cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemokines in the ischemic myocardium: from inflammation to fibrosis.

Myocardial infarction is associated with an inflammatory response leading to leukocyte recruitment, healing and formation of a scar. Members of the chemokine superfamily are rapidly induced in the infarcted myocardium and may critically regulate the post-infarction inflammatory response. CXCL8/Interleukin (IL)-8 is upregulated in the infarcted area and may induce neutrophil infiltration. In addition, mononuclear cell chemoattractants, such as the CC chemokines CCL2/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1, CCL3/Macrophage Inflammatory Protein (MIP)-1α, and CCL4/MIP-1β are expressed in the ischemic area, and may regulate monocyte and lymphocyte recruitment. However, chemokines may have additional effects on healing infarcts beyond their leukotactic properties. The CXC chemokine CXCL10/Interferon-γ inducible Protein (IP)-10, a potent angiostatic factor with antifibrotic properties, is induced in the infarct and may prevent premature angiogenesis and fibrous tissue deposition, until the infarct is debrided and provisional matrix necessary to support granulation tissue ingrowth is formed. Chemokine induction in the infarct is transient, suggesting that inhibitory mediators (such as transforming growth Factor (TGF)-β) may be activated suppressing chemokine synthesis and leading to resolution of inflammation and transition to fibrosis. Brief repetitive ischemia in mice also results in chemokine upregulation followed by suppression of chemokine synthesis and interstitial fibrosis, in the absence of myocardial infarction. Chemokine expression may play a role in the pathogenesis of non-infarctive ischemic cardiomyopathy, where early ischemia-induced chemokine expression may be followed by activation of inhibitory mediators that suppress inflammation, but induce fibrosis.
Analytical formulas for ionization cross sections and coster-kronig corrected fluorescence yields of the L1, L2, and L3 subshells

We present analytical formulas for three L-subshell ionization cross sections for proton impact based on the recent experimental data and for the Coster-Kronig corrected fluorescence yields based on the theoretical values due to Chen et al. and due to McGuire. Total L X-ray production cross sections were calculated using the analytical formulas and compared with experimental values. As a result, our semi-empirical values using the formulas fitted to the values of Chen et al. coincided with the experimental values very well. Furthermore our values for Lα, Lβ, Lγ, Lη, and Ll X-ray production cross sections calculated using the analytical L1, L2, and L3 Subshell ionization cross sections, and the theoretical values of the fluorescent yields and of the Coster-Kronig transition probabilities due to Chen et al. also agreed with the experimental values.
Regulation of expression, activity and localization of fungal chitin synthases

The fungal cell wall represents an attractive target for pharmacologic inhibition, as many of the components are fungal-specific. Though targeted inhibition of β-glucan synthesis is effective treatment for certain fungal infections, the ability of the cell wall to dynamically compensate via the cell wall integrity pathway may limit overall efficacy. To date, chitin synthesis inhibitors have not been successfully deployed in the clinical setting. Fungal chitin synthesis is a complex and highly regulated process. Regulation of chitin synthesis occurs on multiple levels, thus targeting of these regulatory pathways may represent an exciting alternative approach. A variety of signaling pathways have been implicated in chitin synthase regulation, at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recent research suggests that localization of chitin synthases likely represents a major regulatory mechanism. However, much of the regulatory machinery is not necessarily shared among different chitin synthases. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the precise roles of each protein in cell wall maintenance and repair will be essential to identifying the most likely therapeutic targets.
Electronic structure and properties of the actinides

Abstract We review the present state of understanding of the electronic structure and physical properties of actinide metals and intermetallic compounds as derived from relativistic APW energy band studies of some of the light (Th, U, Np, and Pu) and heavy (Am, Bk, and Cm) metals, the intermetallics URh 3 and UIr 3 and (NaCl structure compounds such as) UC. Emphasis is placed on the importance of Coulomb correlation and the role of actinide-actinide separation in determining the itinerancy (as in the light metals) or localization (as in the heavy metals) of the 5f electrons and in turn their resulting magnetic and other properties. The UX 3 systems considered are significant because the uranium sites are sufficiently separated to fall in the local moment f orbital range of the Hill superconductivity/magnetism plot but show no magnetic ordering. Comparisons to recent optical, de Haas-van Alphen and other data are given when available. The contrasting cases of the transition and rare-earth systems make it clear that the 5f electrons are a unique species which offer exciting challenges to both experimentalists and theorists.
The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: a meta-analytic review.

Social support is broad term encompassing a variety of constructs, including support perceptions (perceived support) and receipt of supportive behaviors (received support). Of these constructs, only perceived support has been regarded as consistently linked to health, and researchers have offered differing assessments of the strength of the received-perceived support relationship. An overall estimate of the received-perceived support relationship would clearly further the dialogue on the relationship between received and perceived support and thus assist in the theoretical development of the field. This study evaluated all available studies using the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB; Barrera, Sandler, & Ramsey, 1981, American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 435–447) and any measure of perceived social support. Using effect sizes from 23 studies, we found an average correlation of r = .35, p < .001. Implications of this estimate for further development of models of social support as well as interventions to enhance social support are discussed.
Interface Optical Buffer and Packet-Switched Network Cross-Layer Signaling Demonstration

Queue management in an interface optical buffer is demonstrated via interoperability with an optical packet switched network. Cross-layer signaling is employed between the input buffer and network to dynamically and error-free reroute dropped wavelength-striped packets.
Pill-Induced Esophagitis Caused by Oral Rifampin

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of pill-induced esophagitis caused by oral rifampin.DATA SOURCES:English-language references identified via a MEDLINE search from January 1966 to May 1998 and a bibliographic review of pertinent articles.DATA SYNTHESIS:A large number of oral medications have been reported to cause pill-induced esophagitis. This case represents the second report attributed to rifampin. A 70-year-old white man receiving vancomycin, gentamicin, and oral rifampin for treatment of Staphylococcus epidermidis prosthetic valve endocarditis reported dysphagia immediately after swallowing a rifampin capsule on the fourth day of therapy. The following day, fiberoptic laryngoscopy and esophagoscopy demonstrated a red capsule partially embedded in the neopharynx. A day later, upper esophageal obstruction consistent with edema related to pill-induced esophagitis was identified by barium swallow. Following the procedure, the patient was placed on total parenteral nutrition and took nothing by mouth. Sixteen da...
Stimulated emission of surface plasmon polaritons

We have observed stimulated emission of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating at the interface between a silver film and a film of optically pumped polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) doped with rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye.
Submarkets and the evolution of market structure

We construct a model of industry evolution in which the central force for change is the creation and destruction of submarkets. Firms expand when they are able to exploit new opportunities that arrive in the form of submarkets; they contract and ultimately exit when the submarkets in which they operate are destroyed. This simple framework can transparently explain a wide range of well-known regularities about industry dynamics, most notably the subtle relationships between size, age, growth, and survival. Data on the laser industry, where submarkets are prominent, further illustrate the ability of the model to explain distinctive patterns in the evolution of industries and firms.
Knowledge about infection is the only predictor of treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Summary HCV is the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer in the U.S. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has recently recommended ‘Birth Cohort Screening’ of the U.S. Adult population to reduce the future burden of undiagnosed HCV infections in the U.S. Our aim was to assess independent predictors of receiving treatment in a cohort of HCV-infected patients. The Hepatitis C follow-up questionnaires of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) conducted from 2001 to 2010 were used. The NHANES participants who tested positive for HCV RNA were followed by CDC 6 months after initial testing with questions related to their awareness of their infection and history or intention to receive treatment. A total of 500 NHANES participants tested positive for HCV RNA and were targeted for follow-up. Of these, only 203 had completed the follow-up questionnaire (response rate of 40.6%). Of these, only 101 (50%) knew about their HCV positivity before NHANES, and from them, only 34 (17%) had received treatment. In multivariate analysis, prior knowledge about their HCV infection in HCV-positive individuals was independently associated with receiving routine care from a doctor or HMO, with higher income, female gender, being in poor or fair health and not consuming excessive amounts of alcohol. On the other hand, the knowledge about HCV infection was the only independent predictor of receiving anti-HCV treatment (odds ratio 6.14). Knowledge about having HCV infection is the only independent predictor of receiving treatment. Therefore, birth cohort screening of the U.S. General population could lead to wider identification of HCV and potentially better management of the future burden of HCV and its complications.
Improved peak detection and quantification of mass spectrometry data acquired from surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization by denoising spectra with the undecimated discrete wavelet transform

Mass spectrometry is being used to find disease-related patterns in mixtures of proteins derived from biological fluids. Questions have been raised about the reproducibility and reliability of peak quantifications using this technology. We collected nipple aspirate fluid from breast cancer patients and healthy women, pooled them into a quality control sample, and produced 24 replicate SELDI spectra. We developed a novel algorithm to process the spectra, denoising with the undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT), and evaluated it for consistency and reproducibility. UDWT efficiently decomposes spectra into noise and signal. The noise is consistent and uncorrelated. Baseline correction produces isolated peak clusters separated by flat regions. Our method reproducibly detects more peaks than the method implemented in Ciphergen software. After normalization and log transformation, the mean coefficient of variation of peak heights is 10.6%. Our method to process spectra provides improvements over existing methods. Denoising using the UDWT appears to be an important step toward obtaining results that are more accurate. It improves the reproducibility of quantifications and supplies tools for investigation of the variations in the technology more carefully. Further study will be required, because we do not have a gold standard providing an objective assessment of which peaks are present in the samples.
Relapse of diabetic ketoacidosis secondary to insulin pump malfunction diagnosed by capillary blood 3-hydroxybutyrate: a case report

A 14 year old female with type 1 diabetes mellitus and a subcutaneous insulin pump was treated for diabetic ketoacidosis presumed secondary to dietary indiscretion, and then restarted her subcutaneous insulin pump after exchanging the tubing. An hour later, nursing review determined that she was using outdated insulin in the pump, and it was exchanged. However, 5 hours later relapse was suggested by a rise in capillary blood 3-hydroxybutyrate, in spite of a normal serum anion gap and a minimal increase in serum bicarbonate. Insulin pump failure was suspected, and the patient was treated for relapse of diabetic ketoacidosis. Following resolution, her insulin pump was replaced without further complications. Capillary blood levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate may be sensitive, early indicators of relapse of diabetic ketoacidosis, and are easily obtained.
Sleep staging and respiratory events in refractory epilepsy patients: Is there a first night effect?

SUMMARY Purpose: We performed this analysis of possible first night effects (FNEs) on sleep and respiratory parameters in order to evaluate the need for two serial night polysomnograms (PSGs) to diagnose obstructive sleepapnea (OSA) inepilepsy patients. Methods: As part of a pilot multicenter clinical trial investigating the effects of treating sleep apnea in epilepsy, two nights of PSG recording were performed for 40 patients with refractory epilepsy and OSA symptoms. Sleep architecture was examined in detail, along with respiratory parameters including apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and minimum oxygen saturation. Analysis included two-tailed t-tests, Wilcox sign rank analysis, and Bland Altman measures of agreement. Results: Total sleep time differed between the two nights (night 1,363.8 min + 59.4 vs. 386.3 min +
The use of a collaborative work system for the study of the key issues facing information systems managers: a comparison of issues and data collection methods from previous studies

The key issues facing information systems managers were explored using a collaborative work system. The issues generated were compared with those identified in five previous studies. This study confirmed the trend toward more concern about issues that are outward looking from the IS department and less concern about inward-looking issues. The concern about new technology and information services issues has remained relatively constant. The efficacy of using a CWS session for tasks that require generating, consolidating, and ranking issues was demonstrated by the key issues study. The advantages and disadvantages of CWS relative to mail questionnaires, interviews, and the Delphi method are discussed. >
Conventional and right precordial ECGs, creatine kinase, and radionuclide angiography in post-traumatic ventricular dysfunction

Right ventricular infarction due to ischemic heart disease can be diagnosed by a right precordial electrogram or by first-pass radionuclide angiography (FPRNA). Prior FPRNA studies have shown that cardiac dysfunction after blunt chest trauma (myocardial contusion) is most often due to right ventricular dysfunction. We hypothesized that right ventricular dysfunction due to ischemic heart disease and myocardial contusion should produce similar ECG changes due to myocyte disruption. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the right precordial electrogram in suspected cardiac contusion. Thirty-five patients with suspected myocardial contusion based on mechanism of injury/clinical findings and no history of clinical heart disease were enrolled prospectively. All patients had conventional ECG, right precordial electrogram, and FPRNA studies. Twenty patients had normal cardiac scans (group 1); percentage of myocardial creatine kinase (CK-MB) was measured in 12 of these patients and was less than 5% in 11. Fifteen patients had abnormal cardiac scans (wall motion abnormality and/or decreased right ventricular ejection fraction) (mean, 34% ± 7% [SD]; normal, > 40%) (group 2); percentage of CK-MB was measured in 13 of 15 patients and was less than 5% in all 13. Conventional ECGs and right precordial electrograms in all patients were analyzed for differences in heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, corrected QT interval, and the axis of the frontal and horizontal plane QRS complex and ST segment. There were no significant differences between group 1 and group 2 patients. No patient with myocardial contusion diagnosed by FPRNA had elevated ST segments in V4R through V6R or a percentage CK-MB of more than 5%. We conclude that in suspected myocardial contusion, the surface ECG, including right precordial leads, and CK-MB determinations are of no diagnostic value. The absence of ECG (potassium leakage) and CK-MB changes (CK leakage), despite evidence of right ventricular dysfunction after contusion, suggests that myocardial dysfunction is not the result of cellular injury/membrane disruption. Right ventricular dysfunction may be due to mechanical "stunning" of the myocardium and not myocyte injury and biochemical stunning as documented in ischemic heart disease.
Thermal- and plasma-induced molecular redistribution on the icy satellites

The molecular transport of condensed gas species across the surfaces of the icy satellites of Jupiter and Saturn is examined with the view of describing, in part, certain gross visual features associated with these bodies. Molecular redistribution induced by thermal sublimation and magnetospheric plasma-ion impact on satellites with negligible atmospheres is calculated by assuming that the molecules follow ballistic trajectories and by statistically selecting initial molecular velocities and points of origin. Erosion/deposition profiles so calculated are compared for a variety of satellite sizes and environments in order to understand the relative importance of sublimation and cold corotating plasma-ion- and fast plasma-ion-induced transport. The erosion/deposition profiles are used to discuss the appearance of a polar frost on Ganymede. A balance of magnetospheric-ion implantation and ion-induced molecular redistribution is used to discuss the observation of embedded SO2 and the darkening of the trailing side on Europa. Ion-induced molecular transport may also limit the deposition of SO2 frost in the polar regions of Io and may be a source of heavy particles in the Jovian and Saturnian magnetospheres.
Dual frame video coding with pulsed quality and a lookahead window

In dual frame video coding, one short-term reference frame and one long-term reference frame are available for motion compensation. In prior research, it was shown that overall video quality was improved by allocating bits unevenly among frames so as to periodically create a high-quality frame that could serve as the long-term reference frame for some time. We extend this work to a cognitive radio scenario where pulses of extra bandwidth can be rented by the second, but rental agreements can be cancelled on short notice if the legacy user of that spectrum returns. With a scalable video coder, this pulse of extra bandwidth can be used to improve the quality of the current frame being encoded, or of the past long term frame, or can be spent on future frames if the encoder has access to them in advance. We compare these various uses to explore the advantages of allocating some of the available bandwidth to past or future frames.
Experiment Luxembourg: Cross modulation at high latitude, low height. Part I: Theoretical aspects

Experiment Luxembourg, based on cross modulation of two radio waves, was put into operation at College, Alaska, at the beginning of the summer in 1960 to study the D -region ionization. Part I of this paper presents an extensive analysis of the radio-wave interaction mechanism. It discusses how the cross modulation can be produced not only by changing the electron collision frequency (the classical Luxembourg effect), but also by changing the electron density. It shows that both contributions can be significant. The changes in electron density that are considered are not related to ionization processes, but to perturbations of the attachment processes. Part II of this paper gives a critical examination of the analytical results derived in Part I. Important experimental aspects related to the operation of Experiment Luxembourg are illustrated. Some of the records obtained during the first period of operation are presented and discussed. From the discussion of the experimental results, it is clear that 1)ionization was detected at heights as low as 30 km, and 2) the electrons, at least at 40 km, are not in thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere, but show a temperature of about 1200\deg K.
Equating tasks and sustaining attention in children and adults: The methodological and theoretical utility ofd’ matching

The present study develops a method to create task equivalency for children and adults in vigilance research. Experiment 1 employed the signal detection index of perceptual sensitivity (d’) to calibrate vigilance tasks for 32 children (ages 78) and 32 adults. The results of Experiment 1 suggest that task equivalency across groups can be attained, and a vigilance decrement was observed for children. In Experiment 2, the task parameter of event rate was manipulated across two vigils. Again, 32 children (ages 78) and 32 adults participated. The results suggest that a reverse event rate effect emerged for both children and adults. In addition, developmental differences in response to the event rate manipulation and with respect to the vigilance decrement emerged: Children benefited less from the manipulation and were more likely to demonstrate a vigilance decrement than were adults. No developmental differences emerged for the sensitivity decrement. The results are explained with reference to how task demands interact with participant arousal, and implications for development and for future research are discussed.
Insights into the Survival of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during Sulfur Starvation Based on Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression

Responses of photosynthetic organisms to sulfur starvation include (i) increasing the capacity of the cell for transporting and/or assimilating exogenous sulfate, (ii) restructuring cellular features to conserve sulfur resources, and (iii) modulating metabolic processes and rates of cell growth and division. We used microarray analyses to obtain a genome-level view of changes in mRNA abundances in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during sulfur starvation. The work confirms and extends upon previous findings showing that sulfur deprivation elicits changes in levels of transcripts for proteins that help scavenge sulfate and economize on the use of sulfur resources. Changes in levels of transcripts encoding members of the light-harvesting polypeptide family, such as LhcSR2, suggest restructuring of the photosynthetic apparatus during sulfur deprivation. There are also significant changes in levels of transcripts encoding enzymes involved in metabolic processes (e.g., carbon metabolism), intracellular proteolysis, and the amelioration of oxidative damage; a marked and sustained increase in mRNAs for a putative vanadium chloroperoxidase and a peroxiredoxin may help prolong survival of C. reinhardtii during sulfur deprivation. Furthermore, many of the sulfur stress-regulated transcripts (encoding polypeptides associated with sulfate uptake and assimilation, oxidative stress, and photosynthetic function) are not properly regulated in the sac1 mutant of C. reinhardtii, a strain that dies much more rapidly than parental cells during sulfur deprivation. Interestingly, sulfur stress elicits dramatic changes in levels of transcripts encoding putative chloroplast-localized chaperones in the sac1 mutant but not in the parental strain. These results suggest various strategies used by photosynthetic organisms during acclimation to nutrient-limited growth.
Supersymmetry and Cosmology

If supersymmetry is relevant at ordinary energies, the gravitino and possibly also the photino are relatively light particles. Observational constraints on these particles’ masses are reviewed. If the gravitino mass lies near the cosmological upper bound, ~ 1 keV, then gravitinos play an important role in galaxy formation.
On transition bias in mitochondrial genes of pocket gophers

The relative contribution of mutation and purifying selection to transition bias has not been quantitatively assessed in mitochondrial protein genes. The observed transition/transversion (s/v) ratio is (μ s P s)/(μ v P v), where μ s and μ v denote mutation rate of transitions and transversions, respectively, andP s andP v denote fixation probabilities of transitions and transversions, respectively. Because selection against synonymous transitions can be assumed to be roughly equal to that against synonymous transversions,P s/Pv ≈ 1 at fourfold degenerate sites, so that thes/v ratio at fourfold degenerate sites is approximately μ s /μ v , which is a measure of mutational contribution to transition bias. Similarly, thes/v ratio at nondegenerate sites is also an estimate of μ s /μ v if we assume that selection against nonsynonymous transitions is roughly equal to that against nonsynonymous transversions. In two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochromeb (cyt-b) in pocket gophers, thes/v ratio is about two at nondegenerate and fourfold degenerate sites for both the COI and the cyt-b genes. This implies that mutation contribution to transition bias is relatively small. In contrast, thes/v ratio is much greater at twofold degenerate sites, being 48 for COI and 40 for cyt-b. Given that the μ s /μ v ratio is about 2, theP s/Pv ratio at twofold degenerate sites must be on the order of 20 or greater. This suggests a great effect of purifying selection on transition bias in mitochondrial protein genes because transitions are synonymous and transversions are nonsynonymous at twofold degenerate sites in mammalian mitochondrial genes. We also found that nonsynonymous mutations at twofold degenerate sites are more neutral than nonsynonymous mutations at nondegenerate sites, and that the COI gene is subject to stronger purifying selection than is the cyt-b gene. A model is presented to integrate the effect of purifying selection, codon bias, DNA repair and GC content ons/v ratio of protein-coding genes.
A simple LED lamp driver IC with intelligent power-factor correction

High-brightness and high-efficiency LED technology has opened a new era in lighting devices [1, 2] and LCD backlight devices [3]. Prior to emergence of highperformance LED devices, the fluorescent lamps have been in a strong position in lighting systems as compared to the incandescent lamps since they have a better efficiency [4]. However, LED dramatically improves the performance in both life time and efficiency. In addition, LED is gaining popularity as a green solution. If the manufacturing cost issue is going to resolve in near future, widespread use of LED lighting is being expected. Therefore, LED related products will be placed in a very important position and the market requires effective driving solutions.
Energy Conversion in Bull Sperm Flagella

With the use of a specially developed incubation chamber the rates of motility, respiration, and fructolysis were measured simultaneously on semen samples. By inhibiting the respiration with antimycin A, and/or the fructolysis with 2-deoxyglucose, the rates of each of the two ATP-producing pathways could be reduced independently. In this way the ratio of the amount of free energy produced by respiration and by fructolysis could be varied at will from 1 to 0. In uninhibited preparations approximately 75% of the free energy derives from respiration, and 25% from fructolysis. By the use of the absolute rates of respiration, fructolysis, and motility, the efficiency of the conversion of free energy into hydrodynamic work was calculated. After correction for the decay of the preparation during the experiment, this conversion efficiency was found to be 30–45% lower for free energy from respiration than for free energy from fructolysis. The difference in distribution of the enzymes for fructolysis and respiration over the flagellum was ruled out as the cause of the efficiency difference. The respiration could be 70% inhibited by oligomycin. It is concluded that approximately one-third of the free energy from respiration is used for maintenance of the mitochondria.
Influence of Temperature Probe Sheathing Materials During Ultrasonic Heating

The influence of sheathing materials upon temperature probes used during the monitoring of ultrasonic heating was measured. The measurements show that the sheathing can be heated in a manner not representative of the temperature rise occurring in the surrounding material, altering the probe readings.
Some Contributions of Two-Point Closure to Turbulence

Since their introduction over thirty years ago, two-point-moment closures have offered promise of providing practical and theoretical information concerning certain aspects of turbulent flows. More recently, both experiments and direct numerical simulations have suggested a high degree of organization (coherent structures) in even homogeneous flows, which contradicts—at least in its extreme form—the assumption of near Gaussianity central to closures. We examine here some successes and failures of closure for several problems including three-dimensional turbulence, and quasi-two-dimensional flows of the sort employed in geophysical context.
CONCEALED DAMAGE FROM A RUN-OVER ACCIDENT: Report of a Case

A case of concealed run-over injury of the lower limb, complicated by delayed local gangrene and peripheral vascular involvement, is described and the mechanism of the lesion discussed.
Status and outlook of CHIP-TRAP: The Central Michigan University high precision Penning trap

Abstract At Central Michigan University we are developing a high-precision Penning trap mass spectrometer (CHIP-TRAP) that will focus on measurements with long-lived radioactive isotopes. CHIP-TRAP will consist of a pair of hyperbolic precision-measurement Penning traps, and a cylindrical capture/filter trap in a 12 T magnetic field. Ions will be produced by external ion sources, including a laser ablation source, and transported to the capture trap at low energies enabling ions of a given m / q ratio to be selected via their time-of-flight. In the capture trap, contaminant ions will be removed with a mass-selective rf dipole excitation and the ion of interest will be transported to the measurement traps. A phase-sensitive image charge detection technique will be used for simultaneous cyclotron frequency measurements on single ions in the two precision traps, resulting in a reduction in statistical uncertainty due to magnetic field fluctuations.
Oxidative Chemical Nucleases

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the nucleic acid chemistry of 1,10-phenanthroline–copper. Its ability to degrade DNA was discovered through a series of serendipitous discoveries that were made during the course of examining the inhibition of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase by 1,10-phenanthroline (OP). The inhibition of this enzyme as well as other DNA polymerases is due to the oxidative scission of DNA by 2:1 1,10-phenanthroline-cuprous complex in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The inhibition of the polymerase activity could be explained by the generation of 3' phosphorylated termini that are dead-end inhibitors of the enzyme. Chemical nucleases are redox-active coordination complexes that cleave the phosphodiester bond by oxidative attack on the deoxyribose moiety. Despite the heuristic example provided by the crystal structures of the active sites of nucleases, chemists have not been able to develop simple bioorganic systems that hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds facilely. Many coordination complexes that can cleave DNA and RNA by an oxidative mechanism have been identified. In contrast to the inefficiency of hydrolytic nucleases, the “inert” phosphodiester backbone of DNA and RNA is completely degraded on incubation with a fraction of the concentration of 1,10-phenanthroline–copper in the presence of thiol and oxygen.
Medication Treatment for Depression in Children and Adolescents

Depression in children and adolescents is relatively common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality-thus, it is strongly deserving of treatment. To date, there have been a number of randomized, controlled trials of both tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the acute treatment of depression in youths. Surprisingly, the available data do not demonstrate TCA superiority over placebo for this disorder in this age group. There is, however, evidence of SSRI superiority to placebo, and longer-term treatment with SSRIs may help prevent recurrence. There is almost no data on other pharmacologic approaches. Effective use of the efficacious treatments also depends on effective case-finding and providing treatment, which families and youths will take in adequate quantity and duration. The right approaches to these aspects of effective treatment are greatly understudied.
Structural diversity and protein engineering of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are the enzymes that ensure faithful transmission of genetic information in all living cells, and are central to the developing technologies for expanding the capacity of the translation apparatus to incorporate nonstandard amino acids into proteins in vivo. The 24 known aaRS families are divided into two classes that exhibit functional evolutionary convergence. Each class features an active site domain with a common fold that binds ATP, the amino acid, and the 3′-terminus of tRNA, embellished by idiosyncratic further domains that bind distal portions of the tRNA and enhance specificity. Fidelity in the expression of the genetic code requires that the aaRS be selective for both amino acids and tRNAs, a substantial challenge given the presence of structurally very similar noncognate substrates of both types. Here we comprehensively review central themes concerning the architectures of the protein structures and the remarkable dual-substrate selectivities, with a view towar...
The effects of off-axis transverse deflection loading on the failure strain of various high-performance fibers:

Single filaments are subjected to a transverse deflection loading environment in efforts to gain insight into the failure strain of soft-body armor systems experiencing transverse impact. The fiber...
Use of a bleeding time determination in the evaluation of unexplained hematuria.

Abstract Although von Willebrand’s disease is an unusual cause of gross hematuria in children, it is readily treatable with fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate. We present 2 cases of recurrent, painless gross hematuria owing to this congenital factor VIII deficiency disorder. In each case the diagnosis was suggested first by the finding of a prolonged bleeding time. We suggest that the bleeding time determination be included as part of the screening hemostatic studies used in the evaluation of unexplained hematuria.
Analysis on occupational exposure levels and control effectiveness of dust in cement production line of new dry method

Objective To investigate the occupational exposure levels of dust in new suspension preheater dry process (NSP) cement production line and put forward rectification measures for dust-exposed posts,and to provide ideas for the modern cement production enterprises in dust control and occupational health management.Methods Occupational health field investigation combined with field test were used to measure the time-weighted average concentration (CTWA) of the dust in the workplace.Rectification measures were taken for the dust-exposed posts with unqualified dust concentration,and the protective effects of dustproof facilities in the rectified workplace were evaluated.Results The field investigation revealed incompletely closed dustproof facilities,improperly set dust hoods,excess of dust leakage points,and other problems in the dust-exposed posts of an NSP cement production line before rectification,and the dustproof facilities could hardly exert dust removal effect.The field test showed that the vast majority of dust-exposed posts had the dust concentrations exceeding the occupational exposure limits (OELs),with a qualified rate as low as 31.8％.A series of rectification measures were taken for these posts.After the rectification,the dust-exposed posts demonstrated dramatically dropped CTWA,and the qualified rate of dust concentration in the dust-exposed posts rose to 90.9％.Conclusion The dust hazards in NSP cement production line cannot be ignored.Taking appropriate protective measures are critical for curbing dust hazards in modern cement production. Key words: Silicates; Dust; Occupational exposure; Intervention studies
Perilous desert: insecurity in the Sahara

This is an important book published several years ago that remains relevant and insightful regarding Saharan conflict. In the Foreword of this accessible collection of well-written essays, Marwan M...
Sorafenib targets the mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes and ATP synthase to activate the PINK1–Parkin pathway and modulate cellular drug response

Sorafenib (Nexavar) is a broad-spectrum multikinase inhibitor that proves effective in treating advanced renal-cell carcinoma and liver cancer. Despite its well-characterized mechanism of action on several established cancer-related protein kinases, sorafenib causes variable responses among human tumors, although the cause for this variation is unknown. In an unbiased screening of an oncology drug library, we found that sorafenib activates recruitment of the ubiquitin E3 ligase Parkin to damaged mitochondria. We show that sorafenib inhibits the activity of both complex II/III of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Dual inhibition of these complexes, but not inhibition of each individual complex, stabilizes the serine-threonine protein kinase PINK1 on the mitochondrial outer membrane and activates Parkin. Unlike the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, which activates the mitophagy response, sorafenib treatment triggers PINK1/Parkin-dependent cellular apoptosis, which is attenuated upon Bcl-2 overexpression. In summary, our results reveal a new mechanism of action for sorafenib as a mitocan and suggest that high Parkin activity levels could make tumor cells more sensitive to sorafenib's actions, providing one possible explanation why Parkin may be a tumor suppressor gene. These insights could be useful in developing new rationally designed combination therapies with sorafenib.
Promoting Expressive Writing among Students with Emotional and Behavioral: Disturbance via Dialogue Journals:

Written dialogue journals are intended to improve writing and encourage positive social skills by promoting individualized written discussions between a teacher and students' emotional and behavior...
Abstract 3071: Exploring the molecular mechanism underlying SETD2-PI3Kβ synthetic-lethal interaction in renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

Epigenetic regulators are emerging as major drivers of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). SETD2, a tumor suppressor commonly mutated in RCC, is the sole enzyme responsible for tri-methylating histone H3 on lysine 36 (H3K36me3) of actively transcribed genes. We recently discovered that SETD2 also trimethylates the non-histone target α-tubulin on lysine 40 (α-TubK40Me3) of mitotic microtubules. We have demonstrated that mutations altering SETD2’s ability to trimethylate H3K36 and α-TubK40 are associated with genomic instability in cancer progression. We hypothesized that defective SETD2 methylating activity gives rise to deleterious cell signaling cascades that promote the tumorigenic features of SETD2 loss. Preliminary data show that RCC-derived 786-0 cells that are deleted for SETD2 (SETD2-KO) or harbor pathogenic mutations are more sensitive to treatment with the PI3Kβ-specific inhibitor TGX-221 than their wild type counterparts. Phosphatidylinositol 3kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that coordinate signals from growth factors, cytokines and other environmental cues, translating them into intracellular signals controlling diverse signaling pathways. Several members of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, including the PI3K α and β isoforms, are frequently mutated in a variety of cancers, making this pathway a prime drug target for anti-cancer therapy. These pathways control numerous biological processes, such as cell proliferation, growth, and motility. Examination of structurally variant SETD2 mutants suggests that the loss of SETD2 methylating activity mediates this interaction, and future studies will examine the functional consequences of inhibiting this pathway. In summary, these data suggest a synthetic-lethal type of interaction between SETD2 loss (and specifically loss of methylating activity) and an aberrant PI3K/AKT pathway. Citation Format: Esteban Terzo, Jeanne Chiang, W. Kimryn Rathmell. Exploring the molecular mechanism underlying SETD2-PI3Kβ synthetic-lethal interaction in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3071. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3071
Homelessness in New York City: policymaking from Koch to De Blasio

Homelessness in New York City: Policymaking from Koch to De Blasio, written by Thomas J. Main is six chapters of history through an evolutionary lens that examines the changes in New York City home...
Phase Behavior of Binary Polymer Blends Doped with Salt

We present cloud point measurements on low molecular weight binary polymer blends doped with salts that exhibit unusual phase behavior. These blends include poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEP/PEO) doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI), NaTFSI, KTFSI, LiClO4, and sodium iodide NaI. The addition of salt dramatically decreases the miscibility of the binary blends and results in an asymmetric cloud point profile. The phase behavior is found to be governed by the concentration of the salt, the size of the anion, and the composition of the polymer mixture. The experimental results are compared with a recent theory, which predicts the effect of ions on the polymer phase diagram by taking into account both ion-induced cross-linking and self-energy effects. Furthermore, the coexistence curve of salt-doped PEP/PEO blends is determined quantitatively by 1H NMR spectroscopy when the volume fraction of PEO is maintained at 0.6. The coexistence curve does not coincide with the...
Acceptable range of spatial density in an ad hoc network of UAVs

There are numerous applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) introduced to the technology world. However, there is an unclear relation between the number of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in a specific area and the performance of the system. This paper studies the suitable spatial density of UAVs in an ad hoc network by looking at safety, communication interference, connectivity, and the required coverage for various applications of the network.
Appropriate Use of Venous Imaging and Analysis of the D-Dimer/Clinical Probability Testing Paradigm in the Diagnosis and Location of Deep Venous Thrombosis.

Background The D-dimer (DD) level combined with the pretest Wells criteria probability (WCP) score can safely exclude deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between DD results alongside WCP score with findings on venous duplex ultrasound (VDU). The hypothesis is that VDU remains overutilized in low-risk patients with negative DD and that higher DD levels may correlate with thrombus burden and location. Methods Patients who presented to a high-volume tertiary care center with lower limb swelling with or without associated pain were retrospectively examined through June and July for 4 consecutive years (2012 to 2015). After calculating WCP, patients were divided into low-, moderate-, and high-risk categories. Electronic DD results utilizing enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, WCP data, and VDU analysis data were merged and analyzed based on receiver operator characteristic curve to determine the DD cutoff point for each WCP. Abnormal DD with an average value ≥ 0.6 mg/L fibrinogen equivalent units (FEUs) was correlated to positive DVT to differentiate proximal DVT (above popliteal vein) from distal DVT (below popliteal vein). Results Data of 1,909 patients were analyzed, and 239 (12.5%) patients were excluded secondary to serial repeat visits or follow-ups, surveillance screens, and if they had a previous history of DVT. The average age was 62.1 ± 16.3 years with more women (55.7%) and the majority presented with limb pain and edema (87%). DD studies were ordered and completed in 202 patients and correlated with all positive and negative DVT patients (100% sensitivity and negative predictive value, with specificity and positive predictive value of 14.9% and 15.9%, respectively). Twenty-six of 202 patients had DD that were in the normal range 0.1–0.59 mg/L (FEU), all of which were negative for DVT (100% sensitive). Fifty one of 202 patients had DD values of 0.6–1.2 mg/L FEU, of which only 3 DVTs were recorded, and all of them were distal DVTs. In addition, 685 patients with WCP Conclusions This study suggests that DD is still underutilized, and DD in conjunction with WCP could significantly reduce the number of unnecessary immediate VDUs. Higher value of DD (>1.2 mg/L FEU) may raise concern for proximal DVT. Concern on cost-effectiveness exists and raises the demand for a proposed algorithm to be followed.
A Practical Model for School Leaders to Encourage Parental Involvement and Parental Engagement.

In this paper the author introduces a very practical model to guide school leaders/managers into supporting parental -involvement and -engagement in their schools. The model is called the Dual Navi...
An Initiation Kinetics Prediction Model Enables Rational Design of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Bearing Modified Chelating Benzylidenes.

Rational design of second-generation ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts with desired initiation rates can be enabled by a computational model that is dependent on a single thermodynamic parameter. Using a computational model with no assumption about the specific initiation mechanism, the initiation kinetics of a spectrum of second-generation ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts bearing modified chelating ortho-alkoxy benzylidenes were predicted in this work. Experimental tests of the validity of the computational model were achieved by the synthesis of a series of ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts and investigation of initiation rates by ultraviolet–visible light (UV-vis) kinetics, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and structural characterization by X-ray crystallography. Included in this series of catalysts were 13 catalysts bearing alkoxy groups with varied steric bulk on the chelating benzylidene, ranging from ethoxy to dicyclohexylmethoxy groups. The experimentally observed initia...