cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Unstructured Information Management Architecture Approach to Text Analytics of Cancer Blogs

In this research the authors explore the potential of the Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) platform in text analytics of cancer blogs. The application is developed using the UIMA open source platform. They use the text analytics methods of categorization, clustering, taxonomic classification, and others to identify and analyze the patterns in cancer blog postings. The authors establish a comprehensive UIMA methodology for developing text analytics applications for the analysis of cancer blogs. Additional insights are extracted through the development of categories or keywords contained in the blogs, the development of a taxonomy and the examination of relationships among the categories. The application has the potential for generalizability and implementation with health content in other blogs and social media. It has the potential to provide insight and decision support for cancer management and to facilitate the efficient and relevant search for information on cancer.
A survey of hepatitis B vaccination programs for hospital employees.

Hepatitis B infection is an occupational risk for certain categories of health care workers. Studies have estimated that 10% to 30% of those who are exposed to, or handle, blood frequently have serologic markers of previous hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.le5 In 1982 an HBV vaccine became available and the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) recommended vaccination of highrisk individuals.6 Field trials of the vaccine have shown an 80% to 95% efficacy in preventing infection among susceptible persons; the vaccine causes no serious side effects.7* ’ Three doses are required at a total cost of approximately $100. Serologic screening, if done, and administering the vaccine are additional costs. There has been much discussion in the hospital setting regarding whether an HBV vaccination program should be instituted. A survey was designed to determine community practice in Los Angeles County hospitals regarding HBV screening and immunization of employees.
Designing the HMD for perfection: a look at the human eye-brain system

As we near the ability in microdisplay technology development to surpass the resolution of the human eye, it is worth reviewing this remarkable sensor to better understand where future needs may be. In this paper we review the human eye and then compare current and future trending applications for helmet mounted displays. We aim to show best practices for development of new and innovative displays that work with the human rather than against the human.
Liver Protein Targets of Hepatotoxic 4-Bromophenol Metabolites

The hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene (BB) is directly related to the covalent binding of both initially formed epoxide and secondary quinone metabolites to at least 45 different liver proteins. 4-Bromophenol (4BP) is a significant BB metabolite and a precursor to reactive quinone metabolites, yet when administered exogenously it has negligible hepatotoxicity compared to BB. The protein adducts of 4BP were thus labeled as non-toxic (Monks, T. J.; Hinson, J. A.; Gillette, J. R. (1982) Life Sci. 30, 841–848). To help identify which BB-derived adducts might be related to its cytotoxicity, we sought to identify the supposedly non-toxic adducts of 4BP and eliminate them from the BB target protein list. Administration of [14C]-4BP to phenobarbital-induced rats resulted in covalent binding of 0.25, 0.33 and 0.42 nmol-eq 4BP/mg protein in the mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosolic fractions, respectively. These values may be compared to published values of 3–6 nmol/mg protein from a comparable dose of [14C]-BB. After subcellular fractionation and 2D electrophoresis, 47 radioactive spots on 2D gels of the mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosolic fractions were excised, digested and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Twenty nine of these spots contained apparently single proteins, of which 14 were non-redundant. Nine of the 14 are known BB targets. Incubating freshly-isolated rat hepatocytes with 4BP (0.1–0.5 mM) produced time- and concentration-dependent increases in lactate dehydrogenase release and changes in cellular morphology. LC-MS/MS analysis of the cell culture medium revealed rapid and extensive sulfation and glucuronidation of 4BP as well as formation of a quinone-derived glutathione conjugate. Studies with 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC), (−)-borneol or D-(+)-galactosamine (DGN) showed that inhibiting the glucuronidation/sulfation of 4BP increased the formation of a GSH-bromoquinone adduct, increased covalent binding of 4BP to hepatocyte proteins and potentiated its cytotoxicity. Taken together, our data demonstrate that protein adduction by 4BP metabolites can be toxicologically consequential, and provide a mechanistic explanation for the failure of exogenously administered 4BP to cause hepatotoxicity. Thus the probable reason for the low toxicity of 4BP in vivo is that rapid conjugation limits its oxidation and covalent binding and thus its toxicity.
Transitional Care Interventions to Prevent Readmissions for Persons With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background Nearly 25% of patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) are readmitted within 30 days. Purpose To assess the efficacy, comparative effectiveness, and harms of transitional care interventions to reduce readmission and mortality rates for adults hospitalized with HF. Data sources MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (1 January 1990 to late October 2013). Study selection Two reviewers independently selected randomized, controlled trials published in English reporting a readmission or mortality rate within 6 months of an index hospitalization. Data extraction One reviewer extracted data, and another checked accuracy. Two reviewers assessed risk of bias and graded strength of evidence (SOE). Data synthesis Forty-seven trials were included. Most enrolled adults with moderate to severe HF and a mean age of 70 years. Few trials reported 30-day readmission rates. At 30 days, a high-intensity home-visiting program reduced all-cause readmission and the composite end point (all-cause readmission or death; low SOE). Over 3 to 6 months, home-visiting programs and multidisciplinary heart failure (MDS-HF) clinic interventions reduced all-cause readmission (high SOE). Home-visiting programs reduced HF-specific readmission and the composite end point (moderate SOE). Structured telephone support (STS) interventions reduced HF-specific readmission (high SOE) but not all-cause readmissions (moderate SOE). Home-visiting programs, MDS-HF clinics, and STS interventions produced a mortality benefit. Neither telemonitoring nor primarily educational interventions reduced readmission or mortality rates. Limitations Few trials reported 30-day readmission rates. Usual care was heterogeneous and sometimes not adequately described. Conclusion Home-visiting programs and MDS-HF clinics reduced all-cause readmission and mortality; STS reduced HF-specific readmission and mortality. These interventions should receive the greatest consideration by systems or providers seeking to implement transitional care interventions for persons with HF. Primary funding source Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Reality Therapy and Choice Theory: An Interview With Robert Wubbolding:

This article presents an interview with Dr. Robert Wubbolding, Director of Training for the William Glasser Institute. Wubbolding provides a short background of Glasser’s Choice Theory and Reality ...
The polyphyletic origin of endoparasitism in the cyclostome lineages of Braconidae (Hymenoptera).

. The evolution of endoparasitism in braconid wasps is demonstrably polyphyletic, not only within the family as a whole but even within the rogadine/exothecine assemblage of genera. A cladistic analysis of rogadine and exothecine genera, coupled with an optimization approach to estimating ancestral character states, is used to analyse the evolution of various aspects of endoparasitism within this assemblage. At least two independent origins of endoparasitism are hypothesized-one in the Rodagini and the other in an assemblage including the Gnaptodontini, Opiinae and Alysiinae. Phylogenetic analyses and hypotheses can be useful not only in interpreting evolutionary trends, but in guiding and providing insights into more general comparative behavioural and physiological studies of parasitism.
Conceptual issues in understanding the inner logic of statistical inference: Insights from two teaching experiments

Abstract We report on a sequence of two classroom teaching experiments that investigated high school students’ understandings as they explored connections among the ideas comprising the inner logic of statistical inference—ideas involving a core image of sampling as a repeatable process, and the organization of its outcomes into a distribution of sample statistics as a basis for making inferences. Students’ responses to post-instruction test questions indicate that despite understanding various individual components of inference—a sample, a population, and a distribution of a sample statistic—their abilities to coordinate and compose these into a coherent and well-connected scheme of ideas were usually tenuous. We argue that the coordination and composition required to assemble these component ideas into a coherent scheme is a major source of difficulty in developing a deep understanding of inference.
K-Sample Rank Tests for Umbrella Alternatives

Abstract Distribution-free test procedures are proposed for the k-sample problem, where the alternatives of interest are of the form F 1 (x) ≥ ··· ≥ Fl(x) ≤ ··· ≤ Fk (x) for all x, with at least one strict inequality. These are referred to as umbrella alternatives, and both the l (point of umbrella) known and l unknown settings are considered. Small sample null distributions are discussed, and the results of a Monte Carlo power study are presented. A detailed example illustrating the use of the unknown umbrella point procedure is also given.
Inhibition of phosphoinositide hydrolysis by the novel neurotoxinβ-N-oxalyl-l-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (l-BOAA)

Abstract Inhibition by a recently isolated neurotoxic amino acid, β-N-oxalyl- l -α, β-diaminopropionic acid, ( l -BOAA), of stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis was studied in rat brain cerebral cortical slices. l -BOAA inhibited the norepinephrine-stimulated response but did not affect hydrolysis induced by 55 mM K + , carbachol in the presence of 20 mM K + . The inhibition was concentration-dependent with anIC 50 of 300 μM. This inhibition was insensitive to the excitatory amino acid antagonists, γ-glutamylglycine, glutamic acid diethyl ether, CNQX, AP-4, AP-7, or kynurenate. Thus, we propose that the l -BOAA-mediated inhibition of the norepinephrine-stimulated response was due to an interaction at a novel site, which may also be sensitive to quisqualate (see discussion). The mechanism of the inhibition is still unknown but was not prevented by inhibition of phospholipase A 2 or polyamine synthesis and it was not affected by blockade of chloride channels. However, the presence of 20 mM K + completely blocked the inhibitory effect of l -BOAA on norepinephrine-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
Policy iteration accelerated with Krylov methods

Abstract Policy iteration is accelerated by substituting direct solution methods for solving systems of linear equations with faster iterative ones. The iterative methods used are nonstationary, or Krylov methods, that are very efficient at solving large sparse systems. Performance of accelerated policy iteration is evaluated by solving a standard stochastic growth model. Accelerated policy iteration is up to 100 times faster and as accurate as standard policy iteration and value iteration for problems of ‘moderate’ size (up to 1000 states). Further improvements are achieved by a multigrid algorithm, based on the accelerated policy iteration. This algorithm is particularly efficient at solving large problems (exceeding 100,000 states) where it can be several million times faster than standard policy iteration.
Untersuchungen über die Wasserstofflonen‐concentration der Faeces bei Gesunden, bei Achylia gastrica, Colitis simplex und gastrogener Diarrhoe.

Resume. Die Wasserstoffionenconcentration im Stuhlgang von Individuen ohne Storungen im Magen-Darmkanal variiert zwischen 6.0 und 8.0 pH. Bei dem einzelnen Individuum variiert der pH-Wert von Tag zu Tag hochstens mit 1.1 pH. Die Mittelzahl von 10 Untersuchungen variirt bei verschiedenen Individuen zwischen 6.4 und 7.3, also mit ungefahr einem pH. Der Trockensubstanzgehalt in normalen, geformten oder geformt leicht breiigen Stuhlen variiert zwischen 14 und 31 %. Unter 14 % finden sich in dunnen oder dunnbreiigen Stuhlen. Der pH-Wert der Faces steigt, wenn sich der Trockensubstanzgehalt erhoht, also in knolligen Stuhlen, wo man einen pH-Wert von 8.5 oder etwas daruber finden kann. Der pH-Wert der Faces wird, wenn es sich um normale Individuen handelt, hauptsachlich von der kurzeren oder langeren Verweildauer der Faces im Darm bestimmt. Der pH-Wert der Faces von Patienten mit Achylia gastrica weicht nicht vom normaler ab. Verabfolgung von Salzsaure beeinflusst den pH-Wert nicht. Bei Colitis schwanken die pH-Werte, namentlich nach der alkalischen Seite hin starker als bei Normalen und konnen 9 oder mehr erreichen, was wohl auf der Beimischung alkalischen Darmsafts beruht. In einem Fall gasfrogener Diarrhoe bei Achylie ohne Colitis fanden sich dagegen normale pH-Werte.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Amphiphile Self-Assembly during Dip Coating

Fascinating nanostructured porous materials have recently been synthesized by evaporation-driven coassembly of ceramic precursors and amphiphiles. To expand our understanding of this process, we examine the influence of interfaces on self-assembly process using equilibrium lattice-based Monte Carlo simulations of ternary amphiphile-solvent mixtures. The simulations are able to predict the existence of all significant lyotropic mesophases, including lamellae, hexagonal closepacked cylinders, and cubic phases such as the gyroid. In the presence of walls that attract the majority solvent, the amphiphiles are confined to a smaller region of space, and experience a higher local concentration than the bulk concentration. This can lead to early transitions between mesophases. On the other hand, when the surface repels the majority solvent, amphiphiles tend to adsorb at the walls, and the local effective concentration in solution is lower. This can delay mesophase formation. When the amphiphile concentration is high enough that mesophases form in the bulk solution, however, either type of strongly attracting wall will align the mesophase (lamellae or hexagonal channels) parallel to the walls. In contrast, neutral walls (with no preferential interaction with either component) align mesophases perpendicular to themselves, which could be an interesting route to pores aligned normal to a film.
Planning with Uncertainty in Position Using High-Resolution Maps

We present a novel approach to mobile robot navigation that enables navigation in outdoor environments without GPS. The approach uses a path planner that calculates optimal paths while considering uncertainty in position and that uses landmarks to localize the vehicle as part of the planning process. The landmarks are simple, possibly aliased, features that have been previously identified in a high-resolution map. These landmarks are combined with an estimate of the position of the vehicle to create unique and robust features. This approach reduces or eliminates the need for GPS and enables the use of prior maps with imperfect map registration.
Efficient MAC strategies for the IEEE 802.11n wireless LANs

Summary Current IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) standard products can provide up to 54 Mbps raw transmission rate, while non-standard WLAN products with 108 Mbps have already appeared in the market, and the next generation WLAN will provide much higher transmission rates. However, the medium access control (MAC) was designed for lower data rates, such as 1–2 Mbps, and it is not an efficient MAC. Furthermore, a theoretical throughput limit exists due to overhead and limitations of physical implementations, and therefore increasing transmission rate cannot help a lot. Designing efficient MAC strategies becomes critical and important. In this paper, we introduce and propose a series of efficient MAC strategies to overcome the fundamental overhead, and to improve performance. The protocols and mechanisms include Direct Link Protocol, Without Acknowledgement, Without Retransmissions, Block Acknowledgement Protocol, Concatenation, Packing, Multiple Frame Transmission (versions 1 and 2) and Piggyback. The aim of this paper is to introduce and propose these efficient new MACs not only for current IEEE 802.11 standards (.11a/.11b/.11g), but also for the next generation WLAN with higher speed and higher throughput, especially for IEEE 802.11n. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Legalization of Marijuana: Implications for Regulation and Practice

Today, marijuana—both medical and recreational—is legal in several states despite the absence of scientific evidence regarding its safety and efficacy. This article reviews questions about the long-term impact of marijuana use on health care and public safety, including the effects of abuse and dependence. The article also addresses the regulatory implications of legalized marijuana and makes recommendations for best practices for primary care providers.
Ethnography of Rural North America

This article surveys the history of anthropological research in rural North America in the 20th and 21st centuries. Anthropologists have studied rural North America since at least the 1920s, when the Rockefeller Foundation funded SSRC spurred inter-disciplinary research on a range of social issues, developing the “community studies” approach. Anthropologists in the U.S. Department of Agriculture were integral to New Deal rural studies. After WWII, funding dried up and aside from studies in the peripheral regions of Appalachia and the Ozarks, economically-driven positivist studies dominated the rural social sciences. Beginning in the 1960s, with rural America radically transformed by the massive post-WWII capitalization of agriculture, ethnographers used new research paradigms in ecological, feminist, political economic, interpretive, and historical anthropology to again study North American farming and rural communities.
Distributed Gateway Placement for Cost Minimization in Wireless Mesh Networks

We study the problem of \emph{gateway placement for cost minimization} (GPCM) in two-dimensional wireless mesh networks. We are given a set of mesh routers, assume they have identical transmission range $r$, represented by unit transmission disks around them. A router may be selected as a gateway at certain \emph{placing} cost. A router is served by a gateway if and only if the gateway is within its transmission range. The goal of this work is to select a set of mesh routers as gateways to serve the rest routers with minimum overall cost. This problem is NP-hard. To the best of our knowledge, no distributed algorithm with a constant approximation ratio has been given before. When all weights are uniform, the best approximation ratio is $38$. We present both centralized and distributed algorithms which can achieve approximation ratios $6+\epsilon$ and $20$ respectively. Our algorithms greatly improve the best approximation ratios.
Emerging roles of microRNAs in pancreatic cancer diagnosis, therapy and prognosis (Review)

Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related death. Increasing incidence and mortality indicates a lack of detection and post diagnostic management of this disease. Recent evidences suggest that, miRNAs are very attractive target molecules that can serve as biomarkers for predicting development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, miRNAs are also promising therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. The objective of the present review is to discuss the significance of miRNA in pancreatic cancer development, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. We extracted and compiled the useful information from PubMed database, which satisfied our criteria for analysis of miRNAs in pancreatic cancer diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. A summary of the most important miRNAs known to regulate pancreatic tumorigenesis is provided. The review also provides a collection of evidence that show miRNA profiles of biofluids hold much promise for use as biomarkers to predict and detect development of pancreatic cancer in its early stages. Identification of key miRNA networks in pancreatic cancer will provide long-awaited diagnostic/therapeutic/prognostic tools for early detection, better treatment options, and extended life expectancy and quality of life in PDAC patients.
An Exact Test for Detecting Inconsistency in Readers Interpretation Over Time in Screening Mammograms

Radiologists' interpretation on screening mammograms is measured by accuracy indices such as sensitivity and specificity. The hypothesis that radiologists' interpretation on screening mammograms is constant across time can be tested by measuring overdispersion. However, small sample sizes are problematic for the accuracy of asymptotic approaches. In this article, we propose an exact conditional distribution for testing overdispersion of the binomial assumption that is assumed for the accuracy indices. An exact p -value can be defined from the developed distribution. We also describe an algorithm for computing this exact test. This proposed method is applied to data from a study in reading screening mammograms in a population of US radiologists (Beam et al., 2003). The exact method is compared analytically with a currently available method based on large sample approximations. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An implementation of secured Smart Grid Ethernet communications using AES

Smart Grid (SG) is a brand new architecture for the next generation's power grid system. Delivering control, monitoring and management data to grid elements securely in the network is a basic requirement for SG. This paper proposes 256-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a security solution for SG network terminals. A pair of prototyping nodes is also implemented via Altera's DE2 boards' Nios II architecture. The two-node system works properly with AES encryption/decryption functions. It suggests a potential solution for SG security.
Exogenous Controls Increase Negative Call Veracity in Multiplexed, Quantitative PCR Assays for Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) utilizing specific primer sequences and a fluorogenic, 5'-exonuclease linear hydrolysis probe is well established as a detection and identification method for Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae, two rust pathogens of soybean. Because of the extreme sensitivity of Q-PCR, the DNA of single urediniospores of these fungi can be detected from total DNA extracts of environmental samples. However, some DNA preparations unpredictably contain PCR inhibitors that increase the frequency of false negatives indistinguishable from true negatives. Three synthetic DNA molecules of arbitrary sequence were constructed as multiplexed internal controls (ICs) to cull false-negative results by producing a positive signal to validate the PCR process within each individual reaction. The first two, PpaIC and PmeIC, are a single-stranded oligonucleotide flanked by sequences complementary to the primers of either the P. pachyrhizi or P. meibomiae primary assay but hybridizing to a unique fluorogenic probe; the third contains unique primer- and probe-binding sequences, and was prepared as a cloned DNA fragment in a linearized plasmid. These ICs neither qualitatively nor quantitatively affected their primary assays. PpaIC and PmeIC were shown to successfully identify false-negative reactions resulting from endogenous or exogenous inhibitors, and can be readily adapted to function in a variety of diagnostic Q-PCR assays; the plasmid was found to successfully validate true negatives in similar Q-PCR assays for other soybean pathogens, as well as to function as a tracer molecule during DNA extraction and recovery.
Bucking the Odds: Organized Labor in Gulf Coast Oil Refining

100 The Journal of American History June 2012 The Gulf Coast of the United States has long been home to the world’s largest concentration of petroleum refineries and chemical plants. These sprawling, interconnected complexes of crude oil tanks, distillation columns, fractionating towers, lubricating oil units, alkylation units, dewaxing units, and monstrous catalytic “crackers” churn out the gasoline and other petroleum products that have helped sustain modern American society. Shortly after the 1901 discovery of oil at Spindletop, Texas, the region’s first large refineries, owned by Gulf Oil and Texaco, sprang up in nearby Port Arthur and Beaumont. With subsequent discoveries along the Gulf Coast, refineries spread southwest to Houston and Corpus Christi, and east to Lake Charles, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans, Louisiana. By 1941 the Gulf Coast accounted for 28 percent of national refining capacity, rising to 32 percent by 1956, and 36 percent by 1976.1 Refineries depended on a large and stable work force—more than two hundred thousand people nationwide by 1955, in nearly three hundred refineries of all sizes in thirty-nine states—to keep the units running smoothly, around the clock. One-third of these workers were employed on the Gulf Coast, most of them concentrated in fourteen major refineries on the upper Texas coast and in Louisiana. Working-class people in the Gulf Coast region coveted refinery jobs, which were equivalent to positions in northern automobile or steel plants. Except for a brief period during World War II, these jobs went exclusively to men. Into the 1960s almost all the higher-paying skilled jobs were reserved for whites, which along the upper Gulf Coast included both Anglos and Cajuns. The jobs paid well, included generous benefits after World War I, and offered a means of upward socioeconomic mobility. Minorities, too, including African Americans as well as Mexican nationals and Mexican Americans, found desirable wage-labor work at refineries, albeit in segregated classifications. Job losses in the oil industry during the Great Depression, however, forced white and minority workers alike to organize. The union movement in oil targeted refining, the least isolated and geographically dispersed sector of the industry. As was the case across the Jim Crow South, labor organizing in refining consisted of a dual Bucking the Odds: Organized Labor in Gulf Coast Oil Refining
Three Canted Radiator Panels to Provide Adequate Cooling for Instruments on Slewing Spacecraft in LEO

Certain free-flying spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) or payloads on the International Space Station (ISS) are required to slew to point the telescopes at targets. Instrument detectors and electronics require cooling. Traditionally a planar thermal radiator is used. The temperature of such a radiator varies significantly when the spacecraft slews because its view factors to space vary significantly. Also for payloads on the ISS, solar impingement on the radiator is possible. These thermal adversities could lead to inadequate cooling for the instrument. This paper presents a novel thermal design concept that utilizes three canted radiator panels to mitigate this problem. It increases the overall radiator view factor to cold space and reduces the overall solar or albedo flux absorbed per unit area of the radiator.
Brain metabolic and vascular adaptations to hypoxia in the rat. Review and update.

Prolonged exposure to low oxygen environments provokes systemic adaptations that result in maintained oxygen delivery to the brain, and central cerebrovascular and metabolic adaptations that preserve tissue oxygen and energy supply to support neuronal function. Recently, we have examined a number of aspects of the central nervous system adaptation to mild hypoxia, and though these studies provide a far from complete understanding of the phenomenon, some general conclusions can at least be drawn.
Target localization using proximity binary sensors

This works presents the maximum likelihood localization (ML) algorithm for multi-target localization using proximity-based sensor networks. Proximity sensors simply report a single binary value indicating whether or not a target is near. The ML approach requires a hill climbing algorithm to find the peak, and its ability to find the global peak is determined by the initial estimates for the target locations. This paper investigates three methods to initialize the ML algorithm: 1) centroid of k-means clustering, 2) centroid of clique clustering, and 3) peak in the 1-target likelihood surface. To provide a performance bound for the initialization methods, the paper also considers the ground truth target positions as initial estimates. Simulations compare the ability of these methods to resolve and localize two targets. The simulations demonstrate that the clique clustering technique out-performs k-means clustering and is nearly as effective as the 1-target likelihood peak methods at a fraction of the computational cost.
Picking the right tool for the job--Phosphoproteomics of egg activation.

Eggs are the rarest cell in the human body, yet their study is essential for the fields of fertility, reproduction, and fetal health. Guo et al. (Proteomics 2015, 15, 4080-4095) use a "surrogate" animal to discover the phosphoproteomic pathways involved in egg activation. With datasets of several thousand phosphosites on 2500 different proteins, these investigators have defined new pathways, connections to pathways, and priorities in searches for how eggs are activated at fertilization. These results in a sea urchin are now transposable to mammals for testing on a per candidate strategy.
Comparisons of Cn2 measurements and power-in-fiber data from two long-path free-space optical communication experiments

Over a two-year period beginning in early 2008, MIT Lincoln Laboratory conducted two free-space optical communication experiments designed to test the ability of spatial beam diversity, symbol encoding, and interleaving to reduce the effects of turbulence-induced scintillation. The first of these exercises demonstrated a 2.7 Gb/s link over a ground-level 5.4 km horizontal path. Signal detection was accomplished through the use of four spatially-separated 12 mm apertures that coupled the received light into pre-amplified single-mode fiber detectors. Similar equipment was used in a second experiment performed in the fall of 2009, which demonstrated an error-free air-to-ground link at propagation ranges up to 60 km. In both of these tests power levels at all fiber outputs were sampled at 1 msec intervals, which enabled a high-rate characterization of the received signal fluctuations. The database developed from these experiments encompasses a wide range of propagation geometries and turbulence conditions. This information has subsequently been analyzed in an attempt to correlate estimates of the turbulence profile with measurements of the scintillation index, characteristic fading time constant, scintillation patch size, and the shape parameters of the statistical distributions of the received signals. Significant findings include observations of rapid changes in the scintillation index driven by solar flux variations, consistent similarities in the values of the alpha and beta shape parameters of the gamma-gamma distribution function, and strong evidence of channel reciprocity. This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense, RRCO DDR&E, under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.
Clinical Assessment von Hebammen

Veranderungen im Gesundheitswesen fuhren zu hoheren Anforderungen im Arbeitsalltag von Hebammen. Zusatzliche Kompetenzen sind gefragt, z. B. fur ein Clinical Assessment durch Hebammen.
Effective Ivis Icon Comprehension Research: Context and Response Scaling Methods

A refined approach used to determine the comprehension level of in-vehicle information system (IVIS) icons is introduced. This approach provides three primary improvements over classical evaluation procedures (e.g., ISO, 2001). First, this approach recommends the inclusion of context to ensure realistic comprehension scores. Second, the scaling method employed provides concrete, well-defined measurement criteria based on major and minor elements included in the icon message. Third, this approach allows the comprehension testing team to provide better diagnostic information back to the icon designers because it allows for analysis of what element(s) of the icon the subjects seemed to understand and what element(s) may have led to errors in comprehension. We recommend using this approach to provide high quality comprehension information for IVIS icon evaluations.
Effect of motor cortex ablations on reflex myoclonus in the monkey.

Summary1. Sharply limited ablation of the arm or leg area of the precentral motor cortex in the macaque produces a complete or partial depression of the reflex myoclonic responses of the affected extremities as elicited after subconvulsant metrazol dosage. This occurs in chronic, as well as acute preparations. 2. When responses are present, there is a predominance of extensor muscle activity, with marked diminution of finger- or toe-flexor responses. A similar pattern is observed when generalized seizures are elicited by repetitive acoustic stimulation.
Smart Weighted Compact Scheme for Shock Tube and Shock-Entropy Interaction

Based on our previous work on the weighted compact scheme (WCS), a smart weighted compact scheme (SWCS) has been developed. The new scheme includes a new smart filter, shock detector, and a new weight function. The results for the shock tube and shock-entropy interaction have been compared with the standard 5th order WENO scheme and both higher resolution and sharper shock capturing have been achieved. The new scheme may be very useful for DNS or LES of the shock-boundary layer interaction.
Inelastic neutron scattering from solid 36 Ar

The phonon dispersion relations of $^{36}\mathrm{Ar}$ have been measured in the [100], [110], and [111] symmetry directions at 10 K using a triple-axis neutron spectrometer. A comparison of the measured dispersion curves and the best available theoretical calculations based on the Bobetic-Barker (BB) potential shows small systematic discrepancies for the [100]L, [110]${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$, [110]L, and [111]L branches. Otherwise the agreement between experiment and theory is remarkably good. The data are well described by several harmonic Born-von K\'arm\'an models the most general of which (a three-neighbor general-force model with nine parameters) has been used to deduce values of zero-sound elastic constants. At 10 K (lattice constant $a=5.313\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$ \AA{}), these are ${c}_{11}=(424\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$, ${c}_{12}=(239\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$, and ${c}_{44}=(225\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ dyn ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ which imply a deviation from the Cauchy relation with $\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{-}0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$. From the energies of phonons of small wave vector measured just below the melting point at 82 K ($a=5.463\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$ \AA{}), the zero-sound elastic constants were determined to be ${c}_{11}=(248\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$, ${c}_{12}=(153\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$, and ${c}_{44}=(124\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ dyn ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ($\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{-}0.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$). In both the 10- and 82-K measurements, particular care has been taken to remove the systematic errors introduced by finite instrumental resolution. The measured elastic constants have been compared with several calculations and with results obtained from ultrasonic and Brillouin scattering experiments. Calculations of elastic constants based on the BB potential with the Axilrod-Teller three-body interactions are in good agreement with our data at both temperatures. The energies of some typical phonons have been measured at temperatures of 10, 35, 55, and 75 K. In the only case in which these measurements can be compared with an existing calculation (the [100]T mode at $\ensuremath{\zeta}=0.4$, our results show a slightly larger shift of the phonon energy than that computed by Klein et al. from the BB potential.
NMR Detection of NH···OC Hydrogen Bonds in 13C,15N-Labeled Nucleic Acids

We describe the first direct observation of NH···OC hydrogen bonding in nucleic acids via the four-bond 4hJNiNj coupling within an N1iH1i···O6jC6j−N1j segment of a G·G·G·G tetrad. The experiment, two-dimensional (2D) HN(N)-TOCSY, makes use of band-selective 15N isotropic mixing to transfer magnetization exclusively via the 4hJNN couplings to yield correlations between N1Hi(ω2) and N1j(ω1) across the hydrogen-bonded segment. In a complementary experiment, 2D cross-polarization (CP)-H(N)CO−(NN)-TOCSY, employing band-selective heteronuclear 15N−13C cross-polarization sequences on either side of the 15N−15N TOCSY period, correlations are obtained between N1Hi(ω2) and C6j(ω1) nuclei across the hydrogen bond. The symmetric A2X2-type coupling topology of the four−spin nitrogen system in the G·G·G·G tetrad permits accurate measurement of these couplings by a new procedure that fits the experimental data with known analytical isotropic mixing transfer functions. The techniques are demonstrated on a G·G·G·G tetrad ...
A Strategy Self- Adaptive Selection Bee Colony Algorithm Based on Feedback

Employed bee foraging strategies have a greater impact on the performance of artificial bee colony algorithm. The single foraging strategy is difficult to apply to all the search space of the problems. And the different stages of the algorithm performs differently by using different employed bee foraging strategies. Howto choose the best foraging strategy is very important for the given function optimization problem. To solve this problem,a strategy self-adaptive selection colony algorithm was presented,based on feedback. The optimal foraging strategy could be automatically selected for the given problem during the optimization process using the praposed algorithm. Experimental results showed that compared with the ABC( artificial bee colony algorithm),the PSO( particle swarm optimization algorithm),the DE( differential evolution algorithm),and the GA( genetic algorithm),the optimization capability of the SSABC algorithm has been improved greatly.
Defencing Training of Women's Volleyball Should Focuse on the Juvenile Stage

Defencing training of women's volleyball in the early stage will be analyzed and points on the defencing training,which should be paid attention to,will be presented in order that basic defencing training in early stage should be attached importance to.
"But I'm Not a Racist!" Phenomenology, Racism, and the Body Schema in White, Pre-Service Teacher Education.

AbstractIn this article, I call for a phenomenological turn in educating white, pre-service teachers. As opposed to dominant pedagogical models which focus on changing one’s beliefs about race, phenomenology points toward the importance of pre-conceptual, pre-critical forms of racial embodiment. Here I draw upon recent work on the different between body image (beliefs about the body) and body schema (what the body can do). The worry is that existing forms of anti-oppressive education miss the centrality of the schema, and thus do not go far enough in uncovering the embodied, perceptual roots of racism.
Does the Theory of Demand Need the Maximum Principle

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses whether the theory of demand needs the maximum principle. It is suggested that as many economists are interested in market phenomena, it is appropriate to consider a theory of demand whose implications are consistent with this interest. It presents a theory of demand in terms of aggregates. It is possible to derive many important economic theorems without making any assumptions concerning utility functions or preference orderings. The chapter discusses the role of constraints in the theory of demand . The notion of household constraints is broadened through the introduction of the concept of household production pioneered by Becker, Lancaster, and Muth .
Detection of spring viraemia of carp virus in imported amphibians reveals an unanticipated foreign animal disease threat

Global translocation of plants and animals is a well-recognized mechanism for introduction of pathogens into new regions. To mitigate this risk, various tools such as preshipment health certificates, quarantines, screening for specific disease agents and outright bans have been implemented. However, such measures only target known infectious agents and their hosts and may fail to prevent translocation of even well-recognized pathogens if they are carried by novel host species. In a recent example, we screened an imported shipment of Chinese firebelly newts (Cynops orientalis) for Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, an emergent fungal pathogen of salamanders. All animals tested negative for the fungus. However, a virus was cultured from internal organs from 7 of the 11 individual dead salamanders and from two pools of tissues from four additional dead animals. Sequencing of a portion of the glycoprotein gene from all viral isolates indicated 100% identity and that they were most closely related to spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV). Subsequently, SVCV-specific PCR testing indicated the presence of virus in internal organs from each of the four animals previously pooled, and whole-genome sequencing of one of the viral isolates confirmed genomic arrangement characteristic of SVCV. SVCV is a rhabdovirus pathogen of cyprinid fish that is listed as notifiable to the Office International des Epizooties. This discovery reveals a novel route for potential spillover of this economically important pathogen as rhabdovirus has not previously been documented in amphibians.
Comparative analysis of iterative LQR and adaptive PD controllers for a lower limb exoskeleton

In the present paper a lower limb exoskeleton is considered. The goal of the paper is to discuss an application of two types of feedback controllers: an iterative LQR and an adaptive PD controller. Comparative analysis of two controllers is done using data from numerical simulation of sit-to-stand motion of the exoskeleton, controlled by each of the controllers. Results of the numerical simulation are given. The results of the numerical simulation show that both controllers display similar behavior. Relative advantages of both controllers are discussed.
Family Creation Options for Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People

Family creation can be an important part of transsexual, transgender, or gender nonconforming (TGNC) people’s lives. The implications for fully informed consent leading to gender confirming medical interventions are significant as some interventions will impact an individual’s ability to procreate.
Straight Gods, White Devils: Exploring Paths to Non-Religion in the Lives of Black LGBTQ People

To examine paths to non-religion in the lives of black LGBTQ people, I analyze 10 interviews of black LGBTQ people who were raised Christian. Utilizing an intersectional lens, I conclude that lessons of the Christian home, reinforced in religious school and at church, drew a connection between Christianity, one’s racial and ethnic identity, and heterosexuality in such a way that being LGBTQ was marked un-Christian and foreign, and sometimes associated with whiteness. This further shaped how my participants navigated the urban public sphere, one of the only spheres where they could ‘be LGBTQ’ – some neighborhoods were constructed as Christian, connected to one’s childhood and hostile to LGBTQ people, while others were LGBTQ-friendly, albeit largely white and gentrified. The overall impact of Christianity across multiple spheres influenced which non-religious paths my participants took. One remained with a Christian denomination of her childhood and one remained with a Christian denomination of her mother but not her father. The other eight left Christianity behind, with one choosing a different religion and seven becoming non-religious, holding identities from Unitarian Universalist to atheist. Overall, black LGBTQ people struggle to find acceptance of their LGBTQ identities by people closest to them and acceptance of their racial, ethnic and non-religious identities in largely white and often non-religious LGBTQ spaces. In response, they use different strategies to find community and live coherent lives, whenever possible.
Thymosin beta4 enhances endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis.

When human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) differentiate into capillary-like tubes, there is a five-fold upregulation of the mRNA for thymosin β4 (Tβ4) (Grant et al. J Cell Sci 1995; 108: 3685–94 [1]) and this endogenous expression plays an important role in endothelial cell attachment to and spreading on matrix components. We now show that exogenous addition of thymosin β4 (in the ng–μg range) to HUVEC in culture can induce several biological responses. These responses include increased tube formation in vitro. Additionally, exogenous thymosin β4 enhances vascular sprouting in the coronary artery ring angiogenesis assay. Measurements of these vascular sprouts show a doubling of the vessel area (via increased branching) with as little as 100 ng of synthetic thymosin β4. These processes appear to involve the binding of thymosin β4 to an unknown cell surface receptor and internalization of the protein. This cell surface-binding appears not to be mediated through the thymosin β4-actin binding domain LKTET. An increase in thymosin β4 cytoplasmic staining in HUVEC exposed 10 μg of the peptide appears to occur without increased mRNA translation. In summary Tβ4 induces an increase in cell-matrix attachment, proliferation, tube formation, internalization of the peptide and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. The data now defines both an autocrine and paracrine role for thymosin β4 in vessel formation.
Accurate Quantitation and Analysis of Nitrofuran Metabolites, Chloramphenicol, and Florfenicol in Seafood by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Method Validation and Regulatory Samples

We developed and validated a method for the extraction, identification, and quantitation of four nitrofuran metabolites, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), semicarbazide (SC), and 1-aminohydantoin (AHD), as well as chloramphenicol and florfenicol in a variety of seafood commodities. Samples were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction techniques, analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS), and quantitated using commercially sourced, derivatized nitrofuran metabolites, with their isotopically labeled internal standards in-solvent. We obtained recoveries of 90–100% at various fortification levels. The limit of detection (LOD) was set at 0.25 ng/g for AMOZ and AOZ, 1 ng/g for AHD and SC, and 0.1 ng/g for the phenicols. Various extraction methods, standard stability, derivatization efficiency, and improvements to conventional quantitation techniques were also investigated. We successfully applied this method to th...