cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persuasionswirkung von Werbevariationen

Eine wichtige Frage in der Werbewirkungsforschung lautet, ob den Zielpersonen der Werbung im Fall von Mehrfachkontakten immer dieselbe oder variierte Werbung gezeigt werden sollte. Die Antwort auf diese Frage hat Konsequenzen auf die Kosten der Erstellung der Werbemittel, insbesondere wenn TV-Werbung betrieben wird. Dieser Aspekt wird zwar in vielen Abhandlungen zur Werbemittelplanung angesprochen, die Forschung hat sich mit dieser Thematik aber noch kaum beschaftigt, und die bisher vorliegenden Befunde erweisen sich als uneinheitlich. In der Literatur wird haufig auf die Studie von Schumann/Petty/Clemons (1990) verwiesen, in der substanzielle und kosmetische Werbevariation unterschieden wird. Wichtig erscheint auch der Beitrag von Esch (1998), dessen Analysen zur „integrierten Kommunikation“ als Subvarianten der kosmetischen Variation interpretiert werden konnen. In dieser Abhandlung stellen wir zunachst theoretische uberlegungen zur Wirkung von Werbevariationen vor, gehen auf den Stand der bisherigen Forschung ein und prasentieren Befunde aus einer neuen Studie.
Effects of low subchronic doses of methoxychlor on the rat hypothalamic-pituitary reproductive axis☆

The pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) is known to possess a weak estrogenic action and has been found to have a number of toxic effects on the rodent reproductive system, primarily at the gonadal level. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of MXC on the pituitary and hypothalamic components of the male reproductive system at dose levels that were without detectable testicular effects. At 21 days, male Long-Evans rats were gavaged daily with 25 or 50 mg/kg MXC in corn oil. Controls received vehicle only. After 8 weeks of dosing, no significant changes were seen in serum LH, FSH, or prolactin, nor in the pituitary concentrations of LH or FSH. Pituitary prolactin was elevated for both doses, and pituitary fragments perifused in vitro released more prolactin than did controls. The concentration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was higher in the mediobasal hypothalamus, but only for the 50-mg/kg group. At this dose, there was a corresponding increase in the KCl-stimulated release of GnRH. The data suggest that previously reported reproductive effects of MXC may be mediated, at least in part, through an elevation in prolactin concentration and release, which in turn is able to influence hypothalamic levels of GnRH. This prolactinemic effect may well represent an early component of the adverse action of MXC on the reproductive system.
Characterization of Some New Olefinic Block Copolymers

Exciting new developments in polyolefin synthesis give rise to olefinic block copolymers with properties typical of thermoplastic elastomers. The blocky copolymers synthesized by chain shuttling technology consist of crystallizable ethylene−octene blocks with low comonomer content and high melting temperature (hard blocks), alternating with amorphous ethylene−octene blocks with high comonomer content and low glass transition temperature (soft blocks). This paper describes the materials science of these unique polymers as characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, microscopy, and tensile deformation. The crystallizable nature of the hard block and the crystalline morphologies are consistent with an average hard block length that is well in excess of 200 carbon atoms. The crystallizable blocks are long enough to form well-organized lamellar crystals with the orthorhombic unit cell and high melting temperature. The lamellae are organized into space-filling spherulites in all compositions even in c...
Few-body strange systems

Abstract Three fascinating aspects of few-body Λ-hypernuclei are discussed: 3-body forces, charge symmetry breaking, and ΛN-ΣN coupling. The need for improved data on hyperon-nucleon scattering is emphasized.
A theoretical analysis of micelle-mediated transport through porous membranes

Abstract A novel method is proposed for the purpose of controlled release of a sparingly water soluble compound. The solubility of a sparingly water soluble compound can be increased by addition of a sufficient amount of surfactant to form micelles. The flux of the compound across a porous membrane can be enhanced if the membrane has pores larger than the micelle size so that the compound-loaded micelles can diffuse simultaneously, and micelle-mediated transport occurs. The membrane permeability of the micelle is a monotonically decreasing function of the ratio of the size of the micelle to the membrane pore size ( R m / R p ). However, the solubilizing capacity of the micelle increases with increasing size of the micelle. These opposing effects influence the transport and may result in an optimum flux of the solubilizate at a particular size of the micelle. In the determination of the optimum surfactant molecule, the concept of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) is employed in order to have stable aqueous solutions of the surfactants. For a family of nonionic surfactants solubilizing the hydrophobic and hydrocarbon substance n -heptane, it is shown that there exists a maximum flux of the solubilizate at a value of R m / R p within the limitation of the HLB. The release rates over a long period of time are nearly constant for micelles close to the optimum size for a given pore size.
Vibrational and thermodynamic properties of Ni3S2 polymorphs from first-principles calculations

We have calculated the compressional, vibrational, and thermodynamic properties of Ni3S2 heazlewoodite and the high-pressure orthorhombic phase (with Cmcm symmetry) using the generalized gradient approximation to the density functional theory in conjunction with the quasi-harmonic approximation. The predicted Raman frequencies of heazlewoodite are in good agreement with room-temperature measurements. The calculated thermodynamic properties of heazlewoodite at room conditions agree very well with experiments, but at high temperatures (especially above 500 K) the heat capacity data from experiments are significantly larger than the quasi-harmonic results, indicating that heazlewoodite is anharmonic. On the other hand, the obtained vibrational density of states of the orthorhombic phase at 20 GPa reveals a group of low-frequency vibrational modes which are absent in heazlewoodite. These low-frequency modes contribute substantially to thermal expansivity, heat capacity, entropy, and Gruneisen parameter of the orthorhombic phase. The calculated phase boundary between heazlewoodite and the orthorhombic phase is consistent with high-pressure experiments; the predicted transition pressure is 17.9 GPa at 300 K with a negative Clapeyron slope of −8.5 MPa/K.
Where Does Optical Imaging of Cancer Stand with Respect To Other Cancer Imaging Technologies

Diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities for heterogeneous cancers requires sub-mm resolution currently obtainable with snap frozen biopsies of human/small animal cancers with 2 and 3D scanning at 50 micron or better resolution.
Determination of the Second-Order Rate Constant for the Reduction of Dopamine Quinone with Ascorbic Acid

The voltammetric determination of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid is strongly dependent on the local transport conditions because of the reduction of the product quinone with the ascorbate. Rotating ring-disk electrodes (RRDE) may be applied both to the kinetics of this system and to analytical advantage in detecting trace amounts of ascorbate. In the present work, RRDE techniques were used to determine the rate constant by which oxidized dopamine, generated at the disk, was reduced by ascorbate present in solution. This was accomplished by comparing the current generated at the ring by reduction of unreacted dopamine quinone to the amount predicted by theory for an infinitely fast reaction rate. Rate constants were obtained for ascorbate concentrations from 100 to 400 μM and dopamine concentrations from 2 to 10 mM using three different electrodes. A second-order rate constant of 1.5 × 106 M-1 s-1 was found.
Challenges in addressing variability of lead in domestic plumbing

Current data indicates that lead exposure is of concern even at low concentrations. Corrosion is an important problem in drinking water because it can affect public health due to leaching of lead or other metals into the drinking water. For this reason, a corrosion control program is an important measure to help mitigate exposure to lead in drinking water. The biggest challenge that remains in assessing corrosion control through monitoring programs is the variability of the concentrations of metals such as lead in drinking water, and the interpretation of the results when using different approaches for monitoring. This is due to the many factors that contribute to the leaching of metals from drinking water distribution system materials. Balancing the challenges of stagnation time, sample volume and sampling frequency to assess corrosion control with their practicality and the need to ensure optimal corrosion control treatment are important considerations for regulators and decision-makers to ensure that potential exposure to lead through drinking water is minimized.
Tomographic inversion of satellite photometry. Part 2.

A method for combining nadir observations of emission features in the upper atmosphere with the result of a tomographic inversion of limb brightness measurements is presented. Simulated and actual results are provided, and error sensitivity is investigated.
Confirmation Holism and semantic Holism

Fodor and Lepore, in their recent book Holism, maintain that if an inference from semantic anatomism to semantic holism is allowed, certain fairly deleterious consequences follow. In Section 1 Fodor and Lepore's terminology is construed and amended where necessary with the result that the aforementioned deleterious consequences are neither so apparent nor straightforward as they had suggested. In Section 2 their “Argument A” is considered in some detail. In Section 3 their “argument attributed to Quine” is examined at length and a shorter and more perspicacious argument suggested which avoids their charge that the Quinean argument is guilty of an equivocation on the word ‘statement’.
Artificial worlds and economics, part I

In this and a companion paper (Lane 1993), I describe a class of models, called artificial worlds (AWs), that are designed to give insight into a process called emergent hierarchical organization (EHO). This paper introduces the ideas of EHO and AWs and discusses some of the interferential problems involved in trying to learn about EHO by constructing and studying the properties of AWs. It concludes by introducing two abstract AWs that address important general problems in EHO: the relation between structure and function, and the dynamics of evolutionary processes. The companion paper will discuss several AWs expressly designed to model particular economic phenomena.
Vapor generation rate model for dispersed drop flow

Abstract A comparison of predictions of existing nonequilibrium post-CHF heat transfer models with the recently obtained rod bundle data has been performed. The models used the experimental conditions and wall temperatures to predict the heat flux and vapor temperatures at the location of interest. No existing model was able to reasonably predict the vapor superheat and the wall heat flux simultaneously. Most of the models, except Chen-Sundaram-Ozkaynak, failed to predict the wall heat flux, while all of the models could not predict the vapor superheat data or trends. A recently developed two-region heat transfer model, the Webb-Chen two-region model, did not give a reasonable prediction of the vapor generation rate in the far field of the CHF point. A new correlation was formulated to predict the vapor generation rate in convective dispersed droplet flow in terms of thermal-hydraulic parameters and thermodynamic properties. A comparison of predictions of the two-region heat transfer model, with the use of a presently developed correlation, with all the existing post-CHF data, including single-tube and rod bundle, showed significant improvements in predicting the vapor superheat and tube wall heat flux trends.
Sensitivity studies in reliability‐based plastic design

The paper attempts to establish the connection between structural reliability and structural optimization for the particular case of plastic structures. Along this line, the paper outlines a reliability‐based optimization approach to design plastic structures with uncertain interdependent strengths and acted on by random interdependent loads. The importance of such interdependencies, and of some of the other statistical parameters used as input data in probabilistic computations, is demonstrated by several examples of sensitivity studies on both the probability of collapse failure as well as the reliability‐based optimum solution.
The relationship between calcium and magnesium in pediatric myocardial protection.

Abstract Objective: We previously demonstrated that calcium can be harmful to the hypoxic neonatal heart. Despite the fact that magnesium inhibits membrane transport of calcium, few studies have examined whether magnesium can prevent the deleterious effects of calcium in cardioplegic solutions. Methods: Twenty neonatal piglets (5 to 18 days old) underwent 60 minutes of ventilator hypoxia (inspired oxygen fraction 8% to 10%) followed by reoxygenation with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass before cardioplegic arrest to produce a clinically relevant hypoxic "stress" injury. The aorta was then crossclamped for 70 minutes with multidose blood cardioplegia. Ten piglets received a hypocalcemic (0.2 to 0.4 mmol/L) cardioplegic solution without (group 1, n = 5) or with magnesium (10 mEq/L) (group II, n = 5) supplementation. Ten other piglets were protected with a normocalcemic (1.0 to 1.2 mmol/L) cardioplegic solution without (group III, n = 5) or with magnesium (group IV, n = 5). Myocardial function was assessed by means of pressure volume loops and expressed as a percentage of control. Coronary vascular resistance was assessed during each cardioplegic infusion. Results: Adding magnesium to a hypocalcemic cardioplegic solution (groups I and II) had no effect: Both groups had complete preservation of postbypass systolic function (end-systolic elastance 101% vs 104%) and preload recruitable stroke work (101% vs 102%), minimal increase in diastolic stiffness (159% vs 153%), and no difference in myocardial tissue edema (78.8% vs 78.9%) or coronary vascular resistance. Conversely, when a normocalcemic cardioplegic solution was administered without magnesium supplementation (group III), the results were markedly poorer than results obtained with magnesium supplementation (group IV). Without magnesium, there was a marked reduction in postbypass systolic function (end-systolic elastance 49% vs 101%; p p p p Conclusions: This study demonstrates that (1) magnesium does not alter the cardioprotective effects of a hypocalcemic cardioplegic solution, (2) a normocalcemic cardioplegic solution is detrimental to neonatal myocardium subjected to a previous hypoxic stress, and (3) magnesium supplementation of normocalcemic cardioplegic solutions prevents the deleterious effects of calcium. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:1010-9)
Fluorescent yield and lifetime imaging in tissues and other scattering media

The progression of disease is certainly accompanied by biochemical changes. Since early detection promises a greater efficacy for therapeutic intervention, non-invasive biomedical optics may offer the opportunity for detecting biochemical changes thereby improving prognosis by providing early diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a modality that has successfully monitored the relaxation of spin states of paramagnetic nuclei in order to provide biomedical imaging and biochemical spectroscopy of tissues. In this paper, we discuss an optical analog of MRI, called fluorescence lifetime imaging. instead of monitoring the relaxation of a spin state, lifetime imaging depends upon monitoring the relaxation of an electronically activated state which is brought about by the absorption of a photon. Figure 1 is the Jablonski diagram outlining the electronic transitions which occur following the absorption of light. Relaxation from the activated state to the ground state can occur via either non-radiative or fluorescent decay, depending upon the local environment. The mean time between the events of the absorption of an excitation photon and the radiative relaxation process which produces a fluorescent photon is known as the lifetime, (tau) , of the activated state. Typically, endogenous fluorophores have lifetimes on the order of nanoseconds while exogenous compounds have lifetimes ranging from sub nanosecond to tens of nanoseconds. If the spin state of the electron in the activated state is 'flipped' (referred to as a 'intersystem crossing') then radiative relaxation requires extra time since paired electrons of the same spin are forbidden. Consequently, the resulting phosphorescence lifetime is on the order of milliseconds. The lifetime of the activated probe is dependent on its environment much the same as the time for relaxation of the spin states of paramagnetic nuclei in MRI and NMR depends upon local environment. There are two mechanisms responsible for reducing the lifetime of an activated probe: (1) energy transfer from the activated state to a donor molecule(s), and (2) collisional quenching of the activated state. For an activated probe experiencing collisional quenching, the measured lifetime, (tau) , can be used to determine metabolite or quencher concentration [Q], from the empirical Stern-Volmer relationship. Consequently, a map of lifetime provides a map of metabolite or quencher concentration. In this paper, we report computational experiments which point to the feasibility of the optical analog to MRI: fluorescence lifetime imaging in tissues and other scattering media.
An Evaluation of the Adhesive Tape Sampling Method for Estimating Surface Asbestos Concentrations

Abstract This study was designed to compare surface asbestos concentrations measured directly from a contaminated surface via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with concentrations measured by adhesive tape sampling. The tape samples were analyzed by both SEM and polarized light microscopy (PLM). Two different length criteria were used for fiber counting: 3 μm and 5 μm. Tape samples analyzed by SEM measured 30.6 and 37.9 percent (3 and 5 μm, respectively) of the surface concentrations. PLM-tape samples measured 6.8 and 18.3 percent, respectively. Based on the 3-μm criterion, the mean fiber concentrations of the three sample types (tape-SEM, tape-PLM, and drywall-SEM) were all significantly different (p = 0.01). Based on the 5-μm criterion, the mean fiber concentrations of the tape-SEM and tape-PLM were not significantly different from one another (p ≥0.10) but were significantly less than that for the drywall-SEM samples (p = 0.05). None of the regression analyses (for either length criterion) produced st...
Use of cell recycle in the aerobic fermentative production of citric acid by yeast

An aerobic continuous stirred tank bioreactor with cell recycle was used to produce citric acid from glucose with a yeastSaccharomycopsis lipolytica NRRL Y7576. Specific rate of total acid production was 0.045h−1, yield on glucose was 0.86 g/g and volumetric productivity was 1.16 g acid/Lh; all higher than or similar to batch values. Effluent acid concentration was 75g/L. In batch, under nitrogen limited. conditions, stability of citric acid synthesis and excretion was constant over a period of 700 hours. Under conditions of cell recycle, cell concentration and rate of acid production were constant over 200 hours of operation.
A passive compensator for voltage flicker

A simple transformer device described here as a line-drop compensator greatly reduces voltage fluctuations produced at one load by the switching of another associated load. It applies to both steady-state and transient disturbances.
Why acute pulmonary embolism becomes chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: clinical and genetic insights.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a life-threatening complication that affects a small but appreciable percentage of patients after acute pulmonary embolism. The cause of CTEPH is under investigation, but no single causative mechanism has yet been identified. RECENT FINDINGS CTEPH is likely a complication of residual thrombotic material in the pulmonary arteries that becomes transformed into intravascular scars. Pulmonary artery residua are relatively common after acute pulmonary embolism, and CTEPH may be an extreme manifestation of this phenomenon. Several intriguing observations have been made in patients with CTEPH that give insights into the mechanisms responsible for its formation. Two general pathways have been investigated: resistance of thromboemboli to lysis and attenuation of cellular processes involved in thrombus resolution. This review discusses the evidence supporting each pathway as a mechanism for CTEPH formation, as well as the interaction between the two. SUMMARY CTEPH may be due to a complex interaction between thrombotic/thrombolytic processes and angiogenic cellular remodeling of organized thrombi. The factors involved may, in fact, vary among CTEPH patients. An understanding of the interplay between the factors that cause CTEPH may help quantify the risk of its occurrence and provide insights into how it can be prevented.
Stable isotope chemistry of fossil bone as a new paleoclimate indicator

Abstract During fossilization, bone is thought to recrystallize and alter chemically on timescales of kyr to a few tens of kyr, i.e., similar to the timescale for formation of soils. Therefore, C- and O-isotope compositions of bone apatite should correlate with trends in soil water composition and aridity, and serve as paleoclimate indicators. This hypothesis was tested by analyzing C- and O-isotope compositions of the CO 3 component of fossil bone apatite from mid-Oligocene through late Pleistocene units in Oregon and western Idaho, including the John Day (19.4–30.0 Ma), Mascall (15.2–15.8 Ma), and Rattlesnake (7.2–7.8 Ma) Formations, whose paleosol sequences have been studied in detail, and the Juntura (10–11 Ma), Hagerman (3.2 Ma), and Fossil Lake ( δ 18 O values provide a baseline of meteoric water compositions. Stable isotope compositions of bone CO 3 do change in response to broad climatic trends, but show poor correlation with compositions of corresponding paleosol CO 3 at specific horizons. Instead, compositional deviations between bone and paleosol CO 3 correlate with compositional deviations with the next higher paleosol; this suggests that the timescale for fossilization exceeds one paleosol cycle. Based on stratigraphic evidence and simple alteration models, fossilization timescales are estimated at 20–50 kyr, indicating that bone CO 3 will prove most useful for sequences spanning >100 kyr. C-isotopes show negative and strong positive deviations during wet and dry climates respectively, and short-term trends correspond well with changes in aridity within the Mascall and Rattlesnake Formations, as inferred from paleosols. A proposed correction to δ 18 O values based on δ 13 C anomalies implies a small, ∼1.5‰ increase in meteoric water δ 18 O during the late Oligocene global warming event, consistent with a minimum temperature increase of ∼4 °C. A strong inferred decrease in δ 18 O of 4–5‰ after 7 Ma closely parallels compositional changes in tooth enamel, and reflects a doubling in the height of the Cascade Range.
Abstract A42: The treatment of sporadic breast cancer with Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) inhibitors (AZD2281, ABT888, AG14361) as single agents and in combination with chemotherapy

Introduction: It has been shown that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of BRCA1 and 2 hereditary breast cancers due to their deficiency in homologous repair. Many sporadic breast cancers may also be deficient in homologous repair due to deficiency9s in RAD51, RAD54, DSS1, RPA1, NBS1, ATR, ATM, CH1, CHK2, FANCD2, FANCA, FANC or a down regulation of BRCA. Methods: Human breast cancer cell lines representative of basal, Her2/neu, luminal A and luminal B subtypes were treated with PARP1 inhibitors alone or in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents (alkylating, topoisomerase inhibitors, anti-metabolites, anti-mitotics and/or DNA intercalators) for 72 hours. IC50 values were determined by standard dose response curves of the PARP1) inhibitors (AZD2281, ABT888, AG14361), standard chemotherapeutic agents alone and in combination with each other. PARP1 inhibitor pharmacodynamic, PARP1 activity assays and the quantification of molecular markers from the apoptotic, DNA repair and mitotic pathways were also performed and correlated with IC50 values. Results: There was no statistical difference in the IC50 of PARP1 inhibitors for BRCA1, non-BRCA1 triple negative or luminal human breast cancer tissue. Significant enhancement of chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity by PARP1 inhibitors was observed in not only hereditary (BRCA1 & BRCA2) breast cancer but, in sporadic breast cancer also. The results suggest that many sporadic breast cancers are deficient in homologous recombination and their ability to preserve DNA and chromosomal fidelity. Conclusion: PARP1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy may be effective in treating sporadic breast cancer. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(7 Suppl):A42
Gross anatomy of the forelimb and shoulder girdle of theGalago senegalensis

The gross anatomy of the forelimb of theGalago senegalensis is described. The skeletal, muscular, nervous, and vascular systems are illustrated. TheGalago senegalensis is compared to theTarsius and other selected primates. Also examined in the study are muscle attachments and selected upper limb indices derived from measurements of bone dimensions.
A NUCLEAR RECEPTOR COREPRESSOR MODULATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF ANTAGONIST-OCCUPIED STEROID HORMONE RECEPTOR

Synthetic steroid hormone antagonists are clinically important compounds that regulate physiological responses to steroid hormones. The antagonists bind to the hormone receptors, which are ligand-inducible transcription factors, and modulate their gene-regulatory activities. In most instances, a steroid receptor, such as progesterone receptor (PR) or estrogen receptor (ER), is transcriptionally inactive when complexed with an antagonist and competitively inhibits transactivation of a target steroid-responsive gene by the cognate hormone-occupied receptor. In certain cellular and promoter contexts, however, antagonist-occupied PR or ER acquires paradoxical agonist-like activity. The cellular mechanisms that determine the switch from the negative to the positive mode of transcriptional regulation by an antagonist-bound steroid receptor are unknown. We now provide strong evidence supporting the existence of a cellular inhibitory cofactor that interacts with the B form of human PR (PR-B) complexed with the an...
Deterministic uncertainty and complex pedogenesis in some Pleistocene dune soils

Abstract Deterministic uncertainty is a perspective on soil spatial variability that reconciles the traditional reductionist view (variability can be explained with more and better measurements) and the emerging nonlinear dynamics view (variability may be an irresolvable outcome of complex system dynamics). In the podzolized soils of the 77 ka Newport Barrier, age, parent material, climate, and general vegetation cover are constant, and topographic and drainage variables explain only about 20% of the considerable spatial variation in soil morphology. The most likely explanations for the unexplained variations are the effects of past microtopography and individual plants on moisture flux. However, the variation in soil properties such as depth to the B-horizon is disproportionately large compared to that of microtopography, and the soil lifespan is two orders of magnitude longer than that of vegetation. Deterministic complexity (chaos) associated with the unstable growth of minor perturbations could explain the observed soil landscape. A simple model of the interactions between moisture flux, soil moisture, and B-horizon formation is indeed unstable and chaotic. The Newport Barrier soil landscape is thus characterized by deterministic uncertainty — pseudo-random variation associated with unstable growth of known, but unobserved or unmeasured, pedogenic influences.
Silicon Interposer Featuring Novel Electrical and Optical TSVs

Three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits (ICs) yield system level performance improvements by providing high-bandwidth communication as well as opportunity for heterogeneous integration. It is envisioned that an area array of 3D stacked ICs can be interconnected using dense fine-pitch electrical and photonic interconnects on a silicon interposer. This paper presents a mechanically robust “thick” silicon interposer with novel electrical through-silicon vias (TSVs) and optical TSVs. The novel electrical TSVs described include polymer-clad TSVs and polymer-embedded vias. An advantage of using thick silicon interposer is that microchannels can be integrated in the thick silicon interposer to transfer a coolant to the 3D ICs with interlayer microfluidic heat sink or for the direct integration of a microfluidic heat-sink in the silicon interposer. However, as the thickness of silicon interposer increases, TSV electrical parasitics increase. Moreover, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the copper TSV and silicon causes reliability issues. To reduce TSV capacitance as well as to reduce TSV stresses, polymer-clad electrical TSVs were fabricated. Using the same photodefinable polymer used for the cladding of electrical TSVs, optical TSVs were fabricated and characterized.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Localism of the County Feast in Late-Stuart Political Culture

n 29 June 1678, Huntingdonshire natives residing in or visiting London had the opportunity to witness a glittering entertainment, The Huntington Divertisement, or, an Enterlude For the Generall Entertainment at the County-Feast, Held at MerchantTaylors Hall. On 27 March 1690, Yorkshire natives, also feasting in Merchant Tailors Hall, were treated to a triumphant song by Thomas D'Urfey and Henry Purcell. These elaborate pieces, presented a dozen years apart and admittedly unrepresentative of the sermons, processions, and huzzas that graced usual natives feasts, are nonetheless worth analyzing for the issues and rhetoric that the artists and their patrons thought relevant. By examining these pieces of high culture as well as more typical fare, this essay delineates one aspect of natives feasts-their localist rhetoric-and places this rhetoric in its political and social context. Through the deployment of rhetoric and ritual, late Stuart London saw the creation (or reinvention) of a mythic county community. The provincialist myth emphasized country values-local unity, loyalty, purity-through a recitation of the county's past achievements. Country values were contrasted with factious, partisan, urban values. While provincial in its content, the provincialist myth was a rhetoric deployed in national discourse. Paradoxically, the country values delineated through the feasts' use of local history, as well as the feasts themselves, played a part in the development of party, a process that was central to late Stuart political culture. Equally paradoxically, the county feast stewards and feasters were as much part of the London community as of their county community. Their dual social status shaped the meaning of feast rhetoric and its relation to the political nation.
Professional integrity in higher education: Behind the green curtain in the land of Oz

This article discusses concerns related to professional integrity in academics and to the use of collegiality as an informal criterion for employment and evaluation decisions. We question the nature of the educational enterprise and the academic environment within which both students and faculty operate. We use the AAUP Statement on Professional Ethics to guide our examination of collegiality, and the three traditional areas of faculty evaluation (teaching, scholarship, and service), as they relate to professional integrity. We discuss potential pitfalls in situations involving integrity concerns, and suggest that the use of collegiality in professional decisions is more prevalent and potentially harmful than many realize.
Tumour initiating activity of dihydrodiols of benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, and benzo[k]fluoranthene

The tumor initiating activities on mouse skin of benzo[b]fluoranthene, (B[b]F), benzo[j]fluoranthene (B[j]F), benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F] and three of their dihydrodiols, 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F-9,10-diol), 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo[j]fluoranthene (B[j]F-9,10-diol), and 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxybenzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F-8,9-diol) were evaluated. Among the parent hydrocarbons, B[b]F was the most potent tumor initiator, with activity greater than that of B[j]F but less than that of benzo[a]pyrene. B[k]F also showed tumor initiating activity, in contrast to its lack of complete carcinogenic activity on mouse skin. B[b]F-9,10-diol, which can form a bay region dihydrodiol epoxide, was as active as B[b]F. B[j]F-9,10-diol, which would form its dihydrodiol epoxide in a four sided pseudo-bay region, was less active than B[j]F. B[k]F-8,9-diol was inactive. These results, together with parallel metabolic studies, suggest that the formation of bay region dihydrodiol epoxides may not be the major activation mechanism in benzofluoranthene tumorigenesis.
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition That Ordinary Least-Squares Estimators Be Best Linear Unbiased

Abstract It is shown that in a standard linear regression model ordinary least-squares estimators are best linear unbiased if and only if the errors have the same variance and the same nonnegative coefficient of correlation between each pair.
New Storage Phenomena In High Drawdown Gas Well Buildup

Strange behavior has been noticed in pressure buildup curves for gas wells producing from very low permeability, high drawdown formations. A study of this behavior was made by means of a one-dimensional radial mathematical model wherein wellbore storage is treated rigorously. It was detected that buildup cases characterized by moderate to high pressure drawdown before shut-in always exhibit a shift of the conventional log-log graph to a larger value of the dimensionless wellbore storage constant, compared to the liquid solution. The typical unit slope in the wellbore storage control period is still preserved, and after that period, the buildup curve coincides smoothly with the constant physical properties liquid case. 4 refs.
Structural Control of Onondaga Reefs (Devonian) in South-Central New York State: ABSTRACT

The lower Middle Devonian Onondaga Formation is a restricted marine limestone that extends throughout southern New York State. Thicknesses locally range from 15 to about 260 ft (5 to 78 m) with the thicker parts generally attributed to organic reefal buildups. The reefs may be algal and mudbank as well as wave-resistant structures, however, they contain porous sections that form natural-gas reservoirs if coincident with structural closure. Early interpretations considered the reefs and tectonic structures independent; however, recent investigations suggest that incipient folding was the main control on reefal formation. Structure and isopach maps constructed from tops picked on about 1,400 wells drilled in New York State in the area bounded by 75°30^prime and 78°30^prime indicate that anticlinal folds are coincident with isopach thicks that indicate reefal buildups. Organic accumulations thus are interpreted as related directly to Appalachian folding. Breaks in trends accompanied by changes in thickness are related to contemporaneous organic reaction to tectonic relief. This relation not only dates the inception of folding but also simplifies exploration for natural-gas reservoirs. Because the reefs are confined to the anticlines, there is no need for stratigraphic tests off structure. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1591------------
Note on Heisenberg's Indetermination Principle

The indetermination principle of Heisenberg is discussed and applied to cases where position and velocity of an electron are observed by allowing it to pass through shutters opened momentarily at known times. The principle requires that such a shutter shall change the speed of the electron in a manner that can only be predicted statistically, in the same way as the frequency of a light quantum passing through such a shutter must usually undergo alteration to correspond with the Fourier resolution of the finite train of waves that gets through while the shutter is open. This effect is small and hard to detect experimentally.
On the unification of the law of motion

Following a heuristic modification of the principle of inertia and the principle of equivalence, a higher-dimensional metric theory is constructed on the manifold of the SO(3, 2) De Sitter group which allows us to treat structureless and spinning particles on the same footing. A dimensional analysis of the physical magnitudes is performed.
Diffusional creep and diffusionally accommodated grain rearrangement

Abstract An analysis is made of the normal tractions acting on grain boundaries in a solid with a perfectly regular hexagonal grain structure deforming via diffusional creep. Restrictions are placed on the allowable diffusion paths solely by requiring that the normal stresses on opposite sides of a grain boundary be identical. It is shown that a model for grain switching recently proposed by Ashby and Verrall is inconsistent with this requirement. The problem of grain boundary diffusional flow is solved by treating grains as elastically rigid, and the solution, which agrees with earlier results in the limit of small strains, provides an explicit description of the equilibrium boundary traction distribution during steady state flow. This solution suggests that grain neighbor switching can occur in single phase materials only when grain boundary migration occurs. In two phase materials it is expected that diffusional creep will give rise to a grain switching process in which a grain of one phase wedges between and separates two grains of the other phase.
How to renormalize the gap equation in high density QCD

We discuss two technical issues related to the gap equation in high-density QCD: (i) how to obtain the asymptotic solution with well controlled approximations, and (ii) the renormalization of four-quark operators in the high-density effective field theory.
A process-based framework for quantifying the atmospheric preconditioning of surface-triggered convection

[1] Here we introduce the heated condensation framework, which contains a suite of variables for isolating the atmospheric boundary state from local surface forcing. The buoyant condensation level (BCL) and buoyant mixing temperature (θBM) quantify the degree to which the atmosphere is preconditioned for moist convection and can be calculated for any time of day or year using standard vertical profiles of temperature and humidity. Unlike the lifted condensation level and convective inhibition, the BCL is constructed through incremental mixing from the surface rather than lifting a hypothetical parcel. In this regard, the BCL represents a conserved condensation level diagnostic inherent to a given profile. The BCL and θBM are shown to be applicable over a range of climate regimes and respond to synoptic and mesoscale forcings, illustrating its broader utility. A suite of variables relating the BCL directly to surface fluxes is also introduced.
Strengthening Positive Parenting Through Intervention Evaluating the Moms’ Empowerment Program for Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence

This study examined the effectiveness of an evidence-based intervention in changing the positive and negative parenting practices of 120 mothers who experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) in the last 2 years. Mothers assigned to the treatment group participated in a 10-session evidence-based intervention, known as the Moms' Empowerment Program, which targets the mental health problems of women and works to increase access to resources and improve parenting abilities of women exposed to IPV. Participants were interviewed at baseline and immediately following the intervention or waitlist period, representing an elapsed time of approximately 5 weeks. After controlling for relevant demographic variables, violence severity, and mental health, women showed significantly more change in their positive parenting scores if they were in the treatment condition. No significant differences were found between the treatment and comparison groups in their negative parenting practices change scores. These findings su...
Small-Strain Dynamic Rheology of Food Protein Networks

Small-amplitude oscillatory shear analyses of samples containing protein are useful for determining the nature of the protein matrix without damaging it. G′ (elastic or storage modulus), G′′ (visco...
Cultured Murine Thyroid Epithelial Cells Expressing Transgenic Fas-Associated Death Domain-Like Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Protein Are Protected from Fas-Mediated Apoptosis

The antiapoptotic molecule Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1β-converting enzyme inhibitory protein (FLIP) inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis by blocking activation of caspase-8. We previously showed that expression of transgenic FLIP on thyroid epithelial cells (TECs) of DBA/1 and CBA/J mice promoted earlier resolution of granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in vivo. This study was undertaken to directly determine whether transgenic FLIP expressed on cultured TECs can protect TECs from Fas-mediated apoptosis in vitro. The results indicate that cultured TECs from DBA/1 and CBA/J mice can be sensitized in vitro by interferon-γ and TNF-α to undergo Fas-mediated apoptosis. Transgenic overexpression of FLIP protected cultured TECs of FLIP transgene (Tg)+ DBA/1 and CBA/J mice from Fas-mediated apoptosis, and FLIP small interfering RNA transfection of cultured TECs of FLIP Tg+ DBA/1 and CBA/J mice abolished the protective effect. These in vitro results are consistent with our previous in vivo studies using DBA/1 and CBA/J FLIP Tg+ mice and provide direct support for the hypothesis that transgenic expression of FLIP promotes resolution of granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis by protecting TECs from apoptosis.
Mid-G1 Arrest and Epidermal Growth Factor Independence of ras-transfected Mouse Cells

Transfection of C3H/10T½ cells with either a c- myc or an activated c-Ha- ras gene decreased the cellular dependence for serum-derived factors to proliferate in monolayer. The c- myc -transfected cells did, however, require a high plasma concentration for significant growth, while the ras transfectants grew extremely well in either low or high concentrations of either plasma or serum. Stimulation of quiescent cultures with purified growth factors demonstrated that c- myc transfection did not alter qualitatively or quantitatively the requirement for both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin to progress to DNA synthesis. Cells transfected with either a ras gene alone or a combination of ras plus c- myc lost their dependence on EGF for DNA synthesis; cultures became committed to S phase in serum-free medium supplemented with insulin alone. The ras transfectants arrested in mid-G1, 6 h prior to S phase. The EGF independence of the ras transfectants is consistent with the mid-G1 arrest of these cells at a point(s) distal to the primary action of EGF in early G-G1.
Contouring control of machine tool feed drive systems: a task coordinate frame approach

We show that contouring performance can be viewed as a regulation problem in a moving task coordinate frame that is attached to the desired contour. By transforming the machine tool feed drive dynamics to this task coordinate frame, a control law is designed to assign different dynamics to the tangential and normal directions. The transformation also illustrated the effect of contour curvature and feed rate in the control action as well as the system dynamics in the task coordinate frame. The resulting control law consists of a linear time-varying proportional-plus-derivative (PD) position error feedback control law and a linear time invariant trajectory feedforward control law. Experimental results of the proposed control law on the motion axes of a machining center, Matsuura MC510V, showed significant improvement of the contouring accuracy compared to the existing servo controller as well as the successful decoupling between the tangential dynamics and the normal (contouring) dynamics for feedrate up to 6 m/min (4 in/s).
What are children thankful for? An archival analysis of gratitude before and after the attacks of September 11

We analyzed the content of school-aged children's responses to a countywide in-class essay assignment in which they described what they are thankful for. Accounts were written in November of 2000 (n = 152) and 2001 (n = 196). We identified the most prominent themes of children's gratitude as well as differences in the themes that emerged before and after the September 11 terrorist attacks. We also examined sex and developmental differences in the gratitude themes. The most common themes were family, basic needs, friends, and teachers/school. Rescue workers, the United States and its values (e.g., freedom) appeared more frequently in 2001 than 2000. Girls expressed more gratitude than boys for a variety of interpersonal relationships; boys were more grateful for material objects. Older children mentioned several themes more frequently than younger children. Implications are discussed in the context of positive psychology.
Use of the Weibull versus Exponential to Model Part Reliability

The best practice for characterization of the reliability parameters for a part from historical or empirical data often erroneously uses the mean-time-between-failure for the exponential probability distribution. The use of the exponential probability distribution for parts that experience wear during its useful life overstates the reliability and availability of a part early in the useful life and then understates the reliability and availability later. This error contributes to logistical support confusion for the life cycle costs for spare parts and maintenance. The use of the Weibull distribution is more accurate and practical. It is shown that the Weibull best models the reliability, maintainability and availability of parts that have a variable hazard rate over its useful life
Arteriovenous Fistula Following Thyroidectomy Presenting with Cardiac Failure—A Case Report:

An arteriovenous fistula between the thyrocervical trunk and the transverse cervical vein is described, diagnosed four years after thyroidectomy. This unu sual fistula produced signs of cardiac failure and the bruit was discovered on careful physical examination. Although a systolic/diastolic bruit may be gener ated by arterial occlusive disease of the carotid artery, the presence of a continu ous cervical bruit in close proximity to a scar should suggest an arteriovenous fistula.