cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter One: From 30,000 Feet: Airports and Aviation History Since 1945

Bednarek explores the broad developments within aviation history most significant in the development of US airports since 1945. These air transportation facilities—rooted in local history, local economy, and local culture—operate within a national and even global system of transportation, thus requiring often contentious dialogue and negotiation between various layers of government and between government and the airlines. The tensions produced became acute after 1945 with the introduction of new technologies, jet airliners in particular; the shift from strict regulation of air commerce to a more market-oriented regime of deregulation; the phenomenal growth of air passenger traffic; the use of airports to promote local economic development, placing them within the long history of inter-urban competition; and broad security concerns that raised multiple constitutional issues.
Mobile Grading Paper-Based Programming Exams: Automatic Semantic Partial Credit Assignment Approach

In this paper, we report a study of an innovative mobile application to support grading paper-based programming exams. We call the app – Programming Grading Assistant (PGA). It scans pre-generated QR-codes of paper-based question-and-concepts associations and uses OCR to recognize handwritten answers. PGA provides interfaces for teachers to calibrate recognition results, as well as to adjust partial credit assignment according to conceptual incorrectness of the answers. We evaluate the mobile grading process and the quality of grading results based on the assessed semantic information. The results demonstrate that the mobile grading approach keeps persistent traces of students’ performance, including semantic feedback and ultimately enhances grading consistency.
iTOUGH2: A multiphysics simulation-optimization framework for analyzing subsurface systems

iTOUGH2 is a simulation-optimization framework for the TOUGH suite of nonisothermal multiphase flow models and related simulators of geophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical processes. After appropriate parameterization of subsurface structures and their properties, iTOUGH2 runs simulations for multiple parameter sets and analyzes the resulting output for parameter estimation through automatic model calibration, local and global sensitivity analyses, data-worth analyses, and uncertainty propagation analyses. Development of iTOUGH2 is driven by scientific challenges and user needs, with new capabilities continually added to both the forward simulator and the optimization framework. This review article provides a summary description of methods and features implemented in iTOUGH2, and discusses the usefulness and limitations of an integrated simulation-optimization workflow in support of the characterization and analysis of complex multiphysics subsurface systems.
The BIG Picture: Reflections on the Role of International Educational Exchange in Peace and Understanding

This chapter begins by outlining five prevailing myths that tend to surround the practice of education exchange. It goes on to argue that the main implication of these myths is that for any organization involved in international educational exchange, intentionality in preparing, sending and debriefing participants from such experiences is the key to success. The chapter sets forth three value propositions that should inform international educational exchange at its very core, and concludes by looking at the bigger picture of the role of educational exchange in promoting peace and international understanding.
Abstract 3033: The PRL family of tyrosine phosphatases as a novel drug targets in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The aggressive and unpredictable behavior of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) presents a major clinical challenge in both the pediatric and adult setting. The development of new and better chemotherapies for this disease requires a detailed understanding of the genes and pathways that drive ALL malignancy. Phosphatases are emerging as new drug targets with important roles in leukemia progression. To determine the extent to which phosphatases play a role in ALL malignancy, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out expression of 255 individual phosphatases in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines and screened for deleterious effects on cell viability. Top hits from this screen included the protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVa family, also known as the PRLs. PRL3 is genomically amplified in a subset of human T-ALL, and more than 50% of human ALL patients have significantly higher expression of PRL2 and/or PRL3, compared to normal lymphocytes, suggesting that these PRLs may play an important role in ALL malignancy. Transgenic Myc-induced ALL models in zebrafish showed that overexpression of PRL2 and PRL3 significantly shortened latency of primary and relapse ALL, enhanced leukemia stem cell self-renewal (PRL2) and prevented apoptosis after standard chemotherapy treatment (PRL3). Finally, a specific PRL inhibitor strongly induced apoptosis of PRL-expressing ALL cells in a dose-dependent manner, in both zebrafish models in vivo and human cell lines in vitro. We have identified several FDA-approved, general phosphatase inhibitors that have potent anti-PRL activity and are capable of killing ALL cells in vitro. Current work is focused on moving these inhibitors into pre-clinical testing using patient-derived xenografts. Pull-down approaches are also being used to identify the substrates of PRL phosphatase activity that are critical to ALL survival and may represent new, tractable drug targets for the treatment of ALL. Citation Format: Jessica S. Blackburn. The PRL family of tyrosine phosphatases as a novel drug targets in acute lymphoblastic leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3033. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3033
Experimental investigation of the effect of inlet particle properties on the capture efficiency in an exhaust particulate filter

Abstract The impact of inlet particle properties on the filtration performance of clean and particulate matter (PM) laden cordierite filter samples was evaluated using PM generated by a spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) engine fuelled with tier II EEE certification gasoline. Prior to the filtration experiments, an advanced aerosol characterization system that comprised of a scanning mobility particle spectrometer (SMPS), centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA), a differential mobility analyzer (DMA), and a single particle mass spectrometer (SPLAT II) was used to obtain a wide range of information on the SIDI PM emissions including particle size distribution (PSD), composition, mass, and dynamic shape factors (DSFs) in the transition ( χ t ) and free-molecular ( χ v ) flow regimes. During the filtration experiments, real-time measurements of PSDs upstream and downstream of the filter sample were used to estimate the filtration performance and the total trapped mass within the filter using an integrated particle size distribution method. The filter loading process was paused multiple times to evaluate the filtration performance in the partially loaded state. The change in vacuum aerodynamic diameter ( d va ) distribution of mass-selected particles was examined for flow through the filter to identify whether preferential capture of particles of certain shapes occurred in the filter. The filter was also probed using different inlet PSDs. Pausing the filter loading process and subsequently performing the filter probing experiments did not impact the overall evolution of filtration performance. Within the present distribution of particle sizes, filter efficiency was independent of particle shape potentially due to the diffusion-dominant filtration process. Particle mobility diameter and trapped mass within the filter appeared to be the dominant parameters that impacted filter performance.
Learning Deep Features for Automated Placement of Correspondence Points on Ensembles of Complex Shapes

Correspondence-based shape models are an enabling technology for various medical imaging applications that rely on statistical analysis of populations of anatomical shape. One strategy for automatic correspondence placement is to simultaneously learn a compact representation of the underlying anatomical variation in the shape space while capturing the geometric characteristics of individual shapes. The inherent geometric complexity and population-level shape variation in anatomical structures introduce significant challenges in finding optimal shape correspondence models. Existing approaches adopt iterative optimization schemes with objective functions derived from probabilistic modeling of shape space, e.g. entropy of Gaussian-distributed shape space, to find useful sets of dense correspondence on shape ensembles. Nonetheless, anatomical shape distributions can be far more complex than this Gaussian assumption, which entails linear shape variation. Recent works address this limitation by adopting an application-specific notion of correspondence through lifting positional data to a higher-dimensional feature space (e.g. sulcal depth, brain connectivity, and geodesic distance to anatomical landmarks), with the goal of simplifying the optimization problem. However, this typically requires a careful selection of hand-crafted features and their success heavily rely on expertise in finding such features consistently. This paper proposes an automated feature learning approach using deep convolutional neural networks for optimization of dense point correspondence on shape ensembles. The proposed method endows anatomical shapes with learned features that enhance the shape correspondence objective function to deal with complex objects and populations. Results demonstrate that deep learning based features perform better than methods that rely on position and compete favorably with hand-crafted features.
Cassirer's Psychology of Relations: From the Psychology of Mathematics and Natural Science to the Psychology of Culture

In spite of Ernst Cassirer’s criticisms of psychologism throughout Substance and Function , in the final chapter he issues a demand for a “psychology of relations” that can do justice to the subjective dimensions of mathematics and natural science. Although these remarks remain somewhat promissory, the fact that this is how Cassirer chooses to conclude Substance and Function recommends it as a topic worthy of serious consideration. In this paper, I argue that in order to work out the details of Cassirer’s psychology of relations in Substance and Function , we need to situate it within two broader frameworks. First, I position Cassirer’s view in relation to the view of psychology and logic endorsed by his Marburg Neo-Kantian predecessors, Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp. Second, I augment Cassirer’s early account of the psychology of relations in Substance and Function with the more mature view of psychology that he presents in The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms . By placing Cassirer’s account within these contexts, I claim that we gain insight into his psychology of relations, not just as it pertains to mathematics and natural science, but to culture as a whole. Moreover, I maintain that pursuing this strategy helps shed light on one of the most controversial features of his philosophy of mathematics and natural science, viz., his theory of the a priori .
Regional landscape response to thrust belt dynamics: The Iglesia basin, Argentina

Intermontane basins are often the result of regionally variable uplift in tectonic settings. Wedge-top basins, a type of intermontane basin, form along thrust faults within a fold and thrust belt, and provide an ideal environment to study the regional fluvial and surface response to local variations in rock uplift. This study simulates the formation and evolution of an intermontane basin using a landscape evolution model. The modelling results demonstrate that large trunk streams maintain connectivity during basin formation for two reasons: (1) their stream power is enhanced by the capture of smaller streams, enabling them to incise through the uplifting downstream region, and (2) they acquire increased sediment yield to completely infill the upstream accommodation space rather than forming an endorhic basin. During active deformation of the fold-and-thrust belt, both channel slope and erosion rates are reduced upstream of the intermontane basin and these changes propagate as a wave of low erosion into the uplands. For a uniform background uplift rate in a landscape previously at steady state, this reduced rate of erosion results in a net surface uplift upstream of the basin. Following the eventual breach of the basin’s bounding structural barrier, a wave of high erosion propagates through the basin and increases the channel slope. This onset of increased erosion can be delayed by up to several million years relative to the onset of downstream uplift. Observed paleoerosion rates in paired wedge-top and foreland basin sequences, and presentday stream profiles in the Argentine Precordillera support our modelling results. Our results may be extrapolated to other foreland systems, and are potentially identifed using low-temperature thermochronometers in addition to paleoerosion rates.
The Bottling and Storage of Wines

The bottling of wines is arguably the most important of all winemaking operations since it determines the condition in which the wine is delivered to the market. It is the culmination of the sequence that began long before, starting with grape development, harvesting, fermentation, and aging. Mistakes are costly to rectify and quality control is of primary importance.
Mirror Neurons, a Return to Pragmatism and Implications for an Embodied Intersubjectivity

Mirror neurons came on the neuroscientific scene in 1991 when an Italian animal researcher named Giacomo Rizzolatti observed that the very same neurons fired when monkeys were watching an activity as occurred when the monkey’s themselves performed that same activity. That is, the same neurons fired when the animals were watching something being grasped as fired when they actually grasped it themselves. Passively watching a behavior and actively doing that behavior where activated by the same neurons.
Bandwidth Choice, Optimal Rates and Adaptivity in Semiparametric Estimation of Long Memory

Semiparametric estimation of long memory refers to periodogram based estimation of the shape of the spectral density f(λ) at low frequencies, where all but the lowest harmonics of the periodogram are discarded, so as to forego specification of the short range dynamic structure of the time series, and avoid bias incurred when the latter is misspecified. Such a procedure entails an order of magnitude loss of efficiency with respect to parametric estimation, but may be warranted when long series (earth scientific or financial) can be obtained. This paper presents strategies proposed for the choice of bandwidth, i.e. the number of periodogram harmonics used in estimation, with the aim of minimizing this loss of efficiency. Such strategies are assessed with respect to minimax rates of convergence, that depend on the smoothness of |λ|−2d f(λ) (where d is the long memory parameter) in the neighbourhood of frequency zero. The plug-in strategy is discussed in the case where the degree of local smoothness is known a priori, and adaptive estimation of d is discussed for the case where the degree of local smoothness is unknown.
Cities in Global Governance: Introduction

In the 1960s, while I was spending much time doing first-hand research at UN Headquarters in New York City, and living in a suburb of Chicago, I gradually became aware of the extensive involvement around the world of people living in cities. As a Professor of Political Science, teaching international relations, I became concerned that my courses focused on how government officials in Washington were linked around the world, but I did not inform my students about how they, and other people in their city, were linked around the world. Therefore, I began to inform myself about how people in a variety of activities in my city were linked around the world.
Field attraction of Hoplia communis to 2-phenylethanol, a major volatile component from host flowers, Rosa spp.

The attractiveness of volatile compounds from the floral scent of Rosa, one of the most preferred plants for adult Hoplia communis, was evaluated under field conditions. The beetles were attracted to most compounds tested, but 2-phenylethanol exhibited the highest capture rate. Catches increased with increasing emissions of between 9.1 and 287.2 mg/day. Catches in white traps were significantly larger (17.4-fold) than those in green traps when both were baited with anethole, an already known attractant; however, the trap color was not significant when a more attractive lure, 2-phenylethanol, was used. The use of a single funnel trap baited with 2 g of 2-phenylethanol at a heavily infested nursery exhibited promising results for mass trapping. Approximately 90,000 beetles of both sexes, which nearly corresponds to the estimated maximum population per 1000 m2, were captured within six days.
The Nexus of Development and Environment

The relationship between environment and animal development has been recognized since the time of Aristotle, but the urgency of creating a thorough understanding of this relationship is emerging as environments in which animals develop are changing as a result of pollution, climate change and other anthropogenic activities. This book, an overview of which is provided in this first chapter, is organized along three key themes. Each theme predominates in its own section – Part I: Plasticity in developmental and evolutionary time and space, Part II: Contemporary experimental approaches, and Part III. Environmental effects and experimental outcomes. Each of its chapters provides a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of how development and environment are inextricably woven together, and points to future directions for research at their nexus.
NDN Impact on Tactical Application Development

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a network architecture that forwards data directly based on application-defined names. This paper describes how NDN enables software design patterns that have been successful in a variety of Internet applications to be used in battlefield scenarios. These scenarios involve highly dynamic and disrupted network conditions where implementations over the TCP/IP architecture have struggled. The six patterns include: host-independent abstractions, multicast communication, pervasive network-accessible storage, opportunistic communication, namespace synchronization as transport, and data-centric security. The patterns are motivated by previous research into applications using NDN, which is briefly summarized.
Marshes Are the New Beaches: Integrating Sediment Transport into Restoration Planning

Recent coastal storms and associated recovery efforts have led to increased investment in nature-based coastal protection, including restoration of salt marshes and construction of living shorelines. In particular, many of these efforts focus on increasing vertical elevation through sediment nourishment, where sediment is removed from the tidal channel and placed on the marsh plain, or preventing lateral erosion through shoreline protection. In the USA alone, millions of dollars have been allocated or spent on these coastal protection solutions over the last few decades because of their perceived sustainability and ecologically positive co-benefits including habitat provision and carbon sequestration. These projects would benefit from integration of sediment transport pathways, budgets, and metrics during planning and modeling of restoration outcomes, in order to evaluate sustainability before investment. This is analogous to the decades of experience with coastal management and engineering on the open coast. Salt marshes are geomorphic features that rely partially on external sediment supply to maintain their network of tidal channels, intertidal flats, and marsh plain. Removing sediment from one component of the overall system to nourish another component may be counterproductive, given that the net sediment budget is unchanged. For example, dredging a tidal channel beyond its equilibrium condition will cause it to fill with sediment from the tidal flat or elsewhere in the system. This may cause slumping of the marsh edge, or over-deepening of other sections of the channel to compensate. Similarly, shoreline protection that prevents edge erosion hampers the marsh plain’s ability to accrete on the levee and naturally transgress landward or it starves other components of the system of regularly supplied sediment. A limited vertical or lateral-only perspective, instead of a three-dimensional perspective, during project planning and evaluation may lead to suboptimal decision-making regarding restoration priorities, approaches, and outcomes. I contend that before significant investments are made in marsh restoration through sediment nourishment or shoreline protection, sediment transport measurements and models that consider sediment dynamics should be integrated into the early phases of restoration planning. This will help identify where and under what conditions marsh restoration will most likely be successful and economically justified. Triaging and prioritizing is then possible, which is a sustainable approach for restoration, given the persistent vulnerability of marshes to sea-level rise, storms, and sediment deficits.
Plasmonic- and meta-photonic crystal fiber for advanced optical sensing (Conference Presentation)

Plasmonic and metasurface structures offer unique optical features such as sub-wavelength field confinement, unusual optical nonlinear/quantum properties and wavefront shaping for advanced light manipulation and development of novel and ultracompact optical devices [1]. On the other hand, optical fiber is very efficient in transmitting light, however, its functionality is somewhat limited by the dielectric material of the core, which has poor electronic, magneto-optical, and nonlinear-optical responses and has the dielectric diffraction limit. In this talk, I will review our recent research efforts on the study of “meta”-optical fiber by integrating metasurface and plasmonic nanostructures with optical fibers. I will discuss our development of novel and ultracompact in-fiber optical meta-devices such as an optical fiber color filter and metalens [2, 3]. I will also present the opportunity on using plasmonic nanowire probe on optical fiber for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for bio/chemical sensing. These advanced “meta”-optical fibers open the path to revolutionary in-fiber optical imaging and sensing applications [4]. 1. Y. W. Huang, H. W. Lee, R. Sokhoyan, R. Pala, K. Thyagarajan, S. Han, D. P. Tsai, and H. A. Atwater, “Gate-tunable conducting oxide metasurfaces,” Nano Lett. 16, 5319-5325 (2016). 2. J. Yang, I Ghirmire, P. C. Wu, S. Gurung, C. Arndt, D. P. Tsai, H. W. Lee, “Photonic crystal fiber metalens”, submitted (2018). 3. Indra Ghimire, Jingyi Yang, Sudip Gurung, Satyendra K. Mishra and Ho Wai Howard Lee,” Polarization dependent photonic crystal fiber color filter using asymmetric metasurfaces,” Submitted (2018) 4. K. Minn, A. Anopchenko, J. Yang, H. W. Lee, “Excitation of epsilon-near-zero resonance in ultra-thin indium tin oxide shell embedded nanostructured optical fiber,” Nature Scientific Reports 8, 2342 (2018).
Problems Arising from the Attempt to Find Theological Coherence between Paul’s Letters

The history of interpretation of Paul’s letters includes discussions about the center in the apostle’s theology. A number of attempts to define this pivotal theme have exemplified the difficulty in precision and broadness of the exercise. The proposals to limit the “kernel” idea to a single doctrine or theological concept have been shown to be inadequate. J. C. Beker’s coherence-contingency scheme has received positive evaluation among scholars and suggests a helpful direction. J. Plevnik’s Trinitarian approach in handling the center is sufficiently broad to cover Paul’s theology and its foundation. The student of Paul should be aware of the problems and misconstructions involved in finding the driving principle behind the Pauline letters. Among them are: bringing a foreign idea into the text, losing track of a specific letter’s context, ignoring changes in expression of the apostle’s ideas, neglecting particular topics and the suppressing alternative perspectives.
Adaptive Regulations in Developing Rodents Following Neonatal Challenges

Developmental phenotypic plasticity is a mechanism by which events early in life program brain for a pattern of neuroendocrine and behavioral responses in later life. The goal of this chapter is to give the reader a better understanding of what is developmental phenotypic plasticity and how it can lead to adaptive phenotypes in adulthood. Experimental evidences from rodents show that early experiences influence long-term development of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and cognitive functions. Different factors have been suggested to mediate the effects of neonatal conditions on offspring development, but their exact contribution as well as their interaction still needs to be clarified. Several studies demonstrated the important role of maternal behavior in mediating the effects of neonatal challenges on adaptive regulations in the developing rodents. It has been suggested that there is an inverse relationship between the amount of active maternal care received by the offspring and their later reactivity to stressful or challenging events. However, other studies found a dissociation between the level of maternal care and offspring phenotype. These results suggest that aside from the level of maternal care, non-maternal factor (gender, neonatal glucocorticoid levels) contributes to the adjustment of offspring phenotype to early environmental cues. Altogether, rodents-based evidence suggests that developmental plasticity is a very complex phenomenon mediated by multiple factors that interact one to each other. Ultimately, these researches will help to better understand how the conditions from the neonatal environment affect brain development and can lead to adaptive phenotypes in adulthood.
Topics for the Accounting Information Systems Course: A Dual Perspective Approach from Educators and Employers

ABSTRACT Researchers have studied which topics to address in the Accounting Information Systems (AIS) curriculum since the 1980s. Although previous studies have identified several core topics, they...
Carrageenan-Free Diet Shows Improved Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Signaling in Prediabetes: A Randomized, Pilot Clinical Trial.

Objectives Carrageenan is well known to cause inflammation and is used in laboratory experiments to study mediators and treatments of inflammation. However, carrageenan is added to hundreds of processed foods to improve texture. Previous work indicated that low concentrations of carrageenan in drinking water caused marked glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in a mouse model. This exploratory, clinical study tested the impact of the no-carrageenan diet in prediabetes. Research Design and Methods. Participants with prediabetes (n = 13), defined as HbA1c of 5.7%-6.4%, enrolled in a 12-week, randomized, parallel-arm, feeding trial. One group (n = 8) was provided all meals and snacks with no carrageenan. A second group (n = 5) received a similar diet with equivalent content of protein, fat, and carbohydrate, but with carrageenan. Blood samples were collected at baseline and during oral glucose tolerance tests at 6 and 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was changed in %HbA1c between baseline and 12 weeks. Statistical analysis included paired and unpaired t-tests, correlations, and 2 × 2 ANOVAs. Results Subjects on no carrageenan had declines in HbA1c and HOMA-IR (p = 0.006, p = 0.026; paired t-test, two tailed). They had increases in C-peptide (p = 0.029) and Matsuda Index (2.1 ± 0.7 to 4.8 ± 2.3; p = 0.052) and declines in serum IL-8, serum galectin-3, and neutrophil phospho-(Ser307/312)-IRS1 (p = 0.049, p = 0.003, and p = 0.006; paired t-tests, two tailed). Subjects on the diet with carrageenan had no significant changes in these parameters. Significant differences between no-carrageenan and carrageenan-containing diet groups for changes from baseline to 12 weeks occurred in C-peptide, phospho-Ser-IRS1, phospho-AKT1, and mononuclear cell arylsulfatase B (p = 0.007, p = 0.038, p = 0.0012, and p = 0.0008; 2 × 2 ANOVA). Significant correlations were evident between several of the variables. Conclusions Findings indicate improvement in HbA1c and HOMA-IR in participants on no-carrageenan diets, but not in participants on carrageenan-containing diets. Significant differences between groups suggest that removing carrageenan may improve insulin signaling and glucose tolerance. Larger studies are needed to further consider the impact of carrageenan on development of diabetes.
Single and ensemble response of colloidal ellipsoids to a nearby ac electrode

Abstract Anisotropic colloids can be used as building blocks for fabricating assemblies with complex microstructure and function. External electric fields are one key tool used to assemble such colloidal structures. Herein, we utilized a parallel plate electrode geometry to drive motion of micrometer scale ellipsoidal colloids. The response of pseudo 2D layers of ellipsoids with systematically altered aspect ratios was measured as a function of electric field strength and frequency. We found there to be a weak dependence of ellipsoid ensemble structure on aspect ratio. Namely, regions of aggregation and separation were only slightly dependent on particle aspect ratio. We found that ellipsoids with a smaller aspect ratio tended to align with the electric field, while high aspect ratio ellipsoids did not in response to an electric field of the magnitude and time scale used herein. In addition, we found the kinetics of aggregation of colloids to be very similar regardless of aspect ratio. Complementary experiments utilizing these data demonstrated long-lasting deposition of ellipsoids in energetically unfavorable orientations, which is being used as a model system for the measurement of light scattered from an evanescent wave by an ellipsoid.
‘Ozone-Specific’ Oxysterols and Neuronal Cell Signaling

Cholesterol is an important plasma membrane component, precursor for hormones and vitamins, and is a regulator of metabolism. However, the oxidized forms of cholesterol (oxysterols) can cause toxicity and induce pro-inflammatory responses and are implicated in chronic degenerative diseases. In general, oxysterols with a modified sidechain serve in various physiological and/or pathophysiological functions. The source of these oxysterols may be exogenous, from the food we ingest, or endogenous, as the by-product of normal cholesterol metabolism, free radical-mediated oxidation, or autoxidation of cholesterol. This chapter discusses the nature of oxysterols as oxidized cholesterol species, oxysterol signaling and pathophysiology, oxysterols and neurodegenerative diseases, ozone-oxidized cholesterol as a new class of oxysterols, detection of 3β-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al (cholesterol secoaldehyde, ChSeco or atheronal-A) at sites of inflammation and evidence for in vivo existence, cytotoxicity of ChSeco and pro-inflammatory actions in the cells of mammalian systems, and ChSeco signaling in neuronal cells and implications in Alzheimer’s pathology.
Subanesthetic ketamine reactivates adult cortical plasticity to restore vision from amblyopia

Summary Subanesthetic ketamine evokes rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects in human patients. The mechanism for ketamine’s effects remains elusive, but ketamine may broadly modulate brain plasticity processes. We show that single-dose ketamine reactivates adult mouse visual cortical plasticity and promotes functional recovery of visual acuity defects from amblyopia. Ketamine specifically induces downregulation of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) expression in parvalbumin-expressing (PV) inhibitory neurons in mouse visual cortex. NRG1 downregulation in PV neurons co-tracks both the fast onset and sustained decreases in synaptic inhibition to excitatory neurons, along with reduced synaptic excitation to PV neurons in vitro and in vivo following a single ketamine treatment. These effects are blocked by exogenous NRG1 as well as PV targeted receptor knockout. Thus, ketamine reactivation of adult visual cortical plasticity is mediated through rapid and sustained cortical disinhibition via downregulation of PV-specific NRG1 signaling. Our findings reveal the neural plasticity-based mechanism for ketamine-mediated functional recovery from adult amblyopia.
The Role of Gender in Nurse-Resident Interactions: A Mixed-methods Study

Introduction: The role of gender in interprofessional interactions is poorly understood. This mixed-methods study explored perceptions of gender bias in interactions between emergency medicine (EM) residents and nurses.Methods: We analyzed qualitative interviews and focus groups with residents and nurses from two hospitals for dominant themes. An electronic survey, developed through an inductive-deductive approach informed by qualitative data, was administered to EM residents and nurses. Quantitative analyses included descriptive statistics and between-group comparisons. Results: Six nurses and 14 residents participated in interviews and focus groups. Key qualitative themes included gender differences in interprofessional communication, specific examples of, and responses to, gender bias. Female nurses perceived female residents as more approachable and collaborative than male residents, while female residents perceived nurses’ questions as doubting their clinical judgment. A total of 134 individuals (32%) completed the survey. Females more frequently perceived interprofessional gender bias (mean 30.9; 95% confidence interval {CI}, 25.6, 36.2; vs 17.6 [95% CI, 10.3, 24.9). Residents reported witnessing interprofessional gender bias more frequently than nurses (58.7 (95% CI, 48.6, 68.7 vs 23.9 (95% CI, 19.4, 28.4). Residents reported that gender bias affected job satisfaction (P = 0.002), patient care (P = 0.001), wellness (P = 0.003), burnout (P = 0.002), and self-doubt (P = 0.017) more frequently than nurses. Conclusion: Perceived interprofessional gender bias negatively impacts personal wellbeing and workplace satisfaction, particularly among female residents. Key institutional stakeholders including residency, nursing, and hospital leadership should invest the resources necessary to develop and integrate evidence-based strategies to improve interprofessional relationships that will ultimately enhance residency training, work climate, and patient care.
Finite-time stable tracking control for an underactuated system in SE(3) in discrete time

We consider tracking control of an underactuated system on the tangent bundle of the six-dimensional Lie group of rigid body motions, S E ( 3 ) . We formulate a finite-time stable (FTS) tracking co...
Serum renin and major adverse kidney events in critically ill patients: a multicenter prospective study.

BACKGROUND Preliminary studies have suggested that the renin-angiotensin system is activated in critical illness and associated with mortality and kidney outcomes. We sought to assess in a larger, multicenter study the relationship between serum renin and Major Adverse Kidney Events (MAKE) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS Prospective, multicenter study at two institutions of patients with and without acute kidney injury (AKI). Blood samples were collected for renin measurement a median of 2 days into the index ICU admission and 5-7 days later. The primary outcome was MAKE at hospital discharge, a composite of mortality, kidney replacement therapy, or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate to ≤ 75% of baseline. RESULTS Patients in the highest renin tertile were more severely ill overall, including more AKI, vasopressor-dependence, and severity of illness. MAKE were significantly greater in the highest renin tertile compared to the first and second tertiles. In multivariable logistic regression, this initial measurement of renin remained significantly associated with both MAKE as well as the individual component of mortality. The association of renin with MAKE in survivors was not statistically significant. Renin measurements at the second time point were also higher in patients with MAKE. The trajectory of the renin measurements between time 1 and 2 was distinct when comparing death versus survival, but not when comparing MAKE versus those without. CONCLUSIONS In a broad cohort of critically ill patients, serum renin measured early in the ICU admission is associated with MAKE at discharge, particularly mortality.
ALL-440: Promising Safety and Efficacy Results from an Ongoing Phase 1/2 Study of Pembrolizumab in Combination with Blinatumomab in Patients (pts) with Relapsed or Refractory (R/R) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Background: Blinatumomab, a bispecific anti-CD19/CD3 antibody, demonstrated single-agent efficacy with 42% CR/CRh in R/R B-ALL. Upregulation of immune inhibitory molecules has been shown to confer resistance to blinatumomab. Here, we set out to test the combination of pembrolizumab and blinatumomab in a phase 1/2 trial (NCT03512405). Methods: Pts [≥18 years old (yo); ECOG Results: As of February 1, 2021, 7 pts were enrolled to phase 1, with one unevaluable. Six treated and evaluable pts received a median of 2 (1–5) cycles of treatment. At baseline, the median age was 51 yo (29–74) with median 2 (2–4) prior lines of regimens and median 29% (0–83) BM blasts. Two pts had extramedullary disease. In cycle 1, all 6 pts experienced grade (gr) 1–2 cytokine release syndrome. Neurologic toxicities were all reversible with only 1 ≥ gr3 AE. All-non-hematologic gr3 toxicities, were reversible. No dose-limiting toxicity, ≥ gr4 non-hematologic toxicity, or treatment-related deaths were seen. Five of 6 evaluable pts (83%) achieved MRD-negative CR after a median of 1 (1–2) cycle. Three pts in CR received alloHCT, all engrafted. With a median follow-up of 2.8 (1.1–9.6) months, 4 CRs are ongoing (1 post-transplant), and 5 of 6 pts are still alive at the data cut-off. Conclusions: The combination of pembrolizumab and blinatumomab in phase 1 of this study in pts with B-ALL was deemed safe with a manageable side effect profile and encouraging anti-leukemic activity. The study is now open for phase 2 with the primary objective of overall response rate.
Membrane Alterations in Erythrocytes and Cultured Fibroblasts in Neuromuscular Diseases

DR. WILLNER: Studies of erythrocyte membranes in muscular dystrophy have recently been reviewed (Rowland, 1980 and Plishker and Appel, 1980). The variety and Conflicting Findings of number of published studies may be Abnormalities in Erythrocyte testimony to technical problems only Membranes partially solved or not addressed by many of them. Specifically, nearly different abnormalities have been found by at least one laboratory in the Duchenne red cell. (Rowland, 1980). However, many reported abnormalities could not be verified by other workers the number of reported abnormalities verifed in more than one laboratory is limited to 2; calcium ATPase is increased and the properties of cholinesterase are abnormal.
The Impact of Emerging Military Technology on the Human Element of Conflict

Scholars have long considered technology a critical element in discussing war and security, and significant efforts have been made towards understanding this connection. However, when examining the effects of certain technologies, existing explanations often fell short. This paper seeks to serve as an initial effort at finding an alternative perspective to understand the impacts new technologies will have in future conflicts by highlighting the changing role played by humans. Several of today’s emerging technologies carry the potential to shift existing understanding on how humans are configured into military operations and hence, they can have a significant impact on nature of future war. In particular, we propose that these technologies redefine the human role by creating distance, altering perceptions, and presenting challenges to current legal and ethical frameworks on human action in conflict. Through carefully constructed case studies based on existing and projected military uses of information technology, unmanned vehicles, and cognitive neuroscience research, this paper shows that emerging technologies can create different conceptions of military capabilities and the nature of warfare. We find that reintroducing the human element into studies of technology and warfare allows the impact of emerging technologies to be better understood.
Cooperative Federalism and Wind: A New Framework for Achieving Sustainability

This Article proposes a federal wind siting policy modeled on the cooperative federalism framework of the TCA’s Siting Policy. Part I describes some advantages of wind energy, focusing specifically on the environmental, economic, and social benefits. This Part also discusses several technical obstacles to wind energy development, including the need to supplement wind energy with conventional energy sources and the lack of adequate transmission infrastructure. Part II assesses the current regulatory regime for the siting of wind turbines, reviewing general practices across the United States at both the state and local levels. Although a number of states have been active in providing wind siting guidance to local governments or preempting local control for large-scale wind energy facilities, a majority leave primary siting responsibility in the hands of local zoning boards. Part II then evaluates some of the most commonly raised local objections to wind siting, including concerns over aesthetics, wildlife, noise, safety, and property values. Part III presents an overview of the federal policies that impact the development of wind energy. Although numerous federal grants and tax incentives promote wind energy development, federal policies in this arena are largely uncoordinated and inefficient. Moreover, projects supported by federal dollars and regulatory policies may be unreasonably delayed or entirely prohibited by the local permitting process. Part IV proposes a federal regulatory regime for the siting of wind turbines, modeled on the TCA’s Siting Policy. Specifically, this Part argues that a national wind siting regime that leaves primary siting authority in the hands of local zoning officials but places procedural and substantive constraints on the decision-making process would provide the regulatory uniformity necessary for this capital-intensive industry to fully develop, without sacrificing the benefits of local tailoring or experimentation. The Article, thus, concludes that such a national wind siting policy strikes an appropriate balance between local concerns regarding wind turbine siting and the national interest in developing wind as a renewable domestic energy source.
The Immersed Experiencer: Toward An Embodied Theory Of Language Comprehension

Publisher Summary This chapter describes Language comprehension that is known as a vicarious experience brought about by three component processes—namely, (1) activation, (2) construal, and (3) integration. The Immersed Experiencer Framework (IEF) should be viewed as an engine that generates predictions about language comprehension. Such as any good theory, it is falsifiable. For example, the general prediction that event sequences that are not consistent with experience are more difficult that event sequences that can be falsified. Similarly, the prediction that the contents of working memory during comprehension should reflect the contents of working memory during experience of the described situation can be falsified. These are rather general hypotheses. It should have become clear that the IEF is capable of generating far more specific hypotheses. A non-exhaustive list of such predictions that are segregated by the component processes of activation, construal, and integration are given in the chapter. By putting tests of predictions on the research agenda, the chapter arrives at a better understanding of language comprehension.
The accuracy of reported caffeine content in energy drinks and energy shots (634.5)

Background: The use of energy beverages is increasing in the general population and among military personnel. Although energy beverages contain a variety of ingredients, the main active ingredient ...
Physics of ion implantation: Ion-cascade processes and physical state of the implanted solid

During ion implantation into solids a number of important processes take place which alter the physical state of the near-surface region. A clear understanding of these processes and the resulting microstructural modifications is invaluable in utilizing ion implantation to “engineer”surfaces through the controlled modification of surface properties. This lecture summarizes current theoretical and experimental understanding in these areas. Basic ion implantation processes discussed include implantation fluence, stopping powers, ion ranges, damage energy, enhanced diffusion, ion mixing, and sputtering. The physical state of the implanted solid is then considered. Equilibrium and metastatic implanted alloy formation is reviewed and the resulting structures are discussed.
A working model for the type III secretion mechanism in Chlamydia

It has been appreciated for almost 20 years that members of the Chlamydiales possess a virulence-associated type III secretion mechanism. Given the obligate intracellular nature of these bacteria, defining exactly how type III secretion functions to promote pathogenesis has been challenging. We present a working model herein that is based on current evidence.
Toward the Fabrication of Hybrid Polymer/Metal Three-Dimensional Microstructures

A method for coating three-dimensional microstructures fabricated by multiphoton absorption polymerization (MAP) with metallic patterns in a selective manner is introduced in this paper. We first use a small fraction of the output of a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser to induce MAP in a homemade acrylic-based resin featuring a commercially-available photoinitiator. Then, through a novel multiphoton-induced process, we deposit metallic silver onto the surfaces of microstructures fabricated by MAP. In this paper we present preliminary results on the fabrication of hybrid polymer/metal microstructures.
Well-Posed Treatment of Space-Charge Layers in the Electroneutral Limit of Electrodiffusion

The electroneutral model describes cellular electrical activity, accounting for ionic concentration dynamics without resolution of the fine spatial scales of the space-charge layer. This is done by asserting that the ionic solution is electrically neutral at each point in space. However, electroneutrality is inconsistent with the original boundary conditions at cell membranes. We consider three separate methods of resolving this inconsistency that result in well-posed models that are accurate approximations to a detailed model in which the space-charge layer is fully resolved. A particular electrodiffusion problem is utilized to make the discussion specific. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.