cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allee effects, aggregation, and invasion success

Understanding the factors that influence successful colonization can help inform ecological theory and aid in the management of invasive species. When founder populations are small, individual fitness may be negatively impacted by component Allee effects through positive density dependence (e.g., mate limitation). Reproductive and survival mechanisms that suffer due to a shortage of conspecifics may scale up to be manifest in a decreased per-capita population growth rate (i.e., a demographic Allee effect). Mean-field population level models are limited in representing how component Allee effects scale up to demographic Allee effects when heterogeneous spatial structure influences conspecific availability. Thus, such models may not adequately characterize the probability of establishment. In order to better assess how individual level processes influence population establishment and spread, we developed a spatially explicit individual-based stochastic simulation of a small founder population. We found that increased aggregation can affect individual fitness and subsequently impact population growth; however, relatively slow dispersal—in addition to initial spatial structure—is required for establishment, ultimately creating a tradeoff between probability of initial establishment and rate of subsequent spread. Since this result is sensitive to the scaling up of component Allee effects, details of individual dispersal and interaction kernels are key factors influencing population level processes. Overall, we demonstrate the importance of considering both spatial structure and individual level traits in assessing the consequences of Allee effects in biological invasions.
Action at a distance during cytokinesis

Animal cells decide where to build the cytokinetic apparatus by sensing the position of the mitotic spindle. Reflecting a long-standing presumption that a furrow-inducing stimulus travels from spindle to cortex via microtubules, debate continues about which microtubules, and in what geometry, are essential for accurate cytokinesis. We used live imaging in urchin and frog embryos to evaluate the relationship between microtubule organization and cytokinetic furrow position. In normal cells, the cytokinetic apparatus forms in a region of lower cortical microtubule density. Remarkably, cells depleted of astral microtubules conduct accurate, complete cytokinesis. Conversely, in anucleate cells, asters alone can support furrow induction without a spindle, but only when sufficiently separated. Ablation of a single centrosome displaces furrows away from the remaining centrosome; ablation of both centrosomes causes broad, inefficient furrowing. We conclude that the asters confer accuracy and precision to a primary furrow-inducing signal that can reach the cell surface from the spindle without transport on microtubules.
Effect of particle inertia on the dynamics of depositional particulate density currents

In this work we address the effect of particle inertia on depositional particulate density currents. We employ a two-fluid model based on the equilibrium Eulerian approach and present highly resolved two-dimensional (2D) simulations of the flow for a Reynolds number of 3450 (this particular choice corresponds to values of Grashof number Gr of 1.5x10^6).The simulations capture physical aspects of two-phase flows, such as particle preferential concentration and particle migration down turbulence gradients (turbophoresis), which modify substantially the structure and dynamics of the flow. In the simulations we observe the migration of particles from the core of Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices shed from the front of the current as well as their accumulation in the current head. This redistribution of particles in the current affects the propagation velocity of the front, bottom shear stress patterns, as well as deposition rates and patterns.
Development of ATAQ-LAM: a tool to assess quality of life in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Background Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive lung disease that impairs health-related quality of life (HRQL).
Are we ready and willing to address the mental health needs of children? Implications from September 11th.

The survey of pediatric practitioners by Laraque et al in this issue demonstrates the enormous emotional impact of the events of September 11, 2001: 23% estimated that >10% of their patients were presenting with mental health complaints related to September 11th,1 likely a conservative estimate, because adults tend to underestimate the impact of disasters on children.2 In a study using parental report also in this issue, Fairbrother et al3 illustrate the striking disparity between mental health needs of children in New York City post–September 11th and their receipt of counseling services: only 27% of children with severe or very severe … Address correspondence to David J. Schonfeld, MD, FAAP, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064. E-mail: david.schonfeld{at}yale.edu
Benign prostate hyperplasia in the older male

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is one of the most common diseases of aging men and can be associated with bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms that affect quality of life by interfering with normal daily activities and sleep patterns. Standardized methodologies for diagnosis and assessment of symptom severity to direct treatment selection have been promulgated. Patients with bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms are more likely to benefit from intervention with either medical, surgical or one of the emerging minimally invasive therapies. Medical therapy is the first line of therapy for symptomatic patients, reserving surgical intervention for patients with complications from benign prostatic hyperplasia or for those desiring more definitive initial therapy. Phytotherapeutic (herbal supplement) therapies are very popular around the world and many men take them without a prescription. Minimally invasive therapies seek to emulate the results of surgical resection, while avoiding the morbidity.
In reply [4]

To the Editor: In their prospective naturalistic investigation, Dr Cohen and colleagues showed that among women who maintained their antidepressant use throughout the pregnancy, 26% had a relapse of major depression, compared with 68% of those who discontinued taking their antidepressants. They also found that women who increased or decreased their antidepressant use had a rate of relapse between those who maintained and those who discontinued their antidepressants (45% and 35%, respectively). The authors concluded that women with histories of depression who are euthymic while receiving antidepressant therapy should be aware of the association of depressive relapse during pregnancy with antidepressant discontinuation. These findings are very similar to those of lithium treatment for bipolar disorder during pregnancy. First, in the case of lithium continuation, Perlis et al demonstrated that changes in serum lithium level in the maintenance phase (both low to standard and standard to low) were associated with recurrence of bipolar disorder at 36 weeks (rate approximately 50%), whereas unchanged levels were associated with good prognosis (rate approximately 20%). These figures are comparable with the findings of Cohen et al. Second, in the case of lithium discontinuation, Viguera et al showed that the rate of relapse of bipolar disorder in pregnant women following lithium discontinuation was 52%. This rate was dependent on rapidity of lithium discontinuation, with a 63% relapse rate in patients with rapid (1-14 days) discontinuation and 37% relapse with gradual (15-30 days) discontinuation. If the patients in the study by Cohen et al rapidly discontinued their antidepressants within 1 to 2 weeks, their relapse rate of 68% would be comparable. Despite the differences in medication and in diagnoses, the results are very similar. Thus, the conclusion of Cohen et al can be generalized to “women with histories of mood disorder who are euthymic in the context of ongoing antidepressant or lithium therapy should be aware of the association of relapse during pregnancy with the medication discontinuation.”
Heat stress induces a biphasic thermoregulatory response in mice

Previous animal models of heat stress have been compromised by methodologies, such as restraint and anesthesia, that have confounded our understanding of the core temperature (T(c)) responses elicited by heat stress. Using biotelemetry, we developed a heat stress model to examine T(c) responses in conscious, unrestrained C57BL/6J male mice. Before heat stress, mice were acclimated for >4 wk to an ambient temperature (T(a)) of 25 degrees C. Mice were exposed to T(a) of 39.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C, in the absence of food and water, until they reached maximum T(c) of 42.4 (n = 11), 42.7 (n = 12), or 43.0 degrees C (n = 11), defined as mild, moderate, and extreme heat stress, respectively. Heat stress induced an approximately 13% body weight loss that did not differ by final group T(c); however, survival rate was affected by final T(c) (100% at 42.4 degrees C, 92% at 42.7 degrees C, and 46% at 43 degrees C). Hypothermia (T(c) 4 wk and recovered at T(a) of 30 degrees C after moderate heat stress. Recovery at 30 degrees C resulted in 0% survival within approximately 2 h after cessation of heat stress. Using biotelemetry to monitor T(c) in the unrestrained mouse, we show that recovery from acute heat stress is associated with prolonged hypothermia followed by an elevation in daytime T(c) that is dependent on T(a). These thermoregulatory responses to heat stress are key biomarkers that may provide insight into heat stroke pathophysiology.
THE ANT (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) FAUNA OF COCOS ISLAND, COSTA RICA

Cocos Island, Costa Rica is a 24-square kilometer volcanic island in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, located approximately 480 kilometers from the mainland. Despite its biogeographic significance, much of the entomofauna have not been systematically surveyed. A detailed survey of the ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fauna of this island was conducted over a three-week period. The results suggest that, despite the relatively minor presence of humans on Cocos, much of the ant fauna is dominated by non-native species. Furthermore, the current ant community is substantially different from that described by previous expeditions. One of the previously described endemics, Camponotus biolleyi Forel, was not found during the survey. A species known to be invasive, Wasmannia auropunctata Roger, was found in extremely high abundance near disturbed sites, but was not present in more pristine habitats. Furthermore, this population displays intraspecific aggression, which is uncommon among invasive ants, including other invasive populations of this species.
Endemism in native floras of California’s Channel Islands correlated with seasonal patterns of aeolian processes

This study revisits the hypothesis that dispersal to California’s Channel Islands follows a stepping-stone pattern from mainland California, based on earlier work indicating that the floras conform to classic island-biogeographic expectations. A re-examination of data incorporating the directions of prevailing and seasonal Santa Ana winds greatly strengthens the power of the model to explain levels of endemism in the Channel Island floras, and suggests the importance of aoelian processes for island colonization. Regression analysis of percent endemism in the native flora against distances measured along the axis of winds improves the r2 from 0.099 to 0.482. The endemic species that flower in the dry season as a percent of the native flora of the islands is also strongly related to these revised source distances (r2 = 0.665). Furthermore, the native floras of the southern islands are nested subsets of the floras of the northern islands, and angiosperm flowering peaks during the dry season, providing seed f...
Cluster Algorithms for the Ising Model

In Section 1.3, we introduced the Ising model, which is used by physicists to model the magnetization phenomenon and has been studied extensively in statistical physics literature. A closely related model is the Potts model.
A Practical Approach to Animal Models of Sepsis

The underlying mechanisms active during the pathogenesis of sepsis are not clearly defined; however, several animal models of sepsis have been used in an attempt to understand these complex cellular and molecular interactions that result in disease. There are three general categories of sepsis models, the host barrier disruption model, the chemical shock model, and the exogenous infection model. Host barrier disruption sepsis models initiate infection with the release of endogenous bacteria into normally sterile compartments. The chemical shock model employs intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of a toll-like receptor (TLR) agent, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin) or zymosan, to initiate a state of proinflammatory cytokine-induced shock. The exogenous infection model of sepsis utilizes administration of an exogenous viable pathogen, typically bacteria, directly (by an intravenous or intraperitoneal route) into the host. Each of these models has particular strengths and weaknesses with respect to their ability to mimic the clinical progression of sepsis in human patients.
Multiple Solutions by Performance Band: An Effective Way to Deal with Modeling Error

Robust optimization usually requires numerous functional evaluations, which is not feasible when the functional evaluation is time-consuming. Examples in automobile industry include crash worthiness/safety and fatigue life simulations. In practice, a response surface model (RSM) is often used as a surrogate to the CAE model, so that robust optimization can be carried out. However, if the error in the RSM is significant, the solution based on the RSM can be invalid. This paper proposes a method of finding multiple candidate solutions, all of which have similar predicted performances. This approach is effective in finding the close-to-optimum solutions when the model has error, and providing design alternatives. Examples are provided to illustrate the method.
Selective Transition State Stabilization via Hyperconjugative and Conjugative Assistance: Stereoelectronic Concept for Copper-Free Click Chemistry

Dissection of stereoelectronic effects in the transition states (TSs) for noncatalyzed azide–alkyne cycloadditions suggests two approaches to selective transition state stabilization in this reaction. First, the formation of both 1,4- and 1,5-isomers is facilitated via hyperconjugative assistance to alkyne bending and C···N bond formation provided by antiperiplanar σ-acceptors at the propargylic carbons. In addition, the 1,5-TS can be stabilized via attractive C–H···F interactions. Although the two effects cannot stabilize the same transition state for the cycloaddition to α,α-difluorocyclooctyne (DIFO), they can act in a complementary, rather than competing, fashion in acyclic alkynes where B3LYP calculations predict up to ∼1 million-fold rate increase relative to 2-butyne. This analysis of stereoelectronic effects is complemented by the distortion analysis, which provides another clear evidence of selective TS stabilization. Changes in electrostatic potential along the reaction path revealed that azide ...
Mortality of Adult Stored-Product Insects in an Atmosphere Produced by an Exothermic Inert Atmosphere Generator

The order of tolerance to low O2 atmospheres produced by an exothermic inert atmosphere generator was Silophilus oryzae (L.) = S. granarius (L.) > Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) > Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) > Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). Time periods required to kill 50 and 95% of the adults of each species (LT) were computed from mortality data obtained in 1- to 240-h exposures at temperatures from 15 to 32°C. As the temperature increased from 15 to 32°C, the time required to obtain 50 and 95% mortality of the insects decreased ca. 90%. The highest LT95 was 296.7 h for S. oryzae at 15°C and the lowest 3.8 h for O. surinamensis at 32°C.
Patients with Mental Health Issues Transcend Centralized Care Settings.

Among the many trends in health care and nursing, one of the most dynamic areas of our profession is the area of psychiatric/mental health nursing. This may be a reflection of broader current issues and trends in the psychiatric well-being standards and treatments for our society. However, there are clear trends that have affected the changes in how Americans treat those with psychiatric issues. Over the last several decades, the location of psychiatric treatment has shifted from hospitals, or tertiary settings, to community settings, or primary settings. With the “deinstitutionalization” of psychiatric patients, the responsibility and settings for care shifted to community agencies and settings that were not fully prepared for this role. As a result, the deinstitutionalization of these patients who are symptomatic was for all practical purposes a transinstutionalization of patients to other institutions such as general hospitals, nursing homes, half-way homes. Transinstitutionalization not only demonstrates the connectedness among institutional settings but also indicates that nurses caring for psychiatric patients are no longer limited to specific settings. As it is common to see psychiatric issues associated with more “physical” comorbidities among patients admitted for nonpsychiatric issues, the likelihood of a nurse caring for patients with a psychiatric diagnosis increases drastically. To meet the needs of these patients, and to provide care that is holistic or complete, nurses are tasked with the responsibility of incorporating psychiatric issues and linkages to physical problems into a comprehensive plan of care. The need for learning about mental health issues in actuality transcends the boundaries in patient typology that has been created and promulgated by the health care system and nursing education. There is much discussion about the psychological problems associated with our aging population. Some of the articles in this issue address these issues. What is
Measuring the Vice-Presidential Home State Advantage With Synthetic Controls:

Measuring the effect strategic choices have on electoral outcomes is problematic, because this requires an assessment of the outcome under a counterfactual that is not observed. To overcome this pr...
Overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme in myelomonocytic cells enhances the immune response

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and thereby plays an important role in blood pressure control. However, ACE is relatively non-specific in its substrate specificity and cleaves many other peptides. Recent analysis of mice overexpressing ACE in monocytes, macrophages, and other myelomonocytic cells shows that these animals have a marked increase in resistance to experimental melanoma and to infection by Listeria monocytogenes or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Several other measures of immune responsiveness, including antibody production, are enhanced in these animals. These studies complement a variety of studies indicating an important role of ACE in the immune response.
Depth of Pupation of Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Soils in the Laboratory

Estimates of pupation depth in soil for Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), are important to future development of sampling and management techniques in fruit groves in southern Florida. Colony-reared, late third instars were placed onto soil surfaces in containers and allowed to burrow and pupate. Experimental units consisted of one larva per container. Soil in containers had a volume of 740 ml, surface area of 95 cm2, and depth of 9 cm. Pupae were excavated from soil after 72 h and their depths were recorded. Soil moisture (10 and 50% field capacity), type (muck, marl, and loam) and compaction (low and high bulk density) were the independent variables tested for their effects on pupation depth. Mean depths ranged between 0.7 cm (loam, 50% field capacity) and 3.3 cm (muck, 10% field capacity, low bulk density). Means differed Significantly because of compaction and the interaction of moisture × compaction. Larvae pupated at a greater depth in soils of low compaction than in soils of high compaction. The difference in depth between low and high compaction was greater for soils of low moisture than for soils of high moisture. The pupation rate was 100% for all treatments. Mean adult emergence rates ranged between 66.7 and 100% but did not differ significantly among treatments.
miR-155 Overexpression Promotes Genomic Instability by Reducing High-fidelity Polymerase Delta Expression and Activating Error-Prone DSB Repair.

miR-155 is an oncogenic miRNA that is often overexpressed in cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. miR-155 can target several DNA repair factors, including RAD51, MLH1, and MSH6, and its overexpression results in an increased mutation frequency in vitro , although the mechanism has yet to be fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of miR-155 drives an increased mutation frequency both in vitro and in vivo , promoting genomic instability by affecting multiple DNA repair pathways. miR-155 overexpression causes a decrease in homologous recombination, but yields a concurrent increase in the error-prone nonhomologous end-joining pathway. Despite repressing established targets MLH1 and MSH6, the identified mutation pattern upon miR-155 overexpression does not resemble that of a mismatch repair–deficient background. Further investigation revealed that all four subunits of polymerase delta, a high-fidelity DNA replication, and repair polymerase are downregulated at the mRNA level in the context of miR-155 overexpression. FOXO3a, a transcription factor and known target of miR-155, has one or more putative binding site(s) in the promoter of all four polymerase delta subunits. Finally, suppression of FOXO3a by miR-155 or by siRNA knockdown is sufficient to repress the expression of the catalytic subunit of polymerase delta, POLD1, at the protein level, indicating that FOXO3a contributes to the regulation of polymerase delta levels. Implications: Taken together, miR-155 overexpression drives an increase in mutation frequency via multifaceted impact on DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways. Mol Cancer Res; 14(4); 363–73. ©2016 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 313][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/14/313?iss=4
The Culture of a Silent Minority

This paper explores cultural aspects of hearing loss from the author’s viewpoint as the child of a mother with significant hearing loss. Personal examples are shared, making the frustration of this disability real, both for the deaf person and for their family members. The terms “big D” and “small d” in deaf culture are presented and defined. The use of American Sign Language (ASL) as the primary language by “Deaf ” people is one factor that distinguishes them from “deaf ” people. The philosophy and culture of each group are also explored. Historically, the often used “deaf and dumb” phrase is presented and shown by examples to inflict great personal damage. Finally, the effect of cochlear implants on the “Deaf ” and ”deaf ” communities is explored. Given all the cultural aspects inherent in each population, and all the technical and individual complexities, it is not a simple decision for anyone to make. Regardless of what they decide to do, “this silent minority is not deaf and broken, but rather deaf and strong.” This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol17/iss1/4 The Culture of a Silent Minority
Communication and Report Drafting in Monitoring, Reporting, and Fact-Finding Mechanisms

This working paper examines how monitoring, reporting, and fact-finding (MRF) missions have responded to challenges regarding public communication and report drafting. Overall, the paper aims to present a portrait of the views and practices of the MRF community — as well as the implications of different approaches — regarding transparency. What should MRF practitioners communicate publicly? What information should be kept private? When a mission does communicate publicly, how should practitioners do so? What factors should shape practitioners’ communications strategies? How should these factors influence the ways that practitioners approach drafting MRF reports? This paper examines these questions, which — given that the effectiveness of an MRF mission hinges on the ability of commissioners to foster positive public perceptions of the mission’s credibility — are crucial to the overall success of the domain of MRF.
Probe with absorbing materials

In this paper through integrating absorbing materials onto a probe as terminators to eliminate the reflected noises on device under test (DUT), a novel on-probe termination technique is introduced for high frequency measurements. Absorbing material is suitable for on-probe termination, since there is no need of “ground” which is required in conventional resistive termination, and it also provides better flexibility in on-probe design. Measurement are performed to test the feasibility of proposed technique. Results show absorbing terminators can effectively terminate reflected signals and eliminate noises. The proposed technique provides innovative on-probe termination solution for cost reduction or/and feasibility improvement in high frequency measurements.
Towards the Promotion of Positive Development among Youth in Challenging Contexts: A Mixed-Methods Study of Engagement in the ScoutReach Program

Engagement in youth development programs reflects the quality of young people’s program-related experiences. However, more research is needed that explores cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions of engagement in programs that serve underrepresented youth of color. The present cross-sectional and mixed-methods study assessed potential relations among dimensions of engagement in the Boston-area Scoutreach initiative, character attributes, self-perceived school competence, and intentional self-regulation. We analyzed data from 32 Scouts (Mage = 9.97 years, SD = 2.46, Range = 6 to 14), 32 parents/guardians, and five Scoutreach leaders. Scouts demonstrated that they were cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally engaged in Scoutreach, and these dimensions were related differentially to indicators of healthy development. Qualitative data elucidated key aspects of Scoutreach (e.g., camping, peer relationships) that were linked to youth engagement. We discuss limitations of the present study and implications for future research and practice.
Bayesian network as a support tool for rapid query of the environmental multimedia distribution of nanomaterials

An approach is presented describing the development of a Bayesian network (BN) based tool for rapid assessment of the distribution of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). The methodology was demonstrated via the construction of a BN model for estimating the exposure concentrations of nanomaterials (BN-nanoExpo) based on simulation data derived from a mechanistic multimedia compartmental fate and transport model. The results of simulations of the distribution of six ENMs in eight different regions were generated for a broad range of geographical and meteorological parameters as well as ENM release rates to the air, water and soil major compartments. Test cases with the constructed BN-nanoExpo demonstrated the capability of the BN based model to portray a wide range of simulation results that can be obtained with the mechanistic fate and transport model. Moreover, BN-nanoExpo is shown to be a suitable tool for estimating both ENM concentrations and release rates given partial information, while also enabling assessment of the impact of uncertainties in input data on the predicted outcomes. The results of the current study suggest that there is merit in exploring the utility of the approach to more complex models, which would provide decision makers with powerful tools for rapid assessment of the behavior of nanomaterials in the environment.
Public health surveillance of automated external defibrillators in the USA: protocol for the dynamic automated external defibrillator registry study

Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland [1U01FD004587-04]; ZOLL Medical Corporation, Chelmsford, MA
Bystander CPR is associated with improved neurologically favourable survival in cardiac arrest following drowning.

Abstract Background Cardiac arrest associated with drowning is a major public health concern with limited research available on outcome. This investigation aims to define the population at risk, and identify factors associated with neurologically favourable survival. Methods The Cardiac Arrest Registry for Enhanced Survival (CARES) database was queried for patients who had suffered cardiac arrest following drowning between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015. The primary outcomes of interest were for favourable or unfavourable neurological outcome at hospital discharge, as defined by Cerebral Performance Category (CPC). Results A total of 919 drowning patients were identified. Neurological outcome data was available in 908 patients. Neurologically favourable survival was significantly associated with bystander CPR (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.94; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.86–4.64; p Public location of drowning (OR = 1.17; 95% CI 0.77–1.79; p = 0.47), male gender (OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.57–1.43; p = 0.66), and shockable rhythm (OR = 1.54; 95% CI 0.76–3.12; p = 0.23), were not associated with favourable neurological survival. AED application prior to EMS was associated with a decreased likelihood of favourable neurological outcome (OR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.28–0.66; p In multivariate analysis, bystander CPR (adjusted OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.85–4.92, p Conclusions Neurologically favourable survival after drowning remains low but is improved by bystander CPR. Shockable rhythms were uncommon and not associated with improved outcomes.
Synergistic Visible-Light Photoredox/Nickel-Catalyzed Synthesis of Aliphatic Ketones via N-C Cleavage of Imides.

An electrophilic, imide-based, visible-light-promoted photoredox/Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction for the synthesis of aliphatic ketones has been developed. This protocol proceeds through N–C(O) bond activation, made possible through the lower activation energy for metal insertion into this bond due to delocalization of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen by electron-withdrawing groups. The operationally simple and mild cross-coupling reaction is performed at ambient temperature and exhibits tolerance for a variety of functional groups.
Manufacturing history of etanercept (Enbrel®): Consistency of product quality through major process revisions

ABSTRACTEtanercept (ETN) (Enbrel®) is a soluble protein that binds to, and specifically inhibits, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine. ETN is synthesized in Chinese hamster ovary cells by recombinant DNA technology as a fusion protein, with a fully human TNFRII ectodomain linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1. Successful manufacture of biologics, such as ETN, requires sophisticated process and product understanding, as well as meticulous control of operations to maintain product consistency. The objective of this evaluation was to show that the product profile of ETN drug substance (DS) has been consistent over the course of production. Multiple orthogonal biochemical analyses, which included evaluation of attributes indicative of product purity, potency, and quality, were assessed on >2,000 batches of ETN from three sites of DS manufacture, during the period 1998–2015. Based on the key quality attributes of product purity (assessed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography HPLC), bin...
Beyond Functional Connectivity: Investigating Networks of Multivariate Representations

For over two decades, interactions between brain regions have been measured in humans by asking how the univariate responses in different regions co-vary (‘Functional Connectivity'). Thousands of Functional Connectivity studies have been published investigating the healthy brain and how it is affected by neural disorders. The advent of multivariate fMRI analyses showed that patterns of responses within regions encode information that is lost by averaging. Despite this, connectivity methods predominantly continue to focus on univariate responses. In this review, we discuss the recent emergence of multivariate and nonlinear methods for studying interactions between brain regions. These new developments bring sensitivity to fluctuations in multivariate information, and offer the possibility to ask not only whether brain regions interact, but how they do so.
Empirical Equilibrium

We study the foundations of empirical equilibrium, a refinement of Nash equilibrium that is based on a non-parametric characterization of empirical distributions of behavior in games (Velez and Brown,2020b arXiv:1907.12408). The refinement can be alternatively defined as those Nash equilibria that do not refute the regular QRE theory of Goeree, Holt, and Palfrey (2005). By contrast, some empirical equilibria may refute monotone additive randomly disturbed payoff models. As a by product, we show that empirical equilibrium does not coincide with refinements based on approximation by monotone additive randomly disturbed payoff models, and further our understanding of the empirical content of these models.
Development of 3D-Printed Polymer-Zeolite Composite Monoliths for Gas Separation

Abstract Organic-inorganic materials have emerged as promising candidates for use in various gas separation processes due to the beneficial synergistic effect of both constituents. Herein, we report a novel and facile approach for fabrication of composite monoliths consisting of Torlon polymer and 13X and 5A zeolites via 3D printing technique for the removal of CO2 from flue gas. The physical and structural properties of 3D-printed composite monoliths were systematically evaluated and compared with their pristine powders. The formation of monoliths was facilitated through nonsolvent-induced phase separation technique. By the incorporation of ∼31 wt% zeolite particles into the polymer matrix, the obtained monoliths displayed CO2 capture capacities proportional to the zeolite loading. Most importantly, both 3D-printed Torlon-zeolite monoliths exhibited high compressive strengths of approximately 210 MPa, which was significantly higher than that of 3D-printed zeolite monoliths developed in our previous work. These results demonstrate the superiority of polymer-zeolite composite monoliths, formulated by 3D printing technique as robust structures with outstanding mechanical integrity and comparable adsorption capacity for various adsorption-based gas separation processes. The printing strategy reported herein can be easily extended to other organic-inorganic composite materials with different polymers and inorganic particles.
The effect of process parameters on the amorphous citrate sol-gel synthesis of Cu-doped Ca12Al14O33

Abstract Ca12Al14O33 (C12A7) is a highly functional material due to its ability to act as an anionic source and its conversion from a wide band-gap insulator to a conductive oxide material as a function of processing. Cationic doping, on the order of 1 mol%, of C12A7 has been shown to have profound effects on the physical properties of the material. One such cation, Cu, increases the catalytic efficiency and drastically alters the electronic landscape. The amorphous citrate sol-gel synthesis technique is widely used to synthesize doped C12A7 materials as it promises homogeneous cationic dispersion and a fine and controlled grain size. This promise relies on the formation of a homogeneous citrate resin of cationic citrate species, homogeneous decomposition of cation citrate species, and homogeneous crystallization of the desired phase. In this report, theoretical complex diagrams are calculated to determine the optimal pH for citrate resin formation in the Cu-C12A7 system. The resin decomposition and crystallization kinetics are characterized through high-temperature X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The optimal pH range for the citrate resin homogeneity was theoretically determined to be a range from 3 to 6, and experimental characterization shows that raising the pH from °C to 840 °C. This report highlights the importance of sol-gel solution chemistry and the corroboration of XRD analysis with microstructural analysis
Resources for Modeling in Computational Neuroscience

Computational models of the nervous system help researchers discover principles of brain operation and form/function relationships. They can provide a framework for understanding empirical data and serve as an experimental platform to test concepts and intuitions. In practice, the effective use of theoretical, computational, and information theoretic approaches requires an ongoing cycle of experiments, data analysis, modeling studies, and model-generated predictions that are tested by further empirical work. This cycle requires that computational scientists be able to build on the work of others. In this chapter, we provide an overview of simulation tools and resources for creating computational models of hippocampal function. First, we outline some of the most widely used software applications for simulating models at various levels of biological detail. We also describe resources that aid in reproducibility by allowing for model sharing and reuse, for portability of models across simulation platforms, and for validation of models against experimental data.
Amine dehydrogenases occur in nature

The diversity of engineered amine dehydrogenases for reductive amination remains limited. Now, native amino dehydrogenases offering a different sequence space and catalytic features are discovered — enhancing and broadening the biocatalysis toolbox.
Pautas conceptuales y metodológicas : género y dinámicas territoriales

El presente documento intenta estimular la construccion e implementacion de estrategias de investigacion e incidencia con perspectivas de genero que coadyuven los procesos y fortalezcan los resultados de DTR. Este documento ofrece un marco teorico para construir un acercamiento sistemico que coadyuve los objetivos DTR, una guia metodologica para el analisis de las dinamicas de genero estudiadas y descritas hasta la fecha por el programa. El desafio de explicar el desarrollo territorial exitoso conlleva una serie de interrogativas especificas relacionadas con genero. En este documento se plantean, se intentan resolver y se proponen estrategias a considerar a la hora de hacer estudios y/o analisis de genero. Con estos aportes se pretende cimentar el camino hacia una mejora en la calidad y especificidad de las investigaciones empiricas, en la formulacion de recomendaciones para programas y politicas de desarrollo que influyen en el territorio, y tambien en la disminucion de prejuicios ideologicos y uso de categorias inadecuadas en los procesos investigativos, que conducen a conclusiones sesgadas.
Fusicoccin Keeps Getting Stickier: Modulation of an Adaptor Protein Interactome with a Molecular Glue Leads to Neurite Outgrowth.

Many traditional drugs inhibit enzyme function; in contrast, some naturally "sticky" small molecules can stabilize protein-protein interactions. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Kaplan et al. (2020) explore regulation of the 14-3-3 interactome by a small-molecule molecular glue leading to neurite outgrowth through a polypharmacological mechanism.
The impact of psychological stress on mast cells.

Abstract Objective Atopic diseases worsen with psychological stress, but how stress contributes to their pathogenesis is still not clear. We review the evidence supporting the premise that stress contributes to allergic and inflammatory processes through stimulation of mast cells (MCs) by neuroimmune stimuli. Data Sources PubMed was searched between 1950 and 2019 using the following terms: allergies, atopic diseases, corticotropin-releasing hormone, inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, mast cells, mastocytosis, neuropeptides, psychological stress, neurotensin, and substance P. Study Selections Only articles published in English were selected based on their relevance to stress and MCs, especially those that discussed potential mechanisms of action. Results Psychological stress worsens many diseases, especially asthma, atopic dermatitis, and mastocytosis. This effect is mediated through MCs stimulated by neuropeptides, especially corticotropin-releasing hormone, neurotensin, and substance P, a process augmented by interleukin-33. Conclusion Understanding how stress stimulates MCs to release proinflammatory mediators is important in advancing treatments for diseases that worsen with stress.
Transfer learning with bayesian optimization-aided sampling for efficient AMS circuit modeling

A traditional analog mixed-signal (AMS) design mostly relies on the designer's knowledge and can only afford exploring over a narrow design space due to expensive SPICE simulation. However, a neural network (NN)-based model of an AMS circuit potentially enables fast exploration of the design space thanks to its low computation cost. Unfortunately, to build an NN model with sufficient accuracy, a training dataset is needed, incurring SPICE simulations during different design phases. Therefore, it is prudent to train it with a larger dataset in an earlier design phase (e.g. schematic design) but a significantly reduced dataset in a later design phase (e.g. post-layout design or migration to more advanced technology node), as simulation cost increases sharply in later design phases. In this paper, we propose the use of transfer learning (TL) with Bayesian optimization-aided sampling (BOAS) to reduce the required size of training datasets for NN models in later design phases. To prove the concept, we show that 150X and 17X dataset reductions are possible for a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the post-layout design phase and an amplifier in the technology migration phase, respectively.
Technical note: Excess alkalinity in carbonate system reference materials

Abstract Certified reference materials (CRMs) for oceanic carbonate system measurements are critical for verifying the accuracy of laboratory protocols and the reliability of field sensors. CRMs are certified for total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon , parameters that are (1) stable for a long period of time when a sample is properly stored and (2) not affected by changes in temperature and pressure. In experimentation initially designed to measure the total boron to salinity ratio of seawater, an interesting result has emerged regarding CRMs. A unique acidimetric titration method has indicated that three different batches of CRM contain excess alkalinity (i.e., alkalinity that is not attributable to inorganic bases included in the traditional definition of seawater total alkalinity) that is statistically greater than the excess alkalinity measured in open-ocean water from the Gulf of Mexico . Further, the amount of excess alkalinity appears to differ in certain CRM batches. Excess alkalinity in CRMs is likely caused by organic proton acceptors that are not completely oxidized by the ultraviolet sterilization procedure that CRMs undergo. The primary use of CRMs — to maintain the accuracy and consistency of carbonate system measurements — may be inhibited by excess alkalinity, which can cause differences in total alkalinity values determined by different titration methods. Excess alkalinity also invalidates the assumptions applied to marine CO 2 system calculations, and so would produce incorrect values of CO2 system parameters calculated from certified total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon values of CRMs. Finally, excess alkalinity analyses highlight the urgent need for the marine chemistry community to establish a universally agreed upon total boron to salinity ratio.
Continuity and Change in World Theatre History

The historiographic presumption that only change calls for explanation is no less fallacious than the converse presumption that only continuity need be explained. Both require explanation, and so this chapter examines how continuity and change operate in tandem in world theatre history. It analyzes continuity in terms of the investments (of time, money, emotion, and/or effort) that theatre artists and their audiences make in formal, theatrical, and societal structures. Then, after a look at current theories of theatrical change, the chapter proposes a new approach: change is driven by competition for the niches made available in theatre complexes by social disruptions often associated with technological expansion, societal interaction, and accelerating urbanization. The chapter also considers the importance of syncretism between theatre forms (whether of the same or different regions) as a critical means of theatrical change, even as it makes possible continuities between forms.
Preparation and Electron-Transfer Properties of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Ferrocene on Carbon Electrodes

In this article, ferrocene is used as a redox-active species to study the electron-transfer properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on carbon. Glassy carbon electrodes were modified using di...
Activating dinitrogen for chemical looping ammonia synthesis: nitridation of manganese

The earth-abundant transition metal manganese (Mn) has been shown to be useful to activate dinitrogen at atmospheric pressure and elevated temperature by forming bulk Mn nitrides. Mn nitrides could then be used, for example, for ammonia (NH3) synthesis in a chemical looping process by contacting nitride with gaseous hydrogen (H2). Here, we present an investigation of the morphology and local time-dependent composition of micrometer-scale Mn plates during nitridation in dinitrogen (N2) near atmospheric pressure at 700 °C. The main motivation was to obtain design data for chemical looping synthesis of NH3 and to add to the somewhat sparse literature on nitridation of Mn. The morphology and elemental compositional variation of the nitrided specimens were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and mass balances. Three possible nitrogen (N) populations that may govern the Mn nitridation and later NH3 synthesis are identified. After four hours of nitridation, the N weight gain was found to be 9.4 ± 0.7 kgN to nMn−1 for the plates used here, resulting in a nitridation depth of 83 ± 8 μm.
Predictors of Sexual Consent Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors Among Sexual Minority Cisgender and Nonbinary Young Adults

Sexual assault is a major public health concern in the United States that disproportionately affects sexual minority cisgender and nonbinary young adults. Although sexual assault is influenced by a myriad of societal and interpersonal factors, misunderstandings during the communication and interpretation of sexual consent signals likely contribute to this public health crisis. Unfortunately, research on sexual consent miscommunication has been heavily informed by heteronormative theories and conducted primarily with cisgender heterosexual men and women. The present study attempted to help address this gap in the literature by exploring factors that contribute to sexual consent attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in a sample of 251 cisgender and nonbinary sexual minority young adults. Nonbinary participants reported more proactive sexual consent attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors than cisgender participants. Sexual assertiveness was also a robust and unique predictor of adaptive sexual consent, particularly among those who identified as more traditionally masculine. Findings from the current study may help guide the development of more inclusive, research-informed sexual consent and sexual violence prevention programs.