cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex span tasks and hippocampal recruitment during working memory

The working memory (WM) system is vital to performing everyday functions that require attentive, non-automatic processing of information. However, its interaction with long term memory (LTM) is highly debated. Here, we used fMRI to examine whether a popular complex WM span task, thought to force the displacement of to-be-remembered items in the focus of attention to LTM, recruited medial temporal regions typically associated with LTM functioning to a greater extent and in a different manner than traditional neuroimaging WM tasks during WM encoding and maintenance. fMRI scans were acquired while participants performed the operation span (OSPAN) task and an arithmetic task. Results indicated that performance of both tasks resulted in significant activation in regions typically associated with WM function. More importantly, significant bilateral activation was observed in the hippocampus, suggesting it is recruited during WM encoding and maintenance. Right posterior hippocampus activation was greater during OSPAN than arithmetic. Persitimulus graphs indicate a possible specialization of function for bilateral posterior hippocampus and greater involvement of the left for WM performance. Recall time-course activity within this region hints at LTM involvement during complex span.
Some statistical problems in migration analysis

Although the migration of population in the United States has been of interest for some time, there seems to be considerable variation in results from studies of the quantitative structure of migration behavior. This leads to confusion over proper policy actions and forecasts. We believe a large part of the problem is that there are important econometric shortcomings in recent studies of migration which use aggregated cross-section data. We will concentrate on only four sources of difficulty in recent empirical studies: (I) a-priori specification i (2) internal consistency; (3) lagged responses; and {4) simultaneous equations bias. Other problems are present which can result in variations in the results of different studies. The type of data which are now available have quite different c l a s s e s of m i g r a n t s agg rega t ed into to ta l f lows, the t r u e flow of m i g r a n t s is not r e c o r d e d fo r r e a s o n a b l y s h o r t pe r iods of t i m e , and the r e s e a r c h e r of ten has l i t t l e o r no choice of reg ion . Much work is a lso needed to o v e r c o m e t h e s e p r o b l e m s , but s i nce they a r e not usua l ly c l a s s i f i e d u n d e r the sub j ec t of i den t i f i ca t ion and spec i f i ca t ion , we wil l not t r e a t t h e m d i r e c t l y in th i s p a p e r . Our focus in th i s p a p e r is on the p r o b l e m s of obta in ing ef f ic ien t unb ia sed e s t i m a t e s of the p a r a m e t e r s of the under ly ing s t r u c t u r e . Mos t m i g r a t i o n s tud ies a r e c o n c e r n e d wi th bo th F o r e c a s t i n g and s t r u c t u r a l e s t i m a t i o n at the s a m e t i m e . Thus , whi le s o m e of the th ings done in the s tud ies m a y be a p p r o p r i a t e fo r F o r e c a s t i n g , we a re c o n c e r n e d wi th the i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e i r work fo r advancing our knowledge of the s t r u c t u r e of m i g r a t i o n b e h a v i o r .
Immune status of children with phenylketonuria.

To determine the effect of differences in plasma phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations ( 605 umol/L) on hematological and immunological parameters in 22 children with phenylketonuria (PKU).Children with PKU were divided into one of three groups based on fasting plasma Phe levels. Hematologic and immunologic parameters of the children with PKU were compared between the groups and also compared with published values from age-matched children without PKU.Hematologic and immunologic parameters did not differ among children with different plasma Phe concentrations. Specifically, no significant differences between groups of PKU children with differing plasma Phe levels were found for plasma levels of albumin, hemoglobin, amino acids, IgM, complement C3, interleukins 1 and 2, erythrocyte, leukocyte and differential cell counts, hematocrit, percentages and numbers of CD4+, CD8+, CD3+ and total lymphocytes, or CD4 to CD8 ratio. Mean plasma IgG and IgA concentrations of the PKU ch...
Fluid lubrication effects on particle flow and transport in a channel

Abstract The study presented in this paper investigates the effects of fluid lubrication on solid particles flow and transport in slurries at high solids concentrations. Particle–particle and particle–wall collisions influence the behavior of slurries constrained between two parallel walls thereby affecting solids transport and the fluid flow field. As the concentration of the particles increases, collisions become more frequent compared to the dilute flow, and their effect on the flow field cannot be neglected. Particularly, lubrication from a thin fluid layer formed between approaching particles acts as non-linear damper affecting particle kinetic energy and post-collision behaviors. The Discrete Element Method coupled with Computational Fluid Dynamics (DEM–CFD), with a new user-defined contact model that accounts for particle lubrication and as implemented in the commercially available two-dimensional Particle Flow Code (PFC2D), was used to improve the understanding of the micro-mechanical behavior that contributes to particle clogging in a channel. It was found that the balance of fluid drag, related to the pressure drop in the channel and slurry properties such as fluid viscosity, particles volumetric concentration, particles size and channel size substantially contribute to the particle agglomeration even without considering gravity.
An active role for machine learning in drug development

Due to the complexity of biological systems, cutting-edge machine-learning methods will be critical for future drug development. In particular, machine-vision methods to extract detailed information from imaging assays and active-learning methods to guide experimentation will be required to overcome the dimensionality problem in drug development.
CT EVALUATION OF SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULES : VALUE OF 185-H REFERENCE PHANTOM

The pulmonary nodule CT reference phantom is widely used in the evaluation of nodules 2 cm or less in diameter. It is used to detect benign patterns of calcification that are not visible on thin-section CT scans. Since 1986, the reference nodules have been manufactured with a nominal composition of 185 H. The multicenter study published in 1986 used nodules with a nominal composition of 264 H, 100 H more than the threshold value reported by Siegelman et al. in 1980. In the multicenter study, one of 37 nodules diagnosed as benign with the phantom proved to be malignant. The purpose of this study was to determine the misdiagnosis rate with the 185-H phantom and to ascertain whether the malignant tumors predicted to be benign actually contained calcification. We retrospectively reviewed 296 cases in which examinations had been performed with the 185-H nodules since 1986. Eighty-five nodules were diagnosed as benign by comparison to the reference phantom. These 85 contained no visible calcification on thin-se...
Trimpin: An interview

Trimpin (born Gerhard Trimpin, 1951, in Istein, Germany—now part of Efringen-Kirchen) has been creating engaging sound sculptures and musical instruments for almost 40 years. His pieces combine unique explorations of physical elements such as fire, water, and glass with a ubiquitous sense of play and wonder. In addition to engaging with the physical world of acoustic resonators, Trimpin (see Figure 1) has been actively involved in computers, microcontrollers, and MIDI for most of his career. [Editor’s note: The original transcript was heavily edited, with the interviewee’s approval.] Classically trained on flugelhorn, Trimpin developed an allergy to metal. This condition sent him on a journey that began with learning most of the brass and woodwind orchestral instruments and culminated in turning his attention to mechanical musical machines. His creative work spans the spectrum of sound sculpture and musical instrument design. His work often blurs the lines between the two so heavily, and is so imbued with excellent craftsmanship and engineering, that people find it difficult to classify his work. Trimpin possesses an ability to take seemingly simple physical properties and control them with an astonishing level of accuracy and inventiveness. Klompen (1986; see Figure 2), is assembled from more than one hundred Dutch clogs (wooden shoes) instrumented with solenoid-controlled wooden mallets and suspended from the ceiling. Contraption IPP 71512 (see Figure 3) is a MIDI-controlled prepared piano device that can blow on, bang on, and pluck the strings of a grand piano. Liquid Percussion (1991; see Figure 4) is a water instrument created with juice dispensers that have been adjusted to precisely release a single droplet of water into various hand-blown glass vessels. Fire Organ (1994; see Figure 5) is a series of tuned pipes, where a
Differential response in cell proliferation to beta estradiol in coronary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from mature female versus male animals.

Although the cardioprotective effect of estrogen is well recognized, the mechanisms by which this sex steroid provides a reduction in coronary artery disease are not fully understood. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are present in early atherosclerosis and become the dominant cell type. VSMC contain estrogen receptors and may have specific responses to estrogen. We studied the effect of beta-estradiol on the proliferation of coronary VSMC obtained from sexually mature male, female, and oophorectomized pigs. Alpha-estradiol, an inactive isomer of estradiol, had no effect on cells obtained from male or female animals. In vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from sexually mature female animals, significant inhibition of proliferation of coronary vascular smooth muscle cells was noted at physiologic concentrations of beta-estradiol. Progesterone inhibited VSMC proliferation at concentrations of 10(-9)M. In contrast, beta-estradiol did not alter proliferation in porcine coronary vascular smooth muscle cel...
The Neural Basis for Combinatorial Coding in a Cortical Population Response

We have used a combination of theory and experiment to assess how information is represented in a realistic cortical population response, examining how motion direction and timing is encoded in groups of neurons in cortical area MT. Combining data from several single-unit experiments, we constructed model population responses in small time windows and represented the response in each window as a binary vector of 1s or 0s signifying spikes or no spikes from each cell. We found that patterns of spikes and silence across a population of nominally redundant neurons can carry up to twice as much information about visual motion than does population spike count, even when the neurons respond independently to their sensory inputs. This extra information arises by virtue of the broad diversity of firing rate dynamics found in even very similarly tuned groups of MT neurons. Additionally, specific patterns of spiking and silence can carry more information than the sum of their parts (synergy), opening up the possibility for combinatorial coding in cortex. These results also held for populations in which we imposed levels of nonindependence (correlation) comparable to those found in cortical recordings. Our findings suggest that combinatorial codes are advantageous for representing stimulus information on short time scales, even when neurons have no complicated, stimulus-dependent correlation structure.
Multi-path BGP (MBGP): A solution for improving network bandwidth utilization and defense against link failures in inter-domain routing

Border Gateway Protocol version 4 (BGP-4) is the routing protocol for inter-domain routing in the Internet. Although BGP-4 is a scalable distributed routing protocol, BGP propagates only the selected best path for a destination to other autonomous systems. This property and long convergence delay in BGP have been known to cause serious inefficiency in network resource utilization and vulnerability to link failures. This paper proposes and describes a new routing protocol, MBGP (Multi-path BGP), to solve the problems by dynamically utilizing concurrent multiple BGP paths in today?s Internet without routing loops. MBGP is designed to co-exist with the existing BGP routers. Performance analysis indicates that MBGP has O(N) processing overhead for each MBGP message. Concurrent inter-domain multi-path routing by MBGP with these advantages will enhance the efficiency in the future Internet.
Essay I Achieving successful technology transfer

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the process of technology transfer and commercialization. 'Technology transfer' has become a popular phrase and a subject of great interest in myriad quarters. Not surprisingly, it has taken on various meanings. To consider it in any detail in the space available, the concept must be bound in several ways. First, technology transfer can be internal—that is, within the same enterprise. It can also be external. Second, it is assumed that external transfers follow strictly arm's-length negotiations. Third, presumably all transfers are undertaken with the expectation that the technology will be utilized in the market, again as the result of arm's-length bargaining. 'Technology transfer' is but the outcome of a process called innovation. This process begins with an invention, an idea, or a concept and concludes with the introduction of a product or service in the marketplace on the basis of an arm's-length transaction.
Enhancement Effect on Positron Annihilation with Tightly Bound Electrons

Coulomb correlation is taken into account in the annihilation process of positrons in solids with tightly bound electrons by first-order perturbation theory. A momentum-dependent enhancement formula is derived which is applicable to insulators with high electron density. With the use of the Thomas-Fermi approximation the formula is reduced to give an annihilation rate depending solely on the overlap density of electrons and a positron. It is shown that the annihilation rates in insulators follow an enhancement curve different from that for metals. Mit Storungsrechnung erster Ordnung wird die Coulomb-Korrelation im Annihilationsprozes von Positronen in Festkorpern mit fest gebundenen Elektronen berucksichtigt. Es wird eine impulsabhangige Verstarkungsgleichung abgeleitet, die auf Isolatoren mit hoher Elektronendichte anwendbar ist. Mit der Thomas-Fermi-Naherung wird die Formel reduziert und gibt eine Annihilationsrate, die nur von der Uberlappungsdichte der Elektronen und eines Positrons abhangt. Es wird gezeigt, das die Annihilationsraten in Isolatoren einer Verstarkungskurve folgen, die von der fur Metalle verschieden ist.
Participation of Children with Special Health Care Needs in School and the Community

Abstract Objective Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) are at risk for decreased participation in educational and social activities, which can negatively impact their lives. The objectives of this study were to document the presence of participation restrictions for CSHCN compared with other children and to determine how personal and environmental factors are associated with participation restrictions for CSHCN. Methods The 2007 National Survey of Children's Health was analyzed to evaluate 2 participation outcomes for children aged 6 to 17 years, ie, school attendance and participation in organized activities, and 2 participation outcomes for children aged 12 to 17 years, ie, working for pay and volunteering. Adjusted prevalences of participation restrictions were calculated for children with and without special health care needs. Logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with participation restrictions for CSHCN. Results After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, a greater proportion of CSHCN (27.9%) reported missing more than 5 days of school than other children (15.1%). In contrast, no differences were found for participation in organized activities, working for pay, or volunteering. CSHCN with functional limitations were more likely to experience all 4 types of participation restrictions compared with other CSHCN and non-CSHCN. For CSHCN, the odds of certain participation restrictions were greater for those with functional limitations, in fair/poor health, with depressed mood, living at or near the federal poverty level, and living in homes not headed by two parents. Conclusions CSHCN with functional limitations and those with worse health status are at elevated risk of experiencing participation restrictions than other children. Social disadvantage furthers the likelihood that CSHCN will experience participation restrictions.
The effect of controlled therapy interruption in chronic HCV infection: enhanced host immune response? A hypothesis.

Abstract Background We have hypothesized that prolonged viral suppression partially reverses immune tolerance in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Brief periods of treatment interruption can then simulate ‘auto-vaccination’ and evoke powerful secondary host immune responses. Objective To determine the effect of controlled therapy interruption CTI on viral load in previous relapsers to interferon and ribavirin treatment. Study design Virus is maintained at undetectable levels for 2–8 weeks with pegylated interferon and ribavirin and then briefly interrupted, restarting as soon as viremia returns (cycle 1). It is suppressed for at least a further 4 weeks, then briefly interrupted again (cycle 2). Results Viremia relapsed within 2–4 weeks (time to relapse TTR) after the first treatment interruption in all four patients in cycle 1. TTR increased sevenfold with the second treatment interruption in patient 1 and was followed by sustained virological response with cycle 3. In patient 2, TTR increased threefold after cycle 2 and subsequent cycles. Serum ALT and bilirubin rose significantly with treatment interruption during cycles 2 and 3, returning to baseline with treatment resumption. Serum bilirubin rose to 12.3 mg/dl when two doses of pegylated interferon were missed during cycle 4. In patients 3 and 4, TTR was unchanged after three consecutive cycles. However, VL has remained more than 1 log below baseline for up to 18 months in both. Conclusions These observations suggest that CTI exerts significant control of chronic hepatitis C viremia.
Measuring Air Leakage Characteristics with Flexible Double Air Chambers

The fan pressurization method for measuring air leakage through the building envelope relies on the assumption that the extraneous air leakage (EAL) through paths other than those through the specimen being tested is negligible. When EAL does exist, the calibration procedure by ASTM Standard E-283 is used to measure EAL values by covering the specimen or guarded chambers are used to equalize the pressure differences across these unintended paths. A new testing method, the flexible double-chamber method, is presented in this paper for large specimens where the above two approaches are difficult to implement and where flexible chambers are more easily applied. The experimental procedure and data processing routine are presented for the case of a full-size metal curtain wall specimen. The EAL is estimated by regression analysis in data processing. Inference analysis, multivariate error analysis, and the Monte Carlo simulation technique are also presented to examine the estimation errors.
SNPsea: an algorithm to identify cell types, tissues and pathways affected by risk loci

Summary: We created a fast, robust and general C++ implementation of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) set enrichment algorithm to identify cell types, tissues and pathways affected by risk loci. It tests trait-associated genomic loci for enrichment of specificity to conditions (cell types, tissues and pathways). We use a non-parametric statistical approach to compute empirical P-values by comparison with null SNP sets. As a proof of concept, we present novel applications of our method to four sets of genome-wide significant SNPs associated with red blood cell count, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease and HDL cholesterol. Availability and implementation: http://broadinstitute.org/mpg/ snpsea
Characterization of the passivation layer on disordered carbons in lithium-ion cells

Intercalation anodes of graphite or disordered carbon in rechargeable Li-ion batteries (based on aprotic organic solvents) develop a passivating film during the first intercalation of Li/sup +/. The formation of this film reduces the cycling efficiency and results in excessive consumption of Li/sup +/. The exact nature of this film is not well defined, although there are many similarities in properties to the films that form on Li anodes under similar cycling conditions. In this study, the authors report on characterization studies of films formed during galvanostatic cycling of disordered carbons derived from polymethylacrylonitrile (PMAN) in a 1M LiPF/sub 6/ solution in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate solution (1:1 by vol). Complementary tests were also conducted with glass carbon where intercalation cannot occur. Complex-impedance spectroscopy was the primary measurement technique, supplemented by cyclic voltammetry. The passivation process was associated with two irreversible reduction peaks at /spl sim/0.75 V and /spl sim/1.1 V vs. Li/Li/sup +/ in the dC/dV-V plot of the galvanostatic data. Similar peaks were displayed in cyclic voltammograms of glassy carbon, but shifted to lower potentials. The PMAN impedance spectra showed inductive behavior during the first intercalation at potentials below 0.5 V. This inductive behavior was related to formation of nonequilibrium reactive intermediates associated with solvent reduction. It was not observed after several intercalation/deintercalation cycles at these potentials. Instead, the impedance spectra exhibited two semicircles and a Warburg-type tail.
Survival following coronary angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass surgery in anatomic subsets in which coronary artery bypass surgery improves survival compared with medical therapy: Results from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI)

OBJECTIVES We sought to compare survival after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in high-risk anatomic subsets. BACKGROUND Compared with medical therapy, CABG decreases mortality in patients with three-vessel disease and two-vessel disease involving the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD), particularly if left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is present. How survival after PTCA and CABG compares in these high-risk anatomic subsets is unknown. METHODS In the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI), 1,829 patients with multivessel disease were randomized to an initial strategy of PTCA or CABG between 1988 and 1991. Stents and IIb/IIIa inhibitors were not utilized. Since patients in BARI with diabetes mellitus had greater survival with CABG, separate analyses of patients without diabetes were performed. RESULTS Seven-year survival among patients with three-vessel disease undergoing PTCA and CABG (n = 754) was 79% versus 84% (p = 0.06), respectively, and 85% versus 87% (p = 0.36) when only non-diabetics (n = 592) were analyzed. In patients with three-vessel disease and reduced LV function (ejection fraction <50%), seven-year survival was 70% versus 74% (p = 0.6) in all PTCA and CABG patients (n = 176), and 82% versus 73% (p = 0.29) among non-diabetic patients (n = 124). Seven-year survival was 87% versus 84% (p = 0.9) in all PTCA and CABG patients (including diabetics) with two-vessel disease involving the proximal LAD (n = 352), and 78% versus 71% (p = 0.7) in patients with two-vessel disease involving the proximal LAD with reduced LV function (n = 72). CONCLUSION In high-risk anatomic subsets in which survival is prolonged by CABG versus medical therapy, revascularization by PTCA and CABG yielded equivalent survival over seven years.
Stress-induced cervical lesions: Review of advances in the past 10 years

Abstract The accumulation of experimental and clinical evidence during the past decade has significantly contributed to the understanding of the role of occlusally generated tensile stress in the etiology of certain noncarious cervical lesions of teeth. More important, this knowledge has led to the understanding of the reasons why traditional restorative treatments of these stress-induced cervical lesions fail. The cause of failure can be attributed to the occlusally generated stresses that are concentrated at the cervical region and result in debonding, leakage, retention failure, and, ultimately, restorative failure. With the new understanding, restorative approaches that combine chemical adhesion and restorative materials of appropriate elastic properties show promise of long-term success.
Unsteady flow interactions between an advected cylindrical vortex tube and a spherical particle

The unsteady, three-dimensional, incompressible, viscous flow interactions between a vortical (initially cylindrical) structure advected by a uniform free stream and a spherical particle held fixed in space is investigated numerically for a range of particle Reynolds numbers 20 ≤ Re ≤ 100. The counter-clockwise rotating vortex tube is initially located ten sphere radii upstream from the sphere centre. The finite-difference computations yield the flow properties and the temporal distributions of lift, drag, and moment coefficients of the sphere. Initially, the lift force is positive owing to the upwash on the sphere, then becomes negative owing to the downwash as the vortex tube passes the sphere. Varying the size of the vortex core (σ) shows that the r.m.s. lift coefficient is linearly proportional to the circulation of the vortex tube at small values of σ. At large values of σ, the r.m.s. lift coefficient is linearly proportional to the maximum fluctuation velocity (vmax) induced by the vortex tube but independent of σ. For intermediate values of σ, the r.m.s. lift coefficient depends on both σ and vmax (or equivalently both σ and the circulation). We observe some interesting flow phenomena in the near wake as a function of time owing to the passage of the vortex tube.
Efficacy of Simulated Barrier Treatments Against Laboratory Colonies of Pharaoh Ant

Five selected insecticides were applied to four substrates and evaluated in laboratory studies for repellency and toxicity against the Pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.). We tested both repellent and nonrepellent formulations on outdoor (concrete and mulch) and indoor (ceramic and vinyl) substrates. Repellency was evaluated using a behavioral bioassay in which colonies were given a choice to leave the treated zone and move into empty nests provided in the untreated zone. We used a novel experimental design whereby ants walked on a Slinky coil suspended from a metal support frame, thus permitting a long foraging distance with a minimum use of space and resources. Cypermethrin, a repellent pyrethroid insecticide, resulted in colony budding, although the response was delayed. Toxicity of insecticides was evaluated as worker, queen, and brood mortality. The most effective treatment was fipronil, which provided 100% reduction in pretreatment activity by 2 d posttreatment on both concrete and mulch. Chlorfenapyr was highly effective on both outdoor and indoor substrates. Significant substrate effects were observed with insecticides applied to nonabsorbent substrates (ceramic tile), which performed better than insecticides applied to absorbent substrates (vinyl tile). Other highly absorbent materials (mulch and concrete), however, did not reduce insecticide efficacy. This is because ants relocated nests into and/or under these attractive nesting materials, thus increasing their exposure to toxic insecticide residues. Our results demonstrate efficacy of nonrepellent liquid insecticides as indoor treatments for the control of Pharaoh ants and possibly as exterior perimeter treatments.
A Case of Intracoronary Collaterals Misinterpreted as Segmental Stenosis in Kawasaki Disease - Descriptive Method of Coronary Arterial Lesions -

Visualization of coronary collaterals in coronary arteriography performed in vivo constitutes an important finding, and particularly in the presence of coronary artery disease, it allows observations related to the hemodynamic consequences of the disease process. Undoubtedly, the presence of collateral flow indicates that a compensatory mechanism has developed to ameliorate the detrimental effect of blood flow cessation due to obstruction of the arterial pathways. By definition, intracoronary collaterals are connections between branches of the same coronary artery. In general, in a coronary arteriogram obtained in vivo, their incidence is lower than that of intercoronary collaterals. We experienced a case of intracollateral circulation, seen extending from the aneurysm through the first segment filled with the right ventricular branch like vessels(OC, Seg 1. CL, intra. Seg 1-2. ANl, Seg 1. CL, inter. Seg 4-8.). Intercollaterals originated from the distal circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, passing through a posterior descending branch and later filled the right ventricular branch of the right coronary artery(OC, Seg 15. LSmd, Seg 6. ANm, Seg 6-7. CL, inter. Seg 15-4.) in a 9-year-old male with Kawasaki disease. (J Korean Pediatr Soc 1998; 41:1709-1716)
Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Uremia-Related Cardiovascular Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease are at 5- to 10-fold higher risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) than age-matched controls. Clinically, CVD in this population manifests as coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, stroke, or congestive heart failure. Beyond the traditional risk factors (eg, diabetes mellitus and hypertension), uremia-specific factors that arise from accumulating toxins also contribute to the pathogenesis of CVD. In this review, we summarize the literature on the epidemiology of both traditional and uremia-related CVD and focus on postulated mechanisms of the latter. In the context of current and emerging diagnostics and therapies for CVD, we highlight what we interpret as major gaps in the medical management of this growing population that need to be addressed with targeted epidemiological and translational research. Finally, we describe the global challenges associated with the recognition and management of uremia-related CVD in developed and developing nations.
Book Review: Chandra Mallampalli, Race, Religion and Law in Colonial India: Trials of an Interracial Family:

Chandra Mallampalli, Race, Religion and Law in Colonial India: Trials of an Interracial Family, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 286.
Matrix Metalloproteinases as Key Regulators of Tumor–Bone Interaction

Bone metastasis is a common occurrence for several tumor types. In the tumor-bone microenvironment, tumor cells manipulate the normal cells of the bone to promote bone resorption and the release of sequestered growth factors from the bone matrix. In turn, these factors support tumor growth, thus completing what has been described as the vicious cycle. Despite medical advances, the treatment options for patients with metastatic bone disease are limited and are often palliative rather than curative. Clearly, new therapies that will prevent the vicious cycle are required. To achieve this, a better understanding of how tumor cells communicate with the normal host cells of the bone is necessary. Given the evidence accumulated over the last decade, it has become clear that matrix metalloproteinases and other proteinase members of the metzincin family are important players in the execution of the vicious cycle. This chapter will focus on how matrix metalloproteinases can control cell–cell communication at the tumor–bone interface via the processing of matrix and nonmatrix substrates.
Guayule Rubber: Vulcanization Properties of Gum and Filled Stocks

Abstract Guayule rubber has been used both in the resinous and deresinated form for more than sixty years during periods of either scarcity or high prices of hevea rubber. During this time little or no efforts have been made to standardize the individual processes to a point where the products had specifications similar to the “Technically Specified Rubbers”. This lack of specifications consequently left users of the guayule rubbers with various opinions of the capabilities of this type of natural rubber in their commercial products. It was generally believed that the rubber was only good for low-grade products or where guayule was only used as a tackifier for other rubbers. Recent interest in the utilization of arid regions and the increasing need for less dependence on foreign sources has led the Mexican government to develop a modern guayule product. It was the purpose of this study to evaluate Mexican guayule rubber in cooperation with CIQA in an effort to determine processing and vulcanization charac...
Natural History of Cardiomyopathy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and the Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor with or without β-Blocker (S15.003)

Objective: To prospectively examine the natural history of cardiomyopathy (CM) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients & assess responses to treatment utilizing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) with or without concomitant β-blocker (BB). Background Cardiomyopathy is an invariable consequence of DMD. Suggested treatments include ACEI and/or BB, but few large series are reported. We present 65 DMD patients with CM treated with ACEI or ACEI+BB, including their natural history & therapeutic responses. Design/Methods: Serial echocardiograms were performed and reported for natural history analysis prior to initiation of therapy when available. Adequate ejection fractions (EF) were obtained in 45 patients at initiation of therapy (EF 100 beats/min. Data analyzed using paired t-test & linear regression. Results: Natural history data (n=24) demonstrated decreased EF over time (r2=0.22). At ACEI therapy initiation, the mean age was 14.7 ± 4.4 years & mean EF was 44.3 ± 8.3%. BB therapy was used in 25/45 patients. Mean age for ACEI+BB group was 16.1 ± 3.9 years. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement compared to natural history (p≤0.0001 for ACEI, p Conclusions: Patients with DMD demonstrated gradual decline in myocardial function. Treatment with ACEI or ACEI+BB resulted in significant improvement compared to the natural history. No significant difference was noted in EF improvement between treatment groups. Treatment with ACEI or ACEI+BB can delay progression of CM. Supported by: Data collection was made possible by the Muscular Dystrophy Association & Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center (NIH sponsored) and led to creation of the MDA DMD Clinical Network. Mutational analysis for most patients performed as part of the United Dystrophinopathy Project-supported by NINDS (R01 NS043264)[K.M.F.]. Disclosure: Dr. Thrush has nothing to disclose. Dr. Viollet has nothing to disclose. Dr. Flanigan has received personal compensaiton for activities with AVI Therapeutics, Prosensa Therapeutics, and PTC, Inc. Dr. Flanigan has received research support from PTC Therapeutics. Dr. Mendell has received research support from AVI BioPharmaceuticals Inc. Dr. Allen has nothing to disclose.
Clovis and Western Stemmed again: Reply to Fiedel and Morrow

Fiedel and Morrow challenge our argument that Clovis technology originated in the southern Plains or Southeast and from there was carried by populations migrating north. Upon entering the Intermountain West relatively late, they encountered a population utilizing a different technology (Western Stemmed), the latter having arrived independently from the Pacific coast. Fiedel and Morrow offer arguments in favor of Clovis-first in the Intermountain West and coastal California and against the coastal route, Clovis origins in the south, and technological differences between Clovis and Western Stemmed. We evaluate these arguments and find their supporting evidence, when provided, meager and unconvincing.
The perils of early study discontinuation

Clinical trials in medicine often derive their financial support from the manufacturer of a device or pharmaceutical, but one must view with caution trial designs that allow an interested sponsor t...
THE INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF FATTY ACID: A BIOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY.

Following the administration of 2 ml of C14-labeled oleic acid to rats by stomach tube, osmiophilic droplets and particles, from 10 to 300 mμ in diameter, were demonstrated in the intestinal lumen. The smaller droplets of fatty acid were frequently found between the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells and were of the same size range as has been proposed for lipid micelles (10 mμ). The radiochemical examination of the lumen contents revealed that the activity was still present in free fatty acids. Larger osmiophilic droplets, averaging 150 mμ in diameter, were found in cytoplasmic vesicles within the epithelial cells. These findings suggest that electron microscopic visualization of lipid droplets cannot distinguish between fatty acid and mono-, di-, and triglycerides. Therefore, conclusions on the nature of osmiophilic lipid droplets in intestinal absorption must be based upon a correlation with biochemical findings. Chemical and radiochemical findings in the absorption of fatty acid indicate that the fatty acid enters the chyle primarily as triglyceride, that the triglyceride content of the intestinal wall is increased, and that there is a significant transfer of the C14 label from fatty acid to triglyceride at some stage during absorption. These observations mean that at least some of the osmiophilic droplets seen with electron microscopy in the intestinal epithelial cells in fatty acid absorption must be triglycerides. The relationship of these findings to the synthesis of triglyceride from fatty acids during internalization and transcellular passage is discussed.
Investigation on TB control awareness and access channels among students in Shijiazhuang City

[Objective]To understand the status of tuberculosis(TB) health education among students in Shijiazhuang City,and discuss the TB control focus and countermeasures.[Methods]Questionnaire survey was performed on students from 8 schools who were randomly selected by stratified sampling method.[Results]The awareness of TB core information was 77.70%;90.10% of students heard of TB;58.04% obtained TB control knowledge via broadcast,TV and other media,51.81% via school health education.Educational level was positively correlated with TB awareness rate(96.3 %of college student),the difference was significant(P0.01).[Conclusion]The awareness rate of TB control knowledge I relatively low in Shijiazhuang City.The main channels of knowledge access are broadcast,TV,school health education.It is necessary to strengthen health education,to set up bulletin board,classroom blackboard to enhance TB propaganda and education among students.
The Effect of a Team Human Relations Training Laboratory on the Productivity and Perceptions of a Selling Group.

The article presents abstracts of dissertations on management, including “Influences of Organizational Behavior on Problem Solving,” by James W. Walker, “Occupational Ability of French and English-...
Experiences evaluating OpenStack network data plane performance and scalability

Growth in cloud computing motivates cloud networks that provide excellent performance and scalability. Improvements rely on the ability to measure these characteristics. Measurement is complicated by a combinatorial explosion of implementations, configurations, metrics, workloads and scenarios. We present tools and a framework that facilitate performance and scalability evaluation. We present the results of applying the framework to six OpenStack network implementations/configurations. The results validate the framework's ability to highlight the performance and scalability impact of changes to the underlying cloud implementation and configuration. Our experience also yields important lessons regarding cloud network evaluation.
Remittances to Central America: A Link Back Home

Workers’ remittances—funds sent by emigrant workers to persons, usually family members, in their home country—are a major source of income for many Latin American and Caribbean economies. More importantly, remittances are a lifeline for many poor households and justification for splitting up families, sometimes permanently.
A blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose determination trial of lokivetmab (ZTS-00103289), a caninized, anti-canine IL-31 monoclonal antibody in client owned dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Background Pruritus is the hallmark clinical sign of atopic dermatitis (AD) in dogs. Lokivetmab, a caninized anti-canine IL-31 monoclonal antibody, reduced pruritus and associated inflammatory skin lesions in a proof-of-concept study in dogs with AD. Hypothesis/Objectives The objective was to describe lokivetmab dose response in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Animals Clinicians at 15 referral clinics enrolled 211 client owned dogs with a history of chronic AD. Methods Dogs were randomized to treatment with lokivetmab (0.125, 0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg) or placebo administered subcutaneously once on Day 0. Dog owners assessed visual analog scale (VAS) scores of pruritus on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56. Clinicians assessed Canine AD Extent and Severity Index (CADESI-03) scores on days 0, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56. Results Treatment with lokivetmab (2 mg/kg) resulted in a greater percentage reduction from baseline in owner assessed pruritus (days 1–49) and clinician assessed CADESI-03 scores (days 7–56) compared to placebo (P < 0.05); differences were achieved in lower dose groups but at later time points and for shorter duration for both owner assessed pruritus (0.5 mg/kg, days 2–35; 0.125 mg/kg, days 7–21) and clinician assessed CADESI-03 scores (0.5 mg/kg and 0.125 mg/kg, Day 14). Conclusions and clinical importance Lokivetmab (0.5, 2.0 mg/kg) reduced pruritus compared to placebo for at least 1 month. Level and duration of response increased with increasing dose. Further studies are needed to better understand variability in individual responses across a broader population of dogs with AD.
Isolated transverse process fractures: insignificant injury or marker of complex injury pattern?

This study investigates the incidence of isolated transverse process fractures (ITPFx) amongst vertebral fractures in trauma patients, and specific-associated injury patterns present in patients with ITPFx. A retrospective, 4-year review of our Level 1 Trauma Center registry was performed. Patients with blunt spinal column fractures were identified. Data collected included patient demographics, Injury Severity Score (ISS), type of imaging obtained, and concomitant injuries, including rib and pelvic fractures, liver, spleen, and kidney injury (SOI). Of the 10,186 patients admitted during the study period, 881 (8.6%) suffered blunt thoraco-abdominal trauma resulting in vertebral fractures; 214/881 (24%) had ITPFx. All patients (10,186) underwent dedicated spinal multi-detector CT (MDCT) imaging; 26/214 (12.1%) patients had MRI. In all 26 patients, the MRI confirmed the CT findings. 202/214 (94.4%) had associated injuries: rib and pelvic fractures, 45.5 and 20.2%, respectively, and splenic, liver and kidney injury with an incidence of 13.8, 10.9, and 9.4%, respectively. A higher incidence of rib fractures was associated with ITPFx at the T1–4 levels, whereas ITPFx at the level of L5 were associated with pelvic fractures and SOI. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified T1–4 and L5 fractures as predictors of rib fractures and pelvic fractures independent of ISS, with OR: 2.55 (95% CI: 1.12–5.82) and 6.81 (95% CI: 3.14–14.78), respectively. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that: (1) the use of MDCT imaging has increased the rate of identification of ITPFx; (2) dedicated spinal MDCT reconstruction and MRI may not be necessary to diagnose isolated thoracic and lumbar ITPFx; and (3) ITPFx of the thoracic spine and lower lumbar spine are markers of associated rib fractures and pelvic ring fractures, respectively, as well as of solid organ injuries.
Viewing Authentic Leadership Through a Bourdieusian Lens: Understanding Gender and Leadership as Social Action:

The ProblemMany leadership development activities in modern organizations focus on the individual, either finding an individual with the secret sauce, named leadership potential, or training the in...
Maintaining Public Trust: The Influence of Transparency and Accountability on Donor Response to Fraud

All organizations, including charities, are vulnerable to the risk of losses due to fraud. Using a sample of 562 nonprofit organizations that report an asset diversion between 2008 and 2011, we examine whether fraud disclosures are relevant to donors’ giving decisions. We find, all else equal, the disclosure of an asset diversion is associated with a significant decrease in contributions. Our evidence suggests that the negative donor response is attenuated for organizations with stronger corporate governance. In addition, we find that providing pertinent information about the diversion mitigates the negative response. Donors appear to respond to content of the fraud disclosures, including the fraud amount, the ability of the organization to recover its losses, and the identity of the perpetrator. Overall, our results are consistent with a high level of donor sophistication in understanding the qualitative information on the IRS Form 990 and highlight the value of transparency when problems occur.
Relationships between Habitual Cadence, Footstrike, and Vertical Load Rates in Runners.

Excessive vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) load rates have been linked with running injuries. Increasing cadence (CAD) has been shown to reduce load rates; however, relationships between habitual cadence and load rates across a population of runners have not been examined. Purpose To examine the relationships between habitual running cadence and vertical load rates in healthy and injured runners using habitual footstrike patterns. As CAD increased, we expected vertical load rates would decrease. Methods Healthy runners (n = 32, 25 men) and injured runners (n = 93, 45 men) seeking treatment were analyzed. Footstrike classifications were heel at initial contact (rearfoot strike [RFS]) or forefoot at initial contact (forefoot strike [FFS]). Runners were divided into four injury status/footstrike pattern (FSP) subgroups: healthy RFS (n = 19), injured RFS (n = 70), healthy FFS (n = 13), and injured FFS (n = 23). The VGRF and CAD were recorded as participants ran on an instrumented treadmill at self-selected speed (x¯ = 2.6 m·s ±0.12). Healthy runners used laboratory footwear similar to their habitual footwear, and injured runners used habitual footwear. The vertical average load rates and vertical instantaneous load rates of the VGRF of each runner's right leg were calculated and correlated with CAD for four injury status-FSP subgroups and for all runners combined. Results There were no differences in CAD between all runners or any subgroup (P > 0.05). Vertical average load rates and vertical instantaneous load rates were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) in the injured RFS group compared with all other subgroups. Injured FFS and healthy FFS had similar load rates (P = 1.0). Conclusions We found no relationships between habitual running cadence and vertical load rates. The highest load rates were in injured RFS runners, and the lowest load rates were in FFS runners, regardless of injury status. Future studies of gait retraining to increase CAD and reduce load rates should follow runners long term to examine this relationship once CAD has become habituated.