cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an infrared camera and X-ray system using implanted fiducials in patients with lung tumors for gated radiation therapy

Purpose: To report on the initial clinical use of a commercially available system to deliver gated treatment using implanted fiducials, in-room kV X-rays, and an infrared camera tracking system. Methods and Materials: ExacTrac Adaptive Gating from BrainLab is a localization system using infrared cameras and X-rays. Gating signals are the patient’s breathing pattern obtained from infrared reflectors on the patient. kV X-rays of an implanted fiducial are synchronized to the breathing pattern. After localization and shift of the patient to isocenter, the breathing pattern is used to gate the radiation. Feasibility tests included localization accuracy, radiation output constancy, and dose distributions with gating. Clinical experience is reported on treatment of patients with small lung lesions. Results: Localization accuracy of a moving target with gating was 1.7 mm. Dose constancy measurements showed insignificant change in output with gating. Improvements of dose distributions on moving targets improved with gating. Eleven patients with lung lesions were implanted with 20 mm × 0.7 mm gold coil (Visicoil). The implanted fiducial was used to localize and treat the patients with gating. Treatment planning and repeat computed tomographic scans showed that the change in center of gross target volume (GTV) to implanted marker averaged 2.47 mm due in part to asymmetric tumor shrinkage. Conclusion: ExacTrac Adaptive Gating has been used to treat lung lesions. Initial system evaluation verified its accuracy and usability. Implanted fiducials are visible in X-rays and did not migrate.
Genetic analysis of size-scaling patterns in the mouse mandible.

ABSTRACT The relationship between multidimensional form of the adult mouse mandible and body size is examined from an ontogenetic perspective. The origin and ontogeny of phenotypic correlations are described in terms of genetic and environmental covariance patterns between adult skeletal morphology and growth in body weight. Different ontogenetic patterns are observed in the genetic correlations, and these can be related to the developmental as well as the functional aspects of mandibular form. The quantitative genetic aspects of craniomandibular growth and morphogenesis are explored, together with an examination of the impact of ontogenetic changes in the genetic variance-covariance structure on morphogenetic integration and evolution by selection.
Information Literacy: 21st Century Library Research Methods for African Studies

What is information literacy and why is it important for African studies?Today's information environment for African studies, as in other areas, is vastly different from what it was in the last century. The central problem for library researchers in African studies decades ago hinged on awareness of a relatively few specialist, published reference and other print bibliographic tools for discovering relevant materials (Frank-Wilson 2004: 106; see McIlwaine 2007a). Many more resources are available now from African and other sources, but they present a complex terrain to navigate for many reasons, both old and new (see Limb 2007). The field has become more interdisciplinary in terms of data sources and subject matter, making bibliographic searches in any single topical, geographical, or discipline-based source (or even in the most comprehensive index databases) less likely to fulfil all of one's scholarly needs. While scholarly sources of documentation are freely available online, these may be fragmentary, idiosyncratic or incomplete as citations are made available passively and without context through services such as Google Scholar.1 Students may encounter library resources online without having developed the critical evaluation skills and contextual judgement that more experienced scholars may take for granted (Hargittai et al. 2010), and which may be essential to employ during library research to identify and engage effectively with African scholarly perspectives.
Formation and Reactions of Methyl Radicals over Metal Oxide Catalysts

Current interest in the oxidative coupling of methane has focused attention on the formation and reactions of methyl radicals. Although other intermediates may contribute to the formation of minor amounts of ethylene (Hutchings, Woodhouse, and Scurrell 1989), it is generally agreed that the reaction sequence involves the coupling of CH3. radicals to form C2H6, followed by the dehydrogenation of C2H6 to form the desired product C2H4 (Nelson, Lukey, and Cant 1988; Mims et al. 1989). Within this rather simple mechanistic framework many ancillary issues remain to be reconciled, as will be evident in this and subsequent chapters of the book. Some of these issues include the site at which the initial CH3. radicals are formed, the role of surface-initiated gas-phase radical reactions, and the origin of carbon oxides (CO and CO2). The diversity of catalysts and operating conditions makes it difficult to generalize; however, we attempt to show that surface-generated gas-phase radicals are important intermediates in the catalytic process and that the fate of these radicals determines, in part, the selectivities that are obtained.
Efficient luminance and saturation processing techniques for bypassing color coordinate transformations

In many applications of color image processing, only modification of the luminance component is desired. However, the commonly used coordinate systems, such as HSI, LHS, and YIQ, are not perceptually orthogonal; that is, luminance modification can cause perceptual shifts in the hue and saturation. In this paper, the authors present a theoretical analysis of this phenomenon. Efficient techniques are developed for bypassing the costly coordinate transformations when only the luminance or only the saturation is to be modified. Experimental results using histogram equalization support the theoretical analysis.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Dendrite Growth

Proper growth and branching of dendrites are crucial for nervous system function; patterns of dendritic arborization determine the nature and amount of innervation that a neuron receives and specific dendritic membrane properties define its computational capabilities. Until recently, there was relatively little known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of dendritic growth, perhaps because dendrites were historically considered to be intrinsically determined, passive elements in the formation of connections in the nervous system. In the last few years, however, overwhelming evidence has accumulated indicating that dendritic growth is remarkably dynamic and responsive to environmental signals, including guidance molecules and levels and patterns of activity. This manuscript reviews our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of dendritic growth, the influence of activity in sculpting specific patterns of dendritic arbors, and a potential integral role for dendrites in activity-dependent development of circuits in the nervous system.
Statistical tests of selective neutrality in the age of genomics

Examining genomic data for traces of selection provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions of functional importance. Many methods for identifying such regions have focused on conserved sites. However, positive selection may also be an indication of functional importance. This article provides a brief review of some of the statistical methods used to detect selection using DNA sequence data or other molecular data. Statistical tests based on allelic distributions or levels of variability often depend on strong assumptions regarding population demographics. In contrast, tests based on comparisons of the level of variability in nonsynonymous and synonymous sites can be constructed without demographic assumptions. Such tests appear to be useful for identifying specific regions or specific sites targeted by selection.
Hepatitis C Virus Structural Proteins Assemble into Viruslike Particles in Insect Cells

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis in the world. The study of HCV has been hampered by the low level of viral particles in infected individuals, the inability to propagate efficiently the virus in cultured cells, and the lack of a convenient animal model. Due to these obstacles, neither the structure of the virus nor the prerequisites for its assembly have been clearly defined. In this report, we describe a model for the production and purification of HCV-like particles in insect cells using a recombinant baculovirus containing the cDNA of the HCV structural proteins. In insect cells, expressed HCV structural proteins assembled into enveloped viruslike particles (40 to 60 nm in diameter) in large cytoplasmic cisternae, presumably derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. Biophysical characterization of viruslike particles by CsCl and sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed biophysical properties similar to those of putative virions isolated from infected humans. The results suggested that HCV core and envelope proteins without p7 were sufficient for viral particle formation. Analysis of particle-associated nucleic acids demonstrated that HCV RNAs were selectively incorporated into the particles over non-HCV transcripts. The synthesis of HCV-like particles in insect cells may provide an important tool to determine the structural requirements for HCV particle assembly as well as to study viral genome encapsidation and virus-host interactions. The described system may also represent a potential approach toward vaccine development.
Experimental infection of dusky-footed wood rats (Neotoma fuscipes) with Ehrlichia phagocytophila sensu lato

Dusky-footed wood rats, Neotoma fuscipes,have been implicated in the natural maintenance of Ehrlichia phagocytophilasensu lato, the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), in northern California based on high seroprevalence and amplification of E. phagocytophilas.l. DNA from wood rat blood. In order to further assess granulocytic ehrlichiosis in wood rats, we examined wild-caught wood rats for infection and then performed experimental intra-peritoneal infections with E. phagocytophilas.l. in horse or wood rat blood, and tested animals for 120 days by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology. Of 15 wood rats collected from northern California, three were antibody and PCR-positive for E. phagocytophilas.l. at the time of capture. The naturally infected wood rats remained PCR-positive for a mean of 52 days (±7 SD). Experimental IP passage of E. phagocytophilas.l. in wood rat blood was successful in three of four wood rats and the mean duration of PCR-positivity was 75 days (±21.2 SD). Experimenta...
Cooperative scheduling and its application to steelmaking processes

A cooperative approach to scheduling problems is proposed, and its application to creating daily schedules for steelmaking processes is described. In cooperative scheduling, procedures, rules, and the user cooperate to make a feasible schedule efficiently. The procedures, collectively called a scheduling engine, work as a local constraint satisfier to solve general primitive constraints. Rules that represent domain-dependent knowledge then solve the domain-specific constraints by means of a pattern-matching function. The user evaluates the schedule and modifies it by means of a user-friendly interface with direct-manipulation functions. The user interaction is therefore included in the system architecture as a global constraint satisfier. The iteration of this cycle improves the schedule until it becomes feasible. Experimental results obtained with Scheplan, the scheduling environment that applies this approach to scheduling steelmaking processes, show that the daily scheduling time is much less than in manual scheduling and the quality of the schedule is much improved. >
Deciphering the crystal ball in spine care: can preoperative patient variables predict postoperative functional outcomes and risks?

COMMENTARY ON: Meredith DS, Huang RC, Nguyen J, Lyman S. Obesity increases the risk of recurrent herniated nucleus pulposus after lumbar microdiscectomy. Spine J 2010;10:575–580 ( in this issue ). Yadla S, Malone J, Campbell PG, et al. Obesity and spine surgery: reassessment based on a prospective evaluation of perioperative complications in elective degenerative thoracolumbar procedures. Spine J 2010;10:581–587 ( in this issue ).
Pricing Systematic Ambiguity in Capital Markets

Asset pricing models assume that probabilities of future outcomes are known. In reality, however, there is ambiguity with regard to these probabilities. Accounting for ambiguity in asset pricing theory results in a model with two systematic components, beta risk and beta ambiguity. The focus of this paper is to study the empirical implications of ambiguity for the cross section of equity returns. We find that systematic ambiguity is an important determinant of equity returns. We also find that the Fama-French factors contribute to the explanatory power of the two main drivers of returns; namely, systematic risk and systematic ambiguity.
Combined EST and Proteomic Analysis Identifies Rapidly Evolving Seminal Fluid Proteins in Heliconius Butterflies

Seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) directly influence a wide range of reproductive processes, including fertilization, sperm storage, egg production, and immune response. Like many other reproductive proteins, the molecular evolution of SFPs is generally characterized by rapid and frequently adaptive evolution. However, the evolutionary processes underlying this often-documented pattern have not yet been confidently determined. A robust understanding of the processes governing SFP evolution will ultimately require identifying SFPs and characterizing their evolution in many different taxa, often where only limited genomic resources are available. Here, we report the first comprehensive molecular genetic and evolutionary analysis of SFPs conducted in Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). We have identified 51 novel SFPs from two species of Heliconius butterflies (Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene) by combining "indirect" bioinformatic and expression analyses of expressed sequence tags from male accessory gland and wing tissues with "direct" proteomic analyses of spermatophores. Proteomic analyses identified fewer SFPs than the indirect criteria but gave consistent results. Of 51 SFPs, 40 were identified in both species but fewer than half could be functionally annotated via similarity searches (Blast, IPRscan, etc.). The majority of annotated Heliconius SFPs were predicted to be chymotrypsins. Comparisons of Heliconius SFPs with those from fruit fly, mosquito, honeybee, and cricket suggest that gene turnover is high among these proteins and that SFPs are rarely conserved across insect orders. Pairwise estimates of evolutionary rates between SFPs and nonreproductive proteins show that, on average, Heliconius SFPs are evolving rapidly. At least one of these SFPs is evolving adaptively (dN/dS > 1), implicating a role for positive selection in this rapid evolution. This work establishes a strong precedent for future research on the causes and consequences of reproductive protein evolution in the Lepidoptera. Butterflies and moths have an extremely rich history of organismal research, which will provide an informative ecological context for further molecular evolutionary investigations.
Nitric Oxide Stimulates Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport Through a Calcium/Contraction– and Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase–Independent Pathway

Recently published data have provided evidence that nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are signaling intermediates in the pathway through which muscle contraction stimulates glucose transport. As exercise promotes both NO production and calcium flux, we examined the relationships between NO-stimulated glucose uptake and calcium-, contraction-, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-K)-mediated glucose transport in the isolated incubated rat epitrochlearis muscle preparation. The NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10 mmol/1) and dibutyryl cGMP (100 μmol/l) accelerated epitrochlearis glucose transport four- to fivefold above basal levels ( P < 0.001) in a manner similar to in vitro contractile activity and the calcium releasing agent N -(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-l-naphthalenesulfonamide (W7; 100 μmol/1). In the case of SNP, this effect could be completely attributed to an increase in cell surface GLUT4. The effect of SNP on glucose transport was not inhibitable by either wortmannin (1.5 μmol/1) or dantrolene (12.5 μmol/1). Similarly, neither calcium nor contraction stimulation of glucose transport was affected by the NO synthase inhibitors N G-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 100 μmol/1) or 7-nitroindazole (1 mmol/1). Furthermore, whereas SNP raised epitrochlearis cGMP levels tenfold ( P < 0.001), neither in vitro contractile activity nor W7 significantly elevated cGMP. These results indicate that NO/cGMP can markedly stimulate skeletal muscle glucose transport by increasing GLUT4 levels at the cell surface by a mechanism that does not depend on activation of PI-3-K. In addition, since calcium/contraction-stimulated glucose transport is not blocked by NO synthase inhibition and did not elevate cGMP, NO/cGMP may be part of a novel pathway that is distinct from both the insulin- and contraction-activated mechanisms.
Workplace Violence: Identification and Prevention

Episodes of workplace violence have tripled in the last decade, reaching upwards of a million people per year by 2010. The phenomenon of workplace violence is nothing new, but rather, is gaining increasing attention due to increased levels of violence, the number of violent episodes, and media attention. This paper addresses actual cases of workplace violence, studies of workplace violence, and identification and prevention strategies for organizations and employees. A "one size fits all" approach is not acceptable, as workplace violence affects all types and sizes of organizations. Implementing prevention strategies prepares organizations and employees to identify the signs of workplace violence, individuals at-risk for violence, and strategies for careful management of an incident of workplace violence.
Direct photons as probes of low mass strings at the CERN LHC

The Large Hadron Collider program will include the identification of events with single prompt high-k{sub perpendicular} photons as probes of new physics. We show that this channel is uniquely suited to search for experimental evidence of TeV-scale open string theory. At the parton level, we analyze single photon production in gluon fusion, gg{yields}{gamma}g, with open string states propagating in intermediate channels. If the photon mixes with the gauge boson of the baryon number, which is a common feature of D-brane quivers, the amplitude appears already at the string disk level. It is completely determined by the mixing parameter (which is actually determined in the minimal theory)--and it is otherwise model-(compactification-) independent. We discuss the string signal cross sections as well as the QCD background. The present analysis takes into account the recently obtained decay widths of first Regge recurrences, which are necessary for more precise determination of these cross sections in the resonant region. A vital part of the background discussion concerns the minimization of misidentified {pi}{sup 0}'s emerging from high-p{sub perpendicular} jets. We show that even for relatively small mixing, 100 fb{sup -1} of Large Hadron Collider data could probe deviations from standard model physics associated with TeV-scale stringsmore » at a 5{sigma} significance, for M{sub string} as large as 2.3 TeV. It is also likely that resonant bumps could be observed with approximately the same signal-to-noise ratio.« less
Perception Laboratory: A Computer Program to Demonstrate Perceptual Phenomena

I developed an interactive computer program that allows one to demonstrate and experiment with various phenomena in visual perception using IBM-compatible computers. The program contains modules for demonstrating the color afterimage, the cafe illusion, additive color mixing and the opponent-process theory of color vision, the glowing axes illusion, the Hermann grid, the McCollough effect, the motion aftereffect, the neon illusion, and simultaneous contrast. The user has considerable control over the stimuli making up the image and can manipulate the variables that contribute to the perception of the effect. The program can be used far classroom demonstrations and student laboratory projects.
Simulation of Eye Disease in Virtual Reality

It is difficult to understand verbal descriptions of visual phenomenon if one has no such experience. Virtual reality offers a unique opportunity to "experience" diminished vision and the problems it causes in daily life. We have developed an application to simulate age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, protanopia, and diabetic retinopathy in a familiar setting. The application also includes the introduction of eye anatomy representing both normal and pathologic states. It is designed for patient education, health care practitioner training, and eye care specialist education
We Speak for the Trees: Media Reporting on the Environment

This review article surveys the role of the media in communicating environmental issues. Media representations—from news to entertainment—provide critical links between formal environmental science and politics and the realities of how people experience and interact with their environments. People abundantly turn to media—such as television, newspapers, magazines, radio, and Internet—to help make sense of the many complexities relating to environmental science and governance that (un)consciously shape our lives. I examine how multiscale factors have shaped media coverage in complex, dynamic, and nonlinear ways. These inquiries are situated in historical context as well as in larger processes of cultural politics and environmental change. Discussions here also touch on how media portrayals influence ongoing public understanding and engagement. Connections between media information and behaviors are not straightforward, as coverage does not determine engagement. Nonetheless, this article explores how media reports influence the spectrum of possibilities for different forms of environmental governance.
Measuring and specifying combinatorial coverage of test input configurations

A key issue in testing is how many tests are needed for a required level of coverage or fault detection. Estimates are often based on error rates in initial testing, or on code coverage. For example, tests may be run until a desired level of statement or branch coverage is achieved. Combinatorial methods present an opportunity for a different approach to estimating required test set size, using characteristics of the test set. This paper describes methods for estimating the coverage of, and ability to detect, t-way interaction faults of a test set based on a covering array. We also develop a connection between (static) combinatorial coverage and (dynamic) code coverage, such that if a specific condition is satisfied, 100 % branch coverage is assured. Using these results, we propose practical recommendations for using combinatorial coverage in specifying test requirements, and for improving estimates of the fault detection capacity of a test set.
Transgenic Salmon: Science, Politics, and Flawed Policy

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 issued a draft Environmental Assessment that could open the door for transgenic salmon to be sold in the United States for direct human consumption as food. This would be the first genetically engineered animal to enter the market, a precedent-setting action that could lead to adoption of genetic engineering in other animals. The FDA is well suited to evaluate food safety concerns but less well equipped to address complex social and environmental issues associated with the introduction of what is essentially an exotic species into aquatic environments. The FDA was given responsibility for regulating genetically engineered animals through a Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology established in 1986 and updated in 1992. Policy recommendations include revamping of this framework and the conduct of a full Environmental Impact Statement before issuing a permit for this transgenic fish.
Market Structure and Service Availability of Mobile Telecommunications in the U.S.

Using a hand-collected dataset from 2005, this paper investigates the determinants of wireless service provision in specific geographic locations. Studying the wireless service availability in isolated towns provides useful insights into Universal Service Fund subsidies in high cost areas. We perform such analysis at the city level and uncover the entry determinants of wireless carriers that have been overlooked by existing county-level or metropolitan statistical area–level analyses. We find significant differences in entry probability in an MSA town relative to a rural town. Holding city characteristics at their mean, the marginal probability of at least three carriers providing services is 50% higher in an MSA town relative to rural town. Income, population, age distribution, local business prosperity and local infrastructure availability play important roles in determining wireless service provision. In one particular policy experiment, we find that a 10% increase in per capita income increased the probability that a rural town attracted additional wireless carrier by 3.8%.
Multidrug Abuse and Dependence

A review of the epidemiology sections of the prior chapters reveals that most people have had experience with alcohol, nicotine, and at least one illicit substance at some time in their lives.1,2 The consumption of these substances has many implications, especially for drug interactions when two or more pharmacological agents are taken at the same time. The situation becomes even more complex in individuals who are also consuming over-the-counter (OTC) medications and prescription drugs. Each substance has a potential for impacting on how other drugs are absorbed into the body, distributed throughout the tissues, metabolized, and how they impact on organs such as the brain.3
A theoretical treatment of graphene nanocomposites with percolation threshold, tunneling-assisted conductivity and microcapacitor effect in AC and DC electrical settings

Abstract Small quantities of graphene fillers in the polymeric matrix allow us to obtain a novel class of lightweight nanocomposites with outstanding electrical properties. The availability of appropriate simulation models taking into account the morphological and physical features of such an interesting material is very important for design and optimizations of high performance devices and systems. In this study, a continuum model is developed to determine the effective AC and DC electrical properties of graphene nanocomposites. The proposed theory consists of three major components, embodying the most fundamental characteristics of the graphene nanocomposites, i.e. percolation threshold, interface effects, and additional contribution of electron hoping and microcapacitor structures to interfacial properties. (i) The development starts from the effective medium theory for a nanocomposite with perfect interface, in which the corresponding formula is expressed in terms of complex conductivity moduli for the dielectric constituent phases. (ii) For the study of interface effects, we further introduce a diminishing layer of interphase with interfacial conductivity and permittivity, to form a thinly coated graphene inclusion that is subsequently embedded in the matrix. (iii) In the last step, a phenomenological model is developed to represent the electron tunneling activity and formation of microcapacitors in the context of our continuum theory. In this way, these phenomena are taken as two statistical processes that depend on the volume concentration of graphene fillers, and can be well described by Cauchy's probability function. The outcome of proposed methodology is a widely useful model that involves only limited number of input parameters. The validity and applicability of developed model is verified through consideration of several experimental data for real nanocomposites. It is demonstrated that the proposed model can successfully capture the quantitative behavior of various data sets in AC and DC electrical settings.
Learning from Inflation Experiences

How do individuals form expectations about future inflation? We propose that individuals overweight inflation experienced during their lifetimes. This approach modifies existing adaptive learning models to allow for age-dependent updating of expectations in response to inflation surprises. Young individuals update their expectations more strongly than older individuals since recent experiences account for a greater share of their accumulated lifetime history. We find support for these predictions using 57 years of microdata on inflation expectations from the Reuters/Michigan Survey of Consumers. Differences in experiences strongly predict differences in expectations, including the substantial disagreement between young and old individuals in periods of highly volatile inflation, such as the 1970s. It also explains household borrowing and lending behavior, including the choice of mortgages. JEL Codes: E03, G02, D03, E31, E37, D84, D83, D14.
Classic Spotlight: Crowd Sourcing Provided Penicillium Strains for the War Effort

The views expressed in this Editorial do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal or of ASM. The discovery of penicillin by Scottish-born microbiologist Alexander Fleming ([1][1]) and its development as a drug are one of the great stories of 20th-century medicine. Fleming's important
Nitrovasodilators relax arterial smooth muscle by decreasing [Ca2+]i and uncoupling stress from myosin phosphorylation.

Elevations in guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate concentration ([cGMP]) are proposed to induce arterial smooth muscle relaxation by either 1) decreasing myoplasmic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i), 2) decreasing...
Well connected compared to what? Rethinking frames of reference in world city network research

Claims about the strength of cities’ global connections have become commonplace in the world cities literature. Although such claims are inherently comparative, authors often do not specify the ref...
PREVALENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT-REPORTED SYMPTOMS ON STATIN THERAPY: INSIGHTS FROM THE PATIENT AND PROVIDER ASSESSMENT OF LIPID MANAGEMENT (PALM) REGISTRY

The definition of “statin intolerance” varies among patients and providers, with myalgia prevalence from 1-5% in clinical trials up to 29% in observational studies. The PALM Registry collected patient perspectives on statin-related symptoms and strategies used to continue treatment. We surveyed
MEMS for Aerodynamic Control

Multiple arrays of micromachined micro shearstress sensors have been designed and fabricated to spatially and temporally resolve the small streamwise streaks in the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer. By using these sensors, the instantaneous surface shear-stress distribution of a turbulent boundary layer at high Reynolds numbers has been measured. Based on the measurement, the physical quantities associated with the high shear-stress streaks, such as their length, width and peak shear-stress level, are obtained. We found that a high correlation exists between the peak shear stress level and the front-end shear-stress gradient of a high shear-stress streak. This important property is currently being applied to the design of a real-time flow control logic. The control logic will be used to initiate a micro actuator, which interacts with the detected streak for the purpose of reducing local shear stress. The interaction between an actuator with near wall vortices was first investigated in a laminar boundary layer. The results show that the level of reduction is related to the product of the actuator's peak amplitude and oscillating frequency. This result suggests the possibility of achieving shear-stress reduction by using high-frequency and low-amplitude actuators.
The Space-Time Conservative Schemes for Large-Scale, Time-Accurate Flow Simulations with Tetrahedral Meshes

Despite decades of development of unstructured mesh methods, high-fidelity time-accurate simulations are still predominantly carried out on structured, or unstructured hexahedral meshes by using high-order finite-difference, weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO), or hybrid schemes formed by their combinations. In this work, the space-time conservation element solution element (CESE) method is used to simulate several flow problems including supersonic jet/shock interaction and its impact on launch vehicle acoustics, and direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows using tetrahedral meshes. This paper provides a status report for the continuing development of the space-time conservation element solution element (CESE) numerical and software framework under the Revolutionary Computational Aerosciences (RCA) project. Solution accuracy and large-scale parallel performance of the numerical framework is assessed with the goal of providing a viable paradigm for future high-fidelity flow physics simulations.
Dissolution of Sc_2O_3 in nNaF·AlF_3-LiF molten salt

In this paper,the influences of the cryolite molecular proportion,the molten salt composition and temperature on the solubility of Sc2O3 in nNaF·AlF3-Al2O3 molten salt system were studied systematically.The results showed that the content of LiF and Al2O3 were the major factors which affect the solubility of Sc2O3 as it's beneficial to the Sc2O3 resolving when lowing down the content of Al2O3,the molecular proportion or increasing the content of LiF.The increment of Sc2O3 solubility is indistinctive with temperature,and high temperature causes the electrolyte volatility seriously,which goes against the electrolysis process.When the molecular proportion of cryolite is 2.2,the content of Al2O3 and LiF are 3wt% and 7wt% respectively,the solubility of Sc2O3 is more than 3%-5%,which satisfies the electrolysis process.
Verifying real-time software is not reasonable (today)

Verification is about demonstrating that a formal system holds certain properties. It is particularly important to verify safety-critical real-time control software, such as aircraft or automotive control systems. Unfortunately, many of the properties that need to be verified for such systems are not actually part of the formal system defined by the software. It therefore makes no sense to verify the software. So what should be verified? It is glib to say that "the system" must be verified, because "the system" is not a formal system. It is a bundle of silicon and wires. Only a model of the system can be verified. What model? If the semantics of software is extended to include temporal properties, then verifying real-time software becomes possible. In this talk, I will argue that such extensions are practical and effective, but that they require rethinking software abstractions at a rather fundamental level. Moreover, they require reengineering of many performance optimizations that computer architects, compiler designers, and operating system designers have instituted. I will show for some of these that such reengineering yields designs that have competitive performance and verifiable timing.
Large Renal Adenoma

AbstractA large tubular and cystic papillary renal adenoma was removed from a patient who has been followedfor 19 years without clinical evidence of metastasis. The benign or malignant potential of a renal adenoma is reviewed.
Considerations for Structure-Based Drug Design Targeting HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase

HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) copies the viral single-stranded RNA genome into a double-stranded DNA version, and is a central target for anti-AIDS therapeutics. Eight nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NRTIs) and five non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTIs) are approved HIV-1 drugs. Structures of RT have been determined in complexes with substrates and/or inhibitors, and the structures have revealed different conformational and functional states of the enzyme. Rilpivirine and etravirine, two NNRTI drugs with high potency against common resistant variants, were discovered and developed through a multidisciplinary structure-based drug design effort. The resilience of rilpivirine and etravirine to resistance mutations results from the structural flexibility and compactness of these drugs. Recent insights into mechanisms of inhibition by the allosteric NNRTIs include (i) dynamic sliding of RT/NNRTI complexes along template-primers and (ii) displacement of the RT primer grip that repositions the 3′-primer terminus away from the polymerase active site.
Functional and molecular characterization of a candidate gene family for thet-complex responder locus

Male transmission ratio distortion (TRD) is a property of mouse t haplotypes which requires the t complex responder locus (Tcr). Tcr has been localized to a 70-160kb region in t haplotypes. In previous work, a family of genes (the Tcp10 genes) was identified within this region that encodes testes-specific transcripts. One member of this gene family, called Tcp10b{dollar}{bsol}sp{lcub}{bsol}rm t{rcub},{dollar} shows several properties which make it a strong a candidate for the responder. Tcp10b{dollar}{bsol}sp{lcub}{bsol}rm t{rcub}{dollar} maps to the same genetic subregion (T66B) as the responder, is expressed exclusively in the testes, and is the only detectable testes-expressed gene that has been identified so far in the T66B locus. In order to determine any possible relationships between the Tcp10 genes and the responder, a molecular and functional analysis of this gene family was initiated. The four members of the Tcp10 gene family were cloned and mapped to specific genetic subregions in the responder locus, and each gene was mapped for several different restriction enzymes. The results of these studies indicate that the Tcp10 genes are highly similar to one another and were created by recent, complex duplication events. In addition, the exon/intron structure of a representative Tcp10 gene was determined. The Tcp10 genes contain 12 exons whi ch span approximately 21kb of DNA. In order to analyze the Tcp10b{dollar}{bsol}sp{lcub}{bsol}rm t{rcub}{dollar} gene for responder activity, a cosmid clone containing this gene was used to make transgenic mice. Transgenic males were subsequently bred into several different genetic backgrounds (including some which contained partial or complete t haplotypes) and these mice were assayed for responder activity associated with the Tcp10b{dollar}{bsol}sp{lcub}{bsol}rm t{rcub}{dollar} transgene. The breeding studies, however, did not show any strong evidence that the Tcp10b{dollar}{bsol}sp{lcub}{bsol}rm t{rcub}{dollar} gene has responder activity.
USA: Broadband Access and Adoption in New York State

This case study presents the United States’ National Broadband Plan digital strategy. With a focus on improving economic growth and opportunity by increasing high-speed Internet access and adoption, the case examines the implementation of related broadband initiatives in New York State in both rural and urban settings. It examines some of the strategies New York State has used to expand broadband usage—it ranks fifth nationally for access at the current FCC defined broadband speed—as well as the challenges that New York State confronts in providing more than one million people who are without broadband access. Government grants have proved helpful in increasing access in rural areas where private companies could not profitably provide service. New York City has successfully introduced innovative programs that target low adoption rates among low-income households, such as libraries offering patrons free rental of wireless hotspots for extended periods. Notable ongoing challenges include difficulties obtaining accurate data on adoption rates, the pace of technological change regarding physical broadband infrastructure and consumer behavior, and limited competition among Internet providers.
Integrated treatment options for male perpetrators of intimate partner violence.

Issues Male-to-female intimate partner violence remains a worldwide public health issue with adverse physical and psychological consequences for victims, perpetrators and children. Personality disorders, addiction, trauma and mood symptoms are established risk factors for intimate partner violence perpetration and factor prominently into a recovery-oriented treatment approach. Approach We reviewed the partner violence literature for detailed reports of traditional as well as innovative, integrated treatment approaches. Empirically based recommendations for intervention programs and the policies that guide intervention efforts are offered. Key Findings Nascent research suggests that integrated treatment models utilising a holistic approach to account for psychological comorbidity and interventions that involve a motivational interviewing component appear promising in terms of significantly improving intimate partner violence treatment compliance and reducing subsequent acts of physical partner violence. Further, methodologically rigorous research is required to fully assess the benefits of traditional and integrated treatment options. Implications We have advanced several recommendations, including the development of and exclusive reliance upon empirically supported treatments, conducting a thorough risk and needs assessment of the offender and the immediate family to facilitate appropriate treatment referrals, integrating content to foster the offender's internal motivation to change maladaptive behaviours, and attempting to minimise offender treatment burdens through the strategic use of integrated treatment models. Conclusions Intimate partner violence is a complicated and nuanced problem that is perpetrated by a heterogeneous population and requires greater variability in integrated treatment options. [Crane CA, Easton CJ. Integrated treatment options for male perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:24–33]
Alkane–OH Hydrogen Bond Formation and Diffusion Energetics of n-Butane within UiO-66

Hydrocarbon diffusion and binding within porous molecular networks are critical to catalysis, separations, and purification technologies. Fundamental insight into n-butane uptake and mobility within a new class of materials for separations, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), has been gained through in situ infrared spectroscopy. These ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) based measurements revealed that adsorption of n-butane within UiO-66 proceeds through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the alkane molecules and hydroxyl groups located at the inorganic node of UiO-66. Modeling the gas transport of n-butane with Fick’s second law yielded diffusion coefficients at several temperatures. The Arrhenius parameter for the activation energy of diffusion was found to be 21.0 ± 1.2 kJ/mol. These studies have further shown that the rate-determining step for diffusion is likely the dissociation of n-butane from a binding site located within the tetrahedral pores of UiO-66.
Universal markedness in gradable adjectives revisited

Cross-linguistically, comparative-form adjectives (like English taller) are consistently derived from (or in many languages identical to) their positive-form counterparts (like English tall). This fact stands in tension with prevailing formal semantic treatments of gradable adjectives as degree relations that require extra semantic machinery not only for comparative predication but also for positive predication; for the latter, scholars typically posit a null morpheme or type-shift pos. In this short article, we review morphophonological evidence showing that in Arabic, comparative-form adjectives (like aTwal ‘taller’) are of equal complexity with their positive-form counterparts (like Tawiil ‘tall’), both derived from a common tri-consonantal root (in this case $\sqrt{Twl}$ ), rather than one word being derived from the other. This raises the tantalizing possibility of Arabic becoming the first documented case of a language overtly realizing pos, with adjectives like Tawiil consisting of a degree-relation-denoting root and a pos-denoting template. We nonetheless conclude (albeit tentatively) that such an analysis is probably wrong, given (a) the idiosyncrasy in the phonological shape that the putative pos-denoting template takes across different adjectives, (b) the appearance of the same templatic shapes in non-adjectives, and (c) the appearance of adjectives like Tawiil in non-pos environments. We thereby uphold the generalization that no language realizes pos overtly. We close with a brief look at nominalized forms of gradable adjectives in Arabic and offer some preliminary remarks on the broader prospects of semantic de-composition for gradable adjectives, engaging with recent work on cross-linguistic variation in the grammar of property concepts.
Early Numeracy Trajectories: Baseline Performance Levels and Growth Rates in Young Children by Disability Status:

Data indicate that children with disabilities typically display lower levels of proficiency in mathematics than their nondisabled peers, with this difference remaining stable over time. Although li...
Neurodevelopmental Changes in Social Reinforcement Processing: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

Author(s): Hwang, Soonjo; Meffert, Harma; VanTieghem, Michelle R; White, Stuart F; Sinclair, Stephen; Bookheimer, Susan Y; Blair, James | Abstract: ObjectiveIn the current study we investigated neurodevelopmental changes in response to social and non-social reinforcement.MethodsFifty-three healthy participants including 16 early adolescents (age, 10-15 years), 16 late adolescents (age, 15-18 years), and 21 young adults (age, 21-25 years) completed a social/non-social reward learning task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants responded to fractal image stimuli and received social or non-social reward/non-rewards according to their accuracy. ANOVAs were conducted on both the blood oxygen level dependent response data and the product of a context-dependent psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analysis involving ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and bilateral insula cortices as seed regions.ResultsEarly adolescents showed significantly increased activation in the amygdala and anterior insula cortex in response to non-social monetary rewards relative to both social reward/non-reward and monetary non-rewards compared to late adolescents and young adults. In addition, early adolescents showed significantly more positive connectivity between the vmPFC/bilateral insula cortices seeds and other regions implicated in reinforcement processing (the amygdala, posterior cingulate cortex, insula cortex, and lentiform nucleus) in response to non-reward and especially social non-reward, compared to late adolescents and young adults.ConclusionIt appears that early adolescence may be marked by: (i) a selective increase in responsiveness to non-social, relative to social, rewards; and (ii) enhanced, integrated functioning of reinforcement circuitry for non-reward, and in particular, with respect to posterior cingulate and insula cortices, for social non-reward.
Prospective analysis of somatic and germline genetic alterations in patients with ampullary carcinomas.

308Background: Ampullary carcinoma (AC) is a rare gastrointestinal cancer. Germline alterations (GA) in BRCA2 have been identified in patients with AC. Also, potentially targetable somatic alterati...
ATR Compendium: Irradiation Test Capabilities

The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) celebrated 50 years of operation in 2017. Even after this much time, the general four-leaf clover design by Deslonde de Boisblanc is still deserving of the title “ad...