cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of the water distribution in a viscous protoplanetary disk

Astronomical observations have shown that protoplanetary disks are dynamic objects through which mass is transported and accreted by the central star. This transport causes the disks to decrease in mass and cool over time, and such evolution is expected to have occurred in our own solar nebula. Age dating of meteorite constituents shows that their creation, evolution, and accumulation occupied several Myr, and over this time disk properties would evolve significantly. Moreover, on this timescale, solid particles decouple from the gas in the disk and their evolution follows a different path. It is in this context that we must understand how our own solar nebula evolved and what effects this evolution had on the primitive materials contained within it. Here we present a model which tracks how the distribution of water changes in an evolving disk as the water-bearing species experience condensation, accretion, transport, collisional destruction, and vaporization. Because solids are transported in a disk at different rates depending on their sizes, the motions will lead to water being concentrated in some regions of a disk and depleted in others. These enhancements and depletions are consistent with the conditions needed to explain some aspects of the chemistry of chondritic meteorites and formation of giant planets. The levels of concentration and depletion, as well as their locations, depend strongly on the combined effects of the gaseous disk evolution, the formation of rapidly migrating rubble, and the growth of immobile planetesimals. Understanding how these processes operate simultaneously is critical to developing our models for meteorite parent body formation in the Solar System and giant planet formation throughout the galaxy. We present examples of evolution under a range of plausible assumptions and demonstrate how the chemical evolution of the inner region of a protoplanetary disk is intimately connected to the physical processes which occur in the outer regions.
Relationships between Possible Selves and Self-Reported Problems of Divorced and Intact Family Adolescents:

This investigation focused on the effects of divorce on the nature of adolescent possible future selves, marital expectations, and self-reported problems. The subjects were 48 adolescents, ages 13 to 15 years, and their mothers. Half of the adolescent subjects came from intact and half from divorced families; and half were males and half were females. Subjects were interviewed and administered questionnaires. Results suggested that early adolescents from divorced families exhibit greater apprehension about entering marriage and greater willingness to consider leaving a faltering marriage than do intact family adolescents. Divorced family adolescents also reported greater disobedience at home than did intact family adolescents. The most striking differences between divorced and intact family adolescents were found in the differences in correlations between possible selves/expectations variables and problem variables. Self-reported problems were more closely linked to possible future selves and marital expe...
The association between audit fees and reported earnings quality in pre‐ and post‐Sarbanes‐Oxley regimes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the empirical association between expected and unexpected audit fees and reported earnings quality for a sample of Big 4(5) client companies over a period from 2000 to 2005.Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a cross‐sectional multiple regression model for a sample of 1,142 firms (6,852 firm‐years) covering a time period of six years comprising 2000 to 2005 to evaluate the relationship between both expected and unexpected audit fees and performance‐adjusted discretionary accruals that are estimated from the extended version of the modified Jones model.Findings – The paper finds that both expected and unexpected audit fees are associated with an increase in earnings quality, as indicated by the reduction of both absolute and signed discretionary accrual adjustments. Furthermore, in some analyses these associations are found to persist into the post‐Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) period. The main results hold in sensitivity tests that involve using bot...
A low fat diet led to a minor weight loss at 7.5 years in postmenopausal women.

Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006;295:39–49. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q In postmenopausal women, does a low fat diet lead to increased body weight over time? Clinical impact ratings GP/FP/Primary care ★★★★★★★ IM/Ambulatory care ★★★★★★☆ Endocrine ★★★★★★☆ ### ![Graphic][5] Design: randomised controlled trial (Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial). ### ![Graphic][6] Allocation: {concealed*}†. ### ![Graphic][7] Blinding: blinded (outcome assessors, {data collectors, and data analysts}†).* ### ![Graphic][8] Follow up period: mean 7.5 years. ### ![Graphic][9] Setting: 40 clinical centres in the US. ### ![Graphic][10] Participants: 48 835 women who were 50–79 years of age (mean age 62 y, 81% white), were postmenopausal, and consumed a diet with fat intake of ⩾32% of daily total calories. Exclusion criteria: previous breast cancer, cancers other than non-melanoma skin cancer in past 10 years, illness with predicted survival <3 years, and impediments to adherence (eg, alcoholism). ### ![Graphic][11] Intervention: low fat dietary intervention (n = 19 541) or usual diet (n = 29 294). Women … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.stitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.aulast%253DHoward%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%2BV.%26rft.volume%253D295%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D39%26rft.epage%253D49%26rft.atitle%253DLow-Fat%2BDietary%2BPattern%2Band%2BWeight%2BChange%2BOver%2B7%2BYears%253A%2BThe%2BWomen%2527s%2BHealth%2BInitiative%2BDietary%2BModification%2BTrial%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.295.1.39%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16391215%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.295.1.39&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=16391215&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F11%2F4%2F109.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000234381100019&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [10]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [11]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif
Oxcarbazepine Use in Essential Tremor

Objective:To report the novel finding of a significant improvement in essential tremor symptoms with oxcarbazepine in a patient with a suboptimal response to propranolol.Case Summary:A 40-year-old woman with a history of substance abuse complicated by essential tremor and neuropathic pain was admitted to our addictions unit with altered mental state due to escalating use of alprazolam. Alprazolam had been prescribed several months prior to admission for treatment of anxiety. The doses had risen to 5–10 mg/day during that period. Apparently, her essential tremor had responded inadequately to propranolol, but had responded well to alprazolam. She was started on a sedative/hypnotic withdrawal protocol, but did not require treatment with phenobarbital. She subsequently rated her tremor as “moderately severe.” On discontinuation of the withdrawal protocol, oxcarbazepine 450 mg twice daily was initiated to treat her neuropathic pain, and the tremor improved, with a clinically significant reduction in tremor and...
Substrate specificity of cytochrome P450cam for L- and D- norcamphor as studied by molecular dynamics simulations

In our earlier molecular dynamics simulations, we found that there was a discrepancy between the predicted and experimental product ratios when norcamphor is hydroxylated by cytochrome P450cam. The experimental results suggest that there is a nearly equimolar ratio between the 5- and 6-hydroxynorcamphor (45% 5-, 47% 6-, and 8% 3-hydroxynorcamphor) [W.M. Atkins and S.J. Sligar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 3754 (1987)]. Our previous simulations predicted predominately from 68–88% 5-hydroxynorcamphor [M.B. Bass et al., Prot. Struct. Funct. Genet., 13, 26 (1992); M.B. Bass et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., submitted]. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that the simulations were performed using D-norcamphor while the experiments were conducted with racemic norcamphor. The suggestion that norcamphor is the D-isomer was based upon the similarity with the native substrate D-camphor. Indeed, the reported crystallographic structure for norcamphor-bound P450cam models norcamphor as the D-isomer. Unfortunately, the two stereomers have never been separated. The simulations presented here model the L-isomer of norcamphor. Three simulations each of the L- and D-isomers of norcamphor bound to cytochrome P450cam were compared to account for the effects due to substrate orientation and the assignment of random velocities. The results presented here show that the L-isomer of norcamphor is predicted to give rise to predominately 6-hydroxynorcamphor, while the D-isomer gives rise to mainly 5-hydroxynorcamphor. From this data, we infer that racemic norcamphor will give rise to nonracemic 5- and 6-hydroxynorcamphors after oxidation by cytochrome P450cam. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
History, power, and electricity: American popular magazine accounts of electroconvulsive therapy, 1940–2005

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a psychiatric treatment that has been in use in the United States since the 1940s. During the whole of its existence, it has been extensively discussed and debated within American popular magazines. While initial reports of the treatment highlighted its benefits to patients, accounts by the 1970s and 1980s were increasingly polarized. This article analyzes the popular accounts over time, particularly the ways in which the debates over ECT have revolved around different interpretations of ECT's history and its power dynamics.
Questionable Utility of Galactomannan Testing for Diagnosis of Exserohilum rostratum Infection

With interest, we read the paper by Korem et al. describing a case of Exserohilum rostratum sinusitis from which serum galactomannan (GM) levels were elevated upon diagnosis ([1][1]). They further demonstrated that the extract of the E. rostratum clinical isolate yielded positive GM results
A TALE OF TWO CITIES: CIVIC CULTURE AND PUBLIC POLICY IN MIAMI

: In this article, I analyze civic culture in Miami and demonstrate the ways in which this civic culture shapes policy making in two different areas: economic development and public safety. I argue that racial, ethnic, and economic divisions shape conflict in both policy areas, although the divisions play out in different ways in each. At the same time, an elite-dominated power system and a reactive and fragmented decision-making system mean that policy outcomes generally reflect the preferences of economic interests in the city, even as demographic shifts have altered the composition of the local elite and the economic health of the city has improved significantly.
A mass spectrometry study of tirapazamine and its metabolites: Insights into the mechanism of metabolic transformations and the characterization of reaction intermediates

Tandem mass spectrometry methods were used to study the sites of protonation and for identification of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (1, tirapazamine), and its metabolites (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-oxide (3), 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 4-oxide (4), 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine (5), and a related isomer 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 2-oxide (6). Fragmentation pathways of 3 and 5 indicated the 4-N-atom as the most likely site of protonation. Among the N-oxides studied, the 4-oxide (4) showed the highest degree of protonation at the oxygen atom. The differences in collision-induced dissociation of isomeric protonated 1-, 2- and 4-oxides allowed for their identification by LC/MS/MS. Gas phase and liquid phase protonation of tirapazamine occurred exclusively at the oxygen in the 4-position. A loss of OH radical from these ions (2+) resulted in ionized 3. Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry (NR MS) experiments demonstrated the stability of the neutral analogue of protonated tirapazamine in the gas phase in the μs time-frame. A significant portion of the neutral tirapazamine radicals (2) dissociated by loss of hydroxyl radical during the NR MS event, which indicates that previously proposed mechanisms for redox-activated DNA damage are reasonable. The activation energy for loss of hydroxyl radical from activated tirapazamine (2) was estimated to be ∼14 kcal mol−1. Stable neutral analogues of [3+H]+ and [5+H]+ ions were also generated in the course of NR MS experiments. Structures of these radicals were assigned to the molecules having an extra hydrogen atom at one of the ring N-atoms. Quantum chemical calculations of protonated 1, 3, 4 and 5 and the corresponding neutrals were performed to assist in the interpretation of experimental results and to help identify their structures.
Low-Jitter Scheduling Algorithms for Deadline-Aware Packet Switches

We study low jitter- scheduler design for deadline- aware input-queued (IQ) packet switches. We consider scheduling of traffic streams associated with service profiles, which reflect the inter-packet deadlines between packets constituting the stream. To make the NP-hard problem of scheduling with strict dead- lines tractable, we use soft deadlines as a modeling tool, and study the scheduling problem with soft deadlines in a dynamic programming (DP) framework. We establish the optimality of a myopic scheduling policy for the canonical 2×2 crossbar switch. For bigger switches, we develop low-complexity approximations to the myopic policy (which is near-optimal), one based on the notion of neighborhood search, and two others based on convex relaxations of an integer programming problem. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed policies via simulations, employing goodput as a performance metric. A key feature of the proposed policies is that they do not require knowledge of traffic statistics (rate, periodicity etc.), rendering them robust and amenable to implementation. Index Terms— Input-queued switches, Scheduling, Deadlines, Dynamic Programming, Myopic policy, Convex optimization.
Unified constant-frequency integration control of active power filters

An active power filter (APF) is a device that is connected in parallel to and cancels the reactive and harmonic currents from a group of nonlinear loads so that the resulting total current drawn from the AC mains is sinusoidal. This paper presents a unified constant-frequency integration (UCI) APF control method based on one-cycle control. This method employs an integrator with reset as its core component to control the pulse width of an AC-DC converter so that its current draw is precisely opposite to the reactive and harmonic current draw of the nonlinear loads. In contrast to previously proposed methods, there is no need to generate a current reference for the control of the converter current, thus no need for a multiplier and no need to sense the AC line voltage, the APF current, or the nonlinear load current. Only one current sensor and one voltage sensor are used to sense the AC main current and the DC capacitor voltage. The control method features carrier free, constant switching frequency operation, minimum reactive and harmonic current generation, and simple analog circuitry. It provides a low cost and high performance solution for power quality control. Detailed analysis and design were conducted using a two-level AC-DC boost topology. A prototype was developed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed APF. This control method is generalized to control a family of converters that are suitable for APF applications. All findings are supported by experiments and simulation.
Incorporating Both Randomized and Observational Data into a Single Analysis

Although both randomized and nonrandomized study data relevant to a question of treatment efficacy are often available and separately analyzed, these data are rarely formally combined in a single analysis. One possible reason for this is the apparent or feared disagreement of effect estimates across designs, which can be attributed both to differences in estimand definition and to analyses that may produce biased estimators. This article reviews specific models and general frameworks that aim to harmonize analyses from the two designs and combine them via a single analysis that ideally exploits the relative strengths of each design. The development of such methods is still in its infancy, and examples of applications with joint analyses are rare. This area would greatly benefit from more attention from researchers in statistical methods and applications.
Outcome evaluation and prediction in a comprehensive-integrated post-acute outpatient brain injury rehabilitation programme

Outcomes for 29 individuals with brain injuries (BI) were examined following a comprehensive-integrated rehabilitation programme. From programme admission to completion, proportion living with no supervision increased from 59% to 93%; proportion in transitional or competitive work placements increased from 7% to 59%; unemployment decreased from 76% to 31%. Significant changes in behaviour and functional abilities and achievement of individual goals were also documented with the Portland Adaptability Inventory (PAI) and Goal Attainment Scaling. One year follow-up of 21 graduates indicated general maintenance of gains in independent living and work. At follow-up 86% were living without supervision; 48% were in competitive work; one in transitional work; and 29% unemployed. Although individuals entering treatment less than 1 year after injury showed greater gains than those injured more than 1 year prior to admission, both early and late intervention groups showed significant changes on outcome measures. Mor...
Information retrieval for language tutoring: an overview of the REAP project

Typical Web search engines are designed to run short queries against a huge collection of hyperlinked documents quickly and cheaply, and are often tuned for the types of queries people submit most often [2]. Many other types of applications exist for which large, open collections like the Web would be a valuable resource. However, these applications may require much more advanced support from information retrieval technology than is currently available. In particular, an application may have to describe more complex information needs, with a varied set of properties and data models, including aspects of the user’s context and goals.
Including predation mortality in stock assessments: a case study for Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock

A separable catch-age stock assessment model that accommodates predation mortality is applied to the Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) assessment. Three predators are incorporated in the model: arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), and Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). The effect of these predators is examined by defining the predation mortality as a type of fishery. The model is used to quantify changes in the relative fit to the survey, fishery, and predator data when the assumption of constant natural mortality is relaxed. Specifically, we examine the effect of assumptions regarding the functional feeding response, residual naturaly mortality, and uncertainty in predator biomass on stock assessment. Total natural mortality rates (including predation) tended to be higher than estimated from life history characteristics of the stock. Models that did not account for uncertainty in natural mortality underestimated uncertainty in current stock biomass by as much as 20%. Our results indicate that independent estimates of survey selectivity, additional food habits data, and estimates of the feeding responses of predators to different prey densities are all needed to improve our ability to develop stock assessment models that address ecosystem concerns. 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Effects and Mechanism of Action of Lithium Chloride on Gastric Acid Secretion in Rats

Lithium chloride reduced the measured parameters of gastric secretion (gastric volume, hydrogen ion concentration, and gastric acid output) 2 h after intracerebroventricular, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration in pylorus-ligated rats, in a dose-dependent manner. Intracerebroventricular administration of lithium was approximately five times and 10 times more potent than intravenous and subcutaneous injection, respectively. Timecourse study demonstrated that the action of lithium (400 μg) on gastric secretion reached a peak at 1 h after intracerebroventricular administration; however, the effects on volume and output were still significant after 8 h. Prior intracerebroventricular injection of indomethacin (400 μg) reversed the action of centrally administered lithium on gastric secretion. However, central administration of the opiate receptor blocker naltrexone (100 μg), as well as subcutaneous administration of indomethacin (5 mg/kg), failed to modify the effect of lithium on gastric acid secretion. Our data suggest that lithium appears to act centrally to modulate gastric acid secretion in rats through a mechanism involving the synthesis of prostaglandinlike material(s) in the brain. Furthermore, the effect of centrally administered lithium is independent of stimulation of opiate receptor(s) in the brain.
Abstract 315: Anemia predicts 30-Day Hospital Readmission for Heart Failure in African Americans

Background: Anemia is a frequently encountered comorbidity that affects both death and hospitalization in patients with heart failure (HF). The effect of anemia on 30-day hospital readmission in African Americans (AA) with HF has not been studied. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled all 243 (61% female) self-reported AA adults admitted to the University of Illinois at Chicago hospital with the diagnosis of HF from January 2011 to December 2012. Extensive medical chart reviews were performed. Results: The prevalence of anemia with hemoglobin (Hb) <12g/dl was 64.6%. After adjusting for factors known to affect readmission (table), lower Hb (<12g/dl) levels were associated with increased 30-day readmission rates (OR 0.814, 95% CI 1.6-20.7, p=0.008) in a Cox proportional hazard logistic regression model. Conclusion: Lower Hb levels are associated with higher 30-day readmission rates in hospitalized AA patients with HF. Interventions towards appropriate treatment and prevention of anemia in AA with HF might reduce their readmission rates and improve their outcome. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Membranous nephropathy with crescents associated with levamisole-induced MPO-ANCA vasculitis

ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is the most common cause of crescentic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (GN). Levamisole used as an adulterant in cocaine is increasingly recognized as a cause of AAV. We report the case of a 50 year old woman with atypical anti-MPO AAV associated with cocaine use and exposure to levamisole. In addition to the clinical and pathologic findings of crescentic GN, the patient also had biopsy evidence of secondary membranous nephropathy (MN). Although AAV and MN have been reported previously in the same patient and both have been induced by drug exposures, this is the first report of MN in a patient with AAV likely induced by levamisole. We suggest that MPO can cause both pauci-immune vasculitis and secondary membranous nephropathy in some cases, as in cases of levamisole-adulterated cocaine use.
Etiological characteristics of acute leukemia complicated with septicemia in children and analysis of clinical characteristics

OBJECTIVE To explore the etiological characteristics of the children with acute leukemia complicated with septicemia and analyze the related factors so as to provide scientific basis for the reasonable clinical use of antibiotics.METHODS A total of 240 acute leukemia children with positive blood culture,who were treated from Jun 2008 to Jun 2011,were enrolled in the study,then the etiological characteristics,infection sites,related factors for infections,treatment,and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS Of the pathogens isolated from the acute leukemia children complicated with septicemia,the Escherichia coli(23.33%),Staphylococcus epidermidis(11.67%),and Klebsiella pneumoniae(10.83%)ranked the top three species.The drug susceptibility rate of the gram-negative bacteria to carbapenems was 100.0%;the drug susceptibility rates of the gram-positive bacteria to vancomycin and linezolid were 100.00%.The empirical use of antibiotics within 6 hours of fever could achieve significant efficacy(P0.05).The incidence rate of septicemia was significantly increased in the children with the neutrophil count less than 0.5×109/L and the duration of neutropenia no less than 7days(P0.05).CONCLUSION Among the pathogens isolated from the acute leukemia children complicated with septicemia,the detection rate of the gram-negative bacteria is higher than that of the gram-positive bacteria,which is closely related to the duration of neutropenia,and the empirical use of antibiotics in a early stage has become fairly important.
Strategy and Tactics: Conceptual Frameworks

As evident from the preceding chapters, the global communication era poses significant challenges for U.S. public diplomacy. Meeting those challenges requires not simply more public diplomacy, but a different vision of strategic public diplomacy. This chapter presents two frameworks for designing and analyzing an array of public diplomacy initiatives at the strategic and tactical levels. The frameworks are intended to provide greater clarity to the burgeoning field of public diplomacy where debates over what is and is not public diplomacy have surfaced. The frameworks presented here are not mutually exclusive nor is one better than the other. Instead, the frameworks represent complementary and equally critical approaches for developing an expanded vision of strategic public diplomacy.
Super-resolution microscopy: shedding light on the cellular plasma membrane

Lipids and the membranes they form are fundamental building blocks of cellular life, and their geometry and chemical properties distinguish membranes from other cellular environments. Collective processes occurring within membranes strongly impact cellular behavior and biochemistry, and understanding these processes presents unique challenges due to the often complex and myriad interactions between membrane components. Super-resolution microscopy offers a significant gain in resolution over traditional optical microscopy, enabling the localization of individual molecules even in densely labeled samples and in cellular and tissue environments. These microscopy techniques have been used to examine the organization and dynamics of plasma membrane components, providing insight into the fundamental interactions that determine membrane functions. Here, we broadly introduce the structure and organization of the mammalian plasma membrane and review recent applications of super-resolution microscopy to the study o...
Emissions from prescribed burning of agricultural fields in the Pacific Northwest.

Abstract Prescribed burns of winter wheat stubble and Kentucky bluegrass fields in northern Idaho and eastern Washington states (U.S.A.) were sampled using ground-, aerostat-, airplane-, and laboratory-based measurement platforms to determine emission factors, compare methods, and provide a current and comprehensive set of emissions data for air quality models, climate models, and emission inventories. Batch measurements of PM2.5, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), and continuous measurements of black carbon (BC), particle mass by size, CO, CO2, CH4, and aerosol characteristics were taken at ground level, on an aerostat-lofted instrument package, and from an airplane. Biomass samples gathered from the field were burned in a laboratory combustion facility for comparison with these ground and aerial field measurements. Emission factors for PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), CH4, and CO measured in the field study platforms were typically higher than those measured in the laboratory combustion facility. Field data for Kentucky bluegrass suggest that biomass residue loading is directly proportional to the PM2.5 emission factor; no such relationship was found with the limited wheat data. CO2 and BC emissions were higher in laboratory burn tests than in the field, reflecting greater carbon oxidation and flaming combustion conditions. These distinctions between field and laboratory results can be explained by measurements of the modified combustion efficiency (MCE). Higher MCEs were recorded in the laboratory burns than from the airplane platform. These MCE/emission factor trends are supported by 1–2 min grab samples from the ground and aerostat platforms. Emission factors measured here are similar to other studies measuring comparable fuels, pollutants, and combustion conditions. The size distribution of refractory BC (rBC) was single modal with a log-normal shape, which was consistent among fuel types when normalized by total rBC mass. The field and laboratory measurements of the Angstrom exponent (α) and single scattering albedo (ω) exhibit a strong decreasing trend with increasing MCEs in the range of 0.9–0.99. Field measurements of α and ω were consistently higher than laboratory burns, which is likely due to less complete combustion. When VOC emissions are compared with MCE, the results are consistent for both fuel types: emission factors increase as MCE decreases.
Assessing the Impact of Indian Irrigation on Precipitation in the Irrigation-Enabled Community Earth System Model

AbstractGlobal climate models are beginning to include explicit treatments of irrigation to investigate the coupling between human water use and the natural hydrologic cycle. However, differences i...
Transport, deposition and biodegradation of particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a tidal basin of an industrial watershed.

Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are commoncontaminants in industrial watersheds. Their origin,transport and fate are important to scientists,environmental managers and citizens. The Philadelphia NavalReserve Basin (RB) is a small semi-enclosed embayment nearthe confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers inPennsylvania (USA). We conducted a study at this site todetermine the tidal flux of particles and particle-boundcontaminants associated with the RB. Particle traps wereplaced at the mouth and inside the RB and in the Schuylkilland Delaware Rivers. There was net particle deposition intothe RB, which was determined for three seasons. Spring andfall depositions were highest (1740 and 1230 kg ofparticles, respectively) while winter deposition wasinsignificant. PAH concentrations on settling particlesindicated a net deposition of 12.7 g PAH in fall and 2.1 gPAH in spring over one tidal cycle. There was nosignificant PAH deposition in the winter. Biodegradationrates, calculated from 14C-labeled PAH substratemineralization, could attenuate only about 0.25% of the PAHdeposited during a tidal cycle in fall. However, in thespring, biodegradation could be responsible for degrading50% of the settling PAHs. The RB appears to be a sink forPAHs in this watershed.
Normal distribution re-weighting for personalized web search

Personalized Web search systems have been developed to tailor Web search to users' needs based on their interests and preferences. A novel Normal Distribution Re-Weighting (NDRW) approach is proposed in this paper, which identifies and re-weights significant terms in vector-based personalization models in order to improve the personalization process. Machine learning approaches will be used to train the algorithm and discover optimal settings for the NDRW parameters. Correlating these parameters to features of the personalization model will allow this re-weighting process to become automatic.
John Meriwether and the Promethean Hero: A Cautionary Tale in Financial Ethics

Ethicists typically understand unethical actsto be those that either violate social normsand mores or that prevent people fromdeveloping the character needed to thrive. This paper looks to a classical source – the mythof Prometheus' creation of man – to explore analternative understanding of what it means toact unethically. On this classical view,acting in an evil fashion is less a matter of asingle violation of some norm or of developingan unwholesome character and more a matter ofworldview or outlook. Evil enters the worldwhen humans cease to understand themselves inrelation to the divine and cast themselves asgods. The rise and fall of the Long-TermCapital Hedge Fund (LTCM) and its legendaryfounder John Meriwether nicely illustrates thehuman attempt to supplant the gods and itsuntoward consequences.
Matching Strategies for Causal Inference with Observational Data in Education

The challenge of making causal inferences from observational data consists not only in mastering the statistical matching techniques but also in meeting the causal assumptions. In this chapter, we have explained what the causal estimands are and how they can be identified and then estimated via propensity score (PS)-matching, PS-stratification, or PS-weighting in single-level or multilevel settings. We have also highlighted that the selection of baseline covariates and their reliable measurement is much more important than the choice of a specific matching technique. Sensitivity analyses can be very helpful in assessing the effect of unobserved confounding.
Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN X10 Workshop

We are delighted to welcome you to the 2013 ACM SIGPLAN X10 Workshop | X10'13. This third edition of the workshop will provide a forum for X10 developers, researchers, and educators to interact with the larger X10 community by sharing their insights, experiences, and plans.
Between Courtoom and Castello: A Tuscan Dispute’s Social and Procedural Profile

The role of institutions and judicial procedure in conflict resolution is a significant theme in recent scholarship on the later medieval Italian communes. It is usually difficult, however, to trace these themes in their broader social context, especially in rural communities. This article demonstrates judicial procedure’s role in a conflict between the notary Andrea and the magnate Bartolomeo in the parish of Latera during the 1340s. Its evidentiary basis consists of civic tribunals’ procedural registers, notarial cartularies, and legislation. The article excavates the relationship between institutional procedures, social networks, and local conflict on the eve of the Black Death.
Looking forward by looking back: equity in science education as socially just and morally healing action

In this conceptual paper, we argue that social justice, morality, and healing must be at the core of an equity agenda for science education. When we view equity through this lens, teachers’ and researchers’ historically informed moral stances become just as important as the equitable distribution of teaching and learning resources and the achievement of excellent learning outcomes for all students. Without looking back to the history of science and its prejudices, we miss the reasons why equity in science education continues to be so hard to attain. Incorporating insights from critical race theory, we see ideas of social justice and morality overlapping as well as supporting our understanding of a new direction for equity in science education. We do not frame moral decisions as autonomous actions carried out on the basis of universal a priori principles; rather, we believe they are dialogically informed by culture and context. We therefore place emphasis on responsibilities rather than rules. In this article, we first describe equity through the lens of social justice and present an overview of recent equity research in science education. We next examine the idea of collective morality as we have conceptualized it as science educators and researchers. Then we discuss how morality and social justice intersect with histories of science and offer a different way to consider equity in science education. Finally, we propose some historical case studies that might be of use to the science education community to illustrate how morality and social justice could be a part of rethinking equity-oriented science education.
Electronic Health Record Documentation Patterns of Recorded Primary Care Visits Focused on Complex Communication: A Qualitative Study.

Background In a time-constrained clinical environment, physicians cannot feasibly document all aspects of an office visit in the electronic health record (EHR). This is especially true for patients with multiple chronic conditions requiring complex clinical reasoning. It is unclear how physicians prioritize the documentation of health information in the EHR. Objective The goal of this study is to examine documentation tradeoffs made by physicians when caring for complex patients by comparing the content of office visit conversations with resulting EHR documentation. Methods We used grounded theory method of qualitative analysis to assess emergent themes in the transcripts of 10 office visits, and then compared the themes to documentation in the EHR. Differences between discussion and subsequent documentation of social and emotional health topics and each of the other key categories were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The categories that emerged included “chronic conditions,” “acute/new problems,” “disease prevention,” and “social and emotional health.” We found that when social and emotional topics were discussed in the office visit, it was documented in the medical record only 30.6% of the time. Chronic conditions, acute/new problems, and disease prevention were documented in the EHR between 87.5 and 91.7% of the time after discussion. The differences between discussion and documentation of social and emotional topics were significantly greater than the differences for chronic conditions, acute/new problems, and disease prevention (all p Conclusion Social and emotional factors, while extremely relevant to health management, are less likely than medical concerns to be documented after discussion in an office visit. This lack of documentation may hinder interdisciplinary communication between teams informing individualized therapeutic decisions during acute care handoffs, such as outpatient to inpatient care.
ADHD and sleep: recent advances and future directions

Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently have sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and/or circadian rhythm abnormalities. This article reviews recent advancements and key future directions: examining group differences across the life span, advancing a developmental psychopathology perspective, moving from correlation to causation, conceptualizing ADHD as a 24-hour disorder, understanding sleep in relation to other health behaviors, and evaluating sleep in interventions for individuals with ADHD. This is an exciting time in the empirical study and clinical care of sleep disturbances and circadian rhythm alterations in individuals with ADHD. As research continues to advance, studies are increasingly using large samples and longitudinal/experimental research designs to test hypotheses that will ultimately allow for a more robust and sophisticated understanding of sleep and ADHD.
Shift of HIV/AIDS Deaths to an Older Age and Gender Difference: Inferences Derived from the Vital Statistics of Japan.

From 1995 to 2000, the mortality rates of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients 55 have started to increase. Although deaths directly linked to infections have declined since 2005, those related to malignancy, encephalopathy, interstitial pneumonia, wasting syndrome, etc. persisted. In 10 years from 1999-2004 to 2010-2017, the age at death shifted by 5 years towards an older age in the general population and in patients with HIV/AIDS (mainly males), adult T-cell leukemia, or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Among these, HIV/AIDS patients and the general population exhibited an unequivocal gender difference. As of 2011-2016, the median of the deaths of the HIV/AIDS patients was 52.5 years for males and 70 years for females, while the median of the deaths of the general population was 75 years for males and 85 years for females. Hence, male HIV/AIDS patients died 22.5 years earlier and female HIV/AIDS patients 15 years earlier than did the general population. A common denominator of HIV/AIDS-related deaths and deaths among the general population could be CD4+T cells as these cells are primary targets of HIV, and a decline in naive CD4+T cell count is a hallmark of aging.
Effect of whole-body vibration exposures on physiological stresses: Mining heavy equipment applications.

Abstract The aim of this study was to employ validated biological markers to quantify the physiologic consequences of exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) and evaluate the relative impact of mining vehicle operator vibration exposure on physiological responses as compared to vertical-axial dominant WBV. In a laboratory-based study with a repeated-measures design, we played actual field-measured floor vibration profiles into a 6-degree-of-freedom motion platform to create different realistic WBV exposures: 1) vertical-dominant vibration collected from long-haul trucks, 2) multi-axial vibration collected from mining heavy equipment vehicles, and 3) no vibration (control condition). Circulating biomarkers of interest were cortisol and catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) to assess physiological stress, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) to test for inflammation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) to measure oxidative stress, and myoglobin and plasma creatine kinase to assess muscle damage. We collected blood samples at pre-exposure (0 h), during-exposure (2 and 4 h), and 2 h into recovery after the WBV exposure (6 h) in all four exposure conditions. The results showed that a single, 4-h acute exposure to WBV may not be sufficient to induce skeletal muscle damage, inflammation or physiologic stress measurable in the blood. No significant differences were observed between conditions for any of the biomarkers that could be attributed to the exposure contrast between vertical-dominant and multi-axial WBV exposures. These findings further indicate known complications of WBV exposure likely arise secondary to chronic, repeated exposures that give rise to subclinical stresses that were not captured here.
Stochastic Game-theoretic Analysis of the Flight Information Region Choice Problem: an airline route definition application considering fuel consumption, air navigation services fees and carbon emissions compensation costs

Aviation plays a key role when it comes to sustainable economic and social development, and its importance can only be compared to its complexity, which shall be tackled by means of appropriate approaches, methods. In this scenario, this paper presents a game-theoretic approach to model and analyze an air navigation route definition problem, in which airlines have to make choices on whether to fly in specific airspace volumes known as Flight Information Regions. An experiment was developed and provided stable solutions for the problem, by the computation of Nash equilibrium and logit QRE. The relevance of the study can be confirmed by the evidence of the air navigation services fees strong influence on the airlines business, and also for having pointed out how fuel consuming and polluting the stable solutions are.
Interviewer perceptions during the implementation of the multiple mini-interview model at a school of pharmacy.

Abstract Introduction Studies reveal positive interviewer perceptions of multiple mini-interview (MMI) upon MMI completion. No studies evaluate change in interviewer perceptions during MMI implementation. The objective was to evaluate the change in interviewer perceptions during the implementation of the MMI model at the University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Methods Interviewers (faculty volunteers, preceptors, student pharmacists) were eligible for inclusion in the prospective cohort. Consenting individuals (1) completed a pre-MMI training survey regarding perceptions of MMI, (2) participated in a 90-minute MMI training program (PowerPoint presentation and review of videos demonstrating MMI practices), (3) completed a post-MMI training survey, and (4) after interviews, completed a post-interview survey. The six Likert-scale MMI perception questions were independently analyzed for changes in the rank response across the three survey time points using Friedman's nonparametric repeated-measures analysis. Each question was evaluated for all respondents together, and for nine different respondent subgroups. The overall criteria for significance was α = 0.05 for each question, with Bonferroni correction for the ten overall comparisons made for each question. Results Thirty-two interviewers participated (20 faculty members, five preceptors, and seven student pharmacists). From the pre-MMI training survey through the post-interview survey, interviewers gained confidence in their ability to explain the rationale behind the MMI model, were more likely to agree that six minutes was adequate time to assess an applicant and believed MMI provides a fair assessment of an applicant's noncognitive attributes. Conclusions After interviewers received training and gained experience with MMI, perceptions of MMI improved.
Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City.

Introduction Existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access in New York City have likely impacted the public health response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An ecological study was performed to determine the spatial distribution of COVID-19 testing by ZIP Code Tabulation Area and investigate if testing was associated with race or SES. Methods Data were obtained from the New York City Coronavirus data repository and the 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. A combined index of SES was created using principal component analysis, and incorporated household income, gross rent, poverty, education, working class status, unemployment, and occupants per room. Multivariable Poisson regressions were performed to predict the number of total tests and the ratio of positive tests to total tests performed, using the SES index, racial composition, and Hispanic composition as predictors. Results The number of total tests significantly increased with the increasing proportion of white residents (β=0.004, SE=0.001, p=0.0032), but not with increasing Hispanic composition or SES index score. The ratio of positive tests to total tests significantly decreased with the increasing proportion of white residents in the ZIP Code Tabulation Area (β= –0.003, SE=0.0006, p Conclusions In New York City, COVID-19 testing has not been proportional to need; existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access have likely impacted public health response. There is urgent need for widespread testing and public health outreach for the most vulnerable communities in New York City.
Abstract TP210: Examining the Role of Context: Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Shaping Post-Stroke Outcomes

Introduction: Neighborhoods may influence post-stroke recovery. We examined the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) and 90-day post-stroke function, depression, cognition, ...