cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suspected anaphylactic shock associated with administration of tranexamic acid in a dog

A 10-year-old male castrated Maltese was referred with clinical signs of hematuria, stranguria, and pollakiuria. The dog was diagnosed with sterile hemorrhagic cystitis with urethroliths and cystoliths. To remove the uroliths, the dog underwent retrograde urohydropropulsion followed by a cystotomy. The following day, persistent bleeding in the urinary bladder was identified with large hematoma, hematuria and anemia. In order to reduce bleeding, the dog received 10 mg/kg of tranexamic acid (TXA) intravenously. Immediately after TXA administration, the dog developed anaphylactic shock manifested by hypotension, hypothermia, tachycardia and a dull mentation. Thus, an emergency treatment including bolus injection of crystalloid, administration of dexamethasone and diphenhydramine, and oxygen supplementation was given, after which the dog quickly recovered within a few minutes.
Analysis of newer molecular signatures: Promise of a diagnostic and management assay for breast cancer

3127 Hypothesis: A detailed analysis of markers of inflammation, cell cycle control, cell-cell contact and the tissue repair in breast cancer has not been performed. We hypothesize that the changes for these markers in cancerous and normal tissues from the same breast tissue will allow the monitoring of the efficacy of therapy in breast cancer patients. Also, the transcripts of these markers observed in breast tissues are mimicked in immune cells from the same patient. Experimental Design: Using Real Time PCR assay, the analysis for Mammaglobin B, PPAR-alpha, TNF-alpha, NFkB, Il-6, MMP-9, Skp2, Cyclin E was performed on 20 paired tissues (cancerous and normal tissues) from the same breast (obtained from CHTN) and lymphocytes and breast tissues from patients in a blinded fashion (obtained from Fredtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital/Medical College of Wisconsin. We also studied mRNA expression for these markers in normal breast tissues obtained from individuals undergoing breast reduction. RNA samples were prepared from both the lymphocytes and tissue at the same time, reverse transcribed to cDNA and mRNA expression studied by real time PCR assay. Results: The mRNA expression for Mammaglobin B, PPAR-alpha, TNF-alpha, NFkB, Il-6, MMP-9, Skp2, NFKB was significantly higher in cancerous tissues than normal tissues from the same breast. The expression of mammaglobin B was observed only in cancerous tissues not in normal tissues. The expression of PPAR-alpha, Skp2, TNF-alpha and NFKB was also significantly higher in cancerous than paired normal breast tissues. However, the expression varied with the diagnosis. For example in a patient diagnosed with infiltrating ductal carcinoma the fold difference for TNF-alpha mRNA was 5 fold, with moderately differentiating ductal carcinoma 4 fold compared to invasive ductal carcinoma with 80% differentiation a 90 fold increase in mRNA was observed. Similar changes were observed with mRNA expression for other markers. The mRNA expression for these markers was identical in lymphocytes and tissues from these patients, however the quantitative differences for these markers were observed in patients with different diagnosis. The mRNA expression for IL-6 and TNF-alpha in tissue from a patient with benign Phyllodes tumor was not different than normal controls. The mRNA expression for TNF-alpha in patients with Fibroadenoma was not detectable, however for IL-6 was detectable. In sharp contrast, the patient with diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma exhibited significantly higher expression for both IL-6 and TNF-alpha mRNA Conclusions: These results demonstrate the ability of these molecular signatures to differentiate malignant tissues from normal tissues and the usefulness of immune cells in detection of cancer. These results provide potential for the development of a multiplex PCR based diagnostic assay for breast cancer.
Hematologic and Infectious Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an array of secondary abnormalities of blood cell lines: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Anemia in CKD becomes more common as CKD progresses and is associated with significant all-cause as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. CKD also results in progressive platelet dysfunction and impaired primary hemostasis. Furthermore, CKD is associated with impaired immune homeostasis, with abnormalities in both innate and adaptive immunity, and their effector cells as well as humoral components, promoting infection and a state of chronic sterile inflammation. The latter is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We review the hematological and infectious complications of CKD, and their interconnectedness with cardiovascular disease and infection, the two major causes of mortality and morbidity in this patient population.
Flow cytometry for quantitation of polyhydroxybutyrate production by Cupriavidus necator using alkaline pretreated liquor from corn stover.

Abstract Alkaline pretreated liquor (APL) from lignocellulosic feedstock pretreatment is a lignin-rich stream. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable polymer, has been previously synthesized from APL. It is of interest to monitor PHB production and cell number from APL rapidly for process control. However, APL has insoluble substances and is dark, which makes quantitation of cells by visible light absorbance difficult. A sample preparation method was developed using Nile Red staining and flow cytometry to quantify bacterial cells and PHB concentration. A linear model with good fitness (R2 = 0.9939) was constructed to predict PHB concentration (0.2–2.1 g/L) based on fluorescence intensity acquired from a flow cytometer. A linear model (R2 = 0.8614) to predict cell number based on fluorescence intensity was also established. The good correlation between PHB concentration and fluorescence intensity indicates the potential of applying flow cytometry for quantitation of PHB from APL and other media that is dark and/or contains insoluble particles.
Metrics Systems: Managing Resource Flows

Metrics systems are far more than just keeping track of a numerical value. A threshold is merely a numerical boundary condition that determines what’s in and out. A metrics system also implies how the threshold got set at that specific value, the process to change it, and the consequences for missing it. Because there are many nuances to good metrics, leaders need to continuously verify that the metrics system is relevant and representative of its purpose and intention. Energy strategists need to know what they are measuring and why. Frequently, what they are measuring has never been monitored before. Creating effective metrics and reporting systems will enable the continuous monitoring of operations, gathering critical data to support a strategic goal.
SAFETY OF EVALUATING FOR ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT USING A MODIFIED HEART SCORE

Chest pain is a common complaint in the emergency department (ED). The evaluation of these patients, which commonly involves stress testing, is time-consuming and costly. Prior retrospective studies demonstrated that a modified HEART score (m-HS) which combines the traditional HS and serial high-
Holographic immunoassays: Direct detection of antibodies binding to colloidal spheres

The size of a probe bead reported by holographic particle characterization depends on the proportion of the surface area covered by bound target molecules and so can be used as an assay for molecular binding. We validate this technique by measuring the kinetics of irreversible binding for the antibodies immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) as they attach to micrometer-diameter colloidal beads coated with protein A. These measurements yield the antibodies’ binding rates and can be inverted to obtain the concentration of antibodies in solution. Holographic molecular binding assays therefore can be used to perform fast quantitative immunoassays that are complementary to conventional serological tests.
Beyond the Emergency Department: Effects of COVID-19 on Emergency Medicine Resident Education

Background In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) caused widespread clinical disease, triggering limited in-person gatherings and social-distancing guidelines to minimize transmission. These regulations led most emergency medicine (EM) residency training programs to rapidly transition to virtual didactics. We sought to evaluate EM resident perceptions of the effects of COVID-19 on their didactic and clinical education. Methods We performed a cross-sectional survey study at seven EM residency programs using a mixed-methods approach designed to understand resident perceptions regarding the impact of COVID-19 on their educational experience. Quantitative data were presented as percentages with comparison of subgroups, while open-ended responses were analyzed using qualitative methodology. Results We achieved a 59% response rate (187/313). The majority of respondents (119/182, 65.4%) reported that the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on their residency education with junior residents disproportionately affected. A total of 81 of 182 (44.5%) participants reported that one or more of their clinical rotations were partially or completely canceled due to the pandemic. Additionally, we identified four themes and 34 subthemes highlighting the contextual effects of the pandemic, which were then divided into positive and negative influences on the residency experience. The four themes include systems experience, clinical experience, didactic experience, and wellness. Conclusion Our study examined the impact of COVID-19 on residents' educational experiences. We found overall mixed responses with a slightly negative impact on residency education, wellness, and clinical rotations, while satisfaction with EM as a career choice was increased. Factors influencing this included systems, clinical, and didactic experiences as well as overall wellness.
The Role of Functional Efficiency in the Decline of North America’s Copper Culture (8000–3000 BP): an Experimental, Ecological, and Evolutionary Approach

The copper-using cultures of North America’s Archaic Period (10,000–3000 BP) have long been an archaeological enigma. For millennia, Middle and Late Archaic hunter-gatherers (8000–3000 BP) around the Upper Great Lakes region made utilitarian implements out of copper, only for these items to decline in prominence and frequency as populations grew and social complexity increased during the Archaic to Woodland Transition. From a cultural evolutionary perspective, the trajectory of North America’s copper usage presents a conundrum, as it is generally assumed that “superior” tools, i.e., metals, will replace inferior ones, i.e., stone. For well over a century, scholars have pondered the reason for the demise of copper technology that was once a wide-spread phenomenon. To address this question, an extensive archaeological experimental program was conducted which compared replica copper tools (spear points, knife blades, and awls) to analogous ones made of stone or bone to assess whether relative functional efficiency contributed to the decline of utilitarian copper implements. Here, the results of this three-part research program are presented in concert with population dynamics and ecological change to paint a broader picture of the complex interrelationships between the social, ecological, and technological spheres of past human behaviors. The synthesis of these approaches reveals that functional explanations—derived from experimental archaeology placed in an evolutionary framework—can shed much light on the trajectory of metal use in the North American Great Lakes.
Carceral Coloniality in Venezuela: Theorizing Beyond the Latin American Penal State

Scholarship that explores the rise of the Penal State in the United States and Europe has largely failed to address the relationship between the carceral and the current power structures fused through colonization in Latin America. Wacquant explores how the growth of prisons results from the economic model of neoliberalism, but I argue that this construction is insufficient when examining prisons in Venezuela because global capitalism is not only neoliberal but it is also colonial/modern and Euro-centered. Based on historically rooted ethnographic research in five Venezuelan prisons, I propose a theoretical lens for examining prisons beyond locales of punishment but also as institutions that are shaped by and reinforce hierarchies built on superiority/inferiority—reflecting coloniality/modernity and euro-centrism, a concept which I have called “carceral coloniality.”
Review, Vicki L. Eaklor, Queer America: A People's History of the United States (New Press, 2011)

Unlike most other volumes in the People’s History series, Vicki Eaklor's Queer America is the work of an academic historian, in this case one who has taught LGBTQ history for over twenty years. Queer America grows out of this prodigious practical experience, offering students and teachers in the field a badly needed resource—a textbook, a nearly “comprehensive survey of 20th-century American history aimed at the general reader." The book is thorough (with respect to the period it covers), engaging, and insightful. Sophisticated but accessible sidebars address historical and historiographical puzzles that complicate Eaklor’s essentially descriptive and chronological account: What did the Kinsey studies prove? How important was the Stonewall Riot? How useful is queer theory? Eaklor treats these issues with the same erudition and even-handedness that characterize the book as a whole and distinguish it from more polemical contributions to the People’s History series.
Association of preoperative frailty with postoperative delirium in elderly orthopedic trauma patients.

Among elderly orthopedic trauma patients, the prevalence of delirium during hospitalization has been reported to be as high as 60%. Frail elderly patients have an increased risk of delirium after elective surgery; however, such an association remains underexplored among trauma patients. Our goal was to investigate whether preoperative frailty is associated with postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly orthopedic trauma patients. We conducted a single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study. All patients were ≥ 65 years of age and were admitted to the hospital between 01/01/2017 and 08/31/2018 for surgical intervention of a significant extremity fracture. Frailty was assessed using the fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and loss of weight questionnaire. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method. POD was defined as new-onset delirium that occurred within 24 h after surgery. To investigate whether frailty is associated with POD, we performed a multiple variable logistic regression, controlling for biologically relevant confounders. Five hundred fifty-six patients comprised the analytic cohort. Incidence of POD was 14% (n = 80). Multiple variable regression analysis demonstrated that each unit increment in FRAIL score was associated with a 33% higher likelihood of POD (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.02–1.72, p = 0.03). Our results suggest that preoperative frailty increases the risk of POD in hospitalized, elderly, orthopedic trauma patients. Future studies are needed to determine whether perioperative interventions focused on improving frailty can reduce the risk of POD and improve outcomes in this rapidly growing cohort of patients.
Contribution of cardiac output to renovascular hypertension in man. Relation to surgical treatment.

Abstract Although cardiac output was on the average higher ( P r = 0.596, P P respectively ). Along with increased output, patients with renal arterial disease also had increased total peripheral resistance ( P
The cocaine abusing parturient: a review of anesthetic considerations.

The prevalence of recreational drug abuse among young women, including in pregnancy, has increased markedly over the past two decades. Cocaine remains the drug commonly used for recreational purposes in pregnancy. However, there appears to be an absence of uniform guidelines for obstetric and anesthetic management of pregnant patients with a history of cocaine abuse. A Medline search for articles highlighting drug abuse in pregnancy, with particular emphasis on cocaine abuse in pregnancy, the drug’s impact on the fetus and implications for administration of obstetrical anesthesia was performed. Because the pharmacological actions of cocaine are complex, the clinical picture can be very unpredictable, the diagnosis often difficult, and management at times controversial. The diverse clinical symptomatology of cocaine intake combined with physiologic changes of pregnancy, and pathophysiology of coexisting pregnancy specific disease may lead to life-threatening complications and significantly impact the management of obstetrical anesthesia. In the absence of uniform anesthetic guidelines for pregnant patients with a history of cocaine abuse the decision regarding the administration of peripartum analgesia or anesthesia should be individualized and conducted on a case-by-case basis. This article will attempt to heighten the awareness of cocaine use and abuse in pregnancy and review the perioperative anesthetic management of these high-risk parturients.
Accretion Disks in Symbiotic Stars and their Relationship to Cataclysmic Binaries

The symbiotic stars were discovered in the early 1900’s by Cannon and Merrill as late-type giants with surprisingly strong emission lines from H I, He I and He II. Infrared photometry has confirmed the presence of K or M giants in most symbiotics (Allen 1982), while IUE spectra show intense emission lines superimposed on a strong continuous source which is generally associated with a hot companion to the cool giant (Slovak 1982). Accurate binary periods are known for only a handful of symbiotics (cf. Kenyon 1983), and thus the physical parameters of the two components are not well-determined. This lack of basic observational data has slowed progress in understanding the hot component in these systems. Indirect methods involving emission line fluxes and/or fitting the optical continuum have been employed to estimate the luminosity and effective temperature of this component, but these have provided little information concerning the physical nature (white dwarf, subdwarf or main sequence star) of the underlying star.
GPS and communications for precision power engineering

Summary form only given. In the article the synergy between GPS communications and power engineering is described and GPS and communication applications in the electric power industry are highlighted. Power engineers must extract new and novel ideas for future needs of real-time controls, making use of advanced system control theory, precision time keeping devices, supervisory functions and communication systems to squeeze more active power of transmission with higher reliability and optimum loading limits through an existing power system.
Exploring Environmental Applications and Benefits of Information and Communication Technology Introduction to the Special Issue

“Because of its emphasis on the use of system perspectives, industrial ecology is well suited to analysis of both the benefits and impacts of ICT. . . . this collection of articles brings these topics into sharper focus, highlights future directions for ICT applications and their potential positive implications, and reinforces the importance of future research work. . .” When the first commercialized transistor ushered in the solid-state era nearly 60 years ago, few could have imagined the many ways that information and communication technology (ICT) would permeate and transform our lives in the 21st century. Today, ICT is a critical component of nearly every sector of the global economy, and has led to considerable transformations in the way that humans interact with each other and with the world around them. Information and communication technology can be broadly defined as systems whose fundamental functions are anchored in the generation, processing, storage, communication, and/or presentation of digital information. Many ICT systems employ most or all of these elements, and the vast majority of these systems are based entirely on solid-state technologies. Arguably the most prominent example of a transformative ICT system is the Internet, which serves as the global
Interference of barbiturates with pyrimidine incorporation. 3. Studies on the mechanism of the amobarbital-orotate relationship.

Abstract The previously observed inhibitory effect of various barbiturates on the uptake of orotate into Bacillus cereus was explored in greater detail. The effect was demonstrated for cells incubating at 0° or in the presence of compounds interfering with energy conversion. Although it was not possible to measure intracellular orotate pools, it was concluded that amobarbital prevented the membrane-associated transport of orotate, a process which apparently involved facilitated diffusion. The amobarbital effect was still observed under conditions of hypertonicity, did not include alterations in potassium flux, and appeared to be unrelated to biochemical effects of barbiturates described in mammalian species. Indeed, it was clearly demonstrable only in B. cereus or in the closely related Bacillus subtilis . Two chemically unrelated compounds known to affect the functions of cellular membranes also prevented the incorporation of orotate into B. cereus . Chlorpromazine and phenethyl alcohol inhibited 14 C-orotate uptake into polynucleotides by about 50 per cent, while the corresponding effect on 14 C-uracil uptake was about 10 per cent; phenethyl alcohol and amobarbital potentiated each other in their inhibition of orotate uptake. Thus, phenethyl alcohol probably behaves differently from amobarbital and structually related derivatives, even though both appear to interfere with the bacterial membrane orotate transport system. Radioactivity was associated with cells of B. cereus after incubation with 14 C-pentobarbital, but no cellular concentration was observed. Orotate did not have a reciprocal effect on the disposition of the barbiturate. Washing with medium readily removed almost all pentobarbital from the cells.
Still a Man's World? Revisiting Men Who Do Women's Work

In 1995, Christine Williams built on the well-versed theory of tokenism and introduced the concept of the glass escalator to describe the social processes by which men maintain advantages in female-dominated occupations. This paradigm has proven extraordinarily useful as a way of understanding the pathways that reproduce men's opportunities and benefits in culturally feminized jobs. In this paper, we review the literature in this area and consider how new perspectives have contributed to insightful and interesting ways of understanding the experiences of men who do “women's work.”
Vision-based horizon detection and target tracking for UAVs

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has been deployed in a variety of applications like remote traffic surveillance, dangerous area observation, and mine removal, since it is able to overcome the limitations of ground vehicles. It can also be used for traffic controlling, border patrolling, accident and natural disaster monitoring for search and rescue purpose. There are two important tasks in the UAV system, automatic stabilization and target tracking. Automatic stabilization makes a UAV fully autonomous, while target tracking alleviates the overhead of a manual system. In order to address these, we present computer vision based horizon detection and target tracking for the videos captured by UAV camera. The proposed horizon detection algorithm is an enhancement of the Cornall's Theorem and our target tracking employs optical flow. The results of both real and simulated videos show that the proposed algorithms are promising.
Primary Paratesticular Lymphoma

Abstract Non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising in the paratesticular organs without testicular involvement is rare. In most previously reported cases, the classification systems that were used are now outdated and/or immunologic studies were not done. We report the clinical and pathologic features of 2 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising in the epididymis and the spermatic cord. Patient 1 was a 35-year-old man who presented with a painless scrotal mass. Patient 2 was a 61-year-old man who presented with a right inguinal mass. Orchiectomy performed in both patients revealed a mass confined to the epididymis in patient 1 and to the spermatic cord in patient 2. Histologic examination in both cases revealed diffuse large cell lymphoma, and immunohistochemical studies supported B-cell lineage. Subsequent staging studies showed no other site of disease in patient 1 and an isolated mass anterior to the right psoas muscle in patient 2. Malignant lymphoma involving testicular adnexal structures without involvement of the...
Nuclear DNA content in species of Eleusine ( Gramineae ): A critical re-evaluation using laser flow cytometry

Interest in dinitroaniline herbicide resistant biotypes ofEleusine indica, and an as yet undetermined taxon ofEleusine, necessitated a revaluation of reported nuclear genome size estimates for available species in the genus. Laser flow cytometry showed that the nuclear DNA content of six of the seven species examined had 15 to 50% less DNA than reported previously. It was also determined that roots, as contrasted to leaves, possessed a large fraction of nuclei at the 4C or 8C DNA content level, in diploid or tetraploid species, respectively (i.e. the G2/M peak). Two major reasons for the previously reported overestimation may include sampling only of root tissues where endopolyploid and normal diploid nuclei both occur and the inappropriate choice of onion nuclei as an internal standard.
Overweight, weight concerns, and bulimic behaviors among girls and boys.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the prevalence rates and correlates of overweight, concern with weight, and bulimic behaviors. Method A survey was completed by a population-based sample of 16,114 boys and girls aged 9 to 14 years. Results Although fewer girls (19%) than boys (26%) were overweight, more girls (25% versus 22%) perceived themselves as overweight (p Conclusions Misperception of being overweight and concern with weight were common. Purging was a very rare behavior, but increased with pubertal development. Among the girls, the prevalence increased sharply around the onset of adolescence.
Bare Zone between California Shrub and Grassland Communities: The Role of Animals

Between shrub and grass communities in coastal California there is a zone that is normally bare of vegetation. Previous studies have emphasized the role of volatile inhibitors of plant growth in producing this bare zone. However, there is a concentration of feeding activity by rodents, rabbits, and birds in this zone; if this activity is prevented by means of wire-mesh exclosures, annuals grow in the bare zone. Thus, animal activity is sufficient to produce the bare zone.
SU-C-137-04: Effective Control Limits for Predictive Maintenance (PdM) of Accelerator Beam Uniformity

Purpose: Predictive maintenance programs employ non-invasive methods to monitor the performance of systems to determine when preemptive intervention is required to maintain high quality performance. The focus of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified calculation method for the control limits of process control charts (PCC) that will reduce false positive alarms but detect clinically relevant changes in beam uniformity (flatness and symmetry). Methods: Steering coil currents (SCC) for the transverse and radial planes are adjusted such that a reproducibly useful photon or electron beam is available. Performing controlled experiments varying a single SCC, we were able to determine the magnitude of change required to produce a 1% change in beam uniformity. The average and range (Xbar/R) control chart limit calculation was reformulated incorporating a scaling factor (Cm). After monitoring the SCC of 3 accelerators for several months, without detecting any PCC alarms, we intentionally changed the transverse angle and position SCC independently until the beam symmetry differed by ∼1.1% from baseline as confirmed by computerized beam profile scan in water using an ion chamber. These experimental SCC values were plotted in the PCC to determine if they would exceed the modified control limits. Results: The experimental SCC value exceeded the PCC limit for each of the steering coils. Additionally, the capability of the new control limit calculation method was confirmed when an anomaly was detected in the operation of an accelerator in clinical use. Instability in the operation of the 18 MV photon beam was predicted by SPC analysis prior to it being confirmed by service and daily check devices. If the analysis had been performed using the original methodology, a number of false positives would have been reported. Conclusion: Reformulated X-bar/R chart control limits of SCC can provide an effective predictive maintenance tool for accelerator beam uniformity. This project is supported by a grant from Varian Medical Systems.
Biological bases of face preference in 6-week-old infants

Six-week-old infants (N =40) who started the experiment in either a calm or crying state, received sucrose from an experimenter, while in eye contact with her. Sucrose was delivered either by syringe or on a pacifier. After 3.5 min., the experimenter retired, the mother came into the test room and placed her infant over her shoulder en face with a video camera. The experimenter and a confederate, both dressed identically, sat in front of and slightly to either side of the infant and the infant could choose to look at either experimenter. To minimize position bias, experimenters switched sides every 30 sec. To maintain a stable level of infant attention, they simultaneously called the baby's name at 10 sec. intervals. When an infant looked at one or the other experimenters, she raised her thumb in camera view. Only crying infants who sucked a sweet pacifier showed a preference for their experimenter. As a group none of the other infants did so. However, there was a wide distribution of sucking times in calm week 6 infants. Choice was linearly related to sucking duration. Infants who sucked for substantial periods of time, showed a strong preference for the experimenter. Those who sucked for minimal periods of time strongly preferred the confederate. Based on these findings and ones from 9- and 12-week-old infants, a model is presented in which preference in this experimental paradigm is determined by idealized levels of central activation. These levels may be inferred from the normal crying function at a particular age.
Ion Runaway in Tokamak Discharges

The Tokamak discharge, with its characteristic "enhanced resistivity," can permit singly charged ions to maintain themselves in the applied electric field at energies considerably above the mean thermal energy.
The Fall Of Guatemalan Dictator, Manuel Estrada Cabrera: U.S. Pressure or National Opposition?

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine the origins and development of the movement that ousted Central America's longest reigning dictator, Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920). Unlike many recent studies of Estrada Cabrera's removal, this paper questions the role of the United States State Department and its officials in Washington and Guatemala. Although the author acknowledges that the State Department was a significant player during the political crisis of 1919 and 1920, this paper suggests that the activities of a broad coalition of students, labourers, professionals and wealthy merchants was much more important. The article's revisionist thesis challenges several general interpretations of Guatemalan history in the first decades of this century and suggests that a complete understanding of the region's socio-economic development is possible only with a thorough investigation of Central America's internal political contradictions.
Software engineering frontiers in computational science and engineering

In 1991, the US Congress passed the High Performance Computing and Communications bill, commonly known as the HPCC bill, enshrining the Grand Challenges as national priorities. The very nature of these problems require the multidisciplinary teamwork of engineers plus computer, mathematical and physical scientists. But many important scientific and engineering problems are solved daily on workstations---these were dubbed the "petty challenges". Both classes of problem are demanding computational systems although quite different from non-scientific systems.We review a philosophical background for CSE, using this development to point out how seemingly innocuous decisions made by engineers and scientists can have disastrous results. Hence, software engineers should see CSE as a professional challenge. Our program is based on studying applications, the algorithms to solve problems arising in those applications, and the mapping of those algorithms to architectures. Using Computing Reviews categories, we outline the subjects required for understanding CSE systems.
Treatment of acute methanol intoxication with hemodialysis using an ethanol-enriched, bicarbonate-based dialysate

A patient poisoned with methanol was successfully hemodialyzed with an ethanol-enriched, bicarbonate-based dialysate. Along with a concomitant intravenous infusion of ethanol, the ethanol-enriched dialytic procedure was able to maintain an intradialytic plasma ethanol level of 80 to 102 mg/dL. The patient recovered without any sequelae of methanol intoxication.
Weak Coupling of ATP Hydrolysis to the Chemical Equilibrium of Human Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase

Human nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT, EC 2.4.2.12) catalyzes the reversible synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i) from nicotinamide (NAM) and alpha- d-5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). NAMPT, by capturing the energy provided by its facultative ATPase activity, allows the production of NMN at product:substrate ratios thermodynamically forbidden in the absence of ATP. With ATP hydrolysis coupled to NMN synthesis, the catalytic efficiency of the system is improved 1100-fold, substrate affinity dramatically increases ( K m (NAM) from 855 to 5 nM), and the K eq shifts -2.1 kcal/mol toward NMN formation. ADP-ATP isotopic exchange experiments support the formation of a high-energy phosphorylated intermediate (phospho-H247) as the mechanism for altered catalytic efficiency during ATP hydrolysis. NAMPT captures only a small portion of the energy generated by ATP hydrolysis to shift the dynamic chemical equilibrium. Although the weak energetic coupling of ATP hydrolysis appears to be a nonoptimized enzymatic function, closer analysis of this remarkable protein reveals an enzyme designed to capture NAM with high efficiency at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. NMN is a rate-limiting precursor for recycling to the essential regulatory cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD (+)). NMN synthesis by NAMPT is powerfully inhibited by both NAD (+) ( K i = 0.14 muM) and NADH ( K i = 0.22 muM), an apparent regulatory feedback mechanism.
Assessing the Effects of Urbanism and Regionalism on Gender‐Role Attitudes, 1974–1998*

In this article, we analyze the effects of urbanism and Southern regionalism on traditional gender-role attitudes. Our main dependent variable is an index of gender traditionalism constructed from four items asked across several years from 1974 to 1998 by the General Social Survey. As in previous research and consistent with the classical theoretical propositions of Wirth and Stouffer, we find that people living in more urban areas are more likely to hold more contemporary gender-role attitudes compared to those living in less urban areas, and that those living in the South tend to maintain more traditional attitudes than their non-Southern counterparts. The propositions of Wirth also predict a convergence in attitudes over time, creating similar attitudes across residential locations. Our findings support this assertion.
Concentrating Dilute Sludge Wastes with High-Gradient Magnetic Separation: Breakthrough Experiments and Performance

High-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) was successfully investigated for the concentration of dilute sludge wastes using a 0.3-T bench-scale system. Breakthrough curves for four different sludges containing a blend of paramagnetic metal hydroxides and oxides were measured at different feed velocities (0.0367-0.2754 cm/s) and suspended insoluble solids feed concentrations (2.5-10.5 g/L). With the aid of a dynamic model fitted to each of the breakthrough curves, the best bed utilizations of the HGMS unit and the highest enrichments of the feed were, respectively, on the order of 77% and 14 for the runs with lower feed velocities and concentrations. These results also corresponded to the HGMS unit producing on the order of 20 bed volumes of effluent free of suspended insoluble solids prior to breakthrough. Overall, the performance of the HGMS unit for this type of process was considered to be quite good, given the broad range of particle sizes, magnetic susceptibilities, and molecular species in each sludge waste. These results suggest that HGMS can be used as an effective and alternative treatment method for the concentration of a variety of dilute waste streams containing suspended solids of a diverse nature.
Spectra and structure of silicon containing compounds. XLII. Conformational stability, ab initio calculations, r0 structural parameters, and vibrational assignments for ethylmethylsilane and ethylmethylsilane-Si-d2

Abstract The infrared (3100–40 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid and Raman (3200–20 cm −1 ) spectra of liquid with qualitative depolarization values of ethylmethylsilane, CH 3 CH 2 SiH 2 CH 3 and the Si-d 2 isotopomer have been recorded. Both the trans and gauche conformers have been identified in the fluid phases with the trans conformer the only rotamer remaining in the solid. Variable temperature (−105 to −150 °C) studies of the infrared spectra of the samples dissolved in liquid krypton have been recorded and the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 20±5 cm −1 (0.24±0.06 kJ/mol) with the trans conformer the more stable form. At ambient temperature it is estimated that there is 64±2% of the gauche conformer present. Relatively complete vibrational assignments are proposed for both conformers of both isotopomers based on the relative infrared and Raman spectral intensities, infrared band contours, and depolarization ratios which are supported by normal coordinate calculations. The geometrical parameters, harmonic force constants, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization ratios, and energies have been obtained for the trans and gauche conformers from ab initio MP2/631G(d) calculations. Structural parameters and energies have also been obtained utilizing some larger basis sets up to 6-311+G(2df,2pd). The MP2 calculations with even the largest basis set predict the gauche conformer the more stable form by 11 cm −1 whereas all of the B3LYP calculations predict the trans conformer the more stable form by 55 cm −1 or more. From the isolated SiH frequency from the CH 3 CH 2 SiHDCH 3 isotopomer the r 0 SiH distances were determined to be 1.489 and 1.490 A for the trans and gauche conformers, respectively. By utilizing the previously reported microwave rotational constants for two isotopomers of the trans conformer along with ab initio predicted structural values, r 0 parameters have been obtained for ethylmethylsilane. These ‘adjusted r 0 ’ parameters have been compared to those previously estimated from the limited microwave data as well as the recently reported electron diffraction values. The results from these vibrational and theoretical studies are discussed and compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.
Minicolumnar Organization within Somatosensory Cortical Segregates: I. Development of Afferent Connections

This series of two articles develops a hypothesis on the modular organization of somatosensory cortex. The hypothesis is built around two functional entities: the segregate, a discrete somatosensory cortical macrocolumn approximately 0.5 mm in diameter, and the minicolumn, a smaller column approximately 0.05 mm in diameter, 40-80 of which make up a segregate. The hypothesis proposes that during perinatal development, minicolumns, acting via their short-range inhibitory and longer-range excitatory lateral connections, play an important role in the selection of thalamic connections to neighboring minicolumns. More specifically, the thalamic connections to each minicolumn are shaped by the interaction of that minicolumn primarily with those neighbors that belong to the same segregate. The outcome of this within-segregate self-organizational process is that (1) the minicolumns in a segregate acquire a complex but orderly pattern of afferent connections; (2) this connectional pattern, along with lateral inhibition, gives the minicolumns diverse receptive fields, arranged in a shuffled but orderly manner; and, most importantly, (3) the minicolumns and the segregate as a whole acquire a variety of stimulus feature-extracting properties. A computer-based model of a segregate is developed to show that under conditions found in the developing cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical connections within a segregate readily form complex patterns as proposed by the hypothesis. Furthermore, the connectional patterns developed by the model segregate, its receptive field organization, and its feature-extracting properties (the latter are described in the following article) reproduce many experimentally observed features of real cortical networks.
Investigations into reconstruction techniques for the National Ignition Facility Neutron Imaging System

Neutron imaging is currently being developed as a primary diagnostic for inertial fusion studies at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It is an attractive diagnostic for measuring asymmetries in the burn region and will be able to operate at neutron fluences found during ignition scale implosions. The most straightforward technique for imaging of the spatial distribution of deuterium-tritium (DT) fusion neutrons utilizes a simple pinhole aperture, which blocks all neutrons outside of the solid angle defined by the pinhole and results in a blurred image at the detector. We are currently investigating source image reconstruction techniques from detector images. Source reconstructions from Monte Carlo neutron transport (MCNP) calculations are shown to emulate hydrodynamic simulations with imposed Legendre asymmetries to high accuracy.
The effect of chlorpromazine, promethazine, and diphenhydramine on swelling of isolated liver mitochondria

Abstract Diphenhydramine, chlorpromazine, and promethazine do not inhibit the initial adjustment of isolated liver mitochondria to hypotonie medium. Chlorpromazine and promethazine in optimum concentrations do inhibit glutathione- or ascorbate-induced swelling-lysis, late isotonic swelling, and a late or second phase of hypotonie swelling. In isotonic medium they do not inhibit electron transport-dependent swelling except in very much greater concentrations, and then only partially. Diphenhydramine does not inhibit glutathione- or ascorbate-induced swelling-lysis, late isotonic swelling, or electron transport-dependent swelling in isotonic medium. In most cases it does inhibit late swelling of mitochondria in hypotonie media. Late swelling of fresh mitochondria in very hypotonie medium may have some relation to electron transport, since it is inhibited by 2, 4-dinitrophenol and most electron transport inhibitors, but late swelling under other circumstances is not. The late swelling of fresh mitochondria in very hypotonic medium, like the late swelling in isotonic medium and most other circumstances, is inhibited by the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole, so that lipid peroxidation may be responsible for the changes. With DPHA there is clear indication of a membrane-stabilizing effect independent of electron transport inhibition, uncoupling, or antioxidant activity. With the phenothiazines, the powerful antioxidant action makes it more difficult to determine whether the stabilizing action is direct like that of DPHA or is the result of preventing peroxidation, but they do inhibit swelling in some circumstances when BHA is inactive. The aging of isolated mitochondria results in some membrane change which greatly slows their initial adjustment to hypotonic medium.
ENDOTHELIAL CELL ACTIVATION AND HIGH INTERLEUKIN-1 SECRETION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE KAWASAKI DISEASE

To investigate the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease, the effects of intravenous gammaglobulin treatment on circulating cytotoxic antibodies against endothelial cells, in-situ endothelial cell activation, and cytokine production and action were examined. Gammaglobulin treatment did not reduce cytotoxic antibody activity against endothelial cells in six patients tested. Expression of endothelial cell activation antigens (endothelial-leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 [ELAM-1] and intercellular adhesion molecule-1) was detected by means of immunoperoxidase staining in skin biopsy samples from five patients before treatment. Samples were obtained immediately after treatment from six patients; there was no endothelial cell activation in four and the two with persistent activation had persistent fever and mucocutaneous symptoms. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ten of sixteen acute Kawasaki disease patients spontaneously secreted high levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1). IL-1 secretion remained high in four gammaglobulin-treated patients in whom coronary artery abnormalities developed but fell to normal in six treated patients who had no coronary artery abnormalities. In cell culture, gamma globulin did not inhibit endothelial cell expression of ELAM-1 in response to IL-1 or tumour necrosis factor. The association between improvement of clinical symptoms and the reduction of cytokine secretion and reversal of endothelial cell activation supports a role for immune-mediated injury to cytokine-induced endothelial cell antigens in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
School‐based health promotion: An introduction to the practitioner's edition

In this age of increasing professional accountability, it is important that school practitioners engage in evidence-based practices. In support of this goal, the intent of this special issue is to disseminate practical, user-friendly, evidenced-based information related to school-based health issues. This article introduces the Psychology in the Schools “Practitioner's Edition” on school-based health promotion. A conceptual framework for the issue, encompassing universal prevention strategies and tertiary intervention strategies, is described. First, school practitioners have unique opportunities to promote healthy behavior for all children and to engage in universal prevention of common health conditions. Second, practitioners should recognize the special needs of children with specific diagnosed medical conditions and employ individualized intervention strategies for these children. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.