cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decline in Genetic Influence on the Co-Occurrence of Alcohol, Marijuana, and Nicotine Dependence Symptoms From Age 14 to 29

ObjectiveCross-sectional studies have demonstrated high rates of comorbidity among substance use disorders. However, few studies have examined the developmental course of incident comorbidity and how it changes from adolescence to adulthood. The authors examine patterns of comorbidity among substance use disorders to gain insight into the effect of shared versus specific etiological influences on measures of substance abuse and dependence.MethodThe authors evaluated the pattern of correlations among nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana abuse and dependence symptom counts as well as their underlying genetic and environmental influences in a community-representative twin sample (N=3,762). Symptoms were assessed at ages 11, 14, 17, 20, 24, and 29 years. A single common factor was used to model the correlations among symptom counts at each age. The authors examined age-related changes in the influence of this general factor by testing for differences in the mean factor loading across time.ResultsMean levels of ab...
High-pressure strength of aluminum under quasi-isentropic loading

Under shock loading, metals typically increase in strength with shock pressure initially but at higher stresses will eventually soften due to thermal effects. Under isentropic loading, thermal effects are minimized, so strength should rise to much higher levels. To date, though, study of strength under isentropic loading has been minimal. Here, we report new experimental results for magnetic ramp loading and impact by layered impactors in which the strength of 6061-T6 aluminum is measured under quasi-isentropic loading to stresses as high as 55 GPa. Strength is inferred from measured velocity histories using Lagrangian analysis of the loading and unloading responses; strength is related to the difference of these two responses. A simplified method to infer strength directly from a single velocity history is also presented. Measured strengths are consistent with shock loading and instability growth results to about 30 GPa but are somewhat higher than shock data for higher stresses. The current results also agree reasonably well with the Steinberg–Guinan strength model. Significant relaxation is observed as the peak stress is reached due to rate dependence and perhaps other mechanisms; accounting for this rate dependence is necessary for a valid comparison with other results.
On an initial transient deletion rule with rigorous theoretical support

We study an initial transient deletion rule proposed by Glynn and Iglehart. We argue that it has desirable properties both from a theoretical and practical standpoint; we discuss its bias reducing properties, and its use both in the single replication setting and in the multiple replications / parallel processing context.
Immunofluorescence (Especially for Cells Growing on a Coverglass)

[Abstract] If an antibody for your protein of interest is available, immunofluorscence is a useful method to detect the localization and relative abundance of the protein by using a fluorescence microscope. Immunofluoresence can be used in combination with other, non-antibody methods of fluorescence staining, for example, the use of DAPI to label DNA. This protocol describes setting up an immunofluorescence experiment using cells grown on a coverglass.
Bicycle-related head injuries

Bicycle-related head injuries are an important cause of injury and death in the United States, especially among children. There is evidence that widespread use of protective bicycle helmets could markedly decrease the rate of serious head trauma among injured bicyclists, but most cyclists do not wear helmets. Efforts to increase the rate of helmet use have been undertaken in physicians' offices, schools, community-wide programs, and through legislative initiatives. Although some of these interventions have increased helmet use, none has been shown to result in helmet use by the majority of bicyclists.
Constraining control

Continuations, when available as first-class objects, provide a general control abstraction in programming languages. They liberate the programmer from specific control structures, increasing programming language extensibility. Such continuations may be extended by embedding them in functional objects. This technique is first used to restore a fluid environment when a continuation object is invoked. We then consider techniques for constraining the power of continuations in the interest of security and efficiency. Domain mechanisms, which create dynamic barriers for enclosing control, are implemented using fluids. Domains are then used to implement an unwind-protect facility in the presence of first-class continuations. Finally, we demonstrate two mechanisms, wind-unwind and dynamic-wind, that generalize unwind-protect.
The Poetics and Ethics of Negligence

This article applies the rhetorical theories of Kenneth Burke to show how the trope of the reasonably prudent person under the same or circumstances is a more effective -- and more ethical -- approach to negligence than negligence per se.
The Prediction of Jet Noise From CFD Data

This paper describes a methodology for the prediction of jet noise based on data from a two-equation turbulence model. The noise model is an acoustic analogy based on the linearized Euler equations. Equivalent sources are included in both the continuity and momentum equations. Mean flow acoustic interaction effects are based on high and low frequency asymptotic solutions to both Lilley’s equation as well as the linearized Euler equations. The range of validity of these solutions is discussed. Comparisons are made between predictions and measurements for a high subsonic unheated jet. It is shown that reasonable predictions can be made at all observer angles without recourse to a second source mechanism. All the observed effects on the noise spectrum can be explained by mean flow acoustic interaction effects. It is argued that traditional convective amplification effects are relatively weak. Their existence depends on the particular choice of model for the two-point statistics of the noise sources. However, mean flow acoustic interaction effects result in a predicted behavior equivalent to convective amplification. It is shown that this amplification is not due to the source motion relative to the observer: but, it is due to the sound radiating into a mean flow that is in motion relative to the observer. In addition, it is argued that “self” and “shear” noise are not separate noise mechanisms: they are mathematical constructs associated with the reduction of the linearized Euler equations to a single wave equation.
The Electrical Properties of Silicon Oxide Deposited By Remote Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (Rpecvd).

We have constructed an Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) multi-chamber system and have deposited ‘gate quality’ silicon dioxide by the remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (Remote PECVD) process at low substrate temperatures (TS ≤ 400°C). Native oxides and other surface contaminants are removed under ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions and the character of the semiconductor surface is determined prior to film deposition using in-situ Reflection High Energy Electron Defraction (RHEED). Measurents made on MOS structures of capacitance-voltage, current-voltage, field break-down, hysteresis, and mobile ion drift indicate that these films are ‘comparable’ to thermally (TS >1100 C) grown oxides. The structural properties of the films are studied by ir spectroscopy and ellipsometry.
Specific Issues in Clinical Trials on the Use of Barrier Membranes in Periodontal Regeneration

Abstract There are presently a number of different barriers available for use clinically in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedures. A number of trials using these techniques and comparing different types of barrier membranes are being published in the scientific literature. This review discusses issues related to clinical trials on the use of barrier membranes in periodontal regeneration. Outcome measures, both clinical and histological, are discussed in relation to results following GTR procedures. The difference between regeneration and repair is reviewed as well as methods of clinical and histologic assessment of both these outcomes. Data regarding the impact of patient variables and tooth or defect variables on outcomes are presented and suggestions for study designs are made based on these variables. Aspects of assessing for an appropriate sample size in superiority and equivalency trials using GTR techniques are presented as well as interpretation of results following these trials and their cli...
A Study of the Relationship between Parental Alcohol Problems and Alcohol Use among Adolescent Females in Republic of Korea.

Objectives : The study was designed to test if alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among adolescent females are related to their parents' level of alcohol problems. Methods : In 2001, a stratified sample of 2077 adolescent females, grades 10-11, from twelve female-only high schools located in a large metropolitan city in the Republic of Korea completed a questionnaire about alcohol use, parental attention, and parental alcohol consumption, and other risk and protective factors. Data were analyzed with chi-square and regression analyses. Results : Nearly 63% of the student drinkers had experienced at least one to two alcohol-related problems in their lives. Two-thirds of all 2077 students indicated that at least one of their parents had an alcohol-related problem and that approximately 29% had experienced several problems. Results of random effects ordinal logistic regression analyses suggest a dose-response relationship between parental and youth alcohol-related problems. Youth who report having parents with some and many alcohol problems were 30% (Odds Ratios [OR] = 1.30; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.10 - 1.53) and 55% (OR = 1.55; 95%CI = 1.23 - 1.95) more likely to experience alcohol-related problems than youth whose parents do not have alcohol problems, respectively, after statistically adjusting for important covariates. Conclusions : This study presents evidence that alcohol-related problems among adolescent female students is highly prevalent. Also, the study findings reveal a high percentage of parents with alcohol problems, as reported by students. This study presents evidence of what might be a hidden problem among adults and youths in the Republic of Korea that merits serious attention.
A simplified hippocampal model that learns and uses three kinds of context

Context plays a critical role in cognition. Previously Hirsh (’74), Kesner & Hardy (83), and Gray (’82) proposed that the hippocampus could learn context. Presented here is a simple hippocampal model that learns and uses three types of context: a context coming from the past, a context coming from the present, and a context concerned with the future. In all three of these situations, context is encoded by neurons that fire in a way analogous to hippocampal place cells. When these firing patterns do not appear, the network seems incapable of solving context dependent problems.
OR14 HLA class I antibodies increased WNT/β-catenin pathway component protein lymphoid-binding factor 1 (LEF1) in endothelial cells in foxo1 protein dependent fashion

Introduction and aim Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are a family of important transcription factors that plays important role in maintaining endothelial cells functions. The protective role of FOXO1 in multiple cellular functions is supported by several studies. In many cellular systems, the forkhead transcription factors such as FOXO1 activity is regulated by post-translational modification through phosphorylation and acetylation. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of HLA class I on the phosphorylation/inactivation of the FOXO1 protein. We also investigated the impact of the HLA antibodies on the mRNA levels of the fibrosis protein LEF1. Methods Western blot analysis was used to examine the phosphorylation status of FOXO1 in human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVECs) after treatment with monoclonal antibodies directed against HLA class I. Real-time PCR assay was used to measure the mRNA levels of LEF1 in endothelial cells. Results Coupling of endothelial cells with monoclonal antibodies directed to HLA class I but not class II resulted in increased phosphorylation (inactivation) of the FOXO1 protein at Ser256 and Th24. In addition, the mRNA levels of FOXO1 down-stream target LEF1 were significantly up-regulated in endothelial cells treated with HLA class I antibodies compared to control treated cells. shRNAi mediated knock-down of FOXO1 protein in endothelial cells resulted in increased expression of LEF1 in endothelial cells. Conclusion This data identifies a new role of HLA antibodies in regulating endothelial cells functions by the inactivation of FOXO1 and increased its down-stream target LEF1. This data in addition to the previously published data indicating the involvement of the LEF1 in fibrosis might suggest a novel mechanism for allograft fibrosis mediated by HLA antibodies. Further studies to evaluate the in vitro findings in human allograft tissues are required.
Epidemiology of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in Cervical Mucosa

In a worldwide scenario, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the second leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women due to its very close association with cervical cancer. More than 100 different types of HPV genotypes have been characterized to date. Among these, approximately 24 HPV genotypes specifically infect the genital and oral mucosal system. The mucosal HPVs are most frequently sexually transmitted, and they are responsible for the most common sexually transmitted diseases throughout the world. In a majority of the cases, oncogenic/nononcogenic HPV infections spontaneously clear by themselves without any medical intervention. However, a persistent and long-term HPV infection usually leads to cervical cancer, which remains difficult to treat. In recent years, advance understanding of the structure of HPV and its pathogenesis has led to a variety of new treatments to combat HPV-related diseases, including a Food and Drug Administration-approved HPV vaccine that is very effective in young women. To effectively use this HPV vaccine worldwide, a clear understanding of HPV genotypes in different geographical populations is imperative. In this chapter, we have focused briefly on HPV genotypes and HPV prevalence in the women of different geographical populations.
HIGHER BETA-BLOCKER DOSE VERSUS LOWER HEART RATE IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE DUE TO SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION

Background: The relative importance of dose of beta blocker used versus decrease in average heart rate achieved on survival remains unclear. We aimed to compare the effect of beta blocker dose and heart rate on mortality in patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction. Methods: We
A scaffolding approach to coreference resolution integrating statistical and rule-based models

We describe a scaffolding approach to the task of coreference resolution that incrementally combines statistical classifiers, each designed for a particular mention type, with rule-based models (for sub-tasks well-matched to determinism). We motivate our design by an oracle-based analysis of errors in a rule-based coreference resolution system, showing that rule-based approaches are poorly suited to tasks that require a large lexical feature space, such as resolving pronominal and common-noun mentions. Our approach combines many advantages: it incrementally builds clusters integrating joint information about entities, uses rules for deterministic phenomena, and integrates rich lexical, syntactic, and semantic features with random forest classifiers well-suited to modeling the complex feature interactions that are known to characterize the coreference task. We demonstrate that all these decisions are important. The resulting system achieves 63.2 F1 on the CoNLL-2012 shared task dataset, outperforming the rule-based starting point by over seven F1 points. Similarly, our system outperforms an equivalent sieve-based approach that relies on logistic regression classifiers instead of random forests by over four F1 points. Lastly, we show that by changing the coreference resolution system from relying on constituent-based syntax to using dependency syntax, which can be generated in linear time, we achieve a runtime speedup of 550 per cent without considerable loss of accuracy.
Socioconomers: New Organizational Actors in Hybrid Corporations

Not every actor for social good in structured organizations is seeking to break systems or patterns to create social good. Much of the work of social good has been accepted and institutionalized in the study of social entrepreneurship and microfinance, corporations have incorporated social responsibility as a key component of valve for the firm. In fact, recent scholarship has considered corporate social responsibility, “firms of endearment”, firms which enjoy both social and financial profits (Sisodia et al., Wharton School Publishing, Upper Saddle River, 2003). These organizational forms have led to the conceptualization of private firms with a social benefit overlay. Hybrid organizations will meet the dual needs of profit maximization and social good. Perhaps then there is a need to distinguish these organizational actors from social entrepreneurs. In this article, I consider who are the socially minded business people working and co-creating financial and social returns in today’s economy. They may not be social entrepreneurs. They are not necessarily seeking large-scale social change; agents instead they seek to drive the economic engine while co-producing social good and revenue. We might call these organizational actors “socioconomers” rather than social entrepreneurs. The term “socioconomer” derives from social and economics. It is a hybrid term just like the actors own, operate and work in social enterprise firms. The paper first discusses who is a “socioconomer” and where he or she might work. Specifically, the paper posits that a socioconomer might own, operate or work in a U.S. hybrid corporation (such as a Benefit Corporation or a Low Profit Limited Liability (L3C) company in order to maximize profit as well as personal and societal purpose in the workplace.
Within-Trial Psychophysics and Stimulus Control: Radiometric and Photometric Equivalence Functions for the Pigeon

Conditioned suppression and stimulus tracking techniques were combined to yield a psychophysical threshold within each discrete stimulus trial. The flicker rate of a visual stimulus progressively decelerated throughout a 20-sec trial terminated by shock, with flicker fusion threshold defined as the flicker rate at the initiation of conditioned suppression of key pecking. Within-trial flicker fusion thresholds were determined for 10 different monochromatic stimuli at each of three radiometric intensities. The resulting thresholds defined radiometric equivalence functions (equal energy contours) and photometric equivalence functions (equal brightness contours) which are consistent with the reported photopic spectral sensitivity of the pigeon. The results suggest that stimulus continua may be programmed as conventional static stimuli to generate stimulus-controlled differential response patterns with each discrete trial.
Big Data in Libraries

The term Big Data is somewhat loose. Roughly defined, it refers to any data that exceeds the users ability to analyze it in one of three dimensions (the three Vs): Volume, Velocity and Variety. Laney [1, 2] Each of these has different challenges. Huge volumes of data require the ability to store and retrieve the data efficiently. High velocity data requires the ability to ingest the data as it is created, essentially very fast internet connections. Highly variable data can be difficult to organize and process due to its unpredictability and unstructured nature. Bieraugel [3] Also, multiple data streams can be combined to answer a variety of question. All forms of big data can require high performance computing and specialized software to analyze. Given the fuzziness of defining big data,
Renormalization group analysis of dipolar Heisenberg model on square lattice

We present a detailed functional renormalization group analysis of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ dipolar Heisenberg model on square lattice. This model is similar to the well-known ${J}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{J}_{2}$ model and describes the pseudospin degrees of freedom of polar molecules confined in deep optical lattice with long-range anisotropic dipole-dipole interactions. Previous study of this model based on tensor network ansatz indicates a paramagnetic ground state for certain dipole tilting angles which can be tuned in experiments to control the exchange couplings. The tensor ansatz formulated on a small cluster unit cell is inadequate to describe the spiral order, and therefore the phase diagram at high azimuthal tilting angles remains undetermined. Here, we obtain the full phase diagram of the model from numerical pseudofermion functional renormalization group calculations. We show that an extended quantum paramagnetic phase is realized between the N\'eel and stripe/spiral phases. In this region, the spin susceptibility flows smoothly down to the lowest numerical renormalization group scales with no sign of divergence or breakdown of the flow, in sharp contrast to the flow towards the long-range-ordered phases. Our results provide further evidence that the dipolar Heisenberg model is a fertile ground for quantum spin liquids.
Temporal Regulation of RNA Synthesis of Bovine Coronavirus

It has been shown with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and avian infectious bronchitis virus that all of the subgenomic mRNAs and genomic RNA are synthesized at the same rate throughout the viral replication cycle (Leibowitz et al., 1981; Stern and Kennedy, 1980). The viral genomic RNA gradually accumulates late in infection. However, no clear switching from transcription of subgenomic mRNAs to replication of genomic-sized RNA is seen. Thus, it is not known whether there is a temporal regulation of viral RNA synthesis in coronavirus-infected cells.
Programming molecular topologies from single-stranded nucleic acids

Molecular knots represent one of the most extraordinary topological structures in biological polymers. Creating highly knotted nanostructures with well-defined and sophisticated geometries and topologies remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate a general strategy to design and construct highly knotted nucleic acid nanostructures, each weaved from a single-stranded DNA or RNA chain by hierarchical folding in a prescribed order. Sets of DNA and RNA knots of two- or three-dimensional shapes have been designed and constructed (ranging from 1700 to 7500 nucleotides), and they exhibit complex topological features, with high crossing numbers (from 9 up to 57). These single-stranded DNA/RNA knots can be replicated and amplified enzymatically in vitro and in vivo. This work establishes a general platform for constructing nucleic acid nanostructures with complex molecular topologies.
Leadership and the strategic emotional manipulation of political identity: An evolutionary perspective

Abstract This paper offers a theoretical argument for some of the ways in which leaders can strategically manipulate emotion and appeal to shared identity to create cohesive political identities among followers which allow them to overcome recruitment, coordination and collective action challenges to maximize prospects for group survival. Building on divergent strands of literature from several disciplines including political science and psychology as well as recent work in biological anthropology, this argument outlines how leaders build on a foundation of shared social identity to incite fear and outrage toward out-groups among followers. Social identity and emotion thus serve as proximate mechanisms by which leaders can develop and sustain cohesive cooperation among followers that can then be deployed at will. In this way, the most effective leaders can leverage extant psychological mechanisms to cultivate a devoted group of followers whose affective attachment to a particular political identity can be activated for a wide variety of purposes independent of actual political content or issue area.
An Exercise in Design: The Binary Decision Diagram

The Binary Decision Diagram (BDD), a data structure used to efficiently represent Boolean formulas, enjoys use in the field of software verification. However, widely used implementations of the BDD are not themselves verifiable. This paper summarizes the design and implementation of a provably correct realization of the BDD as detailed in the author's master's thesis.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Alpha-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids

Dilute solutions of alpha-hydroxy acids in water can be analyzed by oxidation of the acids with periodic acid in the chromatograph. The quantity of aldehyde or ketone produced in oxidation is measured. When a Carbowax 20M-on-firebrick column is used, acid concentration is proportional to aldehyde or ketone peak height.
Evading non-essential fetal oocyte attrition maximizes the ovarian reserve

Abstract Female reproductive success depends on the size and quality of a finite ovarian reserve. Paradoxically, mammals such as mice and humans eliminate up to 80% of the initial oocyte pool during development through the enigmatic process of fetal oocyte attrition (FOA). Here we report that the combined inhibition of retrotransposon L1 reverse transcriptase and the Chk2-dependent DNA damage checkpoint prevents FOA, thus preserving the entire fetal oocyte population. Remarkably, reverse transcriptase inhibitor AZT-treated Chk2 mutant oocytes initially accumulate, but subsequently resolve L1-instigated genotoxic threats and differentiate, resulting in a maximized functional ovarian reserve. We conclude that FOA is a consequence of genotoxic stress that acts to preserve oocyte genome integrity, and is not an obligatory developmental program for oogenesis.
Ultrastructure of thyroid tumors: I. Follicular adenomas and carcinomas in rats and hamsters

Summary The ultrastructure of experimentally induced thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas was studied in rats and hamsters by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Diaminobensidintetrachlorid (DAB) method was applied for cytochemical demonstration of the thyroid peroxydase activity. No significant difference was found in the ultrastructure between thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas in rats and hamsters. However, the ultrastructural organisation of tumor cells in carcinomas presuppose a more limited functional activity than in adenomas. The peroxydase activity of tumor cells was preserved, despite the presence of methylthiouracil (MTU) in the circulation. It was further noticed that malignant transformation of thyroid follicular cells does not lead to changes in the ultrastructural distribution of peroxydase activity. Scanning electron-microscopical examination of the thyroid tumors reveals significant changes in the structural organisation of tumor cells and follicles. The changes in the surface properties of thyroid gland in the course of malignant transformation should be considered as result of irregular cell proliferation, degenerative processes and functional heterogeneity of tumor cells.
Secretory patterns and metabolic clearance rate of porcine growth hormone in swine selected for growth.

Eleven Landrace pigs (six boars and five gilts, 50 kg) representing lines selected for three generations for maximum weight at 200 d of age were compared to eight pigs (four boars and four gilts, 50 kg) representing contemporary randomly selected Landrace controls to determine the effect of selection for growth on the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and plasma concentrations of porcine growth hormone (GH). To estimate MCR of GH, the disappearance of a bolus of porcine GH was monitored over 120 min following its i.v. injection. Blood samples also were collected every 15 min over a 6-h period before injecting GH to determine baseline and overall mean GH concentrations, mean peak amplitude and number of GH secretory episodes. Boars exhibited greater overall mean GH concentrations (4.80 vs 3.11 ng/ml; P less than .05) and had greater maximum GH concentrations associated with secretory episodes (16.11 vs 10.80 ng/ml; P less than .05) than did gilts. There were no differences between boars and pigs exhibited greater baseline GH concentrations (2.04 vs 1.25 ng/ml; P less than .01) than did those from the unselected Landrace line. Selected and control pigs exhibited similar (P greater than .15) overall mean concentrations of GH, frequency of secretory episodes, amplitude of GH peaks and MCR. These data demonstrate that pigs selected for heavier weight at 200 d of age had greater basal plasma GH concentrations than did unselected control pigs.
Liquid–Liquid Equilibria in Binary Mixtures of Dihydroxy Alcohols and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids

Binary liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) for mixtures of dihydroxy alcohols and three imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were measured. The dihydroxy alcohols were 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, ...
The conservative bias of life scientists.

Summary Life scientists may think of themselves as liberal, but they seem to have a strong conservative bias that negatively impacts diversity in research. The bias can be revealed with a Google Scholar search; "conserved from" AND "to humans" appear over 27,000 times, yet the reverse, “conserved from humans to” is found fewer than 800 times ( Figure 1 A). I will explore why this conservative bias in direction exists in the literature and the implications that it has on our thinking and choices for research.
Higher education, youth and migration in contexts of disadvantage: understanding aspirations and capabilities: by Faith Mkwananzi, Cham, Switzerland, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, v-267 pp., 83, €19 (hardcover), ISBN 978-3-030-04452-7

What are the conditions necessary to support migrant youth in achieving their aspirations for higher education? How do social and cultural conditions inform migrant youths’ aspirations? And what do...
Extremity Fractures in an Infant

Abstract A 52-day-old infant presented to the emergency department with newly discovered fractures of the left arm, including fractures of the distal humerus and distal radius and an ulnar metaphyseal corner fracture. Initial presentation was concerning for nonaccidental trauma. Review of systems and physical examination findings suggested an alternative etiology. Further radiographic studies and laboratory results revealed the ultimate diagnosis.
An Overview of the Thermomechanical Processing of α/β Titanium Alloys: Current Status and Future Research Opportunities

Current understanding of the principles underlying the thermomechanical processing (TMP) of α/β titanium alloys is reviewed. Attention is focused on the formulation of constitutive descriptions for plastic flow under hot-working conditions, the evolution of microstructure, the occurrence of defects, and novel/emerging TMP techniques. With regard to constitutive behavior, descriptions of the plastic flow of the individual phases and two-phase alloys per se are summarized. The important influence of phase morphology, size, and volume fraction on plastic flow is emphasized. Mechanisms which underlie microstructure evolution include beta recrystallization (in the high-temperature β field), the development of dislocation substructure and its effect on dynamic and static spheroidization of colony microstructures (in the two-phase field), static and dynamic coarsening of primary α, and the development of deformation and transformation textures. In the area of defects, the effect of TMP variables and starting microstructure on the formation of cavities, the persistence of microtexture, and the development of undesirably-coarse β grain structures are described. The current status of relatively new processing techniques for α/β titanium alloys such as low-temperature superplastic forming and solid-state joining (via linear friction or friction-stir methods) are also briefly reviewed. Last, R&D which could help to resolve deficiencies in the current knowledge base for TMP of α/β titanium alloys are summarized for each of the areas.
A conservative approach to select patients with ischemic wounds is safe and effective in the setting of deferred revascularization.

Abstract Objective The Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection classification system has been validated to predict benefit from inmediate revascularization and major amputation risk among patients with peripheral arterial disease. Our primary goal was to evaluate wound healing, limb salvage, and survival among patients with ischemic wounds undergoing revascularization when intervention was deferred by a trial of conservative wound therapy. Methods All patients with peripheral arterial disease and tissue loss are prospectively enrolled into our Prevention of Amputation in Veterans Everywhere limb preservation program. Limbs are stratified into a validated pathway of care based on predetermined criteria (immediate revascularization, conservative treatment, primary amputation, and palliative care). Limbs allocated to the conservative strategy that failed to demonstrate adequate wound healing and were candidates, underwent deferred revascularization. Rates of wound healing, freedom from major amputation, and survival were compared between patients who underwent deferred revascularization with those who received immediate revascularization by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results Between January 2008 and December 2017, 855 limbs were prospectively enrolled into the Prevention of Amputation in Veterans Everywhere program. A total of 203 limbs underwent immediate revascularization. Of 236 limbs stratified to a conservative approach, 185 (78.4%) healed and 33 (14.0%) underwent deferred revascularization (mean, 2.7 ± 2.6 months). The mean long-term follow-up was 51.7 ± 37.0 months. Deferred compared with immediate revascularization demonstrated similar rates of wound healing (66.7% vs 57.6%; P = .33), freedom from major amputation (81.8% vs 74.9%; P = .39), and survival (54.5% vs 50.7%; P = .69). After adjustment for overall Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection stratification stages, deferred revascularization remained similar to immediate revascularization for wound healing (hazard ratio [HR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-3.2), freedom from major amputation (HR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.3-1.7) and survival (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.6-2.4). Conclusions Limbs with mild to moderate ischemia that fail a trial of conservative wound therapy and undergo deferred revascularization achieve similar rates of wound healing, limb salvage, and survival compared with limbs undergoing immediate revascularization. A stratified approach to critical limb ischemia is safe and can avoid unnecessary procedures in selected patients.
Nonsystematic Errors of Monthly Oceanic Rainfall Derived from SSM/I

About 10 yr (July 1987-December 1997 with December 1987 missing) of oceanic monthly rainfall based on data taken by the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites have been computed. The technique, based on the work of Wilheit et al., includes improved parameterization of the beam-filling correction, a refined land mask and sea ice filter. Monthly means are calculated for both 5° and 2.5° latitude-longitude boxes. Monthly means over the latitude band of 50°N-50°S and error statistics are presented. The time-averaged rain rate is 3.09 mm day ' (std dev of 0.15 mm day -1 ) with an error of 38.0% (std dev of 3.0%) for the 5° monthly means over the 10-yr period. These statistics compare favorably with 3.00 mm day -1 (std dev of 0.19 mm day -1 ) and 46.7% (std dev of 3.4%) computed from the 2.5° monthly means for the period January 1992-December 1994. Examination of the different rain rate categories shows no distinct discontinuity, except for months with a large number of missing SSM/I data. An independent estimate of the error using observations from two satellites shows an error of 31% (std dev of 2.7%), consistent with the 38% estimated using (A.M. and P.M.) data from one satellite alone. Error estimates (31%) based on the 5° means by averaging four neighboring 2.5° boxes are larger than those (23%) estimated by assuming the means for these neighboring boxes are independent, thus suggesting spatial dependence of the 2.5° means. Multiple regression analyses show that the error varies inversely as the square root of the number of samples but exhibits a somewhat weaker dependence on the mean rain rate. Regression analyses show a power law dependence of -0.255 to -0.265 on the rain rate for the 5° monthly means using data from a single satellite and a dependence of - -0.366 for the 5° monthly means and -0.337 for the 2.5° monthly means based on two satellite measurements. The latter estimate is consistent with that obtained by Bell et al. using a different rainfall retrieval technique.
Conserved Gsx2/Ind homeodomain monomer versus homodimer DNA binding defines regulatory outcomes in flies and mice

How homeodomain proteins gain sufficient specificity to control different cell fates has been a long-standing problem in developmental biology. The conserved Gsx homeodomain proteins regulate specific aspects of neural development in animals from flies to mammals, and yet they belong to a large transcription factor family that bind nearly identical DNA sequences in vitro. Here, we show that the mouse and fly Gsx factors unexpectedly gain DNA binding specificity by forming cooperative homodimers on precisely spaced and oriented DNA sites. High-resolution genomic binding assays revealed that Gsx2 binds both monomer and homodimer sites in the developing mouse ventral telencephalon. Importantly, reporter assays showed that Gsx2 mediates opposing outcomes in a DNA binding site-dependent manner: Monomer Gsx2 binding represses transcription, whereas homodimer binding stimulates gene expression. In Drosophila, the Gsx homolog, Ind, similarly represses or stimulates transcription in a site-dependent manner via an autoregulatory enhancer containing a combination of monomer and homodimer sites. Integrating these findings, we test a model showing how the homodimer to monomer site ratio and the Gsx protein levels defines gene up-regulation versus down-regulation. Altogether, these data serve as a new paradigm for how cooperative homeodomain transcription factor binding can increase target specificity and alter regulatory outcomes.
Serverless Workflows with Durable Functions and Netherite

Serverless is an increasingly popular choice for service architects because it can provide elasticity and load-based billing with minimal developer effort. A common and important use case is to compose serverless functions and cloud storage into reliable workflows. However, existing solutions for authoring workflows provide a rudimentary experience compared to writing standard code in a modern programming language. Furthermore, executing workflows reliably in an elastic serverless environment poses significant performance challenges. To address these, we propose Durable Functions, a programming model for serverless workflows, and Netherite, a distributed execution engine to execute them efficiently. Workflows in Durable Functions are expressed as task-parallel code in a host language of choice. Internally, the workflows are translated to fine-grained stateful communicating processes, which are load-balanced over an elastic cluster. The main challenge is to minimize the cost of reliably persisting progress to storage while supporting elastic scale. Netherite solves this by introducing partitioning, recovery logs, asynchronous snapshots, and speculative communication. Our results show that Durable Functions simplifies the expression of complex workflows, and that Netherite achieves lower latency and higher throughput than the prevailing approaches for serverless workflows in Azure and AWS, by orders of magnitude in some cases.
Some outcomes of patients treated operatively for distal humerus fractures are affected by hand dominance.

This study sought to compare postoperative outcomes and complications between patients with distal humerus fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of their non-dominant versus dominant arm. A retrospective review of all patients who sustained a distal humerus fracture treated operatively with ORIF at one academic institution between 2011 and 2015 was performed. Measured outcomes included complications, time to fracture union, painful hardware, removal of hardware, Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI), and elbow range of motion. Differences in outcomes between patients who underwent surgery of their dominant upper extremity and those who underwent surgery of their non-dominant extremity were assessed. Sixty-nine patients met inclusion criteria. Forty (58.0%) underwent ORIF of a distal humerus fracture on their non-dominant arm and 29 (42.0%) on their dominant arm. Groups did not differ with respect to demographics, injury information, or surgical management. Mean overall follow-up was 14.1 ± 10.5 months, with all patients achieving at least 6 months follow-up. The non-dominant cohort experienced a higher proportion of postoperative complications (P = 0.048), painful hardware (P = 0.018), and removal of hardware (P = 0.002). At latest follow-up, the non-dominant cohort had lower MEPI scores (P = 0.037) but no difference in elbow arc of motion (P = 0.314). Patients who sustained a distal humerus fracture of their non-dominant arm treated with ORIF experienced more postoperative complications, reported a greater incidence of painful hardware, underwent removal of hardware more often, and had worse functional recovery in this study. Physicians should emphasize the importance of physical therapy and maintaining arm movement especially when the non-dominant arm is involved following distal humerus fracture repair. Level III.
Highly stable dioxin-linked metallophthalocyanine covalent organic frameworks

Abstract We report a series of highly stable metallophthalocyanine-based covalent organic frameworks (MPc-dx-COFs) linked by robust 1,4-dioxin bonds constructed through nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction. The chemical structures and crystallinity of the COFs largely remain unchanged even after treating with boiling water (90 °C), concentrated acids (12 mol/L HCl) or bases (12 mol/L NaOH), oxidizing (30% H2O2) or reducing agents (1 mol/L NaBH4) for three days due to their stable M-Pc building blocks and resilient dioxin linkers. With metallated phthalocyanine active sites regularly arranged in the stable framework structures, MPc-dx-COFs can be directly used as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) without pyrolysis treatment that has commonly been used in previous studies.
Prevalence of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among People Living with HIV in Southern Texas.

The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors among people living with HIV (PLWH) in the south Texas region between 2014 and 2018. A total of 2,808 PLWH from t...
Socio-economic Mobility and Low-status Minorities: Slow roads to progress

This book concentrates on ethnic minorities such as former slaves, outcastes and indigenous peoples dispossessed of homeland. These groups are universally without power, usually undereducated, and always victims of their fellow citizens. The book asks why these socially excluded groups remain at the bottom of their social hierarchies as the poorest of the poor, even in nations long committed to equal opportunity. Their slow progress has four causes: obviously discrimination and poor education, but also low economic growth and cultural heritage. Low growth limits revenues for schools as well as new job opportunities, and perpetuates traditional exploitative social relations and customs. Traumatic histories of enslavement or conquest may induce behaviours by victims that reduce upward mobility. Together these four interacting variables suggest a "mobility model" that explains the impasse. The book develops and applies this model to interpret and compare the mobility history of five stigmatized, low-status ethnic groups: U.S. African Americans, Japan’s Burakumin, Afro-Cubans, India’s Dalits (Untouchables) and Bolivia’s Highland Indians. The book also compares actions by governments and the groups themselves to overcome barriers to progress, including job quotas, boycotts, mass protests, and the unique kangaroo courts of Japan’s Burakumim. Meerman’s unusual cross-disciplinary approach and fascinating comparative studies of success and failure will appeal to scholars, development practitioners, and advocates working on issues of discrimination, poverty, equity and inequality in an ethnic context.
A prolog interpreter for first-order intuitionistic logic

What does it mean to write an “efficient” theorem prover for first-order intuitionistic logic? This paper suggests a possible answer to the question, following the philosophy of logic programming. We decompose intuitionistic logic into two syntactically restricted subsets: (i) the class of simple embedded implications and (ii) the class of disjunctive and existential assertions. Each of these subsets has been studied previously as a possible logic programming language, and we show how to write a simple interpreter (in PROLOG) for each one. We then combine the two interpreters into a single PROLOG interpreter for full first-order intuitionistic logic, and analyze its performance on several benchmark examples.
Structural Characterizations of Classes of Relations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structural characterizations of classes of relations. The chapter demonstrates that the 1-envelope of a normal object of type greater than 2 is not the 1-envelope of any normal type-2 object. The 1-envelope of a normal object U codes substantially more information about U than the 1-section of U which fails to determine whether type( U ) = 2 or type( U ) > 2. The objects of type 0, the integers, are recursive in every object. If F is recursive in G and G is recursive in F then F and G are (recursively) equivalent or they have the same Kleene degree. It follows from one of Kleene's basic substitution results that if U and V are equivalent, then for every point-set R, R is recursive in U and R is recursive in V .
Proceedings of the 2006 workshop on Dependability issues in wireless ad hoc networks and sensor networks

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2nd Instantiation of the Workshop on Dependability Issues in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks and Sensor Networks, or more familiarly, DIWANS! The 1st DIWANS took place in 2004 in Florence, Italy, where it was co-located with the IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). DIWANS 2004 was very well attended and generated engaging and insightful discussions on a wide range of issues related to dependability of wireless networks. This 2nd DIWANS is co-located with the ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) in the beautiful Marina del Rey, California site. DIWANS 2006 is sponsored by ACM and SIGMOBILE, in cooperation with the IEEE Technical Committee on Fault-Tolerant Computing (TC on FTC). The Workshop has also received a financial contribution from Istituto di Informatica e Telematica del CNR (IIT-CNR). We are extremely grateful to ACM, SIGMOBILE, TC on FTC, and IIT-CNR for their support.