cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of inspiratory time on tidal volume delivery in anesthesia and intensive care unit ventilators operating in pressure control mode

Abstract Study objective To compare the effect of inspiratory time and lung compliance on tidal volume (Vt) delivery in anesthesia and intensive care unit (ICU) ventilators operating in pressure control mode. Setting Respiratory research laboratory of a tertiary care medical center. Design Two anesthesia ventilators with pressure control capability (Narkomed 6000, Drager Medical, Inc, Telford, Pa, and the Datex-Ohmeda Aestiva 5, Datex-Ohmeda, Inc, Madison, Wis) and one critical care ventilator (Puritan Bennett 7200, Puritan-Bennett, Pleasanton, Calif) were studied under varying inspiratory time and lung compliance conditions using a mechanical lung model. Intervention Each ventilator was set to pressure control mode at a fixed inspiratory/expiratory (I/E) ratio. The respiratory rate (RR) was varied between 6 and 28 breaths per minute. Lung compliance and inspiratory time settings were set to simulate clinical conditions known to affect anesthesia ventilator performance. Measurements Inspiratory flow, Vts, and peak airway pressures were measured using the on-board monitor for each ventilator, and confirmed with the Bicore CP-100 pulmonary mechanics monitor (Bicore Monitoring Systems, Inc, Irvine, Calif). To assess differences in inspiratory flow between ventilators, airway pressures were continuously monitored during inspiration. Main results Increasing RRs caused delivered Vts to decrease for all ventilators. However, decreases in Vts were significantly larger for anesthesia than for ICU ventilators. At a lung compliance of 0.02 L/cm H 2 O and set Vt of 700 mL, Vt delivery for the Puritan Bennett 7200 ventilator remained at 88% of baseline, but decreased to 76% for the Aestiva 5 when RRs were increased from 6 to 28 breaths per minute ( P Conclusion Differences in inspiratory flow delivery between ICU and anesthesia ventilators can cause differences in Vt delivery when the pressure control mode is used at high RRs. These differences can significantly impact the perioperative care of critically ill patients requiring ventilatory support.
New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa

The endemic Hawaiian cosmopterigid moth genus Hyposmocoma Butler, 1881 contains 315 described species, making it one of the Archipelago’s most diverse radiations. However, only one species was previously described as endemic to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), and prior taxonomic work in the region has been problematic. The NWHI represent a series of much older island remnants and atolls that were formerly high islands of much greater diversity. Systematic relationships within and between Hyposmocoma on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands may have implications for understanding not only the biogeography of Hyposmocoma but of Hawaiian radiations in general. We describe eight new species of Hyposmocoma endemic to the NWHI: H. laysanensis sp. nov. and H. ekemamao sp. nov. from Laysan Island, H. opuumaloo sp. nov. and H. mokumana sp. nov. from Necker Island, and H. nihoa sp. nov., H. kikokolu sp. nov., H. menehune sp. nov., and H. papahanau sp. nov. from Nihoa Island. This work represents the first inclusive taxonomic treatment of Hyposmocoma in the NWHI and may serve as a basis for studies both of Hyposmocoma, and broader biogeographic research on the NWHI.
Analysis of nanoparticles using photonic nanojet

A photonic nanojet is a local field enhancement generated in the vicinity of a properly chosen microsphere or microcylinder illuminated by a collimated light beam. These photonic nanojets have waists smaller than the diffraction limit and propagate over several optical wavelengths without significant diffraction. We investigate the properties of photonic nanojets using rigorous solutions of Maxwell’s equations. A remarkable property we have found is that they can significantly enhance the backscattering of light by nanometer-scale particles (as small as ~1 nm) located within the jets. The enhancement factor for the backscattering intensity can be as high as five to six orders of magnitude. As a result, the observed intensity of the backscattered light from the dielectric microsphere can be substantially altered due to the presence of a nanoparticle within the light jet. Furthermore, the intensity and angular distribution of the backscattered signal is extremely sensitive to the size of the nanoparticle, which may enable differentiating particles with accuracy up to 1 nm. These properties of photonic nanojets make them an ideal tool for detecting, differentiating and sorting nanoparticles, which is of immense necessity for the field of nano-biotechnology. For example, they could yield potential novel ultramicroscopy techniques using visible light for detecting proteins, viral particles, and even single molecules; and monitoring molecular synthesis and aggregation processes of importance in many areas of biology, chemistry, material sciences, and tissue engineering.
Generalization of Affective Learning About Faces to Perceptually Similar Faces

Different individuals have different (and different-looking) significant others, friends, and foes. The objective of this study was to investigate whether these social face environments can shape individual face preferences. First, participants learned to associate faces with positive, neutral, or negative behaviors. Then, they evaluated morphs combining novel faces with the learned faces. The morphs (65% and 80% novel faces) were within the categorical boundary of the novel faces: They were perceived as those faces in a preliminary study. Moreover, a second preliminary study showed that following the learning, the morphs' categorization as similar to the learned faces was indistinguishable from the categorization of actual novel faces. Nevertheless, in the main experiment, participants evaluated morphs of "positive" faces more positively than morphs of "negative" faces. This learning generalization effect increased as a function of the similarity of the novel faces to the learned faces. The findings suggest that general learning mechanisms based on similarity can account for idiosyncratic face preferences.
Non-ohmic conduction in bismuth

The experimentally determined I-V characteristics at large currents at 4.2°, 77°, and 300°K have been found to be nonlinear in both single crystal and wire samples of bismuth. A theory has been formulated which includes self-magnetoresistance, a redistribution of carriers (pinch) and bimolecular bulk and surface recombination. Very little information exists, either experimentally or theoretically, with regard to these recombination mechanisms. A program has been written to numerically solve the equations for various values of the electron-hole recombination time and surface velocity. It is found that the I-V characteristics are dominated by the self-magnetoresistance and vary only slightly for a wide range of the generation-recombination parameters.
Neuroendocrine and Immune Contributors to Fatigue

Central fatigue, a persistent and subjective sense of tiredness, generally correlates poorly with traditional markers of disease. It is frequently associated with psychosocial factors, such as depression, sleep disorder, anxiety, and coping style, which suggest that dysregulation of the body's stress systems may serve as an underlying mechanism in the maintenance of chronic fatigue (CF). This article addresses the endocrine, neural, and immune factors that contribute to fatigue and describes research regarding the role of these factors in chronic fatigue syndrome as a model for addressing the biology of CF. In general, hypoactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system alterations characterized by sympathetic overactivity and low vagal tone, as well as immune abnormalities, may contribute to the expression of CF. Noninvasive methods for evaluating endocrine, neural, and immune function are also discussed. Simultaneous evaluation of neuroendocrine and immune systems with noninvasive techniques will help elucidate the underlying interactions of these systems, their role in disease susceptibility, and progression of stress-related disorders.
The Evolution and Modern Practice of Interpersonal Process Family Therapy

This article recognizes rapprochement between intervention theories, and asserts that contemporary recognition of the effects from the therapist-client relationship supports that family therapists should embrace interpersonal process. Specific guiding principles are posited.
Relationship of the Estrogen Surge and Multiple Mates to Cub Paternity in the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Implications for Optimal Timing of Copulation or Artificial Insemination

The effectiveness of ex situ breeding programs for endangered species can be limited by challenges in mimicking mating competitions that naturally occur among multiple mates in the wild. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of timed natural matings and/or artificial inseminations in the context of the urinary estrogen surge on cub production in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). We used a large cohort of giant pandas, including 12 females and 17 males. DNA paternity exclusion was used to pinpoint accurately the interval during the estrogen surge that coincided with the ideal sperm deposition time to produce offspring. Of the 31 cubs (in 19 pregnancies), 22 (71.0%; 15 pregnancies) were produced from matings occurring on the day of or the day after the maximal urinary estrogen peak. Sixteen of the 19 pregnancies (84.2%) produced at least one offspring sired by the first male mating with the dam. There was a preponderance of twins (12 of 19; 63.2%), and dual paternities were discovered in 3 of 12 twin sets (25%). These findings indicate a strong relationship between the excreted estrogen surge and sperm deposition to achieve pregnancy in the giant panda. To ensure the production of the most genetically diverse young, it is imperative that the most appropriate male mate first and on the day of or the day after the highest detected estrogen value. There is no advantage to increasing the number of copulations or mating partners within 1 day of the estrogen peak on the incidence of twinning, although this practice may increase the prevalence of dual paternity in cases of multiple births.
A Specific ECG Triad Associated with Congestive Heart Failure

No specific ECG sign of congestive heart failure has been described. This report deiineales a new triad consisting of 1) High precordial QRS voltage (SV1 or SV2 + RV5 or RV6 ≥ 3.5 mV); 2) Relatively low limb lead voltage (total QRS amplitude ≤ 0.8 m V in the limb leads); 3) Poor precordial R wave progression (R/S ratio < 3 in V4). In a retrospective study of 27 patients with idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy, this triad was noted on at least one occasion in 19 cases (70%). This pattern was not noted at all in a control group of 100 adults without heart disease or in a separate control group of 30 preoperative patients with left venlricular hypertrophy due to aortic valve disease and normal left ventricular function. Three of these patients subsequently developed this pattern as a false positive sign immediately following aortic valve replacement. In a prospective survey of ECGs from 2000 consecutive patients, this triad appeared in 32 cases (1.6% prevalence). Definite evidence of current or previous left ventricular failure, usually severe, was noted in 29 of these cases (91% predictive valuel as evidenced by pulmonary venous hypertension or pulmonary edema on chest x-ray, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%, or echocardiographic left ventricular end-diastolic dimension ≥ 6.0 cm. The pathophysiology of this highly specific ECG triad probably relates to a number of mechanical and vectorial factors associated with congestive heart failure of a variety of etiologies. Left ventricular enlargement causes increased precordial voltage. In addition, the horizontal plane vector shifts posteriorly, orthogonal to the frontal plane, causing poor R wave progression and low limb lead voltage. Finally, increased extracellular fluid may preferentially attenuate QRS voltage in the more distal (limb) leads. (PAGE, Vol. 5, July-August, 1982)
Emic-Etic Conflicts as Explanation of Nonparticipation in Adult Education among the Maya of Western Guatemala

A 1996-1997 field study of reasons for nonparticipation in literacy programs among illiterate Mayan adults in rural western Guatemala demonstrated an emic-etic distinction within adult education. This distinction may be the critical determinant of success or failure of adult education efforts and can also explain gaps between theory, research, and the practice of adult education. Literacy programs have aimed to convert illiterate adults into literates. However, emic concepts held by illiterate adults in this study have made these attempts fail and deterred illiterate adults from participation in literacy programs. These concepts are generated and supported at four structural levels: individual-4a) literacy is not work and (b) the concept of schooling; family-(a) family obligations and moral values and (b) humiliation of the adult male; community-(a) the concept of Maya and (b) moral economy; national-4a) loss of cultural identity, (b) indigenous community, and (c) irrelevance of literacy.
Toward an argumentation-based dialogue framework for human-robot collaboration

The research on human-robot dialogue to support fluent human robot interaction is still in its early stages. Current issues in the human-robot dialogue domain could be divided into two major categories, which are described in this proposal as the "what to say" problem and the "how to say it" problem. The "what to say" problem addresses ways to determine the content of plausible dialogue during human robot interaction, whereas the "how to say it" problem addresses the best ways for a robot to deliver that content (e.g., using text, gestures, speech or different modalities). Dialogue within the robotics domain also needs to address the "when to say it" problem that considers the timing of dialogue delivery (e.g., turn taking).Human-robot collaboration may fail for many reasons. This research focuses on conflicts and robot errors during human-robot collaboration. Conflicting beliefs occur when participating collaborators have two different views of the physical world due to inaccessible or non-static information. Intuitively, collaborators need to persuade each other to agree on the same beliefs about the state of the world in order to complete collaborative tasks successfully. Robot errors may happen due to miscommunication or simply lack of communication. Moreover, lack of dialogue support for a human to query a robot makes it even more difficult for error recovery. This may lead to failure of a collaborative plan or shared goal. Dialogue is the natural way to resolve errors due to miscommunication. This research explores the notion of an argumentation-based dialogue method for human-robot interaction (HRI). The proposed research aims to design and implement a logic-based dialogue framework grounded on argumentation theory to address the "what to say" problem of human robot communication during a collaborative task.
Radiation dose management: weighing risk versus benefit.

radiography are also valid with CT scanners, both the older devices and the new multislice devices. As with conventional radiography or fluoroscopy, the mottle or noise is directly related to the radiation exposure. One can optimize examinations to determine the appropriate dose required to produce diagnostic images without overapplication of radiation. Determining the optimal dose is especially important during interventional procedures when much repetitive or continuous scanning may be performed. Factors that have now focused new attention on this topic are the continuing technologic development, refinement of CT scanners, development of new applications, and subsequent
Abstract T P281: Low Household Income and Medication Co-pays are Associated with Higher Risk of Anticipated Medication Non-adherence in a Cross-section of Admitted Stroke Patients

Objectives: Successful secondary stroke prevention is dependent on medication adherence. However, medication non-adherence can be highly variable and results in suboptimal management of risk factors. Our aim was to determine patient-specific barriers to anticipated medication adherence. Methods: We surveyed patients admitted to a large tertiary hospital with a diagnosis of stroke or TIA from September 2012 to June 2014. Participants were asked: “Are you likely to skip medication doses if you do not believe that the medication will improve your health in the long run?” “Yes” or “maybe” responses were coded as anticipated non-adherence; and “no” was coded as anticipated adherence. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed on demographic characteristics including socioeconomic status (SES) to determine risk factors associated with anticipated non-adherence. Results: A total of 123 patients were surveyed; mean age 63 (+/-16), 51.2% women, and 71.5% white. Participants with antic...
Lifestyle Modification for Secondary Stroke Prevention.

Of nearly 800 000 strokes that occur annually, 23% are recurrent events. Risk for disability and mortality is higher following a recurrent stroke than following a first-time stroke, which makes sec...
Michael B. Salwen, Radio and Television in Cuba, the Pre-Castro Era. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1994.

(1995). Michael B. Salwen, Radio and Television in Cuba, the Pre-Castro Era. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1994. American Journalism: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 188-191.
Source/Drain Doping Effects and Performance Analysis of Ballistic III-V n-MOSFETs

Effects of source/drain (S/D) doping density (N SD ) on the ballistic performance of III-V nanowire (NW) n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (n-MOSFETs) are explored through atomistic quantum transport simulation. Different III-V materials (InAs, GaAs) and transport directions ( , ) are considered with Si included for benchmarking for a gate length of 13 nm. For III-V's, depending on the operating condition (OFF-current target for a given supply voltage), there exists an optimum N SD that maximizes ON-current (I ON ) by balancing source exhaustion versus tunneling leakage. For InAs, sub-threshold swing degrades significantly with increasing N SD due to the light effective mass (m*) and source-drain tunneling, so the optimum N SD is low. For GaAs, such dependence is much weaker due to the larger m*, and the optimum N SD is higher. With optimized N SD 's, InAs shows low ballistic I ON due to the low density-of-state (DOS) whereas GaAs NW with transport direction shows good ballistic I ON due to the improved DOS with still high injection velocity, making it a better candidate for high performance device.
Exome Sequencing Identifies a Novel LMNA Splice-Site Mutation and Multigenic Heterozygosity of Potential Modifiers in a Family with Sick Sinus Syndrome, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, and Sudden Cardiac Death.

The goals are to understand the primary genetic mechanisms that cause Sick Sinus Syndrome and to identify potential modifiers that may result in intrafamilial variability within a multigenerational family. The proband is a 63-year-old male with a family history of individuals (>10) with sinus node dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and sudden death. We used exome sequencing of a single individual to identify a novel LMNA mutation and demonstrated the importance of Sanger validation and family studies when evaluating candidates. After initial single-gene studies were negative, we conducted exome sequencing for the proband which produced 9 gigabases of sequencing data. Bioinformatics analysis showed 94% of the reads mapped to the reference and identified 128,563 unique variants with 108,795 (85%) located in 16,319 genes of 19,056 target genes. We discovered multiple variants in known arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, or ion channel associated genes that may serve as potential modifiers in disease expression. To identify candidate mutations, we focused on ~2,000 variants located in 237 genes of 283 known arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, or ion channel associated genes. We filtered the candidates to 41 variants in 33 genes using zygosity, protein impact, database searches, and clinical association. Only 21 of 41 (51%) variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. We selected nine confirmed variants with minor allele frequencies G, a novel heterozygous splice-site mutation as the primary mutation with rare or novel variants in HCN4, MYBPC3, PKP4, TMPO, TTN, DMPK and KCNJ10 as potential modifiers and a mechanism consistent with haploinsufficiency.
Real Symmetric Matrices, ‘Block’ Lanczos Code

The FORTRAN codes in this chapter address the question of using an iterative ‘block’ Lanczos procedure to compute a ‘few’ extreme eigenvalues and a basis for the corresponding invariant subspace of a given real symmetric matrix A. An eigenvalue is extreme if it is one of the algebraically-smallest or the algebraically-largest eigenvalues.
Computer Simulations of Optical Dephasing of Paragmagnetic Ions

We describe the optical dephasing of YLiF4:Er3+ using a computer simulation which takes into account the mutual spin flips of 3000 F host nuclei. The highly non-exponential echo decay results from the “frozen core” of nuclear spins near the large Er3+ magnetic moment, whose spin flip rates are greatly slowed compared to the unperturbed spins. We study the decay as a function of the parameters which describe the dynamics of the nuclear spins.
Downfront Winds over Buoyant Coastal Plumes

AbstractDownfront, or downwelling favorable, winds are commonly found over buoyant coastal plumes. It is known that these winds can result in mixing of the plume with the ambient water and that the winds influence the transport, spatial extent, and stability of the plumes. In the present study, the interaction of the Ekman velocity in the surface layer and baroclinic instability supported by the strong horizontal density gradient of the plume is explored with the objective of understanding the potential vorticity and buoyancy budgets. The approach makes use of an idealized numerical model and scaling theory. It is shown that when winds are present the weak stratification resulting from vertical mixing and the strong baroclinicity of the front results in near-zero average potential vorticity q. For weak to moderate winds, the reduction of q by diapycnal mixing is balanced by the generation of q through the geostrophic stress term in the regions of strong horizontal density gradients and stable stratificati...
A comparison of raster-based travel time surfaces against vector-based network calculations as applied in the study of rural food deserts.

While the term food insecurity is gaining popularity in contemporary literature, there is debate as to how tenets of this phenomenon can be quantitatively measured. One of these tenets, proximity to food resources, which is used to measure food deserts, can be measured within a digital GIS (Geographic Information System). Metrics such as Euclidean and network distance represent planimetric distance measurements between locations and resources, but do not truly represent the empirical cost that serves as a barrier, most notably time and/or money, to those who must decide to travel to these resources. While the vector data model has been the standard by which these calculations are done within a GIS, raster-based travel time surfaces can serve as a faster, replicable and scalable alternative. However, little research has been done to test the efficacy of these surfaces and their alignment with vector-based network calculations. In this research, we developed two travel-time surfaces for a rural region in southeastern North Carolina. One represented travel times to grocery stores and while the other represented travel time to convenience stores. We found that the travel times derived from this surface were statistically consistent with vector-based counterparts for sample sizes at a 95% confidence. When utilized correctly using an appropriate scale and spatial resolution, these surfaces have the potential to be effective tools in the study of food deserts.
Lubricous Hydrogel Surface Coatings on Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

A surface-attached hydrogel made from an entangled network of poly(acrylamide–acrylic acid) random copolymer chains has been chemically bonded to the surface of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and demonstrated ultralow friction in aqueous environments. The hydrogel polymer, preformed in solution, possesses a high molecular weight and exists as an entangled network under the solution concentrations employed. Surface attachment is accomplished through chemical modification of the PDMS surface followed by subsequent reaction with acrylic acid moieties along the polymer backbone. The friction coefficients of untreated and hydrogel-modified PDMS surfaces were measured via microtribometry, employing both a glass probe and a novel bioprobe made from the anterior surface of a rat thoracic aorta. The unique approach to hydrogel synthesis and its attachment to PDMS succeeds in producing a robust, highly solvated polymer network of sufficient water content to enable friction coefficients as low as µ = 0.003.
Multiple Regression and Marketing-Mix Models

In this technical note, the concept of regression using a single independent variable is first introduced and then some of the practical challenges associated with it, including multiple independent variables in a regression, are discussed. Particular attention is paid to bias in the regression coefficients in the presence of omitted variables. The concept of the economic significance of a model is introduced and is contrasted with statistical significance. At Darden, this note is used in the course elective "Big Data in Marketing." Excerpt UVA-M-0855 Rev. Jun. 20, 2014 Multiple Regression In Marketing-Mix Models The movie Moneyball has a lot to teach us about optimizing a company's marketing mix. In the movie, the management of the Oakland Athletics discovers that the baseball team can get ahead by changing its perspective and looking at data differently than its competitors. The A's know most major-league teams use batting average (hits over real opportunities) as the prevailing metric for determining the worth of a hitter. Traditional baseball wisdom says, “You hit more, you win more.” So the players who have more hits per at bat are generally the most sought after and are paid the most money. But by examining the outcome of decades of baseball games, the A's manager finds a variable he believes to be more predictive of success. It is not only hits that help a baseball team win; walks count too. Getting on base and not making outs is more closely correlated with winning games than hits alone. The team's management takes the analysis of the data and uses it to buy undervalued players—players who don't necessarily have the highest batting averages but who do have high on-base percentages. For a small-market team such as the A's, which has less money to spend on players than other franchises, this strategy changes the game. . . .
A comparative evaluation of HVDC ties using line commutated and modular multilevel converters

Traditional HVDC systems employ line commutated converters (LCCs) which are prone to commutation failures and feature significant harmonic distortion. Voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC systems have been employed to overcome these disadvantages, but their high switching frequency makes it difficult to scale to high power levels. Recently, a VSC topology named modular multilevel converter (MMC) has been introduced featuring higher power quality and reduced losses due to its modularity. Its application for HVDC transmission systems has already been studied in the literature and demonstrated in the field. In this paper, an HVDC tie based on back-to-back MMCs is realized, and a qualitative and quantitative comparative evaluation against its LCC-based counterpart is performed. The evaluation is grounded on a real case study, the Stegall HVDC tie, which provides power exchange between the western and eastern North American interconnections.
The Insulin-Resistance Inducing Factor Associated with Uremia

Insulin resistance is a prominent feature of several clinical conditions including obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Type II), fasting, glucocorticoid excess, myotonic dystrophy and uremia. Evidence for insulin resistance in chronic renal disease is provided by the demonstration of elevated circulating levels of insulin and a blunted glucose response to an injection of the hormone1. More direct evidence of insulin resistance is proyided by a reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by skeletal muscle when measured by the forearm perfusion technique2 or by the euglycemic insulin clamp3. In vitro studies in liver, muscle and fat from uremic rats have shown resistance of at least some parameters of insulin action4.
Validation of hybrid angular spectrum acoustic and thermal modelling in phantoms.

In focused ultrasound (FUS) thermal ablation of diseased tissue, acoustic beam and thermal simulations enable treatment planning and optimization. In this study, a treatment-planning methodology th...
The effect of biocomposite material in a composite structure under compression loading

While composite structures exhibit exceptional strength and weight saving possibilities for engineering applications, sometimes their overall cost and/or material performance can limit their usage when compared to conventional structural materials. Meanwhile 'biocomposites', composite structures consisting of natural fibres (i.e., bamboo fibres), display higher cost efficiency and unique structural benefits such as 'sustainability'. This analysis will determine if the integration of these two different types of composites are beneficial to the overall structure. Specifically, the structure will consist of a one internal bamboo veneer biocomposite ply; and two external carbon fibre weave composite plies surrounding the bamboo biocomposite. To acquire results of this study, the hypothesised composite structure will consist of varied trapezoidal corrugated specimens and tested in uniaxial compression loading. Thereafter, this test data will be used to ultimately design, manufacture, and test a structural biocomposite/composite box, intended to carry extremely high compressive loads; relative to its own weight. A finite element analysis of this test will be used to validate experimental data.
Gender variation in Medicare utilization and payments in gynecologic oncology

Abstract Objectives The Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Supplier Public Use File (POSPUF) and Medicare Physician and Other Supplier National Provider Identifier (POS NPI) Aggregate Report are publicly available files from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services that include payments to providers who care for fee-for-service Medicare recipients. The aim of this study was to analyze variability in gynecologic oncologists' Medicare reimbursements, with attention to differences in provider gender and time in practice. Methods The 2015 POSPUF and POS NPI were analyzed with respect to gynecologic oncologists. We searched external publicly available data sources to confirm subspecialty and to determine each provider's number of years in practice. Evaluation and management (EM drug delivery codes were excluded due to variability in billing by facility/hospital. Results The POS NPI file included 733 gynecologic oncologist providers receiving $55,626,739 in total payments. Female providers comprised 39% of gynecologic oncologists and received 31% of reimbursements (30% of E&M reimbursements and 24% of surgical reimbursements). During the first ten years in practice, female providers comprised 58% of providers and accounted for 52% of reimbursed services, compared to 38% of providers/26% of reimbursed services (11–20 years), and 18% of providers/19% of reimbursed services (>20 years). Conclusion Male gynecologic oncologists perform more Medicare services than their female counterparts. There is a comparable number of services performed between genders among both the most senior and the most junior providers, with a gender gap in services and reimbursements among mid-career providers.
Management of Humeral Avulsion of the Glenohumeral Ligament (HAGL) Lesion

Traumatic, anterior shoulder dislocation is a common athletic injury, especially in young, overhead athletes. The mechanism of injury is typically when the shoulder is placed in an abducted, externally rotated position and a forceful anterior moment is applied to the humerus resulting in an anterior and inferiorly directed dislocation of the humeral head from the glenoid. Due to the limited stretching capacity of the glenohumeral capsule and associated glenohumeral ligaments, the force of the traumatic dislocation overcomes the tensile strength of these ligaments resulting in a tear. Of the ligaments typically injured are those of the anterior inferior glenohumeral ligaments, which is referred to as a humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesion. Although other structures may be injured, the topic of this review will focus on the injuries to this structure, how this is effectively diagnosed and the preferred surgical treatment technique for treatment of this injury.
Simultaneous high-speed x-ray transmission imaging and absolute dynamic absorptance measurements during high-power laser-metal processing

Abstract During high-power laser metal processing, the absorbed light is intimately related to the molten metal cavity shape. For the first time, this relationship is observed directly and simultaneously by implementing state-of-the-art techniques of high-speed x-ray imaging and integrating-sphere radiometry. Experiments were performed on Ti-6Al-4V solid and powder under single spot laser illumination for laser conditions that cause keyhole formation and collapse. The data from x-ray imaging corroborates that a dramatic rise in laser absorption is due to keyhole formation. We also find that the keyhole area correlates most strongly with energy absorption followed closely by keyhole depth. Furthermore, time synchronization reveals correlations between keyhole fluctuations and sinusoidal variations in energy absorption that occur during nominally “stable” keyhole conditions. Absorption data show a 24 % periodic change in absorbed laser power at a 50 kHz frequency. The absorption peaks correlate to relatively large, open keyholes, whereas images taken at the troughs reveal keyholes with substantial undulations of the keyhole sidewalls. These observations give crucial, quantitative data for computational modeling whose aim is to predict porosity and defect formation.
A novel assay to measure the emergence of third-stage filarial nematodes in individual mosquitoes

Abstract Mosquitoes transmit filarial nematodes to both human and animal hosts, resulting in worldwide health and economic consequences. Transmission to a vertebrate host requires that ingested microfilariae develop into infective third-stage larvae capable of emerging from the mosquito proboscis onto the skin of the host during blood feeding. An inability to determine what proportion of third-stage larvae are capable of emerging from the mosquito has hindered efforts to assess the efficacy of experimental transmission-blocking strategies and to evaluate the transmission competence of field vectors. To overcome this hurdle, we have developed a novel method to assess the infective third-stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis that emerge from individual Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. This method does not require specialized equipment, making it amenable for field work. Using this assay, we have determined the proportion of microfilariae that successfully develop into emerging third-stage larvae as well as the fate of those that do not. We have found that once D. immitis third-stage larvae emerge at 13 days post infection, the proportion of mosquitoes producing them, and the number produced per mosquito remain stable until at least day 21. However, during this time, the fitness cost of the infection to the mosquito increases, suggesting that larvae continue to either damage the vector, compete for essential nutrients, or produce toxic metabolites. Increasing uptake of D. immitis microfilariae increases the fitness cost to the mosquito but does not increase the number of emerging third-stage larvae. Notably, we find that our assay is also suitable for assessment of emerging third-stage larvae of Brugia malayi, one of the filarial nematodes responsible for human lymphatic filariasis. Thus, it is likely that this assay will be applicable to all mosquito-transmitted filariae and possibly filariae transmitted by other hematophagous arthropods. Together, our results indicate that this new assay will facilitate assessment of the transmission potential of arthropod vectors and promote preparation of uniformly infectious L3 for challenge experiments and other functional assays. It will also facilitate analyses of molecular interactions between vectors and filariae, ultimately allowing for the establishment of novel methods to block disease transmission.
Computational approaches to mentalizing during observational learning and strategic social interactions

In order to make decisions, we often seek and integrate information coming from other people, while at times also keeping track of the knowledge other people acquire from observing our own actions. In this chapter, we examine the computational mechanisms and the involvement of mentalizing when we learn from observing other people and when we engage in strategic social interactions in which two agents recursively represent each other’s beliefs and intentions. We shed light on evidence that regions of the brain’s mentalizing system play a key role in implementing these social learning computations, by representing (1) the mental states of other agents, (2) how these mental states are dynamically updated over time and (3) how other agents represent our own beliefs and intentions. We argue in favor of using a neuro-computational approach to study these processes, combining computational modelling to identify specific variables predicting behavior and model-based neuroimaging to understand how and where these variables are represented in the brain. We conclude by highlighting some open questions that remain to be addressed to provide a fully integrated account of mentalizing computations during social learning.
Spatially variant autofocus for circular synthetic aperture sonar.

Circular synthetic aperture sonar (CSAS) is a method for improving the resolution and target detection capabilities of a synthetic aperture sonar system. CSAS data are difficult to focus because of their large aperture sizes and elevation sensitivity. This difficulty has sometimes been addressed by using transponders or distributing isotropic scatterers in the field of view of the system; however, this comes at the cost of reduced practicality. As an alternative, map-drift based multipoint autofocus (“multilateration”) was proposed by Cantalloube and Nahum [IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 49, 3730–37 (2011)] for autofocusing analogous circular synthetic aperture radar data. Multilateration also solves the problem of aberration spatial variance by providing a three-dimensional navigation correction. In circular synthetic aperture focusing problems, though, correcting aberrations is a joint navigation and elevation estimation problem, and the present work extends the multilateration approach to simultaneously solve both a navigation solution and coordinate corrections for the multilateration control patches. Additionally, methods for addressing the stability and behavior of the inverse problem are addressed, and an adaptive weighting scheme for reducing the influence of outliers is presented. The field results demonstrate near optimal point-spread functions on distributions of natural isotropic scatterers and robustness in regions with bathymetric variability.
Fat-- a fate worse than death : women, weight, and appearance

Contents Preface: The Beginning of a Journey * Section I. My Own Truths * Welcome to the World Beyond Size 10 * Doubt: Whistling in the Dark * For You, Jane, Too Late? * Who Do I See in Another's Eyes? * Tucking in My Blouse * Leafletting: Good Work Out There * I See My Insides/You See My Outsides * There's Good Work Out There: What Others Are Saying* I See My Insides/You See My Outsides * The Lifelong Diet * What's Funny About Fat? * Does "Old and Fat" Mean I've Given Up? * This Body I Live In * Section II. What the Outside World Believes * I Am Not Your Punching Bag! * Is Ugly True? * Screaming in the Face of the World, or What Does Acceptance Look Like? * Help! The Avalanche Roars Down on Us * The Birds * Why Do I Feel Like a Bull's Eye? * Weight Watchers: How They Want Us Back! * Don't Raise Your Head--They're Still Shooting! * Section III. Time to Move On * Love Letters * Raw Courage in Face of Horror Stories * Breaking Free * Trudging Through * Fighting Back * Images of Ourselves--Good and Awful * Steps to Freedom * Epilogue: 100-Plus Ways to Fight Ageism, Looksism, Sexism, Racism, Fatism * Index * Reference Notes Included
Silicon-on-Ferroelectric Insulator field effect transistor (SOFFET): Partially depleted structure for sub-60 mV/decade applications

Abstract This paper presents the concept of a new field effect transistor (FET) named a Partially Depleted Silicon-on-Ferroelectric Insulator Field Effect Transistor ( PD-SOFFET ). Our design proposes to utilize the negative capacitance (NC) of ferroelectric material in a partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (PD-SOI) device structure. We suggest to substitute the buried insulator oxide (SiO 2 ) inside the SOI substrate with a ferroelectric material, which converts it to the Silicon-on-Ferroelectric Insulator (SOF) substrate. The proposed integration of a ferroelectric material into the body of the MOSFET device will provide the required NC effect to overcome the fundamental thermionic barrier of the current and emerging FETs. This new SOFFET device would provide enhanced device gain, speed and channel conduction. A theoretical model is developed to validate the concept of the new device, which can lower the subthreshold swing ( S ) below the theoretical minimum S =60 mV/decade that is imposed by the thermodynamic limit ( kT/q ) of the FET devices. Analytical models have been derived to show that the subthreshold swing and the threshold voltage of the proposed device depend on the thicknesses of ferroelectric insulator and gate oxide, and the doping profile of the silicon body. It has been demonstrated that by carefully optimizing different geometric and electrical parameters the proposed PD-SOFFET can provide S value significantly below 60 mV/decade.
Indian Ironies, or British Commemorative Sculpture and (Re)shaped Memory

This paper addresses the question (and connection) of memory and commemoration when the original political context of a particular body of commemorative sculptures has changed, taking as its case in point British sculpture in present-day India.
Changing perceptions, changing reality.

It should come as no surprise that Americans are deeply troubled about the ways in which we receive health care. We are worried about what analysts call “health care delivery and finance,” that is, where, from whom, under what conditions, and with what financial implications we obtain health care services. We have all been participants in, as well as witnesses to, a revolution in the ways we intersect with an important social service, one that has significant implications for our well-being and carries with it extensive emotional baggage. It is understandable that, finding ourselves in the midst of a revolution, we would be confused and frightened. We wonder what will happen when we turn to the modern replacement for the traditional and familiar Blue Cross–Blue Shield plan or similar arrangements we thought we understood. We do not really grasp the changes in Medicare, such as the differences between “Original Medicare” and “Medicare+Choice” and the various arrangements possible under the latter, such as health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), provider sponsored organizations (PSOs), private fee-for-service plans (FFSs), medical savings accounts (MSAs), and religious fraternal beneficiary plans (RFBs). We are concerned about the development of new, merged, sometimes for-profit, hospitals. We are troubled about the fact that our physician, now an employee of an HMO and subject to its rules and regulations, seems busier and more rushed.
School effects and costs for private and public schools in the Dominican Republic

Using statistical methods to adjust for a bias in selectivity, this paper analyzes the relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of public schools and two types of private schools - elite and non-elite - in the Dominican Republic. Controlling for selection, it found that students in eighth grade mathematics achieve more in both types of private school than they do in public schools, and achieve more in elite than in non-elite schools. Differences in teachers' backgrounds and teaching practices account for some of this difference in achievement, but differences in the students' peer background characteristics are substantially more important. Both types of private schools appear to be more cost-effective than public schools.
Trademark Law and the Social Construction of Trust: Creating the Legal Framework for Online Identity

Trust is the foundation of society for without trust, we cannot cooperate. Trust, in turn, depends upon secure, reliable, and persistent identity. Cyberspace is thought to challenge our ability to build trust because the medium undermines the connection between online pseudonym and offline identity. We have no assurances of who stands behind an online avatar; it may be one person, it may be more, it may be a computer. The legal debate to date has focused exclusively on the question of how to maintain real world identity in cyberspace. But new “social software” technology that enables communities from eBay to Amazon collectively to rate their members is giving rise to meaningful reputation in an online context. To determine what rules should govern online reputation and the use of such reputational data, we should look not only to constitutional, copyright, or tort law, but to trademark, the area of doctrine most closely analogous. Trademarks are a collaborative creation made by the source of the mark and the buying public, which associates the mark with that source. The public’s interest in the mark circumscribes the property rights of the individual holder. By reasoning from trademark theory to create a new set of rules for online reputation we create incentives for the social construction of trust in cyberspace. One key consequence of this approach is the conclusion that in order to produce reliable and persistent online identity, past reputational data should be preserved, transparent, and widely shared. The aim of virtual communities is the common good of its [sic] citizenry, from which arise the rights of avatars. Foremost among these rights is the right to be treated as people and not as * Assoc. Professor and Director, Institute for Information Law and Policy, New York Law School. Many thanks to John Clippinger, Susan Crawford, Steve Ellmann, Seth Harris, David Johnson, Reiner Leist, Steve Midgely, Brian Murphy, Cory Ondrejka, David Post, Ren Reynolds, Colin Rule and Richard Sherwin whose thoughtful insights made writing this article a pleasure and to Colin Hepburn, who made writing this Article possible. Thank you to Todd Marcus for extraordinarily able and patient research assistance. For Hopi Novicki whose on-line personality almost keeps up with her