cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Identities for the New Century

In view of our postmodern Zeitgeist, and our shrinking world, we come upon identity as a concept that needs to be reconsidered. This paper examines the various categories that constitute identity, such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, race and even family. Each category forms a collection of values. These categories are viewed as socially constructed, usually with fuzzy boundaries, and have often been used for malignant purposes such as warfare, persecution, and discrimination. If people become identified with only one or two categories, either out of choice or through coercion, the identification negates the many elements that constitute the self, and it may lead to hostility and warfare against all outsiders. Identity is not viewed as a static structure, since different categories become foreground or background, depending on social, political, and historical circumstances. The author uses her own identity-voyage to illustrate her thoughts. Mental health professionals should try ...
EELS compositional and valence mapping in iron fluoride–carbon nanocomposites

Iron fluoride–carbon nanocomposites (FeF2–C and FeF3–C) are newly developed materials for positive electrodes in Li–ion batteries. These new composites represent high-capacity and reversible conversion electrode materials with capacity close to theoretical value and four times that of lithium cobalt oxide; the most widely used compounds as positive electrode. In this paper, we report detailed chemical and structural analysis of FeF2–C nanocomposite electrode at different discharge states. The FeF2–C nanocomposite was prepared by high-energy ball milling at ambient conditions and further processed in helium environment. The as synthesized electrode consists of FeF2 nanodomains with crystallite size ranging from 2 to 18 nm in an amorphous carbon matrix. The electrode material was analyzed by the electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) compositional imaging with nanometer resolution, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) at 36 %, 75 %, and fully discharged states. The high-resolution EELS elemental maps and intensity line profiles of Fe and F were obtained to investigate phase transformation during discharge. Valence maps of Fe were also produced based on the Fe L 3/L 2 white line intensity ratios. The 2-nanometer scale EELS elemental maps reveal that Fe in the as processed electrode consists of a mixed valence states (2+ and 3+). The discharged samples at 36 and 75 % demonstrate compositional modulation with F-rich and F-depleted areas with the fully discharged material consisting of nanoscale regions of LiF and Fe in agreement with the cathodic conversion reaction.
Informing family policies: The uses of social research

Like the topic of family policy itself, research informing family policies is difficult to characterize. This article discusses how ideology and values influence research agendas and then describes three types of studies informing family policies: research defining social issues, evaluation research, and research about the policy-making process. Two case studies illustrate how social research informs family policy: in promoting gender equality in Scandinavia and in reforming child support in the United States. Values of individualism and the sanctity of the family have traditionally focused policy makers' and, hence, researchers' attention on individuals, not families, as the units of analysis. But dramatic shifts in family structure and functioning along with renewed public concern about family disintegration are placing families high on the policy agenda. Both “basic” and “applied” family scholars can contribute to a research agenda examining the factors promoting strong, effective families.
Use of the Behavioral Model of Health Care Use to identify correlates of use of treatment for panic attacks in the community.

Background The aim of this study was to identify predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with health service use for panic attacks among adults in the United States using the Behavioral Model of Health Care Use. Method Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey (n = 8098), a community-based household sample representative of the United States adult (age 15–54) population. Stepwise logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios (with 95 % confidence intervals) measuring the association between predisposing, enabling, and need factors and the self-reported health service use for treatment of panic attacks. Result In addition to perceived (perception of poor mental health) and evaluated need (severity of panic attacks, psychiatric morbidity), predisposing (being older, married, more educated, white) factors were independently associated with use of treatment for panic attacks. Distinct correlates for use of primary care, specialized mental health treatment, and use of psychotropic medication were found. In addition to need factors, predisposing factors are independently associated with the use of services for panic attacks in the community. Conclusions These results suggest that factors other than severity of panic and degree of psychiatric morbidity may influence use of services for panic. Future studies that examine whether these factors reflect barriers to care for those in need of mental health treatment may help to inform programs aimed at targeting those with unmet need in the community.
Rectal inflammation as first manifestation of graft-vs-host disease: radiologic-pathologic findings

Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a common, life-threatening complication of bone marrow transplantation that frequently involves the gastrointestinal tract. Since symptoms are typically nonspecific, radiologic examination is often performed to reach a diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported radiologic description of a case of rectal involvement as the first manifestation of GVHD. The differential diagnosis of segmental rectal wall thickening in a patient following bone marrow transplantation should include GVHD.
Influence of Physiochemical and Watershed Characteristics on Mercury Concentration in Walleye, Sander vitreus, M.

Elevated mercury concentration has been documented in a variety of fish and is a growing concern for human consumption. Here, we explore the influence of physiochemical and watershed attributes on mercury concentration in walleye (Sander vitreus, M.) from natural, glacial lakes in South Dakota. Regression analysis showed that water quality attributes were poor predictors of walleye mercury concentration (R² = 0.57, p = 0.13). In contrast, models based on watershed features (e.g., lake level changes, watershed slope, agricultural land, wetlands) and local habitat features (i.e., substrate composition, maximum lake depth) explained 81% (p = 0.001) and 80% (p = 0.002) of the variation in walleye mercury concentration. Using an information theoretic approach we evaluated hypotheses related to water quality, physical habitat and watershed features. The best model explaining variation in walleye mercury concentration included local habitat features (W(i) = 0.991). These results show that physical habitat and watershed features were better predictors of walleye mercury concentration than water chemistry in glacial lakes of the Northern Great Plains.
A degeneration study of the course and extent of the pyramidal tract of the opossum.

The pyramidal tract was studied in 12 adult opossums. The method employed consisted of unilateral ablation of the motor cortex followed by selective staining of the resulting fiber degeneration with Nauta's silver technique. The results showed that in the upper part of its course the pyramidal tract followed a course similar to that found in other mammals. It descends in the internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, basal pons and the pyramids of the medulla oblongata where it decussates. It then continues to descend in the dorsal funiculus through the entire cervical cord. In the spinal cord fibers appeared to terminate among neurons at the base of the dorsal gray column. No degeneration could be traced directly into cranial and spinal nerve nuclei.
The marriage of quantitative genetics and cell biology: a novel screening approach reveals people have genetically encoded variation in microtubule stability.

Microtubules play a central role in many essential cellular processes, including chromosome segregation, intracellular transport, and cell polarity. As these dynamic polymers are crucial components of eukaryotic cellular architecture, we were surprised by our recent discovery that a common human genetic difference leads to variation in microtubule stability in cells from different people. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) near the TUBB6 gene, encoding class V β-tubulin, is associated with the expression level of this protein, which reduces microtubule stability at higher levels of expression. We discuss the novel cellular GWAS (genome-wide association study) platform that led to this discovery of natural, common variation in microtubule stability and the implications this finding may have for human health and disease, including cancer and neurological disorders. Furthermore, our generalizable approach provides a gateway for cell biologists to help interpret the functional consequences of human geneti...
Synthesis and Characterization of an Unusually Stable Dialkylaluminum Aldimine Complex: X-ray Crystal Structure of trans-[(1,2,3-(t-Bu)3-cyclo-C3)CHNAl(i-Bu)2]2

Treatment of nitrile 1 with an equimolar amount of DIBAL produces the alane complex [(1,2,3-(t-Bu)3-cyclo-C3)CHNAl(i-Bu)2]2 (3), which reacts sluggishly with protic nucleophiles. The X-ray crystal structure of 3 shows unusual geometric distortions in the Al2N2 core and about the imine carbon, as well as in the cyclopropene ring, all of which are attributed to the extreme steric bulk of the hydrocarbon ligands.
Driven To Dialysis? A Very Sick Nonagenarian Develops Kidney Failure

A young doctor questions what appeared to be a predetermined route to dialysis—and wonders why the full range of options wasn’t laid out.
Propagation of waves generated in tandem-mirror end cells

Slow waves generated by ion cyclotron instabilities in tandem-mirror end cells may propagate into the central cell where the waves may degrade ion confinement. Such propagation and degradation occurred in TMX, but not in TMX-U because of the improved neutral-beam injection geometry of the latter device. Fast waves observed in a central cell may arise by mode conversion near the ends of the central cell if the slow-wave amplitude is large there and if the slow and fast waves have comparable perpendicular wavelengths. Comparable wavelengths were present in TMX, but not in TMX-U; the fast-wave amplitudes observed in TMX-U which are much lower than those in TMX are thus consistent with mode-conversion theory.
Development of an Instrument to Measure Children's Health Locus of Control

Studies were conducted with children ages 7 to 12 years to develop an instrument to measure children's health locus of control. Findings provide evidence that the Children's Health Locus of Control scale has acceptable levels of reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity. Item analysis and factor analysis were performed to determine item effectiveness and existence of significant subscales. Implications of this research for health education of children are discussed. Links between the theoretical basis for the locus of control construct and a more comprehensive explanation of health behavior are outlined.
A unified model for Digitized Heat Transfer in a microchannel

Abstract Digitized Heat Transfer (DHT) is a novel method of adaptive thermal management for high powered devices that uses discrete microdroplets to remove heat. In this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of DHT are investigated for parallel plate and axisymmetric circular microchannels using scale analysis and numerical simulations. DHT in axisymmetric microchannels are also studied using experimental tests. Through scale analysis, it is found that DHT is quantified by the Nusselt number (Nu) and is a function of the Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr), nondimensional axial distance ( x / D H ), and droplet aspect ratio ( ). In simulation and experiment, Nu shows a direct relationship with Re and Pr as well as an inverse relationship with . Using the Graetz problem as a model, new scaling relations are proposed for the axial distance, x, and Nu in an effort to collapse the Nu curves that exist for different flow parameters. To align the characteristic oscillations of Nu found in DHT, x is scaled by the droplet circulation length, L circ , to create a new nondimensional axial distance, x circ = x L circ . In order to match the overall magnitude, Nu scaling is derived based on the two different modes of heat transfer that occur before and after one circulation length. Prior to one circulation length, heat transfer is characterized by thermal boundary layer growth and the scaling parameter is determined to be f 1 = RePr . After one circulation length, recirculation of heat is dominant and a scaling parameter f 2 is found to be a linear function of 1 / . f 2 is modeled by the equation f 2 = c 1 + c 2 where c 1 and c 2 are dependent on Re and Pr. The two scaling constants are merged using an inverse tangent weighting function (w) so that a fully scaled Nusselt number, Nu ∗ , is defined by Nu ( 1 / f 1 ) ( 1 - w ) - ( 1 / f 2 ) w . Using this unified model, numerical and experimental data are reduced to a single curve that depicts the heat transfer to any digitized flow. In the future, this model will be helpful in comparing various DHT systems as well as enabling the design of powerful and efficient DHT based thermal management systems.
AKARA‐MAKING CHARACTERISTICS OF FIVE U.S. VARIETIES OF COWPEAS (VIGNA UNGUICULATA)

Akara-making characteristics of five U.S. varieties of cowpea were determined, using a small-scale method developed based on 50 g dry seed starting material. Blackeye, crowder, pinkeye, white acre and a new breeding line (white-eye) cowpeas were evaluated at three paste moisture contents (63, 65, 67%). Blackeye cowpeas at 65% paste moisture served as the control. Ranges for color characteristics were: lightness (L * ), 59.8 to 68.3 (control = 61.9); chroma (intensity), 34.6 to 41.4 (control=38.3); hue angle (light brown), 72. 7 to 78. 6 (control = 74.9); total color difference, 12.8 to 14.9 (control= 14.0). Akara ball hardness ranged from 9.7 to 18.9 N (control= 14.2). Ranges for other texture characteristics were: elasticity, 1.79 to 3.18 mm (control=2.35); cohesiveness (ratio), 0.20 to 0.34 (control=0.23); gumminess, 2.45 to 4.61 N (control=3.23); and chewiness, 4. 39 to 14.2 J x 10 -3 (control=7.59). Each variety produced four to five balls per batch with weights ranging from 17.54 to 21.24 g (control=21.06 g). Paste with overall handling characteristics (ease of dispensing, ease of ball formation) and akara-making quality (shape of ball, appearance of ball surface) the most like the control was the white-eye, while crowder was the least like the control.
Leveraging AMI Data for Distribution System Model Calibration and Situational Awareness

The many new distributed energy resources being installed at the distribution system level require increased visibility into system operations that will be enabled by distribution system state estimation (DSSE) and situational awareness applications. Reliable and accurate DSSE requires both robust methods for managing the big data provided by smart meters and quality distribution system models. This paper presents intelligent methods for detecting and dealing with missing or inaccurate smart meter data, as well as the ways to process the data for different applications. It also presents an efficient and flexible parameter estimation method based on the voltage drop equation and regression analysis to enhance distribution system model accuracy. Finally, it presents a 3-D graphical user interface for advanced visualization of the system state and events. We demonstrate this paper for a university distribution network with the state-of-the-art real-time and historical smart meter data infrastructure.
Spanish in the Community: Students Reflect on Hispanic Cultures in the United States

: The changing demographics of many communities has created a need for individuals and agencies to understand the many cultures represented by Hispanics in the United States. Advanced college-level students of Spanish experienced U.S. Hispanic cultures first hand, through participation in a community-based experiential course with a service-learning option. Results of a qualitative study indicate that subjects enrolled in the course formed positive and accepting attitudes toward Spanish speakers and their cultures, regarded their cultural experiences as worthwhile, and found a sense of fulfillment through contacts with native speakers of Spanish in the community. There was also evidence of a strong link between participation in service-learning activities and academic achievement in Spanish.
Trends in collaborative technologies for supporting knowledge management

Summary form only given. The last couple years have seen the emergence of a range of extremely light-weight, robust, and virtually free technologies that suggest that the knowledge management logjam may finally be breaking up. We have long experienced the challenges of using technology to support the effective retention of and access to information and knowledge in organizations. It is a concern even in industries such as aerospace that practice considerable formal archiving. Decades of research into knowledge engineering and other approaches, and experiences with Lotus Notes and other products, have not solved the problems. Much information is not recorded or maintained, and people can't or don't create useful metadata or more extensive contextual information that would enable it to be accessed and interpreted. Features of Web-based phenomena primarily used by young people today, such as blogging and tagging, are likely to move into organizations with as much impact as email and word processing twenty years ago, and spread much more rapidly. This presentation describes and illustrates these technologies in some detail, and suggests how enterprise use may evolve, in some cases based on successful small-scale trials
Priming Terministic Inquiry: Toward a Methodology of Neurorhetoric

Rhetoric-composition's recurring captivation with emergent brain research is sustained not only by the persuasive visual rhetoric of neuroscientific research but also by the conceptual and terministic overlaps that exist between the fields of rhetoric-composition and neuroscience. While these overlaps suggest ways research in brain science can usefully contribute to work in our field, they also instigate seductively simple “solutions” to the “problem” of epistemological uncertainty. Our neurorhetorical methodology preempts the reductive uptake of neuroscientific research while simultaneously motivating a cross-disciplinary reciprocity conducive to the goals of rhetorical inquiry and responsible writing pedagogy.
Surface-directed spinodal decomposition in a two-dimensional model

We report results from a numerical study of a two-dimensional model for the surface-directed spinodal decomposition in a critical mixture. We explicitly add a long-range surface interaction term to the bulk free-energy functional leading to preferential attraction of one of the components of the mixtures to a free surface. We find that, for sufficiently long-range interactions, the thickness of the wetting layer l(t) varies as l(t)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{t}}^{1/3}$. We also find that the magnitudes of the average domain sizes in the parallel and perpendicular directions are different. However, the exponent (n) characterizing the asymptotic growth of domains in these two directions is found to be the same (n=1/3). As well, the density profile and the pair correlation functions satisfy dynamical scaling behavior.
The glycopeptides of the mouse immunoglobulin A T15

Abstract Cleavage of mouse IgA T15 with papain yielded (a) a glycosylated Fab fragment, (b) a non-glycosylated Fc fragment and (c) a glycosylated C-terminal peptide. The cleavage sites at the hinge and at the end of the Cα3 domain were located by sequencing. The two glycopeptides were prepared from the Fab and C-terminal fragments by pronase digestion. The Cα1 glycopeptide at Asn 155 was complex type with α(1–3)galactose terminal groups, and closely resembled the Asn 171 glycopeptide of mouse IgM (Anderson et al . (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys . 243 , 605–618). In contrast, the C-terminal glycopeptide at Asn 446 was entirely different from the corresponding IgM glycopeptide, being complex rather than high-mannose type.
Central regulation of temperature in hibernation and normothermia.

Abstract Normothermic hibernators respond proportionally to both peripheral and brain temperature changes like other mammals. Their quantitative responsiveness to peripheral and brain temperature inputs are consistent with body-size relationships seen in other vertebrates. The basic temperature regulatory mechanisms seen in seasonal hibernators are not altered with season although certain response parameters, such as vasomotion, are not obvious in prehibernating marmots. During hibernation, hibernators respond to peripheral- and core-temperature manipulation in a manner which is consistent with the contention that temperature is regulated in a similar but less precise manner to that seen during normothermia.
Nonperiodic flutter of a buckled composite panel

The nonlinear vibrations of a composite panel subjected to uniform edge compression and a high-supersonic coplanar flow is analysed. Third-order piston theory aerodynamics is used and the effects of in-plane edge restraints, small initial geometric imperfections, transverse shear deformation, and transverse normal stress are considered in the structural model. Periodic solutions and their bifurcations are determined using a predictor-corrector type Shooting Technique, in conjunction with the Arclength Continuation Method for the static state. It is demonstrated that third-order aerodynamic nonlinearities are destabilizing, and hard flutter oscillations (both periodic and quasiperiodic) of the buckled panel are obtained. Furthermore, chaotic motions of an uncompressed panel, as well as a buckled-chaotic transition, and chaos via period-doubling are possible, and the associated Lyapunov exponents are computed. A coexistence of the buckled state with flutter motion may also occur. Results indicate that edge restraints parallel to the flow do not significantly affect the immediate post-critical response, and that a higher-order shear deformation theory is required for a moderately thick/flexible-in-transverse-shear composite panel.
Olfactory neuronal dynamics in behaving animals

More than 50 years have passed since the first recording of neuronal responses to an odor stimulus from the primary olfactory brain area, the main olfactory bulb. During this time very little progress has been achieved in understanding neuronal dynamics in the olfactory bulb in awake behaving animals, which is very different from that in anesthetized preparations. In this paper we formulate a new framework containing the main reasons for studying olfactory neuronal dynamics in awake animals and review advances in the field within this new framework.
An Exploratory Study of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Bereaved Children

Purpose:This study reports on the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among a sample (n = 46) of bereaved children. PTSD symptoms in children who have experienced loss due to an expected death through illness have not been previously studied.Method:An exploratory cross-sectional design was used to compare Impact of Event Scale (IES) scores between two groups of bereaved children. One group experienced the sudden, unexpected death of a family member; the second group experienced the expected death of a family member following protracted illness.Findings:Overall, almost two-thirds of the children were found to be experiencing moderate to severe levels of PTSD related symptoms of intrusion and avoidance as measured by the IES. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the IES scores of the two groups of children.Implications:Findings are discussed in relation to current practice with and research on bereaved children.
DIPYRIDAMOLE ATTENUATES HYPOXIA-INDUCED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. 227

Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by altered pulmonary vascular responsiveness to certain stimuli such as alveolar hypoxia. Although the mechanism of hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction is not completely understood, recent evidence suggests that decreased production of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP are partly responsible. We hypothesized that increasing pulmonary vascular cGMP concentration by inhibiting cGMP degradation might influence vasoreactivity in patients with heightened pulmonary responsiveness. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of dipyridamole (D), a potent cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor, in 4 patients with exaggerated hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Hemodynamic measurements including mean pulmonary, aortic, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PAP, AoP, PCWP; mmHg), cardiac index (CI; liters/ min/M2), and pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances (PVRI and SVRI; indexed units) were recorded sequentially on room air (BL1 and BL2) and during hypoxic exposure (16% O2) before and after administration of D (0.6 mg/kg). D decreased baseline PAP and AoP (35 +/- 3 to 26 +/- 2 and 80 +/- 9 to 67 +/- 10 respectively; p<0.05). D attenuated the rise in PAP during hypoxic exposure keeping PAP and PVRI at subsystemic levels. Table
Contact Mechanics Models and Algorithms for UltraForm Finishing (UFF)

Algorithms are developed for UltraForm Finishing to predict tool velocity for form correction, create the tool path, and handle metrology data. Contact mechanics and Preston’s equation are used to predict the tool removal function.
Hydrodynamics of larval settlement from a larva's point of view.

Synopsis Many benthic marine invertebrate animals release larvae that are dispersed by ocean currents. These larvae swim and can respond to environmental factors such as chemical cues. However, larvae are so small (generally 0.01–1mm) that they are often assumed to be passive particles whose trajectories are determined by the motion of the water in which they are riding. Therefore, marine larvae are useful model organisms to study the more general question of how the locomotion of very small animals in complex, variable natural habitats is affected by the motion of the fluid (water or air) around them. Studying larval locomotion under conditions of water flow encountered in nature is challenging because measuring the behavior of an individual microscopic organism requires high magnification imaging that is difficult to do in the field. The purpose of this article is to synthesize in one place the various approaches that we have been using to address the technical challenges of studying the locomotion of microscopic larvae in realistic ambient flow. The steps in our process include: (1) measuring water flow in the field; (2) mimicking realistic water movement in laboratory flumes to measure larval scale fluctuations in velocity of flow and concentration of chemical cues; (3) mimicking fine scale temporal patterns of larval encounters with a dissolved chemical cue to record larval responses; (4) using individual-based models to put larvae back into the larger scale environmental flow to determine trajectories; and (5) mimicking fine scale spatial and temporal patterns of larval encounters with water velocities and shear to determine the instantaneous forces on larvae. We illustrate these techniques using examples from our ongoing research on the settlement of larvae onto fouling communities and from our published work on settlement of larvae onto coral reefs. These examples show that water velocities and concentrations of chemical cues encountered by microscopic organisms can fluctuate in fractions of a second and vary over scales of less than a millimeter.
Competitive Advantage or Market Saturation: An In-Depth Comparison of Flash-Sale Sites Through Content Analysis

This study aims to identify the representativeness of hospitality and service industry firms on flash-sale sites such as Groupon and LivingSocial. Currently, academic findings related to the frequency of offerings from these firms are nonexistent. This research relied upon a content analysis rubric and daily measurement of offerings from randomly selected cities represented by Groupon and LivingSocial for a period of 6 weeks. The daily offerings for specific cities on the Groupon and LivingSocial sites were utilized as the primary data sources. Findings indicate firms in these industries, outside of restaurants, have shunned away from offering their services via flash-sale mediums. The research findings demonstrate restaurants frequently utilize flash sales as a promotional tool. However, the abundant representation of these types of firms has created a scenario in which operators are compelled to offer deep discounts to make their offers competitive with offers from competing firms in the same city.
Phase‐adjusted echo time (PATE)‐averaging 1H MRS: application for improved glutamine quantification at 2.89 T

1H MRS investigations have reported altered glutamatergic neurotransmission in a variety of psychiatric disorders. The unraveling of glutamate from glutamine resonances is crucial for the interpretation of these observations, although this remains a challenge at clinical static magnetic field strengths. Glutamate resolution can be improved through an approach known as echo time (TE) averaging, which involves the acquisition and subsequent averaging of multiple TE steps. The process of TE averaging retains the central component of the glutamate methylene multiplet at 2.35 ppm, with the simultaneous attenuation of overlapping phase-modulated coupled resonances of glutamine and N-acetylaspartate. We have developed a novel post-processing approach, termed phase-adjusted echo time (PATE) averaging, for the retrieval of glutamine signals from a TE-averaged 1H MRS dataset. The method works by the application of an optimal TE-specific phase term, which is derived from spectral simulation, prior to averaging over TE space. The simulation procedures and preliminary in vivo spectra acquired from the human frontal lobe at 2.89 T are presented. Three metabolite normalization schemes were developed to evaluate the frontal lobe test–retest reliability for glutamine measurement in six subjects, and the resulting values were comparable with previous reports for within-subject (9–14%) and inter-subject (14–20%) measures. Using the acquisition parameters and TE range described, glutamine quantification is possible in approximately 10 min. The post-processing methods described can also be applied retrospectively to extract glutamine and glutamate levels from previously acquired TE-averaged 1H MRS datasets. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microanalysis for tin whisker risk assessment

We use microanalysis to illustrate several effects of plating microstructure on tin whisker growth, such as grain size, plating composition, and plating thickness. Starting from the diffusion-based theory of tin whisker growth, we explain why large-grained and thin platings grow fewer whiskers, and why Ni diffusion barriers and Sn-3% Pb solder composition may not be protective against tin whisker growth. We also use tin whisker growth rate data to quantify the diffusion model and predict the time evolution of whisker length distributions. The results provide a consistent framework for tin whisker risk assessment from a materials perspective.
Construction and evaluation of an integrated dynamical model of visual motion perception

Although numerous models describe the individual neural mechanisms that may be involved in the perception of visual motion, few of them have been constructed to take arbitrary stimuli and map them to a motion percept. Here, we propose an integrated dynamical motion model (IDM), which is sufficiently general to handle diverse moving stimuli, yet sufficiently precise to account for a wide-ranging set of empirical observations made on a family of random dot kinematograms. In particular, we constructed models of the cortical areas involved in motion detection, motion integration and perceptual decision. We analyzed their parameters through dynamical simulations and numerical continuation to constrain their proper ranges. Then, empirical data from a family of random dot kinematograms experiments with systematically varying direction distribution, presentation duration and stimulus size, were used to evaluate our model and estimate corresponding model parameters. The resulting model provides an excellent account of a demanding set of parametrically varied behavioral effects on motion perception, providing both quantitative and qualitative elements of evaluation.
Whistleblower Laws and Ethics

This chapter is an overview of the law and ethics of whistleblowing. It begins with the reasons why whistleblowing is so controversial and then focuses on the conflict between competing public policies that has led to a statutory erosion of the at-will employment doctrine. Next, federal and state whistleblower statutes and their underlying purposes are examined, as are statutory financial incentives meant to encourage whistleblowers. Finally, the chapter concludes by analyzing special issues encountered by in-house counsel and government lawyers who are placed in the role of whistleblower.
Preparation and characterization of poly(styrene) microcapsules containing corrosion inhibitors.

A technique has been developed to view cross-sections of microcapsules prepared by a multiple emulsion method. Poly(styrene) microcapsules were prepared by emulsifying an aqueous solution containin...
An Exploratory Study of Employers’ Attitudes Towards a Clinical Doctorate in Genetic Counseling

Creation of an advanced degree in genetic counseling has been considered since the early 1980s. The Genetic Counseling Advanced Degree Task Force (GCADTF) was convened in 2012 to formally explore the potential suitability of a clinical doctorate (ClinD), though employer perspectives of advanced training were not part of the discussion. The conclusion of this group was that the field was not ready to move to an entry-level clinical doctorate at this time but that further education and research among other stakeholders was necessary (Nagy et al. 2014). In this study, we describe employers’ perspectives on developing a clinical doctorate in genetic counseling based upon thirty audio-recorded semi-structured phone interviews that were transcribed verbatim and qualitatively analyzed. Overall, employers expressed concerns regarding the economic viability of ClinD training but envisioned expanded roles for genetic counselors (especially in areas of education and research) and enhanced credibility. While some employers reported that they would provide flexibility and tuition assistance for acquisition of a ClinD, for many employers, support was contingent on perceived value of the degree. Some employers were not clear about the difference between a ClinD and a PhD, suggesting that there is a need for educating employers about advanced degree options for the genetic counseling field. Future research could include investigating employer attitudes about market needs, envisioned roles, and compensation formulas for counselors with a ClinD or other forms of advanced training.
Radar Rainfall Application in Distributed Hydrologic Modeling for Cypress Creek Watershed, Texas

AbstractRecent advances in hydrologic models have depended on the use of radar rainfall input in physically based, fully distributed models. Previous research conducted for case studies near Houston, Texas, have focused on the use of radar rainfall for large storm events such as tropical storms and hurricanes. A fully distributed model, Vflo, was used to model streamflow during small storm events in the Cypress Creek watershed, near Houston, Texas. Two events were simulated both with rain gauge—corrected radar data and exclusively with rain gauges. Then a third event was modeled exclusively with rain gauge data to assess model performance with only rain gauge data. The modeled streamflow was then compared to the USGS observed streamflow, using peak streamflow, time to peak, and volume streamflow, to evaluate the model performance between radar and rain gauge input. A comparison of the models for the events shows that the radar input results better match the observed streamflow for the streamflow volume an...
Monoliths: Special issue in a new package

Abstract Regular special issues concerning monoliths have always been a stronghold of the Journal of Separation Science. Typically, we issued a call for papers, collected and processed the submitted manuscripts, and all of them were then printed in a single issue of the journal. This approach worked to a certain limit quite acceptably but there was always a longer waiting time between the early submissions and publication. This is why we decided to do it this year differently. I claimed in my 2013 New Years Editorial: "We are living in the electronic era! Why not to make an advantage of that?" And we do. As a result, all manuscript submitted for publication in the special issue Monoliths have already been published in regular issues as soon as they were accepted. The first page of these papers includes a footnote: "This paper is included in the virtual special issue Monoliths available at the Journal of Separation Science website." All papers published with this footnote were collected in a virtual special issue accessible through the internet. This concept ruled out possible delays in publication of contributions submitted early. Since we did not have any real "special issue", there was no need for any hard deadline for submission. We just collected manuscripts submitted for the special issue Monoliths published from January to July 2013 and included them in the virtual special issue. This new approach worked very well and we published 22 excellent papers that are included in the issue available now at this website: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1615-9314/homepage/virtual_special_issue__monoliths.htm.
Evolutionary transitions and mechanisms of matte and iridescent plumage coloration in grackles and allies (Icteridae)

Iridescent structural colour is found in a wide variety of organisms. In birds, the mechanisms that create these colours are diverse, but all are based on ordered arrays of melanin granules within a keratin substrate in barbules. The feathers of the grackles and allies in the family Icteridae range in appearance from matte black to iridescent. In a phylogenetic analysis of this clade, we identified several evolutionary transitions between these colour states. To describe a possible mechanistic explanation for the lability of plumage coloration, we used spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy and thin-film optical modelling of the feathers of 10 icterid species from five genera, including taxa with matte black or iridescent feathers. In matte black species, melanin was densely packed in barbules, while in iridescent species, melanin granules were arranged in ordered layers around the edges of barbules. The structured arrangement of melanin granules in iridescent species created optical interfaces, which are shown by our optical models to be critical for iridescent colour production by coherent scattering. These data imply that rearrangement of melanin granules in barbules is a mechanism for shifts between black and iridescent colours, and that the relative simplicity of this mechanism may explain the lability of plumage colour state within this group.
Biologically-Inspired Adaptive Data Aggregation for Multi-Modal Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper describes BiSNET (Biologially-inspired architecture for Sensor NETworks), which addresses several key issues in multi-modal wireless sensor networks such as autonomy, adaptability, self-healing and simplicity. Based on the observation that various biological systems have developed mechanisms to overcome these issues, BiSNET implemenets certain biological mechanisms such as energy exchange, pheromone emission, replication, and migration to design sensor network applications. This paper presents the biologically-inspired mechanisms in BiSNET, and evaluates their impacts on the issues described above. Simulation results show that BiSNET allows sensor nodes to autonomously adapt their duty cycle intervals for power efficiency and responsiveness of data transmission, to adaptively aggregate data from different types of sensornodes, to collectively self-heal (i.e., detect and eliminate) false positive sensor data, and to be lightweight.
Histamine H3-Receptor–Mediated Inhibition of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Release From Cardiac C Fibers A Regulatory Negative-Feedback Loop

Antidromic stimulation of cardiac sensory C fibers releases calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which increases heart rate, contractility, and coronary flow. C-fiber endings are closely associated with mast cells, and CGRP may release mast-cell histamine. Because prejunctional histamine H3-receptors inhibit transmitter release from autonomic nerves, we tested the hypothesis that H3-receptors modulate CGRP release in the heart. CGRP released by bradykinin in the electrically paced guinea pig left atrium and by capsaicin in the spontaneously beating isolated heart caused marked positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, respectively. Capsaicin significantly enhanced the overflow of CGRP (fivefold) and histamine (twofold) into the coronary effluent. All of these effects were prevented by prior chemical destruction of C fibers in vivo. The H3-receptor agonist imetit attenuated the inotropic response to bradykinin by 50%. Imetit also decreased the capsaicin-induced tachycardia and the increase in CGRP overflow by 50%. Imetit, however, did not modify the response to exogenous CGRP. The effects of imetit were blocked by the H3-receptor antagonist thioperamide. Notably, thioperamide by itself potentiated the capsaicin-evoked increases in heart rate and CGRP overflow (by 25% and 50%, respectively). Thus, our findings identify a negative-feedback loop, whereby CGRP releases histamine from cardiac mast cells and histamine in turn inhibits CGRP releases by activating H3-receptors on C-fiber terminals. Because CGRP release is augmented in pathophysiological conditions, such as septic shock, heart failure, and acute myocardial infarction, modulation of CGRP release may be clinically relevant.
Conservative physical therapy management for the treatment of cervicogenic headache: a systematic review

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of conservative physical therapy management of cervicogenic headache (CGH).Introduction: CGH affects 22–25% of the adult population with females being four times more affected than men. CGHs are thought to arise from musculoskeletal impairments in the neck with symptoms most commonly consisting of suboccipital neck pain, dizziness, and lightheadedness. Currently, both invasive and non-invasive techniques are available to address these symptoms; however, the efficacy of non-invasive treatment techniques has yet to be established.Methods: Computerized searches of CINAHL, ProQuest, PubMed, MEDLINE, and SportDiscus, were performed to obtain a qualitative analysis of the literature. Inclusion criteria were: randomized controlled trial design, population diagnosed with CGH using the International Headache Society classification, at least one baseline measurement and one outcomes measure, and assessment of a conservative techn...
The prognostic impact of prior low grade histology in patients with anaplastic gliomas: a case-control study.

At the time of recurrence, the majority of low-grade cerebral gliomas transform to a higher grade of histologic malignancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the survival outcome for patients whose anaplastic gliomas began as low-grade tumors compared with patients with de novo high-grade gliomas. Seventy-seven (11.5%) of 667 patients with anaplastic gliomas consecutively treated at the University of Alabama at Birmingham had histologically proven prior low-grade tumors. As a group, the patients with prior low-grade tumors would be expected to have a relatively favorable outcome, as they were younger and had a lower proportion of glioblastoma multiforme than the patients with de novo anaplastic gliomas. To provide a valid comparison, we performed a matched case-control study. We matched 68 patients from the prior low-grade group one-to-one with patients from the de novo group for tumor histology, age, Karnofsky performance scores, and type of surgery, without knowledge of outcome. The two groups received comparable radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For the 68 patients with prior low-grade tumor, median actuarial survival from the time of diagnosis of malignant degeneration was 19.7 months and the 5-year survival rate was 22%, compared with 22.0 months and 28% for the 68 matched de novo patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the two groups did not significantly differ (p = 0.24 by logrank test). There were no significant survival differences between the patient subsets of prior low-grade versus de novo with glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, or anaplastic oligodendroglioma/mixed anaplastic glioma. These data indicate that with currently available treatment options, the survival outlook for patients with anaplastic gliomas, whose tumors arose from transformation of low-grade gliomas, is equivalent to the prognosis for patients with de novo anaplastic gliomas. NEUROLOGY 1996;47: 684-690
New Algorithms to Obtain the Different Components of the Location Management Costs

The growth in the number of users in mobile communications networks and the rise in the traffic generated by each user, are responsible for the increasing importance of mobility management. Within mobility management, Location Management makes sure that the roaming of the user within the coverage area is enabled. New strategies are being proposed to minimize the signaling costs involved in Location Management. In this paper we focus on user profile based algorithms and present new methods to calculate useful parameters for the estimation of the Location Management costs. In particular, we apply new algorithms to obtain the ?O?nparameters (useful in the calculation of the location update costs for different Location Management strategies), and we summarize our results in terms of practical guidelines for the networks designers in order to minimize signaling costs.
Constrained Partial Response Receivers for High-Speed Links

This paper presents an architecture and an optimization framework that uses partial response (PR) equalization for high-speed links. PR equalization is achieved through a combined use of linear transmit equalization and decision feedback equalization (DFE). This technique outperforms full-channel/impulse equalization for a wide range of channels in wireline communication. The constrained PR response equalization technique presented here improves eye openings, reduces the overall bit error rate, and reduces crosstalk impact for a large class of channels while maintaining a simple implementation. The new transceiver architecture proposed is particularly well suited for high-speed multichannel applications due to the mitigated DFE loop timing constraint. In comparison with duobinary equalization, the proposed PR architecture improves the eye height and eye width of the receiver by 28% and 10%, respectively, at 10 Gb/s and by 19% and 7%, respectively, at 15 Gb/s. The performance improvements in comparison to impulse equalization are even larger.