cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Female entrepreneurship in the Caribbean: A multisite, pilot investigation of gender and work

This paper introduces a cross-cultural, interdisciplinary, and comparative study of how female entrepreneurship is patterned according to a society's particular configuration of gendered institutions and ideologies. The islands of Puerto Rico, Martinique, and Barbados, colonized by Spain, France, and Britain respectively, exhibit strong differences in the incidence of female self-employment and in local patterns of gender roles. Although these societies share a profound social history of sugar plantations and slave labor, their distinct colonial legacies have shaped important differences in the intensities and specific forms of patriarchal institutions and ideologies, differences that remain apparent in each island's female workforce.
Contract Rights and Remedies, and the Divergence between Law and Morality*

. There is an ongoing debate in the philosophical and jurisprudential literature regarding the nature and possibility of Contract theory. On one hand, are those who argue (or assume) that there is, or should be, a single, general, universal theory of Contract Law, one applicable to all jurisdictions and all times. On the other hand, are those who assert that Contract theory should be localized to particular times and places, perhaps even with different theories for different types of agreements. This article considers one facet of this debate: evaluating the relevance of the fact that the remedies available for breach of contract can vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another. This wide variation in remedies for breach of a (contractual) promise is one central difference between promises in morality and enforceable agreements in law. The article asserts that variation of remedies strongly supports the conclusion that there is (and can be) no general, universal theory of Contract Law.
Drop Velocity from an Ink-Jet Nozzle

An empirical equation is presented which predicts the velocity produced by a pressurized ink-jet nozzle. This equation, which has a simple exponential form, expresses the velocity in terms of two empirical constants; the fluid parameters of pressure, viscosity, and density; and the nozzle parameters of length and diameter. Velocities calculated with this equation are compared graphically to several sets of experimental data.
Algorithms for calibration and point-source extraction for a LWIR space-based sensor

The Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) satellite is scheduled for launch in early 1996. The Spatial Infrared Imaging Telescope (SPIRIT) III sensor, the primary instrument of MSX, covers the spectrum from the midwave infrared to the longwave infrared. The SPIRIT III instrument is cryogenically cooled and consists of an interferometer and a five-band scanning radiometer with a spatial resolution of 90 (mu) rad. This paper describes the unique algorithms and software implementation developed to support the SPIRIT III radiometer. The algorithms for converting raw radiometer counts to calibrated counts and then to engineering units are described. The standard process (raw counts to corrected counts) consists of dark offset correction, linearity correction, integration mode normalization, non-uniformity correction, field of regard non-uniformity correction, and bad pixel processing. The algorithm to convert corrected counts to point source engineering units consist of pixel position tagging (non-uniform grid), color coalignment, distortion correction, background subtraction, correction for spacecraft attitude, and position and amplitude determination. The algorithms implemented in the software must produce goniometric estimates to within 5 (mu) rad (0.05 pixel) and radiometric results to within 1 percent. The results of the algorithms are demonstrated in this paper.
Silicide formation at the Ti/Si(111) interface: Diffusion parameters and behavior at elevated temperatures

We have used high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the kinetics of formation of the Ti/Si(111)-7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 interface as a function of temperature. At room temperature, we observe chemically shifted Si 2p core levels at binding energies of -0.6 and -1.1 eV relative to the substrate, corresponding to the formation of TiSi and Si in solution in Ti. When the temperature is increased (T\ensuremath{\lesssim}340 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C), the rate of Ti diffusion through the TiSi layer to the Si substrate increases, more Si is released from the substrate, and Si is better able to out-diffuse into the Ti overlayer. There is then heterogeneous TiSi growth, together with diffusion of Si along grain boundaries to the surface. Measurements of the Si and Ti core-level emission as a function of time and temperature for 100-A\r{}-thick Ti overlayers on Si(111) make it possible to determine lower limits for the effective diffusion coefficients and an upper limit for the effective activation energy for this process. By using Fick's second law with simplified boundary conditions, we found values of (7.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}17}$ and (7.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec for the diffusion coefficient at 275 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 340 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, respectively, and an activation energy of 24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9 kcal/mol (1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 eV/atom).
Multilayer optical recording (MORE)

Abstract Extension of optical storage to the third dimension by reading and writing data at distinct levels throughout the volume of optical media will be discussed. An overview of the status, challenges and limits of this approach will bepresented. Introduction Present optical storage devices are based on 2 dimensional media and do not take advantage of a unique property of electromagnetic radiation that allows selective focusing of light at large working distances throughout the volume of an optical storage media leading in principle to substantially improved volumetric densities. This approach hasbeen described in general terms both in the open and patent literature over the last decade or so(see for example,Isaiovic and Holster et al.). Over the last several years, however, there has been significant progress in several dif-ferent implementations of such volumetric storage schemes. These implementations can be generically broken upinto two approaches: one in which the media is formed directly in a layered structure with either read only orwriteable layers (Rubin et al., Imaino et al., Tang et al.). and the other in which the media is homogeneous and themarks are written in a layered pattern via a linear or non-linear absorbing process (Strickler et al., Kawata et al.,Rentzepis et al.). In this paper I will describe recent progress and some evaluation of the limits of the former ap-
Role of FAT/CD36 in fatty acid sensing, energy, and glucose homeostasis regulation in DIO and DR rats

Hypothalamic fatty acid (FA) sensing neurons alter their activity utilizing the FA translocator/receptor, FAT/CD36. Depletion of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) CD36 with adeno-associated viral vector expressing CD36 shRNA (AAV CD36 shRNA) leads to redistribution of adipose stores and insulin resistance in outbred rats. This study assessed the requirement of VMH CD36-mediated FA sensing for the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in postnatal day 5 (P5) and P21 selectively bred diet-induced obese (DIO) and diet-resistant (DR) rats using VMH AAV CD36 shRNA injections. P5 CD36 depletion altered VMH neuronal FA sensing predominantly in DIO rats. After 10 wk on a 45% fat diet, DIO rats injected with VMH AAV CD36 shRNA at P21 ate more and gained more weight than DIO AAV controls, while DR AAV CD36 shRNA-injected rats gained less weight than DR AAV controls. VMH CD36 depletion increased inguinal fat pad weights and leptin levels in DIO and DR rats. Although DR AAV CD36 shRNA-injected rats became as obese as DIO AAV controls, only DIO control and CD36 depleted rats became insulin-resistant on a 45% fat diet. VMH CD36 depletion stunted linear growth in DIO and DR rats. DIO rats injected with AAV CD36 shRNA at P5 had increased fat mass, mostly due to a 45% increase in subcutaneous fat. They were also insulin-resistant with an associated 71% increase of liver triglycerides. These results demonstrate that VMH CD36-mediated FA sensing is a critical factor in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis and fat deposition in DIO and DR rats.
Dermatomyositis and associated lesions of the gastrointestinal tract

Dermatomyositis is an uncommon disease which produces, in addition to its well-known skin and musculoskeletal symptoms, variable gastrointestinal complaints. When it first appears in adult life a diligent search should be made for an associated neoplasm, since they occur in more than 50 per cent of such patients over 40 years of age.
Phylogeny of enteric serotonergic neurons

Serotonergic neurons have previously been identified in the enteric nervous systems of humans, subhuman primates, rodents, and rabbits. The distribution of enteric serotonergic neurons in lower vertebrates was examined in order to determine if these neurons are restricted to mammals and, if they are found more generally amongst vertebrates, when they first appear in vertebrate phylogeny. Since mammalian enteric serotonergic neurons take up 3H-serotonin by a highly specific mechanism, the radioautographic demonstration of axonal uptake of 3H-serotonin was used as the primary tool in looking for these neurons. As controls, conditions known to interfere with 3H-serotonin uptake by mammalian enteric neurons were also examined. These controls included incubation with 10 microM fluoxetine, a specific antagonist, incubation in Na+-free medium, and incubation in the presence of a 100-fold excess of nonradioactive serotonin. Radio-autographic labeling had to be absent or greatly reduced under all three control conditions for labeling by 3H-serotonin to be considered specific. Labeled enteric axons were found in cyclostomes (hagfish), teleosts (goldfish), and amphibia (bull-frog) but not in tunicates (sea squirt; sea vase) or echinoderms (sea cucumber). In addition, the serotonin concentration was measured in the intestine of two vertebrates, hagfish and goldfish, that do not have serotonin-containing enterochromaffin cells. Serotonin was found in both; in hagfish, the amine concentration was highest in preparations of muscularis externa containing the myenteric plexus. It is concluded that enteric serotonergic neurons arose early in vertebrate evolution, possibly in an ancestral chordate resembling amphioxus, although probably not in more primitive prevertebrates, and that they are a general feature of the vertebrate bowel.
Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo sequence analysis reveals varying neutral substitution patterns in mammalian evolution

We describe a model of neutral DNA evolution that allows substitution rates at a site to depend on the two flanking nucleotides ("context"), the branch of the phylogenetic tree, and position within the sequence and implement it by using a flexible and computationally efficient Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. We then apply this approach to characterize phylogenetic variation in context-dependent substitution patterns in a 1.7-megabase genomic region in 19 mammalian species. In contrast to other substitution types, CpG transition substitutions have accumulated in a relatively clock-like fashion. More broadly, our results support the notion that context-dependent DNA replication errors, cytosine deamination, and biased gene conversion are major sources of naturally occurring mutations whose relative contributions have varied in mammalian evolution as a result of changes in generation times, effective population sizes, and recombination rates.
Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America

Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Edited by Gretchen Helmke and Steven Levitsky. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. 368p. $65.00 cloth, $25.00 paper. It is not very often that an edited book has the potential to carve a new niche in the field. This may be one of those rare volumes. The collection of essays edited by Gretchen Helmke and Steven Levitsky lays out a promising research agenda, not only for Latin Americanists but for students of democratization in general.
Rationale, conduct, and outcome using hypofractionated radiotherapy in prostate cancer.

Hypofractionated radiation therapy for prostate cancer has become of increasing interest with the recognition of a potential improvement in therapeutic ratio with treatments delivered in larger-sized fractions. In addition, the associated reduction in fraction number produces attractive cost and patient convenience advantages as well. A still limited but growing number of hypofractionation trials have reported acceptable short-term levels of toxicity and biochemical control, but most have insufficient follow-up to ensure the long-term safety and efficacy of this approach. This situation will improve as many currently active trials mature, particularly several high-value randomized trials. In contrast, extreme hypofractionation, with schedules delivering only on the order of 5 fractions, is truly in its infancy for prostate cancer, with extremely limited tolerance and efficacy information currently available. Several uncertainties in the radiobiology of hypofractionation mitigate for an organized, cautious investigational approach. The fractionation response (α/β ratio) of prostate cancers and, for that matter, late-responding normal tissues, has yet to be rigorously defined. Additionally, the linear-quadratic (LQ) model used in the design of hypofractionation schedules is subject to its own uncertainties, particularly with respect to the upper limit of fraction sizes for which it remains valid. Contemporary dose-escalated radiation therapy is already highly effective, making it imperative that ongoing and future studies of hypofractionation be performed in carefully designed, randomized clinical trials. Clinical validation permitting, the adaptation of hypofractionation as a standard of care could profoundly influence future management of localized prostate cancer.
Contralateral corticothalamic projections from MI whisker cortex: Potential route for modulating hemispheric interactions

Rat whisking behavior is characterized by high amounts of bilateral coordination in which whisker movements on both sides of the face are linked. To elucidate the neural substrate that might mediate this bilateral coordination, neuronal tracers were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of corticothalamic projections from primary motor (MI) cortex. Some rats received tracers in the MI whisker region, whereas others received tracers in the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to the anteromedial (AM), ventromedial (VM), and ventrolateral (VL) nuclei, and to parts of the intralaminar nuclei. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends virtually no projections to the contralateral thalamus. Consistent with these findings, bilateral injections of different tracers into the MI whisker region of each hemisphere produced tracer overlap on both sides of the thalamus. Furthermore, MI whisker projections to the contralateral thalamus terminate in close proximity to the thalamocortical neurons that project to the MI whisker region of that contralateral hemisphere. The terminal endings of the contralateral corticothalamic projections contain small synaptic varicosities and other features that resemble the modulator pathways described for other corticothalamic projection systems. In addition, tracer injections into AM, VM, and VL revealed dense clusters of labeled neurons in layer VI of the medial agranular (Agm) zone, which corresponds to the MI whisker region. These results suggest that projections from the MI whisker region to the contralateral thalamus may modulate the callosal interactions that are presumed to play a role in coordinating bilateral whisking behavior.
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF NATURALLY OCCURRING QUINONES AND HYDROQUINONES.

Abstract Techniques of isolating plastoquinones, tocopherols, naphthoquinones, and ubiquinones from interfering substances by thin-layer chromatography are presented in detail. Qualitative and quantitative measurement are easily accomplished for several compounds on a single chromatogram by the proper choice of solvent. A method is presented for the separation and measurement of hydroquinones from tissue extracts. The isolation of plastohydroquinone A from pokeweed ( Phytolacca Americana ) chloroplasts (measured as the quinone after oxidation of the hydroquinone) and plastoquinone A serve as a example of the method. The techniques allow a rapid determination of the redox state of quinones in biological materials. The relative R f values of synthetic and naturally occurring quinones, chromanols, and hydroquinones on silica gel G in various solvent systems are given.
Congenital hypoplasia of both right and left circumflex coronary arteries.

Abstract When the right coronary artery is dominant, i.e., it courses to the crux of the heart, the left circumflex coronary artery is usually quite small and therefore may be considered hypoplastic (Figure 1). Conversely, when the left circumflex is the dominant coronary artery, i.e., it courses to the crux of the heart, the right coronary artery is usually small and therefore may be considered hypoplastic (Figure 1). Hypoplasia of both right and left circumflex coronary arteries in the same heart, however, is a rare occurrence (Figure 1). Examination of 3,400 hearts during the last 8 years disclosed at least 8 to have hypoplasia plasia of both right and left circumflex coronary arteries. Certain findings in these 8 patients will be described here.
A Normative Justification for Distinguishing the Ethics of Clinical Research from the Ethics of Medical Care

In the research ethics literature, there is strong disagreement about the ethical acceptability of placebo-controlled trials, particularly when a tested therapy aims to alleviate a condition for which standard treatment exists. Recently, this disagreement has given rise to debate over the moral appropriateness of the principle of clinical equipoise for medical research. Underlying these debates are two fundamentally different visions of the moral obligations that investigators owe their subjects. Some commentators and ethics documents claim that physicians, whether acting as care givers or researchers, have the same duty of beneficence towards their patients and subjects: namely, that they must provide optimal medical care. In discussing placebo surgery in research on refractory Parkinson's disease, Peter Clark succinctly states this view: “The researcher has an ethical responsibility to act in the best interest of subjects.”
Is There Vegetation on Mars

At least some of the changes in the color of Mars at different seasons are caused by color centers produced by electromagnetic and corpuscular solar radiation in solids on the surface. Calculated radiation flux, at appropriate energies and known temperature variation, could account for seasonal formation of color centers and bleaching if a simple trap model is assumed. In certain kinds of rhyolite (SiO(2), NaAlSi(3)O(8)), which has been suggested as one of the possible constituents of the martian surface, color centers can be produced. No color centers are expected in limonite, Fe(2)O(3) . 3H(2)O, the other likely constituent.
Derivation of the Transport Equation for Electrons Moving Through Random Impurities

A single (nonrelativistic, spinless) electron subject to a constant external electric field interacts with impurities located on an infinitely extended lattice by a potential of random strength. The random strength is given by a field of Gaussian random variables. We show the existence of the averaged dynamics and prove that in the weak coupling limit, λ → 0, λ2 t=τ fixed, one obtains the usual transport equation for the velocity distribution.
Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase and preschool behavior in children with conduct disorder

The preschool behavior history and a history of abuse or neglect were compared between emotionally disturbed boys with and without conduct disorder (CD), and between boys with high and low plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) activities and CD. Boys with CD had the expected increase in preschool behaviors associated with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and CD as well as more reports of abuse or neglect. A higher percentage of boys with low DβH were reported to have preschool behaviors associated with ADD. In contrast, more high DβH subjects were reported as abused or neglected.
8.1: Invited Paper: Optical and System Considerations for Mobile Touch Screen Applications

The tradeoffs of a mobile computer industrial design include pixel density, optical effects, ambient lighting influence, touch screen weight and power. In this paper, we analyzed the significance of these based on human eye's acuity, contrast sensitivity, focusing ability and lighting condition.
Reversal of Hartmann's procedure: a high-risk operation?

Background Patients who undergo Hartmann’s procedure often do not have their colostomy closed based on the perceived risk of the operation. This study evaluated the outcome of reversal of Hartmann’s procedure based on preoperative risk factors. Methods We retrospectively reviewed adult patients who underwent reversal of Hartmann’s procedure at our tertiary referral institution. Patient outcomes were compared based on identified risk factors (age >60 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] score >2, and >2 preoperative comorbidities). Results One-hundred thirteen patients were included. Forty-four patients (39%) had an ASA score of ≥3. The mean hospital duration of stay was 6.8 days. There were 28 (25%) postoperative complications and no mortality. Patients >60 years old had significantly longer LOS compared with the rest of the group (P = .02). There were no differences in outcomes between groups based on ASA score or the presence of multiple preoperative comorbidities. An albumin level of Conclusions The reversal of Hartmann’s operation appears to be a safe operation with acceptable morbidity rates and can be considered in patients, including those with significant operative risk factors.
In vitro neurotoxic esterase assay using leptophos oxon analogs as inhibitors

In comparing neurotoxic esterase (NTE) inhibition properties of a series of phenylphosphonates, it was discovered that certain compounds including leptophos inhibited mipafox-insensitive phenylvalerate hydrolases. This leads to erroneous values for NTE inhibition which can be corrected by a differential assay: the total amount of mipafox-insensitive activity is determined with O-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)O-methyl phenylphosphonate and subtracted from the apparent NTE determined with the test compound before calculating pI50's.
A Bernoulli Model of Multi-Product Manufacturing Systems

Abstract Modeling and analysis of multiple products manufacturing systems are of significant importance. In this paper, a Bernoulli model of multi-product manufacturing system with unreliable machines and finite buffers is introduced. In such a model, each machine is capable of processing multiple product types, and each buffer is shared for all types of products. All machines process the parts following the same sequence of different product types. By aggregating different product types into a single one, closed formulas have been derived to evaluate the production rate of the line with one or two machines, and recursive procedures are used to analyze longer lines. Numerical studies indicate that such a method has a high precision in performance evaluation. In addition, system-theoretic properties, such as asymptotic property, monotonicity and reversibility, have been investigated.
Characterization of gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 receptor.

Abstract 1. 1. The binding characteristics of gastric mucosal prostaglandin (PG) E2 (PGE2) receptor were investigated using mucosal cell membranes from rat stomach. The binding was found to be dependent upon PGE2 and membrane protein concentration, the time of incubation and the pH of the mixture, being highest at pH 3.0. 2. 2. Scatchard analysis of the binding data revealed a curvilinear plot with high affinity binding (Kd = 2 nM Bmax = 0.106 pmol/mg protein) and low affinity binding (Kd = 319 nM Bmax = 2.262 pmol/mg) protein sites. 3. 3. Competitive displacement study indicated that the receptor was specific for PGs of the E series, as PGF2x and 6-keto-PGF1xfailed to displace the PGE2. 4. 4. The study is the first report to provide biochemical parameters of specific PGE receptors in rat gastric mucosa.
Thermal aspects of bearing seizure

Abstract The effect of internal friction upon thermal expansion in journal bearings is examined. Account is taken of external and internal cooling as well as the effect of expansion itself in altering the frictional heating process. There are two distinct types of interaction. One leads monotonically to a minimum film thickness, or an ultimate seizure with no satisfactory long-term operation. The other may pass transiently through a minimal film thickness upon stepwise alteration of operating conditions. This can at times give acceptable long-term operating conditions but may also be unstable to small disturbances in bearing operation and lead to seizure. Simplified analyses are used to determine the principal interrelationships of parameters governing the two types of behavior.
Investigation of Heat Pipe Drilling Application

It’s widely known that hole making is, by a significant margin, the most frequently performed process among metalworking operations. It’s also among the most difficult operations to control from a thermal perspective. The most common cooling method is the use of cutting fluids flooding through the cutting zone. However, disposal of the used fluids is subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations. More stringent regulations in environmental pollution are expected in the future, we can expect the cost associated with coolants to continue to rise. Experimental studies implementing the use of a heat pipe to cool the drill and thus reduce the amount of cutting fluid required have been recently conducted. The heat pipe works with no moving parts or electronics and it also offers an effective alternative to removing heat without significant increases in operating temperatures. The operating mechanism of heat pipes have been extensively studied, however, rotating heat pipes with a wick structure has not received adequate attention in the past. In this study, a numerical analysis has been conducted to model the flow in an axially rotating heat pipe. The result shows the transport capacity is strongly affected by changes in the thermal physical properties of the working fluid with the temperature. The rotating speeds have strong effect in the vapor core but this effect is weak in the liquid flow of the wick structure.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Exploring the Lived-Experience of Childhood Cancer Survivors:

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the lived-experience of childhood cancer survivors with regard to their patterns of interaction with family and the environment using Newman's theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness, which proposes that experiencing a devastating event promotes an expanded consciousness. The sample consisted of five young adults, ages 23 to 26 years, who had experienced childhood cancer and now are considered to be cured of their initial cancer. A hermeneutic dialectic approach was used, with each subject being asked to respond to one openended question, “What are the most meaningful events in your life?” The interviews were analyzed for evidence of expanded consciousness, changing relatedness, and other universal themes. Individual patterns emerged and themes were identified that supported Newman's theory, such as optimism and hope, stronger bonds to family and friends, increased capacity for empathy, a desire to help others, and deeper feelings for the value of life. The intensely personal and professional relationship that develops between pediatric oncology nurses and their patients can only be strengthened by the knowledge that these patients generally grew up to be caring and empathetic individuals, perhaps as a result of the nurses' loving care for them. This research also provided support for Newman's theory as a sound paradigm for nursing practice.
LARC utilization based on type of medical abortion follow-up at an academic center.

Abstract Objective Compare long-acting contraceptive (LARC) utilization 1 month following a medical abortion among women who chose office or telephone follow-up. Materials and Methods We performed a chart review of 79 patients in a new medical abortion service. Women chose a 1-week follow-up in-office or by phone. Contraceptive implants could be placed 1 week and intrauterine contraceptives 4 weeks after mifepristone administration. Results LARC methods were desired by 38% and 44% of women, and received by 27% and 29% of women in the office and phone follow-up groups, respectively (p=.8). Conclusion The choice of follow-up in-office or by phone did not change the LARC uptake rate. Implications Women should not be discouraged to follow up by phone due to concern for decreased LARC uptake.
Commercially available shoe inserts as transducers for limb load monitoring

Limb load monitoring presents a continuing challenge in rehabilitation engineering. Patients who undergo lower extremity surgery like joint replacement and reconstruction, or fracture healing are required to exert minimal or gradually increasing amount of force on their lower limbs during recovery. However, it is generally observed that these patients exert forces much larger than those prescribed. Exerting large loads can lead to problems like pain, and blistering. On the other hand not exerting a minimal force can lead to muscular atrophy in the limbs. To prevent this atrophy, a minimal exertion force is prescribed. Several investigators implanted pressure transducers on the inserts to measure the pressure distribution in the foot. However, these transducers are expensive, and require the presence of a qualified engineer to place, monitor, and calibrate them. Currently, there is no simple, low-cost technique to assist the patient and the clinician in determining the amount of load exerted by the limb as the patient is walking. The purpose of this investigation is to study the use of commercially available shoe inserts and their transducing properties for the monitoring of extremity loads during gait.
Synthesis of a fluorescent chemosensor suitable for the imaging of zinc(II) in live cells.

The synthesis of a coumarin-cyclen conjugate-based zinc-specific chemosensor and its ability to sense Zn2+ in vitro is described. Using fluorescence microscopy, the chemosensor was shown to be capable of imaging Zn2+ in live rat pituitary tumour cells.
Combat-related Parental Deployment: Identifying the Impact on Families with Preschool-age Children

This manuscript describes a qualitative study using focus group methods to gain insight into how combat-related parental deployments affect preschool-age children. Using the Resiliency Model of Role Performance for Service Members, Veterans, and their Families, the authors found that decreases in social connection and individual assets impacted the role performance of all family members. As parental role performance deteriorated, similarly did their children's behaviors and emotions. Results indicate the need for improved military and community support, especially during deployment; counseling and increased communication within the military, public schools, and family systems; and decreased stigma in help seeking for service personnel and veterans.
Migration Decision Making and Migration Behavior in Rural Kenya

Most micro theories of migration assume that all migrants have decided to move and all nonmigrants have decided not to move. The data for this study consisting of 1st round interviews of 1077 and 2nd round interviews (after 9 months) from 972 youths between 13 and 21 in 4 sublocations in rural Kenya call this assumption into question. They suggest that at a given time only about 35% of young people are contemplating migration and 1/3 of these ultimately decide to move. Also over the interval studied here the nondecision-processor migrants actually outnumbered decision processing migrants (defined as those cognitively aware of migration as an alternative who develop an expectation to migrate or not) so that only about 41% of migrants showed a clear indication of having made a decision. Similarly among the nonmigrants the data suggest that a decision not to move was made by close to 1/3. Neither a majority of migrants nor nonmigrants made the decision customarily attributed to them. A model was therefore developed to identify factors leading to migration decision making assuming that in the pretransitional state decisions are made for youth primarily by male family heads. As children become more exposed to extra-family influences they become increasingly aware of migration as an alternative. This model explained 26% of the variance in the decision-making variable. The data make it clear that understanding of migration as a process could be enhanced for those who decide and those who do not.
Cores of soft lake sediments

Short cores of soft sediment, used in studying the pollution history of lakes, can be obtained with a plastic tube fitted with a piston and piston wire. If the sediments of deep water are annually laminated (and thus difficult to sample without disturbance) or contain excess gas (which can disrupt the stratigraphy during its escape), a short ‘core’ can be acquired by producing a frozen crust on a tube filled with dry ice and butanol. A continuous core of soft lake sediment at least 7 m long can be obtained in a single drive beneath deep water with a hand-driven piston corer. Such a core assures the complete continuity necessary for counting annual laminations or for making close-interval analyses without fear of gaps, and it provides the uniform orientation required for measurements of paleomagnetic directions.
Transfection of cells with transforming growth factor-α leads to cellular resistance to the antiproliferative effects of tumor necrosis factor

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a growth-modulatory cytokine that inhibits the growth of certain cell lines, stimulates the growth of some, and has no effect on the growth of still others. The molecular basis for this differential regulation of growth by TNF is not understood. We postulate that the growth of normal or tumor cells is determined by the balance between growth-stimulatory and -inhibitory signals. In the present study, we demonstrate that the transfection of cells with the transforming growth factor ( TGF )-α gene induces resistance to TNF. Colon carcinoma cell lines that express elevated levels of TGF -α were also found to be resistant to this cytokine. Exogenous addition of the growth factor was also effective in decreasing the antiproliferative effects of TNF. Transfection of cells with the TGF -α gene led to downmodulation of TNF receptors but an increase in intracellular glutathione levels. Thus, these results support our hypothesis that expression of growth factors by certain tumor cells can lead to resistance to antiproliferative agents such as TNF.
A mapping study of 13 genes on human chromosome bands 4q11→q25

A chromosome band 4q21 gene (MLLT2, formerly called AF-4/FEL) involved in a reciprocal translocation with chromosome band 11q23 in t(4;11) acute leukemia has been cloned. To provide better definition of gene order and relationships in this region where MLLT2 resides, we used pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to investigate 13 genes (including MLLT2) with physical locations in bands 4q11→q25. Somatic cell hybrids derived from RS4; 11 a leukemic cell line carrying the t(4; 11 )(q21 ;q23), were also used to localize genes in relation to MLLT2. Linkage of the interleukin 8 (IL8), albumin (ALB), and platelet factor 4 (PF4) genes was confirmed by NotI, SalI and SacIIdigests. The maximum distance between PF4 and ALB is 210 kb and between ALB and IL8 is 420 kb. The alcohol dehydrogenase, class I (ADH2, ADH3) gene cluster can be linked to the alcohol dehydrogenase, class III gene (ADH5) by SacII, NruI, and EagI digests. The maximum distance between them is 590 kb. Our study indicated that ALB, α-fetoprotein (AFP), PF4, β-thromboglobulin (PPBP), GROl (encoding a cytokine also called melanoma growth-stimulatory activity), and IL8 genes can be physically linked. In this study the γ-interferon induced protein 10 (INP10), bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3), annexin III (ANX3), KIT, amphiregulin (AREG), immunoglobulin J polypeptide (IGJ), deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) and MLLT2 genes were not linked to one another or to the above two groups of genes. Our analysis using somatic cell hybrids combined with previous reports demonstrated that the ADH gene cluster is telomeric to MLLT2 and KIT, ALB, AFP, PF4, βTG, GROl, IL8, ANX3, AREG and DCK are centromeric to MLLT2.
Jointly grasping the possible in design

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the contribution of Christiansen attempting to reintegrate ethics into the process of design. Design/methodology/approach – It situates her attempt in the context of the history of the participatory design movement, and the way ethical concern has been jettisoned leaving only a pragmatic toolbox of techniques. Findings – Christiansen is successful in finding ethical encounter residing of necessity at the heart of design. Design imposes a vision or narrative on the world and participatory design makes that narrative negotiable. Practical implications – All design is of necessity ethical endeavor, and Christiansen helps us to understand why. Originality/value – This response situates Christiansen's approach within the Heideggerian understanding of the “ready to hand” assumptions that lie in the ways we approach objects in our world. This language may help provide a structured way to talk about the encounter.
Two Issues in the Writing of American Indian History. A Review Article

These four books were selected to sample the products of contemporary Americanist anthropology (studies of American Indians primarily by Americans). According to Margaret Mead and Ruth Bunzel, writing in 1960, Americanist studies had a Golden Age from 1880 to 1920 of which 1900 to 1920 was the Classic Period. Those periods were encompassed and dominated by the career of Franz Boas (b. 1858, d. 1942). On the basis of works published in the '30s, a somewhat longer period might be accorded to the Golden Age, say until 1940, but the fact is that Indians were made citizens of the United States in 1924 and were given constitutional governments in the 1930s. 1880, the commencement of the Age, is a fair date for the end of the last free roaming of western Indians (in the east this happened sooner). The Age's 40year duration was the twilight time in which the old ways were still well remembered, and the period that was remembered was called the Ethnographic Present. After 1920, whites and Indians alike were forced to call that period history. But Boasian Americanism was meant to be history. Its studies were meant to describe the fullness of Indian cultures as they were immediately before European disruption and to reconstruct the history of the creation of that fullness to a time depth of about 500 years. These anthropologists were endlessly concerned with origins, not ultimate origins on a scale of thousands of years such as fascinated evolutionists, but short term origins of a spreading myth, a ceremonial pattern, or an architectural style: longer histories than an Indian would know, but within the grasp of science. The preferred unit of
Effect of two cavity designs on root surface marginal microleakage.

Current methods for bonding composite resins rely upon the etching of enamel to attain a bond that is strong enough to resist polymerization shrinkage and decrease the amount of marginal microleakage. Previously, modification of cavity designs have been evaluated that have enhanced retention. However, all these cavity designs have utilized methods to increase the surface area of enamel to bond thus resulting in a stronger enamel bond. This in vifro study evaluated the effect of one cavity design modification when the restoration is placed entirely on cemental surfaces and relied on only cementum and dentin.
Germination of Brassica pollen and expression of incompatibility in vitro

Pollen derived from cabbage, broccoli, and collards (Brassica oleracea, var. capitata, Italica and acephala, respectively) will germinate in a synthetic medium consisting of sucrose, H3BO4, CaCl2 and purified polyethylene glycol 20,000. The optimum levels of constituents varied from genotype to genotype. With one genotype of cabbage, a germination percentage of 84% and tube lengths of at least 3.5 mm long were obtained. Whereas pollen from broccoli germinated in 1 to 2 hours, cabbage pollen required a 3 to 4 hour incubation period. Optimum germination occurred at pH 5.8 and at a pollen density of 0.5–2.0 mg/ml for cabbage. The effect of flower age on pollen germination varied from genotype to genotype. Of 7 cabbage genotypes tested, pollen germination either increased, decreased or remained the same as flower age increased. Pollen germination in vitro required polyethylene glycol purified by dialysis or passage through Sephadex G-25. Cabbage stigmas release a heat-labile substance capable of inhibiting germination of self-pollen, but stigma extracts from a cross plant have no effect.
Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea

Definitions for ‘chronic diarrhoea’ are arbitrary and are not evidence-based. The duration of illness that would differentiate acute from chronic diarrhoea is often taken as four weeks and serves best to exclude most infectious causes of diarrhoea which run their courses within that time interval. Patients tend to identify loose stool consistency rather than increased frequency of bowel movements when they say that they have diarrhoea. Some patients complaining of diarrhoea have frequent passage of formed stools and some have fecal incontinence. It is incumbent on the treating physician to inquire exactly what is meant by diarrhoea by a given patient. The pathophysiology of diarrhoea is complex, but generally comes down to explaining why there is excess water in stools. This can result from impaired absorption, excess secretion or retention of intraluminal fluid due to osmotic forces generated by poorly absorbed substances. The evaluation of diarrhoea is challenging. An algorithmic approach is feasible.
Hydrodynamic forces in bands of magnetotactic bacteria, revisited : Formation, stability and structure

This paper reports the results of simulations of the motion of dense suspensions of magnetotactic bacteria, bacteria that contain small magnetic dipoles. These simulations build on a previously described mechanism in which pair-wise, far-field, hydrodynamic interactions between swimming bacteria are proposed to be responsible for the band structure that appears when such bacteria are oriented in a given direction by an external magnetic field. Previous work has shown that these hydrodynamic forces act in a direction and with a magnitude that are fully consistent with the observed behavior. Applying this pair-wise, hydrodynamic force mechanism to hundreds of bacteria in a numerical simulation shows that band formation and stability is predicted by this simple model, while the precise band shape appears to depend on effects not included in the simulation.
Biogenic silica production and the diatom contribution to primary production and nitrate uptake in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract To quantify biogenic silica production rates and estimate diatom contribution to primary production and nitrate uptake we examined the distribution of silicic acid, biogenic silica and silica production along zonal and meridional transects between 110°W and 140°W in the upwelling zone of the eastern equatorial Pacific during December, 2004, and September, 2005. Silicic acid concentrations [Si(OH)4] in the upper 75 m were consistently between 2.5 to 4.0 μM but were twice as high near the equator at 110°W, compared to 140°W, consistent with a strong eastward shoaling of the nutricline. Euphotic-zone integrated biogenic silica concentrations [bSiO2] had a narrow range, averaging 9.8±1.4 mmol Si m−2 during 2004 and 10.4±4.0 mmol Si m−2 in 2005. Minima in [bSiO2] occurred within the equatorial undercurrent on all transects; creating atypical profiles where [bSiO2] decreased with depth from the surface and then increased below the equatorial undercurrent. Specific production rates of biogenic silica (Vb) were highest (∼0.2-0.3 d−1) in the upper 50 m, decreased to
A case for smartphone reuse to augment elementary school education

The rapid growth of information technology has led to substantial economic and societal benefits. Unfortunately, rapid improvements in technology has also led to an unsustainable “disposable” model in which devices are replaced in a matter of months. This model is especially problematic in the cell phone area, where over a billion phones are manufactured per year.
Impurity Adsorption Induced Surface Charge-Density Oscillation and Indirect Atomic Interactions

Neon field ion image spots of Ta impurities, deposited on the Ir (100) surface, show a halo-ring structure. This image structure is most probably produced by the impurity adsorption induced oscillatory electronic charge-density distribution at the surface. The oscillatory electronic charge-density modulation is the cause of electronic indirect interactions of atoms in alloys and on metal surfaces. Manifestations of these interactions can be found in the compositional variation in the near surface layers of alloys in surface segregation, and in the pair-interaction of adsorbed atoms.
An Examination of the Alcohol Consumption and Peptic Ulcer Association—Results of a National Survey

Excessive alcohol consumption causes damages to the stomach or duodenum by impairing the integrity of the mucosal barrier. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between alcohol consumption and peptic ulcer, utilizing a large representative sample of the U.S. population, while controlling for cigarette smoking and major sociodemographic variables. Results indicated that alcohol consumption only minimally increased the odds of peptic ulcer. Thus, this study offers little support for the association between ethanol intake and peptic ulcer.
Mixing Method Affects Elution and Strength of High-dose ALBC: A Pilot Study

Background High-dose antimicrobial-loaded bone cement (ALBC) is used to treat orthopaedic infections. High-dose ALBC is not commercially available and requires surgeon directed formulation, and there are several different methods used to mix high-dose ALBC.