cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular graphics applied to 5-HT3 ligands

The recent surge of scientific interest in 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptors can be attributed largely to the rapid increase in the number of potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. The availability of a large variety of chemically diverse 5-HT3 compounds allows for a unique opportunity to apply computer-based modelling techniques to the analysis of the 5-HT3 receptor pharmacophore. The present review summarises recent studies performed in this laboratory. The primary goal of these studies was to elucidate the chemical requirements needed for molecular recognition at the 5-HT3 receptor binding site. A secondary goal was to determine if this type of molecular information could be assessed using computerised chemical databases.
Adaptive beam forming with a photonic delay line

A method is described by which adaptive beamforming can be accomplished in transmit mode with a photonic true time delay beamformer. Performance predictions for a radar line array using this beamformer are also presented.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A RAPID BLOOD CATALASE SCREENING TECHNIQUE ADJUSTABLE TO ANY LEVEL OF ACTIVITY.

Abstract A procedure is described for rapidly screening whole blood samples for any desired level of catalase activity. With this test, one individual can nondestructively screen perhaps 125 mice per day.
Dynamic equilibrium under periodic perturbations in simple ecosystem models

Abstract Simple models of two-species ecosystems are usually analyzed in terms of the existence and stability of a static equilibrium state. We examine the way in which perturbations, in the form of periodic reductions in both species, lead to stable coexistence in a state of dynamic equilibrium. We establish general criteria for the occurrence of such dynamic equilibrium states. We show that coexistence in a dynamic equilibrium occurs for a fairly wide range of model parameters, and that dynamic equilibrium states are a rather robust feature of simple models.
Modulation of Gain-of-function α6*-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by β3 Subunits

We previously have shown that β3 subunits either eliminate (e.g. for all-human (h) or all-mouse (m) α6β4β3-nAChR) or potentiate (e.g. for hybrid mα6hβ4hβ3- or mα6mβ4hβ3-nAChR containing subunits from different species) function of α6*-nAChR expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and that nAChR hα6 subunit residues Asn-143 and Met-145 in N-terminal domain loop E are important for dominant-negative effects of nAChR hβ3 subunits on hα6*-nAChR function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these effects of β3 subunits would be preserved even if nAChR α6 subunits harbored gain-of-function, leucine- or valine-to-serine mutations at 9′ or 13′ positions (L9′S or V13′S) in their second transmembrane domains, yielding receptors with heightened functional activity and more amenable to assessment of effects of β3 subunit incorporation. However, coexpression with β3 subunits potentiates rather than suppresses function of all-human, all-mouse, or hybrid α6(L9′S or V13′S)β4*- or α6(N143D+M145V)L9′Sβ2*-nAChR. This contrasts with the lack of consistent function when α6(L9′S or V13′S) and β2 subunits are expressed alone or in the presence of wild-type β3 subunits. These results provide evidence that gain-of-function hα6hβ2*-nAChR (i.e. hα6(N143D+M145V)L9′Shβ2hβ3 nAChR) could be produced in vitro. These studies also indicate that nAChR β3 subunits can be assembly partners in functional α6*-nAChR and that 9′ or 13′ mutations in the nAChR α6 subunit second transmembrane domain can act as gain-of-function and/or reporter mutations. Moreover, our findings suggest that β3 subunit coexpression promotes function of α6*-nAChR.
Information and Communications Technology in Chronic Disease Care: What Are the Implications for Payment?

New information and communication technology (ICT) has the potential to improve care for chronic conditions, deliver better health outcomes, and reduce direct and indirect costs. However, realizing these gains necessitates new forms of care delivery, through adoption of ICT, the specific choice of ICT, and changes to existing forms of health care delivery. Realizing these new forms of delivery requires appropriate payment policies. The authors review the literatures on health care payment and ICT in chronic care and then apply theoretical economic analysis to determine how ICT alters health care payment policy recommendations. Using diabetes as an example, the authors identify and illustrate the disease and technology features that determine the optimal form of payment. Overall, ICT shifts the optimal blend of fee-for-service and capitation toward greater capitation. Carve-outs for ICT-supported preventive care enable more high-powered payment while addressing selection concerns.
Tool path strategies for high speed milling aluminum workpieces with thin webs

This paper describes the research and development of a successful method for high-speed end-milling of aluminum parts with large, thin, flexible webs. Webs are the thin structures created at the face of the end mill, as opposed to ribs, which are the thin structures created at the periphery of the end mill. High speed machining of parts with thin ribs and webs from a solid workpiece is a rapidly developing machining technology. Using high speed machining, it is now frequently possible to replace complicated and expensive sheet metal assemblies with functionally equivalent, lighter and less expensive monolithic structures. However, the tool geometries and the tool paths required to produce such monolithic structures are not obvious. The tool paths are not easily available using existing commercial NC programming software.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors that Contribute To the Difficulty of Learning False Cognates1

ABSTRACT The difficulty posed by false cognates stems largely from two sources: intrinsic factors (inherently confusing characteristics of false cognates themselves) and extrinsic factors (ambiguous, contradictory, and sometimes incorrect input). This article identifies and discusses ten factors that contribute to the difficulties that language learners may have in dealing with false cognates and provides suggestions for minimizing the confusion. The terms “reliably false cognates” and “unreliably false cognates” are proposed to differentiate the false cognates that never have overlapping meanings from those that have both false and true cognate meanings.
The strategic implications of e‐commerce for the design and construction industry

In this paper we discuss the impact of e‐commerce on the design and construction industry, with specific reference to how information technology will affect competition and competitive advantage in the industry. This paper continues the exploration of a concept that we have been working on for several years, namely ‘…that information technology is evolving from a tool that incrementally improves “back‐office” productivity to an essential component of strategic positioning that may alter the basic economics, organizational structure and operational practices of facility management organizations and their interactions with service providers (architects, engineers and constructors)’ (Johnson & Clayton, Automation in Construction, 8, 1998, 3). We first review industry trends and then develop a generalized model for thinking about strategy and e‐commerce based on our previous research as well as the well‐known framework developed by Michael Porter. Next we apply this framework to the discussion of several case studies and draw preliminary conclusions about the viability of the model for future research.
Coprophilous fungi: Antibiotic discovery and functions in an underexplored arena of microbial defensive mutualism

Microbial antibiotics can mediate mutualisms and interorganism communications. Herbivorous animal dung offers opportunities for discovery of new antibiotics from microbial communities that compete for a nutrient-rich, ephemeral resource. Distinct lineages form a specialized community of coprophilous (dung-colonizing) fungi. Bacteria, protists, invertebrates, the mammalian digestive system, and other fungi can pose challenges to their fitness in the dung environment. The well-characterized diversity of dung fungi offers accessible systems for dissecting the function of antibiotics and for exploring fungal genomes for new antibiotics. Their potential for antibiotic discovery is evidenced by a high frequency of antifungal antibiotics and bioactive secondary metabolites from limited prior efforts and from mapping biosynthetic pathways in the genomes of the coprophilous fungi Podospora anserina and Sordaria macrospora.
Do Source of Income Anti-discrimination Laws Facilitate Access to Less Disadvantaged Neighborhoods?

Vouchers have come to be seen as a tool for promoting economic and racial/ethnic integration. Discrimination based on Source of Income (SOI), however, could hinder the use of vouchers to move to more desirable neighborhoods. State and local SOI anti-discrimination laws (SOI laws) are one policy response to address this issue. SOI laws make it illegal for landlords to discriminate against voucher recipients solely on the basis of their having a voucher. The research presented here tested whether SOI laws in the USA improve locational outcomes for voucher recipients. This research found that the impacts of SOI laws on locational outcomes are mixed. We found substantively important reductions in neighborhood poverty rates associated with the implementation of SOI laws and small but statistically significant reductions in minority concentration as well. The concentration of voucher recipients in a neighborhood, however, does not appear to be related to SOI law implementation.
Bright color reflective displays with interlayer reflectors

A good solution to the reflective display of color has been a major challenge for the display industry, with very limited color gamuts demonstrated to date. Conventional side-by-side red, green and blue color filters waste two-thirds of incident light. The alternative of stacking cyan, magenta and yellow layers is also challenging – a 10% loss per layer compounds to nearly 50% overall. Here we demonstrate an architecture that interleaves absorbing-to-clear shutters with matched wavelength selective reflectors. This increases color gamut by reducing losses and more cleanly separating the color channels, and gives much wider choice of electro-optic colorants.
A metallographic study of an aluminum brazed titanium alloy

Abstract The sequence of events involved in the furnace brazing of Ti−3% Al−2.5% V foils, using Al−1.2% Mn as the filler alloy, has been determined with the use of hot stage and scanning electron microscopy. The molten aluminum alloy flows over previously nucleated particles of the conversion product TiAl3 and onto the titanium alloy substrate. The TiAl3 continues to nucleate and grow as long as there is a sufficient supply of the filler alloy; a prolonged brazing period results in the complete consumption of the aluminum alloy and a porous braze zone.
Program Change Management During Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning

Decommissioning a nuclear power plant is a complex project. The project involves the coordination of several different departments and the management of changing plant conditions, programs, and regulations. As certain project Milestones are met, the evolution of such plant programs and regulations can help optimize project execution and cost. This paper will provide information about these Milestones and the plant departments and programs that change throughout a decommissioning project. The initial challenge in the decommissioning of a nuclear plant is the development of a definitive plan for such a complex project. EPRI has published several reports related to decommissioning planning. These earlier reports provided general guidance in formulating a Decommissioning Plan. This Change Management paper will draw from the experience gained in the last decade in decommissioning of nuclear plants. The paper discusses decommissioning in terms of a sequence of major Milestones. The plant programs, associated plans and actions, and staffing are discussed based upon experiences from the following power reactor facilities: Maine Yankee Atomic Power Plant, Yankee Nuclear Power Station, and the Haddam Neck Plant. Significant lessons learned from other sites are also discussed as appropriate. Planning is a crucial ingredient of successful decommissioning projects. The development of a definitive Decommissioning Plan can result in considerable project savings. The decommissioning plants in the U.S. have planned and executed their projects using different strategies based on their unique plant circumstances. However, experience has shown that similar project milestones and actions applied through all of these projects. This allows each plant to learn from the experiences of the preceding projects. As the plant transitions from an operating plant through decommissioning, the reduction and termination of defunct programs and regulations can help optimize all facets of decommissioning. This information, learned through trial in previous plants, can be incorporated into the decommissioning plan of future projects so that the benefits of optimization can be realized from the beginning of the projects. This process of the collection of information and lessons learned from plant experiences is an important function of the EPRI Decommissioning Program.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Numerical simulation of dilute turbulent gas-particle flow with turbulence modulation

A numerical study of a dilute turbulent gas-particle flow with inelastic collisions and turbulence modulation in an Eulerian framework is described. A new interpretation is provided for the interaction/coupling terms, based on a fluctuating energy transfer mechanism. This interpretation provides for a new robust closure model for the interaction terms with the ability to predict the turbulence dampening as well as the turbulence enhancement phenomenon. Further, the model developed herein is investigated along with a variety of other published closure models used for the interaction/coupling terms, particle drag, and solid stress. The models are evaluated against several sets of benchmark experiments for fully-developed, turbulent gas-solid flow in a vertical pipe. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Government publications in special libraries: A preliminary study in Southern California

Abstract A survey was conducted among special libraries as to their use of government publications. It was found that most of the special libraries sampled do acquire and use government publications, but there appears to be no systematic way in which these publications are acquired, classified, or housed. This preliminary report suggests the need for further study of this seemingly neglected area of document usage in the special library environment.
Diagnostic x-irradiation as a possible etiologic agent in thyroid neoplasms of childhood

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN thyroid carcinoma in children and prior irradiation of the thymus Was first noted by Duffy and Fitzgerald j in 1950. Since then, there have been many reports of both benign and malignant neoplasms after head and neck irradiation in infancy and childhood, with an estimated 700-fold increase in the risk of thYroid neoplasia? 5 In all instances, the radiation was administered therapeutically for benign conditions such as thymic and tonsillar hypertrophy, tinea capitis, acne, and hemangiomas, a practice which has rightly fallen into disrepute. We report two children who had been exposed to radiation through extensive diagnostic radiographs that included the head and neck region, and who developed thyroid carcinoma. Neither had been irradiated for therapeutic purposes.
Pattern Theory: the Mathematics of Perception

Is there a mathematical theory underlying intelligence? Control theory addresses the output side, motor control, but the work of the last 30 years has made clear that perception is a matter of Bayesian statistical inference, based on stochastic models of the signals delivered by our senses and the structures in the world producing them. We will start by sketching the simplest such model, the hidden Markov model for speech, and then go on illustrate the complications, mathematical issues and challenges that this has led to.
Leptophobic Z' Boson and Parity-Violating eD Scattering

We study the impact of a leptophobic Z′ gauge boson on the C1q and C2q parameters that describe the low-energy, parity-violating electron-quark neutral current interaction. We complement previous work by including the penguin-like vertex corrections, thereby completing the analysis of one-loop calculation up to O(m^(2)_(q′)/M^(2)_(Z′)) terms. We analyze the sensitivity of these probes to the different couplings Z′u q (q=u, c, t) and Z′d q (q=d, s, b) in a model-independent way that can be applied to any specific Z′ scenario. We show that constraints from neutral kaon and heavy flavor studies preclude significant contributions from flavor nondiagonal couplings except for those involving top quarks. We apply our results to a light Z′ with flavor diagonal couplings to up or down quarks, a scenario proposed in the literature to explain the CDF W plus dijet anomaly. We find that such a particle would not affect the C_1q coefficients, but it would have a sizable impact on C_2q couplings that can be probed by future measurements of parity-violating deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons off of deuterium.
Hydration of POPC bilayers studied by 1H-PFG-MAS-NOESY and neutron diffraction

The stability of lipid bilayers is ultimately linked to the hydrophobic effect and the properties of water of hydration. Magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) with application of pulsed magnetic field gradients (PFG) was used to study the interaction of water with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayers in the fluid phase. NOESY cross-relaxation between water and polar groups of lipids, but also with methylene resonances of hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains, has been observed previously. This observation led to speculations that substantial amounts of water may reside in the hydrophobic core of bilayers. Here, the results of a quantitative analysis of cross-relaxation in a lipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine (POPC)/water mixture are reported. Coherences were selected via application of pulsed magnetic field gradients. This technique shortens acquisition times of NOESY spectra to 20 min and reduces t1-spectral noise, enabling detection of weak crosspeaks, like those between water and lipids, with higher precision than with non-gradient NOESY methods. The analysis showed that water molecules interact almost exclusively with sites of the lipid–water interface, including choline, phosphate, glycerol, and carbonyl groups. The lifetime of lipid–water associations is rather short, on the order of 100 ps, at least one order of magnitude shorter than the lifetime of lipid–lipid associations. The distribution of water molecules over the lipid bilayer was measured at identical water content by neutron diffraction. Water molecules penetrate deep into the interfacial region of bilayers but water concentration in the hydrophobic core is below the detection limit of one water molecule per lipid, in excellent agreement with the cross-relaxation data.
Pulmonary response to perfluoropolymer fume and particles generated under various exposure conditions

Abstract Combustion-product toxicity of perfluorinated polymers in small-scale tests varied markedly under various exposure conditions. The toxicity of perfluoropolymer fumes is associated with submicron pyrolysis particles (0.03–0.15 μm) in the fumes. The toxicity of pyrolysis products was not observed in rats exposed to the fumes filtered to remove the particles. The particles in the fume were agglomerated by aging or a water-treatment process, and the toxicity of particles was markedly reduced when rats were exposed to aged or water-treated fumes. Some agglomerated particles showed chain-aggregation and ultimately attained nonrespirable size. The reduced toxicity of pyrolysis fume is believed to be due to a decreased number of toxic particles resulting from particle agglomeration. Aged particle agglomerate was not toxic when instilled intratracheally into the rats. However, the particle agglomerate became toxic when rats were exposed by the inhalation to fumes evolved from the reheated agglomerate. The fumes contained numerous toxic submicron particles evolved from thermal decomposition of agglomerates by reheating. Rats exposed to the pyrolysis fumes died with pulmonary edema and hemorrhage due to Type I pneymocyte damage. The edematous lungs revealed some agglomerated particles, but it was difficult to distinguish small pyrolysis particles from contaminating dust or cellular debris.
Evaluating Statistical Tests for Within-Network Classifiers of Relational Data

Recently a number of modeling techniques have been developed for data mining and machine learning in relational and network domains where the instances are not independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). These methods specifically exploit the statistical dependencies among instances in order to improve classification accuracy. However, there has been little focus on how these same dependencies affect our ability to draw accurate conclusions about the performance of the models. More specifically, the complex link structure and attribute dependencies in network data violate the assumptions of many conventional statistical tests and make it difficult to use these tests to assess the models in an unbiased manner. In this work, we examine the task of within-network classification and the question of whether two algorithms will learn models which will result in significantly different levels of performance. We show that the commonly-used form of evaluation (paired t-test on overlapping network samples) can result in an unacceptable level of Type I error. Furthermore we show that Type I error increases as (1) the correlation among instances increases and (2) the size of the evaluation set increases (i.e., the proportion of labeled nodes in the network decreases). We propose a method for network cross-validation that combined with paired t-tests produces more acceptable levels of Type I error while still providing reasonable levels of statistical power (i.e., Type II error).
Kernel-Level Measurement for Integrated Parallel Performance Views: the KTAU Project

The effect of the operating system on application performance is an increasingly important consideration in high performance computing. OS kernel measurement is key to understanding the performance influences and the interrelationship of system and user-level performance factors. The KTAU (Kernel TAU) methodology and Linux-based framework provides parallel kernel performance measurement ment from both a kernel-wide and process-centric perspective. The first characterizes overall aggregate kernel performance for the entire system. The second characterizes kernel performance when it runs in the context of a particular process. KTAU extends the TAU performance system with kernel-level monitoring, while leveraging TAU's measurement and analysis capabilities. We explain the rational and motivations behind our approach, describe the KTAU design and implementation, and show working examples on multiple platforms demonstrating the versatility of KTAU in integrated system / application monitoring.
Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Support for Development: The Critical Role of Career Opportunities

This study examines antecedents and behavioral outcomes of employees' perceptions of organizational support for development. We first propose that employees' past participation in formal developmental activities and experience with developmental relationships positively relate to their perceptions of organizational support for development. We then propose that perceived career opportunity within the organization moderates the relationship between organizational support for development and employee performance and turnover. Using a sample of 264 exempt-level employees and their supervisors, we found that participation in training classes, leader-member exchange, and career mentoring were each positively related to employees' perceptions of organizational support for development. We also found support for the moderator hypotheses. Specifically, development support positively related to job performance, but only when perceived career opportunity within the organization was high. Further, development support was associated with reduced voluntary turnover when perceived career opportunity was high, but it was associated with increased turnover when perceived career opportunity was low. Our study demonstrates that social exchange and career motivation theory work together to explain when and how employees' perceptions of organizational support for development relate to turnover and job performance.
THE RAYCASTING ENGINE AND RAY REPRESENTATIONS: A TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Solid modeling is computationally intensive. Thus far its use in industry has been limited mainly to simple parts and simple applications, and this is not likely to change much until 'massive' computing power can be made available at an affordable cost. The RayCasting Engine is one specialized source of 'massive' computing power for solid modeling, and it is but the simplest member of a potentially large family of 'classification computers'. The RayCasting Engine (RCE) is a highly parallel, custom-VLSI computer that classifies grids of parallel lines against solids represented in CSG. The sets of parallel 'in' segments that the RCE produces are called ray representations (ray-reps); they can be thought of as sampled boundary representations. Ray-reps are obviously useful for graphics and mass-property calculation. Less obviously, they are surprisingly versatile if one exploits special properties – for example, boolean combination of solids by interval operations on ray-reps – and the fact that ray-reps are cheap to compute. Overall, the combination of a 'new' representation scheme (ray-reps) and a fast custom processor (the RCE) is changing our approach to solid modeling. We are now seeking 'brute force' solutions to problems, and are finding that some previously intractable problems – for example, spatial sweeping and offsetting – are effectively computable and easy to program. This paper summarizes the genesis and principles of the RCE, some important properties of ray representations, and some exemplary applications of the (ray-rep, RCE) combination.
The Value of Epistemic Norms

It is argued that, contrary to popular pragmatist opinion, the source of epistemic normativity does not lie in the realm of practical rationality. Epistemic norms are indeed hypothetical, as the pragmatist anticipates, but he has misjudged how much their antecedent can do for him. I first consider the most general argument available to the pragmatist. I then focus on the way John Heil and Hilary Kornblith have refined it. Kornblith\'s position poses the most plausible challenge to the defender of the autonomy of epistemic norms. Even at its best, however, the pragmatist argument flounders. S. Afr. J. Philos. Vol.24(2) 2005: 65-76
Fraud-On-The Market Class Actions Against Foreign Issuers

This Article goes back to first principles to look at the basic policy concerns that are implicated by the extra territorial reach of fraud-on-the-market class actions. The resulting analysis suggests a simple, clear rule that can be shown likely to both maximize U.S. economic welfare and, by also promoting global economic welfare, foster good U.S. foreign relations as well. The U.S. law based class action fraud-on-the-market liability regime, I conclude, should not as a general matter be imposed upon any genuinely foreign issuer, even where the purchaser making the claim is a U.S. investor purchasing the share in a U.S. market or where significant conduct contributing to the misstatement occurs in the United States. An issuer is genuinely foreign if it has its economic center of gravity as an operating firm outside the United States. The only exception would be a foreign issuer that has agreed, as a form of bonding, to be subject to the U.S. liability regime, in which case all such claims against the issuer should be allowed, regardless of the nationality and residence of the purchasing plaintiff, the place where she executes the transaction, and the place or places where conduct contributing to the misstatement occurs.
Unifying Optimal Partition Approach to Sensitivity Analysis in Conic Optimization

We study convex conic optimization problems in which the right-hand side and the cost vectors vary linearly as functions of a scalar parameter. We present a unifying geometric framework that subsumes the concept of the optimal partition in linear programming (LP) and semidefinite programming (SDP) and extends it to conic optimization. Similar to the optimal partition approach to sensitivity analysis in LP and SDP, the range of perturbations for which the optimal partition remains constant can be computed by solving two conic optimization problems. Under a weaker notion of nondegeneracy, this range is simply given by a minimum ratio test. We discuss briefly the properties of the optimal value function under such perturbations.
Investigation of cracking mechanisms of plasma sprayed alumina-13% titania by acoustic emission

Free standing alumina-13% titania samples were manufactured using high power water stabilized plasma spraying. Heat treatment was performed at 1450°C for 24 hours and then at 1100°C for another 24 hours. Four point bend tests were performed on the as-sprayed and heat- treated samples in both cross section and in-plane orientations with in situ acoustic emission monitoring to monitor the cracking during the tests. Catastrophic failure with less evidence of microcracking was observed for as-sprayed samples. Energy and amplitude distributions were examined to discriminated micro- and macro-cracks. It was found that the high energy (> 100) and high amplitude (say > 60 dB) responses can be characterized as macro-cracks. Physical models are proposed to interpret the AE responses under different test conditions so that the cracking mechanisms can be better understood.
Heat transfer and microbial kinetics modeling to determine the location of microorganisms within cucumber fruit

Microbiological and modeling (combined heat transfer and microbial kinetic equations [HTMK] model) approaches were used to determine the location of microorganisms within cucumber. The total number of aerobes found within/on cucumbers varied from 10 5 to 10 7 colony-forming units (CFU)/g. The highest and the least amount of microbiota were respectively found at the blossom end and middle part of the cucumbers and were within the 1st 6 mm of the cucumber surface. A comparison of the calculated thermal death time from the HTMK model with the values obtained from experimental data showed that total aerobic microorganisms were located within 0.65 mm of the fruit surface.
Understanding the Customer Base of Service Providers: An Examination of the Differences Between Switchers and Stayers

Abstract Creating and maintaining customer loyalty has become a strategic mandate in today’s service markets. Recent research suggests that customers differ in their value to a firm, and therefore customer retention and loyalty-building efforts should not necessarily be targeted to all customers of a firm. Given these sentiments, it is becoming increasingly necessary for firms to have a thorough understanding of their customer base. Yet current knowledge is limited in providing insights to firms regarding the differences within their customer base. This research comprises two studies in which the authors examine the differences among internal customer groups in a service industry. As theory suggests and as is empirically validated here, customers who have switched service providers because of dissatisfaction seem to differ significantly from other customer groups in their satisfaction and loyalty behaviors. The findings offer some interesting implications for both marketing theory and practice.
Can the LTSI Predict Transfer Performance? Testing intent to transfer as a proximal transfer of training outcome

Law enforcement personnel (n = 235) were administered the Learning Transfer Systems Inventory (LTSI) and a transfer measure after completing leadership development training. Although most studies using the LTSI have focused on validation efforts in different linguistic settings, this study is one of the few to examine the relationship between the LTSI factors and a proximal transfer outcome score (as measured by intent to transfer). Motivation to transfer, transfer design, and transfer performance expectations had the strongest relationship with intent to transfer, and the motivation subscales (motivation to transfer, performance expectations, and outcome expectations) accounted for the largest amount of unique variance in intent to transfer.
Evaluation of Remediation Methods for Nosema Disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Several methods were investigated for managing Nosema disease in the parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders. Treatment of parasitoid eggs or pupae within host puparia with gamma radiation from a cesium-137 source were either lethal to the parasitoids at all dosages tested (eggs) or failed to reduce infection rates (pupae). Exposure of parasitoid eggs within host puparia to heat was effective at several temperatures and exposure times. Optimal results for disease reduction were achieved with a 5-h exposure to 45°C, which resulted in no infection in the resulting adult parasitoids. Continuous rearing at elevated temperatures (30 and 32°C) for three generations resulted in decreased spore loads in infected parasitoids but did not reduce infection rates. Incorporation of the drugs albendazole and rifampicin into rearing media of the parasitoid’s host (house fly immatures) resulted in pupae that were of poor quality and did not reduce infection rates in parasitoids that developed in flies reared on drug-treated media. Treatment of adult parasitoids with 3% albendazole and/or rifampicin resulted in decreased rates of transovarial transmission of the disease. Transmission blockage required 3–7 d of exposure to the drug before substantial treatment effects were manifest. Parasitoids that fed for 7 d on rifampicin-treated honey transmitted the disease to 57.7% of their progeny compared with a 99.1% transmission rate among untreated parasitoids. An uninfected colony of M. raptor was established by pooling cured parasitoids from heat shock and drug treatment experiments. Parasitoids from the uninfected colony lived longer and produced over twice as many female progeny (201.2) as infected parasitoids (85.2).
Technology and Trade: Does Military R&D Make a Difference?

Our interest in the links between civil and military research and development (R&D) arises largely from the importance attached to technological change in explanations of economic growth and in military force planning. The new knowledge and products developed in formal R&D programmes are an important element in the process of technological change, and in both the civilian and military sectors technological change has been a dynamic force for improved performance and structural change. Studies of economic growth in the United States, for example, attribute more than half of the total economic growth since World War I to technological change rather than to simple increases in factor inputs over time(1). On the military side, technological change has, in the years since World War II, transformed force structure and military strategy and fuelled a qualitative arms race.
OCCURRENCE, ISOLATION, AND IDENTIFICATION OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS AS RESIDUES.

Chemical carcinogens as a world-wide health problem are receiving increasing attention. On the one hand, the contamination of air and water by a variety of industrial and other chemicals of this type is occurring while, on the other hand, more and more direct food-additive and plant-protection chemicals are in increasingly regulated use. Publicity accorded the fact that certain chemical carcinogens occur in tobacco smoke is a well-known example of the interest in this area.
Comparable cross-taxa risk perception by means of chemical cues in marine and freshwater crustaceans

Rapid identification of predation risk and modification of subsequent behaviour is essential for prey survival. In low-visibility aquatic environments, chemical cues emitted by hetero- and conspecific organisms may be an important information source if they identify risk or alternatively, indicate safety or resource availability. This study tested whether ecologically similar shrimp from disparate habitats have a comparable ability to identify predators from a range of taxa based on chemical cues. Shrimp from both temperate marine (Palaemon affinis) and tropical freshwater habitats (Caridina typus) exhibited similar behavioural responses, avoiding chemical cues from predatory heterospecifics, showing no response to non-predatory heterospecific cues, and preferring conspecific cues. These chemical cues also affected habitat selection, with structurally complex microhabitats favoured in the presence of predator cues but avoided in the presence of conspecific cues. The ability to differentiate predators from non-predators irrespective of taxa suggests identification might be due to the predator’s diet. An ability to alter behaviour based on vision-independent perception of ambient risk is likely to reduce capture risk while allowing individuals to maximise time spent on essential processes such as foraging.
White matter hyperintensities are more highly associated with preclinical Alzheimer's disease than imaging and cognitive markers of neurodegeneration

Introduction Cognitive tests and nonamyloid imaging biomarkers do not consistently identify preclinical AD. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, a cerebrovascular disease marker, is more associated with preclinical AD than conventional AD biomarkers and cognitive tests.
Increased Turnover at Limiting O2 Concentrations by the Thr(387) → Ala Variant of HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase PHD2.

PHD2 is a 2-oxoglutarate, non-heme Fe2+-dependent oxygenase that senses O2 levels in human cells by hydroxylating two prolyl residues in the oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) of HIF1α. Identifying the active site contacts that determine the rate of reaction at limiting O2 concentrations is crucial for understanding how this enzyme senses pO2 and may suggest methods for chemically altering hypoxia responses. A hydrogen bonding network extends from the Fe(II) cofactor through ordered waters to the Thr387 residue in the second coordination sphere. Here we tested the impact of the side chain of Thr387 on the reactivity of PHD2 toward O2 through a combination of point mutagenesis, steady state kinetic experiments and {FeNO}7 EPR spectroscopy. The steady state kinetic parameters for Thr387 → Asn were very similar to those of wild-type (WT) PHD2, but kcat and kcat/KM(O2) for Thr387 → Ala were increased by roughly 15-fold. X-Band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the {FeNO}7 centers of the (...
A coherent dual-comb spectrometer at 3.4 µm for accurate line center measurement of methane

Doppler-broadened methane lines around 3.4 μm are measured with a coherent dual-comb spectrometer with an absolute-frequency axis. The obtained accuracy of the line-center frequency is 300 kHz, about 1 part per thousand of the linewidth.
Longitudinal assessment of cognitive impairment among lung cancer survivors

9609 Background: Patients undergoing treatment for cancer often report problems with their cognitive function (CF), which is an essential component in maintaining Quality of Life (QoL). We conducted a longitudinal study of lung cancer (LC) patients to systematically evaluate changes in QOL including changes in CF, over time. Methods: Between 2005–2008, we followed 1757 primary LC patients who responded to CF questions at least once within 8 years of diagnosis. Overall QoL measured by LCSS and LASA (scores 0–100 from worst to best) were assessed among 1,604 of 1,757 (91%) who completed the questionnaire at one or both of two time periods: short-term (T1-within 3 years of diagnosis) and long-term follow-up (T2-beyond 5 years of diagnosis). Questions rated overall CF and problems in thinking clearly. Results: The median age at the time of LC diagnosis was 68 years in men (n=834) and 65 years in women (n=770), p<0.0001. At T1, the mean score of patients reporting problems with CF was 63.2 (±22.45) vs 74.4 (±2...
TO DETERMINE THE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF SQUARE PLATES WITH THE RECIPROCAL THEOREM OF WORK

Using the virtual work principle, this paper proved the reciprocal theorem of work of thin plates with small deflections, and obtained the formula of the natural frequency of square plates. The example showed that the formula was simple and with high precisions.
Mosaic analysis of cell rearrangements during ureteric bud branching in dissociated/reaggregated kidney cultures and in vivo.

Background: Cell rearrangements mediated by GDNF/Ret signaling underlie the formation of the ureteric bud (UB) tip domain during kidney development. Whether FGF signaling also influences these rearrangements is unknown. Chimeric embryos are a powerful tool for examining the genetic controls of cellular behaviors, but generating chimeras by traditional methods is expensive and laborious. Dissociated fetal kidney cells can reorganize to form complex structures including branching UB tubules, providing an easier method to generate renal chimeras. Results: Cell behaviors in normal or chimeric kidney cultures were investigated using time-lapse imaging. In Spry1-/- ↔ wild-type chimeras, cells lacking Spry1 (a negative regulator of Ret and FGF receptor signaling) preferentially occupied the UB tips, as previously observed in traditional chimeras, thus validating this experimental system. In Fgfr2UB-/- ↔ wild-type chimeras, the wild-type cells preferentially occupied the tips. Independent evidence for a role of Fgfr2 in UB tip formation was obtained using Mosaic mutant Analysis with Spatial and Temporal control of Recombination (MASTR). Conclusions: Dissociation and reaggregation of fetal kidney cells of different genotypes, with suitable fluorescent markers, provides an efficient way to analyze cell behaviors in chimeric cultures. FGF/Fgfr2 signaling promotes UB cell rearrangements that form the tip domain, similarly to GDNF/Ret signaling. Developmental Dynamics 245:483–496, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methylation of receptors in chemotaxis of bacteria

Receptors are molecules which receive stimuli from the environment and transmit that information to direct a change in the cellular behavior. The information which is passed on to the next molecule in the chain is accompanied by a conformation change in the receptor, but the understanding of this process is advancing slowly because most receptors are membrane-bound and usually present in small amounts. About thirty receptor molecules have been defined in E. coli and Salmonella (Adler, 1969; Koshland, 1979), but only three — galactose (Hazelbauer & Adler, 1971), ribose (Aksamit & Koshland, 1974) and maltose (Hazelbauer, 1975) — have been purified. The primary receptors are believed to interact with the membrane-bound methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, which were originally identified by Springer et al. (1977). These proteins are about 60,000 daltons and are products of the tar, tsr and trg genes (Silverman) and Simon, 1977a; Springer et al., 1977; Kondoh et al., 1979). Since a mutation in tar, tsr or trg eliminates more than one response, these proteins were thought to serve as focusing elements after the primary rece tors.
Analysis of vertebrate eye movements following intravitreal drug injections. II. Spontaneous nystagmus induced by picrotoxin is mediated subcortically.

1. Eye movements were observed following an injection of picrotoxin, a GABA antagonist, into the vitreous of one eye. A spontaneous nystagmus was observed in cats, rabbits, and turtles, even in total darkness, with slow-phase eye movements in the temporal-to-nasal direction for the injected eye. 2. During visual stimulation by a horizontal drifting pattern, injected eyes moved in the temporal-to-nasal direction, irrespective of stimulus direction. In cats, however, the nystagmus was usually slower when the injected eye viewed nasal-to-temporal motion (opposite to the direction of the spontaneous nystagmus). The spontaneous nystagmus could be halted or even reversed by allowing cats to view motion opposite to the direction of the nystagmus with the uninjected eye alone. The nystagmus could not be overridden in this fashion in rabbits or turtles. 3. The nystagmus induced by picrotoxin could also be modified by vestibular stimulation. When cats were placed on their sides, the spontaneous horizontal nystagmus often decreased and spontaneous vertical nystagmus with upward slow phase movements occurred. During sinusoidal horizontal vestibular stimulation, the horizontal nystagmus due to picrotoxin added to the vestibuloocular reflex as a velocity offset in the temporal-to-nasal direction. 4. Following bilateral ablation of the cat visual cortex, picrotoxin9s effect became even more pronounced than before the ablation. Therefore, at least some picrotoxin-sensitive cells can use subcortical pathways, perhaps to the accessory optic nuclei. The visual cortex, which also processes directional information, may be able to compensate for changes in retinal processing induced by picrotoxin in intact animals. 5. This study demonstrates the importance of retinal GABA in the control of eye stability. As GABA is known to be responsible for null direction inhibition of directionally sensitive retinal ganglion cells, these results suggest that the output of these cells may be critical for the normal functioning of central optokinetic pathways, even in the absence of visual cortex.
Alone Together: Global Gurus, Cosmopolitan Space, and Community

In my chapter, a conscious cultivation of no place comes to the fore. Rather than a solution for loss of gravesites or a theological choice to define the Christian community beyond buildings, gurus (masters/teachers) headquartered in India intentionally design practices to transcend boundaries—spatial borders between religions and ethnicities—but also internal barriers separating persons from the larger world/cosmos. I argue that gurus inculcate an experience of no-place—here as a boundless source of self-development. Using carefully constructed practices, these global gurus take their adherents to unbounded spaces of “absolute stillness,” fashioning an inner space for persons that transcend communal bounds. Yet these same persons, as well as their gurus, retain an attachment to extended families, birthright religious identities, and rituals. In addition, these movements function as organizations with meetings and a complex sense of belongings. Their gurus speak in a language that moves between scientific terminology and very specific practices of India. In the case of Jaggi Vasudev and his Isha Yoga, practices and terminology closely parallel traditional South Indian Hindu systems. How can this hue of person and community be understood—are there parallels in contemporary theory? These cases question the nature and possibility of transcending constructed communities and the specificity of place—especially in an Asian context.