cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Number in Philolaus' Philosophy

Philolaus is a peripheral figure in the history of Greek mathematics. We know of no important advance in mathematics that is attributed to him, nor is there any evidence that he wrote a book exclusively or even primarily devoted to mathematical topics.' Indeed the tradition about Philolaus suggests that he wrote just one book and not a terribly long one at that.2 What is known of that book from fragments and testimonia suggests that it covered a wide range of topics despite a relatively small compass. There is evidence that after an account of the basic principles of the cosmos Philolaus went on to present his own astronomical system, his own views on the different psychological faculties of human beings, and a theory of the constitution of the human body and the origins of disease.3 Moreover, mathematical ideas were prominent. The whole number ratios that determine the concordant musical intervals are mentioned in Fragment 6 while other fragments are concemed with number (Fragments 4 and 5) and include a classification of number into two primary types (odd and even)
On the formation of nonlinear internal waves from the gravitational collapse of mixed regions in two and three dimensions

The paper shows how trains of nonlinear, dispersive waves can be produced by allowing a region of mixed fluid, with a potential energy greater than its surroundings, to collapse towards its equilibrium state. The number of waves and their amplitude depend on the properties of the mixed region and of the ambient stratification. Three different geometrical configurations have been chosen and while each gives qualitatively the same results the form taken by the generated waves and the final equilibrium shape of the mixed region depend critically on these geometrical factors. The internal waves produced by this mechanism are related to waves produced in natural systems and it is shown that the observations support at least one possible explanation for those found in the oceans and planetary atmospheres.
Morphological and physiological identification of motor neurons innervating flight musculature in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Morphological and physiological data were used to establish which motor neurons innervate known wing elevator and depressor muscles. Nerves to identified muscles were backfilled to establish the neuropilar morphology of neurons innervating each muscle. Individual motor neurons were recorded intra-cellularly during flight sequences and then filled. The intracellularly identified cell was then matched with backfilled cells that had similar ganglionic morphology, exited the same nerve root, and had the same function during the flight cycle. In this way the target muscle of five elevator and five depressor motor neurons was established.
PeerCredential: a reputation-based trust framework for Peer-to-Peer applications

In peer-to-peer (P2P) applications, peers (i.e., users) often have to request services from some unfamiliar peers (i.e., resources) that could be altruistic, selfish, or even malicious. We propose a reputation-based trust framework PeerCredential to motivate selfish peers to cooperate and minimise the risk from malicious peers. We use reputation to measure quality of resources' services and trust to quantify trustworthiness of peers. We also design a number of strategies for economic resources to maximise their profit. Simulation results show the framework motivates economic resources to provide high-quality services and effectively differentiates malicious resources from normal ones.
Diffusion of Clouds of Contaminant in a Turbulent Boundary Layer

Abstract Under the assumption that the detailed turbulence structure in the constant-stress region of a fluid flowing over a rough wall is in a universal state determined wholly by the friction velocity u* a similarity analysis of a Lagrangian type can be applied to the relative dispersion of clouds of contaminant released in such a layer. It is found that for the case in which the initial dimension of the cloud, say L, and the initial mean height are comparable, there are only two temporal regimes and they are characterized by times smaller than or greater than L/u*. For the small time regime all relative diffusivities are linearly dependent on time and their directional properties are related to Eulerian measurements. Of more interest are the predictions in the long time regime. It is also found in this region that relative diffusion is characterized by a diffusivity that is linearly dependent on time. Such a prediction differs from that of homogeneous turbulence and seems to have some support from expe...
Role of neuropeptides and serotonin in the diagnosis of carcinoid tumors.

The plasma concentrations of neuropeptides (neurotensin, substance P, motilin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide), the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serotonin, and the platelet concentration of serotonin were compared in 133 patients who could be assigned to one of four groups. These groups were as follows: carcinoid tumors present; history of carcinoid tumors; miscellaneous tumors present; and non-tumor diseases. The test with the most sensitivity (i.e., patients with carcinoid tumors labeled positive) and the test with the most specificity (i.e., patients without carcinoid tumors labeled negative) for the presence of carcinoid tumors was determined. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion had a sensitivity of 73 percent and a specificity of 100 percent; the plasma concentration of substance P had a sensitivity of 32 percent and a specificity of 85 percent; and the plasma concentration of neurotensin had a sensitivity of 41 percent and a specificity of 60 percent. Even when basal plasma concentrations of substance P and neurotensin were elevated, there was no additional increase of these neuropeptides prior to ethanol-induced facial flushing. Although measurements of plasma neuropeptide levels may be helpful in occasional patients with carcinoid tumors, it is concluded that measurements of serotonin overproduction--such as 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion--are of more general value.
Conceptions of Parenthood

The everyday concept “parent” includes a central prototype and less typical subtypes, such as stepparent, adoptive parent, and foster parent. We studied informants' concept of “parent” by constructing typical and atypical scenarios in which people become parents: planned and unplanned pregnancy, unmarried parents, abandonment, divorce, stepparent/child, adoption, pregnancies resulting from rape, and situations involving medical technology and contract motherhood. The parental role of each of the characters in the scenarios was characterized in terms of seven attributes of parenthood. Unmarried undergraduate informants rated the claim of each of the characters to be a parent of the child. Characters whose parental contribution was more similar to the prototype case were seen as having stronger claims. The most important attributes were, in order: intention to raise the child, gestation, genetic contribution, provision of nurture, and intention to create a baby. All informants appeared to make use of three principles involved in everyday, informal explanations of how a person becomes a parent. Parental consent, the predominant principle for both men and women, was given more weight by women; maternal investment in gestation was given equal weight by both sexes, and genetic contribution was given more weight by men.
Stockpiled Prairiegrass Provides High-Quality Fall Grazing for Lambs

New varieties of prairiegrass (Bromus catharticus Vahl. = B. willdenowii Kunth.) exhibit improved persistence over ‘Grasslands Matua’ under USA growing conditions, but animal performance data are lacking. We evaluated performance of lambs grazing stockpiled ‘Dixon’ prairiegrass on West Virginia hill pasture in autumn. In 2006 and 2007, a three-year-old stand of Dixon was cut for hay in late July, fertilized with 56 kg/ha of N, and stockpiled for eight weeks. Three pasture replicates of stockpiled forage were grazed by ewe lambs under a putand-take grazing system for a total of 24 days (25 September to 19 October) with budgeted grazing intensities of 50% (GI50) or 75% (GI75) removal of forage mass. At the end of the grazing period, lambs were heavier (42.3 vs. 41.2 kg), and had greater average daily gain (ADG) (264 vs. 216 g/day) on the GI50 vs. GI75 treatment, respectively, but gain per ha was greater on the GI75 treatment (193 vs. 253 kg/ha). Fall grazing intensity did not affect forage mass, botanical composition, tiller density, or nutritive value of stands harvested for hay in the following May. Good forage mass production and excellent lamb gains on stockpiled prairiegrass indicate this grass deserves serious consideration for fallfinishing of lambs.
Buoyant plumes from solute gradients generated by non-motile Escherichia coli

The effect of hydrodynamic mixing in bacterial populations due to bacterial chemotaxis is a well-described phenomenon known as bioconvection. Here we report the observation of buoyant plumes that result in hydrodynamic mixing, but in contrast to bioconvection the plumes form in the absence of bacterial motility. We propose that the buoyant flow originates from solute gradients created by bacterial metabolism, similar to solute-induced buoyant flow around growing protein crystals. In our experiments, metabolically-active non-motile Escherichia coli were layered along the bottom of flat-bottomed containers. The E. coli consumed glucose in the medium creating a lighter fluid beneath a heavier fluid. The situation is an example of Rayleigh–Taylor instability, in which a lighter fluid pushes on a heavier one. We developed a numerical model to study the effect of E. coli nutrient consumption and by-product excretion on extracellular solute gradients. The model solutions showed reduced-density fluid along the bottom of the fluid domain leading to buoyant plumes, which were qualitatively similar to the experimental plumes. We also used scaling analyses to study the dependence of plume formation on container size and cell size, and to investigate the effect of reduced gravity, such as the microgravity conditions encountered during spaceflight.
Pressure sensor using p-type polycrystalline diamond piezoresistors

Prototype pressure sensor was fabricated using piezoresistive effect of boron-doped diamond. Undoped and boron-doped polycrystalline diamonds were deposited on Si substrate using hot filament chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The boron-doped diamond was deposited on an isolation layer of the undoped diamond film. Selective diamond deposition was carried out by metal mask, and 30-μm width patterning of the diamond was possible. In order to improve a sensitivity of the sensor, the diaphragm thickness and boron doping depth were varied from 62 to 5 μm and 2 to 0.5 μm, respectively. The sensors were evaluated in the ranges from room temperature to 250 °C and from 0 to 0.07 M Pa of applied pressure.
Ubiquitous effects of the vitamin D endocrine system

Abstract Regulation of Ca 2+ and PO 4 2− homeostasis by the vitamin D endocrine system involves complex interactions between both dihydroxylated metabolites: 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and 24,25(OH) 2 D 3 . New developments in this field include description of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 receptors in many tissues not usually considered active in Ca 2+ and PO 4 2− regulation. Additionally, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 receptors behave differently than classical steroid hormone receptors.
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE: INFLUENCE UPON FROG TADPOLE METAMORPHOSIS

In normally metamorphosing tadpoles, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 1 per cent (v/v) in the medium significantly increases the time required for the completion of metamorphosis. When larval involution is induced, exogenous thyroxin counteracts the inhibitory effect of DMSO. It is suggested that DMSO inhibits metamorphosis by preventing the formation of thyroid hormones, or by inactivating them when formed, or both.
Hydrogen vibrations in the α, β1, β2 and γ phases of FeTiHx

The local hydrogen vibrations are measured by inelastic neutron scattering techniques in the FeTiHx system for x=0.06 ( alpha phase), 0.94 ( beta 1 phase), 1.4 ( beta 2 phase) and 1.86 ( gamma phase) as well as a function of temperature in the gamma phase. The spectra exhibit both sharp and broad peaks in the energy range of 60-110 meV and are strongly dependent upon H concentration and temperature.
SU-GG-T-409: Comparison of Proton MLC with Non-Divergent Brass and Tungsten Apertures

Purpose: To examine proton edge scattering effects from a tungstenMLC, specifically in comparison with proton edge effects using a non‐divergent brass aperture. Methods and Materials: The standard for proton therapy beam shaping is a custom‐cut, non‐divergent aperture with thickness ∼65mm. To make comparisons with tungstenMLC simulations, a Monte Carlo simulation model created with GEANT4 was run for non‐divergent apertures made of tungsten and brass at thicknesses of 65, 75, and 85 mm. Simulations with each type of aperture were run for IBA's proton double‐scattering options B1, B4, and B7 at 100 and 550 mm elevations with square field sizes of 15×15, 10×10, and 5×5 cm2 and aperture‐to‐phantom air gaps of 1 and 4 cm. MLC simulations were verified with beam profile measurements using the same treatment parameters. Results: Dose profiles of proton beams have horns similar to dose profiles with X‐ray beams, but they originate from protons scattering back into the field at the field edge. Using non‐divergent tungsten and brass apertures, the size of the horns on dose profiles at the entrance of the simulated water phantom were found to follow the same trends as the leaf edge fields of the MLC. The profiles from the tungstenMLC fields were compared with the best case thickness (65 mm) for brass and tungsten apertures. MLC profiles have horns only along the axis of leaf travel due to MLC design, while the non‐divergent apertures have equally large horns along both axes, as expected given the symmetry. Along the axis of leaf travel the horns resulting from edge scatter off of the MLC were approximately equal to or smaller than horns from edge scatter off of the non‐divergent apertures. Conclusions:Proton dose profiles using a tungstenMLC have no worse edge‐scattering effects than a non‐divergent brass aperture.
Costs of revascularization over eight years in the randomized and eligible patients in the emory angioplasty versus surgery trial (EAST)

The Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial (EAST) was a randomized trial that compared, by intention to treat, the clinical outcome and costs of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary bypass grafting (CABG) for multivessel coronary artery disease. We present the findings of the economic analysis of EAST through 8 years of follow-up and compare the cost and outcomes of patients randomized in EAST versus patients eligible but not randomized (registry patients). Charges were assessed from hospital UB82 and UB92 bills and professional charges from the Emory Clinic. Hospital charges were reduced to cost through step-down accounting methods. All costs and charges were inflated to 1997 dollars. Costs were assessed for initial hospitalization and for cumulative costs of the initial hospitalization and additional revascularization procedures up to 8 years. Total 8-year costs were $46,548 for CABG and $44,491 for PTCA (p = 0.37). Cost of CABG in the eligible registry group showed a pattern similar to that for randomized patients, but total cost of PTCA was lower for registry patients than for randomized patients. Thus, the primary procedural costs of CABG are more than those for PTCA; this cost advantage, given the limits of measurement, is largely or even completely lost for randomized patients over the course of 8 years because of additional procedures after a first revascularization by PTCA.
Micromechanically based stochastic finite elements

Abstract A stochastic finite element method for analysis of effects of spatial variability of material properties is developed with the help of a micromechanics approach. The method is illustrated by evaluating the first and second moments of the global response of a membrane with microstructure of a spatially random inclusion-matrix composite under a deterministic uniformly distributed load. It is shown that two mesoscale random continuum fields have to be introduced to bound the material properties and, in turn, the global response from above and from below. The intrinsic scale dependence of these two random fields is dictated by the choice of the finite element mesh.
Fault localization in embedded control system software

We describe an approach to automatically locating faulty statements in control code in embedded systems. Our approach uses the controller structure and examples of normal behavior in simulation to build structured probabilistic models that compactly encode the dynamic behavior of the system. Given an anomalous behavior sequence, we analyze the values of system state variables to determine which variables are responsible for the behavior. We use the variables obtained in this way together with the dynamic program dependence graph to determine a small set of potential causes (faulty statements) of the behavior, which are then ranked and presented to the developer. We evaluate our approach on the control systems for two prototype robotic surgery systems developed in our lab and demonstrate its ability to locate faults causing adverse and anomalous events during the systems' operation.
Bitter Fruit: The Politics of Black-Korean Conflict in New York City

An examination of escalating conflicts between Blacks and Koreans in American cities. It focuses on the Flatbush Boycott of 1990, led by Black and Haitian activists against Korean-owned produce stores in Brooklyn. Claire Jean Kim rejects conventional wisdom that Black-Korean conflict constitutes racial scapegoating and argues instead that it is a response to white dominance in American society.
Long-term mandibular skeletal and dental effects of standard edgewise treatment

Introduction The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of Tweed edgewise treatment on the expression of mandibular growth in the horizontal direction through maintenance of vertical control. Methods We studied 36 patients who had 4 premolars extracted during treatment. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and postretention records of these patients were matched by age (± 6 months), sex, malocclusion, and treatment interval (± 6 months) to untreated controls from the Bolton-Brush Growth Study Center, Cleveland, Ohio. The cephalograms of the 2 samples were traced, digitized, and analyzed by descriptive cephalometric analysis and detailed regional superimposition. Results Tweed edgewise treatment can prevent clockwise rotation but was not observed to enhance the normal forward rotation of the mandible. The mandible did not rotate forward in the treated patients who underwent a greater chin advancement. Conclusions The pattern of skeletal change was favorable both during treatment and in later years. A feature of this effect was an improved pattern of mandibular growth displacement, when mandibular change was compared with maxillary change.
The Rank-Order Effect in Group Decision Making

Abstract Many studies indicate that group discussion candisproportionately reflect information known by all group members,at the expense of information known to only one group member, andthis is associated with suboptimal group decisions (Stasser &Titus, 1985). The present study examined the impact of threeprocedural factors on information sharing and quality of groupdecision: (a) group decision procedure (an instruction to "rankorder the alternatives" vs "choose the best alternative"), (b)information access during group discussion (reliance on memory vscomplete access), and (c) communication technology (computer vsface to face). Three-person groups worked on an investment decisionthat was structured as a hidden-profile task where criticalinformation was distributed unevenly prior to group discussion. Thedata provided support for a rank-order effect: Groups instructedto rank order the alternatives, compared to groups instructed tochoose the best alternative, were more likely to fully consider allof the alternatives, exchange information about unpopularalternatives, and make the best decision. But these effects onlyoccurred in face-to-face groups. In computer-mediated groups, therewas general information suppression and no effect of group decisionprocedure. Access to information during group discussion increaseddiscussion of both unique and common information, in theface-to-face conditions, but had no effect on group decisionquality. Taken together, the data suggest that procedural aspectsof group discussion may help overcome the impact of prediscussionpreferences on information processes and group decision.
TIME-RESOLVED IR-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY OF HOT-ELECTRON DYNAMICS IN SATELLITE AND UPPER CONDUCTION BANDS IN GAP

The relaxation dynamics of hot electrons in the X6 and X7 satellite and upper conduction bands in GaP was directly measured by femtosecond UV-pump-IR-probe absorption spectroscopy. From a fit to the induced IR-absorption spectra the dominant scattering mechanism giving rise to the absorption at early delay times was determined to be intervalley scattering of electrons out of the X7 upper conduction-band valley. For long delay times the dominant scattering mechanism is electron-hole scattering. Electron transport dynamics of the upper conduction band of GaP has been time resolved.
Testing the Initial Efficacy of a Mailed Screening and Brief Feedback Intervention to Reduce At‐Risk Drinking in Middle‐Aged and Older Adults: The Comorbidity Alcohol Risk Evaluation Study

OBJECTIVES: To determine the initial efficacy of a mailed screening and brief intervention to reduce at-risk drinking in persons aged 50 and older. DESIGN: Pilot randomized controlled trial. SETTING: University of California at Los Angeles Department of Medicine Community Offices and Primary Care Network. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 50 and older who were identified as at-risk drinkers according to the Comorbidity Alcohol Risk Evaluation Tool (CARET) (N = 86). INTERVENTION: Participants were assigned randomly to receive personalized mailed feedback outlining their specific risks associated with alcohol use, an educational booklet on alcohol and aging, and the National Institutes of Health Rethinking Drinking: Alcohol and Your Health booklet (intervention group) or nothing (control group). MEASUREMENTS: Alcohol-related assessments at baseline and 3 months; CARET-assessed at-risk drinking, number of risks, and types of risks. RESULTS: At 3 months, fewer intervention group participants than controls were at-risk drinkers (66% vs 88%), binge drinking (45% vs 68%), using alcohol with a medical or psychiatric condition (3% vs 17%), or having symptoms of such a condition (29% vs 49%). CONCLUSION: A brief mailed intervention may be an effective approach to intervening with at-risk drinkers aged 50 and older. Language: en
Determination of Percentage of White Coat Color from Registry Certificates in Holsteins

Abstract Drawings from a random sample of 32 registry certificates were used to evaluate procedures for measuring the percentage of white coat color of Holstein cows. Measurements were obtained using a planimeter and by visual evaluations of two inspectors. Mean white percentage of the total cow, excluding face, was 27.8%. With the planimeter, correlations between white percentages on the drawing of the total cow and on the upper and lower body sections were .99 and .92; correlation between right and left sides of the same drawing of the total cow was .96. Percentage of white exhibited greatest variability relative to the mean when measured in the upper body (CV = 122). From upper body, white percentage was correlated >.97 between inspectors and planimeter and >.98 between inspectors. If errors were distributed normally, confidence limits of correlations would be narrow; e.g., 95% limits of correlation .96 are .92 to .98. However, percentage of white appears to be a nonnormal variable skewed to the right. Attempts to transform data to avoid a departure from normality were not successful; additional attempts using other transforms seem warranted. Visual appraisal appears to be an efficient procedure for evaluating percentage of white coat based on registry certificates.
Agent‐based supply chain disintermediation versus re‐intermediation: economic and technological perspectives

One important stream of information systems research addresses the role and future of supply chain and market intermediaries. But whereas many researchers hypothesize a trend toward disintermediation—principally enabled by information technology (IT)—others proffer theoretical arguments for IT-enabled re-intermediation. With regard to IT, it is particularly unclear whether the emerging technology associated with software agents is better suited to enable supply chain disintermediation or re-intermediation. And if agent technology is better suited to either disintermediate or re-intermediate supply chain activities, can we say this is always the case? Or will certain contingency factors intervene in various circumstances to suggest agent-based disintermediation over re-intermediation in some cases and vice versa in others? The research described in this paper takes some first steps toward addressing these questions. We first draw from the intermediation economics literature to summarize some of the key works and arguments for and against IT-based dis/re-intermediation, and we use this discussion to outline a preliminary set of conditions favoring agent application in such roles along the supply chain. We then draw from the agent technology literature to summarize key capabilities associated with extant agent technologies, and we compare such emerging IT with more conventional information systems and applications. Guided by this background of intermediation theory and extant agent capability, we describe a proof-of-concept multi-agent system called ‘the Intelligent Mall’ in the context of supply chain dis/re-intermediation. We use this implemented multi-agent system to show how it reflects current agent technology, and we identify the contingent economic conditions that can be satisfied through this implemented system. The paper then closes, as we identify a several new lines of research stemming from this investigation. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvation and structural effects on the stability of 10-X-2 ate-complexes: a computational study.

The structures and energies of a variety of 10-X-2 ate-complexes derived from reaction of alkyllithiums and aryllithiums with the corresponding organohalides have been studied at the B3LYP/6-31++G** theoretical level. The results of the calculations, which are in good agreement with the available experimental data, indicate that diaryl ate-complexes are more stable than their dialkyl counterparts. Fluorine substitution was found to confer substantial stability to both diaryl and dialkyl ate-complexes,and the calculations suggest that perfluoro dialkyl 10-X-2 ate-complexes should be experimentally observable species. One of the most important factors contributing to stability of a 10-X-2 ate-complex is removal of the formally cationic lithium from the vicinity of the ate-anion via coordination with a Lewis basic solvent.
Metabolism of Hydrazine Derivatives of Pharmacologic Interest

(1972). Metabolism of Hydrazine Derivatives of Pharmacologic Interest. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 71-100.
Activation of α1 and α2 noradrenergic receptors exert opposing effects on excitability of main olfactory bulb granule cells

The mammalian main olfactory bulb (MOB) receives a dense noradrenergic innervation from the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus that is important for neonatal odor preference learning and odor processing in mature animals. Modulation of GABAergic granule cells (GCs) is thought to play a key role in the net functional impact of norepinephrine (NE) release in the MOB, yet there are few direct studies of the influence of NE on these cells. In the present study we investigated noradrenergic modulation of GC excitability using electrophysiological approaches in rat MOB slices. A moderate concentration of NE (10 microM) and the alpha1 receptor agonist phenylephrine (10 microM) depolarized and increased spontaneous or current injection-evoked spiking in GCs. By contrast, low NE concentrations (0.1-1.0 microM) or the alpha2 receptor agonist clonidine (Clon, 10 microM) hyperpolarized and decreased the discharge of GCs. The effects of NE (10 microM) were blocked by antagonism of alpha1 and alpha2 receptors. Inhibitory effects of low NE concentrations were blocked or converted to excitatory responses by alpha2 receptor blockade, whereas excitatory effects of the moderate NE concentration were converted to inhibitory responses after alpha1 receptor blockade. NE (10 microM) and phenylephrine elicited inward currents that reversed near the potassium equilibrium potential. The effects of NE and phenylephrine were associated with increased membrane input resistance. Clonidine elicited an outward current associated with decreased membrane input resistance that reversed near the potassium equilibrium potential. These results indicate that alpha1 and alpha2 receptor activation exert opposing effects on GC excitability. Low concentrations of NE acting via alpha2 receptors suppress GC excitability, while higher concentrations of NE acting at alpha1 receptors increase GC excitability. These findings are consistent with recent findings that alpha1 and alpha2 receptor activation increase and decrease, respectively, GABAergic inhibition of mitral cells. The differential affinities of alpha1 and alpha2 noradrenergic receptor subtypes may allow for differential modulation of GABA release and olfactory processing as a function of the level of NE release, which in turn, is regulated by behavioral state.
Termination of early gestation with a vaginal polysiloxane device impregnated with (15S) -15 methyl prostaglandin F2a methylester

Abstract An investigation of the abortifacient activity of (15S) -15 methyl prostaglandin F2a methyl ester released from a vaginal polysiloxane device was performed in eleven pregnant women of 49 days gestation or less. Bleeding and contractions were induced in all women, but only seven aborted their pregnancies. Five subjects received a vaginal device impregnated with 3 mg of drug and two aborted fetal tissue. Six women were given a vaginal device containing 5 mg of drug and five aborted fetal tissue. Ten of the patients had significant side effects, nausea, emesis, diarrhea and chills. Six women expelled the device prior to the termination of therapy. This prostaglandin analogue, when administered from a vaginal polysiloxane device in early gestation was an effective abortifacient but was accompanied by systemic side effects and a high incidence of expulsion of the evidence prior to its scheduled removal.
Consumers of charity bracelets: cause‐supporters or fashion‐followers?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare personal characteristics of buyers of rubber charity bracelets with those of non‐buyers so that a deeper understanding of the success of this cause‐related fashion product may be attained.Design/methodology/approach – A convenience sample of 244 individuals in Texas and Iowa was gathered via a survey method. Items on the questionnaire were contained within three sections: assessing participants' level of fashion involvement and celebrity involvement; participants' attitudes toward the consumption of cause‐related fashion products; and demographic information.Findings – Results from this study indicated individuals who purchased rubber charity bracelets were more involved with fashion and celebrities than individuals who did not purchase rubber charity bracelets and that those who purchased the bracelets had purchased significantly more cause‐related fashion products than those who had not purchased any bracelets. Purchasers of bracelets were significantly ...
Kinetics of the thermal oxidation of butadiene–acrylonitrile copolymer

The thermal oxidative degradation of an inhibited butadiene–acrylonitrile copolymer has been studied kinetically by means of infrared spectroscopy and color formation in the temperature range 100–200°C. In this type of degradation hydroxyl- and carbonylcontaining groups are formed from the decomposition of hydroperoxide or hydroperoxide radicals. The carbonyl groups are ketonic, resulting from a vinyl ketone initially formed by oxidative attack on the tertiary hydrogen and from a competing attack on α-hydrogen. The interaction of the product of the latter competing reaction forms an intermediate, the decomposition of which requires an activation energy of 18 kcal./mole and yields a carbonyl and hydroxyl group. The radicals and hydroperoxides may also react to give either scission or aggregation. The oxidative products from these reactions give many types of oxygenated groups and radicals.
A study of the (3He, n) reaction on isotopes of krypton

Abstract Measurements of the (3He, n) reaction have been carried out on targets of 78, 80, 82, 83, 84Kr at an incident energy of 25.4 MeV. Angular distributions were measured over the angular range 0°–22°, permitting the identification of L = 0 and some L = 2 transitions. Transitions to excited 0+ states were observed in all final nuclei except 82Sr. The results for L = 0 transitions have been compared with predictions of a model calculation assuming a pure pairing interaction. In 80Sr, a strong L = 0 transition to a state at 1 MeV excitation supports the suggestion of coexisting spherical and deformed states in this mass region. The Q-value for the 78Kr(3He, n)80Sr(g.s.) reaction has been measured as 2.99±0.03 MeV, yielding a value 79.924551±0.000032 a.m.u. for the 80Sr ground state.
Theoretical Strength of a Perfect Crystal

A mathematical procedure is presented for applying the Born stability criteria to the determination of the mechanical stability of cubic crystals in the presence of applied forces and deformations. The general procedure presented is suitable for use in conjunction with an electronic computer and is independent of the specific model of interatomic interactions which may be used in numerical calculations. In the present study, specific calculations are performed for a body-centered-cubic (bcc) crystal lattice with an uniaxial force applied perpendicular to a face of a unit cell. The atoms in the crystal are assumed to interact via the two-body Morse interatomic-potential function determined by Girifalco and Weizer [Phys. Rev. 114, 687 (1959)] for bcc iron. Two ranges of stability, a bcc phase and a body-centered-tetragonal (bct) phase, were found to exist. The bct phase has a theoretical strength of 0.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ dyn/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ with a corresponding theoretical strain of about 7%. These values are fairly close to the values of 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ dyn/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ tensile strength and about 5% strain experimentally observed for iron whiskers.
The microstructural evolution, crystallography, and thermal processing of ultrahigh carbon Fe-1. 85 pct C melt-spun ribbon

The microstructural evolution, mechanisms of grain refinement, crystallography, and thermal processing of a rapidly solidified Fe-1.85 pct C alloy have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Melt-spun ribbons quenched in liquid nitrogen consist of carbide-free highly twinned martensite plates between 0.5-and 2.0-µm long and 0.1-and 0.5 -µm thick, with approximately 40 pct retained austenite also present. Ribbons tempered at 600 °C for 10 seconds consist of ferrite of approximately the same grain size and both intragranular and intergranular cementite precipitates. The intragranular cementite particles are about 0.1 /um or less in size and exhibit a single variant of the Bagaryatskii orientation relationship with respect to a given ferrite grain; the intergranular particles are about 0.1 µm in thickness and can be as long as 0.5 µm due to growth and/or coalescence along ferrite grain boundaries. A heat-treatment cycle investigated with a view toward generating structures suited for superplastic consolidation of the rapidly solidified ribbons consists of quenching the ribbon in liquid nitrogen, tempering at 600 °C for 10 seconds, “upquenching” to 750 °C (austenitizing) for 10 seconds, and subsequently quenching again in liquid nitrogen. This treatment results in martensite grains highly misoriented with respect to one another and typically 0.5 µm or less in both length and thickness and cementite particles 0.4 µm or less in size. (Occasionally, longer martensite plates were observed; but they never exceeded 1 µm in length.) The microstructures produced here offer the potential for producing fine-grained ultrahigh carbon steels of very high strength without the brittleness associated with the formation of coarse carbide particles or the loss of strength due to graphite formation. This investigation has thus provided the basis for follow-on studies currently underway in ultrahigh carbon Fe-C-Cr and Fe-C-Cr-Si steels, with the intent of producing similar microstructures which will also exhibit enhanced high-temperature stability.
Molecular Basis of Human Piebaldism

Piebaldism is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder of pigmentation characterized by congenital patches of white skin and hair that lack melanocytes. Piebaldism results from mutations of the KIT proto-oncogene, which encodes the cell-surface receptor transmembrane tyrosine kinase for an embryonic growth factor, Steel factor. Several pathologic mutations of the KIT gene have now been identified in different patients with piebaldism. Correlation of these mutations with the associated piebald phenotypes has led to the recognition of a hierarchy of three classes of mutations that result in a graded series of piebald phenotypes, and to improved understanding of the mechanisms that underlie dominant genetic disorders.
Approximate jackknife empirical likelihood method for estimating equations

It is known that the profile empirical likelihood method based on estimating equations is computationally intensive when the number of nuisance parameters is large. Recently, Li, Peng, & Qi (2011) proposed a jackknife empirical likelihood method for constructing confidence regions for the parameters of interest by estimating the nuisance parameters separately. However, when the estimators for the nuisance parameters have no explicit formula, the computation of the jackknife empirical likelihood method is still intensive. In this paper, an approximate jackknife empirical likelihood method is proposed to reduce the computation in the jackknife empirical likelihood method when the nuisance parameters cannot be estimated explicitly. A simulation study confirms the advantage of the new method. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 110–123; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada Il est bien connu que la methode du profil de vraisemblance empirique, basee sur les equations destimation, est tres exigeante numeriquement lorsqu'il y a beaucoup de parametres de nuisance. Recemment, Li, Peng et Qi (2011) ont propose une version jack-knife de la methode de vraisemblance empirique pour construire des regions de confiance pour les parametres d'interet en estimant les parametres de nuisance separement. Cependant, lorsqu'il est impossible dobtenir des estimateurs analytiques pour les parametres de nuisance, le calcul de la version jack-knife de la methode de vraisemblance empirique demeure ardue a evaluer numeriquement. Dans cet article, nous proposons une approximation afin de reduire le temps de calcul de la version jack-knife de la methode de vraisemblance empirique lorsque les parametres de nuisance ne peuvent pas etre estimes explicitement. Une etude de simulation confirme l'avantage de cette nouvelle methode. La revue canadienne de statistique 40: 110–123; 2012 © 2012 Societe statistique du Canada
Current and emerging drugs for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive and often fatal form of interstitial lung disease. It is characterized by injury with loss of lung epithelial cells and abnormal tissue repair, resulting in abnormal accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, deposition of extracellular matrix and distortion of lung architecture, leading to respiratory failure. This lethal lung disorder continues to pose major clinical challenges as an effective therapeutic regimen has yet to be developed. In this report, therapeutic strategies are reviewed, including the use of antifibrotic agents, inhibition of cytokines, leukotrienes and cytokines receptors, and molecular targeting of specific signaling pathways during fibrotic processes and angiogenesis. This article examines the body of evidence supporting present therapies and reviews the newer agents being tested in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Psychosocial predictors of stress associated with the male midlife transition

This study was designed to examine the correlates of developmental psychological stress for 36 middle-aged professional men. Based on sex role convergence and role adjustment theories, two sets of predictor variables were hierarchically entered into a multiple regression equation with a third set of variables entered to control for individual stressors. Controlling for individual stressors, midlife stress outcome was found to be influenced only by role adjustment (R2=.3593). The sex role convergence cluster did not account for a significant increase in variance. Controlling for individual stressors, the best univariate predictors of stress outcome associated with the midlife transition were (a) the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship and (b) marital satisfaction.
The Audience And Its Landscape

* Introduction James Hay, Lawrence Grossberg, and Ellen Wartella. Audience Studies And The Convergence Of Research Traditions * Viewers Work Elihu Katz. * Combinations, Comparisons, and Confrontations: Toward a Comprehensive Theory of Audience Research Karl Erik Rosengren. * Audience Research: Antinomies, Intersection, and the Prospect of Comprehensive Theory David L. Swanson. * After Convergence: Constituents of a Social Semiotics of Mass Media Reception Klaus Bruhn Jensen. * The Pragmatics of Audience in Research and Theory James A. Anderson. Rethinking The Audience As An Object Of Study * Recasting the Audience in the New Television Marketplace? Jay G. Blumler. * Toward a Qualitative Methodology of Audience Study: Using Ethnography to Study the Popular Culture Audience Andrea L. Press. * Notes on Children as a Television Audience Ellen Seiter. * Figuring Audiences and Readers Tony Bennett. * Marginal Texts, Marginal Audiences Larry Gross. * Notes on the Struggle to Define Involvement in Television Viewing Tamar Liebes. * On Not Finding Media Effects: Conceptual Problems in the Notion of an Active Audience (with a Reply to Elihu Katz) Robert Kubey. The Politics Of Audience Studies * The Politics of Producing Audiences Martin Allor. * Power Viewing: A Glance at Pervasion in the Postmodern Perplex John Hartley. * The Hegemony of Specificity and the Impasse in Audience Research: Cultural Studies and the Problem of Ethnography Janice Radway. * Ethnography and Radical Contextualism in Audience Studies Ien Ang. Locating Audiences * Hemispheres of Scholarship: Psychological and Other Approaches to Studying Media Audiences Byron Reeves. * From Audiences to Consumers: The Household and the Consumption of Communication and Information Technologies Roger Silverstone. * Audiencing Violence: Watching Homeless Men Watch Die Hard John Fiske and Robert Dawson. * The Geography of Television: Ethnography, Communications, and Community David Morley. * Satellite Dishes and the Landscapes of Taste Charlotte Brunsdon. * Afterword: The Place of the Audience: Beyond Audience Studies James Hay.
Advances in Ion Mobility Spectrometry: 1980–1990

Abstract Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was first introduced in the late 1960s as an instrumental technique for detecting organic compounds at trace concentrations in air. Despite certain at tractive features of IMS in environmental mon itoring and laboratory studies, the growth of IMS from 1970 to 1980 exhibited some disappointing trends as suggested in Figure 1. Interest in IMS declined generally after 1976 by what may be ascribed to a broad disenchantment from unmet expectations and misunderstanding of response characteristics. A new cycle of interest in IMS began 1980 resulting in advances in all aspects of IMS. Additionally, small rugged IMS units suited for operation in hostile environments became available in fulfillment of the purposes originally suggested for IMS. This has occurred through unpublicized developmental programs within military establishments of the U.S. and the U.K.
Effects of electronic and recoil processes in polymers during ion implantation

It has been shown that ion implantation produces remarkable improvements in surface-sensitive mechanical properties, as well as other physical and chemical properties in polymers. To understand mechanisms underlying such property changes, various polymeric materials were subjected to bombardment by energetic ions in the range of 200 keV to 2 MeV. The magnitude of property changes is strongly dependent upon ion species, energy, and dose. Analysis indicated that hardness and electrical conductivity increased by employing ion species with larger electronic cross sections and with increasing ion energy and dose. The results showed that electronic stopping or linear energy transfer (LET, energy deposited per unit track length per ion) for ionization was the most important factor for the enhancement of hardness, while nuclear stopping or linear energy transfer for displacement generally appeared to reduce hardness.
Facile Synthesis of Alkylthiobenzaldehydes

Abstract Alkoxyl alkylthiobenzaldehydes can be readily prepared from the corresponding bromobenzaldehydes and the sodium salt of primary mercaptans in DMF.
CAN BROKEN ROTATIONAL INVARIANCE BE RECONCILED WITH INFLATION

Motivated by claims of broken rotational invariance in the WMAP data, a number of models have appeared in the literature realizing this effect through vector field(s) with a nonvanishing spatial vacuum expectation value. We discuss why many such models have ghost instabilities.