cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote monitoring of winery and creamery environments with a wireless sensor system

Abstract The dynamic and seasonal environments of fermented food facilities are largely uncharacterized and can produce rich microbial communities. These environmental changes could affect product composition, the performance of the building and the health and safety of its occupants. This work demonstrates the characterization of fermented food facilities by continuous monitoring of the environment with a wireless sensor system. The system measures multiple air parameters throughout a building and displays the sensor data graphically in real-time on any web browser-enabled device. Design emphasis was placed on ease of installation, minimal maintenance and convenient access to the data. The system is installed at five facilities, three wineries and two creameries, and enables the managers at these locations to make informed decisions based on measurements of past and current environmental conditions. Data from both types of facilities show the environmental changes as a result of the fermentation process and building operation. In particular, the release of carbon dioxide from the wine and cheese production and the building's ability to remove the carbon dioxide are analyzed
Introduction: Toward an Educational Commons

The present historical moment is one of profound challenges and contradictions. A consolidation of global power has emerged amid a stark fragmentation of everyday life and organized forms of resistance. New modes of alienation from community proliferate alongside an intensification of digital connectivity, while the acceleration of socio-ecologically unsustainable capitalist modernization sharply contrasts with stultifying inertia in realizing viable alternatives. Within this context, reclaiming and redefining a global commons and commonality acquire a new energy and urgency.
Undisciplining environmental justice research with visual storytelling

Abstract Environmental justice research has used maps to make visible the spatial correlations between hazardous waste disposal sites and poor and minority communities since the 1970s. No doubt, such visual evidence of marginalized communities disproportionately burdened with noxious facilities has been an important and powerful tool for activists, regulators, and educators. Despite the efficacy of such mappings in demonstrating unjust distributions of waste, critics argue that they do not capture the complicated processes behind this spatial phenomenon. In this paper, we discuss our pursuit of an “undisciplined” environmental justice project by using visualization, not solely as the traditional product of research, but also as a process for raising new lines of inquiry into the social and environmental dynamics at work in the landscape. To this end, we present one strategy we have used in our project to construct and creatively visualize a novel dataset on the transnational hazardous waste trade in North America. Specifically, we convened a one-day “Design Challenge” with geography students from several sub-disciplines. This event yielded new avenues for international environmental justice research on and visualization of the transnational waste trade, identified methods for and concerns about critical storytelling with large datasets, and highlighted the opportunities and challenges of using critical storytelling to undiscipline EJ research. The paper presents logistics leading up to the Design Challenge, key insights and critical discussion resulting from the day, and interviews conducted one year after the Design Challenge on enduring lessons from the process.
Metal assisted focused-ion beam etching for high-fidelity fabrication of nanophotonic devices

We report an MAFIB technique that significantly improves the fidelity of nanofabrication that allows direct milling of nanostructures on various materials with fine edges and smooth surfaces. The technique supports precise fabrication of nanophotonic devices.
Examining the merits of municipal police contracting

The touted benefits of inter-governmental contracting are cost savings and simplicity when compared to shared service agreements. Some managers and public officials resist contracting given the assumption that there may be a drop-off in service quality. However, inter-governmental contracting introduces market forces which theoretically would improve performance while keeping costs per unit of output low (Boyne, 1998). This paperexamines municipal police contracting in the State of New Jersey, the purpose of which is to determine if there are statistically significant differences in non-violent crime rates among municipalities that maintain their own police force versus those that contract with neighboring municipalities for police services. Contracting costs are also explored. While summary statistics indicate lower non-violent crime rates among municipalities that maintain their own police force compared to those that contract for police services, multiple regression results indicate that contracting does not predict higher non-violent crime rates at the .05 level. Therefore, contracting for police services should be explored as an alternative municipal policing model.
Using new methodologies in teaching computer programming

This paper presents the implementation of additional learning methods in teaching computer programming techniques in an undergraduate computer engineering education course. In the first semesters of this study, (2013–2014), a traditional instructional delivery of the computer programming was used. In the following semesters (2014–2016), project based service-learning and active learning was employed, as an evaluation tool to assess the students' motivation to learn. Their learning outcomes were compared to the first semester students' outcomes, known as a control group. We present the results conducted in six successive semesters, where total of 75 students participated. The results indicate that using active learning strategies increase their active participation and the ability to think logically, while engaging students in service-learning, gives them the opportunity to broaden their educational experience outside classroom projects, and boosts their self-efficacy.
An autoethnography of a neurotypical adoptive mother’s journey through adoption into the world(s) of intellectual variety in the early years of the U.S. Education System:

This narrative is my story of being catapulted from a distanced space of relative naivete and unknowing about the lives and challenges that children with disabilities face in the school system. It ...
First-in-human trial of Hsp90-targeted PET imaging

344 Objectives To study the pharmacokinetics (PK), metabolism, biodistribution, and radiation dosimetry of I-124 PUH71, a radiolabeled heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor, in patients with active solid malignancy and/or lymphoma. Methods Trial performed under IRB-approved protocol and US FDA-approved exploratory IND. Main eligibility criteria: >21 years; evaluable tumors on clinical imaging; serum liver and renal indices within specified range; no hyperthyroidism. Patients took SSKI oral solution for 2 weeks, started 1 day before tracer. 5.5 mCi I-124 PUH71 tracer dose ( Results 14 patients to-date, with breast (n=8), lymphoma (NHL; n=3), neuroblastoma (n=2), and fallopian tube (n=1) cancers. Cancerous tumors evident on PUH71 PET imaging (Figure), after rapid blood clearance and sustained tumor PUH71 concentration. Dosimetry ongoing. No adverse events due to PUH71 tracer. Conclusions This is the first human trial of an Hsp90-targeted imaging agent to our knowledge. Our results with I-124 PUH71 demonstrate the feasibility of detecting cancerous tumors in human subjects by PET imaging with an Hsp90-targeted tracer. Preliminary PK, metabolism, biodistribution and dosimetry data encourage further development of I-124 PUH71 as a first-of-its-kind Hsp90-targeted imaging agent. Research Support Clinical trial supported by MSKCC Breast Cancer Research Fund 3. Preclinical development supported by ICMIC P50 CA 086438; SAIRP grant R24 CA83084; and the Cyclotron-Radiochemistry Core of MSKCC
Porcine leptin inhibits protein breakdown and stimulates fatty acid oxidation in C2C12 myotubes

This study evaluated the potential mechanism(s) by which leptin treatment inhibits loss of muscle mass with fasting. Cultures of C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated into myotubes with 5% (vol/vol) horse serum in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12. These myotubes were used to assess 3H-tyrosine incorporation and release following incubation with recombinant porcine leptin (0 to 500 ng/mL). Protein synthesis in myotubes, as measured by 3H-tyrosine incorporation, was not affected by leptin treatment (P > 0.05). Protein breakdown in C2C12 myotubes, as measured by 3H-tyrosine release, was inhibited by leptin treatment. A leptin concentration of 0.5 ng/mL was sufficient to inhibit 3H-tyrosine release by 3.5% (P 0.05) on palmitate metabolism. Chronic leptin exposure resulted in up to a 26% increase in palmitate oxidation (P < 0.05). The stimulation of fatty acid oxidation with chronic leptin treatment suggests that leptin spares other energy sources in muscle from oxidation during periods of a leptin-induced decrease in feed intake.
Environmental Attributes of Manufacturing Processes

This chapter examines the ISO 14000 environmental standard, the basic components of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, and gives some examples of how they may be integrated in support of an organization’s environmental policy.
Abstract WP173: A Systematic Review of Clinical Prediction Models for Patients With Stroke

Introduction: Clinical prediction models (CPMs) estimate the probability of clinical outcomes and hold the potential to improve decision-making and individualize care. We aim to conduct a systemati...
Newer Insights into the Taurinuria of Vitamin D Deficiency: A Review

Excessive taurinuria occurs in vitamin D deficiency as a component of the generalized aminoaciduria of that state. Aminoaciduria was originally ascribed to hyperparathyroidism (increased PTH) in vitamin D-deficiency rickets, especially because aminoaciduria and the increase in PTH disappear after vitamin D repletion. Dabbagh showed that (1) increased taurinuria was due to a defect in the proximal tubule brush border membrane; (2) The Vmax of taurine uptake into brush border membrane vesicles was reduced, possibly related to a paucity of the TauT transporter in the membrane; (3) Animals with low PTH and vitamin D deficiency still had taurinuria and decreased taurine uptake; (4) cAMP incubation did not alter BBMV taurine uptake. The observation that vitamin D-deficiency rickets due to a vitamin D receptor (VDR) mutation results in aminoaciduria despite normal or high 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D values suggests a role for the VDR in taurinuria. Han and Chesney have shown a vitamin D response element (VDRE) in the promoter region of the TauT gene which, under conditions of vitamin D deficiency, results in reduced transcription and reduced TauT protein in LLC-PK1 cells. Thus, in vitamin D deficiency, lower VDRE activation results in lower levels of taurine uptake by tubule cells (or vesicles) and taurinuria. Repletion of 1,25(OH)2D restores TauT transporter activity and taurinuria abates.
Fate of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Agroecosystems

Veterinary pharmaceuticals, which are increasingly used in animal production practices, can enter surface and groundwater after land application of animal manures or animal wastewater. The presence of veterinary pharmaceuticals can result in negative environmental impacts including the proliferation of environmental antibiotic resistance and endocrine-disrupting effects in aquatic organisms. The efficacy of manure application strategies to limit the occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in runoff and best management practices to remove these compounds from runoff prior to entering surface water should be investigated to mitigate the impact of these compounds on the environment.
Individualizing Management of Infertility in Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors

Testicular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) are a common cause of male infertility in patients with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). These tumors are located in the rete testis and can lead to impaired blood flow and functional impairment of seminiferous tubules. We describe restoration of fertility in a man with CAH and bilateral TARTs with use of lower-dose glucocorticoid therapy than previously described. A 28-year-old man with classic salt-wasting CAH presented with impaired fertility. Biochemical evaluation showed poor CAH control despite reported compliance with prednisone 5 mg every morning and fludrocortisone 50 μg twice daily. Semen analysis showed azoospermia. Testicular ultrasonography showed TARTs occupying 16% of total testicular volume. After 5 months of dexamethasone 250 μg at bedtime, total TART volume decreased 90%, biochemical control improved, and semen analysis showed a sperm count of 132 × 106 million per milliliter. The patient's wife was confirmed to be pregnant 9 months after the initial visit and delivered a healthy full-term baby girl. The patient's glucocorticoid therapy was changed to prednisone 3 mg twice daily, and 2 years later he continues to show adequate CAH control, stable TART volume, and normal semen analysis, and his wife is pregnant again. Management of CAH in men with TARTs needs to be individualized, and high-dose dexamethasone may not be indicated. The use of a long-acting glucocorticoid at typical recommended dosages can decrease TART size and reverse male infertility. Prednisone given once daily does not adequately control the ACTH-driven complications of CAH.
Transnational security threats and challenges to peacekeeping in Mali

Multiple security dilemmas pose significant challenges for several West African states. Narcotics continue to threaten these states, to the extent that the whole continent is now perceived as 'NarcoTrAfica'. While such an assertion may, on the surface, be perceived as excessive, developments in West Africa since 2005 paint a clear picture of the formidable at tacks against the littoral states of the region, and an intrusion into - and, in some instances, the near capture of - the state. Narcotics infiltration into public and private spaces in Ghana, Nigeria, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Gambia, Sierra Leone and Mali has been characterised as a troubling situation. This article discusses the emergence and deepening of 'unholy alliances' in the Sahel. Such alliances create enabling environments and convergence for multiple criminal enterprises that pose particular threats to states, of which Mali is a case in point. The article then examines the particular case of Mali's near state capture by the convergence of criminalised transnational public-private interests, which eventually posed threats to the survival of the state. The resultant international responses to the collapse of Mali raises critical questions - such as, what threats are posed to peacekeepers when these threats emanate from criminal groups and not states? What operational difficulties are faced by peacekeepers in such circumstances and, finally, how do we understand and appreciate the nexus between transnational threats and the challenges posed to multinational multidimensional peace support operations?
Discovery and Characterization of the Antimetabolite Action of Thioacetamide-Linked 1,2,3-Triazoles as Disruptors of Cysteine Biosynthesis in Gram-Negative Bacteria

Increasing rates of drug-resistant Gram-negative (GN) infections, combined with a lack of new GN-effective antibiotic classes, are driving the need for the discovery of new agents. Bacterial metabolism represents an underutilized mechanism of action in current antimicrobial therapies. Therefore, we sought to identify novel antimetabolites that disrupt key metabolic pathways and explore the specific impacts of these agents on bacterial metabolism. This study describes the successful application of this approach to discover a new series of chemical probes, N-(phenyl)thioacetamide-linked 1,2,3-triazoles (TAT), that target cysteine synthase A (CysK), an enzyme unique to bacteria that is positioned at a key juncture between several fundamental pathways. The TAT class was identified using a high-throughput screen against Escherichia coli designed to identify modulators of pathways related to folate biosynthesis. TAT analog synthesis demonstrated a clear structure-activity relationship, and activity was confirmed against GN antifolate-resistant clinical isolates. Spontaneous TAT resistance mutations were tracked to CysK, and mode of action studies led to the identification of a false product formation mechanism between the CysK substrate O-acetyl-l-serine and the TATs. Global transcriptional responses to TAT treatment revealed that these antimetabolites impose substantial disruption of key metabolic networks beyond cysteine biosynthesis. This study highlights the potential of antimetabolite drug discovery as a promising approach to the discovery of novel GN antibiotics and the pharmacological promise of TAT CysK probes.
Zitterbewegung and the Charge of an Electron

Dirac's Relativistic Wave Equation implies a measured electron velocity of $\pm c$ in any direction, in contradiction to Special Relativity and observation. It is shown in this article that this anomalous electron velocity reveals an internal structure of the electron whereby the mass and the charge of the electron cannot be described by the same position operator. The measured velocity of electron mass is always less than $c$ in any direction but charge can be displaced at the speed of light. This speed is realizable only when the electron is in a state that is a superposition of positive and negative energy states, also known as a zitterbewegung state. It is shown that in zitterbewegung it is the charge and not the mass that undergoes rapid spatial oscillation, and that there are measurable consequences of this charge zitterbewegung. Zitterbewegung of charge also occurs in an entangled electron-positron pair created by a strong electric field.
Young Children’s Motivation to Engage in Social Aspects of Reading

This study examined the reading motivation of struggling readers in kindergarten through third grade (n = 52) with respect to factors associated with motivation, gender and age/grade level differences. Students’ reading motivation was assessed using the Me and My Reading Profile (MMRP) with follow-up interviews conducted with 20% of the students (n = 13). Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed three factors associated with motivation to read: self-concept, value, and literacy out loud. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the scores on the MMRP revealed a statistically significant difference between the factors of value and literacy out loud, with value being the most positively rated factor. With respect to gender, ANOVA revealed that girls reported more positive motivation to read than boys, with girls scoring higher than boys on all three factors. The grade level analysis revealed that second and third grade students scored significantly higher on each factor, reflecting more positive motivation than students in kindergarten and first grade. These findings confirm the three factors associated with motivation to read (self-concept, value, and literacy out loud) reported in an earlier study and extends the findings to struggling readers in kindergarten through third grade. This finding challenges the notion that there is an inverse relationship between age/grade level and motivation to read. The findings of this study suggest that for struggling readers, motivation to read increases from Grades K/1 to 2/3.
The Secular Bible: Why Nonbelievers Must Take Religion Seriously

Introduction: secularists and the not-Godless world Part I. The Composition of the Hebrew Bible: 1. Who wrote the Bible? (Ancient response) 2. Who wrote the Bible? (Modern response) 3. The secular answer to 'who wrote the Bible?' Part II. The Interpreters of the Hebrew Bible: 4. Why is there so much biblical interpretation? 5. Introducing biblical scholars and secular interpretations Part III. Politics and Scripture: 6. On Jewish intermarriage: the Bible is open to interpretation 7. Same-sex eroticism and Jerry Falwell 8. The secular Qur'an? Conclusion: beyond church and state: new directions for secularism.
Physicochemical effects of radiation. VI. Effects of gamma-radiation on human fibrinogen†

The changes produced in human fibrinogen when irradiated with γ-rays both in the dry state and in solution were observed by sedimentation, viscosity, light scattering, and solubility measurements. The concentration dependence of the sedimentation and the intrinsic viscosity were decreased with irradiation in the dry state. The solubility of the fibrinogen decreased when irradiated in the dry state and in solution. There was evidence for considerable fragmentation and aggregation. Appreciable gel formation occurred when the fibrinogen was irradiated in solution with 2.5 · 105 r. Human fibrinogen seems more vulnerable to radiation than does bovine fibrinogen. The changes produced when human fibrinogen is irradiated in the dry state with γ-rays are similar to those produced by high-speed electrons under similar conditions. Es wurde trockenes und gelostes menschliches Fibrinogen mit γ-Strahlen behandelt und die dadurch eintretenden Anderungen durch Messung der Sedimentation, Viskositat, Lichtstreuung und der Loslichkeit verfolgt. Die Abhangigkeit der Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit von der Konzentration und die spezifische Viskositat nahmen bei der Bestrahlung in trockenem Zustand ab. Die Loslichkeit des trockenen wie auch des gelosten Fibrinogens sank nach der Bestrahlung. Die Beobachtungen wiesen auf eine betrachtliche Fragmentierung und Aggregation hin. Wenn Fibrinogenlosungen mit 2,5 · 105 r bestrahlt wurden, trat eine betrachtliche Gelbildung ein. Menschliches Fibrinogen scheint gegenuber der Bestrahlung empfindlicher als Rinderfibrinogen zu sein. Die durch die Bestrahlung von trockenem menschlichen Fibrinogen verursachten Anderungen gleichen denjenigen, die durch schnelle Elektronen unter ahnlichen Bedingungen erzeugt wurden.
Observations on morphologic changes in the aging and degenerating human disc: Secondary collagen alterations

Background In the annulus, collagen fibers that make up the lamellae have a wavy, planar crimped pattern. This crimping plays a role in disc biomechanical function by allowing collagen fibers to stretch during compression. The relationship between morphologic changes in the aging/degenerating disc and collagen crimping have not been explored.
Selection of DNA binding sites by regulatory proteins. II. The binding specificity of cyclic AMP receptor protein to recognition sites.

The statistics of base-pair usage within known recognition sites for a particular DNA-binding protein can be used to estimate the relative protein binding affinities to these sites, as well as to sites containing any other combinations of base-pairs. As has been described elsewhere, the connection between base-pair statistics and binding free energy is made by an equal probability selection assumption; i.e. that all base-pair sequences that provide appropriate binding strength are equally likely to have been chosen as recognition sites in the course of evolution. This is analogous to a statistical-mechanical system where all configurations with the same energy are equally likely to occur. In this communication, we apply the statistical-mechanical selection theory to analyze the base-pair statistics of the known recognition sequences for the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP). The theoretical predictions are found to be in reasonable agreement with binding data for those sequences for which experimental binding information is available, thus lending support to the basic assumptions of the selection theory. On the basis of this agreement, we can predict the affinity for CRP binding to any base-pair sequence, albeit with a large statistical uncertainty. When the known recognition sites for CRP are ranked according to predicted binding affinities, we find that the ranking is consistent with the hypothesis that the level of function of these sites parallels their fractional saturation with CRP-cAMP under in-vivo conditions. When applied to the entire genome, the theory predicts the existence of a large number of randomly occurring "pseudosites" with strong binding affinity for CRP. It appears that most CRP molecules are engaged in non-productive binding at non-specific or pseudospecific sites under in-vivo conditions. In this sense, the specificity of the CRP binding site is very low. Relative specificity requirements for polymerases, repressors and activators are compared in light of the results of this and the first paper in this series.
The effect of D-glucosamine on the adenine and uridine nucleotides of sarcoma 180 ascites tumor cells.

Abstract The effect of d-glucosamine on the metabolism of adenine and uridine nucleotides in Sarcoma 180 ascites tumor cells was investigated as part of an effort to determine the biochemical basis for the cytotoxic effects of glucosamine on tumor cells. Incubation of ascites tumor cells with exogenous glucosamine resulted in a 4-fold increase in the pool size of UDP-N-acetylhexosamine. A large fraction of 14C-labeled uridine was accumulated as radioactive UDP-N-acetylhexosamine when the cells were incubated in the presence of d-glucosamine and labeled uridine. At the same time there was a significant reduction in radioactivity associated with UMP, UDP, UTP, and UDP-glucose, as well as a reduction of the UTP pool to half of its normal level. Glucosamine in the absence or in the presence of low (1 mm) concentrations of glucose caused a significant reduction of the intracellular ATP pool. However, no such decrease in the intracellular ATP level was observed in ascites cells exposed to glucosamine in the presence of 10 mm glucose.
Nutritional and metabolic complications in a patient with Crohn's disease and ileal resection

The patient was well until age 21 yr when he began having periumbilical pain: small bowel and colon x-rays revealed Crohn’s disease of the terminal ileum and cecum. At this time the patient weighed 145 pounds. He underwent a resection of approximately 3 feet of ileum and the cecum. Postoperatively the patient did well, and his weight iscreased to 165 pounds. He continued to do well over the subsequent 6 yr with his only problem being somewhat loose stools about twice per day. In 1974, however, he again began having abdominal pain and episodic nausea and vomiting. His weight decreased 20 pounds, and he was treated with Azulfidine 4 g/ day and prednisone 15 mg/day for recurrent Crohn’s disease. However, he continued to have persistent partial small bowel obstruction and ultimately underwent a further resection of small intestine and right hemicolectomy. Since that surgery the patient has had approximately six bowel movements/day which are generally watery but sometimes also greasy. His weight has stabilized at about 140 pounds, and he has been unable to regain his former weight. In September, 1977, he began again having intermittent abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting
Spore supply and habitat availability as sources of recruitment limitation in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae)

The causes of spatial variation in the recruitment of benthic marine algae are frequently misunderstood because of difficulties in distinguishing among the many factors that influence the supply and establishment of microscopic propagules. We used the recently constructed San Clemente Artificial Reef (SCAR) experiment to examine the roles of dispersal distance, size of spore source, and habitat availability as sources of variation in the recruitment of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag., a species whose recruitment has often been considered to be dispersal limited. Sparse colonization on SCAR by adult Macrocystis occurred within 6 months after reef construction via drifters (i.e. individuals from neighboring kelp beds that became dislodged and set adrift). The abundance of drifters on SCAR declined exponentially with distance from the nearest source population (San Mateo), suggesting that San Mateo was the likely source of drifters. Dense recruitment of small Macrocystis sporophytes was observed within 8 months of reef construction. The density of recruits on SCAR showed an initial increase with distance from San Mateo before declining exponentially. Nonetheless, substantial recruitment was observed at the most distant locations on SCAR located 3.5 km from San Mateo. In contrast to drifters, the density of recruits was positively correlated to the bottom cover of artificial reef substrate. Importantly, no correlation was found between the local density or fecundity of drifters and the local density of kelp recruits suggesting that recruitment on SCAR resulted from widespread spore dispersal rather than from the local dispersal of spores from drifters.
An exploratory study of stalled relationships among art museum members

Museums must maintain a steady membership base to achieve their organizational objectives. Although many studies look at why relationships succeed, we examine members who fail to transition from an introductory relationship to a mature relationship with an art museum. In two studies examining non-renewing members of a large metropolitan art museum, we find evidence for a phenomenon we call “stalled” relationships, whereby members discontinue their formal museum membership yet maintain a positive psychological affiliation with the museum. Our first study finds that members in stalled relationships often do not view themselves as defectors and do not blame the museum for their non-renewal; they frequently cite personal reasons rather than service failures for discontinuing their membership. Our second study examines this phenomenon in greater detail, exploring the antecedents for stalling and finds that motivations for initiating their membership may help predict when a relationship is likely to stall. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Documentary Filmmakers Overcame their Fear of Quoting and Learned to Employ Fair Use: a Tale of Scholarship in Action

For the purposes of this paper, we interpret net neutrality as a restriction on price differentiation or price discrimination by firms involved in the communications services value chain- particularly those providing transport. The European regulatory framework for electronic communications services permits ex ante regulatory intervention in specified network or services markets only where there is dominance or 'significant market power.' We argue that this provision, combined with European competition law which can be applied to content as well as – concurrently – to electronic communications services, is adequate to deal with actual or prospective abuses of market power, whereas a blanket prohibition of the kind envisaged by proponents of net neutrality is likely in some cases to harm consumers' interests.
The use of verbal report methods in the development and testing of survey questionnaires

Increasingly, verbal report techniques are being used in the development and testing of survey questions. The present investigation examined the cognitive processes involved in responding to health survey questionnaires by conducting laboratory interviews which collected verbal reports. Analysis of these reports identified problems with questions that relate to the compre-hension, recall, and decision processes the subjects used to answer those questions. This paper describes how questionnaire problems have been detected in the laboratory, and how these have been classified according to a cognitive model. We conclude that the laboratory verbal-report techniques appear to be useful in detecting a variety of questionnaire flaws that are related to the operation of cognitive processes.
A survey of some theoretical studies of negative ions

The quantum chemical methods employed to investigate the stabilities, charge densities, and bonding characteristics of atomic and molecular anions are briefly reviewed. The results of work on chemically interesting species are surveyed, as are initial results on the treatment of solvation effects in anionic systems. Finally, a simple-minded approach to the problem of finding shape resonances for electron-atom scattering processes is outlined.
Antithrombotic therapy and endovascular stents are effective treatment for blunt carotid injuries: results from longterm followup.

Background Significant confusion exists about management of blunt carotid injuries (BCI). Currently, three common treatments are being used without significant longterm followup data to demonstrate efficacy. Although heparin has been shown to reduce in-hospital stroke rates, antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) has emerged as an alternate therapy without proved efficacy; carotid stenting has also been implemented for pseudoaneurysms (13% BCI), but its utility has recently been challenged. This is the first study to assess longterm efficacy of various therapeutic approaches. Study Design Consecutive patients treated and followed at a single regional trauma center over 10 years (1996 to 2005) were reviewed. Outcomes evaluated included cerebral infarction, functional status, and angiographic evolution. Results One hundred ten patients (11/year) were diagnosed with 133 injuries (23 bilateral). Overall mortality was 26%, with 6% directly attributable to BCI. Angiographic followup was available on 67 injuries (in 50 patients) at a mean of 6months (range 0.25 to 67 months); 75% remained the same or improved. Clinical followup was available in 55 of 81 patients (68%) who survived to discharge (mean, 34.4months [range 1 to 109 months]). Of surviving patients receiving antithrombotic therapy, 44% were treated with antiplatelet therapy, 49% with anticoagulation, and 7% with both. No patients experienced cerebral infarction after discharge, and there was no difference in functional outcomes based on the therapy received. Twenty-two endovascular stents were placed (18 for pseudoaneurysms, 4 for extensive dissection). Mean followup on these patients was 29.7months (range 3 to 94 months). No patients receiving stents experienced periprocedural complications, and one patient with an associated brain injury had a cerebral infarction. Conclusions Longterm followup of BCI demonstrates that antithrombotic therapy prevents cerebral infarction; antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulation are equally effective; and carotid stents appear to be safe and effective for lesions that develop pseudoaneurysms or extensive dissections.
A note on missing network data in the general social survey

Abstract There is very little network data missing on respondents to the 1985 General Social Survey. Missing data on relations between discussion patterns pose the greatest problem but the unknown relations are strongly associated with relations known to be weak. The association between missing and weak relations remains strong after controls for the number, strength, and nature of a respondent's discussion relations. Moreover, the association remains strong across different kinds of respondents despite significant tendencies for certain kinds of respondents to have provided incomplete network data. The implication is that the missing network data can be replaced with quantitative data indicating a weak relation.
Introduction: The importance of codes of conduct for academia

This chapter emphasizes the importance of codes of conduct to guide the professional role performance of presidents, academic deans, admissions officers, fund-raising professionals, and faculty who teach undergraduate and graduate students.
Convergence and Rate Analysis of Neural Networks for Sparse Approximation

We present an analysis of the Locally Competitive Algorithm (LCA), which is a Hopfield-style neural network that efficiently solves sparse approximation problems (e.g., approximating a vector from a dictionary using just a few nonzero coefficients). This class of problems plays a significant role in both theories of neural coding and applications in signal processing. However, the LCA lacks analysis of its convergence properties, and previous results on neural networks for nonsmooth optimization do not apply to the specifics of the LCA architecture. We show that the LCA has desirable convergence properties, such as stability and global convergence to the optimum of the objective function when it is unique. Under some mild conditions, the support of the solution is also proven to be reached in finite time. Furthermore, some restrictions on the problem specifics allow us to characterize the convergence rate of the system by showing that the LCA converges exponentially fast with an analytically bounded convergence rate. We support our analysis with several illustrative simulations.
The analytic model of a subnormal operator

The analytic model of a pure subnormal opertor and its conjugate subnormal operator is obtained. A mosaic is introduced for subnormal operator. Some results in spectral analysis of subnormal operators are obtained by means of the analytic model and the mosaic. The form of pure subnormal operators with rank two self-commutator is determined.
Effects of common reed (Phragmites australis) invasion on marsh surface macrofauna: response of fishes and decapod crustaceans.

The tidally inundated marsh surface is an importnat site for energy exchanges for many resident and transient species. In many areas along the East Coast of the U.S. the dominant vegetation,Spartina alterniflora, has been replaced by the common reed (Phragmites australis). This shift has caused concern about the impact ofPhragmites on marsh fauna but research in this area has been limited. During 1997 and 1998, we examined the effect ofPhragmites on fish and decapod crustacean use of the marsh surface in the brackish water reaches of the Mullica River, in southern New Jersey, U.S. Fish and decapod crustaceans were sampled with an array of shallow pit traps (rectangular glass dishes, 27.5×17.5×3.7 cm) and with flumes (1.3 m wide×10 m long of 3.2-mm mesh). Fish (2–60 mm TL) dominated pit trap collections withFundulus heteroclitus andFundulus luciae significantly more abundant atSpartina sites.Fundulus heteroclitus was also the dominant fish (15–275 mm TL) collected in flumes but collections with this gear, including a number of species not collected in pit traps, showed no distinct preferences for different marsh vegetation types. Decapod crustaceans (1–48 mm CW) collected in pit traps were generally less abundant than fishes withCallinectes sapidus andPalaemonetes spp. most abundant inSpartina, whileRhithropanopeus harrisii was most abundant inPhragmites. The same decapod crustacean species (2–186 mm CW) dominanted the flume collections and, similar to the pattern of fish collected by the flumes, there were no distinct habitat preferences for different marsh vegetation types. As a result of these observations, with different sampling techniques, it appears there is an overall negative effect ofPhragmites on larval and small juvenile fish but less or no effect on larger fish and decapods crustaceans.
Optimizing vascular risk reduction in the stroke patient with atherothrombotic disease.

Introduction: With mounting evidence underscoring the multifactorial pathogenesis of atherothrombotic cerebrovascular disease, it is becoming increasingly obvious that an early and aggressive multimodal treatment of the underlying atherosclerotic disease process is the most effective approach towards preventing recurrent vascular events in the majority of ischemic stroke patients. Knowledge of the evidence behind this strategy and the effective means for implementing it could be useful to the healthcare practitioner caring for stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients. Review Summary: This review presents the evidence behind the broadening therapeutic options for recurrent vascular event prevention in ischemic stroke patients whose underlying stroke pathophysiologic mechanism is presumed to be due to atherosclerosis. The paper identifies modifiable vascular risk factors associated with recurrent stroke, as well as the clinical trial data on which the latest clinical practice guidelines on recurrent stroke prevention have been based. Therapies discussed include antithrombotics, statins, antihypertensives, revascularization procedures and lifestyle modification (smoking cessation, exercise and diet education). Finally, successful hospital-based quality improvement programs for initiating and maintaining these evidence-based recurrent stroke prevention treatments are also described. Conclusions: A timely, systematic, evidence-based multimodal preventive approach to atherothrombotic disease in ischemic stroke and TIA patients that transcends the continuum of care will enhance treatment rates and improve clinical outcomes.
Ultrafast X-Ray Diagnostics For Laser Fusion Experiments

Temporally, spectrally, and spatially resolved x-ray emission diagnostics are important tools in the study of the heating and compression of laser fusion targets by sub-nanosecond laser pulses. The use of the Livermore 15 psec resolution x-ray streak camera to make such measurements is reviewed. Temporal histories of spectrally resolved x-ray emission in the 1-10 keV range have been obtained. These data have served to further define the x-ray streak camera as a quantative diagnostic tool and have also provided data relating to the absorption and compression phases of laser heating. The x-ray streak camera has been used in conjunc-tion with a specially designed pinhole imaging system to temporally record images of laser compressed targets with a spatial resolution of approximately 6 pm. Implosion characteristics are presented for experiments with glass microshell targets. The concept, development, and testing of an ultrafast framing camera for full two-dimensional time resolved imaging is discussed. A prototype camera, based on the image dissection-restoration concept, has achieved an approximately 200 psec frame period with a resolution of 50 μm.
Mutational analysis of a transcriptional activation region of the VP16 protein of herpes simplex virus

The VP16 protein of herpes simplex virus is a potent transcriptional activator of the viral immediate early genes. The transcriptional activation region of VP16 can be divided into two functional subregions, here designated VP16N (comprising amino acids 413-456) and VP16C (amino acids 450-490). Assays of VP16C mutants resulting from both random and alanine-scanning mutagenesis indicated that the sidechains of three phenylalanines (at positions 473, 475 and 479) and one acidic residue (glutamate 476) are important for transcriptional activation. Aromatic and bulky hydrophobic amino acids were effective substitutes for each of the three Phe residues, whereas replacement with smaller or polar amino acids resulted in loss of transcriptional function. In contrast, many changes were tolerated for Glu476, including bulky hydrophobic and basic amino acids, indicating that the negative charge at this position contributes little to the function of this subregion. Similar relative activities for most of the mutants were observed in yeast and in mammalian cells, indicating that the structural requirements for this activation region are comparable in these two species. These results reinforce the hypothesis that bulky hydrophobic residues, not acidic residues, are most critical for the activity of this 'acidic' transcriptional activation region.
Variance Estimation with One Unit per Stratum

Abstract A new solution to the problem of variance estimation with one unit per stratum is presented. This method may lead to smaller bias in variance estimation, in many situations, than the methods of ‘collapsed strata’. It requires that we can associate with the strata concomitant variables which are correlated with the strata means. Several numerical examples with one or two concomitant variables are considered.
An α-Helical Domain within the Carboxyl Terminus of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B (gB) is Associated with Cell Fusion and Resistance to Heparin Inhibition of Cell Fusion

Previous studies from our laboratory indicated that a 28-amino-acid carboxyl-terminal truncation of gB caused extensive virus-induced cell fusion (Baghian et al., 1993, J Virol 67, 2396–2401). We tested the ability of additional truncations and mutations within gB to cause cell fusion in the recently established virus-free cell fusion assay (Turner et al., 1998, J. Virol. 72, 873–875). Deletion of the carboxyl-terminal 28 amino acids of gB (gBΔ28), which removed part of the predicted α-helical structure H17b, caused extensive cell fusion. A gB truncation specified by gBΔ36, which removed the entire H17b domain, caused as much cell fusion as the gBΔ28 truncation. Similarly, gB(A874P) containing a substitution of an Ala with Pro within H17b caused cell fusion. Heparin, a gB-specific inhibitor of virus-induced cell fusion, inhibited both wild-type gB and gB(syn3)-mediated cell fusion. In contrast, fusion of cells transfected with gB(Δ28), gB(Δ36), or gB(A874P) was resistant to heparin inhibition of cell fusion. We concluded the following: (1) The predicted α-helical structure of H17b within the carboxyl terminus of gB is involved in both virus-induced and virus-free cell fusion. (2) Heparin is a specific inhibitor of gB-mediated fusion in both systems. (3) Resistance to heparin inhibition of gB-mediated cell fusion is associated with the predicted α-helical structure H17b within the carboxyl terminus of gB.
On a problem regarding coefficients of cyclotomic polynomials

Abstract Let a n ( k ) be the coefficient of t k in the nth cyclotomic polynomial Φ n ( t ) = ∏ j = 1 gcd ( j , n ) = 1 n ( t − e 2 π j i n ) . Let M ( k ) = lim x → ∞ 1 x ∑ n ⩽ x a n ( k ) be the average of a n ( k ) , as introduced by Moller, and let f k = π 2 6 M ( k ) k ∏ q ⩽ k q prime ( q + 1 ) . It was asked by Y. Gallot, P. Moree and H. Hommersom if the f k are integers for all k. In this paper, we prove that this is so. We further show that for any fixed natural number N, f k contains N as a factor for sufficiently large k.
Artisan Choices and Technology in Native American Pottery Production

Clay sources of potential use to Indian potters in the Middle and Lower Delaware Valley of the Middle Atlantic Region (eastern United States) are extensive and varied. Single massive exposures often contain clays of variable colors, although all seem workable, and laboratory experiments show that upon firing, color differences between these clays are discernible. Evidence from Late Woodland (post A.D. 800) archaeological sites in the valley show that certain of these clays are more frequently used by ancient potters than others, with clays that fire white to tan being rarely employed, but concentrated at a small number of sites. Particle size, petrographic thin section, and Instrumental Neutron Activation analyses are used to examine the nature of clays, archaeological sherds, experimental briquettes, and pots. Firing temperatures are estimated by refiring archaeological sherds at controlled intervals in an electric kiln. Technological and cultural factors that might explain the clay selection process and...
Models to predict efficiency of two network flow based algorithms on the Time-Cost Trade-Off problem

Abstract Two predictive models for estimating the computer execution time required by two network flow based algorithms to solve the Time-Cost Trade-Off problem are presented. Fulkerson's Longest Path Algorithm and Phillips and Dessouky's Cut Search Algorithm are used. A comparison of performance of these two algorithms for different network structures is provided. The two algorithms are coded into Fortran programs, and it is found that the solution time increases linearly with the number of nodes and several other parameters. In addition, the Longest Path Algorithm is found to be computationally more efficient than the Cut Search Algorithm in solving the Time-Cost Trade-Off problem.