cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of osteogenic protein-1 mRNA in cultured kidney cells.

Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1 or BMP-7) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates the development of several tissues during embryogenesis, including the skeleton, eye, and kidney. In postnatal life, OP-1 expression is most abundant in the kidney, although the cellular localization of this expression has not been described. In this study, we utilized a cell culture approach to localize OP-1 mRNA expression in various renal cell types and to determine potential target cells for OP-1 effects. OP-1 mRNA expression was demonstrated in several glomerular cell types, such as mesangial, epithelial, and endothelial cells. Distal tubule MDCK cells also expressed OP-1 mRNA but human proximal tubule HK-2 cells did not. Multiple OP-1 transcripts, which ranged in size from 1.6 to 3.8 kb, were observed in both glomerular and tubule cells. Interestingly, the pattern of expression varied among the different cell types, suggesting cell-specific expression of OP-1 mRNA. Analysis of OP-1 receptor expression revealed transcripts for BMP receptors type IA and IB in HK-2 cells and transcripts for BMPR-IA and ALK-2 in mesangial cells. Treatment of HK-2 cells with OP-1 (300 ng/ml) for 24-48 hr increased cellular proliferation whereas treatment of cells with transforming growth factor-beta had no effect. Mesangial cell proliferation was not affected by OP-1. The results suggest that OP-1 is produced in the renal glomerulus and then travels to the proximal tubule to regulate the proliferation of cells in this region of the nephron.
Probabilistic Modeling of Sulfur and Nitrogen Pollution Controls and Their Relations With Income

The objective of this article is to evaluate (via modeling) the impact of different pollution control scenarios on the shape of the income-emissions relationship. The simulation of emissions and emission controls was conducted using the Climate Change Risk Assessment Framework, which projects SO ₂ and NO ₓ emissions from energy consumption and conversion and non-energy sources. The analysis of resulting scenario-, region-, and gas-specific income-emission curves suggests that income alone as a model driver of future emissions cannot adequately capture all plausible future SO ₂ or NO ₓ emission pathways, or important differences among regions in those trajectories. Future social choices regarding the degree and strategy for environmental protection introduce large uncertainties in future projections and result in differing relationships between income and emissions. The analysis also suggests that the inverted-U shape (hypothesized Environmental Kuznets Curve) is only one of several plausible forms of the future relationship between income and emissions.
Global auroral response to negative pressure impulses

[1] It is well known that sharp increases/decreases in the solar wind dynamic pressure can result in sudden compression/decompression of the magnetosphere and subsequent magnetic positive/negative impulses (SI+/SI−) detected on the ground magnetometers. While the large-scale enhancement of aurora during an SI+ has been well established, the response of aurora to an SI− is still little known. This prompts an interesting question whether the response of the global aurora to an SI− mirrors the response to an SI+. This letter reports results from a study of auroral images, acquired from the ultraviolet imager (UVI) on board the Polar satellite, during 13 SI− events. It is found that, in most cases, the luminosity of the aurora indeed showed a clear decrease almost immediately after the decompression. In some cases, the luminosity decrease exhibits a day-to-night fading effect and is consistent with the tailward propagation of the magnetosphere decompression front. Auroral particle observations from DMSP indicate that reduction of CPS electron precipitation is the major cause of the large-scale auroral dimming. We propose that an induction electric field triggered by the sudden expansion of the magnetosphere at the expansion front along with adiabatic decompression and magnetic reconfiguration are responsible for the observed effect.
PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY AFTER RITUXIMAB IN A CASE OF NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and usually fatal demyelinating disorder caused by the reactivation of a latent JC virus infection. In non-HIV patients, PML usually occurs as a late consequence of hematologic malignancies or immunodeficiency or after severe and prolonged immunosuppression for transplantation or systemic disease. We report a patient who developed PML shortly after diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with a short course of modest immunosuppression including treatment with rituximab. ### Case report. A 63-year-old woman was diagnosed with low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma and began chemotherapy 2 weeks later with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisolone (R-CHOP). During the third cycle, approximately 7 weeks after beginning treatment, she developed change in mental status with persistent headaches. A brain MRI showed an enhancing white matter abnormality in the right temporal lobe and nonenhancing white matter lesions in the left temporal lobe, right cerebellum, left midbrain, and right pons. Serum chemistries and metabolic studies were …
A175: Dysbiosis of the Enteric Microbiota in Pediatric Spondyloarthritis

Background/Purpose: Spondyloarthritis (SpA) affects 1% of the population in the United States. Studies have shown altered flora (dysbiosis) in a variety of inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease. We hypothesized that we would identify dysbiosis in pediatric SpA. Methods: Patients were children with enthesitisrelated arthritis. Controls were either healthy children from the community or subjects seen in our clinic and diagnosed with non-inflammatory causes of joint pain. Stool specimens were collected at home and shipped overnight via commercial carrier. Purified DNA underwent PCR amplification using primers designed to the conserved region flanking the variable IV region from the 16S rDNA gene. The PCR products were run on the miSeq. Analysis was performed with the Quantitative Insight into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) suite. Pairwise comparisons of individual taxa were performed with the Mann-Whitney U-test, and multiple-group comparisons were performed with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Nominal data was evaluated with the Chi-Squared or Fisher's exact test. Results: 28 children with SpA age (median, range) 14, 7–18 and 13 controls age 13, 5–17 were included. 3 of the subjects had IBD. 21 patients and no controls were on immunosuppressive therapy. The SpA patients had significantly less faecalibacterium (11% vs 4.8%, p = 0.006) and a non-significant increase in bacteroides (19% vs 11%, p = 0.216). Additionally, akkermansia was present in low quantities in most patients, but was relatively abundant (>2%) in 0/13 controls compared to 8/28 patients (p = 0.040.) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA; Figure 1) demonstrated that while most of the patients clustered with the controls, 10 patients formed their own cluster. Phylogenetic tree analysis (Figure 2) likewise demonstrated a small cluster of 10 subjects (9 patients and 1 control) who formed their own cluster separate from other subjects, 8 of whom corresponded to the indicated cluster from the PCoA. These 8 subjects demonstrated significantly increased bacteroides (p < 0.001) and decreased faecalibacterium (p = 0.022) compared to the remainder of the subjects. In contrast, none the patients in this cluster, compared to 8/20 who clustered with the controls, had elevated levels of akkermansia (p = 0.005, Chi-Squared). Figure 1. Output of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of 16S sequencing data. Spondyloarthritis patients are shown in blue, controls in red. Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 2. Output of unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) analysis of 16S sequencing data. Controls are indicated with asterisks. Download figure to PowerPoint Conclusion: We demonstrate decreased faecalibacterium among patients with SpA, consistent with a suspected anti-inflammatory effect of f. prausnitzii. We also introduce akkermansia as a possible pathogenetic species in a subset of SpA patients.
BARRIERS TO COLLABORATIVE INFORMATION SEEKING IN ORGANIZATIONS

There has been a growing interest within the information sciences and HCI communities to understand the role of collaboration in facilitating information seeking. This focus had led to the emergence of the research area of collaborative information seeking (CIS). Although researchers are starting to identify various activities and mechanisms that underlie CIS, we know very little about the barriers to CIS. In this study, we used Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to gather data from 307 participants to understand the barriers to CIS in organizations. Through our data analysis, we identified a variety of barriers that hinder CIS. These barriers fell under four broad categories – organizational, technical, individual, and team. These barriers also had a strong temporal component which we highlight in the discussion. From these findings, we discuss some design implications for information retrieval systems.
Structural stability of rhenium as a function of lattice compression: Theory

Total-energy, linearized augmented Slater-type orbital calculations have been done for rhenium as a function of lattice volume in response to recent experiments addressing the issue of whether the hcp phase of Re becomes unstable, with respect to the bcc phase, at high pressures. The calculations indicate that the hcp, in fact, becomes more stable, relative to the bcc, under compression.
Gas-assisted non-newtonian fluid displacement in circular tubes and noncircular channels

The motion of long bubbles into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids confined in horizontal circular tubes, rectangular channels, and square cross-sectional channels has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. Of particular interest is the determination of residual liquid film thickness on the walls. Isothermal experiments have been conducted to measure the displacement of the gas–liquid interface as a function of the applied pressure differential. The velocity of the interface and residual liquid film thickness have been determined for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian (shear thinning and viscoelastic) fluids. These experimental results are in good agreement with similar experimental studies conducted by other investigators. The experimental results indicate that the liquid film thickness of constant viscosity viscoelastic fluids (Boger fluids) deposited on the tube wall is thicker than that of comparable Newtonian fluids. A simple mathematical analysis was developed using a power-law model. The mathematical model successfully captures the gas–liquid dynamics for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid displacement in a tube and rectangular channel. The prediction of the liquid fraction deposited on the walls is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations of previous investigators (Chem. Eng. Sci. 24 (1969) 471; A.I.Ch.E. 16 (1970) 925; Chem. Eng. Sci. 30 (1975) 379). The model gives similar results to a numerical solution (Polm. Eng. Sci. 35 (1995) 877) in which a constitutive equation containing a yield stress is used to model the non-Newtonian behavior. The model is used to determine the location and velocity of the advancing bubble front for the case of a power-law fluid. The results indicate that the gas–liquid interface advances more rapidly with decreasing values of the power-law index above a certain value of dimensionless time (t/tb≈0.75).
Hydraulic Assist Power System

Hydraulic assist power system (HAPS) is a low-cost system that converts vehicle kinetic energy during vehicle deceleration or braking into hydraulic energy and then uses it to assist vehicle propulsion. Unlike conventional hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV) or hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHV), where a separate motor/generator or motor/pump set is required, the present concept uses the existing hydraulic pump of the transmission unit as the motor/pump set directly. This leads to reduced size, lower weight and less cost. Typical applications of HAPS include energy recovery, engine restart, and hill-holding, etc.Copyright © 2006 by General Motors Corporation
Two bioactive saponins from Albizia subdimidiata from the Suriname rainforest

Bioassay-guided fractionation of a methanol extract of Albizia subdimidiata using the engineered yeast strains 1138, 1140, 1353, and Sc7 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the bioassay tool resulted in the isolation of the two active saponins 1 and 2; one of these, albiziatrioside A (1), is described for the first time. The structures of 1 and 2 were established on the basis of HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral data, and GC--MS analysis of the sugar units. Both isolated compounds showed significant cytotoxicity against the A2780 cell line.
Do union members receive compensating differentials? The case of employment security

This study presents evidence in the ongoing examination of whether or not union wage effects represent, in part, premiums to unpleasant aspects of unionized work. Three major empirical results follow: first, approximately one-sixth of the union differential can be attributed to the greater employment risk of union members; second, nearly one-half of the union return, and over one-third of the non-union return, to union density can simultaneously be attributed to employment risk; and, third, union members, on balance, receive larger premiums for employment risk. Such results extend previous work which argues that unions help reveal preferences about workplace public goods. In addition, they support those who contend that union density proxies other relevant omitted variables.
MO‐C‐BRB‐01: Present and Future Role of Computers in Medicine

Computational methods will transform both biological science and clinical practice over the next decades. Dramatic increases in the quantities of experimental, clinical, and other data, and in our ability to federate data from many sources, are enabling powerful computational approaches such as the mining and integration of data from huge databases in search of novel patterns and correlations. Rapid advances in both computer power and numerical methods enable the use of computational modeling and simulation to study previously inaccessible phenomena at the molecular, cellular, anatomical, and population levels. This marriage of modern biological and medical research with the computational sciences is destined to capture new levels of biological complexity that will motivate new theory, unearth novel biological concepts, and ultimately, drive new diagnostic strategies and treatment approaches. This keynote is given by Ian Foster, who is known as the “father of grid computing”. He is currently The Arthur Holly Compton Distinguished Service Professor of Computer Science, Director of the Computation Institute, and Argonne Distinguished Fellow at The University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory. Foster has received the Lovelace Medal of the British Computer Society, the Gordon Bell Prize for high‐performance supercomputing, and is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Supracortical consciousness: Insights from temporal dynamics, processing-content, and olfaction

To further illuminate the nature of conscious states, it may be progressive to integrate Merker's important contribution with what is known regarding (a) the temporal relation between conscious states and activation of the mesodiencephalic system; (b) the nature of the information (e.g., perceptual vs. premotor) involved in conscious integration; and (c) the neural correlates of olfactory consciousness.
Distribution of F-actin, vinculin and integrin subunits (alpha6 and beta4) in response to corneal substrata * **

Our goal was to determine the early response of corneal epithelial cells to living modified stromal substrates. We examined the distribution of integrin subunits (alpha 6 and beta 4), vinculin and the organization of F-actin in epithelial cells after cell-matrix and cell-cell hypothesized that the distribution of proteins in the cell matrix attachment complex would be altered if the substrate was modified. Integrin subunits, alpha 6 and beta 4, were chosen as they play a role in cell matrix adhesion and adhesion site formation. Corneal epithelial cells were cultured from explants and seeded on three corneal substrates (a stroma containing an intact basal lamina, a cornea lacking a basal lamina and a cornea treated with alkali). After 3 h of incubation, the tissue was fixed and stained with monoclonal antibodies specific for vinculin and for the integrin subunits alpha 6 and beta 4. The organization of F-actin was assessed using rhodamine phalloidin. The localization of the proteins was recorded with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Filamentous actin delineated the lateral cell membranes of corneal epithelial cells. The organization of actin and distribution of vinculin and integrin subunits of epithelial cells cultured on stromal substrates containing a basal lamina mimicked a simple epithelial organization. In contrast, when cells are cultured on the substrate lacking a basal lamina and alkaline treated corneal substrates the distribution of the specific proteins examined was altered. Vinculin and alpha 6 were present along membranes of cells cultured on substrates lacking a basal lamina and were diffuse in cells cultured on the alkaline substrates. These studies demonstrate that changes in the distribution of adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins in response to different surfaces may contribute to the healing dynamics in different wounds.
The Efficacy of a Repeated Buccal Infiltration of Articaine in Prolonging Duration of Pulpal Anesthesia in the Mandibular First Molar

Previous studies have shown declining rates of pulpal anesthesia over 60 minutes when a cartridge of 4% articaine is used with 1:100,000 epinephrine for buccal infiltration in the mandibular first molar. The authors conducted a prospective, randomized, single-blind, crossover study comparing the degree of pulpal anesthesia obtained with 2 sets of mandibular first molar buccal infiltrations, given in 2 separate appointments, to 86 adult subjects: an initial infiltration of a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine plus a repeated infiltration of the same anesthetic and dose given 25 minutes following the initial infiltration versus an initial infiltration of a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine plus a mock repeated infiltration given 25 minutes following the initial infiltration. The authors used an electric pulp tester to test the first molar for anesthesia in 3-minute cycles for 112 minutes after the injections. The repeated infiltration significantly improved pulpal anesthesia from 28 minutes through 109 minutes in the mandibular first molar. A repeated infiltration of a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine given 25 minutes after an initial infiltration of the same type and dose of anesthetic significantly improved the duration of pulpal anesthesia, when compared with only an initial buccal infiltration, in the mandibular first molar.
In vitro stimulation of bovine milk lymphocytes. Standardization of the assay for bovine brucellosis.

Abstract Lymphocytes of bovine milk origin were investigated by immunostimulation in vitro to standardize the assay for measuring the immune responses of the cells which might be useful in further understanding the immunopathology and diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. The lymphocytes were separated from whole freshly collected milk by centrifugation. The pellet of lymphocytes was washed in RPMI-1640 medium, cultured at different concentrations for different days and with Brucella abortus soluble antigen strain 1119-3 and Concanavalin A. Each culture was labelled with 1.0 μCi of methyl-[3H]thymidine 16–18 hours prior to termination of incubation at 37 C. Termination was done by cooling to 4 C. The cells were harvested for liquid scintillation counting spectrometry. In the groups of calfhood vaccinated cows and nonexposed milkers, a milk lymphocyte concentration of 2.0 × 106/ml of medium yielded a statistically significant blastogenesis. The Brucella abortus soluble antigen concentration of 4.4 μg of protein/well was found optimal to induce significant immunostimulation. A period of 4 days of incubation of the milk lymphocyte in the test was found optimal in inducing statistically significant blastogenesis in this system.
Decisional outcomes following use of an interactive web-based decision aid for prostate cancer screening

Informed decision-making tools are recommended for men considering prostate cancer screening. We evaluated the extent to which use of an interactive, web-based decision aid was associated with decisional and screening outcomes. Participants (N = 253) were 57 (7.0) years old and completed telephone interviews at baseline, 1 month, and 13 months post-baseline. Tracking software captured minutes spent on the website (median = 33.9), sections viewed (median = 4.0/5.0), testimonials viewed (median = 4.0/6.0), and values clarification tool (VCT) use (77.3 %). In multivariable analyses, all four website use variables were positively associated with increased knowledge (p’s < 0.05). Complete VCT use and number of informational sections were positively associated with greater decisional satisfaction (p’s < 0.05). Decisional conflict and screening behavior were not associated with measures of website use. Increased use of informational content and interactive elements were related to improved knowledge and satisfaction. Methods to increase utilization of interactive website components may improve informed decision-making outcomes.
Occlusal and prosthodontic trauma

Abstract There is a tendency among dentists to approach the problem of the removable partial denture treatment from the mechanic-artisan point of view, rather than from the biologic, health, and professional point of view. The trend is to differentiate these spheres of activity properly in prosthodontics and to place greater responsibility on the health operator—the dentist. Many more items relating to occlusal trauma and "dynamic irritation" are associated with partial prosthodontic treatments than have been discussed in this essay. The hope is that dentists will become increasingly conscious of the need to eliminate these various traumas associated with this branch of prosthodontics and that much less resistance will be offered professionally to the considerable preparations generally needed by the oral components of a broken-down masticatory organ, such as is common to patients wearing removable partial dentures.
Density-functional theory characterization of acid sites in chabazite

Abstract The nature of the acid sites in zeolites and the factors contributing to enhanced catalytic activity have been the subject of much study in the literature. In particular, the issue of whether all of the acid sites in a particular zeolite are homogeneous or heterogeneous in acid strength requires the development of a systematic way to quantify acidity. To address this, we performed a detailed density-functional theory (DFT) investigation of the reactivity of the acid sites in the zeolite chabazite. We calculated energies of adsorption of bases, deprotonation energies, and vibrational frequencies on a periodic chabazite (SSZ-13) model with various loadings of acid sites per unit cell, and with various structural framework defects. We found that the four acidic oxygens at the aluminum T site all have roughly the same proton affinity, and the deprotonation energy is not correlated to the O H bond length or vibrational stretch frequency. Furthermore, we found that the adsorption energy of various bases at each acid site oxygen is roughly the same and correlated only to the gas-phase proton affinity of the base; it does not vary significantly with acid-site concentration or framework defects near the acid site. Given the range of local chemical structure that we investigated, our results suggest that the strength of the acid sites in chabazite is not influenced significantly by chemical or structural variations in the framework near the acid site.
Repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome of a 4.25-kg Jehovah’s witness

The care of patients who refuse homologous transfusions has challenged cardiac surgery teams to refine blood conservation techniques and question standard trans-fusion practices. We cared for a newborn child with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) whose parents refused to give consent to care for the child that involved the transfusion of homologous blood. A Norwood Stage I procedure was planned with the understanding that transfusions would be avoided, if possible. A court order was obtained that specified the conditions under which the attending physicians would transfuse the newborn. The birth weight of the patient was 4.25 kg. A low prime cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit and aggressive blood conservation techniques that included modified ultrafiltration (MUF) allowed the completion of the repair and CPB portion of the operation without the use of blood. The lowest hematocrit during CPB was 20%. After an unsuccessful attempt to separate from CPB, blood was transfused. Recovery was consistent fo...
Diagnostics and prognostics of a single surface defect on roller bearings

Bearing condition monitoring has been the focus of a wide range of studies over the past years. Current monitoring techniques that focus on the identification of faults present in a bearing have various limitations. Typically they are applicable only under well-defined, specific and precalibrated operating conditions, thereby preventing continuous monitoring of a system operating in a variant environment. They are often limited in damage severity estimation and prognostic capability. This, in turn, prevents the development of optimal maintenance scheduling in favour of overall system safety and productivity. Research presented in this paper has yielded results that have extended bearing diagnostics and prognostics to address these limitations and to achieve optimal machinery maintenance scheduling. This paper discusses the current research status on the development of a new signal processing method with noise cancellation capability to provide early defect detection, the establishment of a diagnostic model to estimate bearing defect severity under variant conditions and the formulation of an adaptively tuned defect propagation model to track the time-variant nature of defect growth for the forecasting of bearing remaining utility.
Does antimitochondrial antibody status affect response to treatment in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis? Outcomes of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy and liver transplantation

Approximately 5% to 10% of patients with features otherwise consistent with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) lack antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA). Most of these patients have other autoantibodies, a syndrome recently named "autoimmune cholangitis." We report our experience in patients with AMA-negative PBC treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and/or liver transplantation (OLT). The study of response to UDCA was performed as follows. While recruiting patients for a previously reported multicenter trial, we identified 8 patients with AMA-negative PBC. The patients were given UDCA and followed up at regular intervals. The characteristics of AMA-negative patients at presentation were similar to those of AMA-positive patients with PBC. The clinical outcomes and sequential liver biochemistries of UDCA treatment were also comparable with those of AMA-positive patients. The study of outcome of OLT was performed as follows. We identified OLT recipients at the Mayo Clinic who had clinical, radiological, and histological features compatible with PBC. Their pretransplant AMA status was determined, and each AMA-negative patient was paired with 2 AMA-positive patients. Of 85 OLT recipients with a diagnosis of PBC, 6 (7.1%) were AMA negative, including 1 who had undergone UDCA therapy. After a median of 36 months of follow-up, graft and patient survival rates and subsequent histological changes (disease recurrence and steroid-resistant or late rejections) were comparable in AMA-negative and -positive PBC patients. In summary, in our experience of 13 AMA-negative PBC patients (including 9 who met the criteria for a diagnosis of autoimmune cholangitis), treatment with UDCA or OLT resulted in similar outcomes to those found in AMA-positive patients. We conclude that AMA status does not affect the response in PBC patients to treatment with UDCA or OLT.
Optical imaging of tissue mitochondrial redox state in intact rat lungs in two models of pulmonary oxidative stress

Ventilation with enhanced fractions of O2 (hyperoxia) is a common and necessary treatment for hypox- emia in patients with lung failure, but prolonged exposure to hyperoxia causes lung injury. Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury of lung tissue is common in lung transplant or crush injury to the chest. These conditions are associated with apoptosis and decreased survival of lung tissue. The objective of this work is to use cryoimaging to evaluate the effect of exposure to hyperoxia and IR injury on lung tissue mitochondrial redox state in rats. The autofluorescent mitochondrial metabolic coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are electron carriers in ATP generation. These intrinsic fluorophores were imaged for rat lungs using low- temperature fluorescence imaging (cryoimaging). Perfused lungs from four groups of rats were studied: normoxia (control), control perfused with an mitochondrial complex IV inhibitor (potassium cyanide, KCN), rats exposed to hyperoxia (85% O2) for seven days, and from rats subjected to lung IR in vivo 24 hours prior to study. Each lung was sectioned sequentially in the transverse direction, and the images were used to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3-D) rendering. In KCN perfused lungs the respiratory chain was more reduced, whereas hyperoxic and IR lung tissue have a more oxidized respiratory chain than control lung tissue, consistent with previously measured mitochondrial dysfunction in both hyperoxic and IR lungs. © 2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). (DOI: 10
An electrostatic light shutter for atomic fountain clocks

Most cesium fountain clocks built today operate in sequential steps where an atomic cloud is trapped, launched, interrogated and detected. Except for the interrogation, every other step requires laser beams to illuminate the atoms and produce fluorescence. The microwave interrogation is, on the other hand, severely disturbed by any fluorescence which produces a light shift on the atoms. Since it is desirable to minimize the dead time between the interrogation of the atoms, it is tempting to try to operate the fountain with many steps occurring simultaneously. In that case, the fluorescence light produced by the trap and the detection must be blocked before it enters the interrogation region. This is accomplished in some fountains by a using various shutters or by deflecting the trajectory of the atomic cloud with a non-uniform magnetic field. We propose here a new type of shutter that operates using an electrostatic force to move a rotor. A hole in the rotor lines up with the axis of the fountain at regular intervals to let the atomic cloud through, but then the shutter is closed when the laser beams are turned on. We give here the details of the operations of such a shutter and present the results of attenuation measurements.
Lithium ion sources

A 10.9 cm diameter lithium alumino-silicate ion source has been chosen as a source of �100 mA lithium ion current for the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment (NDCX-II) at LBNL. Research and development was carried out on lithium alumino-silicate ion sources prior to NDCX-II source fabrication. Space-chargelimited emission with the current density exceeding 1 mA/cm 2 was measured with 0.64 cm diameter lithium alumino-silicate ion sources at 1275 0 C. The beam current density is less for the first 10.9 cm diameter NDCX-II source, and it may be due to an issue of surface coverage. The lifetime of a thin coated (on a tungsten substrate) source is varied, roughly 40-50 hours, when pulsed at 0.05 Hz and with pulse length of 6 µs each, i.e., a duty factor of 3x10 -7 , at an operating temperature of 1250 to 1275 0 C. The 10.9 cm diameter source lifetime is likely the same as of a 0.64 cm source, but the lifetime of a source with a 2 mm diameter (without a tungsten substrate) is 10-15 hours with a duty factor of one (DC extraction). The lifetime variation is dependent on the amount of deposition of �-eucryptite mass, and the surface temperature. The amount of mass deposition does not significantly alter the current density. More ion source work is needed to improve the large source performance.
A reconstruction decoder for the perceptual computer

The Word decoder is a very important approach for decoding in the Perceptual Computer. It maps the computing with words (CWW) engine output, which is a fuzzy set, into a word in a codebook so that it can be understood. However, the Word decoder suffers from significant information loss, i.e., the fuzzy set model of the mapped word may be quite different from the fuzzy set output by the CWW engine, especially when the codebook is small. In this paper we propose a Reconstruction decoder, which represents the CWW engine output as a combination of two successive codebook words with minimum information loss by solving a constrained optimization problem. The Reconstruction decoder can be viewed as a generalized Word decoder and it is also implicitly a Rank decoder. Moreover, it preserves the shape information of the CWW engine output in a simple form without sacrificing much accuracy. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the Reconstruction decoder. Its Matlab implementation is also given in this paper.
Marine dissolved organic phosphorus composition: insights from samples recovered using combined electrodialysis/reverse osmosis.

The dominant phosphorus compound classes were characterized in marine samples using a new, high recovery method for isolating and concentrating bulk dissolved organic matter (DOM) called combined electrodialysis + reverse osmosis (ED/RO). In contrast to earlier studies that use ultrafiltration (UF) to recover only the high molecular weight DOM, ED/RO is capable of isolating both low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) DOM. Samples were collected from a broad range of marine environments: along a transect incorporating coastal and offshore waters off the Southeastern United States, in Effingham Inlet, a Pacific fjord located on Vancouver Island, British Columbia and in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Results from phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) analysis reveal a similar abundance of P compound classes among samples, phosphate esters (80–85%), phosphonates (5–10%) and polyphosphates (8–13%). These samples contain significantly higher proportions of polyphosphate P and P esters and lower proportions of phosphonates than measured in previous studies using the UF method. The much higher levels of polyphosphate detected in our samples suggests that polyphosphate is present mainly in the LMW dissolved matter fraction. Polyphosphates in dissolved matter may be present as (or derived from) dissolved nucleotides or organismal polyphosphate bodies, or both. Low molecular weight P esters are possibly composed of phosphoamino acids and small carbohydrates, like simple sugar phosphates and/or dissolved nucleotides. Phosphonates in DOM are more prevalent as HMW phosphonate compounds, which suggests that LMW phosphonates are more readily utilized in marine ecosystems. Overall, the investigation of DOM across a size spectrum that includes both the HMW and the LMW fractions reveals a new picture of phosphorus distribution, cycling and bioavailability.
Which Factors Moderate the Relationship between Sustainability Performance and Financial Performance? A Meta-Analysis Study

ABSTRACT The relationship between corporate sustainability performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) has long been debated. Ullman (1985) pointed out that the conflicting results ...
RECEPTOR MEDIATED ACTION WITHOUT RECEPTOR OCCUPANCY

The relationship between occupancy of a specific cell surface receptor and actions initiated in the same cell by that event was tested on ovarian granulosa cells exposed to hCG. Hormone bound to its receptor was identified by immunocytochemistry or by autoradiography and the dissociation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was followed by direct cytochemistry. Only 25-30% of the granulosa cells bound hCG and in each instance this resulted in protein kinase dissociation. Cells that did not bind hCG nevertheless dissociated protein kinase if they contacted a cell that had bound hormone and dissociated enzyme. Cells that neither bound hormone, nor contacted cells that did so, failed to dissociate protein kinase. These observations establish, in individual cells, a direct relationship of receptor occupancy to receptor-mediated action and indicate that this event can be communicated to receptorless cells, presumably by gap junctions, thereby amplifying the response to hormone. Similar processes may occur in other tissues wherein receptor-bearing cells are capable of intercellular communication.
Reducing the Stimulation of CD8+ T Cells during Infection with Intracellular Bacteria Promotes Differentiation Primarily into a Central (CD62LhighCD44high) Subset

During infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, CD8(+) T cells differentiate rapidly into effectors (CD62L(low)CD44(high)) that differentiate further into the central memory phenotype (CD62L(high)CD44(high)) gradually. To evaluate whether this CD8(+) T cell differentiation program operates in all infection models, we evaluated CD8(+) T cell differentiation during infection of mice with recombinant intracellular bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), expressing OVA. We report that CD8(+) T cells primed during infection with the attenuated pathogen BCG-OVA differentiated primarily into the central subset that correlated to reduced attrition of the primed cells subsequently. CD8(+) T cells induced by LM-OVA also differentiated into central phenotype cells first, but the cells rapidly converted into effectors in contrast to BCG-OVA. Memory CD8(+) T cells induced by both LM-OVA as well as BCG-OVA were functional in that they produced cytokines and proliferated extensively in response to antigenic stimulation after adoptive transfer. During LM-OVA infection, if CD8(+) T cells were guided to compete for access to APCs, then they received reduced stimulation that was associated with increased differentiation into the central subset and reduced attrition subsequently. Similar effect was observed when CD8(+) T cells encountered APCs selectively during the waning phase of LM-OVA infection. Taken together, our results indicate that the potency of the pathogen can influence the differentiation and fate of CD8(+) T cells enormously, and the extent of attrition of primed CD8(+) T cells correlates inversely to the early differentiation of CD8(+) T cells primarily into the central CD8(+) T cell subset.
Werner syndrome exonuclease catalyzes structure-dependent degradation of DNA.

Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by early onset of many features of aging, by an unusual spectrum of cancers, and by genomic instability. The WS protein (WRN) possesses 3′→5′ DNA helicase and associated ATPase activities, as well as 3′→5′ DNA exonuclease activity. Currently, WRN is the only member of the widely distributed RecQ DNA helicase family with documented exonuclease activity. It is not known whether deficiency of the exonuclease or helicase/ATPase activities of WRN, or all of them, is responsible for various elements of the WS phenotype. WRN exonuclease has limited homology to Escherichia coli RNaseD, a tRNA processing enzyme. We show here that WRN preferentially degrades synthetic DNA substrates containing alternate secondary structures, with an exonucleolytic mode of action suggestive of RNaseD. We present evidence that structure-dependent binding of WRN to DNA requires ATP binding, while DNA degradation requires ATP hydrolysis. Apparently, the exonuclease and ATPase act in concert to catalyze structure-dependent DNA degradation. We propose that WRN protein functions as a DNA processing enzyme in resolving aberrant DNA structures via both exonuclease and helicase activities.
Characterization of the SEI on a Carbon Film Electrode by Combined EQCM and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) andcyclic voltammetry have been applied simultaneously to characterizeelectron-beam deposited carbon film electrodes in LiClO4 orLiPF6-containing mixed electrolytes of ethylene carbonate (EC) anddimethyl carbonate (DMC). The structure of the carbon electrode was foundto be amorphous/disordered using Raman spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetryin LiClO4 / EC+DMC demonstrated features typical of Liintercalation/deintercalation into/from the disordered carbon electrode,and EQCM showed a corresponding mass increase/decrease. Contrary to thecase of LiClO4 / EC+DMC electrolyte, LiPF6/EC+DMC electrolyte showed noLi deintercalation out of the thin-film carbon electrode. Combined EQCMand spectroscopic ellipsometry data were compared, and the solidelectrolyte interphase density after the first cycle in LiClO4 /EC+DMCwas estimated to be 1.3 g/cm3.
Electrochemical Behavior of Steel in Salt Contaminated Concrete: Part 1

Abstract Corrosion of steel in concrete is a problem because of the presence of chloride ions at the metal-concrete interface. The chloride ion is introduced as a contaminant in the mix or from the sources such as deicing salt or seawater. The electrochemistry of steel in this system is not well defined. This paper presents the polarization curves for steel in Type I and V portland cement with various salt contents. The degree of corrosiveness of steel in these two portland cement concretes was evaluated. Laboratory-dry and water-saturated concrete samples were used to determine the electrochemical behavior of steel at the presence of chloride ions in these conditions. The anodic polarization curves indicated that the steel passivates in the concrete sample of Type I portland cement with the salt content up to 0.1 %, but the passivity of steel was maintained up to 0.5% in Type V portland cement. (The samples had been exposed to distilled water for 90 days after removal from a water cabinet). The anodic po...
Landauer's Principle And Black-hole Entropy

Landauer’s principle that the world’s entropy increases by at least kBh2 upon a one-bit erasure in a memory coupled to an infinite heat bath is generalized to the nominally different case of dumping information past a black hole’s event horizon. Specifically this idea is used to provide a lower bound on the black-hole entropy to horizon area ratio using only a modicum of classical general relativity and relativastic quantum mechanics; quantum field theoretic methods are not required. The dumping of free 1-D scalar-particle wave packets leads to an estimate of .181 for the lower bound of the said ratio. This compares well to the established value of exactly 114 for the ratio itself and contrasts with Bekenstein’s original %formation theoretic” estimate of .028.
Development of a Variable Reluctance Velocity Meter

Presented herein is a new method of measuring fluid flow based on the principle of variable reluctance. The device used by the author has been called a Variable Reluctance Velocity Meter. The basic theory of operation and the outstanding characteristics of this miniature instrument are discussed.
A MILLENNIUM OF FUNGI, FOOD, AND FERMENTATION.

Procedures for the pure culture preparation of some fermented but nonalcoholic foods are outlined. These include tempeh, ragi, sufu, shoyu, ang-kak, tea fungus, and miso. The fungi used in the manu...
Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larval Survival and Damage Potential to Corn Subjected to Nitrogen and Plant Density Treatments

A 2-yr field study was used to examine the main effects and interactions of western corn root worm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, infestations, nitrogen (N), and corn plant population levels on larval survival and damage, and root growth response. Nitrogen application and higher plant density treatments increased adult emergence, although there were significant N by plant density interactions both years. In 1985, root damage ratings increased with moderate N application but decreased with high N levels. Plant density treatments had no effect on damage ratings. Nitrogen application in 1985 decreased lodging by 44% in plants injured by WCR. Increased N and low to moderate plant population levels resulted in larger root systems and greater regrowth and brace root development. A significant N by plant density interaction indicated that a high plant population level negated the positive response of brace root development to increased N application. WCR infestation promoted root regrowth and brace root development. Decreased adult emergence, root damage ratings, lodging, and increased root regeneration were observed in 1984, a year characterized by excessive June rainfall and saturated soil conditions. These results suggest that N, plant population, and soil moisture levels are contributing factors in WCR larval survival and recovery of the corn plant root system.
Somatostatin inhibition of glucagon-stimulated adenosine 3'-5'-monophosphate accumulation in isolated hepatocytes.

SummaryThe cyclic form of somatotropin release inhibitor factor over a concentration range from 0.50 to 8.0 μg/ml was found to inhibit glucagon-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in isolated rat hepato-cytes.The authors are grateful to Nancy Bridgforth, Ann Miller, Sue Wills, and Lucinda Carr for skilled technical assistance and to Deborah Barr and Carol Grimme for typing of the manuscript. The authors are also very grateful to Dr. R. Deghenghi of Ayerst Laboratories, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, for the supply of cyclic form somatostatin, Lot No. Ay-24,910.
Videos in clinical medicine. Treatment of hematoma of the nasal septum.

A hematoma of the nasal septum may deprive the septal cartilage of its blood supply and lead to permanent sequelae unless it is drained promptly. This video demonstrates how to incise, drain, and pack a nasal septal hematoma.
Characterization of Excited-State Magnetic Exchange in Mn2+-Doped ZnO Quantum Dots Using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

Absorption spectra of Mn2+-doped ZnO quantum dots have been studied with the linear-response time-dependent density functional theory. Spectral changes caused by excited state dopant-carrier and dopant–dopant magnetic exchange couplings are investigated. The excitonic transition maximum shifts to higher energy and decreases in intensity with increasing Mn2+ concentration. The lowest excitonic transitions split in the spin-up and spin-down manifolds due to sp–d magnetic exchange between the Mn2+ and ZnO conduction and valence band carriers. Increased Mn2+ concentration leads to a broadening and increase in the intensity of the midgap charge-transfer electronic absorption band. The charge-transfer band broadening results from excited-state splitting arising from double exchange magnetic interactions involving Mn2+ ions and the photogenerated hole. The excited-state double exchange leads to stabilization of the ferromagnetic configuration in the charge-transfer state. The strength of this ferromagnetic doubl...