cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deletion of Hepatic FoxO1/3/4 Genes in Mice Significantly Impacts on Glucose Metabolism through Downregulation of Gluconeogenesis and Upregulation of Glycolysis

Forkhead transcription factors FoxO1/3/4 have pleiotrophic functions including anti-oxidative stress and metabolism. With regard to glucose metabolism, most studies have been focused on FoxO1. To further investigate their hepatic functions, we generated liver-specific FoxO1/3/4 knockout mice (LTKO) and examined their collective impacts on glucose homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. As compared to wild-type mice, LTKO mice had lower blood glucose levels under both fasting and non-fasting conditions and they manifested better glucose and pyruvate tolerance on regular chow diet. After challenged by a high-fat diet, wild-type mice developed type 2 diabetes, but LTKO mice remained euglycemic and insulin-sensitive. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we examined the roles of SIRT6 (Sirtuin 6) and Gck (glucokinase) in the FoxO-mediated glucose metabolism. Interestingly, ectopic expression of SIRT6 in the liver only reduced gluconeogenesis in wild-type but not LTKO mice whereas knockdown of Gck caused glucose intolerance in both wild-type and LTKO mice. The data suggest that both decreased gluconeogenesis and increased glycolysis may contribute to the overall glucose phenotype in the LTKO mice. Collectively, FoxO1/3/4 transcription factors play important roles in hepatic glucose homeostasis.
High Reynolds number flow in a moving corner

The problem of a piston moving in a cylinder is studied experimentally using flow visualization techniques. A vortex motion is observed at the piston face and cylinder wall interface as the cylinder wall moves toward the piston. Non-dimensional scaling parameters for the vortex size and stability are determined and semi-empirical theories for the size of the vortex are presented.
A new estimate of the negro population and negro vital rates in the united states, 1930–60

El analisis demogarafico de la poblacion negra de los Estados Unidos se ha dificultado debido a que las estadisticas censales y vitales se conocen como incompletas y sesgadas. Como resultado de un alfabetismo creciente, mayor bienestar economico y una calidad mejor del trabajo de campo del censo con respecto a la poblacion negra, el recuento del Censo de 1960 parece ser considerablemente superior al de los censos anteriores, aun cuando todavia deficiente. El presente articulo se propone llegar a una nueva estimacion de lo que era la poblacion negra, por sexo y anos simples de edad, al tiempo del empadronamiento censal de 1930, 1940, 1950 y 1960. El recuento del Censo de 1960 se ajusto tomando en cuenta la subenumeracion de ninos y varones jovenes y luego se ajusto en todas las edades superiores mediante un porcentaje constante para corregir la subenumeracion general. Se establecieron entonces los recuentos estimados para censos anteriores mediante la adicion al de 1960, por anos simples de edad y sexo, de las muertes que ocurrieron en los periodos intercensales. Siguiendo cada ano simple de edad como una cohorte real hasta la fecha de su nacimiento, fue posible llegar a estimaciones revisadas de la cifra correcta de la poblacion negra para cada uno de los censos anteriores ý a una estimacion del numero correcto de nacimientos y muertes de negros ocurridos cada ano desde 1930.
Voices of Academic Women on Feminine Gender Scripts (1)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to enlarge on knowledge about tenured academic women derived from accounts of their experiences sought through a series of interviews. Eight women in one school in a large Southern state university in the United States were studied. The study uses the concept of gender scripts drawing out the issues of inequality, discrimination and the politics of gender as they pertain to a group of tenured academic women. Findings include the valuing of so‐called male attributes in academe, the problem of the women's distrust of other academic women and the existence of subtle and not so subtle boundaries between men and women academics. The women's successful strategies for dealing with the problems encountered in a male‐dominated university are explored. [1] An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Studies Association, 1‐6 November 1988, under the title Tenured academic women: an ethnographic study.
Effect of Local Anesthetic on Neuronal Cytoplasmic Calcium and Plasma Membrane Lysis (Necrosis) in a Cell Culture Model

Background: To investigate the mechanism by which rare cases of spinal local anesthetic (LA) neurotoxicity occur, we have tested the hypotheses that LAs elevate cytoplasmic calcium (Ca 2+ cyt), that this is associated with a neurotoxic effect, and that lidocaine and bupivacaine differ in their neurotoxicity. Methods: Neurons of the ND7 cell culture line, derived from dorsal root ganglion, were loaded with fura-2 and analyzed by digitized video fluorescence microscopy during 60 min LA exposure, allowing determination of Ca 2+ cyt and time of necrotic cell death (plasma membrane lysis) at the single neuron level. Results: Lidocaine 0.1% and bupivacaine 0.025% caused minimal changes in Ca 2+ cyt. Lidocaine 0.5-5% and bupivacaine 0.125-0.625% caused an early, small (less than threefold), concentration-dependent increase in Ca 2+ cyt that was transient and returned to near baseline within 10 min. Lidocaine 2.5% and 5% then caused a sustained, greater than ten-fold increase in Ca 2+ cyt and death in some neurons during the 60 min exposure period. Pretreatment with thapsigargin eliminated the initial transient increase in Ca 2+ cyt, consistent with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as its source, and increased neuronal death with 5% lidocaine, suggesting that lidocaine neurotoxicity can be increased by failure of ER to take up elevated Ca 2+ cyt. The later sustained increase in Ca 2+ cyt seen with 2.5 and 5% lidocaine was prevented in Ca 2+ -free medium, and restored when Ca 2+ was added back to the buffer in the presence of lidocaine, suggesting that higher concentrations of lidocaine increase influx of Ca 2+ through the plasma membrane. Conclusions: In this model, lidocaine greater than 2.5% elevates Ca 2+ cyt to toxic levels. Bupivacaine and lower concentrations of lidocaine transiently alter Ca 2+ cyt homeostasis for several minutes, but without an immediate neurotoxic effect within 60 min.
The "hurricane sign": evidence of patient motion artifact on cardiac single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging.

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is frequently used with myocardial perfusion imaging in the assessment of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. The susceptibility of SPECT imaging to artifact, especially that caused by patient motion, has long been recognized. We report a characteristic artifact of patient motion, which we have termed the “hurricane sign” because of its similarity to the National Weather Service Symbol for a hurricane. This artifact is caused by varying contributions of different portions of the heart during image acquisition and their misalignment produced by patient motion.
How Do Consumer Attitudes Influence Acceptance of a Novel Wild Blueberry–Soy Product?

: Acceptance of healthful foods by consumers is not yet well understood. In this study, 3 formulations of frozen dessert bars were prepared containing both soy and wild blueberries. Soy content was controlled to provide an amount of soy protein that qualified for the health claim for soy and reduced risks for cardiovascular disease. Consumers were asked to complete the Health and Taste Attitude Scales (HTAS) and then evaluate the acceptability of the 3 frozen bar types using a 9-point hedonic scale. One week after the 1st session, the participants returned. Approximately half were given information to read regarding the health benefits of soy protein, the other participants were given no information. The samples were then presented a 2nd time and labeled with their soy protein content. Changes in hedonic scores between sessions were compared and correlated with HTAS ratings. Nutrition information generally did not affect acceptability scores.
Mass transfer in concentric rotating cylinders with surface chemical reaction in the presence of Taylor vortexes

Abstract Experimental results are reported on mass transfer to a liquid in an annulus from the surface of a large rotating cylinder. The study was confined to flows in the laminar and transition regimes which produce Taylor vortexes and involved systems with and without chemical reaction. The surface of the outer, stationary cylinder was inert and insoluble; the surface of the inner, rotating cylinder was made of cast benzoic acid. Dissolution data were obtained in three media, namely: water, 9.5 M glycerol aqueous solution, and 0.46 N sodium hydroxide −9.5 M glycerol aqueous solution. Mass transfer rates in the presence of Taylor vortexes were found to be different than those reported for fully dveloped turbulent flow. The main data was analyzed using Gilliland-Sherwood correlations as for the nonreacting system and for the reacting system. Anomalous effects of transition from laminar vortex flow to turbulent vortex flow on the mass transfer rate in reacting system were noted. Unusual surface effects in the form of periodic peaks and valleys with surface patterns were found for mass transfer with chemical reaction and their general variation with Reynolds number and modified Taylor number is presented.
Identification of a mouse orthologue of the CED-6 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans.

The rapid engulfment of apoptotic cells is a specialized innate immune response used by organisms to remove apoptotic cells. In mammals, several receptors that recognize apoptotic cells have been identified. Previous analysis of the engulfment gene ced-6 in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has suggested that CED-6 is an adapter protein that participates in signal transduction pathway that mediates the specific recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells. Here, we describe our isolation and partial characterization of a mouse cDNA, which is like an orthologue of C. elegans CED-6. PCR screening of mouse cDNA pool with primers designed from the C. elegans CED-6 cDNA sequence resulted in about 300 bp PCR product which was partially sequenced and then screened to a mouse full-length cDNA library. Thus in this study we report the identification of a novel C. elegans CED-6-like orthologue in mouse, which has probable apoptotic like function.
1-Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin in the treatment of central diabetes insipidus in childhood*

The effectiveness of therapy with carbamazepine and clofibrate (oral therapy), intramuscular pitressin-in-oil, and intranasal 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin has been compared in 15 children with partial or complete central diabetes insipidus. Mean daily urine volume without therapy was 5.4 l and dropped to 1.1 and 1.6 l/day while receiving pitressin and DDAVP, respectively. Oral agents decreased the daily urine volume to 2.2 l in patients with partial DI, with good symptomatic control except for some nocturia. These agents had no effect in patients with complete DI and did not alter pitressin requirements. Duration of pitressin action was 24 to 36 hours with a significant incidence of hyponatremia. The duration of DDAVP effect was 8 to 20 hours, varying in individual patients. Children with partial DI required smaller doses of DDAVP and the duration of action was longer than in those with complete DI. Control of serum electrolytes was excellent using two doses per day and nocturia was eliminated. All patients who had received pitressin had growth hormone antibodies, but continued to grow normally unless there was pre-existing growth hormone deficiency. These antibodies gradually disappeared after approximately one year of therapy with oral agents or DDAVP. DDAVP did not alter growth hormone, cortisol, or prolactin levels during sleep. DDAVP is the antidiuretic therapy of choice in children with either complete or partial DI; to date, no side effects have been demonstrated.
Effects of Short Glass Fibers and Particulate Fillers on Fatigue Crack Propagation in Polyamides.

The fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior (at 10 Hz) of several commercial short-glass-fiber and mineral-reinforced nylon composites has been investigated. The FCP rates can be described in terms of the well-known Paris relationship. Significant improvement in FCP performance was found for the glass-fiber-reinforced materials in comparison to that of the pure matrix materials (nylon 66 and nylon 612). Also, the FCP resistance was found to increase with increasing fiber content and interfacial adhesion for nylon 66. Despite the fact that specimens were cut from injection-molded plaques, no or only slight effects of orientation were observed by testing specimens with cracks growing parallel and perpendicularly, respectively, to the major flow direction. Electron microscopy studies of fracture surfaces revealed a complex pattern of fiber orientation, varying over the plaque thickness and consisting of layers with fibers oriented mainly parallel, perpendicularly, or randomly to the major flow direction; nevertheless, the specimens behaved quasi-isotropically. Significant differences in fracture mechanism were observed, depending on the matrix, the interfacial bonding, and the crack speed. In contrast to the fiber-rein forced nylons, the mineral-reinforced material exhibited poorer FCP resistance than neat nylon 66, even though the former is superior in tensile and impact behavior.
Responses of Chickens Lacking or Expressing Endogenous Avian Leukosis Virus Genes to Infection with Exogenous Virus

Line 0 chickens that lack endogenous viral (ev) genes and 15I5 X 7 chickens that carry and express ev genes were inoculated with the avian leukosis virus, RAV-1, at 1 day of age or as embryos, and maintained to 70 days of age. Comparable uninoculated controls were also kept. Most of the day-old inoculated chickens developed antibody by 70 days, but as expected, most of the embryo inoculated chickens remained viremic. Major differences in response between the lines were only noted after day-old inoculation. About 40% of Line 0 died of a specific nonneoplastic syndrome (NNS) while none of the 15I5 X 7 chickens did. Line 0 also developed neutralizing antibodies at a much earlier age than 15I5 X 7 and, consequently, virus was cleared from the serum much earlier. Day-old RAV-1 infection of Line 0 also lowered hematocrit more at 14 and 21 days of age than in 15I5 X 7 chickens. Body weight was clearly reduced at all ages in both lines of chickens by both day-old and embryo inoculation. After embryo inoculation, hematocrit was lowered in both lines of chickens between 28 and 42 days of age. Immune response to sheep red blood cells and Brucella abortus was only slightly and inconsistently reduced by inoculation of RAV-1 by both routes in both lines of chickens. It was concluded that the major influences of ev gene expression was to reduce the incidence of NNS and the neutralizing antibody response after RAV-1 inoculation of day-old chicks.
Acyl Chain-Length Asymmetry Alters the Interfacial Elastic Interactions of Phosphatidylcholines

Abstract Phosphatidylcholines (PCs) with stearoyl (18:0) sn -1 chains and variable-length, saturated sn -2 acyl chains were synthesized and investigated using a Langmuir-type film balance. Surface pressure was monitored as a function of lipid molecular area at various constant temperatures between 10°C and 30°C. Over this temperature range, 18:0–10:0 PC displayed only liquid-expanded behavior. In contrast, di-14:0 PC displayed liquid-expanded behavior at 24°C and 30°C, but two-dimensional phase transitions were evident at 20°C, 15°C, and 10°C. The average molecular area of 18:0–10:0 PC was larger than that of liquid-expanded di-14:0 PC at equivalent surface pressures, and the shapes of their liquid expanded isotherms were somewhat dissimilar. Analysis of the elastic moduli of area compressibility ( C s −1 ) as a function of molecular area revealed shallower slopes in the semilog plots of 18:0–10:0 PC compared to di-14:0 PC. At membrane-like surface pressures (e.g., 30mN/m), 18:0–10:0 PC was 20–25% more elastic (in an in-plane sense) than di-14:0 PC. Other PCs with varying degrees of chain-length asymmetry (18:0–8:0 PC, 18:0–12:0 PC, 18:0–14:0 PC, 18:0–16:0 PC) were also investigated to determine whether the higher in-plane elasticity of fluid-phase 18:0–10:0 PC is a common feature of PCs with asymmetrical chain lengths. Two-dimensional phase transitions in 18:0–14:0 PC and 18:0–16:0 PC prevented meaningful comparison with other fluid-phase PCs at 30mN/m. However, the C s −1 values for fluid-phase 18:0–8:0 PC and 18:0–12:0 PC were similar to that of 18:0–10:0 PC (85–90mN/m). These values showed chain-length asymmetrical PCs to have 20–25% greater in-plane elasticity than fluid-phase PCs with mono- or diunsaturated acyl chains.
REGENERATION IN THE FOLIAGE LEAF OF SEDUM

THE PROPAGATIVE capacity of foliage leaves of various species of Sedum, Crassula, and related genera has long been recognized by botanists, and its advantages have been capitalized by horticulturists (Stingl, 1908; Hagemann, 1932). Certain of these leaves which detach easily from the stem have been termed " Bruchblatter " by Goebel (1908), who mentioned Sediim Stahlii as an example. Species whose leaves are not so readily detached may, however, function equally well as propagative devices if removed from the stem. Figdor (1918) described the formation of buds in the axils on flowering branches of Crassula multicava. After initiating two pairs of leaves, these buds fell to the ground and produced new plants. Figdor reported also that severance of the main vein of either attached or detached leaves resulted in abundant callus which gave rise, after about six months, to shoots and roots. In this same connection Kupfer (1907) reported that a transverse cut on an attached leaf of Sedum tortuosum resulted, after several weeks, in the development of a bud at the place of wounding. It is well known that detached leaves of several species of Sedum may produce new plants under environmental conditions varying from the drouth of the laboratory table to the high humidity of the moist chamber. In spite of the common knowledge and practical utilization of this fact, no adequate account of the development of new plants from these leaves seems to be available.2 The purpose of this article is to outline root and shoot formation upon detached leaves of Sedum, and to compare these events with vegetative propagation in Bryophyllum, Tolmiea, Camptosorus, and other forms. The foliage leaves of Sedum Stahlii Solms furnished most of the material for this study. They are decidedly of the "Bruchblatter " type and respond with root formation after five to seven days in a moist chamber. Their relatively small size recommends them for histological procedure and easy serial sectioning. Leaves of S. guatamaliense Hemsley, S. dasyphyllutn L., and S. pachyphyllum Rose were also used in comparative studies. Experiments with a considerable number of fixatives showed that formalinacetic gave the best results with the succulent tissues of such leaves. Delafield's haematoxylin proved the most satisfactory stain in bringing out clearly the thin walls of leaf parenchyma and the outline of meristematic cells. The propagative capacity of leaves of
A mitochondrial UPR-mediated metabolic checkpoint regulates hematopoietic stem cell aging

Deterioration of adult stem cells accounts for much of aging-associated compromised tissue maintenance. How stem cells maintain metabolic homeostasis remains elusive. Here, we identified a regulatory branch of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), which is mediated by the interplay of SIRT7 and NRF1 and is coupled to cellular energy metabolism and proliferation. SIRT7 inactivation caused reduced quiescence, increased mitochondrial protein folding stress (PFSmt), and compromised regenerative capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). SIRT7 expression was reduced in aged HSCs, and SIRT7 up-regulation improved the regenerative capacity of aged HSCs. These findings define the deregulation of a UPRmt-mediated metabolic checkpoint as a reversible contributing factor for HSC aging.
Solubility of Lithium in germanium

Abstract The solubility of lithium in germanium has been measured as a function of temperature between 593°C and 899°C. It reaches a maximum impurity atom fraction of 1·7 × 10 −4 at about 800°C, and the distribution coefficient at the melting point is (1·6 to 2·0) × 10 −3 . Lithium content was measured by flame analysis and therefore included Li which precipitated during cooling. Distribution coefficients are in accord with thermodynamic principles when calculated as the ratio of the above solubility data and a liquidus curve calculated from the eutectic point. Additional information regarding the Li-Ge phase diagram was obtained which indicates the existence of two compounds, Li 4 n Ge n (probably Li 4 Ge) with a melting point of 750±10°C and Li 3 n Ge n (probably Li 6 Ge 2 ) with a melting point of 800±10°C, and a eutectic point at 49± 5atom per cent Li and a temperature of 525±10°C.
MaizeGDB: curation and outreach go hand-in-hand

First released in 1991 with the name MaizeDB, the Maize Genetics and Genomics Database, now MaizeGDB, celebrates its 20th anniversary this year. MaizeGDB has transitioned from a focus on comprehensive curation of the literature, genetic maps and stocks to a paradigm that accommodates the recent release of a reference maize genome sequence, multiple diverse maize genomes and sequence-based gene expression data sets. The MaizeGDB Team is relatively small, and relies heavily on the research community to provide data, nomenclature standards and most importantly, to recommend future directions, priorities and strategies. Key aspects of MaizeGDB's intimate interaction with the community are the co-location of curators with maize research groups in multiple locations across the USA as well as coordination with MaizeGDB’s close partner, the Maize Genetics Cooperation—Stock Center. In this report, we describe how the MaizeGDB Team currently interacts with the maize research community and our plan for future interactions that will support updates to the functional and structural annotation of the B73 reference genome.
Fourier‐transform infrared studies of polymer blends. III. Poly(β‐propiolactone)‐poly(vinyl chloride) system

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) studies of the poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL)–poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blend system are presented. The results indicate that there are specific interactions between the PCL and PVC in both the molten and solid states which could be responsible for the apparent compatibility of the amorphous component of these blends. Additionally, FTIR difference spectra are presented to illustrate the potential of this technique for following the kinetics of crystallinity in polymer blend systems.
Predictors of Acute Complications in Children With Type 1 Diabetes

95% CI, 1.16-1.69) and underinsurance (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.08-1.65). In older children, the risk of severe hypoglycemia increased with duration (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.251.51), underinsurance (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11-1.81), lower HbA1c (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12-1.32), and presence of psychiatric disorders (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.23-1.98). Eighty percent of episodes occurred among the 20% of children who had recurrent events. Conclusions Some children with diabetes remain at high risk for ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia. Age- and sex-specific incidence patterns suggest that ketoacidosis is a challenge in adolescent girls while severe hypoglycemia continues to affect disproportionally the youngest patients and boys of all ages. The pattern of modifiable risk factors indicates that underinsured children and those with psychiatric disorders or at the extremes of the HbA1c distribution should be targeted for specific interventions.
The Development and Persistence of Ethnic Voting.

Mass immigration ended fifty years ago, but national origins continue to be a salient dimension in many people's perceptions of themselves and of others. Where this salience is widespread, ethnicity plays a major role in politics. Ethnicity is often an important independent variable in voting behavior. “Ethnic voting,” as I shall call it, has two manifestations. (1) Members of an ethnic group show an affinity for one party or the other which cannot be explained solely as a result of other demographic characteristics. Voters of Irish descent, to take a familiar example, are more likely than other voters of similar economic status to be Democrats. (2) Members of an ethnic group will cross party lines to vote for—or against—a candidate belonging to a particular ethnic group.
Trends in Political Action: The Developmental Trend and the Post-Honeymoon Decline

More than two decades ago, the authors of Political Action (Barnes et al. 1979) predicted that what was then called “unconventional political participation” would become more widespread throughout ...
Semantic Adaptation and Competition during Word Comprehension

Word comprehension engages the left ventrolateral prefrontal (lVLPFC) and posterior lateral-temporal cortices (PLTC). The contributions of these brain regions to comprehension remain controversial. We hypothesized that the PLTC activates meanings, whereas the lVLPFC resolves competition between representations. To test this hypothesis, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the independent effects of adaptation and competition on neural activity. Participants judged the relatedness of word pairs. Some consecutive pairs contained a common ambiguous word. The same or different meanings of this word were primed (e.g., SUMMER-FAN, CEILING-FAN; ADMIRER-FAN, CEILING-FAN). Based on the logic of fMRI adaptation, trials with more semantic overlap should produce more adaptation (less activation) in regions that activate meaning. In contrast, trials with more semantic ambiguity should produce more activation in regions that resolve competition. We observed a double dissociation between activity in the PLTC and lVLPFC. LPLTC activity depended on the amount of semantic overlap, irrespective of the amount of semantic ambiguity. In contrast, lVLPFC activity depended on the amount of semantic ambiguity. Moreover, across participants the size of the competition effect as measured by errors was correlated with the size of the competition effect in the lVLPFC. We conclude that the lVLPFC is an executive mechanism within language processing.
A Simulation Study of Treatment Verification Using On-Board Multipinhole SPECT

images were reconstructed and compared with the images reconstructed from software using respiratory wave produced from RPM system. Results: Seven patients’ respiratory waves were used to verify our 4DCT software and compared with RPM. The phases could be off up to 50% for RPM but within 5% for URM by comparing with ground truth (picked manually). The 4DCT images were reconstructed for two patients. The discontinuity at the diaphragm level due to an inaccurate identification of phases by the RPM was significantly improved by URM system. Conclusions: This prospective clinical study validated our hypothesis that direct non-invasive method using ultrasound to detect diaphragm motion is better than indirect method (RPM) for 4DCT imaging reconstruction. URM system is user friendly able to improve diagnostic imaging quality. It also has the potential to monitor organ motion during therapy. Author Disclosure: Y. Ping: None. A. Jain: None. S. Cheng: None. C. Chao: None.
Diffraction and holography of photoelectrons and fluorescent x-rays

Photoelectron diffraction is by now a powerful technique for studying surface structures, with special capabilities for resolving chemical and magnetic states of atoms and deriving direct structural information from both forward scattering and backscattering. Fitting experiment to theory can lead to structural accuracies in the 0.03 {Angstrom} range. Holographic inversions of such diffraction data also show considerable promise for deriving local three-dimensional structures around a given emitter with accuracies of 0.2--0.3 {Angstrom}. Resolving the photoelectron spin in some way and using circularly polarized radiation for excitation provide added dimensions for the study of magnetic systems and chiral experimental geometries. Synchrotron radiation with the highest brightness and energy resolution, as well as variable polarization, is crucial to the full exploitation of these techniques. X-ray fluorescence holography also has promise for structural studies, but will require intense excitation sources and multichannel detection to be feasible.
An examination of the effect that commitment to a hypothesis has on auditors' evaluations of confirming and disconfirming evidence*

Abstract. Research findings by Ashton and Ashton (1988, 1990) and Tubbs et al. (1990) suggest that auditors will readily revise their beliefs in response to new evidence and that they are particularly sensitive to disconfirming evidence. In sharp contrast, research findings in behavioral decision making suggest just the opposite. The prior studies in auditing, however, have not investigated situations in which auditors are likely to become committed to their hypotheses. Auditors who are strongly committed to their hypotheses may be motivated to evaluate mixed (confirming and disconfirming) evidence as being consistent with their hypotheses. The results of a laboratory experiment indicate that level of commitment affected auditors' overall evaluations of mixed evidence. Auditors who were strongly committed to their hypotheses attached more importance to confirming evidence than did auditors who were not strongly committed. Neither group, however, attached significantly different degrees of importance to disconfirming evidence. Resume. Selon les resultats des travaux d'Ashton et Ashton (1988, 1990) et de Tubbs et al. (1990), les verificacteurs revisent facilement leur position en reponse aux faits nouveaux et sont particulierement sensibles aux faits qui viennent infirmer leurs convictions. Ces resultats contrastent beaucoup avec ceux des recherches en comportement decisionnel qui sont parfaitement contraires. Les etudes precedentes en verification n'ont cependant pas porte sur les cas dans lesquels les verificateurs sont susceptibles d'etre lies par leurs hypotheses. Les verificateurs qui sont fortement lies par leurs hypotheses risquent d'avoir tendance a interpreter les fait mixtes (c'est-a-dire les faits qui confirment et infirment leurs convictions) comme etant conformes a leurs hypotheses. Les resultats d'une experience en laboratoire ont revele que l'intensite du lien avait une incidence sur l'interpretation globale de faits mixtes par les verificateurs. Ceux qui etaient fortement lies par leurs hypotheses attachaient davantage d'importance aux faits qui confirmaient leurs hypotheses que ceux qui n'etaient pas fortement lies. Aucun des deux groupes n'attachait une importance tres differente aux faits qui infirmaient ses hypotheses.
Active thermal extraction of near-field thermal radiation

Radiative heat transport between materials supporting surface-phonon polaritons is greatly enhanced when the materials are placed at subwavelength separation as a result of the contribution of near-field surface modes. However, the enhancement is limited to small separations due to the evanescent decay of the surface waves. In this work, we propose and numerically demonstrate an active scheme to extract these modes to the far field. Our approach exploits the monochromatic nature of near-field thermal radiation to drive a transition in a laser gain medium, which, when coupled with external optical pumping, allows the resonant surface mode to be emitted into the far field. Our study demonstrates an approach to manipulate thermal radiation that could find applications in thermal management.
Infaunal Hydraulic Ecosystem Engineers: Cast of Characters and Impacts

Synopsis Biogenic forces alter sediment characteristics along several axes with important consequences for structure of benthic communities. The usual axes discussed are those of sediment stabilization versus resuspension and mobile versus temporally persistent organisms. A third axis of bioadvection is typically subsumed within the others. Here we argue that given the complex fluid dynamics resulting from the bidirectional forces that organisms exert on porewater, bioadvection needs to be examined separately. The probable major players in generation of bioadvection are described with impacts on transport both of materials and heat. Illustrations are given of the bidirectionality of bioadvection and the resultant changes in oxygenation either surficially or at depth, as well as of heat transport both laterally within the sediment and vertically.
Effectiveness of an Early Mobilization Protocol in a Trauma and Burns Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background Bed rest and immobility in patients on mechanical ventilation or in an intensive care unit (ICU) have detrimental effects. Studies in medical ICUs show that early mobilization is safe, does not increase costs, and can be associated with decreased ICU and hospital lengths of stay (LOS). Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an early mobilization protocol on complication rates, ventilator days, and ICU and hospital LOS for patients admitted to a trauma and burn ICU (TBICU). Design This was a retrospective cohort study of an interdisciplinary quality-improvement program. Methods Pre– and post–early mobility program patient data from the trauma registry for 2,176 patients admitted to the TBICU between May 2008 and April 2010 were compared. Results No adverse events were reported related to the early mobility program. After adjusting for age and injury severity, there was a decrease in airway, pulmonary, and vascular complications (including pneumonia and deep vein thrombosis) post–early mobility program. Ventilator days and TBICU and hospital lengths of stay were not significantly decreased. Limitations Using a historical control group, there was no way to account for other changes in patient care that may have occurred between the 2 periods that could have affected patient outcomes. The dose of physical activity both before and after the early mobility program were not specifically assessed. Conclusions Early mobilization of patients in a TBICU was safe and effective. Medical, nursing, and physical therapy staff, as well as hospital administrators, have embraced the new culture of early mobilization in the ICU.
Activity‐Based Costing in the Service Sector: The Buckeye National Bank

The U.S. Bureau of the Census projects that by 2006, the service sector will employ 74 percent of the workforce. This case illustrates why a major segment of the service sector—banks—needs accurate cost information to make strategic decisions, and how more refined accounting systems help fulfill this need. Buckeye National Bank is a hypothetical bank that has suffered falling profits despite a shift in customer base toward retail customers, which the current information system reports are more profitable than business customers. Following a step‐by‐step approach, you will develop the Bank's average cost of serving a retail customer account and a business customer account, under (1) the Bank's traditional single allocation base system, and (2) a (pilot test) activity‐based costing system. You will analyze these results to determine how and why costs reported by the activity‐based system differ from the costs reported by the traditional system, and what this difference means for the Bank's business strategy...
Fine-pitch solder joining for high density interconnection

We have studied a thermo-compression bonding method for high density interconnections. Fluxes are commonly used in conventional solder bonding. However, flux applications have several issues such as the void generation in solder and the flux residue remaining between bumps. These could degrade their reliabilities seriously when the bump pitch becomes small since these features do not scale to bump-pitch dimensions. In this paper, we present the experimental results on the investigation of flux-less bonding with a hydrogen radical plasma treatment in fine-pitch bump joining, in order to eliminate these issues. Experimental results of 10 µm-pitch solder bonding showed good metallic continuities at joining interfaces without any organic residues, showing advantages of flux-less bonding on fine-pitch solder bonding.
Evaluation of miscellaneous and electronic device energy use in hospitals

Miscellaneous and electronic loads (MELs) consume about one-thirdof the primary energy used in US buildings, and their energy use is increasing faster than other end-uses. In healthcare facilities, 30percent of the annual electricity was used by MELs in 2008. This paper presents methods and challenges for estimating medical MELs energy consumption along with estimates of energy use in a hospital by combining device-level metered data with inventories and usage information. An important finding is that common, small devices consume large amounts of energy in aggregate and should not be ignored when trying to address hospital energy use.
Dating Violence Among College Students

Dating violence is a significant problem on college campuses. More than one-fifth of the undergraduate dating population are physically abused by their dating partners and an even greater percentage are psychologically abused. Researchers have identified risk factors for college student dating violence. Preventive interventions are strongly recommended.
Cell Therapy for Heart Disease: Where Are We in 2011?⁎

Cell therapy may transform the treatment of acute and chronic heart disease, with an anticipated impact rivaling the results of revascularization and reperfusion therapies developed in the last 50 years. Through controversies over the mechanisms of cell therapy, engraftment, and differentiation, the
Supervisory Control Specification and Synthesis

The objective of this chapter is to give an insight to the problems of specification and synthesis of supervisory controller for manufacturing systems. The current practice in industry ranges from the low level ladder logic programming of PLCs to the high level graphical models which could automatically be translated into an executable code. For example, the use of GRAFCET and Sequential Function Chart to program PLCs have grown substantially in recent years. A main problem with all the existing models is that they do not provide the control engineer any means, other than simulation, of analyzing the functional and performance behavior of the supervised system. Also, with growing interest in lean manufacturing, there seems to be an increasing need for some formal methodology which takes the system requirements specification as an input and gives the supervisory control as its output. The existence of such a formal and analytical methodology would minimize the need for debugging and verification of the supervisory control, implementation and at the same time would substantially reduce the time and cost of its development. This concept exists in theory but has very limited applications. In this chapter, we plan to explore some of this theory.
Interactions of Antibacterial Peptides with Nanotubular Lipid Bilayers: Binding Kinetics and Distortions of the Bilayer Structure

Interactions of peptides with membranes are central for understanding key cellular processes involving membrane proteins such as folding, signaling, transport, energy conversion, and immune response. These interactions also determine efficiency of antibacterial and cytotoxic peptides in disrupting the barrier function of cellular membranes. We employed macroscopically aligned tubular lipid bilayers confined inside cylindrical nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as a versatile nanotechnology platform to study membrane interactions of antibacterial peptides of melittin and alamecitin. Kinetics of peptide binding to lipid nanotubes and the eventual lipid removal/lysis (for melittin) were observed by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) using a crystal with an in-house fabricated nanostructured surface while the structural changes in bilayers were monitored by solid state oriented sample NMR. Specifically, using 78 nm nanopores we have achieved exceptionally narrow (100-140 Hz or <1 ppm) 31P resonances of the lipid phosphate groups of macroscopically aligned nanotubular bilayers that indicated <1-2o mosaic spread in the lipid alignment in the absence of bioreactive peptides. 31P resonances broadened and shifted towards the isotropic values upon interacting with melittin with some lysis of lipids observed after several hours of exposure. The binding and lipid lysis from bilayers confined in essentially the same nanopores albeit at much smaller lipid quantity were further quantified by real-time QCM for bilayers of various lipid compositions. Taken together, the data relate peptide binding and lysis kinetics to structural changes in lipid bilayers, thus, shedding the light on the underlying multistep mechanism. The main advantage of the lipid nanotube AAO platform is in its versatile applicability to various biophysical methods such QCM and NMR under essentially the same environmental conditions such as pH, ionic strength, temperature, etc. and exceptionally broad range of lipid bilayer compositions.
A new approach to geocoding: BingGC

Real-time geocoders help users find precise locations in online mapping systems. Geocoding unstructured queries can be difficult, as users may describe map locations by referencing several spatially co-located entities (e.g., a business near a street intersection). Serving these queries is important as it provides new capabilities and allows for expanding in markets with less structured postal systems. Traditionally, this problem poses significant difficulties for online systems where latency constraints prevent exhaustive join-based algorithms. Previous work in this area involved natural language processing to segment queries based on known rules, or purely spatial approaches that are difficult to maintain and may have high latency. In this paper, we present a new approach to geocoding - BingGC - that makes fulfillment of extremely diverse geocoding queries possible via a combination of traditional web search technologies and a novel algorithm that uses textual search and spatial joins to quickly find results. It allows resolution of up to s spatially co-located entities in a single query with no pre-computation or rule-based matching. We provide experimental analysis of our system compared against leading online geocoders.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Reserve Veterans: Important Reintegration Considerations for the Occupational Health Nurse

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health concern for returning U.S. military personnel who have a higher prevalence rate of PTSD than the general population. Among the military population, reserve service members are at increased risk of developing PTSD compared with full-time active duty service members mainly due to difficulty reintegrating into civilian life. Understanding the social risk factors along with the protective effects social support has on PTSD in veterans will provide occupational health professionals the opportunity to support reserve veterans with adjustment into post-deployment life. This literature review examines PTSD in reserve veterans, with a focus on occupational factors, social factors, guideline recommendations, available resources, as well as provides suggestions for occupational health nurses caring for reserve veterans returning to the workplace.
Real-Time Databases

The questions posed by the panel moderator include: what are the correct transaction and data models, the correct database architecture, which applications require real-time databases, and what are the open research questions. I’d like to address these questions in an integrated fashion, twice: once for soft real-time databases (SRTDB) and once for hard real-time databases (HRTDB).
Effect of milk by-products on forage in vitro fermentation by ruminal microflora

ABSTRACT The effect of milk-based by-products containing lactose and sucrose on alfalfa (ALF) and tall fescue (TF) hay fermentation by ruminal microflora was studied using a single-flow, continuous-culture and batch-culture procedure. Continuous-culture fermentation used only ALF as a forage source and tested buttermilk (BM) and ice cream by-product with cone (ICBPWC). Levels of by-products were 0, 50, and 100% of total DM. For the batch-culture experiment (n = 5) 5 levels of ALF or TF (0, 10, 20, 50, and 75% of DM) were combined with BM, ICBPWC, or ice cream by-product without cone (ICBP). In continuous culture, addition of BM increased apparent OM digestibility and true OM digestibility linearly (P 0.05). The addition of ICBPWC quadratically decreased (P
What does it mean to put new hepatitis C drugs on a list of essential medicines

Expensive treatments for common conditions are unaffordable for most health system, even if they are cost effective. Julian Urrutia and colleagues examine how countries could respond to WHO making direct acting antivirals essential medicines
Mechanical Organization of Cantileverlike Sessile Organisms: Sea Anemones

Engineering beam theory has been used to analyse the ways in which body shape and elastic modulus of two species of sea anemones affect their mechanical responses to flow. 1. 1. Anthopleura xanthogrammica is exposed to wave action, but because it is short, wide, and thick-walled, maximum tensile stresses in its body walls due to flow forces are an order of magnitude lower than those in the tall, slim, thin-walled, calm-water sea anemone Metridium senile . 2. 2. The elastic modulus of M. senile body wall is more dependent on extension rate than is that of A. xanthogrammica . Because the extension rate of M. senile body wall in tidal currents is higher than that of A. xanthogrammica in wave surge, the moduli of walls from these species when exposed to such flow conditions are similar, between 0.1 and 0.3 MN.m−2. 3. 3. The flexural stiffness of M. senile is lowest in the upper column where the anemones bend in currents: this orients their filter-feeding oral discs normal to the currents. The flexural stiffness of A. xanthogrammica is one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of M. senile; A. xanthogrammica remain upright in wave surge and feed on mussels that fall on their oral discs. 4. 4. The deflexions of these anemones predicted using beam theory are consistent with those observed in nature. 5. 5. The critical stress to produce local buckling is an order of magnitude lower for M. senile than for A. xanthogrammica . 6. 6. Several general principles of the organization of cantilever-like sessile organisms are revealed by this study of sea anemones.
A Study of Syntactic and Semantic Properties of Particular Verbs and the Teaching of Chinese as a Foreign Language

By linking the practice in teaching Chinese as a foreign language with the quite common ungrammatical sentences in relation to the usages of verbs foreign students make in reading and writing and by applying the interlanguage theory and comparing Chinese with foreign languages, this paper concentrates on a discussion of the problems that foreign students easily encounter while studying reciprocal verbs, target verbs, intransitive verbs with a patient as a constituent, intransitive verbs with an agent behind, etc. Moreover, the paper puts forward appropraite strategies to deal with the problems.