cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recursion in Language: Is It Indirectly Constrained?

Recursion is a key aspect of formal theories of language. In this chapter we have presented a new perspective on recursion in language, claiming that recursion in language is indirectly constrained. After discussing some aspects of the relation between linguistic theory and mathematical linguistics, we show that this perspective arises from the properties of grammars that are beyond context-free grammars with context-sensitivity that is mild in a sense and that the derivation proceeds from structures to structures. Viewing the generation process inductively, we then show that for each index of recursion, there is a form (we call this a canonical form) that can be generated. However, corresponding to the canonical form, there are variants of the form, called here as non-canonical forms that exhibit gaps in the sense that for a given index of recursion, beyond two levels of embedding, not all non-canonical forms can be generated. This property emerges from the formal architecture of the system and not from any particular linguistic or processing constraint. We call this property Indirectly Constrained Recursion (ICR), suggesting a new perspective on recursion in language. ICR is a formal structural constraint and not a linguistic or processing constraint. In linguistic theories constraints on recursion are usually expressed either in terms of some linguistic constraints or in terms of processing constraints. ICR arises from the properties of the kinds of formal systems considered here. Linguistic constraints and processing constraints are then to be considered as additional constraints. The linguistic phenomena referred to in this chapter are well-known. Hence, the main contribution of this chapter is the presentation of a new perspective on recursion as described above.
Adolescent bariatric surgery: a qualitative exploratory study of US patient perspectives.

Bariatric surgery is a safe and effective intervention to treat severe obesity and related comorbidities in adolescents. No qualitative studies have explored the perspectives of US adolescent weight-loss patients on their bariatric surgery motivations, decision-making or experiences. The purpose of this qualitative exploratory study was to explore the perspectives of adolescent patients seeking bariatric surgery while enrolled in a medical weight management programme. Eligible participants 13-21 years old were recruited through a weight management programme at a tertiary care children's hospital in the US Midwest. Interviews were conducted remotely using a video chat medium. An initial 60-min semi-structured interview was conducted with seven participants who were 16-21 years old: one deciding on bariatric surgery, one pre-operative and five post-operative. A brief follow-up interview was conducted 1 month later with four participants. Interviews were transcribed and coded using Atlas.ti software. Three broad themes emerged from participants' reflections: the long journey to surgery, time scarcity and be ready for change. The decision to pursue bariatric surgery takes place after struggling with obesity and failed weight-loss attempts since early childhood. Post-operative participants described bariatric surgery as life-changing, but determining when to schedule surgery is a challenge for adolescents.
Gout and hearing impairment in the elderly: a retrospective cohort study using the US Medicare claims data.

Objectives To evaluate whether gout is associated with a higher risk of hearing loss in older adults. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting USA. Participants 5% random sample of US Medicare claims 2006–2012, representative of US adults aged 65 years or older. Primary and secondary outcomes Incident (new) hearing loss identified by the presence of at least two claims at least 4 weeks apart with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, 389.xx, with no respective claim in the baseline 1-year observation period. Results Among the 1.71 million eligible people, 89 409 developed incident hearing impairment. The crude incidence rates of incident hearing impairment in people with versus without gout were 16.9 vs. 8.7 per 1000 person-years. Using Cox regression analyses adjusted for demographics, medical comorbidity and common cardiovascular and gout medications, we found that gout was associated with a significantly higher HR of incident hearing impairment, HR was 1.44 (95% CI 1.40 to 1.49, p Conclusions Gout is associated with a higher risk of development of hearing loss in older adults. Future studies need to assess the underlying mechanisms of this association.
Intellectual Control [Pragmatic Designer]

In the early days of software engineering, Edsger Dijkstra warned us not to let the size and complexity of our programs cause us to lose “intellectual control” due to the limited nature of our minds. To my knowledge, he never defined precisely what intellectual control was. Our software today is staggeringly larger than the programs of the 1960s, so does that mean we have it under our intellectual control, or did we find ways to make progress without Dijkstra’s high standards? I see signs that we have some software that is under intellectual control and other software that is not. In this column, I’m going to discuss how we can recognize these two categories, what happens when engineers on a project have different attitudes about intellectual control, some advice on when we probably should insist on it, and some ideas about how we achieve it.
Can Kinetic Inductance in Low-Dimensional Materials Enable a New Generation of RF-Electronics?

Kinetic Inductance has been recently exploited at room temperature to create materials with inductance densities that exceed the traditional Faraday limit [1], [2]. In this work, for the first time, we develop a rigorous theoretical framework to uncover the physics and origin of kinetic inductance to identify/engineer the materials for addressing inductance-density and performance requirements in next generation passive devices for RF-ICs. Employing three different approaches (Drude model, Fermi sphere and the Boltzmann Transport Equation), we provide guidelines for optimally exploiting kinetic inductance in natural as well as engineered low-dimensional materials to simultaneously achieve maximum inductance-density and performance required for next-generation RF/wireless applications.
Abortion providers' experiences and views on self-managed medication abortion: an exploratory study.

Abstract Objective Data on the practice of self-managed medication abortion are limited, in part because this practice takes place purposefully outside of established healthcare systems. Given this, we aimed to ascertain abortion providers' familiarity with self-managed medication abortion and associated complications, compare regional differences and evaluate provider attitudes. Study design We distributed an online survey to members of Society for Family Planning, Association of Reproductive Health Providers and the Abortion Care Network between July and September 2017 querying experiences with and opinions about self-managed abortion. Results Of 650 respondents, 359 (55.1%) were direct abortion providers. Two hundred and thirty of 335 providers (68.6%) had experience with women trying to interrupt pregnancies on their own, and of those, 153 (76.1%) had seen use of misoprostol and/or mifepristone, and 204 of 342 (59.6%) thought this practice increased in the past 5 years. One hundred and seventeen of 335 (34.9%), witnessed complications from self-managed abortion with misoprostol/mifepristone, most commonly incomplete abortion and less often hemorrhage, sepsis and uterine rupture. Half of providers, 171 of 321 (53.3%), think that the use of misoprostol/mifepristone for the self-management of abortion is safe. Conclusion Two thirds of respondents had experiences with women attempting to self-manage abortion, and about a third witnessed complications related to self-managed medication abortion. About half of respondents agreed that self-managed abortion is safe. Implications This study establishes that self-managed abortion is a practice which a majority of respondents have seen among their patients and, because of its prevalence, an area that warrants further research.
THER-06. PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN PRIMARY MEDULLOBLASTOMA CELL CULTURE AND PATIENT-DERIVED XENOGRAFT MODELS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATION

Author(s): Plant, Ashley S; Pulley, Michelle; Di, Kaijun; Goldsmith, Carey; Pathare, Jody; Muhonen, Michael; Loudon, William G; Olaya, Joffre; Bota, Daniela
Mechanism of Cardiac Troponin C Calcium Sensitivity Modulation by Small Molecules Illuminated by Umbrella Sampling Simulations

Cardiac troponin C (cTnC) binds intracellular calcium and subsequently cardiac troponin I (cTnI), initiating cardiac muscle contraction. Due to its role in contraction, cTnC has been a therapeutic target in the search for small molecules to treat conditions that interfere with normal muscle contraction like the heritable cardiomyopathies. Structural studies have shown the binding location of small molecules such as bepridil, dfbp-o, 3-methyldiphenylamine (DPA), and W7 to be a hydrophobic pocket in the regulatory domain of cTnC (cNTnC) but have not shown the influence of these small molecules on the energetics of opening this domain. Here we describe an application of an umbrella sampling method used to elucidate the impact these calcium sensitivity modulators have on the free energy of cNTnC hydrophobic patch opening. We found that all these molecules lowered the free energy of opening in the absence of the cTnI, with bepridil facilitating the least endergonic transformation. In the presence of cTnI, however, we saw a stabilization of the open configuration due to DPA and dfbp-o binding, and a destabilization of the open configuration imparted by bepridil and W7. Predicted poor binding molecule NSC34337 left the hydrophobic patch in under 3 ns in conventional MD simulations suggesting that only hydrophobic patch binders stabilized the open conformation. In conclusion, this study presents a novel approach to study the impact of small molecules on hydrophobic patch opening through umbrella sampling, and it proposes mechanisms for calcium sensitivity modulation.
Microsatellite Instability and Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Stage II Colon Cancer.

Background:Randomized control trials and population-based studies do not demonstrate a definitive benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in stage II colon cancer (CC). Tumor sidedness and microsatellite instability (MSI) status may predict response to ACT, but previous studies have limited microsat
The Association Between Delay Discounting and Schizotypal Personality Characteristics in a Nonclinical Sample

Immediacy theory of schizophrenia posits that the behavior of individuals with schizophrenia is controlled to a greater degree by stimuli in the current environment relative to individuals without schizophrenia. Prior research supports this idea by finding that individuals with schizophrenia display steeper rates of delay discounting than those without it. The present study had 272 undergraduate students complete a questionnaire that assessed the presence of schizotypal personality characteristics and then a delay-discounting task that involved five different outcomes. Results demonstrated that schizotypal traits were rarely correlated with rates of discounting and that rates of discounting did not differ between participants scoring low and high on those traits. These results, obtained from a nonclinical sample, thus suggest that the steep rates of discounting observed for individuals with schizophrenia in prior research may have developed after, or as a result of, the schizophrenia or potentially as a result of treatment.
Application of Real-Time Digital Simulation in Intelligent Substation Testing

With wide application of intelligent substations,the secondary equipment testing becomes a new research subject.Based on real-time digital simulation system(RTDS),this paper discusses the application of GTNET card and secondary equipment testing method in intelligent substation.Then simulation examples are illustrated to verify the feasibility of the proposed method,and the dynamic performance of secondary devices in the normal test items,as well as under secondary system anomaly.
EARLY VERSUS LATE PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION AFTER TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Conduction defects after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) occasionally require permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation. Data on timing of PPM post-TAVR are lacking, particularly in patients who re-present after discharge with new high degree AV block (HAVB). We performed a single-center
Effect of the level of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" infection on the development of zebra chip disease in different potato genotypes at harvest and post storage.

Potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc)-transmitted “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Lso) has been negatively impacting the potato industry in the United States as well as other potato-producing countries. Lso has been linked to a condition known as zebra chip (ZC) that affects yield and quality of potato tubers. Efforts to find sources of resistance to ZC have primarily focused on greenhouse evaluations based on a single inoculation time prior to harvest. Plant response to infection, however, could be influenced by the developmental stage of the host plant, and ZC may continue to develop after harvest. The objectives of this study were to quantify Lso inoculation success, Lso titer, ZC severity and Lso development during storage in eight potato genotypes. These evaluations were conducted on plants infested with Lso-positive psyllids at 77, 12, and 4 days before vine removal (DBVR). The evaluated genotypes were categorized according to their relative resistance to Lso and tolerance to ZC symptoms. Lso inoculation success in the genotype family A07781, derived from Solanum chacoense, was lower than that of the susceptible control (‘Russet Burbank’). A07781-4LB and A07781-3LB genotypes were characterized relatively resistant to the pathogen and highly tolerant to ZC symptoms, while A07781-10LB was categorized as susceptible to Lso but relatively tolerant to symptom expression. In stored potatoes, increase in Lso concentrations was observed for all infestation times. However, significantly higher Lso titer was detected in tubers infested 12 DBVR and the effect was similar across genotypes. Overall, the A07781 family can be considered as a promising source of resistance or tolerance to ZC.
Chapter 255 – Ticks

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the ticks, a distinct group of exclusively blood-feeding ectoparasites familiar to most people in virtually all regions of the world. Ticks are classified with the class Arachnida, the group that contains the familiar spiders and scorpions. Arachnids have chelicerae, which are appendages with pincerlike or scissorlike cutting edges, instead of mandibles. There is no head or thorax such as occurs in insects. Ticks transmit a greater variety of disease causing pathogenic agents than any group of arthropods, including protozoan, viral, bacterial, and even fungal pathogens. An example is Lyme disease, which is now the most important vector borne disease of humans in the United States, Europe, and Asia. In numerous countries in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, tick-borne diseases of livestock such as babesiosis, theileriosis, and heartwater have made it difficult or impossible to raise domestic animals for food or animal products. Ticks can also cause irritating or even fatal injury to humans and animals because of paralysis, toxicity, or severe allergic reactions to their bites.
Nonodontogenic Odontalgia Referred from the Temporal Tendon: A Case Report

Abstract Introduction Temporal tendonitis (TT) is an orofacial pain disorder that can refer pain to the maxillary and mandibular molars, temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, eye, or ear. Patients often present to a dentist or physician with complaints reflecting these referral patterns, yet many healthcare providers are unfamiliar with TT because of the scarcity of literature published on this clinical entity. This may lead to diagnostic confusion, iatrogenic harm, and prolonged patient suffering. Methods and Results This case report describes TT that presented as maxillary and mandibular posterior tooth pain, preauricular pain, and decreased mandibular range of motion. Patient history and examination were suggestive of TT. Local anesthetic injection adjacent to the tendon eliminated all pain complaints and improved range of motion. The patient was given education on the condition and self-care instructions. At 1-week follow-up, the patient reported resolution of her pain complaint. Conclusions As healthcare providers familiarize themselves with appropriate diagnostic and treatment options for TT, delayed or unnecessary care can be avoided, and proper management strategies can be implemented.
Can Certain Baseline Characteristics in Patients with Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS) Predict Disease Burden and Functional Outcomes? (5277)

Objective: To identify if baseline characteristics such as phenotype, body-region involvement and others can predict disease burden and functional-outcomes in patients with Stiff-Person Syndrome (SPS). Background: SPS is a neuroimmunological disease that presents with various manifestations and can cause significant disability. It is not well-known whether there are potential risks-factors for disease-burden and future disability in SPS; especially factors that are present early on that give insight into worse prognosis. To identify if baseline characteristics such as clinical phenotype and body-region involvement help determine disease-burden and predict future disability/functional-outcomes in patients with Stiff-Person Syndrome(SPS). Design/Methods: Retrospective medical record review from 1997 to 2019 at Johns Hopkins. Clinical phenotypes were assigned by review of history and examination; classic SPS, stiff-limb syndrome, SPSplus( classic SPS+cerebellar/brainstem findings), pure cerebellar(no musculoskeletal symptoms/signs), and progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus(PERM). Initial symptom presentation(stiffness;spasms;cerebellar;brainstem) and stiffness location(limb;trunk/torso;face) were also recorded. We calculated modified-Rankin Scale(mRS) scores for each clinical visit and a subset had timed 25-foot walk(T25FW) available. We calculated if SPS phenotype or initial symptoms predicted change in mRS or T25FW over time using mixed effects models. Results: We identified 186 patients(average age of onset:42y[SD:14.4];73% female;27% non-white) with SPS-spectrum disorders with moderate-disability(median mRS=3.0; IQR:2–3). Both initial brainstem/cerebellar symptoms(iBSCeSym) and SPS-plus/cerebellar phenotypes were associated with high-mRS at baseline(mean difference in mRS for iBSCeSym:0.51; 95%CI:0.13–0.88;p=0.009; SPS-plus:0.42; 95%CI:0.01–0.82;p=0.05; cerebellar:0.62; 95%CI:0.03–1.25;p=0.04). iBSCeSym and SPS-plus phenotypes were associated with slower-walking speeds (n=134; iBSCeSym:63% slower; 20.5–221.1%;p=0.002; SPS-plus:64% slower;18.1–227.1%;p=0.004). In longitudinal-analyses, SPS-phenotypes and initial symptoms did not predict change in mRS or T25FW. Conclusions: We describe a unique observation in the largest cohort of patients with SPS;SPS-plus/cerebellar phenotypes have greater disability at presentation compared to their counterparts. These findings suggest that disease phenotype and/or body-region involved may act as a biomarker for early disease-burden and emphasize the need for earlier diagnosis and considerations of implementing immune-therapies earlier. Disclosure: Dr. Mukharesh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fitzgerald has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Newsome has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Biogen, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech, medDay Pharmaceuticals, and Gerson Lehrman Group.. Dr. Newsome has received research support from Biogen, Genentech.
Kaitianite, Ti 3+ 2 Ti 4+ O 5 , a new titanium oxide mineral from Allende

Kaitianite, Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅, is a new titanium oxide mineral discovered in the Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. The type grain coexists with tistarite (Ti₂O₃) and rutile. Corundum, xifengite, mullite, osbornite, and a new Ti,Al,Zr‐oxide mineral are also present, although not in contact. The chemical composition of type kaitianite is (wt%) Ti₂O₃ 56.55, TiO₂ 39.29, Al₂O₃ 1.18, MgO 1.39, FeO 0.59, V₂O₃ 0.08 (sum 99.07), yielding an empirical formula of (Ti³⁺_(1.75)Al_(0.05)Ti⁴⁺_(0.10)Mg_(0.08)Fe_(0.02))(Ti⁴⁺_(1.00))O₅, with Ti³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ partitioned, assuming a stoichiometry of three cations and five oxygen anions pfu. The end‐member formula is Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅. Kaitianite is the natural form of γ‐Ti₃O₅ with space group C2/c and cell parameters a = 10.115 A, b = 5.074 A, c = 7.182 A, β = 112o, V = 341.77 A³, and Z = 4. Both the type kaitianite and associated rutile likely formed as oxidation products of tistarite at temperatures below 1200 K, but this oxidation event could have been in a very reducing environment, even more reducing than a gas of solar composition. Based on experimental data on the solubility of Ti³⁺ in equilibrium with corundum from the literature, the absence of tistarite in or on Ti³⁺‐rich corundum (0.27–1.45 mol% Ti₂O₃) suggests that these grains formed at higher temperatures than the kaitianite (>1579–1696 K, depending on the Ti concentration). The absence of rutile or kaitianite in or on corundum suggests that any exposure to the oxidizing environment producing kaitianite in tistarite was too short to cause the precipitation of Ti‐oxides in or on associated corundum.
A 24 μm POINT SOURCE CATALOG OF THE GALACTIC PLANE FROM SPITZER/MIPSGAL

In this contribution, we describe the applied methods to construct a 24 μm based point source catalog derived from the image data of the MIPSGAL 24 μm Galactic Plane Survey and the corresponding data products. The high quality catalog product contains 933,818 sources, with a total of 1,353,228 in the full archive catalog. The source tables include positional and photometric information derived from the 24 μm images, source quality and confusion flags, and counterpart photometry from matched 2MASS, GLIMPSE, and WISE point sources. Completeness decay data cubes are constructed at 1′ angular resolution that describe the varying background levels over the MIPSGAL field and the ability to extract sources of a given magnitude from this background. The completeness decay cubes are included in the set of data products. We present the results of our efforts to verify the astrometric and photometric calibration of the catalog, and present several analyses of minor anomalies in these measurements to justify adopted mitigation strategies.
Development and characterization of confocal sputtered piezoelectric zinc oxide thin film

Abstract Thin film zinc oxide (ZnO) is often used as a piezoelectric material, but its material properties are dependent on the deposition method and parameters. Direct sputtering using reactive DC or RF sputtering are the most common deposition methods for thin film piezoelectric ZnO. This paper investigates the influence of varying sputtering parameters on piezoelectric and mechanical properties of ZnO deposited by confocal sputtering using pulsed DC on a silicon substrate. Parameters such as varying power, duty cycle and temperature were examined. Crystallinity of the films were investigated systematically by X-ray Diffraction. Mechanical properties such as hardness and Youngs Modulus of thin films were measured via nanoindentation. Piezoelectric coefficient d33 was also measured for the films. Results demonstrated that the ZnO thin film exhibited high c-axis (002) textured films with rocking curve full width half maximum values of 1.69°. It was observed that power, duty cycle and temperature significantly affected the crystallinity, mechanical properties and d33 values of the ZnO thin film. This paper demonstrates that pulsed DC confocal sputtering can be utilized to deposit piezoelectric ZnO films and demonstrates key sputtering parameters that influence the piezoelectric, mechanical and morphology properties of the film.
A vectorized long-period shift-register random number generator

A pseudorandom number generator, based on a linear-feedback shift-register sequence, is presented. The very long period of the generator, 2/sup 1279/-1, makes it useful in modern statistical simulations. The proposed generator overcomes the limitations of multiplicative-congruential generators with modulus 2/sup 31/-1. The properties of linear-feedback shift-register sequences are reviewed, and a sequence of order p=1279 is proposed as a source of pseudorandom numbers. Results of the vectorization of shift register algorithm and of statistical tests are presented.
Interactive 3D visualization and post-processing analysis of vertex-based unstructured polyhedral meshes with ParaView

The development of physics-based 3D models that investigate the behavior of biological tissues requires effective and efficient visualization tools. The open-source software ParaView has such capabilities, but often impose a steep learning curve due to the use of the Visualization Toolkit (VTK) data structures. To overcome this, I show how to setup the components of 3D vertex-like models, i.e., vertices, faces, and polyhedra, into the VTK data format and then output as ParaView unstructured grid files. I present a few relevant tools to visualize and analyze the files in ParaView. All sample codes are available in the Github repository vis3Dvertex.
Perioperative Amiodarone to Prevent Atrial fibrillation after Septal Myectomy in obstrUctive hypeRtroPHic cardiomyopathy.

AIMS Amiodarone reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) following coronary artery bypass surgery; however, the benefit of perioperative amiodarone in patients undergoing septal myectomy (SM) for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) has not been studied. We hypothesized that prophylactic amiodarone would reduce the incidence of postoperative AF (POAF) following SM for oHCM. METHODS AND RESULTS A single-centre, pre-post intervention open-label study of oral amiodarone (200 mg twice daily starting 7 days preoperatively and 200 mg once daily continuing for 30 days postoperatively) in patients without prior AF undergoing SM for oHCM from 2014 to 2018. The primary outcome was incident AF within 30 days. Secondary outcomes were unplanned readmission, AF treatment, total and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and pacemaker implantation for high-grade atrioventricular (AV) block. 61 patients met inclusion criteria with 34 (55.8%) in the pre-intervention (control) group and 27 (44.2%) in the post-intervention (amiodarone) group. The incidence of POAF was 11.0% in the amiodarone group compared with 38.2% in the control group (P = 0.017). After adjusting for age, amiodarone was associated with less POAF [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05, 0.76; P = 0.016]. ICU (2 days [IQR 1, 4] vs. 3 days [IQR 2, 4]; P = 0.165) and total (6 days [IQR 5, 6] vs. 6 days [IQR 5, 7]; P = 0.165) LOS were similar, as was the rate of pacemaker implantation (7.4% vs. 8.3%, P > 0.999). There were no adverse events associated with amiodarone. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative oral amiodarone is safe and was associated with lower incidence of POAF following SM for oHCM.
Reply: Josephson effect and a π-state in superfluid 3 He

Backhaus et al. reply — Avenel et al. have suggested a mechanism that might explain the recently discovered1 metastable π-state in a superfluid 3He weak-link array. We are pleased that our experiment is leading to new ideas that may extend the understanding of weak-link arrays. We agree with Avenel et al.'s comment that, when the individual apertures are in a (short coherence length, low temperature) hysteretic regime, collective phenomena quite distinct from single weak-link behaviour might be observed. Nevertheless, in the temperature regime in which the coherence length is comparable to the aperture dimensions, we have shown that the collective behaviour of the array is similar to that of a single weak link2,3.
Tractable group detection on large link data sets

Discovering underlying structure from co-occurrence data is an important task in a variety of fields, including: insurance, intelligence, criminal investigation, epidemiology, human resources, and marketing. Previously Kubica et al. presented the group detection algorithm (GDA) - an algorithm for finding underlying groupings of entities from co-occurrence data. This algorithm is based on a probabilistic generative model and produces coherent groups that are consistent with prior knowledge. Unfortunately, the optimization used in GDA is slow, potentially making it infeasible for many large data sets. To this end, we present k-groups - an algorithm that uses an approach similar to that of k-means to significantly accelerate the discovery of groups while retaining GDA's probabilistic model. We compare the performance of GDA and k-groups on a variety of data, showing that k-groups' sacrifice in solution quality is significantly offset by its increase in speed.
Purpose based access control for privacy protection in database systems

The development of privacy-preserving data management techniques has been the focus of intense research in the last few years. Such research has resulted in important notions and techniques, such as the notions of Hippocratic database systems and k-anonymity, and various privacy-preserving data mining techniques. However, much work still needs to be carried out to develop high assurance privacy-preserving database management systems. An important requirement in the development of such systems is the need of providing comprehensive and accurate privacy-related metadata, such as data usage purposes. Such metadata represent the core of access control mechanisms specifically tailored towards privacy. In this talk we address such issue. We present a comprehensive approach for privacy preserving access control based on the notion of purpose. Purpose information associated with a given data element specifies the intended use of the data element. Purpose information represents an important form of metadata, because data usage purpose is very often part of privacy policies, such as the case of policies expressed according to P3P. A key feature of our model is that it allows multiple purposes to be associated with each data element and it also supports explicit prohibitions, thus allowing privacy officers to specify that some data should not be used for certain purposes. Another important issue to be addressed is the granularity of data labeling, that is, the units of data with which purposes can be associated. We address this issue in the context of relational databases and propose four different labeling schemes, each providing a different granularity. In the paper we also propose an approach to representing purpose information, which results in very low storage overhead, and we exploit query modification techniques to support data access control based on purpose information. We conclude the talk by outlining future work that includes the application of our purpose management techniques to complex data and its integration into RBAC.
Networks of Queues

In this chapter we will consider networks of queues. Simple analytical results are usually only possible for Markovian queueing networks. We will start by establishing the product form solution for the equilibrium state probabilities for such networks in section 3.2. The existence of the product form solution basically means that the joint state probability can be expressed as a simple product of functions associated with a network’s individual queues. In the case of open queueing networks of state independent queues these functions are simply the marginal state probabilities so that it seems that the queues act as if they were independent. This interesting observation was first noted by J.R. Jackson [JACK 57] in the original product form paper for open networks in 1957 and later generalized in [JACK 64]. Later, in 1967, W.J. Gordon and G.F. Newell [GORD] demonstrated the existence of the product form solution for closed networks. In 1975 F. Baskett, K.M. Chandy, R.R. Muntz and F.G. Palacios [BASK 75] generalized the families of queueing networks known to have the product form solution.
Defect structure of glasses: Some outstanding questions in regard to vitreous silica

The defect structure of glasses is discussed primarily in the context of vitreous silicon dioxide (v-SiO2). Our current understanding of the nature of defects in v-SiO2 is reviewed on the basis of the available electron spin resonance data, and a unified picture of radiation-damage processes is formulated for high-purity silicas of both low- and high-OH contents. The critical role of hydrogen in the latter case is noted. Several presently outstanding questions relating to the optical spectra of defects in fused silica are highlighted with particular emphasis on data obtained in the fiber optic geometry. Some potential answers to these questions are suggested, and an attempt is made to chart the directions of the next 20 years' research in glass defect structure.
Prolonged Synaptic Currents and Glutamate Spillover at the Parallel Fiber to Stellate Cell Synapse

Although neurons often fire in bursts, most of what is known about glutamate signaling and postsynaptic receptor activation is based on experiments using single stimuli. Here we examine the activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors by bursts at the parallel fiber to stellate cell synapse. We show that brief stimulus trains generate prolonged AMPA receptor (AMPAR)- and NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated EPSCs recorded in whole-cell voltage clamp. These EPSCs contrast with the rapid AMPAR-mediated EPSC evoked by a single stimulus. The prolonged AMPAR-mediated EPSC is promoted by high-frequency and high-intensity trains and can persist for hundreds of milliseconds. This EPSC is also increased by l-trans-2,4-PDC, an inhibitor of glutamate transporters, suggesting that these transporters usually limit the synaptic response to trains. These prolonged EPSCs reflect both receptor properties and a long-lasting glutamate signal. In addition, several experiments demonstrate that glutamate spillover can contribute to receptor activation. First, imaging stimulus-evoked changes in presynaptic calcium establishes that distinct parallel fiber bands can be activated. Second, activation of parallel fibers that do not directly synapse onto a given stellate cell can evoke indirect AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated EPSCs in that cell. Third, experiments using the use-dependent NMDAR blocker MK-801 show that these indirect EPSCs reflect glutamate spillover in response to trains. Together, these findings indicate that stimulus trains can generate a sustained and widespread glutamate signal that can in turn evoke large and prolonged EPSCs mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors. These synaptic properties may have important functional consequences for stellate cell firing.
IBM: Building the IT Function for a Global Business

In 1993, CEO Louis Gerstner initiated a transformation at IBM that Sam Palmisano continued when he took the reins in 2003. The transformation involved a change from a hardware and software business to a solutions and services business and from a regionally aligned organization to a global organization. IBM’s IT organization, which became known as Business Transformation and Information Technology played a critical role in the firm’s transformation that continued through 2010. This case study describes the evolution of the IT organization and how it was designed and governed to support global business processes in 2010.
Brevity of processing in a mnemonic task

1. A burst of from one to four current pulses of 0.2 ms at 100 Hz was administered bilaterally to medial temporal lobe areas while monkeys worked in a delayed matching-to-sample visual memory task. The brief electrical stimulation was used as a probe to determine when, around the 20 or 50 ms sample presentation, the disruption was most severe. 2. Stimulation within about 200 ms of the sample image onset severely perturbed the animals' ability subsequently to recognize that image. Identical stimulation at other times did not. 3. Thus, the processing during encoding, that is accessible to the implanted medial temporal lobe electrodes, appears to occur only in a brief interval associated with receipt of the sensory input.
Rev: The great beast

This is the publisher's version, which may also be found at: http//:dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311827
The study of an interaction of solid particles with various surfaces using TSM sensors

The interaction of solid particles with various surfaces has been experiencing growing interest in many areas of nanotechnology, colloidal science, and biology. In this paper the interactions of solid particles with the surface of piezoelectric thickness shear mode (TSM) sensors have been studied. A mechanical model has been presented to evaluate the effect of particle loading on the behavior of a TSM sensor. The main sources contributing to the interaction, such as Van der Waals force, friction force, and electrostatic force, are discussed. Experiments have been designed for 10-100 /spl mu/m particles on the 5-MHz and 10-MHz TSM sensors. It has been shown that the resonant frequencies of the TSM sensors might increase or decrease depending on the interaction conditions. The results have shown that the TSM sensor technique could provide the information on the mass/size of a particle and the binding energy between a particle and the sensor surface. This technique may find its applications in characterizing the properties of an interaction between particles and various surfaces.
Thermodynamic properties of liquid Al-Mg alloys measured by the Emf method

The thermodynamic properties of liquid Al-Mg alloys containing 0.027 to 95.50 at. Pct Mg were determined by measuring the emf, between 973 and 1073 K, of a magnesium concentration cell of the type Mg(l)|MgCl2-CaCl2 (eutectic melt, l)|Mg (in Al, l). Special attention has been given to low-magnesium aluminum alloys which are most commonly used in industry and for which definitive thermodynamic data are not reported in the literature. Alloys containing up to 12 at. Pct Mg follow Henry’s law, and the magnesium activity is given by the relation aMG = 0.88 XMG at 1073 K. Above 12 at. Pct Mg, the magnesium activity shows a small negative deviation from the ideal solution behavior. The activity of aluminum, however, closely follows the ideal solution behavior up to 75 at. Pct Mg and thereafter it shows a small negative deviation. The emf data have also been used to determine the free energy, entropy, enthalpy, and excess free energy for liquid Al-Mg alloys.
Chracterization of forest opacity using multi-angular emssion and backscatter data

This paper discusses the results from a series of field experiments using ground-based L-band microwave active/passive sensors. Three independent approaches are applied to the microwave data to determine vegetation opacity of coniferous trees. First, a zero-order radiative transfer model is fitted to multi-angular microwave emissivity data in a least-square sense to provide “effective” vegetation optical depth. Second, a ratio between radar backscatter measurements with a corner reflector under trees and in an open area is calculated to obtain “measured” tree propagation characteristics. Finally, the “theoretical” propagation constant is determined by forward scattering theorem using detailed measurements of size/angle distributions and dielectric constants of the tree constituents (trunk, branches, and needles). The results indicate that “effective” values underestimate attenuation values compared to both “theoretical” and “measured” values.
Generalized renormalization group equation for systems of arbitrary symmetry

An exact renormalization group equation for the Ginzburg-Landau-Wilson functional of an arbitrary symmetry is obtained. The equation derived does not contain redundant operators which must be transformed away.
An Intraseasonal Oscillation Composite Life Cycle in the NCAR CCM3.6 with Modified Convection

Abstract The NCAR CCM3.6 with microphysics of clouds with relaxed Arakawa–Schubert convection produces an intraseasonal oscillation that is highly dependent on lower-tropospheric moistening by surface convergence. Model intraseasonal convection is most highly correlated with surface convergence at zero lag, causing enhanced convection to be associated with 850-mb easterly anomalies, where surface convergence is strongest. The tendency for surface convergence to maximize within 850-mb easterly anomalies is consistent with meridional frictional convergence into equatorial surface pressure troughs associated with planetary-scale tropical wave circulations. Anomalous vertical advection associated with meridional surface convergence influences model convection by moistening the lower troposphere. Observed Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) convection and lower-tropospheric specific humidity are also significantly correlated with surface convergence, although correlations are weaker than in the model, and converge...
Information standards: Models for future development

Like publishers and librarians, information scientists have a strong interest in the history of standards development and in its future. Michael B. Spring and Toni Carbo Bearman discuss the history of information science and its relation to standards development. In their description of present activities, they focus on the activities of ANSI’s Accredited Standards Committee X3, Computers and Information Processing, and the National Information Standards Organization. They then discuss two possible models of information—the life cycle model and the taxonomy model—that might provide guidance for the development of information-processing standards, or at least a starting point for discussion.
A Low Cost/Low Intensity 50 MeV Proton Irradiation Facility

Protons have been proposed as one of the most useful particles for radiation therapy, but have found limited use due to the cost and scarcity of medium energy proton accelerators. However the highly successful program on the Harvard Cyclotron has increased interest in expanding the number of treatment Facilities. In order to demonstrate that high intensity proton accelerators are not required and to gain experience with treating patients using protons, a low cost and low intensity source of of 50 MeV protons was developed at Argonne. Although the beam penetration is limited to 22 mm, the beam is capable of treating a major fraction of the ocular melanoma tumors treated at the Harvard Cyclotron. This beam operates parasitically with the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron at Argonne using a source of 50 MeV H° atoms which are produced by stripping in the gas of the 50 MeV H- linear accelerator. A stripping fraction of about 3-5 × 10-5 is observed and yields a 0.4 namp beam of protons. Results on the properties and operation of this parasitic beam are presented.
Modeling meditation bliss: addiction and the “default mode” of self-referential processing (Comment on Sharp, “Meditation Bliss…”)

When western cognitive science engages and tries to explain cognitive stages or states or processes claimed by religious traditions, two critical questions must be asked. First, is the scientific c...
Juvenile Pearson syndrome.

The clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a 14-year-old boy with Pearson syndrome are presented. The patient represents the oldest living survivor of the original four patients described by Pearson and associates. This syndrome has recently been found to be associated with an mtDNA deletion. The patient reported here has a deletion similar but not identical to that reported in the literature. Several mitochondrial myopathies have been associated with mtDNA deletions, with considerable overlap between and among the phenotypes and underlying mtDNA deletions. The same may well prove to be true for Pearson syndrome. (J Child Neurol 1990;5:186-190).
Long-term Survival After Bilateral Adrenalectomy for Metastatic Lung Cancer: A Case Report

Selected patients with solitary metastases from non-small cell lung cancer can benefit from an aggressive treatment approach that includes resection of the metastases. This approach has been used for solitary adrenal metastases, but successful long-term treatment of bilateral adrenal metastases has not been previously reported. This is the report of a patient with bilateral adrenal metastases from lung cancer who is disease-free 9 years after bilateral adrenalectomy and chemotherapy. From this evidence, one may hypothesize that adrenal metastases are occasionally lymphatic in origin and that metastases with this route of spread are more amenable to aggressive curative treatment than adrenal metastases of hematogenous origin.
Performance evaluation and fouling analysis for reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes during processing of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate

Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals. After acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, the biomass produces a stream containing dilute sugars, along unwanted fermentation inhibitory compounds. Two promising approaches to increase process efficiencies and economics are to increase the sugar concentration and decrease inhibitor concentrations prior to fermentation. In this study, reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes were evaluated for their ability to separate inhibitors (e.g., organic and mineral acids, furans and phenolic compounds) from sugars, while simultaneously concentrating the sugars. A range of RO and NF membranes were tested that exhibited different chemistries and pore-sizes, and performance evaluation was assessed by measuring permeate flux, retention (yield) of sugars, the ability to separate inhibitors, and ease of cleaning. Performance varied considerably between the different membranes evaluated, with sugar yields in the retentate ranging from below 20% to nearly 100%. Generally, lower sugar yields also corresponded to higher inhibitor separation factors. Flux reduction for most membranes was primarily caused by reversible fouling, but in many cases a significant contribution also came from elevated osmotic pressure due to retention of soluble compounds. To improve fouling characteristics and maintain elevated flux during operation of the RO and NF membranes, lower surface roughens and higher hydrophilicity provided more favorable properties, along with larger number of pores. At the same time, the ability to separate inhibitors, which contributed significantly to osmotic pressure flux reduction, was also beneficial.
A bibliography of neural network business applications research: 1988–September 1994

: The purpose of this research is to present a comprehensive bibliography of neural network application research in business. One hundred and twenty-seven neural network application papers and reports are identified through exhaustive literature searches. A classification of these articles by application area reveals that neural networks are being used for a diverse range of corporate functional activities, particularly in the areas of production/operations and finance. Information on the neural network development language/tool, the learning paradigm and the computer operating environment as reported in each article is included. Those journals which have published the most neural network business applications are also presented.