cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model assisted Cox regression

Semiparametric random censorship (SRC) models (Dikta, 1998) [7], derive their rationale from their ability to utilize parametric ideas within the random censorship environment. An extension of this approach is developed for Cox regression, producing new estimators of the regression parameter and baseline cumulative hazard function. Under correct parametric specification, the proposed estimator of the regression parameter and the baseline cumulative hazard function are shown to be asymptotically as or more efficient than their standard Cox regression counterparts. Numerical studies are presented to showcase the efficacy of the proposed approach even under significant misspecification. Two real examples are provided. A further extension to the case of missing censoring indicators is also developed and an illustration with pseudo-real data is provided.
Bacteremia after endoscopic band ligation of esophageal varices.

In a 6-month period, 17 consecutive unselected patients undergoing emergency or elective endoscopic variceal band ligation were evaluated prospectively for clinical and bacteriological signs of bacteremia after each treatment session. None had signs of sepsis, fever, or chills; however, in one patient, a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis was cultured from peripheral blood at 5 but not 30min after the procedure. These data indicate that, in contrast to sclerotherapy, endoscopic variceal ligation rarely induces bacteremia.
Journal Watch From ACE (Alliance for Clinical Education): Annual Review of Medical Education Articles in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2010–2011

This Journal Watch is sponsored by the Alliance for Clinical Education (ACE) and is the first annual review of medical education articles on behalf of the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO). The purpose of this series of articles is to identify and summarize medical education articles from subspecialty literature for educators from other specialty areas who do not routinely read these journals. The authors are representatives of the Undergraduate Medical Education Committee for APGO. Articles published during the years 2010 and 2011 are included. The PubMed database was searched using the subject terms medical education, undergraduate medical education, medical school, assessment, resident education, and teaching and then combined with the term obstetrics or gynecology. The search was limited to English language articles. The journals Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology were reviewed in their entirety. Articles from general medical edu...
The influence of patellofemoral joint contact geometry on the modeling of three dimensional patellofemoral joint forces

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of patellofemoral joint contact geometry on the modeling of three-dimensional patellofemoral joint forces. To achieve this goal, patellofemoral joint reaction forces (PFJRFs) that were measured from an in-vitro cadaveric set-up were compared to PFJRFs estimated from a computer model that did not consider patellofemoral joint contact geometry. Ten cadaver knees were used in this study. Each was mounted on a custom jig that was fixed to an Instron frame. Quadriceps muscle loads were accomplished using a pulley system and weights. The force in the patellar ligament was obtained using a buckle transducer. To quantify the magnitude and direction of the PFJRF, a six-axis load cell was incorporated into the femoral fixation system so that a rigid body assumption could be made. PFJRF data were obtained at 0°, 20°, 40° and 60° of knee flexion. Following in vitro testing, SIMM modeling software was used to develop computational models based on the three-dimensional coordinates (Microscribe digitizer) of individual muscle and patellar ligament force vectors obtained from the cadaver knees. The overall magnitude of the PFJRF estimated from the computer generated models closely matched the direct measurements from the in vitro set-up (Pearson's correlation coefficient, R 2 = 0.91 , p 0.001 ). Although the computational model accurately estimated the posteriorly directed forces acting on the joint, some discrepancies were noted in the forces acting in the superior and lateral directions. These differences however, were relatively small when expressed as a total of the overall PFJRF magnitude.
Cardiac effects of Stomolophus meleagris (cabbage head jellyfish) toxin

Abstract Electrocardiograms recorded from rabbits and rats injected intravenously with toxin from Stomolophus meleagris showed bradycardia followed by inversion of the P and T waves, alterations of the QRS complex, ventricular extrasystoles, atrioventricular block, bizarre ventricular patterns, and fibrillation. Analysis of plasma samples taken after the onset of electrocardiographic abnormalities were characterized by hemolysis, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia when compared to plasma taken before injection of toxin. Sublethal doses of toxin produced an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum, but did not increase creatine phosphokinase levels. Electrophoretic analysis of the serum LDH isoenzymes following injection of toxin did not indicate severe cardiac tissue damage. This toxin appears to disrupt cardiac rhythmicity and myocardial conduction pathways in a manner consistent with other coelenterate toxins. The observed hyperkalemia appears to result from hemolysis and generalized tissue destruction, although the serum enzyme and isoenzyme assays did not suggest severe myocardial infarction.
The biology and pathology of selected skull base tumors

This paper describes the pathobiology of some of the more common skull base tumors. In addition to clinicopathologic features, emphasis is placed upon methods of diagnosis utilizing immunoperoxidase stains and molecular markers that may or may not impact upon prognosis.
High-resolution spectroscopy with the multi-anode microchannel array detector systems

The results of a series of high-resolution spectroscopic observations undertaken with a linear (1 x 1024)-pixel visible-light Multi-Anode Microchannel Array (MAMA) detector on the Coudespectrograph of the 2.2-meter telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatory and on the vacuum spectrograph of the McMath Solar telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory are described. In addition, the two-dimensional MAMA detector systems with (16 x 1024)-pixel, (24 x 1024)-pixel, and (256 x 1024)-pixel formats which are now being readied for use in a series of ground-based, balloon, and sounding-rocket observing programs are briefly described.
"Regulation, Rule-of-Law, and Norms:Separating the Institutions of Investor Protection"

Viewing the arche of good corporate governance as strong minority investor protection, this paper seeks to understand how the societal institutions influence whether firms orient their governance structure towards protecting minority investors. Prior work approaching corporate governance from an agency theoretic perspective tends to operationalize institutions too simplistically, imposing the assumption that laws and the rule-of-law impact firm- level investment in investor protection equally. Furthermore, these same studies ignore the role societal norms may play in firm-level governance. Using data from 21 developed countries, I find that de facto and de jure institutions uniquely impact a firm’s corporate governance through both direct effects and by moderating the impact of agency costs on a firm’s investment in investor protection.
Current concepts in cancer. Receptors in breast cancer

Estrogen Receptor and Endocrine Therapy of Breast Cancer SINCE the pioneering work of George Beatson,1 who induced tumor regressions in patients with advanced breast cancer by oophorectomy, it has ...
Auxiliary Systems for 600-1,500-Mw 3,500-Psig Steam-Turbine-Generator Units

An investigation was made to determine economic design of steam station auxiliary systems for units of 600 to 1,500 mw (megawatts). The study is accomplished in two parts, both of which have the initial assumption that mechanical drive will be used for the main boiler feed pumps. Basic system configurations are used to determine switchgear duty, thus establishing necessary system voltages. This paper presents the methods used in the analysis, the limiting assumptions, and, finally, a comparison of costs of the various system designs.
Incorporation of the statistical uncertainty in the background estimate into the upper limit on the signal

Abstract We present a procedure for calculating an upper limit on the number of signal events which incorporates the Poisson uncertainty in the background, estimated from control regions of one or two-dimensions. For a small number of signal events, the upper limit obtained is more stringent than that extracted without including the Poisson uncertainty. This trend continues until the number of background events is comparable with the signal. When the number of background events is comparable or larger than the signal, the upper limit obtained is less stringent than that extracted without including the Poisson uncertainty. It is therefore important to incorporate the Poisson uncertainty into the upper limit; otherwise the upper limit obtained could be too stringent.
Development and characterization of a ricinoleic acid poloxamer gel system for transdermal eyelid delivery.

AbstractObjective: This study deals with the preparation and evaluation of a pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO gel) containing ricinoleic acid for the transdermal eyelid delivery of dexamethasone and tobramycin.Methods: Five different PLO gel formulations (F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5) containing tobramycin (0.3%) and dexamethasone (0.1%) were prepared and compared to a conventional PLO gel (light mineral oil PLO gel, F6) with respect to physical appearance and viscosity. The optimized ricinoleic acid PLO gel formulation (F2) was further characterized for pH, gelation temperature, morphology and drug content. Ex vivo permeability of dexamethasone and bactericidal activity of tobramycin from formulation F2 was tested, and values were compared to the marketed Tobradex® eye ointment.Results: No apparent changes in the physical appearance and consistency were observed when ricinoleic acid was used as the oil phase. The pH of the optimized ricinoleic acid PLO gel (formulation F2) was found to be 6.54 with a gelation t...
The role of vector saliva in transmission of arthropod-borne disease

Blood-sucking arthropod disease vectors all share one important feature: while probing for blood in the vertebrate host's skin they salivate into the wound they create. Recent studies on the pharmacological properties of vector saliva have revealed an array of activities that are potentially beneficial to both the vector and to the pathogen. These observations may help explain why certain vectors and pathogens have co-evolved. In this article, Richard Titus and Jose Ribeiro discuss the role vector saliva may play in disease transmission, and the prospects for its use in the control of arthropod-borne pathogens.
Immediate memory for pseudowords and phonological awareness are associated in adults and pre-reading children.

This study investigated phonological components of reading skill at two ages, using a novel pseudoword repetition task for assessing phonological memory (PM). Pseudowords were designed to incorporate control over segmental, prosodic and lexical features. In Experiment 1, the materials were administered to 3- and 4-year-old children together with a standardized test of phonological awareness (PA). PA and pseudoword repetition showed a moderate positive correlation, independent of age. Experiment 2, which targeted young adults, employed the same pseudoword materials, with a different administration protocol, together with standardized indices of PA, other memory measures and decoding skill. The results showed moderate to strong positive correlations among our novel pseudoword repetition task, measures of PM and PA and decoding. Together, the findings demonstrate the feasibility of assessing PM with the same carefully controlled materials at widely spaced points in age, adding to present resources for assess...
Note on Commitment and Community among Volunteer Firefighters

Three hundred seventy-two volunteer firefighters from fifteen all-volunteer departments in a five county area in central Virginia were administered a questionnaire which examined commitment and other attitudinal and demographic variables. The correlation coefficient between number of years a volunteer firefighter and age was. 77. Seventy-five percent (273) of firefighters had seldom or never considered quitting their role. Seventy-five percent indicated that over half of their close friends were fellow volunteer firefighters. Sixty-seven percent responded that being a member of the fire department was of equal or greater importance than church membership. Theoretically it is plausible that the primary group rewards experienced by firefighters as members of communal organizations accounted for the high level of commitment. An empirical example of Smith's (1981) concept of pure volunteers is provided.
Progress toward vaccines for cholera, dengue, malaria, and Ebola.

Update: Cholera vaccines Since its isolation in 1884, the gramnegative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, has remained a global health problem with an estimated 3–5 million cases and 100,000–120,000 deaths annually.1 Most cholera cases are unreported. Transmission occurs from drinking water in which V. cholerae is found or that has been contaminated by the feces of an infected person. Other modes of transmission include contaminated fish, shellfish, and produce. Clinical presentation includes nausea and abdominal discomfort followed by the onset of profuse watery diarrhea, which can last several days. The cholera casefatality rate can reach as high as 70% without adequate treatment with fluid replacement and/or antibiotic therapy. There are many serogroups of V. cholerae, however only the toxigenic strains of O-group 1 and O-group 139 have resulted in widespread epidemic or pandemic outbreaks.2 The seventh cholera pandemic began in 1961, caused by the O1 serogroup, biotype El Tor. Originally isolated in Indonesia, it has now spread throughout Asia into Eastern Europe and Africa. An epidemic that began in Peru in 1991 has since spread to other countries in the western hemisphere. After the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, another Progress toward vaccines for cholera, dengue, malaria, and Ebola
Resistance and Susceptibility of Bovine Cells Expressing Herpesviral Glycoprotein D Homologs to Herpesviral Infections

Bovine cell lines individually expressing two related herpesviral proteins, pseudorabies virus glycoprotein 50 and herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D, were examined for their susceptibility/resistance to infection with several alphaherpesviruses. Cell lines expressing gp50 or gD-1 resisted plaque formation by the homologous virus more than by the heterologous viruses. Bovine cells expressing bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein IV (gIV) were susceptible to infection with three other bovine herpesviruses: bovine herpesvirus 2, bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) and alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. One line of gIV-expressing cells was resistant to the formation of BHV-4 plaques, suggesting that a cell-associated factor may be responsible for inhibiting cell-to-cell spread.
Political Stratification and Unstable Alliances in Rural Western Maharashtra

Among the characteristic features of local and state politics in modern India are a tendency to reach decisions by consensus procedures and the instability of factional alliances. Thus, Mayer notes that the ‘dislike of an open vote is widespread in rural Indian society’. 1 As to the instability of political alliances, Bailey has observed that in Orissa political allegiances are apt to change rapidly and there is a quite bewildering degree of impermanence at the lower levels, a constant stream of new recruits coming in, while others drift away to other bosses or out of the system altogether. 2
40Ar/39Ar studies of deep-sea igneous rocks

Abstract An attempt to date deep-sea igneous rocks reliably was made using the 40Ar/39Ar dating technique. It was determined that the 40Ar/39Ar incremental release technique could not be used to eliminate the effects of excess radiogenic 40Ar in deep-sea basalts. Excess 40Ar is released throughout the extraction temperature range and cannot be distinguished from 40Ar generated by in situ 40K decay. The problem of the reduction of K-Ar dates associated with sea water alteration of deep-sea igneous rocks could not be resolved using the 40Ar/39Ar technique. Irradiation induced 39Ar loss and/or redistribution in fine-grained and altered igneous rocks results in age spectra that are artifacts of the experimental procedure and only partly reflect the geologic history of the sample. Therefore, caution must be used in attributing significance to age spectra of fine grained and altered deep-sea igneous rocks. Effects of 39Ar recoil are not important for either medium-grained (or coarser) deep-sea rocks or glasses because only a small fraction of the 39Ar recoils to channels of easy diffusion, such as intergranular boundaries or cracks, during the irradiation.
Homer-3 regulates activation of serum response element in T cells via its EVH1 domain

Drosophila enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP) homology 1 (EVH1) domain proteins regulate signal transduction at the neuronal and immunologic synapse. Despite shared cell biologic machinery at these synapses, the regulation of client proteins that transmit synaptic activity to the nucleus is likely to be different. Homer-3, a member of the EVH1 family, is expressed in the thymus, suggesting a role for this protein in T-cell signal transduction. Upon T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement, Homer-3 was recruited to the contact area of Jurkat cells to anti-CD3 and CD28 antibody–coated beads prior to actin accumulation and was subsequently translocated into the nucleus. Overexpression of Homer-3 reduced transcriptional activation via the serum response element (SRE) in response to anti-CD3 antibody, phorbol ester, or dominant active Ha-Ras. Consistent with these results, knockdown of Homer-3 increased SRE activation. Homer-3 coprecipitated with CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), one of the transcription factors that binds to the SRE and has a consensus motif binding to EVH1 domain. Moreover, Homer-3 and its EVH1 domain fragment reduced transcriptional activation of C/EBPβ. These findings suggest that Homer-3 may be involved in the regulation of SRE activation in T cells via interaction between its EVH1 domain and C/EBPβ.
Projecting systems of linear inequalities with binary variables

We investigate methods for projecting out 0–1 variables from a system of linear inequalities. After reviewing some special cases like monotone polyhedra and the satisfiability problem, we examine why Fourier elimination cannot be applied to the general case. Finally, we give a procedure based on disjunctive programming for solving the general case. We also discuss a simpler procedure applicable only under certain conditions.
Interactive flowcharting on a presentation graphics terminal

The application to be described supports the interactive creation and editing of ISAC activity graphs (a type of flow charts) on an IBM 3279 graphics terminal and output on an IBM 3287 graphics printer. It is experimental and primarily addresses the graphical aspects of the problem involved. Its main points of interest should lie in the multiplicity of function made possible by APL even in a small-scale project like this one, in its extension of GRAPHPAK facilities and usage of GDDM to solve a number of technical problems, and in the level of graphical interactivity which, perhaps contrary to common belief, is attainable on a presentation graphics terminal. The application is called ISACAID.
Aluminum Alkyl Complexes Containing Guanidinate Ligands

The synthesis and structures of new aluminum complexes incorporating guanidinate ligands (R2NC(NR')2-) are described. The reaction of iPrN=C=NiPr with LiNR2 reagents yields Li[R2NC(NiPr)2] guanidinate salts, which are reacted in situ with AlCl3 or AlMe2Cl to afford {R2NC(NiPr)2}AlCl2 (1a, R = Me; 1b, R = Et; 1c, R = iPr; 1d, R = SiMe3) or {R2NC(NiPr)2}AlMe2 (2a, R = Me; 2b, R = Et; 2c, R = iPr), respectively. The reaction of 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine (hppH) with AlMe3 generates {(-hpp)AlMe2}2 (3). Complexes 1a, 1d, and 3 have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. 1a and 1d adopt monomeric structures with symmetric chelated bidentate guanidinate ligands. Delocalization of the -NR2 lone pair into the chelate ring is important for 1a but not for 1d, due to N-Si -bonding and steric crowding. The bicyclic structure of the hpp- ligand enforces a dimeric -hpp- structure for 3.
A critically chromatic graph

Abstract Dirac (1960) concludes the paper by stating that he does not know whether there exists a critically 4-chromatic graph with connectivity at least 4. Here, we show the existence of such a graph.
A cytological basis for the separation of Geropogon from Tragopogon (Compositae: Lactuceae)

The single species ofGeropogon, G. hybridus (L.) Schultz-Bip., is sometimes submerged in the morphologically similarTragopogon. A comparative study of the karyotypes ofGeropogon andTragopogon sensu stricto clarified their relationship. The karyotype ofG. hydridus (2n=14) was compared with that ofT. dubius Scop. (2n=12). The karyotypes are distinct, offering a compelling reason to recognizeGeropogon as a separate genus.
Erratum to: Cell-type-dependent access of HSF1 and HSF4 to αB-crystallin promoter during heat shock

Erratum to: Cell Stress and Chaperones DOI 10.1007/s12192-012-0386-7 In the above mentioned publication, an incorrect version of Fig. 5 has been used. Fig. 5 Occupancy of HSP70 and cryab promoters by HSF1 and HSF4 is cell-type specific. Native ARPE cells and NIH3T3 cells were processed for ChIP assay with HSF1 and HSF4-specific antibodies. The left panels show agarose gel electrophoresis of the PCR products. ... Due to an unfortunate conversion error, the location of one of the red pentagons in Fig. 5b appeared incorrectly. The red pentagons representing enhanced HSF1 in heated (H) NIH3T3 cells should be on the cryab gene promoter (as indicated below) and not on the schematics for the status of HSF4 on the cryab gene promoter (as incorrectly indicated in the original publication). Note that the originally published figure legend correctly describes the data as well as the schematics. The correct image and its caption is published on the following page and should be treated as definitive by the reader.
The interaction of methylphenidate and benztropine with the dopamine transporter is different than other substrates and ligands

A substantial body of evidence suggests that the dopamine transporter (DAT) is the principal site for cocaine-induced reward and euphoria. Interactions between the DAT and its substrates and ligands may therefore be of clinical relevance. The pharmacological characteristics of DAT compounds were compared in wild type (WT) and mutant DATs. The DAT mutants chosen for study were those with reduced binding and uptake activities (aspartic acid 79 mutated to alanine, termed D79A), reduced binding but normal uptake (tyrosine 251 mutated to alanine, termed Y251A; tyrosine 273 mutated to alanine, termed, Y273A), and normal binding but reduced uptake (a double mutation: serines 356 and 359 mutated to alanine, termed S356,359A). The WT and mutant DATs were transfected into COS-7 cells, and their pharmacological activities were examined 3 days later. Different patterns of pharmacological activity emerged. GBR 12909, cocaine, and mazindol each showed reduced affinity for the Y251A and the Y273A mutants, but their affinity for the S356,359A mutant was similar to that of the WT DAT. d-Amphetamine, MPP+, and dopamine each showed reduced affinity for the S356,359A mutant. Benztropine and methylphenidate had a different effect. Relative to the WT DAT, they both showed reduced affinity for the S356,359A mutant when displacing radioactive carboxyfluorotropane (CFT) binding, but similar affinity when inhibiting radioactive dopamine uptake. These results indicate that methylphenidate and benztropine may interact with the DAT in a different fashion then other substrates and ligands.
Discrimination of chemical/biological versus high-explosive artillery rounds using acoustic and seismic data fusion

The threat of chemical and biological weapons is a serious problem and the ability to determine if an incoming artillery round contains high explosives or a chemical/biological agent is valuable information to anyone on the battlefield. Early detection of a chemical or biological agent provides the soldier with more time to respond to the threat. Information about the round type and location can be obtained from acoustic and seismic sensors and fused with information from radars, infrared and video cameras, and meteorological sensors to identify the round type quickly after detonation. This paper will describe the work with ground based acoustic and seismic sensors to discriminate between round types in a program sponsored by the Soldier Biological and Chemical Command.
Control of an Outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia at a Large Acute Care Hospital

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In May 2005, an increase in the organism Burkholderia cepacia was noted at a 903-bed urban hospital. A similar increase was later noted at a second 302-bed facility that is part of the same hospital system. Control of this outbreak and identification of its source were the main objectives. B. cepacia is a gram negative organism that is similar to Pseudomonas, and is commonly found in soil and water. Though relatively rare in the hospital setting, it is an important pathogen in immunocompromised patients, especially those with Cystic Fibrosis. Hospital outbreaks have often been linked to common contaminated sources, such as disinfectants, IV solutions, nebulizer solutions, and medical devices. METHODS: All patients found positive for B. cepacia were placed into Contact Precautions with dedicated staff for the duration of admission, as well as any subsequent admissions. Hand hygiene and compliance with isolation practices were reinforced through in-person in services. Surveillance cultures were performed on two separate occasions to identify and isolate previously unidentified cases. A common source for the outbreak was sought by culturing available lots of common fluid-based products. Respiratory Therapy policies and procedures were also reviewed. All available isolates were saved, and compared using Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Between May and October of 2005, 40 patients with B. cepacia were identified. No further cases were identified over the next two-month period. PFGE results confirmed 37 of the 40 patients to have a single, outbreak-related strain. Positive specimens included 9 respiratory, 8 blood, 24 urine, 3 intravascular catheter tips, and 1 bone marrow. No commonalities in terms of specific location, diagnosis, medications, or procedures were identified. Isolates from patients in the smaller facility were also typed using PFGE, and were found to be identical. All surveillance cultures of fluids-based products were negative. However, a recall notice in late August 2005 of a non-alcohol mouthwash contaminated with B. cepacia linked this outbreak to a larger national outbreak. This link was confirmed by showing the outbreak strain was identical to isolates from the contaminated mouthwash as confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention using PFGE. Contaminated lots were not identified by either facility at the time of the recall, and additional cases of B. cepacia were felt to be due to cross-transmission between patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although introduction of B. cepacia into the hospital was by a common source, interruption of secondary transmission is needed. In these instances, implementation of comprehensive infection control measures, with multi-disciplinary cooperation, is essential.
A plea for improved presentation of type material for coccidia.

The "true" coccidia (phylum Apicomplexa, suborder Eimeriina) constitute a large and heterogeneous group of parasitic protozoa. Despite the large number of described species (ca. 1,650) and the medical and veterinary importance of some (e.g., Toxoplasma), 2 facts are clear: (1) the majority of coccidia species are probably yet undescribed, and (2) the phylogenetic relationships of those described species are poorly known. Contributing to the latter dilemma is the lack of a tradition to provide type specimens by those who describe new species, even though the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature specifically recommends the designation of a type specimen with the description of a new species. With the publication of a new edition of the Code (1985), explicit provisions are made for the unique concerns of taxonomists working with Protozoa. Here we remind those interested in the taxonomy of coccidia of an already established method for preserving oocysts in resin and, as an alternative, suggest the standardization of a photographic procedure through which type specimens of coccidia oocysts might also be submitted to and maintained in accredited museums. Thus, coccidia taxonomists should no longer have an excuse for their failure to designate types.
Race, life style, and rule flexibility: A field experiment in institutional behavior

Abstract The present study was aimed at providing more ecologically valid data regarding social psychological dynamics of black-white interpersonal interaction. It was suggested that studies relating to the “race vs belief” controversy are limited insofar as they place exclusive emphasis on attraction and insofar as the temporal dimension and prescribed role behavior are ignored. The results of the study reported here suggest that white individuals in institutionally defined roles behave differently toward members of their own race, particularly where their role behavior is clearly prescribed. Such a finding supports the claim of those who suggest that efforts to reduce discrimination ought to rely less on appeals to individual conscience than on attempts to change the operating rules of dominant societal institutions.
Control Performance, Aerodynamic Modeling, and Validation of Coupled Simulation Techniques for Guided Projectile Roll Dynamics

Abstract : This report describes a computational study to understand the roll behavior of a canard-controlled projectile. Numerical computations were performed for this projectile with roll control maneuvers using advanced computational fluid dynamics and coupled aerodynamics/rigid body dynamics techniques. Roll control algorithms were formulated based on aerodynamic model assessment and parameter estimation. Coupled techniques were validated against wind tunnel (WT) experiments for roll control maneuvers. Overall, computed roll control results matched well with the WT test data; this indicated that the coupled calculations seem to capture the relevant physics observed in the experiment.
Dynamic tensile plasticity and damage evolution in shape-memory Ni-Ti

Several material systems exhibit temperature and/or stress induced phase transformations over the temperature and loading range which they may likely experience in service. The most notable example is the near stoichiometric system NiTi. In this research, NiTi specimens of various geometries are subjected to a stress induced martensitic transformation in a Tensile Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. This loading device allows for investigation of the martensitic transformation under strain rates ranging from 500-4000 e-sec -1 . In addition to the large strain rates, the specimens are tested to large strain levels such that void growth and failure mechanisms are identified. The specimens failed in a mixed mode, ductile void growth followed by transgranular failure. The void growth in incipient failure specimens showed ductile void growth throughout the specimen cross-section.
Polar pressure of water and simplified augmented back equation of state

Abstract The augmented Boublik-Alder-Chen-Kreglewski (BACK) equation of state is simplified with the development of a function for the polar pressure of water. The simplified equation is tested with calculations of density, fluid phase equilibria, and enthalphy.
Kinship, Succession, and the Migration of Young People in a Canadian Agricultural Communit 1

The nuclear family, and kin connections within the community, are extremely important means of keeping the ranch son in the area, while the extended kin who have moved out into the wider community rarely provide incentive or aid for the ranch son to leave the region. The wider kin network outside of the region operates differentially for the ranch son and the ranch daughter. The wider kin network functions for the girl not only as a source of models, but also as a means of making the outside community accessible. 2 For the ranch son, the wider kin network offers little in the way of an alternative to local ranching. However, these kin connections become important for the ranch son at the time his daughter is of age to emigrate.
Ideologies about work: An exploratory study

This paper focuses upon an as yet under-explored factor believed to underlie most managerial and organizational behavior variables—work ideology. Work ideologies are surveyed for several convenience samples of students and managers to show their ability to be studied and that patterned differences may be discovered. In addition, the historical origins and meanings of four major work ideologies are discussed.
Plant compensation to grazing and soil carbon dynamics in a tropical grassland

The effects of grazing on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, particularly in the tropics, are still poorly understood. Plant compensation to grazing, whereby plants maintain leaf area (C input capacity) despite consumption (C removal) by grazers, has been demonstrated in tropical grasslands but its influence on SOC is largely unexplored. Here, the effect of grazing on plant leaf area index (LAI) was measured in a field experiment in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. LAI changed little for grazing intensities up to 70%. The response curve of LAI versus grazing intensity was used in a mass balance model, called SNAP, of SOC dynamics based on previous data from the Serengeti. The model predicted SOC to increase at intermediate grazing intensity, but then to decline rapidly at the highest grazing intensities. The SNAP model predictions were compared with observed SOC stocks in the 24 grazed plots of a 10-year grazing exclosure experiment at eight sites across the park that varied in mean annual rainfall, soil texture, grazing intensity and plant lignin and cellulose. The model predicted current SOC stocks very well (R (2) > 0.75), and suggests that compensatory plant responses to grazing are an important means of how herbivores might maintain or increase SOC in tropical grasslands.
Correlation between the secondary β-relaxation time at T g with the Kohlrausch exponent of the primary α relaxation or the fragility of glass-forming materials

A strong correlation between the logarithm of the secondary \ensuremath{\beta}-relaxation time, ${\mathrm{log}}_{10}[{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}{(T}_{g})],$ and the Kohlrausch exponent, $(1\ensuremath{-}n),$ or the fragility index $m$ of the primary \ensuremath{\alpha}-relaxation correlation function $\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}(t/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{)}^{1\ensuremath{-}n}],$ all at the glass transition temperature ${T}_{g},$ has been found in glass-forming materials in general. The \ensuremath{\beta} relaxations considered are restricted to a class that merges or tends to merge with the \ensuremath{\alpha} relaxations. For \ensuremath{\beta} relaxations in polymeric glass formers that involve side groups, the class is further restricted to those that entail some motions of the polymer backbone. The correlation found indicates the existence of a connection between the \ensuremath{\beta} and \ensuremath{\alpha} relaxations. A possible origin of this connection is rationalized by the conceptual basis of the coupling model.
Tenon's traction sutures: an aid for trabeculectomy and aqueous drainage device implantation.

Purpose To describe a surgical technique to improve visualization and surgical access for trabeculectomy and implantation of aqueous drainage devices. Materials and methods After the corneal traction suture (6-0 polygalactin; S-29 needle) is placed, a second suture is passed through Tenon's capsule alone, either at the anterior edge of a limbus-based conjunctival flap for trabeculectomy or at the incisional edge of a fornix-based conjunctival flap for drainage implant surgery. Results The incision for limbus-based peritomies must be posterior enough to take advantage of the posterior thickening of Tenon's capsule when placing the traction suture. The use of traction sutures enhances visualization and limbal surgical access for trabeculectomy. They also enhance posterior ocular surface visualization and aid placement of scleral fixation sutures for securing the explants of aqueous drainage devices. Conclusions Tenon's traction sutures are an aid to visualization and to surgical access during glaucoma filtering surgery.
Chromatography of different forms of DNA on immobilized histone columns.

Abstract Histones 1, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, and 5 from chicken erythrocytes have each been covalently immobilized on agarose beads and tested for their ability to bind DNA. Both calf thymus DNA and PM-2 viral DNA (form II, a nicked circle) bind to columns of immobilized histone at low ionic strength and can be eluted with 0.2–0.8 M NaCl, depending on the histone column. The strength of DNA binding by histone columns is in the order H 5 > H 1 > > H 2 B ≈ H 3 > H 4 ≈ H 2 A . About 70% of a heat-denatured calf thymus DNA sample and 100% of a supercoiled (form I) PM-2 DNA sample bind very tightly to histone columns and are released only by strong protein denaturants.
Viral Video Style: A Closer Look at Viral Videos on YouTube

Viral videos that gain popularity through the process of Internet sharing are having a profound impact on society. Existing studies on viral videos have only been on small or confidential datasets. We collect by far the largest open benchmark for viral video study called CMU Viral Video Dataset, and share it with researchers from both academia and industry. Having verified existing observations on the dataset, we discover some interesting characteristics of viral videos. Based on our analysis, in the second half of the paper, we propose a model to forecast the future peak day of viral videos. The application of our work is not only important for advertising agencies to plan advertising campaigns and estimate costs, but also for companies to be able to quickly respond to rivals in viral marketing campaigns. The proposed method is unique in that it is the first attempt to incorporate video metadata into the peak day prediction. The empirical results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, with statistically significant differences.
Global Economic Information: Central and Eastern Europe

Given the increased interest in investment in central and eastern Europe, this article reviews information relative to economic information in central and eastern European countries.
Intervention for families of aggressive boys: A replication study☆

Abstract This study was an attempt to replicate an earlier investigation in which parents were trained to alter the behaviors of their aggressive children. Eleven consecutive referrals from community agencies received an average of 31.7 hr of professional time. Multiple criteria were used to evaluate treatment outcome. Observers collected systematic data in the homes during baseline and intervention. At termination, these data showed significant reductions in deviant child behaviors. Parents provided daily reports on the occurrence of selected problem behaviors; these data showed moderate reductions at termination. Some time after termination, parents were called and asked for global evaluations. All parents reported marked improvements in the behavior of the children. The findings are viewed as a replication of earlier findings.
Increased submaximal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse skeletal muscle after treadmill exercise

with [ 3 H]-2-deoxyglucose without or with insulin (60 U/ml) to measure glucose uptake. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake for paired muscles was calculated by subtracting glucose uptake without insulin from glucose uptake with insulin. Muscles from other mice were assessed for glycogen and AMPK Thr 172 phosphorylation. Exercised vs. sedentary mice had decreased glycogen in epitrochlearis (48%, P0.001), soleus (51%, P 0.001), and EDL (41%, P 0.01) and increased AMPK Thr 172 phosphorylation (P 0.05) in epitrochlearis (1.7-fold), soleus (2.0-fold), and EDL (1.4-fold). Insulin-independent glucose uptake was increased 30 min postexercise vs. sedentary in the epitrochlearis (1.2-fold, P 0.001), soleus (1.4-fold, P 0.05), and EDL (1.3-fold, P 0.01). Insulinstimulated glucose uptake was increased (P 0.05) 85 min after exercise in the epitrochlearis (sedentary: 0.266 0.045 molg 1 15 min 1 ; exercised: 0.414 0.051) and soleus (sedentary: 0.102 0.049; exercised: 0.347 0.098) but not in the EDL. Akt Ser 473 and Akt Thr 308 phosphorylation for insulin-stimulated muscles did not differ in exercised vs. sedentary. These results demonstrate enhanced submaximal insulinstimulated glucose uptake in the epitrochlearis and soleus of mice 85 min postexercise and suggest that it will be feasible to probe the mechanism of enhanced postexercise insulin sensitivity by using genetically modified mice.
Total power-optimal pipelining and parallel processing under process variations in nanometer technology

This paper explores the effectiveness of the simultaneous application of pipelining and parallel processing as a total power (static plus dynamic) reduction technique in digital systems. Previous studies have been limited to either pipelining or parallel processing, but both techniques can be used together to reduce supply voltage at a fixed throughput point. According to our first-order analyses, there exist optimal combinations of pipelining depth and parallel processing width to minimize total power consumption. We show that the leakage power from both subthreshold and gate-oxide tunneling plays a significant role in determining the optimal combination of pipelining depth and parallel processing width. Our experiments are conducted with timing information derived from a 65nm technology and fanout-of-four (FO4) inverter chains. The experiments show that the optimal combinations of both pipelining and parallel processing - 8 /spl sim/ 12 /spl times/ FO4 logic depth pipelining with 2 /spl sim/ 3-wide parallel processing - can reduce the total power by as much as 40% compared to an optimal system using only pipelining or parallel processing alone. We extend our study to show how process parameter variations - an increasingly important factor in nanometer technologies - affects these results. Our analyses reveal that the variations shift the optimal points to shallower pipelining and narrower parallel processing - 12 /spl times/ FO4 logic depth with 2-wide parallel processing - at a fixed yield point.
Convention, Invention, and Necessity

Summary Philosophically speaking, invention is the mother of necessity. This means that Hume's analysis of the idea of necessity utilizing the notion of power, when properly qualified, is essentially sound and not at all a discouraging prospect. The task of the paper, then, is to specify in what respect it is possible to claim, for the various important senses of ‘necessary’, that such a notion is applicable whenever successful control has been exercised. Resume Du point de vue philosophique, I'invention est la mere de la necessite. En effet, l'analyse qu'a faite Hume de l'idee de necessite en recourant a la notion de pouvoir est, lorsqu'elle est con-venablement nuancee, essentiellement correcte et ne constitue pas du tout une perspective decourageante. Le but de cet article est done de montrer que la notion de »ntcessaire«, prise dans les divers sens importants du mot, est applicable partout ou un controle efficace a ete obtenu. Zusammenfassung Philosophisch betrachtet ist die Erfindung der Ursprung der Notwendigkeit. Das bedeutet, dass Humes Analyse der Vorstellung der Notwendigkeit auf Grund des Begriffes der Kraft (»po-wen«) im Wesentlichen richtig und vielversprechend ist, sofern sie korrekt formuliert wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, in welcher Beziehung es fur die verschiedenen wichtigen Bedeutungen von »notwendig« moglich ist, die Anwendung eines derartigen Begriffes tiberall dort zu garantieren, wo eine erfolgreiche Kontrolle durchgefuhrt worden ist.
Optimized Diagnostic Strategy for Neuroblastoma in Opsoclonus-Myoclonus

Infantile myoclonic encephalopathy (opsoclonus-myoclonus or IME) is a rare clinical syndrome associated with occult neuroblastoma in 20%-50% of all cases. IME is the initial presentation of neuroblastoma in 1%-3% of children. Imaging approaches including chest radiography and abdominal computed tomography (CT) have been proposed to detect neuroblastoma in IME. Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is highly effective in the detection of neuroblastoma. These scans can identify both soft-tissue and skeletal lesions anywhere in the body. Our purpose was to attempt to determine the best screening method for detection of occult neuroblastoma in patients with IME. Records of all neuroblastoma patients from 1983 to May 1991 were reviewed. Four cases of IME with neuroblastoma were identified in which imaging studies included an MIBG scan. All four patients had positive MIBG scans (100%) while only two had masses on initial CT (50%). In the three patients initially evaluated by traditional methods, the mean time to diagnosis and the mean number of advanced radiologic studies were 7.5 mo and 7.3 studies respectively. The patient screened with MIBG had only cranial and abdominal CT prior to surgery. Although based on a limited number of patients, results suggest that MIBG may prove to be a useful screening procedure in patients with IME. Traditional imaging modalities can then be directed to evaluate sites of disease identified by MIBG scans.
Metabolite Profiles During Oral Glucose Challenge

To identify distinct biological pathways of glucose metabolism, we conducted a systematic evaluation of biochemical changes after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a community-based population. Metabolic profiling was performed on 377 nondiabetic Framingham Offspring cohort participants (mean age 57 years, 42% women, BMI 30 kg/m2) before and after OGTT. Changes in metabolite levels were evaluated with paired Student t tests, cluster-based analyses, and multivariable linear regression to examine differences associated with insulin resistance. Of 110 metabolites tested, 91 significantly changed with OGTT (P ≤ 0.0005 for all). Amino acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates decreased after OGTT, and glycolysis products increased, consistent with physiological insulin actions. Other pathways affected by OGTT included decreases in serotonin derivatives, urea cycle metabolites, and B vitamins. We also observed an increase in conjugated, and a decrease in unconjugated, bile acids. Changes in β-hydroxybutyrate, isoleucine, lactate, and pyridoxate were blunted in those with insulin resistance. Our findings demonstrate changes in 91 metabolites representing distinct biological pathways that are perturbed in response to an OGTT. We also identify metabolite responses that distinguish individuals with and without insulin resistance. These findings suggest that unique metabolic phenotypes can be unmasked by OGTT in the prediabetic state.