cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intratumor Heterogeneity: Novel Approaches for Resolving Genomic Architecture and Clonal Evolution

High-throughput genomic technologies have revealed a remarkably complex portrait of intratumor heterogeneity in cancer and have shown that tumors evolve through a reiterative process of genetic diversification and clonal selection. This discovery has challenged the classical paradigm of clonal dominance and brought attention to subclonal tumor cell populations that contribute to the cancer phenotype. Dynamic evolutionary models may explain how these populations grow within the ecosystem of tissues, including linear, branching, neutral, and punctuated patterns. Recent evidence in breast cancer favors branching and punctuated evolution driven by genome instability as well as nongenetic sources of heterogeneity, such as epigenetic variation, hierarchal tumor cell organization, and subclonal cell-cell interactions. Resolution of the full mutational landscape of tumors could help reconstruct their phylogenetic trees and trace the subclonal origins of therapeutic resistance, relapsed disease, and distant metastases, the major causes of cancer-related mortality. Real-time assessment of the tumor subclonal architecture, however, remains limited by the high rate of errors produced by most genome-wide sequencing methods as well as the practical difficulties associated with serial tumor genotyping in patients. This review focuses on novel approaches to mitigate these challenges using bulk tumor, liquid biopsies, single-cell analysis, and deep sequencing techniques. The origins of intratumor heterogeneity and the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic consequences in breast cancer are also explored. Mol Cancer Res; 15(9); 1127-37. ©2017 AACR.
Kandó-Melocco, Ferenc. 2015. An Anti-Nazi at Hitler's Table: Political Memoirs of a Hungarian Nobleman Who Dared to Oppose Both Hitler and the Communists. (trans. and ed. Esther Kando Odescalchi). North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. 162 pp., Illus.; Odescalchi, Esther Kando. 2016. My Escape: Memoirs of a Hungarian Teenage Freedom Fighter. North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. Illus. 148 pp.

Kando-Melocco, Ferenc. 2015. An Anti-Nazi at Hitler's Table: Political Memoirs of a Hungarian Nobleman Who Dared to Oppose Both Hitler and the Communists. (trans. and ed. Esther Kando Odescalchi). North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. 162 pp., Illus.; Odescalchi, Esther Kando. 2016. My Escape: Memoirs of a Hungarian Teenage Freedom Fighter. North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. Illus. 148 pp.
Corporate Reputation: Fashion, Fad, or Phenomenon?

In this paper I examined whether corporate reputation was a fad or fashion in organization science research. If corporate reputation was a fad, then we would see a sharp increase and subsequent sharp decrease in research. I performed a content analysis exploring the way in which authors described their work in leading management and business and society journals. I focused on four corporate associations (corporate celebrity, corporate identity, corporate image, and corporate reputation) to operationalize a fashion to which corporate reputation research may belong. Following prior research on fads and fashions on organization management research, I counted the incidence of these four constructs in article titles, abstracts and key words from 1997 through 2016. I observed a steady increase in the number of articles about corporate celebrity, corporate identity, corporate image, and corporate reputation over twenty years rejecting the old assertions that research about corporate reputation and related corporate associations was a fad. The number of articles on corporate reputation equaled the number of articles about the other three corporate associations. I found no evidence of a fashion; however, as more time passes scholars may find that research on corporate reputation and related constructs comprised a fashion. Surprisingly I observed that the number of articles on corporate reputation published in the two business and society journals was twice the number of articles published in the six general management journals. In conclusion, I find evidence that corporate reputation research has become a phenomenon especially in the business & society and ethics field.
Psychotherapy by telephone : a therapeutic tool for cancer patients

Medically ill patients who cannot come to the psychotherapist's office on a regular basis frequently are encountered in consultation-liaison settings. For these individuals the telephone becomes the only link to psychological counseling. The two cases presented in this article of successful telephone therapy with cancer patients exemplify and highlight the effect of this mode of interaction on the therapeutic process and relationship. Telephone communication also differs from face-to-face interaction in areas of therapist-patient accessibility, control. formality, and anonymity, which make it an especially effective psychotherapeutic tool for the medically ill patient.
Effects of supplementation with ruminally protected choline on performance of multiparous Holstein cows did not depend upon prepartum caloric intake

Objectives were to evaluate the effect of prepartum energy intake on performance of dairy cows supplemented with or without ruminally protected choline (RPC; 0 or 17.3 g/d of choline chloride; 0 or 60 g/d of ReaShure, Balchem Corp., New Hampton, NY). At 47 ± 6 d before the expected calving date, 93 multiparous Holstein cows were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Cows were fed energy to excess [EXE; 1.63 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg of dry matter (DM)] or to maintenance (MNE; 1.40 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg of DM) in ad libitum amounts throughout the nonlactating period. The RPC was top-dressed for 17 ± 4.6 d prepartum through 21 d postpartum (PP). After calving, cows were fed the same methionine-balanced diet, apart from RPC supplementation, through 15 wk PP. Liver was biopsied at -14, 7, 14, and 21 d relative to parturition. Cows fed EXE or MNE diets, respectively, consumed 40 or 10% more Mcal/d than required at 15 d before parturition. Cows fed the MNE compared with the EXE diet prepartum consumed 1.2 kg/d more DM postpartum but did not produce more milk (41.6 vs. 43.1 kg/d). Thus, PP cows fed the EXE diet prepartum were in greater mean negative energy balance, tended to have greater mean concentrations of circulating insulin, fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate, and had greater triacylglycerol in liver tissue (8.3 vs. 10.7% of DM) compared with cows fed the MNE diet prepartum. Cows fed RPC in transition tended to produce more milk (43.5 vs. 41.3 kg/d) and energy-corrected milk (44.2 vs. 42.0 kg/d) without increasing DM intake (23.8 vs. 23.2 kg/d) during the first 15 wk PP, and tended to produce more milk over the first 40 wk PP (37.1 vs. 35.0 kg/d). Energy balance of cows fed RPC was more negative at wk 2, 3, and 6 PP, but mean circulating concentrations of fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate did not differ from those of cows not fed RPC. Despite differences in energy balance at 2 and 3 wk PP, mean concentration of hepatic triacylglycerol did not differ between RPC treatments. Feeding RPC reduced the daily prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia from 25.5 to 10.5%, as defined by concentrations of total Ca of <8.0 mg/dL in serum in the first 7 d PP. Pregnancy at first artificial insemination tended to be greater for cows fed RPC (41.3 vs. 23.6%), but the proportion of pregnant cows did not differ by 40 wk PP. Heifers born from singleton calvings from cows fed RPC tended to experience greater daily gain between birth and 50 wk of age than heifers from cows not supplemented with RPC. Feeding RPC for approximately 38 d during the transition period tended to increase yield of milk for 40 wk regardless of amount of energy consumed during the pregnant, nonlactating period.
Radial Longitudinal Deficiency: Radius Hypoplasia

Radial longitudinal deficiency (RLD) comprises a spectrum of clinical manifestations involving phenotypic changes of the upper extremity that range from underdevelopment to complete absence of the radial sided structures. The presence of RLD has been associated with many medical conditions, the most notable being thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome, VACTERL association, Holt-Oram syndrome, and Fanconi anemia. Treatment of RLD varies depending on the level of deformity, which often coincides with the degree of radial absence. Minor deformities may be best treated with observation and splinting. Severe radial deviation deformities have been treated with many surgical interventions including centralization, radialization, radial release, and microsurgical epiphyseal transfer. The definitive “best” treatment has yet to be determined, and likely is not the same for every patient. Future comparisons of those treated for RLD with surgical intervention versus those treated by non-operative means may shed the most meaningful light on what interventions benefit these children the most.
Target Golf—A New Game: Students Never Tire of this Game, the Nearest Thing to Actual Play

(1956). Target Golf—A New Game. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 10-12.
On The Thermodynamics Of General Relativity

This paper attempts to show that General Relativity (GR) is incomplete as a physical theory of the gravitational process due to the first law of thermodynamics. A theoretical modification to General Relativity is offered to correct for this deficit, and is based on the first principals of thermodynamics. This new theoretical framework allows GR to not only be compatible with Quantum Mechanics (QM), but it is now interdependent with both QM and Special Relativity. The new framework predicts most if not all of our cosmological observations which had previously necessitated the creation of both Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Several other previously unexplained gravitational phenomena are also discussed in this new theoretical context.
Computation of Bounds on Population Parameters When the Data Are Incomplete

This paper continues our research on the identification and estimation of statistical func- tionals when the sampling process produces incomplete data due to missing observations or interval measurement of variables. Incomplete data usually cause population parameters of interest in appli- cations to be unidentified except under untestable and often controversial assumptions. However, it is often possible to identify sharp bounds on these parameters. The bounds are functionals of the population distribution of the available data and do not rely on untestable assumptions about the process through which data become incomplete. They contain all logically possible values of the population parameters. Moreover, every parameter value within the bounds is consistent with some model of the process that generates incomplete data. The bounds can be estimated consistently by replacing the population distribution of the data with the empirical distribution in the functionals that give the bounds. In practice, this is straightforward in some circumstances but computationally bur- densome in others; in general, the bounds are the solutions to non-convex mathematical programming problems that can be difficult to solve. Horowitz and Manski (Censoring of Outcomes and Regressors Due to Survey Nonresponse: Identification and Estimation Using Weights and Imputations, Journal of Econometrics 84 (1998), pp. 37-58; Nonparametric Analysis of Randomized Experiments with Missing Covariate and Outcome Data, Journal of the American Statistical Association 95 (2000), pp. 77-84) studied nonparametric mean regression with missing data. In this paper, we first describe the general problem. We then present new findings on the computation of bounds on best linear predictors under square loss. We describe a genetic algorithm to compute sharp bounds and a min- imax approach yielding simple but non-sharp outer bounds. We use actual data to demonstrate the computations.
The MAP System

Conventional vaccines consisting of either killed or attenuated infectious agents are limited in their potential by several factors. These include hazards associated with the production, storage that requires a cold chain, presence of contaminating materials, risk of infection in immunocompromised people, and unwanted side effects in the case of incomplete attenuation of the pathogen.
FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE GUIDED MULTI-VESSEL PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION VERSUS ANGIOGRAPHY-GUIDED CULPRIT LESION ONLY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION FOR ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES: A META-ANALYSIS

790,000 Americans have coronary artery disease (CAD) every year. Current guidelines are not clear regarding the management of non-culprit lesions in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and recommend treating culprit lesions only. The Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) based functional severity of the non-
Design of multifunctional supercapacitor electrodes using an informatics approach

Multifunctional energy storage devices can greatly impact public safety and flexible electronics. For example, mechanically strong energy devices can prevent catastrophic failure in batteries or act as structural elements, simultaneously dissipating energy and bearing a load. Herein we report on a nanoarchitectonics approach, which implements an optimal experimental design framework to optimize the electrochemical and mechanical properties of a composite electrode. First, functional analysis was used to determine the weight percentages of the electrode components as control variables of interest in this material system. A utility function was then developed to measure the trade-offs between the electrochemical and mechanical properties. Finally, Gaussian process regression was used to model initial experimental data and optimal compositions were predicted using expected improvement acquisition methods.
A Strategy for the Renovation of a Clinical Pathways Program.

Introduction Clinical pathways (CPs) translate best available evidence to the local care context and intend to inform clinical decision-making, optimize care, and decrease variation. This article describes a CPs program improvement process at a free-standing academic children's hospital. Aims: (1) improve the pathway development process; (2) identify and address gaps; (3) strengthen measurement; (4) increase efficiency in cycle time to build a pathway; (5) increase multidisciplinary participation; (6) integrate into the electronic health record ; and (7) and increase pathway utilization. Methods We renovated the CP program using a structured, improvement process. A series of internal stakeholder and external colleague interviews informed the process. To improve the program, we developed and implemented different interventions. Results The streamlined process reduced the overall time for completion from a median of 15 to 5 months (measured from the date of first meeting with the clinical improvement team to approval), a 70% increase in efficiency. Between 1994 and 2015, the hospital had 33 CPs. There was a 78% increase in the total number of pathways after the renovation with 26 additional pathways. Conclusions Renovation of the CP program led to early success through an improved development process, alleviation of programmatic gaps, inclusion of measures within each pathway, increased timely completion, multidisciplinary involvement, integration into the electronic health record, and improved utilization. Initial results are encouraging, and the lessons learned should be helpful to other programs. Further program development is ongoing, focusing on continued improvements in implementation and overall program measures.
Evaluation of Open Hollow Hydroxyapatite Microsphere on Bone Regeneration in Rat Calvarial Defects

Abstract Hollow hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres showed the ability to facilitate bone regeneration in rats with non-healing calvarial defects. However, new bone formation in the rat calvarial defect implanted with the closed HA microspheres was limited. The objective of this work is to evaluate size-, time, and structure-dependent bone regeneration between open and closed HA microspheres in an osseous model. Open HA microspheres were obtained by sectioning closed HA microspheres. The open HA microsphere had dense convex surface and rough and porous concave surface. For both size ranges (ϕ106-150 μm vs. ϕ212-250 μm), the open HA microsphere were more effective in facilitating bone regeneration than the closed HA microspheres in rat calvarial defects. Bone regeneration in the open HA microspheres (49 ± 7% for ϕ106-150 μm; 40 ± 8% for ϕ212-250 μm) were higher than the closed HA microsphere (26 ± 8% for ϕ106-150 μm; 30 ± 9% for ϕ212-250 μm) at 12 weeks. Furthermore, the open HA microspheres of smaller size showed a significant increase in bone regeneration than the open HA microspheres of larger size at both 6 weeks and 12 weeks. The difference in bone regeneration between these microspheres could be due to their differences in microstructures, namely curvature, concavity, porosity, surface roughness, and total surface area available for cells to attached to.
Evaluation of Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Pediatric Laceration Repair: A Randomized Trial

Background Laceration repair is a common procedure, and causes pain and distress in children. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of hydrocodone/acetaminophen elixir in reducing both pain and anxiety in children undergoing sutured laceration repair in the emergency department. Methods The authors conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in children aged 2 to 17 years, stratified by age younger than 8 years, with topical lidocaine-treated lacerations requiring sutured repair in the emergency department. The primary outcome was pain score at 5 minutes of laceration repair. Secondary outcomes included progression to procedural sedation and anxiety scores in older children. Results Eighty-five children were randomized, 43 to the hydrocodone/acetaminophen group and 42 to the placebo group. Median 5-minute pain scores in children aged 2 to 7 years were significantly lower in the medication group (5.0; interquartile range, 4.0 to 6.50) compared with the placebo group (7.0; interquartile range, 5.25 to 10.0; p = 0.01). Three patients (12 percent) in the placebo group proceeded to procedural sedation. For children aged 8 to 17 years, there was no significant difference in pain scores between the treatment (0.5; interquartile range, 0.0 to 0.1; p = 0.81) and placebo groups (0.1; interquartile range, 0.01 to 0.4) or in anxiety scores using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Conclusion Adjuvant oral hydrocodone/acetaminophen is more effective than placebo in reducing pain in children younger than 8 years undergoing topical lidocaine-treated laceration repair, but it does not decrease pain or anxiety in older children. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, II.
Modeling the phase behavior of polymer-clay composites

To model the phase behavior of polymer-clay composites, we develop a free energy expression for a mixture of polymers and solid, thin disks. The free energy expression is adopted from the Onsager model for the equilibrium behavior of rigid rods. Thus, our theory takes into account the possible nematic ordering of the disks within the polymer matrix. By minimizing this free energy and calculating the chemical potentials, we construct phase diagrams for the polymer-disk mixtures. The findings provide guidelines for tailoring the polymer molecular weight and the volume fraction of the different components to fabricate thermodynamically stable mixtures with the desired morphology.
2020 Otto Aufranc Award: Malseating of modular dual mobility liners.

Aims This combined clinical and in vitro study aimed to determine the incidence of liner malseating in modular dual mobility (MDM) constructs in primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) from a large...
Integrating social emotional learning strategies in higher education

Social and emotional learning (SEL) strategies develop skills linked to cognitive development, encourage student focus and motivation, improve relationships between students and teachers, and increase student confidence and success. More attention should be paid to students’ emotions in higher education to enhance students’ engagement in the classroom and improve social awareness (i.e., respecting others, understanding other perspectives, providing help to those who need it), motivation, and academic achievement. This article focuses on the implementation of practices that promote SEL in higher education and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs. The paper aims to assess the academic and behavioral-related outcomes of applying SEL in mineralogy, an Earth science introductory course in a four-year university. The results of the present paper reveal that instructional practices supporting SEL are suited for engaging and stimulating learners’ multiple intelligences. The observed student course assessment performance suggests that integrating SEL may be a viable strategy for promoting student interest in science, building stress resilience, and creating more positive engagement with students. The instructional practices reported in this paper could support science instructors in designing teaching methods that promote self-management and social awareness to increase students’ academic outcomes.
Thermodynamics of the Two-Dimensional Hubbard Model Based on the Exact Two-Body S-Matrix

A new analytic treatment of the 2D Hubbard model at finite temperature and chemical potential is presented. A next-nearest-neighbor hopping term of strength t′ is included. This analysis is based upon a formulation of the statistical mechanics of particles in terms of the S-matrix. We show that for U/t large enough, a region of attractive interactions exists near the Fermi surface due to multi-loop quantum corrections. For t′ = − 0.3, these attractive interactions exist for U/t > 6.4. Our analysis suggests that superconductivity may not exist for t′ = 0. Based on the existence of solutions of the integral equation for the pseudo-energy, we provide evidence for a phase transition and estimate T c /t ≈ 0.02 for U/t = 7.5 and t′ /t = − 0.3 at hole doping 0.15.
Average nonvanishing of Dirichlet $L$-functions at the central point

The generalized Riemann hypothesis implies that at least 50% of the central values L(12,χ) are nonvanishing as χ ranges over primitive characters modulo q. We show that one may unconditionally go beyond GRH, in the sense that if one averages over primitive characters modulo q and averages q over an interval, then at least 50.073% of the central values are nonvanishing. The proof utilizes the mollification method with a three-piece mollifier, and relies on estimates for sums of Kloosterman sums due to Deshouillers and Iwaniec.
Adhesive hardening and plasticity in bonded joints

Abstract While strain-hardening mechanisms for many metals are well understood, polymers in general, and adhesives in particular, have received less attention. Thin adhesive joints are difficult to characterize, for instance, where the constraint of relatively rigid adherends can mask plastic response. The aim of this work was to quantify adhesive plastic strain hardening and evaluate the effectiveness of a nonlinear hardening model. The plastic response of two structural epoxy adhesives was shown to be dominated by kinematic hardening. A numeric model was developed to describe the shear stress-strain response of scarf and lap shear joints. Experimental adhesive joint responses were compared with linear and nonlinear hardening models. A nonlinear kinematic hardening model described the shear stress-strain response within 3% for a toughened adhesive. Agreement with a second adhesive, using a nonlinear combined hardening model, was within 2%.
Liquid crystalline behavior and photoluminescence of lanthanide decanoate nanoparticles synthesized by microwave radiation

Luminescent lanthanide decanoate nanoparticles (LnC10 NPs; Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Er) with spherical morphology (<100 nm) have been synthesized via a facile microwave (MWV) method using Ln(NO3)3·xH2O, ethanol/water, and decanoic acid. These hybrid nanomaterials adopt a lamellar structure consisting of inorganic Ln3+ layers separated by a decanoate anion bilayer and exhibit liquid crystalline (LC) phases during melting. The particle size, crystalline structure, and LC behavior were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (ambient and heated). Thermal analysis indicated the formation of Smectic A LC phases by LnC10 nanoparticles, with the smaller lanthanides (Ln = Sm, Gd, Er) displaying additional solid intermediate and Smectic C phases. The formation of LC phases by the smaller Ln3+ suggests that these nanoscale materials have vastly different thermal properties than their bulk counterparts, which do not exhibit LC behavior. Photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed the LnC10 NPs to be highly optically active, producing strong visible emissions that corresponded to expected electronic transitions by the various Ln3+ ions. Under long-wave UV irradiation (λ = 365 nm), bright visible luminescence was observed for colloidal suspensions of Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and ErC10 NPs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported synthesis of nanoscale metal alkanoates, the first report of liquid crystalline behavior by any decanoate of lanthanides smaller than Nd, and the first observation of strong visible luminescence by non-vitrified lanthanide alkanoates.
Mechanism of transition from elongated bubbles to wavy-annular regime in flow boiling through microchannels

Abstract Transition from elongated bubbles to annular flow regime is one of the most intricate phenomena in flow boiling in microchannels. To identify this transition, flow regime maps have been introduced primarily based on visualizations and characterized using average flow properties. However, understanding the mechanism responsible for this transition demands accurate determination of the hydrodynamic characteristics of liquid films around the vapor core. But, the challenges associated with measurements of the thickness and velocity of the liquid films have made it difficult to determine the flow hydrodynamics. Here, we utilize a measurement technique to determine the liquid film thickness along with velocities of the two phases. These measurements have enabled accurate calculation of the cross-sectional void fraction, vapor quality, interfacial shear stress and superficial velocities, which form the coordinates of the existing flow regime maps. The results show that upon transition to the annular flow regime, a remarkable increase in the liquid film thickness occurs due to a substantial increase in the liquid-vapor interfacial shear stress. This shear stress, which is a function of the liquid film thickness, vapor velocity, and channel aspect ratio, is introduced as a criterion for transition from elongated bubbles (EB) to wavy-annular (WA) flow regime.
Structure and Evolution of WRKY Transcription Factors

Abstract In the light of increasing numbers of sequenced plant genomes we have re-evaluated the evolution of the WRKY transcription factor family. In particular, the publication of the first charophyte genome sequence from Klebsormidium flaccidum filled a gap in the available genome sequences in the plant kingdom between unicellular green algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that typically have 1–3 WRKY genes and mosses such as Physcomitrella patens that have 30–40 genes. The K. flaccidum genome contains just two WRKY genes but the presence of a Group IIb WRKY gene was unexpected and rewrites the previously accepted evolution of WRKY transcription factors. Similarly, the presence of WRKY transcription factor genes outside of the plant lineage in some diplomonads, social amoebae, fungi incertae sedis, and amoebozoa also sheds new light on the early evolution of WRKY genes. This patchy distribution of WRKY genes outside the plant lineage suggests that lateral gene transfer has been responsible for WRKY gene transfer to nonplant species. During the evolution of flowering plants, one other type of WRKY genes evolved that contain domains typical for both intracellular type-R proteins (NBS–LRR proteins) and WRKY transcription factors. These NBS–LRR–WRKY-like proteins have been divided into eight R protein–WRKY groups (RW1–RW8). They are not found in all plant genomes but have evolved numerous times in flowering plants. These chimeric proteins also contain not only novel combinations of protein domains but also novel combinations and numbers of WRKY domains. The formation of these R protein–WRKY genes is recent with classes being restricted to specific flowering plant lineages. Once formed, R protein–WRKY genes may be selected for as they combine different components of signaling pathways that may either create new diversity in signaling or accelerate signaling by short-circuiting signaling pathways.
Budgetary politics in American governments

"Budgetary Politics in American Governments", unlike most public budgeting texts, takes a comparative approach to the subject of public budgeting, examining budgetary politics at the federal, state, and local government levels. Students are introduced to the budgetary decision making process, taxation, spending, budget execution and financial management as well as the budget process at each level of government. Thoroughly updated but preserving much of the third edition's structure and approach, this fourth edition contains a new chapter that will introduce students to the interrelationship of economics and politics in budgeting.
Regulation of tyrosine alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase in rat liver. V. Repression in growth hormone-treated rats.

Abstract Moderate doses of the hypophysial growth hormone can effect a selective repression of the synthesis of rat liver tyrosine transaminase (l-tyrosine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.5) in hypophysectomized, as well as in adrenalectomized, rats. The response is erratic, which may reflect the action of competing hormones or the fact that the hepatic repression is secondary to another metabolic alteration brought about by growth hormone. When repression occurs, the hepatic level of the enzyme falls at approximately the rate at which "degradation" occurs in normal turnover. The rate of transaminase synthesis is reduced nearly to zero, as determined by immunochemical-isotopic analyses, while labeling of the bulk of the liver proteins is increased by the hormone. Repression is blocked when RNA synthesis is inhibited by actinomycin.
Reliability analysis of mobile robots

Failure data on mobile robots is critical for three reasons: to support the theory of autonomous fault detection, identification, and recovery necessary for success in new domains; provide design and manufacturing feedback to the robotics community; and permit project managers to accurately create development schedules. The failures considered in this paper occurred over a period of 2 years, in a variety of environments. Failure type and frequency data were collected from thirteen robots representing three manufacturers and seven models. The data was analyzed using standard manufacturing measures for the reliability of a product. The mean time between failures represents the average time to the next failure. Availability was used to gauge the impact of a failure on a project. The results show that the reliability for mobile robots is low, with an average MTBF of 8 hours and availability of less than 50%. The platform itself was the source of most failures (42%) for field robots, while the control system was responsible for 29% of the failures.
Fungicides, Soil Fumigants

The mandated elimination of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant because of its ozone-depleting chemistry is scheduled to be complete by 2005. Chemicals in current use as soil fumigants and some promising new chemicals are reviewed. The compounds are listed with their important chemical and physical properties. Keywords: soil fumigant; drip irrigation; ozone depletion; methyl bromide; methyl bromide alternatives; control of plant pathogens; ozone hole; impermeable tarps; atmospheric emissions; methyl iodide; telone; chloropicrin; metham sodium; basamid; propargyl bromide
Contrasting Responses of Southern House Spiders and Raccoons to Blister Beetle Prey

Female southern house spiders, Kukulcania hibernalis, readily consumed blister beetles, Lytta polita, regardless of cantharidin content when field-tested late in January and again three weeks later in February 1997. In contrast, free-ranging raccoons, Procyon lotor, initially ate many L. polita, particularly female beetles that contained only one third as much cantharidin as males, but when retested the raccoons ate only a few meloids. These results suggest that raccoons, unlike southern house spiders, quickly form an aversion to blister beetle prey, which is induced by cantharidin. Chemical analyses revealed that southern house spiders ingested 99% of the cantharidin contained within their prey.
Measurement of nitrous oxide reductase activity in aquatic sediments.

Denitrification in aquatic sediments was measured by an N/sub 2/O reductase assay. Sediments consumed small added quantities of N/sub 2/O over short periods (a few hours). In experiments with sediment slurries, N/sub 2/O reductase activity was inhibited by 0/sub 2/, C/sub 2/H/sub 2/, heat treatment, and by high levels of nitrate (1 mM) or sulfide (10 mM). However, ambient levels of nitrate (<100 ..mu..M) did not influence activity, and moderate levels (about 150 ..mu..M) induced only a short lag before reductase activity began. Moderate levels of sulfide (<1 mM) had no effect on N/sub 2/O reductase activity. Nitrous oxide reductase displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in sediments from freshwater, estuarine, and alkaline-saline environments. An in situ assay was devised in which a solution of N/sub 2/O was injected into sealed glass cores containing intact sediment. Two estimates of net rates of denitrification in San Francisco Bay under approximated in situ conditions were 0.009 and 0.041 mmol of N/sub 2/O per m/sup 2/ per h. Addition of chlorate to inhibit denitrification in these intact-core experiments (to estimate gross rates of N/sub 2/O consumption) resulted in approximately a 14% upward revision of estimates of net rates. These results were comparable to an in situmore » estimate of 0.022 mmol of N/sub 2/O per m/sup 2/ per h made with the acetylene block assay.« less
Evaluation of Opsonic and Leukocyte Function With a Spectrophotometric Test in Patients With Infection and With Phagocytic Disorders

Paraffin oil droplets containing Oil Red O and coated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide were ingested rapidly by human peripheral blood phagocytes only if they were pretreated with normal serum. This property formed the basis of a screening test in which lipopolysaccharide-coated particles were opsonized with patients’ serums and then were added to autologous leukocytes suspended in two portions, one of which contained nitroblue tetrazolium. After these incubations the cells were washed and extracted with dioxane. Oil Red O and nitroblue tetrazolium formazan in the dioxane extracts were spectrophotometrically assayed, thereby providing simultaneous determinations of the initial rates of ingestion and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. The test differentiated opsonically-deficient serums and chronic granulomatous disease phagocytes from normals. Serums from individuals with bacterial infections had supernormal opsonic activity, and leukocytes from these patients had increased rates of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in response to ingestion.
Definition, Identification, Identity, and Culture: A Unique Alchemy Impacting the Success of Gifted African American Millennial Males in School.

This article focuses on the underrepresentation of African American males in gifted and talented programs, and offers a number of key recommendations to practitioners and researchers who seek viabl...
First-order 2-D periodically shift-varying digital filters without limit cycles

First-order 2-D linear shift-varying digital filters are investigated for limit cycles due to the nonlinear effects of quantization. Sufficient conditions are derived for suppressing limit cycle due to overflow and roundoff after multiplication. These conditions are relaxed for periodically shift-varying filters. The results are illustrated with an example. >
Evidence for two distinct immune phenotypes in subjects with depression and comorbid kidney disease

Evidence suggests that inflammation may characterize a biologically distinct subgroup of patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and comorbid medical illness. In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) depression is common and increases morbidity and mortality. We examined baseline immune function in 27 adults with non-dialysis, stage 3–5 CKD and MDD, enrolled in the CKD Antidepressant Sertraline Trial (CAST), using RNA Sequencing of whole blood. Subjects completed the Quick Inventory of Depression Symptomatology (QIDS) to quantify depression severity. We analyzed co-expression of hyper-variable genes, performing hierarchical cluster analysis according to correlation with QIDS score. Subjects empirically divided into two clusters: (1) 18 subjects in whom depression severity inversely correlated with expression of interferon signaling genes (correlation coefficient 0.95), and (2) 9 subjects without correlation to the interferon cluster but whose depression was significantly correlated with ribosomal gene expression (cc = 0.83) (both p 0.001). Using a significance threshold of p 0.001, we analyzed genes within each group for correlation with clinical parameters. In group 2, STAT3 pathway expression was associated with fatigue and expression of interferon and insulin like growth factor signaling genes were correlated with mental and physical function, respectively. Our results suggest the existence of different depression immune phenotypes; further exploration of these types will provide an opportunity to develop personalized depression treatment in patients with comorbid depression and CKD.
Auditory Brainstem Responses and Clinical Follow-up of High-Risk Infants

Auditory brainstem response (ABR) evaluations were performed on 667 high-risk infants from an infant special care unit. Of these infants, 82% passed the ABR. Those infants who failed the ABR were classified into two groups, those who failed at 30 dB hearing level and those who failed at 45 dB hearing level. All of the infants were encouraged to return for otologic/audiologic follow-up in 1, 3, or 6 months, depending on the initial ABR results. All of the infants with severe hearing impairments came from the group who failed at 45 dB hearing level. The incidence of severe sensorineural hearing impairment in this population was estimated to be 2.4%. For the group that failed at 30 dB hearing level, 80% of those who were abnormal at follow-up were considered to have conductive hearing disorders and 20% had mild sensorineural hearing impairments. In addition, infants enrolled in a parent-infant program for hearing impaired by 6 months of age were from the ABR program; however, several infants entered the parent-infant program at a relatively late age because they did not meet the high-risk criteria, they were from other hospitals, or they were not detected by the ABR program.
Molecular analysis of urease genes from a newly identified uncultured species of Helicobacter.

"Gastrospirillum hominis" is an uncultured gastric spiral bacterium that has recently been shown by 16S rDNA sequence analysis to be a newly recognized species of Helicobacter that infects humans, and it has been provisionally designated "Helicobacter heilmannii." We used PCR to directly amplify the urease structural genes of "H. heilmannii" from infected gastric tissue. DNA sequence analysis identified two open reading frames, ureA and ureB, which code for polypeptides with predicted molecular weights of 25,729 and 61,831, respectively. The urease subunit genes from "H. heilmannii" were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis showed that antiserum directed against the ureA and ureB gene products from H. pylori was cross-reactive with the corresponding polypeptides from "H. heilmannii." Analysis of the derived amino acid sequences of "H. heilmannii" UreA and UreB demonstrated that "H. heilmannii" urease is more highly related to the urease from H. felis (found in the stomachs of cats and dogs) than to the urease from H. pylori. These data are consistent with 16S rDNA sequence analysis and suggest that "H. heilmannii" is phylogenetically most closely related to H. felis.
Characterization of the Growth Response Obtained from Eimeria acervulina Infection in Chicks Fed Lysine-Deficient Diets

Abstract Five assays were conducted with crossbred chicks to define the gain and feed efficiency response elicited when chicks fed lysine-deficient diets are infected with Eimeria acervulina. Crystalline amino acid diets that were either severely deficient in lysine (.12 or .20%) or adequate (.91%) were fed in the presence or absence of E. acervulina infection in the first four assays. In Assay 5, intact protein-based diets (corn-corn gluten meal) containing either .43 or 1.44% lysine were used to study the effects of lysine status on morbidity caused by E. acervulina infection. The infection was produced by crop intubating 1 × 106 sporulated E. acervulina oocysts either every other day in Assays 1, 2, and 5, or once at assay initiation in Assays 3 and 4. At deficient levels of dietary lysine, chicks by Day 6 after inoculations commenced exhibited marked gain and feed efficiency responses to E. acervulina inoculation. The same inoculation regimen in chicks fed diets adequate in lysine resulted in marked depressions in gain and feed efficiency. Monensin feeding diminished but did not entirely eliminate the inoculation response in lysine-deficient chicks. Throughout the assays, typical duodenal lesions were evident in infected chicks at necropsy, and dietary lysine status appeared to have no effect on the severity of lesions.
Lung parenchyma described as a prestressed compressible material.

Abstract The lung parenchyma is described as a prestressed compressible elastic material. A strain energy function was generated from test results which approximated two homogeneous deformations: a pressure-volume test and a uniaxial loading test performed at a constant inflation pressure. The five elastic constants were approximated to linear functions of the pressure. The large deformation solutions of the symmetric inflation of an infinitely long cylindrical hole and a spherical hole were obtained by numerical integration. These solutions were compared with numerical solutions using second-order theory equations. Good agreement was found between the theoretic cylindrical hole radial displacement and the experimental measurements as a function of lung pressure.
The structure of mitochondrial membranes in frozen sections.

Cryomicrotomy under conditions that would involve reduced risks for protein denaturation was applied in an analysis of the structure of the inner mitochondrial membranes of rat heart muscle tissue. In order to prevent extensive conformational changes, the tissue was cross-linked for a short time in glutaraldehyde. To minimize the effects of intracellular ice crystal formation during freezing, the tissue was partially dehydrated by infusion of sucrose according to Tokuyasu (J. Cell Biol. 57, 551 (1973)) or by immersion in 30% glycerol. Caution was taken to reduce the denaturation of proteins through surface tension during transfer of the sections to the grids. The sections were analyzed under conditions close to minimum beam damage. The inner membranes measured about 260 A in thickness, were closely apposed, were lacking any intracristal space, and showed a particulate substructure with the particles measuring from 30 to 100 A in diameter. Prolonged fixation in glutaraldehyde at high concentration (2.5%), elimination of partial dehydration before freezing, collecting the sections on DMSO, and drying the sections before negative staining resulted in the inner mitochondrial membranes appearing as consisting of two 50–70 A thick membrane elements separated by an intracristal space and no particulate substructure. A similar appearance of the membranes was observed when the tissue was dehydrated in ethanol after fixation for 1 hr in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and rehydrated before cryomicrotomy. A similar appearance was also characteristic for osmium-fixed and Epon-embedded material. It is concluded that this appearance of the inner mitochondrial membranes is due to extensive denaturation of the membrane proteins. The first-mentioned appearance with 260 A thick inner membranes is considered to represent a situation close to the native state of these membranes.
Visible nulling interferometer

The direct detection of Earthlike planets in the visible is a very challenging goal. This paper describes a new concept for visible direct detection of Earths using a nulling interferometer instrument behind a 4m telescope in space. The basic concept is described along with the key advantages of the nulling interferometer over more traditional approaches, an apodized aperture telescope or coronagraph. In the baseline design, a 4 beam nuller produces a very deep theta^4 null. With perfect optics, the stellar leakage is less than le-11 of the starlight at the location of the planet. With diffraction limited (lambda/20) telescope optics suppression of the starlight to -1e-10 would be possible.
Electrocardiographic Findings in 888 Patients ≥90 Years of Age

The oldest old are the fastest growing component of many national populations. No large-scale analysis of electrocardiographic findings in this group exists to date. This study cataloged the frequencies of specific electrocardiographic (ECG) findings in the target population and compared the frequencies of these findings by gender and race. The electrocardiograms of 888 subjects aged ≥90 years presenting for any reason were retrospectively analyzed using standard criteria for 128 separate ECG findings. Left ventricular enlargement (28%), first-degree atrioventricular block (16%), and atrial fibrillation (15%) were the most common abnormalities found in the population as a whole. In contrast to previous studies, which demonstrated a predominance of left-axis deviation, 91% of the electrocardiograms analyzed in our study demonstrated a mean frontal QRS axis ranging from −30° to +90°. Sinus rhythm was observed in 79% of the population. More Caucasians than African-Americans had atrial fibrillation (19% vs 12%, p = 0.004). Women had more normal ECG results than men (6% vs 2%, p = 0.02), and more women demonstrated complete right bundle branch block (13% vs 7%, p = 0.002). In conclusion, few patients aged ≥90 years who have their electrocardiograms recorded at hospitals have completely normal ECG results. The frequencies of some ECG findings in the target population vary by gender and race.