cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steganography GAN: Cracking Steganography with Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks

For as long as humans have participated in the act of communication, concealing information in those communicative mediums has manifested into an art of its own. Crytographic messages, through written language or images, are a means of concealment, usually reserved for highly sensitive or compromising information. Specifically, the field of Cryptography is the construction and analysis of protocols that prevent third parties from understanding private messages. Steganography is related to Cryptography in that the goal is to obscure information using some method or algorithm, but the most important difference is that the information and the method of concealing information within Steganography both involve images--more precisely, the embedding of one image or piece of information into another image. Ever since the creation of covert communication methods, steps have been taken to crack cryptography and steganography algorithms. The desire for this rises from both human curiosity and the need to counteract adverse uses, such as encoding harmful media in inconspicuous media (phishing attack). In this paper, we succeed in cracking the Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography algorithm using Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks (CycleGANs) and Bayesian Optimization and compare the use of CycleGANs against Convolutional Autoencoders. The results of our experiments highlight the promising nature of CycleGANs in cracking steganography and open several possible avenues of research.
Institutional Strengthening as Ethical Obligation: An Agonistic Approach to Business Ethics

Business ethics scholars often write about institutions as relatively static guidelines with which companies may or may not comply (e.g., “rules of the game”). While some institutions, such as rule...
The Stage at Presentation and Oncologic Outcomes for Agent Orange Exposed and Non-Exposed United States Veterans Diagnosed With Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Introduction It is unknown if Agent Orange (AO)-exposed veterans have worse outcomes than unexposed Veterans after prostate cancer treatment. We evaluated oncologic outcomes based on AO exposure history, accounting for known prognostic covariates not previously studied. Methods US military Veterans diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma born between 1930 and 1956 were identified from our prospectively gathered institutional database. Evaluable patients had to have known AO exposure status, age, National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk group, Charlson comorbidity score, smoking status, and type of initial therapy. The risk of death, metastasis, and progression stratified by initial therapy was analyzed using Cox regression. Results Seventy AO-exposed and 561 non-exposed Veterans were identified (median follow-up, 10.0 years). AO-exposed veterans (AOeV) were slightly younger (64.0 vs 65.7 years; P = .013) at diagnosis and presented at more advanced stages (stage 4: 14.3% vs 2.5%) than non-AOeV. There was no difference for overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.86; P = .576; metastasis-free survival (HR, 1.5; P = .212), or progression-free survival (HR, 0.67; P = .060) between AOeV vs non-AOeV in analyses stratified by treatment received accounting for other prognostic covariates. Cigarette smoking was associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of death over those who quit or never smoked. Conclusion Although AOeV do present at a younger age and higher clinical stages than non-AOeV, the oncologic outcomes after accounting for treatments received and other prognostic covariates are similar.
Serum Fasting Non-esterified Fatty Acids and Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study

Objectives Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been used as an early indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis. Multiple studies have identified significant associations between plasma total non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations and risk factors associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. However, the relationship between CIMT and serum NEFA is less clear. We hypothesized fasting serum total, individual saturated, and trans NEFA are positively associated with, and individual monounsaturated, n-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA) and n-3 PUFA NEFA are inversely associated with, CIMT.
Alcoholism via 6-layer customized deep convolution neural network

Background: Alcoholism is caused by excessive alcohol into the human body. Alcohol primarily damages the central nervous system of the human body and causes the nervous system function disorder and inhibition. Severe addiction can lead to respiratory circulation center inhibition, paralysis and even death. So far, the diagnosis of alcoholism is done by radiologist's manual CT examination. However, the diagnosis process is time-consuming, subjective and boring for doctors. External factors, such as extreme fatigue, lack of sleep and mental concentration, can easily affect the diagnosis process.Methods: In order to solve this problem, this paper proposed a new neural network based on computer vision, which used deep convolution neural network to diagnose alcoholism automatically. A total of 216 brain images were collected. In the 6-layer customized deep convolution neural network structure, there were four convolution layers and two fully connected layers, and each convolution layer was connected with a pooling layer.Results: The results showed that the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1, MCC and FMI were 95.96%±1.44%, 95.96%±1.66%, 95.95%±1.67%, 95.73%±1.72%, 95.84%±1.48%, 91.92%±2.87% and 95.84%±1.48% respectively.Conclusion: It can be concluded from comparison results that the proposed neural network structure is more effective than four state-of-the-art approaches. The proposed method has high accuracy and can be used as a diagnostic method for alcoholism.
Challenges to Shared Decision Making About Treatment of Advanced CKD: A Qualitative Study of Patients and Clinicians

Rationale and objective Greater understanding of the challenges to shared decision-making about treatment of advanced CKD is needed to support implementation of shared decision-making in clinical practice. Study design Qualitative study. Setting and participants Patients aged ≥65 years with advanced CKD and their clinicians recruited from 3 medical centers participated in semi-structured interviews. In-depth review of patients' electronic medical records was also performed. Analytical approach Interview transcripts and medical record notes were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results Twenty-nine patients (age 73±6 years, 66% male, 59% Caucasian) and 10 of their clinicians (age 52±12 years, 30% male, 70% Caucasian) participated in interviews. Four themes emerged from qualitative analysis: 1) Competing priorities - patients and their clinicians tended to differ on when to prioritize CKD and dialysis planning above other personal or medical problems; 2) Focusing on present or future -patients were more focused on living well now while clinicians were more focused on preparing for dialysis and future adverse events; 3) Standardized versus individualized approach to CKD - although clinicians tried to personalize care recommendations to their patients, patients perceived their clinicians as taking a monolithic approach to CKD that was predicated on clinical practice guidelines and medical literature rather than patients' lived experiences with CKD and personal values and goals; and 4) Power dynamics - while patients described cautiously navigating a power differential in their therapeutic relationship with their clinicians, clinicians seemed less attuned to these power dynamics. Limitations Thematic saturation was based on patient interviews. Themes presented might incompletely reflect clinicians' perspectives. Conclusions Efforts to improve shared decision-making for treatment of advanced CKD will likely need to explicitly address differences in approaches to decision-making about treatment of advanced CKD between patients and their clinicians and perceived power imbalances in the therapeutic relationship.
First-Principles Computation of the Vibrational Entropy of Ordered and Disordered Ni 3 Al

There is increasing evidence that vibrational entropy may significantly contribute to the entropy difference between the ordered and the disordered states of a compound. Through first-principles calculations, we investigate the magnitude of this vibrational entropy difference in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}\mathrm{Al}$, a compound where this effect is believed to be especially large. We find the vibrational entropy difference to be essentially zero and temperature independent.
Sediment nitrification, denitrification, and nitrous oxide production in a deep arctic lake.

We used a combination of 15N tracer methods and a C2H2 blockage technique to determine the role of sediment nitrification and denitrification in a deep oligotrophic arctic lake. Inorganic nitrogen concentrations ranged between 40 and 600 nmol · cm−3, increasing with depth below the sediment-water interface. Nitrate concentrations were at least 10 times lower, and nitrate was only detectable within the top 0 to 6 cm of sediment. Eh and pH profiles showed an oxidized surface zone underlain by more reduced conditions. The lake water never became anoxic. Sediment Eh values ranged from −7 to 484 mV, decreasing with depth, whereas pH ranged from 6.0 to 7.3, usually increasing with depth. The average nitrification rate (49 ng of N · cm−3 · day−1) was similar to the average denitrification rate (44 ng of N · cm−3 · day−1). In situ N2O production from nitrification and denitrification ranged from 0 to 25 ng of N · cm−3 · day−1. Denitrification appears to depend on the supply of nitrate by nitrification, such that the two processes are coupled functionally in this sediment system. However, the low rates result in only a small nitrogen loss.
The 'Human Shell Game': Legal Frameworks for Challenging Cross-Country Transfers of Immigration Detainees

This paper looks at legal challenges to treatment of immigrants held in detention by ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) through the lens of transfers of detainees from their place of arrest to remote detention centers where they cannot properly access counsel or family and economic resources. The paper summarizes the current state and scope of detention, including criticisms of detainee treatment and legal authority for and judicial review of detention. It then analyzes major constitutional and statutory claims that might be brought to challenge detainee transfers, including right to counsel, due process, right to petition for bond, and human rights obligations. It concludes with recommendations for advocates addressing problems with transfers through litigation and through policy means.
Evaluating Software Architectures for Usability

For the last twenty years, techniques to design software architectures for interactive systems that support usability have been a concern of both researchers and practitioners. Recently, in the context of performing architecture evaluations, we were reminded that the techniques developed thus far are of limited utility when evaluating the usability of a system based on its architecture. Techniques for supporting usability have historically focussed on selecting the correct overall system structure. Proponents of these techniques argue that their structure retains the modifiability needed during an iterative design process while still providing the required support for performance and other functionality.
Measuring cardiac efficiency using PET/MRI.

Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome that is projected by the American Heart Association to cost $160 billion by 2030. In HF, significant metabolic changes and structural remodeling lead to reduced cardiac efficiency. A normal heart is approximately 20-25% efficient measured by the ratio of work to oxygen utilization (1 ml oxygen = 21 joules). The heart requires rapid production of ATP where there is complete turnover of ATP every 10 seconds with 90% of ATP produced by mitochondrial oxidative metabolism requiring substrates of approximately 30% glucose and 65% fatty acids. In our preclinical PET/MRI studies in normal rats, we showed a negative correlation between work and the influx rate constant for 18FDG, confirming that glucose is not the preferred substrate at rest. However, even though fatty acid provides 9 kcal/gram compared to 4 kcal/gram for glucose, in HF the preferred energy source is glucose. PET/MRI offers the potential to study this maladapted mechanism of metabolism by measuring work in a region of myocardial tissue simultaneously with the measure of oxygen utilization, glucose, and fatty acid metabolism and to study cardiac efficiency in the etiology of and therapies for HF. MRI is used to measure strain and a finite element mechanical model using pressure measurements is used to estimate myofiber stress. The integral of strain times stress provides a measure of work which divided by energy utilization, estimated by the production of 11CO2 from intravenous injection of 11C-acetate, provides a measure of cardiac efficiency. Our project involves translating our preclinical research to the clinical application of measuring cardiac efficiency in patients. Using PET/MRI to develop technologies for studying myocardial efficiency in patients, provides an opportunity to relate cardiac work of specific tissue regions to metabolic substrates, and measure the heterogeneity of LV efficiency.
Effects of polyurethane foams on microbial growth in fuel-water systems.

Abstract Four, open-cell, ester-base polyurethane foams were examined for their effect on growth of fuel-utilizing organisms in jet fuel-water systems. Three foams contained a potential biocide, tetraethylthiuram E (0.66%), sodium omadine (0.07%), or zinc omadine (0.07%), all w/v. These were compared with a control foam which did not contain an additive. Each foam was examined in fuel-water systems containing JP-4 fuel, JP-4 fuel plus 0.1% anti-icing additive (AIA), or JP-5 fuel. Pure cultures of a fuel-grown bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and of a fuel-grown fungus, Hormodendrum (Cladosporium) sp., served as test organisms. In control cultures without foam and in cultures containing control foam, P. aeruginosa achieved maximum stationary-phase populations of approximately 108 viable cells per ml, and Hormodendrum sp. produced an extensive mycelial mat. In the three fuel systems examined, tetraethylthiuram E- and sodium omadine-containing foams had little effect on growth of the bacterium; foam with zinc omadine decreased the rate of bacterial growth but had little effect on total populations. Tetraethylthiuram E decreased the rate of fungal growth and showed its greatest effect in JP-4 plus AIA. Foam with sodium omadine or zinc omadine markedly decreased fungal growth in all three fuel systems. The data suggest that either sodium omadine or zinc omadine in polyurethane foam may be a useful antifungal agent; and that tetraethylthiuram E and AIA could exert a synergistic effect, particularly at AIA concentrations which have been reported to occur in some field situations.
Magnetic antenna excitation of whistler modes. IV. Receiving antennas and reciprocity

Antenna radiation patterns are an important property of antennas. Reciprocity holds in free space and the radiation patterns for exciting and receiving antennas are the same. In anisotropic plasmas, radiation patterns are complicated by the fact that group and phase velocities differ and certain wave properties like helicity depend on the direction of wave propagation with respect to the background magnetic field B0. Interference and wave focusing effects are different than in free space. Reciprocity does not necessarily hold in a magnetized plasma. The present work considers the properties of various magnetic antennas used for receiving whistler modes. It is based on experimental data from exciting low frequency whistler modes in a large uniform laboratory plasma. By superposition of linear waves from different antennas, the radiation patterns of antenna arrays are derived. Plane waves are generated and used to determine receiving radiation patterns of different receiving antennas. Antenna arrays have ra...
Crystalline cerium(IV) phosphates—III: Preparation and characterization of the isomorphous phases of compound A

Abstract The preparation of two crystalline cerium(IV) phosphates that are isomorphous with the previous reported compound CePA is described. The preparations have a variable ammonium ion content and this accounts for the differences observed in their ion exchange behavior. Characterization indicates that these phases belong to a family whose idealized general formula is Ce(OH)1.5(NH4HPO4)x(H2PO4)1−x(PO4)0.5·0.5H2O. The selectivity of these compounds towards alkali metal cations was determined and the results indicate a small pore zeolitic type structure for these compounds.
Serotonergic gene variation in substance use pharmacotherapy: a systematic review

Drug addiction is a serious disease with damaging effects on the brain and physical health. Despite the increase in the number of affected individuals, there are few effective pharmacological treatment options for substance use disorders. The study of the influence of an individual's genetic features on the treatment response may help to identify more efficacious treatment options. This systematic review focuses on the serotonergic system because of its relevant role in mood and impulse control disorders, and its contribution to the development and maintenance of drug use disorders. In particular, we examine the role of serotonergic genes in the response to pharmacotherapy for alcohol, cocaine and nicotine addiction. Current evidence suggests that genetic variability of the serotonergic biosynthesis enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) and the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) genes mediates the efficacy of several addiction treatments, such as ondansetron and disulfiram, and the antidepressants bupropion, nortriptyline and sertraline.
Production of IL-2 and IFN by TH2 clones.

Abstract We have studied the production of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ by a panel of CD4+ clones produced in our laboratory. The clones were classified as TH1 and TH2 because of their ability to secrete IL-2 or IL-4 respectively, following stimulation with APC + Ag and by their characteristic proliferative responses to exogenous IL-2 or IL-4. Some of the TH2 clones, all of which happened to be autoreactive, produced IL-2 and one of these, as well as one antigen-reactive TH2 clone, also secreted IFN-γ following stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb. IL-2 production by TH2 cells required higher concentrations of anti-CD3 mAb than IL-4 production. Thus, the TH2 clones seem to be heterogenous. We designate the IL-2/IL-4 secretors as TH2B and those making IL-4 as TH2A clones.
The Clinical Superiority of Continuous Exposure versus Short‐Pulsed Carbon Dioxide Laser Exposures for the Treatment of Pearly Penile Papules

Treatment of pearly penile papules was performed both with a conventional continuous-wave (CW) and a newer generation high energy pulsed carbon dioxide laser. When compared to the short pulsed laser, the CW laser, using relatively low power densities, provided superior hemostasis and improved visualization of the operative field. Despite the increase in thermal injury, wound healing was not compromised. The results of this case report support the CO2 laser in CW mode as the infrared laser treatment of choice for exophytic lesions with increased vascularity.
Nonpharmacological therapies for behavioral and cognitive symptoms of mild cognitive impairment.

Objective: Evaluate research on nonpharmacological treatments for symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method: We searched for relevant English-language articles published from 2000 to 2010 using PUBMED and PsycINFO. We included nonpharmacological interventions for treating cognitive and behavioral symptoms in persons with MCI other than cognitive/memory training, which has been reviewed elsewhere. Effect sizes and hazard ratios were calculated when possible. Results: Current research points to the potential influence of behavioral interventions on behavioral symptoms. Exercise/diet interventions may alleviate cognitive deficits, especially cognitive speed and executive functioning, but possibly not memory—a domain central to MCI. Results were limited by small sample sizes, lack of rigorous methodology, short follow-ups, and the limited number of published studies. Discussion: Behavioral, diet, and exercise regimens show some promise with respect to reducing behavioral and cognitive symptomology. ...
Ply-Slip During the Forming of Thermoplastic Composite Parts

A model for the ply-slip deformation behavior of a laminate composite is presented which allows prediction of the stresses, displacements, and strains developed during the forming process. The model takes into account the viscous nature of the matrix and the stress relaxation achievable via ply slippage. The stress response is inherently time dependent and is strongly affected by the forming rate. Results calculated for the isother mal three point bending of a unidirectional lay-up agree well with previous experimental data. An important parameter, the maximum system time constant, is identified and related to the material properties and part geometry. Comparisons with experiments and simulation results for nonisothermal forming are also discussed.
A simplex optimization of the experimental parameters in preparative liquid chromatography

A study of the optimization of the experimental conditions for the purification or extraction of pure compounds by liquid chromatography is presented. Optimum values of the parameters of overloaded elution are derived for maximum production rate, using a Simplex algorithm and the procedure previously described for the simulation of the elution profiles of binary mixtures. The mobile phase flow velocity and the sample size have been optimized together in a first step, simulating the procedure followed in practice, when a column is available. In a second part, the influence of the column length and the average particle size of the packing material on the column performance as well as the trade-offs between the production rate and the yield are discussed.
Dental extraction in the neutropenic patient.

Purpose To identify risks of dental extraction in patients with mild, moderate, and severe neutropenia. Materials and Methods The authors undertook an observational study of 116 patients diagnosed with neutropenia and undergoing dental extractions in the Mayo Clinic Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was no higher than 1,500/μL. Predictors were ANC, age, diagnosis, number of teeth removed, type and location of extraction, length of antibiotic use, presence and type of bacteremia at the time of consultation or extraction, reason for consultation, indication for extraction, and use of any granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF). Primary outcomes were total complications, surgical site infections, delayed healing, and prolonged postoperative pain. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were undertaken, with statistical significance set at a P value less than or equal to .05. Results One hundred sixteen patients underwent extraction while neutropenic. The overall complication rate was 8.6% (n = 10). All were minor complications requiring simple interventions, if any. Complications were delayed healing, surgical site infection, and prolonged postoperative pain. Delayed healing was not associated with ANC. GCSF and related medications did not appear to affect outcomes in these patients. Conclusion The results of this preliminary study suggest that extraction of teeth in patients at all stages of neutropenia can be conducted safely. Complications of extraction were few and should be easily controlled. Further studies are required to clarify and stratify risk for future patients.
A single amino acid change and truncated TM are sufficient for simian immunodeficiency virus to enter cells using CCR5 in a CD4-independent pathway.

Entry of HIV and SIV into susceptible cells is mediated by CD4 and chemokine receptors, which act as coreceptors. To study cell entry of SIV, we constructed a cell line, xKLuSIV, derived from non-susceptible human K562 cells, that express the firefly luciferase reporter gene under control of a minimal SIV long terminal repeat (LTR). Using these susceptible cells, we studied the entry of a well-characterized molecularly cloned macrophage-tropic SIV. xKLuSIV cells that express rhesus macaque CD4 and/or the rhesus chemokine receptor CCR5 are susceptible to infection with the macrophage-tropic, neurovirulent strain SIV/17E-Fr, but only xKLuSIV cells expressing both CCR5 and CD4 were susceptible to infection by the macrophage-tropic, non-neurovirulent strain SIV/17E-Cl. CCR5-dependent, CD4-independent infection by SIV/17E-Fr was abrogated by pre-incubation of the cells with AOP-RANTES, a ligand for CCR5. In addition to viral entry occurring by a CD4-independent mechanism, neutralization of SIV/17E-Fr with rhesus mAbs from 3 different neutralization groups blocked entry into xKLuSIV cells by both CD4-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Triggering the env glycoprotein of SIV-17EFr with soluble CD4 had no significant effect in infectivity, but triggering of the same glycoprotein of SIV/17E-Cl allowed it to enter cells in a CD4-independent fashion. Using mutant molecular clones, we studied the determinants for CD4 independence, all of which are confined to the env gene. We report here that truncation of the TM at amino acid 764 and changing a single amino acid (R751G) in the SIV envelope transmembrane protein (TM) conferred the observed CD4-independent phenotype. Our data suggest that the envelope from the neurovirulent SIV/17E-Fr interacts with CCR5 in a CD4-independent manner, and changes in the TM protein of this virus are important components that contribute to neurovirulence in SIV.
Diurnal modulation of rat hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release by melatonin in vitro

The mechanism(s) by which melatonin (MEL) can regulate gonadotropin secretion remains unresolved. Accordingly, we used acute in vitro incubations of male rat hypothalamic tissues to investigate effects of MEL on hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. At 10:00h (3.5 after lights on), addition of 1 nM MEL to the medium inhibited (p=0.028) GnRH release from the median eminence (ME) by 24%, 100 nM MEL had no significant effect on GnRH release, and 10 µM MEL tended to inhibit (p=0.056, 21%) GnRH release. At 15:00 h, none of these MEL dosages significantly altered GnRH release from the ME. When the effect of a lower range of MEL dosages was evaluated, 1 nM MEL again inhibited (24%, p=0.032) GnRH release from the ME at 10:00 h, and a linear dose-response relationship between initially increasing dosages (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 nM) of MEL treatment and decreasing GnRH release was evident (r=−0.88), although a further 10 fold increase in MEL dosage (10 nM) resulted in a loss of suppression by MEL. Treatment with these dosages of MEL did not significantly alter ME GnRH release at 15:00 h. In contrast to the results with the ME alone, treatment with 0.1 µM MEL increased (p=0.018) GnRH release from the arcuate-median eminence region (ARC-ME) by 60.2% at 10:00 h, whereas treatment with either 0.001 or 10 µM MEL did hot significantly affect GnRH release. Treatment with these dosages of MEL did not significantly alter ARC-ME GnRH release at 15:00 h. These results suggest that there are clearly diurnal mechanisms within the male rat hypothalamus by which MEL can either facilitate or suppress GnRH release.
The Subclassification of Southern Wakashan

The Southern Wakashan (or Nootkan) languages exhibit a sort of chain relationship, from south to north: Makah, Nitinat, and Nootka. Given the intermediate geographic position of Nitinat with respect to Makah (situated more to the south) and Nootka (situated more to the north), one can ask which of these languages is most closely related to Nitinat. At present, this question remains unresolved, as reflected by the disagreement in the literature. Relying primarily on lexical data, but also considering aspects of sound changes and grammatical criteria, it is proposed that the closer grouping of Nitinat is with Makah. Resume Les langues wakashannes (ou nootkannes) du sud entretiennent des rapports geographiques en chaine, s'etalant du sud jusqu'au nord : le makah, le nitinat et le nootka. Etant donne la position geographiquement intermediaire du nitinat par rapport au makah (situe plus au sud) et au nootka (situe plus au nord), on peut se demander laquelle de ces deux langues est la plus rapprochee du nitinat. A present, cette question demeure non resolue, si on se fie au desaccord dans la litterature sur le sujet. En se basant essentiellement sur des donnees lexicales, et aussi sur certains aspects de changements phonologiques et de criteres grammaticaux, il est ici propose que le nitinat et le makah constituent le regroupement le plus rapproche.
The qualitative effects of various types of hygiene instrumentation on commercially pure titanium and titanium alloy implant abutments: an in vitro and scanning electron microscope study

Abstract Statement of problem. Implant survival depends on proper and timely oral hygiene maintenance, and a wide variety of oral prophylaxis procedures have been recommended and used on implant abutments. Purpose. This in vitro study compared the surface quality of both commercially pure titanium and titanium-alloy implant abutments, subjected to various hygiene methods and instruments with a standardized, clinically applicable scaling force. Material and methods. Commercially pure titanium and titanium-alloy abutments were exposed to five oral hygiene methods; a gold-alloy–tipped scaler, a high-grade resin scaler, a graphite-reinforced scaler, an air-powder abrasive system, and a rubber cup with tin oxide slurry. A customized test device that simulated the scaling motion and allowed the application of a standard load at the tip of the scaler was used. Scanning electron photomicrographs (×200) of the pretreatment and treated surfaces were obtained and compared qualitatively. Results and Conclusions. No significant surface alteration was produced by the air abrasive system. All other hygiene methods either created significant surface alterations, left residual particles on the abutment surfaces, or both. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:286-94.)
Oxygen Stoichiometry in PdOxand PdOx/Pt Electrode Layers During Processing of Ferroelectric and High-epsilon Perovskites

High-epsilon (HE) and ferroelectric (FE) perovskites such as (Ba, Sr)TiO 3 and SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 are attracting substantial interest for use in dynamic random-access memory and nonvolatile memory. In this paper, we describe how an easily decomposable PdO bottom electrode layer may be used as a marker for possible HE/FE damage induced by exposure to reducing environments. Oxygen loss from PdO films with and without a HE/FE overlayer was monitored by in situ x-ray diffraction during heating in an inert ambient. Additional measurements were performed on PdO films in contact with Pt underlayers. A Pt underlayer was found to reduce the temperature of oxygen release from PdO, suggesting that it may be possible to custom-design PdO-based oxygen sources with specific oxygen release characteristics to resupply the HE/FE with oxygen lost during processing.
Stillbirth: knowledge and practice among U.S. obstetrician-gynecologists.

Objective To determine knowledge of U.S. obstetrician-gynecologists (OBGYNs) and individual and institutional practices regarding stillbirth. Study Design We surveyed 1,000 members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists regarding their knowledge of risk factors and causes of stillbirth and self-rated performance in stillbirth management. Results Of the 499 who responded, 365 currently practiced obstetrics. Knowledge regarding epidemiology, risk factors, and effective interventions to reduce stillbirth was only fair. About 30% of respondents were unaware that preeclampsia, advanced maternal age, elevated α-fetoprotein, multiple gestation, cigarette smoking, illicit drug use, and being postterm increased risk. Tests to identify stillbirth causes were not performed consistently. Forty-two percent of respondents did not review test results to determine cause. Most hospitals did not have protocols for stillbirth evaluation nor preprinted forms to obtain appropriate stillbirth tests. Stillbirth audits with feedback were rarely performed. Conclusions OBGYN knowledge and institutional practice regarding stillbirth could be substantially improved. Residency programs need improved education regarding stillbirth. Hospitals and their OBGYN departments should focus more on stillbirth through continuing education programs and grand rounds and develop stillbirth management protocols and standardized order sheets to appropriately evaluate stillbirths. Audits that evaluate cause of death and preventability with a feedback loop focused on improvement in care should be considered.
Development of a finite element model of the knee-thigh-hip of a 50th percentile male including ligaments and muscles

An LSDYNA finite element model of the knee-thigh-hip (KTH) of a 50th percentile male was developed for exploring mechanics of injuries to the KTH during frontal crashes. This includes a model of the geometry of bones and also discrete element representations of ligaments and muscles of the KTH. The model was validated using physical tests obtained from the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration's (NHTSA) test database. Validation of individual components like the upper femur, femoral condyles and pelvis were performed and compared to similar physical tests. The results were used to verify geometry, material properties and failure mechanisms of bone materials. Validations were also performed against a whole-body cadaver test to verify contributions of passive muscle and ligament forces. Failure mechanisms in the tests and simulations were compared to ensure the model provides a useful tool for exploring fractures in the KTH resulting from frontal vehicle crashes.
Separation of Diacteone Alcohol‐Water Mixtures by Membrane Pervaporation

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate membrane pervaporation for the separation of diacetone alcohol‐water mixtures using commercially available membranes for organic enrichment and dehydration. Empirical correlations for the effect of the process parameters of feed concentration, feed temperature, permeate‐side pressure, and scale‐up were developed. The solvent‐water mixture was successfully separated with a poly(vinyl alcohol) based Sulzer PERVAP 2210 dehydration membrane. Various dehydration membranes were evaluated and a comparison of the flux and separation factor was made. The membrane performance in separating acetone‐water mixtures was also studied. An overall model to predict the membrane area needed for a scale‐up was developed based on the results.
On the modeling of fluidity loss phenomena in Couette and Poiseuille flows of elastic liquids

Some effects of the possible relaxation transition from viscoelastic liquid state to highly elastic solid state were theoretically and numerically investigated in the shear situations, within the approach proposed in papers [1, 2, 5, 16]. It was found that for a single Maxwellian model the constitutive equations developed in [1, 2, 5] are not valid at elevated shear stresses. Some new aspects of the possible rheological behavior of elastic liquids in subcritical (before transition) and supercritical (after transition) regimes were demonstrated. The mechanism of fluidity loss studied in this paper could serve as a possible trigger mechanism for the melt flow instabilities.
A New Combination in Polygonatum (Asparagaceae) and the Reinstatement of P. mengtzense

Heteropolygonatum urceolatum J.M.H. Shaw (Asparagaceae), is transferred to Polygonatum based on morphological and cytological evidence. Polygonatum mengtzense F.T. Wang & T. Tang is reinstated to specific status and its description amended based on examination of ample living and herbarium material. Chromosome counts and karyotypes are presented for both species that provide evidence that the two are most closely related to the Himalayan P. punctatum. Data on their distribution and habitat are provided. A key morphological trait of Heteropolygonatum, terminal inflorescences, is discussed in relation to the generic value of this character and shown not to be diagnostic.
What is character

L'A. affirme son adhesion a la these de Kaplan dans «Demonstratives» selon laquelle les indexicaux et autres expressions ont une sorte de signification, de «caractere» distinct de leur signification generalement reconnue (le «contenu»). L'A. souleve toutefois des problemes dans la description que fait Kaplan des caracteres et tente de les definir
Interfacial structure at the pearlite: Austenite growth interface in an FeO.8C-12Mn steel

Mise en evidence experimentale pour la premiere fois du fait que l'interface de croissance de la perlite avance par un mecanisme de saillies. Ceci implique que l'interface de la perlite qui avance est partiellement coherente avec l'austenite
Polymorphic phase transition mechanism of compressed coesite

Silicon dioxide is one of the most abundant natural compounds and its various crystalline phases are widely studied. Here, using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and theoretical modelling, the authors discover a polymorphic phase transition involving previously unknown triclinic phases of silicon dioxide.
Comparative evaluation of aromatic bonded phases for reversed-phase chromatography

Retention factors for alkylbenzenes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, steroids, amino acids, peptides, nucleotides, nucleosides were measured with phenylsilica, benzylsilica, phenethylsilica and octylsilica stationary phases using hydro-organic eluents containing methanol, acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran. The retention behavior of the three arylsilicas was similar but distinctly different from that of octylsilica. The difference is attributed to the chemical properties of the organic ligates, i.e., of the alkyl- and aryl functions. The slight variations of retention behavior observed with arylsilicas on the other hand are believed to arise from differences in the pertiment phase ratios. The method used for interpretation of data is based on the analysis of the pertinent retention moduli, relative column retentivities and relative phase ratios. In addition, relationships between eluite structure and retention were examined. The results give insight into various phenomena underlying the retention process in reversed-phase chromatography.
An application of the Theil-Stambaugh model of intergenerational mobility to American data

Abstract Theil and Stambaugh (1977) applied a one-parameter model for intergenerational occupational mobility to British and Danish data. This letter describes an application of the model to American data published by Brittain (1977).
DNA and RNA within the nucleus: How much sequence‐specific spatial organization?

Spatial organization of various nuclear components is often proposed as a means by which nuclei more efficiently carry out their various tasks. Such functional compartmentalization may involve a sequence-specific packaging and placement of DNA and RNA. Here we review recent insights, allowed primarily by advances in fluorescent in situ hybridization methodology, into the organization of nucleic acids within individual nuclei.
Behavior of high density polyethylene and its nanocomposites under static and dynamic compression loadings

In this study, the deformation behavior of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and its nanocomposites under uniaxial static and dynamic compression loadings were experimentally investigated. The nanofillers used were carbon nanofibers (CNF) with surface treatments and pristine graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) respectively. The dynamic tests were performed at the strain rates of 1 × 103, 4 × 103, and 7 × 103/s using the split Hopkinson pressure bar and the static tests were done at the strain rate of 1 × 10−2/s. In addition, microstructual examinations were performed to gain insights into the observed macroscopic behavior. It was observed that all the materials showed appreciable strain-rate sensitivity. CNF-based nanocomposites exhibited higher strength compared to that of the HDPE matrix material. However, the strength enhancement by GNP was very limited. The lower strength in HDPE/GNP relative to that of HDPE/CNF is likely due to the defect formation around the poor interface between polyethylene matrix and GNP reinforcement. Furthermore, the GNP with lamellate structure is also likely to create two-dimensional interfacial cracks between the two phases, and hence weaken the strength and stability of the composites. It was also observed that for HDPE/CNF composites, different surface treatments did not seem to show significant effects on material strength. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013 © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Streptozotocin-associated lymphopenia in cynomolgus monkeys

Streptozotocin (STZ) is used to induce diabetes in experimental animals. It has a variety of adverse effects, ranging from nausea, emesis, and weight loss to liver damage, renal failure, and metabolic acidosis. STZ also has effects on the immune system, being associated with lymphopenia in rodents, the mechanism of which is not fully understood. We present data on a significant STZ-associated reduction in lymphocyte count in nonhuman primates. We report a significant reduction in absolute lymphocyte count; in 2 monkeys, the lymphopenia persisted for >100 d. However, a significant increase in absolute monocyte count was noted. Furthermore, an increase in serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was observed. The reduction in lymphocyte numbers may contribute to immunomodulation that may be beneficial to a subsequent islet graft, and may reduce the need for immunosuppressive therapy. The increase in monocytes and MCP-1, however, may be detrimental to the islet graft. Studies are warranted to explore...
Public opinion on energy development: the interplay of issue framing, top-of-mind associations, and political ideology

In this article, we examine framing effects regarding unconventional oil and gas extraction using hydraulic fracturing (or fracking): an issue involving considerable controversy over potential impacts as well as terminology used to describe it. Specifically, we explore how two commonly used terms to describe this issue – fracking or shale oil or gas development – serve as issue frames and influence public opinion. Extending existing research, we suggest that these frames elicit different top-of-mind associations that reflect positive or negative connotations and resonate with people's political ideology. These associations, in turn, help explain direct and indirect framing effects on support/opposition as well as whether these effects differ by political ideology. Results of a split-ballot, national U.S. survey (n=1000) reveal that people are more supportive of the energy extraction process when it is referred to as shale oil or gas development versus fracking, and this relationship is mediated by greater perceptions of benefit versus risk. Political ideology did not moderate these effects. Further analysis suggests that these findings are partly explained by the tendency to associate fracking more with negative thoughts and impacts and shale oil or gas development more with positive thoughts and impacts. However, these associations also did not vary by political ideology. We discuss implications for communicating risk regarding energy development.
Department of Redundancy Department

This issue features a new department: Applications: Homeland Security. Picking the name was no easy matter.
Poly(thiophene)s Prepared via Electrochemical Solid-State Oxidative Cross-Linking. A Comparative Study

A comparative study of solid-state oxidative cross-linking (SOC) of polynorbornylenes containing thiophene (N1T), bithiophene (N2T), and terthiophene pendants (N3T) probing polymerization ability, kinetics, and the electrochemical and optical properties of the resulting conductive polythiophene interpenetrating networks (IPN)s is reported. Generally, conductive IPNs prepared from these systems were found to exhibit the capability to shuttle ions with predominant anion transport during the doping/dedoping process and were found to have doping levels ranging from 17 to 36%. N2T was found to produce conductive IPNs via SOC with a lower energy π to π* transition compared to those prepared from N3T.
Regional spillovers, economic growth, and the effects of economic integration

Abstract We explore the impact of spillovers of knowledge across national borders for economic growth. Although we find that increasing the extent of economic integration is growth-enhancing, the largest gains result from national economic coordination rather than global economic integration.
Inhibition of topoisomerases in African trypanosomes

African trypanosomiasis continues to pose a challenge for the development of new chemotherapy. Type II topoisomerases, essential enzymes in nucleic acid metabolism, have proven highly suitable as targets for antibacterial and antitumor therapy. Well-characterized topoisomerase II inhibitors affect the cognate nuclear and mitochondrial enzymes in Trypanosoma equiperdum. Inhibition is accompanied by extensive fragmentation and structural alteration in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Some clinically important antitrypanosomal drugs bind to DNA (i.e., pentamidine, isometamidium, diminazene). These agents inhibit the mitochondrial, but not nuclear, topoisomerase II of trypanosomes. These studies suggest that type II topoisomerase inhibitors may prove to be effective and safe new antitrypanosomal drugs.
Lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Induction of a unique effector cell population

Abstract Spleen cells from C57BL/6 (H-2 b ) mice were assayed for their ability to mediate lectin-dependent (Con A, PHA) cell-mediated cytotoxicity (LDCC), following immunization with erythrocytes, bovine serum albumin, Bacillus Calmette Guerin, and allogeneic (H-2 d ) P815 cells. Sensitization with viable, but not formaldehyde-fixed, P815 cells resulted in lectin-dependent lysis of syngeneic EL-4 cells. All other sensitization procedures failed to produce LDCC. Spleen cells from mice challenged with high (10 8 ) doses of P815 cells were capable of mediating both direct (anti-P815) cytotoxicity and LDCC, while challenge with low (10 4 ) doses of P815 cells produced strong LDCC reactivity in the apparent absence of direct cytotoxicity (DCMC). Characterization of the effector cells indicated that LDCC reactivity was mediated by an activated, non-adherent T cell population. The effector cells appear to be unique in that LDCC could be induced in the absence of DCMC, LDCC activity appeared prior to DCMC, and DCMC could be removed by adsorption on P815 monolayers without depleting LDCC reactivity.
Color appearance at ±10° along the vertical and horizontal meridians.

Hue-scaling data were collected from three observers using the “4+1” color-naming procedure for circular (0.25°–5°), monochromatic (440–660 nm) stimuli. Stimuli were presented at ±10° along the vertical and horizontal meridians under conditions chosen to include both rod and cone signals (no bleach) and to minimize rod contribution (bleach). All color-naming data were analyzed and compared using uniform appearance diagrams. Smaller stimuli appear more desaturated under both bleach conditions. This effect is particularly detrimental for the perception of green and is influenced by retinal location and exacerbated with rod input. As stimulus size increases and perceptive field sizes are filled for all four elemental hues, the differences in hue perception among the four peripheral locations and the two bleach conditions are attenuated. Results are consistent with predictions based on known differences in the underlying retinal mosaic among the four locations.