have collectively failed to define the term “interest group” and its synonyms in a consistent fashion or with any real precision. A definition of the term that considers the nature of interest groups, why they are studied, and how they have been defined in the past is offered: interest groups are actual organizations, they are private in nature, they attempt to influence public policy, and they are not political parties—i.e., they do not nominate candidates for public office. The history of the recognition of these definitional elements is traced, along with the etymology of the term and its synonyms.
Asymptotic solutions of the viscous solar wind equations

There is one and only one solution of the viscous solar wind equations which is asymptotically represented for large distances from the sun by a formal solution of Y. C. Whang, C. K. Liu, and C. C. Chang as a power series in the inverse one third power of the distance.
Characterization of a planar artificial magnetic metamaterial surface

We explore the electromagnetic characterization of a planar artificial magnetic metamaterial. Because the composite structure is two- rather than three-dimensional, it does not form a medium with assignable bulk properties, such as the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. However, we find that it is possible to characterize the expected bulk response of a structure composed of repeated layers of metamaterial planes, from a reflectance measurement of a single metamaterial surface made at an oblique angle. We present an analytical theory that relates the reflectance of a single plane to the expected bulk permeability and permeability of the composite, as well as supporting experiments and numerical simulations. Our results show that the recent use of reflectance measurements to characterize planar split ring resonator samples can reveal the presence of circulating currents in a sample--the precursor to artificial magnetism--but are insufficient to provide quantitative results unless the symmetry of the underlying metamaterial elements is carefully specified.
Influence of cell voltage and current on sulfur poisoning behavior of solid oxide fuel cells

The sulfur poisoning behavior of nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) cermet anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) was investigated under both potentiostatic and galvanostatic conditions. While the observed relative drop in cell power output caused by sulfur poisoning decreases as the cell-terminal voltage is lowered potentiostatically (thus more current passing through the cell), it increases as more current is drawn from the cell galvanostatically (thus leading to lower terminal voltage). The apparent contradictory trends in relative performance loss due to sulfur poisoning are explained using a simple equivalent circuit analysis, which was further validated by impedance measurements of cells before and after poisoning by trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) under different conditions. Results suggest that the relative increase in cell internal resistance caused by sulfur poisoning is smaller when more current is drawn from the cell (or the cell-terminal voltage is lowered) under either potentiostatic or galvanostatic conditions. Thus, the increase in anode polarization resistance, not the drop in cell power output, should be used to describe the degree of sulfur poisoning in order to avoid any confusion.
Polaritons in metals

Abstract Polariton modes which appear in an ionic crystal slab when ϵ ( ω ) > 1 are predicted to occur also in a metallic slab if there is a positive interband contribution to the long-wavelength dielectric constant of the metal in a range of frequencies above the plasma frequency.
Electromagnetic scattering lifetimes for dust in Jupiter's ring

The lifetime of the charged, micron-sized dust particles found to lie in a ring at 1.8 Jupiter radii from Jupiter against electromagnetic scattering is estimated. Interactions of the particles with the Jovian magnetic field dipole are found to spread particle orbits out to a much greater extent than observed for particle charges greater than -10 V, and to result in slightly eccentric, open orbits for the dust particles, with eccentricities dependent on particle size. In addition, fluctuations within the magnetic field are found to lead to significant changes in the eccentricity and inclination of the ring particle orbits. It is concluded that Jovian ring particles, if charged to -10 V as is consistent with Voyager data, will be strongly perturbed and scattered on a short time scale (100 yr), so the ring must be constantly replenished or it is a temporary phenomenon. Finally, the dust cloud observed to extend above, below, and beyond the Jupiter ring is attributed to the electromagnetic scattering of particles smaller than the ring particles.
Dynamic modeling of single tubular SOFC combining heat/mass transfer and electrochemical reaction effects

In this paper, a dynamic model of a single tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) unit is developed using the control volume (CV) approach. The heat transfer, species transportation, and electrochemical reaction effects are taken into account in a collective manner. Using this model, we study the spatial distributions of a series of state variables under both steady-state and transient operations and evaluate the system dynamic behavior. The analysis shows that there exists non-uniform current contribution and Nernst potential distribution along the longitudinal direction, caused by the non-uniform fuel/gas partial pressures along the flow direction and the temperature distribution in the anode/cathode channel and cell body, for example. The classical Nernst potential relation is revised to capture the characteristics of the fuel cell under time varying external load voltage. Comprehensive numerical simulations are carried out to explore the underlying dynamic properties in typical SOFC operations. The numerical study is also correlated to experimental results such as the polarization curve and power density, which shows good agreement.
Xanthine oxidase inhibition ameliorates cardiovascular dysfunction in dogs with pacing-induced heart failure.

Abstract We hypothesized that chronic xanthine oxidase inhibition (XOI) would have favorable effects on both ventricular and vascular performance in evolving heart failure (HF), thereby preserving ventricular–vascular coupling. In HF, XOI reduces oxidative stress and improves both vascular and myocardial function. Dogs were randomized to receive either allopurinol (100 mg/day p.o.) or placebo following surgical instrumentation for chronic measurement of left-ventricular pressure and dimension and during induction of HF by rapid pacing. In the placebo group ( n = 8), HF was characterized by increased LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP, 10.2 ± 5.5 and 29.8 ± 3.9 mmHg, before and after HF, respectively, P P P P P n = 9) profoundly attenuated both the Ea increase (from 22.3 ± 3 to 25.6 ± 4.6 mmHg/mm, P = NS) and the fall in Ees (from 11.8 ± 1.1 to 11.7 ± 1, P = NS), thereby preserving the Ees/Ea ratio (from 0.58 ± 0.1 to 0.56 ± 0.1, P
Identification of defect levels in Cu x Ag 1−x InSe 2 thin films via photoluminescence

Defect levels in polycrystalline thin films of Cu x Ag 1−x InSe 2 deposited with x=0, 0.6, and 1.0 have been studied via photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Optical transitions were identified for the films. The type of defects involved and their position in the energy gap were determined from power- and temperature-dependent PL analysis. Donor-acceptor pair transitions were observed as well as transitions from either band tails or shallow hydrogenic states near the band edges. Significant subgap emission was observed between the near band edge and ∼750 meV photon energies in all samples. An optimum Ag content was identified between 0.2 < × < 0.6.
Conformational preference of polyglycine in solution to elongated structure.

Do polypeptide chains ever behave like a random coil? In this report we demonstrate that glycine, the residue with the fewest backbone restrictions, exhibits a strong preference for an extended conformation in solution when polymerized in short segments of polyglycine. A model peptide system comprised of two unique tripeptide units, between which 1 to 18 glycine residues are inserted, is characterized by NMR and by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The residual dipolar coupling (RDC) values of the two tripeptide units are insensitive to changes in number of intervening glycines, suggesting that extension of the linker does not alter the average angular relationship between the tripeptides. Polyglycine segments longer than nine residues form insoluble aggregates. SAXS measurements using synchrotron radiation provide direct evidence that polyglycine peptides adopt elongated conformations. In particular, the construct with a linker with six glycines showed a scattering profile indicative of a monomeric st...
Intravenous line infections.

Centrally-placed i.v.-line infections are a frequent cause of fever in the critical care unit. i.v.-line infection is not usually accompanied by local signs of infection, and usually presents as unexplained fever. The diagnosis should be considered only after other causes of fever have been ruled out. The likelihood of fever being due to i.v.-line infection increases with duration of i.v. catheterization. Skin organisms (i.e., Staphylococcus epidermidis/coagulase-negative staphylococci, and to a lesser extent, Staphylococcus aureus) are the usual pathogens in i.v.-line infection. Treatment of i.v.-line infection involves removal of the i.v. line/device. Empiric antibiotic therapy directed against gram-positive cocci/aerobc gram-negative bacilli is usually started after blood cultures have been obtained and the removed catheter tip sent for semiquantitative culture.
Legal and Psychological Perspectives on Children's Competence to Testify in Court.

Abstract Young children are often called as witnesses to crimes they were victims of or observed. Because of their immaturity, child witnesses are sometimes more heavily scrutinized than adult witnesses before being allowed to testify in court, for example, through competency screening. This review discusses the psychology and US law relevant to decisions about children’s testimonial competency. Legally, a child is competent to provide in-court testimony if the presiding judge finds that the child can understand and answer basic interview questions, observe and recall pertinent events, understand the difference between truths and lies, and be affected by the moral obligation to tell the truth on the stand. We review the legal foundation and current practice of testimonial competence standards and discuss issues in the current system. We then review developmental psychology literature on children’s capabilities and individual differences in each domain of testimonial competency as well as the limited body of literature on competency exams. Finally, we make empirically-based recommendations and conclusions and highlight the need for further research and policy reforms related to children’s testimonial abilities.
Preschoolers’ effortful control and negative emotionality, immediate reactions to disappointment, and quality of social functioning

Relations among effortful control/low negative emotionality, immediate reactions in a situation that usually calls for the masking of disappointment (i.e., the use of display rules), and social competence/adjustment were investigated for 78 preschool children (mean age=4.87 years). Parents, teachers, and peers rated children on negative emotionality and/or effortful control as well as on social competence/adjustment. Children who were rated by parents and teachers as high on effortful control/low on negative emotionality expressed fewer immediate verbal/gestural indicators of disappointment in the presence of an unfamiliar adult and were perceived by their parents, teachers, and peers as socially competent and well adjusted. The pattern of findings was consistent with the view that children's immediate verbal/gestural reactions to disappointment partially mediated the relations between effortful control (as reported by parents) and social competence/adjustment.
The effect of cleaning an experimental spherical Ag3Sn alloy on the tensile strength and fracture of dental amalgam

Experiments have been conducted with the aim of improving the tensile strength of dental amalgam. Anticipating a surface contamination of Ag3Sn, the powder was washed with 5% HCl before amalgamation. The resulting amalgam showed a considerable decrease in the scatter of strength data and an increase in fracture stress. At 40 w/o mercury content the strength increase was found to be 40%. The reason for this substantial improvement in the strength of dental amalgam was revaled by electron fractography. It was found that the bond between unconsumed Ag3Sn particles and the amalgam matrix had been strengthened to such an extent that fracture took place through the silver-tin particles, which allowed Ag3Sn to perform its role as the strongest component in a dispersion hardened system.
DETERMINATION OF ZINC BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY IN UNBURNED AND BURNED VENEZUELAN CRUDE OIL

The concentration of zinc in unburned and burned Venezuelan crude oil over the temperature range of 25–1000°C was determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The zinc concentration in the unburned crude oil was found to be approximately one part per million and remained relatively constant until around 700°C. At temperatures in excess of 800°C, all the zinc was removed from the crude oil. This suggests that if the temperature in burning crude oil can exceed the boiling points of the metals or metal form, then they will be removed via smoke into the atmosphere. *Presented, in part, at Pittcon 2000, in New Orleans, LA, March 12–17, 2000.
Spatial and temporal controls on post-fire hydrologic recovery in Southern California watersheds

Abstract The current study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of post-fire vegetation and the subsequent influence on seasonal and annual hydrologic responses in chaparral-dominated watersheds. Post-fire climatology, burn severity, slope aspect, and vegetation behavior are evaluated for two basins burned during the 2003 Old Fire in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California. Climate and discharge data are used to evaluate seasonal and annual variability of post-fire hydrologic fluxes. Data obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are used to estimate Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR). A Savitzky–Golay filtering technique and an integrated EVI annual fraction are utilized to assess vegetation recovery under a range of potential controls. Vegetation recovery is highly variable in both watersheds and is related to slope aspect (solar and water availability), initial biomass levels, and burn severity. South and west facing slopes show higher pre-fire EVI (biomass) and significant loss of vegetation cover after fire. Vegetation in both watersheds responds to an extreme wet season during the second post-fire year, however recovery rates are not sustained. North and east aspects show the quickest biomass gain relative to pre-fire conditions by the end of the study period (WY 2010), while the west and south slopes show lower biomass recovery. High burn severity areas show the slowest recovery across all slope aspects, with these regions just approaching 90% of pre-fire biomass by the end of the seven-year post-fire period. The variable rate of vegetation recovery across the watersheds results in significant changes in annual and seasonal discharge throughout the post-fire period. Runoff ratios remain elevated in both systems and there is increased dry season flow for much of the study period, indicating that plant water consumption and flowpaths are not back to pre-fire behavior by the end of WY 2010.
Microbiological Studies of Bruised Tissuesa,b,c

SUMMARY Microbiological examination of poultry bruises revealed that 61.0–74.2% of the tissues examined harbored both aerobic and anerobic bacteria. These organisms were found, in experimentally inflicted bruises, to increase in number at the early stages of healing (1–2 days), followed by a rapid decrease to the level of the controls within 4–6 days. Age of bruise, environmental conditions (sanitation of batteries, temperature, and moisture), severity of the bruise, and hemoglobin and its degradation'products were found to be among factors affecting the microbial content and their growth in bruised tissue. A total of 86 predominant organisms were isolated from experimentally inflicted bruises; of these, 47 were Gram-positive cocci, 19 Gram-negative rods, 11 yeasts, 7 Gram-positive rods, and 2 Gram-negative cocci. Thirty-six percent of the Gram-positive cocci were found to belong to the genus Staphylococcus. Forty-eight percent of the Staphylococcus cultures were identified as S. aureus, and the others were S. epidermis. Fecal material and poultry feed were shown to be the source of the predominant organisms. The skin of the injured tissue may be a possible portal of entry of these microorganisms. Bruising increased the permeability of the tissue as determined by dye penetration and the extent of microbial invasion.
Cosmic rays in a dynamical halo. I - Age and matter traversal distributions and anisotropy for nuclei. II - Electrons

Recent measurements of the mean lifetime of galactic cosmic rays (at least 10 million yr) have suggested a dynamical halo model of cosmic-ray confinement to the Galaxy. A one-dimensional version of the model is analyzed to determine the ranges of parameters required to give self-consistent values of the mean lifetime, matter traversed, anisotropy, and interstellar gamma-ray flux. It is found that the ranges of the parameters are: disk scale height of 4000-10,000 pc, average convection velocity of no more than 60 km/s, and diffusion coefficient of (3-10) by 10 to the 28th power sq cm/sec for particles with charges of the order of 10 GV. Some consequences for this model of a much shorter lifetime are also discussed. The energy spectrum and spatial distribution of electrons in the dynamical halo model are considered. A gradual steepening of the electron energy spectrum beginning at several GeV energy is found, as indicated by observations. The decrease of electron density with height in the halo depends on the particle energy and may be much steeper than that for nuclei. The models give a halo with a scale height of the order of 3 kpc for several-GeV electrons, which is shown to be consistent with radio observations.
Particle size fraction and downhole depositional trends of a tropical domed peat deposit as determined by pyrolysis GC/FT-IR/FID and pyrolysis GC/MS

Pyrolysis gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/flame ionization detection and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy studies have been conducted on peat samples from a tropical domed peat deposit located near Sarawak, Malaysia, in an effort to characterize the effect(s) that sample location within the deposit (i.e. margin versus central portion of the deposit) has upon the chemical composition of that sample. By utilizing the complementary analytical techniques listed above, it has been possible to monitor, both qualitatively and quantitatively, 59 compounds produced by the pyrolysis of peat. By fractionation of each of the core samples into three separate particle size fractions, the depositional patterns of the peat samples can be traced at the margin and in the center of the deposit. Additionally, plotting the relative FID concentrations of each compound versus increasing sample depth allows tracking of the downhole trends for each core and enables conclusions to be made as to the depositional history of the deposit. These combined data allow for a better understanding of the effect of the various humification processes on individual compounds and compound classes (e.g. polysaccharides). Finally, the effect that these processes have on the chemical composition of various peat types found within the deposit can be gauged.
Hadronic scattering of charmed mesons

The scattering cross sections of charm mesons with hadrons such as the pion, rho meson, and nucleon are studied in an effective Lagrangian. In heavy ion collisions, rescattering of produced charm mesons by hadrons affects the invariant mass spectra of both charm meson pairs and dileptons resulting from their decays. These effects are estimated for heavy ion collisions at Super Proton Synchrotron energies and are found to be significant.
β-Lactamase–Producing Bacteria in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

β-Lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) can play an important role in respiratory infections. They can have a direct pathogenic impact in causing the infection as well as an indirect effect through their ability to produce the enzyme β-lactamase. BLPB not only may survive penicillin therapy, but as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies, can also protect other penicillin-susceptible bacteria from penicillin by releasing the free enzyme into their environment. The clinical in vitro and in vivo evidence supporting the role of these organisms in the increased failure rate of penicillin in eradication of these infections and the implication of that increased rate on the management of infections is discussed.
Metal complexes of new chiral tridentate ligands with N, P and S donors : the crystal structure of [(S)-Ph2POCH2CH(NMe2)CH2CH2SCH3]W(CO)3

Abstract Two new ligands, ( S )-Ph 2 POCH 2 CH(NMe 2 )CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , derived from L -methionine, and ( R )-Ph 2 POCH 2 CH(NMe 2 )CH 2 -SCH 3 from L-cysteine have been prepared and characterized. Several metal complexes of Pd, Mo and W have been prepared. These ligands produce a chiral electronically asymmetric environment at the metal that is evidenced by trans influences on the other ligands. A crystal structure has been determined for [( S )-Ph 2 POCH 2 CH(NMe 2 )CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 ]W(CO) 3 . The sulfur adopts an S s configuration in the solid and significant trans influences are observed in the metrical parameters of the carbonyls. This tungsten complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 with a = 8.8435(6) A, b = 14.384(1) A, c = 9.546(1) A, β = 107.01(8), Z = 2 and V = 1161.0(4) A 3 .
COMPOSITION AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT‐BONED, TUMBLED, TURKEY BREAST MUSCLE

Turkey breast muscles were processed conventionally and hot-boned. Hot-boned breasts were chilled or tumbled in ice or ice and solutions of NaCl or Lem-O-Fos. Tumbling tended to increase “moisture pickup” and cooking losses; chilling in an ice and Lem-O-Fos mixture tended to decrease cooking losses and increase percentage moisture in cooked samples. Panelists scored flavor of muscles marinated in NaCl as significantly saltier than other muscles. Firmness and cohesiveness of samples hot-boned with no additional treatment tended to be greater than of other treatments.
Cost-effective treatment of constipation in the elderly: a randomized double-blind comparison of sorbitol and lactulose

Abstract purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of sorbitol as an inexpensive alternative to lactulose for treating constipation in the elderly. patients and methods: Thirty men aged 65 to 86 with chronic constipation were studied in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial in which lactulose and 70% sorbitol (0 to 60 mL daily) were each given for 4 weeks preceded by a 2-week washout period. results: The average number of bowel movements per week was 6.71 with sorbitol and 7.02 with lactulose (95% confidence interval of the difference: −0.43 to 1.06), and the average number of days per week with bowel movements was 5.23 with sorbitol and 5.31 with lactulose (95% confidence interval of the difference: −0.32 to 0.48). Eleven patients stated a preference for sorbitol, 12 for lactulose, and seven had no preference. On a visual analogue scale measuring severity of constipation (0 to 100 mm), the average score for sorbitol was 35.6 mm versus 37.1 mm for lactulose (95% confidence interval of the difference: −6.4 to 9.3). The sorbitol and lactulose treatment periods were also similar in percent of bowel movements recorded as "normal," frequency and severity of symptoms such as bloating, cramping, and excessive flatulence, and overall health status as assessed by a previously validated five-category questionnaire. There were no significant differences between sorbitol and lactulose in any outcome measured except nausea, which was increased with lactulose ( p conclusion: These results support the hypothesis that sorbitol and lactulose have no clinically significant differences in laxative effect. Sorbitol can be recommended as a cost-effective alternative to lactulose for the treatment of constipation in the elderly.
Retrospective Temporal and Spatial Mobility of Adult Iowa Women

Human exposure assessments require a linkage between toxicant concentrations in occupied spaces and the receptor's mobility pattern. Databases reporting distinct populations' mobility in various parts of the home, time outside the home, and time in another building are scarce. Temporal longitudinal trends in these mobility patterns for specific age and gender groups are nonexistent. This paper describes subgroup trends in the spatial and temporal mobility patterns within the home, outside the home, and in another building for 619 Iowa females that occupied the same home for at least 20 years. The study found that the mean time spent at home for the participants ranged from a low of 69.4% for the 50–59 year age group to a high of 81.6% for the over 80-year-old age group. Participants who lived in either one- or two- story homes with basements spent the majority of their residential occupancy on the first story. Trends across age varied for other subgroups by number of children, education, and urban/rural status. Since all of these trends were nonlinear, they indicate that error exists when assuming a constant, such as a 75% home occupancy factor, which has been advocated by some researchers and agencies. In addition, while aggregate data, such as presented in this report, are more helpful in deriving risk estimates for population subgroups, they cannot supplant good individual-level data for determining risks.
Some Metabolic Effects of Thiouracil with Particular Consideration of Adrenal Functions1

IT HAS BEEN demonstrated that thiouracil exerts a marked effect on the thyroid gland of rats (1) and man (2, 3). Thyrotoxic subjects receiving treatment with this drug experience a remission of the clinical manifestations of their disease together with a return to normal of the basal oxygen consumption and of the protein-bound iodine content of the plasma. However, the effects of this drug on the other tissues of the body have not been fully studied. In certain patients described below, during the course of investigating the action of thiouracil given in daily dosages of about one gram, we have made a few observations suggesting that the effect of this drug on the adrenals should be carefully examined. (a) When thiouracil was administered for a few days or weeks to ten patients with diseases of such severity as to make death seem likely, the post-mortem estimation of the content of this substance in the various tissues revealed a higher concentration in the adrenals than in most of the other tissues (4).
An axial crack in a pressurized cylindrical shell

Following an earlier analysis of a line crack in a spherical cap, the stresses in a cylindrical shell containing an axial crack are presented. The inverse square root singular behavior of the stresses peculiar to crack problems is obtained in both the extensional and bending components. This singularity may be related to that found in an initially flat plate by $$\frac{{{}^\sigma {\text{shell}}}}{{{}^\sigma {\text{plate}}}} \approx 1 + ({\text{a + b}}\ell {\text{n}}\frac{{\text{c}}}{{\sqrt {{\text{Rh}}} }})\frac{{{\text{c}}^{\text{2}} }}{{{\text{Rh}}}} + ...$$ where the quantity in parentheses is positive. An approximate fracture criterion, based on Griffith's Theory, is also deduced, and bending-stretching interaction curves for this case are presented.
Insure to Assure: A New Paradigm for Nuclear Nonproliferation and International Security

nuclear proliferation to cause such a disaster, can private market mechanisms such as insurance be structured to help avoid the disaster itself? Until recently, few world leaders or thinkers would have pegged the accelerating rhythm of large-scale catastrophes as one of the greatest economic and social challenges confronting society. But one hallmark of this new century will be more and more such unthinkable events, previously unseen contexts, and pressure for individuals, private companies, and government authorities to react extremely quickly, even when they cannot predict the cascading impact their actions will have. And we must think beyond financial crises: what about food security, intercontinental pandemics, mega-terrorism, and cyber attacks? Think about global warming, and large-scale natural disasters, as well as new types of war, international security issues, and—as this article addresses—nuclear proliferation. We will face more of the same mega-crises in the future, as well as brand new ones. Dealing with an average of one or two such catastrophes every 20 years is one thing; dealing with 10 or 15 on many different fronts simultaneously, as is currently occurring, is a whole different game. This poses a real challenge: how do we think col-
Inflation, output and stock prices: Evidence from Latin America.

Research in economics and finance documents a puzzling negative relationship between stock returns and inflation rate in markets of industrialized economies. The present study investigates this relationship for the developing markets of Peru and Chile. Fama's model of linkages between inflation and real economic activity constitutes the theoretical framework of this paper. The study tests whether the negative relationship between equity returns and inflation is a result of a ‘proxy effect’, namely, a negative relationship between inflation and real economic activity. The evidence for Peru and Chile does not provide strong support for Fama's hypothesis. It is shown that the negative relationship between the real stock returns and unexpected inflation persists after purging inflation of the effects of the real economic activity. The long-run equilibrium between stock prices and general price levels is weak, as indicated by the findings of the Johansen and Juselius co-integration tests. However, in both economies, stock prices and general price levels seem to show a strong long-run equilibrium with the real economic activity. These findings suggest that in the long-run, Fama's propositions A and B are supported for Peru and Chile. The disparity between traditional regression and co-integration test results suggest that it may be prudent to re-examine the proxy effect in the framework of a long-run relationship before denying its validity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KINETIC STUDIES OF THE TWO LIGHT REACTIONS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The decay kinetics of the photo-induced absorbance changes in red and green algae are very sensitive to the wavelength of the actinic 11ght. A four to twofold increase in half-decay time is noted in going from short wavelength (550-650 mu) to long wavelength (> 700 mu) excitation. The slow decay ratios, produced by long wavelength light can be enhanced with a steady background of short wavelength light. A relationship between initial decay rates and 02 evolution rates is described. This relationship allows a direct correspondence between these spectroscopic studies and the 'red-drop' and 'enhancement' experiments of Emerson.