cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can AmeriCorps Build Communities

One of the most ambitious and simultaneously most controversial programs of Bill Clinton's presidency is AmeriCorps, the national service program authorized in 1993 by the National and Community Service Trust Act. This article presents findings from an examination of the community-building effects of the AmeriCorps program in five communities. We focus our attention on AmeiCorps' impact on local community-based organizations by examining change in the capacity of the organizations in which AmeriCorps members work and in the degree to which AmeriCorps has fostered interorganizational cooperation to achieve community goals. We conclude with a discussion of the findings and ways to enhance AmeriCorps' community-building potential.
Variational localized‐site cluster expansions. VIII. Projection of spin symmetries

We investigate the total spin structure of an approximate localized-site wave function for a collection of paramagnetic sites interacting so as to favor a singlet ground state. As the number of sites becomes infinite we obtain the distribution of weights of the different symmetry components of the localized site wave function; further, although only a very small fraction of such nonsymmetric wave functions is actually singlet, we find that it generally yields the same bulk property expectation values as its singlet-projected component.
EFFECTS OF ACUTE EXERCISE AND CIGARETTE SMOKING ON AUTONOMIC AND NEUROMUSCULAR RESPONSES TO A COGNITIVE STRESSOR

The effects of smoking and acute aerobic exercise as coping responses to stress were studied in 12 male sedentary smokers. Changes in heart rate, skin conductance, and electromyographic activity were assessed during the coping responses and a mental arithmetic stressor. Analysis showed smoking and exercise increased heart rate and skin conductance, while exercise reduced electromyographic activity. No reliable effects of the coping responses on heart rate, skin conductance levels, or electromyographic changes to the stressor were observed.
Vitamin E: the enigmatic one!

Vitamin E was first identified more than 90 years ago by Evans and Bishop as an essential dietary factor that is required by rats to maintain normal reproduction (1). Unlike the other three fat-soluble vitamins that have very specific molecular targets and actions, vitamin E lacks specific pathways or specific molecular targets that account for its requirement from the diet. Considerable research had been focused on identifying specific molecular targets and actions for vitamin E (2). For instance, as it became clear that vitamins A and D act through cognate nuclear hormone receptors to regulate vitamin-responsive gene expression, investigators sought, without success, to identify similar activities for vitamin E. These investigations simply led back to the same understanding of vitamin E obtained from studies carried out between the 1930s and the 1980s, that vitamin E acts as a fat-soluble antioxidant. Vitamin E serves as a peroxyl radical scavenger that protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes and lipoproteins from oxidative damage (3). Given that many dietary substances, as well as many substances synthesized within the body, have potent antioxidant properties, what selective pressures drove evolution to require humans and other higher animals to acquire vitamin E from the diet? Is this simply due to the physical properties and/or redox chemistry of vitamin E or is there something about vitamin E that we still do not understand? This issue of the Journal of Lipid Research contains the second installment of the JLR's Thematic Review Series on fat-soluble vitamins. The biology of vitamin E and its role in human cardiovascular disease will be considered in the two reviews that comprise this edition of the Thematic Review Series on fat-soluble vitamins.
Segmenting the teen girl apparel market: differences in fashion involvement, materialism and social responsibility

Purpose – The purpose of this work was to identify segments of the US teen girl market based on the importance that these consumers assign to various product attributes in the apparel purchase decision process and to characterize these consumer segments in relation to their engagement in fashion and social responsibility. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was administered to 157 teen girls (14-18 years). The questionnaire included demographic items and measures of the importance of product attributes in the apparel purchase decision, fashion involvement, materialism, charitable/social cause involvement and past socially responsible apparel purchasing behavior. A two-step cluster analysis, employing Ward’s method and k-means clustering, was conducted on each participant’s factor scores on the four dimensions of the product attributes scale. Findings – Three clusters were identified: the Conventionalists (n = 50, 31.8 per cent), the Self-Satisfiers (n = 34, 21.7 per cent) and the Embracers (n =...
Progress Toward a Flexible Ultraviolet Waveguide Laser: Intense Rare-Gas Discharges in 320- $\mu\hbox{m}$ -Diameter Capillary

Uniform and intense pulsed discharges have been generated in a 320-μm-inner-diameter capillary, which is 30 cm in length, and backfilled with 100-500 torr of Ne, Ar, or Xe. Current and atomic emission rise times <; 400 ns have been achieved with instantaneous power loadings of the plasma exceeding 1MW · cm-3. Spectra recorded in the ultraviolet over a range of gas pressures and energy stored in the driver circuit suggest that gain is produced in 500-torr Ne for the 247.3-nm line of Ne2+. Similar behavior is observed for the 251.7- and 288.4-nm transitions of Ar+ and Ar2+, respectively.
Unprotected sex as a function of alcohol and marijuana use among adolescent detainees.

Abstract Purpose: To examine the relationship between the use of two substances (alcohol and marijuana) and the occurrence of unprotected sexual intercourse among adolescent detainees. Methods: Participants were asked about their use of alcohol, marijuana, and condoms. In addition to comparing levels of alcohol and marijuana use, the study examined relationships among the following variables: (a) the number of days that each substance was used and the number of unprotected episodes of sexual intercourse in the 30 days preceding admission to a youth detention center; (b) the number of times that each substance was used before or during sexual intercourse and the number of unprotected episodes in the same time period; (c) the use of each substance and unprotected intercourse at the last sexual episode; and (d) intentions to use each substance in the context of sex and to have unprotected intercourse in the future. Relationships among these variables were assessed in four regression models, each of which included participants’ demographic characteristics, AIDS knowledge, attitudes toward condoms, and future orientation as covariates. Results: Results of all four regression models indicated that marijuana use was associated with unprotected sexual intercourse. Adolescents who used more marijuana in general as well as specifically in sexual episodes in the 30 days preceding detention reported higher levels of unprotected sex. In addition, marijuana use in the last episode was related to the occurrence of unprotected sex during that episode. Moreover, intentions to use marijuana in future sexual episodes was associated with intentions to have unprotected intercourse in the future. Conclusions: Future studies should use more rigorous research designs to clarify the nature of the relationship between marijuana use and risky sex.
Physician Use of Parasite Tests in the United States from 1997 to 2006 and in a Utah Cryptosporidium Outbreak in 2007

Parasitic infection is uncommon in the United States, but surveys suggest that physicians test when the presence of parasites is unlikely and fail to order appropriate testing when suspicion is high. Numerous studies confirm that immunoassays are more sensitive for Giardia and Cryptosporidium detection, but our experience was that physicians preferentially used ovum and parasite examination (OP P < 0.001), and EIA was more sensitive than OP P < 0.001), suggesting that patients tested by O&P only may have been at lower risk. During the first 10 weeks of the outbreak, physicians also preferentially used O&P over EIA, but no Cryptosporidium cases were detected by O&P. We conclude that clinicians frequently use O&P testing when test performance and epidemiology support the use of immunoassays or no testing. We recommend that stool O&P be limited to patients with negative immunoassay results and persistent symptoms or individuals at increased risk for non-Giardia, non-Cryptosporidium infection. An evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of patients with suspected intestinal parasitic infection is proposed.
Adam Smith, Behavioral Economist

In The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, Adam Smith famously argued that economic behavior was motivated by self-interest. But 17 years earlier in 1759, Smith had proposed a theory of human behavior that looks anything but self-interested. In his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith argued that behavior was determined by the struggle between what Smith termed the “passions” and the “impartial spectator.” The passions included drives such as hunger and sex, emotions such as fear and anger, and motivational feeling states such as pain. Smith viewed behavior as under the direct control of the passions, but believed that people could override passion-driven behavior by viewing their own behavior from the perspective of an outsider—the impartial spectator—a “moral hector who, looking over the shoulder of the economic man, scrutinizes every move he makes” (Grampp, 1948, p. 317).
Merit Protection, Federal Agencies, and the New Personnel Management Explaining Cross-Agency Variation in MSPB Appeals Decisions, FY 1988 to FY 1997

This study elaborates and extends earlier work on the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) that found that federal agencies differed in how well their personnel actions fared when appealed to the MSPB. The authors offer a theoretical framework for understanding cross-agency differences in MSPB appeals decisions and then test for face validity a variety of factors informing that framework. The authors argue that the important balance between managerial prerogative and protecting merit principles in the federal government could be jeopardized by the new personnel management (NPM) unless reformers and researchers consider in their work cross-agency variations in production functions, types of personnel actions taken, agency culture, agency structure, legitimate functional needs, anticipatory reactions, agency responsiveness, and agency learning curves.
The Importance of Supporting Autonomy and Perceived Competence in Facilitating Long-Term Tobacco Abstinence

The Public Health Service (PHS) Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence (Fiore et al. 2000) recommends supporting autonomy and perceived competence to facilitate tobacco abstinence. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive tobacco-dependence intervention based on self-determination theory (SDT) and intended to support autonomy and perceived competence in facilitating long-term tobacco abstinence. One thousand and six adult smokers were recruited into a randomized cessation–induction trial. Community care participants received cessation pamphlets and information on local treatment programs. Intervention participants received the same materials and were asked to meet four times with counselors over 6 months to discuss their health in a manner intended to support autonomy and perceived competence. The primary outcome was 24-month prolonged abstinence from tobacco. The secondary outcome was 7-day point prevalence tobacco abstinence at 24 months postintervention. Smokers in the intervention were more likely to attain both tobacco abstinence outcomes and these effects were partially mediated by change in both autonomous self-regulation and perceived competence from baseline to 6 months. Structural equation modeling confirmed the SDT model of health-behavior change in facilitating long-term tobacco abstinence. An intervention based on SDT and consistent with the PHS Guideline, which was intended to support autonomy and perceived competence, facilitated long-term tobacco abstinence.
Ethnic Factors in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review and Critique of the Epidemiological Literature

A review of the international epidemiological literature is undertaken with the view of identifying the main demographic and sociocultural features of MS as they apply to ethnic groups. Ethnic groups are differentiated principally in terms of three variables: race, religion, and nationality. Although MS is present in the three principal racial groups in the world (white, oriental, and black), it tends to be unequally distributed. Four hypotheses are formulated regarding the unequal susceptibility of the races to MS. Hypothesis 1. Whereas the highest MS rates are found in regions of the world inhabited largely by white populations, the lowest rates tend to be found in those areas where non-whites live. Hypothesis 2. Racially different groups living in the same geographical area tend to have different MS rates, although there is tendency for whites to experience MS more often than non-whites. The data associated with hypotheses 1 and 2 support a uniformly higher and lower risk for MS among respectively whites and non-whites. If these findings are valid, these studies indicate that racial (genetic) factors may play an important role in the distribution of this disease. Hypothesis 3. Data from this hypothesis confirm the proposition that the risk of MS among white and non-white populations tends to be variable, with variability in susceptibility being especially prominent among whites. Hypothesis 4. The prevalence data, plus the geographical distributions, in the US serve to support the firmly established interpretation that prevalence in all three racial groups tends to increase in frequency with increasing geographical latitude.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparative Studies of Socialization

This paper will not attempt a comprehensive review of the recent literature on socialization. Rather, it will deal with four areas of the comparative study of childhood which have particular interest to this writer: systematic ethnographic reports on child life in non-Western societies; education and anthropology; cognitive style and socialization; and socialization for sex role. As a further means of narrowing the potential range of this review, the author will exclude most reports of infant, adolescent, and adult socialization.
Archaeological aerial thermography: a case study at the Chaco-era Blue J community, New Mexico

Despite a long history of studies that demonstrate the potential of aerial thermography to reveal surface and subsurface cultural features, technological and cost barriers have prevented the widespread application of thermal imaging in archaeology. This paper presents a method for collection of high-resolution thermal imagery using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), as well as a means to efficiently process and orthorectify imagery using photogrammetric software. To test the method, aerial surveys were conducted at the Chaco-period Blue J community in northwestern New Mexico. Results enable the size and organization of most habitation sites to be readily mapped, and also reveal previously undocumented architectural features. Our easily replicable methodology produces data that rivals traditional archaeological geophysics in terms of feature visibility, but which can be collected very rapidly, over large areas, with minimal cost and processing requirements.
Balance rehabilitation and dual-task ability in older adults

Abstract Background/Purpose Recent evidence suggests that an impaired ability to allocate attention to balance during dual-task situations is a powerful predictor of falls. Increased difficulty under dual-task conditions may result from cognitive or motor impairments or both. The extent to which interventions should be directed at cognitive or motor impairments is unclear. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which standard balance rehabilitation improves dual-task ability. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients without vestibular or neurological disorders who were referred to physical therapy for disequilibrium was performed. Patients were assessed initially and at discharge for balance-related confidence, gait speed, fall risk, sensory integration, and dual-task ability. Balance rehabilitation involved weekly sessions plus home training for strengthening, endurance, center of gravity control training, multisensory training and postural strategy training. Specific dual-task training was not included. Results Average age was 75.8 ± 7.5 years, with 49% of participants being female. Participants improved significantly in all outcome measures, including measures of dual-task ability ( p Conclusion Standard balance rehabilitation significantly improved all measures of gait and balance, including dual-task measures; however, measures of dual-task ability did not improve to the same extent. Improvements of underlying motor impairments may not adequately address impaired dual-task ability.
Five new species of Pseudopyrochroa (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae) from Taiwan

Abstract Five new Taiwanese species of the fire-colored beetle genus Pseudopyrochroa are described with salient features illustrated. The new species are: P. acuminata, P. choui, P. obtusicristata, P. punctifrons, and P. tumidifrons.
Comparison of interventional outcomes according to preoperative indication: a single center analysis of 2,240 limb revascularizations.

Background Outcomes after lower extremity revascularization are usually reported according to the level of peripheral arterial disease (PAD, aortoiliac or infrainguinal) or the method of treatment (open or endovascular surgery). Outcomes stratified by indication, ie, claudication or critical limb ischemia (rest pain and tissue loss), have not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes according to the preoperative indications. Study Design Outcomes of 2,240 consecutive limb revascularizations in 1,732 patients from January 1998 through December 2005 were stratified and examined according to preoperative indication: claudication (n=999 limbs), ischemic rest pain (n=464 limbs), or tissue loss (n=777 limbs). End points measured included primary and secondary interventional or operative patency, limb salvage, survival, amputation-free survival, maintenance of ambulation, maintenance of independence, and resolution of presenting symptoms. Results The proportion of medical comorbidities and the severity of disease increased significantly by cohort from claudication to rest pain to tissue loss. With a mean followup of 1,089 days (range 0 to 3,689 days), overall outcomes performance declined consistently according to indication for all end points measured at 5 years (claudication, rest pain, tissue loss, p value): secondary reconstruction patency (93%, 80%, 66%, respectively; p Conclusions There is a declining spectrum of outcomes performance from claudication to rest pain to tissue loss. These findings question the accuracy of all previously published data for critical limb ischemia, for which rest pain and tissue loss are usually blended and reported as a single outcomes value.
Gain equalization of EDFA cascades

Investigates the impact of wavelength-dependent erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain spectrum on multichannel direct-detection lightwave transmission systems employing multiple amplifiers. An analysis is presented which quantifies the constraints imposed by received power imbalance, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and receiver sensitivity on an EDFA cascade. Expressions are derived which relate the system constraints to the EDFA gain imbalance, bit rate, number of channels, and receiver dynamic range. Results demonstrate that when four-wave mixing (FWM) is compensated in an 11-channel system, received power imbalance can impose a significant constraint on transmission distance when the EDFA gain imbalance is greater than 1 dB or when bit rate is less than 1.8 Gb/s. In addition, performance of the preemphasis gain equalization technique is studied for multichannel systems employing APD or p-i-n/FET direct-detection optical receivers. Simple expressions are derived which can be used to quantify the increase in transmission distance obtained when employing preemphasis equalization. Results indicate that equalization of the received power spectrum can provide a two- to four-fold increase in the transmission distance when using APD receivers, compared to a one- to two-fold improvement with p-i-n/FET receivers. Analytic results are compared with results obtained by proven simulation methods and found to be in good agreement.
The Search for the Original Text of Acts— the International Project On the Text of Acts

In spite of extensive work in the manuscript tradition by a host of textual critics over many years, there has never been so little agreement about the nature of the original text of Acts as at the moment. Following a summary of critical work on the textual history of Acts, this article addresses the necessity of the production of a critical edition of the text of Acts based upon a complete and accurate apparatus and an adequate understanding of the history of the transmission of the text. A progress report is given of the work of The International Project on the Text of Acts. Collations continue in the Greek manuscripts of Acts as well as in the lectionaries. The text of Acts in Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Georgian and Ethiopic is being re-investigated from fresh collations. Patristic citations are being accessed through Augustine.
Lateralized behavior in two captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

The study of behavioral laterality in humans and nonhumans can contribute to our understanding of brain evolution and functional similarities across species. Few studies have focused on cetaceans. This report exams lateralized behaviors in two captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Observations were made by videotaping through a 90 × 150 cm underwater one-way Plexiglass mirror. Directional bias in swimming, “barrel-roll” maneuvers, and circular head movements was assessed for each subject. There was a strong clockwise bias in swimming direction and direction of “barrel-rolls,” but not circular head movements. The clockwise bias in swimming direction and “barrel-roll” maneuvers may be consistent with a rightward turning bias. Zoo Biol 16:173–177, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Method of Delivery on Heart Rate Pattern in the Early Newborn

The relationship of fetal heart rate (FHR) to neonatal heart rate (NHR) was examined in 81 uncomplicated term (>37 weeks) deliveries. Average base line FHR during the 30 minutes before delivery was compared with baseline NHR obtained on the same infants at 5 and 10 minutes, 1, 12, and 24 hours after delivery. Fetal status and gestational age were determined by Apgar score and Dubowitz examination. Five minutes following delivery, a 30 percent increase in NHR over FHR baseline was noted in 75 neonates (93%). The NHR returned to FHR within 12 to 24 hours. There were no differences in heart rate patterns of neonates, whether delivered vaginally or by cesarean section. Neonates delivered spontaneously or with forceps also had comparable HR patterns. It appears that the events of labor and delivery are not responsible for the increased heart rate observed in the early newborn.
An Interpretation of Family within Orem's General Theory of Nursing:

This article offers an interpretation of family from the perspective of Orem's theory of nursing. The family is conceptualized within this theory from three perspectives: (a) as a factor that conditions an individual's requirements for care and ability to provide care for self; (b) as a depend ent-care unit; and (c) as a unit of service. The meaning of these perspec tives to the nurse is examined. The different assessment questions are identified. The family is seen as having functions related to the members' development of self-care agency and the establishment of appropriate dependent care systems in such a way as to promote the health of the entire family.
The Moderation Theory Revisited: The Case of Islamic Political Actors

An influential political science literature argues that integration of radical political parties within the political system leads to their moderation. These parties trade off their ideological pla...
Effect of tocolytic agents on fetal umbilical velocimetry

In this prospective study, we sought to examine the changes in umbilical vascular resistance induced by tocolytic therapy. Umbilical artery velocimetry was performed in 46 patients with preterm labor before tocolysis and at 1 hour and 24 hours after tocolysis was initiated. Raw systolic/diastolic ratios were corrected for concomitant changes in fetal heart rate. Thirty patients received subcutaneous terbutaline and 16 were treated with intravenous magnesium. Systolic/diastolic ratios decreased in patients treated with terbutaline. This decline persisted after correction for increases in fetal heart rate. No significant changes in systolic/diastolic ratios were seen in patients treated with magnesium. We conclude that terbutaline may affect umbilical vascular resistance. Possible clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Evaluation of Xenostrip-Tv, a Rapid Diagnostic Test for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection

An immunochromatographic strip test, Xenostrip-Tv, was compared to wet mount and PCR for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in women. Of 428 specimens tested, 54 (12.6%) were positive by an "expanded gold standard," defined as either a positive wet mount and PCR test with primers TVK3 and TVK7 and/or a positive PCR test confirmed by a second PCR assay with primers TVA5-1 and TVA6; 26 (6%) were positive by wet mount, and 36 (8.4%) were positive by Xenostrip-Tv test. Since the Xenostrip-Tv test is rapid and easy to perform and proved to be more sensitive than wet mount, it should be considered as an alternative to wet mount for point-of-care diagnosis of trichomoniasis, especially in settings where microscopy is impractical.
Bias correction of the CCSM4 for improved regional climate modeling of the North American monsoon

This study investigates how a form of bias correction using linear regression improves the limitations of the community climate system model (CCSM) version 4 when it is dynamically downscaled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for the North American monsoon (NAM). Long-term biases in the CCSM dataset were removed using the climate forecast system reanalysis (CFSR) dataset as a baseline, from which a physically consistent set of bias-corrected variables were created. To quantitatively identify the effects of CCSM data on the NAM simulations, three 32-year climatologies were generated with WRF driven by (1) CFSR, (2) original CCSM, and (3) bias-corrected CCSM data. The WRF-CFSR simulations serve as a baseline for comparison. With the bias correction, onset dates simulated by WRF bias-corrected CCSM data were generally within a week of the WRF-CFSR climatology, while WRF using the original CCSM data occur up to 3–4 weeks too early over the core of the NAM. Additionally, bias-correction led to improvements in the mature phase of the NAM, reducing August root-mean-square-error values by 26 % over the core of the NAM and 36 % over the northern periphery. Comparison of the CFSR and the bias-corrected CCSM climatologies showed marked consistency in the general evolution of the NAM system. Dry biases in the NAM precipitation existed in each climatology with the original CCSM performing the poorest when compared to observations. The poor performance of the original CCSM simulations stem from biases in the thermodynamic profile supplied to the model through lateral boundary conditions. Bias-correction improved the excessive capping inversions, and mid-level mixing ratio dry biases (2–3 g kg−1) present in the CCSM simulations. Improvements in the bias-corrected CCSM data resulted in greater convective activity and a more representative seasonal distribution of precipitation.
Design of Experiments with an Application to Laminar Flow Control Flight Research

Applying design of experiments (DOE) principles to flight research is difficult because of the practical limitations involved in safely testing aircraft. The experimenter must have an excellent understanding of technical requirements, safety considerations, and aircraft performance. DOE techniques are leveraged to characterize both the instrumentation and the system response in the experimental envelope. Procedures are developed to detect air data probe misalignment, reproduce airfoil pressure distributions across multiple sorties, and detect the effects spanwise-periodic, discrete roughness elements (DRE) on boundary layer transition locations. Factorials are presented to investigate various configurations of DREs while considering safety and aircraft performance restrictions. Flight data are gathered in sequential phases, so DOE algorithms are critical to understanding and controlling experimental error throughout the experiment. The results from one phase must be rigorously correlated to the results in subsequent phases. With planning, execution, and analysis tools guided by DOE, the error in the experimental observations can be quantified to support rigorous conclusions on the efficacy of DREs for laminar flow control.
An Investigation of Coupled Roll-Yaw Oscillations of a Slender Delta Wing

Tests were conducted on a specially designed slender delta wing with a 75 deg leading edge sweep and capable of rotational degrees of freedom about longitudinal and vertical axis. Aerodynamic measurements were made for three cases when the model motion was limited to roll only, yaw only and combined roll and yaw. Results were compared to the data for fully constrained case. Roll and yaw oscillations were observed to start near 28o angle of attack however the amplitude of oscillations for the roll decreased from ±30 o to ±18 o and that of yaw decreased from ±20 o to ±5 o when the model was allowed to simultaneously roll and yaw indicating unique fluid dynamic coupling. The frequency of yaw oscillations was found to be 1/3 the frequency of roll oscillations indicating stronger dependence of roll on vortex bursting.
Some Tetrahedral Complexes

(1928). Some Tetrahedral Complexes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 467-471.
The Role of Attachment Style in Shaping Consumer Preferences for Products Shown in Advertisements that Depict Consensus Claims

Consensus claims are often depicted in advertisements. The present research adopts an attachment theory (Bowlby 1969) perspective to advance new insights into the effect of consensus claims in advertisements on consumers' purchase likelihood. Results of five studies demonstrate how the effectiveness of consensus claims in ads is circumscribed to specific individuals and that interpersonal attachment style is a key moderator. Specifically, among individuals with secure attachment styles, depicting consensus claims in ads enhances consumers' intentions to purchase the advertised product, but among individuals with anxious attachment styles, consensus claims are a less effective advertising tactic as they result in lower intentions to purchase the advertised product.
Anterior Insula Regulates Multiscale Temporal Organization of Sleep and Wake Activity

The role of specific cortical regions in sleep-regulating circuits is unclear. The anterior insula (AI) has strong reciprocal connectivity with wake and sleep-promoting hypothalamic and brainstem regions, and we hypothesized that the AI regulates patterns of sleep and wakefulness. To test this hypothesis, we lesioned the AI in rats (n = 8) and compared sleep, wake, and activity regulation in these animals with nonlesioned controls (n = 8) with 24-h sleep recordings and chronic infrared activity monitoring. Compared to controls, animals with AI lesions had decreased wakefulness and increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. AI-lesioned animals had shorter wake bouts, especially during the active dark phase. AI-lesioned animals also had more transitions from NREM to REM sleep, especially during the inactive light phase. Chronic infrared monitoring revealed that AI-lesioned animals also had a disturbed temporal organization of locomotor activity at multiple time scales with more random activity fluctuations from 4 to 12 h despite intact circadian rhythms. These results suggest that the AI regulates sleep and activity and contributes to the regulation of sleep and motor behavior rhythmicity across multiple time scales. Dysfunction of the AI may underlie changes in sleep-wake patterns in neurological diseases.
Modeling the influence of climate change on watershed systems: Adaptation through targeted practices

Abstract Climate change may influence hydrologic processes of watersheds (IPCC, 2013) and increased runoff may cause flooding, eroded stream banks, widening of stream channels, increased pollutant loading, and consequently impairment of aquatic life. The goal of this study was to quantify the potential impacts of climate change on watershed hydrologic processes and to evaluate scale and effectiveness of management practices for adaptation. We simulate baseline watershed conditions using the Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) simulation model to examine the possible effects of changing climate on watershed processes. We also simulate the effects of adaptation and mitigation through specific best management strategies for various climatic scenarios. With continuing low-flow conditions and vulnerability to climate change, the Ipswich watershed is the focus of this study. We quantify fluxes in runoff, evapotranspiration, infiltration, sediment load, and nutrient concentrations under baseline and climate change scenarios (near and far future). We model adaptation options for mitigating climate effects on watershed processes using bioretention/raingarden Best Management Practices (BMPs). It was observed that climate change has a significant impact on watershed runoff and carefully designed and maintained BMPs at subwatershed scale can be effective in mitigating some of the problems related to stormwater runoff. Policy options include implementation of BMPs through education and incentives for scale-dependent and site specific bioretention units/raingardens to increase the resilience of the watershed system to current and future climate change.
Immunodetection of Human LINE-1 Expression in Cultured Cells and Human Tissues

Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) is the only active protein-coding retrotransposon in humans. It is not expressed in somatic tissue but is aberrantly expressed in a wide variety of human cancers. ORF1p protein is the most robust indicator of LINE-1 expression; the protein accumulates in large quantities in cellular cytoplasm. Recently, monoclonal antibodies have allowed more complete characterizations of ORF1p expression and indicated potential for developing ORF1p as a clinical biomarker. Here, we describe a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for human LINE-1 ORF1p and its application in immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry of both cells and human tissues. We also describe detection of tagged LINE-1 ORF2p via immunofluorescence. These general methods may be readily adapted to use with many other proteins and antibodies.
Reality AI: a focus-on-knowledge methodology

The popularity of reality-TV shows in the U. S. is difficult to deny. This paper describes how the "reality-hook" attached to computer gaming (another U. S. population interest) was used as a launch platform for undergraduates using a focus-on-knowledge methodology to do real artificial intelligence work. The paper explains the three components of the focus-on-knowledge methodology and presents the resource used to develop each component. The adopted methodology supports a U. S. Army funded research project that is developing a prototype Intelligent Tutoring System for convoy training.
Ceftaroline as Salvage Monotherapy for Persistent MRSA Bacteremia.

Objective: To summarize published data regarding the use of ceftaroline as salvage monotherapy for persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia. Data Sources: PubMed (January 1980-June 2016) was searched using combinations of the search terms methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, bacteremia, ceftaroline, refractory, and persistent. Supplemental references were generated through review of identified literature citations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Available English-language, full-text articles pertaining to the use of ceftaroline for persistent MRSA bacteremia (MRSAB) were included. Data Synthesis: The PubMed search yielded 23 articles for evaluation. There are no randomized controlled trials to date—only case series and reports. Four retrospective case series detailing the use of ceftaroline as monotherapy for persistent MRSAB were included. Most patients received at least 4 days of an appropriate anti-MRSA antimicrobial prior to ceftaroline and were able...
Incretin-based therapy in type 2 diabetes: An evidence based systematic review and meta-analysis

Incretin based therapies such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1Ra) are increasingly used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In clinical practice and in previously performed clinical trials, these agents are often used in combination with other oral anti-diabetic agents (OADs) and Insulin. Prior meta-analytic reviews however do not adequately address the impact of background therapy and active comparator arms. Accordingly, we aimed to further investigate the efficacy of incretin based therapies by updating existing reviews by including clinical trial evidence after 2008; estimating the pooled effect of incretin therapies on glycemic efficacy and weight-loss, stratified by comparator therapy (placebo, mono-therapy, etc.), estimating the impact of background OADs and within class (GLP-1Ra or DPP-4i) comparative efficacy, on glycemia control. 82 randomized controlled trials after 2008 with glycemic control and weight loss as primary end-points were included. Both DPP-4i and GLP-1Ra reduced HbA1c, but only GLP-1Ra caused weight loss when compared to either active comparator drugs or placebo. GLP-1Ra were more effective than DPP-4i in glycemia lowering. Long acting GLP-1Ra were more effective in HbA1c lowering than short-acting agents but with similar weight loss effect. The effect of DPP-4i incretin glycemic efficacy was not modified by background therapy used in the study.
Face or House Image Perception: Beta and Gamma Bands of Oscillations in Brain Networks Carry Out Decision-Making

Abstract Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have consistently shown that perception of visual objects, such as faces and houses, involves distributed brain networks that include the fusiform face area (FFA), parahippocampal place area (PPA), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These regions are commonly observed to be coactivated in BOLD measurements during perception of visual objects. In this study, we aimed to disentangle node-level and network-level activities in millisecond timescale of perception and decision-making in attempts to answer questions about timing and frequency of brain oscillatory activities. We used clear and noisy face–house image categorization tasks and human scalp electroencephalography recordings combined with source reconstruction techniques to study when and how oscillatory activity organizes within the FFA, PPA, and DLPFC. We uncovered the dynamics of two oscillatory networks—beta (13–30 Hz) and gamma (30–100 Hz). In beta band, the node and network ...
Cognitive Control and Anxious Arousal in Worry and Generalized Anxiety: An Initial Test of an Integrative Model

Pathological worry is thought to persist, in part, because it fosters avoidance of unpleasant internal experience. However, current models disagree as to whether worry serves that function because: (1) it suppresses high levels of autonomic arousal (AA) symptoms or (2) it leads to persistent heightened AA symptoms. In fact, pathological worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are linked to both high and low levels of AA symptoms. To account for this heterogeneity, we propose an integrative model, which predicts that AA symptoms vary as a function of the worrier’s capacity to perform the subtle cognitive maneuver necessary to avoid such arousal. We review evidence supporting this model and report an initial test in a large college sample. Our results provide clear support for the major premise of our model: AA symptoms in worry and GAD vary as a function of individual differences in cognitive control capacity.
Asymmetric sizing: An effective design approach for SRAM cells against BTI aging

The rate of aging of ICs is increasing with the continued reduction in feature sizes of devices. Bias temperature instability (BTI) is considered to be the major reliability hazard in nano-scale CMOS and causes stability degradation of SRAM cells. Some of the SRAM cells functioning properly at fabrication may fail during their desired lifetime due to aging. This will cause large aging quality loss. This paper addresses one key characteristic of aging, namely differential aging. This occurs due to the characteristics of data typically stored in SRAMs. After carefully studying the impact of differential aging on SRAM cells, we propose an asymmetric sizing approach for SRAM cells to maximize the probability of correct operation after m months of usage considering process variations. Our experiment results show that the asymmetric design can achieve much better aging quality loss (90× better) with optimal lifetime yield per area compared to the symmetric SRAM cell designs.
An extended Kalman filter with inequality constraints for real-time detection of intradialytic hypotension

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is the most common complication of hemodialysis, affecting 15–50% of all dialysis sessions. Previously, we had presented a non-invasive Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) based sensor in the form of a ring to measure vascular tone and we showed that the morphology of the signal can be utilized to predict IDH. This paper presents an approach for analyzing the PVDF signal using extended Kalman filter (EKF) and a synthetic model that has previously been used to model the ECG signal with Gaussian functions. Moreover, a novel approach for incorporating state inequality constraints into the EKF process using a gradient projection method is introduced. The taut string algorithm was first used to estimate the outline of the signal and remove it to highlight the reflection waves. Then, the EKF was used to characterize the morphology of the signal using Gaussian functions. The amplitudes of the Gaussian functions were used as features to train a classifier. The results indicated that the PPV and NPV for the prediction were 83.33% and 100%, respectively.
Legislative Party Polarization and Trust in State Legislatures

We argue that citizens’ trust attitudes are inversely related to party polarization because polarization tends to encourage political conflict, which most people dislike. We further posit that part...
Educational Issues and Strategies for Genomic Medicine: For the Public and for Providers

We have structured this chapter to first consider important and relevant issues related to public education and then to focus on provider-specific approaches to personalized medicine education. Any healthcare provider who has been in an encounter and has had the experience of the patient contributing information to the discussion that they pull from their smartphone, or of using face time to bring a friend or family member into a management discussion, knows that in this 21st century we are seeing changes to every aspect of the provider–patient interaction. As we think about the educational strategies that will be most useful in that interaction we need to recognize that all of us are members of the public first (even if we are providers), and that instead of a classic one-sided relationship where providers convey their knowledge to patients, a model that is needed is one where the provider’s relationship with the patient is one of mutual collaboration. The application of new genomic as well as other knowledge to personalized medicine is particularly suited to a patient–provider model of collaboration.
Physical Therapy Challenges in Head and Neck Cancer

Treatment sequelae such as trismus, shoulder dysfunction syndrome resulting from spinal accessory nerve palsy, and radiotherapy-induced neck fibrosis are often overlooked when in the management of head and neck cancer patients. This chapter examines these underappreciated issues and their corresponding physical therapy intervention based on current evidence. Head and neck cancer survivors must contend with these disabilities for years after treatment has been concluded. A few quit their jobs which puts a tremendous burden on them and their families with a diminished quality of life. The physical rehabilitative needs of head and neck cancer patients and useful interventions to help meet them are addressed.
Iron(MCP) Complexes Catalyze Aziridination with Olefins As Limiting Reagents.

Herein described are the first efficient nitrogen-atom transfer reactions mediated by iron N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine- (MCP-) and 2-({1-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]pyrrolidin-1-yl}methyl)pyridine-type (PDP-type) complexes. These catalysts affect styrene aziridination under mild conditions based on a limiting quantity of olefin substrate.