cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical use of tacrolimus (FK-506) in infants and children with renal transplants

Although cyclosporine (CsA)-based immunosuppressive regimens have been highly successful in renal transplantation in infants and children, their adverse influence on somatic growth, general appearance, and blood pressure are of particular importance in this population. Over the past 4 years, we have utilized tacrolimus (formerly FK-506) as the primary immunosuppressive agent in 43 unselected children and achieved 1-year and 3-year allograft survival rates of 96% and 85%, respectively. We have also used tacrolimus to rescue 14 of 19 (74%) renal allografts from CsA-resistant rejection. Corticosteroids were discontinued in 62% of non-rescue patients without increasing the risk of rejection or renal dysfunction over a mean follow-up time of 25 months. Tacrolimus monotherapy has been associated with improved body growth and less obesity, while tacrolimus alone or in combination with prednisone was virtually free of hirsutism or gingival hypertrophy, and posed a low risk for hypertension. A major disadvantage of this regimen may be an increased risk for viral infections and a benign form of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. This article describes the tacrolimus protocol utilized in our center and focuses on practical clinical issues including therapeutic monitoring, benefits, and major toxicity in children with renal allografts.
A PRIORI TESTS IN REPEATED MEASURES DESIGNS: EFFECTS OF NONSPHERICITY

The validity conditions for univariate repeated measures designs are described. Attention is focused on the sphericity requirement. For av degree of freedom family of comparisons among the repeated measures, sphericity exists when all contrasts contained in thev dimensional space have equal variances. Under nonsphericity, upper and lower bounds on test size and power of a priori, repeated measures,F tests are derived. The effects of nonsphericity are illustrated by means of a set of charts. The charts reveal that small departures from sphericity (.97 ≤ ɛ<1.00) can seriously affect test size and power. It is recommended that separate rather than pooled error term procedures be routinely used to test a priori hypotheses.
SU‐FF‐J‐116: On the Development of Intra‐Fraction Whole Body Motion Tracking During Total Body Irradiation

Purpose: The feasibility of total marrow irradiation (TMI) using highly conformal image‐guided Tomotherapy is recently being explored as a radiation dose escalation pre‐conditioning TMI regimen for high risk hematological malignancies. Though, initial trial shows potential of this technology, treatment procedure is at present an open loop. This is a concern for safety as well as accuracy of the treatment delivery. The primary objective of this study is to develop a real time optical tracking system (OTS) which will offer better understanding of intra‐fraction whole body motion and develop a closed loop feedback approach to treatment that will enhance the safety of this new treatment.Method and Materials: A stereoscopic camerasystem is utilized to track near‐infrared reflective markers placed on the Rando phantom. The cameras were calibrated to determine the 3D location of each detected marker. The entire stereoscopic marker detection system returns a set of 3D marker locations at a rate of 60 Hz. Five criteria for evaluating motion capture technology are considered for selection of the optical detection system — accuracy, bandwidth, frame rate, capture volume, and real time performance. The translational motion detection uncertainties in OTS are measured and compared with onboard three dimensional megavoltage CT (MVCT) scanning system for pre‐treatment setup verification. Results: The preliminary work has shown : (i) the translational motion with better than 4mm accuracy, (ii) the vision‐based acquisition can be performed very quickly (in second) compared to the MVCT scan (5–10 minutes) method currently used for initial patient positioning; (iii) bony portions of the body can be accurately tracked in three dimensions. Conclusion: The proposed method entices the effectiveness of vision‐based whole body patient motion tracking for use with the helical tomotherapy treatment.
Rat intestinal calcium-binding protein: Rapid purification with AG MP-1 ion-exchange chromatography

Abstract Rat intestinal calcium-binding protein has been purified using standard preparative methods that include heat treatment and gel-filtration chromatography. Final purification was achieved using ion-exchange chromatography with the macroporous ion exchanger AG MP-1. Substitution of this step for preparative polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis allowed purification of milligram quantities of homogeneous calcium-binding protein from larger amounts of the partially purified preparation without dilution. The calcium-binding protein thus purified is heat stable, has a molecular weight of 11,500, and has electrophoretic behavior characteristic of rat intestinal calcium-binding protein purified by other techniques.
Contributions to the Antenna Field during World War II

During World War II intensive efforts of radio engineers and physicists resulted in the invention of many new types of antennas and in advances in fundamental antenna theory. The paper presents the results of this work in relation to the principal problem areas that were recognized during that period: 1) sidelobe suppression; 2) beam-shaping techniques; 3) beam-scanning techniques; 4) broadbanding; 5) antenna siting. In each of these areas major advances were made, both in operating hardware and in theoretical understanding.
Asset storability and the informational content of inter-temporal prices

Abstract Given two markets for the same asset, profit-maximizing information traders will trade in that market with the lower transaction costs. Storage costs are a major factor in cash market transaction costs. The greater the disparity in the asset's cost of storage between its two markets, the greater the informational disparity between the asset's cash and futures price. A test developed to measure the informational impact of an asset's futures price on its cash price confirms the theoretical expectation. Furthermore, no evidence is found that an asset's futures market introduces noise into its cash market's pricing process.
Evidence for Complementation of Plant Potyvirus Pathogenic Strains in Mixed Infection

Several strains of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) can be differentiated on the basis of the phenotypic response of various soybean cultivars (e.g., the soybean line Williams ‘82 is susceptible to all SMV strains, whereas the lines P. I. 96983, L78-379, and Davis are functionally immune to SMV strain G2 but susceptible to strains G7 and G7a). Inoculation of the immune lines with G2, followed 2 days later by inoculation with G7 or G7a, resulted in systemic spread of the avirulent SMV G2. Further evidence, suggests that complementation groups of SMV strains may exist.
Improving pilot mental workload classification through feature exploitation and combination

Predicting high pilot mental workload is important to the United States Air Force because lives and aircraft have been lost due to errors made during periods of flight associated with mental overload and task saturation. Current research efforts use psychophysiological measures such as electroencephalography (EEG), cardiac, ocular, and respiration measures in an attempt to identify and predict mental workload levels. Existing classification methods successfully classify pilot mental workload using flight data for a single pilot on a given day, but are unsuccessful across different pilots and/or days. We demonstrate a small subset of combined and calibrated psychophysiological features collected from a single pilot on a given day that accurately classifies mental workload for a separate pilot on a different day. We achieve classification accuracy (CA) improvements over previous classifiers exceeding 80% while using significantly fewer features and dramatically reducing the CA variance. Without the need for EEG data, our feature combination and calibration scheme also radically reduces the raw data collection requirements, making data collection immensely easier to manage and spectacularly reducing computational processing requirements.
Dynamic deformation and adiabatic shear microstructures associated with ballistic plug formation and fracture in Ti-6Al-4V targets

Abstract Cylindrical, flat-nose, 4340 steel projectiles (2.0 cm height) were impacted onto Ti–6Al–4V targets (2.5 thick) at velocities ranging from 633 to 1027 m/s. Plug formation was observable at 633 m/s and exited the target between 1006 and 1027 m/s. Adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) composed of dynamically recrystallized (DRX) grains and cracks formed both vertically and horizontally (parallel or perpendicular) to the impact axis. The ASB characteristically white-band thickness varied from 5 to 40 μm, with the thicker bands occurring at the highest impact velocity. ASBs and cracks increased in frequency with increasing impact velocity, forming a cylindrical flow regime characterizing the plug. TEM analysis showed a greater than order of magnitude decrease in the DRX regime composing the ASBs, while EBSD analysis showed a residual DRX, grain-size regime varying from 50 to 900 nm. There was no evidence for an α → β transformation occurring within the ASB/DRX regime.
State-of-the-Art Review : Monitoring of High-Dose Intravenous Heparin Therapy—A Contribution to the Safety of Heparin Monitoring

Whenever unfractionated heparin (UFH) is administered i.v. in therapeutic doses, therapeutic drug monitoring of the anticoagulant response should be man datory and the dose should be adjusted accordingly. UFH therapy is usually monitored by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). A 1.5- to 2.5-fold prolonga tion of APTT has become generally accepted as an indi cator of effective i.v. anticoagulation, but it has become common to recommend this ratio without testing the APTT reagents used for their heparin sensitivity and for their actual therapeutic APTT ratio (actual APTT: normal control APTT). Internal heparin sensitivity testing of APTT reagents is managed using heparin sensitivity curves obtained from heparin-spiked normal plasma pool. The most common APTT reagents in Austria and a newly developed double activated APTT reagent were tested for their heparin sensitivity and therapeutic ratios on differ ent automated analyzers, depending on their optical and chemical conditions. Also, newly deve...
Relating human genetic variation to variation in drug responses

Although sequencing a single human genome was a monumental effort a decade ago, more than 1000 genomes have now been sequenced. The task ahead lies in transforming this information into personalized treatment strategies that are tailored to the unique genetics of each individual. One important aspect of personalized medicine is patient-to-patient variation in drug response. Pharmacogenomics addresses this issue by seeking to identify genetic contributors to human variation in drug efficacy and toxicity. Here, we present a summary of the current status of this field, which has evolved from studies of single candidate genes to comprehensive genome-wide analyses. Additionally, we discuss the major challenges in translating this knowledge into a systems-level understanding of drug physiology, with the ultimate goal of developing more effective personalized clinical treatment strategies.
Connecting IT Services Operations to Services Marketing Practices

The importance of building relationships with customers and trust in the services provider is well documented in the marketing literature. Conceptually, we extend this logic to the context of internal information technology (IT) services operations through the notion of the service delivery chain. The purpose of the study is to examine how key service mechanisms in operational IT implementation are related to employee perceptions of actual system benefits and trust in the IT services provider. We report on a study with 380 employees of 14 bank affiliates that were recently acquired by a bank holding company. The focus of the study is on postimplementation trust rather than preimplementation or initial trust, and the service provider is viewed as the object of trust rather than the technology. Our findings suggest that training, trial, and social influence are key service mechanisms an IT services provider can use to stimulate trust in the IT services provider and the realization of system benefits.
A General Approach To Modelling Non-normally Distributed Cost Variance Data: An Illustration

Abstract Many studies have indicated that many financial and cost variables are non-normally distributed. For example, empirical studies of financial ratios and cost variance data have found non-normality. However, instead of identifying the correct distribution of these financial variables, many of these decision models (e.g. bankruptcy prediction, bond rating prediction, cost-volume-profit analysis and the cost variance investigation decision) have simply adopted an assumption of normality. This is contrary to the empirical evidence which has suggested that some of these input variables are non-normally distributed. The reason for this common adoption of the normal distribution assumption could be attributed to the lack of knowledge regarding the appropriate distribution function for the variable. In order to encourage the use of the appropriate distribution function for the required financial variable, this paper examines this aspect. The objective of this study is to assist in identifying an appropriate distribution function for modelling non-normally distributed accounting variables. A three-step procedure is described and actual cost variance data of a Fortune 500 company's manufacturing plant are used to illustrate the procedure.
X-ray computed tomography for non-destructive failure analysis in microelectronics

In this paper a review of the development of x-ray computed tomography (CT) for non-destructive failure analysis in microelectronics is presented. The general operation principle, key design considerations and technical challenges faced by x-ray CT technology are discussed. A comparison between 2D and 3D x-ray imaging capabilities is presented, and critical failure analysis case studies that are hard or not possible to isolate by alternative methods are also discussed, as well as its unique progressive testing capability.
Smalltalk and exploratory programming

Using Smalltalk-80, programmers can produce prototypes much faster than with C or Pascal. What techniques do Smalltalk-80 programmers use to produce these prototypes? What is special about Smalltalk-80 that enables them to uses these techniques? Can these techniques be used with conventional languages such as C? In an attempt to answer these questions we interviewed experienced Smalltalk programmers and asked how they approach programming in Smalltalk. Such introspective interviews that are conducted after completion of a project are known to be somewhat unreliable, but not enough is known to use any other methodology. What follows is a summary of the interviews, followed by an explanation of the results. Finally we discuss some of the weaknesses of Smalltalk and some possible solutions.
Quaker children's use of thee: A relational analysis

Two hypotheses of pronoun comprehension are presented: absolute pronouns apply to specific persons and relative pronouns apply to persons in specific relations. Sixteen families in which one or both parents use the familiar thee within the family were studied by questionnaire to determine the children's use of the familiar (T). In 9 of the 16 families the children never adopted the parents' use. It is argued that both the failure to adopt the parents' use and the pattern of use of T by the other children support the relative hypothesis.
Current Indications for and Status of Decortication for “Trapped Lung”

Abstract Nineteen patients underwent decortication in a fifty-month period during which a total of 478 patients with traumatic hemopneumothorax and 98 patients with pneumonia plus effusion were seen. In all patients requiring decortication, an error in management had been made or a complication had developed which led to the need for decortication. From this study, we conclude that early, aggressive tube drainage for traumatic hemothorax or an effusion associated with pneumonia decreases the need for decortication and that decortication should be performed within the first month if there is marked restrictive lung disease or evidence of an infected pleural peel.
“Direct” and “indirect” communicative acts in semiotic perspective

Abstract Purportedly universal instrumentalist views of language functions are critically reviewed, whether conceived more narrowly in respect of denotational (referential and predicational) uses or more widely in respect of interpersonal (pragmatic) goals or effects. In both these realms the concept of discernible degrees of “directness” vs. “indirectness” rests on various folk- or ethno-metalinguistic ideas of how language form can be iconic with an autonomous realm of that which it stands for, a projective semantic or pragmatic pictorialism of questionable utility in cross-cultural empirical investigation. Rather, through the analysis of Worora (Northern Kimberley, Australia) examples of social indexicality in the realms of ‘politeness’ and ‘avoidance/taboo’, it is seen that the interaction of pragmatic (indexical) norms for contextualizing language and the local culture's ethno-metapragmatics determines the equivalent of what Western ethno-metapragmatics understands in terms of “direct” and “indirect.”
Magnetization and ferromagnetic resonance studies on rf sputtered amorphous BiFeO3CuFe2O4 compounds

Abstract A ferrimagnetic character with a uniaxial anisotropy has been observed through static and dynamic magnetic measurements in amorphous compounds of (1−2 x ) BiFeO 3 − x CuFe 2 O 4 ( x = 0-0.3) prepared by the technique of rf sputtering Samples with thickness in the order of 1 μm were prepared in mixed oxygen-argon atmospheres and were X-ray amorphous. As-deposited films are paramagnetic. Samples with x > 0 show a ferrimagnetic moment when annealed in air at high temperature T a . The room temperature moment increases with T a and reaches a maximum for T a -values ranging from 500 to 600°C. The Curie temperature is about 460–480°C and is less than the crystallization temperature. Both the saturation magnetization and the unixial anisotropy field increase with x . From data on low temperature magnetization. Curie temperature and ferromagnetic resonance g -values, the magnetic moment is attributed to the possible presence of clusters of ferrimagnetic copper ferrite.
Feedback Inhibition of G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Activity by Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases

G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-mediated receptor phosphorylation and β-arrestin binding uncouple G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from their respective G proteins and initiates the process of receptor internalization. In the case of the β2-adrenergic receptor and lysophosphatidic acid receptor, these processes can lead to ERK activation. Here we identify a novel mechanism whereby the activity of GRK2 is regulated by feedback inhibition. GRK2 is demonstrated to be a phosphoprotein in cells. Mass spectrometry and mutational analysis localize the site of phosphorylation on GRK2 to a carboxyl-terminal serine residue (Ser670). Phosphorylation at Ser670 impairs the ability of GRK2 to phosphorylate both soluble and membrane-incorporated receptor substrates and dramatically attenuates Gβγ-mediated activation of this enzyme. Ser670 is located in a peptide sequence that conforms to an ERK consensus phosphorylation sequence, and in vitro, in the presence of heparin, ERK1 phosphorylates GRK2. Inhibition of ERK activity in HEK293 cells potentiates GRK2 activity, whereas, conversely, ERK activation inhibits GRK2 activity. The discovery that ERK phosphorylates and inactivates GRK2 suggests that ERK participates in a feedback regulatory loop. By negatively regulating GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation, β-arrestin-mediated processes such as Src recruitment and clathrin-mediated internalization, which are required for GPCR-mediated ERK activation, are inhibited, thus dampening further ERK activation.
A Novel Uranyl Sulfate Cluster in the Structure of Na6(UO2)(SO4)4(H2O)2

Abstract The sodium uranyl sulfate hydrate, Na 6 (UO 2 )(SO 4 ) 4 (H 2 O) 2 , has been synthesized and the crystal structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure crystallizes in space group P 1 , a =5.5503(5), b =11.2456(9), and c =14.256(1) A, α =91.483(2), β =92.583(2), and γ =97.588(2)°, V =880.6(2) A 3 , Z =2, and has been refined on the basis of F 2 for all unique data collected with monochromatic Mo Kα X-radiation and a CCD-based detector to an agreement factor ( R 1) of 3.38%, calculated using 5617 unique observed reflections (∣ F o ∣≥4 σ F ). The structure contains a novel uranyl sulfate cluster with composition [(UO 2 )(SO 4 ) 4 ] 6− that is composed of a uranyl pentagonal bipyramid and four sulfate tetrahedra. Three sulfate tetrahedra are linked to the uranyl pentagonal bipyramid by the sharing of vertices, and the other shares an equatorial edge of the uranyl pentagonal bipyramid. This is the second structure known to involve the sharing of an edge of a uranyl polyhedron with a tetrahedron containing a hexavalent cation. The uranyl sulfate clusters are linked through bonds to Na cations, and by H bonding.
The penile disassembly technique in hypospadias repair

Objective To report experience and results with penile disassembly in hypospadias repair. Patients and methods From November 1995 to May 1997 penile disassembly was used in 92 patients aged from 9 months to 32 years. The indications for operation were hypospadias with severe penile curvature (especially with curvature in the distal third of the corpora cavernosa), chordee without hypospadias, and small penis with hypospadias. The technique involves separating the penis into its component parts, i.e. the glans cap with neurovascular bundle dorsally, together with the undivided or divided urethra and urethral plate ventrally, and the corpora cavernosa. The manoeuvre allows any curvature to be corrected, especially when in the distal third of the corporal bodies, glans tilt to be rectified, and the penis to be enlarged, particularly elongated, which is a significant gain in small penises with hypospadias. Results The patients were followed for 3–20 months (mean 14); the penis was straightened in all cases, with no recurrence of curvature. In 37 patients (40%) penile disassembly combined with extensive urethral mobilization resolved the hypospadiac meatus with no need to form a neourethra; the penis was larger after surgery. Complications were related to urethroplasty and included four urethral stenoses, two fistulae and three diverticula. There was no injury to the neurovascular bundle and urethra; sensitivity and erection were preserved in all patients. Conclusion The penile disassembly technique is most effective for hypospadias with severe curvature, especially for glans tilt and curvature located distally. Penile augmentation is possible using this technique.
Cognitive functioning in complicated grief

Complicated grief (CG) is increasingly recognized as a debilitating outcome of bereavement. Given the intensity of the stressor, its chronicity, and its association with depression, it is important to know the impact CG may have on cognitive functioning. This exploratory and descriptive study examined global and domain-specific cognitive functioning in a help-seeking sample of individuals with CG (n = 335) compared to a separately ascertained control sample (n = 250). Cognitive functioning was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Controlling for age, sex and education effects, CG participants had lower total MoCA, visuospatial and attention scores relative to control participants. The two groups did not differ significantly in the domains of executive function, language, memory or orientation. Age, sex, and education accounted for much of the variance in MoCA scores, while CG severity and chronicity accounted for a very small percentage of MoCA score variance. Major depression was not a significant predictor of MoCA scores. This study is consistent with previous work demonstrating lower attention and global cognitive performance in individuals with CG compared to control participants. This study newly identifies the visuospatial domain as a target for future studies investigating cognitive functioning in CG.
An Analysis of the High Attrition Rates among First Year College Science, Math, and Engineering Majors:

Increases in attrition rates among science, mathematics, and engineering (SME) majors have produced a variety of deleterious effects for the society. This article attempts to clarify and interpret ...
In vitro reconstitution of centrosome assembly and function: The central role of γ-tubulin

The centrosome nucleates microtubule polymerization, affecting microtubule number, polarity, and structure. We use an in vitro system based on extracts of Xenopus eggs to examine the role of gamma-tubulin in centrosome assembly and function. gamma-Tubulin is present in the cytoplasm of frog eggs and vertebrate somatic cells in a large approximately 25S complex. The egg extracts assemble centrosomes around sperm centrioles. Formation of a centrosome in the extract requires both the gamma-tubulin complex and ATP and can take place in the absence of microtubules. gamma-Tubulin is not present on the sperm prior to incubation in extract, but is recruited from the cytoplasm during centrosome assembly. The gamma-tubulin complex also binds to microtubules, likely the minus end, independent of the centrosome. These results suggest that gamma-tubulin is an essential component of the link between the centrosome and the microtubule, probably playing a direct role in microtubule nucleation.
Deleterious effects of incomplete myocardial reperfusion on ventricular arrhythmias

Incomplete myocardial reperfusion (that is, reperfusion limited to part of the ischemic zone) can occur because of segmental release of diffuse coronary spasm, proximal thrombolysis with persistent distal occlusion or reversible spasm with persistent distal thrombosis. However, it is unknown whether incomplete reperfusion increases the risk of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (because of greater dispersion of electrophysiologic properties) or decreases it (because of the smaller size of the reperfused zone). Thus, 56 open chest dogs underwent coronary artery occlusion (mid-left anterior descending coronary artery) followed 25 minutes later by reperfusion. Dogs were given complete reperfusion (control dogs: release of the proximal obstruction with no distal occlusion) or incomplete reperfusion (release of the proximal obstruction after ligation of the distal artery). Size of ischemic and reperfused zones was determined by postmortem dye perfusion. In control dogs, the ischemic zone (which coincided with the reperfused zone) was 34 ± 1% (mean ± standard error) of left ventricle; in dogs with incomplete reperfusion, the ischemic zone was similar to that of-control dogs (30 ± 1% of left ventricle, probability [p] = not significant), whereas the reperfused zone was smaller (20 ± 2% of left ventricle, p Incomplete reperfusion increased the overall incidence of ventricular tachycardia (18 of 20 versus 20 of 36 in control dogs, p
Tectonic controls on a large landslide complex: Williams Fork Mountains near Dillon, Colorado

Abstract An extensive (∼ 25 km2) landslide complex covers a large area on the west side of the Williams Fork Mountains in central Colorado. The complex is deeply weathered and incised, and in most places geomorphic evidence of sliding (breakaways, hummocky topography, transverse ridges, and lobate distal zones) are no longer visible, indicating that the main mass of the slide has long been inactive. However, localized Holocene reactivation of the landslide deposits is common above the timberline (at about 3300 m) and locally at lower elevations. Clasts within the complex, as long as several tens of meters, are entirely of crystalline basement (Proterozoic gneiss and granitic rocks) from the hanging wall of the Laramide (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary), west-directed Williams Range thrust, which forms the western structural boundary of the Colorado Front Range. Late Cretaceous shale and sandstone compose most footwall rocks. The crystalline hanging-wall rocks are pervasively fractured or shattered, and alteration to clay minerals is locally well developed. Sackung structures (trenches or small-scale grabens and upslope-facing scarps) are common near the rounded crest of the range, suggesting gravitational spreading of the fractured rocks and oversteepening of the mountain flanks. Late Tertiary and Quaternary incision of the Blue River Valley, just west of the Williams Fork Mountains, contributed to the oversteepening. Major landslide movement is suspected during periods of deglaciation when abundant meltwater increased pore-water pressure in bedrock fractures. A fault-flexure model for the development of the widespread fracturing and weakening of the Proterozoic basement proposes that the surface of the Williams Range thrust contains a concave-downward flexure, the axis of which coincides approximately with the contact in the footwall between Proterozoic basement and mostly Cretaceous rocks. Movement of brittle, hanging-wall rocks through the flexure during Laramide deformation pervasively fractured the hanging-wall rocks.
Asymmetric hydroamination of aminoallenes catalyzed by titanium and tantalum complexes of chiral sulfonamide alcohol ligands

Abstract A series of bidentate sulfonamide alcohol ligands with varying steric and electronic properties was synthesized. The titanium and tantalum complexes of these ligands, prepared in situ from either Ti(NMe 2 ) 4 or Ta(NMe 2 ) 5 , were used as catalysts for the asymmetric hydroamination of 6-methyl-hepta-4,5-dienylamine, giving exclusively the α-vinylpyrrolidine product. The titanium derived catalysts gave products with low stereoselectivity, up to 11%ee favoring (+)-2-(2-methyl-propenyl)-pyrrolidine, while the tantalum derived catalysts gave products with higher and opposite stereoselectivity, up to 34%ee favoring (−)-2-(2-methyl-propenyl)-pyrrolidine.
Culture, Property, and Peoplehood: A Comment on Carpenter, Katyal, and Riley's “In Defense of Property”

First, the good news: Carpenter, Katyal, and Riley make a compelling case that the venerable concept of property—long defined primarily by such principles as transferability and rights of exclusion and control—should be broadened to encompass a robust ideal of stewardship. In doing so, “In Defense of Property” (henceforth, IDP) renders property more compatible with the indigenous view of things. This significant contribution to ongoing global debates about the protection of indigenous heritage will be of great interest to readers of the IJCP.
Evaluation of a Web-Based Palliative Care Pain Management Module for Housestaff

The objectives of this study were to determine internal medicine residents' knowledge of outpatient palliative care pain management, describe the association of level of training with knowledge, and evaluate the impact on knowledge of a web-based, interactive, evidence-based educational module. We developed the module using established educational principles, based on review of other educational materials, guidelines, and the medical literature. The module included pretest and post-test questions, case studies, didactic sections, and web links. Six hundred twelve housestaff in 35 training programs in 19 states completed the module during the 2005-2006 academic year (196 [32.0%] postgraduate year [PGY]-1, 200 [32.7%] PGY-2, and 216 [35.3%] PGY-3). The mean pretest score was 54.4% (range 31.1%-84.6%); scores were lowest for specific pain management knowledge questions, including appropriate titration of breakthrough opioid doses (mean 31.1% correct) and appropriate initial use of opioids (40.7% correct). Pretest scores were not significantly different by level of training (52.2% for PGY-1 and 56.7% for PGY-3). The mean post-test score was 72.8%, a statistically significant increase from the pretest overall (P<0.001) and for seven of the 10 learning objectives (P<0.001). These findings indicate that housestaff lacked knowledge in many areas of palliative care pain management, and knowledge did not increase with time spent in residency. The large increase in test scores after the module suggests that this may be an effective component of a comprehensive palliative care curriculum.
Marcus Alexis and Regulatory Reform in Surface Transportation Industries

Marcus Alexis was a major contributor to the debate on deregulation of the surface transportation industry. He hypothesized that easing restrictions on rate-setting and firm-entry would promote efficiency and enhance consumer welfare in trucking and railroad industries. As commissioner and interim chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) he supported legislation that opened these industries to greater competition. This study revisits the model used by Alexis to derive his hypothesis, and uses current information to test its predictive accuracy long after the initial passage of deregulation. Findings from this study are consistent with Alexis’ forecast. Such evidence of his research expertise is just part of his legacy as a pioneer in the economics profession.
Humanitarianism and National Sovereignty: Red Cross Intervention on behalf of Political Prisoners in Soviet Russia, 1921–3

From 1921 to 1923 the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) sought to protect the individual rights of political prisoners in Soviet Russia. This action represented the culmination of the Red Cross’ attempt after the First World War to transform the humanitarian rights assured to soldiers by the Geneva and Hague conventions into universal rights for all people. The Red Cross, employing concepts that demonstrate a connection between humanitarianism and human rights, argued for a right to assistance that transcended national sovereignty and authorized international intervention in the sovereign affairs of states. The article traces the ideological origins of this universal humanitarian right through the debates on civil war at the 1912 and 1921 International Conferences of the Red Cross and then analyzes the ICRC's use of private and public channels to protect political prisoners in Soviet Russia. Despite initial international support, the ICRC failed to achieve a humanitarian intervention from th...
Early graft failure after infrainguinal arterial bypass.

Introduction Early graft failure (EGF), defined as failure within 30 days of an index procedure, is a serious complication after infrainguinal arterial bypass. EGF has not been examined by the use of national data since the widespread adoption of percutaneous treatments for arterial occlusive disease. Methods We used data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Patients who underwent infrainguinal arterial bypass from 2005 to 2011 were selected from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. The frequency of 30-day EGF was determined. Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluated risk factors for EGF. Results Of 23,468 patients who underwent open infrainguinal arterial bypass, 1,065 (4.5%) had EGF. Patients who had EGF were more likely to have a prolonged duration of stay (34.8% vs 12.0%, P Conclusion The incidence of EGF after open lower extremity arterial bypass has not increased in an era of increased use of percutaneous techniques. Nevertheless, EGF occurs in almost 5% of patients and is strongly associated with additional complications and mortality. Identifying patients at risk for EGF may facilitate modification of contributing factors. Diminishing the incidence of graft occlusion will lead to decreased morbidity and mortality in this cohort of patients.
The Potential of Gaming in Rehabilitation of the Burn-Injured Patient.

Abstract The use of videogames for non-entertainment purposes has interested educational and behavioral researchers for decades. Recent technology advances have increased the interactivity of games while maintaining reasonable costs, leading rehabilitation therapists to investigate gaming consoles as an adjunct to traditional techniques. Obstacles to large-scale trials exist, but the transformative potential of gaming consoles should motivate developers and healthcare professionals to find solutions.
Mechanistic aspects of impact initiated reactions in explosively consolidated metal+aluminum powder mixtures

Abstract The mechanisms influencing impact initiation of reactions in structural energetic materials formed by explosive compaction of pure Ni, Ta, or W powders mixed with Al powder are investigated in this work. High speed images of rod-on-anvil impact tests indicate that the energy requirements for initiating reaction in Ta+Al compacts are lower than those in W+Al, while no reaction at all is observed in Ni+Al under the tested conditions. Mesoscale simulations performed on actual microstructures reveal differences in the deformation behavior of the Ni+Al, Ta+Al, and W+Al compacts under similar impact conditions. In the Ni+Al and W+Al systems, the impact induced deformation is localized primarily in the Al constituent, while significant plastic deformation of both constituents is observed in Ta+Al, making it a more reactive system.
Decentralized control of interconnected electric power systems in competitive markets

This paper investigates the prospects of decentralized control in the emerging competitive electricity markets. The weaknesses of current control performance criteria for dealing with such markets are discussed and it is hypothesized that decentralized control, providing full control over economically independent electrically interconnected areas, is necessary in such markets. To study the feasibility of such a decentralization rigorously, a state space decomposition method is introduced and applied to the model of an interconnected system. As a result it is shown that, in electric power systems, regardless of the number and location of the tie lines and implemented control schemes, the frequency and phase of each area are in the controllable subspaces of all areas in the interconnection. This shows that, if decentralization is to be achieved, flexible links which decouple the phases of areas must be utilized. The side effects of such implementations are also discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF MAMMALIAN AND OTHER CATIONIC POLYPEPTIDES ON THE CYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTER OF BACTERIAL CELLS

Cationic polypeptides interact with bacterial cells of E. coli and B. anthracis . They confer upon the cells some of the characteristics of cationic particles. Since bacterial cells usually behave as anions, acidic dyes at high pH levels differentiate between cells which have and those which have not interacted with cationic polypeptides. Under the conditions of these experiments it appeared that cationic polypeptides tend to be sorbed in highest concentration in the surface layers of the cells. Electrovalent binding to anionic cell components and detergent action are probably among the mechanisms involved in the interaction between the polypeptides such as histones and bacterial cells. The differential staining of bacterial cells which have interacted with cationic polypeptides is feasible and reasonably selective. It should be useful in determining whether bacterial cells interact with host cationic polypeptides in vitro .
Identification of Chromosomes Involved in Six Radiation-induced Translocations in Collinsia heterophylla : A Search for the “Pseudo-supernumerary” Chromosome

Chromosomes were identified in six radiation-induced translocations in Collinsia heterophylla in order to determine if all seven haploid chromosomes undergo breakage and reunion. Six of the seven chromosomes were involved in these translocations. The seventh chromosome not involved may be the “pseudo-supernumerary” chromosome. This work provides supporting evidence in favor of Garber's suggestion about the existence of such a chromosome in the genome of C. heterophylla.
Phase II study of pomalidomide in combination with prednisone in patients with myelofibrosis and significant anemia

We evaluated pomalidomide with prednisone for myelofibrosis (MF) with significant anemia (hemoglobin < 10 g/dL). Patients (n = 29; 18 RBC-transfusion dependent) received 0.5mg pomalidomide daily in continuous 28-day cycles with prednisone given for the first 3 cycles only. Six (21%) patients responded (median response duration 11.4 months), including four who achieved RBC-transfusion-independence per the Delphi criteria and two who achieved clinical improvement (in platelets and spleen, respectively) per the International Working Group for Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment criteria. Grade 3 toxicity occurred in 1 patient (fatigue). Pomalidomide with prednisone is safe therapy with modest activity in patients with MF and anemia. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00946270.
Combined biological and health effects of electromagnetic fields and other agents in the published literature

Abstract Electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation exerts both stand-alone and combined effects on biological systems. The present study examines the scope of the combined effects; i.e., identify effects on biological systems from combined exposure to electromagnetic fields/radiation and at least one other agent. Only articles in which the presence of EMF had some effect (beneficial or adverse) on the biological system were selected. A comprehensive and novel query was developed using an iterative hybrid approach, whereby articles related by common text and by citation linkages were retrieved. This retrieved literature was: 1) clustered algorithmically into 32 biomedical sub-themes (assigned by the authors); 2) grouped through factor analysis into 32 factors; and 3) subsequently grouped manually (by the authors) into an effects-based taxonomy. The common principles within each thematic cluster/group that accounted for the combined effects were identified. There is a wide range of potential effects in which EMF plays a supportive role. Beneficial effects include improved treatment of chronic diseases like cancer by enhancing ionizing radiation or chemotherapy, and accelerated healing of wounds and injuries in concert with other agents. Adverse effects, on the other hand, include enhanced carcinogenesis, cellular or genetic mutations, and teratogenicity. It should be noted that community consensus does not exist on these potential effects, either beneficial or adverse, although there is substantial credible scientific evidence supporting the above effects (as the body of this paper shows). In real life, the body is exposed to multiple environmental agents simultaneously, e.g., a variety of EMF, pesticides, food additives, and air pollution. The number of potential environmental agent combinations is large, and each combination could potentially have beneficial or adverse effects; much work remains to be done before definitive statements about EMF safety can be made.
Evaluating an Integrated Musculoskeletal Model of the Human Arm

A simplified model of the mechanical properties of muscle and of the musculoskeletal geometry was used to predict torques at the shoulder and elbow during arm movements in the sagittal plane. Subjects made movements to 20 targets spaced on the diameter of a circle centered on the initial location of the hand. Movement kinematics and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of nine shoulder and elbow muscles were recorded. Muscle force was predicted using rectified EMG activity as an input to a Hill-type model of muscle dynamics. The model also made simplifying assumptions about muscle geometry. Muscle force was then converted to torque and the individual muscle torques were weighted to provide the best fit to the joint torque computed from the kinematic data. The overall fit of the model was reasonably good, but the goodness of fit was not uniform over all movement directions. The results suggest that the assumptions about the musculo-skeletal geometry, the model of muscle dynamics, and muscles not included in the analysis all contributed to the error.
Simultaneous intussusception and sigmoid volvulus in a child

This radiographically documented case of synchronous ileoileocolic intussusception and sigmoid volvulus is without apparent precedence. Etiological factors relevent to each of these conditions are discussed. Reasons for possible underdiagnosis of sigmoid volvulus and simultaneous lesions are included.
Regulation of Bud Rest in Tubers of Potato, Solanum tuberosum L VII. Effect of Abscisic and Gibberellic Acids on Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Excised Buds

The effect of gibberellin A(3) (10(-4)m) and abscisic acid (10(-4)m), applied separately and together, on incorporation of (3)H-thymidine and (3)H-uridine into DNA and RNA of buds from freshly harvested potatoes was investigated. In some treatments apical buds in intact tubers were treated three times daily for 3 days with test solution before the buds were excised and treated an additional 12 hours in Petri dishes. In other treatments, untreated buds were excised and treated 12 hours. Irrespective of length of treatment, gibberellin A(3) slightly promoted synthesis of DNA and RNA, and abscisic acid essentially blocked such synthesis, in both the presence and absence of gibberellin A(3).
Convective boiling in vertical channels with different offset strip fin geometries

Newly obtained local heat transfer data are presented for flow boiling of liquids in two partially heated vertical channels with different offset strip fin geometries operating at low to moderate wall superheat levels. Experiments were conducted in special test sections that permitted direct visual observation of the boiling process while simultaneously measuring the heat transfer coefficient along the channel. Data for which nucleate boiling appeared to be completely suppressed were analyzed together with similar results for other offset fin geometries to assess the effects of channel geometry variations on the two-phase heat transfer coefficient during annular film-flow evaporation. For all geometries, the data for annular film-film evaporation were found to correlate well in terms of modified versions of the F and Martinelli parameters used by Bennett and Chen (1980) to correlate similar data for round tubes. For fin matrices of similar size and configuration, the forced convective component of the two-phase heat transfer coefficient was found to be well represented by a single F-parameter correlation curve. however, F-factor correlations for matrices having significant differences in fin and channel dimensions were found to differ substantially. An approximate superposition method for including the contribution of nucleate boiling to the two-phase heat transfermore » coefficient at low to moderate wall superheat levels is also proposed.« less
St. Lucia's female electronics factory workers: Key components in an export-oriented industrialization strategy

Abstract Government officials, international lending organizations, and transnational corporations maintain that the establishment of labor-intensive, export-oriented factories is the first step along the path to industrialization for small, developing nations like St. Lucia. But this strategy has not changed significantly the way the St. Lucian women employed in electronics assembly perceive the possibilities for improving their economic status in society. Those interviewed for this study state clearly what they like and dislike about factory work and can pragmatically assess their options. The majority favor joining a union, but at the same time many doubt whether, even collectively, they possess enough bargaining power vis-a-vis absentee factory owners to effect real, long-term improvements in working conditions. Migration emerges as the major opportunity for women factory workers to lift themselves above survival-level existence.