cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract LB-285: Rapid needle biopsy assessment at point of care to advance personalized cancer therapy

Rationale: Although core needle biopsies (CNBs) are the preferred minimally invasive procedure for breast cancer diagnostics, the standard of care HE; = 1.04), 1.97 (σ;; =0.71), 1.74 (σ;; = 0.87), 2.05 (σ;; = 0.87), and 2.01 (σ;; = 0.87) for breast, kidney, liver, lung, and lymph node, respectively. The CNB tissue was removed in under 15 seconds, some as quickly as 2 seconds. Furthermore, the device9s round channel, which holds a CNB with diameter 10-20% less than the channel, results in inherent structural preservation. Conclusions: The novel millifluidic biopsy removal device is an essential first stage to CoreView9s automated biopsy handling and future MUSE imaging and adequacy analysis. The customizable CoreView system design allows optimization for specific CNB needle, tissue, and imaging procedure. We predict an adequacy check at nearly 100% reliability in CNB release and integrity within a few minutes at the point of care. Citation Format: David J. Cooper, Mark E. Fauver, Suzanne M. Dintzis, Eric J. Seibel. Rapid needle biopsy assessment at point of care to advance personalized cancer therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-285.
Epidemiology, Presentation, and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease

The incidence of celiac disease is increasing, partly because of improved recognition of, and testing for, the disease. The rise in incidence is also due to a real increase of this immune-based disorder, independent of disease detection. The reasons for this true rise in recent decades are unknown but may be related to environmental factors that may promote loss of tolerance to dietary gluten. Strategies to reduce the development of celiac disease have not been proven successful in randomized trials, but the quantity of early-life gluten exposure has been a major focus of prevention efforts. The criteria for the diagnosis of celiac disease are changing, but in adults, diagnosis still depends on the presence of duodenal villous atrophy while the patient is on a gluten-containing diet, along with findings from serology analysis. Although guidelines in the United States continue to mandate a biopsy at all ages, some children receive a diagnosis of celiac disease without a biopsy. If proven accurate and scalable, assays that detect gluten–HLA tetramer complexes might be used in diagnosis to be made in the context of a gluten-free diet without intestinal biopsy.
Chapter Two - System-Size Dependence in Grand Canonical and Canonical Ensembles

The thermodynamics for a system with given temperature, density, and volume is described by the Canonical ensemble. The thermodynamics for a corresponding system with the same temperature, volume, and average density is described by the Grand Canonical ensemble. In general, a chosen thermodynamic potential (e.g., free energy) is different in the two cases. Their relationship is considered here as a function of the system size. Exact expressions relating the fundamental potential for each (free energy and pressure, respectively) are identified for arbitrary system size. A formal asymptotic analysis for large system size gives the expected equivalence, but without any characterization of the intermediate size dependence. More detailed evaluation is provided for the simple case of a homogeneous, non-interacting Fermi gas. In this case, the origin of size dependence arises from only two length scales, the average interparticle distance and quantum length scale (thermal deBroglie or Fermi length). The free energies per particle calculated from each ensemble are compared for particle numbers 2 ≤ N ≤ 64 for a range of temperatures above and below the Fermi temperature. The relevance of these results for applications of density functional theory is discussed briefly.
Predicting Personal Opinion on Future Events with Fingerprints

Predicting users’ opinions in their response to social events has important real-world applications, many of which political and social impacts. Existing approaches derive a population’s opinion on a going event from large scores of user generated content. In certain scenarios, we may not be able to acquire such content and thus cannot infer an unbiased opinion on those emerging events. To address this problem, we propose to explore opinion on unseen articles based on one’s fingerprinting: the prior reading and commenting history. This work presents a focused study on modeling and leveraging fingerprinting techniques to predict a user’s future opinion. We introduce a recurrent neural network based model that integrates fingerprinting. We collect a large dataset that consists of event-comment pairs from six news websites. We evaluate the proposed model on this dataset. The results show substantial performance gains demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach.
Vote Buying in Brazil: From Impunity to Prosecution

Politicians often buy votes with impunity. Brazil outlawed vote buying for many years, but prosecutions were rare. However, popular pressure mounted against the practice in the late 1990s. Over one million Brazilians signed a petition against vote buying, leading to the country’s first law by popular initiative passed by the national legislature. The law not only surmounted key obstacles to the popular initiative process but also dramatically increased prosecutions for clientelism during elections. Campaign handouts became the top reason that politicians were ousted in Brazil, with over a thousand removals from office. This study examines the role of civil society and the judiciary in the enactment and implementation of this important legislation. Resumo Os politicos frequentemente compram votos sem serem punidos. O Brasil proibiu a compra de votos por muitos anos, mas processos penais foram raros. No entanto, a pressao popular contra a pratica aumentou no final dos anos 90. Mais de um milhao de brasileiros assinaram uma peticao contra a compra de votos, levando a primeira lei do pais de iniciativa popular a ser aprovada pelo Congresso Nacional. Essa lei nao apenas superou os principais obstaculos do processo de iniciativa popular, mas tambem aumentou dramaticamente os processos por clientelismo eleitoral. A compra de votos se tornou a principal razao pela qual os politicos foram afastados no Brasil, com mais de mil cassacoes de mandatos. Este estudo examina o papel da sociedade civil e do judiciario na promulgacao e implementacao desta importante legislacao.
Look-up-Table Based Processing-in-Memory Architecture With Programmable Precision-Scaling for Deep Learning Applications

Processing in memory (PIM) architecture, with its ability to perform ultra-low-latency parallel processing, is regarded as a more suitable alternative to von Neumann computing architectures for implementing data-intensive applications such as Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). In this article, we present a Look-up Table (LUT) based PIM architecture aimed at CNN/DNN acceleration that replaces logic-based processing with pre-calculated results stored inside the LUTs in order to perform complex computations on the DRAM memory platform. Our LUT-based DRAM-PIM architecture offers superior performance at a significantly higher energy-efficiency compared to the more conventional bit-wise parallel PIM architectures, while at the same time avoids fabrication challenges associated with the in-memory implementation of logic circuits. Alongside, the processing elements can be programmed and re-programmed to perform virtually any operation, including operations of Convolutional, Fully Connected, Pooling, and Activating Layers of CNN/DNN. Furthermore, it is capable of operating on several combinations of bit-widths of the operand data and thereby offers a wider range of flexibility across performance, precision, and efficiency. Transmission Gate (TG) realization of the circuitry ensures minimal footprint from the PIM architecture. Our simulations demonstrate that the proposed architecture can perform AlexNet inference at a nearly 13× faster rate and 125× more efficiency compared to state-of-the-art GPU and also provides 1.35× higher throughput at 2.5× higher energy-efficiency than another recent DRAM-implemented LUT-based PIM architecture in its baseline operation mode. Moreover, it offers 12× higher frame-rate at 9× more efficiency per frame for the lowest operand precision setting, with respect to its own baseline operation mode.
Identifying Range-of-Motion Deficits and Talocrural Joint Laxity After an Acute Lateral Ankle Sprain.

CONTEXT Approximately 72% of patients with an ankle sprain report residual symptoms 6 to 18 months later. Although 44% of patients return to activity in less than 24 hours after experiencing a sprain, residual symptoms should be evaluated in the long term to determine if deficits exist. These residual symptoms may be due to the quality of ligament tissue and motion after injury. OBJECTIVE To compare mechanical laxity of the talocrural joint and dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) over time (24 to 72 hours, 2 to 4 weeks, and 6 months) after an acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Athletic training research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 108 volunteers were recruited. Fifty-five participants had an acute LAS and 53 participants were control individuals without a history of LAS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Mechanical laxity (talofibular interval and anterior talofibular ligament length) was measured in inversion (INV) and via the anterior drawer test. The weight-bearing lunge test was conducted and DFROM was measured. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance, independent-samples t tests, and 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Of the 55 LASs, 21 (38%) were grade I, 27 (49%) were grade II, and 7 (13%) were grade III. Increases were noted in DFROM over time, between 24 and 72 hours, at 2 to 4 weeks, and at 6 months (P < .05). The DFROM was less in participants with grade III than grade I LASs (P = .004) at 24 to 72 hours; INV length was greater at 24 to 72 hours than at 2 to 4 weeks (P = .023) and at 6 months (P = .035) than at 24 to 72 hours. The anterior drawer length (P = .001) and INV talofibular interval (P = .004) were greater in the LAS group than in the control group at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Differences in range of motion and laxity were evident among grades at various time points and may indicate different clinical responses after an LAS.
Sex, Genes, and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Call for a Gender Inclusive Approach to the Study of TBI in the Lab.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and moribundity in the United States (Bruns and Hauser, 2003; Corrigan et al., 2010). A number of factors including sex influence TBI clinical outcome. Both clinical and lab studies show a clear influence of sex on TBI outcome. However, whether this is mediated by hormones, genes, or both is still under debate (Gupte et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2019; Mikolic et al., 2020). The majority of research focuses on factors of endogenous hormone signaling (release and reception) in natal males (Slewa-Younan et al., 2004; Dubal et al., 2006; Herson et al., 2009; Griesbach et al., 2015; Clevenger et al., 2018; Mollayeva et al., 2018; Spani et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2019). This excludes natal females and both males and females taking exogenous hormones for hormone replacement (HRT) or cross sex hormone therapy (CSHT) as part of a gender confirming therapy (Mollayeva et al., 2018; Spani et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2019; Giordano et al., 2020; Biegon, 2021). While transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) individuals make up 0.3–0.5% of the global population, they are affected by violence at higher rates compared to cisgender individuals (Jauk, 2013). Despite these higher rates of violence and increased risk of TBI, the TGNC population remains understudied in the TBI field (Safer et al., 2016). This bias extends to healthcare settings where many TGNC individuals face significant barriers to obtaining high-quality, compassionate medical care at primary care facilities, especially in emergency rooms, where most TBIs are diagnosed (Sanchez et al., 2009; Porter et al., 2016; Reisner et al., 2016; Safer et al., 2016; Dickey and Singh, 2017). Research regarding transgender health has dramatically increased, yet there is still significant room for improvement as TGNC individuals are at an increased risk for several health issues (Reisner et al., 2016; Ackerley et al., 2019; Neblett and Hipp, 2019; Yeung et al., 2019; Wiepjes et al., 2020). A gender inclusive approach in biomedical research is vital to our understanding and treatment of TBI. The aim of this paper is to call upon lab-based investigators to approach the study of TBI and also biomedical research in a gender inclusive manner.
Teaching NeuroImages: Notched Delta and Angelman Syndrome.

We report a 9-year-old boy with a history of Angelman syndrome (AS) with associated epilepsy, behavioral issues, intellectual disability, and sleep disturbance. Genetic testing revealed a methylation imprinting defect, thereby confirming the diagnosis of AS. His seizures were well-controlled on monotherapy with clobazam and he underwent a routine EEG (figure), which showed a notched delta pattern.
A Cohort Study Comparing Importance of Clinical Factors in Determining Diagnosis and Treatment for Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE To determine which clinical factors have the strongest impact on determining diagnosis and decision for surgical repair for superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS). PATIENTS A total of 81 patients presented with a suspicion for SCDS between October 2017 and October 2018. 38 patients ultimately were diagnosed with SCDS, and 28 chose surgical repair. METHODS Clinical factors of subjective patient symptoms (autophony, sensitivity to loud sounds, vertigo induced by loud sounds, dizziness, hearing their own heartbeats or other visceral organs) and audiogram findings (low frequency conductive hearing loss [CHL], bone-conduction hyperacusis, low cVEMP threshold [ 17 μV] amplitudes) were analyzed with logistic regression to identify factors that predicted those who would ultimately be diagnosed with SCDS and those who would have surgical repair. Preoperative high-resolution CT imaging was performed on all patients. RESULTS Significant predictors of presence of SCDS from logistic regression included low frequency CHL and increased oVEMP amplitude (p = 0.002 [OR 40, 95%CI 3.8-413], p = 0.001 [OR 93, 95%CI 6.8-1267], respectively). These were also significant predictors of individuals who chose to have surgical repair (p = 0.004 [OR 47, 95%CI 3.5-620], p = 0.001 [OR 126, 95%CI 8.2-1941], respectively). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) for these two variables are 93% for diagnosing SCDS and 94% for predicting choice for surgical repair. CONCLUSIONS Low frequency CHL and increased oVEMP amplitude are the strongest predictive factors for making a diagnosis of SCDS and for choosing surgical repair.
Environmental Contaminations of Mountain Regions: Problems and Decisions

The problem of radioactive contamination of the environment in the mountainous areas of Kyrgyzstan is discussed. The main sources of radioactive and toxic contamination of an environment are classificated.
Dynamic Crack Branching - A Photoelastic Evaluation,

Abstract : A necessary and sufficient condition for crack branching based on a crack branching stress intensity factor, K sub Ib, accompanied by a minimum characteristic distance of r sub c is proposed. This crack branching criterion is evaluated by dynamic photoelastic experiments involving crack branching of six single-edged notch specimens and six wedge-loaded rectangular double cantilever beam specimens. Consistent crack branching at K sub Ib = 2.04 Mpa(sq. rt. m) and r sub c equal 1.3 mm verified this crack branching criterion. The crack branching angle predicted by this crack branching criterion agreed well with those measured in the crack branching experiments. (Author)
Nonlinear Waves: Overview and Problems

The subject of nonlinear hyperbolic waves is surveyed, with an emphasis on the discussion of a number of open problems.
Real-time trajectory generation for omnidirectional vehicles

We discuss a method of generating near-optimal trajectories for a robot with omnidirectional drive capabilities, taking the second-order dynamics of the vehicle into account. The relaxation of optimality results in immense computational savings, critical in dynamic environments. In particular, a decoupling strategy for each of the three degrees of freedom of the vehicle is presented, along with a method for coordinating the degrees of freedom. A nearly optimal trajectory for the vehicle can typically be calculated in less than 1000 floating point operations, which makes it attractive for real-time control in dynamic and uncertain environments.
Evaluation strategies for bitmap indices with binning

Bitmap indices are efficient data structures for querying read-only data with low attribute cardinalities. To improve the efficiency of the bitmap indices on attributes with high cardinalities, we present a new strategy to evaluate queries using bitmap indices. This work is motivated by a number of scientific data analysis applications where most attributes have cardinalities in the millions. On these attributes, binning is a common strategy to reduce the size of the bitmap index. In this article we analyze how binning affects the number of pages accessed during query processing, and propose an optimal way of using the bitmap indices to reduce the number of pages accessed. Compared with two basic strategies the new algorithm reduces the query response time by up to a factor of two. On a set of 5-dimensional queries on real application data, the bitmap indices are on average 10 times faster than the projection index.
Design and synthesis of mixed oxides nanoparticles for biofuel applications

The work in this dissertation presents the synthesis of two mixed metal oxides for biofuel applications and NMR characterization of silica materials. In the chapter 2, high catalytic efficiency of calcium silicate is synthesized for transesterfication of soybean oil to biodisels. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis of a new Rh based catalyst on mesoporous manganese oxides. The new catalyst is found to have higher activity and selectivity towards ethanol. Chapter 4 demonstrates the applications of solid-state Si NMR in the silica materials.
Can patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries live better electrically

From the Cardiology Division, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill. Disclosures: Author has nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Sept 2, 2015; accepted for publication Sept 2, 2015; available ahead of print Oct 15, 2015. Address for reprints: Barbara J. Deal, MD, Cardiology Division, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 225 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611 (E-mail: bdeal@luriechildrens.org). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;151:140-2 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2016 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.09.017
Fine Structure and Isolation of the Hook-Basal Body Complex of Flagella from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

The hook-basal body complex comprising the basal end of purified intact flagella from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis was studied in detail with an electron microscope. The E. coli hook can be described as having five or six concentric helical coils. The basal body from E. coli is 27 nm in length and consists of four rings, 22.5 nm in diameter, arranged in two pairs and mounted on a rod. The top pair of rings is connected near their periphery, resembling a closed cylinder. In B. subtilis the basal body looks like that from E. coli, except that the top pair of rings is missing. Hook-basal body complexes from both organisms could be isolated by dissociating the filaments with either urea or acid. Based on our results, two types of basal body structures are proposed, as exemplified by E. coli and B. subtilis, which directly reflect the structure of the gram-negative and gram-positive cell envelopes.
An Aircraft Investigation of Mesoscale Convection over Lake Michigan during the 10 January 1984 Cold Air Outbreak

Abstract Surface, upper air, aircraft and satellite observations during the Lake-Effect Snow Studies (LESS) field program have been examined to study the properties of a cloud-topped boundary layer (CTBL) that formed in response to a northerly flow of continental polar air over Lake Michigan on 10 January 1984. An analysis of inversion base heights shows that the depth of the convectively mixed boundary layer ranged from 1.0 to 1.9 km across the central part of the lake from Wisconsin to Michigan, to an uncharacteristically high value of 2.4 km near the south end of the lake in Indiana. Spatial cross sections and streamline analyses show that the polar air was first modified by Lake Superior and then by the full fetch of Lake Michigan. Aircraft datasets of ambient air temperature, virtual potential temperature, specific humidity, liquid water content, and the u, v, and w wind components sampled at a rate of 20 s−1 by the NCAR King Air and Queen Air have been analyzed to determine the structure and interac...
A Cadaveric Analysis of the Arthroscopic Fixation of Anterior and Posterior SLAP Lesions Through a Novel Lateral Transmuscular Portal

Purpose To compare the most commonly used portals with a novel, lateral transmuscular portal for the treatment of anterior and posterior SLAP lesions. Methods Six paired cadaveric shoulders underwent arthroscopy to assess 3 different instrumentation portals: the anterior-superior lateral (AL) portal, the Neviaser (N) portal, and the Rothman-lateral (RL) transmuscular portal. After each portal was established, 5-mm cannulas were inserted followed by guidewire-assisted placement of implant fixation instruments. Each shoulder was then dissected to assess the relation of the instruments to the surrounding anatomic structures. Results When the AL portal was used, instrumentation consistently passed through the rotator interval. When the N and RL portals were used, instrumentation penetrated the rotator cuff muscle belly at a mean distance of 25.75 and 7.67 mm, respectively, from the tendon. The mean angles of entry into the glenoid rim with respect to the glenoid articular surface were 32°, 38°, and −6° for the AL, RL, and N portals, respectively. There was no violation of subchondral bone; however, 2 specimens showed weakened articular surfaces with use of the N portal. The RL portal was the only portal that allowed placement of instrumentation into all 3 zones of the superior glenoid rim (anterior superior, direct superior, and posterior superior) without violation of the subchondral bone and at the recommended 30° to 45° angle of entry. Conclusions The RL portal provides a safe and efficient method of arthroscopic fixation and knot tying of anterior and posterior SLAP lesions by use of a single instrumentation portal. Clinical Relevance This novel, lateral transmuscular portal allows optimal angles of implant placement in all areas of the superior glenoid and provides a direct, simplified approach for arthroscopic knot tying.
Shock-elicited aggression is influenced by lead and/or alcohol exposure

Lead-exposed, alcohol-exposed, lead-and-alcohol exposed, and control rats received shock-elicited aggression testing. Lead-exposed and alcohol-exposed animals made significantly more aggressive responses than did the other two groups. These results support previous data by showing that lead exposure may result in increased emotionality and may counteract the effects of alcohol.
Assessment of serum antibodies in patients with rapidly progressive sensorineural hearing loss and Meniere's disease

The immunoreactivity of sera from patients with rapidly progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) or Meniere's disease with bovine inner ear material was determined using the Western blot technique. Patients with other otologic conditions, autoimmune disorders, or arthritic disorders and age-matched randomly chosen patients with no hearing complaints served as controls. Twenty-two percent of the patients with bilateral rapidly progressive SNHL and 30% of the patients with Meniere's disease had antibodies that reacted with a 68 kd antigen in the inner ear material. In the control groups, the incidence of reactivity was 5.0% (P<.001). When the results of this study were compiled with data collected previously, it was found that of 279 patients with bilateral rapidly progressive SNHL, 90 (32%) were positive with the 68 kd protein. Thus, the anti-68 kd antibody may provide a good marker for an immune etiology of these patients' hearing loss.
The nonstationary strain filter in elastography: Part I. Frequency dependent attenuation

The accuracy and precision of the strain estimates in elastography depend on a myriad number of factors. A clear understanding of the various factors (noise sources) that plague strain estimation is essential to obtain quality elastograms. The nonstationary variation in the performance of the strain filter due to frequency-dependent attenuation and lateral and elevational signal decorrelation are analyzed in this and the companion paper for the cross-correlation-based strain estimator. In this paper, we focus on the role of frequency-dependent attenuation in the performance of the strain estimator. The reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNRs) in the RF signal, and the center frequency and bandwidth downshift with frequency-dependent attenuation are incorporated into the strain filter formulation. Both linear and nonlinear frequency dependence of attenuation are theoretically analyzed. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to corroborate the theoretically predicted results. Experimental results illustrate the deterioration in the precision of the strain estimates with depth in a uniformly elastic phantom. Theoretical, simulation and experimental results indicate the importance of high SNRs values in the RF signals, because the strain estimation sensitivity, elastographic SNRe and dynamic range deteriorate rapidly with a decrease in the SNRs. In addition, a shift in the strain filter toward higher strains is observed at large depths in tissue due to the center frequency downshift.
Learner-Centered? It's Just a Click Away…

There are two revolutions sweeping through higher education today: the first one is the move from teacher- to learner-centered education. The second one is the move from the traditional to the virtual classroom. This article examines the most recent literature on Web-based instruction by looking at authors who, based on their own personal experiences, take a positive approach to Web-based education, and who feel that Web-based instruction is learner-centered. Characteristics of learner-centeredness as related to Web-based education are: access anywhere and any time, and student engagement. Student engagement is accomplished through the creation of active learning modules, collaboration among students, and close teacher-student interaction. Virtual classes are effective since they address different learning styles. The article concludes that assessment of learning outcomes is a topic that needs to be addressed in future research.
Changes with age in the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a in a diatom.

Absorption spectra of a young and an old culture of the diatom Pheodactylum tricornutum were measured in thin layers between two opal glass sheets. The spectra at 24° and at -196°C were replotted to give equal areas from 730–625 mμ to allow direct comparison. At 24°C the spectrum for the difference between the two cultures had a negative component of 18 mμ half width centered at 675 mμ and a positive region of W0.5=26 mμ near 700 mμ. The spectra at -196°C may be somewhat distorted by clumping of the cells during freezing but nevertheless the 16 day culture clearly showed a smaller proportion of Ca “670” to Ca “680”. This older culture has a shoulder due to a 707 mμ component. The difference curve at -196°C shows the decrease of an unsymmetrical band peaking at 669 mμ and an increase at 695 mμ in addition to the 707 mμ component. Due to the possibility of distortion, the presence of an actual component at 695 is doubtful in these particular cultures. The room temperature spectrum in the chloropyhll a region for the 5 day culture can be closely fitted by a single probability curve at 675 mμ having a half-width of 31 mμ. The sum of two components, with widths more reasonable for chlorophylls, also matched the data well enough. These two probability curves, of 22 mμ half width, centered on 669 and 683.2 mμ and had a height ratio, h669/h683 of 1.18. In the 16 day culture the ratio for these bands changed to 1.11 and there was extra absorption around 700 mμ.
A study of biogenic amine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid and urine of monkeys with chloropromazine-induced dyskinesia

Abstract Long-term administration of increasing doses of chlorpromazine (CPZ) in a daily dosage of 10–180 mg produced dyskinetic involuntary movements in the buccolingual area of monkeys. The abnormal movements in the monkeys were associated with an increase in the concentration of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as an increase in the urinary excretion of dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine and noreqinephrine. Short-term administration of CPZ or haloperidol failed to alter either the neurological status or the level of catecholamine metabolities in the CSF and urine of the monkeys. The possible role of an increase in dopamine synthesis in this type of involuntary dyskinetic movement disorder produced by long-term CPZ administration is discussed.
Gabapentin and (S)-pregabalin decrease intracellular D-serine concentrations in PC-12 cells.

Abstract The effects of gabapentin (GBP) and (S)-pregabalin (PGB) on the intracellular concentrations of d -serine and the expression of serine racemase (SR) in PC-12 cells were determined. Intracellular d -serine concentrations were determined using an enantioselective capillary electrophoresis assay with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Increasing concentrations of GBP, 0.1–20 μM, produced a significant decrease in d -serine concentration relative to control, 22.9 ± 6.7% at 20 μM (* p 50 value of 3.40 ± 0.29 μM. Increasing concentrations of PGB, 0.1–10 μM, produced a significant decrease in d -serine concentration relative to control, 25.3 ± 7.6% at 10 μM (* p 50 value of 3.38 ± 0.21 μM. The compounds had no effect on the expression of monomeric-SR or dimeric-SR as determined by Western blotting. The results suggest that incubation of PC-12 cells with GBP and PGB reduced the basal activity of SR, which is most likely a result of the decreased Ca 2+ flux produced via interaction of the drugs with the α 2 -δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels. d -Serine is a co-agonist of the N -methyl d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and reduced d -serine concentrations have been associated with reduced NMDAR activity. Thus, GBP and PGB may act as indirect antagonists of NMDAR, a mechanism that may contribute to the clinical effects of the drugs in neuropathic pain.
Presence of Microfilaments and Tubular Structures in Boar Spermatozoa after Chemically Inducing the Acrosome Reaction

The addition of the calcium ionophore A23 187 and calcium to washed ejaculated boar spermaio7oa initiates acrosomal membrane-plasma membrane fusion and vesiculation in about 9Of otreated cells. Microlulaments measuring 5-9 nm form in the area of vesiculation and along unvesiculated plasma membrane. Microtubular-like structures are found associated with the inner acrosomal membrane in the area of vesiculation of acrosome reacted sperm. In a small percent of cases. the plasma membrane is removed in treated and untreated spermato?oa. In these sperm. microtubular-like structures are either associated with the equatorial segment oft he acrosome or lie between the postacrosomal sheath and the nuclear membrane.
Tetrahydroepoxides and diol epoxides of benz[c]acridine

Abstract The chemical synthesis and NMR characterization of the benzo ring tetrahydro- and diol epoxides of the carcinogen benz[c]acridine are described.
Increased function of inhibitory neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors in diabetic rat lungs

1. The function of inhibitory neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors in diabetic rat lungs was investigated. 2. Neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors inhibit acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerves. Thus, stimulation of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors with muscarinic agonists, such as pilocarpine, inhibits acetylcholine release and vagally induced bronchoconstriction. In contrast, blockade of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors with selective M2 muscarinic antagonists, such as AF-DX 116, potentiates acetylcholine release and vagally induced bronchoconstriction. 3. Rats were made diabetic by streptozotocin (65 mg kg (-1), i.v.). After 7 14 days the rats were anaesthetized with urethane (1.5 g kg (-1), i.p.), tracheostomized, vagotomized, ventilated and paralysed with suxamethonium (30 mg kg (-1), i.v.). Some 7 day diabetic rats were treated with low doses of long acting (NPH) insulin (2 units day (-1), s.c.) for 7 days before experimentation. This dose of insulin was not sufficient to restore normoglycaemia in diabetic rats. Thus, insulin-treated diabetic rats remained hyperglycaemic. 4. Distal electrical stimulation (5 70 Hz, 6 s, 40 V, 0.4 ms) of the vagi caused bronchoconstriction, measured as an increase in inflation pressure and bradycardia. In diabetic rats, vagally induced bronchoconstriction was significantly depressed vs controls. In contrast, bronchoconstriction caused by i.v. acetylcholine was similar in diabetic and control animals. 5. The function of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors was tested with the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine (0.001-100.0 microg kg (-1), i.v.) and the antagonist AF-DX 116 (0.01-3.0 mg kg (-1), i.v.). Pilocarpine inhibited vagally-induced bronchoconstriction (30 Hz, 20-40 V, 0.4 ms at 6 s) and AF-DX 116 potentiated vagally-induced bronchoconstriction (20 Hz, 20-40 V, 0.4 ms at 6 s) to a significantly greater degree in diabetic rats compared to controls. 6. Both frequency-dependent vagally-induced bronchoconstriction and M2 muscarinic receptor function could be restored to nearly control values in diabetic rats treated with low doses of insulin. 7. Displacement of [3H]QNB (1 nM) with the agonist carbachol (10.0 nM-10.0 mM) from diabetic cardiac M2 muscarinic receptors revealed a half log increase in agonist binding affinity at both the high and low affinity binding sites vs controls. In contrast, M2 receptors from insulin-treated diabetic rat hearts showed no significant difference in binding affinity vs controls. 8. These data show that neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors in the lungs have increased function in diabetic rats, suggesting that insulin modulates M2 muscarinic receptor function.
Fatigue and permanent deformation models for polymer-modified asphalt mixtures

For the past 2 decades, significant research has been conducted on polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) mixtures. Polymers can successfully improve the performance of asphalt pavements at low, intermediate, and high temperatures by increasing mixture resistance to fatigue cracking, thermal cracking, and permanent deformation. Most of the research has been concentrated on the characterization and relative comparison of neat and PMA mixtures, and little work has been done toward the development of fatigue and permanent deformation models for PMA mixtures. A 3-year study that was sponsored by the Michigan Department of Transportation was conducted at Michigan State University to characterize PMA mixtures. It was found that the rheological and engineering properties of PMA mixtures largely depend on the polymer type and content. The improvements in the fatigue lives and resistance to permanent deformation are mainly due to the improvements in the rheological properties of the binders. Fatigue life and permanent deformation models were developed. These models show that the laboratory fatigue life and permanent deformation are strongly related to the rheological properties of binders and the engineering properties of PMA mixtures.
Differences in reserpine-induced striatal dopamine output and content between female and male mice: Implications for sex differences in vesicular monoamine transporter 2 function

In this report a series of six in vitro experiments in which reserpine-evoked dopamine output and two in vivo experiments in which the effects of reserpine injections upon dopamine content from striatal tissue of female and male mice were performed as a means to assess possible sex differences in vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) function. Significantly greater amounts of dopamine were obtained from striatal tissue of female mice in response to either a brief (experiment 1) or continuous (experiment 2) infusion of reserpine. Similarly, reserpine-evoked dopamine output from striatal tissue of gonadectomized females was significantly greater that that of gonadectomized males (experiment 3). When reserpine-evoked dopamine responses were compared directly between intact versus gonadectomized females (experiment 4) or males (experiment 5) no statistically significant differences were obtained. Finally, comparisons of gonadectomized females treated or not with estrogen revealed no statistically significant differences in reserpine-evoked dopamine output (experiment 6). Injections of reserpine produced significantly greater depletions of striatal dopamine content within intact female versus male mice (experiment 7). Dopamine contents of gonadectomized females treated or not with estrogen did not differ following treatment with reserpine, but were significantly greater than that of gonadectomized males (experiment 8). Taken together, these results show that female striatal tissue is more responsive to reserpine-evoked dopamine output, and this sex difference appears to be estrogen independent. Similarly, the dopamine depleting effects of reserpine are greater in intact female mice, however, gonadectomy reverses this effect in an estrogen independent manner. The data suggest that female mice may have a greater amount/activity of VMAT2 function as revealed by the increased responsiveness to the VMAT2 blocking drug, reserpine. Such differences in VMAT2 function may be related to the gender differences observed in conditions like Parkinson's disease and drug addiction.
Numerical study of the dependence of sound velocity on interfacial width in a model superlattice

In this paper, we study, by means of a numerical method, the dependences on the interfacial profile widths of the long-wavelength longitudinal sound velocities in model superlattices. For a given modulation amplitude, we find linear variations with small amplitudes for a wide range of profile widths
Space, the final frontier?

The article examines the reasons why the U.S. National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) wants to return to the moon. 2009 marked the 40th anniversary of two events in space exploration, including the Moon landing of Apollo 11. Topics include the author's testimony before the U.S. Congress stating his opinion that returning to the moon would be for the adventurous nature of it, not the advancement of science, and would be financially costly.
The Natural History of Cavernous Malformations: A Prospective Study of 68 Patients

OBJECTIVE: Cavernous malformations are angiographically occult cerebrovascular malformations found in approximately 0.5% of the population. To help further understand the natural history of these lesions, we prospectively followed 68 patients harboring cavernous malformations. METHODS: The 68 patients in this study were all diagnosed radiographically (67 patients) or surgically (1 patient) and were entered into a patient database. Age, sex, clinical symptoms, seizure frequency, focal neurological deficits, and presence or absence of extralesional hemorrhage were all recorded at presentation. Patients were then followed prospectively to determine the rate of hemorrhage and new-onset seizures. RESULTS: The mean follow-up per patient was 5.2 years, and the total follow-up was 352.9 patient-years. There was an average of 3.4 lesions per patient. Thirteen of the patients (19%) had familial cavernous malformations. Patients with familial disease were more likely to have multiple lesions than patients with sporadic disease (85% versus 25%, respectively [P = 0.001]). Initial presentation included headache (65%), seizures (49%), and focal neurological deficit (46%). Eleven symptomatic, radiologically proven, extralesional hemorrhages occurred during the 352.9 patient-years of follow-up for an overall hemorrhage rate of 3.1% per patient-year. Female patients had a significantly higher prospective hemorrhage rate (4.2% per patient-year versus 0.9% per patient-year [P = 0.04]). A history of hemorrhage at presentation was not a risk factor for subsequent hemorrhage during follow-up. The rate of new-onset seizures was 2.4% per patient-year. CONCLUSION: The clinical presentation and prospective hemorrhage rate reported here agree well with findings of other prospective studies. This information, combined with our new-onset seizure rate, should aid clinicians caring for patients with cavernous malformations.
Emergency ultrasound identification of a lung mass

A 49-year-old woman with HIV and remote tobacco use presented with fever and 2 months of progressive dyspnea. A chest radiograph showed a right upper lobe pneumonia and treatment for community-acquired pneumonia was initiated. The emergency physician performed a bedside lung ultrasound that suggested a more complicated process and prompted computed tomography of the chest. This revealed a right upper lobe mass and lymphadenopathy consistent with neoplasm which was subsequently confirmed on bronchoscopy. The role of lung ultrasound in the Emergency Department is reviewed and a new potential application of identifying patients in whom further diagnostic testing may be indicated is described.
Correlation of hemodynamic data and pulmonary angiography in mitral stenosis.

The abnormalities of pulmonary arterial blood supply in mitral stenosis, consisting primarily of constriction of lower lobe vessels with resultant upper lobe preferential flow, was assessed by means of pulmonary angiography in 30 patients with mitral stenosis uncomplicated by other cardiac diseases. The abnormalities in blood flow correlated best with both the pulmonay artery pressure and the pulmonary arteriolar resistance, and only reasonably well with the area of the mitral valve and the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. It is suggested that the reversal of the normal lower lung field preferential blood flow in mitral stenosis is primarily a function of pulmonary artery hypertension due to increased pulmonary arteriolar resistance. Similarly, the width of the right main pulmonary artery as measured on pulmonary angiograms correlated well with both the pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary arteriolar resistance and less well with the area of the mitral valve. Pulmonary artery size in mitral stenosis is most likely a function of the severity of the pulmonary arteriolar resistance as reflected in the pulmonary artery pressure.
Review of River Mechanics by Pierre Y. Julien

River mechanics is a wide-ranging engineering field. It brings together the complexities and knowledge of climate, watershed, hydrology and hydraulics, geology and geomorphology, and in many cases the interaction of rivers with lakes and estuaries. The field requires a deep understanding of hydrodynamic forces governing the motion of water and sediment in complex river systems. This textbook is designed primarily for teaching, and it is configured based on material for a graduate course on river mechanics taught at Colorado State University. The book also provides scientists and engineers with broad-based reference material. The book contains a good mixture of both theoretical concepts and practical engineering technology, and it illustrates aspects of river engineering using various exercises, general problems, data sets, computer problems, examples, and case studies. The book is subdivided into 12 chapters as follows: ‘‘Introduction to River Mechanics,’’ ‘‘River Basins,’’ ‘‘Steady Flow in Rivers,’’ ‘‘Unsteady Flow in Rivers,’’ ‘‘River Equilibrium,’’ ‘‘River Dynamics,’’ ‘‘River Stabilization,’’ ‘‘River Engineering,’’ ‘‘Physical River Models,’’ ‘‘Mathematical River Models,’’ and ‘‘Waves and Tides in River Estuaries.’’ Chapters vary in length and depth of treatment of their respective topics. Bibliography and Index sections are provided at the end of the book. As designed, the book will be certainly a useful reference for both students and practicing engineers. It is well written and covers a wide range of topics. The derivations are rigorous, explanations given are in a clear and good English, and illustrations are adequate. The text is accompanied by a multitude of problems and numerical examples, and in many cases the ways of solving the problems are discussed. This approach undoubtedly elevates the value of this book beyond its intended use of mainly by students. Although the title of the book is River Mechanics, it is only the first half of the book that deals with river mechanics per se. The second half is devoted almost exclusively to the topics of river engineering, and in the first half, many relevant and prominent topics of river mechanics are presented only in a superficial manner. These include the initiation of sediment transport ~IST!, bedload rate ~BLR!, and suspended-load rate ~SLR!. Other topics are simply omitted as discussed in the next paragraph. For example, IST, BLR, and SLR are dealt with in only two and half pages ~viz., pp. 112–114!. A very large number of expressions and diagrams have been produced on IST, BLR, and SLR for various cases of flow and sediment types by generations of researchers, and further investigation of these topics are still going on. Yet only four diagrams are presented on pp.112–114 and captions of three ending with ‘‘after Julien.’’ This reviewer does not consider this to be a major shortcoming of the book, given that the author is a prominent researcher and world-class scientist in need of no such self-advertisement. It is hoped that some would not interpret this omission of other researchers’ works by the author as a selfadvertisement vehicle.
Difference Schemes Derived from the Integral Theorems of Fluid Mechanics

Theme A FAMILY of difference schemes is derived for the calculation of unsteady, compressible flow of an inviscid gas. The schemes can be applied to an arbitrary mesh geometry, and the mesh is allowed to deform in time. Therefore, the mesh can be chosen to coincide with an arbitrary stationary or nonstationary boundary. Also, the schemes can be used to fit shockwaves and contact surfaces by allowing the mesh to deform in concert with these discontinuities. Alternatively, the schemes allow shocks to be calculated by the shock-capturing technique. Recently, several authors' have used a MacCormack scheme, modified for application to arbitrary mesh geometries by using the integral theorems. Schiff 4 extended the method to allow for timevary ing meshes. These schemes, however, suffer from low accuracy if applied to nonCartesian meshes. Even in the relatively simple case of onedimensional, unsteady flow with nonuniform mesh, these schemes have a truncation error of the first order. By contrast, the schemes described in this paper are secondorder accurate in the two-dimensional and first-order accurate in the three-dimensional case. The two-step schemes discussed here are closely related to the LaxWendroff scheme and reduce to it for stationary Cartesian grids.