cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of intimate partner violence in women seeking medication abortion.

Abstract Background High rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) have been reported among women seeking surgical abortion. Women seeking medication abortion differ from surgical abortion patients on many measures. The rate of IPV among medication abortion patients is unknown. Study Design The Modified Abuse Assessment Questionnaire was administered to 1128 women at enrollment into a prospective, multicenter medication abortion trial. Results Twenty-three percent of subjects reported ever experiencing IPV. Women reporting IPV were significantly more likely to be white and less likely to be married. They were more likely to have had previous spontaneous and induced abortions, and were more likely to incorrectly estimate their gestational age (GA). Conclusion The rate of IPV in this study was similar to the background US rate. Few demographic variables are predictive of IPV among women seeking medication abortion. Gynecologic variables associated with IPV are consistent with less control over reproductive health.
Orbital Symmetry Control in the Photochemistry of trans-2,3-Diphenyloxirane.

We report quantum yields following 266 nm photolysis of trans-2,3-diphenyloxirane (TDPO) for the formation of the trans-ylide (Scheme 1, Φ = 0.099 ± 0.014), cis-2,3-diphenyloxirane (CDPO, Φ = 0.10 ± 0.009), benzaldehyde (Φ = 0.47 ± 0.04), and deoxybenzoin (Φ = 0.077 ± 0.002). Photolysis of TDPO may lead to both orbital symmetry allowed and forbidden products, but the trans-ylide decays solely via an orbital symmetry predicted pathway to CDPO. Coupling our quantum yields to results of Das and co-workers,1 we report an extinction coefficient for the trans-ylide of 9.4 × 104 M-1 cm-1 at 470 nm. We also report pseudo-first-order rate constants for the reaction between maleic anhydride and the trans-ylide in acetonitrile (kQ = 3.32 ± 0.04 × 109 M-1 s-1) and in cyclohexane (kQ = 5.36 ± 0.07 × 109 M-1 s-1) and between fumaronitrile and the trans-ylide in acetonitrile (kQ = 1.57 ± 0.02 × 109 M-1 s-1) and cyclohexane (kQ = 3.69 ± 0.04 × 109 M-1 s-1). We report the crystal structure of rac-(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-dicyano...
Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Effects of Bradykinin and Its Potentiation by Thiols in Rats

Cysteine, 2-propanethiol, and 2-mercaptoethylamine were found to potentiate the action of bradykinin on the rat blood pressure. These same thiols were ineffective on the in vitro rat ileum, although on the guinea pig ileum only 2-propanethiol was observed to be ineffective. The potentiation is presumed to result from thiol complexation of the zinc moiety in the active center of the carboxypeptidase B-type enzyme (responsible for the lysis of bradykinin), hence allowing the nonapeptide to exert a greater effect. Thus the results tend to support the hypothesis that this enzyme may play an important role in terminating the action of bradykinin on rat blood pressure and guinea pig ileum, but in the rat ileum other enzyme systems may be involved.
Biosynthesis of the benz[α]anthraquinone antibiotic PD 116198

Abstract The labeling pattern obtained from incorporation of a mixture of sodium [1-13C]- and [s-13C]acetates has confirmed the irregular derivation of the benz[α]anthraquinone skeleton of the angucycline antibiotic PD 116198. Subsequent incorporation of sodium [1-13C, 18O2]-, and [1-13C, 2-2H3]acetates and of 18O2 have revealed the origins of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of the antibiotic. The possibility of a “two-chain” biosynthesis was tested by feeding 2H-labeled orsellinates; however, no incorporation was detected. PD 116198 seems most plausibly derived by rearrangement of an initially-formed linear tetracyclic intermediate.
OO techniques applied to a real-time, embedded, spaceborne application

Though Object-Oriented Analysis, Design, and languages have become the dominant practices in many, or most, domains of software engineering, concerns about complexity, size, and performance in the embedded, real-time software domain have led to a prevalent view that OO technology is not suitable for the domain. We challenge this view through a successful application of OOA, OOD, and C++ (including STL) in the embedded, real-time flight software in an Earth-orbiting science instrument named Aquarius (see [1]). We've found that OOA and OOD with UML actually enhance communication with systems and hardware engineers. We also found that C++, thoughtfully used, need not lead to code bloat, and that its performance is every bit as good as that of C. We begin with an overview of the requirements and describe our overall use of UML modeling, followed by a discussion of the use of UML for Object-Oriented Analysis with use cases. Then the application of UML for high-level and detailed design, the use of frameworks supporting a component architecture and multi-platform execution, and code generation from UML detailed design are described. We also present the use of UML for organizing and designing and documenting our verification and test environment and scenarios, and using HTML, generated by our UML tool, for all documentation and for requirement traceability. Finally, we discuss the use of C++ as the implementation language, and give an overview of status and work metrics.
Infrared spectroscopic studies on the ethyl and isopropyl radicals

Abstract Studies are presented on the structure of the ethyl and isopropyl radicals. These are based on the infrared spectra of the radicals generated by the UV photolysis of peroxides in argon matrices. The salient features revealed by the infrared spectra are that rotation about the CC bond in the ethyl radical is unhindered and that the barrier for rotation of the methyl groups in the isopropyi radical is sufficient for the existence of more than one conformation of the isopropyl radical in argon matrices.
Expression of haptoglobin mRNA in the liver and oviduct during the oestrous cycle of cows (Bos taurus)

Abstract Recent evidence supports involvement of the acute phase protein haptoglobin in numerous events of mammalian reproduction. The objective of this study was to determine whether haptoglobin mRNA was expressed in the bovine ovary and oviduct, and to evaluate whether expression of haptoglobin mRNA in reproductive tissues and liver was associated with a specific phase of the bovine oestrous cycle. Oestrus was synchronized in Holstein cows by prostaglandin injection and tissues were collected during the luteal and peri-oestrous stages of the oestrous cycle. Total RNA was isolated and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using primers designed against regions of similarity in human, rat and mouse haptoglobin sequences. Haptoglobin mRNA expression was detected in oviductal cells and liver, during both stages of the oestrous cycle, but not in ovarian follicular cells. The 302 bp PCR product was determined to share 82–83% identity with reported primate haptoglobin sequences. Analysis by Northern blotting revealed 1.2 and 1.4 kb haptoglobin mRNA transcripts in the oviduct and liver, and indicated that hepatic haptoglobin mRNA expression was elevated above basal levels in a greater proportion of peri-oestrous cows (4/4) than luteal cows (1/5). Haptoglobin cDNA was cloned and in vitro transcribed to generate probes for in situ hybridization. Haptoglobin mRNA was detected in the liver, but not in the ovary or oviduct. We conclude that haptoglobin mRNA expression in the bovine liver is up-regulated during the peri-oestrous phase of the oestrous cycle, and that the bovine oviduct expresses a low level of haptoglobin mRNA constitutively. This temporal pattern of haptoglobin mRNA expression would expose reproductive tissues to elevated concentrations of serum haptoglobin during the peri-oestrous stage, and suggests that haptoglobin may be important in reproductive events occurring during this time period.
Does chondroid chordoma exist

The existence of chondroid chordoma (CC), initially described in 1973, has remained controversial. Since the antigenic profiles of both chordoma (CD) and cartilaginous (chondroid) lesions have been well characterized, we decided to study chondroid chordoma immunohistochemically. Our hypothesis was that chondroid chordoma should display a hybrid or mixed pattern of staining: chordomatous areas with an epithelial phenotype and cartilaginous areas with a mesenchymal (non-epithelial) phenotype. An analysis of CC (seven cases) was performed and compared with results obtained on notochord, cartilage, classic CD (18 cases), peripheral chondromas (two cases), and peripheral chondrosarcomas (CS, eight cases). Four epithelial markers were employed: MKER and AE-1 (both monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratin); PKER (a polyclonal antibody to cytokeratin); and, EMA (epithelial membrane antigen). In addition, selected cases were tested for the presence of neurofilament (NF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). All 18 CD's exhibited the expected epithelial immunophenotype — MKER+, AE-1+, PKER+, and EMA+ — a reaction pattern nearly identical to that found in fetal notochord. This reinforced the importance of the growth pattern in assessing the presence of chordomatous elements. All chondromas and CS's failed to express any of the epithelial markers studied and contained only S-100 immunoreactivity, like cartilage. Chondroid chordoma resembled cartilaginous tumors immunohistochemically; no mixed pattern with even focal epithelial marker reactivity was identified. All CC tested were also NF and GFAP negative. We conclude that CC either does not exist or is extremely rare and that these tumors are cartilaginous in nature. We propose abandoning the term chondroid chordoma and replacing it with “low grade chondrosarcoma”. Distinction from CD is still imperative due to the clear difference in natural history; we provide histological definitions and an immunophenotype to aid in this distinction.
Baryon number in warped grand unified theories: model building and (dark matter related) phenomenology

In the past year, a new non-supersymmetric framework for electroweak symmetry breaking (with or without Higgs) involving SU(2)L × SU(2)R × U(1)B−L in higher dimensional warped geometry has been suggested. In this work, we embed this gauge structure into a GUT such as SO(10) or Pati–Salam. We showed recently (in hep-ph/0403143) that in a warped GUT, a stable Kaluza–Klein fermion can arise as a consequence of imposing proton stability. Here, we specify a complete realistic model where this particle is a weakly interacting right-handed neutrino, and present a detailed study of this new dark matter candidate, providing relic density and detection predictions. We discuss phenomenological aspects associated with the existence of other light () KK fermions (related to the neutrino), whose lightness is a direct consequence of the top quark's heaviness. The AdS/CFT interpretation of this construction is also presented. Most of our qualitative results do not depend on the nature of the breaking of the electroweak symmetry provided that it happens near the TeV brane.
Degree of preservation of igneous zonation in zircon as a signpost for concordancy in U/Pb geochronology

Abstract Zircon crystallized from felsic magmas typically (if not ubiquitously) develop compositional growth zonation that is easily imaged by cathodoluminescence (CL). This zonation represents inherently unstable chemical gradients that are preserved only by virtue of slow diffusion. CL images from igneous rocks that have experienced single metamorphic events suggest that chemical diffusion occurs during metamorphism and causes progressive blurring and eventual eradication of sharp-edged, primary zonation in magmatic zircon. Characterizing the range of zonation preservation in a single zircon population using CL imaging can provide a qualitative estimate of the relative degree of diffusion that occurred within that population. The integration of CL imagery and conventional U/Pb data indicates that extra-crystalline Pb loss (and therefore discordance) has occurred where chemical diffusion has operated at scales sufficient to modify primary zonation. Whereas the degree of diffusion and attendant Pb loss cannot be quantitatively estimated, this integrated data defines a strong relationship between discordance and the relative degree of preservation of zonation in zircon. This link provides a useful tool for conventional U/Pb geochronology to better predict the degree of discordance in samples of meta-igneous rocks. It also confirms that penetrative, thermally driven Pb loss occurs in zircon that has accumulated metamictization.
Skeletal muscle growth hormone receptor signaling regulates basal, but not fasting-induced, lipid oxidation.

Background Growth hormone (GH) stimulates whole-body lipid oxidation, but its regulation of muscle lipid oxidation is not clearly defined. Mice with a skeletal muscle-specific knockout of the GH receptor (mGHRKO model) are protected from high fat diet (HFD)–induced insulin resistance and display increased whole-body carbohydrate utilization. In this study we used the mGRHKO mice to investigate the role of muscle GHR signaling on lipid oxidation under regular chow (RC)- and HFD- fed conditions, and in response to fasting. Methodology/Principal Findings Expression of lipid oxidation genes was analyzed by real-time PCR in the muscles of RC- and HFD- fed mice, and after 24 h fasting in the HFD-fed mice. Expression of lipid oxidation genes was lower in the muscles of the mGHRKO mice relative to the controls, irrespective of diet. However, in response to 24 h fasting, the HFD-fed mGHRKO mice displayed up-regulation of lipid oxidation genes similar to the fasted controls. When subjected to treadmill running challenge, the HFD-fed mGHRKO mice demonstrated increased whole-body lipid utilization. Additionally, under fasted conditions, the adipose tissue of the mGHRKO mice displayed increased lipolysis as compared to both the fed mGHRKO as well as the fasted control mice. Conclusions/Significance Our data show that muscle GHR signaling regulates basal lipid oxidation, but not the induction of lipid oxidation in response to fasting. We further demonstrate that muscle GHR signaling is involved in muscle-adipose tissue cross-talk; however the mechanisms mediating this remain to be elucidated.
Woodrow Wilson as an orator

(1952). Woodrow Wilson as an orator. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 145-148.
The effect of oil price on containership speed and fleet size

The changing prices of bunker fuel open the door for substantial cost savings by adjusting the sailing speed of ships. A large ship may be burning up to 100 000 USD of bunker fuel per day, which may constitute more than 75% of its operating costs. Reducing the cruising speed by 20% reduces daily bunker consumption by 50%. However, in order to maintain liner service frequency and capacity, reducing the cruising speed may require additional ships to operate a route. We construct a cost model that we use to analyse the trade-off between speed reduction and adding vessels to a container line route, and devise a simple procedure to identify the sailing speed and number of vessels that minimize the annual operating cost of the route. Using published data, we demonstrate the potential for large-cost savings when one operates close to the minimal-cost speed. The presented methodology and procedure are applicable for any bunker fuel price.
RHEED study of the kinetics of the (2 × 1)-to-(7 × 7) transformation in cleaved Si(111)

The transformation of the (2 × 1) structure of cleaved Si(111) to the (7 × 7) structure with thermal annealing has been investigated with reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). An intermediate (5 × 5) phase is observed, making the reaction sequence (2 × 1) → (5 × 5) → (7 × 7). Initial results of the transformation kinetics show that the decay of the total area of the (2 × 1) phase follows a power law with an exponent x ≈ −12.
Genetic Variability Estimates in Improved ans Nonimproved ‘Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic’ Maize Populations

Our objective was to determine if changes in genetic variance had occurred after recurrent selection primarily for grain yield in two maize (Zea mays L.) selection programs originating from «Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic» (BSSSSCO)
Falling into Salvation in Cioran

While, at first glance, there seems to be very little room in the thought of E.M. Cioran for the notion of salvation, a closer look reveals that Cioran returns constantly to the vocabulary and the concept of redemption. This article teases out Cioran’s complex use of the topos of salvation throughout his works, with special emphasis on his middle period. I begin by tracing Cioran’s notion of humanity’s fall into time and language, from which he claims there can be no salvation in the traditional Christian sense. Nonetheless, he retains the concept, claiming at various points that there is a kind of salvation to be found in suicide, music, silence, and skepticism. Ultimately, however, each of these provides only false salvation, since the only permanent solution to the problem of existence for Cioran would be either to cease to exist or to lose our human nature in exchange for a plant-like life. Since this is impossible, we are left with our human means of seeking deliverance. While Cioran generally condemns human attempts at creation or procreation, he takes a different approach to the act of writing. In his reflections on writing we see that salvation for Cioran is always temporary, provisional, and threatened by our next bout of lucidity, but at the same time, eternally renewable with each new act of writing.
Atlas of Antarctica: Topographic Maps From Geostatistical Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data

The shape of the Antarctic continent was only determined after the mid-twentieth century to any reasonable accuracy by a combination of spotty geodetic surveys, aerial photography and satellite imagery. The advent of satellite radar altimetry late in that century allowed mapping the geoid of the ocean basins. The result was a new understanding of the tectonics and evolution of the ocean basins. Now, a few researchers have applied radar altimetry to determining the shape and ice mass of the Antarctic. Ute Herzfeld's book represents a monumental effort to map the topography of the coastal regions of Antarctica to high accuracy by these means.
Shape control of PbSe nanocrystals using noble metal seed particles.

We demonstrate that the shape of PbSe nanocrystals can be controlled systematically by seeding their growth with noble metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag, or Pd) and varying the seed and precursor concentrations. Cylinders (quantum rods), cubes, crosses, stars, and branched structures were produced in high yield at 150 °C in reaction times of a few minutes. Although their absorption spectrum does not exhibit sharp features, the quantum rods exhibit significant photogeneration efficiency, enabling infrared sensitization of a polymeric photoconductive nanocomposite.
Prediction of Protein Structures Using GPU Based Simulated Annealing

Simulated annealing (SA) is one of the popular approaches to predict protein structures. SA is prohibitive because it usually consumes much computing time and is likely to fall into local minimum points. We proposed a parallel SA algorithm based on a Graph Process Unit (GPU) technique to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the protein structure prediction. First, we analyze the SA algorithm based on CPU, second, we introduce the architecture of Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). Finally, we applied statistical method to optimize the performance of the CUDA based parallel algorithm. The experimental result shows that our algorithm provides a feasible solution for the protein structure prediction.
Relation of Smoking to the Incidence of Age-related Maculopathy The Beaver Dam Eye Study

To date, a number of reports have been published on the relation of cigarette smoking to age-related maculopathy, an important cause of blindness in the United States. However, few studies have examined the relation between smoking and the incidence of age-related maculopathy. In this report, the authors examine this association in persons aged 43-86 years (n = 3,583) at baseline who were participants in the baseline examination and 5-year follow-up of the Beaver Dam Eye Study, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin (1988-1990 and 1993-1995). Exposure data on cigarette smoking were obtained from questions about present and past smoking, duration of smoking, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Age-related maculopathy status was determined by grading stereoscopic color fundus photographs using the Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy Grading System. After controlling for age, sex, vitamin supplement use, and beer consumption, men who smoked greater amounts of cigarettes were more likely to develop early age-related maculopathy (odds ratio (OR) per 10 pack-years smoked = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.13, p = 0.06) than men who had smoked less. This association was not observed in women. Men (OR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.09-9.45) and women (OR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.04-4.66) who were current smokers at the time of the baseline examination had significantly higher odds of developing large drusen (> or = 250 microns in diameter) after 5 years than those who had never smoked or who quit before the baseline study. Current or past history of cigarette smoking was not related to the incidence of retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation. The authors conclude that smoking appears to be related to the incidence of some lesions associated with early age-related maculopathy.
Combinatorial Control of Global Dynamics in a Chaotic Differential Equation

Controlling chaos has been an extremely active area of research in applied dynamical systems, following the introduction of the Ott, Grebogi, Yorke (OGY) technique in 1990 [Ott et al., 1990], but most of this research based on parametric feedback control uses local techniques. Associated with a dynamical system which pushes forward initial conditions in time, transfer operators, including the Frobenius–Perron operator, are associated dynamical systems which push forward ensemble distributions of initial conditions. In [Bollt, 2000a, 2000b; Bollt & Kostelich, 1998], we have shown that such global representations of a discrete dynamical system are useful in controlling certain aspects of a chaotic dynamical system which could only be accessible through such a global representation. Such aspects include invariant measure targeting, as well as orbit targeting. In this paper, we develop techniques to show that our previously discrete time techniques are accessible also to a differential equation. We focus on the Duffing oscillator as an example. We also show that a recent extension of our techniques by Gora and Boyarsky [1999] can be further simplified and represented in a convenient and compact way by using a tensor product.
Finite Element Modeling of Pad Deformation due to Diamond Disc Conditioning in Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP)

Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is widely used to planarize and smooth the surface of semiconductor wafers. In CMP, diamond disc conditioning is traditionally employed to restore pad planarity and surface asperity. Pad deformation which occurs during conditioning affects the material removal mechanism of CMP since pad shape, stress and strain are related to cut rate during conditioning, pad wear rate and wafer material removal rate (MRR) during polishing. Available reports concerning the effect of diamond disc conditioning on pad deformation are based on simplified models of the pad and do not consider its microstructure. In this study, a two-dimensional (2-D) finite element analysis (FEA) model is proposed to analyze the interaction between the diamond disc conditioner and the polishing pad. To enhance modeling fidelity, image processing is utilized to characterize the morphological and mechanical properties of the pad. An FEA model of the characterized pad is developed and utilized to study the effects of process parameters (conditioning pressure and pad stiffness) on pad deformation. The study reveals that understanding the morphological and mechanical properties of CMP pads is important to the design of high performance pads.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Recurrence patterns after extended treatment with bevacizumab for ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers.

Abstract Objective To evaluate patterns of recurrence for ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer patients undergoing extended treatment with bevacizumab (BEV). Methods A retrospective review of patients with primary ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer treated with BEV alone or in combination with other chemotherapy from 2001 to 2011 was performed. Qualified patients were identified by chemotherapy records. Electronic medical records, labs, and imaging reports were reviewed and abstracted. Results Of 108 patients identified, 89 patients met study criteria by having disease progression either during treatment with BEV or after discontinuing BEV without initiating any other treatment. Patients on extended BEV therapy (>12 cycles) were more likely to recur in extra-visceral sites (p=0.04), especially in lymph nodes (p=0.0002), and presented with fewer symptoms at time of recurrence (p=0.02), compared to patients who had received≤12 cycles. CA-125 becomes less reliable for the detection of recurrent disease with extended BEV therapy (p=0.03 for≤12 cycles vs. p=0.08 for >12 cycles). Radiology was superior to CA-125, symptom, and physical exam, in detecting recurrence with extended BEV therapy (all p Conclusions Extended treatment with BEV in ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers results in alterations in the patterns of recurrence. Radiologic imaging is more reliable than CA-125, symptoms, or physical exam, in identifying recurrent disease in patients undergoing BEV treatment. As novel targeted therapies continue to be employed, guidelines for gynecologic cancer surveillance must continue to be reexamined.
THE COST-COMPETITIVENESS OF MAJOR • EXPORTING COUNTRIES OF MAIZE, WHEAT AND SOYBEANS II: LANDED COSTS AND EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATES

ABSTRACT Landed costs of a commodity include production costs and domestic marketing costs (f.o.b. costs) and international freight charges. Production costs are the main component of landed costs and are a major reason for cost advantages (or disadvantages) among exporting countries. F.o.b. costs at real exchange rates averaged over seven years (1980–86) were compared with f.o.b. costs at mid-1986 exchange rates. Results show that the ranking of most countries did not change markedly, except in the case of wheat.
The effect of the incubation temperature on the cleavage rate of mouse embryos in vitro.

We have studied the effect of an elevated incubation temperature on the in vitro cleavage rate of one- and two-cell mouse embryos. Two-cell embryos demonstrated a significantly higher rate of cleavage when incubated at 39°C as compared to 37 or 41°C. When recovered at the onecell stage, the difference in cleavage rate between the groups incubated at 37 and 39°C did not reach significance. While the morphology of the embryos incubated at 37°C did not differ from that of the embryos incubated at 39°C in either group, a significantly higher rate of degeneration was noted in the group of two-cell embryos incubated at 41°C. These findings may apply to the human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer system (IVF-ET), where the existing “lag” between embryo and endometrium could be narrowed if embryo cleavage rates could be accelerated. Further documentation of the normality of these “advanced” embryos is required.
Organo-Lewis Acids As Cocatalysts in Cationic Metallocene Polymerization Catalysis. Unusual Characteristics of Sterically Encumbered Tris(perfluorobiphenyl)borane

Organo-Lewis acids such as methylalumoxane (MAO) and B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5} ){sub 3} (I) play pivotal roles as alkide/hydride abstractors/ cocatalysts in generating highly active, cationic olefin polymerization catalysts (II; L,L` = anionic ancillary ligands; X{sup -} = weakly coordinating anion). We communicate here the unusual cocatalytic characteristics of the new, sterically encumbered fluoroarylborane, tris(2,2`,2``-perfluorobiphenyl)-borane (PBB, III). Characteristics include substantially different abstractive and ion pair structure/reactivity relationships vis-a-vis I. PPB was synthesized as colorless microcrystals in 76% yield from C{sub 6}F{sub 5}Br. Reaction with group 4 and Th methyls proceeds cleanly to yield cationic complexes, which were characterized by standard {sup 1}H/{sup 13}C/{sup 19}F NMR spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The results illustrate the substantial and surprising differences in cationic complex ion pair structure and reactivity that can be brought about by modifications in fluoroarylborane catalyst architecture. 10 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Sleep: suppression of rapid eye movement phase in the cat after electroconvulsive shock.

Electroconvulsive shock, administered for 5 to 7 days, reduced the daily rapid eye movement sleep time of seven cats to as little as 28 percent of base line levels. After day 4, eye movements during periods of cortical activation without tonic electromyographic activity were greatlyreduced. Although partially deprived of rapid eye movements for as long as 7 days, the cats showed no compensatory rise in rapid eye movement time during the recovery period, but controls equally deprived gave significant rebounds. Rapid eye movement time of anesthetized cats was not affected by current that usually produces con vulsions; it was lowered in animals convulsed with metrazol, but the same dosage of this drug, administered so as to avoid convulsions, had little eflect.It appears that some aspect of the convulsion is responsible for lowering the rapid eye movement time.
Early Surgical Closure of the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in the Low Birth Weight Neonate without Primary Indomethacin Prophylaxis or Treatment 1654

Recent emphasis on the use of routine prophylactic indomethacin in preterm neonates is not without risk. Studies have shown a risk for increased ileal perforation (Am J Perinatol 11:295-6, 1994) as well as other complications associated with indomethacin administration (Am J Physiol 269:H1450-9, 1995). There is a known association with delayed closure of a PDA (as exemplified by prolonged and repeated courses of indomethacin) and increased risk of chronic lung disease. To avoid administration of indomethacin in over 50% of “at risk” neonates whose PDA's would close spontaneously (J Pediatr 128:631-7, 1996), early surgical ligation of a symptomatic PDA(6.90±0.24 days) was performed in preterm infants under 1,250 grams without indomethacin prophylaxis or treatment. Analysis of the 21 patients who had ligation performed are compared to the 20 other neonates in the same weight range whose PDA's closed without therapy during the study period.
The programmed switch in lysine-rich histone synthesis at gastrulation

The pattern of histone synthesis changes during development in sea urchins. One change involves two different lysine-rich histones. In Lytechinus, the late appearing histone, H1g, begins to be synthesized at gastrulation. Preformed ("maternal") mRNA of unfertilized eggs contains sequences that direct the synthesis of a part of the histone made during the period of cleavage. During that interval a different lysine-rich hsitone, H1m, is produced. Maternal mRNA is not, however, the sole source of templates for histone synthesis. Transcription of embryonic genomes provides the major translate both maternal and embryonic messages. A cell-free system derived from wheat germ was used to test RNAs from unfertilized eggs and from post-gastrula embryos for their capacity to direct the synthesis of histones, including the H1 types in vitro. Maternal mRNA includes templates for the synthesis of H1m, but it appears to lack those for H1g, since the cell-free system yields only H1m when challenged wigh egg RNA. Since the cell-free system is capable of translating H1g mRNA when presented with it, the synthesis of H1g is probably a very early developmental event controlled at the level of transcription.
Risk characteristics of closed-end stock fund IPOs

We examine 34 closed-end stock fund initial public offerings (IPOs) during the period of January 1, 1986, through June 30, 1987. We find that the funds have low systematic risk during their first trading months, especially the initial month. We also observe that the funds' beta risk tends to increase as the funds season in aftermarket trading. This pattern is in sharp contrast to new issues by nonfinancial corporations, which have very high initial betas that decline over time.
X-ray diffuse scattering study of height fluctuations at the liquid–vapor interface of gallium

Abstract We report an experimental study of wavelength dependent interfacial tension of liquid Ga using X-ray surface diffusion scattering. The observed surface tension can be explained by Mecke–Dietrich formalism derived from a microscopic density functional theory when the known stratified liquid–vapor interfacial density profile of Ga and a so-called individual local pseudo-potential for the pair-interaction potential of liquid metal are used. The quantitative behavior of the surface tension as a function of wavelength is very sensitive to the forms of both the interfacial density profile and the asymptotic part of the pair-potential, and is different from that observed from several dielectric liquids reported previously (Nature 403 (2000) 871; Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2003) 216101).
Treatment of acute head injuries

Abstract In the case of acute head injury, our main concern is to keep the injured brain as quiet as possible. Edema of the brain should be combatted by means of dehydration. Blood in the subarachnoid space should be removed. Compound fractures of the vault of the skull should be explored and the dura closed, except in those cases where the fracture is over a venous sinus. Signs of a ruptured middle meningeal artery should be explored as soon as suspected. Simple depressed fractures of the skull are of little significance and require no treatment unless they are over a motor area or the speech area of the cortex.
Brain tumors in irradiated monkeys.

A study was made of 32 monkeys which survived one to seven years after total body exposure to protons or to high-energy X rays. Among these 32 monkeys there were 21 which survived two years or longer after exposure to 200 to 800 rad. Glioblastoma multiforme developed in 3 of the 10 monkeys surviving three to five years after receiving 600 or 800 rad 55-MeV protons. Thus, the incidence of tumor development in the present series was far higher than the incidence of spontaneously developing brain tumors in monkeys cited in the literature. This suggests that the tumors in the present series may have been radiation-induced.
Evidence for blocked 5′-termini in human adenovirus DNA

Abstract DNA molecules from six human adenovirus serotypes, representative of three oncogenic classes, were investigated using enzymes specific for 5′-, and for 3′-termini in DNA. Results obtained with DNA purified by sequential treatment with papain, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and phenol show that the majority of the 5′-termini of all these DNAs is blocked. Depending upon the source of DNA, from 50 to 80% of the 5′-termini are inaccessible to polynucleotide kinase even after extensive alkaline phosphatase treatment. The DNA molecules with 5′-termini inaccessible to phosphorylation are also resistant to λ exonuclease which hydrolyzes DNA starting from 5′-ends. These 5′-termini remain inaccessible to phosphorylation after high temperature phosphatase treatment, or after phosphatase treatment of denatured, single-stranded DNA. However, about 40% of the blocked 5′-termini of adenovirus 2 DNA becomes accessible to phosphatase and polynucleotide kinase after prolonged treatment of the DNA with sodium hydroxide. These findings suggest that a strongly bonded substituent rather than a peculiar DNA conformation accounts for the inaccessible 5′-termini. The 5′-blocking group does not affect the reactivity of the 3′-termini since all of the molecules are attacked by exonuclease III, which hydrolyzes DNA starting from 3′-ends. Finally, in all of the adenovirus serotypes examined, the nucleotide found at the 5′-termini of DNA molecules accessible to labeling is predominantly deoxycytidylate.
Role of calcium current and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in control of myocardial contraction in rat and rabbit myocytes.

Abstract The relative importance of calcium current and sarcoplasmic reticulum in supplying contraction-related calcium was investigated in isolated rat and rabbit cardiac ventricular myocytes using patch-clamp and video techniques. Calcium current and contractile response were manipulated via variation of [Ca 2+ ] o between 0.25 and 8.0 mM. Sarcolemmal calcium influx was derived from integration of the calcium current. An increase in [Ca 2+ ] o from 0.25 to 8 mM augmented the amplitude of contractile shortening from 7 to 375% of control (amplitude at 1.0 mM) in rat but only from 36.5 to 177.6% in rabbit. Upon variation in [Ca 2+ ] o from 0.5 to 8.0 mM calcium current increased from 67 to 175% of control in rat and from 65 to 150% in rabbit. Sarcolemmal calcium influx in rat was, however, only about half of that in rabbit for the entire range of [Ca 2+ ] o and saturated at [Ca 2+ ] o over 2.0 mM in both species. Application of 1 μM ryanodine increased calcium current and slowed its inactivation time course in the rat, but in the rabbit a slight decrease in current was observed and the inactivation time course was not obviously affected. The sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release: transsarcolemmal calcium flux ratio is at least four-fold greater in the rat than in the rabbit. The results from this study further explain the well-known marked differences in contractile control in the two species.
Nonparametric Estimation of the Bayes Error of Feature Extractors Using Ordered Nearest Neighbor Sets

Since the Bayes classifier is the optimum classifier in the sense of having minimum probability of misclassification among all the classifiers using the same set of pattern features, the error rate of the Bayes classifier using the set of features provided by a feature extractor, called the Bayes error of the feature extractor, is the smallest possible for the feature extractor. Consequently, the Bayes error can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the feature extractors in a pattern recognition system. In this paper, a nonparametric technique for estimating the Bayes error for any two-category feature extractor is presented. This technique uses the nearest neighbor sample sets and is based on an infinite series expansion of the general form of the Bayes error. It is shown that this technique is better than the existing methods, and the estimates obtained by this technique are more meaningful in evaluating the quality of feature extractors. Computer simulation as well as application to electrocardiogram analysis are used to demonstrate this technique.
Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by Fe(II) in the presence of fulvic acids and in lacustrine pore water

Abstract In this study, the efficacy of Fe(II)–dissolved organic matter (DOM) complexes to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under anoxic conditions was examined. Cr(VI) was quickly reduced (minutes) in Fe(II) solutions in the absence and presence of Suwannee River (SRFA) and Pony Lake fulvic acid (PLFA). Fe(II)–DOM solutions did not always reduce Cr(VI) faster than Fe(II)-only systems, which is attributable to the pH dependent formation of highly reactive ferrous hydroxide species that could be stronger reductants than the Fe(II)–DOM complexes. DOM composition also influenced Cr(VI) reduction kinetics as Fe(II) in the presence of SRFA exhibited significantly faster Cr(VI) reduction kinetics at pH 5, 5.5, and 6 than Fe(II)–PLFA solutions. Further, 3:1 Fe(II):Cr(IV) stoichiometry was not observed in the Fe(II) fulvic acid solutions leading us to believe that the oxidized iron produced during Cr(VI) reduction is cycled back to Fe(II) by redox active fulvic acid moieties. Cr(VI) was reduced even more quickly in anoxically extracted sedimentary pore fluids from a wetland (Old Woman Creek Estuarine Reserve Huron, OH) that possessed higher levels of Fe(II) and DOM than the amounts used in the fulvic acid experiments. These data demonstrate that abiotic Cr(VI) reduction in anoxic pore waters that are naturally high in Fe(II) and DOM occurs more quickly relative to rates reported for biotic processes and is the dominant reduction pathway in these environments.
Ultrastructural characterization of the agent of systemic yeast infection of owl monkeys

Systemic infection by an unclassified yeast-like organism has been encountered sporadically in wild-caught owl monkeys (Aotus sp.) from SouthAmerica. The infection is presumably acquired in the wild; the incubation period ranges from months to years. The disease is indolent and clinical signs are non-specific. The diagnosis is based on histopathologic observation of yeast-like cells in multiple internal organs. Most cells appear to bephagocytized by macrophages, however, many are apparently free in the extracellular space. Other inflammatory infiltrates, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and multinucleated giant cells, are conspicuously absent. Cells are thick-walled, globose to oval, range from 5 to 8 μm in diameter, and reproduce by narrow-based budding of single daughter cells. Attempts to cultivate the organism on artificial media have failed. Yeast cell ultrastructure was studied using transmission electron microscopy. The cell wall is multilayered, and the internal structure is marke...
High-throughput identification of phage-derived imaging agents.

The use of phage-displayed peptide libraries is a powerful method for selecting peptides with desired binding properties. However, the validation and prioritization of “hits” obtained from this scr...
Is 27 a Big Number? Correlational and Causal Connections among Numerical Categorization, Number Line Estimation, and Numerical Magnitude Comparison.

This study examined the generality of the logarithmic to linear transition in children's representations of numerical magnitudes and the role of subjective categorization of numbers in the acquisition of more advanced understanding. Experiment 1 (49 girls and 41 boys, ages 5-8 years) suggested parallel transitions from kindergarten to second grade in the representations used to perform number line estimation, numerical categorization, and numerical magnitude comparison tasks. Individual differences within each grade in proficiency for the three tasks were strongly related. Experiment 2 (27 girls and 13 boys, ages 5-6 years) replicated results from Experiment 1 and demonstrated a causal role of changes in categorization in eliciting changes in number line estimation. Reasons were proposed for the parallel developmental changes across tasks, the consistent individual differences, and the relation between improved categorization of numbers and increasingly linear representations.
Transfer Learning for Constituency-Based Grammars

In this paper, we consider the problem of cross-formalism transfer in parsing. We are interested in parsing constituencybased grammars such as HPSG and CCG using a small amount of data specific for the target formalism, and a large quantity of coarse CFG annotations from the Penn Treebank. While all of the target formalisms share a similar basic syntactic structure with Penn Treebank CFG, they also encode additional constraints and semantic features. To handle this apparent discrepancy, we design a probabilistic model that jointly generates CFG and target formalism parses. The model includes features of both parses, allowing transfer between the formalisms, while preserving parsing efficiency. We evaluate our approach on three constituency-based grammars — CCG, HPSG, and LFG, augmented with the Penn Treebank-1. Our experiments show that across all three formalisms, the target parsers significantly benefit from the coarse annotations. 1
Black and White Tokens in Academia: A Difference of Chronic Versus Acute Distinctiveness1

Token status effects, also called distinctiveness, include feelings of racial/gender awareness, representativeness, and accountability. In this multimethod three-part research, it is argued that Black students in a predominantly White university feel chronically distinctive, whereas White students may feel acutely distinctive when they are in the numerical minority. However, this acute distinctiveness is situation specific. First a pilot study confirmed that Black and White females differ in their reports of distinctiveness. Study 1 showed that Black students feel chronically distinctive and that they are often “solos” in classrooms. Study 2 tried to separate race and solo status effects on distinctiveness by experimentally manipulating group solo status. Results indicate a main effect for solo status and also a main effect for race on feelings of distinctiveness across solo conditions. Applications of this research for the token literature and for distinctiveness theory are discussed.
Barankin bounds for position estimation using received signal strength measurements

The estimation of mobile terminal position using received signal strength measurements has been considered for cellular systems in the past. An evaluation of the potential performance of such location estimation methods is of interest. The widely used Cramer-Rao bound is not well suited for this purpose due to discontinuities or large variations in the function describing the relationship between received signal strength and the corresponding position of the mobile terminal. In this paper, the Barankin bound is used to alleviate this problem. A method for determining the lower bounds for any coverage area of interest is described. Lower bounds are presented for a candidate area based on field measurements of received signal strengths.
Toward optimal trade-off between identification and secrecy-key binding using linear codes

We consider the trade-off between identification and secret-key binding capacities in biometric systems. We propose the use of linear codes to achieve optimal trade-off for general source and noise models. We relate the problem to classical point to point communication problems, and two system designs based on linear codes are discussed. One design is proven to achieve optimal trade-off by using good linear codes and good decoders. The other design can be proven to achieve slightly suboptimal performance with lower decoder complexity, which is proper for many practical situations. Based on these results, we are also able to extend previous achievable rate region results to general source and noise models that have dependency within and across source and noise elements.
Surgical shunt infection: significant reduction when using intraventricular and systemic antibiotic agents.

Object Infection represents the most common serious complication of shunt surgery, and typically its incidence ranges between 5 and 15%, despite the use of systemic antibiotic agents. Because systemic antibiotic medications generally penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) poorly, the authors investigated, in a controlled study, whether the addition of intraventricular antibiotic treatment decreases the incidence of perioperative infection in adult patients. Methods Data pertaining to all CSF shunt procedures conducted at the authors’ institution during an 11-year period were reviewed. Perioperative infection was defined as culture-positive CSF and the clinical presence of infection-related symptoms occurring within 90 days of surgery. All patients underwent intraoperative systemic antistaphylococcal antibiotic therapy. Before May 16, 1999, the senior author (R.H.S.) also administered 4 mg of gentamicin intraventricularly at surgery (Group I); thereafter, 10 mg of vancomycin was additionally administered ...