cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROLACTIN STIMULATES DOPAMINE RELEASE FROM MALE BUT NOT FROM FEMALE RAT STRIATAL TISSUE SUPERFUSED IN VITRO

Direct prolactin (PRL) effects on dopamine (DA) release from fragments of rat striatal tissues were studied by the in vitro superfusion technique. The DA collected in the superfusates was quantified by a radioenzymatic assay. In the present experiments, intact and one-week gonadectomized adult male and female rats were used. The spontaneous release of DA from male and female rat striatal tissues was relatively stable after a 60 min equilibration period. The basal release rate of DA from striatal tissues from intact males infused only with medium over a 76 min period was 22.5 ± 0.7 pg/mg/min (x ± SE of 4 experiments). Infusion of highly purified PRL (NIAMDD-rPRL-I-5) at a concentration of 1 μg/ml for 24 min significantly augmented DA release from striatal tissues from intact and castrated males (167 ± 15% (n=6) and 203 ± 32% (n=4), respectively) over pre-infusion basal levels. Infusion with heat-denatured PRL or other proteins had no effect on DA release from intact male striatal tissues. In parallel exper...
Egg production predicts a doubling of in vitro fertilization pregnancy rates even within defined age and ovarian reserve categories

Objective To examine the age-independent association of ovarian response and IVF outcome in women with normal and abnormal ovarian reserve. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Academic IVF center. Patient(s) Four thousand eight hundred sixty-two consecutive IVF cycles. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) Outcome of IVF was analyzed as a function of ovarian response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and ovarian reserve. Result(s) The mean patient age was 36.2 ± 4.5 years. Younger patients and patients with normal ovarian reserve were found to have better implantation and clinical pregnancy rates. Patients with normal ovarian reserve had a higher number of oocytes retrieved, mature oocytes, two-pronuclei embryos, and embryos transferred. A greater number of embryos were transferred for patients with higher ovarian response. Higher clinical pregnancy rates were seen in those patients who had more oocytes retrieved for all patients, regardless of age and ovarian reserve. In fact, clinical pregnancy rates more than doubled for specific patient groups. Conclusion(s) In an age-independent fashion, ovarian response is highly predictive of IVF outcome in women with normal and abnormal ovarian reserve. These findings highlight the importance of not solely relying on age when presenting and discussing IVF outcome data and are useful information when helping patients interpret their IVF cycle response.
Theological-Political Ruins: Walter Benjamin, Sovereignty, and the Politics of Skeletal Eschatology

Drawing on the work of Walter Benjamin, this essay argues—largely against Carl Schmitt—that political theology as a critical analytic should examine the ‘afterlife’ of theological tropes with respect to the sense of time and history that they compel. Benjamin’s The Origin of German Tragic Drama argues that sovereignty as a political concept gains prominence as a response in the wake of the erosion of the concept of salvation history in the Baroque. The consequence of this rise of sovereignty as a political key concept is a philosophy of history based on the permanently impending catastrophic end of the world. This continuously urgent situation is not only one that leaves little room for political critique and action, but also a perplexing one in its perpetuation, since the end of the world never actually arrives. To answer why political urgency can be perpetuated seemingly infinitely and why sovereigns can fail without eroding the ongoing desire for sovereignty, Benjamin’s work suggests that we must broaden our view of political theology to consider the survival of further theological concepts to include original sin as a master trope of philosophical anthropology.
The primary structure of the human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Amino acid sequence of the reduced S-aminoethylated protein.

The amino acid sequence of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (Pubols, M. H., Bartelt, D. C., and Greene, L. J. (1974) J. Biol. Chem., 249, 2235-2242) was determined by a combination of selective trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolysis reactions on the S-2-aminoethylcysteinyl inhibitor and conventional methods (subtractive Edman degradation and expopeptidase hydrolysis) for sequence determination of small peptides. The peptides were ordered on the basis of the identification of the amino- and carboxy-terminal residues of the products at each stage of the degradation procedure. The sequence determination was carried out on a mixture of chromatographic forms present in both tissue and pancreatic juice which are identical in amino acid composition, amino-terminal residues, molecular weight, and specific activity, but differ only in asparagine content and susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis. The amino acid sequence of the human inhibitor corresponding to chromatographic form A/sub 3/ has been shown to the NH/sub 2/-Asp-Ser-Leu-Gly-Arg-Glu-Ala-Lys-Cys-Tyr-Asn-Glu-Leu-Asn-Gly-Cys-Thr-Lys-Ile-Tyr-Asn-Pro-Val-Cys-Gly-Thr-Asp-Gly-Asp-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Asn-Glu-Cys-Val-Leu-Cys-Phe-Glu-Asn-Arg-Lys-Arg-Gln-Thr-Ser-Ile-Leu-Ile-Gln-Lys-Ser-Gly-Pro-Cys-COOH. The structure is compared with homologous inhibitors from porcine, bovine, and ovine pancreas.
Calretinin expression in high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast is associated with basal-like subtype and unfavorable prognosis

Calretinin, a calcium-binding protein, is a widely used marker for mesothelial differentiation. There is accumulating evidence of calretinin expression in epithelial and mesenchymal malignancies, as well. The objectives of this study were to (1) further delineate the expression of calretinin in grade 3 breast carcinomas in the context of molecular subtypes and (2) identify the impact of calretinin expression on overall and disease-free survival. On the basis of immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), cytokeratin 5/6, and epidermal growth factor receptor, 214 grade 3 invasive ductal carcinomas were stratified into 36 luminal A, 63 luminal B, 24 HER2 positive, 81 basal-like (including 13 metaplastic carcinomas), and 10 unclassified. Tissue microarrays were analyzed for immunohistochemical expression of calretinin. High-level calretinin expression was identified in a significant proportion of basal-like (54.3%), HER2 (33.3%), and unclassified (30%) tumors. In contrast, luminal A and B subtypes demonstrated high-level calretinin expression in only 11.1% and 12.7%, respectively (P < .0001). Within the basal-like group, 38.5% of the metaplastic carcinomas demonstrated high-level expression, associated predominantly with the epithelial component and squamous metaplasia. High-level calretinin expression was strongly associated with decreased overall survival in the entire cohort of grade 3 cancer (P = .0096) and in the basal-like group (P = .039). Multivariate analysis revealed that both tumor stage and high-level calretinin expression were independent predictors of overall survival (P = .0002 and P = .0023, respectively). In conclusion, high-level calretinin expression is most common in grade 3 tumors with a basal-like phenotype and is associated with poor overall survival.
Expecting the Unexpected: Modeling of Neuromodulation

An important aspect of decision-making is the need to make interpretations and predictions in the face of uncertain information. In this issue of Neuron, Yu and Dayan describe a model of the role of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in balancing top-down expectation and bottom-up sensory input in guiding behavior. The model builds from data on physiological effects of modulators regulating the balance of cortical feedback and thalamic input.
Les Jardins d’Éole: extending the picturesque

Parks in Paris have tended to be adaptations of royal gardens or gifts from generous emperors or presidents. The Jardins d’Eole built in the 18th arrondissement from 2005–2006 is an interesting exc...
Immunofluorescent analysis of murine leukemia virus-infected cells by flow microfluorometry

Flow microfluorometric assay with a Cytofluorograf model 4801 in combination with immunofluorescence was applied to the quantitative assay of cells exogenously infected with mouse leukemia viruses and to the chemical induction of virus in AKR cells. The Cytofluorograf provides sensitivity equal to the visual method and is capable of assaying up to 5000 cells/sec with specificity equivalent to that of the direct visual immunofluorescence assay, thereby providing a large, statistically valid sampling in a fraction of the time required by visual counting. Flow microfluorometry also provides a method of quantitatively resolving fluorescent cell populations on the basis of relative size and degree of fluorescence.
Sotto Voce: Internalized Misogyny and the Politics of Gender in Corporate America

A business man is aggressive; a business woman is pushy. A business man is good on details; she's picky. He loses his temper because he's so involved with his job; she's bitchy. He follows through;...
Early formation of sexually dimorphic glomeruli in the developing olfactory lobe of the brain of the moth Manduca sexta

The antennal lobes (ALs), the primary olfactory centers, of the moth Manduca sexta are sexually dimorphic. Only ALs of males possess the macroglomerular complex (MGC), the site of primary processing of information about the female's sex pheromone. To understand the development of identified, odor-specific olfactory glomeruli, we investigated the cellular events involved in the morphogenesis of the MGC by means of various fluorescence staining techniques and laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The MGC lies near the entrance of the antennal nerve into the AL of the adult male and comprises three glomeruli, the globular cumulus and two toroidal structures. The MGC forms during early stages of metamorphic adult development through a stereotyped sequence of coordinated changes in MGC-specific receptor axons, glial cells, and early-ingrowing projection neurons of the medial group of AL neurons. The MGC divisions are the earliest glomeruli to form in the male AL, and their basic organization is established within about 3 days after ingrowth of the first sensory axons. Despite their special anatomical features, the MGC glomeruli develop in a manner similar to that of the ordinary glomeruli. Comparison of the ALs of males and females reveals that two relatively large and early-developing glomeruli that are situated dorsolaterally in the female AL appear to be female-specific. Development of the sexually dimorphic glomeruli diverges immediately after the ingrowth of the first olfactory receptor axons, resulting in the formation of these large glomeruli in females and the MGC in males. J. Comp. Neurol. 396:415–428, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Propranolol: An Unrecognized Cause of Central Nervous System Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass

An organic mental syndrome developed in a patient soon after he underwent repair of a dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysm. The operation was accomplished with cardiopulmonary bypass. Initially, the mental changes were thought to be related to the operation. However, they subsequently were shown to be associated with propranolol. The potential role of propranolol in inducing central nervous system disturbances is emphasized, and the literature on the subject is reviewed.
Survey of Gas Engine Performance and Future Trends

Worldwide, reciprocating engines play a major role in power generation. Many of the reciprocating engines are diesel engines used as stand-by generators, but increasingly, natural gas engines are providing distributed base load generation and finding service in combined heat and power applications. The economics of power generation continues to place a premium on engine efficiency while environmental regulators continue to legislate lower and lower exhaust emission levels, specifically NOx emissions. NOx emissions and efficiency tend to be proportional, so while not mutually exclusive, low NOx and high efficiency are difficult to obtain simultaneously. In spite of the NOx -efficiency relationship, natural gas engines are more efficient with lower emissions today than in the past and the trend toward higher efficiency will continue in the future. This paper surveys current natural gas engine performance and emissions and projects future engine performance. This paper also introduces the ARES and ARICE programs for developing revolutionary technology for high efficiency and low emissions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Placement along the Continuum of Services and its Impact on Students' Social Relationships

To better understand the conditions facilitating social relationships, we studied the impact of educational placement on the social life of students with severe disabilities. Several indicator vari...
The least prior deviation quasi-Newton update

We propose a new choice for the parameter in the Broyden class and derive and discuss properties of the resulting self-complementary quasi-Newton update. Our derivation uses a variational principle that minimizes the extent to which the quasi-Newton relation is violated on a prior step. We discuss the merits of the variational principle used here vis-a-vis the other principle in common use, which minimizes deviation from the current Hessian or Hessian inverse approximation in an appropriate Frobenius matrix norm. One notable advantage of our principle is an inherent symmetry that results in the same update being obtained regardless of whether the Hessian matrix or the inverse Hessian matrix is updated.
Aerosol deposition in the pulmonary acinus

We tested the hypothesis that particle deposition in the pulmonary acinus is substantially influenced by alveolar duct structure. A realistic geometric model of the alveolated duct was generated and the low Reynolds number velocity field of carrier gas in that conduit was solved numerically. To compute particle trajectories, analytic expressions of particle dynamics were developed based on integration of the Langevin equation. Using Monte Carlo methods, conditional probabilities of the trajectories for a given initial condition were calculated and an eigenfunction expansion technique was developed to derive a generalized expression of deposition kinetics. Brownian motion dominated deposition for small particles (≤1 μm), while gravitational effects dominated larger particles. For intermediate particles, both gravity and diffusion played important roles in deposition. Overall, the deposition rate was lower in the alveolated duct than in a non-alveolated duct, the deposition pattern within alveolus was nonuniform with higher deposition density near the alveolar entrance ring.
Is stunned myocardium ischemic on a microvascular level

An early hypothesis for myocardial stunning held that contractile dysfunction was caused by neutrophil-mediated microvascular occlusions which produced focal areas of myocardial ischemia. Although this hypothesis appeared to go against the basic tene that blood flow was normal, or nearly normal in stunned myocardium, an interesting model resembling stunning was described by Hori et al. (1) in which coronary microsphere embolization was used to produce progressive microvascular occlusion and resting contractile dysfunction. Like stunned myocardium, resting flow remained normal and, although resting function was depressed, contractile reserve could be recruited by beta-adrenergic agonists. However, maximal flow reserve progressively declined as the microvasculature became obliterated. Resting flow was maintained at normal levels by local release of adenosine from ischemic areas, resulting in hyperemia of surrounding normal regions.
Intimate Partner Violence during Pregnancy: What Does the Research Tell Us?

This article represents an interdisciplinary review of the current literature on intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Within the field of research, questions have been raised about whether or not women are at heightened risk for experiencing violence during pregnancy. We examined studies in both Western and non-Western contexts to examine this question and consider prevalence rates, causal factors, and the consequences for victims and their fetuses. We found that even with variations in methodology, the literature indicates that violence against women during pregnancy is a serious and complex problem. Women's experiences of violence vary greatly, and while pregnancy may serve as a protective period for some women, for others, pregnancy has been found to increase the violence or even lead to changes in types of violence. However, most studies emphasize physical violence, while frequently neglecting women's experiences of sexual violence. We call for researchers in a variety of fields to continue their critical work into this pressing issue, with particular attention to broadening the type of violence addressed and to expanding the focus to the post-partum period, improving the racial/ethnic diversity of samples, increasing the number of longitudinal studies, and recognizing variations between developed and developing nations.
Attitudes of Able-Bodied People Toward Clergy with Impairments: A Photo Elicitation

The purpose of this study was to describe attitudes that able-bodied people have towards clergy with mobility impairments. Participants consented to a photo elicitation study in which they were shown a photograph of a male clergy person and of a female clergy person, both in full vestments and sitting in wheelchairs in front of an altar. The results demonstrated that able-bodied parishioners’ attitudes toward clergy with impairments are complex, but generally supportive. These findings highlight the concept of disability as a sociocultural construction.
High purity niobium for superconducting applications

Abstract High purity niobium is used to fabricate r.f. cavities for the acceleration of electrons. In addition to its superconducting properties, niobium is required to have “adequate” mechanical properties. The quantitative information on the effect of interstitials (C, O 2 , N 2 ) on the residual resistivity ratio RRR is available. However, the effects of impurities and microstructure on mechanical properties are not known. This paper correlates RRR values with mechanical properties and the correlation is analyzed in terms of interstitial contents and the microstructure.
Classification performance of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detector arrays as a function of array size and detector composition

The vapor classification performance of arrays of conducting polymer composite vapor detectors has been evaluated as a function of the number and type of detectors in an array. Quantitative performance comparisons were facilitated by challenging a collection of detector arrays with vapor discrimination tasks that were sufficiently difficult that at least some of the arrays did not exhibit perfect classification ability for all of the tasks of interest. For nearly all of the discrimination tasks investigated in this work, classification performance either increased or did not significantly decrease as the number of chemically different detectors in the array increased. Any given subset of the full array of detectors, selected because it yielded the best classification performance at a given array size for one particular task, was invariably outperformed by a different subset of detectors, and by the entire array, when used in at least one other vapor discrimination task. Arrays of detectors were nevertheless identified that yielded robust discrimination performance between compositionally close mixtures of 1-propanol and 2-propanol, n-hexane and n-heptane, and meta-xylene and para-xylene, attesting to the excellent analyte classification performance that can be obtained through the use of such semi-selective vapor detector arrays.
A study of the first order transition in a compressible Ising magnet by the renormalization group trajectory integral method

Abstract The free energy of an Ising magnet coupled to an isotropic elastic medium in d = 4 − e dimensions is calculated. Renormalization group predictions of a first order transition in this system are verified and the phase diagram is constructed.
Effective methods for disclosing breast cancer diagnosis.

Abstract Background The current study sought to determine effective methods for disclosing breast cancer diagnosis and to identify epidemiologic patterns in patient preference for method of information disclosure. Methods Surveys were sent to 691 breast cancer patients over 10 years. Questions evaluated the best methods for telling a woman of her diagnosis. The chi-square, Wilcoxon rank, and Mantel-Haenszel tests were used for statistical associations. Results Ninety percent of patients had no preference for which gender disclosed the diagnosis. Fifty-nine percent said they believe it is important to be asked how much information one would like to know when initially told the diagnosis. However, most (54%) were not asked when they were told. When asked if previous ideas about breast cancer influenced their concerns, 79% answered “yes” or “somewhat.” However, only 10% knew “a great deal.” Conclusions Patients have defined preferences about breast cancer diagnosis disclosure, making effective methods of diagnosis disclosure important to identify and practice.
The Trainee Performance Sample: Toward the Prediction of Habilitation Costs for Severely Handicapped Adults:

Severely handicapped adults have often been excluded from vocational rehabilitation programs because they were not seen as feasible for ultimate occupational success. Recent training and management research has demonstrated that these adults can be quite successful with appropriate training, and a practical basis for selecting and placing them in training programs is needed. For this reason the Trainee Performance Sample (TPS) was developed to predict time required for vocational training. Preliminary data on the TPS indicate high internal consistency, reliability, and stability of scores over time and trainers. Further, correlations between TPS scores and training time and trials were above .75 in four of seven samples. Although considerably more research is needed, the TPS does appear to be a potentially useful instrument in making client acceptance and placement decisions for severely handicapped adults.
DEOXYGENATION OF QUINOXALINE 1,4-DIOXIDES WITH TITANIUM TRICHLORIDE

(1977). DEOXYGENATION OF QUINOXALINE 1,4-DIOXIDES WITH TITANIUM TRICHLORIDE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 263-266.
Energy-Efficient Trajectories of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Flying through Thermals

This study presents optimal energy-efficient flight trajectories of a generic unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flying through a vertical moving thermal cell. A two-dimensional point-mass model of a jet-engined UAV in the vertical plane is used. UAV equations of motion and the thermal wind expression are normalized for numerical efficiency and four fundamental parameters are identified. UAV flights through a thermal cell are formulated as nonlinear optimal control problems that minimize the average thrust per unit time, subject to UAV performance constraints and periodic flight boundary conditions. These problems are converted into parameter optimizations and solved numerically. Fuel efficiencies of these optimal trajectories are compared with those of reference optimal flights in the lack of thermal winds. Both constant thrust and variable thrust solutions are obtained. Two patterns of optimal flights through thermals are identified, and their characteristics are analyzed. Both patterns of optimal flights are also explained from an energy maximization point of view. Effects of the fundamental parameters on optimal UAV flights are examined. Results suggest that significant improvements in UAV fuel consumption are possible by taking advantage of thermal energies.
How to, and how not to, bridge computational cognitive neuroscience and Husserlian phenomenology of time consciousness

A number of recent attempts to bridge Husserlian phenomenology of time consciousness and contemporary tools and results from cognitive science or computational neuroscience are described and critiqued. An alternate proposal is outlined that lacks the weaknesses of existing accounts.
Electromyographic studies in mdx and wild-type C57 mice

The electromyographic (EMG) characteristics of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have been well-described. However, to our knowledge, no prior needle electromyographic (EMG) studies of motor unit morphology have been undertaken in muscles from the mdx mouse, an animal that is genetically homologous to DMD. There are significant phenotypic differences between the human and murine dystrophic conditions, bringing into question whether the mdx mouse is an appropriate animal model for DMD. This study was done in order to characterize the EMG findings in mdx mice, compared to normal wild-type mice, and to assess for similarities to DMD. The tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius/soleus muscles from 34 mice (16 C57 wild-type and 18 mdx), divided into four age groups (3, 12, 18, and 24 months), were examined. Wild-type muscles showed normal insertional activity and no abnormal activity at rest. Motor unit action potential (MUAP) parameters were characterized. In contrast to wild-type muscles, mdx muscles showed increased insertional activity, abnormal spontaneous potentials, and the presence of complex repetitive discharges (CRDs). MUAPs showed increased numbers of phases (4.0 ± 0.6, P < 0.001) and duration (7.1 ± 1.2 ms, P < 0.02), as well as late components (15%). These EMG data indicate that mdx muscles display EMG characteristics similar to those found in muscles from boys with DMD, lending credence to the mdx mouse as an animal model for this disease. The data obtained in this study indicate a potential role for EMG as an in vivo, objective measurement tool that could be used longitudinally to monitor the effects of therapeutic interventions in mdx mice. This is important as there are few objective measures of muscle function in murine models that do not require killing the animal. Muscle Nerve, 2006
A case of new mutation in maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3 (MODY 3) responsive to a low dose of sulphonylurea

Abstract We describe a girl aged 10.5 years with hyperglycemia, whose mother and maternal father had insulin treated diabetes since adolescence. Using genetic analysis in mother and child, we identified identical new mutation of the HNF-1α sequence. Treatment with small doses of sulphonylurea was initiated and that therapy gave good results.
Polyamines promote root elongation and growth by increasing root cell division in regenerated Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) plantlets

Polyamines have been demonstrated to play an important role in adventitious root formation and development in plants. Here, we present a detailed analysis of influence of exogenously added polyamines on adventitious root development and its relationship to cold tolerance in Virginia pine (Pinus virginia Mill.). Our results demonstrated that polyamines putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) at 0.001 mM improve rooting frequency and promote root elongation. Put, Spd, and Spm at 0.01–1 mM decrease rooting frequency and reduce root elongation root elongation. Measurements of diamine oxidase (DAO, EC 1.4.3.6) and polyamine oxidase (PAO, EC 1.4.3.4) activities showed that higher DAO and PAO enzyme activities were obtained when high concentrations of polyamines were applied and when plantlets were treated for 5–7 week at 4°C and 16°C. Survival rate of plantlets increased with the treatment of polyamines at low temperature. Polyamines increased mitotic index of cells in root tips of regenerated plantlet cultured on medium containing 0.001 μM Put, Spd, or Spm, but did not increase mitotic index in tissues of needle tips of the same plantlets. These results demonstrated that polyamines promote root elongation and growth by increasing root cell division in regenerated Virginia pine plantlets.
Patterns of Value Change During Economic Development: An Empirical Study

Values were studied in four economically diverse communities: (1) a farm subsistence community, (2) a rapidly industrializing farm community, (3) a stable industrial community, and (4) a professional-bureaucratic community. These four communities were assumed to represent four distinct stages in the process of economic development. In each community, the level of modernity in three value components was assessed: familism-individualism, present-futurism, passivism-activism. By comparing the level of modernity of values across communities, the pattern or profile of change in values during economic development was measured. Results indicated that individualism and activism increased dramatically with initial economic development, while futurism increased only during the terminal stage of economic development. Results were accounted for in terms of changes in economic structure during modernization.
Environmental and morphological influences on thallus temperature and desiccation of the intertidal alga Mastocarpus papillatus Kützing

The upper limits of vertical zonation for intertidal macroalgae are largely determined by the algae's ability to withstand temperature and desiccation stress when exposed to air at low tide. However, very little is known about the processes that determine thallus temperature and desiccation rates in the field. This study provides a quantitative analysis of the effects of the physical environment (i.e. sun, wind, air vapor density) on the temperature and rate of desiccation of the intertidal macroalga Mastocarpus papillatus Kutzing. Wind tunnel experiments measure directly the influence of single physical factors on thallus temperature and desiccation, and demonstrate how thallus temperature and thallus hydration are coupled. Under most physical conditions, fully hydrated thalli readily evaporate water and are consequently below air temperature. Desiccated thalli, however, have no water for evaporative cooling and can greatly exceed air temperature, particularly when wind velocity is <0.4 m · s−1. In addition, the effects of thallus morphology on thallus temperature and desiccation are examined. Increasing thallus thickness decreases the rate of desiccation, while increasing the degree of thallus dissection (i.e. branching) increases both the rate of desiccation and the rate of heat dissipation. Thus, while thallus temperature and desiccation are ultimately controlled by the physical environment, they can be influenced by thallus morphology.
An experimental evaluation of a distributed Java compiler

For large programs consisting of many source files, the compilation process can be quite time consuming. For the C and C++ programming languages, there exists a program named distcc, the Distributed C Compiler [2], to facilitate the parallel compilation of source into machine code. This paper discusses our investigation into whether distributing the compilation of Java files can result in a faster compilation of large Java projects. The research indicates that the distributed compilation of projects consisting of a large number of relatively large source files can see a speed improvement over the traditional implementation of javac.
Requirements of the FDA for the environmental assessment of animal health products

Abstract Under the National Environmental Policy Act, the Center for Veterinary Medicine (the Center) at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assesses the potential environmental impact of a wide variety or animal health products. The FDA considers the manufacture, use, and disposal of these products. Environmental assessments of some products, for example, products that may cause indirect or secondary effects or products used in aquaculture, are particularly challenging. For actions not categorically excluded, sponsors of animal drug products must prepare either complete or abbreviated environmental assessments (EAs), depending upon the nature of the requested action. Complete EAs must address potential testing are used in the development of complete EAS. Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations and inspections are used to ensure the accuracy and data integrity of environmental information submitted for EAs. Potential impacts from manufacturing of the product must be considered in both complete and abbreviated EAS. Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspections are used to verify manufacturing information provided in environmental assess- ments. Efficient development of complete EAs require making use of the tiered testing system, starting the environmental assessment early in the drug approval process, and communication with the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine when questions arise.
Breast Delineation using Active Contours to Facilitate Coregistration of Serial MRI Studies for Therapy Response Evaluation

MRI is the most accurate imaging modality to monitor response of breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, by comparing the tumor volume measured in follow up MRI, taken during the course of therapy, to its baseline value. Due to the deformable nature of the breast, its' shape in MR acquisitions taken in different studies varies significantly. If these images can be co-registered, the location of lesion in each study can be matched. Breast MR images collected often include large areas outside the breast, such as the thoracic region and surrounding air, which may pose a hindrance to registration algorithms. In this paper, we describe a segmentation algorithm to delineate the breast region from the chest by using the invariant, rigid structure such as the chest, as opposed to the use of varying breast outlines employed in currently available solutions. This ensures robustness and reproducibility of our algorithm.
Intersubband absorption characteristics in OMVPE grown delta-doped GaAs/AIGAs multiple quantum well structures

A study was carried out using a series of multiple quantum well structures grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) to evaluate the intersubband absorption characteristics, thus enabling a direct correlation of the delta doping parameters to device performance. Significant improvements in the absorption characteristics were obtained by adopting a localized delta-doping profile in the absorption quantum wells as opposed to homogeneously doped structures. The transition linewidths were observed to decrease from 40 meV in the uniformly doped sample to 20 meV in devices in corporating delta-doped quantum wells. In addition, the measured absorption strengths of the intersubband resonance grew in a linear fashion as the carrier sheet density in the well was increased to approximately 2 × 1012 cm−2.
Domain statistics and ferroelectric transients

The statistical problem involved in calculating the ferroelectric polarization and switching current resulting from an arbitrary number and distribution of domains is examined. A general scheme for calculating the polarization based upon the successive evaluation of overlap integrals is proposed and illustrated in detail for a random distribution. Calculation of the polarization and current for different numbers of randomly distributed domains are reported and compared with the prediction of Avrami's relation as well as with relevant experimental results. A brief discussion of Avrami's original statistical derivation is contained in an appendix and a more elegant derivation presented.
High assurance multiplexer techniques for use with secure digital communications

New tactical communications systems are often required to be able to support independent operations on several channels simultaneously where each channel may be operating at a different level of security classification. Maintaining the separation of these channels from a security integrity perspective is possible using a MSLS approach. Using this approach, all communication paths are confined to a single set of closely connected resources.
Biophysical Properties of Mitochondria Undergoing Fusion

Emerging evidence shows the importance of genes controlling mitochondrial fusion in physiology and their deregulation in neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. However, apart from ΔΨm, the biophysical properties of the fusion-competent mitochondria remain elusive. To evaluate the conditions of contact formation and fusion, we used organelle-targeted fluorescent proteins, including photoactivatable GFP, which allow tracking of individual mitochondria. In H9c2 cells, almost every mitochondrion is aligned with microtubules that provide the primary tracks for mitochondrial movement. Our results show that ∼90% of fusion events involve moving mitochondria. However, fusion occurs irrespective of mitochondrial speed. Furthermore, ∼80% of fusion events involve the tip portion of the mitochondrion, whereas only ∼50% of these events involve organelle side. Nocodazol, a microtubule disrupting agent that inhibits mitochondrial movements decreases the fusion frequency and changes mitochondrial fusion sites. Strikingly, 80-90% of the physical contacts between adjacent mitochondria did not result in fusion events. To evaluate whether the fusion efficacy depends on the spacing between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes we used drugs that alter the matrix volume. Valinomycin, a K+ ionophore that induces matrix swelling evoked a decrease in mitochondrial motility leading to fewer contacts among mitochondria but the number of fusion events was maintained, indicating an increase in fusion efficacy. This change occurred at a low valinomycin concentration (0.25nM) that did not affect ΔΨm or Opa1 cleavage. Nigericin (0.5μM), a K+/H+ ionophore that induces shrinkage of the matrix elicited fusion inhibition and mitochondrial aggregation. Importantly, no motility inhibition or Opa1 cleavage occurred at the same time and the ΔΨm was increased. These results suggest that mitochondrial fusion is facilitated by mitochondrial motility, the key determinant of the inter-mitochondrial encounter numbers and preferentially involves the front-tip of the moving organelle. In addition, fusion efficacy depends on the mitochondrial matrix volume.
Design and testing of robust acoustic arrays for localization and enhancement of several bird sources

Sensor network technology can revolutionize the study of animal ecology by providing a means of non-intrusive, simultaneous, unmanned monitoring. In this paper, we investigate the design, analysis, and testing of acoustic arrays for localizing bird vocalizations of different species. The spectra of the bird waveforms affect the desired dimension of the array. Microphones are placed in a uniform circular array and are finely synchronized within a few microseconds. We apply the Approximate Maximum Likelihood (AML) method to estimate the source direction-of-arrival (DOA) and perform beamforming for signal enhancement. The crossing of the distributed DOA estimated bearings is used to localize the birds, and the enhanced signals are used for training and estimation for the classification of the birds. The experimental results demonstrate the practicality and robustness of our array design.
Some Aspects of the Covariant Two-Body Problem. II. The Scattering Problem

By way of extension of a previous study of the bound-state problem within the framework of the covariant Bethe-Salpeter formalism, the scattering of nucleons by nucleons has been investigated in the ladder approximation, assuming scalar nucleons and zero-mass scalar mesons. The solution of the scattering problem can be effected by using an integral-transform method which is similar to that developed for the bound-state problem, subject to the assumption that the nucleon mass is large compared to the kinetic energy in the center-of-mass system. An essential complication which is now encountered is the appearance of an infrared divergence. Two methods of circumventing this difficulty are discussed. The cross section can be calculated from the Green's function by a limiting process; the usual $S$-matrix formalism leads to incorrect results in this case, and an amplitude renormalization is required. In this connection, it is instructive to re-examine, in detail, the Coulomb-scattering problem in momentum space, since this is very closely related to the Bethe-Salpeter scattering problem. The Green's-function method turns out to be unsuitable for the calculation of higher-order corrections to the nucleon-nucleon scattering cross section, so that here a cutoff procedure must be used.
Right ventricular diverticulum

A 57-year-old man presented with fever, chills, and productive cough. He underwent successful radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter 3 months prior to current presentation. His work up included a chest X-ray that showed consolidated pneumonia of right lung with a parapneumonic effusion. A chest CT scan obtained for further assessment was notable for an incidental finding of a right ventricular outpouching in the infero-apical area ( Panel A ). Differential diagnosis consisted …
Reforming the Public Pension System in the Russian Federation

Pension reform is a key policy challenge in Russia. This paper examines how pension spending could increase in Russia in the absence of reforms, quantifies the impact of some recent proposals, and suggests some alternatives that would ensure public pension benefits - relative to wages - not fall from current levels while containing spending.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: Prion proof in progress

Whether a protein can transmit disease in mammals has been an open question for some time. The latest test of this idea provides some strong evidence in favour, but is unlikely to end the debate.
Holocene Slip Rate of the Wasatch Fault Zone, Utah, from Geodetic Data: Earthquake Cycle Effects

[1] GPS data define a broad zone of present day deformation in the eastern Basin and Range province, western US. Using finite element models with elastic upper crust over viscoelastic lower crust/upper mantle and incorporating earthquake cycle effects, we show that these data are consistent with a model whereby most contemporary fault slip is focused on the Wasatch fault zone. Modeled rates of horizontal extension are 3.0–4.5 mm/yr, in agreement with Holocene geologic data. The models are non-unique, in part because much of the Wasatch fault is in the late stages of the earthquake cycle, when surface velocity gradients across the fault are low.
Electron microscopy of cytoplasmic crystalloids in rat parotid glands.

Summary-Crystalloid-containing bodies that may be lysosomes were observed by electron microscopy in acinar and striated duct cells of normal fasted rat parotid glands. The crystalloids varied in number from animal to animal and from lobule to lobule. They consisted of either parallel linear densities with a 5Snm periodicity, or of alternating major dense and minor light lines, with a 15 nm distance between successive major lines. it was concluded that the presence of a few such crystalloids in parotid glands of treated rats is not a cytopathic effect and they are significant only when present in large numbers. lNTRODUfflON Cytoplasmic crystalloids, with and without limiting membranes, occur normally in a variety of glands, such as thyroid (Nunez, Gould and Holt, 1970; Elvin, 1971; Neve and Wollman, 1973) and exocrine pancreas (Forsmann and Metz, 1976), in many different organisms. Moreover, crystalloids can be induced to form in these and other organs when animals are subjected experimentally to the appropriate physiological, pharmacological or nutritional stress. In the course of an ultrastructural study of rat parotid gland, we have found crystalloids in the glands in normal fasted animals.
Degradation of h FE at moderate current levels

Degradation of moderate current h FE under high-temperature reverse bias has been noted in 20-30 percent of the n-p-n transistors examined in this study and this type of degradation is shown to be accompanied by a decrease in neutral region minority carrier lifetime within the active base. It has been found that n-p-n's which have degraded can be partially, and in some instances, completely recovered by increasing V CEO significantly beyond BV CEO . P-n-p transistors examined in this study did not exhibit this type of h FE degradation. This mechanism is distinct from both ionic contamination induced degradation of h FE as well as avalanche degradation of h FE and represents, at present, an unexplained degradation mode for bipolar transistors.
Using trade policy to influence firm location

A multinational firm’s location decision depends not only on the host country’s tax and trade policies. Another country can use trade policy to influence the firm’s location decision. When countries form a free trade agreement (FTA), FDI destruction is possible.
The Department of Art at Wellesley College

On the occasion of this major loan exhibition representing Wellesley collectors, it is timely to review the development of the Art Department and Museum on the campus itself. One of the Department's basic aims through the years has been to train not only the students who go on as art historians and artists, proud as we are of those who have done so, but also to broaden the discrimination and taste of a far larger number who, simply as educated members of a community, may so enrich its cultural life. From the ranks of these have sprung many of the collectors who have generously made this exhibition possible.
Diffusion mechanisms in ordered body-centered cubic alloys

Abstract Calculations of defect migration energies by three different mechanisms are presented. The mechanisms considered were: cyclic vacancy motion by a correlated set of six nearest-neighbor jumps, next-nearest-neighbor vacancy jumps and divacancy migration. A modified Morse potential energy function was used to describe atomic interactions and model calculations were performed for the case of /gbAgMg. The results of the calculations indicated that the energetically favorable mechanism of diffusion in these alloys is the six-jump vacancy cycle. Furthermore, the results were found to be consistent with previous theoretical treatments concerning defect concentrations in ordered alloys.
Structural and genetic analysis of four chicken 7S immunoglobulin allotypes

Four 7S immunoglobulin allotypic specificities in three inbred chicken lines were demonstrated in two immunoglobulin regions, probably associated with the heavy chains. Two specificities were associated with papain-produced Fab fragments, most likely the Fd fragment since they were not demonstrated on the 17S immunoglobulin. The other allotypes were detected only on intact 7S immunoglobulin and were undetectable on the Fab and Fc fragments; therefore, they probably were associated with a region of the heavy chain sensitive to papain digestion. Among F2 hybrids, these specificities segregated in a manner statistically indistinguishable from that expected of three codominant alleles at an autosomal locus. This locus was not closely associated with any of five chicken blood group loci.
Wiredin: using visual feedback to support task resumption

We propose a new paradigm for combating task-deferring behaviors: providing amiable visual feedback at information workers' peripheral vision. Research indicates that the loss of self-awareness and motivation are the possible culprits for task-deferring and even procrastination behaviors. In our first lab-based study, dynamic visual feedback helps participants to get back to primary tasks sooner without causing high stress. To gather more design implications real-life deployment of such tool, we designed second diary-based study that focuses on context of use. This continuing work aims at designing effective interventions to counter irrational task management behaviors.