cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unification of network coding and tree-packing (routing) theorems

Given a network of lossless links with rate constraints, a source node, and a set of destination nodes, the multicast capacity is the maximum rate at which the source can transfer common information to the destinations. The multicast capacity cannot exceed the capacity of any cut separating the source from a destination; the minimum of the cut capacities is called the cut bound. A fundamental theorem in graph theory by Edmonds established that if all nodes other than the source are destinations, the cut bound can be achieved by routing. In general, however, the cut bound cannot be achieved by routing. Ahlswede et al. established that the cut bound can be achieved by performing network coding, which generalizes routing by allowing information to be mixed. This paper presents a unifying theorem that includes Edmonds' theorem and Ahlswede et al.'s theorem as special cases. Specifically, it shows that the multicast capacity can still be achieved even if information mixing is only allowed on edges entering relay nodes. This unifying theorem is established via a graph theoretic hardwiring theorem, together with the network coding theorems for multicasting. The proof of the hardwiring theorem implies a new proof of Edmonds' theorem.
An in vivo study of the axial rotation of the human thoracolumbar spine

Measurements of axial rotation of the thoracolumbar spine during conditions of standing, sitting, lateral bending, and level walking were made in living subjects; Steinmann pins were inserted in various thoracolumbar spinous processes of seven male subjects, between twenty and twenty-six years old, and direct measurements were made of the angular displacement of the pins during rotation. The subjects (standing erect, then sitting, with rotation measured relative to the fixed pelvis) turned from side to side as far as possible. In one subject, 9 degrees of rotation occurred between the first and the fifth lumbar vertebrae during standing and 8 degrees during sitting; additional rotation of approximately 10 degrees was observed at the thoracolumbar joint. An average of approximately 6 degrees was measured at each of the remaining thoracic levels. Some individual variation in the amount of axial rotation was observed in the subjects tested. In one half of a walking cycle during normal level walking on a treadmill, 5 degrees of rotation occurred at the first thoracic vertebra and, in the opposite direction, 6 degrees at the fifth lumbar vertebra. There appeared to be a transition point (displacement node) in the sixth to eighth thoracic vertebral region above which rotation was in the direction opposite to that below. In an additional study, axial rotation was found to occur with motion of the spine in the coronal plane, an observation that supports the concept that axial rotation is an integral motion of the thoracolumbar spine during lateral bending.
What Does It Mean to Be Ranked a “High” or “Low” Value-Added Teacher? Observing Differences in Instructional Quality Across Districts

Education agencies are evaluating teachers using student achievement data. However, very little is known about the comparability of test-based or “value-added” metrics across districts and the extent to which they capture variability in classroom practices. Drawing on data from four urban districts, we found that teachers were categorized differently when compared within versus across districts. In addition, analyses of scores from two observation instruments, as well as qualitative viewing of lesson videos, identified stark differences in instructional practices across districts among teachers who received similar within-district value-added rankings. These patterns were not explained by observable background characteristics of teachers, suggesting that factors beyond labor market sorting likely played a key role.
Roentgenographic Measurement of Tibial-plateau Depression Due to Fracture

Based on a study of true lateral roentgenograms of the proximal ends of fifty normal tibiae, and on roentgenographic and direct measurements of anatomical specimens with experimentally depressed plateaus, it was demonstrated that the plane of the proximal articular surfaces of the tibia normally forms an angle of 76 ± 3.6 degrees with the tibial crest, and that an anteroposterior view made with the central ray directed at an angle of 105 degrees to the tibial crest (the approximate complement of the aforementioned 76-degree angle) permits the most accurate roentgenographic measurement of the depression. It was concluded that use of the "tibial-plateau view" permits more accurate assessment of the initial depression and the effects of treatment.
Biomimetic Membranes with Aqueous Nano Chanels but without Proteins: Impedance of Impregnated Cellulose Ester Filters

Earlier we have shown that many important properties of ionic aqueous channels in biological membranes can be imitated using simple biomimetic membranes. These membranes are composed of mixed cellulose ester-based filters, impregnated with isopropyl myristate or other esters of fatty acids, and can be used for high-throughput drug screening. If the membrane separates two aqueous solutions, combination of relatively hydrophilic polymer support with immobilized carboxylic groups results in the formation of thin aqueous layers covering inner surface of the pores, while the pore volume is filled by lipid-like substances. Because of these aqueous layers biomimetic membranes even without proteins have a cation/anion ion selectivity and specific (per unit of thickness) electrical properties, which are similar to typical properties of biological membranes. Here we describe frequency-dependent impedance of the isopropyl myristate-impregnated biomimetic membranes in the 4-electrode arrangement and present the results as Bode and Nyquist diagrams. When the membranes are placed in deionized water, it is possible to observe three different dispersion processes in the frequency range 0.1 Hz to 30 kHz. Only one dispersion is observed in 5 mM KH(2)PO(4) solution. It is suggested that these three dispersion features are determined by (a) conductivity in aqueous structures/channels, formed near the internal walls of the filter pores at high frequencies, (b) dielectric properties of the whole membrane at medium frequencies, determined by polymer support, aqueous layers and impregnating oil, and, finally, (c) by the processes in hydrated liquid crystal structures formed in pores by impregnating oil in contact with water at low frequencies.
PERMISSIVE HYPERTENSION IN ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE: IS IT A MYTH OR REALITY?

Stroke is the leading cause of long term disability and second leading cause of death worldwide. The effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention of stroke by antihypertensive medications is well validated however support for permissive hypertension in the early course of acute ischemic stroke
Supplementing Blends of Sugars, Amino Acids, and Secondary Metabolites to the Diet of Termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) Drive Distinct Gut Bacterial Communities

Although it is well known that diet is one of the major modulators of the gut microbiome, how the major components of diet shape the gut microbial community is not well understood. Here, we developed a simple system that allows the investigation of the impact of given compounds as supplements of the diet on the termite gut microbiome. The 16S rRNA pyrosequencing analysis revealed that feeding termites different blends of sugars and amino acids did not majorly impact gut community composition; however, ingestion of blends of secondary metabolites caused shifts in gut bacterial community composition. The supplementation of sugars and amino acids reduced the richness significantly, and sugars alone increased the evenness of the gut bacterial community significantly. Secondary metabolites created the most dramatic effects on the microbial community, potentially overriding the effect of other types of compounds. Furthermore, some microbial groups were stimulated specifically by particular groups of compounds. For instance, termites fed with secondary metabolites contained more Firmicutes and Spirochaetes compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, our results suggest that the termite (Reticulitermes flavipes) can be used as a simple and effective system to test the effects of particular chemical compounds in modulating the gut microbiome.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Very Elderly Enrolled in a Prehospital Stroke Research Study.

Background and Purpose— Greater numbers of individuals aged ≥80 years enjoy a high quality of life, yet historically stroke trials have excluded this population. We aimed to describe a population of very elderly successfully enrolled into an acute stroke trial and compare their characteristics and outcomes with the younger cohort. Methods— We analyzed consecutive patients enrolled <2 hours of symptom onset in a prehospital stroke treatment trial, the FAST-MAG clinical trial (Field Administration of Stroke Therapy-Magnesium). We gathered demographic, treatment, and outcome data for nonelderly (<80 years old), very elderly (≥80 years old), and extreme elderly (≥90 years old). We describe key differences in the population of elderly and the impact of their inclusion on the clinical trial. Results— Of 1700 participants in FAST-MAG, there were 1210 nonelderly, 490 very elderly, and 60 extreme elderly subjects. Very elderly stroke patients successfully enrolled in a research study were more likely to be women, white, and have an ischemic mechanism rather than an intracerebral hemorrhage. Although the very elderly had generally poorer outcomes, 4 in 10 were functionally independent at 90 days. Conclusions— Inclusion of the very elderly population in acute stroke clinical trials would both significantly increase study participation and generalizability of future acute stroke clinical trials. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: . Unique identifier: [NCT00059332][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00059332&atom=%2Fstrokeaha%2Fearly%2F2016%2F09%2F27%2FSTROKEAHA.116.013318.atom
Self‐Reported Physical Activity Levels of Older Cancer Survivors: Results from the 2014 National Health Interview Survey

Objectives To examine adherence to the American College of Sports Medicine and American Cancer Society guidelines on leisure-time aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity (PA) of older cancer survivors. Design Cross-sectional study based on the 2014 National Health Interview Survey. Setting United States. Participants Young-old (65–74) (n = 627), old-old (≥75) (n = 656), and middle-aged (45–64) (n = 786) cancer survivors and adults without cancer (n = 18,369), stratified according to the same age groups. Measurements Weighted percentages were used to describe sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of the study population. Unadjusted and adjusted predicted probabilities from generalized ordered and multinomial logistic regressions were estimated to examine levels of aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA in the study population. Results Cancer survivors and those without a cancer diagnosis had similarly low rates of adherence to PA guidelines according to age group. In unadjusted analyses, the age effect was statistically significant in long-term cancer survivors only. Adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, on average, 34.0% of young-old and 35.4% of old-old cancer survivors engaged in sufficient levels of aerobic PA, versus 44.3% of their middle-aged counterparts (P's <.05). Approximately 10% of older cancer survivors met aerobic and muscle-strengthening guidelines, compared with 19.1% of middle-aged cancer survivors (P = .001). Conclusion Adherence to the recommended levels of leisure-time aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA is lower in older than middle-aged cancer survivors in the United States. Greater efforts must be made to encourage and support PA participation in this population.
Toward a Pragmatic Model of Public Responsiveness: Implications for Enhancing Public Administrators’ Responsiveness to Citizen Demands

Public responsiveness, or bureaucratic responsiveness to citizen demands, is central to public administration theories. It is a key concept regarding the appropriate role of bureaucracy and profess...
CHAPTER 98 – Engineering Protein Kinases with Specificity for Unnatural Nucleotides and Inhibitors

A major challenge of the post-genomic era is to derive a complete map of all signaling networks in mammalian cells. One difficulty in mapping signaling pathways is determination of the substrates of each protein kinase. Kinase substrates are difficult to identify chiefly because of the large size of the kinase superfamily (over 500 human kinases) and the large number of low-abundance substrates that kinases are predicted to phosphorylate. Current methods for identification of kinase substrates include: searching protein sequence databases for known phosphorylation motifs, screening for efficient substrates in expression libraries, and detecting stable association between kinase and substrates by screening yeast two-hybrid libraries. Each of these methods has identified interesting candidate substrates, some of which have been validated sing various biochemical tests. A related, yet distinct hurdle in mapping kinase function is the generation of selective inhibitors for individual kinases. Small molecule inhibitors have advantages for deciphering the function of a kinase in that they can be used at any point in development, and they can be readily removed to restore kinase function, thereby providing rapid conditional on/off control. Furthermore, many protein kinases are considered potential drug targets for treatment of various human diseases. The key challenge in the design of kinase inhibitors for research or drug development has been to achieve target specificity. In order to be used as a therapeutic agent, a small molecule inhibitor should be very specific for its target kinase in order to minimize the off-target effects, which can be substantial in such a large and highly conserved family of enzymes.
Las múltiples caras de la islamofobia

El articulo discute las multiples manifestaciones y dimensiones de la islamofobia. Esta es entendida como una forma de racismo que tiene larga duracion en el sistema-mundo, pero resurgio con fuerza a partir del 11 de septiembre de 2001. Dedicando especial atencion a la islamofobia epistemica como una manera de racismo epistemico
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a Statistical Tool for Identifying Key Indicators of Nuclear Power Plant Cable Insulation Degradation

This paper describes the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a statistical method to identify key indicators of degradation in nuclear power plant cable insulation. Seven kinds of single-point data and four kinds of spectral data were measured on cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) that had undergone aging at various doses and dose rates of gamma radiation from a cobalt 60 source, and various elevated temperatures. To find the key indicators of degradation of aged cable insulation, PCA was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data set while retaining the variation present in the original data set. For example, PCA reveals that, for material aged at 90 °C, elastic modulus shows a positive correlation with total dose while mass loss, oxidation induction time and density show negative correlations with the same parameter.
COL4A1 and fetal vascular origins of schizencephaly.

Classically described by Yakovlev and Wadsworth1 in 1946, schizencephaly is a rare congenital brain malformation characterized by clefts of the cerebral mantle extending from the pial surface to lateral ventricles lined by heterotopic gray matter. Observed associations between schizencephaly and in utero infections, trauma, fetal exposure to teratogens, and death of a monozygotic twin support the hypothesis that schizencephaly is the consequence of fetal vascular disruption during the late first or early secondary trimester of pregnancy.2
Metaplastic Breast Cancer: Practice Patterns, Outcomes, and the Role of Radiotherapy

Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare, aggressive form of breast cancer with limited data to guide management. This study of a large, contemporary US database described national practice patterns and addressed the impact of radiotherapy (RT) on survival. The National Cancer Data Base was queried (2004–2013) for women with non-metastatic MBC. Multivariable logistic regression ascertained factors associated with RT administration. Kaplan–Meier analysis evaluated overall survival (OS) between patients treated with either lumpectomy or mastectomy with or without RT, while substratifying patients into pT1–2N0 and pT3–4/N+ subcohorts. Cox proportional hazards modeling determined variables associated with OS. Of 5211 total patients, 447 (9%) had lumpectomy alone, 1831 (35%) had post-lumpectomy RT, 2020 (39%) had mastectomy alone, and 913 (18%) had post-mastectomy RT (PMRT). Most patients underwent chemotherapy (79%), and mastectomy was the most common surgical approach (56%). RT delivery was impacted by many factors, including higher nodal disease (p 0.05 for both). Post-lumpectomy RT was associated with higher OS in both the pT1–2N0 and pT3–4/N+ subsets (p < 0.001 for both), while PMRT was associated with OS benefits in pT3–4/N+ cases (p < 0.001), but not in pT1–2N0 cases (p = 0.259). In the largest study to date evaluating MBC, practice patterns of surgery, systemic therapy, and RT are described. The addition of RT in the post-lumpectomy setting was associated with higher OS, in addition to pT3–4/N+ in the post-mastectomy setting. Although not implying causation, further work is required to corroborate the conclusions herein.
An Evaluation of the Construct Validity of the Spiritual Weil-Being Scale: A Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach:

The construct validity of the Spiritual Wall-Being Scale (SWBS) was examined utilizing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (LISREL). One- and two-dimensional models were investigated in two religious samp...
Cross-Layer Memory Management to Improve DRAM Energy Efficiency

Controlling the distribution and usage of memory power is often difficult, because these effects typically depend on activity across multiple layers of the vertical execution stack. To address this challenge, we construct a novel and collaborative framework that employs object placement, cross-layer communication, and page-level management to effectively distribute application objects in the DRAM hardware to achieve desired power/performance goals. This work describes the design and implementation of our framework, which is the first to integrate automatic object profiling and analysis at the application layer with fine-grained management of memory hardware resources in the operating system. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by employing it to control memory power consumption more effectively. First, we design a custom memory-intensive workload to show the potential of this approach to reduce DRAM energy consumption. Next, we develop sampling and profiling-based analyses and modify the code generator in the HotSpot VM to understand object usage patterns and automatically control the placement of hot and cold objects in a partitioned VM heap. This information is communicated to the operating system, which uses it to map the logical application pages to the appropriate DRAM modules according to user-defined provisioning goals. The evaluation shows that our Java VM-based framework achieves our goal of significant DRAM energy savings across a variety of workloads, without any source code modifications or recompilations.
Diagnosis of GH Deficiency as a Late Effect of Radiotherapy in Survivors of Childhood Cancers.

Background Limited guidance exists for selecting a laboratory method for diagnosing GH deficiency (GHD) when it occurs as a late effect of radiotherapy in childhood cancer survivors (CCSs). Methods We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus for studies evaluating GHD that used IGF-1 or IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) measurements compared with GH dynamic testing. Results We included 15 studies [IGF-1 (8 studies) and IGFBP-3 (7 studies)] enrolling 477 patients. Comparator tests varied widely. Overall, both IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 had suboptimal diagnostic accuracy but were strongly correlated. The use of both tests simultaneously in the same cohort did not improve the diagnostic accuracy. Despite high variability in the testing protocols, dynamic tests remained the most accurate for appropriately identifying patients with GHD. The insulin tolerance test (ITT) appears to be the most accepted reference test when used alone or in combination with arginine; however, standardized testing strategies among practice groups are absent. GHRH and arginine stimulation performed almost similarly to the ITT; however, in one study GHRH with arginine stimulation had 66% sensitivity and 88% specificity compared with the ITT. Insufficient data were available to assess the accuracy of serial GH testing (nocturnal or over 24 hours). Conclusion The diagnostic accuracy of various dynamic tests for GHD in CCSs appears to follow the same patterns as those in non-CCSs. Interpreting GHRH stimulation is a challenge given the primarily hypothalamic dysfunction in CCSs. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 perform poorly in this population.
Marine Mammal Auditory System Noise Impacts: Evidence and Incidence

Sound is an inevitable element of every human activity in the oceans. Some, like exploration and military sonar exercises, produce impulse sounds that are intense but infrequent; others, like shipping, generate nonimpulsive, less intense, but continuous noise. A recent National Research Council review (2003) found that the ocean’s acoustic budget has increased by 3 dB, i.e., doubled, per decade in the last half century. In effect, in some ocean areas, and particularly along our fragile coasts, we are creating an environment akin to that of human workplaces.
A New Lymphoid-Specific Epstein-Barr Virus Enhancer is Transactivated by EBNA-2

The establishment and control of latency are principal features of infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Latency and B-cell immortalization are biologically intertwined, with most of the identified EBV latent gene products being expressed in immortalized cells. Of the handful of EBV genes expressed during latency, we focus on two of the nuclear antigens, or EBNA’s.
Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Notifiable Diseases Reported in Children Aged 0⁻14 Years from 2008 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China.

This study aims to learn the characteristics of morbidity and mortality of notifiable diseases reported in children aged 0–14 years in Zhejiang Province in 2008–2017. We collated data from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in Zhejiang province between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2017 of children aged 0–14 years. From 2008 to 2017, a total of 32 types and 1,994,740 cases of notifiable diseases were reported in children aged 0–14 years, including 266 deaths in Zhejiang Province. The annual average morbidity was 2502.87/100,000, and the annual average mortality was 0.33/100,000. Male morbidity was 2886.98/100,000, and female morbidity was 2072.16/100,000, with the male morbidity rate higher than the female morbidity rate (χ2 = 54,033.12, p < 0.01). No Class A infectious diseases were reported. The morbidity of Class B infectious diseases showed a downward trend, but that of Class C infectious diseases showed an upward trend. There were 72,041 cases in 22 kinds of Class B infectious disease and 138 death cases, with a morbidity rate of 90.39/100,000, and a mortality rate of 0.17/100,000. There were 1,922,699 cases in 10 kinds of Class C infectious disease and 128 death cases, with a morbidity rate of 2412.47/100,000, and a mortality rate of 0.16/100,000. The main high-prevalence diseases included hand-foot-and-mouth disease (1430.38/100,000), other infectious diarrheal diseases (721.40/100,000), mumps (168.83/100,000), and influenza (47.40/100,000). We should focus on the prevention and control of hand-foot and mouth disease, other infectious diarrheal diseases, mumps and influenza in children aged 0–14 years in Zhejiang Province. It is recommended to strengthen epidemic surveillance and undertake early prevention and control measures in order to reduce the younger children incidence rate of infectious diseases. Immunization planning vaccines can help achieve a significant preventive decline of infectious diseases.
Autistic Music, Musicking, and Musicality from Psychoanalytic Origins to Spectral Hearing, and Beyond

Observations of autistic musical behavior have been recorded for as long as the modern concept of autism has existed. Early autism researchers such as Leo Kanner identified autistic musicking—inclu...
The effect of affect on various acoustic measures of prosody in tone and non-tone languages: A comparison based on computer analysis of voice

Using computer-assisted measurements, the influence of tone on the ability to signal affect through prosody in Taiwanese, Mandarin and Thai is explored and compared to English. The presence of tone in a language significantly inhibits the unrestricted manipulation of three acoustical measures of prosody which are involved in producing local pitch changes in the fundamental frequency contour during affective signalling. These results are evaluated in the light of recent discoveries concerning the neurology and hemispheric lateralization of prosodic, affective and linguistic representations of language in the human brain.
Perceived sound quality of different signal processing algorithms by cochlear implant listeners in real-world acoustic environments.

Well-documented benefits of noise-reduction technologies in laboratories do not always yield a significant difference in real-world acoustic environments. Many possible reasons were proposed and studied to address this discrepancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of different noise reduction strategies for cochlear implants in real-world acoustic environments. Sixteen listeners were fit with hearing aid preprocessors with electrical outputs and cochlear implant speech processors receiving the electrical inputs. The preprocessors were programmed to 1) no noise reduction: omnidirectional microphone (OMNI), 2) moderate noise reduction: a combination of omnidirectional and adaptive directional microphone modes with modulation-based noise reduction (TRI+NR); and 3) maximum noise reduction: adaptive directional microphone in all frequency channels with NR (ADM+NR). Listeners listened to sentences in a noisy cafe, a noisy restaurant, and a quiet hotel lobby. They were instructed to rate the overall sound quality preference, ease of listening, speech intelligibility, and listening comfort of sentences using a paired-comparison categorical rating paradigm. Results indicate cochlear implant listeners had no microphone preference in quiet but they preferred adaptive directional microphones in noisy environments. The paired-comparison categorical rating paradigm is a viable means to evaluate the benefits of signal processing strategies in real-world acoustic environments.
Ocean Acidification: An Introduction

Ocean acidification (OA) generally refers to the ongoing decrease in ocean pH. Ocean acidification is caused primarily by the oceanic uptake of excess carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Other impacts related to climate change (increased sea level rise, coastal flooding and extreme weather events) often receive more attention than OA, but the acidification of the Earth’s oceans is well documented and is a major concern for the marine science community. This publication is the first in a series that addresses ocean acidification in Florida. It specifically explains the changes that are occurring to the chemistry of our coastal and oceanic waters because of elevated carbon dioxide levels. Additional publications address potential environmental, economic, and social implications for Florida.
Estimates for the Open image in new window -Neumann problem and nonexistence of C2 Levi-flat hypersurfaces in Open image in new window

Let Ω be a pseudoconvex domain with C2 boundary in Open image in new window , n ≥ 2. We prove that the Open image in new window -Neumann operator N exists for square-integrable forms on Ω. Furthermore, there exists a number e0>0 such that the operators Open image in new window and the Bergman projection are regular in the Sobolev space We ( Ω) for e 0 and n ≥ 2. As a consequence, we prove the nonexistence of C2 Levi-flat hypersurfaces in Open image in new window .
"It's a scavenger hunt": Usability of Websites' Opt-Out and Data Deletion Choices

We conducted an in-lab user study with 24 participants to explore the usefulness and usability of privacy choices offered by websites. Participants were asked to find and use choices related to email marketing, targeted advertising, or data deletion on a set of nine websites that differed in terms of where and how these choices were presented. They struggled with several aspects of the interaction, such as selecting the correct page from a site's navigation menu and understanding what information to include in written opt-out requests. Participants found mechanisms located in account settings pages easier to use than options contained in privacy policies, but many still consulted help pages or sent email to request assistance. Our findings indicate that, despite their prevalence, privacy choices like those examined in this study are difficult for consumers to exercise in practice. We provide design and policy recommendations for making these website opt-out and deletion choices more useful and usable for consumers.
High-frequency asymptotics and 1-D stability of ZND detonations in the small-heat release and high-overdrive limits

We establish one-dimensional spectral, or \normal modes", stability of ZND detonations in the small heat release limit and the related high overdrive limit with heat release and activation energy held xed, verifying numerical observations of Erpenbeck in the 1960s. The key technical points are a strategic rescaling of parameters converting the innite overdrive limit to a nite, regular perturbation problem, and a careful high-frequency analysis depending uniformly on model parameters. The latter recovers the important result of high-frequency stability established by Erpenbeck by somewhat dierent techniques. Notably, the techniques used here yield quantitative estimates well suited for numerical stability investigation.
Introduction: An Overview of Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis

Interest in host directed therapy (HDT) for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) has emerged in recent years as antibiotics have failed to eradicate this disease. Lengthy treatment regimens coupled with the development of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and a lack of profit incentives for pharmaceutical companies to develop novel anti-mycobacterial compounds has left a void in treatment options which some hope HDT strives to fill. Safe and well tolerated drugs that modulate the host immune system to fight infection may be repurposed from their original indication to help combat TB. These agents may be used in combination with standard antibiotics, as adjunctive therapy, to shorten treatment, prevent tissue damage, and prevent disease recurrence. Here we provide a general overview of the landscape of various HDTs currently in development for TB treatment.
Human Factors in Healthcare

In this chapter, we will describe the application of human factors and systems safety science within healthcare. Human factors engineering is a science that uses a systems approach to consider human psychological, social, physical, and biologic characteristics and applies the information to design equipment, processes, and environments to optimize human performance, health, and safety. In healthcare, human factors use a systems approach, which is defined as humans come to work to do their best to do the right thing in a complex, dynamic environment. The challenge is to understand the context and system characteristics to identify barriers and contributing factors that resulted in the deviation or unintended outcome. Human error is never the final cause of an accident. Strong interventions are system-based and do not rely on human training or behavior. Considering human factors to identify contributing factors and develop strong interventions will improve patient and staff safety.
Modularization Business Case Analysis Tool: Learning from Industry Practices

Modularization is a method of enhancing project value by exporting a portion of site work to fabrication/assembly shops/yards. Maximizing modularization’s benefits, however, is something the industry is still struggling to achieve. To achieve it, the construction industry needs a new modularization business case analysis approach and an associated computational tool. Thus the Construction Industry Institute’s (CII) Research Team (RT) 283 has developed a business case process to identify the optimum proportion of work hours to be moved offsite via module scope; the process also identifies the drivers of modularization. An optimal decision-making process is thereby established. Still missing from modularization business case analysis is a tool to support this process. This study develops just such a tool with the support of the CII Modularization Community of Practice. The tool manages information on module project drivers and, to the different parts of a module job, assigns a cost/factor/productivity. In developing the tool, researchers collected existing business case analysis tools from different companies and from the literature. The most suitable elements from these have been incorporated into a new modularization business case analysis tool. The tool identifies the optimum level of work hours to move offsite, providing specific savings, not just an indicative value. The tool, set up in three layers, permits details to be added and can be used, as a project is further developed, at successive phases with increasing rigor. This tool was subsequently reviewed by CII Modularization Community of Practice. This tool, by selecting optimum level of modularization, should help the construction industry maximize the benefits of modularization.
Lacan: Anti-philosophy 3: by Alain Badiou, translated by Kenneth Reinhard and Susan Spitzer, New York, Columbia University Press, 2018, xli–260 pp., $30.00 (cloth)

This book, first published in French in 2013, has now been published in English, opening to a wider readership Alain Badiou’s understanding of, and at times disagreement with, the Freudian psychoan...
The Jacobian Conjecture and Partial Differential Equations

The Jacobian conjecture over a field of characteristic zero is considered directly in view of the partial differential equations it introduces. Using the solutions of such partial differential equations, some new families of polynomial maps satisfying the conjecture in all dimensions and of arbitrarily high degrees are obtained. For such maps, the inverse maps of similar structures are readily constructed explicitly.
Dyspnea, Elevated Jugular Venous Pulse, and Lower Extremity Edema in the Setting of Interstitial Lung Disease in a Patient Who Has Undergone Liver and Kidney Transplantation

Case Presentation A 64-year-old man with a past medical history of alcoholic cirrhosis with resultant hepatorenal syndrome requiring kidney and liver transplantation 10 years previously sought treatment at the ED with progressive lower-extremity edema and dyspnea. After noting worsening shortness of breath and cough as an outpatient, he had been referred to a pulmonary clinic and was undergoing a workup for interstitial lung disease (ILD). He had been started on prednisone 40 mg/d after a lung biopsy 4 months before admission. He was also receiving chronic immunosuppression with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. He had noted worsening of edema since starting prednisone.
Ragged-red fibers. A biochemical and morphological study.

Abstract Histochemical, ultrastructural and biochemical studies were performed on muscle biopsy specimens from a 30-year-old man with proximal limb weakness. Modified Gomori trichome stains of anterior tibial muscle revealed accumulations of red-staining material in the subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar regions of virtually every fiber (ragged-red fibers); these accumulations were rich in oxidative enzymes. Electron microscopy of this muscle showed that the red-staining areas consisted of large collections of abnormal-appearing mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from the quadriceps muscle showed lack of respiratory control with α-glycerophosphate as substrate. However, the lack of respiratory control with α-glycerophosphate must be interpreted with caution since the quadriceps muscle was severely degenerated, and biochemical alterations of mitochondria may occur secondary to muscle degeneration itself. Nevertheless, this is the second reported case of lack of respiratory control with α-glycerophosphate in a patient with ragged-red fibers. Further interpretation of this defect and its significance must await more studies to determine whether this muscle mitochondrial abnormality is a common finding in the disorders in which ragged-red fibers are encountered.
Alpha-theta brainwave training and beta-endorphin levels in alcoholics.

An alpha-theta brainwave biofeedfack training program was applied as a novel treatment technique for chronic alcoholics. Following a temperature biofeedback pretraining phase, experimental subjects completed 15 30-min sessions of alpha-theta biofeedback training. Compared to a nonalcoholic control group and a traditionally treated alcoholic control group, alcoholics receiving brainwave training (BWT) showed significant increases in percentages of EEG record in alpha and theta rhythms, and increased alpha rhythm amplitudes. Alcoholics receiving BWT showed a gradual increase in alpha and theta brain rhythms across the 15 experimental sessions. These experimentally treated alcoholics showed sharp reductions in self-assessed depression (Beck's Depression Inventory) compared to the control groups. Alcoholics receiving standard medical treatment (abstinence, group psychotherapy, antidepressants) showed a significant elevation in serum beta-endorphin levels at the conclusion of the experiment. This neuropeptide is an index of stress and a stimulant of caloric (e.g., ethanol) intake. Application of brainwave treatment, a relaxation therapy, appears to counteract the increase in circulating beta-endorphin levels seen in the control group of alcoholics. 13-month follow-up data indicate sustained prevention of relapse in alcoholics that completed alpha-theta brainwave training.
Three lectures on the Color Glass Condensate

We summarize the theory and phenomenology of the Color Glass Condensate reviewed previously by E. Iancu and the author in hep‐ph/0303204. We discuss some of the subsequent developments in the past year both in theory and in phenomenological applications.
The Kuiper Belt As An Evolved Circumstellar Disk

In the past decade, more than 400 objects have been discovered in orbit about the sun beyond Neptune. They constitute a vast ring of bodies the larger of which are the surviving products of accretion in the outer circumsolar disk. This so-called Kuiper Belt is a repository of the solar system’s most primitive (volatile-rich) matter, a supplier of comets to the inner solar system and a source of collisionally produced dust with similarities to extra-solar dust disks.
Evolutionary Origins of Lymphocytes: Ensembles of T Cell and B Cell Transcriptional Regulators in a Cartilaginous Fish

The evolutionary origins of lymphocytes can be traced by phylogenetic comparisons of key features. Homologs of rearranging TCR and Ig (B cell receptor) genes are present in jawed vertebrates, but have not been identified in other animal groups. In contrast, most of the transcription factors that are essential for the development of mammalian T and B lymphocytes belong to multigene families that are represented by members in the majority of the metazoans, providing a potential bridge to prevertebrate ancestral roles. This work investigates the structure and regulation of homologs of specific transcription factors known to regulate mammalian T and B cell development in a representative of the earliest diverging jawed vertebrates, the clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria). Skate orthologs of mammalian GATA-3, GATA-1, EBF-1, Pax-5, Pax-6, Runx2, and Runx3 have been characterized. GATA-3, Pax-5, Runx3, EBF-1, Spi-C, and most members of the Ikaros family are shown throughout ontogeny to be 1) coregulated with TCR or Ig expression, and 2) coexpressed with each other in combinations that for the most part correspond to known mouse T and B cell patterns, supporting conservation of function. These results indicate that multiple components of the gene regulatory networks that operate in mammalian T cell and B cell development were present in the common ancestor of the mammals and the cartilaginous fish. However, certain factors relevant to the B lineage differ in their tissue-specific expression patterns from their mouse counterparts, suggesting expanded or divergent B lineage characteristics or tissue specificity in these animals.
State Space Sampling of Feasible Motions for High Performance Mobile Robot Navigation in Highly Constrained Environments

Sampling in the space of controls or actions is a well-established method for ensuring feasible local motion plans. However, as mobile robots advance in performance and competence in complex outdoor environments, this classical motion planning technique ceases to be effective. When environmental constraints severely limit the space of acceptable motions or when global motion planning expresses strong preferences, a state space sampling strategy is more effective. While this has been clear for some time, the practical question is how to achieve it while also satisfying the severe constraints of vehicle dynamic feasibility. This paper presents an effective algorithm for state space sampling based on a model-based trajectory generation approach. This method enables high-speed navigation in highly constrained and/or partially known environments such as trails, roadways, and dense off-road obstacle fields.
Lipoprotein Metabolism A Well-Tried Tool to Characterize Dyslipidemic Mechanisms

Metabolic studies of lipoproteins have yielded important insights into regulation of energy distribution as well as providing fundamental understanding of cardiovascular risk properties of different lipoproteins. Although many factors on the molecular level have the potential to impact metabolic regulation of lipids, metabolic studies provide valuable information from a comprehensive regulatory viewpoint. With increasing emphasis on lipoprotein subfractions and their roles in promoting or protecting from cardiovascular risk, the focus of metabolic studies is largely moving toward more detailed understanding of lipoprotein subclass and individual apolipoprotein properties. See page 1370 The atherogenic and antiatherogenic roles of LDL and HDL cholesterol, respectively, are well established and, by now, part of the general public knowledge. However, hereditary diseases of lipoprotein metabolism with dramatically different LDL and/or HDL cholesterol levels offer great promise to further investigate this complex system, and we have already gained considerable insight from such studies. Thus, it is well known that some hereditary conditions result in phenotypes with unusual LDL and HDL compositions. Thus, carriers of apoA-I Milano appear protected from cardiovascular disease in spite of low HDL cholesterol levels.1,2 In another hereditary condition, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, HDL metabolism is severely affected, and carriers of this deficiency have low levels of both HDL and LDL cholesterol with the accumulation of an aberrant lipoprotein, Lp-X.3,4 However, in spite of low HDL cholesterol levels, cardiovascular disease is not common among LCAT-deficient subjects.5,6 LCAT is critical for …
Evaluation of a spatial scanning laser fluorometric detector for capillary electrophoresis: Application to studies of band migration and dispersion

We report herein the development and evaluation of modified capillary electrophoresis instrumentation with laser fluorometric detection which allows for the convenient and precise translation of the detection zone along the length of the separation column. This instrumentation is utilized for fundamental studies of band dispersion, analyte mobility alterations, sample stacking, and the determination of diffusion coefficients. The feasibility of using this instrumentation to improve the signal/noise ratio and decrease analysis time is also presented. DNA restriction digest separations employing soluble polymer buffer systems with oncolumn fluorescent labeling was used to illustrate the unique advantages of this experimental design.
The influence of incorporated halogenated analogues of thymidine on the sister-chromatid exchange frequency in human lymphocytes☆

Experimental evidence indicates that normal and transformed human cells differ in 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation into DNA (Mattern, 1980). There is, however, some controversy as to the relative importance of BrdUrd incorporation on the resulting sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency. One report (Mazrimas and Stetka, 1978) offers evidence that the level of incorporation of BrdUrd into DNA influences the SCE frequency. Another report (Davidson et al., 1980) implicates a location external to DNA, disruption of nucleotide metabolism, as the primary site of action for BrdUrd enhancement of SCE and mutagenesis, although this study also shows BrdUrd incorporation plays some role. To explore by a different approach the role of incorporation of halogenated analogues of thymidine (dTyd) into DNA in influencing the SCE frequency, we conducted experiments in which different halogens were substituted for the methyl group at the 5-position on the dTyd residue. The Van der Waals radius for a methyl group at the 5-position on dTyd is 2.00 A, while the radii for the 3 halogens we used are 1.80 ,~ for 5-chlorodeoxyuridine (CldUrd), 1.95 A, for BrdUrd, and 2.15 .~ for 5-iododeoxyuridine (IrdUrd) (Szybalski, 1974). The other halogenated analogue of dTyd, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) which has a 5-position Van der Waals radius
Heat loss and thermoelectric generator design

Abstract With the object of evaluating its importance to thermoelectric generator design, heat loss is introduced into the standard thermoelectric generator design theory. The theory for both the constant hot and cold junction temperatures model and the constant heat input model are so modified. The modification is first order and, therefore, is limited to small leg heat-transfer coefficients. Numerical results using representative properties show that significant differences can exist between the optimum geometry and performance of a generator idealized as lossless and those of a generator designed by the modified theory. The largest differences occur with the constant heat input model.