cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of asymmetrical hybrid hemoglobins by anaerobic cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography.

Asymmetrical hybrid hemoglobins formed from mixtures of two structurally different hemoglobins were found to be readily separated by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography under anaerobic conditions. When oxyhemoglobins A and S were mixed and deoxygenated, the resulting HPLC chromatogram showed three peaks. The distribution of the three components follow the binomial expansion a2 + 2 ab + b2 = 1, where a and b are the initial fractions of parent hemoglobins. The middle peak was collected in a test tube saturated with CO gas and reanalyzed under the same experimental conditions. This middle component gave two peaks of equal areas with retention times identical to those of the CO-form of the parent hemoglobins without the appearance of the hybrid hemoglobin band. No intermediate peak was observed in solutions of mixtures of liganded hemoglobins under aerobic conditions. Hybrid hemoglobins AC and SC were also formed when oxyhemoglobins A and C, S and C were mixed, respectively. The separation and the identification of hemoglobins and hybrid hemoglobin employing cation-exchange HPLC can be achieved within 30 min by gradient elution. In addition, the ability to isolate hybrid hemoglobins may be a valuable tool for the study of physical and chemical properties of hybrid hemoglobins.
Differential sedimentation study on the dissociation and conformational change in hemoglobin.

Abstract X-ray studies suggest that hemoglobin undergoes a subunit shift when oxygen is bound. The crystallographic measurements indicate that the oxygenated hemoglobin molecule occupies a slightly smaller volume; thus, an increase in sedimentation coefficient would be predicted upon oxygenation. As a complicating factor, the oxygenated hemoglobin begins to dissociate into dimers and even monomers as the protein concentration is lowered, while the deoxygenated molecule retains its tetrameric structure. Using differential sedimentation techniques, these expected changes have been measured. First, the deoxygenated hemoglobin is shown not to be appreciably dissociated in the concentration range between 0.3 to 50 mg/ml., and the sedimentation data are closely approximated by the expression 1 S = 1 S 20, w 0 (1 + kc) . Second, the sedimentation coefficient difference between deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin changes by 0.5 s over this concentration range, behaving as predicted from the known dissociation constants. Finally, at the highest concentrations, the oxygenated hemoglobin sediments more rapidly than the deoxygenated form, as would be predicted from the subunit rearrangement determined from X-ray crystallographic studies.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting with upper respiratory tract obstruction and pulmonary metastases.

Background Thyroid cancer is rare in children especially before the age of 10 years. Upper airway obstruction and pulmonary infiltration are rare manifestations of such tumor.
Clinicopathologic features of ovarian mixed mesodermal tumors and carcinosarcomas

Over a 27-year period there were 15 patients treated at the University of Michigan Medical center for carcinosarcomas or mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary. Overall median survival was 11 months. Median survival was 4 months in patients with carcinosarcomas and 13 months in patients with mixed mesodermal tumors (P = 0.066). Patients with a chondrosarcomatous element had a significantly longer median survival than patients with mixed mesodermal tumors lacking cartilaginous differentiation (P = 0.031). The presence of a rhabdomyosarcomatous element did not affect survival. The size of the primary tumor, presence of ascites, FIGO stage, and degree of initial resection (optimal versus suboptimal) did not affect survival. There was no difference in survival between patients receiving postoperative chemotherapy and patients undergoing postoperative irradiation.
Determination of Barbiturates by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Capillary Electrophoresis

The solid phase microextraction device is based on plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as an extraction solvent, which is coated on a primed steel rod. The plasticizer is a phosphate triester. A simple device for back-extraction of analytes into a few microliters of back-extraction solution is described. A Teflon tube, with an inside diameter just larger than the PVC-coated extraction rod, is terminated at one end by a syringe. A few microliters of back-extraction solution is placed into the open end of the tube. Because the Teflon does not wet, the drop remains together. After exposure to sample, the PVC-coated extraction rod containing the analytes is inserted into the back-extraction solution-containing tube. The aqueous back-extraction solvent spreads out in the narrow annular space thus formed. After a suitable period, the rod is removed, and the droplet re-forms. It can be ejected into a sample vial with the syringe. The device has been used in a CE-based determination of barbiturates. Extraction...
Physical-Layer Challenges in Stable, High-Capacity Optical Communication Networks

Optical communications has enjoyed explosive growth in terms of technical achievement as well as commercial implementation. This paper will contain three main sections. Firstly, a broad perspective will be given on some of the future trends in optical communication systems. Secondly, technical issues will be described that relate to stable, robust optical networking, including performance monitoring, channel-degrading effects, and switching. Finally, adding flexibility and reconfigurability to different aspects of the base optical technologies will be discussed.
Using laboratories to teach software engineering principles in the introductory computer science curriculum

If students are to internalize software engineering concepts and incorporate them into their individual software development styles, they must use these concepts during the initial stages of their computer science education. In this paper, we examine how laboratories that emphasize software development can be used to familiarize students with the basic elements of software engineering during the introductory computer science course sequence.
The effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy position on cranial tibial subluxation: an in vitro study.

Objectives— To compare centered versus distal tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) position on cranial tibial subluxation, postoperative tibial plateau angle (TPA), and tibial long axis shift (TLAS). Study Design— In vitro biomechanical evaluation. Animals— Six pairs of canine cadaveric hind limbs. Methods— One limb of each pair was randomly assigned to the distal (TPLO-D) or centered (TPLO-C) osteotomy group. Cranial tibial subluxation (CTS) under load was quantified sequentially under 3 conditions: intact, after cranial cruciate ligament transection, and after TPLO; a corrected CTS value was also calculated. Postoperative TPA and TLAS were measured. Comparisons were made using 1-way repeated measures ANOVA with a Tukey's multiple comparison post hoc test for CTS, and a Wilcoxon's sign rank test for TPA and TLAS. Significance was set at P<.05. Results— TPLO-C had a significantly lower mean CTS than TPLO-D (P<.01). Corrected CTS was also significantly lower in TPLO-C than in TPLO-D (P<.001). Postoperative TPA and TLAS were less in TPLO-C than in TPLO-D (P=.0312). Conclusion— Our results confirm that distal centering of the TPLO leads to craniodistal translation of the tibial plateau, TLAS, and a postoperative TPA that is greater than expected. This geometric effect has the biomechanical effect expected of inadequate tibial plateau leveling, namely incomplete neutralization of cranial tibial thrust. Clinical Relevance— The centered osteotomy position is geometrically more precise, and biomechanically more effective than the distal position.
Clove Oil Used at Lower Concentrations is Less Effective than MS‐222 at Reducing Cortisol Stress Responses in Anesthetized Rainbow Trout

Abstract Anesthetics are widely used for surgical, field sampling, and experimental procedures in fisheries sciences. Given the high cost and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) mandatory withdrawal time of the only FDA-approved fisheries anesthetic, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), clove oil has emerged as an alternative anesthetic that is generally regarded as safe. However, studies regarding the effectiveness of clove oil in retarding the stress response of fish are contradictory. This study evaluated the effectiveness of MS-222 (60 mg/L), clove oil (30 mg/L) emulsified in ethanol, and clove oil (30 mg/L) mechanically emulsified in water in reducing the stress response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during a 15-min confinement. Clove oil emulsified in ethanol (mean, 56.3 ng cortisol/mL) was not as effective in reducing the cortisol response as MS-222 (mean, 33.4 ng/mL). Furthermore, clove oil emulsified in ethanol and clove oil mechanically emulsified in water (means, 49.0 and 56.2 n...
Wheat gluten and its glutenin component: viscosity, diffusion and sedimentation studies.

Abstract Gluten from Ponca wheat was fractionated by precipitation with aqueous buffers into glutenin and the soluble gliadin fraction. The glutenin in pH 3.1 buffers had a high intrinsic viscosity, which increased markedly with lowering of ionic strength. It had a broad distribution of sedimenting components of high molecular weight and was highly heterogeneous in diffusion. Glutenin thus approximates a randomly coiled polyelectrolyte with a broad distribution of molecular size.
A novel metal–organic ternary topology constructed from triangular, square and tetrahedral molecular building blocks

A novel metal–organic network [Cu4(5-NH2-1,3-bdc)4(pyridine)2(H2O)2]n, displaying an unprecedented topology has been constructed utilizing the different coordinating functional groups of 5-NH2-1,3-bdc to generate a ternary network based upon vertex-linked triangular, square and tetrahedral molecular building blocks (MBBs).
Stress analysis of a transversely loaded aluminum weldment

Abstract The analysis of welded structural details is an important component in determining life cycle estimates. As part of a project to develop guidelines for reducing cracks in aluminum ship structures, the authors performed experiments showing that the stress levels developed strongly depend on the welded connection details. To properly quantify the effects of connection details, a stress analysis of the detail is required. This investigation summarizes the analysis of a common structural detail, one that results in a transversely loaded weldment. This paper is motivated by two sets of experimental test results. The first is the stress concentration observed at the intersection of the longitudinal and transverse members in a 1.5-m×3-m aluminum bottom panel tested under uniform pressure loading. The second is the reduction in fatigue life due to weld geometry variations between manually welded and machine-welded aluminum specimens. In order to clarify these two observations, the authors completed a detailed finite element analysis of a welded aluminum T-stiffener. The results show a significant stress concentration in the weld toe area. This stress concentration is shown to be strongly dependent on the weld toe geometry.
Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis: Complete Guidelines of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

This document contains complete guidelines for diagnosis and management of rhinitis developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the Joint Council on Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The guidelines are comprehensive and begin with statements on clinical characteristics and diagnosis of different forms of rhinitis (allergic, non-allergic, occupational rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis [pregnancy and hypothyroidism], drug-induced rhinitis, rhinitis from food ingestion), and other conditions that may be confused with rhinitis. Recommendations on patient evaluation discuss appropriate use of history, physical examination, and diagnostic testing, as well as unproven or inappropriate techniques that should not be used. Parameters on management include use of environmental control measures, pharmacologic therapy including recently introduced therapies and allergen immunotherapy. Because of the risks to patients and society from sedation and performance impairment caused by first generation antihistamines, second generation antihistamines that reduce or eliminate these side effects should usually be considered before first generation antihistamines for the treatment of allergic rhi-nitis. The document emphasizes the importance of rhinitis management for co-morbid conditions (asthma, sinusitis, otitis media). Guidelines are also presented on special considerations in patients subsets (children, the elderly, pregnancy, athletes and patients with rhinitis medicamentosa); and when consultation with an allergist-immunologist should be considered.
East and West in the Seventeenth Century: Political Crises in Stuart England, Ottoman Turkey, and Ming China

For nearly forty years scholars have wrestled with the seventeenth-century “general crisis.” Certain facts are not in dispute. The first half of the seven- teenth century saw a widespread slowing and eventual halt to the steady increases in population and prices that had begun around 1500. In addition, rebellions and revolutions shook regimes from England to China. What is contested is the root cause, the connections, and the significance of these events.
Myopia and glaucoma: sorting out the difference

Purpose of reviewThe aim of the present review was to summarize the evidence implicating the association between myopia and glaucoma, the possible underlying mechanisms for this relation, and the controversies surrounding detection of glaucomatous changes in coexisting myopia.Recent findingsNumerous
J–Resistance curve testing of HY80 steel using SE(B) specimens and normalization method

Abstract The normalization method is adopted for standard and nonstandard specimens in this paper to develop J–R curves for HY80 steel directly from load versus load-line displacement records without use of automatic crack length measurement. The standard specimens usually contain high crack-tip constraints, while the nonstandard specimens involve low crack-tip constraints. To obtain J–R curves with different constraints, a series of single edge notched bend (SE(B)) specimens with different crack lengths for an HY80 steel are tested in accordance with ASTM standard E1820. The normalization method is then used for determining crack extension and J–R curves for these SE(B) specimens. To validate the normalization method, the J–R curves determined using the normalization method are compared with those obtained by the elastic unloading compliance method for the SE(B) specimens. The comparison shows that good agreements exist between the two methods, and the normalization method is a viable tool to be used to determine J–R curves of the HY80 steel for the standard as well as nonstandard SE(B) specimens. In the J-integral calculations, the resistance curve test method, the basic test method and the modified basic test method specified in ASTM E1820 are evaluated. The results indicate that the modified basic method can be equivalent to the resistance curve method.
Atypical depression is more common than melancholic in fibromyalgia: an observational cohort study.

Background: It has been postulated that atypical and melancholic depression subtypes exist in depressed fibromyalgia (FM) patients, yet no study has empirically tested this hypothesis. The purpose of this study is to determine whether major depressive disorder (MDD) with atypical features and MDD with melancholic features occurs in a FM sample and to describe their demographic, clinical and diagnostic characteristics. Methods: An observational cohort study using a descriptive cross-sectional design recruited a convenience sample of 76 outpatients with FM from an academic Rheumatology clinic and a community mental health practice. Diagnoses of FM were confirmed using the 1990 ACR classification guidelines. Diagnoses of MDD and diagnostic subtypes were determined using the DSM-IV-TR criteria. Clinical characteristics were measured using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with Atypical Depression Supplement and other standardized instruments. Odds ratios were computed on subtype-specific diagnostic criteria. Correlations assessed associations between subtype diagnoses and diagnostic criteria.
Long-Term Mortality, Cause of Death, and Temporal Trends in Complications after Percutaneous Aortic Balloon Valvuloplasty for Calcific Aortic Stenosis

We sought to assess survival, predictors of adverse outcomes, and complication rates in a more recent series of adults undergoing percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty (PABV) for symptomatic calcific aortic stenosis. While aortic valve replacement is the treatment of choice for adults with symptomatic calcific aortic stenosis, PABV has been used in selected patients who are not good surgical candidates. Registries of patients who underwent PABV over 15 years ago have shown poor long-term survival and high procedural complication rates. This single-center cohort study enrolled consecutive adults undergoing PABV between 1989 and 2005 for calcific aortic stenosis. Demographic, hemodynamic, and procedural data, as well as vital status, were collected by chart review and query of the National Death Index. The study included 78 patients: mean age 78 +/- 11 years, 51% female, 90% heart failure, 61% coronary disease, and 8% end-stage renal disease. While 22% had a major procedural complication, this rate tended to decrease over time (P=0.068). In the cohort, 87% died with a median survival of 6.6 months. According to NDI records, the primary cause of death was cardiac in 54% of deaths. Survival was significantly higher in patients <or=70 years and those bridged to aortic valve replacement. PABV in patients who are elderly and not candidates for bridge to aortic valve replacement is associated with poor long-term survival. The decrease in the complication rate over the past 15 years has important implications regarding the morbidity associated with percutaneous aortic valve replacement techniques.
Synthesis of the C(1)-C(25) fragment of amphidinol 3: application of the double-allylboration reaction for synthesis of 1,5-diols.

A synthesis of the C(1)−C(25) fragment of amphidinol 3 is described. The synthesis features two applications of double allylboration reaction methodology for the highly stereoselective synthesis of 1,5-diol units in the C(1)−C(15) segment.
Automated one-step DNA sequencing based on nanoliter reaction volumes and capillary electrophoresis

An integrated system with a nano-reactor for cycle-sequencing reaction coupled to on-line purification and capillary gel electrophoresis has been demonstrated. Fifty nanoliters of reagent solution, which includes dye-labeled terminators, polymerase, BSA and template, was aspirated and mixed with the template inside the nano-reactor followed by cycle-sequencing reaction. The reaction products were then purified by a size-exclusion chromatographic column operated at 50°C followed by room temperature on-line injection of the DNA fragments into a capillary for gel electrophoresis. Over 450 bases of DNA can be separated and identified. As little as 25 nl reagent solution can be used for the cycle-sequencing reaction with a slightly shorter read length. Significant savings on reagent cost is achieved because the remaining stock solution can be reused without contamination. The steps of cycle sequencing, on-line purification, injection, DNA separation, capillary regeneration, gel-filling and fluidic manipulation were performed with complete automation. This system can be readily multiplexed for high-throughput DNA sequencing or PCR analysis directly from templates or even biological materials.
Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese Vanadium Oxides as Cathodes in Lithium Batteries

Our research on new cathode nano-materials for advanced lithium batteries has focused on the hydrothermal method for synthesis. We have synthesized two novel manganese vanadium oxides using the hydrothermal reactions of vanadium (V) pentoxide, [N(CH 3 ) 4 ]MnO 4 , and MnSO 4 with an organic templating cation at 165°C. The 6-type [N(CH 3 ) 4 ] z Mn y V 2 O 5 *nH 2 O has a monoclinic structure, a= 11.66(2)A, b=3.610(9)A, c= 13.91(4)A, β= 108.8(2)°. It has a disordered V 2 O 5 double layer and the Mn and N(CH 3 ) 4 ions reside between the layers. The γ-type MnV 2 O 5 is orthorhombic, belongs to the space group Pnma, a=9.7585(2) A, b=3.5825(l)A, c= 11.2653(2) A. These compounds were also characterized by electron microprobe, FTIR and TGA. They reacted readily with lithium, and their electrochemical behavior in lithium cells was determined.
PURSUING PERFECTION: DISTRESS AND INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONING AMONG ADOLESCENT BOYS IN SINGLE‐SEX AND CO‐EDUCATIONAL INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS

This study extends past findings of heightened problems among affluent youth by examining adjustment patterns among boys in two academically elite, independent high schools: one for boys only and the other coeducational. Both samples manifested disproportionately high rates of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, but only the co-educational boys showed elevations in substance use. Boys in both schools showed elevations in a new outcome domain examined: exhibitionistic narcissism. Multivariate analyses of predictors showed that parent criticism -- a defining feature of youths' maladaptive perfectionism -- and perceived maternal depression emerged as major vulnerability factors for both samples in relation to symptom levels. On other parenting dimensions, boys in the single-sex school seemed to be particularly sensitive to feelings of alienation from their fathers and perceived paternal depression. Envy of peers' attractiveness was associated with adolescent distress in both samples, but appeared to be especially critical for co-educational boys. Results are discussed, focusing on the costs and benefits of boys' attendance at a single-sex versus co-educational school, along with implications for practice and future research.
Ranibizumab: The First Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitor Approved for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema

OBJECTIVE:To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety data available for ranibizumab and compare the drug to other therapeutic options for diabetic macular edema (DME) to determine its likely role in therapy.DATA SOURCES:A PubMed search was initially used to identify all trials pertaining to the use of ranibizumab for DME. This search was conducted in February 2013 without a time frame for exclusion of older trials (all references included were published between January 1987 and February 2013). Following a review of the references of these articles, additional sources were obtained from PubMed, the manufacturer's website, and clinicaltrials.gov.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Trials conducted in animals and those written in a language other than English were excluded. Abstracts of remaining trials were reviewed for determination of relevance to this review. Preference was given to randomized controlled trials. Additional information sources were obtained from a review of references as deemed nece...
Replicative helicase loaders: ring breakers and ring makers

Helicase loaders transfer the ring-shaped replicative helicases onto DNA. They assort into two classes: ring breakers, which place stabile hexameric rings on DNA via transient gaps at subunit interfaces; and helicase makers, which assemble hexameric rings around DNA from monomeric helicase units.
On the family of ML spectral estimates for mixed spectrum identification

A recently developed point spectrum identification procedure based on a family of AR and ML spectral estimates is exploited to arrive at a mixed spectrum identification procedure. To this end, a variety of properties of the AR and ML estimates as a function of model order are described. These properties relate to amplitude convergence, resolution and a characterization of the AR spectral artifact which is used to arrive at improved continuous spectral estimates. A variety of examples are presented. >
Investigation of computational vision and principal component analysis with application to target classification

A comparison between metrics based on computational vision (CV) and principal component analysis (PCA) is been performed. A CV metric is developed based on the response of the CAMAELEON model and compared with a PCA metric on the basis of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) target chip classification. The two techniques are not correlated and are, to some degree, independent. The independence of these techniques could be used to enhance the decision process in aided target recognition (ATR) applications. In addition, it appears that the use of PCA gives a simple way to detect the presence of a target. The evidence indicates that the method used here could be used as a sophisticated window filter to find regions of interest in images.
Correcting ocean colour reflectance for absorbing aerosols

Absorbing aerosol artefacts are persistent in Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐View Sensor (SeaWiFS) imagery. Atmospheric aerosols absorb light with a strong spectral bias toward shorter wavelengths. Failure to account for their effects can result in underestimates of satellite‐derived water reflectance and overestimates of satellite‐derived chlorophyll concentrations. In this paper, a method to estimate and remove part of this artefact is presented. The method assumes (1) the total artefact is the difference between the current satellite reflectance and true reflectance; and (2) the spectral shape of the artefact caused by absorbing aerosols can be approximated by λ−n , where λ is wavelength and n = 6. The solution is explained using an in‐water bio‐optical model but is solved separately using the scattering characteristics of the atmosphere. An error analysis with variable amounts and different spectral types of aerosol artefact indicates that the method adjusts for absorbing aerosol with increasing frequency ...
The protein kinase A anchoring protein mAKAP coordinates two integrated cAMP effector pathways

Cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous mediator of intracellular signalling events. It acts principally through stimulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKAs)1,2 but also activates certain ion channels and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Epacs)3. Metabolism of cAMP is catalysed by phosphodiesterases (PDEs)4,5. Here we identify a cAMP-responsive signalling complex maintained by the muscle-specific A-kinase anchoring protein (mAKAP) that includes PKA, PDE4D3 and Epac1. These intermolecular interactions facilitate the dissemination of distinct cAMP signals through each effector protein. Anchored PKA stimulates PDE4D3 to reduce local cAMP concentrations, whereas an mAKAP-associated ERK5 kinase module suppresses PDE4D3. PDE4D3 also functions as an adaptor protein that recruits Epac1, an exchange factor for the small GTPase Rap1, to enable cAMP-dependent attenuation of ERK5. Pharmacological and molecular manipulations of the mAKAP complex show that anchored ERK5 can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Thus, two coupled cAMP-dependent feedback loops are coordinated within the context of the mAKAP complex, suggesting that local control of cAMP signalling by AKAP proteins is more intricate than previously appreciated.
On the radiation pattern of a corner reflector finite in width

Radiation pattern and gain of a corner reflector antenna finite in width are calculated by means of geometrical method for diffraction. The functions F(T)s referred to diffraction by the edges and their images are introduced. In the case of an aperture angle not equal to 2\pi /m ( m : integer) a finite number of images of a dipole are considered, and the waves diffracted by the apex edge are introduced. The cases of aperture angles 90\deg , 45\deg and 115\deg are computed. The results are compared with the measured results obtained by Cottony and Wilson. In the forward and lateral directions agreements between both results are very good; however, in the rear direction it may be necessary to take into account the effects of the waves diffracted by the upper and lower edges of the reflector, when the length of the corner reflector is not too great.
Development of cholinergic innervation in the hippocampal formation of the rat: II. Quantitative changes in choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities

Abstract The postnatal development of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities has been studied in the hippocampal region of the rat brain and in discrete layers of the dentate gyrus. Because the hippocampal region receives its cholinergic innervation predominantly from a single source, these data could be related to development within a defined central cholinergic projection. The specific activity of ChAc is low and uniform in all layers of the dentate gyrus at 11 days of age. It attains adult values within a brief period around 16–17 days. We interpret this finding as a correlate of cholinergic synaptogenesis. It is not accompanied by an increase of similar magnitude in AChE activity, which attains mature values later and at a more gradual rate. These findings are integrated with AChE histochemistry to formulate a developmental sequence in the cholinergic innervation of the dentate gyrus. Less-detailed data on development of ChAc and AChE activities in the hippocampal region as a whole suggest a similar sequence in divisions other than the dentate gyrus.
The Relation between Business Property Values and Local Property Taxes

ABSTRACT: This study examines the relation between commercial and industrial property values and local property taxes using 1999 to 2009 data for the state of Georgia. Results show a negative relation between commercial values and property taxes, consistent with the new view of capital tax prediction that these taxes are borne, at least in part, by property owners. Incidence estimates show very high to full capitalization. There is little evidence of a relation between industrial property values and property taxes, contrary to prior research. This study is the first to provide empirical evidence of differences in commercial and industrial property tax incidence. The study contributes to the understanding of the capitalization of business taxes, which has been the subject of very little prior research. The results can inform policymakers who consider trade-offs in tax revenue needs, economic development, and issues of fairness in their localities.
Methodologies and Tools for Exploring Transport Protocols in the Context of High-Speed Networks

This PhD work aims at proposing a methodology and tools for the evaluation of transport protocols in the context of large scale computing environment based on high speed networks. The goal is to define and validate a benchmark for comparing different transport and congestion control approaches. Our contribution concerns the definition of metrics, scenarios, experiments and pilot demonstrations for high demanding distributed applications. After stating the problem of evaluating transport protocols in high speed networks, we present existing methodologies for this purpose. We introduce our proposal of a tool to help users performing network experiments. We illustrate our approach with a few examples of results obtained from experiments in our Grid'5000 testbed which complements other existing approaches.
Model Builders and Instrument Makers

Many inventors, engineers, and scientists think in verbal images. Elmer Sperry (1860–1930), a noted American inventor, was able to “operate” in his mind's eye the machines he was developing. For inventors, engineers, and experimental scientists, visualization is often followed by construction of a physical model of the invention, which can be an experimental apparatus. The model, or apparatus, is then tested in increasingly complex environments and changes are made in the physical artifact until it is ready to be used. Examples of this process of development are Sperry's development of a ship stabilizer for the U.S. Navy and a revolving mirror to be used by Albert Michelson in the determination of the speed of light. Thomas Edison called experimentation his development of an invention through the building and testing of a series of models. So, both scientists and inventors experiment. They are not discovering the “secrets of nature”: they are observing how artifacts – their physical creations – behave. These physical models of thought reflect the characteristics of the tools with which they were made. They are socially constructed, as well.
Nominal Partisanship: Names as Political Identity Signals

Sending a signal of partisan identity carries greater expressive benefit, but also greater expected cost, for members of the public when they are more exposed to adherents of the other party. To see whether the cost or the benefit dominates in the decision to send partisan signals, this article considers partisan signals sent by names of newborns, particularly girls named “Reagan,” in US state-years from 1976 to 2011. Results indicate that the benefits of expressing identity increase more than do costs in the face of a large out-group: higher proportions of Democrats in a state increase the relationship between Republican populations and the tendency to name daughters “Reagan.”
A Cross-Cultural Study of the Reliability of the Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory:

The purpose of the study was to determine the realiability of the spanish translation of the Self Esteem Inventory (SEI) with a group of Puerto Rican students on the island and another on the mainl...
REDI: an efficient fault oriented procedure to identify redundant faults in combinational logic circuits

In this work, a new and effective procedure, called REDI, to efficiently identify redundant single stuck-at faults in combinational logic circuits is proposed. The method is fault oriented and uses sensitizability of partial paths to determine redundant faults. It uses only implications and hence may not determine all the redundant faults of a circuit. However, experimental results presented on benchmark circuits show that the procedure identifies nearly all the redundant faults in most of the benchmark circuits. The key features of REDI that make it efficient are: partial path sensitization, blockage learning, dynamic branch ordering and fault grouping. Experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed procedure in identifying redundant faults in combinational logic circuits.
Contrasting Grenville-aged tectonic histories across the Llano Uplift, Texas: New evidence for deep-seated high-temperature deformation in the western uplift

Models of doubly vergent orogens provide an excellent proxy for the Llano Uplift of central Texas, a Grenville-aged belt that consists of two portions with different structural styles, metamorphic grades, degrees of partial melting, and opposite directions of tectonic transport. Six phases of deformation at amphibolite-facies conditions are recorded in both portions of the uplift as a result of continent-continent and arc-continent collision. However, in the western uplift, field mapping and thin section analysis of microstructures and metamorphic mineral assemblages provide evidence for temperatures above the second sillimanite isograd and partial melting during both early and late deformation. These observations correlate well with numerical models for the Alps, which have identified a prowedge and retrowedge in the crust above a subducting slab. The western uplift is coincident with the retrowedge, located at greater depth in the orogenic pile, leading to greater temperatures and more melting as well as opposite vergence from the prowedge. A lack of discrete shear zones and opposite structural stacking and vergence in the western uplift, coupled with apparently greater temperatures and more widespread partial melting, suggest that the western uplift has a different tectonic history from the eastern uplift. Most notably, this study documents widespread and pervasive partial melting during uniformly distributed deformation, as well as abundant granitic intrusions during latest deformation in the western uplift. Analogue models readily accommodate these observations from both eastern and western parts of the uplift in the form of a bivergent orogenic wedge.
Equatorial scintillation characteristics during solar minimum: Observations from the SCINDA network

The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite was launched in April 2008 for the purpose of specifying and forecasting equatorial ionospheric scintillation. For the first two years on orbit the satellite operated in a period of very low solar flux and observed a significant occurrence of irregularities in the post-midnight timeframe while detecting an unexpectedly low level of disturbances in the post-sunset sector prior to midnight. Here we investigate the occurrence of irregularities as observed from the SCINDA network of ground sensors, comparing and contrasting differences and similarities.
Learning by discovery during innovation development

In prior research we found that trial–and–error learning was not present in the early pre–market period of innovation development but clearly evident in the market–entry commercialization period. The ambiguous and uncertain environment associated with early innovation development also suggests that learning by imitation is unlikely due to the newness of the innovation activities. This leaves the organization with either no learning or a more complicated type of knowledge acquisition not specified by our model of trial–and–error learning. This paper explores learning during highly ambiguous conditions and how it relates to theories and to practices of innovation development and organizational learning.
Acute hypertension: its significance in traumatic aortic rupture

Traumatic aortic rupture is a common occurrence associated with 16 percent of deaths from automobile accidents. Through a review of current literature and two recent cases from The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, we have attempted to elucidate a common physical finding, acute hypertension associated with blunt chest trauma, and prove its significance as a diagnostic clue to traumatic rupture of the aorta. New laboratory findings of an aortic sympathetic reflex stimulated by stretching the aortic wall in the area of the isthmus provides a physiological explanation for the cause of hypertension after aortic trauma.
APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-RESOLUTION SPACE PHOTOGRAPHS IN FOREST INVENTORY WORK

The potential applications of high-resolution (2-m) black-and-white space photographs in forest inventory work is evaluated for an area undergoing intensive forest valuation and other studies. Multiband air photographs are used as a basis for conducting forest inventory work, the compilation of interpretation maps, and the organization of a forest inventory data base. A discussion of interpretation keys (direct and indirect) precedes a more detailed description of the appearance on high-resolution space photographs of stands of the major forest-forming species in the mixed forest belt of central Russia—spruce, pine, birch, aspen, and black alder. A map showing dominant tree species for subdivisions of a test plot then is compiled from space photographs and interpretation accuracy is tested statistically. In addition, assessments are made of accuracy in age determination, stand fullness and crown closure, and stand height.
Title VII: What's Hair (And Other Race-Based Characteristics) Got To Do With It?

This Article offers a revised analysis of Title VII race, color, and national origin disparate treatment cases involving mutable characteristics, like hair styles, clothing, and language. First, the Article submits that historically, definitions of race, color, and ethnicity have encompassed more than “immutable characteristics”. These historical definitions have indeed influenced our modern understandings of what signifies race, color, and national origin. Accordingly, courts must abandon the notion that race is an “immutable characteristic” and thus view race in a manner consistent with historical and contemporary conceptions - which takes into account characteristics that are mutable. Secondly, this Article argues that courts should consider the stigmatizing effects of employers’ formal and informal grooming and appearance policies and the resulting adverse employment action on applicants and employees when they fail to comply with such policies. Consequently, an employer’s policy or decision that perpetuates a pejorative racial, color, and/or ethnic stigma and causes individual and/or collective stigmatic harm should be found unlawful under Title VII. This Article maintains that applying this jurisprudential analysis to cases involving mutable characteristics will increase the viability of such claims. Furthermore, it will more adequately protect applicants and employees from being subjected to stigmatizing employment decisions that are deemed lawful under current jurisprudence yet contravene the prohibitions and promise of Title VII.
BET Bromodomain Proteins Brd2, Brd3 and Brd4 Selectively Regulate Metabolic Pathways in the Pancreatic β-Cell

Displacement of Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal (BET) proteins from chromatin has promise for cancer and inflammatory disease treatments, but roles of BET proteins in metabolic disease remain unexplored. Small molecule BET inhibitors, such as JQ1, block BET protein binding to acetylated lysines, but lack selectivity within the BET family (Brd2, Brd3, Brd4, Brdt), making it difficult to disentangle contributions of each family member to transcriptional and cellular outcomes. Here, we demonstrate multiple improvements in pancreatic β-cells upon BET inhibition with JQ1 or BET-specific siRNAs. JQ1 (50-400 nM) increases insulin secretion from INS-1 cells in a concentration dependent manner. JQ1 increases insulin content in INS-1 cells, accounting for increased secretion, in both rat and human islets. Higher concentrations of JQ1 decrease intracellular triglyceride stores in INS-1 cells, a result of increased fatty acid oxidation. Specific inhibition of both Brd2 and Brd4 enhances insulin transcription, leading to increased insulin content. Inhibition of Brd2 alone increases fatty acid oxidation. Overlapping yet discrete roles for individual BET proteins in metabolic regulation suggest new isoform-selective BET inhibitors may be useful to treat insulin resistant/diabetic patients. Results imply that cancer and diseases of chronic inflammation or disordered metabolism are related through shared chromatin regulatory mechanisms.
Using growth mixture modeling to identify classes of sodium adherence in adults with heart failure.

Background: The prevention of fluid retention is important to reduce hospitalizations in patients with heart failure (HF). Following a low-sodium diet helps to reduce fluid retention. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to use growth mixture modeling to identify distinct classes of sodium adherenceVcharacterized by shared growth trajectories of objectively measured dietary sodium. The secondary objective was to identify patient-level determinants of the nonadherent trajectory. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data collected from a prospective longitudinal study of 279 community-dwelling adults with previously or currently symptomatic HF. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct trajectories of change in 24-hour urinary sodium excretion measured at 3 time points over 6 months. Logistic modeling was used to predict membership in observed trajectories. Results: The sample was predominantly male (64%), had a mean age of 62 years, was functionally compromised (59% New York Heart Association class III), and had nonischemic HF etiology. Two distinct trajectories of sodium intake were identified and labeled adherent (66%) and nonadherent (34%) to low-sodium diet recommendations. Three predictors of the nonadherent trajectory were identified, confirming our previous mixed-effect analysis. Compared with being normal weight (body mass index G25 kg/m 2 ), being overweight and obese was associated with a 4-fold incremental increase in the likelihood of being in the nonadherent trajectory (odds ratio [OR], 4.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66Y12.91; P G .002). Being younger than 65 years (OR, 4.66; 95% CI, 1.04Y20.81; P = .044) or having diabetes (OR, 4.15; 95% CI, 1.29Y13.40; P = .016) were both associated with more than 4 times the odds of being in the nonadherent urine sodium trajectory compared with being older than 65 years or not having diabetes, respectively. Conclusions: Two distinct trajectories of sodium intake were identified in patients with HF. The nonadherent trajectory was characterized by an elevated pattern of dietary sodium intake shown by others to be associated with adverse outcomes in HF. Predictors of the nonadherent trajectory included higher body mass index, younger age, and diabetes.
Methods for Characterizing Rotorcraft Pilot Strategy and Handling Qualities in the Shipboard Environment

The present work reports on analysis improvements applied to previous research in handling qualities for the shipboard environment. The data were collected from six test pilot instructors at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School, each of whom has extensive experience in the shipboard environment. Three tasks, one land-based and two sea-based, were performed to investigate how pilot workload varies with visual scene and control response type. There is no wind or ship motion, therefore the present study only provides insight into the visual cueing differences between the land-based and ship-based tasks. The primary data analysis consisted of pilot assigned handling qualities ratings, approach profile, pilot control input, and eye tracker data. These data, particularly the variation in these data over the course of a given maneuver, reveal insight to the pilot-vehicle system beneficial to the understanding of maritime operations. Key results include the following: (i) pilots use a combination of foveal and peripheral vision in order to gain a sense of position and closure to the landing area, (ii) the land-based approach, with its richer near-field cues and two-dimensional ship profile, is fundamentally different from the shipboard approach tasks, and (iii) optical tau (i.e., “taudot”) analysis provides an impetus to separate the maritime approach and maritime hover into two different tasks.
Mating Behavior and Evidence of a Male Sex Pheromone in Species of the Genus Aphytis

Behavioral evidence of the presence of a male sex pheromone in species of Aphytis has been gathered by bioassaying live males and females in the laboratory. The range of effectiveness of such a pheromone has been estimated from laboratory experiments as being ca. 20 mm from the releasing male. It has been demonstrated that the male pheromone is strongly species specific and can be perceived only by conspecific females, having no effect (behavioral) on females of other species. It has also been demonstrated that successful mating takes place only as a result of an interplay of the sex pheromones of both the sexes. The role of these sex pheromones in maintaining reproductive isolation among related species in parasitic Hymenoptera is emphasized. This is the first report of the behavioral role of a male pheromone, acting like an aphrodisiac, in parasitic Hymenoptera.