cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respect for persons

We believe we owe one another respect. We believe we ought to pay what we owe by treating one another ‘with respect.’ If we could understand these beliefs we would be well on the way to understanding morality itself. If we could justify these beliefs we could vindicate a central part of our moral experience. Respect comes in many varieties. We respect some people for their upright character, others for their exceptional achievements. There are people we respect as forces of nature: we go to great lengths to accommodate their moods, wiles, and demands. Finally, most of us seem to respect people simply because they are people. This is the sort of respect of special interest to moral theory. In order to be worthy of this last sort of respect, it is not only sufficient but necessary that one be a person. We can, of course, take a similar attitude toward nonpersons.
People Who Are Not Legal and Who Are Not Alive in the Eyes of the Law

This Essay analyzes persons who, under the eyes of the law, are considered "illegal" or "alive."
Real-time image segmentation based on learning models

This paper presents real-time, digital image segmentation techniques using variable threshold functions. The approach is based on new learning models used to generate the variable threshold functions. The learning models are derived from discrete time functions often used in digital control system design. The techniques are successful to detect regions with different or poor light conditions and can be applied to images with occluded or noisy objects. In addition, the approach can be used to locate objects in a scene. The developed algorithms can also be integrated on a single monolithic integrated circuit or implemented as an embedded system for real-time applications.
Targeting CB2 cannabinoid receptors as a novel therapy to treat malignant lymphoblastic disease

In the current study, we examined whether ligation of CB2 receptors would lead to induction of apoptosis in tumors of immune origin and whether CB2 agonist could be used to treat such cancers. Exposure of murine tumors EL-4, LSA, and P815 to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in vitro led to a significant reduction in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis. Exposure of EL-4 tumor cells to the synthetic cannabinoid HU-210 and the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide led to significant induction of apoptosis, whereas exposure to WIN55212 was not effective. Treatment of EL-4 tumor-bearing mice with THC in vivo led to a significant reduction in tumor load, increase in tumor-cell apoptosis, and increase in survival of tumor-bearing mice. Examination of a number of human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, including Jurkat, Molt-4, and Sup-T1, revealed that they expressed CB2 receptors but not CB1. These human tumor cells were also susceptible to apoptosis induced by THC, HU-210, anandamide, and the CB2-selective agonist JWH-015. This effect was mediated at least in part through the CB2 receptors because pretreatment with the CB2 antagonist SR144528 partially reversed the THC-induced apoptosis. Culture of primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells with THC in vitro reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis. Together, the current data demonstrate that CB2 cannabinoid receptors expressed on malignancies of the immune system may serve as potential targets for the induction of apoptosis. Also, because CB2 agonists lack psychotropic effects, they may serve as novel anticancer agents to selectively target and kill tumors of immune origin.
In situ, real-time detection of soot particles coated with NaCl using 193 nm light

We report in situ, real-time detection of soot particles coated with NaCl using excimer laser fragmentation fluorescence spectroscopy (ELFFS). Carbon atom fluorescence at 248 nm and the Na D-line at 589 nm are used as signatures of soot and NaCl, respectively. Soot particles are encapsulated with a NaCl layer in a well-controlled inverted flame burner. NaCl particles are injected into the methane-air co-flow flame to coat the soot particles. ArF laser irradiation of the coated particles in an air stream at 1.14 J/cm2 produces fluorescence from Na, C, and CH. At 0.69 J/cm2, which is slightly above the fluorescence threshold, but not enough for considerable fragmentation of the particles, Na D-line persists with little carbon and no CH observed. These results suggest that the photolytic fragmentation-fluorescence using 193 nm excitation can be effectively used for in situ, real-time chemical analysis of core-shell nanoparticles.
Microstructural corpus callosum anomalies in children with prenatal alcohol exposure: an extension of previous diffusion tensor imaging findings.

Background: Several studies have now shown corpus callosum abnormalities using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in comparison with nonexposed controls. The data suggest that posterior regions of the callosum may be disproportionately affected. The current study builds on previous efforts, including our own work, and moves beyond midline corpus callosum to probe major inter-hemispheric white matter pathways with an improved DTI tractographic method. This study also expands on our prior work by evaluating a larger sample and by incorporating children with a broader range of clinical effects including full-criteria fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Methods: Participants included 33 children with FASD (8 FAS, 23 partial FAS, 2 static encephalopathy) and 19 nonexposed controls between the ages of 10 and 17 years. Participants underwent DTI scans and intelligence testing. Groups (FASD vs. controls) were compared on fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in 6 white matter tracts projected through the corpus callosum. Exploratory analyses were also conducted examining the relationships between DTI measures in the corpus callosum and measures of intellectual functioning and facial dysmorphology. Results: In comparison with the control group, the FASD group had significantly lower FA in 3 posterior tracts of the corpus callosum: the posterior mid-body, the isthmus, and the splenium. A trend-level finding also suggested lower FA in the genu. Measures of white matter integrity and cognition were correlated and suggest some regional specificity, in that only posterior regions of the corpus callosum were associated with visual-perceptual skills. Correlations between measures of facial dysmorphology and posterior regions of the corpus callosum were nonsignificant. Conclusions: Consistent with previous DTI studies, these results suggest that microstructural posterior corpus callosum abnormalities are present in children with prenatal alcohol exposure and cognitive impairment. These abnormalities are clinically relevant because they are associated with cognitive deficits and appear to provide evidence of abnormalities associated with prenatal alcohol exposure independent of dysmorphic features. As such, they may yield important diagnostic and prognostic information not provided by the traditional facial characteristics.
The Wisconsin Allergy Society fee and practice survey. A study for professional standard review organizations.

Abstract Physicians practicing allergy in the State of Wisconsin were surveyed regarding their fees charged and norms of practice relating to the diagnosis and management of patients with allergic diseases. Over 50% of the physicians surveyed responded and the results were compiled and analyzed. The data obtained provide an overview of the practice of a, medical subspecialty and can thus be used for possible peer evaluation.
Sustainability in Hospitality and Tourism Education: Towards an Integrated Curriculum

Abstract The growing importance of sustainability to the hospitality and tourism industry has resulted in an increased pedagogical discussion pertaining to how to incorporate sustainability into the undergraduate curriculum. The previous discussion has largely focused on the need to teach sustainability within the hospitality and tourism curriculum (Deale et al., 2009), and determining hospitality and tourism stakeholders' attitudes towards teaching sustainability in the curriculum (Barber et al., 2011). Despite the strong interest in sustainability, Deale et al. (2009) article reveals that sustainability is rarely taught within the curriculum. This study moves the discussion away from should sustainability be taught within the hospitality and tourism curriculum towards a discussion of how to best teach sustainability within the curriculum. This article suggests that an integrated sustainability curriculum will provide students with a better education and better preparation for the hospitality and tourism...
Liposomes as carriers of antitumor agents: toward a clinical reality.

Abstract For several years, liposomes have been explored as carriers of antitumor agents. Liposomes can be administered intravenously to carry lipid-soluble drugs, to improve drug stability, to target organs with fenestrated capillaries, to achieve an intravascular slow drug-release system, and to reduce drug levels in certain organs sensitive to toxicity. They also have significant potential for local therapy when administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. The preclinical development of liposome-entrapped antitumor agents has been, in general, slowed by cumbersome formulation problems. However, during the last few years, new drug loading techniques and a better selection of the drugs for liposome entrapment have resulted in pharmaceutically acceptable liposomal formulations or antitumor agents. Three preparations have been approved by the Federal Drug Administration, two containing doxorubicin, and the other a new lipophilic cisplatin analogue [cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diamino-cyclohexane platinum (II)]. In preclinical studies, these preparations were shown to be less toxic than the parent compounds and more active in models of liver micrometastases. Clinical Phase I and II studies with these formulations are now in progress. Although liposomal antitumor agents have no established role in the anticancer armamentarium at this stage, the information available suggests that they may improve the therapeutic index or broaden the applications of available antitumor agents and possibly act as carriers for newly designed liposome-dependent antitumor agents.
Multiresolutional decomposition and modeling with an application to joint probabilistic data association

A multiresolutional approach for measurement decomposition and system modeling is presented in this paper. The decomposition is performed in both spatial and time domains and provides an excellent platform for developing computationally efficient algorithms. Using multiresolutional decomposition and modeling, a multiresolutional joint probabilistic data association (MR-JPDA) algorithm is developed for multiple target tracking. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the computation of the MRJPDA algorithm is much less than the traditional joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) algorithm with a comparable performance.
Growth hormone deficiency in anorexia nervosa

malit ies of marg ina l pool and of m a r r o w release o f neutrophils , respectively. Our pa t ien t had no evidence o f cyclic neut ropenia , and no morphologic abnormal i t i e s o f his leukocytes. The symptoms in our pa t i en t appea red earlier t han in the pat ients of Miller and associates? REFERENCES 1. Miller ME, Oski FA, and Harris MB: Lazy-leucocyte syndrome. A new disorder of neutrophil function, Lancet 1:665, 1971. 2. Najjar VA, and Constantopoulos A: A new phagocytosisstimulating tetrapeptide hormone, Tuftsin, and its role in disease, J Reticuloend Soc 12:197, 1972. 3. Baehner RL, and Nathan DG: Quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium test in chronic granulomatous disease, N Engl J Med 278:971, 1968. 4. Rebuck JW, and Crowley JH: A method of studying leukoeytic functions in vivo, Ann NY Acad Sci 59:757, 1955. 5. Bryant RE, DesPrez RM, VanWay MH, and Rogers DE: Studies on human leukocyte motility, J Exp Med 124:483, 1966. 6. Miller ME, Norman ME, Koblenzer PJ, et al: A new familial defect of neutrophil movement, J Lab Clin Med 82:1, 1973. 7. Miller ME, and Nilsson VR: A familial deficiency of the phagocytosis-enhancing activity of serum related to a dysfunction of the fifth component of complement (Ca), N Engl J Med 282:354, 1970. 8. Ward PA, and Schlegel RJ: Impaired leucotactic responsiveness in a child with recurrent infections, Lancet 1:344, 1969. 9. Smith CW, Hollers JC, Dupree E, Goldman AS, and Lord RA: A serum inhibitor of leukotaxis in a child with recurrent infections, J Lab Clin Med 79:878, 1972.
Observation on the quantum numbers of linked Z-string

The quantum numbers of linked {ital Z}-string configurations due to fermion zero modes is discussed. Treating the weak mixing angle ({theta}{sub w}) as a free parameter, we find that the energy is minimized when sin{sup 2}thinsp{theta}{sub w}=3/8 and that the quantum numbers take on very simple values at this value of sin{sup 2}thinsp{theta}{sub w}. In particular, the baryon number is N{sub F}/2, exactly as for the sphaleron. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
A Double Well Lattice for Dynamically Manipulating Pairs of Cold Atoms

We describe the design and implementation of a double-well optical lattice suitable for isolating and manipulating individual pairs of atoms. This lattice will be used to test controlled atom motion and controlled two-qubit gates.
A high energy approximation for calculating H0 scattering distributions from H− neutralization reactions☆

An accurate approximation to the H0 scattering distribution from generic H− neutralizations reactions H−+X→H0+e+X is derived from the standard three-body Bom formulation. It is shown that the H− inelastic transition amplitude approximately factors into the H0 momentum density and a scattered wave distortion function that depends only on the momentum transfer. This separation of passive and dynamic reaction variables enables reduction of the three-body kinematics to an effective two-body problem. For simple H− wavefunctions the distribution of H0 in angle and energy can then be obtained analytically. Comparison with the full numerical solution of the three-body Bom calculation for various target materials demonstrates that the factored model predictions of (dσdθ)σ and (dσdE)σ are accurate to within a few percent. Furthermore, the results show that these distributions are largely independent of the choice of neutralizer.
IMPROVED PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MIXED TIO2/SIO2 AND TIO2/AL2O3 MATERIALS

The characterization of mixed oxides of TiO2/SiO2 and TiO2/Al2O3 prepared by sol−gel methods is described. Application of the TiO2/Al2O3 material for the photocatalytic decomposition of salicylic acid gave improved activity relative to TiO2-only materials. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2/SiO2, TiO2/Al2O3, and TiO2 toward the photocatalytic decomposition of phenol demonstrated the enhancement of local TiO2 sites on TiO2/SiO2 materials relative to the other materials. The characterization of the catalysts indicates that the TiO2/SiO2 materials consist of matrix-isolated TiO2 quantum particles, while the TiO2/Al2O3 materials do not.
Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments

Template-electrodeposited polymer/Pt microtube engines display efficient propulsion in a wide range of real-life samples ranging from seawater to human serum. Remarkably high speeds are observed in fuel-enhanced raw serum, apple juice, seawater, lake and river water samples. Our results indicate that polymer-based microengines hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications and that real samples exert different effects upon propulsion of different bubble-propelled microtube engines.
Submissive distance in the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus

Abstract Observations on pairs of golden hamsters indicated that the average distance at which the animals show submissive behaviour patterns is significantly variable. This distance was significantly higher in hamsters which had been isolated than in those which had been housed in groups of four. Also, this distance was affected significantly for isolate animals by the previous amount of experience they had had in the observation box. Ranking animals by distance at which they showed submissive patterns was negatively correlated with a ranking by dominance.
A New Medium for Isolation and Presumptive Identification of Aeromonas Salmonicida

(1962). A New Medium for Isolation and Presumptive Identification of Aeromonas Salmonicida. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 184-184.
Effect of bed compression on high-performance liquid chromatography columns with gigaporous polymeric packings

The behavior of chromatographic columns packed with gigaporous, highly cross-linked styrenic particles was investigated for use in protein separation by reversed-phase chromatography at high flow velocities. Stainless-steel columns which were 3.5 or 7.5 cm long and had an inner diameter of 0.46 mm were slurry packed with 8 or 20 mm diameter spherical particles of 4000 A mean pore size by using methanol as the packing fluid. It was found that the conditions employed during the packing process have a dramatic effect on the properties of such columns and that this can be attributed in part to the deformability of the particles. An increase in the packing pressure to approximately 6000 p.s.i. (41 MPa) resulted in a higher mass-transfer efficiency for the column with a concomitant decrease in permeability. This is ascribed to a decrease in the interstitial porosity with increasing packing pressure since the experimentally measured plate heights for these columns were found to agree quantitatively with theoretical predictions that relate changes in the interstitial porosity to intraparticle mass transfer. However, the theoretically derived relationship between porosity, permeability, and efficiency does not hold for columns packed at pressures higher than 6000 p.s.i., in which case the total column porosity was found to be high while the permeability and column efficiency were low. This behavior is explained by the formation of a low-porosity layer of highly compressed particles at the downstream end of the column during high pressure packing so that the assumption of axially uniform column properties used in the theoretical approach leads to very large errors.
Decision Making with Uncertain Judgments: A Stochastic Formulation of the Analytic Hierarchy Process*

In the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), priorities are derived via a deterministic method, the eigenvalue decomposition. However, judgments may be subject to error. A stochastic characterization of the pairwise comparison judgment task is provided and statistical models are introduced for deriving the underlying priorities. Specifically, a weighted hierarchical multinomial logit model is used to obtain the priorities. Inference is then conducted from the Bayesian viewpoint using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The stochastic methods are found to give results that are congruent with those of the eigenvector method in matrices of different sizes and different levels of inconsistency. Moreover, inferential statements can be made about the priorities when the stochastic approach is adopted, and these statements may be of considerable value to a decision maker. The methods described are fully compatible with judgments from the standard version of AHP and can be used to construct a stochastic formulation of it.
Characterization of anthropogenic and natural sources of acid rock drainage at the Cinnamon Gulch abandoned mine land inventory site, Summit County, Colorado

Colorado's Cinnamon Gulch releases acid rock drainage (ARD) from anthropogenic and natural sources. In 2001, the total discharge from Cinnamon Gulch was measured at 1.02 cfs (29 L/s) at base flow and 4.3 cfs (122 L/s) at high flow (spring runoff). At base flow, natural sources account for 98% of the discharge from the watershed, and about 96% of the chemical loading. At high flow, natural sources contribute 96% of discharge and 92 to 95% of chemical loading. The pH is acidic throughout the Cinnamon Gulch watershed, ranging from 2.9 to 5.4. At baseflow, nearly all of the trace metals analyzed in the 18 samples exceeded state hardness-dependent water quality standards for aquatic life. Maximum dissolved concentrations of selected constituents included 16 mg/L aluminum, 15 mg/L manganese, 40 mg/L iron, 2 mg/L copper, 560 μg/L lead, 8.4 mg/L zinc, and 300 mg/L sulfate. Average dissolved concentrations of selected metals at baseflow were 5.5 mg/L aluminum, 5.5 mg/L manganese, 14 μg/L cadmium, 260 μg/L copper, 82 μg/L lead, and 2.8 mg/L zinc.
Intrasubstance ruptures of the biceps brachii: Diagnosis and management

Traumatic intrasubstance ruptures of the biceps brachii are rare and historically specific to military static line parachute jumps; however, these injuries have recently been reported in the civilian literature. Diagnosis is made by history, clinical weakness in supination and elbow flexion, extensive ecchymosis and edema, and a palpable defect. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are useful to confirm the diagnosis and injury severity. Nonoperative treatment involves splinting in acute flexion. Percutaneous hematoma aspiration has been described. Early surgical intervention with primary repair has been shown to be more successful than late reconstruction. Studies comparing operative and nonoperative treatment are lacking.
Offshore Threats: Liquefied Natural Gas, Terrorism, and Environmental Debate in Connecticut

Broadwater Energy is one of a number of recent proposals to construct a liquefied natural gas facility along the East Coast of the United States. The proposal calls for the construction of an import and regasification terminal in Long Island Sound, roughly halfway between the states of New York and Connecticut. First made public in 2004 by its sponsors, TransCanada and Shell, the Broadwater proposal has inspired opposition from a range of interest groups. An examination of the Broadwater debate with a focus on arguments made by Connecticut residents in the months leading up to the release in late 2006 of the proposal's Draft Environmental Impact Statement reveals explicit and implicit points of overlap between concerns about the facility's environmental impacts and concerns about its status as a potential terrorist target. Discussions about terrorism deployed in the Broadwater debate have initiated and informed a politics of scale through which themes common to environmental debates have been transformed....
Backbone 1 H, 15 N, and 13 C resonance assignments and secondary structure of the tollip CUE domain

The Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) is a negative regulator of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammation response. Tollip is a modular protein that contains an Nterminal Tom1-binding domain (TBD), a central conserved domain 2 (C2), and a C-terminal coupling of ubiquitin to endoplasmic reticulum degradation (CUE) domain. Here, we report the sequence-specific backbone (1)H, (15)N, and (13)C assignments of the human Tollip CUE domain. The CUE domain was found to be a stable dimer as determined by size-exclusion chromatography and molecular crosslinking studies. Analysis of the backbone chemical shift data indicated that the CUE domain exhibits three helical elements corresponding to 52% of the protein backbone. Circular dichroism spectrum analysis confirmed the helical nature of this domain. Comparison of the location of these helical regions with those reported for yeast CUE domains suggest differences in length for all helical elements. We expect the structural analysis presented here will be the foundation for future studies on the biological significance of the Tollip CUE domain, its molecular interactions, and the mechanisms that modulate its function during the inflammatory response.
Irish coffee? Well, something better …

Purpose – This paper aims to report on the IFSAM (International Federation of Scholarly Associations of Management) 2012 conference, held in Limerick, Ireland, on 26‐30 June 2012.Design/methodology/approach – The paper summarizes the conference, including keynote presentations and conference sessions.Findings – The author concludes that the conference was a very enriching and rewarding experience, and allowed participants and experts every opportunity to create an interpretive environment for learning.Originality/value – This paper provides a detailed report and summary of the IFSAM (International Federation of Scholarly Associations of Management) 2012 conference.
A model for the 1/f noise corner frequency of FETs on semi-insulating substrates based on bulk phenomena: Theory and experiments

Abstract We have developed a formula for the 1/f noise corner frequency for GaAs MESFETs. The formula is based on a new theory where the 1/f noise is a bulk phenomena with localized high frequency variations and long range low frequency fluctuations in the substrate with the lowest frequency being constrained only by the thickness of the material. The model is based on employing a distributed equivalent circuit technique in evaluating the semi-insulating substrate. Preliminary results demonstrate a close consistency between modeled and measured data.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen, III. Darstellung von unsymmetrischen Phosphinen und unsymmetrischen Phosphinsäurechloriden

Die Darstellung und Charakterisierung von Methylathyl-, Methyl-n-propyl-, Methyl-n-butyl-und Methylphenylphosphin sowie die entsprechenden Phosphinsaurechloride werden beschrieben.
Biliary excretion of sulfobromophthalein compounds in normal and mutant corriedale sheep. Evidence for a disproportionate transport defect for conjugated sulfobromophthalein

Biliary excretion of dye was evaluated in three normal and one mutant Corriedale sheep (characterized by depressed biliary transport of many organic anions) during infusion of unconjugated sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and its preformed glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH). Maximal dye excretion rates in bile in normal sheep were higher when BSP-GSH rather than BSP was administered. In confirmation of earlier studies, dye excretion in bile was markedly depressed in the mutant animal. However, movement of unconjugated BSP from liver cells into bile remained relatively intact whereas transport of conjugated BSP compounds was virtually absent. Preservation of unconjugated dye entry into bile suggests the presence of a transport mechanism for unconjugated BSP which is preserved in mutant sheep and is distinct from that involved in BSP-GSH excretory transport. Renal clearance of conjugated BSP compounds was greater than of unconjugated BSP and clearance values were comparable in the normal and mutant sheep. Thus, no excretory defect comparable to that present in liver was identifiable in the kidney.
Visualizing retrieved information: a survey

Clearly, the presentation method for information retrieved from the global information infrastructure (GII) makes a big difference to users. The NCSA Mosaic interface, for example, with its point-and-click multimedia page presentation, swelled popular interest in the World Wide Web. This experience suggests the possibility of increased usefulness if we apply visualization techniques to information retrieved from the GII. Note that, although the term "information visualization" is coming into use, the goal is really "information perceptualization". The latter implies a richer use of many senses, including sound and touch, to increase the rate at which people can assimilate and understand information. In discussing the visualization of retrieved information, it helps to consider four functional levels: (1) the infosphere, (2) the workspace, (3) sense-making tools, and (4) the document. This simple classification lets us separate the functions served by the visualizations from the techniques themselves, which can be applied across functional levels.
The best of two worlds: Integrating IBM InfoSphere Streams with Apache YARN

The seamless confluence of data in motion and data at rest has the potential to redefine the Big Data analytics landscape in a diverse range of domains. To make this happen, existing data intensive computing frameworks need to be repurposed and integrated at control, data, and management levels. Towards this end, we present the system level integration of IBM InfoSphere Streams with Apache YARN. Our design leverages the key differentiating features of the two frameworks to blend high throughput batch-processing with near line-rate, low latency stream-processing. In addition, both frameworks are able to share resources and offer the same interfaces that their users are accustomed to. Using two real-world examples, we illustrate how such a system can be used in production.
MATURATION OF HEMOLYSIN-PRODUCING CELL CLONES II. THE APPEARANCE AND LOCALIZATION OF PRECURSOR UNITS IN LYMPHOID TISSUES OF NEONATAL MICE

Cells capable of reacting with sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antigen to maturate and produce hemolysin appear simultaneously in the bone marrow and spleen of 1-day old Swiss-Webster mice. However, hemolysin-producing cell clones (HPCC) do not result. Complete functional precursor units generally appear in the spleens of mice older than 3 days. In vivo and in vitro data correlate well in this regard. Complete precursor units are not seen in the bone marrow and only very rarely in the thymus. The efficiency of precursor units of neonatal mice when they become functional approximates that of the mature animal when based on the doubling time of plaque-forming cells (PFC). Possible explanations of the initial appearance of incomplete precursor units have been discussed.
Increasing Text Comprehension and Graphic Note Taking Using a Partial Graphic Organizer

Abstract. In 3 quasi-experiments using intact classrooms and 1 true experiment using random assignment, students completed partially complete graphic organizers (GOs) or studied complete GOs that covered course content. The partial task led to increased overall examination performance in all experiments. Also, the authors measured students' note-taking style (linear vs. graphic) at the beginning and end of the course. In all experiments, GO note taking increased. The increases were greatest when the authors presented the partial task in a computer environment with a timed, forced-choice task. Implications for using the partial GO task in the classroom, as well as future note-taking research directions are discussed.
The SRPT—An automatic parallel plate plastimeter for controlling compound processibility

Abstract The SRPT—the stress relaxation processibility tester—may be applied for the same purposes as any parallel plate plastimeter, such as the Williams, Defo and Wallace plastimeters, but has advantages over each of these. Testing with the SRPT is fast, simple and automatic. The SRPT also measures stress relaxation, which is not possible with the other parallel plate plastimeters. This facility allows SRPT data to be interpreted in terms not only of plasticity but also of nerve. Applications for the SRPT include raw material control, mixing control, scorch protection and the control of compounds for moulding, calendering and extrusion. Potential applications include measurement of green strength, the control of sponge compounds, and the prediction of die swell behaviour. Processibility can be assessed by using a simple ‘processibility plot’, but certain rules must be observed when evaluating the SRPT for this purpose.
Pattern reversal evoked potentials: gender differences and age-related changes in amplitude and latency ☆

Abstract This report is intended to complement the current body of literature by describing pattern reversal evoked potential (PREP) component amplitudes and latencies in a larger sample than has been previously studied and providing comparisons of males and females across the lifespan. Binocular PREPs were measured from 406 normal subjects, 6–80 years of age. In general, latencies were found to decrease during maturation, stabilize across early adulthood, then begin to increase sometime after the late 20s. There were minimal gender differences in latencies during development but males tended to have longer latencies than females during adulthood. Across the lifespan, amplitudes were larger for females. Results of regression analyses using the entire data set were compared to results of separate regression analyses for developmental years (6–20).and adulthood (21–80). Separate analyses appear to provide more useful descriptions of PREP latency and amplitude changes across the lifespan. It is clear that predicted normal values can vary depending on age range and relative proportion of males and females comprising a reference sample. Appropriate clinical values should be based on age- and sex-matched normal subjects and should be specific with regard to technical and methodological variables.
Age-dependent changes in voltage-gated calcium channels and ATP-dependent potassium channels in fisher 344 rats

1. 1. Radioligand binding and 45Ca2+ uptake measurements quantitated ion channel numbers and properties in brain membranes from Fisher 344 rats at 6, 12, 18 and 30 months of age. 2. 2. Decreases in 1,4-dihydropyridine density occurred in striatum, hippocampus and cortex with a decreased affinity. 3. 3. Decreases in w-conotoxin binding occurred in hippocampus and striatum with an increase in affinity. 4. 4. K+ depolarization-mediated 45Ca2+ uptake decreased only in striatum at 18 months. 5. 5. Decreases in glibenclamide binding occurred in cortex and cerebellum at 12–30 months. 6. 6. No changes in 1,4-dihydropyridine binding occurred with age in heart, but glibenclamide binding density was significantly decreased at 30 months.
Formation and Adsorption of Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles onto Functionalized Silica Nanoparticle Surfaces

This paper reports a systematic investigation of the growth and attachment of small gold nanoparticles to the functionalized surfaces of larger silica nanoparticles. Dilution of the gold nanoparticles in mixtures of water and ethanol led to the self-assembly of gold nanoparticles in aggregates of regular size and shape attached to the surfaces of the silica nanoparticles. Functionalization of the surfaces of silica nanoparticles with different terminal groups had a profound influence over the coverage of gold nanoparticles and clusters. While the hydrophilic functional groups NH2 and SH bound the gold nanoparticles, hydrophobic functional groups such as CH3 and PPh2 did not. The coverage of the gold nanoparticles and clusters on the surfaces of the silica nanoparticles was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy.
The Brucella TIR-like protein TcpB interacts with the death domain of MyD88.

The pathogen Brucella melitensis secretes a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain containing protein that abrogates host innate immune responses. In this study, we have characterized the biochemical interactions of Brucella TIR-like protein TcpB with host innate immune adaptor proteins. Using protein-fragment complementation assays based on Gaussia luciferase and green fluorescent protein, we find that TcpB interacts directly with MyD88 and that this interaction is significantly stronger than the interaction of TcpB with TIRAP, the only other adaptor protein that detectably interacts with TcpB. Surprisingly, the TcpB–MyD88 interaction depends on the death domain (DD) of MyD88, and TcpB does not interact with the isolated TIR domain of MyD88. TcpB disrupts MyD88DD-MyD88DD, MyD88DD-MyD88TIR and MyD88DD-MyD88 interactions but not MyD88–MyD88 or MyD88TIR-MyD88TIR interactions. Structural models consistent with these results suggest how TcpB might inhibit TLR signaling by targeting MyD88 via a DD–TIR domain interface.
Mismatch dislocations and lattice distortion for Cd(S, Se) films grown on (111), (110) and (001) InP substrates

Abstract The lattice distortion produced by the change in the crystal structure at the interface of wurtzite grown on (111), (110), and (001) zincblende substrates is described. The mismatch dislocations at the heterojunction interface and the dangling bonds produced by them are described, and the density of each type of dangling bond is determined as a function of composition for the Cd(S, Se)-InP system. It is shown that the dangling bond density can be reduced to zero on the (111) substrate using the appropriate ternary composition whereas it cannot be reduced to zero on the other two substrates; there is only one type of dangling bond at any given composition for the (111) substrate whereas for the other two substrates there can be as many as three; and the total dangling bond density is largest for the (001) substrate and smallest for the (111) substrate for most compositions.
MOLView: A program for analyzing and displaying atomic structures on the Macintosh personal computer

Abstract A program is described that allows the user to analyze and display atomic structures on any Macintosh personal computer. The program reads ASCII format structure files including PDB, plot files from the graphics programs O and FRODO, and Cartesian coordinates from ChemDraw 3D. The program has a graphical interface that features floating button palettes for objects and tools. The structures may be displayed using stick, ball-and-stick, space-filling, and ribbon models. Each type of drawing can be colored according to a variety of schemes to accentuate various structural aspects. The figures can be rotated, displayed in stereo, and exported using the Clipboard, PICT files, or Quick-Time movies. The structure can be further analyzed by displaying hydrogen bonds, making Ramachandran plots, labeling atoms, measuring distances, and finding neighboring atoms. By using the Macintosh computer and emphasizing a graphical interface, this program helps to bring structural analysis to students and researchers that may not have access to, or experience with, large graphics work-stations. In addition, the object-oriented output PICT images are ideal for creating publication-ready diagrams that can be easily modified or inserted into other documents (e.g., see Refs. 1–3).
Disinhibition of female sexual behavior by a CRH receptor antagonist in Syrian hamsters

Several conditions that inhibit female sexual behavior are thought to be associated with altered corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) activity in the brain. The present experiments examined the hypothesis that endogenous CRH receptor signaling mediates the inhibition of estrous behavior by undernutrition and in other instances of sexual dysfunction. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of CRH or urocortin inhibited estrous behavior in ovariectomized steroid-primed hamsters. Conversely, ICV infusion of the CRH receptor antagonist astressin prevented the suppression of estrous behavior by food deprivation or by ICV administration of neuropeptide Y. Astressin treatment also induced sexual receptivity in nonresponders, animals that do not normally come into heat when treated with hormones, and this effect persisted in subsequent weekly tests in the absence of any further astressin treatment. Activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis was neither necessary nor sufficient to inhibit estrous behavior, indicating that this phenomenon is due to other central actions of CRH receptor agonists. This is the first direct evidence that CRH receptor signaling may be a final common pathway by which undernutrition and other conditions inhibit female sexual behavior.
Route of Melatonin Secretion in Sheep

To determine the proportion of the total melatonin output which is secreted directly into the third ventricle of sheep, samples of blood from the jugular vein and of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cisterna magna were obtained during 128-min intervals on three consecutive nights from four ewes. Blood was withdrawn continuously at a rate of 3 ml/min and pooled into 1-min fractions. Simultaneously with the collection of blood, 0.5-ml samples of CSF were obtained from the cisterna magna every 4 min. Melatonin concentrations were quantified in all samples by radioimmunoassay. During the sampling interval of the first night, lights were left on for 32 min, turned off for 64 min, and then turned back on for an additional 32 min. These samples were utilized to obtain the concentration profiles of melatonin in jugular blood and cisternal CSF during an endogenous surge of melatonin secretion. Plasma concentrations of melatonin remained between 10 and 100 pg/ml in two Corriedale crossbred ewes and between 200 an...
A cable-driven locomotor training system for restoration of gait in human SCI

A novel cable-driven robotic locomotor training system was developed to provide compliant assistance/resistance forces to the legs during treadmill training in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Eleven subjects with incomplete SCI were recruited to participate in two experiments to test the feasibility of the robotic gait training system. Specifically, 10 subjects participated in one experimental session to test the characteristics of the robotic gait training system and one subject participated in repeated testing sessions over 8 weeks with the robotic device to test improvements in locomotor function. Limb kinematics were recorded in one experiment to evaluate the system characteristics of the cable-driven locomotor trainer and the overground gait speed and 6 min walking distance were evaluated at pre, 4 and 8 weeks post treadmill training of a single subject as well. The results indicated that the cable driven robotic gait training system improved the kinematic performance of the leg during treadmill walking and had no significant impact on the variability of lower leg trajectory, suggesting a high backdrivability of the cable system. In addition, results from a patient with incomplete SCI indicated that prolonged robotic gait training using the cable robot improved overground gait speed. Results from this study suggested that a cable driven robotic gait training system is effective in improving leg kinematic performance, yet allows variability of gait kinematics. Thus, it seems feasible to improve the locomotor function in human SCI using this cable driven robotic system, warranting testing with a larger group of patients.
Rescue of holoprosencephaly in fetal alcohol-exposed Cdon mutant mice by reduced gene dosage of Ptch1.

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a commonly occurring developmental defect in which midline patterning of the forebrain and midface is disrupted. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is required during multiple stages of rostroventral midline development, and heterozygous mutations in SHH pathway components are associated with HPE. However, clinical presentation of HPE is highly variable, and carriers of heterozygous mutations often lack apparent defects. It is therefore thought that such mutations must interact with more common modifiers, genetic and/or environmental. We have modeled this scenario in mice. Cdon mutant mice have a largely subthreshold defect in SHH signaling, rendering them sensitive to a wide spectrum of HPE phenotypes by additional hits that are themselves insufficient to produce HPE, including transient in utero exposure to ethanol. These variable HPE phenotypes may arise in embryos that fail to reach a threshold level of SHH signaling at a specific developmental stage. To provide evidence for this possibility, here we tested the effect of removing one copy of the negative regulator Ptch1 from Cdon−/− embryos and compared their response to ethanol with that of Cdon−/−;Ptch1+/+ embryos. Ptch1 heterozygosity decreased the penetrance of HPE in this system by >75%. The major effect of reduced Ptch1 gene dosage was on penetrance, as those Cdon−/−;Ptch1+/− embryos that displayed HPE did not show major differences in phenotype from Cdon−/−;Ptch1+/+ embryos with ethanol-induced HPE. Our findings are consistent with the notion that even in an etiologically complex model of HPE, the level of SHH pathway activity is rate-limiting. Furthermore, the clinical outcome of an individual carrying a SHH pathway mutation will likely reflect the sum effect of both deleterious and protective modifier alleles and their interaction with non-genetic risk factors like fetal alcohol exposure.
Aging of Distribution and Other Lifeline Systems Due to Corrosion

Statistics derived from public works maintenance records for buried steel and cast iron pipelines indicate that aging may be seen in increasing rates of repairs. Maintenance increases with age due to cumulative traffic loads, ground settlement and, among the most important causes, corrosion. The tendency for repair rates gradually to increase and the opposing effects of corrosion control and planned replacement are punctuated by the rapid rise in leakage and required maintenance in the aftermath of an earthquake. These data were uncovered as a byproduct of studying five western US earthquakes in which performance of steel pipelines under seismic conditions and under normal operating conditions appear to be correlated. Evidence also points to temporary and, sometimes, to permanent increase in the rate of leakage and failure in the aftermath of an earthquake. The underlying cause of this correlation is thinning of pipe walls due to corrosion, which is facilitated by stray current and conductive soil. 6 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Preparation of controlled release anticancer agents I: 5-fluorouracil-ethyl cellulose microspheres

Microspheres of 5-fluorouracil have been prepared, using three grades of ethyl cellulose as wall forming materials, and utilizing a solvent evaporation technique under ambient conditions. An alcoholic solution of 5-fluorouracil and polymer was dispersed in liquid paraffin containing 33.3 per cent n-heptane. The effect of stirring rate, time of stirring, drug loading, and polymer grade on drug release in two different media were evaluated. The drug loaded particles were spherical in shape and had a diameter range of 25-200 mm and were suitable for incorporating into a gel base. Drug release studies in aqueous media, showed that acidic media provide a faster release rate than neutral media. The drug release study from an aqueous gel base preparation at pH 7.0 through a synthetic membrane was found to be promising for formulation of a gel-microsphere product for the treatment of skin lesions.
The Rad51-dependent Pairing of Long DNA Substrates Is Stabilized by Replication Protein A*

Rad51 protein forms nucleoprotein filaments on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and then pairs that DNA with the complementary strand of incoming duplex DNA. In apparent contrast with published results, we demonstrate that Rad51 protein promotes an extensive pairing of long homologous DNAs in the absence of replication protein A. This pairing exists only within the Rad51 filament; it was previously undetected because it is lost upon deproteinization. We further demonstrate that RPA has a critical postsynaptic role in DNA strand exchange, stabilizing the DNA pairing initiated by Rad51 protein. Stabilization of the Rad51-generated DNA pairing intermediates can be can occur either by binding the displaced strand with RPA or by degrading the same DNA strand using exonuclease VII. The optimal conditions for Rad51-mediated DNA strand exchange used here minimize the secondary structure in single-stranded DNA, minimizing the established presynaptic role of RPA in facilitating Rad51 filament formation. We verify that RPA has little effect on Rad51 filament formation under these conditions, assigning the dramatic stimulation of strand exchange nevertheless afforded by RPA to its postsynaptic function of removing the displaced DNA strand from Rad51 filaments.
Are Smart Communicators Better? Soldier Aptitude and Team Performance

This article describes research conducted to provide empirically based, quantitative estimates of the relation between soldier aptitude and team performance. This study examines teams of Signal per...