cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Home Economics Education : Implications of the Family and Consumer Sciences Curriculum in the USA

This study examined the Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) National Standards with some examples at the state level, analyzed the previous studies relevant to curriculum implementation in the USA, and explored critical success factors in moving toward the new perspective curriculum in exemplary states. The process, in which the FCS discipline struggled to clarify the identity and image as well as to find the mission and vision, produced the FCS National Standards in 1998 and 2008 in the USA. The FCS National Standards were established to fulfill the mission of the FCS based on a critical science perspective. The previous research on a state level implementation indicated that the majority of FCS state administrators agreed that the National Standards positively influenced curriculum development. The critical success factors in integrating National Standards into local programs included the dissemination of the philosophical works of Marjorie Brown, the foundation of the FCS curriculum with a critical science perspective, the establishment of National Standards corresponding to the philosophical works and a critical science perspective, the openness of state FCS administrators to educational reform, the construction of an infrastructure to support reform, and the commitment by university professors to develop a teacher training program. The critical success factors identified can be employed as an informative guide for the future development and implementation of the Family and Consumer Sciences curriculum in Korea.
A fatal complication of aortic valve fenestration. Coronary ostial obstruction by an engaged embolus.

Abstract Small fenestrations of cardiac valves are considered harmless. However, large perforations could cause complications of clinical significance. This is the report of a case of a large, unusual fenestration of the aortic valve, in which a cordlike embolus was engaged and caused occlusion of the right coronary ostium and death.
Using Intelligent Agents and a Personal Knowledge Management Application

General Dynamics Information Systems (GDIS), in cooperation with the U.S. Navy, has been applying agent-based technology to intelligently retrieve distributed data and developing personalized tools to assimilate and manage the knowledge inherent in that data. Our initial hypothesis was that by filtering information based on user need, we could greatly decrease the amount of remote information transferred and increase the value of information locally available to the user. In evaluating our hypothesis, we found that the user’s information needs were implicit; that is not codified. By explicitly capturing the information requirements, we could repeat our initial experimentation and extend our solution to a generalized set of knowledge management problems. As a driving scenario for this research we worked with 3 rd Fleet Staff to formalize and expedite the process of gathering and organizing information for their daily situation briefs. Our experience includes a refined list of knowledge management issues and lessons learned in applying agent-based technology.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEXTRANSUCRASE SYNTHESIS BY A LACTOBACILLUS

Dunican, L. K. (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York), and H. W. Seeley, Jr. Temperature-sensitive dextransucrase synthesis by a lactobacillus. J. Bacteriol. 86:1079–1083. 1963.—Dextran synthesis was found to be temperature-dependent in Lactobacillus strain RWM-13. Dextran was not formed above 37 C, although growth of cells occurred up to 42 C. Logarithmically growing cells transferred from 30 C to 40 C ceased producing dextran while growth decreased nominally. An examination of the extracts of cells broken by sonic treatment showed that as the temperature of growth was increased above 37 C the production of dextransucrase decreased. By use of an inhibitor of invertase, 10−4m AgNO3, it was shown that invertase replaced dextransucrase activity at temperatures above 37 C. In contrast to dextransucrase in Leuconostoc mesenteroides, the enzyme in Lactobacillus strain RWM-13 was constitutive and thus resembled that of Streptococcus bovis. Thermosensitivity of dextransucrase synthesis has not been observed in Leuconostoc or Streptococcus.
Multiuser network coding based on DFT matrices design

Cooperative communications are candidates for emerging distributed Network designs. In this paper, a new design of distributed network coding is introduced. The proposed design are based on algebraic constructions in Finite Fields using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). These set of codes provides an alternative to Generalized Dynamic Network Codes (GDNC) and are based on the Hamming distance metric. Using this metric, the codes have maximum diversity and scales over large networks. In our work, we show that a compromise on the Field Size becomes necessary for enforcing the distributed Network codes over large networks. While the diversity offered by these codes are optimum, a unique feature of these codes are the ease of generation and scalability to larger network sizes. Results are provided and compared with theoretical evaluations.
Payback time: the associations of debt and income with medical student career choice.

Medical Education 2012: 46: 983–991 Context With impending health care reform in the USA, there is an imperative to increase the number of students choosing primary care (PC) careers. Research is needed to better understand the roles of economic factors in medical student career choice. The objective of this study was to examine the relationships among debt, income and career choice by comparing students planning PC careers with those aspiring to one of the 12 non-PC fields in which median income exceeds US$300 000 (‘high-paying non-primary care’ [HPNPC]). Methods Surveys (response rate = 81%) were administered to Year 1 students scheduled to graduate between 1996 and 2012, and Year 4 students graduating between 1993 and 2010. Respondents were students at New York Medical College and East Carolina University’s Brody School of Medicine. Analyses focused on the 2674 Year 1 respondents choosing a PC (n = 1437, 54%) or HPNPC (n = 1237, 46%) career, and the 2307 Year 4 respondents intending to pursue PC (n = 992, 43%) or HPNPC (n = 1315, 57%). Longitudinal analyses examining changes in career goals during medical school were based on students who completed surveys in both Years 1 and 4. The outcome measures studied were self-reported debt, anticipated income and self-rated value placed on income. Results Relative to their PC counterparts, students intending to pursue HPNPC careers anticipated an average of US$24 904 (Year 4 students) or US$29 237 (Year 1 students) greater debt, placed a higher importance value on income, and anticipated earning an average of US$58 463 (Year 1 students) and US$89 909 (Year 4 students) more in annual income after graduation. Debt was associated with the value placed on income in the choice of career and the amount of future income anticipated. Students who valued income highly were especially inclined to switch from PC during medical school. The switch away from PC was associated with debt, as well as with a marked increase in anticipated income. Conclusions Debt and anticipated income are important concerns which may shape future supplies of PC doctors.
Characterization of pulverized granitoids in a shallow core along the San Andreas Fault, Littlerock, CA

SUMMARY We present results on the composition, structure and particle size distribution (PSD) of pulverized and damaged granitic rocks in a 42-m-deep core adjacent to the San Andreas Fault near Littlerock, CA. The cored section is composed of pulverized granites and granodiorites, and is cut by numerous mesoscopic secondary shears. The analysis employs XRD, XRF, thin sections and semi-automated particle size analyser methods, including a novel calibration method. The mean particle size for the majority of samples falls between 50 and 470 μm. The PSDs can be fitted by a power law, with D-values ranging between 2.5 and 3.1, as well as by a superposition of two Gaussians. Fracture surface energy calculations based on the observed particle distributions provide very low values, indicating that the part of the total earthquake energy budget expended for breaking or shattering rocks is small. Shear deformation is likely to dominate near secondary faults. The most pronounced fault-related alteration occurs along the secondary shears, and is a function of both composition and depth. The alteration to clay appears to be the result of fluid–rock interaction and brittle deformation under low temperature conditions, rather than of surface-related weathering. The particle size reduction noted in the core reflects multiple mechanisms of comminution. The zones of pulverization that lack significant weathering likely result from repeating episodes of dynamic dilation and contraction.
Inhibition of Experimentally Induced Autoimmunity in Rats by Biotin Deficiency

Lewis rats were maintained on diets which provided either an adequate or deficient concentration of biotin. Biotin deficiency produced a marked reduction in thymus size and cellularity, a depressed immune response to sheep erythrocytes and prevented the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis following immunization with guinea pig myelin basic protein. Total T cells, T-helper and T-suppressor cells were quantitatively the same in the spleens of rats fed biotin-adequate or deficient diets. By using an adoptive lymphocyte transfer procedure, it was determined that the afferent immune response to myelin basic protein was impaired in biotin deficiency. These results indicate that experimentally induced autoimmune disease is susceptible to the nutritional influence of dietary biotin.
Study on Supplier Selecting System Oriented Networked Manufacturing

This paper analyzes the characteristics of supplier selection base on network manufacturing environment. The requirements of supplier evaluation and selection function of the system were analyzed too. Supplier evaluation and selection of system architecture and workflow was studied oriented networked manufacturing environment. Base on the theoretical study a prototype system was developed and the main function modules were introduced. This paper provides a theoretical and technical reference to develop efficient and practical supplier evaluation and selection system to meet the requirements of networked manufacturing.
Shoreline Evaluation Methods Developed During the Nestucca Response in British Columbia

ABSTRACT The oil from the Nestucca accident that reached the coasts of British Columbia washed ashore sporadically over a three-week period along the 500-km west coast of Vancouver Island. This region has a complex topography and shoreline configuration and few road or air access points. During the first week of the Canadian response, information about the location and degree of oiling was often incomplete and sketchy. An interagency shoreline evaluation team was established to locate stranded oil and investigate oil sightings. This team involved a representative of the on-scene coordinator (the Canadian Coast Guard), Environment Canada, and the local Native Council. A second team was established later to survey the northwest coast of Vancouver Island. These helicopter-supported evaluation teams were supplemented by a ground surveillance team that surveyed the coasts adjacent to the towns of Tofino and Ucluelet. Standard reporting and a set of oil character and oil cover definitions were introduced to pro...
Integrated Approach for Fetal QRS Detection

Fetal magnetocardiography provides reliable signals of the fetal heart dynamics with high temporal resolution that can be used in a clinical setting. We present a robust Hilbert transform method for extraction of the fetal heart rate. Our method may be applied to signals derived from a single channel or an array of channels. In the case of multichannel data, the channels can be combined to improve signal-to-noise ratio for the extraction of fetal heart data. The method is inherently insensitive to fetal position or movement and, in addition, can be automated. We demonstrate that the determination of R-wave timing is relatively insensitive to waveform morphology. The method can also be applied if the data were preprocessed by independent component analysis (ICA). We compared the Hilbert method, ICA, ICA + Hilbert, and raw signals and found that the Hilbert method gave the best overall performance. We demonstrated that there were approximately 171 errors in 46 789 fetal heart beats.
Osmotic activation of neurohypophysial hormone release in rabbits with hypothalamic islands.

Abstract Electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in response to elevations in the osmolarity of blood have been correlated in earlier studies with the release of both antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin from the neurohypophysis. To determine whether these phenomena are causally related, studies have been made of the effects of forebrain ablations on the osmotically-induced release of oxytocin. In acute rabbit preparations the injection of 10 per cent NaCl into the carotid artery provided an osmotic stimulus. The milk-ejection technique was used to assess neurohypophysial activation. The hypertonic stimulus induced both a synchronous EEG firing of elements in the olfactory bulb and release of neurohypophysial hormone. However, after removal of the olfactory bulbs by blunt dissection and suction, the neurohypophysis could still be activated by the osmotic stimulus. In fact, only an hypothalamic island containing the supraoptic but not the paraventricular nuclei was necessary. The osmotic stimulus was no longer effective (with one questionable exception) after removal of the island, though the neurohypophysis still responded to direct electrical stimulation. Electrolytic lesions of the infundibular stalk blocked the reflex release of hormone. It was concluded that the osmotically-induced EEG response in the olfactory bulb is not essential for activation of the neurohypophysis and that osmoreceptors responsible for hormone release are located in the anterobasal part of the hypothalamus.
Growth functions of stochastic Lindenmayer systems

A stochastic version of the 0L systems of Lindenmayer is introduced and the growth functions of such systems are studied. Topics covered include techniques for computing such growth functions, classification of such stochastic 0L systems according to growth rate, and decidability results about various notions of growth equivalence.
Influence of Ohio River Valley Emissions on Fine Particle Sulfate Measured from Aircraft over Large Regions of the Eastern United States and Canada during INTEX-NA

Aircraft measurements of fine inorganic aerosol composition were made with a particle-into-liquid sampler coupled to dual ion chromatographs (PILS-IC) as part of the NASA INTEX-NA study. The sampling campaign, which lasted from 1 July to 14 August 2004, centered over the eastern United States and Canada and showed that sulfate was the dominant inorganic species measured. The highest sulfate concentrations were observed at altitudes below 2 km, and back trajectory analyses showed a distinct difference between air masses that had or had not intercepted the Ohio River valley (ORV) region. Air masses encountered below 2 km with a history over the ORV had sulfate concentrations that were higher by a factor of 3.2 and total sulfur (S) concentrations higher by 2.5. The study's highest sulfate concentrations were found in these air masses. The sulfur of the ORV air masses was also more processed with a mean sulfate to total sulfur molar ratio of 0.5 compared to 0.3 in non-ORV measurements. Results from a second, independent trajectory model agreed well with those from the primary analysis. These ORV-influenced air masses were encountered on multiple days and were widely spread across the eastern United States and western Atlantic region.
Thermodynamics of Mobile Order Theory. Part 4. Comparison of Experimental and Predicted Solubilities for Trans-Stilbene

Experimental solubilities are reported for trans-stilbene dissolved in sixteen organic solvents at 25.0°C. Solvents studied contained chloro-, cyano-, hydroxy-, fluoro-, and ether-functional groups. Results of these measurements, combined with previously published solubility data, are used to test the applications and limitations of expressions derived from Mobile Order theory. For the 34 solvents for which predictions could be made computations show that Mobile Order theory does provide fairly reasonable (although by no means perfect) estimates of the saturation mole fraction solubilities. The average absolute deviation between predicted and observed values is circa 20%. The deviation increases significantly to 1,210% when ideal solution behavior is assumed.
Frontiers in Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Invasive Breast Cancer

The development of breast-conserving treatment for early-stage breast cancer is one of the most important success stories in radiation oncology in the latter half of the twentieth century. Lumpectomy followed by radiotherapy provides an appealing alternative to mastectomy for many women. In recent years, there has been a shift in clinical investigational focus toward refinements in the methods of delivering adjuvant radiotherapy that provide shorter, more convenient schedules of external-beam radiotherapy and interstitial treatment. Expedited courses of whole-breast treatment have been demonstrated to be equivalent to traditional lengthier courses in terms of tumor control and cosmetic outcome and to provide an opportunity for cost efficiencies.
The Inner Morality of Private Law

Lon Fuller's classic The Morality of Law is an exploration of the basic principles of a legal system: the law should be publicly promulgated, prospective, clear, and general. So deep are these principles, he argued, that too great a deviation from them would not simply create a bad legal system and bad law, but would render the products of such a system undeserving of the name "law" at all. In this essay, I argue that Fuller's basic principles are not in fact desiderata for all of law, observing that much of private law plainly flouts them; it is unwritten, retroactive, inchoate, and often limited to particular cases. Far from undercutting its status as law or its legitimacy, these attributes have sometimes been regarded as giving the common law its special character as a kind of law. Fuller's principles are fundamental only given a certain conception of how law functions, what gives lawmakers their authority, and what renders citizens vulnerable to the imposition of liability through the courts. This conception does not fit private law, which has a distinctive inner morality. Understanding the inner morality of private law tells us a great deal about the nature of private law and about the different ways in which morality can be part of law.
Cost-effectiveness: how do we avoid making a difficult science incomprehensible?

(2004). Cost-effectiveness: How do we avoid making a difficult science incomprehensible? Ophthalmic Epidemiology: Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 331-335.
Growth of Pseudomonas stutzeri with nitrate and oxygen as terminal electron acceptors

Abstract Results show that Pseudomonas stutzeri gains less energy from the oxidation of glucose under conditions of nitrate respiration than under aerobic conditions. While the calculation of energy yields from oxygen consumption per unit of cells may be invalid in many cases, results presented here indicate that the calculation is valid when an organism such as Ps. stutzeri, capable of utilizing dual terminal electron acceptors, is used.
Environmental cost of conservation victories

Ray Hilborn. In recent years, Marine Protected Areas (MPA), where fishing is severely restricted or not allowed, have become the Holy Grail of marine conservation for both nongovernmental organizations and governments. In the United States, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the NW Hawaiian Islands became the first large-scale reserve closed to fishing in 2006 (1). This reserve is 90% the size of California and was followed by the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, about half the size of California, in 2009 (2). In total, the United States has established MPAs 19-times the size of California or roughly the area of the Continental United States. The United States is not alone. The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area in British sub-Antarctic waters is roughly 2.5-times the area of California, and most recently Australia has declared its economic zone in the Coral Sea a no-take area of 3.1 million square kilometers, an area eight times the size of California. … [↵][1]1E-mail: rayh{at}u.washington.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Effects of Loneliness on Human Development.

The issue of loneliness in adolescents with conduct disorder falls into the category of internalizing behaviors or disorders. These disorders frequently manifest themselves as externalizing disorders that are often diagnosed or categorized as conduct disorder. This paper examines the relationship of loneliness as it relates to reactive and proactive conduct disorder and how these conditions are manifested as internalizing and externalizing disorders. Also, mentioned is how there is an evidenced based methodology mode deactivation therapy (MDT) that delineates the function of all of these variables and addresses them in treatment.
Submillisecond-response IR spatial light modulators with polymer network liquid crystal

Polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) is attractive for many photonic applications because of its fast response time and large phase modulation. However, the voltage-on state light scattering caused by multi-domains of LC molecules hinders its applications in the visible and near infrared regions. To reduce domain sizes and eliminate scattering for λ=1.06 μm and 1.55 μm, we studied the effect of LC viscosity on domain sizes. PNLCs based on five different LC hosts were prepared. The LC host was first mixed with 6% reactive mesogen and then filled into a 12-μm cell with homogeneous alignment. After UV curing, we measured the on-state transmission spectra of these five PNLCs. By fitting the transmission spectra with Rayleigh-Gans-Debye model, we can estimate the average domain sizes. We found that the domain sizes of PNLC are inversely proportional to the rotational viscosity of the LC host. This finding can be explained by the Stokes-Einstein equation. As a result, PNLC with a slower diffusion rate would cause smaller domain sizes, which in turn lead to faster response time. To achieve a slower diffusion rate, we cured the PNLC samples at a lower temperature. By selecting a high viscosity and high Δe LC host, we demonstrate a scattering-free (<3%) 2π phase modulator at λ=1.06 μm and λ=1.55 μm. Temperature affects the PNLC performance significantly. As the operation temperature increases from 25oC to 70oC, the response time drops from 220 μs to 30 μs. 2π operating voltage for λ=1.06 μm slightly increases from 65V to 85V. Meanwhile, hysteresis decreases from 7.7% to 2%. For λ=1.55μm, operating voltage is 100V. If reflective mode is employed, operating voltage can be reduced to 55V.
Neutron Rietveld analysis of structural changes in NASICON solid solutions Na1+xZr2SixP3−xO12 at elevated temperatures: x=1.6 and 2.0 at 320°C

Abstract Neutron Rietveld analyses of the structures of NASICON solid solutions as a function of composition have been extended to 320°C for the high-conductivity compositions x=1.6 and 2.0. The transformation from the room temperature monoclinic C2/c structure to the hexagonal R3c high temperature phase involves small atomic displacements, ranging from 0.385A for Na(2) down to shifts of only a few hundredths of an Angstrom for several framework ions. The Na(1) interstice remains fully occupied to the temperature presently examined. No evidence for partial occupancy of the Zr octahedron is found, a non-stoichiometry which is possible but not obligatory for NASICON. The distortions of the framework are largest at x=2.0 as at room temperature. The radius of the windows between Na sites at 320°C remain largest at the composition with x=2.0 for both a Na(1)-Na(2) jump and a Na(2)-Na(2) jump. The radii are significantly larger than the maximum value available among the three symmetry-independent paths in the room-temperature monoclinic structures for both types of diffusion paths.
Quantitative ultrasound assessment of ultrasound therapy in rodent mammary tumors: In vivo and ex vivo results

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a promising means of non-invasive therapy for the treatment of tumors. Monitoring and assessment challenges for HIFU therapy remain, however, and ultrasound is under investigation to accomplish non-invasive treatment feedback. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) was investigated for acute HIFU therapy assessment as well as temperature monitoring in a rat model mammary tumor both in vivo and ex vivo. In the in vivo study, 40 rodent mammary tumors were exposed to focused ultrasound produced by a 1-MHz single-element transducer (f/1.1) at three spatial-peak temporal-average intensity levels (335, 360, and 502 W/cm 2 ). Ultrasound assessment scans were performed on each tumor before and again immediately after HIFU exposure using clinical (Ultrasonix L14/5, 3-8 MHz) and small-animal high-frequency (VisualSonics MS-200, 6-14 MHz) ultrasound systems. For comparison purposes, twelve additional tumors were excised and scanned using a 20-MHz single element transducer before and again immediately after treatment in a 60 oC saline bath for 30 minutes to determine both scattering and attenuation changes with thermal insult. These treated tumors were again scanned at elevated temperature (40, 45, and 50 oC). For the excised tumors, a bandwidth of 7 to 25 MHz was used for backscatter analysis. Backscatter coefficient (BSC) and integrated backscatter coefficient (IBSC) estimates were generated in vivo for each tumor, both before and after treatment. A statistically significant (p<;0.05) difference was observed in the change in IBSC with treatment for the first exposure group (335 W/cm2) compared to controls. In ex vivo tumor samples a statistically significant difference (increase) in BSC was observed between pre-treatment and post-treatment scan data. BSC was observed to decrease with increasing tumor temperature. These changes were not statistically significant, however. These studies demonstrated increases in the BSC in rodent mammary tumors with therapy in both ex vivo, water bath exposures and in vivo HIFU exposures. This work was supported by NIH Grant R01EB008992.
Galanin induced in sympathetic neurons after axotomy is anterogradely transported toward regenerating nerve endings

Peripheral neurons begin to express galanin after axotomy. When neurons in the superior cervical ganglion were axotomized near (about 2 mm) from the ganglion, galanin-like immunoreactivity (IR) was maximal within 72 h. Axotomy of neurons in the middle and inferior cervical ganglion complex (MICG), which could be performed 2 cm from the ganglia, led to an additional galanin increase 7 and 14 days later. This second increase was not accompanied by changes in galanin mRNA or the number of galanin-immunostained neurons. Galanin-IR was detectable in a postganglionic trunk of the MICG 2 days after axotomy. At this time, immunoreactive fibers were only seen near the lesion site, while later they were found throughout the trunk. The data suggest that galanin is actively transported toward the site of nerve crush/transection and that the second increase in galanin-IR found in the MICG may be due to a saturation of the axonal transport system.
Interaction between the sodium channel inactivation linker and domain III S4-S5

The III-IV linker (L(III-IV)) of the rat brain sodium channel is critical for fast inactivation, possibly forming a fast inactivation particle. Inactivation can be disrupted by mutation of a conserved alanine at position 1329 in the S4-S5 loop of domain III. Combination of a charged mutation at 1329 with a compensatory (opposite) charge mutation at position 1489 in L(III-IV) partially restores inactivation of the channel. The compensatory charge mutant channel has a single-channel mean open time that is similar to that of the wild-type channel and is approximately 50 times shorter than that of the L(III-IV) mutant channel. The results of thermodynamic cycle analysis indicate that the mutations in domain III S4-S5 and L(III-IV) have a coupling energy of 2.8 kcal/mol, indicating that the two mutations act interdependently. These data suggest that L(III-IV) interacts directly with A1329, which may form part of the docking site if L(III-IV) is a fast inactivation particle.
Heat and mass transfer from a supercritical LOX spray

Abstract The injection, evaporation and diffusion of liquid oxygen in a high pressure airstream in a parallel wall mixing channel is analyzed and computationally solved. The droplet evaporation in the supercritical environment is treated by a non-isothermal droplet heat transfer model which accounts for the finite thermal conductivity of oxygen droplets and the gas film. The non-ideal gas effects in the gas phase are modeled by the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. The mixture density and enthalpy are determined by applying the ideal-solution limit which is shown to be valid for the prevailing conditions. The coupled dynamics of droplet and gas phases is calculated by solving numerically the Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions. The turbulence effects are modeled by a two equation (k-ϵ) model. The results show that the non-ideal gas behavior prevails over a large portion of the mixing channel. Furthermore, the injected liquid oxygen droplets achieve critical temperature very quickly, and as a result they evaporate in the vicinity of the injection point. The effects of injection angle on oxygen mixing characteristics is also investigated.
Gastric residuals and their relationship to necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants.

Objective. To determine the characteristics of gastric residuals in very low birth weight (VLBW; ≤1500 g birth weight) infants with and without necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Methods. Case-control study compared 51 VLBW infants who had proven NEC (pneumatosis intestinalis, portal venous gas, and/or perforation; excluding spontaneous gastrointestinal perforations) with 102 control subjects (without suspected or proven NEC) who were matched for birth weight, gestational age, race, and sex and were born January 1996 to December 2001. The age in days at diagnosis of NEC was identified in infants with NEC, and feeding characteristics were recorded for the previous 6 days. Feeding characteristics were recorded for control subjects for the corresponding time period. Results. The median birth weight was 822 g and median gestational age was 26 weeks in both groups. Feeds were started on the fifth day, with a planned increase to full feeds over 10 days (median) in both groups. Median time to full feeds was 13 days in both groups. Median age of onset of NEC was day 24. The total residuals as a percentage of total feed volume (the primary outcome), maximum residual in the previous 6 days, maximum residual as a percentage of the feed, maximum residuals over the 6 days, and the percentage of feeds with residuals were higher in the NEC group. The maximum residual (median [25th–75th centiles]) was as follows: control subjects: 2 mL per feed (0.5–3.5) or 14% of a feed (4–33); NEC group: 4.5 mL per feed (1.5–9.8) or 40% of a feed (24–61). The total residuals as percentage of feeds and the average of maximum residuals increased in the NEC group from the first 3 days to the 3 days before diagnosis of NEC, but a similar increase was not noted for control subjects. Conclusions. VLBW infants who developed NEC had more gastric residuals. However, there was overlap with the normal control subjects. Of the gastric residual data, the maximum residual seems to be the best predictor for NEC in the subsequent days.
Elastic-plastic torsion of sharply notched bars

Abstract The shape of the incipient plastic region at the tip of a sharp notch in a twisted bar is derived, assuming the material to be ideally plastic. The result is used to determine the strain in the plastic region.
Real-time 3D interaction with deformable model on mobile devices

Mobile-based augmented reality is an emerging technology that provides immersive experiences over wireless networks. Its applications, such as 3D streaming, have become more and more popular on mobile devices. However, most of these applications do not support real-time 3D interactions. Consequently, mobile users can only watch or browse 3D contents passively instead of actively interacting with 3D objects. In this paper, we propose a novel method that allows mobile users to change a model's shape and motions through interactions via mobile touch screen and obtain feedbacks in real-time. To accelerate computational speed and reduce communication load, we compute 3D deformations using a spectral representation. Moreover, a progressive deformation streaming technique is proposed to reduce the effect of interaction delay between the server and mobile clients. Our experimental results indicate that our method provides real-time interaction feedback, offering satisfactory user experiences.
The Inability Not to Follow: Western Hegemonies and the Notion of Complaisance in the Enlarged Europe

In this article, I focus on the dilemma of consumer advocacy NGO activists and consumers in postsocialist Bulgaria who consider themselves as marginalized and caught between global and local value systems that are not always mutually compatible. in particular, I draw attention to the aspect of complicity assumed in widespread discussions about hegemony because many Bulgarians deny their complicity in, and exhibit complaisance toward, strengthening hegemony. In the global process of marginalization, they feel increasingly compelled to go along with the power structure despite their dissent to dominant discourses and practices. They insist that they submit themselves to such hegemonic forces because of the inability not to follow them. [Keywords: hegemony, complicity, complaisance, agency, global hierarchy of value, consumer rights NGO, postsocialist Bulgaria, European Union].
Regulation of the estrous cycle in ewes with progestin containing implants: Influence of dose and day of cycle at treatment☆

Implants containing Norgestomet (G. D. Searle and Co., Chicago) were inserted subcutaneously in ewes on selected days of the estrous cycle. When ewes were treated for 13 days with 2 or 3 mg Norgestomet, implantation 13 days post-estrus reduced the number of ewes in estrus within 5 days of implant removal and reduced the number of estrous ewes that lambed compared with ewes implanted 4 days post-estrus. When ewes were implanted with 3 or 6 mg Norgestomet 4 or 13 days post-estrus, no difference in estrus response was found. Conception rate was not influenced by day of treatment, but was higher in those ewes treated with 6 mg than ewes treated with 3 mg. Compared to no treatment, treatment with 3 or 6 mg Norgestomet reduced the number of uterine and oviducal sperm recovered 12 or 24 hr after insemination from ewes implanted for 12 days 2 or 12 days post-estrus. However, more sperm were recovered from ewes treated 2 days than 12 days post-estrus with the principal increase occurring in ewes treated with 6 mg of Norgestomet.
Thresholds for Phosphatidylserine Externalization in Chinese Hamster Ovarian Cells following Exposure to Nanosecond Pulsed Electrical Fields (nsPEF)

High-amplitude, MV/m, nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) have been hypothesized to cause nanoporation of the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization has been observed on the outer leaflet of the membrane shortly after nsPEF exposure, suggesting local structural changes in the membrane. In this study, we utilized fluorescently-tagged Annexin V to observe the externalization of PS on the plasma membrane of isolated Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells following exposure to nsPEF. A series of experiments were performed to determine the dosimetric trends of PS expression caused by nsPEF as a function of pulse duration, τ, delivered field strength, ED, and pulse number, n. To accurately estimate dose thresholds for cellular response, data were reduced to a set of binary responses and ED50s were estimated using Probit analysis. Probit analysis results revealed that PS externalization followed the non-linear trend of (τ*ED2)−1 for high amplitudes, but failed to predict low amplitude responses. A second set of experiments was performed to determine the nsPEF parameters necessary to cause observable calcium uptake, using cells preloaded with calcium green (CaGr), and membrane permeability, using FM1-43 dye. Calcium influx and FM1-43 uptake were found to always be observed at lower nsPEF exposure parameters compared to PS externalization. These findings suggest that multiple, higher amplitude and longer pulse exposures may generate pores of larger diameter enabling lateral diffusion of PS; whereas, smaller pores induced by fewer, lower amplitude and short pulse width exposures may only allow extracellular calcium and FM1-43 uptake.
In vitro allotype suppression of spleen cells from immunized rabbits.

Abstract We tested whether rabbit immune lymphocytes could be suppressed by anti-allotype antibody (Ab) in vitro as shown for normal lymphocytes. Spleen cells (SpC) from rabbits heterozygous at the b locus ( b 4 b 5 ) of immunoglobulin (Ig) κ chains were treated with IgG preparations of anti-b4 or anti-b5 Ab in vitro for 24 hr (day 1). After this treatment, the SpC were washed and recultured in medium to day 5. The secreted b4- and b5-Ig were quantitated by a radioimmunoassay. SpC from rabbits injected once with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were allotype-suppressed. Thus, these SpC treated with anti-b4 Ab secreted normal amounts of b5-Ig but secreted much lower amounts of b4-Ig. Similarly, SpC treated with anti-b5 Ab secreted normal amounts of b4-Ig but secreted no detectable b5-Ig. In contrast, SpC from rabbits injected several times with SRBC (hyperimmunized) could not be allotype-suppressed. Hence, the susceptibility of primary immune cells and the resistance of hyperimmune cells to suppression appear to depend on the stage of B-lymphocyte differentiation, presumably because of loss of surface Ig or perhaps because of other changes in the cells as they differentiate during the immune response.
Developing Entrepreneurial Skills through the Use of Behavioural Simulations

Entrepreneurship education is struggling to define itself, to create a meaningful knowledge base, and to develop, entrepreneurial skills in managers. As an integral part of this process, the utility and appropriate‐ness of various teaching methods are frequently explored. It is suggested that the behavioural simulation technology, which has been successfully used to teach strategic and organisational processes and to diagnose and develop managerial skills, may be appropriate for developing entrepreneurial skills. Empirical data are used to support the argument that behavioural simulations create an appropriate teacher‐learner environment to accomplish many of the learning objectives of entrepreneurship education.
Dual-modality photothermal optical coherence tomography and magnetic-resonance imaging of carbon nanotubes

We demonstrate polyethylene-glycol-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as contrast agents for both photothermal optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI). Photothermal OCT was accomplished with a spectral domain OCT system with an amplitude-modulated 750 nm pump beam using 10 mW of power, and T2 MRI was achieved with a 4.7 T animal system. Photothermal OCT and T2 MRI achieved sensitivities of nanomolar concentrations to CNTs dispersed in amine-terminated polyethylene glycol, thus establishing the potential for dual-modality molecular imaging with CNTs.
Dedekind–MacNeille Completion of n-ordered Sets

A completion of an n-ordered set \({\mathbf{P}}{\text{ = }}{\left\langle {P, \lesssim _{1} , \ldots , \lesssim _{n} } \right\rangle }\) is defined, by analogy with the case of posets (2-ordered sets), as a pair \({\left\langle {e,{\mathbf{Q}}} \right\rangle }\), where Q is a complete n-lattice and \(e{\text{:}}{\mathbf{P}} \to {\mathbf{Q}}\) is an n-order embedding. The Basic Theorem of Polyadic Concept Analysis is exploited to construct a completion of an arbitrary n-ordered set. The completion reduces to the Dedekind–MacNeille completion in the dyadic case, the case of posets. A characterization theorem is provided, analogous to the well-known dyadic one, for the case of joined n-ordered sets. The condition of joinedness is trivial in the dyadic case and, therefore, this characterization theorem generalizes the uniqueness theorem for the Dedekind–MacNeille completion of an arbitrary poset.
Eosinophilic Fasciitis Associated With Tryptophan Ingestion: A Manifestation of Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome

• Recently, the ingestion of tryptophan has been associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, which is characterized by eosinophilia, myalgias, and several less consistently reported findings. We treated 13 patients who exhibited clinical features of eosinophilic fasciitis who were taking high-dose tryptophan before the onset of clinical symptoms. Twelve patients exhibited eosinophilia, with eosinophil counts ranging from 0.13 to 0.88. The remaining patient was taking oral corticosteroids when her eosinophil count was determined. Eight patients complained of myalgias. Other symptoms included arthralgias, pruritus, cutaneous burning, weakness, fever, rashes, malaise, edema, muscle spasms, and alopecia. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were elevated in four of the eight urine specimens that were tested. Our findings suggest that previously diagnosed cases of eosinophilic fasciitis may represent variants of tryptophan-associated eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Derangements in the metabolism of tryptophan may play a role in sclerotic diseases. ( Arch Dermatol. 1991;127:217-220)
A cutting plane method for solving linear generalized disjunctive programming problems

Raman and Grossmann [Raman, R., & Grossmann, I.E. (1994). Modeling and computational techniques for logic based integer programming. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 18(7), 563–578] and Lee and Grossmann [Lee, S., & Grossmann, I.E. (2000). New algorithms for nonlinear generalized disjunctive programming. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 24, 2125–2141] have developed a reformulation of Generalized Disjunctive Programming (GDP) problems that is based on determining the convex hull of each disjunction. Although the relaxation of the reformulated problem using this method will often produce a significantly tighter lower bound when compared with the traditional big-M reformulation, the limitation of this method is that the representation of the convex hull of every disjunction requires the introduction of new disaggregated variables and additional constraints that can greatly increase the size of the problem. In order to circumvent this issue, a cutting plane method that can be applied to linear GDP problems is proposed in this paper. The method relies on converting the GDP problem into an equivalent big-M reformulation that is successively strengthened by cuts generated from an LP or QP separation problem. The sequence of problems is repeatedly solved, either until the optimal integer solution is found, or else until there is no improvement within a specified tolerance, in which case one switches to a branch and bound method. The strip-packing, retrofit planning and zero-wait job-shop scheduling problems are presented as examples to illustrate the performance of the proposed cutting plane method.
Cleavage Energy of Alkylammonium-Modified Montmorillonite and Relation to Exfoliation in Nanocomposites: Influence of Cation Density, Head Group Structure, and Chain Length

Cohesion between layers of organically modified aluminosilicates creates a barrier to exfoliation in polymer matrices and can be thermodynamically described by the cleavage energy. While the measurement of cleavage energies at the nanometer scale is experimentally challenging, molecular simulation indicates a tunable range between 25 and 210 mJ/m2 upon variation of the cation exchange capacity (CECs of 91 meq/100 g and 143 meq/100 g), headgroup chemistry (primary and quaternary ammonium), and chain length (C2 to C22) in a series of 44 alkylammonium-modified montmorillonites. Designed organoclays of low cleavage energy can support exfoliation when the surface tension, which relates to reconstructed surfaces after cleavage, is comparatively higher. The difference between high and low cleavage energies is associated with Coulomb interactions depending on the position of the positively charged surfactant head groups in the interlayer with respect to the two clay layers at equilibrium separation and further wi...
Lung cancer in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection compared with historic control subjects.

Lung cancer infrequently may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This retrospective case-control study was undertaken to determine if there were differences in age, sex, and stage distribution and in survival between HIV-positive and HIV-indeterminate lung cancer patients. We compared 19 patients with both pathologically verified lung cancer and HIV infection proved by serologic study with lung cancer patients with an indeterminate HIV status. Ail 19 HIV-positive lung cancer patients were men. This was significantly (p=0.004) different from the 69 percent male preponderance in 1,335 HIV-indeterminate lung cancer patients. Median ages of HIV-positive and HIV-indeterminate patients were 48 and 61 years, respectively. HIV-positive patients were significantly (p=0.0139) younger. Stage distribution was similar in both groups. Histologic features and smoking were not significantly different between the two groups. Survival data that were available in 16 HIV-positive patients were compared with 32 HIV-indeterminate control subjects matched for stage, age, sex, and race. The median survival was three months in the HIV-positive group and ten months in the HIV-indeterminate cohort. The survival was significantly different (p=0.002). There were no one-year survivors in HIV-positive lung cancer patients.
Financial Evaluation for Toll Road Projects Considering Traffic Volume and Serviceability Interactions

The rapid increase in both financial demands and the need for large and comprehensive highway infrastructure systems necessitates public authorities to muster support from the private sector. Public-private partnerships (PPP) have been increasingly adopted and cited as one of the most effective project delivery systems, which bring balance to risks and rewards between involved project participants. However, a number of PPP infrastructure projects around the world have been reported to have operating deficits and difficulties in debt-servicing. One of the major reasons for these difficulties is the unrealistic and inaccurate prediction of project investment performance during the initial stages of project viability and profitability analysis. Therefore, the research reported in this paper presents a formulation of a comprehensive framework that evaluates financial viability of PPP toll road projects. The framework utilizes a modified user-equilibrium traffic-assignment algorithm to estimate toll road traffic volume considering critical demand-influencing factors, which include travel time, pavement serviceability, and out-of-pocket user trip expenses. The proposed framework also considers the effects of the rehabilitation maintenance activities on the equilibrium flow pattern and project financial viability. This makes possible an estimation of the maintenance costs and frequency as well as an evaluation of the effects of rehabilitation programs on the traffic volume. The research reported in this paper also demonstrates the difference in traffic-flow patterns with and without interactive changes in pavement performance and traffic volume to demonstrate the need for incorporation of pavement performance and network levels of service into PPP highway project evaluation.