cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaboration Both Hurts and Helps Memory A Cognitive Perspective

Humans spend a majority of their lives in a social context. So historically, several disciplines have pursued a study of the social aspects of memory. Yet, research on memory in cognitive psychology has, for more than a century, concentrated mainly on individuals working in isolation. A recent shift in this orientation has led to a rapid growth in cognitive research revealing both counterintuitive and complex effects of collaboration on learning and remembering. For example, despite subjective reports to the contrary, collaboration impairs a group's recall performance compared to its potential. Yet, individual group members also show improvements in recall after collaboration. This article highlights the role of cognitive mechanisms in producing these and other benefits and costs of collaboration and in shaping both individual and collective memories.
On the Development of an Intelligent Computer Player for CLUE: a Case Study on Preposterior Decision Analysis

The detective boardgame of CLUEreg can be viewed as an example of preposterior decision problem, where decisions on how to navigate the board are based on the expected utility of the observations, and the observations are aimed at improving an inference process. The same principles arise in modern surveillance systems, such as demining sensor networks, where the sensor platforms (e.g., autonomous ground or vehicles) move about the environment in order to collect measurements or evidence from unknown targets and improve inference of unknown features. The boardgame of CLUEreg serves as a well-known and intuitive example problem, that displays the same couplings between motion planning and inference, as modern surveillance systems. In this paper, a Bayesian network (BN) approach is used to develop an automated computer player for CLUEreg, that is tested through an interactive simulation of the game. The results show that the intelligent player plans its motions according to the evidence that needs to be collected, and is capable of winning the game of CLUEreg against experienced human players
Self as Other: Amar Singh's Diary as Reflexive ‘Native’ Ethnography*

Amar Singh at twenty began writing on a daily basis. His diary extends over 44 years, from 1898 to 1942. Its last entry is dated 1 November 1942. He died that night. These days, the 89 quarto-size bound volumes averaging 800 manuscript pages can be found at Kanota Fort, ten miles east of Jaipur off the Agra road, where Mohan Singh, his nephew and heir, keeps them in glass-fronted Victorian cabinets in one of the several rooms Amar Singh called his library. In the essay that follows1 I try to show why and how Amar Singh, a diarist writing reflexively about himself, constructed a ‘self as other’ethnography of turn-of-the-century princely and British India. Through the medium of his diary he becomes a participant, an observer, an informant, a narrator, and an author. I set the stage for Amar Singhŉs self-as-other ethnography by examining the separation and alienation in anthropological discourse of self and other. Common to ethnography since Malinowskiŉs invented participant-observer field work, the separation was questioned, then challenged by postcolonial Indian and by postmodern Western anthropologists. I then show how Amar Singh, a self-conscious and critical ‘native’ self, constitutes the other in constituting himself. It is a story about how a native came to represent, speak for, and know himself.
Origin of Laminae in Holocene-Pleistocene Evaporitic Sequence of Salt-Flat Playas, West Texas and New Mexico: ABSTRACT

Salt-flat playas of West Texas-New Mexico are represented by a series of north-south aligned Holocene-Pleistocene dried salt lakes. Shallow (up to 100 cm) cores on the alkali flats of these lakes reveal a well-defined sequence of alternating dark and light laminae in the evaporitic sediments. These laminites bear a close resemblance to the laminated calcite-, dolomite-, and anhydrite-bearing sequences of the Middle Devonian Winnipegosis Formation of western Canada, Permian Castile Formation of west Texas and New Mexico, and recent sediments from hypersaline pools of the Gulf of Aqaba and other locations. XRD studies, augmented by petrographic evidence, show that laminites from the salt-flat playas are comprised of layers of differing mineral composition. The darker layers are dominated by gypsum (average 36.89%), halite (average 27.71%), calcite (average 17.74%), and dolomite (average 15.81%), whereas lighter layers are impoverished in calcite and dolomite and consist mainly of gypsum (average 72.86%) and halite (average 27.14%). Beside the mineralogic variations, the laminae also differ significantly in the abundance of total organic matter (TOM) content, with darker laminae being invariably richer (average 51% TOM in contrast to average 21% in lighter laminae). Micritic sediments that are relatively less altered by later recrystallization have retained a higher concentration of organic matter. In the gypsiferous sediments, which seem to owe their origin to a micritic mass, the organic matter is widely dispersed. In addition to the interspersed organic m tter in evaporitic laminae, laminae comprised exclusively of algal mats also are common in these sequences. Liquids chromatographic studies reveal that these algal mats are remarkably similar in their hydrocarbon content to that of the algal mats that are now growing sporadically on the moist playa surfaces. These observations suggest that the laminite sequence of the salt-flat playa sediments have originated in a restricted shallow basin characterized by alternating periods of desiccation (precipitation of gypsum and halite) and freshening (algal growth and deposition of micritic sediments). End_of_Article - Last_Page 268------------
Knowledge Base and Perception Registered Dietitian’s Hold on the Genetic Modification of Foods

Objective: The objective of this research is to determine the knowledge and perceptions of registered dietitians nationwide on the topic of genetically modified organisms (GMO). Theory, Prior Research, Rationale: Consumers perceive dietetic professionals as a trusted source of information about agricultural and food biotechnology, therefore, dietitians should indicate competence in knowledge, but little is known on the dietitians knowledge level of GMO. Study Design, Setting, Participants, and Intervention: A survey was electronically distributed to 7 states covering all U.S. regions via the dietetic practice group list-serves. The survey contained knowledge and perception questions on the topic of genetically modified organisms. There were 284 Registered Dietitian respondents evenly distributed geographically. Outcome, Measures and Analysis: Univariate ANOVA was calculated to determine differences in perception based on the dietitian’s knowledge (high knowledge vs. low knowledge). Results: Dietitians lack knowledge in the area of geneticallymodified organisms, with only 22% of participants receiving a score of 70% or higher on the knowledge portion of the survey. Furthermore, the more knowledgeable a dietitian was on GMO, the more likely they were to oppose GMO usage (p<0.001). Conclusions and Implications: There is a lack of overall knowledge of GMO held by Registered Dietitians and even more interesting is the increasing opposition when knowledge of GMO is higher. It is essential for the dietetic professionals to be equippedwith the latest evidence-based research, in order to best educate and safeguard clients, consumers, and the overall well being of the public. Funding: None.
A New Method of Measuring Diet Abrasion and Its Effect on the Development of the Forestomach

Abstract Twelve newborn Holstein bull calves were used to evaluate the effects of dietary abrasiveness, determined by a new method, on ruminal development. Calves were blocked by age and body weight and were assigned to one of three different diets. Each diet had the same ingredients but different particle sizes, which resulted in different abrasive values. No differences were detected in molar percentages of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid or in plasma concentrations of urea, glucose, or β -hydroxybutyrate. The pH of ruminal fluid was lower for calves fed the fine and intermediate diets than for those fed the coarse diet. Digesta-free weights of the stomach and stomach compartments were similar among calves fed the three diets, except that omasum weights were heavier for calves fed the fine diet. Length of the ruminal papillae increased as the abrasive value of the diet decreased. Measurements of ruminal tissue layers from the ventral floor of the cranial sac were not different among diets, but the keratin portion represented more of the epithelial layer for calves fed the diet with the lowest abrasive value, thus decreasing the percentage of metabolically active tissue for those calves.
Classifying Foreground Pixels in Document Images

We present a system that classifies pixels in a document image according to marking type such as machine print,handwriting, and noise. A segmenter module first splits an input image into fragments, sometimes breaking connected components. Each fragment is then classified by an automatically trained multi-stage classifier that is fast and considers features of the fragment, as well as its neighborhood.Features relevant for discrimination are picked out automatically from among hundreds of measurements. Our system is trainable from example images in which each foreground pixel has a “ground-truth” label. The main distinction of our system is the level of accuracy achieved in classifying fragments at sub-connected component level, rather than larger aggregate groups such as words or text-lines.We have trained this system to detect handwriting, machine print text, machine print graphics, and noise.
Research Note: Preparation of Purified Lutein and Its Diesters from Extracts of Marigold (Tagetes erecta)

Abstract The unavailability of low-priced lutein, the major carotenoid in typical poultry diets and tissues, in purity good enough for analytical standards has hindered research on carotenoids and the production of efficiently pigmented chickens by the poultry industry. Simple extraction and crystallization procedures were developed that gave lutein of 96.0 to 99.2% purity in 57 to 68% yield depending on the batch of commercially available saponified extracts of marigold (Tagetes erecta) petals, which were the source of impure lutein. Reaction of the purified (99.2%) lutein with fatty acyl chlorides gave the diesters of lutein in >99% purity and yield as judged by HPLC. The purity of the products was equal or superior to commercial standards, which are very expensive and not always available.
Effectively Combining Software Verification Strategies: Understanding Different Assumptions

In this paper we describe an experiment in which inconsistent results between two tools for testing formal models (and a third used to determine which of the two was correct) led us to a more careful look at the way each tool was being used and a clearer understanding of the output of the tools. For the experiment, we created error-seeded versions of an SCR specification representing a real-world personnel access control system. They were checked using the model checker SPIN and Lurch, our random testing tool for finite-state models. In one case a property violation was detected by Lurch, an incomplete tool, but missed by SPIN, a model checking tool designed for complete verification. We used the SCR Toolset and the Salsa invariant checker to determine that the violation detected by Lurch was indeed present in the specification. We then looked more carefully at how we were using SPIN in conjunction with the SCR Toolset and, eventually, made adjustments so that SPIN also detected the property violation initially detected only by Lurch. Once it was clear the tools were being used correctly and would give consistent results, we did an experiment to determine how they could be combined to optimize completeness and efficiency. We found that combining tools made it possible to verify the specifications faster and with much less memory in most cases.
Familial arteriovenous malformations in siblings.

BACKGROUND Familial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain are rare. We present two sisters with the same parents who harbored AVMs that were successfully treated. METHODS The elder sister presented with a unilateral migrainous type of headache overlying the right parietal area. The younger one suffered from exercise-induced headaches. Both were neurologically intact. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain and cerebral angiography delineated the lesions. Both sisters underwent endovascular embolization followed by surgical resection. RESULTS Postoperatively, aside from a left inferior quadrantanopsia in the elder sister, both were neurologically intact. CONCLUSIONS We report the rare occurrence of familial AVMs in two siblings and review the literature of 14 reports. No genetic predisposition was found.
The orbital browser: composing ubicomp services using only rotation and selection

Most ubiquitous computing environments are designed as collections of highly distributed and heterogeneous services. In this paper we describe a user interface, the Orbital Browser, which reduces the complexity of ubicomp service composition to two simple end-user operations: rotation and selection. We discuss the design requirements imposed by service composition and how we addressed them with our system.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va from the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (coleoptera: bostrichidae)

A cDNA encoding subunit Va of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) was cloned and characterized from a lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) cDNA library. The complete cDNA consists of 693-bp and contains an open reading frame of 450-bp that encodes 150 amino acid residues. The sequence includes a 28-bp putative N-terminal and a 122-bp putative mature protein. The estimated molecular weight and pI for the predicted mature protein are 13,962 and 4.60, respectively. The cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence of the mature protein shows 73% identity to that of a corresponding subunit of African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) and 59% identity to that of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). In addition, 31% of all amino acid residues are conserved among six different animal species. Evolutionary distance analysis suggests that cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va from R. dominica is most similar to the corresponding subunit from the malaria mosquito. Northern analysis revealed a single 4.9-kb transcript that is much larger than that found in mammalian species. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 54:47–54, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
United States Food and Drug Administration and Department of Defense Shelf-Life Extension Program of Pharmaceutical Products: Progress and Promise

The Department of Defense (DoD)-United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) shelf-life extension program (SLEP) was established in 1986 through an intra-agency agreement between the DoD and the FDA to extend the shelf life of product nearing expiry. During the early stages of development, special attention was paid to program operation, labeling requirements, and the cost benefits associated with this program. In addition to the substantial cost benefits, the program also provides the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research with significant scientific understanding and pharmaceutical resource. As a result of this unique resource, numerous regulatory research opportunities to improve public health present themselves from this distinctive scientific database, which includes examples of products shelf life, their long-term stability issues, and various physical and chemical tests to identify such failures. The database also serves as a scientific resource for mechanistic understanding and identification of test failures leading to the development of new formulations or more robust packaging. It has been recognized that SLEP is very important in maintaining both national security and public welfare by confirming that the stockpiled pharmaceutical products meet quality standards after the "expiration date" assigned by the sponsor. SLEP research is an example of regulatory science that is needed to best ensure product performance past the original shelf life. The objective of this article is to provide a brief history and background and most importantly the public health benefits of the SLEP.
Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion.

This study tested Bowlby and Ainsworth’s hypothesis that a hierarchy of caregivers exists whereby infants prefer one caregiver over another when distressed. We examined parent gender (mother vs. father), primary caregiver status (defined as the parent who spent most time with the infant and performed most of the caregiving tasks), and role of toddlers’ history of attachment security with each parent, as predictors of toddlers’ preference for a particular caregiver when the toddlers are distressed and when they are content. Infants’ attachment security with each parent was assessed at 12–15 months. At 24 months, mother–child and father–child interactions were observed in triadic (mother, father, toddler) home interactions. When distressed, regardless of the security of their attachment to each parent, toddlers more often interacted with the primary caregiver. When content, toddlers did not show this preference. As expected, toddlers’ recovery from distress was predicted by their security of attachment with the parent whom they approached when distressed.
Precipitation retrieval from AMSR

This paper presents a precipitation retrieval algorithm for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on the ADEOS-II satellite. This algorithm was developed based on results of radiative transfer model simulations. It uses a combination of microwave emission and scattering signatures, and has a correction for beam-filling. Besides a general description of the algorithm, we show some validation results in this paper.
JMaPSS: Spreading Activation Search for the Semantic Web

The semantic Web augments search by providing meta-information to structure knowledge. Challenges associated with search technology, such as accessing a large knowledge base with limited processing capability, may be addressed by AI techniques that provide greater flexibility albeit with less precision. In this paper we present JMaPSS, which applies a parallel search algorithm known as marker-passing to improve search relevancy results. We describe an instantiation of JMaPSS implemented specifically for semantic Web search. Our investigations suggest that such techniques, using an expanded notion of recall emphasizing relevance, deserve additional exploration.
Computer-Assisted Delivery of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Addiction: A Randomized Trial of CBT4CBT

Objectives: This study evaluated the efficacy of a computer-based version of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for substance dependence. Method: This was a randomized clinical trial in which 77 individuals seeking treatment for substance dependence at an outpatient community setting were randomly assigned to standard treatment or standard treatment with biweekly access to computer-based training in CBT (CBT4CBT) skills. Results: Treatment retention and data availability were comparable across the treatment conditions. Participants assigned to the CBT4CBT condition submitted significantly more urine specimens that were negative for any type of drugs and tended to have longer continuous periods of abstinence during treatment. The CBT4CBT program was positively evaluated by participants. In the CBT4CBT condition, outcome was more strongly associated with treatment engagement than in treatment as usual; furthermore, completion of homework assignments in CBT4CBT was significantly correlated with outcome and a...
Reversible and irreversible binding of fibrinogen to platelets.

(1997). Reversible and irreversible binding of fibrinogen to platelets. Platelets: Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 311-318.
Exploratory spatial behaviour in real and virtual environments

Does real time navigation in a virtual urban environment of the same form as the real one reveal similar choices by first-time visitors? Movement in a path system introduces environmental information that may not be available in a virtual presentation; for example, feedback from one's own movement, the movement of others and other sensory stimuli. In this study, 43 visitors explored freely an enclosed path system in a real environment with which they were not familiar, comparing choices and providing motivations for their decisions. Another group of 25 participants explored a virtual reality (VR) presentation, also motivating their decisions. Both groups attempted to reconstruct their itineraries at conclusion. The path choices for the real and VR presentations were not statistically different, though clear preferences were expressed in the majority of the choice sets. Visitors to the real environment were able to remember about three times as much of their itinerary as the VR visitors. Information closely associated with the choice point itself dominates decision-making in both real and VR environments for first-time visitors, with a lesser role for cognitive mapping processes.
Global/Local Modeling of Ballistic Impact onto Woven Fabrics

This study focuses on developing a global/local three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of a Kevlar KM2® plain woven fabric applicable for examining ballistic impact from a spherical projectile. The impact event is modeled in LS-DYNA® including friction between the individual yarns as well as the projectile and fabric. When compared with the predictive capabilities of a 3D finite element model that includes the detailed undulating representation of the fabric architecture over the entire solution domain, the savings in computational effort afforded by the global/local model become especially attractive. The agreement with fully detailed 3D finite element simulations and ballistic experiments is also demonstrated.
Teenage Drivers Portable Electronic Device Use While Driving

Young drivers’ crash risk increases when they engage in certain secondary tasks while driving. Using a sample of participants from the NEXT Generation Health Study who reported having an independent driving license and driving at least one day in the last 30 days (n = 1,243), the prevalence of portable electronic device use while driving was estimated. Two measures of prevalence were calculated: (1) engaging in the behavior at least once in the last 30 days; (2) percentage of days engaged in the behavior, relative to the number of days driven in the last 30 days. A total of 82.84% reported engaging in electronic device use while driving at least once in the last 30 days. Specifically, 71.13% made or answered a phone call, 64.84% read or sent a text message, 20.29% read or sent an email, 29.11% checked a website, 71.64% changed music, 12.80% used a tablet or computer, and 52.64% looked at directions or a map. Young drivers reported using electronic devices while driving on 19.06% of the days they drove. Males were more likely to use tablet or computer while driving, teens from moderate and high affluence households were more likely to check websites, and rural participants were less likely to look at directions or a map than urban participants. The number of days participants reported driving in the last 30 days, but not self-reported miles driven, was associated with a higher likelihood of using an electronic device while driving.
In Situ Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy v Ureteroscopy The Case for Ureteroscopy

The issue at hand is the appropriate use of ureteroscopy for the treatment of ureteral calculi and the advantages to the patient of this modality, when compared to in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL†) The discussion will be divided into two segments: upper ureteral calculi (defined as those above the level of the pelvic bones and below the level of the ureteropelvic junction); and lower ureteral calculi (which include calculi from the iliac crest to the ureterovesical junction). The primary considerations in the management of the patient with a ureteral calculus are: the successful removal of the calculus, the number of procedures required to accomplish removal, the efficiency of removal or the time required to achieve a stone-free state, the availability of the treatment, and (of increasing importance) the cost of treatment.
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Type α (Crystalline)

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the optical properties of type α, crystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2). In the infrared spectral region, this information is provided in detail. In the vacuum ultraviolet, however, little amount of data is available to obtain a self-consistent set of optical constants refractive index n and extinction coefficient k for SiO2. These parameters are generally obtained by Kramers-Kronig (KK) analysis of reflectance data, which is difficult to measure with high accuracy. In addition, the analysis in the case of SiO2 requires extrapolation of the reflectance into spectral regions in which no data exist. This introduces a considerable uncertainty in the derived n and k values. It is noted that in the region of low absorption between the infrared and vacuum ultraviolet bands, the index of refraction can be evaluated from prism data, and this has been accomplished with great precision. The measured k values, however, can be strongly influenced by the presence of impurity and defect absorption.
Characteristics and management of rash following lenalidomide and rituximab in patients with untreated indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Low-grade rash may occur with lenalidomide, rituximab, or their combination (R2) in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). From our phase II study of R2 in previously untreated indolent lymphoma (n=110), 52 (47%) patients had rash, which was associated with pruritus in 22 (42%). Worst grade 1, 2, and 3 rash was found in 19%, 21%, and 7%, respectively. Grade 1/2 rash was effectively managed with observation, antihistamines and/or topical steroids, and resolved within a median of 7–9 days. Grade 3 rash was manageable through lenalidomide interruption and prednisone treatment, with successful R2 rechallenges. Practical recommendations described here for rash management enable optimal R2 treatment in patients with previously untreated indolent lymphoma.
Role of ETA receptors in experimental ANG II-induced hypertension in rats

The objectives were to determine if ANG II-induced hypertension is maintained by activation of endothelin type A (ETA) receptors by endogenous ET-1 and if this effect is influenced by salt intake. ...
Bisulfite Degrades Aflatoxin: Effect of Citric Acid and Methanol and Possible Mechanism of Degradation.

Citric acid retarded degradation of aflatoxins B1 and G1 by bisulfite. Replacement of potassium acid phthalate-NaOH with citric acid-NaOH in the mixture of buffer (50 ml, 0.035 M)-methanol (0.65 ml)-0.8 g of K2SO3, pH 5.5, at 25 C resulted in a decrease from 9.76 × 10-3h- to 2.47 × 10-3h- and from 1.19 × 10-2h- to 4.32 × 10-3h- in rate of degradation of aflatoxin B1 and G1, respectively. Methanol also retarded degradation of aflatoxin by bisulfite. Increasing the methanol concentration from 1.3 to 10.0% (v/v) in 50 ml of 0.035 M KHP-NaOH buffer, pH 5.5, plus 0.40 g of K2SO3, resulted in a decrease in rate constants from 4.26 × 10-3h- to 2.16 × 10-3h- for aflatoxin B1 and from 5.54 × 10-3h- to 2.98 × 10-3h- for aflatoxin G1, Presence of citric acid and various concentrations of methanol also reduced rates at which free bisulfite concentrations changed. From these observations, known effects of methanol and probable effects of citric acid on bisulfite oxidation, we suggest that degradation of aflatoxin by bisulfite is dependent on bisulfite oxidation. 14C-labelled aflatoxin B1 was treated with K2SO3 at pH 5.5 and allowed to react for 96 h. Most of the degradation product(s) were in the water soluble phase, indicating that a structural modification of aflatoxin occurred.
Optimal wave focusing in elastic media

Time-reversal (TR) methods provide a simple and robust solution to source imaging problems. However, for recovering a well resolved image of the source, TR requires a balanced illumination of the target from all angles. When acquisition is incomplete and a balanced illumination is not possible, the TR solution may not be adequate. In a previous paper, by formulating source imaging as an optimization problem, we presented a method named Backus-Gilbert focusing (BG) to enhance the performance of TR in acoustic media despite incomplete acquisition. Here, we generalize the theory of BackusGilbert focusing for application in elastic media.
Does insight problem solving predict real-world creativity?

Insight problems are commonly used to assess creative problem solving. Such problems are often employed by proponents of the associative view of creativity—the notion that creative ideas result from unconscious processes. Surprisingly little is known, however, about how well performance on insight problems predicts real-world creativity. In two studies, we explored the contribution of several classic insight problems in creative achievement (Study 1; n 133) and everyday creative behavior (Study 2; n 173). We also assessed the role of personality and fluid intelligence, two well-established predictors of real-world creativity, to determine their relative influence beyond the effect of insight. Both studies found no evidence for a relationship between insight problem solving and creative behavior and achievement. Openness to experience and fluid intelligence, however, showed notable effects on both behavior and achievement. The present work thus raises the question of whether insight problem solving relates to real-world creativity.
Studies on the Phreaticolous Water Mites of North America: the Family Neoacaridae

VOLSELLACARUS is erected for V. ovalis (Missouri). Four new species of Neoacarus are described and illustrated, namely, N. expansus (Missouri, Oklahoma), N. similis (Missouri, Wyoming), N. motasi (Virginia), and N. ozarkensis (Missouri). All are typically residents of sand and gravel deposits in streams, but N. similis has also been collected in surface waters.
Semi–Empirical Correlation of NOx Emissions From Combustion Turbines With Water/Steam Injection

Inert (water or steam) injection is commonly used to reduce NOx emissions in stationary gas turbine combustors, both lean premixed when oil–fired and conventional. Thus, having an accurate phenomenological model to predict these reductions could be useful in both design and implementation for low emissions. In this work, the semi–empirical characteristic time model (CTM), which has been validated for thermal NOx emissions from conventional, diffusion flame combustors, is modified to account for inert injection effects. Measured NOx data from two heavy–duty, utility combustion turbines operating on natural gas and fuel oil #2, both dry and with water or steam injection, are correlated.Inert injection is modeled as thermal, and two limiting cases are proposed which successfully bound the measured data. An empirically selected effective inert injection flame temperature was substituted for the stoichiometric flame temperature used to estimate the thermal NO formation rate in the CTM. This procedure correlated all of the measured data from both combustors for both fuels with a standard deviation of 1.02 g NO2/kg fuel. The high standard deviation results from systematic trends in the dry data for one combustor which propagate through the lower NOx values of the inert injection data. Removing these trends empirically improves the combined correlation to a standard deviation of 0.28 g/kg (approximately 3.2 ppmvd at 15% O2).Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Research on Pac-12Conference in the United States

National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCCA)is of a high level of development,among which Pac-12 is one of the best,whose management experience shall be of great practical significance for the promotion of the college physical education development in China.By using such research methods as literature review and field research,this paper analyzes the developing history,achievement and operational management of Pac-12 Conference.The results show that as a nonprofit organization,Pac-12 Conference has a series of effective market development model,which has formed a positive circle around various sporting event,from relevant production,fans and alumnus.The memberships of this organization,who value the importance of construction of sports culture in school,are not only remarkable in sport,but also excellent in academy.
The poverty of embodied cognition

In recent years, there has been rapidly growing interest in embodied cognition, a multifaceted theoretical proposition that (1) cognitive processes are influenced by the body, (2) cognition exists in the service of action, (3) cognition is situated in the environment, and (4) cognition may occur without internal representations. Many proponents view embodied cognition as the next great paradigm shift for cognitive science. In this article, we critically examine the core ideas from embodied cognition, taking a "thought exercise" approach. We first note that the basic principles from embodiment theory are either unacceptably vague (e.g., the premise that perception is influenced by the body) or they offer nothing new (e.g., cognition evolved to optimize survival, emotions affect cognition, perception-action couplings are important). We next suggest that, for the vast majority of classic findings in cognitive science, embodied cognition offers no scientifically valuable insight. In most cases, the theory has no logical connections to the phenomena, other than some trivially true ideas. Beyond classic laboratory findings, embodiment theory is also unable to adequately address the basic experiences of cognitive life.
Survey of automated software deployment for computational and engineering research

Automated, efficient software deployment is essential for today's modern cloud hosting providers. With advances in cloud technology, on demand cloud services offered by public providers are becoming increasingly powerful, anchoring the ecosystem of cloud services. Cloud infrastructure services are appealing in part because they enable customers to acquire and release infrastructure resources on demand for applications in response to load surges. This paper addresses the challenge of building an effective multi-cloud application deployment controller as a customer add-on outside of the cloud utility service itself. Such external controllers must function within the constraints of the cloud providers' APIs. In this paper, we describe the different steps necessary to deploy applications using such external controller. Then with a set of candidates for such external controllers, we use the proposed taxonomy to survey several management tools such as Chef, SaltStack, and Ansible for application automation on cloud computing services based on the defined model. We use the taxonomy and survey results not only to identify similarities and differences of the architectural approaches of cloud computing, but also to identify areas requiring further research.
Molecular characterization of nitric oxide synthase

Publisher Summary The predicted amino acid sequences for nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) contain numerous consensus binding sites for regulatory cofactors, while the genomic structure reveals complex gene promoters and alternate splicing forms. The amino acid sequence of murine macNOS is approximately 50% identical to both bNOS and eNOS. The protein kinase A phosphorylation site conserved between brain NOS (bNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) is absent. NOS catalyzes a five electron oxidation of one of the two equivalent amidine groups of L-arginine to form NO and L-citrulline. The odd electron stoichiometry of the reaction is highly unusual and allows for the generation of the free radical, NO. NOS enzymes can be discriminated by their dependence on calcium. In the brain, calcium influx through glutamate receptor channels or voltage-activated calcium channels stimulates calmodulin, thereby activating NOS. This mode of activation explains the ability of glutamate or neuronal depolarization to stimulate NO formation in a matter of seconds. NOS is also transiently expressed in embryonic sensory neurons, including cells of the dorsal root, trigeminal, nodose, and jugular ganglia.
Dopants in Lanthanum Manganite: Insights from First-Principles Chemical Space Exploration

The dopant chemical space in LaMnO3 (LMO) is systematically explored using first-principles computations. We study a range of cationic dopants including alkali, alkaline earth metals, 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal elements without and with an adjacent O vacancy. A linear programming approach is employed to access the energetically favorable decomposition pathway and the corresponding decomposition energy of doped LaMnO3. The decomposition energy is then used to classify the dopants for stability, site preference and tendency of O vacancy formation. We find that La site doping is more favored compared to Mn site doping. We also identify dopants previously not considered, such as K, Rb, Cs, and In, which lead to stable doped LMO and are also excellent O vacancy formers. Employing data mining techniques, we identify the dopant features that are critical to the stability of a doped oxide.
Serum Transaminase in Duchenne Dystrophy

Researchers at Children’s Hospital Boston, MA, have shown a linear relationship between serum CPK and serum ALT and AST and a logarithmic relationship between serum enzyme levels and age for boys with Duchenne (n=46) or Becker (n=9) muscular dystrophy (DMD or BMD).
Spastin, atlastin, and ER relocalization are involved in axon but not dendrite regeneration

A Drosophila model system is used to show that the hereditary spastic paraplegia proteins spastin and atlastin help axons but not dendrites regenerate. The endoplasmic reticulum concentrates at tip...
The Impact of International Students on US Graduate Education

This paper examines whether international students affect domestic enrollment in graduate education, focusing on a unique boom and bust in international enrollment at US universities from 1995-2005. Increases in international students expand domestic enrollment. These expansions arise from cross-subsidization ― foreign tuition creates Research and Teaching positions (RA/TA) for domestic students. Decreases in international students during the bust have no effect, as universities decrease RA/TA positions held by international students to equalize the loss in tuition revenue. Effects are identified using instruments that interact universities’ historical foreign presence with supply shocks ― population growth in sending countries for the boom, and post- 9/11 declines in visa issuance during the bust.
The CCN Genes as the “Master” Regulators of Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, Fibrogenesis and Cell Differentiation/Fate Specification in Mechanical Force-Driven Developmental Processes and Pathological Events

Mechanical forces, whether internally generated or externally imposed, are an important determinant of tissue structure and function in physiological and pathological states and for engineering functional tissue constructs in vitro. Similarly, embryonic and fetal development of a variety of tissues is, at least in part, orchestrated by mechanical cues although such influence is seldom acknowledged because it is difficult to elaborate experimentally in vivo. How cells respond/adapt to variations in mechanical forces is critical in homeostasis and many diseases. Mechanical stimuli are sensed by mechanosensors at both the cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interface and cell-cytoskeletal interface leading to the activation of signaling cascades that culminate into actin cytoskeletal remodeling and epigenetic modifications of chromatin. The ultimate targets are nuclear transcriptional elements that regulate the expression of numerous fetal genes including a subset of inducible ECM-associated proteins referred to as Cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61 or CCN1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF or CCN2). CCN1 and CCN2 are structurally-related and functionally multifaceted multimodular proteins that appear in the extracellular environment particularly during development, pathological states and tissue repair and regeneration. CCN1 and CCN2 promote integrin-mediated adhesion, migration and/or chemotaxis and regulate the mitogenic and proapoptotic activities of cytokines and growth factors vis-a-vis the “mechanocytes” e.g., fibroblasts and endothelial, muscle and epithelial cells. Their apparently disparate activities, some mutually exclusive, are cell type-, cell signal- and cell context-dependent and re-enact developmental events such as angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, differentiation and fibrogenesis. This chapter discusses what has been learned lately about the role of mechanical forces in development and diseases of distensible organ systems and the role of CCN1 and CCN2 in the adaptive capabilities and maladaptive responses of tissues to mechanical overload.
Nonclassic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Young Infants: Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-Linked Syndrome, and Other Disorders

This article discusses non-classical forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly occurs in infants and very young children. Defects in every aspect of the immune system, such as neutrophils, T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes, and macrophages are associated with IBD in infants. Also, non lympho-hematopoietic defects with primary defects in enterocytes can also lead to IBD-like manifestations. Clinical vignettes are presented and the genetic origins and possible management strategies are outlined. Early evaluation of these patients is important because identification of underlying immune defects would facilitate the use of better-targeted therapy for the specific genetic defect.
Measurement of hot-cavity detuning in microcomb generation using fiber comb spectroscopy

A novel method of measuring the hot-cavity detuning with a high precision is proposed. Characterization of a mode-locked comb related to dark cavity pulse formation in the effective blue detuning region is demonstrated.
Crosstalk evaluation between ultra high speed multi-layer compatible PCB dielectric waveguides and reduction using split ring resonators

In this paper, the crosstalk between closely spaced ultra-high speed dielectric waveguides is evaluated. The waveguides are operated at frequencies up to 100GHz, while being integrable in commercially available multi-layered printed circuit boards. The cores of the dielectric waveguides have Megtron6-like material properties while the cladding uses Teflon-like material properties. The crosstalk between the waveguides is evaluated for a variety of waveguide dimensions and spacings between waveguides. A novel technique using split ring resonators to reduce crosstalk between waveguides is introduced. The resonators are placed between the waveguides in order to absorb wave leakage which causes crosstalk, resulting in crosstalk reduction.
Reuse of abandoned oil and gas wells for geothermal energy production

This paper presents an investigation into the suitability of abandoned wells in California for Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) and low temperature deep Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE) applications. The study identifies three counties characterized by high numbers of abandoned wells, medium to high crustal heat flows (75–100 mW/m2), and suitable sedimentary geology: Santa Clara, Monterey, and Santa Barbara. Thermal gradients range between 4 and 7.3 °C/100 m and enable access to the bottom hole temperatures between 40 and 73 °C for an average 1000 m deep well. These rock temperatures are sufficient for low-temperature direct use EGS such as district heating, greenhouse heating, and aquaculture. Economically, the mitigation of drilling costs and the documented lithology both reduce the risk associated with EGS. However, hydraulic fracturing of loosely to moderately consolidated sedimentary rock in transitional stress regimes remains one limitation to the EGS conversion of these abandoned wells. Alternatively, the feasibility of deep BHE applications within abandoned oil and gas wells is demonstrated here with a mathematical model. Predictions show that outlet fluid temperatures >40 °C can be achieved for 1000 m deep wells in regions with temperature gradients >7 °C/100 m.
Second Order BSDEs

The second order BSDE, or say BSDE under nonlinear expectation, can be viewed as a Sobolev type of solutions to path dependent HJB equations. Unlike the pathwise approach for the viscosity theory in the previous chapter, in this chapter the main tool is the quasi-sure stochastic analysis. An application in an uncertain volatility model is also presented.
Trunk Perimeter Applications of Beauveria bassiana to Suppress Adult Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), is a key pest of pecans. Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, can infect this pest. Our objectives were to determine the...
A molecular dynamics-based analysis of the influence of strain-rate and temperature on the mechanical strength of PPTA crystallites

Abstract Molecular dynamic simulations are used to quantify how the mechanical behavior of PPTA crystallites, the fundamental building blocks of aramid fibers such as Kevlar ® , depend on strain-rate, temperature, and crystallite size. The (axial) crystallite elastic modulus is found to be independent of strain-rate and decreases with increasing temperature. The crystallite failure strain increases with increasing strain rate and decreases with increasing temperature and crystallite size. These observations are consistent with crystallite failure being driven by stress-assisted thermal fluctuations of bonds within PPTA crystallites and the concepts of the kinetic theory of fracture. Appealing to reliability theory, a model is proposed that predicts the onset of both primary and secondary bond failure within a crystallite as of function of strain rate, temperature, and crystallite size. The model is parameterized using bond failure data from constant strain-rate molecular dynamic strain-to-failure simulations and is used to compute the activation volume, activation energy, and frequency for both primary and secondary bond ruptures.
Scheuermann’s Kyphosis

Scheuermann’s kyphosis is a juvenile disease of the spine, likely secondary to defective growth of vertebral cartilage end plates. In addition to hyperkyphosis, radiographic findings include vertebral end plate lesions, vertebral wedging, disc space narrowing, Schmorl nodes, spondylolysis, and scoliosis. While surgery is necessary in some severe cases, the mainstay of early treatment is nonoperative treatment including bracing.
His Own Synthesis: Corn, Edgar Anderson, and Evolutionary Theory in the 1940s

Tracing the contributions of Edgar Anderson (1897--1969) of the Missouri Botanical Garden to the important discussions in evolutionary biology in the 1940s, this paper argues that Anderson turned to corn research rather than play a more prominent role in what is now known as the Evolutionary Synthesis. His biosystematic studies of Iris and Tradescantia in the 1930s reflected such Synthesis concerns as the species question and population thinking. He shared the 1941 Jesup Lectures with Ernst Mayr. But rather than preparing his lectures as a potentially key text in the Synthesis, Anderson began researching Zea mays -- its taxonomy, its origin, and its agronomic role. In this study, Anderson drew on the disciplines of taxonomy, morphology, genetics, geography, anthropology, archaeology, and agronomy among others in his own creative synthesis. Though his maize research in the 1940s represented the most sustained work of his career, Anderson was also drawn in many directions during his professional life. For example, he enjoyed teaching, working with amateurs, and popular writing.