cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Role of Pediatric Neurology in Determinations of Futility, Identifying Vulnerability, and Participating in Shared Decision Making through Case-Based Analysis

It is not uncommon for pediatric neurologists to encounter ethical dilemmas in clinical practice. These dilemmas not only require an exploration of the basic bioethical principles, but also considering that neurological disease can have impact on a person's self-identity. Patients with neurological disease are particularly vulnerable and at risk of having long-term sequelae of their nervous system and their individual selves. These important considerations can then raise the question of futility of treatment in a setting of uncertainty of outcome. In these complex situations, a pediatric neurologist plays an important role in shared decision making with both families and multidisciplinary teams. In this paper, we explore case-based scenarios that serve to demonstrate the unique character of ethics in neurology and the role of pediatric neurologists in finding solutions that are in a patient's best interest, have a minimal chance of harm, respect a patient's autonomy, and are just and promote justice.
ModFlex: Towards Function Focused Protein Modeling

Abstract There is a wide, and continuously widening, gap between the number of proteins known only by their amino acid sequence versus those structurally characterized by direct experiment. To close this gap, we mostly rely on homology-based inference and modeling to reason about the structures of the uncharacterized proteins by using structures of homologous proteins as templates. With the rapidly growing size of the Protein Data Bank, there are often multiple choices of templates, including multiple sets of coordinates from the same protein. The substantial conformational differences observed between different experimental structures of the same protein often reflect function related structural flexibility. Thus, depending on the questions being asked, using distant homologs, or coordinate sets with lower resolution but solved in the appropriate functional form, as templates may be more informative. The ModFlex server ( https://modflex.org/ ) addresses this seldom mentioned gap in the standard homology modeling approach by providing the user with an interface with multiple options and tools to select the most relevant template and explore the range of structural diversity in the available templates. ModFlex is closely integrated with a range of other programs and servers developed in our group for the analysis and visualization of protein structural flexibility and divergence.
Population-Wide Failure to Breed in the Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana).

In highly variable environments, conditions can be so stressful in some years that entire populations forgo reproduction in favor of higher likelihood of surviving to breed in future years. In two out of five years, Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga Columbiana) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem exhibited population-wide failure to breed. Clark’s nutcrackers at the study site experienced substantial interannual differences in food availability and weather conditions, and the two nonbreeding years corresponded with low whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) cone crops the previous autumn (≤ an average of 8 ± 2 cones per tree versus ≥ an average of 20 ± 2 cones per tree during breeding years) and high snowpack in early spring (≥ 61.2 ± 5.5 cm versus ≤ 51.9 ± 4.4 cm during breeding years). The average adult body condition index during the breeding season was significantly lower in 2011 (-1.5 ± 1.1), a nonbreeding year, as compared to 2012 (6.2 ± 2.0), a breeding year. The environmental cues available to the birds prior to breeding, specifically availability of cached whitebark pine seeds, may have allowed them to predict that breeding conditions would be poor, leading to the decision to skip breeding. Alternatively, the Clark’s nutcrackers may have had such low body energy stores that they chose not to or were unable to breed. Breeding plasticity would allow Clark’s nutcrackers to exploit an unpredictable environment. However, if large-scale mortality of whitebark pines is leading to an increase in the number of nonbreeding years, there could be serious population-level and ecosystem-wide consequences.
45 Year Old Male with Multiple Open Sores After Returning from South American Jungle

A 45 year old white male recently developed multiple open sores after returning from visiting the South America jungle. He reported being bitten by multiple insects.
On designing an unconstrained tri-band pupil detection system for human identification

The majority of facial recognition systems depend on the accurate location of both the left and right eye centers in an effort to geometrically normalize the face images available in a database under study. In this paper, we propose a novel pupil detection algorithmic approach that automatically and efficiently locates the eye centers of face images captured using visible and infrared sensors when operating under challenging conditions. Our proposed approach includes the usage of long-range and night-time face images captured in the infrared (IR) band under active illumination. It also efficiently deals with partial face obstruction (subjects wearing eye glasses) as well as face pose and illumination variation. Our scenario-adaptable methodological approach involves a number of algorithmic steps, including (i) situation classification (to automatically determine the acquisition scenario each input face image is coming from), (ii) generation and usage of 2D normalized correlation coefficients, (iii) prediction of eye localization, (iv) computation of summation range filters for accurate pupil detection, and an (v) eye glasses classifier on facial images using support vector machines (to determine when subjects are wearing glasses or not). Our proposed approach is compared against state-of-the-art academic and commercial eye detection algorithms, including the (a) Viola and Jones Adaboost method, (b) one of the latest academic eye detection algorithms proposed by Valenti and Gevers (IEEE TPAMI), and (c) the eye detection approach that is available as part of the G8 commercial face recognition software (package provided by L1 systems). Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach outperforms all other approaches when applied on various challenging face datasets, including IR face images captured behind tinted glass or at long ranges up to about 350 feet away, day or night. We also show the benefits of our approach to face normalization and, as a result, face recognition improvement performance in terms of rank-1 identification rates. This is an important achievement that has practical value for forensic tool operators who may have to manually localize the eye centers of all face images available in a dataset, before further face image preprocessing and face-based matching algorithms can be applied.
James Heckman as a 'Law and Society' Scholar: An Appreciation

I want to thank the editors of Law and Social Inquiry for giving me the chance to convey my immense admiration-indeed, reverence would not be too strong a word-for James Heckman and his work, on the occasion of his being awarded the 2000 Nobel prize in economics. It's a great pleasure to be able publicly to acknowledge my personal and professional debts to Jim; but I've come to realize that it's also a great burden to have to say something worthy of the occasion and the person. Jim's own writing tends toward the terse rather than the expansive. In that spirit, the tersest thing I can say that adequately conveys the importance of his work is that I'm certain that people will still be reading and talking about both his methodological and substantive ideas 100 years from now.' The economics profession traditionally organizes a celebration-cumscholarly assessment of those who win the Nobel prize each year, and others will no doubt write with great insight about Heckman's contributions to economics and econometrics. Since Law and Social Inquiry is an eclectic journal of sociolegal studies, however, I have defined my role somewhat differently. I will argue here that Heckman's work has, or should have, many commonalities with the best of the law and society tradition. Some of the language and techniques he deploys might sound foreign or off-putting to
Effect and mechanism of BET bromodomain inhibition in macrophage transcriptional programming

Epigenetic regulation is at the center of gene transcriptional activity, and the epigenetic mechanisms in immune responses have gained increasing attention because of their potential as therapeutic targets. Bromodomain and extra terminal ( BET ) proteins are known to play important roles in transcriptional elongation; disruption of the interaction of BET proteins with acetylated histones suppresses BET-mediated transcription. BET inhibitors have been tested in multiple mouse models as a promising approach to treat various diseases. A recent study addressed the therapeutic potential of a BET inhibitor I-BET151 by assessing its effect on human monocyte and macrophage responses. The study focused on the interference of I-BET151 with cytokine-stimulated JAK-STAT pathways that are important for monocyte polarization and inflammatory responses. In both pro-inflammatory and alternative macrophage responses, I-BET151 exhibited differential repression of cytokine target genes and the repression was independent of protein synthesis. The study also found that I-BET151 repressed TLR4- and TNF-induced interferon responses by diminishing both autocrine IFN-b expression and IFN-b-induced transcription. Further investigation of interferon responses showed that I-BET151 administration did not affect JAK-STAT activation or STAT1 recruitment to target promoters, but instead blocked RNA polymerase II recruitment to gene proximal promoters as well as distal regulatory regions. These findings expand the understanding of the effect and therapeutic potential of BET protein inhibition in inflammatory diseases.
A Fiber-Based Laser Ultrasonic System for Remote Inspection of Limited Access Components

Surface and plate waves are commonly used to nondestructively inspect the near-surface region of a solid component for cracks and other defects due to, for example, structural fatigue. One particularly attractive method of generating and detecting such ultrasonic signals is laser based ultrasonics (LBU) [1]. In particular, because it is non-contact (i.e., does not require couplant), LBU can be implemented for inspection of limited access components using optical fibers, requiring only a small cross-sectional area for access. An example can be found in the inspection of internal surfaces of an aircraft wing as shown in Figure 1 where a contact method would obviously be difficult to apply. Furthermore, in cases where extremely high sensitivity is required, bandwidth reduction can be employed by concentrating the laser generated signal into a narrow frequency band.
Using Structural Interdicts and the South African Human Rights Commission to Achieve Judicial Enforcement of Economic and Social Rights in South Africa

In 1996, South Africa's transformative Constitution inspired human rights activists worldwide by incorporating justiciable economic and social rights (ESRs), including rights to housing, health care, food, water, social security, and basic education. Yet over the past twelve years, problems related to separation of powers considerations, vagueness concerns, and enforcement costs have impeded the South African judiciary's efforts to enforce these crucial rights meaningfully. After surveying these obstacles, this Note offers a two-step proposal for change: increased use of the structural interdict remedy and an enhanced, collaborative role for the South African Human Rights Commission. Used in tandem, these measures can improve judicial enforcement of ESRs in South Africa - and perhaps set a concrete example for the rest of the world.
Low-Sampling-Frequency Stator Flux Linkage Observer for Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines

Deadbeat-direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) is a direct torque control (DTC) method that provides the fastest possible torque response with smooth and continuous operation even at the voltage limits. DB-DTFC achieves the smoothest possible torque and flux trajectory tracking performance by using the machine inverse model to select volt-second solutions that will produce the desired torque and flux by the end of each pulsewidth modulation (PWM) interval. Since the DB-DTFC inverse model requires accurate steady-state and dynamic flux estimates, discrete-time stator current and flux linkage observers are needed to properly implement DB-DTFC. The existing high-sampling-frequency stator current and flux linkage observers are formed based on approximate discrete-time models for IPMSMs by assuming high-sampling-frequency (10-kHz) operation. This paper presents a more exact discrete-time model for IPMSMs, such that, even at low sampling frequencies, proper stator current and flux linkage observers can be formed to achieve accurate current and flux linkage estimation. The proposed low-sampling-frequency stator current and flux observers are developed using discrete-time modeling with an inverter-sourced volt-second input model. The proposed observers are shown to be very feasible for real-time implementation, and their experimental evaluation documents the improvement achieved compared to high-sampling-frequency observers, even under machine parameter variations.
Multistability and Multicellularity: Cell Fates as High-dimensional Attractors of Gene Regulatory Networks

ABSTRACT Cells in multicellular organisms exhibit discrete mutually exclusive phenotypic states, such as proliferation, apoptosis, or differentiation into various cell types. Each of these “cell fates” is associated with a particular stable genome-wide gene expression profile defined by 25,000 genes. To explain the collapse of the hyperastronomical number of combinatorially possible expression configurations into those characteristic of observable cell fates, the latter have been proposed to be high-dimensional attractors in gene activity state space. Here we review the biology of cell fate regulation from a “systems” perspective and discuss two gene network models (small systems of differential equations and high-dimensional Boolean networks) to illustrate how molecular interactions produce multistability and attractors. Implications for cell fate regulation, stem cell multipotency, stochastic fate decisions, and cancer are discussed. This chapter also illustrates the necessity for embracing both pathway details as well as simplifying abstraction in computational systems biology.
Documentation of Turbuience Producing Structures in Regular and Manipulated Turbulent Boundary Layers

An experimental investigation was carried out to compare the large coherent structures in the log-layer of regular and manipulated turbulent boundary layers at several Reynolds numbers (3400 < Re θ < 5200). A three-dimensional sampling grid was used to construct ensemble averaged values of the streamwise and spanwise perturbation velocities associated with these structures. The influence of the manipulators to suppress these roller-like structures, and their subsequent downstream evolution were established. The rapid return of the manipulated boundary layer to conditions equivalent to a regular boundary layer within the first 100 boundary layer thicknesses of streamwise distance was also documented.
An enhanced operator-oriented genetic search algorithm

This paper proposes a new search process incorporated into an operator-oriented genetic algorithm (GA). The new search algorithm solves problems in the context of invertible symbolic operations on a combinational finite state environment. The algorithm exploits the GA's ability to search for solutions without regard to a priori knowledge of the problem domain. The validity of the algorithm is illustrated by solving Rubik's cube. >
A modular, high REP-RATE, fast-risetime, optically-isolated, pulse trigger generator

The paper presents the design and operational characteristics of an optically isolated, compact, modular pulse generator for spark-gap triggering applications. The pulse trigger generator is capable of operating at pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) > 1 kHz for short bursts with variable pulse magnitudes and risetimes. The trigger generator utilizes a transformer, magnetic switch and an IGBT primary switch. It has been successfully used to trigger a trigatron-driven 10-stage, Marx generator driving a high power load. For portability and noise immunity, the trigger generator is optically isolated from its low voltage control and powered via a lithium ion polymer battery pack. A constant current dc-dc power supply charges the high voltage circuitry of the trigger generator and enables continuous operation with two modules. For operation, a large capacitor is initially charged and used as a buffer energy source. The intermediate charge storage in conjunction with a command-triggered MOSFET, provides the ability to quickly re-charge a trigger capacitor between each pulse of the burst. Circuit topology, experimental data, including voltage and current waveforms, and jitter of the overall system are discussed at various PRFs.
Getting to “yes”: Managing ATM planning through an open collaboration APP

Air Traffic Management helps to ensure all users have the opportunity to safely accomplish their operational goals while maintaining National Airspace System (NAS) efficiency. Advancements in technology and the rising number of space flight operations has brought and will continue to bring new participants into the NAS, adding complexity to coordination and decision-making processes. The MITRE Corporation is analyzing current processes and identifying how more standardized communication mechanisms and information flows may make the process for air traffic management of launch and re-entry operations more efficient, standard, and repeatable. Open Collaboration is a primary objective and is generally enabled by an Information Sharing Capability (ISC). ISC exploration efforts are leveraging a MITRE research program project and associated concept, Traffic Flow Management Initiatives Performance Status (TIPS). The TIPS concept has developed methods to improve access to relevant information and traffic management collaboration through the use of data portals and information sharing technologies. This paper discusses the research analysis for use cases of the TIPS project and the development of a prototype TIPS ISC app, which guides stakeholders through a standard workflow process, simultaneously facilitating coordination and collaboration. It is envisioned that these processes and technologies can be applied to any complex ATM collaboration environment.
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides as therapeutic targets for preventing and treating coronary artery disease ☆ ☆☆

Epidemiologic and clinical trials show that elevated triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are independent risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, adjustment for covariates frequently weakens or abolishes the predictive significance of triglycerides, whereas the evidence for HDL-C is more consistently strong. Data indicate that there is a 2% to 3% decrease in coronary risk for each 1 mg/dL increase in HDL-C, whereas the benefit of triglyceride lowering appears to occur largely in patients with the highest baseline levels. The 2001 National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines for detecting and treating high blood cholesterol reflect our improved understanding of triglycerides and HDL as CHD risk factors. However, the guidelines place more emphasis on lowering triglycerides than on raising HDL-C by identifying non-HDL-C (ie, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] + very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [VLDL-C]) as a secondary target of therapy. In clinical practice, VLDL-C is the most readily available measure of atherogenic triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins. On the basis of the available epidemiologic and clinical evidence, refinement of the NCEP guidelines to include more emphasis on raising HDL-C levels should be considered. Novel drugs are being developed that have the potential to increase HDL-C concentrations and/or improve the functionality of HDL.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Orthopedic Prosthetic Surgery

The problem of prophylaxis in orthopedic implant surgery will become increasingly important and complex as the population ages and requires more arthroplasty procedures, and the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria meanwhile also continues to rise. Energy spent preventing prosthetic joint infection is more effective than that expended in treating the infection of a prosthetic joint, once established. Preventive measures encompass a wide array of variables related to host response, wound environment, and microorganisms. Prophylaxis should address these areas in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods. Antimicrobial prophylaxis remains the single most effective method of reducing the prevalence of infection after total joint arthroplasty. In the postoperative period, prophylaxis aims to protect the prosthetic joint against hematogenous seeding from oral, urologic, skin, or gastrointestinal sources. Currently, dental and urologic advisory statements provide recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for high-risk patients with total joint arthroplasty undergoing high-risk procedures. Close collaboration between the orthopedic surgeon, urologist, or dentist and the infectious disease specialist is crucial for providing recommendations regarding prophylaxis in special circumstances. In these particular circumstances, individual decisions should be made based on clinical judgment.
Replica production for scanning electron microscopy: a test of materials suitable for use in field settings

SUMMARY Seven dental impression materials were tested in combination with five epoxy resins for the purpose of producing positive replicas suitable for use with the scanning electron microscope. Goals of the project were that the materials and procedures could be used in vivo, on high or low relief surfaces, involve a minimum of equipment, and produce high fidelity replicas. The combination of the dental impression material Xantopren with the resin Stycast 1266 was superior to all others tested at magnifications up to x 600. The Stycast also has the additional advantage of not requiring a heat cure, which further minimizes equipment in the field.
HPLC-EC Assay for the Inodilator EXP513 and Its Application in a Dog Pharmacokinetic Study

Abstract An HPLC-EC assay was developed for EXP513, a substituted dihydropyridine inodilator. Inodilators are intended for congestive heart failure by increasing myocardial contractility and increasing peripheral vasodilation by blockage of vascular α-adrenergic receptors. The assay was linear between 5 and 2500 ng/mL in dog plasma and the CV for the intraday reproducibility at 5 ng/mL averaged 10.2 %. The recovery from dog plasma averaged 67 %. A pharmacokinetic study in dogs after PO and IV dosing showed that EXP513 was rapidly absorbed from the Gl tract, highly distributed into tissues and was quickly eliminated. The bioavailability of EXP513 at 30 mg/kg administered as a solution was 13.5 %. The haif-life of EXP513 in dogs after IV and PO administration averaged 2.8 and 2.5 hr, respectively.
Judgments of Monkey’s (Macaca mulatta) Facial Expressions by Humans: Does Housing Condition “Affect” Countenance?

The ability to interpret facial expressions of others is one of the more important abilities possessed by humans. However, is it possible for humans to interpret the facial expressions of another species of primate accurately, namely rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)? We investigated this possibility by taking digital photos of four rhesus monkeys, housed either singly or socially, and allowing 31 participants to judge these photographs as representing either a happy, sad, or neutral monkey. Results indicated that the photographs of socially-housed monkeys were more likely to be rated as happy or neutral than were photographs of singly-housed monkeys. We suggest that these results imply important parallels between the perception of human and nonhuman primate facial expressions, as well as introduce a potential new method for assessing nonhuman primate well-being.
Why aristotle needs imagination

Etude de la conception de l'imagination developpee par Aristote dans le traite «De anima» (III, 3). S'inscrivant dans sa theorie de la sensation et de la conception (perception et pensee), l'A. montre qu'Aristote introduit la faculte de l'imagination afin de resoudre le probleme de l'erreur qui se pose dans le cadre de sa definition de l'intentionnalite
Evaluating Employer Sanctions: Farm Labor Contractor Experience

This article examines two decades of experience enforcing a federal employer sanctions law on farm labor contractors (FLCs) who knowingly hire illegal aliens. Enforcement experience indicates that employer sanctions laws have had little effect on the number of illegal aliens hired by FLCs; indeed, FLC activity has expanded and the proportion of illegal alien workers hired appears to have increased.
Identification and prediction of optically pumped laser lines in ozone

Abstract Three previously observed optically pumped submillimeter laser lines are shown to be pure rotational transitions in the v 3 = 1 vibrational level of ozone. Using other anticipated coincidences between CO 2 laser lines and ozone absorption lines, a number of optically pumped laser transitions are predicted.
Determining an appropriate minimum mapping unit in vegetation mapping for ecosystem restoration: a case study from the Everglades, USA

This paper documents the analyses that were conducted with regards to investigating an appropriate Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU) to be used to capture the potential changes in vegetation patterns for a 10,924 square km restoration project being conducted in south Florida, USA. Spatial landscape and class metrics that were shown to change predictably with increasing grain size were adopted from previous studies and applied to a multi-scale analysis. Specifically, this study examines the effects of changing grain size on landscape metrics, utilizing empirical data from a real landscape encompassing 234,913 ha of south Florida’s Everglades. The objective was to identify critical thresholds within landscape metrics, which can be used to provide insight in determining an appropriate MMU for vegetation mapping. Results from this study demonstrate that vegetation heterogeneity will exhibit dissimilar patterns when investigating the loss of information within landscape and class metrics, as grain size is increased. These results also support previous findings that suggest that landscape metric “scalograms” (the response curves of landscape metrics to changing grain size), are more likely to be successful for linking landscape pattern to ecological processes as both pattern and process in ecological systems often operate on multiple scales. This study also incorporates an economic cost for various grain dependant vegetation mapping scales. A final selection of the 50 × 50 m grain size for mapping vegetation was based on this study’s investigation of the “scalograms”, the costs, and a composite best professional judgment of seasoned scientists having extensive experience within these ecosystems.
Vanillate hydroxylase from the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium

A soluble enzyme fraction from Phanerochaete chrysosporium catalyzed the oxidative decarboxylation of vanillic acid to methoxy-p-hydroquinone. The enzyme, partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, required NADPH and molecular oxygen for activity. NADH was not effective. Optimal activity was displayed between pH 7.5–8.5. Neither EDTA, KCN, NaN3, nor o-phenanthroline (5 mM) were inhibitory. The enzyme was inducible with maximal activity displayed after incubation of previously grown cells with 0.1% vanillate for 30h.
Direct analysis of individual aerosol particles by mass spectrometry

Individual aerosol particles are analyzed on the fly by on- line laser desorption ionization. The aerosol is sampled directly into a mass spectrometer where individual particles are detected by light scattering and then ablated by a high energy laser pulse. Ions produced by the ablation event are analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Potential applications include laboratory investigations of aerosol reactions, field measurements of ambient particles, and detection of aerosol products and contaminants in manufacturing processes.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Three dimensional fine structure of cultured cells: possible implications for subcellular motility.

Abstract To determine the three dimensional fine structure of whole motile cells, rat embryo cells, cultured on Formvar-coated cover-glasses, were glutaraldehyde/osmium-flxed, mounted on grids, dehydrated, critical point dried and examined by transmission electron microscopy using stereoscopic techniques. Three dimensional arrays of organelles occurred in a filament-rich cytoplasmic matrix. Here, besides microtubules and elongate filaments, inter-connected filaments formed a widespread fine-mesh space network which attached to the plasma membrane and closely surrounded all organelles. Negative staining revealed a similar network in unfixed cells. It is concluded that this network represents part of the force-generating mechanism for various subcellular movements.
Synthesis and evaluation of the bioactivity of simplified analogs of the seco-pseudopterosins; progress toward determining a pharmacophore

Abstract The pseudopterosins are marine natural products that display significant anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. We describe the synthesis of six structural analogs of the seco-pseudopterosin-like core that are devoid of all but one of the stereocenters found in the carbocyclic core of the natural products. Our targets were selected in an attempt to identify the minimal pharmacophore for the pseudopterosins and their seco analogs. A deliberate effort was made to utilize a conservative synthetic approach based upon the use of well-established reactions, which enabled us to develop routes that proved to be efficient, practical, and easy to implement. The results of several bioassays, including an assessment of the ability to inhibit phagocytosis and to competitively bind to the adenosine receptor A2A, demonstrate that greatly simplified structural analogs of the pseudopterosins and their seco forms are capable of maintaining several of the important bioactivities that characterize the natural products, and do so with comparable efficacy. Those systems bearing two rather than one oxygen atom appended directly to the aromatic ring are the more effective binding agents. This observation may provide a significant clue regarding the key structural features of the minimal pharmacophore.
Ascorbic acid content, pH, and acceptability of home-canned tomatoes

Four varieties of tomatoes were home canned by using raw and hot packs and various levels of citric acid and sugar. After six months' storage, pH values were lowest and titratable acidity highest in samples containing added citric acid. Ascorbic acid content was affected by variety used and was significantly higher (p<0.001) in tomatoes that had been raw packed. Adding 0.5 g citric acid or 1 g citric acid plus 1 tsp sugar acceptably decreased the pH of tomatoes for home canning without producing deleterious effects on flavor or texture. Both raw-packed tomatoes processed for 35 min and hot-packed tomatoes processed for 10 min in the boiling water bath produced acceptable products.
Effect of cycloserines on D-amino acid oxidase.

The antibiotic, D -cycloserine, has been reported to inhibit competitively staphylococcal alanine racemase and D -alanyl- D -alanine synthetase. The possibility that other enzymic reactions involving D -amino acids might be susceptible to inhibition by D -cycloserine was explored. A commercial, partially purified preparation of hog kidney D -amino acid oxidase was used to demonstrate competitive inhibition by both D -cycloserine and L -cycloserine. The D -isomer was about 3 times more active than the L -isomer.
Large eddy simulation of stratified mixing in a three-dimensional lock-exchange system

Abstract Accurate and computationally-efficient modeling of stratified mixing processes are of paramount importance in both coastal and large-scale ocean circulation. In this study, our main objective is to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of large eddy simulation ( LES ) as a possible tool to study small-scale oceanic processes. To this end, LES is evaluated in a 3D lock-exchange problem, which contains shear-driven mixing, internal waves, interactions with boundaries and convective motions, while having a simple domain, initial and boundary conditions, and forcing. Two general classes of LES models are tested, namely eddy viscosity (EV) models based on constant–coefficient and dynamic Smagorinsky models, and an approximate deconvolution (AD) model. By noting that the dynamic Smagorinsky and AD models have different strengths in that the former is good in providing appropriate dissipation while the latter in preserving the detail of coherent structures on coarse resolution meshes, a hybrid approach combining EV and AD models is also evaluated. A direct numerical simulation ( DNS ) is performed as the benchmark solution, and all LES models are tested on three coarse meshes. The main measure of mixing is taken as the temporal evolution of background potential energy. It is found that constant-coefficient Smagorinsky models can only provide a marginal improvement over under-resolved simulations, while both dynamic Smagorinsky and AD models lead to significant improvements in mixing accuracy. The primary accomplishment of this study is that it is shown that the hybrid approach attains the best agreement with the mixing curve from DNS, while being computationally approximately a thousand times faster.
ANALYZING UTTERANCES AS THE OBSERVATIONAL UNIT

If utterances are the observational unit of analysis and there are no sequential patterns to the interaction, two alternative statistical models may be applied. A hierarchical design in which utterances are nested within subjects and subjects are nested within treatment condition is considered. One method of analysis pools utterances within treatment condition; the other method collapses across utterances to obtain subject means. Inappropriate application of the pooling model instead of the subject means model can lead to Type I errors, decreased generalizability, and inflated variance estimates that attenuate univariate and multivariate correlations. The effect of utterance reliability on the apparent unidimensionality and parallelism of multiple indicators is also discussed.
Inhibition of leukotriene D4-induced bronchoconstriction in subjects with asthma: a concentration-effect study of ICI 204,219.

The peptide-leukotriene antagonist, ICI 204,219 [4-(5-cyclopentyloxycarbonylamino-lmethylindol-3-ylmethyl)-3-methoxy-n-o-tolylsulfonyl benzamide], was administered 12 hours before an inhaled leukotriene D4 (LTD4) challenge during a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, two-period crossover trial. Subjects with mild asthma were randomized into five treatment groups (six subjects each) and received single oral doses of placebo and either 5, 10, 20, 40, or 100 mg of ICI 204,219 on day 1 of each treatment period. ICI 204,219 was tolerated well by all subjects. A progressive dose response was observed for doses of ICI 204,219 from 5 mg through 100 mg. Compared with placebo, ICI 204,219 increased the concentration (PC20FEV1) and dose of LTD4 needed to reduce forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 by 20%. Mean LTD4 PC20FEV1 for groups that received placebo and 10, 40, or 100 mg ICI 204,219 increased by tenfold or more (p< 0.05). An association was found between the plasma concentration and protective effect of ICI 204,219 (p< 0.01). ICI 204,219 is the first leukotriene receptor antagonist for which a relationship has been established between drug plasma levels and its protective effect in subjects with asthma. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1993) 54, 430–436; doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.170
Perpendicular Diffusion and Drift at Intermediate Cosmic-Ray Energies

We present a new derivation of perpendicular diffusion and drift coefficients, based on the Taylor-Green-Kubo equation and physical arguments as to the form of the particle velocity correlation function. In contrast to previous derivations, which are restricted to particle rigidities greater than 4 GV for typical conditions at 1 AU, our derivation is valid for intermediate-energy, as well as high-energy, cosmic rays. Our results provide a natural explanation for several hitherto puzzling observations, including (1) the form of the perpendicular diffusion coefficient derived from measurements of anomalous cosmic rays, (2) the fact that drift models often describe observations better when drifts are reduced, and (3) the "CR-B" relation, which associates cosmic-ray modulation with enhanced magnetic fields in merged interaction regions.
Pitch angle diffusion in the Jovian magnetodisc

Using a linear approximation to the field variation and a mathematical technique for distorting the orbit integration into the complex gyrophase plane, a formula is derived for the nonadiabatic change in magnetic moment. This change varies as the cosine of the particle gyrophase at the equator, so that if a particle traverses the equator several times with different values of this gyrophase, it suffers randomly correlated values for the nonadiabatic change in magnetic moment. The algebraic formula for this nonadiabatic change is found to be in excellent agreement with previous numerical computations. The phase space density, averaged over several bounce periods, is found to satisfy a diffusion equation in pitch angle. The diffusion coefficient is dependent on particle energy, pitch angle, and the field line along which the particles are moving.
"My Name Engrav'd Herein": John Donne's Sacramental Temporality

AbstractA new belief in time as more fully successive and teleological emerges in conjunction with the sacramental hermeneutics of the Reformation. No longer invested in the synchronism of the doctrine of real presence, or in the icons and relics that purported to figure Christ, early modern humanists embraced absence in place of presence, past in place of present. Protestant sacramental theory, specifically Calvin's reinterpretation of the Eucharist, similarly revises the early modern understanding of time. This revision is complicated and even challenged in English poetry, with John Donne's poetry exemplifying this dynamic. By eroticizing the sacrament, as apparent in "Valediction: of My Name on a Window" and "The Relique," Donne reworks the relationship between abstinence and eros, absence and presence, and diachronicity and synchronicity that had been created by the schism within Christianity. Donne's poetry produces absence as a mode of presence, rather than as an opposing term. These poems also illu...
Primary treatment of an indirect carotid cavernous fistula by injection of N-butyl cyanoacrylate in the dural wall of the cavernous sinus.

Abstract Background Carotid cavernous fistulae are abnormal communications between the carotid artery system and the cavernous sinus. Endovascular treatment is the treatment of choice, but because of their heterogeneous etiology and anatomy, an appropriate treatment plan must be tailored for each patient. Case Description A 77-year-old diabetic woman presented with rapid onset of right eye pain, conjunctivitis, and chemosis. Angiography revealed an indirect CCF located in the posterior wall of the right cavernous sinus. N -Butyl cyanoacrylate was injected directly into the fistula site in the dural wall via a microcatheter, resulting in a cure. Conclusion We describe an unconventional treatment of an indirect CCF from an IPS approach. One type D 2 CCF was treated successfully using only N -butyl cyanoacrylate injected directly at the fistula site. This was achieved by microcatheterization of the fistula in the posterior wall of the right cavernous sinus.
Intervention for disadvantaged girls: insight for school faculties.

Group counseling and crisis event role-playing were used in a school setting to help acting-out adolescent girls. Taped materials from the counseling sessions were used to help the teachers reach an understanding of these girls. Behavior change on the part of the girls, and on the part of the school toward the girls, was positive and dramatic.
Predictors of Cardiometabolic Risk Among Adults With Cerebral Palsy

Abstract Peterson MD, Haapala HJ, Hurvitz EA. Predictors of cardiometabolic risk among adults with cerebral palsy. Objective To examine the independent association between various anthropometric indicators and standard clinical markers of cardiometabolic health risk among adults with cerebral palsy (CP). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Clinical center for CP treatment and rehabilitation. Participants Adults with CP (N=43) with a mean age ± SD of 37.3±13.2 years, and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels of I−V. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Adults with CP were assessed for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), and serum lipid profiles. Data were analyzed with multiple regression analysis and general linear models, and are reported as means ± SDs. Results Mean BMI was 29.1±7.8kg/m 2 . BMI was not associated with any measures of cardiometabolic risk. Using GMFCS categories (2 groups: GMFCS levels I–III and IV–V), BMI was significantly lower among GMFCS levels IV–V (24.2±6.2kg/m 2 ) versus GMFCS levels I–III (30.1±7.6kg/m 2 ). WC and WtHR were not correlated with any cardiometabolic outcomes. Conversely, measures of WHR were independently associated with various indices of risk, including total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio ( r =.45; P r =–.51; P r =.40; P Conclusions It is likely that WHR represents a stronger predictor of risk, because this measure was robustly and independently associated with 3 primary clinical markers of cardiometabolic health in adults with CP.
In Human Pseudouridine Synthase 1 (hPus1), a C-terminal Helical Insert Blocks tRNA From Binding in the Same Orientation as in the Pus1 Bacterial Homologue TruA, Consistent with their Different Target Selectivities

Human pseudouridine (Ψ) synthase Pus1 (hPus1) modifies specific uridine residues in several non-coding RNAs: tRNA, U2 spliceosomal RNA, and steroid receptor activator RNA. We report three structures of the catalytic core domain of hPus1 from two crystal forms, at 1.8A resolution. The structures are the first of a mammalian Ψ synthase from the set of five Ψ synthase families common to all kingdoms of life. hPus1 adopts a fold similar to bacterial Ψ synthases, with a central antiparallel β-sheet flanked by helices and loops. A flexible hinge at the base of the sheet allows the enzyme to open and close around an electropositive active-site cleft. In one crystal form, a molecule of Mes [2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid] mimics the target uridine of an RNA substrate. A positively charged electrostatic surface extends from the active site towards the N-terminus of the catalytic domain, suggesting an extensive binding site specific for target RNAs. Two α-helices C-terminal to the core domain, but unique to hPus1, extend along the back and top of the central β-sheet and form the walls of the RNA binding surface. Docking of tRNA to hPus1 in a productive orientation requires only minor conformational changes to enzyme and tRNA. The docked tRNA is bound by the electropositive surface of the protein employing a completely different binding mode than that seen for the tRNA complex of the Escherichia coli homologue TruA.
Convex multi-task relationship learning using hinge loss

Multi-task learning improves generalization performance by learning several related tasks jointly. Several methods have been proposed for multi-task learning in recent years. Many methods make strong assumptions about symmetric task relationships while some are able to utilize externally provided task relationships. However, in many real world tasks the degree of relatedness among tasks is not known a priori. Methods which are able to extract the task relationships and exploit them while simultaneously learning models with good generalization performance can address this limitation. In the current work, we have extended a recently proposed method for learning task relationships using smooth squared loss for regression to classification problems using non-smooth hinge loss due to the demonstrated effectiveness of SVM classifier in single task classification settings. We have also developed an efficient optimization procedure using bundle methods for the proposed multi-task learning formulation. We have validated our method on one simulated and two real world datasets and have compared its performance to competitive baseline single-task and multi-task methods.
The anterior temporal electrode and the ten-twenty system

At the Colloquium on Teaching Methods in Electroencephalography of the American EEG Society ( 1959), a strong plea was made for all EEG laboratories to give up their individually devised numbering systems and electrode placements and to adopt a common language and common system, namely, the 10-20 electrode system proposed by the International Federation (Jasper 1958). ln accord with this recommendation we found that while the majority of the 10-20 system electrode placements happened to correspond, with ~nly minor variations, to the system we had employed, there was one notable exception: the inferior frontal electrodes F-7-8 of the 10-20 system were from 3 to 5 em. away from our own anterior temporal electrode placements. The· latter are located. at a point 1 em. above one third the distance from the external auditory meatus to the t;xternal canthus. The mean of 50 measured differences in distance between the two placements was 4.0 em.
Strong Girls: A Physical-Activity/Life-Skills Intervention for Girls Transitioning to Junior High

The purpose of this study was to provide a physical-activity and life-skills/team-building intervention for elementary-grade girls who participated in a daily summer community camp. The intervention, called “Strong Girls,” included a group of approximately 20 sixth-grade girls. Strong Girls included two-hour sessions, twice a week for eight weeks. Each session, girls participated in physical activities, team building, and life-skills activities designed to enhance their fitness, positive thinking, confidence, and social skills. Leaders strived to foster a caring, supportive, and cooperative environment within the group. Assessment occurred via journal entries that both the Strong Girls participants and the daily summer community camp leaders completed after each session. The girls had very positive responses about their involvement in Strong Girls. Responses indicated that they valued the process of working together, demonstrated a positive perspective on session activities, and talked about strategies to...
Microbial seed banks: the ecological and evolutionary implications of dormancy

Dormancy is a bet-hedging strategy used by a wide range of taxa, including microorganisms. It refers to an organism's ability to enter a reversible state of low metabolic activity when faced with unfavourable environmental conditions. Dormant microorganisms generate a seed bank, which comprises individuals that are capable of being resuscitated following environmental change. In this Review, we highlight mechanisms that have evolved in microorganisms to allow them to successfully enter and exit a dormant state, and discuss the implications of microbial seed banks for evolutionary dynamics, population persistence, maintenance of biodiversity, and the stability of ecosystem processes.