cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homoepitaxial Growth of Crystalline Ge Films through a Liquid Metal Medium at Low Temperature

Crystalline films of Ge have been homoepitaxially grown through a liquid Au medium by the so-called vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism at relatively low temperature (400-450 °C). During the process, the Ge vapor is delivered by a molecular beam evaporator and the liquid phase in the system is formed at the interface by heating a Au metal film above its eutectic point with the semiconductor. This process has a potential of a high growth rate at low temperature. The growth process and the crystallinity of the films were monitored in situ by high energy ion backscattering and channeling. The surface morphology and quality of the films were examined by scanning electron microscopy and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results are presented, together with a discussion of the growth mechanism and the nature of the liquid metal-semiconductor interface.
Coupled physical, chemical, and microbiological measurements suggest a connection between internal waves and surf zone water quality in the Southern California Bight

Abstract Internal waves have been implicated in the cross-shore transport of scalars such as larvae, nutrients, and pollutants at locations around the world. The present study combines physical measurements with a comprehensive set of surf zone water quality measurements to evaluate the possible impact of cross-shore internal wave transport on surf zone water quality during two study periods. An array of oceanographic moorings was deployed in the summer of 2005 and 2006 at 10–20 m depth offshore of the beach to observe internal waves. Concurrently, surf zone water quality was assessed twice daily at night at an adjacent station (Huntington State Beach) by measuring concentration of phosphate, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), silicate, chlorophyll a, fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), and the human-specific fecal DNA marker in Bacteroidales . The baroclinic component accounted for about 30% of the total variance in water column velocity, indicating the importance of density-driven flow during the summer when the water column was stratified. Arrival of cold subthermocline water in the very nearshore (within 1 km of the surf zone) was characterized by strong baroclinic onshore flow near the bottom of the water column. The near bottom, baroclinic, cross-shore current was significantly lag-correlated with the near bottom temperature data along a cross-shore transect towards shore, demonstrating shoreward transport of cold subthermocline water. Wavelet analysis of temperature data showed that non-stationary temperature fluctuations were correlated with buoyancy frequency and the near bottom cross-shore baroclinic current. During periods of large temperature fluctuations, the majority of the variance was within the semi-diurnal band; however, the diurnal and high frequency bands also contained a substantial fraction of total variance. The bottom cross-shore baroclinic current was proposed as a proxy for shoreward transport potential by internal waves and was positively correlated with phosphate concentration in both years, silicate in 2005, and fecal indicator bacteria measurements in 2006. The results suggest internal waves are an important transport mechanism of nutrient-rich subthermocline water to the very nearshore in the Southern California Bight, and may facilitate the transport of FIB into the surf zone or enhance persistence of land-derived FIB.
Wavelet representation comparison for heart rate variability analysis

Wavelet time-frequency representation has become one of the most useful tools for research today. This paper presents a comparison of three different wavelets used for heart rate variability (HRV) studies. It is an attempt to reveal some underlying differences to readers about the wavelet representations. Topics introduced include the time-frequency plots obtained by using the Morlet, Daubechies 4 and Haar wavelets on the interpolated interbeat interval signal (IIBI) derived from the electrocardiogram (ECG) of a subject at rest breathing at 16 breaths per minute.
Kinematic and Aerodynamic Response of Locusts in Sideslip

Effects of the sideslip angle on the wing kinematics and the aerodynamic forces and moments generated by the locusts were investigated in a low-speed wind tunnel. Three live locusts (Schistocerca americana) were tested at tunnel speeds of 0, 2, and 4 m/s at three body angles of attack (0°, 3°, and 7°) and three sideslip angles (0°, −10°, and −20°). A sensitive custom-built microbalance was used to measure the forces and moments. The balance was synchronized with high-speed video system recording the wing kinematics. It was observed that the nose down pitching moment increases with the angle of attack increase. This is an indication of active and/or passive mechanisms restoring the body orientation in the vertical plane and providing pitch stability of locusts. The side airflow generates a large side force and positive rolling moment. In response to the oncoming side wind, the locust executes larger-amplitude flapping motion on the windward wings. Changes in kinematic parameters of locust wings are similar...
Structural modification of acyl carrier protein by butyryl group

Fatty acid synthesis in bacteria is catalyzed by a set of individual enzymes known as the type II fatty acid synthase. Acyl carrier protein (ACP) shuttles the acyl intermediates between individual pathway enzymes. In this study, we determined the solution structures of three different forms of ACP, apo-ACP, ACP, and butyryl-ACP under identical experimental conditions. The structural studies revealed that attachment of butyryl acyl intermediate to ACP alters the conformation of ACP. This finding supports the more general notion that the attachment of different acyl intermediates alters the ACP structure to facilitate their recognition and turnover by the appropriate target enzymes.
Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth‐Century America

Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century America. Winston James. London, UK, and New York, NY: Verso, 1998. + 406pp. (Cloth US$27.00)
Adult Subventricular Zone Neuronal Precursors Continue to Proliferate and Migrate in the Absence of the Olfactory Bulb

Neurons continue to be born in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles of adult mice. These cells migrate as a network of chains through the SVZ and the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into mature neurons. The OB is the only known target for these neuronal precursors. Here, we show that, after elimination of the OB, the SVZ and RMS persist and become dramatically larger. The proportion of dividing [bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled] or dying (pyknotic or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end-labeled) cells in the RMS was not significantly affected at 3 d or 3 weeks after bulbectomy (OBX). However, by 3 months after OBX, the percentage of BrdU-labeled cells in the RMS decreased by half and that of dying cells doubled. Surprisingly, the rostral migration of precursors continued along the RMS after OBX. This was demonstrated by focal microinjections of BrdU and grafts of SVZ cells carrying LacZ under the control of a neuron-specific promoter gene. Results indicate that the OB is not essential for proliferation and the directional migration of SVZ precursors.
Incorporation of Noninvasive Measures of Liver Fibrosis Into Clinical Practice: Diagnosis and Prognosis

Noninvasive methods are increasingly used for the assessment of liver fibrosis. Two categories of markers include serum-based markers (biologic properties) or ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging-based techniques that use the principles of elastography (physical properties) to indirectly assess liver fibrosis. Serum markers can be either direct or indirect markers of the fibrosis process. Common elastography-based studies include vibration-controlled transient elastography, point shear wave elastography, and 2-dimensional shear wave elastography and magnetic resonance elastography. A common theme among all techniques is the inability to accurately differentiate between minimal or moderate stages of fibrosis but superior performance in identifying subjects with cirrhosis or normal liver parenchyma. Noninvasive markers may also serve as prognostic tools to course the natural history of chronic liver disease as well as identify cirrhotic patients at highest risk of future decompensation. Further research is needed to identify the role of noninvasive markers in following asymptomatic individuals, especially in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Sea surface correction of high spatial resolution Ikonos images to improve bottom mapping in near-shore environments

A significant number of high spatial resolution (4 m) Ikonos images acquired over shallow coastal environments present quasi-stochastic sea surface effects that seriously compromise reconnaissance of bottom features. This problem is common in wide field-of-view images where there is limited control on acquisition conditions other than cloud cover. To eliminate most of these wave and glint patterns, we use the near-infrared band, which exhibits maximum absorption and minimal water leaving radiance over clear waters, to characterize the spatial distribution of relative glint intensity, which is then scaled by absolute glint intensities in each of the visible bands. The result is subtracted from the visible bands, thus filtering out glint effects. Corrected visible bands clearly reveal seabed structural features obscured in the original data. Before- and after-correction classifications of an Ikonos image of Lee Stocking Island (Bahamas) reveal an improvement of user's accuracies for critical benthic habitat classes such as coral-dominated habitat (46.8% versus 60.5%) or dense seagrass beds (31.7% versus 52.1%). This technique offers potential to use previously discarded sections of high spatial resolution airborne or satellite images of optically shallow water for mapping substrate features.
Vitamin E Increases Prostate Cancer Risk in Middle-Aged Men Relative to Placebo: No Significant Association Observed With Selenium, Either Alone or in Combination With Vitamin E

Commentary on: EA Klein, IM Thompson Jr, CM Tangen, et al.. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).JAMA2011;306:1549–56.
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Masquerading as Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis

PRESENTATION A 34-year-old Hispanic man with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus presented with 2 weeks of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rash, and syncope. Five days before presentation he developed an erythematous petechial rash on his right hand that spread sequentially to his left hand, forearms, feet, legs, and flanks. The rash was neither pruritic nor painful, and he denied prior history of a rash. He reported no recent infections or antibiotic use. His past medical history was negative for connective tissue disease and was otherwise noncontributory. There were no other significant findings upon review of systems.
Mental resilience training modulates stress physiology of active duty marines preparing for deployment

COMMENTARY ON: Johnson DC, Thom NJ, Stanley EA, et al. Modifying resilience mechanisms in at-risk individuals: a controlled study of mindfulness training in marines preparing for deployment. Am J Psychiatry 2014;171:1844–53.[OpenUrl][1] Standardised mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) offer a way of being and perceiving that facilitates personal insight and mental resilience in daily life. Scientific evidence indicates that MBIs attenuate a spectrum of stress-related mental and physical health ailments.1 Johnson and colleagues report on an adapted MBI, mindfulness-based mind fitness training (MMFT), which uses mindfulness practices—based on attentional and sensorimotor activities—to increase interoceptive awareness, stress resilience, self-regulation and calculated decision-making. 281 marines undergoing predeployment training were randomly selected from a military base in Southern California and were then non-randomly assigned to MMFT or military training as usual. Assessments … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BPsychiatry%26rft.volume%253D171%26rft.spage%253D1844%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
Patchiness in a Large Floodplain River: Associations Among Hydrology, Nutrients, and Fish Communities

Large floodplain rivers have internal structures shaped by directions and rates of water movement. In a previous study, we showed that spatial variation in local current velocities and degrees of hydrological exchange creates a patch-work mosaic of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and ratios in the Upper Mississippi River. Here, we used long-term fish and limnological data sets to test the hypothesis that fish communities differ between the previously identified patches defined by high or low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios (TN:TP) and to determine the extent to which select limnological covariates might explain those differences. Species considered as habitat generalists were common in both patch types but were at least 2 times as abundant in low TN:TP patches. Dominance by these species resulted in lower diversity in low TN:TP patches, whereas an increased relative abundance of a number of rheophilic (flow-dependent) species resulted in higher diversity and a more even species distribution in high TN:TP patches. Of the limnological variables considered, the strongest predictor of fish species assemblage and diversity was water flow velocity, indicating that spatial patterns in water-mediated connectivity may act as the main driver of both local nutrient concentrations and fish community composition in these reaches. The coupling among hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biodiversity in these river reaches suggests that landscape-scale restoration projects that manipulate hydrogeomorphic patterns may also modify the spatial mosaic of nutrients and fish communities. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The Role of Chinese Medicine in New York City's Chinatown

This study reports on use patterns of traditional Chinese and Western medical resources in New York's Chinese community. Extensive data from field-work and interview are presented which provide significant new information concerning the health-care attitudes and problems of this unique community.
Preparation of Manganese Titanium Composite Lithium Ion-Sieve and Research on Absorptive Property

The lithium ion-sieve doped titanium were synthesized by co-precipitation and hydrothermal synthesis method with LiOH·H2O as lithium source and manganese titanium deposit as manganese and titanium source.Several conditions of synthesis composite lithium ion-sieve were investigated.The structure and composition of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The absorption capacity and loss ratio of the samples were studied by acid leaching and absorption experiments.The results showed that the lithium ion-sieve had the best stability and absorption properties when Ti/Mn mole ratio was 0.03,lithium concentration in hydrothermal reaction solution was 3.2 mol/L,reaction temperature was 230℃,reaction time was 12h.The sample which synthesized under optimal conditions showed the maximum absorption capacity for Li+of 19.71mg·g-1 and Mn and Ti maintained a lower loss ratio at same time.
IoT Safety and Security as Shared Responsibility

Vinton G. Cerf - Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist, Alphabet Inc.Address: 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USAE-mail: vint@google.comPatrick S. Ryan - Strategy & Operations Principal, Alphabet Inc.Address: 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USAE-mail: patrickryan@google.comMax Senges - Research Program Manager, Alphabet Inc.Address: 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USAE-mail: maxsenges@google.comRichard S. Whitt - Corporate Director for Strategic Initiatives, Alphabet Inc.Address: 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USAE-mail: whitt@google.com What happens when everyday standalone devices and machines acquire network interfaces? The somewhat obvious result will be an unprecedented number of “things” connected to the Internet. It is less obvious what this means for the governance of the Internet when this occurs. With the “Internet of Things” (IoT) the Internet’s loosely coupled governance structures are already adapting to accommodate the evolution of the Internet’s use. As the governance structure continues to develop, users’ safety must be the first priority for all hardware and software providers. In the context of the Internet of Things, this paper proposes a definition of digital safety as distinct from security and discusses how multistakeholder governance can be applied to address safety challenges. The paper also considers the integration of “old” industries and the transformation of their governance into the multistakeholder model as their products and services are coming online. We consider how the thousands of manufacturers who traditionally produced analog, not-connected physical “things” adapt to become stakeholders in the Internet and how that changes the way that we think about Internet Governance. The particular interest of this paper is how to address safety issues that become much more prominent with the spread of Internet-enabled physical environments. The authors of this paper have written this project in their personal capacities as an academic contribution. The views reflected may not be the official position of the authors’ employer.
Molecular cloning, chromosomal organization, and functional characterization of a sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter from mouse kidney.

The sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter of the renal proximal tubule, NaDC-1, reabsorbs filtered Krebs cycle intermediates and plays an important role in the regulation of urinary citrate concentrations.1 Low urinary citrate is a risk factor for the development of kidney stones. As an initial step in the characterization of NaDC-1 regulation, the genomic structure and functional properties of the mouse Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter (mNaDC-1) were determined. The gene coding for mNaDC-1,Slc13a2, is found on chromosome 11. The gene is ∼24.9 kb in length and contains 12 exons. The mRNA coding for mNaDC-1 is found in kidney and small intestine. Expression of mNaDC-1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes results in increased transport of di- and tricarboxylates. The Michaelis-Menten constant (K m) for succinate was 0.35 mM, and theK m for citrate was 0.6 mM. The transport of citrate was stimulated by acidic pH, whereas the transport of succinate was insensitive to pH changes. Transport by mNaDC-1 is electrogenic, and sub...
Staged repair of supravalvular aortic stenosis associated with severe multiple peripheral pulmonary stenoses: report of extended peripheral pulmonary arterioplasty.

This paper describes surgical experience in supravalvular aortic stenosis associated with severe multiple peripheral pulmonary stenoses treated by a staged approach: initial staged repair of the bilateral pulmonary stenoses by arterioplasty through a thoracotomy and later definitive intracardiac repair of supravalvular aortic stenosis. Our experience in two cases proved that the peripheral pulmonary arteries could be exposed up to the segmental branches by dissection from the pulmonary hilum through a lateral thoracotomy without damaging the lung parenchyma. The stenotic areas could then be repaired with either a bifurcated or trifurcated pericardial patch.
Retrieval of Snow Properties for Ku- and Ka-Band Dual-Frequency Radar

The focus of this study is on the estimation of snow microphysical properties and the associated bulk parameters such as snow water content and water equivalent snowfall rate for Ku- and Ka-band dual-frequency radar. This is done by exploring a suitable scattering model and the proper particle size distribution (PSD) assumption that accurately represent, in the electromagnetic domain, the micro/macro-physical properties of snow. The scattering databases computed from simulated aggregates for small to moderate particle sizes are combined with a simple scattering model for large particle sizes to characterize snow scattering properties over the full range of particle sizes. With use of the single scattering results, the snow retrieval look-up tables can be formed in a way that directly links the Ku- and Ka-band radar reflectivities to snow water content and equivalent snowfall rate without use of the derived PSD parameters. A sensitivity study of the retrieval results to the PSD and scattering models is performed to better understand the dual-wavelength retrieval uncertainties. To aid in the development of the Ku- and Ka-band dual-wavelength radar technique and to further evaluate its performance, self-consistency tests are conducted using measurements of the snow PSD and fall velocity acquired from the Snow Video Imager/Particle Image Probe (SVI/PIP) during the winter of 2014 in the NASA Wallops flight facility site in Wallops Island, Virginia.
Evolution, Cognition, and Performance

Culture and cognition work together dynamically every time a spectator interprets meaning during a performance. In this study, Bruce McConachie examines the biocultural basis of all performance, from its origins and the cognitive processes that facilitate it, to what keeps us coming back for more. To effect this major reorientation, McConachie works within the scientific paradigm of enaction, which explains all human activities, including performances, as the interactions of mental, bodily, and ecological networks. He goes on to use our biocultural proclivity for altruism, as revealed in performance, to explore our species' gradual ethical progress on such matters as the changing norms of religious sacrifice, slavery, and LGBT rights. Along the way, the book engages with a wide range of performances, including Richard Pryor's stand-up, the film Titanic, aerialist performances, American football, and the stage and film versions of A Streetcar Named Desire.
Xenopus TACC2 is a microtubule plus end-tracking protein that can promote microtubule polymerization during embryonic development.

Xenopus TACC2 is a microtubule plus end–tracking protein that localizes in front of EB1 and overlaps with TACC1 and TACC3 in cultured embryonic mesenchymal cells and neuronal growth cones. TACC2 OE...
THE DEVELOPMENTAL GENETIC BASIS OF ORGANISMAL EVOLUTION.

Evolutionary studies during the past few years have increasingly focused upon the processes underlying organismal evolution. The evolution of regulatory genes, presumed to be the "genetic eminences" of organismal evolution, has particularly received considerable attention. This shift in focus has occurred as a result of two developments: the rather belated realization by evolutionary geneticists that structural gene evolution is often irrelevant to morphological evolution and the recapitulation of the controversy over the evolutionary processes responsible for "macroevolution." Many evolutionary biologists now appear to be convinced that regulatory genes are the primary determinants of organismal evolution. However, current research in the mainstream of evolutionary biology has not evolved to the point that the major developmental regulatory genes controlling pattern formation and differentiation are receiving much attention. Gould (1977) has made an attempt in Ontogeny and Phylogeny to resurrect and update classical embryological theories of organismal evolution. However, there is the question of the underlying genetic mechanisms which still, after several decades, leave the evolutionary geneticist unsatisfied. To a large extent the lack of progress in studying the role of regulatory genes in evolution can be attributed to the two deficient experimental systems which have been available in the past: gene systems unrelated to morphogenesis and morphological systems for which the underlying developmental genetic control had not been elucidated. Unbeknown to most evolutionary biologists, developmental geneticists have rectified that problem in recent years. Embryos, Genes, and Evolution weaves classical embryology with modern developmental genetics into theories of organismal evolution for the first time. The publication of this book is timely not only because of the new theories but also because of the concrete regulatory paradigms presented. For those individuals weary of vague theories about undefined regulatory genes, this book offers eukaryotic regulatory genes with real names and real functions! Although the title of this book contains
Persons with Mental Retardation: A Forgotten Minority in Education.

Persons with mental retardation are a vulnerable population with multiple needs and an important minority group that has suffered from a variety of discriminatory practices. Yet, the social work education currently does not have an educational standard for including this population in the curriculum. Students of social work—future social workers—can make important social service contributions to this special population, but only if the students are educated about this group. This article presents a curriculum infusion model for use in the Human Behavior and the Social Environment (HBSE) sequence. This model, which is efficient and easy to implement, provides content about persons with mental retardation from a micro and a macro perspective. Although inclusion of content on this population in the HBSE sequence will provide basic knowledge about mental retardation, the author recommends that such content be included in all of the foundation sequences.
Influence of dietary lysine on the utilization of zinc from zinc sulfate and a zinc-lysine complex by young pigs.

We conducted two trials (n = 144 and 96) to evaluate the response of feeding either ZnSO4 x H2O or a zinc-lysine complex (ZnLys) in combination with various lysine levels on growth performance, liver, kidney, and 10th rib Zn concentration, serum Zn humoral immune response and absorption of Zn (chromic oxide method) of young pigs. The following treatments were started after a 7-d postweaning adjustment during which all pigs were fed a common diet adequate in zinc. Diets were as follows: 1) basal 1 (B1), .8% dietary lysine without added Zn (basal contained 32 ppm Zn); 2) B1 plus 100 ppm Zn from ZnSO4; 3) B1 plus 100 ppm Zn from ZnLys, 4) basal 2 (B2), 1.1% lysine without added Zn; 5) B2 plus 100 ppm Zn from ZnSO4; 6) B2 plus 100 ppm Zn from ZnLys. In Trial 1 only, 100 ppm Zn from ZnSO4 (diet 7) or ZnLys (diet 8) was added to a .95% lysine basal diet. The basal 20% CP diet contained 9.0% corn gluten meal to lower the total lysine level. Within lysine level, all diets were made isolysinic by using crystalline lysine. Zinc sulfate, ZnLys, or lysine replaced dextrose in the basal diet. After 4 wk on test, one barrow in each pen was killed; liver, kidney, left 10th rib, and contents of the stomach, small intestine, and lower colon were removed for Zn analyses. Performance (ADG and ADFI) was only improved (P .20) by lysine level, or Zn level and source. Pigs fed diets without added Zn had lower (P < .001) liver, kidney, and rib Zn concentrations than pigs fed diets with added Zn regardless of Zn source. Dietary lysine did not influence liver Zn, but kidney (P < .01) and rib (P < .001) Zn concentrations were lower for pigs fed the higher lysine level. Digestibility coefficients of Zn were lower in the stomach for pigs fed diets without added Zn, similar among Zn levels and sources in the small intestine, and higher in the lower colon for pigs fed the basal diets without added Zn. Lysine level and Zn source did not influence Zn absorption. The ZnSO4 and a zinc lysine complex seemed to be equally effective in promoting growth performance, zinc absorption, and tissue stores of young pigs when diets contained deficient, adequate, or slightly more than adequate levels of lysine.
Satellite observed water quality changes in the Laurentian Great Lakes due to invasive species, anthropogenic forcing, and climate change

Abstract. Long time series of ocean and land color satellite data can be used to measure Laurentian Great Lakes water quality parameters including chlorophyll, suspended minerals, harmful algal blooms (HABs), photic zone and primary productivity on weekly, monthly and annual observational intervals. The observed changes in these water quality parameters over time are a direct result of the introduction of invasive species such as the Dreissena mussels as well as anthropogenic forcing and climate change. Time series of the above mentioned water quality parameters have been generated based on a range of satellite sensors, starting with Landsat in the 1970s and continuing to the present with MODIS and VIIRS. These time series have documented the effect the mussels have had on increased water clarity by decreasing the chlorophyll concentrations. Primary productivity has declined in the lakes due to the decrease in algae. The increased water clarity due to the mussels has also led to an increase in submerged aquatic vegetation. Comparing water quality metrics in Lake Superior to the lower lakes is insightful because Lake Superior is the largest and most northern of the five Great Lakes and to date has not been affected by the invasive mussels and can thus be considered a control. In contrast, Lake Erie, the most southern and shallow of the Laurentian Great Lakes, is heavily influenced by agricultural practices (i.e., nutrient runoff) and climate change, which directly influence the annual extent of HABs in the Western Basin of that lake.
Disappearing Liquidity: Why It Matters and How to Deal with It

We address the concerns surrounding fast-disappearing liquidity and its effects on both the market and the order placement behavior of slow traders. We find that in response to an increase in short-lived cancellations, slow traders submit fewer and less aggressive orders, thus being at a disadvantage. Nevertheless, our results show that both fast and slow cancellations have a positive effect on the market overall, reducing spread and price volatility, and increasing depth. Since we do not advocate limiting fast cancellations, we develop a framework that allows traders to differentiate between a firm and a phantom quote with 67% success, thus increasing the fill rate of their orders.
Has the Anchoring of Inflation Expectations Changed in the United States during the Past Decade

The financial crisis and Great Recession led to dramatic shifts in U.S. monetary policy over the past decade, with potential implications for inflation expectations. Prior to the crisis, inflation expectations were well anchored. But during the crisis and recovery, the Federal Reserve turned to new policies such as large-scale asset purchases (LSAPs). In addition, the Federal Open Market Committee adopted a formal inflation target in 2012, with the stated goal of keeping longer-term inflation expectations stable. Did inflation expectations remain anchored during this period of unconventional policy? {{p}} Taeyoung Doh and Amy Oksol use three metrics of inflation expectations to assess whether inflation expectations became unanchored after the financial crisis. They find that the degree of anchoring deteriorated somewhat in late 2010, but returned to its pre-crisis level more recently. They also find that shifts in the three metrics coincide with consecutive rounds of LSAPs and the adoption of a formal inflation target. Overall, their results suggest the Federal Reserve’s actions helped anchor inflation expectations after the crisis.
Examining the relationships between life satisfaction and alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use among school-aged children.

BACKGROUND There are many known risk factors associated with youth substance use. Nonetheless, the impact of life satisfaction (LS) on the use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana by adolescents still remains largely unknown. METHODS The present analysis utilized data from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children 2009-10 US study. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between LS and individual substance use. Multilevel multinomial regression models examined the relationship with total number of substances used. RESULTS After controlling for numerous variables associated with substance use, individuals reporting low LS were significantly more likely to ever use tobacco (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = [1.01, 1.78]), alcohol (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = [1.10, 1.92]) and marijuana (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = [1.39, 2.82]). Additionally, students with low LS were significantly more likely to use two substances (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = [1.15, 3.14]) and three substances concurrently (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = [1.27, 3.16]). CONCLUSIONS The present study identified strong associations between LS and individual, as well as concurrent, substance use among adolescents. Interventions aiming to reduce adolescent substance use may benefit from incorporating components to improve LS.
Ethanol as a Reinforcer: Comparison with Other Drugs

Although ethanol is no less a drug than compounds such as heroin, cocaine, or pentobarbital, ethanol has one distinction that has tended to place it in a category by itself. It is probably the most behaviorally active drug legally available in the United States that is purchased and used primarily because of its intoxicating properties. It is perhaps because ethanol is a legally available drug of abuse that ethanol research is funded by a governmental agency that is separate from the agency that funds research on all other drugs of abuse. It is perhaps for the same reason that ethanol is frequently given individual status in titles of journals, chapters, and books that deal with drug dependence.* It is undoubtedly for this reason that moderate ethanol use is more socially acceptable than similar use of other drugs. We would like, in this chapter, to compare ethanol to other studied psychoactive drugs with respect to its ability to maintain drug-taking behavior. Although we offer no judgment, on the basis of these comparisons, on whether ethanol deserves its singular legal status, we find the comparisons to be interesting, provocative, and, we hope, of heuristic value.
Preclinical assessment of pain: improving models in discovery research.

To date, animal models have not sufficiently “filtered” targets for new analgesics, increasing the failure rate and cost of drug development. Preclinical assessment of “pain” has historically relied on measures of evoked behavioral responses to sensory stimuli in animals. Such measures can often be observed in decerebrated animals and therefore may not sufficiently capture affective and motivational aspects of pain, potentially diminishing translation from preclinical studies to the clinical setting. Further, evidence indicates that there are important mechanistic differences between evoked behavioral responses of hypersensitivity and ongoing pain, limiting evaluation of mechanisms that could mediate aspects of clinically relevant pain. The mechanisms underlying ongoing pain in preclinical models are currently being explored and may serve to inform decisions towards the transition from drug discovery to drug development for a given target.
The Concrete Formulation of the Program: From Vital Materialism to Developmental Morphology

The second major phase in the development of the program sketched by Blumenbach, Reil and Kielmeyer spans roughly the period between 1806 and 1834. It is bracketed at one end by Kielmeyer’s lectures on the ‘Allgemeine Theorie der Zoologie’ in Tubingen in 1806-1807 and the first introduction of Cuvier’s works in Germany by Johann Friedrich Meckel; and it is completed by the great embryological work of Karl Ernst von Baer, Heinrich Rathke and Johannes Muller between 1828-1834. The major impetus of change in the early period came from Cuvier. He stimulated a group of young teleomechanists — some of whom worked directly with him in Paris — with powerful new methods for further expanding their approach to nature. By the end of the period von Baer, Muller and Rathke had succeeded in integrating those methods into an improved version of the teleomechanist program which I call ‘developmental morphology’.
Pharmacokinetics of Lipid-Lowering Medications in Chronic Kidney Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the Western world, including the United States and Europe. Chronic kidney disease is a common condition and is increasing globally; it is associated with an increased risk of CVD and chronic renal failure. In patients with chronic kidney disease, the relationship between dyslipidemia and CVD is less clear and potentially paradoxical. To understand the pharmacokinetic differences between the various statins, it is necessary to examine the structural differences, metabolic pathway, and risk of drug interactions. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of lipid-lowering drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease, those on dialysis, and patients following renal transplantation. This chapter will also discuss the safety, drug dosing, and drug interactions that are important in this group of patients.
Symbolism and Differentiation across the Maros Villages

Chapter 8 considered Mokrin, the largest and best documented of the Maros cemeteries, and subjected the patterns of funerary differentiation observed there to a series of examinations designed to reveal the underlying character of the social categories and statuses that structured the funerary program. The goal of this chapter is to assess the extent to which these patterns of differentiation and social symbolism are shared among the Maros cemeteries. While it is reasonable to expect a degree of similarity in the ideology, practices, and organization among associated communities, there is no reason to believe that the treatments and practices among a series of autonomous villages should be identical. Indeed, it is to be expected that at least some aspects of the practices followed in each village should be distinct and that the overall patterns of treatment and organization will exhibit a balancing of distinctive local practice with more broadly shared custom. Such balancing in the funerary program fits with the more general and pervasive tension in village confederacies between local autonomy and tribal cohesiveness, and contrasts with the more centralized control of hierarchically organized societies. Thus, the intent of this chapter, rather than to attempt to fit all the Maros cemeteries into Mokrin’s mold, is to look at the sometimes fragmentary evidence from the other Maros cemeteries and attempt to determine which aspects of the funerary symbolism are broadly shared across Maros society and which elements might more properly be treated as purely local phenomena. The composite picture of the Maros villages that emerges not only can provide insight into the actual organization of Maros society as a tribal social system (or village confederacy), but also may provide hints at the processes that led to the crystallization of Maros society.
Erythropoiesis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Our discussion will be concerned with a comparison of the cellular and molecular changes during the differentiation of the erythropoietic system in vertebrates, with relatively little mention of invertebrate systems because much less is known about them.
The Combination of Alemtuzumab [Continuous Intravenous Infusion (civ) Followed by Subcutaneous Injection (sc)] Plus Rituximab Has Activity in Patients (pts) with Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

Abstract Available data suggest enhanced activity of monoclonal antibodies in combinations. In a previous study of iv bolus alemtuzumab plus rituximab in relapsed CLL, we have shown that the combination is safe and produces a response rate of 54% following a 4-week treatment period (Blood 101: 3413, 2003). As questions remain about the optimal dose, schedule and route of administration of alemtuzumab, we have been exploring alemtuzumab by civ followed by sc injections in combination with rituximab in pts with relapsed/refractory CLL who express both CD20 and CD52. Forty-five pts have been enrolled of whom 32 pts are evaluable (30 CLL, 1 CLL/SLL, 1 MZL). Six pts are too early and 7 are inevaluable [withdrawal of consent prior to treatment start (2), ineligible (2), removal from study and continuation of therapy with home physician (3)]. All pts received alemtuzumab 15mg by civ over 24 hours daily x 6 days on days 2–7 of the first course followed by 30mg sc twice weekly on days 3 and 5 of weeks 2 to 4 (one course). Rituximab was given at 375mg/m2 iv on day 1 followed by 500mg/m2 on days 8, 15, and 22. Maximum duration of therapy was 3 courses. Pts received standard premedication with acetaminophen and an antihistamine, and antiinfective prophylaxis with TMP/SMX and valacyclovir. CMV antigenemia was tested before and after completion of each course. The median age was 59 yrs (range 39–78), the median number of prior therapies was 3 (1–8), and the median b2M 3.8 mg/dL (1.7–13.6). Seventeen pts (53%) had Rai stage ≥ 3 disease. Eighteen pts (56%) were refractory to fludarabine and alkylators. All pts had prior rituximab; only 4 (13%) had received alemtuzumab. Sixteen pts (50%) responded [8 CR (25%), 1 PRn (3%), 7 PR (23%)] following one course. Response by site: peripheral blood 24/26 (92%), marrow 22/32 (69%), lymph nodes 13/26 (50%) and liver/spleen 8/9 pts (89). The combination was well tolerated with no unexpected toxicities. Most non-hematologic AEs were infusion-related and ≤ grade 2 by NCI toxicity criteria. Fevers and chills occurred in up to 56% of pts, fatigue in 34%, skin rashes in 19%, nausea in 16%, myalgias in 9%, and diarrhea in 6%. Although toxicites were more frequent with civ alemtuzumab than during the s.c. injections (with the exception of skin rashes), civ alemtuzumab was well tolerated. CMV reactivation occurred in 7 pts (22%) and was the most common infectious complication. In conclusion, the combination of civ/sc alemtuzumab plus rituximab has activity in patients with relapsed and refractory CLL. Most responses occurred after 4 weeks of therapy only. The combination is well tolerated. Side effects are predictable and manageable.
The Landscape of Long Non-Coding RNA Dysregulation and Clinical Relevance in Muscle Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States, but few advancements in treatment options have occurred in the past few decades. This study aims to identify the most clinically relevant long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to serve as potential biomarkers and treatment targets for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Using RNA-sequencing data from 406 patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we identified differentially expressed lncRNAs in MIBC vs. normal tissues. We then associated lncRNA expression with patient survival, clinical variables, oncogenic signatures, cancer- and immune-associated pathways, and genomic alterations. We identified a panel of 20 key lncRNAs that were most implicated in MIBC prognosis after differential expression analysis and prognostic correlations. Almost all lncRNAs we identified are correlated significantly with oncogenic processes. In conclusion, we discovered previously undescribed lncRNAs strongly implicated in the MIBC disease course that may be leveraged for diagnostic and treatment purposes in the future. Functional analysis of these lncRNAs may also reveal distinct mechanisms of bladder cancer carcinogenesis.
The Economic Effects of Infrastructure Development in American Indian Tribal Areas with Low Income and High Unemployment

Some of the worst incidences of poverty in the United States exist in American Indian tribal areas, also known as “Indian Country.” It is the responsibility of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, at the U.S. Department of the Interior, to promote policies to facilitate the economic development and growth of Indian Country. One of the key ingredients for such growth is improved infrastructure, especially in the most impoverished areas. This paper will provide guidance to economists and policy analysts, both within and outside of Indian Affairs, on how to develop infrastructure-based strategies for promoting economic growth in Indian Country. The paper presents a macroeconomic model that interrelates infrastructure development with household income and consumption and examines the multiplier effects that result from expanded infrastructure in tribal areas. The model demonstrates that states may easily benefit from supporting tribal infrastructure development, by various spillover effects.
Global Health Training in U.S. Emergency Medicine Residency Programs

Objectives Formal education in global health (GH) and short-term experiences in GH (STEGH) are offered by many emergency medicine (EM) residency programs in the United States. In an increasingly connected world, training in GH and STEGH can provide essential knowledge and practical skills to trainees, particularly at the graduate medical education level. The current core programmatic components and the essential competencies and curricula that support ethical and effective STEGH, however, still vary widely. The authors conducted a survey of the 228 EM residency programs in the United States to describe the current state of GH training and STEGH. Methods An online survey was developed in REDCap by a team of GH faculty. In July 2018, programs were invited to participate via individual invitation of program directors from a directory. The programs received two reminders to participate until January 2019. Results Of the 84 programs that responded, 75% offer STEGH and 39% have longitudinal GH curricula. Within these programs, only 55% have dedicated GH faculty and only 70% have dedicated sites. Both faculty and residents encounter funding and insurance barriers; most notably, only 20% of programs that offer STEGH provide evacuation insurance for their residents. Most residents (95%) engage in clinical work along with teaching and other activities, but 24% of programs do not allow these activities to fulfill any residency requirements. Finally, only 80 and 85% of programs offer preparatory and debriefing activities for residents, respectively. Conclusions While the results of this survey show progress relative to prior surveys, there are still barriers to implementing GH curricula and supporting safe, ethical, and effective STEGH, particularly in the form of continued financial and logistic support for faculty and for residents, in U.S. EM training programs.
Criminal Responsibility for Arbitrators in Chinese Law: Perversion of Law in Commercial Arbitration

This article is prompted by a recent Chinese criminal provision governing the impartiality of arbitration. The goals of the article fare to critically examine the new criminal statute created by the provision and to put forward some proposals for reform, which could be employed to resolve the tension that exists between arbitrator impartiality and deference to arbitration. Although the new provision appears to eliminate the abuse of arbitral power, it may raise more questions than it resolves. This article explores the problems and undertakes a comparative analysis of the corresponding U.S. provision, as well as an analysis of some cultural and traditional elements influencing the new criminal statute in China. Ultimately it will be argued that the concerns can be addressed by finetuning the rule in order to keep a balance between the previous two conflicting values. Borrowing from U.S. experience, a mechanism of judicial interpretation is proposed that could well suit China’s needs because the benefits of arbitration can be retained without sacrificing the impartiality of arbitration.