cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Basis for Shared Cytokine Recognition Revealed in the Structure of an Unusually High Affinity Complex between IL-13 and IL-13Rα2

Summary Interleukin-13 is a cytokine important for development of T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses and plays a critical role in asthma and allergy. The IL-13 Receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) is a receptor for IL-13 lacking canonical Jak/STAT signaling functions. Here we present the crystal structure along with a mutational and biophysical analysis of the IL-13/IL-13Rα2 complex. While retaining a similar mode of IL-13 binding to its related signaling receptor, IL-13Rα1, IL-13Rα2 uses peripheral receptor residues unused in the IL-13/IL-13Rα1 complex to generate a larger and more complementary interface for IL-13. This results in a four orders of magnitude increase in affinity, to the femtomolar level, compared to IL-13Rα1. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the IL-13 interface reveals several common "hotspot" residues important for binding to both receptors, but also identifies a prominent IL-13Rα2-specific contact. These results provide a framework for development of receptor subtype-selective IL-13 antagonists and indicate a decoy function for IL-13Rα2.
Enhanced code compression for embedded RISC processors

This paper explores compiler techniques for reducing the memory needed to load and run program executables. In embedded systems, where economic incentives to reduce both RAM and ROM are strong, the size of compiled code is increasingly important. Similarly, in mobile and network computing, the need to transmit an executable before running it places a premium on code size. Our work focuses on reducing the size of a program's code segment, using pattern-matching techniques to identify and coalesce together repeated instruction sequences. In contrast to other methods, our framework preserves the ability to run program executables directly, without an intervening decompression stage. Our compression framework is integrated into an industrial-strength optimizing compiler, which allows us to explore the interaction between code compression and classical code optimization techniques, and requires that we contend with the difficulties of compressing previously optimized code. The specific contributions in this paper include a comprehensive experimental evaluation of code compression for a RISC-like architecture, a more powerful pattern-matching scheme for improved identification of repeated code fragments, and a new form of profile-driven code compression that reduces the speed penalty arising from compression.
The use of the CNDO method in spectroscopy. X. The calculation of the self-consistent doublet and triplet states

A method is reported for calculation of a series of self-consistent excited doublet and triplet states by the CNDO/S method. Various problems of obtaining convergence are discussed, and examples are given of the rates of convergence in various manners of performing these calculations. The handling of symmetry is discussed, and it is shown how symmetry properties are used to make many states amenable to calculation by the variational principle.
Interactive construction of 3D mathematical visualization models

Interactive 3D computer graphics extends beyond the creation and manipulation of fancy, virtual, on-screen models. It also plays an important role for making repetitive or symmetrical patterns, constructing 3D CAD files for rapid prototyping, or drawing 2D nets that can be folded up into 3D paper or cardboard models. To make effective mathematical visualization models one or more of these modes may have to be engaged. This will be demonstrated in the context of realizing highly symmetrical embeddings of regular maps on surfaces of higher genus.
Ileal adaptation following proximal intestinal resection is characterized by decreased cellular uptake of amino acid

Abstract Ileal absorption was studied in male Wistar rats 6 weeks after resection of all small bowel distal to the ligament of Treitz except for 20 cm of ileum. Intestinal absorption of 3- O -methylglucose (3- O -MG) and 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) was measured by in vivo perfusion and an in vitro ring technique. These substrates are actively transported but are not metabolized by the cell, so cellular degradation or utilization cannot influence the rate of uptake. Following resection, ileal mucosal cells took up less ACPC than unresected controls. There were no differences in cellular uptake of 3- O -MG, but active uptake of this compound was minimal. The decrease in active uptake of ACPC probably reflected immaturity of the proliferating mucosal cells in the adapting ileal remnant after proximal resection.
Staining of living presynaptic nerve terminals with selective fluorescent dyes

Johnson et al. have recently shown that several positively charged, membrane-permeant fluorescent dyes can serve as vital stains for mitochondria in cultured cells. We report here that presynaptic nerve terminals, which are characteristically rich in mitochondria, can also be vitally stained with such dyes, and that this staining offers a resolution of structural detail not available with previous methods for visualizing terminals in living tissues. The dyes have provided excellent, highly detailed fluorescence images of presynaptic motor nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions in conventional live tissue preparations from mouse, frog and Drosophila. In addition, when tested at the frog neuromuscular junction, at least one of the dyes permitted visualization of terminals with little, if any, effect on synaptic transmission. Moreover, we have found that by using the dyes it is now also possible to see motor nerve terminals in situ in live animals.
Operant control of precentral neurons in monkeys: Evidence against open loop control

Summary Four normal monkeys were operantly conditioned to change the firing pattern of 111 precentral neurons from phasic to tonic using an operant paradigm which quantifies the control of single neurons. Two monkeys then had their contralateral pyramidal tract (PT) sectioned and one monkey had C 5–7 ventral rhizotomies. Post-lesion data were: (1) contralateral C 1–2 PT lesions did not encumber the monkeys' control of precentral PTNs; (2) contralateral C 5–7 ventral rhizotomies completely abolished accurate control of precentral neurons which received proprioceptive feedback from flaccid arm regions. These results indicate that precentral neurons are operantly controlled through proprioceptive feedback from peripheral mechanoreceptors. The output of the mechanoreceptors is probably dependent upon discrete joint angles and/or muscle tension which is maintained through non-PT pathways. These data do not support the concept that precentral neurons are operantly controlled directly from a central, ‘open loop’, pathway.
FUTURE LUNAR GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS

Future missions to the moon should include a detailed high-resolution global gravity survey from a low (15-30 km) polar orbiting spacecraft. The use of gravity gradiometer instruments on board the spacecraft will give higher-resolution data at lower total mission cost than the present Doppler tracking technique. Simulations show that although a three axis gradiometer system is preferred, and can even be used to estimate spacecraft attitude and altitude variation, a properly oriented single rotating gravity gradiometer can be used to resolve closely spaced mascons in both the along-track and cross-track directions.
Porosity development in coastal carbonate aquifers

Geochemical mixing theory suggests that the mixing of seawater and calcite-saturated fresh ground water can result in a solution that is undersaturated with respect to calcite. Previous studies of the mixing of such waters in carbonate rocks along certain coastlines have indicated that this mixing effect may be responsible for significant amounts of calcite dissolution and porosity development. In this study, potential rates of porosity development by calcite dissolution are assessed by combining geochemical mixing theory with the hydrodynamics of fresh-water-salt-water mixing zones in a coupled reaction- transport model. Results from the reaction-path model PHREEQE are used with a variable-density ground-water flow and solute-transport model to simulate an idealized cross section of a coastal carbonate aquifer. Results of the simulations indicate that the dissolution process is sensitive to fresh-water chemistry, ground-water velocities, and sea-level movement. Dissolution potential was evaluated at three field sites, and evidence from those sites is in general agreement with the simulation results. Dissolution rates indicated by the model show that under the proper conditions this dissolution mechanism can produce significant increases in porosity over relatively short spans of geologic time (tens of thousands of years).
Magnetic-field scaling of dimensionally similar tokamak discharges.

Dimensionally similar tokamak discharges with all dimensionless parameters the same except the relative gyroradius can be scaled to ignition-regime discharges of larger size and/or field in analogy to the principles of wind-tunnel design. This Letter describes the first controlled experiment to determine whether the scaling with relative gyroradius corresponds to short- or long-wavelength turbulence.
Thermodynamics of iodide adsorption at the instantaneous air-water interface.

We performed molecular dynamics simulations using both polarizable and non-polarizable force fields to study the adsorption of iodide to the air-water interface. A novel aspect of our analysis is that the progress of ion adsorption is measured as the distance from the instantaneous interface, which is defined by a coarse-graining scheme proposed recently by Willard and Chandler [“Instantaneous liquid interfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 1954–1958 (2010)10.1021/jp909219k]. Referring structural and thermodynamic quantities to the instantaneous interface unmasks molecular-scale details that are obscured by thermal fluctuations when the same quantities are referred to an average measure of the position of the interface, such as the Gibbs dividing surface. Our results suggest that an ion adsorbed at the interface resides primarily in the topmost water layer, and the interfacial location of the ion is favored by enthalpy and opposed by entropy.
The Stress Role: A Conceptual Development

The concept of the stress role (a temporary role assumed by actors experiencing unusual or critical stress) is developed in this paper. It is hypothesized that the stress role is a patterned, regularly occurring set of rights, obligations, and expectations which accords special latitude to stressed actors, specifies appropriate behavior toward the stressed, and releases the actors from culpability for atypical role performances during the stressful period. The stress role and similar disabling, adjective-type roles are proposed as examples of “role riders.” This paper identifies the stress role norms and outlines the process by which one acquires, occupies, and relinquishes the role. The legitimacy of assuming the stress role is addressed and the timetables, or containment norms, of the stress role are developed. Finally, the functions of the stress role for the actor and for society are discussed. The propositions and concepts introduced here are based on data from in-depth interviews with a random sample of reentry university women, as well as from the growing body of stress and social-support research.
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF WRIST INJURIES

Evaluating wrist injuries in the emergency department (ED) is facilitated by a thorough working knowledge of surface and functional anatomy, injury mechanism, and radiologic nuances as well as an understanding of the limitations of the physical examination and radiographic studies. The physical examination can be more reliable than radiographs in some conditions, although swelling and generalized pain often limit the examination's reliability. Knowing the pattern of injury associated with mechanisms frequently helps in interpreting unusual radiographs. Special radiographic views can be crucial in disclosing an occult fracture or ligamentous injury. * *The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, the Department of Defense, or the US government.
Physical stimulation reduces the body temperature of infant rats

Physical stimulation of rat pups, of the type normally received from the mother, has been shown to regulate several behavioral and physiological systems in the young. The present paper describes a possible role of physical stimulation in an additional physiological system; the thermoregulatory system. Within a thermoneutral environment, physical stimulation produces a decrease in rectal temperature (Expt. 1). Even in an environment of increasing temperature, similar to that pups experience when in contact with the dam, physical stimulation attenuates an increase in rectal temperature (Expt. 2). The physiological mechanism of heat loss appears to involve ventilatory heat exchange resulting in convective and evaporative heat loss (Expts. 3, 4). Furthermore, physical stimulation continues to produce a decrease in rectal temperature throughout the preweanling period (Expt. 5). These results suggest that pups may not always have to resort to behavioral thermoregulatory mechanisms which require them to separate themselves from their mother. Rather, pups may be cooled, or at least a heat gain attenuated, by physical stimulation from the dam while maintaining contact with her.
FILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES

The spectrum of filtration separations runs from the millimeter scale (beach sand and activated carbon particles) using coarse filters, to the angstrom scale (metal ions and gas molecules) using reverse osmosis or gas separation membranes. Between there are microfiltration (bacteria and emulsions), ultrafiltration (proteins, viruses, and colloids), and nanofiltration (sugars, herbicides, small organic molecules). In the analytical environment it is likely that membrane and filtration systems involving this entire spectrum will be used to provide high purity water, gases, reagents, and even special functions within instruments. In addition to these applications, membranes and filters will often also be used in sample preparation and perhaps initial characterization. In this entry, we will discuss the principles, materials, and devices used to accomplish coarse, micro- and ultrafiltration on the laboratory scale.
The discovery of common recurrent transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)-erythroblastosis virus E26 transforming sequence (ETS) gene fusions in prostate cancer: significance and clinical implications.

Recurrent gene fusions and chromosomal rearrangements were previously thought to be the primary oncogenic mechanism of hematological malignancies and sarcomas. The recent discovery of recurrent gene fusions in a majority of prostate cancers represents a paradigm shift in understanding the molecular mechanisms of one of the most prevalent epithelial malignancies, with important clinical and biologic implications. The prostate cancer gene fusions that have been identified so far are characterized by 5′-genomic regulatory elements, most notably the androgen-controlled prostate specific gene, transmembrane protease serine 2, fused to members of the erythroblastosis virus E26 transforming sequence family of transcription factors, most notably ERG, leading to the overexpression of oncogenic transcription factors. The erythroblastosis virus E26 transforming sequence gene fusions most likely define a distinct class of prostate cancer with potential implications for early diagnosis, prognosis, and rational therapeutic targeting. In this review, we summarize the bioinformatics approach that led to the discovery of gene fusions, the current state of the frequency, and diversity of gene fusions that define the molecular heterogeneity of prostate cancer, their associations with prostate cancer progression and clinical outcome, the subsequent morphological characteristics, and the potential application of gene fusions as biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer.
DEVELOPMENT ENGAGEMENT WITHIN AND FOLLOWING DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT CENTERS: CONSIDERING FEEDBACK FAVORABILITY AND SELF–ASSESSOR AGREEMENT

This study sought to understand employees’ level of behavioral engagement in response to feedback received in developmental assessment center (DAC) programs. Hypotheses were drawn from theories of selfenhancement and self-consistency and from findings in the multisource feedback and assessment center literatures regarding recipients’ perceptions of feedback. Data were gathered from 172 U.S. middle managers participating in a DAC program. Results suggested that more favorable feedback was related to higher behavioral engagement. When discrepancies between self- and assessor ratings were examined, overraters (participants whose overall self-ratings were higher than their assessor ratings) tended to show less engagement in the program compared to underraters. However, pattern agreement on the participant’s dimension profile did not significantly correlate with behavioral engagement. Based on these findings, avenues for future research are presented and practical implications are discussed.
Trends in the use of ICSI: indications and pregnancy outcomes, united states 1996-2011

OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare cycle outcomes among patients demonstrating poor response to ovarian hyperstimulation that proceeded to oocyte retrieval to those that converted to intrauterine insemination (IUI). DESIGN: Cohort Study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comparison Groups Women demonstrating poor ovarian response while undergoing planned assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles who proceeded to oocyte retrieval and In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Women demonstrating poor ovarian response while undergoing planned ART cycles who converted to IUI. Inclusion Criteria -Cycle data from Greenville Health System REI Office, January 2004 October 2013 -Patients received gonadotropins as part of an ART cycle -Five or fewer follicles measuring greater than or equal to 15 mm in average diameter -Peak estradiol (E2) level less than 1000 pg/dL at time of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trigger -Patients converted to IUI must have had at least one patent fallopian tube and were inseminated with a post-wash total motile sperm count >5 million/mL -Underwent standard stimulation protocols Exclusion Criteria -Sperm counts 39 -Bilateral tubal blockage for IUI group Primary Outcome: Live birth Secondary Outcome: Clinical pregnancy Demographics and Patient Information -Baseline FSH, Anti-M€ullerian hormone, TSH, prolactin, DHEA-S -E2 levels at time of hCG trigger -Height & weight -Ethnicity -Age -Gravidity/Parity -Prior treatment.
A Model Based Technique For Millimeter Wave Radar Target Recognition

A technique for recognizing real targets by millimeter wave (MMW) radar at 35 GHz and 94 GHz is presented. The recognition is performed by a model based technique in which real targets are represented by their high range resolution (HRR) profiles in a hierarchical fashion. The unknown signal is classified by a model matching method and a coarse-fine searching technique. The advantages of this model based method are in low storage capacity, fast processing time and high recognition performance. Moreover this technique is very easily modifiable to incorporate infrared sensor processing. We will present the results of the several experiments that we have conducted.
Risk factors for periventricular white matter injury in very low birthweight neonates

Background The development of periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) in the preterm neonate is the most common insult portending neurologic impairment and is linked with the later development of cerebral palsy. The pathogenesis of PWMI targets premyelinating oligodendrocytes of the periventricular region secondary to free radicals, cytokine toxicity, and excitatory neurotransmitters. The primitive nature of the vasculature in the developing fetal cortex lends to its predilection to PWMI and cerebral ischemia with less arterial anastomoses at arterial border zones and failure to compensate for global hypotension, termed the "pressure-passive" circulation. Objective Our objective is to determine the relative risk (RR) of fetal metabolic acidosis and perinatal infection in the development of PWMI in very low birthweight (VLBW) ( Study Design This is a cohort study of all VLBW neonates admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit from April 2009 through December 2014, comparing those who developed PWMI on neonatal head ultrasound at 6 weeks of life to those who did not. Neonates with chromosomal or major congenital abnormalities were excluded. Generalized linear modeling, adjusting for variables significantly different on bivariate analysis, was conducted. Results During this 5-year and 8-month period there were 374 VLBW neonates admitted; 35 (9.4%) had PWMI. VLBW neonates without PWMI were significantly more likely to have intrauterine growth restriction (2.9% PWMI, 21.5% no PWMI; P = .006), while those neonates with PWMI had a significantly lower gestational age (26.3 ± 2.2 vs 28.0 ± 2.5 weeks; P P = .009). There was no significant difference in umbilical arterial pH (7.25 ± 0.15 vs 7.27 ± 0.09; P = .34), base deficit (4.6 ± 6.0 vs 3.4 ± 3.3 mmol/L; P = .11), or pH 12 mmol/L at birth (10.7% vs 3.2%; P = .09). On bivariate analysis neonates with PWMI had a significant increase in positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures (22.9% vs 1.5%; P 3 ; 1, 3, and 27/mm 3 ; P = .008). Generalized linear modeling, adjusted for gestational age and the presence of intrauterine growth restriction, showed that fetal metabolic acidosis had RR 2.59 (95% confidence interval, 1.14–5.92; P = .02) and neonatal CSF infection had RR 4.94 (95% confidence interval, 2.4–10.3; P Conclusion The RR of neonatal CSF infection being associated with PWMI was 2-fold greater than metabolic acidosis at the time of birth. Decreasing the incidence of CSF infections would have a greater impact on preventing PWMI, a precursor of cerebral palsy.
Identification and quantitation of arachidonic-acid metabolic products in rabbit, rat and human saliva.

Abstract Arachidonic-acid metabolites were identified in salivary secretions of rabbits, rats and man and in homogenates of rabbit parotid and submandibular glands. The following levels were determined in mixed saliva of healthy volunteers: PGE 2 , 0.65 ± 0.8 ng/ml; PGF 2α , 0.41 ± 0.06 ng/ml; serologically active hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE) 319.6 ± 36.6 ng/ml; serologically active 6-sulphidopeptide-containing leukotrienes 1.72 ± 0.21 ng/ml (all values mean ± SEM). In all instances, HETE markedly predominated over all other arachidonic-acid metabolites.
TRP trapped in fly signaling web

Abstract In the Drosophila eye, photoactivation of rhodopsin leads to the opening of the light-sensitive cation influx channels TRP and TRPL. This response is extremely rapid and results in depolarization of the photoreceptor cells followed by Ca2+-mediated feedback regulation of the visual signaling cascade. The mechanisms that facilitate the rapid kinetics of activation and feedback regulation are poorly understood. However, the recent discovery that most of the proteins that function in fly phototransduction associate into a supramolecular complex permits a re-evaluation of the mechanisms underlying the activation and regulation of the cascade. The central player in the signaling complex is INAD, a protein with five protein-interaction motifs known as PDZ domains. The INAD complex does not appear to be a particle, but a massive signaling web composed of an INAD polymer with which some of the target proteins associate through complex multivalent interactions.
Diabetes and Hypertension: An Interprofessional Case Study

This is a compilation of a case study presented by six practitioners at the Integrative Medicine for the Underserved Conference in Santa Clara, California, September 2012. The case is that of a diabetic patient in her mid 60s with complications of depression and hypertension. The presenters each described the approach they would take with this patient, who has little to no discretionary income.
System for Detection of Malicious Wireless Device Patterns

The research within presents the use of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) for the detection of wireless devices in highly noisy environments using their unintended electromagnetic emissions (UEE). All electromagnetic devices emit such radiation that is unique to the electronics, housing, and other device attributes. This pattern recognition system can provide continuous detection analysis and can provide ideal information regarding the distance to an unknown device. An experiment was performed where UEE of a device was detected by a spectrum analyzer. Experimental result shows that our model can accurately detect if there is a device nearby emitting UEE or not.
The Ak and Bk approximate CI methods. Comment on a paper by Maynau and Heully

Abstract The approximate CI method recently proposed by Maynau and Heully is similar to the A k procedure of Gershgorn and Shavitt. The A k and the related B k procedures are reviewed, some previously unpublished results are given, and new implementation plans are reported.
Exploratory Behavior in Children

60 children representing equally two age groups (2nd and 6th graders) and three ability groups (IQs of 92–108, 112–128, and 132+) served as Ss in studies of the effects of stimulus characteristics on exploratory behavior and the effect of novelty on immediate and delayed recall. In Exp. 1, significant effects were obtained for complexity, abstractness, and incongruity but not ambiguity of tachistoscopically presented stimulus materials. Age affected exploration of incongruous and ambiguous but not complex and abstract materials. Ability level had no significant effects. In Exp. II, exploratory time and judged intensity of exploration were influenced by the characteristics of stimulus objects presented in an array for free exploration. Novelty facilitated exploration but neither age nor ability had a significant effect. In Exp. III, both immediate and delayed recall by the younger Ss were greater for objects they identified as “novel” but recall by the older Ss was somewhat greater for “not-novel” objects....
Separation of aluminum from iron with thioglycolic acid

Abstract Precipitation of aluminum by ammonia in the presence of thioglycolic acid provides an accurate method for the determination of aluminum in the presence of moderate amounts of iron (up to 0.25 g Fe2O3) and manganese. Titanium and phosphorus are quantitatively precipitated under the conditions, and aluminum can thus be determined by difference when they are present.
Spectral hole burning in the trivalent thulium ion.

Spectral hole burning is reported for the trivalent thulium ion with measurements on the 3H6(1) ↔ 3H4(1) transition of LaF3:Tm3+ and two sites (A and B) of CaF2:Tm3+ at 1.5 K. Hole burning occurs by population storage in the metastable 3F4 level. The holes were scanned by an electric-field ramp applied directly to the sample, the frequency being calibrated by burning multiple holes with a frequency-modulated laser. This yielded the hole widths as well as the Stark coefficients for the transition studied, which are 8.3 kHz/V cm−1 parallel to the C2 axis (LaF3:Tm3+) and for CaF2:Tm3+ are 25 kHz/V cm−1 (site A), and 4.6 kHz/V cm−1 (site B) for fields along the (001) direction. From the polarization behavior of the holes, the sites in CaF2 are assigned to the F−-compensated C4v and C3v sites, respectively.
Moderate-Dose Sedation and Analgesia During Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest

Sedation and analgesia regimens during targeted temperature management (TTM), after cardiac arrest varies widely, are poorly described in the literature and may have a negative impact on outcome. Since implementing TTM in 2005, we have used moderate-dose sedation and describe our experience with this approach. In this retrospective review, we included patients treated with TTM for cardiac arrest at our institution for 2008–2012. Patients received TTM if they did not follow verbal commands following cardiac arrest, regardless of place of arrest or rhythm. Utstein-compatible data were prospectively entered into the International Cardiac Arrest Registry, supplemented by review of nursing, pharmacy, and physical therapy records. We report analgesic and sedative medications and doses during the 24 h of active TTM at 33 °C, resource utilization, and important clinical events. 166 patients treated with TTM after in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with complete data were included. Overall survival was 42 %, median time to following commands was 3 h after rewarming (–6, 14), time to spontaneous breathing trial was 19 h (5–35), time to extubation was 28 h (9–60), and 59 % of survivors were discharged directly home at 13 (10–20) days. The incidence of seizure was 6 %, septic shock 4 %, and pneumonia 32 %. Four survivors required tracheostomy at 8, 8, 12, and 16 days. A moderate-dose sedation and analgesia regimen was well tolerated and effective during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest and is an effective alternative to very deep sedation. We recommend more complete description of sedation and analgesia protocols in future studies, including expanded outcome reporting to include variables affected by sedation therapy. Further study is required to define which sedation approach for TTM may be best.
Unfolding of apomyoglobin studied with two-dimensional correlations of tryptophan, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate, and pyrene fluorescence

Abstract Acid-induced unfolding of horse apomyoglobin is studied with fluorescence of tryptophan residues and extrinsic probes 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) and pyrene. Two-dimensional statistical correlation coefficient analysis of tryptophan, ANS and pyrene fluorescence reveals that apomyoglobin unfolds in two steps via a folding intermediate. Both tryptophan and ANS fluorescence show microenvironment-sensitive emission maximum and fluorescence intensity. Hetero-spectral 2D correlation analysis reveals that the “red” tryptophan fluorescence correlates with the “red” ANS fluorescence, and the “blue” correlates with the “blue” in the acid-induced unfolding process. Correlation curves are established between the hydrophobicity of the probe-binding site(s) as disclosed by ANS and pyrene fluorescence and the folding extent of apomyoglobin as indicated by tryptophan fluorescence. Two anion-induced refolding intermediates of apomyoglobin: Cl − -induced A-1, and trichloroacetate (TCA)-induced I-2 do not follow the correlation trajectory in the acid-induced unfolding. This suggests that the two anion-induced intermediates do not belong to the low-salt acid-unfolding pathway of apomyoglobin.
Catalase turnover in rat liver and kidney as a function of age.

Summary The normal rates of synthesis (k s ) and degradation rate constants (k d ) of rat liver and kidney catalase were determined in 1·5-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 30-month old male Fischer 344 rats by means of kinetic analyses of perturbation of the normal enzyme levels using 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. Both parameters increased during the first 2 yr of life in the case of hepatic catalase and then declined slightly at 30 months of age. Renal catalase k d showed no systematic age-related change but its k s and absolute rate of degradation in 24- and 30-month old rats was markedly decreased compared to all other age groups. Control levels of liver catalase remained essentially unchanged in 1·5- to 12-month old rats but were significantly lower in the two oldest groups. Normal levels of kidney catalase decreased slightly after 3 months of age then levelled off at 24–30 months at considerably reduced levels. The decrement in hepatic catalase at 2 yr of age was ascribable to a k d value sufficiently great to offset the maximal k s observed at this age while that of the 30 month old rats was due to a continuing relatively high, albeit reduced, k d in the face of a slightly diminished k s . The markedly reduced tissue concentration of renal catalase in the two oldest groups was attributable solely to the decreased values of k s ; k d remained equal to or greater than in the three youngest groups. These findings together with earlier studies in this laboratory involving perturbations of other hepatic enzymes lead to the conclusions that there is not only a definite alteration of intracellular protein turnover during aging (other reports notwithstanding) but also that it is the result of changes in the degradation coefficient (k d ) as well as the synthetic rate.
Cross talk between intraspinal elements during progression of IDPN neuropathy.

Abstract Unusual electrical interactions between neuronal elements of cat spinal cord were examined during the evolution (7–70 days) of proximal paranodally demyelinated axonal enlargements in alpha motor axons induced by β,β′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) treatment, 50 mg/kg ip, once weekly for up to 5 weeks. The electrical cross talk was observed as early as 7 days of the neuropathy, at which time it occurred in 17.0% of all motoneuron perikaryal recordings. The incidence was greater at 14 (39.1%) and 35 (26.1%) days, without preferential involvement of any motoneuron type. The frequency of recordings from axonal swellings increased from 7 to 35 days but without an increase in cross talk per recording. At 70 days of the neuropathy, L7 ventral root was stimulated repetitively to examine a possible influence of potassium on cross talk. Subsequently, action potentials could be elicited in motoneurons by stimulation of additional other ventral root filaments. These studies are in agreement with the lack of direct electrical apposition between excitable membranes in IDPN neuropathy but suggest support for a role for an accumulation of extracellular potassium, due to paranodal demyelination as the axon enlarges, in the pathogenesis of these aberrant electrical interactions.
Inhibition of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia by a disaccharidase inhibitor☆

The ability of an inhibitor of intestinal alpha-glucosiadase activity to prevent sucrose-induced hypertriglyceridemia was studied in nonobese rats. The results indicated that plasma triglyceride levels were approximately twice as high in untreated rats, and the reduction in plasma triglyceride levels of drug-treated rats was associated with lowered very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride secretion rates and plasma insulin levels. Since these changes could be produced with an amount of glucosidase inhibitor which did not prevent normal rate of weight gain, the possibility arises that this approach may be useful in the treatment of various hypertriglyceridemic states in man. Finally, the observation that the fall in plasma TG concentration was associated with a fall in plasma insulin concentration provides further evidence for the existence of a causal relationship between the two variables.
Short-term regulation of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase by reversible phosphorylation: Modulation of reductase phosphatase in rat hepatocytes

Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase catalyzes the limiting step in cholesterol synthesis in liver and other tissues. Beginning in 1973 studies with subcellular systems established that microsomal reductase is inactivated with ATP(Mg) and reductase kinase, and restored to full activity with phospho-protein phosphatase. By contrast reductase kinase is inactivated with phosphatase and reactivated with a second protein kinase (reductase kinase kinase). This bicyclic system has now been confirmed in terms of homogeneous enzyme components and by direct reversible phosphorylation with [gamma 32P]ATP in several laboratories. Short-term endocrine control of reductase and reductase kinase has been demonstrated in intact rat hepatocytes. Preincubation of cells with glucagon brought about a fall in the expressed activity of reductase and a rise in reductase kinase consistent with net phosphorylation of both enzymes. Total reductase levels were also severely depressed after glucagon. Addition of insulin to suspensions of hepatocytes had the reverse effect on expressed activity of reductase (elevated) and reductase kinase (depressed). Insulin also prevented the decay in total reductase activity. Since both protein kinases identified in this system are cAMP-insensitive, it was possible that hormonal signaling is mediated through the protein phosphatase that acts on both reductase kinase and reductase. In recent studies we have shown that the rate of activation of endogenous reductase in hepatocyte extracts (microsomes plus cytosol) is responsive to hormonal modulation. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with insulin increases apparent reductase phosphatase activity in extracts while glucagon diminishes the rate of reductase activation. HMG CoA is converted to mevalonate by the reductase enzyme. In hepatocytes mevalonate is rapidly converted to cholesterol and to a variety of isoprene derivatives. Expressed reductase activity falls precipitously when hepatocytes are incubated with mevalonate (added in the form of mevalono-lactone). As in the case with glucagon pretreatment reductase phosphatase is rapidly diminished. (Mevalonate itself is not inhibitory to reductase or reductase phosphatase activity in subcellular systems.) It is probable that a product of mevalonate metabolism generated in intact cells may act as a reductase phosphatase inhibitor. Among these added inorganic pyrophosphate inhibited reductase phosphatase at low concentrations.
Surgical management of isolated greater tuberosity fractures of the proximal humerus.

Because the greater tuberosity is the insertion site of the posterior superior rotator cuff, fractures can have a substantial impact on functional outcome. Isolated fractures should not inadvertently be trivialized. Thorough patient evaluation is required to make an appropriate treatment decision. In most cases surgical management is considered when there is displacement of 5 mm or greater. Although reduction of displaced greater tuberosity fractures has traditionally been performed with open techniques, arthroscopic techniques are now available. The most reliable techniques of fixation of the greater tuberosity incorporate the rotator cuff tendon bone junction rather than direct bone-to-bone fixation.
Specific in vitro lymphocyte transformation with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.

Abstract Specific lymphocyte transformation to viral antigen was detected in individuals vaccinated with live, attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus vaccine, strain TC-83. Suspensions of purified, inactivated virus were used an antigen in 250-μ1 lymphocyte cultures, and under optimal conditions the assay demonstrated 10-fold greater incorporation of 14 C-thymidine by lymphocytes from immune than from nonimmune people. The rise in lymphocyte transformation response occurred 1 week after vaccination. The magnitude and range of the lymphocyte transformation response to the VEE viral antigen were similar to the responses seen using antigens derived from five other microbial sources: Francisella tularensis, Coccidioides immitis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus , and parainfluenza virus. Autologous plasma containing antibody exerts an inhibitory effect on cultures from immune individuals. The onset, magnitude of response, and specificity of this in vitro assay are correlated with the clinical and pathological events of VEE virus infection.
Acoustic Basis of Directional Acuity in Laboratory Mice

The acoustic basis of auditory spatial acuity was investigated in CBA/129 mice by relating patterns of behavioral errors to directional features of the head-related transfer function (HRTF). Behavioral performance was assessed by training the mice to lick a water spout during sound presentations from a “safe” location and to suppress the response during presentations from “warning” locations. Minimum audible angles (MAAs) were determined by delivering the safe and warning sounds from different locations in the inter-aural horizontal and median vertical planes. HRTFs were measured at the same locations by implanting a miniature microphone and recording the gain of sound energy near the ear drum relative to free field. Mice produced an average MAA of 31° when sound sources were located in the horizontal plane. Acoustic measures indicated that binaural inter-aural level differences (ILDs) and monaural spectral features of the HRTF change systematically with horizontal location and therefore may have contributed to the accuracy of behavioral performance. Subsequent manipulations of the auditory stimuli and the directional properties of the ear produced errors that suggest the mice primarily relied on ILD cues when discriminating changes in azimuth. The MAA increased beyond 80° when the importance of ILD cues was minimized by testing in the median vertical plane. Although acoustic measures demonstrated a less robust effect of vertical location on spectral features of the HRTF, this poor performance provides further evidence for the insensitivity to spectral cues that was noted during behavioral testing in the horizontal plane.
Proposed magnetoelectrostatic ring trap for neutral atoms

We propose a trap for confining cold neutral atoms in a microscopic ring using a magnetoelectrostatic potential. The trapping potential is derived from a combination of a repulsive magnetic field from a hard drive atom mirror and the attractive potential produced by a charged disk patterned on the hard drive surface. We calculate a trap frequency of $[29.7,42.6,62.8]\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}$ and a depth of $[16.1,21.8,21.8]\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$ for [$^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$, $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$, $^{40}\mathrm{K}$], and discuss a simple loading scheme and a method for fabrication. This device provides a one-dimensional potential in a ring geometry that may be of interest to the study of trapped quantum degenerate one-dimensional gases.
Boosted ARTMAP: Modifications to fuzzy ARTMAP motivated by boosting theory

In this paper, several modifications to the Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network architecture are proposed for conducting classification in complex, possibly noisy, environments. The goal of these modifications is to improve upon the generalization performance of Fuzzy ART-based neural networks, such as Fuzzy ARTMAP, in these situations. One of the major difficulties of employing Fuzzy ARTMAP on such learning problems involves over-fitting of the training data. Structural risk minimization is a machine-learning framework that addresses the issue of over-fitting by providing a backbone for analysis as well as an impetus for the design of better learning algorithms. The theory of structural risk minimization reveals a trade-off between training error and classifier complexity in reducing generalization error, which will be exploited in the learning algorithms proposed in this paper. Boosted ART extends Fuzzy ART by allowing the spatial extent of each cluster formed to be adjusted independently. Boosted ARTMAP generalizes upon Fuzzy ARTMAP by allowing non-zero training error in an effort to reduce the hypothesis complexity and hence improve overall generalization performance. Although Boosted ARTMAP is strictly speaking not a boosting algorithm, the changes it encompasses were motivated by the goals that one strives to achieve when employing boosting. Boosted ARTMAP is an on-line learner, it does not require excessive parameter tuning to operate, and it reduces precisely to Fuzzy ARTMAP for particular parameter values. Another architecture described in this paper is Structural Boosted ARTMAP, which uses both Boosted ART and Boosted ARTMAP to perform structural risk minimization learning. Structural Boosted ARTMAP will allow comparison of the capabilities of off-line versus on-line learning as well as empirical risk minimization versus structural risk minimization using Fuzzy ARTMAP-based neural network architectures. Both empirical and theoretical results are presented to enhance the understanding of these architectures.
13‐atom Ni‐Al alloy clusters: Structures and dynamics

Structural and dynamical properties of model 13-atom NinAlm alloy clusters derived from a many-body potential are presented and discussed. Characterization of the structures corresponding to a given stoichiometric composition (i.e., chosen number of Ni and Al atoms) is carried out in terms of isomeric (geometric) forms and different distributions of the two types of atoms between the sites of a chosen isomer. We use the term homotops (“the same topography or geometry”) to label the structural forms that differ only by these distributions. The number and the energy spectra of the homotops are sensitive functions of the stoichiometric composition and isomeric form. Similarly to homogeneous clusters, alloy clusters undergo a solid-to-liquidlike transition as their energy is increased. Individual stages in the transition, such as isomerizations involving only surface atoms, isomerizations involving all atoms, surface melting (in a system as small as 13 atoms), and complete melting are identified and characterized. The actual occurrence of some or all of these stages in the meltinglike transition of a given cluster depends on the character of the energy spectra of its homotops, i.e., ultimately, on its stoichiometric composition. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 62: 185–197, 1997
Dynamics of Corotating Vortex Filaments Part 1: Analytical Model

The interactions between two corotating vortex filaments of equal strength are investigated analytically. The Biot-Savart law is used to develop the equations of motion of the filaments, consistent with Crow's formulation. Consistent with previous work, two modes of motion are defined and analyzed for stability. It is demonstrated that the mutual induction between the vortices leads to unstable motion of the filaments in the antisymmetric mode over a significant range of frequencies. Furthermore, the oscillatory motion of the filaments is proven to have a preferred direction.
Search for new physics using high-mass tau pairs from 1.96 TeV pp collisions.

We present the results of a search for anomalous resonant production of tau lepton pairs with large invariant mass, the first such search using the CDF II Detector in Run II of the Tevatron pp collider. Such anomalous production could arise from various new physics processes. In a data sample corresponding to 195 pb{sup -1} of integrated luminosity we predict 2.8{+-}0.5 events from standard model background processes and observe 4. We use this result to set limits on the production of heavy scalar and vector particles decaying to tau lepton pairs.
Pulsed Laser Deposited Barium Ferrite Films with Low Ferromagnetic Resonance Linewidths - Plume Position as a Global Property Control Parameter

High anisotropy low loss hexagonal M-type barium ferrite (BaM) thin film materials are promising candidates for use in MMIC devices such as circulators and isolators. The films are prepared by standard PLD and post-deposition annealing techniques. While progress has been made in the PLD growth of such films, there is a wide variance in ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidths and film quality in general. The purpose of this work is to extend the existing map to include new data on the FMR linewidth as a function of oxygen partial pressure, target-substrate distance, laser energy, the lateral substrate-plume displacement, and post-deposition annealing temperature. It is found that the effects of these parameters on the linewidth are interrelated. The 60 GHz FMR peak-to-peak derivative linewidth ranged from 21 to 1000 Oe. This result suggests that small plume sizes will compromise the loss properties of large area films substantially, and that large laser beam areas and larger plumes will be needed for such films.
Predicting murder rates of police and civilians by each other

For 1960-1992, while divorce rates predicted the general homicide rates, neither divorce nor unemployment rates predicted the rates with which police killed civilians or civilians killed police.