cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphology, GluR1 and GRIP-C localization differ in octopus cells of C57BL6 and B6Cast mice.

Abstract The C57BL6 mouse (B6) is homozygous for the gene for age-related hearing loss (ahl/ahl) and shows normal adult-like hearing before subtle changes in hearing begin at about 30 days of age. The B6Cast mouse is congenic to B6, having the wild type allele for normal hearing from Castaneous Ei on a B6 background. It has normal hearing throughout most of its lifespan. This study characterized the morphology of octopus cell (OC) somata in the posterior-ventral cochlear nucleus and of synaptic terminals on the OC somata in 8-week-old B6 and B6Cast mice, and the immunolocalization of antibodies to GluR1 (glutamate receptor subunit 1) and GRIP-C (glutamate receptor interacting protein-C terminus). By 8 weeks of age there are significant changes in the morphology of OCs and synaptic terminals around their somata in B6 mice compared to B6Cast mice. The distribution of immunoreactivity for the proteins GluR1 and GRIP is also significantly different in B6 mice from that in B6Cast mice. The modest degenerative changes reported in some B6 outer hair cells of the basal turn at this age do not seem adequate to explain the major changes observed in most OCs at a time when physiological studies show that many measures of the animals’ hearing are still near normal. The findings suggest that changes in the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole glutamate receptor subunits and/or their binding proteins are part of the phenotype of ahl, and may reflect a role of the glutamate receptor pathway in the mechanism of ahl.
Reflex inhibition in humans: Sensitivity to brief silent periods in white noise

A white noise (60 dB SPL) was always present except for brief silent periods (“gaps”) which occurred just before an eyelid reflex was elicited in human volunteers by a brief innocuous shock to the forehead. In Experiment 1 (n=8), 10-msec gaps (“S1”) were given 40, 80, 120, 160, or 200 msec before the shock (“S2”). Compared with S2-alone trials, the reflex was inhibited by about 50% at intervals of 80 msec and beyond. Experiment 2 (n=12) first provided detection thresholds for gaps using a simple version of the method of limits: on average a gap of 5.4 msec duration was just detected. Then gaps of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 msec were given in random order, each 100 msec before S2. The 4-msec stimulus was an effective inhibitor of the reflex, and inhibition further increased on to 6- and then to 8-msec durations. A comparison of the values obtained on reflex inhibition with the 5.4-msec threshold obtained with the conventional psycho-physical test reveals that in humans reflex inhibition provides an objective index of stimulus detection that is at least of sufficient sensitivity to warrant its clinical application. The steady increase in reflex inhibition as gap duration increased from 2 to 8 msec may be of significance for tracing the rate of decay of afferent stimulation following noise offset, as it presumably reflects the growing sensitivity to the resumption of the noise as the duration of the silent period is increased.
Source location of quenches in SSC dipole magnets

Superconducting-to-normal transitions in two 16.6-m-long superconducting dipole magnets for the Superconducting Supercollider (SSC) were monitored with six axially-distributed acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The origin of each quench was determined by examination of AE data captured at quench. In one magnet, these data showed that the first few quenches started from various locations along the magnet while most later quenches started from the feed end. In the second magnet, most of the spontaneous quenches started near the feed end of the magnet. By supplementing AE data captured at quench with AE attenuation data taken at room temperature, it was determined that, of these, more than half started in the region within 25 cm of the feed end. The results are in general agreement with temperature and pressure post-quench histories. >
Theoretical Distributions of Optima for Univariate Discrimination of Random Data

Optimal linear discriminant models maximize percentage accuracy for dichotomous classifications, but are rarely used because a theoretical framework that allows one to make valid statements about the statistical significance of the outcomes of such analyses does not exist. This paper describes an analytic solution for the theoretical distribution of optimal values for univariate optimal linear discriminant analysis, under the assumption that the data are random and continuous. We also present the theoretical distribution for sample sizes up to N= 30. The discovery of a statistical framework for evaluating the performance of optimal discriminant models should greatly increase their use by scientists in all disciplines.
Retrieving in-cloud vertical profiles of the atmospheric temperature from GPS RO data

A GPS retrieval algorithm is developed for obtaining in-cloud vertical profiles of the atmospheric state from Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data, using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) cloud-top pressure and cloud-top temperature as auxiliary information. The cloud-base height is estimated based on the vertical distributions of density scale height, temperature lapse rate and relative humidity using GPS wet retrievals. The proposed algorithm is tested upon 31 cloudy GPS RO profiles from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC). It is found that the retrieval temperature is warmer than NCEP-reanalysis in the upper levels of the cloud and colder near and below the cloud base. Dropsonde observations for Hurricane Rita confirm this characteristic feature of the NCEP temperature analysis within clouds. The cloud thickness and cloud-base height that are determined by the proposed criteria are validated qualitatively with IR and VIS satellite images. Sensitivity of the GPS in-cloud profile retrieval to the MODIS cloud top pressure is also shown.
Scatterometry measurement for gate ADI and AEI critical dimension of 28-nm metal gate technology

This paper discusses the scatterometry-based metrology measurement of 28nm high k metal gate after-develop inspection (ADI) and after-etch inspection (AEI) layer structures. For these structures, the critical measurement parameters include side wall angle (SWA) and critical dimension (CD). For production process control of these structures, a metrology tool must utilize a non-destructive measurement technique, and have high sensitivity, precision and throughput. Spectroscopic critical dimension (SCD) metrology tools have been implemented in production for process control of traditional poly gate structures. For today's complex metal gate devices, extended SCD technologies are required. KLA-Tencor's new SpectraShape 8810 uses multi-azimuth angles and multi-channel optics to produce the high sensitivity and precision required for measurement of critical parameters on metal gate structures. Data from process of record (POR), focus-exposure matrix (FEM) and design of experiment (DOE) wafers are presented showing the performance of this new SCD tool on metal gate ADI and AEI process structures. Metal gate AEI scatterometry measurement results are also compared to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reference measurements. These data suggest that the SpectraShape 8810 has the required sensitivity and precision to serve as a production process monitor for 28nm and beyond complex metal gate structures.
DEATH OF PRESS REFORM IN FRANCE

W hat has happened to the movement to reform the French press? Only a short time ago, backed by public sentiment which had at long last become aroused over evils in the existing system, reform seemed imminent. But the reform movement is now apparently dead. Instead of being confronted with Blum's reform proposals, the French press is faced with Daladier's censorship decrees. Press regulation is of course a grave matter in any democracy, but in France, for reasons peculiar to that country, the question has particularly serious implications. The causes for the reform effort, the successful attempt to defeat it, and the issues involved in the struggle are worthy of examination. On November 26, i936, the Popular Front Ministry, of which Leon Blum was President of the Council, submitted to the Chamber of Deputies a series of proposed laws which would have completely changed the regulations regarding the press. With only slight modifications the Chamber accepted the proposals, but Senate amendments removed the bill's teeth, and a deadlock ensued between the two houses of the French parliament. This deadlock remained unbroken until establishment of government by decree. Subsequently several attempts were made to secure passage of bills which embodied certain features of the Blum proposals, or which in some other manner suggested changes in the existing press regulations, but they too were either rejected or postponed. A majority of the French journals-not only the organs of the Right and Center but some of the more important Left journals
Artificial cranial deformation and the increased complexity of the lambdoid suture.

Studies examining an association between artificial cranial deformation and the presence of wormian bones in the lambdoid suture have been inconclusive. Cranial deformation, however, does seem to have a direct effect of increasing the sutural complexity of the pars lambdica of the lambdoid suture and also increasing the mean number of lambdoidal wormian bones, given their presence.
Preconditioners for Linear Systems Arising in Image Reconstruction

For the numerical solution of large linear systems, the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm can be very effective if one has a good preconditioner. Two distinctly different approaches to preconditioning are discussed for solving systems derived from continuous linear operators of the form K + αL, where K is a convolution operator, L is a regularization operator, and a is a small positive parameter. The first approach is circulant preconditioning. The second, less standard, approach is based on a two-level decomposition of the solution space. A comparison of the two approaches is given for a model problem arising in atmospheric image deblurring.
Active-Site Residues of Escherichia coli DNA Gyrase Required in Coupling ATP Hydrolysis to DNA Supercoiling and Amino Acid Substitutions Leading to Novobiocin Resistance

DNA gyrase is a bacterial type II topoisomerase which couples the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to the introduction of negative supercoils into DNA. Amino acids in proximity to bound nonhydrolyzable ATP analog (AMP. PNP) or novobiocin in the gyrase B (GyrB) subunit crystal structures were examined for their roles in enzyme function and novobiocin resistance by site-directed mutagenesis. Purified Escherichia coli GyrB mutant proteins were complexed with the gyrase A subunit to form the functional A(2)B(2) gyrase enzyme. Mutant proteins with alanine substitutions at residues E42, N46, E50, D73, R76, G77, and I78 had reduced or no detectable ATPase activity, indicating a role for these residues in ATP hydrolysis. Interestingly, GyrB proteins with P79A and K103A substitutions retained significant levels of ATPase activity yet demonstrated no DNA supercoiling activity, even with 40-fold more enzyme than the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that these amino acid side chains have a role in the coupling of the two activities. All enzymes relaxed supercoiled DNA to the same extent as the wild-type enzyme did, implying that only ATP-dependent reactions were affected. Mutant genes were examined in vivo for their abilities to complement a temperature-sensitive E. coli gyrB mutant, and the activities correlated well with the in vitro activities. We show that the known R136 novobiocin resistance mutations bestow a significant loss of inhibitor potency in the ATPase assay. Four new residues (D73, G77, I78, and T165) that, when changed to the appropriate amino acid, result in both significant levels of novobiocin resistance and maintain in vivo function were identified in E. coli.
A parsimonious model for the formation of oscillations in car-following models

This paper shows that the formation and propagation of traffic oscillations in the absence of lane changes can be explained by the stochastic nature of drivers’ acceleration processes. By adding a white noise to drivers’ desired acceleration in free-flow, oscillations are produced that accord well with observation. This theory suggests that driver error is a function of roadway geometry, that it determines the average speed at the bottleneck, as well as oscillation period and amplitude. The model has been implemented with a single additional parameter compared to the kinematic wave model with bounded accelerations.
National aeronautics and space administration needs and trends in cryogenic cooling

Abstract An outline of the requirements for cryogenic cooling in space instrumentation is presented. The recent results of several cryogenic cooling programmes are also discussed.
Evaluating the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Brassolini genera (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

This study uses 80 morphological characters and cladistic analysis to evaluate the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of 18 genera that constitute the butterfly tribe Brassolini. Most characters derive from genitalia, confirming previous generic definitions based mainly on wing characters, and showing that 16 of 18 genera are monophyletic. Mimoblepia Casagrande, syn.n. was subsumed within Opoptera Aurivillius to address the paraphyly of the latter, but resolution of the status of Aponarope Casagrande requires further study. The results suggest that the Brassolini includes six suprageneric groups/clades. Although this study verifies some genus-level relationships put forward over 100 years ago, some new hypotheses of relationships are proposed. Tracing larval host plant use onto the Brassolini phylogeny indicates that species in this tribe retain the use of Arecaceae and Poaceae from their ‘satyroid’ ancestors.
The Genetic Drift Inventory: A Tool for Measuring What Advanced Undergraduates Have Mastered about Genetic Drift

Understanding genetic drift is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of biology, yet it is difficult to learn because it combines the conceptual challenges of both evolution and randomness. To help assess strategies for teaching genetic drift, we have developed and evaluated the Genetic Drift Inventory (GeDI), a concept inventory that measures upper-division students' understanding of this concept. We used an iterative approach that included extensive interviews and field tests involving 1723 students across five different undergraduate campuses. The GeDI consists of 22 agree-disagree statements that assess four key concepts and six misconceptions. Student scores ranged from 4/22 to 22/22. Statements ranged in mean difficulty from 0.29 to 0.80 and in discrimination from 0.09 to 0.46. The internal consistency, as measured with Cronbach's alpha, ranged from 0.58 to 0.88 across five iterations. Test-retest analysis resulted in a coefficient of stability of 0.82. The true-false format means that the GeDI can test how well students grasp key concepts central to understanding genetic drift, while simultaneously testing for the presence of misconceptions that indicate an incomplete understanding of genetic drift. The insights gained from this testing will, over time, allow us to improve instruction about this key component of evolution.
Issue Framing Effects on Belief Importance and Opinion

Students of public opinion have increasingly recognized issue framing as an important influence on political attitudes, but the precise means by which frames affect attitudes is not well understood. We argue that one distinctive way in which frames affect attitudes is by influencing the importance individuals attach to issue-relevant beliefs. We contrast this mechanism with the more familiar means of persuasion via change in belief content. Data come from two laboratory experiments. In each, a controversial issue was framed in one of two ways. We measured framing's influence on belief content, belief importance, and issue opinion. In both experiments, framing significantly affected issue opinion. Causal analysis shows that framing independently affected belief content and belief importance, and that each contributed to issue opinion.
Effect of Temperature on the Process of Hypervelocity Gouging

The sliding interface of a flyer/target system is subject to immense forces caused by dynamic loads and impact of the flyer with the target. In addition, tremendous heating caused by aerodynamic and frictional effects is produced at the interface. The buildup of the temperature caused by external heat sources is important for an understanding of any impact environment between the flyer and the target. Under these severe loading conditions the material in both the flyer and the target will experience large unstable nonlinear deformations known as gouging. To successfully model the gouging phenomenon, the tangential impact and thermal heating caused by aerodynamic flow and frictional heating must be properly handled. Previous gouging analysis has not accounted for thermal profiles present in the system prior to impact. The hydrocode CTH is employed to solve the gouging problem through the proper modeling of the applicable physics. Results of simulated gouges at elevated temperatures are presented along with a discussion of the mechanics involved and the influence of elevated temperature states.
Affirmative Action, Fairness, and the Scope of Justice

Affirmative action programs have been controversial since their inception in 1965. This commentary examines the confusing justice claims advanced by opponents and proponents of affirmative action by proposing three justice questions that underpin the fairness debate: (1) Are affirmative action's target groups (women and people of color) inside one's scope of justice and therefore entitled to fair treatment? (2) Have the target groups achieved parity with other societal groups? (3) Is affirmative action procedurally fair? The first two questions concern distributive justice and emerge from commentators' beliefs and assessments of target groups' inclusion in the personal and societal scope of justice. The third question concerns procedural justice and emerges from commentators' beliefs about effective and appropriate processes. This commentary describes the scope of justice, the factors that cause it to change over time, its application to the affirmative action controversy, and presents a table that helps untangle the confusing justice claims in the affirmative action debate.
Photoacoustic correlation spectroscopy and its application to low-speed flow measurement

A photoacoustic correlation technique, inspired by its optical counterpart—the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS)—was tested for the first time, to our knowledge, to demonstrate the feasibility of low-speed flow measurement based on photoacoustic signal detection. A pulsed laser was used to probe the flow of light-absorbing beads. A photoacoustic correlation system of 0.8 s temporal resolution was built and flow speeds ranging from 249 to 14.9 μm/s with corresponding flow times from 4.42 to 74.1 s were measured. The experiment serves as a proof of concept for photoacoustic correlation spectroscopy, which may have many potential applications similar to the FCS.
Treatment of ureteral and renal stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.

Purpose: We compared the clinical outcomes of patients with ureteral or renal stones treated with ureteroscopy, shock wave lithotripsy using HM3 (Dornier®) and nonHM3 lithotripters, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search identified 6, 4 and 3 randomized, controlled trials of treatment of distal and proximal ureteral stones, and renal stones, respectively, published between 1995 and 2010. Overall stone-free, re-treatment and complication rates were calculated by meta-analytical techniques.Results: Based on the randomized, controlled trials evaluated the treatment of distal ureteral stones with semirigid ureteroscopy showed a 55% greater probability (pooled RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.13–2.56) of stone-free status at the initial assessment than treatment with shock wave lithotripsy. Patients treated with semirigid ureteroscopy were also less likely to require re-treatment than those treated with shock wave lithotripsy (nonHM3) (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.08–0.23). The risk of co...
Thermal‐Stress Crack‐Initiation Method for Ranking Ceramic Materials

A test is described which permits ranking of brittle materials according to their resistance to thermal fracture under steady-state conditions. A water-cooled probe and a small, thin, annular disk specimen heated by a radiator are used. Tests on AUC graphite and on a series of composites of transition-metal pseudobinary solid-solution carbides with graphite were very reproducible and reliable. A thermal-stress analysis for the graphite agreed well with the test results.
Aesthetically Evolved Virtual Pets

The author applies aesthetic, emotional and empathetic selection to a derivative of Karl Sims's Evolved Virtual Creatures. The resulting Creatures can be beautiful or strange and provoke strong reactions in human observers. The author posits that it may therefore be possible to evolve virtual pets to which humans can form strong emotional bonds.
Adaptive order statistic filters for noise characterization and suppression without a noise-free reference

Several adaptive order statistic filters (OSF) are developed and compared for channel characterization and noise suppression in images. Emphasis has been put on the situation when a noise-free reference image is not available but instead we can have a sequence of two noisy output images of the same input image through the communication channel twice. One of the noisy output images is used as the reference in the OSF. It is shown theoretically that if noises are not correlated, the expected values of the derived filter coefficients will be equal to those coefficients derived using a noise-free reference. Experiments using noisy reference image yield comparable results to those methods using a noise-free reference image and also better results than those of median, Gaussian, averaging and Wiener filters.
Trypanosoma cruzi-induced suppression of human peripheral blood lymphocytes activated via the alternative (CD2) pathway.

Coculture of blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with anti-CD2(2) and anti-CD2(3) monoclonal antibodies, i.e., via an antigen-independent pathway of T-lymphocyte activation, resulted in marked immunosuppression compared with that in parallel cultures in which parasites were absent. This effect was evidenced by a decreased lymphoproliferative capacity, a significant reduction in the proportion of cells expressing interleukin-2 receptors, and a significant diminution in the cell surface density of this receptor.
An Optimal Traction Control Scheme for Off-Road Operation of Robotic Vehicles

Active degrees of freedom provide a robotic vehicle the ability to enhance its performance in all terrain conditions. While active suspension systems are now commonplace in on-road vehicles, their application to off-road terrains has been little investigated. A fundamental component of such an application is a need to translate desired body motion commands into actuator values through the use of proprioceptive algorithms. The diverse nature of the terrains that might be encountered places variable demands upon the operation of the vehicle. This entails the potential use of a diverse set of algorithms designed to optimize mobility and performance. This paper presents a cohesive control scheme designed for the operation of an autonomous vehicle under all conditions. The ideas presented have been tested in simulation, and some have been used extensively in the field
Low valent phosphorus in the molecular anions [P5Se 12]5- and β-[P6Se12] 4-: Phase change behavior and near infrared second harmonic generation

The caesium salts of the novel molecular anions [P5Se12]5− and [P6Se12]4− are phase change materials and exhibit near infrared, non-linear optical second harmonic generation; [P5Se12]5− is a coordination complex with an octahedral P3+ center chelated by two [P2Se6]4− ligands whereas [P6Se12]4− features a [P2]4+ dimer chelated by two [P2Se6]4− ligands.
Using Abstraction-driven Slicing for Postmortem Analysis of Software

Post-mortem analysis - the process of tracing software failure to source code - is an important means for maintenance engineers and regulatory reviewers for establishing the cause of an error. Historically, static slicing techniques have been used for aiding post-mortem fault analysis. However, the slices obtained in this manner can often be too large and may not give a clear understanding of the code when dealing with complex reactive systems. We propose using model abstraction in conjunction with slicing to ameliorate the problem of understanding large slices. Combining slicing with abstraction provides the analyst with an integrated cognition model, leading to a better understanding of the code, and consequently more efficient error analysis. We formalize this concept through the notion of abstraction-driven slicing, and use it to develop CAdS, an automated tool to aid postmortem error detection in C programs using abstraction-driven static slicing. We list our experiences with CAdS and illustrate how it can be used to reduce effort involved in the postmortem analysis process.
Emulsifying Properties of Food Proteins: Bovine Serum Albumin

Emulsifying activity (EA) of bovine serum albumin (BSA), at concentrations of 0.07 to 0.45 mM, was maximum at oil:water ratios (o:w) <2:8, in the pH range 4 to 8. At pH 8, the EA was greater than that at pH values below, i.e., < pH 7, but the energy required to form emulsions was higher., EA and emulsion stability (ES) were directly related and improved in NaCl; ES was maximum at pH 4. Surface load was directly related to the o:w and the increase in viscosity with protein load apparently reflected protein unfolding that was marked at an energy input of 680 106 J m-3. Data indicate that some native structure and flexibility of the BSA molecule are required for optimum emulsifying properties.
Compartmentalized Ras/MAPK signaling.

AbstractSignal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. It is now clear that the plasma membrane does not represent the only platform for Ras/MAPK signaling. Moreover, the plasma membrane itself is no longer considered a uniform structure but rather a patchwork of microdomains that can compartmentalize signaling. Signaling on internal membranes was first recognized on endosomes. Genetically encoded fluorescent probes for signaling events such as GTP/GDP exchange on Ras have revealed signaling on a variety of intracellular membranes, including the Golgi apparatus. In fibroblasts, Ras is activated on the plasma membrane and Golgi with distinct kinetics. The pathway by which Golgi-associated Ras becomes activated involves PLCγ and RasGRP1 and may also require retrograde trafficking of Ras from the plasma membrane to the Golgi as a consequence of depalmitoylation. Thu...
Successful Treatment of Murine Melanoma with Bryostatin 1

Bryostatins are a novel class of protein kinase C activators which were isolated from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina and found to possess both antineoplastic and immunoenhancing properties. In this report, we examined the relationship between the in vivo and in vitro antineoplastic effects of bryostatin 1. The in vivo antitumor activity of bryostatin 1 was demonstrated in a B16 melanoma pulmonary metastases model, in which treatment of tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice with 5 days of bryostatin 1 resulted in a significant reduction in of the number of lung nodules (control, 87; bryostatin, 7). There was a clear dose-response effect, with the optimal antimelanoma dose being 100 micrograms/kg/day, but even low doses of bryostatin 1 of 1 micrograms/kg/day resulted in a 53% reduction in the number of metastases. Although bryostatin 1 shares many biological properties with the phorbol esters, parallel treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoyl 13-phorbol acetate was ineffective against B16 melanoma in vivo. Using a clonogenic assay, bryostatin 1 was found to have a direct antiproliferative effect against B16 melanoma. This inhibition occurred at relatively high bryostatin 1 concentrations (10(-6) M), in comparison with a sensitive cell line REH (10(-10) M). Treatment of mice with bryostatin 1 or preincubation of normal spleen cells with bryostatin 1 failed to enhance nonspecific cell-mediated cytotoxicity against B16 melanoma in vitro. Moreover, bryostatin 1 was found to inhibit both natural killer cell activity and interleukin 2 generation of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Thus, a role for an in vivo immune enhancement mechanism as the basis for the antimelanoma activity observed with bryostatin 1 cannot be invoked from these experiments. These findings indicate that bryostatin 1 may act directly on the B16 melanoma pulmonary metastases. The precise mechanism whereby bryostatin exerts its antimelanoma effects remains unclear.
Link of Manager Behavior to Supervisor Performance Rating and Subordinate Satisfaction

Data from 503 subordinates and the corresponding bosses of a group of 94 first-level managers were used to test the hypotheses that different managerial behaviors are related to subordinate satisfaction and bosses' rating of performance. The results indicate that a manager's consideration and structuring behavior are related to subordinate satisfaction, whereas structuring was the only behavior related to higher performance ratings from bosses.
Connectionism and the mind-body problem: exposing the distinction between mind and cognition

Does PDP-style connectionism imply that there are no such things as belief? Ramsey, Stich & Garson (1991) have argued that it does, but their argument depends on a particular construal of the ontology of beliefs, according to which beliefs are discrete inner causal entities. In this paper I situate their argument within the broader issues of the clash of scientific and manifest images of the world, and the ontological mind-body problem. Their way of understanding belief places them in a long tradition of philosophers who conceive of mind and cognition as the same thing, a tradition that includes people as diverse as Descartes, Fodor, Churchland, and virtually all current cognitive scientists and cognitive neuroscientists. An alternative perspective on the nature of belief was championed by Ryle and is currently exemplified by Dennett's neo-instrumentalism. I argue that PDP-style connectionism, rather than implying that there are no beliefs, implies that the construal of the ontology of belief within the mind-as-cognition framework is mistaken. Beliefs are not discrete inner causal entities. Mind is not ontologically homogeneous; rather, like an economy, it is made up of a diversity of entities of very different ontological kinds interrelated in complex ways. Hence cognitive science is not the science of the mind; it is the science of cognition, which is only one aspect of mind.
Emerging Cyber-Security Issues of Autonomy and the Psychopathology of Intelligent Machines

The central thesis of this paper is that the technology of intelligent, autonomous machines gives rise to novel fault modes that are not seen in other types of automation. As a consequence, autonomous systems provide new vectors for cyber-attack with the potential consequence of subversion, degraded behavior or outright failure of the autonomous system. While we can only pursue the analogy so far, maladaptive behavior and the other symptoms of these fault modes in some cases may resemble those found in humans. The term “psychopathology” is applied to fault modes of the human mind, but as yet we have no equivalent area of study for intelligent, autonomous machines. This area requires further study in order to document and explain the symptoms of unique faults in intelligent systems, whether they occur in nominal conditions or as a result of an outside, purposeful attack. By analyzing algorithms, architectures and what can go wrong with autonomous machines, we may a) gain insight into mechanisms of intelligence; b) learn how to design out, work around or otherwise mitigate these new failure modes; c) identify potential new cyber-security risks; d) increase the trustworthiness of machine intelligence. Vigilance and attention management mechanisms are identified as specific areas of risk.
Psychotherapy Analog Studies

Analog research is one of many types of investigational designs that can be employed to study the processes and/or outcomes of psychotherapies. The research methods in psychotherapy analog studies involve participants and/or settings that are analogous, or similar, to the actual clinical phenomena of interest. A primary advantage of psychotherapy analog studies is to increase internal validity by enhancing rigor of the methods. Although analog methods have been criticized for lacking application to “real life,” they have various strengths, including easier access to, and convenience of, securing the necessary sample size of participants. Furthermore, these approaches help protect individuals with more severe forms of psychological disorders by testing methods first on analog participants, who are likely to be psychologically healthier. The most common type of analog research today involves analog patients. Keywords: psychotherapy research; research design; research methods; psychotherapies; methodology; research
The Role of the NF-kappaB Transcriptome and Proteome as Biomarkers in Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

NF-κB is a family of signal-activated transcription factors comprising hetero- or homodimers from five different subunits, NF-κB1, NF-κB2, RELA, cREL and RELB. NF-κBs are normally transiently activated in response to infection or injury, but in cancers are aberrantly activated, regulating a transcriptome of hundreds of genes and corresponding proteome that promote pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance. In head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, an important role of NF-κB in the regulation of the altered transcriptome and proteome has been established, providing a catalog of activating and target genes and proteins that may be useful as biomarkers of alterations in this pathway for this and other cancers. An emerging appreciation that NF-κB and other signal pathways form an altered regulatory network highlights the need to use biomarkers and combine targeted agents for personalized therapy of cancer.
Recasting Anti-Civil Rights Violence

Since the late 1980s, communities across the South have been revisiting the white-on-black violence that prevailed in the mid-twentieth century. These “living history projects” seek to understand the nature, causes and consequences of such violence, and to bring public attention to many, heretofore unpublicized, episodes of racial crimes before the passage of time and political amnesia fade them into obscurity. Over the years this advocacy has yielded criminal prosecutions, new federal and state legislation, and truth commissions. These projects are more likely to succeed in deepening public understanding of the period if they rest on historically grounded theories about the violence whose effects they seek to remedy. That is my purpose here.In this article I focus on the character and function of violence against blacks during this era, identified here as anti-civil rights violence. I offer an analysis of the socio-legal attributes of anti-civil rights violence, placing it on a continuum with lynching on the one side and hate crimes on the other. I examine the law enforcement practices that sought to reconcile discrepancies between white values of racial hierarchy and positive law, and I seek to illuminate how the criminal law in the Deep South states absorbed, reflected and enforced the dominant racial norms in this early post-Brown, civil rights era. I consider what can be learned about law in this particular setting from various schools of thought about the dynamic and mutually constitutive relation between law, violence, and community values. I conclude that as formal law trended toward greater racial impartiality, it incorporated extra-legal violence to sustain the first order legal norm of white supremacy. Law derived its authority from both its exclusive control over state violence and its partnership with extra-legal violence.My conceptual observations are informed by my study of two forms of anti-civil rights violence – a series of kidnappings and bombings – that took place in several Southwest Mississippi communities in the 1960s. This study of Southwest Mississippi leads me to conclude that the predominant, top-down vision of anti-civil rights violence misses its most potent expressions, which were to be found at the local community level against everyday people.
Feeling Right Versus Feeling Wrong: The Reliance on Stereotypes in Consumer Judgments

This paper demonstrates that the effect of feeling right versus feeling wrong does not need to be limited to external cues only. Extending current research on the effect of regulatory fit on evaluations, this paper examines whether people’s fit experiences can also be applied to and affect the perceived "correctness" of internal cues, specifically stereotypes. Using previous findings of people’s stereotypical beliefs about the honesty of a for-profit and a not-for-profit organization, this paper demonstrates that regulatory fit can increase people’s reliance on stereotypes making evaluations stereotype-consistent while regulatory non-fit can decrease people’s reliance on stereotypes making evaluations stereotype-inconsistent. Therefore a for-profit organization is perceived to be more honest under fit but less honest under non-fit (as compared to a not-for-profit). Implications for companies in a PR crisis are discussed.
Reduced order Euler equations for unsteady aerodynamic flows - Numerical techniques

Fluid eigenmodes can be used to construct extremely efficient reduced order unsteady aerodynamic models of the Euler equations, which can also be used to perform highly efficient aeroelastic analyses. This is done by transforming the large set of primitive variable (density, velocity, etc.) equations into a much smaller set of decoupled (modal) equations. The technique of constructing a reduced order aerodynamic model is quite general and applies to most any CFD solver, regardless of the size of the primitive variable computational model. However, in practice the construction of reduced order representations of the CFD model is limited by the ability to accurately calculate the fluid eigenmodes. The difficulty of this calculation increases dramatically with the number of degrees of freedom in the primitive variable model. In this paper, two techniques are presented for calculating the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the large nonsymmetric matrices typically encountered with the discretized Euler equations: a Lanczos reduction and a Modified WYD reduction. The Lanczos reduction procedure is limited to small computational meshes (O(10) DOF). The Modified WYD reduction is developed here to extend the reduced order modelling technique to primitive variable systems with 0(10) DOF. Results presented in this paper demonstrate that a reduced order aeroelastic model created from a primitive variable system of this size predicts the onset of flutter within 0.5% of the conventional, refined mesh CFD based analysis, but at 10~ the cpu cost per analysis point. Nomenclature \9P] [vr.\
Associative relations in instrumental learning: The eighteenth Bartlett memorial lecture

Instrumental learning involves three primary events: a stimulus (S), a response (R), and an outcome (O). Evidence is reviewed indicating the presence of binary associations among those events, as well as a hierarchical structure of the form S–(R–O). Experiments examining the conditions that produce learning, the content of the learning once it has occurred, and the way learning maps into performance all suggest the presence of such a hierarchical structure.
Juxtaposing teatro de revista and cine: Music in the 1930s comedia ranchera

In the early 1900s, Mexico’s popular entertainment spectacle was the teatro de revista, a satirical theatrical genre derived from the Spanish zarzuela that combined social analysis and political commentary with burlesque. Combining monologues and comedic skits with music and dance performances, the revista became an important component in the daily lives of urban Mexicans, placing the popular of contemporary culture center stage. With the advent of sound cinema, several key players from the revista transferred their talents from the stage to the screen and molded a cinematic practice with strong theatrical origins. As a consequence of the crossover, these actors, musicians, and composers kept their fingers on the popular pulse of the nation as the overlap of revista structures into sound film provided an easy and non-intimidating way of enticing the urban audience to screening spaces. For the comedia ranchera (ranch comedy) during the 1930s, the synthesized revista provided a sturdy dramatic foundation, but the development of the film genre depended on musical performance because the protagonist, the singing charro, sang. Rancheras performed by mariachis dressed in full trajes de charros (charro suits) became one of the genre’s musical and visual signifiers, but the comedia ranchera’s musical compilation is much more diverse, juxtaposing several originally composed canciones mexicanas, canciones rancheras and traditional music. This paper examines the comedia ranchera of the 1930s not with the intention of concentrating on a picturesque representation of folklore on screen, but as an experimental product of a specific socio-cultural context and a vehicle of musical hybridization that created a successful cinematic formula for the national industry. I discuss those hybrid components such as the singing charro protagonist, theatrical practice, and melodramatic currents that structured the comedia ranchera, examining in particular Fernando de Fuentes’s groundbreaking Alla en el Rancho Grande (Over on the Big Ranch, 1936).
Vertical Distributions of Potato Leafhopper Nymphs (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on Potatoes Relative to Leaf Position, Plant Age, and Population Size

The vertical distributions of potato leafhopper nymphs, Empoasca fabae (Harris), on potato foliage were monitored over a cropping season. Three treatments were managed with insecticide sprays that allowed nymphal infestations to develop in early, mid-, or late season. The maximum populations ranged from 72 nymphs per 30 mid plant leaves in the early-season infestation to 10 nymphs per 30 midplant leaves in the late-season infestation. The maximum densities of nymphs always occurred within the midplant region, 3-11 leaves from the top, and the frequency distributions of nymphs per leaf generally fit the negative binomial distribution. For a given date, values of the negative binomial’s dispersion parameter, k , did not differ significantly between nymphal infestation levels, but k increased with plant age. Two ratio variables were created by dividing the mean number of nymphs per leaf and the mean number of nymphs per plant by the mean number of nymphs per leaf sampled within the midplant region. The values obtained for these ratios were independent of treatment for a given date, and they each changed with plant age. The ratio of nymphs per leaf to nymphs per midplant leaf increased linearly with increasing plant age, and the ratio of nymphs per plant to nymphs per midplant leaf first increased and then decreased with plant age.
Integrated Nanoscale Porous Silicon Photonic Structures for Molecular Sensing

The application of porous silicon photonic structures for integrated, label-free biosensing is presented. Specifically, on-chip porous silicon waveguides and Bloch surface-wave sensors will be discussed for the real-time detection of DNA and small biological molecules.
Reasonable Alternative Warnings: Injecting Rigor into Failure-to-Warn Litigation

Failure to warn remains a doctrine in distress. More than two decades ago, the authors published an article identifying a number of problems with failure-to-warn doctrine in products liability law. In essence, the article criticizes the law traditionally governing products warnings for being little more than an “empty shell,” allowing claims that need only be asserted rhetorically to reach the jury. Afterwards the authors served as Reporters for the Restatement, Third, of Torts: Products Liability, helping to write black-letter rules covering product warnings and a number of other subjects. Working on the Restatement project involved coming to terms with the similarities and differences between defective design and failure to warn. One important difference relates to what a plaintiff must prove to establish a product defect. Regarding design-based liability, American courts generally require plaintiffs to prove that a specifically-identified reasonable alternative design (RAD) was available at the time of commercial distribution of the product. Regarding alleged failures to warn, many courts impose no similar burdens on the plaintiff. In those jurisdictions, the plaintiff need only assert in conclusory fashion that the defendant’s warnings of nonobvious product-related risks were inadequate, without specifying exactly what warning the defendant should have given or proving that a different warning would have done any good. The authors conclude that the same rigor necessary for a plaintiff to make out a prima facie design defect case should be required for alleged failures to warn. Plaintiffs asserting warning claims should be required to specify, by suggesting a reasonable alternative warning (RAW), exactly how the defendant should have effectively communicated product-related risks and to prove how the RAW would have prevented or reduced the plaintiff’s harm. From a broader perspective, too much has been made of the differences between design and warning and not enough has been made of their similarities. This essay aims to set things right.
For the Small, Minority Business: A Trade Show May Be your Best Marketing Alternative

Small, minority businesses faced with budget limitations have traditionally avoided trade shows as a marketing alternative. However, close examination of factors such as cost-per-contact, large audiences, immediate reaction and competitive product comparisons, suggests that a trade show offers a small, minority business greater latitude in its marketing effort despite a limited budget. A trade show combines effective personal selling techniques with a shopping mall atmosphere. Probably, the greatest problem to solve before participating is obtaining adequate background information about a trade show and its operation. This paper is an attempt to initiate the interest of small, minority businesses in trade shows as a marketing alternative.
Sleep Duration in Relation to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in American Adults

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition being diagnosed in increasing numbers. While the link between sleep and ADHD is of increasing interest, the relationship between sleep duration and ADHD remains largely uninvestigated in adult populations. We evaluated the association between self-reported sleep duration and ADHD in a cohort of American adults using data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Of the 30,858 participants eligible for our analyses, there were 1,122 cases of ADHD. Elevated and diminished sleep durations were both associated with increased odds of reporting ADHD (≤ 6 hr: OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.19, 1.90; ≥ 9 hr: OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.26, 1.75) in fully adjusted models. Future prospective studies are necessary to further examine this association in adult patients.