cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A prospective evaluation of antral follicle function in women with 46,XX spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency.

Objective To assess ovarian follicle function in women with 46,XX spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency. Design Case–control with nested prospective cohort. Setting Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health. Patient(s) Women with primary ovarian insufficiency without estrogen replacement for 2 weeks (N = 97) and regularly menstruating control women (N = 42). Intervention(s) Single injection of 300 IU hrFSH. Main Outcome Measure(s) Change in serum estradiol at 24 hours. Result(s) Antral follicles ≥3 mm were detected in 73% (69/95) of patients; both serum estradiol and progesterone levels correlated significantly with maximum follicle diameter in these women. Patients with a maximum follicle diameter ≥8 mm had significantly higher serum estradiol and progesterone levels and significantly lower FSH and LH levels compared with patients without such follicles. In controls estradiol levels increased significantly after FSH administration, but in patients this was not the case despite the presence of an antral follicle ≥8 mm. Conclusion(s) Most women with 46,XX spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency have antral follicles detectable by ultrasound, suggesting that down-regulation of FSH receptors is not the predominant mechanism of follicle dysfunction. Evidence of progesterone secretion by antral follicles ≥8 mm in these patients is consistent with prior histologic evidence that follicle luteinization is the predominant mechanism of follicle dysfunction in this condition. Prospective controlled investigation designed to improve ovulatory function and fertility in these women is indicated.
Clinical judgment: the effects of statistical information.

Summary Four different judges at 3 levels of clinical experience were asked to make postdictive judgments on the length of stay in psychotherapy for mental health service clients. Judgments were made under 4 conditions in which psychodiagnostic and statistical information increased incrementally at each level. Accuracy increased with more information. Accuracy by experience level was not significant. A significant group by information level interaction demonstrated a lower proportion of correct judgments for the less experienced Js under reduced levels of information. Appropriateness of judgments was also lower for the less experienced Js. Statistical information was concluded to be valuable in clinical judgment.
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix through overexpression of collagen VI contributes to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells

The mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer are poorly understood. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) profiling of cisplatin-resistant and sensitive cells revealed many differentially expressed genes. Remarkably, many ECM genes were elevated in cisplatin-resistant cells. COL6A3 was one of the most highly upregulated genes, and cultivation of cisplatin-sensitive cells in the presence of collagen VI protein promoted resistance in vitro. Staining of ovarian tumors with collagen VI antibodies confirmed collagen VI expression in vivo and suggested reorganization of the extracellular matrix in the vicinity of the tumor. Furthermore, the presence of collagen VI correlated with tumor grade, an ovarian cancer prognostic factor. These results suggest that tumor cells may directly remodel their microenvironment to increase their survival in the presence of chemotherapeutic drugs.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) AND RESPIRATORY ENERGY PRODUCTION

Serum, saliva and fibroblast culture media from homozygotes (HM) and heterozygotes (HZ) with CF induce inhibition of ciliary activity or ion transport in a number of biological systems. The possibility that this inhibition may result from respiratory energy alterations was investigated in the nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia Salina (N-BS). “Spent” culture media from HM and HZ fibroblast cultures reduced respiratory energy production by isolated mitochondria from N-BS. This was determined by the micromoles phosphorus esterified/microatoms oxygen consumed (P/O). P/O ratios were: normal controls (NC) 1.6±.3 (10)*; HZ, 1.3±.3 (6); and HM, 1.2±.3 (8). The probability is high that NC and HM are different (P=0.01) but not NC and HZ (P<0.05). When intact N-BS were exposed to mixed saliva from NC, HM and HZ, the O2 consumptions (ul O2/hour nauplius) were: HM, 0.017±0.012 (10), HZ, 0.049±0.010 (10) and NC, 0.087±0.003 (10). HM and HZ values were statistically different from NC and from each other with P<.001. The results suggest that fibroblast culture media and mixed saliva from HM and HZ decrease respiration and mitochondria) energy production of N-BS and may provide a common effect that quantitatively detects previously described CF factors. This effect on oxidative energy production may provide further insight into the pathogenesis of CF. Furthermore, it appears that N-BS could be used to develop a bioassay for detection of HZ for CF. *Numbers in parentheses indicate number of experiments.
Deleterious metabolic effects of high-carbohydrate, sucrose-containing diets in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

The effects of variations in dietary carbohydrate and fat intake on various aspects of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Two test diets were utilized, and they were consumed in random order over two 15-day periods. One diet was low in fat and high in carbohydrate, and corresponded closely to recent recommendations made by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), containing (as percent of total calories) 20 percent protein, 20 percent fat, and 60 percent carbohydrate, with 10 percent of total calories as sucrose. The other diet contained 20 percent protein, 40 percent fat, and 40 percent carbohydrate, with sucrose accounting for 3 percent of total calories. Although plasma fasting glucose and insulin concentrations were similar with both diets, incremental glucose and insulin responses from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. were higher (p less than 0.01), and mean (+/- SEM) 24-hour urine glucose excretion was significantly greater (55 +/- 16 versus 26 +/- 4 g/24 hours p less than 0.02) in response to the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. In addition, fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels were increased (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05, respectively) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were reduced (p less than 0.02) when patients with NIDDM ate the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Finally, since low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations did not change with diet, the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio fell in response to the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. These results document that low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets, containing moderate amounts of sucrose, similar in composition to the recommendations of the ADA, have deleterious metabolic effects when consumed by patients with NIDDM for 15 days. Until it can be shown that these untoward effects are evanescent, and that long-term ingestion of similar diets will result in beneficial metabolic changes, it seems prudent to avoid the use of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets containing moderate amounts of sucrose in patients with NIDDM.
The Politics of Difference and Women’s Rights: Lessons from Pobladoras and Mapuche Women in Chile

Is it possible to represent differences among women in state strategies to promote women's equality with men? This article considers this question by examining the cases of two groups of women in Chile: poor and working-class urban women (pobladoras) and Mapuche indigenous women. Both groups assert that their particular interests and priorities are not represented in the achievements of the Chilean women's movement, particularly the establishment of the National Women's Service, SERNAM. I suggest that the lack of representation of the two groups is due to similar factors: power differences among women, as well as neoliberal socioeconomic and ideological goals, restrict pobladoras' and Mapuche women's access to decision making about definitions of women's rights and policy priorities. At the same time, the neoliberal context also restricts the extent to which SERNAM can respond to claims of difference among women. Despite similarities between the two cases, they have divergent implications for broadening women's rights and citizens' rights more generally. While the Mapuche case questions the applicability of universal rights and indicates a need to recognize cultural rights as part of what it means to be Chilean, the pobladora case indicates a need to guarantee universal socioeconomic rights and institute more effective redistributive policies. Together, the cases show that women's rights cannot be promoted effectively without concurrent attention to cultural difference and socioeconomic inequality.
Hydrolase activities in brain of neurological mutants: cerebroside galactosidase, nitrophenyl galactoside hydrolase, nitrophenyl glucoside hydrolase and sulphatase.

— 1 The brains of 17-day-old quaking and jimpy mice were compared with those of the corresponding normal phenotypes. The concentrations of cerebroside and sulphatide were found to be markedly lower in the affected mutants, while the relative amounts of ceramide and free fatty acid appeared normal. 2 The concentration of cerebroside glactosidase was not significantly abnormal in the jimpy mice but was about 17 per cent lower in quaking mice. In contrast, the relative amount of the enzyme that could be dispersed by sonication was considerably higher in the jimpy animals. It is suggested that this increase is a causative factor in the aetiology of the latter disease. 3 The concentrations of other acid hydrolases were determined, as well as the relative amounts dispersible by sonication. No difference was seen between the phenotypes with NPGalH, NPGluH, and nitrocatechol sulphate hydrolase. 4 An improved solvent system for the TLC detection of ceramide in brain lipids is described.
Encephalomyocarditis virus Leader protein hinge domain is responsible for interactions with Ran GTPase.

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a Cardiovirus, initiates its polyprotein with a short 67 amino acid Leader (L) sequence. The protein acts as a unique pathogenicity factor, with anti-host activities which include the triggering of nuclear pore complex hyperphosphorylation and direct binding inhibition of the active cellular transport protein, Ran GTPase. Chemical modifications and protein mutagenesis now map the Ran binding domain to the L hinge-linker region, and in particular, to amino acids 35–40. Large deletions affecting this region were shown previously to diminish Ran binding. New point mutations, especially K35Q, D37A and W40A, preserve the intact L structure, abolish Ran binding and are deficient for nucleoporin (Nup) hyperphosphorylation. Ran itself morphs through multiple configurations, but reacts most effectively with L when in the GDP format, preferably with an empty nucleotide binding pocket. Therefore, L:Ran binding, mediated by the linker-hinge, is a required step in L-induced nuclear transport inhibition.
Personality and situational factors in the process of inferring attitudes from behavior.

Ss were told that they were going to convince passers-by in the street to sign a petition against air pollution, (a) if this was in accordance with their attitudes (belief-relevant condition), (b) no matter what their attitudes were (belief-irrelevant condition). All Ss filled out a questionnaire indicating the extent to which they generally utilize external cues when inferring inner dispositions. Belief-relevant Ss were more opposed to air pollution than either belief-irrelevant Ss or control Ss who only filled out an attitude questionnaire. Opposition to air pollution was higher among Ss who were classified as dependent on external cues in the belief-relevant and belief-irrelevant groups, but not in the control group. The results replicate former studies which suggested that attitudes are inferred from behavior only when there are cues implying that behavior is relevant to belief. They also add a personality variable which further qualifies the conditions under which such an inference can take place.
Tracer isotope distribution in growing oxide scales

Two methods are presented for the analysis of oxygen tracer isotope “double oxidation” experiments. Mass balance criteria are presented for inferring oxide growth mechanisms from the oxygen isotope profile. For the case of inward growing scales, a diffusion model is presented which describes the tracer distribution as a function of lattice and grain boundary diffusivities, grain size and the parabolic growth rate.
Isolation and structure of a rhodopsin gene from D. melanogaster

Using a novel method for detecting cross-homologous nucleic acid sequences we have isolated the gene coding for the major rhodopsin of Drosophila melanogaster and mapped it to chromosomal region 92B8-11. Comparison of cDNA and genomic DNA sequences indicates that the gene is divided into five exons. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence is 373 residues long, and the polypeptide chain contains seven hydrophobic segments that appear to correspond to the seven transmembrane segments characteristic of other rhodopsins. Three regions of Drosophila rhodopsin are highly conserved with the corresponding domains of bovine rhodopsin, suggesting an important role for these polypeptide regions.
Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the hand

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is a rare benign tumor of vascular origin. The hand is one of its common locations. The case reported showed bony erosion that has not been described in the hand.
Mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere background sulfate concentration in rainwater.

Abstract The pH is not sufficient to characterize the acidity of precipitation, but rather its acid-base components must be described. The chemistry of natural emission sources as well as the mechanism of precipitation formation determine the chemistry of precipitation at mid-latitude, Northern Hemisphere locations. With the ocean biota as a source of atmospheric aerosol SO42−, it is expected that this “background” chemistry will be dominated by SO42−. For the purpose of this study, background was defined as a remote site generally upwind of urban areas, with the additional requirement that samples with evidence of contamination by anthropogenic sources be excluded. Canadian and U.S. data from long term precipitation monitoring sites along the coasts of British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington were evaluated to estimate a background SO42− concentration in rainwater. In addition to screening the data for charge balance, collection efficiency, and anthropogenic influence, the data were corrected for SO42− associated with sea salt. The results of this analysis suggest that the mid-latitude, Northern Hemisphere background excess SO42− concentration in rainfall occurs most frequently in the range of 2–16 μeql−1 with a mean of 5.5 μeql−1 and an average measured pH of 5.3.
Florida Current surface temperature and salinity variability during the last millennium

surface water (d 18 Ow) near Dry Tortugas increased 0.4% during the course of the Little Ice Age (LIA) (� 1200– 1850 A.D.), equivalent to a salinity increase of 0.8–1.5. On the Great Bahama Bank, where surface waters are influenced by the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, d 18 Ow increased by 0.3% during the last 200 years. Although a portion (� 0.1%) of this shift may be an artifact of anthropogenically driven changes in surface water SCO2, the remaining d 18 Ow signal implies a 0.4–1 increase in salinity after 200 years B.P. The simplest explanation of the d 18 Ow data is southward migration of the Atlantic Hadley circulation during the LIA. Scaling of the d 18 Ow records to salinity using the modern low-latitude d 18 Ow-S slope produces an unrealistic reversal in the salinity gradient between the two sites. Only if d 18 Ow is scaled to salinity using a high-latitude d 18 Ow-S slope can the records be reconciled. Variable atmospheric 14 C paralleled Dry Tortugas d 18 Ow, suggesting that solar irradiance paced centennial-scale migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and changes in Florida Current salinity during the last millennium. Citation: Lund, D. C., and W. Curry (2006), Florida Current surface temperature and salinity variability during the last millennium, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2009, doi:10.1029/2005PA001218.
Computation vs. cloning: evaluation of two methods for haplotype determination

Nuclear sequence data, often from multiple loci, are increasingly being employed in analyses of population structure and history, yet there has been relatively little evaluation of methods for accurately and efficiently separating the alleles or haplotypes in heterozygous individuals. We compared the performance of a computational method of haplotype reconstruction and standard cloning methods using a highly variable intron (ornithine decarboxylase, intron 6) in three closely related species of dabbling ducks (genus Anas). Cloned sequences from 32 individuals were compared to results obtained from phase 2.1.1 . phase correctly identified haplotypes in 28 of 30 heterozygous individuals when the underlying model assumed no recombination. Haplotypes of the remaining two individuals were also inferred correctly except for unique polymorphisms, the phase of which was appropriately indicated as uncertain (phase probability = 0.5). For a larger set of 232 individuals, results were essentially identical regardless of the recombination model used and haplotypes for all 30 of the tested heterozygotes were correctly inferred, with the exception of uncertain phase for unique polymorphisms in one individual. In contrast, initial sequences of one clone per sample yielded accurate haplotype determination in only 26 of 30 individuals; polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/cloning errors resulting from misincorporation of individual nucleotides could be recognized and avoided by comparison to direct sequences, but errors due to PCR recombination resulted in incorrect haplotype reconstruction in four individuals. The accuracy of haplotypes reconstructed by phase, even when dealing with a relatively small number of samples and numerous variable sites, suggests broad utility of computational approaches for reducing the cost and improving the efficiency of data collection from nuclear sequence loci.
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS TO ISOLATE GOBLET CELLS

Three different methods of enzymatic treatment were compared to determine the optimum method to isolate goblet cells. For each method, tracheas were excised from adult mongrel cats, trimmed of excess tissue and cut into segments. Thermolysin Method (TH): Tracheal rings were agitated in a solution of 60 u/ml Thermolysin in PBS. After each of 5 agitation periods, the cell suspension was centrifuged into a 10-6 M EDTA solution. The cell pellet was washed, pipetted × 10, and separated on a 45% Percoll gradient formed at 20,000 ×g for 25 min. Pronase Method (PR): Tracheal segments were incubated in .5% Pronase (Type B:45,000 PUK/gm) and .1% BSA in media 1-9 for 55 min. The surface epithelium was removed by pipette and gentle scraping. The cell pellet was washed and separated as described above. Elastase Method (EL): Tracheal segments were incubated in 20 mM EDTA in Ca, Mg free EBSS for 1½ hours after which the surface epithelium was removed. The epithelium was incubated in Elastase 40 u/ml in EBSS for 30 min. The cell pellet was then incubated in DNAase 20,000 u/ml for 1 hour and then separated on the Percoll gradient. TH yielded no goblet cells which excluded trypan blue or appeared intact by electron microscopy. PR yielded 2 × 106 cells per trachea of which 10% were goblet cells with excellent viability and intact ultrastructure. EL yielded 3.3 × 105 healthy appearing goblet cells/trachea with virtually no contamination by other tracheal cell types. EL appears to be superior to PR or TH as a method to isolate cat tracheal goblet cells.
Zufriedenheit und Bindung von Kunden mit hohem Know-how Defizit gegenüber den Anbietern

Kundenzufriedenheit und Kundenbindung sind zurzeit wichtige Themen im Bereich der Marketingforschung. In diesem Beitrag betrachten wir die bislang im Marketing jedoch weitgehend unbeachtete Situation, dass die Kunden gegenuber den Anbietern im Hinblick auf ihr Know-how erheblich unterlegen sind und sich somit in einer schwacheren Position gegenuber dem Anbieter befinden. Wir gehen ferner von dem Problem aus, dass der Kunde eine bestimmte Verhaltensweise favorisiert, die der Anbieter auf Grund seines hohen Know-how nicht als empfehlenswert erachtet. Weiterhin unterstellen wir, dass der Anbieter den Kunden dennoch zufrieden stellen und an sich binden mochte, obwohl er ihm eine Empfehlung geben wird, die der vom Kunden praferierten Option nicht nahe kommt.
Control of Ig gene assembly: lessons from premature activation

EMBO J (2013) 32 10, 1381–1392. doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.42 A new study by Bevington and Boyes reports that expression of the IRF4 transcription factor is sufficient to prematurely activate assembly of immunoglobulin light chain loci in pro-B cells. Using this in vivo model, they provide evidence that transcription-coupled disruption of nucleosome cores may be a key event in unlocking DNA substrates for recognition and assembly by V(D)J recombinase.
Inherited epigenetic variation--revisiting soft inheritance.

A growing body of evidence indicates that epigenetic states can be influenced by the environment. Considering that erasure of epigenetic marks between generations is not universal among multicellular organisms, what are the potential implications of inherited epigenetic variation for current theories of inheritance and evolutionary change? Phenotypic variation is traditionally parsed into components that are directed by genetic and environmental variation. The line between these two components is blurred by inherited epigenetic variation, which is potentially sensitive to environmental inputs. Chromatin and DNA methylation-based mechanisms mediate a semi-independent epigenetic inheritance system at the interface between genetic control and the environment. Should the existence of inherited epigenetic variation alter our thinking about evolutionary change?
Template-based method to measure the 3D joint space for hand arthritis

PURPOSE: Rheumatiod arthritis (RA) of the hand is a widespread and debilitating disease with a large social and economic impact. RA damages the inter articular cartilage, causing narrowing of the joint space width (JSW.) In this study a template-based approach for measuring the 3D JSW is presented, which uses multiple projections of the joint and a comparison to 3D templates from anatomical specimens. METHODS: This study examined 20 proximal interphalangeal (PIP), and 20 metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. Realistic simulated radiographs with a pitch of 0.1 mm were produced from 3D data sets obtained by imaging skeletal specimens with a 0.066 mm pitch μ CT. The technique attempted to match each bone to an anatomical template after the template had undergone transformations in virtual imaging space.For each native joint projection, the two opposing margins were delineated using a technique developed to segment bone margins on hand radiographs. The projected margins of each joint surface at each acquisition were then compared to a set of margins created by projecting rays through the surfaces of the anatomical templates, and the best-matched template was chosen. The performance was evaluated by calculating dJSW = |Native joint JSW- Template JSW|. RESULTS: The average dJSW ranged from 0.10 mm to 0.30 mm for approximately half of the average joint radius.CONCLUSIONS: A new technique for 3D imaging based on anatomical templates has been demonstrated. The work is specific to hand imaging but may be applied to other anatomical objects with regularity of shape. It may also complement previous work in digital tomosynthesis.
Methotrexate resistance of mouse dihydrofolate reductase: effect of substitution of phenylalanine-31 by serine or tryptophan.

Steady state and preliminary pre steady state studies of the mouse DHFR indicate that the wild-type enzyme used for our mutagenic studies follows a significantly different in vitro kinetic pathway than previously reported. In particular, turnover does not appear to be governed by H4F release from the E.NADPH complex. The discrepancies in catalysis and binding behavior of the mouse DHFRs may be due to the isomeric nature of the DHFRs studied. The enhanced ability of the two mutations at position 31 to confer resistance to MTX, as expected, decreased the affinity of the enzyme for the inhibitor. A correlation between the increased size of the side chain at position 31 and decreased inhibitor affinity was observed. This findings is consistent with previous mutagenesis studies of mouse DHFR but is at odds with conclusions drawn from an analysis of the role of the position in inhibitor binding to human DHFR. It is generally agreed that a highly efficient enzyme is desired for most cellular metabolic functions; however, because substitution of position 31 with tryptophan impairs catalytic efficiency, it appears that there exists a high physiological tolerance for significantly impaired DHFR. Indeed, mice who have received transplants of bone marrow expressing the Trp-31 mutant or the severely impaired Arg-22 mutant are capable of surviving lethal doses of MTX. Nevertheless, the consequences in vivo of a reduction in the observed in vitro catalytic effectiveness of DHFR remain to be determined. Additional mutagenic studies attempting to select catalytically silent mutations that reduce inhibitor binding may further enhance the therapeutic potential of drug-resistant DHFR genes for improved folate antagonist mediated antitumor activity.
Synthesis of 15N-labelled microbial biomass in soil in situ and extraction of biomass N

A Pakistani soil (Hafizabad silt loam) was incubated at 30°C with varying levels of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate and glucose (C/N ratio of 30 at each addition rate) in order to generate different insitu levels of 15N-labelled microbial biomass. At a stage when all of the applied 15N was in organic forms, as biomass and products, the soil samples were analysed for biomass N by the chloroform (CHCl3) fumigation-extraction method, which involves exposure of the soil to CHCl3 vapour for 24 h followed by extraction with 500 mM K2SO4. A correction is made for inorganic and organic N in 500 mM K2SO4 extracts of the unfumigated soil. Results obtained using this approach were compared with the amounts of immobilized 15N extracted by 500 mM K2SO4 containing different amounts of CHCl3. The extraction time varied from 0.5 to 4 h.
Rethinking incentive problems in cooperative organizations

Abstract Many students of cooperative organizations have underscored that cooperatives are plagued by substantial incentive problems, so that members do not bear the full impact of their individual choices. It is argued that incentive problems are inherent in the cooperative form. I claim that the critique needs further clarification. The idea to be advanced here is that the validity of the critique raised from agency theory and property right theory rest with their ex ante assumptions about the nature of cooperative membership. The pivotal point is whether members are essentially ascribed the properties, reasoning and strategies of a rational investor or a rational user.
Local Exhaust Ventilation of a Dissection Table

Abstract Persons who work with human cadavers on dissection tables during and after embalming may be exposed to a variety of toxic vapors. The effectiveness of controlling such exposures by attaching an exhaust duct to the space below the work surface of a dissection table was investigated. Breathing zone concentrations of volatile materials emanating near the table surface were measured at four exhaust flow rates and two different levels of enclosure of the source. Test results showed mean reductions of 83–93 percent with exhaust flow rates from 1.4–4.2 m3/min (50–150 cfm) compared with no local exhaust ventilation, and a reduction of 100 percent at 7.1 m3/min (250 cfm). However, increased enclosure of the source, achieved by lowering the source into the table, did not appreciably affect breathing zone exposures. Since real work settings may differ from experimental conditions, verification of control efficacy by exposure monitoring is essential. Nevertheless, this simple table modification appears to be...
Techniques for reproducible transient-state isoelectric focusing of human pancreatic secretory proteins with computer-assisted pattern matching, averaging, and analysis.

Abstract A new technique is described for obtaining reproducible transient-state isoelectric focusing patterns of human pancreatic secretory proteins. This method is excellent for preservation of the proteins for further analysis because of the avoidance of urea, the short running times, and low temperatures. The protein patterns were analyzed on a point-by-point basis by a computer using an extension of our previously published method (Allan, B. J., Kirk, J., and White, T. T., 1978, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 85 , 1239–1246). It was possible with these techniques to subtract various types of backgrounds and to construct average densitometric tracings for statistical analysis.
The large coronal transient of 10 June 1973. I. Observational description

During the 8.5 month flight of the High Altitude Observatory's white light coronagraph on board Skylab, over 100 coronal transients were observed. In this paper we present a description of one well observed loop transient, that of 10 June 1973. The transient apparently resulted from the eruption of a quiescent prominence on the limb; the emergence of a new, bipolar active region near the prominence may have caused the eruptior. The transient's leading edge rose from 3.6 to 5.0 solar radii (R ⊙) from Sun center at approximately 500 km s−1 during the 32 min of coronagraph observations. Material in a pre-existing streamer was swept away by the transient, causing the streamer to disappear. The mass ejected into the corona above a projected height of 2 R ⊙ was ≈ 5.4 × 1015 g, the potential energy associated with the ejected transient material was ⩾7.0 × 1030 erg, and the kinetic energy of the ejected material is estimated as 1.7 × 1030 erg. The 10 June 1973 transient was, in most respects, typical of other loop transients observed by Skylab.
The effect of different ubiquinones on lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract Ubiquinone (UQ, Coenzyme Q, CoQ) transfers electrons from complexes I and II to complex III in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Depending on the degree of reduction, UQ can act as either a pro- or an antioxidant. Mutations disrupting ubiquinone synthesis increase lifespan in both the nematode (clk-1) and the mouse (mclk-1). The mutated nematodes survive using exogenous ubiquinone from bacteria, which has a shorter isoprenyl tail length (UQ8) than the endogenous nematode ubiquinone (UQ9). The mechanism underlying clk-1s increased longevity is not clear. Here we directly measure the effect of different exogenous ubiquinones on clk-1 lifespan and mitochondrial function. We fed clk-1 engineered bacteria that produced UQ6, UQ7, UQ8, UQ9 or UQ10, and measured clk-1s lifespan, mitochondrial respiration, ROS production, and accumulated ROS damage to mitochondrial protein. Regardless of dietary UQ, clk-1 animals have increased lifespan, decreased mitochondrial respiration, and decreased ROS damage to mitochondrial protein than N2. However, clk-1 mitochondria did not produce less ROS than N2. The simplest explanation of our results is that clk-1 mitochondria scavenge ROS more effectively than wildtype due to the presence of DMQ9. Moreover, when compared to other dietary quinones, UQ10 further decreased mitochondrial oxidative damage and extended adult lifespan in clk-1.
Randomized control trial to test a computerized psychosocial cancer assessment and referral program: Methods and research design

Abstract The National Cancer Coalition Network, National Cancer Institute, and American College of Surgeons all emphasize the need for oncology providers to identify, address, and monitor psychosocial needs of their patients. The Mental Health Assessment and Dynamic Referral for Oncology (MHADRO) is a patient-driven, computerized, psychosocial assessment that identifies, addresses, and monitors physical, psychological, and social issues faced by oncology patients. This paper presents the methodology of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that tested the impact of the MHADRO on patient outcomes at 2, 6, and 12 months. Patient outcomes including overall psychological distress, depression, anxiety, functional disability, and use of psychosocial resources will be presented in future publications after all follow-up data is gathered. Eight hundred and thirty six cancer patients with heterogeneous diagnoses, across three comprehensive cancer centers in different parts of the United States, were randomized to the MHADRO (intervention) or an assessment-only control group. Patients in the intervention group were provided detailed, personalized reports and, when needed, referrals to mental health services; their oncology provider received detailed reports designed to foster clinical decision making. Those patients who demonstrated high levels of psychosocial problems were given the option to authorize that a copy of their report be sent electronically to a “best match” mental health professional. Demographic and patient cancer-related data as well as comparisons between patients who were enrolled and those who declined enrollment are presented. Challenges encountered during the RCT and strategies used to address them are discussed.
Curriculum Development: Principles and Methods

Curriculum is an organized set of experiences to which learners are subjected so that their behavior will be modified in a desired and predetermined manner. According to this definition, curriculum is an instrument which is designed to change those to whom it is applied. A significant point is that a curriculum is not the result of fortuity; it does not merely happen. American history, European history, history of the Holy Roman Empire, history of the United States since 1865, and other typical offerings of a department of history do not constitute a curriculum as it is defined here. Our concern is with an organized set of experiences which hopefully will change learners who interact with it. Curriculum is not the current total of accumulated knowledge in a discipline. This definition of curriculum has several components that deserve individual attention. These are the goals implied by the deliberate attempt to modify the learner's behavior; the choice of these experiences; and their organization. My remaining remarks are directed to these components and to some general observations.
Map kinase c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase mediates PMMA induction of osteoclasts

Erosive osteolysis induced by implant-derived wear debris is mediated by recruitment and activation of osteoclasts in a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that is enriched with osteoclastogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as RANKL and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). These cytokines activate the transcription factor NF-κB and MAP kinases, including c-Jun, Erks, and p38, all known to be essential for the development of osteoclasts. We have recently documented that TNF and RANKL play a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory osteolysis. We have also found that polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) particles stimulate osteoclastogenesis, at least in part, by induction of RANKL, TNF, and by activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases. More importantly, our data indicate that inhibitors of NF-κB and the MAP kinases p38 and ERK abrogate particle-induced osteoclastogenesis. In the current study, we investigated if inhibition of c-Jun N-Terminal kinase (JNK) pathway alters PMMA-induced osteoclastogenesis. Our findings point out that PMMA particles activate the JNK pathway in wild-type and TLR4-null (endotoxin-resistant) osteoclast precursors. This activation was selectively blocked in a dose-dependent fashion by the JNK inhibitor SP600125. Most importantly, we provide evidence that SP600125 inhibits osteoclast formation in a reversible manner. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that activation of the JNK pathway is essential for basal and PMMA-stimulated osteoclastogenesis, and buttress the potential significance of targeting the JNK pathway to inhibit osteolysis. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1349–1357, 2006
Treatment Process and Outcomes for Managed Care Patients Receiving New Antidepressant Prescriptions From Psychiatrists and Primary Care Physicians

Background While many studies describe deficiencies in primary care antidepressant treatment, little research has applied similar standards to psychiatric practice. This study compares baseline characteristics, process of care, and outcomes for managed care patients who received new antidepressant prescriptions from psychiatrists and primary care physicians. Methods At a prepaid health plan in Washington State, patients receiving initial antidepressant prescriptions from psychiatrists (n = 165) and primary care physicians (n = 204) completed a baseline assessment, including the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV depression module, a 20-item depression assessment from the Symptom Checklist–90, and the Medical Outcomes Survey 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey functional status questionnaire. All measures were repeated after 2 and 6 months. Computerized data were used to assess antidepressant refills and follow-up visits over 6 months. Results At baseline, psychiatrists' patients reported slightly higher levels of functional impairment and greater prior use of specialty mental health care. During follow-up, psychiatrists' patients made more frequent follow-up visits, and the proportion making 3 or more visits in 90 days was 57% vs 26% for primary care physicians' patients. The proportion receiving antidepressant medication at an adequate dose for 90 days or more was similar (49% vs 48%). The 2 groups showed similar rates of improvement in all measures of symptom severity and functioning. Conclusions In this sample, clinical differences between patients treated by psychiatrists and primary care physicians were modest. Shortcomings in depression treatment frequently noted in primary care (inadequate follow-up care and high rates of inadequate antidepressant treatment) were also common in specialty practice. Possible selection bias limits any conclusions about relative effectiveness or cost-effectiveness.
Correlating virtual reality and box trainer tasks in the assessment of laparoscopic surgical skills

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation in the assessment of laparoscopic surgical skills in medical students with the use of a virtual reality laparoscopic trainer and a low-fidelity video box trainer with comparative tasks. Study Design Third-year medical students were asked to perform 3 basic skills set modules on LapSim (Surgical Science, Gothenburg, Sweden): coordination, grasping and lifting, and handling the intestines. Each task was set at the easiest level, and each student was allowed a maximum of 10 attempts to complete each task. Similar-appearing tasks were chosen for comparison with the use of a standard video box trainer: pegboard, cup drop and rope pass, respectively. Laparoscopic skills were evaluated with the use of both trainers during 1 session. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to compare paired data on each student using statistical software. Results Forty-seven of 65 medical students were assigned to clinical clerkships on-campus at Temple University School of Medicine participated in the study. All 47 students participated in the video box trainer tasks; 34 students completed both the video box trainer and LapSim skills set. Observations that were obtained on the LapSim virtual reality system and video box trainer simulator demonstrated several correlations. The time to completion for the LapSim coordination task and the pegboard task were correlated ( r = 0.507; P = .006), as were the grasping and lifting task completion time on LapSim and the comparative box trainer cup drop task completion time ( r = 0.404; P = .022). When accounting for errors, the LapSim coordination task tissue damage score was correlated with the sum of all box trainer errors ( r = 0.353; P = .040); the average grasping and lifting tissue damage was correlated with the total number of errors during all box trainer tasks ( r = 0.374; P = .035). Conclusion Overall, in evaluating laparoscopic skills, the LapSim and video box trainer were correlated positively with one another. The scoring of laparoscopic skills by both systems appears to be equivalent for the measurement of time to task completion and number of errors.
Comparison of the Resistance of C57BL6 and C3HHe Mice to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Abstract Susceptibility of C57BL 6 (Bcgs) and C3H HeN (Bcgr) mice to an intraperitoneal infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain 19698 was compared (by histopathology and the number of mycobacteria isolated from the spleen). Mycobacterial counts from the spleen of Bcgr mice progressively decreased over the course of infection but remained unchanged in Bcgs mice. Granulomatous lesions and acid-fast bacteria were consistently present in the liver and lymph nodes of Bcgs mice, whereas lesions were transient or absent in Bcgr mice. These results indicate that Bcgr mice are inherently resistant to M. paratuberculosis, whereas Bcgs mice are inherently susceptible. These differences may prove useful in elucidating the mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to paratuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections.
Social Networking in Libraries: New Tricks of the Trade, Part II

While not a brand new phenomenon, online social networking sites continue to be exceedingly popular and seem to be where students spend much of their time. Not only are participants blogging, texti...
Folate levels in developing mouse brain.

Abstract— The folate coenzymes of mouse brain underwent quantitative and qualitative changes during the first few weeks after birth. The total folate coenzymes per unit wet weight declined by approximately 60 per cent. In the newborn brains a relatively small proportion of the total folates were poly-γ-glutamyl derivatives, but the percentage of the total folates in these forms increased as the brain matured.
Code sharing, joint fares, and competition in the regional airline industry

Abstract In the wake of airline deregulation, virtually all large jet carriers have entered into cooperative marketing agreements that involve shared designator codes and joint fares with commuter airlines. This paper examines the development of these agreements, the role they play in the competitive strategies of major and commuter airlines. and the implications of these agreements for the structure of the airline industry and for service to travelers to and from small communities.
Development of an Instrument to Assess the Health Related Quality of Life of Kidney Stone Formers

Purpose: Urolithiasis is associated with pain and other decreases in health related quality of life, yet there is no urolithiasis specific instrument to measure quality of life. Quality of life is an important end point in the management of urolithiasis. Therefore, we developed the Wisconsin StoneQOL, a disease specific instrument to assess the quality of life of patients with urolithiasis.Materials and Methods: Patients and urology providers identified important concepts related to quality of life of stone formers in groups and in individual cognitive interviews. Patients were recurrent stone formers including those with and those without current stones. A preliminary instrument was created, followed by patient feedback and item reduction. A 28-question instrument was ultimately developed which was tested for reliability as well as internal face, construct and discriminant validity in 248 stone formers.Results: The internal consistency (for questions within domains) was high (mean Cronbach's α = 0.81). C...
A propositional theory of recognition memory

This paper modifies the Anderson and Bower (1972) theory of recognition memory for words. A propositional representation is outlined for the contextual information underlying word recognition. Logical arguments are offered for preferring this representation over the undifferentiated associative representation used earlier. The propositional representation is used to interpret effects of verbal context upon recognition memory. The implications of these context effects are considered for two-process models of recall and recognition.
Reliability-Based Optimization Design for Drilled Shafts/ Slope System (DFI Student Paper Competition 2012)

AbstractIn this paper, a reliability-based optimization design method is presented for design of a row of drilled shafts to stabilize an unstable slope while achieving the required target reliability index with minimum cost. In the previous developed deterministic analyses, the drilled shaft stabilization mechanisms for the reinforced slope were taken into account through the concept of soil arching, which was quantified by the load transfer factor in the limiting equilibrium analysis. However, due to the inherent uncertainties of the soil properties and the model error of the semi-empirical load transfer equation, a single value of factor of safety chosen in the deterministic approach may not yield the desired level of reliability. A modification of the deterministic method into a probabilistic method is developed in this paper. The monte carlo simulation (mcs) for the soil properties described by the log-normal distributions was employed to calculate the probability of failure (reliability index β) for ...
Technical report: Combined carotid bifurcation endarterectomy and intra-operative transluminal angioplasty of a proximal common carotid artery stenosis: an alternative to extrathoracic bypass

A method of management of a dual stenoses affecting the proximal common carotid artery and the internal carotid artery, the tandem lesion, is described in two cases. The combination of a surgical endarterectomy of the internal carotid artery narrowing and percutaneous balloon dilatation of the more proximal common carotid artery narrowing, via the arteriotomy site, with clamping of the internal carotid artery was successfully employed to avoid an extrathoracic bypass procedure.
Scaling laws for adiabatic shear bands

Mathematical analysis of a simple, one-dimensional, canonical problem has yielded a number of scaling laws that relate various characteristic features of an adiabatic shear band to the physical properties of the material and the ambient conditions. Specific formulas have been obtained from solutions to linear and non-linear problems coupled with asymptotic representations of the results. Examples are shear band width, most sensitive strain rate and shear band spacing. Other results show the equivalence of initial fluctuations in strength or temperature, and still others show how to scale the defect in formulas for estimating the timing of localization. The paper summarizes previous results and presents some new formulas that show how strain rate sensitivity affects band spacing, number density and morphology as a function of strain rate.
Effects of stem density upon sediment retention by salt marsh cord grass, Spartina alterniflora loisel

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine whether retention of waterborne sand by salt marsh cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, is directly related to the number of stems per unit area. Waves generated in a trough washed over a sloping beach planted with S. alterniflora sprigs: a range of stem densities (0–108 stems/m2) was examined in separate trials. The amount of sand accumulated after 60 waves is a positive nonlinear function of stem density. The greatest accretion coincided with the highest stem density tested. Shape of the beach profile was also strongly influenced by the number of stems per m2.